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RMRN5M17–. Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. /nferambu/acra/ » p/afes ^ Ambu/crcrcf/ p/afes of plates running from the oral to the aboral surface. These plates are divided into five pairs of ambulacral rows, between which are an equal number of pairs of interamhulacral rows. The ambulacral rows are perforated for the exit of tube feet and correspond to those in the ambu- lacral groove of the starfish, while the interambuiacral rows would corre- spond to the interradial plates of the starfish (Fig. 110). One may M^^'-^P^^'^^^ conceive of a starfish being trans- formed into a sea urchin by an increase in
![. Zoölogy [microform] : descriptive and practical. Zoology; Zoologie. 33^ Descriptive Zoology. the oral surface, especially along the borders of the grooves on the oral surfaces of the rays, are movable spines attached to the ossicles of the body wall. On the aboral surface are many small pinchers, consist- ing of a short stalk bearing two calcareous blades. The n. Fio. 188. Common Starfish. Stalks are flexible, and the blades of the pinchers may be seen opening and closing. It is thought they are for the purpose of keeping the body clean by picking up and re- moving small particles. These pi Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RENT65/zology-microform-descriptive-and-practical-zoology-zoologie-33-descriptive-zoology-the-oral-surface-especially-along-the-borders-of-the-grooves-on-the-oral-surfaces-of-the-rays-are-movable-spines-attached-to-the-ossicles-of-the-body-wall-on-the-aboral-surface-are-many-small-pinchers-consist-ing-of-a-short-stalk-bearing-two-calcareous-blades-the-n-fio-188-common-starfish-stalks-are-flexible-and-the-blades-of-the-pinchers-may-be-seen-opening-and-closing-it-is-thought-they-are-for-the-purpose-of-keeping-the-body-clean-by-picking-up-and-re-moving-small-particles-these-pi-RENT65.jpg ". Zoölogy [microform] : descriptive and practical. Zoology; Zoologie. 33^ Descriptive Zoology. the oral surface, especially along the borders of the grooves on the oral surfaces of the rays, are movable spines attached to the ossicles of the body wall. On the aboral surface are many small pinchers, consist- ing of a short stalk bearing two calcareous blades. The n. Fio. 188. Common Starfish. Stalks are flexible, and the blades of the pinchers may be seen opening and closing. It is thought they are for the purpose of keeping the body clean by picking up and re- moving small particles. These pi Stock Photo")
RMRENT65–. Zoölogy [microform] : descriptive and practical. Zoology; Zoologie. 33^ Descriptive Zoology. the oral surface, especially along the borders of the grooves on the oral surfaces of the rays, are movable spines attached to the ossicles of the body wall. On the aboral surface are many small pinchers, consist- ing of a short stalk bearing two calcareous blades. The n. Fio. 188. Common Starfish. Stalks are flexible, and the blades of the pinchers may be seen opening and closing. It is thought they are for the purpose of keeping the body clean by picking up and re- moving small particles. These pi
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 456 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA chap. (c) Pedicellariae.âThese are to be looked on as spines of the second order. In Asterina and its allies they are not present, but groups of little spines arranged in twos and threes, each group being attached to a special small plate, are scattered over the aboral surface; and these on irritation approach one another, and represent the rudiment out of which pedicellariae have been developed. The most perfect form, termed " forci- pulate," in which there is a basal ossicle, is found in Asteriidae, Brisingidae, Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKG0A/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-456-echinodermata-asteroidea-chap-c-pedicellariaethese-are-to-be-looked-on-as-spines-of-the-second-order-in-asterina-and-its-allies-they-are-not-present-but-groups-of-little-spines-arranged-in-twos-and-threes-each-group-being-attached-to-a-special-small-plate-are-scattered-over-the-aboral-surface-and-these-on-irritation-approach-one-another-and-represent-the-rudiment-out-of-which-pedicellariae-have-been-developed-the-most-perfect-form-termed-quot-forci-pulatequot-in-which-there-is-a-basal-ossicle-is-found-in-asteriidae-brisingidae-RDKG0A.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 456 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA chap. (c) Pedicellariae.âThese are to be looked on as spines of the second order. In Asterina and its allies they are not present, but groups of little spines arranged in twos and threes, each group being attached to a special small plate, are scattered over the aboral surface; and these on irritation approach one another, and represent the rudiment out of which pedicellariae have been developed. The most perfect form, termed " forci- pulate," in which there is a basal ossicle, is found in Asteriidae, Brisingidae, Stock Photo")
RMRDKG0A–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 456 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA chap. (c) Pedicellariae.âThese are to be looked on as spines of the second order. In Asterina and its allies they are not present, but groups of little spines arranged in twos and threes, each group being attached to a special small plate, are scattered over the aboral surface; and these on irritation approach one another, and represent the rudiment out of which pedicellariae have been developed. The most perfect form, termed " forci- pulate," in which there is a basal ossicle, is found in Asteriidae, Brisingidae,
RMRE074H–. A text-book of invertebrate morphology. Invertebrates. 568 IN VEHTEBBA TE MORPHOLOG Y. aborally by the deTelopment of the oral angle-pieces. The radial nerves are, however, contained in the wall of the sinus, coming to the surface of the body at the tips of the arms, where they terminate by fusing with the general ectoderm. The muscular nervous system is, as in the Asteroidea, closely associated with the oral ring and radial nerves, lying on their aboral surface and separated from them only by a thin layer of connective tissue. The aboral system consists of a ring situated beneath the aboral
RMRHR69M–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. FIG. 3. Sketches illustrating the effect of Dileptus on rotifers. A-H, suc- cessive stages. Note differential effect, as seen by degree of subsequent con- traction, of contact with aboral surface of proboscis as seen in A and B, and of contact with oral surface of proboscis as seen in C and D. For further explanation see text. the proboscis of a dileptus came in contact with an elongated rotifer it contracted but slightly (Fig. 3, B), if at all, but when the oral surface of the proboscis struck the rotifer it contracted comp
![. A textbook of invertebrate morphology [microform]. Invertebrates; Morphology (Animals); Invertébrés; Morphologie (Animaux). 658 IN VEHTEBRA TE MORPHOLOG Y. the lower layers of the ectoderm. Upon the aboral surface of the oral riug aud the radial nerves sections show distinct bauds of fibres separated from the riug and nerves by a delicate layer of connective tissue ; these constitute the mus- cular system of xierves (Fig. 254, ?/m), and their branches appear to be supplied to the muscles of the body-wall and of the ampull* and tube-feet. The aboral system is but feebly developed when compare Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ4AT9/a-textbook-of-invertebrate-morphology-microform-invertebrates-morphology-animals-invertbrs-morphologie-animaux-658-in-vehtebra-te-morpholog-y-the-lower-layers-of-the-ectoderm-upon-the-aboral-surface-of-the-oral-riug-aud-the-radial-nerves-sections-show-distinct-bauds-of-fibres-separated-from-the-riug-and-nerves-by-a-delicate-layer-of-connective-tissue-these-constitute-the-mus-cular-system-of-xierves-fig-254-m-and-their-branches-appear-to-be-supplied-to-the-muscles-of-the-body-wall-and-of-the-ampull-and-tube-feet-the-aboral-system-is-but-feebly-developed-when-compare-RJ4AT9.jpg ". A textbook of invertebrate morphology [microform]. Invertebrates; Morphology (Animals); Invertébrés; Morphologie (Animaux). 658 IN VEHTEBRA TE MORPHOLOG Y. the lower layers of the ectoderm. Upon the aboral surface of the oral riug aud the radial nerves sections show distinct bauds of fibres separated from the riug and nerves by a delicate layer of connective tissue ; these constitute the mus- cular system of xierves (Fig. 254, ?/m), and their branches appear to be supplied to the muscles of the body-wall and of the ampull* and tube-feet. The aboral system is but feebly developed when compare Stock Photo")
RMRJ4AT9–. A textbook of invertebrate morphology [microform]. Invertebrates; Morphology (Animals); Invertébrés; Morphologie (Animaux). 658 IN VEHTEBRA TE MORPHOLOG Y. the lower layers of the ectoderm. Upon the aboral surface of the oral riug aud the radial nerves sections show distinct bauds of fibres separated from the riug and nerves by a delicate layer of connective tissue ; these constitute the mus- cular system of xierves (Fig. 254, ?/m), and their branches appear to be supplied to the muscles of the body-wall and of the ampull* and tube-feet. The aboral system is but feebly developed when compare
RMRDGHGB–. Elementary text-book of zoology. The animal is seen from the aboral surface, from the left half of ivhich the spines have been'removed. The plates can be identilied from the next figure. - ' â Fig. 100. ^Diagram of Dorsal View of Echinus SHOWING THE PlATES. Genital Plate. Madreporite. Antambulacral Plates.. Ambulacral Plates. In the sand-dwelling types, or Heart-urchins, such as Spatangus, there are no lantern nor teeth, and the body becomes piano- symmetric.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - colorat
RMRN55WC–. Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. STARFISH 195 224. External Appearance.—A typical starfish is an animal consisting of a disc from which arise five rays. The bases of these rays occupy the whole circumference of the disc, but they taper to blunt points at their tips. The upper, aboral surface (Fig, 108) is covered with spines, around the base of which are grouped very minute organs known as pedicellariae. When examined under the microscope a pedicellaria (Fig. 110 A) is seen to possess two jaws which differ somewhat in different types. These structures serve to rid the surface of the body of
RMRHKRWT–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. SEASTAR DISEASE: A METCHNIKOVIAN STUDY 137 Papula Hepato Pancreas. Gonad Foot FIGURE 1. Cross-section of a seastar. inantly on the dorsal or aboral surface (Fig. 1). These have a layer of epidermal cells and endodermal cells, both of which are ciliated, and a mesenchymal layer which contains contractile muscle cells. The papulae may be contracted or relaxed either in response to their own muscular action or to the general pressure of the body wall. We have often seen a general collapse of the usually distended papulae of a 1
RMRHR65B–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. H FIG. 5. Sketches illustrating effects of trichocysts of Dileptus on Stentor caeruleus. A-I, successive stages. A, normal stentor with epanded peristome (a). When stimulated as by contact with aboral surface of dileptus, the stentor contracts slightly as shown in B. If the oral surface of the proboscis comes in contact (C) the stentor contracts vigorously and its protoplasm in the re- gion of contact O) soon protrudes, D, E, and F. The injured area (e) soon gelates and the protruding mass (6) is constricted off, frequently
RMRHMEBE–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 216 M. TELFORD AND R, MOOI Ciliary currents Currents generated by the ciliary bands on the spines flow between the spine shafts in a pattern common to all the specimens observed (Fig. 4). Fresh seawater can enter the spaces between the spines anywhere except places at which flow leaves the test, but the primary entry points of ambient water seem to be at the center of the aboral surface (Fig. 4A). Centrifugal flow then continues down- ward towards the periphery of the test (ambitus). Cur- rents flowing down the centers of th
RMRR4DDX–. An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian marine survey ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. Alcyonaria. 81 dividiials. Tlu^ heads are small and somewhat flattened laterally. They measure on an average Oir> mm. in length and 06 mm. in breadth. The spicules are arranged in eight double rows, each containing live to seven j)airs of converging spicules, one of the lowest of which may be a little longer than the others. In addition to these a few spicules seem to foi'm a sort of lateral acces- sory Stutzbundel. Along the aboral surface of each tentacle there are two rows
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 434 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA brought about by muscles extending from the " handle " of one blade to the upper part of the other. Scattered about amongst the papulae between the cushions are other pedicellariae of a larger size in which the blades do not cross one another (Fig. 186, B). In the space or " interradius " between two arms, on the aboral surface, there is found a button-shaped ossicle. This is covered with fine grooves, and from a fancied resemb- lance between it and some forms of coral it has received the name " mad Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKG21/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-434-echinodermata-asteroidea-brought-about-by-muscles-extending-from-the-quot-handle-quot-of-one-blade-to-the-upper-part-of-the-other-scattered-about-amongst-the-papulae-between-the-cushions-are-other-pedicellariae-of-a-larger-size-in-which-the-blades-do-not-cross-one-another-fig-186-b-in-the-space-or-quot-interradius-quot-between-two-arms-on-the-aboral-surface-there-is-found-a-button-shaped-ossicle-this-is-covered-with-fine-grooves-and-from-a-fancied-resemb-lance-between-it-and-some-forms-of-coral-it-has-received-the-name-quot-mad-RDKG21.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 434 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA brought about by muscles extending from the " handle " of one blade to the upper part of the other. Scattered about amongst the papulae between the cushions are other pedicellariae of a larger size in which the blades do not cross one another (Fig. 186, B). In the space or " interradius " between two arms, on the aboral surface, there is found a button-shaped ossicle. This is covered with fine grooves, and from a fancied resemb- lance between it and some forms of coral it has received the name " mad Stock Photo")
RMRDKG21–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 434 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA brought about by muscles extending from the " handle " of one blade to the upper part of the other. Scattered about amongst the papulae between the cushions are other pedicellariae of a larger size in which the blades do not cross one another (Fig. 186, B). In the space or " interradius " between two arms, on the aboral surface, there is found a button-shaped ossicle. This is covered with fine grooves, and from a fancied resemb- lance between it and some forms of coral it has received the name " mad
RMRDEXE4–. Animal activities; a first book in zoo?logy. Zoology; Animal behavior. 144 ANIMAL ACTIVITIES. with a larger tube running lengthwise of the ray, and this in turn connects with a tube surrounding the mouth. With this oral tube the radiating tubes all unite and from this there extends the stone canal (another tube) reaching to the madreporic body on the aboral surface. The ambulacral feet have muscular walls. The madreporic body is pierced with minutt holes through which water can enter the water-system.. Fig. 117.—a Brittle Starfish. When the starfish wishes to advance, some of the am- bulacra
RMRDGHMG–. Elementary text-book of zoology. 156 ARCHICCELOMATA. CHAPTER XV. ARCHICCELOMA TA. ASTERIAS. BALANOGLOSSnS. LOPHOPUS. SAGITTA. WALDHEIMIA. I.—ASTERIAS. Phylum Archicoelomata. Sub-Phylum Echinodermata. Class Asteroidea. Fig. 89.—Asterias Rubens x .. On the left the oral surface is seen with the five ambulacra! groove-; and tuhe-feet; on the right is the aboral surface with the madreporite between the two lower arms. Asterias rubens (the starfish) is one of the commonest marine littoral animals. The body is of a dull yellow-red colour, flattened and produced into five equal-sized arms. Externa
RMRM72NT–. Annual report of the Regents. New York State Museum; Science. NEW AGELACRINITES 189. the larger plates may themselves be peripheral and project down- ward below the level of the aboral surface (A. alleganius) or all the marginal plates be of uniform and small size (A. cincinnatiensis), with the peripheral area outside the circular wall very broad (A. b u 11 <s i, A. legrandensis) or these plates be both large and small (A. dicksoni). Agelacrinites holbrooki James of the upper Siluric has the inteirradial spaces paved with a mosaic of five and six sided plates, while the marginal plates ar
RMRE3WX1–. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. PLATE 22. 1. Lamprometra brachypecha. holotype, oral surface. X I. 2. Lamprometra brachypecha, holotype. aboral surface. A I. 3. Lamprometia gyges, side view. Somewhat enlarged. 4. Stephanometra stypacantha, holotype, aboral surface. X I.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Clark, Hubert Lyman, 1870-1947. Washington, D. C. ,
![. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. 156 J R CHIC CEL OMA TA. CHAPTER XV. ARCHICCELOMA TA. I. —ASTERIAS. Phylum - - - - Archiccelo^iata. Class ----- Echinodermata. Order - - - - Asteroidea. Fig. 88.—isTERiAS Rubens.. (In the left the oral surface is seen with the five ambulacral grooves and tube-feet ; on the right is the aboral surface with the madreporite between the two lower arms. Asterias rubens (the starfish) is one of the commonest marine httoral animals. The body is of a dull yellow-red colour, flattened and produced into five equal-sized arms. This gives Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJND13/elementary-text-book-of-zoology-electronic-resource-zoology-156-j-r-chic-cel-oma-ta-chapter-xv-archicceloma-ta-i-asterias-phylum-archicceloiata-class-echinodermata-order-asteroidea-fig-88isterias-rubens-in-the-left-the-oral-surface-is-seen-with-the-five-ambulacral-grooves-and-tube-feet-on-the-right-is-the-aboral-surface-with-the-madreporite-between-the-two-lower-arms-asterias-rubens-the-starfish-is-one-of-the-commonest-marine-httoral-animals-the-body-is-of-a-dull-yellow-red-colour-flattened-and-produced-into-five-equal-sized-arms-this-gives-RJND13.jpg ". Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. 156 J R CHIC CEL OMA TA. CHAPTER XV. ARCHICCELOMA TA. I. —ASTERIAS. Phylum - - - - Archiccelo^iata. Class ----- Echinodermata. Order - - - - Asteroidea. Fig. 88.—isTERiAS Rubens.. (In the left the oral surface is seen with the five ambulacral grooves and tube-feet ; on the right is the aboral surface with the madreporite between the two lower arms. Asterias rubens (the starfish) is one of the commonest marine httoral animals. The body is of a dull yellow-red colour, flattened and produced into five equal-sized arms. This gives Stock Photo")
RMRJND13–. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. 156 J R CHIC CEL OMA TA. CHAPTER XV. ARCHICCELOMA TA. I. —ASTERIAS. Phylum - - - - Archiccelo^iata. Class ----- Echinodermata. Order - - - - Asteroidea. Fig. 88.—isTERiAS Rubens.. (In the left the oral surface is seen with the five ambulacral grooves and tube-feet ; on the right is the aboral surface with the madreporite between the two lower arms. Asterias rubens (the starfish) is one of the commonest marine httoral animals. The body is of a dull yellow-red colour, flattened and produced into five equal-sized arms. This gives
RMRN5TEE–. Animal activities : a first book in zoölogy. Zoology; Animal behavior. 144 ANIMAL ACTIVITIES. with a larger tube running lengthwise of the ray, and this in turn connects with a tube surrounding the mouth. With this oral tube the radiating tubes all unite and from this there extends the stone canal (another tube) reaching to the madreporic body on the aboral surface. The ambulacral feet have muscular walls. The madreporic body is pierced with minute holes through which water can enter the water-system.. Fig. 117.—a Brittle Starfish. When the starfish wishes to advance, some of the am- bulacra
RMRHP2D9–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. * f PLATE II, FIGURE 2: Aboral surface of pyloric diverticula in one ray. Currents arc distad on all diverticular components.. PLATE II, FIGURE 3: Ciliary currents on surface of structures in single ray with diverticula removed. The smaller figure shows the oral aspect of a gonad.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Marine Biological Laborato
RMRE3WWD–. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. PLATE 27. 1. Leiasler speciosus, aboral surface. X I. 2. Leiaster speciosus. orai surface. X I. 3. Ophidiaster liodeima, holotype, aboral surface. X I. 4. Ophidiaster lioderma. holotype, oral surface. X I.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Clark, Hubert Lyman, 1870-1947. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washingt
RMRE3TEM–. Echinoderms of Connecticut. Echinodermata -- Connecticut. 88 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. arms, firmly fitted together. Thus the entire aboral surface of both disk and arms of the starfish can be represented in the sea-urchin only by the few plates of the periproct. Each ambulacral area ends near the periproct in a single plate called the ocular plate (Fig. 13), perforated by a pair of minute openings from which a tentacle protrudes, as at the end of the arm of the starfish. The interambulacral areas likewise terminate in single large plates called the genital plates, beca
RMRHP2DM–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. PLATK II, FIGURE 1: Currents on peritoneal lining of aboral body-wall of one ray. Dotted lines indicate attachments of mesenteries supporting pyloric diverticula. Currents dip into and out of branchial pockets.. * f PLATE II, FIGURE 2: Aboral surface of pyloric diverticula in one ray. Currents arc distad on all diverticular components.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly
RMRDT2H2–. Principles of economic zoo?logy. Zoology, Economic. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 51 lengthen the sea-urchin in the direction of the mouth to aboral surface, and you have the form of the sea-cucumber. The crinoid also reveals this plan, not so clearly defined, but it is to be seen by the careful observer. The number of rays varies in the starfish, the author having found them with four, six, or even as many as twentj'-two rays.. Fig. 40.—1 and 2, Amphipholissquamala (adult), aboral and oral -liews. 3 and 4, Asterias vulgaris (sma,ll specimen), aboral and oral views. (Bul- letin, U. S. F. C, 1902.)
RMRHKTF8–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. . FIGURE 1. Cleavage: this shows the chaotic nature of the cell divisions. FIGURE 2. Morula: an apparently undifferentiated ball of cells. FIGURE 3. Polygon: the points on the disk indicate location of future proximal tentacles. FIGURE 4. Early Star: the tentacles are short. FIGURE 5. Late Star: the tentacles are elongated but no aboral projection is visible. FIGURE 6. Basket: growth of the aboral surface has caused the tentacles to project more distally. Dark field photograph. FIGURE 7. Actinula: the distal tentacles are
RMRH15D8–. Bulletin. Geology -- Connecticut; Animals -- Connecticut; Plants -- Connecticut. 88 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. arms, firmly fitted together. Thus the entire aboral surface of both disk and arms of the starfish can be represented in the sea-urchin only by the few plates of the periproct. Each ambulacral area ends near the periproct in a single plate called the ocular plate (Fig. 13), perforated by a pair of minute openings from which a tentacle protrudes, as at the end of the arm of the starfish. The interambulacral areas likewise terminate in single large plates called t
RMRE3WWE–. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. # I. Linckia laevigata, aboral surface. X I. 2. Asterina anomala, paratype, aboral surface. X 2.5. 3. Asterina anomala, paratype, oral surface. X 2.5. 4. Habroporina pulchella, holotype, aboral surface. X I. 5. Habroporina pulchella, holotype, oral surface. X 1.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Clark, Hubert Lyman, 1870-1
RMRDJ7BA–. A manual of zoology. Zoology. 224 Ca-LEXTERATA Order II. Stauromedusae. Best known are the LrCFKXu;i.i- ifi.^. iSo^ which lack marginal hociics. but usuallv have four small icniacles in their place, while the adradial regions are drawn out into arms, bearing bundles of tentacles. The aboral surface of the bell is produced into a stalk bv which the animals are attached. The Tesse- RID.E (,unknown in America) are free-swimming. Order III. Peromedusas. Free-swimniinL;, cup-shaned niedn,-;a-, with four interradial sense bodies; mostly from the high seas. ririi'!pa. Pcripliylia in Ckilf Stream.
RMRDKG26–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ANATOMY OF A STARFISH PEDICELLARIAE 433 The last-named ossicle increases the certainty of the grip by fixing the lower parts of each blade in the same vertical plane, and preventing lateral slipping, so that it serves the same pur- pose as the pivot in a pair of scissors. Each blade, in fact, fits into a groove on the side of this piece. The muscles which close. Fio. 185. Asterias rubens, seen from the aboral surface, x 1. mad, Madreporite. the blades arise from the lower ends (handles) of the blades, and are united below to form a common muscular stri
RMRE3WW9–. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. PLATE 28. i. Tamaria fu«ca, aboral surface. X 2.3. 2. Tamaria tusca, oral surface. X 2.5. 3. Nardoa vaiiolata, aboral surface. X 0.9. 4. Nardoa variolala, oral surface. X 0.9.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Clark, Hubert Lyman, 1870-1947. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington
![. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. PLATE 24. *1W ^ jWr^^^^j^" 1. Oreaster nodosus. aboral surface. Not quite nat. size. 2. Habroporina pulchella, holotype, aboral surface. X 2.5. 3. Habroporina pulchella, holotype, oral surface. X 2.5.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Clark, Hubert Lyman, 1870-1947. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washingt Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3WWR/the-echinoderm-fauna-of-torres-strait-its-composition-and-its-origin-echinodermata-plate-24-1w-jwrjquot-1-oreaster-nodosus-aboral-surface-not-quite-nat-size-2-habroporina-pulchella-holotype-aboral-surface-x-25-3-habroporina-pulchella-holotype-oral-surface-x-25-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-clark-hubert-lyman-1870-1947-washington-d-c-carnegie-institution-of-washingt-RE3WWR.jpg ". The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. PLATE 24. *1W ^ jWr^^^^j^" 1. Oreaster nodosus. aboral surface. Not quite nat. size. 2. Habroporina pulchella, holotype, aboral surface. X 2.5. 3. Habroporina pulchella, holotype, oral surface. X 2.5.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Clark, Hubert Lyman, 1870-1947. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washingt Stock Photo")
RMRE3WWR–. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. PLATE 24. *1W ^ jWr^^^^j^" 1. Oreaster nodosus. aboral surface. Not quite nat. size. 2. Habroporina pulchella, holotype, aboral surface. X 2.5. 3. Habroporina pulchella, holotype, oral surface. X 2.5.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Clark, Hubert Lyman, 1870-1947. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washingt
![. An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian marine survey ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. Alcyonaria. 27 b. mm. On the aboral surface of each tentacle there are two rows of small flat rod-like spicules. The Stiitzbundel is well developed and consists of a number of spicules of about 1*2 mm. in leny;th. One of these projects beyond the polyp-head, and the tip of a second is also visible. In others the Stiitzbundel is more strongly developed and consists of a number of spicules, larger in size, one of which may reach a length of 2"4 mm. and project about 0'6 mm. be Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RR3JC2/an-account-of-the-alcyonarians-collected-by-the-royal-indian-marine-survey-ship-investigator-in-the-indian-ocean-alcyonaria-27-b-mm-on-the-aboral-surface-of-each-tentacle-there-are-two-rows-of-small-flat-rod-like-spicules-the-stiitzbundel-is-well-developed-and-consists-of-a-number-of-spicules-of-about-12-mm-in-lenyth-one-of-these-projects-beyond-the-polyp-head-and-the-tip-of-a-second-is-also-visible-in-others-the-stiitzbundel-is-more-strongly-developed-and-consists-of-a-number-of-spicules-larger-in-size-one-of-which-may-reach-a-length-of-2quot4-mm-and-project-about-06-mm-be-RR3JC2.jpg ". An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian marine survey ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. Alcyonaria. 27 b. mm. On the aboral surface of each tentacle there are two rows of small flat rod-like spicules. The Stiitzbundel is well developed and consists of a number of spicules of about 1*2 mm. in leny;th. One of these projects beyond the polyp-head, and the tip of a second is also visible. In others the Stiitzbundel is more strongly developed and consists of a number of spicules, larger in size, one of which may reach a length of 2"4 mm. and project about 0'6 mm. be Stock Photo")
RMRR3JC2–. An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian marine survey ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. Alcyonaria. 27 b. mm. On the aboral surface of each tentacle there are two rows of small flat rod-like spicules. The Stiitzbundel is well developed and consists of a number of spicules of about 1*2 mm. in leny;th. One of these projects beyond the polyp-head, and the tip of a second is also visible. In others the Stiitzbundel is more strongly developed and consists of a number of spicules, larger in size, one of which may reach a length of 2"4 mm. and project about 0'6 mm. be
RMRHMF82–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 182 L. R. MCEDWARD. taneously with the splitting of the five marginal bulges to yield ten marginal lobes, an additional five lobes formed at the aboral pole of the juvenile (Fig. 5B). At this stage, the juvenile consisted of an oral yolk plate directed to- wards the substratum, a ring of podia located on the oral surface of the disk (Fig. 5C), and a developing disk with 15 convoluted lobes on the aboral surface (10 marginal and 5 aboral) (Fig. 5A). The aboral lobes developed differently in animals from Vancouver Island compa
![. Echinoderms of Connecticut. Echinodermata. No. 19.] ECHINODERMS OF CONNECTICUT. 55 occurs. The whole superstructure above the disk collapses and becomes absorbed like the tail of a tadpole. In a few hours the brachiolarian has disappeared, and a starfish proper (Fig. 6) has- taken its place.. Fig. 6. Aboral surface of star- fish shortly after the metamor- phosis. (After Brooks.) "Up to the very time when the larvae are ready to set they swim freely in the water; and larvae, caught in the tow-net, often set in the dish of water before I had returned to the house- boat, i. e., within an h Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDNH44/echinoderms-of-connecticut-echinodermata-no-19-echinoderms-of-connecticut-55-occurs-the-whole-superstructure-above-the-disk-collapses-and-becomes-absorbed-like-the-tail-of-a-tadpole-in-a-few-hours-the-brachiolarian-has-disappeared-and-a-starfish-proper-fig-6-has-taken-its-place-fig-6-aboral-surface-of-star-fish-shortly-after-the-metamor-phosis-after-brooks-quotup-to-the-very-time-when-the-larvae-are-ready-to-set-they-swim-freely-in-the-water-and-larvae-caught-in-the-tow-net-often-set-in-the-dish-of-water-before-i-had-returned-to-the-house-boat-i-e-within-an-h-RDNH44.jpg ". Echinoderms of Connecticut. Echinodermata. No. 19.] ECHINODERMS OF CONNECTICUT. 55 occurs. The whole superstructure above the disk collapses and becomes absorbed like the tail of a tadpole. In a few hours the brachiolarian has disappeared, and a starfish proper (Fig. 6) has- taken its place.. Fig. 6. Aboral surface of star- fish shortly after the metamor- phosis. (After Brooks.) "Up to the very time when the larvae are ready to set they swim freely in the water; and larvae, caught in the tow-net, often set in the dish of water before I had returned to the house- boat, i. e., within an h Stock Photo")
RMRDNH44–. Echinoderms of Connecticut. Echinodermata. No. 19.] ECHINODERMS OF CONNECTICUT. 55 occurs. The whole superstructure above the disk collapses and becomes absorbed like the tail of a tadpole. In a few hours the brachiolarian has disappeared, and a starfish proper (Fig. 6) has- taken its place.. Fig. 6. Aboral surface of star- fish shortly after the metamor- phosis. (After Brooks.) "Up to the very time when the larvae are ready to set they swim freely in the water; and larvae, caught in the tow-net, often set in the dish of water before I had returned to the house- boat, i. e., within an h
![. Echinoderms of Connecticut. Echinodermata -- Connecticut. NO. 19.] ECHINODERMS OF CONNECTICUT. 55 occurs. The whole superstructure above the disk collapses and becomes absorbed like the tail of a tadpole. In a few hours the brachiolarian has disappeared, and a starfish proper (Fig. 6) has taken its place.. FIG. 6. Aboral surface of star- fish shortly after the metamor- phosis. (After Brooks.) ' Up to the very time when the larvae are ready to set they swim freely in the water; and larvae, caught in the tow-net, often set in the dish of water before I had returned to the house- boat, i. e., w Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3WPR/echinoderms-of-connecticut-echinodermata-connecticut-no-19-echinoderms-of-connecticut-55-occurs-the-whole-superstructure-above-the-disk-collapses-and-becomes-absorbed-like-the-tail-of-a-tadpole-in-a-few-hours-the-brachiolarian-has-disappeared-and-a-starfish-proper-fig-6-has-taken-its-place-fig-6-aboral-surface-of-star-fish-shortly-after-the-metamor-phosis-after-brooks-up-to-the-very-time-when-the-larvae-are-ready-to-set-they-swim-freely-in-the-water-and-larvae-caught-in-the-tow-net-often-set-in-the-dish-of-water-before-i-had-returned-to-the-house-boat-i-e-w-RE3WPR.jpg ". Echinoderms of Connecticut. Echinodermata -- Connecticut. NO. 19.] ECHINODERMS OF CONNECTICUT. 55 occurs. The whole superstructure above the disk collapses and becomes absorbed like the tail of a tadpole. In a few hours the brachiolarian has disappeared, and a starfish proper (Fig. 6) has taken its place.. FIG. 6. Aboral surface of star- fish shortly after the metamor- phosis. (After Brooks.) ' Up to the very time when the larvae are ready to set they swim freely in the water; and larvae, caught in the tow-net, often set in the dish of water before I had returned to the house- boat, i. e., w Stock Photo")
RMRE3WPR–. Echinoderms of Connecticut. Echinodermata -- Connecticut. NO. 19.] ECHINODERMS OF CONNECTICUT. 55 occurs. The whole superstructure above the disk collapses and becomes absorbed like the tail of a tadpole. In a few hours the brachiolarian has disappeared, and a starfish proper (Fig. 6) has taken its place.. FIG. 6. Aboral surface of star- fish shortly after the metamor- phosis. (After Brooks.) ' Up to the very time when the larvae are ready to set they swim freely in the water; and larvae, caught in the tow-net, often set in the dish of water before I had returned to the house- boat, i. e., w
RMRGK7T7–. Bulletin - New York State Museum. Science. NEW AGELACRINITES 189 the larger plates may themiselves be peripheral and project down- ward below the level of the aboral surface (A. a 11 e g a n i u s) or all the marginal plates be of uniform and small size (A. c in cinn at ien si s), with the peripheral area outside the circular wall very broad (A. buttsi, A. legrandensis) or these plates be both large and small (A. dicksoni). Agelacrinites holbrooki James of the upper Siluric has the interradial spaces paved with a mosaic of five and six sided plates, while the marginal plates are imbricating.
RMRDJG4W–. A manual of zoology. Zoology. I. ASTEROIDEA 297 ambulacral plate abuts against a small interamhulacral plate, bearing usually movaljle spines. Beyond these come the less constant a(/amte/ac- ral or mar^t^inal plates, and then those of the aboral surface. Each ambu- lacral area terminates at the tip of the arm with an unpaired ocular plate.. Fig. 2S8,—Asleriscus verrucidatus, aboral surface removed (after Gegenbaur). g, gonads; h, hepatic cseca; i, stomach with anus. The organs lie in part in the coelom, in part in the ambulacral grooves. The alimentary tract is in the coelom and extends stra
RMRHMFC4–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 578 O. ELLERS AND M. TELFORD. FIGURE 3. SEM micrographs of aboral miliary and club-shaped spines. Ciliary bands on some spines are clearly visible, arrows indicate those that are less conspicuous. Scale bar: 100 ^m. A) Two diametrically opposed bands on club-shaped spine; B) more oblique view of another club-shaped spine and bands of cilia on a miliary spine. flowed perpendicularly to the orientation of the ciliary bands, they were unidirectional and we never saw reversals of flow. Between spines on the aboral surface, parti
RMRHMGHN–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 330 M. TELFORD ET AL.. FIGURE 3. Diagramatic longitudinal sections through (A) Clypeaster rosaceus and (B) C. subdepres- sus showing epibenthic habit, degree of aboral surface cover, and relative positions of the peristomes. A, anus; I, infundibulum; L, lantern; S, test support pillar; T, tooth; Th, piece of dead Thalassia. convergence on the midline. So far as we could tell, passage of material over the aboral surface was in no way related to the feeding activity of C. subdepressus. The aboral surface is largely covered by
RMRHMF8R–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 178 L. R. McEDWARD. Figure 1. Adult specimen of Pleraster tesselatus Ives 1888. Aboral view. Scale bar = 2 cm. Supradorsal membrane (SDM) removed from two arms and part of the disk, exposing the aboral body wall (BW). Osculum (O) located center of aboral surface of supradorsal membrane. In addition, the supradorsal membrane contains numer- ous mucous cells associated with the spiracles (Roden- house and Guberlet, 1946). Production of tremendous quantities of mucus occurs in association with expulsion of water from the nidame
RMRHP2G1–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. PLATK I, FK;ITRK 1: Direction of ciliary currents on external aboral surface.. Pi.ATI-. I, KKU'Ki-: 2: Various flow-patterns on madreporic plates.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Mass. ); Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Mass. ). Annual report 1907/08-1952; Lillie, Frank Rattray, 1870-194
![. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. ARCHICCELOMATA. 17, Fig. 9S.—A Common Sea-Ukchin (Echinus Microstoma ). Natural size (After Wyvili.e Thomson).. The animal is seen from the aboral surface, from the left half of which the spines have been removed. The plates can be identilied from the next figure. l^ig- 99-—Diagram of Dorsal View of Echinus SHOWING THE PlATES. Genital Plate. — Madreporite. - Anus. Ocular Plate. Ant-Ambulacral Plates. Ambulacral Plates. In the sand-dwelling types, or Ileart-urchins, such as Spatangits there are no lantern nor tedh^ and the body b Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJNCM3/elementary-text-book-of-zoology-electronic-resource-zoology-archiccelomata-17-fig-9sa-common-sea-ukchin-echinus-microstoma-natural-size-after-wyvilie-thomson-the-animal-is-seen-from-the-aboral-surface-from-the-left-half-of-which-the-spines-have-been-removed-the-plates-can-be-identilied-from-the-next-figure-lig-99-diagram-of-dorsal-view-of-echinus-showing-the-plates-genital-plate-madreporite-anus-ocular-plate-ant-ambulacral-plates-ambulacral-plates-in-the-sand-dwelling-types-or-ileart-urchins-such-as-spatangits-there-are-no-lantern-nor-tedh-and-the-body-b-RJNCM3.jpg ". Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. ARCHICCELOMATA. 17, Fig. 9S.—A Common Sea-Ukchin (Echinus Microstoma ). Natural size (After Wyvili.e Thomson).. The animal is seen from the aboral surface, from the left half of which the spines have been removed. The plates can be identilied from the next figure. l^ig- 99-—Diagram of Dorsal View of Echinus SHOWING THE PlATES. Genital Plate. — Madreporite. - Anus. Ocular Plate. Ant-Ambulacral Plates. Ambulacral Plates. In the sand-dwelling types, or Ileart-urchins, such as Spatangits there are no lantern nor tedh^ and the body b Stock Photo")
RMRJNCM3–. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. ARCHICCELOMATA. 17, Fig. 9S.—A Common Sea-Ukchin (Echinus Microstoma ). Natural size (After Wyvili.e Thomson).. The animal is seen from the aboral surface, from the left half of which the spines have been removed. The plates can be identilied from the next figure. l^ig- 99-—Diagram of Dorsal View of Echinus SHOWING THE PlATES. Genital Plate. — Madreporite. - Anus. Ocular Plate. Ant-Ambulacral Plates. Ambulacral Plates. In the sand-dwelling types, or Ileart-urchins, such as Spatangits there are no lantern nor tedh^ and the body b
RMRN5JPX–. Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. W' Jf7-f-efambu/acrc,/ . Ambu/ccrc^/ p/afes ^ p/afes io/ rainate in ocular and genital plates, respectively, leaving only the periproct as aboral surface. The mouth of the starfish is simply an opening in the center of a soft perioral membrane; in the sea urchins, however, it is provided with five converging teeth. These are set in a complicated skeletal box pentagonal in shape and known as an Aristotle's lantern (Fig. 120). This is made up of nu- merous ossicles, lies vithin the body, and contains muscles which move the teeth. The food of sea urchins con-
RMRHMD7H–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. BENTHIC DEVELOPMENT IN PATIRIELLA 303. Figure 4. Development of the skeleton: a-c viewed with polarized light; d-f viewed with bright-field illumination. Scale bars = 100 ^m. (a) The first spicules (S) appear in four-day-old brachiolaria. (b) Seven- day-old brachiolaria, the terminal (T) and interradial (I) ossicles are present, (c) Eight-day-old larva, the terminals (T) and interradials (I) are fenestrated plates. TS, terminal spine, (d) Aboral surface of a 12-day- old metamorphosing larva showing the central (C), interradi
RMRE09A7–. A manual of zoology. Zoology. Tig 310 Fig. 311. Fig. .310.—Ophidln^ter eluenhergi. (After Haeckel). Comet form: one of the original arms shown only in part. Fig. 311.—Culcitn yentamjidaris, aboral view. (From Ludwig.) a, madroporite: b, re- Hexed end of ambulacral grooves. centre the mouth and radiating from it to the tips of the arms the five ambulacral grooves. On the aboral surface is the anus (when not degenerate) near the centre, and excentric from it in an inter- radius is the madreporite (in many armed species two to sixteen radii may have madreporites). A line passing through the mad
RMRG7FX3–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. CEPHALOPODS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 125 is a weU-developed swimming membrane or keel on the aboral surface occupymg the distal half of the club. The buccal membrane has seven lappets and seven supports The supports are fastened as foUows: the dorsal one to the dorsal surface. Figure 27.-<2-f, Calliteuthis meleagroteuthis Chun: a, dorsal view, female, mantle length 65.U mm.; ^, ventral v,ew of same; c, left tentacular club; d, Onychoteuthis banksi (Leach), dorsal view of female, mantle length 60.0 mm.. Please note that these images are e
RMRN5JRC–. Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA 207 Per-iproci- Madrepor/fe Ocular- plof-e. W' Jf7-f-efambu/acrc,/ . Ambu/ccrc^/ p/afes ^ p/afes io/ rainate in ocular and genital plates, respectively, leaving only the periproct as aboral surface. The mouth of the starfish is simply an opening in the center of a soft perioral membrane; in the sea urchins, however, it is provided with five converging teeth. These are set in a complicated skeletal box pentagonal in shape and known as an Aristotle's lantern (Fig. 120). This is made up of nu- merous ossicles, lies vithin the body, and con
![. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. Fig. 33.—OpinoTEEE.?is. After Bell from Gregory. Aboral surface of an arm ossicle: a, articular CA^^TIEs; d, the double dorsal shields; /, lateral arm plates. Fig. 34.—Syngnaths of Ophiura cillris. After MOller from Gregory, j, jaw; TO./., mouthframe; n. g., groove for cir- CUMCESOPUAGEAL nerve-ring; p.(/.,PORE .ND depression FOR ORAL TENTACLE. before the Triassic, since which time they occur more and more com- monly. In the present oceanic waters they are popularly known as sand-stars, brittle-stars, branching-stars, or basket stai"i Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RG87E5/bulletin-united-states-national-museum-science-fig-33opinoteeeis-after-bell-from-gregory-aboral-surface-of-an-arm-ossicle-a-articular-caties-d-the-double-dorsal-shields-lateral-arm-plates-fig-34syngnaths-of-ophiura-cillris-after-moller-from-gregory-j-jaw-to-mouthframe-n-g-groove-for-cir-cumcesopuageal-nerve-ring-ppore-nd-depression-for-oral-tentacle-before-the-triassic-since-which-time-they-occur-more-and-more-com-monly-in-the-present-oceanic-waters-they-are-popularly-known-as-sand-stars-brittle-stars-branching-stars-or-basket-staiquoti-RG87E5.jpg ". Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. Fig. 33.—OpinoTEEE.?is. After Bell from Gregory. Aboral surface of an arm ossicle: a, articular CA^^TIEs; d, the double dorsal shields; /, lateral arm plates. Fig. 34.—Syngnaths of Ophiura cillris. After MOller from Gregory, j, jaw; TO./., mouthframe; n. g., groove for cir- CUMCESOPUAGEAL nerve-ring; p.(/.,PORE .ND depression FOR ORAL TENTACLE. before the Triassic, since which time they occur more and more com- monly. In the present oceanic waters they are popularly known as sand-stars, brittle-stars, branching-stars, or basket stai"i Stock Photo")
RMRG87E5–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. Fig. 33.—OpinoTEEE.?is. After Bell from Gregory. Aboral surface of an arm ossicle: a, articular CA^^TIEs; d, the double dorsal shields; /, lateral arm plates. Fig. 34.—Syngnaths of Ophiura cillris. After MOller from Gregory, j, jaw; TO./., mouthframe; n. g., groove for cir- CUMCESOPUAGEAL nerve-ring; p.(/.,PORE .ND depression FOR ORAL TENTACLE. before the Triassic, since which time they occur more and more com- monly. In the present oceanic waters they are popularly known as sand-stars, brittle-stars, branching-stars, or basket stai"i
RMRN5JM6–. Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA 209 possible enemy may become entangled. These structures, however, are soon regenerated. 240. Crinoidea.—The sea lilies, which were exceedingly abundant in the seas ages ago, are echinoderms which, typically, are attached by the aboral surface to a stalk that rises from the bottom and frequently possesses many rootlike branches (Fig. 123). The oral surface is upper- most and the disc is surrounded by more or less complexly branched rays O/'a/ feni-ac/es. P/n^ cai/7a/ Pc>//fT/7 ves/c/es Gen/-^/ o, Ampu/Zae lOf7^/'-/-ac///-?ar/ musc/e
RMRN5N41–. Animal biology; Human biology. Parts II & III of First course in biology. Biology. FlG. 57. — Starfish, from below; tube feet extended.. /? FIG. 58. The grooves and the plates on each side of them occupy the ambulacral areas. The rows of spines on each side of the grooves are freely movable. (What advantage?) The spines on the aboral surface are not freely movable. SECtlON OF ONE RAY arfd central portion of starfish. fi fit fz> tube feet more or less extended; an, eye spot; k, gills; da, stomach; in, madreporite; st, stone canal; p, ampulla; ei, ovary.. Please note that these images
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. CRINOIDEA—ANATOMY OF ANTEDON S8i stalkless forms are comparatively common. We shall select as type for special description the common Feather-star, Antedon rosacea (bifida), which can be dredged in depths of ten fathoms off the south-west coast of England. The animal consists of a small flattened calyx, from which radiate out ten long delicate arms, each fringed with a double series of short branches called " pinnules." In the centre of the aboral surface can be seen the centro-dorsal plate (Fig. 265, c), a knob-like stump of the broken-off s Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDMC9T/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-crinoideaanatomy-of-antedon-s8i-stalkless-forms-are-comparatively-common-we-shall-select-as-type-for-special-description-the-common-feather-star-antedon-rosacea-bifida-which-can-be-dredged-in-depths-of-ten-fathoms-off-the-south-west-coast-of-england-the-animal-consists-of-a-small-flattened-calyx-from-which-radiate-out-ten-long-delicate-arms-each-fringed-with-a-double-series-of-short-branches-called-quot-pinnulesquot-in-the-centre-of-the-aboral-surface-can-be-seen-the-centro-dorsal-plate-fig-265-c-a-knob-like-stump-of-the-broken-off-s-RDMC9T.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. CRINOIDEA—ANATOMY OF ANTEDON S8i stalkless forms are comparatively common. We shall select as type for special description the common Feather-star, Antedon rosacea (bifida), which can be dredged in depths of ten fathoms off the south-west coast of England. The animal consists of a small flattened calyx, from which radiate out ten long delicate arms, each fringed with a double series of short branches called " pinnules." In the centre of the aboral surface can be seen the centro-dorsal plate (Fig. 265, c), a knob-like stump of the broken-off s Stock Photo")
RMRDMC9T–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. CRINOIDEA—ANATOMY OF ANTEDON S8i stalkless forms are comparatively common. We shall select as type for special description the common Feather-star, Antedon rosacea (bifida), which can be dredged in depths of ten fathoms off the south-west coast of England. The animal consists of a small flattened calyx, from which radiate out ten long delicate arms, each fringed with a double series of short branches called " pinnules." In the centre of the aboral surface can be seen the centro-dorsal plate (Fig. 265, c), a knob-like stump of the broken-off s
![. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. > — ^ — > -^r) — ; < = — "^ — -- -3* -» C -» -* J. FIGURE 4. Ampullae of 6". f>urf>unitits; (A.) a row of ampullae lined up in the ambulacral areas as seen from the coelomic side of test; (B.) a single ampulla viewed from the side; (C.) cross section of the ampulla; (a.) radial canal; (b.) branch connecting radial canal and ampulla; (c.) ampulla; (d.) septae; (e.) marginal tube; (f.) test. Arrows indicate ciliary currents. the aboral surface of all four aulodont species are bluntly-ending (no sucker Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RHN73M/the-biological-bulletin-biology-zoology-biology-marine-biology-gt-gt-r-lt-=-quot-3-c-j-figure-4-ampullae-of-6quot-fgturfgtunitits-a-a-row-of-ampullae-lined-up-in-the-ambulacral-areas-as-seen-from-the-coelomic-side-of-test-b-a-single-ampulla-viewed-from-the-side-c-cross-section-of-the-ampulla-a-radial-canal-b-branch-connecting-radial-canal-and-ampulla-c-ampulla-d-septae-e-marginal-tube-f-test-arrows-indicate-ciliary-currents-the-aboral-surface-of-all-four-aulodont-species-are-bluntly-ending-no-sucker-RHN73M.jpg ". The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. > — ^ — > -^r) — ; < = — "^ — -- -3* -» C -» -* J. FIGURE 4. Ampullae of 6". f>urf>unitits; (A.) a row of ampullae lined up in the ambulacral areas as seen from the coelomic side of test; (B.) a single ampulla viewed from the side; (C.) cross section of the ampulla; (a.) radial canal; (b.) branch connecting radial canal and ampulla; (c.) ampulla; (d.) septae; (e.) marginal tube; (f.) test. Arrows indicate ciliary currents. the aboral surface of all four aulodont species are bluntly-ending (no sucker Stock Photo")
RMRHN73M–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. > — ^ — > -^r) — ; < = — "^ — -- -3* -» C -» -* J. FIGURE 4. Ampullae of 6". f>urf>unitits; (A.) a row of ampullae lined up in the ambulacral areas as seen from the coelomic side of test; (B.) a single ampulla viewed from the side; (C.) cross section of the ampulla; (a.) radial canal; (b.) branch connecting radial canal and ampulla; (c.) ampulla; (d.) septae; (e.) marginal tube; (f.) test. Arrows indicate ciliary currents. the aboral surface of all four aulodont species are bluntly-ending (no sucker
RMRHN8PH–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. ASTEROID LARVAL DEVELOPMENT. FIGURE 8. I-.ch'nm.stcr juvenile at 13 days showing small quantity of remaining preoral lobe ( PL) tissues. FIGURE 9. Aboral surface of 13-day sea star with remaining preoral lobe (PL) and light pigment spots (PS). FIGURE 10. Fourteen-day-old Echinaster with newly formed mouth. FIGURE 11. Echinaster at 35 days showing the translucent appearance and the recently developed fifth pair of tube feet (T).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally
RMRHMYHJ–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 24 S. AMEMIYA AND R. B. EMLET. Figure 8. Later stages of larval development of Asthenoxoma ijimai. For all specimens, the anterior end is to the right of figure, a. Ventral side of live specimen nine days after fertilization. Scale bar, 0.5 mm. b. Ventral side of live specimen 14 days after fertilization. The larval para-arms and anterior yolky mass have been contorted toward the juvenile aboral surface. P, podia; Sp, spines. Same scale as a. c. Fourteen-day post fertilization, approximate frontal section at the level of the
RMRE3WX2–. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. 1. Oligometra anisa, side view. Original trom which fig. 10, plate I. was drawn. X I 2. Oligometra anisa, holotype, aboral surface. X I. 3. Oligometra anisa, holotype, oral surface. X I. 4. Lamprometia gyges, aboral surface. X I. 5. Lamprometra gyges, oral surface. X 1. 6. Helerometra delicala. holotype. aboral surface. Slightly enlarged. X I.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illus
RMRDKG0D–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 7 .. V . C, ⢠â ⢠A W^^^iJ'M^^ ^S ^S ^^^^^ ^^Mf^M^^^akk. Fig. 194.âViews of portions of the aboral surface of different genera of Asteroidea in order to show the main varieties of skeleton. A, Solasler, showing spines arranged in sheaves ; B, Pteraster, showing wehs forming supra-dorsal membrane supported by diverging spines ; C, Astropecten, showing paxillae ; D, Nardoa, showing uniform plating of granules. x 8. (After Sladen.) dorsal tent is formed (a structure characteristic of the Pter- asteridae), or (2) the members of a sheaf may become arrange
![. Bulletin of the Natural Histort Museum. Geology series. ECHINOID FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF BRITISH COLOMBIA 105. ""ig. 3. Camera lucida drawings of Plesiaster vancouverensis sp. nov. uppermost Santonian; Lower Campanian, / {S.) schmidti Zone, French Creek, 1 Vancouver Island, British Columbia. A, BMNH EE5078; B, BMNH EE5083; C, BMNH EE5076, D, BMNH EE5079; E, BMNH EE5081, i Tuberculation is relatively coarse on the aboral surface, with icattered primary tubercles (crenulate and perforate) up to 0.6 mm liameter set amongst a fine granulation of miliary tuberculation |Fig. 5B). A well-d Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGDMKG/bulletin-of-the-natural-histort-museum-geology-series-echinoid-from-the-cretaceous-of-british-colombia-105-quotquotig-3-camera-lucida-drawings-of-plesiaster-vancouverensis-sp-nov-uppermost-santonian-lower-campanian-s-schmidti-zone-french-creek-1-vancouver-island-british-columbia-a-bmnh-ee5078-b-bmnh-ee5083-c-bmnh-ee5076-d-bmnh-ee5079-e-bmnh-ee5081-i-tuberculation-is-relatively-coarse-on-the-aboral-surface-with-icattered-primary-tubercles-crenulate-and-perforate-up-to-06-mm-liameter-set-amongst-a-fine-granulation-of-miliary-tuberculation-fig-5b-a-well-d-RGDMKG.jpg ". Bulletin of the Natural Histort Museum. Geology series. ECHINOID FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF BRITISH COLOMBIA 105. ""ig. 3. Camera lucida drawings of Plesiaster vancouverensis sp. nov. uppermost Santonian; Lower Campanian, / {S.) schmidti Zone, French Creek, 1 Vancouver Island, British Columbia. A, BMNH EE5078; B, BMNH EE5083; C, BMNH EE5076, D, BMNH EE5079; E, BMNH EE5081, i Tuberculation is relatively coarse on the aboral surface, with icattered primary tubercles (crenulate and perforate) up to 0.6 mm liameter set amongst a fine granulation of miliary tuberculation |Fig. 5B). A well-d Stock Photo")
RMRGDMKG–. Bulletin of the Natural Histort Museum. Geology series. ECHINOID FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF BRITISH COLOMBIA 105. ""ig. 3. Camera lucida drawings of Plesiaster vancouverensis sp. nov. uppermost Santonian; Lower Campanian, / {S.) schmidti Zone, French Creek, 1 Vancouver Island, British Columbia. A, BMNH EE5078; B, BMNH EE5083; C, BMNH EE5076, D, BMNH EE5079; E, BMNH EE5081, i Tuberculation is relatively coarse on the aboral surface, with icattered primary tubercles (crenulate and perforate) up to 0.6 mm liameter set amongst a fine granulation of miliary tuberculation |Fig. 5B). A well-d
RMRDJG4C–. A manual of zoology. Zoology. Fig. 2S8,—Asleriscus verrucidatus, aboral surface removed (after Gegenbaur). g, gonads; h, hepatic cseca; i, stomach with anus. The organs lie in part in the coelom, in part in the ambulacral grooves. The alimentary tract is in the coelom and extends straight upward from the mouth to the aboral surface, where it ends with an anus or is entirely. Fig. 289.—Section through ray and opposite interradius of a starfish (orig.). B branchi;c; C, cardiac pouch of stomach; E, eye spot; G, gonad; H, ' liver'; .1/, mouth; N, radial nen.'e; P, pyloric part of stomach; RC, ri
RMRE099K–. A manual of zoology. Zoology. 336 ECIIINODEUMA. The oi-gaiis lie in jiart in the ccelom, in jiart in the ambulacral grooves. The alimentary tract is in the ccelom and extends straight upward from the mouth to the aboral surface, where it ends with an anus or is entirely closed (figs. 313, 314). By a. Fig. 314,—Section through ray and opposite interradium of a starfish forig.). B, branchi£e ; C, cardiac pouch of stomacla; J?, eye spot; (r, gonad; H, 'liver': J/, mouth; N, radial nerve; P, pyloric part of stomach ; BL ring canal: RB, radial canal of water-vascular system ; 6', stone canal. co
RMRE3WW5–. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. PLATE 31. 1. Ferdina ocellata. holotype, aboral surface. X I. 2. Ferdina ocellata. holotype, oral surface. X I. 3. Fromia hadracanlha, holotype. aboral surface. X I, 4. Ftomia hadracanlha, holotype, oral surface. X |. 5. Fromia pacifica, holotype, aboral surface. X |. 6. Fromia pacifica, holotype. oral surface. X I. 7. Tamaria lithosora, holotype, aboral surface. X I. 8. Tamaria lithosora, holotype. oral surface. X 1.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been d
![. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. I8"N- JAMAICA 77 °W 3COM B. Q 3 -10' 250 M Figure 3. Map of Discovery Bay, Jamaica (from Sides, 1481). (A) Overview of the bay. Dotted line = 10-meter depth contour. (B) Detail of the western half of the hay showing backreef collecting sites (I -4). given elsewhere (LeClair, 1994. 1995, 1996: see also Robbins, 1986; Smith el ai. 1995). In contrast to non- keeled vertebral ossicles (Fig. 4A), keeled vertebral ossi- cles have reduced articulating projections, a large notch on the proximal aboral surface, and an aboral, di Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RHKNC2/the-biological-bulletin-biology-zoology-biology-marine-biology-i8quotn-jamaica-77-w-3com-b-q-3-10-250-m-figure-3-map-of-discovery-bay-jamaica-from-sides-1481-a-overview-of-the-bay-dotted-line-=-10-meter-depth-contour-b-detail-of-the-western-half-of-the-hay-showing-backreef-collecting-sites-i-4-given-elsewhere-leclair-1994-1995-1996-see-also-robbins-1986-smith-el-ai-1995-in-contrast-to-non-keeled-vertebral-ossicles-fig-4a-keeled-vertebral-ossi-cles-have-reduced-articulating-projections-a-large-notch-on-the-proximal-aboral-surface-and-an-aboral-di-RHKNC2.jpg ". The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. I8"N- JAMAICA 77 °W 3COM B. Q 3 -10' 250 M Figure 3. Map of Discovery Bay, Jamaica (from Sides, 1481). (A) Overview of the bay. Dotted line = 10-meter depth contour. (B) Detail of the western half of the hay showing backreef collecting sites (I -4). given elsewhere (LeClair, 1994. 1995, 1996: see also Robbins, 1986; Smith el ai. 1995). In contrast to non- keeled vertebral ossicles (Fig. 4A), keeled vertebral ossi- cles have reduced articulating projections, a large notch on the proximal aboral surface, and an aboral, di Stock Photo")
RMRHKNC2–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. I8"N- JAMAICA 77 °W 3COM B. Q 3 -10' 250 M Figure 3. Map of Discovery Bay, Jamaica (from Sides, 1481). (A) Overview of the bay. Dotted line = 10-meter depth contour. (B) Detail of the western half of the hay showing backreef collecting sites (I -4). given elsewhere (LeClair, 1994. 1995, 1996: see also Robbins, 1986; Smith el ai. 1995). In contrast to non- keeled vertebral ossicles (Fig. 4A), keeled vertebral ossi- cles have reduced articulating projections, a large notch on the proximal aboral surface, and an aboral, di
RMRHN1EJ–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 422 J. T. PENNINGTON 80n 60- c o *- CO N 40- C <D O k <D a. 20^ STILL WATER EXPERIMENT (animals tethered 50 cm apart) 10 minutes 15 20 19 24 — hours - Time Since Spawning FIGURE 3. Percentages of fertilization resulting from spawning of a pair of animals in still water. A male and female were induced to spawn, strapped mouth down to plexiglass plates, rinsed, and placed in an aquarium 50 cm apart. Eggs were periodically pipetted from the aboral surface of the female and assayed for percent fertilization. At time 0, a
RMRE3WTN–. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. PLATE 35 ¥ I. • • I • 8 1. Ophioplocus tmbricalus. aboral surface. X I. 2. Ophioplocus imbricatus, oral surface. X I. 3. Opniopiocus imbricatus. aboral surface of specimen with heavily marked disk. X |. 4. Ophiarachnella gorgonia, aboral surface. X I. 5. Ophiarachnella gorgODia, oral surface. X }, 6. Fibularia volva (?). aboral surface. X |. 7. hibulana volva ( ? ). oral surface. X j. 8. Fibulana volva ( ? ). side view. X I. 9. Fibularia volva ( >). intenor view of oral half of lest. X I.. Please note th
RM2CNP2HE–. The sea-beach at ebb-tide : a guide to the study of the seaweeds and the lower animal life found between tidemarks . from the peristome, or soft part around themouth, in the center of the lower surface, and converge inthe small area at the top or aboral side. In the center of thissmall circular dorsal space is the excretory opening, and sur-rounding it are ten plates, five of which have openings into theegg-sacs. One of them is larger than the others, and is modifiedto form the madreporic plate. The other five plates have eye-specks. The ambulacral zones terminate at these ocular plates.The
RMRGJK03–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology Supplement. Outer side. Oral surface Lot erol ridges Carino Aboral view Orol view Fig. 19. Cavusgnathus sp. showing morphological terms used in the text.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). London : BM(NH)
RMRDKFYB–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. PAXILLOSA 467 Spinulosa, such as Echinasteridae, and the other families of the Paxillosa—some genera, indeed, might almost be classed as Spinulosa. At the same time they are apparently closely allied with the more primitive Valvata such as Astrogonium and its allies, some of which have paxillae on the upper surface; although the retention of the anus and of the suckers on the tube-feet (in. Fig. 200.—Aboral view ot Anhaster bifrons. (From Wyville Thomson.) which characters they agree with the Archasteridae) distinguishes them from the more typical Paxi
RMRDJ2RW–. Elements of zoology, to accompany the field and laboratory study of animals. Zoology. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ECIIINODKRMS 239 those sea-urchins, however, that have assumed the habit of free locomotion on the oral surface (Fig. 230), the mouth has moved from the centre toward one edge and the anus, which is typically at the centre of the aboral pole, has moved toward the opposite edge, so that, in these cases, the body has become bilaterally sym- metrical and the alimentary tract tends to run horizon- tally instead of verticallj'. This result shows the effect of a locomotor habit on the ra
RMRDJ7R0–. Text-book of embryology. Embryology. 510 INVEETEBEATA CHAP. arms. These arms are capable of movement, and can be slowly approxi- mated or divaricated. These movements are due to muscular strands connecting the rods near the aboral pole, and to others going out to them from the ends of the oesophagus. Both sets are derived from cells of the secondary mesenchyme. When it is about twelve days old the left anterior coelom buds off a. Fio. 386.'—Bchinopluteus larva of Echinus esculentus about eleven days, viewed from the dorsal surface to show the formation of the ciliated epaulettes. (Original.)
RMRHG9E6–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. ACTINULAR BEHAVIOR AND NEMATOCYTES 261. Figure 3. Morphological changes in the body of an actinula larva during settlement (time-lapse video images). (A) Larva undergoing repeated contraction and expansion of the body. (B) Larva beginning settling behavior with sinuous movement and rubbing of the tentacles to surface substrate: this phase was reversible to the temporary attachment phase. (C) Larva that has irreversibly opened the coelenteron in its aboral half to permanent settlement by the basal protrusion. (D) Stolon-elong
RMRDKFPR–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 500 ECHINODERMATA—OPHIUROIDEA chap. Opliiopteron is probably a swimming Ophiuroid, as the lateral spines of each segment of the arin are connected by a web of skin. Order III. Oladophiurae. These, like the Streptophiurae, have the power of rolling the arms in a vertical plane, but the articulating surfaces of the vertebrae are well-developed and saddle-shaped. The dorsal. Flo. 222.—Aboral view of young Astrophyton linckii, slightly enlarged. (From Wyville Thomson.) surface of the disc and arms is covered with a thick skin with minute calcifications. Up
RMRDJ9DP–. Text-book of embryology. Embryology. IV COELENTEEATA 89 stage anywhere in their ontogeny, but also in the possession of a well- developed nervous and sensory centre at the aboral pole, a part of the body which in other free-swimming Coelenterata is the least sensitive portion of tlie whole surface. The whole development is also of a widely different type from that of other Coelenterata, so that at first sight it is difficult to find any points of resemblance. The most primitive type of Ctenophore known is that included in the order Cydippidea. Unfortunately such forms cannot be regularly obt
RMRHP4M8–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. NORMAL DEVELOPMENT IN ZOOTHAMNIUM ALTERNANS 121 After a migratory existence of several hours duration the ciliospores become relatively quiescent, hovering about within a limited radius with aboral end in contact with the substrate, finally fixing themselves to the surface by means of a scopula. The secretion of the stalk begins; the girdlet of cilia becomes inactive and disappears as the peduncle elongates. The lens-shaped ciliospore then begins to assume the appearance of a very large sub-conical zooid with retracted adora
RMRE096J–. A manual of zoology. Zoology. 344 ECHINODERMA. distinguished from the intenimhulacral by the ambulacral pores by whicli the ambuiiicra on the surface are connected with the internal ampullaj. In most sea urchins the jjaired grouping of the pores results from the fact that a double canal extends from ampulla to ambulacrum. In the arrangement of the ambulacra two modifications, the band form and the petaloid, occur. In the first tlie ambulacra are equally developed from peristome to periproct (fig. 328). In the second oral and aboral regions may be distinguished (fig. 339). In the oral region
RMRHP2HP–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. CILIARY TRANSPORT-SYSTEM OF ASTERIAS 439 secting microscope. It was assumed that the action of cilia was not modified by extirpation of the area on which they were located. Ciliary tracts on external surfaces 1 J. General aboral areas: Echinoderm skeletons are mesodermal, and ectodermal epithelium completely covers the body exterior, though often reduced on tips of spines. Yhile the epithelia of spines show their more-or-less individual ciliary equipment (described later), the composite directional flow on the body surface
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 252 COELENTERATA HYDROZOA chap. called oral, and the opposite surface is called aboral. The cavity partly enclosed by the oral aspect of the body when it is cup- or bell-shaped is called the " sub-umbrellar cavity." In the medusome of nearly all Hydrozoa there is a narrow shelf projecting inwards from the margin of the disc and guard- ing the opening of the sub-umbrellar cavity, called the "velum." The mouth leads through the manubrium into a flattened part of the coelenteric cavity, which is usually called the gastric cavity, and f Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKGK9/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-252-coelenterata-hydrozoa-chap-called-oral-and-the-opposite-surface-is-called-aboral-the-cavity-partly-enclosed-by-the-oral-aspect-of-the-body-when-it-is-cup-or-bell-shaped-is-called-the-quot-sub-umbrellar-cavityquot-in-the-medusome-of-nearly-all-hydrozoa-there-is-a-narrow-shelf-projecting-inwards-from-the-margin-of-the-disc-and-guard-ing-the-opening-of-the-sub-umbrellar-cavity-called-the-quotvelumquot-the-mouth-leads-through-the-manubrium-into-a-flattened-part-of-the-coelenteric-cavity-which-is-usually-called-the-gastric-cavity-and-f-RDKGK9.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 252 COELENTERATA HYDROZOA chap. called oral, and the opposite surface is called aboral. The cavity partly enclosed by the oral aspect of the body when it is cup- or bell-shaped is called the " sub-umbrellar cavity." In the medusome of nearly all Hydrozoa there is a narrow shelf projecting inwards from the margin of the disc and guard- ing the opening of the sub-umbrellar cavity, called the "velum." The mouth leads through the manubrium into a flattened part of the coelenteric cavity, which is usually called the gastric cavity, and f Stock Photo")
RMRDKGK9–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 252 COELENTERATA HYDROZOA chap. called oral, and the opposite surface is called aboral. The cavity partly enclosed by the oral aspect of the body when it is cup- or bell-shaped is called the " sub-umbrellar cavity." In the medusome of nearly all Hydrozoa there is a narrow shelf projecting inwards from the margin of the disc and guard- ing the opening of the sub-umbrellar cavity, called the "velum." The mouth leads through the manubrium into a flattened part of the coelenteric cavity, which is usually called the gastric cavity, and f
![. Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. STARFISH 201 central ganglion. The system consists of a nerve ring encircling the perioral membrane, radial nerve cords lying at the bottoms of the ambula- cra] grooves and reaching to the tips of the rays, nerves on the dorsal surface of each ray which converge toward the center of the aboral disc, and scattered nerve cells and sense cells lying among the cells of the epidermis and distributed above the nerve cords. The principal sense organs are the pigment spots, one at the tip of each ray, below a so-called tentacle (Fig. 112). The pigment spots are ligh Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RN5JW4/animal-biology-zoology-biology-starfish-201-central-ganglion-the-system-consists-of-a-nerve-ring-encircling-the-perioral-membrane-radial-nerve-cords-lying-at-the-bottoms-of-the-ambula-cra-grooves-and-reaching-to-the-tips-of-the-rays-nerves-on-the-dorsal-surface-of-each-ray-which-converge-toward-the-center-of-the-aboral-disc-and-scattered-nerve-cells-and-sense-cells-lying-among-the-cells-of-the-epidermis-and-distributed-above-the-nerve-cords-the-principal-sense-organs-are-the-pigment-spots-one-at-the-tip-of-each-ray-below-a-so-called-tentacle-fig-112-the-pigment-spots-are-ligh-RN5JW4.jpg ". Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. STARFISH 201 central ganglion. The system consists of a nerve ring encircling the perioral membrane, radial nerve cords lying at the bottoms of the ambula- cra] grooves and reaching to the tips of the rays, nerves on the dorsal surface of each ray which converge toward the center of the aboral disc, and scattered nerve cells and sense cells lying among the cells of the epidermis and distributed above the nerve cords. The principal sense organs are the pigment spots, one at the tip of each ray, below a so-called tentacle (Fig. 112). The pigment spots are ligh Stock Photo")
RMRN5JW4–. Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. STARFISH 201 central ganglion. The system consists of a nerve ring encircling the perioral membrane, radial nerve cords lying at the bottoms of the ambula- cra] grooves and reaching to the tips of the rays, nerves on the dorsal surface of each ray which converge toward the center of the aboral disc, and scattered nerve cells and sense cells lying among the cells of the epidermis and distributed above the nerve cords. The principal sense organs are the pigment spots, one at the tip of each ray, below a so-called tentacle (Fig. 112). The pigment spots are ligh
RMRN5M75–. Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. STARFISH 197 227. Nervous System and Behavior.—The nervous system is less highly developed than in the phyla previously studied, there being no central ganglion. The system consists of a nerve ring encircling the perioral membrane, radial nerve cords lying at the bottoms of the ambula- cral grooves and reaching to the tips of the rays, nerves on the dorsal surface of each ray which converge toward the center of the aboral disc, and scattered nerve cells and sense cells lying among the cells of the epidermis and distributed above the nerve cords. The principa
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 544 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA spines; they are of the tridactyle, the gemmiform, and the ophi- cephalous types, but they have only two jaws. The ambulacral areas on the upper surface of the test can be distinguished only by the flattened respiratory tube-feet (Fig. 2^2, pod'), which can be seen protruding from between the spines. Below these areas are clearly marked, for in the centre of each. pod Fig. 242.—Aboral view of the "Sand-dollar" (Echinarachnius parma), with its spines, m.^, Madreporite ; pod^ small tube-foot with sucker; pod flatte Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKFJJ/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-544-echinodermata-echinoidea-spines-they-are-of-the-tridactyle-the-gemmiform-and-the-ophi-cephalous-types-but-they-have-only-two-jaws-the-ambulacral-areas-on-the-upper-surface-of-the-test-can-be-distinguished-only-by-the-flattened-respiratory-tube-feet-fig-22-pod-which-can-be-seen-protruding-from-between-the-spines-below-these-areas-are-clearly-marked-for-in-the-centre-of-each-pod-fig-242aboral-view-of-the-quotsand-dollarquot-echinarachnius-parma-with-its-spines-m-madreporite-pod-small-tube-foot-with-sucker-pod-flatte-RDKFJJ.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 544 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA spines; they are of the tridactyle, the gemmiform, and the ophi- cephalous types, but they have only two jaws. The ambulacral areas on the upper surface of the test can be distinguished only by the flattened respiratory tube-feet (Fig. 2^2, pod'), which can be seen protruding from between the spines. Below these areas are clearly marked, for in the centre of each. pod Fig. 242.—Aboral view of the "Sand-dollar" (Echinarachnius parma), with its spines, m.^, Madreporite ; pod^ small tube-foot with sucker; pod flatte Stock Photo")
RMRDKFJJ–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 544 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA spines; they are of the tridactyle, the gemmiform, and the ophi- cephalous types, but they have only two jaws. The ambulacral areas on the upper surface of the test can be distinguished only by the flattened respiratory tube-feet (Fig. 2^2, pod'), which can be seen protruding from between the spines. Below these areas are clearly marked, for in the centre of each. pod Fig. 242.—Aboral view of the "Sand-dollar" (Echinarachnius parma), with its spines, m.^, Madreporite ; pod^ small tube-foot with sucker; pod flatte
RMRHY4DE–. Behavior of the lower organisms. Animal behavior; Invertebrates. Fro. 45- — Parame- cium at rest against a cotton fibre, showing the motionless cilia in con- tact with the fibre. come in contact with a solid. Observing ming specimen, it is often seen to react as follows. When it first strikes against an object it responds with a weak avoiding reaction, — swimming backward a short distance, turning a little toward the aboral side, then swimming for- ward again. Its path carries it against the object again, whereupon it stops and comes to rest against the surface. The objects against which Par
RMRHRMBH–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 194 C. M. CHILD. clearly the consequence of cuts of this kind. C. solitaries was used for those experiments. Series 9. September 12, 1902.— Three specimens of C. solitarins were cut obliquely at two different levels as indicated in Fig. I ; the pieces used for experiment in each case being the portions between the two oblique lines. These pieces possessed an oral and an aboral oblique surface. Unfortunately no control pieces with transverse cut surfaces were made but the records in my notes of a set of pieces which were cut
RMRDGHKJ–. Elementary text-book of zoology. ASTER IAS, 159 Fig. 92.—Aboral Dissection of a Common Starfish. {Ad nat.) Pyloric Part of Stomach. AmpuIlEe.. The lower right arm is turned over to show the oral surface ; the lower left arm has its aboral wall removed and the upper left arm has the pyloric glands removed.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Masterman, Arthur Thomas. Edinburgh, E. & S. Livingstone
RMRHRMA2–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. FIGS. 13-16. Although a flattened substratum is less frequently disturbed, aboral region of greater diameter than any other part of the body is present, attachment does not always occur over the whole sur- face ; apparently, however, any part of the surface is capable of serving as the organ of attachment, the animals being attached in some cases by a small region in the middle of the flattened surface (Fig..15), and in other cases by some part or parts of its margin (Fig. 14). In fact the region of actual attachment may dif
RMRHMDF2–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. EFFECTS OF FMRFa AND GABA ON PREY CAPTURE 255. Figure 7. FMRFamide immunoreactivity in the head. (A) Network of immunoreactive fibers on the surface of the head skin. (B| Immunoreactive processes run through the entire thickness of the head wall. (C, D) Dense network of longitudinally oriented immunoreactive fibers in buccal cones. Note that fibers are localized only on the internal, oral side of the buccal cone (indicated by arrows). The extent of the external (aboral) side of the cone is indicated by the dashed line in C.
![. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. ASTERIAS 159 Fig. 91.—Aboral Dissection of a Common Starfish. {AJ. nat.) Ampulla; Cardiac Part of Stomach. Anus.. '^^^ Iwll''^^^^V'""? V""' t° the oral surface, the lower left arm has its aboral wall removed and the upper left arm has the pyloric glands ren^oved. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Masterman, Arthur Thomas; Par Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJNCY3/elementary-text-book-of-zoology-electronic-resource-zoology-asterias-159-fig-91aboral-dissection-of-a-common-starfish-aj-nat-ampulla-cardiac-part-of-stomach-anus-iwllvquotquot-vquotquot-t-the-oral-surface-the-lower-left-arm-has-its-aboral-wall-removed-and-the-upper-left-arm-has-the-pyloric-glands-renoved-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-masterman-arthur-thomas-par-RJNCY3.jpg ". Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. ASTERIAS 159 Fig. 91.—Aboral Dissection of a Common Starfish. {AJ. nat.) Ampulla; Cardiac Part of Stomach. Anus.. '^^^ Iwll''^^^^V'""? V""' t° the oral surface, the lower left arm has its aboral wall removed and the upper left arm has the pyloric glands ren^oved. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Masterman, Arthur Thomas; Par Stock Photo")
RMRJNCY3–. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. ASTERIAS 159 Fig. 91.—Aboral Dissection of a Common Starfish. {AJ. nat.) Ampulla; Cardiac Part of Stomach. Anus.. '^^^ Iwll''^^^^V'""? V""' t° the oral surface, the lower left arm has its aboral wall removed and the upper left arm has the pyloric glands ren^oved. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Masterman, Arthur Thomas; Par
RMRHMYJK–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 434 J. L. S. COBB. FIGURE la. The nervous system of a brittlestar consists, in part, of a circumoral nerve ring and five segmentally ganglionated nerve cords. Two such segmental ganglia are illustrated diagrammatically with one cut in transverse section. The cell bodies of the ectoneural nervous system (E) occur in a layer on the oral surface. The hyponeural motor neurons (H) have cell bodies in aboral swellings either side of the midline. The two nervous systems are separated by a connective tissue basement membrane of vary
RMRHG9CT–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 264 K. YAMASHITA ET AL. Figure 6. Rubbing of the aboral tentacle tip with sinuous movement, followed by discharge and sticking of atrichous isorhiza nematocytes (arrowheads) on the glass surface during the settlement of an aetinula larva. The elapsed time from A to D was about 5 min. A-D are same magnification. Bar = 50 ;um. 1.9). which were not deployed in the tentacle tips. In the tentacles of 2-4-h-old larvae four types of nematocytes, namely atrichous isorhiza (AI). stenotele (S), desmoneme (D). and microbasic mastigopho
RMRHMXD2–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 466 S. L. TAMM AND S. TAMM. Figure 3. DIG view of the surface of a peeled apart lip of Beroi- sp. in MgCI:/seawater. The lip edge is to the left; the aboral direction is to the right. The adhesive strip (bracket) runs parallel to, and a short distance aboral to. the macrociliary field (M). The surface of the adhesive zone is covered with numerous small vesicles or craters. Suhepithelial transverse muscle fibers (tm) run vertically and appear out-of-focus. The finer and more closely spaced longitudinal muscles (1m, cf. Fig. 5
![. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. involved in the regulative changes for a short distance oral to the cut end : In other words the new aboral end is formed not merely from the new tissue which closes the end soon after op- eration, but, as in the regeneration of the oral end, in part from tissue derived from the margins of the body-wall near to the cut surface, by reduction of the muscular layer and growth of the ectoderm and entoderm. Thus the distinction between " old tissue" and "new tissue," at first well-marked, gradually disap- pear Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RHRAHT/the-biological-bulletin-biology-zoology-biology-marine-biology-involved-in-the-regulative-changes-for-a-short-distance-oral-to-the-cut-end-in-other-words-the-new-aboral-end-is-formed-not-merely-from-the-new-tissue-which-closes-the-end-soon-after-op-eration-but-as-in-the-regeneration-of-the-oral-end-in-part-from-tissue-derived-from-the-margins-of-the-body-wall-near-to-the-cut-surface-by-reduction-of-the-muscular-layer-and-growth-of-the-ectoderm-and-entoderm-thus-the-distinction-between-quot-old-tissuequot-and-quotnew-tissuequot-at-first-well-marked-gradually-disap-pear-RHRAHT.jpg ". The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. involved in the regulative changes for a short distance oral to the cut end : In other words the new aboral end is formed not merely from the new tissue which closes the end soon after op- eration, but, as in the regeneration of the oral end, in part from tissue derived from the margins of the body-wall near to the cut surface, by reduction of the muscular layer and growth of the ectoderm and entoderm. Thus the distinction between " old tissue" and "new tissue," at first well-marked, gradually disap- pear Stock Photo")
RMRHRAHT–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. involved in the regulative changes for a short distance oral to the cut end : In other words the new aboral end is formed not merely from the new tissue which closes the end soon after op- eration, but, as in the regeneration of the oral end, in part from tissue derived from the margins of the body-wall near to the cut surface, by reduction of the muscular layer and growth of the ectoderm and entoderm. Thus the distinction between " old tissue" and "new tissue," at first well-marked, gradually disap- pear
RMRHMYJ0–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. FIGURE la. The nervous system of a brittlestar consists, in part, of a circumoral nerve ring and five segmentally ganglionated nerve cords. Two such segmental ganglia are illustrated diagrammatically with one cut in transverse section. The cell bodies of the ectoneural nervous system (E) occur in a layer on the oral surface. The hyponeural motor neurons (H) have cell bodies in aboral swellings either side of the midline. The two nervous systems are separated by a connective tissue basement membrane of varying thickness (arro
RMRHN3KX–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. ATTACHMENT OF CYANEA PLANULAE 15 Aboral contact normal to a substrate is not the sole stimulus leading to attachment. Planulae gliding along a container bottom, or swimming horizontally, collide with the surface of vertically oriented plastic coverslips with their aboral end, but few (348) attach there relative to horizontally held coverslips (5551) (F,il2 = 41.22; P 0.75), and for horizontal coverslips (Fj ,2 = 1.64; 0.10 < P < 0.25). Planulae attach to a suitable substrate more frequently if that surface is properly
RMRHMFCD–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. COLLECTION OF FOOD BY E. PARMA 577 ORAL ABORAL. 50 mm FIGURE 1. Ciliary currents and spine orientation on A) aboral and B) oral surface of Echinarachnius parma. Spines are shown as diagrammatic cross sections, circles (locomotory), and ovals (club shaped), with cilia at right angles to shaft. Orientation of the expanded tips of club-shaped spines is not constant but cilia on them are always arranged at right angles to lines radiating from the apex. Oral surface ciliary currents flow from anterior to posterior. such a line. T
RMRHKM9C–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. DEVELOPMENT OF A DIMORPHIC OPHIUROID 27. Figure 1. Male and female of Ophiodaphne formula and their host, Astriclypeits mamu. (A) Magnified view of the female paired with a much smaller male of O. fonnata. both detached from the host shown in C. Note the dwarf male (short arrow), with his oral surface against that of the larger female (long arrow I, and his arms (arrowheads) alternating with hers. Views of the female and male are oral and aboral, respectively. (B) Aboral view of a sand dollar, A. manni. Arrow indicates a lun
RMRHN8P2–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 0 DAVID G. ATWOOD ray formed between the third pair and the terminal podium as spines (N) de- veloped on the oral and aboral surfaces. Spines were larger and more numerous on the oral surface near the terminal portion of each ray (Fig. 7). Thirteen days after fertilization, the preoral lobe (PL) was reduced to a small thickening and light-colored pigment spots (PS) were evident on the oral and aboral surfaces (Figs. 8, 9). The thin membrane sealing the oral region ruptured in 50% of examined juveniles at fourteen days exposi
RMRHMJ37–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 250 PATRICIA L. TIMKO. R 1 cm t FIGURE 3. Digestive organs of Dendraster, viewed from the aboral side. The outline of the test is marked by a dashed line. Aristotle's Lantern (AL) is the masticating apparatus. Esophagus (E), stomach (S), intestine I (I-I), intestine II (I-II), and rectum (R) follow the terminology of Reisman (1965). The anus (A) exits on the oral surface. In an average size sand dollar (maximum length about 60 mm), the length of the different gut sections would be: esophagus, 5 mm; stomach, 70 mm; intestine
RMRHMGJH–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. FIGURE 2. Ciliary currents on Clypeaster subdepressus (A-C) and C. rosaceus (D). (A) aboral sur- face, (B) oral surface, (C) area around periproct (boxed in B), (D) oral surface. In A, B, and D, large arrows indicate strong ciliary flow, smaller arrows weaker flow. In B to D, circles with central dot indicate downward flow towards the substrate in living specimens (towards the viewer in these diagrams). that neither species is ever likely to be so closely in contact with the substrate as to seriously impede escape flow aroun
RMRHG9D9–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. ACTINULAR BEHAVIOR AND NEMATOCYTES 263 of 3-week-old films. Thus, microbial films significantly (P < 0.0001) promoted actinular settlement. These larval responses did not occur without direct contact of the aboral tentacles to the microbial-filmed surface. Three days after liberation, juvenile polyps showed the following characteristics: aboral tentacle length, 600-1300 jum (mean ± standard deviation = 800.8 ± 187.2); oral tentacle length, 73-120 /urn (89.0 ± 17.3); body length, 433-968 /Ltm (660.9 ± 186.6); body width, 1
RMRDNH5K–. Echinoderms of Connecticut. Echinodermata. Plate III. Aboral surface of Starfish, Asterias forbesi. animal. (Natural size.) Photograph of living. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Coe, Wesley Roswell, 1869-. Hartford, Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey
RMRE3WW0–. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. PLATE 32 'â ^Jt*. 1. Hacelia superba. holotype, oral surface, X I. 2. Hacelia superba, holotype. aboral surface. X I.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Clark, Hubert Lyman, 1870-1947. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington
RMRE3WWT–. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. 1. Goniodiscaster coppingeri, aboral surface. X 1. 3. Asterina nuda, hololype, aboral surface. X 2. Goniodiscaster coppingeri. oral surface. XI. 4. Aslerina nuda. holotype, oral surface. X I. 5. Asterina anomala, paratypes, aboral surface. X I.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Clark, Hubert Lyman, 1870-1947. Washington, D
RMRE3WXC–. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Echinodermata. PLATE 20. 1. Comanthus alternans, calyx and part o( two rays; aboral surtacc. X 1. 2. Comanthus luteofusca, holotype, aboral surface. XI. 3. Comanthus luteofusca. holotype, oral surface. 4. Comanthus samoana, aboral surface. X I.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Clark, Hubert Lyman, 1870-1947. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie
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