Camera Canon EOS-1D Xmark II, lens Canon EF 100MM F/2.8 MACRO USM;
settings: f/8, speed 1/30, ISO 1000.
Photo by Maria Alejandra Gutiérrez

• BALICK, Michael and Rosita ARVIGO
• 2015
• Messages from the Gods: a guide to the useful plants of Belize. Oxford university press. 504 pages.
  
  Sold Online:
  www.amazon.com/Messages-Gods-Useful-Plants-Belize/dp/01999
  65765/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1534525088&sr=8-1&keywords
  =Messages+from+the+Gods%3A+a+guide+to+the+useful+plants+of+Belize

• BARRIOS, Mercedes
• 2006
• Exploración del potencial de cultivos alternativos perennes de alto valor (Theobroma cacao L.), aplicados en áreas selectas para la restauración de selvas lluviosas fragmentadas en Cobán y Cahabón, Alta Verapaz. CONCYT. 124 pages.
  
  Available Online:
  http://glifos.concyt.gob.gt/digital/fodecyt/fodecyt%202006.15.pdf

• BEUTELSPACHER, Carlos
• 2009
• Semillas utilizadas para elaborar artesanías lacandonas en Chiapas, México. Lacandonia, Rev. Ciencias UNICACH. Vol. 3, No. 2. Pages 45-58.

• ESCALANTE, Sigfredo
• 2004
• Estudios poblacionales de Desmoncus orthacanthos Martius (Arecaeae) en el sur de Quintana Roo, México. Instituto de Ecología, A.C. 204 pages.

• ESCALANTE, Sigfredo, MONTAÑA, Carlos and Roger ORELLANA
• 2004
• Demography and potential extractive use of the liana palm, Desmoncus orthacanthos Martius (Arecaeae), in southern Quintana Roo, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management. Vol. 187, No. 1. Pages 3-18.
  
  Sold Online:
  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112703002287

• GUEVARA, Lorena and Paola GARZÓN
• 2008
• Morfoanatomía de órganos vegetativos aéreos en Desmoncus orthacanthos Mart. (Arecaceae, Arecoideae). Ernstia. Vol. 18, No. 1. Pages 71-88.
  
  Available Online:
  http://saber.ucv.ve/ojs/index.php/rev_erns/article/view/691/637

• HENDERSON, Andrew, GALEANO, Gloria and Rodrigo BERNAL
• 1997
• Field guide to the palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press. 352 pages.

• QUATTROCCHI, Umberto
• 2017
• CRC World dictionary of Palms: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. 2753 pages.
  
  Sold Online:
  www.amazon.com/CRC-World-Dictionary-Palms-Scientific/dp/1498782795/
  ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1534525374&sr=1-1&keywords
  =CRC+World+dictionary+of+Palms%3A+common+names%2C+scientific
  +names%2C+eponyms%2C+synonyms%2C+and+etymology&dpID=51%
  252B8YGa7fXL&preST=_SX218_BO1,204,203,200_QL40_&dpSrc=srch

• SIEBERT, Stephen
• 2000
• Abundance and growth of Desmoncus orthacanthos Mart. (Palmae) in response to light and ramet harvesting in five forest sites in Belize. Forest Ecology and Management. Vol. 137, No. 1-3. Pages 83-90.
  
  Sold Online:
  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112799003163

• STANDLEY, P. C. and J. A. STEYERMARK
• 1958
• Flora of Guatemala. Part I. Fieldiana, Bot. Vol. 24, No. 1. Pages 258-259.

• ZAPATA, José, ORELLANA, Roger and Edith ALLEN
• 2005
• Establishment of Desmoncus orthacanthos Martius (Arecaeae): effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizae. Rev. Biol. Trop. Vol. 54, No. 1. Pages 65-72.
  
  Available Online:
  https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/download/13999/13311

Camera Nikon D810, lens Nikon AF-S Micro 60mm F2.8 G; settings: f/9, speed 1/100, ISO 6400. Photo by Dr Nicholas Hellmuth

• BALICK, M. J.
• 1979
• Economic botany of the Guahibo. I. Palmae. Econ. Bot. Vol. 33, No. 4. Pages 361-376.
  
  Available online:
  www.nybg.org/files/scientists/mbalick/economic%20botany%20of%20the%
  20Guahibo%20I%20Palmae.pdf

• BELSKY, J. M. and S. F. SIEBERT
• 1998
• Non-timber forest products in community development and conservation Desmoncus sp. (tie-tie) in Gale’s Point Manatee, Belize. In: Primack, R. B., Bray, D., Galleti, H., Ponciano, I. (Eds.), Timber, Tourists, and Temples: conservation and development in the Maya Forest of Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico. Islad Press, Washington, DC. Pages 224-244.
  
  Available online:
  www.cas.umt.edu/facultydatabase/FILES_Faculty/1121/NTPCDC.pdf

• CHINCHILLA, Mario
• 1994
• Caracterización de las poblaciones de Bayal (Desmoncus spp.), con fines de aprovechamiento artesanal, en la unidad de manejo forestal de San Miguel, San Andrés, Petén. Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. 206 pages.
  
  Available online:
  http://biblioteca.usac.edu.gt/tesis/01/01_1431.pdf

• ESCALANTE, Sigfredo, MONTAÑA, Carlos and Roger ORELLANA
• 2004
• Demography and potential extractive use of the liana palm, Desmoncus orthacanthos Martius (Arecaeae), in southern Quintana Roo, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management. No. 187. Pages 3-18.
  
  Available online:
  www.researchgate.net/publication/223330638_Demography_and_potential_
  extractive_use_of_the_liana_palm_Desmoncus_orthacanthos_Martius_Arecaceae
  _in_southern_Quintana_Roo_Mexico/link/5b0c3ef40f7e9b1ed7fbaaf8/download

• LUNDELL, C. L.
• 1937
• The vegetation of Petén, with and Appendix, studies of Mexican and central American plants. Vol. I. Carneige Institute of Washington.

• ORELLANA, Roger, HERRERA, Pedro, REBOLLAR, Silvia, ESCALANTE, Javier, LÓPEZ, Gerardo, ESCALANTE, Sigfredo and Leonardo GUS
• 1999
• Studies on the potential uses of some native palms of the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) as substitutes of rattan. Proc. Of the 2nd Int. Symp. On ornamental palms and other monocots from the tropics. Acta Hort. 486. Pages 1-6.
  
  Available online:
  www.researchgate.net/publication/281716353_Studies_on_the_potential_uses_of
  _some_native_palms_of_the_Yucatan_Peninsula_Mexico_as_substitutes_of_Rattan
  /link/55f5dcbf08ae7a10cf8b78c2/download

• PHILLIPS, Oliver
• 1992
• The ethnobotany and economic botany of tropical vines. Cambridge University Press. Pages 427-476.
  
  Sold online:
  www.cambridge.org/core/books/biology-of-vines/ethnobotany-and-economic-
  botany-of-tropical-vines/DD01CA4308F76F2261D326E19EB4AEA2

• QUIROZ, Joaquín, ORELLANA, Roger, CANTO, Gabriel, REBOLLAR, Silvia and Pedro HERRERA
• 2008
• Stem anatomical characteristics of the climbing palm Desmoncus orthacanthos (Arecaceae) under two natural growth conditions in a tropical forest. Rev. biol. Trop. Vol. 56, No. 2.
  
  Available online:
  www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442008000200040

• SCHULTES, R.
• 1940
• Plantae Mexicanae V. Desmoncus chinantlensis and its utilization in native basketry. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Vol. 8, No. 7. Pages 134-140.
  
  Sold online:
  www.jstor.org/stable/41762017?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-60404?ref=tpl1
Synonyms.

http://panamasilvestre.blogspot.com/2011/05/desmoncus-orthacanthos-arecaceae.html
Information and photos of the fruits.

http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Desmoncus+orthacanthos
Information and photos.

www.tropicos.org/Name/2401137?tab=acceptednames&langid=66
Information.

http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/biodiversity/bci/species/18137/
Information and photos.

Updated, August 2019.
First posted, August, 2018
Bibliography prepared by Marcella Sarti, FLAAR Mesoamerica