Proceedings of SAFESUST Workshop
Joint Research Centre, Ispra
November 26-27, 2015
A roadmap for the improvement
of earthquake resistance
and eco-eiciency of existing
buildings and cities
Alessio Caverzan, Marco Lamperti Tornaghi
and Paolo Negro
Editors
2016
This publication is a Conference and Workshop report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European
Commission’s in-house science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientiic support to the
European policy-making process. The scientiic output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European
Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible
for the use which might be made of this publication.
Contact information
Name: Paolo Negro
Address: Joint Research Centre, via Enrico Fermi, 2749, TP 480, I-21027 Ispra (Italy)
E-mail: paolo.negro@jrc.ec.europa.eu
Tel.: +39 0332 78 5452
JRC Science Hub
https://ec.europa.eu/jrc
JRC103289
PDF
ISBN 978-92-79-62618-0
doi:10.2788/499080
Print
ISBN 978-92-79-62619-7
doi:10.2788/252595
Luxembourg: Publications Oice of the European Union, 2016
© European Union, 2016
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
How to cite: Alessio Caverzan, Marco Lamperti Tornaghi and Paolo Negro (Editors); Proceedings of SAFESUST
Workshop; doi: 10.2788/499080 (online)
All images © European Union 2016, except cover: Courtesy Telestense TV, Ferrara Italy - from "TV giornale", 2012
May 21st
SAF
ESUSTWor
k
s
hop
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
e
ande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
J
oi
ntRe
s
e
ar
c
hCe
nt
r
e
,
I
s
p
r
a
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
SCI
ENTI
FI
CCOMMI
TTEE
dr
.
P
aol
oNe
gr
o–Eur
op
e
anCommi
s
s
i
onJ
oi
ntRe
s
e
ar
c
hCe
nt
r
e
p
r
of
.
Paol
oRi
v
a–Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
àde
gl
i
St
udi
di
Be
r
gamo
p
r
of
.
Ne
mk
umarBant
hi
a–Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
yofBr
i
t
i
s
hCo
l
umbi
a
dr
.
Mar
c
oCas
t
agna–EURACRe
s
e
ar
c
h
Pr
of
.
He
l
e
naGe
r
v
as
i
o–Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
adedeCoi
mbr
a
dr
.
Robe
r
t
oL
ol
l
i
ni
–EURACRe
s
e
ar
c
h
p
r
of
.
Al
e
s
s
andr
aMar
i
ni
–Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
àde
g
l
i
St
udi
di
Be
r
gamo
p
r
of
.
Mar
i
naMo
nt
uor
i–Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
àde
gl
i
St
udi
di
Br
e
s
c
i
a
dr
.
Ol
i
v
e
rRapf–Bui
l
di
ngPe
r
f
or
manc
eI
ns
t
i
t
ut
eEur
op
e
p
r
of
.
Koj
i
Sak
ai–J
ap
anSus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
yI
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
p
r
of
.
Mat
t
hi
asSaue
r
br
uc
h–Saue
r
br
uc
hHut
t
on,
Be
r
l
i
n
dr
.
Al
e
x
andr
aT
r
oi–EURACRe
s
e
ar
c
h
dr
.
He
i
k
oT
r
umpf–Bol
l
i
nge
r+Gr
ohmannI
nge
ni
e
ur
e
ORGANI
ZI
NGCOMMI
TTEE
Thewor
ks
hopwasj
oi
nt
l
yor
gani
s
edbyEur
opeanCommi
s
s
i
onJ
oi
ntRes
ear
c
hCent
r
e
andUni
ver
s
i
t
àdegl
iSt
udidiBer
gamo.
dr
.
P
aol
oNe
gr
o–Eur
op
e
anCommi
s
s
i
onJ
oi
ntRe
s
e
ar
c
hCe
nt
r
e
p
r
of
.
Paol
oRi
v
a–Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
àde
gl
i
St
udi
di
Be
r
gamo
Bar
bar
aAngi
–Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
àde
g
l
i
St
udi
di
Br
e
s
c
i
a
Al
e
s
s
i
oCav
e
r
z
an–Eur
op
e
anCommi
s
s
i
onJ
oi
ntRe
s
e
ar
c
hCe
nt
r
e
Mar
c
oL
ampe
r
t
i
–Eur
op
e
anCommi
s
s
i
onJ
oi
ntRe
s
e
ar
c
hCe
nt
r
e
p
r
of
.
Al
e
s
s
andr
aMar
i
ni
–Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
àde
g
l
i
St
udi
di
Be
r
gamo
Ar
t
urPi
nt
oVi
e
i
r
a–Eur
op
e
anCommi
s
s
i
onJ
oi
ntRe
s
e
ar
c
hCe
nt
r
e
Ge
r
al
di
neSac
hs–Eur
op
e
anCommi
s
s
i
onJ
oi
ntRe
s
e
ar
c
hCe
nt
r
e
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
e
ande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
T
hegl
obalp
op
ul
at
i
onno
we
x
c
e
e
dss
e
v
e
nbi
l
l
i
on.T
hi
sme
anst
hatdur
i
ngt
hep
as
t250y
e
ar
sor
s
o,
i
thasi
nc
r
e
as
e
dt
e
nf
ol
dt
hatoft
heI
ndus
t
r
i
alRe
v
ol
ut
i
oni
nt
hemi
d18t
hc
e
nt
ur
y
,
whi
c
hi
sbel
i
e
v
e
dt
ohav
ebe
e
n700mi
l
l
i
on.Ei
ght
yp
e
r
c
e
ntoft
hegl
obalp
op
ul
at
i
onl
i
v
e
si
nde
v
e
l
op
i
ngr
egi
ons
,whi
c
hme
anst
hatt
hec
ons
ump
t
i
onofr
e
s
our
c
e
sande
ne
r
gywi
l
li
nc
r
e
as
ee
nor
mous
l
yi
n
t
hef
ut
ur
e
.Re
s
our
c
e
sande
ne
r
gyar
es
omeoft
hemo
s
tf
undame
nt
ale
l
e
me
nt
sf
ort
hedai
l
yl
i
f
e
ofhumank
i
nd.I
nr
e
c
e
nty
e
ar
s
,i
thasbe
e
nr
e
c
ogni
s
e
dt
hati
nc
r
e
as
i
ngf
os
s
i
le
ne
r
gyc
ons
ump
t
i
on
c
oul
de
v
e
nc
hanget
hegl
obalc
l
i
mat
e
.I
ti
sant
i
c
i
p
at
e
dt
hatgl
obalwar
mi
ngwi
l
lc
aus
ee
x
t
r
e
me
l
y
s
e
r
i
ousp
r
obl
e
msi
nt
hef
ut
ur
e
,i
nf
ac
t
,c
l
i
mat
ec
hangedr
i
v
e
nb
ygl
obalwar
mi
nghasal
r
e
adyi
nc
r
e
as
e
dt
hei
nt
e
ns
i
t
yandf
r
e
que
nc
yofwe
at
he
rac
t
i
ons
uc
hast
y
p
hoons
/
hur
r
i
c
ane
sandt
or
r
e
nt
i
al
r
ai
nf
al
l
s
,
c
aus
i
nge
nor
mousdamage
;
i
naddi
t
i
on,
t
hef
r
e
que
nc
yori
nt
e
ns
i
t
yofhe
av
yp
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
at
i
on
e
v
e
nt
shasl
i
k
e
l
yi
nc
r
e
as
e
di
nNor
t
hAme
r
i
c
aandEur
op
e1.Ont
heot
he
rhand,de
v
e
l
op
e
dc
ount
r
i
e
s
,s
uc
hasEU,hav
eac
c
umul
at
e
dahugeamountofi
nf
r
as
t
r
uc
t
ur
eandbui
l
di
ngo
v
e
ral
ong
t
i
me
.I
tme
anst
hatt
he
s
es
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
shav
et
obep
r
op
e
r
l
ymai
nt
ai
ne
db
yt
ak
i
ngc
os
t
,nat
ur
alr
es
our
c
e
sc
ons
ump
t
i
on,andmor
es
e
v
e
r
el
oadi
ngande
nv
i
r
onme
nti
nt
oc
ons
i
de
r
at
i
on.I
not
he
r
wor
ds
,
i
ti
sv
e
r
yi
mp
or
t
antho
wt
oi
nc
or
p
or
at
es
us
t
ai
nab
i
l
i
t
yc
onc
e
p
t
si
nt
oc
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
oni
ndus
t
r
y
.
SAFESUSTi
sanac
r
ony
mt
ome
anSAFEt
yandSUST
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
.
I
ti
de
nt
i
ie
sar
e
s
e
ar
c
hwor
k
p
ac
k
ageonI
mpac
tofs
us
t
ai
nab
i
l
i
t
yande
ne
r
gye
ffic
i
e
nc
yr
e
qui
r
e
me
nt
sonbui
l
di
ngde
s
i
gnandr
e
t
r
ofit
,
be
i
ngc
onduc
t
e
db
yt
heEur
ope
anCommi
s
s
i
on-J
oi
ntRe
s
e
ar
c
hCe
nt
r
e,
Di
r
e
c
t
or
at
eSpac
eSe
c
ur
i
t
y
& Mi
gr
at
i
o
n,asap
ar
toft
hep
r
oj
e
c
t
:Saf
eandCl
e
ane
rT
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
sf
orCo
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
onandBui
l
di
ngs
.T
heac
r
ony
m ap
p
e
ar
e
di
nt
het
i
t
l
eoft
hewor
k
s
hop
:Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntof
e
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
,andt
hewor
ds
oondur
i
ngt
hedi
s
c
us
s
i
onswhi
c
ht
ookp
l
ac
e
,be
c
ameane
ol
ogi
s
m.Ex
p
r
e
s
s
i
onss
uc
has“
SAFESUST
c
onc
e
p
t
”
,“
SAFESUSTp
r
obl
e
m”and“
SAFESUSTap
p
r
oac
h”we
r
ec
ommonl
yus
e
d.F
ort
hi
sr
e
as
on,
i
nt
hi
sf
r
e
s
hl
yc
r
e
at
e
dwor
d,
p
os
s
i
bl
yr
e
mai
nt
hee
s
s
e
nc
eoft
her
oadmapwhi
c
hhasbe
e
ns
t
ar
t
e
d
t
obedr
awnatt
hewor
k
s
hop
:
SAF
Et
yandSUST
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
.
T
he
r
ei
ss
uic
i
e
nte
v
i
de
nc
eoft
hef
ac
tt
hatt
he
r
ec
oul
dbenotany
mor
es
af
e
t
ywi
t
hout
s
us
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
.T
hi
se
v
i
de
nc
eunde
r
p
i
nsac
t
i
onst
omi
t
i
gat
ewhatc
oul
dbet
hemos
tdi
ic
ul
tp
r
obl
e
m mank
i
ndhav
ef
ac
e
ds
i
nc
ee
v
e
r
:s
av
i
ngouronl
yp
l
ane
t
,andt
hi
swasnott
obedi
s
c
us
s
e
dat
t
hewor
k
s
hop
.Whatbe
c
ames
oone
v
i
de
ntdur
i
ngt
hedi
s
c
us
s
i
oni
st
hatt
he
r
ec
anbenos
us
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
ywi
t
houts
af
e
t
y
,
i
nt
ac
k
l
i
ngt
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntoft
hee
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
nghe
r
i
t
age
.
SAFESUST:
SAFET
Y+SUST
AI
NABI
L
I
T
Y=I
NTEGRATEDRENOVATI
ON
1
I
PCC,
Cl
i
mat
ec
hangewor
k
i
nggr
oupI
:
T
hePhy
s
i
c
alSc
i
e
nc
eBas
i
s
3
WhyaRoadmap?
T
oday
,mor
es
ot
hane
v
e
rbe
f
or
e
,gl
obali
s
s
ue
ss
uc
hast
hec
l
i
mat
ec
hangear
eo
v
e
r
l
ap
p
e
dt
o
l
oc
alc
r
i
s
e
sl
i
k
et
hes
hr
i
nk
ageoft
hec
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
ons
e
c
t
or
,whi
c
hf
ol
l
o
we
dt
hee
c
onomi
candinan2
c
i
alc
r
i
s
i
si
nEU.
Ononehandt
hi
ss
c
e
nar
i
oi
sani
ght
mar
ef
ors
t
ak
e
hol
de
r
si
nv
ol
v
e
di
nt
hebui
l
di
ngp
r
oc
e
s
s
,but-ont
heot
he
rhand-i
tr
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
sagoodc
hanc
et
oc
r
e
at
et
het
e
c
hni
c
alc
ondi
t
i
onsf
orade
e
pandl
as
t
i
ngur
bant
r
ans
f
or
mat
i
on.T
hi
si
sas
t
i
mul
at
i
ngc
hal
l
e
nget
hatt
hec
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
onc
hai
nwi
l
lf
ac
ei
nt
hec
omi
ngde
c
ade
s
.
T
hede
s
t
i
nat
i
onsoft
hi
sr
out
ear
es
mar
t
,r
e
s
i
l
i
e
ntands
us
t
ai
nabl
ec
i
t
i
e
sandt
hes
t
ar
t
i
ng
p
oi
nti
st
hep
r
e
s
e
ntbui
l
di
ngs
t
oc
k
.
T
hep
at
hi
smadeb
yt
hei
nno
v
at
i
onofp
r
oduc
t
sandp
r
oc
e
s
s
e
s
andt
hebas
i
ct
ool
st
ohav
eac
ohe
r
e
ntands
af
et
r
av
e
lar
eac
omp
as
sandamapt
ogui
det
heact
i
on.Wi
t
houtar
oadmap
,al
le
for
t
swoul
dl
ac
kdi
r
e
c
t
i
onandt
husc
oul
de
as
i
l
ybei
ne
ic
i
e
nt
.T
he
3
agep
r
oil
eanal
y
s
i
soft
heEU'
sbui
l
di
nghe
r
i
t
age r
e
v
e
al
st
hatonl
yt
hemi
nor
i
t
yoft
he
s
e27bi
l
2
l
i
onm i
sr
e
c
e
nt
,
name
l
ybui
l
tate
r1991:
t
hemai
np
ar
to
ft
hes
t
oc
kwasbui
l
tbe
t
we
e
n1961and
1990andas
i
gni
ic
antp
e
r
c
e
nt
agebe
f
or
e1960.T
hi
sme
anst
hatt
hos
ebui
l
di
ngsar
el
i
k
e
l
yt
o
hav
ep
oort
he
r
malande
nv
i
r
onme
nt
alp
e
r
f
or
manc
e
sand,i
naddi
t
i
on,t
he
ywe
r
ebui
l
twi
t
hout
mode
r
ns
t
r
uc
t
ur
alde
s
i
gnc
ode
sandote
nwi
t
houts
e
i
s
mi
cp
r
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
ons
.
ENERGY
BUI
LDI
NGS
CI
TYPLANNI
NG
FI
NANCE
SUST
AI
NABI
LI
TY
Anyac
t
i
onsai
me
dati
mp
r
o
v
i
nge
ne
r
gyande
nv
i
r
onme
nt
ale
ic
i
e
nc
ywi
t
houtaddr
e
s
s
i
ngs
af
e
t
yat
t
hes
amet
i
mei
sboundt
of
ai
l
ur
e
.Nos
e
i
s
mi
cp
r
o
v
i
s
i
onswe
r
ec
ons
i
de
r
e
di
nt
hec
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
onof
v
e
r
yol
dbui
l
di
ngs
,andt
hos
ee
nf
or
c
e
datt
het
i
meoft
hec
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
onofmor
er
e
c
e
ntone
sar
e
t
y
p
i
c
al
l
yc
ons
i
de
r
e
dt
obei
ns
uic
i
e
nt
.T
hep
r
obl
e
m ofs
e
i
s
mi
cs
af
e
t
yi
sbe
i
ngc
o
ns
i
de
r
e
dal
s
oi
n
t
hos
er
e
gi
onswhi
c
hwe
r
enotc
ons
i
de
r
e
dasafe
c
t
e
db
yt
hee
ar
t
hquak
e
si
nt
hep
as
tand,s
omet
i
me
s
,i
ti
st
e
c
hni
c
al
l
ymor
es
e
v
e
r
et
he
r
e
.T
hei
mp
r
o
v
e
dk
no
wl
e
dgeoft
hes
e
i
s
mi
c
i
t
yofEur
op
e
hass
i
gni
ic
ant
l
yi
nc
r
e
as
e
dt
hear
e
asf
orwhi
c
hatl
e
as
ts
omes
e
i
s
mi
cp
r
o
v
i
s
i
onss
houl
dbee
nf
or
c
e
d.
2
Eur
os
t
at
,
Co
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
onpr
oduc
t
i
on(
v
ol
ume
)i
nde
xo
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
3
BPI
E,
Eur
ope
'
sbui
l
di
ngsunde
rt
hemi
c
r
os
c
o
pe
.
Ac
ount
r
y
b
y
c
ount
r
yr
e
v
i
e
woft
hee
ne
r
gype
r
f
or
manc
eofbui
l
di
ngs
4
Ot
he
rdy
nami
cac
t
i
ons
,e
.
g.
,t
r
aicdi
s
t
ur
banc
e
s
,i
ndus
t
r
i
alormi
ni
ngac
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
,p
os
es
i
mi
l
arp
r
obl
e
ms
.I
nmor
ege
ne
r
alt
e
r
ms
,r
e
qui
r
e
me
nt
sf
ors
e
r
v
i
c
el
oadsar
eno
waday
smor
es
t
r
i
nge
ntt
han
t
hos
ec
ons
i
de
r
e
di
nt
hede
s
i
gnandc
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
onofol
dbui
l
di
ngs
,aswe
l
lasf
ort
hede
f
or
mabi
l
i
t
y
r
e
qui
r
e
me
nt
s
.Age
i
ngofmat
e
r
i
al
s
,p
oormai
nt
e
nanc
eandc
or
r
os
i
onal
s
oafe
c
tt
her
e
s
ul
t
i
ng
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
als
af
e
t
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngs
.
T
hene
e
dt
op
ur
s
uet
hei
nt
e
gr
at
e
dr
e
no
v
at
i
onwi
t
ht
heSAF
ESUSTap
p
r
oac
h:t
ot
ac
k
l
et
he
p
r
obl
e
m oft
hei
mp
r
o
v
e
me
ntoft
hes
t
r
uc
t
ur
als
af
e
t
yatt
hes
amet
i
meoft
hee
ne
r
gyande
nv
i
r
onme
nt
alp
e
r
f
or
manc
ei
naL
i
f
eCy
c
l
e(
L
C)p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
s
houl
dt
he
nbek
e
p
ti
nmi
nd.
Cour
t
e
s
yT
e
l
e
s
t
e
ns
eT
V
,
Fe
r
r
ar
aI
t
al
y-f
r
om "
T
Vgi
or
nal
e
"
,
May21st2012
T
hi
swase
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
di
nas
t
r
ongi
c
oni
cf
or
matatt
hewor
k
s
hop
,wi
t
ht
hep
i
c
t
ur
e
sofani
ndus
t
r
i
al
bui
l
di
ngwhi
c
hhadbe
e
ni
mp
r
o
v
e
dasf
ori
t
se
ne
r
gyp
e
r
f
or
manc
e
,b
yp
l
ac
i
nganar
r
ayofs
ol
ar
p
ane
l
sont
her
oof
,andc
ol
l
ap
s
e
dasar
e
s
ul
tofar
e
c
e
nt
,r
e
l
at
i
v
e
l
ywe
ak
,e
ar
t
hquak
ei
nI
t
al
y
(
Emi
l
i
a2012)
.Mor
e
o
v
e
r
,t
hedamager
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
om s
e
i
s
mi
cr
i
s
ki
snotac
t
ual
l
yi
nc
l
ude
di
nt
he
e
v
al
uat
i
onofe
nv
i
r
onme
nt
ali
mp
ac
tofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngs
.Nonp
e
r
f
or
mi
ngbui
l
di
ngsmi
ghtbe
s
e
v
e
r
e
l
ydamage
d–ore
v
e
nc
ol
l
ap
s
e–asar
e
s
ul
to
fane
ar
t
hquak
e
,c
al
l
i
ngf
ort
hedi
s
p
os
alof
l
ar
gev
ol
ume
sofc
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
onwas
t
e
.
Way
sofi
nc
l
udi
ngt
hes
e
i
s
mi
cr
i
s
ki
nL
i
f
eCy
c
l
eAs
s
e
s
s
me
nt
(
L
CA)andL
i
f
eCy
c
l
eCos
t(
L
CC)p
r
oc
e
dur
e
ss
houl
dbede
ine
d.
5
Who'
sgame?
I
nde
ini
ngar
oadmap
,t
hos
ewhowi
l
lhav
et
of
ol
l
o
wi
thav
et
obei
de
nt
i
ie
d.T
ot
hi
se
x
t
e
nt
,t
he
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
nc
eoft
heSAF
ESUSTwor
k
s
hophasbe
e
ni
ns
t
r
ume
nt
al
.Manyi
ndi
v
i
dual
sf
r
om t
hes
c
i
e
nt
i
icc
ommi
t
t
e
ehav
ee
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
ddoubt
sandc
onc
e
r
naboutt
hef
or
matoft
hewor
k
s
hop
.T
he
i
de
aofmi
x
i
ngt
r
adi
t
i
onals
e
s
s
i
onsbas
e
donor
alp
r
e
s
e
nt
at
i
ons
,op
e
ndi
s
c
us
s
i
onsandt
ak
e
home
as
s
i
gnme
nt
st
obel
e
twi
t
ht
her
ap
p
or
t
e
ur
swass
e
e
nasr
at
he
runc
ommon,ho
we
v
e
r
,i
twor
k
e
d
we
l
l
.Whatwass
e
e
nasr
at
he
rbi
z
ar
r
e
,andp
os
s
i
bl
yunp
r
e
c
e
de
nt
e
dasf
ort
hi
st
op
i
c
,wast
oas
k
f
ort
hep
ar
t
i
c
i
p
at
i
onofe
x
p
e
r
t
sf
r
om di
fe
r
i
ngdi
s
c
i
p
l
i
ne
s
.T
hewor
k
s
hopwasi
nt
e
nde
dt
obr
i
ngi
n
t
hes
amer
oom e
x
p
e
r
t
sons
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
s
,ar
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
eandc
i
t
ypl
anni
ng,mat
e
r
i
al
s
,e
ne
r
gyandfinanc
e
,s
ot
hatt
he
yc
oul
dl
e
ar
nf
r
om e
ac
hot
he
r
,di
s
c
us
sands
e
e
ks
y
ne
r
gi
e
sandp
os
s
i
bl
eagr
e
e
d
p
r
i
or
i
t
i
e
s
.
F
r
om ones
i
dei
tmi
ghthav
ebe
e
ndi
ic
ul
tt
oi
de
nt
i
f
yt
hel
e
adi
nge
x
p
e
r
t
sf
r
om al
ldi
s
c
i
pl
i
ne
s
,
andc
onv
i
nc
et
he
mt
hati
tmi
ghthav
ebe
e
nwo
r
t
hp
l
ay
i
ngt
hatgame
.
F
r
om t
heot
he
r
,
s
omebodywasp
r
e
oc
c
up
i
e
dbe
c
aus
et
hedi
s
c
i
p
l
i
ne
swe
r
es
e
e
nast
oof
arap
ar
tt
os
p
e
akt
hes
amel
anguage
,
ort
ooc
l
os
et
or
e
ac
hac
ommonv
i
e
w.
T
hewor
k
s
hopwasunani
mous
l
ys
e
e
nasas
uc
c
e
s
sb
yt
hep
ar
t
i
c
i
p
ant
s
,andt
hemai
nl
e
ss
onl
e
ar
ntf
r
om t
hi
ss
uc
c
e
s
si
sp
r
of
ound:as
ol
ut
i
ont
ot
hepr
obl
e
m oft
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofs
af
e
t
y
ande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsc
anbef
oundonl
yi
namul
t
i
di
s
c
i
pl
i
nar
ype
r
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e.
De
ini
ngt
her
ul
e
soft
hegamec
al
l
sf
ort
hep
ar
t
i
c
i
p
at
i
onofal
lt
e
c
hni
c
ale
x
p
e
r
t
s
.
Anys
ol
ut
i
on c
onc
e
i
v
e
d hav
i
ng i
n mi
nd onl
y
oneas
p
e
c
toft
hep
r
obl
e
mi
sboundt
of
ai
l
ur
e
.T
he
ne
e
df
orne
w,i
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
p
l
i
nar
y
,e
x
p
e
r
t
i
s
e was e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d.Di
fe
r
e
ntr
ol
e
swi
l
lc
o
nt
i
nuet
obene
c
e
s
s
ar
y
;
att
hes
amet
i
me
,
ane
wap
p
r
oac
hc
al
l
sf
orac
ommon
l
anguageaswe
l
lass
har
e
dr
ul
e
s
.T
hi
si
sbe
s
te
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
db
yt
hene
e
df
orne
wt
ax
onomy
,s
e
mant
i
cand
me
t
r
i
c
,asme
nt
i
one
di
nt
hec
onc
l
us
i
ons
.Mor
e
o
v
e
r
,i
t
be
c
amee
v
i
de
ntf
r
om t
hep
r
e
s
e
nt
at
i
ons
,aswe
l
las
dur
i
ngt
hedi
s
c
us
s
i
ons
,t
hatno
tal
lt
hep
l
ay
e
r
swe
r
e
i
nde
e
di
nt
her
oom:ot
he
rac
t
or
shav
et
obei
nv
ol
v
e
d,
s
uc
h asl
oc
alaut
hor
i
t
i
e
sand c
ommuni
t
i
e
s
,o
wne
r
s
andi
nv
e
s
t
or
s
;t
ot
hate
x
t
e
nt
,anot
he
ri
s
s
uehast
obe
i
nc
l
ude
dt
ot
her
oadmap
.
T
heSAF
ESUSTap
p
r
oac
hwi
l
lf
r
om no
wonal
s
or
e
f
e
rt
ot
hei
nv
ol
v
e
me
nt
ofal
le
x
p
e
r
t
sands
t
ak
e
hol
de
r
s
,
s
har
i
ngt
hene
wc
o
mmonl
anguage
.
6
Thec
i
r
c
l
egame
Ci
r
c
ul
are
c
onomy
:Cr
adl
et
ogr
av
e(
orCr
adl
et
oc
r
adl
e
?
)
.
Pr
e
v
e
nt
,
r
e
duc
e
,
r
e
us
e
,r
e
c
y
c
l
e
.
.
.
Whe
r
ei
s
t
hes
t
ar
t
i
ngp
oi
nt
?
Ev
e
r
y
bodywoul
dagr
e
et
hatt
he
r
ei
snos
t
ar
t
i
ngp
oi
nti
nc
i
r
c
l
e
.T
he
r
ehasbe
e
nas
t
r
ong
agr
e
e
me
ntatt
hewor
k
s
hop:i
ti
snote
fe
c
t
i
v
et
oj
us
tc
he
c
kt
hes
af
e
t
yr
e
qui
r
e
me
nt
sofas
at
i
sf
ac
t
or
yde
s
i
gni
nt
e
r
msofe
c
oe
ic
i
e
nc
y
,aswe
l
lasi
ti
sno
te
fe
c
t
i
v
et
oc
he
c
kt
hel
e
v
e
lofe
c
oe
ic
i
e
nc
yofac
omp
l
i
ants
af
e
t
yde
s
i
gn.Saf
e
t
yande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
ys
houl
dbeaddr
e
s
s
e
dt
oge
t
he
r
,
att
hes
amet
i
me
,
andt
hi
ss
houl
dbedonei
nt
hede
s
i
gnphas
e.
Att
hemome
nt
,de
s
i
gnnor
msj
us
tr
e
l
at
et
os
af
e
t
yp
e
r
f
or
manc
e
,ande
c
oe
ic
i
e
nc
yc
anj
us
tbe
c
he
c
k
e
date
r
war
ds
.De
s
i
gnnor
mss
houl
dbee
x
t
e
nde
dt
oi
nc
l
udee
c
oe
ic
i
e
nc
y
.Sp
e
ak
i
ngabout
s
af
e
t
y
,
t
hene
i
ghbor
s
's
af
e
t
yi
se
qual
l
yi
mp
or
t
antt
hanour
s
.
I
nc
as
eofac
c
i
de
nt
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
al
l
yi
nhi
st
or
i
ct
o
wnc
e
nt
r
e
s
,t
heir
ep
r
op
agat
i
on,ort
hes
e
i
s
mi
ci
nt
e
r
ac
t
i
o
nsamongbui
l
di
ngs
,c
anafe
c
t
al
s
oi
nhe
r
e
nt
l
ys
af
ebui
l
di
ngs
.
I
naddi
t
i
on,
t
op
r
e
s
e
r
v
eonep
r
op
e
r
t
yi
sno
te
noughi
ft
hes
ur
r
oundi
ngi
si
nj
ur
e
d.
F
oral
lt
he
s
er
e
as
ons
,ani
nno
v
at
i
v
eap
p
r
oac
hmus
tbede
v
e
l
op
e
datur
bans
c
al
et
o
i
mp
r
o
v
et
hec
i
t
yr
e
s
i
l
i
e
nc
e
.
Ther
ul
es
He
/
s
hewhomo
v
e
sir
s
tl
os
e
s
.T
he
r
es
e
e
mt
obeair
s
tmo
v
eadv
ant
agei
nc
he
s
s
,f
ors
ur
enoti
n
addr
e
s
s
i
ngt
hei
mp
r
o
v
e
me
ntofs
af
e
t
yande
c
oe
ic
i
e
nc
yofbui
l
di
ngs
.
I
fonet
r
i
e
st
oi
mp
r
o
v
et
he
e
ne
r
gye
ic
i
e
nc
yofabui
l
di
ng,
wi
t
houtmak
i
ngade
quat
es
t
r
uc
t
ur
als
af
e
t
y
,
l
os
e
s
.
Nop
oi
nti
nhavi
ngy
ourol
dc
arr
e
p
ai
nt
e
d,
i
ft
hee
ngi
nehasnotbe
e
nix
e
d!
Whohol
dst
hes
t
ar
t
i
ngp
i
s
t
ol
?T
y
p
i
c
al
l
y
,o
wne
r
/
i
nv
e
s
t
orandar
c
hi
t
e
c
ti
ni
t
i
at
et
hegame
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,i
nac
i
r
c
l
egame
,mo
v
i
ngir
s
tdoe
snotmak
es
e
ns
ei
ft
heot
he
r
sr
e
mai
ns
t
i
l
l
,t
he
r
e
f
or
e
e
ac
hac
t
ors
houl
dbee
nc
our
age
dt
omo
v
e
.
T
hear
c
hi
t
e
c
ti
sote
nt
heir
s
tt
e
c
hni
c
ali
nt
e
r
f
ac
ewi
t
h
t
heo
wne
r
s
/
i
nv
e
s
t
or
s
,
hi
s
/
he
rr
ol
ei
sc
r
uc
i
alatt
hebe
gi
nni
ng,
t
oc
ol
l
e
c
tandr
e
p
r
e
s
e
ntt
her
e
qui
r
eme
nt
sf
r
om t
heot
he
re
x
p
e
r
t
sands
t
ak
e
hol
de
r
ss
i
nc
et
heir
s
tp
r
oj
e
c
ts
t
age
.T
hear
c
hi
t
e
c
tmus
t
de
ine
,t
oge
t
he
rwi
t
hhi
s
/
he
rc
ount
e
r
p
ar
t
st
hemai
nas
p
e
c
t
soft
hebui
l
di
ngi
nt
e
r
msofc
os
tand
ge
ne
r
all
ay
out
.
7
Ar
at
i
onalandc
ol
l
abor
at
i
v
ep
r
e
de
s
i
gnanal
y
s
i
ss
houl
dp
r
e
v
e
ntj
e
op
ar
di
s
i
ngt
hei
nt
e
gr
i
t
yoft
he
p
r
oj
e
c
tatl
at
e
rs
t
age
s
.F
ort
hi
sp
ur
p
os
e
,r
ul
e
ss
houl
dbek
no
wni
nadv
anc
e
,s
ot
hatwhoe
v
e
r
mo
v
e
sdoe
st
hatwi
t
houtp
r
e
v
e
nt
i
ngt
heot
he
r
sf
r
om s
e
t
t
i
ngt
he
i
robj
e
c
t
i
v
e
sandap
p
l
y
i
ngt
he
i
r
me
t
hods
.SAF
ESUSTobj
e
c
t
i
v
e
ss
houl
dbep
utf
or
war
df
r
om t
hebe
gi
nni
ng,s
ot
hatt
he
yc
anbe
de
ine
di
ne
c
onomi
ct
e
r
msandbec
ons
i
de
r
e
db
yal
lt
hee
x
p
e
r
t
swhoi
nt
e
r
v
e
nei
nt
hede
s
i
gn.A
s
p
e
c
i
ict
r
ai
ni
ngmi
ghtber
e
qui
r
e
d,andp
os
s
i
bl
yane
wc
oor
di
nat
e
de
x
p
e
r
t
i
s
es
houl
dt
ak
et
he
l
e
ad:
aSAF
ESUSTe
x
p
e
r
t
.
Goodandbadpl
ayer
s
Ec
oe
ic
i
e
nc
yi
sac
hal
l
e
nge
,
buti
tc
anal
s
obeanop
p
or
t
uni
t
y
.
Whe
nt
heop
p
or
t
uni
t
yi
saddr
e
s
s
e
d
i
ne
c
onomi
ct
e
r
ms
,p
l
ay
e
r
st
r
yt
ode
mons
t
r
at
et
hatt
he
i
rp
r
oduc
t
sar
es
up
e
r
i
ort
ot
heot
he
r
s
’
.
T
he
r
ear
enodoubt
st
hati
ndus
t
r
i
alc
omp
e
t
i
t
i
onhar
v
e
s
t
si
nno
v
at
i
on;ho
we
v
e
r
,age
ne
r
al
c
ons
e
ns
uswass
oonr
e
ac
he
daboutt
hef
ac
tt
hatt
he
r
ei
snogood,orbad,mat
e
r
i
al
.T
heus
eof
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
almat
e
r
i
al
si
sr
e
s
p
ons
i
bl
ef
orahugef
r
ac
t
i
onoft
hegl
obalCO2 p
r
oduc
t
i
on;ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
he
r
ei
snoal
t
e
r
nat
i
v
et
ot
hec
ur
r
e
ntwi
deus
eofs
t
e
e
landc
o
nc
r
e
t
e
.
Nomat
e
r
i
ali
spe
rs
ebe
t
t
e
r
p
e
r
f
or
mi
ngi
ne
nv
i
r
onme
nt
alt
e
r
ms
,t
hebe
s
ts
ol
ut
i
onc
anbei
de
nt
i
ie
donl
ywhe
nt
hee
nv
i
r
onme
nt
alp
e
r
f
or
manc
e
s
,t
oge
t
he
rwi
t
ht
hes
af
e
t
yp
e
r
f
or
manc
e
s
,ar
ede
ine
df
ort
hebui
l
di
ng,i
na
l
i
f
ec
y
c
l
ep
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
:
t
heSAF
ESUSTap
p
r
oac
h.
T
e
c
hni
c
aladv
anc
e
sc
oul
dhe
l
pt
ogi
v
et
hes
t
ar
t
.F
o
ri
ns
t
anc
e
,i
ti
smuc
he
as
i
e
rt
or
e
c
y
c
l
e
mat
e
r
i
al
swhi
c
hhav
ebe
e
nde
s
i
gne
df
orr
e
c
y
c
l
i
ng,whe
r
e
asr
e
us
i
ngnor
mals
c
r
apmi
ghtbedi
ic
ul
tore
v
e
ni
mp
os
s
i
bl
e
.T
ot
hate
x
t
e
nt
,ne
wt
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
st
oe
ns
ur
et
hep
os
s
i
bi
l
i
t
yt
oc
omp
l
e
t
e
l
y
r
e
c
y
c
l
et
hec
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
onmat
e
r
i
al
shav
ebe
e
nde
v
e
l
op
e
d.
Asi
thasbe
e
ns
ho
wnatt
hewor
k
s
hop,
i
t
i
sf
ori
ns
t
anc
ep
os
s
i
bl
et
op
r
oduc
ec
onc
r
e
t
ef
r
om whi
c
haggr
e
gat
e
sc
anbef
ul
l
yr
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
datt
he
e
ndofi
t
sl
i
f
e
.
Adop
t
i
ngs
uc
ht
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
swoul
df
ors
ur
ehe
l
pi
ns
t
ar
t
i
ngt
hegame
.
Payt
opl
ay
I
t
’
sal
ongway
.
I
ne
ac
ht
e
c
hni
c
als
e
s
s
i
on,
manyne
e
dswe
r
ei
de
nt
i
ie
dasf
orr
e
s
e
ar
c
handi
nno
v
at
i
on,awar
e
ne
s
si
nc
r
e
as
e
,e
duc
at
i
o
n,t
r
ai
ni
ng,bar
r
i
e
rbr
e
ak
i
ng,i
nt
e
gr
at
i
on.
.
.T
hemai
nobs
t
ac
l
et
o
e
nt
e
rt
hev
i
r
t
uousc
y
c
l
ei
se
c
onomi
c
.
F
r
om ones
i
de
,i
ts
houl
dbe
c
omee
v
i
de
ntt
hatt
hec
o
s
ti
nc
r
e
as
ef
orbuy
i
ngabe
t
t
e
rp
e
r
f
or
mi
ng,mor
ee
ic
i
e
ntands
af
e
rbui
l
di
ngc
or
r
e
s
p
ondst
oani
nv
e
s
t
me
ntwi
t
hahi
ghr
e
t
ur
n.T
he
i
nv
e
s
t
ors
houl
dbemadef
ul
l
yawar
eoft
hi
s
,aswe
l
lasoft
hei
mp
or
t
anc
eofp
r
e
s
e
r
v
i
ngt
her
es
our
c
e
sandame
l
i
or
at
i
ngt
hequal
i
t
yofhi
sl
i
f
eandt
hel
i
f
eofhi
sc
ommuni
t
y
.Mor
e
o
v
e
r
,t
heigur
e
ss
ho
wnatt
hewor
k
s
hops
e
e
mt
oi
ndi
c
at
et
hatt
hec
os
tf
orde
s
i
gni
sas
mal
lp
e
r
c
e
nt
ageof
t
het
ot
alc
os
toft
hebui
l
di
ng(
andi
tmi
ghtbe
c
omene
gl
i
gi
bl
ei
fc
omp
ar
e
dt
ot
hec
os
tofop
e
r
at
i
ng
t
hebui
l
di
ng)
.
I
twasal
s
os
ho
wnt
hati
nr
e
c
e
nty
e
ar
st
hat
,
asane
fe
c
tofe
ne
r
gye
ic
i
e
nc
yr
e
gul
at
i
ons
,t
hebui
l
di
ng’
sp
r
i
c
ei
nde
xhasi
nc
r
e
as
e
d,buti
thasmuc
hl
e
s
st
hanc
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
onsc
os
t
:t
he
o
wne
rs
houl
dr
e
al
i
s
et
hati
nv
e
s
t
i
ngi
ns
af
e
t
yande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yi
sagoodbus
i
ne
s
s
.
Educ
at
i
onand
publ
i
cawar
e
ne
s
spl
ayani
mpor
t
antr
ol
e
,
t
ot
hi
se
x
t
e
nt
.
8
Ont
heot
he
rhand,t
hef
ac
tt
hatt
hei
nc
r
e
as
ei
nt
h
ec
os
t
sas
s
oc
i
at
e
dt
one
we
c
oe
ic
i
e
ntc
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
oni
snotr
e
l
e
c
t
e
db
yt
hei
nc
r
e
as
ei
nr
e
t
ai
l
i
ngp
r
i
c
e
sofne
w bui
l
di
ngsmi
ghtnotbegood
ne
wsf
ort
hec
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
oni
ndus
t
r
y
.T
headv
ant
age
sf
ort
hec
ommuni
t
ys
houl
dgo
v
e
r
no
v
e
rt
hos
e
oft
heo
wne
roroft
hes
i
ngl
ei
nv
e
s
t
or
,
andt
hi
sc
o
ul
dbee
nf
or
c
e
db
yme
ansofr
e
gul
at
i
onsandi
nc
e
nt
i
v
e
s
.
I
nar
oadmap
,t
hemos
tur
ge
ntne
e
ds
houl
dbei
de
nt
i
ie
d,andac
ons
e
ns
uswass
oonr
e
ac
he
d
aboutt
hei
mp
or
t
anc
eofade
quat
ei
nv
e
s
t
me
nt
si
nr
e
s
e
ar
c
handi
nno
v
at
i
on.
Andal
s
oi
nt
hi
sc
as
e
,
as
p
e
c
i
ic
,SAF
ESUST
,ap
p
r
oac
hwass
ai
dt
obene
e
de
d:t
hec
ur
r
e
ntl
i
ne
soff
undi
ngf
orr
e
s
e
ar
c
h
andi
nno
v
at
i
onar
ef
oc
us
e
done
c
oe
ic
i
e
nc
y
,
buts
e
e
mt
of
or
ge
tt
hep
r
obl
e
m oft
hei
mp
r
o
v
e
me
nt
ofs
af
e
t
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngs
.
I
nt
hel
as
tr
e
s
or
t
,
c
i
t
i
z
e
nsp
ayf
ort
hegame
.
T
he
ydoi
ti
ndi
r
e
c
t
l
y–ast
ax
p
ay
e
r
s–f
os
t
e
r
i
ng
s
t
udi
e
s
/
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h/
p
ol
i
c
i
e
s
,
andt
he
ydodi
r
e
c
t
l
y
,
i
nc
ur
r
i
nghi
ghe
rp
r
i
c
e
st
obuyorr
e
ntbui
l
di
ngswi
t
h
be
t
t
e
rp
e
r
f
or
manc
e
.
I
fpe
opl
ear
enotawar
eoft
he
s
et
e
c
hni
c
aladv
anc
e
s
,
ande
v
e
nmor
ei
fs
af
e
t
y
ands
us
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
yar
enotr
e
c
ogni
s
e
dasc
r
uc
i
alf
ort
he
i
rl
i
v
e
s
,ho
wi
si
tpos
s
i
bl
et
oc
al
lf
orr
es
our
c
e
sont
hi
s
?I
not
he
rwor
ds
:
whowi
l
lpayf
oras
ho
wnoonehase
v
e
rhe
ar
dof
?
9
10
Table of Contents
Structure Session.................................................................................................................... 13
The need of integrated renovaion of the exising building stock in Macedonia............................................15
Coupling energy refurbishment with structural strengthening in retroit intervenions.................................23
Improving Sustainability Performance of Exising Buildings: A Case Study.....................................................39
Seismic retroiing and new way of living in exising social housing setlements..........................................47
Assessment of Seismic Resilience of Buildings................................................................................................55
Experimental study on the seismic behavior of muli-layer energy eicient sandwich wall panels................59
Seismic isolaion for exising masonry houses in Groningen/NL combined with thermal upgrading..............61
Role of seismic vulnerability on the environmental impact of exising buildings............................................67
Earthquake Damage Cost Analysis of Resilient Steel Buildings.......................................................................71
We are far away…...........................................................................................................................................75
Energy Session........................................................................................................................ 83
Breakthrough Soluions for Adaptable Envelopes in building Refurbishments...............................................85
Lime plastering systems for energy-eicient and seismic retroiing.............................................................91
Taxonomy of the redevelopment methods for non-listed architecture..........................................................97
A New Model to Evaluate the Performance of the Building Envelope: the Case study of Energy Park.........103
Materials Session.................................................................................................................. 111
Sustainable Recycling of Concrete with Environmental Impact Minimizaion..............................................113
Sustainable Concrete Structures – Contribuion to the Development of a Sustainably Built Environment...121
LCA-Based Sustainability Assessment Approach Applied to Structural Retroit of Masonry Buildings..........125
Self-healing cement based construcion materials: a new value for sustainable concrete...........................131
Environmental Sustainability Assessment of an Innovaive Hemp Fibre Composite System........................133
Financial Session................................................................................................................... 137
The tension between compeiion and regulaion on European real estate markets...................................139
An extended inancial dimension of sustainability........................................................................................143
Common Eicacy: from what we “have and know” to what we “need and expect”....................................149
EU exising buildings heritage: inancial aspect and evaluaion of cost-beneit between LC performance..159
Architecture and City Planning Session................................................................................... 161
A Large Scale Approach for Sustainable Intervenions on Built Heritage......................................................163
Seismic risk, Restoraion, Sustainability: between prevenion and compaible materials............................169
Sensible Architecture Sustainability as a part of the Architectural Design Process.......................................179
The Urban Ruins of San Berillo, Catania (I)...................................................................................................185
Urban Eutopia Strategies for the combined redevelopment of social housing.............................................191
Ancient construcive devices and new techniques.......................................................................................203
11
Occupants and Users into the Serviized Built Assets...................................................................................211
The eco-eiciency design patern of the exising buildings..........................................................................217
Urban Regeneraion......................................................................................................................................223
Learning from the interacion between earthquakes and vernacular architecture......................................227
Rapporteurs' Minutes............................................................................................................ 231
12
St
r
uc
t
ur
eSes
s
i
on
Se
s
s
i
onRap
p
or
t
e
ur
:
Paol
oRi
va
13
14
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
The need of integrated renovaion of the exising building
stock in Macedonia
Roberta Apostolska
University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”,
Insitute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
bei@pluto.iziis.ukim.edu.mk
ABSTRACT
Republic of Macedonia is a seismic prone country with a long tradiion and posiive experience in the ield of
seismic design of new and strengthening of the exising buildings up to pre-deined levels of seismic
protecion. The current construcion pracice generally target only one of the basic work requirements
deined in CPD/CPR i.e. mechanical resistance and stability.
Staring from 2013, when the irst naional regulaion for energy performance of the building was issued,
there are some posiive iniiaives/examples at naional and local scale. These iniiaives encompassed
building capaciies in construcion sector and launching the energy eiciency program for public buildings at
municipality level (pilot-project). However, ill today there is no integrated methodology which will target
simultaneously earthquake resistance and eco-eiciency of the exising building stock in the country.
Keywords
Earthquake resistance, strengthening, eco-eiciency, seismic hazard, integrated renovaion
INTRODUCTION
Seismic hazard and building inventory in Macedonia
The territory of Macedonia, situated in the Mediterranean seismic belt, is quoted as an area of high
seismicity. In the seismic history of Macedonia, the Vardar zone appears as a region where earthquakes occur
quite frequently, and the Skopje region is considered to be the most mobile part of the Vardar zone.
As a result of invesigaions done by diferent researchers and insituions, the set of seismic hazards maps of
Macedonia have been compiled, covering diferent recurrence ime periods – 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and
10000 years. In igure 1 (let), the seismic zoning map with return period of 500 years, is presented and the
map of maximum observed seismic intensiies (right).
Figure 1. Seismic zoning maps (RP=500 years) and maximum observed seismic intensity map (source: RISK-UE project).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
15
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
The total residenial exposure according to the data from 2002 Census (the last oicial one) is 49,67 mil m 2 of
dwellings with 82, 26% in urban and 17,74% in rural regions of the country. The roughest general building
categorizaion could be done according to the main structural system and year of construcion meaning three
basic building types, (Table 1).
Table 1. General building categorizaion
Building categorizaion
Non-Earthquake Resistant
Masonry Buildings
Moderate Earthquake
Resistant Conined
Masonry Buildings
Earthquake Resistance
Reinforced Concrete
Buildings
Descripion
Unreinforced, plain masonry buildings with several sub-categories, that have been
implemented dominantly in urban and rural areas up to 1964, that is enforcement of
the irst seismic code.
Plain masonry structure strengthened by verical and horizontal reinforced concrete
belts in both orthogonal direcions, or by jackeing of the bearing walls; very frequently
implemented ater Skopje earthquake (1963) for seismic upgrading of exising buildings
as well as in construcions of new houses, dwelling and low-rice public buildings.
Low, mid and high-rise reinforced concrete, used dominantly ater 1965 for
construcion of mid and high-rise public and residenial buildings, residenial
complexes in urban areas, with extensive usage ater 1970.
According to some raw esimaion, the percentage of non-earthquake resistant buildings built up to 1970 of
the exising building stock is 34.7%. The most of the building structures constructed ater 1991 belong to the
category of earthquake resistant structures.
Exising naional regulaion and pracice of design of earthquake resistant structures
The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is situated in a seismically acive region with an increasing seismic
risk. As in many other countries exposed to seismic hazard, technical regulaions for design of seismically
resistant structures have been elaborated and adopted in Macedonia, as well. As part of former Yugoslavia,
Macedonia represents one of the irst European countries that passed its irst Rulebook on Technical Norms
for Construcion of Buildings in Seismic Areas (PIOVS) as early as 1964. The passing of this Rulebook was
iniiated by the catastrophic Skopje earthquake of 1963 that, in fact, drew the atenion of the naional and
world professional public toward design of seismically safe structures. Chronologically speaking, the second
issue of PIOVS was published in 1981 (Oicial Gazete of SFRY no. 32) and it was revised on three occasions
with the Rulebooks on Modiicaions and Amendments (1983, 1988 and 1990). According to the exising
Naional code and in correlaion with the established world pracice, the principal design philosophy is based
on protecion of human lives against strong earthquakes and parially on controlled damage during
occurrence of the so called frequent earthquakes.
IMPROVEMENT OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF EXISTING BUILDINGS – CASE STUDIES
Most building codes in the world explicitly or implicitly accept the occurrence of structural damage in
buildings during strong earthquakes as long as the life hazard is prevented. Indeed, many earthquakes (Haii,
Chile, Japan, New Zealand) caused such damage in the past. Seismic design codes were improved ater each
earthquake disaster, but exising structures were let unprotected by a new technology. As a consequence,
seismic assessment and retroiing of exising structures has become top priority issue worldwide. Within
this, the undertaking of corresponding engineering measures for reducion of the seismic risk in densely
populated urban regions represents the main component of the policy of earthquake risk management.
Since the disastrous 1963 Skopje earthquake, Macedonia has gathered an ample experience in seismic
assessment, but also deiniion of measures for retroiing of buildings. It is important to note that
Macedonia, as part of Former Yugoslav Federaion, was the irst European country which enforced the
regulaion for seismic retroit of buildings in 1985 (PSOROV, 1985).
As a result of the ample analyical and experimental studies, carried out at the Insitute of Earthquake
Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS in Skopje, a method and a corresponding package of computer
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
16
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
programs have been developed in-house for seismic assessment of exising RC building structures,
(Necevska-Cvetanovska, 2000). Special atenion was put on seismic strengthening of historic buildings and
monuments due to their individual historic, architectonic, documentary, economic, social and even poliical
or spiritual value. The methodology which is based on the philosophy of “minimal intervenion – maximal
protecion” has originally been developed at IZIIS, Skopje and it has been experimentally and analyically
veriied (Shendova et al. 1994, 2012).
The developed methodologies have been widely applied in Macedonia and in the region and only few
selected case studies are briely presented in the following paragraphs.
Case study # 1: RC building “Tower 5”, Skopje
The building structure consists of a basement, a ground loor and ten stories. The load bearing system is
designed and constructed as a RC frame system with ribbed loor structure. The structural system was
designed in 1968 without dynamic analysis. The obtained results showed that the earthquake demands
expressed in terms of relaive displacements were far beyond the displacement capacity, leading to
structural failure. The results from the analysis of ULS for gravity loads show that, in most of the columns
running up to the seventh story, the normalized axial force factors and safety factors for concrete are bigger
than those allowed by the regulaions.
The strengthening soluion anicipated inserion of columns with RC jackets (d=10cm) and concrete
compressive strength of 40MPa and incorporaion of new RC walls with d=15cm up to the tenth story (2
walls in longitudinal and 4 in transversal direcion) (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Layout of the soluion for retroiing (let) and demand versus capacity in terms of duciliies (right).
Case study # 2: Parliament building of the Republic of Macedonia
The structure of the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia exists more than 70 years. Ater the Skopje
earthquake 1963 it has been repaired but strengthening of the structural system wasn’t performed. In its life
ime the building structure experienced a lot of changes, adaptaions and annexes. The structural system is
massive masonry (seven units in total) which consists of massive bearing walls with lime mortars in two
orthogonal direcions. The loor and roof structure is RC ine ribbed ceiling.
Diferent variant soluions from the aspect of stability, economy and possibility for construcion were
analyzed. Finally, selecion of most appropriate soluion using classical methods and elements (inserion of
RC shear walls and RC jackeing on exising masonry walls) were applied (Figure 3). An example of the
eiciency of the selected methodology for one of the structural units of the building was presented in Table
2, (Bozinovski et al., 2011).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
17
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 3. Layout of the soluion for strengthening with inserion of RC shear walls and RC jackeing (Unit_5).
Table 2. Bearing and ducility demand/capacity (Unit_5).
Required bearing
capacity
(% of weight)
UNIT_5
x-x
y-y
Bearing capacity
(% of weight)
Ducility demand (max)
Ducility Capacity (max)
x-x
y-y
x-x
y-y
x-x
y-y
Exising state
30
11.54
12.5
3.33
2.81
1.63
1.72
Strengthened state
24
23.1
23.7
1.8
2.2
2.74
2.75
Case study # 3: St Panteleymon Church in Plaoshnik, Ohrid
The above referred methodology was applied for rehabilitaion and seismic strengthening of St. Clement’s
Church, Plaoshnik, Ohrid. To renovate the structure based on the original foundaion daing back to the IX
century, complex mulidisciplinary invesigaions were performed in the ield of archaeology, conservaion,
engineering and construcion. The concept of repair and seismic strengthening of the church consisted of
incorporaion of horizontal and verical steel ies in the bearing walls of the structure, (Figure 4). The
techniques of consolidaion of the authenic foundaion of the structure and the exising walls with original
fresco-painings have been performed also (Necevska-Cvetanovska and Apostolska, 2008).
Figure 4. Layout of the strengthening and construcion phase.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
18
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Case study # 4: Mustafa Pasha Mosque, Skopje
The main principles of seismic strengthening of the Mustapha Pasha Mosque in Skopje were: (i) applicaion
of new technologies and materials, (ii) reversibility and (iii) invisibility of the applied technique. Based on the
submited architectonic data, the invesigaions of the soil condiions, the invesigaions of the characterisics
of the built-in materials, visual inspecion of the structure as well as previous experimental invesigaions of a
mosque model, a soluion for repair and strengthening of the exising structure is elaborated (Figure 5),
followed by a detailed analysis and computaion of the bearing system under gravity
and seismic loads, (Shendova et al., 2012).
Figure 5. Original state and strengthened state with CFRP bars and wrap.
Case study # 5: Innovaive methodology for earthquake resistance and energy eiciency – ROFIX case
study
Providing both the earthquake resistance and energy eiciency of exising buildings was the triggering issue
for developing an innovaive technology called System ROFIX SismaCalce by the company ROFIX, member of
the of Fixit Gruppe from Austria. It combines the system ROFIX Sisma for seismic upgrading and the
mulilevel ROFIX system for thermal insulaion; applied together they enable earthquake resistant and
completely thermal insulated structure. The tesing programme which main goal was experimental
invesigaion of the eiciency of this newly developed integrated methodology was carried out in IZIIS (Figure
6), (Shendova et al., 2013).
Figure 6. Retroited model on shaking table (let) and failure mechanisms of strengthened wall element (right).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
19
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
ECO-EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS: REGULATIONS, TRAINING SKILLS & SUPPLY CHAINS
The Naional Status Quo Analysis (February, 2013) showed that around 70% of exising buildings in Macedonia
are more than 25 years old with the high average speciic energy consumpion. The lack of Naional
Regulaions on energy performance of buildings in Macedonia has been an obstacle for the improvement of
energy & eco - eiciency of buildings for many years, together with educaion for ceriicaion of energy
controllers. Naional Regulaions were delivered in July 2013 (Oicial Gazete of the Republic of Macedonia,
No. 94) pursuant to the direcive 2010/31/EU and revised in 2015. Their applicaion should lead to an
improvement in the energy performance of buildings in the long term.
Following emerging needs for smart energy society, the “First energy eiciency acion plan (EEAP) of the
Republic of Macedonia by 2018”, was developed pursuant to the direcive 2006/32/EC. Naional indicaive
energy saving targets is presented in Figure 7. These targets should be achieved through set of comprehensive
energy eiciency improvement (EEI) program and measures. The most eicient ones in the residenial sector
are adopion and enforcement of building energy codes and EE retroits in exising buildings.
Figure 7. Goals in potenial of energy savings according to the Strategy of EE, up to 2020
(Apostolska and Samardziovska, 2014)
Potenial of energy savings of 57.1% in residenial buildings and 28.6% in commercial and public buildings in
2020 have been ideniied refer to planned EEI program. The building sector is esimated to contribute with
1.660ktCO2 saved by 2020.
One of the projects at naional level which represent good pracice and can boost development in this ield is
BUILD UP SKILLS MK - Building capaciies in the construcion sector - supported by Intelligent Energy
Europe (htp://www.buildupskills.mk). Its main objecive is to provide competent and qualiied Macedonian
workforce in building sector, necessary for achievement of naional energy eiciency targets. The target is
training of 4800 on-site buildings workers on energy eiciency and renewable energy sources skills on two
qualiicaion levels by 2016.
Another posiive example is Municipality of Karposh in Skopje who is a pioneer in the country in applicaion
of the energy eiciency policies at the local level together with diferent relevant stakeholders. As a irst
iniiaive the “Program for energy eiciency 2008-2012” was issued and within this frame program the
following aciviies were carried out: (1) reconstrucion of public faciliies – 10 primary schools and 3
kindergartens applying energy eiciency measures (EEM); (2) reconstrucion of 4 residenial buildings with
collaboraion with “Habitat Macedonia”, applying EEM, (Q≤100 kWh/m2/per year) and (3) construcion of 63
new buildings according “Regulaion on energy eiciency measures”, (Q≤70 kWh/m2/per year). The
Municipality of Karposh is one of the irst users of the sotware tool for energy monitoring Ex-CITE with
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
20
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
monthly data updaing. The important outcome from this programme is 40% to 70% less consumpion of
energy in comparison with the same buildings construct/retroit without applicaions of EEM.
Another example of posiive pracice, although in the very begging phase in Macedonia, is building
ecologically with hollow wood-chip concrete blocks (Figure 8). These blocks are characterized with excellent
noise insulaion, heat storage and vapour difusion, as well as ire resistance and earthquake safety due to
their compact core.
Figure 8. Hollow wood-chip concrete blocks with integrated insulaion & placing reinforcement in the wall and installing
the elements (Samardziovska and Apostolska, 2015).
CONCLUSION
From the presented above it can be concluded that in the Republic of Macedonia there is a long tradiion and
posiive experience in the ield of seismic design of new and strengthening of the exising buildings up to
deined by code levels of seismic protecion. However, this pracice generally target only one of the basic
work requirements deined in CPD/CPR i.e. mechanical resistance and stability.
Staring from 2013, when the irst naional regulaion for energy performance of the building was issued,
there are some posiive iniiaives/examples at naional and local scale. One of the unique case study who
ofers innovaive technology for providing both, earthquake resistance and energy eiciency of the exising
buildings, is System ROFIX. However, it should be pointed out that this is not naional brand and IZIIS served
only as an experimental logisic for veriicaion of this integrated method.
Therefore, the naional roadmap for integrated renovaion which should include not only structural safety
but also energy eicient and environmentally friendly buildings should be elaborated further.
Contributes to the roadmap
The possible drivers for seing-up the roadmap for the improvement of earthquake resistance and ecoeiciency of exising buildings and ciies are:
1. Appropriate insituional support (in the whole phase of renovaion: preparaion of technical
documentaion, obtaining the construcion permits, construcion etc.)
2. Transfer of knowledge and best pracices from the economies/regions who already set the roadmap
3. Networking of projects (inished/on-going) involving topics as eco-eiciency, smart renovaion, lowcarbon construcion, sustainability etc. in order to proit from their gathered knowledge
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
21
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Open issues
There are a several open issues which deserve our atenion during the round table discussions:
•
Facilitaion of research in the ield of integrated renovaion of exising buildings (experimental
veriicaion of the proposed innovaive methodologies/techniques/materials)
•
Mulidisciplinary educaion of the engineers who should deal with this integraive approach –
updaing of high schools curricula and training
•
Increasing public awareness concerning energy issues and necessity to live in eco-eicient buildings
•
Financial, insituional and regulatory barriers
REFERENCES
1. Apostolska R., V. Shendova, G. Necevska-Cvetanovska, Z. Bozinovski, (2013). “Toward seismically
resilient building structures through applicaion of nonlinear dynamic analysis method ”, Proc. of the
Internaional SE-50EEE Conference to mark 50 years of Skopje Earthquake , May 28-31, 2013, Skopje,
(paper ID 503).
2. Apostolska R. and Samardziovska T. (2014). WG1 Contribuion, COST Acion TU1104 – Smart Energy
Regions, Editors: P. Jones, W. Lang, J. Paterson and P. Geyer, May 2014, ISBN - 978-1-899895-14-4.
3. Bozinovski Z, Shedova V, Stojanovski B., Necevska-Cvetanovska G., Apostolska R., Gjorgjievska E. and
G. Jekik, (2011).“Strengthening of the Parliament Building of the Tepublic of Macedonia – Technical
soluion and construcion”, Proc. of the 14 Symposium of MASE, Struga, 2011.
4. Necevska-Cvetanovska, R. Apostolska, (2012). “Methodology for seismic assessment and retroiing
of RC building structures”, Proc. of 15 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering , Lisboa,
September 24-28, 2012, (Paper ID 2149).
5. Necevska-Cvetanovska and R. Apostolska, (2008). "Consolidaion, rebuilding and strengthening of the
Clement's church, St. Panteleymon-Plaoshnik-Ohrid", Engineering Structures Journal, (IF=1.838) , Vol.
30, No. 8, August 2008, pp.2185-2193.
6. Samardziovska T. and Apostolska R. (2015). WG2 Contribuion, COST Acion TU1104 – Smart Energy
Regions, (in preparaion).
7. Shendova et al., (2013). “Experimental veriicaion of innovaive technique for seismic retroiing of
tradiional masonry building”, IZIIS Report 2013-44.
8. Shendova, Z. Rakicevic, M. Garevski, R. Apostolska, Z. Bozinovski, (2012). “Implementaion of
experimentally developed methodology for seismic strengthening and repair in historic
monuments”, SERIES Workshop: Role of research infrastructures in seismic rehabilitaion, February
8-9, 2012, Istanbul.
9. Shendova V. et al., IZIIS, RZZSK, GCI, joint research project (1994). “Seismic strengthening,
conservaion and restoraion of churches daing from the Byzanine period (9 th -14th) century in
Macedonia”, Reports IZIIS 500-76-91; 92-71; 94-68, 1991-1994.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
22
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Coupling energy refurbishment with structural
strengthening in retroit intervenions
Alessandra Marini
Andrea Belleri
Dept. Engineering and Applied Sciences
University of Bergamo
alessandra.marini@unibg.it
Dept. Engineering and Applied Sciences
University of Bergamo
andrea.belleri@unibg.it
Francesca Feroldi
Chiara Passoni
Dept. Engineering Architecture, Land Environment
and Mathemaics
francesca.feroldi@unibs.it
Dept. Engineering and Applied Sciences
University of Bergamo
chiara.passoni@unibg.it
Marco Prei
Paolo Riva
Dept. Engineering Architecture, Land Environment
and Mathemaics
marco.prei@unibs.it
Dept. Engineering and Applied Sciences
University of Bergamo
paolo.riva@unibg.it
Ezio Giuriani
Giovanni Plizzari
Dept. Engineering Architecture, Land Environment
and Mathemaics
ezio.giuriani@unibs.it
Dept. Engineering Architecture, Land Environment
and Mathemaics
giovanni.plizzari@unibs.it
ABSTRACT
The reinforced concrete construcions built ater World War II represent almost half of the European building
stock. Such buildings are characterized by low energy eiciency, living discomfort and structural
vulnerabiliies especially in seismic prone areas, having been designed before the enforcement of modern
building codes.
A global integrated intervenion for the sustainable restoraion of the considered building stock is proposed
in this paper. The conceived approach overcomes the shortcomings of the tradiional renewal pracice,
targeing uncoupled soluion of single deiciencies. The soluion also stems as an enhancement of past
pioneering techniques, such as the double skin, focusing on architectural restyling and energy eiciency
upgrade. In the proposed approach energy eiciency and structural upgrading measures are coupled, and
the exoskeleton is complemented with ad-hoc systems and devices to increase structural safety and seismic
resilience. The intervenion is carried out from the outside, with reduced impairment of the inhabitants and
possible building downime. Unlike tradiional energy eiciency intervenions, the structural upgrade entails
a series of co-beneits: it allows lengthening the building service life, thus represening a viable and more
sustainable alternaive to the building demoliion and reconstrucion pracice; it increases seismic resilience
at district level, reduces life cycle costs and minimizes environmental impact over the building life cycle.
Despite the research work be mulidisciplinary, in this paper emphasis is made on the sole structural issues.
The exoskeleton conceptual design is discussed and either over-resistant or dissipaive soluions are
proposed. Main principles of performance based design are presented, which allow minimizing the damage
on the exising building. Finally, the case study of a typical residenial building is presented, in which the
possible use of the engineered double skin is proposed as an alternaive to the basic double skin.
Keywords
Sustainable requaliicaion; Seismic retroit, Modern RC buildings, Double skin façades, Engineered double
skin coupled intervenions.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
23
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
INTRODUCTION
The reinforced concrete (RC) construcions built between 1950 and 1970 in Europe represent about 50% of
the exising building stock and were mainly built to quickly meet the pressing housing demand of those
imes, oten in the absence of any architectural, urban and environmental general planning. These buildings
are typically muli-storey, with poor and anonymous architectural features, characterized by low energy
eiciency and living discomfort.
The internaional growing atenion to sustainability, the awareness of the substanial environmental impact
of the exising building stock (building sector is liable of 40% of the total inal energy consumpion in Europe,
and 36% of CO2 emissions throughout the whole building life cycle), together with special European
direcives fostering the transiion toward a low carbon society, have led to graning large naional and
European funds for the energy eiciency improvement of the exising building stock, encouraging the
upgrade of the envelopes, the use of renewable energy sources and eco-friendly materials.
Most of these buildings have already exhausted the typically considered service life (50 years) and, being
designed for staic loads lower than those currently adopted and without accouning for modern
requirements for seismic loads and detailing, they oten exhibit signiicant structural deiciencies with
respect to both verical and horizontal acions. Therefore, the sole energy eiciency requaliicaion or
architectural redevelopment leave such buildings dangerously unsafe. In addiion, durability concepts were
neither wholly acknowledged, nor addressed at the ime of construcion and many buildings currently show
signiicant signs of material and structural decay. Recent earthquakes have emphasized the litle forethought
of intervenions aimed at the sole energy refurbishment. The 2012 Italian earthquake hiing the Emilia
region caused the total and parial collapse of many buildings, especially industrial faciliies (Belleri et al.
2014), some of which previously undertook energy eiciency upgrades taking advantages of naional
subsidies (Figura1).
Tradiionally the seismic retroit of exising buildings has been acknowledged as an issue only in areas with
high seismicity, such as in the Mediterranean countries (Italy, southern France and Spain, Portugal, Greece,
Turkey). Interesingly, the new developed seismic zonaion increases the hazard level and extends the seismic
hazard map over the whole coninent, making the strengthening of the building stock a priority in order to
improve the seismic resilience of European communiies.
Furthermore, recent studies have emphasized the substanial environmental impact associated to the
seismic risk, related to the possible need of major repair and reconstrucion following damage or collapse
induced by an earthquake (Belleri and Marini, 2015). The remarks is even more criical when projected at
district levels, as the vulnerability of enire districts may jeopardise the efeciveness of extensive energy
saving measures. This in turn highlights the need to update sustainability assessment procedures (such as
Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costs) to account for structural deiciencies of the buildings, and the
need to update the leading concepts of sustainability to include the fundamental requirement of structurally
safe building and resilient society.
In Europe, renovaion of exising buildings has typically been approached by solving episodic, coningent
problems exhibited by the building, either referring to speciic energy deiciencies or architectural or
structural problems (Figure 1.b, referred to as “non-integrated” or un-coupled intervenion approach in the
following). The intervenions have oten been carried out on single buildings, mainly following emergency
situaions, without either general or integrated planning, and based on a case by case approach, disregarding
the urban scale and context.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
24
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
a)
b)
Figure 1. Tradiional non-integrated refurbishment approach: (a) Solely energy retroit: scene ater the Emilia-Romagna
earthquake showing the collapse of an industrial warehouse renovated with photovoltaic panels (2012); (b)
Solely structural retroit: typical seismic retroit of an existent building through iber reinforced polymer..
Ater a brief overview of the primary building deiciencies, the paper illustrates the most common uncoupled
intervenions on buildings, with special emphasis on the structural retroit intervenions. The irst European
atempts to overcome non-integrated intervenions through the use of double-skin soluions encasing
exising buildings, fostering energy upgrade and architectural restyling, are concisely commented. Ulimately,
the structural engineered double-skin concept is proposed, which consists in an atempt to include structural
rehabilitaion in the integrated renovaion process. The engineered double-skin can be regarded as an
efecive “integrated” soluion to promote the sustainable renewal of the vast RC building stock built ater
World War II (WWII). The feasibility of the soluion and the most criical aspects are discussed through the
analysis of its potenial applicaion to a case-study, representaive of a typical residenial building.
MAIN BUILDING DEFICIENCIES AND “UNCOUPLED” RETROFIT INTERVENTIONS
The considered building stock was built before 1970, when neither strict nor mandatory requirements for
energy eiciency were enforced, and only a small part of these buildings underwent signiicant energy
retroit intervenions since their construcion (the European refurbishment rate is about 1%). The poor
energy performance depends on low thermal insulaion of the envelope layers and on the obsolescence of
the supply systems and the inishing, resuling in condensaion, high loss of heat through external surfaces
and overheaing in summer, and thus in poor living comfort.
Recent reports on energy consumpion in Europe, based on data collected with massive energy audit
assessment campaigns, highlighted the extremely high operaional energy consumpion of the exising
residenial building stock. In 2009 the whole European households were acknowledged as responsible for
68% of the total inal energy use in buildings (Marini et al. 2014). Data on the average heaing consumpion
show that the post-WWII buildings are paricularly energy-demanding, with an average annual energy
consumpions higher than 200 kWh/m 2. Substanial energy demand reducion can be obtained by
improving the performance of the building envelope, by introducing innovaive soluions for heaing,
lighing, venilaion and air condiioning systems, and by adoping eco-eicient energy sources.
From a structural point of view, post-WWII RC buildings, lacking any seismic detailing and being designed
prior to the introducion of modern seismic building codes, exhibit remarkable staic problems and seismic
vulnerabiliies, thus requiring structural safety assessment and possible strengthening intervenions to
maintain their funcionality (NTC 2008).
Post-WWII structures are typically characterized by one-way RC frames with masonry inills, and a “pilois”
loor is frequently present at the building basement, which may lead to the onset of sot-story failure
mechanisms in the case of strong seismic events. Low-ducility structural details are typical of these
structures. Floors are made by one-way lightweight RC ribbed slabs, oten lacking addiional RC topping. All
these features highly contribute to increase the seismic vulnerability of these construcions.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
25
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Seismic vulnerability is also afected by the frame–to–masonry inill interacion (Klinger and Bertero 1978).
Such interacion may be posiive for buildings having regular inills distribuion and located in low seismicity
areas. In this case the inills may provide the seismic strength required to counteract the modest seismic
acions, and the building structural behavior can be more efecively modeled as a ribbed-masonry rather
than a RC frame. On the other hand, frame-inill interacion is oten negaive in highly seismic prone areas,
and the collapse of the inill oten causes the early collapse of the frame (Prei et al. 2012).
The strengthening approaches for structural retroit can be disinguished into local and global: the “local
approach” consists in the retroit of the frame joints and members (Figure 2a); the “global approach” consists
in providing a brand new seismic resising system (Figure 3b). Intermediate soluions can be also proposed.
Typical local strengthening techniques are the jackeing of the frame elements and joints with high
performance concrete jackets (Marinola et al. 2007), or with iber reinforced polymer (FRP) wrappings
(Antonopoulos and Triantaillou 2003, FIB 2001). Operaional diiculies may jeopardize the efeciveness of
the local strengthening of frame nodes. Furthermore, local intervenions are generally quite expensive as
they require substanial demoliion of the inishing, impairment of the inhabitants, the temporary downime
of the building, and are inefecive in the case of one-way frames or shallow beams.
Global intervenions, introducing a new global seismic-resistant system, are oten preferred. The new
resising system may consist for instance in addiional external seismic resistant walls (Figure 2b), or in the
strengthening of exising structure by complemening the frame with bracing systems, or by jackeing
selected inilled bays. The use of new steel bracing systems or RC walls is generally the most efecive and
reliable retroiing technique from the structural point of view (Riva et al. 2010), but it may raise several
issues related to the architectural and formal compaibility.
Given their high sifness possible exising RC walls, designed for verical loads only and typically located
around the staircases, should be considered in the seismic resistant system design. The seismic acion
transferred to these elements is signiicant and may result in their severe damage prior to the acivaion of
any other devised ani-seismic system. In these cases, either their structural upgrade (Marini and Meda
2007) or downgrade may be pursuit. The same can be said with respect to masonry inill walls (Prei et al.
2012).
Regardless of the conceived verical seismic resising system, the diaphragm acion of the loors must be
ensured for an adequate performance of the retroited building, in order to collect and transfer the seismic
loads to the verical members of the resising structure. Tradiional loors are rarely designed as in-plane
diaphragms, hence strengthening of the exising loors is oten required in the seismic risk miigaion
intervenion. Floor strengthening can be atained by introducing new diaphragms made of thin concrete
slabs (either Normal Strength or High Performance) cast overlaying the exising loor extrados (Marini et al.,
2010). This intervenion requires the demoliion of the enire loor topping and therefore entails high
rehabilitaion costs and the necessary relocaion of the inhabitants. For the minimum impairment of the
residents, alternaive “dry soluions”, such as intrados diaphragms made of steel truss work connected to the
loor intrados, concealed at the sight with false ceilings, have been proposed (Feroldi et al., 2013).
Noteworthy, the need of introducing loor diaphragms can hinder the enire renovaion process, and it is
acknowledged as one of the main barrier to exising building structural renovaion. For this reason, special
atenion should be paid in the evaluaion of the actual in-plane resistance and sifness of exising loors.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
26
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
a)
b)
Figure 2. a) Local strengthening of exising frame joints. Global intervenions with: b) construcion of new seismic
resistant systems; c) strengthening of exising RC buildings by transforming exising frames into walls..
TOWARDS COUPLED INTERVENTIONS: FROM DEMOLITION AND RECONSTRUCTION TO
REMODELAGE AND CAMOUFFLAGE SOLUTIONS
The renovaion of buildings, intended a series of non-integrated intervenions, has failed under diferent
points of view. From an economical point of view, uncoupled intervenions can be more expensive than an
integrated soluion. Furthermore, it may be quesionable to invest money on the sole energy upgrade of
exising buildings having a vulnerable structure. Post-earthquake assessment showed that social and
economic costs connected with the emergency management and the reconstrucion could be extremely
high: for emergency management, the Italian government spent about 3.6 billion € per year since the Belice
earthquake (1968). If the same amount of money had been spent for the seismic refurbishment of exising
buildings, very diferent scenarios would be expected in the case of future earthquakes.
Given the extremely poor performance of the post-WWII RC building stock, demoliion and reconstrucion have been considered in the past. Such a pracice is nowadays neither conceivable nor
sustainable, both in terms of raw material consumpion, and of producion of hazardous waste (JRC 2012,
Eurostat 2013). Such an approach would further worsen a situaion which is already criical, with data
showing that the construcion sector use about 50% of the raw materials supplied in the EU and that
construcion and demoliion waste is about one third of the total amount of European waste (the waste
produced during the construcion being about 15-20 m 3 for 100 m2; whereas the demoliion waste is 900
kg/m2).
The need for urban requaliicaion dates back in the 1980s, when pioneering projects for the sustainable
requaliicaion of social housing started in diferent European Countries (Masboungi, 2005). These irst
prototypal intervenions tried to couple energy refurbishment, urban and architectural restyling either
through double-skin soluions (“camoulage intervenion”) or by re-designing the total volume of the
buildings through selected demoliion and expansion works (“remodelage intervenion”). Such
intervenions were carried out as part of larger renovaion projects of enire districts, introducing the
concept of interoperability of the single intervenion at district level (Prin 2009).
New envelopes can be conigured either in adhesion or as an enlargement of the exising building on one or
more sides, with modular thickness depending on urban planning restricions. The later soluion allows for
addiional living spaces, new balconies, solar greenhouses, incorporaing the technological energy saving
measure.
Over the years, many examples of urban regeneraion were carried out in Europe; with disinguished
examples promoted in France, Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, UK and in Italy. To the authors’ knowledge,
however, none of these accounted for structural issues (either staic or seismic, or both).
INTEGRATED RETROFIT SOLUTION COUPLING STRUCTURAL AND ENERGY INTERVENTIONS
A possible integrated retroit soluion targeing the sustainable redevelopment of the vast post-WWII
European RC building stock is proposed in the following. The soluion stems as an enhancement of the
camoulage intervenions: the double skin is further engineered to improve the structural safety of the
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
27
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
construcion. The structural double skin can be therefore regarded as a global intervenion, enirely carried
out from the outside, introducing an exoskeleton conigured either in adhesion or as an enlargement of the
exising building, and allowing for the improvement of energy eiciency, structural safety, architectural and
urban environmental quality and the inhabitant living well-being. These objecives can be pursuit within the
framework of minimum rehabilitaion cost requirements, through an accurate selecion of construcion
materials and structural technologies, and of minimum environmental impact principles, also accouning for
the inluence of the seismic risk (Figure 3). It has been shown (Belleri and Marini 2015) that in the case of old
poorly performing buildings located in regions with moderate to high seismicity, the sole energy
refurbishment without seismic retroit could lead to an expected annual embodied carbon due to seismic
risk, which could be as high as the annual operaional carbon ater thermal refurbishment.
Figure 3. Figure 1. Conceptual design of the engineered structural exoskeleton. The pictures highlights beneicial
efects, both direct and indirect, of integraing structural safety measures within a “tradiional” double skin
soluion.
The engineered exoskeleton innovaively integrates ad-hoc systems and devices to atain the building
structural safety in two alternaive ways: (i) by adoping shear walls or braced frames complemented in
the encasing exoskeleton, or (ii) by conceiving and exploiing the whole new involucre shell behaviour.
In the shear wall soluion the structural safety is enirely entrusted to the external shear walls or braced
frames, whereas the energy eiciency upgrading is guaranteed by the inishing curtain walls or by the
venilated façade technology that integrate the new structural system. Structural elements are part of the
exoskeleton on which the energy devices are installed, thus the two systems work in parallel. Both tradiional
(steel braced frames or RC walls) and innovaive (rocking walls, pin-supported walls, weathering steel walls)
soluions can be adopted (Qu et al. 2012). With the shear wall and braced frame soluion, the addiional
structural strength and sifness are provided by and concentrated into few elements (Figure 4a1), resuling
in high loads to be transferred through the foundaion system. When necessary, the added structural system
can be conceived as dissipaive bracing systems (Figure 4a2) (Metelli 2013). Alternaively, dissipaion may be
triggered through dissipaive links, connecing the exising structure to the new structural elements (Xu et al.,
1999; Trombei and Silvestri, 2007); such soluion enables both the reducion of the shear wall and braced
frame dimensions (or their number) and lumping all the damage into few selected and replaceable elements,
thus signiicantly lowering repair costs and shortening building downime ater an earthquake.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
28
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
In the shell soluion, the envelope can be innovaively designed to enable both energy eiciency upgrade
and structural safety through the dual-use of the same elements and devices (i.e. the façade components
serve both energy and structural purposes). The approach exploits the shape and the extension of the new
façade to reduce the cross secion area of each single structural component and to enforce a box-structural
behaviour (Figure 4b, Giuriani et al. 2015), resuling in a reduced overload to the foundaions. Given the
reduced stress level, the twofold use of the thermo-insulaing panels as seismic resistant elements can be
envisioned and the new layer becomes both a thermal insulaing shell and an in-plane seismic resising
structure. When located in adhesion to the exising building, the shell may be considered as a special
structural-thermal coaing. Dissipaive devices and innovaive technologies may be implemented to enhance
the new shell performances, such as dissipaive panels, or dissipaive interfaces along adjoining panels,
among other.
Both shear wall and shell soluion can be conceived as responsive structures, changing their properies as a
funcion of the earthquake intensity. For low intensity earthquakes, such structures can be conceived as to
avoid any possible damage; whereas for high intensity earthquakes, a change of the staic scheme can be
envisioned as to reduce the sifness of the ani-seismic structure and to increase its fundamental period,
thus reducing the seismic acion on the building and increasing in the displacement demand.
The conceptual design of the retroit soluion (either shell or shear walls; either dissipaive or sif) and its
proporioning mainly depend on the iniial sifness of the exising building and the presence of
structural irregulariies (both planar and in elevaion). The retroit opion may signiicantly vary depending
on the actual possibility of carrying out preliminary intervenions aimed at regularizing the structural
response and at reducing the iniial sifness of the structure (Prei et al. 2012). Anyime massive preliminary
correcive measures are unviable, the response of the retroited building could be controlled by limiing the
intervenion to the sole ground loor and by introducing base isolaion or by enforcing a base isolaion-like
behaviour (Agha et al. 2014). Finally, in the case of sifer exising building, when no preliminary intervenions
are foreseen, quite massive new structures might be necessary for the conceived new ani-seismic systems to
compete with the signiicant sifness of the exising structure; and given the reduced displacement demand,
dissipaive soluions could be inefecive and sif soluions may be preferred.
Both the shear wall and shell soluions require the loor diaphragm acion. The need of strengthening
exising loors may consitute a main barrier to the renovaion, and may require internal works, thus missing
the target to operate outside of the building. Extensive ield surveys carried out on RC buildings ater strong
earthquakes have assessed that in-plane failure of the loor is rarely observed, whereas common failure
modes follow the formaion of a kinemaic mechanism in the frame for overcoming lexural and/or shear
strength in some criical secions. Following these observaions, a complementary theoreical and
experimental study was started to evaluate the actual in-plane resistance of exising loors and the efects of
the addiional lateral force resising system on the loor loads. The purpose of this ongoing research is to
evaluate when the loor in-plane resistance is enough as to guarantee the diaphragm acion of the loor in
the “as it is” condiions (Feroldi 2014).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
29
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 4. Retroit soluions: a1) sif or a2) dissipaive shear walls embedded in the external exoskeleton; b) shell
structure triggering the box structural behaviour with twofold use of the same encasing components.
Besides reducing structural vulnerability, guaranteeing resilience and safety of the inhabitants, coupling
structural retroit in the renovaion process allows for further co-beneits: (a) elongaion of the building
service life, which would be let unchanged by any intervenion disregarding structural issues, such as those
aimed at upgrading the sole architectural and energeic performances (Figure 5); (b) minimizaion of postearthquake downime of the building and repair costs; (c) improvement of seismic resilience at district level;
(d) it can be designed as fully demountable or easily supplemented with other components, guaranteeing
maximum lexibility and adaptability over ime: dry soluions, standardised connecions, as well as ecocompaible materials and recyclable devices should be preferably adopted; (e) the external soluion does not
require temporary relocaion of the inhabitants, nor building downime; (f) invasive internal intervenion or
possible changes in the internal architectural plan are opional; (g) with respect to the exising building
demoliion and reconstrucion pracice, it allows reducing both raw material consumpion and the
construcion and demoliion waste; (h) besides the substanial reducion of the operaional energy achieved
with energy refurbishment, the structural intervenion allows reducing the environmental impact associated
to seismic risk over the building life cycle; (i) it allows for the construcion of new stories, whose sale
revenues might parially cover the renovaion costs; (l) major investment warranies, provided that investors
beneit both the immediate money saving entailed by the adopted energy eiciency measures and the long
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
30
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
term protecion of the investment guaranteed by the atained structural safety; a long term protecion which
would be otherwise jeopardised by possible severe damages caused by earthquakes.
Figure 5. Demoliion and Reconstrucion vs Refurbishment - comparison between diferent retroit strategy in terms of
environmental impact and structural service life of the buildings (adapted from Belleri and Marini 2015)..
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM PROPORTIONING CRITERIA
Once the structural deiciencies of a building have been assessed, the seismic retroit can be designed by
applying the principles of Performance-Based Design (PBD), deining some signiicant performance design
targets for a given building and for a given Seismic Hazard Level (Bagheri and Miri, 2010) (ASCE 41, 2013). It is
worth noing that, in seismic retroit intervenion, displacement based design (DBD) targeing the maximum
displacement, could be insuicient in controlling the seismic response of the exising building. Other
parameters, such as the seismic acion on exising foundaions and loor diaphragms, the acceleraion on
some acceleraion-sensiive non-structural components, the inter-storey drit and the residual drit should be
also taken into account. In this scenario, some more advanced performance-based design methods were
developed by considering a muliple response indicators. In paricular, Ciampi et al. (1995) introduced some
design curves that opimize efecive damping and base shear forces. With a similar approach, new design
spectra are developed to design some of the previous retroit intervenions considering the total
displacement (target ducility) and the dissipated energy as control parameters.
As an example, in the following reference is made to the sole sif shear wall soluion to briely explain
derivaion of the design spectra. For a given exising building (SDOF parameters: sifness Kfr and yielding
point dy,fr, Figure 6a) a feasibility study was aimed at deining the opimal characterisics of the bracing
system (SDOF parameters: sifness Kb and yielding point dy,b), ensuring minimum damage to the exising
building (Feroldi 2014). The SDOF parameters were derived according to nonlinear staic procedures; then
parametric nonlinear dynamic analyses were carried out for varying properies of the building and the
bracing wall, considering ive diferent spectrum-compaible accelerograms.
Fundamental parameters for the calibraion of the bracing system were ideniied in the sifness raio
(Kb/Kfr), and yield displacement raio (δ = dy,b/dy,fr); the yielding strength of the bracing wall was directly
derived as Fy,b = Kb dy,b. Diferent parameters were controlled, namely: ducility demand ater the retroit (μret,
deined as the raio of the maximum displacement experienced by the retroited building under seismic
excitaion, dmax,ret, and the yield displacement of the non-retroited building, d y,fr), maximum drit, interstorey
drit, residual drit, maximum base shear.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
31
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Parametric analyses showed that, for buildings with medium to high resistance, sifness raios K b/Kfr = 2-3
and yield displacement raio δ = 0.2-0.5 guarantee minimum damage of the exising building, maximum
energy dissipaion in the bracing system and minimum energy dissipaion in the exising building (ED fr).
The main results of the parametric analyses were rearranged in design spectra, suitable for determining the
design parameters of the bracing systems ensuring the envisioned structural performance. An example of
such spectra is shown in Figure 6: given the building capacity F y,fr and a selected value of , the target
ducility ( target) is a funcion of the sifness raio Kb/Kfr and the building period Tfr. Therefore, once the
building fundamental period (Tfr) is known, the point in the spectrum corresponding to T fr and target provides
the required sifness raio Kb/Kfr. Derivaion of the bracing capacity is straighforward.
Similar analyses were performed and similar results were obtained in the case of sif shear walls connected
to the exising building by dissipaive links (Feroldi 2014).
The development of design spectra for diferent retroit strategies may represent a useful next step of the
research, allowing for feasibility assessment and retroit proporioning.
Figure 6. a) Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) model of the system composed by the exising structure (sifness Kfr,
yield displacement dy,fr, mass Mfr) and the bracing wall (Kb, dy,b); Example of design spectrum controlling
the maximum ducility demand on the exising building ater the retroit.
CASE STUDY: RETROFIT OF
TECHNOLOGICAL DOUBLE SKIN
AN
EXISTING
BUILDING
THROUGH
STRUCTURAL
–
The proposed integrated retroit concept is here applied to a case study building, representaive of the
considered post-WWII construcion typology (Figure 7). The building, built in 1972, lays in the suburb of
Brescia (Italy) and it is part of a larger residenial complex of about ten buildings with similar features.
Numerical simulaions of both structural and energy performance were carried out to idenify the main
building needs and the refurbishment targets. The engineered structural double skin was proposed for the
building integrated refurbishment.
The building has a rectangular plan (48 m x10 m), three loors and a basement; a midspan thermal expansion
structural joint divides the building into two independent structures (Figure 8a). Possible seismic induced
pounding between the adjacent porions is not considered herein.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
32
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 7. a) Residenial district in Brescia, a city in Northern Italy, where the case study building is set; b) view of the
case study building.
The lateral force and gravity load resising system is provided by 3 RC frames spanning in the longitudinal
direcion. The frames are connected to each other in the transverse direcion through RC one-way ribbed
loors embedding lightweight bricks. Transverse side frames are present at the building east and west ends.
The external cladding is provided by inills made of two brick leaves (12+8 cm) with an inner cavity. On the
southern side the basement presents short columns (see the basement strip windows in Figure 7b) while the
northern side is characterized by regular columns without inills (the garage entrances). The ribbed loors
(20.5cm thickness) have a 25mm concrete topping without steel reinforcement.
The inite element model of the building was assembled with reference to both the original construcion
documents and speciicaions, and by addressing standards and manuals adopted at the ime of construcion
(reference standard n°1086 of 05/11/1971). Columns and beams were modelled with lumped plasicity beam
elements, the inill panels were modeled with equivalent diagonal compression-only struts, characterized by
the relaionship proposed by Bertoldi et al. 1994 (Figure 8b). The loors were modelled as in-plane rigid
diaphragms.
Nonlinear staic inite element analyses were carried out to invesigate the structural performances of the
exising building highlighing a reduced displacement capacity of the structure, mainly associated to the
onset of a sot story failure mechanism, following the shear failure of the short columns alongside the
basement on the southern side (Figure 9a).
The site locaion of the building, the property boundaries and the distances from surrounding buildings in
the neighborhood represent the main urban planning constraints in the conceptual design. In the considered
case study, urban constraints allow the structural double skin to detach as an enlargement of the exising
building along the sole southern side, whereas the new integrated system must adhere to the exising
façades elsewhere. Accordingly, the new bracing system was enclosed in the involucre as shown in Figure 10.
Tradiional concentric steel bracings were considered. Rigid links were adopted to connect the bracing system
to the exising building.
For the conceptual design and preliminary proporioning of the new lateral load resising system, opimal
design values of the sifness (Kb) and of the acivaion force (Fy,b) were selected based by adoping the design
spectra proposed in (Feroldi 2014). Design parameters are listed in Table 1. Figure 9b shows the capacity
curve of the retroited building, showing the efeciveness of the structural retroit intervenion.
Energy audit and energy balance analyses were carried out by assessing the thermal performance of the
exising envelope (inills and windows) in both staionary and dynamic regime, and by analysing the
eiciency of the heaing plant system. Very poor energy performance of the building was assessed, with an
annual average energy consumpion of about 100 kWh/m 2. The energy refurbishment design was aimed at
minimizing the dispersions of the envelope and at maximizing the solar contribuion and the free internal
gain: a new adherent high-performance thermal insulaion layer was introduced, whereas solar green houses
and shadings were complemented in the exoskeleton expansion along the southern façade. The staionary
and dynamic thermal analyses of the building prior to and ater the retroit showed that the refurbishment
entailed a reducion of the heaing energy consumpion by 70% and a substanial increase of the solar
irradiaion with considerable free internal gain (Zanardelli et al. 2014). Interesingly, even if the solar
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
33
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
greenhouses signiicantly increase the glassed surface, the total thermal dispersions decrease both through
the windows and the inills ater the energy refurbishment.
Figure 8. a) Plan view of a typical loor (units in meters): in evidence the thermal expansion joint; b) Finite element
model used in the non linear analyses..
Figure 9. Shear-Displacement- curves of the building in the transversal direcion: a) before the retroiing the
displacement capacity is smaller than the demand; whereas b) ater the retroiing: the displacement
capacity is larger than the displacement demand..
Regarding the environmental sustainability of the selected building, Belleri and Marini (2015) showed that,
for the given building, the expected annual embodied carbon associated to seismic risk is about 25% of the
annual operaional carbon if thermal refurbishment is carried out without seismic retroit. Such value drops
to 3% in the case of structural retroit. In the case the same building would have been located in L’Aquila,
those values would become 87% and 10% respecively, highlighing how the sole energy refurbishment is
unable to efecively reduce the environmental impact of old buildings located in high seismicity regions.
Ulimately, some rendering of possible new layout of the exising building are shown in Figure 11 upon
compleion of the structural intervenion, in which the new structural system (Figure 11b) is integrated
within the energy and architectural refurbishment involucre (Figure 11c, d), deining new spaces (such as
solar greenhouses and balconies) and increasing the wellbeing of the inhabitants.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
34
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 10. Plan layout of the bracing system (red elements).
Table 1.Values of sifness (K), yielding displacement (dy) and strength (Fy) for the exising frame and the dissipaive
system.
Frame
Bracing system
Kfr= 60593 kN/m
Kb=2* Kfr = 121186 kN/m
dy,fr= 0.015 m
dy,b=0.25* dy,fr = 0.00375 m
Fy,fr= 909 kN
Fy,b= 454.5 kN
a
b
c
d
Figure 11. Example of two possible retroits of the exising building (a) through structural double skin: b) solely
structural retroit c) (Abelli et al. 2014), d) integraion of structural, energeic and architectural
refurbishments, with the creaion of new living spaces (Foi et al. 2014).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
35
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
CONCLUSION
A global integrated intervenion for the sustainable restoraion of the post WWII building stock was
proposed, which tries to overcome the major disadvantages of the tradiional renewal pracice, targeing
uncoupled soluion of single deiciencies. The soluion can be also regarded as an enhancement camoulage
intervenions combining architectural restyling and energy saving measures. A holisic soluion is proposed,
which couples structural retroit in the renovaion process. The intervenion is carried out from the outside,
minimizing impairment of the inhabitants and building downime.
The exoskeleton is engineered by introducing ad hoc systems increasing structural safety and seismic
resilience. External shear walls and shell soluions, either sif or dissipaive, are proposed. In the former
soluion structural walls are embedded in the exoskeleton on which the energy devices are installed, hence
the two diferent systems (energy-structure) work in parallel. In the shell soluion, the envelope can be
innovaively designed as to enable both energy eiciency upgrade and structural safety through the twofold
use of the same elements and devices; this approach allows stretching the concept of holisic soluion to the
highest level, fostering integraion of several funcions into each component of the encasing structure.
Proporioning of the retroit soluion is afected by the presence of possible sif elements, such as inills and
staircase walls; unless preliminary intervenions are carried out to downgrade the iniial sifness, sifer
exising buildings could require excessively sif retroit systems.
In-plane strength of the loor system must be assessed to verify the possibility to exploit the loor in the “as
is” condiion as a diaphragm collecing and transferring the seismic acions to the seismic resistant system.
The need for a new diaphragm may represent a major barrier to structural renovaion and jeopardize the
main intent to operate outside of the building.
The retroit can be conceived by applying the principles of Performance-Based Design, hence by deining
some relevant performance design targets for the given building and for the speciic Seismic Hazard Level.
As a result of the coupled structural intervenion a series of co-beneits can be obtained: lengthening of the
building service life; seismic resilience; long term protecion of the investment; construcion of upper
storeys; reduced life cycle costs and minimizaion of the environmental impact over the building life cycle.
Contributes to the Roadmap
Enhancement of exising building environmental sustainability is only achieved if such buildings are
structurally safe. For older buildings, not designed according to modern codes, energy saving measures and
architectural re-styling should be combined with structural retroit.
In order to improve feasibility of coupled energy-structural soluions and to limit the impairment of the
inhabitants, retroit strategy should be carried out from the outside and should focus on the building
envelope.
Several structural soluions have been proposed in order to couple energy eiciency intervenions with
structural retroit. These soluions are dependent on the building characterisics, in terms of structural
vulnerability, and site seismicity.
Design abaci could be developed under the Performance-Based-Design perspecive in order to control the
retroited building in terms of maximum displacement, acceleraion, base shear and so on during a seismic
event.
The coupled structural intervenion provides a series of co-beneits such as the lengthening of the building
service life, seismic resilience, long term protecion of the investment, construcion of upper storeys,
reduced life cycle costs and minimizaion of the environmental impact over the building life cycle.
Environmental impact associated to seismic risk can be high. The relevance of such a remark is emphasized
when considering the district and city level, where the vulnerability of enire districts may jeopardize the
efeciveness of extensive energy saving measures.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
36
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Open Issues
It is possible to achieve a box-structure behavior acing on the sole building envelope?
The role of loor diaphragm acion during seismic excitaion is criical and the need for new loor diaphragm
may be a major barrier to the enire renovaion process. Are the exising loors able to perform like in-plane
diaphragms?
Disregarding building structural vulnerability may result in erroneous expectaions on the actual efect of
extensive energy saving measures. Should the current way to assign naional subsides for energy
refurbishment be changed?
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The contribuion of Marco Belardi and Intertecnica group (Brescia, Italy) in carrying out the dynamic analyses
aimed at the exising building energy assessment is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
4. Agha Beigi H., Christopoulos C., Sullivan T.J., Calvi G.M., (2014) Seismic response of a case study sot story
frame retroited using a GIB system, Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn, 44(7):997–1014.
5. Antonopoulos, C. P. and Triantaillou, T. C., (2003) Experimental invesigaion of FRP-strengthened RC
beam-column joints, Journal of Composites for Construcion 7(1), 39–49
6. ASCE 41-13 (2913), Seismic Evaluaion and Retroit of Exising Buildings, American Society of Civil
Engineers, Reston, Virginia
7. Bagheri, M., Miri, M., (2010) Performance-based design in earthquake engineering, 5th Naional Congress
on Civil Engineering, May 4-6, 2010, Mashhad, Iran
8. Belleri, A. and Marini, A. (2015), Does seismic risk afect the environmental impact of exising buildings?,
Energy and Buildings, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.10.048
9. Bertoldi S.H., Decanini L.D., Sanini S., and Via G., (1994), Analyical models in inilled frames, Proceedings
of the 10th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vienna, Austria.
10.Ciampi, V., M. De Angelis, and F. Paolacci, (1995) Design of yielding or fricion-based dissipaive bracings
for seismic protecion of buildings." Engineering Structures17, no. 5: 381-391
11.Eurostat (2013) Waste staisics - staisics explain.
12.Feroldi F. (2014). Sustainable renewal of the post WWII building stock through engineered double skin,
allowing for structural retroit, energy eiciency upgrade, architectural restyling and urban regeneraion.
PhD. Thesis (In Italian).
13.Feroldi F., Marini A., Badiani B., Plizzari G.A., Giuriani E., Riva P., Belleri A. (2013), Energy eiciency
upgrading, architectural restyling and structural retroit of modern buildings by means of “engineered”
double skin façade; Proceedings of the 2nd Internaional Conference on Structures & Architecture
(ICSA2013) 24-26 July 2013 (pp.1859-1866). Retrieved from htp://hdl.handle.net/10446/29414.
14.FIB Bullein N. 14 (2001), Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures, Technical report,
Internaional Federaion for Structural Concrete (ib), October 2001.
15.Foi D., Fappani D., Marini A., Venturelli G., Feroldi F., (2014) Riqualiicazione energeica e struturale di
ediici con telaio in c.a.: il caso del quariere Casazza, Technical Report, DICATAM, Univerity of Brescia.
16.Giuriani, E., Marini, A., Prei, M. (2015), Thin folded shell for the renewal of exising wooden roofs.
Accepted for pubblicaions on Journal of Architectural Heritage.
17.Klingner R.E., Bertero V.V. (1978), Earthquake resistance of inilled frames, Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, 104(ST6): 973-989.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
37
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
18.Marini A. and Meda A. (2009), Retroiing of r/c shear walls by means of high performance jackets,
Engineering Structures. Vol.31(12): 3059-3064.
19.Marini A., Plizzari G., Zanoi C. (2010), Seismic enhancement of exising building by means of iber
reinforced concrete diaphragms”. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, vol. 4; p. 6-15, issn: 19347359.
20.Marini A., Passoni C., Riva P., Negro P., Romano E. , Taucer F. (2014), Technology opions for earthquake
resistant, eco-eicient buildings in Europe: Research needs, Report EUR 26497 EN. JRC87425. ISBN 97892-79-35424-3. ISSN.1831-9424. doi:10.2788/68902. Luxembourg: Publicaions Oice of the European
Union – 112 pp. – 21.0 x 29.7 cm. © European Union, 2014Agenzia.
21.Marinola G, Meda A, Plizzari G., and Rinaldi Z. (2007), An applicaion of high performance iber
reinforced cemeniious composites for R/C beams strengthening”. FRAMCOS 6. Catania (Italy). 18-21.
22.Masboungi A. (curator) (2005), Régénérer les grands ensembles, Ediions de la Villete, Paris.
23.Metelli G. (2013), Theoreical and experimental study on the cyclic behaviour of X braced steel frames,
Engineering Structures, Volume 46: 763–773.
24.NTC (2008), Norme tecniche per le costruzioni, D.M. 14 Gennaio 2008 (Italian Code).
25.PRIN 2009 (2009) - Nuove praiche progetuali per la riqualiicazione sostenibile di complessi di habitat
sociale in Italia. Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca. Coordinatore Scieniico: M.
Montuori. Con la collaborazione di: Lupo G., Muraca A., Longo O., Angi B., Boi M., Orsini F.. DICATAM
University of Brescia.
26.Prei M., Beini N., and Plizzari G. (2012), Inill Walls with Sliding Joints to Limit Inill-Frame Seismic
Interacion: Large-Scale Experimental Test”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 16:1, 125-141
27.Qu Z., Wada A., Motoyui S., SakataH. and Kishiki S., (2012), Pin-supported walls for enhancing the seismic
performance of building structures, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, Volume 41 (14),
pages 2075–2091.
28.Riva P., Perani E., Belleri A. (2010), External R.C. Structural Walls for the Repair of Earthquake Damaged
Buildings, Sustainable Development Strategies for Construcions in Europe and China, Rome 19-20 April.
29.Zanardelli M., Belardi M., Marini A., Feroldi F., Plizzari G.A., (2014), Riqualiicazione energeica,
architetonica e struturale del costruito esistente: aspei energeici, Technical Report, DICATAM,
University of Brescia.
30.JRC (Joint Research Centre) (2012), Reference Document on Best Environmental Management Pracice in
the Building and Construcion Sector - Final Report (EMAS regulaion Aricle 46.1).
31.Trombei T., Silvestri S., (2007), Novel schemes for insering dampers in shear-type systems based upon
the mass proporional component of the Rayleigh damping matrix, Journal of Sound and Vibraion 302
(3): 486-526.
32.Xu Y.L., He Q., Ko J.M., (1999), Dynamic response of damper-connected adjacent buildings under
earthquake excitaion, Engineering Structures 21 (2) 135–148.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
38
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Improving Sustainability Performance of Exising Buildings:
A Case Study
Elvira Romano
Lucrezia Cascini
University of Naples Federico II
Dep. of Structures for Engineering and Architecture
elvira.romano@unina.it
University of Naples Federico II
Dep. of Structures for Engineering and Architecture
lucrezia.cascini@unina.it
Mario D’Aniello
Francesco Porioli
University of Naples Federico II
Dep. of Structures for Engineering and Architecture
mdaniel@unina.it
University of Naples Federico II
Dep. of Structures for Engineering and Architecture
fporiol@unina.it
Rafaele Landolfo
University of Naples Federico II
Dep. of Structures for Engineering and Architecture
landolfo@unina.it
ABSTRACT
The atenion on renovaion of European exising building heritage has arisen in last years mainly following
EU policies focused on the achievement of ecological and energy improvements. Nevertheless, buildings
daing back at the period ranging from 1960 to 1990 represent the biggest amount of the current built
environment. This category of construcions oten shows inadequate seismic response and a very advanced
stage of deterioraion, as well, thus requiring huge investments in repair measures, or even the need of
demoliion.
In light of these consideraions, this study aims at introducing an integrated approach for the retroit of
exising buildings, accouning for both structural design and sustainability requirements. Ater a brief
introducion on the main characterisics of EU building stock, the work focuses on Italian situaion, giving
paricular atenion to reinforced concrete residenial buildings, which represents the majority of
construcions erected in Campania district at that ime (i.e. the ‘60s -‘90s of the last century).The proposed
sustainable integrated approach is described and also discussed through an applicaion to a seismic deicient
building in Naples.
Keywords
Reinforced concrete residenial buildings, seismic retroit, integrated approach, life-cycle.
INTRODUCTION
The built environment represents a large share of economic assets of individuals, organizaions and naions
which leads the construcion sector to be one of the largest industrial market. Nevertheless in the last seven
years the European construcion market lost about 21% in volume due to the deep economic crisis,
especially with regard to the branch of new buildings. Aciviies related to renovaion of buildings sill have
an important cushioning efect for the enire construcion sector. As a mater of fact, the exising building
heritage could be a signiicant resource to enhance social, economic and environmental beneits of future
ciies towards sustainability. Indeed, in order to reach the European ‘20/20/20’ goals in relaion to energy
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
39
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
saving and CO2 emissions reducion, a large-scale upgrade of the exising building stock would be required, as
also foreseen in 2011 by the European Commission that esimated an amount of 60% of buildings to be
retroited by 2050.
The European exising building stock, considering both the residenial and non-residenial sector, accounts
for 25 billion m2 of useful loor space in the EU27 (BPIE, 2011). The residenial building stock is the biggest
segment with a EU loor space of 75% of the total building heritage. A substanial share of the stock in
Europe is older than 50 years with many buildings in use today are hundreds of years old. More than 40% of
residenial buildings have been constructed before the 1960s when seismic design codes, as well as energy
building regulaions were very limited. A large boom in construcion in 1961-1990 is also evident for the
housing stock which more than doubled in this period (BPIE, 2011). A common European single family house
(SFH), built before 1970s, have a masonry bearing structure and it is mainly a non-insulated construcion
with regard to the secondary elements. A typical apartment block, built in 1950-1970s, instead, is
characterized by a reinforced concrete framed structure. It oten has non-insulated brick (cavity) walls and
single glazed windows. Pre-1970 residenial buildings are oten designed not to resist lateral forces, thus
seismic resistance could be inadequate and extensive damages or failures may result. Several structural
deiciencies in terms of seismic response of the pre-1970s residenial construcions have been observed on
the basis of damages and failures documented ater EU earthquakes of the last three decades. For instance
the past 1999 Athens earthquake registered typical damage ranged from out of plane failure and corner
damage for buildings with no strengthening to shear cracks with regard to masonry heritage, while the two
1999 devastaing Turkey seismic events reported that more than twice of the damaged buildings were
reinforced concrete structures. With regard to the recent events it is worth to consider earthquakes in Italy
(L’Aquila - 2009; Emilia Romagna - 2012) which registered several collapse for the masonry historic heritage.
Nevertheless also r.c. and pre-cast structures have been highly damaged or collapsed mainly because of
inadequate transversal reinforcement in beam-to-column joints, revealing high levels of vulnerability for
reinforced concrete frame buildings even if these buildings had been recently built when seismic design
standard (Italian code, NTC 2008) was codiied to conceive seismic resistant structures. Moreover, with
regard to the secondary elements commonly used for the pre-1970 residences, the lack of proper insulaion
for the external walls, pariions, roof is clear in all EU countries due to the deiciency of standards in this
ield in those construcion years with a consequent average energy intensity of residenial buildings of 200
kWh per m2 as reported by 2011 BPIE analysis. It is worth noicing that a drasic reducion of about 50 kWh
per m2 is needed in order to respect the current EU energy target. All that considered two main problems
afect exising EU residenial building heritage: earthquake vulnerability and a large consumpion of energy.
In this perspecive, it is clear that, nowadays, the renovaion of building stock is a priority issue to deal with.
Besides eco-eiciency concerns, many essenial needs related to the structural eiciency and reliability arise
and they shall be ensured both in ordinary and seismic condiions.
The present contribuion aims to highlight the importance of considering sustainability requirements in
designing seismic retroit intervenions in order to reach an efecive strategy for a comprehensive building
stock renovaion. In that line, an integrated muli-performance based approach which creates a balance
between requirements related to the common triple botom line of sustainable development with structural
engineering ones, is required. In the next secions, following this brief outline on the European exising
building stock, atenion is deserved on the Italian situaion and paricularly on Campania district. Special
atenion is devoted to reinforced concrete residenial buildings, briely discussing their main seismic
vulnerability and energy non-eiciency factors, as well as the potenial pracical soluions to improve those
criical issues. The concept and the principles of sustainable design of structures are then discussed and in
paricular, a muli-performance ime dependant approach is presented. Finally, in order to provide a pracical
applicaion of this approach, a case study which refers to a seismic-deicient reinforced concrete residenial
building located in Naples is presented.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
40
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
THE ITALIAN CONTEXT: A FOCUS ON EXISTING REINFORCED CONCRETE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN
CAMPANIA DISTRICT
The Italian residenial building stock accounts of about 84% of the global naional building heritage,
according to the last 2011 populaion and household analysis of the naional staisic insitute (ISTAT) .
Masonry construcions represent the major segment with 57% of buildings, followed by reinforced concrete
residences with a percentage of 30% and only 13% of households turn out to be built with other construcion
materials. During the irst building boom related to the period between the ‘50s and ‘70s the number of r.c.
households remarkably increased, overtaking masonry buildings during the second building boom which
dates back to the period 1971-1980. Despite the 1979 energy crisis with a consequent deep inlaion, the
number of r.c. buildings increased during the consecuive age bands (ater 1980), resuling more than twice if
compared to the masonry stock. Limiing the geographic context to the region Campania, located in South
Italy, 85% of the exising building stock belongs to the residenial sector (ISTAT database). In paricular, a
focus on the chronological periods related to the building boom shows that the total number of reinforced
concrete buildings turns out to be nearly equivalent to the masonry buildings one, as reported in terms of
percentage in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Number of residenial buildings for type of material in the region Campania (South Italy) from 1946 to 1990.
[No of buildings]
In that situaion, atenion should be deserved on the state of conservaion of r.c. building (Figure 2). The
majority of residenial buildings - an average of 65% of the total number - exhibits good conservaion
condiions, while pre-1970 residences represents the exising building heritage with mediocre condiions of
conservaion, accouning for an average of 21%.
Figure 2. State of conservaion of r.c. residenial buildings in Campania from 1946 to 1990 according to ISTAT database
Although the state of conservaion scenario turns out to be quite posiive, intervenions on pre-1970 r. c.
households in Campania is needed in order to improve structural performance against seismic events. Indeed
most of those buildings, were primarily designed for gravity loads and currently show an inadequate
structural response. In addiion, an eco-eiciency retroit has to be considered aimed at ensuring a
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
41
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
comprehensive renovaion in the perspecive of a sustainable and resilient soluion. The main vulnerability
factor for the pre-1970 r.c. exising buildings, as well known, consists on the absent or inadequate seismic
resistant structure which is characterized by frames conceived only for verical loads and oriented in a single
direcion (one-direcionally resistant frame) with r.c. beams oriented orthogonally to the loor direcion and
absent transversal beams leading to a high transversal deformability. Other factors observed are the irregular
shape in plan with a consequent high eccentricity between the center of masses and the center of sifness;
absence of loor diaphragm system; short columns; shear failure and concrete crushing failure in concrete
columns which represents the most undesirable non ducile modes of failure; sot-storey efects, leading to a
shear britle failure of the column ill the loor global collapse; inadequate or incorrect structural detailing
such as insuicient anchorage of beam reinforcement, lack of adequate ies and excessive ie-spacing in
beams and columns, inadequate coninement of joints (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Seismic vulnerability factors of r.c. buildings in Campania, mainly observed ater the 1980 Irpinia earthquake
Shear failure of short structural elements
Joint failure for absence of
coninement
Sot-storey efect of a building in Avellino
The main problem related to a low energy eiciency of a typical pre-1970 r.c. residenial building is the
absence of insulaion. It is worth noing that envelope accounts an impact of 57% of the building thermal
loads. Several pracices could be considered in order to improve energy eiciency of residenial building. In
paricular, limiing the thermal conducivity of major construcion materials is the most common thermal
performance requirement for buildings. These are based upon thermal transmitance (U-value) requirements
for the main building envelope elements. Typical U-values of exterior walls for the r.c. exising building in the
Italian context are around 2 - 1.5 W/m 2K for residenial buildings built before 1970. A drasic reducion is
needed, considering that many exising regulaions demand U-value approximately equal to 0.2 W/m 2K for
roofs and walls which means about 200 mm thick insulaion layers.
A SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR STRUCTURAL RETROFIT INTERVENTIONS
Nowadays, one of the most ambiious challenges of civil engineering research is focused on the achievement
of an efecive way to conceive structures with the aim to develop a compeiive sustainable construcion
sector. The research of sustainable soluions applied to structural design should be simulated also for the
intervenions on exising building heritage. In paricular seismic retroit soluions on reinforced concrete
exising buildings should saisfy not only structural reliability but also economic and environmental
requirements in order to reach an opimum soluion for earthquake resistant and eco-eicient buildings.
For this reason an integrated approach is needed and from a structural point of view Life Cycle Performance
(LCP) assessment is required. Indeed it is a performance based approach for the veriicaion of durability (ISO
13823:2008) with the aim to deine the period of ime where a structure or any components is able to
achieve the required performance level, considering the efects of the deterioraion on the structural
capacity. LCP methods are based on the predicion of the deterioraion that will act on the structure and the
corresponding efect over ime in order to prevent a premature failure of the structure. In that line, design
for the life-cycle becomes the possible answer to conceive sustainable structures both for new and exising
buildings. It means to make decisions related to structural, environmental and economic requirements in
design phase of a retroit intervenion that will afect on the enire life-cycle.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
42
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Sustainable structural design is an integrated ime-dependant muli-performance based design and/or
assessment methodology, which takes into account the performances of a structure related to the
environment, the economy and the society during the whole life-cycle. In paricular this methodological
design philosophy is aimed at maximizing mechanical, durability, economic and environmental performance
of a structure during the whole life-cycle, reducing at the same ime the negaive impacts played on the
three dimensions of sustainability (Landolfo, Cascini and Porioli, 2011). The method consists on the
evaluaion of structural, environmental and economic performance of a structure during its enire life-cycle
(Figure 4), foreseeing performance design scenario focused on service life proiles that should be deined
both in ordinary and in excepional condiions.
The sustainable structural methodology is characterized by three key points:
1. It is a muli-performance based design approach, aimed at saisfying not only the tradiional
requirements of reliability, safety and serviceability, but also new sustainable needs such as reduced
environmental impacts, opimized life-cycle costs, opimized building management.
2. It is a life-cycle oriented methodology: the ime unit considered goes beyond the ordinary design
working life. The life-cycle may include all the stages of the construcion’s life: from the extracion of raw
materials to the end of life of the construcion works, taking into account design, construcion,
maintenance, dismantling and/or demoliion, disposal and recycling and/or re-use of materials and/or
structural elements.
3. It envisages the use of quanitaive design procedures, based on performance levels in accordance
with the assessment methodologies developed in the framework of internaional research and received
by ISO standards.
Figure 4. A schetch of the sustainable integrated approch
In the next secion a simpliied applicaion of the proposed sustainable integrated approach to seismic
retroit case-study is briely presented.
AN APPLICATION TO A REINFORCED CONCRETE EXISTING BUILDING
The examined building (Figure 5)is part of several housing units forming a large urban district, namely ‘rione
Luzzai’ which represents one of the irst examples of social housing realized in the Neapolitan context ater
the II World War (Landolfo, Losasso, Pinto, 2012).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
43
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 5. Building of Rione Luzzai (Naples).
1946
Current situaion
It is a ive loors muli-family building with residenial funcion for each level composed by four dwellings
with an area of around 80 m2, accessible thanks to two verical connecions. The building has a rectangular
shape with dimensions in plan of 32.5 m and 12.2 m in direcion x and y, respecively and an inter-storey
height of 3.20 m. The bearing structure, designed only for gravity loads is composed by three frames with 6
spans and two perimeter frames along x-axis and y-axis, respecively (Figure 6). The verical bearing superstructure is composed by 21 columns with variable secions: from (60 x 45 cm) at the irst level to (30x30 cm)
at the sixth level. The horizontal bearing system is characterized by a reinforced concrete cast in situ loor
with a depth of 25 cm and beams with rectangular secion of 25 x 65 cm for all building levels. Finally the
sub-structure is characterized by isolated fooings.
In the examined case study, the absence of original documents led to a limited knowledge level (LC1) with
the consequent elaboraion of a simulated design. The irst step aimed at assessing the structural reliability
of the building consists on destrucive and non destrucive tesing which have carried out an advanced
degradaion of reinforcement bars due to corrosion and carbonaion of concrete, as well as the value of yield
strength for the reinforcement bars equal to around 370 MPa and the medium compressive strength for the
concrete of 35.1 MPa. Then the exising structure assessment has been carried out according to the
simulated design steps. In paricular, as regard for seismic assessment, Naples was not classiied as seismic
area during the construcion period. In order to carried out a seismic analysis (staic linear), on the basis of
the seismic hazard map for Italy, the Neapolitan district is classiied as zone 2 with a PGA =0.25g and a soil
ground type C. The period T1 is equal to 0.664 s and the structure turns out to be regular in plan and height,
thus respecing limits issued by standard. In addiion the simulated design allows assessing bars deiciency in
structural elements with a variance from 5% to 72%. The structural analysis mainly highlights that the
examined building is a non earthquake resistant structure, thus a seismic retroit is required.
Figure 6. Layout of the structure in plan (a) and secion (b).
(a)
(b)
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
44
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Two diferent soluions have been considered: a tradiional intervenion consising on reinforced concrete
jackeing of the main structural elements (beams and columns) and the strengthening of slabs and an
innovaive one which considers the base isolaion. In details, the irst technique consists on both the
introducion of new beams in y-axis direcion in order to realize a new frame and the jackeing of beams and
columns with new longitudinal and transversal reinforcement bars (Figure 7). Moreover the joints
strengthening thanks to the introducion of longitudinal reinforcement and jackeing has been considered in
order to avoid plasic hinges in the beam-to-column joints. Finally, with regard to slabs a new electro-welded
net has been inserted. The second intervenion (Figure 8), instead, foresees the introducion of foundaion
beams for the connecion of isolated fooings and the introducion of two types of base isolaion devices: the
low-fricion sliding isolators and elastomeric High Damping Rubbing Bearings (HDRB) at the base of central
and perimeter columns, respecively. The isolaion devices posiion has been opimized in order to avoid
torsion efect of the structure. Finally a seismic gap along the building perimeter has been considered with
the aim to allow superstructure moions.
Figure 7. RC jackeing intervenion.
Figure 8. Base isolaion intervenion.
In order to assess the most advantageous soluion in terms of sustainability a muli-performance life cycle
approach with several simpliied assumpions has been considered, taking into account structural and
economic performance. In paricular a service life proile (Figure 9) which considers an unexpected
earthquake in the middle of the lifeime of the structure ater the seismic retroit is considered. In relaion to
the structural performance the tradiional soluion show local collapse with consequent new repair
intervenions, while with regard to the innovaive opion seismic damages are limited to non-structural
elements. As for the economic performance for both soluions iniial retroit costs are similar. Indeed it has
been esimated an amount of 515.50 k€ for the RC jackeing soluion and 580.29 k€ for the base isolaion
one, while on the basis of the potenial earthquake damages, repair costs result higher for the tradiional
technique opion. In conclusion the base isolaion intervenion turns out to be the most advantageous
alternaive for both structural and economic performance. Further detail will be reported in the extended
paper.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
45
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 9. Service life proile.
CONCLUSION
Deep renovaion of exising buildings is an European high-priority issue to achieve in order to make ciies
safer and sustainable and to increase the compeiiveness of construcion sector. As for the Italian context
pre-1970 reinforced concrete residenial building show an inadequate structural response paricularly in
relaion to seismic loads, thus retroit intervenions are urgently needed also in the light of the recent
earthquakes which hit this country. In order to improve not only structural safety but also energy eiciency
and urban quality an integrated approach is recommended, so a potenial integrated life-cycle muliperformance based design and/or assessment methodology is briely discussed.
In that light a non-seismic resistant structure in Naples has been analyzed and two seismic retroit
intervenions have been considered: a reinforced concrete jackeing and a base isolaion. The innovaive
retroit turns out to be the most advantageous alternaive both in terms of structural and economic
performance.
Contributes to the roadmap
On the basis of the present contribuion the following issues should be taken into account in the Roadmap
for the improvement of earthquake resistance and eco-eiciency of exising buildings and ciies :
1. The increasing importance of renovaion of the EU exising building heritage, considering the
enormous amount of buildings constructed during the period 1960-1990.
2. The need to ensure structural reliability of pre-1970 structures with a paricular regard to
seismic loads, considering the more efecive and sustainable retroit soluion.
3. The need to saisfy in a holisic way several requirements related not only to structural design, but
also to the triple botom line of sustainable development (Environment - Economy - Society) during
the whole life-cycle of a structure.
Open issues
1. BUILDING RENOVATION SHOULD BE PROMOTED AT URBAN SCALE.
2. Life cycle thinking concept should be considered in deining methodology for an integrated
approach.
REFERENCES
1. Building Performance Insitute Europe (2011) Europe’s buildings under the microscope - A country-bycountry review of the energy performance of buildings, Brussels.
2. Landolfo, R., Cascini, L. and Porioli, F. (2011) Sustainability of steel structures: towards an integrated
approach to lifeime engineering design, Journal of Froniers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in
China, 5, 3, 304-314.
3. Landolfo, R., Losasso, M. and Pinto M.R. (2012). Innovaive and sustainable intervenions for renovaion of
buildings. Best pracice for retroit and maintenance (in Italian), Alinea editor, Florence, Italy.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
46
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Seismic retroiing and new way of living in exising social
housing setlements
Roberto Vanacore
Antonio Salzano
Università degli Studi di Salerno
rvanacore@unisa.it
Università degli Studi di Salerno
asalzano@unisa.it
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes a method for architectural requaliicaion and seismic retroiing of social housing
through subsituion of external walls with prebuilt panels of ixed dimensions; all panels have a metal frame,
but some of them include metal shear panels, in order to sifen the structure, while the remaining are
closed by wood layers and illed with thermal insulaion. Panels can be easily changed to allow modiicaions
in internal arrangements, so to ofer a real lexibility for inhabitants.
Metal panels have another structural goal, in fact one or two new loors can be realized on the top of the
building, to create cooperaive dwellings for singles, who have diiculies to ind an exact soluion for their
housing needs. New loors can also be used to relocate apartments placed at ground level; loor apartments
can be leased as oice to young freelancers at a low cost, to compensate the prize of works.
Keywords
Seismic retroiing, metal shear panels, social housing, architectural requaliicaion, lexibility.
INTRODUCTION
We can rely on Irpinia’s earthquake of 1980 to a signiicant upgrade in Italian ani-seismic regulaions,
conirming the use of correcing the risk ater it became emergency. Seismic retroiing just can be a soluion
for this bad rouine, aiming to realize a wide securing, not only for few public structures, but also for
residenial buildings; in fact we have to consider that in Italy a great part of the ediices realized with a
reinforced concrete structure were designed during 60’s and 70’s, without any ani-seismic standard, only
thought for verical loads, someimes reaching heights that were never matched later.
Vulnerability of these buildings is to be evaluated, also considering that they show the efects of ime. Italian
Law 1/2011 (Piano Casa Campania) suggested a possible soluion, ofering volumetric bonus for those
construcion works connected to an energeic up-grade, to which also seismic retroiing could be joined.
Such incenives, together with tax deducions, can be a spring for a wide work of renovaion. Nowadays
many methods for seismic reinforcement are available, both for works spread to all the elements of the
structure, such as strengthening of pillars and beams with FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymers) or with CAM
system by steel elements, and for punctual acions on few elements, like inserion of fricion pendulum
bearings, damping rubber bearings or hystereic bracing systems, that can much reduce ime and problems
of construcion site.
To consider these methods as closed to themselves, only aiming to reduce as much as possible building imes
and bothers for inhabitants, can result a short-sighted approach, overlooking possibiliies connected to them
and neglecing qualiies that these systems have to own. In fact we have to consider that any structural
intervenion has some costs connected to construcion-site and physical efect on exising structure with
unavoidable inconveniences for inhabitants, therefore it makes sense to convert these problems in an
opportunity for a complete refurbishment of the building, including architectural aspect, that can involve
both facades (and energeic performances) and internal arrangement (increasing habitability and lexibility).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
47
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Integrated intervenions for refurbishment (architectural – energeic - structural – city planning) of social
housing spread all around Europe, sparking interest in scieniic community; paricularly they were located in
those countries that had severe damages during second world war, to which a quick reconstrucion came
along, oten characterized by the use of prebuilt systems and reiterated schemes. Druot and Lacaton&Vassal
realize a signiicant intervenion on the tower Bois-le-Prete in Paris, in fact, without entering inside the
ediice, it succeeds in deeply changing both its external aspect and the way of enjoying lodgings, as well as
the relaion between lats and outdoor spaces, while interior spaces change growing up, expanding
themselves in new ilter-spaces. Bois-le-Prete is an intervenion made by steel and glass, and above all
architects choose a prebuilt system, whose advantages are evident: short building imes, quick and lexible
construcion-site, dry mouning and changeability in the atermath. Flexibility is paricularly worthy of
atenion, because in many intervenions the upgraded structure has the same immutability of the previous
one, no doubt that it has preferable qualiies, it beter its nowadays dwelling needs, ofers higher energeic
needs, and so on, but people have no possibility to adapt spaces to their expectaions. Paricularly social
housing has claimed its housing disadvantage for a long ime, and also works of famous architects became a
symbol of decline, so to impose their demoliion; in this case refurbishment has to increase not only
structural safety, but also funcional lexibility so that future inhabitants can easily ind a suitable soluion to
their dwelling needs.
There are two main goals to be pursued: using seismic retroiing systems that can be easily reacivated ater
an earthquake, and ofering to people a lexibility of apartments that goes beyond chaos of singular acions
that oten humiliates facades of social housing reducing them to mish-mash of thrown together verandas,
canopies and any other creaion like ‘bad sunday’s bricolage’.
STRUCTURAL INTERVENTION
In this paper we propose a method for seismic retroiing through the use of metal shear panels in order to
sifen exising structure. Seismic vulnerability indicates probability that a structure, during an earthquake,
can present damages. Vulnerability depends on two aspects: characterisics of the earthquake and low
resistance to horizontal forces of involved structures, that is oten caused by late adopion of ani-seismic
rules for construcions, in Italy it can be atributed to the period following the earthquake of 1980 (D.M.
03/06/1981 n.515 e D.M. 12/02/1982), but, considering that 60s and 70s were characterized by a wide
building development, nowadays we have a great number of ediices, whose structure was designed without
any ani-seismic criterion, on the contrary, they are oten dimensioned according to an inverse capacity
design, with tall beams on thin pillars. Scieniic research much worked to ind systems able to strengthen
vulnerable exising structures made by reinforced concrete, in order to increase their resistance to horizontal
strain, but at the same ime these devices are thought to perform the funcion of sacriicial vicims,
concentraing on themselves the most of the damage, so protecing exising structure; on this purpose we
can remember shape memory alloy braces, base isolaion (rubber bearings or fricion pendulum) and metal
shear panels, all avant-garde technologies deeply debated in in the scieniic research ield, that employ steel
elements to guarantee a quick reacivaion to be realized through dry mouning, in order to avoid a
tradiional construcion site. In this way structural rehabilitaion becomes an up-grade of higher level,
increasing resistance of the building and also creaing a new type of maintenance.
This paper proposes a method for structural rehabilitaion through employ of shear metal panels, i.e. sheets
of LYS steel or aluminium assembled inside a steel frame whose dimensions are ixed (any element is a
module), this frame creates a closure panel that is bolted to a steel plate connected to exising concrete
structure through epoxy resin. Perimetral beam is sifened with steel plates so that metal panels can be
connected; metal shear panels and border beams realize a tube-frame structure, like the ones used in
skyscrapers, in fact in presence of a horizontal force, panels that are parallel to the force contrast shear
acion, while panels perpendicular to it absorb lexural acion by means of compression-tracion
deformaions. In this system, panels have a dissipaive role, creaing both an increase of iniial sifness and
an energy dissipaion through hystereic cycles connected to the deformaion of the slab. In order that slab
may have a full dissipaive behaviour, it has to deform in plasic ield, without showing buckling
phenomenon, in fact in this case energy dissipaion is mainly due to shear stress, showing a full hystereic
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
48
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
cycle. In case of buckling, pinching phenomenon arise with reducion of energy dissipaion and a quick
decline of mechanical features, to avoid this phenomenon employed material has to present τ cr > τy, where τcr
is criical stress connected to buckling behaviour and τ y is the yielding shear stress, that’s why LYS (Low Yield
Strenght) steel or pure aluminium are used for these purposes. The steel frame, inside which metal slab is
set, is designed to remain in elasic ield, so that ater a seismic event the slab is the only element to be
changed.
Figure 1.
let: metal shear panels connected to exising structure – right: the structure is closed by not-structural
panels made of a metal frame covered by a wood panel to which thermal insulaion is put on.
Figure 2.
detail of not-structural panels
CASE STUDY – CASALBORE SQUARE – SALERNO (SA) – I
Buildings in Casalbore Square in Salerno, were built in 50s, at the ime they were in a peripheral area of the
City. Cause of grow up of Salerno in the second half of 20 th century, this neighbourhood of social housing
nowadays is set in a central area of the Town, nevertheless, some iniial design choices last unaltered with
efects unsuitable for actual housing standards, much penalizing life quality. Paricularly, as buildings are on a
slope, a part of dwellings on ground loor are parially underground, causing low privacy and unhealthy
condiions to their inhabitants. Methodology, proposed in this paper, suggests in a rising of one or two loors
that allows taking up apartments that are now on the ground loor, while lower spaces can be rented low
cost to young freelancers, so paying part of the investment. Considering following images, compared with
metric survey, buildings show to have a framework in reinforced concrete with thin pillars and tall beams
characterized by lacking shear reinforcements.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
49
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 3.
below and in following images we see the neighborhood both from high through web site ‘Bing
Maps’, and by means of photos of the authors. Buildings treated in the paper are highlighted in yellow. We can noice
that the area is completely integrated in urban patern, so that nowadays it has revenue of a posiion that grew up as
ime passed by, but at the meanime living condiions of lower loors are inadequate, because they are parially
underground, unhealthy, unable to guarantee the least privacy and exposed to the smog of city traic
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
the quarter seen from Casalbore Square
let: as the street advances, ground loor becomes underground – right: discomfort of ground loors
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
50
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
Figure 6.
STRUCTURES
details of RC structure, it’s evident that pillars are undersized compared with beams
They have perimetral walls in tuf blocks, that was usual in irst RC structures, both for a low conidence in
this structural system, and to realize a bracing element, and perhaps it had a relevant role during earthquake
of 1980. Even if we have not detailed data on steel reinforcements, it may reasonably be supposed that
original structure is inadequate to bear new load of the rising, especially considering that we are in a seismic
zone, but we can imagine a scafolding system having a bracing role, made by panels of shear metal sheets
assembled in a metal frame (one for each pillar) connected between them by original beams reinforced by a
metal truss connected to the old one by epoxy-resin these elements (panels and reinforced beams) realize a
tube frame able to subsitute contribuion given by tuf walls, increase resistance to horizontal acions and
bear weight increase due to raised part. As these ediices are two loors shorter than the neighboring,
building code allows this signiicant rising. Rehabilitated structure can host a closure system made by prebuilt
panels, realized with a metal frame closed by wood panels and illed with wood thermal insulaion. Panels
will have a ixed dimension, in order to facilitate their subsituion, that not only means an easier
maintenance, but also possibility of changing the type of panels, in fact they will be realized according to an
abacus of types: with window, french window, vasistas, closed panel, etc., furthermore, they will include a
balcony borne by the metal frame of the panel, that allows to create a ilter-space indoor-outdoor that can
be organized through separaing verical elements, so as to create spaces of privacy. Balcony can also get an
air-condiioning element for indoor spaces, i.e. during summer a curtain on its edge creates a shadow to
miigate heat, while during winter it can be closed by a glazed panel, made by a light metal frame that hosts
iling glass sheets, so to realize a greenhouse efect, saving energy for heaing.
Figure 7.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
51
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Methodology
Intervenion is basically shown in essenial drawings placed below: building is actually made of ive loors
above-ground, the one of these (the lower one) is parially underground (step 1). A perimetral beam on
micro-piles is realized in foundaion to bear strength derived from rehabilitaing system (step 2-3). New
perimetral beam works as a foundaion for metal shear panels, that are connected to external pillars (step 4).
Metal shear panels hold up new loor, they are connected by a laice girder, so to unload increasing weight
from exising r.c. pillars (step 5); lower dwellings are relocated on the top, while ground loor is dedicated to
oices low-coast for young freelancer or shops for fair-trade commerce, temporary shops for young
entrepreneurs, etc.. In this paricular case rising can be two loor high (step 6), higher loor can be arranged
to create cooperaive-dwellings, i.e. apartments where each inhabitant has a room complete of bathroom
and some accessories to allow him having a certain level of independence and privacy, but there are also
common rooms, as kitchen, dinner room and living in which all the residents can be together. These kind of
co-housing allows geing low rent and is very suitable for singles searching a small living soluion, as
divorced men, people working far from their families where they go back at the week-end, and so on.
Figure 8.
steps of building rehabilitaion
Figure 9.
internal view on a lat, we can see how balcony becomes a ilter element adjusing internal
clime, in fact, during winter (let) it saves heat creaing a greenhouse efect, while during summer a curtain rejects sun
light
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
52
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
CONCLUSION
Seismic retroiing shows to be an opportunity for architectural requaliicaion of social housing, in order to
ofer a new quality of life given by a higher lexibility of dwellings. Introducion of ani-seismic devices can be
joined to subsituion of tradiional perimetral walls with prefabricated panels that can be easily changed
according needs of inhabitants; added balconies can be used as a ilter-space between indoor-outdoor
spaces.
Contributes to the Roadmap
Buildings of future must be easy to maintain, also the design of ani-seismic devices must have this goal, their
reacivaion ater an earthquake will be easy and quick, a possible soluion is to use metal shear panels
assembled in a metal frame that remains in the elasic ield, while the sheets have plasic deformaions. Best
pracise is to imagine a deep change of the ediice that involves also its perimetral walls, that are replaced by
prebuilt panels, so to get a new way of inhabiing made of lexible spaces, changeable, that can be
disassembled and reassembled according to changed needs, a new dynamic concept of living. These goals
can be reached only by means of prefabricated elements, both for structural devices and for architectural
elements. Prefabricaion and lexibility are the high road to an integrated requaliicaion of social housing.
Open Issues
What can be the role of prefabricaion in seismic retroiing and more broadly in future buildings?
What about opportunity of uniing seismic retroiing to architectural requaliicaion?
REFERENCES
1. Mazzolani, F.M. (2007) Innovaive metal systems for seismic upgrading of RC structures, in Journal of
construcional steel research 64 (2008) 882-895
2. Mistakidis, E.S., De Mateis, G. and Formisano, A. (2007) Low yield metal shear panels as an
alternaive for the seismic upgrading of concrete structures in Advances in Engineering Sotware, Vol.
38, Issues 8–9, August–September 2007, 626–636
3. Salzano, A., Vanacore, R. and Faella, C. (2012) Un approccio integrato per la riqualiicazione
architetonica e l’adeguamento struturale dell’edilizia residenziale pubblica in Abitare il
nuovo/abitare di nuovo ai tempi della crisi, Ai delle Giornate Internazionali di Studio “Abitare il
Futuro” 2a Edizione, December, 12-13 Neaples, Pag.1304-1314 Editor CLEAN ISBN:9788884972361
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
53
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
54
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Assessment of Seismic Resilience of Buildings
Özgür Bozdağ
Dr.
ozgur.bozdag@deu.edu.tr
Mutlu Seçer
Assit.Prof.Dr.
mutlu.secer@ikc.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
Earthquakes occurred worldwide caused to excessive economic losses and causaliies at many countries. For
reducing these losses, aciviies are concentrated into two main subjects: preparedness to seismic event and
reducing vulnerability of structures and society. Communiies should saisfy these both condiions in order
to achieve high resilience against earthquakes.
Earthquake codes are mainly focused on structural safety for saisfying life safety. Losses are not considered
directly during design phase. In this paper it is aimed to igure out the main aspects of the earthquake
resilience concept. Some parts of resilience, such as loss esimaion, recovery funcions, fragility funcions,
are described. Based on these explanaions, some suggesions for quanifying resilience are provided.
Keywords
Seismic resilience, loss funcion, fragility funcion, recovery funcion.
INTRODUCTION
Ater recent destrucive earthquakes, earthquake resistant design of new buildings and seismic retroiing of
exising buildings become more important for reducing economical losses and casualies. In order to reduce
losses, various performance levels consistent with usage purpose of the buildings have been ideniied. In the
design of new buildings, it is intended to ensure the life safety performance level. In current regulaions, the
performance levels are determined by the behaviour of structural elements of the building. However,
earthquake caused losses arising during building design is not taken into account.
In the present paper, main part of the seismic resilience is described and some suggesions for quaniicaion
of resilience are given.
SEISMIC RESILLIENCE OF BUILDINGS
The concept of seismic resilience is used for evaluaion of both direct and indirect losses of the structural
design based on predeined loss funcions within a speciied recovery period. Resilience term represents the
capability to sustain level of funcionality or performance of structure over predeined control ime.
According to importance of the structure, to desired funcionality or performance level is decided by owner
or society. Ater the natural or man-made disaster, such as earthquake, the ime required for restore the
funcionality of a structure to a desired funcionality or performance level is deined as recovery ime.
Recovery ime consist of two parts: the construcion recovery ime and business recovery ime. Recovery
ime is includes high uncertainies and depend on many factors, such as earthquake intensity, distance to
epicenter, locaion of building to resources, etc. Earthquake resilience concept is schemaically shown in
Figure 1.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
55
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Functionality
100%
25%
Extreme Event
50%
End of Recovery
75%
Control Time
(End of Service Life)
Desired
Functionality
After Recovery
Initial
Functionality
tNE
tNE+ TRE
TLC
Time
Recovery Time
Figure 1. Schemaic representaion of earthquake resilience
Earthquake induced economic losses or causaliies are esimated based on diferent damage scenarios.
Earthquake losses are depend on many uncertain parameters but in general ideniied by loss funcion which
is expressed as a funcion of earthquake intensity and recovery ime. Losses are combinaion of structural
and non-structural losses. Non-structural loses are divided into four parts: Direct economic losses, direct
causaliies losses, indirect economic losses, and indirect causaliies losses.
Loss Esimaion
Esimaion of earthquake induced losses is very complicated due to complex nature of the event. Every
speciic scenario causes to change the level of losses. Losses are divided into two main parts: Direct losses
and indirect losses. These parts may be divided into two groups: Economic losses and causaliies. All these
losses are predicted by loss a funcion which is expressed as earthquake intensity and recovery ime. Loss
esimaion models are focused on predicion of iniial losses relaive to pre-earthquake condiions but are
not involve post-earthquake losses during recovery period.
Recovery Funcions
For evaluaing the resilience of the structure, recovery ime is considered by simple recovery funcion
models. It is not easy to deine detailed recovery funcion for quaniicaion of resilience. Recovery funcions,
in general, are selected as linear, exponenial or trigonometric funcion depends on recovery ime and the
instant of ime when the earthquake occurs based on preparedness of the both community and structures.
Fragility Funcions
Funcionality losses ater earthquake are esimated by fragility funcions. Fragility curves represent the
probability for the exceedance of target performance state of building during various ground moions.
Evaluaion of the fragility curves is a one of the key parameter for evaluaion of the resilience.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
56
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
CONCLUSION
Concept of resilience includes many disciplines from earthquake engineering to economics and social
sciences. Due to complexity of the earthquakes, it is not easy to quanify the direct and indirect losses by a
simple funcion. For this reason, main parameters for evaluaing seismic resilience should be determined
prudently and risk must be minimized depend on the importance of the designed building.
Contributes to the Roadmap
Earthquake performance of the buildings should be deined based on economic losses and causaliies. For
this purpose, loss funcions should be ideniied. Ater seismic event, it needs to establish recovery ime,
recovery funcions, and desired level of funcionality depend on type of the structure.
Open Issues
Main parts of the resilience concept should be established clearly for quaniicaion. Connecions between
community, building and ciies should be discussed.
REFERENCES
1. Cimellaro, G.P., Reinhorn, M.A. and Bruneau, M. (2010) Framework for analyical quaniicaion of
disaster resilience, Engineering Structures, 32, 11, 3639-3649.
2. Cimellaro, G.P., Reinhorn, M.A., Bruneau, M. and Rutenberg, A. (2006) Mulidimensional fragility of
structures: formulaion and evaluaion, MCEER technical report—MCEER-06-0002 University at
Bufalo, The State University of New York.
3. Reinhorn, A.M., Barron-Corverra, R. and Ayala, A.G. (2001) Spectral evaluaion of seismic fragility of
structures, Proceedings ICOSSAR 2001.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
57
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
58
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Experimental study on the seismic behavior of muli-layer
energy eicient sandwich wall panels
Bin Zhao
Jia Mu
State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reducion
in Civil Engineering
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reducion
in Civil Engineering
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
ABSTRACT
A new type of energy eicient building structural system applying muli-layer sandwich wall panel is recently
developed in China. The panel is composed of ive layers, while both outside layers serve as the formwork
during the construcion and decoraion for the aterword normal use. The center core is made of precast
foam concrete slab which may signiicantly reduce energy loss. Rest part of the wall panel is cast in place
with ine concrete reinforced by wire mesh and restrained by small ine bar reinforced columns with
speciied spacing. In this paper, the seismic behavior of this innovaive wall panel is invesigated by
experimental technologies. Based on the diferent thickness of concrete layer and the secion shape of the
wall panels, a total of 3 groups (6 specimens included) are built and tested under quasi-staic loads. The
hystereic curve, bearing capacity, stress and strain of steel and concrete, cracking process and failure patern
are obtained for wall panels. The tests show that the verical reinforcements of the end columns yield in
tension, while the botom concrete of end columns crush, the diagonal cracks distribute along the wall panel,
and the width of all cracks are relaively narrow except the ones which induce the inal failure. According to
the experimental results and theoreical analyses, one can ind that muli-layer sandwich wall panel has quite
good ducility and may be used in the area with earthquake risk.
Keywords
Energy Eicient Building Structure, Muli-Layer Wall Panel; Seismic Behavior; Quasi-Staic Test.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
59
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
60
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Seismic isolaion for exising masonry houses in
Groningen/NL combined with thermal upgrading
R.Blok
P.M.Teufel
TU/e University of Technology Eindhoven
Department Built Environment
Unit Structural design
R.Blok@tue.nl
TU/e University of Technology Eindhoven
Department Built Environment
Unit Structural Design
P.M.Teufel@tue.nl
ABSTRACT
Induced earthquakes, caused by the winning of natural Gas in the North of the Netherlands (Groningen
province), are causing signiicant damage to the exising, oten relaively weak, masonry buildings. This
seismic hazard and seismic rehabilitaion problem in the Groningen area involves much more than just a
technical seismic safety problem. Many diferent stakeholders are involved, not in the least the local
populaion, atached to their local environment and their oten privately owned houses. The proposed
seismic rehabilitaion method can preserve and improve these masonry housing units, by combining seismic
isolaion with thermal insulaion. Core of the approach is applying seismic base isolaion by removing the
exising, oten poor quality, imber loor structure, and, making new foundaion fooings with a new thermal
insulated structural (reinforced concrete) ground loor. First calculaions indicate that the rehabilitaion
method can signiicantly reduce the seismic impact and seismic hazard of these exising masonry houses.
Keywords
Induced earthquake, seismic base isolaion, seismic retroit, rehabilitaion, thermal upgrading, masonry
structures, Groningen, sustainability, seismic hazard.
INTRODUCTION
Due to the winning of natural Gas in the north of the Netherlands (in the province of Groningen) more and
more induced earthquakes have been registered with increasing ground-moion acceleraions. The shallow
nature of these induced earthquakes, combined with the relaively weak structures of these mostly masonry
brick buildings, are causing signiicant damage to the buildings. Also, the shallow nature of these
earthquakes cause relaively big peak ground acceleraions (PGA) that are comparable to other European
earthquake regions in Italy, Greece or Turkey. The Dutch code (NPR 9998, 2015) now prescribes PGA
reference values as high as 0,42 g (return period of 475 years). Due to the amount of exising buildings and
diferent stakeholders, many paries are now involved. The seismic hazard and seismic rehabilitaion problem
in the Groningen area is quite clearly much more than just a technical seismic safety problem. Economic as
well as cultural and societal aspects (strongly varying for diferent stakeholders) are involved in the decision
process regarding opions to do nothing, to demolish and replace, or to rehabilitate exising buildings to
diferent standards. Building owners ind it diicult to grasp the risks involved. They respond diferently to
visible damage and have someimes litle economic means. On top of that a lot of the exising houses in this
region are of a relaively low quality masonry with poor structural integrity. It is now esimated that 35.000
houses need immediate strengthening measures (Arup, 2015) in (Steering Group NPR, 2015). It can be
expected that these strengthening measures can have a large impact on the users and occupants of the
buildings because oten they will have to vacate the buildings for a longer period. Eindhoven University of
Technology TU/e is, as we speak, involved in the tesing of many diferent brickwork samples taken from
various buildings in the Groningen area, in order to evaluate the current situaion beter. The proposed
seismic rehabilitaion of these low quality masonry housing units, combines seismic isolaion with thermal
insulaion. The method is now further developed and invesigated at TU/e.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
61
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED REHABILITATION METHOD
The core of the proposal is to shit the load transfer from the exising poor quality strip fooing foundaions
(oten in masonry) to a limited number of new foundaion fooings. Between these new fooings and the
new structural ground loor of the house high damping/ sliding bearing blocks are applied. Figure 1, (a/b/c),
shows the stepwise approach of the rehabilitaion process in a schemaic cross-secion of the foundaion and
ground loor of an imaginary masonry house.
Figure 10. a/b/c/: Construcion steps, showing the change in the load transfer from poor quality strip fooings to a
seismic isolated fooings combined with thermal insulaion of the ground loor.
The principle of this method, to create a new structural ground loor, is a rather common approach in exising
foundaion rehabilitaion techniques, where a poor strip fooing foundaion is replaced by a pile foundaion,
or where a failing imber pile foundaion (for example in the Amsterdam area) is replaced by a new pile
foundaion. Also the principle of seismic isolaion through the use of isolaing bearings is a known approach
for new structures and quite common in bridge engineering. Elastomeric bearings, Lead-rubber bearings,
oten combined with addiional damping systems for energy dissipaion can be used. For opimal use of the
systems and for economic reasons it is useful to concentrate the verical loads on a limited number of new
bearings. Due to the relaive light construcion method of these low rise buildings, this concentraion of
forces is feasible, by construcing a relaively thick reinforced concrete ground loor. The open space under
the previous imber loor makes this possible. Point of atenion is that these new bearings should provide
suicient rigidity under minor earthquakes and wind loading. A major advantage of this approach is that the
new groundloor can be cast on a new layer of groundloor insulaion. Thus the ground loors’ thermal
insulaion properies can be drasically improved. Ground loor insulaion is sill one of the best investments
for building owners in the Netherlands in terms of energy reducion and payback ime. The thermal
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
62
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
insulaion improves the economic feasibility and can greatly enlarge the building owners willingness to invest
in such a method.
FIRST MODELLING
The proposed method by TU/e has not yet been put into pracise in the Groningen area. Dynamic
calculaions show however, that this method of base isolaion can be quite promising. First simple elasic
modelling (igure 2 a/b/c/) using earthquake response spectra indicate that this foundaion rehabilitaion
approach on sliding/ absorbing bearings can signiicantly reduce the impact on the masonry upper structure.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 11.
Elasic model of new concrete loor with exising brickwork and imber frame on new (sliding)
bearings with a horizontal spring sifness K; Figure 2b: Resuling bending moments due to seismic loading with
high horizontal spring sifness (M = 3,56 kNm). Figure 2c: Similar, with a low horizontal spring sifness (M =
0,95 kNm).
The damping and/or sliding bearings at the top of the new foundaions are here modelled as horizontal
springs in which the sifness is varied. Low sifness here can signiicantly reduce the acceleraions and the
seismic response, for example the bending moment, in the poor quality masonry superstructure of the
house. The reducions in bending moments need further veriicaion however.
ADAPTED SDOF MODELLING
First calculaions in the ime domain with SDOF (Single Degree Of Freedom) models involve the comparison
of structures with and without horizontal sliding bearings. The calculaions use a ime stepping approach
following Wilson’s recurrence formulae (Wilson, 2002) with a scaled earthquake (to a max PGA of 5 m/s 2) as
input acceleraions. The calculaions use a single constant coeicient of fricion. Obviously diferent values
depending on the horizontal sliding deformaion of the foundaion could be used to decrease the horizontal
sliding deformaion. Furthermore addiional damping at the base level could further improve the behaviour.
Figure 3 shows the comparison of a SDOF model using representaive masses and spring sifness for a small
2 story masonry house with on top of that a pitched roof. (Mass: 105.000 kg; Spring sifness 2.000.000 N/m)
The model without fricion slider uses a damping of 5% of the criical damping. The model with fricion slider
uses a constant fricion coeicient: 0,2 and an increased damping of 15 %. The slip of the base (new ground
loor on top of the new fooings) was calculated from the reducion in seismic input acceleraion. The base
slip deformaion has been calculated as the resuling relaive horizontal deformaion and speed due to the
diference in acceleraion between base and ground.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
63
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 12. Comparison of the Spring and damper forces with on the let: SDOF model without fricion sliding (max
Spring Frce 188,5 kN); On the Right SDOF model combined with fricion sliding and enlarged damping (max
Spring Force 113,7 kN). isolated fooings combined with thermal insulaion of the ground loor.
Figure 13. Comparison the Mass deformaions with on the let: SDOF model without fricion sliding; On the Right
SDOF model combined with fricion sliding and enlarged damping.
The comparisons show a signiicant decrease in the maximum Spring force, from 188,5 kN to 113,7 kN.
Similar the relaive Mass displacement decreases from 0,094 m to 0,057m (excluding the sliding, slip of the
foundaion). Although the masonry buildings are relaively low weight structures, calculaions show that the
model has suicient sifness to withstand the maximum horizontal wind forces.
By using extra damping at the base level instead of extra damping in the model applied in the Mass and by
using for example Triple Fricion Pendulum Bearings (TPB) the system can be further opimised and
customised depending on the housing speciicaions as well as the input parameters and characterisics of
the induced Groningen earthquakes. Figure 5 shows such a TPB with adjustable backbone curve where the
fricion characterisics depend on the speciic dimensions of the TPB. (Fenz 2008) and (Open sees
Berkeley.edu 2015)
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
64
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 14. On the let: Three Dimensional view of TPB bearing (top) and verical secions with dimensional parameters
(botom) and the backbone curve of the resuling fricion deformaion relaion (right). Figure from:
htp://opensees.berkeley.edu/wiki/index.php/Triple_Fricion_Pendulum
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ROADMAP
The irst invesigaion of the proposed rehabilitaion method, using simple models and seismic calculaions as
well as ime domain models, indicate that the retroit method may provide very good opportuniies for
seismic upgrading and rehabilitaion. Technically the method proofs to be feasible. It has some clear
advantages, in terms of economics and energy performance, over other approaches, by combining the
seismic retroit with thermal upgrading of the ground loor.
Contributes to the Roadmap
Further development of the proposed seismic isolaion method for the exising masonry houses in
Groningen/NL clearly contributes to the main goals and the proposed roadmap for the resilient
transformaion of the exising building stock. It involves and considers occupants safety in this area with
increased seismic hazard, it provides soluions honoring architectural/heritage value. Further development is
needed, but by combining the seismic retroit with thermal insulaion, the retroit approach clearly has an
economic raionale. It thus contributes to improving overall energy and funcional (comfort) performance.
Open Issues
A number of diferent aspects, covering technical as well as economic and social cultural aspects, need
further invesigaion. The technical aspects involve further research and (3D-) modelling. The extend of the
inluence on verical/ radial ground moions and ground acceleraions (apart from the horizontal) on this
approach needs invesigaion. Also the plasic (3D-) behavior of masonry should be invesigated further. Nonlinear inal element calculaions that including hysteresis damping are seen as essenial next steps. Detailing
soluions have to be found for lexible connecions of the building services to account for the possible
enlarged horizontal movements of the house, (although this might not be very diferent from other seismic
upgrading soluions).
The economic feasibility would involve test designs on exising buildings including construcion detailing, and
solving the logisics of the construcion process, and thus opimizing the involved cost aspects. Esimaion of
the changed thermal energy behavior by the insulated ground loor can provide more insight in the
advantages of this approach in terms of inancial and sustainability energy gains.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
65
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
The social cultural advantages or disadvantages of upgrading the exising buildings over demoliion need
careful consideraion, including discussion amongst involved paries on how aspects should be weighted.
Some of the exising buildings have considerable architectural and heritage value, some houses are just dear
to their owners and occupants. The comparison of upgrading versus demoliion of the buildings (and creaing
new urban of rural housing) is an area in which stakeholders may have diferent opinions depending on their
interests and point of view.
REFERENCES
1. NPR 9998 (2015): Assessment of structural safety etc., seismic loads induced earthquakes (In Dutch:)
Beoordeling van de construcieve veiligheid van een gebouw bij nieuwbouw, verbouw en akeuren Grondslagen voor aardbevingsbelasingen: Geïnduceerde aardbevingen , NEN, Delt, Netherlands.
2. Steering Group NPR, (2015), Impact Assessment Nederlandse Prakijk Richtlijn Aardbevingsbestendig
bouwen Stuurgroep NPR (in Dutch) Dutch Ministry of Economic afairs, Netherlands.
3. Rajasekaran, S, (2009) Structural dynamics of earthquake engineering, Theory and applicaion using
Mathemaica and Matlab, Woodhead Publishing, New Delhi, India.
4. Wilson, E.L. (2002) Three Dimensional Staic and Dynamic Analysis of Structures , Computers and
Structures, Inc., Berkeley, CA.
5. htp://opensees.berkeley.edu/wiki/index.php/Triple_Fricion_Pendulum opened Oct. 2015
6. Fenz, D.M., Constaninou, M.C. (2008) Spherical sliding isolaion bearings with adapive behavior:
7. Theory. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics; 37(2):163-183
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
66
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Role of seismic vulnerability on the environmental impact of
exising buildings
Andrea Belleri
Alessandra Marini
Dept. Engineering and Applied Sciences
University of Bergamo
andrea.belleri@unibg.it
Dept. Engineering and Applied Sciences
University of Bergamo
alessandra.marini@unibg.it
ABSTRACT
In earthquake prone areas, the beneits derived from the thermal and energy refurbishment of exising
buildings could be jeopardized by the damage associated to seismic events, especially for buildings not
designed according to modern building standards. This could lead to an unexpected and reduced
environmental load, besides represening a safety hazard.
In the present paper an atempt is made to invesigate available procedures in earthquake engineering in
order to include environmental efects related to seismic damage and collapse of buildings. In paricular, the
PEER-PBEE framework is herein adopted to address the embodied carbon related to seismic events of an
exising building ater thermal refurbishment. The applicaion of the procedure to a selected case study
shows how the site seismicity inluences the environmental impact evaluaion of the considered building.
Keywords
Environmental impact assessment, Embodied carbon, operaional carbon, seismic risk, sustainable
refurbishment.
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The structural vulnerability of exising buildings, resuling in major damage or even collapse following a
seismic event, can jeopardize the energy savings obtained acing solely on the energy enhancement side
(Belleri and Marini 2015). Disregarding the seismic impact may result in misleading expectaions on the
actual efect of energy saving measures carried out at district or urban level. In this scenario a procedure is
invesigated in order to include sustainability issues in the seismic risk evaluaion, complemening the
classical loss analysis in terms of human losses, direct economic losses and indirect losses with an
environmental impact assessment. This in turn results in the possibility to account for the environmental
impact associated to the seismic risk in the global sustainability analyses, such as those carried out with a life
cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) procedures.
The selected procedure is taken directly from exising frameworks adopted in earthquake engineering. The
probabilisic performance based earthquake engineering (PBEE) methodology developed at the Paciic
Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Centre is selected, referred to as PEER-PBEE. The PEER-PBEE
procedure (Günay and Mosalam, 2013) accounts directly for various sources of uncertainies and provides as
output the prevision, in terms of repair costs, downime and casualies, of the inluence of possible seismic
events on a given building at a given locaion. To include environmental aspects in the procedure it is
possible to directly subsitute the typical decision variables adopted in earthquake engineering (i.e. repair
costs, downime and casualies) with environmental variables such as global warming potenial, ozone
depleion potenial, acidiicaion and eutrophicaion potenial among others.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
67
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
The procedure involves as input data: the seismic hazard analysis for the site where the building is located;
the structural seismic vulnerability of the considered building; the deiniion of the environmental costs of
structural and non-structural repair works. The input data are combined together in a probabilisic manner to
account for uncertainies related to each of the data set. The combinaion of the data is carried out
automaically through the freely available sotware PACT (Performance Assessment Calculaion Tool)
developed as a result of the ATC-58 project (ATC 2012). The output of the procedure is the expected annual
value of a chosen environmental variable, such as the embodied equivalent carbon dioxide (ECO 2e), related
to structural and non-structural repair works following a seismic event. The results could be compared
directly to the annual operaional carbon ater the solely energy and thermal refurbishment. A conceptual
map of the invesigated procedure is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Conceptual maps of the invesigated procedure.
The invesigated procedure is applied to a selected case study representaive of reinforced concrete
residenial buildings constructed in the Italian territory ater the Second World War, which represent about
50% of the Italian building stock (Marini, Passoni, Riva, Negro, Romano and Taucer, 2014). These buildings
show structural and energy deiciencies and a sustainable renewal is required under muliple perspecives
such as energy eiciency upgrade, structural strengthening and architectural renewal among others:
engineered double skin façade (Feroldi, Marini, Badiani, Plizzari, Giuriani, Riva and Belleri, 2013) represents a
possible integrated retroit soluion accouning for all such requirements.
By applying the procedure to the selected building it is observed how the environmental impact is
dependent on the site seismicity and how the structural retroit, coupled with a thermal refurbishment,
contributes in reducing the inluence of seismic environmental impact on the retroited building. An
example of the results of the procedure is represented in Figure 2 for two Italian ciies with moderate,
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
68
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Brescia, and high seismicity, L’Aquila, ater the sole energy eiciency refurbishment and ater a combined
energy eiciency refurbishment and seismic retroit. The results are expressed in terms of the annual
probability of exceeding a determined value of ECO 2e, indicated in the abscissa, associated to the repair
measures required to restore the building in the before-earthquake condiions. Another way to present the
results is included in Figure 1, where the expected annual ECO 2e for the selected building is shown as a
funcion of the site seismicity. It is worth noing that in the absence of seismic retroit the expected annual
ECO2e could be as high as the annual operaional carbon ater thermal refurbishment.
Figure 2. Invesigated procedure results before and ater seismic retroit in terms of annual probability of exceeding the
ECO2e value reported in the abscissa: (a) Building located in Brescia; (b) Building located in L’Aquila (Italy)
CONCLUSION
The inluence of seismic vulnerability on the environmental impact of exising buildings was highlighted
herein. A procedure derived from the available probabilisic framework in earthquake engineering was
invesigated through the applicaion on a selected case study: an exising building in the Italian territory built
before the enforcement of modern ani-seismic building codes. Based on the site seismicity, it is observed
that the solely energy-upgrade intervenions on vulnerable buildings in seismic prone areas could lead to an
unexpected and reduced environmental eiciency, besides represening a safety hazard.
The procedure invesigated allows to account for the environmental impact associated to the seismic
vulnerability in global sustainability analyses, as for instance life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost
(LCC) procedures.
Contributes to the Roadmap
A probabilisic procedure derived form typical earthquake engineering approach was selected in order to
account for environmental variables, such as embodied carbon, associated to building repair acions ater a
seismic event.
The structural vulnerability of exising buildings, resuling in major damage or even collapse during a seismic
event, afects the energy savings obtained with energy retroit intervenions, beside being a safety hazard.
Depending on the site seismicity, the target of nearly-zero-energy buildings can only be achieved if the
appropriate energy eiciency intervenions are carried out on structurally safe construcions.
Remarks on single buildings are even more criical when expanded at district and city level, where the
vulnerability of enire districts may jeopardise the efeciveness of extensive energy saving measures.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
69
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Open Issues
The inluence of seismic risk is not actually included in the evaluaion of environmental impact of exising
buildings. How could the seismic risk be included in life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC)
procedures?
Disregarding seismic risk may result in erroneous expectaions on the actual efect of extensive energy saving
measures. Should the current way to assign naional subsides for energy refurbishment be changed?
REFERENCES
1. Belleri, A. and Marini, A. (2015) Does seismic risk afect the environmental impact of exising
buildings?, Energy and Buildings, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.10.048
2. Günay, S. and Mosalam, K.M. (2013) PEER Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Methodology,
Revisited, Journal of Earthquake Engineering , 17, 6, 829-858.
3. Applied Technology Council - ATC (2012) Development of Next Generaion Performance- Based
Seismic Design Procedures for New and Exising Buildings.
htps://www.atcouncil.org/Projects/atc-58-project.html
4. Marini, A. Passoni, C. Riva, P. Negro, P. Romano, E. and Taucer, F. (2014) Technology opions for
earthquake resistant, eco-eicient buildings in Europe: Research needs. Report EUR 26497 EN.
JRC87425. ISBN 978-92-79-35424-3. doi:10.2788/68902.
5. Feroldi, F. Marini, A. Badiani, B. Plizzari, G. Giuriani, E. Riva, P. and Belleri, A. (2013). Energy eiciency
upgrading, architectural restyling and structural retroit of modern buildings by means of
“engineered” double skin façade. Proceedings of the Second Internaional Conference Structures
and Architecture ICSA, July 24–26, Guimarães, Portugal.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
70
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Earthquake Damage Cost Analysis of Resilient Steel Buildings
Mutlu Seçer
Özgür Bozdağ
Assit.Prof.Dr.
mutlu.secer@ikc.edu.tr
Dr.
ozgur.bozdag@deu.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
There is an increasing recogniion that the convenional approach of ducile design of steel buildings for
collapse prevenion, which is necessary, may not be suicient for the necessiies of the present society.
Structural designs that provide minimizing the disrupion and cost of repairs following major earthquakes are
required. Earthquake damage cost analysis is one of the suitable tools for evaluaing the performance of
steel buildings. In this study, a methodology is presented for improving performance-based engineering
aspects from seismic resilience perspecive. In this approach, alternaive designs of a steel building are
accounted with diferent level of safety or reliability and the probability of exceeding the various damage
levels under a given earthquake intensity are determined. Iniial costs and earthquake damage costs that are
expected during the design life of the steel building are esimated and the minimum expected life cycle cost
is ideniied by underlying its safety.
Keywords (Required)
Earthquake damage cost, life cycle cost, resilient steel buildings, pushover analysis.
INTRODUCTION
The general principle of earthquake resistant design codes are to prevent structural and non-structural
elements of buildings from any damage in low intensity earthquakes; to limit the damage in structural and
non-structural elements to repairable levels in medium-intensity earthquakes, and to prevent the overall or
parial collapse of buildings in high-intensity earthquakes in order to avoid the loss of life (TERDC, 2007).
Although earthquake resistant design codes aim to protect life and reduce damage, the costs from possible
future earthquakes and the diiculty in repairing the post-earthquake damage, suggest the need for
consideraion of damage control in the design rather than life loss prevenion. Life safety is obviously
essenial and important in seismic design and should be conserved. However, cost feature has long been
recognized to be important, but the issue has not been explicitly included in the structural design
requirements. Direct and indirect large scale economic losses due to structural as well as non-structural
damages in the recent earthquakes caused considerable concerns among structural engineering community
as well as in society (Erdik, 2000). Therefore, it is important to incorporate damage control explicitly into the
design process so that tremendous economic impacts due to earthquake damages can be reduced to an
acceptable level. This can be taken into account by the development of a design criterion which balances the
iniial cost of the steel building with the expected potenial losses from future earthquake damages.
Earthquake resistant design soluions with more economical use of resources while saisfying convenional
code requirements become a paricular interest among the structural engineers (Jarmai, Farkas and
Kurobane, 2006). Seismic resistant design of steel moment frame buildings in an economic perspecive
requires a balanced minimizaion of two general compeing objecives; the iniial capital investment and the
future seismic risk. Many of the exising seismic design opimizaion procedures use single objecive
funcions of either the convenional minimum material usage or the recent minimum expected life cycle cost
criterion while following the related design code speciicaions as well as addiional seismic performance
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
71
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
regulaions. Research eforts are mainly focused on eicient implementaion of single objecive based
structural material usage with imposing constraints from relevant code speciicaions however does not
completely relect the requirements of the design pracice. In contrast to strict constraints in convenional
seismic design codes, acceptable performance parameters recommended in recent performance based
seismic design guidelines illustrates performance ranges that a building may sustain when responding to
diferent performance levels. The damage condiion associated with each performance level is illustrated
quanitaively by deformaion indices as a measure of damage level that a steel building will experience
during signiicant earthquake events of that paricular level. Thus, in addiion to designing a steel building for
severe damage states such as life safety as required in convenional design codes, performance based design
concept also enables damage control for reducing future economical loses in the design state.
In this study, a methodology based on cost efecive and earthquake resistant steel building design is aimed
to be invesigated in order to fulil the aspects of life ime structural engineering. Iniial costs, earthquake
damage costs that are expected during the design life of the steel building are explained. The methodology is
based on the performance based design concept, where pushover analysis is performed to determine the
capacity of each candidate design. It is exposed that an opimum design with respect to the minimum iniial
cost is far from being opimum with respect to the total lifeime cost of the building. Also, life cycle cost
analysis results serve as an objecive funcion in order to take into account the level of damage caused by
future earthquakes.
PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN CONCEPT
Performance based building design is a general structural design philosophy in which the design criteria is
chosen with respect to the selected performance level under various seismic moions. The most important
aim of the contemporary seismic design is not only protecing the human life but also accouning the
addiional performance targets. The developments in computer technology within the last decades made
possible to employ more complex and realisic design procedures based on nonlinear analysis instead of
convenional linear analysis.
Performance based design concepts have been introduced by various guidelines (SEAOC Vision 2000, 1994;
ATC 40, 1996; FEMA 356, 2000; FEMA 440, 2000). The main objecive of the guidelines is to increase the
safety against earthquakes, to make them have a predictable and reliable performance. There are various
types of analysis methods for assessing the structural performance level of buildings. Guidelines generally
suggest the use of linear staic, nonlinear staic, linear dynamic, and nonlinear dynamic analysis procedures.
However, the most popular analysis method is the nonlinear staic analysis which is also known as pushover
analysis. Pushover analysis is a very eicient method for the direct evaluaion of the structural performance
at each limit-state. The aim of the pushover analysis is to assess the structural performance in terms of
strength and deformaion capacity. Pushover analysis is based on the assumpion that the response of the
building is related to the response of an equivalent single degree of freedom system with properies
proporional to the fundamental mode of the building. Using the analysis results, the sequence of member
yielding, inelasic deformaion amount of criical members, maximum inter storey drits and the possible
collapse mechanisms of the building can be ideniied.
The pushover analysis which begins ater the applicaion of gravity loads uses a lateral load distribuion
generally proporional to the fundamental mode of the building. The building model is pushed using the
predeined ixed lateral load patern and total lateral load is incremented up to the lateral displacement of
the control node reaches to the displacement demand of the selected earthquake level. The displacement
demand of earthquake which is also called the target displacement can be obtained depending on the
performance level considered (FEMA 356, 2000).
The pushover curve, which is obtained with the end of the pushover analysis, is converted to a bilinear curve
with a horizontal post-yield branch that balances the area below and above the pushover curve and the yield
base shear of building is determined. Using a single fundamental mode dominated load patern in a
pushover analysis may provide saisfactory esimaion of the maximum inter storey drit when it occurs at
the lower storey levels for regular buildings.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
72
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
EVALUATION OF LIFE CYCLE COST
The life cycle cost of a steel building can be considered as the sum of many diferent cost components. Cost
of planning and design, cost of structural materials, cost of fabricaion such as connecion of members, cost
of transporing fabricated pieces to the construcion ield, cost of handling and storage costs of rolled
secions are basic iniial costs. Erecion cost, cost of tool operaions and machinery on the construcion site,
cost of preparing the project site including the cost of preparing the foundaions are also parts of the iniial
cost funcions. In general, iniial cost funcions highly depend on the design intensity. The non-structural
component costs, such as those of pariioning, which may be high but do not depend on design intensity,
were therefore, generally not considered as iniial cost components.
There are other cost components which are generally accounted in life cycle cost calculaions. Maintenance
cost such as paining of exposed members of a steel building, inspecion cost to prevent a potenially major
damage to the building, repair cost, operaing cost required for proper funcional use of the building such as
heaing and electricity, damage cost based on an acceptable probability of failure, demolishing costs are
some of the other cost components beside the iniial costs.
In recent years, the limit state cost funcions which is also an important part of the life cycle cost analysis
have gained importance. The term limit state cost funcions consist of potenial damage cost from
earthquakes that may occur during the lifespan of the building. Limit state cost funcions neglects other
expenses which are not related to earthquake damages, such as maintenance costs. The limit state
dependent cost funcions mainly consists of damage cost, loss of contents, relocaion cost, economic loss
which is the sum of rental and income loss, cost of injury, and cost of human fatality, and other direct or
indirect economic losses (Secer and Bozdag, 2011). Limit state dependent cost funcions are speciied in
numerous documents (FEMA 227, 1994; FEMA 228, 1994; ATC 13, 1987).
CONCLUSION
Structural engineers almost generally tend to design cost efecive seismic resistant buildings that favourably
balance iniial investments and future seismic risk. However, designers may someimes make a decision
either designing with the least iniial expense limited by the maximum acceptable risk or inding a design
soluion with the lowest risk measure not to exceed a prescribed amount of iniial cost. When the life cycle
cost curve for the alternaive designs are ploted, the designer will be able to monitor the desired design in
an economic perspecive.
In this study, cost efecive and earthquake resistant steel building design is aimed to be invesigated in order
to fulil the aspects of life ime structural engineering. Staic pushover analyses are advised to be used for
pracically determining the earthquake damage cost and calculaing the level of damage for diferent
earthquake intensiies. If base shear values versus total cost graphics are ploted accouning life cycle cost
analysis, opimal system yield force coeicient can be determined for the steel building. Life cycle cost curve
shows that, when only the material weight is minimized then the resuling design may easily be damaged
with future earthquakes. Likewise, these earthquake damages may lead to higher cost in the lifeime of the
steel building. Finally, the results of these analyses can be easily evaluated, since the performance of a
building is speciied in economic terms.
Contributes to the Roadmap
In order to derive the roadmap for the improvement of earthquake resistance and eco-eiciency of exising
buildings and ciies, many researchers and praciioners worldwide are working to develop economical
systems that can dependably permit engineered faciliies to coninue funcioning even following a large
seismic event. In this study, a methodology is outlined for determining earthquake damage cost of a steel
building during the planning phase accouning performance based design procedures. In this manner,
structural engineers and building owners may be able to decide the building performance level accouning
iniial cost and earthquake damage cost. Correspondingly, the outcomes of these analyses are easy to be
understood for public, especially for building owners, when the reliability and performance of a building is
indicated in economic terms.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
73
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Open Issues
The value and efeciveness of this methodology should be judged in the context of how eiciently it
manages direct losses and improve seismic resilience. Likewise, cost components other than the earthquake
damage cost should be evaluated and their efects on total life cycle cost should be reported.
REFERENCES
1. TERDC (2007) Turkish earthquake resistant design code, Ministry of Public Works and Setlement of
Turkey, Ankara, Turkey.
2. Erdik, M. (2000) Report on 1999 Kocaeli and Duzce (Turkey) earthquakes. Department of Earthquake
Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
3. Jarmai, K., Farkas, J. and Kurobane, Y. (2006) Opimal seismic design of a muli-storey steel frame,
Engineering Structures, 28, 1038-1048.
4. SEAOC Vision 2000 (1995) A framework of performance-based seismic engineering of buildings,
Structural Engineers Associaion of California, Sacramento California, USA.
5. ATC 40 (1996) Seismic evaluaion and retroit of concrete buildings. Applied Technology Council,
Redwood City California, USA.
6. FEMA 356 (2000) Prestandard and commentary for seismic rehabilitaion of buildings, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, Washington DC, USA.
7. FEMA 440 (2000) Improvement of nonlinear staic seismic analysis procedures. Federal Emergency
Management Agency, Washington DC, USA.
8. Secer, M. and Bozdag, O. (2011) Efect of X-bracing coniguraion on earthquake damage cost of steel
building, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management , 17:3, 348-356.
9. FEMA 227 (1994) A beneit/cost model for the seismic rehabilitaion of buildings, Volume 1 , Federal
Emergency Management Agency, Washington DC, USA.
10. FEMA 228 (1994) A beneit/cost model for the seismic rehabilitaion of buildings, Volume 2. Federal
Emergency Management Agency. Washington DC, USA.
11. ATC 13 (1985) Earthquake damage evaluaion data for California. Applied Technology Council.
Redwood City California, USA.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
74
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
We are far away…
Arion Crisian
Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest
arion@utcb.ro
ABSTRACT
Is Europe prepared to solve the seismic risk problem? How far are we from reaching Japan or Chile’s
resilience? These are two quesions with possible soluions not only from Brussels poliicians, but also from
scieniic communiies.
Keywords
Eurocodes, seismic risk, legislaion.
INTRODUCTION
The paper is focused on two direcions for reducion of the seismic risk in Europe: European building codes
for construcion design and budgetary allocaion for research from the European Commission.
EUROCODES
Staring with the irst document Direcive 73/23/EEC, The Low Voltage Direcive, the EU inds the way for
aboliion of technical barriers to trade in Europe. CEN –European Commitee for Standardizaion has the
following role in EU: “European Standardizaion plays an important role in the development and
consolidaion of the European Single Market. Governments can be users of standards both for their
procurement and in support for their legislaive or other policies. They are therefore interested in having
good standards available for use. The European Standards published by CEN are developed by experts,
established by consensus and adopted by the Members of CEN. It is important to note that the use of
standards is voluntary , and so there is no legal obligaion to apply them”, but at the same ime
“unavoidable” in pracice.
The European Commission has a dedicated unit dealing speciically with standardizaion policy for the EU but
the European Commission plays no role in relaion to the technical choices made in the European
Standards; it is only interested in ensuring that the standardizaion structures and procedures remain
eicient, accountable and transparent . The General Guidelines for the Cooperaion between CEN,
Cenelec and ETSI (European Standards Organisaions) and the European Commission and the European Free
Trade Associaion was signed in 28 March 2003, and published on Oicial Journal C 091 , 16/04/2003 P. 0007
– 0011. The European Commitee for Standardizaion (CEN) and the European Commitee for
Electrotechnical Standardizaion (CENELEC) are two disinct private internaional non-proit
organizaions based in Brussels.
In CEN, the preparaion of the standards is made by 420 Technical Commitees (TC’s) that each have their
own ield of operaion (scope) within which a 1633 Working Groups (WG’s) work programme of ideniied
standards is developed and executed.
Only 1 from 420 , the TC 250 is dealing with “Standardizaion of structural design rules for building and civil
engineering works”. Within this TC are established the rules of making construcions that can withstand the
natural or human hazards, so called EUROCODES.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
75
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Since the 1970’s Europe has invested from the European taxpayer a lot of public money in European
standardizaion. For example, Horizon 2020, the biggest EU research and innovaion programme ever has
€79 billion available over 7 years (2014-2020). The Joint Research Centre’s the Commission's in-house science
service and the only service responsible for direct research, through Horizon 2020 has a budget of €2 billion,
will contribute with developing standards and providing references in support of European compeiiveness.
In comparison, with only €0.07 billion budget (1999), CEN has the copyrights on all European Standards (EN)
including the EUROCODES. As a fact, only for the structural design, a civil engineer must spend more than
10.000 Euros on EUROCODES. This is a big mistake, and the European engineering/consultancy cannot
promote that knowledge outside Europe. In comparison, let’s look at the United States of America: public
money = free access to the results to anyone. Maybe, that is why in many countries from all the coninents,
the engineers are using the American building code models.
The soluion found in the European Union, through the legislaive technique of the ‘New Approach’,
demonstrates perfectly that the responsibility for safety and other public interest maters lies with
governments. Now, a quesion can be raised:
How can we let an NGO (i.e. CEN) to establish the rules of how to build houses, but in the case of disaster the
governments are responsible if they will fall apart? Where is the responsibility? Why is Europe diferent and
why there is no acion taken? This is an issue of the poliicians.
The results of the implementaion of EUROCODE regulaions can be observed in Figure 1, where the
diferences between the seismic performances of the buildings will be very diferent in the case of a strong
earthquake. In Figure 1 are presented two structures located in a high seismic area of a Mediterranean
country. We can noice the outstanding engineering for the airport building, but in the same ime in the
opposite situaion is the design and construcion of the apartment building.
Figure 1. Building structure built in high seismic areas (apartment bldg.-let; airport bldg.-right)
The apartment building will be the tomb for the future inhabitants in the case of an earthquake, and the
European scieniic community knows that from many years ago.
Figure 2 (Italy, April 6, 2009 earthquake) provides evidence of the “good behaviour” since the RC frame
structure is not damaged and no “plasic hinges” were developed. But the taxpayer, owner of the apartment
from Figure 2 will not agree with the engineering point of view. The owner lost his property/money without
any fault. This is an issue of the engineers.
Why in seismic areas of Europe the EUROCODES allow the design engineers to recommend ceramic blocks,
even, we have many damaging lessons from disasters?
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
76
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Are the European ciizens of damaged properies guilty because they believe in the quality assurance system
provided by EUROCODES? Maybe yes, they are guilty for not being insured - this is a policy maker’s point of
view (mainly from seismic free countries). But ater a large disaster the experience show that the insurers or
reinsurers companies get bankrupts (see Kobe, Katrina, San Francisco, etc. disasters) and the ciizens are not
covered.
Figure 2. Damage of apartment building in l’Aquila
In the case of moderate Italy, April 6, 2009 earthquake, magnitude M w=6.3, 308 people lost their lives in a
very small afected area (the city of L’Aquila capital city of Abruzzo and nearby 26 villages). The esimated
inancial losses reach €16 billion. Ater 6 years, Italian governments have spent more than €8 billion
construcing a new town for residents of city centre and also for reconstrucion of the old city. The town,
inanced in part with European funds €0.5 billion, has been hit by a number of scandals. According to the EU
Court of Auditors, more than 4,000 apartments were bought at 158 percent above the market value. Many
residents described the houses as being of “poor quality.” The European reality is more cruel and the
diferences between EU and Japan, USA or Chile is that "in California, an earthquake like this one would not
have killed a single person"-Franco Barberi (head of Italian Civil Protecion). Maybe, one soluion is to follow
east European experience in implemening the construcion regulaions. Why? Let’s have a look at the
number of illegal construcions in Italy, Spain, and Greece in comparison to Romania, Bulgaria or Slovenia. If
not, follow the Chilean or American quality control and responsibiliies systems in the ield of construcion.
The developer, the structural engineer, the construcion company and the oicial from the city
hall, who make the veriicaions, have to be life responsible for the quality of their product.
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
How far away are we in the ield of structural tesing faciliies? We have to compare the budgets spend by
Japan and the US in the ield of structural tesing with European one. Only for the E-Defense tesing facility
from MIKI/ Kobe, Japan paid €0.5 billion. Also, in comparison with Japan, the European Commission might act
as the main investor while the big European construcion companies do not invest in research faciliies or in
research programs. This is why in Europe, even from the project phase, construcions are vulnerable to
earthquakes.
In the Figure 3 (let side) is presented one of the results of the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program
(GSHAP). The European populaion afected by strong earthquakes is similar with the Japanese one and is
more than double of all the afected Americans.
The last research program for esimaing the seismic hazard is: SHARE European Seismic Hazard Map 2013.
SHARE has published recently, 2014, the European Seismic Hazard Map showing the 10% exceedance
probability in 50 years for Peak Ground Acceleraion, Figure 3 (right side). The diferences between the maps
presented in Figure 3 can be noiced.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
77
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 3. Damage Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) and results for Europe (let) and SHARE
European Seismic Hazard Map 2013 (right)
In the SHARE European Seismic Hazard Map 2013, the hazard values are referenced to a rock velocity of
vs30=800m/s. One quesion might be for the case of ciies like Bucharest where the rock is at depths of around
1 km. And if we take into account that during the last century the largest magnitude earthquakes occurred in
Romania (10.11.1940 Mw=7.7; 4.03.1977 Mw=7.5), how is SHARE going to be used?
The proposal to use the results from SHARE research project in the future hazard maps of EUROCODE 8
without any veriicaions, discussions at naional level is maybe the easy way to show to the European
Commission the use of the output. Also, another vulnerability is the understanding the efect of surface
geology on ground moion parameters, which is correlated with the predicion of seismic hazard. The
experience of European researchers in tesing the dynamic soil parameters is rather limited in comparing
with the one from Japan or USA. A European program for invesigaing the surface geology is needed.
Another use of SHARE research project is the incorporaion in the GEM (Global Earthquake Model). One
example is in the paper “Exploring Risk-targeted Hazard Maps for Europe” by Silva et al. published recently
(September 2015) in Earthquake Spectra; Romania has a seismic risk for new buildings similar with the one of
low seismicity zones or high seismicity zones (alternaively without any patern). Another example from the
same authors shows that the probability of collapse of new buildings in Slaina is 6 imes smaller than the
probability of collapse of new buildings in Catanzaro, although the seismic hazard from SHARE is the same
and the construcion regulaions are similar for both ciies. What is the soluion?
FINANCING THE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES FROM EU BUDGET
A review of the “Sixth FP7 Monitoring Report, 2013, European Commission” and of the “Study on Network
Analysis of the 7 Framework Programme Paricipaion Final Report” shows huge diferences among European
countries. The total budget of FP7 was €29.3 billion. An invisible line almost similar with the delimitaion
between seismic areas of Europe divides Europe in: “North Countries – low seismicity”’ and “South Countries
– high seismicity”. In Figure 4 are presented the allocaion (in percentage from total) of FP7 budget in each
EU country (blue line) and also the populaion (in percentage from total) of each EU country (brown line).
The size of red and black rectangles shows the diferences between the two lines, and are calculated and
represented by the green line.
In the red team we found all the former eastern countries and the south team: Italy, Spain, Portugal and
France. Only one excepion: Greece.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
78
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 4. Funds allocaion in FP7 by country and by populaion
Another funding scheme is The European Research Council, ERC. The ERC has a budget of over €13 billion
from 2014 to 2020 and is part of the EU research and innovaion programme, Horizon 2020. A short
descripion of the ERC is done by Jean-Pierre Bourguignon, President of ERC: “ERC has, in a short ime,
achieved world-class status as a funding body for excellent curiosity-driven fronier research. With its special
emphasis on allowing top young talent to thrive, the ERC Scieniic Council is commited to keeping to this
course. The ERC will coninue to help make Europe a power house for science and a place where innovaion
is fuelled by a new generaion”. Unfortunately the funded research proposals follow the same patern like in
Figure 4.
In Figure 5 are represented the rate of success (blue line) for a proposal in each European country. Also is
represented the average success rate (doted red line), i.e. 28%. Similar with Figure 4, the size of red and
black rectangles shows the diferences between the two lines (rate of success and the average).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
79
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 5. Rate of success of the research proposal at ERC for European countries and the comparison with
the average rate
CONCLUSION
The policies of EU become more like the ones from former communist states. For example, the similitude’s
with Romania: in May 14, 1981 the irst Romanian person goes to space, but in the same ime, with the
infant mortality rate of 29.3 ‰ Romania was the irst in Europe. Now in 2015, the Europe is inancing the
project “Gas and Dust from the stars to the Laboratory: Exploring the Nanocosmos” but in the same ime on
the Earth, the European ciizens are in danger in losing their life or properies due to small magnitude
earthquakes.
The patern of the European seismic hazard shows large diferences between North and South.
Unfortunately, not only the populaion from South is exposed to seismic hazard. The long term or short term
vacaions, business or study trips might be the reason that the ciizens from North countries might be also
get exposed to earthquakes. Reducing the seismic risk in the South part of Europe must be the top priority
on the European agenda. Let’s make Europe a “low seismic risk” place to live, travel or study.
Contributes to the Roadmap
The legal frame for quality control and responsibiliies systems in the ield of construcion must be improved.
Investments in dynamic soil invesigaions (ield and laboratory tesing) are needed. Dedicated programs for
earthquake disaster miigaion in Europe are needed.
The scieniic community and the poliicians must have the priority in protecing the lives and the properies
of the European taxpayer. Today, November 11, 2015 at the European Council there aren’t any policies
related with reducion of seismic risk.
Open Issues
If no acions will be taken by all partners (policy makers, European Council, scienist) the proposed
alternaive might be in Figure 6. The construcion is resilient to earthquakes and eco eicient. It is not used
anymore in Romania but can be an alternaive…
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
80
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Figure 6. Tradiional house in Romania (Village Museum in Bucharest)
REFERENCES
1. European Commission, Sixth FP7 Monitoring Report, 2013.
2. European Commission, Study on Network Analysis of the 7 Framework Programme Paricipaion
Final Report, 2014.
3. Vardakas E. (2003) Vademecum on European Standardisaion, European Commission
4. Oicial Journal C 091 , 16/04/2003 P. 0007 – 0011, General Guidelines for the Cooperaion between
CEN, Cenelec and ETSI and the European Commission and the European Free Trade Associaion — 28
March 2003
5. Aloisi, Silvia (7 April 2009). "Italy quake exposes poor building standards". Reuters.
6. Suganuma K., 3-D Full-Scale Earthquake Tesing Facility, (E-Defense), Quarterly Review No.14, Jan.
2015.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
81
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
STRUCTURES
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
82
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
Ener
gySes
s
i
on
Se
s
s
i
onRap
p
or
t
e
ur
:
Rober
t
oLol
l
i
ni
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
83
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
84
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
Breakthrough Soluions for Adaptable Envelopes in building
Refurbishments
Jesús García Domínguez
Isabel Lacave Azpeiia
Acciona Infraestructuras S.A.
jesus.garcia.dominguez@acciona.com
Acciona Infraestructuras S.A.
isabel.lacave.azpeiia.ext@acciona.com
ABSTRACT
The overall objecive of BRESAER project is to design, develop and demonstrate an innovaive, cost-efecive,
adaptable and industrialized envelope system for buildings refurbishment including combined acive and
passive pre-fabricated soluions integrated in a versaile lightweight structural mesh. The components which
form the BRESAER system are: i) dynamic window with automaic and controlled air-ightness and insulated
solar blinds complemening energy saving and visual comfort strategies; ii) mulifuncional and mulilayer
insulaion panels made of UHPFRC to be used as rigid shells integraing an insulaion material; iii) combined
solar thermal air and PV envelope component for indoor space heaing and venilaion; iv) mulifuncional
lightweight venilated façade module; v) BIPV and Combined thermo-relexive (improving ire resistance) and
self-cleaning coaing (through photo-catalyic nanoparicles). Addiionally, through an innovaive BEMS
covering a speciic control system both the envelope acive components and the energy use of the building
will be governed. A real demonstraion will be performed in an educaional building in Turkey.
Keywords
Innovaion, Renewable Energy Sources, Demonstraion, Collaboraive project.
BACKGROUND
The current building stock of the EU has an enormous potenial for improvement of the energy eiciency and
the applicaion of renewable energy systems so that the transformaion of that building stock into energy
eicient buildings is a must in order to contribute to the objecive established in the European 2020 Strategy.
33. 20% target for GHG reducions.
34. 20% of EU energy to be sourced from renewables.
35. 20% reducion in energy use
The industry sector must increase its technological competence, paricularly aiming at producing soluions
that require less energy. Only by doing so, the industry sector becomes ready to reach these environmental
goals. In addiion, this will also contribute to increase the compeiiveness of the European construcion
sector in a global compeiive environment. The construcion industry however, due to its economic model
and long ime needed to inish a product and obtain payback, has the paricularity that it cannot experiment
widely with new technologies. It will do so unless they have been proven, there are guarantees they will
perform beter than tradiional ones in the long term, that they comply with regulaions and that there are
incenives for their applicaion (reduced costs when compared to tradiional technologies).
BRESAER has the potenial to solve this gap for innovaion by using a combinaion of known and novel
technologies, having potenial for success when applied in building refurbishment projects. Since the building
envelope (façade and roof) is usually a passive boundary between the indoor and outdoor climate, an 'acive'
envelope responds to (and anicipates on) changes in indoor and outdoor condiions. Therefore the envelope
is key element to address in order to signiicantly increase the energy eiciency and the use of renewable
energy in the building sector.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
85
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
Advanced technologies achieve considerable gains concerning the energeic eiciency of building envelopes.
This concerns both new buildings and the energeic retroiing of exising ones. Beter insulaion of buildings
is not only increasing their energy eiciency in cold climates but also in warm and hot regions due to the
reducion of cooling (AC) power. The use of renewable energy in the building sector has been tradiionally
dominated by the applicaion of solar domesic hot water and PV systems in new buildings for single-family
houses and small non-residenial buildings, omiing the exising building stock. Hence, integrated retroiing
concepts must be developed to harvest the potenial in the exising stock of both residenial and nonresidenial buildings. Concepts easily adaptable as building envelope to integrate both acive and passive
soluions using adapted exising technologies, as well as technologies tailored for the building use, are
needed.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
An innovaive, cost-efecive, adaptable and industrialized envelope system (façades and roofs) for buildings
refurbishment including combined acive and passive pre-fabricated soluions integrated in a versaile
lightweight structural mesh for reducing drasically the primary energy and the Greenhouse emissions while
improving indoor environment quality (IEQ) comprising thermal, acousic and lighing comfort, and indoor air
quality (IAQ). The whole building will be governed by an innovaive Building Energy Management System
covering a speciic control system for governing several envelope funcions and the energy faciliies of the
building, including the energy generated by the BRESAER system.
Figure 1.
BRESAER soluions
Technological soluions under development:
i) For opaque surfaces:
− Mulifuncional and mulilayer insulaion panels made of Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced
Concrete (UHPFRC), to be used as rigid shells integraing an insulaion material
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
86
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
• Mulilayer panel to reach beter performance in terms of insulaing capacity, lightness, thinness,
manufacturing process, installaion, and environmental aspects, with appropriated mechanical
resistance to work as external panel.
• Mulifuncional because can be used as insulaion panel combined with several external coaings
providing diferent capabiliies:
- BIPV for electricity generaion
- Combined thermo-relexive (improving ire resistance) and self-cleaning coaing (through photocatalyic nanoparicles)
− Combined solar thermal air and PV envelope component for indoor space heaing and venilaion,
thermal insulaion and electricity generaion
• Preheated air to be used in building applicaions:
- Indoor space heaing through mechanical venilaion while improving IAQ and energy eiciency
- Dehumidiicaion through thermal regeneraion of desiccant dehumidiiers
• Thermal insulaion: able to reduce thermal loads of the indoor space through thermal conducion
• PV modules directly integrated on the lat metal panel of the air solar thermal envelop component:
- Facilitates the integraion and manufacturing process
- Improves the PV cells eiciency
- Lightens the soluion
− Mulifuncional lightweight venilated façade module:
• BIPV for electricity generaion integrated on the cladding panel
• Combined thermo-relexive (improving ire resistance) and self-cleaning coaing (through photocatalyic nanoparicles) applied on the cladding panel
Figure 2.
General soluion of BRESAER concept for façade (let) and roof (right)
ii) For openings:
− Dynamic window with automaic and controlled air-ightness and insulated solar blinds complemening
energy saving and visual comfort strategies, such as light redirecion and response to solar radiaion.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
87
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
• Solar blinds will be automaically controlled according to indoor comfort and sun posiion under a
logical control system for its posiion and inclinaion
• Insulaion and air-ightness component self-adjustable to Day-Night cycles
Figure 3.
•
opened
•
Dynamic window concept
closed
•
sun shading
•
air-ightness
iii) For governing the building
− Cuing-edge Building Energy Management System able to measure and control both the envelope and
hungry consuming devices using integrated simulaion-based control techniques for automaing the
establishment of opimal operaional plans related to:
• Automated solar blinds
• Envelope electrical energy generaion by PV modules and its associated strategies for use and storage
(if needed)
• Envelope air solar thermal energy generaion
• HVAC energy lows
Figure 4.
BEMS concept
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
88
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
INNOVATIVE ASPECTS
BRESAER project is a research and innovaion acion in which the innovaion capacity of the paricipants will
be improved because there are a good number of innovaive technological soluions that implies integraion
of new knowledge within a consorium that combines research insituion companies and end users.
In that sense, BRESAER proposes a new prefabricated retroiing system that will try to lead exising
prefabricaion market according to the following innovaive aspects:
−
−
−
−
−
−
Adaptability :
• Focused on both façade and roof
• Prefabricated and standardized aluminum structure elements easily re-conigurable along building’s
life
• Able to integrate new developments for future renovaions
• Able to perform accordingly by measuring and processing muli source informaion on real ime
• Adjustable to diferent typologies and building’s use (housing, oice, schools, etc.)
• Adaptable to diferent European climaic condiions and energy needs
• Adaptable to diferent size and shapes of the buildings and aestheical requirements
• Compaible with the exising building systems
• Easy assembly, quick and low intrusive installaion in construcion process
• Low maintenance
Design and planning : Customizaion providing greater lexibility which respond to paricular weather
condiions and architectural requirements
Technologies : Fully integrated RES and BEMS to the new resilient building envelope.
On-site work : Easy assembly minimizing skilled labour needs and on-site phase. Low transportaion
cost-modular system, lightweight components.
Sustainability : System energy eiciency will be a priority goal considered on its design and veriied
through LCA.
Other : BRESAER system will develop a compeiive business model and disseminaion plan to atract
potenial end users. Reduced payback integraing RES
PROPOSED DEMONSTRATION
In order to validate the proposed system, a real demo will be performed in an educaion building in Ankara
(Turkey) owned by the Naional Ministry of Educaion which consists of one building block with a gross area
around 1.800 m2 (4 storeys with 450 m2 each). The building will be monitored before and ater the
refurbishment intervenion in order to establish the baseline energy consumpion, the achieved energy
savings and the comfort improvement. The BRESAER’s expected impact is to reach a near zero energy
building (total primary energy consumpion below 60 kWh/m 2 per year) by the reducion of the energy
demand for space heaing and cooling around 30%, a contribuion of solar thermal energy for space
condiioning around 35%, and a contribuion of RES for electricity generaion around 10%. The esimated
payback ime is expected to be 7 years. Furthermore, the real achievements in terms of primary energy
savings, comfort, CO2 emissions, costs, and payback period will be compared with that one coming from
simulaion tools.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
89
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
Figure 5.
ENERGY
Proposed demo building
CONCLUSION
Following global market needs for the improvement of eco-eiciency of exising buildings, BRESAER system
puts forward ground-breaking soluions be adopted throughout Europe and beyond in order to meet global
targets for reduced energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. In that sense, BRESAER system is designed to
turn the building envelope into an acive element rather than a passive, meeing more funcions than just
the separaion of the outer space from the interior with insulaion. On the other hand, it is conceived to
accommodate further modiicaions enabling also to adapt to a dynamic environment and to building
occupant’s requirements during its lifeime.
However, there are sill some open issues to be solved within the project. One of them is the sizing of the
structural elements that must support the external claddings to the exising envelope and resist the diferent
loads, and also must provide an alignment of the diferent claddings ensuring a good aestheics from the
architectural point of view. On the other hand, the integraion of the PV modules on the external face of the
diferent claddings is being analysed through muliple BIPV soluions providers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovaion
programme under grant agreement N° 637186.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
90
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
Lime plastering systems for energy-eicient and seismic
retroiing
Andrea Sandri
Stefano Prosseda
Röix Spa
andrea.sandri@roeix.com
TIS Innovaion Park
Stefano.prosseda@is.bz.it
Maria Giulia Faiella
Alessandro Bortolin
TIS Innovaion Park
Giulia.Faiella@is.bz.it
Freelance Professional
alebortolin@iscali.it
Giacinta Gasdia
Enrico Santuari
Freelance Professional
gasdiagiacinta@yahoo.it
Freelance Professional
riksant@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Buildings which undergo energeic retroiing oten require also a structural consolidaion. This actually
implies two separate operaions, materials and related quality issues. Scope of the work was to invesigate
possible lime-plaster systems, with combined thermal and mechanical improvements. Diferent recipes and
types of binders and illers of lime-plastering-systems were tested to assess thermal and mechanical
properies. The study was developed in the framework of a novel innovaion method, designed to generate
market-driven-innovaions in SMEs.
Keywords
Retroiing, hystorical building retroiing, energy eiciency, seismic performance, thermal insulaion, lime
plastering system, plaster, structural retroiing, structural consolidaion, concrete, structural ibre net,
structural mesh, market-driven-innovaion, innovaive construcion materials, innovaive envelope insulaion.
INTRODUCTION
In these last years, a growing number of buildings undergoing energy retroiing operaions require
structural improvements, because of aging of materials and because of addiional loads, e.g. storey addiion
due to cubage bonus incenive policies.
A large variety of systems and materials for energy eiciency improvement of building envelopes, as well as
efecive systems for seismic retroiing, exists. Plastering systems have the main scope to provide a proper
surface inish. Nowadays, special types of plastering systems exists, which provide addiional funcions, such
as acing as mechanical matrix for structural ibre meshes applicaion, or providing addiional thermal
insulaion.
On the actual construcion product market, however, no plastering system can be found, which can provide
good thermal insulaion, and at the same ime, enough mechanical properies for seismic retroiing.
A product having combined properies would lead to more cost-efecive and eicient seismic and energeic
retroiing, because just one applicaion procedure and one material type would be needed. Moreover, a
combined single-layer system would also avoid issues between interfaces and applicaion procedure
uncertainies; the overall thickness of the main envelope insulaion system could also be reduced, due to
addiional insulaion provided by the external insulaing plaster layer. These advantages simplify the
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
91
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
complexity of works; this could lead building owners and construcion professional to more frequently
consider a combined energy-eicient and seismic retroiing. The study is structured in two steps.
The irst part invesigates the mechanical improvement of the binding agent, by tesing diferent recipes unil
enough mechanical performances needed for structural purposes are reached.
In the second part, diferent low-density, thermal-insulaing illers are mixed with the binding agents, and
mechanical and thermal properies are measured, also against an actual structural plastering system
available on the market.
The authors wish to highlight that this study was generated and developed, in just two weeks, under the
framework of “Under Construcion” Innovaion Accelerator Iniiaive. “Under Construcion” is focused on
SMEs and foresees intense and quick R&D programs, puing young researchers and experts together with
well-established companies in the sustainable construcion sector. The scope is to promote quick and
efecive innovaion projects with short ime-to-market phase. This novel innovaion method was developed
by the Construcion Cluster of TIS Innovaion Park in cooperaion with the Energy-Eicient-Buildings research
group of the Renewable Energies Insitute of European Research Academy (EURAC).
MECHANICAL IMPROVEMENT OF BINDING AGENT
A set of 3 OPC (Ordinary Portland Concrete)-based binders and 2 OPC-free binders were prepared and aged.
OPC-free binders are allowed in renovaion of historical buildings; in absence of concrete, mechanical
strenght is provided by lime and metakaolin components.
Note: only general recipe data is showed, in order to protect intellectual property of the company.
Samples 1 and 2 difer in the proporion of several other addicive agents.
Samples 3, 4, 5 have decreasing OPC content.
Ater aging, the samples were mechanically tested (3-point lexural resistance and compression resistance).
OPC-free samples 1 and 2 showed cracks during aging, showing that mechanical properies were really poor,
therefore no further thermal tesing was made.
Thermal conducivity was evaluated only on the best mechanical performer, binder 3.
Mechanical and thermal performances of binder 3 were then compared with those of further two binders:
-
binder “Th”: a special binder opimized by the company for a high-thermal-insulaion plastering
system
-
binder “Str”: a tradiional structural binder available on the market.
Results are showed in table 1.
Table 1. Binder characterisics and properies comparison (references for test methods: [1] to [7]).
Binder
Type
1
2
3
4
5
Th
Str
OPC [%]
none
none
high
medium
low
R(l)
R(comp)
Metakaolin + Lime [%] [N/mm2
[N/mm2]
]
very high
N.A.
(spontaneous
cracks)
very high
low
2,6
11,2
medium
1,2
4,3
high
0,7
1,7
0,3
0,6
N.A.
9,5
53,1
λ
W/
(mK)]
N.A.
0,33
N.A.
0,21
0,62
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
92
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
At the end of the irst phase, it was concluded that:
-
Mechanical properies of OPC-free binders are very low, and are suicient just as basic plaster
adherence purpose and iller-matrix funcion.
-
Required mechanical properies for seismic renovaion require OPC-based binders.
-
OPC-based binders are not allowed for historical building renovaion
-
Binder 3 saisies minimal mechanical properies for seismic renovaion, while doubling thermal
insulaion performance in comparison with tradiional seismic plastering products on the market.
-
Binder 3 thermal insulaion performance is not too far from value of specialized binder used in
plastering systems for thermal insulaion purposes.
-
Binder 3 is therefore chosen for the thermal properies opimizaion phase.
THERMAL AND MECHANICAL COMPARISON OF PLASTERING SYSTEMS
In the second phase, binder 3 was mixed with three diferent thermal-insulaing illers, with increasing
thermal insulaion properies. Mixing proporion of iller weight / total weight varied from 60% (F1 and F2)
down to 40% (F3). A lower quanity of F3 was used because of its very good thermal insulaion properies,
compared to F1 and F2.
Ater aging, the samples were mechanically tested (3-point lexural resistance and compression resistance).
Thermal insulaion performances were not tested on 3+F1 and 3+F2 because of their poor mechanical
performances.
Results are showed in table 2.
Table 2. Comparison of properies variaion ater addiion of diferent illers (references for test methods: [1] to [7]).
Systems (binder
+ iller)
3 (only binder)
3 + F1
3 + F2
3 + F3
Wt. iller/tot
R(lex)
wt.
[N/mm2]
[%]
No iller
60%
60%
40%
2,6
0,2
0,2
0,4
Mech.
performance
compared to
binder 3
[%]
R(compr
)
[N/mm2
]
Mech.
performance
compared to
binder 3
[%]
λ
[W/
(mK)]
8%
8%
15%
11,2
0,2
0,2
0,9
6%
8%
34%
0,33
N.A
N.A
0,19
At the end of the irst phase, it was concluded that:
•
Addiion of a thermal-insulaing iller drasically reduces mechanical properies of lime-plastering
system. Mechanical properies of the binder + iller system drop to values between 34% and 6% of
original binder properies.
•
Mechanical properies reducion is strongly dependent on weight percentage of iller in the
plastering system.
•
System 3+F3 has the best mechanical resistance, because the high termal insulaion properies of F3
permit to reduce the percentage of iller in the mix.
•
However, the performance of 3+F3 drops below the minimum limit of 4MPa for compression
resistance.
•
Moreover, thermal insulaion properies of 3+F3, even if a sligh improvement was achieved, are sill
not suicient to reach the requirement of λ = 0,09 W/(mK).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
93
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
•
ENERGY
System 3+F3 is a candidate to be opimized in future invesigaions.
CONCLUSION
In a strict ime-frame of 2 weeks, a set of diferent lime-based plastering systems was studied, with the aim
of improving, at the same ime, both thermal and mechanical properies.
In the irst phase, 5 opimized binders were tested, belonging to two diferent applicaion categories: OPCbased (general renovaion use) and OPC-free (for hystorical building renovaion purpose)
The opimized binder (3) saisied minimal mechanical properies for seismic renovaion, while doubling
thermal insulaion performance in comparison with tradiional seismic plastering products on the market.
In the second phase, a series of 3 illers with high thermal insulaion properies were added.
Even if enough mechanical properies of binder 3 were reached in the irst phase, these were drasically
reduced by the addiion of insulaing iller.
The best performer was System 3+F3, however target thermal and mechanical properies were not reached.
System 3+F3 must be opimized in future invesigaions.
Contributes to the Roadmap
This work aims to contribute on both technical and market implementaion objecives of the Roadmap.
In fact, this work was originated by a precise and actual requirement of renovaion market. Construcion
materials for combined structural and thermal performances can therefore promote a growth in seismic and
energy-eicient renovaion, due to simpliied and potenially more cost-efecive renovaion works.
This paper shows that further research in material science and technology is required to ind innovaive
soluion for combined improvement of both mechanical and thermal insulaion properies of construcion
materials. The simultaneous improvement of these two properies is diicult, because both properies are
afected by the same material characterisics, such as density, but with concurrent behaviour.
This work demonstrates also that a method based on small and rapid R&D opimizaion steps can acivate
SMEs to invest in quick adaptaion and opimizaion of their actual products. This will reduce ime-to-market
cycles and involve SMEs (and not just large enterprises) in more efecive market-driven research aciviies.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of Europe's economy. They represent 99% of
all businesses in the EU [8]. For this reason, methods for acivaion and increase of SMEs research aciviies,
such as “Under construcion” which supported this work, are an efecive mean of driving a realisic market
and technical change.
Open Issues
The simultaneous improvement of mechanical and thermal properies is known to be diicult, because both
properies are afected by the same material characterisics, such as density, but with concurrent behaviour.
High-strength binders and high-insulaing illers must be developed to close the performance gap. Plastering
systems must also saisfy requirements for historical building renovaion, which currently do not admit OPCbased systems.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
94
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
REFERENCES
1. ASTM C20 - 00(2010) “Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorpion, Apparent
Speciic Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water”
2. M.J. Richardson, “Applicaion of diferenial scanning calorimetry to the measurement of speciic
heat”, In K.D. Maglic, A. Cezairliyan, and V. E. Peletsky, editors, Compendium of Thermophysical
Property Measurement Methods, volume 1, chapter 17. Plenum Press, 1984.
3. M. J. Richardson. “The applicaion of diferenial scanning calorimetry to the measurement of
speciic heat”, In K.D. Maglic, A. Cezairliyan, and V. E. Peletsky, editors, Compendium of
Thermophysical Property Measurement Methods, volume 2, chapter 18. Plenum Press, 1984.
4. G. Della Gata, M. J. Richardson, S. M. Sarge, and S. Stolen, “Standards, calibraion, and guidelines in
microcalorimetry - part2. Calibraion standards for diferenial scanning calorimetry”, Pure Appl.
Chem.,78(7):1455-1476, 2006.
5. W. Parker, R. Jenkins, C. Butler, and G. Abbot, “Flash method of determining thermal difusivity, heat
capacity, and thermal conducivity”, Journal of Applied Physics, 32(9):1679–1684, 1961.
6. I. Philippi, J. Batsale, D. Maillet, and A. Degiovanni, “Measurement of thermal difusiviies through
processing of infrared images”, Rev. Sci. Instr., 66(1), January 1995.
7. P. Bison, E. Grinzato, and S.Marinei, “Local thermal difusivity measurement”, QIRT Journal, 1(2),
2004.
8. EUROSTAT Website:
business-staisics/sme
htp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/structural-business-staisics/structural-
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
95
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
96
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
Taxonomy of the redevelopment methods for non-listed
architecture: from façade refurbishment
to the exoskeleton system
Francesca Guidolin
School of Doctorate Studies,
Università Iuav di Venezia
arch.francesca.guidolin@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
In the context of building requaliicaion, in which sustainability must be considered in the three perspecives
of environment, society and economics, it is important to introduce the possibility of efectuaing an
integrated intervenion. Today, the taxonomy of intervenions in the ield of requaliicaion of non-listed
buildings can be technologically classiied and represented in a synopic diagram. Moreover, it seems that
several examples show the same approach, with the introducion of an added, external, independent
structure that allows for more than a purely energeic retroit intervenion. This is ideniied as an
“exoskeleton system”. Through a classiicaion of the strategies of retroit intervenions, the aim of the paper
is to delineate a deiniion of the “exoskeleton system” in order to classify it among the strategies of
intervenion on non-listed buildings. In paricular, it could consitute a future proposal for those cases that
necessitate a retroit intervenion that integrates energeic, structural, architectural and funcional issues.
Keywords (Required)
Taxonomy of requaliicaion methods, integrated requaliicaion, exoskeleton system, socio-technical device
INTRODUCTION
The approach to sustainability in the building sector requires the combined consideraion of environmental,
economic and social aspects4, with regard to the enire building life-cycle. The requirements in terms of
building sustainability relates to environmental safeguarding, raional use of resources and user welfare and
health, as described by standards 5. Redevelopment, among the main areas of interest for the reducion of
CO2 emissions, is the only construcion business sector that sill shows a growth of investments, and it is a
driving force for the intervenion plan, in paricular for the second post-war buildings. Working on this kind of
structures could reduce the consumpion of the enire construcion sector. 6 In this context it is necessary to
consider redevelopment projects as being able to integrate the various aspects of "sustainable redevelopment" for a complete upgrade of the building, which oten has only one chance of intervenion during its life
cycle. Moreover, the current European Direcives give priority to energy retroit intervenions. 7 The CRESME
4
Ac
c
or
di
ngt
oI
SO/
DI
S15392-Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
yi
nbui
l
di
ngc
o
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on–ge
ne
r
alp
r
i
nc
i
pl
e
s
.
5
UNI11277:
2008 Bui
l
di
ngSus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y– Ec
oc
ompat
i
bi
l
i
t
yRe
qui
r
e
me
nt
sAnd Ne
e
dsOfNe
w And Re
no
v
at
e
d
Re
s
i
de
nt
i
alAndOffic
eBui
l
di
ngsDe
s
i
gn.
6
Ac
c
or
di
ngt
oCRESMEr
e
s
e
ar
c
h,t
hear
e
aofne
wbui
l
di
ngsi
sno
wi
nc
r
i
s
i
s
,r
e
gi
s
t
e
r
i
ngani
nv
e
s
t
me
ntde
c
r
e
as
ef
r
om
44,
3% i
n2006t
o29,
3% i
n2013,whi
l
et
hefie
l
dofup
gr
adi
ngr
e
gi
s
t
e
r
sani
nc
r
e
as
ei
ni
nv
e
s
t
me
ntf
r
om 55,
4t
o
66,
4%,
t
hank
st
ot
axr
e
du
c
t
i
on.
T
heCRESMEr
e
s
e
ar
c
hs
ho
wst
hati
nt
e
r
v
e
ni
ngonl
yon20% oft
hemor
ee
ne
r
gy
i
nt
e
nsi
v
ebui
l
di
ngs
,
i
ti
sp
os
s
i
bl
et
or
e
du
c
et
hec
ons
ump
t
i
onoft
hee
nt
i
r
ec
o
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ons
e
c
t
orb
y12.
8% (
Se
r
v
i
z
i
oSt
udi
Di
par
t
i
me
nt
o Ambi
e
nt
e de
l
l
a Came
r
a de
iDe
put
at
i
,CRESME
.24 f
e
bbr
ai
o 2014.Es
t
r
at
t
o de
l
l
ar
i
c
e
r
c
a CRESME,
r
i
s
t
r
ut
t
ur
az
i
onee
di
l
i
z
i
ar
i
qual
i
fic
az
i
onee
ne
r
ge
t
i
c
ar
i
ge
ne
r
az
i
oneur
bana)
.
7
Re
f
e
r
e
nc
ei
smadet
o2002/
91/
CEDi
r
e
c
t
i
v
eo
nt
hee
ne
r
gyp
e
r
f
or
manc
eofbui
l
di
ngs
,2006/
32/
CEo
nEne
r
gye
ndus
e
e
ffic
i
e
nc
yande
ne
r
gys
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
,2010/
31/
UEEne
r
gyp
e
r
f
or
manc
eofbui
l
di
ngs
,2012/
27/
UE T
heEne
r
gyEffic
i
e
nc
y
Di
r
e
c
t
i
v
e
.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
97
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
studies reveal that the building sector that is responsible for the highest energy consumpion is that of nonlisted buildings, which in Italy is the most heterogeneous. However, the study of building techniques illustrates how residenial architecture built ater World War II uses R.C. construcion systems, as for example
tunnel or banche-tables precast systems (Zafagnini, 1981). This is the case of the muli-storey residenial ty pology: 40% of residence buildings in Italy have three to ive loors, and 14% have more than ive loors. 8
TOWARDS THE TAXONOMY OF REQUALIFICATION STRATEGIES
The methods for the rehabilitaion of these buildings are difereniated according to requirements and the
cost-beneit raio. The evaluaion of these issues has led to an analysis of the state of the art in Italy and
Europe, with the aim of idenifying a classiicaion methodology of intervenion based on the
requirements/performances approach: in accordance with the technology and the typological classes difereniaion (Belai, 2012), or taking into consideraion the morphological strategies (Antonini et al., 2012) or
considering social, demographic and architectural problems (Malighei, 2004; MVRDV, 2013). The intervenions ideniied in the case history have been classiied on the typo-morphological and performance issues,
leading to the deiniion of a synopsis of the intervenions.
Figure 1. Figure 1. The taxonomy of intervenion methods (F. Guidolin, 2014).
A disincion is made between two-dimensional acions, that can be recognized in the façade refurbishment
intervenions (recladding, reiing, overcladding) and three-dimensional acions, such as volumetric addiion
(of punctual boxes, towers, coninuous and global spaces). The taxonomy of requaliicaion methods
(Zambelli, 2004) has a correspondence with the structural and technological case history examinaion, as in
the case of:
-
The Tour Bois le Prêtre requaliicaion by F. Druot, A. Lacaton e J.P. Vassal (Paris, 2008-2012).
-
The Westerpark intervenion by Van Hoogmoed Architecten (Tilburg, 2008).
-
The Leeuw Van Vlaanderen intervenion by Heren 5 Architecten (Amsterdam, 2007).
-
The Rathenow building renewal by Klaus Sill e Jochen Keim (Rathenow, 1997).
-
The Ipostudio Architei project for the European Research Sure-Fit, Le Navi, 2006.
8
CRESME,
i
bi
de
mp
.
30
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
98
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
Figure 2. Tour Bois-le-Pretre transformaion, F.Druot, A.Lacaton, J.P. Vassal in Paris (2009-2011). (credits Mateo Busa).
THE “EXOSKELETON
REQUALIFICATION
SYSTEM”:
A
SOCIO-TECHNICAL
DEVICE
FOR
INTEGRATED
The requirements/performances approach (with the decomposiion of requirements in technological system,
sub-system and technical elements) has shown that the best qualiies of integrability occur in the case of
global envelope volumetric addiion that is structurally independent and is recognizable and deinable as
“exoskeleton system”9. It is a technological device for the integrated regeneraion of non-listed architecture,
consising of an independent structure and cladding system, with its own foundaions and arranged at a
suitable distance from the façade of the building around which it stands, in order to create spaces. It is
technologically and morphologically deinable according to the necessiies of use of the spaces.
A deiniion
Currently, several studies are invesigaing the theme of redevelopment through independent external
structures. The exoskeleton is deined as: a dapive (Montuori et al., 2014), considering the design approach
that takes into account the adaptability of the exising spaces for renewal processes 10; acive, with the dual
objecive of energy and architectural renewal for social housing following the logic of the Smart City, for the
installaion of capturing and shading systems and for the structural seismic eiciency 11; structural, for the
relevant interest of this device in the ield of seismic structural upgrading of buildings.
9
I
ti
sc
ons
i
de
r
e
dasne
c
e
s
s
ar
yt
ode
fi
net
het
e
c
hnol
ogi
c
alde
v
i
c
easa“
s
y
s
t
e
m”be
c
aus
ei
ti
sc
ons
t
i
t
ut
e
db
yas
e
tof
t
e
c
hni
c
ale
l
e
me
nt
st
hatbe
l
ongt
odi
ffe
r
e
ntt
e
c
hnol
ogi
c
aluni
t
s
:t
hes
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
,e
x
t
e
r
nalv
e
r
t
i
c
alc
l
o
s
ur
e
s
,hor
i
z
ont
al
c
l
os
ur
e
s and p
l
antde
s
i
gn s
y
s
t
e
m,whi
c
h al
s
oc
onf
e
re
ffic
i
e
n
c
yt
o mul
t
i
p
l
e ne
e
ds
.(
F
.
Gui
dol
i
n,Si
s
t
e
mipe
rl
a
r
i
qual
i
fic
az
i
ones
e
mpl
i
fic
at
ade
lc
os
t
r
ui
t
o:
dalf
aç
ader
e
f
ur
bi
s
hme
ntal“
s
i
s
t
e
mae
s
os
c
he
l
e
t
r
o”i
nAbi
t
ar
eI
ns
i
e
me2015,
At
t
i
de
lCo
v
e
gnoDi
ARC,
Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
àdi
Napol
i
Fe
de
r
i
c
oI
I
,
i
nc
or
s
odi
p
ubbl
i
c
az
i
one
)
.
10
T
her
e
s
e
ar
c
hi
sPRI
N2009(
MI
UR)“
St
r
at
e
gi
edir
i
mode
l
l
az
i
oneer
i
qual
i
fic
az
i
onear
c
hi
t
e
t
t
oni
c
ade
l
l
’
Hous
i
ngs
o
c
i
al
e”
,
(
Uni
t
àdir
i
c
e
r
c
ade
l
l
'
Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
àde
g
l
is
t
udidiBr
e
s
c
i
a:Mar
i
naMo
nt
uor
i(
Nat
i
onals
c
i
e
nt
i
ficc
oor
di
nat
or
)
,Bar
bar
aAngi
,
Mas
s
i
mi
l
i
anoBot
t
i
,Ol
i
v
i
aL
ongo,Gi
ul
i
oL
up
o,Al
e
s
s
andr
oMur
ac
a.Se
c
ondaUni
v
e
r
s
i
t
àde
gl
iSt
udidiNAPOL
I(
Pas
qual
e
Be
l
fior
e
,c
onRaffae
l
eMar
one
,Mar
i
aDol
or
e
sMo
r
e
l
l
i
)
,Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
àde
g
l
iSt
udidiSAL
ERNO (
Robe
r
t
oVanac
o
r
e
,c
on
Al
e
s
s
andr
aComo)
,
Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
àde
gl
i
St
udi
di
BOL
OGNAAl
maMat
e
rSt
udi
or
um (
Val
t
e
rBal
duc
c
i
,
c
onVal
e
nt
i
naOr
i
ol
i
)
.
11
I
tr
e
f
e
r
st
os
omet
he
s
e
sc
onduc
t
e
db
yp
r
of
.
Robe
r
t
oPagani
att
hePol
i
t
e
c
ni
c
odi
T
or
i
no.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
99
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
The integraive qualiies of the system are recognized in its redevelopment responsiveness from many points
of view:
Structural, as an S/R system, independent from the original artefact, its sifening and dissipaive
acion ofers signiicant advantages in the event of an earthquake (Feroldi et al., 2014) 12.
-
Energeic, as an evoluion of façade refurbishment systems (Zappa, 2011).
Architectural, equipping the building with a new indoor/outdoor interface, modular and
customisable to the needs of the inhabitant (Bataino, Zecchin 2013; Marinelli, 2009).
Typological/funcional, since the added spaiality in the façade can implement the usability of the
building, in terms of accessibility and inclusiveness of architectural and urban spaces.
Figure 3. The “exoskeleton system” (F.Guidolin, 2015) is composed by by a set of technical elements that belong to
diferent technological units: the structure, external verical closures, horizontal closures and plant design system.
The external structure of the exoskeleton system in fact can be applied to those buildings that don’t have a
high potenial of internal reversibility because of the precast construcion techniques of the second post-war
years13. In paricular, for architectural and urban quality upgrade, this last funcion of the exoskeleton system
plays an important role for the eiciency of buildings with regard to accessibility: addiional spaces can be
private or collecive as in the case of the verical connecive addiions (stairwells, lits, areas of refuge for the
evacuaion management in emergency situaions) as well as the horizontal housing connecive, that
determines therefore a typological renewal of the units accesses. All the examples considered show a
funcional upgrade of the building in terms of accessibility and circulaion which is planned and executed
through the use of the exoskeleton system. In addiion, this feature may be the reason for a larger
applicaion of this device to a wider range of building types, such as the public buildings (hospitals and
schools).
12
Amongt
he
s
e
,t
her
e
s
e
ar
c
hoft
heUni
v
e
r
s
i
t
yofBe
r
gamoandBr
e
s
c
i
agr
oup“
Ri
qual
i
fic
az
i
ones
os
t
e
ni
bi
l
ede
l
pat
r
i
moni
oe
di
l
i
z
i
o de
ls
e
c
ondo dopo gue
r
r
a me
di
ant
e doppi
a pe
l
l
ei
nge
gne
r
i
z
z
at
ae
d adat
t
i
v
a pe
ri
lr
i
nf
or
z
o
s
t
r
ut
t
ur
al
e
,
l
’
e
ffic
i
e
nt
ame
nt
oe
ne
r
ge
t
i
c
o,
l
ar
i
qual
i
fic
az
i
onear
c
hi
t
e
t
t
oni
c
ae
dur
bana”ofI
ng.
Paol
oRi
v
a,
asf
orG.
Sc
ude
r
i
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h,Adapt
i
v
eBui
l
di
ngEx
os
k
e
l
e
t
ons
,abi
omi
me
t
i
cmode
lf
ort
her
e
habi
l
i
t
at
i
onofs
o
c
i
alhous
i
ng,Ar
c
hne
t-UAR,
v
ol
ume9,
2015.
13
I
ti
sus
e
f
ult
or
e
f
e
rt
os
omee
x
amp
l
e
sofr
e
de
v
e
l
op
me
ntt
hatai
mt
omo
v
es
omet
e
c
hni
c
als
p
ac
e
st
o
war
dt
he
f
aç
adeoft
hebui
l
di
ng,ast
her
e
s
e
ar
c
hc
ar
r
i
e
douti
nt
he80'
sb
yY
v
e
sL
i
ononBandeAc
t
i
v
easap
r
i
nc
i
p
l
ef
ort
he
t
y
p
ol
ogi
c
alr
e
de
v
e
l
op
me
ntt
hr
ought
headdi
t
i
onofs
e
r
v
i
c
e
sont
hef
aç
ade
s
.(
Y
v
e
sL
i
on,1984,DomusDe
mai
n,AA
n.
252,
p
.
1620)
.Ort
hel
at
e
s
tac
hi
e
v
e
me
nt
sof"
i
nhabi
t
i
ngt
hewal
l
s
"madeb
yAi
r
e
sMat
e
us(
Cas
ae
nAz
e
i
t
ao,Se
t
ubal
Po
r
t
ugal
,
20002003)
.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
100
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
CONCLUSION
This research aims to present the series of case histories that led to the classiicaion of the redevelopment
taxonomy, leading to the deiniion of the exoskeleton system for an integrated building redevelopment. It
focuses on the analysis of the space inclusiveness quality for an architectural upgrade of buildings and the
surrounding circulaion. The use of the exoskeleton system as a technological device will be examined in
relaion to its possible applicaions, as a socio-technical device14 (Vermaas P. et al., 2013): the technical
idenity of this system is associated with a funcion of use, customizaion and management of social type.
This lexibility is made possible in the design phase, thanks to the use of materials and components with a
high potenial for customizaion in terms of the funcion of use and materials, but also in the paricipatory
management of the construcion site. The construcive coniguraion (with the system S/R) of the
exoskeleton device in fact, can allow the management of a paricipatory and inclusive construcion site, since
the intervenion can be performed completely from the outside and without the displacement of the users,
thus saving on moving costs.
Contributes to the Roadmap
The introducion of requaliicaion systems that integrate the energeic, structural, funcional/social and
architectonical aspects, as the exoskeleton system does, could consitute a new strategy for the intervenion
in non-listed buildings.
The importance of providing strategies for requaliicaion not only in terms of technical soluions but also
social and programmaic requisites could promote the possibility of operaing in cases of high social and
urban complexity.
The introducion of technological systems such as the exoskeleton that allows energeic requaliicaion site
management and avoids the interrupion of fruiion and aciviies allows for saving on site costs. This
perspecive must be discussed in reference to a detailed planning operaive program and appropriate
communicaion strategies for paricipatory site management.
Open Issues
The current regulaions in terms of integrated intervenion strategies, such as the exoskeleton system, should
be revised in order to introduce some issues that promote a conjunct energeic and funcional upgrade. At
the moment, only a small increase in volume is allowed in order to execute an energeic refurbishment. But a
more signiicant increase in volume should be useful in order to integrate funcional and structural renewal
as well.
Usually we hear of paricipatory planning in urban seings. The exoskeleton could provide the possibility to
implement it at a lower scale. This requires the implementaion of certain measures of communicaive and
future programming lines.
14
I
nt
hi
sc
as
et
hee
x
os
k
e
l
e
t
ons
y
s
t
e
mi
sade
c
l
i
nat
i
onofs
o
c
i
ot
e
c
hni
c
alde
v
i
c
ef
ore
nv
e
l
op
e
s
,s
i
nc
ei
ti
snotonl
ya
t
e
c
hni
c
alar
t
i
f
ac
tf
ort
he p
hy
s
i
c
alr
e
ge
n
e
r
at
i
on,butal
s
oa s
oc
i
alde
v
i
c
e
,c
ap
abl
e oft
r
i
gge
r
i
ng i
nt
e
gr
at
e
d and
s
us
t
ai
nabl
eme
c
hani
s
msal
s
oi
nt
e
r
msofus
e
rmanage
me
nt
.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
101
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
REFERENCES
3. Antonini E., Gaspari J., Olivieri G. (2012) Densiicare per migliorare: strategie di riqualiicazione del parco
italiano di edilizia abitaiva sociale, in TECHNE, Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment
n.4, SITdA, Firenze University press.
4. C. Bataino, L. Zecchin (2013) Interfacce del paesaggio urbano La facciata come disposiivo di
rigenerazione architetonica nel progeto “torri” di Madonna Bianca a Trento, in Edilizia Abitaiva, v. XXIV
n.73, p.11-12
5. Belai, L. (2012) L'ediicio come suolo. Strategie per un rinnovo del patrimonio residenziale pubblico
tramite addizione. Tesi di Dotorato, Università degli studi di Ferrara.
6. Druot F., Lacaton A., Vassal J. P. (2007) Plus + La vivienda colleciva. Territorio de excepción, Gustavo Gili,
Barcelona.
7. Ipostudio Architei Associai. (2006) Sure-Fit: Sustainable Roof Extension Retroit for High-Rise Social
Housing in Europe, Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE) Reasearch Project.
8. Feroldi F., Marini A., Belleri A., Passoni C., Riva P., Prei M., Giuriani E., Plizzari G., (2014) Miglioramento e
adeguamento sismico di ediici contemporanei mediante approccio integrato energeico, architetonico e
struturale con soluzioni a doppio involucro a minimo impato ambientale, in Progetazione sismica, Vol.5,
N.2.
9. Malighei, L. (2004) Recupero edilizio e sostenibilità. Milano: il Sole 24 Ore.
10.Marinelli, P.M. (2006 – 2009) La facciata come architetura – disposiivi lecorbuseriani fra casa e cità. Tesi
di dotorato in composizione architetonica, Università Iuav di Venezia.
11.Montuori M. (2014) Eutopia urbana. Buone praiche per la rigenerazione integrata degli ediici, in
Cappochin G., Boi M., Furlan G., Lironi S. (a cura di), Ecoquarieri / EcoDistricts, strategie e tecniche di
rigenerazione urbana in Europa / Strategies and Techniques for Urban Regeneraion in Europe , Marsilio,
Venezia.
12.PRIN 2009 (MIUR) “Strategie di rimodellazione e riqualiicazione architetonica dell’Housing sociale”,
(Unità di ricerca dell'Università degli studi di Brescia: Marina Montuori (Naional scieniic coordinator),
Barbara Angi,Giulio Lupo, Alessandro Muraca, Olivia Longo, Massimiliano Boi), Seconda Università degli
Studi di NAPOLI (Pasquale Beliore, con Rafaele Marone, Maria Dolores Morelli), Università degli Studi di
SALERNO (Roberto Vanacore, con Alessandra Como), Università degli Studi di BOLOGNA Alma Mater
Studiorum (Valter Balducci, con Valenina Orioli).
13.MVRDV with ACS e AAF, (2013) “Le grand pari de grandparis, Pari(s) plus peit di, per la serie “ études 2 :
habiter le grad Paris, Atelier internaional du Grand Paris », Palais de Tokyo, Roterdam.
14.Servizio Studi-Diparimento Ambiente della Camera dei Deputai, CRESME. 24 febbraio 2014. Estrato
della ricerca CRESME, ristruturazione edilizia riqualiicazione energeica rigenerazione urbana.
15.Vermaas P., Kroes P., Van de Poel I., Franssen M., Houkes W. (2011), A philosophy of Technology, from
technical artefacts to sociotechnical systems. Morgan&Claypool Publishers.
16.Zafagnini (a cura di) (1980) Progetare nel processo edilizio, Edizioni Luigi Parma, Bologna.
17.Zambelli E. (2004) Ristruturazione e trasformazione del costruito, tecnologie per la rifunzionalizzazione e
la riorganizzazione architetonica degli spazi. Il Sole 24 Ore, Milano
18.Zappa A. (2011) È tempo di re-cladding in Costruire n.339, setembre 2011.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
102
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
A New Model to Evaluate the Performance of the Building
Envelope: the Case study of Energy Park
Valenina Puglisi
Alberto Celani
Politecnico di Milano, Diparimento ABC
valenina.puglisi@polimi.it
Politecnico di Milano, Diparimento ABC
alberto.celani@polimi.it
ABSTRACT
The raing system of the building envelope is sustained and is a compleion of the BRaVe system (Building
Raing Value) ofered by the Polytechnic of Milan and is the result of a working group of the laboratory
Gesi.Tec.
The raing of the envelope represents an analyic system through which it is possible to examine in depth the
elements that contribute to idenifying objecively the level of "quality" of a building envelope with the aim
of aiding the design of the systems of verical closure so that it is possible to idenify (clearly state) if a
speciic enhancement can or cannot be funcional with regard to the technological aspect.
Keywords
Raing system, building envelope, performance of building envelope, enhancement of buildings, curtain wall,
intelligence systems.
INTRODUCTION
A building's envelope, in modern architecture and in the construcion market, is now not thought of as a
simple division from the outside, but has acquired muliple funcions due to the evoluion of both buildings
and materials (Puglisi, 2014).
“It is more and more signiicant the fact that the building envelope is deined not as an isolated object that is
self-related, but as a “skin” or “membrane”, something that breathes and controls the mechanisms of
exchange with the outside environment, in the sense of a building, as a living enity, guaranteeing the upkeep
of opimal living condiions inside it, thanks to a metabolic exchange of mass and energy with the
surroundings” (Altomonte, 2005).
The enhancement of buildings now represents an innovaive approach that pays paricular atenion to the
potenial for transformaion of the property, placing it in relaion to the urban context and the needs of the
market, increasing its proitability (Tronconi and Baiardi, 2010).
THE BUILDING ENVELOPE IN THE ITALIAN MARKET
According to the Uncsaal report, the sector related to the producion of façade components, despite a
physical decrease in producion due to the ongoing economic crisis, is following a path towards a constant
evoluion and innovaion of products, which aims to produce innovaive and energy-eicient components
(Uncsaal n.ro 2, 2013).
Today the sector of the building envelope is characterised by a high fragmentaion of supply and by the
predominance of small companies, oten generic ones. Data supplied by the Agenzia delle Entrate (Inland
Revenue) in 2011 indicate that there are 12,068 companies in clusters related to the producion of metal
doors and windows. In the majority of cases, these were individual irms (6,687 companies) or small arisan
companies (3,525 companies). Only 1,857 companies (15% of the populaion) are corporaions, of which
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
103
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
most are small. The companies that operate in the sector of metallic doors and windows are of two types:
non-specialised producers of doors and windows (generic companies that produce doors and windows) and
companies focused on the coninuous façade (curtain wall companies). The average size of the curtain wall
companies are considerably larger than those of companies producing doors and windows, with an average
producion turnover over 11 million euros with approximately 50 employees, versus 3.7 million euro
producion and around 25 employees for generic door and window producers (Uncsaal n.ro 1, 2013).
ACTIVITY
NUMBER OF COMPANIES
Manufacturers of metal frames and curtain walls:
12.086
Company capital
1.857
36. Partnership
3.525
Sole traders
6.687
Table 1. Breakdown of companies in cluster linked to the producion of windows.
AVERAGE VALUE OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF
PRODUCTION
EMPLOYEES
Manufacturers of windows and
5,6
30
facades
Manufacturers
3,7
25
of windows
Manufacturers of facades
11,4
47
Table 2. The size and the numeber of employees in companies operaing in the ield of frames.
RATING SYSTEMS IN USE TODAY
Today the valuaion methods that are used are very varied and not well known; very oten, especially in small
companies, there is no knowledge of such methods. The reason for this is probably that the market itself
does not contain systems that are recognised on an internaional level: in fact, some of these methods are
strongly based on the naional context where they have been developed.
"The majority of systems deal only with some of the variables considered fundamental for an overall
valuaion of the performance of a building: paricularly spread are the aspects related to the containment of
energy consuming and the compaibility with the environment” (Ciaramella and Tronconi, 2011).
None of the analysed systems has the aim of evaluaing the performance according to "transversal" criteria,
regarding diferent themaic or scieniic areas of the building envelope.
Fueling the uncertainty of companies who undergo the selecion of a valuaion method is the presence on
the market of two types of methods:
the "standards" : are systems that evaluate the presence of building services, types of
services, infrastructure, etc. and are derived from ‘best pracices’ in the selecion of building adopted by the
major companies in the property market.
Figure 15.
the "labels": are tags recognised by the market but, very oten, evaluate only the
environmental aspects of the building and can be applied to all buildings.
Figure 16.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
104
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
Figure 6. The standards systems.
Figure 7. The labels systems.
RATING SYSTEM OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE
The raing system of the building envelope is sustained and is a compleion of the BRaVe system (Building
Raing Value) ofered by the Polytechnic of Milan and is the result of a working group of the laboratory
Gesi.Tec.
The raing of the envelope represents an analyic system through which it is possible to examine in depth the
elements that contribute to idenifying objecively the level of "quality" of a building envelope with the aim
of aiding the design of the systems of verical closure so that it is possible to idenify (clearly state) if a
speciic enhancement can or cannot be funcional with regard to the technological aspect.
The system ideniies diferent areas of analysis, each of them disinguished by variables that contribute to
determining the "performance" level of the envelope (Puglisi, 2012).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
105
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
Areas of applicaions
The system can be applied on teriary building envelopes and, paricularly on:
a. Envelope enhancements in order to evaluate achieved improvements or reducion in performance;
b. Pre-exising buildings to evaluate the performance characterisics of the envelope;
c. Buildings in design phase with the purpose of simulaing various scenarios and implement the most
suitable type of envelope.
The survey quesionnaire
The system requires the compleion of a quesionnaire that, for each item, ofers a choice of responses or the
simple indicaion of "yes/no". The survey quesionnaire is illed in directly by the designer or by the person
who has at his/her disposal the data of the original project and of the enhancement project. It is composed
of two parts:
Figure 17.
A descripive sheet that contains the general data of the property to be analysed.
A series of sheets regarding the technological/descripive aspects of the envelope, its
performance, intelligent characterisics, the security and maintenance regarding the property before and
ater the enhancement.
Figure 18.
The system of point atribuion
The raing system that is proposed considers 5 families (envelope, technological performance, intelligence,
security and maintenance), each of which is divided into diferent groups (factors) and subgroups
(parameters), for a total of 45 entries examined.
Speciic scores are allocated for each family, factor and parameter, each of them weighted by its level of
importance. The criteria that led to the deiniion of the scores was that of pairwise comparison, that has
allowed the classiicaion of families, factors and parameters in relaion to the importance atributed to them
in contribuing to the determinaion of the quality of the building envelope of a teriary building, in terms of
performance. Speciically, the envelope has received a score of 30 points, with 35 points for technological
performance, 14.50 points for intelligence, 10.50 points for security and 10.00 points for maintenance. The
sum of these points is equal to 100.
Raing system output
Upon receipt of the completed quesionnaire, the data is entered into a database from which an output is
generated that allows you to represent numerically and graphically, the result of the evaluaion. In the tables
generated by the system for each factor and parameter the following are represented:
−
The maximum achievable score.
−
The score the building has achieved before the valorisaion (enhancement) operaion.
−
The score the building has obtained ater the requaliicaion operaion.
The total mark generated by the raing system, expressed as a percentage, classiies the "quality" level of the
building envelope.
On the basis of the score obtained it is possible to associate the analysed building to a marking scheme that
deines the value of the raing (AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB, B, CCC, CC, C, D).
This score is then described by a radar chart that represents the result obtained for each family in
percentages.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
106
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
The representaion of the results of the raing system is derived from histogram charts where are highlighted
as an absolute value: the maximum score that can be obtained (let column), the markings that are actually
obtained by every factor and parameter that have been analysed before (central column) and ater (right
column) the valorisaion operaion.
This allows a clearer view of the improvements/worsening that have occurred as a result of the
enhancement operaion for the ive analysed families.
THE ENERGY PARK
One applicaion of the building envelope raing system are proposed below: the Energy Park - Segro in
Vimercate, a recently built building where the method is applied to evaluate the characterisics of the
performance of the envelope.
Figure 8. The property of Segro in Vimercate (MI). Source: Garrei Associai srl.
Location
Functions
Vimercate (MB)
Tertiary, laboratories, IT rooms, training rooms, auditoriums,
testing rooms
November 2008 - November 2009
SEGRO
Garretti Associati srl
Building time
Customer
Designer
Stakeholders
Construction management Garretti Associati srl
Security manager Garretti Associati srl
Structural engineers B.M.S. Progetti
Plant engineer Lombardini 22 srl
Construction company CESI
Facades and windows Teleya
Project landscape Garretti Associati srl
Design Features
Surface 11.500 mq
Number jobs About 900
Energetic class A+
parking lots 559
Amount
15 million euro
Table 3. Some data of Energy Park.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
107
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
Energy Park is located in the heart of the well known Polo Tecnologico della Brianza (the Science Hub of
Brianza) approximately 20 km from down town Milan. It is strategically located for easy access to the traic
arteries of Northern Italy, and it is connected to Milan via the Ring Road East, with a dedicated juncion at
only a 200 metres distance. Excellent accessibility as well to the A4 (Turin-Milan-Venice) Motorway Juncion
of Agrate. Besides Building 03 and the new Alcatel-Lucent Campus on the west side, the development of
Energy Park includes the compleion of 4 addiional buildings. Buildings P1, P2 and P3, looking onto the ring
road, will be subjected to radical renovaions. Moreover, once completed, ENERGY PARK will have over
100,000 sq m. of working spaces and research labs.
Energy Park was developed with a special commitment to deliver against the most ambiious sustainability
goals. Each of the new buildings is planned with a 22 metres core depth, with a façade system in precast
concrete panels and a shell system which provides for a reversed insulaion and a steel venilated front. The
size of the windows is such as to guarantee a good natural lighing factor, even though maintaining a high
protecion from direct irradiaion. Façades have in fact a balanced opaque and transparent bodies raio with
elements fully in glass, concentrated in a highly visible part of the buildings: the entrance halls and the
bioclimaic glasshouses, strengthening further their architectural character. It is this way possible to achieve a
balance between the winter and summer’s energy savings and the opimizaion of natural lighing
contribuion.
The raing system of the building envelope applied to Energy Park reaches peaks of excellence in the most
households with paricular reference to the building envelope, the technological performance, the security
and the maintenance, achieving a very good score in the raing system ("AAA").
MAX
Type 1
1
ENVELOPE
2
TECHOLOGICAL
PERFORMANCE
3
INTELLIGENCE
4
SECURITY
5
MAINTENANCE
Type 2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.1
Max
Score
Relationship with Form
3
Type of envelope
7,5
Openings
9,5
Facade Shading
9
Roof Shading
1
Energy Class of the Building
4
Thermal Conductivity
20,5
Light Transmission
3
Sound Insulation
5,5
Meccanical ventilation
2
Intelligent Systems
6
Photovoltaic system and presence of
3.2
7
renewable energies
3.3
Comunication
1,5
4.1
Security glass
8,5
4.2
Control systems
2
5.1
Ordinary maintenance
5
5.2
Maintenance Systems and tools
5
TOTALE
100
Table 4. The results of the raing system applied to Energy Park.
AS BUILT
%
Score
100%
100%
95%
94%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
3
7,5
9
9
1
4
20,5
3
5,5
2
6
50%
3,5
67%
100%
100%
90%
80%
94%
1
8,5
2
4,5
5
95
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
108
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
Figure 9.
ENERGY
The results of the raing system applied to Energy Park.
The quality level of the envelope up to 98% and it is it is characterized by:
•
Type of envelope: it is characterized by various types of façade (structural, venilated and
coninuous).
•
Openings: the windows are equipped with thermal break and low-emissivity glasses are installed.
•
façade shading: are characterized by a combinaion of shading in the horizontal and verical shields.
In paricular the shields are hyper performance, in fact the tents have low emiing characterisics.
The building thanks to the characterisics described above, achieves the maximum scores in all parameters
analyzed.
The quality level of technological performance of the building envelope the maximum score possible. The
building, in fact, lies in A+ energy class, is designed to provide a lot of number of air changes per hour, is
characterized by very low transmitance and by a good level of acousic-sided glossy. Façade sound insulaion
has also met legal requirements (DPCM 5/12/1997 “Determinaion of passive acousic requirements of
buildings”). The number of air changes per hour to meet the current legal requirements ( Building Research
Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, RICS).
The quality level of intelligence of the envelope reaches 72%. The building achieve excellent scores in the
following areas:
-
the clever features: the building has solar trackers, ariicial lighing reacive systems for heat
recovery systems, diferent for every area (foyer, interior and perimeter areas, CED) directly
connected to the internal network through wiring;
-
control systems: for cooling, venilaion, heaing, humidity and solar shading;
-
use systems that use geothermal energy.
Instead consitute points of weakness the following areas the absence of the photovoltaic system and the
absence of systems that contribute to the communicaion capacity of the building with the external
environment.
The quality level achieved by the family of security around the envelope is equal to 100%. The building, in
fact, is characterized by the using of security glass like ani-injury, ani-fall and ani-burglar-vandalism-crime
and the CE branding of the glass.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
109
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ENERGY
The quality level of the family regarding maintenance up to 85% and it is it is characterized by:
•
The constant implementaion of a maintenance program during the years considered.
•
The possibility of lowering mobile scafolding from the roof and allowing a ladder within 5m of the
building so that some external maintenance can be easily done.
•
A high availability on the market of replacement components for the envelope.
Instead consitute point of weakness the absence of self-cleaning glass integrated into the facade.
CONCLUSION
In the enhancement process, the renovaion of the building envelope has a decisive role. A product that is
correctly enhanced is subject to a simple inserion in the market and it adds value to the investor and to the
context where it is set. High quality buildings are usually qualiied by the real estate market with the term
“Class A”. This deiniion, taken from models of inancial raing, doesn’t correspond to a precise, objecive
and scieniic ideniicaion of the elements that determine it: elements as the "lexibility of the surfaces",
"high standard plants”, the presence of "raised loors" or other features that characterize the building’s
equipment, are generically listed.The envelope raing system’s aim is to spot elements that can objecively
idenify the level of "quality" of a building envelope. In paricular, this system wants to clarify if indeed a
redevelopment, only limited to the building’s envelope, may or may not be funcional in terms of technology
and funcion.
Contributes to the Roadmap
The raing system of the building envelope should be applied to any enhancement of the building in order to
improve its performance.
Open Issues
The raing system of the building envelope should be applied not only to the teriary buildings, but to all
types of building.
REFERENCES
1. V. Puglisi, V. (2014) Sistemi, tecnologie e materiali innovaivi per gli involucri contemporanei, Aracne
editrice, Milano.
2. Altomomte, S. (2005) L’involucro architetonico come interfaccia dinamica. Strumeni e criteri per
una Architetura sostenibile, Alinea editrice, Firenze.
3. Uncsaal (2013), Rapporto Italiano sul mercato dell’involucro edilizio, n.ro 2.
4. Uncsaal (2013) Rapporto Italiano sul mercato dell’involucro edilizio, n.ro 1.
5. Tronconi, O. and Baiardi L. (2010) Valutazione, valorizzazione e sviluppo immobiliare, Il Sole 24 Ore,
Milano.
6. Ciaramella, A. and Tronconi, O. (2011) Qualità e prestazioni degli ediici. Come valutarle e misurarle:
un modello di raing, Il Sole 24 Ore, Milano.
7. Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, RICS .
8. Puglisi, V. (2012) Il raing dell’involucro edilizio. La misurazione delle prestazioni tecnologiche, Il Sole
24 Ore, Milano.
9. Canada Labour Code, “Canada Occupaional Health and Safety Regulaions” , S.O.R. 86-304, part VI:
lighing, 6.11 Minimum levels of lighing.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
110
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Mat
er
i
al
sSes
s
i
on
Se
s
s
i
onRap
p
or
t
e
ur
:
Koj
iSakai
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
111
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
112
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Sustainable Recycling of Concrete
with Environmental Impact Minimizaion
Takafumi Noguchi
Department of Architecture, The University of Tokyo
noguchi@bme.arch.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
ABSTRACT
The paper outlines the history of quality requirements for recycled concrete aggregate in Japan and
introduces the framework of “Guideline for Mix Design, Producion and Construcion Pracice of Concrete
with Recycled Concrete Aggregate” established by Architectural Insitute of Japan. Then the paper proposes
a design concept for closed-loop recycling and presents the outline of completely recyclable concrete, with
which closed-loop circulaion of component materials is realized. The paper also introduces a newly
developed technology realizing sustainable resource recycling with low energy consumpion in concrete
structures.
Keywords
Recycling, concrete, closed-loop, low energy consumpion, guideline.
INTRODUCTION
Providing excellent performance as a structural material, concrete has long been deemed essenial for
modern civilizaion and recognized as a material that will coninue to maintain and support the development
of human society. The sheer amount of concrete in use and in stock compared with other building materials
brings up the issue of the enormous amount of waste generated when concrete is disposed of. Besides,
aggregate resources are beginning to be depleted at a high speed. Concrete has convenionally been
regarded as being diicult to recycle. The construcion industry has addressed these problems and carried
out research and development regarding the recycling of concrete since the 1970s.
JAPANESE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINE FOR RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
Ater a three-year study aiming at using demolished concrete as recycled aggregate for concrete, the Building
Contractors Society established “Drat standard for the use of recycled aggregate and recycled concrete” in
1977. This standard required that the oven-dry density and water absorpion of recycled coarse aggregate
be not less than 2.2g/cm3 and not more than 7%, respecively, and those of recycled ine aggregate be not
less than 2.0g/cm3 and not more than 13%, respecively. This was followed by researches and developments
under some projects promoted by the Ministry of Construcion (1981-1985 and 1992-1996) or semi-public
research insitutes, through which standards for recycled aggregate have been established. The
development history of concrete recycling is summarized in Table 1 from the viewpoint of the properies of
recycled aggregate. Table 1 shows the progressive improvement in the properies of recycled aggregate
achieved by advances in the technology for producing recycled aggregate, inally reaching a level comparable
to natural aggregate. The Recycled Aggregate Standardizaion Commitee was set up in Japan Concrete
Insitute in 2002, which was tasked with formulaing Japan Industrial Standards for recycled aggregate for
concrete.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
113
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
The commitee established three standards as follows:
- JIS A 5021 (Recycled aggregate for concrete, Class H)
- JIS A 5022 (Recycled concrete using recycled aggregate, Class M) with Annex
- JIS A 5023 (Recycled concrete using recycled aggregate, Class L) with Annex
Three types of recycled aggregate are classiied by water absorpion and oven-dry density, each being
recommended for concrete structures and segments as given in Table 2.
Table 1. History of Quality Requirements for Recycled Aggregate
Year
1977
1994
1999
2000
2005
2006
2007
Coarse aggregate
Density
Absorpion
(g/cm 3)
(%)
Formulator and Name of Standard
Building Contractors Society
Drat standard for the use of recycled aggregate and recycled concrete
Type 1
Ministry of Construcion
Provisional quality standard for reuse of concrete byType 2
products
Type 3
Building Center of Japan
Accreditaion criteria of recycled aggregate for building concrete
Ministry of Internaional Trade and Industry
TR A0006 (Low quality recycled aggregate concrete)
JIS A 5021 (Class H)
Japan Industrial Standards Commitee
JIS A 5022 (Class M)
Recycled aggregate for concrete
JIS A 5023 (Class L)
Japan Industrial Standards Commitee
JIS A5005 (Crushed stone and manufactured sand for concrete)
Fine aggregate
Density
Absorpion
(g/cm 3)
(%)
2.2 or more
7 or less
2.0 or more
13 or less
-
3 or less
5 or less
7 or less
-
5 or less
10 or less
2.5 or more
3.0 or less
2.5 or more
3.5 or less
7 or less
10 or less
2.5 or more
2.3 or more
3.0 or less
5.0 or less
7.0 or less
2.5 or more
2.2 or more
3.5 or less
7.0 or less
13.0 or less
2.5 or more
3.0 or less
2.5 or more
3.0 or less
Table 2. Recommended applicaion of recycled aggregate
Class
H
M
L
Structural concrete
Non-structural concrete
Afected by drying
Not afected by drying
With reinforcements
Without reinforcements
Applicable range with no need for special consideraion
Applicable range with no need for special consideraion
Applicable range with no need for
special consideraion
Table 3. Contents of the AIJ Guideline for Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Chapter
Title
Chapter 1
General
Chapter 2
Types and applicable members of RAC
Chapter 3
Qualiies of RAC
Chapter 4
Materials
Chapter 5
Producion of RA
Chapter 6
Proporioning
Chapter 7
Order placement, producion, and acceptance of RAC
Chapter 8
Transportaion, deposiion, consolidaion, and curing of RAC
Chapter 9
Quality control/inspecion
Chapter 10
RAC M for structural members subjected to the efect of drying
Chapter 11
RAC L for reinforced concrete members
Appendix 1
RA and RAC that received JIS accreditaion and Ministry ceriicaion
Appendix 2
Applicaion examples of closed-circuit concrete recycling technology
Appendix 3
Placement examples of concrete made using RA H produced by equipment with an eccentric rotor
Appendix 4
Applicaion examples of RAC H and M to buildings
Appendix 5
Applicaion examples of RAC by aggregate replacement
Appendix 6
Methods of reuilizing by-product ine powder
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
114
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Architectural Insitute of Japan (AIJ) established and published "Guideline for Mix Design, Producion and
Construcion Pracice of Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregate" (AIJ Guideline) in October 2014 based
on the Japan Industrial Standards for recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete. The table of
contents of AIJ Guideline is shown in Table 3. The guideline shows the standard speciicaions for the
invesigaion of demolished reinforced concrete structures which become the resource of recycled aggregate
and the producion and quality control of recycled aggregate. It also recommends the appropriate type of
recycled aggregate concrete according to the condiion of the part or the component of a building, and
prescribes the mix proporioning, producion technique, transportaion method, execuion technique,
quality control method for recycled aggregate concrete. In the appendices, lists of recycled aggregates and
recycled aggregate concretes ceriied by the Japanese government are shown, and typical applicaion cases
of these recycled aggregate concretes to buildings are outlined.
STATE OF THE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONCRETE
Recycling technology shown in Figure 1 has been shiting from simple crushing into advanced techniques, i.e.
scrubbing with some preparaions such as heaing (Shima et al., 1999; Yanagibashi et al., 2004) to produce
high-quality recycled aggregate for structural concrete. These techniques avoid down cycling and recovers
recycled aggregate, or a material, having the same quality as natural aggregate from waste concrete, forming
a closed-loop in terms of the resource circulaion of concrete materials. However the problems are
remained in these techniques regarding thermal-energy-induced environmental impact and cost increase.
The ime has come when establishment of a new design concept for complete recycling of structural
concrete is deinitely necessary. The principle of complete recycling is that the concrete is subject to material
design to reduce waste generaion and facilitate resource circulaion in a closed-loop system (Noguchi et al.,
2011). Development technology based on such material design is regarded as proacive technology. The
materials of concrete should be used as parts of concrete during the service life of concrete and remain
usable ater demoliion as parts of similar or other products without quality deterioraion, coninuing
circulaion in various products as the media. This is deined as a performance called resource conservability.
If concrete produced with due consideraion to the resource conservability at the stage of material design is
applied to structures, then the components of the concrete can be completely recycled at the ime of
demoliion as shown in Figure 2. What should be done in the future is to introduce material design that
permits complete recycling for at least the components of concrete, i.e., aggregate and cement materials, to
ensure the material conservability in concrete as the medium and then to achieve high strength and high
durability of structures.
IDEAL COMPLETE RECYCLING OF CONCRETE IN THE FUTURE
Concrete shall have the same characterisics as steel and aluminum in order to realize a closed-loop
complete recycling in concrete. The author has been involving the development of completely recyclable
concrete (CRC) since 1994 and proposed two types of CRC. One is the cement recovery-type (Tomosawa and
Noguchi, 1996) and another the aggregate recovery-type (Tsujino et al., 2008).
Figure 1. Categorizaion of Concrete Recycling Technology
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
115
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Figure 2. Society of Closed-loop Concrete Recycling
Cement Recovery-type CRC
Cement recovery-type CRC was deined as “concrete whose materials are enirely usable ater hardening as
materials of cement, since all the binders, addiions, and aggregate are made of cement or materials for
cement”. Blast-furnace slag, ly ash, etc., generated as by-products from industries other than construcion
have been acively reused as materials for cement and cemeniious materials for concrete. Since these
contain adequate amounts of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 that are necessary for materials of cement, concrete
containing several types of these industrial by-products in combinaion achieves complete recyclability as
clinker material ater demoliion without adding any other ingredients. The experiments revealed that the
recycled cement had the same properies as one available on the market and no problem was observed in
fresh and mechanical properies of the concrete made using this cement as shown in Table 4. Cement
recovery-type CRC can formulate a semi-closed-loop circulaion material low as shown in Figure 3.
Conversion from convenional concrete to cement recovery-type CRC will substanially miigate the
environmental problem of concrete waste generaion, while permanently preserving and storing the
limestone resource in the form of structures. Besides, CO 2 emission during cement producion can be
reduced by the uilizaion of cement recovery-type CRC as a raw material of cement since cement made from
calcined limestone never emits CO2.
Aggregate Recovery-type CRC
Aggregate recovery-type CRC was deined as “concrete in which the aggregate surfaces are modiied without
excessively reducing the mechanical properies of the concrete, in order to reduce the bond between
aggregate and the matrix, thereby permiing easy recovery of original aggregate”. It can also form a closed
circulaing material low as shown in Figure 4. In order to achieve 100% circulaion of concrete in a closed
system, a structure is necessary as an aggregate-supplier in addiion to one as a cement material supplier.
Recycled cement
Recycled concrete
Table 4. Properies of Recycled Cement and Recycled Concrete
Seing ime
Density
Speciic surface area
Compressive strength
3
2
(g/cm )
(cm /g)
at 28days (MPa)
Iniial
Final
3.13
3,340
2h-00m
2h-50m
43.0
W/C
Compressive strength at 28 days
Modulus of elasicity at 28 days
0.58
35.2 MPa
39.0 GPa
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
116
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Figure 3. Cement Recovery-type CRC
Figure 4. Aggregate Recovery-type CRC
By building a stock of structures keeping such an appropriate balance, all cement and aggregate can be
exploited from built structures in the future.
Aggregate recovery-type CRC has to ensure compaibility of the performances in a trade-of relaionship
between mechanical properies of the concrete and aggregate recoverability. Aggregate recovery-type CRC
consists of two technologies as shown in Figure 5, i.e. concrete strength enhancement technology and
aggregate recovery technology. The former involves, difering from convenional technologies, aggregate
surface modiicaion to increase the bonding force between the coarse aggregate and the mortar by coaing
a binder evenly on the surface of the coarse aggregate. Silica fume and by-product powder were contained
in the binder expecing to enhance chemical and physical bonding force due to pozzolanic reacion and
mechanical fricion. The later aims at recycling aggregate with low energy, which involves inclusion of
dielectric material in the binder. When applied with microwave radiaion, the dielectric material on the
surface of the aggregate is heated and the interface between the aggregate and mortar matrix is weakened
locally and thus the separability of the aggregate and mortar matrix is improved. Experiments were
conducted using diferent types of surface modiied coarse aggregate shown in Table 5. Figure 6 shows that
the strength of the concrete (SP80, SP90) is increased by 20% or more compared to that of normal aggregate
concrete (O) because of the combinaion of the increase in the mechanical fricion force and the increase in
the chemical bonding force. Ater heated as shown in Table 6, the specimens were roughly crushed with a
jaw crusher, and subjected to a rubbing treatment with the Los Angeles Abrasion Machine to remove cement
mortar. The recovery raio of the recycled coarse aggregate is shown in Figure 7. The specimen O1 (not
heated) contains much cement paste in spite of undergoing rubbing treatment. With respect to the
specimen O2 heated by microwave radiaion and O3 heated in the electric oven, more cement paste is
removed than that without heaing, but it is not so much compared to that of specimen undergone heatedscrubbing as reported in the past papers. The aggregate recovery rate of the specimen SP80 heated by
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
117
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
microwave radiaion was around 93%, indicaing small amount of the paste and ine aggregate remained,
proved a high quality of the recycled coarse aggregate. The CO 2 emission during the treatment of 1 ton of
waste concrete mass is shown in Figure 8. The CO 2 emited using the microwave heaing is extremely small
compared to that from the aggregate producion process based on the heated-scrubbing. When compared
to the mechanical-scrubbing that could produce moderately high quality aggregate, CO 2 emission was almost
the same. Considering the extremely high quality of recycled aggregate obtained by the new technology, it
seems highly advantageous than convenional ones.
Figure 5. Concept of New Technology for Aggregate Recovery-type CRC
Symbol
O
N
SP70
SP80
SP90
P
Silica
(%)
Table 5. Surface Modiied Coarse Aggregates
fume By-product
powder Epoxy resin & dielectric
(%)
material
0
0
Not applied
0
0
30
70
20
80
Applied
10
90
0
100
Figure 6. Compressive Strength and Modulus of Elasicity in Aggregate Recovery-type CRC
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
118
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Table 6. Heaing Condiions
Symbo
l
O1
O2
O3
SP80
Dielectric
material
Not applied
Applied
Microwave heaing
2.45GHz, 1800W, 90sec
2.45GHz, 1800W, 90sec
Electric oven
heaing
300°C, 60min
-
Figure 7. Recovery Raio in Aggregate Recovery-type CRC
Figure 8. CO2 Emission in Concrete Recycling Process
CONCLUSION
A recycling-oriented society is a society that coninues to use resources, once they are taken from nature into
the society, without returning them unless they do not represent an environmental load. In such a society,
the intake of resources from nature is minimized and products and materials that cannot be recycled
repeatedly are rejected. Recycling should be of high quality because recycled products are not marketable
unless they are of a quality that saisies users. Recycling should be repeatable. If a recycled product has to
be dumped in a landill ater use with no chance of recycling, then the recycling is no beter than producing
waste of the following generaion. To establish a recycling-oriented society, it is vital to materialize a new
producion system whereby new stock serves as resources and it is important to adopt a technology of
enhancing the resource conservability of concrete and its components, at the stage of designing the
structure by incorporaing the concept of upstream-process system. Completely recyclable concrete (CRC) is
one of the technologies which can recover materials for cement and aggregate to realize the formulaion of
resource circulaion. Though the cement recovery-type CRC cannot completely achieve closed-loop resource
circulaion, the aggregate recovery-type CRC is proved to become such like steel and aluminium. It also
achieves smaller CO2 emission in recycling compared to convenional technologies.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
119
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Contributes to the Roadmap (Required)
The target values should be determined for several parameters such as a resource eiciency (=GDP/Resource
consumpion) and a recycling eiciency (=Uilizaion of recycled or reused resource/Uilizaion of recycled
resources and natural resources) in order to reserve abioic natural resources.
Open Issues
Clients have litle intenion of invesing recyclable materials and/or reusable components used in structures
which are costly at the stages of producion and construcion but will become beneicial at the stages of
demoliion and recycling in the future. How can we actualize a paradigm shit?
REFERENCES (IF NEEDED)
1. Noguchi, T., Kitagaki, R. and Tsujino, M. (2011). Minimizing environmental impact and maximizing
performance in concrete recycling, Structural Concrete, 12, 1, 36-46.
2. Shima, H., et al. (1999). New technology for recovering high quality aggregate from demolished
concrete, Proceedings of the Fith Internaional Symposium on East Asian Recycling Technology ,
Japan.
3. Tsujino, M., et al. (2008). Completely recyclable concrete of aggregate-recovery type by using
microwave heaing technology, Proceedings of the 3rd ACF Internaional Conference , Ho Chi Minh,
Vietnam.
4. Tomosawa, F. and Noguchi, T. (1996). Towards completely recyclable concrete, Integrated Design and
Environmental Issues in Concrete Technology, E & FN SPON, 263-272.
5. Yanagibashi, K., et al. (2004). A new recycling process for coarse aggregate to be used for concrete
structures, Proceedings of RILEM Internaional Symposium on Environment-Conscious Materials and
Systems for Sustainable Development, Koriyama, Japan.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
120
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Sustainable Concrete Structures – Contribuion to the
Development of a Sustainably Built Environment
Petr Hajek
Cislav Fiala
Czech Technical University in Prague
petr.hajek@fsv.cvut.cz
Czech Technical University in Prague
cislav.iala@fsv.cvut.cz
ABSTRACT
Concrete is used in construcion of buildings, bridges, dams, roads, tunnels – basically every contemporary
construcion contains concrete. The special properies of concrete are, among others, afordability,
availability and variability in connecion with strength and potenial durability, which has made concrete the
most used man-made material in the world. More over high amount of concrete use is associated with high
transport needs and demands on producion and demoliion processes within the enire life cycle. This all
has signiicant impact on the environment. The presentaion shows and discusses advantages of concrete
structures from the viewpoints of sustainability. The general methodology for ILCA of concrete structures
based on ISO and CEN standards and other speciics applied to diferent life cycle phases, diferent types of
concrete structures and to diferent regional condiions will be also presented.
Keywords
sustainability, life cycle assessment, concrete structure, environmental impact
INTRODUCTION
The producion of concrete in the industrialized world annually amounts to 1.5-3 tone. In consequence of a
fact that world cement producion has been 12 imes increased in the second half of the last century, the
cement industry produces at present about 5 - 7% of global man-made CO2 emissions. More over high
amount of concrete use is associated with high transport needs and demands on producion and demoliion
processes within the enire life cycle. This all has signiicant impact on the environment.
Current development of concrete, producion technology and development of concrete construcions during
last twenty years have lead to quality shit of technical parameters and also of related environmental
impacts. New types of concrete have due to mix opimizaion signiicantly beter characterisics from the
perspecive of strength, mechanical resistance, durability and resistance to extreme loads.
The rapid development in the construcion industries leads to the replacement of old exising buildings with
new buildings. Consequently, the amount of demolished concrete structures is very high and is gradually
increasing. This creates needs and potenial for replacement of natural aggregate by recycled aggregated.
The use of recycled concrete - as an aggregate for new concrete mixes, leads to saving of natural resources
and helps to reduce the pressure on landilling sites.
Concrete gradually becomes building material with high potenial for expectant environmental impact
reducion. This needs beter knowledge about technological processes and their impacts from wide variety of
sustainability aspects within enire life cycle – from acquisiion of materials, through producion of concrete
and concrete components, construcion, use, up to demoliion of concrete structure and recycling (Hajek,
Fiala and Novotna, 2014).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
121
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Main advantages of concrete structures from the viewpoints of sustainability are: (i) thermal mass
(contribuing to energy savings associated with cooling and heaing), (ii) acousic properies (improving airborn sound insulaion), (iii) ire resistance, (iv) long term durability, (v) structural safety, including high
resistance to natural efects during excepional efects like natural disasters comprising good resistance to
earthquakes. These advantages could be signiicant in designing new construcions as well as in old
structures reconstructed for the new use (Hajek, Fiala and Kynclova, 2011; Hajek, Novotna and Fiala, 2013).
Speciic advantages of concrete structures from environmental viewpoint
•
Secondary materials uilizaion - Uilizing supplementary cemeniious materials in a composiion of
concrete mixture (ly-ash, granulated blast furnace, microsilica) it is possible to reduce the amount of
embodied energy and embodied CO2 and SOx emissions.
•
Recycled concrete can be uilized as aggregate subsitutes in earthwork construcion and up to some
extent as an aggregate subsitute in a new concrete producion.
•
Precast concrete elements in “tailor-made” manner enable waste reducion in producion and also
on construcion site.
•
Thermal mass of concrete can contribute to energy savings associated with cooling and heaing.
Speciic advantages of concrete structures from economy viewpoint
•
Long-term durability - Concrete in comparison to other materials (imber, steel etc.) enables longer
service life of buildings. Concrete structures are usually more resistant to atmospheric acion, they
have a good capability of withstanding wear, and they do not subject easily to degradaion processes.
This also results in lower operaing, maintenance and demoliion cost.
•
Lower material cost, lower manipulaion and transportaion cost - Subtle concrete structures uilizing
lesser amount of higher quality concrete could be cheaper, even though the unit cost of this type of
concrete is higher than the unit cost of standard concrete types.
•
Dismountable structures: Precast concrete structures can be designed as dismountable enabling
consequenial uilizaion of structural elements.
•
Smaller thickness of peripheral structures can have a posiive efect on construcion economic
eiciency (especially in areas with regulated size of built-up area).
•
Thermal mass - Concrete structures due to their accumulaive properies can in some cases
contribute to decrease of operaing cost for cooling and heaing.
Speciic advantages of concrete structures from social viewpoint
•
High structural safety and reliability, higher ire resistance – This includes also high resistance to
natural efects during excepional cases of natural disasters (loods, storms, winds, hurricanes,
tornados, ires, earthquakes, etc.) and terrorist atacks.
•
Acousic properies – Due to high speciic weight of concrete there can by improved air-born sound
insulaion of structure (loors and/or walls separaing diferent operaional areas);
•
Thermal mass – Concrete (material with high speciic weight) can contribute to thermal stability of
internal environment and consequently to energy savings.
•
Maintainability - High quality concrete surface can be easily maintained, cleaned and it has long
durability.
•
Flexibility – Character of concrete technology enables signiicant design lexibility due to the
possibility of forming almost any element shape limited only by structural reliability requirements.
•
Healthiness - Concrete is not the source of toxic emissions or volaile organic compounds.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
122
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
INTEGRATED LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Integrated design is a complex approach implemening all relevant and signiicant requirements into one
single design process. This approach integrates material, component, and structure design and considers
selected relevant criterions from a wide range of sustainability criterions sorted in three basic groups:
environmental, economic and social and considering enire life cycle of structure (Fib Bullein 28, 2004).
Complex integrated approach is based on simultaneous and interacive consideraion of diferent aspects:
− sustainability requirements (environmental criteria, economic criteria and social criteria);
− technical and funcional requirements (technical performance, funcional performance, durability);
− life cycle phases throughout the enire life of the structure;
− various funcional units (material, component, enire structure).
Concrete is used in a wide variety of structures (buildings, bridges, roads, dams etc.), each designed with a
speciic kind of funcionality and life span in mind. For all these reasons no single outline for an ILCA for a
given concrete structure can be speciied. A chart in the “Figure 1” shows ILCA process applied to diferent
types of concrete structures (Fib Bullein 71, 2013). In this process the key importance play regional speciics,
because concrete is typically produced from regionally available materials using regionally available
techniques and transport systems.
Figure 1. General framework for ILCA of diferent types of concrete structures.
CONCLUSION
Already implemented realizaions give clear signal that in the forthcoming era there will be necessary to take
into account new requirements and criteria for design and construcion of concrete structures following from
global aspects on sustainable development. The results show that the high quality of mechanical and
environmental performance of new silicate composites creates the potenial for wider applicaion of High
Performance Concrete in building construcion focused on sustainability issues.
Author would like to express sincere thanks to support of the Czech Grant Agency, research grant GACR P104
13-12676S.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
123
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Contributes to the Roadmap
Concrete gradually becomes building material with high potenial for expectant environmental impact
reducion. Especially opimized concrete structures using new types of concrete in advanced technologies
can signiicantly contribute to needed reducion of global environmental impacts. One possible way is
uilizing of ultra high performance concrete in opimized structural shapes. Mechanical properies of these
materials such as high compressive strength, durability, water ightness etc. create condiions for designing
subtle structures that leads to saving up to 70% of material in comparison with ordinary concrete, and
consequently to reducion of embodied CO2 emissions.
Open Issues
Eiciency of new concrete technologies to be used in sustainable construcion of buildings in the changing
world (considering global climate changes and global social changes).
REFERENCES
4. Hajek, P., Fiala, C. and Novotna, M. (2014). Sustainable Concrete – on the way towards sustainable
building. In proc. World SB14 Barcelona, 2014
5. Hajek, P., Fiala, C. and Kynclova, M. (2011). Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete Structures - Step towards
Environmental Savings, Structural Concrete, Journal of the ib, Volume 12, Number 1, 2011, ISSN 14644177.
6. Hajek, P., Novotna, M. and Fiala, C. (2013). Sustainable Concrete for Custainable Buildings. In proc. SB13
Munich, 2013
7. Fib Bullein 28. (2004) Environmental design. State-of-the-art report. ISSN 1562-3610.
8. Fib Bullein 71.(2013) Integrated Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete Structures, State-of-the art report,
ISBN 978-2-88394-111-3
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
124
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
LCA-Based Sustainability Assessment Approach Applied to
Structural Retroit of Masonry Buildings
Costanino Menna
Loredana Napolano
Dept. of Structures for Engineering and Architecture
University of Naples Federico II, Italy
costanino.menna@unina.it
STRESS scarl, Sviluppo Tecnologie e Ricerca per
l’Edilizia sismicamente Sicura ed ecoSostenibile
loredana.napolano@stress-scarl.it
Domenico Asprone
Andrea Prota
Dept. of Structures for Engineering and Architecture
University of Naples Federico II, Italy
d.asprone@unina.it
Dept. of Structures for Engineering and Architecture
University of Naples Federico II, Italy
aprota@unina.it
ABSTRACT
Over the last decade, the rehabilitaion/renovaion of exising buildings has progressively atracted the
atenion of the scieniic community and government insituions. Many studies focus intensely on the
mechanical and energy performance of retroited/renovated exising structures, while few works deal with
the environmental impacts of such intervenions. The environmental impacts related to a structural retroit
opion can be successfully evaluated by means of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) based approach. In paricular,
a cradle to gate (or grave) system boundary can be considered for each retroit technique in order to
compute substance lows throughout the enire or parial life cycle of the exising building. On the basis of a
methodological framework based on LCA, the present study evaluates the life cycle environmental impacts of
typical retroit techniques applied to masonry walls belonging to exiing masonry structures.
Keywords
Exising masonry structures, retroit techniques, LCA.
INTRODUCTION
In many European countries, such as Italy, masonry buildings consitute a signiicant porion of exising
building stock; in addiion, many of them are characterized by an important historical and cultural value. In
general, these structures do not comply with current/naional engineering standards and are someimes
subjected to physical and funcional degradaion over ime as well as structural damage from hazardous
events. Despite these drawbacks, building renovaion has gained increasing atenion as a valuable
alternaive to demoliion, providing opportuniies to upgrade the internal and external building environment,
reach energy eiciency, align with more modern accommodaions with respect to new standards, and
increase the value and safety of the exising building. Large-scale retroiing studies have focused deeply on
the mechanical, funcional, and energy performance of retroited/renovated exising structures, while few
works have dealt with the environmental sustainability assessment of such intervenions (Asadi et al. (2012),
Ascione et al. (2011)). In addiion, recent research aciviies have also included other sustainability criteria,
such as economic beneits of refurbishment (Kanapeckiene et al. 2011) and social aspects (Raslanasa et al.
2011), oten considering the structural and funcional performance of a building ater earthquake damage.
From an environmental sustainability perspecive, the environmental impacts related to a structural retroit
opion can be successfully evaluated by means of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) based approach. However, if
the LCA of a single construcion component or process can be efecively conducted according to
process/manufacturing data, on the other hand, a retroited building/structure is a system that is too
complex to be assessed, with a long lifespan that involves mulifaceted procedures, hypotheses, data
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
125
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
collecion, and interpretaions. Nevertheless, moving the LCA focus from single components to retroited
buildings and structures would signiicantly contribute to sustainability from the design phase onward,
oriening the decision-making towards low-impact soluions. The purpose of this paper is to analyze diferent
structural retroit techniques applied to masonry structures. In paricular, the present study aims to quanify
the environmental footprint of diferent structural retroit intervenions, conducted on a masonry structure,
once structural requirements are established and saisied. Four diferent structural opions are examined
from the environmental point of view by means of a LCA approach (ISO:14040 2006; ISO:14044 2006): local
replacement of damaged masonry (LRDM), mortar injecion (MI), steel chain installaion (SCI), and
applicaion of grid-reinforced mortar (GRM) made of a glass iber composite grid.
METHODS
Given the wide set of possible scenarios and soluions, it should be emphasized that refurbishment and
retroit of exising buildings oten require, as mandatory requirement, the fulilment of several mechanical
and funcional requests (someimes prescribed by naional laws/standards) that have to be properly taken
into account during the design of the retroit itself. Among these requirements, a selecion of a set of acions
should be pursuit also in the light of common goals of sustainable development in the construcion sector.
Each soluion should be analysed by using appropriate criteria (quanitaively expressed by proper indicators)
considering inancial, environmental, social, and structural aspects, in order to implement the opimal
retroit soluion. According to this approach, sustainability and structural requirements might be
incorporated within the design stage of retroit of exising structures. In other words, a comparison between
the environmental performance of diferent retroit opions could be properly carried out by (Figure 1): (1)
designing diferent retroit coniguraions following current/local engineering pracice; (2) verifying that each
retroit coniguraion saisies some performance requirement deined at the design stages, e.g. structural
properies, thermal insulaion properies, space availability; (3) performing an LCA of the diferent retroit
coniguraions within a standardized LCA framework; and (4) interpreing and comparing the results
according to such a framework.
Figure 1. Schemaic approach for environmental sustainability assessment of retroit opions
Four diferent structural opions are invesigated in the present study by following the menioned step by
step procedure (Figure 1): LRDM, MI, SCI, and GRM. These techniques have been oten employed to repair
the damages linked to mechanism of collapse occurred, for example, during seismic events which typically
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
126
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
involve the parial or total collapse of the wall (out-of-plane mechanisms) and cracks formaions. The
proposed approach, based on the LCA logical scheme reported in Figure 1, aims at contribuing to
sustainable design of retroit intervenions in construcion sector. This approach has been selected
coherently with the requirements of the internaional Environmental Product Declaraion (EPD) system
according to ISO 14025 (ISO: 14025 2006). Each diferent opion reported in Figure 2 is analysed with
reference to proper normalized quaniies based on mechanical performance targets that characterize each
technique: 1 m long of local replacement and crack binding on 1 m 2 of masonry wall in the case of LRDM and
MI, respecively; 1 m2 of masonry wall where GRM is applied and 1 m of steel chain in the case of SCI. These
invesigated scenarios are designed in order to achieve the same structural performance in terms of shear
strength for the retroited masonry wall. This condiion is achieved by applying a proper number of grid
reinforcement layers to obtain the same tensile strength according to Circolare n.617 2009. The
environmental impacts of the structural retroit opions are assessed by means of an LCA approach. A cradle
to grave system boundary is considered for each retroit process. The results of the environmental analysis
are presented according to the data format of the Environmental Product Declaraion (EPD) standard.
Indeed, the environmental outcomes are expressed through six impact categories: global warming, ozone
depleion, eutrophicaion, acidiicaion, photochemical oxidaion, and non-renewable energy.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Figure 2. Retroit opions herein invesigated: a) local replacement of damaged masonry, b) mortar injecion, c) gridreinforced mortar applicaion, and 4) steel chain installaion.
RESULTS
The EPD environmental indicators are adopted to quanify the environmental impacts of the structural
retroit opions. In paricular, the environmental impacts on global warming, ozone depleion, photochemical
oxidaion, acidiicaion, eutrophicaion and non-renewable energy are evaluated. The results for all the
retroit opions and referred to the enire life cycle are reported in Tables 1, 2, 3 for LRDM and MI, GRM, SCI,
respecively.
In the LRDM and MI retroit opions, the use of light mortar (construcion phase) is responsible for the major
environmental impact in all LCA categories. When the LRDM and MI opions are compared, the results show
that the LRDM opion is the major responsible for the environmental impacts in all the categories. In the SCI
retroit opion, the use of steel along with possible end of life scenarios (i.e. steel recycling) are able to
inluence the overall results of the retroit opion. In the GRM retroit opion, the producion process of the
glass reinforcing grid is responsible for the highest environmental impact in all LCA categories.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
127
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Table 1.LCA results for LRDM and MI retroit techniques.
Unit
LRDM - 1
mq
MI - 1 mq
kg CO2 eq
63,5
25,6
kg CFC-11 eq
6,9E-06
2,6E-06
Photochemical oxidaion
kg C2H4 eq
6,0E-02
2,9E-02
Acidiicaion
kg SO2 eq
1,5E-01
7,7E-02
Eutrophicaion
kg PO4--- eq
5,3E-02
2,5E-02
Non renewable, fossil
MJ eq
798,0
354,2
Impact category
Global warming
(GWP100)
Ozone layer depleion
(ODP)
Table 2.LCA results for GRM retroit technique.
Impact category
Unit
GRM - 1 mq
kg CO2 eq
34,7
kg CFC-11 eq
4,3E-06
Photochemical oxidaion
kg C2H4 eq
5,0E-02
Acidiicaion
kg SO2 eq
1,2E-01
Eutrophicaion
kg PO4--- eq
4,1E-02
Non renewable, fossil
MJ eq
581,2
Global warming
(GWP100)
Ozone layer depleion
(ODP)
Table 3.LCA results for SCI retroit technique.
Impact category
Global warming
(GWP100)
Ozone layer depleion
(ODP)
Photochemical oxidaion
Unit
SCI - 1 m
kg CO2 eq
132,7
kg CFC-11 eq
9,5E-06
kg C2H4 eq
1,2E-01
Acidiicaion
kg SO2 eq
5,3E-01
Eutrophicaion
kg PO4--- eq
4,2E-01
Non renewable, fossil
MJ eq
2123,1
The results of this analysis in the form of normalized input quaniies can be used to compute the
environmental impacts of real large-scale retroit operaions, once the amount/extension of them was
determined and established (as target) in the design stage. The study provides a systemaic approach and
environmental data to drive the selecion and ideniicaion of structural retroit opions for exising
buildings, in terms of sustainability performance.
CONCLUSION
An efecive environmental comparison between retroit opions would be meaningful only once the exact
amount of each operaion (i.e. number of m 2 of masonry wall in the case of LRDM and GRM, number of m of
crack in the case of MI and number of m of steel chain in the case of SCI) and the corresponding mechanical
performance are deined for a speciic retroit case that requires a pre-deined structural improvement.
Then, based on the results of the LCA analysis, it is possible to compare the total environmental impact
related to a large scale retroit intervenion on an exising masonry building (through the invesigated
techniques), guaranteeing an equivalent structural response of the retroited building. Finally, the
environmental impacts of the retroit opions herein invesigated can be used for future research/pracical
aciviies, to monitor and control the environmental impact of structural retroit operaions of exising
masonry buildings.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
128
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Contributes to the Roadmap
With regard to the speciic applicaion to masonry structures, it should be highlighted that in recent years
and especially in Italy, historic centres severely damaged by earthquakes were mainly made of masonry
structures. As a consequence of this, diferent retroit techniques were largely employed to repair the
previous menioned types of damage and improve the earthquake resistance. Given the wide set of possible
scenarios and soluions, the combined improvement of earthquake resistance and eco-eiciency of exising
buildings can be achieved by means of a systemaic approach based on LCA which is able to link
environmental performances of retroit techniques with mandatory structural and funcional requirements
(someimes prescribed by naional laws/standards) of the building.
Open Issues
Besides the deiniions of standards for a systemaic approach based on LCA and applied to structural retroit
of exising masonry buildings, the major issues regard the availability and quality of primary inventory data
linked to diferent retroiing techniques.
REFERENCES
1. Asadi, E., M. G. da Silva, et al. (2012). "Muli-objecive opimizaion for building retroit strategies: A
model and an applicaion". Energy Build 44(0): 81-87;
2. Ascione, F., F. de Rossi, et al. (2011). "Energy retroit of historical buildings: theoreical and
experimental invesigaions for the modelling of reliable performance scenarios." Energy Build 43(8):
1925-1936;
3. Circolare n. 617 (2009) Istruzioni per l’applicazione delle ‘Nuove norme tecniche per le costruzioni di
cui al decreto ministeriale 14 gennaio 2008
4. ISO:14025 (2006) Environmental labels and declaraions—type III environmental declaraions—
principles and procedures, ISO - Internaional Organizaion for Standardizaion
5. ISO:14040 (2006) Environmental management—life cycle assessment— principles and framework,
ISO - Internaional Organizaion for Standardizaion
6. ISO:14044 (2006) Environmental management—life cycle assessment— requirements and
guidelines, ISO - Internaional Organizaion for Standardizaion
7. Kanapeckiene L, Kaklauskas A et al (2011) Method and system for muli-atribute market value
assessment in analysis of construcion and retroit projects. Expert Syst Appl 38(11): 14196–14207
8. Raslanasa S, Alchimovienėa J et al (2011) Residenial areas with apartment houses: analysis of the
condiion of buildings, planning issues, retroit strategies and scenarios. Int J Strat Prop Manag
15(2):152– 172
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
129
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
130
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Self-healing cement based construcion materials:
a new value for sustainable concrete.
Five years of research experience at Politecnico di Milano
Liberato Ferrara
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
liberato.ferrara@polimi.it
ABSTRACT
Worldwide increasing consciousness for sustainable use of natural resources has made “overcoming the
apparent contradictory requirements of low cost and high performance a challenging task” as well as a major
concern. The importance of sustainability as a requisite which has to inform structure concept and design has
been also recently highlighted in Model Code 2010. In this context, the availability of self-healing
technologies, by controlling and repairing “early-stage cracks in concrete structures, where possible”, could,
on the one, hand prevent “permeaion of driving factors for deterioraion”, thus extending the structure
service life, and, on the other hand, even provide parial recovery of engineering properies relevant to the
applicaion
The author’s research group has undertaken a comprehensive research project, focusing on both
experimental characterizaion and numerical predicive modelling of the self-healing capacity of a broad
category of cemeniious composites, ranging from normal strength concrete to high performance
cemeniious composites reinforced with diferent kinds of industrial (steel) and natural ibres. Both
autogenous healing capacity has been considered and self-healing engineered techniques, including the use
of pre-saturated natural ibres as well as of tailored admixtures.
Tailored methodologies have been employed to characterize the healing capacity of the diferent invesigated
cement based materials. These methodologies are based on comparaive evaluaion of the mechanical
performance measured through 3- or 4- point bending tests. Tests have been performed to pre-crack the
specimens to target values of crack opening, and ater scheduled condiioning imes to selected exposure
condiions, ranging from water immersion to wet and dry cycles to exposure to humid and dry climates.
The healing capacity has been quaniied by means of the deiniion and calculaion of suitably deined
“healing indices”, based on the recovery of the load bearing capacity, sifness, ducility, toughness etc. and
correlated to the amount of crack closure, measured by means of opical microscopy and also “esimated”
through suitable indirect methodology. As a further step a predicive modelling approach, based on modiied
micro-plane model, has been formulated. The approach incorporates the self-healing efects, in paricular,
the delayed cement hydraion, as well as the efects of cracking on the difusivity and the opposite repairing
efect of the self-healing on the micro-plane model consituive laws.
The whole experimental and numerical invesigaion represents a comprehensive and solid step towards the
reliable and consistent incorporaion of self-healing concepts and efects into a durability-based design
framework for engineering applicaions made of or retroited with self- healing concrete and cemeniious
composites.
Keywords
Self-healing, normal strength concrete, high performance iber reinforced cemeniious composites,
modelling, durability-based design
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
131
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
132
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Environmental Sustainability Assessment
of an Innovaive Hemp Fibre Composite System
for the Retroit of Masonry Structures
Costanino Menna
Loredana Napolano
Dept. of Structures for Engineering and Architecture
University of Naples Federico II, Italy
costanino.menna@unina.it
STRESS scarl, Sviluppo Tecnologie e Ricerca per
l’Edilizia sismicamente Sicura ed ecoSostenibile
loredana.napolano@stress-scarl.it
Domenico Asprone
Andrea Prota
Dept. of Structures for Engineering and Architecture
University of Naples Federico II, Italy
d.asprone@unina.it
Dept. of Structures for Engineering and Architecture
University of Naples Federico II, Italy
aprota@unina.it
ABSTRACT
Sustainability goals are essenial driving principles for the development of innovaive materials and
technologies devoted to the retroit/renovaion of exising buildings. Natural ibres are an atracive
alternaive as reinforcing material due to both good mechanical properies and sustainability prerequisites.
In addiion, natural ibre reinforced composites are widely invesigated in the research community, trying to
exploit their potenial to reduce or eliminate some of the problems associated with the poor recyclability of
glass and carbon ibres in convenional composites. In the present work, we invesigate the environmental
performance of an innovaive hemp ibre composite grid used in a previous experimental campaign
invesigaing the shear behaviour of masonry panels strengthened with this system. In order to quanify the
level of environmental sustainability of the developed strengthening technique, we have compared the
environmental performance of this system with that of typical FRP-mortar systems which are commonly used
for retroiing purposes.
Keywords
Exising masonry structures, Hemp ibres, retroit, LCA.
INTRODUCTION
A large number of exising masonry structures is prone to damage as a consequence of possible acions,
including earthquakes, environmental deterioraion/aging, and other hazardous events. Several
retroit/strengthening techniques have been developed for these type of structures, oten considering
reversibility, compaibility and sustainability as beneicial prerequisites for the retroit/strengthening process.
Among new strengthening strategies, the employment of Fibre-Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) provides a series
of advantages, including high strength-to-weight raios, corrosion and faigue resistance, negligible inluence
on global structural mass, easy handling and installaion, and low architectural impact. Recently, natural
ibres (such as hemp, lax jute, sisal etc.) have emerged as possible alternaives to FRP systems since they
exhibit tensile strengths comparable with those exhibited by syntheic ibres. Other beneits related to the
use of natural ibres include the producion process which consumes globally less energy compared to typical
ibres used in composite technology. In the present study, we propose a strengthening system for external
retroit of exising masonry walls based on natural hemp ibres. The comparison between this system and
FRP based ones is conducted on the basis of a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach that allows the
ideniicaion of the soluion that minimizes the consumpion of materials, energy, emissions and waste
related to the diferent phases of the life cycle. In paricular, the following diferent reinforcing opions are
invesigated: steel grid, glass ibre grid, basalt grid and hemp composite grid combined with cement mortars.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
133
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The hemp ibre composite grid invesigated in this study is used as external reinforcing system in the form of
a 20 mm x 20 mm bi-direcional mesh made of hemp cords impregnated with a low viscosity epoxy resin.
Each cord (or strand) is obtained by twising three single hemp yarns of size equal to 400 tex, resuling in a
inal cord size of 3 x 400 tex (Figure 1a,b). The fully descripion of the hemp based grid along with the
experimental results of the experimental invesigaion conducted on retroited masonry walls is reported in
the work by Menna et al. 2015 (Menna et al. 2015).
With regard to the environmental assessment of the hemp ibre composite grid, the environmental impacts
of the reinforcing opions are assessed by means of an LCA approach. A cradle to grave system boundary is
considered for each retroit process: steel grid, glass ibre grid, basalt grid and hemp composite grid. The
results of the environmental analysis are presented according to the data format of the Environmental
Product Declaraion (EPD) standard (ISO ISO:14025 2006). The funcional unit chosen for the comparison of
the diferent alternaives is 1 m2 of reinforced mortar/plaster designed in such a way as to ensure the same
shear strength (at least 60 kN) of the retroited masonry structure.
Figure 1. a) hemp iber composite grid; b) applicaion of the hemp iber composite grid on masonry panels.
a)
b)
RESULTS
The results of the LCA pointed out that the retroit technique employing the basalt ibre reinforced grid was
characterized by a greater environmental impact than other soluions invesigated. In paricular, the
producion of basalt ibres requires a high consumpion of energy, which would afect adversely the overall
environmental performance. On the contrary, the soluion employing hemp ibres results in a reducion of
the environmental loads of about 50-70% compared to other technologies, mainly linked to the CO 2
absorbed by the plant species from which the ibres of the grid are obtained.
CONCLUSION
The LCA framework was able to provide useful results with regard to the environmental performance of an
innovaive strengthening system applied on exising buildings. In paricular, LCA was applied to evaluate the
environmental impacts of diferent retroit techniques employing syntheic and natural ibres. The analysis
conducted from cradle to grave, pointed out that the environmental beneits linked to the use of natural
ibers were mainly related to the CO2 absorpion during the plant species lifeime and low producion
environmental loads.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
134
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Contributes to the Roadmap
LCA results of new materials and technologies can be successfully used as a tool for decision support of
retroit acions on exising buildings and in the selecion of the most sustainable soluion which guarantees
at the same ime proper mechanical performances.
Open Issues
Besides the deiniions of standards for a systemaic approach based on LCA and applied to structural retroit
of exising masonry buildings, the major issues regard the availability and quality of primary inventory data
linked to diferent retroiing techniques especially those based on innovaive materials.
REFERENCES
1. Menna, C., Asprone, D., Durante, M., Zinno, A., Balsamo, A., & Prota, A. (2015). Structural behaviour
of masonry panels strengthened with an innovaive hemp ibre composite grid. Construcion and
Building Materials, 100, 111-121.
2. ISO:14025 (2006) Environmental labels and declaraions—type III environmental declaraions—
principles and procedures, ISO - Internaional Organizaion for Standardizaion.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
135
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
MATERI
ALS
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
136
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Fi
nanc
i
alSes
s
i
on
Se
s
s
i
onRap
p
or
t
e
ur
:
Mar
c
oCas
t
agna
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
137
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
138
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
The tension between compeiion and regulaion on
European real estate markets
David Christmann
Marcus Rothenbucher
Head of Real Estate Development
PATRIZIA Deutschland GmbH
david.christmann@patrizia.ag
Manager Real Estate Development
PATRIZIA Deutschland GmbH
marcus.rothenbucher@patrizia.ag
ABSTRACT
The abstract “The tension between compeiion and regulaion on European real estate markets” is intended
to provide an insight into today´s European real estate markets and their main emerging trends. The
explanaion of the current situaion of investors and real estate companies helps to clarify the circumstances.
The abstract combined with a brief case study to be shown in the presentaion further aims to create an
awareness of the complex relaionships between governmental regulaion, costs of construcion and the
increasing property prices on real estate markets. These maters of fact have to be deliberately considered
when looking at how sustainable regulaions may eventually prevent high quality architecture and city
planning measures, such as refurbishments, being taken under careful consideraion of the inancial
demands.
Keywords
Real estate markets, trends in real estate, increasing property prices, ierce compeiion, real estate
investment, refurbishments, city planning, sustainable regulaions, high-quality architecture, construcion
costs, inancial limits.
INTRODUCTION
Years ater the global inancial crisis the efects can sill be felt in many European economies. Nonetheless,
there are some posiive signs to be recognized in the real estate markets – one of the best examples is the
renewed increase in construcion acivity due to increasing demand. For instance, Norway currently shows
the highest increase in new construcion, followed by France and Ireland.
Strong and increasing compeiion characterizes the situaion within property markets throughout Europe.
On the one hand, and from the perspecive of insituional investors, this means lower yields in an already
diicult market, and situaions such as the low interest rate which sill persists to yield at historical lows. On
the other hand operators in the real estate markets - for example real estate development companies - face
strong compeiion in highly sought ater locaions with property prices that have recently soared over the
last few years.
TRENDS ON REAL ESTATE MARKETS
During the current re-urbanizaion process the increasing demand for residenial real estate, especially in
metropolitan areas, comes from a strong lack of supply alongside rising populaion numbers and changing
demographics. This trend is expected to coninue within the years to come. High quality new construcion
projects in core locaions are in demand by compeing investors. This situaion emphasizes the current trend
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
139
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
of convering exising inner city commercial properies into residenial real estate and thereby decreasing
exising vacancies expediiously.
With regards to commercial real estate segments, such as oice and retail, several signiicant points should
be highlighted. The demand for oice space is highly dependent upon the regional labour market. Due to the
above menioned re-urbanizaion the amount of highly qualiied workers in major ciies has drasically
increased. This has atracted an ever growing number of companies which has led to a greater variety of
diferent industries in the metropolitan areas and in turn has a direct impact on the demand for oice space.
Post 2012 oice rents have shown less volaility than in the previous decade. More precisely the prime rents
of oice properies in Europe have increased by no more than 7 % and fallen by no less than 5 % since 2012.
This requires investors in oice properies to reconsider their investment strategies, especially when it comes
to core risk proiles with lower yields due to a higher investment volume.
The retail sector ofers more stability to investors, as it is characterized lower volaility and a more reliable
foundaion in rents and yields with a steady growth rate over the last 20 years. However, even within the
retail markets investors should consider an in-depth analysis of emerging demographic and trends, for
example, the above menioned urbanizaion process or the ageing populaion.
COMPETITION ON REAL ESTATE MARKETS
EnEV 2016
+EEWärmeG
Index January 2000 = 100
Addiional requirements
(afecing cost groups 300+400)
EnEV (2002 to 2014), WSchV
1995/HeizAnlV (unil 2002),
EEWärmeG (from 2009)
Price Trend
Cost of living
Building price index (residenial) - Destais
Construcion costs index (residenial) - ARGE
The real estate companies acing as investors themselves or as direct agents to insituions are compeing for
the few remaining inner city development sites. This ierce compeiion on the real estate markets further
boosts the increasing price of land and in turn contributes to growing rents and sale prices in prime ciies.
This trend is also visible in locaions with less demand. In addiion, real estate companies addiionally have
the claim on developing disinct architecture as a signiicant contribuion to sustainable urban development
as a markeing advantage during such compeiions.
Moreover, real estate companies face increasing regulaions throughout Europe. Germany has assumed a
pioneering role with regards to the regulaion of property markets while these rules are being reduced in
other European countries. German rent control – for example – provides stricter governmental regulaion
but can sill be seen as an excepion in Europe while legal regulaion measures concerning energy saving is
far more widespread and coninues to increase throughout Europe.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
140
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
REGULATION ON REAL ESTATE MARKETS
The amendments of the German Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) are expected to take place with increasing
costs for construcion. This is underlined by the fact that from the year 2000 to 2014 the construcion cost
relaion between the construcion of the shell (2000: 54%, 2014: 46%) and the interior work (2000: 46%,
2014: 54%) shited signiicantly. Long term studies have conirmed this efect: from 2000 unil the year 2014
construcion costs in Germany rose by 36% due to energy eiciency regulaions. The following diagram
illustrates the increase of construcion costs in Germany.
In addiion to energy saving rules, the residenial real estate market faces some serious regulaions
concerning the increasing rents and sales prices as well as supervision for afordable housing. While these
controls have a minor efect on the investor´s returns they indirectly decrease the urgently needed supply on
the residenial markets. Therefore they create an increasing dynamic concerning rents and sales prices that
limit the efects on the grievances they are designed to control.
A brief case study has combined all of these circumstances. It illustrates the signiicant confrontaion
between ever increasing property prices and strict building regulaions which require sustainable materials
and procedures as well as disinct architecture. The oral presentaion will discuss the market and also the
inancial aspects, referring to sustainability regulaions, for example, the construcion costs. In addiion the
presentaion will highlight selected project references to further emphasize the discussion.
CONCLUSION
Real estate markets throughout Europe are characterized by a strong and sill increasing compeiion.
Financial investors and real estate companies compete for the last development sites in inner city locaions.
In addiion the amendments of governmental regulaion measures, for example energy saving ordinances or
rent control regulaions, contribute to the increasing prices of land, rents and sales prices. These
circumstances (increasing property prices and strict building regulaions) therefore impede the development
of high quality architecture uilizing ever more sustainable materials and procedures.
Contributes to the Roadmap
In regards to the eco-eiciency of exising buildings and ciies, it is important to take into account the
interdependence between economic sectors such as the real estate industry and governmental regulaions.
The necessity of these regulaions has to be carefully considered, and for this consideraion the situaion on
the afected markets has to be known. Future investments in properies combined with high architectural
quality under consideraion of the investor´s inancial leeway may otherwise be severely restricted.
Open Issues
Issues to be discussed are the diicult condiions concerning real estate markets, i.e. the low interest rates,
the compaibility of increasing property prices due to a lack of supply combined with increasing construcion
costs caused by governmental regulaions, such as energy eiciency requirements. Yet there is no
saisfactory soluion on how governmental regulaions will not afect the increasing prices on property
markets avoiding for example the prevenion of high quality design by considering the yield requirements of
inancial investors.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
141
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
142
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
An extended inancial dimension of sustainability
Alessio RIMOLDI
European Federaion for Precast Concrete (BIBM)
The Concrete iniiaive
ar@bibm.eu
ABSTRACT
A proper sustainable assessment of construcion works should be holisic: performed at the building or
infrastructure level, during the whole life cycle (from cradle to grave) and considering the three pillars:
People, Proit and Planet. Buildings and infrastructure are designed and built to fulil people’s needs. Safety,
comfort and resilience consideraions (amongst others) should remain the key objecive, to be achieved with
the lesser impact to the environment and in an afordable way throughout the whole life cycle.
The economic dimension of sustainability goes beyond acquisiion and running costs: the end-of-life stage
costs as well as the income associated to the construcion work should be considered for drating the whole
picture. Even further, a study demonstrated the muliplier efect on the economy of a value chain with a
strong local dimension, as well as the beneits of a long service life, like in the case of concrete.
Keywords
Sustainability, Holisic approach, Economic pillar, Muliplier efect, Service life, Concrete.
INTRODUCTION
The sustainable assessment of a construcion work (being it a building or a civil engineering work) is
performed during its whole life cycle, thus including the three main stages: Construcion (stage A), Use (stage
B) and End-of-life (stage C). Addiional informaion outside the system boundaries (stage D) may also be
considered.
Figure 1 - Display of modular informaion for the diferent stages of the building assessment as deined in
CEN/TC 350
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
143
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
This assessment is commonly addressed looking at the so called “three pillars”: the social, the environmental
and the economic one (also known as the “3Ps”: People – Proit – Planet).This approach might look complex
to some people or simplisic to others (aspects like e.g. cultural heritage, policy and ethics are neglected).
Anyhow, it has the merit of expanding the criteria of “lowest cost” which has dominated the decision making
process in the ield of construcion during the last century. The client (being a business, an administraion, a
property developer, a consumer etc.) is today in a posiion to make an informed decision based on a (limited)
number of key parameters. His main task has become weighing the diferent features to come to a inal
decision.
THE THREE PILLARS
Figure 2 — Concept of sustainability assessment of buildings as deined in CEN/TC 350
Environmental aspects have today a very high proile and consideraion. Ecosystem preservaion (land,
forests, seas, biodiversity etc.) is the main objecive of environmental consideraions. Miigaion of and
adaptaion to climate change are oten ideniied as the main environmental concern for most of the human
aciviies. Achieving resource eiciency in a circular economy model is gaining more and more consideraion
in parallel with the awareness of the inite reserves of our planet.
The social facets of sustainability are probably the more undervalued of the three pillars today. But isn’t the
preservaion and improvement of the living condiions the primary objecive of sustainability? For sure we
have to respect the limited resources and fragile environment of the planet we live in. For sure we have to
build economically sustainable models for growth. But these are maybe to be considered the means to
achieve a human development for present and future generaions.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
144
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Energy is an issue a bit on its own because it has a direct inluence on each of the three pillars: on comfort
and quality of life, for the impact of its producion on the environment and on the running costs of a
construcion work.
And inally we come to the economic side. Clearly the direct costs of a construcion work are always
considered. Being it spot (construcion, replacement etc.) or recurrent (energy, water etc.), they represent
the most immediate indicator of the economic impact of a construcion work. Combined to the
environmental and social aspects menioned before, they could be seen as the inal indicator for the
assessment of the “best value for money” opion.
THE ECONOMIC PILLAR EXTENDED
The Assessment of economic performance of buildings (EN 16627)
However these are only the surface of the “economic” pillar. An in-depth analysis of the European standard
“EN 16627 Sustainability of Construcion Works – Assessment of economic performance of buildings –
Calculaion methods” highlights at least two factors that are usually neglected.
The irst is the impact of the “end-of-life” stage. Without speaking about the extreme example of nuclear
power plants, the impact of the end-of-life stage of a construcion work is growing more and more in the
future compared to the construcion and use stages. The increased focus on resources (as menioned before)
is indeed focusing the atenion of the clients to this life stage, being sure that its economic impact will
increase with ime. Easily demountable buildings made of easily recyclable materials have a bright future in
front of them.
The second is the “income” associated to construcion works. If this may appear clear from an investor’s
point of view, it is too oten forgoten in a sustainable assessment, where only the costs are put on the scale.
This income may come from the use phase (including the export of energy in case the generaion exceed the
consumpion) but also from the end-of-life, where the material may be mined for a second, third etc. life.
The Muliplier efect – A study by “Le BIPE”
Within “The Concrete Iniiaive” (see below) we have been even further the direct costs and income linked to
a construcion work. In a study commissioned to “Le BIPE”, we have analysed the indirect and induced
impacts of the concrete sector, a key industry in the construcion ield. “Indirect impact” means the added
value at the level of companies providing materials and services to the concrete industry. “Induced impact”
means the added value generated by the spending of the employees of all actors implicated.
The study shows that when these aspects are taken into account, we have a muliplier efect of 2,8: for each
euro invested in the concrete sector, 2,8 € are generated in the economy.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
145
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Figure 3 — The muliplier efect of the concrete and cement industry in EU28
These conclusions can easily be extended to other sectors which are characterised by a very high level of
domesic intermediate consumpion, in one word to other “local” businesses. At the level of a construcion
work, these aspects may be considered if the level of economics beneits targeted goes beyond the mere
system boundaries of the work itself.
Service life
Finally a last consideraion on one parameter which is also too oten neglected due to its “long term
perspecive”: the service life of a construcion work. The longer a work keep on fulilling its funcion (in
paricular if limited repair, replacement and refurbishment are needed), the lower are the yearly costs for a
given funcion. And consequently the higher the incomes are.
ABOUT US
Concrete is the most widely-used construcion material in the world. It is part of our everyday lives. However,
its ubiquitous nature oten means it is taken for granted.
The Concrete Iniiaive aims to increase awareness of its essenial role in creaing a sustainable construcion
sector in Europe. The iniiaive wishes to engage in a Concrete Dialogue with stakeholders on the issue of
sustainable construcion, and in paricular the barriers and soluions to harness concrete’s muliple beneits.
The Concrete Iniiaive is a project led by CEMBUREAU (the European Cement Associaion), BIBM (the
European Federaion of Precast Concrete) and ERMCO (the European Ready-Mixed Concrete Organisaion).
CONCLUSION
It is recognised that not all these “economic” aspects of a construcion work may be relevant for everybody.
A private person rening an apartment is probably interested in the yearly funcioning costs and nothing
more. But as soon as one wants to have a more complete assessment of the inancial performances, he may
use these drivers for a more comprehensive approach to the economic pillar of sustainability. Public
authoriies and decision makers should integrate these aspects in a long term perspecive beneiing the
society they are responsible for.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
146
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Contributes to the Roadmap
Extend the assessment of the economic dimension of construcion works following the ideas presented in
this paper.
Keep on using a holisic approach, integraing social, environmental and economic aspects to fulil clients’
and users’ needs
Open Issues (Required)
Extend the “safety” concept from earthquake to other social aspects like ire safety and protecion against
extreme events.
REFERENCES
1. EN 16627 Sustainability of Construcion Works – Assessment of economic performance of buildings –
Calculaion methods. Developed by CEN/TC 350 “Sustainability of Construcion Works”
2. Cement and Concrete Industry: Muliplier Efect and Contribuion to Low Carbon Economy. A study
by Le BIPE (available on www.theconcreteiniiaive.eu)
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
147
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
148
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
“Common Eicacy”: from what we “have and know” to what
we “need and expect”
Nelson Silva Brito
University of Coimbra /modular / ICOMOS Internaional
Scieniic Commitee for Energy and Sustainability
info@modular.pt
Rute Oliveira Castela
Grail - Portugal
Rcastela@graal.org.pt
ABSTRACT
This contribuion for a roadmap for the resilience and eco-eiciency improvement of exising buildings and
ciies proposes that it is necessary evaluate what has been done and why, idenify the expectaions of those
atracted by this journey and, with these results, execute the necessary adaptaions to render it atracive,
useful and replicable by others: in short, the objecive of a roadmap is to “sell” a path, not a desinaion.
Awareness is necessary to anicipate, there and elsewhere, the underlying factors and actors that may help
to re-read what we “need and expect” in the perspecive of what we already “have and know”: by adaping
known ways (techniques, technologies, strategies and exising scenarios), the learning curve is compressed,
partners are more comfortable to join in and risks reduced along the road.
Energy Eiciency and Climate Change Miigaion goals are a new chance for inclusive win-win intervenions
that will only make sense guaranteeing the (clients / investment) safety, well being and resilience.
Keywords
Historic Centres, ESCOs, Financing, Climate Change Miigaion, Energy Eiciency, Energy Eicacy.
INTRODUCTION
Historic Centres embody centuries of “fabrica” (labour) and “raiocinaio” (search of “proporion”), but not
oten enough the exising relaions were systemaized into “authoritas”, the deep-and-writen reasoning that
uniies theory and pracice into knowledge, making it useful beyond the place and ime of its beholder 15.
Historic Centres recent history of rehabilitaion acions is full of “fabrica” and displays some “raiocinaio”
but, in the opinion of the author, had not enough “authoritas” to go on from: errors are consistently
repeated, and victories scarce and brief.
Staring from a presentaion video produced by the 2020 Global Climate Challenge team of (VINCI, 2015), in
which the authors achieved the irst prize in “Urban Services and the Connected City”, the proposal is
demounted to illustrate that all the necessary tools are available.
It is proposed that long lasing change in the exising buildings an ciies requires an efort to evaluate what
has been done and why, to clarify what we “have and know”, and further efort to idenify the “needs and
expectaions” of the local actors to adjust the proposals to a larger base, able to execute the needed
adaptaions to render it atracive, useful and replicable.
An annotated glossary
Having in mind that this workshop will aggregate a large number of non-naive English speakers, a small
glossary of the less usual terms is provided using extracts from the Merriam Webster dicionary (in
htp://www.merriam-webster.com/dicionary) and and intended uses of expressions for a small context:
15
Us
i
ngt
het
e
r
msofVi
t
r
uv
i
us
’
"
DeAr
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
a"ac
c
or
di
ngt
o(
Mc
Ewe
n
,
2002)r
e
mar
k
abl
eap
p
r
oac
h
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
149
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
“Common”:
“(...) belonging to or shared by two or more individuals or things or by all members of a group”
“Eicacy”:
“the power to produce an efect”
“have and know”:
acknowledges the fact that any intenion to act on a given building or area requires some degree of control
and access to retrieve the necessary informaion, and that the quality of the informaion is highly dependent
on the used tools and depicion methods (Brito & Gameiro da Silva, 2014). In most of the European seings,
ownership may be protected by stronger rights than collecive or individuals’ protecion would advise, unil
something goes terribly wrong. “Have and know” acknowledges these limitaions, assuming the embedded
limitaions whilst enforcing that there are ways to gain the right to access this informaion (see Conclusions).
“need and expect”
acknowledges that what is needed not always coincides with the normal expectaions, moreover in the cases
when such expectaions are proven erroneous. A good example are the double glazing windows that are sill
proposed as essenial for increased energy eiciency and Climate change miigaion in ancient buildings, As
referred ahead, (Baker, 2010) proves that single glazing sash windows can achieve the same degree of
comfort as double glazing windows if properly operated, maintained and upgraded, while (Brito, 2015)
demonstrates that changing windows and isolaing masonry stone walls has greater environmental impact
than simply placing heat pump units; and here “art” will be necessary to demonstrate that what “science”
and Industry were proposing for all buildings, ancient and new alike, might not suit their speciic case.
“other needs”
Earthquake resistance and eco-eiciency of exising buildings and ciies are only a few of the many problems
that endure in our city centres, and the connecion this workshop proposes states the advantages of solving
more than one problem at a ime. In this sense it is necessary. So, beyond structural stability and seismic
resilience, issues like energy security and climate change miigaion, ire risk, water (and waste water) reuse,
composing and recycling are topics that have direct and indirect impacts in environment.
Moreover it is known that single objecive soluions have inherent risks: the Montarroio case study
demonstrates that some currently incenivized Energy Eiciency measures like interior insulaion of exising
masonry walls can favour inner wall frost cycles, and thus weaken supporing walls (Brito, 2015).
Objecive
This paper acknowledges the tangible and intangible advantages of safeguarding eco-eicient investments
with increased earthquake resistance, and of opimizing the resilience of our built heritage to the
forthcoming risks of Climate Change and Energy Security.
It states that change will only happen, and be cost efecive, when more variables are included from the
interior threshold (safety, indoor environmental quality, accessibility, social and energy poverty issues, to
name a few), the neighbourhood scale (ire-risk miigaion) and the collecive sphere. Basilar quesions
emerge: do European ciizens have the right to know the probability of dying at home in the occurrence of a
seismic event? Or to be aware of the risk level of pulmonary diseases due to poor indoor air quality?
Acknowledging that the problem is more societal than inancial –as the money and will to invest exist–,
this paper revisits crossed perspecives between stakeholders, and between themselves , to propose
that the resoluion of the exising buildings and ciies lies on the clariicaion of the rights of the building
consumers and, from there, by the promoion of neighbourhood scale muli-stakeholders’ investments.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
150
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
SLICING “COMMON EFFICACY”: THE EXISTING LAYERS
The proposal presented in the video (VINCI, 2015) reads from the invesigaion developed in the ongoing
Ph.D. thesis on “Upgrade Opportuniies for Ancient Buildings (in City Centres)”, on the paricipaion on the
Internaional Energy Agency EBC Annex 50 on “Prefabricated Systems for Low Energy Renovaion of
Residenial Buildings” and Annex 56 on “Cost-Efecive Energy and CO 2 Emission Opimizaion in Building
Renovaion” invesigaion projects and pracical on-site experience.
Staring from a general assumpion that well built ancient buildings were able to provide adequate indoor
comfort to its users in a ime when fossil fuel availability was scarce, the invesigaion extended the
commonly developed methodology in Annex 56 to compare Iniial Investment Costs (IIC), Life Cycle Costs
(LCC) and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) of intervenion opions that range from the minimum
necessary non-energy eiciency related “Anyway measures” as deined by (Morck, Almeida, Ferreira, Brito,
Thomsen, Østergaard, 2015) to “business as usual” Energy Performance Ceriicates regulatory compliance
soluions, demoliion and reconstrucion and two “upgrade” intervenions (Brito, 2016), replicated here from
the ECEEE paper (Brito, Fonseca, Gameiro da Silva, De Almeida, Brites, Cardoso, Castela, 2015), which should
be consulted for further detail:
Opt.0_*_Reference Case: The building “as it is”, with the works to render it inhabitable, tagged as
“Anyway Measures” (IEA A56, 2014), including materials/equipments maintenance and replacement;
• Opt.1_*_Common “rehabilitaion”: “Business as usual” (BAU) neighbourhood pracices where interior
insulaion under plasterboard is placed to hide exising pathologies, with serious Indoor Air Quality risks;
• Opt.2_*_Demoliion & Reconstrucion: the primary choice for many, as it reduces surprise factors,
uses common new construcion techniques and increases useful space: economically unviable in most
locaions;
• Opt.3_*_Upgrade without extension: Detailed assessment to opimize the inherent building
characterisics to achieve eicacy with users. Solar thermal heaing and DHW require primary energy
only for backup;
• Opt.4_*_Upgrade with extension: previous strategy (Opt.3) with structural seismic reinforcement
made inancially viable with an area extension (IEA A50): safer users / investment, and space for a small
family.
Equipments, accounted with full installaion on site, are denoted by suix notaions: ”bio” for biomass;
”erh” for electric resistance heater; ”hp” for heat pump; ”gas” for gas combusion; ”st” for solar thermal,
and conjuncions like ”st-bio” when the backup is provided by biomass.
•
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
151
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Figure 3: Montarroio Case Study intervenion opions scheme of studied opions (source: Brito, 2015)
Table 1 compares energy eiciency (EE.) related renovaion opions (EE.Ren.Opions) describing their nonenergy eiciency related costs (Non-EE.costs), necessary to render the building inhabitable, and Iniial
Investment Costs for the building envelope (IIC_EE.Envel.) and energy eicient equipment (IIC_EE.Equip).
Table 1: Renovaion opions: Iniial investment (IIC) and lifecycle costs (LCC) per opion and equipment
EE.Ren.Opions: Opt.0
Opt.1
Opt.2
Opt.3
Opt.4
Equipment type:
Useful area
Non-EE.costs (€/y)
IIC_EE.Envel. (€/y)
IIC_EE.Equip (€/y)
%EE.OverCost/m2
Energy costs (€/y)
Yearly LCC (€/y)
EE. Payback (y)
50% EE. incentive?
_erh:
36 m2
7 801
_hp:
36 m2
7 801
0%
1 546
2 321
no ROI
no fund
2 120
27%
423
1 642
2y
1 060
_erh:
31 m2
7 801
6 906
119%
811
2 192
9y
3 453
_hp:
31 m2
7 801
6 906
2 120
150%
218
2 042
7y
4 513
_erh:
63 m2
45 039
4 957
1 874
280%
160
5 724
5y
3 415
_hp:
63 m2
45 039
4 957
3 719
293%
44
5 735
6y
4 338
_st-bio:
36 m2
7 801
1 188
4 840
77%
36
1 924
4y
3 014
_st-erh:
36 m2
7 801
1 188
2 975
53%
92
1 591
3y
2 082
_st-bio:
46 m2
12 545
2 733
5 490
108%
32
2 686
5y
4 112
_st-erh:
46 m2
12 545
2 733
3 475
88%
82
2 314
4y
3 104
The energy costs and the return of investment calculaions are based in the Portuguese Energy Performance
Ceriicaion process that assume a full occupaion and comfort levels maintenance across the seasons.
Staisical data tells otherwise, and local interviews conirm that the table values per person are signiicantly
lower in reality. The over cost of EE. related measures (%EE.OverCost/m 2) compares the investment on EE
measures with the Reference Case Opt.0_erh (217€/m2), the local non-energy eiciency related renovaion
current pracice.
Figure 3 graphs the Iniial Investment Costs (IIC) per square meter of renovaion area, the value payed
upfront, and the Life Cycle Costs (LCC) comprising the IIC, the equipments maintenance / replacement costs
(each 15 years) and the energy costs during 30 years, divided by 30 as if paid annually.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
152
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Figure 4: Iniial Investment (IIC) and Life Cycle Costs (LCC) in 30 years, annualized. Building Integrated Technical Systems
(BITS) are characterized in LCC to include maintenance. More informaion in (Brito, 2015)
To facilitate comparison, the analysis will focus on similar useful area scenarios: Opt.0_hp, that portrays the
“Anyway Scenario” accouning for the costs to render it funcional (see Morck et al., 2015) and heat-pump
based acclimaizaion and domesic hot water, Opt.1_hp portrays “Business as Usual” regulaion-inspired
pracices and Opt.3_st-erh that insulates only the horizontal porions of the envelope and integrates solar
thermal heaing to achieve “nearly Zero Energy Buildings” levels, mandatory for new European buildings in
2020 (European Parliament, 2012), where the low electricity needs do not jusify investment in heat pumps.
Comparing both graphs demonstrates that higher IIC in eicient equipment reduces energy consumpion
(electricity and/or gas, as solar thermal and biomass are accounted as neutral in emissions in Portugal) and
is, most of the imes, favourable on the long term LCC. Nevertheless, comparing Opt.0_hp with Opt.1_hp
casts doubts on masonry wall insulaion and double glazing pracices, and conclusions emerge when tackling
the LCIA analysis.
The Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) evaluaion of environmental impacts, expressed in parameters like
Global Warming Potenial (GWP), and “Total Primary Energy” (TPE), 16 demonstrates that in this climate deep
renovaion intervenions, recommended and/or imposed by regulaions 17 as interior insulaion with
windows replacement, Opt.1_erh, (black square), have worst long term impact on environment, and
owners pocket, than Opt.0_hp (grey circle), a lower price opion.
Figure 5: Life Cycle Impact Assessment using (EcoBat, 2014), recognized for the Swiss calculaion methodology
16
30y
e
ar
sp
r
i
ma
r
ye
ne
r
gyc
al
c
ul
at
i
oni
nc
l
udi
ngmat
e
r
i
alc
ol
l
e
c
t
i
on,p
r
oduc
tf
abr
i
c
at
i
on,al
lt
r
ans
p
or
t
s
,i
ns
t
al
l
at
i
on,mai
nt
e
nanc
e
,
e
ne
r
gyus
e
,
s
ubs
t
i
t
ut
i
onandfinaldi
s
p
os
al
,
annual
i
z
e
ddi
v
i
di
ngb
y30.
17
(
Eur
op
e
anPar
l
i
ame
nt
,
2012)andnat
i
onalbui
l
di
ng/
r
e
no
v
at
i
onc
ode
swi
t
hp
os
s
i
bl
ee
x
c
e
p
t
i
onsonl
yi
nhi
s
t
or
i
cc
e
nt
r
e
s
.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
153
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
For ancient buildings in Mediterranean climate, installing heat pumps for acclimaizaion (air-air) and DHW
(air-water)18 is cost-efecive, even considering their replacement each 15 years, but what would be the
consequences of placing exterior units in each façade?
Anyway, 75% emission reducions (nZEB?) and increased energy security are achievable in Opt.3 and
Opt.4: Opt.3_st-erh (grey diamond) uses insulaion only in the horizontal caviies (ceiling and loor over
the basement, easy to install), and solar based DHW and heaing with electric resistance heater backup.
Surprisingly, an undesirable cost equivalence occurs when accouning operaional costs (OC) and
maintenance costs (MC) of shallow and deep renovaions: bigger investments in energy eiciency are oten
accompanied by higher maintenance costs, and savings can oten disappear.
“COMMON EFFICACY”: BECOMING GREENER WITHOUT SPENDING MORE
“Common Eicacy” ideniies in ancient buildings’ inherent characterisics and in the natural urban
stakeholders –local communiies, policy actors, universiies & energy service companies– a set of “win-win”
opportuniies: collecive responses reduce operaing / maintenance costs, opimize eiciency, promote
inclusive neighbourhoods and beter Quality of Life.
Community level enrolment also overcomes the fact that only informed, technically able and inancially
capable inhabitants –a very small number– can act consciously towards emissions reducion, and from those
only a few can access the funding available. By engaging local stakeholders in neighbourhood scale
intervenions, the costs of all the needed rehabilitaion phases (awareness raising, assessment, depicion,
design proposal, implementaion and opimizaion) are reduced with scale.
In “Common Eicacy” a collecive renewable energy system generaion is proposed alongside with
rehabilitaion and energy conservaion measures ofered as an incenive to join in, with very low costs to the
investors thanks to cost-opimal choices, public access to funding and the efect of scaled
intervenions. Investments are paid back by savings through a monthly lat rate fee : as operaing and
maintenance costs are reduced, “nZEB” neighbourhoods levels are achieved with lower monthly costs for
owners & users.
By providing beter Quality of Life with reduced costs, renewed pride and sense of belonging, the
atraciveness of city centres is increased, bringing new customers to the system and further reduced overall
impact to the environment, as density enhances the eicacy of the exising infrastructures and ameniies. In
short, more than a technical challenge, upgrading exising city centres is (only) a societal challenge.
The stakeholders, how they perceive each other: “win-win” approaches to change expectaions
The natural urban stakeholders, here simpliied as users, local communiies, local policies, science and arts
and ESCOs, have speciic roles that are very relevant to reduce costs. For instance, local communiies can
reduce contracing costs when assuming the interface with individual users, while Local policies are
essenial to deine the imeframe for the investments, reducing infrastructure costs by joining them with
regular infrastructural replacement processes. Science and art are able to invesigate the environmental
impact of the exising situaion and of potenial alternaives (Brito, 2015) and to lower iniial investment
costs like in (Baker, 2010), demonstraing that single glass sash windows can be upgraded to meet double
glazing comfort levels for a fracion of the cost; and here “art” in the form of design is necessary to facilitate
a new comprehension. Finally, Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) capacity to negoiate scaled soluions
and to procure and implement the most adequate soluions for each locaion, again reducing costs.
But how do these stakeholders perceive each other now, and what could be expected from them in a
paricipatory cooperaion? The next table illustrates in the horizontal text simpliied percepions of how each
stakeholder perceives the other, the “have and know” status, and in rotated text what of the stakeholders
“need and expect” of each other.
18
”All in one” large systems are available, but prices double that of the two equipments approch chosen.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
154
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Table 2: From what we “have and know” to what we “need and expect”: rotaing facilitates cross-reading
X:
Potenial
contact
points
X:
potenial
partners
X: Clients
for
invesigaio
n
X: funding
partners,
reduced
context
costs
X: punctual
support
through
other
stakeholder
s
X: Resource
to
complemen
t
informaion
needs
X:
Disconnect
ed
producion
X:
knowledge
and
equipment
X: Distant
players
X: Potenial
partners for
inancing
X: a proven
stakeholder
in Industry
X: Evolving
contexts
responsibility
Y: lower energy
costs, social
limitaions
partners
Y: Needed
with
X: “Es
what”?,
“capitalists”
?
Y: Partners for develop
Y: sources
theirof
revitalizaion
agenda
income to
X:
Disconnect
ed realiies,
burocracy
Y:acions
Intertwined handle
Y: Partners
users to
X:
Instrumen
tal acion
needs,
innovaion
Y: Response
origin ofto
Y:acive
Recogniion
role of
Y: Coopeiion
X: Access to
money and
results;
X: Far away
eniies,
unintelligibl
e contents
ESCOs
to progressively
Y: fair
jobY: training
a valuable
compeiion,
reduce costs scale client
capacity
with on-
X: Disperse
ownership,
higher
contracing
costs
X:
Compeii
on for
funds
Science and art
acceptability
Y:
increased
lower costs,intervenions
paricipaive
Y: Valuedalternaives
construcion
partner
Y: Engaged
inof
the intervenion
spaces
Y: Familiar
for
X: needed
spectators
X: limited
acion
and
resources,
close
proximity;
Local policies
future
handover
Y: clients
facilitators,
aterinvesigaion
training
Y: Partners
and
in
X: moral and
civic defaulters
X: Too
many
requiremen
ts
Local communiies
contracing
Y: Reduced
costs soluions
evaluators
Y: Sources
of &paricipaion
Y:inclusive
extended and
X: needed
paricipants to
strengthen their
role
members
Y: Acive
X: Long-lasing
issues, low
investment
capacity
opportuniies
as
business
Y:catalysts
happy endings
of
Y: actors
empoweredcommon
actors
Y: Engaged
gain
in
Local policies communiies
Local
Science / art
ESCOs
Y axis: “need and expect”
Users / owners
Users / owners
Y: Beter
life, quality of
X axis: “Have and know”
Acknowledging that what we “have and know” includes issues like (energy) poverty, ire and collapse risk in
seismic events, the “needs” are simple and the expectaions currently very low: it can only get beter.
FINANCING
Financial insituions have well know (and proven) capabiliies to anicipate business opportuniies. One
example is the expanding growth of our ciies and the new centraliies that an individual automoive mobility
made available: access and parking limitaions in the city centres created opportuniies for an outward
expansion, a momentum that “vacuum-cleaned” Quality of Life from many of central locaions.
In this process many other business opportuniies were created by the need to expand infrastructures and
transport networks, to build new residenial areas and shopping centres, to publicize and sell them and, to
feed-back the circle, more cars to go each ime further away to get things that were before just by our door.
Other than passing the blame –which we all share–, this small descripion ideniies the inancial insituions
ability to idenify opportuniies and to scale them up to reduce costs and risks: even in the recent crises we
can argue that the “context” is more to blame than the insituions.
On the other hand, we are now (inally) becoming aware that the Member States and the European Union
are no longer capable of supporing all the needed investments, and that the Public Private Partnerships
(PPP) can have a role in making change happen: it is our obligaion to help prepare a context if we desire
them to join in.
An emerging context allows for new trends and opportuniies in city centers:
4. Oil prices escalated as a relex of the “peak oil” issue, and are now low again, mimicking similar
behavior as in the 70’s oil crisis, one of the most invenive imes in terms of renewable and
alternaive energy sources. Luckily the European Energy Security issue is present in the policy
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
155
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
5.
6.
7.
8.
FI
NANCE
makers opinion, meaning that support will coninue, and maybe oil-dependent users paid
enough to remember;
Resource intensity issues and sustainability metrics demonstrate that “The Greenest Building (..)”
(PGL, 2012) is the one already built, while a recent invesigaion within the IEA EBC Annex 56
group on “Cost-Efecive Energy and Carbon Emissions Opimizaion in Building Renovaion” on
the Montarroio case study, a XIV-XVI th century residenial building located within the UNESCO
protecion area of Coimbra, demonstrates that the regulatory EPC proposed measures are not
the cheapest, cost efecive neither the sustainable opion. (Brito, 2015), in line with JRC (2015).
Shrinking (and aging demography) create a problem of surplus housing, normally translated into
lower prices, and a movement back to city centers is visible in younger populaions;
Funding opportuniies like “Jessica” are available for large investments, making the case for
bundling or pooling of buildings for energy eiciency opportuniies;
Europe sill remains one of the most stable areas in the world to invest, and some clariicaion
and deiniion for PPP in “energy eicacy” would atract investors.
Awareness is necessary to anicipate, there and elsewhere, the underlying factors and actors that may help
to re-read what we “need and expect” in the perspecive of what we already “have and know”: by adaping
known ways (techniques, technologies, strategies and exising scenarios), the learning curve is compressed,
partners are more comfortable to join in and risks reduced along the road.
By using Historic Centres as a small scale representaion of European ciies and their issues, the author brings
into atenion that the Energy Eiciency and Climate Change Miigaion goals, the context and the inancing
opportuniies are a new chance for inclusive win-win intervenions; and that, in the inancial perspecive, it
would be too costly to ensure investments in Energy Eiciency, building upgrade, culture, enhanced mobility
(...) and people without guaranteeing their (clients and investment) safety (structural, ire risk, indoor air
quality), well being and resilience.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
156
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
CONCLUSION
The objecive of a roadmap is to “sell” a path, not a desinaion.
This statement is intended to remember readers that, individually or collecively, European ciizens
“consume” buildings and ciies and, as inal users, are unable to defend their own rights (Brito & Gameiro da
Silva, 2012), enforcing the already consecrated need to “protect the health, safety and economic interests of
consumers and to provide adequate informaion” (EEC, 1957).
The Direcive on Consumer Rights (2011/83/EC) acknowledges that “service contracts in paricular those
related to the construcion of annexes to buildings (for example a garage or a veranda) and those related to
repair and renovaion of buildings other than substanial conversion, should be included in the scope of this
Direcive”, consolidaing the idea of consumpion and, on this sense, a fundamental right to be informed.
In fact the Energy Performance of Buildings Direcive “recast” (European Union 2010) states Energy
Performance Ceriicates as an informaion right, an essenial milestone to boost the investments on energy
eiciency, but such ceriicate makes no menion to the structural stability of the ensemble, neither to the
minimum Indoor Environmental Quality requirements fulilment, or not, inside the residenial buildings.
This contribuion proposes that the right to informaion can be a powerful tool to inform, and empower,
building users about the safety levels the buildings they inhabit –in energy, ire, seismic and IEQ risks– , and
leading them towards informed choices. It states that by aggregaing the available funding with the natural
urban stakeholders, eicacy in the use of the available resources can be achieved
In this process, inancing insituions have the means, knowledge and will to promote neighborhood scale
intervenions in partnership with the other stakeholders, and are only waiing for reinforced stability for their
investment.
REFERENCES
1. Baker, P., 2010. Thermal performance of tradiional windows (Technical Paper No. 1). Historic
Scotland, Technical Conservaion Group / Glasgow Caledonian University, Edinburgh, Scotland.
2. Brito, Nelson Silva, 2016 (in press). IEA EBC Annex 56 Detailed Case Study “Montarroio,” in: IEA EBC
Annex 56 on “Cost-Efecive Energy and Carbon Emissions Opimizaion in Building Renovaion.”
University
of
Minho,
Guimarães,
Portugal.
Simpliied
version
available
in
htp://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1029.9600
3. Brito, Nelson, Paula Fonseca, Manuel Gameiro da Silva, Aníbal Traça de Almeida, Francisco Lamas,
Gonçalo Brites, Bruno Cardoso, and Rute Castela. 2015. “Residenial Buildings as Extended Territory
for ESCOs.” In ECEEE 2015 Summer Study Proceedings. France. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1900.6164
4. Brito, N.S., Gameiro da Silva, M.C., 2014. Upgrade towards Eicacy: “Calculated” and/or “measured”
results?, in: Facade Tectonics 2014. Presented at the Facade Tectonics 2014, (in press, available in
htp://dx.doi.org/.13140/2.1.2441.6640, Los Angeles, California.
5. European Parliament, 2012. Direcive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of
25 October 2012 on Energy Eiciency, amending Direcives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and
repealing Direcives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC.
6. European Economic Community, 1957. Treaty establishing the European Economic Community and
related instruments (EEC Treaty).
7. VINCI, Brito, N.S., Brito, S.S., Castela, R.O., 2015. Common Eicacy: Prize giving ceremony and
presentaion video of the 2020 Global Climate Challenge organized by VINCI. “ [WWW Document].
URL htp://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1422.4086 (accessed 10.30.15).
8. Morck, O., Almeida, M., Ferreira, M., Brito, N., Thomsen, K.E., Østergaard, I., 2015. Shining examples
analysed within the EBC Annex 56 project. Presented at the 6 th Internaional Building Physics
Conference, IBPC 2015, Elsevier, Turin.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
157
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Contributes to the Roadmap
A Roadmap for exising buildings and ciies must include the other needs (Quality of Life, Indoor
Environmental Quality, ire risk reducion, accessibiliies and many others), and evolving risks prevenion like
Climate Change miigaion and Energy Security;
Failure to include and anicipate the other needs leads to compeiion; success in gathering them and inding
a compromise results in coopeiion.
Open Issues (Required)
Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are recognized soluions to speed new soluions into pracice, but in the
residenial sector issues sill remain:
Informaion/training needs
Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) sill struggle for recogniion in the Industry and Service buildings
area, yet their potenial is hardly recognized in the residenial sector, where they could have a
“phase-change” efect;
Local communiies have no idea about their own potenial to make a diference, and current
legislaion and public services billing does not even favors cost and environmental impact reducion
acions;
Local policy actors rarely have the basic skills to properly assess ESCOs proposals, or to properly
propose minimum requirements
Regulaion
•
Building consumer rights must be clariied: do they exist? Do they resume to Energy
Performance Ceriicates? Can consumers demand for an “EPC, IEQ, ire and structural stability”
ceriicate to make an informed decision on where they want to live (or die in case of a seismic
event?)
•
The lack of regulatory baselines for residenial sector PPP makes them risky, and risk increases costs;
•
To open the way to ESCOs in residenial sector, basic guaranteed service responses and
characterisics must be clariied so that “foul” play will not damage the reputaion of a potenial
soluion for the exising residenial sector.
Disseminaion
First implementaions, “lighthouse neighbourhoods”, are essenial to evaluate the validity of the
proposal in diverse contexts.
Can we show that neighbourhood scale intervenions are viable? How? Who´s joining in?
Financing
ESCOs’ business is strongly dependent on the evaluaion of the exising situaion and deiniion of
the target threshold: without a clear and global baseline scenario, risks are higher, costs too, and
decision is postponed.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
158
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
European exising buildings heritage: inancial aspect and e
valuaion of cost-beneit related to lifecycle and
performance
Giampiero Bambagioni
European Real Estate Insitute
Milano, Italy
giampiero.bambagioni@erei.org
ABSTRACT
The economic value of a real estate asset is closely connected to the construcional features and their
performance over ime (lifecycle). Fastness characterisics and staic resistance to earthquakes, eco-eiciency
and other construcive qualiies of the building will provide beneits in the long ime, but they are directly
related to speciic costs of the construcion and/or for the maintenance. Moreover these characterisics have
an impact on the value in use and on the potenial signiicant loss of the value over ime.
According to the deiniions established by Regulaion (EU) 575/2013 on prudenial requirements for credit
insituions and investment irms (CRD IV), even access to inancing and mortgages (both for new
construcion and the upgrading and refurbishment of exising assets), depends on the «market value» of the
property and the «mortgage lending value». The risk assessment, the risk management and the capital
requirements for EU banking groups’ exposures is directly linked to the value of properies, and then the
characterisics of the collateral of the mortgage (or the inancing) over ime. The management of these
aspects involves, among other things, the need to adopt a real estate risk assessment (real estate raing).
Building construcions and improvement of the characterisics of the exising buildings require a holisic
approach that allows an overall valuaion of the investment, also with regards to its townplanning/technical/economic aspects. The valuaion can be done ex ante through feasibility studies (which
are expressly provided in some naional legislaion, for example in the cases referred in the Italian Regulaion
for Implementaion and Enforcement of the Italian code of Public Contracts (D.P.R. 207/2010); to this end it is
necessary to reconcile the “project constraints” that take shape in four macro-areas: Resources (and
Economic sustainability), Cost engineering, Time frames, Performance/Quality.
Demonstraing the economic sustainability of a building project by combining principles and
deinite rules consistent with internaional best pracices – even more so in the current
internaional economic-inancial situaion – consitutes the essenial prerequisite for raising
resources, someimes even among internaional insituional investors, that make possible to
develop all stages of the building process with coninuity. An intelligent promoion and
development of the immense naional public real estate heritage will also promote a country’s
economic-social development.
Promoing and rethinking ciies as inclusive, integrated and livable, however the implementaion of
programs and projects, in paricular the urban regeneraion and enhancement of the fastness
characterisics and eco-eiciency of the building stock of the ciies, requires the implementaion of
appropriate programs and sustainable projects.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
159
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
FI
NANCE
Keywords
Lifecycle and performance of buildings, Resistance to earthquakes, Eco-eiciency, Valuaion of projects; Real
Estate risk assessment, Sustainability, Smart Ciies.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
160
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Ar
c
hi
t
ec
t
ur
eand
Ci
t
yPl
anni
ng
Ses
s
i
on
Se
s
s
i
onRap
p
or
t
e
ur
:
Hei
koT
r
umpf
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
161
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
162
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
A Large Scale Approach
for Sustainable Intervenions on Built Heritage
Roberta Grignolo
Accademia di architetura, Mendrisio
roberta.grignolo@usi.ch
ABSTRACT
The paper provides an overview of recent Swiss experience in the domain of reusing and adaping exising
buildings and points out the advantages of large-scale approaches. The irst example concerns an inventoried
Zurich residenial setlement of the Fities. Considering intervenion at the scale of the whole setlement, as
opposed to that of the single building, made it possible to devise an intervenion strategy which obtained the
support of all the paries involved: the city, the owners and the heritage department. The second example
concerns the school buildings owned by the municipality of Zurich. By considering the city’s enire school
porfolio, changes and updates could be concentrated on a limited number of buildings, while minimising the
impact of transformaions on protected buildings. Addiionally, a similar and equally successful large-scale
approach was adopted for other building types, namely residenial setlements and centres for the elderly.
Keywords
Reuse, conservaion, sustainability, 2000-Wat Society, heritage, large-scale approach.
INTRODUCTION
Sustainability, in its several declensions, has currently become a prominent part of the building agenda.
Consequently, proit-based approaches leading to the complete replacement of exising building stock are
slowly but gradually being overtaken by new pragmaic approaches, which include adaping, reusing and
compleing exising building stock. The paper ofers an overview of recent Swiss experience in this
domain.
UPDATING A RESIDENTIAL SETTLEMENT WITH A LARGE-SCALE APPROACH: REUSE AND NEW
CONSTRUCTION AS COMPLEMENTARY STRATEGIES
Today densiicaion is one of the goals of the Zurich department of urbanism, as explained in the booklet
“Dichter” (Z̈rich Hochbaudepartement, Amt f̈r Stadtebau, 2012), which collects many examples of
densiicaion projects completed between 2009 and 2011. One of the published examples – the densiicaion
strategy adopted in the Else Z̈blin-Strasse residenial setlement, in Zurich Albiesrieden – appears to be
paricularly interesing, because it implies a change of scale and shows that problems can be viewed in
their enirety by taking a step back, and holisic soluions can be reached. Addiionally, such soluions are
oten less expensive in global terms.
The Else Z̈blin-Strasse Siedlung was originally built for the Sunnige Hof cooperaive in 1950-52. The
setlement, a typical Siedlung of the Fories, was inscribed in the heritage inventory, but wasn’t protected. In
ime, the municipality approved raising the building index by approximately 1/3, so in the year 2000 the
cooperaive announced a design compeiion to fully exploit the increased building volume of the site, calling
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
163
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
for a two-pronged strategy: one third of the estate was to be demolished and replaced by new buildings, the
rest – the buildings on the main street – was to undergo radical upgrading. Burkhalter Sumi Architekten won
the compeiion, but they parially amended the iniial strategy. On the basis of a careful evaluaion of the
Siedlung’s speciic qualiies, they decided to maintain the buildings that were to be kept in a condiion
as close as possible to the original one. They used the support of the Heritage Department to devise a
minimal intervenion, which they achieved by concentraing all major changes in the new buildings.
Figure 1. Else Z̈blin-Strasse Siedlung in Zurich Albiesrieden. New blocks and exising blocks ater the intervenion by
Burkhalter Sumi Architekten. (Photo: Roberta Grignolo)
The six new compact blocks, designed to replace the ones which were to be demolished, incorporate all the
answers to the new needs: the increased surface requirements, an expanded range of apartment types to
put on the market, compliance to current standards (accessibility), and excellent energy performance, thanks
to a thick layer of external insulaion and a low shape factor. Consequently, intervenions on the exising
buildings were reduced to the bare minimum: no changes were implemented in the original apartment
layout, no lits or loggias were incorporated, no exterior insulaion was added. Conversely, the original
staircase windows were preserved, the exterior stone elements were cleaned and the metal entrance
canopies were restored. The only major intervenion was the replacement of the apartment windows with
new high performance thermal-break proiles.
If the issue of improving the funcional and energy performance had been faced at the scale of the single
building, each building would have been deeply transformed and made unrecognisable, whereas by moving
to the larger scale all changes could be concentrated in the new buildings while maintaining the
appearance of the original ones, thus minimizing any waste of resources.
A LARGE-SCALE APPROACH FOR THE ZURICH SCHOOL PORTFOLIO
A few years later, the City of Zurich adopted a similar strategy on an even larger scale, that of the whole
porfolio of its school buildings. This ime grey energy was considered too. In 2008 the Zurich populaion
voted the 2000-Wat Society vision, which aims at limiing individual energy consumpion to a maximum of
2000 Wats. This vision was enshrined in the city’s Consituion and thus stands on a par with other goals,
such as the conservaion of heritage. This forces all the paries involved in the evoluion of the city and its
built elements to factor in sustainability, including grey energy, when implemening an architectural design
for the City.
The City of Zurich owns an extensive building porfolio, which comprises residenial setlements, social
centres, educaional buildings, etc. The City is responsible for the maintenance of this porfolio, its
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
164
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
compliance to new regulaions and its upgrading to meet new needs. Almost half of the city porfolio
consists of schools, 2/3 of which are listed in the Inventar der kunst- und kulthistorischen Schutzobjecte
(Heritage inventory). Each ime an intervenion was planned and discussed with the relevant paries
(Planning Department, Building Department, School Department, Heritage Department) there used to be
heated discussions because each party pursed diferent objecives. It was these discussions, where
sustainability, standards compliance and heritage issues were directly confronted with one another that led
to thinking at the scale of the whole school porfolio: if one school doesn’t comply with energy standards and
another is instead well within limits, there can be an overall balance. Furthermore, if the issue is dealt with
by considering the enire school heritage of the municipality, direct conlicts between energy
performance issues and conservaion consideraions can be reduced .
This approach was adopted for the Zurich-Schwamendingen neighbourhood, which comprises 12 schools.
Here the increased student populaion, the urgent need for more kinder-gardens and preschool spaces, as
well as new pedagogical indicaions, led to the need for more loor surface. Instead of implemening just a
few changes in each school building, a global strategy was developed in order to concentrate intervenions
on a limited number of them. Three schools were ideniied, within less than 800 meters from one another.
Each of these was extended with one or two buildings containing either classrooms or gyms or mulipurpose
faciliies, which are now used by several other neighborhood schools and sport clubs. Concentraing
intervenions on three school complexes allowed for the other nine buildings to remain pracically
unchanged.
Such a global and holisic approach was also adopted for issues related to the reducion of energy
consumpion. The study Schulen auf dem Weg zur 2000-Wat-Gesellschat was launched in 2008 (Stadt
Z̈rich, Amt f̈r Hochbauten, 2012). It stemmed from the quesion of whether the school building porfolio –
comprising 120 complexes – could meet the 2000-Wat Society vision by 2050, at the same ime
simultaneously meeing conservaion, architecture, economy and uility goals. The coordinators decided to
analyze a sample of 13 school buildings, which was considered representaive of the whole porfolio.
Figure 2. Consumpion of primary energy from non renewable sources: comparison of the performance of the 13
selected schools in the Consensus Variant (Stadt Z̈rich, Amt f̈r Hochbauten, 2012).
Three variants were drated: Variant 1 was considered a minimal intervenion strategy, mainly used for listed
buildings; Variant 2 suggested a thorough intervenion focused on the reducion of energy consumpion; the
“Konsenz” Variant sought a compromise between energy, economic and conservaion issues. In this
“Consensus variant”, the overall results of which are similar to those of Variant 2, high standard energy
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
165
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
retroit intervenions on some schools ofset other intervenions which are less eicient from the
energy standpoint but more focused on conservaion, thus allowing the most fragile and valuable buildings
to be excluded from heavy retroit transformaions. Thus the Kornhausbr̈cke school, built by arch. Steiner in
1941-42, the envelope and window iings of which are protected, stands well above the 2050 limit goal, but
its “poor” energy performance is ofset by the performance of the other buildings considered.
The Schulen study is now used to guide and programme intervenions on the city school stock: the irst
buildings to undergo renovaion were the ones in the study, but the representaiveness of the sample
provides useful precedents from the study that are also applicable to other buildings. On the basis of the
success of this study, the same approach was also extended to other building typologies which are
part of city’s building stock: the residenial setlements (Wohnsiedlung) and the centres for elderly
(Alterszentren).
CONCLUSION
The above examples and studies, all based on large-scale approach, provide cunning strategies which can
usefully be adapted to other built porfolios when a construcive compromise is sought between frequently
compeing issues, such as sustainability, economy and heritage. Furthermore they highlight the importance
of establishing a culture of construcive dialogue between all relevant paries , when intervenions on
building stock are required. Gradually this will allow not only protected buildings to be taken into
consideraion, but also high quality buildings, as yet unprotected.
In intervenions on exising buildings there are no ready-made recipes. Each building requires choices based
on its speciic features, and these are closely related to its social value, to its context or its speciic technical
soluions. Nevertheless, the case of Zurich clearly shows that a broader view of built heritage can help in
drating eicient transformaion strategies, based on facts and igures, on performance criteria, as
well as on an ethical approach to architecture and its professional pracice.
Contributes to the Roadmap
The Swiss experience shows that by adoping a large-scale approach, shared soluions can be found:
soluions that bring together diferent standpoints such as those of sustainability, architectural quality,
economy and conservaion. The Roadmap should thus encourage a large-scale approach to the issues at
hand.
Open Issues
Sustainability and conservaion are too oten considered as opposing and irreconcilable issues. Large-scale
approaches can provide soluions for these contrasing stances. What other means can be devised?
REFERENCES
1. Z̈rich Hochbaudepartement, Amt f̈r Stadtebau (2012) Dichter. Eine Documentaion der baulichen
Veränderung in Z̈rich – 30 Beispiele, n. 1, Stadt Z̈rich, Z̈rich.
2. Lisa Maire (2011) Eine Siedlung bekennt Farbe, Wohnen, 5, 29-32.
3. Stadt Z̈rich, Amt f̈r Hochbauten (2012) Schulen auf dem Weg zur 2000-Wat-Gesellschat.
Schlussbericht Teilprojekt "Szenarien", 06.2011.
4. Stadt Z̈rich, Amt f̈r Hochbauten (2013) Wohnsiedlungen auf dem Weg zur 2000-Wat-Gesellschat,
11.2013.
5. Stadt Z̈rich, Amt f̈r Hochbauten (2012) Alterszentren auf dem Weg zur 2000-Wat-Gesellschat ,
05.2015.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
166
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
[References n. 3, 4 and 5 can be downloaded from the following page: htps://www.stadtzuerich.ch/hbd/de/index/hochbau/nachhaliges_bauen/Fachinformaionen/studien-vor2014/2_Bestand.html]
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
167
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
168
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Seismic risk, Restoraion, Sustainability:
between prevenion and compaible materials
Greta Bruschi
Università IUAV di Venezia, diparimento DACC
gretabruschi@libero.it
ABSTRACT
The contribuion deals with issues related to seismic risk and sustainability in terms of prevenion and
compaible materials. To intervene in terms of improvement necessarily requires to design on the basis of an
appropriate level of knowledge of the building, realizing only the project which, while giving the necessary
guarantees of safety, is respecful of the environment. The improvement keyword also suggests the issue of
compaibility, which means giving substance to what can only be made in respect of the nature of the asset
excluding the rest. The relaionship between emergency and seismic safety is another aspect of the
vulnerability problem in historical architecture: despite the many exising recommendaions, sill occurs to
systemaize those pracices that should ensure that the work conducted in the emergency will provide the
most possible useful indicaions to the studies and prevenive intervenion, so that the later can contribute
efecively to limit the damage caused by earthquake.
Keywords
Cultural heritage, seismic risk, prevenion, compaible materials, conservaion
RESTORATION AND SUSTAINABILITY: A CRITICAL APPROACH
The importance of cultural heritage and its role in the economy of a country appears to be a widespread
view, almost a prerequisite to ensure the sustainability of any restoraion. Restoraion that will be aimed at
the conservaion, protecion and enhancement of the heritage, so that this becomes an accessible good, that
can be enjoyed even in its social and singularity values and transmited, as intact as possible, to future
generaions. It is not only a cultural legacy but also a great economic opportunity and through appropriate
integrated management the cultural and environmental heritage can be a real asset, that must be preserved
because it can provide a signiicant contribuion to economic development of the territory, involving the
aciviies connected to the tourism sector.
Cultural heritage is therefore intended as a resource for development, but it is necessary to highlight the
awareness that it is a non-renewable resource, like some energy sources. Recently the issues related to the
conlict between cultural value and economic value of architecture showed the prevalence of uncontrolled
exploitaion of cultural heritage based on single use and tourism: the second aspect has come to emerge,
bringing some of the intellectuals more involved in the poliical debate, as Salvatore Seis, to speak out and
criicize the overly economisic approaches to monuments that facilitate the promoion of supericial and
consumerist ways of using of historical buildings and that exalt, consequently, the commercializaion of the
same architectural arifacts19.
These observaions related to the uncontrolled exploitaion of the cultural heritage link the discipline of
restoraion and conservaion to broader issues related to the consumpion in the world: both aitudes are
factors of erosion and impoverishment of the heritage and cultural material available today. "On the other
hand, if sustainability means to know the reasons of nature preserving means to know the reasons of the
monument and in both cases the staring point is to know the exising, in understanding it without bending it
to rules imposed by criteria unrelated to it 20".
19
Seis S., (2002), Italia S.p.A.. L'assalto al patrimonio culturale, Torino
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
169
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
If the recent success of sustainability issues can be also for historic architecture a vehicle to reiterate the
reasons and the need for conservaion, we must pay atenion to the risk of confusing the issues of cultural
heritage with those, which are diferent in content and speciicity, relaive to the use and exploitaion.
SEISMIC RISK AND PREVENTION
The opportuniies presented by the historical buildings have now become even more topical in the territories
that bring evident scars of seismic events, more or less recent, which have dealt a blow the manufacturing
base but which preserve the cultural heritage as a resource to revitalize its economy.
The theme of the preservaion of historic buildings from seismic risk has, in Italy and in some Mediterranean
countries, a long history and several scieniic contribuions that have enriched an already signiicant
literature, in which the common goal of understanding and prevenion of damage is branched in disjoint
paths for diferent methods, contents and languages.
In early operaing manuals were substanially re-proposed technological soluions borrowed, for the most
part, from the building techniques of reinforced concrete or steel, usually accompanied by schemaizaions
of calculaion usual in building science. Since the eighies of the last century were added handbooks more
interested in tradiional technologies, or, at least, with soluions speciically designed to both masonry and
wood structures and, especially, appear the irst essays that take census of historical architectures, as well as
of the damages caused by the earthquakes, accompanied by the irst criical consideraions on the
mechanisms of damage21.
The analysis of the structural consolidaions carried out in the historic factory, mainly deducive, has
gradually joined an inducive approach, challenging the approximaions required by the use of suitable
formulas to describe the behavior of materials and structures other than the tradiional ones, promoing a
comparison with the muliplicity and speciicity of the historical buildings. In case of historical architectures
there are in fact objecive diiculies in deining procedures for verifying the safety requirements, similar to
those applied to ordinary buildings, because the variety of types and speciic singularity of the monuments
(also due to the speciic history of each building) does not allow to specify a unique strategy and reliable
modeling and analysis.
These consideraions ind now a systemaizaion within the Guidelines 22 (which provide instrucions for the
evaluaion and reducion of seismic risk of the cultural protected heritage, with reference to the Technical
Regulaions for Construcion23 in DM January 14, 2008 and -NTC2008- Relaive Circular 2009 containing
instrucions for the applicaion of the technical standards for the construcion of the Ministerial Decree 14
January 200824), where it is proposed a path of knowledge and analysis in which the judgment on the risk
level of the building or the suitability of an intervenion emerges from a comparison between the capacity of
the structure, evaluated following a qualitaive and quanitaive knowledge of the construcion, and the
demand, assessed according to the seismic acion calculated for the site where is the building itself. This
comparison is not meant as a binding veriicaion, in which the capacity must be greater than the demand,
20
Fiorani D., (2006),Fruire e trasmetere: convergenze e anitesi nel restauro, in La fruizione sostenibile del bene culturale. Ai del
Convegno, Palazzo Strozzi, Sala Ferri, Firenze, 17 giugno 2005, Nardini Editore, Firenze, p.17
21
Cfr.:A. Aveta(a cura di), (2005), Restauro e consolidamento, Mancosu, Roma, R. Ballardini, F. Doglioni, (1986), Indirizzi riguardani
le iniziaive e i comportameni ai a limitare i danni al patrimonio culturale in caso di sisma , documento approvato dal Comitato
Nazionale per la Prevenzione Culturale dal Rischio Sismico del 12/12/1986; S. Di Pasquale, Architetura e terremoi, in "Restauro", 5961, 1982; F. Doglioni, A. Morei, V. Petrini,( 1994), Le chiese e il terremoto : dalla vulnerabilità constatata nel terremoto del Friuli al
miglioramento anisismico nel restauro, verso una poliica di prevenzione, Lint, Trieste; F. Doglioni, (1997), Straigraia e restauro : tra
conoscenza e conservazione dell'architetura, Lint, Trieste; D. Fiorani, D. Esposito (a cura di), (2005), Tecniche costruive dell'edilizia
storica. Conoscere per conservare, Viella, Roma; A. Giufrè, (1988), Monumeni e terremoi, Muligraica, Roma; A. Giufrè, (1993),
Sicurezza e conservazione dei centri storici. Il caso Origia , Laterza, Roma-Bari; A. Marino (a cura di), (2000) Presidi anisismici
nell'architetura storica e monumentale , Gangemi, Roma; Monumeni e terremoi. Nuove esperienze di analisi di vulnerabilitàpericolosità sismica, (2003), Ministero per i beni e le aività culturali, Isituto centrale per il restauro, Roma
22
"
Linee guida per la valutazione e la riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale con riferimento alle Norme tecniche per le
costruzioni di cui al decreto del Ministero delle Infrastruture e dei traspori del 14 gennaio 2008" ( Guidelines for evaluaion and
miigaiom of seismik to cultural heritage )
23
Supplemento Ordinario n. 30 della G.U. n. 29 del 4.2.2008
24
Sup
p
l
e
me
nt
oOr
di
nar
i
on.
27de
l
l
aG.
U.
n.
47de
l26.
2.
2009
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
170
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
but as a quanitaive element to be used, together with others, to make a qualitaive judgment that takes
into account the overall conservaion needs, the desire to preserve the arifact from the earthquake damage
and safety requirements, in relaion to the use and the funcion performed.
To intervene in terms of improvement necessarily requires to design on the basis of an appropriate level of
knowledge of the building, realizing only the project which, while giving the necessary guarantees of safety,
is respecful of the environment on which goes to place. The improvement keyword also suggests the issue
of compaibility, which means giving substance to what can only be made in respect of the nature of the
asset excluding the rest.
In this sense the use of materials and pracices are object of relecion: we have to prefer materials and
working pracices that ensure the reducion of the incidence of transport vehicles and operaing machines
with strong environmental impact and, as far as possible, the reuse of materials or the choice of materials
with low producion of waste and residues to be disposed of and, however, that can be found near the area
of intervenion.
Recent approaches tesify an interest in the concepts of sustainability not only in terms of intenions, but of
working pracices staring from the physical properies of buildings materials such as: limited intervenions
determined with reference to a path of knowledge that shows characters of uniqueness of the historical
arifact; the use of technologies compaible with the masonry and wooden structures; the rediscovery of
tradiional materials (such as the use of cocciopesto to increase permeability in masonry structures)
conjugated to recent innovaions in terms of eco-compaibility; the upgrading of iber-reinforced composites
which proposes fabrics made of natural ibers or organic materials - such as fabrics made with basalt ibers
which can be impregnated with hydraulic-lime matrices.
CASE STUDIES OF INTERVENTION
Seismic events of May 2012 have signiicantly afected the territory of Emilia and neighboring. The following
cases illustrate the themes previously developed related to the evaluaion of the damage and seismic
improvement and also the problems of intervenion on a monument such as the Ducal Palace in Mantua,
historically straiied, transformed and full of decoraions and on buildings related to the reconstrucion of a
local heritage, but signiicant in terms of strong symbolic value for the land and its inhabitants.
Ducal Palace in Mantua, North-East tower of St. George Castle 25
All the damage to the Ducal Palace complex, valued with expediious iles and deepened ater the
earthquake, showed old damage that led to the reacivaion of some collapse mechanisms and oten
reported as the long absence of maintenance operaions consituted a general lowering of the safety of the
building, the consequent need to perform operaions not just in repair but to improve safety through a
coordinated system of works. The evident damage caused by the earthquake to the north east tower of St.
George castle, containing the Bridal Chamber and its access path to the vision of frescoes by Mantegna, have
highlighted the need for urgent safety measures associated with the concept of structural improvement with
a series of operaions aimed to inluence the collapse mechanisms that have been highlighted in relaion to
the analysis of the ariculaion of the building and speciied in funcion of the state of damage of the
complex, in paricular of the distribuion of the crack and the presence of construcive disconinuiies.
The intervenions in the complex are considered passive protecions needed to improve the box-like behavior
of the tower, with a paricular thought about the presence of the Bridal Chamber which obliges to provide
higher levels of protecion. The overall aim was to ensure, in addiion to the necessary improvement, control
procedures and the maintenance of works of consolidaion. The acions do not afect the material but work
on the funcioning, maintaining the determined structural behavior, qualifying it where necessary.
On the wooden roof of the tower a double layer of plywood planks that solidarizes to primary and secondary
framework is introduced, implemented by the construcion of two ibre reinforced laminated wood
25
T
hee
x
p
e
di
t
i
ousands
ubs
e
que
nt
l
ydi
gi
t
al
i
z
e
dil
e
soft
hebui
l
di
ngs
t
at
eofdamageandc
ol
l
ap
s
ewi
t
hal
lt
hep
r
e
l
i
mi
nar
yanal
y
s
i
s
t
ot
hei
nt
e
r
v
e
nt
i
onwe
r
ec
ar
r
i
e
doutb
yt
heWor
k
i
ngGr
oupr
e
l
at
i
ngt
oL
ARSSe
i
s
mi
cRi
s
kCe
nt
e
rSt
udi
e
s
,s
c
i
e
nt
i
icr
e
s
p
ons
i
bl
ep
r
of
.
e
ng.
ar
c
h.
Paol
oF
ac
c
i
oandp
r
of
.e
ng.
AnnaSae
t
t
a,I
UAVUni
v
e
r
s
i
t
yo
fVe
ni
c
ei
nf
r
ontofanagr
e
e
me
n
tbe
t
we
e
nt
heUni
v
e
r
s
i
t
yand
t
heRe
gi
onalDi
r
e
c
t
or
at
ef
o
rCul
t
ur
alHe
r
i
t
ageandL
ands
c
ap
eofL
ombar
dy
;Sur
v
e
y
swe
r
emadeb
yCI
RCEL
abor
at
or
yo
f Sur
v
e
y
s
andGI
S,
I
UAVUni
v
e
r
s
i
t
yofVe
ni
c
e
.
T
hep
r
oj
e
c
tofc
ons
ol
i
dat
i
onands
t
r
uc
t
ur
ali
mp
r
o
v
e
me
nti
ss
i
gn
e
db
yp
r
of
.
Paol
oF
ac
c
i
o.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
171
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
stringcourses set and ixed at the wall. Moreover a metallic element calendered holds the top of the
batlements at which rests the wooden structure of coverage
At diferent levels, with the excepion of the Bridal Chamber, have been made stringcourses using metal Tproiles designed case by case: interior stringcourses in order to inhibit the possible overturning collapse
mechanisms and a chain extrados system to counter the thrust of the exising vaults. Systems that are also
able to deine a plane rigidity of the extrados vault of the Camera Picta.
The damage to the Bridal Chamber was manifested mainly with the reopening of a lesion in the main
iguraive wall. The lesion was compensated, but the sensiivity to the damage of the room deserves further
consideraion. Noted the lack of opions for safeguarding the integrity of the pictorial cycle, extremely
vulnerable, has prepared a campaign of studies on the consistency of the walls of the compartment.
Currently it has been provided for the arrangement of a series of chains in unidirecional carbon steel wire
issue housed in the cable duct in a narrow band of the exising loor.
Figure 1. Ducal Palace in Mantua.
Ducal Palace in Mantua, North-East tower of St. George Castle
Intervenion on the second level of the tower
St. Catherine's Church in Rovereto sulla Secchia City, Novi, Modena 26
Even this intervenion aims to secure the building ater damages occurred during the earthquake in May
2012, which caused extensive collapse of the hedge, of the internal vault, as well as a series of cracks in the
apse zone. The project is intended to consitute not only a response to emergency but to deine a series of
works that, in addiion to a temporary use in security, may consitute with the permanence a irst phase of
the next restoraion.
The interesing aspect of the project consists in the fact that the principles used provide for the use of
materials and technologies able to respond to an eicient and rapid assembly sequence and pose in work of
the elements, as far as possible the use of standardized parts for cost reducion, lightness and handling of
the elements for the reducion of the incidence of movement means and a adaptability of the elements used
at last to minimize the operaions in the assembly phase necessary for coherence with the characterisics of
the historic architecture.
The materials used are wood and steel for the roof structures and support coverage and high strength
hydraulic lime mortar and high strength carbon steel ibre fabric. The execuion of the works provided for a
irst phase of safety with the eliminaion of unsafe parts irrecoverable, ridges of the walls, porions of the
vault and wooden carpentry parially collapsed; a second stage of pre-consolidaion, reconstrucion and
improvement of the walls, reconstrucion of parts of the top of the walls and the realizaion of a stringcourse
made of high strength hydraulic lime mortar and a stainless steel bar. A third phase has seen the realizaion
of plinths in reinforced concrete for the construcion of foundaions of composed pillars. Subsequently the
creaion of verical structures in wooden planks and metal sheets pre-processed and assembled, and the
26
T
hear
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
alde
s
i
gni
ss
i
gn
e
db
yar
c
h.Bar
bar
aPaz
iwhi
l
et
hep
r
o
j
e
c
tofc
ons
ol
i
dat
i
onands
t
r
uc
t
ur
ali
mp
r
o
v
e
me
nti
ss
i
gn
e
d
b
yp
r
of
.
Paol
oF
ac
c
i
o.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
172
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
connecion to the wall by metal connecions. A inal phase involved the construcion of the roof of the nave
with the construcion of trusses made by the same wooden planks and metal sheets pre-processed and
assembled.
Figure 2. St. Catherine's Church
Damages ater the earthquake
Reconstrucion of the roof with standardized elements
The statue of St. George at the top of the dome of the Basilica of Palladio in Venice 27
The last project concerns the statue of the saint, who stands on the dome of the church of San Giorgio, this,
damaged by a lightning had stayed with the damaged arm for years, unil it has been deposited in the
church. The wooden structure once visible is made up of wooden planks put together, shaped and covered
with copper plates ixed to the structure with metal nails. The need for consolidaion acion has highlighted a
number of issues related to exposure (weather, wind, high temperature range) that did not allow to use
adhesives or organic protecive, therefore, tradiional systems have been used for consolidaion as shaped
steel but also innovaive systems such as basalt issues.
Figure 3. Basilica of St. George in Venice
External view
The statue of St. George at the top of the dome,
state of conservaion
Such fabrics molded to bind and consolidate the wooden skeleton have characterisics of low thermal
conducivity and they not need resins or hydraulic mortars allowing transpiraion and therefore the
preservaion of the original wood material.
The intervenion is part of a framework of research aimed at reducing the seismic risk of the movable
cultural heritage28, also allows to close the loop on the issues of vulnerability of cultural heritage by
27
I
nt
e
r
v
e
nt
i
onwi
t
ht
hedi
r
e
c
t
i
onoft
hear
c
hi
t
e
c
t
.
Mas
s
i
moRi
go,
c
ons
ul
t
i
ngp
r
of
e
s
s
orPaol
oF
ac
c
i
o,
r
e
s
t
or
e
rGi
us
e
p
p
eT
oni
ni
,
ar
t
i
s
an
bl
ac
k
s
mi
t
hAl
e
s
s
andr
oEr
v
as
,
unde
rt
hes
up
e
r
v
i
s
i
onoft
heSup
e
i
nt
e
nde
nc
e
;
s
p
ons
or
s
hi
pSwar
o
v
s
k
i
F
oundat
i
on.
28
Wor
k
i
ngGr
oupr
e
l
at
i
ngt
oL
ARS-Se
i
s
mi
cRi
s
kCe
nt
e
rSt
udi
e
s
,
s
c
i
e
nt
i
icr
e
s
p
ons
i
bl
ep
r
of
.
i
ng.
ar
c
h.
Paol
oF
ac
c
i
oandp
r
of
.
i
ng.
Anna
Sae
t
t
a,I
UAV Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
yofVe
ni
c
ei
nf
r
onto
fmo
r
e agr
e
e
me
ntbe
t
we
e
nt
he Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,I
SCR,Se
c
r
e
t
ar
yGe
ne
r
alofMI
BACT
,
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
173
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
considering both the storage of containers - architectures - that content, allowing relecions related to issues
of security and conservaion.
RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES
The working group relaing to LARS- Seismic Risk Center Studies, principal invesigators prof. ing. arch. Paolo
Faccio and prof. ing. Anna Saeta, IUAV University of Venice, dealing from 2010, in terms of research, study
issues related to the vulnerability of cultural heritage and seismic risk reducion. In these years, through
agreements with the Ministry for Cultural Heritage, Environment and Tourism, lead insituions (ISCR and
ICCD), Regional and local Superintendents, were held aciviies of consuling, indexing ,cataloging,
monitoring about reducion seismic risk for the movable and immovable cultural heritage.
Through some PhD thesis the group is now developing insights regarding topics that address criical issues
related to security in structural terms together with conservaive and formal instances in architecture,
considering the two problems, too oten separated and assigned to diferent specialized igures, as two sides
of the same coin, which consitute a unique architectural organism.
The use of historical documentaion and cadastral data is the basis of the work concerning the historical
urban centers, in order to deduce the transformaions (morphological, structural, textural) sufered by the
built in ime, data required for a irst assessment of vulnerability 29.
Figure 4. Civita di Bagnoregio, Viterbo
Historical setlement in aggregate
Gregorian Land Registry Plan, 1816
Two research then deal of employment of the reinforced concrete in structural consolidaion of historical
building30 and in reconstrucions of archaeological sites 31, that encourage relecion on "hybrid structures",
and on a range of consequences inherent durability and interacion new materials with the original ones, the
absence of methods of calculaion and veriicaion recognized for these types, the atempts to achieve,
through these intervenions, behavior paterns modeled with the new construcion. Today in fact signiicant
problems are related to the recogniion of the role of these intervenions, on the possibility of preserve them
and about alternaive technical and pracical to subsitute them.
Sup
e
i
nt
e
nde
nc
e
sandDi
r
e
c
t
i
ono
fMus
e
ums
29
Gi
ul
i
a Camp
ani
ni
,Ci
v
i
t
a DiBagn
or
e
gi
o.St
udifinal
i
z
z
at
ial
l
'
anal
i
s
idiv
ul
ne
r
abi
l
i
t
à de
gl
ii
ns
e
di
ame
nt
is
t
or
i
c
ii
n agg
r
e
gat
o,
Pol
i
t
e
c
ni
c
odi
Mi
l
ano,
Di
p
ar
t
i
me
nt
odi
Ar
c
hi
t
e
t
t
ur
aeSt
udi
Ur
bani
,
Dot
t
or
at
oi
nCons
e
r
v
az
i
onede
i
Be
n
i
Ar
c
hi
t
e
t
t
oni
c
i
(
i
np
r
ogr
e
s
s
)
30
Greta Bruschi, L'impiego del calcestruzzo armato nel restauro architetonico: una riletura criica degli interveni di Ferdinando
Forlai, Dotorato in Storia e Conservazione dell'Architetura - Curriculum Restauro, Università IUAV di Venezia (in progress)
31
El
i
s
aF
ai
n,Compor
t
ame
nt
oedur
abi
l
i
t
àde
l
l
e"
s
t
r
ut
t
ur
emi
s
t
e
"i
nar
e
aar
c
he
ol
ogi
c
a.I
lt
e
mp
i
odiApol
l
oPi
z
i
oal
l
'
ac
r
opol
idiRodi
,
Pol
i
t
e
c
ni
c
odi
Mi
l
ano,
Di
p
ar
t
i
me
nt
odi
Ar
c
hi
t
e
t
t
ur
aeSt
udi
Ur
bani
,
Dot
t
or
at
oi
nCons
e
r
v
az
i
onede
i
Be
n
i
Ar
c
hi
t
e
t
t
oni
c
i
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
174
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Figure 5. Acropolis of Rhodes, Temple of Apollo
Detail on reinforced concrete damages
Main view
Figure 6. Palace of three hundred Treviso
Ater the II World War
Intervenion of reconstrucion by Ferdinando Forlai
Finally, the examinaion and assessment of vulnerability of the architecture of the '900, made by historical
reinforced concrete, designed with outdated regulaions. A large part of the cultural heritage belongs to this
group and it is a ield of study where structure and architecture oten coincide: topics that raise insights and
relecions on the role of diagnosic tests and invasiveness of intervenions in structural and formal terms 32.
32
Paol
aSc
ar
amuz
z
a,I
lT
e
at
r
oComunal
ediAdr
i
a:c
onos
c
e
nz
apr
ope
de
ut
i
c
aal
l
ac
ons
e
r
v
az
i
onede
lc
al
c
e
s
t
r
uz
z
oar
mat
os
t
or
i
c
o,
Pol
i
t
e
c
ni
c
odi
Mi
l
ano,
Di
p
ar
t
i
me
nt
odi
Ar
c
hi
t
e
t
t
ur
aeSt
udi
Ur
bani
,
Dot
t
or
at
oi
nCons
e
r
v
az
i
onede
i
Be
n
i
Ar
c
hi
t
e
t
t
oni
c
i
(
i
np
r
ogr
e
s
s
)
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
175
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Figure 7. City Theatre of Adria, Rovigo
External view
Detail of the the concrete structures project, 1932
CONCLUSIONS
To achieve the goal of protecing the cultural heritage system, the way to go is neither that of the great
projects (given the lack of resources) or the use of signiicant inancial resources. Rather, it is a complex and
widespread operaion that involves the whole territory and that can have an impact not only on the level of
protecion, but also on the employment of high-level professional igures (engineers and architects) and can
create atracive prospects for business world, even in the internaional scene.
Professional updates and authoriies responsible for safeguarding (cultural heritage, but also regional and
local) in close collaboraion with the University would ind a common perspecive in combining development
and security, in order to move from the logic of emergency to that of prevenion and protecion: the
protecion of cultural heritage from seismic risk is in fact, irst and foremost, a mater of prevenion.
The relaionship between emergency and seismic safety is another aspect (and not the last) of the problem
of vulnerability in historical architecture: despite the many exising recommendaions, sill occurs to
systemaize those pracices that should ensure that the work conducted in the emergency will provide the
most possible useful indicaions to the studies and prevenive intervenion, so that the later can contribute
efecively to limit the damage caused by earthquake.
For this to happen is not enough to pay atenion to the state of the buildings ater the disaster, nor work
ater the earthquake with adequate structural improvements, but we must above all ensure a constant work
of monitoring and reducing vulnerability, at least in the historical buildings of the areas most at risk .
In a ime when there are signiicant diiculies in the post-emergency intervenion, such reference to
prevenion and this atenion to buildings, that seem not so important, may appear unwarranted. On the
contrary, whether you look at the mere economic aspect that to the more 'high' aspects that is to guarantee
the survival of our culture and the same of human lives, is today more than ever necessary to look at what, if
let untreated, could turn into the tomorrow emergency.
Contributes to the Roadmap
The relaionship between emergency and seismic safety is another aspect of the problem of vulnerability in
historical architecture: despite the many exising recommendaions, sill occurs to systemaize those
pracices that should ensure that the work conducted in the emergency will provide the most possible useful
indicaions to the studies and prevenive intervenion, so that the later can contribute efecively to limit the
damage caused by earthquake.
For this to happen is not enough to pay atenion to the state of the buildings ater the disaster, nor work
ater the earthquake with adequate structural improvements, but we must above all ensure a constant work
of monitoring and reducing vulnerability, at least in the historical buildings of the most at risk areas.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
176
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Open Issues
It should be interesing developing topics related to security, in structural terms, together with conservaive
and formal instances linked to architecture, considering the two problems, too oten separated and assigned
to diferent specialized igures, as two sides of the same coin, which consitute a unique architectural
organism. (cfr. "Research perspecives")
REFERENCES
1. Ministero per i beni e le aività culturali, Segretariato generale (a cura di), (2010), Linee Guida per la
valutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale allineate alle nuove Norme
tecniche per le costruzioni (d.m. 14 gennaio 2008), Gangemi editore, Roma
(Guidelines for evaluaion and miigaion of seismic to cultural heritage, Gangemi editore, Roma)
2. Donatelli A., (2010), Terremoto e architetura storica. Prevenire l'emergenza, Gangemi editore, Roma
3. Bonsani G., (2006), La fruizione sostenibile del bene culturale , Nardini, Firenze
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
177
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
178
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Sensible Architecture
Sustainability as a part of the Architectural Design Process
Alfredo Baladrón Carrizo
Architect at virgula i , Madrid
Researcher at Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura,
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
alfredo@virgulai.com
ABSTRACT
New technologies and advances in Research and Development have transformed the world, as we knew it 15
years ago. Sustainability and Eco-eiciency issues are now an integral part of Architecture, but how has this
evoluion and these issues have transformed our approach to Architectural Design? The architect’s response
to this transformaion goes beyond the mere shape of the buildings or the construcive soluions. We
understand that the answer lays in the beginning of the design process. Today architects have a key role
integraing and coordinaing the advances made in Research, Development and Innovaion made by the
diferent actors involved in the architectural design and construcion process. To display this hypothesis, we
present two case studies of diferent scales but with a similar approach, where sustainability and economic
balance are an integral part of the design process and, as a result, of the inal proposal. An architecture that
is sensible to the changing of imes and that is reasonable and conscious. An architecture that ‘makes sense’.
Keywords
Architectural Design Process, Amadora BD, Vírgula i, sustainability, innovaion.
INTRODUCTION
The world we knew, 15 years ago, has been completely transformed by new technologies and advances in
Research and Development. Europeans have become increasingly aware on sustainability issues. The policies
developed in recent years and the investments made by companies to improve products and reduce their
carbon footprint are proofs of this trend. The world of construcion is also part of this process. But, in what
sense has this evoluion transformed the architectural design? Or, otherwise, how does it follow obsoletes
criteria and processes? How are architects aware of these changes and how can they respond to them?
From our point of view, the architect can have a key role in this evoluion in order to integrate and coordinate
the advances made in Research, Development and Innovaion made by the diferent actors involved in the
architectural design and construcion process. Architect’s response to this transformaion goes beyond the
shape of the buildings and their construcive soluions. We understand that the answer starts at the
beginning of the design process. To display this hypothesis, we present two case studies, of diferent scales
but with a similar approach. Both share a similar tacic, aiming at a high Architectural Design quality in
combinaion with a sustainable and economically based approach.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
179
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
CASE STUDY 1. TOP INTERNATIONAL ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITIONS
Top Internaional Architectural Compeiions provide opportuniies for the interacion between the high
quality architectural design and the sustainable and inancial planning progress. In our opinion, the architect
and the client play key roles in allowing this combinaion. It is necessary to deine the part of both of them
nowadays; the architect presents itself as a manager and coordinator of teams - that are formed by several
engineers and specialists; the client, appears as a igure whose tasks need to be redeined, especially in the
regard of public contests.
The architect
The architect is no longer a person working alone in its own studio. Our experience on top internaional
compeiions at Nieto Sobejano Arquitectos, during the last ten years, enabled us to test and develop design
worklows. The research and innovaion potenial of several of the engineering and construcion companies
involved has been completely integrated in the architectural design process. New technologies allow eicient
and sustainable ways of communicaion, that were unafordable just 15 years ago. As an example, to develop
one of the last architectural compeiions that took part in Switzerland, the team was managed by a team of
architects located in Madrid, a structural engineer based in Berlin, three façade engineers and cost
consultant from Frankfurt, a team of technical engineers working from London, and a sustainability and
Minergie specialist from Switzerland. The work was carried out for a period of 15 weeks in which the
diferent specialist joined the project gradually, throughout the process. Our task as architects has been to
harness the potenial of all the diferent specialists in order to integrate and coordinate their proposals in the
architectural design, under clear sustainability criteria, clearly deined by the client and the local regulaions.
The same way the architect incorporates into his design the condiions of structural systems and materials,
making Architecture progress, sustainability and eco-eiciency criteria must also be integrated into the
design process.
The client
High quality Architecture is not possible without a “good client”. The irst step for a successful development
of an architectural project is to ind the right approach for the client necessiies. Our experience in
Architectural compeiions has enabled us to idenify that a clear deiniion of the brief allows for a conscious
and sensible design development. Clear goals, a deined and studied programme, a correct esimaion of the
investment, precise informaion regarding the site, energy sources and regulaions are key elements for the
success of the project. It is the client’s responsibility to provide an adequate brief. But, who are the clients
today?
Nowadays, new technologies and communicaion tools provide unprecedented access to informaion and
paricipaion worldwide. Even more, they are redeining the igure of the public client. Mechanisms for
ciizen paricipaion allow people to take part on the deiniion of the public space from the iniial moments
of public projects. Well-known cases like Tempelhof in Berlin, or small-scale intervenions in abandoned
public plots in Madrid, are examples of paricipaive processes that are becoming a commonly way to
understand the European public space. New technologies provide tools that make these developments
easier. Architects must be conscious of this change in order to understand the needs of ‘the new client’.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
180
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
CASE STUDY 2. SMALL SCALE PROJECTS
Vírgula i is a young internaional architectural collecive, based in Porto and Madrid, which develops
strategies of muliple collaboraions. Our experience in projects of diferent scales and programmes has led
us to invest in a close dialogue with clients, as well as to address each project as a challenge, in order to
achieve an appropriate response to the needs and exising condiions.
We bring to this presentaion two diferent projects that share a common approach in terms of sustainability
and economic viability; the Amadora BD - Internaional Cartoon Fesival, two exhibiion projects made with
the reuse of materials; and Hotel Minho, a renewal and re-branding of a hotel that has redeined its whole
image and the business itself.
Figure 1. Amadora BD Fesival 2014, Lisboa. Photo: Eva Sousa
Amadora Comic Fesival
The Amadora Internaional Comic Fesival has been taking place in Lisbon for over 25 years. In 2013, the
fesival adopted a low-cost regime, as did many other public insituions in Southern Europe. Virgula i was
irst placed on a shortlist and then selected to develop a project for the Fesival with these economic
restricions. We understood that the severe cut in the budget represented a complete break with the
previous cycle, and that encouraged us to make it a radical turning point in the fesival’s logic and overall
idea. We looked for new strategies to ind an appropriate response for this challenge, by highlighing the reuse that was made of diferent materials.
Our approach was sensible to the succession of changes that this kind of fesivals goes through and the many
materials that the Comic fesival had built up over the years. We understood the project as a metamorphosis
of the exising materials mixed together with the movable equipment of the Forum Luís de Camões: goal
nets for indoor football, wooden cable reels, cubes and pallets, halogen lighing, poted plants from the
municipal plant nursery, crates, cladding panels painted by children, retractable seaing systems that existed
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
181
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
already in the sports hall (where the Fesival is installed), modular metal structures, poricos made from
imber beams, etc. The project was, basically, a reorganizaion of the lows and rhythms of these materials.
An architecture based on the transformaion, which hibernates and wakes up completely metamorphosed
each season as a new project.
These strategy means a high degree of rigor in the analysis of the components available, their diferent cycles
of use in the project’s interior, the protecion and packaging that they can produce and the overall logics that
they generate: of permanence, permutaion and standardizaion.
The management strategies for the fesival’s inancial investment were also transformed by the proposal. For
example, instead of rening a protecive material to preserve the loor of the sports pavilion, that had
required to set aside an important part of the budget, it was decided to buy a cheap material, OSB boards,
that could be used as loor, but also for other purposes: walls, furniture, etc. The investment on purchasing
these boards was recovered just by using the same material in the second project in 2014 in a diferent way.
The Fesival takes place in two diferent spaces of the Fórum Luís de Camões - the sports pavilion and one of
the car parking loors – which means two opposite architectural scenarios: the hall architecture involving the
pavilion’s 14 metres high ceilings and the garage architecture almost 3 metres high without even taking into
account the service ducts and equipment hanging from the ceiling. One of the issues of the projects was to
create a connecion between both scenarios by using the material and the areas of circulaion, providing
singular moments that suggest that the creaion of the “place” may be the basis for the scenario of a story.
Then a silkscreen printed canvas, used as a curtain on the upper loor is placed horizontally to shelter and
cover a structure that recycles metal tubes of the garage loor. Along the perimeter path, the visitor is taken
to course places that either presents them as "front of scenario” of poricoes structures either exhibit the
structural elements that support these scenarios. The centres of the spaces are an auditorium generated by
ier of benches on the pavilion, and a central garden made by poted plants from the municipal nursery and
metal tube structures.
Ater a hibernaion of almost a year, the fesival came back metamorphosed in 2014, with new forms but the
same materials. The central core of the exhibiion consisted of a topographical arrangement of pallets with a
coloured top, enabling several uses: exhibiing books, reading areas, siings or just plain walking surface.
This new ingredient catalysed the metamorphosing. The porched structures were aligned in strips of
diferent densiies, with a crossed-path for circulaing between them. In the garage, a goal net represented a
cheap, quick to assemble and the easy to store material that became the catalyst of the intervenion.
The cost of the construcion was of €38,50 per square metre in 2013 and €30,50 per square metre in 2014. 1
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
182
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Figure 2. Hotel Minho, Portugal. Photo: Eva Sousa
Hotel Minho
Minho renewal and extension is part of a wider process of hotel redesign where architecture is the central
part of the new hotel visual idenity. Based on the architecture project, a new hotel was created, not only
through the building, but also on how it communicates its various physical and digital media: in site, in the
interior and product design, in the web, in its graphic idenity or in its corporate image.
In all these ields of design the new hotel claims its contemporaneity, the quality of its materials, services and
spaces. The architecture emerges as the anchor element of the Hotel Minho re-branding, making its middle
name fall - Hotel Turismo do Minho - introducing new common areas, a new spa, a new business centre, new
and renewed social areas, staing clearly in its architecture, interior and communicaion design, as well as the
spaces created for the new hotel program. The architectural project was not limited to the coordinaion of
various tradiional ields of experise - the engineering or the interior design - but it was also the coordinator
of the teams who have handled with the new idenity, linking all the parts of the strategy, in a strong
proximity with the client.
The spaial soluion created by the architecture project intended a strong integraion between the exising
building and the new extension, by reducing the visual impact of the new construcions. The project is
strongly introverted turning itself to private inner-courtyards, where natural light is abundant, creaing strong
visual relaionship with speciic parts of its surroundings.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
183
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
CONCLUSION
We opt for Sensible Architecture, architecture of the dialogue and the understanding of new limits posed by
changing imes. As architects, we understand that we have the responsibility to integrate sustainability
criteria in the design process, both in terms of energy and economic issues. Economic constraints and
regulaions cannot be understood as inhibitors of high quality architecture, but rather as challenges to which
the architect must respond. To do this, irst we claim for an adequate preparaion of the architect, which calls
for investment in training at European Universiies. Second, the architect can perform an integraive funcion
of diferent lines of research and innovaion carried out by engineering companies, universiies and
companies in the construcion sector. We believe that high quality architectures carried out in internaional
compeiions, are themselves R&D+i projects. As such, they should be treated, encouraged and supported by
European Insituions and policies.
Contributes to the Roadmap
-
Understand the High Quality Architectural Design as a Research, Development and Innovaion ield
where sustainability and eco-eiciency issues should be integrated. Architectural Compeiions
consitute outstanding opportuniies to make progresses in these ields. As such, they must be
supported an encouraged by European insituions and policies.
-
Architects must be prepared for a world in constant change. This requires a coninuous investment in
training at European Universiies, for professors, researchers and students, to educate Architects as
integrators of advances in Research, Development and Innovaion carried out by all of the actors
involved in the construcion industry.
Open Issues
How have new technologies and advances in sustainability and eco-eiciency issues transformed
architectural design processes? How are architects aware of these changes and how can they respond to
them? Is it possible to combine the highest quality architecture with inancial and sustainable demands?
REFERENCES
1. MORENO, J. (2015). METABOLISTS IN AMADORA. [online] Jornal Arquitectos. Available at:
htp://www.jornalarquitectos.pt/en/metabolists-in-amadora/
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
184
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
The Urban Ruins of San Berillo, Catania (I)
Dot. M. Arch. Barbara Di Gregorio
RARE Oice
Rethinking. Architecture. Research. Experience
barbara.digregorio@rareoice.com
ABSTRACT
The current neighborhood of San Berillo is what remains from the demoliion of the ‘60s, when it underwent
a real estate transacion called Piano ISTICA, which consisted in a real guing of the ¾ of the neighborhood
and the deportaion of its historical inhabitants in the new suburb of San Leone. San Berillo is a dense
network of narrow streets that lows into small squares surrounded by ruins. Although over the years there
have been various proposals for upgrading the district, San Berillo is in a state of advanced urban necrosis
and it needs a regeneraion process that enhances those potenials within it, giving voice to whom lives
there every day and knows its complexiies. Objecive during the workshop will be to develop those issues
related to the structural safety and resilience of these as well as their strategic re-use in terms of eco
eiciency.
Keywords
Urban Ruins; Urban Regeneraion; Opportuniies of Regeneraion; Neighborhood Idenity; Conversion of
Public Space; Experience
INTRODUCTION
“San Berillo is an imaginary place; a non-place in an irrepresentable reality;
a cemetery of history and culture; the womb that has engendered the lost
signs of the ancient world, that echo down to us through the centuries,
mingling with the sound of the odd moped.
And its ghosts dream of us, we the shut-eyed spectator-actors of a one-act
play: the void, the oblivion, the incessant recurrence of a whole that has never
acquired a deiniive form, but that lives in these painful and ironic stories that
trace a coninuity between an idealized past and a present in full need of
restructuring.”
from the movie: “The Ghost of San Berillo” by Edoardo Morabito
FEATURES OF THE NEIGHBOR AND OPPORTUNITIES OF REGENERATION
The ruins of San Berillo express architectural styles and historical-cultural aspects that are no longer
reproducible. They give to the neighbor an idenity that should be preserved. The neighborhood is
surrounded by several kinds of boundaries and by physical assets such as the road axes that delimit it
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
185
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Figure 1. Images of the actual condiion of the neighbor San Berillo
The personality of the neighborhood is determined by people who live and work in these streets, as well as
lava, courtyards, fountains (to be restored), windows and doors present in this district and that become both
urban objects and focal points of the narraive district.
STUDY SCHEMES:
Figure 2. Change in Scale;
Idenity
Figure 3. Typical Courtyard;
Figure 4. Neighboorhood
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
186
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
Figure 5.Lava Straiicaion
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Figure 7.Garden Neighborhood
Deeper inside the neighborhood, you can earn a substanial change in scale compared to the surrounding
environment, aided by the secular straiicaion of lava that works as basement of the historical buildings.
San Berillo remains a neighborhood garden on a human scale and based on the poly.centrism of its
backyards.
LACK OF PUBLIC SPACES
The road coninues to be the only public space for social interacion and is used by the whole
community of San Berillo. Unfortunately there are no elements of urban furniture suitable for
meeings and dialogue.
Figure 8. Sense of Loss
Figure 9. Inadequate Illuminaion
The roads inside the neighborhood have preserved a rich mesh of inputs
that would guarantee a lively mobility of people and a paricular street life. Unfortunately,
many of these inputs were forbidden since many of these entrances has been walled up by the
police and the walk in some streets, as in Via Zara, is therefore not convenient and atracive.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
187
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
CONVERSION OF THE URBAN RUINS IN PUBLIC SPACE
Figure 9. Regeneraion Input: Implement the quality of the urban space
The concept design for San Berillo proposes the regeneraion of these abandoned places that become the
connecive issue of new public spaces for the neighborhood. The public space is understood as a threedimensional mesh, a mesh of routes and places that tell the neighborhood via its courtyards. The
study of the straiicaion of new public and private funcions both in plan and in secion, inside the ruins
themselves, provides an extra degree of complexity to the intervenion. The layering of public spaces inside
the ruins will generate room for public gathering and economic growth of the neighbor, which will vary also
according to its future needs.
Figure 10. Regeneraion Input: Implement the livability of the urban space
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
188
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
All horizontal surfaces will be used for the collecion and management of rainwater. Taking into
account the low and irregular rainfall of Catania, it is essenial to manage these resources in favor of the
microclimate of the area. The rainwater is then collected in other underground rooms and can be used to
irrigate the roof gardens or urban gardens that are born on the upper loors, always within the
ruins.
Figure 11. Regeneraion Input: Sustainable re-use of the ruins as roof garden, thermal bad and rainwater collector
Public spaces can also be formed using water as key element. Thermal bath complexes or a dayime hotel will
become places for social cohesion in urban scale and will ensure that level of public hygiene currently absent
in the neighbor. Body care becomes a reason to gather and will improve the social life of the inhabitants.
These thermal bath complexes include the use of lava stone for lining of the tanks ; its waterproof
properies make it suitable for a use of this type. In addiion it preserves the history of the underground river
of Catania, the Amenano, whose path is sill unknown, but oten returns in the imaginaion of Catania in
public and private locaions (restaurants, hostel ...).
The ruins seen as containment structures with their empty facade will ofer unique views of the private or
semi-private gardens. Nature will ind room to grow through the empty façade and will become verical. The
design will give an idea of regeneraion that enhance the experienial dimension for those who want to take
an ideal journey into the past, ofered also by the efervescence of sensory simulaion: from the tacile to
the visual, the olfactory component.
An environmental masterplan will provide the inclusion of plant species compaible with the lava
landscapes and scenes that represent the green, to be equipped for resing and socializing. The project also
includes a inancial acion: the creaion of new commercial buildings on the upper loors of the ruins, which
will act as an economic engine of the district. A plan of investment will be ofered to the owners of the ruins.
They will donate the lower loors of their ruins - to be allocated to public aciviies - in return for the proits
of the commercial aciviies located on the upper loors, whose area of coverage will sill be returned to the
neighbor in form of public space.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
189
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
The neighborhood will be revalued with the rest of the city and will be considered a unique and
fascinaing place, a real window to and from the city.
CONCLUSION
The neighbor should gain social ariculaion, able to change in according to the demand of mobility of the
territorial populaion. This demand is related to work aciviies, leisure or social pracices disinguishable on
the basis of generaions. The integraion of the exising social fabric and new residents will be promoted
through social and economic aciviies within the same district.
The architectural design should give an idea of intervenions that enhances the experience to them who
might want to ind a porion of the city that ofers an ideal journey into the past.
San Berillo is a neighborhood to be allocated to intergeneraional users, which appreciates the dimension of
slowness crossing it and the pleasure to linger in spaces that encourage the experience.
The size of slowness is to be intended as a strategic element. It's a long look on the soul of the humanity that
rarely the city has to ofer.
Contributes to the Roadmap
This study atempts to trigger a discussion about the lack of a model and the implementaion thereof, aiming
to recover large disused areas within very dense territories: land consumpion Vs. requaliicaion of the
exising; demographic issues; urban eco eiciency and sustainability
Open Issues
The public dimension of our argument is not only the orientaion towards a goal that is stated as a general,
but it is mostly transparent, shared and explicit. The condiions of neglect that characterize much of the
neighbor require a public path on private properies, in fact oten abandoned.
What administraive, inancial and economic opportuniies can we ofer to these individuals to share this
journey? This path sill afects the economic and social realiies exising in the neighbourhood and deinitely
increases the need of "control" of the territory. What efects on the few aciviies (including prosituion) that
now insist in the neighbourhood?
CREDITS
The project was presented in May 2015 at the Biennale Public Space in Rome as winning
proposal of urban regeneraion and led to the opening of a technical commitee shared by the
Public Administraions in Catania.
In August 2015 the project was awarded with the Jury Price during the
XXV Internaional Seminar and Award for Architecture and Urban Culture
Camerino (Italy) July, 29th - August, 2nd 2015
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
190
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Urban Eutopia Strategies for the combined redevelopment
of social housing
Marina Montuori
Barbara Angi
University of Brescia
Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural
Engineering and Mathemaics
marina.montuori@unibs.it
University of Brescia
Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural
Engineering and Mathemaics
barbara.angi@unibs.it
Massimiliano Boi
University of Brescia
Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural
Engineering and Mathemaics
massimiliano.boi@unibs.it
ABSTRACT
The architectural and urban regeneraion should focus on a methodological and interdisciplinary approach,
entrenched in the territories. Therefore, this paper promotes speciic design acions, based on the use of
reversible, low tech and low impact building systems. The combined procedures focus on an adapive
maintenance (with character: prevenive and correcive) able to update the architectural objects in order to
restore high typological and performance standard, qualitaively increased.
Keywords
Urban Eutopia, Synergies, Interdisciplinary, Combined redevelopment, Quality of life.
INTRODUCTION
The architectural and urban regeneraion of the established city is today crucial not only for the disciplines
involved (architecture, engineering, economics, sociology, etc.), but also for the economic growth of the
Countries. As for us it appears fundamental to begin with the deiniion of an interdisciplinary
methodological approach to face the problem. It is therefore necessary to promote a dialogue between
diferent actors and an interacion of diferent skills, able to produce new virtuous forms of hybridizaion
addressed jointly to the pracice of combined redevelopment (structural-morphological type and
performance) of the built environment.
The Europe, in imes of economic circumstance, shows in certain territories diferent and dramaic forms of
incongruity afecing in the urban environment. The lack of jobs, the disposal and neglect of the producive
areas, the degradaion of the peripheries, could be exorcized with the redevelopment and reacivaion of all
those buildings that are not adequate anymore to saisfy the living requirements of the users and the
regulaions, with an energeic, seismic and typological retroit. The architectural and urban regeneraion
would represent for the local community a sort of reimbursement (both in terms of mending than of refund)
of the spaces unapproachable for the accessibility, the fruiion, the life.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
191
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
The research carried out as part of PRIN 33 New design pracices for sustainable redevelopment of social
housing complexes in Italy referred to a regional sustainable development concept and to a theoreical
consideraion of the integrated regeneraion of housing stock, without resoring to demoliion. It coninued
with an invesigaion of the costs and beneits of urban maintenance operaions carried out in Europe,
analysing in paricular those that experimented with the use of indigenous materials that root the
architecture in its original context.
Urban Eutopia
Urban and architectural regeneraion is not a utopia, a non-place (‘ou-topos’).
We should focus on structural, performance and space issues of the building and, through the design act
aimed at improving the exising, turn them into posiive for the environment, society and the economy.
It is understood that for many reasons is a way not easily pracicable and fraught with obstacles. The aim is
therefore to change the utopia in "eutopia" transforming the non-place - that actually has its irrepressible
physicality - in a mulitude of “good places” to re-establish and to care through interdisciplinary design tools
congruent with legislaion and reckless enough to be efecive and valid over ime.
Many diferent may be the ways ahead in a coherent strategy, which uses lexible tools to develop the
architectural project.
According to some reports, the total value of real estate in Europe would amount to approximately twothirds of the total social ixed capital of a Country (Lee, 1993). In paricular, according to studies of the COST
Acion C-5 (European Cooperaion in the Field of Scieniic and Technical Research ), the esimated value of
the European real estate, considering only housing assets, is of worth over 40 trillion euros. The costs for
maintenance, recovery and renewal of these assets is esimated at 1 trillion for year (Verhoef, 2002).
This holding is not only accumulated asset, but also an acive factor for the producion of new wealth not
only economic but also environmental and, above all, social.
Only in Italy, the housing stock consists of a large number of buildings built before the Second World War
(30.1% of the real estate) to a share less noiceable housing units (22% of households). Since the Second
World War unil the Nineies of the last century the Italian built housing has expanded greatly (70% of the
buildings and 78% of housing refers to that period) (Cresme, 2015).
Of this huge quanity of arifacts built, almost 800.000 housing units are now in a state of severe
obsolescence in terms of energy performance (30% of energy costs are generated by residenial buildings,
responsible for approximately 27% of naional greenhouse gas emissions) (Micelli, 2011), earthquake
resistance, etc.
It is here that regeneraion is needed, requiring a defragmentaion of a series of diferent situaions in order
to grasp the full extent. This is not only seen in intensive peripheral agglomeraions as an excepional case
(for example the complex Bijlmermeer in Amsterdam, the Corviale in Italy, Park Hill in the United Kingdom,
etc.) but also comprises the iny paricles of buildings found across a large part of Europe's urban landscape.
This place, profoundly marked by construcion characterisics and recurring performance deicits 34, cannot be
eliminated: it would not be appropriate and we would not know where to put the rubbish this would
generate. Utopia can become eutopia (‘eu-topos’) however, transforming buildings that have deteriorated in
33
T
heRe
s
e
ar
c
hPr
oj
e
c
tofNat
i
onalI
nt
e
r
e
s
the
l
db
yt
heMi
ni
s
t
r
yf
orEduc
at
i
on,Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
e
sandRe
s
e
ar
c
h(
PRI
N2009)e
mp
has
i
s
e
d
t
hene
e
dt
ode
inene
war
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
alp
r
ac
t
i
c
e
st
obeado
p
t
e
df
o
rt
her
e
de
v
e
l
op
me
ntofl
ar
geandme
di
ums
i
z
e
dl
o
wc
os
tands
oc
i
al
hous
i
ngc
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
onc
omp
l
e
x
e
sbui
l
ti
nI
t
al
yi
nt
hel
as
tityy
e
ar
s
;t
hos
et
hatwe
r
es
e
e
nt
obes
ufe
r
i
ngf
r
o
m as
t
r
uc
t
ur
aland/
or
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
on,f
unc
t
i
onal(
o
rp
l
ante
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng)and/
ors
oc
i
alp
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
.T
heme
mbe
r
sofr
e
s
e
ar
c
hgr
o
upar
e
:Mar
i
naMont
uor
i
(
nat
i
onalc
oor
di
nat
i
on)
,Ar
c
h.
PhD.Bar
bar
aAngi
,Ar
c
h.
PhD.
Mas
s
i
mi
l
i
anoBot
t
i
,
Ar
c
h.
PhD.
Ge
nnyCe
l
e
ghi
ni
,
Ar
c
h.
PhD.
F
i
l
i
p
p
oOr
s
i
ni
,
Ar
c
h.PhD Ol
i
v
i
aL
ongo
,I
ng.Gi
ul
i
anaSc
ude
r
iandt
hep
r
of
e
s
s
orGi
ul
i
oL
up
oeAl
e
s
s
andr
oMur
ac
a.T
het
hr
e
el
oc
alc
ons
or
t
i
um
me
mbe
r
sar
e
:t
heSe
c
ondUni
v
e
r
s
i
t
yofNap
l
e
s(
c
oor
di
nat
or
:Pr
of
.Pas
qual
eBe
l
ior
e
)
;t
heUni
v
e
r
s
i
t
yofSal
e
r
no(
c
oor
di
nat
or
:Pr
of
.
Robe
r
t
oVanac
or
e
)
;
andt
heDe
p
ar
t
me
ntofAr
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
ei
nCe
s
e
naoft
heUni
v
e
r
s
i
t
yofBol
ogna(
Pr
of
.
Val
t
e
rBal
duc
c
i–c
oor
di
nat
or–
andPr
of
.
Val
e
nt
i
naOr
i
ol
i
)
.
34
T
heac
t
i
v
i
t
yofe
ne
r
gyr
e
qual
i
ic
at
i
ons
e
e
mst
hef
o
r
c
e
ddi
r
e
c
t
i
onf
ort
hene
x
ty
e
ar
sf
o
rdi
fe
r
e
ntr
e
as
ons
:ir
s
t
,t
heEur
op
e
an
Di
r
e
c
t
i
v
e on Ene
r
gy Eic
i
e
nc
y(
2012/
27/
E
U)s
e
e
k
sf
o
ra l
ongt
e
r
m s
t
r
at
e
gyf
o
rmo
bi
l
i
s
i
ng i
nv
e
s
t
me
nti
nt
her
e
no
v
at
i
onof
t
henat
i
onals
t
oc
kofr
e
s
i
de
nt
i
alandc
omme
r
c
i
albui
l
di
ngs
,
bot
hp
ubl
i
candp
r
i
v
at
e
.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
192
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
many good places so as to experience new ways of urban development who can trace unpublished design
pracices to change, the way we think and to enjoy the contemporary city.
To design virtuous tools of urban and architectural redevelopment appears necessary a formulaion of
targeted programs and the use of combined and sustainable techniques of urban remodelage (Castro, 2005),
able to develop new forms of scheduling can conceive an organic and interdisciplinary strategies of
manipulaion on built.
The goal, now unavoidable, is to revive the housing stock, the parts of the city subject to obsolescence. Not
acceping them passively, but managing and programming the 'combined' redevelopment of the built
environment.
We must learn from the urban contexts, "listen" to the places and measure the fragility trying to use the
same care and wisdom that, in the past, allowed “mending” the clothes all kinds of signs of wear or tearing.
In this regard Italian architect Renzo Piano refers to the pracice of «mending [it will be] the physical
structural, hydrological, but also funcional, relaional and aestheic» through «small intervenions in
sitching that can trigger regeneraion through new crats, micro-enterprises, start-up, lightweight
construcion and widespread, thus creaing new jobs. It is a modern vision (lightweight and difuse like any
efecive network), much more dynamic and realisic heavy of the urban giganism that led to endless rows of
tenements anonymous [...] » (Piano, 2014)35.
Renzo Piano, through the laboratory G124, puts the focus of discussions for the sustainable development of
society the regeneraion of suburbs that, in his view, represent the city of the future and, at the same ime,
the very future of the city.
Figure 1. The Italian architect and Senator Renzo Piano with the staf of lab G124. Alongside the review of the
experimental laboratory.
The laboratory G124 is an experimental workshop to plan the redevelopment of urban hinterland. The
suburbs have become the most populated, but also more 'britle', part of urban structure (where it is
esimated a populaion, in Italy alone, 28 million people). This territory will be let, presumably, as a legacy to
future generaions. The group operates on heterogeneous design themes to trigger a process of
experimentaion using a mulidisciplinary nature availing, periodically, of highly qualiied consultants.
The Invesigaions analyze pracices for energy upgrading, consolidaion and restoraion of the exising
buildings, the funcional and spaial issues of contemporary public space, focusing also on the peculiariies of
parks and transportaion in order to acivate a process 'combined' regeneraion supported in the irst
instance, by paricipatory aciviies of ciizens to implement shared and supporive strategies.
35
Re
p
or
tf
r
om t
heG124 -2013/
2014.T
hemagaz
i
ner
e
l
e
c
t
st
hee
x
p
e
r
i
e
nc
eoft
heir
s
ty
e
ar
'
swo
r
kofG124 andc
ar
e
f
ul
mul
t
i
di
s
c
i
pl
i
nar
yr
e
l
e
c
t
i
onont
hep
ot
e
nt
i
alof“
me
ndi
ng”t
heI
t
al
i
ans
ubur
banandp
r
i
or
i
t
i
e
st
oac
hi
e
v
ei
t
,i
nc
l
udi
ngt
hene
e
df
ora
ne
wge
ne
r
at
i
onofl
e
gali
ns
t
r
ume
nt
sc
ap
abl
eofadap
t
i
ngt
oc
ont
e
mp
or
ar
yc
ont
e
x
t
sbui
l
di
ng.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
193
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
At the base of the intervenions proposed by the workshop G124 for the re-acivaion of the suburbs, there is
an programmaic agenda consising of a methodology for a structural strategy aimed at systemaic
regeneraion and economic relaunch of britle urban territories 36. (Figure 1)
The method ideniied by Renzo Piano focuses on general regeneraive issues from which, probably, may well
unpublished project synergies and suburban development. The Italian architect ideniies some slogans for
the combined redevelopment: growing ciies of implosive type; protecion of agricultural area and landscape
around the urban agglomeraions ( Greenbelt); transformaion of brownields; build on exising buildings,
public transport opimized; consolidaion of the buildings; energy upgrading, self-construcion as a tool for
mending buildings, paricipatory processes “from botom”, idenity of the suburbs, microenterprise as an
accelerator of the regeneraion processes, European public funding widespread, construcion of public
places.
The formulas ideniied by Renzo Piano presupposes an interdisciplinary projectuality that can transform,
from environmental, social and economic point of view, the suburbs. The outskirts is real places, far from
theoreical abstracion, in which it seems possible to test, experiment and deine concrete strategies for a
futurisic city.
Strategies for the combined redevelopment of social housing
A good part the contemporary residenial construcion has exceeded the ity year life cycle and is in a severe
state of disrepair, but that more recent construcion is also in need of urgent regeneraion capable of
triggering a process to bring housing in line with regulaions governing earthquake vulnerability and energy
saving.
From this stems the need to provide a maintenance strategy that is both preventaive and correcive in
nature; one that can restore an updated typological and performance standard and provide for higher quality
housing.
From this stems the need to provide a maintenance strategy that is both preventaive and correcive in
nature; one that can restore an updated typological and performance standard and provide for higher quality
housing.
In our opinion, in the scale of the architectural redevelopment of residenial, are necessary levels of
intervenion atributable a maintenance operaions that can limit the seismic vulnerability of the exising
building, to improve funcional performance and the energy behavior of the facades and, simultaneously,
able to prepare the update of the building type so as to reduce the mono funcional coniguraion of the
building (funcional mix) with the introducion of difereniated housing types and, where necessary, with the
inserion of commercial aciviies37.
From a construcion point of view, moreover, it appears necessary provide technological soluions that can
ensure the reversibility of the process so that, in future, the people have the opportunity to use their homes
adaping them in the ime to emerging needs and to changing requirement of space.
It is therefore necessary to act with dry and disassembly construcive systems who afording, in addiion to
the possibility of quick assembly, even which of a possible removal in view of the recycling of the materials
employed, using relaively reasonable imes. This technical concept can providing the guarantee the low
environmental impact of construcions without producing hazardous waste, and to lengthen the life of the
building without interruping its regeneraive capabiliies, such as biology teaches.
This would enable, de facto, to improve the quality of life through the reuse and recycling of urban fabrics
thank to a technical, type-morphological and entrepreneurial point of view. The contemporary city has a
36
I
nt
hi
sr
e
gar
di
ti
sus
e
f
ult
op
oi
ntoutt
hes
t
udi
e
sandr
e
s
e
ar
c
hc
ar
r
i
e
doutb
yAUDI
S(
As
s
oc
i
at
i
ondi
s
mi
s
s
e
dur
banar
e
as
)t
hatar
e
de
s
i
gn
e
dt
ohe
l
pi
mp
r
o
v
et
hede
ini
t
i
onofobj
e
c
t
i
v
e
swi
de
l
ys
har
e
dbe
t
we
e
np
ubl
i
candp
r
i
v
at
ei
ns
t
i
t
ut
i
onsi
nur
banr
e
ge
ne
r
at
i
on
p
r
oj
e
c
t
s
.Audi
shasal
s
ode
v
e
l
op
e
das
y
s
t
e
mf
o
re
v
al
uat
i
ngt
hequal
i
t
yo
fur
banar
e
a,s
oc
al
l
e
d'
mat
r
i
x
'
,asani
ns
t
r
ume
ntofwor
k
s
har
e
dbe
t
we
e
nt
hep
ubl
i
candp
r
i
v
at
es
e
c
t
or
st
obeap
p
l
i
e
dt
our
bant
r
ans
f
or
mat
i
onp
r
oj
e
c
t
sc
omp
l
e
x
.
37
Cf
.Mont
uor
iM.(
2014)
,Eut
opi
aUr
bana.St
r
at
e
gi
epe
rl
ar
i
qual
i
fic
az
i
onei
nt
e
gr
at
ade
l
l
’
e
di
l
i
z
i
as
oc
i
al
ei
nCap
p
oc
hi
n,G.
,Bot
t
i
,M.
,
F
ur
l
an,G.
,L
i
r
oni
,S.
,ac
ur
adi
,Ec
oquar
t
i
e
r
i/Ec
oDi
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
,s
t
r
at
e
gi
eet
e
c
ni
c
hedir
i
ge
ne
r
az
i
oneur
banai
nEur
opa/St
r
at
e
gi
e
sand
T
e
c
hni
que
sf
orUr
banRe
ge
ne
r
at
i
oni
nEur
ope.
Ve
ne
z
i
a:
Mar
s
i
l
i
o.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
194
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
transformaive potenial that just waiing to be revealed and interpreted by means of technologies available
with a view to saving resources and of 'acceleraion' of the conversion processes.
A design approach such as this, which focuses on the adaptability of exising housing with a view to saving
resources and providing raional and reasoned maintenance to what has already been built, is assumed
furthermore by studies carried out on the development of the metropolitan area of Paris since 2010 by the
Oice of the President of the Republic of France, in partnership with the Ministry for Culture and
Communicaion, promoters of the Atelier Internaional du Grand Paris . Thanks to the Grand Ensemble
project, the scieniic commitee of architects and urban planners prominent in the internaional debate
within the ield prepared fresh design methodologies focusing on the redevelopment of exising buildings. In
paricular MVRDV, the Dutch pracice run by Winy Maas, laid the foundaion in the programmaic document,
Pari(s) Plus Peit for a wide-ranging discussion of the modiicaion of exising housing. From an analysis of the
lifestyles of Parisian families, MVRDV deduced the impossibility of coninuing to view housing as something
that can meet the needs of a standard nuclear family, of predicing its evoluion and the consequent need for
space. They instead argued that exising housing must be developed through the provision of adaptable
housing, with typological devices capable of varying space (a free plan, sliding walls, mobile structures, etc.).
The Grand Paris Adaptable proposal also promoted the possibility of implemening planned obsolescence
maintenance schemes capable of modifying housing over its period of use. Architectural work should
therefore be capable of “extending” its life without limiing its regeneraive potenial, or that of the urban
fabric. (Figure 2)
Figure 2. MVRDV, ACS, AAF, Pari(s) Plus Peit: Strategies for combined redevelopment.
Research Themes. From the recovery of seings to the recovery of the building: the adapive
exoskeleton
Taking the premises menioned above gathered from considerable analysis of European projects as our
staring point, our working group experimented with design pracices through simulaions of real cases in
Italy and abroad. This was aimed at the integrated recovery of architectural (typological and morphological),
performance (energy eiciency) and structural (earthquake resistance) components of buildings, acions that
may also include a re-examinaion of housing typologies and a redeiniion of open spaces.
Our research was widened to university teaching and the relaionship with the insituions in charge of
governing the region (ALER and the Township of Brescia) through the development of degree theses and the
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
195
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
holding of courses and workshops focused on the theme of regeneraing several districts of Brescia: San Polo,
Casazza, San Bartolomeo, Villaggio Violino and Case Marcolini Facella. Some members of the group also took
part in design compeiions. The Regeneraion of the producion area of the Villaggio Prealpino – Vanini
Stoccheta – in Brescia, the winning project in partnership with faculty from the University of Pavia, is
paricularly worthy of menion.
Among the project’s many threads, paricular atenion was paid to rural-urban issues, a type of
morphological category for the construcion of new landscapes introduced by Vicente Guallart based on the
Sociopolis project (2004), which came about in order to «explore the possibility of creaing a “shared
habitat” capable of encouraging greater social interacion among its inhabitants, by proposing new housing
types in keeping with the changing family situaions of our ime, and against a backdrop of high
environmental quality» (Guallart, 2004). This strategy allowed for a distancing of the city-countryside
dichotomy, generaing transiion areas — deined in Italy as “semi-rural” areas — aimed at promoing
integraion between the agricultural world and the city. (Figure 3)
Figure 3. Vicente Guallart, Sociopolis project and the studies for rural-urban approach.
The research group also developed a technological device described as an adapive exoskeleton, a type of
metal scafolding (that can also be made from materials such as wood or FRP proiles) to support and
become integral to the building being redeveloped. The adapive exoskeleton favours dry and reversible
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
196
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
technological soluions, with a view also to saving resources and recycling construcion materials in order to
ofer a valid alternaive to so-called building replacement, which takes a signiicant toll on the environment.
The adapive exoskeleton was also considered within a general urban redevelopment plan; it could be
morphologically deined as a type of scafolding used to make the exterior of an exising building rigid,
working with it not only to opimise structural resistance and energy performance, but also to improve the
quality of the internal spaces.
This technological superstructure in fact includes new plant engineering equipment and incorporates
earthquake resistant elements through the inserion of horizontal pariions to transfer the stress on the
frames to the verical elements, targeing soluions that allow for the preservaion of exising ceilings and
loors. The exoskeleton may also include new objects that are independent of each other (rooms to expand
the housing, solar greenhouses, winter gardens, terraces) built—depending on the diferent needs of the
residents—without costly changes to their housing. These could also accommodate new distribuive
elements (e.g. galleries) in the case of a typological reworking of the whole building, to allow for the
construcion of superelevaions (other residenial units or shared structures to serve a wider catchment
area), the sale or rental of which could parially cover redevelopment costs, in the light of the experience of
Dutch Housing Associaions. (Figure 4)
Figure 4. University of Brescia. Combined Bachelor and Master Degree Courses Architectural Engineering.
Let: Course + Laboratory of Architecture and Composiion 2, Installaion instrucions of volumetric expansion in the
exoskeleton, students: Mensi A., Mussinelli G., Tedoldi M.
Right: Thesis, Exercises of combined urban renewal in the San Bartolomeo district in Brescia , student: Peroni A.,
supervisor: Montuori M., co-supervisor: Angi B., Minelli F.
CONCLUSION
In summary, this soluion, which may be thought to be paradigmaic, may also be modiied easily over the
course of ime with regard to diferent geographic, climaic and urban seings, in addiion to being adoptable
for the recovery of deterioraing buildings. It is not a type of camoulage that crystallises the image of the
building, preparing it for future obsolescence, but an “open” system that helps the building to respond to the
changes it will encounter, such as social, economic or those that relate to housing needs.
The adapive exoskeleton aims to prolong the life cycle of the architecture (now set at ity years for
residenial buildings) through gradual adaptaion that leads to a reducion in the environmental impact of
the architecture itself, distribuing this over a longer period. In this sense, our research can be seen as a
coninuaion of that already developed by certain European projects, such as Image, SESAC and SureFit,
focused on energy saving, sustainable building and the regeneraion of exising buildings, in harmony with
the objecives of the European Union Horizon 2020 framework programme . (Figure 5)
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
197
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Figure 5. University of Brescia. Combined Bachelor and Master Degree Courses Architectural Engineering.
Thesis, Exercises of combined urban renewal in the San Bartolomeo district in Brescia , student: Damioli V., Dò M.,
supervisor: Montuori M., co-supervisor: Angi B., Prei M.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
198
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Contributes to the Roadmap
Many applied research programs funded by the European Commission have tried, over the last decade, to
contain the messy and 'undifereniated' growth of the residenial neighborhoods by predisposing plans for
saving of energy resources and the use of renewable sources. Chief among them is to remember CONCERTO,
Energy soluions for Smart Ciies & Communiies 38, an iniiaive under the Sixth and Seventh Framework
Program, which showed as the energy opimizaion of the neighborhoods is more advantageous compared
with the reconquered eiciency of a single building, provided that all stakeholders work together by
integraing diferent technologies in an intelligent way. Established in 2005, CONCERTO was created to
encourage local communiies to engage in the development of concrete iniiaives towards sustainability and
high eiciency performance of the built. The small towns or communiies to which it is directed can be newly
created or exising, the important thing is that they are interested in improving their performance, if not to
revoluionize towards energy self-suiciency, clean and renewable.
The community supported by CONCERTO strive therefore to pursue the direcion of Carbon Free poliics,
able to harmonize the indispensable use of renewable resources with innovaive technologies and systems to
minimize energy consumpion; the goal, of course, is to improve the quality of life of ciizens. Or yet the subproject SESAC, Sustainable Energy Systems in Advanced Ciies, which focused atenion on the possibility of
predispose eicient local economic systems and, at the same ime, to reduce CO 2 emissions, making clear
how these objecives can be achieved through the combinaion of several factors: good governance of the
territory, the innovaive cooperaion between the paries involved, the preparaion of guidelines appropriate
to the speciic nature of the places and easy searchable by users.
The above examples show that it is possible to establish and/or redevelop neighborhoods and residenial
buildings by obtaining new arifacts from the high performance energy and technology through involvement
at muliple levels of the diferent actors involved, but at the same ime, showed how the approach to issues
oten prefers the technical construcion. The proposed soluions appear so oten a sort of single thought
result, which puts on the irst place the performance of building elements and infrastructural networks.
It should be noted as, increasingly in Europe, are ongoing some architectural research aimed at developing
regeneraing design strategies for the consolidated residenial environment able to increase the quality of
housing, and the resuling market value of exising buildings in order to accommodate applicaions for
lexible and adaptable space for the contemporary domesic living.
Figure 5. French studies of combined redevelopment: Plus by Frédéric Druot, Lacaton Anne and Jean Philippe Vassal
and [Re]modeler, Métamorphoser by Roland Castro and Sophie Denissof.
38
T
her
e
s
ul
t
ss
of
arobt
ai
ne
dhav
el
e
dt
hewayt
ot
hec
r
e
at
i
onofane
wEur
op
e
anl
e
gi
s
l
at
i
oni
nt
hef
or
m ofr
e
c
omme
n
dat
i
onsof
e
ne
r
gyp
ol
i
c
yf
ort
hee
ne
r
gyt
obei
mp
l
e
me
nt
e
db
y2020andi
no
r
de
rt
oac
hi
e
v
et
he
i
rgo
al
sofc
l
i
mat
ec
hangeb
y2050(
Ene
r
gy
r
oadmap
)
.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
199
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Thanks to the contribuion of authors such as Roland Castro and Sophie Denissof, Frédéric Druot, Lacaton
Anne and Jean Philippe Vassal, the UK agency Urban Splash and the Dutch Studio MVRDV 39 the architectural
aspects related to housing quality of residenial buildings have been addressed very efecively, although not
yet appear introjected in best pracices developed within the coninental research inanced by the European
Commission. (Figure 5)
These experiments clearly demonstrate the need to place in the roadmap for improvement of earthquake
resistance and eco-eiciency of exising buildings and ciies the aspects linked to quality of architecture. This
discipline is the unique that can achieve the aestheic ransom of built environment so to realize urban
structures capable of increasing the market value of the artefacts, through qualiied professionals supported
by an appropriate culture of the project.
Open Issues
In our view, the variety of experise that is required by the workshop SAFESUST improvement of earthquake
resistance and eco-eiciency of exising buildings and ciies , must depend necessarily on a disciplinary
system able to a muli-direcional and never self-referenial approach. The staring assumpion, now
commonly accepted not only by the scieniic community, is to reduce the environmental impact of each
operaion of urban transformaion.
The architecture is a discipline that allows it to interact with each other diferent professional experise
(technology, economics, sociology, etc.), and can play the role of coordinaion and control of combined
redevelopment of exising buildings, or if you prefer, that of "orchestra leader" capable of harmonizing the
various skills for the construcion of spaces for the welfare and human health.
In conclusion, the pracices of transformaion and maintenance of the built environment have the
opportunity to detect the muliple scales of intervenion in the urban organism and to discover the potenial
through the harmonizaion, in empatheic mode, with the polyphony of needs which come by its inside. It
should focus atenion on the spaial criicality of the residenial construcion and, through the act of design
aimed at improving the exising, transform them into posiive aspects for the environment, society and
economy.
REFERENCES
1. Intelligent Energy Europe (2015) Sustainable Roof Extension Retroit for High-Rise Social Housing in
Europe (SURE-FIT), Projects databases, Bruxelles.
2. Angi, B. (2015) Il Riciclaggio del costruito: disposiivi progetuali per un tessuto urbano adatabile, in
Planum - The Journal of Urbanism, n. 1.
3. CRESME (July 2015) RIUSO, Ristruturazione edilizia, riqualiicazione energeica, rigenerazione
urbana, Roma.
4. Angi, B. Boi, M. and Montuori, M. (2014) Eutopia urbana. Praiche sostenibili e adaive di
rigenerazione integrata degli ediici residenziali, in Comoglio, G. and Marcuzzo, D. (eds.) L’architetura
è un prodoto socialmente uile?, Pro-Arch Edizioni, Torino.
5. Cappochin, G. Boi, M. Furlan, G. and Lironi, S. (eds.) (2014) Ecoquarieri / EcoDistricts, strategie e
tecniche di rigenerazione urbana in Europa / Strategies and Techniques for Urban Regeneraion in
Europe, Marsilio, Venezia.
6. Montuori, M. (2014) Eutopia urbana. Buone praiche per la rigenerazione integrata degli ediici.
Ibidem.
7. Piano, R. (2014) L’intelligenza leggera della cità, Ibidem.
8. Orsini, F. (ed.) (2014) Sinergie rigeneraive. Riaivare paesaggi di(s)messi, LeteraVenidue Edizioni,
Siracusa.
39
T
heaut
hor
sc
i
t
e
dhav
ec
ont
r
i
but
e
ds
i
gn
i
ic
ant
l
yt
ot
hede
bat
enotonl
yt
he
or
e
t
i
c
albutmai
nl
yt
hr
oughwor
k
sofc
ons
i
de
r
abl
e
i
nt
e
r
e
s
tandv
anguar
df
ors
p
at
i
alc
onc
e
p
t
smade
.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
200
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
9. Montuori, M. (2014) Planiier l’impermanence, in Segapeli, S. (ed.) Le Philotope, n. 10, RéseauPhilAU,
Clermont-Ferrand.
10. Angi, B. (2014) Manipulaions ani-table rase. Stratégies architecturales adaptaives, in Segapeli, S.
(ed.) Le Philotope, n. 10, RéseauPhilAU, Clermont-Ferrand.
11. Boi, M. (2014), Le Layer de l’impermanence, in Segapeli, S. (ed.) Le Philotope, n. 10, RéseauPhilAU,
Clermont-Ferrand.
12. Angi, B. Boi, M. and Montuori, M. (2012) Eutopia urbana. La manutenzione ragionata dell’edilizia
sociale. in AA.VV., Abitare il nuovo/abitare di nuovo ai tempi della crisi, CLEAN Edizioni, Napoli.
13. Angi, B. Boi, M. and Montuori, M. (2012) The raional maintenance of social housing (with a warlike
modesty), in AA.VV., Ciies in Transformaion. Research & Design, EAAE-ARCC, Milano.
14. AA.VV. (2012) The Union Street, Urban Orchard, Lotus internaional, n. 149.
15. Stengel, J. (2012) CONCERTO Premium, Indicator Guide, Bruxelles.
16. AA.VV. (2012) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, La Biennale di Venezia, Venezia.
17. Boi, M. (July 2012) Eutopia urbana, in WAVe, n. 1.
18. Gorgolewski, M. Komisar, J. and Nasr, J. (2011) Carrot City: Creaing Places for Urban Agriculture, The
Monacelli Press, New York.
19. Urban Splash (2011) Trasformaion, RIBA Publishing, London.
20. Micelli, E. (2011) La gesione dei piani urbanisici. Perequazione, accordi, incenivi, Marsilio, Venezia.
21. Haeg, F. (2010) Edible Estates: Atack on the Front Lawn, Metropolis Books, New York.
22. MVRDV, ACS and AAF (2008) Le grand Pari de Grand Paris, Pari(s) plus peit, Atelier Internaional du
Grand Paris, Paris.
23. Ingersoll, R. (2006) Sprawltown: Looking for the City on its Edges, Princeton Architectural Press, New
York.
24. Castro, R. and Denissof, S. (2005) [Re]modeler, Métamorphoser, Le Moniteur, Paris.
25. Ingersoll, R. (2004) Sprawltown, Meltemi, Roma.
26. Guallart, V. (2004) Sociopolis. Project for a City of the Future, Actar, Barcelona.
27. Druot, F. Lacaton, A. and Vassal, J.P. (2004) Plus. Les grands ensembles de logements. Territoire
d’excepion. Etude réalisée pour le Ministère de la Culture et de la Communicaion Direcion de
l’Architecture et du Patrimoine, Actar, Barcelona.
28. Verhoef, L.G.W. (2002) Secret: rehabilitaion follows maintenance – the challenge for the future, in
Fiore, V. and De Joanna, P. (eds.), Urban Maintenance as Strategy for Sustainable Development,
Liguori Editore, Napoli.
29. Moro, T. (2000) Utopia, Guida, Napoli.
30. Lee, R. (1993) Manutenzione Edilizia Programmata. Strategie, strumeni e procedure, Hoepli, Milano.
31. Schmit, C. (1991) Il nomos della terra nel dirito internazionale dello «Juspublicumeuropaeum»
(trad. Castrucci, E.), Adelphi, Milano.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
201
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
202
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Ancient construcive devices and new techniques: the
structural improvement of exising buildings between
memory and project
Angela Squassina
IUAV University of Venice
Architecture and Arts Department
squassin@iuav.it
ABSTRACT
This paper tries to compare the results of some diferent researches and experiences of intervenion for the
preservaion and structural improvement of ancient buildings. The study involved both an urban and a rural
construcive context, whose peculiariies determined the diferent features and peculiariies of the single
buildings that were examined, both from a geometrical and construcive point o view.
But also some common problems were pointed at, irst of all the physical decay of metal connecions and
the loss of structural reliability as a consequence leading to the intervenion. The most interesing aspect
was the fact that tradiional intervenions reveal an aitude toward the reinforcement of exising structures
rather than their complete replacement.
This fact introduces the topic of structural strengthening by adding modern devices, as a support of the
exising ones, rather than by simply replacing them, nor even altering their way of working. A preservaive
principle that perhaps let restoraion meet sustainability.
Keywords
Exising buildings, old structures, preservaion, seismic improvement
INTRODUCTION
The importance of the architectural Heritage is undeniable in any town, especially in Italy, where the
consolidated urban patern is oten a strong presence, as much in the big ciies as in the smallest villages.
Someimes old buildings build up a wide, well preserved and sill living monumental site, as in Venice, which
is made of a thick connecive issue of small historical houses linking huge palaces one to another in a
coninuous low, like the one of water along the Grand Canal.
More oten, the remains of the past are condensed in a part of the town, usually the centre, acing as a
counterbalance of more recent urban setlements. And where the old is fragmentary, or even a ruin, it plays
a considerable role anyway, both from a cultural-historical and an economical point of view, as a memento or
even just a turist target. But, above all, we can think of an ancient artefact through a social perspecive, as a
landmark and a catalyst of the collecive memory, oten a meeing point as well, facilitaing public
consciousness and mutual relaionships.
Whatever the age or meaning, ancient buildings are subjected to a coninuous transformaion, due both to
the natural dacay and human changes. Involving them into a project of urban redevelopment means inding
a balance between maintenance and renewal, a very diicult goal to reach without a deep knowlwdge, not
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
203
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
only of the formal features, but of their materials and structural peculiariies, as well as the environmental
context they have been growing in, that deeply inluences the construcive aspects.
THE IMPROVEMENT OF EXISITNG BUILDINGS AT THE CROSSROADS OF RESTORATION AND
SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability is one of the more advanced patern of life and cultural perspecive of contemporary society,
providing a framework both of economical and social principles and of technical systems to reach the goal of
a sustainable development. A widespread research is constantly in progress to ind new devices and
techniques, in any iled of present life. Can restoraion be involved in such an apparently distant ield of
interest? And, if so, how?
In my opinion there can be some meeing points between sustainability and restoraion, both from a cultural
and operaional point of view.
First af all from a conceptual perspecive, both ields rest upon the second law of thermodynamics; entropy
brings the awareness of the non-reversibility of phenomena, hence giving rise both the need of preserving
the things of past as a cultural and ethical concern, just as the necessity of sparing natural resources.
Exising buildings- which are made of natural and ariicial materials and have a funcional, economical and
social role, as human products and resources - can be compared to the natural resources we can rely on.
Thus the atenion for the material culture of a place, as well as the concern for an aware use of local
resources are either sustainable principles and concepts leading to a preservaive approach to exising
buildings, which pays atenion to the past contrucive wisdom, not just as a nostalgic icon but as an
operaive resource.
Such criteria as the preservaion of the exising mater instead of replacing old parts with bright new ones
meets the sustainable principle of saving natural resource, just as the principle of reversibility 40 and minimun
intervenion; or, compaibility, which leads to prefer local materials, or even the reuse, as recycling.
But the most impressive point is the basic concept of preservaion, that is the acceptance of the physical and
funcional limits of the old buildings.
This approach conceives the intervenion as a means to improve their remaining resources in order to reuse
them properly but without expecing them to it higher standards of performance than they actually are able
to. This is also the idea of improvement rather than compliance to external standards of performance, giving
rise to a kind of strengthening by adding new supports to the old structures, rather than replacing them.
Here are some examples.
Venice: condiion of the site and construcive peculiariies
The irst example comes from a research about Venice construcive systems and their behavior over ime,
lead within an agreement between the Iuav University of Venice and the Venice Heritage Superintendence,
with the support of a local defence insitute (Corila) 41. Many buildings and bell-towers42 were studied,
focusing on the so-called “legameni” (links) which are an essenial part of the construcive culture in Venice,
where the building system is based on difused joints between thin structures (the so-called iube), rather
than on massive walls and rigid connecions, because of the site peculiariies, irst of all the unreliability of
the ground43.
40
Dogl
i
oni
,
F
.
,
Squas
s
i
na,
A.
,
2003.
41
Dogl
i
oni
,
F
.
,
Mi
r
abe
l
l
aRobe
r
t
i
,
G.
,
2011.
42
L
i
one
l
l
o,
A.
,
2011.
43
L
up
o,
G.
,
1998;
Squas
s
i
naA.
,
2007,
2009a;
Dogl
i
oni
,
F
.
,Squas
s
i
na,
A.
,
T
r
o
v
ò,
F
.
,2007.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
204
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Figures 1-2 – Venice, Ca’ Dario, whose irregular geometry is parially intenional and parially due to structural
damages. On the right: lines of iube, along the façade of Fondaco del Megio
Figures 3-5 – Scheme of a iuba and of its way of damaging by oxidaion;
on the right: a-b intenional slopes inward of facades in Venice; c – structural problems due to the loss of eiciency of
connecions (taken from Doglioni, F., Mirabella, G., 2011)
Allthough Venice is a monumental site, the nature of the place and the diiculty both in inding and shipping
materials, developed a general economic view where cheapness was a principle explaining the widespread
reuse of materials and architectural elements, as well as the presence of straiied buildings.
Figures 6-8 – Straiied connecions of diferent periods in a medieval building and (on the right) in a “barbacane”
(stone-and wooden shelves)
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
205
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Moreover, the construcive culture is grounded on praxis, that is on a coninuous process of revisoin and
amendment of previous systems, following the behavior of the ground, with a full awareness of the nature of
the site, of its needs and of the available resources.
Perhaps this is the reason of the difusion of punctual and elasic - most imes straiied - supports and
connecions, that act as improved soluions over ime but within the permanence of paterns and an overall
structural framework.
Figures 9-11 – Modern repairs using new materials and tradiional systems
One can ind, on the facades of Venice, many layers of ie rods and such links as “forks”, connecing single
parts or broken elements, at the same ime leing them mutually move, adaping to the adjustments of the
ground. And where a concrete structure was experimented, it proved to be inadequate because of its
rigidity. That’s why tradiion is not a dogma but a kind of construcive necessity in Venice.
Rural contexts: rough materials and reined techniques
Within rural contexts, any architectural aspect (building orientaion and exposure, as well as the structural
arrangement or the inner distribuion and funcional layout) reveals a construcive wisdom though formal
features are oten essenial; shapes usually simply follow the funcion, facilitaing the everyday life and work
of inhabitants. Where exising, decoraion is simple. Good sense seems prevailing over any formal aspect.
Figures 12-13 – Boicino (Bs): a peculiar connecion between dome and walls in a church; (on the right) cross secion
with the scheme of working of the device
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
206
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Though we can ind some extremely peculiar, yet reined structural systems, deserving an atenive
intervenion, taking care of ancient devices, rather than renovaing the whole structure, in a word respecing
both the mater and the construcive logic.
Figures 14-16 – Immages and scheme of working of the roof and (on the right) the damage due to the earthquake
Thus some wood-to-metal or wood-to-masonry ies someimes carry out some interesing and reined
connecions, such as the ones which were observed in a rural roof of an old Lombard church 44.
In this case, the wrong percepion of unsteadiness, given by the irregularity of the rough wooden structures,
almost lead to the idea of a hasty replacement, ater the church was damaged by an earthquake, in 2004.
Thanks to such modern analysis as the FEM (Finite Element method) the rural roof turned out to be safe, just
in need to be reinforced through modern links improving its earthquake resistance 45.
Figures 17-19 – Result of the FEM (Finite Element method, by Prof.Ing.S.Lagomrsino, ing.S.Podestà, University of
Genua); (on the right) the intervenion of improvement of the earthquake resistance of the dome (from Squassina A.,
Tonoli, S., 2008)
This is the logic of seismic improvement, providing the old building against earthquakes but avoiding any
alteraion of structual logic and way of working, that keeps on relying on the original structures.
The Lombard case shows how the most reined techniques can help preservaion but diferent means of
analysis can contribute to a deeper knowledge of the building and of its vulnerabiliies, as well.
44
Squas
s
i
na,
A.
,
2014.
45
Squas
s
i
na,
A.
,
T
onol
i
,
S.
,
2008;
Squas
s
i
na,
A.
,
2009.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
207
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
For example, the direct observaion of material marks of transformaion by a straigraphical reading 46, can
help in understanding past behaviors and events, such as raising, enlarging or uniicaion intervenions, as
well as new openings or the closing of previous ones, but also structural alteraions and problems, cracking
and seismic damages and repairs47.
The goal is the comprehension of old buildings and of the level of their residual eiciency, in order to
enhance their performances, without making them loose their character nor altering the way of working,
both from the material-and-structural or funcional point of view.
Following a perspecive where preservaion and sustainability maybe can meet, old buildings could be lead
toward future through a conscious development of their construcive memory, that is not just as
untouchable relics or as single pieces of art, but as an acive presence within the everyday life of the
community.
CONCLUSION
Contributes to the Roadmap
The results of the study cannot lead to a conclusion; on the contrary they raise a relecion and several
quesions. The main one: law requirements aim at deining standardised answers, both form the conceptual
and technical point of view. How can we reach an improvement, following the law in such peculiar contexts
requiring a very individual approach, without altering the nature and way of working of the exising
structures?
A second aspect is the fact that a deeper analysis is needed to understand peculiariies. This paper aims at
underlying the importance of preliminary knowledge, both about the material and structural aspects of
exising buildings. These ones deserve to be seen as individuals, not simply as geometrical objects. Such an
approach opens the issue of method, poining at the meaning of some diferent kinds of surveys, so as to
understand not only the formal features of old buildings but also to record those signs and traces both of
transformaions and previous structural damages, because they can reveal the vulnerabiliies with regard to
earthquakes48.
On the other hand, a second important issue is the importance of relying on the remaining capabiliies of old
structures, improving, strengthening them but not altering their way of working, nor the material and
structural nature of the exising buildings.
This aim oten requires a change in the order of precedence, irst of all as what concern funcion, that should
not be indiferently superimposed to the building, disregarding its actual strength and structural resources.
The fact is that, though it is not easy, we should try to igure out improvement as a balance among diferent
goals: safety and comfort from the one hand and respect for the material and structural features, even if this
means a not perfect adaptaion to standards.
46
Dogl
i
oni
,
F
.
,Squas
s
i
na,
A.
,
2011.
47
Dogl
i
oni
,
F
.
,Mi
r
abe
l
l
aRobe
r
t
i
,
G.
,
Bondane
l
l
i
,
M.
,
Squas
s
i
na,
A.
,
T
r
o
v
ò,
F
.
,2008.
48
Dogl
i
oni
,
F
.
,Pe
t
r
i
ni
,
V
.
,Mo
r
e
t
t
i
,
A.
,
1994andDogl
i
oni
,
F
.
,
2000.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
208
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Open Issues
1 – Law: singularity versus standard / improvement vs compliance
Have we to make the old buildings perfectly comply the requirements of law? Or may we expect the law to
adjust in respect of the peculiariies of old buildings? I.e.: when we are planning the improvement of an old
building in accordance to the law (for example the seismic law, or the eco-save law), if requirements are too
strict we could change the building irreversibly.
May we rely on notwithstanding the current regulaions in order to preserve the peculiariies or the way of
working of the buildings we are going to reinforce? May we expect a lapse, a limit which we can move up to?
Or have we to accept the law to drive the desiny both of old and new buildings indiferently?
2 – Technique to maintain or to renovate?
On the one hand, a coninuous technical progress makes new materials and objects available, and allows
more and more analysis, providing both knowledge and operaive instruments.
On the other hand modern life standards are very diferent in respect of old ones. Thus ancient buildings are
lacking in services and modern comfort devices. Though a new use is a way to preserve, oten upgrading and
refurbishment are simply conceived as a radical way to make old things accomplish new requirements which
someimes depend on our needs as consumers. In this case, doesn’t technique look like a bare instrument of
exploitaion?
Are we able to conceive an idea of intervenion in which technology is at the service of a proper and
sustainable employment of the exising buildings, making use and preservaion meet, that is improving but,
at the same ime preserving them?
Can we aford a branch of technique to develop proper means of analysis and intervenion for old materials
and structures, without reducing them to the analyical model of new and diferent materials as, for
instance, reinforced concrete? A challenge for research.
An idea of restoraion in terms of sustainability maybe can give an answer to such quesions.
REFERENCES
1. Doglioni, F., Petrini, V., Morei, A., (1994) Le chiese e il terremoto, Lint, Trieste.
2. Doglioni, F., (2000) Codice di praica (linee guida) per la progetazione degli interveni di riparazione,
miglioramento sismico e restauro dei beni architetonici danneggiai dal terremoto umbromarchigiano del 1997, Bolleino Uiciale della Regione Marche, Ancona.
3. Doglioni, F., Mirabella Roberi, G., (2011) Venezia. Forme della costruzione, forme del dissesto, ,
CLUVA editrice, Venezia.
4. Doglioni, F., Squassina, A., (2011a), Approfondimeni sulla possibile origine sismica dei quadri di
danno preseni in alcuni campanili veneziani. Il caso del campanile di S. Giacomo dell’Orio, in
Lionello, A., (a cura), Tecniche costruive, dissesi e consolidameni dei campanili di Venezia , Corbo e
Fiore Editori, Venezia, 112-117.
5. Doglioni, F., Squassina, A., (2011b),
6. Doglioni, F., Franco, L., Squassina, A., Trovò, (2011), Scheda di valutazione di pericolosità dei
campanili e procedimento di compilazione, con esempliicazione dei diversi fatori di pericolosità, in
Lionello, A., (a cura), Tecniche costruive, dissesi e consolidameni dei campanili di Venezia , Corbo e
Fiore Editori, Venezia, 85-107.
7. Doglioni, F., Mirabella Roberi, G., Bondanelli, M., Squassina, A., Trovò, F., (2008), A Structural
Damage Atlas for Venice, in CORILA, Research Programme 2004-2006, Vol. VI, 2006 Results, Ed.
Campostrini, Venezia, 133-146.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
209
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
8. Doglioni, F., Squassina, A., (2003) Gradi di reversibilità nel restauro struturale, in Bisconin, G.,
Driussi, G. (a cura), La Reversibilità nel Restauro. Rilessioni, Esperienze, Percorsi di Ricerca , ai del
Convegno di studi, Bressanone, 1-4-07-03, Arcadia Ricerche, Venezia,5-14
9. Doglioni, F., Squassina, A., Trovò, F., (2007) Asseto ad entro-piombo dei froni esterni e concezione
struturale dell’edilizia civile di Venezia, in Binda, L., (a cura), Sicurezza e Conservazione degli ediici
storici in funzione delle ipologie edilizie, della concezione costruiva e dei materiali , ENEA – Miur,
Eliocenter per Politecnico di Milano, 83-94.
10. Lupo, G., (1998), Principio murario e principio dei concatenameni: i pareri sul restauro di Palazzo
Ducale di Venezia dopo l’incendio del 1577, in Rassegna di architetura e Urbanisica , Roma, a.32,
n.94, 7-34
11. Mirabella Roberi, G., Squassina, A., Trovò, F., Procedimento di valutazione preliminare delle
caraterisiche murarie e dei parametri meccanici assuni a riferimento, in Lionello, A., (a cura),
Tecniche costruive, dissesi e consolidameni dei campanili di Venezia , Corbo e Fiore Editori,
Venezia, 74-80.
12. Squassina, A., (2014), Aspei conservaivi ed eicienza struturale nel restauro della chiesa
parrocchiale di Boicino Maina (Brescia)”, in L’architetura religiosa e il restauro, Ai del Convegno
RFA (Ricerche foriicazioni altomedioevali) - sezione di Trento, Trento 25-11-2010
13. Squassina, A., (2009a), Le connessioni fra murature esterne e solai ipiche dell’edilizia civile di
Venezia. Il ruolo delle iube, in RELUIS (Rete dei Laboratori Universitari di Ingegneria Sismica)Progeto esecuivo 2005 – 2008, LINEA 1- Task 3a.1 Ruolo dei solai, delle coperture e dei cordoli,
UR18- IUAV Venezia, Rendicontazione Scieniica 3° anno, Febbraio 2009.
14. Squassina, A., (2009b), Intervento di riparazione dei danni e miglioramento sismico nella chiesa
parrocchiale dei SS. Fausino e Giovita a Boicino Maina (BS)”, in Bondanelli, M., (a cura),
Problemaiche struturali dell'edilizia storica in zona sismica. Contribui al seminario di studi , Ferrara
01-22 otobre 2009, con il patrocinio di Associazione Geologi Emilia-Romagna per la protezione
Civile, Associazione dei Geologi della Provincia di Ferrara, edizioni Athena Medica, Modena,37-57.
15. Squassina, A., Tonoli, S., (2008), La Chiesa Parrocchiale di Boicino Maina. Restauri compiui dal
2004 al 2008, CDS Graphica, Brescia.
16. Squassina, A., (2007), A Venezia si perde il senso della vericale. Some Meaningful Episodes Of The
Historical Debate About The Nature Of The Geometrical Organizaion Of Veneian Buildings, in
CORILA, Research Programme 2004-2006, Vol. V, 2006 Results, Ed. Campostrini, Venezia, 131-145.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
210
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Occupants and Users into THE Serviized Built Assets
Angelo Luigi Camillo Ciribini
Lavinia Chiara Tagliabue
University of Brescia
Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural
Engineering and Mathemaics
angelo.ciribini@unibs.it
University of Brescia
Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural
Engineering and Mathemaics
lavinia.tagliabue@unibs.it
Silvia Mastrolembo Ventura
Barbara Angi
Politecnico di Milano
Department of Architecture, Built environment and
Construcion Engineering
silvia.mastrolembo@polimi.it
University of Brescia
Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural
Engineering and Mathemaics
barbara.angi@unibs.it
ABSTRACT
The paper sketches the evoluionary processes undertaken by the construcion sector. The building is
described by the data in this new paradigm, staring from a concept of space as basic framework including
requirements and needs generated by behavioral paterns and conigured as data sheet. The bi-dimensional
deiniion of space (based on two coordinates size and a funcion) is replaced by a mulidimensional matrixes
populated by data, opions, dynamic atributes, communicated by diferent stakeholders of the
design/construcion/operaing phases of the building. The human factor becomes a shaping element
supported by the digital technologies, evolving in a muli-opion scenario driven by a probabilisic approach.
The behavioral worklow goes from the irst step of the evaluaion, by means of gamiicaion and augmented
reality, to the conceptual sketching into a BIM environment for digital opioneering with the last user
validaion that can be monitored as a ime lapse portrait of the in-use building.
Keywords
Pre Occupancy Evaluaion; Simulaion of the Users' Behaviors, Mulidisciplinary integraion
INTRODUCTION
Sustainable behaviors are a key factor in the cultural shiting driving our future in term of energy and
management. The building sector has a crucial role in energy saving and environmental impact reducion is a
dictat on which the design and construcion market have to face every day. The digital era hands out muliple
tools to manage the opioneering (Angi, 2015) in the project phase when the decision process can make the
diference in the impact of the building for decades.
MANAGING OCCUPANCY IN THE DIGITAL AGE
The Data-Driven Processes are more and more afecing the Industry of the Built Environment, causing a
dramaic re-shaping of the Construcion Markets.
It means that a lot of tradiional Ideniies and Roles might be suddenly disrupted and con-fused.
Occupancy, the way of exploiing and living Spaces, seems to act as the focused turning point.
Simulaion and Connecion allow the User's Behaviors to be imagined and perhaps customized, indeed.
However, the tradiional storytelling stems from the Occupant's wellbeing and health, but, from the very
early beginnings (e.g. within the Energy Performance Contracing-Based Frameworks) the User becomes a
proacive (counter) part.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
211
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
On the same ime, Individuals might be simulated as well as tracked, as pedestrians, when lowing into
indoor environments. A shit is occurring amongst the Internet of Things (Buildings, Infrastructures, and
Grids) and the Internet of Fellows. Pedestrian Tracking and Traic Management engender and cause the
surge of the Industries of Behaviors, to be conceived as the whole range of the Locaion-Based Services.
Moreover, the Serviizaion of the Built Asset itself implies the primacy of the Life Cycle as the main target
and prioriies to be taken into account.
Unil this point, a sort of trivial approach could be adopted, because the raionale highlights how Operaions
& Maintenance appear as the main goal to be achieved.
Nevertheless, the change of imaging and simulaing any paterns of Services sounds challenging and
transformaional, moving the paradigm from Performances of the Assets to Behaviors of the Occupants.
Client & Owner Organizaions begin to self-portrait themselves as Commissioners, of course, but also as
Designers of Needs, Services and Emoions. Otherwise, the usual aitude of a Repeat Client echoes the
capability of establishing and devising Briefs over the early stages of the Projects by means of Data Sheets
and Dialogues, but the contents of the expectaions did remain a litle bit far away from the Conceptual
Primacy. It was always the Design Teams (the Architects and their Technical Consultants) to own and hold the
Authorial Leadership throughout the tools of the Representaion, whilst the Digital Era makes the Simulaion
directly afordable to the Clients themselves. Such a challenge causes the Client to deal with the Design
Opions, in order to manage a Proacive Interacion when faced to the Professionals.
Unprecedented Pracices in Intelligent Client-ship are arising, in order to enable the Clients to create
Behavioral Spaces: the conigured Services, throughout the Simulaion devices could be thought within
Spaces, within Immersive and Muli-Sensorial Environments.
Spaces, instead of Forms and Geometries, are the ulimate Field and Topic of the Architects: whenever a
Client tries to be concerned with the Spaial Dimensions, the Primacy of the Designer is menaced obviously.
Furthermore, when the Spaces could be originated and derived from Moions and Flows, the nature of the
Asset, its Architectural Meaning, moves from a staic to a dynamic thread (Simeone, 2015).
Likewise, how might a Tangible and Immovable Asset become Inefable and Dynamic?
It depends on the Data Flows, because the Connected Built Assets must be nurtured and fostered by Data
Sets coming from the Sensors (Miller et al. 2015; Agarwal, 2010).
Figure 1. Sensors become nodes with dynamic atributes of a network likewise spaces of the building.
Apart from the non-mechanisic essence of the Connected Built Assets, the Anicipaion Paradigm lies with
the so called Pre Occupancy Evaluaion: once again, the terms are reversed because the Operaional Client is
compelled to atained some indings from the assessment sourcing from any simulated Occupancy.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
212
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
WORKFLOWING THE CONCEPTUAL ASSEMBLIES
The Data-Driveness explains the reason why any convenional approach to Building Informaion Modelling
seems too rigid and fragile in staring from a mechanisic assumpion ied to the BIM Libraries, linked to an
Object-Based criterion.
The Digital Sketches somehow bridge the transiion from the Space Programming to the Outline Design
Stage, supporing the Client's Intents aimed at being made ascertained about the compliance of the
submited design opions against the original Behavioral Paterns and Data Sheets.
In other words, a Computable and Creaive Design Process can nor be constrained on a determinisic
environment neither be let to the wishful thinking of the Designers.
A main concern proper to the Client Organizaion should stay in avoiding Informaion Losses, i.e. a breach in
the overhauling eforts to be aware of the outcomes of the Designers' Choices.
It entails that a compeiion could grow between Clients and Designers in order to own and exploit the
available skills in Big Data Analyics. Both Clients and Designers become enabled and accustomed as
Intelligent Players, capable of operaing the key levers and cleavages.
An innovaive worklow can be, consequently, shadowed, according to the scheme in the following igure.
Figure 2. Behavioral Worklow.
SUSTAINABILITY AND BEHAVIOUR
Building performance and environmental impact are strongly related to energy requirement and occupants’
behavior (Tagliabue et al., 2015; Hong and Lin, 2013) toward sustainable way of life. A 30% of energy saving
can be achieved by building automaion and control using sensors to provide energy (thermal energy,
lighing) tailored on variable occupancy. A gap between predicted thermal behavior of the building and
actual value (De Wilde, 2014) can vary between 60% and 90% (Hamilton, 2011). The variaion on actual
performance is ascribable built quality, occupancy behavior, management & control meanwhile predicted
performance variaion is given by design assumpion and modelling tools (Menezes, 2012, Demanuele et al.,
2010). A previous analysis on behavioral paterns and data sheets provided by the use of the building spaces
(originated from databases used for benchmarking could allow the designers to manage the variability
through a modular and parametric approach to renewable energy systems that could be designed as
arrangement to feed the building.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
213
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
CONCLUSION
A responsive building, designed as a service for the user, is the new dimension of product the built
environment has to deal with. The Data lows provide the informaion to the building and a dataset of
informaion could provide clouds of point of the building situaion derived by monitored behaviors
transposed into values, as a scanned reality inside the built environment that can be visualized as a dynamic
network of changing value nodes or levels’ maps. A worklow of the conceptual assembly shown and the
connecion to energy eiciency highlighted as the centrality of the responsible behavior and the role of the
monitoring values collected during the operaing phase is unavoidable to bridge the gap between the
predicion of the building behavior and the actual behavior in a reliable management scenario of the building
energy lifespan. In fact, during the life of the structure, it should be also considered the possibility of the
earthquake as squanderer of energy with resuling increased environmental impact of the building product.
Contributes to the Roadmap
The development of digital models through BIM opioneering and Behavior Design for the improvement of
earthquake resistance and eco-eiciency of exising buildings and ciies, may lead a signiicant paradigm shit
in the building process. The change is ied to a more eicient use of resources, tangible and intangible,
available through a shared process of all those involved in the process of upgrading of the buildings.
On the other hand, the simulaion of the behavior of the people through the gamiicaion could ensure,
already in the design phase, a more eicient management of space in the event of earthquake by
determining innovaive emergency plans to ensure the safety in extremes cases of building's fruiion.
Open Issues
In the mulidisciplinary nature of topic the improvement of earthquake resistance and eco-eiciency of
exising buildings and ciies, the use of BIM opioneering allows to manage the necessary low of informaion
for the design of combined redevelopment project. The digital approach can supporing the enire decisionmaking process but, above all, the design the construcion site and operaional sequences of the diferent
processes from the earliest stages of deining the intervenion itself.
In terms of redevelopment project, the use of BIM opioneering is a crucial need for planning and
management of construcion aciviies since is necessary, de facto, to do coexist the requirement for speed
and precision operaing with those related to safety worker, users and, in general, of the structure.
From the digital model all the necessary informaion to the deiniion of project and of the construcion site
can be extracted. This informaion is needed in the deiniion phase of the intervenion, before the work of
redevelopment and during the same in the case of variaions in the process.
We believe that the preparaion of the digital model must be the essenial prerogaive, and not opional, in
the process of urban and architectural renewal, since it ensures the proper and efecive management of all
disciplines involved (i.e. the economy, social aspects, architecture, urban planning, structural engineering,
energy eiciency, environmental engineering, etc.).
The BIM methodology ensures operaional efeciveness also in support of innovaive topics and research
and aims to be an ‘acive’ tool for monitoring and veriicaion of high complex aciviies, especially if
combined with current decision methods such as MCDM ( Muliple Criteria Decision making).
REFERENCES
1. Agarwal, Y., Balaji, B., Gupta, R., Lyles, J., Wei, M., Weng, T., (2010) Occupancy-Driven Energy
Management for Smart Building Automaion, BuildSys 2010 November 2, Zurich, Switzerland.
2. Angi, B. (edited by) (2015) L’Ambiente Costruito tra Building Informaion Modelling e Smart Land,
Ingenio ebook, Edizioni IMREADY.
3. Demanuele, C., Tweddell, T., Davies, M. (2010) Bridging the gap between predicted and actual energy
performance in schools, World Renewable Energy Congress XI 25-30 September 2010, Abu Dhabi,
UAE.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
214
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
4. De Wilde, P. (2014) The gap between predicted and measured energy performance of building: A
framework for invesigaion, Automaion in Construcion 41:40-49.
5. Eisenhower, B., O’Neill, Z., Fonoberov, V. A., Mezic, I. (2012) Uncertainty and Sensiivity
Decomposiion of Building Energy Models, Journal of Building Performance Simulaion, 5, pp. 171–
184.
6. Hamilton, I., Steadman, P., Bruhns, H. (2011) CarbonBuzz-Energy Data Audit, UCL Energy Insitute.
7. Hong, T., Lin, H. (2013) Occupant Behavior: Impact on Energy Use of Provate Oices, Ernest Orlando
Lawrence Berkeley Naional Laboratory, LBNL-6123E, January 2013
8. Menezes, A.C., Cripps, A., Buswellb, R. (2012) Predicted vs. actual energy performance of nondomesic buildings: Using post-occupancy evaluaion data to reduce the performance gap, Applied
Energy 97:355-364.
9. Miller, C., Nagy, Z., Schlueter, A. (2015) Automated daily patern iltering of measured building
performance data, Automaion in Construcion 49, 1-17, 2015.
10. Simeone, D. (2015) Simulare il comportamento umano negli ediici. Un modello previsionale,
Gangemi Editore, Roma.
11. Tagliabue, L.C., Ciribini A.L.C., Manfren, M., De Angelis, E., Energy eiciency assessment based on
realisic occupancy paterns obtained through stochasic simulaion, Modelling Behaviour, Springer,
2015.
12. Van Gelder, L. (2014) A probabilisic design methodology for building performance opimisaion: An
applicaion to low-energy dwelling, KU Keuven, Arenberg Doctoral School, Faculty of Engineering
Science.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
215
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
216
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
The eco-eiciency design patern of the exising buildings,
with their earthquake resistance, and ciies,
in T̈rkİye and in the World
Prof.Dr.architect Yesim Kamile Aktuglu
Dokuz Eyl̈l University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, İzmir, TÜRKİYE
yesim.aktuglu@deu.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
The eco-eiciency design patern of the exising buildings, with earthquake resistance, and ciies in T̈rkiye
and in the world, may be a helpful guide for the rest of the world. Due to the local condiions, nearly all old
buildings in T̈rkiye and in the world, were built in an eco-eiciency manner, to get the most economic
outcome for a healthy sustainable environment. And the result of these buildings is the ciies which are
having the most suitable layout, to live forever, as they are in Mardin, Aksehir, Tire, Didim, Alacai, Cesme,
Venice, Valencia, San Sebasian, Bilbao, etc. and as they are in past in Efes, Bergama, etc. In old imes, all
buildings should have the eco-eiciency feature to last long years in safety and healthy situaion. The long
ime experience helps the people to buid the most correct buildings, they live in or they use. Through these
built examples, we may easily get the hint of building correctly eco-eicient buildings of future and also ciies
of future. In the paper, the built examples, which compose the eco-eicient ciies will be deined
with their most highlighted points, to have a design patern how to get the most eco-eicient
buildings and ciies.
Keywords
Eco-eicient, earthquake resistance, T̈rkiye,
INTRODUCTION
Yes, in T̈rkiye, for %95 of its lands is being afected by seismic waves, through the centuries, and all old
tradiional buildings, sill alive, are being built due to the earthquake resistance rules and also due to the
climaic condiions of the area. We have lots of cases, to be researched. Surely, this is not only a unique case,
esp. for T̈rkiye, it is the same occasion, taking place in the whole world.
If there is an old built example, exising in a place in the world, researches should be done about this case to
learn about the reasons why it sill stands up as an alive space, sill in service in today’s condiions.
To have a design of a building under the rules of earthquake region is one of the irst laws of having an ecoeicient environment. When we talk about a region under the efects of earthquakes, we have to underline
also the features of its buildings, built in an earthquake region.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF OLD TURKISH TRADITIONAL MASONRY BUILDINGS
If we coninue talking about the features of the old Turkish tradiional masonry buildings, with their
earthquake resistance and also with their local building condiions and rules, we may say that there are onestory and two-story buildings, may be built in masonry. Coming from the old imes and sill with the Turkish
tradiional construcion methods, they may build only one-story or two-story buildings. Mostly ground loor
is constructed in stone, where irst loor is constructed in brick or in wooden frame. If it is earthen-adobe,
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
217
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
structure, one-story buildings and two-story buildings sill exist. From area to area, while irst loor is barely
in brick or in adobe structure (earthen structure), there is no other type to build. The irst loor may be
wooden framing and in between wooden columns, there may be brick inill or earthen inill. The framing
structure is always wooden structure for the irst loor walls in masonry buildings. If the outer side of the
perimeter walls is made of plaster while the inner side of the walls is plaster also or if the outside of the
perimeter walls is covered barely with wooden material, inside of the walls, may be covered with wooden
sicks under the plaster, which makes the structural system be more stable.
Mainly the loors in Turkish tradiional buildings are constructed with wooden framing system with main
wooden beam and secondary beams on it, and inally with wooden cover at the top.
In some buildings, there may be basement to make air low between the wooden looring system. This
basement has a semi-loor height, from the ground level, to make the entrance level of the building raise to
prevent the building from the high level of water ide, also. Always, the basement, if there is, and ground
loor are constructed in stone.
The stability of the stone walls is being managed with the other stone walls, perpendicular to the perimeter
walls in certain intervals, as the walls outside of the churches, to support the mid hall’s outer walls with
raised rootop.
In Turkish tradiional buildings eg. in Mardin, Aksehir, Tire, Didim, Alacai, Cesme, etc., to support the irst
loor, there are small covered spaces in a canilever posiion, called “cikma”. Also these spaces may create
more daylight and visibility of the street from the inside of the building. Such kind of architectural elements
are present in some ciies of the world, eg. in Venice, Bilbao, San Sebasian, Valencia, etc.
“Cikma” is in a form of a rectangular plan to arrange a suitable plan layout, even though the ground loor is
following the street patern downstairs, in Turkish tradiional buildings.
There are inner courtyards, behind the buildings. Buildings are standing up just nearby the street as a
protecive wall to create a sacred inner life in an open manner.
There are wooden closing doors for windows, And the eaves of roof structure, covered with the ceramic iles
are coninuing up to a distance from 50cm to 100cm or more away from the perimeter wall of the building,
to protect the building from sun and also from rain.
In some places, as in Birgi/Izmir, the outer walls may be double to create a thermal insulaion.
…AND CITIES
Of course, the list of the characterisics of old Turkish tradiional buildings may coninue longer. Through
these buildings, the list of the characterisics of old setlements, which are the main knowledge sources,
about building and construcion and social life, for today, such as Efes, Bergama, etc. may be writen by
poining that there are lots of open-air meeing places, such as amphitheaters, agoras, temples, etc. in a city.
IN BERGAMA/IZMIR, TÜRKİYE
In Bergama, if the ruins are coming from 3 rd and 2nd century before Christ, and sill if we may visit them, then
Bergama may be a good venue to be explored to understand the past beter, why it is standing up, even
though there has been lots of earthquakes and hazards along the 24 centuries, since 3 rd century BC (igure 1,
igure 2, igure 3, igure 4).
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
218
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Figure 1. The tunnels under the area for Trajaneum- North Hall, Hellenisic Chambers, in Bergama/Izmir, T̈rkiye
(photo taken by Yesim Kamile Aktuglu, on 7th of November, 2015)
Figure 2. The amphitheater in Bergama/Izmir, T̈rkiye
(photo taken by Yesim Kamile Aktuglu, on 7th of November, 2015)
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
219
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Figure 3. The amphitheater, from the top, in Bergama/Izmir, T̈rkiye
(photo taken by Yesim Kamile Aktuglu, on 7th of November, 2015)
Figure 4. The view of the amphitheater at the top far away, from the Asklepion, in Bergama/Izmir,
(photo taken by Yesim Kamile Aktuglu, on 7th of November, 2015)
CONCLUSION
What i want to underline through my paper is that there is no need to explore new things in the meaning of
development. What is needed is to understand about the former lives beter as in which condiions they
lived.
By this way, by learning more and more from past, we will have a real resource to light new ideas for a beter
life in 21st century through planning, building and construcion.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
220
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
REFERENCES
Technical Visit to Bergama/ Izmir, T̈rkiye, on 7 th of November, 2015
Technical Visits to Mardin, Birgi, Tire, Alacai, Cesme, Venice, Valencia, San Sebasian, Bilbao,
Master thesis of Selin Duran, about Aksehir/ Konya, T̈rkiye, under preparaion,
Master degree course named “Researches about Structures”, course topic is “to design an amphitheater in
Didim”, asked by the Major Oice of Didim/Aydin, T̈rkiye, with 2 architects-students/ under preparaion
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
221
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
222
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Urban Regeneraion
Giovanni Furlan
Comitato Scieniico
Ordine degli Architei di Padova
+39 architects
E-mail: g.furlan@plus39.eu
Website: www.plus39.eu
ABSTRACT
Urban regeneraion is thinking in a sustainable way whether the physical space or the social one of the city
over the ability of the people to respond to the present needs without compromising or limiing the choices
of the future generaions to respond their needs.
In the progress of the contemporary city, the balance between urban growth and sustainability has to be the
main theme.
Indispensable resource for a new urban sustainability, allowing you to rediscover the social beneits due to
the proximity as the establishment of relaions of solidarity between the people and the ecological beneits
such as increase the energy eiciency and reduce resource consumpion.
Urban regeneraion should now tend to conjure ways to inhabit the city, of sustainability, of transformaions
in search of a higher level of intervenion, technological and humanisic social circles powering up all the
stairs of the city.
The project of urban renewal will be the instrument to build a diferent society.
Keywords
Urban regeneraion, social, Europe 2020, sustainability, empty spaces, civic elements, sustainable mobility,
society.
INTRODUCTION
The condiion of the crisis of the Western system forced us to reconsider our way to act, to communicate and
to make architecture.
The urban theme become, today, the main problem for the government and for and the next years too. A
renewed atenion to the ecological dictates, a reinterpretaion of capitalism with its failures, and its waste,
are calling into quesion the design of the society and, accordingly, the relaionship that it has with the
architectural design of the city.
The object of architecture - a symbol of the last century and unsuited to today's society moved to the need
for an integrated and economically sustainable transformaion for the enire urban system.
Today we need to develop new strategies and instruments to address urban issues exacerbated by the
economic and inancial crisis and we have to do it quickly because ime acceleraion of the contemporary
causes phenomena develop in a very fast manner.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
223
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
The fundamental issues that make the complexity of the urban mater in our territory are: the poor condiion
of the buildings built ater the war; the failure of quality public spaces; the use of the land; the issue of waste
and non-recyclable materials; the cost and the consumpion of energy.
The new urban policies should be implemented with “few and clear” rules and with many public projects,
away from an approach of legal codiicaion of urban life, but able to adapt them to the speed of the
phenomena while preserving elements of defence and regeneraion of urban habitat.
The concept of urban regeneraion is part of an European Union document enitled Europe 2020,which aims
to a growth and a development of the city which is: intelligent due to more efecive investments in
educaion, research and innovaion; sustainable due to the decisive choice in favour of a low CO2 emissions;
inclusive, that is supporive and focused on creaing jobs and reducing poverty.
Urban regeneraion is thinking in a sustainable way whether the physical space or the social one of the city
over the ability of the people to respond to the present needs without compromising or limiing the choices
of the future generaions to respond their needs. In the progress of the contemporary city, the balance
between urban growth and sustainability has to be the main theme.
Space and territory are poor resources and therefore very valuable. To coninue to consume new land is no
longer a sustainable condiion and it is a structural problem of the contemporary territory.
The soluion to this emergency lies in the growth of the city into the city through densiicaion, replacement
and regeneraion of exising buildings, through the search for a new balance between full and empty city.
The populaion density creates the ability to protect and safeguard the city empty spaces; indispensable
resource for a new urban sustainability, allowing you to rediscover the social beneits due to the proximity as
the establishment of relaions of solidarity between the people and the ecological beneits such as increase
the energy eiciency and reduce resource consumpion.
Regeneraing a city means using architecture as an indicaion of a more deep and radical transformaion can
bring the human being at the centre of all consideraions.
Between the civic elements, the public space is the incenive behind every regeneraive process quality of
the city and the sole foundaion on which to lay the certainty of the urban quality of the future; and where
the size of the people is that one allows us to tap the city and the buildings; that one which actually measure
its quality.
The regeneraion project has to work in the spaces between things, conveying a sense of belonging to a
community with the principle of collecive space: the system of urban voids, with its value aggregaion,
collecive and socializaion among people, guarantees an interest public in the determinaion of the urban
future and wealth of ciizens. Improvements for people in urban areas are connected to the healthy desire of
city life, safe and sustainable, and it takes the company f construcion of a space of existence.
Urban regeneraion for a polycentric city and with a development project is reicular services spread
throughout the territory and able to respond to ciizens' needs, expressed in terms of quality based on
listening to the city, being subsidiary to open a model paricipatory contemporary composing a coninuous
urban cycle.
Urban regeneraion is also a project of sustainable mobility. The objecive of a sustainable mobility project is
to perfect the connecion between the city and its surrounding territory with the services and the network of
urban spaces, the system of infrastructure that is key component of the public city.
Urban regeneraion should now tend to conjure ways to inhabit the city, of sustainability, of transformaions
in search of a higher level of intervenion, technological and humanisic social circles powering up all the
stairs of the city.
The project of urban renewal will be the instrument to build a diferent society, engaging in the fabric worn
parts of the city started to lose a new meaning and a new force in the form of new ciizens, new forms of
employment opportuniies, new links between people and the spaces that surround them.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
224
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
CONCLUSION
The concept of urban regeneraion is part of an European Union document enitled Europe 2020,which aims
to a growth and a development of the city which is: intelligent due to more efecive investments in
educaion, research and innovaion; sustainable due to the decisive choice in favour of a low CO2 emissions;
inclusive, that is supporive and focused on creaing jobs and reducing poverty.
Urban regeneraion should now tend to conjure ways to inhabit the city, of sustainability, of transformaions
in search of a higher level of intervenion, technological and humanisic social circles powering up all the
stairs of the city.
Contributes to the Roadmap
Urban regeneraion should now tend to conjure ways to inhabit the city, of sustainability, of transformaions
in search of a higher level of intervenion, technological and humanisic social circles powering up all the
stairs of the city.
Open Issues
The project of urban renewal will be the instrument to build a diferent society, engaging in the fabric worn
parts of the city started to lose a new meaning and a new force in the form of new ciizens, new forms of
employment opportuniies, new links between people and the spaces that surround them.
REFERENCES
1. cfr. AA.VV. (2014) Ecoquarieri _ Ecodistricts, Marsilio Editori, Venezia.
2. cfr. AA.VV. (2011) SuperUrbano. Sustainable Urban Regeneraion, Marsilio Editori, Venezia.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
225
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
226
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
Learning from the interacion between earthquakes and
vernacular architecture
Milo Hofmann
Tom Schacher
Architect, M.Arch. EPF, PhD,
DSA-earthen architecture
milo.hofmann@gmail.com
Architect, Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperaion SDC
tom.schacher@adhoc.ch
ABSTRACT
Learning from vernacular building cultures is not a "new idea”: their evoluion during centuries atests of it.
Today, this learning process sill represents a great potenial to further strengthen the resilience of socieies
dealing with seismic hazard (Hofmann, 2015).
This paper briely introduces a basic aitude for the invesigaion of the interacion between earthquakes
and vernacular architecture. It focuses - as a case example - on the vernacular building type whose speciic
feature is to have wooden horizontal element integrated into load bearing masonry.
The global purpose is to underline the importance of collecing and assembling relevant data in relaion to
each paricular vernacular building type. This is crucial not only for increasing the efeciveness of disaster
risk reducion programs, but also in order to support ordinary architectural aciviies, in a convenient and apt
way.
Keywords
Earthquakes, vernacular architecture, building type and sub-type, seismic damages, local resilient pracices.
INTRODUCTION
A large part of ancient built environments in earthquake prone areas have been accomplished exclusively
thanks to the experience that their builders developed over centuries of pracice. Several of the resuling
techniques - empirically developed using mainly natural materials - have showed a saisfactory performance
during earthquakes (Langenbach, 2009; Schacher, Ali and Stephenson, 2010), atesing someimes of risk
cultures (Ferrigni, Helly, Mauro, Mendes Victor, Pieroi, Rideaud and Teves Costa, 2005; Caimi, 2014).
Nowadays, the seismic phenomenon is not systemaically considered as a factor that might have been taken
into account by ancient builders. A lack of knowledge about vernacular building cultures and their correlaion
with these phenomena increases the probability that intervenions on ancient built stock and prevenion
aciviies do not take advantage of site potenialiies, even enhancing its vulnerability.
BUILDING VARIABLES
Globally, vernacular architectures present a great heterogeneity in terms of techniques, materials and
details; so, to understand their efecive behaviour, it is essenial to consider their seismic vulnerability using
data related to the corresponding building type and sub-type.
Through the analysis of architectures of a speciic type that are located in areas with diferent levels of
seismicity (in terms of Severity and Recurrence), several building variables can be ideniied.
Referring to buildings with wooden horizontal elements integrated into load bearing masonry exising in
diverse seismic regions along the North Anatolian Fault, the most evident variables are the building materials
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
227
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
(Figures 1a,b), the type of masonry bonding and the masonry units size at the corners; the form of the
horizontal elements - ladder-like (Figures 1c) or planks (Figures 1d) - and their verical posiion in the wall; as
well as the type of joints binding them together longitudinally - nailed plain or half-lap scarf joints - and at
the intersecion of perpendicular walls - simple halved corner joint or with double dovetail.
Figure 1. a) Adobe masonry; b) Stone masonry; c) Ladder-shaped wooden elements; d) Planks. Credits: M. Hofmann
Staring from ideniied building variables, a building type can then be subdivided into various sub-types. For
example, a paricular sub-type of the building type considered here can be deined as follows: double-wall
masonry bonds type made of rubble stone combined with ladder-shaped horizontal imber elements.
BUILDING VARIABLES & SEISMIC VULNERABILITY
Such an advanced categorizaion is paricularly helpful for carrying out further detailed analysis, as well as for
invesigaing a built environment ater an earthquake. This later acivity plays a key role in understanding the
inluence that building variables have on the seismic performance of structures. During post-earthquake
assessment, the features that are likely to increase or to reduce their vulnerability can be ideniied and then,
criical factors related to each building variable can be examined.
Following this approach, a post earthquake invesigaion was performed in a Macedonian village in the North
area of Ohrid Lake, situated 9 km away from the epicentre of a moderate 4.5 Magnitude earthquake that
occurred the June 07, 2012 (hypocentre at 1 km depth).
In that occasion, the post seismic reconnaissance has led to some remarks about the inluence of the verical
posiion of horizontal elements and the imber joint types. In some buildings, stones in the masonry walls
have been overthrown due to out-of-plane movements (Figure 2a). This generally occurred in the higher
parts of the construcions. This failure mechanism appears to be reduced when the height of masonry
between the two upper horizontal imber elements is minor and if the roof raters are imbedded between
two horizontal imber elements situated at the top of the wall (Figure 2b). In some cases, a disconnecion
also occurred between horizontal imber elements. This happened mainly in the lower part of the building
and in conjuncion with weakened nailed plain or half-lap scarf joints. These connecions lost their binding
eicacy over ime and were unable to support these new seismic forces: previous earthquakes, wood roing,
nails rusing can be considered as the major causes of this new state of vulnerability. Related to this speciic
seismic efect, it is interesing to record that in a paricular case a masonry wall cracked verically exactly
where this type of disconnecion occurred (Figure 2c).
Figure 2. a) & c) Seismic damages on two diferent buildings; b) Undamaged building. Credits: M. Hofmann
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
228
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
CONCLUSION
In general, highlighing the aspects inluencing the vulnerability of vernacular architectures through the
invesigaion of building types and their respecive sub-types, and by combining data collected before and
ater earthquakes, has a dual interest. Firstly, it facilitates a structured ideniicaion of technical choices
taken by the vernacular builders likely to be related to seismic risk. Secondly, it fosters a beter understanding
of the performance of each paricular structure, allowing for more accurate hypotheses about their dynamic
behaviour.
The resuling data are essenial references for developing guidelines on criical points of each vernacular
building type, taking also into account the diferences that can exist between sub-types. Such guidelines can
be paricularly helpful either for ordinary architectural aciviies or for disaster risk reducion programs: a
deeper knowledge of vernacular pracices helps stakeholders to prevent natural (e.g. materials deterioraion)
and human (e.g. architectural modiicaions) phenomena that are the most suscepible to have a disrupive
impact on the structural performance of exising built environment.
Thus, learning from the interacion between earthquakes and vernacular architectures represents a great
potenial for strengthening the resilience of contemporary socieies, who have to deal with an important
ancient building stock that has been shaped on the basis of a set of knowledge and know-how no more
common nowadays.
Contributes to the Roadmap
•
Documentaion of local building cultures … for a meiculous understanding of the difusion and
evoluion of vernacular pracices;
•
Invesigaion by type and sub-type … for a structured analysis of vernacular building generaliies and
pariculariies;
•
Damages assessment ater moderate and frequent earthquakes … for an accelerated comprehension
of vernacular buildings seismic behaviour;
Open Issues
•
In which way actual knowledge about seismic behaviour of vernacular architecture is shared
between European concerned insitutes? How this difusion could be enhanced and expanded?
•
In which way exising data on seismic damages occurred to vernacular architecture is shared
between European concerned insitutes? How the “learning from earthquakes” process could be
more eicient and efecive?
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
229
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
ARCHI
TECTUREANDCI
TYPLANNI
NG
REFERENCES
1. Hofmann, M. (2015) Le facteur séisme dans l’architecture vernaculaire. Un décryptage entre
déterminants culturels, types de structures et ressources cogniives parasismiques, PhD Thesis, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
2. Langenbach, R. (2009) Don’t tear it down! Preserving the earthquake resistant vernacular
architecture of Kashmir, United Naions Educaional, Scieniic and Cultural Organizaion, New Delhi.
3. Schacher, T., Ali, Q. and Stephenson, M. (2010) Mainstreaming of tradiional earthquake resistant
building methods. The example of the dhajji method in the post-earthquake reconstrucion process
in Pakistan, The Internaional Scieniic Conference on Technologies for Development , February 8-10,
Lausanne, Switzerland, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.
4. Ferrigni, F., Helly, B., Mauro, A., Mendes Victor, L., Pieroi, P., Rideaud, A. and Teves Costa, P. (2005)
Ancient buildings and earthquakes. The local seismic culture approach: principles, methods,
potenialiies, Edipuglia, Bari.
5. Caimi, A. (2014) Cultures construcives vernaculaires et résilience. Entre savoir, praique et
technique: appréhender le vernaculaire en tant que génie du lieu et génie parasinistre, PhD Thesis,
Université de Grenoble, France.
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
230
SAFESUSTwor
ks
hop-I
s
pr
a,
No
v
e
mbe
r2627,
2015
RAPPORTEURS'MI
NUTES
Rappor
t
eur
s
'Mi
nut
es
Ar
oadmapf
ort
hei
mpr
o
v
e
me
ntofe
ar
t
hquak
er
e
s
i
s
t
anc
eande
c
oe
ffic
i
e
nc
yofe
x
i
s
t
i
ngbui
l
di
ngsandc
i
t
i
e
s
.
231
SAFESUST Workshop
A roadmap for the improvement of earthquake resistance and eco-eiciency of exising buildings and ciies
Structures Session November 26th, 9:15
Keynote lecture: HelenaGerv́sio , University of Coimbra
Eco-structural eiciency in natural hazard events
Roberta Apostolska, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje
The need of integrated renovaion of the exising building stock in Macedonia
Alessandra Marini, Universit̀ degli Studi di Bergamo
Coupling energy refurbishment with structural strengthening in retroit intervenions
Elvira Romano, Universit̀ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Improving sustainability performances of exising buildings: a case study
Antonio Salzano, Universit̀ degli Studi di Salerno
Seismic retroiing and new way of living in exising social housing setlements
Session Rapporteur Paolo Riva
Summary of selected presentaions
REPORT edited by Paolo Riva
During the session the need of reconsidering structural and energy retroiing under a sustainability point
of view has been clearly airmed. The main issues emerged in the structures secions may be summarized
in the following points:
-
quanify sustainability in both environmental and economic terms;
life cycle thinking should be adopted to compare demoliion and refurbishment;
include robustness, resilience and sustainability in cost analysis;
unsafe buildings should not be energy retroited: safety is a cost;
design cost is a negligible part of the building cost, hence we need to invest in beter design
processes.
The overall Roadmap Contribuions and Open Quesions which emerged from the session are summarized
in the following.
Contribuions to Roadmap
-
-
Life Cycle Thinking: for new construcions (buildings or porions of buildings), conduct a life-cycle
assessment of the project’s structure and enclosure that demonstrates a minimum of 10%
reducion, compared with a baseline building. (…) No impact category assessed as part of the lifecycle assessment may increase by more than 5% compared with the baseline building.
Appropriate insituional support (in the whole phase of renovaion: preparaion of technical
documentaion, obtaining the construcion permits, construcion etc.) is required.
Networking of projects (inished/on-going) involving topics as eco-eiciency, smart renovaion, lowcarbon construcion, sustainability etc. in order to proit from their gathered knowledge.
Environmental Sustainability is only achieved if Safety is guaranteed.
-
-
-
-
-
-
Intervenions carried out from the outside should be pursued: improve feasibility, limit the
impairment and cost.
co-beneits of Structural and Energeic Retroit may be: lengthening of the building service life,
seismic resilience, long term protecion of the investment, construcion of upper storeys, reduced
life cycle costs and minimizaion of the environmental impact over the building life cycle.
Environmental impact associated to seismic risk can be high. The relevance of such a remark is
emphasized when considering the district and city level, where the vulnerability of enire districts
may jeopardize the efeciveness of extensive energy saving measures.
The structural vulnerability of exising buildings, resuling in major damage or even collapse during
a seismic event, afects the energy savings obtained with energy retroit intervenions, beside being
a safety hazard.
Depending on the site seismicity, the target of nearly-zero-energy buildings can only be achieved if
the appropriate energy eiciency intervenions are carried out on structurally safe construcions.
Remarks on single buildings are even more criical when expanded at district and city level, where
the vulnerability of enire districts may jeopardize the efeciveness of extensive energy saving
measures.
Earthquake performance of the buildings should be determined based on economic losses and
casualies. For this purpose, loss funcions should be ideniied. Ater seismic events, it is needed to
establish recovery ime, recovery funcions, and desired level of funcionality depending on type of
structure.
The legal frame for quality control and responsibiliies systems in the ield of construcion must be
improved. Investments in dynamic soil invesigaions (ield and laboratory tesing) are needed.
Dedicated programs for earthquake disaster miigaion in Europe are needed.
Open Issues
-
-
-
Investments in research in the ield of integrated renovaion of exising buildings are required
(experimental veriicaion of the proposed innovaive methodologies/techniques/materials).
Increase public awareness concerning both safety and energy issues, convincing of the necessity to
live in safe and eco-eicient buildings.
Financial, insituional and regulatory barriers are sill present.
Disregarding building structural vulnerability may result in erroneous expectaions on the actual
efect of extensive energy saving measures. The current way to assign naional subsides for energy
refurbishment should be changed.
The inluence of seismic risk is not actually included in the evaluaion of environmental impact of
exising buildings. Ways of including the seismic risk in life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost
(LCC) procedures should be deined.
Main parts of the resilience concept should be established clearly for quaniicaion. Connecions
between community, building and ciies should be discussed.
The social cultural advantages or disadvantages of upgrading exising buildings over demoliion
need careful consideraion, including discussion amongst involved paries on how aspects should be
weighted. The comparison of upgrading versus demoliion of the buildings (and creaing new urban
of rural housing) is an area in which stakeholders may have diferent opinions depending on their
interests and point of view.
An overall summary of all presentaions is given in the following.
KEYNOTE LECTURE
HELENA GERVASIO
Environmental criteria should be included into the design process of buildings in order to make a more
eicient use of resources and to reduce the environmental burdens. About ¾ of all fataliies in earthquakes
are due to building collapse;
Increased urban densiicaion, rapidly expanding informal setlements leads to poorly designed and
constructed buildings;
Earthquakes have major damage on the poorest populaions;
Current technology and skills are able to dramaically reduce the number of fataliies and reduce the
damage on the built environment;
The aitude towards the prevenion of natural hazards should be proacive rather then reacive;
A stronger and more resilient built environment will enable to avoid the repeiion of the catastrophic
impacts of cyclic events leading to a more sustainable built environment.
Structural and Sustainability Design: Eco-Structural design
Ability of the structure to sustain funcionality ater disastrous impacts and imely return to normalcy
Rapid recovery of the building funcionality ater a catastrophic event (e.g. criical faciliies and uility
lifelines) is crucial for the minimizaion of damages.
LIFE CYCLE THINKING: For new construcion (buildings or porions of buildings), conduct a life-cycle
assessment of the project’s structure and enclosure that demonstrates a minimum of 10% reducion,
compared with a baseline building. (…) No impact category assessed as part of the life-cycle assessment
may increase by more than 5% compared with the baseline building.
Seismic events oten result in many fataliies and major damage on the economy and on the environment.
The robustness and resilience of structures is fundamental to enable a quicker recovering of society
aciviies and thus minimizing the corresponding impacts.
Further research is needed so that innovaive materials and structures will be developed, enabling to save
more lives but simultaneously leading to lower environmental impacts.
Moreover, in order to ensure that future generaions will be able to saisfy their own needs, the improved
design of building should take due account of the environmental impacts caused by its construcion, use
and demoliion
INVITED LECTURES
ROBERTA APOSTOLSKA
The Naional Status Quo Analysis (February, 2013) showed that around 70% of exising buildings in
Macedonia are more than 25 years old with the high average speciic energy consumpion. The lack of
Naional Regulaions on energy performance of buildings in Macedonia has been an obstacle for the
improvement of energy & eco-eiciency of buildings for many years, together with educaion for
ceriicaion of energy controllers.
The “First Energy Eiciency Acion Plan of the Republic of Macedonia by 2018” was developed pursuant to
the Direcive 2006/32/EC. These energy savings in residenial sector by 2020 is expected to be achieved
through enforcement of building energy codes (for new) and energy eicient retroit of the exising
buildings.
It can be concluded that in the Republic of Macedonia there is a long tradiion and posiive experience in
the ield of seismic design of new and strengthening of the exising buildings up to deined by code levels of
seismic protecion. However, this pracice generally targets only one of the basic work requirements deined
in CPD/CPR i.e. mechanical resistance and stability.
Staring from 2013, when the irst naional regulaion for energy performance of the building was issued,
there are some posiive iniiaives/examples at naional and local scale. One of the unique case study who
ofers innovaive technology for providing both, earthquake resistance and energy eiciency of the exising
buildings, is System RÖFIX. However, it should be pointed out that this is not naional brand and IZIIS served
only as an experimental logisic for veriicaion of this integrated method.
Contribuions to Roadmap
Appropriate insituional support (in the whole phase of renovaion: preparaion of technical
documentaion, obtaining the construcion permits, construcion etc.)
Transfer of knowledge and best pracices from the economies/regions who already set the roadmap
Networking of projects (inished/on-going) involving topics as eco-eiciency, smart renovaion, low-carbon
construcion, sustainability etc. in order to proit from their gathered knowledge
Open Issues
Facilitaion of research in the ield of integrated renovaion of exising buildings (experimental veriicaion of
the proposed innovaive methodologies/techniques/materials)
Mulidisciplinary educaion of the engineers who should deal with this integrated approaches – updaing of
high schools curricula and training
Increasing public awareness concerning energy issues and necessity to live in eco-eicient buildings
Financial, insituional and regulatory barriers
ALESSANDRA MARINI
Almost half of European Building stock; degraded suburbs; anonymous architectural features; low energy
eiciency; living discomfort; poor structural performance; material decay and seismic vulnerability.
Is sustainability ensured? Energy Upgrade Only ( Not Sustainable); Structural Strengthening Only (Not
Sustainable); need for invesing on integrated retroit. Proposed Integrated approach: structural double
skin.
Design should guarantee: easy maintenance, reparability ater an earthquake; maximum lexibility and
adaptability over ime; fully demountable structures; easy integraion of other components. Dry soluions,
standardized connecions, eco-compaible materials and recyclable devices should be preferably adopted.
Muli Criteria Performance Based Design: relevant performance design targets for the given building and
the speciic Seismic Hazard Level should be adopted.
Co-beneits of a Holisic Approach (structural double-skin, from outside): possible construcion of upper
storeys; protecion of human life; resilience; long term protecion of the investment; reduced life cycle
costs; reduced impact on the environment associated to seismic risk; elongaing service life; adapive
structure; maintenance.
Contribuions to Roadmap
Environmental sustainability is only achieved if safety is guaranteed.
Intervenion carried out from the outside: improve feasibility, limit the impairment and cost.
Design abaci could be developed under the Muli Criteria Performance-Based-Design.
Co-beneits such as the lengthening of the building service life, seismic resilience, long term protecion of
the investment, construcion of upper storeys, reduced life cycle costs and minimizaion of the
environmental impact over the building life cycle may be atained.
Environmental impact associated to seismic risk can be high. The relevance of such a remark is emphasized
when considering the district and city level, where the vulnerability of enire districts may jeopardize the
efeciveness of extensive energy saving measures.
Open Issues
The role of loor diaphragm acion during seismic excitaion is criical. Are the exising loors able to perform
like in-plane diaphragms?
Disregarding building structural vulnerability may result in erroneous expectaions on the actual efect of
extensive energy saving measures. Should the current way to assign naional subsides for energy
refurbishment be changed?
ELVIRA ROMANO
Durability assessment considering quanitaive approaches based on service life concept.
The challenge of sustainability of structures is to maximize the mechanical, durability, economic and
environmental performance of a structure, during the whole life-cycle, reducing, at the same ime, the
adverse impacts played on planet, people and economy.
Integrated Approach:
-
Muli Performance: Enhanced safety and reliability; Reduced environmental impacts; Opimized
life-cycle costs
Life-Cycle Oriented: The basic requirements shall be achieved during the whole life-cycle of the
construcion
Quanitaive Methodologies: Performance requirements shall be veriied according to quanitaive
methodologies
Deep renovaion of exising buildings is a European high-priority issue to achieve in order to make ciies
safer and sustainable
Focusing on the Italian context, pre-1970 reinforced concrete residenial building show an inadequate
structural response paricularly in relaion to seismic loads, thus retroit intervenions are urgently needed.
An integrated approach is recommended, so a potenial integrated life-cycle muli-performance based
design and/or assessment methodology has been briely discussed.
A case study which refers to a non-seismic resistant structure in Naples has been analyzed and two seismic
retroit intervenions have been considered: a reinforced concrete jackeing and a base isolaion soluion.
ANTONIO SALZANO
An example of intervenion using Steel Shear Panels and new sandwich thermically eicient curtain walls is
shown.
PAOLO RIVA REVIEW AND SELECTED PAPERS
Research Objecives at Community Level : Lower impact on the environment; Reduced energy
consumpions, raw material extracion, and waste producion; Safe environment.
Safety: 40% of the exising buildings exhausted their Structural Service Life
Vision: Energy retroit, high energy eiciency, reduced CO2 emissions, (European targets), + structural
safety.
Challenge: to achieve some results, building owners must share this vision and must be convinced that an
immediate and widespread intervenion is needed.
Research Objecives at Individual Level : living comfort (architectural and urban retroit); safety feeling
(structural and seismic retroit); money saving (energy and structural retroit).
Demoliion and Reconstrucion as well as Energy Retroit alone: not compaible with community and
individual objecives.
Integrated structural and energeic double-skin soluions: compaible with both community and individual
objecives.
BARRIERS: To achieve some results, building owners and public investors must be convinced that an
immediate and widespread intervenion is needed.
BELLERI AND MARINI
It is possible to follow a probabilisic framework to assess the environmental impact associated to seismic
damage. The evaluaion has been carried out in terms of expected losses (carbon footprint, energy
savings…). The embodied carbon associated to repair measures required ater an earthquake could be as
high as the operaional carbon.
Contribuions to Roadmap
The structural vulnerability of exising buildings, resuling in major damage or even collapse during a seismic
event, afects the energy savings obtained with energy retroit intervenions, beside being a safety hazard.
Depending on the site seismicity, the target of nearly-zero-energy buildings can only be achieved if the
appropriate energy eiciency intervenions are carried out on structurally safe construcions.
Remarks on single buildings are even more criical when expanded at district and city level, where the
vulnerability of enire districts may jeopardise the efeciveness of extensive energy saving measures.
Open Issues
The inluence of seismic risk is not actually included in the evaluaion of environmental impact of exising
buildings. How could the seismic risk be included in life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC)
procedures?
Disregarding seismic risk may result in erroneous expectaions on the actual efect of extensive energy
saving measures. Should the current way to assign naional subsides for energy refurbishment be changed?
BOZDAĞ AND SȨER
Seismic Resilience and the main issues concerning its evaluaion should be considered in the design
process, earthquake performance of the buildings should be deined based on economic losses and
casualies. For this purpose, loss funcions should be ideniied.
Structural designs that provide minimizing the disrupion and cost of repairs following major earthquakes
are required. Hence, damage control in the design rather than life loss prevenion should be considered.
This way, economic impacts due to earthquake damages can be reduced to an acceptable level.
Limit state cost funcions is airmed as an important part of the life cycle cost. The term limit state cost
funcions consists of potenial damage cost from earthquakes which may occur during the lifespan of the
building. The limit state dependent cost funcions mainly consists of damage cost, loss of contents,
relocaion cost, economic loss, which is the sum of rental and income loss, cost of injury, and cost of human
fatality, and other direct or indirect economic losses.
Contribuions to Roadmap
Earthquake performance of the buildings should be determined based on economic losses and casualies.
For this purpose, loss funcions should be ideniied. Ater seismic events, it is needed to establish recovery
ime, recovery funcions, and desired level of funcionality depending on type of structure.
A methodology is outlined for determining earthquake damage cost of a steel building during the planning
phase accouning for performance based design procedures. The outcomes of the analyses are easy to be
understood, when the reliability and performance of a building is indicated in economic terms.
Open Issues
Main parts of the resilience concept should be established clearly for quaniicaion. Connecions between
community, building and ciies should be discussed.
The value and efeciveness of the methodology should be judged in the context of how eiciently it
manages direct losses and improve seismic resilience. Likewise, cost components other than the earthquake
damage cost should be evaluated and their efects on total life cycle cost should be reported
BLOK AND TEUFFEL
Rehabilitaion of Masonry Buildings in the Netherland (Groningen), where fracking is becoming a concern,
is nowadays required.
As a result, seismic upgrading of buildings through isolaion using triple sliding fricion pendulum bearing
system and improvement in term of energy upgrading by means of thermal isolaion of the ground loor is
proposed.
Contribuions to Roadmap
Further development of the proposed seismic isolaion method for the exising masonry houses in
Groningen/NL clearly contributes to the main goals and the proposed roadmap for the resilient
transformaion of the exising building stock. It involves and considers occupants safety in this area with
increased seismic hazard, it provides soluions honoring architectural/heritage value. Further development
is needed, but by combining the seismic retroit with thermal insulaion, the retroit approach clearly has an
economic raionale. It thus contributes to improving overall energy and funcional (comfort) performance.
Open Issues
The economic feasibility of the proposed methodology would involve test designs on exising buildings
including construcion detailing, and solving the logisics of the construcion process, and thus opimizing
the involved cost aspects. Esimaion of the changed thermal energy behavior by the insulated ground loor
can provide more insight in the advantages of this approach in terms of inancial and sustainability energy
gains.
The social cultural advantages or disadvantages of upgrading the exising buildings over demoliion need
careful consideraion, including discussion amongst involved paries on how aspects should be weighted.
The comparison of upgrading versus demoliion of the buildings (and creaing new urban of rural housing) is
an area in which stakeholders may have dferent opinions depending on their interests and point of view.
ZAO AND MU
A new type of energy eicient structural system applying muli-layer sandwich wall panel having both
structural and insulaing funcion is described.
The panel is composed of ive layers, while both outer layers serve as formwork during the construcion and
as support for the external inishing. The center core is made of a precast foam concrete slab which
signiicantly reduces energy loss. The remaining part of the wall panel is cast in place using ine aggregate
concrete, wire mesh and restrained at the panel ends by small reinforced columns.
According to the experimental results and theoreical analyses, the muli-layer sandwich wall panel has
quite good ducility and may be used in earthquake prone areas.
CRISTIAN
Is Europe prepared to solve the seismic risk problem? How far are we from reaching Japan or Chile’s
resilience? These are two quesions with possible soluions not only from Brussels poliicians, but also from
scieniic communiies.
The developer, the structural engineer, the construcion company and the oicial from the city hall, who
make the veriicaions, have to be life responsible for the quality of their product.
Diference between GSHAP and SHARE (2014) map are shown. It is observed that SHARE map is referenced
to rock soil, whereas actual hazard may be sensibly diferent. This might be misleading. The proposal to use
the results from SHARE research project in the future hazard maps of EUROCODE 8 without any veriicaion,
discussion at naional level is maybe the easy way to show to the European Commission the use of the
output.
Contribuions to Roadmap
The legal frame for quality control and responsibiliies systems in the ield of construcion must be
improved. Investments in dynamic soil invesigaions (ield and laboratory tesing) are needed. Dedicated
programs for earthquake disaster miigaion in Europe are needed.
Open Issues
If no acions will be taken by all partners (policy makers, European Council, scienist) the proposed
alternaive might be found in rural huts. The construcion is resilient to earthquakes and eco eicient. It is
not used anymore in Romania but it can be alternaive...
SAFESUST Workshop
A roadmap for the improvement of earthquake resistance
and eco-eiciency of exising buildings and ciies
Energy Session November 26th, 11:30
Keynote lecture: Alexandra Troi
Transforming of exising buildings balancing energy, comfort and heritage value
Jesús García Domínguez – ACCIONA Infraestructuras S.A.
BREakthrough Soluions for Adaptable Envelopes in building Refurbishments+
Stefano Prosseda – TIS innovaion park
Lime plastering systems for energy-eicient and seismic retroiing
Francesca Guidolin – Università Iuav di Venezia
Taxonomy of the redevelopment methods for non-listed architecture:
from façade refurbishment to the “exoskeleton system”
Valenina Puglisi – Politecnico di Milano
A new model to evaluate the performance of the building envelope
Session Rapporteur Roberto Lollini : Conclusions and inal remarks
REPORT edited by Roberto Lollini
Thanks to the contribuions by Energy session paricipants
9.12.2015
Eurac, 9.12.2015
1
Context about energy and buildings
The high housing demand, low cost of energy and insuicient atenion to sustainability and resilience,
brought to poor architecture and engineering soluions for building. Energy consumpion in building
sector became important ater the energy crisis in the 70s. The running passive house standard includes
among the several requirements that Primary Energy Demand, the total energy to be used for all
domesic applicaions (heaing, hot water and domesic electricity), must not exceed 120 kWh per
square meter of treated loor area per year. In the meanwhile EU issued a direcive on energy
performance in buildings: 2002/91, re-casted as 2010/31, and currently under another revision process.
The re-cast version 2010/31 introduced the concept of nearly zero energy, moving building from energy
consumer to energy producer thanks to RES exploitaion on the building itself or in the nearby.
Lately scieniic world have just started to face energy lexibility of building (e.g. htp://www.ieaebc.org/projects/ongoing-projects/ebc-annex-67/), that is the capacity of a building to react to dynamic
loads interacing at best with the energy grids to keep comfort and low energy consumpion when in a
changing context.
Nevertheless, it is sill missing a strong top-down support on building resilience, evaluaing possible
synergies among diferent physics and requaliicaion technologies, as well as exploiing potenial cobeneits to opimize the building stock renovaion costs.
Staring from such a context for contribuing to enforce a strategy for the improvement of earthquake
resistance and eco-eiciency, in the energy session arose three main topics:
1. Development of muli-funcional technology approach
2. Deiniion of integrated process
3. Ideniicaion of a speciic economic raionale
In the following the main outcomes of the session, also considering the inal round table and energy
related discussion in other sessions, organized in the three above menioned topics.
Muli-funcional technologies
•
Use already available technologies for energy eiciency and seismic adjustment, solving issues
related to the physics coupling with a comprehensive renovaion approach.
•
New features to be considered in envelope energy retroiing soluions: adjustable, adaptable,
acive easy to install, easy to maintain, standard anchoring. Standard but also customizable:
each innovaion product may consider also the process innovaion, in order to allow the
maximum of the spread.
•
New skills needed for stakeholders (designers, manufacturers, general contractors, installers):
system integraion.
•
Novel “SafeSust” soluions need (i) taxonomy/semanic/metrics, (ii) assessment framework,
considering efects at building and urban scale
•
“SafeSust” soluions need Inclusive technology development driven by integrated performances
•
It would be necessary an extensive evaluaion of status of exising infrastructures: building and
district, as well as a parametric analysis of urban features, to understand if energy eiciency is
safely sustainable.
•
“SafeSust” soluions need smart Building Energy Management System to monitor/handle/hide
complexity
Eurac, 9.12.2015
2
e.g.: “exo-skeleton system” allows to improve: (i) safety (ii) energy eiciency (iii) architecture (in general
it can imply a global perspecive of diferent technology elements, energy systems, structural
improvement, inclusive design tools.)
Processes/methods
•
It is needed audiing/monitoring protocol to be applied before and ater renovaion.
•
“SafeSust” soluions efeciveness depends on the boundary condiions. General approach and
parametric model of building and “SafeSust” soluion would be used for driven innovaion, while
dedicated audiing would provide the base to ix design and implementaion issues of speciic
renovaion acion.
•
Renovaion design and implementaion ime must be reduced. The main answer to that
challenge seems to be the standardizaion and industrializaion of the renovaion process.
•
Social/human factor it very important: stakeholders must be moivated towards the renovaion
challenge. The study of an appropriate communicaive strategies and processes (a
communicaion tool?) can facilitate the transmission of the beneits of this issues.
•
“SafeSust” soluions need inclusive and paricipaive renovaion process to solve “conlict” at the
early design stages (soluion concept development)
•
“SafeSust” soluions need two sides approach:
Top-down: regulaion to ensure safety
Botom-up: convince investors and users
Economic raionale
•
Energy saving can “inance” structural improvement.
•
Business model in life cycle prospecive:
need of reliable quanitaive numbers for decision makers
(single owner or policy maker)
need of system integrator as advisory in the “SafeSust” renovaion process? (that is an
usual approach in façade development)
“SafeSust” approach means long term protecion of investment
“SafeSust” soluions LCC must include embodied costs (costs of possible recovery ater
an earthquake)
•
A comprehensive LCC must be able to consider the economic value of renovaion "side efects”
in the whole building ime frame.
•
“SafeSust” soluions need to make explicit the risks of innovaive approach/soluions in the value
chain and new sharing/distribuion of responsibiliies
•
“SafeSust” soluions need speciic market analysis: stakeholders (clients, skilled advisors, …),
data and informaion lows
For a pracical and quanitaive analysis, as well as support of the renovaion design, implementaion and
maintenance it is important to ix a set of Key Performance Indicators and performance benchmarks.
Key Performance Indicators
Eurac, 9.12.2015
3
Comprehensive approach need speciic KPIs. For building facade, the main building component
connected to both energy eiciency and safety, the standard reference is EN 13380.
Requirements
categories under EU
Regulation 305/2011
Requirements implementation for
curtain wall CE marking under EN13830
Mechanical resistance
and stability
Resistance to wind load, Resistance
against impact, Thermal shock resistance,
Resistance to live horizontal loads
Safety in case of fire
Reaction to fire, Fire resistance and Fire
propagation
Safety
Safety and accessibility in Seismic resistance: performance before
use
and after the event
Hygiene, health and the
environment
Water tightness, Water vapour permeability,
Air permeability
Protection against noise
Airborne sound insulation
Sustainability
Healthy
Energy economy and heat Thermal transmittance, Air permeability
retention
Efficiency
Sustainable use of natural Durability
resources
Resilience, social impact (accessibility and inclusive design) and heritage value are example of themaic
which would need indicators to be added to the ones already in EN 13380 (e.g. the housing program
“Piano Casa” in Veneto region allows to increment the building volume of 20% for renovaion acion
aimed at the building accessibility improvement, which is more than what allowed with energy eiciency
retroiing).
Finally in the following speciic inputs for the roadmap and open points that could be the basis for a
possible research strategic agenda.
Contribuion to the roadmap
Turn the building envelope into an acive element rather than a passive, meeing more funcions
than just the separaion of the outer space from the interior with insulaion. On the other hand,
it is conceived to accommodate further modiicaions enabling also to adapt to a dynamic
environment and to building occupant’s requirements during its lifeime.
Construcion materials for combined structural and thermal performances to promote a growth
in seismic and energy-eicient renovaion, due to simpliied and potenially more cost-efecive
renovaion works.
Method based on small and rapid R&D opimizaion steps can acivate moivated SMEs to invest
in quick adaptaion and opimizaion of their actual products. This will reduce ime-to-market
cycles and involve SMEs (and not just large enterprises) in more efecive market-driven research
aciviies. Methods for acivaion and increase of SMEs research aciviies, such as “Under
Eurac, 9.12.2015
4
construcion” which supported this work, are an efecive mean of driving a realisic market and
technical change.
A new strategy for EU building stock renovaion could be called “integrated requaliicaion”,
allowing to perform comprehensive acion on exising building. The introducion of “integrated
requaliicaion” would allow the development of soluion-sets including energy and structural
adjustments, as well as funcional and architectonic upgrades, to allow a beter accessibility and
usability of the building. The comprehensive acion can also improve the costs-beneits raio
increasing the building value on the market.
It is important to provide strategies for requaliicaion not only in terms of technical soluions
but also facing urban and social issues.
Technological systems such as the “exo-skeleton” that allows energy requaliicaion avoiding the
interrupion of fruiion and aciviies and so avoiding construcion site extra cost should be
further promote.
Communicaion strategies for paricipatory energy eiciency projects management.
“Exo-skeleton system”1 is a declinaion of socio-technical device for envelopes, since it is not only
a technical artefact for the physical regeneraion, but also a social device, capable of triggering
integrated and sustainable mechanisms, also in terms of user management.
Building cluster (large scale) approach to achieve energy balance targets (need informaion,
social and personal moivaion), but ensuring “good building physics” and IEQ
Open points
Sizing of the structural elements that must support the external claddings to the exising
envelope and resist the diferent loads, and must provide an alignment of the diferent claddings
ensuring a good aestheics from the architectural point of view.
Design, implementaion and maintenance of envelope with added funcions, such as energy
producion, with the Integraion of the PV modules or solar collector, or air exchange with
distributed venilaion machines.
Simultaneous improvement of mechanical and thermal properies is known to be diicult,
because both properies are afected by the same material characterisics. The quesion need
coupled physics modelling approach.
Need of communicaion strategies for paricipatory site management.
Need of reliable business models (performances, costs, stakeholders) with clear risks assessment
and responsibiliies.
Raing and labelling systems: do we need them?
Strategy for development of benchmark coming from actual measurement.
Role of facility management and coninuous commissioning approach to promote “SafeSust”
renovaion
1 For the deiniion “exoskeleton system” F.Guidolin, “Taxonomy of the redevelopment methods for nonlisted architecture: from façade refurbishment to the “exoskeleton system” ”.
Eurac, 9.12.2015
5
LCA must be increasingly used to take decisions related to seismic and energy retroiing
operaions: how to make it more accessible to SMEs and with reduced analysis ime efort?
Cost-efeciveness of energy/structural renovaion (e.g. can energy saving pay for seismic
adjustment?)
How to manage muli-disciplinary approach?
How to improve also comfort and indoor environmental quality, while performing seismic and
energy renovaion, in order to get more customer acceptance for the related investments?
A combined seismic and energy retroiing requires complex construcion processes: how to
improve the robustness, performance and delivery ime of construcion works? How to improve
the basic process knowledge to properly install renovaion systems?
Is there room to convince private investors to perform “SafeSust” renovaion or is it possible only
with public subsidies?
Have all possible communicaion tools already explored in order to facilitate the requaliicaion
decisions and management?
EU policy promotes sustainable, secure and afordable energy for Europeans buildings and ciies.
“SafeSust” can be the right approach to face such mulidisciplinary challenges.
Eurac, 9.12.2015
6
EC ISPRA WORKSHP SUMMARY AND
SUSTAINABILITY DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Koji Sakai
The Japan Sustainability Institute, JAPAN
INTRODUCTION
The global population now exceeds seven billion. This means that during the past 250 years
or so, it has increased tenfold that of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century, which
is believed to have been 700 million. Eighty percent of the global population live in
developing regions, which means that the consumption of resources and energy will increase
enormously in the future. Resources and energy are one of the most fundamental elements for
the daily life of humankind. In recent years, it has been recognized that increasing fossil
energy consumption could even change the global climate. It is anticipated that global
warming will cause extremely serious problems in the future, in fact, climate change driven
by global warming has already increased the intensity and frequency of weather action such
as typhoons/hurricanes and torrential rainfall, causing enormous damage (IPCC: The
frequency or intensity of heavy precipitation events has likely increased in North America
and Europe).
On the other hand, developed countries, such as EU states and Japan, have accumulated a
huge amount of infrastructure and building over a long time. It means that these structures
have to be properly maintained by taking cost, natural resources consumption, and more
severe loading and environment into consideration. In other words, it is very important how
to incorporate “sustainability” concept into construction industry.
Under such a circumstance, the EC Joint Research Centre organized SAFESUS Workshop to
discuss “a roadmap for improvement of earthquake resistance and eco-efficiency of existing
buildings and cities” In Ispra during November 26-27, 2015. This report summarizes in
particular the material session of the workshop. The author proposed a sustainability design
of a structure from the cross-disciplinary viewpoint as the materials session rapporteur. It is
also described in this summary for the future of construction industry.
SUMMARY ON MATERIALS SESSION PRESENTATIONS IN SAFESUST
The main materials for the construction of a structure include concrete, steel, and wood. Each
material has its advantage and disadvantage in use circumstances. Concrete is the most used
material in the Earth. This comes from the fact that its constituents are abundant. The weakest
part of concrete is cracking due to various reasons. Therefore, one of the most important
aspects is the control of cracking. In addition, recycling of concrete is also a significant issue
to be solved. Recently, sustainability assessment is becoming more and more important.
Especially, the assessment for structural retrofit is hardly conducted. We need to established a
comprehensive criteria on whether or not a structure has to be used further. Steel structures
have been constructed depending on the cost and construction term. There is still a
competition between concrete and steel for a structure. Wood structure is very popular
especially in one- or two-story houses. Recently, however, much effort is being made to use
wood for multi-story buildings with laminated lumber.
Nemkumar Banthia gave a keynote lecture entitled “Smart city dream through engineered
high performance materials. His topics were the effect of global climate change on concrete,
ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) and its applications, and
structural health monitoring. The increase of CO 2 concentration and temperature will
accelerate the carbonation of concrete. UHPFRC is effective against CO 2, but normally its
production emits a lot of CO2. It seems that without considering sustainability aspects
comprehensively, its application will not make generalization. In addition, we may have to
consider the reason why the fibre-reinforced concrete has not become widely used. The
structural health monitoring is important from the difficulty in the renewal of deteriorated
concrete structures due to the financial problem of owners. The sustainability assessment may
help to take a proper judgement on how to deal with such structures.
Takafumi Noguchi discussed the sustainable recycling of concrete with environmental impact
minimization. Firstly, he outlined the history of quality requirements for recycled concrete
aggregate in Japan and introduced the framework of “guideline for mix design, production
and construction practice of concrete with recycled concrete aggregate” by the Architectural
Institute of Japan in 2014. Secondly, he showed some concrete recycling technologies
developed by his research group, including cement recovery-type CRC (Completely
recyclable concrete) and aggregate recovery-type CRC. The former is concrete in which
materials are entirely usable after hardening as materials of cement. The latter is concrete in
which the aggregate surfaces are modified without excessively reducing the mechanical
properties of the concrete. The combination of heating by microwave radiation and crushing
produces more good recycled aggregates than usual technologies. CO2 emission is also
smaller. The application of recycled aggregates has not been generalized due to the quality of
aggregates and also its cost. A proper system for using recycled aggregates is also needed.
Petr Hajek discussed sustainable concrete structures which contribute to the development of a
sustainable built environment. Especially, he focussed on the advantages of concrete
structures on the advantages of concrete structures from the viewpoints of sustainability like
1) thermal mass, 2) acoustic properties, 3) fire resistance, 4) long-term durability, 5) use of
by-products, and 6) structural safety. The thermal mass can contribute to energy savings for
cooling and heating. Other advantages are well-known. These advantages are classified into
economic, environmental and social aspects, which are the three pillars of sustainability. He
emphasized two principle sustainability goals, including the reduction of non-renewable raw
material consumption and the increase of performance quality. In addition, LCA to assess the
sustainable performance of concrete and concrete structures is needed. ISO and CEN are
developing usable standards for that. It seems that the importance of LCA is recognized
gradually. However, to accelerate such movements, the owners and users of structures need to
require sustainability at the beginning of the projects.
Constantino Menna described the LCA-based sustainability assessment approach applied to
structural retrofit of building, in which the environmental impacts of different roof
replacement options and structural strengthening on masonry walls were assessed. The roof
replacement options are RC, steel, and PC flat roof. The minimum CO 2 and primary
resources are RC flat roof. The environmental impacts by the shear strengthening of brick
wall with local replacement of damaged masonry, mortar injection, steel chain installation,
and glass reinforced mortar were also assessed. The impact categories considered are global
warming, ozone depletion, eutrophication, acidification, photochemical oxidation, and
nonrenewal energy. It seemed that glass reinforced mortar was a good selection as the whole.
This work is very valuable in showing the best option of environmental impacts. However,
the cost and other aspects should also be investigated. Thus, the sustainability assessment of
existing buildings is complicated.
Liberato Ferrara introduced the five-year research results on self-healing cement based
construction materials to add a new value for sustainable concrete. The project focuses on
both experimental characterization and numerical predictive modelling of the self-healing
capacity of a broad category of cementitious composites, ranging from normal strength
concrete to high performance cementitious composites reinforced with different kinds of steel
and natural fibres. The self-healing has two mechanisms: “autogenic” and “engineered.” The
self-healing engineered techniques include tailored admixtures, embedded functional
elements, and other. It seems that all have some self-healing capacity. The numerical
modelling of self-healing may be possible. However, more work will be necessary to ensure
whether or not we can incorporate it into concrete in actuality.
It can be concluded that the keynote and selected presentations provide significant aspects in
which there is a common recognition that we need to change the existing concrete
technologies and systems.
A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY
Considering the difference of the socioeconomic situation in each country, adopting the new
idea of a double standard is unavoidable in order to achieve global sustainability. For
developed countries, a drastic reduction of energy/resource consumption should be made
obligatory, and for developing countries, the introduction of cutting-edge
technologies/systems should be established as a principle, while allowing them to increase
their energy/resource consumption. Ideally, the reduced amount of energy/resource
consumption by developed countries should exceed the increased amount of energy/resource
consumption by developing countries.
Despite some fluctuation resulting from the economic situation or price of crude oil, their
overall energy/resource consumption in developed countries has more or less reached a
ceiling and there is no way that it will show a rise like that of developing countries in the
future. Developed countries will therefore need to focus on steering towards policies which
dramatically enhance energy and resource efficiency. Further, they should promote
technology transfer to developing countries, provided however that such transfer is based on
the obligation to pay an appropriate remuneration on the part of developing countries. In fact,
it is only natural that developing countries should also bear a reasonable cost as it is for their
own survival. A Sustainable Earth will not be realized unless we make these principles clear,
thereby promoting the renovation of individual industries.
SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
In contemporary society, elements that create convenience and amenity can be broadly
divided into three categories. These are electrical appliances, automobiles and infrastructure
and buildings. For electrical appliances, there is a dizzying pace of advance in energy-saving
3
technology such as LED lighting and LCD televisions. In the automotive sector too, the use
of hybrid cars is spreading rapidly, and it is highly likely that hydrogen vehicles will also
come into general use in the future.
Infrastructure and buildings, meanwhile, play a very important role as elements of the
socioeconomic foundation. However, development of infrastructure and buildings has a
positive side in terms of promoting socioeconomic activity, but also a negative side in terms
of the associated increase in environmental load. As part of economic activity, there is a
natural limit to material consumption once demand has reached a mature level. In contrast,
the increase in human movement is causing an increase in the resources and energy used for
transport. In recent times, there has been a marked improvement in the fuel efficiency of
aircraft.
Against this background, what progress has been made regarding resource and energy
consumption in the construction and utilization of infrastructure and buildings? In the
construction of infrastructure and buildings, concrete, steel and wood are used as the main
materials. Wood is used primarily for the structural members of low-rise residential buildings
and for the non-structural members of steel-reinforced concrete and steel structures, and will
therefore not concern us any further in this discussion. We often hear calls for the use of
wood to be increased, but in terms of its performance, resource reproducibility, and its role as
a CO2 sink, it can in no way substitute for concrete and steel. The proportion of urban
dwellers in the populations of Europe, North America and other developed regions is around
75%. The corresponding figure for Asia is currently below 50%, but is expected to reach the
level of developed countries in the future. This is another viewpoint suggesting that the use of
wood as an architectural material will decrease.
Worldwide production of raw steel rose from 1.06 billion tons in 2004 to 1.65 billion tons in
2013, an increase of more than 50% in ten years. The proportion of raw steel production used
by the construction industry in Japan is thought to be around 30 to 40%. If the same applies
worldwide, then raw steel production volume for construction purposes would be around 500
to 660 million tons in 2013. Meanwhile, worldwide cement production doubled from 2.11
billion tons in 2004 to 4.0 billion tons in 2013. Of these 4.0 billion tons, China accounts for
58.6%, India 7%, Japan 1.5%, and other Asian countries 12.2%. This means that Asia
actually produces 80% of the world’s cement and accounts for approximately 60% of the
world’s population, while Africa accounts for only 15%.
Based on these basic data, the issue of sustainability in the concrete and construction sector is
discussed below. Given the state of infrastructural and architectural development in Asia, a
direct reduction in cement production would be difficult to achieve in the near future.
Therefore, it is necessary to reduce environmental load by using current technology as
efficiently as possible. Below are listed some potential methods for achieving this.
(1) Lower CO2 emissions levels in cement production to the level of Japan and other
developed countries.
(2) Optimize the use of fly ash and blast furnace slag as replacements for cement.
(3) Use a high-performance water-reducing agent to reduce the amount of cement used.
(4) Reduce the energy consumption required through improvement of construction
efficiency.
(5) Introduce high-performance concrete with high strength and durability to boost the
strength of structural members, thereby reducing their size.
(6) Introduce technology to minimize energy consumption during the use of a building.
(7) Introduce ultra-high strength concrete to promote more advanced structural styles.
(8) Use CO2-absorbing concrete.
(9) Implement optimal maintenance.
For quantitative evaluation of the effect of these measures, objective rules are needed, for
which the ISO13315 series of standards are useful. The comprehensive evaluation systems
LEED and CASBEE are also effective, but they have disadvantages in that their evaluation
items vary widely, so that individual effects are not readily apparent, and the priority of
environmental load reduction is not made clear.
Much of the environmental burden reduction in the items above relates to reduction of
resource and energy consumption, but sustainability seeks the optimal balance between
environmental, social and economic needs. In terms of the social aspect, it should include the
impact generated in the case that safety and use of structures are jeopardized. So, where
safety is concerned, the extent of assured safety margin is important, while as for use,
limitations on the use of structures due to their deterioration could lead to major social loss.
In this way, taking account of sustainability in the construction involves the actual design
system itself. This has to be considered separately from the sustainability of the construction
sector. In other words, sustainability in of the construction sector is essential to the
sustainability of society. These interdependent relationships are crucially important, and if
they do not function appropriately, society will collapse.
In the construction of a structure, the relationships between safety, the environment and cost
are complex. If the safety margin is minimized, environmental burden and cost can generally
be reduced. However, when we consider the uncertain nature of external actions and the
materials and structures selected which determine safety, it is desirable to allow the greatest
margin possible. Whether the additional environmental burden and cost associated with such
increased safety margin is acceptable, depends on the judgment of the stakeholders involved.
But ideally, it would be best if we could increase the safety margin while reducing the
environmental burden and cost. This is not an easy path to follow, but through technological
innovation, it should be the ultimate goal of the construction sector. A major task going
forward will be to establish sustainability design that allows us to holistically deal with these
issues.
In order to take account of sustainability in the design of concrete structures, it should be
possible to set sustainability as a performance requirement in design standards. The first such
standards to be introduced were embodied in the fib Model Code 2010 issued in 2013. This
code includes safety, serviceability and sustainability as performance requirements. Under
sustainability, CO2 and a wide range of other environmental impact items are considered
alongside social impacts such as landscape.
In 2014, the American Concrete Institute (ACI) allowed the setting of sustainability as a
performance requirement in its Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete,
provided however, it was limited to technology professionals qualified in the field of
sustainability who could set such performance requirements. In this way, sustainability has
become integrated in the standards of world-leading academic societies. From now on, these
are likely to become the norm in the design of concrete structures.
5
SUSTAINABILITY DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE
The sustainability design of a structure is a system that considers the social aspects of safety
and serviceability, the economic aspect of cost, and the environmental aspects of resources
and energy, in a comprehensive fashion. To this end, it is necessary to place the sustainability
of all humanity, regions and the globe as of the utmost importance, and to make the
evaluation index appropriately selectable in order to judge the balance between society, the
economy and the environment.
The construction costs and environmental burden of a structure can only be determined once
the structural style, the materials, and the construction methods have been decided. The
design procedure should therefore start by identifying the external forces and making a
provisional selection regarding the materials and structural style to be used.
Outlined below is the procedure for sustainability design. For the sake of simplicity, the
parameters have been restricted to the social aspect of safety, the economic aspect of cost,
and the environmental aspect of energy and resource consumption and CO 2 pollution. Other
items are basically the same, or can be regarded as additional study items. A composite aspect
can also be set by combining all these aspects.
(1) Collect and organize basic information for construction project implementation
・Social aspect
・Economic aspect
・Environmental aspect
・Composite aspect (increase in energy/resource consumption and cost relative to safety
enhancement; CO2 emissions relative to concrete strength)
(2) Set performance requirements concerning society, economy and environment from the
above information (1) based on comprehensive assessment. Example settings are shown
as follows;
・Social aspect: Set assumed load regarding safety and serviceability performance.
(Durability performance is a precondition for safety and serviceability performance)
・Economic aspect: Set standard cost regarding economic performance, but the final
decision should be made with reference to safety and environmental benefit.
・Environmental aspect: Set reduction targets for energy/resource consumption and CO2
emissions regarding environmental performance, but the final decision should be
made with reference to safety and cost and based on lifecycle performance. In terms
of environmental impact, not only the burden, but also the improving effect should be
considered appropriately.
・Composite evaluation: Set the numerical targets for the adopted evaluation index.
(3) Select structural style, cross-sectional dimensions of members and reinforcement,
materials, concrete mix, and construction methods, based on the above performances
requirements (2).
(4) Implement verification of safety and serviceability, and examine effect of safety margin
γi, based on the above (3). As γi is involved in comprehensive evaluation of
sustainability, it is called the ‘sustainability coefficient’.
(5) Calculate economic performance and environmental performances within the range of γi
to be considered, and verify with reference to performance requirements. Regarding
economic and environmental performances, include those of the construction stage. If
necessary, consider also the utilization stage and the final stage.
(6) Make comprehensive assessment of the verification results concerning the safety,
serviceability, and economic and environmental aspects. Re-examine, returning to (3)
above as necessary, and in some cases to (2) above.
(7) Report the following items concerning the above assessment;
・Sustainability coefficient as margin
・Standard cost and final cost (amount of reduction or increase, reasons for permitting
cost increase, etc.)
・Environmental impact (amount of energy and resources used, extent of environmental
burden reduction (CO2, etc.), and reasons for permitting environmental burden
increase, etc.)
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Global problems, in essence, come down to rapid population growth leading to resource and
energy consumption, and the resulting environmental contamination. Global warming occurs
because humankind has re-released into the atmosphere CO2, which had been immobilized in
the Earth at the time of its formation. As the development of science and engineering brings
improvements in the human residential and nutritional environment, the population grows.
Humankind is now entering uncharted territory. The global system that operates on the
premise of economic expansion based on growth in resource and energy consumption will
sooner or later collapse.
The construction sector is the industry that builds the residential environment and the
socioeconomic foundation, and consumes large amounts of resources and energy as a result.
At the same time, it is the industry that creates the physical environment in which humans
can live in safety and amenity and engage in societal activity. That does not however mean
that the construction sector should be exempted from responsibility for its environmental
burden, and needless to say, it must make utmost efforts to reduce it, like all other industries.
However, the construction industry as a whole has little interest in these realities. The major
reason is that the conventional construction industry is based on low technology and the
equipment used for construction is made by other industries. In other words, we are the users
of things developed through the efforts of other industries. However, we still have plenty of
things to think about; how efficiently we can use such equipment, what we need specifically,
and what is required for ingenuity and innovation concerning materials and structural design.
In order to achieve innovation for the reduction of environmental burden, it is also necessary
to ascertain current hindrances. We also have to draw up basic rules to comprehend these
tasks. Thus, the concrete and construction sector has a vast amount of work to do. It should
not simply be an industry that enjoys the fruit grown by others.
It is the time for concrete and construction industries have to change by altering the existing
technologies and systems. It is hoped that the EC Joint Research Centre can play an important
role for that.
7
SAFESUST Workshop
A roadmap for the improvement of earthquake resistance
and eco-eiciency of exising buildings and ciies
Financial Session November 26th, 16:45
Keynote lecture: Oliver Rapf
Invesing in buildings eiciency - challenges and opportuniies
David Christmann – PATRIZIA Immobilien AG
The tension between compeiion and regulaion on European real estate markets
Alessio Rimoldi – BIBM, European Federaion for Precast Concrete / The Concrete Iniiaive
An extended inancial dimension of sustainability
Nelson Silva Brito – University of Coimbra / modular / ICOMOS ISCES
Common Eicacy: from what we “have and know” to what we “need and expect”
Giampiero Bambagioni – European Real Estate Insitute
European exising buildings heritage: inancial aspect and evaluaion of cost-beneit related to lifecycle
and performance
Stefano Bellintani – Politecnico di Milano
Decision support tools for eiciency in energy ield
Session Rapporteur Marco Castagna: Conclusions and inal remarks
REPORT edited by Marco Castagna
Thanks to the contribuions by inancial session paricipants
8.01.2016
Eurac, 8.1.2016
1
During the session regarding the inancial aspects, came out that several tools and inancial incenives
are available, with regard to energy eiciency and structural measures in buildings. Moreover, some of
the concepts that have been discussed can be summarized in four points:
Resilience of buildings
The improvement of exising buildings and ciies proposes that it is necessary to evaluate what is already
existent and why is done in that way, idenify the expectaions and, with these results, perform the
necessary adjustments to make it atracive and useful. In this way and according to the durability of the
materials, it is possible to take beneits of long service life structures and infrastructures and, as
consequence, we have the lowest return of investment and the lowest life cycle cost of EU building stock
transformaion.
Role of public authoriies
Legislaion introduced requirements mainly in terms of energy consumpion and rents’ regulaion. In
Germany, from 2000 to 2014, the construcions’ cost rose by 36%, due mainly to energy eiciency
regulaions, but the building’s price index rose only by 27%. This is due to regulaions concerning the
increasing in rent and sale prices, as well as the supervision on afordable housing.
Figure 1: Compeiion on real estate markets
These circumstances impede the development of high quality architecture, by uilizing even more
sustainable materials and procedures.
Legislaion and local policies have to operate in a smart way to achieve a “win-win” approach, every
actor (investors, tenants, customers) have to take advantage of energy eiciency and improvement of
earthquake resistance measures. A possible soluion could be, rather than just regulate the costs of rent,
Eurac, 8.1.2016
2
to regulate rent together with the standard expenses. This approach allows regulaing the increasing of
the global cost of living for the renters, allowing investors to increase the rents because of bills reducion
that have an efect on the return of investment.
The role of the stakeholders
Every stakeholder plays a role in reducing the costs:
Contracing cost
Common infrastructures
Negoiate scaled soluions
Promoing local materials that can have a strong “indirect impact” in the economy
Finding interesing synergies between energy aspects, structural aspects and funcional aspects
This last point is paricularly interesing since, during the sessions of the workshop, many presentaions
showed that structural and energy intervenions could signiicantly improve the architecture of the
buildings. Moreover, intervenions may allow the creaion of addiional spaces, like balconies. Synergic
intervenions, therefore, allow a double beneit: reducing the costs of the single intervenions, and
increasing the value of the property.
Awareness of the people
The awareness of the people in terms of
overall energy buildings consumpion (heaing, cooling, electricity, transportaion etc…)
earthquake resistance
ire resistance
air quality
of the buildings is too low. Almost anyone is aware of the situaion in their own home regarding these
issues. The lack of awareness is a serious problem, because it prevents the investments in building
retroiing by the owners (both private and public). It is impossible to sell a soluion if the customers
don’t know that there is a problem.
A proposal could be to develop a mandatory building evaluaion, which contains some simple keyindicators for every aspect menioned before, just as happens today for the energy ceriicaion.
Eurac, 8.1.2016
3
SAFESUST – workshop
Session no 4
Architecture and City Planning
Session Summary
JRC, Ispra
November, 26-27 2015
Summary of selected presentations – Roadmap
I. Conversation of Existing Buildings
-‚Sensible Architecture‘ starts on the irst day – low tech, low impact
-Keeping heritage buildings as much as possible origin
-Deine potential investors
-Solve conlict ‚conversation vs. energy performance/structural
improvements‘ irst under consideration of the user needs
-Ofset of functional spaces wrt performance criteria
-Close combination of existing and new buildings
-Reuse extracted original building materials
-Innovations in new buildings to balance overall performance
-Use of wood, steel, high-strength hydraulic mortar, HPC => hybrid
structures
II. Design Process – Cradle to Cradle
‚Listen to places‘
-Prevent
-Reduce
-Reuse
-Recylce
-Downcycle& Waste management
Summary of selected presentations - Roadmap
III. Densiication – Change of Scale
transform - top elevation - sub elevation - colonisation - extension inclusion – combination
=> Encourage large-scale approach, build a diferent society
IV. Building Design Process
-The architect in the role of the coordinator ‚lead of orchestra‘
-‚Learn from the past – local building cultures‘
-Occupancy, exploiting and living – simulation of user behaviour (model
simulation)
-Process tools and worklows (BIM etc.)
-Design Brief
-Design Process Scheme
-Compile sum up of existing of local building components
-Close Cooperation of whole design team and network
-Build ‚BIG‘ – redundancy for building transformation (volumes and
redundancy)
-Gradual adaption
-Incorporate population for approval and acceptance (IDP)
Summary of selected presentations - Roadmap
IV. Criteria Catalogue for building and urban scale
-Deine Conversation approach for Building and People – local building
culture
-Change of Scale to improve quality
-Neighbourhood identitiy
-Courtyards
-Public Spaces
-Semi-rural (urban agriculture)
-Live balance: Residential-Work-Leisure
-Environmental Master Plan, e.g. water management, electricity etc.
V. Systemization supported by realized examples as well as
databank
-Deine Requirement Premisses with the client and authorities (Needs and
Expactations)
-Constant Structural Survey (moderate and frequent earthquakes) and
Energy Monitoring
-Process catalogue of ways and means for Prevention
Summary of selected presentations - Roadmap
Main challenges
-Adminstration/Authorities obstacles – action required
-Compliance with codes and laws - exception
-Financial limits – funding
-Maintain by high-tech&full renovation or low/tech – open decision by
client
-Sustainable Regulations – exceptions, creative solutions
-Improve specialized education at Universities
-Provide excellent profession career perspectives
-Building design in urban context
-Land consumption vs requaltiication of existing buildings
-Encourage district level design strategies, which consider the overall
district (or portfolio) performance rather the performance of each
building".
Visions
Think and behave diferent!
Europe Direct is a service to help you ind answers to your questions about the European Union
Free phone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11
(*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu
How to obtain EU publications
Our publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu),
where you can place an order with the sales agent of your choice.
The Publications Oice has a worldwide network of sales agents.
You can obtain their contact details by sending a fax to (352) 29 29-42758.
LB-06-16-142-EN-N
doi:10.2788/499080
ISBN 978-92-79-62618-0
alberto celani