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Treatment and Management of Industrial Dye Wastewater for Water Resources Protection

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Natural Resources and Control Processes

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 17))

Abstract

One can describe industries involving dye treatment as the essentials (food, beverage, and textile) simply since they involve application to entities that are used for necessity. Dye wastewater is generated from the intense application within its industry. However, it is more common to find research on the treatment and application of dyes within the textile industry, as it has been highlighted and targeted by federal regulations. Some of the more harmful components from dye wastewater include the presence of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color, to name a few. Direct discharge from the plant can cause potential harm toward a water body, impacting the lives of human health and the environment. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a survey of various treatment methods and review the literature that has been applied for the purpose of treating wastewater produced by the textile dye industry. In addition, the text will discuss some of the important preceding topics prior to treatment applications such as legislation, and definition and classification of dyes. The aim of this chapter is to be both comprehensive and concise describing some of the major components that are heavily integrated within the dyeing industry.

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Abbreviations

1/n:

Describes adsorption favorability where <1 is unfavorable, greater than 1 is favorable, and 1 is linear. (unitless)

*OH:

Hydroxide radical

Am:

Membrane area (ft2)

b:

Constant of net enthalpy of adsorption (L/mg)

Ce :

Solute concentration within the solution (mg/L)

CO:

Carbon monoxide

\( \mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}\left(\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\right)\ \left({\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}\right) \) :

Ferrous (iron II) ion

\( \mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}\left(\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\right)\kern0.37em \left({\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}\right) \) :

Ferric (iron III) ion

Fe(III) OH2 :

Ferrihydroxalate

Fe(lll)(RCO2)2 :

Ferric carboxylate complexes

H2 :

Diatomic hydrogen molecule

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

hv :

Light energy

J:

Flux (gfd)

Kf :

Kf is a sorption capacity constant (L/g)

M:

Metal

\( {\mathrm{M}}^{\mathrm{n}+} \) :

Metal with charged represented by n

\( {\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{e}-} \) :

Number of electrons (represented by n)

O:

Oxygen radical

O2 :

Diatomic oxygen

O3 :

Ozone

\( {\mathrm{OH}}^{-} \) :

Hydroxide ion

Q:

Mass of solute adsorbed per gram of activated carbon within the monolayer (mg solute/g activated carbon)

qe :

Ratio of solute that has been absorbed per gram of activated carbon (mg solute/g activated carbon)

Qf :

Feed flow (gpd)

Qp :

Filtrate flow (gpd)

R:

Recovery of the membrane unit (percent)

R *:

Radical

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Acknowledgment

With a few additions, this chapter has been taken from its entirety from Chapter 2: “Dye Wastewater Literature Review” in Electrochemical/Electroflotation Process for Dye Wastewater Treatment by Erick Butler [181].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, 79016, USA

    Erick Butler

  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

  3. Department of Civil and Engineering, Cleveland State University, 1516 Pond Glen Way Cary, Cleveland, NC, 27519, USA

    Mohammed Al Ahmad

  4. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Shou-Feng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan

    Yen-Pei Fu

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  1. Erick Butler
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  2. Yung-Tse Hung
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  4. Yen-Pei Fu
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Correspondence to Erick Butler .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, New York, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, New York, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Cleveland State University , Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

  4. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas

Glossary of Terms Related to Dye Wastewater Treatment

Activated Carbon

A treatment process where contaminants attach to the pore surfaces of carbon.

Biological Treatment

A treatment method that mineralize organic material by microorganisms into a form suitable for discharge. Biological treatment can occur under aerobic (in the presence of molecular oxygen) or anaerobic (without the presence of molecular oxygen) conditions.

Chemical Coagulation-Flocculation

A treatment method neutralizes the charge of particulates, allowing them to agglomerate and settle at the bottom of the tank. Traditional coagulants include alum (aluminum sulfate), ferric chloride (FeCl3), or ferrous sulfate (Fe2SO4).

Clean Air Act

The first major environmental regulation passed in 1970 by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that mandates standards on ambient air quality from primary and secondary sources. This act was amended in 1990 for the purpose of controlling hazardous air pollutants.

Clean Water Act

Environmental legislation passed in 1972 to regulate the amount of pollution that discharged into surface waters. The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) creates permits for effluent discharge that is produced from point sources.

Dye

Any colored constituent permanently affixed to a fabric or piece of material. There are 14 major dye types—acid, direct (substantive), azoic, disperse, sulfur, fiber reactive, basic, oxidation, mordant (chrome), developed, vat, pigment, optical fluorescent, and solvent dyes.

Electrocoagulation

A treatment process that applies electrical current to treat and flocculate contaminants without having to add coagulant. Contaminated particulates are neutralized by the formation of hydroxide complexes for the purpose of forming agglomerates. These agglomerates begin to form at the bottom of the tank and can be siphon out through filtration.

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Section 313

Legislation passed in 1983 that requires manufacturing companies to publically release annual documentation on all chemical releases whether through annual activity or by accident.

Fenton process

The chemical interaction of ferrous iron Fe(II) with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) forms a reduced ferric (III) ion, hydrogen ion (OK), and a hydroxide radical (*OH). The available hydroxide radical forms an additional Fe(III) ion when combined with available ferrous iron (II).

Membrane Filtration

A treatment process that either limits the pore sizes for removing objects or applies pressure to reverse natural processes occurring within a membrane.

Ozone

A treatment process that passes an electric current through air or oxygen. The current dissociates one diatomic oxygen molecule of oxygen to form two oxygen atoms. One of these atoms combines with a fully intact diatomic oxygen molecule.

Photo-Fenton

The irradiation or application of near-UV radiation and/or visible light coupled with the Fenton process. Light emission improves organic mineralization.

Pollution Prevention Act

Legislation enacted in 1990 that legalized a standard for controlling waste generation.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

Legislation passed in 1976 that generates a life cycle analysis for solid and hazardous waste from its generation and production to its handling at a final location.

Toxicity

A quantitative assessment that measures the impact a substance has when it comes into contact with an organism. Toxicity depends on length and dose of exposure of the organism to the substance.

Wet air oxidation

An advanced oxidation process where pure oxygen transforms pollutants into carbon dioxide and water under high temperatures.

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Butler, E., Hung, YT., Ahmad, M.A., Fu, YP. (2016). Treatment and Management of Industrial Dye Wastewater for Water Resources Protection. In: Wang, L., Wang, MH., Hung, YT., Shammas, N. (eds) Natural Resources and Control Processes. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 17. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26800-2_4

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