ROOEIBAI\O

BIOSYSTEMATIC STT'DIES OF TIIE GENUS 

LACTUCAL. (EI,LACTUCEAE - ASTDRACEAD TROM 

PAKISTAN AND KASEMIR 

ROOEIBAI\O 

I}EPARTMENT OF BOTANY, 

IJNIVERSITY OF KARACIIL 

KARACHL 

2W9

BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF THE GENUS 

LACTACA L. (s.I.I LACTUCEAE _ ASTERACEAE FROM 

PAKISTAN AND KASHMIR 

THESIS 

SUBMIfiED FOR THf, R"EQUIREMENT OFTHE DEGREE 

"DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHV" 

By 

ROOHI BANO 

To 

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, 

UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, 

KARACHI. 

2009 

:

BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF TIIE GENUS 

IACTAC,4 L. (s.l.l LACTUCEAE - ASTERACEAE FROM 

PAKISTAI{ AND KASHMIR 

TIIESIS APPROVED 

pRoF. DR MUTTAMMAD eArsER ho *-: 

SUPERVISOR 

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

EEEI''.gAiTlED 

iTo 

MOTiIiIIE,R

qrta.q,ilfrrgss'G 

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN 

This is to c.niry fiat thc thcsis cnlitlcd BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF 

]'ttE GENUS LA CTUC,| L. G.l.) LACTUCEAE-ASTEMCEAE FROM 

PAKISTAN AND KASHMIR" submittcd !o the Board of Advanccd Studies 

and Rescarch, University of Kanchi by Miss Roohi Bano. slisfies lh. 

rcquircncnrs for the dcgrcc of Ph.D id Boaany. 

R€scarch SupcNisor, 

Prof. Dr. Muhrmmrd Qaber 

Ylce Chioccllor 

Fod€rrl Urdu UDlv.nity, 

Artq Sci.oc. & Tcchmlo$/, 

K.r.cDl.

s.t 

2 

l 

t Enslish 

ii) UtdD 

CONTENTS 

4 Mltaials &d Methods 

5 Inportanl morphological ch@ctcr! fot cbsiflqdon 

6 Systemtic Tr@tm6r 

i) Key ro Gdm 

ii) D6.dptio of ,afu../d N@vo 

in) Deqiprid ofscadota F.w. Schnidl specie 

iv) Key to.tdnola F.W. Schmidt sp@i6 

v) D@riprio! ofldlca L- (s.su.) sp.ci6 

vi) Key to d.r@4 L (5.str.) 5p.d6 

vii) D.scription ofMdt diln Ca!s. sp.cics 

viii) Key to MclSedrlr CB. spocics 

ix) Desdiption ofsrrprdrrazplr6 Bugc species 

x) Key ro Stepto anph6 Bu,ige sp.ai.s 

\ir Dessipdm ofCepralorrlr./t$ Bois8. speies 

aii) K6y to Cepholonhmchrr Boiss. sp.ci6 

niD D6.npdon ofcr'@rrra WaUr. sr6i.s 

xiv) K€y lo CtdlDtla wrlh. speiat 

n) D6diptid of Pradrr8 L. sp@i6 

ni) Key lo Preerit r L. spocie 

Pc. 

I 

3 

5 

8 

IE 

l9 

t2 

34 

16 

49 

50 

a2 

83 

87 

88 

93 

95 

l17 

l18

? Cps.la Moryhology 

i) Inroducilon 

ii) Matcials and M.thod8 

iii) ObsNalio$edrdulls 

i) Intloducilon 

ii) Marabls.nd Mcihods 

iii) Obswatioru lnd rllults 

9 Nuncical A$lysis 

l0 Dilaiburiotr Pafi@ 

i) lnmducilon 

ii) R*uts ed Dhoulsion 

ll Censal Dkcusion 

t26 

t30 

lll 

166 

l7l 

t74 

175 

2t0 

i) Intoduciron 215 

ii) Maleii.ls dd M.liods 2t7 

iv) ClBtd e.lysb oflact!.a L. ($E) !trd its Elate 8dm 223 

v) PCA ofl.ct @ L (s.sF) ond iB Fhcd t.ned 

225 

vi) ClDslcr ddFi! oflrctu a L. (s.st.) 235 

vii) PCAofIr.r&.4 L. (s.!t., 236 

viii) Clwrcr anal)Bi! ofs.arbla F. w. Schmidt 240 

ix) PCA of,t@roio f. W. Schmrdl 243 

x) Cl$Gralrlysirofct €drra W.llr. Z4A 

ri) PCA ofc,rcerbno Walft 249 

253 

255 

266 

213 

284 

309

s. 

2 

3 

LISTOF TABLf,S 

Pg. NO. 

l.l. DEmt sectiois of lhe Scnus Zlarco L (sl) recosnized 15 

1.2. Cener ic concepr of 1.4.,!.a L G l) !s vieNed bv differclt I 6 

11. Reprsenlative speci€s of$e 8cnus ractu.4 L Gl).nd t7 

dren goe.ic posilion accordi.S io vlrious work€6 

4 2.1. CDs€la cheactds of Lact d al-lazso!^ 134 

5 2 2. CtTsela chmct€rs ofs.ariola F.W Scbmidi 

6 2.3. Cr?sela chr.ct6 of,acaco L. (s.sr ) 

7 24 q?da ch{qct6 of M ge.liuncgs 146 

8 2.5. Ct?sela chMctd ot SkplorhahPh8 Btage l4a 

9 26 Cyps.ra chmct$ of Cephalofthynch6 Boisl t52 

l0 2.?. CDs€la chdacls of Ci..tbib Walh. 

I I 2.8 Ct?sel. chmctc6 ofPrerortrd L. 161 

12 3.1. ?old Charlcids of rd.lrca L (s.str.i 4d its relaled 17? 

13 4.1. Li$ of chr&rcs, $ored for clustei analysis and principal 219 

coopon€nt @alysis fo. rd.r!4a L. G.str.) a.d irs.el.t€d g€nda 

l5 

4.2 Dao natnr of rzcrx.a L. G.sE.) and ils elated 

scor€rl for 33 chmctes pr€scntcd in Table 4. I 

4.3 R6ul.s ofDrinciprl coFpondts aalysis (PCA) of30 

usirg tl moabol%icd ch.futas from the ae&." L 

136 

l4l 

lss 

O|U s 227

16 4.4 List of chdclcrs, s.ored for ctBlcl lnllvsis and PrinciPtl 229 

conponal erlysb for th. sPeci6 oflr.rrca L G sr-) liskd in 

T.ble4.5. 

l? 4.5. Dara mEix ofrrcrld L (ssE) scored for 20 charcGts 231 

pres.nrcd h Tablc 4-4. 

18 4.6 R€sults ofprinciprl co'nPon.n.s uallsis (PCA) of 5 OTUS 214 

using 23 no+holoSiol char.ct.6 lrom Oe 86w lrck d L 

19 4.7 Lisr of charet6, scor.d fol clust€t aralvsis and princiPal 237 

compon ot m.l)sis fd t!. sp.ci6 of t arbla F w Schmidt 

20 4.E. D!r. m.nix of Sc.riola F.w Schmidr *ored for 16 238 

ch$aders ptc$nt d in Tlblc 4.?. 

21 4.9 R4ults of principal componois amlysis (PCA) of4 OTUS 241 

usinS 16 noDhologiol chdetcB fiom dE gcnus &4riala F W 

22 4.10. List ofchdactcrs, sc4d for clusE ealysis .nd PdnciPll 244 

compon.nt analr,sis for O. sp€cis of Ctte.rta walk.. lisEd in 

23 4.11. D.t mEit of Crte.rlrd W!llr., scor.d for 23 chuctcB 246 

p@tcd iD TabL 4. 10. 

24 4.12. R6ulL of prbcipsl cotrrpotr@t! !nrly.i' (PC.A) of l0 251 

OTUS ailg 23 nnpbological cbaract B fron thc gsrus 

25 5.1. PhyloS€ographical ulysis of krle L. (s.stt.) and ils 257 

26 5.2. Disbibudon oflacry@ L (s.l) sp€ci€s io P.kion reSion. 261 

27 5.3. World Dtulrihtior oflrdrlda L. (s.1.) sDei6. 265

I wish to cxprcss my dee?est mse of gmdtude to iy supnnor Prof Dr Muhanmad 

Qaiser (vicc Chancellor, Federal Urdu 

expcn advic. .nd cnncal supewision 

I an d$ s6l.tul 

ACKNOWLEDCEMENT 

Univesiry Anq Science & Tcchiologv) for his 

of my couse eudy throtrShosl th. penod of 

lo Prct D.. S.l. Ali, Pot Dr Sulbn-ul Abslin. Dr. Rubi" Abid. Pbt: 

Di. Anjud P.Nan ad Dr' Ghulm R!@l for then uluable sugg€sions, Suid4ce Dd 

help duint thc .ht're cose. 

I afr cxtEmely lb,nkful to Prci Dt Sundvva Khaloo! ChaiQeNon, D.panmeol oI 

Botdy, Unive6ily of Knrachi, forpoliding d.panmdhl tuilnies 

I an gF.tty ind.bien b Prei Ih. Anjum Pcl1m (Dnebt Mr' Sh.Bali Khd 

icuElor) and Mis Kan€ Fatida (Libmnan) of the Kadchi UniveEirt H'lbanun lor 

pBvidin8 hclbanun and lib€ry aacilili.s. 

I om EBtclul to lhe Dnecb6 and Cumrols or BM, E, M ud RAw for the loln of 

Ind.bt dre is expos!.d !o Pot Dr, Knschncr (PRA) ror Larih diasnosis of tn. n€w 

I !n thrntful ro the DiEtor, Krrehi Univdny Halanm md lhc lrchlr8c Camlizcd 

s{i6.c Labo6bn6 and lehnicians for peviding me facilities oa Sclniing Elatun 

Mimsoope Thant! aE due aho lo Mr. Raflqlddin, Mr. Abnr for thof lln. illuslElioc 

md do.ll.nt photoDicrcsFphs sd Mr, Jan Alan ('raononisl) for nis coopaalion dd

| !n de gdctul to Mr S.td ul ltld. Mr Hlid.t Ali M. Ndd Mr- Gohr (nd' Mi 

llrli.a Mis Zrndud, Mis Sdt{, Mis S.d.i cdlogE .nd nidG fd rhcn suPPdr 

Sp€ial grnirudc aE due ds io, PtitrciPrl B.luia Found.tiotr College' Gulshe+lqbd 

Cdpu, Captain @ Munn Ahn d, for his support ed cooPmlion q!tud.d b nc 'n 

times orneed and for pbvision of facilili.s of ny r€5@rch w'rk 

Duing $e couse of oonpl.tion of oy r.selch vo*, th@ wde a .unbq of pcopl. 

vho qlended &en h.h. ooop.r.tion {d luPPon foi ny !bj€t. I d enrd.lv g t.tul 

to aI of dr@; for ritn o.t rh.ir tin ly h.lp, il would hav. bm vdv dilficulr f@ dc io 

!@*fi y6ni3h tnisNian|Ml. 

Finally I owe a vhol€ lot ofgnb't!& ro my tuihd, wno srood by re ddjng dE d iF 

Friod of tbis snrdy. Hq oco6.gdo( suppon ..d rdiv.rio& *6. Cet sds tor 

nc in mplcting thir rc*, 

vi

ABSTRACT 

Tt. 8.nus 1,.,!.a L G.l-) ol ft. rib. L&rucseAstcr1@c is sysrdtcally 

di*d lirn Pdkistd dd rGhmir Th. biosystcd.tic ltudy b bas.d on rh. d.b 

ohain.d l@n dif.rc li.lds sch !s g€n.ml norpholoe, cypscl. morphorogy. 

polrdology md disribu on p.rn. A bbl oll3 r.r. (27.pei6, I subsp.ci€s.nd t 

hri.th, b.lon8in8 !o 8 gcno aE €o8niz.d fmm Pakistd tnd Klshnn ifthding t 

tw speid viz., Crt rr,ld dli R@hi Bm, C'art a gilat Er R@ti Brno, Ci*rbita 

r/d&., R@hi B!no, P..ra,,r.r vMrij Rohi B.rc & Q.i$r, S@nola @ ,tu 

R@hi Bso, whif. onc tuw teiiy riL. Ci..rbit. de.ipias lC.B. Cl.rk.) B-uv. v.r. 

p.Itr.,d R@hi Brm, 4 na ombin.riotu .nd 2 n4 nnkr .E .ls poFs.d. 

AII th. Fu qlid d 3tmnytu h.vc ba tyDifi.d wi|n lh. h.lP of tyP. sPa'ncns 

.nd litdtuF. Anilichl gc.dic ond spdific k.y! h.v. b.n pDvid.d. Th. d.6il 

morpholoSic.l detiption md illwmdd! rE n$ givn. 

Cy?6.1. moQholoSy of ll |.r b.lonSing io rhc gdus &.t@ L. G'sr.) .nd iB 

.Ui.d gdo ha bd c.nicd our by 6ing Ugh Mico*opy GM) lnd S.rmine 

El@lon Mic@oF (SEM). Th. holPholosh|l drt! orcrpdlt wa pov.d quit usful 

fd rh. d.tiDir.rion oadilf.mr 6! bolh .r dE gddic .nd sp@ific l.vcl. 

Four poflo rt?c viz., lr.kc.rrd - rrp., Lactuca - rypc, Steptorhanphut - rW. 

af,d Cielb,@ - ryF .G Fognizd. The polld ryp6 difid wnh Blet b folloring 

ch.tutd via, @a ill fm, +in. lqlg|ll &d.pd, nmb6 of !'iG lrd w |nolth. 

Flu .F. 3h.F oaol hdoq srf.@ of dcpBioN (i.a.,wilh or wilhdl ehie). 

Thl d.r. oh.incd fioh diftMl .!pet h.vc bcn dlyz.d nunciolly !o find 

@t int frLrionship. mng .ll rh. r., ol&.r!.. L. (3,1-).

The distribution paitem of all d. iaxa i! Paki$an 4 well .s on world bdi6 has 

b*n tlced with ths help of lite6tuc and hlrbeiM sp4inms A loi.l of 12 mps ac 

.bo giv@ lo stos th.ir disitibni@ All tbc t xa grew d tte clastion b€twm 100.|900 

m. Pnytog@gnlhieuy nc1 of t!. r.x. e uiegioDl (73.11 7o) follo,td bv 

biEgioral (23.13 %), sd lhen pluiElional (].ll '/t elemeits 20luao orl0 h.ve 

been cldsifi.d s lrano-Tutui& eLncnis, AFong lhe 5 n wly des.ribed speci6 4 e 

dddic b PariE rd de lt@ini!8 onc i6 @trfitr€d to Kahnir. Of th*, Cic€,t a 

8'ikrlmir P@ti Be ald P,adrl4 rr.wrir R6ti BN & Qrii* @ IdM frm

{.,- )li 

Jt( P L;J),1, y- i&actuceae Astercceae)a, L--!:l 

i4- f .t-i !,i irfr;u.-v JA=:',trv tG y''v')(rac.uca L ) 

. ale' j -\ !',, t i," ; ic' -t i t 2-*,t.'v ;l' ir : - ) 

t; 

J 2-u' 

r.rL' ,..JbE,,y- Jvt--tt^ J 2,v.;'- - y'U'Jrt;::,;,- ' i2 V it: I 

J'--',',JL; i'J J' .'r{'-:- -}t- i t.- .'tt)" ' L:-{ '-; 

,li;Vlv 4cice.bita atii RoohiBano ) ;Li" i'cLV.>v -:2r

- I 4,u -u 9'4 L.tv l/-,t' - +({+V,! G" a r ih lLG c.vll 

,JP.,tLst-1{'z 6crrr)iPJ ellJotJ' i}'+' ;Ll- JV'f ;V 

-'-,:)ttt L)i ft.es:.r.-t! Lt, LrLt ito." Jr .rr)16r!'/.1,1( )/.Jtr ./r) 

-,J a tt --,cJ ctltiriAt $ o- ;'i,,{;,E LV Ll,.t riu, l.i 

,t. ju*' I'J',.'pce*ita srigr'l€nses Roohi Bano)i t,J"*ff qlv 

eit e"/i/((Prenenthes slewarti Roohi Bano & oaise() A ,-t ir 

-a,rJi(Type Locality )

GINER{L INTRODUCTION 

The sdus Zzcr!.a L. (s.1.) b.lonss to lbe Itibe Laclucae of lhe 'amilv 

AsMc.ac. Tl|ere is , dis.sEeh.nt anong difrccnt adhos aboul the numb€t oi speB 

in $e 8e.us b*ause of tbe Ea$n that th.t have accepFd Ihe genus enher m a b'oadei or 

n@scr sense. sojal (1961, I962), Tuisl (1968) and Jelirey (19?5) accePted $e narcw 

genqic concefl of l/.a.a L. Sihrlely Shih {1937, 1988 & l99l ) also ft.tcd rbe Senu 

in a turow ens. md nunmus genea, p!.viously t@ted as srctio$ ofr4cd.a L G I ) 

rn. C.photonhrttchus Boiss, Cicubito W^lk , Loeellitn Soja\, Muteediun C8 . ad 

St Forhanphs BbC. weE Esum|ed. BEmr (1994) agted wiiri rhc cleifrcal'on 

popos.d by Shih ( l99l) md accepted tl. senus la.rd. L in a naro* *nse *ilh c 7s 

sp€cier. On the olberhand, the brcadr Senenc concePl ol lr.r!4, L. was accepl€d b) 

veious aurho6 such 6 B€ntam il8?l):nd Slcbbi.s (1917) accepGn the getus io a 

broder sens and inchd.d vdious ge.era d a sccrio. of L.r!.? L (s l. ) Kii! iczn ikor 

( t 964 ) who enur e.ated I O0- I 50 species inc ludin8 M,kedi!, Cass as a slbSenus Lack 

(2@7) Eporls c.60 spei6 'lducing 6 genen undq its svnonvdv Mabbcrlev (2008) 

also @?pted the geoos in ilF bloader s€N dd Epods c l30 sp€ci6 leducing tbe 

Eeaetu Cephabrht lch6 Boiss,, C,csdr14 walh, Lactucella N%arz LaaeAiun 

Soja*, Mrr?ta Css. md .t a/t /o F.W. S.bmidr und,* ll|c synonyny of ,4.tuc4 L 

The r.xa b€longing ro Letuo L. ls.l,) N nainly dhnbuted in Non}.m 

henisphec, io Asia to New Guinq, in N. Aneric. lo Mexie, in ttopical Africa to South 

Afris (L&t, 200r. In P.tisid 26 tara ol lh. 8au /,cr,ca L. (s.1,) e rcpon d 

(Stwan. 1972) which e mcdy co.fn d ro thc lodhen .E in $e distiG Cnitral, 

Cilgn, Astor, Swat, dd K!frn Vauey dd Kashmir .nd ext.nd to th. soulh in tle

Sakcsar and Sslt dnges in P!!jab, the cenlol part of Palsud while someorteoxa&e 

dGftibuted in $e plains and nountainou rcgions of Balochis$n and PunBb 

Tne genenc @e ra.&dd L (s l ) is d'rived ion a I arin $od Lac ne'E 

''nilt' *hich is a codnon cbmcter o 'll de mehbeu ofrh' tibe LNruceae The mon 

.onmon represe.raiive oftlt genus Zd.rk' L' (s 1 ) k the garde 

L. which n cuiivaFd all over lhe woild and is consid'td to be a iom oi lbe wLld 

Lerb@, La.tuco tniala L. 

The Senus ra.tu d L G l.) ws d@ibed bv LiM'w (1753) Lalcr' $e donomic 

ftatsml of thc gcDu !,.rr.a L. (s.l ) v6 camed our bv various sotlcd on global and 

resiohalbasissuchsCa$ini(1817_1825) DeCandolle(1816) Posl(1866) Bentham & 

Hooler (1871), Bohsiet (1875), Cldke (1876) Hooker (1881)' coll (1921) (oe'' & 

Rechins{ (1955), KiMud (1960 1964). Ki'picz'ftov (1964) Sldm (1957 1972)' 

.t.fny (19?5), Feiikora (19?6), Rshing'r (19??) FeinbM Dothan (1978) Meikel 

(1985), Madgain & R5o(1995), shtma & 

'anwal 

(1998) Cbaudhatv 

(201)0)' Gric@n 

& springate (2OOl), Boulous & Hi.d (2002) and Thulin (2006) The seneric concepl oi 

Linnleus was quite difleEnt lmn rne lale! sorkeh who have exponded its genenc limrl 

&d incMed nmb€! of unrctaLd ras udd $e cdopv of 

heLogltou enblagc. 

'lacr!'a 

L (s l ) Gsulting a 

variou! spei6 belo.Srg to the genus r4'toca L {s l ) @ consid'td to be 

econonicarry ed ne

satitu L. ed La.t@ seltiola L. rl$ vield a dog LactuctDum used as hvpnorc r 

bonchnn dd sthma (Anbana. 1986; Pullaiah. 2006) ro'i'co tutorntn (L) c A 

Meyer is rn inponanr aodder phnr bui $ porsonous In ldge quanrt' {Krlprczn*ov 

Ther. r no cortrehetrsirc reamerr oilhN sertrs ldc'lLr L (sl) riofr PalNtatr 

The only rream€nt available is that of Hooker's Flora ol Britis[ lndia ( 1881) whrch u 

noe $d a @ntury ed quaftt old Moreovcr il des nol 6ver entiE Pa*i$nn including 

two najor provitces Balochis$n dd N w F.P' Since rh'n ror of noncnclatunl chanses 

have taken place a.d l&g. nunber of sp€ioeN hlve been e'unulated Therefore' it 

s@.d desnble b @nrluct

LITf,RATURE SURVIY 

Lin@eus (l?51, 1754) etFblisbed thc genus 

'd''x'a L (sl ) and hld used lh' 

follo*ing protoloaue in Cencm Plan|anm 

"CAL. Inbncatus. ovato_oblongu: squanis plurimis acuni'atis CoR 

conposila, imbric.ta, un;fomis. Co@llulis herupho'dilis plurink' acqutlibus ca!'ce 

brlioibur. Propia nonope&la ligul.d. lidcatt quldri'qlrlqueve denuh STAM 

frl.nc.ra quinque, caPilldia, bBi$'na Anthcn cvlinddea orbulata' PIST cem'n 

i.ftr @@llad pDpdan SVIDS filifomis, tongitudinc sldinun Slrgnaia duo renexa 

PEL Nullum, Cdrx comivens. ovato_cvlindraceus SEM Soliolarit' ovaid acuftrnaG- 

conprcsa, teminala stipitelongo, inled' rtenuato supeme c6s'ore ptoseE e 

pappune sioplicem REC nudun" 

H. ddcnbed 6 sp€cies undq $e genus ta'1"'" L (s'l ) ot$ese t4""" r4!v' 

L. ^4 L. querc a L Neiso*n lo occu i' Pakistdn also Hosever' t have rct 6en anv 

sp4ireN of the lai€r spdis Laicr LinnaeN ( 1756' 1759) addcd 2 doft specEs vrz ' 

seftiola L sd L. tcariolo L b this genls !n lh€ p6enl vork l"cttco sqioto L ts 

trcared s a disdncr s!.cics dd is 

'l$ lnown itom Patish while Ldctucd sconolo L 

is E .kd s a syndvm of &cr!'a r0i'ia L (Jadis' 2007) Linnacut tlso dsnb€d dt 

E ^rs Prehanthes L qith 8 specics, 7 w* de$ribed in lrsl dd I in 176? Th'se 3 

speies now b.long io 3 dilletlr genc6 (J@is 2007) Of lbee Pret anthes ininu L 

is lnos lo dor in hkistan dso bul kell bv Jawis 2oo? d'd{'4'e" L Hoseq 'l 

B treated ud.r lhc gcnu Sco/i'la F w' Schflidl bv v'riors worke$ viz ' Kitprczirkov 

( 1964)i J€fiily (1975)i Rehinger ( l9??) ed pt€ent allhor'

Cassini (l8t?-1829) in his ftaldenl acceptcd the Cenus /a'o'a L wnh l3 

species. Fron Phich onlt 2 species viz. bctucd tdtiw L ^nd I octt'a lcanob L aR 

reponed froo the !rea uder consideotion He also ttea$d the iollow'n8 3e'sa v'z' 

Oc?rbto warl. rvirh single species Prqdithd L wilh I I t'cies &d d*ribed one 

ne* gdls viz., Mrlg?arr, cs. w!$ I sp€cies 

De Catulolle (1816) reviscd rne senus l,.tucd L. (s l ) tor his _Prododoui and 

accepte

Lactuco tiea L.. fttaineA ridd rbe genus tr.&.o L (s.str.). De cddolle ( | 816) 

^rc 

ar$ recoSnized 8 sp*i$ ol fic 8en!s Ppndrlres L. but onlt P.rnonthet btunaniana 

Wall ex DC. is knom fton Pa*i6l!. Th€ gqus M,k€dt4 Cds is clested by 22 

+eci€s in his PodoftN. Of rh6e, I spei6 .e ho*n b mcur in our Egrn. one 

+.tt s\\?. \lul!

Clst. (1876) vhil. Bising the gen6 La.t,tu L (s.l) tbt hrs Conpos'bc 

ldicse ' follo*ed Bmrhan & H@ke! (1871) and @osnizcd lhe follo$6s s*tio6 vrz.. 

sruchyrMph6 DC., PhaenLop8 Css., Scof,o/, F. W. Schnidt. Crerbita \Na|n., hent 

Ca dd aror6'z DC.. wnh d add'mn or thE nore sectons vrz.. zz.t!.opr6 

schuhz, M,kali!, Cdss. md Msr,,,rs/b Decne. Chrk! reco.ded 24 rpeices and 6 

rldp€citlc ba including I0 hel s!&ics o! rd,., L G l.). From whrch. II species 

and 2 vdicti6 @ known ion Parin n and Kashmi!. From th€s ux..4 sp.ci6 (viz.. 

Int ca owic ata wall cx DC., ld.&.a lonsilolia DC. Liclucu lcorioh L. ^n4 

tetuu wido w. sotiw (L.) Boiss. (lhis Eity pDv.d to b€ distirct sp.ci6) nave 

ben included udd Za.rlca L. (s.str.). singl. spsies (viz. racrid bturcnia,a (watt. 

ex DC.) C.S. CI&ke) has bcen t?nsl'n.d to lhe genus P/e,a,rrar L Th€ other 4 t:x, 

t\tz, Iacturc Is"mzu twztt .r DC I C B Ctdte vdr. /ar.a;an tnd \u lyatd 

(Decne.) C.B. Cla'te, La.t ca deopie$ C.B Cl^rke Laclrca ruprncrloides (OC ) 

^nd 

C.B. Cldke) have bee. rrsted uder Ure genus C,cerrrk walr. whitc lhe Emining 

sP..t$ \t2 . La.tt n v'nn.a lL.) l. & c. Pt6l, Laduf. unrulul, Lcdeb. md t .r!.! 

btanco lL.) c A. Meycr are .ccepr.d lnder .vari,td F.w schnidr. zd.r,.erl 

Nazev. dd Mlls€drz Ca. 6D€.rivcly. 

H@ker(l88l)inhis FloE Britisb tndia rea!€d rh. e€nB !a.,!cd L. (sl ) in, 

brdder 8.nse. He r€co8nized 22 species Md I vdiery inclDd'ng I ner species and I 

vdi€ty fron Sout[ Asi. (almr aI of India, Kahnn, p.ns of palishn, Bdglad6h, 

B@4 Bhut n, Siklin, Tibet &d N€pat), Of these, t6 raxa m aiso k own frcn 

Pdlisb H. oLo a(epr.d rhe a.b6 pardrdp, I trllh6srdie,.

Blanq (1928) in Bcauritul Flowe6 of Kdhmn accepcd 9 sFcis undf the 

sdus Lac,,., L (s.1.) 3 species de known tooccur r P*islan. 

Koeie & R{ninBer (1955) in Synbolac Afghdrcle rccep|ed d'e getrus 

k trcz L. (s.1.) in a bro.der setrc wnn l0 spcies Includrns 4 nes ones iom 

Afahinish.Fom which ? species includmg ther 3 nes ones vit. Lactuca edelbelsii 

R6h-t., Lactue rcopnrio Rech.t & K@ie Md ld!.! r/4.d,Noa Reh.i.. are 

pr.senl in our.egion also. However. all fiese specics are nos rcduced to the synonymy 

ot geploilMphus ctunbihlio Bn\A., ceplaloi 'ynch6 picridilon'i! (Aoiss.) Tuist. 

Cepholothych,s paltNldda (Boiss.) Kia respecrively 

^nd 

Kihtrq (1960) in his Flon ol Af8hanish had includ€d aln6r aU rhe 

common speca of Za.d.a I_. (sl.), occMing in difiereni mas of pakisr.n. On rhe 

wbol.helisrd14sF.ieswidinrbegc.ust.r!.,L.(s.1.)inctudingINwspeciejtrcm 

AfghanislM. Frcn which l0 specia ar. knom to occur in pakisirn also 

Kiitnua (1964) qhile d@li.g drc pla$ oa wcsl pakjsh dd Afshai$M 

a&eptod rbe 8enus r"cto.4 t, (sl.) wilh 4 specics aDd C,.,/6r,a Watn. *,$ onty one 

sp€ic. AU @ kroM ro @ur in Palisbn also. 

Kirpicznikov (t964) in.Ftora USSR, accapted 4 sub8enera under thc gen6 

hctuco L. ls.t,) viz.. Mrlgedi@ (C6s.) B.b., Srcbb. & Jenli.s (with I sp€ciet. 

t@,!.,r'Jir (Sch.-BiD.) Bsb., Stetb. & jcntins (with j speciesl pr. rochaen n (Kit2n, 

Kitp. (wnh 3 sp€cis) dd th. ryp€ srbgq6 (with rr specis) Th. rr?e subgenN 

&cr!., L. is tunbcr divid.d inlo 2 ssiioN viz., Lactuq L. .nd Micranthae Boi$. The 

ston LetDca l-. w6 EpEsot d by 5 sp€ci.s (2 sp.ci6 arc hown fom palistd vi2. 

taduM tatiw L, nd L. ytiola L.) and rde Mictuth,e Bo6s. @mpnscd 6 +crcs (l 

t2

speicsr,.r.srun y'olia Boi$.L. tndnlota r.A.b md /-. zui.,latd w.ll *DC rc 

pEsenr in P4kistan). The s.drt /, F.w schnidr and sr.p0r'ra'prrr BuSe ure 

tpt$nEd by 2 spf.is wnich also 6cur in Pakisun. He also ftated the g€ncB 

Cicethita wtllr.. P.ehonthe: L. ed Cepholoftht n.h6 Bons bur none ol lhe stsics is 

SG*an (1972) in An Annoi.red caratogle ol rh€ V.$de ptd$ ot w.sl 

Pa*isfd &d Ksbni" eponcd 26 la\a (2t speci6 and I iramspectitc tL\a) ot Ladt.o 

L. (s.1,) ftom rhs de, under considenadon 

Je|]ily (1975) evised fie gous ,ac,!.? L. G.t ) for ..flom oa Tuicy.. dd 

&cepEd tho nanow Scneric concepl of this genus dd repotu 8 species, only I ae 

rnown tion our arca. He also rcoS.ized rhe Cenea .s.a4bta F.w. Schnid( 

S.pbmonphusB\raE anl MuISaliuD C6 

Fqtkovl (19?6) in,.Ftora Eu@pea ftared rhe genus r/ctuc, L. (sl.) ia a 

broider sme ed recognizcd toui sdions viz., pra"n;orls (C*s.) Bentham. 

rt!/g.d!r (C.$ ) C.B. Ctrte, Zd.r!.qpsd {sch_Bip. q panad) Ro oy ajd r-actuca L 

R{hingeiilg??) inhis.,Fton lreica, whicn i.ctuded a considembte ponion of 

Patltan also, cvisd ih. sflB t,.ru." L (s.1.) and enun€rared | 2 speci.s includinS 5 

sp.cis from Patisr.D. tn &!r,bta F W Scbnidr 4 lA. weE dogniad, I @ known 

amn Pakisld includiig 5. oflienrd./d subsp. ,!r4,ani.a (Bo6s.l podtech a new sub, 

spd6 Fon Afsnebld and palishn (Rrch. rs77). tn stepro/h@pnw B\nge,3 

speci.s weE includcd (2 noo parisb), in Mutsediw CB. single !pei6 ws 

&ccttcd (are fton P.&isb)! ih C.phatothlnchus B.iss,, t\ spcc,es wer. enun rared 

(oDIy 4 fbh Palisr&).nd in Cice,bi,a w^tk.,3 speies w.rc ncrldcd (aU fmn

P.*isb) He ale &cepLd tn. senu Prenanilpr L , witn a single spi.res which G not 

Mdg.in & R@ (1995) in FloE of lndia ' fouowed peiN so e6 lite 

Hooker (1381) and clarkc (1876) and ecepkd rhe genus ,acrr.d L. G | ) 

wirh 20 

stecis md I lanery inchdins 2 ne$ sp.ci6 rrom lndia Ih.y took r broader lieN ol 

the efls ad.r,cd L. (s.1.) and i€coSnized |ne lollowine setions riz, B'ocn tunphu! 

DC , Lutrcopsit S.b!|'', Mulsediun C6s., Prz?,i@p6 Cs., S.a,brr F.W. Schnidr. 

Melanoens D.cre. Nd Chorhna DC. Th. larg.sl stion in rh.n wo ss Scuiola 

Fw schnidt compnsiDg of 6 speci.s (5 are known fron Pakisran). followed by 

,/lrsel'rr Ca$ @nprisin8 or t spec'6 (only I & rcpoftd aom Palina.). white th. 

otl]ift 4 s@rons !i2., Brachlranphls DC , z../!.oprrs Schulrz., p, dentroput CL\s. nd 

Cl,,,ira DC. @nrpns.d of2 speis. Tbe soattcsl on€ was |hc M€taruedi D.cN., 

accomodaing only I lpccies. Ttey rts a@opr.d tbe s.nqa prmonther L ^n4 

crieAon&Springar.(200|)in'FtoBof Bhuran includedI speciesund.rrhegenus 

a,ctua L. (s,sF.) and a sinsle speics und€r !V!igadi!, C6s. ud Cephatonhynch8 

Bois. wbich dr .Iso epori.d fron lh. r@ @Nidc,.tion. 

L&k (2007) il 'Fmili6 and Ccnera of veul& plets. a@pred all de gener. 

whact e kroh toi P.td9.n viL, L,ct@ L., :tanola F.w. schnidr, la.r{era 

Naz*ov^. MulEediun C^$. Cephalothrndus Boiss. Ciceftitu W^k , prchhthes L 

and S@ptofianpn8 B@g.. Ho*ever. he Eared Sc,aii,ta F.Uschnid! tace@/a 

N@va ed ,t!/gdt, Cs. s synonym of 2..r., L. 

The sacn cocept of Llc|uq L. G.str.) ed irs .lticd g0.6 ot dif@nt allloE e

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MATERTALS AND METHODS 

The prsenr *ork is bascd on thc stldy of moE than 1000 hcdanuo specind! 

b.longins ro lhe following hcrbrnr viz., BM, E, KUH. M .nd RAW (lbbr€viatcd a/c to 

Holmsren er (i, 1990) The*holerangeoivanation ofeach raxon was studied and on th. 

basrs diagriosric kqs n ce prd9aEd ao. lcnen 

rnd spccirs 

Mos darhe nanes shcther acccpled or srnonlms ha!€ beeD rrpified wnh rh. 

h.lp oaoriginal dBcliption lnd tlp. sp4ift.ns. Each v.lid Mnc is iollow.d bt full 

Er.lw rnd ib ryp.. SimiLrlx sJaDnyrtu d. folld.d by cl6c6 ard ryp6. Th. 

tlpe of most of the r.xa have bo exoninal.nd iodic,red by the sis.l. Thc concepr ol 

suci rda Dh€c dc tyTc sp€cihqs could nor b. studied w* srrictty ba*d on ansin.l 

Tn.disr.ibutionofallrherara, froh Plkisran and rhewortd has beq hced wirh 

rh. h.lp ot h.rb.riln speinas dd litdlue. 

Alt thc eranined speciocns hrv. been amnged accodinS to rhe gnd stsen of 

The @eplacle and endolhdirl lissues weG srudied by using rh. Scaming Elecmn 

Micm$op. {SEM) and lighr Mimeope (LM) r.spcriv.ty. Fo! SEM studi.s. datlrc 

R+hr6 *@ nountcd on . hcrllic srub Bing double .dhesivc llpe,nd co.Ed *irh 

gold for ! D.nod ol6 hinutcs in srun.rihg chanber. For lighr miobscopy of.ndDlnecilt 

risus, a h.E y.r. cld.d by hsrirg in t0,4 tactic acid. Thc cterEd .nrhcn w@ 

disFt€d lnd mounr.d in laclic eid and rh...dotneilr rhickening was ob$wed nom 

lh. abrxial slrl.c. ofrh. rn$a under conpoun

IMPORTANTMOR}HOLOGICALCHARACTERS FOR 

CLASSIFICATION 

The scnus Z,ctoe L. ls.l.) and other nenb6 of th. iribe Lactocr. can be 

casily recog.ized on lhe bsis o I homogamous, l lgulute capituh and nilky larex lroh the 

olher E bcs of lhe family AsLdc*. M.ny work E viz.. De (rddolle, | 816: Ben an& 

Hooker, l87li Boissier, 1875: Clarte, 1876: Hdker, l88l; Collet. l92li Knpiczinlov. 

1964. Jefiiey, l9T5iFmiko{i, 1976. 1977r R6hingd, 197?r Bener, l994iMm8dn& 

Rao, 19951 GneMn & Spnng.t.,20i)l ard Lact,2007 have used rlious morphologlcal 

chancters such d habit, slem, leaves, no€t colour. involucr phyllaies, r(eptacle. 

cypel. md palpN !o de[nn ln. vtrioN @ belon8ine ro the g.n6 Zz.i!., L. (s.l). 

For tn. d€liEitation of taxa belongins to lac!!.a L. (s.1.) dd irs allied genem 

vuio6 oacro dd oico norphological chancleG ae i.ten into considc€liore such as 

stem, b4rches,leaves, syn florcscence. l ore$ @lour ed nunrber per capirulum, shape. 

siaddpositior oac.piNlun, nunb€r olphyll&i.s, runberoipries, sazc. olour. apex 

6nd su.fee ol involucre thyll.ries. @cpracle! ddothecial rissues. cypseta and pNppu. 

Anong $*, nosl of lhe cb@reu e qune etul ro @ogniz l[e hxa.wlte6 sne 

.r. not found lo b. nelptul bea6e of rhcn uifomiry such 6 epatate dd naked 

rccepracL(Fis.l.l-1.4)ddEdi.tq?eot.ndodeciatris$es(Fig.t5l.8).Howev.r,rhe 

aollowing morphologial checrcB poved qrir. imporra for thc dehnistio, ot 

aadu.a !. (s.sF.) and ils alli€d geoea. 

STEM: 

The paan@ or absencc ot steo ptays d inponm rote in rh. detimitation of 

vfoN rda. The @ul@r ch@rer is fai.ly @6om bnr ed€snt is inponafl in 

clc{bita qaiseri laohi Beo.

The sten b whne or shiny in cds. of tne gcnus 5'a'ol4 F w Schnidt also used 

aak.).hdrd.rc' $hJe ft$r.h 

Lf,AVES. 

rhe'en' rnbgenr" 

L.al chadclcs de also inpofiei to some extenl shether il i$ lobed (lobes mav be 

liDnaifid or runcinnare) or u.lobed. .nriG or d.ntate'emle sssile or pedicellarc 

glabruus or spiny Sonelsa are also ditlcrentiaFd o! the ba$s oirhen shape and reluru 

(i e., l@v6 e cilh.r n€nbmou or hdbdou) ln the g.nus Jtd/tol, F w S.hmidl 

decuFenr l€.vs has b€en uscd a a key chadcter. 

Prcsence or absce of lsf +in 

s is al$ usfjl to difTdc.tiare snrc oa Lodrca L 

G.st!.) specid viz., Zd.d.a rez,,/d L., is esily di$li4uished lrom the r.st orall rhe 

llla due b 1ne pEse of stifi spin6 on ndnb bcn.. r 

SYNFLORESCENCE: 

The sy.no$cence ma, be spite-like, dccme, panrcle. corynbs and cymes. 

Dilt Enl syrnoEsc€nce tyF @y be uscd to distintuisn vdous taxa such d the genus 

.tarold F.w. Schnidt is segrcgared iom dr .est of $e gencla by the trsnce ol 

spis@ - sb @.mos synnoEs.ce 

Thc shape. pcitim, colour dd numbft of nor.b pd crpnub'b play an iftpondt 

bE in tne classification of diffeEnt taxa of tne genus 1,.,,.a L G.str.) ahd irs allicd 

tn sleptorhonph8 Bn e, Ci.errro wallr.. and ,tdlsedi!, Cass. capirula ac 

cdpuurr.. while in tn. Gt oflbe s.ncE cylindrical or ,rtundibulifod c.pituta .E 

plsnl On th€ o&er hdd, dsoting capitula is co.sidered !s rbe diagnostic key

ch!6crs of rhc send Ci.ed,ra \N.l\ .td Prenanther L Wher6 in laciu'r L, 

Lactudllo N.z.tov^, S1riolL Fw Schhidt, M,lgedt!,n C^ss, Steptortan?hrs 

RvE ^nd C.phalozhyn hs Boiis., the capitula are eEct ot semi_erer 

Thc nlnbd of floEls is often conlide'ld as a ditgnostic falur. and has been 

uscd as a lcy chamcrr !i2, in,t //iok t.w Schnidl lhe fl orts lre ! in Prannrt he\ | 

I s hdgs in the mrid.g gaa 5 or Inor. th.n 5 flot€ls aE P'6.nt 

Th. colour of lisdd is .f eG.t inporl.rce and als used rs . l.y ch.ilcter tdr 

the dclimi|'tion oa taxa. In lhe gcnus J.atiola F.W Scbnidt tne floErs.c v.llor' Ite 

pink, bluc, purpre or rilac coloun of norcls lrc found rn ,a.r.era Naatow, M,lgeditn 

Czss' PreMnttq L. sd Cietutd Wrllr. Vhil. io 2..!!.4 L. (t.sl.J.), Sleptori,nP]1a 

Bn gr.nd Ceptaloihtrch8 Aois.. vanatuo in ligrl* colou. is iound ano.g rhe hxa 

viz., ylllow, bluc, viol€t or puDlish. 

R'ECIPTACIE: 

In sdc casc! @epbcl. surfrc. b.lso h.lpful for delinirine ofvalious t ra. Bur 

fie rcns ladr.a L. G.sh) and ils allicd gm@ Eceptacle is epaleate and nated in 

INVOLUCRE PrlYLLAflIS: 

Thc nunbd otphyll&ie. nmba of s.ri.s (2- nor€ sriaE), siz., colour, ap.x .nd 

induhdum dc also consi.lq€d !r diaSnodic fstuEs for the delinit.rtior of various Lia 

ofrddrk L, G,sF.) qnd its olosely rclat.d g.rcm. Phylldies in the g.nrs Prenan'hesL. 

!E ic* i... 6-3 wbdas in $e sq.d viz,, l,z./tr.a L. G.sE.), La.tocella Nta6rt, 

C.phalonltt,chd Bois. atn Sdr'ola F.W S.hnidi rbe nmba ol phyulrid is & 

2l

Figu. Ll. Sc@ing Elecnon MicFeFph! (SEM) showing aceplmld suface (40 r): 

A, Lactt.ello udtlab i B, Sxariola onahlis $Wp. onqbli, : C. S.uiola onal2lk 

s!q. ,ut'J@iu :D, Seiola viniiu i E, Inctrca dLtecta i F, latua slMiIolie i 

A, Lrctuca .tulrhopht a i H, Ladrco seftalo. 

2'

't{: 

rs 

t 

.! 

,I \7\ 

- -,1 

- t' 4 

I.

Fiercl.z Stuine Eltun Micrcsmpts (SED snowiry lwpl&uld su.ra@ (40 x): 

A. Loctuco sativa I B, ttulgediuh tatoricun , C, Mulae.liun ctdtki : D. 

9eptthanph6 n nbilolia i E, 9eptofianph^ Pe5ico , F. Cephalofthtllchu 

chi'aldtb : C, Cephalotryn.h$ picriddol b I A, Ci@bita qonli 

2l

Figurcl.3 ScMirg Eldtto. Micognlbs (SEI{) showiig Meptaolar suftce (al 40 x): 

A,Cic.,bib dlii i B. Cie.bito gllgitersh: C, Cicerbita nocdhia o (-i.erhito 

tese.tiono vt. l$*tiav a E. Cice/bna la$ertiaha \^t lvmta I F, ciErbita 

Ie iM as. d@tab . G, Cicedib rupua@loides : H, Cieftna decipius rt-

I 

L 

\ 

o 

l 

[..'. 

P. 

., 

. *3 -"'1 

;l

Figurel.4 sconninC El$tron Micro8Gphs (SEM) shotins receptrculir 

l\, Cic.tbitu le.ipie6 lr , til a l] 

Pr.ALnth.: brunori.no rt llliuiueJottu | 

Prcnarthet bnoturnra r^t 

D, P ttnortlles atl ch^ Lrta'a 

25

15. wh€ad atu€rrtd wallr'. Sreprorhonphs BnAe tnd MulSediun cds h've dole 

The mber of eries is also used d a lcv chdacler such as in $e genns |'enanthe! 

L and Cns.btd wallr, the involucc Phvlleies rtc 2-l -seflac Wleras in l'lttuello 

\^zto$ ed StePtorhanphus Bunge the i0volucre phvllaies are 5_6 senlre' ln the 

emainiig g.nen \iz, Ld.tuca L, t,flbta FW Sdnidl Muk'niuu C[s ^r{l 

Cephaklrhynchf Bd'ss , rn nnmber of involucr€ series aro 1 a 

The colou of involucrc phyuari.s rn nsr of the ldt oa (ic..,& walk . 

's 

gR. orblackhh whereas in the renainrS raxa th. involucre phvllanes.re prlc green or 

Clablous invohcc pbylldi.s are fodnd in rhe senus ra.i!., l- (sstr) 

Lachrceuo N@v^, J.rDld F W. Schoidl. Mulqedium C$s, CePhdlotthrnchus 

Boiss whil. doErlly hiuut. or papillG phylanes in C1?e/6,,4 walll. hispid-glaoduhr 

in P/eioatha L dd pilose'glandular or ciisped h,iry \n SteltorhMphu: Vnn9e ^!t 

ENDOT ECIALTISSUES: 

In L&ruc..e Css. cndoth*i.l rhickenings in horizontal band nely polanzed 6 

Sc,r,6 (Brema, 194). The present sttrdies rcvcdl $ar i. l/.r,.a L (sstr.) md 

all'cd Bd@ only radial ryp. ofrhiclcoirEx @ prc*.r (Fig I t- l .8) 

CYPSELAST 

ddL 

CypFld shap€, si2e, i|s surfae (hairy o. glabtu), nbb€d I - or m.ny. p@rcc 

or .bse.ce of b€al are impodbt ch!6cte6 for diilerentiating vdiou laxa. Among 3lt 

rhe tu Prerarrr8 L., is dc only Acnls in *hich cypsla is ldncale or ouodcd apica y 

26

Fiprc 1.5. Light Micrognphs {LM) showi.S cndothecirl ti$!$ (40 x):A 

hctu ela undttdb , B, Sutiola onatolis snbsp on^tu|,t ' C. S@riola 

,,?r?,ltr subsP. , lr6rar ico i D , Scanola eininea . E. La'tra drs4la: r' 

La.tAd ghtcdolia I G, Lactka aoichophrllo , E. L..tu!a smioto 

21

Figure 1.6. LiSlrr Micographs {LM) showing e.dodecial lissue (40 x')1 A, Lactrcd 

tativo: B. Mulg.dium hbn.M: C, MrlEediun .lot*zi iD,SteptdtaDphb 

cndbtfotid.E,Stepto anpha p.dco i F, C.plalorrhyt hts.hibat.nsis , a. 

Cephalorrrnch$ pioiddomis i H, Ci.qbitd qo;eri. 

28

Fie!re1-?. Light MicoSnph6 (LM) showing ddotheial (se (40 r): A, 

Ci.c,bi@ olii . B, Cicqbito gilgi1.6it t,C, Ciceftil. n@,orhitu i O. Ciredno 

lestuhtuv.r. t6t.rti.nat E- Cieftita ls. idtd tu. trtute;F, Cietuita 

l.sniatu vt, d.,tob:A,Cicetuie tututculoi.les :H,Cietuib d.cipEF tt 

29

FieEl.8. Liaht Micog6phs (t lvl) showine ddo&eial risue (4o r): A. 

Aeftita da\orN \8. nulnjda i B, Pmdnthes btuno"iatutt. bmnonianol 

C. Prtu&A bnnMitua vt. alliariehlia: D, Pquth* aithiwiana I E. 

30

and b€ak alhost abs.nt. l'hilc thc c]?5.16 for the Esi ofth. taia arc pronin ntlv bealcd 

€xcbding tne ,t a'iola erosrmL RoohiBano. 

Tb. nunbd ofiibs k .bo ued rs k y ch@.t r' Th€ genus k.trcela Nd@ta dd 

Soptorh46Lt BvE sc *Erct.lcd by tne F.$n c of l.middle 'ib on erch side 

whd..! in otbe6 ttr ribs G noE lhd orc ddudiig rh. Ia.trc. ElMihlis Boisg 

PapFB is ci0.r unisenar. or bisedare. Tnil is d impo rl ct.rlcl€r dd us.d in thc 

&limit tio. Unh.ri.t p.pp8 ir prllert in L.r!.a L., S.crola F-w. S.hni.L 

L&ttcdla N. oto, Mtlg.tliti Ca*. wtil. ir Crdrrrira wdh. P@ath6 L., 

Steptorh',npta Bdie. un Ceptabnnwha Bois.. pappur k bisi!l.. 

I

.---l*---lElE 

,'r .t 

N 

.s o 3 

.it- g- - - 

v 

:lr 

llr 

"|l i 

{ili 

_._ i 

:l 

.i- 

e 

5

SYSTEMATIC TR.EATf IIENT 

Papp6 bisenare. odrcr sekc tmall foming d sorona. 

2 + Cr?scla l{ibbed,be.k wnh 2 aPpcnduges 0l lhe base 

- cypsela 1- nany ribbed, beak absent ilPresenl then 

witnout appmdaScs. 

3 + Middle and upper leaves decudenl, Synnorcsence spral. 

10 subncdoe. Florels 4 pf capitulum. cyD*la w'|b or 

Middle md upFr la*s not d'*!Fflr. Syn0orc*ence not 

6 above. Florcb (5-) mmy per .apnulun Cyp6ela with 

.l + Inroluc.e phyllaries pale 8@n. Cypscla bm\T-d.rk 

brow. or blackish. up to 9 nrn lonA. be.t lililod 

capillary. €itner equalli.S o. 2-3 timcs longer thd tbe 

body, almosr disolorcu ud differ in texturc. Pappus 

3-5 m long, lemon yellow-qhii. md pe.sistenl. 

- Involuce phyllaries pale broen to pink Cypsela sandy 

brow.-olive or black, up ro 2 mm long,srout, beat snalh 

tha lhe body. uually co.colorous and same in textur€, 

Pappus l0-12 m lon& offwhilc-luslrous and fBgile. 

!2 

5

5 + tneolw phyllsie 56 - si.L, outc. pbtlarv u! lo 6 

mF bbad. qTsd. *ineed, much conpr.sed 2'3 rnm 

broad; be.k 3-lO mm long. 

- lnvolucE ptyll&ics 2-4 FiaL, o a pnylarv up to 3 

mm bro.d. Cypeh noG\inged. sllhtl' ,onp6ed, I 

nm broad, be.t sbscnt ot Lt-3 ntn lon8. 

6 + C.pihi, up lo I cm lone" Irvol@ phyllliG 2-4 _ *riti. 

t StePtofi.rPhts 

Cyp€.la Ed- bfom to bl&l with sl.nd.r- filifm bql 6 c.Phdonbachs 

- C.Ditula !p lo | ,t- 2,t cm l@9. Involuft pbylbn.t 2.1 . 

*dat . ClTsla bbM-bl&* *ith 5l@l b.* orbertle. 

? + Capitula nNw-cylindncd, E6dy wih 3 loEls pe. 

.apitul@ hvdwrc pbyll,rid G8. CyP$b 5-7 @ lon& 

trtc orDriwtic. trum{. orreudcd !9i@11y, betk3s, & PMtn tB 

- Capitulacylindrical- cspanulat , with morc than 3 flotcts 

P.r @pinrld. Invola@ phylldi6 8-22. Cyp6ela 6-10 

m long, nor rcru. andude $oE into 1.5,3 m long, 

3loutbaf. 7, Clc.,tn

l. Ltctuc.Uo Ntarort 

Naaola in Biol. Zhum Am 4S (l): l8l 1990i K' Brencr. Aieac@e' Clad 

Annual nerb wnh pihnatiscct lcavcs Synflorc*mce laxlv corynbose-panicle 

Reeptacle naked. cypsela obovat_oblanc€olatc. papillate ljibb€d on each side beated, 

beal crpillary with two rrmsparent, whne lppendr8es at the bdser pappus qurte Bhlle 

leno. yellow, un'senale, pers6lanl 

A monotr?r genN distribued in Soulhs€st .nd Cenhl Asra Io wesiem chma 

NOIE: rick {2OO?) in Families Gcn€n Veuld Plants" ha rcdnced th€ senus 

L@at elh N@or^ 6dt tE sraonyry ot lactuco L. Bur $e key chmcl4 of 

,!.r!altd N@va on lne basis of which il B di{teEnliated irom l4.r!., L.. h.ve nol 

be. included by L3ck. Thc papillale cypFla tnd capillary be.l with 2 tuq'enl 

appddaaB ai lhc bae of bek aa $c uniquc and stung chadcl* of t4.t!..t d 

N@va. h is thN considercd s a disdncr g.nus in lhe p6en! work 

1 - Lactueeq. utdul.t (Ledeb.) Na2a!o!a in Biol Zhum.Arm4S(1):l8l l990iFig.1.9) 

Lactuca "ndulata Ledeb.lc. PL FI. Ross. II: 12.t. 129.1830; DC., Prodr.7: ll5. l8l8i 

Boiss.,Fl.Or.l:8i3.l875iC.B.Clark.,Comp.lnd.263.l8?6tHookt,Fl Bri.lnd.l: 

404.1881i Banber,ll, Puj. 177. 1916; Kium., Fl Afgh. 4ll.1960r KiI? in Bobr & 

Tzvcl., Fl. USSR.29:110. pl. XVIIL I 5, 1964r R.R. Srcwan in Nai & Ali, Am. Crt. 

vac.ll. w. ?at. K4hh.760. 1972; rctF.y in Davis, Ft.Tu*.5:780. t 26. l9?5: Rech.

-600m 

I 

,fiffi 

Fltr. 1.9 Latu.ttt .trrtttb Qt&b ) NlzNv.: 4 brbr, E 

(outR to C, cyD6clo. kct.cr 

'un); 

tht.ih,ie Botss D, h.b i ql-s), 

iilolua pbyUaii6 (ourd io inM)i B cyp&la. 

I -sr. DvduR phrll&i6 

l

f.. Fl. lm. Coop. 2. 122:187. l. 125, 20l l 3 & 4 19?7i Feinbruf,_Dolhan Fl Palest 

43'7 l9?& Mugain & Rao in HajB er a/ . Fl Ind 12:102 f 77 1995: Bollous- Fl' 

Egy lr l1l. pl. ?7.I 1.2002. 

Typq Rusia Hab. in Sibiriae Alt lcae monribus Arkaul el Dolcr'Kara . C '4 Meter' 

(LE,n.v) 

Loctucau"dalato r^t. de ata (Ledeb.)DC. Piodr7: 115.1838. 

Type: EglDr "ad radic6 frontts Sinai l@o BestandDto", S.hinPer. Pl E1s | 28 

Snall, mual herb, srcn Nully glabrous{psGely tolose, snnPL or bdnched ar rht 

b3se,8-25 C35).h hi8h. Radical leav.s.lhost osulare, indislincdy peliolate - npenng 

at lh. ba*,4-6 x 0.5.1 cm, glabDu or spasely selulose, ellipsoidlanceolat in outline, 

sinnute pimrrisclpinnatcly loned sparingly t@lhed. acute; crllinc leales l4 r 0.2{ t 

cm, ssile, l&ccolat., sub 6rire{ftc. undrvded, auricllalc. Synnotescence laxly 

corynbos Capitulun mostly single, 12-18 {loErs pe. capnulua, cylnrdrical -conical. 

erecr, l-2.5 x0.3-0.5 cm, bracrolate.lnvolucre phyllaiies glabrous, 5-6jenae, sdious, 

inner 'mt I ddes long.r rhe th. outc( outcr m6l4-6 x l'2 mm, ovare lancolatc, 

niddle one'7-12 x 2'2.5 mm,ldnmlat i inn€r phyllaaes 18-26 x I nn.linear subacutc- 

oblue. FloEts blu.. Cr?rla 3-5 x 1.2 mm, yellowish-brown, oblanceolate{bovat., 

codprcs*d, l-Pomin d nb in d. ni.ldlc, bcai( whne, 8-ll mm long, I rrnes longd 

tnm lhe hy; pappu 4-t m long, !.noa trllow. 

Speclmeu Ex.nh.d: A-7: Gilgit Dist.:Ya6in, Cilgit, hdb, up to l0 cm r.lt, growinS in 

sand, I6.6 l982,.tOdsr 197 (KUH); E8r Balrislan Disi.: Atong Riv€r lndus. Mehd6bad 

t5

on way b Prtuna. c.8 cn hitt, 23 5198J, S Oner' Nuinwldih & A 972 

'vanid 

(KUH): D-4: Qlcna Dist.r sulran. Maslath canp, 1500 m. 2101975. RR '!.r!'t 

28269 (R-{W)rc 16 km W of Quellai stony area on saline plain, c lr00 m 9 5 1965. 

JqniJd Ladon l lO78lE\ Qetta vall.y, c. |5Cl0 m. 22 5 1968, Z4lJAr Ali 4183IKUHI 

Ddi.gd,29 mitq fon QEna on way o Nlushali, nerb, l0 cn l9.4 l9?0, S ,'l,t€dri' 

4963 (KUH);Karlhte villey.Qnefta, no!.6ycllow.15 199?. iuhnu RaJiq & Sikomtut 

Hrlrr t16-97- | l9 (RAW). 

Di$ribution: - Satu 6 $!t ofglnB. 

Ecoloey: - Cres in ibc stcpp6. in Fmi lrid.tcs on stony slopet stonglv eline so'ls at 

th. cleva on between 1500-2200 m. 

Flow€ringperiod: - Apnl-July (Aueust) 

2. Jc..i,ld F.w. Schmidt 

F.w. Schmidi, Sannl. Phys. okonon. Aufs, lr 270. 1795; Sojal in Novit, Bot Honr' 

Bor. univ. Car Prag.4l-46 1962; Kirp. in Bob!. & Tzevel., Fl. USSR. 29 ll7. 196.1i 

Jeilrey in Davis. rl. Turt. 5: 782. 1975: R*h. a. Fl. IFn. Comp 2 t72:201 t9111 

M.itL, fl. cyprus, 2: 1029. 1985i K.Bcm.r, Asld(@, Clad. Cl6s. 186. l94i 

Chaudhary, Fl. Kin8. S. A6b.2 (3):246.200q Boulous.ll. Egy.3:315.2002. 

Biemial to pmnial hc.b or enjshtub. oftcn woody Slem white or glosy white. 

Lcarcs herbm@6.rcnbmou! sile- sub ssile, flco*. distinolr decumr $nh 

linar app€nd.aes, auncuhl€. enlirc or lariously lobed, pim.li*cli crnline nuch 

rdduc€d ed decuMt. Synflo6cenca spicifonn or submcmoscly ananged. Involuce 

36

phyllaries glabrous. 3-4 -seriaie, obtuse. 

nakcd, C'])sla lih.aRllipsoid or oblonB 

disli.cr slendq-filifom concol@u beak 

A smll genus with l0 spNies. diitibur€.t rn Soutbem Fircpe N Ahca SW and 

Cef,ral Asia (Mabb.!ley. 1997) ln Paki$ln n is repre*ntd bt 4 raxa 

NOTE: Recently. the genus tcat la F W Schnidt is considercd 6 the svnonvm of$e 

gcnus !..r&c4 L. by Lack (200?) and Mabb€nev (2008) While Kiipicznikov (1964)' 

letfrcy (19?i). R4hiager (1977). Brem.i (1994)a.d chaudhary (2000) keep th's genus 

distiucr Rith 3,5, lo or2 specios rcspcctivelvTh€ 

Flores yellow,4 per clprtulm RecePlacle 

or oblanceolatc. bown- blacl(' mpded into 

or b€aLles: pappus uniFri{c, *hitc la8il€ 

g€nus Sc,ti'lo Fw schnrdi can 

@adily bc distinsu6h.{l lron tbe ,.dr., L, bv rhe pcsence ol whne or Slossv st'm: 

dauftnt l@!es *ilh linw lpp€tula8cs dd much rqruced caulinc lqles: 4 no@ts per 

capirulun; ctlsela brown.black up to 8 mn long, b€ak concolorous and indislinct ln 

rex tue or bakless Thus on the basis of above nmtioned c h a ractes rhe gen us S.4t!bl' 

F.w, Schnidr is consi&rcd s m ind.p.nd.nt gens in th. pce vork 

| + ClTsela 4-5 x 1.5 dm, nore or less teret€i nol 

complsed, lruncate apically. Bcallike stnctlc 

ibsnl Pappus nor fmaile. 

- Cypsela 6-14 x I nn, not teE&, cohpressed. Beak- 

like stnatm pEs.ni 2-8 m long, P.ppus iLclle. 

l1

'b r. 

ff?+k,?*i,.t (Boda) sojtr de rui"d'dtur'ch: a nlbic 

WL W.,ta adbtue4tii B&i q.i.d: A t aG B,ea

+ Planr dicbobnonsly or intricarelv b6nched cvpsela 

brcqn, 6 9 mh long includ'ne beak. rapcnng Inlo a 

nendcr.2I mm long be* 

- Plafl viryarcly b@chcd Cypsela black, ?_14 mnl 

long including b€ak, tap.ring into a filifom,1.5_8 mn 

L Sd/i,,,..ot,turd R@hr Bro. sp.nor' lPlal€ I f.liFiql l0) 

Holoiyp.:Barrishn(N.A.)Kandehs-ullahCanche,27-9-04Jd,4lanandAlikalKuil, 

Di4nosh: Species nosrd caule albido vellucido. foliisad basid co'sprcue dccurennbus 

appodicibs li.aribB adnatis, toliis callinis valde d.ninutis 0o$ulis qualuor lule's' 

innore$eDtiis spicitbmibus nec non squann involucdlibus intnoribus obtues 

Scatiol@ otientali er S iniheoe pe6inilis ed praecipue difien cvpselis paFulis ad 5 

Fm. longis, €roslratisr hae sp.eies duae cyPselis 6'14 mnr loDgis, distincte rc$rath 

P@nial herb Stem 40-50 cn lall. tlcos 6osdv at lh€ base bluches vtr8rte. nostlv 

sbaight wilh dmmt l.aves. Leaves s$ilc-shonlv pciiolale, prnnariidor lobed 4_6 x 

O.l- l cm, Bnore, somewhal loolhcd, acut., decuft.nt wilh loo8, liner auriclcs adnal€ l0 

ihe st€fl crulin l*ves sMll, essile,lin*r, | 2x 04 cn SvnfloE*dco paniculatelv 

spicifod. Capitulum 0.5-1x 0.5 cn, cylindrical, with 4 flo.ets, subsessrle shonlv 

p.dmculate, p€ddcl. coveEd wiih scaly brncl. Inrclucrc phyllalies 14-16, l4 _*riar, 

$dioc, st.@ft bi6ra&; outq on€s, 1.4 x 2 nfr, ovare, subacur.i nrddl. on€s 5_6 x 

2-2.5 nn, lsceolatc, imer oncs 9-ll x 2 nh, lincar or oblong, obtuse. Florcls yello* 

t8

t 

{ 

.l 

"00 

fl) 

V0 

flg, l.l0 J..t l, .drar, R@h' &m: A, h.bi! B( | 4), involucE phylhn.s (oui.r 

lo intur): C, cr"scl..

Cypsela 4J x l.s nm loie, ddk bro*n - blackish, oblancslate, moEorless Grete, 

compressed, 5 7 ribs, truncat apically, bcalless, bbad, alnost d$colorous! pappus 

mtu long, *hne, not fmgil€ 

Amnits: Th€ nev species viz.. S@tiol. .nsrott R@hi Bzno. sp. nov. is emild. In 

s.nml appea@e to s.oi,l! ,ri.,r'lir (Bois.) sojrk &d s..tor4 v@o@ (L ) F w 

Schnrd {nich shre lhe lollowing combinadon or ch@cre6 and shows thc clo$ 

rmnincs wrrh these sp€cies. srch as Nhite or elossy sten: leafbases strongly decundnt 

with adnar linear appendages, auriculat. and cauline leaves much educed, florets 

ycllow, 4 pr capitulD, Synnorescencc apicifoft. involucre phyllaies 3.4, $dious, 

inn€! mo obnse. However, the pres!.1 taxo. difies frcn borh lhe species by having 5 

mn long balles c}?sla whcrcd i. th. tlminina spe.i6 cyTsla is 6'14 on long 

Eionolo€y: The nm of$e .ew sp€ci.s ir givd duc ro the be*lss crt6ela. 

Sp.clnen3 Errmtbed: - B-8/9: Baldstan Disr.: Kande Nullal', Gmche, Balrist n (N.A.), 

pcr€dnral herb, nuch btuched,40-50 cm t.ll, flo!.ts yellow, on stHn b..1, c.3000 n, 

219.2004, Jon Alon & Atiko l0t6 ^. b (KUH)i Eidsah, Astor (N.A.) aloig road. 

D.rennial heib, up to 50 cn tall, to!.h y.llow, on dry slope. c 2100 n.26.8.2008.,,t1 

ter I?26 (KUH)i ibi4 6@nding peEnnial hcrb, tloEts yellow. on dry slop., c. 2300 

m.26.4.2@4, Ali Noor 1133 (KUHJ. 

Ecolo8y: - On dry slop.s &d on strlm bdt ar lhc €l€varioh b.N*n 2300 -lO0O n. 

Flow€ring tenod: - AngulsepEnb€r.

2-.T@'rl4 oriett ltr (Bois.) sojAl in Novn, Bot Hofli Bor' Univ Cd Pas 46 1962: 

(np,1c.320, pl.23. tl: lefey,lc. ?83 p 26. t IZ Rech i,1.c.202r Cbaudharr.Ic 

246 pl. 128r Boulou!,1.c 315 

Plet percmial, semi-shdb md slabrous.SrcD 

10-50 n hll. woodv at thc bde branchd 

fl@cce. neid, rhomy, divdcalely - inrical.ly bnnched, mrelv branchle6 wilh €lon&lc 

virgale- flexuols brancbes, wilh gen sldations of decurcnt bases of leaves Radioal 

lcives shon lived, subssile- dilabd al lh. be, 3 6x05-15 cm. pi.mtifid_Pinnalis{1. 

rctoe, dmricul c, acurq @ ine l@ves ssile linw-ldc@late .nfie,0 5 I r 0 t cn. 

auriculal€ having long appr€sFd lin d tpFn&8es ldnate to the slcoj upp.r mosl oftcn 

reduced Synnoresccncc ncenose- spical. Capitulun 05_2 r 0205 cm erect 

cyliodrical, 4 tl^cts p.. capitnlnm; pedurcl€ sall coveEd wilh scaly l€aves lnvolucre 

phyll&ies 14-17, 3.4 -eriat€. erioui oucr ones 2-5 x 1.5_2 mn, ovate lanc@lare. 

acuiei im€Fnosi 8-14 x 2-2.5 Im,litcaroblonS, suFobn6e Florcrs vellow Cvpsla 4- 

6 x 1-1.5 nm, bio{n, oblong-ellipsoid, ?-9 dbbed, scabrid+ispid, anenuat€ i.lo 2_l mm 

lons, slender. indistitrct in t€xnm and co.colo.ous beak pappls 6-8 om long, white 

A wiable spcci6, howd.r,2 sub sFci6 cd be @oeniz.d on lhc basis of $.m dd 

! + Plants thoDy. SM divariqcly n$h bnnched. 

spin€$mr with shon Dd rigid bEnch6. Lowd ldvs nol

Itg,, l, S.ttiota dr,,tdis @ns.) Sojlr fltlp. dradorr! : A n biq B, crDindM.

- Planrs .ol rhomy. Sten nor divm.atclv bmched' nol 

spincsccnl. Lower lcalcs *ell deleloped 

L ,tcar,ol! ,rd,tarat (Bois.) sojal in Novn, Bor' Honi Bot. Unrv cd Prag 46 1962i 

Rah. i, Lc.202 a 19 & 20 subsA oaifiidlit (Pl.re 2. f li Flg.l.ll) 

Phknor,: ori.nblis Boiss. v oy. Boi Med Esp 2: 390 1 819 ( rn nole) 

Za.,,cd,r?nlald (Bois.) Boiss, Fl. Or' 3: 819 l8?5i H@k l. Fl Bn lnd l:'l0'l 

l88li Ailch., Tans. Linn Soc. Sq. (2) l:E3 1888: Rech l, Svmb Algh ll: 205 1955: 

Kirad., Fl. Aigh. 430. l96oi Kitm., Pl. W Pak Afgh. 1 50 l9ai R R Slcwan in Nan 

&,ali, Ann. Cat. Ve. Pl. W. PaL Kdho. ?59 1972: Feinbtun _ Dothm. Fl P.laest:i: 

438. p1.743 l9?8r Mangain&Rnoin Hajraeral, Fl. lnd. 12 295 t 7'1 1995 

Ledoryp.: (,rr.t/ 702, (G. le-w). 

Planrs lhony, divaricatcly, nuch bmichcd, spinescenr wnh shon, riSid hrdches, 

branchle$ mosrly spinesc.n( al the ap.x. Lcaves smll, nol much develop€d. lhlling otr 

Spe.lm€rs f,xlni.edr - A-7: chnral Dist.: Chunarkm, Mastooj chilral, telenniul herb, 

13' in heiSh! flmrs ycllow, inftequent, on udulationS @tv sloF. 1927 n (16' 12' 

0r.8 , ?2' 08 ,rO.9 ), 19.?.2005, Hai.lor lli 2084 lKDll\ Satigulbet, Torikhoo-Chitdl. 

psennialhob,8 in hei8nl florets yellow, coDmon. onrccky slop€,2979 n,16 8 2006 

Itai.lar /li 5017 tXVH)i Pnsht@@, Y&tlmn-ChiFal, p.r@ial h.t!,l2 in heisht. 

0ods yellou, inltquc.t, 2979 n, 11.A.2g)6, Haidor ,lli 30lA {KUH): D4: Qu€lil 

Disr.: HaDna lake, Qu€tt., a coohon wild planl. I3.81939, Mahidar Nath 2196

6 

@ 

t 

I'l " 

/f\ 

&) 

@A 

ffi l 

Fle, l.|ISdri,r.,,t dtil(Bds)Sojtrsubsp,,it r{t:Ahtbn:B(l4l b\oluE 

Dnvlh.s touk @ rnM)i C. c'"r.14 .t@ttd,ttt"at tBor$ r sojn s6p 

;;ii&rtt Podl.ch: D. habrirE{l_4t, rvoluct. phvudi.s {oul.rlo metl:

(R AW)r Nonh.m Bdehisrj!. 1955, AJ!. &nge btk. s.a. (Bi{)r Qkrir, ?.?.t980, 

Fard, A Ddrt s... (RAWI SpiaKs418.7.195',E N6i,..n (r W); B.Iu.liiba 

12.2.1962, RX. Stflar 558 (RAW): c 5 km n m Nesnh m my ro QD€ra hilh hillst 

tdif pmial shobh( c.l5 d b4 docc ycllow,ldq r dii., 19.r0.1936-1-cleJ@l 

& S.Or€r ,39 6UrD; UnL hd6, c.2 ft hid, ilor.6 y.llow, 4 1650 n, 14 3 1959, S.l 

,lr, 1232 (KUI4; Abol rO a 6 trm Qu.n on Ey to Zinr, dEt hd6.2G25 cm rall, 

floEIr y6llow, 6mon on stony grourd, 11.9.1970, s,.1 Faboqi & M. Qa&r 2359 

ff

Typer Alghdisi4r "Nurist n: Dmh_i P.ngar 4 kn inta Sandalnesha 1000 n . r 

Sept 1969. Pdl"ch 16580 (M, ho_w) 

Lactuca nuristd,ica (jtm, rn ada. Phylolax C.obot I?:35ll 100. 1957;Kitm. Fl 

Afgha.42?. t 100.1960. 

Uolotype: AfslEnisr?n: Nurisbn: Chatdss,2 6 1955.{tdn!rusn (KYO n.r'). 

Stcn baelty brdched, bnnches 1otr8, eEct or ncxuous, ascending Plml nerther 

diraricat€ly bdnched nor spinesce or thomy and nu.h leafv Lo*e. leaves s'll 

Sp€cinens Ennimd: - A-?: chrfial Di* shogo., 1900 n. 16101954 A scrd,r' 

2404 (Mw)i c. ll kn ftun Chiual on say lo Shoghor, e.ect helt) 4Gt0 cn ull ilorels 

yellov, + f (rO m. 11.8.192,4 tti.5.2. Hdsai, & Gohar khm 2212 (KUH)r Morkoh. 

55 ni'.s awry fton Chitral ciiy on *.y to T.ichnn. oo ocky hill Mki 20 25 cn rall 

floEts yellow. 16E 1981. {utal Aklter Molik & S razinrtddin 1466 (KUH[ 2 nnlcr 

fron Lashl on way toTrichnnfroln$ins. c.70 cm tall. norets y€llos,23 8.1981 r(aral 

lkter Molik & S. NEin"ddin 1729 (KUH) c.34,4 kn iom Chilral o. wav lo Boonr a 

p@hnial h€rb, t 40 cm tall, floFN ycllow, + I ?00 m, 14.8, 192, T. Ali, s.z. H"srin & 

Gohar Khtn 2344 (Kull.)i rrglishl, Booni-Chilral, peren.ial herb, 9 rall, fl ore$ ycllo$, 

on nndulating slop€s, infr€quenl, 2920 d. (35'20 151". ?2'06 19l"). 682005. 

Ha lar Ali 2411 IKUH)| linch Sbasram, Molikh@ - Ch$al. perennial herb- 9 lall. 

flods yeuo*, on udulating slop6, 29lt m, (36! 20 24.1", 72. 06' 45.5 ), ?.8.2005. 

U.idar Ati 25t0 (KUm: IÊt, TorithFchiF.l, Frcdial hcib, 9 bll, floers ycllos. 

int!q@n4 3035 n! (36' 10 06-9, ?2' 2?' 41.8"). 11.8.2005, lt i.lar ali 2615 IKUHII

ibidi Yarknoon, Torikhoo-Chitial, perennill herb, 8 lall, floEts vellow oD lndulatine 

Mkr slopes, 3225 n. (N 36" 47 1? 5". E 71" t 131).2la2o05 Hotdor Ali 2861 

(KUH)i chowiich, Mdt@j CniFal, Frcnnial berb T lall. noEls v€llo* on dkv 

sloFs, l28O m, (36' 18'45.9", ?2'14'059'). 1312006. Haidar Ali 1852 (KUHll 

Prae.$, Cbitdl, teennial he.b, 12 nll, ior.lsvello*, rae, on sleep rockv slopes, l9l8 

m. (41-231281 E.199419? N).212$Jl Huilor Ali tt116 tKlH)iOilgn Disl Inblr 

Nullah abore Cilgil, 4.E.I 954. R.8 ,'rflld r'n (Mw); 6 milcs lion BabNa' on trdv ro 

CilSit, herb, 35 cn rall. tloteN y ello*, 19.8 1971, S Abelln & M o,trt 

9148 (KUH); 

Nalht valley,28.8,19E6,,{. ndr/ur' ll0l (KUH)I ibid; Bets€en Gupis ed Phsd'r' 

growing bcN€6 clG, + 2400 n,20 1.19q4, M Qaise.5 Onq&5z H6ei' 84M 

(KUH)| Near Yasin on wa, lo Dhrkol (Nodh of Ydin). flolers vello$ ln rocks. 

t91.l9so, M.Qaikr, S.Omet & S.z. tasai, 8143 (KUH)I Bimoghldl 2l00_24m m 

2.E.1954, M'( Sitldiqui & A Rehtua 26a22 $AW): Mran Chilril Col 1550 fr. 

30.6.19?7, gatft &d, s.n. (RAWi M@ fotst, 1480 n, 1.7 l9?1' EoMm Khah s.n 

(RAW)i Bamri-alone lh. iriSation canal, 60 cn lau, soil gravel, sandv clav' 20 6 1976, 

S. Nazimutl.lin & S. Al4din 111(KUH); From Shingrella on qav lo ShoganhanS, Huzd. 

sni @t Frcmid hdb !p lo 50 cm lall, llo!.is yellow, connoni on sbnv slop. 

..2700 n,2.8.2004, Jon AIan 2888 (KUH); ibi4 Barocr nountain, Bonbm,i erccr 

pec.nial hab, comnon sp€cies, erow in nountain csicq floGB yellow.l I 9.2004. J4, 

AIan & Inrat 2953 (KUH): i,biq Jan Alan & Inr@ 291a (KUH)I Thole H@pyi Dalum 

das Nagrar No. 2, p.rcnnial herb, 12 in hcighr floEb yello\. on wd places. rn landy 

soil, 2400 n. 24.0?.2006, Sdriiod Hoidq 574 (KUH): B-6. Swal Dist I lmiles ironr 

Saidt Shdif otr vay to Kdm, 20 m l.ll, ooEls pale ycllow, oi sndy clay $il.

21 .1.1911, S, .4bedin 8210 (Klr{)r Dit Disr': N.ar Village Oach. c 5 km lion Chardara 

on 'oad ro TihargaF, eed herb, c-3t cm rall, floErs vcllow. 

15 6 1981 . A ChaJoot a s 

Orcr 2315 (KUH)i rbd: E8: Aslor Disl: Belween Asror to Gudai and Ch'Ia 50_?0 

cm hish, flolers yello{, on dry rcclc. 31 8 1988, s Onet & M Qais( 24}7 \KUH)' 

ibid; Rupal nuLlah ro cMlot, Asbr, 2400_2550 m, 2l8l9l9 R,( siew4rr 18909 

(RAw)i ibidi Hercho on way ro Astor n.at bridge. upper sde the road .rcci annual or 

FEnni.l h.rb. commo., 2lOO n,6,92004, lli Nool l0 (KUtl). B_E/9: Baltisi4l 

skardu, i z0O m, 20.8.1966, rt,' . Si.Atqi. l- N6ir a zalar 4180 (BM)i Skddu to 

Shigir, 2400 n, ?.8.1940, n.n. &@'l s.n. (KUH); Gilgir o Aslor, dc*ns. Aug.1954. 

a.n .tre,a, s,n. (RAw)i shicar, Balti€l.n, 2400 n 15 8 18?5. c , clorke 10430 B 

(BM)r Kcro Lugm Claci€r, Left bmk, hill side, 3000_1300 f,,267 19J9. R S'oa 

lt,$€l/ ll3l (BM); Salpm nnllah, a 2700 m, l8 l94O ,R.X Sr4ear/ 20270 (RAWr: 

SaQan late sidc, + 2rOO n,3.10.1996. Qutbuddin & Hilatat Naor 220 (RAw): 

Kande Nallah, Chanch€, Baxisbn. crcd o4nnirl h4b, 16 bll. nor.ts vcllow. srow 

alons sneam bank, 4.9.2003, Jan alon & Alika r'ian 22a9 (KUH)i ibd l looo n, 

27.9 2AO4, Jan lhd & Atiko lO l6 a,b (KUH)i ibid, "/at ,'{/an d ,! lila 3029 (KUHli C-5. 

Sej.ta-Ksnto! 12 mil6 from WM, S,Waziristan, cr€cl h€rb, c 25 cn lall, buds 

p@1, lJ .5.197a, S. N@inu.Uin A S. ,,lr.d,r 945 (KUH); C{: Kntu Dist : Ku|@. 

M-a.H. ,liidi tot (l4iP6n^w Dist.i P.shawd, Scp, t 943, t16ra,-!d-dn 70 (RAw): 

c.md-WaEal Road, in cappdis bu.n o. eani Cliil of dry nullah, shutbby bse, 

norets ycllow.4 in head, risule bwd.24.5.t95E, B.L. Buu 69a G)i D-4r Quet6 Disl: 

Kila Saifuurb, 24.6.1956, tL. Dr4l PeddE 35 (MW); c.l0 nilcs tom LoBlai on way 

ro Qira Saitulrh. Qu.na, 50 n rsll, lar.r pE$n! 19.5 1984, t Ore. & A, AhaI@t t62l

(KUH)i c,25 km {ion znob on q.y to MsliF Bagh, c.35 cn tal!, floels vcllos, whn€ 

latex,21.t.1984, t O'€r &,r. c/dror l?03 (BM KUH)I Hadsansi foFst, Qudta 

16 7 1986, O'drld/tn I (RAw); E-4r Ktlat Dist:lt kn fron Esl ofKhuzdat on wav to 

zeedi and Lsrkana, ercq c.3o cn lall, noeB vellos 

alluvial with 8Bv.l, 

glowing with pvcnocvla. erl 

8.5 1990. .'i . Cholou & Steye M C@tlnaa 4956 (KUH): c 5 l tm 

tbm Khuzlr city on ray lo Kalat, n d B.l@hist n Rei&nrial College. pMtde herb. 

floars yclfo*, a 1000 m, soil gnv€l-smdy l@d, 2r.5 l99i. t ,4 li & G.R Sa^w 2524 

(KUH): ibid: F-./4: (alal Disl: Rcsl hous. law.. Sonb. l0 cm oi less. flots vclloN. 

soilssdy clly loam, 6.6.1970, M. Oair€r 1225IKUH);Ned t€lephone exchos., soab. 

.rcct, 30 cn, l orch yellow, soil sa.dy clay lo.s,6 6 1970,,\r'' qaisel 1229IKUH) 

Disdbution: ' Afddisrrn ed Pakistd. 

Ecolo$/: - Gowsber@n 1000.3500 tn on !@tl. mun|ains cEvic6. on enly 

clayey eil, on wi plac6 ud 

Flowcing p€nod: - Mry- O.tobs 

NOTE: Podhch\ Sc&@la o/iert4tu (Boiss.) Sojak 

bed @ La.rrca nwistanico l(ir^6, 

3. Je'ial, (1.) F.w s.hmidt. Sam. Plrys. Ok@M Anfs.l:270. l?95; KirP., 

'idrra 

l.c,3lE. pl.23. t 2; teftey, Lc.783i Rah. f, 

1029i Ch.udh.ty, 1.c.2a6. (FE r.r2) 

subsp. ,,r6rark! Podlcch, is not 

l.c. 205. r 202. f. 2l & 22t Mcjtlc. l.c 

L., Sp. Pl. 6d. 2. 191 . 1753 , Locttd riatea (1.)r. & C. PFsl., Fl. 

Boiss.,Il. Or. 3: 616. lE?5; Clarke, 

Conp. l.d. 262. l876i Kit.n.,

Fl. Afeb. 4ll. 1960i R.R. Stesan rn Nasir & Ali- Ann Car va\' l']l W Pal Kashm 

761 1972i Fereko!6 in Tutin er dl, !l lur 4: 329. l9?6i Mamgain & Rao in Hajd er 4r' 

Fl Ind.r2:295.199ti Feinbtun_Do$an. f_l Palae$ l:4l8 Pl 742 l97a Phaenopr\ 

vizhd(L.) DC., Pnnr 7:116 l8l8 

Typ€: HabiH in Callia, (Fra.ce) Lusnania. RCN'5829 

Lectotype (Selecled br var Raamsdoik in Wissknchen ii1 / cdler R?Pe'r. 108 

l|]5 199?) Herb,A,VanRoyen No 999 344_290 (L ) vlde jafrs Ord Chdos 769 2007 

Biemial wilh tapr@t.St n 45-80 €h latl, fleog mcdv at th€ ba* b@chd vrgarc' 

noslly stmiShl with decumt l4ves. Leaves *ssile-shonlv peliolaG. pinoat'ud_scl or 

slnuare-pnmately lobed,4-8 x ol I cm, ldcinat€, retroM, somow[dr loofhed, acule. 

decurenl with long, hed auticlesicaulinc lcav€s snall. sessile. lrn.ar. 0 5_2 \ 02-04 

cm. Synflore$oc. pMiculat ly q,iciaom. Capitulun 05 lx 05 cm. cvlndncal. wtlh l 

floets. sftsessilc-sbonly pedunculatc, p.drn€lt coveEd vnh $alv bBctlnvoluce 

phlllaries 12'14, 3-4 -s€iate, scariousi ouler ones 1.5 5 x I'l 5 mm, ovale_lanceorate, 

subacder inncr ones 8 l0 Cl3) x | 5-2 

Cypsla 3.t6 x l-1.5 nn lq& black 

SEdully rnfluat inlo 3.5-8 Im lon8, 

sabriduloui papPs G? nn lone, whnc, 

nm, lin€ar-oblong. obtus. Flots yellow 

lin€d-i6ifom, scab.iduous wi$ 7-9 rih6. 

slodd- filifom, belq ribs lnd b€ak aho 

sp.dn€N Exrolnedr B-6: Dir Disr.i 4 km lion chaldda on way ro Dn. common 

n@ gmvey.rd, nsging pqonil, c.l0 cm tall, iorcls yellow, 8.10.1944, A GhaJoor & 

r ,tr, 4095 (KUH)i B-a: Asror Disr.: 2 kn fron min md or Aslor on way to D6hlm, 

btuch€d p€&nnial herb up to 40cn, on sandy slopes, florcts yellor,2400 m, connon,

@ 

tl 

""T iiitr ,i 

lllliilfr 

I lil]\ill d o 

,I I 

A' 

(#, 

t^ 

&) 

Flg, l,l2 S..riola eidi"e. \L.) F.W Schnidt A, babn: B(14), involuct phylldirs 

D. Dotr.: D, bdbiti E(l-4), 

(ouEr to iser), C, cyD*h Le.rk. disktu 

ilvolure phylldiB (out r ro imd); F, ct?l.la. 

l

6.10.2ao4. Jon Alon & Muheet l

Distributon: -Europe, Austmlia. M€drietran€an rcgion, Amenia, Kurdiskn, lnn.lr4' 

Afshdislrn md Patishn. 

on @ky slopes, stony and gnvel aeas, oadsldeslield margrns. ai lhe 

.levarion bNeen 80G2700 n. 

Flo(cnngpcnod - June Ocbb.r. 

t Lactuca 

L.Sp Pl ed. 1.795. l753iCcn. Pl ed.t.348 l?54i DC.. Podr.7: ll3 l3l8 t.p: 

Benlh.. in B.nrn. & Hek. t, Cen. Pl. 2: 524. l8?l pp.i Boiss., Fl Or. l 803. 1E75r 

Clarke. Comp. lnd 259 18?6. p.p.: Hook, a. Fl Brir lnd.3 402. 1381. p.p i O Hollh, 

in Pnandlan.4 {5): l7l; Coller, Fl Sinl 283. l92li Bldtt ., B.au. Fls. K.shn 2: I 

I928iKiA. in Bobr. &Tzevel, Fl USSR.29r 274. 1964 p.p.:Jefre, in Davis. Fl Tuk 

5: 7?6. r 9r5 | FeniLove in Tuth € | al.. Fl. Ev. 4: 328. t916. 9.p.. Reh. I, Fl. Ihn Conp. 

2. 122: 135. 197?; Feinbrun-Dorhd, Fl. Palaesr. l:4:15 l9?8; M€ikle. rt Cyp'us.2: 

102?.1985i Bremer. Aste@eae, Clad.Clss I84 199a, Mangaii & Rao in Haia e/ ,/ . 

Fl. Ind. l2i 281.1995j Chaudhary. Fl King. S Ambia,2 (l):244.20OOi Ode6on & 

sprinSare in cn€Mn & r,ng, Ft. Bhuln. 2 (3): t4?o 2001 ; Lack if, Kadercn & Jeffrcy. 

Fan. Cen. Vasc. Pl,81 188.2007,p.p. 

Annual to pemnial herbs, less one. seni-shrub. Leaves herbaceou$ nembranous. 

wnable, $ssibp.liolale, runcinat€-pinmtifid-pinnaiisccr. tob.s, tineaFlanceotare. 

oblan€ola&-spalhulat . ly6re, .hriE to dcnrabone. spinutose, atabros ro pub.sccnr. 

au.icllate4cmimplexicaul. Syhooresc.nce laxly corynboe{acehosry amnged or 

paniclcd. Crpitula c@i intundibulifom.cylindrjcat, @ny noweEd.InvotucE phyltrnG 

3-a (-5) {eriate, glsbrcu, sctriou-o.nbmnou' Ftoels yellow. whitc. blue. violcl or

puiplish.R.cepbcle nalcd, CrTsla yellow-btow. or blackish, mostlv oblsceolate_ 

obovateil-n@y ribb€dJomp6*d, nuncaG-shorily papillate or pilose. be* whne. 

geenbh or pale, fililom" sleidr, smoorhi pappus uniseriaie, whnelemon v€llo* and 

A eenus with abour c.?5 sp€cies dnribuFd in Europt. Africa, N. Amenca and Asia 

(Bremq,1994). Represenred in Pakison Uy5 species. 

long, dicholonously bmnched 

l-l nbbedr dlricale'sbonly 

tin6 longd lhan lhc body. 

- Stem 35-200 cn long, paniculalc ro corFbo* 

branchcd above. Cyprh morc thsn I !ibs, p,loe. 

&ak equalling or | ! tinEs lone..lnan llE body. 

+ L.aves eilh crisped or n.xuous hair beneath. 

Cyps.la 3-4 m iong, y€llowish-goldo brcwn 

w h l. nbbcd ir lhe niddleon 4h sidci belt 8, 

+ All l6v6 lin.r-ldceolat, lo*er l@v6 

spari.gly ,4 pitu.tilidly lot d cnrirc. Ftoels

. Lev.s nor os above Flolet3yellow. 

+ Loqer leav6 succllent, undividcd, di.urely 

and sonl, spi.ulo* lo quite sm@th cr?*la 

bl&kish. Cuh,vat d pldls. 

- lr$.r l{}rs ron-succulenr, rffiourly div .{ 

usully dncinale piMnfid, priclly ot spinulc 

alo.8 tbc marsi. and nid.ib bcndh. ClTsel! 

l. Ld.tt.d dbte.rdD.D6,Prodr., Fl. N.pal. 164,l825iDC., Lc ll5illook. i.l c 405r 

B!nb.r, Pl Punj 378.1916;Coller,l.c.284i Blrer, Lc.4;R€h. f., Synb, Afd.ll:201. 

1955; R.R, SFwan, Fl. R w. Disr., in P!k. i. FoGt. 7:237. 195?r Knin.. in Khtn, H. 

(E&.), Fluna dd Flom N.?al Hin. l:261.1952'1951 (S.. R.s. rap.n Exp€d. N.p€l 

rlinala); Kilan., Fl. Afsh.428. l960tKnan, Pl. w. Pak. Af8n. 150. 1964: RR.stdan 

in N4sir & Ali, Am. Caive. Pl. W Prk, K$ho. ?t3. l9?2i R(h.4, Ic 186. r I24, 

20r. i I & 2tMangoin &Rio,l.c 297 t TsiSham! & Janwal, Fl Lidd, Vr, Kashn. 

tlin.2:59. I98i Cbnudnrry, l.c. 245. tl. 126. I b; GncMn & SpnnS!1., Lc. 1471. 

(Fl&l.lr) 

Typ.. - D*.iH frcm Nepal, ,/,r/t /i (Kl). 

Chon lnlla atridtdto wtlt.,Nm.r Lid .3269.1329. mn.nud 

Lo.tue aunelah l]c., Prc&, 1: 140. l838t Boiss., Lc. 8l4t Cldrk , l.c. 264i KiA., l.c. 

109. pl, XVnl. a 4i R.R. St'wan,l.c.758.l9?2. 

TyD.: - N.prl, r,4,a, J?9 (K w) Mrbfich., tDC No I I o looj2o9l 

'l

Lactcd 4Mis Edgpw..inTtuos. Lfn. Soc. 20: 79 1846. 

'frpe: -India: Hi6tlnr-'4. Sinla.l0m'7m0 n_ (K) 

Zu.&.a r,rtflii Bois., Dia8. Pl. or Nov. S... 2 (3): 96 l85l 

Type - Descnbed fron Baloc h isran. ''r.*l 601 662 (c_Aorss) 

Sy.typ€s: IadPaListan: Hab in provinoc Bdlochistan .snn*t. E\s. Pl 809 810 

Amual herb. St€m slender. erect 15-60 cm tall dicbotonously bra.ched above Basal 

leav6 nostly culate, glabrcus, sesile-nlmwed al the base,9_15 x 2-5 cn. m vaaous 

fom: pinnatilidly lobed' brprnnati ri d o! ircgularly lobed, temrnallob. mostly renifom' 

rhomboid, |mly d€ltoid, oblancolate-obovat in outlin€. acule obtue. nuch-diss4td. 

Ineguldy or sinuat€ d€niculole; c.ulrne lcavcs scsrile,2 9 r 0.5-2 cn! nner-lreolaE. 

acut€, egnlltely auiculale-subanpl.ricaul. Synnor€scence laxly paniculalecapnula 

glabous, e@t, er.r-intundibulilom, 15-20 florers p.r capitulun.0.i l5 \ 05 co- 

bacteolare, p€duncl€ 0.7-2 cm long. Involucre phyllanes l0 15. 4 5 senas scdous, 

acureiout€r most 1.5-l x 1.2 nn, middle ones 4-? x l-2 nrnr, ovare-lmcmlatei innemos 

10-14 x 1-1.5 nn, Iired. FloErs blu. - liolet or pulplhh.Cypsela 2.5-l x l.l mm. dart 

broM, obla.ceol.ie *ilh 3 promincnr bs oi each side, nuncat€. clen at the tip or 

bidenhF; b€ak 5-6 m long, whitc, filifom, conically rhickened at rhe base. rrrce as 

long as lhe bodyt pappus I Dh long,lemon yellow. 

Spc.fD.$ E-ditr.d: -A-7. Chitral Disr.: Shunlu.,28.71954, M-4. SidAiqui & A 

fer,a' s.. (&{W); ChiFal Vilhg., 1500 m. noets tuuvq | 1.4 1958, JD"4. Stointo" 

52

2202 (BM); Shishi, (B/w 3t'15 N. 7l'4E E35' 45 N ?2"- 0 E.). 1600 n on drv 

surnd sbF. flodls ptlcviolct blrc, 6.5. t 9t8, 5r' aoMt bo,629 

(BM)i ArlariGol 

w, ofTirich Mir,2500 n, al edgc of li.lds, floEts mauv.. E 6.1958.J.D lt Stalnba 2606 

(BM)r BariF Ni$ v.U.y, Chilnl, fe.r hdt, c.40 cm tall. tloEts lish blue 24 7 19?6. 

M Oaie&a ehal@t 66ta (KUH)I chaft 1000m.chitEtcol ordoFs l0I l9?? 

tatin l(ra, s,n. (MW); Bombdit Cnnnl. i 1400 n.Il/12. ? 1968. v,vavi5019(E 

MW)r Bonbdl sll.y, Chital. @cl hctb, 20 cm i.ll. floEls, putple. 26 7.1976. M 

Qaie & A. Ch4loot 6158 IKUH); c.4 kn lmn Dn on way to Lowan to? and Dro6h. 

c6r. c,20 cn |!fl h.rb wirh qhnc ht x, 6y3 blu., disc ycllow, 16 6.19E7, a Ahal@r & 

s. o'e' 219? (KUH)i ibid:3 lo rom Cm Ch8hn., South$d! on way lo Ktndjrl 

and Avadk, unust hc6, c- 20 cn lall, flocts blue. 19.6.1987. A. ehal@r & S. Q,el 

2590 (KUH); ibid; B.t*cn Chihland Shodor, on wa, ro Cam Chashnu. €Ecl aonud 

h.rb, c.20 cn trlf, on sdy $il, flol!$ y.llowish ,18,6. 19E7, ,,{ . Ghaf@r tt S.Ome. 2546 

(KUH)r Arkri Gol, b.t*6 Mod &d khin.bld, Chitiil, c@t annual hc6. l6vcs 

basaf ad q!lin., c.20 cm t ll, no'.l! whitish, lltex whit , 20.6.t987,.4- AhaJZv & S. 

O,'?r 2709 (KUHI ibid; c.5 rd fom M$tuj on My to L$p!r md shandur p€ss, c. 

2400 m. Gr dulbcrb. c.l5 cm rAll. floncrs lidr blrc, qonmn,26.6.19 87.,1. 

Ahal@r & S. Onq 3072 IKUH)i ibid; B.ttrq Sh@rh (Jasl@t ald Ch&mlkun, 

+tEcor,6.5.t99t, Sttbtd.lih. Fitk Moh@",l'd & snet Hai.ta.2447 (RAw); c.l hilc 

f.om Di. city tow.rd! Lowri ro9, scmi{Ft hqb. floErs, viol.r bloish, + ll50 n. 

20.6.1970, M. Oaiw & .4- Aha!@ I 759 (KUH)i viUls. Baft (K.li.isbn.ChnaD, .dr 

hcrb, 8. r 0 cn .frf, tloEt5 lighr btuc, on $it d.y loam, 22.6.70. rt1. Qoikt & ,t. Ahdht 

1900 (KUH); Bdir.loig inisarion c!r!t, alcr b6b, t5 cm ratl n@E pintq on sdy 

5l

clay soil,2l.7.l97l,,s.-4rcdu 8117,8118. El39 (KUH)| Bsn, chn6l, annual herb' 

ll"i. height, undulalins sandy slopes(3t'43'N E 7l'17 13 ) 2850n loreN tello$ 

infieq\6r.6j2005, Haidar Ali 1572 (KUH):4 miles tom Na@ on qav to Buswar' 

cRr helb, 20 cn ull, floren bl\e, r.9.1912, M Qaier & A chuJbar 1294 IKUHI 

Meana, 14 5-16 km linm Dn on rvay b Chnral, + 2000 n ecct. annulhe'b r20cm 

hll. flortrs yellow. I08.1992. li Ati, S.Z Hussuin & Goho Kha' 2101 2120 (KLH): 

Ayum. c.26 km lion Chntal on way to Bonbrait, r l50O n erect hcrb, I 20 cn rall. 

floErs yellowisl\ 17.8.1992, l.{ li, S Z Hdsit & eolar Kha" 2377 (KUH); Bundar' 

105.1995, J,rg. Lt. Haurits LM.S. 16308 (BMli Jughoe eol. chilral. annul herb. 

i or€rs qhrl., inft€qu€nt on iocks cevic€, 1665 n, (N .15' 49' 16 8". E 71' 47 1 1 4_)' 

| .l 2t][5. Eoklar Ali 2M (KUH); Chilral Gol Natioml Pt*. Cbi!.al 9 in height floErs 

lighr pulle, infEquenr, on undulatdg rocty slope. 2829 n l746l4J. 1910352J. 

21.5-2VJ5- llaklar AtiA69lKUt,.): Cnaen B@ni, Chrhl. ner@ial h€rb. |0 'n he,Ahl. 

noets yellow, ae. besidc strcan bank. 2449 d, (N 36' ll l09".E?2'12 289). 

l3.6.2005. tlaidar Ali 599 lKuA): Balotuk hill, Chnml, annual helb, 8 " ull. undulatin-s 

stdpes. (r lt' 49 13 O - E 7l' {5 1 I O ), 2l l.t n. lound t!t. 28 5 2005. Etmor tli t 5) 

(KUH); ibid. peEnnial herb, 8"tall, on ocly slopes, (N 35" 49 116",E7l'45'Il4 ), 

20oo n, Iloras oF hn.,28.05.2005, Haidar Ali lll (KL,H), Colin col, chnnl 

peMnial hqb. 24 tall, on rocky slopes. common, 2260 n, 19.6 .2ln', Hdidar Ali & Jun 

,4lan 781 (Kull)i Ishp.der CGNP. ChitBl. annual herb, 25 cm in herShl. flore6 gEen 

spike, comnon, on srtu bdt,2a29 6,21.5.2(n5. Haidor A/t 960 (KUH): Ishped€r 

CGNI, chilnl, annulberb,25 cm in heidrt, innequenl so*s 

on sucln bmk.2829 m, 

21.6.2005. floi.lar ,4li 956 (KUu)i P€elo Madatl6h, Chitral. mul h.l!, 2 ir hcighl,

floals whne, i.fteqeot, on s@m btnk. 1223 n (15" 46 01'9 ?2' 02 56'9)' 

2a.6-2005, Haido. Ali ll93 (KUH)I Chitnl, pqennial bqb 9" in hcight, ItoEls wh'le' 

infequent, on stony slope,lO0O n (N 360 18'44 5", E 12'14'05 0 ), ll 7 2005, fi'ktuf 

,4/t l9O7{KUH)|ibid,8'i. beight, flotcrs white, infiequenl on slonv rlope.1000 n. Ir' 

1.2005. Hoidat Ali l9l8 (KUH): Madnklsh! Dosh. peennol herb, 14 in h.rgh( 

inftequeni o. gr6sy slopes,2689, (N 3f4?'06 9', E ?2'02' 229 ) 21120Q5. Ht lar 

,11 ll8l ((UH)i ibidiPurgafr Rlch, MoliLhoo. ChiImL. blcnnitrl herb l:l" rn helSht. 

floEls light purPl., on srream bant,271? m, (:16'17 06 J .72'13 ll9). 17 8 2005. 

Haidd Ali ?a2A lKull); Dfth col, Chitral, pemial herb, 7 in h€ie& on Nlv 

slopes, l?65 n, l ot.is Nhit€. 3,5,2005,,1otddr,4lt 103 (KUH), Peelo Madaklasht. 

Drcsh,chitral.onstreanbank,annualh.!b,l5"inhig],flore$liShtriolet.282l fr ll5 

46 039".12' 02' 56.9), 28.05 2005, Hai.lo, Ali t200 (KUH) Bonbran. Chn6l. 

psemialhcrb, t0 in heieht,inftequcnlonsteafr bank. 24ST m(15".11 14.9 . 71'17' 

34.9"r, !.1-2005. ddirlor ,{ti 1429 (KUH)| Bonbodn, Shakhandch, ChnEl. l.50 rn 

h€igh, nods liSlrr puqlish whiie, rae, on stony slopes,2249 n, (35'41 01.8",7l'l9' 

r4O ), 19.5.20Q6, Hoitlor Ali 7629 (KUH)| AgEd go1 gnd, Arkari. Chilml. annql 

hdb, r0 in h.igh! noErs ,€UoN. @.,212J n (42 725699 E,4011295 N). 10.E.2007, 

s,idd',lli 701 (KUH)i A{. Gilsir Din : Nagr, (?4' 4l E-L. 36' 16 N ). 2500 m. 19t9. 

F Lobbichlq 475 (M):Dîâ\ Huoa and Nagar, (74'09 E. L. 3e 22 N ), 1000 m, 

1959, F robridhler 416 (M)i Nasar village area, idisaion channel ba.ks, cultilatcd 

@42l'22100 n,28.8.1960. O Po[,t 6419 (BM, E); Minabin, Nrga., comfi€ld wccd. 

inigarion od clltiv.t d @, floEis y.llow. 1900 n, I r. 7. 1960.O.Polu n6065 (BM. 

E)i Cilgit (Hulir fotst) Puial statc, h.$ ofsandy rocks, florcts yello*, Auglsl, t969.

M-S.z,a. chuno s.t. (KUH:)i Kd8ah, c 5 mile iom CilEil leaves os.lte. c20 cm' 

sandy $ir mixed Nith g6!cl. 15.7.1914, A Ah @r 2t0lR'\w)i Bct{en Nalbr and 

Nomel, dcr herb, c.40cmtall, orclsv$lcl, on sandy son. 17 7 t974 A (ihaloar & t L 

a,t 8al (KUHli Alo.8 Cupis bah nullah, Cupis. Cil8,r, s{r herb. 15 cm in hershr- 

21.6.1982, s. ouel 269 (KUH)| c.2 milcs lrom conella on way to Gilsn, c 25 cn' |an, 

tronls blue, I 1.5 1981, ,t. O,p/ S. Nazihuttlin & A ,/dlA 172 (KUIi)i Naltar vallev. 

28.6.1986, ,.{ R,trd 498 (KUH); Nlgor. c 18 kn lioDr Aliabad, ncar cuh'vdred Iield, 

@r herb,4 10 cn tall, llod$ violet, 14.10.1989, 5.1. ,-{/r, lf SuAanC, T. Ali & Aohot 

Knan 1548 (KUH): Ne.r Y,sin on say to Dharkol (Nof Yasin). + 2400 n. llo.ea 

y€llow. 30 cm rau, 19.11990. M.Qaitet, S.Onet & s.z. a/brart 8120 (8. KUH); 

Ghdirush, Kdimb6d, Hu@. *ftt pdcnnial herb up lo ll cm, comon, + 2lO0 m, 

a-1.2U)2. Ja. Alah s-n IKUH): 'b'd. gow alonB stEam bank,4.1-2th4. Jan ALn 

&Karin Ma.ldd l8l8 (KUH): ibidj Paan Nahar. erccl p€ennial herb Nilh Ducb 

bEnched infloedcq flords ligl plrplc, comnon Crcw 

alo.C stEm h6rl. i 2600 m, 

24.6.2001,Jan Alan & Karin Maddd lEl3 (KUH): Nalw Bala, eEcr herb up ro I 15 

cn. grow along stram b.nt, llQA n. 20.1.2001. Jan Alah & Naem Khan 2120 D 

(KUIt)tNahd, CilSit,.Rcth.rb up to8cm.ct?sela with dlll whrle pappus. ttoeB lrghr 

purple, c.1200 n, 8rews on stony moist slop€, | 7.1j.200t, .,ra, ,-llan & Sher Surun 34J3 

(KUH)I ftaoda-Das, Kdinabad, Huna, grows on glassy slope, eRt herb up Io a 50 

ch, ilorels lighr blue! 1 2500 m.2207.2005, Ja, Alon & Narn,.{/dr 1309 (KUH): 

Hamosh, Cilgil, on waylo Khal$row I km fiont Shdal, eftctherbupto45 cm. fiore$ 

blue, on dry sto.y prsces, 19.2.200E, SheNoli Khon lll5 (KUH): tui swar D6r. 

Karakar Pas, Swat. 0orts pale y.llo{, c. I 300 n, 8.4.1956. ,t.k. &.,rrr 2743 I (RAW): 

56

Kafm, (r5" l0' N, 71 30' E), c.220tr n,1967-A.rtisl t9429lM); ibidi 29 7 1968..s,r. 

Fdd,q, 51,60 (KUH): ibrd; Busawa'. erccl herb, 20 cn iall- floEN blne. 1.9 1972. M. 

Qoi@ A A Ghalbot 5294 IKUH)] B-?: Abboubad Disl. Abbobbad lo ManSlaur, 

c.3100 n, 14.4.1958, f.R. &?'4r s.n. (RAw)r Abbolab|d, herb, 35-40 cn tall. norcls 

whne, on r@Ly hnls wnb sddy eil, ll t 1969. S. /&da 289?. 2898 (KUH)] ibrd: 

Hazm Disr: Shogran,:2300 n, ioEb yello*, 10.61953. S.M Anrur liuznl 

s.n.(KUH)i rbidt Kdgan lalley Balakor hpplox.l4 35'N , ?l'20'l ) and Babusarpals 

lappror.15" l0'N.742 E ).Julscpt 1954,J,A,,,l6el 105 (BM)iDadar O$t.. Hrara. 

florcts purple, 21.4.1970, 16t /{ai' 5942 (RAw): 2 mil€s aom Battakundi on way to 

Babusd. €f€ct herb, 40 cm, 12 8.1911,5. Abedin & M. Qaber 89601KUH)j c.l0 mrlcs 

ion Abbotabad on {ay to MansehB, cl0 cm tall, florets bluish, 85.1983..t.O,,4 ,t. 

NEinudnin & /.wdtid 541(KUHii c.2 nil€s frcn Bal*oron wrr ro Kawar. helb, c I 

cm brr, ltoeG purpfish' pink, 9.5.1983. S.Oher. S Ndintddin & A.wahid 569 |KUHI: 

MaNba Dht. I Rchana, a 7500 n, 5,4,1980. E & y. rlsir 9028 (RAw); SMr Dist.: 3 

miles from Mingora towards Maday.n, erecr, c.60 cn, doisr loato, I L4. 1970. S /. ,4/1 4 

.t-r. Fal,D4t 1646 (KUH)] ibid, Sl ,.{/i s,n.(Kufl)i Kagan, 25 cm talt. floErs purplc. 

4.7 t9'11. KMal & M. Qoiser 278 (KUH); Berwn 6-10 km lron Kalam on lry ro 

Ushu, Swat ere.t, annual herb, l!2J cm (all,0orers tighr btu6h purplc, whn€ hr.r, 

31.1941. A Chohat & s. onet 3374 (KUH)I Naran Ldlaar, Kashan, flor€ts yeltow, 

21.8.198?, y. ,{aa Rtbi,a Akhtar & tldal 13074 (RAw)i Swar, Berwen viltas. 

Bahor dd Slmala, c.2300 m fton e. ldel. .dr mul hdb. c.,|{ cn, t oErs ye ow. 

6.10 1948, A. Chalitur & T. Ali a054 (KUH)i Ned Muu |Iaabad, Kishangng, valcy, 

prains, 2400 n, 24.4.1956, Jan Mohannotl I8t (BM)i B_Er Asror Dist.: Rama lcsr

house.* 50 cn tarr, no€ts puale, + 1000 n, 10.8 1988, S. Oaer & M gaitet 2314 

(KUH)| Rdna vallcy. S.w of Astor. c6t annudl herb,6 , norets 10-15 dm, wnh whre 

di$ and p6le purple 6y noeb.)tsl r,2a.1.1967.LE. Lantestq & T'15 Paten 

l24l (BM)j Astor, h€tu up lo l5 cm, ny florc$ violel, di$ whiE.21 .6.19a2, S.Aner Jl I 

(KUH): Dsften on My lo -\slor,.rcct peE.nial herb, 30 cn lall, o. hill sloPcs. 

2.5.2$6,,{li N@r er u|.115 (KUH)i aongi Dass, plarn area. eier pcrennDl hc'b. l0 ctrr 

tall,soilsudy,2.5.2006,,.1liN,o/eral.491,495(KUH)rAsror(NA)-PeerRoutcvillage 

abole Curikoq alone $e water channel, .!.cr, perennial herb, 50 cm oll, ilotets purple, 

2500-2550 m,23124.8.2008, Ali Noor 11Q2, l70l (KUH)] B-8/9. Ballisran Rangei 

Skardu, 240$ d, floreN yellow, JA.1816,C. B. akde 29976 A (BM)r Skddu. common 

along irigaxon cdals, c.2200 ft. flor.ts pale lavende.. 2461955, GL webst{ & E. 

,varir 5759 (M)i Bashr, c45 friles fiom Skardu. c.25 cm jn hcight, floels purplish bluc. 

26-5.1943, S. Onq, S. NEinnuddin & ,r. lfahid 1055 (KVH): Tsugm Cnu. aaltistan. 

oo r@ky hill slope! 1800 n, floEb hEndcr, 1928, F. d/o, 264 (AM)i K6hnnl 

Umli,Kdhn( 1200m, ilods white or palc blk.l.? 18?6, c a Cbrte 2a241 A (BM), 

Pahlgm, Kashmir, 2100-2400 m.4.81920, R.R. & !.D Jk,ar 5543 (RAWli Tngbol, 

Kashnn.2l00 q 25.5.1951,,4. Rqhid, E. N6u & R.R. Steear 25591 (R]AW), Corai- 

gorcs, cilgit R@d, l.?.1971, a.i, sleMr 42?6 (RAw)j snnaSd, noE$ blue,t680 m, 

16.6.1919,1.1. Src,at 4084 {RAW)i Srin.gar (Salt Couse), florcts nauv€. 22 7.1940, 

P.M. Pihlold 243 IBM)I K^sl16jr uDtnown locality. 1800 n . lloers nauve, sunny nill 

s'de er.ss, May 1938, U.tnin 67 (BM)i cindarbatSi.d valey,t6j0m. noars t.lender. 

comon w€€d i! Iields,8_6.ttto, LldtN & Sh.ri[ 8124 (BM)i MaNb4 c.t6lo. 

go*ins b.tw6 rcfq tders nztv., t2,5,t9!{. P.M. Pinfod $ (BM): Above Dosh.ii, 

58

shyok valky, r 2400 m, 16.8.1940, 4.4. .5rr'or 20828 (RAw)i Taub{r, erecr herb-:10_ 

15 cn. r oErs violct,259 1987, T.Ali, M.Quiset & M ljndl Khd,5ltt (KUH): Ramoo. 

r80O n, lO.7.rE?6, C. .B- Cltu*.2850E A. 28501 C {BMJ; C{r PeshaMr Disl: 

P€shawar, sp.ing we.d, :1000 n,25.4.1936. Mohindar Nath 1t394 (RAw)j Khvbcr pas. 

26.4.1916, Mohkdot Nath 15452 (RAW)I Koh.t Dist.: Kohai pass, N nde Pass. lime 

srone locky slop€si ilores pale violet'bluc, c 900 n. 26 5 1965. Jchni|tt Lunbnd 1511 

(E)iKohar.(ll'37 N,71'30 8).700-900m, 196?,O 16,/10180(MI rbdiTal v2llev. 

$6ett hlac, 1.5.1991, Rluna Raliq & Si*an.lar Hott! E!i-91-051 (RAw); Ku(@ 

Dist.: % nil6 ftom P@hi.d o. way to shaloa., sub.ret h.rb, oorcts viole! 

12.5.1914, CDll. ingot 5923 (KVH)i Malana, c,5 nil€s fom Parachrnar, heft c It cm. 

floret3 yellow, 20 t.1978, S. Nozinudtlit & S, Abedih l09l (KUH)I C-?. Rusdlp,ndi 

D$t.: R!*alplndi, ll.3 1922, Rx sr€vd, (RAw): Top Park,l5.).1934, Mohtndor NLth 

66 (KUH)i Sdpur, R wrlpindi, 24.3.1950, Gh an Y6i.t6 (Kurl)r Kalld Kabtr- 

6-5.1962, t.R.9Mn itl (RAW)i Ayub Park, a snrall spnng annul herb. tloErs 

lavender, 64.1964, t. darir 2486 (MW)i R'eat, Rawalpindi. ll4.1965. D Padle.h 

l0l12 lM)r Nalional agricultunl rescarch center, klambad, annual helb, floreb bluish. 

23.3.1941, RiMa /o@f HB^di 2O5 (KUH); Caopb.llpu Disi,: Kharn Mumt. 

An@k, fincston. hifl, c 700 m, 13-4.1956, R.R. StM & II6ir 27910 {BM. RAw): 

Ket prostr. h.rb, on Dcky hilk wnh s.nd, 780 n, floErs yrllon,1.5.1969. S Abedin 

275? (KUH)i Jhclun valley neai Pini, 1500-1800 d, 13.5.1992, J F. Dtthie t0899 

(BM)t D-,tr Qucua Dnt. Hanna late, 1800 n,2.10.t957, R.4..t/.,rr| 282?2 (RAw); 

ibid: Sanduhd TeCi, 2 niles fton Zi*.r, tt.5.t965, S_i4A. Kami 1649 (Mj; Juniper 

td6t cgi@, Sa$al@a, Ziet, eEt h.rb, 30 cn, noars bte, 9_6. | 9E l, tlr'. &ru"/ 

59

Alon 60 IKUH). wali Tdgi, Quslt!, noEG ycllow, 2351984, s onet & A 

C/urofl 840 {KUH)| MuatTaabad Dist : Be$e.n Sbade and Nai Noor, Muaf|aEbad, 

.!ect herb, l0 cn, llorets brue, 3.9.1986, M Qaiser & Riz,an v,,s,/ 8074 (KUH): 14 

milcs fron Zhob on way lo wa!! e!.cr herb, l0 15 cn. wtth buds. 165.1978 .t 

\.t:nrhlli)1 lfutt.J, h A s rr.,./nr 8'l {(UIl)r \trLi|. 1500. 1:1.1.1169. , \dt, .( 

ZalIar Ali 5437lRAw); D-.5: Lo6lai Dist.i LoEl.i, la4 t94a. Mohindd Nath 6103 

(MW)i Sibi Dist.: Qu€tta, Hamai, c.8 tm trom west, dry river bed, c.900 m. | 5.5. | 965, 

Jeanilet Lanord t211 lEl. shing&: Kili lb6him Khail, c.54 km rmft zhob, erect annlal 

h.rb, r r0 cn, to'€ts yerrow, 31.5.1995, r. .4r & G R. sdtuar 2?45 (KUH)i l0 rm 

belore lowdri top lion Qolandr, an.uEl clect hcrb up to 8'. Ior€ts purple, + 200 m, 

15.7.1995, 6.,R. SoNar & S. Oner 163 (Kufl)j Sri n€d Zarghoon, Bslochhtan, 

p.Ennial hdb up ro 30 cn lall. ct!6ela p6dt. conmo.. Ja, Alan & Sale.n J6l6 

{KUH)| ib'di D8: I-3hoE Disi: S.rgodha. KiBna hiII.24.4.1910, X.n. Jr.wai s.n 

iMW)i Lanore, M@h, 1951, M. Asarlulah Mali* 14 (Mw)i Cujdt. Bhimb.r. 

51.1970, I N6n, N@ir J.Rha(! 8III(MW)i f,-4: Kalat Disl: Kala! lnrf Kolpur. 

r800 m, March, {2E 52'N,67'20 E),900 n 2.4.1961.G. Tusit 28461(M)iBolan p6s, 

Bctwecn Sp.ad ed Mach, Quelta!.nnu.l erecr h€tu wnh dilky lsrex, c.20 cm, noeN 

y.llow. 2,5.19a5, A. Ghtloor & AiMn you$ 1091,1071 (Kr,tll): F4: Lrrkana Disrl 

c.45 mile fron sda coln on My ro Kltrc ji Kabar, Kh€rtler dnse. t-a.!lna. Leaves 

pcrat i synlfoM@ e@rj c.25 cn,19.3.19a3, Kanat A. Malit. S. Oner & A. tyahi.t 

2169 (KUH); ibid, florets whit€, l0 cm lall, 21.1.1983, l(zurl A. Malik, S. Onet & /t. 

ur'arid 2421 (KuH).

Disnibutio.: -Tu.l(.y, Jord.r! I6q, Itu. Russia, Tudn|nir. Afddistar, PNtisDn 

lndir &d Tibct 

E@logy: - A frirly connon ainull *dd of hills and plaini at th. clcvation bawecn 

300-1300m. 

Fldcdng Paiod: - April - S.pt nbcr. 

2, Lactae rl4rcitdn Boist.,Fl. Or. 3: Ell. lE75i R.ch. t, D.n. Biol. Sk. 8, 21205. 

l9t5 (Symb. Afgh. Il): Kit.m,. in Rslts Kyoro Univ. Sf,. Exp.d. K.dk. a. Hinduk. 8. 

1955(Fl. Af8l|.42E. 1960): KitD.,lr.30E. pl. Xvlll. f.9: R.R. Stcw.( l.c.759: Rdh. f.. 

Lc. lEE.r. 126,201,r. t&6-(ilg.r.g) 

Tlp.: - Ad s€.rr*h.! Pc6ire m.di& o.icn[lis ?ris!.238 (C. lso-LE). 

Ldctuca loisiwtruta Aitch. & Hcnsl. in Ai!ch., T6ns.L'nn. Sc.Sd. (2) l: E2. | 6EE. 

ItD.: - Afghdilnn: Harinrd vgllcy, 10.5.188t, ,{t liao, a 16 (K). 

stull mud hclb.Stcm 7-25 cn lAll, cn{t or dlcunb€ dichobnously branchcd abovc. 

Bsl l@B in Ntt!, subsdsila dibrcd inro a b@d p.riol.,5-10 x 0.5-2 cm. 

spetnul.t d oble@Lr., cun€.E, sin@ie doricul.rc or ircg|ltrty r@dcd. obrus. 

cov.rcd with flalous clisFd h.i6 bcn€arh or ar lhc rursini qutinc tc.vcs silq 

small. synfloftsc4. l4ly p.riclc. C.lrotum c@r i.now cyti.dde intuidibulifom 

wio i2-20 florlls Fr c.pirulum. 1.5-t r 0.2.0.5 cm,tnvotucrc ptyll$i6 8-t0,4-5 

s..itrc, siolt DtuDdG,.cuc; o!.nDo6t 2.5-6 x |,2-2 dur! ov.rct!!@tarq niddtc 

on6 7-10 x l-1.2 m, l@ol.rci jtucr msr 12.17 x I nn. tin6r, mnb6EaM. 

FloGrs blu€. CyFclr 14 x t.2 nm. yc ow- Sotdcn bro*n. obotrr.- oblanc@tar. tjib 

6l

in rhe niddle, mu.icaleahodly papillate towdds apexr bedl 8-9 nn long, white, 

capillary: paptus 4-5 nm lone. l€non y.llo$. 

Specinms Ex.mln€d: - D4. Quetts Dist.iZhob valley. Hindubagh, 5850 m, 15 5 1941. 

MarDdar Ndr, s.n. (RAW)| Betw€en B6tan ed Sem Tangi, c, 55 rm fton Que 

a, on 

gdr! sfope and oadside cdges, 1700.1800 m. 10.5. | 965. J3/ niler Lanod lllJ lE). 

spintdez, Queua, I I .5.1965, sM,,r (dr,! I 598 (LAw)i shchbagh hills n€ar charur 

Querm. leaves rosulac, floreb yellowish, 7 5.198s.,1 Ghali,ot & Rntan vo6ul ta48 

(KUH): c.30 kn ion Quena or way to zidrt, eni s*t dnual h.rb up lo 7 cm tall . o. 

8rrv€l sdy plr.r, 7.t.20o4,.ran AIa"', &.4. Tar@n & Jha"Chir 2J50 (KUH)i Bab! 

y\nuwri, Zirat, .rcct snall mual hdb, up to ? cm, connonlt pesen! grow on 

mountai.s slole, 4,5,20n7, Jon Alan & Soleen 3706 (KUH)] F'lr Makaran Dist. 

Panlgu ro Swb, c,70 knt lilh Pdj8ur wadr, .. I 100 n. : I rl. 1965, .,r", niler L!hn,t..l 6Ja 

(E)i Nag Berween Panjgu ro SuEb, c. llLlo m, 2 1.6. 1967. C fus za26J lM) 

It seens to be Ie$ codmon i. olr aca iban rhe peviols spccies, only localizcd in 

D*ribltion: - ldf,, C.nlnl Alia Af8iaiisr.D and Palistm. 

EcoloCt:- A cofrnon spaies of dry dounrainous 6nge ol Balochish. dcending 

I I 00. I 800 m on gllvel slop.s, sddy plees rnd badsnte edaes. 

Flowring P€riod: - April-.ru.e.

& 

6 

Flg. l.lt La.tac. Aoti.hopht'lla (ira.: A, 

b isa); C, clT.da. 

t 

B(lr), iivoluft pnylri.t (oui.r

a. Laat t .lolichopltlla KirM., ii Add. Cone* FI Af8llt. 150. 1966 (R€p. ed. Results 

Kyoto Univ Sc, Erped Ka6k. a. Hinduk 8 1955)i l. Ham, Fl. li Hnml. I :l4l 1966i 

RR src$an. lc 758 l97l: Mainsrin & Rao. lc 299: Shalma & iam$al. l. 59i 

GrieMn & Springar.. I c Ur2 (Fl&1,13) 

Ttper Nepal. ,/d.4ic, (K-w) Microfischcl 

Chon&ila loagilblio W nll Cat 3272 & 1273 non nud 

Loctrco luEihlio Wall.ex DC., Prodr. 7: 135. l8l8 (lirer homonyn) non Mich. t80li 

CldG, Lc. 264i H@k, t. Lc. 405j Bdb.., Pl. Punj 378 1916rColleilc.284:Blaner, 

1c 2 pI. 34. f lr Kitam., in Kha6, H (Eds.), Fau.a $d Flo.a N.patHrm. I 26t.19t2- 

l95l (Sc Re Japan Exped Nepal Himalaya)iR.R. St wad. Fl. Raw. Di$. in Pak J. 

Io€st 7:237. I957; KiIan., Fl. Afgh.428. 1960. 

Loctu.a rallichiano'ftisl., An.. Nal. Hisr, MB.wien. ?2:608. 1968r Rech. f., Lc. l9r, r 

110,201 lt 13 & 14. 

Syntypesr In Nepali, Kamon el ad Srinaghar, .r/atttlr, {K-W l) 

P@nial shab.Srm glaboFparrly plbc$cnr, qa! lj-80(,l0O) cm ralt. panicular.ty_ 

corlmb@ly btuched above. B&t l€avls in rcsne, sub essilc. ancnuale ar rh€ bde, 6 

lzcl5) x 0.5-2 cm, /, pi@tjs*r distantly lobed, dtre, acul.r cautine teaves sssil.. 

lredldeol.tc, hNBre,srgirarely au.icutalei uppemosr lin€ar, sma SynfloEsccD* 

laly paniclc. Crpiiula c@! cylindri€t, 14-20 norets pe, capitutum,0.8-2 x 0j I cn, 

peduncuratc. lnrolucE phyuTies 12,t5,4 -snare, ould phylta., 1.5_l x t_1.5 on: 

m'ddle ones 4.7t9) x 1.5-2 m, ovar_lanceolar, acltet innemosr I I,t6 x I 1.5 mn. 

6l

@d lind{bl@e, acnt -subobnae.Florctr blue or lavender.Cyprla 4-t x |2 nrm 

brown- da.k boM. obldcolalc, thick iowtrds nargin, whilePilose fi.ely at $e apex. 

8.10 naEow nbs on qcb sideibeak 3-4 mn long, wbite-g.eennh, sleid€rfililbnn, equal 

orsmalle! than lh€ bodyipappns 4-6 mh lon8, yello*ishivhrle 

Spcimenr Enmiftd: - A-7: Chiral Dist.r Losan Pass Dir, 6.8.1954. M.A. Sitlliqri & 

,a. R"r,',, s.n. (RAW); BonbEir,24.l.1956, A-R Aeg l5l8 (RAW): ibid, norelslilac, 

I l.?.1968, y6ir ]V6,1 5068 (RAw)i Mf,band, Tonkh@ Ctit€I. peennial hcrb. I n '. 

heigb!, infrcquol on udulaling slopc.2970 m, l6 8.2006. taidar,4l, 5070 (KUH); 8-6: 

Swar Di Aelow Utrol, Swat,2100-2400 nr,22.71951,,e.X. Ste\|a & A. Rehna, 

25156 (BM,RAW); Betwfrn Shada and Kail, o{t htrb. c.90 cm lall, flore$ blue. 

2t.9,1981, T. /li, M-Qanq & M. Ajdal 521 (KUE)i ibidi B-7: H@ra Dist.: Kalagarr 

Ha2M, j 2100 m. 20.8.1956, R.lR. Sr?va., s.n. (RAw); Natu-rsge ro.d. c.2400 m. 

2t.4.19E7, v.N6i,, Rubi.a Akttar & HuniI1J014 \RAW| BeNen Mcha.dan and 

Kdwar. erec! a 80 cm high. aorets bhkh, 6.9. | 988, .t Ou er & M 9!,sr 2 765 (K UH ): 

ibidi Kagan lalley beiweeh Aalalot {app!ox. 14'35'N, 73" 20 E) add Subusar p€ss 

(apprcx 35'10 N., ?4" 2'E.), July- Se9,\954, John Abel 106 (BM); 6 njles f.om 

Ka8h6 on way b Nm, @! c.60 cn t!ll, florers blue, sil clay loM, 12.t3,191,.t 

Ab.di, tt M. Qoisr e905 (KvH); 8 miles frod Mah&dn on way ro Kaghan. e@t hqb. 

I n talf. florcfs prplish viol.r. 11.6.t972, M Q6et A A Ghafnr j242 tKtJHt 

Muaffadb.d Disr.: lEpa valley, @t hclb, I m lau, norc$ lighl bluc. t6.8.1972 M 

oaker & .4. ehdJoot 5012 (KUIi)i Nor Lccpa Bad, I n rall, flor€r! puat., 26.8. r 9E6, 

M.Qaikr & niws. lo8tf1738 (KUH)i Lcepa to Resh@ road, near !c.po, e4r herb.

larq white,lm tall, atct hetb. l oEh pu'?lish blue, 2E 8 1986, M Qaso & Rize4\ 

ro6d78!l (KUH); F8: Asbr Dist.: Rama lalley, S.w oi Asto.. eEct h€rb. l2'r18' 

df, norers psfe viorer+ruc. 2 cn accs, lt00 n, 18 t961. T.E. Lontestq & r''4 s 

Pea6,, 1320 (BM)i Peer Roule villaae abovc Glritot (N A.). @r perennial herb. t0 

cmtall,0ore$purple,incultivatedg6s[.ldslop.s,2500m-l]8.2008.r/tNo,t1688 

(KUH); Kdhniri Kasnmn, berG ldgc. blle norets.3 feet hi9h.22.1.t416, c.. R. cla*e 

29421 A (BM)r Tnsbol,2550 m,4 E.l9l9,,t.]?. d aD sraz,48ll (R{W)i Pahlgam. 

KNhnn, nore$ lilac blue, Sep)913, R.M, Thackeror sn.IBM)i Pahlgam, Kashnn. 

forels dar* blue.2100-2400 d. 19?.1920 R.R d /D .trerari 1295 (RAw)i Belo$ 

TraSbol. Cil8it road. c.2100 n. l8 7.1940,,1.R S,epdr 19436 (R-Aw): Battal. Sonanarg. 

+ 2850 n, I 1.8.1940. r.x. Sreen 21292 (RAw)i Wangar valley. Iorets puQl€ daisy, up 

ro )' bidr, 12-4.1940, P.M. Pinlold 2t? (BM)i Bad{an, Iicld bordets, 12.1.1946. R-R. & 

lD. Stea 21604 (RAw); SiBn, P@nch,3.10.1952.,,r. izrrid Khe s.n.lKUAll 

Kashnir PX. K,r/t ll8.l20 (Mw); Aabku. Laddar valler, *6re gmund anong 

cuhivarion. ioErs br@. c.1900 n,22.E1956. o Polu h 56/425 (BM,: Nara 

NaS.Wmgahulla\ walls ed hedges, .round culrivation, c.5 ft hig\ tlorc$ blue. c.2300 

n.10.9.1956, O. Poluhir 56/768 (BM) Snnagar, PahalSan, c 2350 n, 10.6.t978, c'R. 

,a,.asrer 9l (BM); Kashmir, 2700-3000 m, 24.8 | 991- J.a Duthie 12538 lBMt, C-11 

Dhollb€yond Bagh. c.1400 n.21.61952, R.R Ste,a &E Nasif2lT8l(RAW) 

Ditt ibulion: - Afglnisl&, Pali!r.., Ksshmir,India md Nepal. 

E@loS4 - On @ky slopq. wlls Dd h.d86, .ound @ltivarcd ti.!4 on ct.yey lqn 

ar l[c clcv.rion bdweln 120G1200 n. 

Flowerine Period: - July August (O.rober),

a.Izdtd @i,taL. C.atu.pt 2: 29. m t89. I?56; L, An@A Aqd 4:3?3.t?59; 

KirD. tc 297. pf. XvItr 11 RR Sc{4 tc 760. l9Z ,.ft!y, I . 77a. f, 26Rl,j.t, 

LG l9it r 201. i 17 & l3i F.rltovi Lc 33q F.inbMDord!, tc 436 r ?t9: IvGil|c 

Ic lo2t; Mdsain & R , l-c. l@. t 76; Sn@ & t@*t, Ft. Litdvy K.sta. 

[ja2:59198j Ch.udlury,l c ,5 pl127. f bl Boul6uc,I c 3t5. pr.77.t 1. (Fig. r.ra:) 

Ldrofp.: "in Eutop€ asr.tis" Hb.Lim.No.95O.3 (LNN) ploro! 

ls€l*t d ty ldne & Carra iD Wsio . 1 l: 337.19t) vid. Jeij, O!d. Chos. 610. 

L.c@ wtot. L, Amoa Acrd. 4:4a9 t759,!o.pt.

A 

B (d, 

I 

AL 

/i1 

Fig, l.la I3. &rr,rr t . A. bibiri B(14), irvolur pbyllqB (ourq @ u€ri 

ffi 

d 

ffi 

rd

4. l4ee vniol4L.cen.f- Pl. 2: 29. no.l89. 1756i L.,An@n. 

Kirp . l.c. 297. pl. Xvlll t2;R.R St.wan,l..760 1972: Jefrev. 

Lc. 194 r 201. t 17 & l8i Fcnibve. Lc. 310; Feinbrun_Dolhan, 

l.c. 1028; Mmgain & Rao, lc.300 t ?6i Shma & J@wal, 

llin2 59 1998i Chaudhlry, l c 2,15 pl.l?7 fbrtsollo0s.lc 115 

Ledorypc in E@pea$lnlis HbLinn No950I (LINN)Pholo 

(selected by Prince & cafter i. wastoni. ll: 337,19?l) vide laNF. ord. cbaos 610 

2001. 

Lactuc! rcori.b L., Amoen. 

ll?: Bois., Lc. 809i Cltrte, 

l:81. 1888; Collei, I c. 284i 

RR SEwarr, l.c. 217. 1957i 

Letotyp.: Habiral in EuropaastEli. Microlichc No.: IDC 327.131 

l19. 176l: DC.. l c 

Afah.2:21!.1955: 

Baubin & Ch€rler, Hisr. Pl. Univ,2,1001.1651. is.leded by de vdi6 & Jeis in Tdoo 

36:l5l 198?) vide.ldis, O.d. Ch.os. 610. 2007. 

Loctuca bracteata \N6ll. Car, J243, 1244 nom nud. 

Biennial perennial.Stem40-80(.150) cm tall, elecr, spi.ulose-setose at de base. Blabous 

above. bmcled h upper h!lf, paniculat.ly bhchcd lbove. Radical lales ssile, 

vdically nes€4 usully pi.Mi6d. pinnaft6r or dislantly lob.4 sinute, d€nri€utat , 

spinulo6-tood.d, lob6 r.troEe, .cur.. nid.ib plngcnt-spinutoF benanl, sginate at

lne bs, sni-anplexicaul, S-18 x l-5 cni c.ulin€ lcav* ssile. lin* ldc.olal€. 

udivided hdlalrsgilat€, 5-9 x 0.5- I cm. Synnoescence corJfbcelv_brdd panrcle 

capnulnm erect, cylndncal. 0 t.2 x 0 5 cm. 18'22 per capilulum: peduncl€ thin wnh 

eEen, coilare. I x 2 nm, apPtssed bracts lnvolu(e pbyllaries i3_l5.4jeriale. aclre' 

subobtu., ourer ones 2'l x l-1.5 hd. ovalerridngular; n'ddle'l ('6)_10 x 1-1 5 mn. 

ovatelmceolatei innemDsl 12-14 r l-12 mn. linea.oblong. Florels yellor. Cypsela 

3.5-5 x l.l nn, brosn-lighr broNn, obllnceolate-obovale, 7-9.ddos ribs, nnely pilose 

io*ads fte apexibeat white. sl.nder,4.5 mm long, equallinsor I % nnes longerthan 

rhe bodyr pappus 4-6 nfr long, whne. 

Specin€s Er.nitr.d: - A-7: Chitral Disl.: Brkabad. Chitral, c.1500 n, Qutubttui, 

MaML Jawi.l lqbol & StiJulla, 2270 {RAw); Shishi. ChiFal, flotts palc yelloN, ?500 

m. 28.7.1958. t,l ,o!€r lvo, 153 (BM)i Morkoh. 55 hil6 fiom Chitral on Mr-' to 

Trichmir, €Ect helb. 75 cm in hei8l , floEts ycllos. 16.8. l98l . Kanal Akn@ Molit & 5 

N@innudii 1425 (K\rI)t tbid; Mcan.,l4.J-16 knr lron Dir on way to Cbihl, €er 

.nn@l hdb,,l0 50 cd l!ll, floets ycllow, * 2000 n. 10.8.1992, f. Ali, S.Z. Husoin & 

Gohor KnM 2l)2 (KUH)| 12 kn ftuh Drosh on way to Chisal. peEhnial eecr herb, up 

to2 high, floEB yellov, c 1200 m, 167.1995. Cl.,tatuar&t O'e, t83 (KUH): 

Bonbnifl2oo n, 29 7.1954. M.A Siddiq"i & t.Rehh.an s.n. (MW)r Babon 

nount ins, Bonbrait, eret, per€nnial hcrb, 50 cn lall, srow m mounra'n creucs. 

comonry pEsd| * 2700 m. tt.9.2w Jar Alon dnd Aktm 29538 (KUH)i ibidi 

Tnc&hmhuo high $hool, Molikloo-Chinal, p€en.ial h{b, 5,,-l5, in h€isni florers 

ligbr yeuow, in6equ.nl, on undulatin8 slop., 2651 d, (t6. 23. j2.5-_ 72. tj. 01.6)_ 

1 .4.2@5, Hai.tu ,|li 2419 (KuH)i r O lo fon Jopo. ylrth@o ChirEt. &nuat herb. 16 .

in heigtu, norets light yellow, coMon, on srr€am bbk,2892 fr, (le41 2?.2",72'55 

l0 8"),2t 12005. Hoidar,4li 2850 (KUH)I Kankh@o Ya*h@n. perenrial hc|b.l ii 

hcigil, racly pBen( b.sid. sh@n bant.:125? m. (16'49 259_-?l'06 11.9_). 

18.1.2006. Haidar Ali 4634 (KUH)i Molikho, Cdi Chirol rorards ri.ich. perenrial 

herb, I meler in h.ight, infEquent, flor.ts yellow. od $cam ban-k, l8l5 m. (36.08' 

02.8". 72" M' r4.9). 10.7.2006. Haidar,4/, 4354 (KUH): Toritho. Moghtang_ 

p.Ennial hsb, 22 in heisnt. infEquenr. floErs pinl. on eap @k slop., 2992 nr. (.rl 

289235 E, ,1069004 N), 2r.8.2001, Haidat Ati \12 IKUE|: A-8: Cilgf Disl: Nallar 

varrcy, 28.8. r 986, ,{Jtorrrd 1065 (KUH): hhl6m, @cr shrub, noE6 whn€ . 3 I ?. 1994. 

Artha.l Ali Shedati s-n. (KUH): c.49 tn from cilsit on way lo Atiabad, Cbahma Hod. 

crcci, + r0cnrall, nor.rs pale y€tlow, r t620 m.l.l0 t989..t/,4Ii, W Susonp, T Ali & 

G. (ror l27l (XUH)| Minapin, Nagar. 20" in height. annuat herb, l oers ye|ow_ 24OO 

m,24.8.\na. Sajjad Hamer 1298 (KUH)j B{: Svat Dist.: KataD Uror 22.8 t962. 

lart ,tidiq,t 95 (MW)i 8 dil6 from Balaiot on way ro Na..n, emt, 90 cm in 

belghr, floEtr yellow. 30.9. l9?0 . 5,4, Farcoqi & M. eoiser 32J t {KUH)i 8 /, mjtes tion 

S{idu Sh&if oo way ro KalaD, glabres lbove-spjny at the ba*. I - t 7. m lali. noBK pale 

ycflo* iroide, pinlish ouGide, @ dy ctay soit, 2.t.t t9j t, S. .twin 8267, 8268 (KUH)i 

Bcsftn JahaBbad and tabba, €r.cr, t.rex mjlky, noEk y€Uow, I 7t in heighr, 

2t .8.1972, M. Qoisa & A. cwool 4756 (KUH)| ibidr 14 mils fiom Mmso6 on wa, !o 

Kalo, villaa. Ldd., Gr heb,45 cn l.lt, buds pE*nr, 20.E.t912, M. eais.r & A. 

ahuloot a657 (KUH): B-?: Heara Disl. Dadar, Hazala. mnuat herb, tor.ls yclto*. 

vcry conmon 'n $. ptains, c.1300 m, 1.9.19?0, t lr'6/'6lE7 (RAW)i Muaft_aabad 

Dist.: Lepa v.lley, L..pri €Er bsb, I h r.ll, floErs yclto{, 2 6.8 t912. M _ eaiw & 

63

,,1. Olatod 5OOl (KUHI B.wen Aath Maqun .'d Nelum vruey. .Ecl. + I mlcl in 

h.i8ht with budt, r0.8. | 985. i/. Qoisq & RiM v. Hqhni 7932 (KUH)I c.l5 lm ron 

Muz.filEbrd on w.y |o Shard.. shtub, c, I m, Smwing 

in cdic4,20.9,19E7, f.lli, M- 

Qaiset & ajnal Khan 382 (KuH)i &8: Asto. Disr-: P€r Rout. !illa8! abov. Cu.ikol 

(N.A.), o. undulaliig rlop.s uider ut ihldc. .Ecr. FFnni.l 

hcrb. 60 cm tall. not ls 

yeuow, 2600 n, 25.a.2@8. Ali NM 168l (KUH): Astor EidSd' !lon8 th€ Md. 

pcEMi.l h.rb or untu shrub. 90 cm tlll nords ycllo*, on dry sloF, 2300 m. 

26.8.2004. Ali |t@r 1120IKUH): Dilns Dis.: c.ll ltm non Dubair on wly o Chil.s. 

cc( 15-20 cn t U, floEr5lidt y.llo*, 1.10,1989, S.l ,,lr; ,r/. Sucong, T.tlli & A. Khm 

3166 (KUH); c.lo tn fiom Chihs on w.y !o Gilsi( c.1060 m, Gcr mnu.l hdb. fidrs 

fidtt ycllos, 2-r0.r989, S.r /li tr. Sus@s, T.Ali a C.Khan t229 (KUH); Chila!. on 

uy !o Cof lcSe, bld sidc, Nonhcm A$o( $dy dcs.n @, 29.9.20ol . F@l Kuin 66 

{KUH): Codli d wly ro Chilh, hill slop.,.Kr, FMnial hqb, $il endy t@n. flr.rs 

puDlc, + 2600 n: 10.9.2006: ,l li Noor et dl. 5J4 IKUHI Kahmn: Sao. Chrnbc. I t00 

6,1.10.t814, C- B. Cla,te 2356?C (BM); Kahmir. Aug 1880. .,1 .P. r@rc 8A150 tBMl: 

Kdpu to Bamul.. Au8, lEEo,,,i.P. /d,818t50 (BM)i Patlgm. Kdhmtr.2.9.1920, 

tll. &M', {n, (KUH} Dr.x toshnir, too nuch b|ffihcd frch be, Augln 1922. 

x-x. d /r. tMt s.n. (RAw)i DE, L!dd(, r 1000 4 30/31.a.t922, R.R.'tc*vrl 

74t2 (RAWI Shdipu, ,lclm vrllcy, on cdgc ofculrivsGd ncH, uo to 6 n i.lt. nor.rs 

whit. or tinscd pinl. | 700 m, !7.1.t940, Ltdbw & Shenfr jEOg (BM)j (armtr, .nriE 

Gilgi ro Imn slLy, soid6d, t62o-2580 n. 2E.?.1954. R.x. &M'r 2035 (RAw): 

N3ll N.s wa8.t Nulhh, x!6hmir, nn gmud ud .dgcs ot culriErion, 23E0 m, 

10.9.1956,0. Poldln 5U115 (BM); t{/9: Kinep*k r!. IndN va cy Bdrisbn 24{D h. 

69

20.8.1940, Ll. Jrd., 20906 (RAW)i B.tten .ln8lot 4d Skardu nst Dmb@ds' 

ersr,' I m high, c.20oo n, 2l 7.t9tJ, M.@iv 5 onet & s z thsdt 8488 (KLH,: 

c{; Kudam Dist.r Kumm, M,,1.,Y Alndi 619 (M): Pdr.cbinar' Agricultual fam, 

288.1912. StlJ. K@ni J121 (Ml. Pdhawe Disl: Pcsh.wd Unirersnv Cdpns. 

5.6.191t. M. Sait s.n. (M)i Wm Canp, South Wazirisla., 1400 n, 17? 1979. {.,. 

Manor s.D.(f,AW)r Boys hostel, Peshawa! Univeaitv, erect herb Crowing wilh gn$, l- 

8 R t!ll. ll ?.1993, GR. S.nma S. &,ai@, d Std€,,r 64 (KUH): C'7: Ras?lpndi 

Dst.: lo miLs non Pind oh way lo Mure, ciect h€rb. I-125 n tall. lloets vroler 

57.1971, Kamal Akhtat & M. Qd{e/ ? (KUHI c4l kh l-rom Rasalprndr on wav D 

Muree. erecr,,lo-50 ch latl silh ftui$, 11.9.1989, f Ali & s Na.Led Ahen t941 

(KUH); Chalwrl Dist.: Villcge Kalos, b.twco Kald Kahar Md Cnoa Saidan Shah, erect 

mual bc!b, c. I m tall, llotsrs tigll yellow, nilky latex, comnon. 4.10 1948, A ahalool 

d r ,,,/, 3888 (KLIH): D4: klat Disr.: Apple garden, Rudni viuase. Mastung, err 

herb, c,45 cn, floEts yellow, silt clay loan, I l. 10. 197 l. ,rr. 04 h$ & a Chafoor 4t10 

(KUH); Quena Disr.: Qlctra, Oct. 1952, SU H JaJri 47 | (Kutl)i Quctla, I1.7 1957, t. 

,6ts,n. (MlV); ibid:Qu.na.ll.7l95?, t /./6,7 28471(RAW)j l9nil.s ftum Qu€fta 

on Chamsn rcad. culiivated fieldofrh. n.la,herb,90cn $ll, 10.9.1910,54. Fo.ooqi & 

M. ga,inr 2308 (KUH); SbEe.. 3l.1.1981, RNol Bakh l5 (KUH): Gudt houell- 

Balwhista. UniE6ity. Qucna Nqdiry hdb. btuch'ng ftom rhc be. 3.7.1987. 

s.Khotoot, Ano Mahdmkod & Eju Ahhed 441 IKUH)| ibid: ercd herb, c 1.25 n tall, 

latex vhite, 1.7. 1987, 5. Kraraon. Atta MohMmod & EJoz Atned 438, 442 (KUH): Sibi 

Disr.: Zia6r. S4 l9t1 , v.K- Mal, 1618? (RAW)i ibid: 10.E. | 919, Mohindar Nath 2316 

(KUH)| Uel, + % n l.U, oorcts yellow, 14.8.1959,,tt ,.1,/i 1206 {KUH) | On way to

u6k. hclh. in sandy sil, I n dl, lloEB trllow,c 

1600 h. 14.8.1959. s.l ,4n I l?9 

(KUH)i D-5: Lonhi Distr Lomlai, conmon wild, 2171939, Mohindat N.th 2019 

(RAw); ibid; Ncd wrer channel, Maflret l 6 way to dukc. Loalai. soil sndv clav 

loam. erect he.b, 120 ci r.ll, 12.61970, ltl,Qaiset & A.Chaloat 1513 lKuHll 

I$arualhas b€lwen Zhob and Shinehar, eEcl hed, 60-80 cn, lloets yellow cErm. 

4.7.19Ea, T Ati & Trlail Ahked lo94 (KUH); ,bidr Omza between Zhob did Shiighar' 

lat h€rb.50-60 cn lall, Bilh buds and fruils,1.7.1988, r /li & IuIan Alred 1059 

(KUH)iE'5: Sibi Dist. ZiaEt, hdb,llorcN yello*, wild in sandy loam, S ,,lbedi, sn. 

(KUH)I OId Much, c.63 kn fmm Qu.fta on &y to Sibi, &rcs dc river 1 8 l0 d\ @u.l 

€r€ct herb, 60-70 crn rall. florcts yello{ish- crcam, 295.1995. T Ali & G. R. Sotuur 

2619 (KUH); ibid, t ,rlt & C.rq. S,'@ 2634 (KUHI 

Disributioni Elrop€. Siberia, M€ditemnean resion. Tukey, Irtq,Iran, Cenral Asia. 

Afghanislan, Prlisr.n, lndia and Au$6lio 

Ecology: - C6sy slop€s, oh mountains, ileld margins. on r@dsides. in cultivated 

fi.lds. idgat d ldd at thc cl.mion b.t*en 2400'1600 n 

Ilowdine p.(od; - Jue SeFcob{ (O.robd). 

5. ,o.t!.4 rar,rd L , Sp PI.cd.2.795 l753iDC,l.c l l8; Kiry,, l,c. 299 p], XVUI. I li 

LR. St *dt, l-c. 260; J.lF.y, Lc.t9i Meikel, Lc.l028; Mmgain & R&. Lc.lll)i 

cneson & spnn8arc, l.c. 1472 

aerl.4 rc"nbla v&. rdttw (L.) Bois., l:809. 

Pos! ll, Sytr., Prlest. Simi2(lI146. 1866. 

1l

L€clotyp.: Hclb.LiDt.No. 950.2, (L[NN) Photoi 

(Selecred by Ala!l in Jalri & El. Cadi, Fl airF, l0?:401 1981)videlaNis- 

Od. Chaor. 610.2007. 

Lactuco scoriol! vN capnah L., Sp. Pl..d, 2. 795 l75li Posl, I c 146 

t,.r!.d.o/ir4rd (L.) Dc., Ptudr. 7:118. l8l8 

Lecrorype: (Sclected by de vdies & Janis in Taxon 161 145, t 2 l98r) Herl,.8u6er 

vl i 6 {UPS) ridc Jdis, Ord. Chads 6102{x)7 

Lactu.o scatiola $r. qxpa L.Sp. Pl. ed 2. 795. I 75li Bohs..l c.809i Posr, I c. 146 

!a.r!.ocr,s/a{L.)DC.,Prodr.7:138. 1818. 

L€crorrr€: (S.lat€d by de vames &.,@is in Taron 361145.,l3.198?): Herb.Bu$er VI 

7 (UPS) vide Jaryis. Ord Chaos.6102007 

Annurl or bimnial h.rb Srcm r{),60(,t50) cm !all. eed, subSlabnls succulent. Radical 

kava GulaG,3-18G20) x 2-8 cn, dilard at the be, obovab, pinnarifidty lob€rt, euc. 

often spinuou,toorhedr cauline l€aves sssile w h uordale bae. auriculare, 

serumpl*ieul.Sy!floecence cotubosety-peiculate.Capitutm I, L5 x 0.4 cn, I 5-20 

norets p€r capitulum, cylindncal b.acr.olate.tnvotucre phyltaries 3,4 .seriate: ourer 

phylla.y 2-5 x l-2 nm, ovarc-tridguld, acutei itur 10-12 x I l.l nn. tined-obtong, 

sub obruF, finely membdnou.Ftorcts yellow,CtTsela 4 r 1.3 mn, blackisn- bown, 

oboroid' obl&eolate, wirh 7,9 nam* ribi in€ly pitce uully ar rhe ape! apjca y 

t&.nuE do 34 m long, ynn€, ftifom berl: pappus 5,6 mm long, whitc. 

12

Sp.cinens E$nin.d: - D-a: Quek Dii P md I colonv Qais's rcsjdencc (E l), 

Quetr!. eFqr cultva$d herb, 45.60 cm €Ll. 0oreh vello*, 17 I0 l91t M Qaêt & A 

clrdro' 4436 (KUH)|E_4: Rohimylr Kht. Dist: MitnMli. | 5 t965 M A Salttirth & 

r lr'6,r ll?8 (RAw); C-4: K.rachr Disl. Dasan. chano. in.ultivrlcd field otnint 

h.rb, c 70 cm tall, llortB yellowish gr€cn. l9l 1169,5 Ah..lin & .l Ghulnot ]]16 

(KUH)| KaBchi, cuhivtBl hetb, S.M.H. Jalii sn (KUH)i Navt Housing Schde 

Clinon, loori dxo s n (KUH). 

rrisrribunon: - N.Eurcp., S.Anerica, Indir dd Pahstan 

L.ology: - In phihs 6 wcll ss in the nilb, in noisl a.a, !r the elevation 

belween 2600 m 

Flo*aing Paiod: - Mmh-Novmbq 

)ote: wid.ly cultivarol rll ov4 the *o.ld codnonly known a gard.n letu€e Salad . 

used as vegerable rhrcugh oul rhe wond,lr is aho 6ed as a mrdl.iml phnr., l]1shjun. 

or l€trucc 6ired with suso or hon.y, is 6ed ro cuE stomtiris, sprue and an6i!. Ldvs 

of salad ac t ken wilb cucunrbe or camt aner mal a.d act as a cdminadve. lt ale 

prdenls llb.rulots, jaudacc. gall bladdd sion6, coneal ulcm dc. Tte seds enriin 

lignGe which is an clt€tiv€ iotstinal antis.?lic (Pullaiah, 2006). Besid.s th.se damaged 

h.6ds and outer l6v.s aF uscd rs carl€ l.€d (chopr{ er,/. 1956) 

Ltud.6otilor. oC in wisht - Lann.a renotillor. (DC in wighr) Anin.r Reh. 

r, Fl. !.an. comp 2. 122 148. 19?7 

1!

4. Mulgedi n cass 

Cass., Dict. S.i. Nal 2l:296. l82lr OC.. Prodr' l:247 18:18; Bois. Fl Or l799. 

l8?SiRecb t, Fl lnn. Con!.2. 122 l8l l9??i B.cn1er, Aseruccie Ciad Ca$ 134 

1994: teftey in Davis, Fl Turl 5:772 1995: Gne6on & Spnngnrc in Grieen & Long. 

FLBhutd,2(3) 1469.2001. 

Annul to pcmnial h€rb with well develop€d toot sFem Plant glabtols.Learcs 

luncinate pi.nddnd or lyrdt€ pinmhsecl,lobed, de.nculale spinesccnl orenrid, toothed. 

Synflor*dce combo*ly - panicuhrc. Capiiub erec! campanulatc. nany noels. 

Involucrephyllaiies 34 acriate, pi0t-pole brown, glqbous. Flotts blue, violet or purple. 

Reapracle naked Cypsela sdy bro$n- o[!e-black, ellpsod' oblong- scab.d- 

atcnute apically into a slour, usually concolorcus beal wnh a broad disc at the rop 

b..rine a mall trctubemnce in Ue ccntBj pappus uniseriare, yellowish or creamnh. 

lustloc,l0-12 mm long, liagile. 

A gens wiih 15 sFci6, distribured lhrcnghout Elrope and Asia (Breher 1994 & 

Vabberey,l0o', ld Palsran r'.-ep-Acnhbr onlJ 2,pe.re, 

NOTE: Lact {2007) dd Mabbe ey (2008) Educed rbe gmus ttllg.diud Cass.,wd.l 

th. srrunymy of Zdcr!.d L. Howevd, the e. us Mslg.rliu,n Ca$., can be €asily 

dkinguish.d by having campmulale capitulun, pal€ bDM, pink involucr. phytta,ies. 

s6ndy broM-olile or black, cypsela up to 2 mm long stout and concoloious beak. pappus 

lG12 m long, offwhirc-lusrou\ t.gile dd 2 incs toned than the cr?s.ta, lvh€EA 

in rrcrr.d L., capitulun inflndibulifom or cylindncal, pale grcen invollcr. phy dies.

A 

l'!+1 

w 

A 

r.:il 

&/ 

I 

nZ. l.l' Mu,gditn cleki ftl@k t ) R@ni Be & eas A. tub,r. B( t4). i!rcI@ 

phytie* (oukr b ider)t C, cylsla

ct?sel! boM-drk boM or blactjsh, shonly papillare-rnuncale 

lone, lllifom capill,ry and discolomus b.al. p.ppus 3-5 mm lon8, 

p.Bistcn r, snal le. thd th e cytsela. 

l5'30 cn |lll. Leaves trdl 

0.3-l cm, dcnrculare -enlie. 

' PeE.nial herb Sten 10 80C100) cn tall. Leavs 

polymrphous, lG 20 C25) x 2 4 cm. sinuale- sharply 

l@thed or caflilagiflous. Cjseb smdy brcwn dark 

r. Mulg.diuh .tt*ei (H@k-f.) Roohi Bano, conb.nor, (Flg,l.15) 

Loctuca cla*ei l{ook i, Fl, Bri.Ind l:406.188t. 

Typ.: Palistan IskE do (now Skard!) C. ,.Clale 30035 D (K). 

Anoul h.rb. Slen glabrous, eEct, cylindrical, 15-30 cF nll.Lowe! lcav.s rcsulare, 

subsasil., narow linea!, pinnrlely lobed, t,9 x 0.5,I cn, denricDlar or somcwhal ntir. 

sni amplexicaul; caulin. lav6 lin€aF lln@lale, .miE or sinurc r@rh.d.Capitutt 

cepanulat , 1.2-1.5 x 0 5 cm, 16-18 floErs ps capirutum. Invotucrc phyldiG l4 - 

seriat , hcdbmous. glabous, oulcr mosr L5,l x 1,1,5 mn, ovare, tanceolate, diddt. 

on6 5-6 i I nn. ov.rc- oblong o. td.@t!r., imemosl 10. 12 x L2 mn. tincar obtong. 

Florts blue or purplish, Cnsela 5-6 hn tong iocludinS beat. eltipeid *iA 4-5 

1i

proninenl ribs, gmdully naFowed into a stout pale b€akl pappus l0-l I nn long olf 

Nhite, 2 rincs longd lhan th. cr?sela. 

Spsii€ns Ex.niftd: A-7: Chitral Disi O{an Arkan, Lutkhoo_Chitral. annual herb' 

t in hei8h, floe$ puryl€, on $rm bsnt,2814 n (16" 16 079 71"40 108 )- 

29 a.2o05, Haklar Ali 3QJ6 IKUH)] ibidr B4r Kashmn: Ab€dan Shayok rils n.ur 

Khapalu. beliotrophs bordcG of cullivadon, 240G2700 m, 24.6 1928. l Ludlor31l A 

(BM)i D€skn nlbmg Sh.yok, Ladak, h.lioto?hs ncu 2?0G3000 m' 5? 1929. F 

Ltdlow 523 (BM)a B-8/9r Bald$an Ran8.i Skardo, Kashmir, 2400 m, 4 8 1940, c a 

C/d*e lo03t (BM); S.tpuE.ullah to Stardu.2'10{|2700 m, 1.8.1940. Xn &ewa'l 

20141 (RAW)I Stard!, Eani$m, in ponds,2400 n, 5.8.!940, RR Skilafl 20425 

(Mw): Sktrdu ro sbigar, c.2400 n, ?.8 1940, R.,{.,tetal sn. (RAw)i ibrd; skardu, 

c 15 cn 'n h.i8ht. florets v'olct.2.7.1982.s.(rtel 359 (KUH); Sailing b Kand. c 270ii 

n.2.7-1955, E. N6ir & C.L. ,r'ebJra 5931 (RAw)i Ncr D.gboni, Baltistan, oorc$ 

brne. c.2700 m, 27.7. I955. E. l'6 n & C.L. webeer 6300 \P.Aw)i E9: Karakotum D'sr. 

Ashkoly, Kantotu, c.l 100 m, 10.8. I8?6, c a. da.l? 30390 c (BM ). 

DisFibuiionr . P.trslan ud lndia. 

Ecology: -O. srr€mbdls, in ponG at the.lwatid of2400 3100m. 

Fbwen.g p€riodr - July - AuSust.

ig. l. r rrii.|r, I'1, r r I r )( 

I L'.r, rrlr ,!rr\. .j 

E@

2. Mtle.lirn tatnisi lL ) De., Prodr. l:248. |8l8iB.is.Ic ?99: Rth l. svn' 

Algh tt:202.19t5: Rcch f. Lc. l8l. l. 202. 6g l? & l8: lefrev l.c ?71 t 2610 

(Pl.te3&4f. ri Fig.r.l6) 

S.nch6 tataricB L , Manr, Pl. Alrcft,2:512. l11l . 

Lactu.o tatdrica (L)C A. Meyer, v.rz.ichn. Pn. Cauc 56 426 1831: Cl&ke. Cofrl 

Ind 26?. l876iKitan., Fl Aieh 431, 1960r Kilan'.. Pl. w, Pak & Aigh. 15l. 1964r Krrp 

in Bobr & Tzevel., Fl. USSR, 29:282, pl. XVL f 4. 1964i Mangain & Rao in Haja.? 

LeciolyDe. Habilal in Taiaria, Sibnia." Hb. Linn.949/ |7, photol 

(Sel@td by vm R@msdonl in Wbskirch.n in f.dd"r re"p"z 108:105. 1997) JaNis. 

Ltara tuwica (L.)c.4. Mey.r var. xr"rna H@l.il, Fl. Bnr. Ind. l: 406.1881i R R 

Slwd in N6ir& Ali, Ain, Cat.Vas.. Pl. W Pat. Kashd.760.1972. 

syntt?6: chim: "wstm Tib.r; N!b6, Heli, 12000-16000 n.'. fhMu, (K). 

Sten glabons, thick,disra.tly leafy, panicuhrcly bEnched above Radical leaves sinple. 

roene, subsssilc- natuv€d ar rh. ba*. pinnarfidly lobed, Irrlrei senaron sonesflr, 

canilagiioG or si.ute roothed, acutc, 10-25 x l-5 cn; cauli.e l.av6 ttuceotare, emr.- 

dcnticulat. 5-7 x L5 cn. Synflorcs.oc. corynbGc. Capitutum crcc! @npanut.te, 1.5- 

2 \ | cn, c.22 flocrs, SlaboBi Fduoctc |hict. InvotrcE phyuan6 lJ seriare.

@ @ ffi 

liC.l.16 Lltts..litn t.ta,ictn (L.) DC.: A, habn. B, nowmos b,ech: C(r_4r, 

hvdmE pbytririb (oula to il:u): D, crT6.h 

l

mmb@ou, glabmq boMish pinl, subobtusei ourer mo 2'l x l t mn: frrddle 

ones 5 6 x 1.5 mn, ovate-lanc.olatel inner mosl ll_ll x I nn loeaFldceolale FloreB 

blr.. C'Tela 5-? mm includiog h€6I, end, or olrlc' black, ellipsord_ oblong.4_5 

ribbed: andualc apicuy into a shon concolotuus b€aki pappus lGl2 mn lone ct€am' 

lust ous, 2 iift.s longer lhan the cypsela. 

Specin.N Er.mined: A-?: Chiral D'sr,: Laspur l Phar$m), Chrital, J .1000 m, ( J6 5 

N ?2'.16 E.), edge ofcomfield,llorels pde blue. 15 ? 1958..t,1 Bb\c\ L\on lJ IBM): 

Mdooj -Baroghil tack. Chnml 2400 D. at edge of field. noFE maut€.13-7 19t8 

.,r.r-4. Stztran 2886 (BM)iChuncl Lal. MAtooj Chital, brennial herb. 14" ir heigh! 

nocis li8nr puQl€. Je,3800 m, (36" 07 129 ?1"29 18.9 ), 41 2005. Haidut Alt 

1846 (KUH); KhuiMasrooj, Chitral, pecnnial herb, 6" in heisht, flots$ sky blue, 6re, 

on stres banl. 2716 m, (36" l5 0l5 72'50 51 8" ), 20.1.2u1)5. Haidtr Ali 2174 

(KUU)r Palo( Berogttill, Ydrlhoon Chndl, per€nnial herb. 7" 14" In height, flods 

puol€, connon, on slIed ba.,lq l?00 nr, (16'48 15.8 71"18 55..1"). 21 8.2005. 

toritar,,lli 2901 (KUH); Lashtargd. Chnnl'. Fonnial heib, 2l " h neiBtu. noreN st, 

blu€. on sb€am ba.I,83636 m (36" 51 499" 7l'25'29.0"),8.92005,Haidar Ali 3275 

(KUl); Y&khmn-ChilEl, p.mial hert, 4 in heigh, florc1s viol.t, inlreqEnt. 2429 n, 

(le21 14.5" 72'37'14,9'), l1.l.2VJ6, Hai.lat Ali 4614 (KUH); Nasbala, Torithoo- 

Cbitd, Frconial herb, 12' in hcrell, floEts lighr violct, @, on uty slop€s, 293? m. 

l1 .A.2gJ6' Haidar Ali 5051 (Kl]Il)j Ddspawq TodknoechnnL pccmial herb, 6 it 

heighl,floFhycllo*,rnfiequen(oiocrlslope.285tin,(35a4849.5'7f0827.7'), 

la.A.2sx, Hai.lar Ali srSt (KUIq A-Er cilgil Dist,: Mmu Can Nal.. citgi! l8OO- 

2400 d, in hodeiaGry danp soil llong irigarion canal, t.9.t950, J.ty. Thomte, 40

(BM); cilsn, c. 1500 m, noRN blu.,28.7.1954, X x trr?ri 26161 (BM. Mw); Above 

Khairber, Cojal, Hunza, + 2800 n, 1.9.1988, L lrru d ,,1/i C,laf ll'179 (P.Aw): c4 

kn non Sost oi way to Klunjcob Pass 0op), ered herb. 10-.10 cD bll, llo.trs \rolul 

1300 m, 5,r0.r989, t1.,.r/i, r Jrgdhg, T Ali & G. Klldn 1728lKlH)i Aain.bad. c.65 

kn ftod sosl on way to Aliabad, €rr a.nual he$, l0cm rall,I orers riolel7.10.1989. 

S.l. Ali, V. Sqarg L A, & A Khoh 3444 \KUH), Boreet Lale, c.46 k'n lrom Sosl on 

way o Aliabad. Huna, - 2660 n, erer an.ul lBrb. i-8 cn bll. 0orcG v'oler. 

r2.r0.r989. S.t,4li, tv. S"eary, T Ali & G ,Od, 1545 (KUH)I Nagar. c.llJ km fmm 

Aliabad, q€l hsb.4G50 cn nll, flo6 viole( 14. 10. 1989, ,J.1. /h, w. Susang. f. Ali & 

O. &'ai 1572 {KUH)i Near Ydsh on say to Dha*ot (N. ofYasin), Gilgir,I 2400 m, 

4(!50 cm high, ior.b bl@, 19.7 .1991), M. Qoiser, S. On r & S. 2. l/6r,u 8129 (KUH)r 

B/W Gupis dd Phand* (Nonhea of cupis), t 2100 m. on dry rmks, sub prosaat.. 

nor€B purpfe, 20.7.1990- M. Cd6e,. s One, & S. Z. H6fltn 319.1 (KLH,: Akbad. 

Hunza Valley, 1800-2100 n, l2.ro. \991, copt. H,H.P. De^r 5 (BM); Charimosb, 

r@inabad, Huna, 2300 n, on cultivaled field. e@t perennial h€lb up to +!2 btt. 

rroreh lighr pulple, l0 7 2402. Jah AIaa 14a IKVH): jb\.t.2400 n. Jon Alaft & Zahur 

,4/ar s.f,. (KUH): rbid, up to 8" rall, I 2400 n. mrc. 24.7.2002, Jan Atan & Zaneq 

,4/ar 1608 (KuH)r Mhgd, Upper Huza, crecr perennial b€rb. Uoreb purple, t ?.7 2002. 

Jan 1to & lbdul A2i2 .915 lKUr+ Buttoto, abovc Karim abrd, Huna, ftr pem.ial 

h€rb. I orcts bluish plrple, on sndy slop., 3000 n, t6.t.2VB. Jat Atan & NaiA Atan 

2065 b (KUH): Khunjab P6s, Upp€r Hua_ e@r per.nnial h.rb, up to 80 cm. flor.rs 

puprc, ct?sera p!.*4 o. eody slope, c 4600 m, 6 8.2005, Ja h Atan & Shlf Saltun 

aab 339? A.B (KUH); Hopq, Nase, F(mist herb, uD lo 10.. floEts puQtc. in dry or

F|{". t. Mltsediw @ewL.) Dc.. A bitliq B, c4intu.

arid eil, I I 7 200t. Sdr/?d tardel 222 (KUH)| Bd Diand, Naear, pdennialcrect htrb, 

in wct soil. 2900 n. l5a2oo5 satiod Hui'Lt 443IKUHI: ibid perendral h€rb norers 

yello\v, 2900 n, 16 8.2005,,Sarnd daid4 506 (KUH)| Sikand€rabad. Nagar on K K H 

Road, l0 in hc'shl. floto$ purllc, on and md salne places, soil silr). 1900 n. 

26.12006, Satiutl Hakler 549 (KUH)ichuLnrt Cojal, Hunzd on K K.H. Road, p.ennral. 

I % n in hcishr, on did plocs, soil sandy, 2t00 fr, I 9.2006, .tar,r.l Haider 661 (KUH: 

Aainabd. Hunza. Goj0l on K.K.H, Road, p€Ennial, 6 in h.ignr, floEts purple on alid 

prac.s. soil sdy. 2500 m, 9.9.2006. Saiiad ltader 664,665 (KUH); Khunjerab. 

Natonal Part on KK H.Road. Hunza, p€Fnnial herb. 16 in hqshr. torers yello$ or 

brue yerlow, on wer plac6, 3300-54c/D f,, 10.9.2046. Sajjad Had€r 751_ ?84 (KUH)I 

sbamshal o. wsy ro PBuq pere.nial herb.notets phk, noisr pt&es. 2600 n. u.8.200?. 

sajjad Haider AA1 (KVH): Shamhat vildse, Htrm, ,@nnial herb. noEis puple. on 

noist placas. 2600 m, 1.4. 8.2008 , Sajjad tiaider 9BO. t095 (KVH)| shardl forcst on \ny 

to Huhal, .rccr preoniat hdb up ro I m ra . florch blue, on shsdy ptaces, l2O0 fr. 

188.2$8,Sh.Ndli Khlh & Shdrbir,gdk, I128 (KUH)] NaCd. Nihnaltaatong KKH 

Dad, eEct p@nnial herb. on moist plac€s, l95O m, r2.g.ZOOB, Sojjud Haidet t44l 

(KUH); ibid, Hop.r coshatl, er€cl p€r€onirt herb, 12.9 2008. Sarjb I Hader 1449 (KVH): 

B8/9r Baltslan: s*ardu ro Shiga!,2400 m.7!.t940. n.i .ie,ar 2OrOl A (MW)i 

Shigar, Balftran, 2400 n, 8 E.t940, n.i .',?'dr. 20528 (RAw); ibid. 8 t940. ,( R. 

,trovad 20559 (RAW)| ibid:Thalle La aboye Shisar, + 2700 m, l:J ! 1940. ,t.,{. .r,e,ar, 

20581 (Mw); N.ea.Viltase, Kara*otun, 2 r 0G2400m, on srony dryer sround, idiSarcd 

fld culiiv.rcd e4 floEG blu.,28.E,t960, O. potnia 639s (uM, E). Shigar, Balrist!.. 

h€rb, 2G25 cm |alt, oods tjghr viot t, 4.7 t9a2, S.Oher 4ut {KUH)r satpum t-ak..

tiehl ptrryle.25 1 .2tYJ\, Jdn ,llan & Mehboob .4li 2015 (KUH} K.nde Nullab, Balt$lao. 

i 2 0 n. on str.an banlq cRt peEmial herb. norels ligl pu!L. 4 4 2003, Jah Atan 

d nr't ,.i/ar 2280 {KUH): ibidi Beyond Jula camp on way !o B.rdumal. Ballr{an. } 1200 

n.indrygEvelplacenearbthenver.eetperennialheib,upto.lt'tall,iloretspurple. 

29.8 2001. Jth Alon & Mt Aloz 2250 (KUH)t Beyond Kane on wr! ro Hunlet vallet 

Baitjstan, t 2400 d. o. sandy slope, elect, peren.ial herb, 4.9.200]. Jda Alan & Mn 

,lan 2330 b (KUH)|Kande Nullsh,Canche, Baltislan, on sandy slop€.ercd unb@ched 

he!b, up to + 30 cn tall, ilorer pink-poele, 4.9.2004, Jan Atan & Atitn 3026 IKUH): 

ibid, r 2900 n, perennial h€rb up to 0.7 n, flocrs purpt€, 2?.9.2t)04, Jan Atan & Alita 

3010 KUH): Dlshkin, Asror rall.y (N-Astor), erect p€rennial herb. up ro 0.8 o lalt_ 

noels p!lpl€, in moisr sandy pleeA2g& 6, 6 tO.2W. Ja" Alot, & ,Vehboob Ali ]r'|'Sa 

(KUH)j (ashoir: Takshai, npp.r Nub€. Lldal. ctJOo n. t1.7 t947, R.C.F 

Schaunburg 3 (BM). Zans\^r y^ley. N. w. of padah. ln in heiehl. norcrs btE. on 

sony slop€s, c.3800 m, 8.a.r98t.J.D,4. gaintoh 84t5 (BM): Kashmn,enlre GiClir cr 

lmit. Valle, Semi desdiquc, 1620-2580 m,28.7 1954. A J.r,rd 2016 (tuAw). 

Disrjbution: Europ., Cducasus, Sibqia, China,Tibei Mongolia. Afghanisbn. paknran 

Ecology: - On claycysitmd smdy stop€s, in nodentely d.np so't along rmg.rion 

ch0nct, san banls, in fi€tds 

el€wron of 280G,i000 m. 

Flowint Friod: - Juty Augusl, 

of diffftnr cultivar.d crops ar $e

A hi8lly polymoinic sp@i€s pres.ting nlch vsridion in d. siz€. shaPc of leav6 and 

colou ol Dhyllarics, whi€b varies ftm plle bDwn n'nk 

S Steptofianph^ Bnnge 

How.ver, lhe lariaton sm to 

Bunee, in B€itr.2. &nnrn. Fl. Rusn U. SEpp.n Cenrhal Asians Reliq. Bor. 205 t852. 

in M€n Acad Inp Sci. Saint. Pctdb. Dive^. Sa\ins. ?: 38t.11r54: Kirp in Bobr & 

Tzevel, lil. USSR 21i 124. 1964i Jefrey in Dalis. Fl. Turk 5: 7?5 t97:i Fcnikovi & 

Scll in Turin €, zl, Fl, Europ.4:328. t9?6: Rcch.t. Fl.Idn. Comp 2. tZ2: tgj 191j.. 

Mcikle, Fj Cyptui 2r I025.1985t8Ffr.r. Asreraceac, Ctad Class t86 1994i Lack in 

KadeEn & ,efrey, Fad. ccn vasc. pl. 8: I 88 200? 

P.eonialhdb wnh tuberous @1. Srem rhickMdrigid Bdd tearcs rosutare, e iflicat .r 

oblong obovatc, ruDcinalepin.arifido. undiridcd Syniorcecnce racemose Fni.ularc 

Capitula wid hmy florcrs, relariv€ly tare,e. caopanut,le. Ligutes yclow-purptisb 

Involucrc phylla es 5-6- sqiale olter oncs up to 6 mm btud. @rher rhiclq inn{ nosr 

22-25 nh lon8. Receptacle naked Cypseta br@d eltiptic, nuch compr.ssed, wing€d, I 

prchi.enr midd le a.d 2 latcFl, mo,e o, tess vcak or di stind n bs, drrenlaE i nto slendcF 

i||Iom b.at pappu. brqnar.. ourer iaat'. \c ow tomrnS a \n.olr..nne, Eal\c\ 

ron8, silky, whrre-pale, p6islmr. 

A 8€ns wllh 7 speciA diskibul.d h S.ulnm EuoF, Turkey, R6ia. tnn, Crnrnl 

Asi!, Afsh&isi.n, pakist n and Mjddh E6r (Mabbrtey, 1997). Ho*evcr ljct (2007) 

tftogn'4d 8 lpecies, distiblred in Solrh-Ebrem E@pe lo westem Himatay. In 

Pakisbn n is r€pEsenrcd by 2 specics onrr. 

82

Th€ genls &dr'rrrrlnplu Bungc ce be easily dislin8unhed frcm ,4.rr.t L G str ) 

hd alli.d genc!6 byhavi.g lower l..ves up to40 cn long and l0cm wid!;c.pilula l5' 

2 t cn loog, 25-18 norets p€i capiulum, ouler invo|lcE phyllary up ro 6 mn broad, 

ct!6ela cllipic, 2.t-3,t mm widc, duch conp6*d, winged, oulf pappu lenon 

y.Uow; inM whilep.le,silky. 

I + FloEts 25-30 tci capnulum Brak l-4 mn 

lon& s@lle. rhd th€ cyFela. 

- FloEts ruE rhan 30 Fr capitutuh. B.rt tet2 

nn lo.B, lonec! rMn rhe cypseta. 

I. *.ptothdnphus oMbllotta Bunge, Beir..z Kentn. Ft, Russland. U D. SrepFn 

Cenral Asians Rel. Lehn 205.t85ti Man.. S.v. Er6ng. 7: 38t r8j4i Kilp., Lc.126. pl 

XIX f.l:r€llrcy,lc 776; Rfth. C. t.c. t9? r. t34.DJ,202.t25&26 (Ftg. r.t7) 

Lictaa cftabilolio \BME') Boiss., Ft. Or 3: 806. 1875; RR. Stewd in Nasi & Ati. 

Ann. Cat.vac. Pl. w. pak. Kshm 1sg. t9j2. Cicebib ctuhbilotid (Bunge) Beau!., 

Bull. Soc. Bor. ccn.ve, r. Scr2: 143. l9l0: Mmgain & Rao ii HajB "r a/., Fl.Ind. 12: 

267. t995 

Typc: Hab in d€n F.hspahcn des Tiunen.bai-hu.,rel.na,, (Lr) 

Lzctu a edelbagn Rech f., E 

Tlpe Afgb&isranr Nuisran: vsD! , r4gJ n,4.5)94A, EdetberA s2].,SZ4_ (W , Cl.

t 

$ $ 

^" '" lii!3'li%f.W#! 

$# 

I' 

Bu'. A hsbiri B(r'5)' invorud' phvrrari*

PcMhi.l virh thick@1. SEm 15-]0 (45)cnoll. sulcalo. pa.rcllalelv bonched abole, 

glabrou, to puberlous.Leales simple. shonly petiolare'dilaled at the base, basal oiien 

Dsul!|e. ellipdcal-oblong-obolaie in outline, runci.ate-Plnnadpanrle. undilided. obtuse, 

sinuate-dentat o! sone*har incised, 15- :10 G40) x 4 l0 cm. spalsely prloFi uppcr 

cauline lqves sessile. ellipdc - l&ceobtc. l-7 x 0.5-2 cm, *nrianrplexicaul Slnilorcnse 

panicle.capirula 1.5 2.5 x I I cnr. ercr. canDlnuiare, 25-10 florcK per capitutu i 

p.ducle lhi.L bmcrcolate.lnvolucre phylLanes 5-6 . senatc. acure: oukr oosl 5-7 x 5-6 

mn. ovalernm8ular, finely apprcs*d b,iryr middlc onc 9,12 r:l-4 nm, lanceolare- 

bbad linefti imerhosr 15,t8 x 2-2.5 nn, tintu-oblong. FloEts yello*. Cw6ela 4-5 x 

2.5-ll mm with beak, dulld:rt boM, ovat br@d eltiptic. sqbnd. nruch cohpresed. I, 

niddle prcnined nb on ech sd€ and 2 lateral noE or Ie$ dilhnct anenuate jnto 1,4 

mh. co.ororou beax: outfpsppus shontimer9 t0 nfr long, qhire. 

specloens Exrmtned: A,7: ChjrDt Di!r: Anndo. SW DDsh, t,ii hdghi florc 

yelowt on shad, r@k lcdges, \2oo n.254.195a, J.D.,1. stai\ro, 2296 (BM, RAW)i 

VillaSc Shagram, Mrnko Col, c.5 km Nonh of Garam Chasbmu, erccr herb, jr,4o ch 

toll. iloreIs y.ltow! teaves basat larg€. htex whne, conhon on dry sandy hilt stopes, 

19.6.t9a7, A. ctaloor & s odq 261j (KUHJ: Chitrot, 2lo0m, 3.6.199j, .r!rg.Zr. 

torrr tMS,16300 (BM)i Bakamak hilt, Cbitral, perm.i.t herb, j.la|, ltoels yeuow. 

on rocky sropes (N 35 49, 09.6., E ?l 45, 04.4,,), 2n4 h, 28.S 2005, Hai.lat Ali t6) 

(KUH)|A-8: CitSir Disr: LorcrNatrar, erect peEnnial herb, osetG teavs, dr* bmwn 

cypsela, + 2600n! 28 6.2003, Jan Alan and Katin |tadad 1898 (KUH)i yoshab 

(knalhraw), peEnni.t hdb 40.50 cm la , oi dry endy .no stony ar€a. Itorets y€llow, 

whne l.rcx, July 2OOr, S/,€nati Khan & Shobbn Hrssa)he| (KUE)i B-&9: Bahisran:

Satpura hlc. 3000 n.25 6 1955, E Nasit & G.L Websta/ 5aJ5 (|\AW)i Skardu ercci' 

bdnched, pcle.nial hqb, infrcque sp.cies fo! Baltistan florets vellow, c2500 m' 

21.2003, Jan AIM & Mehb@b ,li 2OO4 (KUH): Abov. Salpara la*e @t pet€nnral 

nerb, floras gofd.. yellow,2.1-21fiJ, Jon ALtk l9ll {KUH)i 

SalpUB Nallah above 

Stardu, er.cr, braoched. perennial h€rb, l or€ts telloN ! 2500 n, infrequent specEs 0f 

B^lrislJ. ,2t 2.200!, Jan Ala & Mehboob ali s.nIKUH) 

Dsribution - Central A$a Alghuista!, Pakistln 

Ecology: - Slony dnd gavelslop€s at 1200-1000 m. 

Fbwenne p.riod: - Apnl - ruly. 

2. Steptorhdnphas p6i.a (Boiss.) o & B. [.dNch. Consp Fl Turk 4:319. l9lli 

Jefrcy, Lc 77; R.cn. t, Lc.l98, L 116,202, t 27 & 28; Kirp., lc 129. tt. xIX, (4. 

(Pr.re 5. t l; Fig.l.l8) 

Lactrca p.Bica Boiss. Otaet. Pl Or Nov Ser t, ?: 9 t846r in Fl. Or.3: E06.l8tt: 

Aitc.. T@, Lid. Sa Sr. (2) 3:El. 1888: R.R SrMn in N4ir& Ali. A,n C vdc. 

Pl- W . Pal. (a*m. 159. 19121 Ci.ebib p"'sr'.a (Boiss.) Bsuv. Bull. Sa. Bor. Cd. IL 

Ser.2: 142. 1910. 

Eolottpc O- BOIS, 

in Pcîa auhali in rupcsl.ibus montis Kut.Ajub ptop Dtrl 

Ko^?t409 (W, re tE) 

l-3 cm lnick rol.srcn 3G50 cn talt, glabreus suhare_fistutar, teafy 

panicula&ly bBrchcd above. L.av6 simpte, glaucous, snonty

dffi 

0 

Fia|.$St@to',,.rth6 D.6ia (Boi!s., O & a Fedl*h: A hlbtriB. noq€rins 

- bn;ch; C( | .5), irvolm phyudi6 (otrh b inncrr, D, ctTacL

peliolate, dilared at the base, mostly broad-elliptic, runcrnate_ pmnarpann., snuale 

dmtate, obtus.i c.nline leav€s sessile. oblonS-elliptcal. Slabous. scnianplexicaul 

Synno@ncc Bce@sely-pmicularc.C.pnula 2-2.5 r 2.n, camp.nulaE, 12 :18 0or€6i 

p€du.cles shon, thick bnc&olalc.lnvolucE phylldid t 6 -s.iate, steteome divi&d, 

nlhcr rhic\, dosslly hispid, snbobtus€-acurer outemosl 6-8 x 5-6 mm, ovatei mrddle 

ones ll-lt x 3-4, ovate-lanceolare or oblong, irremost 19 22 x I m. brcadly linear - 

oblong. Florcts yellow. Cyp$la 4-5 \ l-1.5 mto. yellownh - browD. nluoh conpiessed. 

broad clliptic ro ovate, I niddle premindt a.d 2 laldl noe or lcss d'srinct rib on qch 

side, gBdu.lly anenuate ino 7-10 m lon8, da* breM, filifom b.at. long.r lhm lh. 

crpsela; outer pal,pus smllr ieer ones 8,10 mn long, whtle,pale. 

Spathens Ex.mlrcd: D-4: Querh Dist.r Unl, 16.6 t962. ,t.4. .t&,!a, 8?2 (RAW)j 

Henalck ,4-5-t96J. Mt-Siuiqu,lr57, 1759(RAW),l0 miles tioft Musmgo. way 

ro Qn tta, c.45 cn, €@t herb, floGN whitish, 11.5.1978. S. tazinu&li and S'4bedin 

629 (KUH); Kldali Spring, M6lakn, Qreth,..40 co, floreis t.|o*, 145.19?8,.t 

N@inrd.lih. Haneed lah &s,.ibedj,804 (KUH)I watiTanei, euefia,40-50cm. er@r 

n€6, iloats y.llo*, larq p@n\ 22.j.t984, S. Onq & A.chqor. t77j. l?98 (KUH)i 

ibi4 H.@ lalc, heo, c.50 cn\ flor€s r.tlou, 5.5.1984, S.ODe, l2bl (KUH); wati 

Tdgi, Qu.na, 55-60 cn, dect h€r6, nocB whne, htcx p6ent, 3 .5 t985, A enaf@r & 

Riz,an yo6rJllSl (KUH),Kskhae, Chihan hith, eueua, noreN, ye op,23.4.1987, 

Rubina Akhter l26'a IRAW), ibid; Katar lo euelta. Talp6s, jokn floto euerr2, florets 

aorden yellow, on srep cky stop.r, cEck in @*, c.2t}1) m.2t.4.t965. Je.,ilet 

IAMd 10J lE); Zit^, ..24.I n" 28,5,tg6s, zaJu AIi 48t4 (I}lw): f,-a: I&lar Disl_: 

36

Harboi hills: .,u8i Pas, c. 4l kn from Kal on way lo Nichai Calca@6 hillqerecl 

p€remial heft, florets yetlos. 12.05.t990. A.Chalanr & SEv M. Goodnan 5155 

(KUH). 

Distribution: cenhal Asia,Imn, Alghanismi ind Plk$tan 

Ecology onws anrong rock urevicas, sory xDd cdlcariols hilh be$een 1000 2500 n] 

FlowerinC period: - April-July. 

A l6s comon speies and sens o be localied in Northem Baluchi$an. 

6. C elho loilhtn ch ! s Boi\' 

Boiss., DiaF. Pl. Or Nov. Sei. {l) 4: 28 1844i Bo6s., Fl. Or. l: 820. 1875r KiA. in 

Bobr & Tzcvcl, Fl USSR.29: ll8. 1964: Jcllrcy in Darh, Fl. Turi 51 774 l9?5: Sell- 

in Tutir e/ ar., Ir. Eu. 4: 128.19?6t Rsh. !1. in Rech.l., Fl. 16r Conp2. 122: 201. 

1977; Meitle, FL Cypc,2: 1024.1985i Brene.. Aslenc@, Clad. CtN. l8l. 1994. 

Grimn & Springate io Cn€r$on & Long. Fl. Bhu|ai.2 (l): l4?4.2001; Lack in 

Kadereit & JelFey, Fan. On. Vasc. Pl. 8: | 88. 2007 

Biemial or F.€mial h€rbs, onei wirh rubcrou roorsr@k.Slem er*i pa.icularoly 

bmched- Ldvs h€lb&eous - co.ie€ous, oncinate. pinnatilobed -pimalis*1, flrire to 

d€nliculate, onen bciriate. Syoflore$eice corymbos - panicled, Capitula cylindiql, 

erect, ghbDusj l-4 cn long inctuding peduncte, florers 8,22 per capitulum Invotuce 

phylleies 24 - seriate. Recaphcle nakcd. Cypseta tusito.m-e|ipric, red-bow. or blac!. 

snewhat conpressedi nany rjbbed, muricaEicabrid, best stmder-filifom, having 

A genus Bnh It speci€s, disdburcd in Soutben ElDpe, Turkev. kan- Middl. East. 

OflEl Asn, AlStnisb, Pakitu, limalaya (Mabbe e, 197) HoweY€( lack i2007) 

Repr€senten in Prkistan by I species 

'rhe C.hls Cephelorhrnchus Sois. was establishcd by BoGsier, who reted u.der rhe 

Eibe Crepidac and cotridd€d it quitc .lo* to $e sfl6 L.&.4 L (s nr.), dirtring 

aon $e l{er by th€ prcg€ of linakllipric, red-bDM black crlel. md bi*tirk 

pappu.\vhq*s thc gous lc.tle L G.sr!.), is chdcid;ed by obhnc@lale{bov.te, 

bbwn clpsch and uniseriate pappus. 

+ Caulinc lqves onq abmr. upp.lmd scaly; 

lnvollct phyllancs oln$l biseriat. i . yps.la lidt 

yellow aprcllly anduat€ up to I mm long beak: 

inner row or pappN 4 5 nn longi $.m 15,40 cm 

- C.ulinc l@v6 nor 4 atovci l.volucre 

phrllarid 34 - sriaiq cwsel. Fd-bl.ck. apically 

anc.@lc inlo 1.5-2.t nn long boki innd bw of 

paPPus 3-? mft lorsj stm l6,l0o cm kll 

+ Inlol!.re phyllades 2G25, 6-10 mm longj 

cypel. 5,5-t no lore. rd whd toung 

anff.rds bl&k€.ed, bel *hn . op ro I mm 

Iory; prppB 3,.1 mm l@g. 

88

t 

ff 

\v 

ffir 

N] 

I 

I 

ffi 

ffi 

rui 

F'4'. r-r9 Cqtebnlvadwpioirdlute (Bois., TuBl..,A' b.biq B, lMtug brecb: 

q | .a), itrslum D!yU{i6 (@lE lo i@)i D. cypEl! 

t 

l

- Involucrc phylluics 9-15, ll-14 nn lonS; 

cypsl! 4.5-5 m lon8, blaclq h.al cof,colorous 

or p6lc, up to 2 mh longr Plpprs 5-6 nn long. 2, C. ctitat Bts 

'1. C.photd4nch6 ,i.tiditm& 

Rdh. t.l.c.213. t. 151,202. i5&6.(F8.1.19) 

(Boiss.) T!hl. Ann. NNl. M6. Wicn ?2: 619l96E: 

Itutuca piuidilotî!; Boi$.,F|. Or. l:807. 1875; R.R. S|cMn in Ndir & Ali. Ann. c.r' 

Vs. Pl. W P3l- Y,!shm.759. 1972. 

rrT.: Patirtan, B.luqhinr, Siri.b, &db 1075 (O, lsK)- 

Chonddla &opana Rcdl t., A.lkn a Esphrndd., h O€stcr. Bot. z. 91: 259. t95o. 

Chon hla piat@atpa ra. tcorytia (Rc.h. t & d. a/.) PaM. Fl. lM | 0: | 98. 19E0. 

Typ.: Inn: "P.di& prov. B.luabtrn {nunc M.}En): Momcs Kanand4 inrq Khath e' 

lmslbr (Baopu). in dcclivibs siccis ssxosis, 150G1600 m', 15.5.1948. 

Rechiryet ttl...'te .n A. E lar.liti 3950 (wl. 

Ladua sop&ia R@t. t a. Kei., Do. Biol. Str. 8. 2: 2 t L t r46.t955i Cicqbta 

_ J.qpaah (Rcch- [ & Kai.) Kir!f!, Acr. PhIo. G@. Bor. I ?: 35. 1957. 

HolotyD.: Algh.ni$an: NE: Chorb.ad. 1800 m. 26.8. t 94E, r@rr 29t | (W), Is.rypc (C). 

Pertlnial. slcm .10-100 cn r!ll, cylin lriet, subgl.bru. divadercty b6nchcd, t.lvcs 

petiohlcn@ftd d $. bos., situ{c piMatiset, @ty pinBritobc4 oblra@t.!* 

spsrbubc in o!rli&, vill@, st rpty toottcd, 5.8 (to) r 0.5 -t.5 cm; caulirc k!v.s

sessile, saginately auiculate. auriclB euninaie, subenlite-sinuale do|a€, acut, l_5 r 

0.5-l cm, Slnflo6cmce ldly-ra*nose. Capitula erecr, cvlidrical. glabrous,0 tlx 0 4 

cm, c.20 noEts per capitulumi peduncle longcr than the capitrla lnvolucre phvllaries 20_ 

25.1-4 - senate, glabrou, srious, ster€ome divid€d, aculq ourer nost 2 x I nn, ollter 

middle oncs 56\ l-l5 mm. lanccolate: innemo$ 8l0\ I mm ||n.arlaic.olrrr 

FloGts pink - lavm{,er C}A*la 3.5.4 r I mfr. dd (immot€) anesa.ds bhcrened. 

cuncarc-lioe&, litil€ €onpr€$ed, 8-10 n@w-nbi nuiicalel bmk 2'3 nm, whilc 

dcndd, + equal o. sMllq lhe thc cyps.lar ouier prppus exremely shoni ion.! 3_4 nn 

Sp..ln.N Er.mined: A-7: ChitralDisl.: Lutko! dver, Shoghoi florets prl€ mauvc, on 

ocky ledgs in tufts Aon woody r@! c.1650 n,6 6.1958, J.r,4. Sd/,/or 2590 (BM); 

Oolin Col, ChiFal, Ft€mial n t!, 55' in h.idi noErs yellow- drc- ncar sv€ao bank. 

2(h0 6. 19.6 2on5, Eaidar Ali 820 {KUH); Batlt@l' Gol, Ltr&b@. Chnal. pecnnul 

hctb, 16 in heieht, norets pint, arc. near rcct cEvrce- l72l m.(15'59'00.9".71'48- 

14.5'), tl 5.2006, Haidor.4li 4050 (KUH): Golcen Col, Chilral, pcrennial herb, 16" in 

heislg noeis liclt pi.rish purple, infrequent, on rcck cr€vice. 1692 n, (42-167443 E, 

1982449 N),3.6-2001, Eaidot Ali 5l9l (KUH)| Molikhoo, chrrral, peennirl h.li, 24' 

in height, ilorc$ purpl€, infr€quent, on stcp @ky slope,2776 m. (12-75370t t. 

3995125 N), t9 6-2001, Hdidu,t/r 5r2 (KUHI ibidi rL4. eEna Disr.: eucna valtcy_ 

1500 n, in slones, 27.5.1968, zqtzl,,tli 4914 (KUH): wali Tdsi . eucn., peEMiat 

h.rb, 85.95 m bll, h.adr c.1.5 cm afoss, l.tcx whiic. tlore$ purptish bl!c, 23.5.!9E4, 

s,oner & ,4. c^door rar6 \ KUH);Wati T.n8i, euctra, €rcct sbtub, 4O-s0 cft rall, 

lloE13 pink, 12.1 .t98a. r-41i & Tufoit Ahned \394 ( KuHJ.

Distibution: Afdmisl,n dd Pakhlan (ChnEl tnd Q!€fia) 

Ecologt: - (h cky creric6, slopc, stont {rc,s and ncar srcan bank emding 

upro rhc elqanon of 1500 - 2?76 m. 

Flowemg period: - May-August 

2. Cefidlothrnthus chitrulensh Tuisl., Ann. Nal. Mus, Wien 722: 616. 1968i Rccb t:. 

Fl.lran. 122: 21I t.149,202 t 3 &4.19?7 

Type Plkisrmi Cbitral, Tuitho River lstar , 2100 n , Srou?o,, 2506 (w). 

Perennial, slen 16-60 cm tall, crcci slbglsbrous, paniculaloly bmnched above Radical 

ledts gtabrcd, nmw pe olate, Mcin.L pinnati fid{ecdy, lobed. sh..ply tood€d. 7 I 2 

(15) x 0.t-2 cd, auricllate; callinc lcav6 sessile, lob€d, &uinnte Capitula erei 

su!.ylin&i.al, sMtt, b6ccolalc,0.8-l x 0.5 cm, wilh 1.5-3 cm long FducL. norets 

20-22 per capitulun.lnvoluce phyllaries 9- l 5, l-4 - sqiale, acute; oulo ones 2-1 \ I . | .5 

mn, oute+neolaiei inner m6 Il-14 r I mn. li.ear.Florcrs purplish, blue or pink. 

Cypsla up to 5 m inchdine b.ali blac[ n4iaomlin€ar, 8- 14 ribs, muicat , gEduauy 

aiienule inlo 1.5-2 mm long, palely disdnct bakt pappus 5-6 mm long. wbit€. 

spdlmeN Errml.ed: D-a: Qrcra Disl i Sh.hla bagh hills nea. Chmfl. Qn€ftr. decr 

het!. 80 cm-rn tarr, flor.ts rink T 5.19E5 , A Chofoot & Rituan vaul t426, vas 

(KUH); Ssnam.a fo$t , Zidd, erecl h.rb, c,45 cm ull, dhc absent, l? 5.1984. .t 

Onet & a. Ghaloot t55t (KUH). 

Distdbution: Afddhi.n dd Pakistd, 

E@l6gy:4bws m riverb.( clmp6 dd dry slop.s h.tw*n l6m-2s00 m. 

Flovding Friod: - May-Jun.. 

9l

NOTEr Thc rtle spsimfl of Ca .Iotrhlr.hus chinalzdlt I uisl, was dcscab.d 

fon ChitBl Hotever, we could not 6nd rny speoinfts fton Chinal Sp@imens 

collect.d fmm Norrhem BahchistNn wele eKoihed lt seems rh.t lh$ sPec'es 6 

ddnb!r.d frcn ch,El ro Nonned Balochisr.n rhmugh Aigh!nnran 

3, C.rtatMr't,cn6 totrdatu 

Rah.1,1.c.215. t.151.202. i 9& 10.lt77 

(Bois.) Kirp. Fl. USSR 29:150 Pl XX l 8l9@: 

'Zoltitolb! palyclada Bons,, Fl, Or 3:82?. 1815 PPt hurc.o polrcloda B!*ill 

wofting t,isr, Fl Pl Ballch.44. 1909 

Typ.: In.: Ed Khosm: in mount0itu b.wd Nishapur.nd M*hd, A!,9a258 

p.p. (C) (tdto9pe eldted by K.H.R€hing.r, Lc. 2 | 5). 

Lucttco "ftt.athtina R€h.t, Dan. Diol. Skr.8, 2 207.t141 & l45l95t (Srn 

Alshan ll)iKi6n. in R*. Kyoto Univ. Exp. rusk a. Hi.duk. 24lI l9ts(FI Aigh!., 

r960). 

Typ.r Aagha.islan: hnnj Pss, 1000 n, dry 3lop6, plant 30 cm llll, novft ro* 

colouEd, 27.3.lq9. ro€la I l?40 ( W). 

P.r.nni.l, semishrub, Slabous, olis glllcousgreen. many sl@ned snh bushy habn. 

St.n 15-40 cn hish, dicholomoN, div.nc .-i.lricarely bFnched, tcrtc. B.sal ldvcs 

rcsuleto, shonly indislinctly p.tiold., lamino 2.5-4.5 x I 2 cn, Irdt -pinnatkst, 

lat.rally I-r scSndt, si.uate t@$.n amplcric&l; cauline leaves ond abcnt or 

92

Edn€ed. upp€r mc| lav€s *aly pr€trr on peduncles. mdislinguishable frod ourer 

inrolucml bracrs Caprtula l-4 cm lonB inchdins p€duncl€- rhin. tcmi.al. tloEls 8'l? 

pei capitulun.lnvolucre phylhries 1l-ll. biseiaN. primarily subcylindric anenad 

lilnoel like, acute wnh narow palc mrgini ouler inangulaFlanceoldre: Ln..r In l-equal 

sri6, ?-8 m long, sublinedt ourer 3rimcs shoner than inner FloErs rosy prnk - 

lav€nder. Cypsela l-4 nm long including beak, oblonglinelr. liglt yellow. conpressed. 

l0-l4nbb€d,glabous,arenuarc, upto 1 mto long beakipappus 4-5 mm lone, white. 

specimeN Exulned: D4: Q!en. Disrr Baluchisun, Brahim$.t4.5 1956. tfA. Dc*- 

Distiburio.: -Pakislan, AlSnoisiln. 16o. C.Asia. 

E oloey: - Occur along bants of nounbins. stEan and lak6 or .@ edges ol 

elac'eu and on dry dop. 

Flowering p€nod: -Auguslocrobcr. 

Notc: R€chinser (op.cit.) b.s reporrcd Srahb, 2506, coll*ted fton Patisun, Chnal 

disrict, l$d ad fl. Turikho, 2100 n. I could.xamine only one sp(im€n which is fron 

1. Cic.tbita \N 

^lb. 

walk., Sched. Cnt.413 1822i Benth., in Benth & Hoo[. f. Cen Pl,2: 525 t8?] p.p.. 

emend; Kirp in Bobr. &Trc!.1., Fl. USSR. 29r 351. 1964:.,eitey in Davis, Fl. Tu.k. 

5:?66. I975r Sell in Tutin €r al., Fl. Eur 4: J3l.l976i R.ch. f., Fl han Comp 2 122: 

182. 1977i Ic B@r. Air.6caq Cl.d. Cl6s. 184, 1994; Mmeai. & R?o in naj6.t 

93

,1, Fl.lnd. 12:26?.1995r C.ic6on & Spnngak !n Crie6on & Long, Fl. Bhuh.2 (l) 

l4?l 20Ol: tjct in Kad€r€n & icfiey. fonr. Ocn. Vae Pl.8: 188 2007 

Annual - FEmial h€rb. Plant rcaulescenr - caulesccnr LeAes€ntne pinnatifid. sharply 

d€niculate smlar, runcinare pinnatilid- disected or emple lobed Synnore$eocc 

ncemose panrculale. capnub sub.yhndric - campanulate. d@ping, 5 32 flo.ers p* 

capiiulun, peduncle flatlened. Ligulcs blue, lihc, violel, pulPle or arely yellow. 

Involucre pbyllaries mostly 3- seriat€, villols o! hirsule - long papillose domally. obluse 

sith beard of 6ne hans al lh€ apex. R*eptaclc iaked Cypsela brown.black, elliptic. 

lioea.oblong- scabrid-hispidulous. an.nuare apically into a distirctly srout- sle.d.r b.ak. 

papps biseriare, ortcr shon, iomin8 som.whar (own, oner long. b.slly. 

A ghus wirh c.l8 sFci6, distriblted in Euope, South w€sr md Cenfrl Asia dd China 

(Brcmcr 1994: Mabb.rley. 1997). AccordinS lo Lack (2Lx)7lc j spdies ae pEcnr 

ln Pabsb ir is EpceDled by 7 speics including 3 new spec'€s. 

Tne genus Cturna Walk., cle,ny difles titn L..tu.a L. G.str) by 

having dDoping qpitulun wnh natlened p.dunde, l]+enate, viuous or hmute - 

popillo*. obtuse involucr€ phylhrie; cypsela with slenderslout, hostly concoloi(,lt 

pale, 1.5-l frn long beat md bi*riate pappus, \vheFas in ra.&.d L. G.str.). peduncle 

cyli.drical, involucrc phylldies 4-5- seriate, Blabous, 

4-8 nn long b€ak ed pappls unisriale. 

acutei cypsela wilh filifom. whitc.

| + PLn|s eaulsnr. t c. qot*,i 

- Pl.ntt clul€sent 2 

2 + Capiillun cloFnubr€. l 5_2.t cn htstl *itb ll_ 

32 floGls. Involucrc plvudi6 1512, 3_ snal€, 

doelly villous or enewhat hillute 

- Capillm cyliniLical.otl cn bo.d wilh 5_10 

a*ls. lnrclust p[yudiss &12,2- s.rift. &isllv 

3 + Si.n bro6d, up !o 10 nni lav.s 10_20 x 3-5 cn, 

uolob.d, sharply d.t icularc-mlat. 

- Srcn ndroc, l_t lm; lat6 ?-10 x 0 t l 5C2) 

cm, mtG o. PiMutunY |ot€d, 

4 + Cdpitulm with c. 12 fl@ts ClFGla blek. 

oblanc@latei bet sloul dd @ncolotousi Prppus l0_ 

3 

2 c an 

12 nn ro'ts. j. C eilgt.sts 

- CrpintlM *itb ll_25 0Nts CyPdclt breM- 

bl&kisll' clliFoid; bor sL d ,ttd disolo'osl 

p.r?c2!6Mlong; 

5 + flor.i3 13-15 pd @!iorle. CyPsb bk t with 

whitcbc&i toPp6 snovvvhile 

' flor.r! 2F25 pq crpitulm CvFcL breM sdl 

c't.n dycllo$ishbelg FpoN didv tnitc. 

95 

s 

1C n@Mhtzd 

t C l6td&(

lw Er 

l 

{rir.z R@hi Bro: A, hrbitt B(lJ), involucr€ phyllTi€s (oukr 

c,.t?el^. cic.ttit tututhta (Royle) B€ue: D, hnbiq E(l-3), 

phylldi€s (odar io innd)i R cr"sla 

I 

l 

ffi

+ Pla up lo 12 cn dl Lav€s un_lobcd, 4_? cn 

loig imluding pcriolc, sP.$uhiq Imr iwol$El 

phylhris up to 8 nm lone, 8!5bous. 

- PlDr up !o ?o cm !ill- ttv6 lob.d, I G30 cm lonS 

inchdilg pciolc mG stdulata ldr invol@ol 

pnilti6 up lo 16 oh loi&

Nor.: Thc n4 s!di6 t quir. linilt in g.l@l lPpals. C&t .!' ,6t 'dcia (W'll 

d DC.) b qn b. distingtlh.d froE n $d alli.d trx. bv htvinS sLnle h'bn 

Wi.d in otltd spei6 w.U{d.lop.d std it pl!6l 

tlynologvi rhc.!n. ir given in honor ol my suPdisot PDa Dr' Mohtnmd Qai*i 

prenrly vic. Chlnc.llot ot lhc Fcd.nl Udo Univ.Bitv for Ans, Scidc. & 

-l4hnolo!y. H. k sl$ cccdn( of Flon of P.l&Ln Hh @nribu(@ b lh. Flon of 

P.kirh .nd Floa of LibF is w.ll ldDM, 

Spdlidr EnDi!.d: A{: Gil8rr Dht.: P.i-juth, Vlllcy Kh.lt ow, Haim3lr GilSit 

LA.2@1. Shetuali Khd 72 (KUH)i B4r A!!or Disl,: Sh$.n roP rbov. Donb.bho, 

dr pdnniil hdb, 9 ch bll, Ilo..!r bl*, on opcr pldr! mt much @nmn, c.1500 h, 

ll-9.2006. Ali N@r .t al- 5E1 IKUH)i (8hni. Kolohri, Klshnir, not.E lov.ly bh., 

Sep- l9l!. M6.M..1. EEttl,.d t n. @M); Gdflrg, 2690 n, S.Pr., 1922. Coll iE ot t i 

(BM)r Pbv. d. l. Frntid N.-O .xcuEid dc Oitti.bs d K!riw.i,4100 m, 15 7 1953; 

&i- &ewn s.n. (BM): P6v- d. l. Fbnti.r N,.o alpag. misu. de Gtuid6,4100 n, 

20.7.r95!i kk Srworl 452 (BM)i M6S|trd$, is rh 8'|4d 

torf, flor.I! blu., 1600 nL 

6.9.1956, O. Polunin 54/,11 I IBM); &Aq B.ltisbr D*!i plliE, dl p.dni.l 

h.lb, !p ro 2" bll, noEE liSht purpl.. infEqu.nt spdi6. i. Nisr oFn nc.d, nor w.t.. 

c.of, c.if000 m, lar. Au& 2002, Jar llM & F. Karin lo02lKuA). 

Dilrdbution: - P.tLh (Chirr.l & GilE 0 .Ild l.rhnn. 

Ecolos,: - ApL ofhiah6.!tit!rh b.tw6 2600 6,l0OO 6, 

Flwcriog p.riod: - A!8{sl - S.prdbs. 

97

]" 

Fls. l.2l Oc.rr,,r drl, R@hi Bdo & Q.iFr: 

I 

A, habili B, c.Pitula; C( l -l), itrvollcc 

phyllri.! (outcr 10 ider)i D,ct?scla; E, pappN. 

t

!, Cic.rrrd r/t Rohr B&o, tp.roe (Flg. 1.2l) 

Hofotyp.: Kdhnir: Koloboi v.ll'y,21 .a.1956, O. Polunin 56/561 lBMl) 

Dl.gnoslsr Species dnhncta calhbus cdssis, circter I cnr ir1 diam.uo lbhs 

subsessilibus, l0-18 C20) x l-5 cn, indivisis, acute. denticulao_seliuLads. lblirs 

rnteriorbus seni-anplexicaulibus. cyps.lis a(rc-gnse$. oblanceolalis vcl cyIndnc$- 

undulato-cosDlalis. r6tro crrso concolodnn. plppo niro. 

Plant with sicE up lo l0 lm broad ar de bde, ngid.Rldical l.aves $sil., nmowcd 

e be, 10.18 x 3-5 cm, bioad elliptic to oblanceolale 1n oulline, shtrply denlculate 

senlsrc, acuminate to nucrcnalej semiahpl.xicaul. spmely hhPid b.nca$: cauhne 

l.avca 4-6 x I cm. Capitula in fasicld, leminal, cmpanula€, 1.5'2 5 x 0,5.1 cm,20-25 

norcc Fr capinnhj Fduclc (l) 610.n long. lnvolucrc phyllari€s bl&kish 8lu, l- 

seriltc,20-22; outcr on6 (4-) G8 x l-1.5 mn. ovare loc@lare: inner no$ (10)12-14 x 

2-2.5 mn, bd.dly lind-oblong. FloEis bluish - purrle or mauve.Cyp*la 5-7 x ? on. 

Breyish bl.ck, sonewhar cylindrical ro obla.c€ola|e, .ibs dd ma€in vrvyr dcnsly rhick 

hairy, b.ak2 mm long, concolorous, Sradua I ly ibmedi oute. pappus 0.5 tonr inner ll-12 

NqTEr Ci.rrri!. dlt Rohi Bdo is dilTennt fron the Esl of the tdr by having I cm 

broad slm. sbsilq lorl8c20) x 3,5 cm, unlobed, shaDly dcnricutft-s.Ntar, sni 

amplexiclul lowa l€vesj cy?ela geyish bl&k, oblmceolat -cylindrical. wiih wavy 

rjbsi beak slout md concoloreq pappus snosl whir€. On rhe othq hand, C a& Roohi 

Buo is r.scnbled to lhe n€wly d€eribcd species C. gr/grdAij Roohi Bano by haviog 

ctlFla with wavy ribs, oncolotuus b.e* .nd snowy white pappN. B n is shaDl,

isolaled fton il by baving up to 5 nn brcad slen, petiollre and oblance_ olat€ entne' ?' 

l0 x 0 5-2 cm, lover leaves 

Elynology: Thc name N given ater Prol Dr S I Ali, ibmer Vice Chancellor orthe 

Karachi LJnivcrsity and one oflhe edrtors oi f_lon ofPakislan and Flora ofLibla He has 

co.tibukd lrcmcndously to lhc lield of tdonomt Md I *orld kno{n spccialisr or 

Legunnroseac paniculady of Pakistd 

Speln€D Er.Dim& A-7: Gilgil Dist: Hlhmosh, nod5 bluish lilac, invol@ bla'k' 

on cliil faces an.l also in alpine psru$, c 3450 n,10 7 1940, & Shefti1J1l67 

'udlo|| 

(BM); A-8: Kaakotum Ran8.: Sotla glacier, river bank Karatodm doisl rmks 4500 

n, 21.8.1939, i. &o4 ,t6.-// 160l a (BM)i F9: Kishbwar Disl: Bdgd Kashmtr' 

florets mauvc, on criIt c.3450 n,3t1t94!, Ludlor & She/nn 9255 (8M)i Kolohoi 

valley, K6hnir, floEts bluish'purple, c.1600 m, eanhv no.th hcing EEsv slopes' 

2J.8 \956, O. Polunik 56t561 (BM)i ibid, ilore$ deep lilac, nonh faclng Srassv slopcs' 

O Polutut 561511 (BM)i Manhur Nulhh, Bringb' vrllut- on open sere. 1900 ' 

5.9 1944. Lrdlow & ShniIl aO5? (BM)i Musjid vallct, 1900420/D ft 27 .i tE t. J F' 

Duthie t3277 c IBM). 

Disnibuion: - Known ftoh Pakista. (Cilgio ed Kashnir. 

Ecologyr . A planl ol higir€r altitude Sto*s on cli'I faces, in alp'ne Prstures, slopcs. 

opo a@ dd sc6 a1 th. el€lation bew@n 1300 4500 m. 

Fbwenns Pcriod: -.,uly - S.ptenbr.

ti 

ffi 

FiC- r-22 Ci.crbib silglt.ntir Roob' B.no & QaN{ A, bobn. Bll-3\, inrollcE 

phyll&ies (ourq lo imd), C, c}!*la

l. Ot.rri& s, 8n.ts/s Roohr Bmo, sp ror' (Iig.12u) 

uolotyp.: Gilgir: Rlljulh betwd Kiat[row dd ,utial nullah. Htnnosh 20 8 2004' 

SheNali Mon & Shobbn H8san 666 (KVHll 

Dlrg.osis: Foliis infelionbus oblac€olaris irlegerimis petioldtis (icerbita le$fliuu 

var. /es?rkna siniles, pa€cipue di{Ten cvp$lis alnimi( undulalo{clulal$- m$ro 

concolonni et papto nileo (non $ in Cicefiitd lessediona rar' r€ssurr@'o, cvPsens 

brunneis costulis ecds, ostlo pallido, pappo sordide albo) Eliam Crelbta d/rt coslrLrrs 

un.tllat s, nstlo concolomt€ nec non P.ppo 

int geomis oSladcolaiis Ftiolatis st2in d'gn6Fnda 

niv@ simil.s sd loliis infcriorbs 

Perennialherb, sten lt-20 cn tall md 3-5 mn broad.Fidical leaves wnh.aNw penole. 

oblecmlar€ b spad .te, otiE, nucoEte, 7_10 x I-1 5 cm capitula i' faiclcs 

Gminal, campmulatc, l.t-2 x l-1.5 cn. c32 floErs p€r cr9'tuluni peduncle long 

lillouslnvoluct phyllades c.20, d&k glccn, l_senate, ll€xuous villous hairy all overr 

ou|d ones 5 7 x 2 dh, ovale lmceolatq inner ones 10-13 (15) x I l5 nm broadlv 

lincr-oblong- Ilords blu. Cypela 6-7 x 2 nm, black. oblancolatc ro cylindrical, nbs 

*av], abruptly ado@i. into 2 nn long, concolomu be.k ourr p.ppus smlli inf,.r 8_ 

9 nn long snowy wh'le, 

Norcf Ciprrnr argr.dir Rmhi Baro s*m !o b€ clo*ly elal€{ ro C. Lurliana 

(Wall.ex DC.) MmSain & Rao var. ldnrtl@r in havi.g p.tiolate eradually ancnuale 

b.low, obleceolate ad entir lowei l€avrs bul difre. by b.ving black c,"sla wirb wrvy 

ribs; @n@lomu b.at ed snorr whi|. pappu. WlErcd in c. ,.ssntda (Wall. er

DC.) Mamgain & Pao vd. la$emda cypsela is brcwn, nbs ar€ nol wavvi d'scororous 

(c..am'yello{ish) b€ak and pappus dirty whne On $e olher hud. a. gitS,.tsit R@bi 

Aano is also reldredlo c. 4li Roohi Bano by halrng cvpsela with Navv nbs concoloous 

bet a.d snowy whire pappu. Bul n clearlv dilie^ liom n bt having I 5 mn broad 

st€n, petiolale &d oblanceolatc. enlle,7_lO x 0.5 2 cn. lo{er Leaves while C 'lti 

Roohi Bano is recosnized i. ha\ing up lo I cn bto.d stem 1020 \ I i cnr broad. 

seni.frpleklcaul and d€nh& to scmlate leaves. 

EtydoloeJ: Tn. nane is sivcn an r the Ple€ orcollel'on 

sp.clnens Eronlned: A-8r Gilgit Disr.: Khatun_Runeh, Khalnroe, Halamosh. 

per€n.id herb, 20 cn tall, floeG bhe. whne hlex. oP€n g6sv sloPe. 4 3'700 m. 

20.8,20A4, Shetuali Khan & Shabbir Hdsan 640, 665 (KUH)i lchman Khakarow. 

Hadnosh, mul h.rb, up to 15 cm tal, noEts bluc, whit larex, infrequei!.3t00 n. 

20.E2004, Shetuali Kh44 & Shabr,r tortur 659 (KUH); Rarjutn belwes Khallarow 

and.,ulial, perennialherb. up lo l5 cm lall, flor€ts blue white latex. + 4900 fr, 20 8 200'l 

She'Mli Kha| & Shobbn H6tot 6('6 ((VH). 

Distribulion: Erdcnrc (known lron t)t l@ality Hardnosh. Cilgir.) 

Ecology: Growi.g on op.n Era$y slopcs, d lbe €lcvatio. oflroo - 4$0 m. 

Flow.ring P€nod: Augsl 

4. Cicefiita da.turhi.d (RoylO B€auv, in Bull. Soc Bot Geh (2) 2: 114.l9l0 

(Fig, r.20) 

Muleedib tu rc4iM Roylc,lll. BoL Hinal. Mounl.251. t.61. i L l8l5tDC.. tur. 

1: 25t. 1818. La.trca nacturh,:, (Royle) H@k. t, Fl Bri. tod 31 408. 188 I I Banber,

Pl. Punj 379. l9l6i Collet,Il Sinl. 285 f 85l92l CuPltalodrnch's nacrortnta 

(Royle) Tuisl. Afl. Nal. Mu. wien.72:6181968j Rcch t.l c 2ll r20l l27 & 28: 

Oli€son & Spnngarc in Crie6on& Long,fl. Bhlmn,2i3): 147'1 2001 

Synqp6: Mu$ooFc and Kedatkuk R rle (LIV) 

MulEediu| bevisotukt DC.P@dt 1:249lAt8. Pr.t@mhes lae\13d14 wrll Num' L'n 

1269. l8ll.nomen, non Bllne la26 Lacttca loerig\ta (wlll ex DC )Clarke (omp 

lnd. 269 1876r R.R, Stcwdr n Nan & Ali, Ann Cai Vas PI W' Pak Ktshn ?t9 

1972.Cietbita laevi4ota l'wall.cx DC ) Bcauv, in Bull Sc Bol'C€n (212:l20 l9l0: 

Mam!!.n & Rlo In HrjB a a/ . Fl Ind I2:272 r'b5 lo91 

TyDc lndi.: "io xdaon , Bldhotd s n . walli.h car' 1269 (O )i lso (K_wl) 

M.ldnoseris s4dtilis Eded in Tlm Linn Sc London 20:?9 1846:' Lactrca beetqata 

voi sdaril,r (Edgew.) C.B. Clarke. Comp I.d 267 la16: Cicerbita naqarhtza \61 

14ro116 (Edg€w.) BeauY. io Bu!|. S@. Bor Ccn z: ll5l9t0: Cqltalanhtr'hu! 

rararrs (tidge*.) Shih in Ada Phytotax Sin 29 416 1991 

Typ€: rndia "Himla, ad alt. ped. ?000.8000, in rupibus hadidis, supo Pmdkcsar', 

Srcn slabous. lrw.r lsves skn lerviig.d P€tiolatc or dilared into a large olb'cular 

toolhed lob. at thc be. pinutifidi@( dista.lly lobed tfrinal lobc ovare cor&te. 

acure-nucroMle, sinuat€-1@thed, 5 15 t20) cm loig, reminal lob. l.t-3 x 1.5 2 cn. 

p.riol€ 4-15 cm long, viUo6 or standrld hais Synfloesccnce paniclcd. Cipitula 

cdpdular., 13-15 flor€t! d,nsly villous, p.duc!la!c, peduncl. baclcohlc. htolwc 

t02

phylldiB l2- 15. 3-sc.iale, sen to bl&kish, obne, out€r ones 2_4 x I I 5 lm. oratc' 

ldcoolat€.nddlconcs5-7x I-1.2dh,lanccolate,imernost Il_ll x l_1 2nn heaF 

oblong Floret bluc ot purplish. cypsela 5 5 x I nn, alnost black, elliptic_cblong' 5- 

nbbed, anenuate ifio L5 lm lone. pal. b.ah pappus b${ialc.6_7 mm lone 

Specimens Ex.nlrcd..- A-?: Chnal Dh : Chnftl, in clitlu,e!lces. caltr blact flortts 

mauve,49.1958, /r.,.{.gat,or 1218 (I(AWI; A{: Cilen Disl lchnan Kbaltarow. 

Heanosh, annual hob, up to 15-25 cn nll. lloreK blue purple, infrequelt. whne btex. 

21.8.2004, SreM/t & Shabbn EM 65la {Kt-Itr); 8-6: Pcshawe Dist.: Tebn 

R@4trdou. flo.ds pale blne. 2lO0 n,1.9,t916, RX .tMl, 15570 A (KUH)i ibid. 

banls and walls, + 2100 n, Oct, 1916, n.rt. Srcrarr 15?50 (RAW): Sval Disl Borah 

beyond Ushu, on rocl crevic€s, t8CO n, 27,7 1951. i4 s/.tart & A Rehqoi 25t19 

25120 (RAW)i Shonal6, dls, floErs Budly large, 1 3300 m. 22 A- 1955, A Rehno, 64 

(RAw): &Er K6hni: PahlgaE Kashnir, r@k ct€vices. l@f only, I ll00 n, 12 8 | 920. 

ln.d tD. &d,orr 56?6 (RAW); So.tnarg, Ksbmn, ilorels blue, 1800 m.491921, 

RR. & LD. 51.tu 6922lp. w)rAbove Culturg, Kashnir, 3900 m, 7.8.1929. n,t 

lr?'a4 l0ll0 (Mw); Above chapri .esl hou*, pqmnial herb with lhick Mts, flocls 

liSh purplc or rouvc, 30.8. l9? I , M-1. Siddiqui & v. N6n 6522 IKUA, RAw). 

Dishibutioo: - Itu, Afghoistan, Palista., Indi., Nepal, Bhut n and Chin.. 

Ecolog)/: - Crcwr in moisl ed sbady plac6 o! @k ar the ekt.tion of 180G3900 m. 

Flowering Paiod: -.luly S.prembs.

s.Cietuita l4se aad (w^ll* DC ) M.ngain & Rao in J Bohb Nat rtist Soc 36 

(2):273.1989iM.mSain&RminH.jm"lal,Fl lnd. 12: 270 1995' 

Ca!l*m( 15-25 cn r.ll herb. Sto 3-5 mm broad Radical lqv6 p'tiolate omwtd 3' 

thc base, narruwly oblan.6lore, enfie_ sinuale roothed' lyrdle ' prnnarilid !curc' 

nrcronate,4-20 x I-l cni caulioe leev6 small, esile li"atcalitula n f6icl4' 

rmi.al, camponul.l.. l5_2 x O8-l cn, 25_lo nmLs pa ati$lum; peduftlt lon& 

!illo6. Inrchcrc phylhn6 2G22, l{d.lc d.rk gtq' villou$I rh' b& or au ovtr: 

ourer one 5-? ( 1.5- 2.5 mm. ovate_ lan.eohtc: inneroncs ll_15 r I'l j mm. broadlv 

linea.-ohlon8, obtus., wirh bedd of fih. h.h.t the lpd alor.$ blu' or Du4le clPscla 

&8 x 1.5 nm, bown, .llip$i4 lMy nbb.!. sradoallv ancnu.r' into I 5 2 nn long 

c@n yetlowish bekr oulq pappus c.0 5 mni imn 4 6 nn long. didv or pale *hir' 

A very cdnon tnd highly wisble sPai.s, I vtrities de @ogniz'd on fie basn of laf 

| + lsv6 cntiG, obl4c@lrtosp.thuhtc. 

. leaves ltr!re-pinnatilidly lob{"jot shaQly 

+ Lav6 lob.4 lrmte-piMtifid. 

Lav.s unlobed, sharply t6oried - drnkrc. 

104 

z

Ek.,t.Stqloaw?lw ,Esia(l{tiI,,) o. & B. F.&.h-: A bdil: B, €Pintl@ 

t4.2. Cietbita tasdids (w.tt d DC.) ritu8.i! & [r : A, tlbiq a, c€oitul@

i. Ci.eftitd t ssesi' a\w^ll exDC ) Mdmgain & Rdo vur l4elrun4 (!hl€ s t 2i 

FE r.2l) 

M gediun lesqtia,uh\Ntll,ax DC., Prodr ?:251 l8lSiCi.errra /a$eriidd (Wallex 

DC.) Mansein & Rao subsp, /us e iNt t octuro te*. iano (w^ll er DC ) C B Clarkq 

Conp. lnd.270, 1376: Hook t, Fl Bri!. lnd l 408 1831i Bambel,l'l Punj l79 l9l6i 

R.R. Slwad in N$ir & Ali. Ann. Cri.V.s. Pl. w. Pok Kashn 7s9 1972; Shama & 

lam$l, Fl, Upp. Lidd. Vy. Kdlm. Hihal 2:601928 MetanAeris tesetuonrn 

Decne. injacquenonr, Voy rnd 4:102 184\ Hierutci,d tese ibudwat C{ 3254 

Ttpe: rndh: Kanaon and Enodtn, tfalnh 3254, cat cofrp 164 (C) Microlisch.l 

Speibcnr Er.Ditr.d: B-&9: Bahisbn: Dssi, Baltisrat. r 1450 m,2081966, M,'1. 

Siddque f N atir & Za.fldr 42or c {RAW); KaQuch valley, 1600 1900 n, 9 7 1992. J.F 

Ddrre s.n. (BM): Xdhnn: rshhoi, K*hmn, flo.ets lor€lt blue, ,*p 19 tt cott tSrot 

s.n. (SMf N.!r Korahd Clscier, 3300-361)0 n. 116 M.A. be5hed s^ \BM): Zojib, 

resllnir, noi.fc blue in gdsy alpine pa$uB, 1450 m, 27.8 19a0, Ltdlotu & SheriIJ 

8032 ab (BM); Cadsar, (l3lDir, opa g*tlsd , 1600 m, I ?.8 1910. Ptlt Pi"Iold 146 

a,i{BM). 

Disribuiion: Pakisan (Blltisln, Gilsi9, India & Kashnn 

Ecology: Go*ingon op.n g61a.d, inalpinepasturcs belween 1100-3900 n. 

Flouqi.g pdio

A 

]ffi 

1 

[,i,\ 

IN 

Flg. 1.2a 

Ci..tbit h$.,tt M (\v.tt. .x Dc.) Mm8do & Rs vs. ,@zt &: A, 

h.bit; B(l-3), iNdu@ phyllaica (outd 1o idq); C, crTFl.. Crcddr' 

,6ad',r (wrll. q DC.) Mms.i! & R6 6. it'!r' (Dos-) R@hi Beo: 

D, hrbir; E(l-3), iNohcr. phyll.ri.s (ourct to inncti F, cyFcla, 

]. 

ffi

ii - cic.rbrb t s*dtanr lw^ll.ex DC.) Mrmsain & Rao vff t drz (Decn€ ) R@hi Bano 

Metatoerx bftta Oeene. in jdcquemo0l, voy. Bol. Ind 4: l0l l 109 1844i,,ctr.4 

/"$?r'atu (wall.ex DC.) c.B. Cldle ve. t'ztz 

la16; La.tu.a teserioB \\N^ll.x DC.) ( ,8 Cltrke subsp ,&td 

(o4n€.) C.B. Chrte, ConP lnd 2?0 

(Decnc) StebbiN in 

Ind FoiR@rds Bol. I (6): 240. l9l9; R R. Si€wtn, l.c. 759; Shama & Jrnval, I c 60 

f. 29, Ciceftita Ltteridna lwalr. er DC.) Mangdn & Rao subsp ,/4td (D*ne ) 

Mans.in & Rlo in Haj6erdi, Fl lnd. 12:272. 1995. 

S!.cin.!r etabin.dr A{: Oilg'r Disl. lchna. (nrlbrow Harunosh, annul hert, up ro 

15-25 cn bll, flor.Ls blue-puale, laicx sbne, on open grssy sloPes, i 1500 n, 

218?004. Sr€rd/i Khan & Shabbn H6sa,65tb (KUH)| ibid: J/P,tal (r4, 4 

Shabbn Hosan 661.66a (KUH)| B-a: Aslor Dist Rafra valley, Sw ofA$oL h.lb 

with thick woodt ooclo.k, l€v.s ged, 2", flor€Is pu'plish blue, 2 /? - 3 cn, on stony 

ridse & mehing snow,3900 m, (15'20 W:7550'E),203.81961,TE Lonk4ler & 

I-4.S. Psa4,, ll84 a,b,c {BM): K,la p.ni, Moton nuuah, Aslor, smi ccc! pedtuat 

herb, up b 20 cm t!ll, flor.ts blue, c.ll00 m, 5 9.2005, ,.l.tt lr'oor 103 (KUH)i &8/9: 

Balrish Re\ge Ki+Dchu vall.y, l6o0-39m n.9.7.1992, J.F. Dullc s.n. c (BM), 

D6s!i plaim, Bahbn, + 1900 n,68,1955, E. Xar/i 4 6., Webster 6!17 lP..,.w)l 

Dosai, Baltism, 1 r 4s0 n, 20.8.1966, M t. Siddi|ue, f Nasi/ & Ztfat 420t t,6 (BM, 

RAw)tibidtBaE Prni, ibid, semieEct. pcr.nnial h.rb, norers viole! fairlyconmon, on 

rivd bd q t 3900 m,25.8.2002, Jan,ltak & Fdat KonD l4l5 (KUH)|ibid; + 4oOO n. 

14.8.2002, Jan Atdd & Fazal Kann 1399 (KUH); Bueil Chowki n] Deosli plains. a 

3900 n.28.?.t94q R,R &e$d 19934 (KUH): Burji rj, above s*ordu, 42oo_450o n. 

106

31.?.1940.,4.X. Sr€wdt 20125 (RAW)i Kashmir Pro! r SonMarg,:1000 1900 s. Sdp,4' 

i,! &1.D.srdB,t s.n. (RA\il )i PhalS!'n, Kdibh( .lOO0 m. 27 8 1920"R R &l D Stevua 

581 | (RAwi: Gund, Kdhnir. + 2400 m. Julv. l9l2 l92l Rl Stavan sn {RAW): 

Above GutnwA, Kshnn,3900 o.781929 rel Sre*d' 10330 (RAW): Zan$ar' 

Kashmir, l9ll, n4.r' 2981 (RAV)i AstonmfS, monsst shon e]N 

on open hill side, 

10500. Aug 1936, M.K. Tinins 205 a,b,cd (BM)r Shish.ag Kdhmn AuS. 1918. 

Mohitulor NdtL s-n (RAW)I ibid, DaMr., Nari! 27 (KUH): Zoji r:. Kashnir. nor$ 

blue, in gdsy arpihe pastuEs. c.3 500 n, 2? 8 1940. ,!di,r & ,S,, erifao'Z c \BM) zo)l 

Pass Laddk Road' 1081940 1300_1600 n RR ste*tt 21225 (Mw)i oadiar' 

Kashmir, open grsslmd, 3600 m , 17 .a 1940, P.M Pirlokl 346 b,c,e (BMI Knehmaig 

K.shhir, llo@ts omg€-yellow, l29O m. I LE. 19t6. O Potot 56/192 a,b, c, d (BM) 

DrsibuiDn. - PalJsi.tr {Crlgrt. B.h'sunr Ind'a dd Kahmir' 

Ecology: - Cows in op€n srasy, hillside. $ony ndg6. berwen t 4004000 n. 

!-lowcrineP€nod: - ruly-Norenber. 

iii- ciabita tseniai. (Natt.ex DC.) MamSain & pno vr r'?'',ta (Dc.) R@hi Bano 

Mllgeditn lesenianun vat. den atlD DC.. Podr. 1:251 1838. Lactuca lessenidno 

{wall. €x DC.) Cl&ke subsp. d.,k,. (DC,) St€bbins in Ind. For. Records Boi I (6): 240, 

l9l9i R.St wan,I.c.759i Sbma & ranw!1, Lc.60. Ct rrita lesseniona IWtll .x 

m.) Mamgain & Rao subrp. r'.,rdra (DC ) lv.nSain & tuo in J Bon. Nar. Hisr. S8. 

86 (2): 271.1989; M.nsain & Rao in Htjn et al., Fl. lnd. 12: 2t0. 1995- 

Typ.: De*nberl fton Indir, prov. BoEali-@cid,. lofl€ (c).

t 

t 

I 

;m 

Fie.l.ra Chabilt k$.ni.n (Wall. cx DC , Mamgam & Rs ra d.ntttt IDC _ 

\ 

Rooh Bdo A. hab'l: Bll-21. involuoe ohvllsnes (outer b inneo: C 

cyp*|,c'E rfit rtprtri.loitld (DC I BduY: D. bnbir: Dll -2). irvollm 

phylri6 (ouLr.o im*), F, cyperr

Sp.ciD.rr Elnimd: B{: Sw.l Dbr S.oh. (ugld, 14.8.t891, J.F. Dtthi. s.n. 

(MW)i B{: a5d Disr.: Sh.Lr lop.bov. Donbobho. opd pl@,.rat pqonill lE b, 

flow6 blo., 9 d iru, + tt00 n,1t.9.2006, lli N@/ a dl.5Ea ((UH)i Kqinn: 

ThgbolP6,3600 m,24.?.1919,1|i. & t.D. &.M4,1601 o, b,c(Mw)r Kndlnnm& 

fony g@und, Iloicb ohng..rello*. 11.8.1956, O. Polutut 56tt92 lBMl Bapl 

B.ltisi!. R.n8.: Dd.i pl.iB, Rod !o B.lti5hn, 1900 m, 30.07.1940, R.R. stMd 

20084 (MW)t E4t Sordrtotrii on w.y !o Buzil pasj sdl t Hnial, cd! 5-lO cn 

6ll, norca b|!€, + 1900 ri! 7.8.2@3. Sh.Mt' K^4n & tu|. Ali 496 (KVH). 

Disrriblrioni P.kisn.. l.di. .nd frshnn. 

E@log)[ Gows h oFn pl&6 .nd trony greu.ds acording !t to l5OG39m n. 

nowaing Pdio

Ann. csr.v6c. Pl. w. PaL Ksbn 760 l9?2i Maogaio & Rao i' Itajn €r a/ Fl lnd 

l2:292.1995. 

Itp.: Nepal: "l...lanno l82l sFcimcnmntl" r,/a//i., (G-DC) 

S|en .Ed, slightly pub€$enl apic.lly, pdicula$lv bdrch'd abre Letves rdpi'' 

pctiole oanow, l|)-15 cn long, lan'na pinnstiUdlv lobed. ovale'tri&glld irr outline 

acute, ba$ate-trlncate ar the bde, sub.nrirc{inuate toothed. auncled 15 22 x l 5 cni 

upper sessile.lanceolale. Capilula ponicled iedinallv, cvlindncal. 1 5 x0 5 cn.5 florels 

ner capitulm, peduncle slende. bnclcat€ lnvolucre phvllaries (6_)8-10 2-senarc' 

dosally papillor. outer l'4 x l-l,t mn, ovatctanceolale, blacldsh: rmeones l2_lt x I 

hm, lined-oblong. Flotls purplish. Cyp6el.6.5_9 x l2 nm, broM. ellipsord'fusilbm, 

5-? ribs on qcn sid., sqbrid-hispid, .btuIly attenut into 1.5_3 Im long concoiorou' 

pale b.ak oulg papps y€llo, shon, inna 7-E nn lone" dirty wbne fragile. 

SD..in.$ ErrDi.ed: - BE: Asor Di* Bueil P6. 1 ll00 m, 21 .a-19J9, R-R t blrl 

l90l I (RAw): Buzil Chovki,13100 n. 27.?1940, R.R. S,4a, 19880 {KUH): Buzil 

Chowki lo Deosi Plain,4 3600 m,28.71944, i.,{. Sprai 19983 (RAw): Cbrlm ro 

Sochar pass, + 1090 n, 18.8.1955,E, Natir & G.L. Websta 6522 (MW)i Upp$ Anor 

vdu€y ned Sha.l&gafn, a 3000 n, 10,8.1939, X.,t &.r., ,ted/t 18755 {RAW)I ibid: 

B-9: K6hnir: Sonmdg, Kashmir, 3090 m, 248.1876, C t. C/arie 10836 D (BM)r 

ibid, 100O-3300 rn 5.8.1921, t.i, Sr.,,.l 6546 (RAw)i ibid, 19.a.l946, R.R. S\NUI 

22183 (RAw); UlEq Sind valley, Kashmir, Aug,l928,,t.A..troudr 12728 (RAW): 

P^htsD. W,t92a,cot.Ho8ton s.n.(RAwlBltow Gads{, Cagabal rcsioo. *1300 

m.L3.r919. i_[..gM'r t8282 (RAW): Badsd ro KaEkbot. + 25oo n. ]0.8.1939. 

R-R. & ]D StMt t9241 (RA\'v)i Abovc Tngbot. KNnn'r, r lO00 n. I L8.1939. rR.X.

& /.D. Sr€wd, 19287 (KUH); Minimary, vrshmn, 1 2700n' ]0 8 1919, R ?t & ID 

srod./ I9l5s (RAw)i K(m Pather. Masjid Gali. ll001600 m ll n l9l9 l'R &/D 

.trM, ls,l6l (KUH); Zoji Pass a 3lOO m, lO.8 1940, R n &d,4 2 1224 (KUH): B_9: 

Krnkorum: Sokh. Slacie!, nvd bahr . 3700_4200 m. 24.3 1919, i S"{ Russll I7l0 

(BM); BlEir. Koshmn, + r4o0 n,23] 1516, C D ClarkE 29717 B IBM) 

OisEiburion: Nepal to E st€m AlShatist!. through India and Pak'sun 

E@tosy: Cmws in opd Crrsy md shldy slop6 at hiSh el€vation bdweo 2500 4200 m 

nowdins Pdiod: ruly-Septobe'. 

1.Ci.em o.lecltlqt(C.S.Clatke) Bea!v., Aull. Soc. Bot Gen 2(2):I27 l9l0;Rdh 

f. Fl Inn Comp.2, l22il3l 1977. 

Pcenndl plam. SGm .l'l l!, Alab'ob nnnutly pub$cnr. cidr 25-;0 cm 6ll Ra'licrl 

lerves sub $ssil. or petiole with dilar. b6e, blad6 lobed or pin.atiid sinualc 

denticulate, acurd- apiculate, teminal lob. ovaE |nangular, hastllc l 9 (12) x 4-6 cmi 

cauline laees sssile $newhal lyralc'pinMtilobate, in ised dalltc. auicDlare Fmi 

an|pldi€ll. SyDn@etue panicul.lc - emdhat la.fioc C.pitula cylindn€I, I t2 

x 0.5 oII! G8 llorcte ps c+itulum; p.dunclc $in, bhdolale.lnvol!.F phyllariB l0'l t, 

2-3 - sriale, p.pill6. do$all, outq host l-5 x 2 nn, ovat€i niddl. ones (6-) &10x2- 

2.5 dtrr! ovar.-lm.ol.le; imelmsl 12-16 Cl8) x l5'2 nm, b@dly linst{blong. 

nods blue. Ct?rla 5-8 x 1.2, bmM-bl.cki.h, lEmv ellipficablong conprsed. 5-? 

cq n@w nbr, tin ly sbn4 efrcnui. into 2.s m, oncdoou bak, slish y 

whn'sh'pdle!p(ully,Idppus 7.S nm lory, didy *hi@. 

A faidy cofrnon and higbly variable sp.ci.s ca. be difrtrentiared into I varieriq. 

ll0

l 

l 

p 

ffi 

rfi\ 

uil 

ng,l.25 Ckabtbd.a$t N lC.B. Cl&*., Bsue. w. da+i.a A! babit: S,ooMing 

bmcE C( | -J), i$oluR DhyU&ica (oucr to ids): D. cyT6elt 

I

| + Le,vd eniiE or lobed il lobed. lhen upper bbe 

ool funbe. lobed, leminal lobe broad hasldle 

- Leavcs md upper lobes fulthei lobcd. pDnaiind 

$i$ shallowly and dcQly cut lob€s. 

6 nn bMd. 10_10 cfr long- 

cn brcad vnh t@thed. lcuic 

4 hm broad, 8"15 cb long. 

mn boad with {tire, rtsre 

i- Cic.tbitz dait@N (C.8. Ct, e) B€!v. ur' d4ci,i,ts (Fi8' l 2t 

Lactkd deci\ere CB Clrkc, Conp lnd 266 1876r H@k f Fl gri lnd li 407 

l88l: R.R Srewan in N6ir & Ali, Ann Cat Vasc Pl W Pak Kashm 758 1972: 

Loctu o decipi.N {C.8. ctatt ) vr. le.ioi?^ Mamgrii & Rao in Hajn er z' . Fl lnd 

12r283. 1995. 

Sy!lt?€: Hlbit in K$hnt d in ptwini€ adj&dt D"s 800G10,000 Ptd ftmeK!) 

Spelne$ Etroiredr A-7: Chid.l Dist.:Shishi {LohieslAf,), flo€ts viol€i. on cavicc. 

b.tween(15.N.71 .48 E.3t',45'N., ?2.O'E.).27 ?.1958. t,4 Bavs Lvan t38IBM) 

A-8: Gitgit Dbt.: Naltar, CilSit, 3600 m, 20.7 1954, R.X. Srew44 s o (MW); ibid, c 60 

cm, norc$ lignt puQle, 8.9.19E1, Konol Akhter Malik & S, Netzddt l84l (KUH)i 

Chanrsh, Y@imb3d, Hlm, .dr percnnial hqb up ro rl0 cm r.I, noc$ pinl-turple,

codmon. Srow in cuhilated lield as {e€d, 2l4ll d, 20 6 20ol Jah Alan 4t) \KLHll 

tone nounran, abole Kerimabad, Huia, sed herb up lo 13 , Ilorets blunh puPle' 

srow in noi place,3500 d,30.7 2OOl,Jar Alan4t6 (KUH)iibid, sedi etecl. petnnral 

herb.np lo O.6m rall, groes in canyon (ockv delicd' l€s common species. c l:100 n 

3r.9.2001, id, Alan & &ril ,,i/da 40?O (KUH)I ibidi Hunal on wav ro Khaltarow 

Hmnrosb, peE.nial berb, up ro lm. erect, basdlleavcs verv larec. floEtsblue. common 

30.1.2003. Sheryali Khon & Sharrtr t/arro, 184, 384 A (KUH)I Khaveh Khallatuw. 

Hmnosh, Cilgrt, etct p€mnial herb, 30 cm tall, ilorls blu€, oo ooisi shadv tlacd. 

35oo n, 16.8.2008, S/,etu li (r.n & shobbt H.Mn l l 18 (KUOi (naveh. c.lo tn 

from Sh.d Knaltatow, eecl petnni.l hcrb, l0 cn lall not€ts blue on moist shad' 

plac6, 35OO n, 16.E.2008. .tteN, ti Khan & Shabbir Ho$an I l2l (KUH)i Uh.r Nulkn 

Kadmba( Hllr, €recl pcmniat hcd !p to 40 cn tall, llorcts blue, cll00 n! 

2212VJs,Jantlon& Naik alM 324| ((UH)i ibidiBt: Kohist n Dtu.:.2 niles from 

comella on way to cilsn. I n high. floicts y.llo*. 13.5 1981, s oner' s. N@inu,ui, & 

n n'alid ??6 (KUH); sMt Disl.: rsSan v.lley b.lwen aahkot (aPptor 14-15 N..7l 

20 E.)and Babusar Pds (aptu 15 10 N.,74 2 E.), July_S€pt,l954,John 'lbel101 

(BM)i BA: Astor Dist.: Blzil Chowki, Srimga!, Gilgil R@4 on r@Ly avinc b.ds, 

florels nauvc. c.3500 m,l?.9 l9l l, Z/!d/o,85E (BM)r Godai. above Astor, c.2500 n. 

24.8.1939, A.n. Srerar, 18946 (RAW); Gldai lillag. ne& waler ch.nnel, eEct perennial 

herb up lo 35 cn rall, florrs blue, c.2?00 n, 15.9,2005.,1/i rvro. et 41. 184 (KUH): 

Rr@. 1000 m, ll8,1955, ,. tr'arrr d G.L. Webste/ 6462 (RAwJl B 8/9: Balristd 

Reg€: Solpum Nullah, abov€ Skdd!, e!@t, bEnchcd. p.mnial h6b, up to c.45 cfr. 

ilorets pinl-purple, grows along srcm in srony place, c.2900 n, inteqMt, 1.8.2004, 

l12

Fie,l. (r.tutada,Qn6\tlarre' Beduv !t u!,/Lro tHml lrRmhiBdo& 

qa6r \. hab{. B.cannulumiC ichene

Jh Alon & Naar Dih 256l (KUH)j B_9: Klshnn BctPen Sonanarg lnd Kslum' 

(6hmn, llote6 tb.ur l0 in o h.ad lisulB b@d blrc_lilac *i$ piok patch ar base' no 

iadicol leaves $hd in noNdn',arc.\glJ MJ Et$hea s n' (BM); Batral Stndo 

volley, ISOO m, 4.8 1t22, n R. Jl€Mt s n {RAw)i Badwd to Ktragbtl Krshenga'8a 

v,llc!,2400-2550 d, lO8 1919. n,{ S,ewoa 19270 ((UH, RAw)ivkhlnar' Kashnt 

hills abovc lal@, gowitg in shclc. 6f boulds6, noeB lilac 1600 n l7 3 lclo PM 

P',/dr,169 (BM); Sondmarg, Kashnn l8()O m, lt 8 1928 R R &"4' 9885 A (R-Aw): 

ibid, cllOO n. Set.,l9ll, ii S,ryzd (M); Sonanarg rdd' planl up ro 3 6" 

'2710 

conmon on b$k by roadside, florets Muve, c 2250 fti O a 1940 P M Pihlov 3a9 

(BM); SoDmrs, loEb lifac, 2?OO n,25 8 t915 ' C B Cbke 27709 A (BM); Bagicha 

ro Oldins Indus valley, Ladtk, 2500_2700 m 23 3 1940, ir? $€'"t 20981 (RAw)i 

ibid; N€. (Jwbu, ridak rctd, c 27OO m 27 3l9ao. '{lt Slrat 21088 (KUH): 

Mensandob, K$hdir, qnhy banks, floret blue clsOOn,691956.O Pal'nin 56172\) 

(Blv0i (shni., imPmte &gon, 2'10G2'700 n, ,: 11 s n. (BMi 

Disribltionr Afghani$aq PakisLn, Kdhnn, India and Nepal 

Ecologyi Gnws on op.n noisl shady slopcs, on ck, rcvine be& cnd along si@ms tl 

tle .lerarion bet*M 2500-4000 6 

nowennS Penod: July- Novembd, 

ii- Ci..tblt deipi.nt (C-B- C]trtt!) Bauv. rd. tlriJ'Za (H@r' f ) R@hi Bano, 

conb. nov, {Pbre 6. t l; Ftg. 1 26) 

bdtu dupiqs C.B. Clut3 ed. r!rr& HmL| FL Bn lnd l:4071881;RR 

Slwon if, Nrsi. & AIi, Am. C.t. Ve. fl. W Pak. Klshm. 758 1972; Mdgiin & Rao 

i! Hajn.?,1., Fl.Ind. l2:239. I95. 

ll3

Sytrryps: K6hmn, l'rrdoi ( K), c L Ct,*e (K) 

Sp€cin.N Et.din.d. A-7: Chitol Dni Mahldlergah, Chittal, on dry tasturcs 1000_ 

37(]O n,9/10.8.1954, D/F S./tzid 2216 (RAW): ib'd 1240_4000 n 9/1081954 in 

&€wdr 2213 (RAW)i Shishi (Lohrgal), noe$ violel on ctcvice, c. 1700 m (Bet*een 

35'.15' N. ?1" 48 E. 15'.45 N ,12'O'E1.21 1 $sa'S-A Bo$ 'Jo' ll8 (BM): A-3: 

cilgil Dht. Buril cbowki. ! l3o0 m, 27 8 1919- ,4 R. srewdlr 191 15 (RAw)i 7 mlles 

fton Ballmi on way to BtbM Pd, eEct herb, l0 cn in neigh! nv & di$ noEls 

purple, on rhe hilh, I 1.8 r 9? l, S . Abedih & M Qaiset 8993' a994 (KUH); Lowd Nalttr. 

Cilgir (N.A.), @r, p€mial hc.b !p to lO , wirn d@ping n lds norec bluish purpl'. 

gow Along small steam, 4 25OO m,2g62OOi, Jan Alon & tlehboob Ali taD ab 

(KUH)I &6: Swlt Dist.: Near Ktlm, tbovc 2l0OmAu8;19t5 ,'i Xd'a' ll5 (MW): 

Saitul-Malul, Kagh.n, Ilorets Purple, + 3l O0 n, 2 I 9 1984. Ldd ,{a'lovt' 280 (RAW)r 

B-8: Asror Dist.: Rana, GilSil agdcy.30OO n, |3 8.1955 E tau & C-L. tfebid 6462 

(RAW); Rma valley, S.W. ofAstoi, Pakisbn,.rect he.b, l_2 Ii lall sr$ thick latrcot 

leav6 glH, oocts 15 20 nm long a ccs with disc nods putple & nrs purPl.. *ood 

rmd bark is p.nial shade, 3100 n, (1t.20' W 7t t0' E), 2E T t969 T E Lankestet & 

TA.S- P@r&h'lEL 1244 (sM) r B.twd Gudai and Chilu, c@! I n in hciSht. 0ords 

b1e,2.9.t988, S. Onq a M. Qanel 2tl2 (Kult)r ibid; P*! Route villdge on *av to 

Rnrtu mounrain, c@t p€cmial hen, up lo l0 cm itll, tloEts blue, on s.dy frountti. 

srot€, 3100 m, + 2?00 n. 28.E.2005, ali Noal & A. Motalib | 55 (KUH)| ibid. 2250 m, 

28.8.2005, ,rri ,Voor 188 (KUH)i K,hp6ni on qy lo K.tri rop aom Mamo- das. *mi 

eEt peemial herb, up ro 35 cn lall no€ts liolet. grow on moist genlle slop.- + 3300 

r\ 6.9.2005, Ali N@, & M. ,|ld 356 (KUHI (,sbnir.: SomnDrg, 2?0G1000 n.

t D tr 

ffi B 

- Bdo. A. htbrt B{ I -),. irvolucc Dbvuarict (oukr to iud)i c cvpselt 

Fp,1,26 Ct .rbh.IlApi.N tC a. Cldk., Betuv var t.rdld. rHook f) Rmbi 

Ckabttt d..iii.;t \C B Cla*.) Bouv ve tsdr.,A. R@hi Bdo & 

Oai&r: D, htfir, (involucE phyildie dd clFeb e sM. d B & c)

22.1.1921, R.R. & LD sryatt 63s0 (Mw); P.hl8an. Kdhm'r' 2700 n Au8 1927' 

f,{ Jraa, 11596 (RAw)iBelow Kum Patharlosffd Tilelvillev + 1000 m 14 8 l9l9' 

l,C. &eran 18546 A (MW), Suru_Snmarg. Suru vallev, Kashnn Augl9lz /lI 

sl?Mr sn. (Mw): Kharbo, Lad.k, Julv l9l2_ll.l8 skrrd' 143 (RAw);zoji Pds 

b.yond sangabal lak.s + 3600 n 1081939, R/l' 9€wd' 18220 (KUH): Abole 

Cho an. CilSit Road. + 2?OO m 257.1940. n/i tra''ri l97ll (RAW): &&9: 

Balristan range: Kdde o Husbe, Baltht3n. i 27OO m, 1 7 1955, E Nasn & G L wablter 

1949 (RAW)i Sarpm nullal,1600_l$0 n. Il7 1997 J.a D'die I199 | (BM) 

DisFrbudonr Afghmist ., Pakistan, India ed Nepal 

Eco logy: G ro ws in cev ices, open noht shadv slopes, lscendi nB lion 2 500_4000 m 

Flowr'.8 Pcriod: lnly Septenb.r' 

iii' Ci.ubi. d.ci4i.ns lC-B Cla.l€) Bcalv vd rdli$.trid 

(Flg. r.26) 

Roohi Bano. var' tuv' 

Hototyp€: Asror: Ratu on *ay to Rma bkc on hill sloFs. 1200 n.27 1 2@l ali 

lool 792 a (KUH!) 

Dlrgn6tu: Folia baalia Nqne .d 4 mn lata. 8_lt cm longa bipinnalitida egncnts 

usquo a.l 0.2 nm lala, int€eIrs, lyrals. 

Sp.clnetu Exanlred: B8: Astor Di$,: Rana rcst house, 20-25 cm in h€ight, flotcls 

puote, 3lOO m,30.8.f988, S. Otet & M. Soisq 2!j1 IKUH): Rana on wav lo Raha 

lak., Asror (N.A.), d4t pEnnial herb, nolets puryle, conmon on hill dop€s.]ZL$ m 

2l .7 .2007 , Ali Ntut 192 t, b (KUH); K6h6n: soianarg, 5.8. l92t , R.R. stMn 6545 

(M): ibid.2100-1000 m, 22 7.1921, R-R, 4.rr. &cM/ 6?82 (RAW)| Z.ji Pa. Ladtl 

5

R@d. nore$ lavend.r, * 3300 m. Au8. 1928. Ll. &ewz.t 995E (RAw): B-V9: Ealtistd 

mg€: Kamlorun, ndical lcaves tcry v. able, somelime nearlv cntne lorers t t. blu.- 

3600 m. 78.1876, C. B clofie t1l45 (BM)r Thall€ La, Bahstd. 1600_1900 m. 

15.81940, R.,R. sktari 20?00 (MW)r Ncar Kasumrk, aal$tan, 2700 1000 m 

168.19,10,.{.4. &€vdi 20802 (RAW)r ibidi Satpura iullah, above Skrdu perennlal 

herb, up to 25 , florcts puQle, on Brrvcl slop. llong wilh water canal. 10 8 2002. Jdn 

,4ldrsn.(KUH)]Salpumnullah,crcclpcr€nnialherb,upto25,noretspurple,groNs 

along sued ban( + 1800 m, 24 8.2001, Jan Atan & M Qoivr 

Disrribution: Kadlotun and Hin.layan 

2122 (KVH). 

Ecologj/: Grcws b.Necn 2700-1900 n on slop.s and ned wne. chaonels. 

Flow.ins Penod: Augst. 

5. Ci.crtna batr.nii lC B. C l.rte) R@hi Bdo. comb, nov (Fig. 1.28) 

Lo.rtco behthanii CB. Cl^rk. Cohp. l.d. 271. 1876i H@k. F., Fl. Bri. Ind. 3:4ll 

l33r: Manenin & Rao in Haj6 ", "1, Fl.Ind. 12:284. 4 69. 195. 

Type: Kahnn: Karane and Kqang, 12-15000 ft.,.trali.?*a (K). 

Nedly elabos, 5-12 cn tall, Lcaves mainly mdical, glaucous, spalllulare to ipalhulare- 

oblong, 1.5-2 x 0,8 x I cd, ertir. or obscurely denrare, rri-n€ryed. sligh y mmwed 

below; petiol€ 2.5"4 cn lo.g. Synnofficence corymbose. Capirula cylindrical, nsow. 

blackisb, l-1.5 x 0.5 cnl p.duncuha, 1.5-2 cm long with fe* bncrs. lnvolucr 

phyllaies 2jeri6ie, ouler 2-3 x 0.5 mh, lanc.olatc,ovalei irnercnes 8, 8-9 x 1.5 2 nn, 

lin@ 10 oblone, .u€i. hy.line, &rlcr h th! c.nirc. Floets btuish purlte to pure puryte.

lGl2 p.r capitulun. CtFela imturci ptpps bieiate 5-7 m long. drny *hile to 

Sp.cln€n Enmined: Shimhal vaU€y, lower Phuizin on vav io lake on tjry sandv 

pl6c.s, sroll peMnial nerb, up to 5 ch ttll, lloiels blue, rde, 3 6llJ n, 24 1 09, Sherwali 

Di ribulion: Palisbn md India. 

Ecology: Gows in dry wdy plaes at high clcvation bNen 3500-4500 m 

Flow(ing Pcriodi luly-Angls. 

NOIE| The planl w6 brons}t lo thc notice of the aulho. *ho the lhcsis ws complete. 

Th.rcior. rhe snrdy of its cypsela ud pollcn grains has nor b€en t ke. inlo considcration. 

Fuft.r, cyp$ls @ i8@t@. Th€ rlrononrc part &d disribut'on panm hd. 

howeler. ben includal in 6e prehl worL 

& Praantha 

L., Sp Pl,cd 2.797 l753iGen. Pl. ed.5.349. I745r DC, Prodr ?:194. 1838; B.nlb., in 

Bflth.&H@k.f,cer.U.2: 527. lE73; Hek.t,Ft.Bnttnd.t:411. lEEliO.Hofim.. 

in Pfl'jrafm.4 (5): l?5.1894;CoU.r, Fl. Sjm.286. l92l; Kirp_ in Bobr & T@cL, Fl. 

USSR. 29: 262.lqt4; ,.Fey in bvia Fl,I!!t. 5: 763. 19?5; Selt in Tuii..r o/,, Fl. Eu. 

4:lll.l9?6iR@h.t,FI-I@,Conp.2,l22rl80.t9??iMeikel,Ft.C}?G,2:t0ll,l87ji 

BEh.r, Astcraceae. Cldd. Clas lEj. 1994i Mdmgin & Rao in Haj6 ?r a/,, Ft tnd. Itl 

312 1995r Lack in Kadeei & J.frey, Fam, ccn. V6c. pl.8:189.200?.

Pemiat herb.sten e!{t 'ar€ly 6c.ndin8, tall, glabbus or hispid paniculaielv btuched 

above. Leaves pol}do$hous. simpl€ or compound, ov.lc sasl 

si.uare l@lhed, pionatilid or lobed, pubescenl o! glabrols Svnnorescence srmple 

raceme, paoicled lo co.lmbose, Capnulo nodding, elongate, ies ilorered or mostlv I 5 

norrs pei capitulud, penducle slender olicn c.lyculate Florets violet blue, pink' puale, 

whileordely yellow.lhvolucre phyll ics6'8,bi*iate,uplo12mmlong R€c€placle 

naled. CFs€la leret-ellipsod. bown-black, t.? mm lon8, Elabrcus or scabrid_hispd. 

tuncate or rounded at lhc aPcx,hardly co.(rictcd abovc or beaklessi pappus 

bisnate,ould lomina a oona; i.ncr on6 brcwn ot cFamish, decidous 

A smll genu Nith l0 sFci6 (B@.r, 1994i Mabberley, l9?, 2008). Howler, rjck 

(2007), &ogrizd only E sp€.i6, distribded in Asja. Africa and North America, al$ in 

c6rBl od $urhm Eurcp.- In Palisiar n is r.p6dred by 4 rd.. 

fh. E B Prcnanthes L.. @.$ablish.d by Linnaeus (l?tl).The gmenc name is 

ddiv€d fion th€ Cr€ek *ord p/e,a- oftcn inclincd foNard and art rs-nowq. 

Indicating the weal infloe€nc. inclined loNard (Kioicaikov, 1964). Th€ gtrN 

Pta.nth6 L., is chmLriz.d wnh Gpet to the other da of the L&i!c.ac by 

nodding capitulu4 3-5 norcti p€r crpitulun, ineohcre calyculate phylld€s G8. 

bisenat€. up lo 12 nn longr cyps€la 5-7 nm lon8, truncare or @unded at the ap€x and 

Mrcw towtr& the bse, beakl€$ and fragil. nappus. 

I + Leav€s €.tire-e@te, unlobed, &13 x l-1.5 

cm, pchole up to 6 cn long, winged, wiiS up ro 4 

nn boad; synnoEscencc sinplc @cd.i cypseta 

|l8

- Leavesddticdal€ lo semlat or sinut too$ed, 

lG24 cn lo!g, petiole up lo 18 cm lon8, ur_ 

winsed, up to 2 m broad; synfloEscencc panr.le 

or suFacdo*; ctFsta 5 m long, brownish 

+ t€v6 vdiablc, sinplc or pintut ly lob.d; 

slnnoNenc€ pdiculde. 

- Leales .or vaiable, pllmatcly tri-lobcd or 

i mphpi nn are I syn florese nce subracc mose. 

1- Preruthet srebartii Rooni Bzao & Qa$r, sp. nov. (Flg, r.2?) 

Eolotyp.: Kashhn: Ranpu. Jhclum 

Sr4arr 12147(RAWI) 

Valley R@d, Kahmir. c.1200 n, 11.7.1911, ,ln. 

Dirsl6& Sp6is distinctisim, a spcci.bus nobis nolis (omibus folias prctund. 

lobatis, cypstis btun@oribE, ciEir.. 5 nn longis noubilibu) fohs ind'visis. 

cyPclis rrdinis, ? nn longis difl. 

Plant peftnnFl. Stem papillose at thc bas., glabrous upwa.d.Lqves simple. unlob.d, 

p.hole winged, 4-6 cn lons, lanina 4-7.t x 3-3.5 cn, olare lanceolate. entiE'sftrc, 

acute-apiculale, cordale- hs$te Synflorcscence a sinple 6cene. Capitula d@Frng 

sch wilnI florels, prduculat . Involcur€ phyllaries bisenate, glabrcus, outer ones 5,6. 

r.5 x 1.5 2 nn. ovate-ldceolare, innc6 3, ll-15 x 2 3 nfr, I'ner lo obtong, obro$ 

cr?sla ? x 1.5 2 m, oblons bhck, hitid, usLd or prismaric, drer on€s wirh 3 rib6, 

innc6 wih 5 nmw dbs, otnd.d or ducarc apicallr n@w rowdds $e ba*, 

be.lJs; papps bisiare, oura vdy shon, im.r G7 nn tong, whnc, Fagil€.

B-8: I(ahmir: Ranput, Jhelun Vrllev Road. Kdhni, c 1200d' 

12147 (RAw). 

Di$ributiot - (novn only fton the tlAe lftrlir-Y 

Amnl|6: Tbe ne{ sp.cies viz., Prend\thes ste'oiii Roohi Blno & Qaiser' sMre the 

lollowi.E combinalion of chamt€E *hich shows the cloe dmnni€s wilh th' o$er 2 

sp(i.s fron Pakistan viz,. P/,,anthes ait.hisoriono (Rearr.) Roohi Bano & Qaiss and 

Pr.narltas bru,oniana wallex DC, such d I oor.ts p.r capitulum, Involuc'e 

qlycllaE, phyll&i6 bisnale, G8 and cvpslt dtrqt€ or rounded at th"p'r. mm* 

towards lie bde and bealless. Howlver, ihc Pesent la\on difld ton both thc sp.c'es r 

having l€aves 8'13-x l-1.5 cn, unlobcd leaves, peliole almost eqlzling thc l€al bhde. 

wine.d, wing up to 4 mm broad, natgin dtiE{emte. synfloe$qce sinplc dcme 

dd cypseh 7 mn lon8, black. $rhe@ in the olho speci.s lcavcs 10-24 x l'6 cm, lobed 

or un-lobed, petiole longe. than the leaf blade, un_*in8.d, up to 2 mm broad. 

synfloas@cepuicul.te - nceo6e, and ct?sla 5 nm lonB, brewn 

EtymoloA/: The mfre h giveo after Dr I.8 tetart (N. Am.ricd.1890-1993) who ha 

b.en hcr. in lhe cordon Collego, Raealpindi for more $an 50 yes. He coll.ctcd note 

dan 50,000 sp€.'mcns fren Patishn and lndia. His hain conErhrio. is Annord€d 

Catalo8rrc of Veular Phnls of K6hnir dd w. Pakistan publish.d ib 1972. It 

comptscs 5783 taxa inchding 4e.idopbyes and gymospms, This vork prcvided tie 

b6ir for lhe publi€rion ol Flod oflatistan- 

r20

l 

l 

,I 

6t 

l 

lri ^T 

Ftg.r21 P@nthaait hbotnN (8ov) Rol Buo & Qais A, halii; Br la4 

Br [min8 6lubi q l -2), involwa pbyllan6 (outs to tr]E): D. cypc.la. 

Pw",t6 skw,tii R@hi B@ & Qtur E, bo!'! E , [oms bEncb; 

F(l -2), involuft phyll&i6 (outd to iBd); G clascta.

2. h.n.nth.! 4itcritori64 (B€auv.) Roohi Bano & Qais4, comb mv (Fls l 2t) 

Cice.bita aikhiso,ia,a B. nv. Bull S@. Bot Ccn 2 (2): l37 l9l0i R'ch l Fl ltu 

Comp 2. I22: 184.4 l2l l9?7 

Type: -,-{tcndon S97-1, (C) 

Perennial l,lant.Sten 2060 C75) cm tau, elect, glabrous.Radicll leavcs conPound. 

p€iolate, lanin. 4,5-6 x 34 cii pedolc un_ting.d 6_10 cn long' Paln clv lob€d or3- 

loH or iopanpinnate, sFely hairr, sedlare sin@t denbtc 4utea€midtq 

hdtate-cord.re at the ber oulirc l4v6 sdll, subsile, scmclv egndted 

Synno!€scflce sub{acemose. Capilula glabous, drcopine. 1.5 x 05 nd, l_,lolets per 

caprtulum. pcduncle thin.InvolucE pbyllari.s bisenat€,l;8, oarow cylrndrclouior ones 

2,4 x l-1.4 mn, ovat€-ldceolate, subeut ; inner ncl 9 I I x I mm, li.ear-oblong or 

sub sparhular., obtu$ Flo{ers blu . purplish. C}rcel. bFwn. reundcd or lMcat at ihe 

aFx, ball6s; ouler pappus €xEenely shofii im.r 5-6 Im long. whne, t68'le 

splctm.ns f,xrmlned: F6: swal Disi : Kalan, deodd loi€sl, c.2100 d, 20.8.1952. R.n 

sEwlt & A, Rehnar 24610 (BM, RAW)i Bdwfrn village Bahar and Shangla, c 1200 

m, .@t dnul up to I n rall, disc blE, dy *hire, cmnoq bel lqv€s undivid€d 

upFr dist d. 6.10.1988. ,,i. GloI@. & L Ali 4042 (KUA); &€: Kashmn: abovc 

Culmrg, Kl hmit,1000 n, norcts p!rpl.,.nlheB blrck film.nl purPle, 8.9.1929, Xre. 

&eot 10381 a (RAw). 

Distribution: - Afghanisan & Patisi'n 

E@los/: . Crowsbct"ra 1000 2500 m. 

Flowcring P..iod: - Aug6l S@rchb€.. 

t)1

2. Pm8th6 btun^ldno W^ll,ex DC., Predr, 7: 195. 1838; Hoot. l, l.c 4l l i Coll€i, 

1c.286 t E6; ManSain & Rao.l.c.313. f.8l: sell. Lc.3ll. (Fi& 1.28) 

l)u oriial planr Srcr) 60 100 cn lall, erec!, clhrdriral, SlabroN or hisprdtrlour' 

puiculately branchcd above.Lqv€s polymoQhou. simple or compound.lons-peliol4le. 

cordatc-oval€! Iec€olard, ofter pinnatifid- dbnndy or lob€d or imguldly semt ' 

dcnriculare or sinuat oorhed, acure-acuminate, cordat€-hdr.t or lrurcare lhe base, 

tincly pubesccnt beneath, glab.ous or subhispid, l0 24 x 2-5 cmr upp€r small, shonly 

pe(olate, ovare - lo..olaE. SyonoEsence t€minal Prnicalc. Crpitulun n.@w 

cylinlncd, l5-2 x 0.1 cr4 penduncuhtc. b€ctolate, l-noEts in €ach capnulum. 

Involucrc phylldies 6-8, bi$riat€, glabrous or purberlent, slftone bifurate, som.whal 

scarious. ohlq our.r on€s I 3 x I 1.5 mh, ovatelmceolate; inn€most 10-12 x 1.5-2 

nm, lin d{blong, thin- mcmb@a@N. LiSrrls blue or puplc. Cypela t x I mm, 

bom, t€Ete-oblon8, rgled or in 2-facics: ouler l-ribbed, inn€r Nith 5-? narow ribs, 

subhispid, tanctle or ounded apically, nadowed downwar&, belkless; pappus biseriat, 

inner 5-6 m long, brcMish- cl!m. 

A highly veiabl. spei* in 6e shale sd sir of the lev6.The following two rdicii.s 

+ taa6 compound or slighlly lob.d. 

- lf,av€s sinrlc. unlob.d. 

t22

E 

:l 

mL 

Wi 

T- 

l 

B*1.2a Pmd,thzs bruwi.n \ilrllqDg. 

(ours to im€r); C, crDscb, Ci..rrrr. 

D, habiq E(l-2), involucr phylleic! 

l 

: A, habiq B0-2), irvoln@ phyllri.s 

,.,l arn (C.B. Clarke) Roohi BDol 

(our.r io imd); F' cr?sela(imh@).

i- PEna t.t ,tutuniara \N^ll-q r}c. uat. btLôtionc 

Lo.tuca htuhbieno lvrll.exDc.) 

C. B. Clarke, Conp. Ind 266 1876i R R Stcwd. Fl 

Raw. Disr, in Pak. J. Forcat. ?:217 1957r R.R Slewan in Nasir & Ali. Ann Cat vasc 

Pl w Pak. Kashm. 758. I s?2: Ci...bi, ,ru,d?,o (t all ex Dc ) Tuisl. er Rech l: Fl 

Iran Conp.2 122:184 197? 

Ti?c: Himlaya, ,/all,.n, l2r8 (K-Wl). 

specfhcns Dnnined: -F6: Swat Di : Ihann, s*at,2100 n,2 9 t962 R R StNo 

& Nasir Sid.liqui l54l (RAWli B-?: Abbolabad Dist: Chugla eali, Mure hilh, 

H@6.2400-27(0 n,2.101916, nl.j,orul 15882a (RAw); ibid: tl.za Disl: 

Tba.diahi, Itazan, Augusl, 1951, t lr'ari/ s.n. (KUH); ibidi an mual herb widi whrle 

floret-s,4.9.1970, t tarir 6193 (RAw)r Shogm. oi bants. floEts pale lavender, 

4.10.1971. Katu| /rrortr 6911 (RAw): ibid. ay noets shile. involucBl bEcls 

lar6d.t, 16.9.1984. ro(ld Nacôvrz 254 (RAw); Abo!€ Podata, c 1800 m, l99 1986. 

v. N6ir, Rubina Akhtet & Hanil 12245 (MW)i Mua0aBbad Disr'i L€epa. 2700 n. 

10.9.1 9, Jan Mohannad s.n EAWI Srad, Leepa V.ltcy, erccl. lm $ll, floEls 

puQle,27.8.1986, M Qaher & Rituan v64 7801 (KUH)i Kahnii K.m.Rcshna, 

1500-l?00, 19.7.1939, X.i. & lD. St*an 176?4 (RAW)I Topi, P@nch. K6hmir, 

29.9.1952, A R6hid Khan s.\. (RAW); B{: Gilgn.: Bhaolar, 20.10.1955. Coll is"ot 

698 (KUH)| Pahlgan, Kashnir, 2.9.1920, R.R. & I.D. Sl.tuan 5902 (RAW); CulmrS, 

K6hmir, c.2700 m, Oct, 1935, Ln. &aa,1 l52ll (Mw)i ibid; X.t. t?r., & CD 

5aru" 15213 A (RAw) ibid; i6i4 R.R. 9M r52r3 A (RAW); ibidi Km, 

Kishanganga Valley, lt00-1800 h, l8?.19t9. RX. .tr€va, 11594 (MW)r C-?:

Rlwolpindi Disr.: Mu@ Hills. Pu.jab,12100 h, R.,{ S?er?/r ?688 (RAw): lpprrenllt 

Muliee. c 2100 nr, Ocl, 1928, ? R. .trddl 15271 (MW)i Mumc. 19 3 1919, P//t' 

Didirgl DrSll s.n (RAW)i Krbr-Bun, R.walpindi, c 1500 n, 19 l0 196? v t !r & 

z,1/r 7s78 (RAW)] ibidi K0rhnnpoint, Murce, inainutlhe llorlcpurPlish..2100 

m, 21 9 1970, M-l .Sddrq & t ,^/art 607l (MW), Dlnoi, Ra\llpind' along {r'rn 

6n kll,.,r40o m, 2691980, v xarir d .ryaztr t349 (RAWI; C'8r rrsbnirr Necldn 

vill.g., drt,2Gl0cnhll, floels di$s purple, nls wlite 22.9l9a1,'I Ali M Qaisel 

& M. Ajnal Khan 419 IKUH)| Marord, Ncclub vall€v, Aad Kashhn 14 9 1999, Utla' 

lt!$4r 78650 (KUH)i ibid; Near Dntol Aad Kashmir, c 1500 m, 18 91977' l/ '6!r 

& J. Bru^k n a554 (P-^w). 

Dbtribulion: Iao, Afghonisran, China, Pa*isLn, lndid, NePal, Bhutan 

Ecology: codoon in woods. on banls, along stean at lhe elev'ri'n of 1500 4400 m' 

Flowqing Period: Autunnab (A!g - O€t). 

ii Prd4 thd brmoniara'Nall.exD.. w rqiotia.loll1 IDC ) Aook.ll l: 41 l . 1 881 

PtututhB dlio oefoliottc..kodr-7:|95. 1838;C B Cl.tkeConP ltd 271.18?6 

Typ.: DMib.d lmm lndia, collml€d by ,{orle (G DC) 

Sp..lnd| Ennined: 8-6: Swal Disr.: Below K.lin, + 1800 m, 19.8.1952. ii 

s,.pd, 24530 (M\v); Kal.m, I 1.9. 1956, Srt,4 ,

l.lt, llorets pink, I r.8 r97r, J. /, bedi & M Qairer 8897 (KuH): HeE Dir : B"r'! Naran 

& Kaghm, eiec! 70 80 ch high, flotts whilish wirh bluishhrhers 69 1988 S O'?/4 

M. Qsiw 2124IKUH); H85n,.,f a D!,/t@ 19759 {RAW); Ml@|Iadbad Dis! : Lecpa 

Valtey. L€epa. crecr herb, florcts liebl blue, 26.81972, M Pdtuer &,4 GhaJoor 5029 

(KUH); rbrdi ibidi ibid; Balhwar Guli (Lepa vallev RoM), ered.60-71cm tall. I l$0 

n,76.A.1912, . M. Qaiser & ,1. Cturbor 5126 (KUH); 8/W Shade d 'lirst 

/v'or' cBr' 

75 0m tarl, florcE blue,39.1986. t/. Ooiser & Rizwn IoB,/ 8068 (KUH)i &8: 

K6bmn: abov. GrlrBrg, Kdhnn,3000 m, floren plrplc dih6 black lilmor purplc 

8 9.1929. X,l Step4, LO38lb (RAW)i Below Gulnsrg, Kdhftit 2 9 1929. R R Stewut 

12729 (RAw)i Kem nullah, Kdhmn. in foFsi llorcts pale l'vender' 1800 h' 

l4lt8.0? 1939, /?.,? & LD. gewrt 1764E (RAw); Tnsnag, K.shnt a 2?00 m. 

g.a.D41, R.R. & t.D &ewarl 23266 (KUH); C'7: Mwee Disi: Cnoh gali Mu@ hills. 

c. l$O n, 3. l0. l9l l, n.A SreMrt 12712 (RAw); M@. hills 2 n lall hdb fi orcls whnc 

29.s 1966, Sad! ga;r€r s.n (KUH)| RasalPindi Dst r B/w chara Pani & Slnnv bank' 

Mure Rdd, Rawalpindi. c.1700 m, erect p€rcmial he6, up to ln nll noE$ blu€. 

tt.to.l9a9.1. ChoI@/ & a /n 4185 (KUH)i B9: Landoul uPp.r Cha$er. 2100 m. 

29.11.1938, ,R.X. Sr€,a/l 17187 (RAW). 

Distribulion: Pa!.istd and India. 

Eco locy: common on hil ly aGas at A€ elevatio. oi I 700-3000 m. 

Flow€ring?criod: Antunnals (Aug Nov).

INTRODUCTION 

CYPSELA MORPHOLOCY 

Secd dnd fruit morlholoSv plav a crucial ole in $e plant sv$enatcs ano s 

h.lpful in rhe deliniralion ofcloselv relared iaxa (Duke, 1969: Cooer' 1916: Ahnrcd & 

Qakd 1989: Abid & Qaisq,2002 2007,2Oo8 & 2009) The imponanceotseedand liuit 

d$rphology is not oDly used !s taxononic ool brl is also us'tu1 in agti0ultute wced 

sieoce af,d ethiopology Il qn ds be u*tuI in the ide ific'rion ol Eces of difercnt 

planis of econonic importance (Madu€no & Mediis' l94l; Bc'ggercn 1962l DavF & 

Hcywood, 196l). Thc arliesl work pdtaining to sd'l smdv dalcs brck ro the l8I' and 

lgLr cfltury by J Caennr (176&1805) lnd latr his $n c Ga€nner (1805 1807) 

supplene ed nis work. However, botb of them dd nor use rh€ sed or fruit chmcle6 

in lhe taxonony. Boisier(1867) wN th€ lirsl bot nisl lo ue the $ed moqhological data 

as tdonomic evid€nce This w6 follow.d bv Hau (133s) who aho used lhe s'ed 

chaacted aor denrlicarion ofdiffcrc.l Bxa 

In lhe lasl 50 yea6 hosl of the workos (chuh l93q Iskv l94?i Caenner' 

lgto; Comc., 1954, l97q New, 1959; Duke, 1961. 1965, 1969; Ah 1968: Dnh'h' 

1968; Gunn,1969, 1970,lg84rHarFrelo/, 1970;Kvnclova l9Tq Chu.8 & Hecktr4 

l9?2, l98l: Wojciechowsta, l9?2i Skvonev & R@oYich 1974: Gunn & Gaftnev. 

l9?4r Seav.ry et ul., l9?7; Hyn s, l9?9;Pedey e, al., 1983i Banhlotl l984iHaqlc & 

codward, 1984i Nsr, 1985. 1986i Lov.ll er a/. l9E6i shctlcr & Monn. 1986: w.bb. 

1986; Tetrcl ., al., 1966: Qai$r, 198?i B@svinkel, 19881 Glootjen & Bounan.l988: 

Chs & Pipp€n,1988; Almed ed Qaiser, 1989; Smlll ?rdl, 1990; Malcu & Ou.hcs. 

126

lggltonq&Qaiser, 1995;Abid & Qais.r,2002,2007 4b&c 2003. b.&c, 2009i 

Abid & Zeho 2007 ulilized seed noahological dd! in Plat svstenat'cs 

ln $. aanily Conp6nle crFcl. norphologv Ms ti6t used as t oxononic 

chaBder lor r4ogtrizing golp and gehet! in th€ lnbe An$emidae bv Cassnri (l82ll 

(,psela anllotoy {as ftst enrployed in I nudy ol a',r},,rle,,L'n (5l ) b} schulrz 

Biponri.G (18,14). lsley (1947) invstiglcd rhe trib. InuLae on rbe b6is of dEgnct'c 

chlracrer insludi.s c)lsla size, sbaP€, surfaoe omanentalion and paPpus Ali (1968) 

h$ dn u$cd in ddil d'e nunber tnd sa *ei8ht of cvPela Fr ctpsle ol.tsne'd 

ld,rls cofrplex non Aurtalit. 

Dntnch 0968) .rmincd cnselr no.phologv of r93 sp*ies o' rhe sub tnbc 

Carduea.-Ce.taueime Kynclov. (19?O) studi.d 15 speics ol diileient genera v'z 

Anlhenb L 15 sr4..li Ma.ri@tia L (2 spp): T.ipleutusryrnun sch Bip' {l sp); 

Chrysdnthqtd L. (6 sp,.) and l\rd.d@ L 0 sp ) b€lonsing lo the tribc hthm'dete 

tlc conchded that g.neFl moohology, number, posnion ol ribs and 3it of c)pslas 

corld b€ sed 6 dia!rcstic ch.t.ch for lhe delimilation of tda Pandcv ?t 'l (1981) 

stDdied thc ctls.la of dalrcrrlt! n b.dctutu^ tnd vicoa i,tli.a. He diffqm,atcd the& 

lls on th. b6is of dc cyp*1. si4 ed hai6 pttgr o. ih. surf&e BrcD.r { 1994) us'd 

dirde .haru1e6 viz., nunbs or tibs, carboni*d cwsela walls l*in btns test! 

.pidmG b distingish $€ rib6. w.bb ( 1986) srudied vantiio. in ct?scl. noDhologv 

(i... haime$ ind ving chdct.i, .nd i|s implicttion for bxonony. He.mph.sizcd that 

rhc distinctioh bdM lhe two subs€nd viz, J,lu? .od C/ttasqla and beMeh .n€ 

sp€i6 siin i. sch 3ub aau was bs.d l&gely or solely on oypela chserd Ahm€d 

& Qais 

( 1989) invBligat d th. cr!6eta norpnobgy of I2 spccis belonging io difl.rot 

t21

gmcra of the Lmily Cohposihe l6m (a6chi bv means ofSEM Thev observed vanour 

chdc|ed viz., cylsela colout shaF, su &e' size, w€ieht appmncc ot nbs shape dd 

Fosnion of c.PoPodiun dd ale fie nature a.d seri6 of p.ppus 5nd concluded fiat 

rhese chascrcG were not only uselul for genenc level but aho lor infraspoinc 

d.lnnrarion Atrdelbe.g (1939) recldlied rhc rrib€ lnrl'ae H' unlizcd llnous 

chrmcte^ olcypsela vi/, prsencc ofcryslals r fie epidemh sclerification ofctpseld 

wall, si4. comF*ion s.d lhe p@c. of Nin or ft)aosdic haiE in th' cladist'c 

el)6is. Bruhl & Q!in. (1990) studGd rne cnsela aMlomv in ihe Cotulse 

(A$smcae Anthemidc&) Andcrbelg (l99ll aho usen ct?sela chatutd rr |n' 

aElr5h oflh.lnb€ Cnsph.lia€ Abid & Qai$r 

ol22 speis of /n,la !. G.er) ond its allied a€ne6 

(2002) sudied |he ct?sela noQhologv 

riz', P2'r'neha Cass Dthotdea 

DC , Ditt.ichia Gftlr.t and lPhiord Cass ' lon Pakislan rnd K6hnn' Th€v ooncludcd 

that ct?sla ch.6ctqs *.e Bclul for urommic d.liniraron 8{e'ic "d spdinc bvel 

Zhu .r 41. (2006) inve$igated th. cr?seh vall anatomv and surfaoc sculpturing ol 14 

sFcid of $e Sens ld.r,.d L d{t i6 relaEd sencB bv ncr's or LM and SEM and b 

polide additional infomion for evoluting inld .od intn gsaic DladoNhip Th'v 

divid.d th€se spccies inlo rwo 8ro!p's viz, one wnh winged cr?s.I. rhioh *.5 presenl 

in 14.tue L., Ptto.rpseh Snit\ CEqbih wzrlt ' Chaaet8erLt Shih md sl@ote"r 

shih wr€ras ri6bed ctFseld wei. pcs.t in Nororezi Shih tn4 ParuPrennthet 

chans cx Shih. Abid & Zctn (2007) sodi.d rhe ct?$la ch.sclers of l0 dt bclonging 

b 5 difimr Scnm viz,, P.soLtid c:s' vddh.nia DC. rtetuM Toud .x Mill ' 

Carperuk L. and Bluneo DC., by 6eans of LM $d SEM AII the t x! w@ tcvcd ind 

rh. borcnic ioplic.riotu wet !l$ djtuised. Abid & Qais 

128 

(200?a, b & c,2008,

2(]O8a & b, 2009) sldied lh€ ctfsla norpholosy ot v.nous b.a bclongine b $e 

followinC lribe s viz, Pluchee!., Gnaphlliee anll Anthenrideae (Aderucsel bv u!.9 

I-M 0.d SEM They conclud€d lhal mi.ro noQhologctl chlEclqs ot cr?sel.s were 

found sieniliclnt foi d.linibtion of nosr olde toxa both,l ln€ Senenc and lp.cinc 

In relarcn to qlela mo4hologt arbion had ale bce. p,id to fie abscission 

zone (Calpopodiun) ol qp*h, Prcbably, John (1921) and Vrgoc (1922) wcrc thc 

pione6, *ho gav. thc i od.laon tbolt lhe.arpoPodium in the flhilv Conpd'lle 

King &d Robimon (1966) used th€ shcfure ofcarPopodlrn (i e pesoce or absct 

aor $e deliniblior of ihe senus ttot e,n.ru conpl.x Robinson & Bmttell l9?] lnd 

Robi.son & Khg, 1977 have us.d the moo, hologv of crQoPodium' along *ilh olh€r 

chalacrm, in rhe ribe Lupabneae and S.necione& !s elid.nce for dehmtrrng g.ntE 

Hique ad Godwaid ( 1984) sttdi.d lhc c.aopodia of 2 suFramili6, l0 hb€s. l3 80@ 

and 40 sp4i.s of lhe laBily composirae lhey conoluded th.r lhe oarpopqlia or lhc sub 

fanily bclucoidea€ {.c anmthq, '.mwe, cotnPoscd or rdd cells 8nd daiv.d fron 

side by side fusion of s.plFtely fomed secros $lGreas lhe sub tanilv Astmidcd. wt3 

ept*n.cd by ! @mplde nn8 {'ith ! nod subsbnial sEudurc, bolt ds !o cell nrfba 

and wall fiick€hin8s. Scotl & Sundederg (1985) invd galed v&ous 

nicMorphologicol cbar&16 viz., sltlc base, filmdl collor, ddotirsiun md 

capoFldium to raluatc rheir uliliry 6 gm€ric mark6 in ln. tribe Asle@e. El.Naee 

(199?) sludicd th€ c.rpopodilm of 40 speoies ol th. tribe Lactuc€e (Frmily_ 

As@ca.). She i.v6ri9t€d rh. difledt ch.€cr6 viz., smcur. or doop.dium Md 

irs rclalio. to the chaidctes or plppus ahd beak ro dalDatc rhei. roxononio sieninoance. 

129

ThouS! lol of wbrk ha ben dorc on the cypela m.phology of diff€Ent tribe 

(including L&tuc@) of Asr@a. bur therc trc no EPotts on th. ge.v ta.a.@ L 

{r.str.) ed ns anicd gcnc6.st@illly liom dr Ggion. Thc cvp*b morpholoel/ or d* 

g.nus l/.llca L. G.str.) md ns dued 8cn@ h6 bdn invdtig ed it ord€r b find on in 

additionalniqomorylDlogiqlchmct B. 

MATERIALS AND TIETqODS 

M!!u€ cypFla of lO irxa belon Fi^gro Lactrca L G srt ). L4ducela NaNo@ 

Sdiob F.\N. S.hnidr, MulA.diM Cs. Skptorl@Ph6 BnEq CePhdlonhvch6 

Sois., Ocerrr, Wallr md Prcr4,,n6 L. sed mosllv coll€cted ftom lhe hcrbanln' 

nutc.ial (Appendirl). llowder, in few cass cnsclas w.re tlso oll'cled tom the rEsh 

spcin€ns FolloNrng pmnElc6 wce studied undd Sr@nicoscop' (Niton )(N 

Mod€l), Lighr dlcroscope (Nikon Typ. lo2)and scanmns electrctr nncroscope (Joel 

ISM' 6.180 A, For sl:M cypselas ver€ drEcl b 

molnl€d on a tEbll'c nub wni E help 

ofdoublc adiEsive rlpc md coat€d *ith gold ao! ! pcriod of6 minut€s in 3fullenns 

chamber trid obserlcd in SEM Mosllv l0 planls I sPecies and l0 cvPscl's / pln w€E 

srudied Thc voucbcr sDe.mens .E siv.n ir anneruel 

shapc, colour. size, ndnrber of nbs, su'face and numb'r 'r 

cypsclls Fr clftrurun' 

Bcatcd bea\lcss, jizd. colou snap. and surhc' 

Serios, fomr. sizc.colotrr lnd nurocf 

shEr., posnion, dknrrcr oacarpoNdiunr a.d dEmelcror 

fos ci ol ctr.rt,|Ddtrrn \trr t\J'nnrcl uMe' srDn'ng

OISERVAITONS AT{D RESULTS 

Cen.rrl ch8r.r.B of ra.rr.! L. (*t.J lnd l& rllied g€hert 

Cyr6ela oboqtc - obLncolat€,rlliptic-line.' broad clliPtic.fal, oblone- 5-18 nn 

long {inctudins b..k). 3 - 35(a0) cyps€las ps opitulm. Th€ bdic'colour is brown. 

hoevcr, vriatio. from ycllowid-aol.tcn bos d d,rt brewq reddish, endy{livc, 

blackish bDwn-black, strongly ribbed (l-9 or l2), ribs dtir. or waq.Su.iae papillalo, 

mui@rc dd sabrid. C}?s.ls @ mch @Wlrlcd - slighlly @nPced Diff.FnI 

lyp€s of haiB vi2., pil6e or d.sly rhick hat or ev€n glabrcus condition are also 

preFnrBaken (exctuding Preer,,ter L.). Ae.l is of difiec sh,p€s viz. epillarv. 

filifom, slend€r, sroui oicylindJical. PrpPus vand f.om l_2 _ $titIe. size lanses fon 3_ 

I 2 nm long Paptus as of various colou6 such 4 whit€. $o{'v whne. dinv wbn.. bmot 

yellow or yellowhh dd ccan, elle 4!280 CarpoPodiun conpletelv o' incomplctelv 

dcvclDp.d. synnnedc or asymm.rtc- nrFoN ci(ular o. bod dr$ Nrlh or w[hour 

inleruprion. b6.! sub bael in posnion. l14_446 Po ir dianerer: fommen ot 

carpopodioD 5r.9-295 pn in diaft&r (Table 2) 

, (llprcl, Ll'18 nnn long ituluding bcah, 

fro inenrlr fibbed on cnher sd.: b.ak .apillnrl 

l)r,rll\ {irh I shft. pcMetrt tDttordrscr: lxrppui 

Ill

C)!*la 4 5-ll nn long including beaJi or beak 

like $.wt!E, I mny nbbed on G.ch sidei b.rk 

wirhort apt n lages; P.ppus l- l I mn long 

+ Cyp$|. o6lec@l.tNbovrr.i bcal filifom 

almct di$oloous (*hitc), sn@lhi plppu i5 

Im long, ledon yellow or shit€ 

- Ct?6!1. elliptic or lind- obLt@late; b..k 

slmder or sDut, slnost concolomls (ftreIy p6l. 

rlicrllyl poppus 5- 12 m lmg, c'!d or ebne. 

+ Cr?lelas 4 p€r caPitulun, up to 14 mm long 

inchding beik pappus t8 nm lon8, whne, *t!. 

l2Gt90, 

' cypelrs l8 22 per crp uluh. ut to 7 mn long 

includitrg bel; pappus lGl2 M lo.g, crcm - 

+ cyFch! 3 per opitululll wilhou bdl. 

- Cr?sclas rcE $an 3 pa clpitulum, with b€ak 6 

+ cyDdcl. ?-15 

ll2

' Cyp6.la 7-12 @ iftludins bqk. not wing.d, 3- 

? c9) rih6 on ach si&i h6l l-5 3 m lons: 

paPPus diny whitc or sosy wh c. 

+ Cypsela rcddish blacL elliptic. 5 6 mm long; 

bc5k dode6 plppu !-5 m long; arpopodim 

wjilout itrtcnplion, 210272 !m in dimter, 

foFmcn I l7- | 78 lln in di.ml.r. 

- C}?ela brcwi blacl( obl&61.le cylindri€l 

or Gllip$id-lin@, 612 m lorg, bek slous 

pappus 5 12 mnr lonSi c.gopodium wi$out o. 

wih inmp- tioq 267- ,tl6 tn in di!tura. 

foram..lTl- 295 p0 in diaftler 

ft n repEsent€d by only onc s*cies \Q, La.tuc.la undulata (Ledeb ) N,arov' 

(T.ble 2. t i Fi8. 2- l5).Cypelas 12 - | 8 pq capitulm' oblatu@ble _ obovab Si& vari6 

fom t I - l8 x I mn. Thc 6lour vati6 ttllowhh-bloM. su.fac€ papililte. i prcminent rib 

in lhe middl.i b€ak 8.13 Im long, wniq sltmlh. capillary. 2 3 lim's long'r lhr th' 

body and basally rvi$ 2 while. p€trd.il apFnddgcs Pappus *lae 

yellow.60 - ll5. Pe$ntafl atrd'15 flrn ldnscaQododiuD conrtletelv dcveloped 

synmerricat cncuht or b@d disc, \tillour lnv i.iedplion. blel in position' 

$rloDodlu 2?8 26 !in'ndirnreter'lorrtu.d 

|]l 

124'125fn Dd'an10t!r

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2- S&rtald F.W. Sclnidl (T.ble 2.2i Fig. ? l & 2 2) 

Cypselas 4 per capitulun,4.5-14 x I dtu, ellipsoid-lrnear' ftftlv oblong - 

oblanc.ol.t. in shap. The colourladcs nom bown black Strrf.ce scabid hitpid. \ ? 

nb6 on oqh sidq b€t 2 8 m lons Gxcludins s. mtrora R@hi 8.noa q6's). 

@n@loNs - paL ar lb. aDq, sbnd, sl..dd - 6lifom.P,lp6 sebe un$nalc. m6rlv 

whir.. 120-190 and 6'8 nn log similtt ihtugh out rh. whole ldglh ( apopo

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Figue 2 I Scmning Elecron Micographs (S!M) ofctpsela: Scatiold.ie atissthsp 

drr,rzrs: A, cyp*fa i B , su.face j c, p.ppus. D, ca.popodiun. s&riolo o^truta: E_ 

cwsela iF, surfac.i C, pappus iH. caryopodiDn. (scale br: A, C= I nm iB, D, F. H = 

50 Fm i G = 200 ; E, 500 rn). 

ll?

Figu€2.2. Scdning Electron Midosrphs(SEM) ofclTselr: S.oriota o,ie ntis subsp 

,,B/"fa A. cr?scla , B, srfte . C. prppc. D, ctpopdl'm. saa4o/, vr;a I 

crTela i F, s!rf.ca; C, parp6; H, c.rpopodiD Gcale bar: A, C, E, O = | mm ; D, F. H 

t)8

- tdd,., L. G.$r.) (Trbl. 2.3 | lig,2.t,2.4 & 2.51 

C)psela oblanceolale obovat . oblong, compressed, 7-ll r I 1.1 fr n. l+22 

per cap,luluo. The basic colour is b@wn, how.ver, variation fon golden hoq- dark 

bro*n-blackish is oko pEsent wilh duncdte - $rbrid slrlblei I many ribsi beak:l 9 

mn lons, mosdy whnc, concoloous - 8l.cnish, smoo$, fililloio €pillrry PappN 

uNsenate, r.5 nm lone whle-lemon ycllos, sctac 50-195, pe6n|a Carpopodiun 

complerely dr incoopletely dcv.lop.d, sFn.rric- asynn.ric, nrm* circula. bruad 

nng wilh or *ithout lny inkmption, bel - subbrel in pcnion, ll+261 lln in 

diamets, loFmcn 5i.9. 195 )rn in dirnelcr. 

K., to d. 3pei6 rnd rp..i6 gDUp of r..r!@ L. (s.str.) 

I + CIx€la rvnh 1,7 ribs on och 3id.; papprs lenon 

yellow o. whilq caQopodiln wido rnr.mprion 

' cy?seh wnh 7-9 ribs on *h sidc, plppus whilel 

carpopodiun wfi rn irrempdon, 

2 + CyTsela bmwii Cdpodiun U shapcd *nh ,. 

narowblenupxon. L se iolo 

' cypsch blaokish; ClQodium wirh .xrmsile 

,.rmplron. L solira 

3 + Cy?ser! 2.54 mm rong, wirh t-3 ribs on cirhd 

sid€i nuicate{honly plpilh|c, bc.t 5-9 mn tons, 

thickflei ar rh. b.s.j scr..45-ll0i c.rpopodiln 

ll+194,!Dandloancn(51.t) l2j sm jn diaf,erer. 

D9

- CrTel. 4.5 nn long, *ilh 5-7 mdow nbs on 

cith.r sidcj 6cly pil6c, bdk 1.4 sn lof,g, tut 

thick ned at lh. brei *t!. ll0l95; c.r?opodilm 

221-263pmlndfoEm.n 148 195 fm 

in diohclcr. 

+ Ct?6ela .r-J mn lon& yellow-Boldcn brc*n, l- 

r'b6.d on eh iid., b€k 8.9 nm lon& plppus 4-5 

mm long, qDolodium 3ynn aic, IE5-194 pm in 

di.m.to, fonmn (51.9-) | l912t rn in dhmtcr. 

- Cvneclr 2.5. I 6fr long. drrt bown. wnh l 

pooincnt ribs on .ach si&i bdl 4.5 nn longl 

p.pts 3 6h long: c.lPorodih ll4-ll8 lrh in 

dimdq, fonn6 7l.8- | 0E tm 

t- ltt ra.drlr C'e. (T.ble 2.t: FiB. 2.5) 

in diln t r. 

Ct?s.16 18-22 p.. c.pitulM, .llipric. dEly oblon& 5-7 hh long imludinS bat. 

Mdly blet{liv. or sdy boM,5[8nrly conpBe.d, glsbou* with 6-6 clula db6, 

gDdully r.Fcd inio stour. prl. - @Mloou bal.P.pp$ uisi.lc. lcl2 m lon& 

clmy-of-*hirc rr& 15G235, ddidous. C.rpoFdim cooptcLty dd.top.d, 

aynhcric, nrmw ring shh.n i .Euplion, basl.ubb|el in posidon, l?2-294 llm in 

di.n 16, foEmd 126.298 !h in di.naa. 

Mulgediw @anan &,) DC. .nd M. .tarLr (Ho.k. t) R@hi BrDo coutd nor bc 

*8F8.t d fbh kh oth4 on rh. bsb of cyFct. mohDlogy du. to siDitsr ch.tutd.

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Figr 2.3. Scding Eleoon Mictog6ph6 (SEM) of ctFela: Zoctuca disscto: A' 

cyFelr B, surface r C, papps , D, .sPW4is- L.ctuea glt'dolt": E cvtEela : F' 

$rf&q c,pappN: H, carlFpodim ($al. bai A E, = I m: B. D H = 20 llm: F -10 

l4l

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Figure 24 Sca..ing El.ciron Micrcsrrphs iSEM ) of cwsela: 

'dctu'u 

cypelr I B. surf.@ : C, pat9N. D q4opodium 

'd'to'a se'l''l': E clTFla : F 

slrface; G, Pappus; H. carpo'odi@ (s€lc bcr: A C E = I mniB D H=50un:F=

Figure2 5. Scahnin8 Eleclroh MicrcSraphs (SEM)ofctpsela: la./z" sdrivu A, cvpsela 

i B. su tc. i C, pappu, D, crQopodi,tn Mtlgediul btaicun: E cvT6€la : t snrtace: 

G,prppusr H,ciQopodrum(sc.l. bar: B=2t Fm i D, i. H = i0 Fn: A L.l:-too|rlr 

145

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5- $ardrqtarr Bu!g. o.bL 2.5; Fig. 26) 

Cypehs 2138 po dPitulun, .llipth.brc.d elliptic or oval T'15 x 2_] mn. biosn 

ei!g.4 ur.h cootcs.d siu 3 u*qul db. (l pMient in lhc ni.rdle.nd 2 h.nl ltm ot 

lels hdistnlt), .cNdy Flt€.tnq b€t lJo m k[g co@loNu ' P.1.. $@dr sLndt' 

filiforn; paFo! bit rido, tidc!.d low.rds th. tp.x, out r p.pPls verv sill' l@n v.uo*. 

ilF llo m ld$ vniE{,Iy, taE r5G22O C.r!.'Dodid diriod bur ilgqLalv d d 

rid.d &wlopMr, uymdri. *i|! qrauirc irtqrPtid, ta.!l to slk l in po6ilid. 192' 

216 td i! dio.!.t, fo!!!@ l5Glt td in.li@t... 

K.y ro tt. !p.ch. ot,t .t o/rdqi6 E!tr8. 

I + qr..b ![w !0i!ti., ?-E @ l@g iftludiIg bdl$ 

bat I on lon& sndkrtr.t tlr !ody. A @btfolb 

' - CrF.h t6d .lliBi or ov4 9-l5 m looS inltdi.S 

b..B hal 5-lo @ ld5 | N tid Log!. $d e 

body. 

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Figurc 2.6. ScMing El6$on Mic@g6phr (SEM) of cyps.l.: M,lgaitn .larkzi: t\. 

gpFrr iB. surttce: C, pappu, D ca@opo.jiun steptohanph6 nnbiktio: E. 

cyps.la; F, surfacci G, p3ppu j H, c.rpopodiuh (scale b&: f =10 rm i a, D, H = i0 rh 

rA.E=500FnrC,C=lftn).

Fig!rc 2.T. Scanhing Elecro. Micrognphs (SEM) ofcvpsela: SlsPbrha Phus pe ca: 

A, cyFcla i B, surface : C, pappls, D, catpopodium ( ?P,a/,nh)?thus 'hit'alensis: E 

cypsela iF,surire; G, paPpus r H. carpopodium Gcale bd: t - 20 rm i B. D. H = 50 

rrm; C. E= 500 Fn; 

A, C = I hn) 

lt0

G C.phalonhrtchut Bons. \Ttblc 2 6r Fi8. 2.7) 

Ctlel6 20-22 per c.pislum, limd..lliptic or cuncaL.Th. siz. varics llon 4 5_6 x 

I - L2 m. fcddish-bletish boqn or black. Duricale . hispid. 8_ l4 ibh.d on clth.r s'd.: 

b.!t I 5-2 t nn loog whii..concolorols. sm@lh- slcnd.t. smtll€t than . body. pappo! 

bi*riaL. dtr 0.5-l nh long. inn.r l-.1 nm lon8. whilc.dint {hilc. sette rl0-l'10. 

wid.ncd b*eds lhe a!.x, p.6hLnr. CaQopodiun compLt.ly d.!clop.d, synnetjc, 

nmw circule nn8 si6@t iar.dprion, bael-suLbel in pcirio. 210-2?2 un in 

di@td, fomo | 17.176 Fm i! dirmEi 

K.t ro it. tpei6 of Cqp&r,n&rr.l6 Boi$. 

+ Cypela .lddish{dt b@n; b.!t ehn . 

- C,1sla bl&k bcat cd@lorec. 

7- Ci. ,!/r4 wall., (Ta!k.2.7; Fig. 2.8-2. I l) 

Cy!c.l.s 5-12 Fr capitulh, 6-12 x l-2 mn, drcr .llipric - linear or oblons. 

oblt!@latc - cylindricsl, teBi3rt bbwn, grcyish bbck or bl.ct. ribs r@*. 

iFsula, 3.7(.9) on @h si&, dnE or w.ra, *!brid- hispiduloG or d.sly rhick haiR 

N .l$ pc@r, b.5l 1.5-l m lon& ..@lNus, ccm o. whit msrtt towads rh. 

.pcx; p.pp6 b'eri.k, sdac ol ouLr prppN sn.ll, !p ro I nn. r@sp@m. serae of 

mn.r paPp6 Glz m lon& diny {hir. or whire or sno*a whir.. sels EG25o, 

Carpopodi@ synmlric or 3ynn.tric, nmw ddl& nn8 *irh or withour 

in!.d!lion, lob.d or unlobcdi b.st ot $b bMt in position, 267-4,46 sn in dimc!.r, 

fom.n l7l-295 |rm i.dismd.r. 

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FiguE 23 Scmning Elcction Micbgmphs (SEMI of cypsla: aephal.nt-tth,! 

picti.Iilbmit: A. cyp*b I A. s.fae i C, prppus, D, caeo!.dium. Cice4to qaie,i: E, 

cyDFla ; F, surr.i G, pdptus ; H, ..rFopodiun (slc bar F - 20 rm ; B. D, H = t0 

pn j C = 200 sn ; A : 500 llr i E,c= I mm).

Key to th. .pei6 md 3psles gmup ol C,tedto wallr 

| + CaQopodirn lob.n or wilh incdprion. 

- Carpopodiun unlob.d or wlhour rnlcmp|lon 2 

+ CyFch creyish-bhct. 5'8 x 2 mn. bsl up b 2 

mm long:pappus 8.12 mm lotrg, snowyshne 

CtFcla biown - dart bo*., Gl2 mm rong 

including b.ak, beal up to I nm longj pappE 6-9 

m long, dull wbiLorwhite. 

+ Cypscla 6 8 x 2 mn, obrrnc@lare-cylindric.l, ribs 

rnll nmrgrn becohe wavy. dmsly rhicl hdny. 

calpopodim 353-446 !n in diMc0er dd foffen 

- Cr'I,seb 5.5 x l-1.5 m. .llipri., nbs dd nargin 

eniic. caaopodiuh 288 pm in dimer€r, loame. 

+ Cyp*16 5 ps caitulun, 12 m long ircludins 

b.al; h..k €oncolo@q pappu 8.9 hn lon8, ser.e 

70-120i dimeler ofc.Obpodium 267-398 !n a.d 

- lyps€las c.rl] per capiruluh, 6-3 mn tods 

iMludi4 berri b.* disloFst papps 5 ? m 

l@9, s.r* 9{l 2t0; cdpopodium 303,39t }ln in 

dd.l.r, fordcn 210-245Ift in dismeler. 

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B. sudae ; C, pappus, D, carpopodirn. Cierbita Citgi@Bit: E. crisela i F. surlei G- 

p6pps i H. srFpodim (scalc b&: D - 50 rm i B. F, H = 100 Fn i C = 500 rm : A, E 

lt7

s.sning Elcmn MicrSnphi ( sEMl ot cvgela: ci'eftita ddttdhEa: ^' 

sunlc! . C. pap!!s. D. $!!oPd $n < nrrhna l's'nuM \2t t'seatua: 

F, surl.6: O, papp!. I H. c{poroilim ($dl' barr B D F H= 50 rn : ( = 

E,G = | hn)- 

t58

FiguE 2.ll Scening Electron MicNgaphs (SEM) of cvpsela: Ci'erhito telsetttano 

\arbr,,,: A..yp!cl,. B, surr'atc: C. palpus- D. ldrDopldium ' 

&r!ara: E. cypFl.: F.s! acei C.pappli:H catFopodiun (scale b*r F= 5 }lm i8= 

50 iD,H= l00fm iC - 500 !ni A.E.C= I nm) 

t59

' icc /ap'rcqLt es: 

'bttu 

A. cfP$h: B- $rlicc C pappN O clrpopodiu'r' C(?r6tu &tiPi(n\ \nt t'

&ft rdrt6L.(Table.2.EiFig.2.14&2.l5) 

C'Isls I Fr caliolm, Mtly oblonS, .ylindric.l, 5'? nh long b0en- 

blek Surhce fiftly sbnd, dtw to*.tds $G bese tuNac or ounded.Dicallv- 

ar8Ld or pnmaic or hai.g 2 feics, o!t.r with 3 ponindt rib$ im€r *ith 5'7 drcN 

nbs on ca€b side, beakls.Par'pus bis.riatc, outcr *t . stull innr 6 8 mm long. dirry 

whne, decidous, setae 80-140, CatPopodirm n@w cncub ring or U shaped with 2- 

sided inlemption. carpopodium 111.546 Fd in diameter, fo@en 204-331 tm tn 

K.y to the spelB of Arrarrl6 l. 

+ CyFcla brov4 5m long. 

- CyAseb bl&1. 7m lon8. 

l6t

lislrdj3. SoiaAlddlfi.rl|qb@O.trq!.& 6rrl&&.&ad tr.. 

rd{i&: AqF.b: B, tuts i g FrF4D, {p.oo&G"t!r.rd.r&m&t 

Lr rrsddr: Br 9!.&; F, rdat q,9p;E oDogod-r (rc.bbrD, &E 

- to ;a- l00te ; q q O- too rd i A- I !o 

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Fig{c 2.r4. Scding ehcftn MicreSnpht (SEM) ot c}T6cla: Pz,onhd btun@itu 

rt allianaefolio: A, cyFsela ; B, !!{ac. i C. patpus, D, c!$opodiun P/e,oder 

oncltBodrd: E. cr?ela i F, $rfaei G, pappls I H. clrporodiun {$le bat B, D = t0 

rn iF.lI= I0opm; A =500rn :C,E,C- | nm)

Fige 2. I J. Sceing EldEon Micbgophr (SEM) ol ct?seh: PExotthd seua,ni: a 

cypsclr: a. $rtae : c. papps. D caQopodium lzcealld !d,/aid: D cvrel. : F- 

sudeci O, p.!ps; H, erpopodim ($tlcb&:B,D,H=50!niF= 100lrn i C= 

500 llln i A, E, O = I mm). 

165

DrscussroN 

Debil.d Esuh of individul bxa is givq in T.ble 2. 

ln rhe prqenr invstigariotu eari ous chaFcte6 su oh as size, body shape, nunber, 

cold'r sura&e. nunberofnbs. rlDe ofhpcrins(rh!@ or gradull). shaP€ and.olouror 

bc.k,lmgth, colourand seridofpappu3, sizeand shapeofcalpopodium ca! be u!lized 

lor $e clNilicllion of.ll Iraa beloigi.8 lo g€nu l,.a.a L. (s.sE.) and its alli€d 

'n€ 

ga@. AU the erlmin€d taxa n.ve nor. oi l.s conp€sd c)?s.k wnh conspicDou 

longitudid nbs. on th€ bai5 ofcypela moqholoSy fi. g€nu Z,.lre L. G.slr.) cnd its 

alli.d gse! ft. clsdy scgcAaled fr.m emh olhq as dieussed in lhe gm.nc t.y of 

rud!.a L. (s.1.). Howevs, tso brcad groups arc acogiized on rhe bash of thc seies of 

Uob.rirle tyD.r I 6mi$ of lhe foUowins sqeE 

viz., 2,.r,@ L.(s.sL.), 

la.tu.elo N^zarc\a Scoriot. F.W. Schmid! and ,[r/sed,rz CB. Ldk (2007) and 

Mabbqley (2008) hs Educ.d ln. tottowina gend \i2., Lz.tuutla Nureva, S.o,,o/, 

F.w Schnidt, rd irirsad,m CN., undd lhc sFonyny of &c,!.d L. {i,l), The 

prcsenr stody rcvals $at lll rhe sen.E having uni$nat€ pappus tlTe cln b. e,srly 

d.linire.t on th. balir of cyp&ta ch.Ech snch s rh. gau t etuetta N@4 a 

monott?ic senls is 6 y dilrinsuish.d fbh rle @t of de g6.E by having cr?*la 

wih papilhto suae and crgilhry t .l *hich is $!!Iy rhE rim6 lon8.r rhd $e 

166

ody and No whne, podal !ppdd.g6 al the be.whe@ $€ ctlelss of lbe 

idainine raxa do not have lhis trle of sudace ahd bsk. Sinilarltt oiher genera can aho 

b€ segeg,red on lhe b.sis of cr?sela nophology ln ta.i!.a L G sE ), fi ere are | 8 20 

cllsehr per clpiulufri rhich arc bro\n, nruricat€ or pilos.. shaal) hpercd i o 

dncoloroN (mo$ly *hire), *ith distinct rexture and filifom-slendd bak h.vine l-5 nn 

long trppE. However, in S.,.iol, F.w Schnidt, cr?*l$ ar€ 4 pd capilulum, brc*n or 

brack, havi.g concolotuus ed slender bak or beakless (as in S.driolu emtata R@hi 

Bano (Fig.2.r), beak hivins sm. r€xlur.6 thc body, plppu 6,a n6 |.ie. Mute.diun 

Cass.. is al$ uniquein hoving 18,22 clTelfFrcrpitDlun. blactorolive-$ndy boM, 

tlpered gradu.lly into a sioul and concolorous or pal. bak with 10-12 nm tong. 

d.cidous pappls whass in llr. re$ 6f rhe sq.6 yiz., La.lkello Nazarcra, Ladrco L. 

G.sd.) and S.d.rbL F.w Schmidt $e pappus is p6ishnl. 

Bis..i.r. ryp.i lr consltr of follo\|inA Eerc6 viz., Cepttutdrhychs Bois., 

Ci@tuta W^!n. Peaonthd L. ann 9.p1orhohph6 BDnAe. Anongsl rh.m. the gcnus 

Steptorionph8 Bneq ffi1i6 disrincr bt hrving winged cy?setr.wnereas i. rbc icsl of 

oe genm cr?6cr6 aE nor {ineat. Frc cwseta of pma,hes L., ale ditT€6 non rhe 

ouer gend s'lhour beL vhich is hmlre-ounded .t rhe ape\r 3-5 ribbed anst.d or 

pnsnuric. This senus also difli[ by hiving I ctpsetas per capilulum N .ompar€d ro 

o|nd 8oa.Vh.@ othq g4h navc n@ lhan I cr?scl6 pcr capirutum. Howds, 

$e ctpsetn or C.phalorhri.hu Boi!!., js sha,ply 6pcr€d in&r slendeFfitifom lhd 

usully whit or blac* beat hlving 1.4 dn long papp6 wrrik in Ci.efrr, Wallr,, th€ 

ct?s.|. is gradrally ilpqed into ! stoul bak wi$ 5_t2 m bng pappus. lhus ar !h.

senenc lq€l! the differehces in ctlsela prcide import!.t charsles fo! the dclimilaion 

Sinilally, 1he tltgl srudy of ct?sela moeholoSy is als $eful al thc spoilic 

lev.l.Th€ colour a.d 3ie of cr?s.la, sia.nd colour ol b..*, diane&r of carpopodiun 

and fonn€n of tle cdpopo,lium apFarcd b be ljragnosric characrer br thd dctroihrio. 

In rh. 8mN .t a',ota F.W. S.hoidr, speiB can b€ delinn.d o. rh. basis of fi. 

olour Md sizc of cr?s.la as ir S&nbld az'ar.lir @ons.) SojaL sub+. dr,e.rarr.nd 

.t ,riold ,/,€rr,16 (Bohs.) Sojlk subsp. fura,,nic4 podlech, cyTs€la is b@wn, 6,9 mm 

rons and rhe bak is smalltr rhan rhe b.dy.On rhe oft€r hand, r.ai ok isina (L.) F.w. 

Schmidq is unique by having 7-14 mm tong. black c,9seh, bak tonss fian rhe body 

while in S. drcr,rd,a R@hi Bano, cy?seta is dark brcwni 4.5-5 mn toos and wnhour 

rn thc genus ,4.&.a L, G.sr ), rvo speaiq viz., Loctuca ,etiola L. ^nd Lactuca 

rdrw L., hivc quie sinile chdcteG and e pt&.d inb on. goup. Borh rt* s?et6 

d. s.pm..d oD thc bsis of cypsel. @lo!r a.d sh.p€ ot carropodiuft In lh. fom.r 

sp.c,6 c'?s.la n bown and c.ryopodiub is asrmnernc, u shaped, wnh 2-n.mw 

inrftpno.'wn@s ii thc l.it o.e ctD*la is bl.ck'sh and q.popodi,m bM{t virh 

exrc6've 'nr.mpron. our findinSs arc in asremeni wjth rhat of (Haque & codwlrd, 

1984) wh6 obwed syrb.Lic ri.e with 2 ,!now inlcmrflnns n L snbta L. and 

oopicre nr& srrongly synndric wilh l- n@y inr€@ptions i. L,e,u.a sati,o L. 

Funh€morc, lh6e spei6 a!. c.sily disrihgnishlble fton rhe r.naining !h@ spdi.s 

vtz., Lactu.a dissda D.Dd, Lo.tm .tolicnop^rla Ktan. ,nd Lad@ gta,cifolia 

t63

aois., by h4ing 7-9 ribbed cr?sla, which is linely pilo$ nosrly at the rpq, plppus 

white lnd clrpop.niuo wid .n i emption. Wncl6 in Ladu.o glau.ifalia Boi$., 

oypsela is I l- 13 nn lona, I,ribbed on .ach side and synn.rric c.Aopo

In rhe genus Cicerbrd W.llr., lht 4 bxt snch at Ctvbh rtpunntoi.les (OC.) 

C B Clarke, Ciceftitu dectpient (C.8. Cllrte) Bsuv., Cr.c/bra r'e. q,e^ | t nulttlida 

(Clarke) Hmk. t and O.?rrta @cr,rniza (Royte) Be.uv, can .ality br ttctimndd due 

b lhcn distinct clFseh ratuEs. Thc rmjninS 4 rFei6 .re ptacor ino 2 ercup viz , 

C tr !, ,rr ldrrd,lr, ( DC ) NlanrBain & Rao aD! rhe nc! rp$res ( rctbtu (r:q R.on1 

Bano (Croup I ) and (Gmop t!) have borh the new spccies viz , C,.errrr r./ii Rshi Beo 

dnd O. .r/,,, 8lg,p,r6 Rmhi B@. In rhe ruoup I r !pq6 routd rcr h. *pdrcd on 

&e bais ol crpsela Dorphotogy drc to lhe pescn€ of sinih ch!@re,{ t. $e (Cbup 

IIl.t?*lo ar. diasnNric i.e., in Ci..,btz a/,i Rooni B&no, clDs.ta aE srcy.nd 7_8 nd 

lon8.Whe|@ C,telrta Silslrerrrr R6hi Brq cyp*ta .r dark htock and 6-7 dm long. 

rn oie scnus Pfctu,rrer L. follor inq2 spccies viz . p.enunttft! bt trohtuno W s|. 

dDC aad Prendnthet aikhitonkd (B.auv.) Roohi BaN & eak.r, are ftrr,nlo (cDup 

l) In the (Gbup D crlets .rc 5 no ronB dd bruwn f cojour. \vhc@s in th€ 

Prânthes tteturtii RoohiBano & eais*, tbe cr?sahs are 7 nn lons and black. 

ftus rhe rcsull obaincd arcm fie pres.nt $udy .nd to,esoing discussion or 

Z,.tu& L. Gdr.) and ns aui.d go@ itdiar. 0hr rhe mi.bnorpholosiot chdct u of 

rlps.L play a vibl ro. in g. de imrllion of moq ot fi.,sa born s hc selcrr ond 

t70

INlRODUCTION 

PALYNOLOGY 

The use ofpalrnolosical daia hos been r vahable tool fot bronomic dccsions. 

The i0dy of Nll.n nor only helps i! soleing various taxonofric probr.ms bur a]$ 

equally impo@or h genetic {u'iies, foftnsic sciene in tacntg h$rory of\cAcraton. N 

srs, corl dd oil indNty. Ap.n fton this it is .lso used in th. field of agicultur., 

achaslosy &d phnt s@Cnthy. 

Src.rz (1864) i3 ciedn.d as the linr ro enploy poll€n chaRcteB a! bxonomic 

diddcc in the Lmily Comp.6ilae. Simil.rly vcrious *orkets viz., SEbbim (1940), 

Bats (1951), Erdtmd (1952), Stix (1960), Smd (1961), Skvorla & LiMn i1965) 

,€fiiey(1966),SkvArlo&Tum.r(1966a&b,l%9),Askeola(1970,1911,197i,1916. 

1935, 1992), Po.s & Bouloc (1972), Keley & Joncs (1t77, I9?9),-ronb (t977). k.k 

& I euenberger (19791, Robii a./. (1979). Robim & Mldico.ena (1986). Cillicm 

(1991), Nakajima & Mont.irc (1995), (!ya..,l. (t996), hiwuni dal (1996), P*e.n 

(1997), Pi.d & Donne (2000) dd Da*ar er a/. (2002) rko publisfi€d potlcn 

no.pholosical studies of c.d.in repBe.Lliv.s ol Conposiii.. 

a.sid6 rhes€, considcnble sork h.s lls b..n dore o. fie pollen morphologt of 

the dbc Lacrnc.lc. lr is thc mosr dntimriv. iribeofthe Ashcae havinS echioolophlrc 

pollcn, which h!v. beq clssifi€d s .Lisutnorar rt?e by rumber of workeE srch as 

Faqri & lvqson il9?5),M@r.&webb(1973). 

Fiehq (1E90) 6 lh. fi61*ho $died th. pollen morphologl, of $ne spei6 

b€longing t6 rh. rrib€ Laciuca. wodehouk ( 1935) suryeyed rh. basic cxomorphotogy 

oa poll.n in lic ribc Laduccrc wodchouse i1926-1945) nor onlyd*nb.d rhe psneh 

lll

tollcn gniN tnd deised the leminoloSy bu ale discscd tfie etloutDn ry atul 

roncdonal sisn i fi cance of po llen gdins. Paus inser f_lankenburg ( 1951) divided rhe tnbe 

L.ctuced i o lwo nain sroups on lhe b6is of ftc pollcn @rpholo8v i e lhe Leontodon 

group and $e TogopoBon 8roup. Skbbiis (1951) aho usd $e palynologicaldata at th. 

rupn s€nenc l.vcl in rhc tibe Lactuceac. Chopa & Nat 11965) inrest'gatcd lhe pollen 

gEins oflndian l"rd,.!t webs Dinon (197r) eradi.ed rhe pollen 3r.ins orsome 

M.diteme.n sp.ci6 of th. lribe Lacfucse. Toob d, dl (1974) sudeysd pollcn 

morpholosy lnd d.bil€d stNctur€ oa 20 specics tepEsenring I I ascd oa the N 

Amcrica b€lon8ing to tle subhbe Stphdomeriinde (cichoneae.Conpositae) by using 

Lr8llt" Sming rnd T@na$ion Elcctren nrcro*opy d Epon d ahinar€ and 

tricolponte pollen in tne fibe except r)Aderrid D.Don, wherc €chinolophate poU€n 

*.8 round. Robins & BErcll {r9rl) rcponed rh. absence or presnce oa lophar 

poll.n grairo. skvada d 4/ (19?7) srudi.d rhe porlen moaboroSy ofrhe diff.renr rnb* 

'ncluding l-actu@e ol th. trnaly ConDcitae by usos SEM for a a* go.B of erch 

tribe A brief surey wd ale conductcd anong allied families of ihe Conposirae Et- 

Ch@ly (1980) ilv6dgatcd in d.hil tnc crremal dd inrcnal pollcn mrphology ofl5 

spsri3 .@@ntin8 7 8.n E oftne subdb. Hpo€h&rid'na. and S@lymina. by usine 

Lid , S.mi.g ed Tdsmi$ion EleFd dicoscopy. He de$nb€d lhat thc 

HypehEndinrc posscd rricolposrc, cchinolophrt po .n gairs. In addnion, 

echjnolacuatc dd snbahinolophaL polld gEins have als bao totndin Htpo.hod^. 

BlackmoE {1981) srudicd palFolo$, dd intergm.ric rclationship in subl.ib€ 

Hyosendins (Conp6ik.- Lactucsc) consisri.g of 9 B.nem and 47 spai.s He foutul 

€chi@t ad cchinolopbatc poUe. ryp6 virh fou. dif.rcnr pad.ms of cxin. 

t12

stErilietion. Blackhore, (191,4) caricd or dekiled sudey of dl rzxa belotSrng ro 

dif|cFnl leneh of$e tribe Lactuceae including l0 soccres belongrnC lo the genus 

Lactu.a L ls.l.). He lound pollen wer. ricolpoFte {l'zonocolpo€re}. subrdsvee- 

eoiFdvedc, dging betl,eh l0l7 gm in pole di.mctcr and 15-41Im in equ4orial 

di.meter and exine thickness between 10-12 pn. He recosnzed the following 7 poll.n 

ttT.s in the ribe Lactuere viz.. SroEonsa humili! tfic. aichDriun nqb6 ttl*, 

*nosetis t:tF, Lrctm vbtu 9p, Sanch6 oletuc$ tyle. Tneopae.n prcte,tit ty1* 

^ ftoann hciniata typc Blackmore e. a1 (t934) discrss€! and re!6ed rhe 

reminology rnd rliewol oa rh€ ongin md tu.cIo. or cavlale po|en in Comp6jbe 

Blacknon (1986) invcstig ed lophare poud rypes in njany nembcs b.tonsmg !o rhe 

tflb. A.ctolca.. Letuceae, Mdisreac and Vemoni.o. of rhe tanity Conposna.. 

ahckmorc & Pmon {1996) studi.d lhe prtynotogy md systcnarics of rh. subriib€ 

CEpidin,e (Conpositae, L&tuceae) by usins SEM Dtez.,,l.(1999)srudiedrhelolen 

norphoroSy of rbe following genn !i2.. Aaheofiiza cass. LatMeo cass. Reichadia 

Rorh dd ,to,.A6 1., in th. tbeim pcninsula widr LM and SEM. Skv&ta ?r ,/ (2OOj) 

exan'ncd rophate eulpturing of $e tt\z yedonb {d Et.phontop^ betonsinB ro the 

hb. vmoniaa (Conposita.) by SEM.nd TEM. Osnan (2006) jnvstigal.d ihe !D .n 

morphology of46 E8)/Drb spccis dfribe L&iuc€e Hc @ognzed 7 loltcn ryF v.z . 

aercpoqon type, Koelpinia t!p., Laduca rype, La"ndeo tT]e, Rhasadialu, type antl 

nrough nmbd of palynotogical studis to thc ribe Letuc@ inctudirS rh€ 

gcnus /d.'!.d L. C,l) *ee coidEred s evidenr ftom rne lnedture but $eie !re ,o 

infomdo. atour rhc polro or Ev.Et ,p€ci6 b.tonsing to a4.f!ca L. (s.sF) and ib

llied gei€m Ncuring m PakEran lod Kashmn. Ther.lbs. thc main obj.c6e of lhe 

p.csenr studt is two fold. Firely ro h*e lhe cofrplerc inibmdtiotr aboul the polien 

char reu and seondly ro cotr tar the paly.ologicrl dab with lhe taxonony ofthe 

genus ta.r@ L Gstr)r.d itsalliedsen.n 

MATERIALS AND METIIOD 

Porlcn sanples of23 t.xa belonEinE to Lactuu L (s.r4, ,a.,,rdlo N@ro!a, 

.yd'tbta F.w. Schmidt. Cicqbita walb, MulC.dizh Cas, SteptorhMph8 Bunqe. 

cephotothtachB Bois. Pre@nthes L.. ,erc t*en arom herbarium spdim.ns. 

belonsing to rhe folloqihg herbaria such as KUH. RAW, BM, E, M (abbrevrared rc b 

Mostly, I sp.cienens / sp*ies rnd 10-20 pollen grains/ sp{ies wer. studicd 

Howevea in the case of bss oarerial th. nunber ot cadings was r.duced ro 3-tl] A lisr 

of vonch€. $ccim.s is siv€n in (ApDendixJl). 

The pollen Crains wele prepared for Lishl Nlicrosopy (LM) lnd Scannins 

Elecron M,cr6@py (SEM) b, the srddard fte$od d*ribe

Mesocolpiun, Apocolpilm. Spi.e l.n8lh. ln|cfpinrl d,srancc. E\jnc rhjcknes. P,! 

r o, siuc dd ntrdber orecbin,e oath. polar arcas *€to calculded dd eacb chancrer 

For sEM, rhe acetolyzed naterial was dir€ctly tnnsfeded with a fine pipe(e on 

herauic rtub using double sidcd cello tap€ ed $en cdted with gold in a rpltrcring 

chmber(lo.- spuner iFC ll00). The linedescdptive details wer caried our on a leol 

ln rh. d.scnpdon ofpollen. rhe reminoloSy used ir in .c@.dece wnh Erdhan 

(1952i l%9), KEnrp(1965). Facs.i& lv.Mn(196,1)dnd wallcr&Doylc(1976) 

OASDRVATIONS AND RESIILIS 

Cener.l Poll.n ChNr..ieB In the genB ,,cr!., L. (g.t,) 

Polle. gbins aF usully adidlly symmetricat, isopotar. obtare ro sphcrcidat. 

kiesllr i, lDld vi.w, sph.ricat - olat or elhpk n equaronat ries. po cn 

{h'.olophare (i,e spin6 situarcd on ridg€9 with idge distincr tacunae. tricotponrc_ l- 

zodoap.nualer echioae sub Slobose-conical al the base.omt lacunae g.ner, y cncuhr. 

mlalgd&- h.n8@al.Mwl poj*tion pNnialty or conplerely .ncl6ing lhe oo. Cotpus 

broad divided into d@ lacw. by pai6 of*xinos nds6_ Endocotpium circutaFovat. 

laloogarelolong.te.lnr.ilacuna! 8ap usualy n.ruw slighdy broad.sexine djcker than 

nexin..The pol.r aM d ab6. or Gdrcd, sn,I or moderar.ty exte.siv€. wirh 4,20 

china.Tcnm bienly Frfonrcd bod on ihe ridg6 s Bcll s on th€ d.plsbB except 

ri rt'e rprces of lte .chinae. spins *ith &ule_ acuninale. ,ouided btuir. and shaQ 

loint d apices, pud.tc, conrcat- subSlobose ar lne base. Deprcssio penEgonrl. w.tl 

defncd. wirh or *nnour ahiua

all lne sludied ttxa b.longDg to 8 d'dered -senea .R grouped mdd J @lor 

tt'p.sriz.. L.duulla -r!W,St poAonPhw -ryq.,Lattuca tvpe.td (lt€lrno _ rvpe 

The ab!!e nenrioned Dollen types diilcr wirh Espect lo followine chanct* viz, ov.r 

all roo, spin€ lengh ed apex, width and nunbei of sFnes of the pold ei, $ap€ or 

ocl lacunae, su.fa@ ofd.pr.ssions (i c., witn or $ithoul *hinte). 

lmpona poue. checrcE ofall the 6r rre sumoanad in Table {l | ) 

- X.y to ib. Poll.o ty!6 

I + Pohr @ Gually ah6en1 or redued, noI norc 

lha. a tnnd'ate ridg., usually with 1.2 ro* of 

echiMc. Cf,nhl echioae absdt oo rhe polar xrr Lacta.etto - llpc 

- Polar d€a p@ni wirh fry or nmerous 

echinae.Cdral cchinle pEsenr on $e polar aEtr 

2 + Polar area smu! wirh le$ lnm l0 Gnlntcd St.prothMphuy 

mts l echim.. type 

' Pohr .M.xtcnsiv. with noe thd l0 isolard 

I + PoU6 @ll, up lo rto !m in ld8ih. Spine 

conp.hrNery sr'on !p to 437 rm long wirh 

.curcapi6- Exine 3.75 562rnihick L@n 4-type 

- Poll.n ld8c,56.25 Fo i! t6$h. Spi.c !p 

ro 7.5 u lotrg, wirh acminate-puSent 

apices. Exinc 5-t0 Fn thicl. Ciefiita-W

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it :6 3E{ i: €: :I a! :: t: !rr t- 

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i'^: ac: 5"3 r' 3ri 

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1- r,.r!."rd type (ris. l.l A'F i I 2 A-F r r.l A-H. I 5 D-F i I 6 G_H I l 7 A C 

:1.3A-Bil l0D F:3 II EFrI2l A-c) 

Polle. gFin 17.51875 rrn i.lmglh. *hinolophare, oblale sphcrcidal Pol& ded 

indisinct, usually absent or reduced, wi$ 0amw r.i rd'at. ndses and m g.n.rally 

withour ccntral echinae Oml lacuna. cncuhr or hexagohal. lndocolpiun ellipiic 

ovtt. htongzr. lin tntuca setiotr L., Lactuca tariw L.) and crrcular slightly 

tornng^. (in a4ptalontactw pi.ridiloaa (Bos.)Tuisl, kniota onublit 

(Boiss.) Sojar subsr. ozrartali',,t a.iold ore,ral,r (aoiss.) Soj.k slbsp. nuira,t o 

Podlech and S.urrclo vtitc. (L ) F.W Schmidl) Iil* Ltcunar gaps murh rano$ 

Tectuo hithly F fomr€d bod on t1l. ridg6 a well as on ihe depssions- spines. 

have puncLt. be wilh &ul. or slighdy blum Npex Ocpressrons (lacnnae) 

synoerical, pe aSoml md sirlrour .chin.e. 

Masur.menb. Polar axrs P (17.5-) 28 12 tl3 75) rh, Equaroial dianerer E 

(17 5) l0 (42.5) llm. oa (:l75-) t.62 C?.s) !m in diameEr. M6@otpium (r 875-) 

1.417 Ct,o) un. Ap&llpiu (1.875) 1.417 (,5.0) pn. Spinc ( 1.25,I75 t{ 25) rm 

long. lnrqinrl distance (0.62t-) I 562 ( 2 5) rd. Exiie (3 ?t-) 5.62j (-7.j) }ln 

Tt. Fhimlophare polld of!z.r!.€/ra r'"c ditrer ton $6e of $e o$.. typcs 

b*aus. by thc ahsnce ofpolar es.

This type is epresenEd by Loctuce o urtlulata (Ledeb.) Na2arov!. .!t ,b/, 

,/ie,rdlrr (Boiss.) Sojak slbsp ofldrrrli, &ariold .frsaralr (tsoNsr Sojak subsc 

nwistt,i.t PodLcb. Scariola vinkea lL.) F.w Schnidt, S.dfi,ld .r,sri4rd Roohi 

Bno. La.tu.a setiola L. Lacluco tdtieo L. Cephalorrtnchrs piciailom)! lBotss.) 

^nd 

Key to lhe sp.cl€r .trd lpeles greup 

I + Polar 46 lslauy ab6.nr enh lo*ofehinac. 

ond. tiEdiat pohr ndg.r. 

- Polr @ Ertuc.il, {irh 2 ows oldhinac on the 

hindiar. polr ridg6. 

2 + Pollen up to 25 rn lonC Exift ut ro 5 Fh lhict 

incrudiog chinrc. Lrctuella umtulotz 

Pollcn up b 3E.75 rm lons ErineuproT.5rm Scattuto otie,tatit srclp 

lhici ircluding cchim.. (.t.,riflr,/b rbsp 

ll + Pold lcn8h l?.5- 2t rh. Exinc rhick c$ up ro 

onenhh. s\bsp.nwistunn 

5 fn includiDg.chime Te.run hiShty pertordcd Cephotatlnchus 

bodr on the.id8e3 and on rhe d.pEsEiors. piridilotuB 

- Pold lensth 27.5- 37.5 th Exin rhickn.ss up 

to 6.25 An including .cbin.e Tccruh perfoolcd Lacto@ lqnola A@up 

onry on rh. ridges. &. satiw, L. setiota) 

r80

FigllE 3,1 ScdninS El6rn Mimg6liE (SEM) of tk polld gn'ns: 

olietuolis srbtt o.'.d,arr: A. .qubriar vk* : B. polar vr.$ r C. cxin€ 

s@tiolo oe^blit s&e. ,!Bbn,..: D, .qurori.l vicw ; E, polar v'4 : 

p{rd(S6lcb(C,=2rm; f = I tmi A, B,D,E-5!m). 

l8l

Figua 1.2 Scmins El6mn 

tuob: t\, e9@6^l vi* , 

Micognpb (SEM) of 

eqlalond vi4 : €, pold liq : F. dirc pan m ($al. brr: 

t82 

rlrc pollen BEins: sca',iolz 

grnem- scariolo intu: D, 

C,F=2!n: A,a,D,E=5

Figure I I Lighr MicoBmphs (LM) ol tu poll.n BFins at l0{ x: Zotluutta ,hd,l'tu: A, 

B, pol* uiew S.anola uiqdlit subsp ofl?n lir: C. equatoritl vi€w i D, polt viw.. 

Scdrbld o/ientatis subp nrtsra,r?a: E. .qoatorirl v@r i F, polar vE*. S.a,b!a 

riarca: C, equtond vrcw; H, pole vicw. 

t33

E 

q 

E 

E 

* 

D 

# 

E 

E 

E 

E 

* 

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g

2- l,cr!ca- rlpe(Fig 1.4 c F,I t A-C loAF) 

Polr Lngd 22.5- 40 !tr! (hinlophae, oblaG sph.6idal. Polar arcas dislincr. 

oodeG&ly exteN,ve dnd usuall) prcvided wrth lt 20 cchinae Oral lacunae circular. 

recransular or hexagorrl in sbape EMocolpiun circulir or elliptic. LalonSaic Mural 

pojccton contlercly .nclosina the oB (eicludins Ld.tx.u d,$..," D.Don, lder 

lacundr g.ps usuauy nlNw (ractuca d.lichophrlla Katan, Lactuca slouctlblio Botss.) 

!o slightly cxteBivc (rocrrca d6sa,4 D Don).T*tun pedoated botn on th. ridges G 

well a on thc depEsions (lac@) q@pt at lhc arex of the ehime, spircr small. up ro 

4.17J sm lon8. bavc punctute b6e with acur ap€x. Allcrsl sne of rhe spin s wrln 

routuied apic6. Depres6ions (lacuae) pentagonal and wnh or wnhour echinae 

Meanm..B: Potd eis p (22.5-) 3t.25 ( 40) ro, Equabnat diameFr E (2t,) 

1417 C43.7t) An. Ora (4.175) 5.937 (-7.5) |1m in dimcrcr. Meseotpiun (2.5r j.125 

I I75) !m. Apaolpium (1.75) 4.685 c5.62) llm. Spin€ (t.2t-) 2 812 (4.1?j)rn long 

IncNpiMl ditta.ce {0.62s) I 562 f2.5) Fm, Erine (l ?tr4.685 (-s.62) rm rhick 

The €cbjmloph.te poll€n of rhb Zac&.a !t?e is ctedty dislinguirh.d fion rh€ 

otno tyF by havinS smaU potto ..d nFd@tely €xta3irc pol& a@ qirh lJ-20 

Tbis 0?. is r?@red by lzctu a d6r4r, D.Doni tact,.a doli.hophy|o 

Kitan, lictrca slatcdotit Boiss 

âd 

t84

K.t to l!. .FL! od +..L. gh{r 

+ Pold di! 28.75-(34.02)40 !8. 

Equdo.id di. 325

Figure I4. ScanningElecnonMicogBphs(SEM)ofthepolleo gfti.s: Lactuca ditsecto 

A. equatori.lview iB. polarlieN iC. cKine Panem Lactu.a slau.ilalla: D,eqrarqial 

view ; E, pold vi.w : F, din€ panm (slc bai C, E = I Fn : A. B, D. E = 5 pm 

136

Fisur€ 3.5 Scannins El@tron MicrogBphs {sEM) or lhe polleo 8rai.s: ,o.tuca 

dolichophrlla: A, eqn ruitl liew i B, pold vicw i C, exine panem. La.tue setiolu: D. 

equlonal vicw ; E, pold viw i F. exine p.tt@ ($!le b€. C,E =2!m i A, B, D,E= 5 

r87

FislRI6 Lighr MicmsBphs iLM) oflhe pollcn g6ins at l0Ox: La.tuca ditecto a, 

cq@lorialvi4; B,@tt va.w.Iatrd dalcihlia: C,€quarorial view; D, Pold viq. 

lncruc. dotchophy a: E, dlJaronal vi.w: F, pol& viq. Ic&.a rernbl.: G, cqutorial 

188

E 

g 

E 

t 

# 

,,4 

E 

E 

E 

E 

.a

3-.t 4pr,rdpnle 

lype(Fig.1.7 D-F.I8 C_H; I9 A_F;l l0 A_C i:l l I A F) 

Polarlenglh l7 5.45 Am. echinlophrtc, oblale rpheroidal Polar lreas drstind small. 

6ully pnvitted with ehin& which vary in nunber frcm 4-8 and also have oDe or noc 

rudimen|ary dd NyFneticauy plac.d cdcavnies Oal lacunae circular or henaonrl 'n 

shap€. Endocolpium circuld. lolongat.. The inter lacunar saPs arD \cry naros Tectunr 

perfoEted bo$ on the ride6 and depre$ions excepl at $e apices ol lhe echinae, spnDs 

up !o 3.?5 tE lon& wi$ aot€ lips. DlF.$iotu penlagonal, Ptrfoded md *ilh or 

M4uemcntsr Polar axjs (l?.5-) ll25 (-45) gm, Equabnaldiamed (20-) l2 t (' 

ai) rm. od (3.12t) 6-562 Cl0-0) rm in dimeter.Mes@lpim (3.125 ) 4.062 Ct.o) 

rn. Apoolp'un 11.751 5.625 (-t.s) /m. SFnc (1.25-) 2 5 t-1.75) rm long. lnte6pmal 

dislance (0.625-) 1.562 C2.5) Fm. Exinc(4,37-) 6.245 t8.12) Fm thick. 

'fhe pollc ot Steptorhanphus .tyrr is diferc.r tom lhc oter tollm-ryp€s by 

baying mll pol& .js wnn vdy f4 dhinae i.c , about rL8 in n!mb.r. 

This tyle i3 repi€sented by Cephalonhynchus chitrclentis I\m, Mtlgediun 

toto.icud (L.) rrc. Mulcediun cla4ei (Hoor.t) Roohi Bano. steptofianphut 

uanbfono B6Ec Nd skptorha"tphd pe'lta (Bois.) o. & A. Fcdl$h. 

t89

K.y ro lne cp.cl€c.!d rpeciq groirp 

+ Pold uis 17.5. (21?8) -25 

Equ..tonsf 4h 20- (21.51) -21.5 

spincs up io 2.5 !m long. Exin. up 

Ih tbick itrcludinS chin4. 

+ Pold dis 25- (35) -45 pm. Equatonal 

r\rs r/ ) Lrr rJ -4, r !m splncs un o 

3.t5 Fm l@9. Einc up to 8.75 !o lnick 

+ Polld up to 45 tn 

in l6AIh. Polu .g 

indd 0.102 - 0.106. 06l L.be 

h.rrSonal, np to 75 pn in dimcter, 

laclnl. conpLr.ly &void of echin.e. 

- + Poll6 W ro 3E.75 rn in tGngJL Poltr 

arca indq 0.120 . 0.129. 06l leuae 

cir.ul&, up to l0 lrm in diam.t r, lacun.e 

+ Pola. l.nslh 25 (30.5) 35 !m. kcsae 

- + Pold ld$b 31.25 (35.62) 3E.75 rn 

kcu& witbout .chira€. 

t90 

Srepo onphB,\anbiJotd

Figw 3.7 Scflning Eletron Mictugnphs (SEM) oftbe pouen gains. L@trco tativat A, 

eqlabnal vie* i B, pol.! liew : C, eNift p tbm. Mtlqediun torof,cln: D, oquatori3l 

view; E, pol& view; F, ciine panen (*.1. bd: F= I pd r C. = 2 tm: A - D = 5 tm: 

B,E=l0rm). 

l9l

FigDre 1.8 Lighl Midogtrphs (LM) of $c pollm gt2ins a\ 100 x: Loct ca tawa A, 

equaroridl view ; B, pofu vtew. MulEediun t^t,riMl 

\iq. Mtlgediun cra'&t: E, €gualdal vid ; F 

cra\b{oli\: G, .$ tti^l vi.v r H, polar view. 

t92 

C, cqutorial vi.* i D, polar 

polat i* SlePtorhanPhb

E 

E 

E 

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0 

E 

q 

E 

E 

* 

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ds

Figule 3 9 Scanning Electon Micrcgapns (SEM) of the pollei gîns: Steptorhanphus 

.rMbiJolio: A. eqvtonal view i B, rDlar view i C, €xnc panem Septorhanphus 

pelsi.! D. eq@torirl vi€w iE, poldricw i F, €xin. pattem (Fale b.r: C. F = I Fn I A 

,D,E=5pm;B=l0rm) 

l9l

Fi8!c 3.10 scming El.ctron 

Celhllar rnch6 chittulehti!: A, 

Cephaloirthw picri.lilonit: D, 

($.lGb6r:C= I Fft ; F=5 In ;A 

Microglphs (SEM) of rhe 

equrorial view r B. poldr view , 

cq@rorial vi€w ; E, polar vrw ; 

,B,D,E-5!n) 

194

Fieurc Ltl Lignr Micogtaphs (LM) of thc poU€n gbins at ton { SlePtorhahphus 

r'€^da: Ai equrotisl view; B.Pol^r vie* Cephalothrnch6 c/t'7rdle'rir: C' equaloiral 

iee I D, palat i.v. Cephotontrch6 pioililomx: E- equ^tod^l vi'* : F polar vrcs 

Cierbita qaiserll G. eqdo.ial view i H. pold v'ew 

r95

E 

E 

* 

e 

E 

s 

tr 

E 

* 

3

4 Clce.rt - iype (Fie. 3 I 1 G-H i 3.12 - l.16 A-F ; I 17 A-H r 3 18 A-!_ : l.l9 A-F i 

120 A,H) 

Pollen gmins gen€Elly large up ro 56.25 ro in lmgh, echinlophare. oblarc 

spn€rcidal. Pold aB distinct, much.xt.nsive. on n wnh satteEd 4tina€ or cenldlly 

solat€d 15-28 €chinae in addition to rhe rcss ofechimc borden.e rhe adjacent leuiae 

Md one or nore rudimentary and symneric .oncavnrcs aE also pEsent Oral ldcunac 

crnular o( hexagonal 1n shape. Endocolpnrd cncular elliptic or o!!1, lalonSlrc or 

lolongare. Tbe inter lacuid eaps rre very nanow or slighlly extensive. TNtum perlorat€d 

both on the ndges and on th€ deprc$ions (lacune) excefl al the apices of rhe echin.c. 

spin6 up to 7.5 rm lang, with &unimr- shar? pointed tips and swoucn-co.ical 

pcrfontd be. D.pB'o6 (lacu.a.) p€niagonali perforacd, wilh or withoui 

M€asurcmenh: Polar dis (2?,t) 41,87 G56 25) lld, Equatorial dianeter E (j0-) 

46.25 (-62.t rm. On (1.75-) 6.25 (,8 75 ) fn ri diamerer Me$cotpr um 11.75- ) 5 I l2 (. 

6.8?5) pm. Ap@olpiun (4.1?-) 5,935 C7.5) }lm Spine (3.75 ) 5.625 (-7.5) !m tong 

lnlcspinal distar@ (2.5,) 4.1?t c6.25)Fd. Exine (t) 7.5 ( lO) Fn rhick. 

Ihe poll€n of CL?rria- rype e $e tare€sl d conpared lo otntr ponen rypcs wirt 

wide polar aM, spin6 up ro ?.5 rh lo.g wilh &uftinar.- sharp poi.l€d ps.

Figu.e 3.12. sctuing Eldtron Micrcgnphi (sEM) of the pollcn g6rnsi Crerb't' 

qa6e'ir A, equtoritl licw ; B, polar vie* | C cxi.e paficm C'cer'ila 4i!ii: D' cquatorial 

vi€w ; E. polar via i F, exine p.trsm ($.lq b.r: C = 2 rn : F : 5 }ln : A B D E = !0

Figur. Ll3 Scdning Electroo Mimg6phs (SEM) of th. poll€n gBins: ct@rrr! 

gtBte"Jd: A, equ onal view : B, polar !i?q i C exi.e 

D, equarorial vi.w : E, polar view : F. exin. patl€m (sql. bar: C = 2 gm ; A. F = 5 !m : 

B, D, E- l0tn} 

193 

pattem Ciceftito nouothiz!:

F)Bure I 14 Sqnnrn8 Eleron MicroSraphs {SENI) of lbe pollen Smins: (]!?rb"a 

k:sttiona $t,lc5!z/utdi A, equatorial view I B, polar vi€s i c, exine pafieh 

Ciurbin t5sertidro nt lt,ato: D, equabnal view i E. pold view : F' exine pa m 

Gcal.bar: C, F=2 Fn : A, B, D. E= 10 *m). 

199

FisoF 3.15 Lignr MicoeBpis (LM) of the poll@ gd'ns rr t$ x: Cicerbna alii: A' 

equaronal view i B. Polar vies. Ciefiita Silgiten ris C, equabnal view I D polar v'ew 

Ci.erbila nocrcfiEa. E, equarorial vicw : E, pow ri.x- Ci.erhita l*ediana r^l 

/esserdra: C. equatoliat vie* i H, pola! view 

200

E 

E 

G E 

* 

E 

E E 

t 

t

Fiew l.16 S.anning Elatron MicmsFphs ISEM) 

rapunculaides A, .qtaroi^l riew I B. polar vlew i C, 

vd. da.tp?,r: D, cquiorial licw ; E. pold licw i F, 

Fn,iA. B, D, E = l0 !n). 

101 

c.F 5

Fig@ 3.r? Light MicoeEpl$ (LM) oflhc polld g6ins !l l0o x: Cicdbna leetiona 

var tr4ra: A, equarond vicw : B, polat vi.w- Ciceftita lesse.tiuna vr' rlen4ta: C 

.qutorial viev : D, pofd vicw , Ci.erb o tuWn@loi.ls: E, equaton.l view ; F, pold 

eiev . C@tbro decipie$ $t. d.ciPe6: O, eg@loiial vic* ; H, polr v'ew. 

202

E 

q 

tr 

E 

* 

fr 

# 

ffi 

E 

E 

E 

E 

# 

* 

@ 

#

Itis polfd'type h.s 14 trm viz., Cicerbito alii \oohi Bun. Ci@rbita dacipiet (C. B- 

cra*O Beaut. vd. declj,lers, cicetbita decipiens lC.B. clatk ) Be lv lat nuttili.la 

Gor.t) Rdhi B!no, Cjk rOra g,/8tkBir R@hi Buq Ct e/Oita lasenidra (w^ll-q 

m.) Mad8ain & Pio ve. l€$?nio.a, Cicerbita lest.ttiano lwdll. er DC.) Manrgain & 

ruu \u' 4,?a (D*nc.l R@hr Bdr.. (iL!'lrtu te\*thanu \\N.ll.ex Dt ) Mahgnnr & 

Rao vr d?,,ara (Dc ) Roohi Bano. Cic*hr1 ne(orhiza (Royle) Beitr\ a,..,brd 

qoawi R@hi B{o. Ci.eruto mpwculoi.l6 lDC,) Be6w' Prerc"lnes brumi@ 

wrll.a DC. vt. btundiaaa, Penanths bturoni@a w2ll.cx Dc. yat. ollia aetolia 

$x:.) H@k-f, P@,dh6 aitchtrdi@ (Bauv.) R@ti B.no & Qdiw. prcatuttks 

sraarl,i Rooni B4o & Qais.r. 

K.y ao ihe spel6 rd sp.cle. grcup 

+ Pold a!@ ono with *neEd 

Rrdges indktincl in polsr view. 

- Po!& .a widr cotolly isol cd 

along wiu echinate ridg6. Ridg.s 

, Abo6l l.cunae Edu*d. Mmt pojecrion 

nol com crdy.@lcing lhe on. EriE np 

to l0 pm thick including cchimc, 

201

- Abohl l&llm .rt Nive. MMi 

peiection complerelt enclosin8 the oo 

Eri.. up to ?.t tmthicl 

including echinae. 

I + Pollcn u! ro 56,25 tn in l€ngrh and 62.5 c-.leipitu goto 

lnin brqdh. l.C decipieh,\dr 

daipiq' & $t. hutuirtal 

Poll.n up io 50 !n i! lcngrh dd 51.75 pm 

4 .Spin s l.ngth up to 6,2t rn. Exin. up ro 

8.75 !m thhh includ,ng e.hinae. C. tesse tuna 

- Spin€s l€ngti l.$ rho 6.25 p6. Exihe up 

b 7 5 Fn tich incltrdirg ftdimq 

4 + Spine mor rhrn 5 rm. Inicspilal 

disrdc. up !o 5.625 Pold@indcx0.ltl. C. siteittnsis 

' Spin.s up ro 5 rm. Inr.Bpinal dirr.nce up 

ro4.375 !n..Pol&@aindex0.l06. C qaipn 

5 + Echind€ +5 or €quarorial nd8ca. pol& 

are.s with G? etin& taling solt.n 

peddrat d base. Lac$s wirhout ecbiha€, 

- EchiDc 67 oi equlorial ridg6. potar 

.@ wilt 15-20 ehioc havjnS co,i@l 

Frf@r.d b6... L&@. virb l -l cbi,a€. 

2M

6 +hr .rir 42.5- (47:5) -50 ||'! in Lo€tt, 

cqordi.l qi. 16.2t (5{9 -t3t5 lln in 

tr!.d6. Polr ililq .6 0.055. C. ol 

. Pola di! 2?.5- (2E.51-10 pn in la[O, 

qrdqi.l |rb 3G (31.07) -32.5 |r'n in 

hr.dnPo|Jiatlldatttt@lbr0.055. C. enttia 

? + Tdtulr bidy pafollt d borh oit rhc 

ddg* dd dQdmt Pse t6 btwrtaaa 

-TcdEldFffiolyot rib* P..tfj|didt@& 

P. tLMttii 

205

Figure 3.18 Scanning Elecdon Micographs 

(SEM) ol ihe pollen glaiNr C1.?4rr, 

de.ipi^ tt. dultiida: A,.Avtonal ri.* i B, pold vi* i C, exiE p6dm. Pr.dd?s 

,&,,,,,,u: D. €qudtorill viry : E, polar view : F, exine panm (3cal. br: C. F = 2 rn 

206

Fkure 1.19. Scmitrg Eldtron MicregBpl6 (SEM) 

oit.hisoniara: A, equalorisl view I B, polr vi€w 

Jr.v,nii: D. equaldal vic$ i E. polar vi.w i F, exine 

A, B, D, E - l0 !trr). 

207

FiguE 1,20 Lignr Micrcgnpbs (r-N{) olthe pollc. gmins a1 100 x cicetuito decip ka! 

ra. nuhiJkla: A, eq@torial licw i B, polar vi€w Ptaonthes btu\oni4nd r^t. 

b4;o,i$a: C, cqErdial viw i D, polu view. Preaanthes brunoniata 

tt.olliuia{olia: E, cqutdirf viq : F, WW \iN. Prmnthes ait hiso"iana: C, 

cquaronal vr4; H, poleviw, 

208

E E 

q 

tr 

{F 

# 

E 

g E 

* 

* 

s

FiguE 3.21 Scdhing Eleton Micoer.phs (SEM) of lhc pollen e6tns: Ladkella 

ldrlara: A, .qubrial vieN j B, pold liew ; C, exine pauem (scal€ ba( C - 2 tm i A.

DISCUSSION 

The tib. L4tc..e is characrenzed by rhe Presencc of dhinoloPhak and 

ricolpo$te pollen gEins (Wodehouse. lglti Pausinser, l9tli Tofrb, 1975. 1977i El' 

Chaab- 1930: Bl.ck6ore. 1931. 1982, 1984. 1986). In the picem srdi€sallth.l0 kxa 

..prcscrjns 8 senem hav. sinrild q?. oagrains 

The size ot pollcn grains and polar lrea are usDally consideEd lo be or llxonomic 

impotume and lhe d.lihiladon of thc nxa in tbe tib€ L.cluc@c. EI-Gh@ly (1t80) 

rccoBniz.d lour pollen rt?q in rh€ subrib. It}?ansido. manly b*.d on th. sie or 

pollcn sEins and tohr !r.a. He conclud.d thlt the poll4 g.in! ofomuals sPeci.s weE 

usually sftllla whd. .s 0F psani.l spei.s had i€lalively llr8a poua grains. F.Dd & 

Tomb ( l9n ) found ihc s,eild @mlatio. in the subtib. Micoi.ndina.. A simihr Md 

hls ako bm obsded in $e piBot studi.s .i... small poll.n gnins aie lound in th. 

onnnal spsFs such as Z{.rx., dr$€ch l, Don, L. eluucilaltd B61ss nnd Lrn.ello 

!,.tu/ah {Ltdeb ) Ni4Dva.wlEl8 $on8 lhe p€ltnilh.rcepl th€ spsCs b.lo.gin8 

ro rh€ g6us C@/|/@/'.,r,(/'6 Bois.. rll h!v. ld8.r polld gnins. 

On $e bair of pold na lnd p.|ff arus ao$ major ty?B are r€oBni.cd viz., 

Pollen rwe l: Lactucella'rver Poller tlpe ll: Ltctucarnet Polls tW. Itl: 

stepbrhan'pha-rn ^.1 Pola ttpe Iv: Oerdrrz rype. 

Poll.! typ. I (ra.rrc.lrct'"e)r This is o.. ot rhc l.€er sroups ind conrlinins 

rapr.ra[tjves ol noE 0e one 8qB yiz., Itctuceua Nrdya, S.arota F.W. 

Scrni4\ Cqnabnitn.hu Bais. art L.&.d L. (s.rd). ln rhis tlD€ pol.r .@ is 

.bs. or r.d!.ed $ ir c& be @ity r*ogniz€d fron rh. rer of th. polrd tyFs, Thi! 

210

Sroup acconmodats 8 taxa which r€prcFnr 2J % of6e rolal taxa. All lhe l.xa aE 

olassined inro rwo sroups. 

In rha lisr gbup polar ae is usually $snt r.d I b* ol€hnae i3 prcsht on 

fie dradiite por& ridgd, includ€s Cephalor.ynchut picridifatnit (Baiss.) tu]nll,. 

t.d.rta tetiota L .n\t L ytiro L. (tpholortytch,r p,.r/y'd,,r (gois.) I uisl. ir 

@Enizd fon both lhe +ei.s oflzd!& L. (s.str.) by havins pohr ldgdr 17.5-25 

!n, P/E ratio is 0.889, polar area index 0.095 .nd up ro 2.5 pm lone spins wtitc in 

Ltut@ rtuiola L ind ,. rd.k L, polar lqgth is 27.5,3?.5 l!D, P/E rario i3 0 919- 

0.929. polar area index is more than 100 and up ro 3.75 ud lonS spines 

In d. wond sroup pol.t ag is Rdwed and 2 mws ofehinac rE pr6ar on rh. 

tftadiare polar ridses.Za.r!..//a utul"lato llneh.)Nzabva. Scariola arientuti, (Boi*.) 

sojal:ub$, or,e,k&, S oienrlrr (gois) Sojak subsp xlrul.',r.a podtcch, t 

v'rtn.a (L.) F.w Schf,idl a.d t erosndrd Roohi Bano b.lon8 to this stuup. Th.se d. 

c.n be delihired on rhe b.sis of pol tflslh, siz. of spin6 and eri.e rbicknes.tn 

ktuet uad'Ida lrA.b.)N,M, potar uis 20-2j tln i. tcngrh, spin6 up lo 2.5 Fn 

long od exi,. up ro 5 jn thi.k ihctuding echinac.Wtd.B in r]le !.baining rlxa ot 

.t a.tora FW. Schnidr polar thgh is 21.25. l? 5 Fn, spi.cs aG !p ro 6.2j tong a.d 

crine is up to 7.5 !n lhick. 

Ioll.n typ. n (trlcrrd-typ.)r This n lh. mlt6l gF naving oDly I sp€i6 

vtz,, ttuue dirs.to D. Do\ L. doli.hophylla Kir,n. and L, sla,crrj@ Bois!. Ttis 

pouen rrt. is dtsrin8uishat on rh. b6is of stul poucn S6ins with ooDsBtiv.ly shotu. 

spin* and moderarcly bieser pottr tt a, Lad"co .lolhhophrlla KLbn., 6 disrin r in this 

ztl

eloup on ibe b6is of ldgo polar (2&40 in lenglh) ed equarodaldN (12 t41.5 Pm 

'lm 

ln brerdth) and Dolar aEa inder {0.0?9)whftas in lhc othedro sPsies rhe pollr rrca 

and equldial ais ae shon (conpdtivcly shlll€r polle. gEiff) However /".,,./ 

dis.crd D- Don is *p@t d nom L. elarc{olio Boi$ on d€ basis ot the 'ntcr lacunrr 

8ap (€irnsive in, lirsd. D. Do. ud iarce ii ,. g/.!.if,/r Boiss.) and rumb.t ol 

echlna€ on the pord &ea (20.22 i. / {.iir'!.r4 D Don and l0 l5 in L. Slau.lolia Bots'.|. 

Pollen type lII (Sr.trorl'.Dpl!r-typc): This Smup is chanct€rizcd by smaller 

polddeshaving lss lhm l0cenLally iela|€d echinae.Il accornodales t spelies viz, 

Cepialor.hyrcha .hitrulentis Tlisl, MulgediM tdtaricum (L.) Dc.. M clo*ei lHook 

t) R@hi B&q &e/o'radr'r6 oanbilolia Snnee and s pe6ico (Boi$.) O & B. 

tedl$h, $hich apmenlJ 17.24% of rh. blal l!ia. ln (tphatorrhtnd^ .hrrutox\ 

Tuisl, pole Lnglh is I7.5-25lD, polar ea indcr is 009t, spines W ro 2 5 |rm lons Nnd 

cxine up to 4.1?5 Fn thick including ehin&. Wher€6 n th€ othd spdi€s pold len8rh i! 

25-45 }ln, Fold ea irdex 0.102-0.129, spincs !p ro I7t ph lo.g and exine up ro 8.75 

!m $ic[ including echinae Fu(hd nore. $e renahrn-q species can eaely be de rmilcd 

on rbe bsis ofpoh area index dnd shap. and dia'neter oio6l lacsae ln the Mulge.lirk 

tobnM lL.) Dc. Nd M. cloft2i (H@k.i.) Roohi Bao, polar d€a index is l6s than I l0 

md ool lac@c dc h*gonal sd !p ro 7.5 Fn in dianetr, wlero the pold iEa 

index ir noE the I l0 md oal l&!n& is circular, up ro l0 lrm in dimet r a€ tound in 

Stepto anpi6 ctub{olia Bvgc rd A p€rni.a (Bois.) O. & B. Fe4s.h. 

212

Po[€n type Iv (Cicrt it4-tyD.]: Ths typ. ce b€ mosniz€d on the bas's ol 

larger pollen gFins ud much dxrensive polar arca This N rhe largesr group and has li 

bxa whrch r.piesent 46.87010 of lh. lotaltaxa.lt N lunher subdivided 'mo rso SrouPs 

In lhe firsl group .chi.a. .re scanccd with rids€s indisinct in polar ateas, 

incluLs 7 taxa viz,, Cicetuita decipErt (C.B. Clarke) Beauv rt caiPiens and \^t 

,ditud (Hook.U) Roohi Bdro, C. a,kil?,,i 

Roohl Bano. C /erre/r,d(wa1l ex DC, 

Mmgain & Rao var. /errefliuru, ( le!,lttiunr \\lal 4 I)C ) Munigdin & Rao !!r 

tfak (De.e ) R@hi Bano. C /e$eria,a (Wall..r DC.) Mameltl & Rao \ar. dqtt@ 

{DC.) Roohi B&o, c qair.fi Roo\i Bao and C. rapunculoid* iDC.) Beauv ln a 

drir?a {C.B. Chrc) B!au!., pol.r dt and cquatorial dis up to 56.25 Fm and 62.5 

|rs Gpetively. While in the othd sp€.ics polar and equrorial axis are lcss than 56 25 

rm and 62.5 rn C- ropt,ctloidct (DC.) Banv. is disincl liom lhe resr orrhe sp€.'s by 

having cdu@d aboal lacuna., nu6l pojetion nor cofrplct€ly enclosing rhe on and 

exine up ro l0 rm rhick including ehin... Thc rcmaining lda cm b€ delinited on the 

b6n ofspiie tengih dd .xinc rhrckn s.ln C, !$"rriz,, (WaU. ex DC.) ManSnin & 

Rao spines up ro 6.25 Jrm lon8 and.xine up to 8.75 !m 

rhich ncluding echinae sheEas 

in C. gtl4rersd Rmhi Bano lnd C {air.ri Roohi Bano spm€s less lhd 6.2j [m sd 

exine np ro?.s !m 6ich including echinac. 

In 6e scond group C,rcelb,rd alii Roohi Bano. C. flacrcrhiza (Royle) Beauv , 

Praanthes brunotuo.a NAll. ex DC. yat, bvnouioro, P btuaofudna Wall. ex DC var 

anjanaefolia (.DC.l Hook.t,, P. aikrrio,ia"a (Beauv ) Roohi aa.o & Qa6e. and P 

rr@/r,t Roohi Btro & Qaiser a.c includ.d, ln C,t€fbra a/ii Rooii Bdno. ( nocrofiit! 

{Royle) Bsrv., !L5 ehime @ prcht on lb. equ.lonat ndg$, G? on thc pots es dd 

2ll

l.cuna. conpl€tely devoid ol .chinrc wh.rels in th€ @ai.i.g eohina. 6-7 on 

equabiialildges. 15-20 on lhe polararcs Ind llclnae wnh 1,:l echinae. 

lhe ptst findinss cl.lrlt indi..tc dal anons all the sen€m, rh. nlrimun 

vananon is a6u d€d in the g€ns ldln L. (s.s!.), in which 2 diiTffil polld ty?6 

arc presenr riz., h.tu..llarw tl /..!,&alF. Sinihrly, rh€ gcnus 

Cephatodlta.nus Bois. ^ls t lls inb 2 difidl polla-rpes viz., La.toella-rDc dtd 

Funher more. lhe present invdrigations also indicarc dEt polld ioaholoSy do.s 

not suppon the gmqic closii.ation !e il is .vidcnl fton zz.,!.,/larwq which hrr rh. 

r.pr.senbtive\ spei6 ol Iactuca L. G.str.), ,t dnbla F.w Schnidt id 

C.prdlozrt r.16 Bois. Sidilaly.pei6 of C.phtlfuIDtuhs Bois., filk in potl6 

rype lll !ho. Pced fin,lioss ar. in.cod..cc wnh 6ar oa Blact noE ( 1984, |986) md 

Facsri ., a/. (19391 wbo comluded rh.l d. p.lFological dad in Lictuc.a. doa nor 

suppon the smeric classincadon, Howd.r, ar d€ sparfic levcl ln. polld d!r! !E h.lp- 

lul for rh. delinnation ofkxa.

INTRODUCTION 

NUMERICAL TAXONOMY 

Nunencll taionomy or Phenetics h a clrssification svstem in biological svstenalic 

(Sokat & Sneath. 1963). Thc nodcm conc.pl of nunerical bononv had lher b€g'n'in8 

aor rhe conniblrions of sneath (195?). Michen€r & sokal (19t7, and solal & Michener 

(1958) which culmriared In the publicdion ot PnDcrples or NrDtilcal TaronoDv 

lsokal & SNadr, 1961).Tb$ \'as laF! elabonred by rhe ranrc aullrofs (Snealh & Sokal. 

l97l) Nun ricll tdonomy ains ro dcv.lop nethorls that e obj.divc. €xPlid and 

epeabble, both in lnc €volution oftaxonomic ElatiotuhiF dd in the erccrio. ofbxa 

Thc@ are seleral studies of thc utilization ol numerical analysis in elving 

taxonomic poblm and 10 find oll intc! r.l.tiorohrp mong difl.Enr uxa liz, BEner 

(1987) cafticd out cladi$ic mlysis b6.d on moQhological chinclea lo fi.d ort lhe 

int€relatio!{hiF of vrioc tib6 of the fanily Anenc€a€ Sinilarly, Andeder8 (1989) 

also caiiied out cladisdc aialysis of rhs diflerenr rdbes of rhe hmiLy Conposnae. 

Siddique er a/. (1989) cdi.d out morphologicat analysn ot E,phtatiu complex 

(Screpburaiace.) fom Palishn dd ns adjoining ar€. K*is a al. ll992l rtlrtd 

nm€ricauy the alalionsbips with in thc sub fmily Cicboroidac. Wiinon er o/ (l9t) 

sludied phylogenefic ElaioNhips ed p.fi.ds of characGr chang. in lhe lnbe t{tuceac 

-Aste6c.!e. This stldy ws bed on.hloropla DNA resuiction site for which thcy 

Ned 60 mpl.r of dift@nt axa of Lacruceae dd dereo€d t 268 mulanls. 612 of *h'ch 

ac phyloSen tically infomtiv. Blackmr & P€aMn (t996) cari.d our the ctadisric 

dalr3is ofthe tribc Crpidi.ac (Cohposir& - I-acoceae) ui.g patynological cha€clm. 

215

The main objslive was to detemine inteFsqenc Elarionship in lhe subrib. Crepidinae. 

Koopncn ?, ar (1998) studied rh. phyloScnelic elario.ships of &.r!co L and ils 

elalcd gcne6 (Asl@cdc). Th€n sdy w6 bsed on rl]j- I (lnt€m.l liBcrib€d spaceF 

l) seq0cn.es from 97 uooosions.eFr.s!nring 2r species.ld.r,., L !nd i$ rclared 

aencB Th's $udy was lixus€d on $c l'ollowins: (i) rhc dkinciion benvcon td.nr.a 

etiw L t d L. sniola L., (aa) lJ1e distiction b€rwe. !. rsr4bld L dd rh. sniolalit. 

species !i2.. L. .lreseana, L. oltal4 and ,, "c!le4P, (iii) $e positioi ol I. so/kxd L. and 

,. v,tord L. .elative lo th* ffiioh lit spei6 and (iv) rhc de@rion ofclusr€rs clad6 

or clos.ly elated speias ouside subsdrion tactuca. The moleuhr {ra6 wft mltz.d 

both phherically and clrdistioally to eval!!te phylogencric Elanlonships ol speies wilh 

in or clo* to di.lertucca.nepoolMd also rhe vabdny ofcladistic a.alysisoaAFLPdol! 

las dlscuscJ. C{.ine e/ ,l (2000) so'jiql rhe srsrenari. mrlysis ot Soobil unth6 ls.t.) 

hom Sourben India lnd Srilank . They scored 12 moQhological chlladers ihctudi.g 3 

pollen chamcres which contribfed 25% ofrhe cha6€r.N oa63 specid fo.6otvi.8 

sr€r6 El.rionships. K6pnm a at. 12001 ) sludi€d sp@ie rlationships r.pesing 20 

sp*i6 of/a.d.a L. .nd ns aUied gqe6 (Laotuceae - AdeBceae) infeFd tbn AFLP 

tug.ipnnB. Abid & Qahq {2006) cdid oul nunedcal aMlysis oi 2 r spei* b.longins 

lo J diftftnt ssea of$c Mbe bul6c. Ast@c* fom P.tis|n dd K$hnjr For ln€ 

analysii (hey used 24 micro and macro motphotoSicat chahctes inctuding cnmical d.|r 

.D'r eosnized 2 disriNr groups of l!x. !i2., cDup I: Epr.sqls D nnhid cetId ud 

Pqtaneda CB. and coup II: inctudes tnuto L., Duhal.lq DC. ,n4 tphiofu. 

Kwcmb.ya & sr.dje (2007) at$ analyzsj roxononic d6ra studied oflhc pans spsies ot 

zl6

Crtr,r This sludy wa! based on 14 morphologcal ch.racteB of 64 sp4'nens 

Tn. tuin objeriv. of $e pl€st study is to quntifv the sp€is EhlioNhip3 

anong $e stLdied gncm, 

MAIERtALS AND METHODS 

h th€ prMr work morc tlEn lO0O hetnariun sp.cideos ofl2 Exa were *udied 

Iion dilLnl helodit, All rle micro and tucD norphological cheactca us€d in $e 

study $.rc based on o!6€Mlion of rh. mdenal rd vd. Siva cqal w.idl Thc 

quahrlrive chabcrets wft reo.ded in biMry sllte i.e , in lcm{ of I and 2 ln nosl of the 

cses nulriple slates wcE ale used i., l,2, 3,4 tnd t tbeteos for qua'tibtive 

cbrncrcF lll.n ninimlm, ddimun .nd .v@ge voluca w€E used whil' in ci$ ol 

pr€smc. or abec., ccilin chdicles wqc r€corded as I and 0 rqPtctivelv Ihe 

chamctcd md chlracter state used for Penbmihg hiersrchical clusteting and pnncDle 

mnponcnr afllFi (PcA) rc lislen in bbr.s 4 I 4 12 

Nuncncolan.lysh i6 rhc pr6ent srudy is dividcd inlo No ph!e\ !jz.' lhe fi6t 

phi!. includes the dalysb olrhoe 8d.d 

rhicn luve mor. than I t tu srch a /a.dc, 

L. (s.sr.), Strn,r, F.W. Schmidt and Crit.rita watli, to 6nd out $c intcrcldion_shiP 

snh rhen llli€d species Twerty th@ (21) chmadds *crc sorcd for ,,.,,., L G sr') 

ond Ci..rbe Walk. (Tabl.4.d 4.5,4.10& 4.ll) whqc8 sixteen (16) ch|oclds wq. 

$or.d lor S.atola F.w. S.hnidr O!bl. 4.7 & 4.8). ln tlE sond pn s $iny t*o (12) 

choncreB w.€ scorcd for rhc collecliv. anrl) is ofau lhc l2 tax, pes.fi i! our rcgion 

2t1

Tbc dsb trr3 &r@ oumoic,lly. Clustcr Analrds ,nd Principdl conpor€Il 

Adlytb (rc4) ut.(t c.d.d otn u.ir8 cooFr.r poct2€p SPSS (12)&d Mirital' {14). 

F..h la@ r.r dd 6 & oF|lio.l t rooooic un (OTlr). All thc oTUs e 

ftpr€.dad b llc rnidy qcF M oX Cqtulont rcts drdda (Boi$.) Kir2n., t 

@ly i'.ootpfd. lp.ciM 9@ wdhbl!. HorcB, d. OTU i.c,, Pt ,tutthB st ronii 

Roohi a.no & Q.id is Epr€3@t d by . .i!dc apeimd. 

218

Tqbl.4,l Llsi ofch.rlcteB, rcor.d for cluster Antlytb rnd Principrl 

compon.n t Ant lYsis 

lor ta.d.a L. G.str.) and itt FlaEd ge.@ li*€d in 'l rblc 4 2 

chr-cr.F: Chrn t . 3i.t6 

I Ilabni .nnual (ll, bimnial (2), p!rcnnial (:J) 

2. s'e .br (0),presqL(l) 

l- ColourofSt.m. whire (l), olherth.n whne(2i 

Leav6, not decunmr (0), d6udcn' (ll L 

5- Lob6orLov6: ah*rt (0), pcar(l) LOL 

Muimum bEldlhofl@v6 cn 

M.gn"f t 

"'. -d*lt), 

MXBL 

ddEt s.nllte(2r' sph.sntrll LM 

8 Involuclc phyll.ries: gla&ous (0). haily 0) IP 

9- Snd ol phtll.ne!. 2 I { lJ, a.6 (2) SEIP 

Mcxinum sie ofoutd pbyllarid: nn 

MXOP 

tl 

l2 

Mdimun sire of innq n6i phy'l.n.s: mh 

crpiulum. ftd r ll dop'ngt2) 

MXIP 

rl SlIp"or*pirulu.,o"iet*ytinaricol(D,.mesuhte(2) 

c"t.",olnon", y.llow(l), btu., pink. purple or violer (2), bofi(l) 

l5 NunbcrofnoretsDcrcarnuhn l.$ thtn l0 ( I ), more $an l0 (21 

C)Trh: not winsed (0). win8.d (l) 

t1- 

I9- 

2G 

2t- 

22- 

2!- 

25- 

ApDdd!96 ofct?seb: !&e.t (0), Fddt(l) 

Maimrn siz€ of cypsela includins bc.k m 

Cotar of c}!ela: btuM d4t bwn ( | ), blek L2). both P) 

Su.f.eolcyp*l! shbmu{0,, p.pilb'}nuncok ( I ). pilo*.hnpid(1) 

Nmbsolrib! 16 thu 5 ( I ), moc drn 5 (2) 

BaloacFscla: absqt (0), Dr*nt(l 

MiDinun sizc of bak nn 

Maximum rizc oIb6k mn 

Shap.ofbak. c,pilt4 fililomrl), slodtr-srour()). Nncate Dictlly 

MXC 

cc 

s(_ 

NOR 

BC 

MIB 

MXB 

(l) 26, colourofbat: whitesremish ( I ), cftm-pale (2), boM.bl.ck {l) 

PsppB uniFite(l), bisaid.(2) 

BS 

BC 

Colourofp!pp!s. l.1@ycll@(ll, whites*.y(,21, c@n-pde(l) PC 

29. avd8. .tz. ofp.pp6: nn 

l0- crrpopodiun: wiihoutanyiDl.mption(0), wnhaninlmptioi(l) 

Polar.F.; absenl or r€duced (0), small(l), lars.(2) 

l2 Exin.rhiokness up ro.lFnlons(l), noE rhd.4 pm tong(2) ET 

219 

SAP

F 

I 

I t iI 

I I 

: 

t g 

s 

s 

i 

I 

I t I 

! 

s € 

E 

! L 

i 

t 

3 

I 

1 

I 

e 

I 

3 

: 

t

t 

I 

! 

i 

! 

I 

i 

: 

I i 

g 

:' t 

I 

I 

t 

l 

i I

ceph!iorhF.hus pi.lldito$i! 

cic.ibiE d..ipr.irv.r.d*iPieis 

c. r6s4ide.!.16$(ie 

Scaliola oriotalis dipd$trti! 

tucliilai dls$nce 

05il152a2t 

+-l 

ff 

r[|] 

l-l 

---T-B 

fi& 4.l. Dc.dogros lbwd8 fu nldioll[iF offu spoi6 oflrduc! L(s'st.) md 

ir abtd casr 

222

,4..!c4 L,{r.rtr.} rnd its relsled g€ne.. 

The naindichotony divides all the sxa inio lwo broad groups viz. Sroup_A md sioup 

B (Fi8.4.1) The d.$il ofchrracteN aE listed in Tdble 4 | md 4.2 

crorr-A: Th. disti.clon of $is gtoup is due b th. pelt.cc ol mnricare prlon or natrd Jnd 

morc rhan I'nbb.d cyp$la. This is thc brges sroup lcconmodatna 25 Gra brlonsins to rhe 

aollosing g.n.m viz., Pr€"drlhd L. \4 spp.l. (ePhalarmh\,.hlJ Boiss. (2 rlr rr'rl!../ndr 

Ca$. (2 sp) Ctu€rrt Walli. (10 sp),scdtol, FW. Schmidl (4 sp). StePto/hanpha B\ne. (z 

sp) and 4 sp.cies of tarr,.d L G.sr.), aE also included in this grouP Thii grou! s iunhcr 

subdivid.d inro I viz., subsmDpl, subarcup-ll and subgrowlll mainly on the basis oithc beak 

slbgmuFl: Anong the 3 cmup6, thB is th. largesl one including 22 brn. lr 's tunhe. 

snbdivid.d into rso qagoriz€ viz., Cri.goryl .nd Ctegory Il 

Catcsory-t: This includes only 8 rzxt riz., Pretunth.: btunohiano ltzll.cx O( rtl 

hnô"iana v*. ollianaelotn \DC) Hookl., P ait.hisoniana (Beau! ), /' t?n(?', Roohl 

Bdo & Qaief, Sc4nbla €r,emta Rooni B^no. Cephalamn.hur pt.'idil,.tn lEoiss ) Tuisl.. 

C chiiole8it Irisl.. M,lgeditn./,rlri (H@l t) RoohiBdo rnd 14 tatan.rd ll |D< Tne 

sp€ci6 t lonSing ro l|r€ gcn6 Pre,ar,t6 L., c& bc 6'ly dislnguished fon all oth.r lax, by 

the ab$rcc of disier b.at. Sinildly nodding capitulun, bis.iate, G8 involuc€ phyllancs rnd 

cyp*la siz., shap. and ap.x re ale qln impon|nl lor the distinction ofth6 gcDus. Though 

nd/r,h li W Schmidrand Prza,rler L. aN apparennt norrelaled loeach otherwhirh 1r:rl$ 

been supDon.d by clust r malysis bul S.ai?/d.es'4r. R@hi Amo shows a @nnccring tiok 

\|it|\ P@anier L. (Fie 4.t), bl rhe prcsmcc of bcaklds cypsela. Howevcr. rcmai.ing sp€cics 

223

ol Cephdlaftohrr.h6 Boiss. âd M,lg€Ai,n C:a$.. coDe clos due to rhe prescn0c ol lobed 

leares gldbrous ln!olucre ph'llaries andbedkcd cytJscl, 

Cltcgofy-ll ln this ca&Cory 14 tN.re indlded. which ale linled bgnher bt rhu pressrlc o1 

b.aked .ypsela, In this category lhe aenus ,a.rda L (s.str.) occupy d Inr.nncdde ponrbn 

b€ttrcn th. gcnem C,.err,,a walh. and $ariol, F.W. Schmidt Ta\a belotrSng ru L,.r&, L 

(s.sr ) and Otrlbra wallr. hav€ almost sam poll€n i.e.- la.ge polar tMs sdh ccnrdl .(h'nN 

whil. on lhc orh.r hsd za.tu& L. (s.sr.) sh.as ih. aollowins combinario. ol th. charactca 

wnh.tcdltdla F,W. Schnidl, sucl 6 @cl capituluF. involucr phyllanes 4_5 s.iatc, glabrous 

1.8 totr long b.ak (excluding Stdrio,ta erorrard R@hi Bdno), pappus uniseriak, 3 6 Drnr lons 

and exinc oflhc poller less lhan 4 Fm thick. How.vcr. obovate-obleceolat . mlricaG_prlo* 

cw*la wnn whit€-er@nish !p ro 8 nm long b.al mk. n distitut fron rhe oth.r gener4lhe 

genls Cr'r?/ri& wdk - diae^ ftod oder nvo g.neB by the peene or d@n$g ctrpituhrm l l 

s{iatc. hairy involucE phyll{i*, 2-l m long, stoulsledcr b€a*, biseriat . 6 ll m lonB 

pappus and cxinc of lhc pouen up to 4 gm rhicl. Ho*sver. de genus S.drdlc F W. Schnidr $ 

cG;rly delimned by lhe pesonce ol fldossc, decurenr leares Fnh lincar appendalesThis 

cnmct r is not prcsd in any of tle elat d gcncla. Sinilely, 4 tlorets per capitulun. sre. 

shapc. surf&. ol cypela including beal dd DdEthcr pold ar€a (ercludiu Jl crdn,?t, R@hi 

B{o) ec .lso qune inpond for tne dislincrion of this goup 

SlbgrouFlf: It is epcented by only oft $idcly cultrva$d sFci6 uiz . Lactu.a 'otû 

L. This sp.cics does rol sho* any amli.tion b atry tt{or wid rcspecr ro the pr.sencc of 

succule md duch bDod leaves. whjle sroupiig in fte genu &.a.a L (s.str.). rhis species 

seems to b.linked wirb z. rzn,r/a L, s rhiy share.lm6t sme cypsela and pollcn chdtucte^ 

(s* 6b1.4,1,4.2 dd Fig.4.1) 

724

Subgrouplll: It is a Elzlively small g@up comptising 2 spectes ot \t'Pr)rhuDtPhr\ 

Aunsc viz., t crdtriDlo Bunge dd S p.ttita (Boiss ) O & B Fedtsch -rtus g'nus dif'e6 

from all othq genen by its *ingot. upro 3 nm boad.4{ibbed cv!6ela. Snhilu J 'on'corhe' 

impondi delinning characicE m capitulun 2.2 5 cm long in loilins. floEls 23'13. rnvoluc* 

Dhyllaries 5-6- seridE up b 3 mm broad and outer seuc ofpaPpus n lefron vcllou 

c;orFB: This group is ch3ncterized by the pre$nce of papillate and l{ibbcd cvpela h 

conpns of 2 Aci6 vi2.. Lcn'@na htuldo (L.d.bl Ne6r^ .id LetaLv vtuul4ntiu 

Aoi$ The min diifcrcnc. is aoud in pollcn chsmcka. rn the tbmcr spccres rhe polar ad! 's 

absnr *hereas in rhc latcr onc pol& ea is lsr8c sith fer cenrdl echin.. Similanv.drfieEncds 

in leaves (shape.nd suraace), si2e ofcypela.nd appehdases ofbeal (erher abs€nl or pre5'trt) 

.e als quire inpoiatt for lh. distirction oflh6. 2 sp€cies. 

PrilciDrl conpon.ntt.t.lFis (PCA) 

The res!16 offCA giveo i. hble 4.] ar. bded on lr chsaclets (Table 4 I & a2) and 

almosr corespodb with the resull of cluster.n.lysis The rcA ofall the tdu bclongrng ro 8 

dif&Gnt g€trm yicldcd 8 cobporeds *ilh D .igd v.l!t LWhe@ thc compoienl (PC 9 ll ) 

tld eisa y.lc < l. Thc gnpb 6 only ploncd bctwH PCl and rc2 

whd rhe eiget values wee plotl.d i:oF componenls I ed 2 all lhe La\a scB $€n 

sepa.arcd 6!n each othd Jne 4 Eeaea v\2., Prenanthe\ L , Ci.etbila Vltli , SteptathunPhu: 

arage nd laducdh N@abva de dishdy placed lion de r.nErtun! I gcn€ra !'r- 

Cephtlomhynchs B!ts. Mulsediw Crss., S.,rolo F.w. Schoidt ud &d!.a L (s.strr. 

wliL rh. @ b.lo8in8 to rh. l.cr 4 g€tr.6 @u bSclher witn thcir norcst aUi6 (Fig 4 2) 

225

Th. litlr $! oEpoott contribut d 46, whilc th. liist thE conpo..iK togelher 

rc@r lo. t9!% oa 0E 1or!l vdirbility. llF ti6t conpo.il which 6ulls 29 1% of th. lotal 

variability ep.m\td thc group m.inly b.s.d on th. lolloring chrrackh \ i/ . tnci $d {t "l 

imluq! phyllsiB (SBIP & AIP), Pob.r!r of th. pollen (P ). tuimun ud ninimom $2. 

of bel (MXB & MIB). Th. tccond @npo nr s@l for 17,4%.td is chi.flv @nmll.d bt 

luiFu sirc or i@m6t iMl@F phylbrils (MxrP). surne or.yP*b (soc), @l@r or 

floEis (Fc) .d 6lw of 6!6r (COS). T[. mDo@rt tlrlc dodgh tot Ep@ntd 

gr0hidlly.Lo dtiblbd 12,6?! !o tt bnl wi.biliry hd. ncg{il. vrlw for sh!p. of 

cllituld (c s) .d lI8. Fditiq rdc for tlE idba of flor.cj (FN). arca8! siz. of 

D.!OB (ASP).!d Niou bodth of k B {MXEL). 

225

3b 

'zz 

Ei 

e: 

;: 

E€ 

afs s 49,Y3 3e4E 

RRFR ERgs lnFgs 

s 

r 

n 

-6 E

.2 

0 

PCI 

Iig.42Two diEdrioo.l8r|Eh rhain8 0E dilliburid ofOTU's oftn. Smsrd.r&. 

L. (s.srr,) ald its .llird Sencr. o kirciprl CoDponat dk I dd IL 

si8si Zdc&c€ta N@va (C), Jdlol4 LW. Schmidt (o), I"dr,c, L. Girr.) (^). 

M"lcedtu^ C^t . (x), St pro a6phB Bunsc m. C.przlozl'y.la Bois. (o), 

cicehitq wallr, \.)i Prer4nti6 L \+). 

224 

10

T.blc 4,a. un ol chrrst n. *o..d for Clult . An.l$lt r..l PrhctP.l 

CoDpo..nl ar.$.L 

S.No. Cl.r.cls. Ch.ncr.. 6 

for tlF spcci.s oll4&.. L (s.st.)list.drn Tabl.4.5 

I Hrb{ Mul (ll. bi.nnid - FEnni.l12) 

2- cdN ofstcm: whnc (l ), othd lho whiE (2) s( 

,l- PLlt lon.aio@rt (0), ailaal (l) PS 

SicD: dichom8ly bn*b.d rtoE ( | l. p.d@hcly{rynbely bmh.d (2) sa 

t SiaofsLn: lslhd l0m (l), mEfi$.l0cn (2) 

Lowdlc.c: @{uslcnl (0), s@ul.it (l) 

Shagc of lae: rll krv6 lin*(l), olld $e li@r (2) 

Muinum bEadn of bc: cn 

9. Musirofts6: cntiF (l), dcntiic-3flhc (2) 

aFut.'.*"ffiAa 

ll Muinun lia of oud m'r phyllsis: mh 

t2- MuiM riu of i|W nEr thyllaic.: 'm 

l3- noEi! @lou:ycllow ( U blu., pin|., DutDL d violc (2). bott (3) FC 

MuiEu ria of ctF.h iftludi!8 b6r: mm MXC 

t5, Surfa.. ofcyp$li nuric.!.-p.pilhL ( l ). pilNri3pid12) 

l6- NMbd or dbs: ls rh.n 5 (l),mFdu (5) 

t1. Milihm 8iz! ofboic mn MIB 

l8- Muinm sia ofb.rk hm 

Colouofp.ppu!: l.mo y.llN (l), wbir (2j 

229 

NOR

Sia ofFappus: I mm tlJ, a-t mm (2) 

Carpop.diM:wi&out dt incmpion (0), wit! an inEmp'ion ( I ) 

Pol,raFa jndisrin

c 

I 

i 

I 

! 

: 3 

t 

€ 

i 

i 

-l

212 

3 

2 

; 

E 

d 

3 

a 

.j

LACTUCA L. ('.s|r.) 

Clustcr analysis oftne 5 OTU6 ofaalrr.a L. G.str.) cbany rnd'c$es the peseici 

of two nrin groups, vrz., group-A and grolp-B 

clw&rcr iarc dc I'sred i. bbles 4.4 a.d 4 5 

(fis.4l). Detarl ol chrracFA and 

GoupA. Thii gonp includa r.tt.a blichophytb Kjtm. Lrctw dard.k D oon. 

Lktua setiola L. ed Loct .a rat w L. Fon lhee sp6i6, Z dolichophtlla Kira . 

shows closc lintage wilh r. di$ard D Don. 6 they shde follosrns combrnanon or 

chdacreB such as si4 dd nuhber ofinvolucE phyllanes, size and colour ofcypsela 

including b.ak, colour of pappus. caQopolium !!d pollcn chatactea. Thc J r.r€nce5 J't 

ro!.d only in habit, bmbins patt m and lca!6 cxtuG. Hovryer. I r.r'ioL L - talls in 

b.san t[* 2 speies, G n halc alm6t stme involucre phtllrtrd and cypsla 

ch@cr.6. On $e othq tmd, 1,. semb?, L.i appe6 to be note linlcd *{h a turiv, L 

as lhet hav. same habil, brechinS tatcm ofste6, itoters colour. siz€ and.umber oi 

invohcrc phylldid, eze dd surfac ofcyF.la includingbsk. caQopodium and pollen 

(Tablc 4,4 & 4.5; Fie. 4.r). 

Gro.FB: Ir compns sitrgr. sp@a6 riz., La.t@a glatcdolia Bois. Th6 sp66 d6 

ml aom clsllr lo any sp.ci6 of th. scn6 &c&., L. G.slr.). due to diff.Enes in lhen 

laflcr$rc, nuhbcr and size of invollcr. phyllaies, clT*la chaEcles such as size. 

colour, surfac. and nunber ofribs bur panially linked wnh thc speciss ol group B !'2. 

&crca dirr€.,a D. Don, s it snd.r $c s@ halit, bmching patcm of srcn and poll€n 

cb.4cF (Tablc 4 I & 4.4; Fie. 4.3)_ 

2ll

E9 

in 

;o-9ii 

j>>tu_ 

EI $sx{ EFFA EgRR 

5i 

I' 

:r 

:€ 

.a 

z 

B 

.E 

E

PCI 

FiB.4.4 Tlo din.Bioul gbph sholioS lh. distnbunon ofOTU s oi rh. ts nus 

,,.&.d L. G.str.) on Principal Componenl dis I and ll 

Signs: Lactuco ditvcta (.), Lactrca dolichophyllo \^J, Ltctu.d ghrctlolia 

(.),Lactuca teniola (x), Lactva tattva tt4.

PriNip.l Cooponenrs An.lysh (PCA) 

The principalconpone anaiysh ofthe Senus ra.rdd L (sstl) is based on 2l 

nDQholoSical chsdcteB. Thc rcsullsofPCA given in nblc4.l, shoss lour components 

rvitl an eieen v.lue is >l While the PCi ond PC6 have eiSen values The ri6t ruo 

cofrponenrs contribut d 771% shile the filsl th!.. comPonenls togelher ttou ror 

91.0y, of the toral veiability oa th. &ta h.kix. Whcn d. cigeo values weE ploned iom 

conponen6 I dd 2 iFi!,4,4). all $. speci.s wec cl.arly sepaated from each orher and 

PCA Ests ale coftsponds nore or les vith rhc dcndog@s (r-rg 4 r) produced a a 

The fid pnncipal conpon.nt cipldiG t6 2q^ oflhe torll ranabrln) d.d L du. ro rhe 

rolloving chm.t 6 !iz. habn (H). surfacc and nuobe' or ribs ol rh. cyp*la (SC & 

NR), colou or pappus (COP), ..rpopodium (CP), pold r@ and cenhl .chinae ol the 

poll€n (PA & CE). colour of st n (CS) and mlrinum bEdtn ol krv6 (MBL) The 

secod comDorent acc@nl. lor 2l.lol. of thc btal vdiarior and separared Demb€u had 

ldge oegaiive vahcs lor shape.nd mrrgin of lovrs (SL & ML). nininum and 

muimm siD ofb€.liMIB & MXB), posililc v!lu6 for pols arca &d centEl echime 

of the pollen (PA & CE) dd colouofsrem (COS). Thc rhird conpon€nt ahnough not 

replwhled gaphically and .ho contriblred I t ?./o of rhe ior.l vriiaron had a nesalile 

vdue for apex of l.,ves (AL) ed largc posiriv. vllues for maxinum size ofcypsla 

(Msc), mxinuo ske oi out€r phylhies (Mxrp) and avqase hnsrh orpappu\ (ASpl. 

Anons nd tniee conponenrs, pol.r di.r (PA), cenlot echinae (CE) oirhe po en and 

colour ofslen (cOS) *eE dislribured brrwccn pC 1 ond pC2

ll, 

Table 4,7 List of ch.r.cle4. tcored tor ClNter Analvsis r.d Principrl 

conpomnl AotlYsis 

for the sp.ci$ of&a,1rla F w schmdl hsred in llble l.8 

Ch.r.creB : Ch.rrler sla.6 

P|fr rhomy (l). nollhomy (2), 

sr.m anh.b.;"s1, b*.h"d lli mrnoklv tdnched tzl 

taks: d4dms or shon.liued I | /. nor d.crduo6 o' lonB_ln ed I 2 J 

Cy!s.l.: conpc$.d r I l nor(onp6ed (21 

Nrdmun lDe of cyT*la '(ludinS berr m 

Colourofcypelt boM. da* b@snllr, blacl12) 

5nape or !yprl. lrned' ell'pn- oroblon3' l l ob aNeor' _ r'/l 

Bear ofcypela: ab*nt (0), pdenr I I ) 

Mm'mun size of bcak m 

Maximumsiôrbdt m 

sb.D€ of beak sleDd.Ffilifom ( I ), hn€le tpic.llt (2) 

Papp!sr lragile ( I ), nol iiagile (2) 

A@8. siz olp6pp6: m 

CarDopodium: witl$uldnirLdptioi (0), *ithdintemptron(r) 

Pols @ ofde Doll.n: bdktincl (0), distincl (l) 

centBl dhiod of th. pold e4: ab*.t (0), p@nt ( I ) 

211 

Sy;boi; I 

P5 

TB 

coL 

tic I 

(s 

r MIB 

MXB 

s8 

CE

E 

6 

t 

.E 

g 

z 

'i 

d 

R

i 

2t9 

i E 

> 

.s 

.;

,tc,lXroll f .w. Schnldl 

Cluster anilysis ol S.dr,la F.w. Schmidt, cl..rly ind,cares th. prcsence or r{o 

mdin greups, !'2., Broup-A and goup-B (Fig.4.t). Dctail ofchaEcteB and chadcrer nare 

.trc llicd ir trblds1r r {.8 

CrorFA: This SDup c.n b< chdacicn2cd b, haling b.*.d cypseh. Scariolo oriertalit 

Eois.) soj* sub6!. ofi@raftr $a"b/o o/rlrrral,r (Boist.) Soj.t subsp. nr.d,a,!e 

Podleh dd .t a'rbr, vtnire (L.) F.W Schmidr. f.ll in thii sroup. Amn3 rh.s. .t 

orriolir /Boi$.) Sojak rub6p. oire,l4?,r links ro t vtr,.a (L.) F.w. Schn'dt 6 the 

ditrEn6 e foud i. {cm, colou sd sir of cyp*h including b..* .nd 

eeolodim. How.ver.l oaiatalir lBoi.s.) Sojar tlbsp ,/r6,a4r.a Podlcl falls m 

bct*d l|iee n'o sp6i.s bur r!!ff lo b. linLd wirh ttF slb spei.s ofs on?rral,r 

fBois.) Soj.t, a .hcy hNc .lnos etu cyp6ela. pappus and polle. ch.acrd^ 

However, tn di|laErc6 c fod only in $. size rd btuching patrm ol sren and 

leav.s (Table 1t & 48: Fig 4 5) 

GrelFB, ft @f'p!is singk s!€i.s ri.,, S.anob .tuttutu R@hi Bano. Ttis sp.ci6 

is quik distincr ton orhd Lr. of Oc gds J.oriora F,w, Schmidr ed dc nor sho* 

my cloe linloge. mainly drc to .b*.@ of b.ak. Similady $mc oflh. cyf*la and 

pouq chdcLu @ rlso iopond aor rh. disrincrion of $t 8roup. On rtk other h.nd, 

tlr's Sroup is paniall, lint.d wi& S o,?,ralt (Boi$ ) Sojak subsp . hutistanica pc,ltah 

ofgoup-B navjnB sinilfity in stcn |nd lqvcs (T.blc 4,? & 4.8; Fi8. 4,5).

od 

;t 

n4 

60>> 

:! eg g;R5 FEgS !5ia! 

: 

E: 

g 

!! 

s 

E 

6 

-_] 

I 

E

Fi&4.5 

Sit!!: 

Two didrio.rl g+t lidi.t lh. didibuli@ of OTU'3 of 

gro Scrrirtz F.W. S.hnftlr o PrinciD.l 6!!pdHr uis | .nd ll. 

s@iolaor&a t M, ort ttdu (.), Scsrnd qientatis sltbtp. 

,wi:tkri.4irr, S.stoh tbt@ (L\ SNNtob estoti (x)

Prlnclprl Compon.nr, An.ly!i5 ("cA) 

Th. Nlts of PCA givcn in Tablc 4.9, ht$d on 16 chaacte6 (Table '1 7). tho\s 

rlar rhe fist lhFe conponcn$. with eigc..vdlu6 > I tognn t account for l00o/o orrhe 

roral varilbility ofthe dala marix. Othcr PCs (ie 4-6) had eigen vahEs. I The ftst 

conponcrr snich results 6169'0 is prim,ilt a tunction ol the lollo{ing ch!ru.t.rs ',2 

cr"s.la bcat (CB). conp@$ion.nd shaPc of cyp*la (COC & Cs). shape ol beak (BS, 

pappus (PN), pol& aEd (PA) bd centGlcchina€ lCE)oilh. 

polleL maxmun ize ol 

ct!*h {MXC) dd b.ak (MlB) Th€ sond compondl accounrs for 28 2% and is dr. ro 

the pcscrc. of fouo*ing ch@ie6 viz., ttTes ofbranch6 (TB), nature oflcavcs (NoL). 

pletspids(PS), colout ol ct?sela (CC), avedge ste olpappus (ASP) and c.Popodium 

(CP). Th. ihird conponen! aldDush not reptsnled s6phicallv ale contibua 8 2eo 

andcontarne ldg.€iBcnvalue which Fparalc lhe sroup bdcd on pldr spincs (PS). rYFs 

or bffchd (TB). natua ol lov6 (NoL), calpopodim (cP). colour of cvPsel. (cc) and 

aven8. siE of pappus (ASP). whcn the cigm wlues *er plot d aor PCI and PC2 all 

$e |ara inchdina nq sp.cics viz., s.4/Dl, ?rorrrard Roohi Baro dd noi clusd (Fls 

4.6) dd tl& csults .otrdpond.d witn th8t ofclusler mlysis (Fig,4 5). 

243

I rble 4.10 Lht ofch.r.cr.ri *or.d for Clulter Arllyrit rnd Prlnclprl 

Cbrr.ieB : Chrmct.r !trl6 

sLem abrir (0), psc (l) 

Conpor.nl An.lyrl, 

lor the sp.ci6 of Cilgrbrd wall!.,list d in Table 4.I1. 

BEadd ofsan: !pio5mbrord (l), upto l0mmbo.d (2) 

l,.vs: sBilc- n@wcd at tn! be {l), p.tiol.c (2) 

t besofraa: $.du (0), pGdr (l) 

M{inm b@dln of laf blrd.: l.5J cn ( l).l.t6 cn (2) 

Mlgin ol Lav6: diE (l), douG *tulak r2l 

lnrcluE phylldi6: doGdly rillo[ghimtc (l), &lMlly l@g prpill$ (2) 

ColouofinvolucEptr anB: s.n. (ll. no' e@ (2) 

Ma(imum sne of ourr phyllari.s: mn 

Mqinm siz. of id.r rb6r phylldi6: mh 

!\tidd of caliduD: 0.5- l cm (l),1,5.2,5 cn (2) 

Sh.pc of €pinlom: cylindric.l ( l). c:mpDulrl. (2) 

Nlahd of floet3 !.r capintm: 5.8 ( I ), l2-2J (2), moE d& 25 {3i 

Muinud siz. of cypela iDcluding b.rkr mn 

Colourol.t?sela brown (l),grcyhh.black (2),bolh(l) 

Shipeof cr?rlo:.lhpric.liM ( l), oblong-obldccolare orcyhndnLdl rr' 

Nunbqofrib!: 16! th{ t (l),hoErhd 5 {2) 

Mdtnm size of b.ak: mm 

BOS 

LE 

LOL 

MXBI- 

HIP 

w--o(- 

soc 

NOF 

cc 

MXB 

l

lq cold'oft .k b!g,! - Dbcl (|), co dydlo*-*bni.n {2) 3C 

20- colou of mFr: Dey rtrt (U dit' rrtilc (2) FC 

Avdrg.st oftqF:@ 

C{pcFodiMr w'tout.rylenarion (0t eilhei.tdnplio. (l) CP 

2]- P{n. d ck!d!: up ro ?.5!b lons (l), up to l0 Fn lon8 {21 EI 

u5

g 

E 

E. 

s 

= 

3 

t! € 

3 

(J 

4 

d 

(.) 

:g 

t g 

s 

$ 

S 

a 

s 

d 

(i

3ir 

:{} 

!; 

It 

E 

6 dd

CICERBIIA \Ntttr' 

Cluder andlysis indicates the existance of two gtoups viz, soup-A and group'B 

(Fig.4.7) Del'ilofchrracr4andchar.cl.rstalealclistdi.tables4.10.!d4 lI 

croup-A. -rhis grorp accomo

SubgmrpUl: It itdud€s ot y on 3pccics viz Crt€r&d q4i{?t R@hi Bam Thi 

distinclion of $is grcup is due to fic abence ot pionine stcn wheEd in lh. od'r 

Subsrortstvi h conpnFs sinsl. sp€ci.s !iz. c gilg,r.4rr Roohi Bano ThN 

sp€ci6 dNs oor sboN ..y auidce $nh n, bxon Ho*eler. due b the ptvne of 

black, l$s lhd 5, wavy ribbed, concoloous clpsla and snowv whne prppus. rh6 

spccies is panially linld with C ali Roohi Brno. 

GrcuFB: Thi grcup i.clud6 otrly I |ala viz, c tuPunculoilet (OC l B.anr" (' 

le.,prers (C B Cr.rt )Bauv.v{ dqipPE sdc daipie\t \C B Clark) Acao!' var' 

,/,i/id, (Hool.f) R@hi B&o. The delimning chdacte6 ol rhis sroup are ctlrndncr 

c.pinltm wi$ s-lo floErs; involucF phylldics bisenat, 8'12, domallv lons papillose. 

@l€r dd imd d of difli@t colouF Anong lh*. C razlr.,,15 {DC ) Bsuv. C 

d€.rpr.,s (c.8. Cla*c ) Bouv vr. d€.4,ieru rrc evolv.d iom same point a d?ctPP,r 

(CB Cldke) Betrv. var. ulrfld (Hooka) Roohi aano, falls in between rhese two 

sp.ci€s bur app€a6 to bc more linr.ed enh fi. later sp{res. a3 rhev bave diflirc.cer In 

6.n lal cb@cre6 Ge, !br!€, Duhd of lot6 ud odnration) 

Prlnciprl CoDpon.nt3 Anrltrb (PCA, 

For Drincipal conpondn oalys$ ot Cictbib wltu.. l0 oTUr wefunalyz€d 

bsed on 2l floehologic.l chaFdeu (T.blc 4. l0 & 4.I | ) Th. ftsulr of rcA n srcn in 

rablc 4.9, which yi.ldcd five @ftponenrs wiii & eigen ralue >1. while the remaining 

PCa (i,c G2l) h.d dgd vil6

conpon.nrs ontiibut d o 62.5% ofvariabihv while the fi6l ure compon.tls rog'6er 

Results of princital conponenr a.alysis (fig48) shows lhe No drmen$onal 

gdph of nFt No compon€nr {hich G mos or 16s sd. 6 lhe hr@ctucd analvls 

(Fi8.4.7).ln borh clNer ud prieipal coopon€nt an.ltsis the ih@ da vi2 '1 

.apunculoid' (Ix].) Baw., c dr.ir?6 (c B cl&te) aeauv. v^r' de.ipien! ^nd 

drcip,r (C.B. CldkO Bcauv ve. t,ll./d (Hookl) RoohiBaho de closelv 

c 

'llitd ro 

.dh olher bur distlntly pls.d &on tnc odd n€nbe6 of th$ clusrer' Ihe r'marnrng 6 

la\a imluding $E n4 sFci6 viz., C arri R@hi Beo. c' ailgre66 

Rmhr Ado C 

4oir.ri Roohi Bdo .e di$amly sep@t d sp.cies whecas C lesenio'a (N'll ex 

DC.) Mugain & R.o ud is v^neri6 riz, rt. dehtata (DC) Roohi Bano and va! 

/yrard (D€n .) R@hi B.no o@r cl6c ro8.lh€r The ii6l compon€nl which shows 

42.8olq oi lhe robl v.tialility scp@te{t th. tda bascn on $. follow'ng chaocr'N v'z 

*idth dd shape oi c.pitulun\ {wOC & SOC), Itpe ol hans and colou of involucre 

phylldies (HIP& CIP), carpopodium (CP), naximum size of cvpsela (MXC) and 

numbd of AoreG (NOF).The s@nd @mponent a@mls 19.790 ha a pctrrve varuc 

for th. colour ofpappus (PC), numbr of ribs (NOR), cololr of beak (BC) a.d , nclaNe 

v{lu. tbr biead$ of sten (Bos), (Tablc 4.12 i Fig.4.8). Thc third component u noi 

Gp|!$led sEphi4llr, @nributed 12.?v. of $e tolnl qriability.nd amn8 nd fou. 

r{nked eigen valu.s, had a negative valuc for qine thickncas or pouen iET) .nd l.rge 

positive valu* ior lhe shape od colour ol c)TFla (CS& CC) and colou ol b.tk (BC). 

Among |n. 6r.e @npon nts. olN of bcik (BC) w6 disrributtd b€twtrn PC2 dd rcl 

250

E 

?t 

E.! 

t! 

i5 

E, 

8 9,4. 

S16.:i X !. i..i 

it};>z tx:6 E 

et :;*F 95:i 3:F9 

zz 

!: 

:E 

3 

t 

I 2 

Y 

= 

E

PCI 

Fi9a.s Ttro di6id Fpt .torios |n. .l&&di. otOTU s of |!. 8au dstre 

wdlr,.on Prircb.l Co@car un I 8d n. 

Sig!* Ci..rOic {airai (!t Cffi dtt lE), A.abitt ei4qtanit l ) ctgbL! 

eottt$laqtu l@ttds n. t*''tab (sr, ct$ut'I4tattato 

n.ltt&(.r,Wletus btr l+\ ct ahtb .ttMltu 

( t, Cbqttb ddpta \$. d4idat (-), Ct rbaa d.cipiaLt w. tutilda (. I 

€ 

€ 

.4

z 

=za 

E5E 

url=c 

n:$ 

E 

/."fr v\

INTRODUCTTON 

DISTRIBUTION PATTERN 

Th. uibe t ctuce& is a pEdonins v nonnm t€flnsphere tlb€ bur rbuod borh 

i.oldwodd a.d new wodd (Tonb, 19?TiWillis, l973iBreme!. l994lMabberlev. 1997: 

Leb€d. et al,2004r Lack.2007) 

th. rojority of rhe r,.tuca L.ls l.) spaies m xctophrres loutrd In dry chmanc 

condnions o! nodml.ly hunid @as and sone inhabit moumlins Mosllv o'ev de 

abseDt fion lhe hunid ttoPi6 ed .quadc hablab (Stabbins 1937: D.thi6. 19321 

Brcmr, 1994 ; Lack, 2007) 

ln Pakhran and Ktshmi. Zd.r,r? l- Gl)is nosly conlined to lhe high 

nou ains ofHinalayd. K@Lorum and Hi.duk6h ln Hihalavas. n ccua in r6hm'' 

Ha@ and Swat; in KaDkodnr it n found in AahisLa. Cilsn. Hum md,rcd adJacenr 

b Kas[mn and als exl.nd into Tar Hinalavm ranges in Potohar. Sall rarye and 

Saksi SinilN y raxa dc also disributed in Chilr{ Dn, Kumm vrllcv and weBEn 

n lhe Hrrdukbh ad Sllatmm mge. Mo$ ofte bxa aG .ho pHcnl rn nonhem 

Baluchisun sucb as Quetr., Chann, Ziarat, LoFlai, I(alal Zhob etc Sodc taxa d. also 

ro6d in rn. pkire of Plnjtb. In Si.dh no uton is pcent except the onlv cuhival€d 

seai6 i..., tactuca stita L. 

Fcw reports de available on the Seogopbical 

distribution and ecology of some 

|axa b.longinS ro Asrene.e. J€frrey (1975) discr$erl lh. uxonony a.d distriburion 

p.nen ofall tn m.nb.6 ofrhe lribe ljctlcee od rls pc?.Ed dinnbudon maps of 

m6t of the tua. Prince s, o/. (1935) studied rhe g€ogEphicd disriburion of Pnckly 

lcrne. i..., Ltdvo setiolo L. rnd prepaEd rops which showed the dinnbuion Umn ot 

253

Ldutu \etiola L. n Bn\an-romb I | 9??l siudi.d th€ syscnalrc a.d phvlosenv ol the 

ribc L&tu@c and hc also discBsed g@sdphictl dislribution .nd specles nchne$ of 

re rribe Lactuceae Hc rccoClized 3 cent.ru oldislribullon olihe inbe Lacrlceae vrz. 

cenral Asia (22 8.neb), rhe Medn tran..n BNit (21 g€ned) and wesren Nonh 

An d€a (18 eeic6). BEncr (1994) .ho studied thc s.ognphical disribution and 

cdology of rh. dbe Lacuceae. Rao & Du{ (19961studtd the dtr.6n}. endemr$ lnd 

phyioSeosraphical aninilles of the softe lndid conp6iiae alotS rilh 'be 

biogcogxrphi€l Egions of India. l-.b.da a 4r {2001) srudied tbe gognphBl 

disdbudon, e@logy Dd biodiveEny ofwild Z,.t.a L. sp.ci6 fion 7 @nttics of 

Euope !i2., Autria, CBh Republic, Frane. Geman, Itlav, Netherlands and 

S*itze and. They found odinm dileuity i! Fdce The mosl chmcteristic habrtar 

wirh ! hish ddsiiy oa wild tadlca L st .ic *erc ob$rcd along the r@ds hish,tys. 

gsy ditch6. tudcBl comuities dd deen heaps. Leb{dt er d/ (2004) studr.d the 

phyiog€ognphy of wild ,a.r!.a L sp4ies (Lactuceae.Astqrcee) EgddiiS then 

dbtriburi@ m difercnl co inmts. Ttey disssed woddwid. disLiburid pancm or alr 

rh. d*ib€d sp.ci6 of&ctu a I- ad sp.cis ricbn€s viz., in Eurcpe ll? speci6l. 'n 

Asia(slspeciet,inAfiica(43sp{ietandinAn€ica(12specietmostlyinlheNonh 

In Pakisl"n v.ry f€w @ds e avrilrbl€ vbeE phtrog@en9bidl dat e 

enploycd in LxoDhy Ali & Qaisc 

(1986) snied our fia phyroSo8rdphical .nalysis 

of thc phanerogms ol Pakislrn dd K6hnir. Oner (1991) dkcussed the disribuion 

pati.m ordifaeent sFci6 b.longins to lnc Sdus oerti.,, L. (s.1.) &om PaI$[n ald 

254

Kashnir Qqiser & Abid (2005) also studied the disftibulio. pa(.m ofdifere.t sp.cics 

belo.Sins to th. g.nus 1d. L. (s.str.) cnd ns aUied genera fion Ptkisl.n md Kashnn 

lne presenr srudy h6 ben nade *ith $eaim ro emPloy lh. phtroeogFPhical 

dala in rhe bronomy of this genus. 

RES{ILTS AND DISCUSSION 

The lo(al (PalEbn) rnd world "i,1. dnribu ion 

pan€m oi all uxa s6 faced 

wid the help ol h.rna.ium slsimtr pcent in vanous herbrri. viz., BM, E, KUH, M, 

RAw and lndluE. lhe distibulion m.pt F al$ 

i.folmrion has 6l$ b.en lrkd ftoft h.darium sheets. 

supplemeht d by licld obsdations, 

F!pa&d. 

Eoloeial ed htbir 

However. in fw caes n is also 

b lh. PI*nt work disibndon plrh of l2 rM (26 spdi6. I sub3peiq .nd 5 

vrned6) are inclrd.d undq the g.n!s la.r!., L. G.slr.) and its alli.d gd@ viz.. 

Lftt,.ella Ntza6ra, Scutol1 F w. Schmidl, 5rzpr,rr,tPl6 Bulg.. Mutgeditn ctss, 

C.pâlofif.chut Boks. A.erbnaN^li dnd Prdanth4 L 

The d.roilcd phlaogognpnical !.!lysis, lNal and {ond widc dn|riburion ts 

1a.&..,,1a Naabv4 a ronolwi. gcnus k distribuled in South Wcst dd Cdlnl 

Asia lo Wesrn China (Bems, 1994i Mabbcdey, 1997). Tbis tdxon is confined to thr 

nonlm mulrimu Egion ol P.li$.n !.d srcws bwfrn l50O - 2200 d @ 3apF, 

in smi arid !E!x on stotry rlop6 lnd slin plains. This i.xon i! !n !s lmcTranirn 

.lddr di$ribu.d in Inq, Palist n, Ccnldl Asia and We$n Chim and qtending to 

6tm Medndlne.n (Jeilr.y, 1975i L.b.da rr ,1. 2004). Th. gehus S.dno?d f.W 

schnidt is dbtriburcd in Sourhn Europe, N. ^f.ica, Sourhw.sr and ColEl Asi.

ll 

E 

.s E 

s 

s 

b 

! 

t 

a 

E 

.98 

EE 

€3 

;i

(Brener. 1994: Mabbeney. 199?). Out of4 hxr pr6d in Pakbtan only t. otr?,,arr 

(Boiss ) Sojak subsp. ,,r,r/ani.d Podlech a llpic,l lnno Tumn'on clement, '3 a nanow 

pidin ddemic, occlning in Prkish and Arehanisbn (Table 5.1, Fis 53).In Plkisr,n 

n occu6 fsm 1000-1500 m on ro.ky Blopes and crevices, along slread bank, on wel 

plac6 rnd 1n sndt.lay loln Wlile fic other 2 bxa vi2...\. r,i.x!,rs subsp ,ierrdlrs 

(Boiss.) Sojok ahd Syinrr.a (L.) F.w. Schnidt, ar. sidely diskibuted. S. ot?,zrj 

subsp. dz?'rul6 (Boiss) Sojak @ur in Northm Blluchhon and Chidl (T$le 5.2r 

Fig. 5.3), srows oh clayet.nd loany soil and siony plac€s, on slopcs, on gravek and in 

dry iavines bd*M 1650 1000 n Wlqers rhe S.ymt?a (L.) F.W S.hoidi iound i. 

astor Baltisrin, P6hawar, Kuaao, Qucfia, l-oalai, Kalar dd Noushki (Tabl.5.2: Fig. 

t l), grwing bcN€en 300 2?00 m on elq slopB, sloby .nd gaveh dss The 

maining sprci6 viz., S. drorrror. Rmhi Beo is pBenrly s.sidercd 6 qdenic s n 

I reponed iom Nodhm Astor only (Table 5.2i Fi8.5.1) 

ri'e gq6 r,.!,.a I-. G.slr.) is *id.ly di$ibur.d in E@pq Asia. AAic. dd Nonh 

& Cmtral Anerica {Bren.r, 1994; Mabbeney, t97i Lebed! er at; rjck, 2007). In rhe 

aM cosid.nrion 5 srei6 e eo8niz€d rnd oost of rh6e !E mrinly distriburcd in 

Hinalayas, KaEtotun !(l Hindukush mn8.s. 1d.,,.4 rarw L,, a poprtar slad cop ig 

trewn $ lory ves€tlble rboudout lh. wond, ns dndbulion p.ll.n is.ol @nsid€€d 

b.insa cultivat.d rpsid.Fon the rcnaining 4 spcia,,. r,rj,/a L, connont, *nown 

as wild le(uc. or p.iokly lcnuce. Il is a ddidionrt-rmpelalc and se*.o Eurasian 

3pci* a pluricsional .I.fur Gabtc J, I ). tr h.s . rJabn|nopic woddwid€ disuiburio. 

(l-.beda e,,1, 2004). Irs synankophio dhrnbuiion hls als ban rcodcd tofr Australi. 

Dcludins ldmda a.d Nd zataD,l (Burtinge & CEy, t 97O; W.bb "r at, | 988). Ini,

s 

t € 

'.i 

E 

E 

E

!;;i;. t;"p.;,",-li 

5 tidrotis.sp 4unierna 

step@hokphL tddbilatn 

C.pt6lo nhtnch8. hn I eLnsil 

c. kMlzna \,. l6t.ai.M 

PrM.\a bMirrErt 

T.bh 51. Pbytoadgt pbl.rl $rly.n orr8&d L ($rr, ."d lB .llLd gen'n 

P banoahna vt otiia delaha 

? K&*tr lrom tlp.l€llty ontt 

257 

Ll

--4s; 

\- \Jf 

fl 

3 

.E 

t;

tncklt 

letNc. hG also been Bbbfthed as. wdl r Nonh An€mca, southcn Afin lnd 

A4cnrina (Slra6baugh & Oor, l9?Ei Boulcm e,,r. l99q Zohary, l99l; zulog, & 

Momne,1999) lt is foud alnct ev.ryrh.c ftom dE plains ro nounlarnous E8ions in 

Enrope trp to 1560 n, in Turtey up ro l7t0 m, in AfshannBo up to ll00 m and in the 

norlhem Hidalayas up ro 3600 n (H.8i,1978 i MeuFl & Jager. 1992). ii takistan ale 

lhis tarcn 6 ato nost widel, distnbutd in Nonlm @d. nounurnous rcgion or NDnh 

w€sl Fondd Porine, Pu.ja! and Baluchistd {Table 5 2; Fig 5.5), ba*en 240cl6oo 

n on gGssy slop6. moDrriE' iiig.l.d ld&. in mlti%red fi€lG and od sid€ we.d 

(stewan, 1972).Tne othd 2 species yiz, Lid,co dissecta D. Dol and Lactu.a 

atu!.i/n/u aoks., are found in l@i, PakNrdn, Allhanisd.lndia, China rnd fteCenral 

As'r (Rcchinger, 1971, LEbeda a,/, 2004). Borh lhe sF&ics ar. l@o-Tumin 

eleneris (Tzbl. 5.1). l,.r,.2 dis€.,a D. Don is a @nmon annul v..d dd widely 

dtEibutcd in alnct all t[€ Egio.s ol Patisun except Sindh (Tabl. 5 2; Fis. J.4J. l! 

Srows in diffcrcnt habitals such as on sront slops, ock cevices, as a wedd in cultivared 

fields. alonl rnisation malq on srqn banl$. Mending up to 100- 1000 n.wheieas 

LtM glarcilolia Bois is conpddv.ly l* comon ihan rhe orh.r sp€.is ot 

Idto L. G.srr-). In liti$an n s4 $ bc l@aliad ir Batuchisbr r.rchir8 up ro I I m 

- 1800 h on gErcl slop€s, sddy pl&6 dd oadside edg6 (T.bl.- 5 2- 5.1; Fig. 5.4). 

Th. ttsr sp@i.s viz., Ldchtco dol@noptl/a l(ir!m.,is distibubd fbm Nepal (Esren 

Hihalaydtlo Kashhtrtoea$em Afgh{nisran (wened Hrmatay!) prubabty n isa sino- 

Japss cl.odr, ii our re8ion it 8roqs on @ky slope$ wals and hcdB6. mud 

@lriv,cd n.ld m clryey lm soil. Mding up lo t2m - 32OO m on mu,rainou 

a@ ofoibn, B.ltisr4 K4hnn, clinrt. Dir. s*al dd H%ra (Table 5.lj Fir. 5.4). 

2t8

! 

s 

E

a 

b 

s 

; 

F 

i 

s

fie Cen s M sedtun Cas., is d6tributed througnou tropc and Asia 

(Bcne., 1994, Mabb.rlcy. 1997),A.Dng lhe 2 sp.ci€s. ,|,/llsetliu tlt'te' \Hook r'l 

R@hi Bmo is confined to Nonh.n ac.s of Pakistd between 2400 I 100 m o. streao 

banl dd in ponds.A unnegional .ldnenl which s*ds (o be padin endemic irr the 

Easren liano-Turanian subreSion (T le t.l) whereas M,/3e,1/!,, r,rdrtM (L )D(. (a 

biregionalelemenl occuring in ltano-Tuenian ond Eurosiberian r€8ion lrsrows,n areas 

of sody (usu.ll, saline) subsraia in scniarid t8ions, as well a in elements of steppe 

sd inonl colmunid.s (Ferrlova, 1976, 197?j cl.dcnt & Fosre., 1994). ln Pakslan 'l 

is sidely dislnhured D Cbirel. Cillit, HuMr, SrltisEn, Slordu, KaraloIm md Kdhntr 

(Table- 5. | ' 5 3i Fig. 5.6). aou.d al thc cl.vdion b€Neen 2800 5000 d on clay€y etl 

md sdy slop5, in modcdtly d.mp $ along irigarion chamel, nEm banks atd 'n 

lr.ld ofdif€fenr oldvakd coDs. 

Th. AN 9epto,tanphB aung. is distibut d in Southdr Europe, Turk y. 

Ceau! l@, Middle Edt, C. Asia, AfgDannl.n and P*ishn (BEner, 1994i 

Mabb€rley, 1997j Lack.2007). In Pal$hn n is Gpreshrcd by 2 spec'es v'2. 

St.ptorhonph$ crodbiloli. BlaA. aad Skpto anphus pelsrco lBoiss.) O. & B. 

Fe

- ,J. 

\ 

t 

(L. 

A 

a 

5 

s 

t 

t 

! 

ri 

E 

I

Easlcn ldno-Tuaiian clft.nt whecas t r'.6tu4 (Bohs )O & I Fedsch rsa w.slcrn 

ft. gcus Cephtlottt ct6 soi$., is minly disribuled in Sollh Est.n EuroF 

!o Chin. OGn r. 1994i MAbb.rlcy. 199?i L.ck, 200?). ll is €?@l.d by I sp.cies in 

our Egio viz.. Cepholdrhrrch8 pic,idihnis (Bois.) 'tuisl., Cephalofthtltctu 

.hnnleîsrlisl. tnd CephalonhyMA6 p,tdada (8oiss.) (np., ircn our csron.nd 

all .F consid.ftd a tt?iel l|lGTutui- clcrcnrs (Tabl+J.l).Th. c p,crdifonni 

(Bois.) Tuisl. .nd c.,tlrtutdir Tuisl., harc n.rw distribsnon, mAinly oeMinS in 

Afghaison ad Palistr! ud c@id.r!d 6 panin.nd.mi6 (fig. 5.E) in l@GTumid 

EBi6. la Ptli.t^ C. pi.ridilomir (Boiss.) Tuisl., is aolrd in Chitral sd NonJrcm 

B.luchhlln (Tabl.-5.2). .l thc clMtoi of 1500 2776 n o. dty aM (such as on 

@vices. slep .nd sloF) md ndr srcrn bank. Wh.E6 C. .rttul.,r,r Trisl. is 

Epon€d fim ChiErl, q&!.. Ziet Ch@n, dd w.li TmSiiRch, f., 197?) gloss on 

nE bcd and dry sfop.s bd*an 1600-2500 m. (T$lc- 5-2).Hw(a, C. pollcla.tr 

(Bois.) KiD. b diruiblrcd in C. Asir, lm Afglr.isu. od P*i$rtr (T.blc5.l; Frs. 

58) In Patistan. $is sp€cies is coinn.d ro ChitElonlt o. dry sloFs. asc.ndiig up ro 

Th. g.nu Ct .rnla w.lh, is distribulrd itr Euopc, Sourtwcn and Cdld Asia, 

Himlay. dd Chiu (8ffi, 1994; M$bcrlcr. 199?; te*, 2o0?). ln Pakisrd, rhc 

8c.us r E asr.d by ll ia._ MGr of tn* e minly distribut d in Hin.t.yd. 

rs.InD ad tlindulush tu86, Arlo.g tnc 3 n*ly d*ribcd sFci6 of $. scnus 

Ci.ebita \N.ltr,. C. sile .nte R6hi A.no h krown ti.n ryt leatiiy only (H!msh. 

CilSit) SFws on op.n g@y .nd sh.dy rtopca b.twc.n 3500- 49OO 6. lrrtcEd 

260

t 

?. a\ 

a 

- 

: 

$ 

a 

3 

E 

3- 

'E

i.! 

t! 

c.! 

I 

it 

UC 

: 

.i 

*

o 

aa 

\r 

c 

E 

6 

9^ 

3! 

E:

-o o 

o 

C' 

-oa 

s

a qat"ri R@hi Btno.nd C. a/ri Roohi Bano haw n!m* distnburional dnga ( 

{,,J.r Roohi aaN is dstibulcd Ln (;il8n. ( hitli ! kshmi' (Ttbl. 5 2). 1n moist 

opq ar6 dd netr w.t* cml bdwm 2690 -1600 n dd c. !/,t Roohi Blno is Presenl 

in Knshnir and radkorun, Srow! on cli'I fac.s, in alPine paslures, slopes. opd aEs al 

the elevation besv€cn 1300 4500nl 

Tne orher I speci€s viz, C d?.'?iai (C.8. Clarlc) Beadv., C LrJeiiMa (.wall ex 

DC.) Mams,in & Rao ir. etuelt distibul.d in Cbin., Sikkin, BhutaD, Nepal, Idia 

Pakislan, Algl6nrd.Th. w6t o noll limit of |hle spsi* n mnhem Afslwist n. 

(T.ble-5.3; Fis. 5.10, 5ll & 5.12).Both (h. Seies nay be clNined a lnicSioMl 

eleoqrr Nmi.g in Sim-iap.n* cAio. *\das C. nauorhEa (Ro''lc) Bauv. nay 

be clasifiel as bircsional clcdcits dishbltcd i. l6m'TuEnian 'nd Sino Jipi.* 

r.gnrs In ourrrta (1,,,crorr,:" (Royle) tleaor go*s on dk ccvices, innoii and 

shady ples oa K,shnn, ChiF.l, Swtt 3.d P6hrw$ (r!bk-5.2), b€!,m 1800 -1900 

n. How$,6, the Enrining two $eia ex.dlauy rcd&6 C ,,./o'r'?a (Royle) Bd!v. 

and sows at a hisnq ahitudc lnd widcly disfiburcd tnan rhe previous speis.Under c. 

d..'ppa (C.8. Cl.rke) Bauv and C /rr,€rri,d (Wall. ex DC ) Mam8ain & Raq l 

vdneles.re rwosn'zed and all arc showing molc or less sihilar dshburion (Tlble t.l- 

& 5.3; Fig. 5 I0 & 5.12), ln Pakiskn, C ddolierr (C.B. Cla&c) Berw @ach6 !! to 

2500 ' 4000 m on optr noist shldy slopcs, crcvic.s, ocky 6vine beds and banlq along 

suans wnik c' leJsant,a iw.ll. q DC,) M.neain & Rao gbws f'om 1400 - 4000 n 

in op.n gE$y ilpin€ pastures, srony ndg.s. and neltin8 snoe.Tbe las S6i6 

viz., c' 

laptutoida lDC.) Bqnr- is dislributcd fon N.?al to Pakisr.n rhsugh Himchrl 

Pad6h 0rdja) rrl Kdhni. w€lcm Him.hFs sn b b. irs wstm mo$ linirrn o!. 

261

I 

t, 

la 

\ 

{ 

s 

i 

i 

TJ 

{ 

F 

.E 

ii 

.9

esion n 8D* in open g6y dd sh.dv slop€ al high elevdion of rcnh'm a@ 

Gable- t.l-5.3iFig.5.ll) b.twq 2500 - 4200 n. 

Mmbd ol fte gd6 Pte,a,r/,et l-, e trinlt dis:rribulcd in nonh InPeBc 

!uop.lo Ariican dountains (Mabberlev, lq97) maiilv in Asia and N Anrica also 1n 

Cenhl and Sourh Eu@p.. CaFry lslands S@tE rnd TdPtal Alhca (BrcDd 1994: 

Lark,2oO7) In Purisian ir is epre*nred bt 4laxa (l species and I varielv) Oflhe 4laxa' 

P. brrnonia,a W^ll. q DC, is ! noisoF lovin& lnCv v$ialtl' lnd comnon 

{@i.s.Both lhe variedes of P Drurcrrcm Wall d DC (i c, tt?e vandv ' vli 

altiaa4olia (DC ) Hook f.. .E sid€lv disrnbuFd in W6tem Hinalava and rinkorun 

betN6 l5oo-4400 m on alpin deado8 llmg sli.rn or shtdv sloP6 tlowder' rh' 

mahrnB 2 spsi.s v'2., P r,.torri Roohi amo & Qlrq and P a tchisonia"a lB4@ | 

R@hi Blho & Q.isq, 

h3ve iaev distdbuliomt ang. The dislribulio' of th' fodr 

spdi.s could not be batyzcd

4. 

\ 

c 

z 

.9 

i 

n 

s €

.l 

'E 

,

GENERAL DISCUSSION 

Thc p6dr s'srematic study i.dicltcs th'i fie Scnqic circum$riplion ot the 

gmus a4ctr.a L. G.l) was $allt Pid.ned by nunber ol workers and hanv 

indepaddr, ur€latdt bur .lli€d LE hlvc been included under rh! g.DUs Z!.ae L 

(s.l ) Mosr ot the work.rs slch as Da.ndolle (1816), Bentbtn and Hooker (1871) 

Boi$ift (1875), Clarke (1876), Hooket (1881), Slebbins (1937), KirPicznikov (1964) 

and Fdikovi ( r97O tbtd rnc veious Sdco a difi.mr stions ol lactrca L lt l.l 

rcsuh'ns n a very lEtercscnous assmblige (Trble I l). However! most oi rhese eciions 

!€ rded !s &pmc g..d by oth.r {orkc6 ruch at Ki+i€aikov (1964), .lclTEy 

( 1975), R€hins€r (1977), Brd€r ( 1994), L&k (2007) .nd the pi€sd author in ordd to 

make thc gcnus mor homogenoDs (d.cbils of worksE have alre.dy ben di$uss.d 

undd rh. chlpt€. Ln.dluE surey) 

RR Stryan i1972) in hk Annor.led Caklogue ol Vasular Plaha of w. 

Pakistln .nd Xshnil' h6 acc.pt d lhe b@d* gocric coic@r ol Lactuca L. ls-l.) dd 

re6.den 26 sp$ific dd inn .peific tara und€r thb saus. However, in the p@.r 

sudy sonc o i lhe tax! Ecognized by R. R. St w.rt ore r.dlced ro synonyh ahd $m€ aE 

osred urda diff@t gcn@. Howcvd, in lne pGem studic a lo|at of ll 6x. 

b€longing ro 8 dilf€Mr gden are included Orrhese 5 or new sp€o.s. I nes variety.4 

ne$ .ombrmlio6, 2 neq rmks &d I n.w rmr'l cr. reognized lom lh. lier undcr 

considmr'on. Tte significur 6nding! & rs folto$: 

Cr'e.rtz a/ii R6hi Bano 

CierDta gtlgtr.rrd Rohi B.no 

266

I Ci...ria qatel, Roohi Ba.o 

4 S.ztiold €mt 4l4 R@hi Bano 

5 Ptena hes iMrtii Noobi Bano & Qaisct 

6 Cicqbito daipiens (C B Clfke) var. 2,tir,a,i., 

1 Mulg.diw cluLzi (ltook. f.) Rooh B^no 

a ci.abib bdhanii (C.8. Cta*.) R@bi Bao 

R@hi Bmo 

9 CicerbitadecipienlC.B Clatk )Beau\.rt n ttjda lH@k. f) Roohi Bano 

l0 Pftnonttq oit hitonia,a (Bauv.) R@hi Brio&Qaisr 

tt ciebib laseflioia (wall- .x Dc.) Mlhgain & Rlo €r. ttrctd (D6ne.l 

12 Ci.erbito latennaa (Wall. ex DC.) Mlhgain & Rao vr .l.ntota lOC.l 

t3 crwbih b.nthoftii (c.8. ct.*.) Roohi Btuo 

Amon8 rh. I gd@ Bogiiz€d in lh. pear 3udy only on. gmus CrarIbib Wanr, 

s represnrcd by more rho lOraxa (8 speies and 4 v{nri6) inctuding4 ncw ones fDm 

Paldsbn dd K6hmir. louoq.d by lzd!.a L. (s.'li) wnn 5 spcis Of fie Bl' 2 

een 6 iz.. PManthet L, aid scari,la F.w. schhidt tre r@cenled by 4 rln sch 

vniL Cepllalonhyachs Boi$. is rcpMred by I sp€ics. rh€ othq 2 g€nds 

267

Mrlse,litd Cass ,nd Steptorhanphut B\nge ae tepressnred bv 2 species cach while 

rbe cminins B€nus /d.,!."lra Ntdv., is 3 nonorv?ic 

A synrheic lppoach is adopted in rhe p6e.t study Dal! obtaincd fion diffeFnl 

fields are ulilizcd and .umeac,lly anllyzcd ior rhc identifiMrioh and h] fiod our 

relatio.ship ol vanous $xi 

8 sme6 

wh.n dillerent chrractss 6tn vlnous asp4$ ai. r.km into consideFtion all th€ 

.an be 6ily drlinn.n-Ihde sans !o b. m pDblcm in iddtaftne ttd pl.cing 

vanous raxa unde! difiecnr genera. All th.8 gseE are boadlyclasifr.d into 2 dislinct 

goups viz., sroupl ud soup-ll. 

Croupl c{n be e,sil, isolared by rhc pr€sence oi unisenac pappusTh€ followins 4 

eeneh viz. tu.r!., L. (s.srr.), ,adu.ellaNt 6\q MubediunCass, and ltaflola F.w 

:hhmidt rrc includel i. this g6up 

Thc genus ld.uce.4o Naarcla is a monolrpic genus and distinSuisbed from rhe 

ct oa g.n.h by rhe pcence of follosins chdctes such d snrll, amDal hcrh: 

capitulum moely sioglq 0orec blucr involucE phy'hncs 55 enite. inn€r mosr 

phylhne up lo 27 nn long (3 inca longd tlu. thc outq ones)i pdpillor, l-nbb.d 

clDelr lod capiuary b.,l *nh 2- rlnQrMr p.'d.nr rppddag6 on cirh6 sid. .nd 

conpaGliv.ly lo.g.r thin lh. otnd sen6a, The dlra of poll€n oorphotog, hs prcrided 

addilioMl miconophologrcal €hdcr.6 particuldty !t lb. s?eific l.vct !s mst oalh. 

sFcB rdn br identified on fte bash otpotls oo.photoSt Hos.ver, ar ege.enc t.v.t 

the pollcn norphological dal6 h6 bccn uscaut pania|y. ln somc cases Benus tike 

Laaudt N3a6r^ dtA S.zriota F.w. S.hmi.rl hav. .lmos simirai polla ch.ncE6 

.268

indianins lh.n cbse rcloliotuhip $ fli !s th. palvnological chad 

rhe orhn nolphologlcal chtdcth do mt suppon fihcont.ntinn 

The ge.us J..rola F W. S.hnidr h disrinct and m$lv islated bv hav'ng lhc 

lollowina consbnt chtncL6 such 6 stcn wtite Dd glcsy, diunctlclv to intrimrclv ot 

virgately bEnched; lealcs ssile subsssile, lloccose, d{uftnl wnh hn.ar 

+pendases ligules yellosr synnorc$cn.e sPicifohr - subacemosci florets I Pcr 

capitolumi crTslo Mth or *ithour bak hvi.g s.m. t€xtue and whne PaPpus 

Ho*ever, in lhc othq gencia ded, bnnch.s, lav€s dd synoo6cqc. are nol as rbov., 

flor€ts mor. lhan 4 ctfs.la crpillary - filifom *ith bok n.ving difml tcxtoc 

kxcludinS t/,?s.r'd Cis.). Adcnionally lhcy htv. polle, wilh r.ducei pola. n@s 

with 2 tuws of echince on rhe triradiare pohr ndg€s which are al$ ptcsc in ad.r!.e/ld 

The g.nus Lcr!.a L. G.st.) is distinsuished in having 3rnoresc6ce laxly 

corlmbose - Ecmoselt ananged orpanicledr 0ore6 ofvanous @lous (y€llow, *hitc. 

blue viol.t or pu+[sn), ct?s.I. nuic.rc pilo*, l-9 nbb€d, filifom slendd and 

b€k whne oi geenish. Despn. ol di$a.rc.\ the Ltctuco Elouc{ol,a Bohs. shor clos. 

affiniIi6 wirh thc spei.s Z!d@4a !"d!r.ra (ld.b.) N@ov! by h.ving p+illar., t. 

.ibbed cFscld ond *nic bak. On th. othq ha.d, lh. pallTologicll dai. suppons rh. 

isolation of thcse 2 sp@i6, Io Z,.r@ gla!.iroli. Boi$., poltr a@ of ih. pollo is laig. 

with I Gr5 c.nhlly i$lad -h;nrc wn Es i Lact c.lto udulata (Ld.6.) N!aov.. 

polar ar€a h reduced ond ccnl6l4bi@c rre absl. Addnio.ally, in rhc genB z../!do 

L. (ssL.) th. prlynologic.l dall ha hen uFtul d tn.3pcific tw.l 6 r the j speia 

aE placed under two diftea p.tten rypB. Such as, ta.tu z seziola L. ^\4 Lact,.a

tz,,w L. m inclld€d undcr &crrcerldrvPc bv the abs4€ of th. pold a@ whei4 

L\.tuco dissecto O.Don, Luct u Elauci.fatk Bo\ss antt Loctuco dati.hophrlla Kir^m 

rE pl.ccd und.r Izdrcart?c du€ b $. pr*nce or hr8. pola. d4. 

\\e senrs Mulgediun Css., show3 continuous variation in laves, 'nvolucE 

phyllari€s aod ctlFla chlact B and c.n b. dislinsuished by h.ving ctmPanularc 

capirulun, pink.puryle flor.Gi pinl-ptl. brcm involucrc phyllarics, srout, sn.ll{ b€k 

and lo'l2mm l@& ofr whit. io luslrous, fragile PaPPus,longer $!n |hecwlel.{Plole l 

& 4) Whe6 ,n l,!ctr.a L, G.s!r.), lr.tu rlr" N@bva anrl Scatol, F.W. S.hmidt 

clpitdun is conisl- infundibllifom or cylindncali involucc phyllad€s neshy 8en ' 

bomi hak clpillary -filifom or slddd (€xcluding Seflbla €Drrrot R@hi Barc) aid 

pappus 3-8 md lon& Ienon y€llow to white, sniller tnan fie ct9sela. Addilionally, lhc 

pollo gEitu havc smll polar lra wnh l6s the l0 cenudly iel.red ehrm. *hicb ffe 

ako presnr in Stepto,.hahthts Bnnee snd Cepholorthrrchus .rila,,e,ris Tuisl. 

Howev.r, mQhologically hoth rhe gd@ clarly ditfer too M!/sedt!,r Cs. by th€ 

p6dce of bis4iate pappus. 

CtorFrI is cldy dieri.guishlhL 6on rh! fmd gDup by h.ving bisi.r. prppN 

Th. following 4 gen€a tiz,, C?roloihtnchat Boi$' Ci@bit! \Ntllt , Prenanthet L. 

.nd SteplorhMphq B\nEc, tsll in lhi! gtuup. A bri.f eendic circm*nption is given 

TE E6!c Cephtlotttnchw Boirs., ts 3-4 - sqiate, eure invollce pnylhriB. 

rinaElliptic, Ed-boM or btet, muicat€ ct?$h lnd plppN up ro 6 mn tons. 

AddnioMlly, thc pollen Iraitu e smdl.r in sz (i.c, 17 - 25 rfr in tenErb) rnan thc 

polld or odd s€nec of rhis goup. Funhtuor. aron the 2 sp4i6 of lhis gcnus. in 

270

Cephtlofthynchut picridilorn' (BoN ) Tuisl, pold are is 'bsst which is a]$ lbund 

in Locttu siola L "d La.tu.a tativa L $1\e@ i^ CePhalonhrnctut .hibotewt 

Tuisl. polar area is snall wilh few cenr.lly isolsted .chint which are sinrlar to lhc 

Mutgetliun Cts. ed Stepto,honph$ B! gc. 

lhe senN Ctu .rra W.ln., is charaetcnzed by h!!lrsddopine.dpirulum. lldndn.{ 

peduncle, involucre phyllari.s 2 I scnlte, dak 8reetr 

black, villous or htrsutc _ 

papill@; crp*tr wirh rl.nda-$dr, m@lly @!6lorous pale I 5-l mn long b.a*. 

Addnioelly the poueh Srains e hr8. wilb extssiv. polar area sinil& to the gdus 

PE erA4 L. wh.6 i. th. r.mi.ing 8.neE pollen arc smll with Educcd or smlll.r 

'rhe gd\s Sleptarhampta aDge has th. lollo*ing deiimiling chdBctes: such ts 

low€r lav6 up to 40 cm lon8 md l0 cn widq qpilula 1.5-2.5 cm long, 25-18 no* 

ps capilllumi involucre phylbnes 55- sqiaie, ourer phlhnes up ro 6 hn b@dj cy?scl. 

9'15 mn lonS,ncldir8 bak nuch omplsed,2.5-1.5 mm bMd, elliptic md wingcd: 

oure. pdppus lenoo yellNi i.nc. *hit€ pale. !rlk) a.d p€Risbnr. Ilos.rcr. 

polynologiorlly Oe g.n$ shows clo& ani.iti$ with Muk?diln Ccss. and 

Czphntont rch6 dtual@B'ttisl., in wnich pollo havr srrller pol& !|6 wirh ts 

rhm l0 cdrftlly islaled @hinae. 

1l\c g6!c Pr.tuniEt L. is diffcMriard ftum its allied genera by hlving 

noddi4 capitula, flor€ls I (io ln€EruE 5) pa capituluh, involuce calylutate phtl.n6 

6"8, biseriaLi cr?ela 5-? nh lons, rruhc.rc o, eunded d lbe apq and oamw towards 

th. b&, balls. wh.6s in orha gdd ld€rs arc doE than 3 pq caitutun .nd 

271

cr?efa !rc neither dnc e mr b€lel Plltmlogicallv, lh6 Cpnus lalls in $' Ct'{bita' 

pollfl tr?. by th€ ptenc. ol larse pollen and wider poll.h !ras. 

The di$ribution plnm of the senus ddle L (s.sr') lnd iis allicd lcnd indic.lcr 

$d 71.13 %.a mircgioEl elemqq 2l.ll % re bicgionll €lems6 and onlv lll % 

me plLrircgional elemenh Mo* of thc laxa are ldno_Turanian regton rep(enlh8 

high€sl p.rcmbge {59.17%). Thi s drstnb uion pttem is in aeteenenr wilh the tindings 

6fAli & Qais 

(!986) who ddonst .t d $!t bano Tldis elddts !E the hiShcal 

in $e llo8 of Pakist r Anons all th. taxd, I disr&lo D. Do. 6nd L. sqnola L, arc 

disFibu!.d lhouel' our in Pakiefl $d Krshnn G.bl.. 5 2, Fis 5 4 & 5s.5) As f.r as 

&€ world distibulion is concm.d /,a.to& suioh L ad kcruco sotda L., 

(culdvatcd s!€.ies) ac cosmoDolilon in disFibudon. Th. lollo*i.g 5 n4ly d€sclib.d 

+ei€s 

viz., Ctdrbte arri Rmii BM, Ci.erbita gilgit%it R@hi Bmo, C,.err,a 

qaisqi Roolli B^no, Pr.ndnthet rra,r,i, R@hi Bano & Qaiser, Scaiola erceruta 

Roohr B.no oe loDwn fom Pard$.n and r6ltnn o.ble 5 2, Fig. 5 9-5. l3 ). 

212

APPENDIX I 

LIST OF THE VOUCHER SPECIMEN TORCYPSELA MORIHOLOCY 

S. Oner, S. Nuinutldi,t & A Wdhitl 912lKrgl, S 

the'1k 4968 (KUH): Zanol Ali 4783 (KUH)| llrua 

Rdt.! & Sikand.r Hayat trc-91 | 19 (RAw)i J.,,y'.r 

RR Stdurt 18909 (KVH)| Sntate Khd@h, ltb 

MuhaMad & Cd Jan 4qJ (KuH)i,t. ChaJ@r & S. 

Onet 2191 (KVID, M. Aine.Ii 21ta (KVH). 

S Oner & .1. Chaloor 1621 (KUH): ,i. rRar^rd I 

'03 

\KVmi S Odet & M. Sojtet 2411 (KUH\i T ,11i, S.Z. 

'/si, 

& CoA$ Khdr 2212IKVH)i S. AMin & M 

oaiser 9148 (KUH); T. ,{li et ol. 2344 IKUH), M, 

Qaikr 1229 (KUH)i M./t. Siddiqul, M. N6n & ZzJal 

4r30(BM). 

M. Qtiw 71 (K|JI'Ji /. cnqhot & S, Omet 22t3 

(Kl.[J\ M. Aoiet & A. Ghofoot 4!35 \KuH) T. lti & 

Ttail /thh.d 1204 (KUH)i n.R J,Md 28043 

IKUH)i A. Chokor & S. Onq 2272luw), S.M A 

K@ni & M. Solin t3rr (M)t R.L. Bd tS29 lE) 

213

Jm 1l^6 & Alika 1016 ab (KtM). ali Noq 1726, 

r?33 KUH). 

T- An. M. Ititq & M. .4jtut Kh@ 5a5 lKDHlt s 

tbedi, Sl3E IKVH)i M. Saitq & 'r' Gtttou 6tia 

lKLMri M. Q.k.t & RiMr Ytuflt 8074 {KvH)i t 

rbe.lk & M. Qai'* 8%0 ((UH); c,l. SdM' d t 

oher 163 IKUH, Jan Alcn s.n. (KUH)i x td,r. 

Rubitu .ltttn & Hanif 1J074 (P'Aw)i A Aholoor 

210 (RAW)| .{oriidor Xar, | 5452 (Mw). 

Ja't!.t Laturd tttt (E); rdtito lô".t 638 (E)l 

Ju .41a^, R.D. Totu & Jen@str 2550 (KUl0: .rdr 

Atnn & Salan 3106 (Kur{lt A Chaf@ & xi.wh 

r"@/1448(KU$rO rmir 28263 (M} 

S. Ohet a M. Q4ket 2165 (KuH); M. gai'q e /. 

Ghaf@t 50t2 (KUH), S. Abtdir & t4- oahd a965 

(KUH). f. lli, M. Qais & M. Ajtul Ktth 521 

((UtD O Polult 56168 (BM): O Polutin 561425 

IBM)I J.f. Mt tuts (BM)t trltw & Shqlt 

1962 lBWi M6. t4.A. Evedhe.t *L tBMt, LL 

274

Haklq 

^ti 4614 (KVH); M Qaiter & A Ghaloor 5t&\ 

IKU'/), T. ln & l4ail Ah6ed 1094 (KVA)i Fdol 

(.r@ 66 {I

,/€rBr./ t8l5 (KUH): A Ohaloor & S Ont sn 

(KUH). 

.tbd'| Chohot & it'.r vo6l llsl (KUH)I S 

N@inubi4 S. 1b2.1in & H.needulra, 304 {KUH): t 

Neih"ndk & S Abed'n 629IKVH). S Ont& A 

Chaloar l11l (K]JH), S Oier & A Ghal@. \'193 

(KUH)i ,llDii4 ,4lr0r I2608 iMwl 

J.D.A Slrinton 2590 IBM)| 

Hd,idar ,'|lt 820 (KUH); 

Hoidzt Ali 539t (KUH)i r/ ,r'ar ,r!t 50m {KUH); 

s. Om+ & A. AôIoot t55r (KVH)i A Gnal@r & 

Rituan fowuf t4a5 (KVIJ). 

O. Polunih 56l1lJ e (SU): Jan ,4lon & Fozol Kaln 

1602 (KUH), Kanal Akhlar Mattk & S Nuimuddin 

1616 (KUH), Shtuli Khan 12 {KUH). 

Lrdlot & Sheri[1861 (BM): Ltdlow & Shoit9255 

(BM), X. S.o,, ia./ 1603l c (BM)j ar. Potu i, 

s6t511 ,561561 IBM} 

Shwrli Khs & Shobbft Hasn 6a0 ((UH)i 

Shw.li Knh & Shobbir Basn 665, 666 (KUH). 

SheMli Kton & Shobbir HNsan 651 (KUH)i ,r. 

216

Ciceruta l.sqtiana vt. 

Cicerbib Lt@iM vt. 

Cicdbna daipi.N v.t, 

(BNt)t t1t.,a. Ew6id ..n. 

Ati 496 (KUA). 

\BMi: C.B. Cla*. 24564 

(BM)i Sh.Mli Kta' & M 

Ali N@t 303 (KUH), Jan Atzn & Fazal Karin r4ts 

(KuH)i .hr AIM .... (KUH); s,l"Mli /$@ d 

St bbit Hdtun 661. 664 (KUA)i R.R. tt LD- gMd 

s.n. (MW); ,1.X, S/.M, 19934 ((UH), 

,lli N@.4 al. 584 (KUHI : Shmli Khu tt M.AIi 

496 (KUH). 

R.R. & ! D. &Non \8463, \9281 (KVH), /ii Noor 

(KUH); i.l. d rD sbM, 19158 (R^w); Rn 

Stewt lE75J, l9Oll (RAW); l: r,/6ri & G L 

vebila 6522IRA\|), R. sel t1t lBu\i C.D.CIat@ 

10336 D (BM). 

Rn. S,ran 12710 (M): M6, M,.'1, E|eBhe.l s... 

(BM) i.& S,.wd !n. (RAw)i Sr.Ml, tfid * 

Stabbn H6tui" 3a4 6UrD; Ja,,a/ah s.i. (KUH)I 

Jan Alod & Noor Di, 2A6r \KVHri.lli Noq et ol. 

211

384(KUH). 

S. Abedin & M. Qaitd 

8993 (KVH)| S. Onet & M 

Qais 2512 (KvH)r J@ Ale^ & M Qoiw 2t22 

(KUH), Ali N@t & 1. Mttotib 155 (KUui ,'t, Ioor 

188 (KUH)i .,llt Noor 4 M ,lton 3t6 (KUH) 

N. Saitq & 1. Ctolaot 5429 (KVH)| v Nan & 

zqar lti 7878 (Y,\!qr Y NBn 4 l{@tr 9194 (Kt fl); 

r. Graho & T. Ali 4185 {Kun). , Att, M. ootus & 

M- Ajnol Khon 479 (Kutt)i R R SEwn Na'l 

Siddr4li 1543 (MlV)i R,{ S,a..r 15271 (RAW) 

R{ Jr@n 15882. (RA\V); X.X 9@,l52lIa 

kR &qoi & A, Rehnan 24610 (BM, RAW); ,4. 

Ctahor & T. AII a042 (KVH) 

&r. sr.@t l2ta7 (RAw} 

21E

APPENDIX IT 

LIST OF TEf, VOUCEER SPECIMEN FOR PIOLLEN MON'PHOLOGY 

Jdnlq Ltndd t078 (E)r t Ota S 

Nazintdiin & A- tvatid 912 (KUH), Rubno 

Rafrq & Sikindar Hotot HC-91'1 t9 lRAw) 

Sl. lA n32 IKVA)i A. chahot & S otu 

2010 {KUH). 

Hatdat Ali 2411 lKuH). Hatllar lli 2867 

lKUHri tli N@ 30 IKUH)| Ja, ,4tan d 

IMr 2951 lK\irIJ. 

3.L. Bd 1529 iBM); lti. Sr.k., 23043 

lKu'lti,1. Oh.foot a s. od.t 22tt (KrH): 

S.M..l. Keni & M. Saleh 37rr (M), 

J6 /lai & ltlil@ 3016 ab (Kw\ fi NN 

r726 (KUH). 

5.,1. Eowt Lyon 629 (BM)r ,l{ g.ir.i .t 

orer & S,Z, ttlsin 8320 l(VH): Jan Alzn 

& ko,ln Madt l rata (KUHri Haidu lli 

l l8r (KUlr). 

219

lenn{et Lono.d ttt3 \El re.nifet Lamatu 

638 (E\ Jan Al@, AB Tor@ & Jahnnsil 

Aabot 25tO lr\ull)i 

(KUH). 

Jo^ AI'n a saleeh 31t]6 

o. Poturin 56n6a @M): M- oais & / 

eh4@t 5012 (Kut\)i Ha tor ati '.n (KuA), 

R R" Std.lt 21292 (AAw): R R StMn En 

C.A. Clari, 2!561C (BMJ: O. Polunin 9i23 

(BM); Tati ,|li 4 G.R SrMr 2619 ((trH): 

s./t. F.tooqi & M Adi'd t2tt IKVH). 

Eaklo Ali 16t4 (KVH)a M. Qait r & 'l 

6Adpd t00l (KUro. 

Rooht D.no .,n. (KUH); M. Qakq & A. 

ahal@ {36 $UHt. 

Jan Alan & Mir AlaB t5O (KltI); Jat AIM 

1960 b (KtIt): S.ijaa Hoi.k s89 lKl.J4)i 

$aid.r llt 2121,5r5r (KUHI:' J.D.A Sbin@ 

8415(BM). 

H.id.r lli 3016 \KltH), C.B. Clalke 30035, 

10390c{BM). 

280

Sl?FdhanptB mnblolio Su4, Lt. Eatit l.i4! 16)00 IBM)i JM AI@ 

CephzIothrn hw ctitnk$ 

& Ka n Madad laga (KUH\ Jan llla^ & 

M.hb@b lli 2W IKUH), SheMIi Kh41 & 

Srarrt flwt4tu s,o ((UH) 

Ab.lulG aloo & RiMr voMf |t8t (KVHJ. 

Rtbitu )tthtar l26M (RAw\ S One l2a1 

(KUl0. 

J,DA Staktat 2590 (BM)i Eildar Ali 820 

(lQJH)i Eald4r AIi 539J (l

a- Rdtu 64lRAw) 

rn. Lu ov & Shqit 8oa2 (BM\i Sl.,Mti Khd 

&M,1li4 (KUH). 

!*. Ali N@t r03 IKUH\ 

lt. ali N@r et a!, 5a4 (KVH) 

M.Ati 4%

Jon Muhannod tt^ lR w) 

Prenarthes ait hisonjano i.R.9.,4,4, .{?rt,, 24610 (BM, RAW) 

PrcM,th5etuanii {.R tren 12147(RAw) 

281

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'n 

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Didbra& G.ncnl of Asicunure kaq No.l L BaShdad: covedmdr Pls 

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nepibtica Aryentihd, I Acanthaceae-Etphatuidcu. (Dicoqledonae). Mi$owi 

Bo|lniql G.idcG Prs, sl. r,uis.

C.phlorrehynchls Bdirs. 

C.ph.lorrnylch$ chittd.nibTDisl. 

INDEX OF'IAXA 

Cephalorlr,.nB nardhEB (R6t;t )'trist. 

C.phdorrhymnus Dolycl.d. (Boiss.) KilP. 

C.phdo.rt*nu pi.ridifrdn (Bois.) Tuisl. 

Cephatonirn.ha sMilit lEdg*.) C, Sttih 

Aondrillo orri.tloh Wrll. 

C ho dd n no I @ ciJo t io w ttl. 

Ao rino pbtourpt v8, tcopara (R.ch. t. AeU€n & Esphahdn) Parso 

chond'iu! t@patz Rell1., a.ud & l*ph:ftlri 

C ie.bi b d it. h h o r i @ a B.,w. 

Clc6tlt. .[t R@hi Bono, !p..@, 

Ctcerbil. b.Etnrbl (C.8, Ckke) R@hi Bdq coDb, !ov. 

ci@bita bntuiam (!l.ll. 4Ilc.) Tui.l d Reh.t 

cicetuitd .tuhbilotio (Br s.) B@ny. 

Clcottt ddlpt m {C. B. Chrt€) Bduv. 

Ct {Dii. drlpio. (C. B. Clet ) Bauv. v!r. decipi.ns 

Ye. oddndr (Hook.l.) Rooni Buo, conb, .ov. 

v{ D.r4noio R@hi sono, v.i rov. 

Ch.rbn. g gt..hrk Roohr Bono, .p, .ov, 

9l 

t0l 

92 

89 

102 

'l 

63 

89 

91 

l2l 

9a 

l16 

t2! 

8l 

|l0 

lll 

l 

5 

100

cieftib l@iEdta (w^tt.q Dc.) 8.5!r. 

clcrbltrl6s.rtirn. (wall.cx DC) MadS.in & Rao 

ci.oblt n.sorblr. (Royl.) B@v. 

subsp. leibh rDc.) lvlmeain & Rlo 

CiMbib ^@o,hiza rt. tuttilit (&!ec*,) Bquv, 

C,arrikr. tud (Bohs.) Bauv. 

Cia.bhr q.i*rl R@hi B.no rp.!o, 

ci..rbll. ..punculoid6 (DC,) Bauv. 

Ct rrra r.opa", (Reh.t & rscie) Ki6n. 

Ei4arctun |at. idn@Wtll. 

Lo.tuco be,thtult C.B. Cla*. 

ttutuca bdnqiono lwar:l, dDC,) C. B. Clarke 

h.lueapitat (LlI)c- 

I@a dohbiJolia lBvs.) Bois. 

var. d.!t ll (DC.) Roohi Bano, tt.t nor, 

$b$.lr"rz @a!c.) Mens.ii & R@ 

v&. lydt. (Den..) Roni Bsq rtrt no* 

ll0 

tD2 

l(X 

107 

l0J 

106 

106 

l0l 

t02 

35 

96 

108 

39 

I05 

52 

5I 

l16 

123 

12 

15 

3l

.tud delpi$ C- B. Ctuke 

lutue &cipiD c. B. Cwk vt..ldipi$ 

Ir.tu6 dolhlopLtll. Kit rn. 

IactE...Ll@i \en.t. 

L.cru d.ldlorh Boii* 

lt trq irhituistiM Rel. f. 

Loctte l@igata (w6ll, .x Dc.) c.B, clak 

Ld.tua la.eistta au tdt4tilit lE(l8d-) C. B, Ckrtc 

L6tue latatioM (Wnll. aDcj C, B, Clttt 

bct@ lonAihlia w.ll, ., DC. 

Lzd@ longinsnah Ait.li,, &,H@L 

Loctt@ ratuhia (R6rL) lr@k f. 

L.cta@ ntritt nia (jttm, 

bctu@ qr6t4tit (B4i&) B.is- 

tactu.a pbnumb Bnitt 

iublp. de ata (DC.) Stcbb. 

3ub6r ,'.ru (Den .) SGhb. 

vr. ,"r, 

LGtu@ tuplt doi.l2t \DC,)c.B.Ctuk 

([tecn..) c. B. cla*€ 

lll 

lll 

Ill 

l 

5t 

6l 

83 

92 

102 

t02 

t05 

t07 

106 

l(b 

63 

t0l 

85 

39 

t@ 

7t

Lacto a @nola wr .aPitato L 

Lad@ @tiolow .fiPa L. 

Loctrca tcatiolo et. salira \L.) Boiss. 

La.tu@ tupatio R6h.l. & Keie 

l/Lt@ tatane (L.) c. A. McJa 

Lactlca tdtohco (L.) C.A. M.ts vat. tibeti.a H@k. L 

tactue tnr!,lob vt. d.,tda (r.4&.) Dc. 

Ladrco vlnina {L.l !. & C. tues 

lrtu wlli.him-lti.l, 

Lrctuc.0. lndllnt (Ld.b.) N@vt 

Ia@@pot ladaBwtill 

Mel@it ldkflia,un Dae 

M.Iatus.At |tntt D@n . 

Mda.owis ttdtilk EdEc*. 

Mdg.rxun cl*k€i Gt@k.t) R@hi Ba@, c.bb.rov, 

Mdaed tu h lo. easa t u d DC, 

3t2 

1l 

66 

12 

12 

1l 

89 

6 

52 

77 

l5 

6l 

\n 

73 

!05 

r06 

t02 

15 

102

MdAediutu bsqtionun vr, d.ntatM DC. 

Mulq..litf lesettia d W.ll.d DC- 

Mulge.liun 64turhhun RoYl 

Mulsedid,apunaloidu DC. 

Mulsediuo i.Lrlcon iL.) DC. 

P hodopus orl.ntalit B.ilE, 

Pha.n4er iii'M Q-.)Dc. 

Pr.u!n6 .lt j[|6orio. Gauv-) R@hi, Bm & Q.iF, oDb.tuv. 

Pwnthq ol I iz,i.efo lia DC. 

Ptunhd oIiaiaelolia DC. w- alitrioelolio 

Pi.mnrh6 bruno.hd Wlll.a DC 

PrqMtret ladtgata \il.ll. qDC. 

Prou1n6 rr.mdt R.ohi Bab A Q.is, !p.rd. 

S..doL .MErn Loofii BDq lp.!@. 

s..rioh od.nhllr (Boks.) S.j.k 

Sorlol. qi.trr.tL { aois) fu.1 $0.p, !!ri.t rt . podten 

S..rld. ondntir (Boi$,) Soj.t subrF ort.ni.|t 

S6rrorr viDh.. (L.) F.W. S.hni& 

vr. .lli.rl..foli! (DC.) H@k. t 

llJ 

l0? 

l0t 

t0l 

l08 

ll7 

t2l 

t24 

t24 

122 

\24 

t23 

102 

lt9 

46 

36 

t8 

,10 

42

steptorh.mphur cmnbllblla Buge 

S&prorh.nphur p.rn.. (Bois.) o. &8. Fcdbch 

Zo I I i kok ro p o l ralddo Bo iss. 

lt4 

a2 

8l 

35 

92

ADDENDUM

A NEW SPI,GIEIT ANI' A NEW CAMEINT.I|ON OF 

PiEiv,rnttE L, (LACnrcElE ASrrXACal.E) InOM 

PAKTIiTAN AND XA$IIMIR 

rfl)Rt &{rlo l{D tr. Ql|rslR. 

._t)q.d{ttu, Lh!6it, Et(er,. tfttiTrm p*tu 

r@ M@dtlo{ttds.t R.'tdrdlntw, rdhL pt ld. 

.. r'4dc e! bi 0m. 0d.., 

llllT.i * gldd- !..!"5b R.dt,3&. 

"dd*tur., 

a:!,. i 

i r(tr!!,ba4b,r. 

'sA-k 

T|! s66 AdLi L, c @bl,*.d by urle! rrr5lr !d ddih.d t 

4a€ .un]:4 I r5], t?6rr ot|n* I c dn.d tlsi 2M). rh. Fd* llm 

r 6E m r 9!a wdr P..6 oia hdn d fawd d triorooE, 

E,r|@r.bft ru aoa+..E &*(t99a)dNnr,a.ky r20il6,rracd 

:9j?q- yb* qc q00rt .c9qbd dr' 3 ,ci.,, di,ihnr n a( iri.a 

"a!.4'ITA qld "{ T'h.' €{ee h prri-l 6jt las L ritr, didrhrc 

I uEa sT! Eti|: !tu!.4 Mrc Dd xr*rr d h ,qEGd h, . 

u.F6dIrn .rn N 

Far r.F d-j. s,i m.r 4.dir. r.,6 rr 

Itd6 @rm. 

d. 

b P$o ,n (dht ! j- dE! 

^ 

-Th. a66 A'e'i.J L. ! drfdr&d r; ,B jri.d 3rja by qr4 hlvi4 noddu 

rrs r_{h rd4 r F qr,'uj4 r,.r4 qlFtc 

h,q c"d t7 m k3' @d 

Fytri€,1, 

tur,.d.'rcF rld le;ykwltm. 

4bIBd'gi|.!ru 

r,Ardr6e.d, R.d B.Da(tn i'.M.lFi+ t) 

ll.rirr.: (dnr: RrFj.lh.tb vrn.' Ra4 (.jn!. c. t!flt m. I ? tel t, R.R 

ol{ral* Sp.d6 di*ndienir I rpai.u! noar iods tmDih! idB F.rr& 

d,r !nr.r! tusriha *'E 5 m t6&, ndbitihlt rolr hdiviri\ 

. . "'-, -*,,.- 

";"'* " * b.* [E.F1d.q'nr46d|a|&|m drr,G **rd r,E ,nF h. 

Fdc nuG.eidr4 d'||b b.e. hfl@e I jhek reft a.ei,,jl 

drc4n& d srh I n@. p.d,ncr.F rnbrdt ,tyrri€ h;ELc slqq cE 

qe (n&r. 7 | |.5.1 m. oddls. bhcr. hiaid, -dd a Fs,iq u. n6 srD 

r ne riE y0 , w rii.. 's.t d a M6E r0.- y. im tN,& rh. b.r. 

dl,a FpF! r*& dd !4 jR im c7nh rdu. !d R 6r!,t.

"l 

srd il 

$rl 

ir ,- ryyF !*,"!* !4!r Rootrl B|no . Qrje. a h.b( s,. rar. q. 

N$ru3 Iiffi. (: odEt Fr ri< n. nFd. edrd *rdr Rodi ef,; 

. F, .ib,jd eh'1bnd, !,rytl

t 

sFlm! &'Ii!.d: x!!hl; Rr':F!, Jb.ru vilr4 nd4 xdtu, c. l20o d 

3.7.r93r. RR,Srtu 12r17 rR^\4 

Ddnndi!.: otrlyl,m Fd *9Ft@riry 

rt!.|lid Ardr,j .ed.i Rldi Boo & (hiF. dc inc llhvig shn.im 

ofchmud *tid $o* rh. d@ wirh dl. orhd I :p6iB trm P,rhb viz,! 

Ra@r6 dr.r6aidu (Beur) ridi B& e, Q,is 6d p44h2' bntu 

"tuiriB 

wdr.d Dc., ldr a nd6r F.+iolm, iildwtel}st 4 phttdi6 bi.'iic c 

ffo*vd, l]l. p'enr tlm difB.r nd b.d 6. $di6 in hrving l6E &13.x r,1.5 

q h loh.d, !.id. ll@ lhn d.

f|r.Lff-d.rd.ndlh.d.--r.dt-.4&rer*.i' 

h'!ftD*|Gosl- 

Dldbdd: ^&b-itu a P*ib 

Edl€r cl@ hd€t 1000-z5o0r 

Ilr.d.a Fdon: Auo!-S.'tann 

xra.L.,.dr 

l+ La€otics q ulroa.4 &lr r}]j4!doL eb66 kq.riry.4 

ur o . 6 hadi bod*c i!0L |EE .rFd. 7 d ldc| lldt 

'ina 

. LEdarielt bsrl.arb&i.ch.4 lc2ao krg paioLlD b lt 

d rdt 6-lntF4 l{b2 6 ha4 btd€eFdca l}t@l 

c}F||5mldg.Lffi'h'''''-''''' 

1+ La6 pol}|ndrhq nrpk a pi,rlry L5.4 i b@e Flioh. 

. Las d DdFaDha FlI&, ri.lot d d il|Fipi.rq hflffi 

s/c c thr*nd b lh. dire'/tu d aM, E, M &l t^v tu Fai.,ha 

iciiE dcd d lo-. l!d.!rd!6 n aFqr.d b lrd, Dr. xn .!F IPM) ft 

lih di{ionr orth. lR spcia 

3-ut!d,c relo cdblt&r L d4'cdrpc. &1.9..&| cdr.lr: r3t. 

./6,'r&FL?','ndfE8!d!'d' 

JBt1..?{n1.tud4ctu.uffi 

xi@nrr. M.s !s. bi tu 4,i. rrssx, rb.): Ec Bdfr. N.x.Iarv. c!ryirE 

t,xr" u. !,o'. d .!is Fqub d c.za 4 /411 pt ,,. tta): !.w. r&a a a. 

,drqvol&F|13(sFnF'v,b3B

Lh4clfoa&@ri',.4}l't-&!sd[ 

rd*r. d.2da, rrdr,rrlrdr,ar. E ,. odnr uidit'b c#dF 

@iold'x'Htm'Ed,@cep.or 

^dddDd4vdg.d|'cEActl. 

tu (EdI E e-d 3L ri. Is 112,756. rrhi nii'r ft4 k!.f. 

cdtlld b ltjdi@ r0 Je roe)

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