1 - NGA

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MILITARY HANDBOOK 

GIOSSary of hlapp~wj, 

Chatiing, and Geodetic Terms 

ruSTRIBuTlo~ STAT-T k 

distribution Ie unllmlted. 

NOT MEASUREMENT 

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MIL -HDBK-850 

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m---------- nsYuCGTtiFtMS —- —- 

Approved for public release; 

FOURTH EDITION 1981 

AREA MCGT 

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MIL-HDBK-850 

FOREWORD 

i. This military hsndbock is apprwad for use by afl De~rfmanfs and Agancrns of the Departmanl 

of Defanaa. 

2. Benefnial commank (mcammandstkms, additkms, deletions) and any pertinent data wh~h 

my bS of u= in imPW@ Ihh d0CIJm4Mi 6houid bsI sddrassad 10 DMA~lJ), Stop A-10, S913 

Las Highway, Fairfax, Virginia, 22031-2137, by using Ihe Sfsndardization Document Prop@al (DD 

Form 1426) appearing al ths and d this daoumanl or by latter. 

3. The purpose of this glossary ie to provide a c~ahsnshfe and sufhofitelfve aouma of cument 

usage of mapping, charting, and gsodel”k terms for sII Iavafs of users 10 help them oommunksta 

effacthrefy. TWs adffian of the gba6ary In addiiion to the main gbasary of terms, includes a fiit of 

MC&G misted abbreviatbns, acronyms, end inifiifs commonfy used wtihin DoD. If alw includes a 

section on Mapping, Charting 6 Geodesy qfsn”KsfLens. 

4. The terms and definitions in lhis pubfiialion ware salectad from authoritative glossaries and 

dcliancwies. and from technical pubkstions end papers concerned with the many disciplines 

associated with mapping, charting, end gaedasy. Numerous changes, additions, and dalelions 

were made effer a Itmmugh review by Defense Mapping Agenoy components and by the 

Depmlmants of the Army, Navy, and Ah Force. 

5. This publbatlon b not a substitute for the Department of Defense Dictionary of hWlary 

and Asaaciatsd Terms (JOINT PUB 1-02), formatly JCS PUB 1, which the Secretary 04 Defanse has 

directed to be used throughout the Deparfmanl of Defense. Terms included herein wfrkh are 

deaignatd “(JCS)” ware extractsd from and defined as stated in JOINT PUB 1-02. In mms 

inetancea, the JCS definition has been expended 10 includs mare detailed or supplementary 

informrnkrn. This sddflionel matter is set df trj braokete and is not to be wnstrued es changing or 

conflicting with fhe JCS definition. JCS terms whbh have been acceptsd by NATO end by the 

lnler-Amerium Defense Board ere se designated in JOINT PUB 1-02. Only thoss NATO terms 

whiih do not sppasr in JOINT PUB 1-o2 are aa inrkakt in ths gbaaery, 

6. The daaignafion “(USPLS)” indicstas U.S. PuMc Land Suwey ferms similsrty defined by the 

Bumou of Land Msnagemenf, U.S. Dapsrtmsnt of Interior. 

7. Alphabeliz.alicm of terms in this glaaaaIY folbws the rdandard A through Z order, except fhat 

mulfiward ferms are alphsbatizad according to the inifiil word. 

& Muffiile definitions for e single term are numbered and, wherever apptkble, are identified wilh 

the appmpriafe science, discipline, or function in parentheses. Al the end of some definitions the 

uss~s affenfian is directed to related terms by tha expression ‘Sss ebo.” 

S. When two or more terms have Identical maaning, ths definition has been appfiad orrfy to the 

preferred term, followed by the expmsaion “Also celled” and a Iii d the aynonyma. The synarryms 

are shown in alphabetical order in the glossary, and ere referenced to fhe prefemd ferrn. 

Anfonyrns are fisted after the expression “Opposite of.” 

Any mention herein of a commercial product does nOt 

constitute endorsement by the United Slates Government. 

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MIL-HDBK-B50 

CONTENTS 

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS ............................................................... ... 

2.1 Govsrmmenl Documents .................... ...................................... ........ 

2.1.1 Spadfk.aliena, elanderds , and hendbooks ...................................... 

2.1.2 Other govemmenl documenls, drawings, and publications ............... 

2.2 Non-Govemmen! publications ..................... ...... ........................... ..... 

2.3 Order of precedence ......................................................................... 

3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS ..........\ .......................................................... 

4. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND INITIALS .................... .... 

5. MC&G 0RGANKA?70NS ........................... ............................................. 

INDEx .............................................................. ............................. ....... .. 

CONCLUDING MATERIAL ...................... .............................................. 

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MIL-HDBK-850 

1. SCOPE 

1.1 =. This handbook provides a comprehensive gfossary of Mspping, Chsrting, and 

(kcufesy (MC&G) terms cxwnrnonly used within the Ds$eIrlmerd of Defenam 

1.2 ~. This Gfoaeq epphs uniformfy 10 designers, pducem, and ussrs of MC&G 

producfs. 

1.3 Th=e terms apply to troth inlernd and sonlrecturd development dforls by 

the Mifiiry Departments, Cffiie of the Secretwy of Dafenae, Orgsnizalicm of the pint Chiefs of 

slaff, and the Defense Agencks of the Dapwtment of Defensa (DoD), colktivefy knmvn as D@ 

Components, end to all levels involved in the prepsrat”m end rminmnsnce of MC&G preducfs. 

1.4 ~, This handbook is UNCLASSIFIED. 

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2.1 ~ 

MIL-HDBK-850 

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 

2.1.1 ~ This section is not eppfiible to Ihm 

handbook. 

2.1.2 ~ 

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The folbwing dher 

government documents, drawings, snd ptblitione form a psrf of this doourmnf 10 Ihe exfenf 

spaoifii herein. Unless otherwise specified, he issues ere hose cited in the solicktetbn. 

JOINT PUB 1-02 Depsrtnrent d Defense Dktiirrery d Mililery end AesorSeted Terms. 

(Copies of !Ks ptddiilicm em evaileble frem the SIenderdiia!ion Dcx.wnent Otdef Desk, 703 

Robbins Avenue, Bfdg. 4D, Phifedelphii, PA 19111 -501M.) 

2.2 ~. 

. . 

Thii section is ml eppfiiable to this hendtmok. 

2.3 ~ In the event of e conflii fmlween the texl of this document and 

the rehwensas cited herein (except for refsled essocieled detail specificelione, specilisetien sheets, 

or MS standards) the text c4 this decument takes presedeme. Nothing in this dosurnent, however, 

supereedee e#iisble laws end regulations unless e specifii exemption hes been obteined. 

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Al time-A particular atomic MIS scale, 

aatabfiahed by the U.S. Naval Observatory, wHh 

the o~in on 1 Jaruary 1958, at zaro hours UT2 

and with the unif (sewxf) equal Io 

9,192,621 ,nO cycles of cesium at zero field. 

see also UT2 time. 

ABAC—A nomogram for obtaining Ihe 

Corwamion angle to apply when pbtting graatsircle 

bSarings on a Marcafor pmjectbn. 

abnormal magnatlc varlatlon-Any 

anomabus deflecliin, whosa cause is unknown, 

of the compass needle Irom the magnetic 

meridian. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 

abaclsea—The horizontal coordinate of a sat ot 

rectangular smordirrates, Also used in a similar 

sense in connection with oblique coordinates. 

Also called total daparfuras: X-COOrdlflate. 

absolute accuracy--The evaluation of all 

errors in determining a posil’bn with respect to an 

absotufe reference frame, such as the DoD 

World Gaodelic System, 

absolute errOr—AbSolute deviation, the value 

taken without regard to sign, from tfte 

corresponding true value. 

abaoluta gravity atatlon—A marked poinf, 

usually in a laboratory, where the value of 

absolute gravity has been detenrrined. See also 

abaolute gravity. 

I abaoluta grevlty-The acceleration of gravity 

diracfly determined by a device that measures 

time and length. See also gravity. 

I abeolute orlerrtatlorr-The acalirrg arid 

feveling to ground control (in a phofogrammetric 

instrument) 01 a relatively ortentad stereosmpic 

model or group of models. See also refathra 

orlontatlon. 

abaolute parallax—See absoluta 

atereoscoplc parallax. 

abaoluta po81tlonlng—Determhration of the 

posffirnn of a point with respect to the cenler of 

mass of fhe Earth as deffrred in fhe DoD World 

Geodetic System. 

abaoluta stereoacoplc parallax— 

Considering a pair of aatial photographs of e~al 

prircipaf dlslance, the absolute sfereomoplo 

parallax of a poinf k lha algabrak diffararca of 

Ihe distances of the two Imagas trom their 

raapacffva photograph nadirs, measured in a 

horfzonfal pfana and paralkrl to the air base. 

Afao caliad abaolutst parallax; trorfzonta? 

parallax; Ihrear parallax; parallax; 

●tareoacoplc parallax; x+araltax. 

ebeolufe tetm-A term (ueualfy only one) In an 

eqmfbn, which represents a known numerical 

value and does not contain any unknown or 

variabla elamanfs. 

abaolufa unit—Any unit in a system that is 

based directly upon associated fundamental 

units of length, mass, and time. See also 

dynamic number. 

absofute vatua-A mathematical quantity 

taken without regard !0 hs associated plus or 

minus sign. Used often with res”duals. 

abaoluie vector—A directad line segmenl 

whose end points are measured in absolute rttThS 

from a pcint designated as the origin. 

abaorptlon-Conversion of radianf energy Into 

other forms by passage through or reflacrion 

from maner. 

accelaratlon of gravity—The accaleratlon of 

a traefy tallirq body, approximately 9.8mJsac2. 

accalaratlon-1. Tha rafe of change of 

vebcify. 2. The acl or prcrceas of accafarating, or 

the state of being accelerated. 

accelarometar-1. A device that meaaures 

the rafe of change of spaed ot an object. 2. An 

Inatrumenl, spaclally designed for carrying In 

aircrafi or mk4eS, which measures the rate of 

change in velocity, dhatilorr, ars%or affltuda. 

accldenfal arror—See random arror. 

accommodation—l. The ability of the human 

eye to adjust ifsetf to give sharp images of 

objects 01 dtiferarsf distances. fn ateraoampy, the 

abilily of Ihe human eyes to bring two imagee 

hfO superimposition !or steraosoopic viewing. 2. 

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The Ilmifs or range wnhin which a stereopfoffing 

instrument is capable of operating. For example, 

the rnuttii)ax can adjust (or accommodate] for 

smell fibs in the projectors ranging fmm 

approximately 10° about the x-axis to 20” ebout 

the yexis. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

accumsslatod dlscropmrcy-The algebreic 

sum of the aarparssfediiepenciee which occur in 

the various sleps 01 Maklnc! a survey or of the 

computa!kxr of a survey. 

accumulated dhrergenca-(leveling) The 

algebraic sum of the rtiva~nces for the sactiirse 

of a MIS of levels, tmm me ba@nning of the tine 

to any section end a! which If Is deslmsf to 

@mPWe the total divergence. 

accumulative error—Sae ayatematlc 

error. 

eccurecy checkln@—The procurement of 

presumpfiwe evidence of a map’s wrnpliance 

with specified accuracy sfanderds. Accuracy 

cheddng generally indicates fhe relative (rather 

than the absolula) accuracy 01 map Iaatures. 

accuracy evaluation—The comparison of the 

quaihy of an MC&G producl with meintenake 

criteria to ascertain ifs adequacy with respecl to 

its intendad use. 

accuracy mathod-The method used in 

determining the staled aocuracy ot s produci. 

The melhod can range from a system empfoying 

highly sophisticated tachnlquea to a highly 

subjective )udgment, and IS essential for proper 

use of the stated accuracy. 

accuracy revlow-The comparison of an 

exlstlng MC&G preducl against source material 

or data more accurate lhan that from which H 

was produced, for the purpose of determining 

the accuracy of its horizontal and verfiial values. 

accuracy teatlng—The procurement of 

corrflnmad evidence, on a sarnpting basis, of a 

map’s Co@lance wifh specified accuracy 

srandards Accvrecy tasfing Is designed to 

indkate both the relafive and absolute accuracy 

of map feeturas. 

accuracy—1. The degree of conforrnit y with a 

standard, or tha degree of parlecfion atfalnad In 

a maasuramam. Afxuracy ralafee to the quallty 

“@a KEJdt, Srnd IS tLSW’I@Sht3d lrOM precisbn, 

which relates to the quelily of tha Op.SratlOn by 

which tha resuil k obtained end can be 

repeatti. 2. The ctoseness of the besf 

eefimeled value obtainad by fhe rnaaeuremente 

to Ihe %ue- value of the quamity meaeured. 

accurate contour—A contour line, the 

accuracy of which ties within one-half of the basic 

vertical inlewal. Atao called normal contour. 

ecetata-A nonflammable plaatic ahaeli~ 

uaad as a besa for photograph!! films or as e 

drafting base for overlays where Crnlcal 

registration Is not required. 

achromatic color-Cobr that does not etiiif 

hue. 

achromatic larta-A lens that has been parfly 

corrected for chromatic aberration. Such a Iana is 

usually of a mutli-elemem design to bring green 

and red Iighl rays to approximately the same 

polm of focus. 

acoua!lc navigation-blavlgation by means of 

sound waves whether or not they are wiihin the 

audible range. Also called aonlc navigation. 

See also Dopplar sonar navigation. 

acthrlc Ilght+ighl which is capabla of causing 

pholochemical cha~es in a sensitized emuision. 

acflve $atalllt-A saleltite which transmits an 

electromagnetic signal. A satelliie with the 

capability to transmit, repeat, or retransmit 

electromagnetic information, Sae also pasahra 

aatalitta. 

actlva tracklno ayatem—A satellite tracking 

system which operates by transmission of signals 

to and receipt of responses from fhe safelfite. 

actual error—The dMerence between !he true 

value and the measured value of a physical 

quanf ity. 

acutanca-An Oblecfive measure of [ha ablfiiy 

of e photographic system to show a sharp edge 

between comiguous areas of low and hiih 

illuminance. 

acfap!atlon-The facufry of fhe human eye to 

adjust its sensitivity to varying Immensitiesof 

illumination. 

aedftlve color mixture- Super- Impoafflon or 

other nondestructive cortrbhation of Iiiht of 

dHferant chromaticlfies. 

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add ftlva color Wewer-Projecfor tor positive 

trarrsparenclas obtained through muttibsnd 

photography. Each image IS Superimposed by 

use of a d~erem colored tight. 

addltlvfty of lumlnence-Lumhtance 

produced w(th a mLxture of fight from several 

sources ts the sum of the Iuminarrces produced 

by the fight from la of IIte acwrces acting 

separately. 

●doquaW-A !arm usad to descrfba s product 

which meats all ot the accamacy and curren~ 

standards established by ifs moat stringent use, 

and thus, is suftabte for all ifs intended uses. 

adjacency-A topolo~ical property which 

pmv~es relalbrships between objects which 

abut or are beefed In ctose proximity. Alao 

known as contigutfy. 

ast]olnlng sheets—Adjacent maps to one or 

all sktes and corners ot a particular map aheel. 

adjustad mepplng support data 

(AMSD)-The pest-mission relined version ot 

those paramstars used to posil”on collaaor 

plaftomta, sensors, arm sensor pointing anglas. 

adiuatad va[ue—A vafue of a auantitv derived 

froin observed data by some oid~rly pticess 

which eliminates cikcrepancias arising trom errors 

in those qata. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

adjustment; balanclng ● survay; 

dlrocllon molhod of sd)us?nrent; flsure 

●djustment; Instrument sd)ustment; 

Iand-ltna ●djustment; Iaaat ●quarea; map 

adjustment. 

●dmlnlewatlva map-(JCS) A map on which is 

graphically recorded Information perfattkig to 

administrative matters, such aa supply and 

evacuation inataliationa, personnel installations, 

medical facilities, cullecflng points for stragglers 

and pdaonara of war, train bivou-, aervka and 

maintenance areas, rnaln supply mists, traffic 

circulafbn, boundaries, and other details 

necessary 10 show the administrative siiuatkrn. 

See also map. 

Advanced Very High Resoluslon 

Radiometer (AWIRR)-A five to six channel 

sensor with a retmlu!ion of 11 km. Applcatbna 

inctude cJoud Iemparatum, aea swlaca 

Temperature, iand Iemparalure, and vegetation 

Indces. 

Advancad Weapona and Syatama Data 

Base (A WSDB )-A DMA relational data base 

used to assess and consolidate the MC&G 

praduct requirements for fielded, new, and 

emerging DoD weapons ad systems. 

aerial camera-A camera specifically designed 

Ior uae from an airborne stalkm. 

aerial cartooraptdc photography—See 

mapping photography. 

adjustment of obaarvatlona-The 

detenninatbn and aoDlicalbn of corrections aerial film epead (AFS)-A measure of 

corraaponding to etiis affecting the 

Wfred for aerial film which replacas the formerly 

obaervatlona, maklrrg fhe obsarv~lons 

arrwng themselves, and ccadhating 

consistent 

and 

u~ed aer@l exWsure i~ex. (I is *fined as 3@-E, 

where E is fhe exposure in metar+andle-secorrds 

correlating the derived data. at the fmint on the characlerislk curve where Ihe 

densitv is 0.3 above base DIUS Ioa denaitv on 

I ●djustment—1. (general) The determination bbck~;nd-white film. r - . 

ati application of Eor7ecfi6ns to observations, for 

the puroose of raductno armra or ramovlno 

inteinai inconsistencies-in derived results. _The 

tafm may reter either to mathematical 

procedures or to correctkrne applied 10 

instnmlants used In making observatbns. 2. 

(Iavaling) The detenssination and application of 

CW?eCSiOnSto orshometric differences of elevalbn 

or to o?thotrWIrfC elavatbns, fo make the 

efwatbn of ali bench marks tmnsisterst and 

Indeparrderrf of the circuit closures, 3. 

@logrsphy) Placing delafl or comrol stations in 

their positbne ralatiie to other detail or cantrol 

slalbns. See also adjuatmant of 

obaervatlona: engle method of 

aarial Illm-specially designed roii film 

supphed in many lengths and widths, with various 

emulsbn types for use in aerial cameras. 

aarlal imagary-Any remotaly-sensed 

nonphotographic image taken fmm the air (as 

opposed to space). 

aarlal mosaic-see moaalc, defintiion 1. 

aerial photogrammetry—The use of aerial 

phonographs in the science ot photogrammetry. 

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aerlsil ptrotogrcphlc reconrsaissance- 

The otxa”ming of information by aerial 

photogrephy4Nidad into three types: (1) 

efralegic phofographii reconnaisaanca; (2) 

Iacfiml photographic remrmak3sarq3; and (3) 

eurveyhwfographic photography, whti is aerial 

photography taken for eurveykerfograpfsic 

purposas and to aurveyksrrtogrephic standards 

cd acaracy. 

aertel photography-The art, science, or 

process 01 Iaklng sarlal photographs. See also 

mapplrtg pftotography; raconnalssanca 

photography. 

aarlal photograph-Any phonograph taken 

from the air. Also celled alr phonograph. 

aerial plalform-A term referring to the 

supporf of an aerial camera at the air statbn. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

rserlal reconnalaeance-lha collaclion of 

information by visual, elearonk, photographic, or 

other means from fhe ah. 

aerial survey-A survey utilizing photographic, 

electronic, or other data obtained from an 

airbc.rne station, 

aeriaf trlengufatlon—See photo. 

triangulation. 

aerodetlc—(JCS) Of or pertaining 10, or 

determined by aerodesy. 

eeroleve llng-As applied to model orientation 

during phofotriangulafion, barometric height 

measurements of the camera air stations which 

have been recorded during fhe photographic 

missbn are used to present the Bz values durin~ 

fhe orfentatbn of the successive models on the 

sfereoploning instrument. Only ti(fferences In 

attitude are required and these are provided by 

the aratoecope. See also orlentatlon, definition 

7. 

aaromataorograph—An Inslrumem lhal 

remrds the pressure and temperature of the air, 

the armum of mofstura in the air, and the rate of 

metbn of the wind, 

Aeronautical Datm Malnlanence (ADM)- 

A production element of DMA’s DPS which 

hwelves the prmaases of mllectirsg, compiling, 

and updating. See also Dlgltal Production 

System. 

aaroneutlcal chart-(JCS) A specialized 

raprese~ation of mapped features o! the Earth, 

or some part of it, produced to show selected 

terrain, cultural, and hydrogrephic features, and 

eupplemenlal kfformetbn requlrad for air 

navigation, Pilotaw, or for planning air 

operations. Also Caffed naW9St10n chart. 

aeronautical Information overprint— (JCS) 

Additkmat lnfOMIaIiOn which is primed or 

stamped on a map or chart for tha spcftlc 

purpose ot air navigefkrn. 

aaronaulical pllotage chart-An 

aeronautical chart designed prfmarlly tor air 

navigation. 

aeronautical planning charf-An 

aeronaut”bsl charl of small scale designed to 

satisly brig-range air navigation and missien 

planning requirements. 

eeropau8a-(JCS) Region in which functional 

effects of the atmosphere on man and aircraft 

cease to exist. 

aerospace-(JCS] Of, or pertaining to, the 

Eanh’s envelope of atrrusphere and the space 

above If; two separate entities mnaidered as s 

single realm for activiiy in launching, guidance, 

and mntrol of vehcles wtilch will travel in bofh 

entities. 

aerotriengulatlon — See phototrlartgulatlon. 

afflne deformation-One In which fhe scale 

abng one axis or referance plane is diierent 

from fhe scale along fhe other axis or plane. 

a?flne traneformatfon-A transformation in 

which sfraighl finas remain straight and parallel 

lines parallel. Angles may undergo changes and 

differential ecafe changee may be Introduced. 

age of dlurrrel lnequaflty—The flma Interval 

between the maximum semimonthly norlh or 

south declination of the Mmn and the flme thaf 

Ihe maximum effect of the declination upon tha 

range of fide or speed of the tidal rwrrant ormrs. 

Also called ags of diurnal Ilds; dlurnaf 

sga. 

age of diurnal tld+See age of diurnal 

Inequaflty. 

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aQglomeratlon—A generallxallcm process that 

groups nvo or more proxknete features to form a 

single feature. 

a99r09at10n opemtlonrJ-The process of 

bringing together many distinct parts or 

categories of data Imo one grouping, usually as 

a composite dlaptay. 

uggmgnt)on-The combtning 01 data collected 

et point kxations or smaller statistical units info 

Iatyrer units. 

agonb llne-(JCS) A line drawn on a map or 

charl joining polnfs of zero ma~netic declination 

for a spdfied year dale. In nautical and 

aemmautkal navfgaf’bn, the term magnetic 

varlatlon Is used ln!Xead of Magnatlc 

dacllnatlon. 

almlng llne-See Ilne of alght, definition 2; 

Ilna of collimation. 

Alr Afman8c—A joint publication of fhe Unfred 

States Naval Observarfoiy and Her Majesty’s 

Nauflcal Almanac Offke. ff mvars a 6-monfh 

period. N contains tabutatad values of the 

Greenwich hwr angfe and declination of 

eafecfed cefeetial bodies, plus additional ceteerial 

data used in na!dgalion. 

Alr Target Charl-(JCS) A display of perflnent 

alr target intelligence on a specialized graphic 

base. If is deetgned prlrrawlfy to support 

operafbn$ against dealgnaled alr targats by 

vatious weapon aysferna. me charts provide 

grephk ovefprlrs and textual data retatlve to 

radar return Information and Installations within 

the araa. Air Target Charis are prepared at 

MIL-HDBK-850 

●ge of pamllax lnequallfy-The time interval 

various scales and are produced under the Air 

Teroet Materials Pmoram as a eafles of 

between the parfgee of the Moon and !he ge+raph=liy integrated chrsria.] 

maximum efteci ot the paratlax [clislance ot the 

Moon) upon the range of tide or speed 

current. Also called parallax ●ge. 

ot tiial Alr Terget Msttorlats 

(JCS) A O@ program 

Pmgmm (ATMP)under 

the management 

mntrul of the Defense Mq@ng Agency 

sge of phase lrsequeltty-The time interval eefebllehed for and limited to the production of 

between the new or full Moon and the maxlrnsrr medium- and large-ads msp, ohari, and 

eflSCt of these Ptrawrt upon the range cd tide or gaOdBtiC pmducts WhCh auwort WorfCMlde 

speed of tidal current. Aleo called Sge of tfde; targeting requlremants ot the untfiad and 

phase sw 

specified commends, the military depenmema, 

and allied partldpants. tf encompasses the 

aoe of Wro Moon-The elapsed time, usually determination of produdbn and wverage 

expressed In days, slrrm the last new Moon. requirements, alandardiuation of pmducta. 

eetabllahments of productbn priorities and 

age o? tlda-See age of pfraae Inequality echadules, and the produdmn, 

storage, and releaaelexchange 

distribulbn, 

of fwoducfs 

included under it. 

ok base-l. (phologramrnetry) The line 10lnlng 

two air sta!bne, or the length of that Ilne. 2. The 

distance, al the scale 01 the atereosmpk model, 

between adjacent perspective centers 55 

remnstmcfed in the plotting instrument. See also 

alr ●tatlon. 

alr coordlnatee—See rectangular apace 

coorstlnataa. 

alr photograph—Sac aarlat photograph. 

ah plot-(JCS) 1. A carrlinuous plot used in air 

navigation 01 a grephlc represemation of Irua 

headin@ slearad and air diitancas fbwn. 2. A 

continuous plot of the position of an airborne 

object represented graphksrlly to show tme 

fxeadlngs staered and air distances fbwn. 3. 

Wtihln ships, a dispfay which shows the positiins 

and movements of an aitborne object ratafive to 

the pfetting ship. 

alr atatton-(JCS) In photogrammatry, the 

point in apace occupied by the camera lens at 

the moment ot exposure. Atso celled camera 

atatlon. See also alr baae. 

alr ●urvelllance plottlng board-(JCS) A 

~ridded, smell scale, air defense map of an 

appmpdate araa. II is maintained at the air 

mntrol center. On if are posted wrrem Iocatiorrs, 

nurrbar, and aftnudes ot all frtendly or enemy 

abaft wtthin range of radar or ground observer 

Itaciiitias. 

Iair 

targat materlala—Sae target 

Imatarlala. 

7

I 

I 

I 

MIL-HDBK-850 

a pWC6ntag6; r6f}eCfWfy, The term genera)fy 

Alrbome Control (ABC) Sy6teM-A survey 

system for horizontal aml vertkal control surveys 

refers :0 energy witmn a specifii frequency 

range, ae the visible spectrum. Ila most frequent 

irwoMrg ebctrorrwgnatic distance application is to the Iighl reflected by a celealial 

measurements and horizontal and vertical angle body. 

measurements hmm two or more kmwrr Posifiins 

to a ftelkopter hoverfng over tfte urWwwn Albrsrrt conical equal.area map 

PoshIon. Tha elavetiirt of the unknown poefriirt ts pro)acllon-An equal-area projection ot fhe 

determined by fha use of a apaoiaf phsmb he mrrhaf type, on which lhe maridiirw are slraQhf 

cable. lines Ihal meet in a common point beyond tha 

limits of the map, end fhe parallels are cersmntrk 

Airborne Proflla Racordar (APR%See clrcfas whose cenfer Lsat the point of Intaraaclion 

Terrahr Profile Recorder. of the mwidiirrs. Meridians and parellsfa 

int6r%6ct al right angles and the arcs of bngifude 

.eIrborna ●leotronfc survey control— abng any givan parallel are 01 equal Iangfh. The 

Control aurvay% amor?@shed by efecfronlc parallels are spaced to retain tha cot’!dlilon of 

maana horn an alrlmme vehicle or pfattorm, such Wual 8raa. m fwO W~cf~ PWaflels, the arce Of 

as hiren and shoren. 

Iongttuct.e are reprasersfed In their true length. 

Befween the selected parallels fhe scale along 

afrborne 

desi~nad 

tencilng model-A specially 

assaun rrmdef for use In briefing 

fhe meridians 

beyond them, 

will be a trifle 100 large. and 

100 small, 

alrfwme troops and supperf paraonnel. These 

models emphasize the aspects of objacfs as 

seen from the air rather than from the Qround, 

alfwmln 

making 

(albumen) process”—A process of 

photolilhogrephic press plates utifizing 

bichromaled albumin as fha photosensitive 

ahwey+JCS) A comrol area or portion thereof 

established in the form of a rnrrtiar marked with 

mating, and requiring a true negative 

the prinfing plate. See also plate, 

10 make 

radb navigational aids. 

Aldls algnallng lamp-A signaling lamp used 

Ah’y ●pherold (elllpsold)-A reference 

e[iiisdd used in Great Britain and having fhe 

in some cases for night obsewalions 

stations in triangulation. 

of distam 

following dimensions: samimejor exis— 

6,37T.563.3S6 

6,356,256.910 

meters: 

meters: 

aemiminor azia— 

and lhe flatrenlng or 

alerte-An 

satellites, 

ephemeris prepared lor one or more 

predicting rise and set times referr~ to 

elfiOfiCltV-1/299 . .3249646. universal 

elevation 

lime coordinated, maximum angle of 

above the observer’s frorizon, a-rid 

Aky theory ot laoatasy-The lheory that fhe azimuth from fhe observer. Used fo identity 

mnfinenfe and Isfands are resflng hydroelallcally $Pecific aatefffie Passes. See also look anUlas. 

on hahly pfastic or fiquid maferlal, vflth roots or 

pmjecttons penatratlng fhe inner material of the akorifhm-A etatemenl of the steps to be 

Earlh. lust as icebems extend downward into the followed in the SOIUtbn of a moblem. 

w“ater; The greeter tf% elevation; fhe deeps; the 

penetration. II has been celled the roota of rWderYe-The pan of a surveying Instrument 

mountaht theory, and has the support of whkh consists of a sighllng dev’ke, with index, 

some gaofegl~s. See also Prmtt-Hayford ad reading or MccmJ@r accessories. See also 

theory of Iaostesy. paapalght alldasfe; pendulum alldada; 

pholoalldade; Ieleacoplc allrtada. 

Altotf aqual-araa map pro)ecflon— A 

Lamberl equal-area azlmuihal projection or e JIllgnmant (allnemem)-1. (cartography) 

hemisphere ctmvertad inso a map projecfiin of Representation of a road, railway, etc., on a map 

fhe emire sphere by a manoulafion suggested or than in relation to surrounding tpographlc 

by Alfoff. H is a projactbn bounded by an elllpse detail. 2. (general surveying) Tha pfacemem or 

in wtrlch lhe fine representing the Equator (major location of pOlnfS abng a stmfght Ilne. 3. 

axis) Is doubla the length of the llne representing (highway and mule euweYin9) The Wound Plan 

the cenlraf meridian (minor axis), showing the direcffon (cemer line) of the mute to 

be followed, as distinguished from proflla, 

albedo-The rafio of radiant energy refiected to which shrsws the vamcal elamanf. 

fhaf received by a surface, usually expressad as 

8

allanmont comecflort+aping) A correcflon 

apptisd ~ lhe measured length of a line to allow 

for the tape nol bakrg held exacfty in a verlical 

ptane containlr@ the line. 

●lmanac-A parbsfbsl ~blicalbn of 

aetronomts coordinates useful !0 a nsvigator. ft 

COt’If6htS tees Informefbn than an ephemeris and 

vabes are garraralty Oiven to less preclabn. See 

also ●phomorla. 

●lmucantar-Sae parallal of allltude. 

●long.traco @/T)-The direction of the 

tar!gant 10 a bass of points on the eerth, a 

COnStam dhtanoa from the aefeliiie ground path, 

Posilive In ths direction of satellite motion. 

alpharturnerlc grid-See atlaa grlrl. 

alphsrrumarlc ●trlng—A string of information 

cmraisting 01 both letters and numbers, and 

posalbla including other symbots such as 

punctuation marks and mathematical symbols. 

trequenlly includes olher select character such 

as PUtiUafiOn marks and mathematical 

symbols. 

aftezlmuth lnatrument-An irrstrumenl 

equipped with both horizontal and vertical 

graduated circles, tor the simultaneous 

observation o! horizontal and vertical d+racfbns or 

angles. AIw called ●stronomic theodollte; 

urrlveraal Inatrumerrt. 

OltamSrtO depoatfory-A Iile of originals, 

duplicate oopies, computer tapes, reproduced 

MStet’fale., e!c., of aelecf~e, current, and 

evahated MC&G data Indexed and stored at an 

appmpilately sewre location, physically 

eaoerefsd from beets Ilbrartes. bul available for 

use In the event of destruction of the primary 

DoD library file. 

●ltimeter—An Instrument that indicates the 

haioht above a reference surlaca. See also 

barometric altlmeter; preclelon ●ltlmeter; 

radar ●ltimeter; ●urvaylng altlmeter. 

altlmetry-The art and aciense of measuring 

attiiudas by bammetrk means and imerpreting 

tha reeutfs. 

●ltltude circle-See parallel of altltude, 

alfltude contour ratio-See C. factor. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

●ltltuds daturn+JCS) The arbitrary level from 

whbh vartkal diaptacernarrt is measured. Ths 

datum for height measurement is the lerrain 

diractly bebw tha eirusft or some apacifiid 

datum; tor preaaura attiiuda, the ieval at which 

Iha afmoapharic praswra is 29.92 inches of 

mercury (1013.2 robs): and for true altltude, 

mean sea tavel. 

●ltftude dlffarenca-The difference between 

~mput~ and observed altitudes, or bahveen 

prem~uted and sextarsl aitiludas. Atso oallad 

●ltltude Intercapt. 

●ltltude holrr+.fCS) The blar’W area et tha 

ori@n of a radiii d~tay, on a tiar tuba 

presentation, the cemer of the periphery of which 

represents the point on the ground immediately 

beiow the aircraft. In aide-beking eirborne radar, 

this is knowm es the altltssde slot. 

eltltude lntercapt-Sea allituda 

dtfferance. 

altltude slot-See aitllssde hole. 

altltude tlnla-See hypsomrnrlc tlntlng. 

altitude-l. The vertical distance of a point, or 

an objecf considered ss a pelnt, meaaured from 

a refererwe surface, as mean sea *vet (the 

geoic$, ellipsoid, mean terrain. 2. Angular 

diatarrca above the horizon; the arc of a verilcd 

chcle between the horizon and a point on the 

celeWal sphere, measured upward trmm the 

horizon. Sea also ●bsolute ●ltttude; angular 

altltude; apparent ●ltttude; 

clrcummerldian eltltudae; computed 

eltltude; denalty altltude; alevatlon; 

ellipsoidal height; ●xmarldlan altltuda; 

flight ●ltitude: geoldal halght; high 

altltude; merldlan altttuda; negatlva 

allltuda; obeerved eltltude; orbital 

altltude; parallel of ●ltltude; photo 

altitude; poaltive ●ltitude; preaeura 

altltuda; radar attitude; aextant altltude; 

Dlmuftaneous altltudea; ●olar aftltude; 

frue altltude. 

American Standerd Code for Information 

Interchange (ASCII)-A widely used ANSI 

$taMard mda which usas seven bfte to 

mpreaent nurrtmzrs, Ieffere, and mntml 

:haracfers. Shoe eigm-blf codes are more 

mmmon on mrmputera then sever%blf mdea, 

4SCII is mmmonly embedded In an elohl-blt 

mde. II is mainly used to tranemfi data between 

3

I 

I 

diiital devices. 

amphlblouo ●ssault Iandlng modet- See 

assault Isndlrra model. 

amptrldromlc polrrt-A rto-t!ds or nodal point 

on a dtan of co!ktal fines from witlcfr the cotidal 

lines rediata. 

ampttldrorrrlc rsglon-An area aurroundhtg 

an amphldromic poinf in whlctr the cotidal lines 

radiate from the nss-tide pohrr and progress 

thrwgh all hwre of the tidal cycie. 

amplltude of vlbratfon--(pendulum) The 

length of the arc paeead over by a perrdubm in 

movlrrg from tfs mean fxmltbn to the posltiorr of 

maximum displacement. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

amplltude—1. The mesimum value of the 

displacement of a wave or other periodii 

phenomenon hum a relerenca position. 2. 

Angular distana north or south of the prtrna 

vertical: the am of the horizon or the angle al the 

zenith between the prime verlicsl aml a vertical 

circle, nmasured north or south from the prime 

vertical to tha venical circle. The term Is 

or current as in anabg nahvorks that use 

resistance to represent mechanical bsaea, 

capadtors end inductors to atore energy and 

sinwlete the action ot aprirQs, etc. Stereoscopic 

pbffere are examples of photogrammakic stnabg 

Ine!rumanls. 

analog-A form of data recording thal works on 

the principle of continuous measurement, rathar 

than discrete cgurtthg. For example a paper 

map with ccmflnuous iinas Is analog, a computer 

disPIsY9d r7MP b@rIQ meda 0! bitE (pisatS) iS 

di@tel. 

analyals—A methodological krvesti@bn of a 

precass by a crmelstam prooedura, and its 

SSPSratiOn iII10 falS\Sd units for further datelled 

study. 

Analytical Photogrammalrlc Ponltlortlrtg 

Systsm (APPS)—A sfarao photogrammelric 

WO* statiin used h! conjunction with a Point 

Positbmlng Dala Baee (PPDB) for precise point 

positioning. See also Point Posttlonlng Data 

Base (PPDB), 

nnalytlcal aarotrlarroulstiors-A ohoto- 

CUslonsarity used only with reference 10 tr@es wis~ulalion procedure _(using aerial 

whose centers are on the Celeslial horizon, and is photography) in whlCh the Spalial SduliOII 1S 

pretiied ‘f? or ‘W,” es fhe body is rising or obtained by ownputational rwlines. 

setting, reapadk’ety, and suffixed ‘N- or ‘S fo 

agree with lhe declination. See also compasa analytical nadir.point trlangulatlonampllkrds; 

grid amplltude; ma@neIlc Radial hiangulation performed by computational 

stmplftuda; truo amplltude. routines in whch nadir points are utilized as radial 

centars.. 

amplltude of vlbratton-(pandulurn) The 

Iangfh of tha arc paased over by a pendulum in analytical orientation—Those computational 

rtrovlng fmm its mean posltiin 10 the position of s;eps required 10 determine lilt, diractbn of 

maximum dbplacement, principal line, fiiihl height, preparation of control 

terrplets at rectilicetkrn scale, an@ar elamerrfs, 

arraglyph-A sfereogram In wtrkh the fwo views and linear elements In preparing aeriat 

are primed or projected suparfmposad in photographs for mdifbation. Devebped data are 

rnf@errremay XMra, usually red and Blue. By mnverted to values to be set on cimles and 

vmwing through fitter apactaclea of corresponding Scelas of rectifier or transforming printer. 

00n@eMSmsrY cobra, a stereoscopic image is 

formed. analytical phoiogrammetry— Photogrammetry 

in which solutions are obtahrad by 

Snslemma-1. A figure eight shaped diagram mathematical Methods. 

drawn across the Torrid Zone on a terrestrial 

gbbe 10 show the declination of lhe Sun analytical photography—Phof ography, 

Ihmughoul fhe year and also the equation of ehher motion pk%rre or still, accomplished fo 

firna, 2. A sundial. delarrnine (by qualitative, quamitatlve, or any 

other maans) whelher a particular pherwmenon 

●nrrlog fnetrumonts-Devices fhat repreeenl does or does nof occur. 

numerical quantities by means of physical 

variables, giving all vatues wlthln a particular eneffifcaf Pmducta-Products made wlfh ffte 

raWe, for exampfe, by Irarralatb% by rotatbn, use of analytic fechnlquas. 

as in a machanbal gear system; and by vonage 

10

I 

analyllcssl mdiat ttlmrgulatlo*Radial 

trisngutation performed by com~ational 

rorsflnas. Sea also graphical radial 


StnalytlCOl tfrrea-point rmectlon radlel 

trlarrgulatlon-A method of computing the 

mordirtmea of the prtnctpal points of overlapping I 

aerial photographs by rasedlng on three 

horlzomal 

area. 

control pokrts appearing in the overfr$ ) 

anaetlgmatlc lens-A lam which has been 

corrected for astigmatism and, therefore, foouse! 5 

vertical and horkomal tines with equal brightness 

and dSfinftbn. AnasfigmaIic lenses are alsm free 

ot moat mmmon aberrations. 

anchoraga chart-A nautical charl showing 

prescribed or recommended wrchorages. 

ancillary data-Auxillary or supplementary 

data. 

snorold .altlmeter—See barometric 

altlmeter. 

enetold bat’OMetW-A barometer which 

balarwes the atmospheric pressure against a 

mechanically alastic rtevice. The ueual term of art 

aneroid barometer consists of a thin box of 

corrugated malal, almost exhausted of air. Wher I 

the atmospheric pressure increases, the bex 

cuntracts; when the pressure iessens, the box 

expands. By machankal means these 

rmvements are amplttiad and mmmunicafed 10 

an index hand ~ich registers the changes on a 

graduated dial. 

●flgh aquatlort-A condition equation which 

expraeses the rataiionehfp between Ihe eurn of 

the measured angles of a ctosed figure and Ihe 

Ihsoreiical vaiue 01 thal sum, Ihe unknowns 

bel~ the mrrectbns 10 the obsewed direcfbns 

or anglee, depending on which are used In the 

adjuetmenl. 

●ngle method of ad]uetmenl— 

(Iriangulatbmand traverse) A method of 

MIL-HDBK-850 

adjustment 01 obsewations which determines 

srselvikal rOdSr Dr@Illctlo%Prediclion 

baaed on proven formulas, power fab4ee, graphs, 

mrredbn to obsewed moles. The a~le 

of Sdiuslmenf may be used fiere a tiain 

method 

of 

anrUor other ScientK* principles. An analytical singie triangles is 10 be ad@tad. 

prsdidbn ccrrtatders sutlaoe helgm, sfnscrural 

srrwVorterrain frrfomration and criterta for radar angle of convergence-(JCS) The angle 

refladivfty together wfth the espact arrgfa and su~ended by the eyebass of an obaawar at the 

range to the targel. 

point 0! fmws. Atso called 

parallactic ●ngla. 

angular parallax; 

ang la of coverag~ee angle ot flsld. 

engle of currsmf-(hydrography) In stream 

gagging, tha argle of current la tha angular 

diierencs between 90” and the angle made by 

the currant with a measuring section. 

angle of depreaatort-(JCS) 1. The angte in 

a vertical ptane between the hOrfzWIfai ard a 

descending tine [as from an obsarver to an 

objecl]. 2. In air photography, the ar@e 

between the optical axis of an obiiqualy rrroumad 

air camera and the horixordal. Atao callti 

depmaelon angie; descending vertlcat 

angle; minus angle. See also angle of 

elevation; tilt angle; true depreaaion 

angla. 

angle of dsnrlatlon+opka) The angla 

through which a ray is bent by relra~lon, 

angle of etavatlo*Tha angie in a vsrticai 

plane bafween tha horizontal and an ascending 

tine, as from an obsewer to an object. Aiso called 

aacmrdlrrg vortlcal angia; plus anole. See 

also angle of depreaelon. 

angie of tfstd-A property of a lens. The angle 

wMendad by fines that pass through the center 

01 the tens and tocate tha diameter of tha 

maximum Image area within the specifbd 

definhbn of the lens. Lenses am ganerslty 

classtrisd acmrding to their ar@as ot mveraga, 

as follows: nsrmw-angia; wide-angle; nonmafangla: 

and wparwide-angle or utmswida-angia. 

Aiso caiied angia of covarage; angular 

field. 

angle ot Incidenca-(optks) As measured 

trom the mrrnal, the angle at which a ray ot light 

strikes a wrfaca. 

●ngle of lnclhtatlon-An angie of alevatiin or 

angla of depression. 

angle o! reflectlon+opfica) As meaeured 

trom the normal, the angle a! which a reflected 

ray of light ieaves a surlace. 

11

I 

●rrgfe of rofractlon-The angle whkh the 

refracted ray makes with the normal to lhe 

wrtacs separating two tranaparem rnedii. 

engle of Ult--see Wt. 

●glo 01 vtaw+JCS) 1. The engle between 

two raya paastng !hmugh the persfmcfiie canter 

(rear ncdal poim) of a camera fens to two 

ooooslte aarnem of the format. 2. In 

MIL-HDBK-850 

●ecsmslon; Screen ●ngle; sidereal hour 

sngle; ●lope ●n@e: eolld engle; 

●pherlcal ●ng la; apheroldal ●ngla; 

trsrvarse angla; vectorial angle; vertical 

●ngle; zenith dletance. 

●nuular altltude-A maaaura in dagreas 0( a 

given objecf above the horfzon, taken from a 

given or aswmed polnf 01 observation, end 

expressad by the angle between the horizontal 

and Ihe observers line of sight. 

p%togramrnatry, fw”w the arrgfa whose tarxgem 

is one-haff the length of the diagonal of the angulfir calibration conatent-in a 

format diviieci by the calibrated focal length. AlSO MUffiple-lenS camera, or IXUJffiplS~MSra 

called covarhrg powa~ field of view. assembly, the vatues of angular orientation of 

the lens axes of the sevaral lens-camera unita to 

angle O! yaw-The arrgla between a line in the a common reference line. For example, in a 

direcfbn of ffiiht ard a plane through the trfrnstrogon camera, the angular relalbnshfps of 

longitudinal and vertical axes of an aircraft. It is the wing sanrara axis with respect to the axis of 

mnsidered odsifive if the nose is disolaced to the Ihe central (verficaf) Camera. 

right. Also ~lled yaw ●ngle. 

anoular dletence-1. The anoular difference 

angle point—A term appfied to a marker al befieen two diradona, numerically equal to the 

each poim to Indkate a change In the direction angle between hvo lines axfending In the given 

0! a suwey line. directions. 2. The arc of the great circle joining 

two ooints, exoressed in annular units. 3. 

angle to right-The horizontal angle Dtstance between two poinf=, expressed In 

measured clockwise frem the precediW line to angular units of a specifiad frequency. tf is equal 

the tolbwirrg one, AlSO called clockwlse angle .“to f.~e..nu~! oj.wa~es bev.een f.~e Points 

angle-to-right traverse-in surveying, a 

technique applicable to either open or closed 

travemes, wherain all anglea are measured in a 

CtOCkwiSedirection attar the transit has been 

oriemad by a backeigfrr to the precedhtg ssatiin. 

angle-The incfinafion fo each other of two 

intersecting fines, measured by the arc of a circle 

imemxptad between the two finas forming the 

angfe, the center of the circle belmJ the point of 

hxtersecfion. See also adJW3ttMJ angle; 

nltltude: ●zlmuttr; azimuth angle; break 

angle; convaralon ●ngle; 

countarclockwlee ●nale: concluded 

angle; crab angle; crltlcal angle; 

crossing ●ngle; detlectlon ●ngle; 

dihedral angle; dlp angle; direct engle; 

direction ●ngle; dlatance angle; double 

zenith dlatance; drlff angle; EulerIan 

angles; Greanwlch hour angla; grid 

magnetic ●ngle; horizontal angle; hour 

angle; Interlocking angle; 10cal hour 

●ngle; Iocklng ●nole; look ●nglaa; 

meaaured ●ngle; merldlan angle; 

obllque ascenelon: observed angle; 

parallactlc ●ngla; phaae angle; 

reciprocal varflcal angle; refraction 

angle; rapetltion of angfas; rloht 

Muniplied by 2rI if expressad in radians, or 

multiplied by 360° if expressed in degrees. 

angular distortion-l. (cartography) 

IXstotilon in a map projection because of 

rronconfomxafity. 2. (optics) The failure of a lens 

to reproduce accurately in the image apace the 

angle subtended by two pJinte in the object 

space. 

angular error of closure-See arror of 

closure, definition 2. 

angular tlald—See angle of Iiald. 

angular magnlflcatlon—The ratio of the 

ar@e subtended at the eye by fhe image formed 

by an optical device, to the engle subtended af 

the eye by the object Itseff wkhoul the optical 

device. This is mnvenient where a distance in 

the objeci cannot be measured tor expressing a 

finear magnification, as In using a telescope. 

angular momentum—The quantlly otrtalned 

by multiplying the rmment of inertia of a body by 

Its angular epaed. 

angular perellax—See engle of 

convergence. 

12

MIL-HDBK-850 

change. 

●ngular rate-see ●ngular speed. 

annual Incquallty-seaeonal variation In 

•ngu~r ~hange O! directiin per unit waler fevet or tidal current Speed, trxYrOOr feSS 

time. Also celled angular rate. periodic, due chiefly 10 meteorologkal cauaes. 

errgufar vdocftY-A representation of Ihe rele ●nnual me9n011C chen9e-See mecinetlc 

of rmtetion of a partiile about the axis of ro!a!ion, sinnuel chenge. 

wlfh megnituda equal to lhe time rate of angular 

dbpfamnent of any gminl of the body. snnual megnetlc verlatfon-See 

meanetlc ennual varlatlon. 

angulsNor—An Instrumem tor converting angles - 

measured on en oblique plane to their annual perellax—The angle subtended at e 

a.rre~mling projactfons on a horizontal plane. cefaalial bodv bv Ihe radius of the Efuth’e orbff. 

A rectobllque plotter and photoangulator are 

fypes of mwsulators. See also aqulanflulator; 

topoenguletor. 

annex @nt-A pohd used to assist in the 

refet(ve orismaticm of verlicaf and oblque 

photogrephe, selected in the overtep area 

between the verlical and Its corresponding 

oblique about midway between the pass ~ints. 

Alternate acts of photographs only will contain 

annex points. See else pass polrsl. 

annOtetSrd photograph—A photograph on 

which hypeogrephk, gaobgii, cultural, 

hyorographic, vegetation, or place name 

Intormadon has bean added to Idemlly, classify, 

Outllrre, Clarffy, or descrtbe teatures that would 

not otherwise be apparent in examination of an 

unmarked photograph. Generally, the Iarm dees 

not apply to photofyapbs marked only with 

geodetic contrul or pass poirrta. 

annotation overprint-The outline delimiting 

a target or installation, or a symbol which bcales 

fts position together with an identifying refersnce 

number as depkxed on e target graphic. 

annotation WXS-A descriptive text containing 

the idWdifiCStbn. function. krcelbn, ohysical 

characteristics, and other “information c%ceming 

a target or installation, Descriptive tesls are also 

prepared for special areas, radar s&milicant 

fmwar lines, and precise radar signitlcam bcation 

points. 

annotation--(JCS) A marfring placed on 

Imagery or drawings for explanatory purposes or 

lo kxfiiate Items or areas of special irrpmlance. 

ennUal aberration—Aberration caused by Ihe 

vebcfry of the Earth’s revolution about the Sun. 

ennuat chenge-$ee magnetic annual 

Also called hefiocentrlc parallax; efellar 

parallax. 

annual rate of chang~ee magnetic 

annual chanoe. 

annual rate-See megnetlc annual 

change. 

annular ecllpsa-An eclipse in which a thin 

ring of Ihe seurce of Iiiht appeara around the 

obscuring bedy. Annular solar eclipses occur, but 

never annular lunar ecfipses. 

anomalistic drfft-The variat!an or dmt of a 

trequancy source. For example, the frequency 

changes 01 a crystal oscillator due to a variety of 

causes, such as temperature varfation and 

component aging, none of whmh can be 

pradlcted In advance or completely comrollad. 

anomellatlc month—The Imewal of time 

befwean two successive pssaages of the Moen 

in her orbit thruugh perigee. Tha length of the 

anomafislic month is 27.55455 mean solar days. 

enomafhstlc period-The intewal betwaen two 

successive perfgee passes of a satellite In orbit 

about its primary. Also called parlgea+fs. 

perigee period. 

anomallatlc tide cycl%The average period 

ot aboul 27 1/2 days, measurad frmm perigae to 

perigee, during which the Moon c=xrrptales one 

revolution eround the Earth. 

anomalistic yaar—The period of one 

revolution of the Earth around the Sun, fmm 

perihefbn to perihefiirr, 365 daYS. 6 hours, 13 

minutes, 53,16 seconds In 1955, and hwreasfng 

at the rate of 0.002627 second annually. 

enomaloua magnetic varlatlon—See 100s1 

13

I 

I 

magnetic enomaly. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Wmrrtely-1. (general) A deviafhn fmm the 

norm. 2. (geodesy) A davialion of an obserwed 

vahse horn a lheoretkrrf value due to a 

correaptmdrrg irregularity in the Earth’s structure 

at Ike area of obaervafkm. 3. (astronomy) The 

angle bafwaen the radhss vector to an orbithg 

Ix@ fmm ifs primary and the line of apairfss of 

Iha orbii, rneawmd in Iha duacfion of travel. horn 

the point of cbaaaf a~ruach to the primary. This 

term ia also called the true ●nornely when if is 

desired to diafingulsh If from the eccentric 

atWtMaly, which is the correapmdhrg angle at 

tha cenfar of the orWf: or from the mean 

anomaly, which is what the true artOMSly would 

bacems ff the pfanat had a uniformly argufar 

motbn. 6s8 also Bossguer ●nomaly; 

deflection ●nomaly; free-air ●romely; 

gravity smomaly; Hayford gravity 

anomalles; height enomaly; Iaoetatlc 

anomaly; local magnetic anomaly; 

magnetic dlaturbance; mean trae-elr 

enomaly; point anomaly; aurlace 

anomeliea. 

Anlarctlc Circle-The gaogrephlc parallel 

heving a south Ia!itude equat to the complement 

01 the declination 01 the wimer aoksfiie. The 

obl~uhy et the acffpfk Ls$teadlly changing so 

that Iha wimar solstice la not a poinl of fiiad 

decfinstbn, and the Anfarctk Circla, as defined, 

is net a Iirm of Siied position. When the Antarctic 

Ctrcle is to be shown on a map, however, If k 

desirable that If be traatad as a Ilna of fixed 

position, and that a conventional valua be 

adopted for its latitude. For thie purpose, tha 

vslue 66°33’ south fatifucfe Is used. Alao calied 

south polar circle. 

antlhalatlorr coatfng-(photography) A fi9hh 

abaorblng Coating applied 10 Ihe backside of the 

auPPOr’fOf a film or plate (or between the 

emulsion and tha suPPort) to suppress halation. 

antlporSa-AnythinQ exactly Oppcrtilte to 

aomefhing alse. Parfioutarfy, thaf point on the 

Earth 180” horn a gfven place. 

arrtlaolar point-That point on the calastial 

sphere 180” fium the Sun. 

antfvfgnafftng filter—(JCS) A flffar traarlrrg a 

deposil which Is graduated In density to correct 

for the uneven Itlumlnafion given by cerfafn 

Ianses, Parllwlerly wide-ar@e fypas. 

apareon—The polnf on a Mars-centered orbit 

where a satellite is at ffs graatesl distance fmm 

Mars. 

●paetron—Tfsat Polnf ot Ihe orbti of one 

marr_bar of a double star system at whkh the 

stars are farthest apart. Opposite of perlaatron. 

aperlodlc compaa-fferally “a compass 

without a period,- or a compass that, after being 

deflected, returns by one dhacf movement to Ifs 

pmpar raading, without oscillafiin. Afso called 

deadbeat compeae. 

●periure ratio—See relatlve ●perture, 

aperture afop-(optks) The phyaicaf alernanf 

(such as a afop, diaphragm, or fans pa~hery) of 

an optkal system whkh limits the size of the 

pencil of rays traversing tha system. The 

adjustment of the size of fhe aperture stop of a 

@ven system regulates the brightness of fhe 

Image without nacassarily affecting the size of 

the area oovared. Aleo called etop. 

aperture-l. The opening In a lens diaphragm 

through which light pasaes. 2. The diamefer of 

the objecfive lens O! a Ialeaoopa or of her optical 

instrument, usually exfxasaad in irwhas, buf 

sometimes as the anffla between lines from fhe 

principal focus to opfmsffe ends of a diameter of 

the objeclive lens. See also relallve aperfura, 

apex—See vertex. 

aphaflon—The point in fhe alllpffcal orbff of a 

planet which is the farthest fmm the Sun, when 

lha Sun is the cenler of affracfbn. Opposffe of 

perlheflon. 

aphylactlc mep projection-A map 

projecfiin which ekes not possess any of the 

three special pmparlies of equivalence, 

conforrnafiiy, or erfuidisfarrca. Afao called 

arbitrary pro]ectlon. 

eplanatk lens-A lens which transmits fiiht 

without spharical ahrrafion, 

aplune (apoluna)—The point on the elliptical 

Mbif of a aalellffe of the Moon which is farlhes! 

Irom the Moon. Alao called epocynthlon. 

( Opposite of perflune; perlcynthlon. 

1mpoapala-See 

apocenter. 

!pocenter-in an alfiptical orbii. the poinl in the 

xbif whfch is the graalest distance from the 

1.4

focus where the affrecrlng mess is bcated. Afso 

called apoapslo; apolocus. Opposite 01 

pariapsla; perlcanter; perlfocus. 

●fsochmmaflc Sana-A lens that has been 

corraclsd for chromatic aberration lor fhree 

arbrs. 

●pocynthion—See ●plune (apolune). 

apofocua—See apocarmer. 

●pogaan llda~lldea of dacraasad renga 

occurring whan the Mrxtn is near apogea. 

●~aa+fCS) The point at which a misaifs 

trajectory or a satellite orbii is tartheat from the 

cemer of the gravitational field of the cormolfirtg 

bcdy Or bodis6. 

apoaphare-A mathematical surface of 

constant wrvetura applicable to the earfh 

spharoid over a crmlain fimlfed araa. It may be 

either obtate or prolate In shape. 

aprsaranl altlltsde-The obsetved vertical 

angle ot a cefasfial objecl corrected for 

inetrumermrl errors, peraonel errors.. and 

inaccuracies in the relsrence level (princlpe[ly 

d!p], bul not for raf racfiin, parallax, or 

semldiame!er. Also called racflfled altltuda. 

aPPerenl horizon-(JCS) The visible thre of 

demamfbn benveen Iandkea and sky. Also 

called local horizon; lopocentrlc horizon; 

vlaifsle horizon. 

aPParent motion—Motion relatlve to a 

specified or implied raferanca point which may 

Rseff be in rrwtion. The expression usually relers 

to movement o? celestial bodies as observed 

from the Earth. Also called relatlve motion. 

apParant noon-Twelve o’clock apparent 

time, or tha instant the apparent sun Is over the 

u~er branch of the merfdtan. 

apperent place-( astronomy) See apparerrl 

poaltton. 

aPPerant POaltlOIt-Ah astronomic term 

applied to the observable posillon of a star, 

planet. or the Sun. The posffion on the csleslial 

sphere at which a heavenfy body (or a space 

vehlcfe) would be seen from the center of the 

Earlh al a parfkular time. Also called apparant 

placa. See also aatromatrlc poaltlon. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

apparant precaaalon-(Jcs) The epperenl 

deflection of the gym axis, relative to tha Earth, 

due to !he rotating effect of the Earth and not 

due to arry applied form. Atso called apparent. 

wander; wander. 

apparent aldsrreal time-The local hour 

angle of the true vernal equinox. Also dad trua 

●ldareal tlma. 

●PPamnt Solar dey-lhe interval of fires from 

a trarraJt of the apparent sun across e given 

metilsm to its next suwssive transit acmes the 

same meridian. 

apparent ,?olar time-Time measured by the 

apparent dwmal rnotlon of the true sun. Also 

called apparent time: true solar time. 

apparartt aurt-The actual Sun as n appaare 

in fhe sky. Also called ttUO eun. 

apparant tlma-See apparent solar ttme, 

aPParant wander—See apparant 

precaaalon. 

apparent—A term used to desfgnate cetiain 

measured or measurable asfronom”c quantities 

to rater lfIeM to the obsem’ad position of celestial 

bodies. 

aPpeara nce rat lo—See h yperaterao. 

●copy. 

aPP~o,aCh chain-An aeronautical chart 

provxfmg asserrfial information for making an 

approach to an airfield under either visual or 

instrument fliim condtfions. 

approximate contour—A con!our subsfltufed 

for a normal contour whenever there Is a 

question as fo fts refisbilfty (refiabifiiy Is dafirrad as 

belna aCWmt9 wffhin one-half the comour 

Interval). 

aPPuJae-The naar approach of one celestial 

body to another on tha calestiaf sphare, as in 

occultation or cnnjuncf ion. 

apae llna-See Ilrte of ●paldea. 

apala—Either of the two orbffal points nearast or 

Iatlhest from the cemer of affrecfbn, the 

pdheibn and aphellon In Ihe c+esa of an Orbii 

about tha Sun, and the perigee and apogee in 

15

I 

I 

the C+WSOf an orbii about the Earfh, 

mbltrery grid-Any ralarenca ayefem 

devebped for use where no grid is available or 

practical, or where military security for fhe 

ralerenca is desired. 

arbltrsry projmtlon-see aphylectlc map 

projection. 

ARC Dl@tlzsd Rastar Graphics (ADRG)— 

Digital raster representalbna of paper graphk 

pmCfUCfa. Meps/charfa are mrwerted into digtial 

data by reefer scanning and transforming the 

map image Info the Equal Arc Second Raster 

ChartiMep (ARC) Syalem frame 01 refererce. 

Used for electronic map diaplaya. See also 

ARC ProjectIon System; Equal Arc 

Second Raster Chart/Map. 

ARC ProjectIon System-A coordinate 

system fhat divides fha worfd into 18 latitudinal 

zones. See afse Equal Arc Second Raater 

Chart/Map; ARC Dlgltlzed Raater 

Graphics. 

arc Correctlors-(panduium) The auantitv which 

is appfied to the @ricxf of vibral”bn of s ‘ 

pandulum 10 albw for the perslulum’s departure 

hum airr’ple harmonic motion. 

arc meaauremant—A survey method used 10 

determina fhe stze 01 fhe Earm. A long arc Is 

measured on ihe Eanh% surface and the angla 

which aublends this measured arc is determined. 

By aasumpfions and mathematical Iormufa the 

size and shape of the Earth can then be 

determined. 

arc nevlgatlon-A navigation systsm in which 

the posiiion of an airplane Or ship iS mainfalned 

abng an arc measured from e comref station by 

means of electronic distance maasuring 

equipment, such aa ahoren. See else loran. 

arc Of parellel-A parl of an astronomic or 

geodetic parallel of fetifude. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

rxxrelafing focal surveys along the arc, furnishing 

dafa for [he determination of a geodatic d6tUm, 

providing a nafwo~ of corrtml points for a 

countrywide survey, etc. 

Arctic Circle-The geographtii parallel having 

a north IaIltude equal to tha complement of tha 

deOlhation of the Summer aolsfica. The obliquffy 

of the ec@fic is steadily changing so that the 

summer aolsf~ Is not a palm of lied 

dedinafion, and the Anxic Circla, aa defined, Ls 

not a fine of fixed poslfion. When tha Arctic Circle 

Is to be shown on a map, however, If Is dasirabfe 

that if fm treated as a fine of ~ued position, and 

Ihat a czmventional value be adopted for ha 

latitude. For this value SS” 33’ north fefifude is 

used. Also called nonh pofer clrcla. 

arc—1. (topo!ogy) An Individual line segmem 

defined by a series of X, Y coordinefe pake. 

Nodes are at the ends of arcs and form the 

points of irasrsection beiwean area, 2. 

(geodesy) A portion of a geodefic triangulation 

network, behveen two high-order stations. 3. 

Acronym for Equal Arc Second Baster 

Charl/Map, 

Araa Requlraments and Product Status 

(AR APS)—Dala base which describes DMAS 

customer area requirements and forecasts for 

various MC&G products. ARAPS is used by 

DMA to plan production schadules, 

area analyala Intalllganca-lnf alligance 

dafa ralatlva 10 a specific geographk area. 

araa covarage-1. Complete coverage 0! an 

area by aerial photography havin~ parallal 

overlapping fright lines and slereoacopic overfap 

behvean exposures In the fine of flight. 2. When 

appfied to shoran, tha term implias fhat rewrded 

shoran dislances ara availabla for aach 

exposure. 3. Complete coverage of a 

geographical area by maps or other graphic 

material. 

area pattarn acreerr-A photographic 

negative or posffive containing repafifively 

arc of vlelbllfty-The horizontal angular range arra~ed smafl feature ayrnbols which hava been 

through which a nevlgafion light is visible form designed to prasenf a visual portrayal of a rr@ 

aaeward, The angular range is defined by or cnarf areaf feature: i.e., swamp, orchard, sand, 

limiting bearings of diracfiin. etc. See also contact ecraan: Ilne pattern. 

arc triangulation-A. system of triangulation of area tIUWOy-1. A eurvey of areaa large 

Iimffed width drssignad to progress In a single anough to raquire a nafwork of camml stationa. 

general direction, Arc frfangulafion is axecufecf for 2. An extension and dersefflcafion of survey 

fha purpose of connecting Independent and control. 

wfdefy separawd surveys. coordinating, and 

16

I 

MIL-HDBK-B50 

in one or rrmre cfimansions. 

area targat-(JCS) A target consisting 01 an 

area rather than a !$ifrg10point. sSO also erilflclal asteroid-A man-made objecl 

plnpolnt target. ptecad in oroil about the Sun. 

●rea triangulation-A symam of triangulation artlflclal Earth aelalllIe-A man-made Earth 

designed 10 progress In every diractiin. Area Ssfelfite, as distinguished from lhe Moon. 

kianoufetion is executed to orovide survev amtrol 

pointl over an area, as of the dsy or courify; or 

for fifih’rg In the areas bahveen arcs of 

triangulation whlcff term a network astendihg 

over a county or state. See also ●urvay net: 

trlangukstlon net. 

araa welohtetf avaraga raaolutlon 

(AWAR)—A single average value for Ihe 

resolution over the picture formal for any given 

focal plane. 

araal faetura-A topographic feature, such as 

sand, swamp, vegetatbn, ale., which extends 

over an area. It is represented on the published 

map or chart by a solid or screened color, by a 

prepared paftam of symbols, or by a dafimlting 

line. 2. (d!gital mapping) Any area ancfosed by 

a delimiting fine thal has any unique 

charactarfstic, e.g., forest, residential, etc. 3. 

(raster) A block of grid cells which repres,am a 

homogeneous portbn o! the earrh. 

ararx-A level of spatial measurement referring 

ro a two-dimensional defined space. A polygon 

on the earth as pro)ecfed onto a horizontal plane 

ia an example of an araa. 

areode8y—(.fCS) That branch of mathematics 

whkh dmemrlnes by observations and 

measurements, the exact poslfions of polrrts and 

the figures and areas of large poriions of fhe 

surface of the planet Mare, or the shape and size 

of the planet Mars. 

arflument 

mechanics, 

of letltude-in cateslial 

the angular dislame measured In 

tha orbit okrne horn fha ascendino node to Ihe 

orbiiirrg o“bjecf; the sum of the a~-umenf of 

perigee and the true anomaly. 

arflllclal horlzon+JCS) See atf It uda 

Indicator. 

artlflclal monumenf-A relatively permanent 

object used to idenfffy the location of a survey 

station or comer. Objects incbde man-made 

structures such as abuhmrmfs, stone markers, 

concrate msrkera, ati railroad rails. 

artwork predfcllon—See experlanca radar 

prediction. 

Arundel meihod-A combination of graphkal 

afrd analytical mefhods, based on radial 

triangulation, for paint-by-poim topographic 

mapping from aerial photographs. 

ascanstlng node-Thin point af which a 

planet, planefoid, or comet crosses the ecliptic 

trom soulh to norlh, or a saIellhe crosses lhe 

equmor of ifs primary rrom south to north. 

Opposite of descending nods. Also called 

nonhbound nods. 

eacendlng verflcal angle-see angle of 

alavetlon. 

aacanalonal difference-The difference 

between right ascension and oblique ascensbn. 

aspect categorlee-Classification of an 

aspacl into a grouping based on cardinal 

compass direction or a range ot degrees. 

aapecf change-(JCS) The different 

appearance of e reflecting object viewed by radar 

Im”m varying direcficns. Ilis tiuaed by the- 

change 

target. 

in the effective reflecting area of the 

argument of perlgae-An ortitat element 

defined aa the angle at fhe center of affractbn 

from the aacarrdino node 10 the oerioee oolnf 

aspact ratfo-Ttre 

width to height. 

numerical rafio of picture 

measured ifl the direction 

Orbitill(f body. 

of InOtiofl ~f the 

aspacta—The apparant positions of celestlal 

bOdiOS relatiVe 10 one arrothac perlcufarfy the 

aroumant—in astronomy, 

apparent positions of the Moon 

an angle or arc, as In relative to tha sun, 

or a plariet 

argumem of periiee. 

array-A sysf ematic arrangement of. elements 

aapact—Horizontal direction in which a slope 

17 

,

! 

I 

I 

faces, oomrnonfy expressed as me direction 

dodwvtae lmm nofih. 

sapherkal lens-A lens in wtich one or more 

surfaces dspafl from a true sptserfcal shspa. 

assault tandlng model-A 6pr3Cial 10fm of 

aasauff ttwfal designed apaclfkally for planning 

anmhibbus Iandiwas. Also called amohlbloua 

atiault landing ‘model. See also” aasault 

models. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

aasauft modal~arga-scale models giving a 

particular representation of vagatafion, Iaaaer 

Iandforrna, promlnerzt mart-made features, and a 

detailed repreaenfatbn of apacftic or sansltive 

ofziacfivaa such Ss alrfbkis, radar installations, 

and the Mre. These models empfraslze the 

aspects of objects as seen from surlaca 

approach 

aasoclated Legendre func.tlon-A solution 

of me Lagendre equatkmr, whkh is a apeciaf 

case of the Laplace equation, in the form of a 

power series of a speciaf kind; used In the 

spherical harmonic expansion of the gravitational 

potential. 

aersumed lalltud+The latitude af which an 

obaewer is assumed to be located for an 

observation or cxwnputaiion, as ihe latitude of an 

assumed poaifion or the Iatlude used for 

determining the krrrgnude by time sighf. 

aeaumed longltuda-The tongitude af which 

an observer is assumed to be focatad for en 

obaewafkm or computation, as the longitude of 

an assumed poshiofl or the brrgirude used for 

determinism the fatitude by mar~!an afmude. 

aSSWIMrd plaIstS coordlrratee-A iocaf plana 

cormlnata eyafem aet up af the convenience of 

the surveyor. The referance axes are usually 

assumed so that all ceord!nates are in the first 

quadrant. The y-axis may be in the direction of 

asfronomk north, geodetic north, magnefic 

norfh, or an assumed north. 

aeaurance level—See confidence 

Interval. 

aatatlzeri grevlmetar-A gravlmetar, 

sornalimae relemad 10 as unstable, where the 

forca 01 gravfty is maintained in an unstable 

equilibrium wkh lhe rastoring force. The h’ralabifiiy 

is provided by the introduction of a third fome 

which intensifies the atfecl of any change in 

gravity fmm the value in equilibrium. 

●atarold—A minor planet; one of the many 

small celestial bodies revofving around the Sun, 

most of tha orbits being between those of Mara 

and Jupiter. Also called minor planet; 

planetoid. Sea also artlflclal aalaroid. 

aetlgmatlam-An aberration affectfng the 

sharpness of imagas for objects off the axis in 

which the rays passing through difterem 

meridians of the kns come to a focus in dmaram 

planes. Thus, an extra-axial polnf object Is 

imaged as two mutually perpendicular attort lines 

Iocalad at ditteram distances lrom the lens. 

astigmatlzer—A iens which introduces 

astigmafiam into an optical aysfem. Such a lens 

is so arranged Ihat h can be placed in or 

removed Imm the optical path at will. In a 

sextam, an astipmalizer may be used 10 

aSSUMOd ground alevallon—The elevation elongate fhe image of a celesfial body into a 

assumed 10 prevail in the local area covared by a horizontal line. 

Dartkular DhOtocrraDh or arowz of r3holeoraoh5 

Used esticially-lo “denot~ the ele;ation-assumed astre flctlf—Any of several fictitious stars 

to prevail in the vickrity of a crilical point, such as assumed to move abng fhe calaatial equator al 

a peak or ofher (aature having abrupt bcai rafief. uniform rates corresponding to the speeds of Ihe 

several harmonic mnafiruems of the tideproducing 

force. Each aslre ficfif crosses the 

meridian at the instant the Conslituem II 

rapresenls ia at a maximum. 

astro compasa-(JCS) An instmmem used 

primarily to obtain true heading or true bearing by 

reference to celestial bodies. 

aatrodynamics—The practical applicatlrm of 

celestial mechanics, aslmbaliistba, propuleiin 

fheory, and allied fields to the problem of 

planning and directing the frajactorfes of space 

vehictes. 

astrogeodetic datum orientation—The 

poaMon 01 a relerance elnpsoid in relation to fhe 

geoid in a speciiiad area of a geodetic nefwork. tf 

may be expressed by the astmgaodalic 

deflection and geoidal height at the datum point 

or by an asfmgaodelic geoid charf of fhe area. 

aetrogeodetlc deflection—The angfa at a 

point between fhe normal to the gaoid and the 

18

I 

‘/ 

,1 

normal IO the el~pao”kl of an aatrogeodetically 

oriented datum. Also called relallve 

delloctlon. 

●strogeodetlc levellng-A method 10 

dafennkse variations in the separation of the 

gaold and Ihe ellipsoid using aafrogaodetic 

deflecfbns. Afso called aatronomlc Ievellng; 

geoldal height protlla. 

●strogeodetlc undulatlona-The eeparatlon 

between an asvogeodeIic gaoidr defined Ior a 

particular datum, and a spacitiad aflipsoid 

8urlac6. See also geoldal helgfrt, 

●atrogreph rnesn time-A form 01 mean 

time,used in setting an astrograph. Aatmgmph 

mean time f20Cr occurs when the bcal hour 

angla of Aries is O“. 

aetrographlc pooltlon—See astrometrlc 

poaltlon. 

astrograpfs-1. A device for pro)ecflrrg a set of 

praco~bsd aftlfude cwwes onto a chart or 

pbrrlng sheet, the cvrves moving with lime such 

that if they are properly adjusted, Ihay wilt remain 

in the czxrect position on the chafl or ploning 

shee!. 2. A Ieleacops, usuahy cd moderate local 

length, which la desigpad specifically for Ihe 

Pu@se Of accurate~ reasrding the positiins of 

celastial obpcfs by photographic means, 

rsstrogravlmatrlc levellng—A concept 

whereby a gravimetric map is ueed for the 

h’tfetpolatiorr of the astrogaodalic dallecfions of 

tha verlical 10 delarmirre the separation of me 

ellipsoid and the geolcf In studying the figure ot 

tha Earth. 

aatrogravlmetrlc polnta-Astronomic 

pOdtiOn6 corrected for Ihe deflection of the 

verrkal by gravlmatrk methods. 

9!MrOlSSbS-1. (general) Any tnstrurrrent 

designed to rrraasura Ihe affiludes of csleafial 

bodies. 2. (surveying) An inelrument designed 

tor very accarate celestial altitude 

meaaurementa. See also ●qulenguletor; 

pendulum eetrolabe; planlspharlc 

astrolabe; prlematlc aslrolabe. 

●etrometrlc posltlon-The position of a 

haaveniy body (or apace vehicle) on the celestial 

sphera cmracted tor aberration buf nof for 

pfanatary sbarration, Astromatdc positions are 

usad In pftotcgrapfsic observation where lfte 

posfflon of the observed body can be meaaured 

MIL-HDBK-850 

in reference to the f%%stiionaof @ntparfacrn stars 

in fhe fiafd of the photograph. Also called 

aatrogrephlc posltlon. See also ●pparent 

posltlon. 

astromet~-The branch of astronomy daalhrg 

with the gaomatrfc ralatbns of the celeafiaf 

bodies and thek real and apparanf ntofbns. The 

techniques of asfromstry, eapsclally the 

determination of accurate poaftion by 

pftotographlc means, are used in trac+dng 

satellites ad space pmbas. 

aatronomlc arc-The apparent arc described 

above (diu-1 src) or below (nocturnal arc) fha 

horizon by the Sun or another celestial bcdy. 

eatronomlc azimuth msrk-A marked point 

whose astronomic azimuth fmm a survey station 

is determined from direct ob$arvatbna on a 

celastial body. me mark may be a tamp or 

M,rmineted target placad aspaclally for the 

purpose: ff may be a well deflnad Wumfnated 

point on a permanerrf afructural point. 

astronomic azimuth—The angle between the 

astronomic meridian plane of the observer and 

the plane containiW the observed point and the 

Irua normal lvartical) ot the obsewer. rnaaeursd 

in the plane of the horizon, preferably cbckwise 

from north. 

eStrOnOMIC bearing-See true bearing. 

astronomic constants—The elanssnts of the 

orbits of tha bodies of the @lar system, their 

masses relative to the Sun, their size, shape, 

orientation, rotation, and inner constitution, and 

iha velocity of light. See also system of 

aetronomlc conatanta. 

astronomic controf-A network of cmrtrol 

stations the poslfions of which have been 

determined by astronomic observation. Latitudes 

and longitudes thus determined will normally 

differ horn the gaodefic latitudes and longitudes 

of the same stations by amounts corra~nding 

to mntponents ot tha deflection of ths vertical. 

astronomic coordlnatea-1. Quantities 

defining a poln! on the suflace of the Eatlh, or of 

fhe gaoid, in which the local diraciion ot gravity is 

used as a raferance. Also called geographic 

coordlnstes; gravlmetrlc coordlnatea; 

terrestrial coordinates. 2. The coordhra!es 

of an astronomic body referred to a given 

equinox. 

1

stetronomlc deta-DMgnatfon of epoch by 

year, month, day, and dacfmal fraction. For 

ezsmpfe, the astronomic dale of Dacerrtrer 21, 

1978, 18h UTC (univeraaf time morcfhalsd) is 

1978 Dacarrtrar 21.75 UTC. The astronomic 

date k also used In Omrrecfbn wilh the other 

lime systems. me system commences every 

cafendar year at Oh on Decatir 31 of the 

previous year. This epoch is denoted by .faruary 

0.0. 

astronomic day—A mean mlar dey beginning 

at mean noon, 12 hours feter than the beginning 

of the cIvII day of the earns date, Aafmnomers 

now genaralty use the civil day. 

astronomic equator—The fine on the surface 

of the Earth wfmse astmnomk fatituda at everv 

point is O“. Due 10 the dafbcfion of the plumb’ 

iine, the aafronomk equator is not a pla”ne curve. 

However, the verficafa a! all points on k are 

parallel to one and the same plane, the pfane of 

the celestial equator; that is, the zenith at every 

point on tha eetmnomk equator lies in the 

caleatial er$zalor. When lhe astronomic equalor 

is corrected for station error, ii becomes the 

geodetic equator. Also called terrestrial 

aquator. See aiso geodafic aquator. 

astronomic latltud+The angie between the 

plumb fine and the plane of celestiai equalor. 

Also defined as fha angla be fwean tfra piane of 

the horizon and the axis of rotation of the Earth. 

Astronomic kitnude appfies only to posltfons on 

the Earth and is reckoned from the astronomic 

equator (0°) notlh and south through 90°. 

Aafmnomic Ietffude is the Iatffude whkh results 

directly fmm obaervatbns of celestial fmdles, 

urcorrecfed for deliecfion of the vertical. 

astronomic lavellng—See aatrogeodetlc 

ieveling. 

eatronomlc iongltude-The angle between 

the ptene of the celastlal meridfin end the plane 

of an iniiial merfdiin, arbffrarffy chosen. 

Astronomk bngffude la the longitude which 

resuffs directly from obsewations on ceiesfial 

toches, unmrrected for deflacfbn of the vertical. 

aatronomlc merldlan plane-A plane that 

cdmains the verrfml of the obsewer and is 

~a#rl to the inalanrsnaas rotation 6x19 of the 

aatronomlc meridian—A great circle 01 the 

MIL-HDBK-850 

calestial sphere Imersacfing the ncmh and muth 

ceiestial poles. me local astronomk marldian is 

[hat meridian whtih intersects the zenffh of fhe 

poinl. 

astronomic parallef-A fine on the surface ot 

the Earth which hes the same eshncmdc 

Ialiiude at every point. Because the deffactiin of 

the veflid is not fhe SSmS at all pofms on tha 

Earth, an astronomic peraflsl IS an irregular fine. 

not Iyhrg in a single ptane. See afso 

aetronomlc equator. 

setronomlc poaltion-1. A pdim on the Earlh 

whoaa coordhrates have been determined as a 

reeuff of observations of caleslial bodies. The 

expression is ueualfy used In connacibn with 

positions on iand determined wffh greet erxasracy 

for survey purposes. 2. A point on fhe Earth, 

defined in terms of astronomic Iatituda and 

fongllude. 

astronomic refraction error-See 

astronomic refraction. 

astronomic reflection-Tha apparent 

displacement of an object that resuffs hem fight 

rays from a source outside Ihe atmosphere being 

bent in paasing through the atmesphare. This 

rasults in all objects appearfrq 10 be higher 

above the horizon than they actuaffy are. The 

magnitude of Ihk dbplacemem is greater whan 

the object Is near the horizon and decreases to a 

minimum assumed to be zero when the object is 

al the zeniffr. Afao calied aatronomfc 

refraction error; calestial refraction. See 

afso atmosptserlc ref racllon; rafractlon. 

astronomic station—A point on the Earth 

whose position has been determined by 

observations on cefestial bodies. 

aafronom fc ●urva ylng—The caleafiaf 

determination of latitude and bn@sde. 

Separations ara cefculaled by mmputirrg 

distances corresponding to measured angular 

displacements afong the reference spheroid. 

astronomic theodolita—See altazlmutft 

Inatrumant. 

aatronomlc tidal constltuant-See 

constituent. 

astronomic tfme-sofar time In a day 

(astronomic day) that begins at noon. Aafronomic 

Ime may be eilher apparem solar Ifme or mean 

;olar time. Since 192S, civil tires is generalfy 

2‘o

I 

, 

MIL-HDBK-850 

used instead 01 astronomic time. on a map, photo, or other graphic in terms 01 

nurr’bars and letters. Afao allad alphanumorlc 

siatronomlc 

4. 

Wsrtmlt-sae tmnsft, definition grid. 

●stronomic trfnn@-The navigational 

atmosphom-(JCS) 

Earth. See also 

The ah surwmsfing the 

Ionorsphem; ●ratospham; 

trfar@e, efthar terrestrial or celestial, used In Ihe lr0pOPau8a; tropowrhore. 

eokrtbn of cafaatial obsawatbns. Referrfno 10 tha 

Cttk@al sphere If Is the triangle formed by-arcs of atmospheric dreg-A mapr perturbation of 

great circiae connacfing the cefestial pole, the cJoaa artificial aalaliite orbits”missed by the 

zenffh, and a celestial body. The angles of the rasbtame of the atmosphere. The eecular 

.mtronorrrk lrkerrgfes are: al lhe @e, the hour effects ere decreasing SCC8nfrkclfy,major axis, 

angle; et the catastial body, the parallactic angle: and period. Afao mllad dreg. 

at the zertkfh, the azirruth arrgla. The sidaa arc: 

poie to zenith, the cdatltucfe; zenifh to celeatiil atmospheric ralractlon-llre ralracfion 01 

body, the zanfth dmtanca: and Cafastjal body to fiiht passing thnrrsgh tha Earth’s atmoephem. 

pole, the polar distance. Akur called PZS 

Atmospheric retraction includes troth astronomic 

trlarrgla. 

re?ractfon and terrestrtaf retraction. 

aatronomlc unit—A unit of iengfh equal to atomic tlm+l%rra intarval based on the 

149,600,000 klfomaters (ecfopf ad 1960) ue8d for frequency of atomb oscjilators. 

measuring dlstancas wffhln the adar system. Ttsls 

dfatanca approxlmafes the mean distance of the atran—An acronym for “automatic terrain 

Earsh from the Sun. recognition and navigatkrn, - a navigation System 

which depends upon the cwrelalion of Iarrain 

astronomic yeer—See tropicai year. ima~as appearing on a radar cathode-ray tuba 

with previously prepsrad maps or simulated radar 

astronomic-CX or panaining to astronomy, the images of the terrain. 

~ie~ wtrkh treats of heavenly bodtes, and the 

arts based on tha! science. attenuation—(JCS) Decrease in intensity of s 

signal, Ixram, or wave as a resuff 01 absorption 0! 

ASW PredictIon Aree Chert (ASW)—A energy and ot scattering out ot the path of e 

etandard DMA hydrographic charr (Antisubmarine delactor, bul not inckrdlng the reduction due to 

Warfare) overprfntad wfth homogeneous acoustic oaometrb soreadino, i.e., the inverse sauare of 

provinces characterized by a single vebclty ~istance etiecf. -” 

profile, a tmffom bss class, and a bafhymefric 

relief. 

attitude lrsdlcator-(JCS) An instrument whjcft 

displays the attitude of the Srlrwatt by refanmca 

esymrnetry of object {tsrget)-Lack of to sourma of Information whkh may be 

symmetry in Ihe visible aspect of an object aa contained within the in6tnsmanf or be axtamal to 

seen from a paniWfar point of observation. A it, When fhe sources of infOMIatlOn are eeff- 

square or recfangulsr pole may so faca fhe comained. The instrument may be referred 10 as 

I observer thst the line bisecting 

not pass through Ifs geometrb 

ifs targems 

center. Wih 

does 

a 

an artltlelel horizon. 

I 

equate cupola or tower, the error raauffing frum 

obaawfng tangema and taking a mean may be 

attitude-l. 

determined 

(JCS) 

by the 

The coaition of a body 

inclination of the axes 

es 

to 

quffe iarga. The error caused by asymmetry of an some frame of referenca. If not olherwise 

observed object fe of the same character and aoacified, lhis trame of reference ie fixed to the 

@Wl~ the Same treatment as the error 

reSU!hfSg from ObSeWing an SCGantriC object. see 

Eanh. 2. Grid bearing relative to tha bng axis 

of the target 3. (phOtOgrarrMrStW) The angular 

also phaee. orientation of a camera, or of the photograph 

●symptole-A sfraighf line or curve which 

taken with thai camera, with respect to SOMU 

esfemal referanca system. Usually axprecaad se 

some csmae of intlnite length eppmach but tilt, swing, and azimuth: or roft, pitch, and Y-. 

nevar reach. 

attribute fde ntlfler-A Ihree-alphanumeric 

atlaa grid-A reference system that permits fhe cheracter designator o! an attribute. 

designation of the location of a point or an area 

..:

I 

1 

ettrtbuto tagging-The process of assigning 

an attrfbufe to a particular feature. 

attrfbuto valua-A specific quelity of quamity 

assigned to an attribute. 

atfrlbut.-A characteriatii of a site or 

phenomenon. May be physical, ~Cktl. economic 

or tttutar h nature. For exarrrpfe, road types and 

mad names are road attrttwlee. 

aUglllanliillOn corr~ctlon-A ~rfe~~n due 

to augmamatbn, particularly tfsat sextant aftitude 

CWWdOff de to the epparem fncreaee In the 

semHiamatar of a cakrstlssl body aa Its SNduda 

Increases. 

augmentation—The apparent Increase in the 

sem”kiiametar of an asimuth celestial body as iis 

attitude InCreases, due 10 the reduced dlsta~ 

hem the obsewer. The term is used principally in 

reference 10 the Moon. 

auarnontlng fBctor-A tacfor used In 

I+NV’Wflen wtth the harmonic enatysis Of tides or 

tldSl currents to alfOw for the difference beWeen 

the times of frourly tabulation and Ins 

corresponding ccmatituem hours, 

Australian National apherold-A reterence 

spheroid travlna the tolbwino dimensions: 

I Stimimajor axi&6,378, 160.ti meters; and a 

tiattening or eltiptictty 01 1/298.25. 

aUetrel-Of or pertaining to south. 

authallc (eoual-araa) latituda-A Ia!llude 

based on a ~ara hating the same area as the 

apherold, and aucfr that areas between 

auccesshre parallels of latitude are exactly equal 

to the corresponding areas on the spheroid, 

Authaik Iatltudea are used In the computation of 

ecfual-araa map projections. 

❑uthallc map projection-An equal-area 

-P proiecfkm. 

auto reflection-The focusing of an 

aufocollhrrating thaodolile on the surface of the 

mirror or prism rather than focused at infinity. The 

Irnqe aaan is on the lace of the refleclor end 

the gauss fma~ wIII follow the rndbn of the 

ratide. Whereas, In autocollimatlon, the 

instrument is focused at Infinity and the gauss 

Image movaa In o~sile diracflons to the 

reticule. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

snrtocolllmatlon-( surveying) The procedure 

used to dalerrnine or transfer azhruth to an 

instrument or devke. This procedure raquims use 

of a epacialiy edapted telescope, capable of 

bisecting the real image of its own mtkde as 

reflected fmm a mirror or Porro prism. When such 

bwuiort la accsmspiishad, the line of sight of the 

tele~pa ,b parparxjicular to the face of the 

mirror or apax adge of the prism. 

autocolllmator-A callimetor provided wish a 

means of Ilturninatlng tts woes tsalra so that, 

when a reflecting plane Lsplaced normal to the 

ernargam Iighf beam, the reflected image of the 

cross hssheappears to be @incidenf whh the 

cross haira themselves. This devise Is used in 

calibrating optical at’d mechanical inStrWtSntS 

and transferring direction, 

srutofocue ractiIier-A precise, venical 

photoerdarger whch permits the correction o! 

diatoflbn in an aerial negatiie caused by titt. The 

instrument’s operationa are motor drtvwn and are 

interconnected by mechanical linkages to hssura 

automatically maimained sharp tocua. 

Automated Alr Facllltlesr Intormatlon File 

(AAFIF)+mputer file of structured 

information defintng validated attributes relalive 

to Iaciiiiies tor each airfield o! concern 10 DoD 

flight operations. 

Automated Mapping / Facllltles 

Management (AM/FM)-A computer aided 

mapping system whkh stores annotatbn and 

iimiled attribule data. AM/FM systems are 

commonly used by the utility irslustries and 

municipaiilias. 

Automated Tectlcal Target Graphic 

(A?TG)-A Iactkal target materiafs item whkh 

provides aarfal photographic coverage of a target 

and a limited araa surrounding n at a scale 

permitting optimum identifbatiin 01 tsroet detail. 

Tha ATTG also includas taxtual Inteil!genca on a 

shaet separate fmm tha graphic portion. Each 

pan can be revised indepanderrl 0! the other. 

AITG’s cover single targets and are p+oducad in 

two forms: a lithographic sheet and a 

miniaturized version in an aperture card. 

automated Impoeltlon machlna-(miso, 

mlsomax] A step and repeat machhre used to 

expose multiple images onto either e printing 

plate or sheet of film. 

Automatic Digital Annotation System 

!2

(ADAS~A system used to reaml camera 

positiin and other Informaikm on film at time of 

exposure. 

●utommk cllpplng/Jolnlng-The system 

capability for *ying srnatt portions of a data 

besa for nrovarnant and plamrwd elsewhere in 

the data base wlthoui operator intervention. 

●utomatic gage-Sae self-rafpaterlng 

gaga. 

●utomatic lavaf-See pendulum Iaval. 

●utomatic polygon cerrtrold calculatlon- 

The system capabtitty for determinlrsg the center 

of a plygon ama without operator Intervention. 

Usually aaaocieted with automatic label 

plecement. 

●ufomatlc rectlflar-Any racfiiier which 

ernpbys mechanisms to Insure automatic 

tultillmant of the lens law and Ihe Schelmpfkrg 

Concffiion. These devices, called Invaraora, 

provide a mechanical eolutkm for the linear and 

angular elements of rectif”albn. Essentially, this 

ctass d rectitiir Is a lilt analyzer using inveraors to 

solve lo; the opticat geometric elements needed 

for eharp focus. 

autometlc rod-see tape rod. 

Wiomallc ●Uspplng—The .$yatem capability 

for oomplafhrg a line segment whose end 

approaches a predefine threshold of ctosenasa 

tc an krferaecflon or node, whhwt eny operator 

Intewentlon. 

automatic trrrvarse ccmpuler— 

autoradar plot—See chart comparison 

unit. 

autoroduclng techymeler-A CISSS of 

tadrymeter by which horixcmfal and height 

dmances are raad alrruttanaousty. Hortsontal 

distance la tha intercept nruttipiied by 100 and 

the vet7iil distance is the mkfWre (curve) 

rnuttlplied by a taaor which appaare in the optics. 

autoecreen film—A photographic film 

emifrg a hamone screen wrrich automatically 

produces a hatffcne nagatiie fmm mntinuous 

tone copy. 

autumnal aqsslnox-That point of Intersactlon 

of the acliptic and tha celestial equator ocwpied 

MIL-HDBK-85D 

by the Sun as It changas from notlh to south 

declinatbn, about 23 Septen&r. Ako ceiled 

flrat point o? Libra; Septamber equlncx. 

●uxllla~ contour-Sea supplementary 

contour. 

rsuxlllaty guide marldlati Whara guide 

meridians hava been placed at Intarvala 

excatiw tha distance d 24 miles, and new 

govaming tines are required, a new gUide 

rtsatii is eatebiiahad, and a toed name is 

asaigrrad, such ae Twefffh Auxiibry Gulda 

Maridien West,” or ‘S3reaa valley Quide 

Meridian.. Auxitiary guide meridians are 

surveyed, in the same manner as guide 

meridians. See alae guide markttan; 

prlnclpal marldlan. 

auxllla~ meandar cornar-An auxiliary 

meander comer ia established at a aultabta point 

on the meander iine 01 e ieke lying entirety within 

a quarter sacfion or cn the meander Iina of an 

lstend falling entirely wtthin a section and which is 

found to be too small to subdivide. A line is fun 

connecting the monument to a regular corner on 

the section boundary. 

auxlilary station—Any station connacred to 

the main scheme net and dependent upon tt tor 

the accuracy 01 ita posilion. 

evaraga devlatlon—in ssalislica, the average 

or arithmetic means of the deviations, taken 

wlthwt ragati to algn, from some fried value, 

usuatiy the arithmetic maen et the data. Atso 

callad mean davlatlon. 

evemge tarreetrlal pots-The average 

posttlon of the Inafantenecus pole of mtatlon of 

the Earth, aversged ever a apaclfbd time period. 

See also conventional international orlgln. 

avaraging devlc&A device for averaging e 

number of raadirsga, es on a bubble aexfant. 

axla of homology—me Intereectbn of fhe 

ptana ot Ihe phonograph with the horfxonfai pbme 

cf the map or the ptana of nsfamnca of the 

utound. Conespomiing lines In the photograph 

and map planee interaacl on the axis of 

hornciogy. Also callad the S61a of 

perapactlva; map pamltal; perspective 

axla. See also ground parallal. 

axia of Iana-saa optical axla. 

axis of laval-S e e aplrtt Iavel ●xia. 

23

I 

, 

( 

I 

axlo ot perspsrctlve-See axis ot 

homology. 

axis of the level bubbl=ee aplrlt level 

axis. 

321s of tiff-A Ilne through the perapadive 

cemer perpendkzdar to the principal pfene. The 

ask of tiff mufd be any 01 several Ilnas In apem 

(e.g., the tsonratrk parallel or the ground fine), 

buf the praeem definffbn k the onfy one which 

parmifa the smncapf of lifting a photograph 

without upaetfing the pxifionsl elements of 

exterior orfenrafion. 

●x19—See camera axis; colllmetlon axle: 

eoordlnato axes; ●quatorlal axla; flduclal 

axes; Itorizontal axla; major axis; minor 

axis; ~tlcal axis; polar exla; eemlmajor 

axla; eamlmlnor axle; ●plrtt level axta; 

topple ●x18; tranaverae axle: vertical 

axla: x-axla; y-axln; a-axis. 

azlmurh engk--l. (JCS) An angle measured 

cfmfswfse In the horfzomal pfane between a 

reference direcfbn and any other fine. 2. 

(astronomy) The angle 1SO” or less between the 

pfane of tha cefsstial meridian and the vertical 

pfane containing the observed object, reckoned 

from the direction of fhe elevafed pole. In 

astronomic work, the azirrsrfh angle is the 

aphetlcal angfe at fhe zenith h the astronomic 

WiarTgle whti k co~aad of lhe pole, fhe 

zenith, end the star. in geodetic work, if is fhe 

horizontal angle fMrween fhe celestial pofe and 

the observed terrestrial object. 3. (suweylng) An 

angle in triangulation or in a traverse fhrough 

which fhe corrpufatbn of azimufh is carried, In a 

airnpfs fraveme, every angle may be an azimuth 

angfe. Sornefhnas, in a haversa, fo avoid 

UWIW ~~hs over very short lines, 

WPPfefnenfarY Obaewafions are made over 

rnmPar~ivalY IOW Iiwa, fha angles between 

which form ezkrrufh engfes. In triangulation, 

certain angles, because o! their size and posilion 

in the fiiure, are selacred for use as azimuth 

angles, and enter krfo fhe formafisn of the 

azimuth ssxsrliiion equatbn (azinwIh equation), 

azlmufh bar-Sac ●zimuth Instrument. 

ezlmuth by aftftude-An azlmulh determined 

by solution of the navlgatkmal triangle with 

affitude, declination, and Iattrude given. 

azimuth cfrcla-A ring designed fo fif snugly 

Ovar a Conrpasfs or compass rapeater, and 

MIL-HDBK-850 

prcndded with means for observing wrnpass 

bearings and azimuths. 

azimuth equation-A condition equatton 

which axpresses fhe refstbnahip between the 

iixed =ifnuths of two fines which are rnnrrecfed 

by triarrgufefiin or traverse. 

●zimuth ●rror of clowre-See ●rror of 

cloaur% definifbn 3. 

azimuth Instrument-[magnetic) An 

instrumem for measuring azimuths, paniilarfy a 

devke which fiis over a cemral pivot in the glass 

rover of a magnetic mnpass. Alaa called 

azimuth bar; bearing bar. 

ezlmufh ffne-(photogremmetry) A radial line 

from the principal poird, iaocemer, or nadir point 

of a photograph, representing fhe direction to a 

similar point 01 en adjacenf photograph In the 

same flighf Iina: used extensively in radial 


azimuth mark-A me~ aef af a aignftbant 

distance from a lriengulsfion or traverse efatbn 

to mark the and of a line for whkfr the azimuth 

has been determiner!, and 10 sewe as a starfiW 

or reference azimuth Ior later use. see also 

asfronomlc azlmufh mark; geodetic 

aztmuth mark; Laplace azimuth mark. 

azlmufh resolution-(JCS) The abNity of radar 

equipment to separate two reflectors at simifer 

ranges but dtierent bearings from a reference 

point. Normally the minimum aeparatiin dfsfanca 

between the reflectors is quoted and expressed 

as fhe angfe subtended by fha reflectors sf ths 

reference poim. 

ezlmuth transfer-Connecting, with a straight 

line, fhe nadir palms of two vertical photographs 

selecfad from overfepping flights. 

Sxlh’mfh traverae-A survey travarse in which 

the dlrecfbn of fhe measurad murse fs 

determined by azirnufh and verified by back 

azimuth. To initiate this type of traverse h ks 

naceasary fo have a referanca meridian, either 

true, magnetic, or assumad. 

1ezlmuthel 

charf-A charf on an ezirnufhal 

Iprojacfion. 

Also called zenlthal chatt. 

1B21muihal 

equldlalanf charf-A chart on fhe 

azimufhaf equidlstanf map projection.

●zimuthal equldlstmrt map pro]ectlon— 

An szknuthal map projecfiin on which straight 

Iiaa radiiting from the center or pole 01 

projection represent oreal circles in Ihelr true 

azimuths Irom fhal center, and !engths abng 

those iinea am 01 exact scale. mia pro@cfion is 

neither equal-area nor contormal. 

szlmuttral map proJoctlon-A map 

projection on whkh the azimuths or direcfiins of 

all fines radiating from a central point or pole are 

tha same as the azimuths or direcfiona of the 

mrraapondirrg fines on the sphere. Afso called 

zenlthel map projection. 

●zimuthal orthomorphlc map proJactlon- 

See ●teraographlc map projection. 

azimuth-l. (JCS) Ouamities may be 

expressed in positive quamifies increasing in a 

cbckwise direction or in x-ly-cmtinales where 

south and wesf are negative. They may be 

referenced to true north or magnetic north 

depend@r on lhe particular waapon aystam 

used. 2. (sutveyir@ The horizontal dlrectiin 01 a 

line measured cleckwise from a relarence pfane, 

usually ths meridian. Also called forwsrd 

Eztmuth to diflerenliale Irom back azlmufh. 

3. [photogrammetry) Azimuth of lhe principal 

plane. See also astronomic azimuth; 

●zlmuth by attitude; back azimuth; 

computed ●zimuth angle: dlractlon 

method Of determining astronomic 

azimuth; geodetic azimuth; grid azimuth; 

Inarflal azimuth; Laplace azimuth; 

magnatlc azimuth; method of repetitions 

(derermlnatlon of astronomic azimuth); 

MkrOMOter method (data rmlnatlon of 

ISStrOnOmlC azimuth); normal section 

ezlmuth; true azlmufh. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

25

MIL-HDBK-850 

Bacfro-Wurdom hams-llne ftIsifMrlng 

apparatfsa-A compensating bsse fine 

rnaasurrng apparatus having a measuring 

element corrymsed of a bar 01 hon and a bar of 

brass, each a fiila lass than 6 maters in length, 

hefd together firmly at one end, with tha free 

ends so connected by a mrnpansating lever as 

10 lorrn a cxmrpansatlng apparatus. 

beck aslmuth-1. (geodetic surveying) If the 

azimuth of point B frem point A is given on a 

reference sphere or elllpeolcf, the back azimuth 

Is the azimuth of point A from point B. Because 

of the cmwergaxe of !he rnarfdans, the 

forward and backward azimuths 01 a line do not 

differ by exactly 180”, except where A and B 

have the same geodetic bngitude or where the 

gaodefii tetitudes o! bolh pdnts are 0“. 2. 

(plane surveying) When referred to a plane 

rectangular coordinate system, same as above 

except forward and backward azimuths differ by 

exactly 180”. See also azimuth, definffion 1. 

back bearing-l. A beering differing by 180”, 

or measurad in the oppxffe direction from a 

gh+en bearing. Also calied reciprocal 

bearing. 2. The bearing al the opposite end 

of a line from the observer as measured lrom 

the true meridian al the opposite end of the line, 

The back bearing on all lines (other Ihan norfheoufh 

~M3S) are diierenf from the bearing at the 

obaerve~s sta!lon. They differ by the amount of 

cerwergancy of the meridians between the two 

peinte. 

back local distance-Se e beck local 

Iongth, 

back focal length-The distance measured 

along the lens axis from the rear vertex 01 the 

Iena to the plane of best average definition, Also 

calied back focal dlatanca; back tocua. 

back tocua-see beck focal length. 

backalght—1. A sight on a previously 

established survey point or line. 2. (traverse) A 

sight on a previously estsbtiehed aunray point, 

which is not the closing sight of the traverse. 3. 

(leveling) A reading on a rod held on a poim 

whose elevation has been previously 

detemrinad and which is not fhe cbsing sighf of 

a ievel circatit: any such rcd reading used to 

B 

determine he’~ht of Insfnsrrranf prior to making 

a forealgM. Also cetlad plus slgfst. 

backatep-The method of determining the 

offsata for the bottom krthude of a pro@fbn by 

measuring the appropriate distances tiwrr from 

the top fatiiude of a chart 

backup-An image pdmad on the reversa side 

of a map eheaf already printed on one stie. 

Also the printing of such Images. 

bafanclng a 8urvey-Distributing corrections 

through any traverse to eliminate the enor of 

closure, and to obtain an adjusfed poslfion for 

each traveree station, Also called traverse 

adjustment. Sea also Compaaa rula; 

dlstence prorate rote; transit rule. 

Baldwin solar charl-A chart designed for 

orienting a plantable by means 01 fhe Sun% 

ehadow. 

balllstlc camara—A precision terrestrial 

camera, usuatty employing glass plates, used al 

nigfw to photograph such objects as rockets, 

missiles, or satellites against a star background. 

Also caliad tracking camera. See also BC-4 

camera. 

band Interleaved by llne-A spaciflc 

implementation of a nrulfivariate raster detaeat. 

For each line in the raster, the values of each of 

the variables or bands are stored in sequenca, 

bafore the set for the succeadng fine. 

band sequen!iaf—A specific implementation 

of a rnuffivariate raster data act. The complete 

data array for each separate variable or band is 

stored indapandenfty of the other variables. 

band—A channel. A range of wavelengths of 

elactromsgnat!a radiation. 

bar check—A mathod of field calibrating the 

sounding equipment used in hydrographic 

survey by euspanding a bar or disc beneath the 

transducer at various depths, 

bar scale-See graphic 6cale. 

Bsrlow ievellng rod-A speaking rod ma~ed 

with triangles each 0.02 foot in heighf. 

26

1’ 

— 

. . . . 

barorrroter-An Inafrumem for measuring 

atmospheric pressure. See 81s0 mmrold 

bssrometar; cistern barometer; mercury 

barometar; ●lphon barometer. 

baromatrlc ●ltlmcter+n instrument that 

indicatea efevalkm or hefght abova aea level, or 

some other referance height, by maaaurlrrg the 

weight ot air above the instrument. Also called 

preeeura aftimetar; senaltlve eltlmeter. 

See elao ●nerold eftlmeter. 

Darometrlc ●levatlon-An elevetion 

daremrlned with a barometer or altimeter. 

barometric hyp$omatry-The detennlnallon 

of elevations by means of ellher merwrial or 

aneroid barometers. 

baromatrlc levallng—A method of 

determining cf~erences of elevation from 

dtierancas ot atmospheric pressure observad 

wlfh a barometer or barometric altimeter. A type 

of indirect leveling. 

boryconter-lhe center of mass of a system 

of masses; a6 the berycenler of the Earlh-Meon 

system. 

baeal coplaha-(photogrammetry) The 

COndifiOn of expesure of a pair of photographs 

in wfrich the two photographs lie in a common 

plane parallel to lhe air baae. If the air base is 

horizontal, ttre photographs are said to be 

exposed in horizomal ooplana. 

basal orientation-The establishment 01 the 

peaifbn of both ends of an air baae with respect 

to a ground ayerem of coordinates. In all, aix 

elements are raquirad. Theaa are essantialfy the 

three-dimensional coordinates of each end of 

the base. In oracfica. hcevever. ti is also 

convenient to expre6s these eiemarfi “inone of 

two affamatiie ways: (1) The ground rectangular 

_tilnSteS Of One end of the base and Ihe 

dtiferaxe between fheae and the ground 

rec7anguter Cooti)nates 0! the other end of the 

baae. (2) The ground rectangular cxrordinates of 

ona end of the baae, tha length of the base, 

and two alamenrs of direction such as base 

direction and baaa tiff. 

baaal plana-See eplpolar plane. 

baae apparatua-(survay ing) Any apparatus 

designed for usa in measuring wilh accuracy 

,arrd precision the .Iengttr of a base line in 

MIL-HDBK-851Y 

trfangukfbn, or tha length of a line In first- or 

aewnd-order traveme. See also Bacha- 

Wurdemen base-line meeaurlng 

aPPemtue; Compensalhra bees.line 

maaaurlng ●pparetue; duplex baae-llna 

meaeurlng ●pparatua; Haaaler baea-llne 

meeaurlng apparatua; Iced-bar 

●pparatue; Jaderln wiree (base 

●pparatus); OPtiCal baae-llne meaaurlng 

apparaiua; RepaOld baee-line 

meaeurlrrg ●pparatua; Schott baea-ilne 

meaauring ●pparetua. 

beae charf-See base map. 

baee color-The tiraf cotor primad of a 

prrlychroma map to which succeeding cobra are 

registered. 

baee Conatrsrctlon llna-The bottom line of 

a map pfO@fion, al right angles to the central 

meridian, along which other martdlana are 

established. 

baae data—The basic level of map data on 

which other Information is placed for fwposas of 

CO~arkOn or gaopraphisal correlation. 

baae dlrectlon-Thri dr8s7ion of the ieriical 

plane containing Ihe air basa. whch mbht be 

expressed as a bearing or an azimuth. Sea also 

besei orlantation. 

base Ilna-1. (JCS) (survaying) A surveyed 

line established with more then usual care, to 

which surveys are referred for czmrcUntilon and 

correlation. 2. (JCS) (phrrfogrammafry) The fine 

bafwean tha prfncfpal polnfs of fwu .%wrsecullve 

vertical air photographs. If b U&Jally maaaured 

on one photograph after the principal point of 

the other has been transferred. 3. (JCS) 

(tnangulatbn) The side of one of a saries of 

connected trfanglas, fhe length of relrkh 

measured with prescribed accuracy and 

precision, and from which the tengths of the 

other triangie ekles are obtained by 

mwtiallon. [Base lines in tfianuutafbn are 

cfaasffied acCdkIg to the character of the work 

fhey are Intended lo amtrol. and tha 

Inatrumenta and melhoda used In their 

measurement are such that prescribed probabie 

errors for each class are not exceedad. Thase 

probable ermra, expreasad in terms of the 

lengths, are as folbwa: Iiraf-rder baaa fine, 

1/1 ,000,000; second-order baae Ilne, 

1/500,000; third-order base fine 1/350,000.] 

Also called trlangulaflon baee Ilne. 4. 

(USPLS) A line which is exiended east and west 

27

I 

I 

1 

MIL-HDBK-850 

on a parallel of latitude fmm an inWlal point, and 

from wfrich are Initfeted other fh’res for the 

cadwrral euwey of the Pubfii fend6 within the 

araa covered by lhe print’pal me@lan that runs 

lhrough the same intttsl point. S. (navigation) 

Tfre Iina between two radio trWt6t’fIltfiIVJ 6tati0n6 

operating in Cc@mcfbn for the detemdnsfbn of 

a line 01 posltiin, as the two sfaibne of a loran 

system. 

bsee mrsnuacrlpl+ee compilation 

manuscript. 

bees map-(JCS) A map or charl showing 

certain fundamental information, used as a 

base umn which eddifiinal data of eoecialized 

i~im- i~ con@ed or werprimed. Aiso, a r+ap 

containing all the information fmm which maps 

Showiw specialized information can be 

prepared. Saa also chart base; map. 

base net—A small net of trianglas and 

quadrilaterals, efati!ng from a meaeured baae 

fine. and connec4iW with a line of the main 

scheme of a triangulation net. 

baas sheet—A sheel 01 dimensionally stable 

material upen which the map projection and 

ground control are ploftti, ati upon which 

stereohiangulation or steremmmpilation is 

performed. 

base atetlon—1. (surveying) The Pint from 

which a survey begins. 2. (gravlfy) A gaogrephic 

position whose ebeolute gravhy valua is known. 

In expiration. a reference station where 

quantities under investigations have known 

valuea or may be under rapealad or continuous 

measurement in order to establish additional 

etalions in relatlon to ft. 

beee tape-A tepe or band ot metal or alloy, 

so designed and graduated ati of euch 

excellent workmanship lhal it is sui!abla tor 

msasurlng lengths of lines (base lines) for 

mntrollhrg triangulation, and for measuring the 

lengths of first- and sscoti-order travarae fines. 

baw tltt-Tha Incllnat!on of the ak base with 

raspecf to the horizontal. See also baaal 

orlsntatlon. 

baw.allftude ratio-l%e ratio between the 

air basa length and the flight atfflude 0! a 

stereoscopic pair of photographs. This ratio is 

reterred to as the K-factor. More commonly 

called baae.height ratio. Also indicated 

functionally as B/H. 

28 

basa-height ratio—See brsao-altltude 

ratio. 

baae.llne eatenalon-(navigation) Tha 

cati]nuat”mn ot the base tine in both directions 

beyorut the tmnsmhfem of a pair 01 rad~ 

stations o~rating in oonjtmcfion for 

datamtinetion of a line of po6ition. 

base-llne lavele-A laval Ilne nsn abng a 

base line to determine and establish the 

elevathn of the base-line stations. 

ba$e4ine terminal ●tatlone-The 

monumented atatiorre rnatldng the and POims of 

a baea line. 

basement contoure-Conlours on lhe 

surtace of Ihe basemem complex or basic 

me!arrwrphic and volcanic rocks underlying an 

area. 

baelc controf-Horizontal and varflcal control 

Of third- or highermrder accuracy, datemnined in 

the field and permanently markad or 

monumerrted, that is required to control turther 

surveys. 

basic cover-(JCS) Coverage of any 

Installation or area of a permanent nature with 

which later twerege can be compared to 

discover any changes fhat have Iakan placa. 

See also comparative cover. 

bathygrephlc—Descnptive of ocean depths. 

Bethymatrlc ArChlVe Data (BAD)-in the 

DMA Digital Production System, tha Battsymetrii 

Archive Data (BAD) layer includes afI soundings 

trom all the wrveya taken. Tha eoundiig data 

in the BAD layer will evemualiy be extremely 

dense. Also Included is accaracy and source 

dsta, such as the time the Survey was taken, 

whera if was taken, and how It waa tSkWr. 

Bathymewlc Modal Data (BMD)-in the 

DMA Digital Production Systam, soundings trom 

the Bathymalric Archive Data layer are safecfed 

to form the Bathymetric Model Data (BMD) layer. 

The soundings in the BMD layer are the most 

critical of all the eoundings taken. Thesa 

soundings form the medel of the esean floor for 

the oompifation of Nautical Charts. See also 

Balhymetrlc Archive Data. 

Bathymetric Nwlgatlon Charte (BNC)-

, 

Charta depicting underwater to~graptry in lhe 

form o; Mlhynrevic c.wves. BNCa portray 

detailed rrultlbaarrvawath bathymatry. BNC 

sheets mntorm to tha basic worktwkM index of 

Bottom Contour (BC) Charla Ior scale, rxwarage, 

and nrsrrker dalenrthsation. 

Bathymotrlc Nsrvlgatlon Plannlng Charta 

(BNPC)-Charta depkting underwater 

topography in tha fomr of bathyrnalric curves, 

BNPCS portray detailed muftibaarrt%wath 

bathymtrtry collected in the ~anographic 

Survey Program and the morphological 

irrterpretafion of irrterawalh data. SNPC shaela 

mntorm to the basic worfdwiie index of Bottom 

Contour (BC) Charte for scale, coverage, and 

number daterrninalion. Produced at varkrus 

scales. 

Bathymfrtrlc Recovery Area Charts 

(BRACs)—See PreclEe Bathymetric 

Navlgatlon Zone Charts. 

bathymetric chert-A topography map of 

the iloor of the ocean. 

bathymetric conlour—See depth contour. 

bathymetric—Relating 10 the measurement of 

ocean depths. 

bathymetry-Tha science of determining and 

interpreting ocean depths end topography, 

battle mnp-(JCS) A map showing ground 

fealures In sutfiiiem detail for Iactkal use by all 

forces, usualfy at a scale of 1:25,000. See also 

map. 

baud reta-A maasure of the speed of data 

transmission between a computer and other 

devices [equivalent 10 the number of discrele 

cmndiibns or signal events per saco~. 

BC-4 canrersr-A trade name for the ballistic 

or gaodetlc stellar camera consiatlng of a Wild 

Asfrotar or Wtld Cosrnotar lens cena mounted 

on the modified bwer parl of the wild T-t 

astrormmic theodofite. Originally designed for 

Ihe recordhrg of the trajectory of a rocket but 

Sines adapted tor fha photographic tracking of 

artificial Earth eateliiies for gaodetii purposes. 

beacon tracking—The fracklng of a nrovlrg 

objwt by rnaane of signals emiired from a 

transmitter or transponder within or attached 10 

the object. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

29 

bSeM 01 llgtrt-A group of pancifa of Iiih!, as 

those ori@rtatlW at me many polrtla of an 

illuminated surface. A beam of parallel Iigfsl rays 

is a special case in Wish each pancll !s of such 

small MOSS sectbn tftat it may be regarded as a 

ray. 

Beaman arc-A spatially graduated arc fitted 

10 the vertical cJrcla of a mmslt or aiiida for Iha 

easy raductkxr of stadm observalbns. Also 

called atadla circle. 

bearing angla+ee bearing, detlnftion 1. 

bearing bar--$ee rszlmuth Inafrument. 

bearing ClrCIS-A rtng designed to lit .WtUglY 

ovar a compass or m~a.ss repeater, and 

provided with vanes tor observing mmpass 

bearings, 

bearl,ng llna-A line extending In the direction 

of a bearing. 

baarlng of Ih’ra-(plane surveying) The 

horizontal angle whkh a line makes wilh Ihe 

meridian of relerencs acljscen! to the quadranf 

in which fhe fine lies. A beartW is idemitied by 

naming the end of the merklan (north or south) 

Imrn which it is reckoned and the direction (aasl 

or west) of that reckoning. Thus, a Iina in Ihe 

norfheasl quadranf making an angle of 504 with 

the rnaridan will have a bearing of N 50” E. 

In most survey work, it is pralerable to use 

azimuths rather than bearings. 

bearlnQ traa-A msrfsad tree used as a comer 

accessory; its dktance and dkectiin fmm the 

wmar being recorded. Bearing traes are 

idenlitied by prescribed marks cut into their 

trunks: fhe species and sizes of the trees are 

atso recorded. 

beartng-1. (JCS) (general) The horizontal 

argle at a given poim measured clcdrwise fmm 

a SPScifii datum to a second point. AISO called 

bearing angle. See also grid bearing; 

ralatlve bearing. 2. (navigation) The 

horizontal direction of one Ierresuial point from 

another, expressed as fhe angular dktancs 

Imm a reference direction, It is usuatfy 

meaaured tmm O“ at fhe referenca dhaction 

clockwise through 360”. The terms bearing 

mid azimuth are sometimes used 

Ikrterchangeably, but In navigation Ihe former 

wstomarily applies to terrestrial ob~ects and the 

latter fo fhe direction of a point on fhe celeslial

sphere fmm a polm on the Earth. 3. (surveying) 

See beerlng of Ilne. See ako aatronomlc 

basrlng; back bearing; compass 

bearing; computed bearing; curve of 

equsl baarlrvg; ●tactronlc bearing; false 

bearing; gram. clrcSe baarlng; grid 

bearing; Lambwfl baarlng; magnatlc 

bearing; polar bearing; rhumb baarlnry: 

trssa bearing. 

Boll gravity mater-A single-axis, pendulous 

torte rebalance accelerometer mounmd on a 

stabilized ptetfonn and Interfaced to a cfynamfc 

d~ket friar tor measuring gravity aboard a 

awvey platform. 

trench mark (BM)-A marked vertical cxmtrol 

point whkh has been located on a relatively 

permanent rnaterfal object, natural or artificial, 

and whose etevatbn above or below an 

adopted datum has been established. It Is 

usually monumenttxf 10 include bench mark 

name or number, frequently ffs elevation, and 

the name et the respsnslble agency. Since 

elevations are computed at a later time, lhey 

era aekfom addsd to nawer control bench 

marks. A EM (aside horn a vertical anole bench 

ma~) seldom ‘kas a surveyed iatltude ~r 

lorrgiiude. See also flrat.”order bench mertr; 

pctlon bench mark; permanent bench 

mark; primary banch mark; second. 

order borsch mark; temporary bench 

merk; lldef bench mark; verflcal-arrgle 

bench mark. 

Bessel ●pherold (elllpaold)—A reference 

ellipsoid having the following approximate 

dimensions: eemimajor axis-6,377,397.2 

metem; semiminor exis-6,356,078.9 meters: 

and the flattening or elfipticity-1 /239.15. 

Bassaf’a mathod—See Wlangle.ol-arror 

mathod. 

Baaeellan star numbers-Conslants used 

in the reductbn of a maan posfrlon of a etar to 

an awarenf positbn (used 10 asoount for shortterm 

VaI’fatiOiIs In the precessbn, rrutatlon, 

aberratbn, and parallax). 

Baseelfan year—See flctl:loue year. 

bfensia acrean-A photographic negative 

COntafnlffg a Conrposfte of two dot screens, with 

Ihe screen angles oriented 30° apart. These 

screens are used to Mint tones of color for chart 

features wffh thin lines. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Bllby steel towar-A triangulation lower 

mnaisting of two steel tripde, one wifhin the 

other. Tha inner tripod holds the Instrument 

platform, and the outer tr@od holds Ifw 

obsarvets ptefform. me Sowwr can be easlfy 

erected and as easily disassembled and moved 

to a new location. See also ●urvey tower. 

blmarghf forntat-The formal ol a map or 

chart on which the cartograptric detail is 

extanded to two edges of the sheet, rsxmelfy 

north and east, thus Iaavlng onfy two margins. 

Ss8 also blaed; bswedlng adge. 

blnefy dlgft-kssfly called a Bit, a binary digtt 

is the smahest unil of information which can be 

s!ored In the computer. See also bit. 

blrrocular vleion~imultaneous vision wilh 

bolh eyes. 

binocular-An optical instrumem tor use wilh 

both eyes simultaneously. 

bft map-A pattern of bits within a grid, stored 

in memory, and used to generate an image on 

a raster scan display. 

blt plane-A gridded memory in a graphics 

device used for storing informatkm for display. 

Typically one cobr is ass’@rad to each bfi plane 

tor dk.pfay. 

bll-A binary digit. 

bhrarlate normal dial rlbrstlon funct lon— 

Mathematical function describing the behavior 

of two dimensional random errors (e ,g., latitude, 

longitude; x, x casting, norfhlng). Also called 

circular normal dlatrlbUtlOn. 

blackbody-An Meal surlace or body that 

mmplefely absorbs all radiant energy tafting 

upon it. Blacfdndies are used as models in the 

design and calibration of renmte eenaing 

systems. 

tslaza-A mark made upon a tree trunk USUaffy 

al about breast height. The bark and a small 

amoum of tfre five wood are removed with an 

axe or other cutting tool, faevlng a flat, 

smoothed surfecs which Iorever brands the tree. 

On rough-berked tree monuments or bearing 

trees the appropriate marks are ecrfbad into a 

smooth, narrow, vertical blaze the bwer end of 

whkh is about 6 inches above the root crown. 

30

The blaze should be just brrg enough to allow 

the marldngs to be made, 

bkeedlng arkge-(JCS) That edge of a map or 

chart on which cartographic detail is exiendad 

beyond the neallina to the adga of the sheet. 

See also blmargln format; bleed. 

bleed-l. (Iiihogrephy) A mmdifbn wherein Ink 

pk#mwrf &adissotved by press fountain solufbn 

causing a Ilght film of ink (scum) on the plate 

and krqxeesbn. 2. (cartography) Cartographic 

deteil extending to lhe edge 0! a map or chart 

sheet. 

Erllncf Image-see blue Ilrte. 

bllp-(JCS) The display of a recalved pulse on 

a cathode-ray tube. Also called echo. 

bllatsrr-See border break. 

block edJuetment-The actjuelrn&t of strip 

@Jordhetes or photograph coordinates for two 

or more etrips of phoic&iaphs. See also 81rJp 

adjustment. 

block oul-Sae opaque, definition. 4. . 

block—t. (dlgltal slorege) A group of remrds 

or wuda treahsd es a krgtif unit of irrformatton. 

For example, a VAX megnat!e disk block equals 

512 byies, and an urrapacifiad magnetic tape 

btock equals 8192 byieS. A fixed or varfable 

number ot records. 2. Synonymous with 

physlcel racords-.a sequence of words or 

characters wrfffen casflguously by e computer 

on an exfemal storage medium. Typically, one 

block is written each time a WRITE mmmand Is 

executed. 3. A set of emities in a CAD system 

which can be treated as a single cOmpOUnd 

0bjfa3. 4. (aetial DhotOgfSphy) TWO or more 

lllght block. 

bloomed lene-See coatad Iene. 

bloomlng—1. The lerm usad to describe 

fCCatizad overexposure caused by incoming 

radianf energy levels which exceed film 

emulsion latitude Ihereby causing Ihe image to 

lack dellnlflon. 2. A process Ior increasing Ihe 

Iiiht Iransmissbn of lenses. 

blow up-A photographic enlargement. Also 

used as a verb. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

blue lln~A rtonreproduclble blue Irrraoe or 

outline usually printed photog~h~lly on -r 

or plastic sheeting, and used as a guide Ior 

drafting, stripping, or layout. AlSO called bllnd 

Image. 

blue magnetism—Tha magnetism displayed 

by lhe south-seeking end of a freely suspended 

meonet. TMs is fhe magnetism of the Earth’s 

north msgnatii pole. See also red 

magnetlam. 

blunder—A mistake generally caused by 

rxtrelessnaes. A blunder may be large aml easily 

detectable, or smeller and more dangerous, or 

very small and indiitinguishsble from a random 

error. Bkmdera are detected by repetition and by 

external checks, Such es cbsing a traverse or 

substituting the solulion of an equation In Ihe 

orlglnal. See also random erro~ eytttematlc 

error. 

boat cheat—The worksheet usad In the field 

for pbtfing details o! a hydmgraphic euwey as if 

progresses. Sae also field sheat. 

Bonne map pro)e:tlon—A modified equalarea 

map projetilon of the so-called mnical type 

ttaving Iinas represemlng a staMard parallel 

and a cemral maridlan intersecting near the 

tamer of the map. Tha line representing the 

central meridian (geographic) is etraipht and the 

scats akmg it is exacs. All gaograpFic psreltets 

are represented by arcs of concentric ckcles et 

their true dkiances apart, dwided to exad scale. 

and all mettiiana, excapt the central ona, are 

curved Iinea mnnecfirsg correswndng points on 

tha parallels. 

Boolaan operetlon-Any operation in which 

each of the oWranda and the resuff take one of 

We valuea. 

border braak-(JCS) A cartographic technique 

used whan It Is required to extarsj a portion of 

the cartographic detail of a rnep or charl beyond 

the shaef lines into tha mar@n. Also called 

blletar. 

border data—Sea merglnal dafa. 

border information—See marginal data. 

border matching—The procass by which 

individual d~ifal data eels are joined together 

through mefgln~smw!hing utilizing computer 

applicatbns SOfhVare, 

3“1

I 

Boston Iavollng rod-A two-piece rod with 

fixed ta~l on one end. The target k adjusted 

in elevation by moving one @ of the rod on 

\ the other. Ra@ by Vemter. FOr negnls greater 

than 5 1/2 teal, the target end is up; for lesser 

heighls, the target end is cbwn. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Bottom Ccmtour Charts (BC)--Charts 

depicting detailed underwater topography In the 

term of bathymetric cuwes. BCS provide a 

general picture of the saafkror and ifs features, 

portrayad horn survey data and fore)gn 

published charts. Deeigrwd for the use 01 

aubmarhe.e or ships by the method of bottom 

GOIIfOUr matching. 

Bouguer ●omaly-A difference barwean an 

observed vatue of gravtfy and a theorel”cal value 

at the Foinf of observatbn, which has been 

corrected for Ihe elfacf 01 Topography and 

efavalion only, Iha topography baing considered 

as a pfafe of indefinite axfent. 

Bouguer corractlon-A correcfiin made In 

gravity work to take amount of the allitude 

(elevaliorr) of the station and the density of the 

mess between an infiniie plane though the poinl 

of observation and the infhsire plane of the 

reference elevation. 

Bouguer plma-An imagh’rary layer of infinite 

Ienglh and of thickness eQual to the height 01 

the observation point above \ha reiarance 

aurtace (Wualfy the gaoid). In a~lying the 

Bouguar corrac3ion, the afrracring layer lessens 

me free air effect. 

Bouguar raductlon--Geophy sically, fhe 

Souguer reduction removes all masses above 

fhe reference arsrfaca (usually tha geold) and 

then reduces the gravffy from tha tarraln to the 

referenca eurfaca. 

boundary (d* lacto)-An International or 

administrative bwndary whose existence and 

legality are not recognized by an csxrcemad, or 

are not defined by appropriate documents, but 

whlsh is a praabal dk+sion bahveen separate 

natiinal or provincial administering authorities. 

boundery (de jure)-An ktternalional or 

admlniafrative bowdary whose axistenca and 

legality are racognlzad. 

boundary dlscontlnultles—Ditlerent 

alevallon values for common DMA standard 

digital terrain elevatbn data (DTED) malrlx 

points In adjacenf data files. 

boundaw llna-A iine of demarcatbn 

belween contiguous poliiical or gaographal 

enfltlas. The word %oundary. is SOITB times 

omitted, as in “afata Iiie”: some times tha word 

.Iine- is omitted, as in “infematicmai boundary,- 

“counfy boundary,” efc. The term tsoundary 

Ilno la usually appliad to fmundaries befwaen 

pofiii territories, and %tate boundary tiia~ 

bafween two atatas. A boundary line between 

prkately owned parcels of land Is taMWd a 

propeny Ilna by preference, or if a line of the 

Unked Slatas public land surveys, la given lfM 

pa~buiar dasignafiin ot that survey systam, as 

“sesfion Iina,- %wnahip fine,. elc. 

bounde~ map-A map prepared specifically 

tor the pu~sa of delineating a boundary Iina 

and adjacent territory. 

boundary monumant—A material object 

placed on or near a boundary tine to presewe 

and ktenfify the location of the boundary fine on 

tha ground. 

bounda~ point e.veraglng-Averaging the 

elevations of mmmon poinls fmm two dfilerenl 

data sets and reassigning each the average 

value; or resolving a discraparq between IWO 

elevalbns tor a common poinf by arslgning tha 

avarage elavalion vah.m to that polnf. 

boundary point waightad ●veraglrtg— 

Reaotving a diacrapancy bafwaen a aaries of 

overlapping elevations from two dma sats by 

biasing one data set utiliuing eithar tha amuracy 

01 a data set or the relative dbtance to lhe edge 

ot the data. 

boundary survey-A survey made 10 

aslabfish or to reestablish a boundary fine on 

the ground or to obtain data for rxmstrusting a 

map or plat showing a brxdary line. The term 

boundary survey is usually raslrictad to 

surveys of boundary fines berwean poliibel 

territories. For the survey of a boundary line 

behveen privately owned parcels of land, the 

tarm land survey is praterred: except In 

United States public land auweys fhe term 

cadaatral survey Is used, 

boundary vista—A lane cleared afong a 

boundary line pasaing through a wooded area. 

Bowle affect-The Irtdirecf effeci on Qravlfy 

due to the warping of the gaoid, or the elevaflon 

of the gaoid with respea to tha spheroid of 

3 2

I 

1 

reference. 

Bowl. method of sdjssatrnwrt-A melhod 

for the adjusfmerrl o! large networks of 

triangulalkrn. 

kx compass-see decllnatolre. 

brwk ●ngl~The delfecflon arrgfa between 

the two vartkxrl phases passing thrcugh the 

common nadir polnf and the prfnclpal points of 

the left and right obfiie photographs. 

break tapa--.see broken t~pa 

measurement. 

break-clrwuff chronometer-A chronometer 

eWbWd with a device wirkh automaticaity 

braaks an electric clrcult, the breaks beln~ 

remrded on a chrorsogreph. 

braak-up-(JCS) 1. In detection by radar, the 

separation of orm solid return into a number 01 

indivkfual returns which correspond 10 Iha 

varieua objacfs or arructure groupings. This 

separation Is comingarrt upon a number of 

facfors including ranga, beam widrh, gain 

setting, object size, end dktarrce barween 

objects. 2. In Imagery ime~relalion, the resuh of 

magnlficatbn or enlargement whkm causes the 

imaged Item to Ioaa its idemlry and the resuffant 

preeerdatkrn to becwnra a random series 0! 

tonal Irrrpresabns. 

broakeway method-See breekaway atrlp 

method. 

breakaway atrlp melhod—A technique used 

in photomosaickkrg when two or more sheets 

are preparad. The process involvas placing an 

exlra wide strip of masking tape along the 

oufaide edge of the neatlhse of ona sheet 

batore mosaicking photos. Tha moaaicked 

overasfge IS then cut along the neafline and 

transferred to the adjoining sheet, Also called 

breakaway method. 

broeklng tapa-Sea brokan tape 

measurement. 

brldglng—A photogrammetric method ot 

establlshlrrg and adjusting control between 

bands of existing ground control, both 

horizomally and vertically. The (arm is usually 

qualified as horizontal or vertical accmdhg 10 its 

prfmary purpose. Also called horizontal 

bridging; horizontal/vertical brldglng; 

vertical brldglng. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

. 

brlghtneaa XCSS10-(phOtOgfSphy) The ratio of 

the brightness of highlights to tha deepest 

shadow in the actual Iarrain, as measured tmm 

the camera stations, for the field of view under 

considarafion 

brtghtneae valrsa-The amount of reflected 

or amlffed energy axffhrg horn the earih% 

surlaw as recorded by a remola wnaing 

system. Thaae dala are atorad ae dgifal velues 

on conywfer@mpafiia tapes (CCT) for digial 

image procaaslng purposes. The greater Ihe 

brhhtnasa of the acena (CWreturn fmm tha 

scene), tha highar Iha digital value. Hence the 

vakma stored on Ihe CCT are offen ralerrad to 

as briitstnaes values. II is rwt pmpar to call 

them reflactarrca valuaa unlass Ihe brightness 

vatues have bsen scaled to truly raprasenf 

raflectanca values. 

Brltlah grid reference ayafern-A system 

of rectangular w.ordinales devised or adopted 

by the Brilish for use on military maps. ThOre Is 

no ralated gbbal plan for fhe many grfds, belts, 

and zones which maka up Ihe Brltiah grid 

syatam. It is being replamd by the Univamal 

Transverse Mercator (UTM] grid systam. 

broadcaar ephemerla—A se! of paramalers 

broackussl by satellite tmm which Earlh-lixed 

satallite positiins can be comfwtad. In 

parsicdar, the pararrralers tor the NaW 

Navigation Salelliras (NNS) are computed for 

each NNS by fifflrg 3G 10 4S-frour orbital arcs to 

Dopplar data from four tracking stal”brra and 

exiraprlating this arc 12 to 24 hours beyond the 

last data used. The Iarigth of the arc lii and the 

extrapolation period depend on tha uppar 

almespheric air density. The mmpufed 

paramelara ara injected into the satellite 

memory and are transmtttad abrrg wlfh time on 

each even minuta. See also Navy Navlgatlon 

Satalllte System. 

brokan baa*A base line for triangulation 

comisting ot two or more lines that torn a 

continuous traverse and have appmxlmataly the 

same ganeral diracfbn. 

broken g rada-(tapa) Tha change In grade 

when tha middle poim ot a tapa Is not on grade 

wlfh ffa ends. If the middle aupporf for the tape 

is not on Ihe same grade aa the and supports, 

tha fact Is notad with a reference ‘bmkan grada 

at-,- naming tha particular tape fangfh which 

mrrlalrra the broken grade.

MIL-HDBK-850 

brokon tspe meeessramont-(rtuweying) 

The short ttietaxm measured ati msamsutsfed 

to totat a full tape length when a standard 1OOfoot 

tape cernof be hekf hortzontatty wtfhout 

Pkmbtng from above ehcdder level. Aleo ceSed 

break tape; breaking taps. 

broken teloecope transit-A precise 

aefronomk fransti tn which the light entering the 

objedlve isne fa mtlecdad al right anglee by a 

prfem pieced wtthln the leleeccpe, the refbctad 

Iiht ray peaslrq to Ihe eyeple~, whkh is in the 

horizontal ruda of the telescope. 

Brown grevlty ●ppemtu~n apparetua for 

rnaasurtng the accwlenstion of gravity which 

utilizes the Mendenhall pendulum, but has a 

clamping devbe for hofd~ the pendulum In the 

receiver when beino franaported fmm station to 

station, and which ufifizes an efectricel pickup 

and amplifying devtce tor raccmting the 

oeciltatiins (pendulum) on the chronograph 

sheet. 

browWng--System capability to find en 

undefined feature or set of features in a spatial 

data base. 

Brunton compas~An instrument combining 

the teetures of both the sighting compass and 

the clinometer that can be used in lhe hand or 

upon a Jacob’s staff or light tripod tor reachg 

horizontal and vertical argtes, for leveling, and 

tor reading ma magnetic bearing of a line. Afao 

called Rrunton pockat tmrmlt. 

Brunton pockst transit—Se e Brunt on 

compass. 

bubble axIa—See splrlt teval axla. 

bubble level-See splrlt Ievsl. 

bubbkr 8extanl-A aextanf in which the 

bubble of a spirit level serves as the horizon. 

bucking In—The act of aligning a lheodofite to 

a collimator or aumcolfimating theodoiite serving 

as mltimator to make their lines of sight perallel 

and on fhe same plane. 

buO-An error In a rmrnputer program or in a 

piaca of electronic equipmanf ttraf causea tf 10 

furwtion Improperly. 

bull’o-eye level-See circular level. 

34 

Bullsrd method of Iaostatlc rerluctlon- 

See tIayford.Bullsrd (or Bullsrd) mathod 

ot Isostatlc mductlon. 

burn+tilhogrephy) The process of exposing a 

pressplate. 

byte—1. A group of adjacent btfs that are 

operated on es one unit. Eight bits equal one 

byte. 2. A storage unlf ec@velenf to an ASCII 

character of Information in a carrputer system. 

S= curve method-A method ufillzlng 

characferfstka of tha Bz curve for finding the 

dk$rtacement o! true photo ptumb pims from 

indicated projector plurrb points in rnuftiplex St* 

orientation. The method also provides a means 

of strip leveling usir’g only the bemmetnc 

attimeter readings of the aircraft flying haight. 

Sz curve-(photogrammat~) A graphical 

representafbn of the vertical errora In a 

atereotr’angulatad atnp. In a Bz curve, the xmordinatea 

of the verlical comrol points, 

referred to the initial nadir pokrt as origlr’t are 

pbned as abscissas, and the differences 

between the known elevafiins of the mntrol 

paims and their e!evelkma as read in the 

stereo! riangulated strip are plotted as ordinates; 

a srrwoth curve drawn through the ptottad 

points k fhe Bz curve. The elavation read on 

any pass point in the strip is adpated by the 

arnoum of the ordhmte of the Bz curve Ior an 

abacisaa mrrespc.nding to the x-coordinate of 

the Ooinl. 

.

C-constanf—See level constant. 

Gfacfor-An entpirkxl value which expreeae6 

the vetiical measuring capability 01 a given 

stereoscopic system; generally defined as the 

ratb of the flbht height to the smallest cmfour 

interval accasratety pbffabfa. The C-factor ta nof 

a ffsad constant, but varfas over a wnsfderebla 

ranoa, =Kfing to the elements and condifbns 

of tha photogrammatric systam. In pfannirrg for 

aerial photography, the C-factor la used to 

dafermlne the Wghf hefght required for a 

apacffiad contour krtervaf, camera, and 

inafmmerrt system. Aso called attitude 

contour ratlo. 

cadaatrel map-A map showing :he 

boundarfas of suMh4atons of tand, usualfy with 

the bearings ati Iertgfhs thereof and the areas 

of krdivktual tracfs, for putpoaes of describing 

and recording ownarahp. Also called properfy 

map. Sae also plat. 

crsdaafrel ●mvey—A survey relating 10 land 

boundaries and auMivkJons, made to craate 

units suitable Ior Irenafer or to define Ihe 

Iimftat’kms of title. The term cadasrraf survey 

is nmv used to designate the eurvaya of the 

pubflc lands of the United States, including 

retrac8ment surveys tor the idemiticallon and 

resurveys tor the restoration of property iines: 

the term can afao be appfied property to 

oorresponilng surveys oufsfde the public Ianda, 

affhough wch surveys are ueually termad fand 

surveys through preference. 

cafrn-Arr artificial mound of rocks, stones, or 

masonry usually conical or pyramidal, whose 

pumose Is to des@ete or to aid in idemitying a 

poim of surveying or of cedeatral importance. 

colcufated aft ftuda-See computed 

sftftude. 

cafendar dey—The parbd from rnldnight 10 

midnlghl. The calendar day ia 24 hours of mean 

solar time h iengfh and coincklea with the civil 

day urrleae a time change occurs during the 

dey. 

cefendar month-A division of the year ae 

dafermfnad by a calendar, approximafefy onatwemh 

of a year fn ler3gfh. White amtrrary in 

character, the calendar momh is based roughfy 

on fhe eyrtodical month. The calandar month 

ranges In length fmm 281031 mean solar days. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

c 

calendar year-A convetitonal year based 

on the tropkal year and adjusted by ‘leap 

years- to ffl fhe rrorrhrtegral length of the tro@OSl 

year. 

caffbratad focaf length-l. (JCS) An 

acfjuslad velue of the equfvalant focal length. so 

compufed as to equalize the posfffve and 

nagativa values of distortion over the emlre fiald 

used In a camera. See also tocaf fength. 2. 

The distance aforrg the fans axis from the 

imerior pempactfve oerrtar fo the image plane. 

calibration card-A card having a list of 

calibration corrections or calibrated values. 

caffbretlon corfatanta-The resutts obtained 

by cadfbrafbn, which give Ihe calibrated focaf 

Iangfh ot fhe lens-camera unn and the 

relationship of the wirctpal point to the fiducial 

marks of a camera and give significam 

calibration wrrections for lens distortions. 

cafltrratlon corroctlon-The vafue to be 

added to or subtracted lrom the reading 01 an 

instrumen! to obtain the correct reading. 

calibration course-See flefd 

comparator. 

caffbratlon error-Sea Instrument error. 

caflbraffon pfale-A glase negative exposed 

with its emufsion side mrreepondhg fo the 

poslIbn of fhe emulsbn side of the film in the 

camera al the time 01 exposure. Thla plata 

providas a remrd of the distance between the 

fiducial marks of the camera. Also cafled llaah 

pfate; master gfase negative. 

calibration tabfS-A fist of calibration 

mrracfions or calibrated vafues. 

callbraffon templet—(phofogrammetry) A 

template of glass, plastic, or matal made in 

aardance with fhe calibratbn constants to 

show the rafalbnshfp of fhe Prhlpaf Polnr of a 

camera to fhe tklucial marks; usad Ior tha rapid 

arxt accurate marking of principal poims on a 

series of phonographs. Afso, for a mufflple-lens 

camara, a tempfate prepared from the 

calibration data and used In assembling the 

Individual photographs into ona wnposffa 

photograph, 

35

I I 

I,/ 

I 

I 

calibratlort-The ecf or process of de!erminin 

certain spacffk maasuramarrta in a camera or 

other it’strumam or device by COMpafbOn with i 

atamtard, tor use In correcWW or compansatlng 

for errors or {or purposes 01 record. See also 

camera callbratlon; Neld callbratlon; 

sfsop C.sllbratlon. 

Calllppk cyck-A period of four MeIonic 

cycfes equal to 76 Julian years, or 27,759 days 

cell-( USPLS) A raferanca to, or Statement 01, 

an ob]acf course, distance, or other matter of 

deacriptbn in a auwey or grant, requiring or 

calling for a corresponding object, or othar 

matter of rkescdption, on the land. 

Camera aXIS dlrectlon—(JCS) Direction on 

Ihe horizontal ptane of the optbal axis of the 

cemera at the time of exposure. This dhecfion i 

defined by ifs azimuth expressad in degrees in 

relatbn 10 irualmagnefii norih, 

camera axl~JCS) An Imaginary tine 

through the optbal center of the fans 

perpendmular to the negative photo plane. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

camera calibration-(JCS] The 

determination of Ihe calibrated focal length, the 

location of the prirrc@sl poim with respacf to tha 

fiducial marks, and lhe lens distonion affactlva i, 

the focal plans of the camera amf rekrrred to 

the particular calibrated focal length. [In a 

muftiple-lens camera, the csfibration also 

includes the determination of the mrgles 

between the component perepactNe units. The 

setting of the fiducial marks and the positioning 

of the Iena are ordinarily considered as 

adjustments. although they ara sometimes 

perlormad during the catihration process. Unies: 

a camera is epecificaliy referred to, disIorfion 

and other opticaf characferfstica of a lens are 

determined in a focal ptene located at the 

equivalent focal fanglh and the process is 

termed lens calibration.] 

cemem Iucida-A monocular irwtrument 

using a haff-sifvered mirmr, or the opt!cal 

equivalent to permit supertmfxmifion of a 

vertical image of an object upon a plane, Also 

called Cemem obecura. See also 

●ketchmaatar. 

camara magazine-(JCS) A removablo parf 

01 a camera tn which the unexposed and 

expsed portions of film are contained. 

36 

Camara obscurn—See camera Iuclde. 

camara station—See air basa; ●ir 

●iatlon. 

camara transit-See photo- theodollta. 

cemara wlndow+fCS) A window h the 

camera compartmem through which 

photographs are taken . 

camars+A tightproof chamber or box in which 

the image of an exterior object k projeUed upon 

a aanaitizad plate or film through an opening 

usually equipped with a lens or Ienaes, shutter, 

and variable aperwe. See also aerial 

camera; BC-4 camera; ballletlc Camara; 

continuous strip camera; convergent 

cemara; copy camara; dlract scannhrg 

camara; fan cameras; frame camera; 

geodetic stellar camera; horizon 

camera; mapplns camera; matrlc 

camera; mulllple-camera aaaembly: 

multlpla-lans camera; PC.1OOO camara; 

panoramic camara; photogrammetrlc 

camera: posttloning camera; preclalon 

camera; rectifier; rotating prlam camera; 

apllt cameras; ●tallar camera; 

slereometrlc camera; terrestrial tamers; 

trlmetrogon camera; variable 

perepacthre camera eyetem; zanith 

camara. 

Canadian grid—See perspective grkt. 

candela—A unff of luminous Inlenaffy. 

camliaver extension— Phololriangtrla! ion 

from a mntrcdled area to an araa of m ccmtrol. 

Also, the connection by relative orientation and 

scetirrg of a series of photographs In a Strip to 

obtain strip arordinetes. Aiso calied extension. 

Cape Canaveral datum-Tfris special 

datum ia defined with ita origin at station Cemral 

on the John F. Kennedy Spaca Center, Cape 

Canaveral, Fbrida, with azimuth to Central SE 

Base. The geodetic coordinates of these fwu 

StatiOnS were identlCSl to those on Notlh 

Amarican datum of 1927. Datum differemea for 

other points may be determined by suMracting 

North Amerkan datum of 1927 values from the 

Capa Canaveral daIum values as estabfbhad by 

the USC&GS transcontinental traverse of the 

United States. See also North American 

datum of 1927.

I 

. . -. --,- MIL-HDBK-850 

carcfan ltnk—A universal join!. h opf’cal 

catdan Ilrrk la a devica for universal scanning 

about a ~lnt. 

cardinal polht ●ffecf+JC S) The incraased 

krfenslfy of a line or group of returns on Iha 

rederscops occunfng when tha radar beam la 

PWcmsffcufar to the rectangular surla~ of a fine 

or gnsup of aimilsrly aliined fealuras in the 

ground petlam. 

ctsrdlnel polma-1. The dhectiona: north. 

south, east, west. 2. [optics) Those points of a 

lens used as raference for determining object 

ara3 Image distances. They includa prfncipaf 

planes and pdrtts, nodal points, and focal 

points. 

Carpentlar lnvaraor-One of the inversors 

which correds for the Scheimpflug COIWifiin in a 

racflfier if the negative, lens, or easel planes are 

lllfed and not perallal. 

carrytng comour-A single contour tins 

representing fwm or more contours, used to 

show verf”cal or near-vertical topographic 

lealures, such as steep slopes and cliffs. 

Carfaalan coordlnaraa—A coordinate 

system In whktr bcalions of points in space are 

expressed by relerence to three mutually 

pe~ndilar pIanes, called coordinate planes. 

The thrae planes interaecl in three straight IifleS 

called coordlnata axea. [Also the valuee 

reWeearrfing ihe bcafiin o! a point in a plane in 

rafetion to two perpendicular irttarsecting straight 

lines, salted axaa. Tha point IS Iocatad by 

measuring ffs distanca hmm each axis along a 

parellet to the other 8616.] 

Carfographlc Automatic Mapping 

(CAM)—A mainframe computer mapping 

program available fmm fhe Central Intelligence 

Agency. If works 

. 

with Worfd Dala Bank 

.. 

(WDB 

upsrromara mes !0 creale map prqecuona arm 

generate pbta. 

canographlc ●nnotation-lhe dalineafion 

of Sddiiional data, rrew features, or daletion of 

destroyed or dismantled features on a rrmsaic 10 

porlray cument details. Cartographic snmtations 

may inciude elevation valuas for ahfiekfa, cillaa, 

am! large bodies of wafer; naw construction and 

dastroyed or diamenfled made, railroads, 

brfdgea, dense, target inafallafiona, and cuffural 

faatures of landmark significance, 

37 

cartographic compllatlors-see compllalion, 

definition 1. 

carfographlc dala base (CDB)--1. A data 

base 01 map graph= captured tmm a map or 

used 10 produce a map. A CDB inmxporelea a 

hierarchy for feafura dispfacemenf. 2. An 

imemel DMA funcfbn which cswrsiafs of actual 

dgifal data products, an automated diiecfoty 

defining the data availability, data bSSe 

management software, corr$suter hardware, and 

CDB operations staff and managamenf. The 

CDB is rasidem at DMAAC. 

cartographic faalure-The natural or WlfWal 

objects shown on a map or chart. See also 

topography, daflnllion 1. 

cartographic film—Film wilh a dimenalonally 

stable base, used for map negatives ardor 

positives. Usually referred to by trade name. 

cartographic Ilcenae-lhe freedom 10 

ad)usl, add, or omit map featuras wtihin 

allowable Iimifa to aitain Ihe besf csrfographii 

expression. License musi nol be construed as 

permiifing Ihe cartographer to deviate from 

apaclficetions. 

cartographic photography—Sac mapping 

photography. 

cartog raphlc prlmlthre-A type of primitive 

thaf does mt participate in topology. Texl k the 

only catlographic primitive. Sae also 

gaomatrtc prlmltlva. 

carfogrephlc acannar—A device for strip-byatrip 

acenning of hvodlmensional mPy am for 

digital registration 01 the Iighfkfark (bfaclrAvhke) 

parts as rectangular coordinates. 

cartography-Tfre art and science ot 

expressing graphically, by maps and charm, the 

known phyaicel and politicalradminfafraflva 

featurea of the Earth, or of anothar celestial 

body. 

carfometrlc acallng—Tha accurate 

measurement of ge~raphlc or grid ccardinates 

on a map or chart by means of a ecafe. This 

method may be usad for plottino the fmsifkrns 

o! points, or determining tha location of poims. 

carvfng-The development of the model 

surface by carving away the steps of the plastar

I 

step cast in the pmducf ion of relief models. 

cessette-(JcS) In photography, a reloadable 

container Ior either unexposad of axposed 

sensfflzed materfala whch may be removed 

fmm the camera or dsrtrmom equipment under 

lightened conditions. 

Cseelnl map pro]sctlon-A conventional 

map pm)ecf~n conefrucfad by computing the 

Iengfhe of arcs atong a ealecrad geographic 

meridian and along a greet circle perpendicular 

to that meridian, and pbffing these as 

rectangular coorrfinatee on a plane. 

MIL-HDBK:850 

Ceselnl-Soldner maB tsrolsctlon- Similar 

to a polycaic map pr6jef%~ excepf that if uses 

but one central meridian for a whole series. Best 

edapted for north-south belts ad large-scale 

maps of small arees. 

cestlng—The process 01 reproducing relief 

rnedels in plaster or epexy from the terrain base 

of the modal, or aftar the surlace of fhe model 

has been devaloped. Models are fimf cast 

negsflve, fmm filch ❑ny number of poeitive 

castings may be made. 

casuel error—See random error. 

catadloptrlc sysmm-(optics) An optical 

svstem containlno both refractive and reflective 

eiements. - 

catenerv correctlorr-hatrino) Sae eao 

. . . 

correction. 

CathOda ray—1. One of the high-speed 

electrons projected in a stream trom the heated 

cathsde of a vacuum tube under the propulsion 

of a afmng alecrric field. 2. A stream of celhoderey 

efecfmns 

cathode-ray tube-A vacuum tube in which 

cathode rays, uauafly in the form of a elendar 

beam, are prolecfed upon a ffuorescerrf screen 

fhaf serves aa an errfica!hode where the rays 

produce a luminous spot. 

csthode-The elecfmde at which electrons 

enter a devbe fmm the external circuit. 

cetoptrlc system-(optics) An optical system 

in which all elements are raflecfive (mirrors). 

cautlona~ note-lnformallon cafllng special 

attention to some fact, usualfy a danger area, 

38 

shown on a map or chart. 

celestlel coordlnataa—Any set of 

coordinates used to deline a point on the 

celestial sphere. 

celeatlal aquator aystam of 

coordlnatas—A sel o? cefestial coordinates 

based on the celestial equator as lfre primary 

greaf circle; usualfy dacllnatbn and hour angle 

or slderaal hour angle. Afao calied aquator 

ayatem; equatorlaf system; aquhtoctlal 

eyetam ot coordlnataa. 

caleeflal equator-Tfre great clrcfe on the 

miestial ephera whose pJane Is perpendiilar 10 

the axis of rotation of the Earth. Also cafied 

equlnoctfal. 

celesliaf fix—A position established by means 

of observation on one or rnera celestial todies. 

cefesllal geodeey—The branch of geodesy 

which utifizes obsewalions of near C81aS.til 

bodies, including Earth satellites, to datermins 

fhe size and shape of the Earth. 

celeatlal horizon-That circle of the celestial 

sphere formed by the interjection of fhe 

celestial sphere and a plane through the center 

of fhe Earth and perpendicular 10 the zenith 

nadir tine, Also caffed rational trorlzon. 

celeetlal latltuda-Anguiar disfanca north or 

south of the acllptk; fhe arc of a circle of Iafiiude 

between the ecliptic and e point on the celaefial 

sphere, measured northward or aoufhwati fmm 

the ecliptic lhrough 90°, and labeled “N- or ‘Sto 

Indicate the direction of measurement. Also 

called acliptic iatitude. 

cefestlal fine of poelllon-A fine of PrMflon 

determined by means of tha observation of a 

celestial body. 

cefeaflal longituda-Angular distance east 

of fhe vamal aquinox, abng the ecfipfic: the arc 

of fhe ectiplic or the angle al the ecliptic pole 

between the circle of latitude of the VetTIal 

equinox and tfre circla of ialifude of a point on 

the celestial sphere, measured eaafward fmm 

the circle of Ialilude of the vernal equinox, 

Ihrough 360°. Also called acllptlc Iongltude. 

celeetlal mechanlca—The study of Iha 

fhaory of fhe motions of celestial bodias under 

Ihe infiuance of gravitational fiefds.

“ - MIL-HDBK-850 

Caleetlal morldlarr-An hour circle of the 

calsrsilel sphere, thrwgfr the celestial peles and 

the zanlth. The hvo intersections ot Ihe celestial 

matiien wlfh the horkon are known as the 

north and south points. 

caleatltsl obeewatlorr-1. Obsemation of 

Wdeefial phenomem. 2. (nevjgation) The 

measurement of Ihe altitude or the azimuth, or 

both, of a celestial My. Also the data obtained 

by such msaeuremant. 

calaatlat paraHel-See parallej of 

docllnallon, 

calaatlaj pole-Eifher of lhe two points of 

Imersecflon of the celestial sphere and the 

extended axis of the Earih. 

celeatlal refraction-See astronomk 

retraction. 

Celaaflal sphere-(JCS) An imaginary sphere 

of hrflnlfe mdkss concemric with the Earth, on 

which all celestlal bodies except the Earth are 

Imagined to be projected, [For observations on 

badieS within the lirr?dsot the solar system. the 

assumed center is the center of the Earth. For 

bodiis whare I ha parallax is negligible, the 

assumed ramer may be Ihe poim of 

observation.] 

Celaallel triangle-A spherical triangle on the 

Caleafial sphere, especially the navigational 

triangle. 

call-Variable size rectangular geographic 

arsa, often rleslgnaled by Iatlludeflongltuda 

boundaries. DMA produces standard alevation 

(DTED) and faatura (DFAD) data in one degree 

by one cfegrwe celks. 

center line data (CLD)—Data which 

daschea ooinfa, tines and araas as ona or 

several cc%rdinete poima selected at the tamer 

of the phenomena being described. Attributes 

used with camerfine date describe the feature in 

real wcrrkl terms and not the display of graphic 

O@t. SY*lized oraphis dafa, on the other 

hand, contains attribution for the display ot 

graphic output. 

cantor of gravity—lhe point in any body at 

which the tome of gravity may be considered to 

be concentrated. 

39 

center of lnatrument—The point on the 

vertical axis of rotation ot an inrsnsmarrt at the 

sama alevation as the axis of collimation when 

that S6”Bis in a horizontal posifbn. in a transit or 

theodoliie, It is cbse 10 or at the intersection of 

the horizontal and vert”kel asea o! the 

instrument. 

center of ma~The point at which ail tha 

given mass of a body or bcdiis may be 

regarded as being cancentretal as far as 

motion is concerned. 

center ot oacllletiorr-(pendulum) The 

poatiion in a aorrrpound Pandubm ~ me Wkb 

which czmesponds 10 the haavy particle of an 

equivalent airnple pendulum. The centers of 

suspensbn and oscillation are interchangaabla. 

It the center Ot oscillation la made the canter of 

suspension, the former canter of wspanslon 

becomes the naw canter of oscillation. This 

principle is the basis of design of cmnpound 

reversible pendulums. 

center of pro}acIiOn—See parapectlve 

center. 

center’ 0? radiation—See radial centar. 

center of .wapanalon—[pendulum) The 

fixed point aboul which a pendulum oscillates. 

See aiso cantor of oaclliallon. 

centar polrrt-See radial center. 

centarlhm-1. (USPLS) The line connecting 

oppostie Conesponding quarter cumers or 

OPpOSite Subdivislonmf-seCf ion corners or lhelr 

theoretical poaifions. 2. A line esfending trom 

the tme center point 01 ovarfspping aerial 

photos through each of the Transposed canfer 

points. 3. (engineering survey) The continuous 

cemer of a highway or railroad, with sfat”oning 

indicating starling point, culverts, poims 01 

curvature, etc. 

cantlmeter. gram-eacond (c.g.m) 

ayatem—A systam of units based on lhe 

cemlmeler as the unit of langlh, the gram as the 

unit of masa, and the mean solar second as the 

unit of time. A part of the metric system. 

central force flald—The spatial dklributlon of 

the influance of a cantral force. 

central force orbit-The Theoretical orbit 

.,-. 

I

I 

MIL-HDBK-850 

achieved by a parl’kle of negligible mass moving 

in the vicinity cd a point mass with no other 

lorc9s .arsing: an unperturbed orbit. 

cantml forw-A force which for purpoeee of 

mmputetbn can be mnektered to be 

mncammted at orre cemral polm with fts 

Imerreiiy at any other point being a funotbn of 

lhe distance from the camral point. Gravitation is 

considered as a camral force In calestial 

mechanks. 

CentMl merldte~The Iongffudlnal line of 

eymrnetry ot a map projection, and generaliy a 

base line for relererd~ the pro)ectbn to the 

aaaoclaled grid coordinate system. As such, 

grkl north and true r’mrth are coincident along 

the central merfdian, but at any other poim of 

the projection, gdd north and true north dtverge 

as a function of geodetic laWnle and 

bngitudinal distance from the central rrrar!dian 

due to mrrvergence of the meridians. Meet 

map prmjectbns pottray merkfian mnvergence, 

twl one notable exception Is the Mercator 

Projectbn. 

central polm flgur%A triangulation figura 

mnsistirrg of a pelygen with an inlerior station, 

formed by a series of adpining triangles with a 

mmmon vertex al the interior station. 

centrlfugnl force-The force with which a 

My moving unc@r mnstrainl along a curved 

path reacts to the constraint, acting in a 

duection opposite from the center of curvature 

ot the path, For a body unstrained to Earth, 

cwrirflugal force acting on Ihe body due to 

Earths rotadon k perpendicular to and away 

from Earths rotational axis. The veclor sum of 

this cemrifugal force ard the gravttatlonal force 

due to lhe total mass of the body and Earth is 

defined aa Ihe gravity force acting on the body. 

Sae also cantrlpetal force. 

Cantrlpetaf fo~The force direcled towards 

the center 01 curvature, which mnatrains a bedy 

to move in a curved path. See also centrifugal 

force. 

conlrold+dlgltal mapping) A point interior to a 

polygon whose coordinates are the average of 

the corresponding coordhates for all nodal 

palms which define fhe polygon, This point may 

be outskte or inside the polygon and can be 

Some point olhar than the geographic center 01 

the polygon. 

chain gage—See tape gage. 

40 

chain node-An erc-node topologkal model 

that stores the enfiiy deacrptions and apafiaf 

axtants in separate records, and finks Ihem with 

remrd polntem. The basic emlty is a chain or 

arc, a series of coordinates that etan and end at 

a node. A node Is a beglnnlrrg, an end, an 

Imersactbn, or a Pint representad by a 

coordinate pair. see also arc, edge, Unk and 

nods. 

chain-node date ●tructur*A vector data 

structure in whch the entity descnptiin and the 

spatial extent of each feature in a vector data 

se! are stored in separate records, linked by 

record pointars, In addition, all interaacfions 

between Ieatures, se well as point features. are 

captured and stored as nodes. 

chalnlng pin—See pin. 

chairrlng-See taping. 

chain-A device usad by surveyore for 

measuring dblance, or the length of this device 

as a unit of distanc8. The usual chain is 66 feet 

IonQ, and consists ot 100 links. each 7.92 

inches Iorq. See alsq englnaer’a chain; 

Gumeds chain. 

challan Qar—See Interrogator reaponsor. 

chambered Splrlt level—A level tube with a 

partition near one end which cuts off a smafl air 

reservoir so arranged that the length of the 

bubble can be regulated. 

changa detection—An image enhancement 

technique which mrnpares two images 01 the 

same area from differem time perbds. Identical 

plciure elemenls are eliminated, leaving 

signatures which have undergone changa. 

characterlatlc currre+photography) A curve 

showing tha relationship between ex~sure and 

reaufting density in a photographic image, 

usually pbttad se the density (0) against the 

logarithm of the exposure (fog E) in candlemeter-sesxmds. 

Also called D log E msrva; 

density exposure curve; H and D curve; 

senaltometrlc curve; tlma gamma curva. 

Sea also contmet; denalty, definition 1. 

characler-TIIe distinctive Iralt, quafii, 

property, or behavior of man-made or natural 

faatures as portrayed by a cartographer. The 

more character applied to detail, the more 

closely it will resemble these features as they

,., ..r. 

appear on the SuSfa= of the Earth. See ako 

genernllzatlon. 

‘MIL-HDBK-850 

Chan Updalo Manual (CHUM) — A DMA 

publmhad manual which pmvidae aeronautical 

chars USEM with carrranf information on a 

monthly bask sxrncemlng charts and hazards to 

Wgfstsafety for Ifrose charts. Future CHUMS 

may be aveilable elactronlcally (ECHUM). 

chart baaa-(JCS) A chart used as a prfmary 

source for compllarton or as a ftmrrawrk on 

wtrlch nw detail fa primed. Afso called 

topographic base. See also base map. 

charl comparlaon unff-A device parmifflng 

aimuffaneous vlawing of mvigational tnatrumem 

presenlafion, such as a radarscopa and a 

navigatbnal than, so fhaf one appeara 

auparimposed upon the other. Also called 

autorader plot when used with radar. 

chart datum—See hydrographic datum. 

charted dept&The vertical dk.tance from 

fhe fidal dalum to the bottom surface. 

chanlng photography-See mapping 

photography. 

charflet-A small chart, such as those 

annexed fo NotIces to Mariners. 

then—l.. A apacial-purpose map, generally 

designed for navQatbn or other particular 

purposes, in which essential map information is 

cornbtnad wffh varfous other data crfflcal to the 

inlendad use. 2. To prepare a chart, or engage 

in a charting operation. See also aeronautical 

than; ●eronautical pllotage chart; 

aeronautical plannlrrg chart; Alr Targat 

Chart; anchorage chart; approach chart; 

azimuthal chart; ●zimuthal equldlatant 

chari; Baldwln solar chart; bathymetric 

than; chartlat; coaatal chart; combat 

chart; conforrnal chart; conic chart; 

conic chart with two standard parallele; 

Conaol chart; cot idal cfrarf: current 

chari; Decca chart; ●nrouta chart; 

●quatorial chart; firing chart; general 

chart; Global Navlgatlon Cherr; 

gnomonlc chart; Oreat-circle chart; 

harbor chart; hletorlcal chart; 

hydrographlc chart; hypaographlc map 

(or chart); ice chart; Indax chart; 

Instrument approach chart; Iaobarlc 

chart; Iaocllnlc chart; Iaogonlc chart; 

Ieogrhr cfsarr; Ieomagnallc than; 

41 

Isoporlc chart; JaI Navlgatlon Chart; 

Lamban conforrnsl chars; local chart; 

Iong-rarrge navigation chart; fomn 

chart; hrnar Chari; lunar earthalde chart; 

lunar tarslde than; mafytatlc chart; 

Maraden chert; maan chart; Mercator 

chart; metaorolog Ical chart; mileage 

then; mlacellaneoua ctrart; modlfled 

Lamberf confomsrd chart; new chart; 

obllqua chart; otrllqua Marcator chart: 

obsolete chart; Operational Navlgatlon 

Chart; orthographic chart; orshomorphlc 

chart; parspecllva Chart; PIIoI chars; 

pllotage chart; planrslrro chart; Plottlna 

then: polar chart; polyconlc than; radar 

than; ractanguler chart; route chart; 

sslllng than; esarch.and-rescue chart; 

eacant conic than; eactlonal chart; 

aextant than; ●lmple conic chart; star 

chart; atereographlc chart; Tactlcsl 

Pllotage chart; tidal currant chart; time 

zona Ch6ti; track than; tranevarea 

chart; tranaverae Mercator chsn; Vlt’fUSl 

PPI reflactoscopa chaft; vlslbll}ty chart; 

waalhar map; World Aeronautical Chart. 

check point—l, (JCS) A pradetennlned point 

on lhe Earth’s surface used as a means of 

mmrolling movamem, a registration target for 

fire adjustment, or a reference for bcation. 2. 

(.fCS) Gaographkal Iocalion on iand or water 

above which ths posilion of an aircraft in ffight 

may be determined by obsewafiin or by 

electronic means. 3. A point, selacfad on 

obliques only, in the viclnlfy of each tie point and 

distant point for the puqmse of checking Ihe 

idenlifiia!ion of these pointa. 

chSCk proflie-A profile pbffed fmm a field 

survey and used to check a profile Wapared 

fmm a topography map. The comparison of the 

two prollles servas as a check on ~he accuracy 

o! the comoura on tha topographic map. 

checked apot elevatlort-An elavation 

established In fhe field by: closed s@ff leveling, 

trigonometric leveling by a clossd circulf of 

barometric leveling, or any other method such 

tha! proof of accuracy ia obtained. 

checking potsftlve-A composite printing on 

giaas 01 the contour and drainage drawings 

used on the shadow projector Ior checkhg the 

horizontal accuracy ot Iandforrns to be 

developad on relief models. 

chopping—(efar or aatelllte traits) Interrupting 

Ihe photographic Image of a afar or satellite trail

; 

by a shutter or other device to provkie precise 

timing and ofiematlon data for geodetic 

ok6enwfions of aaroapaca vehwes against a 

eiellar beckgfoumf. 

chord-1. (mute auweying) Chord used in 

highway and other surveys to Miite a straight 

line between two poinfa on a curva. ragatiless 

of lhe distance between them. 2. In auweying 

and geomeIry, a straight Ilne joining any two 

points on an arc, came, clrcwrderenca, or 

surface. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

chorographlc map-Any map repreaanting 

large regions, countries, or continents on a small 

scale. Atfas and small-emla wall maps belong In 

mis class. . 

chromatic aberr@tlon—See lateral 

chromatic aberration; Iongltudlnal 

chromatic aberration. 

chmmatlc colors< olors eficiting hue. 

chromatlclty coordlnatas—The proportions 

of stamlard components required for color 

malch, used as an ordinate and abscissa to 

represem mlor in a chrornaticity d~Oram. 

Chmmatlclty dlagrarm-A plane diagram 

formed by pkc.ning one of the chromaticity 

Coordinate against another. 

chromatlclty—A compxjite of dominant 

wavelength and purity. 

chronograph-An instrument for producing a 

graphical record of time as ahown by a clock or 

other dev’kx. In uee, a chronograph produces a 

double record: the firer is made by the 

associated ckIc& and forma a continuous time 

SCSle wlfh si@ficam marka Indkating periodic 

beats of the tlmekaepar: the second is made by 

some external agency, human or mechanical, 

and records the occurrence of an event or of a 

seties 01 eveme. 

chronometer correction-See clock 

corractlon. 

chronometer error—The amount by which 

the chronometer diem from the correcf time, 

chronometer rata-See clock rate. 

chronometer-A portable timekeeper wiih 

compensated balance, capable of showing time 

42 

wifh extreme precisbn and accuracy. S8s afeo 

break-clrcult chronometer; hack 

chronometer. 

clne thaodoltMt-A photograph tracking 

Inetrumsnf which ramrda on each film frame the 

targel and Ihe azimuth and elevation angles of 

the OptbSf isxis 01 the inSfmMSM. 

circle of contusion-(optics) The circular 

image of a distant point object as termed in a 

total plane by a tans. A distam point object 

(a.g., a star) Is Imaged In a focal plane of a lane 

as a circle 01 flfrlle sixa, because 01 such 

conditions as: (1) the focal plane% not being 

placed al the point of sharpasl focus: (2) the 

effed of calain ebemations; (3) ditfractbn at the 

lens; (4) grain in a photographic emulsfon: 

arallor (5) pmr workmanship in the manufacture 

of the lens. 

circle of declination-S’ee hour circle. 

circle of equal altltuda-See pamllel of 

altltude. 

circle of aqual declination—See parallel 

of declination. 

circla of tatlturte-1. A great circle of the 

celestial sphere through the ecliptic poles, and 

henca Wpendlcular to tha ptane of the actipfic, 

2. A meridian along which latitude is measured. 

circle of Iongltuda-1. A circle of tha 

celestial sphere, parallel to the ecliptic. 2. A 

circle on the suriace of Ihe Earth, parallel 10 the 

plane of the Equatoc a parallel, afeng which 

Iocgitude is measured. Also called parallal of 

Iatltude. 

clrcla of parpetual apparition-That circle 

of the celestial sphare, centered on the polar 

axis and having a polar dktarrce from the 

elevated pole a~roxirnataly equal to the 

latitude Of the obsewer, whhin which celestiaf 

bodes do no! act. See also clrcla of 

perpetual occultation. 

circle of perpetual occuftatfort-That circle 

of Ihe celestial sphere, centered on the polar 

axis and having a polar distance from the 

depreseed pole approxlnrafely equal to the 

latitude of the observer, whhln which celestial 

bodies do not rise. See also clrcla of 

perpetual apparition. 

circle of poaltion—A small circle on the globe

, 

.,, ..,.. MIL-HDBK-850 

(Earth) at every peint o! whti, at iha inslanf of 

obaarvefbn, tha observed celestial body (sun, 

afer. or F4anet) has lhe same afrnuda and, 

Iherelora, me same zardtfi dkdance. 

clrcla 01 right aacanalors-see hour 

circle. 

ClrdO of the ephere-A circle upon the 

surface of the sphere, speoifkelly of the Earth of 

of the heavens, celled a greet ctrob whan Ira 

plana passes through Ihe center of the sphare; 

in all other cases, a small circle. 

ClrCle posttlorr-see postflon, deflntIbn 4. 

clroult closure+levellng) The amount by 

which tha atgabrelc aum of the measured 

differancss of alevafion arourd a circuit fails to 

equal the theoretical cbsura of zero. See also 

error of closure, definition 4. 

clrcult-(levefing or traverse) A continuous fine 

of Ievefs, a sertes of fines of levels, or a 

combination of lines or parts of lines of levels, 

such that a mntinmus series of measured 

differences of elevafion extends areund the 

circuit or bop end then back to Ihs starling 

point. Also appliid to a continuous line of transil 

traveme in a eirnilar manner. 

circular cylindrical coorcllnatee-See 

cyllnrfrical coordinate. 

clrcufer ●rror (CE)-An accuracy figura 

representing the slated percentage of 

probablliry lhat any point expressed as a 

furrcilon of two tinaar components (e.g., 

horizontal poaifbn) will be within Ihe givan fiiure. 

Cemmenfy used are CEP (50 percent), CE lo 

(6S.3 percent), and CE (90 percent). 

circular error probabla (CEP)-The 50 

percent error interval based on the bivariate 

normal distribulbn function. Also called circular 

probable ●rror. 

circular leve&A sphft level having the Inside 

surface of its upper parl ground to spherical 

shape, the outline of the bub41e formed being 

circular, ❑nd the graduatbna tsalng concwrfrlc 

circfes. This form of spirft level ia used whare a 

high degree of pracieion Is not required, es In 

pkmblng a level rod or aattlng an krsfrument In 

eppmxhmele podrion. Also celled bultl-eye 

level; unlvarsal level. 

circular map accuracy standard 

(CMAS)-Tha U. S. National Map Accuracy 

Standerde used tor domestic rrwpplng. CMAS 

era spaclfiad separafefy for hortzonfal and 

vetikal mapped Ieaturas, Sea also rrorlzontal 

accuracy; verflcei ●ccuracy. 

circular near-certainty error (3.5u)—Th e 

99.78 percent error Inlerval based on the 

bwariata normal d~tnbutbn funcfbn. 

circular normal dlefrfbuflo- ee 

blvarlata normal dlstrlbuflon function. 

circular probabla error (CPE)-See 

circular error probable. 

circular ●lgme-Sae circular efamtatd 

error. 

circular efendard arror (uC+The SS.3 

percent error interval basad on fhe bfvetfate 

IIWInal distribution function. Ako called Clfoirlar 

algrna. 

circulation map-See traffic ckculatton 

map. 

clrcumterentor—A “type of surveyors 

compass having slit sights on projecting arms. 

clrcumlunar—Around lhe Moon, ganarally 

appliad 10 lrajactories. 

CkCUMMStrldlIIn altltudes—Exmaridian 

aftiiudes obaamed for detamnlnetlon of Iatffuda 

when a heavenly Imdy Is rX06e to ttarrall. 

clrcumpolar-Revolving about the alevated 

pole without setting. A celestiai body la 

circurr@ar when ifs polar dkfance Is 

approximately equal to or less than the Iaiiiuda 

of the obsenrer. 

cislunar—1. This eide 01 lhe Moon. 2. Of or 

pertaining to phanomena, projects, or activity in 

the space between the Earfh and tha Moon, or 

between the Earth and the Moon’s orbit. 

cistern barometer—A mercury barometer in 

whkh a coiumn of mercury IS enclosed in a 

vertk.el glass tube, the upper end of whkh is 

eealad and exhausted of air, and the bwer end 

placed in a cislarn or resewoir of mercury which 

Is exposed to atmospheric pressure. The 

atmospheric pressure on lhe free sutface of the 

mercury In the cktam determines the height to 

which the mercury will rise In the vertical tube. 

43 

I

,. 

This rney be measured, and the pressure 

~e~~~, in te~ at that heiflh(, as In inches Of 

CRY Omphlc (CG)-Larpe-scale lithographic 

map of populated pfaces and environs 

porrrsying afreets and through-route information 

Features frduda Impcrrtanf buildings, airfields, 

mifiiary installations, industrial cwnpfexes, 

embassies, etc. Pmduc8d at 1:25,000 and 

larger scale. See also cfty pmducfa. 

city plan—See city products. 

City pmducta-Large-ecale maps of 

poputetad plaoaa and envirorra, usually 

porfrsylrsg sweat amf through-mule Irrlormalion, 

irnpon”am-buildings and othtir urban features, 

airfields, port facilities, and relief. drainage, and 

vegetation when imporlant. Severel different 

types of city pnxfucfs are prcducad by DMA, 

among which are cdy graphka, city plans, city 

route grsphics, and mifitary city maps. 

Specifications (or these maps vary according to 

parficufar mlltary requiremems. 

City route graphlca (CRG)-See city 

products. ,.. . 

cfty survey-A speciaffzed type of land survey 

restrkxed to work campleted primarily within the 

Iimtis of a ciiy. 

cIvII day—A solar day beginning at midnight. 

The cfvii day may be based on either apparem 

solar fires or mean solar fime. See also 

metronomic day. 

CIVII tlma-Sofar lime In a day (civil day) that 

begins af midnight. Civil lime may be either 

apparanf solar time or mean solar time; if may 

be wumed in two series of 12 hours each, 

beginning al midnight, marked ‘am” (ante 

meridmn), and at noon, marked “pm” (post 

merkllan], or In a sfngfe seties of 24 hours 

beginning at midnight. 

Clairaut% tfWoram-A theorem that, in its 

o~lnal tom, rela!es the value of centrifugal 

force at the Equator to the value of gravity at 

the Equator. Imfxmancs to physicaf geodesy Is 

that the flattening of the Earth can be obtained 

from gravlfy maaauranrants. 

clamplrsg ●rror—A eyslamatic error in 

observatbns made with a repsafing theodolffe 

cauaed by atrairrs rjel up by the clamplng 

devkes of the Instrumem. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

44 

Clarke ●phamld (clltpaolrf) of 1B66- A 

raf erence elfiisoid having the Iotfowing 

approximate Wnansions: eemin@or axla- 

6,37S,206.4 meters and the tlaffening or 

eltipticify-1/294 .9786982. 

Clarke epheroid (alllpaold) of 188G- A 

reference elfipsokd having Iha follo@ng 

approximate dimensions: semimapr axb- 

6,37S,249.1 45 maters; and the flattening or 

elliplkffy-1/293 .465. 

claastlicatlon copy-A speclaiiied item of 

sourca maferfal used as a gubte by the wrnpilar 

andlor draftsman in preparing a map or chart. 

Usually consists of detailed informatbn 

pertaining to roads, railroads, cfty data, and the 

like that has been devebpad trom tietd aurvaya. 

Usually furnished in the form 01 overlays, 

annotated maps, drawings, pholographe, or 

field sheets. 

clasalficatlon survey+ee fbld 

Inapectlon. 

Claaslfled Hydrogmphlc Information 

Processing System (CtflPS)-Ttre DMA 

data base which provides rmvigetiin update 

information for classified charts and pub ficatbns. 

Classllied Notice to Marinera-DM A 

publication which provides mrrecfive data 

appficsble to classiiiea charts and ~biications. 

Tfris informal’km is afao accessible throu~h the 

Classified t-fydmgrsphic tntormatfin Process”w 

System (CHiPS). 

cleerlng y-paraliax-See relattve 

orlantatlon. 

cllnomater—A simple in. NNfI’tenf used tOr 

measuring the degree of slope in percemage or 

in angular measure. 

clipplng-1. (GIS) The process of 

subdividing overlapping potygons to preduce alt 

mmbinations of aeparale unique polygons. 

Also caliad completing, 2. (computer 

grapMcs) The severing of that pzrfbn of a line 

segment which falls outside a predafinsd frame. 

clock corractlorr-The quantity which is 

added, algebraicetly, to the tima shovrn by a 

clock to obtain the time of a gben meridian. If 

fhe cfock Is slow, the mrracfbn is positive: it fast, 

negative, When applied to a chronometer it is 

caifed chronometer correct Ion.

I 

cfock rafe-The amount gained or bat by a 

clodr in a ursh of time. When eppWd to a 

chronometer, ft is called chronomcrlar rate. 

clockwlae angle—See angla to right. 

cloaad travaraa-A’ survey travarae which 

starts and ends upon the same station, or upon 

efafiirra whose relattve positions have been 

defenrrlned by other surveys 01 equal or higher 

order of accuracy. 

cloeeaf ●ppeoackl. The event that occurs 

when two pfanats or ofher celestial Imcfles are 

nearest to each olher as they orbit af%wt the 

Sun or other @nary focii. 2. The place or time 

of such an event. 3. (sateltiie surveying) The 

time and bcafion of the setell)te when fi is 

closest to the observerhceiver antanna. 

cfoelng corrsar-A corner aslabllshad where a 

wrvey line intersects a praviousfy fixed 

boundary at a point between comers. The 

closh?g comer is focaled by law at the actual 

point of infarsactlon without regard to its 

monumented bcafion. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

definition 7, 

Closura-sae ●rror of cloaura, dalinfflon 1. 

chmtarlng aperatlona-Operaf ions allowing 

one to aggbmarate (ciuster) individual Items or 

faa!ures into groups. 

coalfltude-The complement of attitude, or 90 

minus the affiide. Tha tarm has signiticafrca 

only when used in connecfbn wfth sffffuds 

measured from Ihe caleetial hoffzon, when it is 

synonymous with zanltl? dfetarsca. 

coaat pilot-sae aalllng dlractlons. 

Coaat.Survay method-See trlanglo-olerror 

mathod. 

COaStal chart-A nautlcaf than Intended for 

offshore nev”~af’bn of vessels having a need for 

positions relative to the coast. Daplcfed 

informafkrn supporls coastal navfgafion and 

miliiaty operations. Produced from 1:100.000 fo 

1:1,000,000 acaie. 

coaatal rafractlon-(JCS) The change of fhe 

“closing’ error-See arror of closuriT ‘ 

.- direction of travel of a radio .around 

wsvs as ~ 

““ passes‘“ from land fo saa or fmm sea fo land. 

de flnftlon 1, 

Also called land effect; ahorellne eftaCt. 

closlng the hortzor+Measuring the last of a 

serias ot horizomal anglas at a slalion, required 

to make fhe cartes compiate around fhe 

horizon. At any station, the sum of the 

hortzomal angfas bafween adjacent lines should 

equaf 360”. 

cfo$lng township cornar— 1. (USPLS) The 

point of imeraacfion of a guide merkfian or a 

ra~e line with a prevkwsly fixed standati 

parallal, or a base line. 2. Tha poim of 

intaraacfiin of any township or range line with a 

orevbusfv fixed Ooundaw at a mint between 

pravbus~ establbhsd comers. ‘See alw 

townahlp cornar. 

closlrxg-The act of finishing a survey process 

so fhat the amuracy may be checked. 

closure of frorlzon-See arror of closure, 

definition 6. 

ctoaure of travarae-Sae arror of 

closura, deflnifion 8. 

closura of triangleSee arror of closure, 

45 

coestllnlng—The process of obtaining dafa 

from wh”ch Ihe coaslline can 0s drawn on a 

chart. 

coated len%A Ians whose air gfass sufiaces 

have been coated with a fhin transparent film of 

such index of refraction as to minimize the light 

bss by reflection. This reflacfiin loss tor 

uncoated tenses amoums to approxlmmely 4 

percem per air glass surface. Also called 

bloomarf Iana. 

codacllnatlon-The mmplemant of lhe 

declination: ff carries the sama sign as the 

declination: equal to fhe declimflon of the 

celesfial fxrle nearest a oalesfiaf position minus 

the declination of the celesfial pasffiinel. 

COt3fficlant of refractlorr-The raflo of Ihe 

refraction angle at the point of observation to 

the angle at fhe cenfar 01 fha Earsh whkh Is 

formed by fha obsarvar, the tamer of the, Earth. 

and point observed. 

cogaold—See comperrsatad geold.

, MIL-HDBK-850 

col~ldawe method-1. (Iheodotite) The 

PfOCedUm by which the circles of the Ihtilife 

are reao. See colncldence, detinfrion 1.2. 

(pendulum} The defermlnatbn of the perkrd of a 

frae-mvfngfng pandufum by obaawing the Ilme 

interval between coincidences wllh a c40ck 

pendulum or chmnornefer beat. 

colncldonce-1. In the measurement of 

angfes with theodolifee, the instant at which two 

diamafricalky opposed Index marfrs on the circle 

are In perfect optkal aliinmem and appear to 

form a continuous iina across tne dividkq tine of 

the @_cfa. 2. (SWWykl$f) A prtamafk 

amangernam common to tavefing instruments 

wherein ona-fraff of oppoatte ends of the 

leveling bufk4e are broughl imo view in a slngla 

image, Coincidence IS achieved when the two 

hefvas of the bubble ends match. 3. 

(pandu!um) An exw agraemassl in ~curremx 

of a prescribed phase of the beat of a freeawinglng 

parrduium and a prescribed phase of 

lhe beat of a cbck or chronometer. 

cola: ituda-The @mplement 01 the latitude, 

or 90° minus the latitude. Cotatitude Iorms one 

side, zenttp to pole, of the astronomic triangle. It 

is the ‘aide opposite the cebasfiil bedy. 

coliatfo~l. Tha verification of the order, 

number. and dale 01 mapa. 2. The assembling 

of pages o! publications in sequexe. 

coliecflon (acquisffion)-1. (JCS) The 

obtaining of irrformat’ion in any manner, to 

idude direct obaervatbn, tiaiacrn with offiiial 

agencies, or soiicffation trom official, unoffkiat, 

or public aouroea. 2. The process of arranging 

for and obtaining exfsting data frem one or more 

sources for a library file or a specific mapping, 

charting, and geodetic prcducfion program. 

collection requlroment—An identified gap in 

inforrnatbrr or material hokhgs, irxSuding 

general requirement stalemems, intended tof 

fiekf mllacfbn acfiirr. Not intended to apply to 

requirements of data available from existing 

Department 01 Defense data libraries. 

colllmafa-1. (physics and astronomy) To 

rander parallel to a canain fine or direction; to 

render paralfei, as rays of light; to adjust the line 

of sight or iens axis of an optical inswumant so 

that H Is in ils proper position relative to lhe other 

parts Ot the lnWWI’ISm. 2. (photogremmetry) To 

adjust the fiducial marfrs of a camera so that 

they define the prfncipal point. Also called 

46 

adjustment for collimation; collimation 

adjustment. Sae also collimating marks. 

collimating oyepiac*A prismatk eyepiece 

used with a collimator. 

collimating marke-index marks, rigidly 

connected wlfh the camera bmfy, which form 

images on the negative. These images are 

used to determine the posifkm ot the optical 

center or Prk’u@al point of the Imagery, Also 

calied fiducial marks. 

colllmatiosr ●djustment-sae coillmste, 

definition 2. 

colllmsrtlon axi*ln an optical instrument, 

the fina through the rear nodal Wim of fhe 

objective lens that is precisely parallel wtfh the 

center line of the Instrument. 

collimation error—The angle by which the 

line of sight of an optkal instrument dhfera fmm 

IIS mllimation axis. Also called error of 

collimation. 

coliimetlon plane—The plane described by 

the collimation axis of a telescope of a transil 

when related arour’d ifs horizontal axis. 

collimator—An opfiiai device for artificially 

creating a target al infinite distance, a beam ot 

parallel rays of light; used in testing and 

adjusting wrfain optical imrtruments. It uauaily 

mnsists of a converging lens and a target, a 

system or arrangement of cross hairs, placed at 

the principal focus of the lens. See afso 

eutocotilmator; collimating ayeplece; 

verflcal collimator. 

color compoelte-A composite in which the 

camponem images are ehown in differem 

colors. See also composite. 

coior gradiente-See hypsometrlc 

tinting. 

color mixture CUWC-A graph representing 

tristimulus value for unii flux of qsecfral energy, 

shown as a function of wavelength. 

Color mixture data—Amounls of 

mmfmrrents required In a threeabr cobrimater 

to malch various wavelengths. 

cotor plata-A general term for the press 

plate from which any given coior is printed.

Norrnafly, the term is mrsdiied to reflect a special 

cobr or type of plate, such as brown plate or 

corrfour plsste. See also process platee. 

COW proof proc8ee-A photm mechanical 

printing process which makes possible the 

osrnblnirrg of rtagattve separations by 

w-aafve espoaures 10 produce a composffa 

cebr proc4 on e vfnyl pfastii shwl. The melhod 

la uwally relerred to by the manulacfurefs trade 

name of the materials ueed, 

mfor proof-A elrrg!e or composffe copy of afl 

arbm of a pofychtums (muflimlor) printing wh~h 

may be produced by any method. 

color reglsfretlon guide-A vlaual dlaplay 

on a Iffho copy of a chart which accurately 

raflacss the amount and direction of 

misregiafration between the graticule and certain 

aignffk.rsnf overprh’rf. See also reolster merka. 

color separation drawlrtg-one of a set of 

drewin#s which mntains similar or related 

features, such as drainage or cuffure. There are 

as many drawings as mere are mlors to be 

shown on the Ilfhographad mpy. 

color ●eparatlo”n guld=Se8= guide. 

color eepsratlon—1. Tfse procass of 

preparing a separale drawing, engraving, or 

negative for aach mfor required in the 

pmductbn of Iffhographed map or chart 2. A 

photograph process or electronic acannlng 

prmadure using color fibers IO separate 

muffimlorsd mpy into separate Images of each 

of the fhree primary colors 

colorlmeter-An instrument designed for the 

direct msawremenf of wlor. 

coluree-The hour clrclas through the 

eminoxee and the soltiicas. See afso 

●quf noctlal cofura; eotaff thsf cofure. 

corns-An aberration affetitng the sharpness 

of images off the axis in which rays fmm e point 

ob@f oft the axfs passing throuoh a given 

Ctrcular zone of fhe lens come to a tows in a 

circle rather than a point, and Ihe circles termed 

by rays through d~erent zones are of dtierenf 

Slzee and are located at dffferanl distances from 

tha asla. Therefore, the Image of a polm objscl 

is comet-shaped. 

combat chart-A apeclal-purpose chart of a 

fand-sea area using the characferiaflcs of a map 

MJL-HDBK-850 

I 

47 

to represant Ihe land area and the 

characfarlsflca of a chart to ra~sarrf the sea 

area, with such special chereaarietks es to 

make the chart most usetul in mlflfary 

operations, particularly a~hiblous qxwatbna. 

Produced at t :50,000 scale. Afao caflsd map 

chart. 

comblrratlon plate-f +afflons and fine work 

on ona plate. Ah, two or more Suuecls 

cornbkwd on fhe serrM plate. sea also 

process pletea. 

Command, Confrof, Communfcetfons 

and Inlefllgence (C31)-Communlcallon 

and automated data proceeding (ADP) systems 

and their ssaocfalad iaclfffles, aqupmsnt, 

personnel, and procedures, that wpporl the 

functions of mmmand, control, 

communications, and imelligence. 

commercial-off-the-sfself (COTS)— 

Production items that are available fmm 

commercial stock and need not be either nrWdy 

purchaaad or immediately msnufaofurad. Afso 

known ae Contractor Oft-the-Sheff. 

common control-(JCS) Iior”uonlal and 

vertical map or charl Iwatbn of points Ifl the 

large! area and posfflon area, tied in wffh fhe 

horizomal and vertical control in use by two or 

more unffs. Msy be estatrlkhed ~ firing, wwey, 

or combination of bofh, or by assumption. Ss8 

also conf rot point; ffefd controf; ground 

control. 

common establishment—See estsb- 

Ilshment of the port. 

communfcatlone eetelllta-(JCS) An 

orbiting vehicle which relays signals between 

mmmunicat”nns stafiins. They are of two types: 

(1) active communlcatlona satelllte—a 

aalellffa which receives, regenerates, and 

retransmffs signals between stations; (2) 

paeslve communications satelfltea 

satellite which reflects cxrmmunkstions algnals 

Ibetween 

stations. 

Eompact dlac-lntoractlve (CD-1)-A 

mmpact disc formet ~malninf3 premmtied 

iiifal video, audio, and optical text data. Data 

xmnol be arased or alfared CD-1 mmplies 

Mfh the Green Sook Standard. 

:ompact dfsc-read.only memory (CO- 

?OM)—A standard 12 cm plastlc optlcaf disc 

:raated by Philips and Sony to store large

1. 

1 

. . . . MIL-HDBK-850 

en~w###rf 600 myabytes) of digital 

mfmxCpc pits which canba 

read try a fsaer beam. Rasmrdad data cannot 

be erased or altered. CDROfd mrrpiies with 

the Yellow Book standard. 

compacted date-f)igital data that have 

been reduced In votuma using a bssless 

technique. Lossless means no information is 

bat arxt afl of the original data will be reaidenf 

when urpadmrt. ~hess techniques ara 

designed to remove radundanciaa and employ 

apadal techniques.] 

COSSIpSrStWO covor+JCS) CoveraOe of the 

earns area or ob@f taken at diierent times 10 

ahow any cha~as In detail. See also beak 

cover; cover; coverage. 

comparator baae-See field comparator. 

comparator—l. An Inefrumam or apparatus 

for maasurtrrg a dimension in terms of a 

standard. 2. A precision optical instrument used 

to determine the rectangular coordinates of a 

point with respect to another poinl on any plane 

surface, such as a photographic plate, 3. 

(surveying) An instrument for cornpsrino 

standards of lar@h: for suMtiidhg such 

standards: or Ior determining a standard length 

ot measuring devices (bar, tape, etc.). See also 

tleld comparator; monocomparator; 

eteroocompsrator; Valsala comparator; 

vertical comparator. 

compass amplltude-Ampfitude relative to 

compaas aast or west. See also ampllkrde. 

compaas bearing—l. (navigation) Bearing 

relatffe to compass north. See also mognetlc 

bearing, definition 1.2. (surveying) See 

magnetic baarlng, definition 2. 

compass Index error—The Instrument error 

in the magnetic beadrrg given by readings of tha 

needle. 

compass norsfs-(JCS) Tha uncorrected 

direction indicated by the norfh-sseking end of a 

compass needle. See also magnetic north. 

[Compasa north and magnetic north differ 

in that the former may be determined by other 

influences than the Earih’e magnetic Iiald.] 

compass roaa+JCS) A graduated circle, 

usually marked in degrees lndicatin~ directions 

and primed or Inscribed on an appropriate 

medium. 

compass rula-A melhod ot balancing a 

traverse survey. Corrections cormmrdii to 

the closing errors in latitude and departure are 

d@ribulad according to the proptrrfbn (lar@h of 

line to lotal length of travarse). The compass 

rule is uaad when If & assumed that the cbshrg 

errors are as much due to errors in obsarvad 

anglaa aa to errors in measured diatancaa. 

compsaa surwsy-A traverse survey whbh 

reties on the magnatk needle for onenfhg the 

sequence as a whole or tor determining the 

baarings ot the fines indviclually. 

compass—An Ins;rumam for Irrdiialing a 

horisomal reieranoe dlrectbn relafiia IO the 

Eanh. see alao aperlodlc compass; aatro 

compaaa; Brunton compass; 

clrcumfsremor; dscllnatolrsr; 

declkrometer; Earth Inductor compasa; 

gyro compaae; gyromsgnetlc compass; 

tensatlc compsss; Ilquid hand compase; 

magnetic compass; peap sight 

compsaa; prismatic compass. 

compensated gsold—A surface derived 

from the gaoid by apptiiaiion of computed 

values of tha deflection of the vertical which 

depend upon the topographic and isos!atic 

compensation. Also called cogeold. 

compensating backslgfsts ●nd 

toraslghls—When backaiglst and foresight 

dislancea are aquai al a given poskion of a level 

insfnsment, the effects ot curvature, refraction, 

arsf lack of adjustment of line of sight (if bubble 

is Ieveied when taking a rod reading) are 

compensated for. Backsight and foresighl 

distances are ammonly comrolled by the use of 

pacing or atadia. 

compenaatksg base-line measuring 

aPPa ratus—A base apparatus having a length 

elemant composed of two metala haviW 

different coefficients of thermsl expanaion. so 

amanged and connected fhat fhe differamial 

expansion of tfs camponems will maintain a 

COnStant length of the elamem under all 

temperature conditions of use. 

compansatlng error—An error that tends to 

ottsef a companion error and thus obscsxe or 

reduce the affecl of each. 

compansatkrg lene-(photogrammef~) A 

lens introduced info an optical sysfem to wrrecf 

for radial dislortbn. 

8

I 

Componaatlon plate-(photogrammetry) A 

gfaae ptate having a surface ground 10 a 

pradalarmlrted shape, W irwartion in the optical 

system 0! a d~bithre primer or plotting 

lt?ammrem, to compensate for radiaj distortion 

Imroducsd by the camera lens. 

conspllrstlon hlatory-Complete Information 

RXJSfdiw the devefopmam of a map or chart, II 

explains pmbterne ertcarntered and their 

eotibn, and akfa in Simplifying the resaamh 

ad ansfyaia of aotmx rna~eriefs considered for 

cor@atfon or revision of other maps or chatta. 

The corr@atiin history contains information on 

the pfannlng iacfora, source materfals uillbwcf, 

control, arrnjMation methods, drafting, 

rtrpmdudkm, and edit pmcedurea. 

compllallon lnstructlona-Wrif ten directions 

deacriblno cartographic sources and their use in 

determining Inforrnalbn to be compiled. 

Compilalbn Inefrucfions are not to be confused 

with sfksdlicatione. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

compilation manuacrlpl-The originaf 

drawing, or group of drawings. of a map or chart 

as compiled or rmnstructed from various data on 

which cartographic and rels!ed detait is 

delineated in cobra on a atabie-base medium. A 

czw7rpIlaMm manuecripl may consist of a stngle 

drawing Calied a base manuscrlpl, or 

because of congestion, eeveral overtays may be 

prepared showing vegetation, relief, names, arwd 

other Irrfofrnalion. Since the latter is usually the 

case, the baae and Its approprkle overfays are 

collectively termed the compilation 

msrnuacrlpt. 

compilation scala-The scale at which a 

map or charl is delineated on the ork@al 

manuscript. Th”b scale may vary from that of the 

rapmducfiin scale. 

Compllatlon-1. (JCS) Selection, assembly, 

and graphk preaentatrnn of atl reievam 

Inforrnafbn required ior the preparation of a 

map or chart Such information may be derived 

from other maps or charts or fmm other sources. 

2. (photogrammetry) The production of a new or 

recompiled map, chatl, or relaled product from 

aartal photographs and geodetic control data by 

use of photogrammetric instruments. Also called 

photogrammotrlc compllatlon; 

●tereocompflallon. See also 

recompilation. 

compftad map-A map incorporating 

Informalbn collected from varbus sources; not 

49 

@JmPfl~ fmm ?.wey data made for the map In 

question. 

complex faaturo—sae faature. 

component-l. One of the parts fnto whkh S 

vecior Wantiiy can be diitiad. For exarr@e, fhe 

Earth’s magnetic force at any poinf ran fxr 

dMUad LWo horfxontsf aM vertical co~nents. 

2. One of the parts of a complete system. See 

also conetltuent. 

compoalta alr photography-(JCS) Alr 

photographs made wfth a oamera hevfn9 one 

principal lane and two or more aurroundii and 

obfque tenses. me several rasufting 

phonographs are corrected or tranafonnad In 

printing to permit assembly aa verfkafs wlfh the 

same scale. 

compoalte faature-A feature composed of 

several related Ieaturea. See also 

superfaature. 

compoelte prfnf—See composite. 

composlMr-Reproduction from a successive 

series of images. A proof made by exposing 

color separation negatives one after the other 

on e single sheet of paper. fJsad in checking 

and editing. Also csiled Compoafte prfm. See 

also color composlta; color proof; Uouble 

burn. 

compound frarmonlc moflorr-The 

projection of two or more uniform circular 

rrmfione on a diameter of the ckcfe of such 

motion. 

compound pendulum-Any actual 

pendulum, A compound pandutum may be 

considered as composed of an indefinltety large 

number of material patitcles, al dflerenf 

distances from the center of SUSpS@On, each 

constituting a simple perrdutum. The ptrrbd of 

vibration [osclflation) of fhe corrpmmcf 

pendulum may be taken as a rssuffam of the 

periods of the simple pendulums of wlrich f! is 

composed. 

Compreaaed Aeronautical Chafi (CAC)- 

A data base of processed Arc-Second Raster 

Chart (ARC) Digitized Reeler Graphics (ADRG) 

data produced by the U.S. Navy, and dietrfbuted 

by DMA. ADRG digital map Images are 

converfed from the Equal ARC system frame of 

reference into fhe Tessellated Spheroid ModelfV 

(TS) projection uslrw a sfine ftf. The TS dafa 

are fhen compressed by a fader of

4 

approximately 4S:1. 

, MIL-HDBK-B50 

(hmprossed Rastsr Graphlca--A data 

base of pmcassed Ewaf Arc-Semnd Ras\er 

ChmfA@ (ARC) Dighixed Raster graphka 

(ADRG) data devatoped lor the Army, and 

producad and dkfribufed by DMA. CRG is 

Intended to be tfta Army% map fsackground 

standard, taqy3tad at bafflefiefd waapon and 

command and conlrol systems where typically 

data storage and dkspfay device capabffiiies are 

Ifmifed. Tha CRG producfbn Iechnfque 

cmTmmsaa full reeolutbn 24 bft, 254 dpi ADRG 

on CD-ROM to 4 bft, 127 dpl tor a cu~eseion 

factor of 24:1. CRG dafa on CD-ROM wifl 

contain appmxknafety 100 TLMs, 6 JOGS, and 

1 ONC over the same geograph~ araa. 

compraeelon retlo-A ratio of digital storage 

savings avalfable by compressing data. 

comprasslon-1. A method of reducing the 

WMume of dffhal data such that the dafa can be 

restored (dem~ressed) to ffs offginal !orm. 

Loasless Compression (e.g., run fenQIh 

erksdng) retains all the information contained 

in the data prbr 10 compression. Lossy 

comPre=iOn (e.g., vector quamizalion) causes 

some radocfiin in the irrfomratlon wnfenl of the 

data. 2. See flattening (of the Earth). 

computed attitude-Altilude determined by 

co~tafbn, table, mechanical computer, or 

graphics. 

computad azimuth angleAzimulh angle 

determined by computation, table, mechanical 

device, or graphics for a given pface and time. 

computed bearing-8earing anglas 

determined by com~tation from known 

bearings. 

computod data mathod—A mefhod of 

I’SCfffiiOn wffh an wtofocua rectifier whereby 

Wf exfating in an aerial photograph k computed 

and, from these computations, the instrument 

SWtlfIgS are established mathematically, 

RecfUicaUon k then amompfkhad without 

furfhar comparison to Iemplata or other gukle 

base. 

ComDular Aldad Daalan/Draltlnn/ 

Compular Aided Man~facturfna- 

(CAD/CAM)—The use of computers fo design 

ard prockxie a producf. 

computar aldad deaian (CAD)-Software 

with the capebifily 01 asskting Iha operator 10 

perform standard enaineerfng and archifech.rre 

design functions. CAD aenerafly Invokes fayers 

of dala consisf@ of grephlc pfimfthres and 

bfock of data. 

computer aldad mstppfna (CAiU)- 

Software with the capability of aeekflng the 

operator 10 perform standard mapping 

functions. Afso known as Compufar M!sted 

Mapping. 

computar aaslelad cartography (CAC)- 

The uae of automated Techniques in mep/charf 

production. 

Computar aaafefad drafflna (CAD)- 

Sdfware which provides capatilifiea tor drawing 

graphic primitives, 

computer aeslsted drafting/dealgn 

(CADD)—See Computer Aldad DesIan; 

Computer Assfatad Drefflna. 

computer aselated manufacturlna 

(CAM)-The use of mm~tara in 

manufacturing, 

computer code-l. Swrce code, the text o} 

Instrucflons of a compufar program (usually In a 

high level language). 2. ~jecf mcdufa, e 

compiled veraion of the source code, R is 

macfrine readable, I.e., in binary. 

computar compatible tapa (CCT+ 

Magnetic fape containing data in mmpufar 

raadabla digilal format. Genarally data is 

recorded as 6250 or 1600 blls per Inch @pi). 

concava lana—See naaatlva lane. 

concapt of operatlona (CONOPS)—(JCS) 

A verbal or graphic atalement, in bread outline, 

of a davaloper’e or mmmandera assumptbna 

or intern in regard to an operation or ser% of 

operations. The wrwept of operations la 

frequently embodbd in campaign pfans and 

operation plans; in the fatter case, parflcularfy 

when tha plans cover a sarfas of mnnacfed 

operations to be carried out simuffanaousfy or In 

succession. The concepl is designed to giva an 

overall picture of the operation. It k Included 

primarily for additbnal cfarfty of purpose. 

Frequently, ff is referred to as oommandera 

COnCOptor CONOPS. 

concludad anola—(trfangufafion) The third 

angle of a triangle. not measured, but 

50 

,.

I 

I 

cWrSPISI@ from the two other angles. 

.,, >.. MIL-HDBK-850 

condlllon aqusstlo*A set of adjustment 

e~afkms wherein afl variables representing 

parameters heve bean eliminated hum the 

equations, leaving only variables representing 

the acfjusfmatis to the observed quantities in 

the equations. A least squares adjustment 

e~ying this type of equations is said to be by 

fhe mmliiicn melhod, as opposed 10 the 

obaefvafion method or variallon ot parameters 

method. Nole that it it is desired 10 albw a 

previously established parameter to adjust, 

ralher than hold if rigidly fixed, ii should be 

mnsMerad as an observation with an 

appropriate wefght. See also angle 

equation; azimuth ●quailon; correlate 

●qwstlon; Iatltude equation; Iengtfr 

equation; Iongltude equaiicm; normal 

equation; obarsnratlon equation; 

perpendicular equation; side equation; 

aide equetlon taafa. 

condltlona-A Iarm used in adjustment 

=mWMations 10 define parametric requirements 

01 adjusted redundant observal”bns. 

cone engle bsndlng—Technique used in 

-. analytical phologrammetry tor reducing 

mensuration requirements on a ptrotographlc 

plate by segregating Images into annular zones 

defined by specific bands subtended, usualiy by 

5“ of erc. Areas read are then only in certain 

outer bands depending on the calibration of the 

lens mne. 

confidence intewal—A statement of 

accuracy beesd on a statistic whose distribution 

twwfion is known; e ,g., the normal distribution 

function or bivarfate normal distribution function. 

Errcva are sfatad ae some percentage of the 

total probability of 100 percent; e.g., a 90 

percent assurance level. Also called 

aasurence level; arror Intanral; 

probability Interval. 

contlQuratlon management (CM)—A 

procedure for applying technical and 

admlntafrative dkaclbn and surveillance to (a) 

klenttty and documem the tuncfional and 

physical charecterist!cs of an Item or system, (b) 

mnfrof any changes to such charecferistics and 

(c) ramrzf and report the change, process, end 

lmpfementatbn status, The CM process must 

be carefully telbrad fo the capacity, size scope, 

and phase of Ihe Me cycle, nature and 

Complextiy of the system Involved. 

‘51 

configuration of terrain-see topo. 

graphic expreealon. 

contormal charf-A charl on a wnformal 

projection. 

conforfrral map projection-A map 

pro@tbn on which Ihe ehapa of any emall area 

of lha surtaca mapped is preserved unchanged, 

arxf all angles around any point are mfredty 

represented. Also celled orfhomorphlc SISap 

projection. 

conic cherf with two standard parallela— 

A chart on the mnic pfojacflon with SW standard 

parallels. Also called S@Cant Conic chart. 

conic ChaII-A chart on a mnic pruject”on. 

conic map projection wl!h two standard 

paraflela-A conic map projection in which lhe 

surface of a sphere or spheroid, such aa the 

Earth, is conceived as developed on a cons 

which inlarsects tha sphere or spheroid atong 

two standard parallels. The Lambd conformal 

projection is an example. Also called ●ecent 

corslc map pro]ectlons. 

conic map projactlon—A map projection 

produced by projecting the geographic 

mer”tiians and parallels omo a mne whtch ie 

tangam to (or intersects) tha wrlasa of a 

sphere, and then davebping the mrra thto a 

plane. Conic map projections may be 

wnsidered as including cylindrical map 

projection when the apex of the mne is at an 

infinite distance from the sphere, and 

projections on a tangem ptane when that 

distanca la zero. Conic map pmjactbns may be 

Illustrated with a single mne which is tangent to 

Ihe sphare or which cuts the sphere abrrg two 

parallals; or they may be a series of tangent 

cones. all with apexes on an extenabn of the 

axis of the sphare, at mnstantty incraasi~ (or 

decreasing) distancas from tha sphere. Itis best 

ueed to show areas of large bngitudlnal rather 

than latitudinal distances. Also called tanOant 

conical map projection. 

conJugate dlsrtancea-Ttre corresponding 

dislances o? otzjacf and image from the nodal 

points of the lens. 

conjugate Image pofnts—See correapondlng 

Image polnls. 

conjugete Image raya-See corree-

I 

pondlng Image rays. 

,,. . MIL-HDBK-B50 

cofrjtxgate ~lrrte-The oblecf and Image 

poims in an optical system. They are physically 

retetad according to the definition for 

conjugate dlstencee. 

cortjunctiorx-llte alfuefion of two celestial 

bodies havhtg the same celestial longitude or 

the eerrw sidereal hour angle. See eleo Irrferlor 

conjuncilon: opposttton; euperlor 

conjunction. 

corrnectlng travairea-A traveme which efada 

and ends et separate ~ints whose relative 

positions have been determined by a survey ot 

an atpmi- or higher-order ot accuracy. 

@n8Meff@ lees eubjecf 10 undelecfad error 

than a bop traverse, 

connection-(geodesy) The systematic 

elimination of discrepancies behveen adjoining 

or overfspplrrg trian@ation networks for the 

purpose of establishing a common framework 

from whkh bng-renge measurements can 

betaken. 

connectlvlt y rinslysle-1. Analytical 

technique 10 dalermine whether a set of peirrts 

(nodes) or lines are rnnnecked to each other. 

2. (GIS) Function used to predict or track 

ruutings through a nslwrxrk. 

conaecutlva mersrt-A arnoothed 

represenfatkm of a time series derived by 

replacing each obsewed value with a mean 

value Cmrqxrfed over e 6electad imerval. 

Consecutive means are used in smooming to 

atimlnate unwarned psrfocficitles or minlmlze 

irregular variations. Aiso called moving 

averege; overlapping meen; runntng 

mean. 

Consol chert-A chart showlrrg Consol lines of 

position. 

Coneot-(.fCS) A brrg-range redo aid 10 

navigation, the emissions of which, by means of 

Iheir radio traquency rnodulatiin characferisfba, 

enable bearings to be determined. 

conatent ●rror-A systematic error which is 

the 6ams in both rnagnltude and s!gn 

throughout a given eeria6 of observations, such 

aa an Indax error of an instrument, See also 

accumulative error. 

conatent of abarratlon—The maximum 

aberration of a star obeawed from the surface of 

52 

the Earfh, 20.496 seconds of arc. 

conetant of gravitation-The ropottbnallfy 

taclor (equal to 6.67 X 10-5 rr$kd sac+) in 

the universal law of gM*tiOn; i.e., every 

panicle of matter attracts every other pertWs 

with a force mat k directly pmportbnel to the 

product of their masses and Inversely 

prmporfbnal to the square of their dietarme 

apart. Also called gravitational Conetant; 

law of unlvertxal gravitation. 

constant pressure chert-see Iaoberlc 

chart. 

conetellatlon-lm orbital group of Q3tellifas, 

e.g., Iha Global Posltbning Syslem(GPS). 

conetltuent day-The duration of the Earth’s 

daily rotation relafiie 10 a ficffilous efer Mrich 

reprasants one of the perbcfk fiie-pmducirtg 

forces; it approximates the length of the funar or 

solar day and corresponds to the period of a 

diurnal constituem of twke the period of a 

semidiurnal constituent. The term is rot 

applicable to the iong-perbd conetffuams. 

constltuant-ne ot the harmonic elements 

in a mathematical expre66ion for the tide- . . . 

producing force and in the cvrretpnding 

iormulas Ior the I’de or tidal current. Each 

censtituenf represents a periodic change or 

variation in the reieiive positions of the Earth, 

Moon, and Sun. Also called aetronomlc tldel 

constituent; harmortlc constituent; 

partlel tide; tlsfal constituent. See also 

component; diurnal conetltuent: 

xsemldlurnal conetituarrt. 

contect berse-llne rneaeurlng 

aPParatua—A base apparatus composed of 

bars whose lengths are defined by the disfarce 

between their end faces or points. M use, the 

bam are laid end to end, one bar balng kept In 

pesition while another bar is bairrg rnovad 

ahead, 

contect glaea—See focal plane plate. 

contect pleta-See focal plsne plata. 

contact printer—A device which provides a 

light eource and a means for hotding the 

negetlve and the senaifive meteriai in WntaCf 

during exposure. Also, a spaclallzed device for 

exposin~ diapxifive plates at the same scale aa 

that of the negaflve.

i 

..- MIL-HDBK-850 

COntOCt pttntlna frama-in photography 

and plafemaklng, a device for holding the 

negative and rhe sensttive material In contact 

during exposure. The fiiht source may or may 

not be a separate elamenf. II the frame 

mrrtains a vacuum p..wrrp10 exhaust all air 

within the frame to insure perfect ca’rfacf 

between the negative and lhe sensitive 

nzateriai, It is known as a contact vacuum 

prlrttlng frame. 

COntaCf prlnl—(JCS) A print made frum a 

negative or a diaposttive in dkecf mnfacf with 

sanaifizad materiai. 

contact screen-l. A hafffone scraen made 

on a film basa and used in direct mnfacf with 

the flim to obtain a haffrone image from a 

oominuous tone original. 2. A pattern image on 

a fiim base contact wtfh an open window 

negative 10 obtain a pattern image on film or 

piate. See alao area pattern screen; 

magenta contact acreerr. 

contact she-in rapmduction, printing to the 

same size ss the original. Also called ona-loone 

(1:1) copy. See also scale of 

roproductlon. 

COntacl slide baae-llne measurlrrg 

apparatus-A modified contact base-line 

measuring apparatus consisting of two aleel 

measuring bars (rods), each 4 malers in iength, 

so rnoun16d that contact is effacted by 

wincidence of Jines on a md and a mntact 

sfiie. Each md torrns a metallic therrnomater 

with two zinc tubes, one on aach side of the bar 

OPPOSffe aIZCfSof the bar arv fastenad to the 

ends of the tubes, the other ends of which are 

free to move with changes of Iemperalure. 

contact vacuum prlntlng frame—See 

contact prlntlng frame. 

contact vsrnler—The usual type of vernier, 

having the vemiar acaie and the graduated 

circle in physical cmntact. 

contiguity snelysia-An anaiyticat technique 

to determine whether a set of areas (polygons) 

are situated naxf to aach other. Sometimes 

referred to as adjacency analysis. 

continental control natwork (CCN)—A n 

accurate network of mntrol points established 

over a large geographic area. 

53 

contlnuoua prOC8S410f-(JC5) Equipmant 

which processes fifm or paper in rmmirascas 

strips. 

Continuous Strip camera-(JCS) A camera 

in which the fiim moves continuously past a s~t 

hr the focaf plane, producing a photograph In 

one unbruken length by virtue of the cominuous 

torward motion of the aircraft. 

conthruous ●trip photogrttphy-iJCS) 

Photography of a strip of terrain in which tha 

image remains unbroken throughout ffs tengfh 

along the line of flight. 

Continuous tOn9 gmy SCSIS-A acaie of 

tones tmm white to black or fmm transparartf to 

opaque, each tone of wh’ch blends 

imperceptibly into fhe next without vislbie lexfure 

or dot formation. Also calied continuous 

wedge. Sea also step wadge. 

continuous tone-An Imaga which has not 

bean screened and contains unbroken, gradient 

tones fmm black lo white, and may be aither in 

nagative or pesitive form. Aeriai photographs 

are examples of continuous tone prints. See ,, ..,.7 

also haittona; line COpY. 

continuous wedge—See continuous tone 

gray scela. 

contour fhrder—A sfereomapplng instrument 

of simpie design for use with photographic 

prints. This instrument does not pmvkfe a 

method of compensating for acaie changes in 

dfferenf parts of the model rasufting trom 

differences in retief. 

contour fntarval-(JCS) Difference in 

aievation between two adlacem contour fines. 

[Omasionalty, fhe Imervai may vary wtfhin an 

individual sheet,] See aiso variable contour 

Interval. 

contour ilne-(JCS) A line on a map or chart 

connecting paints of aquai alavatiorr. Sae also 

accurate contour; approximate contour; 

carrying contour; dsprssslon contour; 

depth contour; form Ilnes; gaoidal 

contour; Indsx contour Iins; 

Intarmedlats contour ilne; sea Isvsl 

contour; supplementary contour. 

contour map-A Iopographlc map which 

porlrays reiief by the use of mnfour lines.

I 

,., . . MIL-HDBK-B50 

contour eketctstng-Freehand definealion of 

the wrtece refiif on a map as seen in 

PSr6P@~e view, WI COmmll@ by bcations on 

the rnaIz corresooncthm to salienf rninfs on the 

ground’. - 

COntOUr walue-A numerical value placed 

upon a czmfour tine to denote ifs alevation 

refetiva 10 a given datum. usually mean sea 

level. 

contour-An imaginary fine on the ground, all 

points of which are at the same elevation above 

or below e apecitied datum surface, usually 

mean sea level. 

contract-(pholooraphy) The adual ddfarence 

In densffy between the higfrti~hts and the 

shadows on a nagafffe or positive. Contrast is 

not mrtcemed WISII me magnitude ot density, 

bul only with the difference in densttiee. Also, 

the rating of a pholographt material 

corresponding to the relative density difference 

which if exhibiis. See also characterlatlc 

curve; density, definition 1. 

control berse-A surface upon which the map 

projection and ground control are p!dted and 

upon which templales have been assembled or 

aarolriangulation has Imen accomplished and 

the control poims thus determined have been 

marked. 

Control data card—A card containing 

poshional data and descriptions of individual 

horizontal and/or vetiisal control points, Also 

~sl~d geodotlc data street. See also trig 

control tllght—See control strip. 

COntrOl marking—A note or other term of 

caveal shown on an MC&G product indicating a 

need for special handllng and tor controlled 

dissemination. 

control net—See aunrey net, 

control pohrt photography— Electronically 

mnfrollad aerial photography mnslsling of four 

flight lines fbwn in a cloverleaf pattern from the 

four cardhal diredions and with the filghls 

intersecting over a target or secondary mmrol 

point. 

COntrOl point— 1. Any station of known 

Coordlnales in a horizontal or vertical confrot 

network that Is identified in a data sel or 

54 

photograph and used for cwrelating the other 

statkon data The term is uaualfy mortified to 

retlect the type or purpose, such es ground 

control point, horizontal control polm, 

photocontrol point, picture control 

point, and vertlcel control point. See also 

control station; secondary control point; 

aupplamantal control point. 2. (JCS) A 

point located by ground suffey with which a 

rnrresponding point on a photograph is 

matched, as a check, in making moeaics. 

control station-An obIed or mark on tha 

grouti of known poeifikzn or alevatkon, or both, 

in e network 01 ground corrtml, Control stafiins 

constitute the tramework by wh!ch map detalfs 

are fixad In their correct positbn, azlmufh, 

elevation, and scale with respect to the Eerlh’s 

surface. Also called ground control point. 

See also control point. ‘ 

control atrlp-(aerial photography) A strip of 

aarial photographs taken to aid in planning and 

accomplishing later aerial photography, or to 

serve as control in assernbting other strips. Also 

called control flight; tie flight; lle strip. 

See elSO crose-fllght photography. 

control eurvey cleeelrlcatlon-A aeties of 

designations 10 classily control surveys 

according to their tield survey methods and 

accuracy, The highesl prescribed order of 

control survays is designated first ordar; Ihe naxr 

lower prescribed classlficalion, second order; 

etc. 

control survsy-A survey which provides 

positiine (horizontal acd vertical) ot poinls to 

which aupplememary surveys are adjusted. The 

fundamental axrtrol survey of the United States 

provides the gaographc positions and plane 

coordinate of triangulation and traverse 

stations and the elevation of bench make 

which are used as the bases for hydrographies 

surveys of the coastal waters, for the control of 

the topographic survey ot the Unhed States, 

and for the control of many state, city, and 

prlvale surveys. 

control-atatlon ldentlflcatlon—See 

photoldentlflcatlon. 

controlled map-(JCS) A map with precise 

horizontal and verl!!al ground control ae a basis. 

Scale, azimuth, and elevations are accurate, 

See also map. 

controlled mosaic—(JCS) A mosaic

,, 

I 

‘1 I 

I 

-.,,.::-:. 

co~ected for scale, recttiled, and fskt to ground 

corrtml to provide an acwrata represemalbn of 

dletancas and diracfbn. See also mosaic; 

somlcontrolled moaalc; uncontrolled 

moeetc. 

COtTtrOlllng depth—The Iaast dapth in tha 

qroach or channel to an area, wch as a port 

or anchorage, governing fhe masimum draf! 01 

craft fhaf can enter. 

control-t. Previously esfabllshed posiiions 

ardor ortentalksn data used for determining 

addffbnsl ~sifbn data used for diecrsle 

to~phk polnfa, or for oonfrolllng 

cartegraphc rapreaanfations 10 tha specifiad 

datum. 2. A mllacfive term for a ayafem 01 

marks or ol$ecfs on the Earth or on a map or a 

photograph, whose positions or elevation, or 

both, hava been or will ba determined. See also 

eetronomlc control; basic control; 

common control; olactrorrlc control; 

geodetic control; ground control; 

trorizontel control; La place control; 

Iavel control; photogrammetrlc control; 

recover; sterlhtg control; supplemental 

control; verflcal control. 

conventional International otlgln (CIO)— 

The average terrestrial pole of the perbd 1900 

fo 1905. Olsen used as tha origin to which the 

coordnataa of the instantaneous pole of 

rotation of the Earth ara ref errad, In 1967, fhe 

IUGG recommended that the C)O be usect to 

define the direcfjon 01 the geodetic north pole. 

Abbreviated to OIC In French pubticatbns. See 

also everage terreatrlal pola. 

convergence conetant-Tha angla at a 

L?ivanIathuda between merktians 1” apart. 

Somatlmas loosely called convergency, a 

larm whkh more propsrfy Is the equivalent of 

convergence. 

convergence of merldlena-The angular 

drawing togathar of tha geographic meridians in 

passing from Iha Equator 10 the poles. A! the 

Equator, all meridians ara mutually parallel; 

pasaing from the Equator, they converge until 

thay maet at tha polas, Infereecfing a? angles 

that are equal 10 their differences of Iongifuda, 

The tarm converganca 01 marldlana la 

usad to daslgna!e also Ihe relative difference of 

direction of merWan6 al Speclfk points on lhe 

meridians. Thus, for a geodatic Iina, the azimuth 

@f one end differs from fire ezimufh al the other 

end by 180° plus or minus Ihe amounl of fhe 

oarrvergence of the merldlans at fha and points. 

‘MIL-HDBK-850 

convergent camara—An assetily of two 

aertal cameras which take .sknultaneous 

pfzofogmphs and nsaimain a fixed angla 

between their opfkal axea. The eflact is to 

increasa tha angular covarage in one diracfbn, 

abng the longitudinal asis of fhe aircraft. 

convergent model deturrr-See model 

detum. 

convergent photography- Photograph y 

taken with a corwergenf camera. In 

photogrammewy. the angle of wrwergance of 

the two lenses asas Is usually 40” mainfainirrq “a 

1:1 base-height ratio. I 

convergent poaltlor+A split camara 

installation so positioned that fha plane 

containing the camera axis is parallel fo lhe line 

of ftiiht. 

converging lene—See poaillve Iena. 

conversion angle-(JCS) Tha angle batwaen 

a greatdrcle (orfhodmmk) bearing and a rtwmb 

line (Ioxodromic) bearing of a point, measured at 

a commen origin. ,. ... . . . 

converalon fnctor—A quantify by wfslch the 

numerical value in one system of untts must be 

mutfiplied 10 antve al fhe numarbal value In 

arsolhar system of units. 

conversion acala-(JCS) A scale Indksling 

the ralatlonshlp between two diffararrt urrffa of 

measurement (e g., maters to Iaet). See also 

acele. 

convaralon—The changing 01 ona aystam of 

meawreman! to another; e.g., converting 

meters to feet. Conversbn Is usually 

accomplished by the use of conversion factors, 

scales, and tablas. 

convarflbla lens-A lens containing tsm or 

more elemants which can be used individuality or 

in wmbination. 

convex lana—See positive Iene. 

cooperaltve mapping agreement— A 

formal agreemem between nafional 

govammaMs speclfylcg responslblllfles for 

MC&G ecfivities such as procuramenf of aerial 

photography, execution of gaodelic COIW’01 

suweys, and production of maps, charts, and 

55

; 

[ 

related products. See also map exchange 

agrooment. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

coordlrreto exsra-in a rectangular coordhrata 

system, the eses of reference which intersacl at 

right angles srtme polnf.of ortgin. 

coordinate Converalo-hanging the 

comdhtafe vahses from one type to those of 

amlher wfrh the coordinate reference systems 

or datuma rul changing; e.g., geographic 

coomfinatas to Transverse Mercator grid 

rmcdhates. 

coordlrtate pair—A sat of Cartesian 

coordinates describing the Swodimenabnal 

bcatbn of a poim, line, or areas (@ygon) 

Ieetura In relatfcn to the common Ccor’dktate 

systems of the data base. 

coordlnata protrectrsr-A square-shaped 

protractor having graduations on two adjacent 

edges wtih the cemer al one comer. II is 

equipped with a movable arm turning about the 

center, and graduated to show linear quamities 

on a given SCAE. The protractor is covered wlrh 

a grtd of the same scale ami units as the arm. 

coordinate ratemrrca notetlo’n~Grid 

coordinates are gfvan In terms of linear 

measurement in meters. Gecgrephlc 

wordfmtes are oiven in tams of annular 

measurement, u-wally in dagrees,-mlflutes, 

Secands but occasionally in grads. 

and 

coordinate ralerence notellon—G rid 

caordirrates ere given In Ierms of linear 

measurement, usually meters but occaaienally 

in yards, feet, or olher units. Geographic - 

coordinates are g’wen in terms of angular 

measurement, usually [n degrees, minutes, and 

seconds, but ccoasionslly in grads. 

coordinate trarmformatlon—1. A 

mathematical or grsphk process of obtaining a 

rmdified set ot coordinates by eoms 

cornblnalbn of rotation of coordinate axes al 

their point of origkt, tranafocetion of the point or 

orfgln, rmditicetien or scale along coordinate 

axes, or change of the size or geometry of the 

reference ~ace. 2. The set of parameters used 

to accornpfbh this process. See alsa aftlna 

tranaformatlon; Cfrrtealan coordlnataa; 

datum tranalormetlon; rectlflcatlon; 

UnlVer8al Polar Stereographic grid; 

Unlvemal Tranaverae Mercator grid. 

Coordlnatad Unhremel Time (CUT)—AISO 

56 

called unlvemal tlmrr coordlnatrrd (UTC). 

See lfnlvemal Tlma. 

coordlnatad aertas-A saries ot 

gaographkelly integrated target charts and 

other graphics of a unftorm scale and format 

devebpsd to provide continuous and tort’plete 

coverage of a large area. Also called earlea. 

coordlnetas+JCS) Linear or angular 

quamities which designate fhe position fhat a 

point occupies in a given reference frame or 

syslem. Also used as a general term to 

designate the particular kind of reference frame 

or system, such as PISITS racta~utar 

coordinates or spherical coordhatea. See efao 

aaaumed plene coordlnatea; ●atronomlc 

Coordlrratea; Carreslan coordlnrrtos; 

celeetlal equator system of coordlnatea; 

chromattclty coordinate: Curvlllnaar. 

coordlnetee; cyltndrlcel coordlnatest; 

Earth-fixed coordinate syetem; ●cllptlc 

system of coordlnetea; gatactlc syetem 

of coordinates; gaocentrlc coordinate; 

geocentric geodatlc coordhrataa; 

gaodatlc coordlrrataa; gaogrsphlc 

Coordlnatas; geomagnetic coordinates: 

grid coordlnatea; grid coordinate 

X@thm; Oround-epace coordinate 

ayatem; horizon ayetem ot coordinates; 

hour engle eystem (of coordlnataa); 

lnertlet coordhrete system; local 

coordhrate system; model coordinetea; 

Of Nlqua Coordlnatas; Orlgln of 

coordlnetes; photograph coordlnatea: 

plene potar CoOrdlnrXteS; plane 

rectangular coordlnatee; plate 

coordinates; polar Ooordlnatea; 

rectangular coordinates; rectangular 

space coordlrrates; ralatlve coordinate 

syetem; right eacsnelon ●ystem; 

selenocentrlc coordinates; epace 

coordlrrsles; space polar coordinates; 

spherlcel coordinates; state coordlrrate 

syetems; etrlp coordinates; topocentrlc 

coordinates; topocentrlc equatorial 

coordlnatea; unlveraaf apece 

rectangular coordinate syatam; 

Unlvereal Transverse Mercator 

coordinates: verrlcel coordinate. 

coordlnation+wrveying) The placing of all 

survey data on the same aocmlnale system or 

datum. Coordination does not hrrply the 

adjustment of obsemaIlons to rarrmve 

discrepancies. Two field surveys over the same 

area may be coordinated by computation on tha 

aama datum, but there may ramain between

.,. . . ---- MIL.HDBK-850 

them dbcrepancias that can be removed only 

by mrrelatlon. 

coordlnmoo mph-An Instrument used to plol 

In Ierma of plane mordiies, tt may be an 

Irdegral part of a afereoampfc pbtting 

Inatnsmant whereby Use p[anirnetrfc motions (x 

and yj of the fbatkrg mark are pbtted dkecfly. 

Afao called rectangular coordinate plotter. 

coplanar—Lying in the same plane, 

copy (Copying) CSSmen3-A preclalon camera 

used kr the laboratory for copying purposes. 

Also celfed process camera. 

x=py-me manuscript or text turnished for 

reproduction. See also continuous tone; 

line copy; tone copy. 

Corange llna-A ffne through points of equal 

tidal range. 

Confolla cormctlon-A correction applied to 

an assumed posftiin, celestial line of position, 

Cabstfd Ifs, or to a mmputed or obsewad 

attitude to allow for a~arenl acceleration due 10 

CWlelfs force. 

Corlolls force-See CoriOlls. 

Corlofie-A fbtifbus force used 10 explain the 

horizontal departure from a straight line of a 

movfrrg obpct on or near the Earth’s suflace 

caused by viewing the trajectory of the moving 

objed while the observer is stationa~ with 

respect to the rotating Earth, Ths ?orce- causes 

deflecflons 10 the tight In the Northern 

Hemisphere and 10 the left In the southern 

Hemkptsere Corblis derkct$ objects to fhe west 

tt they are moving loward the Equator and to 

the aaat tf they are moving away fmm the 

Equator. It atfacta air (wind) and water (current), 

and introduces an error In the bubbie sexlam 

obaervetbna made from a moving craft; the 

etfed imreasirrg wfth higher latitude ad greater 

apeed of the object. Also alfed Corlolla 

Force; deflecting Iorca. 

comer ●cceseorles-$learby physical objects 

to which cxrrnara are referenced for their tuture 

Mantlfiiation or restoratbn. Amessories Include 

baarfng tress, mounds, pffs, ledges, rocks, and 

orher natural features, to which distances or 

drOCfbnS (or both) from the mmer or 

monument are known, Such acceesorfes are 

actually a parl of the mcnumentatfcm See also 

boarlng tree. 

57 

corner johts-The bcation where three or 

more mntiguous map sheets coma tooather. 

corner merka-See regleter marka. 

corner tfcks-see raglster marks. 

corner-1. A point on a fend boundary, at 

which hvo or nsora txwwtary ffnes meal. 2. A 

poim on the surface of tha Earth, determined by 

the surveying procaaa, which defines an 

extremtty on a txrundafy of the putrffc fanda. 

Sae also ●uxiliary momrder cornor; 

GfOXlng oorneq ClOalng townehfp oornor; 

double corner.; ●xletent cornen found 

corner; Indicated comer; feat comer; 

meandar comer; obllleraied corne~ 

quarter aectlon corner; quarter-quarter 

aactlon corner; section corner; slmeenffr 

eactlon corner; special meander corner; 

etandard corner; theoretical corner; 

township co”mer; witneee corner. 

corrected eatabllatxment-The mean high 

water interval tor all stages of the tkta. 

correction code-A code conaistfng ot tetrera, 

numbers, and symbols whfch are used to 

indica!e edn”mrractkms on’ maps or on overlays 

attached thereto. 

cormctlon for datum-A conveffifon factor 

used In the predkfion ot ties to reaotve the 

dillerence between chart datum of the reference 

and a secendary station. 

corractlon for Incllnatlon of tape-see 

grede correction. 

correction for Incllnetlon of the 

horizontal axis—A mrmctfon applied to en 

observed horizontal directfon to efimfnate eny 

error that may have been caueed by the 

horizontal axis of the instrument not ~fng 

exactky horizontal, 

cormctlon for mn of micrometer-A 

correction applled to an obsemcf raadfng of a 

Braduated circle made wffh a mfcromafar 

microscope to compensate for run of 

micrometer. 

Eorrectlon llne-See standard paraflef, 

definition 1. 

:orractlon nor lcee-A veriety of notfcea (e.g., 

Nolice to Mariners, Notice to Airmen, errata

MIL-HDBK-850 

notices, chart updale manuals, target material 

bulletins, etc.) utilised 10 Imnemit correction data 

tiich the user apfiiis 10 an existing MC&G 

product. 

corracflon overlay—A transparent material 

on which edil cmrecfbns are noted. The method 

permits an Immediate bcation ot leaturas to be 

revised without the necessity o! marldng the 

drawing Or MSP. 

corractlon-A quantity, equal in absoluta 

magnitude but o~stte in sign to the error, 

added to a calculated or observed value to 

obta”m the true or adjusted value. See also erc 

correction; ●rgmentatlon corractlon; 

Bouguar corraotlon; clock correction; 

Corlolla correcflon; curvatura correction; 

dynamic correction,; dynamic 

temperature corractlon; eccentric 

reduction; E8tv6a csrrrectlon; fletd 

correction; free-elr correction; grade 

correction; height-of-eye correction; 

Index correction; Ionospheric Correction; 

Iatltude correction; Iangth correction: 

level correction; orrhometrlc correction; 

Polerls correction; rod correction; eag 

corractlon; aemldlamaler corracllon; 

slope correction; eurfaca corrections; 

tape corrections; temperet ure 

correction; tension correction; terrain 

corractlon; tidal correction; tlmlng 

correction; trensll micrometer contact 

correction; velocity correction. 

correlate aquatlon-An equstion derived 

horn an observation or rendition equation, using 

undetermined multipliers, and expressing the 

rendition that the sum 01 the squares ot the 

residuals (or oorrecfiins) reeufting trom the 

appliition of these muttipliira to the 

observation or conditiqn equstions shall be a 

minimum See also condlllon equal Ion; 

normel equatton. 

Correlarlon Tracking and Trlangulatlon 

(COTAT)-A trajectory measuring syslem 

Cowssd of several antenna base lines, aach 

separated by large distances, used to measure 

direction cosines to an object. From thesa 

measurements its apace position is computed 

by triangulation. 

correlation-1. (general) The statistical 

interdeperrde~e between two quantities (a.g., 

in gsodasy, gravity enomalies are correlated 

with olher gravity anomafies, with elevation, with 

58 

elevation dtierences, and with geology, etc.). 2. 

(aurvaying) The removal of discrepancies thal 

axiet among survey dala so that all pane are 

interrelated without apparent error. Tha terms 

coordination @nd corralatlon are usually 

apptied to the harmonizing of auweys of 

adjacent areas or of dlffarenf surveys over the 

same eraa. Two or more such surveys are 

coordinated when they are computed on the 

same datum; they are correhted when they are 

adjusted Iogether. 

correspondence-( steraosmpy) The wndition 

that exists when mrrespotilng images on 

a pair of photographs lie in the same epipolsr 

plane: the absence of y-parallax. 

correapondlng Imege polnta-The ImaQes 

on two or more overlapping photographs ot a 

single ob]ect point. Sometimes incorrectly celled 

conjugate Image polnta. 

corresponding Image rays—Rays catnecting 

each 01 a set of corresfmrding Image 

points with its patlicuiar perspective cenlar. 

corresponding lmagea—A point or fhre in 

one system o! points or tines homologous to a 

point or line in another system. Sorrwimas 

incorrectly called conJugate potnts. 

cotldal charr-A chafl of cotidal Iinas that 

show approximate locations of high waler at 

hourly imervale measured from a reference 

merid! an, usually Greenwich. 

cotlsfal hour—The average interval expressed 

in solar or lunar hours between the Moon’s 

passage over the merictiin of Greerrwich and 

Ihe Iollowing high waler at a specified place. 

cotldal llnS-A line on a chart passing thruugh 

all points where high water occurs et tha same 

lime. The lines show the lapse of time, usually in 

lunar hour intervals, between the Moon’s transit 

over a reference meridian (usually Greenwich) 

and the occurrence of high water for any point 

lying along the line. 

counter-etch—To remove, with certain diluted 

acids, Impurities from a Iimographk p!ate, 

making if receptive to an image. 

countarclockwlss angla-A horizontal angle 

measured In a countembckwlse direction: used 

primarily for the measurement of deflection 

engles.

---- 

county map-A map of the araa of a county 

as a unff. 

course-l. (fend surveying) The baarlng of a 

Me: 81s0 fhe baarhsg and length 01 a lime. 2. 

(traverse) The aslnasfh and lar@h 01 a fine, 

considered together. 3. (navigation) The 

azimuth or bearing 01 a lie abng whkh a ship 

or aircraft is to travel or doas travel, without 

Chan(fs of UlrSCfiOn; the the drawn on a chart or 

map as tfse Intended Irack. Tha dlrecfton of a 

course is atwaye measured In degrees fmm the 

hue matilen, and the true coume & always 

meant unless h Is othenviee qualified; e.g., aa a 

msW~t~ or cO~SS Coume. Sss ateo track. 

4. @%fmPhY) A muie on tha Earth abng 

which a river ftowa; the rivar ffseff. 

covarlance-A mathematical quantity axy 

retetad to the coefficient of corretafiin p,ry 

between two variables axy. pxy crsuy, whars 

c#x and #y ars the variances of x and y, 

raspacflvely. Uaad in the variame-covariance 

matris of a least squares sotufiin. 

cover aorsrch-(JCS) In air photographic 

raconnabsance, the prccess of selection of .lhe 

most suitable existing cover for s spscHic 

requirement, 

cover traca-(JCS) (reczmnalssance) One of a 

series of overlays showing all air reconnaissance 

SOnieS 00Vafing the map shaet 10 which lhe 

ovartays raler. 

coveraga+JCS) The ground area 

represented on imagery, pholomaps, mosaics, 

maP5, and other geographical presentation 

ays!ems. 

covering powar— See angle of view. 

covar-(JCS) Photographs or o!her recordad 

images whkh show a particular area of ground. 

See also batslc covar; comptsratlve cover. 

crab an@-(JCS) The angle befwaen Itte 

aircraft track or fiiiht fine and the fore and aft 

axes of a verflcal camera, whkh are In line wlfh 

the Iongttudinsl axis of the akcraft. 

crab-1. (aerial photography) The condlllon 

caused by faflure to orient a camera wlfh respect 

to Ihe track of the akcraft. In vertical 

photography, crab is indimted by Iha adgas of 

the photographs not being parallel to ths air 

MIL-HDBK-850 

59 

base lines, 2. (air navigation) Sae yaw, 

definition 1. 

Critical Daslgn RovIew (CDR)-A review in 

the deveioprnenvaoqsslslfbrt Pocess to aesura 

that the reoommerded daebn of hardware and 

software b as cbee to the pmctuclbn 

conflguralbn as possible and ready Ior software 

mdlng and hardware pmcuramarrl. 

crltlcal engla-lhe minimum angle of 

irwiderwa at which a ray of radierrl enam 

hrrpinging on the surface of a trsmsparenf 

medium Ie mmpletety raftectad, no parl of It 

entaring lhe medium. 

crltlcal deficiency—An item or the condifbn 

of information or data which, because of 

omission, misidenfttcation, mk.focstbn, or other 

such signiliint error, wufd cause serious 

adverse impact on navigation eafety or 

operational mission acmmplishmenl. 

Critical elevallon—The highest elevation in 

any group of related and more-or-iess 

mntiguous reliet formations on a map or chart. 

See also hlghast elevailon. 

critical risisga-The spread ot ranges In whbh 

Ihere is an element ot uncenainty of 

imerpretation of values. 

crop-To trim or cut off parts of a photograph in 

order to eliminate superfluous portions and thus 

Improva balance or compoaifion. Usually 

accomplished by masking the Image area 

during printing, 

cross halre—A set of wires or etched lines 

placed on reticle held in the focal pfans of a 

Ielescope. They are used as Index marlw for 

pdminge of the Ielesmpe such as in a tmnsit or 

level when poinlings and read@s must be 

made on a rod. 

cmas Wt-An error introduced into 

atereotrtarrgulation due to the inebilii to recover 

the exact camera stations tor eucm.saive pairs, 

This condtfion Is generally due to vartslbns tn 

equipmem, materials, or to imperfect relative 

orientation, 

CrOsS-CheCk llnee—A series of data lines 

which cress the principal lines of dsvebpmam, 

preferably at right angles, which provides 

verification of, or reveals dbcrepancles In, the 

princlpel lines of the survey development,

MIL-HDBK-850 

Croso.Country Mmmrnont MaP (cCM)- A 

DMA map de@cfirrg CfOSS-CUI.MfIymobility 

eafiiws tor the M-1 ts~ expressad in terms O{ 

GO, RESTRICTED. SLOW, VERY SLOW, and 

NO GO with correaporrdirro everage speed 

range pradicfkme. Open water and urban areas 

are afao pmtrayed, as are ground movement 

obatackas and hydrobgk hkrdrarces. Ptoducsd 

at 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 ecale. 

croee-coum~ movement study-A graphic 

or sertes ot graphics and supporting text or 

tables ponraying off-road movement conditions 

for e@tic vehicles or a group of vehdea. tf ie 

usually overprinted on a medium- or large-scale 

topographic rrwp basa. 

cross.fllgfrt photography—ShWle photographic 

etr@ heving elaraoacopic overlap 

behveen exposures and having e flighl direction 

at right angles to that of coexistent area 

coverage photography. When applied to 

shoran, the Iarm hnplies that each of the crosslight 

expoeurea la accompanied by remrded 

ahoran distances. See also control atrlp. 

CrO~.-S0CtiOtiA horizontal grid system laid 

out on lhe 5r6i.-nd tor determining contours, 

quantifies of earthwork, etc.. by means of 

elevations of the grkl points. 

crossing sn@s-The angle at which hvo lines 

01 pesifiin, cxwae Iinas, etc., intersect. 

crossllne glass screrrrs-See halftone 

screen. 

crystal clock—A device tor keeping accurate 

lime. It consists essentially of a generator of 

constant frequency controlled by a resonator 

made of quartz crystal, with auifable methods for 

pm.ducing corsfinuoua rotatiin 10 oparele time 

indkxting and related mechanisms. 

culmination—The position of a heavenly body 

whan af h~heat apparent altitude (zenith). 

Kr!own as upper Culmination; also, tor a 

heavenlv bodv wftiih la comlnually above the 

hortzon,’the bshbn of bwest ep~rent altitude, 

known as lower culmination. CUhTtinaliOn 

rscwre whan lhe body transits the iocd 

meridian. See alao lower tranelt; trsmslt; 

upper transit. 

cultural dotalla—See culture. 

cultural taaturee—See culture. 

60 

cultura-(JCS) Featurea of lhe terrain thet 

have been cmalrucfed by man. Included are 

such tiems as roads, buildings, and canals: 

boundary Iiies, arsi in a bread sanae, all 

names and legends on a map. MO called 

cultural detalla; cultural teatures; manmede 

Ieaturee. 

currancy review—lhe comparison of an 

existing MC&G product against eoume materkil 

o} later date man that trom which fha producf 

was produced, for the pupae of determlrthsg 

the products camency. 

CUrrOnt chs1l-A map ot a watar area 

depicting current speads and directions by 

Cuf’renf roses, vectors, or other means. 

current CYCIS-A complete sel of Iidal currenl 

conditions, as fhose occurring during a tidal day, 

lunar month, or Metonic cycle. 

current diagram—A graphic presentation 

showing the speed of the tiood and abb 

currents and the times of slack and strenglh 

ovar a conekterable stretch of the channel of a 

tidal waterway. The fimes being referred 10 as 

tide or wrrem phases at some relarersca 

stations. 

current meter—A device for determining the 

vabcify of fbwing waler by ascertaining the 

speed at which a stream of water rotates a vane 

or wheel. 

current rose-A graphic presentation of 

w rrents for speciiied areas, rsliliilng armwa at 

the cardinal and inlercardlnal compass pOinlS to 

show the dhecfion toward whch the prevailing 

currenf flows and the percent frequency of set 

for a given period of time The arrows on some 

presentatbns may be further subdivided (by 

lhkkness or pattern) to designate categories ot 

current speeds. 

curvature correction—l. (as fronomy) A 

correction applied to the mean of a series of 

observat”nns on a star or planet to take account 

of Ihe d!vargence to the 6pp6reM pelh ot the 

star or planet Imm a straighl line. 2. (gaodesy) 

The correction appfied In some geodetk work fo 

fake account of the divergence 01 the surface ot 

the Earth (spheroid) horn a plane. In geodetic 

spirll Ieveting, the eflecte of curvalure and of 

efmospheric refraction are mnsldered together, 

and fables have been prepared trom which 

combined corrections can be taken.

. . 

‘ MIL-HDBK-850 

curvature Of Ee~h-1. (obstruction 10 line of 

slghl) The offset horn the tangent to the cuwe, 

as a reauti of Ihe curvature of the Earth and 

refraction combined. 2, The divergence 01 the 

Eanh’s eurisce Irom a plane. 

curvature of field-An aberration affecflng 

the brrgffudinal position of Images off the axis in 

wch a manner fhef objacfa in a p4arw 

WWrrlcular to the axis are Imaged in a curved 

or dish-shaped surface. 

‘. .,, 

cut tape-See subtractlrrg tape. 

cutoff cyllnder-An accessory apparatus, 

used In etandardiiation oparatkrrrs 10 reter the 

end of a base tape or bar standard to a gmurrd 

mark. 

cutoff lhse-A survey line tun between two or 

more statbns on a linear Iravarae for @a 

purpose of producing a closed traverse of that 

pan of the survey. 

curve 

palms 

of allgnmerrf-A line connecting 

on the suc?aca of the spheroid and 

two cutting poslflw-A priming on glees of the 

contour drawing used to make the etched zinc 

defined by Ihe currdfiiorr that al avary point the 

exlmuths of the IWO end pints of the line differ 

by axacrly 180”. A curve of alignment is a fine of 

plate. A preliminary 

production. 

step in rafief model 

double 

normal 

cmwfure slightly less in length than the 

section lines connecting its IWO end 

cut—1. An obsewation between IWO points, 

one of which is known, Aleo a grepfrii 

poirrta. 

representation of such an obsewation. See ak.o 

Interaactlon; reaoctlon. 2. A printed sheet 

curve of equal bearing—A curve connecting O! SpSClliC syrnboIs used in cartography, such as 

all poims at which the greal

1 

. 

- MIL-HDBK-850 

cylindrical equal-apacad map 

pro@llon-A cyfindrioal map projection upon 

a cylinder IanB6rrl 10 a sphere, showing Ihe 

Oeogrsiphii rnertdlene as a tamily of equalspaced 

parallel etralght lines paqxmdicular to a 

second family of equal-spaced parallal straight 

Ilnes whkh reprasenl the geographic parallels. 

Tha ap~ng of the parallels need not be the 

aarna 6s that of fhe meridians. 

cylindrical lens-A fens in which the surfaces 

are segments of cylinders. 

Cyllndrlcal map pro]ectiokA map 

projection produced by pro}acting the 

geographic meridians and parallels onto a 

cylinder whiih Is tangent 10 (or intersects) the 

sutiace of a sphere, and then developing the 

cylinder into a plane. 

c yllndrlcal polar coordlnatea—Se e 

cylindrical coordinates. 

62

.. .. MIL-HDBK-850 

D log E curve-See ctrsrac!erlatlc curve. 

dally ●berratlorr-See diurnal abermtlon. 

deny lnequellty-See diurnal Inaquellty. 

denger Ilne-1. A lime drawn on e charl to 

indk.ate the Iirrrffs of safe navi@on for e vesset 

of epactiic draft. 2. A tine of smaU dots used to 

drew the navigetots aftenfiin to a danger which 

WOufd not stand wt dearty enough if it wara 

represented on the chart solely by epaciflc 

symbols. 

Dete ExtractIon Segmen! (DE/S)— 

Segmenl of DMAs Digital Production Sy61am 

which will provfde the capabllify to extract terrain 

elevatbn and feature data horn stereo aoff copy 

(dgltal) imagery. Terrain data will be estracfed 

aufornat!cally using digilal correlation techniques 

as well as Interactively by an operator. Featura 

data will be extracted interactively utilizing 

aUIOMatiC feature recognition techniques, 

Digital image processing techniques will eid the 

erralysl in tha ime,rpretation and extract”km of 

feetures. See also Dlgltal Production 

System; MARK .95; MARK 90. 

Date Integretlon Sagmen! [Dl/S)— 

Segment of DMAs DPS which will provide 

Suppon tor DMA planning and production 

management activities as well aa an automated 

management system for source library holdings 

and other data bases. Aaslgnmenl generation, 

achedufing took, and production reporting 

capabilities will be available to all Ievek of DMA 

management. See elso Dlgltal ProductIon 

Syatam; MARK 90. 

Date Services Segment (DS/S)—Segmenl 

of DMAs Dtgital ProdurMon System which will 

provide data management arid communication 

services for the MARK 90 phase. 11will also 

provide for data basa menagemerrf and 

archiving of digital data as well as much of the 

management data required for operation of the 

DPS. This aagment will have the cepabiiiiy to 

store one milfiin gigabits 01 data. It is one of 

the fargeat data bases In existence. In ac!diiion 

to Ifs other furcsions, Data Servkas will provida 

an ehscfronio txrmrrwnlcation network for [he 

OPS. Sae also Dlgltal ProductIon 

System; MARK 90. 

D 

Ltata ECqUISdtlWI stetlon-A ground station 

uead tor parformlng the various functions 

necessary to control satalUle oparatkrns and to 

obtain data trom the aatelliie. 

deta bfsnkhlemrchy-A formalized structure 

which provides for I he o~anization of data at 

various quantitative levels; e.g., data bank, data 

base, file, record, field (elamenf); character, bit. 

data base system-A collection of peopte, 

machines, and methods organized to 

accorr$dish all of the fundiorrs of a dSta bSSe. 

data baea-1. A set of data, part or the 

whole of anothar sef of data, and wnsisting of 

at least one file that is suffkierrf tor a givan 

purpose or for a given data processing SySteITt. 

2. A coflecflon of data fundarnenfal to 8 system. 

3. (digital mapping) An organized set of 

evalualad MC&G data stored In either graphic, 

textual, or digital form. A data base may contain 

one file of data, e.g. terrain elevatiin data, or 

several da!a files, e.g., cartographic, gaodetic, 

There are three kincs of data bases: 1) those 

that contain irdormation eboti Information; 2) 

those thal contain information shut data: and 

3) those that contain the actual data. 

data category (layar)-Rafars 10 data 

having similar characteristics baing contained in 

tha same data set, eg., roads, rivers. Usually 

information contained in one data category is 

related and is designad 10 be used with other 

categories. 

deta chamber—The porf”mn of a cartographic 

aerial camera where ancillary date k recwded 

abng the film margins. Data usually includas 

flme, attitude, frame number, and othar 

information required for idenfifkafion arxf 

carefetbn purposes. It may tnclude a character 

data generator block and ezfansive binary 

coded inforrnafion to include aircraft positbn 

and camera orianfation data. 

data dlctlonaW-Repository of Information 

abouf the dafinltion, structure, and usage of 

data. It does not comain the actual data. 

data elament-(JCS) A basic unff of 

information heving a uniqua meaning and 

subcalagorias (data items) 01 dktirwt unffs of 

values. 

63

MIL-HDBK-850 

data ●ncodlng-To apply a code, frequently 

one consisting of binary numbers, to represent 

Irtdiiktr.sai or groups of data. sometimes used as 

data capture. 

dam ●nfry-The process of bading data Irrto 

a Computerampalibla formal dkectly Into a 

data base. 

data Sssafon+digifal mapping) The 

cartographic mgbtralbn, or fit, of two or more 

MC&G data acts. Fusbn may scar between 

dMeranf MC&G data forma such as raster and 

vector, and between data sefs of the same data 

form, The degree of fit required b related to 

intended use and data set resolution. 

data link+JCS) The means of mnnecfing 

one location to another for the purpose of 

transmitting and receiving data. 

data manipulation-The performance of 

those data processing chores common 10 most 

users, sucfr as aorflng, Inpurroutput operations, 

and reporl generations. 

date quallty—Reters to the degree of 

exc@ance axhlbited by the data in relation to ils 

actual pw’trayal of the actual phenomena. 

data raducflon-Process of transforming 

masses of raw data info useful orderad, or 

simplified, basic information.. 

data sat-A collection of slmllar and related 

data records that are recorded for use by a 

wmput er. 

data smoolhlng-A process which reduces 

the frequercy content or digital data. The 

infonmtkm eliminated may be real or artiiialty 

introduced fmm collection processes. The intent 

is to eliminate and replace inconsistent digital 

deta to provide a more understandable portrayal 

of the earth’s surface. 

data epaclng-The distance between centers 

of digital data elements in any digital data matrix 

or evenfy spaced array along a givan dkecfion, 

Since the spacing between elements in one 

direction can be differem fmm that between 

etemarrts In the other, a complete matrix 

deflnilbn usually raqulraa an expressbn of tmlh 

data spacings. 

date SWUCNN6-A syntactic structure of 

64 

symbotic expressbns and their storage 

allocation characteristics, Sae also chain 

node; Ilrtk and noda; apaghattl vactor; 

topological entltlaa. 

data Iopology-llefera to the order or 

relalionahip of apecifii items of data or othar 

hems of data. 

data tranafar modulae (DTM)-Sloraga 

devicas, commonly magnatic tape cerfrfdgss, 

used for dma exclmnge or transler bafwean 

planning system compute= and weapon system 

computers. 

date llna-See International data Ilne. 

datum centered elllpsofO—The eltipeoid 

that gives the best fil to the astrogeodetic 

network of a particular datum, and hence does 

nol necessarily have its centar at the canter or 

the Earth. 

datum level+JCS) A surface to whbh 

elevations, heights, or deplhs on a map or chart 

are related, Aleo called datum plane; 

refarence level; reference plane. See 

also altltuda. 

datum llna-See reference Ilne. 

datum plene—See datum level. 

datum point—(JCS) Any reference point o! 

known or assumed coordinates from which 

calculations or measurements may be taken. 

Also called reference point. 

datum shifts-Three constants which C&relate 

the relationship between the origins of two 

coordinate reference systems. 

datum transformation—l. The systematic 

determination of differences in origin, orientation 

and scale between adjoining or overta~lng 

dah.rms or Irfangulation nshvorfre. 2. The acl 

of transforming the coordinates of one datum to 

another. 

datum—1. (JCSj Any numarical or geometrical 

quemity or set 01 such quamifies which may 

serve as a reference or bsse for other 

quarrfilies. Where the ooncepl is gsomstric, the 

plural form Is “datums- In cmtraat to the nermal 

plural Wata.- 2. (geodesy) In geodesy, datum 

rafers to the geodetic or horizontal datum. The 

classical datum Is defined by fiva alemems 

,,

I 

. . ...4..,. . M!L.HDBK.S50 

glvlng the posltbn of the origin (two elements), 

the otiw’rtalbn of the network (one element), 

and the parameters of a reference elllpsokf (two 

efamants). More racenf definitions express lfre 

position and orientation as Iunclbtts of the 

deviations In the matian and in the prima 

vertical, the gaoid-ellipedd separafiin, ane the 

parameters of a refererwe ellipsoid. The Wortd 

Gaodatk System (WGS) is a gsocarrtrfc system 

that provides a bask reference trarne and 

(faomatrk figure for the earth, models the earlh 

grevlmatrically, and provides the means for 

ratallrtg positions on varioue datums to en earth. 

cantered, earth fkad coordinate system. Atso 

called horizontal detum; horizontal 

gaodetlc datum. See also horizontal 

control datum. 3. (leveling) A fevaf surface to 

wtrich efavatfons are referred, usually, mean sea 

level Imt may also include mean low water, 

mean bwer bcw waler, or an arbttra~ etarffrrg 

elevation(s). Also called vertlcel datum. See 

also allltude datum; Cape Canaverel 

datum; Department O! Da fenee World 

Geodetic Syetem; Europeen datum; 

hydrographlc datum; Indfan datum; 

Internatfonaf low water; local datum; low 

water datum; low water epringa datum; 

lower low watar dstum; Mercury datum; 

model drmrm; National Geodetic 

Vertical datum of 1929; North American 

datum o! 1927; North American detum 

of 1983; pfrotographlc datum; prefarred 

datum; Pulkovo 1932 datum; reference 

datum; eoundlng detum; tidal datum; 

Tokyo datum; vertical control datum: 

World Geodetic Syetem. 

day—The duratioir of one rotation of the Esrth, 

or occasionally another celestial body, on its 

axis. It is measured by successive transits of a 

reference point on the celestial sphere over the 

meridan, and esch type takes its name trom 

the reference used. See also apparent eoler 

dey; eetronomlc dey; calendar day; clvlf 

day; constituent day; Julian day; lunar 

day: mean eolar day; modiflad Julian 

day; Sidereal day; aotar day. 

de-integration—Definition of feafure or 

tfremafic singles or sets from an Infegraled data 

base. 

deadbeat compaas—See eperlodlc 

cortlpaee. 

OECCa chaI1-A cffan showing Oecca IInes of 

position. 

Decca-A trade name for a radio phase 

comparison ayatem which uses master and 

slave stations to establish a hyperbolic fettice 

arxt provide auxmte position fixing facifiilee. 

December ●aletlce-see wlnlar aolstlce. 

declination dlfferencs-The difference 

between two dactinatione, patikufariy between 

the declination of a cdestial body and the value 

used ae an argument for entering a table. 

decfinaflon of grid notih-see. grid 

declination. 

declfnaf Ion of the Moon-See lunar 

declination. 

declination of the Sun-See eolar 

declination. 

declination—1. In a syetem of polar or 

spherical coordinates, the angle at the origin 

between a iine to a point and the equafortal 

plane, meesured in a plane perpendicular to the 

equatorial plane. 2. me arc between the 

Equator and the point measured on a great 

citie parpendicuiar 10 the Equator. 3. (JCS) 

(astronomy) The snguiar distance to e body on 

the celestial sphere measured north or south 

through 90” from the ceiestial equstor along Ihe 

hour circle of the body. Comparable to latitude 

on the terrestrial sphere. 4. Dtten used as a 

shortened term for magnetic dacllnatlon 

although this uee is not prefemd. sea also grid 

decllnatlon; Orid magnetfc angle; lunar 

decfinatlon; parailei of decflnetion: solar 

cfeclinaflon. 

decllnatoire—A combined magnetic compass 

arvd afraighl-edge, suiiabla for use on a 

plantable 10 martr the magnetic merfdian. Also 

called box compase; trough compaas. 

decllnometer-A magnetic instrument similar 

to a surveyors compass, but arranged so that 

the line of sight can be rotated to conform with 

fhe needle or to any dasfred setting on the 

horizontal circle. Used in determining the 

magnetic declination. 

decompraaa-The process by which 

compressed dats is expanded to Its former file 

size. 

65 

defltrltlon-in imaoery Irrterpretetion, the 

. —

. ..- MIL-HDBK-850 

degree 01 clartty and sharpness of an image. 

deflecflng force-see Corlolls force. 

deflection angle traverae-A survey, 

usually an open traverse, in which the 

maaauremanf is made on the deflection angle 

of each course or fag from Ifre direction of the 

precedhfg leg. See also deflactlon angla, 

dafinifion 1. 

deflection angle-1. (survaying) A horizontal 

angle measured from !he prolongation 01 the 

preceding Ikra to the folfowing line. Defbcfion 

anglaa to the right ara posttive: those 10 the left 

are neQaWa. 2. (photogrammetry) A varflcal 

artgla, measured in the vertical plana containing 

the flight line by which the datum of any model 

in a slereotriangulatad strip departs from the 

datum 01 the preceding nwdel. 

I deflactlon rmomaly—The difference 

between an uncarected value of lhe deflection 

of the varlkal as detemrinad by observation and 

tha value after being cerrecfed in accordance 

with Cefiain aaaumotions made with reference to 

the physical condition 01 the geoid. 

I 

I 

deflectbn of the plumb lina-Deflection of 

the plumb line has tha same value as the 

deflection of the vertical except the sign of the 

value is reversed. See also deflactlon of fha 

verslcal. 

daflecflon of fha venlcal—The angular 

dfierence, at any place, between the upward 

dkecticn of a plumb line [ltxe verfkal) and the 

pe~endkular (the normal) to the reference 

spheroid. This difference seldom exceeds 30 

seconds except In mountainous terrain or great 

depths of the sea. Often expressed in two 

OJmPnent% MSfidian and prime vertical. Also 

called dafkrctlon of the plumb Ilna; 

ataflon wror. See also aatrogeocletlc 

daflectlon; gravlmefrlc deflactlon; 

topograpnlc daflectlon. 

degauaslng ranga-A station for determining 

magnetic signatures of ships and other marine 

craft. Such aignalures are used to determine 

requlrad dtrgaussing coil currant settings and 

other requlrad correcflve action. 

degenerate amphldromlc eyalam— A 

system of Cotidal fines whose center or nodal 

(no-tkfe) point appaam to be Iocaled on land 

rather than in the open ocean. 

66 

degrea of curva-Tha number of dagrees of 

angular measure et the tamer of a circle 

subtended by a chord 100 feet in length. in 

highway surveying, a 100-foot arc is wrnatimes 

used Instead of a 100-foot chord in defining 

degree of curve. 

degreaa of fraedom-The number of 

independent equations that may be wrftten from 

a redundant set of observations In excess of the 

number of equations required for a unique 

aoknion ot the unknown parameter. That is, if 

from a eel of radundant observations, n 

observation equations can be writfan to 

associate m numbar of unknown parameters 

(nzm), then the independent set ot equations 

(n-m) Is known as degrees of freedom tn any 

least squares adjustment of these redundant 

obsewaflons The speclaf, but very mmmon, 

case of establishing one parameter as the 

mean ot observations establishes u-1 and m-n, 

I.e., there b only one parameter and It may be 

uniquely determined by any one of the 

observatbns. (In this case, each observatbn is 

an equation, e.g., xl-10.2). Therefora, in fhis 

special case the degrees of treadom equal (n- 

1), 

.. 

delay-(JCS) 1. (radar) The ground distance 

trom a poinl directly benealh the aircraft to the 

beglnnlng of Ihe area of radar scan. 2. The 

electronic delay of the start of the time base 

used to select a particular segment 01 the total. 

danelflcatlon network—Triangulation 

stations based on a brig-line trtangufation 

scheme but with shorler station-to-alation 

distances established to provide more easily 

available control of higher aocuracy to local 

users. 

danaltorrretar-An Inafrumant which Is used 

for measuring fiihl (elfhar trsnsmlftad or 

reflected) in terms of density tolerances. 

Transmlsslon densitometers measure the full 

density range 01 negatives and the reflection 

densitornaler measures the reflectbn range 

(density) of opaque coPy. A numbered scale or 

digital display allows armxrate readinge of 

specilk areas for comparisons or coniml 

purposes. 

cfenalty altltuda—(JCS) An atmospheric 

density expressed in terms of the effitude which 

corresponds wifh that density in fha Standard 

Atmosphere.

, 

,, .,,, 

donolt y ●xposuro cuw*See 

charsctorlstlc curve. 

“’- - MIL-HDBK-850 

dendty-1. (photography) A measure of me 

degree of blackening of an exposed film, plate, 

or papar after developmam, or of the dlracr 

Image (In fhe case of a prlnfouf matertal). It IS 

defined slrfctfy as the Iogartthm of the optical 

crpacky, where the opacity is the mtii of Ihe 

incident to fhe transmitted (or reftacfed) Iiihl. If 

variaa wtfh fhe use of scattered or specular fight. 

See also chamcferlatlc curve; contraat. 2. 

(catiogmphy) The amount of detail shmvn on a 

map Or Chaff. Density varies with scale and fhe 

nature of tha araa being cmrtpiled. 3, 

(surveying) The number of control points In a 

given survey or area. 

Department of Defenee lltrrarlea-Those 

Depafiment of Defansa Iiiraries designated es 

responsible for maintaining files and prov!ding 

library servkes ratalad 10 specific MC&G data of 

mmmon DoD interest, and designated as the 

primary IIbrary of that dala wilh the responsibility 

for providing service Ior all authorized agencies. 

Department of Defense World Geodetic 

System (DoD WGS)--A unified wortd datum 

based on a cornbhation of all available 

astrogeodetic, gravimetric, and safelfiie tracking 

obeervalione. Previous World Gaodelic Systems 

wera WGS 59, WGS 60, WGS 66, and WGS 

72. The currem sysfem is WGS S4. Ttra syslem 

is reviati as new geodetic, gravimetric, and 

salellfte data materials change the currently 

aczepted values. 

dapamrre-1. (plane surveying) The 

orthogmphic projection of a Iina on an easf-wesf 

axis of reference. The depariure of a fine is the 

difference of the meridian distances or 

kmgitudas of the ends of the line. It k east or 

positive, and aometirnes termed lhe eaatlng, 

for a line whose azimuth or bearing Is in the 

norfheaet or southeast quadrant; it is wesf or 

negetlve, and eomef)mes temxad lhe waef Ing, 

for a tine whose azimuth or baaring is in the 

notlhwest or southwest quadrant. Also caffad 

Iongftude dlffererrca. 2. (navlgaflon) The 

dkfanca between two meridians at any given 

parallal of Iattiuda, expressad in linear units, 

usually nautical miles; fhe distance to Ihe easl 

or wesl made good by a crafl In proceeding 

horn one point to another. 

ttependanf reeurvey-A resurvey for 

accomplishing a restoration based on fhe 

67 

orfginal condilbne according to the records. The 

dependarrl resurvey is made, Wt. by Identifying 

existing corners and other recognised and 

acceptable peims of control of the original 

survey and, second, by restoring the MISSIIW 

comers by proportionate maaauremanfa In 

harmony with the original aurvay. This ~ of 

raaurvey is used where Ihere Ls a fair agreement 

berwean the conditions on the ground and the 

racorda of tha original survey. Titles, areas, and 

descriptions should remain um5tan@. See 

ako Independent roaurvey. 

depraaaad pola-The celestial pole below 

the horizon. Opposite of alevated pole. 

depresalon angla-See angle of 

depreeelon. 

deprxraslon contour—A closed contour 

delimiting an area of Iowar elevallon than the 

surrounding terrain. Directional ticks extend from 

the contour in a downhill direction. 

depth contour+JCS) A line mnnecting 

peints of equal depth below tfxe hydrographic 

datum. Aiso called bathymetric contour; 

depfh curve; isobath. . . 

depth curva-See depth contour. 

depth number—A numerical value placed 

upon a depth contour 10 denote Its depth 

relative to a given datum, Also a depth 

sounding as h appaami on a chart. 

depth of field—The disfance between the 

points nearast and farthest hum the camera 

which are imaged with acceptable sharpness. 

depth of focus-The distance that the focal 

piane can be moved fonvard or backward fmm 

fhe poinl of exact focus, and 61111Uk’e an lMS9e 

of acceptable sharpness. Also called total 

range. 

depth of Isoetatlc compeneatlon-The 

depth babw eea level al which fhe conditbn of 

equllbrlum known as Iaoataay IS complefe. 

depth+JCS) The vartical dletenca fmm the 

plane of fhe hydrogrsphlc delum to the bad of 

the sea, lake, or river. 

dascerxrllng node-The palm at whkh a 

planat, planefold, or comet crusaes the acllptlc 

from norlh to south, or a aalellite crosses the

equator of ns fnimary from north to south. 

~sne of ●scondlng node. IWO called 

southbound nod.. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

dencondlng vertlcsl sngle-Srre angle of 

depression. 

dMC?lptlOI+l. A Ierrn for the formal 

pubflehad dafa of eaCft trlar@atbn SfatlOn, 

bench merk, etc. The data Include Informalbn 

of the focaflon and type of mark and enable 

anyone to go to the Immediate iocafitiy and 

klantify the mafi with certainty. 2. (cedastraf 

surveyin@ A dorarmsnt listing the metes and 

btmds of a property. 

descriptive name-(JCS) Written indication 

on maps or charfs used to specify the nature of 

a Ieature (natural or artitiiial) shown by a 

general symbol. See also OeoQraphlc name, 

place nama, and Ioponym. 

Design Concept Review (DCR)—A 

milestone in tha development of a syslem 

where the review team determines if the 

raquirsmants hrrpossd are Iully underwood by 

the daveloper and are completely accounted for 

and delemrines if the System Design 

Architecture is reasonable and Ieasible. The 

requirements must be allocated to hardware, 

software, and operations. 

delall pohttbSelected identified points, 

especlalty on ob~que photographs, used to 

assist in cwmctiy positioning leatures displaced 

as a result of elevation. 

detalllng—(surveying) The process of tying 

topographic details to the control net. Objects 10 

be Waled in a survey may range from single 

points to mearutanng streams and complex 

geological torrnations. 

detection—in Imagery infetpretation, the 

discovering of the existence of an object but 

withwt reoognltion 01 the object. 

develop (dovelopmenl)-in photography, to 

subject to the eotbn of chemical agants for lhe 

PUPOSe Of bringing to VISW the Invisible or latent 

Image produced by the acfion of light on a 

SenSfliZSd surface; a160, 10 produce or render 

visible in this way. 

developsblo—A surtace that can be flattened 

to form a plane wilhout comprasslng or 

stretching any pafl of ft, such as a cone or 

cylinder. 

devlstlors-(JCS) The angular ditterense 

between magnstii and compass haadinga. Also 

called magnetic devlatlom See also erroc 

residual dsvlatlon. 

diagnostic polrtl-A point wlthkr a data sat 

with accwrste and known gsographk location 

that Is used to verify the edequeoy or 

inadequacy of transformatbn raeuff to the dSta 

set. (The diagnostic point ia not part of ttte 

transformstiin sotutiin.) 

diagonal check-fdeasuremente made 

across the opposite comers of the bask trams 

of a map projactlon to Insure the aocuraoy ot Ita 

COnStWCfiOn, or to establish ancVor check the 

scale of reproduti!on. 

diagram on the plane of the celeatlal 

equelor—See time diagram. 

diegrsm on the plane of the colesllal 

marldlart-A diagram in which the local 

celestial meridian appears as a circle with the 

zenith at the lop, and tfre horizon as a 

horizontal diameter. See also time diagram. 

diagram’s% “the--plane of the 

equlnocllel—See time dle.gram. 

diameter enlargement—A term used to 

indicate tha degree of enlsrgarnent of rXi@naf 

COPy. A One-diaITIeIer enlargement of a 4- by 5inch 

original would tm S by 10 inches. See alSO 

tlmea (X) enlargement. 

dlemeter—(magnification) See magnifying 

powar. 

diaphragm Stop—See relative apsrature. 

dlapoeltlve printer—A phofographlc device 

for producing dlaposltiies trom aerial nsgativea. 

Also called reduction printer. See alaO 

fixed-ratio projection printer. 

dlaposftlvs—(JCS) (photogrammetry) A 

pesitive photograph on a transparent medium. 

The term is generally used to refer to a 

transparent positive on a glass plafe used In a 

plotting instrument, a projector, or a mmparator. 

dlfferenca of elevatlon—Ttie vertical 

distance between two points, or the vertical 

distance between the Ieval surfaces that pass 

through fhe two points. 

68

., 

MIL-HDBK-850 

dlffefunce of Iafftude-1. The shorler arc 01I 

any meridian between tha psrallals of hvo 

places, expressed in angular measura. 2. 

(plane surveying) The diierence of latitude o! 

the two ends of a tine is fraquenlly called 

tetltuda 01 tha Ilna, and deflnad as the 

orlftogrephic projection 01 Iha kina on a 

raferenca merldlan. The Iatltude (as ebovs 

defined) of tha middle of a Iina is also rererred to 

as Iatltude of the Ilna. 

dlfterence of longlWde-The smaller smgla 

at the POlS or lha shorter am of a parallal 

betwean the maridians of hvo places, expressed 

in angular maaaure. 

dlfterentlel abarratlon-The difference 

between the aberration of stare and that of a 

moving objacf (e.g., a satalfile). Also called 

parallactlc aberration. 

dlfferantlal dlstorfion-The resultant 

dimensbnal changes in length and width in any 

medium. See also differential aftrlnkage. 

dlfterantlal levallng—The process 01 

measuring the difference of alevation between 

any two ~ints by spirit leveling. See also dlracf 

Iavaling. 

dlftetentlel atwlnkage—The difference in 

unit contracfbn abng the grain structure of the 

matadal as mmpared to the unit conlractkm 

acmes the grain sdructure; fraquenlly refers to 

photographic film and papers and 10 map 

maferiafe in general. 

differential temperature-A natural error in 

surveying whereby temperahsre variations in the 

instnsmant cause reading errors that cannot be 

detecled. It is usually caused by direct sunlight 

on the inslrumsnf which can be minimized by 

ehading the Instrument during survey 

operations. 

cllflractlon--(oplice) The bsnding of light rays 

around the edgea of opaque objects. Dua to 

diiraclbn, a point of Iiiht scan or pmjactetf 

through a circular apetlure will always be imaged 

as a bright center surrounded by light rings of 

gradually diminishing Intanslty. Such a pattern is 

called a diffraction dlek, elry dlek, or 

centric. 

diffuse reflection-Any reflection process in 

which ma reflected radialion is sent out In many 

directions usually baarlng no simple relationship 

fo the angle of Incldance. See also cliff ufslon; 

●pecular reflection. 

dlffuelon-The scattering of fight rays either 

when reflected tram a rough surface or during 

tfl#~~#mlssion of light through a Translucent 

Dlgltal Aeronautlcel Fllght Information 

Flla (DAFIF)-A DMA flight fnforrnetiin data 

basa confalnksf airport, runway, navigafiinal 

aid, and enroute data. Both the high affttuda 

(18,000 feet and abova) and bw attitude (bebw 

18,000 fae!) enroule structures ara included. 

Dlgltal Bathymatrlc Deta Sass! (DSDB)— 

A grtided bathymetric data besa portraying 

depths in uncorrected meters for each 5 

minutes of latitude and Iongftude. Available on 

magnatic tape. 

Digital Chert of tha World (DCW) 

Project—A DMA R&D project designed to 

develop, ratina, and establish a suite of 

standards to support future Defense Mapping 

Agency digtfal data products and enhanca the 

utility of digital inlormatlon in vector Iormat. See 

also Vactor Product Format. 

Dlgltal Chan of the World (DCW)-D C W 

Is the firsl DMA product employing the Vector 

Product Standard (VPS). It provides global 

soveraga of the earth’s land surtecs at a 

1:1,000,000 scale information content wtrbh 

includes all the information found on tha baee 

map tor tha Operational Navigational Chart 

Series. Appticafion SOftwara is provided to albw 

data baae queries by feature/aftribute or epefial 

selection. Data output is 10 hard disk, tazf tile, 

or ploI tile. Sea afeo Vector Product 

Format. 

yDlgltal Cltlaa Data Baae (DCDB)—A DMA 

standard product consialing of the outfinea of 

cities digitized from Operational Navigation 

Charts [ONC). 

Dlgltal Comparator Segment (DC/S)-A 

segment of DMAs MARK 85 modemizatiirr 

process. The Digital Comparator is a dignal 

phologrammetric system used to measure mint 

Iocalions on digtial imagary. Points may be 

measured infaractively by the operator or 

automatically using d~ital correlation 

techniques. This segment also has the 

capabilny to estract elavation dafa in soft copy. 

Sea also MARK 85. 

69 

. .

’ 

I 

Dlgltal Elovatlon Model (DEM)-A 

numer’kcal model of the elevations of points on 

the earth’s surface. Dlgitaf records 0[ Ieffain 

ekavaficrrs tor ground positions et regularly 

spacfid horizontal intervals. Data are available 

for some USGS 7.5 minute topographic 

quadrangle and 1:250,000 scale maps. See 

also Dlgltal Terralrs Elovntlon Data; 

Dlgltal Tarraln Uoslal. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Dlgltal Faature Arsalysla Data (DFAD)— A 

data base consisting of aalected natural and 

cuttural ptarrimatric features, type classified as 

polrrt, Ilne. or area !esmsres as a hmctlon 01 Ihelr 

CuMPosttbn and aixe. Each faature is assigned 

a ~e and further described with Iimlted - 

attribution. The data am stored In @ygon 

format and eegregafed into 1 degree tilas. 

Primary apptiitbns are radar relurn, almulaiion, 

navigation, targeting and terrain obstruction 

studies. When combined with DTED, an ofl-line 

data baae is created tor use by almulators 

needing Ilne-of-sight, obsfructlon, and 

perspective VISWS. DFAD may also be used for 

sensor corretatiin, targel recqfnffion, lines ot 

communication anafysis, or for map production 

acfiviiies. 

. . ..r. 

Dlcsltal Geotrraohlc Informaflon (DGl)— 

Th~ riigiral re~e~entatbn of elevation and “ 

sounding information, geographic k.ature 

geometry and feature attribute information, 

information corwarning Ihe appearance and 

status of the aarth’s aurtaca and ifs features in 

the alectronsagnefic spectrum (e.g., radar, 

infrared, etc.), Mifiiary Geographic Information 

together with othar ancillary information, and 

othar digftal information. 

Dlgltal Gaographlc Information 

Exchanga Standard (DIGEST)—A se! of 

atendarde devekrpad by NATOS DQital 

Geographic Informatbn Working Group 

designed to support the exchange of digital 

geographk data between m-pmducers. These 

standards apply to geodetic, geographic, 

geobgical, and geophysical data of mlfiiafy 

interest, as well aa pesiiioning, navigation, 

simubtbn, target recognition, map and charl 

automated production, and data display and 

manipulation applications. 

Dlgltal Landmaaa Blanklng Syatam 

(DLMBj-A larrd/water matrix of elevation 

values, where a value of 200 meters k arbitrarily 

assigned to fand and a value of O meters ie 

assfgned over water. These matrix data are 

70 

used by the E-3A Airborne Wamlng arxt Control 

Systems (AWACS). operating in a 

msritimelcoastal environment to filler out 

unwanled radar returns trom land and albw tor 

better delection of ship arxt aircraft movement 

near the ehoreline. 

Digital Landmasa Syetam (DLMS+A n 

otf-fins cartographfo data base cunakfing of fwo 

basic types o! diital data files, one czmtainirsg 

Tarraln Elavatlon Data and the olhar @ntainirrg 

cultural and natural feature data, malnfained by 

DMA to support various user systems e.g., 

simulators and weapon systems. Formerly 

known as DIgllel Radar Landmass Simulator 

(DRLMS). See also DFAD; DTED. 

Dlgltal Line Graph (DLG)-Line map 

information produced by the U.S. Geobgical 

Survey in digital form Data are available at 

several scales, for several themes, and in 

saveral formata. 

!JIgltal Lina Graph-Entranced (DLG-E)— 

An extension of the DLG topological model 

which builds a cartographic feature layer upon 

the topology. Nonvocational characferistlcs 01 

feature objects are linked with the spatial or 

locational objects. See also DlglIal Line 

Graph. 

Dlgltal ProductIon Syatam (DPS)--DMA’S 

production system tor accurate and timely 

digital or aottcopy products and services. DPS 

includes hardware and software developments 

as wall as an MC&G digital data base which 

aupporrs the generation of multiple Producis 

over any geographic area. The first phaae, 

MARK 85, waa to achieve maximum eftactive 

enhancement of existing DMA production 

capabilities. The MARK 90 phase Imegrates 

porliona of MARK S5 wfth additional hardware 

and aottware for dqital or soft copy operations. 

See also Data Intagratlon Segment; 

Source Acqulaltlon Sagment; Hardcopy 

Exploltatlon Segment; Urslversal 

Ractlfler Segment; ProductIon 

Management Segment; Data Servlcee 

Sagment; Source Preparation Segment; 

Data ExtractIon Segment; Product 

Generaflon Sagment; MARK e5; MARK 

90. 

Dlgltal Terrafn Analyals Date (DTAD)- 

Data in diicrete diiital (numerical) term 

representing natural and manmade featuras. 

Fealure data are attributed and typically 

grouped In tiles for transportation, vagetatbn,

I 

wrfaca configuration, surface materials, wtiac4 

drainage, and abslacla analysis. The varbus 

data base pmducta cmwrisad of DTAD are 

used In Ienain analysis, largeli~, battlefield 

modeling and simulation. 

Dlgltal Terreln Elevation Data (DTED)—A 

uniform matrix of terrain elevatbn vafuee 

pmducad by DMA. DTED provides basic 

quantitative data for au military trainii, 

planning, and opamflng systems requiring 

Ierrain elevation, abpe, andor auriace 

roughness inlormstion. Level 2 post spacing is 

1 arc eeoond Iaftiudinalfy, Level 1 PSI spacing 

Is 3 arc second Iatifudlnallfi for both, Iongiktdlnal 

spacing varies wills Ialilude. 

Dlgltal Terrain Matrix (DTM)-A regular 

grid of geographic or model coordinates fhaf is 

fhe orimaw outcut of Ihe collection process. Tha 

data contained “fherain consists of elevation 

data raferred to a grid (row and mlumn 

occurrences) systam. Grid spacing may vary 

according lo surlace model accuracy 

requirements. 

dlgltal data basa (oli.llne)-A digital dsla 

base maintained in a common format fhst 

supperts diftarant user syslems, e.g., simulator 

or weapon systems Normally the data must be 

transferred belore it can be used by a specific 

user system. This term is commonly expressed 

as the off-line dafa base. 

digital data baae (on-llne)-A digital data 

base In the format needed by a user syslam, 

e.g., simulator or weapon system, and which 

can be badetf into the user system. This term is 

commonty relerred 10 as Ihe on-fine data base. 

dlgltal data-These are data represented In 

alphanumeric Iormst readable by a computer. 

dlgftal feature data—1. (cullural data) Manmada, 

natural and landscape features in digital 

Iorm, data in discrete digiial (numerical) Iofi, 

Incbdlng all man-made features on the Easfh’s 

surface, e.g., lines of communication, built-up 

araas (cifiea), transmission fines and Iardmsrk 

structures. 2. (hydrogrephic data) Data derived 

from Ihe meawremanl and description of 

physical features of the oceans, takes, rfvera 

and other WSfam, and their adpinlng coaflal 

araas (with particular refarence to navigational 

usage) In dlgffal form. 3. (landscape feature 

data) Data of all natural Ieaturas and man’s 

afferalbn to fhose features, e.g., lake wlfh dam, 

agricultural features, etc., in digital form. 4. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

71 

(natural feature data) Naluml features on the 

Earth’s wdace which are not rwrn-msde, e,g. 

vegetation, water bodies, desert, etc. in dlglfaf 

form. 

digital Image-An image digital format 

oMainad by parlitbning the area 01 the Image 

into a finite fwo-dimensional array of uniformly 

shaped, rrwtuafly exclusive regions called 

plxela (pbfura etanwnts), arxi assigning a 

descriptive tone or shade lo each such epafial 

region. 

dlglfaf map-1. A map expressed and stored 

in dgltal form. 2. A repreaentafion In diglfal 

form, diicrete points on Ihe Earth’s surlaca. Also 

called numarlcal map. 

dlgltal eynthaalzed data—Data derived 

from fhe analysis o! IWO or more different IypeS 

of dafa wch ae Digital Terrsin Elevation Data, 

D@ilal Natural Feature Data, and Dighaf Cultural 

Feature Data, An axample Is the derivaffon of 

data which can assess the effects of soil types, 

vegetation slope, drainage and microrafief on 

cross-coum~ movemem 01 vahbfas. 

dlgftal synlhagc- dats-Dafa in numerical 

format Ihat describes either totally or parfiatiy 

fictitious information generated trom lower 

resolufion?frequency input. 

digital terrain model (DTM)-A statistical 

rapresenlalion 01 tha cominuous wsiace of the 

ground by a large number 01 seleclsrd points 

with known rectangular coordinates In an 

arbitrary coordinate Iiald. See also Dlgltal 

Elevatlon Model. 

Digltlzed/Dlgftal Pofnt Posltfonlng Data 

Base (DPPDB)-Tha digitized PPDB Is a 

rastar-scanned digital randffion of the currant 

anabg PPDB product. DMA Is investigating the 

petential for a completely digital PPDB product. 

dihedral ang Ie—lhe angle between two 

inlersecfing planes. 

dimensional atablllfy—1. Ability lo maintain 

size. 2. Resistance to dimensbnal changes 

caused by changes in moiafure content and 

{emperafura. 

DIN—The German Industrial .Starrdad 

(Deutsche lndustrie-Norm), a Europaan systam 

of standardization for mechanical, engineering, 

and scientific manufactured producfs. In MC&G, 

the most nofable application is the

measurement 01 film speed. 

tYlopter-A unit of rnaaauremenf of the power 

01 a lens, especially a spectacle type lens. The 

power In diopters equals the reciprocal of the 

focal length In meters: thus, a lens whose local 

length Is 20 cm has a power 015 dbpters. 

dloptrfc ey$tern+optica) An optical system 

comairting only refradlve elernams (lenses). 

MIL-HDBK-850 

dlp angle-l. (surveying) The vertical angle O! 

the obeervefion point between the plane of the 

true horfzon and a sfght line to the Spparem 

horizon. 2. (phologrammelry) The vertical 

angf% at the air station, between the true and 

the apparent horizon, which is due to ffiihl 

he)ght, Earth curvature, and refraction. 

dip clrcla-An instrument for measuring 

me9nel~ dfP. ii consists essentially of a dip 

needfe, or magnetic needle, suspended In such 

a manner ae to be free to rotate about a 

horizomal ezis 

dlp correction-See trelght-ot-eye 

correction. 

dlp eqrsator-Se6” megnetlc equator. 

dlp needle—See magrrellc dlp needle, 

definition 1. 

dip of the horizon—See dip, definition 1. 

dlp pola-See ma~netlc pole. 

dip-l. The vertical angle, at the eye of an 

observer, between the horizontal and the line 01 

sight to the visible horizon. Also called dlp of 

the horfzon. 2. Tha angle between the 

horizontal and the fines of force of the Earth’s 

magnetic field at any poim. Afso celled 

Incllnatlon; magnatic dip; magnetic 

Incllna:lon; magnetic Iatltude. 3. The first 

detecfabla decrease In the attitude of a celestial 

body after reaching its maximum altitude on or 

near meridian transit. 

direct angla-An angle measured directly 

between two lines, aa distinguished in tranait 

traverse frmm a deflection angle. 

dkect levellng—The determination of 

differences of elevatbn by means of a 

72 

continuous series of short horizontal lines 

Venical distances from thesa tines to adjacem 

ground marks are determined by direct 

observations on gresiualad rods with a leveling 

irrstrumam equippad wilh a qzirif level. Sea aLso 

difterentlal Ievellng. 

direct meaeurement—Any measurement 

obtained by applyhg a tape to a fine or a 

protrador to an angle, or by turning en angle 

with a transit; espcially af@icebie to surveying. 

See also Indirect measurement. 

direct motion-The appsrent motion of a 

planet or other objeci eastward among the 

stars. 

direct obaarvatfon-A measure of the 

quantify whose value is deeired, such as a 

single measure of a horizontal angle. 

direct photography-Phonography In which 

the image of a subject is recorded directly by Iha 

camera in the conventional manner. 

direct posltlva-A positive image obtained 

directly without the use ot a negative. 

rtlrect problem—The datermlnatlon of the 

geodelic position of the end point and the back 

azimuth at position two when the given 

information IS the Iatkude and longitude of 

position one, along with the torward azimuth 

and the distance between the Iwo points. 

direct redlal plot-See dlrecf radial 


direct radial trlangulatton—A graphic radial 

triangulation made by tracing the direcliarrs from 

successive radial cenlers directly onto a 

Iransparenl plotting sheet rather than laying \he 

triangulation by the templet method. Also celled 

direct radial plol. 

direct acannlng camerss-A type of 

panoramic camera wherein the tenses awing or 

relate about the rear nodal point at a given rate. 

direct telescopa-A telescope Is aald to be 

direct when it Is in ifs normal position. 

direcf vernfer—A vernier scale which has 

spaces or divisions slightly shorter than those o! 

the primary scale. The numbers on the vernier 

scale coincide with the numbers on the p!tmary 

scale,

I 

dlroction ●rgla-in lra~ing, the angle 

between the mtenna base line and an 

hrre@rary line cixmecfing the cenler 01 the base 

line with the target . 

dlractlon Instrument theodollte-A 

tha@oiiie In which the graduated horizontal 

C4rcle remains fixed during a 6erfaa of 

obaervatbna, the telesco~ being poinlad on a 

nurrtiar of signals or objjcfs In succession, and 

the cfirectbn of each read on the circle, usual~ 

by mearra of mlciumeler mlcroecopas. Direction 

krstrumenf lhaodoliles are used abrrost 

excbaively In first- and eacorxkrrder 

Irirmgulafion. Atao called dlrectlon 

theodollte; triangulation theodollte. 

dlrsctlon method of adjustment— 

(trlarrgufstfon and traverse) A melfrod 01 

adjustment of observations which determines 

Corrections to obsenred directions. The direction 

method Is used in the adjustment of first- and 

eecxmkrder suwey obsewalions. 

dlrecflon method of dotermlnlng 

astronomic aslmuth-The determination of 

the astronomic azimuth of a line by measuring, 

with a dkection theodolite, the horizontal angle”. 

between a selecled star and e suitable mark 

and applying that ar@e to the azimuth of the 

star computed for the epoch 01 the observation. 

direction method of meeaurlng 

horizontal anQlee—See dlrectlon metfSOd 

of obatsrvatlon. 

dlrectlon method of obaarvatlon-A 

melhod of obsewing angular relationships 

wherein fhe graduated circle is hetd in a fixed 

position, and the directions of the various 

signals are observed around the hortzon. Thus, 

directions are poimings whereby angles are 

found by the differences in directions. Also 

called sflractlon method of maaaurhrg 

horizontal anglea. 

dlrectlon ot grevlty-See dlrectlon of the 

Iorco of gravity. 

dlrectlon of relallve movement—The 

direction of motion relative to a reference pcint, 

Ifeeff uaualfy In motion. 

dlrectlon of the force of gravity—Th e 

direction indiiated by a plumb line. It is 

perpendicular to the surface 01 the geoid. Also 

called dlrectlon of gravity. 

MIL-HDBK-8S0 

73 

dlractlon Ot tilt—The direction (azimuth) of 

the prtncfpal plane of a phoksgraph. Also, the 

direction of Ihe principal line on a photograph. 

dlrectlon theodollte-See dlrectlon 

Instrument theodollta. 

directional radar prediction-(JCS) A 

prectktion made for a particular heading. 

dlrectlonel reflectance-Reflectance 

measured for a specific mode of Irradmtbn and 

collecfbn. 

dlrectlorr-1. (JCS) A term used by a spotter 

Or ObSaWEr In a call tor fire to Indiie the 

bearing of the spotting line. 2. The poaftiorr of 

one point relative to another without reference 

to the dk.lance between them. Direction may be 

either twodimensional or three-dimenskwral, the 

horizontal being the usual plane 01 the latter. 

Direction is usually incketed In terms of Ifs 

angular distance tmm a reference diiectlon. See 

also gteat-circle direction; grid dlrectlon; 

horizontal direction; magnetic direction; 

Mercator dlrectlon; reference dlrfrctlon; 

reletlve direction; true direction; x. 

dlreclion. 

discrepancy—A difference betwean results ot 

dupliia!e or comparable measures of a quantity. 

The difference in computed values of a quantity 

obtained by different processes using data from 

the same suwey. 

diek oparatlng system (DOS)-One of 

many operating ayaleme tor computers which 

act as an interface between e user end the 

computer hardware. DOS was ap.acMcally 

designed lor personal comrnstem (PCs). 

dlapereton—(oplice) The separetiin 0! tight 

Inlo its component cobm by its passage through 

a diffraction grating or by refraakm such es that 

provided by a prism. 

displacement—l. (cartography) The 

hortzomal shift of the plotted position of a 

topographic feature from Ifs true position, 

caused by required adherence to prescribed line 

weights and symbol sizes. 2. Any shii in the 

position of an image on a photograph which 

does not alter the perspective characteristics of 

the photograph (I.e., shill due to lilt of the 

photograph, scale change in the photograph, 

and relief 0! the objects photogrephedj. See 

also refraction displacement; relle?

dleplacsrment; Illt displacement; xdlsplacement; 

y-displacement. 

display—The graphic presentation of the 

output data 01 any device on system. 

dlmolve-(digifal) The process of removing 

shared common attributes by eliminating the 

shard boumtarias when merging two or mora 

polygons. 

dletanca sangle-An angle In a ttiangle 

ofWOstie a side used as a basa in the solution 

01 the Mangle, or a side whose length is to be 

computed. 

dltstenco measuring ●quipment (DME)- 

See electronic distance measuring 

equipment. 

dkstance prorate rule-A method of 

bel.ancing a survey. A rule for holding angles to 

their racorded values and pforatlng the lengths 

of the lines In the traverse; oparaled by locating 

the beartngs to a wnvanlenl meridian, 

preferably the cbsing fine of the traverse, and 

prorating the dimensions through a 

trigonometric precess. 

distance-lhe spalial separation of two 

poims, measured by the length of a line joining 

them. Sea also ●ngular dlatanm; double 

merldlan d18tance; double zenith 

dlstanca; ecllptlc polar dlatence; 

electrical distance; external dletstnce; 

felllng; front focal distance; great-circle 

distance; grid length; ground distance; 

hyperfocal distance; Interocular 

dlatance; lunar dietance; merldlan 

distance: marldlonal distance; plus 

dletance; potar dlatance; prhtclpal 

dletance; projection dlatance; relatlve 

distance; rhumb Ilne distance; slant 

range; Sun-zenith distance: tangent 

dletence; time dletance; zenith 

dlatance. 

dlatant polnte-Similar to tie poinls but which 

appaar only on the obllques lacing outward on 

the perimeter of a mmpilation. Distant points 

unfte the sets of a sfrlp Into a flight unit; bul, 

unlike tie poima, do not serve to join several 

flight strips together. 

dletortlon compenaatlon— 

(photogrammstry) In a double projection direct 

viewing pbffer sysfem, that corracflon applied to 

offset the effect of radial distortion introduced in 

MIL-HDBK-850 

74 

an original negative by the objective tens of an 

aerial camera. 

diatortlon curve-A curve represeming the 

finaar distoflion charactarbtka of a tens; ii is 

plotted with image radial dislance from the lens 

axie es abscissae and Image radial 

dbplacements as ordinatas. 

dlatortlon-Lens aberrations affecting the 

posltbne of Images from their true relative 

poaitiirrs. See also aberration, detinftiorr 2; 

angular dlstortlon, definl!ion 2; dllferentlal 

distortion; flim dlaforllon; Image 

dlstortlon; Image motion Compenaetlon 

dlatortlon; lane dletortlon; linear 

dlstorflon; panorsmlc dlsitortlon; radial 

dlatortlon; seen poeltlonel dlstonlon: 

tangantlal dlatotllon; tfpped panoramic 

dtatortlon. 

distributed data baaa-A data basa with 

unique mmponents in geographically dispersed 

locations finked through a telemmmunications 

netwok 

dlstrlbutlon map-A map which shows the 

geographic arrangement of a specific product, 

commodity, or formation. 

dleturblng tunctlon—Sse dlaturblng 

poientlal, definition 2. 

Uiaturblng potential—l. (geodesy) The 

difference betwean the gravity potarrtial of the 

actual Earth and the potential function of tha 

normal gravity. Also called potantlaf 

dleturbance; potential of disturbing 

maaaes; potantlal 01 random maaeaa. 2. 

(astronomy) The diffarerrca bafwaen the total 

gravitational potential and the pofemial 

petlaining to a spherbel mass dbfr~}on. Abo 

called disturbing function, 

diurnal aberration-Aberration reaufring horn 

the rotation of me Earth on Rs asis. The value of 

diurnal SberfafiOn varies with the latitude Of the 

observer and ranges trom zem at the poles to 

0.32 second of arc al the Equator. A correction 

tor dlumal aberration Is applied to astronomic 

ObSeNatlOflS for longitude and azimuth. Also 

called daily aberration. 

diurnal age—Sae aga ot diurnal 

Irrequaflly. 

dfurnaf arc—See aetronomlc arc.

I 

1, 

dlUI’IISSl clrcla-The apparent datfy path of a 

cefaaflaf body, appmxlmamrg a parallel of 

declination. 

Ukmrai conatltuent-Any tide conerituent 

Wtroae parbd apprmximales that of a lunar day 

(24.84 solar houffi). See also conatlruant. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Sflurnal lnequsdfty-The difference In heighte 

and dumtfons of the two successive high wafers 

Or of lhe two aumessiva bw waters of aach day; 

atm, the dfierarrca In spaed and dkactiin of tha 

two fbod CUmWrfa or the two ebb currents of 

each day. Also callad dally lnSqUallty;. low 

water Inequality. 

diurnal motion-The a~arent daily motion of 

a celesflal body. 

diurnal parallax—Ses geocentric 

parallax. 

cflurnal varlatlon-Thai component of a 

determinable magniiude which passes through 

a wmplete cycle in one day. 

dlumel—Having a, period. of, occurring in, .or 

related to a day. 

dlvorgenca-(ieveiing) The difference 

bafween ffia numerical values of fwo nmnings 

over the same seclion of a line of levels, 

dlvarglng lane—See negative Iana. 

DMA Automated Publlcat/on ProductIon 

Systam (DAPPS)-An electronic imaging 

davica used to crea!e text and manipulate 

graphic images. Output is either 10 a laser 

printer or a phototypesetter. 

dodging-(photograj?hy) Tfre process of 

hotdlng back Ilght trom carlain areas of 

senaftiied material to avoid overexpoaura of 

thase areas. 

domeatlc map-A map of an area within Ihe 

timits 01 the United Stales. 

dominant waveiangth-The wavelength of a 

spectrally pure energy that if mixed with white 

Sgfrl woufd match a color. 

Doppler cone angla-The engle batween 

the ratarence velocity vector and the refarence 

range vactor. 

Doppler eNect—(JCS) The phenomenon 

evidenced by tha change In the obearvad 

lraquency ot a sound or radii wave caused by a 

time rata of charge in the affactive length of Ihe 

path of travel bahvean the =urce and Ihe point 

of obaervalbn. Also called Doppfar shltt. 

Dopplar navigation—1. A system which 

measures ground speed and drift of an airrxaff, 

baaed on the Doppler affed Ot 6WfmnbSw 

generated signals emhtast from the crafi frrxf 

reflected from the Iarrain. 2. A system whbh 

dalermirras posifiins basad on the Doppler 

effacf o! aafellifa aignala. sea atao broadcaat 

ephemeris; Doppfer sonar navlgatlon; 

Navy Navlgatlon Satefllto System; point 

posltlonfng; pracfaa ephemerla; 

translocatlon. 

Dopplar satolllfa survey ●yofam-A 

receiver/antanna combrnatierr capabfe of 

receiving signala broadcast by aateiliies Of the 

Navy Navigation Salelllfe System (NNSS). The 

position of the antenna is mmputad by Point 

poallionlng, translocation, or shon arc geOd8fiC 

adjustment (SAGA), ush?g the mllacfed signals 

from the satellite passes. 

Doppler ehltl—See Doppler effect. 

Doppler sonar navigation-A syatam by 

whch speed and drtfl of a marine craft are 

determined horn the Doppler effect o! aoner 

genaratad signals amitfad from fhe craft and 

reflected from the ocean bottom or suspended 

particulate in the aaawafer. Sea alao Doppler 

navlgat(on; ●onar. 

dot ecreen-A photographic negative 

confalning equal-sized dots which are equally 

spaced in parallel and perpendicular rows. The 

prfmed area o! mverage determines the screen 

percen!. The percentage of tha printed area of 

mvarage IS measured by trrmemiaeion danaffy 

andlor by dot diametar. Dot screens are uaad to 

print tones of a mbr. Also called ffaf tlnf 

acraan. 

doubls optlcsl proJactlon r3tareoplotler—See 

doubla-projection dlrectvlewlng 

stareoplotter. 

double burn-The Imentional expoaura of two 

or more Ikra and/or hafffone negatfves In 

auccasaion and ragistar on the same sanaitizad 

aurtace. Not to be confused with doubla 

exposure, which Is usually unintentional. Also 

75

called double shooting. See also 

composltts. 

doublo CW’Iter theodollta-see repeetlrrg 

theodollto. 

.MIL-HDBK-850 

doublo conterlng-A method of prolonging a 

line fmm a tfxed point whereby the backsight is 

taken wlfh the telescope direct. The Instrument 

is FJungad, arxt the formighl is made with the 

teleempe inverted. The pint et whch the 

vertical cross hair intersects Iha hub b Ihen 

marked. The lrarraJt la then rotated 10 take a 

becka.ight on tha fixad point with the telescope 

Invarlad, the foreeighl la made wilh the 

iele~pe dlreci, and a second projected poktf is 

meilmd on the hub. A point midway between 

the two marked points Is the lrue point on the 

profongad tine, Atso called double reveralng; 

double reversion; double slgh!lng; 

reversing In aslmuth and eltltude; 

wlggllng-lrr on a Ilne; working-in on a 

Ilne. 

double cornere— Normally the two sets of 

rnmara along e standard parallel; the standard 

townsnip, sectiin, and quarter section comers 

placed at regular intervals of measurement; 

additionally, the closing corners established on 

the Ilne at the poims 01 Intersetilon 01 the guide 

meridians, range, and section lines of !he 

surveys brought in from the south. In olher 

cases, not hIlfy in conformity with the rectangular 

ptan, two comers, each common to IWO 

townships only, Inataad of one comer of the four 

tOwnShi@. SimilSrly, two comers, each common 

10 two sections, and two quaner section corners, 

aach referring to one aeclion only. The term is 

eomalimes used incorrectly to denote two fines 

established on Ihe ground although the field 

note record Irslicates only one fine, thus creating 

a hiatus or overlap. 

double ●xpossssra-Two photographic 

exposures on the same sensitized surface. 

double interpolation-Derivlrrg a value from 

tatwlared computations where two or three 

P~bn6 may be required, as in an hour 

angle observation of Polaris for azimuth, where 

an interpolation is made suitable to the time 

factor, another to arrive al a result conforming 

with the latitude of the observing station, 

double merldlan dlstancGThe algebraic 

sum of the peqzendicular distances from fhe two 

ends of any line of a fraverae to the initial, or 

reference. marldlan. 

76 

double model stereofemplat—A templet 

representative of the horizontal pbt of MU or 

three adjacent stereoscopic models that have 

been adjusted to a common, though random, 

scale. 

double proponlonete meesuroment- A 

mathod for restoring a feat wrner of four 

townships or a bat imerbr corner of tour 

sactbne. If is baaed on tha principte that 

monuments nmlh and south should oomrol the 

Ialiludinal posilion of a bat mmer, and 

monuments aast and wast ahoutd control the 

longitudinal position. In this method the 

influence of one identified original comer is 

baianced by the cmntrol of a corresponding 

original corner upon the opposite side of a 

particular missing corner whkh is to be restored, 

each identified original cnmer being given a 

controlling weight inveraefy prmpetilonal to fts 

dklame from the bst comer. 

doubfa reveralng—See double centering. 

double reveralon—See doubla centerlrsg. 

double ehootlng—See double burn. 

doubla sighting—See double centering. 

double target leveling rod-Any target rod 

having graduations on two opposite faces. 

double zenith dlstenceA value of twice 

the zenith distance of an object, obtained by 

observation and Mt by mathematical process. 

doufzle-projection direct-vlewtng 

stereoplotter—A class of stereo-plotters 

employing fhe principle of projecting the images 

of IWO correctly oriented overlapping aerial 

photographs onto a reference datum so the 

reaultam images may be viewed directly wllhout 

addtiional optical system support. Also called 

double optical projection rstereoplotter. 

dOUble-rOdded llna-A fine of differential 

levels wheraln IWO sets of tumlng peints, one 

high and one low, are used to give independem 

measures between bench marks. 

doubly azlmuthel map projoctlon-An 

azimuthal map projection having two poles. 

dove prlBftt-A prtsm which reverts the Image 

but does not deviate or displace Ihe beam. A

I 

Ii 

I 

given angular rofafion of Vre prism SIbouf its 

longitudinal asis causes the image to rotate 

Ihmugh twice the angle. Also called rotating 

prism. 

draconic month—See nodlcal montrs. 

drattlng gulda-See gulda. 

drattlng-The arf of drawing from given 

apacfflcetions. 

drag-(lheodotile) A slight movemenl of the 

graduafed ckcle of a fhaodolffe produced by lhe 

tOtatlOn of the aikfade. See also atmosphetlc 

drag. 

drahtage pattern—The pattern or overall 

aPPaafance made by the network of drainage 

lealureS on a map or chart. 

dralnag~ln mappirr~, all features associated 

with waler, such as shorelines, rivers, lakes, 

maretsea, etc. 

drltt angle-(JCS) The angle measured in 

degrees between the heading of an aircrall or 

ship and the track made good. [Drift angle is 

designated right or Iefl to indicate Ihe direction 

of drfft.] 

drltf station—A term sometimes usad in 

ehoran operations to designate the ground 

Stafion abouf which fhe aircraft flies during arc 

navigation. The second ground station is fhen 

referred fo as the rate atatlon. 

drltt-1. (JCS) In ballistics, a shift in pmjecfile 

direction due 10 gyroscopic actiin which resufts 

from gravitational and atmospherically induced 

Iorques on the spinning projectile. 2. The Iaferal 

shift or dieplacemem of a ship or aircraft from tfs 

course, Oue to the ac!”bn of wind or other 

causea. 3. Aariaf photography obfained under 

this wrrdffbn produces successive photographs 

whose edges are parallel tit sidestepped. 4. 

(precession) see total drift. 

dummy pendulum—A pendulum of simifar 

construti!on fo fhe workin~ pendulums excepf 

thaf If }s equipped with a thermometer and is 

fastened rigidfy in the receiver so that ii cannof 

swing during observations. The dummy 

perrdufum la eub]ect fo fhe same Iemparalure 

cxsnditbrta aa fhe working pendufums, and k 

used In deferminlng their temperature when In 

use. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

dummy—1. A preliminary drawing or Ia.youf 

showing the posltbn of ilkrafratiom and text as 

fhey will appear in the final reproduct”bn. 2. A 

set ot bfank pages mada up 10 chow the sire, 

shape, and ~eneral style of a book, bc4det, or 

pamphlet. 

dumpy laval-A Ievefing instrument which has 

its telascopa permanently attached to the 

Ieve)ing base, effher rigidly or by a hinge thaf 

can be manipulated by a micrometer screw, 

duplex baaa-llne maaeurlrtg stpparatua— 

A contacf base-line measuring apparafua, 

composed of two disconnected bare, one oi 

brass and the other of etaal, eac$r 5 maters &t 

length and so arranged as to indicate the 

accumulated difference of length of the 

measures from the brass and steel 

componams, 

dupllcata Ieval llna-A Ikre of epiril leveling 

composed of two airrgle lines run over fhe same 

route, but in opposite directions, and using 

different turning points. 

dupllcate r?egat)w-(JCS) A negafive 

reproduced from an orginal negative or 

diaposilive. ~he duplicate negative may be a 

fnre reproduction of the original or a 

reproduction possessing greater or less contrast. 

With dracf poaftiva materials, chemical reversal 

process, and cfupfiiating film if is not atways 

necessary fo maAe a posl!ke IO obtain a 

duplicale negat}ve.] 

DX-9D—An lMO/lHO proposed standard for the 

exchange of digital data. 

dyfux—A Iiiht-sensftiie papar or film usad for 

proofing, usualfy has a bfue postfive reading 

image wtth a blue background. 

dynamic correction—The quantity that must 

be added to fhe orfhomelric elevation of a poinf 

to obtain ifs dynamic number. 

dynamic elevaIlon—EIevation expressed in 

Iengfh uniis, buf determined by dynamic 

number. 

dynamic gravity meter—A type of gravity 

Instrument In wh’ch Ihe period of oscillation is a 

function of gravity and is tha quamity directly 

obae wed. 

77

. . . MIL-HDBK-850 

dynamk height-A height derived by dividng 

the geopotenfiel nunber by a constant, usually 

the value of normal grevity at 4S” Ialih.rde. 

dynamic number-The work required 10 raise 

a untf mass from sea level to a given point, 

expressed in abaotule units. 

dynamic tom~rsituro correctlon— 

(penduhxm) The correction to tfse observed 

period of a pendulum for the rate of change of 

its temperature. 

dynamical mean wn-A fictitious sun 

conceived to nmve easrward along the ecfiiic 

at the average rafe of the apparent sun. 

dyne—The dyne is the unit of lorce of the C.O,S. 

systems of units. When acting on a mass of 1 

gram, a dyne imparts to that mass an 

acceleration of 1 centimeter par secomi per 

second. Unfil abouf 1930, me dyne was used by 

the U.S. Coaar and Geodetic Survey (now the 

National Gaodatk Survey) in atatino values of 

gravity. Since Ihal time, gravity has been 

reported in terms of the gal, the e.g. s unit of 

accaleratiin. 

78

11/10 peg adjustment—See peg 

esfjrxetmsmt. 

Eerth fixed coordinate eyeterrt-An y 

inordinate system in which the axes are 

afatiinary wtih respect to the Earth. 

Eatlh Inductor compasa-A compasa 

depending for ite Irrdlcatione upon the caurenf 

generated In a coil revolving In tha Earfha 

rnagnetlc fiefd. 

Earth Inductor-An Inslrumenl designed tor 

use in magnetic surveys to delermhre magnetic 

dip. In principal, lhe instrument is a small 

dynamo by which the electrical flow can be 

introduced to the cdl of the Instrument. The 

presence or abaense of current is indicated by a 

ga!vanometer which provides for direct reading 

of rnagrratic dip. 

Earth Rersourcee Obeervetlon System 

Dsta Center (EROS or EDC)-A user 

,. .,.. cervices and eaies office established by the US 

Department of fnlerior. EDC also processes 

LANDSAT data using the EROS Dighal Imaging 

Proceaaiw System (EDIPS) and the EROS 

Diiital Image Enhancement System (EDIES). 

Earth aatelllW-A body thaf orbits about the 

Earth; epectficafly, an erlificlal seteltite placed m 

Otmf. 

Eatih tide-A periodic movement of the 

Earth’s crust caused by tide-prcducing forces of 

the Moon and Sun. 

Earih-centered elltpeold—A referenCe 

ellipsold whoee geometric cemer cofncldes wlfh 

the Earth’s center of gravity and whose 

semimlrwr axis coincides wnh the Earth’s 

rotational axis. 

easement curve—See eplral curve. 

eaet point—See prime verflcal plane. 

●eming-1. (grid) Eaefward (that Is left to right) 

readlrrg of grid vafues on a map. See elso talee 

eaatlng. 2. (plane eurveylng) See 

deperture, definition 1. 

ebb tld-The porlion of the tide cycla 

MIL-HDBK-850 

79 

E befween high water and the followi~ bw water. 

Also celled talllng fldsr. 

eccentric anomtrly-See ●nomaly, 

definition 3. 

stccentrlc error-Cemerirrg error. 

eccentric reduction—(trlanguleflon) The 

correction which rraJef IM applied to e dlracfion 

observed by an instrument with effher the 

Instrument or sfgnal (swlrrg), or both, amentric, 

to reduce the observed value to what if vmufd 

have been ii there had been no eccarrfrldfy. 

Also called eccentricity corractlon. 

eccentric slgnaf-A signal (target) which is 

not in the same veriical line with the station 

which if represents. 

eccentric etatlon-A survey point over whii 

an instrument is cantered and obsenrafkms 

made, and which la net in the same vertical tine 

with the stal”mn which it represents and to which 

fhe observations will be reduced before being 

cumbinad with observations al other stations. In 

ganeral, an eccentric station is established and 

occupied when ff Is impracticable to occupy the 

station center, or when If becomes necessary in 

order to see points which are not visbie from the 

station center. 

eccentricity correcflon-ilriangulation) See 

sccentric reduction. 

eccentricity of alldedeThe distance 

between fhe center of figure of the index POlnts 

on an alidade and the center of figure of Ihe 

graduafed circle. See also eccentricity of 

Instrument. 

eccentricity of clrcla-The distance between 

the center of figure of a graduated circie and ifs 

center of rotation. See also eccentricity of 

instrument. 

eccentricity of elllpsa-The ratio of the 

distance between the center and a focus of an 

ellipse to the Iengfh of ifs semimajor asis. 

eccentric It y of instrument—T h e 

combination of emerhriciiy of circle and 

eccentricity of al!dade.

I $ 

II 

I 

I 

II 

II 

eccentricity of spheroid (elllpeold) of 

revolution-The eccmtrklty of an ellpse 

forrnirrg a meridian aactbn of the spheroid. 

.,, .,.. .. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

eccentrlclt y—1. Amount of deviation from a 

center. See also eccentric stetlon. 2. 

(surveyors cumpass) An ettect caused by ona 

or a combination of the folbwirtg conditions: (1) 

a straight line through Itra ends of the magnetic 

needle fails to pass through the canter of 

rotation of the needle; (2) the center of rotation 

of the needle is not coinckient with the center of 

figure ot the graduated circle; (3) the tine of sight 

tailS 10 peas through the vertbal axis of the 

instrument. 3. The ratio of the dtslances from 

any pc.im of a @nit sect”k.n to a locus and lhe 

ccrrraspardlng dkecfrlx. 

ecllptlc 

latlttsrJe-Se e celeetlel Ismtude. 

ecllptlc longltude—See celeetlal 

Iongltude. 

eCllptlC merldlen—A circle on the celestial 

sphere containing points 01 Ihe same celes!lal 

Iongftude. 

ecllptlc nods-See node. 

ecllptlc parallel-A circle on the celeslial 

sphere mntaining points of the same celestiel 

Iatltude. 

ecllptlc pCrlar dlatance-The complement of 

the celestial Ialiiude. 

eccentric-Nol having the same cenler. 

ecllptlc pole-On the celestial sphere, eiiher 

echo ●ounder—An echo sounding instrument 

of the two points 90” from the ecliitic. 

used for depth measurements in water. ecllptlc system 01 coordinates—A Sy6tem 

echo eoundlng—A method tor measuring 

depths by rssordlrrg the tlma intewal required for 

sound waves to go from a source of sound near 

the surfsce to the bertom and back again. 

echo tlmlng—The measurement of time 

required for a short train ot energy waves to 

travel the round trip path from en originating 

station to a raflecfor or transponder. 

echogrem-A graphk record of depth 

meaauremems obtained by echo soundhg 

equipmem. Called !athog ram when obt sined 

from a Fathometer echo sounder. 

echo—See blip. 

ecllpaa year—The Imewal between two 

successive conjunctions ot the Sun with the 

same node of the Moon’s orbit. 

eclipet+l. The reduction in visibitit y or 

dissppearamxr of a nonluminous body by 

passing into the shadow cast by another 

nonluminous body. 2. The apparent cutting off, 

wholiy or partially, of the fight horn a luminous 

body by a dadr body coming between If and the 

obserwer. See also annular ecllpae; iunar 

eclfpee; soinr eclipee. 

ecllptlc coordinate eystem—See ecllptlc 

eyalem of coordlnatea. 

80 

Of Curvilinear CeleStial coordinates which uses 

the ectiptlc as the primary retererrce plane and 

the ecliptic meridian through the vernal equimx 

ss the secondary plane. The points 90” fmm the 

ecliptic are the norlh and .aouth .ecliplic poles. 

Angular distance north or south of the ecliptic 

analogous 10 latitude, is celestial Iatifude. 

Celestial bngitude is measured eastward alOng 

the ecliptic trom the vernal equinox through 

360’. 

ectlptlc—The great cimle formed Lrythe 

intersection of the plane of the Eanh”s orbit 

around the Sun (or apparent orbii O! the Sun 

around the Earth) and Ihe celestiai sphere. 

edge matcftlng-lhe comparison and 

graphic adjustment ot features to obtain 

agreement along the edges of adjoining map 

sheets. 

edge mating—Sac metchlng. 

edge-l. (imagery) The boundary of an object 

in a photograph or image, usually charactartzed 

by a drastic change in the brightness value from 

the immediate interior of the boundary to the 

immediate exterior of the boundary. 2. 

(Iopobay) A line used to represent the Iocatun 

of a linear faature and the bordara of faOeS. 

Edges may be topologicslly fintrad to males, 

edges, and taces. 

editing—The process of checftihg a map or

1’ 

I 

I 

I 

chart in ffs varbus stages of preparation to 

Insure eccssracy, corrgrlelenasa, and correct 

preparation fmm and interpretation of the 

sources used, and to assure legible and precise 

reproduction. Edns are usually relermcf to by a 

parfidar produdion phase, such as cnmpifatbn 

Scfii, acdbhlg edit, etc. 

effsctlve arsa-For any aerial photograph 

Ihal la one of a series in a ffiiht strip, that mntral 

part of fhe photograph delimited by the 

bmactors of overfs~ with adjacent photograph. 

On a vertical photograph, all imagea wifhin the 

effective area hava lass dlspfacemenl than their 

mrjugale Images on adjacent phonographs. 

●ffsotlvo Earth rsdlue--$ee ●ftectlve 

radius 01 the Eanfr. 

atfec!lve focal length (EFL)-See 

prhrclpsl dlatance, definition 1. 

effective radlua of the Eanh—A fictilious 

value for the radius of the Earfh, used in place 

o! lhe geometrical radius 10 correcf for 

atmospheric rehacfbn when lhe index of 

refraction In the atmosphere changea linearly 

with height. 

Egault laval-A French tnslrurnent having the 

spirit level attached to a level bar which also 

carries wyes in which the telescope rests. 

electrical dlstencs-LengttI measured in 

terms of the distanca traveled by radio waves in 

unit fima. 

elactrlcal survey net edjueter (ESNA)— A 

device used for obtaining least squarea 

adjustments of level, traverse, and veriical angla 

nets through fhe medium of an analogous 

electrical net. 

electromagnetic spectrum—Tha entire 

mnge of wavelengths or frequencies of 

elacfromagnatic ratilatlon extendhtg from 

gamma rays to the bngeaf radio waves and 

including visible fighl. Moat remofe aenshrg 

aystema are desfgrred to oparate within the 

elecfmmagnetlc spesfrum, 

Elactronlc Chart Dlapley end 

Inforrnatlon Sysfam (ECDIS)—A system 

whkh In Ifs mosf mmptete design integrates all 

essential alda to nav~afion into one system 

krclucflng charl Informstbn, posirlonal 

Information amf ships’ parameters such as 

came and speed. Echosounder, readings, 

MIL-JiDBK-850 

81 

radar, compieta or selective and other inputs 

may also be included. 

Electronic Chart Lfpdata Manual 

(ECfiUM)-The elesfrurric version of the Chari 

Update Manual (CHUM). See Chsrf Update 

Manual. 

elecfronlc bsrarlng-A bearing obtained by 

means of eledronic equipment. 

elscfronlc confrol-fhr!tol obtained by 

elecfmnic devices. 

electronic dlatence-meaaurlng (EDM) 

equipment—Devkes that measure the phase 

difference behvean irsnsmfftad and retumad 

(i.e., reflected or retransmfffad) elacfromagnaflc 

waves, ot known frequency and speed, or the 

round trip transil time of a pulsed signal, fmm 

which distance is computed. A wlda range of 

such equipment Is available for surveying and 

navigational use. Also sailed dlalance 

measurhtg equipment (DME). See also 

eiaclronlc poaltlon Indicator; 

Elactrotape; Geodlmeter; Iaaer; sonar; 

Telluromeler. 

electronic Ilna of po$ltlon-A line of 

position established by means of electronk 

equipment, 

alectronlc map data (EMD)—Se e 

etectrontc map. 

electronic map-Consisfs of fhe information 

of a map or chart, fhat is captured, stored, and 

displayed by electronic means. See akO 

raster: rasfer data structure; Raster 

Product Standard(s) (RPS); vector; 

vector Osta; vector Product Format 

(VPF); Vector Product Standsrd (VPS). 

electronic poeltlon fndlcator (EPI)- A 

type of elecfmnlc distance measuring 

e@PmeM used primarily in hydmgraphic 

surveying. Tha offshore range has been 

esfendsd from the fimita of shoran diafancas to 

more than 500 miles by use of EPi. 

electronic refraction—The refraction due to 

the elfects of the atmosphere and fhe 

ionosphere, which infrdma appreciable 

changes in the quantities measured by means 

of alactronk devices, such aa in the phase 

dtiferences measured with interfemmefara, in 

Ihe rale of change of phase measured with fhe 

Doppler systems, and in the change in phase

1’ 

I 

between the times 01 lransm’Rfing and receiving 

a signai by Ihe ranging instruments, 

electronic sketchmaster—See universal 

●nalog photographic rectlflcatlon 

system. 

.Iacfronlc survey-Any survey utilizing 

eledronic equipment. 

electronic telemeler—An electronic device 

that measures the phase difference or tranail 

fhna between a transmitted electromagnetic 

~~~,e of known frequancy am speed and tts 

tilL-HtiBK-850 

Elecfrotapa-A trade mme for a precise 

electronic surveying device which fransmffs a 

radio frequency signal to a responder unil which 

in turn retransmits the signal baCk to the 

imerrogalor unit. The time Iapsa between 

original transmission and receipt of return signal 

is maasurad and displayed in a direct digital 

readout for eventual reduction into a precise 

finear distance. f! operatea on the same 

principal as the Tellurometer. 

elaments of a fix—The sDecific values Of the 

coordinates used to define ‘a positim. 

alevatad pola-The celestial pole above the 

horizon, Oppaile of depreaaed pole. 

alevatlon angle-See anale of elavatlon. 

efevetlon denelty category-A term used 

thmugfmut sizing of digital elevation data 

transactions within the MARK 90 system. 

Elevation density category 1 represents 

elevation post spacing at 3 arc second imervals. 

A pmducf having a scale smaller !han 1:50,000 

woufd typically be represented by this density. 

Elevation density category 2 represents 

alevation post spacing at 1 arc second intervals, 

A prockmf having a scale of 1:50,000 or larger 

would typically be represented by this density, 

elevatlon matrfx-A series 01 height values 

for points spaced at regular intervals and usually 

expressad In the form of a two-dimensional 

array of numbers. 

efevallon meter-A mechanical or 

eiecfromechanical davice on wheels that 

measures slopa and distance, and automatically 

and cominuousty klfegrales their product into 

dMferenca of elevation. 

82 

efevatlon Poata-A point with a known 

horizontal and vetliml poaifbn with respad to 

some defined referense system. Poaf pints 

are cmnrrmn elevation pints between two 

different digital terrain files. Dgifsti Ter@n 

Elavalion Data are eievatkon posts in dffifal 

form. A dqffal alevation matrfx consfata of 

elavallon posts evenfy distributed in a 

rectangular pattern. 

elevation tints—See hypsomatrlc tlntlng. 

elevation-VerfW dkifance horn a datum, 

usually mean sea level, to a ~inf or object on 

the Earlh’s aurlace; nol to be contused wtfh 

altlludo whfch refers to pofnts or ok+scts above 

the Earfha surface. In geodetic formulas, 

elevatkms ara heighls: h is height above 

ellipsoid, His height above lhe geoid or local 

datum. Occasionally the h and H may be 

reversed. See alsa adjusted elevetlon; 

assumed ground elevrstlon: barometric 

elSWe!lOn: CfIaCkfJd apd eleve;lon; 

crftlcal elavatlon; dfffarence of 

elevatlon; dynamic elevatlon; flald 

alevation; fkad elevation; frlghaaf 

elevallon; mean ground elevation; 

optimum ground eievation; orfhometrlc 

elevation; preilmlnary elevation; spot 

elevallon; standard elavellon; 

Supplemental elevatlon; unchecked 

spot aievation. 

ellipsold of revolution—See elflpsold of 

rotation. 

ellipsoid of roletion-The surface generated 

by an ellipse rotating about one of ifs axes. Also 

called allipsoid of revoluflon. See also 

obiafe epharold; prolate epharold. 

alllpsoldal height—The height above fhe 

reference ellipsoid, measured along the 

ellipsoidal outer normal through the point in 

question. Also called geodetic height. 

ellipsoidal reflacfor-A mirmr rjurlaca which 

Cunforms fo a portion of an ellfpsold of 

revolution, Principally employed in several types 

of slereoploner pmjecfora such as tha ER-55 

ellipsold-An t3111paoldIs a mathamalical figure 

genarated by the revolution of an ellipse about 

one ffs axes. The ellipsoid that approximates the 

geoid is an ellipse rotaled about its minor axis, 

or an oblate spheroid. See also datumcentered 

elflpaoid; Earth-cantered

MIL-HDBK-850 

elllpoold; Fischer elllpsold 01 1960; 

trlaxlal ●lllpaold. and lap-See overlap, dafinffion 1, 

●lllpllclty of ●n alllpse-The ratio befwaen end node-l. The 6econd node of an edge 

the dffferenco in length of the semi-axes of an (an edge is traversed from the ste!l mds to the 

alfiise end ifs eamimapr axb. end node) .2. The last mde of a teatura wilh 

●ltlptlclty of the apherold—See Ilattonlng 

several 

feature 

adgas. 3. The fast nods of an areal 

which Ie coincident with the first node. 

(of the Earth). 

Englnaer Topographic LabOMtOrlea 

elongation—1. (surveying) The posffion of a (ETL)—See Topograpfslc Englneerlrsg 

celasfiil body rrdalive to the observets meridian, Center (TEC). 

Is such that the apparent azimuthal movement 

Is at a minimum. 2. The angular distance of a ang Ineer’a chain-similar to a Guntere chain 

My of the solar eystem from the Sun: tha except that ii is 100 feet in length and contains 

angle at tha Earffr between fines to the Sun and 100 finks, each 1 toot long. 

another Weetlal body of the .eolar eyafem. See 

also greateat alongatlon. englnaa~a leval—Any of a group of precision 

emargancy run—See tlda ovar run. 

Iavefing instrumanls tor aslabtiihing a horfzonfal 

fine of sighl, used 10 determine differences of 

elevation. 

emargam nodal point—See nodal point, 

daflnffion 1. anginearlng map—A map 6h0wlng 

infomsation that is essential for plrmntrrg an 

amlaalvlty—The amount of enargy given oft engineering project or development and for 

by an objacf ralalive to the amount given off by estimating its rest. 

a %Iackbody - al the same temperature. 

Normally expressed es a posilive number 

between zero end one. 

enghreerlng survey-A survey executed for . . . 

lhe purpose of obtaining inlormatkrn that k 

assential for planning an engineering pnsjeci or 

●mplrlcal orlantation (rectiflcatlon)— The devalopmenl and estimating ifs msl. The 

compsited rectified adjustments ot information obtained may, in pan, be recorded 

magniflcafion, swing, easel titt, y-displacement, in the term cd an engineering map. 

and Ak-placemenl used to corractfy racreate 

the exact condfiions in the projected image that angraver aubdJvlder—A specially dasignad 

existed in the negative at the instant of 

exposure. 

scribing instrument whkh permits the selection 

of unitorm tick spacing in aubdvicfing or tfcklng 

map projatilons. 

emulalon-to-baae—A mntacf exposure in 

which the besa of the mpyirrg film is in mmacf angravar—Sae acrlber. 

with the amuls”on side ot the shaet being 

copied. See also amulalon-to-amu lslon. anlargemant factor—Sac acata of 

raprorfuctlon. 

emulalon-to-amulelo n—A mntact exposura 

in which Ihe ernuls”km of the copying film is in enlergemant/reduction diagram-Chart 

mntacf with the emuleion of the sheel being 

mpied. See also emulsion-to-baae. 

amulalon—A auapension of either lightaenaffive 

silver satfs, Dlazos, or photopolymers, 

In e mlbidal medium which is used for coaling 

tilms, platea, and pepars. 

showing tha necessary fens extension and mpy 

board axtansion raquired for various 

enlargamanfs and recfucfkma. 

an fargemaftl-A nagative, diaposffiva, or 

paper print made at a larger scale than the 

original. Aiso csllad blow up. 

encode—To mnvarf data by the use of a coda anroute chari-A chart of air mufaS in epacifc 

or a coded set in such a manner that areas that shows the exact bcelion of elacfronfc 

reconversion to the original form is passible. aids to navigatbn, such as radio dlrecfbn finder 

stations, radio and radar marker beacons, and 

83

I 

radm range atatiina. Also called redlo facility 

chart. 

en:lty node-A primitive used to represent 

featurea thal are truly zam dimenabnal. Entity 

nodes are Iopobgically linked 10 their containing 

face when tecee are praeam. 

OnIffy point-Pointe used to represent 

teeturee that are zem-ctimeneional (such ae 

survey points). Enliy poims may be 

topobgicaliy finked 10 a containing face. 

.trtlty Set-An attribute table or group of 

attributes. 

entrance pupil—The image of the aperture 

atop formed by all the lens elements on the 

object aIda of the aperture stop, 

entrance ellt-slit through which energy 

emera a spactroec4plc Inswument. 

entrance window—The image of me tield 

stop formed by all the Iena elements on the 

object side of the fietd atop. 

Ebtv6s correcrlon-Component of .uncorrected 

observed gravity obtained on a 

rrwving ptatform thal is attributed to Ihe easlwest 

comporram of the velocity that either 

increases or decreasee ihe effect of the 

centrifugal force caused by the Earth’s rotation, 

The formula for the correction usually includes 

the term for the secondary vebcity correction, 

E6tv6s effect—A vertical torte experienced 

by a t=zdy movin~ in an east-west direction on 

the rotating Eafth. In gravity measurements, a 

posfriie correcfiin is apptied if moving eastward, 

and a negatfve correction if moving westward. 

E6tv6a unft—The unit of gravitational gradient 

10-9 meters par second per second per meter. 

ephemerle time-The uniform meaaure of 

time defined by the laws of dynamics and 

determined in principal fmm the orbital motions 

Of the planete, specifically in the orbital motion 

of the Earth aa represented by Newcomb’s 

Tables of tha Sun.- Ephemaris fima for close- 

Earth Salelliles, or more cmrectty the llme 

associated wfih satellite ephemerides, Is 

observation dependem. For example, It the 

observaflona were made In universal lime (UTJ, 

the ephemetis time is UT; ff the obsewations 

were made in imemafional atomic time (IAT), 

MIL-HDBK-850 

84 

the ephemeris time is in IAT. 

ephamerla—(JCS) A publication giving the 

computed places of lha celestial bodies lor each 

day of the year, or tor olher regutar intervata. [A 

publication giving similar krformettin in a iomr 

suitable for use by a nevlgator la catted an 

almanac. An ephemeris la also a statement, 

not necessarily In a pubtiiation, presenting a 

correlation of time ard position of caleslial 

bodies or man-made satellites. A short 

ephemeris of future focation/time of salelfite is 

known as a set of alerts.] See also 

broadcast ephemarle; precise 

ephemerle. 

eplpolar plane-( photogrammetry) Any plane 

which mntakrs fhe eplpoles, therefore, any 

plane comaining the air base. Also called basal 

plene. 

eplpolar ray —’The tine on the plane 01 a 

photograph joining the epipole and the image of 

an object. Also expressed as the trace of an 

epipolar plane on a photograph. 

epfpolee—in tha perspective setup of Iwo 

prolographs (IWO perspective projections), I he 

points cm the planes o: the photographs whara 

they ara cut by the air base (astended line 

joining the IWO perspective centers). In the case 

of a pair of truly verlical photographs, the 

epipoles ara intiniiety distant from the principal 

points, 

epoch—1. A particular instant for which cerlain 

data are given. 2. A given period of time during 

which a series of related acts or events takes 

place. 3. An arbitrary moment in time to whjch 

measurements of position for a body or 

orientation for an orbit are referred. 

Equel &c Second Baeter Qhart/Map 

[ARC)-A rectangular coordinate and 

projection system at any scale for the 

entire elfipsoid based on the World Geodetic 

System 1984 (WGSG4). The ARC syslem 

divides the eltipaoid surface into 18 overtapping 

latitudinal band acafed zones. 

equal energy—Spectral distribution 

characterized by equal ftux per untt wavelength 

imervai. 

equal-altltude obaervatlona of the 

Sun—Azimuth Observalbns that consial of 

measuring horizontal angles from a southerly 

reference ooinf to the Sun’s timbs at an identiial

MIL-HDBK-850 

vertical angle, if meaeurest to the right timb in 

lhe a.m., then the angle should be measured to 

Ihe feti limb in the p.m. The same limb shoutd 

be observed In vertical angle. The mean of the 

two horizontal angles, with smell correction for 

the change in the Sun’s declination during the 

Interval from the a.m. 10 Ihe p.m. readings, 

@res a reeutling horizontal angle 10 the 

meridian. 

equal-eltltude obaervatlona— 

Observatbns of celestial objects al a fixed 

altitude (such as by an aatrolabe) taken at more 

or teas uniformly spaced azimuths around the 

horizon 

equal-araa map projactlon—A map 

prmjectbn havin~ a mnstant area scale. Such a 

projection is not mntorrnal and is not used for 

navlgarlon. Also called aUthallC map 

projection; equivalent map projection. 

eqIJ8t10n of tha equinox—The difference 

behveen the mean and true right ascensions of 

a body on the Equator, thus the difference 

between mean and apparent sidereal time. Also 

called ntnatlon In tight aacenslon. 

equallon of tlma-The algebraic dillerence 

in hour angle between apparent solar time and 

mean solar time, usually labeled “+. or .-. as h is 

to be applied to mean solar time to obtain 

apparent solar time. 

equation—Seis angle equation; azimuth 

equetlon; condition ●quation; correlate 

equallon; error equation; Euler”a 

equation; hydr08tatlC equation; Laplace 

equation; latllude equation; length 

equation; Iongltude equation: lunar 

equation; normal equation; obaewatlon 

●qustlon; parametric equationa; 

perpendicular equation; personal 

equation; elde equation; elde equation 

teata. 

equator ayatem—See celestial equator 

eyatem ot coordinates. 

equatorial axl-1. The diameter of the 

Earth described between two points on the 

Equator. 2. (astronomy) A telaacopa mounting 

axis oriented parallel to the Earth’s rotational 

axki. 

equatorial bulge-The excess of the Earth’e 

equatorial dtameter over the polar chameter. 

85 

equatorial chart-1. A chart of aquatotial 

areas. 2. A chatl on an equatorial pmjeCS~n. 

equatorial cylindrical orthomorphlc 

chart—Sac Mercator chart. 

equatorial cylindrical orlhomorphlc map 

projection—Sae Marcator map 

projection. 

equatorial diameter—Tha diameter of the 

Earth at the great circle comprising the laweatrial 

equator. 

equatorial grevlly value-The mean 

acceleration of gravity al the Equator, 

approximately equal to 9.7803 rrVae~. 

equetorlel horizontal parallax—The angle 

at a celestial object subtended by the equatorial 

semldiameter of the Earih used to indicate tha 

distance of the object from the Earth. 

equatorial lntewala—The englea, expreseed 

in units of time, between the varbua lines which 

mmpose the raticle of an astronomic transit and 

the maan pesition 01 .Ihose Iinaa. 

equatorial map projection—A map 

projection canterad on the Equator. 

equatorial node—Elrher of the two poims 

whera Iha orbit o? the satellite Imer’eects Ihe 

equatorial plana of its primary. 

equatorial redlua-The radius aesignad to 

the great circle mmprlsing lhe terrestrial 

equator. 

equatorial aatelllta-A satellite whose otbit 

plana coincides, or almost coincides, wfth the 

Earth’s equatorial plane. 

equatorial etara-Stars having declinations 

closa 10 zero and whose diurnal path k a 

parallel of declination cbsa to the Equator. 

Equalorlat stare, because o~ thalr apparently 

graatar speed of lravel, are preferred for tima 

and bngitude determinations. 

equatorial ayatem-See celeatlal equator 

ayetem of coordlnataa. 

Equator—The great circle on !he Earth midway 

belwean the poles and in a plane perpendicular 

to the Earth’s azia of rotation. II is the line of O“

! 

latitude. See also atrtronomlc equator; 

celeetlal ●quator; flctltlous squator; 

galsctlc equator; geodetic aqusstor; 

geomagnetic aquator; grid aquator; 

lunar caleatlal ●quator; rnagnatic 

●quator; obllque ●quStOr; Iranaversa 

equator. 

eqularr@ar ●plral-see rhumb Ilne. 

equlangulator-An opticsl instrument, 

em@Yi~ a 60° prism, used to determine 

astrmnomc fetifude and bngifude by equal 

affiiudes 01 heavenly b@es when the tima of 

the prime meridian (Greenwich) is known at the 

p~ce oi observation. 

equlgeopota;tlal eurtece-See 

equlpotentlel eurtace. 

MIL-HDBK:850 

equlllbrlum ●ptrarold-The shape !hat the 

Earth woufd attain ii il were entirely covered by a 

Ikteless ocean of constant deplh. See also 

geold. 

aqulllbrlum theory-A hypothesis which 

assumes an ideal Earth which has no 

mntinental barriers and is unilormly wvered with 

waler of mnsiderabie depth. 11‘also ‘assumes 

that the waler responds instantly to the lideproducing 

tortes of the Moon and Sun to form a 

surface in equilibrium and moves around the 

Earth whhout viscosity or friction. See also 

geold. 

equlllbrlum—A state of balance between 

forces. A body is said 10 fM in equilibrium when 

the vector eum of all tortes acting upon 11is 

zero. 

aqUlnOCtlal colure-The hour circle through 

the equinoxes. 

equlnoctial day—See sidereal day. 

equlnoctlal polrrt-See equinox. 

equlnocflal ayatam of coordlnalae- See 

celestial equator eyatem of coordlrsatea. 

aqulnoctlal yeer—See tropical year. 

equlnoctlal—See calestlal equstor. 

equhrox-One of the two points of intersection 

ot the ecfipt”c and the celestial equator, 

occupied by the Sun when its declination is OO. 

86 

Also called equlnoctlal point. Sae also 

autumnal equlrsox; mean aquhtox; 

vernal aqulnox. 

equlpotenllal ●urtace-A surtaoe having lhe 

same ptenlisl of gravity et every point, Also 

called level surface. See also gaold; OSOP; 

geopoterrllal aurlace. 

aqulecalar—A surface along whbh a scalar 

quantify has a constant vafue. 

equivalent focal lenglh—(JCS) The 

distance measured along the optical axis of the 

lens trom the rear nodal point 10 the plane of 

best average definition over the entire tiefd used 

in a camera. See also focal length. 

equivalent map projection—See equalarea 

map projection. 

aquhralent scale-The relationship which a 

small distance on a grephic bears to the 

mrresporrding distance on the Earth, expressed 

as an equivalence, such as 1 inch (on the 

graphic) equals 1 mile (on the ground). Also 

called verbal scale. 

equlvelenl vertical photograph—A 

theoretically, truly vertical photograph taken al 

the same camera station with a camara whose 

local length is equal to lhal 01 a camara taking a 

mrresponding tilted photograph. 

erasable opllcal disc (EOD)—A class of 

mmpact discs which allow users to rerecomf data 

onlo the disk. 

erect Image-An Image that appears upri9hi, 

or in lhe same ralatlve position as the object. 

arecllng telescope-An observer sees 

objacts right side up when Iooklng through an 

erecting telescope and upside down whan 

twking through an inverting telescope. The 

eyepiece In lhe optical syslem of an erecting 

teleswpe usually has four lenses, and the 

eyepiece in the opticel system of an inverling 

telescope has two lenses. See also Inverflng 

tefeacope. 

erratic error—An error caused by an 

incomplete element in an inatrumenf, such as 

backlash in a gear train. Sea also Instrument 

arror. 

error budgel—A correlated set of the

MIL-HDBK-850 

individual major error sourezw with the quantified 01 closure. See also Ilnear error of 

error or uncertainty which each mnlribules to a closure; relellve error of cloeure. 

total system eccwrscy or probable error. 

error of Colllmatlo*See cofllmstion 

●rror equstlort-The probability equation error. 

which expresses the laws of tha occurrence of 

random errors. This equation expresses the error of obsenuNlon-Thsr difference 

relafbnshlp between obsewed vafues, pfus first- between an obsewad vafue of a quantity and a 

order mrrecfion terms, and theoretical values. value sdopfsd as representing Ihe idesl or true 

The error squalksn Is the basis of the method of value of thaf quantity. 

least squares, used In me stljustment 01 

oteervalions for determining the most probable error of mn_(micmmeier) The difference, in 

vabe of a resuff from those observations. semnds of src, between fhe infemfed value of 

one turn Ot the micrometer screw and tfs actual 

error lntervef-See corsfldence Interval. value as determined by measuring the space 

between two adjacent Qradustbn marks of the 

●rror of closure-l. (general) The amount circle with the micmmeter. Atao called mn; mn 

by which a quantify obtsined by a serfes of of micrometer. 

related measurements differs from the true or 

fixed value of the same quantity. Also called error Oi survey-See error of closure, 

closlng erroc closure. 2. (angles) The definition 8. 

amount by which the actual sum 01 a series of 

angles fails to equal the theoretically eXaCf value error of the maan-See etandard error of 

of thaI sum. Afso celled engular error of the mean. 

closure. 3. (azimuth) The amount by which 

two values of the azimuth of a line, derived by 

dfierent Wrveys or alOmJ difterenl rOUtI?S, fail to 

error—1. 

Or ~m~ted 

The difference between an observed 

value Of a ~antify and the ideal or 

be exacfly equal to each other. Also called 

rsxlmuth “error of closurs. 4. (leveling)- The 

amoum by which two values of Ihe elevation of 

wua vaiue of that quanfffy. 2. An error is 

- generally classified es one of three types: (1) a 

blunder (mistake) which can be identified and 

the same bench mark, derived by dfflerent 

surveys or through different survey routes or by 

independent observations, fait to be exactly 

equal to each other. Abo called leVelln9 error 

mrrecled; (2) a systematic error, either mnstant 

or variable, which must be compensated foc 

ad (3) a random error, one of the class of small 

inaccuracies due to imparfecfions in equipment, 

of closura. See also clrcult cfosure. 5. surrountilng renditions, or human timitatione. 

(@) The error In the closure of a survey on 

itseff. Loops do not pmtecf egainst systematic 

errors in dietence msaaursment or blunders in 

See also ebeofute error; ectuel error; 

accumulative error: blunder; 

chronometer error; clrcult cloeure; 

starting poshbn or azimuth. Atso celled loop circular error; circular error probebfe; 

error of closure. 6. (horizon) ,The amount by circular near. cefiatnty error; circular 

which the sum of a series of adjacent measured atandsrd error; ctemplng erro~ 

horizontal angles around a point fails to equal 

exacfk 360”. Measurement of fhe Iaat angle of 

the StSr’lW is called Cioslng the horizon; abo 

collimation 

compeneatlng 

curved-path 

error; compees Index error; 

error; constent ●rror; 

error; sccentrlc erroC 

calied closure of horizon; horizon 

closure. 7. (triangfe) The arnmmf by which the 

errstlc 

emo~ 

error; 

gross 

external •rro~ graduation 

error; Index error; Inherited 

aum of Ihe three observed angles of a triangle 

faile to equsl exactly 180” pfus the spherical 

excess of tha triangle. Atso celled cloeure of 

triengle; triangle cloeure; triangle error 

of closure. 8. (fraverse) The amount by which 

error; trmtrument error; law of 

propagation of error; Ihteer erroc meen 

equare error: modulation error; netural 

error; near-certainty error; onhometrlc 

error: paraf Iacf Ic error; perf odlc errora; 

a value of the posltbn of a fraverse statbn, as 

obtained by computation Ihrough a !raverae, 

falls to agree wffh another vaiue of tha same 

statbn as determined by a dltferent sat of 

observations or mules of survey. Also called 

personal arror; pointing error; posltlonel 

efror; principal-distance ●rror; principal. 

point error; prlsmsstic error; probable 

error; random error; residual error; 

resuttant error; scale error; ●hade error; 

cloeure of treverse; error of eurvey; 

standard error; syetemetlc error; 

horizontal closure error; traveree error thaoretlcal error. 

87

I 

escape and evasion graphic—A map, 

chart or other graphc, usually produced on a 

l@rtweighl durabla material, apaciikally 

designed to @fe personnel to safety from 

enemy trefd tsirrilory. 

●atabllahmsmt of tha port-Tfre average 

Iraervel between uppar and bwer kmar franail 

naar tiie of new and full Moon and the next 

hfgh water. Also called common 

esrtabllshment; high watar tull and 

change: vulgar eatabllshmant. See also 

Iunltidal Interval. 

eatabllshment—See Iunltidal Interval. 

etch ellp-A pencil-shaped abrasive used in 

removiq unwanted marks on a metal 

preaaplate. Also called anakeallp. 

etchad zinc plata-An etched copy 01 Ihe 

mntour drawing of the base map, used aa Ihe 

guide in cutting the stepped Ierrain base of a 

model for making relief models. 

Mli-HDBK~650 

tstckl. To remove selected areas of the 

emulsion eiihpr che,micalty or manually. 2. 

Chemical treatment of a lithographic plate to 

make ncrnprfntlng areas grease-repellent and 

water-receptive or 10 produce the image on 

deep etch plates. 3. An acid solution mixed with 

the dampening fountain water on an offset 

press to help control ink on tha pressplale. 

Euler”a equation-A relation in a parebolic 

orbit Involvlng IWO radius vectors, their chord, 

and the time Interval between tham. 

Euler% thaoram-A mathematical expression 

to obtain the radius of curvature of a normal 

section in any azimuth on the reference 

ellipsoid. The czlrnulh angle, and the radius of 

curvature in the meridian and in the prime 

vertlml must be known, 

EulerIan anglea-A system of three angles 

which uniqualy dafkses wllh reference to one 

coordinate system (e.g. Earth axis) the 

orientation of a secand coordinate system (e.g. 

the axis of an orbff). 

Europaan datum-The Initial point of this 

system Is located at Potadam, Germany. 

Numerous national systams have been joined 

Info a large dalum based upon the International 

elllpsold which was ortented by fhe 

astrogaodelic method. The European and 

88 

African triangulation chains have bean 

connected and the gap of the Afrfcan am 

rnaasuremem from Csiro to Cape Town has 

been filled. Thus, all of Eurupa, south Afrka, 

and North Africa are rmaldad into one system. 

Through comrrmn survey stations, If wae also 

possible to convert data from the Russian 

Pulkovo 1932 system 10 the Europaan datum 

and, ae a result, tha Eumpaan dafum irvSudea 

triangulation as far aast as the 84ih mer’tiin. 

Adddbflal lies Suross the Middle Eaat heva 

permitted connedlon of the Itilan and 

Europaan datums. Sea also prefarred 

datum. 

evectlon—A perturbation of the Moon in its 

orbu due to the attraction of the Sun. This 

reaufte in an increase in the eccentricity of the 

Moon’s orbii when the Sun passes the Moon’s 

Ilne of apsldas and a decrease when 

perpendicular to it. See alee lunar Inaquellt y, 

definition 1. 

Evereai spheroid (elllpaold)—A referance 


dimensions: semimajor axis-6,377,276.3 

meters: flattening or etlipticity—1/300 .80. Used 

in India, Burma, Pakistan, Laos, Cambodia, 

Thailand, and Vietnam, 

exaggerated aterao—See hyperatareoscopy. 

exlatent corner—A corner whose position 

can be identified by verifyi~ the evic!emce of Ihe 

monument or its accessories, by refereffie to 

the description that k conlalned in the field 

notes; or whare the point can be bcated by an 

acceptable supplemental survey remrd, some 

physical evidence, or Ieslimony. 

extstlng data-Source material antior 

krforrnatwn assumed or krrewn to be in the 

possession of a gtien source ard subject to 

“elf-shel~ collection, as In mntraal to data 

obtained by operational field surveys. 

exit puplf-The image of the aperture @op 

Iorrnad by all the lens elaments on the image 

side of the aptmure stop. 

exit window—The image of fhe field stop 

formed by ali the lens elements on the image 

side of fhe field slop. 

exmarldlan altitude-An altltude of a 

celestial body near the celestial meridian of the 

observer to which a cerrect!!n is to be applied to

I 

I 

I 

! 

determhre the meridian attitude. 

●xmorldlan observation-Measurement of 

the attitude ot a celestial body near the celestial 

merfdian of the obsenfer, tor conversion lo a 

meridan altitude; or the altiiude ao measured, 

●xperfence radar predlcllon—Tfr e 

determination of size, shape, and relative 

intensity of radar returns and a determination of 

radar shadow and nc-retum araas based 

prtmartty on the radar knowledge and 

experience of the individual making the 

prediction rather Ihan on proven formulas, 

power tables, or graphs. Also called artwork 

prediction. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

experimental map—A sample of a new map 

product prepared either 10 obfain user approval 

of the adequacy of rmntenl and symbolization or 

to dkclose any problems which may occur in the 

various production stages. Also called 

prototype. See also pilot ahael. 

eXXpt~~O~ll-The difference belween an angle 

exfMoltatlon—The process ,of. obtaining usable 

data lrom imagery. 

exploratory survey-A survey executed for 

the purpose of obtaining general Information 

Corcernhrg areas about which such inlormalion 

Is not a maner of record, 

exposure Interval-The time required 

behveen successive ex~sures of a series of 

photographs for the purpose ot obtaining 

dasirad forward lap. 

exposure etatlon—See alr etatlon. 

l-number—See relative aperture. 

fats-l. (Imagefy) The ernulsbn side of a 

negative or layout plate, or the printing surface 

of a plate. 2. (topology) A fwo-dimensional 

topological entity defined as an undivided are 

surrounded by topofoglcaf e~es representing 

all or pan of the exlenf of a feature or of an 

attributed area. 

Iacslmllo chart-see modlfled lacslmlle 

char!. 

Iectored transparency—A system of radar 

aimulafion which utilizes a pair of phonographic 

imaoes on a glass plate or plates to store 

topogmphkc and radar reflection data. The dala 

ara scanned by a ffyingspot scanner cathoderay 

lube, and the density of the imagas is read 

by two photornuff@ier tubas. The two planar 

dimensions of the two images are lhe x- and ydimensiorre 

of the Iopgraph’k and reflectance 

data respacffvely. The danetfies of the 

reflectance imeges are used to store the intrinsic 

strength of radar lar~el. reflectance. The images 

are idamical in ttreir x- srrd y-values but 

separated In one dimension by the optical 

spacing of fhe dual raadoul system. Also catted 

land mass simulator plate. 

factory acceptance test (FAT)-A formal 

teat of the eystem under procurement in the 

rrumufaclura

I 

I -.. 

I 

measurements ob!ainad by echo aoundksg 

equipment. Alao called echogram. 

fat horn curve-se a daplh contour. 

fathom llna-See depth contour. 

Fathometer—A trade name for an echo 

aoundar. 

Fssye ●nomaly—Sac free.alr anomaly. 

Faye correctiort-See free-air correction. 

‘ibiL-tibBK-850 

featheradglng-1. (cartography) The 

technique of progressively dropping contours, to 

avoid congestion on ataep slopss, and taparfng 

ihe fine weight near the end of the contour to be 

dropped, Aleo called leelherlng, 2. 

(photormaabklng) The thinning of overlapping 

edges of photographs bafore assembling into a 

mosaic in order to rnaka match fiiaa lass 

nolicaable. Whan ovarlepplng edges are 

Iealhared, shadows and sharp changes In 

mmraaf are reduced or eliminated. Also called 

feathering. 

feathering—See teatheredglng. 

Feelure ●nd Attribute Coding Catalog 

(FACC)—DMA Glossary which contains the 

Feature and Attribute Coding Standard (a 

nmdiiisatbn Of DMA’s FACS), See 

Faature/Attribute Coding Standard. 

Feature Extrectlon Segment (FE/S)—A 

segment of DMAa MARK S5 which implememe 

a mrn~ter suppmtad, analytical steraoplotter 

system capable of extracting Iaature data. This 

segment intagratea, on a sfngle system, all ot 

Iha varbus Stapa involved in the mostly manual 

feature extraction process prior to DPS. See 

alao MARK 8s; Dlgltal ProductIon 

System. 

feature analyals codo (FAC) number-A 

unique number (usually sequential) assigned to 

each area or Ieature ce.rfraved on the feature 

manuscr@ arm used iO rel~te Iealtire aislysis 

data @da (FADTJ information to the digital 

information which portrays the shape 01 the 

feature. See also faature analyala data 

table. 

feature erralyala deta table (FADT)—A 

tabfe mntaining the teature anafyais rmde 

numbers and the numeric codes whkh 

, 

represent the physical characferfstka of features 

aelecfed for portrayal. Sea also feature 

analyala coda (FAC) number. 

taature analyala-The process of locating, 

examining, and classifying the physiml 

characferiatka of cuftural Ieatures on the earth% 

surface. 

faeture attrlbuta-A property of a feature. 

faature claaa-A aet of teaturee ahartng a 

mnsistem set ot attribute types. A leature ctass 

Is irr’@ememed by using a set of tablee that 

Includes at least one primitive table and al least 

one attribute table. A feature class has fhe 

same columns (aftrfbule types) ot attribute 

irrforrnatbn tor each teature. Cfasses o! Ieatures 

are creatad in order to allow the rafational model 

10 oparala on them as sals. Every feature cfaas 

has one and only one feature tSble. 

feature coda-A unique identifier assigned to 

a feature. 

teature extraction—The arf of extracting and 

classifying features mntained in an image. 

teature Identl?lcation data (FID)- 

Intormation pertaining to the classification of a 

teature as to kind, tunction, and deacriptiin, 

e.g., heavy fabricaflon Industry wfth aaw-toelh 

roof; fruss bridge; powerfine pylon, etc. Each 

classification has a unique feature ktentfiication 

coda. See also featura anelyala data 

table, Iaatura enalysia code; featura 

analyals. 

faatura table—A table made up of the 

primary-keyed rows ot the features in a laature 

class. These rows mliecfively form the feature 

fable for that feafure class. 

Ieature typa-A classification of featuras into 

three categories: (1) poim of faatura-an objea 

whose location can be dascribed by a alngle set 

of coorcWmtee; (2) Iinaar (or Iinas) taaturaporfrayed 

by a line that does nol repraserrf an 

area; (3) areal fealura-a topographic feature, 

such as sand, swamp, vegetation, etc., which 

axtends over an area or in digital mapping any 

area encbsad by a delirrdfing Iina thaf has any 

unique characteristic, a,g., induafriaf araa, forest, 

residential area, etc. Feature type is thus an 

attribute defining ffse fopologic proparry of a 

feature (poinf, fine, or area). 

feature. oriented-A term used to describa 

92

.. . . . 

MIL-HDBK-850 

the approach Ior ertccxfing geographic entities in 

which a series of Inferrelstad geographic objects 

are organized Info e network-like struclure of 

data and pradefinad relalionahips. 

Ferstsrre/Attribute Coding Standard 

(FACS)-DMA standard for assigning fea!WeS, 

affribufas, values, and relationships lo all digital 

enflfies under the Oiiffaf Pmducfion System. 

See also Feature and Affrlbuta Coding 

Catalog. 

taature-A aat of phanomena with mmmon 

attributes and relatbnships. Tha concept of 

feature encompsssee both entity and object. 

See also Primary row. 

Fadaral Inforntatlon Proceaahrg 

Standarda (FIPS)-Wtcial source within the 

Federal Government for information processing 

standards. FIPS are developed by the fnsfitufe 

for Computer Sciences and Technology at the 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

(NIST, formerfy called the National Bureau of 

Standards). 

fait aids-The top or smooth aide of paper 

-. thal is.confacfed by the feff bafl tor. ex!racfion of 

moisture during manufacture. This is the correct 

aide ot the papar for printing. 

fence-1. A line of readouf or tracking stations 

for pickup of signals from an orbtting satellite. 2. 

A fine or network of radar or radio stations for 

detectbn of a satellite in orbit. 

farmantlng dough thaory—See Pratt- 

Hayford theory of Iaostasy. 

ferrotyp%To burnish photographic prints by 

aqueegeeirrg wet upon a japanned sheel of iron 

or stainless plate and allowing to dry. This 

produces a harder, glossier surface on the 

photogr~hic print. 

fiber optlca-A device for relaying an image 

by means of a fa~e number of transparent 

fibers (tifements) by multiple total internal 

reflection. The fibara are moat sommonfy glass 

and less often a highly transparent plastic. Each 

fiber carries only one clement of the Image, so 

thaf lhe image is a mosaic in which fhe cell size 

la the tiir cross aectbn rather Ihan a 

continuous picture. 

flcflttous equsstor-A reterence Iina serving 

as the origin for measurement of fictitious 

Iatilude. 

flctltloua gratlcule-The nehvo~ of fines 

rapresanting fictitious parallels and fictftbua 

meridlana on a map or chart. Ssa also obllque 

gratlcula; tranavaraa grstlculo. 

flctltioua lafffude-Angular distance fmm a 

fictitious equator. ft may be called transverse, 

oblique, or grid Iattfude dapetii~ upon ihe 

type of fictitious equator. 

flctltloua longltudeThe arc of Ifcfftious 

equator between the prime fkfifiiua nsarfdian 

and any gfven Ilclffbus mertdian. It may be 

called tranaveraa, obllque, or grid 

Iongltude depending upon the type of Iiiltkxs 

meridian. 

!Ictltloua loxodroma—See flclltlous 

rhumb llne. 

flctltloua Ioxodromlc curve-See flctltloua 

rhumb Ilne. 

flctltloua marldlan-One of a series of great 

circles or fines used In place of a merfdlan for 

certain purposes. It may be called tranaverae, 

oblique, or grid meridian dapand!ng upon 

fhe type of fictitious meridian. See also prime 

flctitloua marldlan. 

flctltloua parallef-A circle or fine parallel to a 

fictitious equator, connecting all points of equal 

fiti!tious latitude. It may be cal lad tranavaraa, 

obllqua, or grid pamllal dePendin9 uPon the 

fype of ficfitlous equator. 

flctltloua pole-One of the two points 90” 

from a fbtffiOus equator. tt may be called 

transverse or obllqua pole depending upon 

the ty~ of fictitious eqUaIOr. 

flctltloua rhumb llrre-A line making the 

same obfique angle with all ficfifiius maridiina. 

It may be callad tranaveree, obllque, or grid 

rhumb Ilne depending upon the type of 

fictit’kws meridan. Also called flcfltloua 

Ioxodroma; flctltioue loxodromlc curve. 

flctltlous sun—A ticflfbus point termed the 

mean sun, which is imagined 10 move at a 

uniform rate along the Equator. Ifs mte of 

motion being such fhaf If makes one apparent 

ravolulbn around the Earth In the same !ima ae 

the actual Sun-ftIaf is, in 1 yaar. 

93 

flctltloua yaer—The period barween

auccasswe returns of the Sun to a sidereal hour 

angle of 80” (about Jatwary 1). The length of 

tha Wfltkxrs year Is the aama as thal 01 the 

tropical yaar, since both are based upon Iha 

position of the Sun with respacl to the vernal 

equinox. Aleo called Beaaellan year. 

flctitloue-in cartography, pertaining to or 

measured from an arbitrary reference line. 

fldellty—Tha degree with which a eystem 

arxarralely reproduces the dala input into il. 

fiducial asrea-The lines joining opposite 

fiducial msrlca on a photograph, The x-asis is 

generally considered 10 be the one nearfy 

parallel with the line of ffiiht. 

fldr.rclel mark(e+l. (surveying) An index line 

or point. A line or point used SS a basis of 

reference. 2. (JCS) (pholegrammetry) See 

Colilmatlng marke. 3. Also, markers in any 

instrument which detine the axes wfrose 

infarsecfion fixes the principal point of a 

photograph and tulfills the requirements of 

interior orfemation. 

field callbratlorr-A term generally applied 

where only a corrrbhalion of fietd and office 

wmputar techniques are available 10 check 

instrument accuracy. Adjustments, other than 

normal operator adjustments, cannot be made 

during field calibration. 

field check-The operation of checking a map 

compilation manuscript on the ground. See also 

field clesalficstlon. 

field claeelflcatlon-Field inspection and 

idenfifiition of faaturas which a map compiler b 

unable to delineate: identification and 

deiinaatlon of pofitical boundary lines, place 

namaa, road ciassitications, buildings hidden by 

trees, and so forth. Fietd classification may be 

Included aa pan of Iha comrol survey efiort snd 

Mrmslly la wmplemd prior to tha actual 

stereocompilation phasa. See SISO field 

Inapectlon. 

flald comparator-A shori Iina whose length 

is measured with accuracy and precision, and is 

used to check tha lengths of apparatus (tapes) 

used in tha actual Siald operations. Also callad 

calibration couraa; comparator base. 

fiald completion-A combination of field 

Inspections or surveys, either bafore or arter 

armpilation, to classify and mmplete the map 

MIL-HDBK-850 

content, correct erroneous data, and add 

intormetion such es names, civil boundaries, 

and similar classifiialion data. its Wrpxe is to 

till in or confirm that portion of a map manuscript 

prepared by atareocompilstion. 

tleld contouring-Contourirrg a topography 

map by field methods accomptishad by 

planeteble surveys on a prepared base or by 

stadla survey. Ganerally, this operation applies 

to tarrain unsuitable for contouring by 

phologrammetric methods. Also used in limited 

areae when engineering dasign (drainage) 

raquiras 1-foot contours. Sea also contour 

aketchlng. 

field control-(JCS) A series of points whose 

relalive positions and elevalbns are kmwn. 

These ~sifions are used in basic data in 

mapping and charting. Normal~, these positions 

ara established by sufvay mathods and are 

sometimes referred to as trig control or 

trlgonomatrlcal net (work). See also 

common control (srsllleW); control 

point; ground control. 

flald corractlon copy—A map or lracing 

prepared in the field, delineating CU@C@rS for 

subsequent reproduction of a’ tip. 

Ilald correction—Adjustments made to field 

measuramenls, such as angies or distances, 10 

correct for geometric or iength dkcrapancias. 

field elevatlon—An elevation taken trom the 

fiaid computation of a Iina of Ievals. 

flald lnspecllon—The process of comparing 

aerial photographs with conditions ae lhay exist 

on the ground, and of obtaining informatbn to 

supplement or Clartiy that which is not raadily 

discernible on the photographs themselves. 

Also catted classlflcatlon aunrey. 

field lntenalty—See field strength. 

flald of view—(JCS) In photography, lhe 

angla between two rays passing lhrough Ihe 

perspective center (rear nodal point) Or a 

camera ians to the two opposite sides of the 

Iormal. Not to be cxmlusad with angla of 

viaw. See also engia of view. 

Ileld poaitlon—A position computed while 

field work is in progress to determine the 

acceplabliily of the observations or 10 prov”kkea 

preliminary poshion for other purpsee, 

94

. .. . . . . . . 

field shaat-The hydrographer’s or 

topogmphers work sheet: if presents s graphis 

display of all surface and subsurface teatures in 

the area being surveyed. See also boat 

sheet. 

Nold stfsndardlxatlon of tspe-Th e 

mwrrparbon 01 the ferrgth of a laps to be used 

for survey meaauremenfs with the length of a 

standard tape, 10 determine the hue Ienglh of 

Ihe former. 

field afop-The physical element (such as a 

afop, diaphragm, or fens periphery) of an optical 

syslem whish limits the field of view severed by 

the system. See also eperture stop. 

field strength-For any physical field, lhe flux 

density, intensity, or gradient of the field al the 

point in question. Also called flsld Intensity. 

flsld—An individual dats element. In an 

attribute table, a field is a single attribute value 

of e single emny. 

figure adjustment—(survey ing) The 

,- . . . adjustment of a single chain of Iriangles made . 

!O satisfy the requirement lhal the sum of the 

anales in each trianole eauals 180°. and in the 

sa~e of a quadrileta;al that the sum of lhe 

ar@es equal 360”. An office computation, 

figure of the Eaflh-See gaold. 

fllar micrometer—A device at!ached to a 

telescmpe or micraasope, consisting of a wire 

thread (filament) connacfad with a screw in such 

manner that as Ihe screw Is tumad, the wire 

moves through a continuous succession of 

parallel positions, all in the Iasal plane of the 

instnsmanl 

fne structuring-The logical form of a file that 

results from applying a particular file organization 

end layout to a group of records. 

film beae-A Ihin, flexible, transparent sheet 

of stable pfaefic material to which a lightaensitive 

emulsion may be appliad. 

film distortion-The dimensional changes 

which occur In photographic film with changes in 

humidity or temperature, or from aging, 

handling, or other causes, 

film mosaic—See panel bese, 

MIL-HDBK-850 

film negalltra-See negative, definition 1. 

fIIIII positive-see posltlvs, datinition 1. 

film tltllng—See tltllng. 

film—A film base whkh Is mated wtih a Iiiht 

aenslfive emulsbn for usa in a camera or 

printing frame. See alao aerlsl film; 

autoacrean film; cartographic fllnf: 

Infrared film; Stable-base film; Strip film; 

tOpOgr8phlC bese film. 

fllterhrg—The removal of serfaln speofrel or 

spalial frequencies ia enhance featurea In the 

remaining Image. 

filter-Any transparent meterkd whmh, by 

absorption, selectively modifies fhe light 

transmitted through an optkaf system. 

final composlt~A mmposile of the prlnclpal 

color separations made after all sorrectbns have 

been compleled. 

FIR EFINDER Operational Data B8r3e 

(FODB)-Digftized triaxial coordinates collected 

on the preferred datum (usually WGS B4) at 12S 

meter pest spacing within 100 by 12.5 km araas. 

Values are collected kern DTED and 

transformed to UTM coordinates, w~h varticel 

values assigned wilhin 256 elevation bands 

defined between minimum and maximum 

values occurring in the area, Source tapes are a 

soecial-ouroose DMA DmdUCl that reouire 

dibbing’ onto field cas6effes priar to use by the 

FIREFiNDER ava!em. The FIREFINDER omvides 

hgh spaed w“rnpufalion 01 mortar and fjefd 

artillery firing positions from radar Intercepts of 

projectile trajectories. 

flrlng charl-(JCS) Map, photomap, or grid 

sheet showing the relative horizontal and verfkal 

positions of batleries, base poims, baae point 

lines, check points, targets, and other details 

needed in preparing firing data. 

ftrat approximation chart-See hlstorlcsl 

chart. 

first of Aries—See first point of Aries; 

vernai equinox. 

first pofnt of Arlee- Alea called first of 

Ariee. See varnal equinox. 

“95

flret point of Canca-Se e summer 

aolstlcs, definition 1. 

. . . . 

firer polnf of Caprlcornus-S e e winter 

eolatlce, definition 1. 

first point of Libra-See aut urn nal 

equhtox. 

flrat.order bench mark-A bench mark 

cmwsacled to the datum (usually mean sea 

level) by continuous Sirat-omfer leveling. 

flrsf-order levellng—Spklt leveling 

cordormlng to the specifications of the current 

‘Cfassiticalion, Standards of Accuracy and 

General Spectlications of Geodetic Control 

Survays.- Formerly known as preclaa leveling 

and IeVellng of high preclslon. 

Recommended for prfmary National Networks, 

es a basis for all subordinate elevation 

delemrinations, scientific studies such as cruslal 

rrxrvemerrt over la~e regions, extensive 

engineering projects such as hydroelectric 

dams. Such leveling generally includes the 

determination of geopotential values through 

simukanaoua gravity measurements. 

flrat-order lavel—A leveling instrument which 

mSats the 10lbwhtg Crftaria: (1) the sensit ivily 01 

the level bubble vial must be 10 of arc or less 

par dlvbion 012. mm: (2) the instrument must be 

mnslrucfed 01 bw expansbn metal to minimize 

lhe effeci of unequal heating; (3) the objective 

Ians must have an effective opening ot at Ieasl 

40 mm and a magnification of 40X. 

first.order traveres-A survey traverse which 

extends between adjusted positions of other 

first-order control surveys and conforms to the 

torrent specifications of firai-order traverse, per 

‘ClaaeifiiVwn, Standards ot Accuracy and 

General Specifications of Geodetic Control 

Sunfeys.. 

flret-order trlssngulatlon-First-order 

Viangidatbn was at one time known as primary 

trfangutetion; changed in 1921 to precise 

triangulation; arkj in 1925 to first-order 

trfangutatbn. These surveys contorm to the 

rxmenf “Ciaeaifiition, Standards of Accuracy 

and Genaral Specifications of Geodetic Conlrol 

Surveys. - Recommended for primary National 

Networke, as a basis for all subordinate surveys; 

metropolitan area surveys, where high value is 

attached 10 iend and Its fine of communication 

frontage: and in scientific studies, such as 

MIL-HDBK-850 

crustal movement and space expbralion. 

Iirat-ordar wortt-The designation given 

survey work of the hlghesl prescribed order of 

precision and accuracy. Such surveys were 

torrnerly tailed prlma~. 

Fischer etilpaold of 1960-A refarence 

ellipsoid with two primary uses. In the Merctny 

datum it has the approximate dimensions of 

semimajor axis-6,378,166.0 melere, and fhe 

llattenlng or etlfpticny-11288 .3. In the south 

Asia datum the semimajor axfa is 6,378,155.0 

meters, and the flattening or eitip’wtty la 1L?98.3. 

Fischer ievet-A dumpy iavet capable of firalordar 

ievefing. 

flxad elava!lon—An elevation which has 

been acbpled, either as a result of Me 

observatbns or previous adjustment of spirit 

leveling, and which is held at its accepted veiue 

in any subsequent adjustment. 

fixed posltlon—See adjuated poaitlon. 

rlxed saleillle—See synchronous 

satellite. ..- 

Uxed-length recorde-A compuler data 

element formal in which all retards have the 

same length. These records allow dhecf access 

without searching or indices. See also 

varlebie-length records. 

fixed-ratio pantograph—See pantograph. 

fixed-retlo projection printer-A dlaposftive 

printer having an optical syalem In which a fens 

is placed between the negative and the 

diapositive piate, the object and image 

distances being set al nominal values according 

to the iaws ot optics, but with freedom of 

adjustment wilhin narrow iimhs, to produce 

dlaposltives whosa acaie Is at a predatennlned 

ratie to the negative scale. 

tlxer network-(JCS) A comblnallon of radio 

or radsr direction finding Inetalietione whfch, 

operating in conjunction, are capabie of piotting 

the position relative to the ground of an aircratf 

In fright. 

fixing-The process of rendering a developed 

photographic image permanent by removing the 

unaffected iight-sensitive materiai. 

96

., .,. !,- 

fix—A relatively accurate posilion determined 

without reference to any former posilion, from 

terrestrial, electronic, or astronomic data Also, 

the poirxf Ihus established. 

flare triangulation-A method of 

friartgufafion In which ahrrtrltaneous observations 

are made on parachute flares. This method ia 

used for extendi~ triangulation over lines too 

bng Io be observed by ordinary methods. 

flash rspparatua-An auxUlaW apparatus 

used in timhxg a pendulum during obsen’aliona 

for intensity of gravity. 

ffaxrh plata-See callbraflon plate. 

flat model—Any spatial model which is 

capable of being leveled. See also warped 

model. 

flat stock-1. Charls or maps which are not 

folded and kept Ior filllng ollicial and sales 

orders. 2. Flat sheets of map paper as opposed 

to roll paper. 

flat tlnf screen-See dot screen. 

. . . . 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Instrument. 2. (steraoscopy) me alfemafe 

bllnking of the eyes and mentally com@ring Ihe 

appearance of images in a stereoscopic pair to 

determine diflererces between the two photos. 

flight altltuda-The verfkaf disfance above a 

givan datum, usuaUy mean sea level, of an 

aircraft in flight. 

IIlght block—An adjustable unit of 

photographic coverage cmrairdi~ of overfepping 

strips of phonography. A minimum size block 

consists of at least three overiappiig ffiiht atrips. 

flight cherf-See route chart, definition 2. 

fllght Information and alr facllltles 

data-Data concerning airfields and aeapfane 

atalions and retated information required for the 

operation of aircraft. 

fllght Ilne apaclrrg-The distance betwaen 

adjacent tracks in a series of parallel aerial 

photographic flight strips. 

fllght lhxa-(JCS) In air photographic 

reconnaissance, the prescribed ground pafh 

over which an air vehicle moves during, the , ., 

execution ot its crlroto miss”km. 

flattening (of the Earth)-The ratio of fhe 

difference between the equatorial and polar radii fllght map-A map on which ara indicated tha 

of the Earth (semimajor and semiminor axea of DroIJoaed Iines 01 Worst ancUor oosifions of 

the apharoid) to tts equatorial radius (semimajor 

axis). Alao called compreaeion; elllptlclty of 

the apharofd. See also eccenttlclty of 

alltpae: eccentricity or apharold of 

revolution; elllptlclty of elliprsa. 

flat—1. (Iiihography) An assembly of 

photographic negatives or positives on 

goldenrod papar or vinyl acetate tor contact 

exposure with a sensitized metal press plate 

May contain Ulustralbns as well as text. See 

also key flat; layout. 2. (photography) 

Lacking in contrast. 3. (optba) See opttcal 

flat. 

flexura-1. (pendulum) The banding of a 

ewinging pendulum, due to its lads of pertecf 

rfgidity. 2. (pendulum eupporf) The forced 

movament of a parrdulum aupporf caused by 

the mofion of ffre swinging pendulum. 

fllckar method—1. The alternate projection 

of corresponding photographic Imagas onto a 

tracing table platen or projection screen, or into 

fhe optical frain of a photogrammetric 

&x@sure stations. @fht data are piotred on the 

best available map 01 the area. Generally used 

[or planning purposes. 

fllght etrip-A succession of overlapping aerial 

photographs Iaken along a single murse. Atao 

called atrlp. 

fllpplng—The act of superimposing and 

mmparing identical areas of two overfapphxg 

vertical photographs as an aid in faylflg an 

unwntmlled mosaic. 

float gage—Any of tha tide or stream gages 

which prrrif direct reading of changes of water 

height by the action of a float, contained within 

a restricted pipe or channel, anached fo a 

gradua!ed tape or chain. 

floatlng llnes-(JCS) In phologrammetry, 

lines connecting the same two points 01 detail 

on each print of a alereo pair, used to determine 

whether or not the points are intervislble. The 

Iinas may be drawn directly onto the prints or 

superimposed by means of strips o? Iransparenf 

97

I 

material. 

floetlng mark+ photograrnmelry) A mark 

Sean as occupying a pxition in the lhreedlmensbnal 

apace formed by the stereoscopic 

fueion ot a pair of phonographs and used as a 

relerenca mark in examining or measuring the 

stereoscopic model. 

fbrsflng-(cartography) The technique of 

making mlntrr adjwstmenfs of delail In order to 

maintain fheir proper relative position. 

flood control mep-A special map, or set ot 

maps, designed for study and planning the 

control of areas subject to inundation. 

ftood lld~The porlion of the tide cycle 

between low water and the following high water 

Also called rlelng tide. 

flowllna-The slope axfandino from the 

heights abng the neatline to the model datum, 

at an angle no greater than 45°, to preclude 

forming the ptastic Sheet al a 90- angle al the 

nealline of a plastlc reliaf map. 

fluorescent maD-A Mao raoroducact wllh 

IIuorescem Ink or’ on fluorescern paper, “which” 

enables the user to read the map in darkness 

under uftraviole! light. 

flux-gato magnatomaler-An instrument 

desfgned 10 measure the Earth’s magnelic field, 

Also called saturabte raactor. 

ttuxmeter—An instrument for measuring the 

Intensify of a magnetic fiakf. 

fly levettng-Sae ftylng levels. 

fly-by mathod+aurveytng) A fechrdque 01 

dalerminlng approximate elevations where 

exlremefy rugged terrain is anmuntered. The 

principle Is tdenfical to the two-base method 

axcepf the roving barometers are air transpcmed 

and raad In tha aircraft as II passes on a level 

wtth the topographic feature whose elevIJtiOn is 

raquired. 

flylng Ievai.s-l. A Ieval line run at the close 

of a working day to check the resuffs of an 

extended line run In ona direction onfy. Longer 

etghts and fewer setups are used as Iha 

WfPoee ia Io delect We mislakes. Also Mlted 

fly levellng. 2. Level Ihras run with the 

engineer’s ordinary ieveling equlpmant but with 

MIL-HDBK-850 

a dislinctty bw order of accuracy. Enor of cbsure 

may be perhaps one fcmt (or mora) times the 

square rool of the diilarwe in miles. 

total langfh-A general term for the distance 

between the canter, vertex, or rear node of a 

lens (or tha vetiax of a mirror) ard fhe poinf al 

which the hnaga of an Inflnttefy distanf ob)act 

comas into critical focus. The term must be 

praceded by an adjective such ae “equlvatentor 

“calibrate~ 10 have a precise meanfng. Saa 

also back focal length; callbretad focal 

length; effacttve focat length; 

equivalent total length; nominal focal 

length. 

focal plane-(phonography) Tha plane, 

perpendicular to the axis of the lens in tijch 

images of points in the object fiekf of the tens 

are focused. 

focat point—See focus. 

focal range—See depth of focus. 

focal-plane ptala-A glass plate sat in Iha 

camera so that the surface away from tha lens 

.@incides with Jhe focal plane. Its purpose is 10 

posilwn the emulsion of the film in the focal 

plane when the film is physkelly pressed tnto 

contact with the glaas plala. Atso catled 

contact gtaaa; contact plate. 

focus-The point toward which rays of light 

converge 10 form an image after passinp 

through a fens. Ateo defined as the condition of 

sharpest imagery. Also called focal point; 

prlnclpal tocus. Sae also hyparfocat 

distance; eldereal focus. 

foldad opllcs—(phologrammetry) Any optical 

or Ians system containing rattecling cemponenfa 

which reducas Ihe physical length of a 

phonographic or sensing system, or changes the 

path of an optical sxis. 

foldlng vernier—A single vernier so 

conshucred and numbered that it may be read 

In aither dhection. 

fool-meter rod—A sladia rod, marked in fact 

and tanths on one side, and metara and 

hundredths on the other side, used to 

determina distances and elevations in one unit 

of measuramem and to check tham by readings 

in a difterent unit. 

force tunctlon-See potential. 

98

individual major error sources with the quarrfifled 

error or uncalainty which each contributes to a 

total system accrsracy or probable error. 

●rror ●queflo-The probability equation 

wtrbzh expresses the laws 01 the occurrence of 

random errors. This equation expresses the 

relatbnship between obsemed values, PIUS fketorder 

cxwredrnn terms, and theoretical vafues. 

The error equatimt ie the basis of the method of 

feast squares, used fn rhe adjustment o! 

obeewalions for detarminirrQ lha most probable 

vah.re of a resuft from those observations, 

error lntervaf-Sea confldance interval. 

error of cloeure-1. (general) The amount 

by which a quanftty oMainetY by a serfes of 

related measurements diffem from me true or 

fixed value of tha same quanffly. Also called 

clonlng error; closure. 2. (angles) The 

arneum by which lhe actual aum 01 a series of 

angles fails 10 equal the theoretically exact value 

of that sum. Also called angular error of 

cioeute. 3. (azimuth) The amount by which 

two va!ues of the azimuth of a line, derived by 

dtierent surveys or along ditferanl mutes, fail to 

be exactly equal 10 each other. Also called 

azimuth error of closure. 4. (leveling) The 

amoum by which rwo vatues of the elevation of 

the same bench mark, derived by difterem 

surveys or through diflarent survay routes or by 

independent observations, fail 10 be exacily 

equal 10 each olher. Also called levellng error 

01 cloaura. See alaa clrcult closure. 5. 

~loop) The error In lhe closure of a swvay on 

ttseff. Loops do nof pmtecf against systematic 

errors in dietenw measurement or blunders in 

starting posifbn or azimuth. Atao called foop 

error of cloeure. 6. (horizon) The amoum by 

which Ihe sum of a series of adjacent measured 

horfzomal anglas around a point falls to equal 

axactiy 360”. Meaauremarrf of the last angle of 

the series Is called cioalng tha horizon; also 

callad ctcxauro of horizon; horizon 

closure. 7. (triangie) The amount by which the 

sum of Ihe three observed angies of a lriangfe 

falls to ecpal exactly 1SO” ptus the spherical 

axcem of tha triangle. Atao callad closure of 

triangie; triangfe cioeure; triangle error 

of cfoaure. 8. (traverse) The amount by which 

a value of the positkm of a traverse station, as 

obtained by computation through a travarse, 

fails to agree with another vatue of tha same 

atatbn as determined by a different set of 

observations or mu!ea of survey. Also calied 

closure of traverse; error of survey; 

horizontal cloeure error; travarse error 

MIL-HDBK-850 

87 

of cloeure. See also Ilnaar error of 

ctoaure; reiative error ot ciosure. 

error of Collimation-See collimation 

error. 

error of Obaewatlon-The difference 

between an obsewed value of a quamity and a 

value adopted as representing the fdeai or true 

vaiue of that quantity. 

error of rurt-(micmmeter) The dfflerence, in 

eeconds of arc, between the infemMd vaiue of 

one tum of lhe micmmeter screw and ifs actual 

value as determined by maasuring tha spaca 

batwean two adjasant graduation ma~a of Ihe 

circle with the micrometer. Aieo calied mn; mn 

of micrometer. 

error of survey-See error of ciosure, 

cfetinition 8. 

arror of the maan-See standard error of 

the mean. 

error—1. The difference between an obearved 

or compuled vaiue of a quantify and Iha Idaai or 

true value of that quarrtffy. 2. An errer is 

genersliy ciasstfied as one of three types: (i) a 

blunder (mistake) which can be identified and 

corrected; (2) a systematic error, either constant 

or variable, which must be compensated foc 

and (3) a random error, one of the ctaas of small 

inaccuracies due 10 imperfections in equipment, 

surrounding condiiiona, or human fimifations. 

See aieo rsbsoiute error; actual erro~ 

accumulative error; biunder; 

chronometer error; Clrcult CIOSUrO; 

circular error; circular error probable: 

cfrcular near-cerfrxlnty error; circular 

standard error; clamplng error; 

collimation error; compass fndex error; 

compensating error; constant ●rror; 

curved-path srror; eccentric errori 

erratic error; extarnal srrofi gnsdueflon 

arror; gross error; Indax error; inherited 

error; Instrument srror; iaw of 

propagation of error; ilnear error; mean 

square error: moduiaflon error: natural 

arror; naar-cenafnty error; orthomefric 

error; parallactfc error; periodic errors: 

peraonaf error; pointing error; poslffonal 

error; principabdlafance error; prlnclpalpolnt 

error; prlsmafic error; probabie 

error; random error; reslduel error; 

resultant error; scafe error; shade error; 

standard arror; ●yetemsflc error; 

fheoretlcal error.

, 

’ 

escape and ovaaion g raphlc—A map, 

chart or olher graphic, usually produced on a 

f@rhveighi ckmb)e malarial, Spr3@Wally 

designed 10 guide personnel to safety from 

enemy held territory. 

●atrsbllsfrmerrt of tha porl-The average 

interval between upper and lower lunar fransif 

near fiia of new and full Moon and the naxt 

high waler. Ako called common 

esrtabllshment; high water full end 

CftSn!J@: vulgar eatabllahment. See alsm 

Iunllldal Interval. 

eetabllahment—Sae Iurtltldal Interval. 

etch ellp-A pencil-shaped abrasive used In 

rarrwving unwanlad marks on a metal 

presaplate. Also called enakeallp. 

etched zinc plat~An etched mpy of fhs 

Comour drawing of the basa map, used as the 

guide in cuffing the slepped ferrain base of a 

model for making relief models. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

etch-l. To rsmove selected areas of the 

emulsion either chemically or msnually. 2. 

ChemEal Ireatment of a Iithoorahic otate to 

make nonprin!lng areas grea~e-fepefienl and 

waler-receptive or to produce lhe image on 

deep atch @ales. 3. An acid solution mixed with 

fhe dampening fountain water on an offsef 

press to help mntrol ink on the pressplate, 

Euler’s equallofr-A relafion in a parabolic 

orbit Irrvofvlng two radius vectors, their chord, 

and the time interval between fhem. 

Euler”a theorem-A mathematical expression 

to obtain the radius of cuwalure of a normal 

aecfion in any azimuth on the reference 

elllpsold. The azimuth angle, and the radius of 

curvature In the rnarid!an and in the prime 

verilcal must be known. 

EulerIan anglesr-A system of three angles 

which uniquely defines with reference to one 

coordinate syetem (e.g. Earth as is) fhe 

orienlafion of a second coordinate system (e.g. 

the axis of an otblf). 

Europoan tfatum-The Inifial polrrf of fhk 

system Is located at PrMadam, Germany. 

Numarous national eystems have been joined 

Info a large datum based upon the International 

ellipsoid which was orlenfed by fhe 

astrogaodefic method. The European and 

88 

African triangulation chains have been 

COnneCfed and the gap of the Alrfcan am 

rnaaaurament from Cairo to Cape Town has 

been filled. Thus, all of Europa, south Africa, 

and Norfh Africa we molded into one system. 

Through comnmn survey stations, If was alSO 

possible to convert dafa from the Russian 

Pulkovo 1932 system to the European Afut’n 

and, as a resutf, tha European datum includes 

triangulation as far east as the 84th meridian. 

Addii”knal tiaa across tha Middla Eaat have 

permitted connection of fhe Indian and 

European dstums. See also preferred 

datum. 

evection—A perfurbafion of the Moon in ifs 

orbit due fo the attraction of fhe Sun. This 

resutts in an Increaae in the ecwrnlrtcity of the 

Moon% orbii when the Sun passas the Mmn’s 

line of apsldes and a decreasa when 

perpendicular 10 il. See also lunar Inequality, 

definition 1. 

Evaresf apherold (elllpaold)—A reference 


dimensions: semirnajor axis-6,377,276.3 

meters: flattening or ellipticity—1 /300.60. Used 

in India, Burma, Pakistan, Laos, Cambodia, 

Thailand, and Vietnam.. ~.. ---.= -- -. 

exaggerated stereo—See hyperatereoecopy. 

existent corner—A corner whose position 

can be identified by verifying the evidenoa of Ihe 

monumenf or its accessories, by raference to 

the description that Is contained In the field 

notas; or whera the pelnt can be bcated by an 

acceptable supplemental survey record, some 

phye’cal evidance, or testimony. 

exletlng data—Source material and/or 

information assumed or knewn to be in the 

possession of a gken source and subject to 

.ott-shel~ mllacfion, ea in comraaf to dafa 

obtained by operational field suweys. 

exlf pupil-The image of the aperture stop 

formed by aU the lens elements on the image 

side of the aperture stop. 

exit window-The Image of the field slop 

formed by ell the lens elemsnfs on the imege 

side of the field slop. 

exmerldlan aftltuda-An altitude of a 

celestial body near the celeetiaf meridian of fhe 

observer 10 which a correction is fo be apptied to

, 

1 

1 

determine the meridian altitude. 

●xmorldlan obaarvatlon-Measurement of 

the attitude of a celestial body near me celestial 

mertdiafl 01 the observer, for conversion to a 

mer’idan altitude; or the altitude so measured. 

●xperlanca radar pradlctlon—The 

determination of size, shape, and relative 

intensity of radar returns and a determination of 

radar shadow and no-ratum araas based 

primarily on the radar knowledge and 

experience of the Individual making the 

prediction ralher than on proven formulas, 

fmvver tables, or graphs. Also called artwork 

prediction. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

experimental map—A sample ot a new map 

product prepared either to obtain user approval 

of the adequacy of content and symbolization or 

to dkclose any problems which may occur in the 

various production stages. Also called 

prototypa. See also pilot sheet. 

explamanl—The difference between an angle 

and 360”. 

axploltatlon—The process of oblaining usaole 

data lrom imageV. 

exploratory suway—A survey execuled for 

the purpose of obtaining generat Information 

concerning areas about which such inlormalion 

is rrol a matter of rewrd. 

exposure Interval-The time required 

between successive exposures 01 a series of 

photographs for the purpose of obtaining 

dasired forward lap. 

exposure atatlon—See alr station. 

exposure tlm%The time during which a 

Iighf-sensitive material is subjected to the action 

Of light. 

●xpoaura-1. The total quanlity of fight 

received per unit area on a sansilized plate or 

tilm; may be expressed as the product of the 

Iighl intensity and the exposure time. 2. The act 

ot axposiW a Iigh!-sensitive material to a light 

source. 3. One individual picfure 01 a strip 01 

photographa, ueually called frame. 

extended color—See bleed. 

exlenalon of conlrol—Execution of 

89 

addfiional control from exiatlng control by any 

method. 

axtanalon—1. (surveying) See 

prolongation, 2, (photogrammetry) 

Extending existing cmlrol Irom a controlled area 

info an area wilhoq comrol. The term is usually 

ftsrlher qualified as horizontal or vetlical 

according to the primary purposa. Also called 

horizontal axtenalon; horizontal/vertical 

extension; vartlcal exfeneion. See also 

centilaver extenalon. 

exterior orientation—The determining 

(analytically or In a photogrammetric Inatrunrenf) 

of the position of the camera Stalin and the 

attitude of the taking camera al the Inefam of 

axpxiure. In stereoscopic Instrument practice, 

exterior orientation is divided into two patiS, 

relative and absolute orientat”bn. Also called 

outer orlantatlon. See also reeectlon, 

definition 3. 

exterior perepectlve center—See 

perapectlve center. 

exterior to e cuwa-Any area adjacent to a 

curve Iying toward ils Convax side, the area MI 

included wlfhin the circle of which the curve is 

pad of fhe circumference. 

external distance-The distence from the 

vertax O! a circular curve to the middle point of 

the curve. 

axternal arror—The repealability of a 

measurement with any condition extraneous to 

!ha measuring method itself changed; 

contrasted to internal error. See alao standard 

error. 

extra forealght-(leveling) The rod raading 

made at an inSttUmeM station In a fine of Ievek 

and on a leveling rod standing on a bench mark 

or another point not In the @XIflfWOUa WIe of 

levels. In spirit leveling fhere may be one or 

more extra foresight from a single instrument 

station or setup, but Ihere can be only one 

backsight and one foresight from any one 

instrument station. 

exfrapolatlon—The process of estimating the 

value of a quantity beyond the limits of krmwn 

values by assuming that the rate or system of 

change between the last few known vafues 

continues. 

eye baaa—See Interocular dlatance.

f.number—See ralatlve aperture. 

la-l. (imagery) The emulsbn side of a 

negative or faycul plate, or the prfrrting surface 

of a pfafe. 2. (topology) A two-dimensional 

to@ogical enfffy defined as an undivided are 

surrounded by topological edges represeming 

all or part of the extent of a feature or of an 

attributed area. 

tacslmllo chart-see modlflsrd facttlmlle 

chart. 

lrsctorad tranaparancy—A system of radar 

simulation which ufifizea a pair of phonographic 

ima9e6 on a glass pfate or plates to store 

topographic and radar reflection data. The data 

are scanned by e ffylng-spot scanner cathoderay 

lube, and the density of the images is read 

by two photomulfiifier tubes. The hvo planar 

dimensions of the two imagea are the x- and y- 

&lmenaiorra of the topography and reflectance 

data respectively. The dansifies of the 

reflectance images ara used to store fhe intrinsic 

strength of radar target rallectance. The images 

are identical in their x- end y-values but 

separated in one dimension by me optical 

spacing of the dual readout syslem. Also called 

land mass elmuialor plete. 

factory acceptance test (FAT)-A formal 

test of the system under pmwrament in the 

manufacturers envfmnmerrf In order to verify 

succeesfut pmducfion of hardware or Software. 

Recipient personnel witness lhe test to verify 

requirements and successful product generation 

before the system is shipped lo the recipiant. 

FAF block—A block of 1024 by 1024 pixels of 

image data. See also fast access fOrMal. 

fafflng tfda-See ebb tide. 

fallln#—The distance by which e rarulom line 

falls to fhe right or left of a comer on whch the 

tnse line IS too cbse. Usually the dhectbn of 

falling fa expressed m cardinal. 

falee bearing—The difference befween the 

true bearlno and the back bearinc! caused by 

the mnve~ence of maridiana, - 

fafae See Infrared. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

F 

false eesting-A value assigned to the orl@ 

of castings, in a grid cmrdinate system, to avoid 

the inmnvenience of using negative 

coordinates. See also grkt coordlnataa. 

falaa fix p~fSablllty-A stallsticat value or 

ratio which reflects the likelihood of a fafSe 

match ocasm”ng between Weeforsd digilal 

cartographic data and data or Imagery acquired 

by electronic aerial sensor eystama. See also 

Imege corralatlon; terrain contour 

matchkrg (TERCOM); terrain corralatlon. 

false horlzor+A line resembling the visible 

horfzon, but above or bafow ft. 

falsa norfhlng-A value assigned fo the origin 

of norfhh’rgs, in a grid coordinate system, to 

avoid the inconvenience of uairsg negalive 

coordinate. Sae also grid coordfnatea. 

falsa orlgln-(JCS) A fixed polm to the south 

and west of a grid zone from which grid 

distances are measured eastward and 

northward, See aleo grid orlg in. 

felee paraltax--(JCS) The apParent vetil=l 

displacamerrt of an object from its true posifiirr 

when viewed stereoscopically, due to movement 

ot the object ifseff as well as to change in the 

poinl of Observation. 

false atere*An Imaginary Impression of 

aleraoscopic relief. See also paeudoacopfc 

sferao. 

fan camera photography—(JCS] 

Phonography taken simultaneously by an 

assembly of three or more cameras, 

systematically installed at fised angles refatfve to 

each other so as to provide wide lateral 

coverage with overkpplng images. See also 

trlcemera photography. 

fan camara%(JCS) An assembly of three or 

more cameras systematically disposed at fixed 

angies relafive to each othar so as to provide 

wide lateral coverage with overlapping Imagas. 

fasf acceea formaf (FAF)-A filing scheme 

for breaking digital imagerf into smaller chunks 

of data. See also FAF block. 

fathogram—A graphic rsmrd of depth 

9“1

measurements obtained by echo sounding 

equipment. Also called echogram. 

fsthom curva-.See ctaplh contour. 

fathom llne-See depth contour. 

Fathometer—A trade name for an echo 

sounder. 

Faye ●nomaly-See fre-alr anomaly. 

Faye correcflon-See free-air eorractlon, 

MIL-HDBK-850 

featheredging—1. (cartography) The 

techniqua of prograsslvely dropping contours, to 

avoid congestion on steep slopes, and tapering 

the line we”ght near the end of the contour to be 

droppad. Alao called faatherlng. 2. 

(pholorrmaaiddng) The thinning of overlapping 

edoes of Dhotooralstrs befora aesemblino into a 

mc-saic In “order-to “make match lines les~ 

noticaabte. Wfsan ovarkpplrrg edges are 

feathered, shadows and sharp changes in 

contrast are reduced or eliminated. Also called 

feathering. 

isratherlrrg-See taatheredg}ng. 

Feeture ●nd Attribute Coding Catelog 

(FACC)—DMA Glossary which contains the 

Feature and Attribute Coding Standard (a 

modiiilbn o! DMA’s FACS). See 

Feaiure/Attribute Coding Standard. 

Feature ExtractIon Segmenf (FE/S)—A 

segment of DMA’s MARK S5 which Implement 

a mrrtpster supported, analfilcal slereoploffer 

system capable of extracting feature data. This 

segment integrates. on a alngle aystam, all of 

the various atepa “revolved in the mostly manual 

feature attraction pmcasa prior to DPS. Sae 

also MARK 85; Dlgltal ProductIon 

Sy*tem. 

feature ●nalyala code (f AC) number—A 

unque number (usually sequanfial) assigned to 

each area or feature portrayad on the feature 

manuacr@ ar-sl used to relata feature analyais 

data tabfa (FADT) information to the digital 

irsforn?dticn whkh partrays the shape of fhe 

feature. See also Iaature analyels data 

table. 

faature analyala data fable (FADT)-A 

tabfe containing the feature anatyais code 

numbers and the numeric codes which 

represent the physkal characferfstba of features 

selectad for portrayal. Sae afSO feature 

analyata code (FAC) number. 

feature analysla-The process of bcafing, 

examining, and classifying Ihe physkal 

characferfafica of cuffural features on the earlh’s 

surface. 

feature attrlbuW-A properly of a feature. 

faafure claee-A Sel of feafures eharfrrg a 

consistem set of affrlbute types. A feature class 

is irr@emerrted by using a aet 01 fablea that 

Includes at least one primitive tabte and al Iaast 

ona attribute fable. A feature class haa the 

same mhsmns (attribute types) of atfrfbufe 

Information Ior each Iaature. Cfasses of features 

are created in order to allow the relatkmal mdel 

to operata on fhem as sets. Every feature cfass 

has one and only ona feature table. 

faatura coda-A unique identifier assigned to 

a teature. 

feature extraction—The arf of exfracficg and 

classifying features contained in an image. 

feature Identlflcatlon data (FID)- 

Information pertaining to the dass~cation of a 

faature aa to kind, function, and dascrfptkrn, 

e.g., heavy tabricafion industry wfth saw-footh 

rool: lruss bridge; powerfhne pylon, etc. Each 

classification has a unique feature identification 

code. See also feat ura anal yala daf a 

table, faature analyala code; feature 

analyala. 

featura fable—A table mada up of the 

primary-keyed rows of the features in a feature 

class. These rows collectively form the feature 

table for that feature class. 

faature typ*A classification of features into 

three categories: (1) point of feature-an objea 

whose Iocariin can ba described by a single aet 

of coordinates; (2) linear (or lines) featue 

pomayed by a iine that doea nol represent an 

area: (3) areal feature-a topographic feature, 

such as sand, swamp, vegetation, etc., which 

extends over an area or in d~ifal mapping any 

area encbsad by a delimiting line that haa any 

unique characteristic, e.g., industrial area, forest, 

residential araa, etc. Faature fypa is thus an 

attribute dafining fhe topologic propady ,of a 

Ieature (point, fine, or area). 

92 

leature.oriented—A term used to describe

MIL-HDBK-850 

the approach for encoding geographic entities in 

which a series of Interrelated geographic objects 

are o~nlzed into a network-like structure of 

data and predefine relationships. 

Feature/Attribute Coding Standard 

(FACS)-DMA standard for assigning features, 

effribufes, values, and relationships 10 all digital 

errfifiea under the Dgiral Pmducfiin System. 

See also Feature end Attribute Coding 

Catalog. 

leeture-A set of phenomens with common 

attributes and relatb”nefsipe. The concept of 

feature encompasses both entity and object. 

See also Primary row. 

Fedaral Information Processing 

Standards (FIPS)-Official source within the 

Federal Government for information processing 

standards. FIPS are developed by the Institute 

for Computer ScierCes and Technology at the 

National Institute of Standards and Technobgy 

(NIST, formerfy called the National Bureau of 

Standards). 

feff nids-The top or smooth side o! paper 

thal is contacted by tha Ieff bell tor exlracfion 01 

moisture during manufacture, This is the correcf 

side of the paper tor printing. 

fence—1. A tine of readout or tracking slat ions 

for pickup of signals from an orbiting satellite. 2. 

A fine or network of radar or radio stations for 

detecfbn of a sateltile In orbit. 

fermenting dough theory—See Pratt. 

Hayford theory of Isostesy. 

lerrotype-To burnish photographic prints by 

equeegeaing WEI upon a japannad sheet of imn 

or stainless plale and allowing ro dry. This 

produces a harder, glossler surface on the 

photographic prinl. 

flbar optics-A device for relayirg an image 

by MSah5 of a large number of transparent 

fiiers (filaments) by rnuffiile total infernal 

raflecfion. The fibers are most comrnonfy glasa 

and less often a hlohlv transparent plastic. Each 

fiber carlas only orie clement of the image, so 

that the image is a mosaic in which the cell size 

is the fiir cross secfbn rather than a 

ccmtinuoua pklure. 

flcflfloue equator-A raferenca Iina sarvlng 

as the origin for measurement of fictitious 

Iatlfude. 

flctlfloua gratlculs-The nefwor% of fines 

representing ficflfious parellefs and flcfifbus 

meridians on a meP or chart. see also obllque 

graflcule; transferee gratlcule. 

flcfltloua latffude-Angular dlsfance from a 

tictilious equator. It may be celled trsnsvame, 

oblique, or grfd Iatituda depending uF9n the 

type 01 fictitious equator. 

flctltlous longltud~The arc of Iicrifioue 

aquator between tha prime fictitious rnerfdian 

and any given flcfifbus merfdian. II may be 

called transverse, oblique, or grid 

Iongltude depending upon tha type of fiiifiius 

meridian. 

Ilctitlous loxodrome—See fictitious 

rhumb line. 

flctltlous Ioxodromlc curve-See flctltloue 

rhumb llne. 

flctltloue merldlan-One of a series of great 

circles or fines used in place of a meridian for 

certain purposes. It may be called tranaverea, 

oblique, or grid meridian depending upon 

the type of fictitious meridian. See SSISoprime 

tlctltlous merldlan. 

flcftflous parallel—A circle or fine parallel to a 

fictitious equator, conrsecfing all points of squsl 

fictitious Iaiitude. II may be called Wansverae, 

OfSllqUe, or grid parallel depending upon the 

type of ficfitlous equator. 

flcfltioua pole-One of the two points 90” 

fmm a ficfltlous equator. tt may be celled 

tranaverae or obllqua pole depending upon 

the type of fictitious equator. 

tlctltlous rhumb llne-A line making the 

same oblique angle with all ficfifiius meridiirsa. 

It may be called traneveree, obllque, or grid 

rhumb line depending upon the type of 

fictitious meridian. Also cal~ed flcfltloua 

Ioxodrome; fictltloue Ioxodromlc curve. 

flctllloue eun—A ficfifbus point termed fhe 

maan sun, which is Imagined 10 move at a 

uniform rate along fhe Equator, ffs rate of 

motion being such thst If mSkeS one apparent 

revolution around the Earth In the same time as 

the actual Sun-that is, in 1 year. 

flctlfloua year—The period between 

93

successive returns of the Sun 10 a sidereal hour 

angle 0180” (about January 1). The length of 

the Iicflfkssa year Is the same as that of the 

tropisxsl year, since tmlh are based upm the 

posffiin ot \ha Sun whh respect to lha vernal 

equinox. Also called Beaeellan year. 

flcfltlouts-in cartography, pertaining to or 

measured from an arbdrary referetwe fine. 

fldellty-Tha degrea with which a system 

acxxrralely reproduces the data inpul into it. 

flduclssl exea-The lines pkrlng opposite 

fiducial martss on a photograph. The x-axis Is 

generally rmnaidered 10 lx the one nearfy 

parallel wifh the line of fflght. 

flduclal merk(s>l. (surveying) An index line 

or point. A line or point used as a basis of 

reference. 2. (JCS) (photogrammetry) See 

Collimetlng marks. 3. Also, markers in any 

instrument which deline the axes whose 

intersection fixes Ihe principal point of a 

phofogreph arsl fuffills the requirements of 

interfor orientation. 

field csrllbratlon-A term aenerallv aozdied 

where only e corrridrration of-field in-d Ott’ice 

computer techniques are available to check 

insfnsment accuracy. Adjustments, other than 

normal operator edius!ments, cannot be made 

during field calibration. 

field chack-lhe operation of checking a map 

compilation manuscript on the ground. See also 

flehl cleeslflcatlon. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

field claeelflcntlon-Field Inspection and 

idenfffiiation of features which a map compiler is 

unable to de fineate; identification and 

delineation of pofitcal lxsundary lines, place 

names, road classfficatkrns, buildings hidden by 

lrees, and so forth. Field classification may be 

Included aa parf of the OJnfrol survey efiorf and 

normally Ls completed prior to the actual 

slereocompilation phase, See also field 

Inapectlon. 

field comparator-A short line whose Iengfh 

b measured wiih accuracy and precision, and Is 

used to check the iengths of apparatus (tapes) 

used in the actual fieid operations. Also called 

calibration course; comparator beaa. 

field complation—A combination of fiefd 

inspections or surveys, either before or after 

compilation, to classify and fnmplefe the map 

content, correct erroneous date, end add 

Information such es names, civil boundaries, 

and similar classifiifion data. Its purpose is to 

fill in or confirm that portion of a map manuscript 

prepared by alareocompilation. 

Ileid contouring-Corrtouring a topographic 

map by field methods accomplished by 

planateble surveys on a prepared base or by 

stadia survey. Generaliy, this operation applies 

to Ierrain unsuitable for contouring by 

photogrammelric methods. Also used in limited 

areas when engineering design (drainage) 

requires 1-toot contours. See also contour 

aketchlng. 

field control-(JC S) A series of points whose 

relafive positions and efevatbns are known. 

These positions are usad in basic data in 

mapping and chariing. Normally, these positions 

ara established by survey malhods and are 

sometimes referred to as trig control or 

trigonometrical net (work). See also 

common control (arflllary); control 

pohrt; ground control. 

fiafd correction copy—A map or tracing 

prepared in the field, delineating corrections fOr 

subsequent reproduction of a map. 

field correcIlon—Adjustments made to field 

measurements, such as angles or distances, to 

correcl lor geometric or length discrepancies. 

field alevaUon-An elevation taken from the 

field computation of a line of levels, 

field lnapectlon—The process of comparing 

asrial photographs with condMcms as lhey exist 

on the grourxl, and of obtaining informatbn to 

supplement or clarity that which Is not readily 

discernible on the photographs themselves. 

Also called classlftcatlon survey. 

field lntenslty—See field strength. 

field of view—(JCS) in photography, the 

angle between two rays peasing through the 

perspective center (rear nodal palm) of a 

camera lens to the IWO oppmite sides of the 

format. Not to be can fused with angle of 

view. See also angla of view. 

field posltlon—A position computed while 

lie!d work is in progress to determine lhe 

acceplabifity of the observations or to provide a 

preliminary position for othar purposes. 

94

I 

Ileld shaat-The hydrographe~s or 

tof%rgmphers wwk sheet: if presents e graphic 

disptay of all surlace and subsurface tealures in 

the area being surveyed, See also tsoal 

sheet. 

field Stttndarcflxation of tapeThe 

Comparison of the kmgth of a tape to be used 

tor survey measurements with the length of a 

standard tape, to delerrrrlrre the true length of 

the former. 

ikald Mop-The @ysical element (such as a 

afop, diaphragm, or lens periphery) of an optical 

syalem which limits the field of view aoverad by 

the system. See also aperture atop. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Itlm negfrtlve-See negative, definition 1. 

film poeltlvs-see poaltlve, delinilkm 1. 

fflm tItllng-See tlttlng. 

film—A film base which Is mated wffh a fiiht 

sensiliva emulsion for use in a camera or 

printing frame. See also aerial film; 

autoacreen film; cartographic film: 

Infrared film; Sfable-baae fnm; elrlp film; 

topographic basa film. 

fllterlng—The removal of certain spectral or 

spatial frequencies to enhance features In the 

remalnlng Image. 

fiald atrangth—For any physical field, Ihe ffux. fi)iar~ny transparent material which, by 

densffy, intensity, or gradient of the field al the absorption, selacfively modlflas the light 

point in question, Also called fletd Intensity. transmlfted through an optfcal system. 

field—An individual data element. In an 

attribute table, a field is a single attribute value 

of a single entfiy. 

figure adjustment—(survey ing) The 

adjustment o! a single chain of triangles made 

to satisfy the requirement that me sum of me 

angles in each triangle equals 180”, and in !he 

case of a quadrilateral that lhe sum of the 

ar@es equal 360°. An office computation. 

figure of the Earth-See geold. 

flfar m lcrometer—A device attached to a 

telescope or microsmpe, consisting of a wire 

lhraed (fitamerrl) connected with a screw in such 

manner that as the Xrew is turned, the wire 

moves through a continuous succession of 

parallel positions, all in the focal plane of Ihe 

Instrument 

ftle structurh’rg-The logical form of a file that 

results from applying a particular file organization 

and fayout 10 a group of records. 

film bnee-A thin, flexible, transparent sheet 

of stabie plastic materiel to which a lighlsensifib’e 

emulsion may be applied. 

fllnt dlatorZlon-The dimensional changes 

which occur In photographic film wifh changes in 

humkfiiy or famperature, or from aging, 

handling, or other causes. 

film moselc—See panel base. 

flnaf compoalte-A conzposhe of the pdncfpal 

color separations made after all mrrectbns have 

been completed. 

FIR EFINDER Operational Date Base 

(FODB)-Digitized trisxiel coordinates collected 

on the preferred datum (usually WGS S4) at 125 

meter post spacing within 100 by 125 km araas. 

Values are mllecfed from DTED and 

transformed to UTM coordinates, with vartk.sl 

values assigned wtihin 256 elevation bands 

dafined between minimum and maximum 

values occurring in the area. Soume mpee are a 

special-purpose DMA producf Ihaf require 

dubbing onto field cassetfas prfor to use by fhe 

FIREFINDER system. The FIREFINDER provides 

high speed compufalion of mortar and field 

ariillery firing positicns from radar lnte~apfs of 

projacWe trajectories. 

firing charf-(JCS) Map, photomap, or grid 

sheet showing the relative horizontal and vertical 

positions of batteries, base points, baae point 

lines, check points, targets, and other details 

needed in praparing firing data. 

flrat approximation charf-See hletorlcel 

chart. 

flrat of Aries—See first point of Aries; 

vernal equinox. 

first point of Arlea- Also called flraf of 

Arlea. See vernal equinox. 

95

flrot polnf of Cancer-See summer 

eoleflce, definition 1. 

flref point of Ceprtcornus-See winter 

eolstlce, definition 1. 

first point of Llbre-See autumnal 

equinox. 

flraf.ordar bench mark-A bench mark 

mnneded to [ha datum (Usually mean saa 

Ievef) by continuous first-order levell~. 

flret-order lovellng—Spirit Ievatlng 

Conforming to the speciilcstlona of the current 

‘Cleeaifkafiin, Standards of Accuracy and 


Surveys; Formerly known as preclae Ievallng 

and Iavellng of high preCISlOn. 

Recommended lor primaty Nationsl Nerworlm, 

as a basis for all subordinate elevation 

determlnafions, scientific studies such as cruslal 

movemanf over large regions, extensive 

engineering projects such as hydroelectric 

dams. Such leveling generally includes the 

determination of geopotenlial values through 

simu!4ane0us gravity measurements. 

flrsd-order level—A leveling inatrumenl which 

meate the folbwing Crfterta: (1) tha Sensilivit y 01 

the level bubble vial must be 10“ of arc or less 

per division of 2 mm: (2) the instrument must be 

wnstrucfed of bw expsnsbn metal 10 minjmlze 

lhe effect of unequal heating; (3) the objective 

lens must have an effective opening of at least 

40 mm and a magnification of 40X, 

first.ordar travarse-A survey traverse which 

extends between ad@sted positions of olher 

first-order control surveys and conforms to the 

crmenf spesiflzafions of first-order traverse, per 

“Cfessifiition, Standamb of Amuracy and 

General Specffbstions of Geodetic Control 

Surveys. - 

flraf-order triangulation—First-order 

trianguladcn was at one time known as primery 

trlangutatlon: changed in 1921 to preciee 

triangulation; and In 1925 to first-order 

Irfangulalion. Theee surveys contorm to the 

current ‘Claeetfiition, Standards of Accuracy 

and Ganeral Specifications of GecdeW Cormol 

Surveys.” Racummended for primary National 

Networks, aa a basis for all subotilnate surveys; 

metropolitan area survey:, where high value is 

attached 10 land and Ifs hne of communication 

frontage; and in scientific etudies, such as 

MIL-HDBK-850 

crustal movement and space expiration. 

flraf-ofdar wotk-The designation given 

survey work 01 the Nlgheet prescribed order 01 

precision and accuracy. Such eurveya were 

formerly called primary. 

Fischer allipeold of 1960-A reference 

ellipsoid wtih fwu primary uses. In tha Mercury 

datum if has the approximate dhmsnsions of 

semima]or axis-6 .378,166.0 meters, and the 

flattening or ellipticlly-1/296,3. in the South 

ASa datum the sarnlmajor axis is 6,378,155.0 

meters, and the flattening or eliipficffy Is 1/238.3. 

Fischer laval-A dumpy level capable of fimtorder 

leveling. 

flxad alavatlon—An elevatlon which has 

been adopted, either as a resutf of tide 

observations or pravious adjustment of spirit 

leveling, and which is held at its accepted value 

in any subsequent adjustment. 

fixed posltlon—See adjueted posltlon. 

fixed salelllte—See aynchronosse 

aatelllle. 

flxad-length recora*A computer data 

element format, in which all recorde have the 

same length, These remrds allow direct access 

without searching or indices. See also 

variable-length records. 

fixed-ratio pantograph—See pantograph. 

fixed-rstlo projection prfntar-A dlaposnlve 

prinler hsvinQ an optical ayslem in whiih a lens 

is placed between the negative and the 

dispositive plate, Ihe object and image 

distances being set al nominal values according 

to the laws of optics, but with freedom of 

adjustment within narrow Ilmlts, to produce 

diapc.silives whose Scala is al a predetermined 

rafio to the negative scale. 

tixer nerwoti+JCS) A combination of redb 

or radar dkectlon firdng installations whkh, 

operating in mnjuncfiorr, are capable of plotting 

the positon relative to fhe ground of an aircraft 

in flight. 

flxlng—The process of rendering a devatoped 

photographic image permanent by removing the 

unaffected light-sensitive material. 

96

-– . 

fix—A relatively accurate position determined 

withoul relerence lo any former position, from 

terrestrial, electronic, or aswcmomk data Also, 

the poinl thus established. 

flare trkfrngulksllon-A method of 

triangutetkrn In whicff slrrrultaneous obaervalions 

are made on parachute flares. This method is 

used for exlending triaWulatlon over lines too 

long to be obsewed by ordinary methods. 

flash sppafatue-An auxllia~ apparatus 

used In lining a pendulum during obsewalione 

for intensity of gravity. 

flash plate-See calibration plare. 

flat model—Any spatial model which is 

capable of being leveled. See also warpad 

model. 

flat stock-1. Charta or maps which are not 

folded and kept for filling official and sales 

orders, 2. Flat sheets of map paper as opposed 

10 roll paper. 

flat tlnl screen—See dot screen. 

flatienlng (of the Earth)-Ttre ratio of the 

difference between the equatorial and polar radii 

of the Eaflh (semimajor and semiminor axes of 

the spherokf) to its equatorial radius (semimajor 

axis). Also called Compresalon; elllptlclty ot 

the epherold. See also eccentricity rrf 

sllipee; accentrlclty 01 epherold of 

revolution; ●lllptlclty or elllpee. 

flat—1. (Iiihmraphy) An assembly of 

photographic negatives or positives on 

goldenrod paper or vinyl acetate for contact 

exposure wilh a sanitized metal press plate. 

May cxrntain illuatratbns as wall as Iexl, See 

also key flat; Ieyout. 2. (photography) 

Lacklno 

flat. - 

in comrast. 3. foolica) . See oLstlcal 

Ilaxurel. (pendulum) The bending of a 

swinging pendulum, due to ifs lack of perfect 

rfgidity. 2. (pendulum suppert) The forced 

movement of a pendulum suppert caused by 

the rnotbn of tha swinging pendulum. 

fllckar method-1. The allemale projection 

01 mrresponding photographic imagea onto a 

fracing table platen or projection screen, or into 

fhe opllcal train of a photogrammefric 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Instrument. 2. (sleraoscopy) Tfte alternate 

blinking of the eyes and mentafty comparing the 

appearance of images in a sleraoacapk pair to 

delermine differe~es befwaen the IWO photos. 

Illg ht altllude-The vertical distance above a 

given datum, usually maan sea level, 01 en 

aircratl in flight. 

fllght block—An ad]ustabfa unit of 

photographic sxrverage consisting of overlapping 

strips o! photography. A minimum size block 

consists of al least three overfeppiig fliiht strips. 

flight charf-Sae route chsrs, definition 2. 

fllght information and air taCllltlaSS 

date-Data concerning airfields and seapfana 

stations and ralated information required for fha 

operation of aircraft. 

fllg ht Ilne apsclrrg-Tha distance batween 

adjacent tracka in a series of parallal aerial 

photographic flight strips. 

fllght llna-(JCS) In air photographic 

reconnaissance, the prescribed ground pafh 

over which en air vehicle moves during Ihe 

executior, of its photo mission. 

flight map-A map on which are Indicated tha 

proposed linee of fligttf arrdlor positions of 

exposure stations. FliQhl data are plotted on the 

best available map 01 Ihe area. Genaraliy used 

for planning purposes. 

flight atrlp-A succession of overlapping aerial 

phonographs Iaken along a single murse. Afeo 

called atrlp. 

fllpplng—The act of superimposing and 

comparing identical areas of two ovarfappfng 

vertical photographs as an aid in ISying an 

uncontrolled mcsaic. 

float gage—Any of the tide or stream gagas 

which permit direct reading of changea of water 

height by the action of a fbat, conlakred wffhin 

a restricted pipe or channel, attached to a 

graduated tape or chain. 

floating llnee-(JCS) In phologrammetry, 

Iinas connecting the same hvo poima of detail 

on each print of a slereo pair, used to determiwe 

whether or not the points are Intervisible. The 

lines may be drawn diracffy onto the pdrtfe or 

superimposed by means of strips of transparent 

17

1’ 

,’ 

,- 

material. 

Iloetlng mark-( photogrammelry) A mark 

seen as occupying a poaifion in the threedimensbnal 

apaca formed by the stereoscopic 

fusion of a pair of photographs and used as a 

rafarenca mark in examining or measuri~ the 

stereoscopic mcdel. 

lloetlng-(cartography) The technique of 

making minor adjuatnwnrs of detail in order 10 

maintain their pruper relativa position. 

flood control map-A special map, or set of 

msP, *ai!3@ for study and planning the 

control of areas subject to inu ndafiin. 

flood tide-The portion of the tide cycle 

between low water and the following high water. 

Also called rlslng tlda. 

IIOWllnS-The slope extending from the 

heighte abng the neatline to the model datum, 

al en angle no greater than 45°, to preclude 

Iorming the plaslfc shee! at a 90” angle at the 

neatiine of a plasfic relief map. 

fluorescent map-A map reproduced wllh 

fluorescent ink or on fluorescerrl paper, which 

enables the user to read the map in darkness 

undar ulfravlofaf light. 

flux-gate magnatometar—An instrument 

designed to measure the Earth’s magnetic field. 

Also called aaturabla reactor. 

ffuxmefer-An krsfmmenf for measuring the 

infeneity of a magnatlc field. 

fly lavaling—See flylng Iavala. 

fly-by mathod-(surveying) A technique of 

datermhrlng approximate elevations where 

extremely rugged terrain is enmuntered. The 

principle Is Idarrtkal to the two-base method 

except the roving barometers are air transported 

and read in the aircraft as it passes on a level 

with the topographic teature whoee elevation is 

required. 

Itying Ievale-1. A level tine run at the close 

of a working day fo chack the results of an 

extended fine run In one direction only. Longer 

slghfs and fewer setups are used as fhe 

pur’pese is 10 deteci large miefakes. Also callad 

fly Iavalhrg. 2. Level Ilnes run with the 

engineer’s ordinary leveling equipment buf wllh 

— 

MIL-HDBK-850 

a distinctly bw order of acsuracy. Enor of cbsure 

may be perhaps one foot [or more) fintas the 

square root of the dstanm in mifee. 

focal len@r-A general farm for tha distance 

between the center, vertex, or rear rmda of a 

lens (or the vartex of a mirror) amf the point al 

which tha Image of an Infkrffefy distant object 

mmas into critical fores. The term must be 

preceded by an adjective such as %qulvalen!or 

%slibrated- 10 have a precise rrwankrg. See 

also back total Iangth; callbratad local 

length; ef Iectlve local Iangth; 

equivalent focal Iangth; nominal focaf 

Iangth. 

focal plane--(pholography) The plane, 

perpendicular to the axis of fhe lens in which 

images 01 points in the object tieki 01 the lens 

are focused. 

focal point—See focus. 

focal renge—See depth of Iocua. 

focal.plane plateA glass plate set in the 

camera so that the surface away from the lens 

mincides wifh the focal plane. Its puqmse is to 

position the emulsion of the film in fhe focal 

plane when fhe film is pnye.icelly pressed Into 

confad with Ihe glass plate. Afso called 

contact glaaa; contact pteta. 

tocua-The point toward which raye of light 

mnverge to form an image aftar passing 

through a WM. Also defhmd as tha condMon of 

sharpest imagery, Also called fOCaf point; 

prlnclpal focus. See a160 hyperfocal 

dlstanca; sideraal focus. 

folded optlca—(photogrammetry) Any optical 

or lens system containing reflecting ccmnponams 

which reduces the phyalcal iengfh of a 

photographic or sensing system, or changas the 

path ot an optkal axis. 

foldlng varnler—A single vernier so 

mnstmcted and numbered that it may be raad 

in eilher direction. 

toot.meter rod—A stadia rod, marked in feet 

and tenths on one side, and meters and 

hundredths on the other aide, used to 

determine distances and elevatbns in one unit 

of maasuremenf and to check them by readings 

in a different unit, 

torca tunction—See potential. 

98

MIL-HDBK-850 

foresight—l, An Observation of the distance irectel-A family of mafhematicel fumtione 

arsl direclion to the nest instrument station, 2. which are somatimss uaad to describe natural 

(trarralt traverse) A peint set ahead 10 be used phenomena and shapes such as coastlines. 

tor reference wfren resetting the transil on line or irrountains, river pafk%s, etc. 

when verifying the alignment. 3. (leveling) The 

reading on e rod that is Ireti at a point whose 

etevation Is to be determined. Also called 

mlnue ●ight. See also backsight. 

forestry map-A map prepared principally to 

shcw the s)ze, ctarrsj)y, kiml, ard value of Iraes 

on a given area. 

form llnaa+JCS) Lines resembling contours, 

but representing no actual elevations, which 

have been sketched from visual observation or 

from inadequate or unreliable map sources, to 

show collectively the configuration of the terrain 

lormat-Predetermined arrangement of 

characters, fields, tines, punctuation, page 

numbar, etc. 

forming machlrra-The equipment Ior 

forming, by heat and vacuum, preprinted plastic 

maps over a mold representing the Ierrain of Ih( 

area. 

formule for theoratlcal grevlty—A Iormula 

expressing gravily on the spheroid of reference 

in terms of geographic posilion, it being 

assumed the! the spheroid of relerence is a 

level surface. 

forward azimuth—See azimuth, definition 

1. 

forward lap-See ovarlep, definition 1. 

found cornar—A term adopted by the U.S. 

Geological Survey to designate an exislent 

I cametiof the pubiic-land sinweys which has 

been recovered by field investigation. 

four.pole chain—See Gunter% chein. 

four-rod chalrr-See Gunter’s chain. 

fourth-order trssversbA survey traverse of 

an accuracy less than third-order travarse or 

which fails to meet third-order official atandarda 

In tourth-order traverse, angles are observact 

with a tranah or sezfant ‘or are determined 

grephicalty, and distances are measured wilh 

taoe or stadia 

fractional seals-See representative 

frectlon. 

fractional aectlon— A sectbn containing an 

arsa appreciably different from 640 sores, 

usually as a reautt ot an invasion by a 

segregated body of water, or by other land 

which cannot properjy be surveyed or disposed . 

of as part of that section. See also sractlorr. 

frecflonal township- A township Conlairrlng 

less than 36 normal sections, uaualfy lv3Gause 

ot invasion by a segragaled body of water, or by 

other Iansf which cannot property be surveyed as 

parl 01 lhat township, or by closing the public 

tand surveys on State boundadss, or other 

limiting lines. Half ranges and half 

Iownshlps are fraclbnal townships by 

definition. See ab.o township. 

trame camera—A camera in which an entire 

frame or format is exposed through a lens that 

is fixed relative to the tocel plane, See atSo 

panoramic camera. 

framework of conlrol—See survey nat. 

frema-(JCS) In photography, any single 

exposure centained whhin e continuous 

sequence of phonographs. 

free-air enomaly—(JCS) The ditlerance 

between obsewed gravity and theoretical gravity 

which has been computed for Iatltude and 

corrected for ejevalion of the atatlon above or 

below the gaoid, by appfbatbn of the normal 

rate of chenge of gravity for change of 

elevatlon, as in free air. Also called Faye 

anomaly. 

free-ok correctlorr-Correction factor, usually 

expressed as milligals per reeler, which Is 

appflad 10 obsawed gravity to reduce the value 

to sea level. Also called Faye correction. 

free-swlnglng pendulum—A pendulum 

moving wholly under the influence of gravjty and 

an initial momsrrfum imparled to it by 

mechanical or olher means. In gravity work, the 

initial momentum may be imparled by drawing 

the pendulum slightly out of plumb and Ihen 

releasing il.

Frosnsd larr-A lens which corsslsls of a Ifrin 

stepped disc with each slep having the 

curvature 01 a rruch thiier lens. A similar 

design wwld be the roof o! a factory that boka 

like the teeth of a saw. This pattern, embossed 

in ptaet’c, la used to dtstribufe image (or light) 

brightness over a given area. 

frllllng-The separation, along the edges, of 

the photographic ernufaion from its base. 

front ●lement—Sea lens elemant. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

front focal dlafance-The distance 

measured trom the vertex of the fronl surface of 

tha lane to the fmnf focal point. 

front nodaf point—See nodel point, 

definition 1, 

front eurface mirror—An optical mimer on 

whkh the reflecting surface is applied to the 

frxrnt surface of the mirror instaad of to the back; 

i.e., to the first aurlace of Incidence. 

Fulcrum—A videodisc-based electronic map 

display system tor the presentation arw analysis 

of muniam.rrce data including maps, da!a bases, 

imagefy, gazetteers, and graphic symbols. 

Developed by Interactive Television Company. 

fundamental circle-See prlmery great 

cfrcle. 

fundamental etar pfaces—The apparent 

rfght ascensions and declinations of standard 

Cm’Parkon stare obtained by faadkrg 

observatories and published annualiy. 

fundamental tablea, deformation of the 

geoid end Ite effect on grevity—Tables 

gtimg the deformation of the gaoti and its 

effect on gravity, computed for masees of unit 

densfry extending to various dstances almve 

and below the surface of the geoid. 

Fundamental tablaa sarve aa the basia for the 

preparation of special tablas cxmrasporrding to 

particular assumptions respecting dansfry, 

Iaostasy, etc. 

100

’ 

, 

I 

gdnctlc clrcta-sae gnlsctlc squator. 

galactic Squator-fl great circle of the 

caleefial sphere, incfinad 62° to the cafeef”=l 

equator and odncidhw approximately wilh the 

cmfer line of the Milky Way, constituting the 

primary great circle for the gafectic eyelem of 

coordinates. If is everywhere 90° from the 

galactic poles. Also called galedk clrcfa. 

galactic latltude-Angufar distance north or 

eoulh of &re gsbcfic equatoc the erc IX a great 

circle through the galactk poles, between the 

galectk equster and a peinf on Ihe celestial 

s@rere, m.aesurad nerfhwerd or aeufhward from 

R %%%7%%’E%3%n%’ ‘b’d 

meesuremant. 

galactic longltud*Anguler distance eesl of 

sidsreal hour angle (SHA) 94.4” abng the 

galactic aquatoc the erc of the gskfii equetor 

or the angle at the galactic pols between ths 

greet circle through ths interaecfkm of the 

gelastic aqustor and the celestial aquslor in 

Segiffarius (SHA 94.4°) and a great circle 

threugh the gstsdic poles messured eastward 

from ths grasl side through SHA 94.4” through 

360”. 

gelactlc pole-On the celestiel sphare, aifher 

of the two points 90° fmm the gelactic aqustor. 

galactic system of coordlnataa-A n 

astronomic morchma syatam using Iatfiude 

measured north and aoufh fmm the galactic 

equator and longitude measured in tha sense of 

incmesing right escensien from 00 to 36oo. The 

system was ori inelty dafined such thet the pde 

wss et FM = 12‘140m, Dec - + 28”; howevar, in 

1958 the Intametionel Astronomical Union (lAU) 

infmducad the IAU gafedic eyatern which 

defined the pda at FM . 12h49m, Dac = 2724’. 

gallay proof—A prod from type on a gellay 

bafere h is made up in psgaq also, such proofs. 

gal—A unit d mxaleretion equal to 1 

oemimeter par aacorrd per second, or 1000 

milligsla, used in measuring the actelarstion of 

gravity. 

gamma—1. (photography) Tha Iengenl of the 

MI L-HDBK-B50 

G 

101 

angle wtrkh the stre”ght-iina pat’bn d the 

charedaristii curve mkae with the b~axpc6um 

asia. If indkefas fhe alcpa of the sfraigM-fine 

pertien of Ihe curve and is a measure of tha 

exfem of davabprnant and fha czmtresf of the 

photograph metarial. 2. (gaomegnetism) A 

smell unit M rrmgn~ic tiald itienaify Sometimes 

usedindaadbm g the Eertfr’e rrmgrratic fiefd. II 

is defkd aa bsing aqusl to lfY5’oerstad. *e 

also nanotesla. 

gap-(JCS) (imegary) Any specs whara 

imagery feifs to meet minimum coverage 

raquiremerrta. Thii might be a space not 

cxwerad by imsgary or a spece whera the 

minimum apecifii overfap was not cbfa’brad. 

Sea sko holiday. 

Gauas-Kruger grid-See transveras 

Mercator grid. 

gauaa—A centimeter-gram-second alacfm- 

M.S9netiC unit of msgnstic indudion squal to 

104 teds. See also tesla. 

gazatte=r-An alphebetisal list ol place 

nemas giving feature idenlifiition and 

geographic ancVor grid motilnates. 

Ganaral Navigation Charts-Smell scale 

(1:1 ,000,000 or emsller) chsrts designed for 

epan sea aurfsce navigat”m. Depktad 

information supports voyage plenning, ecaan 

navigation, and mifiiery opamliona. 

general chart-A nsufid chart intended for 

offshore coasfwisa nsvigeticm. A general cherf is 

d srrsillar scala then a caest cfwt, but of larger 

scele thsn a =iling chert. 

ganerel map-(JCS) A mep d small scale 

used for ganeml pisnning purposes. See alse 

romp. 

ganeral proceadon-llra motion of the 

equinoxes westward along the acfiplic at the 

rate of about 50.13’ par yaer. see afso 

Iunleolar pracosslon; planatary 

pracasslon; precasslon In decllnetlon; 

prsces.elon In right sscenelon; 

pracaaalon of the equinoxee. 

ganeral-purpose mep–A map wtich 

provides “a bmsd range of information and which

’ 

tattiles the twsds of a lwosd range cd users. 

genomllzatlon-1. The pmoaasas of 

reducing rew data tor trsnslwrration into a dats 

base or rrmp. Gensrdzaticm involves 

aggqathno Isggiomtrmticn (conbhtslion), 

aalactbn, maolution faafure elinsinafbn 

(omission), claaaifkstion, smoothing, 

raeampling, sirrpfiiketion, semggemtion, 

dispfacemant, ~ting variables, 

measurement Isvai reduction, dimmeiona iiiy 

chsnge, and ayrnbofiiat”km. 2. (line 

ganerelization) Cornmonty refers to cmordiite 

thmring or line thinning atior .wncothing. 

Sss also Iina thlnnlng. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

gsmeratlon-(photogmphy) The preperatian of 

successive patiwahegetive reproductions fmm 

an origii nsgsfive (first generedon). The first 

positive pcxhrced is m secciut-generetkm 

pmducf; lha nagetive mede fmm this paitivi is 

a third-genamtion product, end the narrt pasitiva 

or pint fmm thst nagelive is a fourth-genamtion 

product. Wmh asch swoassive genemtion, 

quelii deteriorates. 

generic tornt-lhal peri of .s neme which 

dars%bas he kind of fasture to which the nsrne 

k SpPfid, and whiih hes the -ME rnaening in 

current Iocsl usage. For axampfe, the generic 

term “wan” in .Tokywvan- means ‘hey.’ 

goo-mforoncod data—Spatiai deta thet 

pettain to a ~tion on the aarrfr’s surface. 

Geocelver-Trade name for an antennaracaiver 

capable of racalvkrg slgnais from the 

Navy navigation sateiliies, fmm whiih !hrsadimensionsl 

positiins can be mrnpulad for the 

entenne focstion. See also Doppler 

navlgatlon, defin~lon 2. 

gsiocentrlc coordinate syetem-See 

geocsmtrlc coordinates. 

goocentrlc coordlnatee-(terrestrial) 

Coordinates thst define the position of a point 

wfth respect to the center of the Esrth. 

Gsc@enfrk coordkwtes csn be either Cmteabxn 

(x,y,z) or spherical (gaocantrfc latitude end 

tongitude, end mdkrl distence). Also called 

geocentric coordinate system; 

geocentric poaltlon. 

geocentric dlamoter-llre dwmeter of a 

celestial beefy measured in aacmsfs of am es 

viewed from the Eerth% center. 

102 

goocontrlc geodetic coordlnsttee- 

Gaada+ic coordinates referred to e gaocantrk 

rslarance ellipsoid. 

geocentric gmvftational constant— The 

product of the Eritth’a mess amd the 

grsvitatianel wnatsrrt. Thii product is known to 

a far greater prsclaion than either fader. 

goocentrlc horfzon-Tfta piene through the 

center of the ES*O pemllel to the topocantrk 

horizon. 

geocentric latltud*Tha angle at the canter 

of the Earth between the pbne of the cafaafiii 

aqustor and a fine to a fmint on the aurfsoe of 

the Earth. Geocentric Istitude Lsused as an 

ausilicry fstilude in some computations in 

astronomy, (pactesy, errd csrtogmphy, in which 

wnnection it is defined se the engte fwrnad with 

he mpr sxis of the elliiea (meridiinel *ion 

of lhe Wheroid) by the mdius vector from the 

center of the eltipae to the given point. In 

satmnornic work, geocentric iatittzle is eteo 

celled reduced latitude, e t.wrn that is 

LXXWEtimeSspplied to pammatrk Ietitude in 

gedasy ad artogrsphy. The gentric and 

isometric latitudes ere approximately equal. 

geocentric longltude—See gwdetlc 

longitude. 

goocentrlc paraliax—The dfierence in the 

apparent dtractbn or position of a celastiel body 

es observed from the canter of the Earth and a 

point on fls surface. This varies with the ~s 

altiiude and distance from the Eaith. Aleo ceiled 

diurnal parallax. 

geocentric position—See geocentric 

coordinates. 

geocentric mdlus vector—The vector from 

the center c4 the Eerih to the point in question. 

See also geocentric coordlnstea. 

geocentric stetlon posltlon—The iocation 

of a etatii defined in terms of gaocentr”k 

coordinates. 

gaocentrlc zenitfr-The point where a line 

imm ihe center of the Earth through e paint on 

its surface meets the celestial sphere. 

gsOcsntrlc— Reiative to the Earth as a oantec 

msasurad from the center of the Earlh.

1 

MI L-HDBK-850 

g80d0dc fine-A tine of SfWfSd d-nctt 

bafween my fvm pdnta en any !nafhenmticelFy 

dafinad surface. Agaodadclkmfcfan aU@ecid, 

in ganerat, h a Ens & rbtble curvature, and 

usuauy Iii bafwaan the two ncirmsl sectibn fines 

wttikh the two pohte determine. tf the M 

t-1 pdnts are in naarfy the wna fslfiude, 

the gacdaeb fbta may cross owe of the normal 

eactbn lines. n should be nofed that, except 

abng lhe Equator and abng the marfdtane, the 

gaodesic llnalenot eptanacrsve end cennc4 

Lw dghfed over directly. Hewcwer, for 

conventkmal trfangulatkm the lengths and 

dtiicna of gacdasic lines dtiar kmppreciabty 

fmrn cm-responding pek’s d norrnel ~ion lines. 

Also called gaodealc; geodetic Ilrm. 

geodealc-sae geodesic line. 

geodesy—lle science whkh deals with the 

fb~inalion d the size and figure of the 

Geodotlc Reterenco Systsim 1960 (GRS 

BO)-Thta gaodatic reference systam was 

ado@d by the XVII General Assembly of the 

international Union ef &odesy and Geophysics 

at Canberra, Australia in 1979. The GRS SO is 

defined by the four fundamental mnetents: 

aerni-mejor axis 6,378,137m, gravitatiomd 

constent d the Earih (including Ihe atmosphere) 

3,9S6.005 x 108 n# S-2, -nd degrae zonal 

coaffiiienl 108,263 x l@, and anguler 

relational velocii 7,292,115 x 10-11 radkms. 

geodotlc ●td geophysical data (G6G)- 

Infcrmat”mn or earth data, pertaining to the 

sciences of geodesy and geophysics. Typicalfy 

includes gravity infomralkm, geodetic peinf 

posifiining data, datum definition, etc. 

gciodotlc ●nd goophyslcal data 

roductlo*The process of enhancing the 

value of geodetii and geophysical data by 

anefyais, evefuatien, computation, and 

adjuatmant. The pmcaea includes (1) 

transforming unadjusted survey data and 

ebservafiona into an adjuafed form with reliability 

afatemanfs; (2) establishing basic frameworks of 

horizontal and va.ttiil cantml in advance of 

-P. Chad, ad fargat rrwleriels pmducfion, snd 

publiihmg d trig Iiita; and (3) arbsfyais, 

evaluation, and campufalicn of geodetic and 

!W@Yabl data obtained by awface, ahboma, 

or tmteffife hschniquee to establish, exiend, 

connect, and transform daturns and to relets 

datum to the Dapamrranf of Defenea Workt 

Geodetic System. 

geodetic ●nomaly-Sea ●nomaly, 

definiiicn 2. 

geodetic ●dronomy-The branch of 

gecdesy which Ufifiiee astronomic Obearvsfbns 

to asfracf gecdatb Irkmnafiin. 

goodetlc aztmuth mark-A rwked potnt 

astsbfished in connection with a friengufatbn (or 

tmverae) station to provide n starting azimuth for 

dependent euwaya. 

gaodetic ●zimuth-l%a angle between the 

gacdefii meridian turd the tangent to the 

geodesic fins at the chsarvar, measured in the 

pklne peqmndiculet 10 Ihe allipaoid rrc.rmal of 

the observer preferably cJockwiae from north. 

Although older suweys, particularly by the Coasl 

and Gaodatic Suwey (now National Geodetic 

Survey), used sculh, the Daparfment of 

Defense now uaas north. 

geodatlc control data-information 

concerning the pracise horizontal and vertical 

geodetic bcetion of pints on the surface d the 

Earth end ceiestkl bodies, includ@ points 

obtained by phc.!ogmmmetric techniques. 

geodatlc control—A system of horizontal 

rmdlor vefiicsl mntrol statione that have been 

esfeblishad and edjuslad by geodetic meihode 

❑nd in which the shape and size of the Earth 

(geeid) have baen considered in position 

computat”mns. 

geodatic coordinator—Tha quantities of 

latitude, bngifude, and height (ellipse”@, which 

define lhe posifiin of a point en the surface of 

tha Earth with respect to tha raferance spheruid. 

Also imprecisely called googrttphlc 

coordinate. 

gaodatlc 

card. 

geodetic 

data sheet—See control data 

datum—See datum, definition 2. 

gaodatic equatOr-Tha line of zero geodetic 

ktifude the uraaf circle described ly tb 

semimejor asis d the reference alliisdd ea if ie 

roteted about 

aatronomlc 

the minor asis. 

●quator. 

See also 

103 

geodetic he4ght-See ●lllpsoldel holght.

I 

l 

podstk kt\tude-The angle whiih the 

norrnai et n point on the referenoe spheroid 

rrmkae wffh the pfsne of the geodetic aqueier. 

Geodatii latitudes are reckoned from ttw 

Equator, but in the horisc+wsl confrd survey d 

the United States they are ~ed from ths 

fatifude of afafiin Mearka Ranch as pmecrbad 

in the North Amarican detum d 1927. The new 

North American dsfum of 19S3 wifl be Emt& 

resee centered. A gecxfel”c fstiftie differs hum 

the c==Pondiw ~~ fstitude b the 

amount d the rnerfdbn coqmnanf of tL 

daffecikm of the varfbsl, Aim cafied 

topographlml Iatltudo. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

geodetic kavaflng-spirif Ievefing of a h~h 

order of smu~cy, uerzslfy azfandad over fsrga 

arms, to fumrsh amurate vertkef control as e 

ksis for the mnfrd in the vertical dimension for 

all surveying and mapping epsretkms. Spirit 

Ievefing follows the gacrid and ifs associated 

level surfacae tiich are irragufsr, rather fhsrr 

any mathemst”wliy determined @heroid or 

ellipsid and samcieted regular level surfaces. 

geodetic lhm-See geodmlc Ilna. 

gaodotic iongltuda-lhe angie between the 

plane of the geodetic rneridiin and the plane of 

sn inifisl nzerfdmn, arbh%uffy chosen. A geodetic 

fongffude can be measured by the angle al the 

pd. of mtsfion of the reference spheroid 

between the focsf and initiil maridiins, or by the 

arc C4 the geodetic equator intercepted by these 

rnerWans. In the Unftsd Statae, gaodet”k 

bngifudea are numbered fmm fhe maridiin of 

Greenwich, but are mmpufsd fmm the maridiin 

of sfatbn Meedas Ranch es prescribed in the 

North Amsricsn datum of 1927. The new North 

American datum of 19S3 will be Eerth-msss 

centered. A geodetic bngifuda differs from the 

corresponding aetmnomk fongifude by the 

ernount of the prims verfid caponent c4 fhe 

Iocsl daflactkm of lhe vertiil dwided by the 

cosine of the fatifude. Also csrliwf geocentric 

Iongl:uda. 

goodotlc meridian plane-A piane that 

cwrfsins the normal to the reference eliiisoid at 

s dven odnt rmd the rotetion arris c4 fhe 

reierencb etfipacid. 

geodetic merldlen-A line on a reference 

ellipseid which has the esma geodetic fongifude 

et rwery pint. Also called gaographlc 

meridiwr. 

104 

geodetk pmalld-A line on the ref.smnce 

SPhamid whiih tMS ihe asma @odatic hthtdn 

M every point. A gsodefic panel, other ttwrr 

the Equator, ie nd a geodesb (gmdatic) Ime. h 

form, II m a emsfl ckcle wtmaa plsrra is psraiiaf 

with the plane d the gecdafii aquetor. 

gaodotb pOSftiO# pfxifkrtl d a POil’d On 

the surface of the Eerth e~aaeed in terms of 

gamielic Iatikde, geodetic Iengiiuda, and 

geodetic hdit A ~tc Pwifii rrr@aa an 

adopted geedetic datum. 

gaorktlc setelllt*Any eateifide wfzma orbit 

and payload render it useful for gaodalic 

purposes. 

gerodetlc stellar camere—A precision 

Ierrastrisl csmsra, usually employing giass 

plales, used to photograph ekwatsd illuminslad 

objscfs against a star bsckgmund. 

geodetic survey-A survey in whch the 

f~ure and size d ths Esrfh is considarsd. if is 

appbbfa for Large areas and tong iina.e end is 

U* for the pracisa Imation of beeii points 

suitabka for controlling ofhw surveys. 

geod.stlc zenith-The point whare the nermsl 

(to the refarenca spheroid) exfanded upward, 

masts the ceieet”-1 sphere. 

Geodimeter-A trsde nsme for an instrument 

the! measures distance by pradce elecfrork 

phesa mmparison of mcdufated light waves 

vhii trsvei to a refbctor and return. 

geoakctrlc sunrey-A survey to dalermine 

M elactricii or resiefivii pofential of the Earth 

recks. 

Geographic Baae File/Dual 

independent-Uap-Encoding 

(GBF/DIME)-Topologicalfy structured files 

developed by the Bureau of the Census whiih 

serve as a relatively inespensh’e geogrephk 

inforrnslion dste source. GBF/DtME fries 

irduds street networfre, street addreseas, 

Pofiiical boundsrfee, and msjor hydmgrsphc 

faaturas. Esch street eagmant is rewasanlad 

as a strsighf fine ragtudleca d its red wwfd 

shape. 

Geogrephk Information System (GIS)- 

The generic ferm used for a system d cumpufer 

software moorems and aaukzmant that is used 

to acquiri, s~ore, manipulate, enafyze, and

,/ 

I 

d-y C’$Ndialdata. 

Gsogmphk Nsrw*s Procosslng Syskm 

(GNPS)-Ths DMA system which includes the 

hardware, cmffwsre srsj eras to nminfain 

the geographic nsmee data requirsd for digital 

maps ad gsztmeam. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

gsogm hlc (~oogrephbel)-Signify ing 

bade MRfbnehpto the Eartfrcxmddamd asa 

gbbe-ahapad body. The term geographic is 

applied dike to dsta bad on ths geeid and on 

othw spheroids. 

geographic coordlnat@a-(JCS) The 

qusnfitbe c4 fatituda and Iengituda wlriih ds&ne 

the~indapnfonffnswf~ efm.s 

Edh with respect to thtr rsferenca spheroid. 

Also called astronomic coordlnetes: 

gravimetrlc coordlnatea; tormotrial 

coordinates. See also coordlnatas; 

geodetic coordinates. 

geographic lstltude-A general term, 

aPPbinjl afike to asfrancsnic 181iidBs ~~ 

geodetc latitudes. 

geographic llmlta-The lines heving Istirude 

and Iongkde values bounding the area of a 

mm or chart: that eras exclusive of overlao 

areas. See siseneatlh-rsis. 

geographic location-see geographic 

pooltlon. 

geographic longltude-A general term, 

a@Yin9 afike to astronomk and to geodetic 

longitudes 

geographic merldlan—A general temf 

;~~~~,atike to an as!ronomio or gsodetrc 

geogmphlc nama-Aleo called place 

name and toponym. sea also Board of 

Geographic Names. 

geographic nonllnoarlty—The error 

introduced by digitization and subsequent 

processing 10 Ihe total error of both abdute 

ard reletfie positioning of any Ieature on the 

gmphk. 

geographic perallef-A general term, 

applying atike to an eafronomic parallel or e 

geodetic parallel . 

gaographlc posltlo~Tha position of a point 

Ontheaurfea c4the Earfhuupmeed krmrrtw 

of latiiuda end bngitude, either geodetic or 

astronomic. 

gaographlc ●urv*y-A general term. mt 

~pfibk & defined Iirritsfion, covering a wide 

mWe & Wweye fying between and merging 

into axpbmfory wrvaye on the one hand and 

bsdc topogmphii eurvays on the cdher. 

Gaographk etevays WJ.4y cover kwga areas, 

are based on coordinated control, end am uaad 

to record ptryskal and statistical ctssmcferfsrks 

of the area surveyed. 

geographic vertical-See vertical. 

googrephlcaf ●ma claaWtcatlon 

eyatern-A fogicsl snd orderfy gaographksl 

division of the world using nufirs, Iattem! and 

ccmbinaticms of the same for the deeignakxr of 

areas and subsraas. 

goographlcef ●xploretlon trmrome-A 

route followed scross some parts of the Earth, 

approximate positions ebng whmh are 

determined by surveying or nevigslional 

methods. 

gaographlcel mile-The length of 1 minute 

of erc at the Equator, or 6,067.08 feel (on the 

Clarke cpheroid of 1666). 

gaographbrd pofe-Eiiher of the two points 

cd intersection of the sudece of the Earth tih its 

axis, where all meridtans meet. 

geoidaf contour-A line on the suriace of the 

geoid of mnstant elwation with reference to the 

surface of the spheroid of reference. Geoidd 

contours depend on the surta of reference as 

wellaeon lheahapedthegeoid. Theeama 

gecid referred to different surfeoes of refemnos 

will give different sets of gaoirhl contours. 

geoldel holght profile-See 

●strogoodetlc Ieveflng. 

gooidal height—The distence of the gaoid 

above fpodive) er bebw (nagative) the 

methemalicsl reference spheroid. Also celled 

geold separstlon; undulation of the 

geold. See alw sstrogeodetic 

undulations. 

geoldd horlzors-llat circle of the celestial 

)5

MIL-HDBK-B50 

splwre formed by the inleraaction cd the 

calsdsl sphere end a pfwre fangsnf to the s6e 

fawel mxfsca of fhs Earth at the zenith nadir fine 

geoldel separation-See gaoldal halght. 

gaold-The equipomntial surface in the gravity 

field of the Earth MA appmximaIrrs tha 

undktwbad mean see fcwel extanded 

ccmlinueusfy Ihmugh the confinerrls. The gaoid 

is the surfa~ d raferanrx for asfroncarric 

ObCONti .8rd fOr @OdOfb k?dl~. .%tr dk3 

companaated goold; ●qulllbrlum theory; 

●qulpotantlal ●urfaea; gaoldal horizon; 

gravlmotrlc gaoid; Ieoatatlc gaold; 

rafarenca apharold. 

gooklnatlcs-imcsl and globel rnetion of the 

Earth ar sea, its -umrnem: iadetion from, 

arxl etl=t upcm pracisii equ~mant and 

maaauring instrumnt.x. Usually applied to the 

design and teat of inertial instruments and 

sydems and sfabis pisffonna. 

gecrloglc survey-A surwey or investigation of 

the Earth, of the phye”~l changas whwh ths 

Earth’s crust has undergone w is undargaing. 

end of the muses producing those changes, 

Geological Long Ranga Incllnad Asdlc 

(GLORIA)-A low ramlution side scan sonar 

used for racennaicsanm surveys ef the ocean 

floor. 

gaologkal msp-A map showing the 

structure and rnmposit”mn of the Earths cruet. 

gaomagnatlc coordinates—A system of 

spherical cc.ardinsles baaed on the best fm of a 

centered d@fa to the actual magnetic field of 

the Earth. 

gaomagnatlc ●quator-The terrestrial great 

cimia aerywhara 9@ fmrn the gaerra~Ic 

poles. Geomagnetic aquator should not be 

confused with magnetic aquator, Iha iina 

connecting all pdnls of zem magnetic dip. 

gaomagnetlc latltude-Angular distance 

from the geomagnetic equator, msasurad 

rrorlhward or southward through 90° and labeled 

“N” w ‘S to indicate the duaction ~ 

measurement. Goomagnetlc latitude 

should not be confused with magnetic 

Iatltudo. Sae also dip. 

goomagnotlc morldlan—Tha meridional 

lines of n gmrnegnetb coordinafa system. Not 

106 

to be csmfuwd with magnatlc meridian. 

fraomapetlc Pole-Either of fwe ant@edal 

poima rrwking the inraraaction d tha Earth’s 

surface with the exlsrdsd axis of ●powadul bar 

msmet SSSti to be bested at the canter of 

the Earth arxt Sppmximeting the eourca d the 

actual msgnetic fiefd of the Earth. The 

expresskm geomagrtetk polo sheutd rmf be 

mrdusad with magnetic pole, whtch ralates 

to the dual magnetic fisfd of the Eatth. 

goomagnetiam—1. The magnetic 

phanomanen, collectively cortsidared, exh~sd 

by the Earth and ite atmosphere, and by 

extension fha magnatic phenomena in 

interpisnsfnry apace. 2. The etudy of the 

~9netic fii~ d the Earth, Abe @IIsd 

Wrroatrlai msgnatlsm. 

geometric latltude-See parametric 

Iatituda. 

goomatric map pro)actiOn-Saa 

parepectiva map projection. 

geometric nonlinearity-Any dktoriion 

irrkducad by digitization snd subsaqusnt 

pmcesaing d a mathamaticdy-cerract reference 

system or grid, other than aimpk mtatian, 

tranatstion, or scale change, 

geomatric primitive-one of the three basic 

geometric units of re+mraenlatien: nede, edga, 

❑nd face. Equivalent with gaagraphc prim~we. 

geometrical dl~The verfiil engla, at the 

eye et an absatver, between the Froriiontai and 

a straighf fine tangent to tha surface of the 

Earth. It is larger than dip by the amount of 

terraeliiel refrsdion. 

gaomatrlcal horizon-riginally, the ceiestiel 

horizon; now more mrmnonly the irrtersedion of 

the caiestial sphere and an infinite number of 

straight finaa tangent to the Earth% surface, and 

radiating from the aye of the obaervar. If there 

ware no terrestrial refrscfiorr: geematricai and 

visible horizons would rmincide. 

geomorphic dats-A sat of model 

coordinates defining the tram of a geomorphk 

feature. Thsce consist of ridgeiinas, valleys, 

drairwge and lnkea whwh are uaad to refine the 

elevation data grcqr during tha production 

process. 

goomorphlc-Patleining to iand forma.

1 

gaophydca-l?re SCISI’IIX of the Earth with 

_ tO Ifs structure, mmpeeifkrrr, and 

devakpmant. Qaophysice is s bmnch d 

OXPSfiMSnffd phySiCS daslinE with the Earth, 

including ha atmosphere and hydrosphere. tt 

includes the adancea d dynamicd gadegy and 

physical gOO@#ry, and makes uaa d gadDw, 

aatsrrrolegy, meteorebgy, oceanography, 

mW@~m, ar’ld c4her Earth s.ciencas in 

oollectmg and interpreting Earth date. 

g.oposltlonlng-lha purpose of 

photegremmetric gecpoaMinbg is hvo-fdd: (1) 

upgrade metric data aesodelad with aoume 

irmgery. This -ata r5 measuring tii and 

mrrtrd pe”mts, and ergu.stkrg pc.aitii and 

attitudes of bfccke of imagery. The resufta form 

tha bade for eteraeacopk orientalien ef inmgary 

and supply medal informafia for morroacopic 

operatkms and (2) dsdarrnine accurately the 

boatierr of target points. Targeting operations 

resutf in ground coordinates and associated 

errer data for aelecfd bcations. 

gaopotentlal number—The difference 

between the geopotential on the geoid and lhe 

geepetentiel at a point. 

goopotorrtlal ●mfaca-See geop. 

geopotentlal—The gravity potential et the 

actual Earth. The sum of the gravitational 

(attraction) potential and the potential of the 

centrifugal force. A function daacribhtg the 

variation of Ihe gaopotentiel in apace. The 

function whose parliel derivative in any dir-tin 

gives the gravity conponenl in tlml dkdiwr. 

geop-An equipefentisl curface in the gravity 

field of the Earth. Alse IAled geopotontlal 

surface. 

GEOREF-(JCS) A world- pedtii 

rafarerroa system that I-MY be epp4ii to any 

map or chart graduated in latitude and Iorrgfiude 

[with G mernvish as prime meridian] regardless of 

projection. It m ❑ method d espmaaing latitude 

and brrgitude in a form aukable for rapid 

reperting and plotting. This term is derived frem 

the wc+de “The Worid Geogrsphw Reference 

System.” 

geoepher.-The solid and ~quid portiene of 

the Earth; the Iithesphare plus the hydrosphere. 

giant planeta—See major planets. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

107 

gigabyte (GB A unii of memory 

rwe~in9 

Commonty, 

t 

2 3 (1,073,741 ,s24) WES. 

a g“-e may mpraaent ona trillii 

bytas or 1,000 megabytee, 

glaomont—see grid dacllnatlon. 

Global Navlgatlon Chart (GNC)-A 

1:5,000,000 tie aeriea d mufficdorad charts 

deaiined fer genara! planning pwpOaaa for 

cparations wig long Isetancaa or b 

araas of in-flight navigation in long range, high 

afliiuda, hgh aped aimrrsfi. 

Global Posltionlng System (GPS)- S ae 

Navctar Global Poeltlonlng Syatam 

(GPS). 

globulsr map projoctiofiA map projection 

repraaanting a hem”uphera, on vrhiih the 

equator and a central geograpMc meridian ara 

repreaenfed by straight lines immaectirrg at rigM 

angles, theaa lines are divided into equal pat?a. 

All meridians, except the central ene, are 

repraaamed by circular arcs connecting points of 

equal divisien on the equalor with the pales. 

Exc6pting the equator, the perallets are circular 

arcs dividing the ad and axtrerrre outer 

meridians info equal psris. The exireme outer 

meridmn iimite the prc.jectien and is e full clrcie 

gnomonic chert-A charl on the gnemenic 

projection. Also salied graat clrsle chart. 

gnomonlc ,map prc]ection-A perapastlve 

map Prolmlon en a pfane tangent tO ths 

awface of a sphere having the point d 

pmjectien at the center of the mere. The 

prejwtion is neither corrformel nor equel-ar-. It 

IS the onfy p+cf”m on whii great skies on 

the sphere are reprascmtad ae straight lies. 

goldenrod paper-A paper, usually a shade 

ef yelbw w red, for bfecking out nonpriming 

araae d negatives er film Ieyoufa. Also caliad 

maaklng papar. 

gonlomater—An instrument for measuring 

angles, see al.se photogonlometer. 

Goode’s Intsrruptad Homoloalne 

projection-An aquel-area projection, bead 

on tha Mdiweide and ainuaeidel prejestiene, 

udrrg tha sinusoidal from the Equator to 4@N 

end 40%, and the Mollweida in higher Iafiiudaa 

The cceens are “interrupted” 10 anew the

I 

MIL-HDBK-850 

continents to be recentered on seversl 

rrsrridii, so es 10 Sttain good Overafl shape. ff 

isusadwidely ferrnsps decur-mnrrk 

daribtkma. 

gora-1. (surveying) An irregulmly shaped 

trsd 04 ksrrd, ganarsfty triangular, left between 

%X%’~gir%lW&r%~&&%&&%s a 

rsmnsnf d a systematic sursay. 2. (globe) A 

hDI&&s3fx3d rnep Whbh tMy bS f~r3d tO the 

surface of a gfoba wi!h a rraghgible amount of 

dtiortiin. 

Govornmant Open Systems 

Intarconrmctlon Protocol (GOSIP)-The 

exact sequence of bds, chsrader6, end coriml 

cades used to transfer deta between mrr-pufers 

and peripherals through a commurricdii 

channel. 

graddlon-llm range of tones (mm the 

brightest highlights to the dae+mar shsdews. 

gmdo cormctlon-(iand surveying) A 

rmrradion a@ied 10 a dslance mesaured on e 

dope 10 reduce il to a horizontal distance 

between W vertical lines through its erd ~ints. 

Also csllacl cormctlon la tnclhmtion of 

tape; Incllnatlon correction; clopo 

corroctlon. 

grada-The rate of slope or degree of 

inclination. see also gradlant, 

gradient sped-l%e speed of e 

phologmphw material determined on Ihe bssis 

of the esposure con~nding to a pmticulsr 

grsdiint ef the chsrecreristic curve. 

gradlerst tints-see hypsometrlc tlntlng. 

gradlentsw—An attachment 10 an engineets 

trsnsk with which m angte of irwliibn is 

maasumd in terms d tha fangent of the angle 

rather thsn in degrees end minutes. If rnsy be 

used as a telemeter in measuring horizontal 

distam. 

gradlont—1. A rate of rise er fall of e quantify 

agsinsf horizontal d~tance expressed ss a mtio. 

decimal. frsction, pemsrnlage, or the tangent of 

the angis of hclinat’km. Also called percent of 

slop.; alopa. 2. The rate of increase or 

dacraasa of one quantify with reaped to 

another. 

gradlomotar-An instrument used 10 measure 

108 

gmvify gmdienfs. 

graduation ●rror—lnsccumcy in the 

gredusbns of the scale of an inetnarrsm 

Gmf sea gravlnratoti balance-type gmvity 

rrratar designed for ooasn surveys wtridr 

censisfs ofamsss attheend ofafrorizorrtal 

arm Ihst is .sqJPorted by e fcnaien spring 

mtstiinal exis. 

gmln dlractlon-lhe afignrnsnt of psper 

fibers persllel to the rnuverrrerrl cm the peper 

machine during msnufectum. 

gralnad wmfaca=The roughened or irregufsr 

surface of an offset printing pfste. 

gralnlng-The mechanical roughening or 

grinding et an abmsive into the autfsce of n 

metel press plste to increase the aurfeca arae 

and impmve the water receptiveness ef the 

surface. 

grain-l. (phelegmphy) One of the discrete 

silver psrricles resulting fmm the development of 

an expo+ light-sensitive nrster”kd. The mndom 

distribution of these psr7icles in an ares of 

uniform ex~sure gives rise to the qpssmnce 

known as “gmininess.’ 2. (psper) See gmln 

direction. 3. (Itifregraphy) See grelned 

surface. 

granularity—llw graininess cd a devebped 

photographic irnsge: evident psrtiiuiarfy en 

enlsrgernsnts, thstISdue either to 

agglomamtiis d develcpd gmine or to an 

overfspping psffem ef grains, 

Graphic Karnal System (GKS)—An ISO 

standard for computer graphics pmgmrwnring 

which contains furrckns for outputting graphical 

primitives, controlling the apposrsnce of 

graphd prknifiwea with attributes, oonfrdling 

grsphicsl workatatkma, controlling 

tmnsformsticms and cmrdinete syaserna, 

generating and controlling groups of pnmttiies 

cslled segments, tieining graphicsl input, 

rnsnipulating groups of dev”wa-independent 

irrstnxfions cslfsd metafilea, inquiring the 

cspsbifiiies end ststes ef the grsphiis system, 

end hsndfing et-mm. 

graphic producte-A grephic pmdud msy be 

e~~ofemaporckrt, orihera$rrorrratenal 

used to produce the rnsp or chsrt. 

gmphlc scda-(JCS) A gmdualed line by

ntaans d wttidr dslmaes on the map, chart, or 

phonograph may be measured in terms of 

ground dtincas. Al= calisd bar scala. See 

also Scale. 

graphical mdlnl trtangulaUon-A rsdiil 

triangufati perfmmad by other thsn SMwi 

msena. A radial trisngufstion is aasurrmcf to be 

rrmda *h prfrrc@ points as radiil o@ere 

unfasa the defiiitiwe term designates olherwise 

(as, for esanrpfs, nadir-point ttingufatiorr or 

nadii-point plot emf iaosarter trisrrgulation or 

lsocarrter plot, and ruidit-poirrt efoffed-tamplme 

pki, eic.). 

graphlcel rectlfJcstlon-Any rectifiiat”mn 

technique etrpfoying a grephw method fer 

determining the solution as mntraefsd with 

rnechsnicsl technques. See also paper-strip 

method. 

gmphlc~JCS) Any and ell products of the 

cartogmphc ad phol~rarnrrwtric art. A grephio 

rney be either a msp, chart, mosaic, or even e 

film str@ that was producsd using certogrephii 

technques. 

graticulo-1. A netwmrk of Iinss mprassnling 

parsllsts of ielitude wrd rneridicms of longitude 

forming a msp projection. See also fictitious 

gratlculo. 2. A scsle at the focel plane of an 

optiicl instrument to aid in the meesuremen! of 

objects. See e.tsa retlch. 

Gmvatf I’vallng rod-A speaking rod, 

merked with rectsnglas ssch 0.01 foot high, the 

ractangks at the 0.1 of foot tAng bnger and 

those at the 0.5 being identiied by dots. 

Gmvstf Iavof-A dunpy level with the spirit 

level mcunied on top of a short telescope tube 

having a large object glass. Later msde with 

Wysa. 

Qrevar—See scrfber. 

gravkneter (gravity mater)-A n 

a~iemmefer designed to measure relative 

dfle-s in the accalerstion due to greviiy at 

different Iomticms. 

gmvlmatrlc coordlnatas-See ●stronomic 

coordlnatas. 

grsvlmatrlc detum orlontetlon— 

Adjustment ef the eifipedd of reference for a 

rticular geodetic datum so lfral the differences 

&vreen the gmvimetris and estrogeodetic 

MIL-HDBK-a50 

109 

deftect”km compenerrts and geoidsl undufstions 

am minimized. 

gmvlmatric deffectlon~ deflection of the 

vertical determined by methods d gmvintafric 

geodesy. 

gravlmetrlc goodosy-The science that 

utifiuea maesumments and cfreracferktii of the 

Earth’s grav”kyfmld as well es thaotiee ragatdii 

thw fiefd to deduce the shepe d the Esrth and 

in c=xbkmkm with arc meeeurernsmm, the 

Eatth’s size. AlfuJ called physlcel geodesy. 

gmvlmotrlc geold-h eppmximetien to the 

geoid ss determined from gnwity observation. 

gmvlmstrlc map-A map on which contour 

lines are used to represent points at wtkh the 

esceleralion of grevity is equsi. 

gravlmetrlc survey-A swrvey made to 

determine the acceleration of gravity st vsrious 

places cm the Earth’s surface. 

gravlmotrlc undulatlona—Separations 

bstween s grravimetrically determined geoid and 

a refweme elliiso”d d specified flattening. 

gravitational constant-see constant of 

gravitation. 

gravitational disturbtwrce-See gravity 

disturbance. 

gmvltatlonal flattening—llwt mtio of the 

dfierence between the poiar and equetorisf 

ncwrnal gmvifies to the equetcwial normal gmvity. 

Aloe called grmrlty flattening. 

gravitational gradient—The chenge in the 

grevity per unil distarrca. 

gravltatlonsl hermonlc-The spheriaal 

herrnmk used in a~mxirrwting the 

grmritetionel field of the Earth. Sea ekw gravity 

field of the Earth; coctorlel harmonica: 

sphorlcal tmrmonlcs; tessaral 

harmonics; zonal harmonlco. 

gravitational perturbations- Perturbations 

caused ty body foroes due to rro~herkal 

Ierrestrisl effscts, Iurricofar efkt, tides, and the 

effect of refetivity . 

gravltntlonal potantlal-1. The potential 

associated with the Ioma of gmvitet’km arising

I 

MIL-HDBK-B50 

from the attraction between mesa points, e.g., 

the Earth’s center and a parlicla in apace. 2. At 

WIY POW the W* needed to mrrmve an &jact 

fmm that point to infii. 

gravitation-lha mutual interacliin of two 

maaaaa producing a tome between them acting 

abng the Yme jcimhrg their csrdera of mass. The 

force la pmportiinel 10 the product of the two 

mase.na dw’tiad ~ the square of the d-rice 

batwaan the two osntera r# mesa. 

gravity ●nomaly map-A map showh’rg the 

pasibns and magnitudes d gravity anomafiaa. 

Also, a map on wtkh contour fines ere used to 

represent points at wlich the gravfty anamefias 

are equel. . 

gmvlty ●tomety—The dtiemnce bat waen 

the c&arvad gravity value pparfy reduced to 

saa level, end the thsomtical grevity obtained 

fmm gmrrity formuta. Af.sa called observed 

gravity ●nomaly. See also Bouguer 

anomaly; free-air anomaly: gravity 

disturbance; Hayford gravity 

anomalioa/Hayford anomalles: Isoetatlc 

anomaly. 

grsvlty corer-Any type et corer thet adieves 

bottem penatmtion sOtely as e reeuft of gmv”hy. 

gravfty dots-information concerning Ihaf 

aocelarathn which attracts bodies and is 

espreaaad as observations or in the form of 

gmvity anomaiy charts or spherical harmonics 

for spatial repraaantatiorr of the Earth and other 

celastial bodies. 

gravity disturbance-The difference 

between the observed gravity tmd the normal 

gravity et the same point (the vertical gradient of 

the dmturbhg potential) as ofpoaad to gravify 

anomaly which uses corresponding points on 

two diffamnt 6U1’f8C6S.Bamuea tb Cr311tIifUlJCd 

force is the same -en tolh are taken et the 

same peint, it can eteo be cAM gravltatlanal 

dlsturbanrx. 

gr~vlty flold of tho Earth-The field of force 

erishg from a mmbinetion of the mass 

eftmcfion end mtetion of the Eerth. The fmld is 

normelly azpreseed in terms of pint values, 

mean ares values, etdor series tzqmaion for 

Ihe potential of the fiefd. 

gravfty flaftanlng-See grrnrltatlonel 

flattonlng. 

110 

gravtty lnatrument-A device for measuring 

the accefatakm due ta gravi!y (absofule) or 

grevky diffamncas tmtwaan two or rrmra -s 

(relative). sea also ●atstlzad gravlmolac 

Brown gravity ●pparstua; dynamic 

gravity mateq flraf ●am grsvimater; 

gravimotor; La Cosfo-Rombarg 

gravlmeten ●tebl- gravlmeter; ●tsblatypa 

gravlmeteq afatlc gravity rnatafi 

toralon bnlanco: unstable-typa 

gravlmator. 

grmrfty network-rl netwerfr of grevity 

stations. 

grmrlty raductlo*A combination of grav-~ 

curmctiens to cbtain reduced gravity on the 

gad. sea alse Bouguer corrsctlon; frsaair 

correction; Isoatatlc correction; 

terrain corrrmtlon. 

gravity referenca st.ctlona-Stalions which 

serve as reference values for a gravtty survey, 

i.e., with respect to which the differences at the 

other statiens are detenninad in a relative 

survey. The absolute value of gravity mey er 

mSY m be known at the reference stations. 

grevlty station-A station et which 

obaarvations are made to datennine the value 

of gravity, 

gravity-Viewed from a frame of reference 

fued in the Earlh, acceleration imparted by the 

Earth to a mesa whiih is rotating with the Earth. 

Since the Earlh is rotating, tha acceleration 

observed as gravity is the resultant af the 

acceleral”km of gravitation and the centrifugal 

acceleration arising fmm this rotation and the 

use of an earthbound rotating frame of 

reference. It is directed normal to aea level and 

to its gsopotential surfaces. See afsa ebsolute 

gravity; center of gravity; Clalraut’a 

theorem; constant of gravltetIOn; 

direction of tho fores of grmrlty; 

●q uatorlal gravlt y value; squlpotontlal 

surface; formula for thooratlcal gravity; 

gravltatlon; Hayford daflactlon tamplets; 

Hayford effect; HalmaWs gravity 

formula of 1901; Halmert’s gravity 

formula of 1S16; Intenelty of grrivlfy: 

hftarnatlonal gravity formula; bosteay: 

Iongltude term gravity fOrmLtln; nOrmaf 

grevlty; observed gravfty; raduced 

gravity; regional gravity; ralatlva gr=vlty; 

raaldual grmrlty: resolution; rosolutlon 

limit; standard gravity; ●ubgrrwlty;

I 

tfrwerwtlcal gravity; Virtual gmvlty. 

gray ecal.-see ●top wodgs. 

great clrcl- cimle on the surf~e of the 

Eatth, the pt911s of w4tiih ~ throu@r the 

canter of fha Earih. Abe cafled orthodmm.. 

great ●lllptlc ●’s-h arc defined by a pfana 

wllkhoontains fhatwJpdnfa and Ihacantsrof 

the raferanca spheroid. 

graet yem-Tfra parbd of one carrplete Wcle 

of the wquinosea around the ecfi@c, about 

25,S00 years. Alae called pletonk year. 

grwat-clmle bamlng-The inhiif diractbn of 

a great cirda through two terrestrial pdnts, 

em==~ as angufw di@a* fmm a mfarence 

direction. It te usually measured f- w at 1~ 

reference duactica clockwise to 3S0°. 

grewt-olrote chart-A chart on wtriih a greet 

circle appasm as a straight Iinw ❑chart on the 

gnemonic prqaction. 

great-clink dlrectlorr-l+orfzontel direction of 

a great circle, expmssad as angular dkiance 

kern e raferanca diraclion. 

grwat-clrck dlctm’we-lbe length of the 

efrortar arc of the great circle pining two points. 

It is usualty azpraasad in nautical miias. 

gmat-wlrcle line-h land eurveying, the fine 

of interaadmn ef the surface of the Earth end 

the plane of e graat tircle of the ceiastial 

sphere. 

great4rcl* routs-(JCS) The mute which 

fdbwa the almrtasf arc d a great circle tefwean 

two pokrts. 

greatest ●longation-The maximum angular 

distance cd a bdy ef the sotar syetam hem the 

Sun, aB dwerved frem the Earth. The dirsdion 

efthebcdy eastorwastd thati Lsuaually 

~fiad, as the greatest dongation west. 

Gmwrwlch ●pparant time (GA~Local 

WPrent time at the Gr~nwictr nraridiin. 

Qreenwlch cIvII time (GC~See 

Unlvorsal Tlmo. 

Grwanwlch hour ●ngle (GHA)-Angular 

d~anse west of the Greenwich celestial 

MIL-HDBK-850 

111 

nwridii; the arc d the sa&ralii wyiator,or the 

angfa at the oafastii equator, or the angte at 

the celaatial pole, between the upper brarwh of 

the Greenwich ceieatial mari.iian ●rd the hour 

circle d a pebrf on the cdasfid sphere, 

rnaaaurad westward from the Greenwich 

oafasfid rnarirSan threugh 380°; -I hour angle 

at the Greenwich meridian. 

Graanwlch lntarvat-An interval baaed on 

the )Aoon’s transit of the Graa~ich -ii 

msridiin. as diatiiuishd frem a iccal interval 

based on the Moon’s transk .4 the local c9taet!!l 

rnatidisn. 

Graanwlch lunar tkna-Local lunar time at 

lha Greenwich rnaridiim the arc of the Aasfii 

equator er the angle, at tha cafaatial pole, 

between the lower branch of the Gmanwrs+ 

Cataatial mwkfian and ths hour circle of the 

Moon, measured wesfwatd fmrn the kwer 

branch of tha Grwwhvich oakr.sti.slmeridian 

through 24 hours: Graamvkh hour angia of the 

Mom, expressed in time unka, p4ua 12 hours. 

Graanwich Mean Time (GMT)-(JCS) Also 

called Greenwich civil tlma; z-time: Zulu 

timm See ltnlveraal Tlma. 

Greenwtch meridian-The meridian through 

Greanti, England, ewving as the raferanca 

for Greenwich time, in centrast with tit 

merkfkrns. It is accepted almos4 untiersaliy as 

the prims meridian, or the origin d 

measurement of tongituda. 

Gmenwlch ●ldereaf data-Tha number of 

mean sidereai days thal have ekpaed a the 

Greenwich meridian since the beginning of the 

sidereal day that was in pmgraas at Greenwich 

maan neon on January 1, 4713 B.C. see also 

Gmanwich aldoreal day number. 

Gmonwich ●lderoal day number—The 

integral pert of the Greenwich sidereal date. It is 

e mearm d nurrbrirrg umsacuttidy ●uxaaaive 

akfereal daya beginning at the instrmts d qpr 

transit of the mean vernal equinox over the 

Greenwich nreridiin. See atao Groonwlch 

oldamal date. 

Gmwrwich sidamef tlmo (GST)-Local 

sidereal time at the Greenw~h meridian. Tfw am 

sf the celestial aquamr, or ths angie al the 

#astial pole, between the tqpar bmndt d the 

3raenwich cafeatial rneridiin end the hour side 

>f the varnal equinox, measured westward from 

ha upper trranch of the Greenwich cabstial

I 

meridian through 24 hours; Greenwich hcur 

s@e d the VWIMd F@nOX. =W- ~ t“~ 

units. 

Grwenwlch time-llna basal upon the 

GM* marktisn as mferenm, as mnfrssed 

*thstbaa edWor reMof - meridian. 

grid smplltud~rrpfiiude relative to grid 

east or wwt. See also smplltudo. 

grfd azhntrth-The angle in the plans of 

P@tibn rnaaaumd cbdrwbe between a 

straight fiie and the central rneridiin of a ptane 

mcfingufar coordhale system. 

grid fmering-(JCS) searing measured ftom 

grid north. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

grfd computation-The detamrinaticm fmm 

a set of fables derived from formulas, of the true 

shape and dlmene’brrs of a grid, for the purpose 

of constructing such a grfd. The grid is 

mstherrmlimlly coordinated with its related map 

projacfiom they are usually compulsd 

corrW-renfty 

grid convergence-(JCS) The horizontal 

angle at a place between Irue north and gr”d 

ninth. It is pmporliinsl to the longitude 

difference between the pfsca and the central 

meridiin. See elsa convcrgenca. 

grid coordinate system-(JCS) A pfane 

rectangular oeordhale system ususlly bessd on, 

end rnathematbally adjusted to, a map 

prc@fion in order that gwgraphic p.aeifibns 

(fatitudes and longitudes) msY be ras~y 

tmrraformed into plane coordhslea and the 

rnmpUl~fiifrS refafing 10 them may be msde by 

the ordmsry mahrts of plane aurvayirrg. 

grid coordhratea-(JCS) Coordheles of a 

grid mordinste system to wtrich numbers ardor 

letters ●m assigned for use in designating e 

point on e gr)dded map, photograph, or chart. 

Sss also coordlneten. 

grid daaIlnatlon-The angular difference in 

dirscfion between grid rrorlh end hue north. II is 

measured ess or west fmm true north, Also 

called declination of grid north; 

gls.msnt. 

grid dhectlor@-foffxonfsJ dimctkin expreeaed 

as angular distance fmm grid north. 

112 

grid dlstanm-See grid Iarrgfh. 

grid equMOr-A fine pwpendhdar 10 a prime 

grid fnaridian, et the tiln. 

grid lntsrvaf-(JCS) The d~tsiwe represented 

be4ween the fines d a grid. 

grid Inverse-1’he computatbn d grid length 

and gr”idazimuths from grid coodinsks. 

grid JunctIona-Those Iirms daikreeting the 

jokringoftwoorrn ora@daY*emsmam$Por 

chart. 

grid Iatltuds-+ngular diatarrce from a grid 

equator. Sea else flctftloua Iatltudo. 

grid fangth-The dis$rmce between tw pdnts 

obtained by amputation from grid oocdrrdee 

of the points. It dtiera from the geodetic kengfh 

by the amount d a small correction besad on 

the acsfe factor for Ihs Iins. Also calfed grid 

dlstanca. 

grid lln@-CXre of the lines d e grid. 

grid longftude-Angular distance bstween e 

prime grid meridiin and sny given grid meridiin. 

See also ?ictltlous Iongltudo. 

grid magnotlc ●ngle-(JCS) Angular 

dtiere~e in diracfbn between grid mxfh and 

myr9nsfm nofih. It is rmmsured east or wasr fmrn 

gnd north. Afao called grlvatlon; grid 

varlatlon. 

grid merldlatine of the grid fines 

aslending in a grid north-south dkcfion. The 

reference grid meridiin is called prima grid 

marldlan. In polar mgicms the prims grid 

msridlan is usually the 180”4” geographic 

meriden. See also flctltkmm rn.rldlan. 

grid mathod+pktogremmetry) A method of 

pbrting ~il from oMque photogmp~ fV 

SWdW@sm9 e Wmpact&e C4 e map grid on a 

photograph ❑nd Imnsferring the detail by eye, 

thst is, by using the corr-ng lines of the 

msp grid and itrl pemp=tw e rmi plemment 

guides. See elm parspectlvs grid. 

grid north-(JCS) The rrorfherfy or zem 

direction Indutad by the grid datum of 

dirsct.ksrsl reference.

grid numbar-The numerical value of a grid 

Im indiiling the diafartcal of tfwt iii b ths 

felae origin of the grid. See alao grid 

coordlnsteo. 

grid ortgbs-l%s point, usually riser the carder 

of a grid zone, wfrare a parallel intersects a 

ncrtlh-acuth grid fine co”midenf to a msridiin. 

Ss0 nloo take ortgln. 

grid pamlle~ line parallel to e grid equelor, 

cormectrng all points d equal grid latitude. S0s 

afsc fktftloua pamllel. 

grid plstta-1. (cartography) See color 

aaparatlon drawlrtg. 2. (photogrammetry) 

See reeoau. 

grid prtme va~ical—The vertical through the 

grid east and west pointe of the horizon. 

grid rtrsrmb llne-A line meting MI same 

ObfiiUe Sn@S with all grid Motidiina. Grid 

parallels end meridiins may be considered 

apdal caeea C! the grid rhumb line. See alee 

flctltloue rhumb Ilno. 

gtld t~JCS) Snafl rnerkc on the neatlie 

of e map or chart indiiting eddiiiod grid 

raferertce 6yaferne trrcfuded otI that sheet. Grid 

ticks are aomerimse ehown on the Inferior grid 

fines of some rrv3ps for ease of refererwing. 

grid varletlon-See grid magnetic ●ngk. 

grid zonkAn arbifrery divisbn of the Eerfh’s 

aurfece deaigrrded for idemifiihn without 

reference to fatiiude w Ior@sle. 

gridded obllque-An oblique aerial 

pfm@mph printed with e auperimpeced grid to 

asaisf In the Idenfifmatic+t C4 e psrficufsr erea 

within the phdcgmph; used ohii for artihery 

epotfing. 

grlddad photograph (GP)—A photograph 

tih a pmcke geographic grid. Used for menual 

msssurernenl of preclaa coordinetas wfsem 

elevation Ie not required. Providas accepfatr4e 

nircreft inertial navigation system f~nt 

derivation es e substitute for survey or ether 

point pcsifkrrlng date. 

grid-l. (geod~ ) Two oats of perallef lines 

intersecting at ng “K t anglee and forming squares; 

e mctengular Certeaien cocrcihete system thet 

MI L-HDBK-850 

113 

lo aqxriqmaed on mep6, cherf6, and other 

sirrriiar rapresardetiersa 04 ftw asrthk surface in 

an accurate and cnnaics~ rmrmer te permit 

idantikatkxr d grourrd Iccetii with ra6pecl to 

other Iecatii and lhe mrrqwtefim of diractien 

end dwtame to other poinfc. Z A lype of 

cfigiial Ekwetiwr Model (DEM)thafiederivsd 

km LMerpoiating deva!bn values from 

ineguierty or regukrty qmced pointe that have 

X, Y. Z vefues. 3 A network oo~ d two 

fw”fiee of Iinas cuch tt-at ●pair 0! lines, one 

~~lam,ti~rnnowe Uwrrtw 

poi~. 4. (GIS) Program ckwekrpal at Harvard 

intheeatfy 197~wl@s a@aksadalfffba 

standard Sodean opsrefiorse that today’a t31S 

heva. See also ●rbttrary grid; ●ttsa grid: 

B?ltiah grid raferonco ●yatam; GEOI?EF; 

Lambert grid; ma]or grid; mllltery grid; 

military grid refomneo ●ycfom; Natiorml 

grid: overlapping grid; parsllactic grid; 

parspectivo grid; pohrt-deolgnatlon grid; 

polar grfd; ●econdary grid; tangorrt 

plene grid ●ystent; tranavorae Mercator 

grid; Unlvaroe.1 Polar Stomog mphlc 

(UPS) grid; Unlversel Tranavoma 

Mercator (UTM) grid; world polyconlc 

grid, praferred grid, primary grid, ond 

prime grid meridian. 

gripper edg~JCS)The edge by whch paper 

or other prinling maternal is drawn into the 

printing machine. 

gripper margin—See gripper ●dgo. ‘ 

grlvation-See grid megnatlc mrgls. 

gress ●rror-Tfre recutl of carelessness er a 

mistake, Mey be detected through repelifhm of 

the measurements. 

groea model-The !otel overtep erea d e pair 

of eeriel photographs. See elscr rmat model. 

Ground Scale Distance (GSD)-For 

rectified irnegefy, GSD is the center-to-center 

ground distanm between edjectrnt pixels. 

ground camerc-See torreatrlal camera. 

ground control point-See control 

●tatlon. 

ground oontrol+JCS) A system of aocumte 

rnaaauremenfe used 10 determine the distencee 

and diracficos or dflarenoes m almfalicn 

between pointe on the Eerfh. Sea atso 

common control; control point; flaid

control; tmvorso. 

ground data-see ground truth. 

ground dlatarrca-The grea!drsb dtiance 

bdween fwe gmtmd pdfiirss, as oorrtmafad 

with ti ranger the afraigfrt.%te d=farrce 

between two points. A& sefled ground 

rang.. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

ground @rrad forward (GGF)-(eeriel 

phdogmphy) The nel gain per phoiogreph in 

IIledirecfic lnefmgh fforaq%rclfie dovertep. The 

GGFkeuaed frrsonpufe ffrerxsrrtmrrof 

expoaure=3 In a aft@ of aerial phmgmphy. 

ground galrrod .Idawaya (QGS)- (aerial 

photography) The net IrAerel pin par tliihf fcf a 

apesifii aidebp. The GGS b used 10 sornpme 

the rrurrber of flight Iii- for an arm to be 

photographed. 

ground Irrtormatlon-sae ground truth. 

ground nsdlr-(JCS) The point on the ground 

verficeffy bermelh the perepesfiie senfer of the 

camera lens, On e true verkai phc.togreph ths 

coinddee wkh the prfnci@ point. Atso celled 

ground plumb point. 

ground pw’alld-The intersection of the 

pksne of the photograph with the plane of 

refemmce of the ground. See also axis of 

homology. 

ground photogrammetry-See terrtsatrlal 

photogrammotry. 

ground photograph-See tormatrfel 

photograph, 

ground plmra-The horisonfal plene paeaing 

through the ground nadir of a camera station. 

ground plumb point-See ground rradlr. 

ground pyramid-A rnmponerrt of an 

andyiicaf method for determining the pr-iae 

degree of photographic tilt, representing e 

epedk apelkl oorrfigumtian from three ground 

scmfml pdrds (forming a triengle) on the ground 

to the @q%raure etafiin of the phonograph 

cmfainirrg the identical points. When used with 

the photo pyramid, the ground pyremid permits 

the axecf arrafyiical dafermkratti c4 tiil In the 

photograph. See aleo photo pymmld. 

114 

ground ranga-See ground diatanao. 

ground mBolutloKThs mirimurn diatmrce 

which sen be defeded Mweem two edjacarrf 

k+aturas, or the rrsinirrwrn size of a feature 

axpmaad insizeot c@jeordisfMaes ontfte 

ground. 

ground mturrr-(JCS) The raffection from the 

terrain as diiyed arder mmrdad 65 an 

irmge. 

ground qmd+fCS) The herknfal 

cOMpOnMt cd the sfmad d an aircraft relative to 

the aarfh’a utriese. 

ground ●tatlon-A monumented atatiom: 

eeteblbfd by fiifd eurvey mathode, wtiih IS 

U* as a baas for ground station equipment for 

the procurement of shoren or ehiran contmliad 

photography or control defa. 

ground ●mvey-A eurvey made by ground 

methods, ae distinguished fmm an eeriel eurvey. 

A ground eurvey may or may nd irrslude the 

uea of Photographs. 

ground swing-An error-causing sorrdidion in 

electronic dietarroe meesuring whii is brought 

about by the reffadion of the microwave baem 

from the ground or water surface. The reflected 

beam mixes with ha direct beam et the 

reseiving antenna, thereby changing the pheee 

of the d!recf beam and causing an error in the 

diefarrce rnaesured. By varying the carrier 

frequensy, the war bewrnes Syclic, rmking 

poeeible mean inelrument reedinga thet ere 

subatanfiilly accurate. 

ground trec*See ground parsilol. 

ground track-The vertical projectbn of the 

flight prfh omo the surfas.a of Wre aerfh. 

ground trrsth-A ferm coined for 

dattikrformetion obtained frum actual ground 

rneaeurement of euriaodshurfase feeturoe 10 

aid in the interpretation of rerrrofefy eenaerf 

data. Afeo called ground data; ground 

information. 

ground-sp=co coordlnato ●yatmn-A 

scheme by which Fostions of tnangulafion 

stalks, confrd poirrta, and other ground 

featume are raleted by diefwrse end azimuth or 

by x. and y-cwrdinetes.

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g!rwd steka+surwying) A stake dtiven near 

n hh, ueuafty eloped with the @ of the QUSrd 

-ka over the hltr. The guard stake protxls, 

and Ba merf@p identify, the hub. . 

gulda marldian-An auslfiery governing line 

PrOiecfed north afong an aatmnornic meridii, 

fmm fminta esfabfiied on the base lie or a 

sterderd paraibl, usuelfy at krtervels d 24 rnk 

east or west of the princ!pal meridian, on whkh 

tovmahip, aaction, and qumler aecfion eomam 

are esfabliched. See also ●uxiliary guide 

meridian; prlnetpal marldlan. 

guld~ drafting or aoribing surface beering a 

map frrwge to be tnaxtd by drafthg or scribing 

for repmduckn. Also celled color ●operation 

guida; drafting guldo; scribing guide. 

Gunta~a chain-A measuring device used in 

land suweying, oorrposad of 100 metal links 

fastened together with rings, the length cd Ihe 

chain being 66 feet. Alao called four-pole 

chain; tour-rod chain. See else chsln. 

gyroazlmuth theodollta-See gyrotfloodollto. 

gyrooompaus-A compa6s whiih functions by 

virlue d the co@as genersted in e retor when 

ths latter’s esie is displaced from parallelism with 

that of the Eerfh. A gyrocornps= is 

independent of megnetiem and *II 

eulcwneticefty align itseff in the celestial matiten. 

However, it requires e sfesdy tmurca of motiie 

power and is subject to dynamic error under 

certein conditions. Certain aircdt corrpesses 

alse u gpsoo@s to gain Sfabitii, while 

ralyhg besiilty on the tmgnatic meridian: 

theaa are to be distinguished from lhe hue 

gyrocompass. 

gyromagnatlc compe8s-(JCS) A directional 

9Y~ whose az”mufh scale is M“nfained 

iii atigntit whh the magnetic meridisn by a 

megnefic detector unit. 

gyromorldlan Indicating instrument-See 

gyrothoodolito. 

gyroscopa-A device consisting of e spinning 

rolor and as.sAetad supporting readouts whiih 

mskas use d Newion’a hw of Roiation 10 give 

an indkdion of the errgufar velocii of the. 

instrumanra case with r- to an inertial 

reference frame. Thie instrument ie used as the 

basic aaneor in many direct’kn%aaking, 

MIL-HDBK-E150 

115 

duectii-keepirrg, and etfifude stabilization 

ay6tems. 

gyroacoplc ●ablllxetlon-Equilibrium in the 

attitude ancVor oouraa of e shii or airborne 

vehicle rnaintaind by the usa of gymecopes. 

Atao, the maintenance (bytheuseof 

gymecopes) of .s samare in a desired aftkrde 

*n an eirbema vehiile. 

gyrothacrdoiita-A heurieiiie with e 

gymmqxm attached or buitf in, whereby a 

true azimuth rdersnce can be aetabkhsd in 

any Waether, day or night, without the aid& 

Stars, Iw-ldrrmrks, er other ViaiMe stations. The 

az”muth obtained fmm the gyro w hwrtiai 

theodofiie ie assantieity the astronomic az”nuth 

at the point of observation. This azimuth will 

dfler from the corresponding geodetic ezimufh 

by the emount of the Laplece cerractiwi.

I 

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H and D curva-See characteristic curve. 

hachurlng—(JCS) A melhod of representing 

def upon a map or chart by shading In shorf 

diifmacfad fines drawn In the direction of lhe 

sbpaa. 

hack chronometer-A chronometer used for 

ViSUel reference, and not usually for re~rd 

purposes. 

halatlorr-(photography) A spreading o! a 

photograpffic image beyond Its proper 

boundaries, due especially to reflection from the 

side of the lifrn or plate support opposite to that 

on which the emulsion is coated. Particularly 

noticeable in phonographs of brighl objects 

egainsf a darker background. 

half merk-See Indax mark. 

half model—The stereoscopic model iormed 

by the ovariap of two adjacenf right- or left-hand 

expesures of Wnvergenl photographs. 

hall aectlon-Any two quarter seclions within 

a secfion which have a common boundary: 

uSU.Wlyidenlifiad as the north hatl, south hall, 

east hail, or west haff of a panicular section. 

half tide taval—See maan tide leVel. 

haltfona scraen~JCS) A series of regularly 

spaced opaque lines on glass, crossing a! righl 

anglea, producing transparent apertures 

between Intersections, Used in a process 

camera to break up a solid or continuous tone 

image lnlo a pattern of small dots. Also called 

croaslfne glaes screan. See also contact 

acrean; halltone, 

helltone—(JCS) Any photomechanical prinling 

sudace or the impression therefrom In which 

detail and tone values are represented by a 

series of evenly spaced dots of varying size and 

shape, varying in direct proportion to the 

intensity Of the tones they represent. See aiso 

halftone screen: mlddletone. 

HaM Mar projection—A variation, by E, 

Hammer in 1892, on the zenithal equal-area 

(Larnberf) projection, made by doubling the 

hortzomal distances along each parallel from the 

MIL-HDBK-850 

H 

116 

central meridian. This transforms Ihe ckular 

shape of the Lamberl into an elliise, slrnilar in 

appearance to a Mollweide projacfion, but with 

all parallels curved except the Equator, which IS 

a straight Iina. 

hand leval-A hand-held tnstrumanf for 

approximate levating, If cmnsisfs of a sighting 

tube with a splfi fie!U of view; a trorlzomal cross 

hair in one-half of the fiakj biiacfa the Image of 

a spirit Iavel in tha other haft when the 

inatmment is held ievel. See also Abney Iavel. 

hand proof-in offset ilthography, a proof of a 

plata made on a hand proof press where 

oparatiins are manual for inking, dampening, 

and laking the impression. 

hand templet—A lemplel made by tracing 

the radials from the photograph onto a 

transparent plastic medium. Hand templets are 

iaid out and adjusted by hand to tomr the radial 


hand-templet pioi—See bend-templet 

Irianguiatlon. 

bend-tempia! triangulation—A graphical 

radial triangula!’bn using any form Ot hand 

templel. Also called hand-ternplet pioi. 

hanging levei—A spirit Iavel so mounted that, 

when in use, its Ieval tube is lower in elevation 

than is points ot support, 

Harbor and ApprOaCh chars (HA)—A chatl 

which provides delaiied porlrayal of 

navigationally useful information supportive of 

maneuvering In close quaner areas to 

benh/anchor, channei keeping while 

emering/exiling port or navQating in close 

proximity 10 dangars associated with close 

shore/harlmr approach areas. Produced from 

1:10,000 to ?:100,000 scale. 

harbor chart-A nautical chart intended for 

navigation and anchorage in harimrs and 

smaller waterways. 

Hardcopy Exploitation Segment 

[HE/S)—Segment of DMAS DiSital Pmducfkm 

System which provides sottware upgrades for 

~xisting DMA photogrammetric aquipmam and 

#ill delivar a new computer for triangulation.

Outputs include digital elevation data and 

rectified and orthorecfified imagery. See also 

Dlgltal Production System; MARK 85. 

hardcopy—Producfs which are primed on 

papar, photograph materials or other media, 

and can be interpreted dlreclfy by the human 

user. 

hmnonlc coefflclente-lhe coefficients of 

t@OltOMStriC terms Of an infinite series used 10 

approximate an Irregutsr ckmed surface. See 

8180 spherical harmonics. 

harmonic component—Any of the simple 

sinusoidal components into which a periodic 

quantify may be resolved. 

hermonlc constents—Tha amplitude snd 

epochs 01 the harmonic constituents of the tide 

or tidal current at any place. 

harmonic constituent—See constltuerrf. 

harmonic axpreaalone—Trigonometric terms 

of an infinite series used to approximate 

irregular curves in two or three dimensions. 

harmonic tunctlon—Any real function Ihsl 

satisfies Laplace’s equation, 

hamronlc mollon—The projection of circular 

motion on a diameter of the circle Of such 

motion. 

harmonic—A sinusoidal quantity heving a 

hequency that is an integrel multiple of the 

frequency of s periodic quantily to which ii is 

relatel See also compound harmonic 

motion; gravitational hsrmonlcs; 

sactorlal harmonics; almple harmonic 

motion; apherlcal harmonics: tesseral 

lSSrMOnlCS; zonal harmonica. 

Hassler baae-llna measurlrrg 

aPParatuS-~ Optical base-llne measurkrff 

apparatus consisting of tour rectangular iron 

bars mounted end to and In a wooden box. 

Each bar h 2 metara long. The combined length 

of tire apparatus being 8 me!ers. 

tiaylord dallectlon templsts—Templels 

used In mnneclbn with studies for the figure of 

Ihe Earth and ieostasy. In obtaining elevation 

raadings hmm maps in connection with 

topographic and Isostalic reductions, femplets of 

plastic are used, The templets used in 

MIL-HDBK-850 

connection with defleci”bn of the varlical studies 

have circles and radial tines drawn u~n them, 

S0 proportioned wilfl refereme to scale of map 

and azimuth thal land elevations and ocean 

depths within each compartment formed by 

adjacent arcs ard radii can be easily averaged 

and the effect of the mass therein on a plumb 

liIIS at the station (center O! Circles), under 

various hypotheses, can be computed. See also 

Hayford gravity templeta. 

Heyford elfact-The direci aftacf on gravity of 

masses of unit deneity extending to various 

distances abova and bsbw sea level; it nagleds 

the differences of elevat”mn batwaen tha 

relerertce spharoid and the gaoid. 

Hayford gravity anomalles/Hayford 

anamalles—lsostatic anomalies obtained by 

computing the isoalatic compensation according 

to the Pratt theory of isostasy es developed by 

Hayford, using various depths tor purposes 01 

comparative analysis, 

Hayford gravity templeta—Tamplets used 

in connection with gravity aludies whtch are 

similar 10 Haytord deflection templets excapt 

thal no account is taken ot ~im~h, aII 

compartments bounded by a given pair of 

circles being of the same eize and shape. A 

given templei can be used only on maps of the 

scale and projection for which it is constructed. 

See also Hayford deflection templata. 

Hsytord epherold (elllpaold)-A rafsrance 

ellipsoid having the fOlloWirIg approximate 

dimensions: semimajor axis 6,378,3S8.0 

meters: semi minor axis-6,356,909,0 meters; 

and the flattening or ellipticity 1/297.00, 

l+ayford-Bowle method of Iaoatatlc 

reduction—A method of rmmputing tha effacf 

of topography and isostatk compansatiorr on 

grsvity by which the effact of topography IS 

compuled dirsctiy and then corracfed for the 

effaCl of isostatic compansalion. Tha mechani~ 

of this method invoive the use of the Haylord 

gravity iamplets. 

Hay ford-Bullard (or Bullard) mathod of 

lsostatic reduction—A method by which the 

topographic effect of an infinita slab of density 

2.67 and a thicknass equal to the elavation of 

the gravity atalion is first computad, and then 

corrected for curvature of the aea Iavai surface 

and, fOr difference of eievation between the 

station and the to~graphy. 

117

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haza-The radiance of the atmosphere. 

heading-(JCS) (navigation) The diretilon in 

whfch the fongtfudinsl azis of an aircralt or ship 

Ie pointed, usually expressed in degrees 

cicrckwise from mrffr (true, magnetic, compass, 

or grid). 

height rsnomaly-T?re difference between the 

height of a terrain point above the reference 

spheroid and the corresponding rwrmal height, 

rrSSaSUred along the normal piumb he. 

height difterantirN-Tfre difference In height 

between predominant height grouplnge In a 

homogeneous sutlace area. 

trelgfrt displacement—See roller 

dlsplacemant. 

halght !lndar—A stereoscopic range finder so 

constructed as 10 indicale vertical heights rather 

than slant rarge. See also stereometer. 

helgtrt of Instrument-l. (spirit leveling) The 

height 01 the line of sight 01 a leveling 

instrumem above the adopted datum, 2. (sladia 

surveying) The height o! the center oi the 

Ielescope (horizontal axis) of transit or telescopic 

afidade above Ihe ground or station mark. 3. 

(trigonomatrfc leveling) The nelgtd of tne cenler 

Of the thaodollfe (horizontal axis) above the 

ground or station mark. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Sun as origin. 

ttellotropa-A device used in geodetic 

surveying Ior reflecting the Sun’s rays to a 

distanl point, to ati in bng-dbtams 

observations. Sae also aalOnOtrOpSr. 

hellpad-(JCS) A prepared area dssfgnated 

and used for take off and Iancthg ot heficoprars. 

(Inctudas iouchdown or hovefpoint.] 

hellport-(JCS) A facility designated for 

operating, basing, setvicing, and malnlalnlng 

helicopters. 

Helmert’8 gravity tormula of 1901—A 

formula for theoretical gravity developed from 

the gravity observations available al the lime 

(1901), but not ,fitted to any preassigned value 

of Use Earths elfipticity, 

Halmart’a gravity formula of 1915-A 

Iormula for theoreibsl gravtty based on a triasial 

ellipsoid and therefore includes a bngitude 

term. See also Iongltuda term gravity 

formula. 

hemispherical map—A map of one-haff of 

the Earths surface, tounded by the Equator, or 

by meridians. 

hidden finee-Line segments obscured from 

view in a projected image of a threa+imansional 

object. 

height of fhe tk4a-The vertical distance hferarchy-(digital) A system of cfaesitying 

from charl datum to the surlace water level al features acmrding 10 feature type and 

any stage of the t“de usually measured in feat. signifbance. For exampla, in some cases 

features with lower numbem are mesked out by 

halght-of-eye CorrectIon—That correction to higher numbared features occupying the same 

sextant aftiiude due to dip of the horizon. Also posit ion. 

called dlD COrraCtlOn. 

height-(JCS) The vertical distance of an 

object, poim, of level above the ground or other 

eatabfiehed referance plane. Height may be 

Irxfbated as follows: very /ow-bslow 500 feet 

but above ground level; /Ow-SOO to 2,000 

feet; mediu*2 ,000 1025,000 feet; frigh- 

25,0001050,000 feet: very high-above 50,000 

feet. See also altltuda; elevallon; 

ellipsoidal height; geoldal hefgnt. 

heliocentric paraflax-See annual 

parallax. 

heliocentric—Relative to the center of the 

High Speed Digital Chart (fiSDC)-. vector 

digifal chart of selected and generalized coestai, 

and harbor and approach charl inforrnafion in 

supgwt of navigation and colliiion-avoidance 

display systems, HSDC davebpmem waa 

coordinated. with the National Ocean Senrica 

and Is produmd using Committee on the 

Exchange of Digital Data formal feature 

encoding. HSDC is no longer supported by 

OMA. 

high altltude-(JCS) Conventionality, an 

attitude above 10,000 reelers (33,000 feet). See 

also altitude. 

118

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high denelty tops (HDT, HDDT)- A n 

anafog racordtng Orrd pleyback system for 

6tOring very high rale data that Is not directly 

compatible whh general purpose mmputer 

systems. Lfsed by CIMA for source imagery 

under Digiial PmducIion Syalem production. 

Afao known as high density digital tape because 

the source imagery is Irarwlerred as digital data. 

high rod-See long rod. 

high tlda-See high water. 

high water (HW)--The highest limit of the 

surlace wafer Ieval raached by the rising tide. 

High waler Is caused by the astronomic tideproducing 

forces andror the effects of 

meteorological conditions. Also called hlg h 

tide. 

high weter full and change (HWF&C)— 

See eatabllahment of the port. 

htgh water lntervel—See Iunkldel 

Intervel. 

high water lhra-The line on lhe bank or 

shore to which the waters normally rise at high 

water. In tidal walers, the high water line is. in 

strictness, the {nrersect(on ot the plane of ttra 

mean high water with ttse shore. The high waler 

lin@ is the boundary line between the bed and 

the bank of a stream. 

high water Iurtltldal Interval-See 

Iunltldal Interval. 

high water springs—Sae mean high 

water sprlnge. 

high-obllque photograph—See oblique 

elr photograph. 

higher Mgh WatOr (HHW)-The higher 01 

two hfgh waters occurring durfng a tidal day 

where the tide exhibis mixed characteristics. 

frlgher high water Interval (HHWl)-The 

Interval o! time between the transit (upper or 

tower) of the Mmn over the local or Greenwich 

martdlan ati the nexl higher high water. This 

expression Is use when there is considerable 

diurnal inequality. See also hmlt1d81 Interval. 

higher low weter (HLW)-The higher of two 

low watem of a tktal day where the tide exhibits 

MIL-HDBK-850 

mixad characfarisiics. 

higher low water Interval (HLWl)-The 

inteWai 0[ tiMe betWEen the lriUWil (u~r or 

tower] Of the Moon over Ihe focal or Greenwich 

meridian and the nest h~her ~, waler. This 

expression is used when there is C.ons”dersble 

diurnal inequality. See also Iunlttda) MWmusJ. 

hlgheat elevatlon-That elevafkm whlcfr la 

the h~hest point of relief within Ihe area of a 

map or chart. See also critical elevatlon. 

high-(JCS) A height between 25,000 and 

50,000 feet. 

hill plene-lhe plane containing the posifiins 

of three ground marks constffuting control 

points. This may be, buf rarely is, a hOtizOmal 

plane. 

hill ahadlng-(JCS) A method of representing 

refief on a map by sfepicfing the ShadOw5 that 

would ba cast by high gruund if t!!ht were 

shining fmm a cerlahr direction, Also calted 

hlllwork. See also sheded rellef. 

hltlwork-See hill shasflng.., 

hlStOrlCSd ctrart-A chart based on data from 

previous years 10 determine probable 

oceanographic palterns for a specified time. 

Also called flref approximation chert. 

hletory overlay—A specially prepared matte 

plaatic material which shows the sources of all 

sounding dala used in a bathymetric 

compilation. 

holldey-(JCS) An urrinlentional omission in 

imagery coverage of an area. See also gap. 

hologrammetry—lhe arl or science of 

interpreting the threedimensbnal holographic 

image and obtaining reliable measurement by 

means of hobgraphy. 

hologram—The hologram offers a 

reconstnr~ton of the ax femal appearance of an 

object with unique threedirnensional propart’km. 

This is accomplished by illuminating Ihe object 

with coherent light. 

hornogeneoue area-An area which has 

uniform radar reflecting p9wer at all points. 

119 

homogeneous eurtace area-A grouping

of features having the same general surface 

composition. 

homoloaouri Images-The images o{ a 

single object point Shal appears on each of two 

or more overleppimg pholograpfm having 

dittarant perepecuve c%nters. 

homologous photographa—Two or more 

ovartapplng photographs having ditferam 

camera stations. 

hotnolooous reye-The two perspective rays 

corresponding to a pair 01 homobgous image 

pdsts. 

homologous—Ttre condilion whera an Image 

of a given object pokrt or series of such polnls is 

common 10 two or mora projections having 

diffarenl perspective centers. 

tsomolographlc (homafograph[c) map 

proJsrctlon-An equal-area map projection. 

This term ia found in the designations givan 

Some particular map projections, such as lhe 

Mollweide homalographic projection. 

horizon camera—-A camera used in 

conjunction with another aerial camera 10 

photograph the horizon simultaneously with Ihe 

olher photographs. The horizon photographs 

indicate the tilts of the othar photographs. 

horizon closure—See error of closure, 

definffion 6. 

horizon coordinate system—See horizon 

system of coordinates. 

horizon photograph—1. A photograph of 

the horizon takan simullansously with anolher 

photograph for the sole purpose o! obtaining an 

Itiicafion of the orientation of the other 

pho!o~raph at the time of exposure. 2. 

(surveying) A corwlnuous matched Sal 01 horizon 

photograph defining obstructions 360°around 

a given station. 

horizon prkzm—A prism which can be Insenerl 

In the optical path of an instrument, such as a 

bubble saxtant, to permit obsewation of Iha 

visible horizon. 

hortzon profile-A pfot of vertical angles 

agahtst Ihe norlzomal anglas taken 360” around 

a point wtth annotation. See also horizon 

photograph; frorlzon aweep. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

horizon sweep-( surveying) A preliminary 

reconnaissance technique where the Instrument 

is pointad inH\ally al the farthest v’biilde known 

poim and recording clockvrba anglas to tarka, 

spiras, buitdtigs, signals, etc., tor purposes of 

idenllflcat”km and eubsequem use. Sea ateo 

horizon profile. 

horizon system of coordlnatee-A aet 01 

celestial coordhates, usually altiiude and 

azimuth or azimuth angle, basad on Ihe 

celestial horizon as tha primary graat clrcte. Also 

called horizon coordinate system. 

horizon traca-An imaginary fine, In the plane 

of a photograph, which represents the image of 

the true horizon tt corresponds to the 

intersection of the plane ot a photograph and 

!he horizontal plane containing tha internal 

perspective cemer or rear nodal point of the 

lens. See also true horizon. 

horizontal angle-Angle in a horizontal 

plane. 

horizontal axis—The axis about which the 

[alescope of a theotilie or transit rotates when 

moved vertically, 

horizontal bridging—See brldglng. 

horizontal circle-A graduated circle affixed 

to lhe lower plate of a transtf by which horizontal 

angtes can be measured. 

horizontal closure error—See srror of 


horizontal control dstum—A geodetic 

reference point which is the basis for horizontal 

control surveys, and of wttiih tiia quamifies ara 

known: latitude, longitude, azimuth of a tine 

trom this pint, and two constanta which arc the 

parameters of the reference ellipsoid. Tfre 

horizontal conlrol dstum may extend ovar a 

continent or be limited to a small area. Also 

called horizontal datum; horizontal 

gsodstlc datum. 

horizontal Controf point—Sae horizontal 

control station. 

horizontal control staflon—A station whose 

position haS been accurately determined in xand 

~grid Coordinates, or Iatituda snd longitude. 

Also called horizontal control point. 

120

horizontal conirol survey net-See 

survey net, delinifkm 1. 

horizontal controf-A network o/ stations of 

known geographic or grid fmsitions referred to a 

cvmn horizontal datum, wh”ch control the 

horizontal posirbns of mapped features with 

respect to parallels and mariduns, or northirrg 

and casting grid Iirrae ehown on lhe map. 

HOdXOntal control Irwtudes basic (marked) and 

Supplemanrary @nnsrrtsed) stallona. 

horizontal copiane-See baeal coplane. 

horizontal datum—See datum, definition 2. 

horizontal deformation—in relative 

ortenfalion, the cumulative model warpage 

atfecfing the horizontal datum from z-motion 

error, brldglng error, and swing error. 

lIOrlZOntal dlrectlon—Obse Ned frorlzorrtal 

angles at a triangulation station reduced to a 

common iniiial direction. 

horizontal extension—See extension, 

definition 2. 

hortzontel geodetic datum—See 

horizontal control datum. 

horizontal lntenelly—The intensity of the 

horizontal component of the magnetic field in 

the plane of the msgneilc meridian. 

horizontal lhw-A line perpendicular to the 

veriic.al. 

horizontal parellax—1. (astronomy) The 

geocentric parallax of a body on the observer’s 

trorfzon. This is equal 10 the angular 

semidiameter of the Earlh as seen Irom the 

body. 2. (phologrammelry) See absolute 

stereoscopic parallaz. 

horizontal pase point—See supplemental 

poaltlon. 

horlzorttal photo~raph—A photograph 

taken with the axis of the camere horizontal. 

horlzontaf plane-1. A plane perpendicular 

10 tha diradion of gravity: and plane tangent to 

the gsoki or parallel to euch a plana, 2. 

(surveying) A plane perpendicular 10 the plumb 

line wittsjn which, or on which, angles and 

MIL-HC)BK-850 

distances are observed. For any plenknatric 

survey il is assumed that all plumb fines therein 

are parallel, and all horizontal pfanas therein are 

parallel 

horizontal retraction—A natural error In 

SUweYiW which is the raautt of the horizontal 

bending of fighl rays berween a target and en 

obsewing Instrument. Usually cauaed by the 

dttterences In density of the air along the path of 

the light rays, reauffing from temperature 

variations. See also terreatrlal refraction. 

horizontal stadla—A method of measuring 

dk4aWeS wherein the stadia rod is held in a 

horizontal position and the stadia hairs of the 

irratrurrrenl are vertical during obsarvatkms. 

horizontal taping and plumbhrg—A 

method whereby the tape is field horizontally, 

and the posilione of M pertinent ~raduations are 

projected to the ground with plumb bobs. 

horizontal/vertical brldglng—See 

brldglng. 

horizontal/vertical exIenalon—See 

eXtenSIOn del,ini.,on 2. 

horlzontallzlng tha model—See leVellhg, 

definition 2. 

horizontally comrolled photography— 

Cartographic aerial photography obtained 

simultaneously with racardlng of distanca 

measurements between the taking aircratf and 

aach of Iwo or more geodetically positioned 

ground stations. Shoran or ehiran are normally 

used as lhe dklance measuring equipment. 

The resuft is precise relative horizontal 

positioning o! each photograph which has 

associated recorded distances. This positioning 

information is used as horizontal control data in 

Ihe mapping process. 

horizon—(JCS) fn general, rhe apparent or 

visible junction of the earlh and sky, ae seen 

Irom any specffic positbn. Also called the 

aPParent, vlslble, or local horizon. A 

horizontal plane passing through a point of 

vision or perapectlve center. [me apparent or 

visible hor”uon approximates the true horizon 

only whan the poim of vision is very cbse to eee 

level,] See also apparent horizon; attltuda 

Indlcaror; calestlal horizon; felee 

horizon; geocentric horizon; geoldal 

horizon; geometrical horizon; radar 

horizon; eenslble horizon; trua horizon. 

121

I 

Hormbow Irwol attachment-A level used 

In rnn~nction wilh a micrometer in a Ielesmpe 

whereby Ietiude observations by the Horrebow- 

Talcoff method can be made. 

Horrebow.Talcott method of Iatltude 

deWrmlrtatlon—See latitude 

delarmlnsition; zenith. telescope 

method. 

hot spot+pholography) A small area 01 

undesired brilliancy o! Illumination in the image 

projected by a prfmer or a reader. 

Hotlne Obllque Mercator—A mapping 

prmjecfion devebped spacilicaliy for LANDSAT 

Imagery, dividing the Earth info five zones o! 

Iafiiude, Wtihin each zone, oblique strips 

cm’respondng to indwktual LANDSAT spacecraft 

paths are projected onto a plane. The axk of 

projection surresponds approximately 10 the 

path of scene cemers. 

hour angle difference—See merldlan 

angle dltrerence. 

hour angle system (of coordinates)—A n 

equatorial system 0! curvilinear celestial 

coordinates which has the Equaior and the local 

meridian as primafy and sewndary reference 

planas, respectively. The position of a celestial 

body iS Qfven by ifs hour angle end declination. 

hour angle-The hour angle of a celestial 

body la the time elapsed since ifs upper transit. 

II k tfre engle between the observers 

(eslronomic) maridlan and the declination circle 

01 the body, measured positive westward from 

the meridian. See also Greenwlcn hour 

anQle; IOcal hour angle; sidereal hour 

angle. 

hour circle-Any great circle on the celestial 

sphere whose plane {s perpendkwlar 10 the 

plane o! the celestial equator. Also called circle 

of decllnatlon; circle of rlghl aacanalon. 

See also celestlal merldlen; coluras. 

hub-A temporary traverse station marker,, 

usualfy 01 wood, The stake is driven flush with 

ihe ground with a tack or small nail on top 10 

mark the exact point of reference for angular 

and linear measurements, 

Hull Integrlly Test Site Charfe (HITS)— 

Charfs which provide detailed bathymakic and 

environmental data for submarine test dive 

MIL-HDBK-850 

areas. 

Huygen’s prlnclple-A general princlpla 

applying to all Iorma of wave motion which 

states that every point on the instantaneous 

position of an advarcirq phasa fmnf (wave 

front) may be regarded as a source of 

secondary spherical wavelets. The poeiffon of 

the phase front a momam Ialar Is then 

determined as the envelops ot all of the 

secondary wavelets (ad Inflrrlfum). This principle 

is extremely useful In undarsfanding effecls due 

to refraction, reflecfbn, dfiracsion, and 

SCaltWin!J of all types 0( radiatiin, including 

sonic radiadon as well as electromagnetic 

radiation and applying aven lo ocean wava 

propagation. 

Hydrographlc Information Handllng 

System (HIHAN)—HfHAN is a 

sottware/hardware sysfem under development 

by Ihe Datacfrment Stennis Spaca Center (NRL) 

which will aufomate the preprocessing, merging, 

integration and preparation of hydrogrsphic data 

from a variety of sources. 

h ydrog rsphlc charf-(JCS) A nautical chart 

showing depths of water, nature of bottom, 

COnlOUrs,Of bottom and Wasliine, and tidasand 

currents m a given eea or sea and iand srea. 

Also called marine map; nautlcssl cfrarf. 

hydrographlc datum—The plane of 

reference of soundings, depth surves, and 

elevations of foreshore and offshora featuras. 

Also called charl datum. See also 

International low watar; low water 

datum; National Geodetic Vertical 

datum of 1929; eoundlng detum; tidal 

darum. 

hycfrographlc detail—Tfse featuras elong lhe 

shore and the submerged parts of bodies of 

water. Also called Irydrographlc teature. 

hydrographlc dlgltal data—Dafa In dlscrate 

numericaf form derfvad from tha measurements 

and descrfpflon of the physical features of the 

oceans, seas, lakes, rivers and ofhar wafers, 

and their adjoining coastal araas (with patt@ular 

reference to navigational ussge.) 

hydrographlc feature—See hydrographlc 

datall. 

hydrographlc reconnalssanca-A 

reconnaissance of an area of wafer to 

defermine depths, baach gradients, the nature 

122

of the bOffOM, and the location of coral reefs, 

mokfl shoals, and man-made obstacles. 

hydrographic sextanl—See surveying 

Saxtallt. 

hydrographlc 8oundlng-See sounding, 

defintfions 1 and 2. 

trydrogrephlc survey-A survey made in 

retetbn to any mnsiderable body of water, such 

as a bay, harbor, lake, or river for the purposes 

of determination of channel depths for 

navigetbn, Ioca!ion of rocks, sand bars, lights, 

and tx.keys; and In the case of rivers, made for 

flood comrol, power development, navigation, 

water auppfy, and weter storage. 

hydrogrrsphy-1. (JCS) The science which 

deals with tha measurements and description ot 

the physical features of the oceans, seas, lakes, 

rivers, and their adjoining coastal areas, with 

particular referenca 10 their use for navigational 

fxmses. 2. Thai part of topography pertaining 

to water and drainage features. 

hydrology+ydrology in IIS broadest extem 

deals with the properties, iaws, and phenomena 

of water of ifs physical, chemical, and 

physiolo@cal relations; of its distribution 

throughout Ihe habilable Earth; snd of the 

eff8d Of lhIS CirCUfalien on human lives and 

interests. 

hydrophore-An electroacoustic transducer 

that canvefis sound energy into electrical 

energy. Sea also transducer. 

hydrosphere-That pafl 01 the Earth that 

consists of the oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers; a 

M7?ilaf par7 of any other spatial body il such a 

body eXiStS. Dkwinguistred trOM lh8 atMOSfJhere 

and lithosphere. 

..,” ---.,- .,-m .. . ---- ,.. . . .. . . .. . . 

nB,”n”48, m,** -q”m, m”,,— u,, Sau,,,u,,bcl, 

eqixafione, the term assumed by the verlical 

mmponenf of the vector equation of motion 

when all Coriolls force, Earth curvalure, Iricfional, 

and ~efiiml ac@er81i0n tarms are considered 

negllgfbte compared with those involving the 

vertiial pressure force and the force of gravity. 

hydrostatic equlllbrlum-The stale ot a fluid 

whose surfaces of cansfanf pressure and 

conetam maas (or density) coincide and are 

horfzonfaf throughout. Complete bafance exists 

between the torte of gravity and the pressure 

force. The relation between fhe pressure and 

._. ——— _ 

MIL-HDBK-850 

fhe geomefric heighl is given by fhe hydrosfelic 

equation. 

hygromatrlc—Relaf in~ to the retetlve humldlfy 

or wmparafive amounf of moisture frr the 

atrrme.phera. SInca the atrmsphare penetrates 

the pores or cells of maferfal bodiis in vsrying 

degrees depending upon fhe aubefances of 

which fhey are cmmposad, fhe amount of 

moistura which it comaine wili effeci the shepaa 

and dimensions of certain inaftumems and 

equipmenf used In surveying and maPpfng. For 

this reason 11is necessary to sefecf metartats 

which are not a.enaflive to hygromafrfc urnditione 

for the construction of fevefing rods, pfenetafrie 

sheels, efc., and for the construction and 

priming of maps. 

h yg roscopjc—The prope!ly of malerials such 

as paper and films to absorb or reiease moisture 

and, in so doing, to expand or contract. 

hyperbolic Ilne of poslflorI-A fine of 

position in the shape of a hyperbola, 

determined by measuring the difference In 

distsnce to two fixad points. Loran lines ot 

position are an example. 

hypariocal diatanca-The distance from the 

camera lens to me nearest object in tocus whan 

the camera lens is focused at infinity. 

hyperatereoscopy—( JCS) Stereoscopic 

viewing in which Ihe relief effect is nodceabty 

exaggerated, caused by the esfenslon ot fha 

camera basa. Afso called appearance ratfo; 

axaggeratad etereo; relief etrefchlng; 

stereoscopic sxaggeratlon. See also 

verlfcal exaggerelion, definition 1. 

hypsographlc detail-The feafures 

pertaining 10 relief or elevafion of terrain. 

hypsographlc map (or chari)-A map or 

chart showing land or wbmarine bottom ralief in 

terms of height above, or below, a datum by 

any me!hod, such as contours, hachuras, 

shading, or finfing. Also called hypsomatrlc 

map (or chars). 

hypsography—1. The science or art of 

describing alavations of land surfaces wilh 

reference to a dalum, usually sea level. 2. That 

part of fopogrephy dealing with rafief or 

elevation of terrain. 

hypaograph-An instrument of fhe slide rule 

type used fo comp,ute elevations from veflical 

123

— 

angles and horizontal dslances. 

hypsometer—An instrument used in 

determining elevations of poims on the Earlh’s 

w rfacs in relatiin to sea level by determining 

atmospheric pressure through observation of 

the bolting point (temperature) of water at each 

point. 

hypeometrlc map (or chart)-See 

hypstogrephic mep. 

hypeometrlc tint ecale-A graphic scale In 

the mergln of maps and charts which Indicates 

heights or depths by graduated shades of 

cofors. See afso hyps.ornetrlc tint Ing, 

hypsomelrlc tinting—(JCS) A method of 

showing relief on maps and charts by coloring, 

in different shadea. those parts whIcfI fie 

between selected levels. Alse called eltllude 

tlms; color gradients; elevatlon tlnte; 

gradlant tints; layer tints. 

hypaometry—The arf of determining, by any 

method, surface elevations on the Earth with 

relerence 10 sea level, 

MIL-HDBK-L350 

124

ke chert-A chart showing prevalence of ice, 

usually with reference 10 nav’@ble walerways. 

Ice aurvelllanca producte-Plolllrrg charts, 

repcrt forms, and other cworfucts used for the 

collection and dksemina!ion of ice posftion 

information. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Icad.bar sspparatua-An apparalus ~or 

meeeurtw Ilnaar distance wilh great precision 

and acwrecy, and consisting assantialty of a 

Sfaal bar which is maintained et a constant 

tert?peratura by being surrourtdm with melting 

Isa. The bar is rectangular in cross section, and 

IS carried In a Y-shapad trough which is Iillad 

with matting ke and mounted on a car which 

rneves on a track. Bar lengths are observed wiih 

micrometer microscopes mou M ed on S!able 

supfmrfs. Also called Woodward base-llne 

measuring apparatus. 

Ideal Eartts-See aqulllbrlum theory. 

kdeal sea level-The theoretical sea surlace 

whuh is everywhere normal to the plumb line. 

Referance of all depth soundings to this level 

would rqaka them all comparable. 

Ideniltlcatlon poetrs-Peats of wood or other 

suitable rrkmerfal, appropriately marked and 

inacrfbed, and placad near survey stations 10 aid 

In their recovery and identification, AISO called 

supplemental poata for aurvay 

monumants. 

Idla pendulum—A working pendulum placed 

In the recalver in advance 01 its being used, so 

Ihal It may assume the same temperature as 

the dummy pendulum. 

Image corrolatlon—The matching of position 

and physkal characteristics betwaen imagery of 

the same geographic area horn dillarersl types 

of aenaore, between sensor imagery and a data 

base, or between two images frem the same 

aansor. 

Imaae dagradatlon—[photometry) The 

reduction of the Inherent optimum Imaging 

polential of individual sensor systems caused by 

emr In sensor operations or pmcesslng 

pMCt?dUrJS. Raducliorsa In quality caused by 

unavoidable facfom; i a., atmospherics, srmw 

125 

cover, ate., are net asaocialad with the term. 

Image dlrastlon—A term used 10 describe the 

image orientation 0! a photographic negative or 

positive relative to the positbrr of the emulsion. 

See also emulalon-to-basa; emulalon-toemulalon; 

right-reading; wrong-reading. 

Imaga dlatortlon-Any shift In’ the posllion of 

an Imega on a photograph which alla’s the 

perspective charactetistica of the photograph. 

Causes of image distortion hStJds lens 

aberration, dMerantial ahritiage of flfm or papar, 

and motion 01 the film or camera. 

Imaga enhancement—Any of aavaral 

processes that might improve the interpretation 

quality of an Image. Such processes include 

contrast improvement, greatar resolution, 

special Iillering, etc. 

Image motion compensation (lMC)- 

(JCS) Movement Intentionally Imparted to film at 

such a rate as to mmpansate for the fonvard 

motion of an eir or space vehicle when 

photographing ground objects. 

Image motion companaatlon dlatotilon— 

In a panoramic camera system, the 

displacement of images of ground points Irom 

their expectad cylindrical poslticn causect by the 

translation 01 the lens or negative wrfaca (a 

motion usad to wmpensale for Image motion 

during exposure time). 

Imaga motion ?actore-Those factors 

wherein the Image MotIon varies directly wfth the 

aircraft ground speed and lens focal length and 

inversely with the anitucle, 

Imege motion—lhe smearfng or blurring of 

imagery on an aerial ptretcgraph bacauaa ot the 

relative movement of the camera with raspecf to 

the ground. 

Image plane—See photograph plane. 

Image point-(photogrammetry) Image on a 

photograph mrrespcmding to a definite object 

on the ground. 

Image procasal ng—Encompasses all the 

various operations that can be applied to 

photographic or image data. These Include, but

MIL-HDBK-850 

are not limited to, image impression, image 

restoration, image enhancement, 

preprocessing. quantlsation, spatial filtering and 

olher image pattern remgntiion techniques. 

Image ray-straight fine from a ground object. 

thraugh the camera Iem, to the Imaga on me 

photograph. See also paMpeCilVe ray. 

lmageW Interpretation key—(JCS) Any 

diagrams. charts, tablas, lists, or sets of 

examplas, etc.. which are used !0 aid imagefy 

Intarpretere in the rapid kfanfifiition of objecls 

visibfe on imagery. 

Imagery hrterpretatlon—( JCS) The procees 

of location, recognition, identification, and 

description of objacts, activities, and terrain 

represented on imagery. 

Imagev aortia-(JCS) One flight by one 

aircraft tor the purpose of racording air imagery. 

imagery-(JCS) Collecfivaly, the 

representations of objects reproduced 

electronically or by optical meana on film, 

electronic display devices, or other media. 

lmaga-1. The parmanenl record of the 

likeness of any natural or man-made features, 

objects, and activities reproduced on 

photographic malerials. This image can be 

acquired ihmu~h the sensing ot visual or any 

other aegmanf 01 the elactmmagnetic spectrum 

by sansom, such as thermal Infrared, and high 

resolution radar. Sea also erect Imege; 

homologous Imagea; Inverted Image; 

latent Image; real Image; reverted 

Image; tharmal Imagery; Vhltial Imege. 

2. A visual rapresenlation, as on a radarscope. 

Imeglng ayeteme-(satelfite) Imaging 

systems carrfad on satallitas can be placad in 

hvo bask categories, according to the 

requlrernmts to be rrwt by thair applications: (1) 

remote sensing for interpretation is 

characfarized by the fact the nature of tha 

object imaged is of prtmary importance, and the 

gaomatry ie of minor Impofianca: and (2) 

satellite photogrammetry is charactarizad by the 

geometry which Is ot prfmary Interest, and the 

natura of the oblacr is ot minor importance. 

Imparaonal mlcromater—See tranalt 

mlcromatar. 

lmpoft-Tha procass of bringing data or 

software from one system inlo another system. 

126 

lmpoaltlon—Positioning and aeeembling 

negalives or positiies into printing iocaiion on a 

flat. 

lmprasaion—The inked image racefved by a 

aheat in a press. Commonly usad as a measure 

of printing production or Cawcity. 

In.anrf-out atallon—A recoverable but 

unoccupied stat’bn Irworporatad into a trrxverae 

by remnlng e fictiiious defkactton angle of 180° 

to reverse the azimuth of the course leading info 

it, so that[ha nest statbn minckfes with the 

preceding station and the in-and-out station iS 

ueed as the backaight lor continuing Iha 

traverse. In the canputatbns it is lraatad as an 

ordina~ station in the travarse. 

Incident nodal point-See nodal point, 

definition 1. 

Inctlnatlon correction—See gmda 

correction. 

Incllnatlon of the horizontal axis—The 

vertical angle between the horizontal aXiS of a 

suweying or astronomic instrument and lhe 

plane of the horizon. 

Incllnatlon-1. The angle which a fine or 

surface makes with the verlical, horizomai, or 

with another line or Suriace. 2. The angie 

between orbit plane and ratararwe plane; tor 

exampla, tha Equator is the reference plane for 

geocentric, and the eclbtic tor hefiicantric orbM.. 

3. See dip, definition 2. 

Incllna alfJht-A sigh! made with a surveying 

instrument at an angle afmve or below the 

horizon. 

inclinometer—An instrument for measuring 

inclination to the horizontal of a ship or aircraft, 

or of the lines of force of the Earth’s magnatic 

tield. 

lnclualors-A topological pm~rty which 

providas relationships batwaen objects which 

are enclosed by or overlap another object. 

Examples of inclusion are an island surrounded 

by water, or a town within and a part of a taroer 

administrative area. See aleo topology. 

Indepandant raaurvey-A rasurvey which iS 

not depandant on the recxrfds of the original 

survey but is inlandecf to supersede them in

eefablishfng new land boundaries and 

aubdivislons. See also dependent reeurvey. 

Index chart-An outline charl showing the 

limits end identifying designations of 

navigational charts, volumes of sailing 

directions, etc. 

Indax contour lln-(JCS) A contour fine 

amenfualed by a heavier line weight 10 

dstingutsh H from intermediate camrfours. Index 

contours are usually shown as every fifth 

contour with their ass”~nest values, 10 facifilafa 

reading elevations. 

Index correction-l. A correction applied 10 

the raading from any graduated measuring 

device to compensate for a canstant error such 

as would be caused by misplacement of the 

Scale; lhe reverse 01 Ihe index error. 2. 

(leveling) That correction which must be applied 

10 an ObSeWed difference Of elevsflon to 

effminale lhe error introduced into fhe 

observations when lhe zero of the graduations 

on one or bofh leveling rods does not coincide 

axactly with Ihe actual bottom surface of the 

rod. 

‘Indax arror-The instrumental error which is 

constant and attributable 10 displacement of a 

vemler or some analogous ellecf. 

Indax ream-A real mark, such as a cross or 

dot, lying in the plane or the object apace of a 

photograph and used singly as a reference 

mark In cerfain fypes of monocular Inswuments, 

or as one of a pair to form a floating mark as in 

certain types of stereoscopes. In stereoscopic 

map plOffing instruments which utilize a stereo 

pair of Index marks, each mark is called a haff 

mark. see also floatlng merk. 

fndex of refracffon-See SnelM faw of 

refrecflon. 

Index prlsnx-A sextant prism which can be 

Krtetad to any angle mrresponding to altitudes 

between established WrrUs. It k the b@irle or 

pendulum sextant wunterpatl ot the indax 

mirror of a marine aexrant. 

Index fo photography-see photo Index, 

definffion 1. 

Indian dalum-The Indian detum is eccepted 

as fhe preferred datum for India and several 

adjacant countries In Southeast Asia. It is 

computed on the Everest ellipeoid with its origin 

MIL-HDBK-850 

127 

at Kafiinpur in Central Indii. Derived in 1S30, 

fhe Everest ellipsoid is the ofdeat of the 

eilipao”kfs in common use and &smuch too 6rrSS11. 

As a resuft of the fatter, the. datum Cennoi be 

extended too far from the origkt or very fofuo 

geoid aeparafions will mr. For this reason and 

Ihe fact that the ties bofween local friarrgulatbn 

in southeast Asia are rypbeffy weak, the Indian 

datum is probably the least salislacfory of the 

preferred datums. 

Intffan eprlng fow water—The approximate 

mean water faval defermfned from afl bwer bw 

watars at spring tkles. 

Indian tide plane-The datum of Indian 

spring bw watar. 

Indicated comer-A Ierm adopfad by the 

U.S. Geological Survey to dasignate a mmer of 

Ihe pubfii fend wrveye whosa focafion canno! 

be varified by the criferfa necessary to clase if as 

a found or existenl corner, but which b accepted 

locally as the mrrecf mmer and whose bcation 

is perpaiusted by such reeks as fence One 

intersacfions, piles of rocks, and stakes or pipes 

driven info the ground, which have been 

recovered by field investigation. 

Indlcafed prfnclpal point—See prlnclpal 

point. 

Indlract effect on the deflectlona—See 

topographic deflecllon, 

fndirect Ieveflng-see barometric 

Ievellng; thermomotrlc leVellng; 

wlgonometrlc Ioveflng. 

Indirect measurement—Any measurement 

secured by determining Ifs quanftfy from tfs 

relatlon to some measured quantify. A 

!echnique used in aurveylrrg whan ff is 

impossible to actually tape e dkitance across a 

river or of her such obstruction. See afao dfract 

meseuremenf. 

Indirect obsewatlon—A measure of a 

quantity which is a function of the quantify or 

quantities whose value is desired, such as an 

obsemed difference in elevation wifh a spirit 

level, used to obtain the elevation of a bench 

msrk. 

Indirect phonography—Photography In 

which fhe camera records an Image COaf upon a 

screen or similar display surface by elacfronic 

[television, radar, etc.) or other means.

inequality—A systematic deparfure VDM the 

mean value 01 a quamny. See also annual 

Inequality; diurnal Inaqunllty; lunar 

Inaquallty; parallactlc Inequality; 

parallax Inaquallty; phase Inequality; 

varlatlonsrl Inaquallty. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Inarrlal ●zlmulh-An azlmufh which 

approximates the value which mulct be obtained 

from asfmnomic obsewafions, but which is 

derived from direct obeewations along the fine 

of sfghl with an inertial azimuth measurfrrg 

davfca conelafing of a north-seakkrg gymsmpe 

ootilned with a iheodollle. See also 

gyrotfreodoli.te. 

Inertial coordinate system—A coordinate 

system (n whch the axes do not rotate with 

respect fo the Wed sfars. and in which dynamic 

behavbr can be deacrbed using Newlon’s laws 

ot motbn. 

Iner?lal guidance eystem—A system in 

which gukjance IS parmlffed by means of the 

maaaurement and in!egrsfion of acceleration 

from wilhin the craft. 

Inortlal measurement unl! (lMU)—(missile 

guidance) A wmpacf componen! of an inertial 

guidance ayslem which fsas three 

accaleromefers mounted cm a gyrostabifized 

plafform. See also accelerometer. 

ine~lal nsvlgatlon ●ystam—A ayslem which 

is not dependent on man-made elecfmmagnatic 

signals. Newion$e sacond law of molbn is 

ufilized wffh a syatom conakllng of 

amelemmetera mounfad on gyroelabllized 

plaffonme, each for measuring bngifudinal, 

lateral, and verlkal amelerations. The double 

Infegratbn of ali accelerations in lhree mutually 

perpendicular directions pmvkfes distance 

traveled (Imm a known starting point) in three 

mutually perpendicular dlracfions. Navigation is 

by a highty refined form of dead rackoning with 

system posfficm t9ing updated fmm other 

navigational references In the more 

sophisticated ayateme. 

lnarflal navlQatlon-The process of 

meaeuring a craft% velocity, attitude (in the 

aubmaflne missile Iaunchlng appficalions), and 

displacement (incfuding changes in altitude in 

Ihe aircraft a@catbn) from a known etarfing 

poinf through sensing the acceleration acting 

on ff In known directions by means of devices 

that mechanfze Newton’s laws of motion, 

128 

Inefllal referance photography— 

Cartographic aerial photography obtained 

simultaneously with rnagnatlc tapa recordad 

inertial retererwe positioning data. 

Inferior conjuncrlon-l%o mnjuncfbn of an 

Inferior planet and the Sun when the planol is 

between the Eanh and the Sun. 

Inferior planeta-The planets with orblfe 

smatier than thaf of the Earth, i.e., Mercury and 

Venus. 

Inferior traneH-See Iowar tranelt. 

lnflnity—~e poinI, line, or region beyond 

measurable fimfis. An unaltered source of figM Is 

regarded as at infinity if if is a! such a great 

distance that rays from If can be considered 

parallel. 

Infrared dlstsnce measurement-A 

distance determined by measuring the phase 

delay 01 rnedulation algnats on a li@f beam 

(infrared) traveling ot a known vebcify between 

a dwlsnce reeler and reflector. 

Intrared film-(JCS) Film carrying an omukbn 

especially sensitive to ‘near-infrared.. Used to 

photograph through haze, because of the 

penetrating power ot inlrared fighl, and in 

camouflage delection to distinguish between 

tfving vegatathn and dead vegetalbn or artificial 

green pigment. 

Infrared—Pertaining to or designating the 

portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with 

wavelangfhs ]usf beyond the red end of the 

visible spectrum, such as radiatkm emitted by a 

hof body. Invisible to the eye, infrared rays are 

detected by their thermal end phefographic 

eHects. Their wavelength are longer fhan those 

of visible light and shorter Ihan thOSa Ot radio 

waves, 

h’thorlted error—The error In iniflal values 

used In a amputation: especially the error 

irrfmduced from the previous steps In a step-by. 

step imagration. 

inltlal Graptrlc Exchange Speclflcetlon 

(lGES)—An interim efandard tormet devebpad 

by the Naltonal Bureau of Standards (NIST) for 

exchanging graphics data between computer 

systems IGES Is the most wldafy used 

exchange formal in the world.

MIL-HDBK-B50 

Inlilsl monument—A physical structure which 

marks the Iocalbn of an Initial poinl in me 

rectangular system 01 surveys. See also Inltlal 

potnt. 

Inltlal operatlfrg capability (IOC)—The first 

affainrnerrf ol the cepabiliiy to employ effecflvefy 

a weapon, item of equomsrrf, or system of 

approved epsrclfk characferletics, and which is 

manned or operated by edwfuately trained, 

equipped, and supported operational unil or 

group. 

Inltlal point-l. That point from which any 

survey is inillatsd. Alao called point of origin. 2. 

A point wMch k esisbfished under the 

rectangular system of surveys and from which k 

lni!isled the cadastral suwey of the principal 

meridian end base line that controls the 

cadasfral survey of the Wblic lands within a 

given araa. See alao base line; initial 

monumem; principal meridian. 

Inner orlenta\lon—See Interior 

orientation. 

Innar plsmets—The four planets nsarest the 

Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. See 

also melor planets; outer planats; 

aaieroid. 

Inserted grouping—(JCS) (radar) The 

incfusion of one erea of homogeneous surface 

material in an area of different melerial. 

hteet—(JCS) (cartography) A separate map 

positioned within the neallhre of a larger map. 

Three forms are recognized: (1) all area 

gaographwally outside a sheet but included 

therein for convenience of pubiicalion, ueually at 

the same scale: (2) a poriion of lhe map or chart 

et an enlarged scale: (3) a smaller scale map or 

chart of surrounding areas Included for location 

purposes. 

Instantaneous field of view (tFOV)—The 

smatieat aofid arrgie resolvable by a scanner 

when axpreseed in radians. When expreassd in 

feet, ii la the prejecfed area of the detector 

image on the ground and is a measure of the 

remlufion of a scanner or similar remole sensor 

with di6crete samples. 

instantaneous reading tape-A survey 

tape on which the foot mark is repeated at each 

sutdiiision. Thus, a tape divided into tenfhs of a 

foot would have fhe foot mark imprinted al each 

129 

tenth of a foot divkion. 

Instrument adjustment-lle process of 

mechanical manipulation 01 the relaiion ot 

componan! parts 01 an instrumerd in order to 

oblain the h~hesl practicsbte precision and 

facility in lhe designed use of ths bt5fNMsnt. 

instrument approach chsttl-An 

aeronauticef cherl designed for use undar 

Instrument flighf conditlorts, for rnafdrtQ 

irratrumsnf approach and fatdown to contact 

flight cotidions in the vichttfy of an aWteld. 

Instrument arror-A systematic error resulting 

from irnparfeckne in, or feuffy adjuatmanl ot, 

instrumanfs or dsvicea used. Also caked 

calibration error. 

Instrument parellex—1. A change in Ihe 

apparent position of an object wfih respect to 

the reference marlw of an instrument which Is 

caused by impenacl adjustmanf of the 

instrument. Aiso calied optical pareliax. 2. 

Parallax caused by a change in the postiion of 

tha observer. Also called pereonai parallax. 

instrument phcrtotrlangulation-See 

stereotrianguiat ion. 

instrument statlon~ee sefup, definition 

1. 

Integralad etatlon lnetrument—A n 

instrument combining horfzonfaf and vertical 

angles with electronic distance meaaurament 

and programmed computer capability in a single 

piece of hardware. 

lnlegratlon—(JCS) 1. A Staga in the 

irstelligenca cycie h which a patfern is termed 

through the selection and Combination of 

evaluated information. 2. (photography) A 

process by which the average mdsr pkfura seen 

on eeveral scans of the lime baae may be 

obtained on a prfnf, or the process by which 

several photographic images are combined info 

a single image. 

Intenelty of grevlty-The magnitude with 

which gravity acts, expressed in euifabfe units, 

usually as an acceleration, in gals: as a force, in 

dynes. 

inlaractlve-A system of alfowhkJ two-way 

electronic communicszfion behveen the user and 

the computer.

i 

Intercardlnal polnl—Any of the four 

diractkms midway between the cardinal poims; 

norfhaast. soufheasl, southwest, or northwest. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Interferometer-An apparatus used to 

pmducs and measura interference from hvo or 

more coherent wave trains from the same 

source. Used to measure wavelengths, to 

measure an@sr width of sources, to determine 

the angular positkm of sources (as in satellite 

tracMng), snd for other purposes. See also 

radio Interferometer. 

Interim Terrain Data (ITD)-A DMA digital 

producf consisting of oomiguous data eels 

comprised of attributed and urraymbolizad 

feature Information in six thematic files (Surlace 

Configuration, Vegetation, Surface Materials, 

Surface Drainage, Transportation, and 

Obstaclea) and a sevemh file of Digital Terrain 

Elevation Data (DTED) Level 1. The data content 

is equivalent to the content of either Tactical 

Terrain Analysis Data Bases (7TADBe) or 

Planning Terrain Analyais Dala Bases (PTADBs). 

An enhanced Iranspafat!on file consisting of 

attributed roads (afl-waaf her fhrough Carl track), 

bridges, and tunnels was added to the data set, 

See Plannfng Tarraln Analysls Data 

Base; Tactical Terreln Analysls Date 

Baae. 

Interior angle trrsverse-in surveying, a 

closed lravarae wherein distances are maasured 

and only Inlerlor angle measurements are used. 

Intarlor orlantatlon-The determining 

(anafyiicalfy or in a photogrammetric instrument) 

of the intarior perspective of the photograph as 

it was at the instant of exposure. Elements of 

imerbr Orfemation are the calibrated focal 

Iangth, bcatbn of the calibrated principal point, 

and the calibrated lens distortion. Also called 

Inner orlantation. 

Intertor perapactlve canter—See 

parapectlve center. 

Interior to a curtre-That area lying toward 

the Conceva sfde of a curva and incfuded within 

the area of the circle of which the curve Is a part 

of fhe circumterenca. 

lnterlocklrtg angle-in till analysis of oblique 

photographs, the angle betwesn the optical 

axea of Ihe varflcal and oblkfue cameraa. Ttte 

dihedral angle betwaan lhe planes of the 

vert!cal and oblique photographs. 

. . 

intermediate contour Urse-A conlour line 

drawn bahveen index contours. (@ending on 

the wnfour interval, there are thrae or four 

imerrndale contours between the irrfex 

contours. 

Intermediate orbft-A cemnsf force orbft that 

Is tangent to the real orbii al some poim. A 

fictitious aatellile traveling in the kdermadiefe 

orbit would hava the sama position, but not the 

same velocity, as tha real salellita af the poim of 

tangency. 

Internal data structure-The organization 

within a ayslem of data and particularly, the 

reference linkages among data rslarrwnts. Sae 

also Data structure. 

International Gravity Standardlzatlon 

Net 1971 (IGSN 71)—An adiusted worldwide 

network of gravity measurements consisting of 

absolula, pendulum, and gravimeter 

observations. The IGSN 71 was approved and 

adopted by fhe International Union of Geodesy 

and Geophysics in 197t, and replaces the 

Potsdam datum as fhe international graviiy 

standard. 

International date llnS-(JCS) The line 

coinciding approximately with the amemerfdian 

Of Greenwich, modified to avoid certain 

habitable land. In crossing fhis line there is a 

date change 01 one day. Also called date Ifna. 

International eliipaold—A refarence elffpsoid 

defined by Hayiord in 1924 with samimajor 

axis(a) as 6,378,388.0 reefers, and flattening of 

li297. 

Internatlonaf gravity formula—A 

devalopmem of the formula for theoretical 

gravity, based on the aasumptfone thal the 

spheroid of raference is an exact ellipsoid of 

revolution having the dimensions of the 

international ellipsoid of reference (Madrid, 

1924), rotating about its minor axia once in a 

sidereal day; fhaf the surface of the ellipsoid is a 

level surface: and that gravity al the Equator 

equals 978.049 gals. 

Intarnatlonal low watar (ILW)—A plane of 

reference bafow maan sea Iavef; half the range 

between mean Iowar low water and mean 

higher high water multiplied by 1.5. 

Internetfonal ayatam of Unlt9 (Sf)-The 

practical international metric system of unlls

I 

MIL-HDBK-850 

adopted by Ihe Etavemh General Conference of 

Weights and Measures In 1960. 

Interoculsrr dlatance-(JCS) The distance 

between the centers of rotation of the eyeballs 

of an Irdfvldual or between the oculars O( opfiial 

Instruments. Afso called eye berse; 

Interpuplllary dletance. 

lnteroperablllty-Consistency between 

dflerent MC&G software and data sets in ferms 

of eccaracy, data structure, lealure coding, georetererrcing 

systems, daturna, epatial 

raaolutiina, and pracision, whch allow them to 

be used on cWterent kinds of equipment 

ayetarna. 

Interpolate-To determine intermediate 

values between given fixed values. As applied 

to logical contouring, 10 interpolate is to ratio 

vertical distances between given apol 

elevations. 

Interpuplllary dlslance—See Inter-ocular 

dlrstence. 

tntorrogatlon—Transmission of a radio signal 

or cembirsakm of signals intended to trigger a 

wansponder or group of transponders. 

lntOrrOgatOr.reepOnaOr-A radio Iransmiller 

and receiver combined to interrogate a 

transponder and display the resulting replies. 

Also called challenger. See also 

Interrogator. 

Interrogator-1. A radar set or other 

electronic devbe that transmits an interrogation. 

2. An interrogator responscrr or the transmitting 

component of an interrogator raaponeor. 

Interrupted map projection—A projection 

having several standard meridians, each 

careered over a continent, and with lobateshapad 

eectlons of the projection plo!led from 

each elandard meridian. Ttre projectbn is 

broken In the ocean areas between the 

oontlnenta, ttwa reducing the linear scale 

dlacrepancles ard the overall shape distortion, 

espaciatly toward the margins, while retaining 

the equal area property. 

Intersected point—See Intaraectlon 

etatton. 

IntersectIon etatlon-An object whose 

horizontal position Is determined by 

observations from other survey stalions, no 

observations balng made at the object itsetf. 

Where the object is observed from onty two 

stations, Ihe position is termed a no-check 

posltlon, as there & no prmf that such 

obsewationa are free from btunders. Interaeciion 

stations are either objects which would be 

difficult to cccupy wtih an inatntmam, or Survey 

SignafS whose positions can be detennlnad wtfh 

stdficlenf accuracy without being occupied. Also 

called Intersected pOlnt. 

tniareectlon—1. (digital rnapplng) The 

coexistence of end points et a apecWc 

geographic focation; the set of all otrjeds 

common to hvo or more !ntersecltng sets. 2. 

(surveying) The procedure 01 detarrnining the 

horizontal position 01 an unoccupied poinl 

(Intersection station) by direction observations 

from two or more known positions. 3. 

(phologrammetry) The procedure of de!enrtlnhrg 

the horizontal position of a poim by Intersecting 

lines of direction oblainad photogrammetricelly. 

The fines of directkkn may be obtalnad direcfly 

from vertical photographs or by graphic or 

mathematical rectification of tilted photographs. 

See also reeectfon. 

lntervalometer—A liming device for 

automatically operating at specified intervals - 

cenain equipment such as a camera ehufter for 

the purpose of obtaining a desired end iap 

between successive photograp!rs. 

imervielblllty test—Any of iha saveral tests 

used to determine the possible visiMfiiy abng a 

sight fine in a proposed survey net. tts purpose 

is to determine the existence of obstructions 

along a proposed fine of sighf frum wtrich tower 

and signal rtrqtsiremants may be developed. 

tntemialblltty—Function which calculates area 

or Ilne-of-sight which can be .aeen- from a 

specific location or locations. Also termed 

vlewehed modeling or vlewahed 

mapping. 

tnvar leveling rorS-See preclae Ievetlng 

rod. 

mvar pendulum—A quarter-meter pendulum 

made of fnvar. 

Invar acala-A measuring bar made from 

Invar, Normally, one Side la graduated In the 

metric system and Iha othar side in the Engllsh 

system. 

Invar tape-Any survey tape made of fnvar.

’ 

lnvswhsble ponduium—A pendulum so 

desQned and equipped wiih means 01 support 

Ihsl ii can be ueed In only one position. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

lnvar—An alloy of nickel and steel having a 

very bw meffiifsnf of thermal expansion. Invar 

is used in the construction of Jaderin wires 

(base-line fnaasurfng apparatus), subtense bars, 

precise Iavelirrg rods, tepes, and pendulums. 

See also Lovar. 

lnventoW sufvey-A survey for the purpose 

01 mllecfkrg and mrrelaling engineering data of 

a particular type, or types, over a gfven area. An 

invenfo~ survey may be recorded on a base 

map. 

Inventory-Existing wurce matarials, 

intermediate and final products ‘kfentiiied by 

type of geographic mverage, and currency. 

Inverse chswf-See transverse cherf. 

Inverse computation—See Inveree 

position computation. 

Inverse cylindrical orfhomorphlc charl— 

See transverse Mercator chart. 

Inverse cylindrical orfhomorphlc map 

projection-See Iraneverae Mercator 


Inversa equator—See transverse 

equetor. 

Inverse latitude—See transverse 

Iatltude. 

Inveree IongltudeAee trenaverae 

longitude. 

Inverse Marcator chart-See transverse 

Mercator chart. 

Inverse Mercator map projection—Se e 

traneverssr Mercator map projection. 

Inveraa merldlan—Sea transferee 

merldlan. 

Inveree parallal-See tranaverea 

parellel. 

Inversa poeltlon computation—The 

derivation of Iha length, and the forward and 

back azimuths of a line by mmputstfon baaed 

on Ifre known positions of Ma ends of the fine. 

Also tailed Invarea; Inveree computation; 

Inverse posltlon problem. 

Inverse poeltlon problem—See Invaree 

position computation. 

Inverse rhumb llne-See Iranaverae 

rhumb Ilna. 

lnverae—See Inverse poaltlon 

computation; trsnaverae. 

Invereora-(photography) Me&hankal devices 

used to maintain Wrrecf conjugate distances 

and collinearity 01 negative, lens, and easel 

planea in autofocusing optical instruments, such 

as copy cameras and rati(fiera. See also 

Carpantler inversor; Peeucelller 

Cerpentlar invarsor; Pesucelller 

Inveraor; Pythagorean right angle 

Inversor. 

Inverted lmsge-An image thal appears 

upside down in relation to Ihe object. 

Inverted atere%See psaudoscoplc 

stereo. 

Inverting telescopsr-An instrument wifn the 

optics so arranged that the Itghl rsys entering 

me objective of the lens meet al tha cress hairs 

and appear inverted when viewed through the 

eyepiece without allering the orfentafion ot the 

image. See also arectlrrg telescope. 

lnvertlng—See trensli, definition 3. 

lonoephere—(JCS) That part of the 

atmosphere, extending from aboul 70 to 500 

kilometers, in which ions and free electrons exfat 

in sulficiem quamitles to reflect elecfromagnatic 

waves. See also atmosphere. 

Ionospheric correction—The mrretiton 

made to electromagnetic measurements 

between sateltiies and ground stations to 

compensate for the effect of the ionosphere. 

lrradlanceRadiant flux incident per unit area. 

Irregular error—See random error. 

Irregufar llne-A complex line which cannof 

be easily described by a mathematical 

polynomial. 

12

lsanomal—A line connecting polnls of equal 

variations fmm a normal valua. 

Ieentreplc- equal or constam entropy wl!h 

respect to either space or time. 

Ialande—(digital mapping) Polygons which are 

completely enclosed wlthln anofher polygon. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Isobaric charl-A chart showing isobars, Also 

called constant pnsssura chart. 

laobar—A fine alOng which the amrospheric 

pressure Is, or Is assumed 10 be, the same or 

constanL 

lsobath—See depth contour. 

Iaocenter plot—See I.eocenter 


Isocenter triangulation—l?adial triangulation 

utilizing isocenters as radial centers. Also called 

}socenter plot. 

Isocenier-1. (JCS) The point on a 

photograph interested by the biseclor of the 

angle between the plumb line and ihe 

phonograph perpendicular. 2. The unique poinl 

wmmon to the plane of a photograph, ita 

prircipal plane, and the plane of an assumed 

truly vertical phonograph taken Irom the same 

camera .stafion and having an equal principal 

distance. 3. The point of intersection on a 

photograph of the principal line and the 

isometric parallel. The isocenler Is significant 

because if is the cenler of the radiation Ior 

dkplacemenls 01 images due 10 lilt. 

laochron~A line on a chart connecting all 

points having the same lime o! occurrence of a 

particular phenomencm or of a particular value 

of a quantity. 

laocllnal—A line drawn on a map or chart 

joining points of equal magnetic dip. Also called 

Isocllnlc line. 

iaOCllnfC charl-A chart of which fhe chief 

feature is a system 01 isocfinic lines, each for a 

diiierent value of the magnetic inclinal’on. 

Isocllnlc line-See Isocllnef. 

isodlff-One of a series of lines on a map or 

chart cvnnectfng pointa of equal correction or 

dtilerence in datum, especially useful in 

readjustment of suweys from one datum to 

anolher. Sae also Isolat: Isolong. 

Isodynamic llne-A line connecting points of 

equal magnilude of any force. 

laogal—A cwrtour line of equal gravhy values 

on the surface of the Eatih. 

lsogonal—A line drawn on a map or chart 

joining points of equal magnetic declination for a 

given time. Aleo celled Ieogonlc line. Sae 

also agonlc IIne. 

Iaogonlc chart-A chart of which lhe chief 

feature is a system of isogonic Iinaa, each for a 

different value of the magnetic clacllnation. 

Iaogonlc llne-A tine drawn on a map or chart 

iining poims of equal magnetic declination for a 

given lima. The line connecting points of zero 

daclinalion is the agonic tins. Lines connecfhrg 

poinle of equal annual change are isopora, and 

are depicfed on Magnetic Variafien charm for 

the current 5-year epoch. 

190gram-See Isopleth. ‘ - 

Ieog rlv chart-A chart with fines connecting 

points of equal grivalbn. 

lsogrlv—A fine on a map or chart which joins 

peinls of equal angular difference between grid 

north and magnetic north. 

lsolat-An isodiff connecting points ot aqual 

latitude corrections. 

Isollne-1. A line representing the intersection 

of the plane of a vertical photograph wfth the 

plane 01 an overlapping oblique phonograph. II 

Ihe vertical photograph were tiff frae, the iaollne 

would be fhe isomatric parallel of lhe oblique 

photograph. 2. A line along which vafues are, or 

are assumed 10 ba, constant. 

iaolong—An isodiff corrneciing points of equal 

longitude corrections. 

Isomagnetic chart-A charf ahowing the 

configuration of the Earth% magnetic tiefd by 

isogonic, isoclinic, or isodynamic lines. 

Iaometrlc (conformal) latltude—An 

auxlllay latitude used in fhe mnfonnal mapping 

of the spheroid on a sphere. By transfonrrirrg

geographic Iatiiudes on the spheroid info 

Isometric Isstffudes on a sphere, a conlormal 

MSP PmiSCtiOn (the Mercator) may be 

celculafed, using spherical formulas, for the 

pkoffing of geographic data. 

Ieometrlc paraUal-The intersecting fine 

befwaen the plane of a photograph and a 

horlzonfal pfane having an equal perpendicular 

distance from the same perspective center. 

MIL-HDBK.850 

lSOp@rhetrlC cunre-A lktO on a map 

prOjOCflOnabng which lhere is no varlalbn from 

exact scale. There are two boperimetric curves 

passing through every polnl on an equal-area 

map projectbn. This characteristic gives thal 

class of pmjectforrs some preference for 

engineering maps. 

lsopleth-A line of equal or constant value 01 a 

gfven quantity, wfth respect to akher space or 

lime. Also called fsog ram. 

Isoporlc chert-A chart with fines connecting 

points of equal magnetic annual change. 

lsoDor-A line found on maarretic charis 

sho”wirrg pointe 01 equel ann~al change Also 

called magnet ic Isoporlc line. 

lsopycnlc—A line connecting pints of 

density, particularly of ocean water and 

at mosphare. 

Lsoradlel—A radial from lhe isocenler. 

equal 

laoatsay—A condition of approximate 

equilibrium in the outer part of the Earth, sucn 

that the gravitational effect ot masses extending 

above the surface of the geoid in continental 

areas IS a~roxirnataly counlarbalanced by a 

deficiency of density in the malerlal beneath 

those masses, while ths effect of deficiency of 

density In ocean waters is counterbalanced by 

an excess of denstfy In tha material under the 

oceans. See also depth of Isostatlc 

compermatlcan; Haylord.Bowle method 

of Isoststlc raductlon; Hsyrord-Bullard 

(or Bullard) mathod of Lsostatlc 

rsductlon; Irsostatlc adjustment; 

Isostatlc compensetlon; Iaostatlc 

corroctlon; 

Iaoatrsay. 

Pratt. Hayford theory of 

laoetstlc adjuatmen!—The natural process 

by which the crust ot the Earth adjusts 10 restore 

or meinlain Ifs state of equilibrium. See also 

lsDataay. 

134 

Isosiatlc enomaly—Tfr6 ditlerenca batwaen 

an obsawed value 01 gravity and a Wworetkal 

value al the point ot observation which has 

been corrected Ior alevalicrn of me station 

alxrve the geoid, and for Ihe effect of 

topography over the whole Earfh, and Ior its 

iaostatiw compensation. 

Ieoatatlc compensation—The departure 

trom normal density ot material in the bwer part 

of a column of the Earth% crust which balances 

(compensates) fend masaea (topography) above 

sea level and deficiency of mess in ocean 

waters, and which produces the condffion of 

approximate equifibr’wm of Earth’s crust. See 

also Isostesy; topographic daflectlon. 

lSJStatlC corrsctlon—The adjustment made 

to values of gravity or to deflections of the 

vertical observed al a point to take account ot 

the assumed mass deficiency under 

topographic features Ior which a topographic 

correction is also made. 

Iaoatatlc gsold—An ideal geoid derived from 

Ihe spheroid of reference by the application of 

computed values of the deflection of the vertical 

whkh depend upon the topography and 

isostatic compensation. 

lsoatere-A line connecting points of equal 

atmospheric density. 

Iaot lmlc-Pertaining to a quality whch has 

equal value in space al a paflicular time.

JBcob’s etaff-A single staff or pole used 

for mounting a surveyofs compass or other 

instrument. sometimes used in place of a 

tripod. 

Jaderln wlras (ba80 epparatua)-An 

apparatus used for base tine 

measurement. It consists of sepaala steel 

and brase wires, esiended under constant 

tenslorr over relerance tripods in the line of 

the base. The coefficients of expansion 

and tengfhs al a certain temperature of the 

two wires having been found, the 

temperatures of the wires themselves may 

be deduced from the dillerence O! the 

measurement of the same distance by the 

two wires. With these temperatures known, 

the length of the base may be accurately 

obtained. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Jet Navlgatlon Chart (JNC)--A 

1:2,000,000 scale, coordinated series of 

multicolored charts, designed to sa!isty long 

range navigation 01 high. altitude, hlghspeed 

aircratr. 

Jolnlng—Connecting two or more separately 

~lgltized or stored maps. The junction 

between two such maps Is sometimes 

visible as a resufl of imperfections or 

inconsistencies in the data. 

Joint Operatlone Graphic (JOG)—The 

standard 1:250,000 scale Depaflmenl of 

Defense cartographic product which may 

be produced in any 01 the following three 

versions to meet the vafidated unified and 

specffied commands and mifitery 

dapariments area requirements: the JOG/G 

(Series 1501 ) Is designed 10 meet ground 

use requirements: JOG/A (Series 1501 Air) 

Is designed to meet air use requirements: 

ard JOG/R (Series 1501 Radar) is the Air 

Target Malerial version in support of radar/ 

intelligence plannicg and operations 

requirements. 

Jullan calendar—The calendar established 

by Julius Caesar in 46 B.C. II is based upon 

Ihe assumption thal the true length of the 

tropkal yaar was exaclly 365.25 mean solar 

days. 

J 

‘135 

Juilan day-The number of aach day, as 

reckoned consecutivaty since the ba@nning 

01 the presem Jufian period on January 1, 

4713 B.C. The Jufian day numbar derrottts 

the number of days Ihal has elapsed at 

Greanwich noon on Ihe day designated, 

sinca this epoch day. Sea also modlfled 

Julian day. 

junction b8nCtI mark-A bench mark 

selected as the oomr’tmn meeting point for 

ilnas of tavela or Iinisa 01 levels. 

junction detail—A sketch or working 

diagram stwawirsgthe details of the various 

levelings at a junction. 

junction tlgura-A triangulation figure in 

which three or more triangulation arcs 

meet, or two or more arcs intersect. 

}unctlon—1 .[di@lal) The point (node) where 

two or more line segments join together. 

2.(leveiing) The place where two or n’vxe 

fines of levels are connected.

MIL-HDBK-850 

K including inexact, heuristic, and subjective 

K-factor-see base sffltude ratio. knowledge. The resutts 01 knOWk?dQe 

engineering. 

Ksslman lllterlng-The 

vartance eslimatbn 

recursive minimum 

of an unbiased Krasovsky epherold (elllpsold)— A 

stochastic varlabte. An a pfiod estimate ar’@ 

SXWattanCe are linearly oombined with new 

data to form an updated estimate and 

reference ellipsoid having the iollowing 

approximate dimensions: semimajor axis 

6,378,245.0 malara; fattening or elfipficlty 

covanance. 

lt298.3. 

Keplers lawe-Tfre fhree laws govarnlng 

the mollons ot planets In thalr orbits: (1) the 

orbits of the planets are eltipses, with the 

Sun at a common focus; (2) as a planel 

moves in its orbit, the line adjoining the 

planet and Sun sweeps over squel arees in 

equai imarvals 01 limes; (3) me squares 01 

the periods of revolution of any Iwo planets 

are proportional to the cubes of thair mean 

dislances from the Sun. Also called 

Kepler’s planetary Iawa. 

Kepler’. plenetary lswa—See Keplar’a 

Iawa. 

key ftat-The principal or mastar layout or 

flal used as a positioning guide for skipping 

up other flats. Also called layout guide. 

See SISO fist, dafinhion 1: layout. 

key—A data elemenl in a data base used by 

the application software to locate a specific 

data record or group of records. 

kilobyte (KB)-A unit of memory 

representing 210 (1 .024) byles. Commonly, 

a kilobyle may reprasem 1000 byies. A K is 

used as a suffix when describing memory 

siza, aa in 640K. 

klsa plate-A prass plate used to make an 

addi!ion or corracrion 10 a previously printed 

sheel. Also called touch plate. 

Kllmech-Varlomat compilation method 

(rellef)-A process by which reproduction 

material of targe-scale sheats Is 

photographically filtered to relain only index 

comours. Tha indax camours are then used 

aa the ralief compilation for a medbm-scale 

aheel. 

knowledge baaed ayatem (KBS)—A 

somputer systam thal embodes knowledge, 

136

I 

I 

I 

length equetton—A condillon equation 

whkt! expresses the relatbnship between 

the flxad kanglha of Iwo lines whch are 

connected by triangulation. 

length 01 degrea-The length of a degree 

of Iatfiude measured along a meridian or 

tonglfude. The IerrQth varies somewhat wiifr 

the degrees of Ialttude. Those near the 

pole are longer and those near the Equator 

are efrorler. The tengsh also varies WMI 

different selections of sphemlds. 

level controf-A aerles of bench marks or 

other points of known elevation, 

established throughout a project. 

level correction—That correction which is 

applied to an observed difference of 

elevation tO correct for the error imroduced 

by the lacf that the line of sight through the 

Ieveting instrument is not absolutely 

horizontal when the bubble is centered in 

its vial. Sea atso Ieval constent., ., . 

level Nne-1. A line on a level surface; 

therefore a curved fine, 2. A tine over which 

bVeling operations are aCCornplished. See 

also dupllcete level Ime; ltne of 

levels; multtple level Ilne: 

slmulteneoua level Ilne; epur Ilne of 

Ievela. 

Ievet nel—See eurvey net, detlnition 2. 

level rod-See Ievellng rOd. 

lev~~r~eu:~ce—See equlpotentlal 

Ievet trier-An apparatue for use in 

measuring the angular value o? the 

divlsbna of a apiriI level, 

Ievellng error of cloeure—See error of 


leveling lnatrument—An Instrument used 

tor determining dltferences 01 elevations 

between points, See also Abney level; 

dumpy level; Egault level; 

enslneer”a level; firel.order level; 

Flacher Ieval; Gravett level; hand 

MIL-HDBK-850 

137 

L 

level; hanging level; Iet}tude Ieval; 

Lenoir level; Iocator’a hand level; 

mllltary level; pendulum level; plate 

level; praclaa level; reverelble level; 

●alf-levellng level; ●plrlt level; 

Stampfer level; ●trldlng tavel; 

teleecope level; tlttlng Ieval; 

Troughton level; U.S. Geological 

Survey level; wye [Y) Iavel. 

Ievallng rod-A straight md or bar, deelgned 

for use in measuri~ a vertical distance 

between a potnt on tha gruund and the line 

01 collimatbn of a leveling instrument which 

has been adjusted to a horizorrfat posttlon. 

Also called bvel rod; rod, See aleo 

Barlow Ievellng rod; Boaton Ievellng 

rod; double-target leVellng rod; 

foot-meter rOd; Gravatt Ievellng rOd; 

Invar Ievellng rod; long rod; Molltor 

praclsa Ievellng rod; New York 

Ievellng rod; Pemberton Ievellng 

rod; Phlledelphla Ievellng rod; 

preclsa Ievellrrg rod; range rod; salt. 

raadlng Ievellng rod; ahorf rod; 

alngle-target leveling rod; 

Stephenson Ievellng rod; tepe rod; 

targat Ievetlng rod; U.S. Englnear 

praclsa Ievellng rod; U.S. 

Geological Survey precise Ievellng 

rod. 

leveling the model—See Ievellng, 

detinilion 2. 

line map-See planlmetrlc map. 

line of apsldas—Tha major axis of an 

elliptical orbit extended indeflmtely in Lmth 

directions. Also called apse Ilne. 

Ilne of collimation—(oplics) The line 

through the second nodal palm of the 

Objedive lens of a telescope id the center 

of Ihe reticla. Aleo called almlrrg tlna; 

fine of eight: polntlng Ilne; ●lght 

Ilne. 

Ilne of constant trcale-Any line on a 

photograph wtrich is parallel to the trve 

horison or 10 the ieomatric psrallel. Also 

called Ilne ot equal acala. 

Ilne of equal acala-See Ilne of

I 

,! 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

! 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

constant scale. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Ilne of iorca-A fine indicating the diraclion 

in whti a force acts, as in a magnetic fietd. 

focal magrretlc disturbance-See focal 

magnetic anomaly. 

IabellnQ+digftal) The process of aasignlng 

atfrihstes to potygons. 

Laborde map projection—Similar to the 

transverse Mercator projection, except that 

lhe Laborde projacts a spheroid rather than 

a sphere omo a plane. This contormal 

pmjectbn is best sufted for regions which 

are elongated In a direction which M at a 

considerable angle to the msridian. [USAF 

special Fl!@f Charts are based on lhis 

projection.] 

LaCoete. Romberg grsvlmeter—A longperiod 

spring suspended cantilevered 

weight system adapted to the 

measurement of gravity differences, 

ladder grid numbers—Those grid numbers 

which identify fhe grid lines wilhin the 

neafline. 

Lambert nzlmuthal equal-ares map 

propsctfon -See Lamberf zenlthal 

equef.area map projection. 

Lambert azimuthal polar map 

projection—A Lamberf equal-area map 

projffclion wiih the pole of projection al the 

pole of the sphere, and lhe radii o! the 

circles which represent the geographic 

parallels corresponding to the chords of 

those parallels. 

Lambert bearing-A bearing as measured 

on a Lambert contormal chart or plotting 

eheel. This approximates a great-circle 

baaring. 

Lamberf csmtraf equlvafent map 

projection upon the ptene 01 the 

merldlan-An azimuthal map projection 

having fhe pole of the projection on fhe 

Equator. Also called Lamben equal 

erea marldlonal map projection. 

Lambe~ Conformal Cfrafi-A chart on tne 

Lamberf carformal projection. 

Lambert cortformel conic map 

138 

prolecf ion—A contormal map projection 

of the so-called conical fype, on which all 

geographic meridians are repreaenled by 

straight fines which meet in a common 

pint outside the limits of the map, and the 

geographc parallels are rapresantad by a 

series of arcs 01 cimfes havi~ this common 

@nt tor a tamer. Meridians and psratleb 

infersect al tigfsl angles, and angles on fhe 

Earih are correctly raprassmed on the 

projection. This projection may have one 

standard parallel along which the scale is 

held exact; or Ihere may be two such 

standard parallels, both maintaining exact 

scale. At any fmint on the map, the acsle is 

the same in every direcfbn. It changes 

along the meridians and is constant along 

each parallel. Whera thare are two 

standard parallels, the scale between those 

parallels Is too smafl; beyond them, too 

large. Also called Lamberf conformal 


Lambert Conlormal map projecllon- 

See LamDert conformal conic map 

projection. 

Lambert equal.area meridional map 

pro)actlon—See Lambert central 

equivalent mep projection upon th9 

plane of the merldlan. 

Lambeti grid—An informal deaignatlon for a 

coordinate system based on a Lambed 

conformal map projection. 

Lambert zenlthal equal-area map 

projection—An azimuthal map projaclion 

having the pole of the projection at the 

center of the area mapped. The azimuths 

of great circles rad!atlng from this tamer 

(Wle) are truly represented on the map: 

equal distancea on thoss greal circles are 

represented by equal linear rfbtancea on 

the map, but the scale along those great 

circle Ilnes so varies with distance Irom the 

pole of the projection, that an equal-araa 

projection Is produced. Al= called 

Lambarf azimuthal equal-aree map 

projecffon. 

Iamlnate-1. The procese of ptasewing a 

map sheef or other graphic by sandwiching 

between two sheets of clear Symhetic 

malerial (polyethylene polyester plaslic). 

The laminating equipment uses heat and 

pressure but no adhesive. 2. (relief model) 

See p)estlc block.

land boundary-A line of demarcation 

fmtween two parcels of land. 

land effect-See coastal refraction. 

land mass slmulat~r plate-See 

fsctorad transparency. 

land survey-The process of determining 

boundaries and arsas of tracts of land. The 

term csdastral survey Is someflmea 

used to dasignaia a land survey, bui in this 

country lls use sfwuld be restricted to the 

SUfVeyS Of public lands of the United 

S!atea. Also called boundary survey; 

property survey. See also cadastral 

survey. 

land-line adjustment—Posltionlng lhe 

public land fines on a topographic map to 

Indicate their true, theoretical, or 

epproximata location relative to the 

adjacent tarrain and culture. 

landmark-l. An object crl enough Interest 

or prominence in relation to iis surroundings 

to make ii outstanding or to make it useful 

In determining a location or a direction. 2. 

Any monument, material mark, or fixed 

object used to dasignate the location of a 

land bmndary on the ground. 

LAN DS,AT—The generic name for a series of 

aarfh obsewlng satellites, fimt launched in 

1972 by NASA. IANDSAT serves as 

plaffomns for several sensors, including the 

Return Beam Vidlcon (FiBV), Ihe 

Multispectral Scanner (MSS), and the 

Thamatic Mapper (TM). Originally named 

ERTS, for Earlh Resources Technology 

Satellite. 

Iandacape map—A Iopogrephic map made 

to a relatively large scale and showing all 

datails. Such maps are required by 

archnecfs and landscape gardeners tor use 

in planning buildings 10 fit the natural 

tolmgraphic teatures and for landscaping 

parka, playgrounds, and private eslates. 

These are generally maps of small areas, 

and scales vary from 1 inch -20 feet to 1 

foot = 50 feet, depending on the arrwunl of 

detail. 

Laplace azimuth mark—An astronomic 

azimuth mak at a Laplace Station. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

139 

Laplaca azimuth-A geodetic azimuth 

derived trom an astronomic azhrsutn by use 

01 Ihe Leplaca equation: 

Laplace condltlon—The Laplace condition, 

expressed by the Laplaca equatbn, arises 

horn the facf Ihal a deflacf”bn of the vertical 

in the plane of the prima varfkel Ml gtva a 

differanca between astronomb and 

geodetic bngitude and bafwean 

astrurromic and geodetic azimuth; or, 

conversely, that the obsewed differences 

between astronomic and geodatc valuaa of 

the Iongilude and of the azimuth may both 

be used to determine the dellacfion in the 

plane of the prima varticel. 

Lapface control-Con!rol and correction of 

astronomic azimuths through observations 

of Ihe deflection of the plumb line in the 

prime vertical (comparison or astronomic 

and geodetic Iongilude). 

Laplace equation—l. The equation which 

expresses Ihe relationship between 

astronomic and geodetic azimuths In tarms 

of astronomic and geodetic bngiludes and 

geodetic latitude. 2. (~tenlial) A pariial 

differential equation of the sacred-order 

which is satisfied by the Newlonian 

potenlial of every finite body at all exterior 

points. 

Laplece station—A triangulation or traverse 

station at which a Laplau azimuth is 

determined. Al a Laplace atafion both 

astronomic longitude and astronomic 

azimuth are dalermined. 

Iarge-scale map—(JCS) A map having a 

scale of 1:75,000 or larger. Sea also map. 

Iaaar Ierraln profile recordar—An 

electronic instrument that emits a 

continuous wave laser beam from an 

aircratt 10 measure vertiial dbtartcas 

between the aircraft and tha Earths 

surface. 

lasar—A devica producing coherent energy 

beams in the spectrum of Iighl or near-iiiht 

frequancias. A .Iaser-equipped Geodimetar 

makes it possible 10 measure greater 

distances. 

Iatant Image-The invisible image produced 

In radiation-sensitive materials which

ecomes visible upon processing. 

Intoral chromsstlc absrrratlon-A n 

aberration which affects the sharpness 01 

knages off Ihe lane ask because different 

cobrs undergo different magnificaliorm 

lateral geln-(JCS) The emount o! new 

ground covered taterally by successive 

phomgraph!c runs over an area. 

Ietensl magnlflceflon-The ratio of a 

length in the Image, perpendicular to the 

lane azie, 10 a mrresponrlng length in the 

object. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

lateral rafmctlon—lhe horizontal 

mmponenl of the refraction of light through 

the atmosphere. 

lateral ●hlff-The offset of the position of 

the peak of an anomaly with the mass of 

magnetization (or gravitation), 

Ieteral tltt-See roll, definition 2, 

Intltudo bmwf-(JCS) Any latitudinal ship 

des’@ated by ascepted units of linear or 

engutar measurement, which circumscribes 

the Earth. Also called band; Iatltudtnal 

band. 

Iatltude correction—The amount of the 

adjustment of observed gravity values to an 

ati!trarily chosen bese Iatltuda. Also, 

correction to Iattiude In a traverse course, 

Ietltude datarmlnatlon, zenlthtaleacope 

mathod—A precise method 

of determining astronomic Ialitude by 

measuring the difference of the meridional 

zenith disfances of hvo stars of known 

declination, one north and the olher soulh 

of zenith. AlSO called Horrebow-lalcott 

mathod of Iatltude determination. 

Iafltude dlffarence-(plane surveying) 

Length of fhe projection of a traverse 

muree onto a meridian. Also called 

norshlng; aouthing. 

Iafltuda ●quation—A condition equation 

which expresses the relationship between 

the fixed latitudes of two points which are 

mnnected by triangulation or traverse. 

Iatltude fector—The change in Ialilude 

140 

along a celestial fine of position par one 

minute change in longitude. 

Iatltude level—A sensitive spirit level 

attached to the telesmpa of an instrument 

employed for observing astronomic tatituda, 

in such manner that when Ihe Ieleempa is 

clamped in position, the level measurea, in 

a vertical plane, variations in the direti~on of 

Ihe Iina of mliimation. 

Iafitude of the ilna43ee dlfferance of 

Iatltuda, definition 2. 

Iafltude-1. (general) A finear or angular 

dktarrce measured mx’fh or south of the 

Equator on a sphere or spheroid. 2. (pIana 

surveying) The perpendicular distance In a 

horizontal plane of a poimfrorn an eastwest 

asis of refarance. See also 

dlfferonce of iatltude, definition 2. 3. 

(on a sphere) The angle at the mnfer of a 

sphere between the plane of the Equator 

and the fine to the fmint on the surface of 

the sphere. 4. (traverse) The norlh-eoulh 

component of a traverse course. S. 

(photography) The ability of an emulsion to 

record a range of brightness values. See 

also argumerrl ot latitude; assumed 

Iatltude; astronomic Imltuda; 

authallc (equal-aree) Ialltude; 

celestlal ialltuda; clrcla of Iatltude; 

difference of Ietltude; flctltlous 

Iatllude; galactic Iatltude; 

geocantrlc Iatllude; geodeflc 

Iatllude; geographic Iatltuda; 

geomagnatlc Iatltude; grid latitude: 

ieometric (conformal) Ia:ltude; 

latitude correction: mlddla Iatltude; 

obllque latitude; parallal: parametric 

Iatltude; rectifying Iatltude; 

terraatrlal Iatltude; traneverae 

Iatltude; varlatlon of latitude. 

Iatltudlnal band—Sac latitude band. 

Iatltudlnal curve-This term denotes an 

easterly and westerly property line adjua!ed 

to the same mean bearing from each 

monument to the next one In regular order, 

as dktinguished from the long chord or 

great circle that wou!d mnnecf the initial 

and terminal points. 

lattlce—(JCS) A network of intersecting 

positional lines printed on a map or chart 

from which a fix may be obtained.

law of propegistlon ot error—The 

probable (standard) error of the sum of two 

or more quantifies is equal 10 the square 

mot of Ihe sum 01 the squares of their 

probable (sfandard) errors. 

law of unlversel gravltaIlon—S e e 

constant 01 gravitation. 

Ieydown-often used to designate a mosaic 

temporarlfy assembled from uncropped 

prfnts. 

layer tlnfs—See hypsometrlc tlntlng. 

layered data-Themelically separated data. 

The geographic equivalent of fhird normal 

form. 

Iayer—(digllal mapping) A logical separation 

of data base information according 10 

theme. Many geographical information 

systems arxf CAD/CAM sysfems allow the 

user fo choose and work on a single 

thematic layer or any combination of 

fhamatic layers at a time. 

!. 

layout guide—See key flat. 

Ie yout—Tha planned posif ionlng of 

reproduction material to lit the requirements 

and limitations 01 lithographic plales, paper, 

and finishing. Also called lay. See also 

flat, definition 1. 

lay—l. See IayOCft. 2. To assemble a 

photomosaic. Often referred to by the 

mefhod ueed In assembly, such as wet 

Icy, sfaple lay, efc. 

lead llne-A long, graduated chain or line af 

fhe end of which Is aftached a lead welghf, 

used to measure depths of water, Tha lead 

line Is usually used when making soundings 

by hand In water less fhan 25 fathoms 

deep. 

leap secorfd-The sfep adjustment made fo 

UTC to compensate for the approximately 1 

second that tha fime Irensmitled by UTC 

elgnals gains on UT1 or UT2 each year. 

Normally, UTC is decreased by exactly 1 

second (I.e., fhe Ieep second) a! 24h on 

the Iaat day of December and/or Juna. See 

alsO fJTO; UT1; UT2; Coordinated 

Unlvarsal Tlma. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

141 

Ieap-trog mefhod—A rapid meana of 

obfaining alevafions of stations akrng a 

mule bervveen two base stations, or 10 

obfaln a cbsed foop of altimeler elavationa. 

The ayetem uses four barometers operating 

in pairs. One pair of barometers remains al 

fhe base atalion whlla Iha ofher pair IS 

advanced 10 the first station at whti tima 

beromaler and weafher candtiione are raad 

and racordad airrruftaneousty. Ttfe original 

base sfaticrn pair are advanced to the 

aacond alafion and the process rapaated. 

Thla method does rwl produce raiiibla 

aievations. The two-base mefhod ka 

considered batter. 

Iasst count—(micmmafer or varnlar) The 

finesf reading fhal can be made directly 

(wilhouf estimation) from a vernier or 

micrometer. 

least equares—The theory of Ieaet squares 

slates that in a sef of redundanf 

observations, the most probable adjusfed 

values of the obsawalions ara obtained 

whan the sum of fhe squares of fhe 

adjustments to fhe observations fo obtein 

mathematical compatibility is a minimum. 

A Ieasl squares adjustment imposes lhis 

@2nCfitiOnon a set of redundanl and 

Inmmpatlbla obsawafions so that the sel of 

equafions may be solved uniquely for fhese 

most probable values. See aiao 

arfjuafment of observations. 

Iaft bank—That bank 01 a slream or river on 

fhe Ie!t of the observar when he is facing in 

fhe direction of flow, or downstream. 

Legendre polynomial—A special case 01 

the associated Legendre tursct’on in which 

fhe function becomes a Pd)VWSIal. 

Legendra”a ttaeorem-A mathematical 

fheorem stafing fhaf ffra Iangfhs of fhe 

sidas of a spherical triangle (very short by 

comparison wilh fhe radiue of the aphare) 

ara equal to fha Iet’)gfhs of fha 

corresponding sides of a plana frtartgle in 

which fhe plane anglas are derlvad by 

reducing each of fhe spharlcsal angles by 

approximately ona-third of the spherical 

axcass. 

Lehmann’ts mathod-Sea triangle-of - 

error mathod.

length corracflon-(taping) The difference 

bahveen the nominal length of a laps and 

ils effective length under conditions of 

afandardiiafion, The standard length of a 

fape is usually expressed by a number o! 

whole units (the nominal length) plus or 

minus a small distance which is tha length 

correction defined above. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Lenolr laval—An krsfwmerrf which has the 

telescope passing through steel blocks, 

one near each end, whose upper and lower 

tamrs are plane and closely parallal; me 

bwer faces real upn a brass circle; the 

UPPar facas SUPPOII a apiril level, which is 

reversed in tavelirrg the instrument. 

lens axis—See optical axla. 

tans calibration-See camera 

calibration. 

Iarrs component—See lens element. 

Ians dlaforliorr+JCS) Image displacement 

caused by lens irregularities and 

aberrations. 

lens alemenl—One lens 01 a complex lens 

system. In a photographic lens, the Ierms 

from element and rear element are 

often used. Also called lens component. 

Ians epaed—See relative aperture. 

Ianaatlc compaas—A type of compass 

equipped wfih a lens which permits the 

observer to read the far aide of the 

movable dial. 

lens-A disk of optical glass, or plastic, or a 

combination of (WO or more such disks, by 

which rays of fight may be made to 

Kvrverge or to diverge. Such disks have 

two surtacas, which may both be spherical, 

one Plane and ona spherical, or various 

other cmnbinallons [cyfirrdrical, paraboloid, 

or hyperboloid). See also achromatic 

lens; anastigmailc lens; aplanatlc 

Iena; apochromatlc lens; aapherlcal 

Iana; aallgmatlzer; coated lens; 

Compensating lasts; converflble 

Ians; cylindrical Iena; eyepiece: 

Freanel Iena; Metrogon Iena: 

narrow-angle Iana; negative Iene; 

normal-angle Iene; objective lens; 

po.sitlve lens; process lens: 

142 

apherlcal lens; auperwide-angle 

Iene; thick Iena; tfrln Iana; wldean@e 

Iene. 

Level O topology—A topological surface 

which comains a set ot entily points and 

edges. Edges mnrain onty coordinate and 

aftritrute information. 

Level 1 topology—A topological aUIfaC8 

which Cunsiars of a eel of entity poinfs and 

edges that meet at nodes. Edges contain 

stan node, end node, next edga, and 

previous edge information, 

Lavel 2 lopology—A topological surface 

which consists of a set of edges and entity 

points, when projected on a planar surface, 

the edges maet only at nodes. Edges 

contain start node, end node, and next and 

previous edge information, Edges meet 

only at nodes. 

Level 3 topolog y—A IopoloQical surf aca 

which is partitioned by a set ot mutually 

exclusive and coliecfively exhaustive facea. 

Edges conlain left tace, right face, start and 

end noda, and next and previous edge 

information. Edges meet oniy at nodes. 

level constant—The amount by which the 

actual line 0! sight lhrough a leveling 

instrument (when the bubble ia centerad in 

ils vial) departs from the tmfy horizontal line 

through the center of the instrument, 

computed in millimeters per millimeter of 

siadia interval. When leveling rods 

graduated in yards instead 01 meters are 

used, the level constant, C. woutd be 

expressed in milliyards per milfiyard of 

stadia interval. Also called C-conetant. 

Iavellng—1. (survaying) The operations of 

measuring vertical distances, diraclly or 

indirectly, 10 determine elevations. See also 

aatrogeodetlc Ievellng; 

astrogravlmetric Ievellng; barometric 

Ievellng; dltterentlal Ievellng; direct 

Ievellrrg; firs!-ordar Ievellrrg; flylrrg 

Ievela; geodetic leveling; profile 

levallng; reciprocal Ievellng; 

aacond-ordar Iavellng; aplrlt 

Ievellrsg; atadla trigonometric 

Ievellng; thermometric Iavellng; 

third-ordar Ievellng; fhree-wire 

Ievellng; trigonometric Ievaflng; 

verrlcef engulatlon; water Ievellng. 

2. (photogrammetry) In absolute

I 

1 

,:, >4, ,,, ,.,. 

orientation, the operalion of bringing the 

model datum parallel to a relerence plane, 

usually the iabletop of the stereoplotlirrg 

instrument. Also called horlzontallzlng 

the modal; Ievellng the model. S e e 

also aerolevellng; oriermatlon, 

delhifion 7. 

laval-A partition within an MC&G data 

WbIYmuP that is an aggregation of data 

elements distinguishable by data 

chsractaristics (e.g, resolution, scale, 

accuracy). 

Ilbrary attribute—(dlgltal mapping) 

Properties of a Iiirary. These propartiea are 

comalned in the Library Header Table, the 

Library Attribute Table, and olher tables 

related to them. 

Ilbrsry negallve mold—A negative mold 

which has been esiended to a size 

compa!lble with the printed plastic map and 

forming equipment, and which is kepl in file 

lor subsequem castings. 

Ilbrary-(digital mapping) A collection of 

Covarages contained wi!hin a specilied 

spatial errtem. all of which share a single 

coordinate system and scale and have a 

wmmon lhematic definition. 

llbraIlorr-A real or apparem osclllamry 

motion, particularly the apparent oscillation 

of Ihe Moon, which resulks in more than 

half of the Moon’s surface being revaaled 

to an observer on lhe Earlh, even though 

Iha same aide of the Moon is always 

toward the Earih because the Moon’s 

periods of rotation and revolution are the 

same. 

lllt—See selecflon ovarley. 

Ilmbl. The graduated curved part of an 

instrument for measuring angles, as that 

pars 01 a marine sexlanl carrying the 

altitude scale, or arc. 2. The circuiar outer 

edge of a celestial body. See also lower 

Ilmb; upper limb. 

Ilmlt of rellable pholo coverage—A label 

placed along a dashed line separating 

reliable photo compilation trom map 

Computation on a chart. The Iabei is always 

placed on the photo compilation side of the 

Iimlf line. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

143 

line copy—Any wpy suitable for 

reproduction withoul using a screen. Copy 

mmposed ot lines as dk.tinguished horn 

wntirwous tone copy. 

Ilne of levele-A continuous series of 

measured differences 01 elevation. The 

indtitiual measured differences may be 

Singla observations in Ihe case of single-run 

leveling or fhe means of repeatad 

obsewat”ons ifl the case 01 double-Nfl 

Iavaling. 

Ilrre of noda*The straight line wnnectirrg 

lhe two points of inlersaction of the Scfiplic 

with the orbit of a planet, plarsetoid or 

wmet: or the line of irrlereecfion of Ihe 

planes of the orbit of a satellite and the 

aquator of its primary. 

Ilne of posltlon-A line indicating a series 

of possible positions, determined by 

observation or measurement. 

line of slghl—1. The straighl line between 

two points. This line is in the direction of a 

great circle. but does not follow the 

cuwature cd the Earth. 2. The line 

exlending from an instrument along which 

distant objects are seen, when viewed with 

a telescope or olher sighting device. Afso 

called almlng ilne. 3. (optics) See Ilne 

of collimation. 

Ilne of soundlnge—A series of soundings 

obtained by a vessel underway, Usually at 

regular intewals. 

Ilne patterrt-A photographic negative 

wntaining parallel lines of equal-sized 

widths, which are equaily epaced. Line 

patterns are used for printing tones of a 

color or to present a pattern of coverage for 

a chart feature. Sea also area patlern 

screen. 

line rod—See range rod. 

line thlnnlng (generalization)-1. 

(vector) Reducing the quantity of 

coordinates necessary to pmray tha basic 

shapa at a feature by using a aerias of 

rules. 2. (rasier) Process wheraby a 

finear Ieature is represented in a grid by a 

wntinuous series of cells, each 01 which 

touches along its sides and comers, no 

more fhan two other cells belonging lo the

fearure. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Ilne tr_A tree intersected by a surveyed 

iina. reootiad in Ihe fietd notes of the 

eu~ay,’ and marked wiih two hacks or 

notches cut on each of the sides lacing Ihe 

line. Afeo calied alght tree. 

lln~route map-A map or overlay for eignal 

comrrrunicstion operations that shows me 

actual routes and types of conslrucfion of 

wire urcuits in the fiafd. II also givas the 

iocalions 01 switchboards and telegraph 

stalions. 

Iineage-lnforrnalion about the data source, 

parlkxdarty Iha original scale and accuracy. 

lineal convergency—The length by which 

meridians approach one another when 

extended from one parallel 10 another. 

Ilneer bulldlng fronlege—in air 

photographic interpretation, the side 

elevation of structures of homogeneous 

area. 

linear distortion-The failure of a lens to 

reproduce accurately to scale all distances 

in the ob)ect, 

Ilnear error of closure-The straight-tine 

dis:ance by which a Iravarse fails 10 close. 

Ilnaar error—A one-dimensional error (such 

as an error in elevation) defined by the 

normal distribution hrnction, 

Ilnear feature—A feature that is portrayed 

by a fine that does no! represent an araa, 

Afeo called line featura. 

Ilneftt magnlllcstIon—The ratio of a linear 

quantity in the image to a corresponding 

finaar quantity in Ihe object. If may be 

lateral marmiiicailon or Ionam.rdinal 

magnification. 

Ilrrear parallax-See absolute 

etereoacoplc parallax. 

llneerlzetlon—The process of redefining a 

ael of nonlinear equations 10 a set of 

approximate linear equalions to facifitale 

solution computations. 

Ilnes of Communlcatlons (LOC)— (JCS) 

All the routes, land, waler, and air, which 

144 

connect an oparating military force wilh a 

base of operations, and aforrg which 

supplies and reinforcements move. 

lines on a apherold-Any direct Iine 

befwean two positions on a apherokf, 

represanled by two points on tha Earth. 

Such a fins may be one of mathematical 

definition, or it may raautt Irom a direct 

survey between the fmirds on the Earth. 

See afso curve of alignment; 

geodesic Ilna; normal aectlon Ilne. 

Ilnlng pole—See ranga rod, 

link and nods-A data em.rcture 

characterized by data in whti one or more 

finks are related to one or nxore features. 

The beginning and end points of each fink 

are identified by node identifiers either 

expfbiffy or implicitly. 

link of levels—Sea Ilrtk, definition 1. 

Ilnk—1. (levefing) A fine, a pan of a line, or a 

combination of lines or parts of lines of 

levels, whtch, taken as a unit, make a 

continuous piece of leveling directly from 

one junction banch mark 10 another 

junction bench mark without passing 

lhrough or ovar any other junction bench 

marks. Also called link of Ievals. 2. A 

unit 01 finear meesure, one one-hundredth 

of a chain, and equivalanl to 7.92 inches. 

See also chain. 3. A fine between two 

consecutive nodes. 

Ilquld hand compass—A type of hand 

held compass wherein the cornpaas card is 

damped through the action of a liquid. 

List of Llghta—The DMA publication which 

identifies and describes lights and fog 

signals in foraign waters of tha worfd. This 

information is also accessible on fhe 

Navigation Information Network 

(NAViNFONET). 

Ilal of dlracIlorr%A listing of objacts 

observed al a triangulalbn station, together 

with the horizontal dlractions in terms of arc 

01 the circie, referred to one 01 the objects 

observed as a zero initial. 

hat-See x-tilt. 

Iltho copy—See Iflhographlc copy.

Ilthograpfrlc copy—A graphic reproduced 

by the lithographic precess. Also called 

Iltho COpy. 

Ilthographlc drafting—See Iuschlng. 

lithography—A planographlc method of 

printing based on the chemical repulsion 

between grease and waler to separate the 

printing from rronprinting areas. See also 

offset Illhogrephy; 

photolithography. 

lithosphere-The solid part of lhe Earth or 

other spSflal body. Distinguished from the 

efmosphera and the hydrosphere. 

local adjustment—See station 

ad]uatmen!. 

local apparent tlma—The apparant solar 

time for fhe meridian of the observer. 

local sefronomlc tlma—Mean time 

reckoned from the upper branch of the 

bcal maridian. 

Iocel attraction—See local magnetic 

anomaly. 

Iocsl chart-A large-scale aeronautical charf’ 

designed tor contact fiighl in a congested 

area. 

local clvll time—See local mean time. 

local coordinate system—A right-handed 

rectangular coordinate system of which the 

z-esis coincides with the plumb fine through 

the origin 

local datum—The point of reference of lhe 

oeodetic control used exclusively in a small 

iirea. Usually iden(ifiad by a pro-per name. 

local horlzcm—See epparenl horizon. 

local trour angle-Anguler distance wesl 01 

the bcal celestial meridian; the arc of Ihe 

celestial equator, or the angla at the 

celestial POle, belween the upper branch 01 

the local celestial meridian and Ihe hour 

circle of a point on the celeslial sphere, 

measured westward from Ihe local celestial 

meridian through 360”. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

145 

local lunar time-The arc oj the celeslla) 

squalor, or the angla at Ihe celasiial pie, 

between the bwer branch of the kx.al 

calestial meridian and lhe hour clrcfe of the 

Moon, measured westward from the lower 

branch of the bcal csfestlal mertcfian 

through 24 hours; focal hour arrgla 0! the 

Moon, exprasaad in lime unffs, PIUS 12 

hours. See also Greenwich lunar time. 

IOIX31 magnatlc anomaly-Abnormal or 

irregular variation of the Earth’a rnegnafii 

field extemfing over a ralalivaly small araa, 

due to local magnetk inlluencas. Also 

called anomaloua megnetlc varlatlon; 

local attraction; local magnatlc 

disturbance; magnetic anomaly. 

local mean time-l. (JCS) The time 

interval elapsed since tha mean WI% 

transit of the observets amemaridian. 2. 

The arc of the celestial equator, or the 

angle at the celestial pole, between the 

lower branch of the local celestial meridian 

and fhe hour circle of the mean sun, 

maasured westward from the lower branch 

of the bcal celestial meridian through 24 

hours: local hour angle of fhe mean sun, 

expressed in time units, plus 12 hours. 

Called local cIvII tlmo in United stales 

terminology irom 1925 through 1952. See 

also local aawonomlc time: 

Universal Time. 

local merldlan-The meridian through any 

particular place or observer, serving as the 

reference for local time. Also called 

reference meridian. 

Iocel eldereal time-The local hour arwle 

of the vernal equinox, expressed in time 

units. Locel stiareaf lime at the Greerrwich 

maridlan is called Greenwich aldereal 

time. 

local tlma-1. Time based upon the local 

meridian as reference, as contrasted with 

that based upon a time zona mesidlan, or 

the meridian of Greenwich. 2. Any time 

kept locally. 

local vertbal—The direction of the 

acceleration of gravity, aa opposed to tha 

normal 10 a reference eurlace. 

Iocatlon survey-The establishment on the 

ground of points and fines in positions

MIL-HDBK-850 

which have been previously determined by 

COwlation or by graphical melhods, or by 

desrmption obtained from data supptied by 

documents O( record. such as deeds, 

maps, or other sources. 

locators hand levef-A hand IWld type of 

tavel used to measure approximate 

ditferencee in elevation 

Iocklng angla-in tilt analysis of oblique 

photographs, the complement of the 

interloc+ring angle. The depression angle 01 

the oblique when the lilt of the WMllCal 

photograph is zero. 

Ioglcal conalatancy-(digilal mapping) The 

correctness 01 the relationships encoded In 

the data Wrmfure of Ihe daIa sel. 

Ioglcel contouring—A procedure, based on 

the Iacta that contours are spaced equally 

along a untform slope, which permits the 

sketching of contours from field notes with 

considerable ascuracy arrd without Ihe 

need of running a ievel line for every 

mntour. Contour lines are interpolated by 

spaciW them proportionately between spot 

elevations established af every poinl where 

there is a change in slope. 

lonQ chord+ roule surveying) On a Simple 

wrve, the chord, or straight line, that 

extends from me poin\ of curvature to the 

poirrf ot Iangerwy; on a compound curve, 

the chord Ihat extends from lhe pint of 

compound curvature to the point of 

wrvature or to the point of tangency. In a 

description of a circular land boundary, the 

iengfh arrd bearing of fhe long chord is an 

important factor. 

long Ilne ezlmuth (LOLA) surveye— A 

measurement by use of phoforecording 

thaodolites and airborne strobe lights of 

bng azimuth lines nol visible between 

ground afafions. 

long rud-A level rod, usually a Philadelphia 

md, permitting readings of 13 teet when 

fully extended. Also called high rod. See 

also ahorr rod. 

Iong-parlod constltuant—A tide or tidal 

current constituent with a period fhat IS 

independem of the rotation of the Earth but 

whfch depends upon !he orbital movement 

of the Moon or of the Earth. The period is 

146 

usually longer than a day and in general a 

halt-month or larger. 

Iong-period perturbations-Periodic 

perturbations in Ihe orbft of a plane! or 

satellite which require more than one orbital 

period to execute one completa periodic 

veriation. 

Iong-renge chaft-See long-range 

navlgallon chart. 

long-range navigation chart-Any one of 

a series of small scale, 1:3,000,000 or 

smaller, aeronautical charls designed for 

long fllghls using dead reckoning ar’d 

celestial navigation as the principal means 

of navigation. Also called Iong-ranga 

chart. 

Iongltude difference—See departura. 

definition 1. 

Iongltude equation—A condition equation 

which expresses the r.elalkmshiP beween 

the fixed longitudes of two points which are 

connected by triangulation or traverse. 

Iangitu”de tactor—The’ “change in Iongltude 

along a celestial line of posilion par one 

minule change in latitude. 

Iongltuda of the Moon% nodes—The 

angular distances along the ecliptic of the 

Moon% nodes from the vemat equinox; the 

nodes hava a retrograde r’r’miion, and 

complete a cycle of 360” in approximalety 

19 years. 

Iongltude signal—A sign indicating a time 

event, observable al different stations, and 

used in comparing local times 01 those 

stations, end determining the dtiererrce of 

their longitudes. 

Iongltude term gravity formula—A n 

additional term in the formula tor theoretical 

gravity which expresses the variation with 

bngitude due to a triezial ellipsoid of 

reference. See afso Halmert% gravity 

formula of 1915. 

longltude—A linear or angular distame 

measured east or west Irom a reference 

meridian (usually Greenwich) on a sphere 

or spheroid. See also assumed 

longltude; asironomlc Iongltude; 

Celeetlal longitude; circle of

longitude; dllkversce of Iongltude; 

flctltloue Iongltude; galactlc 

longitude; geodelic Iongltude; 

geographic Iongltude; grid 

Iongltude; merldlan; oblique 

Ionoltude; Ierreatrlal lon~llude; 

traneveree longitude. 

Iongltudlnel chromatic aberraf ion—A n 

aberration which affects the sharpness of 

all paris of an image because different 

colors come to a locus at dillerent 

diafarrcas fromlha fens. 

Iongltudlnaf msgnfflcatlon—The ralio of a 

length inlhe Image. parallel to the axis, to 

a Corresponding length inlhe object. 

Ionglludinaf eeperetlon—Time separation, 

fongltudlnal fill—See pitch, definition 2, 

look anglea-The alevation and azimuth at 

which a particular satellite is predicted to be 

tound at a specffied lime. See also alerta, 

loop closur-(leveling) The ditlerence 

be fWJeenthe rod sum on the run OU1and 

the rod aumonlhe run back, 

loop error of closure—See error of 

closure, definition 5. , 

loop traverse-A closed traverse that starts 

and ends al fhe same station. The traversa 

provides neffher inherent validafionot 

SlafliI)g posilion and azimuth, nor validation 

against systematic distance error, See also 

connecflng traverse. 

Lorac—Afrade name fora hyperbolic radio 

bcation system. [This term is derived from 

the words ‘long-range accuracy.”] 

loran charf-A plotting chart on which loran 

groundwave fine of positions and sky wave 

wrrecfkm values have been printed, for 

use in loran navigation. 

toran flnea-unes of constant time 

difference between signals from a master 

and a slave loran station, 

loran fabfea—Publications containing 

tabufardsta forconstmcling loran 

hyperbolic fines 01 position. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

147 

LORAN-C Secondary Phssaa CorrectIon 

Tabla-Tabufafed secondary phase 

corrections tor LORAN-C in a given service 

area lor each appropriate transmfffer pair or 

station. These correctbns account tor 

overtand radio wave phase ratardatbvr. 

foran-C—A long-range radio navigation 

pcsllfon fixing system using a cornbinaibn 

of time difference of reception and phase 

difference of signals from fwo stations to 

provide a fine of posll”mn. 

foran-(JCS) A long-range rado navigation 

pesition fixing system using the time 

ditlerenca of reception of pulse type 

transmissions from IWO or rrmre fixed 

stations. [This term is derived fmm the 

words ‘fang-range navigation.-] 

Iorhumb llna-A line along which the rates 

of change dl the vaiues of two families of 

hyperbola are constants. 

Iorop photography—A general term 

referring 10 any photographs taken with a 

long total length (in excess of 100 inches) - 

camera with a narrow-angle lens, me lerrn 

is derived from lhe words ‘tong-range 

oblique photography,-] 

lost corner—A corner whose position cenrml 

be determined, beyond raasonabie doubt, 

either from traces of the original marks or 

from acceptable evidence or testimony that 

bears on the original position, and whose 

location can be restored only by raference 

10 one or more interdependent comers. 

Lovsw tapa-A newer version of lhe Invar 

tape used in surveying operations. Lovar 

tape possesses properties and cost factors 

between fhal of the less acurrata steel 

tape and Ihe more arxurate fnvar tape. 

Lovar—A steel alloy having a few coefficient 

of expansion used in construction of 

precise Lovar tapes. See also fnvar. 

low tfde—See low water. 

low water (LW)—The lowest limit of tha 

swlace water level reached by the bwering 

tide. Low water is caused by tha astronomic 

tide-producing forces andlor the eHecfs o? 

meteorological conditions, Also celled low 

tfde.

I 

I 

!I 

low water datum-An approximation of the 

plane of mean low waler, adopted as a 

standard datum plane for a limited area, 

and retained for an Indefinite period, even 

Itmugh If might dltter slightly horn a bettar 

datermlnatlon 01 mean low waler from later 

obsewalions. 

low water tull and change-The average 

Interval of time between the Iransil (upper 

or lower) of the full or new Moon and the 

next low water. 

low water inequality-See dlurnaf 

Inequality. 

low water lfrtervel-See Iurtitldal 

Interval. 

low water llne-The line defined by the 

bourtdary of a body of waler al ita lowest 

stage (elevation). in tidal waters, ftre low 

water line is, strictly, the intersection of the 

plane of mean low waler with the shore. 

low water krnltldal interval-See 

turzltldal Interval. 

I 

low wster aprlnge datum—An 

approximation of the plane of mean low 

water Sprirros, Wad as a datum in local 

I 

araas, and ‘retained for an Indaiinile period, 

even thouoh It mloht differ sliohllv from a 

batter det

Ioxodromlc curve-See rtrumb line. 

lunar celestiel equator—A great circle on 

the celestiaf sphere in the plane of the 

Moon’s equator, i.e., in a plane 

perpendicular to the Moon’s axis of 

rotat ton. 

lunar chart-A charl showing the surlace 01 

the Moon. 

lunar cycla-Any cycle related 10 the Moon, 

particularly the Callippic cycle or Ihe 

MeIonic cycle. See also saros. 

lunar day—The interval between two 

successive upper transits of Ihe Moon over 

a local meridian. The period of Ihe mean 

lunar day, approximately 24.S4 solar hours, 

Is derived from the rotation of the Earth on 

its SXiS relative to the movement of the 

Moon aboul the Earth. Also called tldaf 

day. 

lunar declination—Angular distance 01 the 

Mcen expressed in degrees north or south 

of the ceieslial equator; it is indicated as 

posllive wnen norm. and negative when 

south of lhe equa!or. Also called 

declination of the Moon. 

lunar dla!ance—The angle between the line 

of sight toward Ihe Moon and the line o! 

sight toward another celestial bedy at Ihe 

point 01 an observer on lhe Earth. 

lunar aartfselde than—A chart showing 

that portion of lha Moon% surtace visible 

from” the Earlh, 

lunar ecllpae-The phenomenon observed 

when the Moon enlers Ihe shadow of the 

Earth. A lunar eclipse is partial if only part ot 

ifs surface is obscured; and tolal if the 

entire surface is obscured. 

lunar equation—A Iaclor used m reduce 

observatbms of celestial bodies to the 

barycenter of the Earlh-Moon system. 

lunar faralde chart-A chart showing that 

portion of the Moon’s surface rwt visible 

from the Earth. 

Iuner Inequellt y—1. Variation in the 

Moon’s motion in its orbit, due to attraction 

MIL-HDBK-850 

149 

by other bodies of the solar system. Sae 

also evectlon; parlurbatlon. 2. A 

rninu!e fluctuation ot a magnetic needle 

horn fts maan pcsltiin, caused by Ihe 

Moon. 

lunar Interval-The dltferance in lime 

behveen the transit of tha Moon over the 

Greenwich meridian and a local meridian. 

The lunar interval equals the diflemnce 

between the Greenwich and total intenfala 

of a tide or current phase. 

lunar month—See aynodlcal month. 

Iuna r nods-A node of the Moon’s orbii. 

tunar parallax—The horizontal parallax or 

the geocentric parallax of the Moon. 

lunar aatelllte-A man-made safellite that 

makes one or more revolutions about the 

Moon. 

Iuner tida-Thai part ot the tide caused 

solely by the tide-producing forces of the 

Moon as distinguished trom that parl 

caused by the tortes Of the Sun. 

lunar Urns-l. Time based upon the 

rotation of Ihe Earth relative to the Moon. 

2. Time on the Moon. See also 

Greenwich lunar time; local lunar 

time. 

lunatlon—See aynodlcal month. 

I u ne—Thai part ot the sutlace of a sphere 

bounded by halves of two great circles. 

lunlcentrlc—See ealenocentric. 

.Iu nlaolar effect—Gravitational elf acls 

caused by lhe a!lraction of fhe Moon and 

of the Sun. 

Iunlsolar perturbation-Perfurbafions of 

artificial satellite orbits due to the attractions 

of the Sun and the Moon. Tha mosf 

Imporlanl effects are secular variations in 

me mean anomaly, in the right ascension 

01 the ascanding node, and in the 

argument of perigee. All other orbital 

elements, except the mapr semiaxis, 

undergo long periodic changes. 

Iunlsolar preceaalon—lhat component ‘of

I 

general precession caused by the 

mnbined effect of the Sun and Moon on 

the equatorial perturbance of !he Earth, 

Woducing a westward rrmtion 01 the 

equinoxes along the ecliptic. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Iunltldal lntenraf-The interval between the 

Mmn’s transit (upper or lower) over the 

bSal Or Greenwich rneriilan and lhe 

folbwing hqh or low water. The average of 

all hl~h water Inlervals tor all phaSeS 01 the 

Moon, Ihe mean high waler Iunllldal 

interval, is abbreviated 10 high waler 

intarval. SimUarly, the mean low water 

Iunllicfal interval is abbreviated to 10Wwater 

Interval. The h~h water or bw water interval 

is daacribed as bcal or Greenwich 

according to whether the reference is to the 

transit over ihe local or the Greenwich 

meridian. Also called establishment. 

. . .. . , 

150

I 

I 

1, 

MAD Operrstlonal Effecflveness Charm 

@fOE)-Deiailed information on geomagnetic 

fiald Intensftlea In ocean areas, Used in plannlng 

tactical AntiSubmarine Watfare (ASW) 

oparallons. Magnetic anomalies are color coded 

to assist in setting sensitivity on Magnatic 

Anomafy Detaction (MAD) equipment. 

MAD Plannlrrg Charta (MADPC)— 

Intormatlon on geomagnetic total-field 

Intenaffkrs for selacfed ccean areas. Used as a 

planning base for An!lSubmerine Warfare 

(ASW) op’atlons. Magnetic anomaliea are color 

coded to assist in datermlning the effectiveness 

of Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD) 

equipment for a given erea, 

magazine—(aerial camera) A component in 

the aerial camera sysfem. If serves to ho!d the 

exposed and unexposed film and includes the 

film drive mechanism and film tlanenlng device 

(platen). 

magenta contact scmcm—A contact film 

screen composed of msgema dyed dots 01 

variable density used for making hafflone 

negatives. 

msgnatic amplltude-Amplilude relative to 

magnetic .eaat or west. Sea also amplitude. 

msgnetlc annual change—The amounf of 

magnetic secular change undergone in 1 year. 

Also caflad annual change; annusl 

mEgnetlc change; annuel rate; annuaf 

rate of change. See also mag netlc 

sacular change. 

MagnOtlC annual varlatlon—The small 

regufar fluctuation in the Earth’s magnetism, 

havfng a perbd of 1 year. 

. . 

magnsmc varlatlon. 

Also called annual 

mrrgnatlc anomaly-See local magneilc 

anomaly. 

magnatlc azimuth—At the point of 

obsewafion, the angle between the vertical 

ptene through the observed objecf and the 

vertical plane In which a traely suapanded, 

SymfnStfiCally magnetized needle, influenced by 

no tranSleM arltficisl magnetic disturbance, will 

come 10 rest. Magnalic azimuth is generally 

MI L-H DBK-850 

151 

M 

reckoned from megnalw ncrlh (O”) clockwise 

through 360”, Such an azinufh shoufd be 

marked as being magnetic, and the date of ifs 

appfiiability should be given. Magnetk ezlrrwfhs 

are frequently measured wffh two Wlfd T-O 

Iheodolites in rxmnactiin with compass rose 

surveys. 

magnetic bearing-l. (navigation) Bearing 

relative 10 magnetic north: mmpaaa bearing 

correcfed for deviafbn. 2. (swwaylrsg) Bearing 

relative 10 magnefic north or south, and staled 

in an east or weat dtrectbn. The compasses 

included with the engineer transit and the 1minute 

theodolite can be used fo read magnetic 

bearings. Also called compass baarlng. 

magnetic chart-A speciaf purpose map 

depicting the dislributbn of one ot the magnalic 

elements, as by bogonlc lines, or of fts secular 

change. 

magnetic compasa—A compass depending 

upon the anraction of Ihe magnelism of the 

Earth for its directive tome. 

msgnetlc dally veriaUon-The transient 

change in the Earth% magnetic Iiekd associated 

with the apparenf daily motions of the Sun and 

Moon. In most places the solar dally variation 

follows approximately a consisfenf pattern, 

affbough with appreciable and unprediiabfe 

changes in form and amplitude. 

magnatlc declination-(JCS) The angle 

between fhe magnetic arnj geograpfskef 

meridians at any place, axpressed in degrees 

east or west to indicate Ihe dlrectbn OJmagnetic 

noflh from true nonh. In naufkal and 

aeronautkal navlgaflon the term msgnetlc 

variation Is used instead of magnatlc 

decllnaflon, and Ihe angfe is termed 

varlatlon 01 the compass or megnetlc 

varlatlon. Magnetic decfinatlon Is not 

otherwise synonymous with magnetic variation, 

which refars to regular or irmgufar change with 

lime of the magnefic declination, dip, or 

intensify. [Because of bcal attraction, Ihe 

magnetic declination of two close fXJnt6 may 

differ by severaf degrees.] See also Magnetic 

varlatlon. 

Imagnetfc 

devlatlon—See Oevlatlon.

magnetic dlp circle-An instrument for 

measuring the magnetic dip by the use of a 

needle and a graduated vertical circle. 

magnetb dip needle-l. A dip circle or the 

needle thereof. Also called dlp needle. 2. A 

needle arranged 10 diacbae an intense bcal 

arvxnsfy of the magnetic d!p am useful In the 

recovery of lost iron survey monuments. 

megnetlc dip-see dip, definition 2. 

magnetic dlracflon-Horizontal direction 

exprassed as angular distance from magneliC 

norih. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

magnetic disturbance-1. Irregular, large 

ampliiude, rapid time changes ot the Earth’s 

magnetic field which occur at approximately Iha 

same lime all over the Earth. Also called 

magnatlc storm. 2. Sometimes used 10 

dascrlbe spalial changes in tha Earths magnetic 

field. See also local magnellc anomaly. 

magnellc diurnal variation—l. The daily 

variation. 2. The rrlmple harmonic component 

of the daily varial~on having a period ot 2.4 

hours. 

msrgnetlc elemanta—The declination, lhe 

horizontal Intensity, the vertical intensity, the 

total intensity, tha inclination or dip, tha strength 

of Ihe force toward geographic north, and the 

ahength of the force toward geographic east. 

magnallc equator-(JCS) A line drawn on a 

map or chart connecting all points al which the 

magnetii InclinWlon (dip) is zero for a specilied 

epoch. Also called eclhrlc Ilna; dlp equator. 

See also geo-magnetic equator. 

magnetic flald lntanally—The magnetic 

force exerted on an imaginary unit magnetic 

pole placed at any spacifled point of space. II is 

a vector quantity. Its direction is taken as tha 

direction toward which a north magnelic pole 

would tend to rrswe under lhe inlfuence of the 

field. Alao called magnetic flald; magnetic 

field atrangth; magnetic force; magnetk 

Intanslty. 

magnatlc field strength-See magnetic 

field Intensity . 

magnstlc field-See magnatlc field 

Intanalty. 

152 

magnetic force—Sae magnellc field 

Intenalty. 

magnetic lncllnallon—Saa dip, definition 2. 

magnetic lntenalty—Sae magnetic field 

Intanalty. 

magnatic Iaoporlc llrte-Sea Ieopor. 

magnetic latltuda—Saa dip, definition 2. 

magnetic lines of force-imaginary lines ao 

drawn in a region containing a magnetic fiefd to 

be everywhere tangent to the magnetic fiald 

intensity vector if in vacuum or nonmagnetic 

material, or parallal to the magnelic induction 

vector il in a magnetic medium. 

magnatic lunar dally varlatlon-A periodic 

variation ot the Earths magnatic field that k in 

phase with the transit of the Moon. 

magnetic meridian—At any point, the 

direction of the horizontal component ot the 

Earths magnatic field. Not to be confused with 

geomagnetic merldlan. 

magnetic momenl—The quantity obtained 

by multiplying the distance between two 

magnetic poles by the average atrenglh of the 

poles. 

magnetic north-(JCS) The direction 

indicated by the north-seeking pola ot a freefy 

suspended magnetic naedle, influenced only by 

the Eartha magnetic field. Sae also compaaa 

north. 

magnetic observation—Measurement of 

any of Ihe magnetic elemants. 

magnetic pole-Either of the two placas on 

the surface of the Earth where the magnatic dlp 

is 90°. Nol to be contusad with geOnSt3gnatiC 

pola. Also called dip pole. 

mngnetlc prime vertlcaf-The venical circle 

through the magnatic easl and west poims of 

the horizon. 

magnetic aecutar Changa—lncreaea or 

decrease of intensity andtor change of direction 

ot tha EarIh’s magnetk field over a period of 

many years [usually given as avaraga gammas 

per year for Intensity values and minutes per

, 

1. 

I 

year for directional values]. 

magnellc solar dally varlatlon—A periodic 

variation of the Earths magnetic field that is in 

phase with solar [bcal) lima. 

maonotlc atrstlon-A rnonumenled station al 

which a series of magnetic observations have 

been msda, h usually consists of a bronze 

marker se! in stone or concrete at which, in 

addition to latitude and longitude, the magnetic 

value Is irrdiiated. 

magnetic storm—Sae magnatlc 

dlalurbance. 

magnetic aurvay-A survey conducted to 

meaaure the strar?glh anct/or diraction of the 

Earth’s magnetic field al spacific poinls on or 

near the surface of the Earth. 

magnetic tape—Ferrous-coated tape, 

Selective polarl.zation of the suriace permits lhe 

sequential storage of digital data. Commonly, 

magnetic tape rafers to reel-to-reel tape as 

opposed to tapa enclosed within cartridges. 

magnatlc varletlon charl—A than depicting 

isogonk fines, or lines 01 equal magnelic 

declination, for a given time. 

magnetic varlallon—(JCS)l. In navigation, 

at a given place and time, the horizontal angle 

betwean the true corfh and magnetic north 

measured east or west according 10 whelher 

magnetic north lies east or west of true north, 

Also called vatlatlon. See also magnetic 

declination. 2. In cartography, the annual 

change In dlrecflon of the horizontal component 

of the earfha magnelic fjeld. 

magnatlam—The ability to attract magnetic 

material, notably Iron and steel. Also called 

terreatrlal magnetlam. See also blue 

magnellam; geomagnetiam; horlzontaf 

Intarmlty; red magnetism; vertical 

Intenalty. 

magnato-optlcaf disc—A mass storage 

media which cunsists of a transparent rigid 

substrate, which is coated with a recording layer 

composed of rare earth and transition metals. 

Wrffing isachieved by using a Iasertoraiee the 

tempsratureof asmallaraaof the recording 

layer. This terrporarily fowersthe coercivity (the 

strength of the magnetic state), allowing the 

direcfionot the magnetic field to be reversed by 

a small external magnetic field applied by fhe 

MIL-HDBK-850 

153 

drive’a magnetic head. Erasing is accomplished 

by the same process, except theeppliad 

megneticfiaJd isreveraed indirection. Reading 

of magneto.opticai materiat can be patlonned 

either magnetically or optktlfy. 

magnetometer sunrey-A suwey wherein 

the Earth’s magnetic field lsmapped by the use 

of a magnetometer. See also magnetic 

aurvay. 

magnatometer—An Instrument used In the 

smdyof geonzegnatlsm for measuring a 

magnetic alement. See atso flux-gate 

magnatomater; flux motar; nuclaar 

praceselon magnetometer; optical 

pumping magnetometer; theodo. 

Iltefmagnetometer; varlometer. 

magnification-(optics) The ratio of the size 

of an object to the size of ifs magnified image. 

Also called power of a lens. See also 

angular magnlflcatlon; dlopter; letWfSl 

magnlflcatlon; Iktear magnification; 

Iongltudlnal magnitlcatlon; 

unldlmenalonal magnification. 

magnltylrrg power—The ratio of lhe apparent 

length of a linear dimensional seen through an 

optical instrument, and by the unaided eye. 

Thus, an instrument witha magnify ing power of 

three makes anobjecf appear lhrea timasas 

high and three times aswida. Alac called 

dlamatar. See also dlopter. 

magnitude—l. Relative brightness of a 

celestial body. Also called stellar magrsltuda. 

2. The intensity of a shorf-parbd magnetic 

Fluctuation, usuafy expressed in milfigausaesor 

gammas. 3. Relating to amount, aize, or 

greatness. 

mehr scheme slatlon—A station through 

whfch the main computations and adjustments 

of thesurvay data arecarried andserve for the 

continued extansionof the survey. Also cslled 

primary station; prlnclpal atatlon. 

malntalnablllty —Tha capacity for making 

updates in an efficiant and cast-affetilve 

manner to a data base or software. 

major axla-The longest diameter ot an 

ellipse or ellipsold. 

major datum—See preferred datum. 

major grid—The primary grid or grids on a

I 

, 

maporchafl. See also overlapping grid; 

secondary grid. 

major planet&The tour largest pianels; 

Jupffer, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Also 

called giant planata. See also asteroid; 

Inner planeta; outer planata. 

make llna-An accurately scaled line denoting 

thesiza lowhlch origlnalcopy is to be enlarged 

or reduced. Also called make size. See also 

scale of reproduction. 

make ready-The adjustment of feeder, 

grippers, aida guide, pressure behvean plate 

and bfankat cyflnder, impression plate, and ink 

fountain prior toa press run. 

make size-.see make Ilne. 

man.mada faaturea—Sea culture. 

manauverlng board—A polar coordinate 

pbffingshaet devised to facilitate solution of 

proble-ms involving relative movement. 

manually dlpltlzed—The process of 

convetilng an analog map or o!her grap~lc 

overlay into numeric Iormal with the use 0: a 

digitizing tablerfableland manually lracing the 

inpul wtfh a cursor. 

manually ancoded—The process of data 

input, including tabular and attribute information, 

info a computerawrrpalible format through the 

use of direct operator Interaction wilh collection 

arrd/or storage system peripherals. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

manuacrlpl—The original drawing of a map as 

compiled or Conehucted frown various data, 

such as ground surveys and phonograph. See 

also multluse manuscript. 

Map and Charf Data Inlarchange 

Format (MACDIFj-A project undertaken by 

the Province of Ontario, Canada, and the 

national governments of Canada and the USA 

to develop standards for format, Wucrure, and 

ceding of di@fal map and charf Information. 

MACDIF providas a coding scheme for encoding 

a diglfal description of map or chart data. 

map accuracy apaclflcatlons— 

Specifications which set up slandards to which 

the finished map must adhere. See also U.S. 

NaIlonal Map Accuracy Standards. 

154 

map accuracy standards—See U.S. 

Nallonel Map Accuracy Standarda. 

map adjuslmant—An adjustment of the 

horizontal position of maps to mntrol points or 

10 a specific grid plotted on the map projection 

at compilation scale. 

map catafog—A publication giving both 

graptilcal and word descriptions of all maps. 

charts, and related products issued by a 

producing agency. U contains information such 

as the fine, scale, adition date, edition number, 

prica, and classification of all publications 

issued. 

map charf-See combat Cfrarf. 

map controlled—Utilization of a msp, rather 

than geodetic or photogrammetric data, for 

purposes of positioning map detail. 

map exchange agraament—An approved 

agreement between a United Stafes mapping 

organization and a foreign mapping 

organization to furnish each olher specified 

mapping, chariing, and geodetic dale as 

published, or on a request basis. See also 

cooperatlvs mapplrw agreement. 

mep index—(JCS) Graphic key primarily 

designed to give the relafionshtp between 

sheets of a series, their coverage, availability, 

and W’ther information on the series. SaO ako 

map. 

map matching guidance-The guidance of 

a rocket or aerodynamic vehicle by means of a 

radarscope film previously obtained by a 

reconnaissance flight over the terrain of the 

route or from a radar simulation system. snd 

used to direct the vehicle by afiining ifaeff wifh 

radar echoes received during flight from Ihe 

terrain below. See also stellar map 

matching. 

map matchlna—The simultaneous electronic 

or mechanical optical scanning of an observed 

map imacje obtained fmm a space vehicle, and 

a reference map image, while the reference 

msp image Is beina oriented and scaled until a 

close comparison between the hvo is found. An 

inspection of the scale and oriantatlon of the 

reference map indicates the position of the 

vehicle. See also rmlaa Doppler maP 

matching. “

map nadir—Point on a map or manuscript 

vertically beneath the perspective center of the 

camera lens al the instant of exposure. 

map of standard format—A map with 

dimensions, iayout, Iettaring, and symbolization 

In accorUanca with the epacificaliorss tOr the 

sartas. 

map paraflal—See axla of nomology. 

map point—A supplemental conlrol poinl 

whosa horizontal position can be obtained by 

scaling Ihe coordinates from a map or chart on 

which the point can be identified. 

map projection—An orderly system of lines 

on a plane representing a corresponding syslem 

of imaginaw lines on an adopled terrestrial 

datum eurlace. A map projection may ba 

derived by geometrical mnstrucfion or by 

mathematical analysis. See also Altoff equelaraa 

map projection; Altsers conical 

aqual-map projection; aphylactlc map 

pro]action; arsthallc map projection; 

azimuthal aquidletaru map projecIlon; 

azimuthal map projection; Bonne mep 

.projaction; Casalnl map projection; 

Caaslni.Soldner map projection; 

cortformal map pro)ectton; conic mep 

pro]actlon; conic map projection wllh 

two ●tanderd pareilels; cylindrical equelaraa 

map projection; cylindrical equalspacad 

map projactlon; cylindrical map 

projactlon; doubly azimuthal map 

projection; aqual-araa map projection; 

equatorial map projection; globular map 

projection; gnomonlc map projection; 

Goods’a Interrupted Itomoloelna 

projection; Hammer projection; 

homalographlc map projection; 

interrupted map projactlon; Laborde 

map projection; Lambert azimuthal 

polar map projection; Lembsrf central 

aqulvaient map projection upon the 

plana of tha meridian; Lambart 

conformal conic map projactlon; 

Lamban zanithal aquai-araa map 

projactlon; Marcator map projactlon; 

meridional orthographic map projection; 

modlflacl Lamberr Conformal map 

projection; modiflsd polyconlc map 

projection; Mollweida homalographic 

map projection; nonparapectlve 

azlmulhal map projection; oblique map 

projection; obliqua Mercator map 

projection; orfhambadlc map projection; 

MIL-HDBK-850 

155 

orfhographlc map projactlon; 

perapactlva map projactlon; parapecllve 

map projection upon a Iangant cyllnttar; 

polar map projection; polar orfhographlc 

map pro}ectlon; polar ataraographlc 

map projection; polyconic map 

projection; polyhadrlc projection; 

rectangular map projection; rectangular 

polyconlc map projection; ●lmple conic 

map projection: alnuaoldal map 

projection; skewed map projection; 

ateraographlc horizon map Prolactlon; 

staraographlc map projactlon; 

atereographlc meridional map 

projection; traneveraa map pro)ectlon; 

trenaverae Marcator map projection; 

tranavarea polyconlc map projactlon; 

Warnar map projection. 

map reference code+JCS) A code used 

primarily for encoding grid caordinatas and othar 

information parlalning to maps. This cods may 

be used for other purposes whan the ancryptkm 

of numerals is raquired. 

map revlslon—See raviaion. 

map scale—Sae scale, definition 1. 

mep series-(JCS) A group of maps or charts 

usually having the same scale and cartographic 

specifications, and with each sheet appropriately 

iden!ifisd by producing agency as belonging to 

the same aerias. Also called eerlea. 

map sheet—(JCS) An individual map or chart, 

either complete in ttself or part of a serias. Also 

called aerles. 

map atrbefltuIe-A hasty reproduction of 

aerial photographs, photomaps, or mosaics, or 

of provisional maps, or any Othar P~U~ used 

in place of a map, when the precisa 

requirements of a map cannot be met. 

map teat—The accuracy of topographic 

mapping can be tesled by running Iravema and 

level lines across selectad areas 01 any map 

sheet, and comparing geographic pOMiOna Of 

map features with those determined by travaraa 

end comparing interpolated elevations ot points 

Irom the map with thosa determined by tha Iaval 

line. 

map-controlled moaalc—A tecfsnique of 

constructing mosaics by using topographic 

maps as the basis for comrol and orientation 

purpxes. The method may be ueed in

I 

I 

preparing both controlled and semicontrolled 

mosaics although Ifs use is preferred with Ihe 

latter. 

MapGrafix-A vector, Macintosh-based 

9eoOraPtic infOM’IaliOn system developed by 

ComGrafix, Inc. 

Maplnfo-A vector, personal computer based 

geographic Information system developed by 

MapInfo Corporation. 

mepping cemera—A camera specially 

designed for oceans. The production of 

photographs to be used in mapping. The 

modifier mapping or surveying indicates that 

the camera is equipped with mechanisms to 

maintain and to inclcate me Imerior orientation 

of the photographs with sufficient accuracy for 

mSp@W pummsea. A mapping camera may be 

an aerial mapping ~mera or terrestrial mapping 

camera. Also called euweylng camera. 

mapping photography—Aerial phonography 

obtained by precisely calibrated mapping 

cameraa and conforming to mapping 

specifications, as distinguished from aerial 

photography tor other purposes, Also called 

aerial cartographic photography; 

canographlc photography; Chat’flng 

photography; auwey photography. 

ITIapplnQ, charslng, and geodesy 

(MC& G)—MC&G comprises the collection, 

Iransronnation, generation, dissemination, and 

storing of geodetic, geomagnetic, gravimelric, 

aeronautical, topographic, hydrographic, 

cultural, aml Ioponymic data. These data may 

ba used for military planning, training, and 

operations inciudrng aeronautical, nautical, and 

land navigation, as well as for weapon 

orianfation and target positioning. MC&G alao 

includes the evaluation of topographic, 

hydrography, or aeronautical features ior their 

aftad on military oparatione or intelligence. The 

data may be presarrfed In the rorm of 

topographic, planimetric, reliet, of thematic 

maps and graphics} nautical and aeronautical 

charla and pwblicatlons; and in simulated, 

pholographlc, digital, or computerized Iormats. 

map-1. (JCS) A graphic representation, 

usually on a plane sutiace and al an 

established scale of natural and artificial 

features on the surface of a part or the whole ot 

the Earth or other planetary body. The features 

are posffioned relative to a coordinate reference 

system. 2. To prepare a map or engage in a 

MIL-HDBK-850 

156 

mapping operation. See also admlnlatrellve 

map; base map; battle map; boundary 

map; cadaatral map; choraogrephlc 

map; compiled map; contour map; 

controlled map; county map; 

dlstrlbutlon map; domeatlc map; 

englnaerlng map; axparlmental map; 

tllght map; flood control map; 

tluoraacant map; foreawy map; general 

map; general-purpose map; gaologlcal 

map; gravlmatrlc map; gravity ●nomaly 

map; hemlapherlcal map; hypaographlc 

map (or chart); Iandacapa map; larg.S 

scale map; Ilne-route map; medlumacale 

map; morphographlc map; natlva 

map; operation map; orftrophotomap; 

orthoplctomap; OUtllne map; 

photocontour map; photorevlsad snap; 

photocontrol index map; 

photogmmmetrlc map; photomap; 

physlographlc plclorial map; plCtOgraM; 

plctomap; planetabla map; planlmatrlc 

baea map; planlmatrlc map; plannlng 

map; plaatic raliaf map; port plan; 

provisional map; quadrangle; radar 

Intelllgenca map; radar map; 

reconnalaaanca map; red Ilght readabla 

map: rellef modal: road map; routs 

map; shaded-relief map; sltuatlon map; ‘. 

sketch map; small-scale map; source 

map; rxpeclai-purpose map; apeclal )obcover 

map; standard accuracy map; 

standard content map; atate baae map: 

atrataglc map; Tactical Commandara’ 

Terrain Analyals; tactical map; tOpICal 

map; topograpttlc map; Topographic 

Map of fha United States; traffic 

circulation map; wall map; waather 

map. 

Marcfr equinox—See vernal aqulnox. 

margin data—See marginal data. 

margin lntormatlon—Sea marghtal data. 

merglnal data-(JCS) All explanatory 

inlormalion given in the margin of a map or 

chafl which clarifies, defines, illustrates, antior 

supplements the graphic portion ot the shaat. 

Also called border data: bordar 

information; margin Information. 

margin—(JCS) In cartography, the area of a 

map or chart iylng outside the border. 

marine map—See hydrographlc chart.

I 

. . ... . 

MARK 90-MARK 90 is the second of two 

development phases of the Defense Mapping 

Agemy’s Oigital Production System (DPS). Its 

mission is 10 provide DMA with end-to-end 

softcopy production capabilities. MARK 90 

Imorporafes the Data Integration. Source 

‘ A@isiiion, Hardcopy Exploitation, and the 

Universal Rectifier Seaments 0! the MARK 85 

.-. 

Dhase with new Production hfanagemenl, Data 

servicas, Source Preparation, Dali Eslracfion, 

and Product Generation Segments. See also 

Dlgltel Production Syalem; MARK 85. 

mark—1. A call used when simultaneous 

observations are being made, to indicate to the 

second person the moment a reading is 10 be 

made, as when the time of a celestial 

observation is to be noted: or the momen! a 

readrng is a prescribed value. 2. (suweying) A 

dafinile object, such as an imprinted metal disk, 

used to d8signale a survey poinl and 

SOtI’IelhSteSrefers to the enlire suwey 

rnanumanl. Mark is used with a qualifying Ierm 

such as station. ralerenca, or bench. See 

a150 bench mark; reference mark; atatlon 

mark; wltnees mark. 3. (phologrammelry) 

See !Joallng mark; Index mark. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

maps lo obtain more accurate register of 

marine sextant—A sextant designed primarily preprinted line wO* to the IandfO_ Of the 

for marine navigation. .._ “.. –.. 

mokf. BY maskirm. differanlial haa!ina is 

achieve~. Also ~lled screen Ing. - 

marine smrrvey-See oceanographic 

survey. 

maak—1. In pholomechanisal processing, to 

block out an area by means of actinically 

MARK 85- MARK 85 Is the first of two 

opaque material, to prevent exposure in the parf 

development phases of the Defense Mapping blocked out. Also, the cavaring material tfseif 

Agen@s Digital Production System (DPS). Ifs when ao appfied. 2. A clear stable baaa plastic, 

mission was to improve hardcopy production coaled with an opaque stratum which can be 

methods, generate improved production 

paeled oft bafween Photographkslly etched 

management and dala base management outline Images, thus Lrroduclng an open-window 

s.apeblliiies, and provide initial soflcopy 

nagalive of the dasired area. This process of 

production capability. The six segments include: masking is offen identified by the trade name of 

Hardcopy Exploitation (HELS), Source 

the material used. 3, A continuous tone pdtive 

Acquisition (SA6), Data Integration (C)KS), or negative made lmm an orighal negative or 

Feature Exfract”krn (FE/S), Universal Rectifier positive for tha purpose of afrering the image 

(UR/S), ana Digital Comparator (DC/S). See produced from the orighal. Used to aller 

also Dlgltal Production System; MARK contrast, correct color portrayal. or praduca 

90. 

pictotone or picfofine imagas. 

Maraden charl-A chart showing the 

distribution of meleorolooical data, especially 

over fhe oceans. - 

masa attraction vertical-The normal to 

any surlace of constant geopatential. On the 

Earlh this vertical is a function only of the 

distribution of the mass and is unatfecfed by 

forces resulling from the molions of the Eatih; 

e.g., the dkreclion 01 a plumb bob cm a 

nonrotating Earih. 

master film poaltlve-A pasilive made trom 

an original negative for the purpose o! making 

additional negatives. 

master gfass negative—See calibration 

plate. 

master model—The developed original terrain 

model which bears, in miniature, the same 

spatial relationships as the actual ground it 

represents. Also called orlghsal modal. 

masfsr plot+JCS) A portion of a map or 

ovarlay on which are drawn the outlines of tha 

araas covared by an air photographic Sorlia. 

Latitude and longitude, and map and aonie 

information ere shown, 

master print—( mosaicking) A photograph 

which is reoresenlative of the mosaic araa usad 

as a guide “during the developing Process to 

insure -. the tonal match of subsaauem Orinta. 

mestar projectlo*The originally computed 

maaklng paper—See ~oldenrod paper. and constructed map prajacfion lmm which 

copies are made: one such projectbn serves as 

maeklng—A means of controlling plastic the masler for copies circling the globe whhln 

expansion locally during Iormlng of plastic reliaf tha same saf of standard parallels. 

157

1 

1 

, 

, 

I 

I 

maefer etatlon-Thai station in a given 

system of transmitting stations that controls the 

transmissions of the other stations (the slave 

stations) and maintains tha lime relationship 

befweenthe pulses of tha stations. Insatelliie 

surveys, positions can be upgraded 

mttsiderabfy by trenslocation. See also 

tranalocatlon. 

match Unee-tl aerfesot grease pencil lines 

drawn ona photograph, radiating horn the torn 

edges of lhe print onfolfsa adjacent areas to 

serve as a registration guide when laying the 

individual prfrrf In tha moaalc. 

match strlp+S.ee tlo srtrlp, detinilion 1. 

matching—The act by which detail or 

lntormalbn on the edge, or overlap araa, of a 

map or chart k compared, adjusted, and 

ccwrecled to agree wilh the exisling overlapping 

chart. Also called edge matching. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

matrix dam-Data which consists oi a matrix 

of evenly spaced rows and columns of data 

points. The position within the rows and columns 

represents the geographic position, while (he 

data point is the value 01 some spatial variable 

al Ihal posfiion., An example is DTED, which 

provides elevations al nominal 100 meter 

horizontal intervals. 

Snatte print—Prim made on pholographtc 

paper with a dull finish which Is more suitable Ior 

pencil or ink annotations than a gfossy print. 

maximum elevaflon figure—(JCS) A figure, 

shown in aach quadrangle bounded by ticked 

graficule fines on aeronautical charts, which 

represents the height in thousands and 

hundreds of feel, abova mean sea level, of the 

highest known natural or man-made feature in 

that quadrangle, plus suitable factors 10 allow for 

Inaccuracy and incompleteness of fhe 

topographical heighting information. 

MC&G utlllty software environment 

(MUSE)-Software programs which perform 

general purpose operations on Mapping, 

Charting & Geodetic (MC&G) data that are 

applicable to a broad range of eys!ems and 

usara rather than a single, special purpose. 

Some examples Includa datum and projection 

transformafkxrs, coordinate conversions, and 

symbol libraries. 

mean anomaly—See anomaly, definition 3. 

158 

mean center of Moors-1. A central point 

for a lunar coordinate system. 2. The pint on 

the lunar surface intersected by the lunar radius 

that is directed toward the Earths tamer when 

the Moon is al the mean ascendiW node and 

when the node coincides with the mean perigee 

or mean apogee. 

mean charf-Any chart on which Ieopleths of 

the maan vaiua 01 a given oceartogrephk 

element ara drawn. Also called mean map. 

maan deviation—See averaoe devlallon. 

maan dlatance—See aemlmajor axla. 

mean dlurnel high water Inequalliy 

(DHQ)—Half the average dflerence between 

the heights of the two high watara of each tidal 

day over a 19-year pariod, or a computed 

equivalent period, obtained by subtracting the 

maan of all high waters from the mean of the 

higher high wafers. 

mean diurnal fow water Inequellty 

(DLO)—Hail the average difference between 

the heights of the two low waters of each t’kfal 

day over a 19-year perbd~or a computed 

equivalent period, obtained try aubtracfkrg tha 

mean 01 Ihe lower bw waters from the mean 01 

all low waters. 

mean equinox of date—See mean 

equinox. 

mean equinox—A fictitious equinox whose 

poailion is thal of the vernal equinox at a 

particular date with the effect of nutafiin 

removed. Also called mean equinox of 

date. 

mean error—The algabraic maan of all errors 

derived by comparing observed or computed 

quantifies wilh all fixed values of common 

dimensional parameters in an integral 

observation system or mmputalion modef, A 

mean error

I 

of the terrain above mean sea level of an area 

to be photographed. 

mean high water (MHW)—Tfre average 

height of all the high walers recorded over a 19year 

period, or a computed equivalent period. 

mean high weter Iurmldal interval-S 88 

Iunltldal Inlewal. 

maan high water springs (MHWS)— The 

average height of all high walers recorded 

during syzygy over a 19.year period, or a 

mmmled equlvalant period, Also called hlgn 

water aprlngs. 

mean higher high waler (MHHW)—The 

average height of st! lhe daily higher high walera 

recorded over a 19-year period or a computed 

equivslenr period. It is usually associated with a 

tide exhibffhrg mixed characteristics. 

mean hlghar high water eprlngs 

(MHHWS)—The average height of all higher 

high walers recorded during syzygy over a 19year 

perbd, or a mmpuled equivalent period. 

mean low water (MLW)—The average 

height ot all low waters recorded over a 19-year 

period, or a computed equivalent period. 

mean low water Iunltldal Interval—See 

Iunltldal Interval. 

maan low water eprlngs (MLWS)—The 

average height of all low waters recorded during 

SYZY9Y over a 19-yeer Period. or a comPuled 

equivalent period. 

mean lower low water (MLLW)—T he 

average height of all the fewer low waters 

remrdad over a 19-year period, or a computed 

equivalent period. It is usually associated wilh a 

tide exhlbffing mixed characteristics. 

maan lower tow wster springs 

(MLLWS)—The average heighl of all lower low 

watem recorded duffng syzygy over a 19-year 

perbd, or a computed equivalent period. 

mean map—See mean chart. 

mean of tha errors—The average value of a 

set of errors. 

mean place—See mean posltlon. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

159 

mean poeltion—The position of a afar 

mrrected for sacular variations including pruper 

motion, bul unmrrec!ed for short term 

variations. AISO calied meen piaca. 

mean ranga (Mn)-Tha difference in height 

balween mean h~h water and mean low water, 

measured in feat or meters. 

mean refraction—The refraction effect on 

vartical engles given usually in the plane of a 

vertical circle for average condkiins 01 

temperature and barometric preaaure. 

mean rivar level-The average height ot the 

sutiace 01 a river at any poinf for all stages of 

the tide over a 19-year period, or a mmpufed 

equivalent period, usually determined from 

hourly height readings. Unusual variations 01 

river level due to discharge or N@f may be 

excluded in computation, 

mean sea level (MSL)—[JCS) The average 

height of the surfsce ot the sea for all stagas of 

the tide, used ae a reference tor elavationa. 

[Usually determined by averaging height 

leadings observad hourly over a minimum 

period ot 19 yaars.] Aiso tailed sea level 

datum. 

mesn sidereal flm~Sidereal time adjusted 

for nutalion, 10 eliminate slight irregularities in 

the rate. 

meen solar day—The interval of Ilme from a 

transit ot the mean sun across a given meridisn 

to its nexl successive transit acrosa the same 

meridian. 

maan solar tima—Time measured by the 

diurnal molion of a fictitious body, termed the 

mean eun, which is supposed to move 

uniformly in the celaatial equator, completing the 

circuit in 1 tropical year. The mean sun may be 

considered as moving in ihe celestial equator 

and having a righi ascension equal 10 !he mean 

celeslial longitude of the true sun. Also called 

meen flme. 

mean ephere depth—Tha uniform depth 10 

which the water would covar the Earth ii the 

solid aurfacea were smoothed off and were 

parallel 10 the surface of the geoid. 

mean equare error—The quantity whose 

sauara is eaual to the sum ot Ihe sauares of lhe 

individual e;rors divided by the numtkr of thosa

I 

I 

I 

I 

errore. 

mean sum--see flctltlous sun. 

mean tide level (MTL)-The reference 

plane midway between mean high wafer and 

mean bw water. Also called half tide level; 

ordlne~ tide level. 

mean time-see mean solar ilme. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

meender corner—A corner eslablishedat the 

infersecfionot standard, township, orsecfion 

Iineswifhtha maanclar line near banksol 

navigable straams or any meanderable body of 

water. 

meander llna—A traverse of the margin of a 

parmsnenf natural body of waler, along Ihe 

locus of the bank or shoreline at the elevation of 

maan or ordinary high watar, upon which bank 

or shoreline a riparian right may be predicated, 

measured ang le—An angle as read directly 

from an Instrumental observation and without 

any application of corrections for focal 

conditions. A measurad angle which has been 

wrrecfed for local conditions only at the point of 

observation is considered as an obsemed angle. 

mechanical arm templet—See spider 

templet. 

mechanical-tampfet plot—See 

mechan\cel.temp\et triangulation. 

mechanical-temfslet trlanoulatlon—A 

graphkal radtal triangulation u~ng slotted, 

spider, or any form of mechanical templel. Also 

called machanlcal-templet plot. 

mechanical-templet—Any templel which is 

manipulated and adjusted mechanically In 

laying out a radial triangulafiin, 

madlum.scale map-(JCS) A map having a 

scale larger than 1:600,000 and smaller than 

1:75,000. See stlao map. 

megabyte (MB)—A unit of memory. One 

megabyte equale 1,04S,576 bytes or 

approximately one million byfes. 

mamorlal—A durable article deposited in the 

ground at the position of a corner 10 perpetuate 

that position should the rnonumenl be removed 

or destroyed. The memorial is usually deposited 

160 

al Ihe base of the monumem and may cortsisf 

of anything durable such as glass or storwware, 

a marked stone, charred stake, or a quantify of 

charcoal. 

Mendenhall pendulum—An hrvariabla 

pendulum, one-quarter meter in length, with a 

vibration period of one-half second, composed 

of a Ienticular-shaped bob on a thin atam, 

swung in an airiight casa from whch the air haa 

been largely exhausted. 

menauratlon—1. The act, procaas, or arf of 

meaauring. 2. That branch of mathematics 

dealing with the determination of Iangfh, area, 

or volume, 

Mercator bearing—See rhumb baarlng. 

Mercator charr-A charr on the Mercator 

projection. This Is the charl commonly used for 

marine navigation, Also called equatorial 

cylindrical orfnomorphic chars. 

Mercator dlrecflon-Horizontal direction of a 

rhumb line, expressed as angular sfkstarwe from 

a relerence direction. Also ca}led rhumb 

dlrecllon., 

Mercator equal-araa map pro)ectlon- 

See sinusoidal map projacflon. 

Marcalor map projection—A conformal 

map projection of the cylindrical type. Tha 

Equator is represented by a stra”ghf line true to 

scale; the geographic meridiana are represent ad 

by parallel straight Iinespwperdicmlar to the fine 

representing the Equaloc lhey are spaced 

according to their distance apart at the Equator. 

The geographic parallels are represented by a 

second system of straight fines perpendkxlar to 

the family of lines representing tha maridiana 

and therelora parallel with Iha Equator. 

Conformality is achievad by mathematical 

analysis, the spacing of the parallels being 

incraased with increasing distance fmm Ihe 

Equator to conform wlfh tha expanding scale 

along the parallels rasuffing from the meridians 

being represented by parallel fines. Also called 

equatorial cylindrical orfhomorphlc map 

projection. 

Mercator track-See rhumb Ilne. 

Mercury datum—A worldwide geodafic 

system derived from an analysis of data from 

astrogeodelic, gravimetric, and salellite sources. 

Results of this analysis provided a best-fitting

wortd ellipsoid used in tracking Project Mercury 

manned apace misskms and as the relerence 

dafum for the efecfronic navigation syslems— 

Omega, ioran, and loran C. See also Fischer 

ellipeold of 1960. 

mercury barometer—A barometer in which 

atmospheric pressure is balanced against the 

weight of a column of mercury. See also 

aneroid barometer; cistern barometer; 

alphon barometer. 

merge-To take two or more maps or data 

sets and ~tne Ihem fo~elher into a single, 

Coharem map or dala base wilhout redundant 

Information. 

merg lng—The process of joining two or more 

Oveffapping data sets. 

marldian altltude—The altilude of a celesliel 

body when ii is on the celestial meridian ot the 

obswvar. 

merldlen angle difference-The dillerence 

between two meridian angles, particularly 

between Iha meridian angle of a celestial body 

and the value used as an argument for entering 

a table. Also called hour angle dlflerence. 

merldlan angle-Anguler distance east or 

west cd the bcal celestial meridian; the arc of 

the celestial equator, or Ihe angle al the 

Calestial pole, between the upper branch of Ihe 

Icetl celestial meridian and the hour circle of a 

C8fWflal body, measured eastward or westward 

from the focal celestial meridian lhrough 180°, 

and Iabelad ‘E- or “W 10 indtcale the direction 

of measuramant, 

merldlan d18tance-1. (astronomy) The hour 

angie of a caieslial body when Ciose 10 bul not 

axacrly on tha astronomic meridian. 2. (plane 

surveying) The perpendicular distance in a 

horizontal plane of a poinl from a meridian of 

reference. The difference of the meridian 

diStarSCeSOf the WTds Of a line is called the 

departure of the line. 

marldfan extanslon—That porfion of a 

Meridian ahown above the top construction line 

of a projection, 

meridfan Ilna-(plane surveying) The line of 

imeraacllon of the plane of the celestial meridian 

and the plane of the horizon. It is a horizontal 

direction usad In surveying. Ila astronomic 

azimuth is O“ or 180”. 

MIL-HDBK-1350 

161 

merldlen obaervatlon-Measurement of fhe 

altitude ot a celestial body on tha celeaffal 

meridian 01 Ihe obsewer, or the altitude so 

measured, 

merldlan paeaege—See merldlan Wanslt. 

meridian teleOCope-A porfebfe Instrument 

so designed fhat if can be used as an 

astronomic transft, or quickly oonverfed for use 

as a zenlfh faiescope. 

merldlan fransfr-l%a passage of a ceieetial 

body across a celestial rnaridan. Also called 

marldlan paasaga. Sea also cufmlnaflon; 

frenslt, definition 1. 

merldlan-A north-south referanc.a line, 

parficuiariy a greal circle through fhe 

geographical poles ot the Earlh, horn whch 

longitudes and azimuths are determined; or a 

plane, normal to the gaoid or spheroid, defining 

such a line. Sae aiso aatronomlc merldlan; 

auxiliary guide meridian; celestial 

meridian; cantral merldlan; convergence 

ot marldians; doubla meridien distance; 

ecllptlc merldlan; fictt!lous merldlan; . 

geodetic merldlen; gaographfc 

meridian; geomagnetic marldian; 

Greenwich meridian; grid merldlarr; 

grslde meridien; gyro merldien; IoCai 

merldlan; magnetic meridian; meridional 

difference; marldlonal part; meridional 

plane; obliqua meridian; photograph 

merldlan; prime fictitious meridian; 

prime grid meridian; prima meridlen; 

prime obiique merldlan; prime 

tranaverae marldlan; prlnclpal meridian; 

standard marldian; table of merldlonel 

parts; time meridlen; transverse 

meridian; true meridian. 

meridional difference-The difference 

belween the meridional perfa of any We gfvan 

parailels. This differeme is tound by subtraction 

if the two parallels are on the same aide of the 

Equator, and by addition if on opposite aidea. 

marldional dlsfanca-The dislance between 

latitude iines as determined from the mid- 

Iatilude of a map projection. 

meridional intervai—Tha valua of the 

dislance between meridians of a projacfion al 

chart scaie. 

meridional of fssfs—Smali distances appiiad

to the lengths of meridians In order to create Ihe 

carves of the lop ard bottom latitudes 01 a 

projection. 

meridional orthographic mep 

prolecllon—A map projection having the 

plane of the projection parallel to the plane 01 

some selected meridian; the geographic 

parallels sutd the cenlral meridan are straight 

lines, the outer mertiian is a full circle, and the 

other meridians ara a= of ellipaea. 

meridional part-The length of the arc of a 

meridiin between the Equator and a given 

parallel on a Mercator chart, expressed in unitS 

of 1‘ of bngltuda at the Equator. 

merldlonel plana-Any plane containing the 

polar axis of the Eamt. See also astronomic 

merldfan plene; geodetic meridian 

plane. 

mete date basbl. Information about 

irrformation, e.Q. a tisf or catalog of directories. 

2. Information abouf data, e.g. a directory of 

data storage focef ione. See also Data baee 

and Deta dictionary. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

metedata—lmormalion about inforrnat(oh: 

more specifically, information about the meaning 

of other data. 

meteorological chart-Any chart showing 

meteorological (weather) information. 

meter rod—See precise Ieveflng rod. 

metee-and-bounda survey—A method of 

dascrlblng the boundaries of tracts of land by 

gtifng the bearing and length of each 

succesaiva fine. Much of the land in the 

nonpublic land States has been eurveyed and 

described by fhie method. This melhod is also 

used in the surveys of the public lands 10 define 

the boundaries of Irregular tracts, such as 

claims, grants, and reservations, which are nonconformable 

to the rectangular system of 

subdivleion. 

method of reperltlone—The determination 

of Ihe angle between two marks by 

accumulating, on fhe horizontal circle of a 

repeating theodolile, the sum of a series 01 

measurements of tha horizomal angle between 

the two mafia. 

Matonlc cycf%A period of approximately 19 

years, or a computed equivalent, durin9 w~ch 

162 

all phase relationships bafween Moon, Sun. and 

Earlh occur, and atter the lapse of which the 

phases of fhe Moon refurn 10 a particular date in 

the calendar year. Durfng any cycle, new and lull 

Moon will recur on approximately the same day 

in the calendar year. 

metric camera-A specially constructed end 

calibrated camera used to obtain geometrically 

accurate photographs for use In 

photogrammetric hwtruments. 

metric mapping euppon date (MMSD)- 

Camera model parameters which albw proper 

geographic positioning of features scan on 

image~ based on sensor position and pointing 

angle relative to the aarth’s geoid. 

metric photography—The recording of 

events by means of photographs, either singly 

or sequentially, together with appropriate 

coordinates, to form the basis for accurale 

measurements, 

Metrogon lens—The trade name o! a wideangle 

lens for aerial cameras used in mapfring, 

charting, and reconnaissance photography. See 

also trlmetrogon camera. 

mlcrofeafurea—Features of relief, drainage, 

and Iandlorms wtilch can be Idanlified on 

photographs, but are too small to appear on 

maps 

micrometer mathod—Tba delerminafion of 

the astronomic azimuth of a line by measuring 

indirectly with an ocular micrometer attached to 

a theodolite or Iransit the horizontal angle 

between a selecled slar at its elongation and a 

suitable ground mark (light) placed close to the 

verlical plane which passes through the star, 

and applying that angle to the azimuth of the 

star computed tor the epoch o! Ihe observation. 

micrometer—An auxiliary device to provide 

measurement of very small angles or 

dimensions by an insfwment such as a 

felescope. See also tilar micrometer; ocular 

micrometer: transit micrometer. 

mld.1atitude—1. Sea mfddle Iatltude. 2. 

(cartography) The one parallel that is a! the 

same scale as Indlcaled on a Mercator 

project ion. 

Middle ldtltude-One-half of the arithmetical 

sum of the latitudes of two places on the same 

side of the Equetor. Middle Iatltuda is labeled

I 

b .!. 

‘N” or “S” to Indicate whether it is north or south 

of the Equator. Aiso called mld-latltude. 

mlddhz crrdhtate-Tl?e distance trorn the 

mickile poirsl of a chord 10 the middle point 01 

lhe mrreaponding circuler arc, 

middle point (MP)-Thai point on a circular 

wrve which is equidistant from Ihe two ends of 

the curve. 

mlddletone-in haMtone, any neutral tone 

intermediate between the highlights and 

shadows of an ori~inaj and the resulting 

reproductbn. Ateo, !he tones in a reproduction 

between the highlights and Ihe shadows. 

mileage chart-A chart showing distances 

between various points. 

millta~ city map—See city products. 

SSZlllti3W geOgmphy—(JCS) The specialized 

field oi geography dealing with natural and man. 

made physical features Ihal may affecl lhe 

planning and COnducl 01 mililary operations, 

MIL-HDBK-850 

MllltItry grid reterence syslem (MGRS)— 

1. The alphanumeric posilion reporting system 

used by U.S. Military. 2.(JCS) A syslem which 

uses a standard-scaled @d square, based on a 

point of origin on e map projection of the Earths 

surface In an accurate and consistent manner 10 

permit either position referencing or Ihe 

~mpu!at~n Of direction and dislance between 

gnd positions. See also mllltary grid. 

mllltary grid—(JCS) Two sets 01 parallel fines 

Interaectisg at right angles and forming squares; 

tha grid is superimposed on maps, charts, and 

other SImllar representations of lhe Earth% 

auriace In an accurate and consistent manner 10 

permit Iderrtlficatlon of ground Iocallons with 

reapecf 10 other locations and Ihe computation 

of diection and distance 10 olher poinls. See 

81S0 mllltary grid reference system. 

Mliltnry Inetallatlon map (MIM)-D M A 

maps constructed rrom one or more standard 

series maps and overprinted with information 

such as fire zones. training areas and range 

Iaciliiles. M [Ms are constructed only for major 

camps, posts, and areas which are used 

extenaiWly for training and research. Produced 

at 1:50,000 acals. 

mlllta~ level—A compact ruggedized version 

of the dumpy level developed specifically for 

163 

military use. It k primarily used for thfrd-ordar 

levelin~, but has a samnd.order capability. 

m)ln.?ry stsndard (h91L.STD)-in 

acmrdance with the basic policy of the 

Department of Defansa, Defense 

Standardization and Spacifi@ion Program, 

military standards are issued Ior the 

comprehensive presentation of engineering 

praclices (including test IrSefhods), procedures, 

processes, codes, safety requiremema, 

symbols, abbreviations, nomenclatures, type 

designations and characteristics Ior siandard 

equipmams or items, either singly or In tamifies. 

Military standarda ara afso used fo cover overall 

characlaristics of famifies o! end hems or major 

components. These characteristics Irmlude, as 

applicable, envelope dimensions, performance 

ratings, primary structural features, and data 

required Ior interchangeability of components. 

mlllemap-A quantitative disirlbution map on 

which there are 1,000 dots, representing the 

quanlity depicted; each dol therefore represents 

1/1 ,000 of the Iotal, and is located as accurately 

as possible accordfW 10 the available evidence. 

mllligal—A unit of accalera!bn equal to 

1/1 ,000 of a gal, or 1/1 ,000 centimaler per 

second per second, Thk unit is usad in gravity 

measurements, being approximately onemilliontfl 

of the average gravity at fhe Earths 

surlace, Such maasuremenf includas the 

componant of camrifugal acceleration in the 

direction of the gravitational acceleration. 

milllgause-Unit 0! magnetic !orca equsl to 

0.001 gauss (oersled) or 100 gammas. 

mine eurvey-A survey to delannine the 

positions and dimensions 01 underground 

passages of a mine; also, of the natural and 

artificial features (surface and underground) 

relaling to the mine. The data include both 

horizontal and vertical positiorsa, lengths, 

directions, and slopes of tunnels; topographic 

and geologic characteristics of the particular 

vicinity; ownarshtp ot the land and ot the mine. 

mineral survey-A survey made to mark the 

iegal boundaries of mineral deposits or orebaaring 

formations on the pwbfic domain, whera 

the boundaries are 10 be determined by Ilnes 

other than the normal subdivision of the pubflc 

lands. 

Mlnlmelfy Redundant Topology (MINI. 

TOPO)—Ttre internal digital spatial data

atnxcture of lhe DMA Digital Production System. 

MINI-TOPO consists of two overlapping data 

structures: cartographic and spatial. The 

cartographic structure contains all attribute 

hdomxstbn, relatlonahlps between Iaatures and 

feature components, and ties to the underlying 

apatiil structure Ieval. The spatial structure 

aasocistes the cartographic !aalures 10 lheir 

exact geographic placement. Also known as 

the Mapping, Charting, & Geodesy Feature 

Data Exchange Structure (MCGFDES). 

mlnlmum bounding rectangle (MBR)— 

The smallest possible rectangle, with Norfh- 

S.oufh and Eaat-West sidas, which encloses an 

araa of Intaresl. 

minor axla—~he shortest diameter of an 

elfipse or alfipeoid. 

minor control plol—See radial 

trlangultstlon. 

mhtOr conlrol—See photogrammetrlc 

control. 

minor planets—See astaroid. 

minus angle—Sane ‘hirgle of “depieasion. 

minus declination—See decllnatlon, 

definition 3. 

mlntis sight-See foresight, definition 3, 

minute of standard length—The length of 

1 mhrute of bngilude at the Equator. The length 

ia variable, depandlng on the dimensions 01 the 

particular elfipaoid (spheroid) used as a 

raferance surface. 

mirror Image—See revened Image. 

mlscellaneoua Chat’t-A charf other than a 

regutar navigational chart; a special chart. 

mismatch—A condition which occurs when 

detail ia displaced and perfect matching cannot 

be achievad. 

ftIISSlle launch alte data card— A 

standardized form containing launcher geodelic 

Irrfomraflon which has been produced on the 

CUfreM wortd geodelic system. Used in 

conjunction wfth the missile target dala card. 

mlselle target data—Precise geodetic target 

MIL-HDBK-850 

164 

positioning data required 10 suPport strategic 

and Iactical weapon syslems. See also polnl 

position data. 

mlaslng triangla-(pendulum) A lri~ngle 

which represents the failure ot the two sides of a 

knife edge to reach a periecf intaraecfion In a 

geometric line. 

mistake—See blunder; arror, 

mock-up—See atyla sheet. 

model coordlnatee-(photogrammatry) Tha 

space coordinalea 01 any point imaged in a 

stereoscopic model which define Its posffion wffh 

reierenca to tha air base or to the Instrument 

axes. 

modal datum—1. (photogrammetry) That 

surface in a stereoscopic modal corweived aa 

having been reconstructed as part of the model 

representing the sea level datum of nature. 

Often modified to designate the Iypa of 

phonography used, such as ccmvergam model 

datum, and transverse model datum. 2. For 

relief maps or models the datum may or may 

not be sea level but is consistent within a relief 

map saries. 

model marriage—The rejoining of seclions of 

a model, aller the carving operatfon, to the 

original nealline limits 01 a relief model. 

model acala-(phologrammetry) The 

relationship which axisls between a dk.tanca 

measurad in a stereoscopic model and the 

corresponding distance on the Earth. 

modellng—The developmem of the model 

surface by the application of modeling clay 

between fhe step edges of the step cast, A 

preparato~ step in producing relief models. 

model—Sea alrborna Iandlng modal; 

assault Iandlng model; aesault models; 

flat modal; gross modef; half model; 

maater modef; neat modef: perapactlve 

spatial modef: relfef modef; 

stareoscoplc image; etereoscoplc 

t’nOdel; strategic planing model; tactical 

plannlng models; terrain modal; warped 

MOdel. 

modlflad facslmlle chart-A naufical charl 

published by a foreign hydrographlc agency and 

reproduced by DMA, Specific atxfhorkty to 

reproduce is contained in a bilateral agreement,

Ii 

which will alSO identify any qualllicalions to the 

permission to reproduce. 

modlfled Julfen stay-An abbreviated form 

of Ihe Julian day which requires Iewer digits and 

translates the beginning of each day from 

Greenwich noon fo Greenwich midnighl: 

obfained by subtracting 2400000.5 from Julian 

daya. 

modlfled Lambert conformaf chart— A 

chart on the modified Lamberf mnformal map 

projection. Also called Ney’a chert. 

modified Lambert conformal map 

projactlon—A modification of the Lambarl 

conformal projection for use in Wler regions, 

one of fhe standard parallels being at latitude 

89°5958- and fhe ofher at Iafi!ude 71° or 74”, 

and the parallals being expanded slighlly to 

form complefe Concanlric circles, Also called 

Ney’a map protection. 

ISSOdlfled polyconlc map pro]action— A 

map projecfiorr obtained from lhe regular 

polymnk projection by so allering the scale 

afong the central meridian thal the scale is exact 

along fwo standard meridians, one on either 

side of the cenlral meridian and equidistam 

therefrom. Also calied rectangular polyconic 

mep projection. 

modufatlon arror—in electronic distance 

measuring equipment, the difference in 

modulating frequencies obtained from crystals, 

between fhe actual frequencies of the crystais 

and the frequencies required for a correct 

distance measurement 

modulatloh—A variation of some characteristic 

of a radio wave, called the carrier wave, in 

accordance with Inslanlanaous values of 

another wave called the modulaflrrg wave. 

Thase variations can be amplitude, f~equency, 

phase, or pulse. 

molr6-An interference pallern resulling from 

the overlaying or oveprinling of halflones or 

tints whose screen angles are not sufficiently 

separated to make the patlern inconspicuous or 

fo preclude a pattern accuracy. 

mofd afteraflons—The slight modification of 

the fandforms of the mold, often necessary in 

local araaa in order to obtain proper register due 

to unequal afretch required to accommodate the 

Iandtorrns on a plaslic relief map. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

165 

molded aerial phonograph—A vertkal aerial 

phonograph, usually annotated with mlfiiafy 

symbols, which has been iormed to show terrain 

configuration. 

Molitor preclae Ievelfng rod—A spaaking 

rod of T-shaped cross section, with graduation 

marks shaped as friarsgles and rectangles, the 

smallesf div~ton baing two milfimetere. Read by 

estimation to singla milfimetara. Equipped whh 

thermometer and circufar feval. 

Mollwelde homalographlc map 

projection—An equal-area map pro)ecflon 

showing the Equa!or and geographic pSralfelS 

as alraighl lines, and tha geographic merid!ana 

as elliptical arcs, with the exception of fhe 

central meridian, represented by a straight line, 

and the meridian 90” from the center, shown as 

a lull circle. 

moment of lnerfla-The quanfity obtained by 

mu kiplying the mass of each small part Of a 

body by the square of ils dktance from an Ssis, 

and adding all tha resuffs. 

momentum-uanlity of motion. Linear 

momentum is’ tire quantity obtained by 

multiplying the mass of a body by Its finear 

speed. Angutar momentum is fhe rJJan!ilY 

obtained by multiplying tha momant of Inarfia of 

a body by its angular speed. 

momenl—A Iendancy to cause rotation about 

a point or axis, as of a corrfroi surface abour ~s 

hinge or of an airplane about its center of 

gravity; Ihe measure of fhis tendency is equal to 

the producf of the force and the perpandsular 

distance belween Ihe point of axis of rotation 

and the fine of action of the force. 

monochromBfor—A dispemlve devka fOr 

isolation of narrow ~tilons of the spectrum. 

monochrome—A single hue or color. 

monocomparator—A precision instrument, 

consisting of a measuring system, a viewing 

sysf em, and a readout sysfem designed for the 

measurement of Image coordinetea on a eingfe 

phonograph. 

monoscoplc [mono) lmaglng—A eingle 

image taken of the iargaf. 

monoscoplc rev falon—Exfracfion ‘of Image

identifiable feature data from a single image. 

No eflorf is made to compensate for relief 

displac#nerd or till. Existing cenler line data 

(CLD) Ieature and elevalion data are registered 

with the imagery. New CLD Ieatures may be 

added and existi~ CLD features may be 

delated or rrmdiiied spatially or atlribulionally. 

MIL-HDBK-B50 

month—The period of the revolution o! the 

Moon around the Earlh, The month is 

designated es sidereal, tropical, anomalistic, 

nodical or dracontic, or synodlcal, according 10 

whether the revotutkm Is relative to lhe stars, the 

vernal equinox, the perigee, the ascending 

node, or the Sun. See also anomalistic 

month; calendar month; nodical month; 

eldereal month; aynodlcel monlh; 

tropic.al month. 

monumemed bench mark—See 

permanent bench mark. 

mmm’mtt-l. A structure used or erected to 

Marl( the posttion of a eurvey station: 

permanence is Implied. See elso artlflclal 

monument; natUral monument. 2. A 

physical structure, such as an iron post, marked 

stone, or tree in place, which merks the Iocelion 

,0!, a mrner point established Dy a Caoastral 

survey. Objecis, to be ranked as monuments, 

shoukt have certain physical properties such as 

visibility, durability, and stability, and they must 

defhra Iocafiin without resorting to 

measurements. Monument and corner are 

nof synonymous, although the two terms are 

often used largely in the same sense. See also 

corner. 

Moon posltlon camera mathod—A means 

01 determining geodetic position, that is 

unaffected by deflection of the vertical. by 

photographing the Moon against a star 

background. 

morphographlc mep—A small-scale map 

sfrowing physiographic features by means of 

standardized pictorial symbols, based on lhe 

appearance such features would have if viewed 

oblquety from the air. 

moseicklng board-A smooth-surfsced 

material, usually tempered Masonite, to which 

the mosaic is fastened with a suitable adhesive. 

mosaic—l. (JCS) (photogrammelry) An 

assambly of overlapping aerial photographs 

which have been matched to form a continuous 

phofographc representation of a portion of Ihe 

166 

Earth’s surface. Also called eerlal mosaic. 

See also controlled mosaic; map. 

controlled mosaic; orthophotomoselc; 

scale- retio moselc; eemlcontrolled 

mosaic; strip moeelc; uncontrolled 

mosaic. 2. (cartography) See panel base. 

most probable valua-That value of a 

quantity which is mathematically determined 

from a series of observations and ia more nearly 

free trom the ettects ot errors than any other 

value that might be derived from the same 

saries ot observations. Derivation ot the rrrmst 

probable value is made after blursdare and 

systematic errors have been removed from the 

data. 

moving averaga—See conaecutlva 

mean. 

multlplex—A name applied 10 anaglyphic 

double-projection stereoplotlars with the 

Iollowing characteristics: (1) the stereornodel is 

projected from dia~aitivea reduced from aerial 

phonograph negatives; (2) the projection system 

illuminates the eriire d!apositive format area: 

and (3) lhe stereomodel is measured and drawn 

by observation of a floating mark 

multlband photography—A remote sensing 

syslem which produces more Ihan one image of 

a single area in which each image shows a 

dillerenl wavelength band of the 

electromagnetic spectrum. 

mullibeam survey-A hydrographic survey 

conducted wilh an array ot sevaral or many 

transducers mounled on the sounding vessel, 

designed 10 take simuiieneous soundings on a 

wide swath ot the ocean bottom. 

multicolor—Two or more cmbrs. Also called 

polychrome. See also process color 

printing. 

multinational data bese—A standardized 

data base operated and maintained under the 

control of two or more participating mamber 

nations, 

multiple level llne-Two or mora single lines 

of spirit leveling run between me sama terminal 

points, but along different roulas. 

multlple-camera assembly—An assembly 

01 two or more cameras mounted to maintain e 

fixed angle between their respective opfical 

axes.

I 

I 

I II 

MUIIlple-lenS camera—A camera with two or 

more lenses. with the axes of tha lenses 

SYSlamaliCally arranged al fixed angles in order 

to rover a wide field by simultaneous exposures 

in all cframbars. 

I’ttUltlple-lene photograph—A photograph 

made with multiple-lens camera, 

multlple-etege rectlficellon—A technique 

empbylng standard equipment to rectily oblique 

phOIOS by applying a series Of projections to 

eflecl the desired projective transformation. 

multlplex control—See photogrammelrlc 

control. 

multlplex triangulation—See atereotriangulation. 

multlepectral aenslng—Employment of one 

or mora sansors to obtain imagery from differenl 

poriions (bands) 01 the electromagnetic 

spactrum. 

multlspect ral—Remole sensing in two or 

more spectral bands, such as visible and, 

inlrared Sae also Infrared; remote sensihg.’ 

multluse manuscript (MUM)—A manuscript 

compilation that, as a minimum, establishes the 

contours, spot elevations and includes the 

horizontal position of the significam planimetric 

features. II is suitable for use in completing a 

topographic map, or an aeronautical or nautical 

charl; and the integrity of its horizontal and 

vertical accuracy is retained in all end products 

made from it. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

167

I 

I 

I 

I 

nadir polnl—See photogrepn nadir. 

nadir redfsf-A radial from the nadir point. 

rmdlr-polrst plot—See nedlr-polm 

trlangukrtlon. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

nadir.point trlan@ailon-Radial lrian. 

gulation in which nadir points are ulilizad as 

radial centers. Also callad nedlr-pOlnt 

plot. 

nadir+JCS) Thet poim on the celestial 

sphera directly beneath the observer and 

directly opposite the zenith. See also 

ground nadir; map nadir; 

phOtOpFaph nadir. 

nanoteala—(geomagnetiam) A unit 01 

magnetic field intensity generally used in 

describing the Earths megnelic field. It is 

defined as 10-9 Iesla = 1 gamma. See also 

gamme. 

narrow-angle lens—A Ians whose total 

length /s equal approximately 10 twice Ihe 

diagonal of tha format. 

National Geodetic Vertical datum 01 

1929—Known as ‘sea level datum of 

1929. prior 10 Seplembar 1973, this dalum 

was established by constraining the 

cumbined interconnected United States 

and Canadian networks 01 Iirst-order 

leveling, es it existed in 1929. 

national data baae—A data base 

designed, operated and maintained by any 

nation for purposes specific 10 that nation. 

national mao accuracv stendards— 

Sasr U.S. “Nallonal Map Accuracy 

Standards. 

native ma~A map of any counlry 

produced by that country’s governmental or 

private agencies, 

natural detail—The features on the Earth, 

such as streams, lakes, Iorests, and 

mountains; exclusive of the works 01 man. 

Also called natural feature. See also 

Culture; hydrographlc detail; 

N 

168 

hypaogrephlc datall. 

natural error—Errors arising Irom variations 

in temperature, humidify, wind, gravity, 

refraction, and magnetic declination. 

natural leature—See natural devail. 

natural monument—A natural feattsra, 

such as a stream, boulder, tree, etc., which 

serves to mark the location of a survey “ 

station or land corner. Sae also 

monument. 

nautical broadcasta—Radio navigational 

warning broadcasts to shipping on Urgent 

dangers to navigation, advanced 

information on changing navigational 

conditions, and special warnings 

disseminated by ollicial U.S. Government 

proclamations alfecting shipping. This 

information is also accessible on the 

Navigation hflorma!ion Syslem 

(NAVINFONET). 

nautical chert—See hydrographlc 

chart. 

nautical mile—Typically, a measure of 

distance equal 10 1 minute of arc 01 a great 

circle. See also International Nautical 

Mile. 

Naval Operating Area Chart 

(OP ARE A)—Naulical charw produced 

and Overprinted with prescribed OPAFIEA 

boundaries, submarine transit lanes, 

aeronautical and olher information for fleet 

exercise areas. 

Naval Range Charts—Detailed 

balhymelry, grid, and range boundaries; 

information on range acoustics; and 

seismic instrumentation. 

Navigation InformalIon Network 

(NAVINFONET)—The DMA data base 

which contains the information to produca 

the following publications: Notice to 

Mariners. Summary of Corrections, Lisl of 

Lighls and Fog Signals, II also provides 

users access 10 upto-dale marine 

information via commercial 

telecommunications services.

navigation chari-See aeronautical 

chart; hydrographlc chart. 

Sravlgallon alghi—An auxiliary device used 

in the Iaking of aerial photography to show 

nol only the vertical Iiekf of view buf also 

the path ahead and behind the aircraft. 

Navlgatlonal Flhmstrlps (NFS)—Filmstrips 

depicting cartographic data as 

photographed from lithographic copy 

arrwng the JNC and TPC series for A-7 

aircraft, ONC and JOG series for HH-53 

aimraff. and all 4 chart series for Remoie 

Map Reader (RMR) equipped (F-14 E). 

Used In akcraft equipped wi!h a moving 

map display system to provide in-cockpit 

display of aircrafl horizontal position relative 

to the chart data. 

navigational planets—The tour planels 

commonly used ior celestial navigation: 

Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Salurn. 

nsvlgarlonal triangle—The spherical 

triangle solved in compuling altitude and 

azimuth or greal circle sailing problems. 

The celestial triangle is Iormed on the 

celestial sphere by the great circles 

connecting the elevated pole, zenilh of the 

assumed position of Ihe observer, and a 

celestial body. The iarrastrial triangle is 

formed on a spherical Earth by the great 

circles connecting the pole and two places 

on Earth, either the assumed position of 

the obsamer and geographic position of the 

body for calastial observations, or the 

points of deparlure and declination for 

great circle sailing problems. The 

expression navigational lrtangle 

aPPlies to either the celestial or terrestrial 

trlangte used for solving navigation 

problems. 

NAVINFONET—See Navlga!lon 

Informssllon Network. 

NAVSTAR Globat Poaltlortlng System 

(GPS)—A navigation and positioning 

system, mnsisling of 24 saleltites, with 

which Ihe three-dimensional position and 

the velaclty of a user at a poinl on or near 

tha Earlh can be determined in real lime. 

Its raterance syslem ia WGS 84. The 

users receiver will require tracking of a 

minimum of four of the salelli!es trom any 

tocation at any time to eslabtish position 

MIL-HDBK-850 

169 

anct velocity. 

Navy Navlgatlon Satellite System 

(NNSS)—A set 01 tive or six saleltites in 

polar otitl with which three-dimensisnat 

position of a user can be determined. See 

also brosdcast aphamarls; Dopplar 

navlgatlon; praclae ephemarta. 

near-certainty error (3.5 elgma, 3.5u)— 

The 99.76 percent error kderval based on 

the bivariate normal distribution function. 

See also circular near-cartalnty error; 

circutar error probable. 

neat model—The portion of the gross 

overtap of a pair of phonographs that is 

actually utilized in photogrsmme!ric 

procedures. Generally, tha neat model 

aPPnJximaleS a rectangte whosa width 

equals the air base and whose tength 

equats the width between tlights. SeO atso 

gross model. 

neatllnes—(JCS) The lines that bound the 

body 0! a map, usually parallets and 

meridians [but may be conventional or 

arbitrary grid lines]. Also catled shaet 

Ilnes. 

negative altltude—Angular distanca below 

the horizon. 

negative component In color mlxtura— 

A componenl that is mixed wilh the sample 

light in order to desaturate it sufficiently to 

obtain a match with a mixture of the other 

two components. 

negetiva corrections—Changes mada 

directly on a negative or a scribed surface. 

See also negative engraving. 

negative dellactlon angle—See 

detlectlon sngle, definition 1. 

negetlva engraving—The operation of 

making corrections and additions to 

negatives. This term shoutd not be applied 

to the process 01 scribing on coaled 

plastics, 

negativa forming—in relief model making, 

Iorming into a negalive motd, 

negatlvs lens—A lens diverging a beam ot 

parallel tigh! rays, with no raal focus being

obtained. Also called concave 

dlverglng lens. 

lens; 

negative mold—Tne cast resulling Irom 

casting over a masler relief model. 

negative ecrlbhrg—See scrlblng. 

negative lltling—See tung. 

negative-l. In black and white 

phol~raphy an Image on film, plate, or 

paper in which the normal tones of the 

SUbjeCt are reversed. In color phcdography, 

an image on film, plale, or paper, In which 

cobra appear as lhelr complements. 2. In 

Cartographic scrtbing, a scribed sheet is 

essentially a manua[ly produced negative. 

See also dupllcate negative; orlglnal 

negetlve. 

network enalysls—Analytical Techniques 

mrrcemed with the relationships between 

Imetions on a networlc such as the 

cakulafion of optimal routes through road 

networks, flow capacities of network 

systems, or the best Iocalion for facilities 

aiOW networks. 

net—See euwey net. 

neutral date—Digital Geographic 

Information Ihal is inlended 10 supporl 

numerous applications but must be tailored 

for a specific application. 

neutral filter—A filler Ihal reduces lhe 

Infenslty of light reaching the film or plate 

without aflectlng fhe tonal rendition Of 

mlora In the original scene. 

Naw York Ieveflng rod—A two-piece rod 

wilh movable target. For heights greater 

than 6 1/2 ieet, the target is clamped at 6 

1/2 teet and raised by extending the rod. 

Graduated to hundredths 01 a foot and 

raad by vernier to thousandths. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

new ch&srt-A chart constructed to satisfy the 

needs of navigation in a particular srea. If is 

laid ouf in conformity with a broad scheme 

10 meet future needs in fhe adjacent ereas, 

new edl{lon-Confeins changes of such 

importame to map or chart users lhal all 

previous printings are made obsolete, 

170 

new survey—See resurvey. 

Newton’s laws—l. (gravilalion) Every 

parlicle of matter in the universe attracts 

every other panicle wiih a !orce proporilonal 

to the product of Ihalr masses and inversely 

as the square o! the distance between 

them. 2. (motion) (1) Every body continues 

in its state of rest, or of uni{orm rndion in a 

straight line, unless it is compelled to 

change Ihaf stale by a force impressed 

upon il. (2) The rate of change of 

momen!um is propofilonal to Ihe Iorce 

impressed, and takes the dkecfion of the 

slraignl line in which the force acts. (3) To 

every aclion Ihere is an equal and opposite 

reaction; or, the mufual actions of two 

bodies are always equal and oppositely 

directed. 

Newton’s rings—An interference effect 

arising from close, bul nol quite pertecl. 

conlact between Iwo surfaces, manifested 

b~ irregular concentric rings of color. 

Newlonlen constenf of gravltetlon— 

See constenf of gravitation. ., 

newton—The newton is the mefric (S1) unit of 

force. A force of 1 newion (N) acting on a 

mass of 1 kilogram imparts an acceleration 

of 1 reeler per second per second. .One 

newton equals 1 kilogram per meter per 

second per second. See also dyne. 

night efiect—(JCS) An ellecl mainly caused 

by variations in the slate of polarization of 

rellacted waves, which sometimes result In 

errors in direction finding bearings. The 

ellect is mosl frecfuenf al nightfall. 

no-check poslfion—See IntersectIon 

station. 

nocturnel arc—See aatronomlc arc. 

nodal Iine—in a tide area, tha fine about 

which the Iida oscillates and where fhare is 

little or no rise and fall of fha fida. 

nodal plane—A plane perpendicular 10 tha 

optical axis al a nodal poinl. 

nodal point of emergence—See nodel 

point, definition 1.

nodal point of lncldence—Sae 

point, definition 1. 

nodal 

nodal point-l. (optics) One 01 Iwo points 

on the optical axis 01 a lens, or sysiem 01 

lenses, such Ihal a ray emergent from the 

sacord pmint is parallel to the ray incidenl 

at tha first, Ttris first nodal point is also 

referred to as the front nodal point, 

Incident model point, or nodal polnl 

01 Inclcfenca; and !he second poinl as 

the rear nodal polrtt, emergent nodal 

point, or nodal polnl 01 amarganca. 

Also celled nods. 2. (astronomy) See 

node, definition 1. 3. (hydrography) See 

amphldromlc point. 

noda cycle-The lime required (or the 

regression of the Moon’s nodes 10 

complete a circuil of 360= of longitude: a 

period of approximately 16,6 years. 

node-1. (astronomy) One of the two poinls 

of intersection o! the ortil of a planet, 

planetoid, or comet with the ecliptic, or of 

the orbit 01 a satellile wilh the equatorial 

plane 01 the orbh 01 its primary. Also called 

nodal point. See also ascending 

node; dascendlng nods; ecliptic 

node; equatorial node; line of 

nodes; Iongltude of the Moon’s 

nodes; lunar node; regression 01 

tha nodes. 2. (oplics) See nodal 

polnl, definition 1. 3. A unique poinl 

representing the Iocalion ot a teature, 01 

the location of an intersection or connection 

of some number o! tea!ures. Alternatively, 

a node is any isolated point, or the junction 

of any two or more edges, or the erid 

points of an edge. 

nodlcal morr!h-The interval of lime 

banvean two successive passages ot Ihe 

Moon through the same noda of its orbit, 

aPPrOximalelY 27 days, Also called 

dracontc month. 

nodlcal period—The interval between two 

successive passages 01 a salelfile or planel 

through the ascending node of its orbit. 

nolaa lavel—The magnitude of random 

errors in a particular type 01 measurement, 

nominal focal length—(JCS) An 

approximate ValUe Of the focal length, 

rounded off to some standard figure, used 

MIL-HDBK-850 

171 

ior the classification of lenses, mirrors, or 

cameras. 

nominal orbli—Tha true or ideal orbit upon 

which a space vehicle is expected to msval. 

nomogram—A diagram showing, to acafe, 

the relationship between several variables 

in such manner that tha value of ona which 

corresponds to known vefues ot the others 

can be determined graphically. 

Non-Submarine Contact (NSC) Llate— 

Lists which contain a tabulated fist of 

wrecks and other obstructions which might 

be construed as submarine by sonar. 

nonautomatic rectlflar-Any rectifiar which 

requiras compulalbn of the elemenls of 

rectification, each of which must be 

manually set on its corresponding circle or 

scale on the rectifier. 

nongrevilationsl parturbatione— 

Perturbations caused by surface forces due 

to mechanical drag of the atmosphere (in 

case 01 low flying satellites), 

eiecvOmaQnelism, and radialion pressure. 

nonmonumented bench mark—See 

temporary bencn mark. 

nonperspectlve azimuthal map 

projection—A projection not based on 

perspective lines of sigh! from a single poim 

of view. 

nonselective filtar—A lilter Ior which 

transmittance is sutrslamially independent 

of wavelength. 

nontiltlng-fens rectltler—A clesa of retillier 

wherein the lens is constrained to rnova in 

the direction o! its fixed esis. 

nontfltlng-negative-pfane rectlfler— A 

ClaSS ot rectifier which Conlalns a nomiltfng 

negative carriar. In this class of racfffiars, 

the negaliva carrier plane remains 

horizomal. 

normal dlstrfbutlon !unctlon—A 

mafhemaficaf funclion describing the 

behavior of one-dimensional random errors. 

normal equation—One of a set of 

simultaneous equafions derived from

MIL-HDBK-850 

observation, condition, or correlate 

equations, and expressing a condilion [or a 

feast squares adjustment. In a least 

squares adjuslmem, values oblained Irom 

the solufion of normal equations [either 

directly or through the correlale equations) 

are applied to the observation or condition 

aqualions to obtain the desired corrections. 

normal gravity !leld-A mathematically 

derived gravity Iiald used in geodesy 10 

closely appros.imale the Earth’s actual 

gravily field. 

normel gravity—A reference gravity field 

that k malhemaiicalfy defined tora 

normalized earlh which has gravitational 

symmetry. It is commonly taken as the field 

01 a rotating level ellipsoid bul may be 

arbNrarily defined. 

normal orbll—The orbit 01 a saletli!e 

considered with nodislurbing effects 

presemdue loother celestial bodies, or to 

some physical phenomena. Also called 

unperturbed orbit. 

normal section szlmuIh—Tne angle 

between lhe geodetic meridian 01 [he 

observer and the plsne comaining Ihe 

ellipsoidal, normal of the observer. and 

measured clockwise from the north in a 

plane parpendicularlolhe elfipsoidaf 

normal of the observer. 

nOMSal section llne—A line on the surface 

01 lhe ellipsoid connecting two points on 

that surface, and traced by ap!ane 

containing the normal al one point and 

passing through the other poim. 

normal tension—(tapin@ The tension to be 

aPPfied 10 a law 10 compensate for the 

shortenlngeftecl of sag in order to bring 

the tape to standard Ieng!h. Thai pull at 

wh!ch the tension correction and sag 

exaClly balance each olher, 

normal waler level—The mosl prevalenl 

water level in a watercourse, reservoir, lake, 

or pond. generally defined by a shoreline of 

permanent land-type vegetation. Along 

Iarge bodies of water, wave aclion may 

relard vegetation beyond the normal 

shoreline. 

normal-angle lens—A fens having an 

angle of coverage from 60°to 75”. A lens 

172 

whose local length is equal approximately 

10 Ihe diagonal 01 the formal, 

normal—1, Aslraighl line perpendicular to a 

surtace or to another line. 2. A condition of 

being perpendicular to asurtacaorline.3. 

In geodesy, Ihe straight Iina parPandicUlar 

Io the surface of the reference ellipsoid.4. 

The average, regular, or expected vafue of 

a quanlity. 

North American datum of 1927 (NAD 

27)—The datum which defined the 

geodetic positions in the United States and 

adjoining countries was derived lrom a 

readjustment of the geodetic data as 

available up lo 1927. II is based onlhe 

Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. See also horizontal 

datum. 

North American datum of 1983 (NAD 

S3)—The newdalum, which replaces NAD 

27, is geocentric and based on GRS 80 

parameters. llscoverage includes Alaska, 

Canada, CONUS, and CentralAmerican 

countries Irom Mexico to Panama. Total 

number 01 redefined horizontal stations 

exceeds 250K. . . . .. 

North Slar— See Polaris. 

north declination—See decllnatlon, 

definition 3. 

north geographical pole—The 

geographical pole in the Northern 

Ilemisphere, at latitude 90” N. 

north geomagnetic pole—The 

geomagnetic pole in the Northern 

Hemisphere. 

north magnetic poLs-Tne magnetic pole 

in the Northern Hemisphere. 

norlh poinl—See celestlal merldlan. 

norlh polar circle—See Arctic Clrcla. 

northbound node—See ascending 

node. 

norlhlng—1. (JCS) Northward increasing grid 

values on a map. See also talae 

northing. 2. (plane surveying) See 

Ialilude difference.

norfh-The primary reference direction 

relative to the Earth. See also compass 

north; grid north; magnetic north; 

true north, 

No!lce to Mariners—Speci!ic narrative and 

graphic correction dala for all DMA, USCG 

and NOS nautical charfs, publications and 

new information required to navigale. This 

information is published weekly. It Is also 

accessible on the Network (NAVINFONET) 

as inmrporaled in the summary 01 

corrections. 

numerlcel map—See dlgltal map. 

nutatlon In right ascension—Se e 

equallon of the equinox. 

nutatlon-1. The oscillation of me axis 01 

any rotating body, as a gyroscope rotor. 2. 

(aslronomy) Irregularities in the 

precessional motion of Ihe equinoxes 

because of varying positions of the Moon 

and, to a lesser extent, ot other celestial 

bodies with respect to the ecfiplic. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

173

1 

ob)ect orlontad-A design and programming 

mehdobgy tbt seeks to mim”k the way we 

form models of the worfd, end embodies thrae 

main propatlias. e.g.. enoapsulafbn, 

inheritance, and polymorphism. 

ob)actlvo bns-fn telaacopaa and 

microscopes, the optical corrpnenf tikh 

receives light from the cbjj and forms the first 

or primary image. In a camera, Ihe image 

formed by the objedve lens is the final image. 

In a lalaecqrs or micmacope used viauelfy, the 

image formed by the eb@tive Imm is megnifisd 

by the eyepiece. 

oblete .Illpsold of rotatiort-An ellipsoid of 

tmtotion, the atmrter axis of wh~h is ha axis of 

rotation. 

oblique alr photograph-(JCS) An air 

photegmph taken with the camera axis directed 

betwaen ha horiiomal and verilcel planes. 

Commonly relerrad 10 es an oblique: (1) high 

obllqua- one in vhksh the apparant herizon 

appears; end (2) low obllquene in which 

the apparent Im’izon dees net appear. 

obllque ●scension-The arc of the celestial 

equator, er the angle at the cslast’kil pele, 

between the hour circle c4 the vernal equinox 

and the hour cimfs through the intersection of 

the celestial eqmtor and the eastern horizon at 

the instant a point on the eblique sphere riSSS, 

measured eastward from the hour circle of the 

vernal equinox through 24 hours. 

oblique chart-A charl on an ebfique map 

projactiin. 

oblique coordinetea-Magnitudes defining s 

peinf relative to two interacting 

~nps~dsulw lines, called axes. 

oblique cylindrical orthomorphic map 

projection-See obllquo Mstcator 

projection. 

obliquo equetor-A great circle the plane of 

Wzh is perpendicular to the axis of an obfique 

projection. 

obllqua gratlcul*A fbfitious graticule baaed 

upen an cblique map projection. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

o 

obliquo ldtudo-Angular distance from an 

obliiua equator. See alse fictitious Iatltud*. 

obllque lon!#tude-Angufar dtience 

between a prima oblique maridiin and eny 

given oblique msridiin. See abo fictitious 

Iongltudo. 

obllquo map projection-A map projection 

with en axis inched at en angle between O“ and 

90”. 

oblique Mercator projectlorr-A conformal 

cylindrical map pmjsctien in wliih points on the 

surface d a sphere or efliisoid, such as the 

Earth, are conceived as developed by Mercator 

princi#ss en a cylindrical fengenl abng an 

obtique grast circfe. Atae called oblique 

cylindrical orfhomorphlc projection. 

obllquo maridlabA great ckcle 

perpendicular 10 an oblique equator. Tha 

reference obfique meridian is txilled prime 

obliqua meridinn. See “alw fictltiouc 

meridian. 

obllque’ parallel—A circle or line parallel to an 

oblique aqustor, connecting all points of equal 

oblique latitude. See also fictitious parallel. 

oblique plotting Instrument—An instrument 

for plotting from oblique photographs. 

obllque pole-One of the two peints 90” from 

an oblique equator. 

obllqua rhumb line-l. A line making the 

same clique angle with all fctitious mstitans 

of an oblique Mercaler pmjactibn, CZb~qua 

parsliela and meridians msy be corraidarad 

spec’wl cases of the diqua rhurnb iina. 2. Any 

rhumb line, real or fm’nious, makhtg an ebfique 

angle with its meridiins. In this ssnae the 

expraesiert is used to distinguish such a rhumb 

line fmm parallels and meridians, real or 

fiilitious, whiih may be included in the 

expression rhumb Ilno. see al= fictitious 

rhumb line. 

oblique sketchmnetor-A type of sketchmsster 

in which obtique pfretegrsphs are 

utilized. 

174

. 

obltqua sphese-The cdestial ephem as it 

-m !0 BfI observer bsfween the Equator 

and the pole, wltera caiaatial bodie4 appair 10 

rise obliie!y to the horizon. 

obllqulty of tho acllptic-Tire acute angle 

bafween the ptane d the ecfiplk (the pkene of 

the Earth’e orbff) and the ptena of the cefesfiaf 

equator. 

oblffemtsd corner~n obfifereted camar ia 

one al whine point there are m ramaining 

traces of the rnmsument or tts a~aaoriea, but 

whoaa location his bean perpatustad, or the 

pckt for whiih may be mcovomd beyond 

reasonable dcwbt, by the acts and taafirmny of 

tha intersected Iandownars, compatant 

aurvayom, or other quafiii &cal .sulktorii&, w 

witnesam, of by awns acceptable recent 

evidence. 

obsarvntion equatlort-An adjustment 

aquet”bn wherein variables representing 

cerredkms to approxknetions of the unknown 

pammetera, as well as vstiebles rapmsenting 

adjustments to the observelions, remain in the 

~tbps. + 1S8S Squrima adjuatnremt 

emp~YW3 th?s type cd equstiom is said to be by 

the obaafvatron equations methed, m variation 

of parameters method, as opposed to the 

condiion equations method. 

obs*rv@lon-See obsarvad value. 

obswvod ●ffltuda-Carected sexienl 

ahilde; angutar d~enca to the center of a 

celestial bxly ebove the horizon, mrmcled for 

instrumental ermm. pamosrel error, dip. 

relredion, and eemidiemeler end paellex if 

neceesery. See also truo dfitude. 

observed angla-An engle obtained by direct 

instrumental cbeervaticm A measured angle 

Wfsiih hes bean corrected for bud condiiiens 

only et tha point of obsenfation, is cmaeidemd 

an observed engla. 

obaarvod gravity ●nomafy-See gravity 

●nomaly. 

obaorvad gmvfty-The value of grsvlty at a 

station ee determined fmm e gravity metar, a 

pandulum, or an instrument timing free falling 

bodies. The gmvity ok4eind is eilhar relattie or 

ekolute according to the apperatua used to 

make the maaauramanle. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

obaorved valua-A value of a quantify that is 

okieined by instrumental maeaumment of the 

qusniity. The term observad valus La often 

a@iad to tha value of a quantify tied horn 

inefrumenfel nreeaunmrant nftar corradons 

have hsen applied for eyefamatic errors by 

some methcd d adjustment. 

obaolata cfsatt-A chart which does not 

contain the tahst nevigafionsl information, 

occuftatlon-1. (astronomy) The 

di~pearenca of a cefesfiel body behind 

amtfwr body of larger eppmenf size. When tha 

Moon paasas between the obaasvar and a star, 

the sf.sr is said to be occuttad. 2. (aufvaying) 

Name appfiad to a geodetic survey technique 

which employs the primiple c4 ocdtafion where 

repeated cbeervations are made on an 

unknown position, accurstefy timed with aimllar 

obsewations at another unkmwn sfatiin, snd 

msfhemsticelly reducing these date to 

detemrine the exact geodetic poailii d the 

unknown stations. See elm star occultation 

method. 

occupy -(aurwying) To sat a surveying -. 

instrument over a point for the purpose of 

making observations, 

ocaanographlc ststlon—An observation 

point in ocean fmm wiich meemgrephii 

obearvet”ws am taken. 

oceanographic survey-A study or 

examinat”mn of renditions in the ocean or any 

part of if, with reference to animal or plant ~da, 

chemical elements present, ie~atum 

gradients, etc. Also selled msr’hm survey. 

oceanography-1. The study of the W, 

emtxecing and integrating all krmwiedge 

pertaining to the me end ifs physical 

boundaries, the chemistry and phyaica of sas 

water, and marine tsioJOgy. 

oceanology—Sea oceanography. 

octant- type of sextant having a nsnge d 

90” and an arc d 4S”. 

ocular mlcrometar-A filer micrometer so 

ptacad that its wire nmves in the prir+el focal 

plane of a taleacopa Also callad ●yaplaoo 

mlcromatar. 

175

odograph+ mschenk-sl instrument 

containing e ctiskrwe measuring efemsnf which 

is moved or hanad by art amount proportbnal to 

the octual d~ traveled e mmfmes 

ekmswrf whiih provides e fixed reference 

direcfbrt; and en iraegratorwltioh provkJea for 

lhe resolution of the direction of motion kito 

Oowwnts ~ for the sunrrnalbn or 

integration of the dIa4anm conpments. 

off soundlng~Any area where the depth of 

water oannor be measured by a soundhg lead, 

g.afmralfy ooneidsred to be beyond the 1O@ 

fathom line. Oppoaiie of on aoundlngs. 

otf-llnKTranamlaakm of information between 

a mmp~er ~ a pebheml unit before or after, 

but not durbrg procasshg, in contrast to on-line 

processing. 

offlco computations-Oomputalions based 

on tiefd measurements, including all cskulationa 

raialive to the raduction d field suwey notes to 

grsphz form for any type of survey or for the 

continuation of fiefd work. 

otfeet II-A supplementary line close 10 and 

roughly parallel with e main tine, whiih is 

referred by measured offsets. Where tha line for 

such dafs are desired is in awh paaitiin that if is 

dticuft to measure over if, the required data ere 

obtained by running an offset line in a 

mnvenient location and meaauring offsets fmm 

it to aatient points on the other line. 

offset lithography-An indirect method of 

printiig wheraby the ink imsga is trsnsfamd 

from tha press piste to an intermedda surface 

of a rubar blanket, and trom that to the paper 

or other stock. Also called ottseti ottsat 

prlntine. See alao Ilthography; 

photolithography. 

owed praaa— A we= which mntsina on exira 

cylinder, rubber mvamd, upon which the image 

is printed firer and then reprinted 

from this cyfirrdar onto the papar. 

or ‘ottssr,” 

off sot prlnthr~ee offset lithography. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

desired, thus k.calrng the aemnd line or point 

with raferanoe to the War or survayad Iii. An 

offset is also e job in a survey a ahw Ime, fha 

line having approximatafy the -e direction 

both before and after passing the pg. Offsats 

ara measured from a aurveysd line, or fries to 

the edges d an kraguisr-shaped body d water, 

ortoarry bgulerfine ~kiadaaired to 

locale. 3. (printing) see otfset llthogr~phy. 

OK sheet-The first press irrrpreaskrn fran 

each mkor, a mlor corrbinatiorr, approved for 

accuracy d re@ter ●nd cola. 

Omsiga-A kong-mnge hypettrolii rravigat’bn 

system designed to pmvida worfdwikte rxwaraga 

for navigation. 

omnldlractlonal radar predlctlort-A radar 

prad!!ion wtriih is interxfed to be vefid tmm 

any dirsotion of approach. The Radar 

Significance Analysis Cde on the Series 200 

Air Targat Chad is an exsrrqrfe of 

omnidirectional radar pradiii~. Each mdd 

ares represents an analysis of relative radar 

intensify from all dkecfions. 

omnigaln. radar prediction—A radar 

prediction containing some informatbn aboul 811 

radar responsive features within the prsdidad 

aras. Thii ia eocon@ii by prfwtiiing all 

significant radar retume m relative intaneifiss 

baaed on Ihe predicted probabiiii d the return 

ramsining on the mdsrso~a at decreased gain. 

Ganaralfy, tha mora intsnse the return a~ 

cm the predktiorr, the more likely it will ramsin on 

tha mdsrsrqm as the gain is dacr-sad. 

on soundhrga-hy eras where tha deplh of 

water can b msaaured by a sounding lead, 

generdfy cmraidarad to ba within the Ior2fathom 

fine. Opposite of otf soundlnga. 

o n-llna-Transmission of informet.km between 

a co*er arrd a tamninal or dIa@ay devioe 

whlla pmmasing is occurring, in contrast to df- 

Iiia proceaaing. 

one-projector molhod-see one-awl ng 

method. 

offast-1. (c.etiogmphy) In pmjecticm one-swing trtathod-The technque 

rnnatruction, that mrwdl dktance added to tha employed in relstive orientation for clesrfng y. 

Iangfh of the meridians on each side of the parallax by mahttalning one projector of a pair in 

central mendmn in order to detarmine the top a fixed position and making all adjustments with 

latitude of rhe constrtiad chad. 2. (surveying) the aemnd pro@for in ralaliofrtrMp to tha fket. 

A short line perpendicular to a surveyed fine, Also died ono-proJactor ms.thod; ●lngk 

rnaaaured to a fine or poinl for Wish data are proJector mathod. y-swing method; 

176

I 

I 

1 

one-to-one (1:1) copy-See contact 

Size. 

opacNy-See donslty, defintilon 1, 

opaqu~l. Not transmitting fight. 2 No! 

transmitting the particular wavelengths (whbh 

MSY w ~Y ~t bS visible) whiih affasf given 

photosensitive metariefs. Thus, e substance 

msybacpaque toaernscobrs end notto 

others. Ii sway be visually @nsparent, yet 

adiniselfy opaque. 3. A matetfal epplbd to 

emas of a negative to make il opeque m those 

eraas. 4. To appfy e materiel w bbckeut. 

open ●d traverse-See opm trevarsa. 

open eystsm (OS)-t. Any system thal 

interacts wiih KS envimnmant through inpul end 

output. An epan system is eble to edspt or 

edjust to shsnges in the environment in order 10 

continue its axisiense. 2. In sorqnrters, en 

epan sysiem has detailed published oparaling 

inetrudiom, hsrdware end software daacriptiorrs, 

end interface diagrams enebhng users and thti 

party vendors 10 add to or rrmdify the system to 

adspt i! to the usats apacifc needs, See also 

GOSIP. 

open tmversKA survey traveme which 

bsgins from e station of known or edcptad 

position, but does not and upon s known or 

edOfJfd station. Also called opan end 

traverse. 

open window Pr=oss+csflography) A 

method of preparing sobr separation negatives 

or positives W peeling an opaqua stratum from 

its base in the desired areas. It is normally used 

for prepering large areas covered by vegemtion 

~ OPen WSler. * else sneak, definition Z. 

operation map-(JCS) A map showing the 

bc.stbn and strangfh of friendly forces invofvad 

in an operation If may indtcete predicted 

movement and katien of enemy forces. 

Operational Navlgetion Chart (ONC)- 

Ths stenderd worfdwiie small-scale 

(1:1 ,000,000) aerenautbel chart serbs. It 

oontains sartographm data with an eerrmsufbsl 

overprint depicting obstrucfioms, aarodromes, 

etc., designed for medium attiiude high-speed 

visual and radar nevlgetion, Also used for 

mission pfanning/ensfysis and intelligerrse 

briefings. 

MIL-I-IDBK-850 

oporatlotml grid-A grid in currant 

oparafionsl use. Genaralfy this weuld be the 

prafermd grid but oc.ukl be a pmvbusty 

pwmioed grid. 

opemtfonal llbrarlaa-A DMA approved, 

sefesfive date file sonskting of axim sc@se of 

originafs, dupkale copies. oompufar fxinted 

catalogs, etc., obtainad from any daeignelad 

DoD Iitsary or from other nsfioneliy designated 

brariis within the non-DoO aganoies. and 

maintained in a DoD MC&G agansy for he dtrecf 

use in accor@ing assigned production 

mbsions. General reference pubfbatbns sush 

as dbfibnsries, gbseariee, atlases, pariodiils, 

etc., are axsluded from cxwtfmla e@ad to 

oparstiorml libraries. 

oporatlonel system-A system that has 

bean devebpsd, verified, and is being operated 

under the auqkes of a unified er specified 

commend. 

OPpOsltl O*l. The situatien of tvm celestial 

bcdas having either celestial longitudes or 

sideraal hour sngles differing by 180-. The term 

is usualiy used only in’ relalion to the position of 

a pfanet or moon frcfn the Sun. 2. The eituation 

of two periodic quantities differing by half a 

cycle, 

optical axle-(.fCS) In a lens element, the 

straight fine which passes !fsmugh the ~ars of 

curvature of the lens surlacae. In an s@ical 

system, the fine formed by the coinskhg 

principal axes of lha series ef optical elements. 

Also sallad axis of lens; Iena SXIS; 

prlnctpal ●xis. 

optical baee-llne maasurlng ●pparstua— 

A bass apparatus oompoaed ol bare wfvxre 

lengths are defined by distances between fines 

at or near their ands, wfrich are cbserved by 

suitabfy mounlad and adjusted mkmxoopas. In 

using any optkal bsselina measuring apparatus, 

the -Ions of the bars are c=xrfrdfed bv 

mic&cOpas on stsbfs aup+x.rtt whims Ads 

fines may be brought into coincidence with the 

fiiucisl marks on the bare, eithw by adjusting a 

bsr or a micmscepe. 

optical canter-The peinl of intersection of 

lines which represent within the lens tbse rays 

whose amergant directions are parallel to their 

reepactke “midant dkecbne. lhb point lies on 

Ihe eptical axis. An clique ray, even if it pssaaas 

through this point, undergees a bngitudinal 

77

d~lacemenf increasing with the thickness of 

the tens. 

optical cormlatlon-The process of 

ekcfronicatfy relsting a stored @refoWaPhk film 

~! of a geographc arm with a reaftima opticsl 

_ =Wird by phofogrephc or telsv”b 

sensors. H is used to provide poeitiiing 

information to CUTeCl or check air nevic@On 

and guidence eyaerns. 

optkal danalty-A consnon logarithm of 

mciprod of tmmmiftance. 

optlcd ffst-A surfeoe, usuelfy of glass, 

ground end peliihed pfans within a fraction of e 

wavelength of fight. Art eptbel eternent or gfase 

blank with en cptical fiat is used to 1ss1 the 

flatness of other suriaces, Atso called fist; 

optical plan.. 

optical parallex—See Instrument 

perellex, definition 1. 

optlcel psth-The path followed by e my of 

light thrwgh en eptical system. 

optical plnne-See optical flat. 

optical plummst —See vertlcel collimator. 

opticel rectificetlohl%e process of 

projecting lha image af e fitted eerial 

photograph onto a horiiorrtal reference pfans to 

eliminate ths imags dbplscements ceused by 

tin of the aerisl csmers eI the time of exposure. 

optical square-A emall trend instrument 

urd in setting oft e righl engle. One form of 

eptiml squsre uses two plane minors placed at 

an angle of 45° to eech other. In use, one 

otjacl is alghted dhct, and another object is so 

pfsced thal ifs fwice-reffected imege appaars 

directly in fins with the first object. The lines to 

the point of observation from the w observed 

objects wifl then meet in a right engle. In 

mother form IX optical square, e single pbne 

mintrr is so ptsced thst d makes en engle of 4S” 

with e sighting line; one ~jecf is sighted direct, 

and the dher so plead tfrd its rafiected image 

is seen alse in tha sighting line. 

optical ●ystarn-All the parts of a compound 

lens end acoassory o@icsl perts which ere 

designed to corrtribule to the formation of an 

imege on s phomgrsphn emulaiin, w of e 

visual image, or of an image on a projection 

screen. 

MI L-HDBK-B50 

optkal vemfsr-A mkroscope with vernier 

Iii ruled on e gleas elide pfscad in the fccel 

plane conunon 10 the cbjective end the 

ey@ace, where if is corrpered wdh the image 

of the grsdusted circle. 

optical Wodg-ee wedga. 

optical-machanbal soanner-A system 

ufifizing a rc4ating - ard a dahxfor in 

conjunction with knses and prisms to record 

raflerled ardor emitted eldromagrdic energy 

in a scsnni~ mods IIkenS the ffigtrf peth. 

optical-projection lnatrumenta—A ckss of 

instruments which provide pmjectsd kwgae d 

photographic prints or &her opeque meleriel 

superfmpeaed on a mep or msp manuscript. 

Often ussd fer transferring detsil from nesrverticd 

photographs or other seurce material. 

optimum ground ●lovatlon— 

(phetogrammatry) The efe.ation of an assumed 

herizentel surfem in Ihe eraa photographed that 

would be pmjeckf at Ihe optimum distance in 

the pfotting instrument. 

orbitei aftitude-The mean altitude above 

Ihe surfece of the psrent bedy of the orbii C4 e 

astellile. 

orbital elemOnts-A set of sk parameters 

defining the orbii et a body eftrected by a 

central ferce. 

orbltsl Irrclirratlon-lhe direction thet the 

path of an ofiiing body tekaa. In the case of an 

Eerth setetfiie, ths psth may be defined by the 

angle of irdinstii of the peth to the Equator. 

orbital mode-A methed for determining the 

peaition of en unknown station posifien men 

the unknewm podtiin arrmt be viewed 

aimutfenmusly with known pdf!k.ns. The arc of 

the ssteliite otbit is axtrapoleted from the 

ephemeris of the setellife determined by the 

known stetions wtich permits the determination 

of the position of the unknown stetbn 

dependent completely en the =tellife’s orbital 

parameter. 

orbltel motion-Continuous motion in .x 

clcssd peth about and as a dkd resuff of a 

source of gravitational aftractbn. 

ortrltal path-One of the trecks on a primary 

178

txrdy% surface traced by a stmelfite that orbits 

etmul ff eeveref fff in a dkaction other thsn 

normel to the primary ~s asis of roferien. 

Each track ie diepleced in a dirscbn epposite 

end by an amount equal to the dagraee d 

rorstion between each sslsllite ortid. 

erbftal perfod-The irrtervel betrmsrr 

~0 PSSSSgSS of a eatel~de through the 

same poinf in its erbff. Also csfled portod of 

●atellite. 

orbftal phr~l%e plane of the eliii 

defmad by e oentral force ortrit. 

orbftal voloofty-The vebohy of en Earth 

seteflife cf other orbiting body et any given @rf 

ill fts Otid. 

orbft-The psth of a body or particle under tha 

krffuenca 04 a gravitational or other force. For 

ErMMPfS, IIrs Otbh d e oalastiil bafy or ealel~de 

is its peth refstffe to another body around whiih 

ff revotves. Tha term orbft is commenly used to 

designete a cfosed pelh. See alse centml 

force orbl~ intermediate orbit; nomlrml 

orbit; normal orbit; oaculatlng orbit; 

perturb-d orbit; polar orbit; sbatlonnry 

orbit; two-body orbit. 

ordinates—in a system of ractangutsr or 

Obf@e mordinstes, the finear distance of a 

pOim maasud hum the *Qordsl or X-exis, 

end parallsl to the y.esis. Also cafbd total 

latitudes; y+oordlnate. 

orientation Inset-See Inset. 

orientation pohrt-+t picture point selected in 

ame.s carvnen 10 vwticel photogrs.phs and their 

cwrespondng diiuas wh~h serves to 

aetebfii the relstienshii between the vertical 

and the cbhque. Tvm such points ere usually 

selected in asch vartiil photograph and 

Wensferred to the metching cbfique photo. 

orlsntstlon-1. The act of astsbkhitg correct 

miefbmshii in dmactii with mferanca to the 

points of the COmpnes. 2. The state of bahg in 

correct rafelbnship in direction with reference to 

!he points of the compass. 3. A msp is in 

eriarrtation wtmn the map ayrrbob ere pamllel 

wifh their oomespwtding ground features. 4. A 

surveyor% wand is in oriematbn Wlhe horizontal 

circle reada W vrlwn Ihs fine c4 coffimstiin is 

pedal Io the dirdion ff had at en asrfier (initisfJ 

posftion of the Instrument, w to a stendard line 

of reference. If the fine of reference is e 

M[L-HDBK-850 

IIWlidii, tha CkJe *II skw ezimulhe &ermd 

to thsl meridiin. 6. A photograph is in 

Orianfatien when h Cumcrty preeetis the 

i=x=r~e ~W ~ the umund or hen images 

en the phdegraph ~ in the same drection 

from the poird ef observation es do the 

~-i MSP _fs. 6. 

Phdogremmatric oriantetii is the racrastion & 

nehrel terrsh feetums at a miniature scale by 

the optical projection of m~ing 

photographs. The modal ls formed when all 

oorrespondii light rays horn the rw projacters 

interaad fn space. Sss afso sbsoluts 

orfentatlon; ●erolawellng; ●strogaod.tlc 

datum orlentatlon; basel orismtatlon; 

●mpiricat orlentatlon; ●aterlor 

orkmtatlon; grevlmetdc datum 

orkrntetlon; Interior orlontation; 

preliminary orientation; relativ~ 

orlentatlon; alngle astronomic atatlon 

datum orientation. 

orlgfnal copy—l%e photographs, atlwork. 

scribed II?detil, typed matter, erdor other 

meterials to be p~assad for re~cduction. Also 

cded Orlglnel . 

orlghnl tnodOl=See maater modal. 

orlgirml negetlv*Thet negative developed 

from the film wtriih wss in e tamers megazine 

al the irrstent of exposure. Syrrurynrous with a 

first-generation photogmphic product. 

original eurvOy-See survey. 

orlgfnel-See orlglnal copy. 

orlghr—The reference poeifien from which 

engles, coordinstss or dtianws are reckoned. 

See also fafse origin; grid orlght. 

orthochromatic-(photography) 1. Of, 

pertaining to, or producing tonal values (of fight 

or shade) in a phetogmph, corraqending to the 

tones of nsture. 2. Designating an emulsbn 

sensitive to blua end green fight, M ncd to md. 

orthodromc-Sae greet clrolo. 

orthogonal mep proIectlon-See 

orthographic map proJactlon. 

orthogonal-At rfght angles ractangufdy: 

meeting, crossing, or fying at right englas. 

ofihogrephlc chert-A chart on the 

179

‘1 

( 

‘1 

orthogrrqhic proj@ion, 

orthographic map proJoctlon- A 

perapadtie azimuthal projecikm in whkh the 

projecting has, emawrting fmm a pairl al 

itinity, are perpandiilsr 10 s tangsrrt pfane. 

This pmjectii is usad chirtRy in navigational 

aatmnorrry for intamerrv erting cmrd@tas of the 

caksfii equator and horizon systems. Ako 

celled otihogonal map projoctlon. 

o~hom9trlc correction-A aystemat’c 

wrracfion whkh mual km ap@d to measured 

dfierence observed through Ievefing. 

orthometrlc .lovstloAn elevation to 

wtrii the orthcmetric Oorr@ien has beam 

applied. 

orfhomorphlc chert-A charl on vdich very 

small shapes are eorrectfy rsqmssenlad. 

orfhomorphk mep projection—See 

conformal mep projection. 

orfhophotograph-A phetogrephic copy, 

prepared from a perspective photograph, in 

which Ihe d rspkamants of images due to tift 

and relief have been removed. 

orthopttotomap-A photomsp made from an 

assembly cd orfhophotographs. It may 

incorporate special cartographic tmetment, 

phetogmphc edge enhancement, color 

=W@iono Or a mmbinatkm of these. 

orthophotomoealo-An ecaembty of 

orlhopho!egrephs forming e uniform scale 

mosaic. 

orfhophotoscope-A phelomaohanical 

device, used for producing orthophetogrspfas. 

orfhoplctomep--A pictomap made from an 

Orfhepholornap base. 

erfhorectfflcatlon-’f%e process of rerrmving 

imege displacement rmuead by tifl end tamain 

rafief. Tift, howevar, is not relevant in radar 

images. 

orfhost#rooocopy-A ccmkliiien wherein the 

horizontal and vertksl dstancas in e 

6teraoecmpic model appear to be at the rame 

ecale. 

osclllatlort-A double motion. one in each 

MIL-HDBK-850 

1 

dkactbn, of a pendulum. An osdflatbn is 

Corqlosad of fwe wccasive vbratbna. 

osculating ●lemont~The elaments that 

defins en osculating orbii. See eteo oeculatlng 

orbit. 

oaculatlng ●lllpaO-An eliiiee thet Is tangent 

at a point (called tha ●poch of oaculatlon) to 

a real Ohit. 

oaculatlng orbit-l%a ellipse that a ratellffe 

weukf felbw aftar a specifii time Y (the epoch 

of 06Cufatti) if aU fercs@ cAher than oenfml 

inverse squere forcae cee~ to act frem time 

Y’ on. An -feting orbd is tangent to the msd 

pcsturbad erbif and hsa the same vekcity at fhe 

point of tangency. 

other grids-t3rids other than tha Univarael 

Tmnsvarsa Mercator (UTM) and Universal Pofar 

Star~raphic (UPS), such as Caylcm Bett, Indii 

Zerre 11A,West Melaysisn RSO (Metric) Grid, 

etc. 

oufer Orl.sntsrtiOn-See ●xtcrrlor 

orientation. 

outer planet—The planets with orbiis terger 

than that of Mars; i.e., Jupiler, Saturn, Urenus, 

Neptune, and Pluto. 

outlier-A rnaasurament which dose net fd the 

remainder ot rnsasuremenls of the same 

quantity, where the reason for the discre~ncy 

cannof be assessed. 

oufllne ma~(JCS) A map which represents 

just sufficient geographic information to permit 

the correletien of addiiiensl data pfsced upon it. 

ovorcharglng—Appfy ing axcessive edrMenal 

infonnetien (semrsufiql or navigstionaf) to a 

map or chari resufling in cluttar. 

overhang+eerial photography) The addlt”mnal 

exposures beyond the boundary of an area to 

ba photographed, usualfy two ezpaeur~ at the 

ends d each strip 10 assure corrplste 

stereoscopic covarage. 

ovorlapplng grid-A mapr grid from a 

neighboring sraa prirneri~ intended to facilitate 

mifitary surveying amf fire-control. Sss eko 

major grid: secondery grid. 

ovorlapplng mosn-See coneocutlvo

moan. 

... 

ovarfapplng polr-(photogrammatry) Two 

photegraphrr taken a! dfferant exposure 

afatione in * a manner that a portion d one 

photograph almve the same terrain as ehown 

on a portion of the Mhar pMogmph. Thii term 

oovere the ganarat caaa and does trot iqrfy Ibt 

the phdographs wera taken for afar~ic 

examination. Sea dae atoraoscoplc pair. 

ovmfap-1. (JCS) In photography, the arrmurd 

by wh~h one photograph includes the aerrra 

area oovered by another, cuctomsrify aspresaed 

as a parcantaga. The overlap between 

auccaaabe ak photograph an a ffight line i6 

called forward ovorlap or forward fap. Also 

called and kap. The everfap between 

phetegm@ in djacen! prelfel fight Iinee is 

sailed side overlap or aide tap. 2. (JCS) In 

03rtogrephy, that prtierr of e map or chart 

whii ovetiaps the area covered by anethar of 

the same sar”w. 3. An area included wfthin two 

surveys of raoord, n4@I by record are daacribad 

as having one or more wmrnon boundary tines 

with ne inclusion of idarrfical parts. 

overlay—1. (JCS) A printing or drawing on a, s 

transparent or se.rnkancparant rnedum et the 

same esale as e map, chart, etc., to show 

derails not appearing, or requiring apacial 

emphads, on the Griginal. 2. (digfia!) A data 

layer, uaualty dsafing with enfy one as+ed of 

related information, WMch is U+ to supplement 

the data base, digital, image overfays. e.g., 

overlaying a raster bee map with a vector 

afrmefine map. Overlays are registered to the 

base, by e common ceerdinate system. 3. 

(iiihograp~) Additional data, ore pattern, 

printed after the olhar Iaa!urea, so as to 

‘overlay’ them. See el= corractlon overtay; 

history overley; redaracope overlaya; 

●olectlon ovorlay. 

overprint-l. (JCS) Inforrmfiin printed or 

aterrqmd *n a map or chart, in eddiiion to 

that origindfy printed, !0 chow data of 

irrwdmca or special uea. Also called ●urprint. 

2. A feature of n corrpoalfe map image 

irwidantaliy printed co as to interfere with 

another feature. 

overrun control-@CS) Equipment anabling a 

camem to continue operaling for a 

pradalermined number of frames or sacends 

after normal cutoff. 

ovoreh~ot+ transparency or a print of a map 

MIL-HDBK-850 

wr@albn ueed for recording aupplemantaf 

mformat’mn. 

OWOI’E129 dlWt-A chml whoee naatline6 hava 

been extemled dlghtly, thereby ktoraesing the 

ahaat eize to include a amatl fend area m order 

to evoid p~fishiig a aqxwate graphii d that 

area. 

. . . . .-. 

181

panchromatic-(photography) SensKwe 10 

Iiiht of afl cofors, as a film or pfate amufaion. 

pancmtlc ●yste*A variabla power optical 

systam. Aiao celled zoom system. 

panel baa.-(cartography) The completed 

aaae@y d piacas of film poaittvaa onto a grid 

of Prq-hn tbhii is useds a ba~ for 

~mpt~tion. Al- called film moealc; panel. 

panelln~l. (cartography) Cutting a film 

poahive c4 a mep, in whiih some diatortien is 

irwdvad, into savetal pieces end cementing 

them in pfsce, on e projection constructed on e 

stable-base rnerkm, in such e WY that the 

error IS d~ribufad in small amounts thmughouf 

the area rather than being localized. 2. 

(surveying) The placement of panels on a 

oonlrd station to facifiieie station Hentifzation 

on aerial phdography. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

panel—l. (cartography) See panel baee. 2. 

(photogrsmmslry) An element of e target used 

for rnntrol station idcmtikation on aerial 

photography. Perrels are rnsde of cloth, plaslks, 

pfywood, or Masonite, and are poeitiinad in e 

symmetrical pattern centered on the aration. 

See 81s0 target. 

panoramic camera-A camera whiih takes a 

partial or complata panorama of the terrain. 

Some dasigns uillize a lens wfich revofves 

about an axis parpendicuiar to the optical axis: 

in c4her designs, the wnera itaaff is revolved by 

cfockwork to cbtain a panoramic field of view. 

See also frame camera. 

panoramic diatortlon-The displacement of 

ground points from their expected perspective 

pmilions, caused by the cylindrical shspe of the 

negative film surface and the scanning action of 

tha lens in a pmoramk camera system. 

panoramic photograph—Photography 

obtained from a panoramic camera. 

pantograph—An insfrurnarrt for copying 

mSPS, drawings, or o!har graphics at a 

pradetarminad scale. Pantographs capabla of 

edjuafnranf for several scales are known as fbmd 

ratio pantographs. See elso two-dimensional 

pantograph. 

P 

papar-strip method-(recf~-tkn) A 

graphiil mathcd d mating a poinkby-pdnf 

racfificatiort bssd on the irwarianca Ofthawoaa 

ratb. A rnodiketii ef lhw tacfmiqus parrnife 

Insp dafSil to be rw-b?ad hom an obGqus .eafial 

~~09R@I ~f@d on the projectivii d atrai@rt 

parafiactlc aberration-sae differential 

●barratlort. 

paraiiactlc ●ngle-l. (eafroriomy) The angle 

between e ~s hour atde and its varfkal 

circla. Afao called pormion angle. 2. 

(photogrammetry) Alto catted angufar 

parallaz. See angle of convergence. 

pamllactlc ormr—An emor caused by 

personal or Itirument perallax. 

paraliactlc grid-(photogmmmetty) A uniform 

pattern of rectangular lines drawn or engraved 

on some trsnsparenf material, usually glass, 

and pIscad either over the piratographs of e 

ateraosapk pair or in the optiil system of e 

stereoscope, in oder to provtie e continuous 

floating mark system. 

Derellectlc hreauellty—A sacondarv eti”-t in 

&lar perturbation-s in the Moon’s Ionf@de due 

to the eliiptichy of the Earfh’s orbit. 

parallax age-See age of paraliax 

Inequality. 

parallax bar—See ●teraometer. 

parallax dlffemnca-lhe dfierenos in tha 

absolute stamoacopic paralkaxas of two painta 

imagad on a pair of photograph. Cuatomarity 

used in dalermirdort of the difference in 

elevation of objects. 

parallax in ●ltftuda-Geocentric parefiax at 

any aftiluda. The expression is used to 

dtitrrguish the pamllax et the given eftitude from 

Ihe horizontal parakex when the body is in the 

horizon. 

parallax hraquallty-The variation in the 

mnge of tide or In the speed of tidal currents 

b-use of the continual change in the distence 

of the Moon from the Earfh. The range of Ma 

182

Srdtqaad dtiddcurrmfs.tand tohcmeaaaa 

he Moon apfmnrchaa perigee and 10 dac$fase 

Saifqmmchas apogee. 

pmslhx-1. (JCS) In photography. the 

~rant di+lecemer$ of the poaitiin of m 

object m ralstii to a rdarenca point due to a 

change m the point of observation. 2. The 

appararrf d~lacemant bafwwan objacfs on the 

Earth’s surfaca due to thaii diiemnca in 

elevation. Also called ●ngufar parallax; want 

of corr~spondmrco. Sea also ●bsoluto 

●tarooaoopic parallax; sga of parallax 

Inequality; ●nnual parallsx; ●quatorid 

horlzontd parallax: ?deo parallax; 

goocentrlc p~rdlax; horizontal parallax; 

Inatrurrmnt parallax; lunar parallax; 

raaldusrl parallax solar parallax; yparallax. 

parallel of attftude-A circle of the calestisl 

sphere pamllel to the horizerr cmnacting all 

points of aqual attiiude. AISAJcalled 

dmucantrtr; dtltuda circle; circle of 

●qual dtltuda. 

pamllel of decfinatlon-A circte of the 

celest’ml sphere parallel to ths cslastial equator. 

Also cslled celastlal parallel; circle of 

equsl docftnatlon. 

parallel of latltude-See drda of 

Iongltudo. 

parallel plate-An optical disk with optically 

fist, frarattsl tmrfa~ used aspacielly in epticd 

micmmeters. Atso called pfene plate. See 

also optical ffat. 

pamllel sphere-The celestiel sphere as it 

appaers 10 an observer at the pole, where 

cdeetial bodias -r to nxwa psrallal to ths 

horizon. 

parallal-A circle on the surface of the Earth, 

parallel 10 tha pfane of the Equator and 

contracting all points of equsl Letitude, or a circla 

paeltel to the primery grast circle d a sphere or 

sphamid; also, a closed cwve approxinmling 

such a circla. Also callad Inverao oarallal. 

Sae al- ●stronomic parallal; tillptlc 

parallal; 

parallel: 

parallel; 

parallel: 

parallal: 

pamllal; 

flctltloua parallal: gaodatic 

goographlc paralld: grid 

ground parallel; Iaomatrlc 

oblique parallal; photograph 

prlnclpal parallal; standard 

tranaveraa parallal. 

MI L-HDBK-850 

paramoterlxa-l%e act or process of 

deMX?MIg a geornatric ailustim with a 

rmlhamstical model canteining edjuetabla 

mtsants. 

paramatar—in general, any qusntify of a 

pmtrfam that is nd an hrrfaparrderrt variable. 

More apacifiilly ths term Lsoften ussd to 

dstinguhh from dependent variables quantifies 

tiih msy be as@nad arbkrary vahmw for 

P@~s of tfv? problem a! fmnrt. 

pammatrlc ●quatlOne-A eat of aquatiins in 

which the independent varisfias or cxmrdirAes 

are aach axprti in terms d a paramsfer. 

parametric krtltuds-l%e angle at the @ntar 

of a a@em whiih is tangent to the aU@soid 

along the gsodetic equator, betwean the pfane 

of the equator and the mdlua to the pdrtf 

intersected on the sphere by a straight line 

perpandiiulsr to the plane of the Equator and 

passing through the pdnt on the ellipsoid whose 

parametric falitude is defiisd. Parametric 

Islituda is an ausiliafy tstitude used in problems 

of geodesy and cartography. 

paraxlal my—A ray whoaa psth lies very nasr 

the axis of a lens and whiih intersects the lens 

surface et e point very cioss to its vertex end at 

nearly normsl incidence, 

partial tlds-%s conetltuent. 

pasa point-A point whose horizontal atior 

varrioel position is dsterminad from phorogmphs 

by photogmmmetric methods and whiih Is 

intended for use in the abadute orientation of e 

medel. Also cdlsd photogrammetrlc pcdnt. 

See also annex point; supplemental 

elevation; ●upplamontal position. 

paaelva aatelllte-A selellhe” which contakrs 

no pver syces 10 sugmen! output POwen a 

setelhte wfwch is a pessive raflsctor. Sea also 

■ctive satalllta. 

paaa-1. A single circuil c4 the Earth by a 

satelliie. See also orbit 2. The period of time 

a sstelliie is wiihin telemetry range d a deta 

acquisition stat”kxr. 3. (rnansuretion) Orre 

COmpl?t? -t of pointings or maasuramants on 

a sp~~lc Plate, reeeau, or other rn.adii 

contammg photograph~ imagery. 

patch-(digital) A small ares d irrformetii 

eplii into a data base or eofiwere in otdar to 

33

I 

I 

I 

update, corrplefe, or density the date content. 

psth—l%e project-km of the orbffal pfans d the 

mtetliie m the, Earth’s surfaoe: the bcue CI ti 

satellite eubpomt. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

PC ARC/lNFO-A vector data, rafatienal 

geegrsphii infonnetii syetam for a peraonel 

SUWtdW. Produd by Environmental systems 

Reeaemh Institute 8$ e Iew-and GIS. 

PC-1OOO camore-A trade name for a 

Qacdetk stellar sarnare having a focal length of 

1,000 mm. 

Peeus.allicw Invbraor+ cf.ms of inveraor 

pnwiding a mectumicel eelutiin for tha linear 

end angular elements of rectifiition, Also called 

scissors Nrvorsor. 

Poaucolller-Cerpantler lnvarsor— A 

modified Cepsnfier invemor coupled to the 

finkage system of a Paeucalfier invarecr to 

provide e mechanical means of sofvhg the 

linear and engufar elements ef rectif@atian. 

peel—(negative engraving) A t~hnique of 

removing the opaque stratum from hs 

W+K@K! bese. Peeling between etched 

ouihne Images prcdume a negative; psefing 

oulskje of the etchd outfine images pmdwes a 

positive. See also mask, definitbn Z. 

pbepslght slldade-A type of aliiede 

ocmeisting of e peep sight mountsd on a 

straightedge. 

peepslght compass—The sights of s 

%~~ f- by Mendeti with sfiis for a 

stghtlng medium rather than a telescope. 

peg sdjuetrnont-A method of adjusting a 

Iaveliig Inalrument of the dumpy level type, to 

make the fine of solfimetion pereflef with the axis 

of the spirit level, and employing two stable 

marks (pegs) the length et one instrument sight 

epert, Also called 11/10 peg ●djuetmamt. 

peg test-A method et testing the mlfirnstion 

adjustment of a Ievefing instrument. 

Pemborton Icvellng rod-A speaking rod 

marked wffh affemate mws of circular and 

dlernond-shaped dots, running diegonq!ly 

ecmse the rod. Read to hundredths ef a foot. 

pendulum ●lidade-A telescopk elidede in 

184 

which a pendulum dev”- replecee the 

mnventional bubbfe for mtabfiehing a horizontal 

reference fine from whiih verficaf angles may be 

measured. 

pendulum mstrolabe-An astronomic 

instrument ushg e constant attitude for poeitii 

datarmimdii. fts distinctive feature is a mirror 

~~~ On t~ of e pandufum tO fOrrn the 

arbfii horizon. 

pendulum lovef-A Ievefing instrument in 

whiih the line d eight is euferrmticelly 

maintained hcrisordnl bf mswms d a bdf-in 

pendulum &v&e. Afm callad ●utomatic 

Ievof. 

pendulum—1. In general, a body sc 

suspended es to swing frardy to end fro under 

the influence ef gravity and rnementum. 2. A 

verl”-1 bar so stswc+&5 from Mow by a stiff 

spring as to vibrate to and fm under tha 

combkd actien of gravity and the r@oring 

force of the epring. See else compound 

pendulum; dummy pendulum; ?roeswlnglng 

pendulum: Idle pandulum; 

Invar pendulum; Invarlabls pandulum; 

Menderthall pondutum; quarts . . . 

pendulum; rsmalver; rekstlve pendulum: 

reversible pendulum; simple pendulum; 

working pendulum. 

percent of enlargemenVreductlon—The 

fecfor by which an original is to be enlarged or 

reduced in rapmducfion. A 50 pement finesr 

enlargement et a 4- by 54nch eriginal weuld be 

Ginchss by 7 l/2-inches, whifa a 50 percent 

reduction of the -me original would be 2-i~hes 

by 2 l/2-inches. See alse ecale of raproductlon. 

parcant of alop*See gradlant. 

periapala—see perlcenter. 

parleatron-That point of the orbit of ons 

mersbsr of a deuble star system at whii the 

stars are nearest togelher. Cpposite et 

epeatron. 

pericenter—fn en elfiiticel orbii the peint in 

the orbit whiih is the nearest dIsfanca from the 

focus where the affreofing mass is Ioceted. The 

perkecder is al one end of the mmpr asie of the 

ortital ellipse. Oppeeite et apoapsls; 

epocentar; ●pofocue. Aieo csllsd 

porlapels; perlfocua.

I 

perlcynthlon-See perflurre. 

perlfocus-See perlcentor. 

perigee-to-porigae porlod-Se e 

mnomdlstlc period. 

perlgaa-lhrr pint et whiih a sslelh orbii is 

the last distance frum the centar of !ha 

gravitational fmtd of the earth. Opposite of 

spogee. 

MIL-HDBK-B50 

Perlhalion-l%e fminf in the atiiii orbii of a 

planet wtkh ie the rtaerasi to the Sun, when the 

Sun is the cantar of attraction. Opposlta of 

●phailon. 

porllune-The point of cbsesl approach of an 

orbiing tmdy to the Mwn. Opposite of aplune; 

apocynthlon. Also cd(ad perbynthlon. 

period of saialflte-See orbital parlod. 

I perlodlc ●rrors-in a cernplsta set of 

Obearvaticms thera corresponds to every 

.:, . A 

igdiwidual error mother error which is nwesasriky 

more or’i-” atpal and opposite. In a limited 

series the carrcallsriert may not be quite axed, 

but the error of the mean of n observations 

-Y be 6xp6cted IO ba I/n of that of a single 

measure, or less. 

perlodlc parturbationa-Perfurbe! ions to the 

orbii of a plane! or satellite which change 

direcric.n in regular or perkrdii fashw in lime, 

such that tha average effect over a long period 

d time is zero. 

pfwlodlc tarme-in tha mathematical 

SZfJfaSSbn of an orbti, tenna which vary with 

time In both magnitude and direction. 

pertod-1. The inlarvel needed to cornolate e 

~cia. 2. The interval batwean pesesgas “at a 

tbrad point d a given phase of e eirr@ 

hsrmonk weve; Ihe reciprocal of frequency. Sae 

also ●nomaliatlc parlod; nodlcal period; 

orbltel period; alderoai pariod; aynodlc 

period. 

pormanwrt bsnch mark (PBM)-A bench 

mark d es nearly permanent character as ft is 

pmctiila to establish. Ueuslly designated 

simpfy as e bench mark or BM. A permanent 

bench mark is intended to msintein its elevet”on 

wkh raference to an adopted datum wifhoul 

185 

changa ovar a long period of time. Also catted 

monumwtted bench mmrk. 

perpondicuiar ●quatlott-(traveme) A 

rmndiin equation to reduca to zem the 

algebraic sum of the pmjaotibrrs 0( the separate 

Ii cd a traverse ~ pqmdcarlera to a 

faed line with vdich the travaree fcnrre a cbsad 

figure. 

parparrdlculer-A perpandiiuler line, pfene, 

etc. A distinction is sometimes made between 

pe~ndabr and normal, the fermar applying 

to a fine at right angiea to a etrdght he or 

pfana, and the kdtar referring to a ~me a! right 

angies 10 a curve or cutved surface. 

personal equation-lhe time interval 

between the serrcory @rception of a 

phenomenon and the mo!er reaction thereto. A 

personal equation may be either pceittie or 

nagetiie, es an observer may anticipate tha 

occurrence of an event, er wait until ha actually 

eeee it occur before reeking a record. Ths is a 

systermtic error, trasted ae the constant type. 

personal ●rror—An error caused by an 

imtiiiduet’s personal habits, hk inability 10 

perceive or measure .iimenaionsl values exactly, 

or by h!s tendency to reecr mentally and 

physically m a uniform manner under aimitsr 

conditions. i! may be a eysterndc error, il it 

occurs regutsriy or a blunder tf il occurs once. A 

cerlein amount of mimr paraoml errer can be 

included with random armrs. 

paraonal parallax—See Inetrumont 

paraiiax, definition 2. 

perepecthre ●xis—See axis of homoiogy. 

porspectlve contar—The point of origin or 

termination of bundles of perspective rays. The 

two suh poirris usustty associated with e survey 

photograph are the intarior parapactive cantar 

and ihe exterior perspective center. In a perfect 

Iena-camsre system, perspective rays fmrn the 

interior perspective cent er to the phclographz 

images ancloss the same engfes as do the 

mrraspcnding rays from tha exterior perspective 

center to the objects photegrephed. In a Ians 

having distortion, this is true only for a particular 

zone of the photograph. In a perfectly adjusted 

Ians-cwmrra system, the axterbr and interior 

perspective centers correspond, respectively, to 

the fronf smd rear nodel points of the camera 

Ians. Also celled canter of projection.

porspectlvo chm’t-A chari on a perapacfive 

Pr@actiin, 

perspective grid-(JCS) A network of firms, 

drawn or superimposed on e Photograph. 10 

represent the pers+ecfive of a syafernrdic 

natwwk d fines on the ground or datum plane. 

~~h~~ad Canadian grid. Sea al= grid 

parapectlvs map projoctlon-A map 

project’km produced ~ efrdght fines radiiting 

from a aslacfad point and passing lhreugh 

poirrfs on the earth’s surface to the projection 

surface. Alee called geomctrlc map 

pro)actlon. 

parepactlvo plane-Any ptane ccmlaining 

the perspective canter. The intersection ef a 

perspective pfana and the gmurrd will ahvays 

-r as a straight fins on an ae~I 

photograph. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

parspectlva proJactlon-The projection of 

points by sfreighl firma drawn through them from 

aoma given peint to an intamaction with the 

plans et projection, Unless etharw.iea indicaIad, 

tha point of pjection is understood 10 be at a 

finite distarwe from the plane of projection, 

parspectlva ray—A line joining a perspactiva 

canter end e peirrt objact. See else Image ray. 

perapectlve apatlal modat-Crptical 

raconatrucfion of an area of tarmin shcwing 

depth by viawing a pair of aarial photographs 

through a atersoacapa. 

parspactlva view—A three-dimensional 

representation generated with a reference to a 

app~iawer location on or abeve Ore surface 

perspectlva-l%a appearatwe to the eye of 

objects in rasped to their relative distance and 

pesifion. 

perapectlvity—The corraepondence batwaen 

the points, lines, or pkwras of two geemelric 

configurations in perspective. Usually raf erred to 

as linear pe-ivii because the true 

parapdive center must be recoverable befora 

angular percpedvhy can be included. 

perturbation-in celastial mechanics, 

dtierencas of the actual orbii from a central 

188 

fercs odid, arising from some axlar’rd fo= 

such es a thkd @ altrac4ing the other two; a 

rasisling nrerlum (atmosphere): failure of the 

Parerrt bodytoad aaapdrrtmaaa, and so 

forth. See alse gravitational pwturbatlons; 

long period parkurbatlons; Iunlsolar 

porfurbatlone; nongravltatlonal 

perturbatlona; perlodlc perturbations; 

●ocular perturbatlona; short parlod 

perturbations: torrastrisl parturbetiorm. 

perturbed orbff-Tfra otbit of a aatelfiie 

differing fmm Ms norrnaf orbii due to various 

d=turblng affacfa such as nonaymmefrical 

gravltstkmal affecls, atmoapherk drag, radiil’on 

pressure, acd se forth. Sea alao perturbation. 

perfurtrlng factom (forces)-in celestial 

mschanii, any force that ads on lha orbi!ing 

body to change its ortit from a cen!ral ferce 

orbit. 

phase age—Saa ago of phase 

Inoquallty. 

phaao angle-l. Tha phase difference of two 

periodically recurring phenomena of the sama 

fr~uency, expressed in angular maasura. 2. 

The angle at a celestial body between the Sun 

and Earth. 

phase inequality—Variations in U-m tide or 

tidal currents a-iated with changes in the 

phase of the Meon. At new and full Mom 

(springs) the tide-prcducing forces ef the Sun 

and Meon ad in ccmjuncfion, reaulthg in greater 

Ihan average tide end tidal currents. At first and 

teat quarters of the Moon (naepa) the tideprcducing 

fore= cppoaa each other, resufting in 

smaller than everaga tide and tidal curranm. 

phase-l. (general) Of e petiedic quanlify, for 

a ~flicubr Valua of the indapendenf variable, 

the fradional part of a period through which the 

independent variebfa has advanced, measured 

from an arbiinwy reference. 2. (surveying) The 

apparent dkplacernanl of en ob)~t or s’wnal 

caused by ona aide being rrwre atrengfy 

illuminated than the other. The resuftant error in 

pointing is aim’iar 10 the armr cauaed by 

observing an accantric signaf. 3. (astronomy) A 

atege in e cycle of r-rring aspects, =u6A by 

a ~~e~tb Varieticm of the illumination of an 

object. The Moon passes through ifs phases, 

new Meon to full Moon and back to naw Moon, 

as its position relative to the Sun and Earth 

changes.

MIL-HDBK-850 

Phlladolphla Iovallng rod-A two-piece 

fer@ rod, with gredut”m marks an efyfed that 

itmayalso beuaadaa aapaekingmd. For 

heights grader ttren 7 feet the target is clarrpd 

at 7 feet, and raised @ exfend@I the md. A6 a 

Wget md, h is mad try vam’mr to trowandths of 

a foot ae a Sp6atring d, to haff-trrmdredfhx of 

a foot. 

photo sltltuda-f-teighl of an aircrafl above 

the mean elevation d the terrain to be 

photographed. 

photo Index-l. An index map made by 

assembling the indwidual aerial photographs 

into their p- ratetiie pdfions and copying 

the assembly phofegmph=lly at a reduced 

scale, Atau called Index to photography; 

photo plot; plot map. 2. See ●ortia plot. 

photo plot-See photo index, definition 1. 

photo pymmld+ component of an 

enalytbal mathcd of precise detemninalicm of 

phokrgrephic tilt which repraeants e spacifii 

,.> .,, 

- 

spatial mrrfieuration formed by three control 

points of known posifii on tha phofegraph 

(forming a trkmgle) rmd the e~re station. 

When used with the ground pyremkl, b permits 

the exscf peeitiin of the exposure station to be 

determined and, by analytical tmhniques, the 

I exact lilt of the ptwlograph. 

pyramid. 

Ses also ground 

photo revlslon-The process of making 

chmgee on a map baaed upon infcmnation 

obtained from a study of aerial photographs. 

photo ecafe-See ecale, definif”mn 1. 

Photonlldade--A ohofottremmetric instrument 

,. . . .. . . 

having a telescopic elidade, a ptateholdar, and 

e hinged rulhg arm mounted on s tripod frame. 

It Ls uaad fer pbfting fines of diradkrn end 

measuring vertical angles to selected Iaetures 

aPrin9 on diiue and terrestrial 

photographs. 

photoangulator-See ●ngulator. 

phstobss*The dffitance batwaen lhe 

princ”@alpoints of two adjacent prints of a series 

of vertical aerbl photographs. If is usually 

measured on one prim after tranafenfng the 

principal point of the other print. Sae also bee. 

line. defintfion Z. 

1s7 

photocomposelo mechanicelfy i- one 

or mare knagea by afap-and-mpeat axposums 

in pradetanninad poaitiine on n press pbte er 

wmlpa by means of e photoCortylOaing 

mechme. 

photocorrtour map-f%sentially, a 

t~raphic rrmp upon which the plsn”metric 

detail is dapkfad photographically in ke cured 

*i. ff ~ ueuaffy prepared from cwvergenf 

photography efflmugh cmwantionel verikel 

photography can be used. 

photocontour process-A pmoesa 

davabpad to combine, in a pholocontour map, 

that information normslfy portrayed on a 

lopegraptk dmwing end an earial photograph. 

The tyatem ususlly k mmposad of three 

elements (1) e cunventiorrsl ateraopbffer for 

oonlduring; (2) a mcfiiier for fill rectifiithr of the 

aerial Pholograph& and (3) e zone printer to 

eliminate relief displacement. It is deaignad to 

utilize convergent phetographe etthough normal 

vertical phetegraphe can ba r.diiiied ee well. 

photocontrol basa-See control bneo. 

photocontml dlegram—Any selected base 

MSP Of phOIO index cm wtkh prc$msed ground 

control netwerks, te imluda prcpaed posilioms 

for psss points, ere defineakd. See also 

photocontrol index mep. 

photocontrol index map-Any eetaofed 

base map or photo index on W)ch ground 

amtrot and photo “klentifiad ground poinfa are 

depicted end identified. sea also 

photocontrol djagmm. 

photocontrol point—sea plctum control 

point. 

photogonlomeler-An instrument for 

messuring angles from the true perspective 

center to points on a photograph. 

photogremmetrlc cmrrem-A general term 

trpplicabJe to eny camera used in any of the 

several trranchaa of photogrammetry. 

photogmmmetrlc compMatlorr-See 

compilntlon, definifien 2. 

photogrammettlc control point-A 

horizomal centml point which hes been 

~afablished by phofogrammafric triangulation.

photogrammotrlc conWf-(JCS) Control 

esf8blished by pfrotogramnrstric metfnde as 

distinguished hum mntrol Easfablished by gnxnd 

methods. Ales called mirror control; 

multlplax control. 

photogrammotrlc mep-A topogrephc map 

pmduoed from aerial photographs and gmdetii 

control data by rmene d phdogrammetric 

instruments. Also called steraomsrtrfc map; 

storeotopographlc map. 

photogramm.strlc pofnt—see paaa polni. 

photogrammotrlc pyrsmld-An rmafyficel 

methcd f~ thm pradsa determirratien of 

phetograpiic tift, sonsiating d a ground pyramid 

and a pfrofo pyramkt, whish represent a spatkd 

configuration formed by Ihree control points of 

krwwn posflic.n on the photogmph (forming a 

triangle) and the exposure station. See also 

ground pyramid; photo pymmld. 

photo grammetrlc rsctlficetlon—S e e 

roctlficatlon. 

photogrammntric suwey—A survey utilizing 

either terrestrial or aerial photographs. 

photogrammatrlc triangulation—See 

phototrlangulstion. 

photogrammotricatly dlgltlzed-tligitized 

from esrial phofogmphs and geodatic control 

data by mamns cd photogrammetrk instruments, 

previding threedim-ienal oootdkuatec. 

photogrammotry-1. (JCS) The eeience or 

art of obtaining reliebfe mamurerrranta from 

ptrotogmphic images. 2. The preparation of 

sherrs and maps from eerial photographs using 

stewxcopic aquipment end methods. See also 

aarlal photogramm@ry; ●nalytical 

photogrammetry; 

8teroophotogramms4 ry; terreutrlaf 

photogrammetry. 

photograph cerrter-The center of a 

KdIOtOOmph as indited by the im99aS of the 

fducb-l rriark(s) of the samera. In e perfectfy 

adjusted camem, the photograph center and 

the principal point ere identical. 

photograph coordlrtmtos-A system of 

coordinates, eiiher rectangular or polar, 

describing the ~shion of a ~int on a 

MIL-HDBK-850 

188 

photograph. 

photograph merldla*The imepe on a 

photograph d any horizontal line in the +ecf 

6PW= which is Parefial to the prkipal plane. 

Since ati -h fines msst.at infinity, the irmgs of 

the meeIing point is at the infemectkm of the 

vmti~tititi~-anddl 

phOtOQ~ maridiarrs pass through that point. 

photograph rtadir-The point at tvhiih a 

vertical line through the perapedve canter of 

the csnrara Iena piemac ths pfane of the 

photograph. Also called nedfr Polnc 

photographic plumb poln~ plumb pofnt. 

photogmph paralfal-The image on a 

photograph of any horizontal fine in the object 

_ - is Parpetiiutar to the ptinciil 

plane. All photogmph parellels are parperrdiiular 

to the prirwipal Iina. 

photograph parpandicular—The 

perpandiculer from Ihe interior pe~ive 

center to the plene of the phcdograph, 

photograph plsrre-The pkme in the camera 

in vhich ttw @ate W. fiim.is heLd. It is rrd excclly 

lhe primary tmd plme of the lens, bul k e 

plans pfaced so es to secure the best Mama 

of shsrp fetus on ell parts of the pbte or film. 

Also sailed Image plane. 

photograph plumb point—See 

photograph nadir. 

photographic covaraga-(JCS) The extent 

to which an area is mvared by photogm@ry 

from one rnkion or a eeriee of rnisaimre or in a 

peried of time. Cmerage in thm sense conveye 

the ideal of avaitdility of photography and ia not 

a synonym for the word photography. 

photographic datum-The affective datum 

for each phetegraph. It ia a horizontal pfane at 

the avarsge elevation d the tan’sin, on wliih 

d=tances rrreaaumd will be al the average aeele 

of the photograph. 

photographic ●xposure-The time of 

exposure multiplied by irradiance or illuminance. 

photographic lntarpratatlon-The 

examination of photegraphc imege6 for the 

purpose of Identifying objects end deducing 

thek eignifke.rrce. Also celled 

photolntarpratation. SSe dse Imagary 

interpratatlon.

i 

I 

photogmphlc readhrg-(JCS) The simple 

r-nifhn ~.. d natural or marr-rnda features 

horn photogrepha not invohfing tiger-f 

inlerpretat”mn techniques. 

photogmphlc reduction-lhe production of 

e naget”we, diepoaMie, or print at a scale 

smaller hut the wigiml. 

photogmphlc scsle-(JCS) The ratio of e 

dialarrca measured on a phofegmph or moaak 

to the cormaponding distance on the ground, 

claaaiied as follows very large-scale-l :4,999 

and Iergec Iarge-ade-l :5,000 to 1:9,999: 

m9diUm4iCSl*i :10,000 to 1:24,9W, amsllseals-1:25,000 

to 1:49,999; vefy amall-ac@3- 

1:50,000 and sndler. Sss also acde. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

photogmphle 8UNay—A survey 

acoompfiahad from either aerial photographs or 

terraatrial phctegraphs, or from a combination of 

both. 

photographic zanlth tube (PZT)-The 

moat praciae instrument for meridian 

ebaervationa. No corrections are required for 

.- Ievel, azimuth, cdlimatkm, or flexure. Each 

cbwvation gives a nreesure d both the time 

end the Iatilude. 

photography—The art er preceaa of 

producing images on sensitized material 

through the eden d light. The term 

photography in aometimas incorrectly used in 

pleca of tho term photographs. See also 

analytical photography; composite air 

photography; continuous strip 

photography; control point 

photography; convargenl photography; 

cross-fllght photography; diract 

photography; fan camsra photography: 

horizontally controlled photography; 

Indlract photography; Inortlal reference 

photography; Iorop photography: 

mapping photography; motrlc 

photogmphy; multibrmd photography; 

positional camara photography; procefia 

photography: radar photography; 

radamcope photography; 

mconndasanca photography: ●horan 

controlled photography; spilt vorftcal 

photography; aupplamantal 

photogmphy: tarraln profile 

photography; trlcsmora photography. 

photograph—A general tarm for a positive or 

negative picture made with a camera on 

aanshiuad nmteriaf, or p+fnfs from such e camera 

original. Soa also ●arlal photogmph; 

●rnotated photo-graph; eqrrlvdont 

vertical photograph; homologous photograph; 

horizon photogmph; horfxontal 

photograph; moldod ●erial photograph; 

multlple-kta photogmpft; oblique dr 

photo-graph; erffrophotograph; psnommle 

photograph; plnpolnt photograph; 

termatrld photograplv varticd 

photograph; wing photo-graph. 

photoidontlflcatlorr-(mrrveyirrg) The 

datacfiorr, idant#kafien, and marking d ground 

suwey afatiena on aasial photogmpha. Positive 

idenfifkation and kbcatkm is required if survey 

data are fo be used to ccmtml phetcgrammatric 

compilation. Atse called control-afatlon 

Idontiflcatlon. 

photolnterpretatlon kcy-t?eferenca 

materiels designed to facilitate rapid and 

sccureta idenfiiicatic.n and iha delarrninatierr of 

the aignifiinca of objacf6 or oondiiions from an 

analysis of their photo imagea. 

ptrc40hrtorpretntion-Sae photographic 

Inierpratatlon. . . . . . . . . 

photolntarpretrzmeter-A device, used in 

conjunction with e pocket ateroosc+a, fOr 

making vertbl and horizontal meoauramsmta. 

photolithography—A Mhographii prweaa in 

which phetographk products are used to 

prcduce an image on the PrhN”mgsurface. See 

also Ilthography: offaot lithography. 

photomap backup-A photomep printad on 

the bock of a line map of the same area and at 

the same scale. 

photomapplng—The pmcass of making 

~W Or charfa ,from Various -S of 

photographs, @h reference to other source 

mOpa, clxwfs, or aufveya. 

photomap-(JCS) A reproduction of a 

photograph or phelomoaaic upon wheh the grid 

lines, marginal data, contours, place names, 

boundaries, and other data may be added. 

photomochanlcal—Perfainin~ to or 

designating any rapmducfkm prose.% by a 

wtiinslion of photographic and machanlcal 

operations. 

189. 

photomvlaed map-A topograph~ or

pkrnirrudric map whiih km bean rwiaad by 

pholoplenimetric meNv2cis. 

photosphoro—11’re irstanaafy Lvight portion of 

the Sun v“bble to the u’taidad eye. 

photothaodollte-A gmurrd swvaying 

instrumsnf combining e aurvay csrnam and a 

transit; used for massring the angular 

orientation of the csrmere et the moment of 

espoeure. Also csllad oamers trandt. 

pfrototopography-The science of surveying 

in tikh the detail is pidfad entirefy fmm 

pfmtographs taken at suitable ground stat”ksns. 

See also terrestrial photogrammetry. 

phototrlsngrrlation-The process for the 

errtanaicn of horizenlel ertribr vartiil mntrd 

whereby the massuremenls of angles er@or 

dstsncaa on overlapping photographs ere 

reislad into e epal’ml solution using the 

perspective principles of the photographs, 

Ganemliy, thk prrxess involves using seriel 

photographs and is called aorotriarrgulatlon, 

aerial triangutatlon, or photogremmetrlc 

trlangulstlon. See else smnlytlcal nedlrpoint 

triangulation; analytical 

phototrirrngulatlors; analytical radial 

trtanguletlon; Arundel method; brldglrrg; 

cantllovar artamsion; direct radial 

trlangulatlon; axtenslon of control; 

graphical radial trlnnguiatlon: handtemplet 

trlengulatlon; Iaocantar 

trlangulatlon; machanlcat tomplet 

triangulation; nadir-polrrt trlangulatlon; 

radial trlanguletlon; slotted-tamplet 

triangulntlon; aplder-tamplat 

triangulation: atoraotamplat 

triatrgulatlon; ●teraotrisnguiation: atrlp 

radial triangulation; templat method. 

phototrig travarsa-A vertkai-angle traverse 

ernpbying phototrig methods; e procedure for 

detmrrining aievet”mns trigonomakicsily, wherein 

horizontal distances are delermkred phot~ 

gmmmslrkelly and vertical angles ere eilher 

measured instrumentally in the fmtd, or ere 

obtained fmm measuramants on terrestrial 

photographs. 

phototypaaattar-A type satting unit 

@JmPri~n9 k Sepemte and indepandant unifa, 

the keyboard unit and the photographic unit. 

Composition is accanpliiad at the krryboard 

wrii, as.swrtislfy an eiectrk typawritar, which 

l?rod~- e lypawrtien proof copy end a 

perforated tapa. The tapa is then fad al any 

MIL-HDBK-850 

190 

convenient time theraaffar to the photographic 

IWit * pmducaa a right-reading fdm positive 

Suhable for rrticklp Wcrrk 

physkal characteristic-(target) The visibie 

nmtarisi aspects of a target or installation, 

inctucfing, but nol timirad to, dimensions, 

atruduml metariaks, fxadorninrmt haigM, 

wrrfigumtim, and orientation of ifs various. 

~wma 6M se buildings, SINCWSS, 

runweys, end aaaodatad facilities and sarv-. 

phyalcaf gaoderiy-See gravlmetrlc 

gaodasy. 

phyaiographlc pictorial mep-A map with 

relief dapktad by the syslerrmtic ap@iition of a 

atsndardizad sat of mnventionel pictorial 

symbols, baaed on lhe cirnpiifii appaamnca of 

the physical fasturas they represent, as viewad 

obliquely from the air at an angle of about 4S”. 

piano-wiro tapa-Piano wire used instead of 

e metallic ribbon tape when il ia edviaable to 

mnt ml hydrography try precise traverse rs!her 

than by a weak axlenskrn of triangulation, 

pictochrome procese—The process 

employed tO prdme Pktomsps. Consists of 

three tonal separations pholograph~ily 

exirsclad from a photornmaic, blockout masks, 

drstfad symbols, and names date. 

pictograrn-A msp of distribufkma. eapecidiy 

mmrrvxfiiies in which small pkforial 

represantstive synrbofa (e.g., aacke, bridra, 

barrels) ere located over the arm of producl”kn. 

pictoline precosa-+ photographic masking 

prmass utiiiiing a rotating vacuum frame 10 

produce an edga-emhencad line image from a 

continuous tone image. 

pictomap-(JCS) A topographic map in which 

the photographic krragery of a sandard moaa”ks 

has been convartad into interpretable cdcrrs end 

ayrnbois by means of e pktomap pmcass. Saa 

also pictochroma procosa. 

pictoriai symbolization-(JCS) The u= of 

symbols whch mnvey the visual character d 

the features they rapraaent. 

plctotone process-A photo- lithographic 

method from which film for rapmductim and 

transfer 10 printing platen is danvad fm the 

printing of monochrome pholornrspa and 

piclomaps. The prmaas provides e random

I 

grsnutar-like affect which Viaibfy sharpens ths 

dafinttkn ol fea:um6 and aepsmtion of l-, 

and, in many instances, M euperkr 10 Iudftons 

printing. 

pktum control polrtte-%pplemenhsry 

horizomet and Vwfkal Wntrol pointtl that ●a 

raquired for the inutwdiete control of msppirrg 

operatkna In a gkfen ems. Thaee P“Ms are 

eatsbiii by field awvey pardaa irr apedfIs2 

Icealbm and are prac&ly idantifiad on the 

~~1 ~wk for the projscf. Also CSIM 

photocontrol point; plcturo pohrt. 

plcturo ●kmsmt (plxol)-See plxd. 

pktum plmw-A plane upr whiih can be 

projactads system of lines or rays fmrn an 

~tohrrnani rnagsrcbr picture.in 

PamPtitie drawing, the system of reys is 

urdersfoad 10 converge to a single point. In 

phelogrsmrnetry, the photograph is the picture 

plene. 

plctum point—See control poino picture 

control points. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

pkA chart-Special dlS1’tS, CWerirrg Ihe 

ocesns ot the world for esch rrrenth of the year. 

is6usd on one sheet for 3 rrmnths at s lime on e 

qusrtsrty besii. They show mstserdogic, 

oceanogmphc, and hydregrsphw data for use 

in conjunction with cenventionel charts. Thsly 

articles of profeasicmd inleresl to the sesfarer 

are published on the backs. 

pilot sheet-A sample of a new series, made 

as a frial in anfi@mtion of a msp aeriae, to 

disckea the problems which occur in the verieus 

stag= of compilation, drafting, and 

repmductbn. It is Ister used as a guide in 

developing the ssrias. Atrm celled prototype. 

Soe else ●xperlmentel map. 

ollot’a treoe-(JCS) A rwmh wariay 10 e mav 

~de by the pitot of’ a phottiraphlc - 

reconnaissance aircrafl during or knmadistety 

after a sortie. It shows the location, direction, 

number, and order of photograph runs made, 

together with the camera(s) used on each run. 

pilot-Saa eoliing dlreetiorm. 

plnholee-Tiny clear spots on negative imsg= 

caused by dust. air bubblas, or undiasotvad 

chemkata. 

plnpolnt photograph-(JCS) A mingle 

191 

pho@r~h or a ster~ir of e specifc objecf or 

tergat. 

plrtpolnt target-(JCS) In mtillery and naval 

gtalfmsl@p@, atsrgetkwsthensa matwain 

d-meter. Sea else ●roe brgo~ prooiee 

Inatallatlon poeltlon. 

plrr+.survaying) A metal pin used for nmrking 

taped measuramonts m the ground. A set 

consists at 11 pine. Also sasllad cftsinlng phu 

surveyor’s smow; taping ●rrow; taping 

pin. See else turrrlng point pin. 

pttch-1. (JCS) The -lien of an airueff or 

stip ebmd &a bteml exis. 2. (J@ In air 

photography, the csmere mtstiin ebouf the 

trsnsverae axis cd the aircraft. % 

(phetogremtry) A rotation of the camera, or 

of the photograph coordinate system, about 

either the phdogreph ysda or the exterior ysxia. 

in some phofogrammetrk inslrumants and 

in anslyiiil Spplkations, the eyrrbl phi (+) my 

be used. Also called longftudlrtel tilt: tip 

(wbiih is an obsolete term): Y+llt. 

plxOl-A pkfure element, smallest unil of 

inforrrdion in e grid.oall map .or scanner imsge. 

Also known ee PEL. 

place nama-See toponym. 

place—See posltlon, definition 2. 

plan position Indicator (PPI)-1. (JCS) A 

cathode-my tube cm which radar returns are w 

displayed as to besr the same relat”~atip to 

Ihe trsnsmitfer as ths cbjscfs giving rise te 

them. 2. A csthoderay indicator in which a 

signal eppeara on a redial line. Distance is 

inckatsd mdially end bearing as an artgla. 

plan range-(JCS) [n air photegmphm 

wnnsisasnce, the horizontst diaranca fmm 

the pint below the ahcmff to en cbject on the 

ground. 

plarw coordlnatoa—See plan. 

rectangular coordinates. 

plene curve-See plane dtlptlcel ●rc. 

plane .Illptlcal arc-Arry pert of the line 

formed by the irrtersecfien of a phe end an 

ellipsoid. Ah csbd piano curve. 

plane parallel plate-See parellel plats.

1 

plan. polar coordinator-A system of poier 

ooordiiaa in whiih the pdrrts sfl Ii in one 

plsne. In the Iarnirrobgy of anatytii gaemstry, 

the d~lanoa from the origin to the poinf is ffre 

rnegmtude of the rartkrs veclor and the polar 

dislmrca is the vectorial arrgfa. 

plan. rutangulsir coordinatea-A system 

Ofcoodnat en in a horizontal pfene, used to 

describe the positions of points with respect to 

an origin. Also salted plans coordirmtos. 

plane survay-A survey in whiih the surface 

c4 the Emth is conaidsmrf e pfsne. 1% arnsll 

simas, precise msulte may ba oMalnsd with 

plsn-aurveylng methods, but the ascuracy and 

precision of such rasufrs till dacraasa as the 

sras surveyad irrcrassaa in size. 

plamstable MAP-A msp co~ilad by 

plantable mathcds. Tfra term includes map 

made trj complete field mapping m a base 

projection ard field corrtwring on a pfenimetric 

base map. 

planatablc tmvars~ graphical traverse 

accompfiihed by @antstable. methods: . 

MIL-HDBK-850 

plsnotsbla-A fiild device fer ptotthg the fines 

of e survey diracrty from obesrvationa. It ccmsistn 

essenfkdly” of a d~awing board rrwunted on a 

tripod. with a Ievefing device dsaignad as psrf of 

the bosrd and tripod. See else elidade; 

Phlleddphla Ievellng rod; stadia. 

planetary ab.arratlon-The angular 

dispfscement of the gaomatric direction 

betwasn the ob@f end the obsarvar et ths 

instant d light emission, from the gaawrmiric 

direction at the instent of observation. 

planetsry conffgurstlone-Apparenl 

positions d ths pfanats relative to asch other 

and to other bodies of the solar svstem. –. 

fmm the Earth. 

ss saen 

planetary geometry-l. Mathematical 

traatnwrd of the shspe and figure of e plenet. 

2. Methemsfical treatment of relationships 

between M or morn plsnets ardor their orbits. 

planetary praoesslon-That component of 

general Pr=aesion auaed by the effect of ofher 

plenats on the aqustorial profubarenca of the 

Earth, producing an aaatward motion of the 

equinoxes efong the ecliptic. 

192 

plarrstold-Sea ssterold. 

plmmt-A celestial body of tha solar system 

ravdviig around the Sun M a naarfy ckcular 

orMaarn* bdymvoMmgamunda fir. 

See afao ●stwold; Infortor plmmts; Inner 

plarmta; melor plarmts, nmrlgatlonal 

planets; outor planets; prlnclpel 

plarmts; 9uperlor planete; torrastrl.sl 

planet. 

plana-saa aatronomlc rrrerldlart plan.; 

bssal piano; colllmstlon plane; ●pipolsr 

plmra: focal plane; gsrodetlc martdlan 

plnna; ground plan.; hlfl plan.; 

horlzontd plmra; marldlonel plan.; 

nodal plane; orbital plane; pampectlva 

plane; photoWaph plane: plcturo plane; 

prlndpal plane; tangent plane; v-rtlcal 

plan-. 

planlmetar—A machanicd integrator for 

msssuring the area of a plane surfece. Saa also 

poler planlmeter. 

planimetrlc map+JCS) A map representing 

only the horizontal positiin of festums. Also 

called Ilne map. See also topographic 

map. 

planlmetrlc-baao map-A map prepared 

from aerisl phofogrsphs by phologrsmmatric 

rrwlbds, as a guide or basa fer contouring. 

planlmetry-1. The science of maasuring 

plane surfaces; horiiontsl measurements. 2. 

Parts of a map which mprsaent everything 

excapt retisf; that is, works of man, and natural 

featurss such as weeds and wstar. 

planlspher*A representation, on a plsrre, of 

the celestial sphere, esgecialky csre en a polar 

projection, with mesns provided for making 

certain rnsaeuramanfe. such as affiiuda and 

azimuth. Also, a msp rapreasntafion, on a 

pkma, C4 the Earth’s sphara. 

planlapherlc astrolabe-An astrolabe 

consisting c4 a full graduatad circle tih a 

centrally mounted aliiads end accasamy 

adjustable pletes on which ara engraved 

s4eraogmphic projactiins of tha heevens and c4 

the sphere for focel latitudes, 

Planning Tarrein Anafysla Dets Baso 

(PTADB)-Ar 1:250:000 ~le hsfdcOfly, - 

gwgmpmc mrormataxi cystam corwatmg 0; a

set of aalected tingle thamaf!! Iemein 

itiormetbrr everfeye. 

plennlng chart-A chsrt tiIgnd ap&fiilly 

Ior p4srtning flight Operetiins. 

ptennlng nrs~rnall-scele rrditary map used 

for gemersl planning puqrosee. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

plestk bfook-Tha bkck of bonded Ct3/hlfOSS 

Sc9ta?te sheets, mdr Sheet equal M rftiiese to 

Ihaoontcxc irdervet ettheadeoftha relief 

rnedel, from which the Ierrein bees is art. Alse 

mllsd Iamlrralo. 

plastlc rdlof map-A topographic msp 

printed on pisatic and molded into a threedirrwnsbnsl 

form. The plesfis medum is 

gerrerdyfo mmdtryha elarldvslwurn worm 

tarrein model to atileve the Ihresdiiensional 

representetic.n. 

plato coordinates-l%e x- end y+oordirmtes 

of control points sppeming on e phc.togrsphc 

plate. 

plate lavtd-A spirit level ettached to the plste 

-, of a surveying instrument for leveling the 

grsdwlled affile or, indirectly, mekhlg me Verlical 

axis truty verticsl. 

plsto reductlo~ling of mntmi peint 

imsgea on a delisr plste. 

plate-l. (Iiitrogrephy) A lhin metal, pla~ic, or 

fMp@ til, thst cawrise the printing im9ge and 

* eurbce is treeted to make onfy the 

irmge erase ink rscsptwe. Alm cellad press 

plate. See aim color plate: combination 

plate. 2. (photography) A tranqwant medium, 

UMI& 9=, mtrrd wtih a phof~raphkc 

emulsion. SW elsrr diaposltivo: stellar 

plate. 

platforrrt-The vehicle that holds a sensor. If is 

uauslty a aateliiie, but may be a plane or a 

halimp4er. Senaers can be meunbsd on tripods 

for oartain uses, such es examining 

etrrctrornsgnet’k radiation frem various types C4 

vegelelion, 

Pletonlc year-sea great year. 

plat-A dmgrsm drswn to ecsla ahowing lend 

boundaries end euMiviaiirre, together with all 

data essential to !fre description and 

idarrtifkation of the several urtita shown thereon, 

193 

ard including one or more sertificatas indiifing 

dueepprovaL A@atdfiers fremarnapift thatil 

doaarrnr nsmamrily show ecMtioM 1cultural, 

dtinsge, and refief bturoe. sea aim 

eedeetrel map. 

plot map-see photo Index. 

piofflng chart-l. (JCS) A chsrf designed for 

the graphical processes of rravigafien. 2. A 

sherf designed prirrwity for pbttii end deed 

rackonirrg or fines of position fmm caledial 

ofxwvalbrre or radio eida. Reiit#, cdtwe, and 

drainage are ehovm M nacesmry. 

pbttfng sssl+The refstirxrshii of the size of 

the ~iislien to the size d the ground ares it 

represents. 

plot-(JCS) 1. A map, chsrt, or grsph 

reprewnting dsta of any sat. 2. To represanl 

en a disgram or chsfi the pmitiin or course of s 

target “n tarms of angles snd d~s from 

known pmitiins bsste a pxitiin on e map or 

chsrt. 3. Ths visusl dkpby of a tingle 

gaogrsph=l Iocaticm of an airborne objad at a 

patiiculer instant of time. 4. A portbn of a msp 

or overlay on whiih are drawn the cutfirm’a d the 

mess covered by one or nmrs phetogrsphs. 

Sss else master piot. 

plumb bob-A con”-1 device, ususlly of brass 

and suspendsd by a mrd, by masns of whiih s 

pint csn bs projacled vertically into ape= over 

reist”wely short dktanses. 

plumb line-l. The line ef fotce in the 

geo@enliel field. The continuous curve to 

whiih Ihe directien of grsvity is everywhere 

tangential. 2. A mrd with a piumb bob at one 

end for determining the dksct@n d grsvify. 

plumb point-See photograph nadir. 

plurtge-See transft, definition 3. 

plus rmgle-see ●nglo of .Ievatlon. 

plus de.sllnatlon-See decllnatlon, 

definition 3. 

plus dlstnnea-Frscfionsl pert of 100 fest 

used in designating the location of a point on a 

survey Iina as .4 + 47.2,” meening 47.2 feet 

beyond SIalion No. 4 or U7.2 feel fmm the 

inkiil point, measured along e specified line. 

See also plus ●tetlon.

I 

plus polnt~ inWmadiite point on a 

travar’xa area bcalad & 8 plus didarca from 

the begirming cd the coume. 

phIS sight-sea backslght. 

plus atatiort-An infermadiite point on a 

traverse, not et en even tape length distance 

horn the initial point. See elm pfrm dlatance; 

taping station. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Point Podtlonlng Deta Baas (PPDS> 

sets of geodefbalfy cordmllad photographs and 

acxmrnpanying dsta Ihsi emble trained 

pa=nnel using appmpriah hardware end 

software 10 derfve precise coordinates for any 

feature identifiable within the PPDB. 

point ●nomdy—lhe value of the grevity 

anomety at a epactfii Iocat”kxr es obaarvad or 

predbfad. 

point bas.-A manuscript titch conieins 

redml centers, picture p@nfs, peas points. 

mnfrel mints. and lie mints fmm the 

photog~phe used in the mdiel vienguletion 

tiettiod. ”--”’ ‘“” ‘ “’ “ “ ‘ 

point taature-An objet! whose Iocalien can 

be described by a tingle eel of coordhstee. 

point mrsrk@r-A device used for idenlifykrg 

@rfs on deitiv= by either meting e snwll 

hole in the emufeiin or meting a small ring 

emund the dafeil point itself Also celled snap 

marker. See also point-transfer dovlca. 

point of catilnty-in a simple two-point 

infereecfion problem, thet poinI where the two 

intersecting ray6 cross end Ihe polnf is 

mnfi~ by the intersection of e thitd or check 

raY Pfsemg through the earns point. 

pohtt of compound curvature (PCC)- 

The point on a line survey where e circ.uler curve 

of one radius is tangent to a circular curve of e 

different radius, both curvee lying on the seine 

aide of their ccmwnon tangent. 

polrrt of contact—Any level trurfece abng e 

tannin pmfib recorder (TPR) flight line fhrrf can 

tra flown over both before and after the 

chenglng or adjustment of a TPR positional 

camera magazine, a chart roll, or a recading 

pen. 

194 

point of curveturo (PC)-Thtr point in a line 

survey where e tengerd ends and e circuler 

cuwe bagkra. See ●lso Point of tangancy. 

point of cuep-Tha poinl of tengencf of two 

curves, the direction d tha tienabn d said 

Curvaa being of Lqpoailo aim Such se the 

vertaxd aYofareilrucd frecJr orepoint on the 

*of n corwex—a2mav elana. hbyatsoba 

applied to the pint d fsmgency d a straight line 

and a curve where the duectbn of axtenaicm of 

the iii and curve are d oppeaite dgn. 

point of InflectIon-The point at whch e 

reversal d dkection d curvature telree @ace. 

pohrt of Irsteraactlon (Pl~The point where 

thetwotangents dacimuiercuwe maat. Abo 

celfed VOrtOX Of cUW*. 

point of orlgln-See Inltlal point. 

point of revoree curveturo (PRC+The 

point of tangency common to two curves, the 

curves lying on the cpposile side of the 

common Irmgcmt. 

polrrt of aymm@r’y-The point in the focal 

plsne of e cemere aboul whiih all lens 

distortions are symmetrical. If the lens were 

perfectly mounted, lhe poin! of symmetry weuld 

coincide wilh the prkipal point. 

point of tang.ncy (PT)-The point in a fine 

euway w%we e circular cuwe ends and a 

tangent begins. The point of terr~ncy and point 

of curve ara both points of tangeney, their 

dtierenf daaignelione being determined try the 

direction of pmgmss along the fine; the point of 

curvature & reeched first. 

point of vorflcal curve (PVC)--The point of 

chenge hom a line of uniferrn dops to a vertical 

cuwe. 

point of var’ficd Intaroactlon (PVl)-The 

point c4 intereactlon d two lines, each having 

different uniform slopes. 

point of vertical tangent (PVT)-The point 

of chenga from a vertical curve to a line of 

uniform elope. 

pohtt podtlon deta (PPD)-The collective 

resuh of an anelytbl triangulation effort thet 

provides evaluated geodetic poaifbns c4

*toidemifbbkr ground pokrte of raaeau 

wwwacfims. Theaa podtkms are ttre raautfd 

en evaluated adjustment 04 the points to a 

apacifii ffu3fhamatical surface and era 

ew- in tame d Mfde, kmgiiude, 

sievetiin, and poailionel accuracy for aech 

point. 

potnt poaftlonlng-(surveying) The proceee 

cd aafablishhg indapedant survey fmaitii. 

See also shorl ●m; short ●rc gaodatk 

adjustment; translocs!lon. 

point poaltiorr-(Doppler) The geocentric or 

geodetic podfiin c4 a point determined from 

satellite tracking date by a Dof#ar receiver and 

the sefefiiie(s) aphemeridas. 

point the lnatrument-Turning the survey 

instrument to where the cross hske (verttil, 

Irorizorrtel, or both) are aaurefety aligned with 

the tsrgei. 

point-decignetlon grid-(JCS) A system of 

lines having no relelicn to the sctual acele or 

orienfeiion, drawn on e mep, chsrf, or air (aerief) 

ohotoarach diviilna if into saueres co the! 

“r. . 

point-matching mathod-(rectifiilion) The 

techn”que d ufiiiuing en eutofocus rectifier for tiff 

removel by the menuel matching of projected 

image points 10 hose pbtted in their correct 

horizorrfel posifiin on a film templef. 

point-tranafor davlca-A stereoscopic 

imlnmrrant ueed to make corresponding image 

points on overtopping photographs. Also celled 

tranmwfbor. See also point marker. 

polntor-(digitel) The eddrsss cd e record or 

ohsr dete gro~ings contained in another 

record. 

polntlng ●ccuracy—The exectneas, in 

surveying or photogremmetry, with whmh the 

line of eight or flcding merk cen be directed 

toward a tergef or imege point. 

polntlng arrora-Errors whch reflect the 

accuracy with whiih the flcating msrk d e 

sferaoplotfing aysfam csn be located on a sherp 

model point. ~eea errors gerrarelfy folbw a 

more or leas random dkfribufiin but chew a 

, 

MIL-HDBK-B50 

aysfenmtic trend with progreaelve wwfring time 

on fha instrument due to eye fatigue and its 

affect on ateraOaec@c parceF4”m. 

pointing llna---sea Ilno of oollimatlom. 

pointlrr~lm (menaurafii) Pfacing the reticle 

orindex markdap+sdakn rnaafaairlg 

inslrurns~. b es ● carpanstor, wiffdn the 

aymmatrrod oentaroroarter dgrsvityd ●poinf 

being meaewed to ds4errnirra its position 

ralettve to the position d other points in some 

system d mrdinsfas. 2. (aler eocompibtiin) A 

geneml term appfied to the movement of the 

tracing table d a elereopbtfing instrument to 

apecifii conbd ar#or picture pdris on the 

datum during orientation d n ctemorrrodal. 9. 

See lint of sight, definition 2. 

point—A positiin on a reference system 

detemrined by a survey. See elso 

amphldromb point; anglo point; ●nnex 

point: antlsolar point; ●strogravlmatrlc 

points; cardlnel points; check point; 

control point: datum point: datall 

points; distant points; fix: lm*90 POlnC 

Initial point; Intercardlnol point; mep 

..&nis crm br.. more reedily Icceied.%... .~, . . ., ,polnt;. “middle point; nodal” point; 

orientation polnc pass point: plus pdnt; 

point-in-polygon—A geographic information prlnclpal point; sublunar point: 

system (G IS) routine whk=h 8ssss.%s whether a subaatellite point; subsolar pointi 

fminf falls within e polygon. 

eubstollar point; tle polrrt; turning polrrt; 

wing point; witness point. 

195 

polar axia-The primery axis d diractien in ● 

system of pofar or spherid cmrdhatw.. 

polar bearing-in a system of paler or 

ephericsl coordinates, the angle formed by the 

intersection of the referenca meridiind plane 

end the meridmnal plene containing the point. 

polar chert-1. A charl of pobr areas. 2. A 

chart on e poiar projection. The prelections most 

usd for pdsr chsrls ere the grrornenic, 

stereographic, azimulhsl equidistsnl, trensveree 

Mercator, and nwdifi.sd t.ambert conformel. 

polar clrcla-Eifhar the Arctic Circle (north 

polsr circie) or the Anlercfic Circle (souih polar 

circle) . 

polar coordlnatee-(JCS) 1. Coordirmtas 

derived from Iha distance and smguler 

measurements from a fued point (pole). 2. in 

artillery and neval gunfire aupporl, the direction, 

d=lanca, and vertiil cmrrectiorr from the 

observer/spotter position to the target.

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

polar diamotor-Tha dmnvster of the Earth 

between the poles. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

polar dlstanoa-ltrrgular distance from a 

ceisatiml pole; the arc of an hour circle between 

e os4eatisl pele, usually the atavatsd pole, arrd a 

point on Iha oefeetial @am, maasumd fmm 

the cslastisl @s though ltW. Ses also 

codecllrmtlon. 

Polsr grtd+l grid system utifizod for aerial 

nsvigstiin bt tha pofar regbns. It cOnsi@s of a 

r@CISIWdW grid wfth X- end y-axes aligned with 

tha W—lSO” and the 90”E-sooW msridians 

respectively. When plotted on a tmmvarea 

Mat’cater map pmjactkxr of the pebr ragions, ff 

represents a system of transversal nraridiins 

ard persUats whoes plea era at the 

intersections of the Equator errd the 0“—1 80” 

meridian. 

II polar map projection-A map pmjacfion 

wnlered on * pole, 

I 

I 

I 

L 

polar motion-Sea wwlation of the pole. 

polar orbit-An Earth satelfiie orbit thst has 

an incfinsticm of about 90” and, harm, passes 

over tha Earth’s poles. 

polar orthographic map projection-A 

-P P(@*ti hs~ing the plane of the 

propctm parpandculsr to the axis of rotation of 

the Earth fpsrallel with the pfana d !he 

Equator); in this pmjaction, the geographic 

psrsllals era full circles, true to smle, arrd the 

gsogrsphii maridiins am straight lima. 

polar planimeter-An instrument wad in 

rnaaauring eraas fmm a drawing. The 

instrument rota!as about e pla, harce its 

nama. 

polar mdius-l%a mdiua of the Earth 

maasurad abng Its axis of mfatiin. 

polar Satelltte-fmy sstelfiie thal passes over 

the north arxf south pales ef the Earth: i.e., one 

that has an incfimstion of about 9W with respscf 

to the EartNs Equator. 

polar ●tarsogmphlc mep projection- A 

stereographic pmjactiort having the center of the 

projsdkan bcetad et a pofa of ths sphere. 

Polarls correction-A correction to be 

196 

eppfied to the observed Sltiilxie of PolSris 10 

*sin the Iatitda. 

Polarls-Tha aacsmd-msgnituds dsr, Alpha, in 

the oomsteltatibrr Ursa Mii (Littte -r). Abo 

celled Nofih Stm polestar. 

polarlsstion flftar-Any of the manufactured 

plestii tbars Wfictr plane pelsrizes Ordinery fiiht 

when i passes tfrougfr the fi~er. Ueuefly 

idetrtifii ty e trade rumta. 

polarl~tlo~optics) Ths act or pmcaas 

modfyrng tfght in such ● way that ths vkwatii 

ara restrktsd to ● eingle plane, Acourdhg to the 

wave theory, ordinmy (urpotarised) fiihf vibrstee 

In all planes perpandicutsr to the drdort of 

PmP8!@~0n. On passing thrwgh or contacting 

a#aru.m9nww4urn (==h=PokmXd ora Katr 

call) erdinsry tight becomes plane polstfzsd, that 

is, its vibrations am fiisd to a single plans, 

pcdastrodlat-A machenkal counter for 

determining the azimtnh and altitude of Polaris 

M eny time. 

pole of the Milky Way-The pole in the 

galactic system of coordinates, 

pOl-st=r—See Polaris. 

pole-1. Either of the two points of intersection 

of the surfece of a ~here or spheroid and ifs 

axis. 2. The origin of e system of polar 

coordinates. See alse ●verage terrestrial 

pole: cehsstlal pole; doprossed pola; 

ecliptic pols; slevatsd pole; flctltlous 

pole; galactlc pols; gaomsgrmtlc polo; 

magnetic pole; north geographical pole; 

north geomagnetic POIS; north magnetic 

polo; oblique PoI*; south geogrsphlos) 

pola; south geomagnetic polo; ●outh 

magnstlc polo; torrsstrlal polo: 

transverse pole. 

polhody-A chart depicting the motion of the 

terrastr”ml pole as a function of tires. See also 

varlatlon of the poles. 

polyart-A plastic based printing substrate with 

excellent wet strength. 

polychromo- See multicolor. 

polyconk chart-A chart on the polyconic 

map projection.

) 

I 

j,’ : 

polyconlc map projectlorr-A map 

Pro&tiin hsving the central geographic 

meridmn repasented by a etraight line, along 

wllibh ha Z+racirrg fw fines ‘gtlw 

gaegmpMi parallels LeWo&%%%%ths 

diatanoea bafwam the Psrofkriq the PSlldkk 

areraPmaantadbY arosofdrdea Which ammt 

corrwrdrio, bti wtreee centcsa lie a the fii.s 

repraeartting the central meridian, and wtuxe 

radii are datarrnirrad by the lengths of the 

efaments of oonee which ere tangent abng tha 

parellals. All meridians except the cantrel ones 

are cuvad. The projacfii is neither cotiormal 

nor equal area, b~ it has been widely used fc+ 

MSPS of srnafl areas beoauae of the ease wth 

wtriih k can be conafruoted. 

polygonlzatlorr-The process of connecting 

logathar Iinaar faatura information to form 

@ygona. 

polygon—Thematically common areas 

WW* of contiguous faces. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

polyhedrlc projection-A projection used for 

a farga-scale tcpgraphii map whereby a small 

quadrangle on the apha@d is proj=tad onto a ., 

plane trapezoid. Scale is made true ekhar on 

the central meridian or along the sides. 

PrJrre pr18i’n-A prism thst deviams the axis 

180° and inveris the image in the plane in whwh 

the reflection takes place. It may be descr!lmd 

as two nght-angla prisms cemented togathar. 

Porro-Koppe princfple-Tha principle 

applied in some photogremmetric instruments to 

eliminate the effect of canera-lens distortion. 

The phetographb poaifiie or negathve is 

observed through a lens or OPfkal system 

identkal in diatoriion charecteristbs to the 

camera objective whiih meda the eriginal 

exmarra. In effect, this mathd of obervatien 

isareverse we d the camera, with the feed 

ptane becoming the object whiih is imaged at 

infhify by parallel bundles of rays emerging from 

the lens. The chief ray et =h bundle assumes 

its oomact diractien, and the cme c4 rays is 

idetiid IO thet WIVXS vertex was the incident 

node of the camera lens et the instant of 

e-sure. The parallel bundles may be 

observed & msena d a bkeoc@o system 

focused at infirrfty and made rotatable ebeut the 

imldant node of the lens. This melhod of 

afimlnatlng lens dtiortbn Is utlfiied kr 

photogrammatric inatrumenls of both the 

monoacopk type, such as the photogoniomeler, 

197 

and the ate raoacc@typ usedfOr 

aferrseplotting. 

port plm--A spaciakpurpoaa large-scale map 

d a port ems showing piers, milrcd axtarrakma, 

repair fecilkiea, pild offii, cuatemheuaa, ad 

other a@oabfe norrnavi@enal Ieafur=. 

portsblo m.rtomrttlc tldo gs~A smell 

automatic tide gage, designed for use where e 

ahal series cd ebaarvationa is rracaaaary for the 

raduction of seundings 10 a cernrrmrr datum. 

posttlon angta-Sea parallactlc ●ngle, 

dafkrifii 1. 

poaftlon plottlng ahaat-A blank cheii, 

usually on the Mercator prejacfbn, ehewirrg only 

the graticule md a compass rose, so that fhe 

chari can be used for eny bngituda. Sea also 

universal plotting shoot. 

positional accurscy+mrtography) A term 

used in avalualirrg the evarall refiatrilii of the 

positions of cartegraphii features on a rrmp or 

charf relative to their true pcdtiin, or 10 an 

established standard. 

posltlonel camera photography- 

Photegraphy obtaind with e camera afigned 

with the TPR radar beam, uaad for correlation 

errd transfer of recerdad vertical data to the 

cartography photography. 

positional error-(cartography) Tha anmunt 

by wttiih e cartogmphe feature fails to agree 

with its true positkm. 

positioning camer~ camera used for 

cor-relation purposes in the airberne profk 

recorder system. It is mounted on the radar 

antenna arxt records the area illuminated by the 

radar beam. 

pmsltiorr-1. Data wh=h define the Ieurtbn of 

a point w~h ra~ 10 a reference system. 2. 

The place occuprad by a point m the eurfaoe.d 

the Earth or in apace. Abo oelled plaos. a. 

Ths 6Qmdinat8S which define the focden of a 

point on the geoid or spheroid. 4. A prescribed 

setting (reading) of the horizontal skcla d a 

direction thaodolita wfdih is to be used for the 

cbseryation on the initiil sfatkrn d a series of 

stations which are to be observed. Afao cafbd 

clrcfa posftion. See else ●djuatod 

position; apparent poaltlon; ●atrometrlc 

posltlon; ●stronomic poaltlon; c. f.stlal 

tlx; celastlal line of poaltlon; clrcla of

i 

posltlon; convergent posltlon; ●leotronlc 

Ilno of posltlon; fldd podtlort: fix: 

gsocorttric ststlon podtlon; goodetlc 

posttlon; googmphlc position; line of 

podtlon; mean poaltlon; point position; 

point pooitlonlng; pracls. Installation 

posltlon; prollmlna~ position; ml=tlvo 

podtlon; supplemental posltlon; 

transvores posltlon; true posltlon. 

podtlvo dtltude-Angutsr disttrnaa abeve 

the Irorixon. 

poaltlvo doflccfion ●tgla-See deflection 

●ngle. 

posltlvo forming--ln refief model making, 

forming over e posiftie mold. 

posftltm kms-A lens that converges a beam 

of parallel light rays 10a pdnt focus. Alw called 

converging lens; convex lens. 

podtlvo mold-The cast pulled from a 

negative mold when msking s relief medal. 

Posltlveln photography, an irnatye on film, 

plale or paper hsviig @proximsIe~ rhe same 

total rendilion of Iighl and shade es the original 

subject. 

potorrtlal dlsturbarrco-See disturbing 

potential, definition 1. 

potontlnl of dlsturblrrg msssws—See 

disturbing potsmtiol, definition 1. 

potontial of random maaoee—S ee 

disturbing potontlal, definition 1. 

potontlal-A scaler function, the gradient of 

vdiih resufts in a vector field. Use of the scalar 

function simplifies investigation and dmcription 

of the phenomenon considered. Used 

esfeneively for magnetic, grsvifalional, and 

gravity field investigations. In calastial 

mechenbs and geodesy, the negative of the 

potenlisl, sometimes called the force 

function, is usualty empbyad. Sea else 

dloturblng pcrtentlal; gravitational 

potontlel. 

power of ● Iono-%a dloptor; 

magnlflcetion. 

powor of teloscopa-fsurveying) The 

magnification of a telescope Men focused at 

MIL-HDBK-850 

198 

infinity. 

Pratt-Hayford theory of Ixoofaoy— A 

thaoty c& imstatk m~nmtiin whiih a=rnaa 

that every Iopogrephio excess or dsfed of mass 

is corrpanaatad by an equal and opposite 

dated or ascaaa, evenly dietrtbtstad knmadtalely 

babw If twfwesn grcund level or see Mfom 

faval ard a fmad de@h, called the depth of 

componoatlon, commonly 113.7 km. Alw 

called tormontlng dough theory. Sea also 

Airy theory of Ioostasy. 

Pra-Ship Readhroso Rovlow (PSR)-A 

review under the verification phase d DMA’tt 

modarniisdiorr pogrsm (DPS). PSR axarninae 

sagmanf fecfory tasting, planned tes4ing 

activities. and pmducfion canter readiness 10 

determine when to shp DPS equipment frem 

the mntrscfor to tha production centers, 

prwossion in declination—The component 

of general precession abng a celestial meridian, 

anmunting to abouf 2D.~Of arc par year. 

pracaxslorr In right sscenslon-The 

COMPOr@t of generel precession abng the 

celestial equator, amounting to aboui 46.1” of . . . . . 

arc par year. 

precession of tho aqulnoxes—The mnical 

motion of the Emth’s axis sbeuf the varfical to 

the plsne of the aclipt”c, caused by the ettractiie 

force of tha Sun, Moon, and other planets on 

the aqualarisl protuberance of the Earth. Sea 

also ganeral pracesalon. 

precosslon-Changs in the direction of the 

axis of rcrtslion 01 e spinning body, as a 

gyroscope, when acted upon by a torque. The 

direction of motkm d the axis is such that jr 

causes the dkacfion cd spin of the gymecopa to 

tend to coincide with Ihst of tha impressed 

torque. See also drl~ gertaral precesalon; 

plsnetory procsiaolon; toppls; topple 

axis; total drift. 

Proclss Bathymetric Navlgatlon Zone 

Charts (PBNZCs)-Charts depicting hlghfy 

detailed underwater topography in the form of 

bathymetrk curves. Detailed multibeamkwath 

bsthymatry allow s~merinas to precisely fu 

Iheir posltksre from bottom contour mstching. 

Also dlad Bathymetric Recovery Area 

Charts (BRACS). 

prsicloo ●phomerle+oordinatee and 

velocity of an artificial satellite, mmputsd for

I 

, . . a,. E.,- 

., . 

,. 

unifornr time interveb from data ac@md lrom a 

WOridwida treckklg nafwk The aphernaris is 

-Ed from ebaarvefims takan from merry 

statima spaced worMwide and adjusted 

logether ty feaa4 aqusma rrr&hods for 

rnasimum accuracy. Saa broadcast 

●phemerls; ●ph.merle; Navy Nevlgetlon 

Satelllto System. 

preclss Insfsllatlon position (PIP)- 

Gaodetis ODDrdiitaa of installation reference 

pcints raffading their maximum posa&Ja 

refinement by utifizing all intelligerwa sources 

snd qrtirmsm computer techniques of anafyfii 

eraa adjustment. 

preciaa leveling rod-A md used for precise 

Ievefing. Tha graduations are on an Inver rbbon 

whti is meintsii under constant tension and 

whiih, for all pmdical purpeaes, eliminates tha 

need for correcting br changes in length. Thase 

reds are usual~ graduslsd in whole end 

frecticmal meters. The bsck side of the md is 

gmduated in feet and tenlhs of feet. Also celled 

Inwsr Iov*ling rod; motor rod; Molltar 

preclae leveling rod; National Goodetb 

Survey first-order Iavollng rod. 

. .... . ..- .. . . . 

precise levcrl-An instrument designed 

spectiliy Im ebtaining presiae resutfs by dired 

IweJing leshniquas. 11is esaenlielty the same as 

an enginesr’s fevel except thst it contains 

micrometer esrews for more precise Ieveting of 

tha instrument end contains a prism 

arrangement wharaby tha level bubble san tm 

observed simuffenaously with the rod reading, 

precise radar ●lgnlflcent location 

(PRSL)-Tha horizontal and vertical values 

derived for a selecled ground feature that is 

radar aignifiinl. The ratum may be eithar 

positwe or nagative. 

Preclrilon Automatic Photogrammetrlc 

fntenmlometer System (PAPl)-Aulomatic 

intervabmeter utilizing radar in determining 

interval for desired aerial photography forward 

lap. 

preclslon sftlmeter—A sensitive anaroid 

bammater. In surveying, ff will prodwe rasuks 

eccurata 10 within a mater arty when the two. 

bass method fS =refUIfV SDDlbd. sea ebO tWObase 

method. - “ ‘ 

prdslon csmere-A relative term used to 

daslgnate eny camera capabfe of giving high 

resofufian and dimensbnal results of a high 

MIL-HDBK-850 

order of ==Jr=v. 

preslskwr depth rocordor+ davice which 

naoords eourrding inferrnet”m en electmaenait “we 

PSPCMfor depths up 10 6.GCXt fathcsna. H 

provides a trigger to the sonar and pertarrns a 

time measuring functbn. 

prsclslo*The cbeeneas with which ra@rded 

maaaummatis rrade under aimifer condifiins 

era grouped tog8ther. NOTE Precision k 

affeded anfy by the random armra in the 

MESSUriW Pmce=. Accuracy is affedad @ 

pr~isiin and unknewn andor ayatemetk errors. 

pmrfomlnsnt height-(JCS) In air 

ranna baanse, the haight of 51 peroent or 

rrmra of the structures wilhin an area of similar 

surfece materiel. 

preferred datum-A geedatic datum selected 

aa e bass for oorrsofidaticm d bcal independent 

daturna within a geographiil area. Abo atlfad 

major dstum. 

preferrad grid-l. The grid designated by 

DoD for prodtsXion cd new maps, charts, and 

dighal ~raphic data: and shown on the 

%dex to Prefarred Grid.% Datums, and 

Ellipsoids Specified for New Mapping.’ 2. The 

grid praferrad by DMA for production of new 

maps erd chsrts. 

ProllmlnaW Design Review (PDFt)-A 

raviaw sonducfed prior to commencing Ihe 

detailad design process 10 assure that fha 

appa.esh is feasible and sound from e design, 

davelapment, tesl, and adivakm point of view. 

prrrlimlnaW oditlon—See provlslonel 

crdltlon. 

preliminary OIevatlOn-An elavation arrived 

at in the offiie after tha index, Ieval, red, end 

tamparature camcfksns have been appfiad 10 

the &served diffarances of elevation and new 

elevations have been arrrputed. 

preliminary orlentstlon-An initial, rough 

orientattin of projecfers prier to ac=xnpfiihing 

retative ori.snlalion of a afareomodel. II is the 

appmxirnste krvefing and scaling o/ the 

instrument frame and projectors, based on the 

best aafirnefe d what hi utfirnete Orianfetians 

are esaumad to be. 

preliminary position—in Ihe adjustment of 

Iriangufetion, the term preliminary b epphad to 

99

gaographc positiina detfvad from aelwtad 

obeervalions for use in forming istflude ard 

bngitudrt oortdiiion squat”b.s. 

prollmhwtry surtmy-llre collection of survey 

data on #tiih to bees studies for a propeaed 

projesf. Sea clso mconrtalssetrco survey. 

preliminary trhttgfo-in the adjustment of 

lriengukstion, the term pmflmlna~ is epphed 

to trianglas derived from eabcfad observations 

for u= in forming latitude and longitude 

cenditiorr equations. 

praflmlnary-Not of the desired ascuracy and 

praoisiin, end ed@ed fer te~ery use with 

the provieo d later bektg eupemadad. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

prOproaoscing-Prelirninery transformation cd 

raw data required to facilitate furlher 

cerfegraphic prcsmeeing. 

pmpunch ragfttter ayetem—A melhed in 

whiih a system of precisefy located holes are 

punshed m the margins of msp or chsrl 

meterisde (swh ss films, vinyls, etc.) p+er to lhsiI 

sctusl use. Exact register of msterials cen be 

=~khad by piecing regisrer studs (smell 

plsstiz or metal pins) through the holes, thereby 

sssuring exact regisler of detail. See also 

reglstar merke. 

prescribed grid-The grid that is Iccally 

prescribed by the,counlry of cvigin of mifitsry 

commander. 

Presentation Manager-A graphical user 

inletiace devebpad by IBM for U% with the 

0S/2 operating system. 

press plat.-See plate. 

prose prrxrf-A fiihogrsphed impression Ieken 

from arrmmt the first cooies run en the Dress 

ard used f;r checking tirpeiws. Also ~bd 

press pull. 

press pull-See prsies proof. 

preesum ●ltlmotar-See barometric 

eltlmotor. 

preewsre dtitud~JCS) An atrnespherii 

prasure, expressed in terms of ellitude which 

corresponds lo that pressure In the standard 

atmosphere. See alw ●ltftuda. 

m. 

do 

presmtm gage-A tkfe gege that is operated 

8[ the bottom of the body of water being gaged 

ard * rasorde tidal height cknges by the 

dtierance in pressure due to the rise and tell of 

the tide. 

primety bench msrk-A bench meh does to 

a tide station to wlii the tide staff and tidal 

dstum origimlty - referanoed. 

prfmary body-The ceiestisl body or centrel 

fwse field aboul wh~h a eateltiie or other body 

orbits, or fmm whii if is esoaping, or fewards 

whiih it b falting. Also oetled prlmery. 

pdmery circle-See prfmary great circle. 

primary OomplletlOn-A speciaily prepared 

mstte pfsstii materisl usad to depicl sounding 

data corrected 10 true depths in bathymetric 

compilations. 

prlmery great clrola-A great circle used as 

the origin of measurement of a ceordinste: 

perliculsrfy such e circle 90° from the poles cd a 

system of spherical coordinates, as the Equstor. 

Also celled furrriemental circle: prlrna~: , -. 

circle. 

prlmery grid-The major, or principal grid on 

msp or cherf. 

prlmery key-A key that uniquefy identifies e 

row 04 data in a dsta base. 

primary row-A single row of attribute deta 

eeseciated with e simple feature. 

primary ●tatlon-See main scheme 

atatlon. 

primary tide atatlo*A place at which 

mntinuous tide obsewaticme are made over a 

number of yeers to cbtein beAc tiial data for 

the Iecalify. 

prlmery—See primary body. 

prime flctltlous merldlan—The reference 

meridmn (real or fditious) uesd an the erigin for 

maesuremant of ftctitieus Iortgiiude. 

prime grid meridian—The reference 

meridian of e grid. In polar regions if is usually 

the 1S0”4” gaogrephic meriden, used aa the 

origin for measuring grid bngifude.

1 

! 

prim. lnvotso morldiar+%e prlmo 

tmrrsvorso morldlrsn. 

prfms morldhwr-T)re meridian of longitude 

O“, used as the origin for measuremeri of 

bngifude. The meridiin of Greenwich, Englsnd, 

is dmcsf urrhrarsd~ U* for th~ puqmae. 

prtms oblique merldlan-The refereme 

ftiiliws maridii d an oblique grdiculs. 

prime tmrmveree merldlan-The reference 

meridiin ef e tranavema gmticufe. Also celled 

prlmo Irrversa merldlen. 

prima vettfcel clrcfe-lhe vertical circle 

through the east end west peirrfs of the horizon. 

fr may be trua, msgrmtic, carqx?ee, or grid, 

depandng -n wlich east or west points ere 

involved. Also csllad prime vartlcsl. 

prim- vorflcal plan%The plane 

perpendicular to tlw meridiin plene (astronomic 

or geodetic) ccmtaining the normel. The 

irrfemacfions of the ssfrenomic prima vertkal 

plena with ha horizon ere the east and west 

. . .. . . .. . . - peints, --Also called east point. - 

prlmo vertical-See prime vertical circle. 

prlmltiva-(digilal mepping) The bwest level of 

attribution. 

principal axla—See opticsl axis, 

principal dlutance-1. The perpendicular 

d~ance hem the infernal pampacttie center 10 

the P&ne d a particutsr finished negstive or 

print. This dislance is equal to the celibratad 

f-l length nxmctsd for bolh the enkrrgemen! 

or mducliin ratio ard the film or psper 

shrinkage or expension. h maintains the seine 

perspective sngles at the internal perspective 

center 10 @nts on the finished rregetive or print, 

as existed in the taking camem at the moment 

d exposure. Thii is a geometrical p~erfy of 

each psrtiiuler finished nagstive or prfrrt. Also 

celled ●ffactlvo focal length. 2. (multiplex) 

The Paqmndicubr distence horn the intemel 

PamPacfke canter of the projector lens to the 

pfsne of the emulsion side of the dispositive. 

prlnclpal fOcuO—See focus. 

MI L-HDBK-850 

principal point and the rwdir pint). 

prfncipal morldla%l. The mandian 

esiendad from an initiel point, w which 

mguler querferquarter aacfbn, section, end 

kxvn.ship corners have bean or are to be 

aafabliahad. See also ●ssxillary gulds 

meridian: guide merldlan. 2. 

(pFratogmmmatry) Saa prfnclpal point. 

prfnclpsl parallal-(JCS) On an obfiqua 

phologmph, a line p+rrsllel lo the true horizon 

and passing through Ihe ptirwipal point. 

principal planet*The larger bodes 

revolving about the Sun in needy circular crrbifs. 

The fmevm principal planets, in order of their 

d~:ance from the Sun, are: Mercury, Vanus, 

Estth, Mars, Jupiter, Ssturn, Uranus, Neptune, 

end Plulo. 

principal plane-1. (JCS) (photogremmetry) 

A vertical plsne whii contains the principsl 

point of an cbiique pfretogrsph, the perapacWe 

center of the Isns, and the ground nadk. 2. 

(optics) A plane through a prfncipsl point end 

perpendiiukw to the optical sxis. see also axis 

of homology; axis of tilt; ground 

parallel; ground trace; horizon trtrce; 

Isometric parallel; line of constant 

scale; line of equsl scale: photograph 

merldlan; photograph psratlel; principal 

line; principal meridian; prlnclpal 

parallel: vanlsrhlng Ilne; vanishing point. 

prfnclpal point-f. (JCS) (phetegrammetry) 

The feet of the mwoendicular to the photo Plene 

through the fxr-ie canter. Gen6mlly 

determined by intereectkm of the lines joining 

OpPOsite Coftimating or f~ucisl rnsrks. [If the 

fiducisl merks are not visible on tha photograph, 

the principal pain! may be found by drswing 

d-gonals between opposite c=xnera w by 

messuring one-hslf the distance elong each 

side of the photegrsph and rxmnecfing these 

rnsdre in the sema menner ee fiduciel merks, er 

by resaau merks.] Also called indicated 

prlnclpel pohrt. See elm photograph 

center. 2. (calibrated) The canter d mdial lens 

distortion, usually givan es x- and y- dislancas 

from indicated principsl p3int. 

prlnclpal scale-(JCS) In cartography, the 

scale of a reduced or genarsting globe 

representing the sphere or epharoid defined by 

the fractional relation of their respective mdii. 

PrhtCIPal llna-The tmce of the PrinciPal Plane AIsO CaII~ nominal ●cala. sw also SCOl~. 

upon e photograph (e.g., the hne through the 

201

prlrrclpd 8tatlon-See main schema 

station. 

princlpd vorflcai circla-l%e veti”=l circle 

through the north and rmulh points of the 

horixon, ccirrcidmg whh the celestial meridiin. 

prlnclprd veMcal-(JCS) On an oblique 

photograph, a line psrperrdiiulsr to the trua 

horizon and passing through lha principal point. 

prlrrclpd-dlst~nco ●rror-in a stereepletting 

system, an instmrrwmt error resulting from 

iW~r ~lamtbn d the aeriel csmere, 

diie printer, er pmjactw. The error is d 

I little impcxtance in a flat autfa~ ~~ ~ the 

I 

I 

MIL-HDBK-850 

effects era incrassd 

the model. 

in prcportien to the relief in 

prirrclpal-point assumption-lhe 

asaurnptkm with respect to appmxirnstefy 

vatiical DMefysfis tfwt radiil directiane are 

cmract fi *U* fmm the principsl peint. 

principal-point ●rror-A personal error in 

wfrich the principal peints in a stereoplotting 

+ystem are dspbced in such e rrrsnner that 

they have unsqusl x componems with a 

resultant error in vert”~l acsla. Such ermffi are 

ususliy irrfrcducad into the system by either 

irrrpmper ~“entstbn of the d~pcsitwe plste in 

ths printer, in the prejecror, or both. 

prlnclpal-polrrt radial-A radml from the 

principal pekrt of a photograph. 

prlrrclpal-point triangulation—See radial 


print-A photogrsphw copy msda by projacrion 

or contact printing from a nagative or 

transparency. See 81s0 contact print: 

dlapoaitlvc; ●nlargomsnt: matto print: 

photographic raductlon; pro]ectlon print; 

ratio print; rtrctlfled print; transformed 

print. 

prlamatlc ●strelaba-An astrolabe consisting 

of a telsacope in e horizontal position, with a 

prism and arfifiiisl horizon ❑ttached at its 

objective end, uaad for detemnining astronomic 

positions. 

prlamstlc compaae-A small msgnetic 

~v* h?kf in the .harrd whwn in u6e ad 

aqwppad wffh psep.wghls and glass prism no 

202 

arranged that ths rrqrnatic bearing or sximuth 

of a lie can be resd at ths same tima that the 

Iina is Sightad over. 

prlarnatlc ●rror-lhef error due 10 lack of 

persflelbm d the two faces of an optical 

eJenrerrt. erMresa mhrorora .shsdagle se. 

prtarn-A transparent body bounded in pt by 

* pkm!3 faces thst ara rmt Pruwlbh used to 

deviate or dbparaa 8 bsenr of light. S8s also 

dova prlam; horizon prlarn lndax prism; 

Porro prlam; roflecthrg prism; refracting 

prism; ratrodlroetlve prism; rhomboidal 

prism; right-engle prlam; roof prtnm: 

wedge. 

Probeblllstlc Vertical Obatructlon Date 

(PVOD~ file whd cOrnbineC M6kjUd 

dansify functiens with discrete varticsl 

ebstructien dsta extrscted f~m v~~l 

Ohtruction Data (VOD), Digital Festure Anefyais 

Dats (DFAD), the DhAA Digital Verticsl 

Obstruct”on t% (DVOF), Powerfh Data, and 

intelligence dstsbssss. PVOD provides cruias 

missile and aircrsft missien plannsra verticsl 

obstruction inferrnatien which csn be used to 

rnmpule probability. el mission ~ss, set 

mean cbsrsnce heights, ad plan mission 

mules. PVOD is the repbcement product for 

VOD. 

probability hrterval—See confidmce 

interval. 

probable swror—1. In B measured valua, if is 

the moat probable value of the resultant error in 

the measurement. This is a plus or minus 

qusrrtity thst may be Iargar than lha resutranl 

armr or srnallar than the reeuftant arrcr, and ifa 

prc&3bility of bahg larger k squat to its 

prebsbifiiy of being smaller. 2. The 50 parcent 

error interval based on the bwariate normal 

distribution function. 

procosa camera—Sea copy camara. 

process color prlnlln~lithography) A 

Iechn”que tor the reprcductien of a subjsct or 

chsfl in full cetor rendifiin, by cerrrbining tones 

ef the primsry cobrs, (yelbw, msgtmta, cyan) 

and bbck. Sea also procaaa plates. 

procasa lerre-A lens for photechemical 

~pyln9$ enIar9in9$ or projsct~n pumcaea, free 

fmm aberratbns, usually of low aparfure and of 

eymmatrid cunafruclion.

. . . 

procoas photography-Lina end halftone 

photography m wfdch the rasufting negstive.s 

amf positiies are subsequently ustxl in the 

PrafMreibn d press p4slss. 

Procoaa Platm-Twr or - color press 

pfstes corririiad to prmtuse dhar mfors and 

shadea. sea also color plate; combination 

pfate; promaa color prlntlng. 

Product Gonoratlon Sogmmnt (PWS)-A 

segment sit DMA% DPS wfich witl ~vida the 

cepstidity to generate tath d~itsl producfa and 

reproducible msteriafa for hsrd mpy tips and 

charis. By utilizing digitizing cspabiiii= and 

graphc werkdafione, the segment wift provide 

for mllasfion of MC&G data fmm esicfing hard 

% 9rCPhii including maps, charts, and 

manuscripts. During product generation, the 

segment will esiracf e.pprqrriate dela fmm the 

MARK 90 MC&G databaae 10 ganarata required 

products. In producing cobr ~ratea for 

graphic products, PG/S will mnvarf the d~ital 

data to grspMc ayrnbols, gmaraliie and 

diapLemr graphii symbets, perform mbr 

separation, and ganarate ths reproducible mpy, 

See ,alm 

Sy8t*m. 

MARK 90; Dlgltsl Production 

product data-Data thet is either collected in 

a W~c PmdUti b’~ or data which is derivsd 

from rrsutral date for a sfmciri appiiiikm. 

Production Management Segment 

(PM/S)-Segmsnt of DMA’a DPS wh~h will 

irsmrpxale the MARK SS Data Integratim 

%gmant to provide e total pmdusfim planning 

and mansgamarrt capabil~ using the MARK 90 

prodtiim prmeases. This aagment will 

perform requirements, definition, long-range 

planning, pmgrsm development, prmfuction 

sshaduting, and status mportirrg. See et= 

MARK SO; Digital Production System. 

proftla tavdlng—The determination of 

elevat’kmts of peints at shod m-urad intervals 

a~ng a definitely bested line, such ae the 

center tine of e highway. 

profile-1. A vertical sacfii et the surface of 

the Oround, er of urrdarfyiig streta, w both, 

abng my faad line. 2. Ekrvatbn of the termin 

abng coma definifa tine. Elevations are 

measured al a etilcianf nun-bar of points to 

enable dafining the configuration of the ground 

surface. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Z03 

Progremmere Hlarerchlcal Intemctlve 

GraphJcs Systam (PHIGS)--An ANSI 

stsrsimd wiich pMViCbS S sat d hmclkwrs for 

rrmdifiition d graphii &ta and the 

mlatii between the graphical dsta; and 

the dethitti, diapby, 8ild rnafifiibrr d 

gsomatridty related objsds, and two and three 

dmensionrd grsphicel data. See efao Grephlc 

Kernal Syetem. 

progress dratch-A msp or sketch showing 

work accorrptiied. In triangulation and tmverae 

surveys, sash poird as@khad is shown on the 

pmgrass skafsh, snd at= Iii obsarvad ovar 

and base fines measured. In a Ievahg survey, 

the program sketch shows the rode foflowwd 

and Iha towns pasaad through, but not 

necesssrity the tmatierra of the bench rnarfse. 

prograeslv. motio~tion in an orbit in 

the usual orbifsl diraclicn of calaatial bedims 

within e givan system. Specifiialty, motion of a 

mteliiie in the sema dkacfion to the direction of 

the primary. Oppoaife of ratrogrado motion. 

progrocshm proote-A aerbs of coler prints 

thst chow the irrdividuslfy Sewatad mbr .. ...7... 

printings of a jcb and th&ir p&as#ve 

combinations as each mbr is overprinted. 

projected map di8plsy (PMD)-An inftight 

navigstien ekt which uses e continuous sdor or 

btsck-and-whiie sprocksted filmstr~ amteining 

chsrt imagery, pojaded on a dqlay device md 

driven by the ainxsff’s cm?qniter. The eircraff% 

position is dispisyad with correlated chart imsge 

10 show bcation and direstim aduslty bekrg 

flown. 

projection compufatlon-The 

determination, from a aef of tabfes derfvad trorn 

formulss~ of the true shspe end dimanabrrs of e 

MSP Pml=tkm, for ths purpoas of constructing 

such e projection. See atse grfd 

computation. 

projoctlon dlstanc-lhe disterrce from the 

exlerml node of a prqecticm lens to the ptsns 

onto whiih the imege is pmjeded. 

projection gonerntlon-lhe transforrnsllon 

of a spherical surfeca, aush as lha aarth, to a 

plane surface. Regsrdlese d the trarrsforrnet”m 

methcd, Wrare is elwsya some dbfortbn in the 

plarra view. 

projection printer—An optical device for

enferging w reducing the Lmage C4 a negalfve or 

~~:$~:~ by Wasting if onto a 

projection print-(JCS) An enfargad or 

reduced photographic print made by projactiin 

of the image d a nagafive or a transparency 

onto e aansiliiad SIeiece. 

projection tablaa-oela made evaifeble in 

tabutar fomr far determining a definfle 

rebst”bnsIip wttii exists befwwn any grid 

intersection and arry edjaoant infarawtien d 

falituda and kngifude fbrw on the map 

projection. 

projactlon tkka and eroaaee-licks 

fMIPCI~KIJCU tO and inside the nastlino of a 

-P @c~ tO indi=te points threugh whkh 

parallels end maridans wou!d pass if they had 

bean extended. Small cross MS* indiitrr 

where the lines inlerswf within the map. 

MI L-HDBK-850 

projection transforrnatlon-The process of 

changing fmm one map prajacfiin to another 

MSP pmj~iOn. Tranaforrmticms may involve 

chang= in aquatkma, eltiiaeids, scale factors, 

cone cerrstanls,. elendard iin~,. aaandard ,, ~. 

parallels, origkrs, central meridians, etc. 

pl’o]actlon-l. (geometry) The axtension of 

lines or planes to Interaecl a given surface the 

transfer of a point from one surface to a 

corresponding poaitiin on another surface by 

greph~l or aneF@al metfrads. SW afee map 

prolwtlon. 2. (photography) Tha process of 

placing a negative or posffive photograph in a 

projecting camara and r~roducing ha image 

on a acraan ar on e sensitized photographic 

medium. 3. (surveying) The astansion of a fine 

beyond the paints wtrish determine its charscfer 

and pesitiin. The transfer cd a series of survey 

Iinas to a single thaeretkal fine by a series of 

fines Pwpandiiuler to the thaorafkal fine. In 

surveying a travarsa, a earirrs et rnawumd shod 

lines may be projected onto a singla kng fine, 

connecting two main eurvey stations, and the 

m lirrs is than treetad ae a measured tine of 

the treveree. See also prolongation. 

projector station—The pesifion of a projesfor 

unit of a steraopfoffar tien absolute orientation 

hea been aooompliehad. This poeifiin recreates 

the concliiiorts existing et the corresponding 

camera efaliorr et the instant of exposura. 

pro)actor-An optical instrument tilch throws 

the image ot e negetive or print upon a ecraen 

204 

or ofher viewing surface, ueuaffy at a larger 

asala. Sea alwr rotfwtlng projador. 

prolata Wpsold ot rotatlo~ae prolato 

spharold. 

prolate spheroid-An ellipsoid of rdation 

efongtha rnajorexie, wtrldrieafongtha arrieot 

sarfh rotation. Al@ celled prolate ●lilpaold of 

rotation. 

prolongation-in eurveyfng, .9 fine is 

prafanged when the faa wgment d the 

au~ay@d fine is mtanded fn the sap-m dimdorr 

as the segment lteeM. A pmkngatbn of a curva 

under such a datirWorr of exlersskn would be a 

lime tangent to the cwve et the pdnf of 

exfansian, although the term frequently is usad 

to mean a continuation along the curvature of 

the curve. 

prOOflng-Tha oparaticrn et pulfing proefs of 

pfetas for proofreading, revising, approval, and 

other purpce.w prior to pnxtustiorr printing. 

proOf-A trial print, produced by any mathsd, 

for examination or aditing, 10 be marked for 

naceseay carmctbns or a~rwal. Sw elso 

color composite; color proof; color proof 

process; composite; tlnal compoalta; 

gaflay proof;” hand proofi OK shaat; 

press proof: progreaahro proo?a: 

proofing. 

proper motion-That oompenant of the 

space mation of a celestial bedy parpendicul.sr 

to the line of sight. rasuffing in the change of a 

star’s apparent pcraitien relative to a soordinata 

system such as right aewrrakr. and declination. 

This change is axprasaed as a vefoolfy, suoh as 

seconds of arc par century. 

propo~y map—See cadastral map. 

proparty ●urvay—See land survey. 

proportlonato maasuramant—A 

maasurament that appfias an aven d=tributiin 

of a dstarmined excess or defiiierq of 

measurement, ascertained by retracement of an 

established fine, to provide concordant reletiwrs 

between all parts. See alae doublo 

proportionate moaaurament; shrglo 

proportionate measurement. 

prototypa—See ●xperlmentel map; pilot 

sheet.

protrlslonal ediflort-A map or chart printad 

and dsvbutad for krpomry use with the 

fxwiao Ihrd it Wil letw be Superseded h 

died prollmina~ adftlon. 

proviolond map-Any nonoffiiisl map, 

pheto, or other material which is used as a map. 

H mey vary from a hlghfy accurate captured 

enemy map, which has not bean sanctioned for 

uaa, to a hsatify made dmwfng or sketch. n is 

uaudfy a hsstify made lie map bsaed on eerial 

phofogmphs, used as a map aubstifule. 

pmxlmlty wtelyaia-Analytical !echnqu.s 

used to dalemrina the reletiontip bahvaan a 

qxrcified point and its naigFbcva. 

pmxlmlfy aaerch-h analytical procedure 10 

identify occurrences of pradefined data 

efemants in the neighborhecd of a Aected 

fmint. 

proxlmlty-A measure of closeness to a 

specified point es dafined by a user. 

paaudoscoplc stereo-A three-dimensional 

impfe~~n, d, m~~f Wftkh k the reverse of that 

actuslly ex=tmg hen Ihe posiliins of a stereo 

pair of photographs are interchanged. Also 

called inverted stereo: reverse stereo. 

See also false stereo. 

publication acele-See raproductlon 

scale. 

Pulkovo 1942 datum-The geodetic datum 

defined et Pulkovo Observatory, U.S.S.R. using 

the Kraaevsky ellipseid. 

pull up-sac selectlon overlay. 

pulso Oopplar mep matching (POMM)— 

An image rrdching sonc+ employing a pulse 

Ooppfar mapping tachnque to locate three 

preselected unique edges within the terrain 

scerra viewed prior to reanlry of the vehicle. 

Edges are defined by differeffiw in mder 

reflectance. Range and mnge rate data are 

ob4einad from a small elemental area of the 

ten’sin lllumitWed by the antenna beam apet 

durfrrg a fbt action. A rangdmnge rate map of 

the spot area is then oc.rrehxted agsins! a 

reference map of the particular edge to provide 

e range end vefocii update to the onbesrd 

vahcle Inertisl measurement unit (IMU). Three 

such aucceasive fm corretat’kms are exacufed 10 

enable a trilatem!ion eolution of the vehcla’s 

MI L-HDBK-850 

205 

peeifiin relative to the farga+ scans by the 

aanaor’a cxunpufer. Tharafore, the IMU can 

cakxfete a cxwracftie manawar prior to }@Cf. 

PYfJmY meter—A small cup ~ currant mater 

tor usa in totv vabchy maaxwwnarrte m afmflow 

StM8MS. ~b M8t= & llsad in ~jUtlCtiOfl with 

wsding rode onfy. 

Pythagorean right-englo lnvarsor— A 

a@fe dfrvic8 whiih provides a nrachankal 

selutien for tinner end angular alemenfs of 

mcfifiition, thus parrnifthg any enfargar to be 

msda autofocusing provided nagetkva, lane, and 

aaaal pfenaa era psmtld. 

PZS trlangla-see ●etronomlc triangle. 

,. ..., ... . . . ..: ... . .

quad corner IIraao-A user-defined 

measure relsling to the pertwn of a 

quadrangle mapping sheet where it @ins 

two or more other sheets. 

quadmnglo map-See quadrangle. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

quadrangle report-A brief history of the 

vine of a apecifc qusdmngle. It 

accompanies the mapping materisl through 

ash phase of production, and la filed with 

the map materiel. The nemslive summary 

for each opemhnsl phase stressas 

conditions that may affect Ister phases. 

quadmngle-A rectangular, w nearly ee, 

ares covered by e msp or plsl, usualty 

bounded by given meridians cd longitude 

and parallels of Iatitwde. Also cslled quad; 

qundrmrgla mep. See alse standard 

quadrangle. 

quadmnt—1.. (rrssthernst.ks) .4_6a~lm @YinE, 

an arc of 90”. 2. (surveying) A surveying or 

astronomic instrument compased of e 

gradusted arc sboul 90” in length (1 80° in 

rang a), equipped with a sighting device. 

The quadrant msy be considered a form of 

sector. Some survey quadrante combine 

both surveying and aefronom’k tuncfions. 

quadretura-i. The Posi)on in the phase 

cycle when the two principal tide producing 

Htes (Moon ard Sun) ara neeriy at a righl 

angle to the Earlh: the Maon is then in 

quadrature in its first qusrler ar tesl quarter. 

2. The sifuetion ef two periodic quantities 

differing by a querier of a cycle. 

quad—Abbrevieled form of quadrangle or 

quedrileterel. 

quality control—The process of taking 

steps to ensure the qualii ot dsta w 

ooemtic+rs in keeoirm with standards seI for 

the system. - 

quarter eectlon corner—A comer et an 

axfremhy of e boundary ef a qusrler 

section, Writfen as 114 section comer, not 

as one-fourth section mrner. 

quarter ●stlon-One-foutih of a section, 

containing 160 acras mora or less. 

Q 

quarf-rquarter soctlon corner—A comer 

at an esfremity of a boumfsry of a qusrferquarfer 

tiion; m~nl between or 20 

chains from the ccrrrtmlting cc+nara on the 

section or township boundaries. Written as 

1/16 eec+km comer. Akso celled sixteenth 

section corner. 

quartz pendulurrr-A pendulum of fused 

qusrfz ueed for determining the 

eccelerat”m of greviiy. QUS* ie errployed 

in the cohsfrwtkrn because ifs thermal 

~Penebn tiient is OntY one-fourth that 

ef Invar. 

quary langrsage-A set of commends used 

for deta rnen~uietion in data beae 

management systems. 

quick-look plot—A “draft’ plot done very 

fast, which may not adhere to the positional 

accumcy or syrnbolizetien of tha final plot. 

“- qblritarii-A s%rrtant having a range of 144°, 

or an arc ot 72”. 

206

MIL-HDBK-850 

1. R4D-(Raady for L%tributii) A term referring to 

printed MC&G products rmdy to be distributed 

to the customer. 

R4R-(Ra.ady for Reproduction) A term rafsrring 

to raprmductii rmkial reedy to be printed. 

radar ●ftlmetw-An instmmant used for 

determining aircraft ffying height above terrain 

by meaaurarnant of time Inta+vala between 

emiaakxr and relum Of elacfromagnatic pulses. 

radar hltltu~llre alt~ude cd en aircraft or 

s+acacrafl as determined by a radar alfima!ec 

thus, the actual distance from rhe nearest 

terrain feature. 

radar chrwf-A chart intended primarily for use 

with radar, or one suitable for this purpose. 

molar clutter-(JCS) Unwanted signals, 

echoes, or images on the face of the display 

ttbe which interfere with cbaarvetion of desired 

signals. ‘ ““” 

rsder correlation-The process of 

electronically relating raattime radar images with 

amrad digital data on the radar refladance and 

pasifiorr of terrain and features on the Earth’s 

surface. It is used to pmv’k3a positioning 

information to cerracf or check air navigation 

and guidance systems. 

radar coverag~JCS) The fimits within 

ti!ch objects can be detected by one or more 

mder stations. 

radar fix oolnt (RFP)-The most significant 

-..:. .raoarscopa 

grourro raarura tor a gnfen 

geographic area. The faattaw rrmy be radar 

reflective or ccwrrpleiely void of raflactivii to 

show cc+ttraaf with the surrounding area: e.g., 

ferrdwater w ahcrwlrro show. Posit”kmirrg data 

estabfiehad for RFPs are used in offeat aiming 

procedures or for anmuta and final update of 

navigation systama. 

radar horizon-(JCS) The lams of pints at 

which the rays fmm a radar antarrna become 

tangential 10 the aarth’s surface. On the open 

sea this Iccua Lehorizontal but on land ii varias 

according to the topographical features of the 

tarrain. 

R 

207 

radar Intelligence ftom-A feature which is 

radar aignifiint but wlkh cannot be identified 

ezectly at the moment of its appearance ea 

homogarraous. 

radar Intalllgmco map (RIM)-A n 

intermediate ekrmarrf in lha pmcaaa of lightopticd 

radar airrru!atian and in fha pmducfion d 

anafyiiil predictions. 

radar map-A map pmducad through th6 

a@iition of radar techniques. 

radar photography-A cornbkretion of the 

pfrotagraphic pmcaaa and radar techniques. 

Electrical impulaas are sent out in 

predetermined diracfiins and the reflected or 

returned rays are ufilizad to present images on 

cathode-ray tubaa. Phalographs are then taken 

of tha information d=played on the tkae. 

radar prediction cntogorlas—in fhe 

bmadesl sense, radar prediction is saparmad 

into-two major categories, ‘axperierme pradiiion 

and analytical prediction. 

radar pradictlon tormats—Radar 

pradiiliorm appear in a wde variaty of formats, 

ganerally indicative of irrtarrdad appliit”krn. The 

four most common formats are spot 

predictions: strip Dredict”kxrs; radar intelligence 

maps (RIM); and Series 200 Atr Target Charts. 

radar pradlctlon typas-Eech mapr radar 

prediction categay is dwided into three types of 

pradkf”mna: single heading ~ediiiorrs: 

omnidkectional pradictionq and omnigain 

pradiitiorrs. 

rsdsr r@connalaaanca-(JCS) Reconnaissanoa 

by means o# radar to obtain 

infomratkm, on enemy acftilfy and to determine 

tha nature of tarrain. 

radar raflactivfty plata-A scaled, threadimenslonal 

madel of e large! area cxxrafructad 

of radar reflective materials on a transparent 

plastic pfate, used in a radar trainer to simulate 

Iha radar returns of that araa. Alaa dad radar 

simulation plate; radar trainer pleta. 

radar reflector-A device capable of or 

intended for reflecting radar signals.

adar raturn ●islysla-Those items of the 

rsdsr eignifiince ardysia mde (RSAC), fhe 

~ial arm (SA) krforrnsfien, and the radar 

eigntfiint powarliie (RSPL) informstien which 

his been devebpad from en mstyeia d 

sartographc, phomgraphic, and intelligence 

mums. 

radar r-turn cod. (RRC)-An 

omnidirtrctionsl radar prediiicm based on the 

decibel radar prediiicm system and depicted in 

a mbr mde on cartein air target cfwta. 

redar ●fredow-A cxmdiiion in ~ih radar 

signals do not reach a region bemuse of an 

intervening obs4ructi0n. 

radar signlfkanco ●nnlysh code 

(RSAC)-The unique radsr intensity ategories 

of buiff-uo areas end other rsdsr reflacflve 

objects ~ structures bead on surface 

msteriaffheighf factors, and depicted by a 

system of cder axlkrg. 

rsder significant power Ilrm (RSPL)-A 

power transmisaien fine wlich, because of its 

unique .physicsl. charactericks sn#Or vottsge 

capsciiy. is known to possess rsdar reflective 

quafitias, and is therefore dktirrctively diapfayad 

on e target graphic. 

radar ●lmulatlon plate-See radar 

reflectivity plate. 

radar te raet—An obiect whch reflects s 

suffiiienf t%mmt et a“radsr eignel to produce 

an echo signal on the radar screen. 

radar tralnor plata-Se e radsr ref Iactlvlty 

plate. 

Radar, Synthetic Aportura (SAR~A 

radar in which a synthatiilly krng apparent or 

effectiie aperiure is mnatrustad by integrating 

muftiple ratuma fmrr the same ground call, 

taking edvanfege of the Dop@er effd to 

prcduce ❑ phase history film er taps that may 

be opticefhy or digifalfy procaaasd to reproduce 

an image. 

radar gram matry—That branch of 

photogrsmrrwtry whiih tdifiias radar images. 

radarscope overlay a-(JCS) Transparent 

overleys for pfacing on the radersmpe for 

mm’rparieon and identifiitiorr of radar returns. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

208 

redarscopc photography—(JCS) A film 

remrd of the returns shown by e radar screen. 

radar-(JCS) Radm detectiin and ranging 

equipment thst determines the distance and 

usueffy the diractiin of ebjacts by trsnsmiseien 

and return of e)ec+romegnefii energy. 

radial aeeumption-in an aerial photograph 

mntaining both fiil diapfecement and relief 

diipfacement. neither the nsdir poinf nor the 

imcanfar is the thaoraficalty corrad rsdd canter. 

llw phdogrsphic rmdir point sheufd be used ae 

the rediaf center if relief is the rruipr 

conektaration and the iaocantar ahoufd k IJA 

if tin is the mspr consideration. 

radial cantar-Tha aaieclad point on a 

photograph from which radials (directions) to 

varioua imoge peinta are drawn or maasure~ 

that “s, the origin ef radials. The radial centar is 

either the princiil faint, the nedir point, the 

iaocanter, or a substitute cantar, Alee callsd 

center of redletlon; center point. 

radlel dlstorflon-Linear displacement of 

irnsge ~inta rsdmlty to or frern the center of the 

image fieH, csused by the fat! thet objects at 

different angular d~tancrrs fmm the lsna axis 

undergo different msgnifiitionc. 

rsdlal Ilrm lntereectlon-Thai point at whch 

Iwo or more rsdisl lines crass or inlerascf. 

redial Ilne plotter—Se e radial plotter. 

radial Ilne.-(suweying) A radius fine of a 

circufar curve to a designated point in the curve; 

if the fine is extended beyond the mrwex side of 

the curve, it is a prolongation of the radisl fine. 

radial plottor-A device wheraby two 

overlapping phetographa are viewed 

etereoacupicslfy, and the pfanimatrk details in 

their cwmmon ares can then ba transferred to a 

MSP or baas sheet through s mechanical 

linkage utifiiing the r.diil fine principle, ALSO 

called radial Ilrm plotter. 

radial plot—See radial triangulation. 

radial secsttor-See tomplet cutter. 

radial triangulation-The aerofriangulation 

procedure, efther grsphlcal or amrfytical, in which 

directions from the radial center, or approximate

I 

I 

, ‘,, \ ‘. ... . 

rad~l ctmaer, of each werbpping photograph 

! are used for horizontal corttroi extension by the 

I sucmsdve irrteraatian and maecfion of therm 

I 

I 

I mdlarrt 

direction fines. A radisl wirmgufetion sfsa is 

oorrectty sailed a mdfxl ptot or a minor 

controi 

is rolled 

plot. If made 

an ●mlytlcal 

by”ana~d methods, 

radial triangulation. 

it 

A radial trfanoufation is assumed to be anmhiml 

MIL-HDBK-850 

unlasa prsfis&lby the word snalytlcal; l!”is 

dse rmsumed to be based on the ~’*1 point 

unless prefoted @ defmilive t- such as 

Iwaoontsr or nadir point. 

mdlat-(phetogmrnmatry) A line er dwecticm 

frem the radal mrster to any peint on a 

phcxograph. The radial center is assumed to be 

tha principal point, unle= otherwise designated 

(e.g., nadir radml). See alsa lsomdlal: nadir 

radial; prlnclpal-point radial. 

●nergy-The energy of any type of 

electromagnetic radmlian. See also radlatlon, 

definition 2. 

radlatlorr-1. (surveying) The prccees of 

fowling pints by a knowledge of their diracfkm 

ard dlaiarsm from a known point. The directbm 

may be SZlmutha W. bearings read hom,a. , . 

theodolite or graphical directions determined by 

afidade and pfanalable. The dkdences may be 

tapad or maasunsd by stadia. 2. The proca% 

by which electromagnetic energy is propagated 

thrwgh free space by virlue of joint undulatory 

varfatiorrs in the electric and magnetii fialda in 

space. 

radio acouatlc ranging—A means of 

determining dstance by a omnbinatierr af radm 

and sound; Ihe radio being used to datennine 

tha instant of transmiaakm or reception of the 

sound, and the distanca being determined by 

ths time of transit of sound, uaualfy in waler. 

radio batrcon-(JCS) A radio transmitter 

ehiih emils a disthctive, or cheracteriatk, signal 

used for the determination ef bsaringa, cwreea, 

or lccatien. 

radio dlrectlon flndlng+JCS) Radio 

fmafiin in wh~h only the directbrr of a statian is 

determined by means ef ita emiasirma. 

radio faclllty charf-See onroute chart. 

mdlo ffx-(JCS) The location of a ship or 

aircraft by determining Ihe dkacfiorr of radii 

signals comin~ to the ship or aircraft from two or 

more sending stations, the focations of wisiih 

209 

are known. 

radio lntorferornatm-An intarfemmetar 

operating at radio tr~wsncies; used in radio 

astronomy end in satellite traoWsg. 

mdlo navigation-(JCS) Radm bcatiin 

intended for the determination af position or 

direction ar far abatruct”mrr warning in navigation. 

mdlo mnga flndlngs-(JCS) Radio Lmetion 

in which fha diafam of an ab@ct is de4emrined 

by maana of ita radii omissions, whether 

independent, reffacfed or retransmitted on the 

same or other wev@ength. 

radio rango statfon-(JCS) A radio 

navigation land station in the aeronautical radii 

navigatbn service prevkfing redia aquisiffnal 

zones. In certain instances a radio ranga station 

WY be placed cm board a shii. 

radlomotrlc camera caflbralion—The 

cdibratiin of a camera for spectral recording 

characteristics. 

mdlomotrlc finearlty-The gray levels are in 

fineer Prop3n”krfl to the Iigh! intensities within rI 

celor band. 

radiometrlc nonlinearity-The analog to 

digital oanveraion system that provides signaf to 

nOiSe (~) ratios of the sensors, where the S/N 

is calculated by the differenm of the eeneds 

❑veraga dark signal value dwfdad by the mat 

mean square dark noise value. Intermediate 

intensities will be finasr representations fmrrr 

average whita refamnce to the sverags darfr 

reference. Irrlermadate inlenaitics will be 

represented using a tinear tonal transfer curve 

fer each cmbr ctsannef. Error inlredumd during 

the dhgitiitkrn pmcasa whibh causes ma gray 

scale valu- for a cder carrponerrf (RGB) to not 

ba in tinaar proportii to the aourca intenaitiia 

for that component. 

radius vactor-Ths fine (distance) and 

direction mnnectirrg the origin with the ~“nt 

whose positian is baing defined. See also polar 

coordinates. 

random ●rror-Random errors are these not 

classified es bfundera, syatermtic errors, or 

periodii errors. They are nurrsamus, indwidualty 

arrmll, and each is as Iikefy to be poail”we as 

negativa. Aleo celled accidental ●rror; 

casuaf srror.

, 

. .. . 

MIL-HDBK-850 

mndorn lhw-A trial line, directed aS cbaety 

es Possible toward a fbred terminal point whiih is 

invisW3 trom the initbl ooinl. The arm of 

closure permits the tiutalkm of a cormctien 

10 the initial azimuth c4 ihe random fine; if atso 

permfts the conprrstien of offsets from the 

random Iiie to astabkh points on the true tine. 

rendom mlcrolonticular screen (RML)-A 

high denahy hetftone screen with no specific 

screen angle or pattern used to pmdwa high 

resolution printing from continuous tene images. 

mndom traverakA survey traverse run from 

one survey stelien to enother station whch 

annef be seen fmrn the first station in order to 

de!ermine their relative positicns. 

Range Only Correlation System 

(R OCS)—An all-weather terminal guidance 

system that uses ranging information to 

determine its pesition by comparfng two radar 

images. The images are taken 90° apart end 

m-r~ Wirh a reference (or prediction) of 

Cc@resl edge informet”mn (bright @s) in the 

mnge return ~g~l. The checkpoint is e 

geographic refereme I-tkan, s.dded prier to 

the mission, by which the vehicle can determine 

course corredon. 

range f lnder-An instrument, using the 

parallax principle, for finding the distance from a 

ptsce of ckreewatic.n to pc.infa et whiih no 

instmments are placed. 

range lhsa-A boundary of a township 

surveyed in a north-south diredon, See alse 

townahlp Ilnas. 

rengo markam+JCS) A single calibration bfip 

fed on to the tima k= of a radial dis+lay. Tha 

rotafii af the time base shows the cingte btipa 

se a circle on the plan p=asitiin irshcetor esqm. 

It may be used to measure range. 

range plla-Any pile sewing as a guide for 

marine surveying. 

range pole-See range rod. 

range mto date-information gethered by an 

instrument thei measures the mte of change in 

the distance (range) to e moving cbject. 

rang. maolutlors-(JCS) The ebiiify of the 

molar equipment to separate two reflacfing 

210 

objects cm e simibr bearing, but et dflar.sot 

ranges from the antenna. The abiii ia 

determined primerity by the pulse length in use. 

rang. rod-A etender wod w metal rod, 6 to 

8 feet krng, tih a pirrted metal shoe, usuelfy 

painted in cmfraatirrg mbra (red and whiie), 

alfemetety, at 1-fed intervals. ff is fraquenlty 

used es a sighting sigrbsl at the ends of traverse 

courses. Also called line rod; Ilnkrg polo; 

rango polo; mnglng polo; ●lght rod. 

mnge signal-A buoy, rod, flag, or other 

similar object used to MS* and identify range 

points when taking coundhsgs dwfng a 

hydrogmphic survey. 

mng-1. (JCS) The distance between eny 

given peint and an object or target. 2. The 

difference batween the maximum and minimum 

of e given aet of quantities. Ses also distance. 

3. Two or more objects in line, Swh sbjacfs are 

said to be in renge. 4. Any series of contiguous 

fownships situated nerfh and eeulh of each 

othec also sections similarty ahuated within a 

townchip. S. The well-definsd Iinm or courses 

wlmee pc@iens are known and are used in 

determining eeurrdings in a hydrographic survey. 

ranghrg data—lnformet ien gathersd by an 

instrument that measures tha diatem (range) 

to the object in question. 

ranging pola-Sea range rod. 

ranging-in—See wiggling-in. 

Rester Product Standard(a) (RPS)-A 

suite of ueer ayetem eriented sten&rrls 

ancompaseing rester deta structure digitizing 

amventione, slerage formats and tiling 

echemea. 

raster data atructurs-A method of 

representing MC&G data characterized by n 

matrix ot evenly spaced rows and columns of 

data peints. These data pointe (celled “pixels’ in 

image and scanned map date) fypicelly 

represent some value at that peint, while the 

peeifion within Ihe columns and rows dalerminee 

the geographic position. Raster data structures 

are fypicelty used 10 record scanned maps and 

charts (MC&G grephw data), image data, or 

grktded data. 

raster tormat—See raater dats ●truot um. 

rastar llnea-The lines of scan of the CRT

I 

beam a- the CRT face. See also raster. 

raster map product (RMP)-A generic tamr 

for mater scanriad tmp knagaa not fourd 10 be 

in accodarma with the DMA ADFfG Spaciiiicvr 

W =mn Pro9rw t%XCkIdt3S~~.s ADRG.S 

(rasler aeperates). 

mstor to veotor-The precaaa of converting 

an image msda up of calls info ona described 

by fiiae end pofygona. 

taster-l. Pattern of horizontal, parallel lines 

of varying inlensily forming an image (uauafly) 

on a calhoda ray I* screen. 2. A regufar grid 

cd calls covering an area. 

rate ststlon-See drift station. 

I mtlo print-A print h wh~h the scale has 

bean changad from lhat et the negative by 

photographic enlargement or reduction. 

. . . . 

ratlograph —See ratlomatar. 

ratlomoter-An instrument used to help salve 

the mathemal”cal relationship of a photograph 

to a mosaic.’4t.detmminas Scala -ratirx’ from,,. 

which, thrwugh methemctical Ierrnulas, a 

rectified print csn ba meda on e pmperfy 

caiibratsd rectifying printer. 

rational horlzo*See calastlal horizon. 

rstlonalizatlon mathod~ technique of 

rekrtive orientation wfich lakes into 

oonsideratirm the Iimiling faders & the 

equipment tiIng used, ths nature rmd 

variations of tiff and crab fmgtas at susmsaive 

camera sla!ions, and providhg approximate 

pmj~tor adjustments based on thesa data. 

my of llght-The geometrical corcept of a 

single element of Iiihi propagated in a straight 

tine and d irrfhitesimvd cress aactii~ used in 

arMfyiicaffy tracing tha path of light through an 

optical system. See also besm of light. 

ray tmclng--(optics) A trigonometric 

cafculafion of the path of a tight ray through an 

optical system. 

Rsydlst—The tmde narna of an alectmnlc 

distance measuring system. A nonline-of-sight 

syatam capable ef aimutfaneous multiperfy, 

ranga-range operatioty if gives cmfinuous 

mwa information from fwe basa sfetions 

. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

211 

opamtirtg e.huhanacaaJy wffh ona or more 

aircraft and surfecs veasek. 

mat lmag*An inmge actually produced and 

capable dbaingahotwr onaaudaca, as ina 

camera, 

raaltima meth rnodai-A set of equalione 

that definse hags Oootitnetes as funcfkrns d 

thma-dimerwbml object coordinate for a 

region ot fmgery. 

rsar ●lamont—See lane elemsrrt. 

rsar nodal point—See nodal point. 

racsll-(digitel) A p-urn which raatoms the 

previeus entry. 

resaat-lo changa a map fmm one horizontal 

da!um to another by cppmprialely changing tha 

gsographc values of the rnsp grclicule. 

rasolver-1. (pendulum) A heavy -oest metal 

box within which the pendulum is suspended 

end seine auxiliary equipment plscad whan 

rrmking observations for the intansfly of gravity. 

2 (setetfiie surveying) The aqulpmcnt 

nacaasery 10 rexive signals brosdcasl fmm the 

Navy Navigat”mn Sstellhe System, including an 

antenna, preamplifier, processor, oscillator, 

OUIPUI device, and power systam. 

raclprocal bearing—See back bearing, 

defiiifion 1. 

mclprocal levetlng—Trigonomefrk leveling 

wherein vetl’kxd angles have %n observed at 

both ends of the line to efimirmta errors. 

rsclptocal obsarvatlons-Obsemations 

teken backwati and forward such es vertical 

angles at both termini of a Iina for trigemxrretric 

Ievaling. 

racipmcal vartlcaf angle-A vertical angla 

measured owar a line at both ends in 

trigonometric leve~mg to efiminate (at Ieasf 

paflly) the effects of curvature and refmcfiorr. 

Raciprscal observations mud be made as 

simuffaneousfy as predicable to obviate error 

caused by changing refmcfiva condiiicms. 

mclaaelfy—(digifaf) A prosarfura 10 change fhe 

classification of existing data. 

recognition—in photointerpretation, the act of

I dmvering 

the true identity of en olject. 

recompilation-llze proce= of producing e 

map or theft thst is essantislly a new item and 

which r@ecas e previously pubfiihed item. 

NormslFy, rtxmmpilatkm of a nwp a chart 

irwofvas e@ifkant cfvsrrge to the horizorwsl 

Posffiin of features, revisiin of vertical values, 

irrpmvenrarrt in pbnimatric or nsvigetbrref dete, 

or eny combiraetion of these faders. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

reconnalssanco map-The plottad results of 

e reamnaisasme survey and date obtsirssd 

fmm other source. 

reconnalssanco photography—(JCS) 

Photography taken to obtain Infermstbn on the 

resuffs of bombing, or on enemy rnxamants, 

rnncentrstiins, activities ad forces. The 

primsry purposes do not include msking msps, 

chmts, or rnossics. 

reconnaissance sketch—A drawing which 

msambfes a reconnaissan.xr msp but is Iscking 

in acme rnep element. 

reconnaissance survey-A preliminary 

. .. . . Sulvsy, usually asecuted repidly and at relativdy 

low cast. The information obtained is mc.mded, 

10 some estent, in the form of a recennsiseence 

msp or sketch. 

reconnelesance-(JCS) A mission 

undertaken to obtain, by visual drsarvatbn or 

other detactien methods, information aboui the 

acfiviiiss end r~urces of an enemy or pofantial 

enemy or to secure dsta corrceming the 

meteerologicd, hydrogmphic, or gaagrsphic 

charsctaristica of a particular ares. SW also 

eerlal raconnalasancsi; hydrographlc 

reconnal~aanca: rader reconrs.slsaance: 

triangulation raconnalsaanca. 

reconstructed Imagery -lmsgary on film 

derived from processed digital imege dste by 

means of film printer. 

racording ●tatoacope-A atatoacope 

equipped tih a recording camare hose 

shuiter is synchrenizwj wilh that of the aerial 

camsrs and the imsge of the statoscope is 

recorded on each indwiduel frame. 

racovswad control—See recover. 

recovery of station—See resover. 

212 

racovar-(suweying) To visit a survey station, 

identify ifs mark as euthentic and in its orighal 

bcetion, and vady w revise its dasc@cm. Ths 

Wrrn is usustty modiiiad to indiite the type or 

nature of the rscaery, such as mccrvsrd bendI 

rnmk, w a racevsred Wisnguletion stat”mn. 

rectagrav@r-A acribhg instrument wl’kh raete 

on the scribing sudsce during the operation and 

only the culfer erm moves to scribe each 

symbol. 

rectangular chart-A chart on tha 

rsdsngular prqeotkm. 

rectangular coordirmta plottor~ e e 

coordlnatogreph. 

rectangular cnordInatas-Coordinsles on 

any system in which the rues of reference 

intarsecf al right angles, See alao Cartaaian 

coordinates. 

rectangular map projection—A cylindrical 

-P Pmi*ion with uniform spacing of the 

parailels. 

roctsmg ular polyconlc map projection-A 

rnedifkl polyconic msp projaclhn having a line 

reprsasnting a slandsti psrsllel divided to mwacf 

scale, through whose division points pass the 

Iinas representing the gaogrsph~ meridians, 

intersecting the lines which repra~nt the 

geographic parallels in right angles. 

rectangular spaca coordinates—The 

perpendicular distarwes of a point from places 

dafinad by eech pair d a sat of three rurea 

wlsich are mutually perpendicular to esch other 

at a cemmon point of erig”m. In 

pfwlogrsmmatryr specs cocmtinstes are also 

called survey coordlnatea, and ere the .scoerdinstes 

and yamdinstes whidr ddins the 

horizontal positii d e point on a grcund 

system, and the zummdinste, which is Ihs 

elavatiin of the Pc4nt with reference to the 

ground system. Alss csllad elr coordinates. 

rectangular survey s-A system of surveys in 

~ih en ares is diiidad by a bssa tine 

mtersecfed at right angl~ by a princiial 

meridian, tha intersection termed tha inilal point 

from which the partitions ere subdivided into 

equal size townshps containing 3S ssctimw of 

lend each. 

rectlflcatlorr-(JCS) In photogramrnstfy, the 

.,. .

MIL.HDBK-850 

process of p+cfing a tiffed or obfii 

photograph onto a horizontal reference plane. 

lAlf~h the process kr applied -My to 

aerial photographs, il may also ba applii 10 the 

correction of map daformalion.] Sea also 

●talytlcal ortont.stlon; ●mplrlcal 

orlontatlon; graphical ractlflcatlon; 

multlplo-sksgo rectlficatlon: optical 

rectification; p=per-sttlp method; polntmalchlng 

method; transformation. 

roctlfled ●ltItuda-Saa eppmsnt ●ltitude. 

rectified prhrt-A phetogra@r in whiih tilt 

dspkrcemant has been removed from the 

original negative, and witiih has bean brwghf 

to 8 daaiiad scale. 

rcdifiar-A apacially daaignad proj-ion 

printar wtrosa gaomatry is variable in order to 

aiimlna!a till from an aerial nagativa. There are 

fwe basii IYPSY those in whch tfra optical axis 

of the racfifiir lens is the mmrnon ralerance or 

base diredbn of the instrument, and those in 

whiih the line batwean the Princ@le point of the 

negative and the rectifier lane is the common 

reference. Also called cutomatic rectiflw 

ponoutom~t Ice .wtif!er; nontiltlng- lens 

4“ “ ‘“”‘-iectlfler; nontlltlng-nogatlve- plane 

mctlfler; rectifying camera; tilting-lens 

rectlfler. See alae autofocus rectifier: 

transforming printer. 

mctlfylng camOra-See rectifier. 

rectifying latituda-The tatifude on e sphere 

such that a great circle on if has the same 

length sc a meridiin on tha spheroid and such 

that all lengths along e maridkm frem the 

Equator are exactly equal to the cerraspending 

Iangfhs on tfra Wheroid. Rectifying Mtude is an 

atmihy latitude used in prcislerns of geodesy 

and Canography. 

mctlfylng printer—See rectifier. 

rectilinear coordlnatoa—Sea rectangular 

coordlrrataa. 

mctobllqum plotter-See ●ngulator. 

rectoplanlgraph-An instrument utilizing e 

vertical photograph mounted in a verlical 

pcdth, and used in the preparation of 

planimatric maps. 

red Ilght madabls ma~A map printed with 

epeciel inks vhiih can be read under condiIiona 

Z13 

requiring E@CXASI fighting e.g., in a tank or 

aircnsfl during rtightfkntr oparatbna. 

red magnetlarn-The megnetiarn of the 

north-seeking and of a freely auapwwW 

magna. This is the magnetism of ths Earth’a 

south megnafic pole. see also blue 

ntegnetlsm. 

reduced gmvlfy~rvsrd gravity that has 

trwn reduced to the gaoid or to some other 

rafarence surface by one c4 the gravily 

reductions. 

reduced latltuda-Se e parametric 

latitude. 

reduction factor—Sea scale of 

reproduction. 

reduction printer—See diaposltlvo 

printer. 

raductlon to ●lllpsold-l%e correction 

aubtrackl fmm or addad to the maaaurad 

horizontal length d a Iina at avaraga 

topographic elavatien to mduca & to the 

ccmrastmndhg length on the pertinent etfii. 

Tha haighI used in Ihlc raducthn vAtl dtier by 

the amount of the gaoid heighf from the hdght 

mad in reduction to saa Iavel. 

reduction to sea level—A reduction applied 

to a measured horizontal ferrgfh on ltra Earth’s 

surface to radma it to the surface of the focal 

aaa level datum. 

reduction to the merldlan—l%e procaee of 

aPPfYm9 a ~r-tbn to an aftftude O&XSCWVad 

tien a body IS near the celeet”kd maridiin of Ihe 

Mraarvar, to find the al!ifuda at maridiin tranah. 

The allilude at the time c4 such en cbaarvation 

is called an ●xmerldlan altltudo. 

reduction-to-contor-l. The emeunt which 

must be appiiad to e dwacticur ebaervad al an 

-ntric statien or to an =Cantrb signet, to 

raduce such dtractien to what it would be if there 

were no such sccentricii. 2. (aafronemy) One of 

the values used in finding Ihe equation of time. 

reference datunr-A general term applhd to 

any datum, plane, er surface usad as m 

reference or base frrrm wtriih other quantiiiaa 

can be measured. 

reference dlrectlon—A direction uaad as a

I 

, 

! 

I 

1 

’ 

; 

besis for compsrkn of other duact”ms. 

rekwsnco ●lllpsold—See reference 

sphorold. 

rofermtcrn frama-See coordlnrstoe. 

rm?mrwsco grid-See grid. 

rsrforanco lovol—See datum Iovol. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

mfomnco Ilne-Any line whiih csn serve as s 

mfemnce or base fer the masauremant of other 

qusntitiea. Alae celled datum line. 

reference mark—A permanent 

suppfamantary msrk cbas to a survey atetiin to 

which it is relstsd by an accumtety measured 

dktence end direction, andfor a difference in 

elevetion. 

rofarsmco maridlmr—See local meridian. 

reference monument+% iron post or rock 

csp eczxssory used where the peint for a comer 

rncmumsrrt is such that, for prectiial purposes, a 

permsnent comer rrmnumant cannot be 

eclab%hed, or If mooumentad, a full 

=m@emsnt of bearing trees or bsering ti)acts 

are not obtainable. 

mfarenca plane-See datum level. 

mforonce point—See detum point. 

reference clgnaf-in telemetry, the signel 

against whiih data carrying signsls are 

mmperd to measure dtierenceg in timrj, 

phsae, frequency, or other veluas or quantities. 

reforenco spheroid—A Iheore!ical figure 

whoaa d!msnsione cfosafy approach the 

dimensions of fhe E@@ the exact dimensions 

are delenninad by various consideretiona of the 

section of the Eenh’e surfeca concerned. Also 

cdlad reference .Ilipsold: sphorold of 

roferonco. See al- World Geodetic 

Syetem. 

referonco statlo*A place where tide or tidsl 

current ocmstants have bean determined from 

observations, end whloh are used as a standard 

for the comparison of simuftrmseus 

observations at a subordinate station. Ako, a 

piece fer whkh Independent daily predictions 

are obtahad for other locations by means of 

dfierencas or fectors. Also cslled stenderd 

214 

po~, standard ●tstlon. 

rafarenclng—?he process of measuring the 

Iwizontsl diaiemee and dradioms from a 

survey station to nearby Iandmsrka, refarame 

rnsrka, and other ob@cfe whfi can be uafxf in . 

the ~ary of the station. 

mttactad ray-A my extending outward from 

e point of mfktii. 

ratlactlng prlsrrt+i prism thst devietee a fiiht 

besm by interrsd reflection, Practkslty all prisms 

used in photogremntatric” instruments ❑re of fhia 

type. 

reflecting pro]ector-An instrument whmh is 

used to projsct the imege of photographs, 

~1% ~ et~r gmphik= enio e copying tsble. 

Ths scsle of the projected irrmge can be varied 

by raising or bwering the pro@bar or, In some 

models, the copy bosrd, Thsae fatter models 

sko ellow the tilling of the copy besrd in x- and 

ydiractions in order to compensate For tip and 

tilf dktortbn in aerial phetogrephs. 

refloctlon—The return or change in the 

direction of travel of psrtidae or mdmnt energy ~---~ ~ -- , 

vhkh irrpinges on a surfaca bui does not enter 

the substance providing the reflecting aurfaca. 

See also dlffractlon; dlffuso rafloctlon; 

refraction; specular reflection. 

reflector constant—The emourd thsl a 

distance measurement must be reduced *en 

using glass reflectors bcause the velocity of 

light is sbwer in glass thsn it is in air. The 

constant wili also include the distence difference 

between the reflector housing plumbing pOim 

and the effective reflecthg plane of the prism. 

refiight-lmother flight over the same crmree 

to xure photographs to fill in for those missing 

or dsf ective. 

refrected ray—A ray extending onward fmm 

the pint of refrect’bn. 

refracting prlsrn-A prism lhst deviates a 

beem of fight by refrsctiom The angular 

deviation is e functien of the wavelength of light; 

therefore, if the baem is composed ef while 

light, the prism will aprasd the beam into a 

spectrum. Refracting prisms can be used in 

opticel instruments onty for small Cieviitkrna. 

See also wadgo. 

mfractlon ●@a-That poti~on of an

.. . . 

dzaarved zerkifh distance, wlich is due to the 

affect of almaapharic rahzdon. 

refraction dlsplacomwrt-fhplaosment ot 

Images mdiaky oulward from the PMogmph 

nadir bacauae C4 afrnoz@erk rdmdica It ia 

assumed fhmt the r8fmction is symrnatficcd 

about the nadii direction. 

mfractlon Ilne+l line of eight to a survey 

signal wtrii becomes visible onfy by the effect 

of atmospheric refraction. 

rofracflon-lha change In dmactkm d moficm 

d a my of rad=rd energy as t passes cbliqualy 

from one rnadkim into another in whiih the 

speed of propagation is dflarant. Sss also 

angle of Incldonce; arrgla of rotractlon; 

astronomic rafmction; atmosphorlc 

mfrsctlon; coastal rdractton; eoofficlamt 

of rafmctlon: .Jectronlc rofmction; 

horizontal refraction; lateral rafrsctlon; 

mean red mction; mfmcted ray; 

refraction ●ngle; refraction Hno; Snell’s 

law of mfracllon; torreatrial refraction. 

regional grodlont—See regional gravity. 

. . . . . . . . . . 

reglond gmvky—in grsvity prospecting, 

contri~lons to the obsewed rmomslies due to 

dendy irregufariti= et much grader d+hs 

than those of the pxsible structures, the 

kcalion of wh~h was ths purfmsa of the survey. 

Also cellad ragional gradient. 

reglatar hole punch—See prapunch 

raglster system. 

reglater marke+JCS) Designmad rrmrks, 

such es smell crmsas, circles, or other patterns 

applkl to original copy prior to reproduction to 

facilitate registratii d plstaa ad to indicate ths 

refattie positions of successive in=prtiorrs. 

Also called corner marks; corner ticks; 

roglstor ticks; reglatration ticks; ticks. 

ragfstsr ●tude-Sea pmpunch regist~r 

●yatam. 

mgfster tfcks—See mglster marks. 

mglator trtals-The, test runs necessary to 

obtain the proper mmbinetion of the degree of 

partial vacuum and the length of the heeling 

cycle required for irxfiiiduel models in forming n 

pktic mliaf msp. 

MI L-HDBK-850 

215 

r-g lstor-(JCS) The correct poaifii of one 

~mnf of a cmnpodte IIMP *ge in 

mlatiin to the other components, at each stage 

of production. 

raglstratlon Uoks-see register marks. 

regmaslon of tha nodaa-Processional 

motion in a direcfii cppcde to the dmaction of 

revolution d a sat d rmrh. sea also 

procaaslon. 

regular ●rror-saa syatsmatlc ●rror. 

ralatfonal data baaa+l data base that 

mm&sc#af bxtorze@bb, which, rntum, is 

made up of rows and columns. Tat4es in the 

data base am rebted to one another through 

the value in at least one cotumn tit is common 

to two or more tables. 

rdativa ●CcurOcy— 1. (genaral) An 

evaluation of the random errors in determining 

the pocltiinsl onenfatkzn (e.g., distance, 

azimuth) of one pint or feat um with respect to 

another. 2. (chart, faatura 10 graticule) An 

evaluation of the random errors in chsn faaturas 

with reaped to ths grsticule axckiing any emcv 

in the grst”cub or the datum dafinad by Iha 

graticufa. 3. (chart, feature to feature) An 

accuracy evaluation based on random errors in 

determining the positional accuracy of one point 

featurs wiih raapacf to another feature. 

ralatfve apertum-(JCS) Tha ratio of the 

equivalent focal length to tha dmrneler d the 

entrance pupil of photograph~ tens, expreaaad 

as f4.5, etc. Also called aperture ratio; 

aportura stop; diaphragm stop; fnumbefi 

Iana ●pead; spead of lens: 

stop; stop numbara. 

relative coordinate ayatom—Any 

motdht e eystem whkh m moving w~h respect 

to an martial coordinate systam. 

rofatlvs deflection--See ●atrogoodatlc 

deflactlon. 

relatlve dlrectlon-Horizontal diraction 

expressed as angular dktance from a heading. 

relatlva dlatance-Distenc-e ralative to a 

spdfmct reference point, usueliy one in motion. 

mlatlve ●rror of closure-The value

obtsinad by dikling ths total error of cbsure by 

the tdal length of the traverse, ~v 

‘V- W a tii kti~ a rxlmarstOr 

equal to unity, e.g., 1/1,640. H is uaad fer 

ddermining the dagraa d eccumcy ef a survey. 

rafatlvo gravtty-Qrav”w determined trom 

gravity dflerence rneesurements (e.g., 

gravirnefar, “mfatlve pandufum) batwaen tha 

okaver and a reference atshn. Ths vsfue 

obtskred is refstiie with rasped to tfw refarertoa 

station. 

relstlvo mOtlon-See ●pparent motion. 

rolatlvo mOWment-MOtion of one object or 

bdy relative to andher, The expression is 

ususlly used when d~r’ibhg rafstiie 

rnovenrsnta ofhar than fhet ef a calesdsl body. 

See else tpparent motion; direction of 

relative movemont. 

relatlvo orlontatiort-The reconstruction 

(arvdyticeliy or in a photegrammetric inatrumsnl) 

of lhe same gac.metric oondtiions b.stwaan a 

pair d photographs thst existed when the 

phmognxphs were taken. In the instrument, this 

is atilevsd by a syatemstb pnxedure -of 

retaticmd snd trsmslationaf movements of the 

projectors, Ako csllsd clearing y-parallax. 

See elso absolute orlontation; vertical 

deformation. 

relatlvo pendulum-A device for measuring 

relslive gravity through the difference in the 

period of a pendulum at two slct’kwrs. 

relative posftlowThe Iecstion of e point or 

feature with respect to othsr peints or festures, 

either fmsd or reeving. 

relativo rallef-The refaticm of the aftitudes of 

ths highsst and lowest points of fsnd in any 

aree. The differanca batwesn the highasf and 

lowest peints is fhe ampfiiude of rafative rsfief, 

Variws typas of maps hsve bean devised to 

show ths, usualty depenrthg on griddkrg the 

eres on a mcp, finding e value for the ampfitude 

in eech grti wuara, and producing en iaepfdh 

or dot map to depict the disftibution of these 

velues. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

rel.stlv. eettlng-in tiff ansfysis of ebfique 

pfmtogmphy, the dihedral angle between the 

twe pfenes passing through the principal @nt of 

the oppeshe obfiiues, the princ”pal point of the 

veriical photograph, and the cornmcm axpoeura 

statiin. Thii angle ie msasurod on the vert”ul 

216 

phetogrsph se the angle befwaerr the two 

ieofines, or ss the deffeciiort angle befwaan the 

~ulam from ths principal point of the 

veriic.el phdograph to the fwo isohnea. 

ralatlvo awing-fn ths titt rmafyeia d &tiiue 

phologrsphs, tha single cd rotation of ths 

obliius CSmara aboul ifS H axis with r’6.s@d 

to W plans of tha V6t’fiOd ptrdqrraph, 

mssaurad on fha obfiqua phofogrsph by ths 

eng!a bstween ths iaotina and a tine phing tha 

fore and aft fducial mark 

refattvo tift-The engukw relationship batwaan 

two ovadappiig vattical photogmpha with m 

reference fo an astabtiahsd dstum. 

releasability code lsdter-A coda letter 

pretii to the ctuwi identifiition number which 

tim”m the releasabifii et e psrlkular chsrt to 

specifii uaem. 

rellablllty diagram-A diagram’ incfuded on 

some MC6G products depicting horizontal and 

vartical accuracies and date(s) of inferrnctien 

relief displacement—Displacement radisl 

from the nadir peint of a phomgrsph caused by 

dtierancas in etevation ef the ccmespxding 

ground ebjects. Also callsd height 

dlsplacomxmt; relief distortion. 

relief distortion-See relief dlsplricemant. 

relief modof-A genersl category ~kh 

demtes any threedimensional representation 

of an ebject or geogrsphc area, rrwdelad in any 

size or madium. See eleo plestic relief map; 

terrehr model. 

rollef strotchlng+ee hypxirstoroo- 

Scopy. 

rellef-(JCS) Inaqualfties of alevatlon and tha 

configuration of Isnd festures err the sudaca of 

the Eerlh whmh msy be rapreaented on msps or 

chsris by contours, hypsometric tints, shnding, 

spd eleval’mns, or hcchures. 

Relocatable Terget Assessment Data 

(RTAD)-DM4 digitel date sets of attributed 

and rrc.naymbofiiad feature information 

segregated irrto thematic files perir’eying rued% 

railrctrds, vegetation, surface dreinsge, and 

fimited eurfece materisf.s which can be mdnd 

into three sapmste tevels of dsta. All three 

lads use etarrdard DTED Level 1 to dalennine

I 

I ,.,.. 

I 

i; 

1 

I 

I 

-- ._ .- __.. 

raprcsontatlvo tratilon (FJF)-(JCS) The 

sde et E map or chsti wqmxaad as a traction 

or ratio. [Relates unk d-rice en the map to 

dstanoa moaaurad In the same unl! m the 

ground.] Also called tmcttorrd scale; 

netural seele. 

reproeentetlve pattern+csrtc.graphy) 1. 

An accurate portrayal of the surface of the Earth 

in the eras being cor@ad. 2. The sabcfkrrr 

ard portrayal of the moat prumfnant of a danse 

group of similar features. 

reprint—lho process of ualng dating 

reproducible wfthoul change to print srddiiion.el 

MIL-HDBK-850 

eiavatbn, slope, and irrterviarblfii and am 

imendcrd 10 be usut with muttiirel er eksctmoptical 

image pmducfa. RTAD is used to assess 

potent”bl ter@ bcatii. 

remote ●onslng-The maaaurarrrarttor 

acquisitbrr of intormatien c4 wrrra ~ of am 

$~%t~~=or%~~%”~tha 

object or phsnomanon urder study. &rmofimas 

rasfricfed to the practice d data co%ofion in the 

wsvelangfhs fmm uUrsvbJaf to rartb regbna. 

remet. ststion-See ●lava stMort. 

repostablJJfy-A measure of the variation in 

Iha eccuracy of an “mstrurnarrf when taats era 

made ovar the same line(s) at dflerenf times of 

the year, with dfiamr# eperatore, and with 

dtierenf bul equivalent inafrumantb’, ail using 

Ora same pmcsdures. See slso ●sternal 

●rror. 

ropmstlrsg lnstrumOnt—Soa ropeetlng 

theodollto. 

repaetlng theodolfta-A theodolife so 

designed that successive measures of an angle 

WY k SCCWIWbItEd en the graduated circle, 

and a final reading of the circia made whiih 

raprasenta !ha sum of the repetitions. Also 

called double-canter thoodollte; 

repeating inatrumant. 

rapetltlon of ●nglea-The accumulation of a 

series of measures of the rarne angle on the 

irorizontel circle of a repeating theodofite er 

Surveyofs transit. 

raplac~A pmcadura to replace all axlsting 

occurrarwes 04 e spacfiad data eiamant with a 

new data element. 

217 

qwmtitiaa d a pmcfucd. 

raproducibio-Arry capy ca@ia d being 

used es a maatar+o-be. May be aiihar a 

nwt~a of positiwa tr6n6pr3fan0y. 

roproductlon materlsf-(JCS) Materfal, 

generally in the form of poaitiva or nagativa 

~~fimor~foreh~@e, from 

whiianrap orcharf rrraybempmduod 

without redraffhtg. Aiao cdiad repromat. 

reproduction positive moid-The poaitiie 

rrmld wh~h Ima been drilled thtigh vdth 

vecuum fsehs, and over which the plaslic raWf 

map is formed. 

reproduction ratie-See scale of 

roprodtrctlorr. 

reproduction ●cala-l%e scale et which a 

map w chart is pktiied or is to be phlished. 

Also csllad publication scale. 

reproduction-l. The summation of all the 

pmcaesea irwolvad in printing copies from an 

original drawing. 2. A printed copy of an origlnd 

dmwing made by any of the prweasas d . . . ‘... ‘“=repmduotion. 

repromat—See rsproductlon meterlal. 

Ropeold besa-llrm maaauring 

apparatus—~ optical bese-fins maasuring 

aFW~~, comPO* of a steel bar 

~mximately 4 matara brig, whose amct 

Iarrgih at any Ierrparatura is known, and whose 

temperature ia detannined by rnesna d a 

metallic thermometer conposad d the steel 

measuring bar and a similar bar of zinc, the two 

being fastened together at thek middle points. 

roaampling+digitsl mapping) Techniqua for 

transforming a raster image to a psrkulsr scale 

arid projection, Common ressmpiing 

tecfiquea inciuda zem-oder (nearest. 

neighbor), first order (bilinaer itierpoiatien) and 

Cubb Corwolurkrn. 

rascala-An edjuafmenf of values or 

parameters representing magnitudes or intensity 

so that the data reflects an aapeci more suited 

10 the user. 

reoemr-1. A glass plate on which ia etched 

an accurately ruled grid. Sometimaa wed aa o 

focsl-plsna plate to provide a msrana of

calibrat”m film dkifort”m used atso for 

sehkrratrng pbfting inetrunrertts. Also celled grfd 

ptate. 2. Intersecting oRhogonaf lines 

euperi~d oww photo irmsgery. 

maactlon station-A station kcated by 

msadion methods. 

rwactlon-1. The graphical or enetyik-al 

dsterminatim of a positii, as the irdarsactien 

of at fee@ three fines of known direction to 

cxxreaponding poirrta of krc.wn pcrsiticm. 2. 

[wrvaying) The detarminefim of the horizontal 

poeifii d a eurvay station by sbaarved 

directiia hurt the etetim to points of known 

poaitkms. Atso, the line drawn through the 

plettad location of a atetion to the oscupied 

station. 3. (photogrammetry) The determination 

of the position arrdhr attitude of a camera, or 

the photograph taken with that cemere, with 

meP@ tO the @de* caordhate system. Also 

called thraa-point method. See also 

Intersection, definition 2. 

residual devl.etion-Devietion of e magnetic 

UXrrPSSS aher adjustment or compensation. 

rasldrml error-The dfierence batwaen any 

value of a quantity in a series of observations, 

oorrected for known systematic errors, ❑nd the 

value of the quantity obteined from the 

combkratkm or adjustment of that series. 

Frequently used as the difference between en 

obsarved velue end the mean of all observed 

values of a etatistisally valid act. See alao error 

residual. The latter term is generally used in 

referring 10 actuel values in a apesific 

computation. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

raddud gravity-in gravity prospecting, the 

portion of e grevify etkd remairrirrg after 

removal of some type of ragkmsl gravity, usually 

the reletivafy small or local anomaly components 

of the total or observed gravity field. 

msldual porallax—Srnall amounls of yparallas 

whii rney remain in a model after 

refative orientation is emm@ishad. 

residual+ general term darroting a quantity 

remaining after some other quantity has been 

subtraded. ft ooxra in a variety of particular 

sontexts. For exemple, if the true value of a 

varfabla is su~recfed from an observed value 

then tha dtierense may be called a maldual; it 

ia also frequenlty oelled an ●rror. Similarfy, if a 

methemetioal model Is fitted to data, the valuee 

by which the observations differ from the model 

218 

veluee ara satietf raslduala. 

resolution In baartng-lhe minimum 

detectable separation of crb@ta at the same 

range and the same elevation, expressed in 

terms of the horizontal angular dielarrce 

LWlween Sush Objesta. 

maolutlon In ●levatlorr-The minimum 

detestable ~ralierr ef objjs et the same 

range d aanm bearfng, espreaaad m terms of 

the vertical angular drntanm. 

maolutlon in renge-The minimum 

detwtabfe separation of objests in the same 

line of alght, axpressed in terms d the dietarrsa 

between them. 

resolutlmr Ihrrlt-fn grevily end meanetic 

pro~ing, the aeparetion of two distorting 

bodias at hich coma obvious indiiticm, in a 

measured quantity. of the preserme of two 

se~mte bdeS ceasas to bs visible. 

resolutiobl. For raster epplicetimrs, 

reaolulion is the number or pisels per unit 

distance. 2 (JCS) A maasr.rremant of the 

amsllast-detail .whiih c=n.ba diaiirguished by e 

sensor syatam under spat’k corrdii”mns. 3. 

The minimum dieterrce batween two adjacent 

f.3alurss, or the minimum size of a feature, 

which San be detested by a remote aarrsory 

system. 4. In gravity or megnetis praspding, 

the ir’viication in some measured quantity, such 

as the vertical somponeni of gravity, of the 

presence of two or more cloaa but separate 

disturbing bdies. 

resolving power target—A teat chart usad 

for the evaluation of photograph, oplicel, and 

alestroc@cel aystama. The deeign ueuelly 

consists of rulad fines, aqueres, or circles varying 

in siza according to a spasified gamnetric 

pregreeeion. 

msolvlng power-A mathematical expression 

of dafinitbn in an imaging ayatam, ueuefly 

stated as the ,-imum number of finsa per 

millimeter that can be seen as separate lines in 

the image. 

recponder-hr general, an irratrumenf that 

irrckates reception d an electric or 

elactromagrretic signel. See also tr.snspondor. 

I’.8P0nS0r-A radio receiver which receives the 

reply from e transponder and produss an 

outpul suitable for feeding to e display system.

mstftutlorr-(.fCS) The process of determining 

the true @anirr@ric pdtiin of ebjeds whose 

imegea appear orr pholographa. [Rastfhrlbn 

comacta for distortion reaufting from both tilt and 

ralief d~facamant.] 

matoratlorr-Tha remvery d one er more 

lines or corner poaifbna, or Mh, d a prior 

aurve~ the raplacemenf d one or more loaf 

caners or clzliiemtad monuments by SFPmved 

methods, irrcfuding the substantial ranawal d 

one or more menuments, as required for the 

pUlpOSO d a auwey. 

raauttant ●rror-llre error in any 

rnaasumment that is the dfierenoa between the 

measured velue arrd rtre true value fors 

quenlify. Also called true swror. 

MI L-HDBK-850 

mtrcrdlractive prlsrn-A prbm correiafing of a 

did gfaas damerrf having tlwaa mutually 

PW@tiC* rafkhg surfaces and a fourih 

surface eMiie to he three r@Wcting surfaces. 

A Iiihf beam entering through the obhque 

surface is rrrfbofad on each d the three dhar 

aurfasea and turned 1W to be retumad abng 

the aarne etrpalh whbh it traveled to the 

retmdkaathe prism. 

retrograde rnotlorr-1. Motbn in an orbii 

opposite to the USUSI orblfal direction d celestial 

bodks witfdn a @varr aydem. Spacificdly, d a 

aateflife, moth in a dhrction -e to the 

direction d rotation d the primary. 2. The 

afprerrf mot”mn of a pbrrat westward amot’rg 

the stare. Alao callad mtrogrermlon. Opposite 

of progressive motion. 

resurvey-A retrecing on tha ground of the 

lines d an earlier survey, in whiah afl points of 

the aewfier survey tfW are rsrsoverad are held 

fixed and ussd es a control. If Ieo few points of 

the earfier survey are rasovered to satisfy the 

retrograde vernler~ vernier scale which 

has spaces or divbions alightfy brrgar than 

t~ of the primary scale. The nurnka on the 

vamier scale mn in the ~aite dbection from 

lfroaa en ha primary scale. 

control raqukements of the resurvey, a new 

survey may be made. A resurvey is related rotrogrossion—See mtrogmdo motion. 

dkectty to an original aurvay, though several .. -,..

MIL-HDBK-850 

rovolutlon-1. The turning cd a body akruf an 

exterior pdnf or Sxis. l-ha ~ dmindii 

betwaen mvdutkm mxi m4atii is given m the 

stetsrmanf Wra Eatih revolves around the Sun, 

and rotstes on its ssis.” 2. (mmwying) A turning 

of an indrumant or part Of an klStNMSld. 

rhomboidal prfam-A prism thet displecee 

the esis of the beam of Iiihf only Iefarelly. 

rhumb b.arfng-1%.s direction of a rhumb fiie 

through fwu terrestrial points, axpessad es 

angdsr distance from a reference diracticm If is 

ususlly massurad fmm 0° et the referents 

dkacf”mn cbckwiaa to 3S0”. Also celled 

Mercator boerlng. 

rhumb dlr.otiort-sea Meraator diraation. 

rhumb Ilno dlstanca-Dtskance alerm a 

rhumb line, ususlly exprassad in nsutical miles. 

rhurnb llrre-A line on the surface of the Earth 

cutting all meridians at Ihe same angle. [A 

Ioxcdrome or Ioxcdmmic curve spiraling toward 

the poles in e mrrsten! true dkct”mn. Pmelbls 

ard maridisns, whiih elm msintairrcxrrrstsm L, 

true dhctiona, msy be considered spac”ml 0ssss 

of Ihe rhunrb line, A rhumb line is a straight line 

on e Mercator projection.] Also csllad 

equim’rgular eplral: Ioxodromo: 

Ioxodromlc curva; Marcator track. 

ridge llno-A grephk representation cd mejer 

*I36 u* to gtie more definition to the 

Iepographw character of an ares for the 

determination of low rdtiiurle rsdar prsdktions. 

They are shown onty in areas of rise grediant to 

depict those plscae in vhich the elevated terrein 

femrs a sufficient background to pwlislly screen 

visien at low altitude. 

right ascmmion systmn-An equatorial 

system d curvilinear celaetLel ceordineles wtrkh 

hss the Equator es the prknery ra4ererce ptsna 

and the pxypmdwlar hour circle through the 

vend aqumox as the samndary refereme 

plane. The direction to a bedy is given by ifs 

right ascension and declination, 

rfght asconslor+l%e angulsr distance 

meesurad esafward on the Equator from the 

vemrd equines to the hour circle through the 

celestial bcdy, frem O to 24 Imura. 

right bank—Thet benk of a stream or river on 

ths right of he oLrserver when ha ia facing in the 

220 

duadion of fbw, or dewnstraam. 

rlgM ●WO-Ttr@ cdeatisl sphere es & 

~,m tO ~ observer at the E@or, tire 

celestial balms rqpeer to rise verticality nbove 

the herizon. 

rfght-mrglo primn-A @ thel turns a baem 

d Iiihf through a right engla. It irwarts (turrvs 

@e down) or reverts (tuma rigid for left) 

mxading to the csier$stii of the piism. 

right-roadlng-A descriptive term for cm 

imege which, when viawxl through the bese, 

reeds the esme es the original, Other terms 

sometimes used to identify image dimcfien, 

such aa normel madlrrg, natural 

readings, etc., are not recommended 

bacauca of possible cod- k-l nagalivepcdive 

ralationehip. 

rlgld tripod ●ngrsver-A scribing instrument 

with three @nls of mrrtscl surface, to ~rb 

the normal irrbelance of the qeretofs Imrrd 

pressure. 

ring—(digitel mepp4ng) An edge which is a 

memtmr d.e-dtierant closed hep of edges, 

risa gradient—A color-ceded omnidirsdional 

grsphic representation of those terrain sbpes 

which are predicted to be low altitude redsr 

significant. 

rlae tkna-The timo at wh~h a seteltifa’s 

brmdcesf cen be picked up by e auifebfy 

equipped cbssrver, as fokan from an elert. Set 

lime and time of cfoaosf approach are elso 

given. Sss also ●lerts; rlao. 

rlsa-1. To cross the visibla horixon while 

ascending. 2. (sstelliie suweying) To cmsa the 

obaowets herfzon while ascending; demcteble 

by bmadcest dela mcahmd. 

rltrlng tide-See flood tide. 

rlvar cmsslng-(laveling) Carrying a Iirrs of 

levels across e atresm or other body of water, 

when ne sultsble bridge k aveilsbla and the 

width of the Lmdy of weter is gmster than the 

maximum ellowsble length of sight for the 

leveling, requires a special serias of 

cbssrvetions tibh taken mllecridy is known 

es a river cmaeing. 

rhrerlne nrea—(JCS) An inland or coastal area

I 

conwiaing both fsnd and water, characterized 

by Iirnifad fsnd tii of Cwnnrun&tion, with 

estsmsive wstar surface ars+’or krisrd wsterways 

lhsl provide nsh.rrsl mules for surface 

trsnsporfsliorr and canrnunicdicms. 

road ma~A rnadiurn-or small-scale specisl- 

pw q. 9enemlfy *win9 Onfy 

planirnatnc detsil, with enqhasis upon the reed 

network and retstad data. Its main purposs is to 

furnish ptinsnl road information for tacf”al and 

administrative troop mevemsnl. 

rosd net-(JCS) The system of resds svailsbfe 

wilhin 8 psrticu!fsr lcdify or ares. 

rorsmer-(JCS) Grids arnstrucfad to rmrnmon 

msp aceles used for determination of map 

coordinates. 

rod correctiorr-(levefing) That correction 

which is applied to an cbsewrxl dflerence of 

elevation to cor’rsct for the error introduced when 

tha Ievaling mds sre nol ectuatty of the length 

indiitsd by the graduations. 

rod fiord-A smsll cvfindricsl tube of anv 

rrwterial,. ckysd at tie berrom and wsigh’wd 

with slmt until it flosts in an upright pasitiin with 

atxwl 2 to 6 inchss projecting above the wsler 

surface. Current velocities era datenninad by 

dksct observations, 

rod levet-An accassery for use with a leveling 

md or a afadia rod to assure a vartical position 

of the nsd prior to instrument rssding. 

rod surn+eveling) The algebraic total of plus 

and minus sights in a given Iavel Iina. 

rod—See leveling rod. 

rolf-(JCS) 1. The rotation of an aircraft or ship 

ekul its longitudinal sxis. 2. In air photography, 

the camera rotation sboui the longitudinal 

amess ef the aircrsh. Also called tilt. Sea also 

tilt snglo. 

rommnlzntlon—1. The procsss of r=ording in 

mmsn script either the sounds of a language or 

the grsphic symbols of s nonrornsn writing 

system. 2. An item of a language w+kh has 

undergcme this process. See also 

tranecrlptlon; tranalltaratlon. 

roof prlam-A type of prism in which the 

irnsge is reverted by a roof, that is, two swfacas 

MI L-HDBK-.95O 

221 

inclined al 91Y to each other. 

root moms aqusm wror-!%s standard 

●rror. 

roots of rnountaln theory-See Airy 

thaory Of lSOtSSy. 

rotathrg prism camara-A class of 

panoramic camera in whiih a double dove prism 

ia rotstad wlite the Isne system remains fusd. 

Ttda conf~umtion csn achieve a scan of 180” or 

more. 

rotating prlsrn-Saa dove prism. 

rotational movomen!+photogrammatry) 

The systamalic rotation of prejectora or projector 

assarnbfiss. Whan spplkd to ths pro@ctor body 

within Iha gimbal inner ring, the nsevernant is 

about tha z-axis awl is called ewing. Rotation 

of the innar ring is sbouf an xaia (s.smndery 

sxia) and is csllad x-tilt. Rotalion of the outer 

ring is about a y-axis (primrsry sxis) snd is called 

y-tilt. 

rotation-l. (aslrenomy) A turning of a body 

.sboui a- ss&onlainsd, sxis. es-the daily retaticm 

of ths Earth. See alsa 

route chsrt-1. A chart showing routes 

belwaen var”mus places, ususlly with distances 

indtcatsd. 2. An aeronautical chati covering the 

mute bstween spscitii terrninsla, snd ususlly of 

such scale as to include the antire route on a 

single chsrl. Also csllad flight chafi. 

route map-A msp showing ros& to be 

Iollowd and nssby peinfs of military 

aignifmnce. 

route smrvay-suweys for Iinasr construction 

such as rsilrosds, highways, and trsnsmisaion 

lines whch include the layout of lines and 

grsdss for thsse projects. 

row+digiiaf) An ordered collection c4 fwlds in a 

date bsse pertaining to an entity or rmrd. 

rubber blanket—See offset flthogrephy; 

of faat preua. 

rubber sheeting—A rsctificstion process wisich 

resamples data to trsnsform (stretch or 

~mwe=) ii frem one statistical model tO fti 

enother model.

ubborbrmd-The abWy to fa the encb of n 

he, or aalacted points along a tine, in a @tic 

pos~mn arvd then “atretc~ the line between the 

fised points 10 establish naw gaomatrb shapes. 

run of micrometer—See ●mr of run. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

run-length codo-A data ccmqxession 

method for large fwxnogennus ragiorra of me!er 

daia. Data Ls racorded aa tupfee which daaignata 

the quantify of a repeating vefue and the value 

itaaff. Also known as inn-length ancdng (RLE). 

running flx-(JCS) The intersession of two or 

rrmre poshii firms, n.d 0b4ainad 

aimulfanaousfy, adjusld to a common tima. 

running mOan-Ses consocutivo moan. 

running-(laveling) A continuous series of 

rrwmsurad different- of elevation, rnsds setup 

by a setup in one direction abng e aectien of a 

line of tsvab, which resufts in a measurement of 

the difference of elevation between the banch 

marks or other points, either Iernporwy or 

pe-ent, at the ends of the section. 

. ., . . . ... . .. ... . . ,,-..- W*..X ..—. . . . 

run-1. (lithography) The number of 

irnpre~ions msde on a press for a given sheet. 

2. (micrometer) See error of run. 3. (.ICS) 

(aerial photography) That parf of a flight of one 

plmtographc reconnaissance aircraft during 

which phonographs are taken. 

222

24-hour aaldllta-sea synchronous 

Slltolllta. 

MIL-HDBK-B50 

aag corractlon-(taping) The dfierenca 

between the effectke length of a tape, or part of 

.9 tape, when s~ad oontinuouafy 

thmugheuf ife length and when sqrpettad et a 

limited number of independent points. - 

tapes uauafly are used wfth three or tie points 

et ss.pfmt, and hang In curves (cateneriae) 

betwean edjjcenf aupperfa. COrr*ion for aeg is 

not required wften the method of .sqmrf in use 

is the same as was used in the afandediicdiort 

of the tape; only the etandercfizalion comedian 

ieaPPIiad. Abasstspa MuYIIkb used 

su~rted througheuf or with four Pc4nts of 

support, as on a reilwey rail. Also Mllsd 

catanrwy correction. 

aalllng chart-A snrell-acele chart used for 

offshore sailing between dktant coastal perk 

and for plotting the nevigator% position out of 

sight of tend and as he appmechas the meat 

. frem the eptm omen. mey sfmw eftshors-=. 

soundings and the rrrcxt importanl fights, outer 

buoys, end naturel landmarks which are visibte 

e! considerable dstancsa. 

selling dlrsctlone-A descriptive book for the 

use of msrinera, containing detailed informatkrn 

c4 maatet waters, hmbor fecifiiies, etc. Alao 

cslled coast PIIoU plloL 

samplo varlrmca-True varience can only be 

cOnWUtd from some aemple. The term 

sampfe variance is used when wishing to 

rnske reference to e cwrqmlad verience from e 

cpecifii aarr@e, as opposed 10 an assumed or 

prevbuety edirnetad variance of some parliiuter 

cleas et observations or pererneters. In general, 

If the aemple verbnce et some class of 

observations in a weighted beef square 

edjuetrnenf dfiers km gredy from the assumed 

varience used for wei~hinn the cbservet”ime. the 

edjuatrnenl aheuld be-re~ated with refined 

weights besed on the ssmple varienca. see 

vtwlancb. 

sampla-A set of ebaervations, used to 

determine the rrrest probable velue of e 

parficuter parameter, anrllor used to asfinrate 

the accuracies of the drearvations aruU or 

accuracy of the parameter. 

s 

223 

Smrson-Flamstoed map projectlo*S ee 

sinusoidal map projection. 

saros—llra eofii cycle of about 18 years, 

afmeal the same fangth as 223 eynodicd 

rnodw. Af the and of asdr same, the Sun, 

Mom, and fine of rmrka raturn to approxirrmtely 

the same raJetive pdtions and another aerisa 

04 Scfiiaea be “n% Cbaaly raaernbling the series 

jti cornpl~ J . Sss elao lunar cycle. 

Setolllt@ Goophydca Programa-DMA 

pmgrems thet provide fcw the operation and 

maintenance of fmad turd rrmbile =tefliie 

trecking systems and the prcceaeing of dete 

frem geedetic aeteltites. The date collected by 

ths- stalioms are used In gad profil=, pr=isa 

aetelfite ephemerides, geedetic point fmaifione 

and relsted products. 

satellite geodeey—l%e dkcipline whch 

ews ~=yalbm c1 an Eefth S8teIrie I. 

estract geodeltc mformetion. 

,. . . -,, -- . . . .. . . . . . 

satelllt@ survey lrrg-1, (Doppler) The 

prwcss of potitoning one or more peints cm the 

Esrfh’s surface by cdledng Dof@w shift deta 

frem peseas of Navy rravigetion aetelfites. See 

elao point posltlonlng; short arc; 

tranelocatlon. 2. (NAVSTAR) The position (by 

reaecfien) d a point receiving signals from four 

aetaliiies of the Gbbel Po*loning System. 

sateflito trail-A e!raak fike image of a 

eatelfiie receded on e afeller plate by a 

photographic time aspesura. 

●atalllto trlanguletlon ●tetlons— 

Trienguletien stat”bns whose anguler poaitkms 

relative to me another are determined by the 

aimultanaous obaarvet’bn of en Earth =tellifa 

from two or mere of them. 

●atellita trfmrgulatlon-The datemtination 

of the angular relationships bSttVSSn two or 

more atelions by the simultaneous observation 

of an Earth astelfiie from these statism. 

satelllta-An attendant body, natural or rnanmede, 

thet revolves about another bcdy, the 

primary. See also actlvs aatelllte; 

Communtcatlons satalllte; Earlh 

eatolllte; equatorial satellite; geodetic

“- 

satsrlllte; lunar satellite; NAVSTAR 

Global Podtlonlng Systsm; Navy 

Nav@tlon Sat*lllt. Syatam; passlva 

●atelllta; polar satelllto; synchronous 

8at*lllt9. 

ssturabl. rsactor—See flux-gat. 

magnatomat.r. 

scalar-Any phy~icsl quantity wksa fidd can 

k described by a single numerical value at 

each point in apace. A scalar quant”~ is 

distinguished from a veder quantify by the fact 

that a scalar quantity pe asasaas enly 

m%@fude, whereas a vactor.quantify 

PIXSSSSSS both magnitude and duaction. 

scale chacklng-1. The process of 

determining the scale of en aerial photograph, 

w more correctly, the altitude above sea level 

which best fiis the print, 2. (stereecompifation) 

The process of determining the scsfe of a 

vertical phologmph for points at a specific 

elevation and the subsequent measurement of 

dirwlien and distance therefrom. 

Scafo error-A systematic error in the lengths 

@ su~ey.finas *ual&.,prowrt”Dnal to lb 

“ ‘“”lengths of the “lines. See alse Instrument 

err-or. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

acafe factor—A muffipfier for reducing a 

d~tance obtained from a map by computation 

or scaling to the actual distance on the datum of 

the map. Afso, in the state coorcfhate systems, 

scale factors are sppfied to gaedetia lengths to 

obtain grid Lengths, or to grid lengths 10 obtain 

gacdelic lengths. Solh are lengths on e sea 

Ieval datum. but the mid Iarmths are aff=ted bv 

Ihe scale change of ~he me; prbjecfion. - 

scale lndlcator~ Iegarilhm’k scale devised 

as a rapid end convenient methed of 

defemnining the natural ~le of e map from the 

dwiskms marked on the grsphk scales, or fmm 

the intervals of Isfiiude en a map. 

scale of raproductlon-The enlargement or 

reduction r8tio of an original to the final copy. 

Thfs rstie is exprsssed as a dismetar, percent, 

times (X), or a frsctii. Afso called 

enlargommtt facto~ roductlon fector; 

reproduction ratio. See also contact 8120; 

diametar ●nlargement: mnka Ilno; 

porcant of ●rtlargamontfroductlon; tlmos 

(X) ●nlargamant. 

scale-ratio moaalc-lm assembly of 

224 

photogrspfvic prints bruught to a cemmon 

by prejsction printing 10 sde factors otrtaiii%$ 

fmm map distancas to allow the best FQeeibfe fii 

of titigueus photo detail. 

acafe-1. (JCS) The ral”m or fradkn between 

the distance en a map, charl, or phdograph 

and the correng distance on the surface 

dthe Sarih.2. Aaeriaa ofrnsrk orgradusfkna 

at definite intervals en a measuring davica or 

instrument. 3. Meaeuramenf by manna d a 

scale, See also compifatfon aoale; 

convoralon ●calsi; ●quivalent scale; 

graphic aoala; Invar ●cala; model ●oalo; 

photographic ●cala; plottlrrg ●cala; 

prlnclpfe ●calo; reprecentatlve fraction; 

reproduction scale; scallng; x-scale; y. 

●cale; z-ecalo. 

scaling the model—See acallng, definition 

2. 

acallng-1. Alteration of the scale In 

phetogremmetrfc triangulation to bring the 

model into agreement wkh a plot cd herixontsf 

corm-al. 2. Fitting e stereoscopic model to a 

horizontal arntrel pbt. A step in ake.dute 

orientation. Also called scaling the model. 

3. Determining the scale of a ptmtogrsph w 

graphic, 4. (cariegraphy) Sas catiomotric 

ccsllng. 

scan Iinoe+uccsssive parallel strips of 

c@ursd data from B sensor, ‘such as a mw of a 

raster grid. 10 bs printsd on e sirrgls line d a 

rsstar display device; or recorded in a single 

sweep of lhe mirror of an optical scanner system, 

or radar scanning system: er a eingle addressing 

of the finsar army detector of a puehbroom 

scanner. 

scan poaltional diatortlon-in a psnoremic 

camera system, the dkplacement ef images of 

ground points fmm their expected cylindrical 

positions caused by the forwmd motion of the 

vahicle as the fans scans. 

acannar-1. A device for automatioalfy 

converting images from maps and photographs, 

or fmrn IMrI of the reel worfd into digital form. 2. 

Any device that aysternat”mlly decompoaaa a 

wnaad image or scene into pixels and then 

records some attribute of each pixel. 

ocatteromotry—A method of using radar to 

measure the variation of radar aceftarfng 

coefficients. These variatbna may be used by 

geoscientists to discriminate between surfaces

I 

~ 

.-. 

with differeti roughness and ~t~fa. ‘II-W 

acafferomeler la distinguished fmrn other radars 

by its ebifhy to measure arr@fuda. 

MIL-HDBK4350 

●corto gensratlon-A two-dimanaionel 

dispfsy with undarfaying tenain data pwlreyad to 

appear ae if three-dimemsionaf. Normally, en 

image c.mafsts of an cbfiiua view wffh 

perapacfive. 

●cenei matching area cormlator 

(SMAC)-An elacfrooptical correlation ayslem 

whwh uses photogmphii rsrterence material 

mStChSd with OllbOSrd raaffirna scenes to 

echteve ccmelation. The reference scene is 

prepared from ramrmaiasance photegrapha and 

is stored In the form d a photogrsphc 

trans~rancy. The reference is ptscad eruund 

the inner circumference of a drum that retatas at 

e high engulsr vefcdy. The reference then 

forms e continuous strip which modulates or 

cheps the projactad image being fccused on if 

by the optical system. The reaffime energy from 

the ground within the fiafd-ef-view is spetisl~ 

modulabd by the trsnsmksivify ef the reference 

transparency. 

. .Schaimpflug ,,sondition.-The requirement 

thet object, lens. and image p!arres intersecI in 

a common line for sharp fetus in eny dkecl 

projection system. 

@chema-The description of the logical 

afrucfure of en entire data base acwrdhg to a 

conceptual model. 

Schott baae-llne measuring epparetua— 

A contecf, compensating base-line measuring 

apparatus mrrrpmed of three psrsllal bars; the 

middle bar of zinc, the outer bars of steal. One 

and of each steel bar is free; the ohm end is 

fastened to en end of the zinc bar, a different 

end for each steel bar. The lengths of the bars 

are so p~rtionad wilfr respect to their 

coeffiiiarrts of thermal expansion that e 

cerrsterrf d!atance is maintained between the 

free ends of the sled bars. 

sclntlllatlon—See srhlmmer. 

sclasora lnveraOr—See PeaucelllOr 

Inveraor. 

acroan angle-(photogmphy) The angle 

which the rowa of halftone dots make with the 

verticel when right-reading. The engle is 

measured clockwise whh O“ a! 12 o’cfock. 

-. 

Z25 

●croon fng—See madrfng. 

. . . . 

scr*On-See4 ●raa pattern semen; 

blangle ●crean; dot ecmwr; halftone 

●craen; magenta contact screen. 

scribed pleta-see scribed sheet. 

ecrlbad sheet-A scribing aurfeca on whnh 

the raproddion scribing has bean cempfeted. 

Atae called scrlbad plate. 

acrlber—An instrument hefdirrg a acribhg 

point; used for scriling en coated plastics. Alse 

called ●ngraveq gravec scrlblng 

Instrument. See alas sngratmr 

rectagraver; rlgld tripod ●ngrava~ 

ctrnight Ihre gmver; subdlvldor; ●wlvol 

graver; turret graver. 

sicriblng gulda-See guide. 

scrlblng krstrumorrt-See scriber. 

scribing points-Needles or btsdes in various 

dmmelem or cress-saction shapes ground ❑nd 

sharpened 10 prescribed dimensions. Used in 

scribers for scribing on add plastics. 

scribing—(JCS) A method of preparing a msp 

or charl by cutting the tines into e prepered 

mating. ~he pmcesa of preparing a negative 

Aich can be rs+woduced by contact expesure. 

Portions of e photographically opaque coating 

ere removed from a transparent base with 

spacielly designed tools.] Also called nsgatlve 

scrlblng. 

aee level contour-A contour fine delineating 

peirrts at sea ievel. 

ssa Ievsl datum of 192 S-See Nationel 

Goodatlc VerZlcal cfatum of 1929. 

sam Ievsf dstum—See msan sea Iaval. 

sea lmrsl variation-sea level variea from 

day to day, from month to month, end from yesr 

to year. This verieIicm is aftrfbulad 10 

meteorological renditions end ahoufd not be 

mnfuaad with the lunar fiiea. 

ses lsvsl—The height of the surface of the 

sea at any time. Sss also Ideaf sea Iaval; 

mean aaa hfbl.

soamloss data baaa-A data base 

afrtmned wifhotd tmgmarrtaticn or tiliig, 

thereby afiminatirtg the need to begin and 

tmntinafe chains ❑t boundaries and have 

topclogiil peintera mferanoa fiksa as well as 

cdhw entities.. The mad ia a data baas 

phyaicatty smsllw than a Wed one but one in 

whiih aaarch times can be quite brig. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

search ●rd raacuo chari-A chart designed 

primarffy for dirding and conducting search and 

rescue operations. 

ascent conic chart-See cordc chart with 

two standard parallels, 

aacant conic map projection—See conic 

maP PrO@tiOn with two standard 

I parailels. 

secant tndhod-A method of determining 

lhs psrsllel of fatttude for the survey of e bate 

fine or standard parallel by offsets from e graatcircie 

line which cuts the psrallal at the first and 

fifth mile corners of the township beundary. See 

also secant. 

. . . . . . . . . 

secant-t. A fiia that cuts a geometric cuwa 

or surfece at two or rrwre points. 2. A 

trigonometric function of an angie. See also 

secent mathod. 

sec@Or-See templet cutter. 

second-order bench mark—A bench mark 

camacfad to the datum (uaualiy mean sea 

Ieval) by continuous cacond-cwder Iavefing or by 

a cuntinuoue combhation of first-end eacondorder 

leveling. 

second-order leveling—Spirit Ievefing which 

does no! attain the quafily of fircf-ordar leveling 

but does conform to the current spacifiiation for 

second-order (cfass I or clssa 11)leveling per 

“Clasaifiition Standmds of Accuracy end 


Surveys.” Recommended for denaifiition of 

the National Network end for Ioceliiad cruatal 

nmvemant and engineering pmjacfs. 

●aoond-order travers*A survey Imveraa 

which exfands between adjusted poatilona of 

fhs first.cmler or aamnd-odar control surveys 

and which conforms to the current spacifiiliona 

for aaoond-crrdar (class I or cfsss 11)traverse par 

“Classification Standards of Accuracy and 

General spacifi~fiis of Geodetic Control 

226 

Suwaya.” Racmnrnandad for darrs+fkatkrn of the 

Natienal Netwoti and metropolitan area wrvaya. 

sacond~rder triangulation-Sacond-order 

trkangulafiort was at one time known as 

●acondary triangulation; changed in 1921 

to prlnrary trfangulatlorr, and in 122510 

socond+rder trlmtgulatlon. Thaas surveys 

mnfomr to the currmt apac&atkons for aascnd- 

Older (C18aa I or Cfaaa 11)triang@aWl par 

“Cksikation Standards d Acwresy and 

General Spacif&licna ot Geodetic @ntml 

Surveys.” Racomrnerrdad for dansifiiion cd the 

National Network and mafrcpofifan area surveys. 

second-order work—lhe designation given 

any wrvey work of naxf-to-tha-highaat order ol 

accuracy and preciakm. 

secondery clrcla-See s-condery great 

circle. 

secondary compilation—A spacialiy 

pmpamd matte plastic rneterial used to dqicf 

umxmactad or diesrete coutitngs in balhyrrwtric 

compilation. 

sacondery control point (SCP)-A peint 

pldogmph~al)y identifiable, poaitiincd to a 

high degree of accuracy using an averege of 

6sveral shiran horiionlally mntrollad 

phonographs. Seven to thirteen mntrollad 

photographs, each remaining the point, ere 

taken ovar each of tour quadridirsdional paaaaa 

intersecting parperdiiularfy over fhe point. 

Photogrammetric measurements are used to 

determine the position of the point by relating if 

to the ahiran positional nadir point on each 

photogmph. Thaae posilions are mathernstisalfy 

averaged 10 obtain the most probatrfa 

cootdhatas for the point. 

seconde~ great clrcla-A great circle 

WfW@Cukr to a Pri~ry great cimle such as a 

meridian other than Ihe prima meridian. Also 

called secondery; secondary circle. 

aeconda~ grid-Any grid, other than the 

primary grid, required for combined opamtions 

application. Ttck marks along the neat fines are 

Iha preferred method of portrayal. Such grids 

sheuld remain on the maps or charts so long as 

ha aacondary grid remains in use. 

1~econdery 

ctatlon-An additional 

1:tiangulstion 

rdation, uwalty marked and 

identified, 

established to strengthen horizontal 

1nap 

conlrol, Secondary statiens are connected

I 

MIL-HDBK-850 

to the main schema stations but am not 

cxmsiderad au being part of the rrmin-sshama 

Mt.l-hay kradfan uwsffw piding rnaarm for 

cJlacbandtor ~ ~. 

auxxrdary tkk atatton-A tide station whii 

is opendad fa a short perkd of time 10 obdn 

data for a *i purpose. 

sasondary-1. See aecondmy grant 

Gird.. 2. A cakstiil body revokhg mound 

another body, its primary. 

SECORA phaaa~mqwiaon efacfronis fongrsnge 

dmanca-msaauring system used to 

determine podiirra end OlbitS & SIXtefkke or 

flight vehklea thnt contain the necasaa~ 

transponders. This term is an esronym for 

“sequential collation of renge” (now obsofste). 

section eorner~ somer at ths exlrsmify of a 

section boundary, 

sectlonrd charf-A series of eeronaufissl 

chsris et e 1:5@3,000 scale severing W entire 

United Sletes, suitable for wntasf or visual 

flying. 

, . ... . . ... ....“. ---- . ... . -. ,, 

aaction-1. The unfr of aubdwision of a 

townshp wiih tmmderies sonferming to the 

mcfanoilar svetem of survevs. nominslM 1 mifs 

squsre~-coni~iiig 640 acr&’s.”See also’ 

fractional ●octlon. 2. (leveling) That portion 

ofaline ofkvals vhiihisracwdad and 

abstraciad as a unit. Sae afae fractional 

sactlon; half cactlon; quarter section. 

mctorkl harmonke-l%e set of spherical 

hermenisa wttich change fmm poaitiie to 

negatiie es a furrdion of kngifuds only. Sas 

alae teassral harmonics; zcmal 

harmonics. 

secular abarratlon-The aberralbn due to 

the motien et the oentar of mesa of the solar 

svsfem in smace. Also celled aberration of 

ffxod strwa. 

secular perturbations-Perf urbatiorrs to the 

orbii of a pfanet W seleltiie that continue !0 act 

in one dkasfion wifheuf limit, in crmtrast to 

pariodc parturtmtimts whish cfwmgs diresfbn in 

e regular msnner. 

secular tarrrm-in tha mathematical 

expreaakm of an orbii, terms which ara 

pr’OPOIt”wal to lima, rssuffing in secular 

penurbaliens. 

227 

satactlon overf*y-A trasing of aalactad nmp 

Muca *II Oorr@ad on lmrrs+mnf rrmtariel; 

USW#Y d=- by the name d the Ieekuas or 

ddaie depicted, such ●s contour ovartsy, 

W#@#Wt SW9ffJXY.Alra cslbd tifi pUli Up; 

●elonocontrlc coordinator-Oussntitias 

Mich expmaa the posifbn ef a print with 

raepacttothacarrferoftha Meon. 

●elerrocantrlc-Rafating to tha canter d the 

~ referring to the Meon es a canter. A1.aO 

sallsd Iunlcentrk. 

●olenodoey-@CS) Thet bmnch of appfkd 

mathamatiss vhkh detarmhwe, by cbeervatien 

and maaeuremant, the exact padons ef points 

and the figurss and areas of large pertions of 

the Man’s surfece, or !he ehapa and size of 

the Moon, 

aelanodetlc-(JCS) Of or pmlsining to, or 

determined by, aelenodeey. 

selanographic—1. Relating to the physical 

geography ef tha Moon. 2. Spacifiilty, 

referring to pasitions on ths Mom measured in 

latitude horn the Mmn’s aquetor erxl in 

bngifude from a refareme meridkm. 

selano logy—That branch of astronomy that 

desk with the Moon, ifs megnifufe, rnofkm, 

consfifuficm, and the Iika. 

solenotrope-A devise used in geodetic 

surveying for reffscfing the Mcar’s mys to a 

d~ant point, 10 aid in bng-diefsnsa 

ebsarvations. Sea also heliotrope. 

salf-lavellng fevd-A Ieval ufifiiing the actiin 

of gravity in ifs operation. A prismatic cfrwiie, 

called a companaator, is an integral part of 

the instrument whd, ora tha imdmrrrd I’we 

been roughfy leveled, causes the optical eyefem 

to ewing into proper herizontel fine d sight and 

to msinfain that psifion during readings at a 

given statien. 

saff-raadlng Iavallng rod-A rod with 

greduefien marks designed fo be mad by the 

ebsarvar el the Iavaiing instrument. Also sailed 

speaking rod. 

●elf-mgktarlng gag*Any tide or stream 

gsge which providas a continuous record of the 

,,

1 

MIL-HDBK-850 

variatkm d ii or stream level with the passage 

of time and whii will cparate, w@WnrMd, for a 

nu~ of days. Abo sailed ●utomatic gag.. 

somlarralytleal trlmgulatlo~The 

maaeurerrmrd of x-, y-, ad &modal coordirsatas 

on an ansbg inelrumant and the trensfomrat’bn 

from rrralal cwxdinstsa to grid coordinates by a 

cwrqmtat bnaf pIDCOdUm. 

cemlcontrollad moaalc+JCS) A mosaic 

cotrpxd of corrected or uncorrected prints laid 

so that major ground features match thair 

9~~h~l coor’dimtas. Sss al.ua controlled 

mosaic; moealc: uncontrolled moaalc. 

●omldlamoter eorractlorr-A mmsdien due 

to eemldiamater, psrticufarty that sextant affiiuda 

cerredim recutting from dmcwvatbn of the 

Wpr w bwer limb of a catastial body, rsthar 

than the center of that fmdy. 

semldlameter—1. The radius of a closed 

figure. 2. HsH the angle at the observer 

subtended by the visible diatr 01 a celestial bdy. 

semldlurnal constituent-A lidsl constituent 

that has Iwo rrraxirmmrs and Ivm. minimums 

each constituent day. 

eemldlurnaf-Having e psrbd of, eceuning in, 

or related to apprcrximatefy hsff e day. 

●emlmajor axl-1. Ona-haff the longest 

dwmetar of en allipse. Also cellsd moan 

dlstanca. 2. (geodesy) Equatorial axis of e 

ephareid w elfipeeid. 

semlmlnor axla-ona-hslf the shoneef 

d~melar of an effipsa. 

sormlblllty-(spirit level) Sss senaltlvlty. 

aarrelblo horlxorr-Thst circle of the caJeSial 

sphere formed by the intersectbn of the 

celsstiel sp+tere and a plane through any point, 

such es the eye of an observer: and 

Parpandiiuler to the zanith-nsdu tine. 

aensltlvo trltimoter-See baromatrlc 

●ltlmotsr. 

aarreitivlty-(sphif lavafJ The aocurtwy and 

precision which a spirit level is capable of 

producing. Ssneitfvii depends on Ihe radius of 

curvature of Its Iongltudlnel eactiin; the longer 

the mdius, the more eensillve the level. 

228 

.Saneitiwify is mtsd by qding the hear fan@h 

of a dwbion between gmduatkm MSrIW on the 

fswel tti and ifs arrgufar value at rho oanter of 

curvature of the t~. A&a died aanalblllty. 

●enaltomotrlc curve-sea charactoristlc 

curve. 

●ermltometry-llre rnaasurernant of the 

mePMSS of a Pfmt=mnaifiwe nratarial to Ihe 

acticn of fight. 

sensor Image Simulator (SIS)-A DMA 

system buiff by Goodyear (now Lord) 10 mimic 

sirndstors which use DFAD and DTED. S1S 

~g= DFAfJ end DTEO and assigns molar 

mffedivii. Aboueed byoMAaasnadii 

station. 

SenSO~ =lmUlatiOn SyfNe~A device, such 

as naVlgCitIOnsimulator or trainer, in ~h 

spscifii types of sensor simulator msterials are 

utiliisd for tmining purpesss. See also ssnaor 

simulator materials. 

aerruor simulator materlal~Those terrain 

models or maps, factored tmnsparencies or 

rsdsr reflectivii plates dcrvekrpsd or pmducsd --, . . ~ 

from mapping, cherthg, geodetic, snrYor 

intelligence dala or compilstiorrs for use in 

waspn system or navigat ien simulators or 

trsinem, 

sa’mor—A technical rncwms 10 esterd man’s 

natural aen.ses. Also a sensing davica er 

equipment whiih dalacts and records in the 

form of imagery, lhe energy reflected or emitted 

by envirerrmsnfel areas, features, objects, end 

events, irduding natural and cultural features 

rind phys’kaf phanernans, as well as rran-mada 

features, ebjecfs and adivities. The energy may 

be nuciear, eledromsgnetic, including the visibls 

and invisible portions of the apadmm, chemical, 

bielegical, thermal, or mschanicel, including 

sourd, Meet, end Earth vibmtim. 

September equlrrox-See ●utumnal 

equinox. 

aequentlal data atructura-A vector date 

structure in wh~h each tsature in a vector data 

eat as a point, line, or pofygm, with ire 

coordinates and attributes all in fhe same 

raaord. No spatial ralationshipe are establiehad 

between features. Also cailsd apaghattl 

vector. 

series designation—A descriptive titla, a 

.-

I ., .,-.,. 

nudrer, w a codrination d a letter ard 

rrutir, used irrdMduefty m cdlesiiveiy to 

tirrt&y a g-or farrity d ~, dwts, or 

related pubhceticma. 

serlos speclflcatlorrs-S e e 

specifications. 

SOrl@a—Saa coordhrated ssrlea; map 

●orIs*. 

sot forward-see setup. 

setback—The horixontel dietense fmm the 

fducisl mark on the front end of a taps er psri 

of tape, Wrfch fa In use at the time, bsck to the 

point on the greund mark er monument to which 

the particular msasure is behg mede. 

satu~l. The instrument (trnnsif or level) 

pfeced in position and fevebd, ready for taking 

messuremsnt~ er a point tire an instrument 

ie 10 be or hes been pkrcad, Atso called 

Irmtrumont stetlon. 2. In base-line 

measunsmen!s, the horizontal dstance fmm the 

fiiucisl mark on !ha fmnf end of e t+ or psrt 

d tap which is in uee at the time, measured in 

,-. ,., R for-wad dk~ton to the pint on the ground 

nwlrk or rnonumeti 10 Whti the particular 

maasure is behg made, Alee celled set 

forward. 

eat—l. The diractkm toward which the current 

ffows. Usually )ndicated in degrees trua or points 

of lhe cornpees. 2. A finite or itimite numbar of 

objects of any kind, of entities, or of soncepts, 

that have s given properly er properties in 

somrnon. 3. (surveying) A apesifiad number of 

Obeervatiorm, es of eatmrromic azimuth, 

astmrromic longitude. 

sexagoalmaf ●yetorn-A ayslem et noletion 

~ increments of 60 as the dwision of Ihe circts 

mto S60 degrees, esch degree into 60 minutes, 

and each mimde into 60 seconds. 

BOXtDnt altltude-llre aflitude of a celeafiel 

body sa indiited by a sextsnt or e eimilsr 

instrument bafore cermstiena ere applied. 

saatant chart-A chart with curves enabling a 

graph~l solution of the three-pokrt problem 

rather then using a three-arm protractor. 

88xt8nt-A doubfe-reflesfing htatrument fer 

measuring angles, prfmsrify aMfudes of celestial 

Htes. Aa originally used, the term applied only 

to ir-dwments havrng an arc of 60” (m-d a 

MIL-HDBK-B50 

229 

~We of120”),fmfn which the i~trument 

derived its name. In modem prectica the term 

apfrks to eimilsr kwtmnante, mgan2m3a of 

mnge. ALSOSS[bsd hydmgrapftii 66mstn. s6s 

stao bubbfs sextant: marine sextant; 

octant; quadrant; qulntant; surv.ylng 

●sxtmtt. 

shade .rror-That error of an optical 

instrument dun to rs4rac4ion m the shade 

gfeeaes. 

●hadad mllaf-(JCS) A cartogrsphii 

technkqua that provides an apparent three. 

dm neienel oonfigumtion d the terrain on meps 

and cfmrta by the use of graded ahadowa that 

weuld be cast by high ground U fiiht were 

ahhing from the northwest. Shaded retiet ia 

uaudly used in somkdnatiorr wiih ccmtours. See 

also hill ahadlng. 

shaded-relief map-A mep err whish 

hypacgraphy is made 10 appear threedimansional 

by the use et graded ehsdow 

effects. Generally. the fasturss are shadad as 

though illuminated fmm the rrerthweet, A 

sheded-relisf rrwp may also contain senloura or 

hechures in cornbinatbn with the aharhg. 

ehsdow fnctor-(JCS) A muffipltilicm factor 

derived fmm the Sun’s declination, the Islitude 

of the target, and the time of photography, used 

in determining the heights of objects from 

shadow tength. Also called tan ●lt. 

ahedow projector-An optisel devica 

devaloped for checking dimensional ascuracy of 

the various casts ef refiif models. 

sheer—Trensformet ion of e rectangle in!o a 

parallelogram. 

sheet. Ilnee--see neatflnea. 

ehea4-A singfe map, either e comptete mep in 

one sheet, or bebnging 10 a series. 

ehlft— (.ICS) (redsr) The abihty to move the 

origin of e radal d~fay ewsy fmm the center of 

the cathode-ray tube. 

●hlmmer—An atrrmapherie effecf due to 

etrnospherk turbulences. If may be mere crilisel 

h photograph observations of celeatiel objesfe 

Ihen refraction. The cdimmar mskee the imege 

flusfuate rapidly. ff everagee out in the case d 

bng exposures but is serious in case d fleshes. 

Shimmer affesls both right e=enaion end

I 

ddinetti in a random manner m-d, unfike 

m9UbW tict”~, “B lmf ZIHO at ha zenith. Ako 

called aclntlllatlon. 

ship.towhor. triangulation—A method of 

triangulation invotving simuftanaous 

ebservatkma from three shore etafiirw on a 

target csrrid by a shii offshore d the middle 

station. The mktdla stsfii must be vkibfe from 

aach of the two ad Sfatons. 

Ships Inartlal Navigation System 

(SINS)-A precise dasd-reckoning system 

tvhiih rmirrfains ships’ position and heading 

thrcrugh maasursments” made with gyroscopes 

and eccalerornatem. 

shlran-An efactrenic dtstancs-messunng 

SyStSm for rrraasuri~ d@fmces with @OdatiC 

accuracy fmm an airborne station to each of 

tour ground stations. ~hia term is en acronym 

for “S-band high precision short-range elscfronti 

navigation. “] 

shoot—1. (trsfronomy: eurveying) To meke en 

observelbn wkh an instrument. 2. 

(photography) A slang term ussd to denota 

photographing copy, such as a map msnuscripl, 

with a copy camera. 

shop calibration—Adjustments 10 precision 

instruments made in an instrument 

msintensrrce shop having e limited amount of 

specialized testing equipment. 

ahoran range-The mazimum possible 

operating distance between shc.rsn eircreff and 

ground stations as limited by flying height, 

ground-station elevation, terrain, erd Earth 

curvat urn. 

shoran r.ductlon—The computation process 

of converting from a shorandiatance reading to 

an aquivalant geodetic dstarwe. 

●horan trltataratlorr-A mathod of extending 

hortzorttal control in whiih the sides of 

appropriate figures are measured by the shoran- 

Iine cmsaing methcd. 

●horwr-controlled photography—A 

methd by which the positions of aimraft are 

determined ~ distance measurements to two 

ahoran ground afatbns aimutteneously with 

photographic exposures. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

s.. 

z do 

●horan-llno crosdng-A metfwd crt 

daterrnining distance Lmhvaen two pims by 

ftyiig across the adjjlng line. 

shoran-wavsr pattt-Tha path taken by tha 

ahcvan wave as it travata fmm the mobile 

(airborne m shi@ome) ststkrr to the ground 

station. 

shormr+JCS) A precise chart-rsnge efecfmnic 

rrsvigst’on system whkh uses the tima d lravsl 

of pulsdyps transmissions fmm fwe or rrmre 

fbred stslicm to measure rdent-rengs distance 

fmm the stations. Also, in conjunction with a 

suitable ccwrpufer, UA in precision ~@f. 

~ term is an aorwrym for the phrase %hortrange 

navigation.-] 

shoreline of focl—See coastal refraction. 

short ●rc geodetic adjustment (SAGA)- 

Ths Iassl squares adjustment for position, 

elevation, azimuth, and distance of a number of 

stations using Doppler sateltite obsarvelicns of 

the earns passes. The satellite posificms are 

permitted to vary. Only pcrlkms of sstefliie arcs 

me obsarwd. Paints afong thase short arcs are, 

mmpulad for the times of the cbaarvstions as 

an intermdtala step towards deriving the 

station posiiions. See also point positioning; 

short arc; short arc network. 

short am nofwork-A network of peeitions 

established by adjustment of simultaneous 

satellite chservatiorrs. 

short am reduction mathod-A 

computational procedure in which only shorl 

arcs of tha sstellife orbit are employad in order 

to minimize the Izffacts of secular and long 

period perfurbatirms. 

shorl ●e-A small pmfion (usually lass then 

hatf) of the orbiial em traversed by a salelliie in 

making 1 revolution aboul the Earih. 

ehm’t distance navigational aide-(JCS) 

An equipment or system which provides 

navigational assistance to a rsnge not 

exceacfhg 200 stalute milss/320 kilometers. 

$hort parlod parfurtsatlona-Periodic 

psrfurbsticms in the ofii of s ptsnet or sstellita 

which exacute one complete periodii varistian in 

Ihe time of one orbiiel period or leas.

I 

dtort rod-A Javel md, U6ussfiya Phkdelphii 

md, pemriffing rrndings of 7 feet or Jam. See 

also long rod. 

MIL-HDBK-a50 

dde can eoner-A system utifiiing sonar 

fmnedumm mounted rrearfy horJzOntaffy and 

pa-i to the line of travel, to pmtray 

Lmffom feetume fo the side c4 Ifsa survey vew4sl. 

dde oquatlon tests-skfe equst’km tests ere 

a mdfiition of fi”de eqrsat’kme which are 

helpful to gsodetis field parfias in ctsaakirrg the 

arxumcy d &ssrrvatkme snd h Jeseting the 

fminfs where horizontef-diredion ohservatioms 

may be in ernw. 

●ldo aquatlon-A cendiiion equafkm which 

expr~aas the lekilbnSKfp bahveen lhe various 

sides m e Itianguistion rigura as they can be 

derived by csxnpidation from ona another. 

●ldo llna-Apphed to a strip d land sr.roh ae a 

street or rigfrf-d.way, it defines the brndaries 

of that strip: ncl applied to the ends of s strip. 

rrldo overtsp-Also called side lap. See 

I-.. 

. . overlap, dafinllion 1: 

. . 

I aide shot-A rsrsding or measurement from a 

survsy ststbn to locate a point whti is not 

I inlendad to be used es e bees for ths axtension 

of the survey. A side shot is usually made for 

the purpose of determining the fmsition of some 

o@acf wldcfr is to be ehown on the mep. 

●ldo test—in trienguistion of e quadrilateral or 

similar figure. where distances san be cmrrputad 

fvm dflfemnf ways, the ratio of the diffarensa 

between the two aom@ed results to the length 

of the Jine. 

aJd@-lookJng alrborno radar (SLAR)— 

(JCS) An airborne radar, viewing et ngM angks 

to the axis of tha vehlcla, which pmdffias a 

prsaentation of terrain or rmving targets. 

●lda-alght-A sight rnsde with the transit to a 

pdnf not on the line of traverse. It may be a 

dde shot or an obsarvetion 10 locate an in-andoul 

station. an sximulh msrk. or an intersected 

point. 

sldcmaf day—The interval of lime from a 

Uerreft & the (tnse) vamel equinox across the 

uppar March of a glvan meridiin to ifs next 

succeeshre transit across tha upper branch of 

231 

- ..- 

the cams merid!an. Afso asllsd ●qulnootJal 

day. 

aJdamaJ tocua-Tha posiliin of the pnnc”~l 

fad plane of a Iena eysfam. A crmtam or 

teleac+s is m aidersrsl fcsaa wtrerr incidem rays 

Jmmagmdd iebsncac ometoafocua intfm 

plane d tha phofogrrs@ plate or of the r@icle. 

Afeo cdad solar tooue. 

●Jdaraal hour ●ngla (SHA)-Angular 

distance west d the vensef equinox the arc d 

tha celeatii equelor. or tha engle al the 

aelaetisl pole. between the hour arda d the 

vernal equinox and the hour circle of a pdnt on 

the oalerrtisl sphere, measured weetwerd fmm 

the hour cfrde d tha vernal squimx through 

360”. 

aldema.1 month—The interval of time 

batwaan two succasstie peeasges of the Mmn 

past e Iuad star. 

ddeteal parlo+l. The time taken by a 

planet or sstellffe to aOrr@ete one revolution 

about its prirnery and as referrsd to e freed star. 

2. +cifkalfy, Ihe interval between rwo 

sumesswe returns c4 an Earth satellite in orbit to w . -+ 

the ssme gemealric right escensk 

aldoreal time-llma based upon ths rolelkm 

of the Eerth relative to the vernal aquimx. 

ddereel year-llse perid of one apparent 

revolution of the Earth around the Sun, with 

rcspacf to the lied stare, wiih an accepted 

valua of =5 days. 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9.5 

semnds in 1900; and increasing al the rate of 

O.OCQ1 second annusliy. 

●idereel-Of w pertaining 10 the etars. 

Although sidereal genemlfy refers lo the. stars 

arxf tmpiml to the vernal equinox, sidereal time 

and the sidereal day are based upon the 

position of the vend equinox relatiie to the 

meridian. 

aJght lnmp-A sorrpaci, portable, bettary - 

epareted electric lamp rssradaa a target for 

observations on surveys of high prsaklon 

(ususlty on first- and semnd-ordsr geodetic 

triangulation). The parabdii reflector is mounted 

in a special was to fadifate poirrting and 

adjuating. 

dght flna-see Ilno of collirnatlon. 

sight mductlon tablee-Tablas for

MIL-HDBK-850 

performing sight reductions, psrticufsrfythoee for 

determining computed atfiiude for comparison 

with tha obsetved altitude of a cefastisl body to 

d~errrine the attiiude diierenca for estaMtimg 

e fine of poaitbn. 

sight reductlo~?’he pnxaaa of deriving 

tmm cbaervation d a caleslisi bdy the 

information naedad for aefsbkshing a fine d 

positiin. 

sight rod-See rang. rod. 

sight trae-See line tma. 

slght~ssrvatlon of the altitude, end 

semetimes efao the azimuth, d a celaefisl bedy 

fer a fine of position; or the data obtainad by 

such observati.m. 

slgnatura-lhe characferiefix or psfterns of 

phys”kal features that permit objects to be 

recognized on aerial imagery. A ceIegory is said 

to have a siansture onkv il the cherscferistic 

pattern is hi~hly repr~ntative of all units of that 

category. 

slgnlflcanl data-llw date that represents - 

the best eppmxirnattin of the date of the 

product’s informs!ion; e.g., the date of 

Cmnpifstii or the date of the source msterials 

used 10 revise the product. 

slmpla conle chart-A chsrf on a simple 

conic prqecfion. 

simple conic map projection-A conic map 

projection in which the surface o! a sphere or 

sphsmid, such as the Earth, Ls sorrceivsd as 

dwelaped on a tangent cone, whiih is then 

spread oul to form a plane. 

simple feature-See feature. 

slmplo harmonic motion—lhe projection of 

uniferm circular rmtion on a d~meter of the 

Cide of such motion. 

simple pendulum-A theoretical concept. A 

heavy particle suapandad from a freed point by 

a fins thread which is inexfensibla end withouf 

weight. A simple pendulum cannot ba realized 

in ecfual work. A simple pendulum is, however, 

Ihe basis of rsdtiions of obaarvations made 

with an astusl pendulum. Thoaa ebservatione 

have cormrctiona sppfied to them to obtain 

resufls wtich woufd have been prodmxd by an 

232 

equivalent simple pendulum. 

●lmplifkatlon-Smoc4 hing the characfar of 

feafums withotd destroying thrir vidbk skwpa. 

Sit’r@iiiticm incras.sas as map Scala decreases. 

Slmpaon’o 1/3 rule-A mathematical 

expmasion for d~enninkrg arass between en 

irmgufar boundary and a trsvarsa fiie tire 

aquslly spscad offset msssuramsnts have been 

Iakan. 

●imultarwous aftltudea-ltfliiudaa of two or 

rnera dsdial fxufies drserved at the same 

tima. 

simultaneous double line-sea 

slmultaneoua level line. 

aimultanecrua Ievef fine-A line of spiril 

Iwefing c9nqxxad of two singla tinaa run over 

the same mule, both in the same direction, but 

using dflerent turning points. Alse cslld 

elmultaneous double Ilne. 

simultaneous mode-A satellite method for 

delarmining the position of an unknown station 

by the simultaneous ‘ranging’ fmm thrse stations 

of known pmsiticm and the unknown siation, or 

5imuftane0u51y obseming direction fmm fwe 

stations of krrovm pesifion and the unknown 

stat”km, and matharnatioally reducing ths data to 

sohe for a fine or aurfaca of position of tha 

unknown. TMs technique permits Pc6ifien 

determination independent of a satellite’s orbital 

paramatars. 

aimultaneoua obaervetlono—(satallite) 

0b5arvations of a sstefliia that are made from 

two or mora distincl peints or tracking sfst”krns at 

assctfy tha -me tima. 

●htgla ●etronomlc station datum 

orlentatlorr-Tha orientation of a geodetic 

datum by accepting tha a6tmnomfcaIty 

determined aacidinstes of tha Ori@n and ths 

azimulh to one other sfatien without any 

curracfion. 

single proportionate measurement— A 

mathcd of properfioning rnassuramenls in the 

restorstkrn of e ksst comer whose position is 

determined with raferenca to alignmant in ona 

duacfion. Ezarr@es of sush comars are quarter 

secfien canera on the fins between two section 

comers, all oorrwm on standard paralbta, and all 

krtenrmdiata positions on any township 

boundary fine. Tha ordiiry fmkf problam

1 

MI L-HDBK-850 

COneisb of d~rbuting the excess of dakiancy 

bafwaam fwu existent comers in euch s way thet siphon baromater-A mercwy bemrneter 

the emount given to each krtarvat shall bear the rxmsisting of e column of metcury m e gtesa 

acme propc+tion to the whole d~ererrw as the 1* Whii is bard S0 8s to heve two vettical 

rawrd length of the interval bears to the whole brenches. ene abeut one-fourth the Iemgth cd 

record +s4ance. Attar heving applied the the other. The end cd the kmgar bmnch is 

PWrfW@e difference to the record length of cbaad, endtheair krffiedwbytha 

aech Irrtervat, the sum of the several parts will nvmury, but the shorter branch is feft open, and 

aquel the new rneesurarnerd of Ihe whale 

distance. 

---- 

the memury is thereby subjected 10 atrnO@Wic 

Pra=ure. ha dtierenca of the height d the 

mercury in the hw branches is a measure et the 

slngl-besrr method-A technique of etrnwpheric pressure. 

barornalrk leveling utilizing two beromatera. One 

barumawr is dasignstd se a base and a nltustlon map-(JCS) A rnep showing the 

second,, or revirrg, barurrreter is uesd to tectical or edrminMrative sfiuetion et e patl”tifer 

detemrma pressures at specific pints. The and time. Sea afso map. 

pressure arc recorded S! each poeitic+r ooc@ad 

by the roving bemmeter and tires end pressure slxtoonth soctlon corner—A wmer et an 

ere recorded every 5 minutes by the besa 

esiremify of a boundary of a quarterquarfer 

baremeler. Data ere reduced to elevations 

OffiCe computations. See also barometric 

by section; midpeint between or 20 cheins from the 

mntmlling cornem on the section or townstilp 

leveling. 

boundaries. Written es 1/16 section caner. Also 

●lngle-hcadlng rader prediction-A reder 

called quarferquarter section corner. 

prediction made for a single aircraft poaitiin or size-l. To coat with eny of the various 

fmm one specfii peint in reletien to the targe!. II glutinaus msteriels used for filling the pores in 

mey be either an experience or an enalyiicsl the sufiace of pepar, fbr, er of a rnoseicking 

,. prediction.. bard. Z. To cakxlate tha msssuremants .. . ..required 

in photographing a mep to a desired 

single-mocfel instrument—A general class scale. 

of sterawxiic plotting instruments with a 

@W~ll”W for Pmie~in9 a s!n91e ~er~m~el 

setup. This cle= of pbtter IS dsaignad for 

Per SIZI ng tho lithe-An operetion performed 

order to determine the estual mmsuramenl 

in 

S$ 

Wmpiktion only end is dependent upon 

the original tiihegrephic maps to be used es 

supplementary photogremmetric Techniques 10 aeurce for e mep revision in erder 10 determine 

accomplish nace!wery sterecrlriangulation. whet distortion and changes of dhnana”bns ere 

nacassary 10 fi the okf map inside the new 

single-point transfer Instrument—Any projection. 

irstrumerd used for the transfer of planimetric 

dateil frrrm a single photograph. These 

akatch map-A msp made from loose, 

instruments are of two general types, reflecting unconwollad suweys. The information thereon is 

projscfor and camera Iucide. generslly s+arse. 

single-projector method—See one-awfng 

method. 

●lrrgla-terget Ievellng rod-Any target rod 

having graduations on one fete onfy. 

slnuaoldel map projection-A particular 

type of ha Benne rnep projection, empleying 

Ihe Equetor as the slandsrd persllel, and 

showing all geographic parellets es trufy spaced 

psrellel atreight lines, along which asset scale is 

prasenfad. Thks is an equel.aras mep projection. 

Also called Msrrcetor aquel-aree mep 

projactlon. See also Saneon-Flamsteed 


233 

sketchmaster—A form of camara Iucida that 

permits superimposition of a rectified virtuel 

irrmge of a pfrotogreph over a map menuscrfp. 

See also oblique ●kotchmaetaq unlverael 

anafog photographic rectiflcetlon 

system; universal sketchmester; vertical 

●ketch master. 

skewed map projection-Any ctandard 

projedien used in map or chart coneirucfien 

whkh daas net cenform to a general nertfraoulh 

formal with reletion to the neallirras of the 

map or chart. 

slant ranga-(JCS) The line-of-sight distance

etween We points not et the earns fevel 

retstive to a spadfii datum. 

davo staflon-l%at *alien in a given system 

of stetiena that is cxmtrofbd trf the meater 

station. Also called remote station. 

divwa+digifaf) Pofyws formed when two 

diimftt ~fw.a do W *@ abng e single 

mrnrrmn ne and leave e smell SOSCa between 

the fargertwo. 

xdopa angle-The angle between a dope and 

the horizontal. 

slope chalnlng—See slop. taping. 

slope correction of tape-See grade 

correction. 

slope correction-l. (hydrography 

surveying) Tha correction applied to soundings 

ermneoudy fxieilionsd as a resuft of an echo 

smmdar rese”wing its initial return from a point 

upslopa frem its racerdad position. 2. (Isnd 

surveying) See grada correction. 

slope taping-Taping wherein ‘the ‘Iapa” (or 4 

chain) is hakd .s raquired by the sbpa of the 

ground, the slope of the tape measured, and 

the horizontal distance computed. Also cslled 

.Iope chalnlng. 

Elope—See gradient. 

slot cutter-See templet cutter. 

slotted templat—A Iempiet on wh}ch the 

radtals are represented as a slot cut in a sheet 

of cmdboard, metal, or othar material. 

slottod-templet plot—See @lotted. 

templet triangulation. 

slotfad-tamplet triangulation—A graphical 

radial triangulation made by the use of slotted 

templets. Also called slottad-tamplet plot. 

Small Wettad Area Twin Hull (SWATH)— 

A vessel designad for stability by having ils 

buoyant volume rrmstly underwater, presenlly 

being avaluatad for use in hydrographic 

surveying projests. 

small circle-A circle on the surfaca of the 

Earth, the plane of which does not peas through 

the Earth% center, 

234 

smell-ecale map-A map having a ecsle of 

1:Soo,olx or Smsfler. 

smooth ●haet-A final pbf o! fmfd corrlrd end 

hydrugraphc devebprnent such as courrdings, 

fathom curves, wire drag arass, etc., to b. used 

in chart mnetrucf ion. 

amoothlrrg-1. A sat ef pmceduraa for 

removing short-range, errzdic variat”mna from 

lines, aurfasm, or date series. 2. (itige 

prcca~ng) The avereging of dansitk in 

adjscanl ar~s to produce more gradual 

transitii. 

srrakosllp-see ●tch slip. 

snap markar—See point marker. 

Small’a law of refractloxThis law states 

that the sin. of the angle of incidence divided 

by the sine of the angle of refraction equefs a 

mnstant termed the index of rafrectiin when 

one ef tha media is air. The index C4 refraction 

can also be .xpIainad as the ratio of the vafocily 

of light in one medium to thst in anothar. 

. . . . .. .. .. . . 

aoftcopy —Products which are maintained in 

digital fomrst for use with automsted data 

processing equipment. 

solar rdtltude-Angular distanse of the Sun 

above the horizon. 

solar attachment-An auxiliary instrument 

which may h attachad to an engineer’s transii, 

parmitthg k u= as a solar oornpaes. 

solar day—1. The duration of one retation of 

the Earth on ifs axis, with respect to the Sun. 

This may be either a maan eefar dsy, or an 

apparent solar day, aa the referance is the 

mean or apparent sun, re6pectWety. See also 

.ePparent solar day; moan solar day. 2. 

The duration of one rotatkm 04 tha Sun. 

solar declination—Angular dktarwe of the 

Sun expreasad in degrees nerth or aoufh d the 

celestial aquatoc it is indicated as “+” wften 

north and .-. whan south of the Equator. Also 

called dcrclirretlon of the Sun. 

solar ●cflpse mathod—A means of 

determining the angular distanca betwean two 

observers along tha canter fine of fhe path of a 

aolsr .dipaa.

I 

I 

,1 

I 

aofer ●ctlpee-The dscuretion of the Iiiht of 

ths Sun by the Moon A eoler ecfipse is WH&rl if 

tha Sun is @fy obscured: total If t@ enlim 

wrface is ~ured or mrwfar ii o thin ring of 

the Sun’s aurfese ~rs around the obscuring 

w. 

solar ●phomorf~ deity fabuteticrr of 

estmruvnis poeilbtm & the Sun. 

solar fomm—.%e sldor.al focus. 

eolar occultation-An ooxltation of the Sun 

by the Mawr. 

eolsr pemllax-The angle subtended by the 

equatorial radius of the Eerfh at a d~tence of 

one astronomic unit (i. e., the equatorial 

horizontal parellex et tha Sun). 

solar mrflation prosaura-A perturbation of 

high fty@ erlifiiiel satellites of Isrge dmmater. 

Ths graster psrl is diractfy from the Sun, a minor 

psrf is from the Eetih, whiih is usually dwkhl 

info diract (reffesfd) and irrdksx Ierresrrial 

(redated) radiation pressures 

soler time-l. Ttme based upon the rotation 

of the Ewlh relslive to the Sun. 2. Tmvs en the 

Sun. 

eolar tmnaft-A regular transil to whkh has 

bean addad a solar attachment, which affects 

the imdsntanecus mechanical solution of the 

estmnomic triangle (Sun-zenith-pele) and 

permits tha establishment ard surveying of the 

astronomic mefidmn or estrbnomic parellel 

diractly by observation. 

solar year-see troplcd year. 

solid ●igle-The integrated engufer spread at 

the vertex 

figure. 

of a sons, rrvram!d, . or other aofkf 

solstice-one of h points of the acliptk 

fattheat from the celestial aquatoc one of fhe 

two points on fhe celest”nl sphere eccupied by 

the Sun at meximum declination. Also ssllsd 

aolstftial point. See elso summar solstlce; 

winter ●olotic*. 

solstltlel colure-The hour circle through the 

eolstiiae. 

solstltlal point—See soletlce. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

235 

eonar-1. (JCS) A sonic davioa used primsriby 

for the Macfbrr end location a4 undanvalar 

objects. 2. A system fer determining dkdew of 

an underwater ~jed by maaauring the interval 

of lime between transmission of an underwamr 

*or ~ ~wl md return d as eCIW. 

~ri tamr la dar&ad form fha wrds ‘sound 

navigat”~ and ranging.”] 

sonic depth firrdor-See echo eounder. 

sonic navigation—See acouatic 

nevlgetlon. 

eotio plot-(JCS) An overiay representing the 

ares on a mefr covered by imegaty taken during 

one serfie. Also called photo Index. 

aortle-(.fCS) In air oparstions, an eperatienel 

flight by one aircrsff. 

Sound Survalllance Syriteme Chsrte 

(SOS fJS)-Charts which portray generalized 

bslhyrnetry and othar prescribed system 

oriemed infornsstion supporting Anti Submerirw 

Warfare (ASW) survellkmce. 

. . . . . . . . ,. . . 

sounding datum-The plane to which 

soundings are referred. 

sounding pole-A round, wooden, 15-fool- 

Img pole, used for sfmal water soundings. It is 

graduated in feet and half-fast frcm the oanter 

toward both ends end numbered corrsecufivefy 

fmm Ihe ends towerd the center. 

aoundlng—1. The measured or chmtad depth 

of water. 2. A measurement of the depth of 

wster expressed in fe~ or fathoms and raduosd 

to the tidal datum shown in the chert title. Alse 

called hydrogrephlc aorsndlng. See atso 

depth; depth number. 3. In geophysics, 

eny penetrf+m of Iha rrelurel envirmmersf for 

●clentlflc obaarvation. See alao ●cho 

sounder; echo sounding; Iced lk+; off 

eoundings; on soundlnga; wlro drag. 

Soumo Acqulsltlon Segment (SA/S)- 

Segment of DMA’s DPS which provides the 

csPsbi@ to msnege image Ibrary holdings and 

to rrreintain the gsodstic confrol deta bsse. See 

elso Dlgltel ProductIon System. 

Source Pmperetlon Sagmont (SP/S)- 

Segrnant of DMA’s DPS which provides the 

m~bifify to accomplish source aeaesamant,

I 

I 

rnurce rafhemsnt, and gaopoaitiiing. 

Oparslors perform eeaasamnt of imagery end 

of tardual ard graph= rr%atarielto data4’mine 

their chemctwisiics md utility. This segment 

also provkka for mansurefiirt to support 

Iriengutatkm wiih the exis4ing Hardcopy 

Expfoiiefkrn Segment. See also Dlgltsl 

ProductIon Systam; MARK 90; Hardcopy 

Exploltstlon Sogmont. 

sourco map-The map used for the selection 

of map or chart detail. 

eeurse trraterhsf-t)ate of eny type required 

for the pmd~tion of MC&G products including, 

but not limited to, ground control, aerial and 

terrestrial photographs, sketches, maps, and 

cherfs; topegrsphk, hydrogrephk, 

hypsogrsphic, magnatic, geodetic, 

oceanographic, and meteorological information; 

intelligence documents end written reports 

pertaining to natural end msn-msde features of 

the ares to be mspqmcf or charted, 

south docllnatlon—See declination, 

dafinifii 3. 

mouth goographlctrl.. pol~The. -. - . 

gac.gmphicsl pole in the Smrlhem Hemisphere, 

at Miiude 90”S. 

south geomagnetic pola-T h e 

gaomsgnatic pole in the Southern Hemisphere. 

south magnetic” pola-llw magnetic pole in 

the southern Hemisphere. 

south point—See celeatlal marldlan, 

couth polar clrcla-See Antarctic Clrcla. 

southbound nods-See deaoandlng 

node. 

southlng—See Iatltude difference. 

Spaco Obllquo Mercetor—A mepping 

projection modeled on the dynamics of the 

IANDSAT apececmff motion. It incorporates 

tirnadepsndent veluas of satellile pfaffonn 

motion and the Earths motion in e continuous 

pro@fion of the area viewad in the LANDSAT 

ecene. 

specs coordinator—(photogrammetry) Any 

geneml three-dimensional coordinate system 

used to define the position of a point in tha 

MIL-HDBK-B50 

236 

ob@cf space, es distinguished from the image 

of tfw pofnl ort a phofogmph. 

spsce motion-MOtion of a caketial body 

through space. see elao prmper rrtotlon. 

space-polar coordlnatbs—A system of 

ccmrdinrdes by which e point on the eurf~ of e 

sphere is located inapra2aby (1) ftsdistamce 

fmm a fbd point et the canter, caffad the polo: 

(2) the odstifude or angle between the polar 

axis (a reference Line through the pofa) and the 

radius vector (a sfmighf Iiie connecting the pole 

and the point); and (3) the longitude or angle 

between a refarence pfane through the polar 

axis and e plerra through the mchus vector and 

polar axLs. 

sp.scecrsft-Davices, manned ard 

unmanned, wtdch are designed to be plecad 

into an orbh abwl the Esrfh or into a trajectory 

to another celesfiel bcdy. 

spedirtg-Removing scribe costing from tha 

base material by usc of a wide fiat blade. 

apaghettl vector—A d!gifal storage format in 

which all lines end pints are unrelated 10 asch 

othsr. 

Spetial Data Transfer Sp.sclficatlon 

(SDTS)—A ~ecificstion under the Spetisl Data 

Tmnsfer Standard (SDTS) designed to rnaet the 

rac@zad requirement for easy transfer of 

spatd data from ona qatial data herding 

system to anether, with both systems possibly 

residing on computer hardware end cpersting 

system software of dNferent makes. Under 

SDTS, the contents (specification of fields eml 

r.ubfields) are clasrfy sepsrsbd from the 

impfementalion (the encoding of fiefda and 

subfields on tha madii).See Spetlal Data 

Transfer Standard. 

Spatial Data Trensfar Standard 

(SDTS)-A standerd consisting of definitions 

and references, the Spatial Data Trsnaf er 

Specifiition, a qusfii report on digital 

cerfogmphic data, a conceptual rnsdal for 

describing cartogmphk featuras. and a sfandsrd 

ml of defined entities and affribufas derived 

from topography maps and general nauficd 

charfs. See Spatlel Data Trsnafar 

Spaclflcatlon. 

spatial anslyala—Analyf icel techniques 

Baaocietad with the study of tha location c4 

geogrsph=l entitias togelher with their spatial

dmnaions. Afso referred to as quanf”tittie 

ensfysis. 

cpatlal data baao~llediens of similar 

end mfstad spstial data racerds that ere 

ramrdad for use by a computer. Ssa afm 

Geographic Informntlon System, 

MIL-HDBK-850 

spatial data astsr-Collactions of similar end 

mletad apstial date raamts Shst ere recorded fm 

use by a wrrqrufer. 

spatial data-Dats perfeining 10 the focatian 

of gaogmphii entities Iogelher with lhem 

spslial Cfhrw-@ens. S@al dsts are cfessifii m 

pdrrt, fins, er~ or surface. 

. 

spatlel “model-See stereoscopic model. 

speaking rod—See self-reeding Ievallng 

rod. 

special-purpoea map-Any map designed 

primarily to meet specific requirements. 

●peclal area (SA) annotation—A structure 

or group of structures fmssaasing urdque 

physical chsracterislics, bui whoss arss or fitiar 

dimensions do nof qualify for appiiostion of one 

of the radar significance anslysis codes. 

spsclaf job-cover m.sp-(JCS) A small-scale 

MSp US+ to ramrd progrw on pbtogrspfsic 

raconnatssarce tasks covering very fsrge arees. 

As asch porfien of the tssk is mmpletad the 

ems covered is oulfinsd on the map, 

epeclal meander comer—A corner 

eeSeblishsd at the intersection of s survayad 

SubdiiiSIon*f-sacf ion fine end a maender line or 

the intersection of a mrnpulsd center Ifne of a 

sacfion and a meander fine. In the fatter case, 

the centerline of tha sact”mn is celculatsd and 

suwey~ on a thaomticsl bearing to an 

infersachon with the meander fins of a lake (over 

50 acres in ares) wfich is heated entirety wfthin 

a section. 

spoclal-swbjmt map—See topfcal map. 

specific forca-The difference between the 

inartbl .mcalerstion and gravitation acting on a 

WY. The physical gravity eanead by 

accalerometera. All spirit Iavels are normsl to the 

spacifii force vector. 

apoelficatlone—The rulas, regulations, 

237 

..... . 

Syrrtrofegy, end e ccxnprehansive eel of 

St.snderds *i heve bean astabfiihad for a 

~tticulsr nmp or chart series w SIe gmtp. 

Spa@fiibnS vary wilh the ae and tb 

purfxma of tha graphii. 

spectral band-A set of adjacent 

wevalengths in the elactromsgnbtic spectrum 

with a mnw’non characteristic, such as tb ViSJMS 

band. 

●pactrophotomatar-A devics for the 

maasuremant cd spectral transmittenoe, spectral 

rafbcfanca, or rafstive apaofml erniitanoa. 

cpactroradlomot~ r—A device for the 

mseaurernant of spectral diiribufion of radiinf 

enargy. 

specular reflectlo n—(oplics or microwava 

thaery) The type of reflection charscferMlc of a 

highfy pelishad pfane surface from whwh efl rays 

are raflactad at an angfa equal 10 the angle of 

incidenca. See also dfffuee raffactlon. 

●pead of fens—S ee rafatfva aperture. 

upeed—(phetogmph~) The response or 

sensitivity of the material to fight, otlen 

expressed numerically acawdng to one of 

saversl systems (e.g., H and D, DIN, Schekrar, 

ard ASA exposure index). Sas al= relative 

eperturo. 

sphera-A body or the space bounded by a 

sphericsl surface. See also celeetlaf sphere; 

obflqua aphare; paraI1.sl sphera; right 

sphers; tarrastrlal sphere. 

spherical aberration—An aberration sausad 

by rsys fmm various zones of a lens coming to 

focus al dflerent places abrrg the sxis. This 

results in an object point being irnsgad as a 

blurred circle. 

apherlcaf angla-The angle between Iwo 

intersecting great circles. 

spherical coordlnatea-A system of pofsr 

merdinatas in which the origin is the center of e 

sphere and the poinls all iii on the surfece d 

the sphere. Ths paler axis d such e system cuts 

the sphere at its two poles. In photegmmmatry, 

sphericsl coadinstas are useful in defining the 

refstive orientation of perspective mya of exas 

and rneke if possiMe to state end mfve, in 

simple forms, ninny related problems.

i 

MIL-HDBK-850 

sphorfcal ●xcosa-l%e amount by which the 

sum of the three arrgfes of a triangle on a 

sphere axoeade 180”. In gaodatk work, in the 

co~yfafbn of trisngbs, the difference between 

s@r3rrd angfas and sphamidal angles is 

generally nagfecfsd: Sph- angles are used, 

and Lagarrdm’s thsorem ki applii to the 

dsribution of the spherical excess. That is, 

a~roximatefy ona-thd of the @mrical axcaaa 

of a given spherical triangle is subtracted from 

each angle of the triangle. 

spharlcal hsrrnonks-Trigonometric terms 

of an infhife .saries used to approximate a W* 

or thraedkrransiortd furrcfbrr of ~t~ns w or 

abeve the Earlh. 

spherkal Ion- lens in whmh .s11euriacas 

are segments of spheres. 

spherical trlangk-The cbsed figure formed 

when any three points on the surfece of e 

s+rhare am ~kred by ems of great circles. 

ctpherold junctlorr-An eccentuatsd line on e 

VP or chart, separating Wo or more major 

,.- grids which ere. based on d~eran! spheroids, 

spheroid of referonc~See refarence 

spheroid. 

spheroidal angle-An angle between two 

curves on e spheroid; meesured by the angle 

between their tangents at the point of 

intereeXiin. 

spheroidal axcess—Tha amount by which 

the sun of the three engbs of a O’iangle on a 

spherokf exceeds 180”. see also spherical 

excess. 

spheroldsf trlangl*A triangle on tha 

surlece of e sphamid. 

rtphorold-1. (genetal) Any figure differing 

slightly from a sphere. 2, (geodesy) A 

mathematical figure cbsaly approaching the 

geoid in form and size end used as a surface of 

reference for geodetic surveys. In geodesy 

spheroid and elf!!sokf are synonymous terms. 

See ebu Afry ●pherold (afllpaold); 

Australian Nstlonal apherold; Eaasel 

sphorold (slllpsofd); Clarko spheroid 

(olllpsold) of 1868; Cfarko cphorold 

(olllpsold) of 16S0; ●flipsofd of rotetlon: 

equilibrium ●pherofd; Everest spheroid 

(ellipsoid); Hayford sphorold (ellipsoid); 

za8 

Intorrmtlorml ●phoroid (alllpsold); 

Kraaovaky sphtsrold (alllpaold); oblato 

●pherold: prolsto ●pharold; roferanco 

●pharold. 

●phoropotm!tlal surtaca-See apharop. 

●pharop-An aqu”~tential surface in the 

normal gravily field of lhe Earlh. Also celled 

●phoropotmtlal ●urtaca. 

spldor tempfet—A mechanical templet which 

is fwmed by afteching skoftad steal arms, 

representing radiifs, to a central sore. The 

spider tenqdet san be d~ernblad ard the 

parts used agein. Also called mechanical arm 

templet. 

spider-tomplmt p}ot-See spldcr-tomplot 


spldar-tamplet trienguletlon—A grephicsl 

rad!al triangulation made by the uss of spider 

Iempbts. Also called spider-tempfet plot. 

spiral curve-(mufe surveying) A cutve of 

uniformly vsrying radius mnnacfing a circuler 

curve and e tangent, or two circular curves 

whose rsdii sm. rqtiivaty, bngar and ahorler 

than its own extreme radii. Afso called 

easamont curve; tranaltlon curve, 

spiral to spiral (SS)-A common point 

between two spirals. 

splrlt Iavel axis—The fine tangent to the 

surfece of a spiril Ieval tube (vial) egainsf which 

the bubble forms, at the center of the gmduetad 

scale of the level, and in the plane of the 

bngiwdinsl axis of the tube (vie!) and its center 

of curvature. Also called axis of lava~ axle 

of Iho level bubble; bubble ●xk. 

splrft Ieval wind-Lack of parallelism 

between the axis of a spirit Iavel vial and the fine 

joining the centets of its suppals. When wind 

(pronounced to rhyme with find) is prasant, the 

bubble will respoti with a bngitudinal 

movemenl Wren the spirit level is rocked on ifs 

Suppotis. 

nplrlt bvallng—The determination of 

Islevetions 

of points wfih respect to each otfwr or 

\ with respect to e cumrnorr datum, by use of a 

Ileveling 

rod end en instrument using a spiril 

level to esteblish e horizontal fine et sight.

MIL-HDBK-850 

splrft favof-A dosed gfeaa Uire (vlel) of 

circubr oroeasacfkm, hscarrrerline ataeforning 

a arcubr arc, tts interior aa-fete being grcurrd to 

PrecksafonT ffiafiJJed wJffrelhs$ erlquidoflow 

~ e~ugh free apace being left for ti 

fcrrneticn of n btie of air and @S. Ahe celled 

bubbla lsvol. See sfao chsmbarad splrlt 

Iovel; circular level; hmtglng Iswol; 

Idtudo level; loval trlcG plato loval; 

reverslblo level; rod level; strldlng level; 

telslscopo Iovel. 

spiff cwnama-(.JCS) An aeeembfy of two 

cameras d~aed et a tied overbspping engle 

retettie to each c4her. [Meinty used for 

remnmiasenm purpoeee.] AJao cefled srplltvertlcel 

cam.ra. 

split photography-See split-verflcal 

photography. 

spilt-varflcel camOre-See spilt cameraa. 

split-vorflcal photography—(JCS) 

Photegrephs Ieken simuttanaousfy by two 

cameras nmunted at an angle from the verlird. 

one lined to the Ml and one to the right, to ., 

obtain a s-II side overfep. Abe called splJf 

photogrepl?y. 

●pok@?+JCS) (radar) Pwiodii flashes of the 

rotating time base on a radml display. 

Sornetimaa caused by mutual interference. 

spot ●levatlo~JCS) A point on a map er 

chart whoee elevetii ia neted, (Elevations are 

shown, wherever pmcfiible, for mad forks amf 

interaacfiorss, grade meesin~, mxnrrrits ef hiJJs, 

mountains, and mountain pames, water 

surfeces of fakes and ponds, afreem forks, 

boffem elevations in depraaaima, and Jarge flat 

areas.] 

. . 

AJSO 

. 

calJed 

. . 

spot 

. .—. 

height. See 

. . 

also 

crroctcoa ●per ●mvation: ●mvauon; 

uncheckad spot .l@vatlon. 

spot helght+ea spot ●fevstlon. 

spot pradlctlon-A single heeding radar 

prediitbn intended to fmrfnry, as nearfy as 

posaibla, a cwnprehensive anatyaJa of the 

radaraoope at a precise geegraphn fcc.aliorr. 

spot dsa+JCS) The sJze of Iha electren SPYI 

on the face of the oethodsrey tube. 

●prhtg balanca-An accessory of taping and 

239 

. . . . . 

base measuringapparatus which is used m 

aPPb’%7 p-r tension to a fsipe. 

spur Iina of bavola-A line 64 Ievals nm es a 

branch from fhe main lie d Iwals, either fer the 

PWPWI ef detarminiig the tshvatiom of merke 

net corrvsmierrtfy mxhad by the main he of 

Ievefs of to cormact with lidsl bench mark or 

other previously aefebfished bench rrrerke in 

obfainiig checks on eld IeveJing either aI the 

beginning or end of a fine of Jevels or et 

intarrnadale jurrctiens ebng the new bna of 

IsrveJs. 

spur travorae-Any short traverse that 

branches cd the tiihed traverae to reach 

some vantage @nt or poaificm. AJSOcefled 

stub trmrarao. 

stabilized mount-A mount controlled by e 

gyroscope vertical reference unit designed to 

maintain a rna@ng or itional camera or 

other devices euch aa r PR enlenna in a near 

vertical orientation 

and roll, 

independent of aircraft pitch 

stsble bnse-A general term apgdied to 

reaming materials poeseesing .9 high degree of 

dimensional stebilii, 

stablo grevimeter-A gravimeter having a 

single weight or spring such that the aensitivify is 

pvrtbnd IO the ~uere of its period. 

stablo-basa fflP(JCS) A perficuter type of 

film having high atabilii in regard to ahrinkege 

and stretching. [Suitable for aerial rne#ng 

phetogrephy and map production. Uauelly 

referred to by its commercial narrw.] 

Btsbla-fypa gravlmet*r—A gravimeter whwh 

was a high erder of ep:iccd ardor mechanical 

megnifiition ac that a charrga in Poaifiin of a 

weight or associated properfy is measured 

directly. 

stadia circle-See Baaman arc. 

atadla corrstant-(leveJing) The retie which is 

rnuftiplied by tha stedii interval to cbtain Iha 

Iangth et a sight in mafera. A!so, the ratio by 

which the sum cd the aiadia inbrvals of all aight6 

of a run ia mrwerled to the length of the rrm in 

kilometers, 

stedla dlagra m-A chml or drawing whwh 

provides a means for rapid fieJd reduction of 

etadia reedin~. Ueuslly it is prepared on croaa-

aadicm paper and drawn to tha acsle d the 

survey being performed. 

stadia Intorcopt-see ●adla Interval. 

stadla Intsrvd-(lawefing) The length of rod 

subterdad between the tcfs and bottom cross 

hake (crms wires) in the Ievefii instrument as 

saan pmjectad against the face of Iha Iavefing 

rod. Atao called stmdla Interc+t. 

stadla rod-See stadfa. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

atadla s[ldo mle-lhs most rapid melhed of 

radusing atadm rasrfhge k by the USE d e slide 

rule which has, in .eddifiin to tha csdinsry scale 

of numbers (bgsrithme d the distances), two 

scales espacislly constructed for @ad= work, 

ona consisting of values of tog WS2 a and the 

other of bg 1/2 ah 28 for dMer~ values of a. 

On some rotas, the values of a range from 0°34’ 

to 45”; on others, from O“@ to 45”. In - 

forms the horizontal distance is mad diructty; in 

others the horizontal correction (1— COS2) or 

sin2 k given. A 1o-inch slii rule giv- resufts 

sufricientty accurete for all ordkumy purposes, 

‘ ‘‘” ‘ 8~di-’” trav=m~ traverse in ~ih” 

distances are measursd by the stadia msthod. 

stadla trigonometric l@vellng—A technique 

of extending supplemental vertical control in 

arass of moderate or bw relief. Oistwrcas are 

measured by stadia methads and can be done 

with plantable, transit, or theodolile. Field work 

is rsducad to ussble form by trigonometric 

computat’mns. 

stadla—A grsduatad rod uaad in the 

determination of distance by observing the 

intersep on the rod subtending a smell known 

engkt at the pint of observation. In prectice, 

the engb is usually defined by two fixed lines in 

the reticle d e telasrmpa (trend or telescopic 

cdiisds). The term stadla is also used in 

ccmnscfion wilh suweys where distances are 

determined with a atmfia, as a;acfii survey. 

stadm method, stadia distence, etc.; also used 

to dasigmste psrts of the instmment used, as 

atadia wiraa. Also called Media rod. See also 

horizontal stadla. 

●tadlmotar—An Instrurhen! for determining \ha 

dwance to an object of known height by 

measuring the angle subtended at the obsawer 

by the object. The instrument is gradusted 

directly in dietance. See also rsngo finder. 

240 

staff gag.-The sin@asf form of tide or 

strasm gage consisting of a @uufad staff 

=csr* f+enad to a pda or other SU* 

SUP. ff ta so designed thst a segment of the 

SISfftink-Mbwnter~ 

mmmfad mud the rsrmidar till be strove wafer 

and positiinad for dired obearvaticwra from 

shore or =#ne other vantage point. 

Stampfsr fevof-A type of Ievaling instrument 

hsving the telescope tkss so mourned that it 

could be movsd in a vartical plane about a 

furizomtel axis, rnvshhg the uaa of a @idi@f 

level ●nd ● micrometer screw. 

Standard Llnaar Format (SLF)-A 

atandsrd formst used and modifisd try DfAA for 

digtial osrtogrsphii dsts. SLF uaas a chainncde 

spatial structure to avoid duplicatii of 

common tmundarias, 

standard automatic tide gage— A 

chrcmogrsph uaad where extended time 

raadings of tidsl changes are required. Ths rise 

and fall of the tida is communicated by a wire 

(sttsched to a float) 10 a wnn screw on ths 

gage, which moves a psn transferring the dsta 

to a permenent psper record. 

standard cornmr-rl senior comer on a 

standard parallel er bsse line. 

standard deviation-See ●tandnrd ●rror. 

standard arror (r?)-The aqusre root of the 

varisnce. It irrrphes a 6&27% probability that 

tha parsmater of cbaarvation hss an error the 

abselute value et whrch deaa net exceed o. 

Also csliad standard devlatlon. 

standard error of the mean-The standard 

error(s) of e mest prcbsbkr value establiisd sa 

ths masn of n observations. It is rigemudy 

derived as the standard error (c)of then 

observations divided by ths aqusre reef of n. It 

atso hss en implisd pmbabiii of 68.27%. 

standsrd grids-The Universal Trensverss 

Mercater (UTM) grid and the Universal Polsr 

Ster-graphic (UPS) grid. 

standard lrrdoxhtg ●yatom (SIS)-A 

eystam develcfmrt for use within the Department 

d Defense fer the indexing of sfl aerial 

phetcgrsphy held et netionsl level. Aerial 

phetogrsphic missions are plottd on acatate 

shssts covering 10 squsres ef tha world at a

I 

I 

Scale of 1:250,000. 

standard ttm~ ltq wttch Wr@iBS with 

apaclk ktep Acan’acy Standards end 

gukfelhes. 

standerd merldlo~l. The meridian used 

for determining stendard time. 2. A merfdian of 

o MSP PWW, afong whiih the scale ia aa 

Sfetad. 

stendard of iength-A physisal 

representation of a linear unil that is apyovad 

by oorrqrafent eurhority. 

standerd paraflef-(JCS) A parallel on s map 

or chart abng whiih the asda is as stated for 

that map or chmt. 2. A parallel of Iatksfe used 

In the computation of a map pmjecficm. 

standard port-Sac roteronco station. 

standard quadrangle-A quadrangle of e 

apedfm series, conforming wtih the systematic 

pertem of the aeriee. 

standard station—See reference station. 

., !.,’.., ,. .,. 

at.endard ●urvoy-A survey wlich, in scale, 

aocuracy, and conlenl. aati#les cxfteria 

prescrifmd for such a suwey by competent 

authority. 

standard trmsbn-(teping) That tension or 

pull at which a tape was standardized. 

standard tlma-kleen solar time for a 

selected meridian adopted for use Ihrougheut a 

belt or zone. 

standardization—The comperi~n of an 

insfmrnent or devise with a atanderd to 

determine the value of fhe instrument or device 

in tarms of an adopted unit. 

etendard-(JCS) An axact value, a physical 

ent’w, or en abatrecl consept, aefablishwl and 

defined by authority, cuatem, er common 

consent to serve as a reference, model, or rule 

in measuring quantities or qualitim: establishing 

preoticee or procedures, er avaluatmg results. A 

fried quantily or quality. 

star chati-A chart or map of the caleafial 

ephara showing principal stars which are useful 

for ebeervationa for navigation or field 

aatronomy. 


241 

star fhxfar-A devbe to facilitate the 

~~~ ~ -, partisdarfy fer IXIrpcmaa of 

nevrgef”bn and geodet”k aetmrremy. 

afer trail-A streak-like image of a star 

mcordad on a stellar pfale by a phofogmphic 

time exposure causad by the mtalbn of the 

Earth. 

start node-(digifal mapping) The firaf rd. of 

an edga (m edga is Iravaraad fmm atetl neds 

to end rrede). 

etrrfilng controf-Control aveilable for the 

absolute orientation et the first plate pair abng a 

Iii. 54 fliiht fer which control is to be azlended. 

stats baae map-A base map of the area of 

a state as lhe unit used as a base upon which 

data of a spacielized nature ate compiled or 

overprinted. 

atete coordlnato systems-lhe plane 

racUrn@ar mwdinate eysterns aetebliihad by 

the National Gec+etic Survey, orw for each 

stale in the Unitad Statas, for use in defining 

POSif;OrrSOf 9*etiC stations in terms of plane 

rac+angular (x end y) coerdinetae, Ako called 

atat6 ayatem of plana coordinates, 

state system of plane coordlrratoa-See 

attrte coordlnato aystteme. 

state vector-A set of parameters that define 

the position acd vefecity of an c@ct et a 

spacifii time with respeci to a reterensa system. 

static gravity meter—A type of gravity 

instrument in which a linear or angular 

dispfacamant k observed or nuffed by an 

nppsing fome. 

static marklnge-(photogremmetry) Marka on 

photcgraphk negatives w other eamor imagery 

caused by unwanted discharges of static 

elect-. 

station adj uatmsmt—The adjuat menf of 

angle measurements at a triangulation or 

traversa station 10 satisfy Iced requirements 

(such a. horizon cbsure) without regard to 

ebeewatiena or umditiem at other points. Also 

celled local ●djuatmenf. 

station error—See daflectlon of ths 

vertlcel.

MIL-HDBK-850 

station msrk-A mark on ha ground, either a 

monument at apacmf anetmcfion, or a natural 

or arfiii ebjc@ witii pirpinfs the location of 

a auwey station. Sea also mark definition 2. 

station polnt6r-See three-arm 

protractor. 

stetfrmaq field-Any natural field d forse, as 

e 9mvimatric w tmgnetic f~fd. 

stationery orbit-An orbii in whii the 

salelfiie ravefvas about the primary et the 

anguler rate at which the primary mtstaa on Ifs 

axis. From the prirnsry, h daffile appaara to 

baafaficmary ovsrapoinf mthaprimary. sea 

also synchronous satellite. 

station-l. (surveying) A definite point on the 

Earth whoaa LxAion has bean dalarminad by 

surveying methods. If may or rmy not be 

rnarfmd m the ground. A station usualfy is 

defined by the addition of a term which 

de-”ks ifa origin er purpDcs. Usually marked 

on the grew-d by a mcnumem 01 spackd 

rnnctnwlim, or by e natural or etiifiiial structure, 

2. (mute surveying) Any peinf w+wsa pocition is 

given by ifs total distance from the starling hub; 

aLso, aach steka sat al 100-1001 intervals along 

a route survey. See also A-station; air 

station: astronomic atatlon; auxiliary 

●tatlon; B-statIon; harm ct=tion; control 

station; date ncqulsltlon station; drift 

station; ●ccentrlc station; gravity 

referermo stations; ~ravlty atatlon: 

around -.. . ..— station: horl;onta[ control 

atatlon; 

station; 

station; 

station; 

stetlon; 

atatlon; 

ststlon; 

In-and>ut station; IntersectIon 

Laplace station; magnatlc 

mrdn schame ststion; mastar 

oceanographic station: plus 

primary tide station; projector 

radio range station; refarence 

resection station; satellite 

triangulation ●tations; secondary 

ststlon; seconda~ tide station; setup; 

●lavo ●tatlon; stream geglrrg ●tetlon: 

subordlneta ●tatIon; subaldiary ●tatlon; 

supplamentn~ ●tatlon; taping stetiorr; 

tide ●tatlon; tracking station; traverse 

station; triangulation atatlon. 

●tatoscopa-A aarrsif Fve form of barometer 

used in aerial photography for measuring arnall 

diffqrencaa in aflifuda betwean sumassive air 

sfafons. Uaualfy ramrdad automatically on tha 

fiim at the instant of exposure. See recording 

atatoacopa. 

242 

otollsr aberratlorr-The diapfacamanf c.f tha 

cbcerved pcraitii from the poahkln wf-lars the 

body was geometrically Iosatad at fha inaranf of 

obewvation dua to tha motion of tha obaarviig 

platform, 

stellar tamer-A cemara for photographing 

tha stare, 

●tellar magnitude—sae magnltudo, 

dafinifii 1. 

stellar map matching+ pmcesa during the 

ffight d a vehwle by which a cl’wt cd the stars 

sat info the guidance aysfam is aufotrmticalfy 

matched with tha @ion of the stare obaarvad 

through telaas~ SD as 10 give gu”danca to 

Ihe vehicle. See aiaa map matching 

guidance. 

stellar parallax—See annual parsilax. 

stellar plat~A pracisafy ground glass plate 

coated with a photographic emulsion uaad for 

raoording satellite imegss against a stellar 

background. 

staD cast—The neaativa or c.ositiva 

rep~cduction of the”~tapped te~~n baas of ❑ 

relief model. 

step tablet—See step wedge, 

stap wedgct-A strip of film or a gfaaa plate 

whoaa transparency dimin”~hes in graduated 

stepe from one end to the other; often used to 

detannine the density of a pho:ogmph. Al= 

called gray scale; step tablat. Sea also 

contlnuoua tone gray acala. 

Stopheneon fevallng rcrd-A speaking rod 

having graduations forming a diagonal acafa, 

with horizontal finae through the tanth-d-foot 

rnarlcs. This md is read to hundredths et a foot. 

steradian—The unit of measure d a aDfkf 

angle. 

atoreo oblique pfotter-A device which 

pern’k cominwus pfotting of planirnavic detail 

from oblique phofegrapha. Essentially, the 

devica consists of IWU photoangulafora linkad 

under a aferaoacopa atwd is provided with 

pfoffing erms. 

stereo pair-See stereoscopic pelr. 

. . ..e. ..r

stwwo triplet-A etemogrsm cwposed of 

three photogrspfts, the center phefo heviwg a 

oc.mrncn fkkl of view with the twm adjscenl 

phetos, arranged in such a rmrmsr as to permit 

omp~te SJWSOSC+S viewing of the center 

photograph. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

●taraocomperagraph+ reletivefy dr@e 

and tills sfereoscapk instrument used for the 

preparstbn d @mgmphii mspa from 

phetegraphy. Dfiarences in elsvsticm ere 

detewniwed by meesuring psrallar dflererxe on 

a sfereescopic peir. 

●toraocomparator—A stereoscopic 

instrument for -Suriwg peral@ ususlty 

irdudes e meens of rrwasuring phdogreph 

ccudimates 04 imege points. 

storeOcompllatlOn—See compllatlon, 

definifii Z. 

●teroogram-(JCS) A sterecmmpic set (pair) 

of photographs or drewings curredy erbnted 

end mcsmted (or projected) for stereosc+c 

viewing. Sse also stares. triplet. 

,., ,,.. . .,

MIL-HDBK-850 

stwwoacopic modof-(JCS) The mental 

ipd Of,an ame or objacf seen rM bafng in 

thraa dim ansscms when viawed aferaoampimlfy 

on phofegrapha. AISCI oellad spsttal model; 

stwaomodol; storooscoplc Imsgo. 

atoreoaooplc pair-(JCS) Two photographa 

with auffiiiant overlap of detail to make poaakde 

attmnscspic examination of en objacl or en 

area common to both. Afao called aferao pair. 

slorooscoplc parallex-See ●bsoluto 

starsoaooplc psrallsx. 

starooscoplc plottlng lnstrumsnt—A n 

inafrumenl for cxxrpiling a map or obtakring 

spatial solutions by observation of stereoscopic 

models formed by areraoampk pairs of 

pholegrephs. see also double-projection 

direct-viowlng stereoplotter; radial 

plottec slnglo-model Instrument; stereo 

crbllquo plotter; etoroooomperagraph; 

stereo planigraph. 

stereoscopic prlnclple-The formation of .9 

single, threedimensional image by birrccular 

vision of two photographic images of the same 

termin taken from differenf axpawe afations. 

stereoscopic vlslon—The particular 

e@ication ef binocular vision which erurbfes the 

ebsarver to oblain the impression of depth, 

USUSUYby maarra of two different pamqmstives 

of an ‘&@ct (as two photographs iakei from 

dflerent camera stations). 

starOOscOplc-Of or pstiaining to 

stereoampy. 

stereoscope—The science which deals with 

Ihreedlmensional effects and the methods by 

wlrich they era preduced. 

storeotamplet triangulation- Aerotriangulatien 

by means of ateraoiernplats. The 

~thod permits SCSle aolulions by area and is 

not reatnstad to aelutiem eking flight atrips. 

storeotomplet—A cmmposite slotlad templet 

edjusmble in acafa end repraaantat”we of Ihe 

trerizontal pkd of e aieraoacopis model. An 

asa8rridy ef afereetempiets pmvidas a means 

of eerofriangulelion for horizontal positions with 

a stereoscopic pfeffirrg instrument not designed 

for bridging. 

244 

stsrootopographlc 

grmmmatrlc map. 

msp-See photo- 

stor80trlangufntlon-A triangulation 

procedure thal ueas a cferacwc@c pbfting 

Insfnmrant to ebtain Ihe ~e orfatit’brra 

of tha efaraoscepk pairs of photographs into a 

mntinuoua ettfp. The spatial salution fer the 

aflanaien d herixonfal andor vetticaf mnfrd 

using these strips (or ffiiht) soardinatea may be 

made by aitfrer graphiil or mnptational 

prosedurea. Al= called brldgfng; Instrument 

photolrlangufstlon; multlplax 

trhmgufatlon. See afao vatlcal 

ater.otrlangulatlon. 

stereo-l. Contracted or short form d 

aleraoampic. 2. The cwierrfatien of pholographa 

when pmparfy pesitionad for afareoampic 

viewing. Photographs so oriented are aafd to be 

.in starae.” 

aticku~dhesive-backed or wax-backed film 

or paper tich map names, symbols, 

dascriptiva tarma, ate., have been printed, for 

application in maP and chart production. 

. . 4 .’ ‘-=. . . - ‘, 

atilllng devlcs4My devise or structure 

placed in the vtilnity of a gage to reduce wave 

action and afford mere accurate reading of the 

gage. 

etippla-A rendom do! pefrem used to depict 

certain topographic features such as sand. 

Stokes’ formuls-A fermufa Ior computing 

gaeid heights from grevify data. 

atone bound—A substantial stone poaf sef 

into the ground with ffs top approximatafy flush 

with the ground surface 10 mark amuratafy end 

permanently tha imporfent oemera of a land 

survey. 

●top numbara-see ralatlve ●perture, 

stop—Sac aperture atop. 

atorege tuba dlspfay—A CRT dkpley on 

which an image @n be storad on Ihe acrcan fer 

award minutes or longer with a singfa peas of 

the ekrctmn beam. 

●trelght Ilne grsver-A variatiin of the rigid 

tripod graver so designed that the scribing point, 

the vertical vane, and ena aupperting leg are aU

,.. 

diradj in tine; used with a straightedge fer 

Sclibng brig, straight IiiUs. 

etretegk map+JCS) A map of medium 

-b, Ot wdw, - for pfrltlti~ d 

eparsfiis, including the mwaman!, 

carrcenfration, arrf at@y c4 trocfxs. Sea also 

map. 

strataglc plannlng modal-Small-ecale 

terrain models dapictiig only ths general 

chsr~er d tha kmairr and features of 

cmmidarable pmrnfnenca. They ganarafly 

etiraoa continental areas, countries, eztenaive 

fsnd mass arasa, er prindpsl tind mssaas and 

are most fraquantly uaad in high echelon 

plsnning acfiviiiea. 

stratoaphor~.f(X) The layer of the 

almosphore abwa the Wrposphera in whiih the 

change of temperature with height is relatively 

small. Sae also atmosphere. 

stream gaging ●t.stlon-A point along e 

strasm at which periodic msasurenrents of 

vekcii or discharge are rnsde, and at which 

daity er continuous raoxcfs of the stege of 

heiaht of Ihe water surface above a rsiven 

dstum is obtained. 

stra ngth of figure+ triangulation) The 

~mparaltie Pr=ision of computed lengths in a 

Inangulation net ES determined by the size of 

the englas, the numtwrr d cmrdiikms 10 be 

sslidisd, and the distribufien of bssa lines and 

points of had posiiion. Strength of f~ure in 

hiangulation is not based on an absolute scale 

but rather is an espr-n of relstiie strength. 

Also sppikable 10 ths indvidusl gaemetnc 

f~uras within a given net. 

stretching apparatus—See tape 

stretcher. 

●trldlng lwef-A spirit level so mounted that it 

can be pieced aluve and parallel wiih ha 

horizontal axis of a surveying or satmnomic 

instrument, and se supporkl thst il csn be 

used 10 measure the inclination of the horizontal 

szis to the pfsne of the horizon. 

strip ad]uatm@nt—Stmiiar to e bbck 

adjustment, bti Iimksf to e single strip ef 

photographs. 

strip coordlnatea-The crrordhales of any 

point in a atrip. whether on lha ground or 

sctuslly on air ststion, rafarrad to the origin arrd 

MI L-HDBK-850 

245 

cures of he txrcvdinale system of the first 

wedsp. 

●frfp fikn-A Phofogrsphb fdm in #ih tha 

emtdsion rnadmma can be rarrrwad from its 

tenrperery bara after exposure and pmceasirrg 

the marrbrrme is lhsrr fransfarrad to a rraw 

base. Pr’klc@slty used in corraclion work Afso 

called stripping fflm. 

strip mosraic-A ntoadc wnaisfing ol one strip 

of aerisl photographs taken on e single fligM. 

strip plot-(JCS) A port”orr of a map or werfay 

on which a nurrbar of photogra@a teken ebng 

a flight line is ddinested without defining the 

outlines cJ irdividusl prints. 

atrlp pradktlon-A single hesdmg pradiition 

intanded to convey the genard nsture and 

pettem of rsdar returns conlinuouafy along a 

spacifii flight path. 

strip redlal plot—See strip radkl 


strip rodlel trianguletlorr-A direct rad!el 

triangulation in whch the photogmphs are ,. 

plotted in flight strips withoui reference 10 

ground control and the strips are later adjusted 

together end 10 Ilw ground cosrtrd. Aise ,called 

strip radial plot. 

strip width-The everage dimension, 

measured normel 10 the flight line, et a series ef 

neet medels in a flight strip. St@ width is 

generslly mnsidered es equal to width between 

flights. 

strlpplng fllnt-See strip film. 

strlppkrg—The cutting, attachment. and other 

operations for assembling cut film sections to 

preduce a flat. 

strip—See flight atrlp. 

Structured Quary Language (SOL)-A 

user-friendly, non-procedural dsta fsnguage 

which is a slendard for dsla msnipulstien in 

relational database rnsnagement systems. 

etub trevorao-Sae opur trwerae. 

style. sheet-A graphic gu”@e for the format 

and portrayal of grid and marginsl information. 

Alse called mock-up.

subaqueous rocontmlssanco sunmy—A 

hydrugrapfris survey which is a rapklly executed 

prelknirmry euvq of a rag’km to pruvti 

edvenca information 10- immsdiite military 

needs. Nerrnetfy made at arna~ ac@e, kf is 

usually rmf confrdled by Iriangulelkxr, and may 

be little more than a sketch with onty a few 

crifii soundings shown 

subaqueous running survey— A 

hydrography survey of an nxpbmlcsy nature 

afortg an unknown or hostile coast made from 

shiird to deharrnins the general form of the 

coast and the nsture of the ares. 

subrwtral point—Sea subatallsr point. 

●ubdlvhkm ●urvay-A type d bnd euway in 

Whkh ths bOSl boundsrias of an area are 

bcatd arxf i-to area is dwided into parcels ef 

bfs, sfrasfs, right-ef-way, and other eccassorias 

All necaSaely comem or dividhg lines are 

merksd or rnonumented, 

siubgravffy-A ccmdifion in whch the resuftant 

ambient acceleration is between zero end one 

9. 

sublunar point—The geographical position of 

the Moon. That point of the Eeflh at which the 

Moon is in the zenith al a 6wcified time. Sea 

also Subaatelllta point. 

submarine rsflaf-Vrmiations in elevalion of 

the ocasn fbor, or their mpresentatkm by da@h 

curves, tints, or soundings. 

subordlnata station— 1. One of the places 

for wlich tide or tidal currant predictions are 

defarminad by a@ying a correction to the 

predktions of a reference station. 2. A tide er 

tidal currant station at which a shorf ~ria~ of 

observations has bean med., whkh are 

raducd by cemparfeon with simuttanaous 

obaarvatiorrc at a reference station. 

subsatellfte point-The point al which a line 

from the sstelliia perpandkular to the elfiieoid 

intersects the surfeca of the Earih. Sea else 

sublunar point. 

subaidfery station-A station esfabfiahed to 

overcome some bcsl obstacle to the pregrass 

of a survey, and ncd to determine position data 

for the sfat?on point. The term subsidiary etetion 

is usualfy a#ied to A-stations of a traverse 

suway. Subeidisry statiena usually are 

MIL-HDBK-850 

246 

ter’rporary in cfwader and nor parmanenfty 

msrfwxi ff serving the ackfiiioml purpose of 

SU~IS9 COntrd for a Iocaf survey, such station 

NY b. Pemsananity marked and ii is hers ● 

.s~plementary statbn. 

subsolar point-The geogrephid poehbn of 

the Sun, Tlwt point on the Earth at which the 

Sun is in tha zaniih at a apecifii time. See afao 

subatallar point. 

●ubatalfar point—llwr geographal fmsition 

cd a star. TM point on the Earth at which the 

s7sr is In the zsnilh at a specfkt lime. Also 

rolled ●ubastrsl point. See also ●ubaolar 

point. 

subatltuta cantar+l poinl whiih, because of 

its ease of idanlifiition on ovarb@ng 

photographs, is used insraad of the principal 

point as a radial center. 

subourfaca float+ hdbw cylindar, with ita 

axis held verlicfd, at a constant depth by the 

buoyant effect of an indicating surface float: 

usad to determine current velodtiss in streams 

or chcnnels having a relatively uniform depth. 

-. ,.. 

rtubtenco bsr travorce-A traverse method 

in which course Iengrhs ere measured by usc of 

a subtenae bar. 

aubtanse bar—A horizontally hefd bar of 

pracise~ datemrinad length, used to measure 

distance-s by observing the angla it subtends at 

the distance to be measured. 

aubtanao baa. trevare*A trsvame 

mathed in which distancea are dat amsined by 

precisely measuring, at one end of the course, 

the angle subfandad by a precisely measured 

baa. at tha other and of the wursa end 

approximately normal to if. 

subtonse method-A procedure by tiksh 

distance rnsasuremsnts are obteinsd by USe of 

a subferuw bsr. 

aubtractlng tape-A calibrated survayots 

tape with ths first foc4 (or meter) at each end 

graduated in tenths w hundredths Also called 

cut taps. See also adding tape. 

Summary of Corrsctlone-A aummsry of 

outstanding notices affecting all nautical charts 

and publications. This information is also 

accessible on the Navigation Information 

Network (NAVINFON~,

,,’ 

,’: 

,., ..,,+;,., 

●ummor soletlce-1. That point on the 

acl@ii OcCu@ad by the sun al mimunr 

northerty declination. Also cafled first point of 

Carwmr, 2. Thai instrmf at wtiiih the Sun 

reaches the point of maximum ndwty 

dadiition, abut June 21. 

sun synchronous-An Esrffr ~telljfe OWd jn 

which the otbhal pksne is near polar and the 

eftitude euch that fha sateffiue pasaae over all 

places on Earth heving the same Ietifts% twice 

dAfy at the earns local time. 

Sun-zenith distance-The angle between 

the zerrtih and the sun’8 disk 

Sun—The luminous celesfiel body at the center 

of lhe solar aysfam, around which the planets, 

planetoids. and cemefs revofve. It is an average 

star. See also apparent sun; dynamlcat 

maen sun; fletltlous sun. 

supOrfeatura--Several feature components 

having the same, or similar, attribution that are 

jeined together to create cme feature. An 

example of a supsrfeature muld be e raiiread 

cyatem consistkig of all the railroad backs, 

spurn, sidings, temninats, bridges, and culvatie 

withh that system. 

superior conjunction—The conjunction of a 

planet and the Sun when Ihe Sun is betwean 

the Earth and the other plsnet. 

superior planate-The planets wiih orbiis 

larger then thst of the Earth; Mare, Jupiter, 

Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. 

superior transit---see upper trarrslt. 

superwlde-angle lone-A lens having an 

angle of coverage gresler than 100”. A lams 

wtmee focal Isntjh is epproximatefy lees then 

one-half the dwgersal of the forrrmt. Abe callsd 

ultrewide-angl.s Ions. 

●upplomsrtrtal control point-A 

pfremimege @rt for whiih an elevation or a 

horizontal position, or both, is to be, or hes been 

determined. See elsa control point. 

supplemental control-Points estabtisfrad 

b Wbdhete suiveys, to relate aerial 

pL tographs used in mepping with the system 

of gecdetic mntrol. The points must be 

positively phetoidentified, that is, the peints on 

MIL-HDBK-850 

247 

th ground must be poaitivefy rmmlefad wlh 

their imeges w the photographs. 

supplemental ●levatlorr~ point whose 

vertical pocifiin hes bean determined by 

photograntmetric metfreds and is intended for 

use in the c4antafion of other photographs. Alae 

callad vertical pass point. 

supplem~ntal photography- Noncarmgrriphk 

aerial and ferreatriel photography that 

isused to erhanca qmcifii charscteristii of 

~P~9 and cfrerfing photegraphii pmducfs. 

Primarity, supplemental photography is *ainsd 

with a r=ormakaance camera using a relatively 

long fecal length 10 pmvkie graater imsge detail 

then is evailatrie in photographs ebfainad with 

mapping cameras. 

supplemsmtsl plat—A ptal prepared entirely 

frem effica rmords designed to shew a ravked 

subdivision of one or more aectkrns without 

change in the section boundaries and wkhout 

other rrmdfiitiorr of the subsisting raoord. 

supplemmrtal posltloti point whose 

horizontal position has been determined by 

ptmtogrsmmetrk mafhcds and is inlended for . ... - . ~..: 

use h the cwismlalion of other photographs. Also 

called horizontal pass point. 

aupplemerrtaf poets for survey 

monuments—See Identlficatlon posts. 

Bupplomental station—Those ststiona 

asteblished only for eupplememal varfical 

cmtrol. They nmrnally are not permanenl~ 

marked (some are merely phelo”klerrfifiad) and 

accuracy doea net lmva to be of the same order 

as the horizontal control to which it is tisd. Also 

called vertical-angla station. 

aupplemantsry bench mark—See 

temporary bench mark. 

supplementary contour—A contour line 

between intermediate contour lines to increase 

the topographic expraaaien of an area, usually 

in araas of extremefy low relief. Alse callsd 

euzlllary contour. 

supplementary lnstrrsctlons-New 

information, mr.srrdments, or changes to 

specifications or compilation inafmctiens 

affecting the production d a specific map or 

chart, or a swies of maps or chstts. 

cuppleman!ary station—An auxiliary survey

I 

*tbn, Oarabliahsd to increasethe rrurrtrerof 

oontrol stations in a givan area, or to placa a 

~afbn in a desired boofbn Mare If k 

U1’PMCtMe u un~ to @abtiah a 

princ@l StaIbn. s~kmentsry Stsibna are 

perrnenerSiy marked, and are earabliihad with 

an accumwy and Pm&ion somewhat bwer than 

is required for a principal statii, sirwa they do 

not serve as bases from whiih rmtensive 

surveys are nm. Also called secondary 

station. 

●urfaco ●nomalloa—lrregularhias at the 

Earttr’e surface, in the weathering zone, er in 

near surface beds wfrbh interfere with 

geophyaicsl maasuremants. 

surfaco chart-See weather map. 

surface corractlOns-Corrections of 

geophysical measurements for surface 

enomefies ard ground elevations. 

surface float—A device, spacialfy designed or 

improved, used in hydrogrephic surveys to 

determins surfece movement of e sfmsm. 

surface-A level of spstiel massumment Y . . 

referring to a thrsa~lmenzionsl defirmd space, 

e.g. contours, izolirras, bsthymatry, etc. 

aurprlnt—See overprint, defin~lon 1. 

eurvey coordirretes-See recteng ul.rrr 

space coordlrmtea. 

survey nat—1. (horizontal control) Arcs of 

triangufat”bn, sowrefimes with lines of traverse, 

connected 10 form a system of beps or circuits 

exietilng over an area. Also callsd horizontal 

control survey net: travereo ne~ 

triangulation net. See alse trlmngul=tlon 

system: trilnteretlon not. 2. (vertical 

cmnlro~ Lines of spirit Iavefing ccmnacfad to form 

a system of *s or circuits extending over an 

area. Also called control not; framework of 

control; level ne~ nat. See 6[s0 ●r.a 

trlengrrlation; U.S. control aurvoy nets. 

●urvoy photography—See mepping 

photography. 

survey ●lgnal-A natural or arfifmiaf object or 

sfrrm!ure whose hori.zontef and aomafimes 

verf’kal position is cbtairred by surveying 

methods. Signals ara given special designations 

accerding to the kind of survey in wfrich Ihay em 

determined, or which they -y tater aawa. 

MIL-HDBK-B50 

248 

●urmy t,oww-A ekuctura dwaii tor rapid 

mmdmdon and removal to raise the survey 

instrumerS and observer ekova tiruct”m 

such as trees end buildings to permit a lme-ofsight 

as required in higher order triangulation, 

triletsration, or treversa. See also Bllby steel 

towor. 

survaylng eccaeeorlae-Thoee suweying 

devices wtich assist in making measurements 

with e aurveyirrg instrument. 

●unreylng dtlmater~n aneroid bammater 

with a dief gmduated to read feat or matars of 

affiiude, used to determine approximate 

diiarancas in alevat”kmrbafwean points. 

surveying cemer~ee mapping 

camera. 

aurvoylng lnatrumanta—Those surveying 

devices with vhich masaurements are made. 

See also electronic dlatancrr-maasuring 

equipment: Iavellng Instrument: 

tachometer: theodollte; tranalt. 

aunreykrg aeztnnt-A sextant intended 

primerity for use in hydmgrsphii surveying. Also 

called hyrfrographlc eestent. See alse 

marina sextent. 

Surveyor”a errow—Ses pin. 

$uWOYOr’a chalrr-See Gunter’a cheln. 

survey-l. The act or oparetien d making 

measurement for determining the relative 

positions of points on, above. or beneath the 

Eanh’s surtaca. 2, The re.sulta of such 

opomtions. 3. An organ.uation for making 

eurveya. Sea also eerlal ●urvoy; Airborne 

Control system; alrborno .Iectronlc 

survey control; ●rea survey; metronomic 

surveying; boundary ●urvey; ced-etral 

eurvey; city eurvey; compeee ●unrey; 

control ●urvey; controt ●urvey 

clenalflcatlon; dependent reeunroy; 

electronic survey; ●nglnmerlng survey; 

exploreto~ survey; field InspectIon; 

flrat-order work; gaodatlc survay; 

gaoalactric survey; gaographlc ●urvoy; 

geologic aurvay; gravimetrlc ●urvay; 

ground aurvay; hydrographlc ●uwey; 

lndependant roeurvey; Inventory ●urvoy; 

land survey: location survey: magnatlo 

●urvey: magnetometer survey: meteeand-bounds 

survay; mlna aurvay;

i 

mlnoml survey: ocomtographlc survey; 

photogrsmmotric survey; photogmphlc 

●wvay; plane survey; prsillmlrmry 

survmy: reconnaissance ●srrv.y; rectangular 

●srvoys; raxurvey; routm survey; 

eslelllto ●mveylng; second-order work; 

standard survey; subaqueous reconnalssanco 

survey; subaqueous running 

survey; subdlvlslon survey; third-order 

work topo-graphic survey: town-sltc 

survey; transit-and-stadia survey; 

trilinsar surveying. 

SWATH survey-see multlbeam survey. 

See also Small Wetted Area Twin Hull. 

sweep bsr-A heavy section of skmf rail 

SUsfMndad et e pradeteminsd depth by two 

vefikal cables and lowed by a vsss.sl for precise 

determination of navigation obstructions during 

a hydrographic survey. 

srwlng offset-The perpendicular dblanca 

frem a point to a transit fine found by holding 

the zero point of e tape at the givan point and 

awinging the tape in en erc until the minimum 

(horizenlal) distance is obtained, 

swing-swing method—A technique for 

clearing y-parallax during relative orientation by 

SPpfying identid swing (or ~motion) to both 

projectors of a pair at the =me time, Thff 

methcd has the advantage of affecting ypsrsllax 

cmmcfion withoul the use of 

Irensla!ional motions. 

ewlng-1. The rotalion of a photograph in its 

OVM plane abeuf ifa camera esis. 2. On 

trimslrogren obfiques, the angle between the 

principal fine and the y-srris, or ths angle 

bshvaen the isomstric parallel and the x-sxia. 

Sea al= rolatlve swing. 3. Tha angfa et the 

principal point of a photo measured clockwise 

horn ths posifiva ~axis to the principal Iina at 

the nadir poinl. 4. (triangutalion) See 

sccentrlc roductlon. 

SWIVSI graver—A scribing instmment with a 

swkal macfw+am that psrmits chsngss in 

dirsction of scribing. 

●ymbollzatlon-The method of portraying 

topographic faatures onto a rnsnuscrip!. The 

oymbols used on the msnuacript are either a 

ooint (dot). a time. or an area (a defimifina fine 

cbsing @n ifseif). 

●ymbollzed graphic data (SGD)—A data 

MIL-HDBK-850 

249 

eat wlriih contains affrfbufkrn for gmphfc output. 

Dale rrrsy Include eyrrbohiion @ions such 

as point, ha, sma, psffarn, orienlsf”b+s, oofor 

(hue, value, lone, and rntenshy), siza, stwpa, 

and texture. 

symbof-A dsgram, design, fetter, chsrsder, 

or abbreviation placed on maps, charts, and 

other graph= Wl&h by mrwanfiorr, usage, or 

mferenca to a @and is undersfcuf to Sand for 

or raprasati a epadfii chsrsderisfic or feature. 

synchronous satelllts-An Earth satellite 

moving aadwsrd in an equatorial, ckculsr orbii 

%’&R’3’#EEiR%f2PLE$&’%21 

to (synchronous with) ths mfaliorml parbd d the 

Esrlh. Such a sateffiie will remain fixed over .s 

point on the Eerfhs Equator. Ab called fixad 

sstalllte; 24-hour sstelllte. Sea also 

atationaW orbit. 

synodic period-The intarval of time bstwaan 

any planatafy configuration of a celestial body, 

with raepacf 10 the Sun, and the next successive 

same configuration of that body, as from infarior 

injunction to inferior conjunctkm. 

,. ,.. 

oynodlcal month—The eversge period of 

revolution of the Moon ebouf the Earth with 

respsct to the Sum approximately 29 1/2 days. 

Also csflad lunar month; funstion. 

synoptic charf-See weather map. 

aynthatic aparture radar (SAR)-See 

Radar, Synthetic Aparfure (SAR). 

Syatam 9-A geographic information system 

with a feature orianlad data base and 

mntinuous mapping. Devebped by 

Compufervision. 

ayatem modsf-A representation of the 

information types, dkect’bns of flow, production 

sfegas, and user imetiaces for a system. 

syatam of aatronomfc constants—A n 

interrelafad group et vafuae constituting a modal 

of the Eatlh and the motions which togather 

with the theory of ce!estisf mechanics serves for 

the calculation of apharnarides. 

sysstamatlc error—An error thsf occurs with 

the same sign, end often with s eimifsr 

mfsgnffude, in a number of consecutive or 

otharwise related obsorvatiorts. For axarr@a, 

hen a base is meaeurad with e WTOngty

’ 

1 

I 

calibrated tspa, there till be systematicemors. 

In addiiion, mndom e8rora will occw. flepetitiin 

Cbeafirrle ornothmp toreducsthaioaff=t d 

eydeimt~ errors, wiriih ere a rnosi wxtar?ireble 

feeture d any aet of 0&ww4iona. Much c4 the 

are in rmekhg obaervstiina ia diredsd toward 

eliminating or correcting systenwdic errors. Also 

called regular error. Ses alao ●ccumuletlvo 

●rror. 

www-A r=inl of f.hs otifl of a pknti w 

aateliiie M which it is in injunction or 

I c$mxitiin. The term ie used chieftv in 

tinrraction with the Moon, when it-refers to tha 

points occupied by the Mum at new and full 

phaaa. Sea alao equlnoctlal colura; 

●olailtlal co)ure. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

., .,., .,.- , , ,,

Tsbb of mmldlonal part*A table listing 

lengths c1 the maridbn fmm the Eqimtor to ihe 

Varbus panefa d Iatauda b=aaaad in ths 

p~~”~ wird to show ksngthe abng the 

perallels equal to the corresponding length 

along the Equetor. 

Tabufar data-Date in row rsrd oolumn format. 

See also ralatlorml data bass. 

Tachymotar (tachoometor or 

tachomatc@-A surveying Instrument 

designed for use in the mpid determination of 

dstanca, direction, and dfiersnce of alsvatkrn 

from a atngfa obaawaffon. There era aaverel 

forms of Iheae instruments that may be classed 

as hchymatars: (1) An instrument in whiih the 

baas line fer distance determimtiorr ie an 

integral patt of the imtrumsnt, The term 

tachymotor is ususlty epplied to this group. (2) 

An inafrument equipped with stedia wires or 

gredienfer, the bsw for dstence determination 

being a graduated rod held at the distan! point. 

See EIlsa autoroduclng techymeter. 

Tachometry (techomotW)-A surveying 

mstfd uaad to quicldy determine dstance, 

direction, end reletive ekrvetim of e point with 

respect to the “matrutimrtt staiien by a single 

observation. An exemple of techymatry in the 

United States (where the term is less familiir) is 

the stadia method. 

Tactical Pllotage Chart (TPC)-A 

1:500,000 scale, coerdmted eerfes of 

muttiilomd charts ulii ara produced in 

selected areas of irrtersst. Dasiranad to sat”kfy 

visuel and radar rwigatbn of Hgh speed 

tectical aircraft operating at low ettttude. Also 

used for detailed preflight planning and mission 

ansfysls. 

Tactical Termln Anatysla Data Bsss 

(lTADBkA set of transparent ovarlays keyed 

to 1:50,000 Tacticel Line Maps TLMs) 

portraying netursl end culturel feeturee of 

miliiery dgnifk=snce. Ths date trsse consists of 

overlsys and wppertlng dete for surfece 

configuration (s*), surtece meterists (sole), 

vegetation, surfece drsinege, trenaporfetion, 

ard obstedea. TTAOBs prwvida larmin and 

men-made lnformafien to a~pert the 

gsnemtion of e variety of field user produced 

synthesized produck to include Linsa of 

MIL-HDBK-B50 

T 

251 

Communication, Cross-Cwntry Movement, and 

tier & Concaaknent. 

Tactical Tumln Data (lTD~The basic 

d~itaf oparatbnel termin deta set -ing 

ftiura lend conbet. lTD All be a value addad 

daWbaaa aifkowfrrgfor the erMii and @efe 

of dete by the user. Featume and attributes are 

mdad usin~ calsgorias mnfained in the Feature 

Attribute Cod@ System. 1111 will anteirt 

contents & lTADB thematic ovarfaye, as WBll as 

tralsckd features fmrn TLMs and C@rrkret 

Charla. Sea -k Tmctlcal Tarraln Atmlyela 

Data Ease. 

tecticd map-(JCS) A large-seek rmp used 

for tact’kal end administrative purposes. Sss 

elw map. 

tactical planning model-fAediIm- or lergescale 

rrmdals provking conaJdarabls de!ailad 

lerrsin informsbn; generelly used for planning 

OPemUOnS of e fecticel neture. 

tsn al!—See chedow factor. 

tengont conical map projsctlon—See 

conic msp pro~nctlon. 

tangent dlatanca-The distance from the 

point of intersection (vertax) of e curve to its 

point of tengency or paint d curveture. 

tengent plane grid ●ystom-(engineer 

surveying) A grid eysfem in e tengenf plens with 

origin at the point of tangency. Ueuelfy Ihe origin 

is designated 10,000 N end 10,000 E, or some 

aimilsr amounts, to keep 811ooerdhstes poaitiie. 

This system never extends for eny greet 

dialanca, See also plane rectangular 

coordlnetos. 

tangent pleno-A plane that touches a 

curfed surface 01 double curvature at one end 

onty one point or that touches e curved surfsca 

of eingle curveture abng one or more parsltcd 

straight tines which are elements of the surface, 

wtihouf intersding the surface. In geodetic 

work, a plane tangent to the spheroid et any 

point is paqwndiiulm to the normel et thet 

point. 

tangent to aplml (TS)--The paint et the end 

of a tangant end the treghning et e spiral.

tengsntld distortion-Linear displacement 

of irmga points in a draction nwrnsl b radial 

Ii fiorrr the car-tar of rlra f-ii. 

tangent—(surveying) 1. That part of a traverse 

or alignment incfudad between the point of 

tangency cd one curve and the point of 

curvature d the nest curfe. 2. A great circle line 

tangent to e peraflel et Iafiiude at a tonmsh~ 

mmer. 3. Sxnafirnaa qibd to e bng straight 

Iii of n wavame, as@aUy on a mute survey, 

whether or nd the Ierrrini e! the Line are points 

of curve. 

tape corractlOna-Quantifies appfied to a 

fapsd distance fo efimkte or reduce ermra due 

to the physical rmndiiion of the Iape and to the 

my in wfrich if is used. Sea also sligrtmartt 

correction; grade correction; Iangth 

carroctlon; sag correction; temperature 

correction, definition 3; tendon correction. 

tape gaga-A dav”ka consisting of e tagged or 

indes~ ehein, t-, or other line used for 

maasuremsnt or testing. Gege heighf or 

measurement is read on a graduated staff or 

index. Also called ctmln gaga. 

tape rod-A rod consisting of e freme with 

rollers al both arsis over which an endless, 

graduated metal tape rnovas. It is designed to 

pemt direct readings by the instrurnant man, 

efiminsting all addiiion and subtraction functions 

required by o!har fypaa of rod readings. Atao 

called ●utomsitlc rod. 

tape stretcher-A mechanical device titch 

fadfiiama holdlng a tape at a prescribed tension 

and in e prescribed poakion. Alae called 

●tretchlng ■pparatus. 

tapa therrtsomatar-A precision thermometer 

fflad in a ~ially designed case to clip cm and 

against e metal tape in order to daterrnina 

temperature corracfiens for prackkm bee or 

Iraveme tape measurements. 

tapa-(surveyirrg) A ribbon of steal, Inver, 

specially made cloth, or other suitable material 

on which graduations are placed for the 

maaauremenf of lengths or dkrfmroas. Sea also 

●dding tape; bass tapa; Inatantanooua 

raadlng tapa; hrvar tape; Lovar tape; 

piano-wiro tap.; ●ubtractlng tape. 

teping ●rrow—See pin. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

d52 

taping buck—Sac taping stool. 

taping pin-sea pin. 

teplng stMon-The daka marking each 

interval (one tape length) ebng a tmversa from 

fhe initial pdnf abng mad centerlines end 

similar survey operations. Sae also plus 

station. 

taping atoot—A mataf dcol ua6d fcv precka 

taping epamhns. Steob are portable and 

provide a stable elevated tebte on which the 

pc6ifii et the survay tape ends can be 

acarala~ marked, Abo called taping buck. 

taphrg—Tfra epereticm of measuring distances 

on the ground with a laps or Mm. Formerly fhe 

words ehalnlng and taping were used 

synonymously, but ha ward taping is now 

praferrrd for all surveys escapt tln.aa of the 

pllbfii brd 8y6teM. For the hftar, because d 

historical and legal reaaom, fhe term chaining 

is pref arrest. 

tara-An abrupt offset in the grevimater nermal 

rearfkig level. 

Target Matarlala Program (TMP)-1.A 

DeD program aatabhahed for tha production of 

all dosurnenm apacifiilty supporting irrstaltalion 

target anafysis and cfxsrationel planning 

emploment. The DoD overall TMP rrwnagar ia 

DIA. 2. Tha producbn programs reapending to 

the JCS chsrfer for DMA 10 preduca unique, 

oritiil gao-locational inforrnatien su~irrg the 

long-range wotidwide requirements of the 

unifii and spackd commanda, miihary 

departrnants, and allied participants. Vha 

program ccmsists of precision poinl tccation 

prcducfs -h as the Inataltatkm Referance 

Point Qraphic (IRPG), Aim Pc4nf Graphic (APG), 

and grid ptxr!~ deployabJa Point Poattioning 

Data Saaa (PPDB) in either fdm, video, or diiital 

form; carfogmphii Air Target Matariats like tha 

AIr Target Ctunt and Jog-Radar and a variety of 

olher epacial materiala and services.] 

target acqulaltlon-1. (JCS) The delactkrrr, 

identif=tien, and Imatiin of a target in 

suffiiianf detail to perrnif the effache 

arrvioymanl of weapons. See aleo tergot 

rmalyele. 2. The prccess of opliceliy, 

n-amuslly, machenioatly, or electronically 

orienting a tracking system in diraclion at-d 

range to bck on a target.

target ●talycla-(JCS) An exeminstian of 

potential targets to determine m“fitfay 

imPJffarroe, ~ of affask, and waapa~ 

raquird to cbfein a dsaimd level of dernege w 

casualties. See efso target Scqulsftlurr. 

target araa survey bsae-(JCS) A base firm 

used for the beating et targats or other points 

by the interserlion of obsarvdon.s fmrn two 

stations Iecaled at qffe .sds of the fine. 

tsrgat complex-(JCS) A geographically 

integrated sarfea d tsrget concerddons. See 

elao target. 

target concwrtratlorr-(JCS) A grouping of 

gaogrsphisaffy proximete tergets. See also 

targe~ targst eOmpl*x. 

target dosslera-(JCS) Fi)es of sssembled 

terget intelligence about a epecific gaographb 

erea. 

target folders-(JCS) The folders containing 

tsrgtrt intelligence and relatsd materials 

prepsred for planning and 

egainsl a specific Ierget. 

executing 

~ - 

ect”bn 

. . . 

target lntelllgoncc-(JCS) Intelligence Wlch 

porlrsys and locates the components of a target 

or terget cornfiex end irrdksles its vulrrerelility 

and relative importance. 

tergat Iavollng rOd-A type of Ievaling rod, 

~WW a ~~t, which is movsd into positiin 

eccordmg to ergrrels gwan by the instrument 

men; when the terga! Is bisected by the fiie of 

CdiMCtiOtI of the instrument, If is reed end 

recorded by the rodmen. See also doubletarget 

leveling rod; single-target 

levollng rod. 

------ --. -.,-, ---- .,-- “.- ------ 

..r~-a nm. a.nn., ~r-pmm=.--m .mr~w 

materials. 

target mststfals-(JCS) Grephc, textual, 

labuter, or other presentations of target 

infeffigerrce, primarily designed to supporl 

operations against designated targets by one or 

more waapen ayetems, Target materials are 

suitable for tmining, pfenrdng, exasuting, and 

evaluating such opemtiorre, Also sailed target 

material graphlca. See afao Air Terget 

Chert. 

tsrget posltlonlng datt+The accurate 

MI L-HDBK-850 

253 

hodzontal end vertkal values which dsfine the 

bcstion of a tergd or point. Sea also praslaa 

Installation position; praclee rsdar 

slgniflcsnt Iocstlon. 

target eyatem compen*nt+JCS) A set of 

targets bbnging to one or mom grotqm of 

induafri= end tmsis utilities nsquired fo prcduse 

‘P”f pm M Ml and product atx$h se 

gezd’~-+damd COMMOditkM, such i6S SViS!iOr) 

gasoline. 

target sys.twrr+JCS) Afl the targets sSWatad 

In a particular geographm ares ard funofionelty 

related. See also torgat complox. 

target—1. (JCS) A geogmph-1 area, 

cOr@ex, or instakedon pfmned for capture or 

destrffilion by m“lkm’y forces. 2. An object which 

rafbcts a stilcient amount of a radiated signal 

to produce an echo sigrml on defection 

equipment. 2. The d~tincfive merking or 

inatrumentatbn of a ground pdnf to eid in ita 

idenlifiiatkm on e photograph. In 

photogmmmetry, tergat designees e materiel 

msrking so arranged and pfscad on the ground 

as 10 iorm e distinctive Ptterrr over a gsadet”c 

or other qntrol lmint msrker, on a pmpwty 

comer or Ins, or at the pcsifien of an identifying 

pokrt above an underground facility or feature. A 

target is elso the imega pattern on aarisl 

photogmphs of the asruel mark placed on the 

ground prior to photogmphy. See also sraa 

target; phtpolnt targ*t. 

but-wire apparatua-A 100-meter stranded 

sounding wire, gmdueted at 25-meter intervala, 

used to measure the diafancas balween 

oftshora control buoys during a hydrogmphb 

survey. 

tebmeter--(aurveying) An inetmment for 

de!armlning the dMance from ona pofm to 

another. some such Inatrurnenta employ a 

telaes+e and measure the angle subtended by 

a shotl base of known Iangth. See also 

●lactronlc tolemetor; t.lomotry. 

telemetry-Tha science ot measuring a 

quwr!ity or quantities, transmitdng the measured 

value to s distant etation, and there Interpreting, 

Indbetfng, or recordng the spmntftles measured. 

tolescopo levef-A spirff level attached to a 

tafesmpa, with ifs uis parallal to the teleesapa 

axis.

toleacope-An optiil instrument used se an 

akf in viewing or phcrfogmphii d*nt ob@cfs, 

parfkwlerfy calaatisl cbjscta. Sea also 

●chromatic telescope; ●mctlng 

teloeoopo; invorfirrg toieacopa; morldiwt 

teloscopo; zmlth toloscopa. 

teloacopic ●lldedo-A tsaual deaignstbn for 

an instrument ammosad d a telemeunled 

err a str~ghtedge ruler, d’rraadwith 

a pfenetsble in tepegmphk surveying. 

teloscoplng—see transr~ definffion 3. 

tellurold-A surface near the temsin being the 

bcus of points In whiih the apharupotentisl is 

the same es the gaopetenfial of corra~hg 

~ints an lhs terrsirt 116distance from the 

aphemid is the normal height. 

Tollurometor-A trade name for a microwave 

d-nce-messuring system in td’kh the velcdy 

of a radio wave is used to determine the 

d~tense betwen tvm instnrmants operating 

affemslety as rrmater stetti (intermgstor) and 

rernete station (responder). 

tornperature correction-1. (leveling) Thst 

correction whti is a@ed to en observed 

differe~e Of eiavatbn to ~m~ f~ the e~w 

irrtrcducad tin the ternpareture e! whch the 

leveling reds ere usad in the field is diierwrt 

tmm the te~a~ure et wl’riih they were 

standardized. 2. fpandulum) The quantify that 

is applied to the peried of vibrstion of e 

pendulum to allow for the dfierence in the 

Iangfh of the pendulum a! the temperature of 

obssmation and fts length at some other 

temperature whkh hsa been edopfad for 

purposes of standardization or for combining or 

cempsring corresponding values. 3. (taping) 

Ths quantify spphad to the neminal length of a 

tape to ellow for a chsnge in its effective iengfh 

due to kts being uaad at a temperature other 

Own Ihst for which its standard length is given. 

Wmpbst (template)— 1. A pattern or guide, 

ususlfy scmatrucfed of psper, plssfic, or metal, 

usd 10 ehape, deiimit, w fcxxte an area. 2. A 

devh used in radml triangular’krrr to represent 

the aerisl photograph; the tempiaf provides a 

record of he dimcfkrmi of radiila tsken fmm the 

photograph. See also calibration tampiet; 

double-nsodol ●temotempl.t; hand 

templet; Hayford deflocthr tomplots; 

Hayford gravity tompleta; mechanical 

tomplet; slotted tempfet: apldor 

MIL-HDBK-850 

254 

templet; steroots+mplsrt. 

tempkst crsttar-A machanicel devfce for 

punchiig canter holes and slots in Wr@ets. 

The abts rue centered on points tmnaferrad 

fmm aerial phetegmphs end are rdiil to tfm 

center heb. Al= calied aecatoc dot cuttefi 

radial sacator. 

tempbt laydown-Ths proceaa of 

asaarrbling individual sbtfed terrgrfats into a 

rsdal control net. 

templet method-Any of the various 

methods utilized in gmphbal mdial hfangufatien. 

templet mtlogmph-(photogrammetty) A 

device for dalennining the ml’b in decimafs 

betwssn two distances. Ons d~ la that 

between the principal pint ❑nd another 

designstsd point on the aerisl photograph. The 

other is the corresponding distsnce between the 

principsl fxrint on a tamplat end the msrked 

center of the stud for ths designated point upm 

C0@8tiOn of the tenrplet Iaycknsn. The 

rshograph ‘Lsdesigned fer a specfic Iemplet 

cutter. See also ratlometar. 

temporary bench mark (TBM)-A bench 

rnsrk al s junction of ~iens of s line ef krvels, 

at which no permanent bench rmsrk is 

eslabfished. Also called nonmonumented 

bench mark: supplementary bench 

mark. 

tension correction-(taping) The cerraction 

sppfied to the nominal iength of e tape to allow 

for a chsnge in effestive length due to ils behg 

usd at a tarraion othar than that for whwh its 

afandmd Iangth is known. 

tarabyfe (TB)-A unit of memory representing 

214 (1,099,51 1,627,776) bytes. hmmonfy. one 

Ierabyte repraaerds one billion byles. 

Terrain Analyele Producte (TAP)- 

(NATO) A standsrdiiad or norr-stendardued 

pnxkt from the Terrain Ansiyais Systam 

normalfy presantsd in graphic form for use in 

military dackion making, 

Toweln Anerlyels System (lAS)- (NATO) 

A system to meal military requirements for quick 

and comprehensive information on the terrain in 

anafog ancVOr digital form. II is a system in 

which saiacfed data about lhe tsmsin are 

collected and stored in a atwtumd way to

. 

I 

permit Ihaii flexible expfoiibrr in the provisiin 

of Tarrain Anafyeia Products. 

Tormlrr Edft StntlordElevation Matrix 

Procosslng System (TES/EMPS)--A n 

Inlsrgraph wrrktatb! used by DktA to adif 

terrain products. Gwea tmfh pten end 

perspective views. 

Tormln Profllo Racordor (TPR)-A n 

elacttmnic instrument that emits a pubad-fypa 

radar signal from an aircraff to the EarUt’s 

Surface, measuring vertiil distances In odar to 

obtain a profile beneath the track of the aimaft. 

Alse called Airborne Proffl. R-order. See 

aleo Ieur terreln profile recorder. 

terrahr enalysle (TA)- (NATO) The precess 

of cdlacliig, analyzing and evaluating 

W’39mphfc information on Ihe netural and manmade 

features of the temein and ifs 

inferpretdion in combination with other factors 

to provide pradbfive information and etilce 

abouf the effecl of the terrain cm mifibwy 

operations. 

terrnin contour matching (TERCOM)- 

The procese which u#ates navigational 

guidance systems through correlation with 

griddad terrain elevatien data derived from 

photogrammetric or large scale certographu 

sources. See also tarreln corralatlon. 

tcwraln corractioti positive correction used 

in conjunction with olher rmrrections in making 

gravity redutilons. M fakes into acsunl actual 

deviations from level terrain in the wee 

eurroundhg e statkm by removing rnaaaas 

above ha horixon and fifliig in mesa 

dafiiiencles bebw. Alas called topographic 

correction. 

tormfn correlation-A pmca= used by a 

vehicle’s guidance system in evaluating the 

elevations of the terrain if is ffyfng ovar and 

co~fig it with pmstorsd dqital terrain 

elevation dala. See also terrain contour 

metchlng. 

terreln embose—A model-making technique 

for portraying relief on a chart. A photographic 

P~ ia used 10 produce the shaded relief 

effect from an embossed model. 

terrain following-Tha flight rrmde by whch a 

vehicfe maintains a apacifii affifude above the 

Earth’e eutiace. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

255 

terrain lntelflgence-(JCS) Procaaaed 

information on the mifiiary signifiince of natural 

and nmn-rnade cfusrecteriaiic-s ot an area. 

tarmln modaf-A three-dimensional graphic 

mpreaanfation of en eras, showing the 

conforrrmtion of the ground, modeled to scale 

and uauatly handpainled to depict mefisdcalfy 

man-made and natural phyaiGsl fea!uraa. The 

vertical ecefa is usuefly eoraggereted, witheuf 

severe d@orfion, to _nfuafe the aspacf d 

rafief. 

terrain protlle photography- Cartographic 

photography obtained simuftaneowfy with 

posflionai carnam pfrotogmphy and recording of 

data ralaiing to profile elevat”mn inf-tion of 

the Iarrah abng or near the fpurd track of the 

aircraft. The terrain profile recorder k norrnalfy 

used as the measuring device. 

termln profillng-obtaining en elevation 

prdlle of the Earth% terrain alsng or nmr the 

ground track of the aircraff by use of a Tarrain 

Profile Recorder. 

terrain study-(JCS) An analysis and 

interpretation d natural and rnenmade, their 

effects on military operetiina, and the affect 64 

weather and climata on these faatuma. 

terrain—An area of ground conaidarad es to 

its astent and topography. 

terrastrlal camare-A camera designed for 

use on the ground. Also called ground 

cam. rm. 

terrestrial coordlnatas—See geographic 

coordlnat-a. 

terreetrlal ●quator—See aetronomlc 

equator; geodetic aquator. 

termatrlrd globeA sphere, en the outer 

surface of which by means of 

reference fines, ihe faatures of~*~~tic# 

the Earth are shown in relative pctaifiens. 

terrestrial Ietftude-fatifude on the Earth; 

angular distance from the Equator. 

terrestrial lon@rda-Longitude on the 

Earth; the arc of a pamllel, or the angle al the 

pcle, between the prime meti]an and the 

meridian of a ~int on the Earth.

torrestrld 

natlmm. 

tmr.strlal 

morldlan. 

mqfnotimn-Sea gaornag- 

morldlan—See ●stronomic 

torrostrhl perturbatlorrs-The largest 

grsvitsfiorrsl parfurbslions of artifkial eslatliias 

which are caused by the fscf fhst the gravily 

fiild ef the Earth is nat s#rarically symmetrical. 

terrestrial photogrgmmotry— Photogrsmmatry 

utiiiiirrg terrestrial phc40grsphs. Also 

called ground photogrammotry. 

terrostrlal photognrph-A photograph taken 

by a csmers Iomtsd on the ground. Also called 

ground photograph. 

terrestrial planet—A planet that 

a~roximstss ihe Earth in size (Mercury, Venus, 

Msrs, and Pluto) end phyaicael makeup. 

terrestrial pole-See gsiographlml polo. 

terrostrlal refraction—The refraction by the 

Earth’s atmmphere of light from a terrestrial 

source. The path of fight from a terrestrial eeurca 

is usually net far from trorizontat ii pssses 

through only the lower strata of the atrnnsphere 

and suffers refraction thmugheut its entire 

length. See also atmosphrdc refraction; 

horizontal refraction; lateral refraction. 

tarrostrlal ●pher.-The Earth. 

terrestrial triangl-A triangle on the swlsce 

of the Earth, aspscislly the navigatkmsl triangle. 

tesla-(gaomagnetism) The electromagnetic 

unit of rnagnet”c inrtucfkm. 1 tesla = 10-9 

nanotaskr. See also geuaa. 

Tesselatsid $pharold Modal-lV (1$)-A 

mordinsta sysrem whiih dwidas the wrld info 5 

Iatilude zones to obtain aqusl spscing. 

teeaeral harmonics—The sat of all a#herfcal 

harrswn”w thsf are functions of bolh Islituda 

❑nd brrgiiude. Secforial harmonics ma a special 

subsat of tessersl harmonics. 

test charf-Saa raeolving powar targat. 

teat rsngm suppoti-DfAA provided gaodatic 

surveys for the DoD test and trsining rsnges to 

MI L-HDBK-B50 

256 

SwPOrf weapons aysfarns and weapons 

eyatems usars raseamh, dsvaloprnmt, lasting 

and avalustbn. 

taztura-in a photo image, the frequency of 

changa ard smangamenf of tone. 

thematic mapper (TM)-A severr~hannel, 

prademinsntfy 30 meter instantaneous fiefd of 

view (IFOV) multiifnd scanner, deei~ad for 

rrmnifciing earth resoumsa. TM is uaad on 

board LANDSAT =Iellites. 

thamatlc map-Sea topical map. 

thematically ssparate-The segregation of 

a feature w a fimitad nunbw of features within 

a data bsse to highlight ths spatial 

chsmcfetistics d a aubrsaf er ha snviromnent, 

See also layer. 

thoodollte magnetometer—An instrument 

usad in rnsgnetic suweys consisting of a 

Ihaodeliia and a mgnarometor modified to fti 

into a oemmen base, wh(ch parmim tha 

determination of tha true rnaridisn and the 

magnetic meridian in a single observation, 

thaodollte-A precision surveying instrument 

consisting ef an alidsde with a Ielascopa. It is 

mounted on an accumtefy graduated circla and 

is equipped wkh nscassary Iavals and rsading 

devices. Somelimes! the alidsde carries a 

graduatsd vetiical cm4a. See alsa dne 

theodolitsi; dlroctlon Instrumwst 

theodollte; gyrotheodollta; 

phototheodollte; repaatlrrg theodoflte. 

theoretical corner-A term adopfad by the 

U.S. Gaelegical Survey to designate fhe turners 

on the map for which ne msrks era idantifiad on 

the ground. The Imstiens ara determined by 

adjustment and are indicated on the map only 

by the intersection of ths subdiviskm fines. 

theoretical ●rror-A systematic error .arfaing 

fmm nstural physical candiikms, beyond the 

control of the observer. Sss afse external 

●rror. 

theoroilcal gravity-The value of gravity 

dculetsd for a particular tstifuda according to 

an accepted formula. See also formula for 

theoratlcaf grevlty. 

theory of ●nharmonlc ratio-A theory 

principally mrrcemsd with the process-es cd 

trensfornmtbn and radifiilion wtmrstry 

. ... r.

’ 

.,. -e . . . 

;! 4 

,., 

,. .,. 

prqectivety refeled figures poaaeas ce~in 

metric chsractetistics whii are Invariant under 

projection. Also called thaory of cross ratio. 

thaory of cross ratl~e theory of 

nrrharmonlc retlo. 

thormel imagery-(JCS) Imagery produced 

by sensing arwt mcotding the thermel energy 

emitted or reflected from the objects whmh are 

imaged. 

thormomatrlc levellrrg-The determination 

of elwalbne above sea level from observed 

values C4 the boiling point of wafer. A type of 

indirect favefing. 

thick lens-A term usad in geometrical optics 

10 indicata Ihsl the thtinesa of a tans Ls 

considered and that afl distances are being 

massurad fmm the nodal points instead of tha 

lens canter. 

thin lana-A term used in geometrical optics to 

indicate thet the th~knass ef a lens is ignored 

and thet all dstances ere measured from the 

Iems centec usad for eppmximate 

computations... 

thlnnhrg-The process whereby a Ikrasr 

feetura is ganeralizsd through ths use of e 

series of rules thst reduces the number of data 

points while maintaining the bssic shspe of the 

feeture. 

third-ordar Iavellng-spirit leveling which 

does not attain Ihe quality of ~-order 

leveling, but doas conform to the current 

epacifiitkms fcx third-order Iavefirrg per 

“Clsesitiaition Stenderds of Accuracy and 

General Spacifiitiorw of Geodetic Cairn] 

Surveys.” Recommerdad for most general 

vertical control purposes within a fimited eree. 

third-order traveree-A survey treverse 

which extends between adjusfed positions of 

other control sunmys wfkh conform 10 the 

current .mecifiifiins for third-order [class I or 

class 11)iriangulafii per “Ctseeikeiiin 

Sbmdaida of Accurscy and Ganarrzl 

Spaciiitiene of Gaodefii Control Surveys.” 

ffaoommendad for meat generel horizontal 

control purposea within a fimifed area. 

Ihlrd-ordsr trlangulatlorr-Formerly known 

as terliery thrtgulalin, these survays conform 

10 current specifiitiona for Ihird-erder (cfesa I or 

class 11)triangulation per “Ckrssifiition 

MIL-HDBK-850 

257 

Stmdatds of Accuracy and General 

Spaciiit”m d Geodatii Control Surveys.’ 

Ractrrnmerdedfor rrmaf ganeral horizurtal 

control purposes withn a limited ersa. 

third-ordar work—This is Ihe bwesf order d 

control surveys fer which monumentafiort b 

authorized. 

threa ●lgma(30)-The 99.73 percant 

wrrfiderrce interval C4 a dkfribution. See afse 

standard wror. 

thraa-amr proWastor+ full-circle protractor, 

equ@ad with three arms, the fiiucfal edgaa 

(astarrdad) d whbh peas through the carder of 

the circle. Ths middle arm is freed end raatfs 0° 

on the graduetsd circle. The other arms ere 

rnevsble, and thair pesitions on the circle ere 

read with the aid of verniers. The two movsble 

arms are equipped with clamps and msy be se! 

at any angle with raspd to the fiisd arm, withjn 

the limits of the inetmman!. It is used for firrdtrg 

a (ship’s) posiiion graphiity when the angles 

between three known fried points are available. 

Alse celled station pointer. 

three-body problem—That problem in 

classical Celestiil mechenics whiih Wets the 

motion et a small body, usually of negligible 

ins=, relative to and under the gravitational 

influence of two other finite point messes. 

thrsa-dlmanslonel (3-D) date—Volumetric 

data representing maesuremerrls in three 

dimensions, as angular or linear measures such 

as phHembda-kspps or latitude-longitudaalevation. 

thrae-point mathod—See raasctlon. 

thraa-point problem-Tha determination of 

the horizontal poeitiin of e point of observation 

fmm data compriakrg two cbsawed horfzorrtel 

angles betwean three objects of known position. 

The problem k. solved graphtcalfy by fhe use of 

a Ihre-ann protector, and anefytikdy by 

Irigormmetricel computation. Sea also 

resection; trlanglo-of-error method. 

lhree-wlra lovellng-A method of Ievefing 

applied when the reticle of the level hss three 

Iirras. The rod la reed al each of the Ihree fine=s 

and the avenzge is used for the final reeuft with 

an accuracy as great as it three lines of Iavefs 

had been run and the results avereged. 

llcks—Sae raglster marks.

tfdal bench mark-A bench mark S* to 

reference e tide staff HI a tidal .5tafien and tha 

elevation of which is determined with relation to 

the local tidal datum. 

tidal constltuont—See constituent. 

tktal corractlo~A mrrecfion aoolied to 

grsvifdioml observations to retie the effect 

of Earth t“~s on grsvimetric absarvat”ms. 

tidal current chait-A chart showing, by 

arrows and numbers, the average direden and 

speed of Mel currents at e pwlicular pen of the 

currem cycle. A numbsr of such charts, one fer 

each hour of the current WCle, usualfy are 

published together. 

tldel current-The efterneting horizontal 

movement of water eaaecialad wilh the rise and 

tell of the tide causad by the astronomic tidepmducing 

forcas. 

tidal datum plana-See tldel datum. 

tidal datu~Specific tide levels which era 

used as aurtaces ef reference for depth 

measuremems in the sea end es a base for the 

determination of elevalion on fend. Many 

different datums have baen used, perkularly for 

leveling operetiens. Also called tidal detum 

plane. 

tidal day—See lunar day. 

tidal varlatlon of gravity-Periodic 

deviations fmm normal of the gravity on Earih 

and the dkactbn of the plumb fine caused by 

the eftractkm of the Mean and the Sun’s mess, 

tlda gage-A devke for measuring the height 

of tide, It may be simpfy a graduated staff in a 

sheffered fecelion wtrare visual ebservetiena can 

be made at any desired time; or if may consist 

of an elaborate reading instrument mskfng e 

centinueus graphic record of tide haight egeinst 

time, Such an “instrument is usualfy actuated by 

a fled in a pipa communicating wth the see 

threugh a small hefe WMch filters out shorter 

waves. See elso float gage; nonrecordirtg 

gage; portable ●utometlc tide gage: 

prossuro gage; self-registering gage; 

staff gaga; atettdard automatic tide 

gag.. 

tldo loval—See mean tide Iavel. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

258 

tide ovyr run-A reprintof a c5erl or rruip 

nacaasfatd by unusual condiiiens before 

extensive revisions can be accompiiied. Also 

celled ●morgency run. 

tlda station-A pface al whti tide 

cbaervetiens ara made. See also prlmaty tide 

station; secondary tido ●tatlon. 

tlda-producing force(s)-lhe slight kcef 

dflerence between the gravitational aftrhcfion of 

fww astronem’k bcdies and the centrifugal force 

that hofda fhem aIMrf. These forces are wrecffy 

equal end eppcdfe at the cerrfer of gravity of 

eifhar of the tcdiis, but, since gravtiationel 

attredkm is invereetj proportional to the square 

of the distance, if varies frcm point 10 peint on 

the surtam et the bedies. Therafore, 

gravifationsl aftracficrn predominates at the 

surface paint nearest to the other body, while 

centrifugal repulsion predominates et the 

surface point farrhest from the other bedy. 

HerWe, Ihere are Iwo regmns wlrere IiOepmducing 

forcaa are at a maximum, and 

normslfy there are two tides each lunar day end 

seler day. 

., .,. .= ... 4,. 

tldnmark—1. A high wcter mark left by tidal 

water. 2. The highest point reached by a h}gh 

tide. 3. A mark placed 10 indicate the htghest 

point retched by a high tide, or eccseicdfy, 

any specified state of tida. 

tide-The periodic rise and fall et the surface of 

the ecean resufting fmm the grevifational 

anraction of tha Moon and Sun acting upon the 

rotating Earth. See alse age of diurnal 

Inequality; age of parallax Inequality; 

age of phase lnaquallty; ●mphldromic 

point; amphldramic roglon; ●nnual 

Inequality; anomallatic tide cycla; 

apogaan tldaa: constituent; constltuant 

day; corrected establlehment: cotldal 

hour; degenerate ●mphldromlc ●yetem; 

diurnal constftuant; diurnaf Inequality; 

abb tlda: ●stablishment of tha port; 

flood tlda; harmonic constants; height 

of the tida; high watar; high water Iino; 

higher high wete~ higher high watar 

Interval; higher low water; higher low 

water Intarval; Indian spring low wate~, 

Indian tldo plana; International low 

wate~ low water; low water full and 

change; low water Ilna; Iowar high 

water; lower high water Intarval; Iowar 

low wetafi Iowar low watar intarval; 

lowest low watar; Iowaet low water

I 

1 

,. ...>,- .. . . . 

sprlng~ lunar day; lunar tldo: Iunltldftl 

Interval: mean dhmral hlsh water 

Inoquallty; mean diurnal low wwtor 

inequality; mean high water; mean high 

water springs; moan hlghor high watw 

mean higher high water ●prlngw mean 

low wstar; msan low watar sprlnga; 

M.=n Iowar low water; mean lower low 

wstor 8prings; memr range; mean rivar 

level; mean awn Iovel; maan tlda Iavel; 

nodal Ilns; parallax Inequality; phase 

Inequality; sot; somldiurtral constituent; 

tidal correction; tidal cutrsnt; tldwnark. 

tlo flight-see control ●trfp. 

tls point-l. Image points ktentiied on 

oblique photographs in the overfep area 

batwaen two or more c+csrd drips at 

photegrephy. They serve 10 tie the indwiduel 

sets of photographs into e single flight uni and 

10 tie edjscenl ffiihts into a common network. 

2. Paint of cbsure of a survey either on ifseff or 

on another sunfey. 

tie stripl. (cerfography) An overlay 

mnlaining all pfsnimefric and relief festures in 

he .srae akmg the edge of a msp or chsrt. It is 

used to insure the matching of these feetures 

on adjoining sheets. AIs cded metch strip. 2. 

(aerisl photography) See control strip. 

tlc-in—See tla. 

thrr-Any seriss of oontigmus townshps 

S.huatSd frS6f and west of each otha~ also 

sacfians simifarfy situated wiihm a township. 

tie-A survey connection from a paint of known 

psifion to a paint whose postion is desired. A 

lie is made to determine the positbn of a 

aucmlernsntsw ooint wheae Posilion is desird 

fo; tipping 6r iefarance puI@ss, or to cbee a 

survey on a pmviousfy detarmirred point. To TISin’ 

is to rmske awh a wnnection. Sea afso tla 

point, definition 2. 

tiled covaragstA coveraga that hss baen 

physimdfy patffioned into smsller covereges. 

One or rrwre of these smelfer mveragee, where 

all shsre the asme eat of festure cfasses with 

the same daffnifbns. Each tile definm an 

independent topology. 

tlllng echame-The scheme used to define 

tile ahapa and size, and unkfua tifa identifibetbn 

number. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

259 

ttlt ●@-@CS) The rmgla between the 

qticaf asis of an air ssmwa and the vwtical @ 

the tti of aaposure. Sea also ●ngle of 

dopreaalon; tilt. 

tltt drcf.-fn a tilted aerial photograph, a arcfe 

pesing through the kcrcsnter and having a 

diamefar Iyhtg efong the @nc@l fine. WsarI thffi 

dantater is drawn to a convenient fiir scale, 

then any chord through the lsooarrfer given the 

componanf of tiff for that particular direction, 

tiftdlapfacement-Oiicernartt rwdml from 

the iaocertter of the photograph caused @ the 

tilt 04 Ihe photograph. 

tiff sfide ryfe-A device wiriih facififates the 

determmaMert for aetfings on a frned-bns reclfier 

tian carfain tiff factors of an aerial photograph 

are known. 

tlltlrrg levef-A Ievefing instrument in whbh 

Ihe talsscope with its attached bubble !ube can 

be Ievefed by e fine screw a! ha eyepiece snd 

of the lelesmps indapendanlfy of the verticel 

e.sis, lhus avoiding the need for cerefuf Ievahg 

of the ir@rument as e whole. Tnis type d Ienrel 

was first dasi~ed for precise work, bul the 

principle has mms inlo pafrular use for ordinsry 

ievels. 

Nltlng-lone rectlfler-A CISSS of reclifiem in 

which the principsl paint is fried on its esie of 

swing, and cennet be diepJsced. 

tlft—(JCS) See roll. Also celled ●ngle of tlk. 

See also cross tilt; direction of til~ pffch; 

relative tilt; x-tilt. 

time rfiegram+A diagram in wheh the 

cefmfial equstof sppeers as e circle, and 

cefeslial meridians end hour aides as rediil 

lines; used 10 facifiiele sofutbn of time problems 

and others invohfhg ercs of the arfesfiel aqusbr 

or angfes at Ihe pots, by indiiing refelians 

b@ween varbus quenfities invofved. 

Conventiarraffy, the relationships are gfven as 

viewed frern a point over the south Pole. 

wasfwsrd direction being oourrterobofrwise. Afeo 

called diagram on the pfane of the 

●quinoctlai. See also diagram on tfra 

plana of tha cafastlal meridian. 

time dlatsnce-Time required for any object 

to h-evef betwaen two given paints 61 a given 

rate of speed.

, 

, 

tlmo gamma curvs-$ae characteristic 

curve. 

time morldlan-lmy maridiin ued as a 

reference for rdeming time, ptikularfy a zone 

or afandad maridii. 

tlms son. chart-A amalf-acala chart of the 

wmrtd designed to show the legal time kept on 

land. 

tima zona-An araa in e.11parts of wliih the 

same tirrw IS kapt. In general, aach zone is 15” 

of longitude in w“dh, cantered on a meridian 

wtrosa longitude is genaralfy dwisibfe by 15”. 

times (X) enfargament-The multiplication 

factor bywhich anorigimdie robe&r& in 

repmductiin. A two-tit-nag (2X) linear 

enfarcremenf of a 4. bv 5-incfr orioinal wmuld be 

8 @ ~ O inches. See &lao dlame~or 

anlargemont; scale of reproduction. 

time-The measurable aspect of duration. See 

elso Al time; appnront ●ldaraal time: 

aPParOnt aOIW tlma: astrograph moan 

tima: .estronomlc tlma; atomic tlma; clvll 

the; day; ephemeris time; equation of 

tima; Groenwlch apparent time: 

Graenwlch lunar. time: Greonwlch mean 

tlma; Greonwlch sidereal time; 

Greenwich time; local apparent tlma; 

Iocel ●atrfmomlc tlmo; local lunar time; 

local mean time: focal sidereal tfmo; 

10Cal tlma: lunar tlmaa: mean ●lderaal 

tlmo; maak solar tfme~ month; “rise Ume; 

aldereal time; solar tfme: standard time; 

Universal limo; UTO time; UT1 time; 

UT2 time; WWV tima; yea~ zone time. 

tlmlng corrsctlon-A correcficm a@ied to 

the length of a trilaleration measurement to 

~-e fm the deby of the radar signal as 

if passes through ths ground transponder unit of 

an electronic dislanca—maa Wing davilx. 

tlnte-Cobr gradat”w uwd on rnapa to 

designate depth or height. Sea afso 

hypsomatrlc tlntlng. 

tipped panoramic dktortion-fn a 

panorarmc camera rystem, Ihe displacement of 

images of ground points from their expected 

vett”kal panoramic positions caused by the 

Iip@ng of the scan ask dfhin the vertical plana 

of the flight peth. This diaforficm is additive and 

modif- again NW image positions of points 

MIL-HDBK-850 

260 

afraedy influanoadby panoram”m dktortkm, aan 

Pc6ilional dmtorfibn, and imaga mcliin 

compensation dMorrion. 

tfp-Saa pftch. 

tftla bJock-A space on a nonafandard 

graphc, SW51 es e nmsaic, photograph, w plan 

dmded to idenfiiition, reference, and scale 

information. 

tftllng (tftlo lnformatlon+That information 

lettered on aerial phrAOgraphc negativas for 

identikation purposes. Also, the placing of awh 

information on tha nagativas. Afeo called fffm 

tltlhrg; negatlvs tltflng. 

Tokyo datum-Tkds datum, with its origin in 

Tokyo, k dekad in temm of tha Belliisoid. 

It also covers Korea and Okinawa. 

Note: In the absence of information to confirm 

that this datum is identical 10 fha Old Tokyo 

Obaarvatoty Datum of 1918, the two datums are 

to be considered aaparately. 

toleranca-The mazimum allowabla variation 

fmm e standad or from qmcffiad conditions. 

.-. ,, 

tone copy—Thai rnalerisl in whwh tones or 

shedas of sohd cobr ap~ar. 

tone-(JCS) Each distinguishable shade 

variation fmm black 10 whiie on imagery. 

topical map-A map designed to porlray a 

specLal Swbjwi: e.g., administrative euMivkione, 

railroads, teleoommun”bslions, pewer fines, 

navigable waterways. Also called speolalaub]ect 

map; thematic map. 

topoengulator—An instrument usad to 

measure vertical angles in the principal plane of 

an oblique photograph. 

topocantrlc coordfnatea-Coordinates 

wlmee origin is on the Earth’e surface as 

distinguished from geocentric coordhetes 

whose origin is at the canter of the Emth. 

topocentrfc equatorial coordlnatea— A 

coordinate syslem centered at the obaewets 

position on the surface of the Earth whh one 

coordinate plane parallel to the Equator and 

one axis parallal 10 the north pofsr azis of fhe 

Earth. 

topocantrlc horizon—See ●pparent

. 

horizon. 

tOpecwrtrlc-Of meaeuremenfs or 

Wordirwfes, raf-d fe the poaMi of W 

cbeerver on fhe Earth as the ~m. 

Topogrephk Engineerlrtg Contor 

(TEC)-A~ Corps of Enginaem fCkrRdOdSS 

which wpport the Army% modem waapona and 

mrnmend arxfc4mfmf aymemeffnou#r meeamh 

and davefcpmarM kI mepphg, charting, Wrreln 

aq+j -r mfnofe =Mm. -t 

poaifiiirrg, surveying end fend navigation. TEC 

atac conducts ~ on arrvironmenfel effects 

on milii equipment, davekfae tcp@yz#ii 

~ syaenrs, and produces terrain andyeis 

prod@e. Forrnady kmwwr es EnghwM 

Topogmphk Lebomtorlea. 

Topogmphk Map of tho Unfted Stetea- 

The r~rrmmnded deafgneflon for the 

lopograpbii map of the United States being 

WWamd d quadrangle areas in atlas dread 

form, chiefly by Ihs U.S. Geokgiil Survey. Thii 

map portrays a@ basic inf-ticm about 

IW@M, a18+Vafkn, and extant et physical end 

cutiural features that are required fer prelimirvary 

—mic and er@neering atudks., and fer 

i~tin h a ~= fm - ~~~ fOr 

- Wm. 

topogrephk base film-An aerial 

photographic film with e dirnansknaliy stable 

bese used prirnar!Jy for rmppirrg. 

topographic correction—See terrain 

correction. 

topographic doflectiorr-lhet @ of tha 

defkdkn of the pfuti fine which in caused by 

the gmvhefffl pull exerted ~ topography 

maasarr. Tepogmphic deflection ~ not the came 

as dsffedii c# the pfurrb fine or slefkn emor, 

but la the ~atical affd prcduced by the 

rasuftanf grevirafiimd pull d the unevenly 

I ddrhded 

. . .. 

Sramn, m 

l~~h~ 

alrow- 

.-seas around the 

—..—..—, -— A.., 

erring rnaae Iar reommc 

~Wen=thn. Akc 

tho defloctlona. 

called Indirect ●ffoct on 

topographic ●xprazalowl%e effect 

achieved by ehep”mg and spadng contour #nes 

sc that f~raphc feefuras can be interpreted 

with rreee and fhlii. Gmd aspreesion in 

achieved by delincmting the contours in 

aFPMfWi.ste relationship to each c4her, wilh due 

cmsideretion ghren to the male and mntour 

interval of the map. Also called configuration 

MIL-HDBK-850 

261 

of termln. See else topography. 

topogmphk feature-See topography, 

defiiitikn 1. 

topegmphk rnep-(JCS) A nmp which 

PmaarM the Vertkat poadikn d ferduree m 

mrresumbbforrn aswdtas rheirherfzorwef 

posffbns. See eke mep. 

topographic plot-Represenlatien, by means 

of confcu “mea, of the grooleg~~ ems, 

ahowrrlneste r’===@ 

complletlon, dafinitiin 2. 

topography mrnre~ survey whikh has for 

/fs major purposes the dalarmbatii of the refiaf 

of the surface d the Earth and the focafii of 

nmurd and man-rrwfe faduras themen. 

topographkel latltude-See goodotlc 

Ietltudo. 

topogmphy—1. The mnf~uraticrr d the 

surfece of the Earth, including its relief, the 

positbn of its #reams, roads, dfies, etc. The 

Earih’s mtural and physical faatums cxkctivety. 

A aingk feature such as a mewksin er valley ia , ..termed 

e topographic kature. Tepogmphy 

is su~ded imo @7=w=@Y (~ r~i 

features , Fr@mgraphy (the water and dreinaga 

features 1. 

cuffure (mm-made features). end 

vegetation. 2. l%a science et daihmation d 

natural end men-made features of a place or 

regkn mpmiafty in a way to show tfrelr peaitkns 

and elevatiena. The term inotudee the scientiic 

and tdwtii fiekts of surveying, geedesy, 

9mPhYs4=. mifiiry 9e091=Phy. 

phebgranrmafry, cartography, graphk arts, and 

rakrtsd actfviiies to the axfenf that they are 

aasant.d to the amem@ehrmmt of the remet-y 

mfw@n9. 9~eq, erd mi~tiary geogmphm 

‘n’en’gems -n” ‘-‘n --%!?..ti 

term IS eppGed to e surface such aa t 

bottom or a surface c4 given cheractertstii 

wifhln the water mass. 

topologk ●rror dreckhrg-Tha pmce= of 

enaurirrg that the Iegkd mnsicfency of the data 

is inted, that is, ell pofygons am cloead, all arcs 

are rmmecfad to ncdaa, etc. 

topological cOncepta-PrOperfiea of 

gaometrk figures that do nof change under 

mntirruous (arrrcdh) transformation; such as, is 

mnnacted to, is inside of, is d~nacfed, has 

three connected pwta (none mnnacfed to eny 

other), is a peint on the beundary of, is on the

I 

I 

left of, is a nade where five segments meet, etc. 

topological data brxw-A date bsss lhst 

e~sthe ~ms@ d topebgy to irrdiite 

the mfalmnahgra of mrtogrepfdi features, 

gsometricsfty axprsrsasd as fmints, firms, and 

WrfWxw. Comrnonfy ernpfeyad as the bsaie fur 

data bssas to bs ussd in gecgrephii 

Informstien systems. 

Iopologlcal data atructur*A vector dste 

strudure whii *6 ths same cfrsredsristii ss 

the oheirr-node dete structure, but afeo 

esmbfii the lopofagkel refatimcfripe 

(connectivity, sdjjcency, and inctusion) between 

faetume in a vector dste set. 

topological ontltlee-A collsd”mn of ob@s 

(i.e., nedes, edg= ad f-) urrad !0 ddii 

ths spstisl rekrtioncfripe errrorrg ths features of 

the Earth% surface. 

topological relrdlonshipe-How dste 

ele~nfs relete to esch ather withtn the date 

base. In particular, how e change to one 

element affects other elements. 

Topologlcslly Int*gretod Geegraphlc 

and Roeourco Information Syatom 

(TfGRIS)-An abject oriented geographm 

informetkrn system with a conmlidatad data 

st@ure. Developrxt ~ Irrfergmph Caprxrrtlon. 

topologlcaf-f%npertiaa of geometti figures 

es adjecanq thet are nd etfared by distortion 

es Ieng se the surface “S not tom. 

topology-Tha wey in which geographml 

elements are linked torfether, inducting Ihe 

qwstiel retationslipe ~=iting among g-xrgrsphlc 

festures and the methods used wtthin the 

Wmfmfw efwironment to geomelricalfy depict, 

etore, and esemins the data wilhin this retstkrnal 

mntest. Topolcgy irwludes adjjerwy, 

irrchsion, and connactivii. See also 

ed]acency; connactlvlty; Inclusion. 

toponymy—1. The study ad treetment of 

!oponyms. 2. A trady of toponyms. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

topon m-A name eppfiad to a natural or 

cuifua 

~hti~ 

7 feature. For U.S. Gtwernmerd 

governing P&e 

usegs, 

rswrres 

on Es* em estebliahed try the Un~ed Stetea 

Boerd on Geographic Namee. AJao celied 

geogmphlc name end plaoo Mine. S.afso 

daacrlptlva name. 

toPPf. Wt*ThCt horimntel a+ 

v** to the (frorizmtd) qxn sob d a 

gyroscope, amumf whiih topple amure. 

tOpple-Tfre vertical cmnponsnt of pracss+m 

or wender, or the algebs”k sum cd the two. 

torsion bafenca-A devke for measuring 

mrnbiitiona of the eemnd der+vativee of tha 

gravity poteniisl, which are .cloaety ratsted to the 

horizart!al components of the ddection of the 

vertical. It mrrakzs of a bar susperrdd 

horizontally by an ekretic fifement, ona end of 

the bar being subjsded to the inffuence of the 

ettmcting force to a grseter degree then the 

other end. The attracting forca is balenaed end 

its cornp.erstive afrsngth meeaumd by the 

torsionsl readian of the filament. 

tonoloolcal structurincr-The maces of -.. . .. . . .3- , 

or&u&g data Icptagiilly ec Uiat the 

total departuree-See ebsclsaa. 

relationch~s and reference finkages are 

speci%sd. 

totel drltt-The algebrsic sum of drift due 10 

preoesc”mn and thet due to wander. Alrm callsd 

topological vorlficatlon-The promes of drltt. 

vwifyfng the tofdogiil ralstkxrah~ betwwn 

deta elements. 

total latltudes—See ordlnatas. 

262 

totel magnaUc lntanslty—The vector 

resuftenf of tha rntensity of the horisontel and 

vertical oemponents d the Earth’s magrrstic 

tietd al e apecifii point. 

totel etetlon lnstrumerit~ aurwey 

instmmem capable d measuring ddta x, y, and 

z components without signiksnt afferetiins. 

touch plete-See klsrr plrNa. 

town pfen Inset—See Inset. 

town site sunrey-The rrddng of tines end 

comers within one or more regular units of the 

towmshii subdwision by w?rfch the fend Is divided 

into bfocks, etrsats, end alleys as a besis for the 

dispassl of tiile in parcels of land. 

township corner+ corner of a township. 

See also clorrlng township comer.

towrwhlp Ilnoe-l%e townsfdp boundsrk 

lhst run north md sotdh are trsmsrd rang. 

Ilrms; with few exoq#bns the rangs h are 

mnor’lesrrhefa dfiswbam inrandad loba 

oncarr9n81. Thsbolmdsrks Nwrdng Srwmd 

wad am tanned township ffnaw. Sy taw, fhay 

Mm Herded to ba on true pamRela of fatiiude. 

township-The Unit & survey 04 the pubIio 

fend-q nornmlty ● qudrangks appmrrfmatefy 6 

miles m n aide wfth boundsriaa tiomtlng to 

merkfiins ●d peraoala Wiftrkl aa&Mshd firnif80 

cmfairrhg thirfy-ais sadims, some d wtkl’t am 

designed to correct Im tha mnvsr@ca s4 

maridkms or range fines. Sss akm fractional 

township. 

trace-* selectlon overlay. 

tmck ●djustrnant-AdjuaimenI to a shp’s 

track resulting from set and drift d the vessel. 

track chmf—A cfrsrt showing racomrn ended, 

I required, or eatsbtiihed tracks, and usualty 

indicefing turning points, souraee. and 

I disla ncss. 

... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 

tmcklng carnarm-Seo bellistlc cemorn. 

tmckfng station-A ground-baaed sornplex 

I set up to trsck an objsd moving through the 

atmosphere or qsce, by visual, photogmp~lc, 

! photoetectriq or efasfronic mathoda. 

tmsk-(JCS) The actual psth of en aimrsft 

above, or a shii on tha aurfece d ths Earth. 

Theccurae Lslhapeth whkhispfanti, the 

track is the path whii is actuslly taken. 

●-M- ----. -,1-- --L ----- m-.+ . . . . . . -. 

. . .,!.. *-p., -..”,, *“rrw,r,-—”( ,rGs,cs( “Jr 

nauficsl charts of sdrernes simad et radusinq 

the risk ~f cxrtlision in t%mgested andlor - 

converging areas by separating fraffii wing in 

cfpmsife, or nesrfy oppoafte, dml”mrrs. 

traffic-circulation map-(JCS) A map 

showing traffii rmdss ad the maaaums for 

trafftc regulation. ff indkafes fha rosds for uss of 

certain classes ef fref’k fhe location of frsffii 

sontml stsfbns, and the directions in whioh 

treffii rrray move. Also cslled clrsulatlon map. 

See also map. 

tra@tory-in generel, fhe curve that a body 

describes in apace. An arbii is a trajectory which 

dces not intersect the Earih, 

MIL-HDBK-850 

263 

trarmcrlbor—sae Point-tmnder dovlco. 

trsnssrkptkm-1 . The process of rtirrg 

the sounds ersks gmna’ne Iicat elements d e 

fanguagekr terms ofaepec&wriii W.em. 

ZAnttarrr dalarrgus@ vrhk4rtms~ 

this procaaa. 

transduoar-Ary davice for converting w 

from ona form to mother (eJwctrkel, mdrewal 

wwooti) .lnsoner,i tususflycorkhas ths ‘ 

fuy of a hydmphcme and n projector. 

transfar startdard-A oaf of formats and 

prc40c01s Usast to nmve ate frorrr - eyctern to 

another without baa. Mey be defkred at the 

bgbsl lava+ the physical level, or both. 

tranaformatton-1. (phofogrammatry) The 

procaaa of projecting a phofog-epfr 

(mathaJnst”kslty, graphic+, or phciogmphkelly) 

from its plane onto armfher pkane try tmmfafkn, 

rotstion. arrdkx scale cherrga. Tha pr+ctikrr is 

rnede onto a ptsne dalarrnined by tha angular 

relst”kms of the camera esaa and not nwo-ly 

onto a horizontal plnrw. See dao 

mctificdbon.. 2. (mmaying) The .+-.. .. . - 

==@at’-l prcawa of converting a pc@ibn 

from UTM or othsr grid ooordirmtes 10 @od@k, 

and V* v- fmm me datum end etiipetrid to 

another using dahrm 6hm oowtants and 

el@eo”kl paremefere. The survq poaitii d a 

point is fraquantfy given m several dfferanf gride 

or atliiid% local datum end Ooppfsr-darivad 

WGS w are mmrmon requirements. 

tranafomrad print-A photograpkrk print 

rnsde by pro@on in a tranaformlng printer. 

tmrrsformlng prirrter-A spacialfy dadgnad 

projection printar of freed geornatry used for 

hsnstorming the cbliiua corrqmnenfs of a 

=WM ~m installation, a multiple-lens 

=rwam, w a parmmmk samara onto a pfarm 

wwmkufm to the axis d the system. See 

ateo rutifloc unlvwaal tmnaformlng 

printer. 

tranalt Instrument-%e tranalt, definition 

4. 

trenstt Iine-hy line et a treveme whkh is 

projected, either with or withoul maasuramanf, 

by the use of a trsnsft or other detdre. ff k?not 

necessarily an actual line of final survey but msy 

be an accessory line. Also called traveree 

Itne.

I 

1 

tmrwtt micrometer contact corractton-A 

quantify appGadtO thechmnOgmphmcud ofa 

etartranek atwrvad eiththoaidof ● trarmd 

mkfomafar toasowfor tharhramquimd forrhe 

contacf ~tocroaa ona+affoftha widthofa 

contact atrlpin thahaad of them&wnatsw. 

tmrmft mlcromater-A form of ragiafering 

micmmaWwkh R.smovsble efiraptacad krffw 

faxdpkured anactmrrenkf rends vdafrigfrf 

arrglaatofhadradbn ofrrutbn oftkbnageof 

a afnr which b ebaarved at or near cufninatbn. 

Also called Impamonal mlcromatar, 

bacauaa & afrrrd carrpbldy dirninrdea the 

effect of the personal aqmfion on time 

Obaarvat”m made wkh it 

tranaif ~ rnathed of balancing a survey. 

Gxradbns cnrraapording to the dosing errors 

in Iatiiuda and dqmrfure are dmributad 

accordiig to Iha proportion: Iatiiude and 

mum of awh line of the traverae to the 

arhfrmatical sums of the tdfudas and 

d+arfurea ef the entire traverse. Tha hand rule 

isuaadvrhsm gieaacurnadfhat Iheckxing 

~ - dua I* to the errors in the ofzservad 

arrgtas than to armra in the ~~md distances. 

trarrslt trava~ survey traverse in which 

the angles am mcmsumd with an enginear% 

transit w thaodoliie and the Iangfhs with a matal 

tape. A transit 

. 

kaveraa is usual~ 

Wremnlrofofhcaleuweysandm 

axecufed for 

Ofaacer@ 

order m Ihlrd.ordar quafhy. 

transit-and-stadla survey-A survey in 

%ich horfzcmtal and vartical dirrrct”bns or angles 

are obearved @h a trard and did— are 

measured by tranaif and stad~. 

traneitlon ourv~ ●plral curve. 

trsrmft-1. The apparent pa9aage of ~ star or 

OfhW 00b8fbf bOdy aCrOS6 H dafktad tim Of h 

celeetlel @rem, aa s maridikm, prima vertical, or 

aknucenfar. The apparent paeeafJe of a 6tfU w 

ether cdadal body acrosa a Iiie in tha retisfe of 

e telctscq-s, or eerna line of sight. The apparent 

-ge of a mtrdkr celestial body acrmaa the 

disk of a larger celastial body. Tha tranait of a 

star ecroas fha nmridien oceura at the mOment 

of fls Wf@_MOrr, end the two terms are 

eomatmraa used se having identical meanings: 

aucfr usage is not comect, even whare the 

irrefrumant m M perfect adjuatrnant. At the polaa, 

e star rmy have no culminat’bn bul if will trend 

the meridians. Sea alao culmlnatloru lower 

MIL-HDBK-850 

264 

tmrmlt; nreddlan tranelt; upper tr*n8h. 

zAeurvaying inatNmant CcWroWdc4 a 

~-mmtdhati~ 

andrmaiidada wkhaldeccupatida be 

ravaraad hkeqrports witfudbei~ Wad 

therefrom. see dao uroOdOuta. a. The Wf d 

~~tid~dat~ @MUm 

arourd ke horizontal esb. Also called plunge: 

Invwtlng; tohcophrg. 4. An astronomic 

irratnansd havhgatelaeqra wfrichcarr base 

adjusfed inpoaition theffhelinaof Slgmmeybsr 

madato&4ii 9Wrticdc4rc4a.Ab ocaued 

■atronomb tmnaff. sea afso broken 

telouopa tranal~ solar tmnstt. 

tmnsletiorral movwnant-Tha systematic 

rrmvernanf of pmjadcrr aa8enW& in tirle-dfliihf 

directions in a ateraopbfting irrafrunrarrf. 

tranelatlon-1. The procase of rendering oml 

or wiften texl of one bnguaga in terme d taxf 

of curreapondirrg meaning of mother fengusga. 

Sae alee romanizatlon tranacrlption; 

translttomtlon. 2. Movement in a straight 

fine withcrul retatien. 

trnnsllterntlon-1. The prcwasa of recording 

t~ ** gym Of one writkrg cystem in 

tmna d coneaporrdng graphii ayrrbols d a 

aacondwriting system. 2. An item of a 

Language whiih has undergone this pc.xaa. 

translocation-The determination of the 

rotafive pdticir batwean two points from 

eimulfarreous Doppler satelliie ebaanralions. 

tranalunsr ●paca-r% seen from the Earth at 

arry moment, space lying beyond fhe chit of 

the Moon. 

tranalunar tmjectory-A trajectory axterdng 

outside the Moon’s orbii aboul the Eorth. 

translunar+utskte the Moon’s orbit abouf 

the Earth. Sea else clslunar. 

transmlmsiorr-(aptics) The ratio of transrniffad 

Iiht to ttra indent light. ff ?00 units of liihf fall 

up e tmn~mnt material and I 0 of thgm 

succeed in paesing through, then if can be sakl 

thatthe material has 1/1 O or 10 percent 

tranemieewn. 

transparency-(JCS) An image freed on a 

clam base by means of a photographic, printing, 

chemical, or other process, aspecialty ada@e.ble 

for viewing by tranemhfad light. Sea also 

dlaposltive.

I 

trmtcpondor-@CS) A mcafvar.tmmsmtlter 

which will ganerafe n rqfy al@nal w pqer 

irrlarrogatiorr. Sea aleo rsspcmaor. 

transvorsa asla-l%a distanoe between the 

apeidas. If IS kfenfkal to the aemfmejor asta for 

aflipiiwl orbits. 

trmnavuce chart-A chart on a transverse 

pmjaction. Also cefkd Invoraa chain 

transverse cylindrical orthomorphk 

chart (lCOC)-See trarrswrso Mercator 

chart. 

transwraa cylindrical otihomorphlc map 

projoctlon —See trmrsverw Morcstor 

map projcctlorr. 

transvemo equntor—The plane which is 

parpadwbu to Ihe axis of a lraneverprojection. 

Aleo called Inverso equator. 

transversal graticula+l fiiitiius graticule 

baaed ~ a Ifarcwersa Pr+3cfion. See eka 

flctltlous gratlcuk. 

transveraa iatttudc-4u@ar dkttrmce from a 

tranaverae equator. Also called Inveree 

Iatltude. Sw Eke fictitious Iatltude. 

trmsveras Iongltuda-+ngutar distance 

Mvmarr a ptfme tranavarea meridian and any 

given transverse maridiin. Also ceiled Invaraa 

Iottgttudo. See also fictitious Iongltude. 

transvarso map projaotlon-A map 

projedkn in whiih the projection axis is rotated 

9tP in azimuth. 

tranawrse Mercator chart-A cherl on the 

transverse Mercator prajactiin. Afao called 

Inwrso cvlhrdrlcal orthomor~hk chart: 

Inveraa Mercator chart; transverse 

cyllndrlcsl orthomorphlc chart. 

trsnsvsrse Mercotor grid—An informal 

daeignetkn for a stale coordinate system baaed 

on a transverse Mercator map projection. Afeo 

celled Geusa-Kruger grid. 

tranaverso Msrcator map projection—A 

conformel cdindrical meD Dmiactiorr. being in 

principla aqiwalent to the ‘regular M“ercal~r map 

pmjedion Iumad (tranaveread) 90” in ezimulh. 

In ths projadon, Ihe central meridiin is 


. . 

265 

mpraaantod by a atrelgfd line, ccmwpmdi to 

thaline wtJchreprasenk fhe Equafaron the 

m@ar Mere.@or ~ pru@dii. NeiUws the 

o-c ~ne (Sxcapr the Cantrrd 

marsfiin) nor the geodetic pallek (faccept the 

Equator) are repmaamted by etm@ht lines. Ak 

CJSllad Inwrao cylktdrlcd orthomorphk 

msp projoctlon; Inverso Mercator msp 

projection; trutevoraa cyllndrlaal 

orthomorphlc map proJactlon. 

transwraa mwidla+ greet circle 

pWp3tiiUkf toe transverse equator. Tfrs 

reference tmneversa maridiin in cells! prima 

trsnavarca maridkn. Also calkd Invorssr 

meridian. Sea afao fictitious meridian. 

transverse model datum-See modol 

datum. definition 1. 

transverse parallel-A side or fine parellai to 

a transverse eque!or, connecting ell points al 

equal traneveree Iatfiude, Also called (nwrsc 

psrallal. See aleo flctltioua psrallal. 

tr.wswrsa pcrJAna of the !WO pints 90” 

from a transferee equator. 

. . .. ... . . . . . .. ,’..-.. 

transnrerse polycordc map projection-A 

pofy=onic map pmjwfion * is turned 

(tranevaraad) 90° in azimuth by substffuting for 

the &sntral merkftan, e great circle parpandmular 

10 the gaographc rnaridiin to provide e control 

axis for the pmjectiin, akng whii axis will fIe 

the centara ci ths circular arcs ~rsser#ing ffnaa 

of tangency of cones with the surface of the 

sphere. 

transverse posltlon—A CPM camare 

instelktkn se poaitiinad that the pkne 

containing the arnare axis is pwpandicufar to 

the tine d fight. 

tranmrer- rhumb llnc-A line making the 

same cbliqua angle vkth all ftiis meridians 

of a transverse Mercetor projection. Tmnsveraa 

parallels and meridians may be Cu’laldamd 

special cases of the transverse rtru~ fine. Also 

called Inverse rhumb Ilne, See also 

fictitious rhumb line. 

trrmaveras-in cartography, panaining Io or 

maeeurad on a map prqection In wl’iih a 

meridien is ueed as e Iictit”kmisequator. Alw 

called In versa. 

traverae adjustment—See balsnclng ● 

survey.

! 

tmvwae ●ngl a4Aaawrwnerrt of tha 

frlxizwrtal Sngfe from e praoadlng Sdjjnt 

ststkm to the f~g ad- atetbn. 

tmvoraa ●rror of closure--see ●rrer of 

closure, detinitiorr 8. 

traverse Ilne-Sae trstnslt lln.. 

tmvorss net—See survey ns~ detinitiin 1. 

trmram9 stetkrn-A point on a traverse over 

vMch an inabumant is pies+ (.s -up). Also, on 

atrevame, tstangthof 100 feat meeaured Ona 

given liM, ailhar straight, broken, or curved. 

travwsa tablas-Malhernetical tables listing 

the bngths of the *S oppeaife the obfiqus 

angles fer aadr of a series of right-angle pfane 

triangles as functions ef the length and ezimufh 

(or bearing) of the hypotenuse. 

traverse the Instrument-To rotate a survey 

instrurnwrt abeuf its vertical sxis: thst is, turning 

the instrument in szimuth. 

‘“-frs;a~~JCS) A rirathbd ‘of ‘6urVeying” in 

which lengths and directions of lines between 

pints on the Eralh are obtalnad by or from field 

-surbrnents, and used in determining 

@iOlls 0( ths p(lklts. [A SUfVOy tlEV01st3 MSy 

dekmni~ (ha raktttie positiis of the @nts 

Wf’1k41itoomecta insarias, smdif tiadtorsrntrd 

stations on an adc@ad dstum, the po.dtbns 

MY b’s MfeiTSd to that datum. Survey trsvaraae 

are c&salriad end ktantii)ed in a variety d ways: 

esccfding to methods used, as astronomic 

traverse; aaadfng to quallty 0( rasutte, as firslordar 

traverse; auording 10 putpa.s served, es 

9wmPhhl esptwmtiin traverse: and 

a~ng to term, as dosed treveraa, etc.] Sea 

al= mrgla-to-right tmv-rerr; azimuth 

traverao; cloead tmvarso: connecting 

tmvsme; doflectlon engle traverse; flrstordar 

traverse; fourth-order traversa; 

gsogmphlcal ●xploration treverse; 

lritertor ●nglc travoree: loop treverse; 

open trworsa; phototrlg traveree; 

planetsblo travaree; random traverse; 

second-rder traveree: epur tmvereo; 

st~dls trsvcrse: eubtense bar traverse; 

subtensc base travarae; third-order 

trsvorso; tranelt traverse. 

triengle closurs-See error of closure, 

definition 7. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

266 

trkmgla ●rror of clowre-%e ●rror ot 

closura, definkiin 7. 

trtangls of doubt~n a sinple two-peint 

probtem, the trbngle rasuhhg when the check 

ray faRs to peas ttsough the poird rX tiemacl”m 

of the two intaraading rays. 

triangle of ermr-lhs wianghs formed whan 

tluee fAottsd rays fail to intamed partadty. The 

santer ot the trfsngla may be oonaiderad to be 

the adIuslad positkrn. See also reaectlon. 

triangle-of+rror msthod-hr eurvaying, a 

technique for aoMrrg the trreqroint @lam 

grsphicaffy byatrfengle otam3r. Theaa matheda 

are ganamfly rafarrad to by name, such aa 

*6ser6 method, Co.sst-Suwey method, end 

Lehmsnn’s rnathed, eecfr of wfriih is based 

upen its own fadom. See ales triangie of 

error. 

triangle-See astronomic triangla; 

ceieatlal trlangla; navigational triengle; 

preliminary triengio; spherical triangle; 

apheroidai triangle; tarreetrlal trlerrglc. 

triangulated Irraguler network (TIN)- A 

terrain rrmdel created from continuouafy 

connected triangles derived frern the Oalsunay 

algorilhm. The vertkee of the trianglae form 

irraguierly spsced ekavatkm posts. Unlike a grid, 

the TIN elbws extra intorrnrdhn to be dispisyad 

in areee of smrples rekaf wthwt dbplayirrg 

dense or nsdunderrt deta galharad in amss of 

simpte relief. 

triangulation base Ilna-see bese llno. 

trlsngulatlon nst—See ●urvey neh 

dafiniticm 1. 

triangulation mconnalsssncs- A 

preliminary survey to select the Iocatbn of 

etsfiens to give the meat faasibte triangulst”m 

scheme. 

? 

triangulation signal-A rigid structure 

erected over or elms to e hiengulat”on slet”~ 

snd used for suppmling an instrument and 

observer, or lerget, or instrument and observer 

and target, in a Mangulstion survey. Also, any 

object, naturel or artifciel, whcsa poeitbn is 

obtainsd in e Iriengulmion survey. The term mey 

be applied to a structure whose positbn is 

delernrined by triengula[ion, but whose primery 

purpose is to ‘sewe kr in s hydrogrsphx or

trlsngulatlon aystenr-lhe main schema, or 

nd,dprbrwya fafbnee ndfhaaudfbry 

Cfetions. nterrdna shrrmaf ethafmmawwkof 

Ifwayefem ardfaliadaf sav+maf* to 

prrwiauafy aatsbfiahad triangulation stations of 

equal or higher order. See also survey neL 

definition 1. 

trlangubtlon thoodolffe-$ee direction 

Inatrumont thoodollte. 

trbngufaflon tower-A afrudure ussd 10 

elevste the Iirm of sight atxxe intwvening 

obetecles. Usually wnsists of two independent 

efruduras, one within the ofhan the osnter 

sfwhtre s+portri the Umcdofiie end the outer 

.stndure s-s the observer and the slgnel. 

See also Bilby steel towor. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

bpogmpM ‘ survey, 

es a hydrographic 

wfmn it rmy baccxne )mown 

or topogmphlc ●lgnal. 

gmphy oM4ned by sirnuhanaous eXPSMe Of 

ttwee cameras Syetemefkany I&$ezad m the Sit 

vrrhisb cftimdo varb@nga r@aemtafivefo 

trbngulatlon ststlon+JCS) A pcint on the each other m csder to mvar a wide f~. See 

Eartfr* pasifii bdebrminad~. 

elso fan camera photography. 

trisngutefion. At60 cstfed bfg point. 

trig control-see field control. 

Mg doealor-A dafaUad reoud on the 

ftfangufatti of en ems, giving the coordkwtse 

d the triarrgldatbrr afationa. 

trfg llst+fCS) A list pdiehed by serfairr Army 

Urine Wtlidl itsludL9J e3eentbI HOrrrdii d 

accumfefy bmted rwvay poirda. [A pibfidion 

mntaining sII availebb puaibud data and 

etavatii wffh the raspedva daacr@bne of 

horizonfet andkv vettkad control points, uauatfy 

arranged asawding to lhe focatiin of the cantml 

points within the hits of map .shaefs of targsecele 

eark.] 

trig point-See trlnngulatlon atatlon. 

trigorromatrlc Iavding-lhe determination 

of dtfferencee c4 abvefiorw from observed 

triangulation-l+ method of surveying in whiih verficat englea wmbined wffh Iangfha of lines. A 

the sfeficns era @rrts on the. Ground whkh are. . ,fype of indiued bvekg. 

IOcsfad et the vertices of a chain or network cd 

triangtas. The angles 04 the trisngfes ere 

measured instmmarrtaily and the .eidEs are 

dwimd by canputetion from selected sides 

wtriih are termed bime Ilnas, the lengths O} 

whfc+r am obtafnad from direcd meeeurarnants 

on the gmurxf. See ebo ●ralytfcsl thma. 

point msectfon redlal triangulation; arc 

triangulation; ●raa trlangulatlon; besa 

neti dlmet radial Mangulatfon; firetordor 

trlwrgutatlon; flare trlangulatlon: 

graphical radial trlanguletlon; handtomplot 

trlangulatlon; Ieocentar 

trlangulatlon; mechanical-templet 

triwrgutmtion; rmdlr-point trlangulatlon; 

phototrlangulatlon; radial trlangulatlon: 

‘ satellite trlenguletlon; second-order 

trlwrgulatlon: aamlenalytlcal 

triangulation; ship-to-shore 

trtangtdatlon; stotted-templet 

trlengulation: ttplder-templat 

triangulation; third-ordor trlangulstlon; 

trllateratlon. 

trlaxtal ellipsoid-An eltipaold having three 

U~USl axes, the etwxfesf being ifs potar exia, 

while the two bnger onec lie in the pfsrre of ifs 

equator. 

trlcamora photography—(JCS) Photo- 

267 

trltetertrtion nat—A network of points W* 

positiis relsttie 10 one another aro determined 

by maeeuremenf end edjuafmanf of the length 

of the aides of the frierrgtes formed by these 

points. 

trllateretlon-A method of surveying wtrereln 

the Iengfhe of the trisngle aides are maeeumd, 

ueuefty by ebcfrotk methods, and the angles 

are rnmpufed from the measured lengths. SeS 

also trlmrgulatlon. 

triiinear ●urvayhrg-The determinatbn of the 

pesirii 64 e pohrf of observation by measuring 

the engles at that point betwean fines to three 

points cd known Poaiiion. See afso resection. 

trim marfm-Unae plasad on originel copy to 

serve as guidas in cutting or trimming the 

printd sheets to their prescribed size. 

trim dze--(JCS) The size of e mep or chml 

sheet tiarr the mmaas papar ouleide the 

me~in h= been trimmed off after printing. 

trlmetrogon camwe—A triple samere 

essembty with one vertical and two fried-angls 

obliques wfmse imegery overlapped the vertical

I 

I 

I 

I 

i 

,. 

andwith allthMS. S-S6Sk@lrnapbM 

Perpadwler to the fineofftiifrf.Most camera 

~dthiedadgn vmmmtmed ions 

trtmetrogon camera because of the 

widespread usage of the Metmgon fens in eerfy 

tricamwa photography. 

trlmotrogon photogmphy—Saa ta n 

camera photography. 

trlmmlng ●nd mounting dkgram-A 

Sketsh Showii how the prints of a tmndxrrlad 

mulfple-fens @rotogrs@ should be scwmcfed to 

obtain, h effect, a phofogmph ~ b ● *@ 

kvra. Thehferrnetim k@mlnfkfom of 

d-rises derred to the fducial marks on the 

photq~, and is the reauR of the calibration 

test for he partkuter camera usxi. 

Tropk of Cancer—The nmfhem parallel of 

dectinslicm, approximsiefy 23”27 from the 

ceksliel equfdor, reached by the Sun at ifs 

msximum dedinetkn, or the oorrasPondiW 

pedal on the Earth. 

Tmpk of Caprlcor-l%e southern parallel 

af decfhation, approximately 23%?7 fmm the 

cekstiil,equstor, reached by the Sun m *S 

maximum dadimlien. or the corresoondnfl 

psrallel on the Earth. ” 

tropical month—The averege period of the 

revolutii of the Moon ebout the Earth with 

=Yo the V-l equinox, eppmximatety 27 

tropkal yser-The inlervel of time between 

k auccaaaive pasaugea of the vernal equinox 

by the Sun. The tropical year is the year of the 

aaeaone, ard the basis of the conventional 

sehdar year. Aiao celled mstronomlc yoer; 

●qulrmotlel yOaG natural year; solar 

y.mr. 

tropopeuse-(JCS) The trandtion zone 

bafwaen the atrefosphera and the tmp=phere. 

The tmpopauae normally ccwre et en aftiiude of 

about 25,000 to 45,tW0 feel in polar and 

temperate zones, end st 55,000 feet in the 

Impiss. See else atmoephem. 

tropotrphera-(JCS) The Imver layers of 

atmosphere, in wttich the change of 

temperature wilh height is relatively farge. It is 

the region where clouts form, oonvediin is 

acf”we, end mbrhrg is sonfhuous and more or 

lees mmplele. See al= etmosphare. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

268 

tmpospherk ecattor--(JCS) The 

LvwM@~ ~ radii vmvee @ edf~ ~ ~ 

redl d uragikt’kii or diiimitiea in the 

pI@d propeti= d the ~. 

trough compac-See dtilinatolm. 

Troughton level-h Engfiah instrument 

hevingffte ePbiflevd Permar@b’af@=ffo 

thetopof fhstelessc$Mtube 

true ●ltitude-1. (.ES) The height of an 

airsrdf sa measured from mean sea level. 2. 

The actual eftiitde of a selaatii kc+ above the 

celasfhf horizon. Mao died observed 

●ltitude. 

true amplltude-A@dude retetive to true 

aasl or weat. See also emplltuda. 

trua enomaly—See anomaly, definition 3. 

true azimuth-The horizontal dkest”kn of any 

line measured cleckwiae fmm true north. 

true bfaering-The horizontal angle between 

the meridiin tine and a line on the Eerth. The 

term true baarlng is used in many cd the aerly 

descriptimrs of tand boundaries in the Uniied 

Stales. n Lseeeec4ated with true north, referring 

to the direction of the ninth psint ee determined 

by astrrmomlc observations. ff an estmnomkatty 

delemtined bearing ie used, howwer, the term 

mstronomlc boarlng is prefemed over true 

bearing. 

true dspresslon ●ngle-l%a setting of the 

obtlque oemama kr the phdographk a’kcraft w“kh 

retetion tothetrue herbomff~~ byarey 

fmm the exposure station through the prirdpal 

point et the abhque phdogmph and a my to the 

true horizon. 

true dlractlo~rizontal diresttin espraeaad 

as angular dist- fmm true north. 

true error—See resultant ●rror. 

true horizon—(JCS) 1. The baundery of a 

horizontal plane pesslng through e point of 

vision. 2. In pholograrnmetry, the boundary of a 

horizontal plane passing thrwgh the 

parap~~a center of e lens system. See also 

horizon trace. 

true llne-A line of con.stani bearing (rhumb

MIL-HDBK-850 

tepgmphk survey, bvtnm if may bemrns fmowr 

aa a hydrogmphlc or topographic slgnaf. 

trlangulstlon station-@CS) A point on the 

Earth whose positii is datedrred by 

triengutstion. AJm caflsd trtg point. 

triangulation Syste*The main schema, or 

M, d primaryststimam-d the awdii 

atatbne. Therrdn mherrrs lsthefmmewrk d 

he system and Is tii at aevemf pdrrts to 

previouaty aatabfished kiangulatlon stations of 

equal or higher order. sea afao survey * 

defiiitien 1. 

triangulation thoodolfta-Sae dlractlon 

Inatrumant theodollta. 

trlangatatbr tOwar—A sfrusture used 10 

ebvate the fins of sight above krtervening 

obstacles.. Usually consists of two independent 

atruduras, one within the othw, the aenter 

strtdure -S the Iheoddite and the outer 

structure s-s the cbsarver and the signsl. 

See alse Bllby steel towor. 

trlangulallon-A method of surveying in Mich 

the statiorra em points on the ground which are 

lesdsd at ths van”w cd a tin or netvmrk cd 

trisngfas. The anglea of the triangles are 

maaaured h16tNmSMS~ and ills aides are 

dw’tvsd by awnputstion from seJeded ddaa 

tiih are termed base Ilnec, ths lengths of 

wtr&h em cbfdned from direct maasuremsnts 

on the ground. See also ●nalythml thtaapolnt 

resection radial triangulation; arc 

trlmrgulation; arms trhrn~ulatlon: baso 

no~ dlraat radial tr’langulatlon; flratordsr 

trlangulatlon; flare trlanoulatlon; 

graphical rsdlal trlangulatlon; handtomplot 

triangulation; Ieoaenter 

trfangulatlon; mschartlcal-tamplet 

trimrgulatlon; rmdlr-point trlangulatlon; 

6hototrlsnaulatlon: radial trlangulatlon: 

katollite tfiangulatlon; second+-rder 

triangulation; aamlanalytlcal 

trlangulatlon; ship-to+hore 

trlangulatlon; slotted-templot 

trlangulatlon; spider-tamplet 

triangulation; third-ordor trlangulstlon; 

trltataratlon. 

trtaxtsl dUpaold-An ellipsoid hsvlng fhree 

U~USl eses, the ahorfsst being its pelsr exis, 

Mule the two bnger enes fie in the plsne of its 

equator. 

trlcamera photography-(JCS) Pholo- 

267 

gmphy obtained ky simultanaws exposure of 

ttras cameras aysfemsticdy @Oaed in the air 

vehicle et fixed twedappirrg angles mtstke to 

each other m order to -v- s wide f~. see 

abo fart camara photography. 

trig cantro~ ffold control. 

trfg douler-A detailed ramrd on the 

trhguwon d M a-, g“w-rgthe moldiim 

of the triarrgdsbrrStatbns. 

trfg llst+JC.S) A Eat pdiahed by mrtsin Army 

units which klctdea assentiel Mrrmsfii d 

accurately krmted SLS’Veypoints. [A @rtkatbn 

corrtainkrg all mmdabla poaitibnal dsta and 

efavatime with the reapedke daeer@ibns of 

t-mrizorrtel errdkr vertiml sontrol points. ususlty 

srrsngsd ssmrdirrg to the location of the control 

points within ths knits of msp Shasta of lsrgsscsle 

series. ] 

trig point-see triangulation atatlone 

trigonometric levding-The determinstien 

of diiersrrms et sIavstkms fmm observed 

vertical arr@aS mmhhsd Wth lengths of lines. A 

type of indirect bveJing. 

trilatemtlon not—A network Of peints wheaa 

p&tiens relative 10 one another are delarrninad 

by measurement and adjusrrnam et the length 

of the s.kfes d the trisngias formed by these 

pdrrta. 

trllateratiorr+l mathod of surveying wherein 

the lengths et the triangle sides sre measured, 

uauefty by elactronis methods, and the angles 

are computed from the maaaured lengths. See 

also triangulation. 

trlllno=r ●urvaylng-Tha determinstbn of tha 

podtii M a pdnt of cbm-vatbn by ~rfnu 

the angks al that peint between Ilnes to thrse 

pcints d knewn pesition. Ses afso rekmctlon. 

trim msrks4_inea placed on origird mpy to 

save as guides in cutting or trimming the 

printed sheets to their presaribd size. 

trim slza-(JCS) The size of a rnsp er chsrt 

shaet wiwsn the excess paper eufaids the 

margin has bsen trimmed oft after printing. 

trlmetrogon camara—A triple cemare 

assembfy with one vertical ard two freed-angle 

ob~ques wtrese,imege!y ovartsppad the vertical 

t

I 

I 

I 

I 

i, 

I 

I 

I 

1 

and with dl tfVSS SXES tfii in a pk’t13 

perPczMkufar 10 the fins d ffiiht. Most SSM 

esssMea dthkdas@n wemmfan’ad tOSS 

trlmatrogorr camera because of the 

wideepreed uaega of the MatrogIxI lens in earfy 

trlcamara photography. 

Mmotrogon photo mphy-Saa fan 

1 

camsm photogmp y. 

trlmmlng and rnountlrrg dlagrmrt-A 

&eroh * how the prints of a tmnsfermad 

muft!!ldans @mtogmph should be corrected to 

oMaino h effect, a phdegm@r rrbsda bys airt@e 

Iana. lhekhrrn=fionieghfaintitirnr of 

d-m mfermd to tha fduckd rnadta on the 

photograph, end k the mauk of the salibretkn 

test fer ha particular samem used. 

Tropk of Cancer—The nerthem parallel of 

decfirrstion, approximately 23”27 from the 

celaetii equstor, raeched by the Sun at ils 

r-neximum dacikdkn, or the ocrreapondng 

parallel on the Earth. 

Tropk of Caprico~The aeuthem parallel 

of declination, Spproxirnatety 23%?7 from the 

--- ~W SUuator, reached @.lha Sun at ils 

mesimum .3eol@stim, or the corresponding 

parallel on the Earth. 

tropical month-The average period of the 

revolutii of the Meon Mrcmt the Earth with 

I mamd 10 the vernal tmuinox, eppmsirnetefy 27 

1/3” days. 

tropkal yeer-The intervel of time between 

k wcumaive peaaogea of the Varnel equinox 

by rha Sun. The tmpics+l year is the yaar of the 

aaaama. and the MS of ttm sorwetimnal 

sekndsr year. Ake celled ●stronomic year; 

squlrtootkl yaec natural yaec solar 

year. 

tropopttuae-(JCS) The trenailbn zone 

between the atratosphare and the tmpoe@era. 

The tmpcpauaa normally cxxwrs et en aftiiude of 

atmut 25,000 to 45,CKN feet in pokr afd 

temperate zones, end at 55,0M feet in the 

lrepka. See also atmoriphera. 

troponphars+JCS) The kwer Iayara of 

atmcaphem, in wtich the ctwnge of 

temperature with halght is relatively large. It is 

the region where ckwds form, oonvastiin “m 

ediva, and mtzing ia cordnuoue and more or 

leas somplete. See ak.o atmosphara. 

MI L-HDBK-850 

260 

tropoapherk ecMter+JCS) The 

Propegm’m d radii waves by scattering as a 

* d iIIEWtikW or d~inuibs in the 

physical properties c4 the tmpOs@m. 

trough compasa-See daalinatoim. 

Troughton level-An Engfkh inatmrnant 

having thaq)iritteval PamW8ntty atteched to 

the top of the klhcopa tuba 

truo ●ltttuda-1. (JCS) The height of an 

aimmft as maaaured fm.tn mean see level. 2 

The add afIiiwte of a oskslii body above the 

Sakstial horizon. Akc czdkrt observed 

●ltltuda. 

truo empllWla-Ampktude relative to true 

nest or weet. See also amplltude. 

true anomsly—Sefr anomaly, definition 3. 

true azlmuttr-The horizontal dkestion of any 

line measured clc-drwisa from true rsx’th. 

true bearln~The horizontal angle between 

the meddkn line ard a tine en the Earth. Tne 

term true bsartng ia used in many cd the earty 

dessripticms of knd boumianes in the United 

states. h is associated with tma north. derring 

to the direction ef the north @nt aS detanmined 

by astmrrornk cbserwliens. If an eatrcrrcsmicaliy 

determined bauring is used, howemr, the term 

astrsrnomk boarlng ie preferred over truo 

besrlrtg. 

true dsprasslon ●rglxl%a setting of the 

tique cameras In the pfmt~ abcratf W* 

rebdion to the trus frarizon. It k defined by a my 

from the exposure statism ttwm@h the principal 

point d the obhque phc&gmph and a ray to the 

tme hol-kon. 

true dlmctlon-herkotial direstkm sspreeeed 

as angular dktance fmm true nrnth. 

true arror—See resultant error. 

true horizon—(JCS) 1. The boundary of a 

horizontal plane passing through a point d 

vision. 2. In pho!ogrammetry, the boundary of a 

horizontal plane pesdng Ihreugh the 

pemp-~e center of a lens eyetem. See al~ 

horizon trsce. 

true llrm-A line of constant b-ring (rhumb

I 

I 

I 

I 

fii) between fwem- ofa aurwy. 

tnm nwridlan-A kvm used !0 distinguish the 

gmst circle through fhs gsogmphbaf @se trom 

MsPtk Metiin, oompsss nreridii, or grid 

meridian. 

tN@ nori.h-(JCS) The direcibn fnwn sn 

observer’s @fiin to the geognrphii North 

Pole. Ths north dimdon d any @oun@c 

meridiin. ~ term was origiity ep@ied to 

aatronomlc narth to daingubfr it frmm 

magnetic north.] 

true placa-S ee two position. 

~No poaftfon-lhe poaifian of a eels.stiaf bdy 

sfrer all krmwn mrrect”mns including precoasion 

and ntrtefien have bsan rneda. Atso @Jed true 

place. 

~NO prfmo vertbakl%e vertical circhr 

through ths true asat and w- points at the 

horizon, es disfinguiahad from magnetic or gfi 

prime verficsl through the magnetic or grid esst 

end west points, respedhty. 

truo sidereal tlms-See ●pparent 

●Idoroal tima. 

true solar time-See ●pparent solar 

tlms. 

true sun-See apparent sun. 

true vahIe-Thst value of quantii whwh is 

=K@Et* f- ftOM arrera. Since lhe errors to 

whiih physical measurements are sbjwf 

cennof be knewn exscffy, it fotlows thst the true 

vafue of a qusntity mvmaf be known with 

mactness. In survey ti, ths most probable 

vafue ts used es best representing the true 

velue of the quantity. 

true-to. scale-A cendtiien where map 

tW.9sUr~~ts em in exad agreemenf wilh the 

afaled msp scale. Stnm atl map projadii 

invoke ecxns scale chsnge, the scale b rmt true 

at ell @aces on a’ msp. 

true-l. Ffefsted to true north as opposed to 

ms9~t~ north. 2. Actual, as contrsstad ~h 

Wiimua, as true Sun. 3. Related to a freed 

point, eitfww on the Emth or in spaca. ss trua 

wind; in cOntmSl wilh relat’we, Wlch & retsl~ to 

a moving point. 4. Corrected, as true effitude, 

S. One of two alternsta velues (TrueJFalse) 

MIL-HDBK-850 

269 

used in 6odeen bgii. 

turning point (TP~ poiti on vhii beth a 

minus sighl (icmsighf) ad a pfus Sigfd 

~) are taken on a &ne 0( dwOd bveta. 

Abe, in tcfqmphii Surveys, any point m Whldl 

fhelodie heldwhiletfre” ImtNmmtb movedto 

emthar 6idon. Thaee turing pohfe are often 

msrkedfor futlxaues aetieorcfreok points. 

turning point pin-A deal pin about one foot 

brig. In Ievefing Operstbrs, the tumhg polnf Is 

driwen info the ground where it is neceaaery to 

eababfkhapointthetw iUb asiaMe in elevation 

fsrasfrod perfodoftlme. Whenkfusaervedtfs 

Usefulness at one pokd. if is nanoved and 

canied by the rcdrrrm for subaequad reuse. 

turret grmrer-A acriing instrument wlrfch 

permits the use of points of several weights 

intsrchsngeebfy without the inoonvenlence of 

intenupfing the acriing 10 rt@ece pdnts. The 

turret head ia revolved to position tb cfeafmd 

poht, and a.cribhg is resumed. 

tumhe-An ink for dmftirrg printing amss on 

Iithagraphiipfates. 

tuschhrg-llw operst”wn of adding wefk to the 

image on o prsas plate, mrrecting Iinaa and 

Ietfetfng, and addii aotids by means 01 tuschs. 

Also cslled lithographic dmttlng. 

two-base mathod-A t=hnlque of 

bsmmetrb fevating ufifiing ffrrw berornefera. 

TW bsromatera, one high ssfabtii over a 

known elavatbn, and me bw estebJbhsd wet 

a known elevation, and a roving bemmetw 

operating betwaen the two fmown poslficms. 

High end low barometers are reed and 

recorded, hith tempemture, evety fwe minutes. 

The roving barometer and terrperafum ere reed 

and recorded at each ststion omupbed. Osta are 

reduced to position end elevstion by offlx 

~mP@f~n. The only bsmrnatrb leveling 

methad sble to consistently pmdum emxs fees 

Ihsn *1 meter. See afso fly-by-method; 

Ioapfrog method. 

twebody orbit-llre nrotien of e point msas 

in the prssence of the gravitational attraction, of 

another point ~, and in lhe absence of any 

other forces. Thii wbii is usualfy an eftipse, but 

msy be a psrsbola or hyperbola, 

two-body problenr-That problem in celastial 

mechanics which tr,sats of the relative motion or 

of two-peint msssss under their mutusl

1’ 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1, 

I 

! 

.. .. 

grevifbnal attraction. 

two-dlrnan8knal (2-D) data-Aresl dsla in 

w diinskm. such es nolihi~ing m 

lslifw&lonQiiude. 

twdlmonslonal pantograph-in relief 

modd Imtdng, a rnachim pamdffii tfra cutting, 

et .9 predetermined scsle. of tfm tfUaad-naional 

temsin base fmm the ffet msp 

contour dre~ 

two-point problem+ problem in 

det~ the positii d a point with (he 

known fsctor hsing the length of one lime thst 

deaa nd include the point to be loc3t0d. 

two-stop ●nlargementiroduction-A 

tachnlqua of fxojecting and @i 8 SMSll 

imsge: then oopying and prqecling it egein to 

the raqulrad *a. This is often necesswy *n 

wpy sizekwpy cemem Iimitatiens do nol permit 

enlefgemard or reducticm in a single operstion. 

two-transit method-A methed of ship-toshore 

Mengulstion wtwsby the position of the 

eour@ng best w pole is determined by angle 

- ‘ ‘ 6bs61Vat0nS fmm Ww tmnsits on shore sst up 

over ~ints PrOvieusly positioned. 

W-n w~ting (typogmPhy) a mstel blcck 

hsvirw s mised fetter w figure whiih, when 

inked, is uesd to meke an irqwesaion on peper 

orothar mstsdel. Typecen aleo bainthefmm 

of negetiue or poaltiie stripping film. Cetagcdes 

of type include frond-set sold type: her type, 

such as Limfype; Monotype (punched rspe to 

metaf~ photetype (film negsdtie or posiliie); end 

Pfrdonryps (reps to film). Type is identifkct by 

its afyia and size. 

typography-The art of type eemposition end 

printhg from misad type surfaces. 

MI L-H DBK-850

U.S. control ourvoy nata-’l’he two corrtml 

survey nafe bdng extended over the United 

stabs by fhe National f3eodefk survey fer the 

tird of rrautkaf cAarfe and fcfmgrapfric mapa, 

z=d(k~=z”sv 

=-d’”””+”” fJ=Wma, afawofwhioflhava 

bean Llxullfd by the Unflad stems Geological 

Survay. The Corps& Englnaara, arxl other 

-~ m date Cfarivd h lfrls survey 

are being c&@Lefad and CcrTafatad on the 

North A~ datum d 1927. lb Natfcrral 

Gacdafk Survey la currently rawrrrpufirrg the 

hortsonfaf corrfmf network to the North American 

dalwn of 19ss. (2) The Variical amfml cAlrvey 

net consisting of tires & firsf-crdar and aacmld. 

order spirit bavahg wtrkdr datarrnirre the 

ebvatbns of tfrouaarrdsd bansh rmwka nbove 

a aernmorr datum, mean aee level. Thb nd 

includas times of levels run by the United States 

Geobgkal Survey, ha Cape of Enginaem, and 

other organizafii. 

U.S. Engineer praolso taveling rod- A 

~king rat of T-ahepad cmes aasfiotr, 12 bet 

*, 9tid In .arrtirnfrters. 

U.S. Gaologkal Survey lavet-A level of 

~ d- ~, -wed at atah+as ateet. ft 

has en infernal fccusing la!aasopw the level 

b-e is omfemd by the end-ccrirrckienca 

method, affeofad -h t~ aid of s ptfwll dSVi04 

and Sfellife mirmr wirkh can be ad@tad by the 

observer. 

U.S. 

rod-1. 

Gaologkal 

A -tdrm .C––. 

SurvoY prods. 

d rkduetad 

Iermllfrg 

in mrde md 

hactima deyard. %”rn-&forea&~th& 

oruaatvima tothenaaraat thcuaarxifh of ayard. 

llw eum of tha three readings is than the mean 

raetimg in feet to fha naamst thouacndfh. 2. A 

target md of ptus-algn (+) cross aaclkn, a Me 

over 12 feat in Iwrgfh. Rrare are two krrrns cd 

this rod fhe aingla-fargat rod and the doubkrtergat 

rod. 

U.S. National Map Accuracy 

Sfsndarda-1. Horizontal accuracy: (I) for 

~P8 al Publkat”mn scales Iargar than I :20,000, 

90 percent of al wall-dafhed faaIurss, with the 

exsaptbn of those unavoidably displaced by 

exaggerated aynrbcfizatbn, will h foctded Within 

1/20 inch (0.8S mm) of their geographic 

MIL-HDBK-8S0 

u 

paffbna as rderrad 

fwrraqr at p&fbUon 

te the map pmiadkw 

scales d l:~,000or 

(2) 

smaller, I/W) irwh (0.54 mm). 2. Vertmsl 

OOparced daffsonfwasnd 

elavafti infaplafad from ocmtcum till ba 

ascwafe within ena-fmf cffhafmakcorrtour 

Ir$ervef. Dkcmpamw “ in ffwcccumcytrf 

ccmfcnus and S&vafiona bayond fflk tcl’sransa 

-Y ~ -~ by assuming a horizordal 

d~m wfthin 1/50 imfr (0.S0 rrun). Alac 

called map accuracy standards; national 

map ●ccuracy standards. 

ultrawlde-angk kna-%a suparwldo- 

●ngfo kna. 

uncheoked ●pot ekvatlon-Ekvalion 

detemrhad by undmakad Wd ew’vay maffrata, 

such as eida tis on rladia lima. undmkad 

verticai angles, and bammafria iavdkrg. Also an 

elevation datarminad by rapealad 

photogrammatric raadtrrg. 

uncontrolled meaak-(JCS) A masaic 

-- ~ uxerraded prints, the derails of 

whii have baarr r-na$chad from print to print 

withcut grmrnd control or other orientation. 

Accurate maasummenf and dimcfkrn cm?rrd ba 

asomn@ibhad. see ako controlled moaalc. 

undwgmund marfr-A survayinu mark eat 

●-d plurrbad below tha Oantar d a eurfase 

mark and eapamtad Iharefrorn so as to praserva 

t:~~ticm in 0ss0 of acsidari to the aurfaca 

undershoot-A data omisabn which coours 

during the dats CSpfUm p~m, prdc.shrfy 

during rnarrtsrd d@tiirng. In an undershoot 

situatbn, baar rkta falls ahwr d rrnsting an 

interaaafbn. An undarahool may be oormotad 

by a snap dtwam function. 

undevsrlopable-A surface, such as a 

6phera, that cannef be flattened to forma plane 

without compressing er stretchkrg aema part of 

it. 

u ndo-(dqifal) The ability to cwcel a previous 

command to the mmputar. 

undulation of the gaold—See geold 

halght. 

L71

I MIL-HDBK-850 

I 

unldlmortcrlonal rnagnlflcstion— Translorrnclion 

ef One redangle into tihar of different 

PfoPoff*. 

Urrlversal Pokr Storeographk (UPS) 

grid-A rdler’y grid system baaed on the paler 

sferecgraphk pmjecfii, a@ii tornefMof the 

Eettlfs pokr regions north cd 8.t”f4 end south d 

Sons fsthdaa. 

Unlveraal Rectlfler (UR)-Pmc=sor used to 

rectify knsgery In wpporf of DMA production. 

W prirmrry furrdbn et the UR is te generate 

recfifii point poeifiin dets beses. Sea sleo 

Unlv*r8el Rectlfl.r Segment. 

Unlversat Rectlflor Segment (UfUS)- 

Sagmerrr cd CMA’s DPswhichpmoSS9m 

imfrif=yh df copyformate pmdUCXPOiIII 

Peaifiorring Dsfs Seees. See alee Urrlvoraal 

RsctiflOq Dlgitd ProductIon System. 

Unlvorsel Spece Rectenguler (USR) 

Coordlnete System—A right-handed 

orthoganel cmerdkmte system with its erigin et 

the mar of the Esrth, poaifiie x~is in the 

equetorkal plcne and pesslng through the W 

meridisn, poskiie y.a’k ~ the equsterial plane 

end passing ihreugh 90° east meridian, and 

positiie z-exia ebng the retetierral sxis et the 

Earth and psdng through the North Pole. 

Unlverul The (UT)-(JCS) 1. The besis fer 

aacfinettd disaarnirration of time signets, 

co-ed tmm 00W et mktnluht. Also called 

Coordinated Unlvaraal Time (CUT); 

unlvaraal time coordinated. 2. In celesfiel 

@elti Sppketlcma, the time whiih gives the 

errecf rofafbrral orientatkrr of the Eerth cbfeined 

fmm CUT byq#yiiincmmem s determined by 

the US Nevd Ctt%ervatery. S. The otfii *II 

time of the United Kingdom. Fermarfy celled 

(?rewwloh Moon Time. 

Universal Tr.sneverso kfercetor (UTM) 

coordlnatss-Quantities vvlich designete the 

Iecatien of a peint err ths Universal Trarwweree 

Memtti grkf. 

Unlvareat Trmrsveree Mercstor (UTM) 

grfd-(JCS) A dfifary grid system besed on the 

trensveme Mmcstor Projectii, applied to mePs 

of the Earth’s surface exierxfhg to 8.tON end 

80”S Iatifudaa. 

univarsal analog photographic 

rectlflcetlon syste-An electronic 

I 272 

I 

radifiitionayefsm pemiffingtb rapd trsnder 

ofrketeil from trimetmgen w eny othw type of 

awisl phefogm@y, tO ~~ ~~ 

cvversge. The system =msists d low bssic 

oompenerdK input Szanner, cnrrpular, console, 

ard x-y pfoffer. Ateo cekrd ●lectrorrlc 

sketctrmaster. 

unlveraat lnatrument-See *ttaztmuttt 

Instrument. 

universal Iovot-see circular favol. 

unlveraal plottfng sheat-A plottkrg sheet 

on whti eiiher the fefiluda m bngitude hres am 

om”med, end are to be drevm in by the user, 

making if pcssibte to quktdy cam’ratrucfa pktfing 

sheet Ior any part of the Estth’e surface. see 

alsa plotirrg chart; posltlon plottlng 

sheet. 

unlvsrsel sketchmaster—A type of 

skekhmaater in wtkh vertkal or c4~que 

photographs mey be utilized. 

universal time coordkretod (UTC)-AISO 

cal)ed Coordinated Universal Thne. See 

Univemel Tima. . ---\ 

universal transforming printer—A apecielly 

designed printer for rrrekirrg gless d-as in 

whiih e known cemera distofiion is aiiinstad or 

wnw==id for,. or in some cesee infrcducad, 

The @as -wee my be rapmrtuced at 

ade, entarged, or raduoed. 

unperturbed orbit—See normal orbit. 

unsteblo-type grmdmeter-A gravity meter 

which utifiies a moving system Wrkh 

epp-thee e poiti of instabiki such thsf emsll 

ctuwrges in grevity produce relatively large 

nmtims et the system. Sss elso astatized 

gravlmeter. 

updetlng-lhe sepabilii to rneke chsnges or 

add new inforrmetien to exietirrg deta. 

uPPO~ bmnckmt half d e rne~~n or 

celestal merkliin from pele to pole whiih 

passes through e place or its zenith. 

upper culmlnatlO*See culmination. 

uPPer llmb-lhat helf of the outer edge of a 

celestlal body heving the greatest effimde, in 

mntrasl wiih the lower limb, thet hrdf hsving the

I 

I 

least altitude. 

.— ..— .—. .——_ _ 

IJPPr MOtb~6WVeYbg) Rotation of the 

upper *M 0/ a repasting ~. 

war tinah-Tranti d a cdtdd ~ ~w 

the ippar brench of ths celrdal meridiin. Also 

celled cmtpartor transit. See also 

culmination, 

uaar httaflaca-Ths method by wlich the 

human qaamtcx mmmunidns with the vWiOuS 

dste base and appliibrra modules. 

user raqulramant ●mlysls (URA)-The 

study of the needs C4 ths polerrtisl system 

Uaara. 

UTO tfme-Tfre mesn universal time ~ 

frem otmewetii ol Iims ot eisr transils. Sinca 

tha directions CAthe maridismr chsnge with tima 

b-usa of the motion c4 the pole, the IJTO time 

will, thus, be affected and N, thamfora, ba 

Irrsgutsr. See also UT1 tlma; UT2 tlma. 

UT1 tlms-l%e true angulsr rotation of the 

Emth about its instantaneous spin sscis in the 

mean ~untorisl 6y61em of dstas. UTl is 

cbtsirrsd fmm Lrro by 00r1adii UTo f’w the 

dfierence between the instsrrtsrreous and 

maen kmgttude e! the obsawing station, Sines 

LITI is keyed ~ to the instmda-s 

mtden ef the Esrth, wlii is not sttitly uniform, 

UTI does not ~- urdicimly. Saa also UTO 

time; UT2 tlms. 

UT2 tlma-llre mean angulsr motion ot the 

Esrth, treed of pmdHtb& periodic vtui.don bul 

still affected by bregular vatiatii and aeculsr 

varMerra. UT2 la cbtgin.art b UTI ~ 

cOrmdng u—rlfor Maaaral vartstions in rcddii 

rote. Sae elso UTO tlma; UTl tlma; 

unlvoraal tlmo coordlrmted. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

273

vacuum box-The frame, wrrfeinirrg ils own 

Vssuum unit, Whfch encfmes the rrmkf fer the 

fermktg d pfeafii refid maps. 

Vaia81a Comp*retor-A precise dbtarrce 

measuring Inatrumsrrt thel uses c@icel 

imarferometry for making masauremsnfs. h can 

reassure distensas ss grast as MM meters with 

Ofr===Ydl Wfmlo7. 

value-Sas abaoluto VShlO; ●d]usted 

valrm; most probablo value: obaanmd 

valrm; tru. value. 

vanlshlrrg llna-The straight fine on a 

photograph t@n which lie 811the vanishing 

points of all aystema ot psrellel lines psrallsl to 

one plane. 

vanlshlng paint-l%e knege, in the pfane of 

a ~~~h. of the peint towmd whish a 

system of parallel firrEs in ths .3@ect spsce 

mnvergas. 

varlablo contour interval-A nonuniform 

mrrtour intsrvsf. ft msy rssuft tmm the U6S of 

cartogrsphk source me!erkrls which do not 

so~in a constant sentour interval er from 

ade@ng the oortteur interval to specifii types of 

Wrmfn for the optimum perfrsyal of diet 

fsstures. 

varfabfa Iongth field-A field WIWSS length is 

determined by the amount ef sforege needed 10 

atom ifs contents. Useful for chsresfer strings and 

ceotdhs:e atrfnga, both of wh~h are huhty 

vsriabfa in length. 

variable fanrnh recorde—These remrds may 

heve a variabl-e number of fiefds (dele elemantsj 

or the fields msy be of varying fsngfh, or both. 

Verieble-fmgth mmrde typiilly hsve defimifsd 

fiekls atior &yie murrts to fediiate pmcsseing. 

Sss also fixed-length records. 

varlabfe perspective camera system— A 

system whti, in its simpfsst fwrn, mnsisfs of a 

rAemJard+pa view camsrs, a Isrge eparture 

front-surface mirror of spherical mnfigumfiin. 

end en eesal used in tfrs recfifiiticm of highfy 

tifted bng focal-length phetegrephs, and the 

trsnaformstion of maps and charts fmm one , 

projecflmr to another. When the csmera 

MIL-HDBK-850 

v 

2 74 

mnponeM krqkced wifhapm@fOr, if 

~ possibk 10 expedite the recfifkationof 

Iuner pt@Ogmpfy tekan by terrsetriel 

observatori8a. 

variable ratio pantograp&S e e 

pantograph. 

verWrco(u2~Tha most SornmOnly used 

measure of d- or error In atstiatkef 

ansfyeia. ffieefao oelfsdthe mesnaquered 

davietii. Vaderroe is cdctdsrd by ri tddng 

fhaeumof thaaqusM davWonshomtha 

mean fof each of n cbaervetiens. Then the sum 

is dii”tied by n-l. 

varlatlorr of coerdlnato rrmthod- A 

malhcd et e@a~mg massursrrrants in wtriih the 

mordinetas of geodstk points ere varied so as 

fo bsst fit the obaarvstiorm snd retain 

msthemstlcel Ivwmrgeneity. Sea obaawatlon 

equationa; varlatlon of perametera. 

variation of latftude-A 6MsII dwmge in the 

astronomic isthude of points on the Eerfh, due 

to V.srfet)orl d fhe @es. 

varletlon of pamrneter-1. An interactive 

msthcd to edvii mm@ex equations by 

successively cJeam epproxirn=dkms of tha 

variables, usuelfy arnpl@ng the more rrignifiint 

terms of the rust dsrivatiwes c4 msthemstioelty 

prsciss funcfiens thst must equal zero cdy 

when the correct vefuas 64 the variables sre 

uti to compute the funcliorw. 2. The 

okmrvsfksr eqlaMona method of beef squares 

adjustment is eemafhnss referred to as the 

varfation of parameter mctiod of Iosat 

●quaras sdjuatment bmausa the 

peremetam of ebservat”km equetlmrs era 

determined by varietion of perametem. 

varletlon of tha poles-A small variation of 

the Imetkrn et the irr.stantanseus exis of rotation 

of the Eerth with rseuecf to the ohvsicsl surface 

thereof. Also called “polar motion. see elso 

conventional Intarnatlonaf origin. 

varlstlonal lnaquallty-An Inequality in the 

Mean’s rnetien, due msinly to the tangential 

m~nent of fhe Sun’s attraction. 

varlstIon—See magnatlc varlatlon.

I 

1 

vartomster+trr instrument for ccr~ring 

~-~ fo-! aspecialty of tha Earfh’s 

megnatic bakt. 

vactograpM stwaowopk photogmph 

~- of two Stpadnpaad imagaa that 

pdarfxe fight inpfanae 9Wapart. W?rarrfJwwa 

imagcm are viewed through Pdardd apsrdades 

wifhfha @adxatii mmaaftightnn@a, an 

impraasbrr d dapth fa dfdneri. 

Vector Product Format (VPF)-A 9aorafatii 

data structure daaigmd fm the 

Ixeviekrn C4vader pmduda en CD-ROM madii 

and manff?ufalad fn G~f Irdormetbn 

Syafema envfmnmants. 

Vaotor Pmduat Standard (VPSM aulte 

of uaaJ aysranl Oriardad atmldards 

erwornpaseing VPF d~itiiing conventkms, Wing, 

facdum atfdtrdng and ooding. see ab Vector 

Product Format (VPF). 

vaotor data-CIata which represents aach 

cartographic feature by an enti7y description 

(feature sode) and a spatial axtent (gaogmphii 

pesitii). Gtrograph= poairien mey ba m 

~. nmarwmd (horizontal poaitiin onty) or ihreadtinabnaf 

(incfudhg alevaticm). Featurea are 

Catagm’izad se point, tine, or area faalurea. The 

poaitii of a peint faattme is d~ bye 

tingle cowdkude @r (or triplaf for fhms 

dimanskrad date). The e+fii mxfant of ● Iina 

feature Is daawbed ty a string of cOOrcfiitea of 

polnta lying along the finabvhihip~ ~nt C4 en 

area feature k ~ 

boundary aa e fine featura, Vader data may be 

sterad in a ~uential, 4 chain node, or a 

tefmlogical data atruckxe. 

vector map product (VtAP)-A ganaric term 

uaad to dasmiba an ataUrOnk map d~fay 

product, m vador form. The VMP coufd be tiie 

~m (--). pof~s or arrm fmfygon 

dafiiad araaa, diapfayad aa such or 

avrrbofizad. The f6atmaa mav be attrftarfad aa 

ki aurtece I-natarid. Structuraf”cmpasirion, or 

radar aignifkanoe. For visual displays color fill 

aefhvam may be required. 

vaotor quantlzatlon—A Ioaay compression 

krchniie in tiih bbcka of data ara matched 

to a limited sat of defmad Lrfoc& calfad 

ccdewords. 

vector refresh dleplay-A cethede ray tuba 

on which the image ia dkpfayad aa e vaster and 

MIL-HDBK-850 

. ..- 

L 75 

whiih mu.s4ba mtrashad by a new pass of the 

eladmr baam about SO timaa a sacond. 

vactorlnl ●ngla-l%a angle betwean the 

fbrad Ii b which the diractien ia referred and 

the mdiua vactcv. sea ake polar 

coordlrratea. 

vector-1. A quartity ~ing both 

magniluda araf dkacfbn. 2 (data StnJcfura) 

A data strudua which ssqhalzaa peatfii. 

Hmmgwmam write ●m pehla, lines, and 

@YI@S. 3. A ~=fd ins segment, wffh 

magn~da comrnmrfy mpraaantad by lha 

ooerdmetaa for the pak of and points. 4. 

(-W pr%rtin@atbrnaff+ Vector 

dararafamto titnrntha tonn dan array wkh 

Olla dimanabn. 

velecfty cOrraatfon-A aorractbn appfbd 10 

the aped of fight to obtain the true apead in 

cxm.sidaratbn of humidii, temperature, and 

altitude for use in ahoran operations. 

Venlng Mdnoez forrrrulna-Formulas for 

coming deflectbns d the vatt”kxd fmm gmv”~ 

data. 

verbal acala-Sea equivalent ●cala. 

verffy-1. To datarmfna @rather a 

tram=r@tii of data er cxhar ~bn has been 

acc4m’@shad acauratety. 2. To senfirm the 

accuracy, poiirayaf, and con@atenaaa d digitaf 

data with reaped to es4abliahad standarda or 

qmdfkations. 

vernal aqulnox-That pdnt of intamectiorr of 

the adii.k and the Salaatial aquater, occupied 

bythe S.naait changaa fromaeuihtonorfh 

dadirmtion, on or ekouf 21 March. Also cafled 

tfrat of Arfea; firer point of Arfes; March 

●qulnox. Sea afae mean equinox. 

vemhr cloaum-l%e dfieranoe between tha 

initiil ard W vernier raadinga duting the 

survey qmrafien d akaing the herizen. 

vernier—A short, auxiliiry scale affuatad 

abngaide the graduated asale of an instrument, 

by maens of which fredonaf pmls of tha 

amalleef dwision of the fxknaty acafe can be 

rnarmurad aocuratefy. sea also contact 

verrder; direct verrrler; folding vomlen 

optical vernier; retrograde vernier. 

vertex (vafilcea)-The higheat point, The 

vert”ces of a great cimle are fhe points neareat

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Ihe p0b6. AfsC ded ●pOX. 

Vorfox of curve-sea point of 

Int.rsoctlon. 

Vettkal Obetructlon Data (VOfl)-Oata 

fib containing dmte poaitim and hei@t 

irderrrmt”bn d menrneda smf nstursl objads 

exfartdii ebove the esrth’s a.urfeca et haiihte 

thst Coufd mnstmin eipkanean dcnliwmisaife 

ffiiht6 at levels Sslsbliihed by tin planners. 

Vetlkd obcfr@kta Include msmnsde 

ObStfUCf”~S such es radm towers, emekastaoka, 

b~es, powwfinas, and other ebjada above 

apeciried minimum efsvatbna. vOD is 

~ by the Prcb6fMiiic Varfksd 

obstruction Dsfe (Pvoo). see akm 

Probabillstb Vottlcd ObstructIon Data. 

vartkd sngk-t. An angfe In a vatticsl 

plsne. 2. (surveying) One of the direstbns 

whii form a vemid engle & uauaffy either the 

dirsctbn of the verticsl (zenith), snd the angle in 

termed the zorrfth dlatanccu or the fine of 

intersection of the vertkal pfane in wtkh the 

errgfm free with the pfsne of the trorizen, and Ihe 

angle is termed the angfa of clevctlon or 

●rgb of dopresslon, or simply the altltudo 

(plus or minus, as the csse msy be). Ths vartiil 

~W~ ~~ We di=ims, rrsilhsr of ti~h 

has in the ptma of the horizon er caincicbs with 

the vertii, is uauelfy dtsined from the 

canbinatim of tvm verticsl sngfas se defined 

above. 

vartical ●gulatiOn-The pmcesa of 

OMaining difhe.nces of efevation by means of 

obearvaf vertical engfae, cotinad with Iangfha 

ef fines. In geodatb wdc, trigermrnatric fevefing 

is used wilh the same rneening. 

v.rtlcd ●xla+lheodefiie: trsnsif) Tha fine 

through the center d the msfrumsnf abouf 

#ii the akdede rotates. FW an instrument in 

cxm@sfe adjustment, this axia occupies a 

verfioel pesifkm, passes through the oemer of 

the fmrizorrtal tilde, and is perpendicufer to its 

plane. 

vortlcd bridging-see brldglng. 

v.rtlcal ckcla-1. A great circle af the 

celestial sphere, through tfrs zenflh and nadir. 

Veti’ksl clmfss are perpendhhr to the hodzc.n. 

2. A gradueted disk mounted on en instrument 

in such a manner thst the plane of its gredusted 

surfsce can be pfsced in e vetticsl plane. It is 

primarily used for rn9ewring vertical angles in 

MIL-HDBK-850 

-. 

z’76 

warenomic and gacdetic wark. 

vanicsl colllmafor-A tekcoopa so mounted 

fJ’WtiCdtiti@-k~ tocmirckle 

wifftffre vettisa d(wdktitidti~k). 

The Vanicef COllinmaor Satv- as en @u 

Plun-hhxl tmaybadaaimadf or-hpf=+tw 

amsrkctt thOgrOUrKf dwOCfiY~r an 

h’@Nti en n h~h tower w * cantering an 

iluSN_ Oil 0 h@l klWSr di=t& OVOr a I_tUt’k 

on ths gmurrd. Abe r4ed optfcd plummet. 

verflcd cornparator+pendulum) A stand 

das@tedforfhasqurtcfapnduJm, aixr 

of known length, and fvm mismrnefar 

~, so placed with rdaretv=a to one 

another that the fengfh d the pandulun can be 

measured. 

vertkal control datum-Any feval surface 

(as, far exan’pfa, mesn see Isvef) teken aa a 

wrtssa d refere- fmm which to reckon 

elevations. Alee called vwtlcaf datum; 

vertical gnodetlc datum. Sea also d ●t urn 

Ieval; refarence level; reference plane. 

vorflcal control net-+ee eurvey net. 

doflnltlon 2. , 

verflcal control pOlnt—See controf point; 

control mtmtlon. 

vertical eontrof-The rnessurements taken 

by aurveymg methods for the detemrimsfbn of 

ebvetbn onty with respect to an imsgfnery favef 

wrfac9, uauaffy rnsm aee leveL Sea afse 

survey nat dafinitiin 2. 

vertical coordlnetea-llm vartical dwtanca 

of a point above or babw a rsfarenoe datum. 

Points mey bs piua or minus ~mg to 

whether the point is ebeve or bebw the datum. 

vertkal cutva-A psrabofii curve d to 

connect gradea d dtierurd afepe, and used at 

the vertex d e grade to avdd the sudden 

chsngs M directim in peaa4ng from ma grsde to 

the other. Tfis rnathed of grsda change fa 

ususliy used when there is an afgebmis 

dflerence of more thsn 0.2 percent in the two 

opposing gredes. 

verflcal datum—See vertical control 

datum. 

vertical deformation—in refetive orientetien, 

the cumulst”we medel warpage affecting Ihe 

vettksl detum from x-fill error and ~tift error.

vcrlical ●xaggoratlon-1. The change in a 

rrrcdel aurfeca Crelted by pqerthafly raising 

lhe~rarrr heighrof alfpoitissbeve the b9sa 

~. 

level tie mkdning 

Urcmea90ftha 

the same base scale. 

vartksl scafernferthe 

2. 

herizontd 

retiaf map. 

scale ef ● Iermrn model or plssfii 

vortlcal ●xtenslo~ ●xtenslon, 

defsitii 2. 

vortlcal geodotlc drrtu~ee vwtkd 

control datum. 

VWUCSI lntonslty-The magnatk intens”~ of 

the vertical ~rrent of the Earth’s msgnetic 

field. rtrckened positive if dewnwsrd, negative it 

upward, 

vertical parallax—see y-parallax. 

vertical pass point-ses supplemental 

olevatlon. 

vertical photogmph—An eerisl photograph 

takerr with the axis of the earners being 

tintsined as okxdy as possible 10 a truly 

vertical posbion with the rssuftsnt photograph 

laying a~roxirrralefy in a horizerrtal plane. 

vertical ptana-1. Any plane psssing 

Ihmugh a point on the Earth end containing the 

zerdth and mdir of thst pdnt; else a plsne 

containing a plumb line. 2 (surveying) A plsne 

at right angles to a horizontal pfsne and within 

whkh angtes and dMmcee are observed. 

vertical sketchmeatar-A type of 

sketchrnaater in tilch verfiosl phoregmphs are 

Ufifiied. 

vortlcal etoreotriangulatlO*That perlien 

I OfStWSOtriSr@Morl &ncemed with lb 

eatabfiimanf of vedikot data. Varkal 

stersotriangulation is etten Iirnfted er prscluded 

aa an cparatkrn due to the more rigid scarmcy 

starxtards established for vertical pesitiens thsn 

for fwfzorrtal pcMorrs. 

vertical-anglo bench mark (VABM)—A 

bench mark with ef.evalion estsbliihed by 

vertksl angle me!hak. See alse bench mark. 

varllcel-anglfr station—See 

aupplamantal etation. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Z77 

vOrtlc~f-The fine perparxliidsr to the gsoid at 

~Y~*.tktid~rn~ UWfCSCeaf 

grawry sch. sea UJsobed Vartkal; mass 

●ttmctfon vortkal: normal, rlefinltion 3. 

vfbmtiOrr-4 eingfa rnovemanf of a pendulum 

irrahher dbctbn,toorfro.sea Stso 

osclllstlon. 

Wdeo Point Posltionlng Data Baa. 

(VPPDB)-A DMA analofj VkfeO dac prodrrd 

rhii pmvkiaa ● mmmrxpk precise positiiing 

ca@@yniriihi amoreversattia rrdeaeLarfe 

uaa fhn the Anstyiiil Photogramotrk 

Peaitiing System (APPS). VPPOB was a 

WmOMl COIWJfw to Mow reel time aordinate 

rasdouK designed for ease of use arxl m“nirnsl 

Imining time. 

video disc [MCGTJ-A 30.5 cm (12”) 

Cmstont Angrisr VaJcdy (CAV) ansbg video 

discca#rle ofstorir# video imeges ones~ 

aide (equkwlerd 10 spproxirdely 200 everag- 

Si2ed map chests at m dflemrrr kids of view). 

See also CD-ROM. 

vldao rrrop-hy one of a - of 

cartogrsphk preduds thst are *umd, stored, 

m-d d~yed using anslog video signals. 

vlewfltrder-(aerial camera) An atmiliiry devica 

which show the fiikt d view of a camera. tt is 

used in the takingd VOrticsl.9arkIpfrotqephy 

to con-act cmb angle and rrmintnin fonvmd Isp 

(end Iep). 

vlgnatthrg-t. (photogmphy) A gradual 

reductiorr hdenaity ofpafla ofephetegmphii 

image due to the stopping of some of the mys 

errtering the lens. Thus, a kms nmurrting rrmy 

Inlerfam with the sxtrems oblii mys. An 

ant”~netting fitter is one thst gmdrmlty 

decmsses in density frerrr the cs’ttw teward the 

adge$ it la used with msny wide-angle lenses to 

procfuce a photograph of uniform den.shy by 

cuiting down the overexposure d the center of 

the photograph. 2. (fiihography) A photographic 

IXOCeSS wfriih portrays a soiii cmlor in a soreen 

vdkh shsdes oft gredudiy inlo Ihe unprinted 

paper. @xr water is often ahown by this 

methed. 

vlrtuel gravity-The forca of gravity on an 

etmmspheric parcel, reduced by cerrtrrfugat hrce 

due to rhe rrmtk.n of the parcel ralalive to the 

Earth.

virtual Image-An image that cannot be 

shewnen aeudeceb ufisvkbk,as ina minor. 

virtual PPI reflactoacopa (VPR) chart— A 

type d mder cherf. 

vlslblllty chart-A epacisl-purpoee MSP or 

other grephii shmvirrg wtrii amae sen be seen 

ard these whiih sennet be seen fmm a ghmn 

observation pint. 

visible horizo~See apparent horizon. 

visual esuify-rl meeaum of the abiiii of the 

human eye to aapraie dafails in viewing an 

+ect. The reo@cel of tha minimum ●ngufer 

eepsmtbn, in minutes of em, of hvu lines of 

defeil whiih am be seen separafefy. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

vlsuel renge-The fimifing range of a light 

determined efier teking info eocount both Ihe 

geogrephk range and the luminous range. The 

g~me mnge is the msximum disfence at 

which the curvature cf the Eerfh pmrniis e fight 

to be seen fmm e paniculer heighl et eye 

willmuf regard to the luminous intensity of the 

I@!, The luminous range is delafrninei tmm . 

the Iomwn nominal luminous mnga, calied the 

nominal mnge. and the existing visibifii 

wnditions. – 

voting (TERCOM)-The technique et having 

e vehkte ffy ever the tarmln cs4emd by three 

unique but canqiernentary mspe wilhin a fmife 

d~fencxr, cmn’pering the calculated positional 

accuracy within each d the maps arsd 

determining whether or not to @ata the 

vehkie navigetien eyefem bemad on hew obeely 

the three poeitbnsl accuracies ceqxwe wffh 

each other, 

vulgar ●stebllshment—See establishment 

of the port. 

278

MIL-HDBK-850 

wading rod-A rod, gmduafad in bat snd 

larihs c4 feat, used for @ream gaging in ahaflew 

wster. 

wall map-A spscisf-purpow map of a targa 

ama daaignad IO be dkpfayad on a waff. 

w8ndor—Sas zpparant preooaalon. 

want of eorreapondcmee-%e y-psraflax. 

warpad mocpl-hy spatial rrrodal wtkh, due 

to PWOW@UO dielfnthma or wiantdon errors. 

haeamodef datunrwhich iadsfermedor 

otherwise inaopabls of behg leveled. see also 

flat model. 

water leveling-A mallwd of obtaining 

rale~e abvationa by obaating heights with 

rs%=f to the aurtace d a tmdy of stilf wstar. 

water atape recordor-An autornstk 

r- kwtrumant wirkh rwwrds the ~e *M 

tall d the wstar surfacs at s atrasm gaging 

station. 

wavelength--9 usntilafive apeeifketion of 

kinds of radsrd energy. %s ak dominant 

Wavolongth. 

waving the rod-in leveling, a techn’que 

whweby the rodrnan slowty pivots the ksvafhg 

rod toward and away fmm Ihs instrument 

poaitim The least reading obtainable is the 

propar orw to be rwxrrded. 

waathar rnap+JCS) A map showing tha 

I weather aonditii prsvrding, or predicted 10 

I 

I 

I 

Pfma, ovswa sonddersbla araa. Usually, the 

rnep is baaed upon westher observations taken 

atthaaama Wnestanumberc4 atatkma.AlaO 

called ●urfaaa charta; ●ynoptlc chert. 

see also map. 

waber—(gsomsgneiism) Unit of magnali flux. 

In the mks Wstem, 1 weber = 1 pulalamp = 1 

kgm2/arrrp .s&. 

wedg+optics) A rt#mcting prism of very smsfl 

deviation, swh as those used in the eyepieces 

of some stemoacopaa. Ataa called 0ptlc8/ 

wedge. 

w 

279 

weight fasturaa-l%e process of 

syatwnslicdly hcmasing the value d IS 

padiwlsrdats akwnsr$ ordamantaaoaato 

give that akwnanf more aigniticara in the 

Snsly.da m .kwtatkme. 

walghted mami-A value obtained by 

mWW~*da-*d VdUSSbykS 

assigned weight and dividing the awn of those 

pruducfs by the sum d the waighte. 

weight—The ralatiie wIua of an observation, 

aourc.a, or qusntity vhwr oorqmmd tih @her 

ebservaliona, sources, or qusntdiaa of the aams 

or ralatad quanfkii. l-ha Vafua ~fJY 

ths most reliable rnsthod is &Qti the 

grsatesf weight. 

Werner map projectlo~A particufsr caae 

of the Bonne map prujectii. in which the 

standard psrsllaf is al the pole, end the tangent 

cone bamrnaa a tangent pisrw. Any one 

geographk rneridiin is cheaen w the centml 

meridian and reprasenlad L7ye atrsight &rm, 

dwided to axsct scsie. The gsogmphia psrallefs 

are raprssamOd bf circular ems, also diviisd 10 

exact scale, and the olhsr meridiins are UJrvad 

lines. 

wast point-see prfma vertiaal plane. 

woatlng—See daparture, definitkrn 1. 

wide-angla lwt~ lane hsving an angle of 

covaraga between 76” end 100”. A bna whose 

focsl length is equal to a~roximstaly or#raff 

the dmgonal of the format. 

wlggflng-fn on firm-..see doubfo 

centering. 

wlgglJnp-in—A survey proaadura ussd whsn it 

is ~ry to astabtish a point, exsdfy am line 

befwean two confrvf poinfe nafthar of titi san 

be oocupied. If is sssanfialty a tr%d-and-armr 

fecfrrriqua where repeated lore end beck 

raadinga are taken and the instrument shifted 

after each pair of readtrrge until exadfy in tine 

with the etaliene. Also called ranging-lrr. 

wind rosa-l. A diagram showing the relat”kfe 

frsquancy of winds blowing from differsnt 

directions. It may also ahow avarsge apssd or

I frequarrsy of Occwranos of varieua speeds hem 

diffaranl directions. 2. A diagram showing the 

I average relafienstrip between winds horn 

ddfamti diraotioms srd lhs mrm~ d c4har 

I mereordog-kxd phenomena. 

I 

Windew-1 , An fnferfaca Wqmnant far 

I 

carrpders ftwwgh which ~eds and @ions 

am preasntad 10 users. 2. A radangufar frsms 

I Wifha SpSoUISd &etititbnonti 

of an interecfhfe gmphbs system, 

suean 

and within 

which a raUangdar pd’brr, or vvlndow, C4 the 

data b d@syad. 

1, 

wlrrg photograph-A photograph taken by 

oneefttra afdaorwing~d arnuftipfe-fsma 

m-. 

I 

wfrrg 

along 

pofnt-lfmae aseify idantiimd pointc 

esc+r side of an aerial phOtogn@, one 

near cash oorner snd one near the rniddfe. 

Used in tfw extension of radml oontral in making 

I 

Ccmtmlkd rnossics. 

I 

wlntor solstice-l. That point on the acfiptis 

mpbd by the Sun et maximum southerly 

cfacfhml’mn. Afso aefled ffrst pokrt of 

Caprlcomus; December coktico. 2. That 

indrmt at whii ha Sun meshes the point of 

maximum southerly dacfineticm, on w shout 22 

Dacafier. 

wl~-on printing plates—A printing plata 

~=~ a fighf-aenaitiieseatingappfiad by 

I WIN dmff-+ sounding devise sorrdsting of 

WSJ9hfsd Wiraa WhfOh are maintained at a g“wen 

-h bv fkwfs, and then dmggad over anY 

dad -eoursa. 

wltnesa comor—1. A marker set on a 

fxwarfy fins Mn9toa@mcu@*m iris 

irrpmdbsl to maintain a monument et the 

wrrrar Itself. 2. A monumental survay point 

usually on the fine of survey near a comer 

debfiti as a raferance wiren the armer is sa 

eiiisstad se to render He monumanfallon or 

ready use iqxectbsble. 

w ffnesa mark-A mark placed at a known 

distance and diractikm from a property comer or 

auwrrj etafiin to aid in ha raarvary and 

idantifiition. Also called wftrress posG 

wltnaas stake. 

witness pofnt—A monumenlsd station on a 

tine of the suwey, empbyad to perpetuate an 

MIL-HDBK-850 

280 

imnf ~t”~ wittmut spacisf ralatbrr to any 

remrbr ~r, essapt that the bearing or 

diiance may be known. 

wftnosa post-saa witness mark. 

witrtoss stake-Sea wftrmss mark. 

Woodward bass-flno meaaurlng 

●pparatus—see Iced-bsr ●ppsratua. 

World Gaographlc Raforerrco Systam 

(GEOREF)-A workfwkle poaifkm mferanse 

Syatwn that maybe applied to Sny nalp or Chell 

graduated in fatftude and bngitude (with 

Gmanwish aa prima mwidiin) ragardfaaa of 

prO@@on. If prevktes a matlmd d mqwedng 

~rorw In a fomr suitable for rnporfing and 

*W. The primmy use is for tntersarviaa and 

intareffied repmting d aircraft and air target 

poaitiins. 

worklrrg pendulum-A pendulum whiih is 

used (swung) in a detemrirration oi tha intensity 

or gravity. 

working-in on o line-See doublo 

conterlng. 

World Oata Bank II (WOEII)-A CIAproduced 

digiial rafxeeentnticm of tha world 

dwidad Into fwe g~gmphk areas. Eaotr area 

mntains vector data on coaatfinea (iuding 

iafends and fakes), rivem, and intematbnsf 

boundaries. WOSII was digifiuad aI acelaa 

m~ing fmm 1:1 milliin to 1:4 mflfibn. 

World Gsodotlc Systam (WGS)-A 

coneiataml sat d paramafera daaadbing the size 

snd shape of the Earth, the poaifiins ds 

natwmk et points with raspacf to the center of 

mass of the Earth, tmnsfomations from mspr 

geodetic datuma, and the petsntief d the Earth 

(uauaffy in tetm of harmonic soeffiiierrts). 

World Mean Elavstfon Deta (WMEO)-A 

OMA data baas of minimum, maximum, ad 

mean terrain efevaliana. Provides seams 

resolution elevation data wfth sentinuous 

wmfdwiie covemga, which may be used to 

support militaty planning and cmmmand and 

control systems. 

World Vector Sfrorellne (WVS)--A digital 

data file devebped to aupporf map display 

systems, GIS, and weapon aysfeme at 

1:250,000 scale vdrich conlsins shorelines, 

intametional boundaries, and country nsmes of

i 

,1 

ffwworki 

worfd @Yoonlc grid-A grkJ eystem in tii 

a grid narWxfl is Ms!fren’dcahy derived frem 

ekwnarda d a polysonis pjedion. 

writo 8nco, raad many (WORM)-1. A 

k disc Syafsm for Cusfern data bsae 

oreafion. Thediss ssnbeencoded entyenca 

by tha user but may be reed an unfhmifad 

nin’dmr d tirrws. WORM * are not 

OXIW@bb tih a CO-ROM disc ptsyer. 2. A 

werm is a software pregram that oopies itaeff 

from one systwn to another, uauaffy without the 

syatams uaem Imewkdge, if may also cause 

harm to a system, e.g., by desrmying fiha. 

wrong-roadlng—A descriptive term for an 

irnagewtidr isemwfad ermkrwknsgsdthe 

eriginal. Other teana. cwch as reverse reading, 

etc., ere aematimes us6d to idenfii image 

duecfion bbl are not rewmnded because ef 

peaable confusion m film negativ-p@ttie 

rsiatienahp. 

WWV tlm.-Ascurstely controlled tires signala 

transmitted frem stations (radii) WWV in 

Cderada and WWVH in Hswaii. Tfwse stat”ons 

bm4caE4 UTC (universal time coerdiifed) 

tii ia offset trem Al by e variatie amount 

dslermined ennushy before the atarf d the year. 

Ths epcch is shifted in “bwrements c4 100 

miltii if if departs km far from UT2. 

WY. (Y) lavel-A leveling instrument having 

the teles@pe, with attached epkif level, 

SUPPOftSd in Y-shaped bearings. The teleawpe 

osn be rotatsd about its Ierrgiiudiil asia 

(a.llimstion axis) and il can be Iiied and 

reversed, end for end, for testing and 

ad]ustrrwnt. Alse sailed Y level. 

MI L-HDBK-850 

281

1, 

I 

I 

I 

1 

MIL-HDBK-8S0 

x+xle-i .(JCS) A f’mrkmntal axis in a 

x fligtt NW saw llStsyslem 

of reckmg.lsr cxmrdiiaa; that Iii 

onwf+sh dstarrr=btb6rlfJiu kdt(easl x-y ssalor-An instmmant that provides W 

or west) of the rderarwa line are marked, and ycoonfiiaa h d~iial form horn 

=P=w~aw,ti.w9@’L2. 

anakrg dsta. 

llw line ~ining the qmaife fxluoial marks 

kithed_ which kstnoSfn6dyf Mdbl 

to the fins d fligfd. 

x~-rdlnate—~ abscissa. 

x+orractlort-llra correction to en XdmcfJorL 

x+llrectlotin efxetvsd diradirm in a 

VimgulAion figure for which an 

approximate value b obtained and treated 

like an obaarved diraction in the adjustment 

et the f~ure. The vmrtr of a Ieasl squares 

adjtimant of e trianguleticm figure 

aomaiimas requires the use of an xdiraclbn, 

for which an approximate value is 

obtainad by an inverea poshion 

~Wfi, by Ihe solution of the lhraepoiti 

pcbkrm, or by other means, and than 

using the .xdirecticm in the adjustmard and 

c&4.ainiig a cormctien (x-correction) for it, 

whioh makes fl consistent wkh the ad@ted 

values of the observed diredons. 

x~leplaeemen!+ somponam of hnsge 

dslaoament. When a @rt knaga is 10 be 

Iesated ~ ooordkstae with respect to 

rsctanguier axes. xdiaplasament 

rep-ts the dskmce rrmvad in the xdiracfion. 

x+notlon-in a atereopletting instrument, 

tit Ikraar adjuxtmant appmx’bnatefy 

parallel to a line conrwsting fwo projastor 

stations; the path of this adjustment is, in 

#fed, coin&dan! wiIh the flight line 

between the twu relevant exposure 

stations. 

x-pearra\la+See absolute stareoscoplc 

x+cele--(.lCS) On an ob~que photograph, 

the scale akmg e line parallel to tha tme 

horizon. 

x-tilt-llre corqxrnen! of lift aboul the x-exis, 

which is most nearfy in the direction of 

282

I 

! 

.. 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Y 

yacls-f. (.fCS) A vertkd e.siaina eyafem yeDr—Tha period of abou! 365 1/4 adar days 

d mdar@ar cedimtes; fhet Iii m 

~~ dktsnm= ~a or babw (nerth w 

aoufh d) a mfemrax Em am rmrfrad. 

requkod fer one 

emmd the Sm. 

yoarq edondar 

revdtiian d the Earth 

Sea also ●remallstlc 

yoaq wIlpse yesr: 

XwYm.#frP, 

ard paaa6a 

M. or WaPh. 2. 

~~~x-~ 

through the origin. 

fictitious year; 

yaar; tmplcal 

great 

year. 

YO*C dderaal 

y-coordlnatsis-See ordlnatos. 

y411splacoment-A wmponent of imege 

displacement. When a peinf irnsge is !0 be 

bcatad by cmordiias with respect to 

rectangular asea, ydiaplacement 

represents he distsnca moved in the Y 

direclion. 

)+!VS4-S9!3 Wyo Ievd. 

y-parallax-lhe dtierence bstween the 

~~wlar dktarrces of the two irnsges 

of a pornl on a pair of photographs from 

the vantil plsne containing the air base. 

The sxislsnca of Ypsrakx ia an indiiion 

of till in either or tm!h plmlogmphs, or a 

diffaenca in flying heights, and in!erferss 

with eleramcop”~ ceasminrdbn 04 the pair. 

Also .-lied vertical partrlla~ want of 

corroapondance. 

y-cala-(JCS) On an ob/iiue phetogmph, 

the scfria abng the line ef the principal 

vartii or any other line, inherent or 

plotted, vdrich. on the ground, is parsllel to 

the principal vert”bal. 

y411t-See pitch. 

yaw—l. (sir navigation) The rotstimr ef an 

alrcmff abour its wrtica! exia so se to cauaa 

the aircraft’s Iengitudkd sxis to dev”mte 

from the fl@ht line. Also celled crab. 2. 

(phatogrammetry) The rotation of a csmem 

or a pfwtogmph coordinate system aboul 

either the photograph z-axia or the exrerler 

z-ssis. 3. In some photogrammetric 

instruments and in anahjliil appliilions, 

the symbol rc may be used. 

yaw angle--See engle of yaw. 

283

I 

i 

MIL-HDBK-E150 

z+xis—in a threa4me rvzional rectangular 

mxdhste system. the axE3 & rdemnca xerm tltna-Tha kxaf meen time of a 

ttd is pwpendkwlar to tmfh the x- and y- preference zene. See afse thne zone. 

arms af their @m 0! Wwsec4ii. 

zoom systOrn-Saa pmrcretlc systam. 

z-rnotlon-Movement of e atereepfotting 

prmjecfor in a verl~l dfmcfien. ZUIU tlma--see Untveresl TIma. 

z-ecale-(JCS) On an oblique photogmph, 

fheecale ueedincalcufaIing tha height of 

~ e@cL Afao, the rmrne given to th~ 

method of height delemrinstion. 

z41me—See Unlveraal Time. 

z-value data pelnta-Oata points providing 

a value perpandiiuIer er norms] 10 a 

specified surface (elevaticm). 

zenitfr-Thet point of the celestisl sphere 

vefi”keliy overhead. See alse geecentrlc 

zenith; geodotlc zamlth. 

zcnlth engie-see zenl!h dls:ance. 

zswrlth camor8-A epecief camera se 

designed thst its opticaf exie m9y be 

pointed ac=xreteiy toward the zentih. 11is 

used tor the determinstlen of astronomic 

fmeificma by phetographmg the positii of 

the z&m, See also photographic zenith 

tube. 

zenith diatanca-The venicd engle 

between the zenith end the object whii is 

etmerved or defwd. Zeniih d-rice is the 

COI#WMW of the akttude. Afee caffad 

zenith sngle. See elso coaltltudm 

zenith taleecope-A portable instrument 

adapted for the measurement of smsfl 

differences of zenfth distsnce, and used in 

the detarminstiorr of astronomic latiiude. 

Zenhh81 cf’rert-see azlmtrthal chart. 

zenlthal map projection-See 

azimuthal” map” projoctlon. 

zonal hermonlce-The aet of aphericel 

hsrmonti that are functions of latitude only 

and therefore do nef effect the rotatierml 

symmetry of the surface about !@ pofer 

exis. 

z 

284

I 

I 

Afr 

AAflF 

ASC 

ADAS 

ADh4 

ACNIG 

AFS 

AWFM 

AMSD 

ANMS 

ANSI 

APPS 

APR 

ARAPS 

ARC 

ASCII 

ASW 

ATC 

ATM 

ATMP 

ATRAN 

AITG 

AVHRR 

AWAR 

AWSDE 

BAD 

BC 

BGN 

6M 

BMD 

BNC 

BNPC 

BRAC 

C31 

CAC 

CAD 

CADICAM 

CADD 

CALS 

CAM 

CCM 

z 

CD-ROM 

CDB 

CE 

CEDD 

CEP 

CERL 

CG 

CGS 

MIL-HDBK-850 

4. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND INITIALS 

Akrng T- 

Autornated Air Faciliiias Information I%e 

A~ Cultrol 

Aulwnetad Digital Annotation System 

Aerunaukal Data Msinbmance 

ARC Digitiiad Rsater Graphics 

Aatial Film Speed 

Aukwnetsd MeppingF-citiii Wenagemenl 

Ad@led Ma@ng SUJpOrtmtn 

Automated Nc4ic0 tOkfiMwss)%kll 

A rnarican National Standarde Instihh 

_A@ti~~e raa;ric Pea#iening System 

3 

~ea Raquhnenta and Produot Status 

Equal &c Second Eastar @mtlMsP 

A-n Natiod Standard Cede fer Intornwtien Interchange 

Ard.kubrnatina Wariare 

Ad Targa! Chari 

Au Tnrgd Materials 

Au TErgat Maleriets Program 

Aulormetic Terrain Rmognition and Navigation 

Automated Tect.kal Target Graphk 

Advanced Very Nigh Reselutkn Radiiler 

Araa Weighted Average Re.sotuiion 

Advar’ced Waapeffi and Syaiems Data Base 

Bathymatti Archwe Data 

Bettwn OontOur Chart 

Board on Geogm+ii Name=s 

Benchmark 

Balhymahic MOdd Dam 

Bathymattic Navigation Chert 

Bathymetric Navigation Planning Chart 

Bathymetric ReccweqI Arae Chart 

Cenrrnand, Contrel, C9mmunicaticms and Intelligerwe 

-~er -sAed cartegrePhM ~r==~ ACWOOCI@~l ChSI’I 

@mputef ~ DA@ Drafting Carrputer &aiiad Deaigr@ratIing 

CcmpRer A.ded Draftm#Deaigm Computer Aided Manufacturing 

~rtqxAer Adad DesJgrJDrafthg Computer Aaeisted Daaigwlhfthrg 

Computer Ad LO@”ti Suppt Procaaaing System 

Computer Aided Mapping; CsrtographC Automatic Mapping; Computer Aaaisted 

Creea-C0ur4ry Mevement Map 

Conthwrntal Control Netwxk 

CO~uier COrrqAible Tape 

Cot?pact Disc-lnlerectiwe 

~rrpad Dkc-RSSd Only Memory 

Cartographic Deta Baaa 

Critiad Design Review 

Ckulsr Error 

Cammittea on the Exchanga of Digitel Data 

Circular Error Probable 

GmW’ta3ion Engineering Resaarch Laberalery 

city Grephc 

Cantimatar-Gram-Second 

285

I 

gwi 

Clct 

CLD 

CM 

CMAS 

co 

COMIREX 

CONOPS 

COTAT 

COTS 

CPE 

CRG 

DAFIF 

DAPPS 

DBDB 

Dcfs 

DcAc 

bow 

DDM 

D EIS 

CJEM 

DFAD 

DGI 

DGIWG 

DH\ 

DHO 

DVS 

DIGEST 

DLG 

DLG-E 

;:3: 

DLO 

DMA 

DMAAC 

CWAcse 

DMAHTC 

DMAFIC 

DMASC 

DMATSC 

DME 

DMS 

Doo 

OoD MC&G 

Pragrams 

DaD WGS 

DOS 

DPpDB 

DPS 

DRLMS 

DSIS 

DTAD 

MIL-HDBK-850 

ClassMad Hydmgmphio Iniorrmtbn P mceasing system 

Chart Up&de Manual 

COnvanfienal Inmmafional Origin 

Gtiar Lii Data 

COnf~uraIiOn Managamenl 

Ctmufar Map Aocuracy standard 

COesaal chart 

C@mniffee on Imagery Rsquiremenfs and Grpfoifatien 

Conca@ d Operetbna 

Correfatien Tracking and Triangulskm 

G3mdel Dff4he-Sheff 

CWfar P*8 Error 

CW Route Gra@ii 

Coerdineted Universal Tkna 

Digifef Aermeufical Ffiiht Infonnafiorr Fife 

OMA Automated Pdiithn Production System 

CMgifal Bathymetric Defa Baae 

Digifel COnpraIor Segment 

Dwfial Ccmcapfs Ansfysis Center 

Digifef Cnies Data Ssss 

Da5ign Concept Review 

Digital Charf of fhe Worid 

Distnbufad Data Management 

Data Exiracficm Segment 

Digital Elevation Matrix; Dwifal Eleva!ierr Mcdel 

Digital Feature Armfysis Data 

Digital G@gre@k Information 

Digital Geogmphk lnforms!”~n Working Greup 

Defense Hydrographii Initiative 

Maen Diurnal High Water Inaquatii 

Data Integration segment 

Digilal Gaographc Information Exchange Standard 

Diiifal Line Graph 

Digital Line Greph-Enf=mced 

Digital Landmes5 Btanking System 

Digital Landmass System 

Mean Dkmml Low Waler Inequafii 

Defarw.e Mapping Agency 

Dafense Mapping Agency Aerospace Canter 

Defense Mapping Agency Combat Suppml Center 

Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographtiopogmphc Center 

Defense Mapping Agancy Restcm Center 

Defense Ma~ing Agency Sysiems Canter 

Oefenaa Ma~ing Agency Technicaf Services Centei 

Distance Meeauring Equipmant 

Defenas Mapping school 

Dfgifaf Nauficaf Chart 

Department of Defenaa 

Oepatiment of Defense Mapping, Charting, & Geodesy Requirements and 

Department of Defense Worfd Gaodatic System 

Disk Operating System 

DigitizecUDigital Point Positioning Dela Base 

Dlgffal Producfien System 

Digital Radar Lsmknass Simulator 

Data Services Segmani 

Digifel Terrain Anatysis Data 

286

DTC 

DTD 

DTED 

~V~F 

ECDIS 

EDME 

EFL 

EGA 

EMD 

EOD 

EPI 

ERDAS 

EROS 

ESNA 

FAC 

FACC 

FACS 

FADT 

FAF 

FAT 

FWS 

FGDC 

Ffccoc 

;;s 

FIPS Puss 

FODB 

G&G 

GAT 

GB 

GBFAIIME 

GCT 

GEOREF 

GGF 

GGS 

GM . Ii 

G:1s 

G... KS 

GLtORIA 

~;T 

GNC 

GNPS 

GOSIP 

%s 

GRASS 

GRS 80 

GSD 

GST 

GUI 

MIL-HOBK-850 

Data Trarster Cettridge 

DeaJrned Type Dahiiion 

D@il Tamsrn EbaIkrrI Data 

Digital Terrain ModeL Qigii:Jerrarn Matrk Daw Trader Medulea 

Digital varticafDbShKkn 

Eledmnic Chart DI@ay and Information system 

EROS Data Canla 

Efactmnic fMs@Iw= “ M~ E@PIMU 

Effective Fecal Length 

Enhensed Graph= Adapter 

Eladronk h4sp Da@ Eladmrric Map Dis@sy 

Erasable D@ii Ilk 

Eladronk Peaitkn Irdkator 

Earth Rsswrcas Data Ar@sia Sydam 

Earth ,Rasourcas Obaervatien System 

Etacfrd 

See TEC 

Survey Net 

Feature Attribute Code 

Feature end Attribute Coding Celelog 

Faalura/Attrfbule CorXng Standard 

Feature Analysis Dats Table 

Faat Acsass Fennel 

Factory Acceptance Test 

Fseture Exiradion Segment 

Federal Geographic D@a Committee 

Fad&al Inhxaganq Cocdimsling Cornittee on DiK@al Cartography 

Feature Iclent”-tbn Data 

Fe&ml Infm-metion Processing standards 

Fdaral Intonation Ptmeessing Stan&da (FIPS) Pubtikalien 

FIREFINDER Oparatknal Data BSSE 

Gaodetis and Geophysical 

Greenwich Appsmnt Time 

Gigebyte 

Gacgraphic Bass FilWDual-lndepandent-MapEbing 

Greenwich Cwil The 

Gsogrephk Reference 

Greund Gain Forwmd 

Ground Gainad Sideways 

Greenwich Hwr Angle 

Gaegraphc Information System 

Graphu Kemal system 

Geelogkal Leng Rsnge Inclined ASDIC 

Gravity Model 

Greenwich Mean lima 

Glcbal Navigsticm Chert 

Gaegraphc Names Pmcesaing System 

Government Open Systems Interconnection Protocol 

Griddad Phot~raph 

Glebel Positioning Syetem 

Geegmphw Resouroas Analyais Supfmrt System 

Gaedetic Referenoe System S0 

Greund Scale Diatense; Ground Sample Dktence 

Greenwish Siaraal llme 

Grsphical Usar Inlerface 

287

I 

HA 

HOOT 

HOT 

HWS 

HHW 

HHWf 

HIMAN 

tirrs 

HLW 

HLWI 

HSOC 

HW 

HWR6C 

Ics 

IFOV 

IGES 

IGSN 71 

IHO 

ILW 

IMC 

IMO 

IMU 

Ioc 

1s0 

lTD 

JNC 

JOG 

JOGIA 

JOGIG 

JOWR 

KB 

KBS 

LHW 

LHWI 

LLW 

LOC 

LOLA 

LORAC 

LORAN 

LOROP 

LW 

MACDIF 

MAD 

MADPC 

MB 

MBFI 

MC6G 

MCGFDES 

MCS 

MGRS 

MHHW 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Haltwr ad ApfxcM3chchart 

High Density DQhel Tape 

Hiih Density Tape 

Hardccpy ~ploiiticm segment 

Hiiher High Water 

Higher H~h Wafer Interval 

HYdwqti h’rf~ti Handiii 

Hufl Integrity Test Sie Chart 

Higher LOW Water 

Higher Low Water Interval 

Htgh speed Digiil CharI 

High Walaq Hardware 

H@ Water Full and Change 

Interactive Cen@etiin Sy.dem 

Inatantaneaus Fdd of Wew 

Iritial Graphic Exchange spacifiition 

Infemational Gravity Slandamlizaticm Net 1971 

International tiydregraphic Organization 

International Low Water 

Iwge Motion Cwr@enaa!ien 

Intarnalienal Maritime Organization 

Inartial Measurement Unit 

Initiil operating Capatili 

Intematienel Standerds Organization 

Interim Terrain Data 

Jet Navigation Chad 

Joint operations Graplic 

Jeint Oparationa GraPhtiAu 

Joint operations GraphidGround 

Jeint Operatiena GraphkiRedar 

Kibbyle 

Knowiedge Baaed System 

Lower High Watef 

Lewar High Water Interval 

Imwer Low Water 

Lines of Cenwnunicat ien 

Leng Line Azimuth 

Long Renge Acaracy 

Long Range Navigation 

Long Range Obliiue Photography 

Lew Water 

Map end Charl Data Interchange FormaI 

Magnetic Anomaly Detection 

MAD Planning Chart 

Megabyte 

Mhimum Boundng Rectangle 

Mapping, Charting & Gecdasy 

Mapping, Charting, & Gaodeay Feature Data Exchanga Stamdard 

Medern Cataleg System 

Miliiary Grid Reference System 

Maan I+gher High Water 

288

I 

MHW 

MHWS 

MIL-STD 

MIM 

MINI-TOPO 

MK S5 

MK 90 

MLLW 

MLLWS 

MLW 

MLWS 

MMSD 

MOE 

MP 

MSI 

MSL 

MSS 

MTL 

MUM 

NAD 27 

NAD S3 

NAVINFONET 

NCGIA 

NFS 

NIST 

NNSS 

NOS 

NRL OEf’ SCC 

Iswc 

NVPUB 

ONc 

0PARE4 

0s 

OSA 

PAPI 

PBM 

PBNZC 

PC 

PDMM 

PGIS 

PHIGS 

!:P 

Pws 

PMD 

Poslx 

PPD 

PPDB 

PPI 

PRSL 

PSR 

PT 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Mean HQh Waler 

Mean High Wnler springs 

Mllifary standard 

Milii InetaMalian Map 

Mir&nal)y Redundant TepobgY 

MARK ss 

MARK 90 

tin Lower Low Wafer 

M-n Lewar Low Water ~ 

Maen bw Water 

Mean Low Wafer springs 

Metrk Mappiig Supparf Dafa 

%k%%md ‘“f=ftiensss 

Multiapedral Irnegery 

Mean Ses Level 

Muf@actd scanner 

Maan Tde Level 

Multi Use Menuacrf@ 

North American Datum of 1927 

Notih American Datum of 19S2 

Navigation Informalien Network 

National Center for GeogrepMc Inferrrdon and Anatysie 

Navigational Fllrnship 

National Institute for Skmdamls and Tschnofogy 

Navy Navigation Safelliie System 

National Oosan Survey 

Navel Reaaarch Leborat~ DetachmerU Stennis Specs CaMer 

Non-Subrnatine Cenfecf 

Naval Surface Weapons Center 

Navigation PL611cafion 

Operafbd Navigation Chstl 

Cp.srafing Area 

Operating Sy6tem 

Open S@errra Arcttiiacture 

Precise Automatic Phobgrammetris Intervatomafer 

Permanent Benchnark 

Prec&sa Sathymatric Nav”~atien Zone Chett 

Pilotegs Chart Point e( Curvature 

Peint of timpeund Curvature 

Pulse Ooppl- Map Matching 

Prdktnery Deelgn Review 

Product Generafiin Segrnerrf 

Programrna#a Hterarch~l httarective Greph- System 

Peinf of Interwcfii 

Precise Inafattdion Prnilion 

Prcdudion Management System 

Projected Map D@ley 

Porlable Operating System Interface 

Peinl Positioning Date 

Paint Posifiining Data Sss6 

Plan Positii Indwtor 

Precise Radar Significant Lecation 

Pre-Ship Readinaaa Review 

Point of Tangency 

289

1, 

I 

I 

I 

PTADB 

Pvc 

Pvl 

Pvoo 

PVT 

Pn 

R&PRG 

RDT6E 

:;P 

RGB 

RIM 

~hL 

RMP 

ROCS 

RPS 

RfW 

RSAC 

RSPL 

RTAD 

SA 

SAls 

SAGA 

SAR 

SCP 

SDTS 

SECOR 

SOD 

SGML 

SHA 

SHIRAN 

SHORAN 

SINS 

Sls 

SIAR 

sl,F 

SMAC 

SONAR 

Sosus 

SPIS 

SPOT 

sol. 

SWATH 

TAS 

TB 

TBM 

TCOC 

TEc 

Tt%cotd 

TESIEMPS 

TIGRIS 

TIN 

MIL-HDBK-B50 

Plsming Tarrein Analysis Data Base 

P&d d Vattical CLXVe 

Point of Vertlsal Tangan! 

~iii Ver’kaf Cbetrudion Dab 

Pc4nl ef Vdcel Tangent 

Phonographic Zenith Tube 

DoD MC6G Rafuwnants and Programs Reviaw GruuP 

Rseaarch, Developrnant, Tad and Evaluation 

Repreeantatiie Fradion 

Radar Fa Point 

Rad, Green: Blue 

~a =anC@aMaP 

Randxn Micdardiculer 

Raster Map PrudUd 

Range OnJy COrralation System 

Ftaater Prcdud standard 

Radar ReWrn Coda 

Radar Signifiince Analysis Code 

Radar Significant Power Line 

Rek.eatable Terget Assess.ment Data 

Spesial Araa 

Saurce Acquisition Sagment 

Stori Arc Gaedetis Adjustment 

Svnthatic -, - Armrture 

Sacondzxy bntrd 

Flad9r 

Point 

SpaIial Date Transler Standard; Spatial Date” Tra=fer Spacificalion 

Seouantiel Co/la[ion of Range 

Syn+behzed Graphic Date - 

Standard Ganeralbd Markup Language 

Sidereal Hour Angle 

S-Bard High-Pracieion Shert-Range Neviga!ion 

Shotl Range Navigation 

Ships Inertial Navigation System 

Sensor lmaga Simufatoc Sterxtard Indaxing System 

Side-Leoking Airberrra Radar 

standard Urrear Ferrnat 

Soena Matching Area Cerrelator 

Sourtd Navigdon 

Sound Surveiflanc4 Systems Chart 

Seurce Praparatien Segment 

Systbme Probatoire dObsarvatfen de fa Terre 

Structured Query Language; Standard Ouery Language 

SMSll Wettad Area Twin Hull 

Terrain Anatyeis 

Temain Analysis Producl 

Terrain Anafysia Syetem 

Tembyte 

Temperary Benchmark 

Transferee Cylindrical Orlherrrerphk Chart 

Topography Engineering Canter 

Terrain Coatour Matching 

Tefrain Edn S!atforJElevalion Matrix Prosaesing Systam 

To@ogically Integrcdad Gaographw and Resource Information System 

Triangulated Irregular Network 

290

TLM 

TM 

TMP 

Rw 

TPR 

TS 

lTADB 

U.S.G.S. 

UPS 

UR 

UFVS 

URA 

USATEC 

USR 

UT 

UTc 

UTM 

VABM 

VD 

Vt3A 

VMP 

VOD 

VPF 

VPPDB 

VPR 

VPS 

WDBII 

WGS 

WMED 

WMRM 

WORM 

Wsc 

Wvs 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Tcpgraphic Iino Map 

Thernelic hlappac Topography Me@ 

Target Materials ~ 

Turning Pdrd 

Tacik4 Pibthge Chart 

Terrain Prvfile Recordar 

Ta~r# 10 Spirak Tassaialad SharDid 

Tactical Terrain Anatyaia Data Base 

Tactical Tana”m Data 

Us. Geo&gkd Suvay 

Univaraal Polar SlaraoUra@c 

universai RecWii 

Untwrrsal Ractifiar Sagrnard 

User RequiremtmI And@ 

Us. Army T k Enginaaring Canter 

Unkmnral firrra Ceodnatad 

Urrivw-1 Tre.nsvaraa Marcator 

Vert”til Angla 8anchrnark 

MO&G Viiao Disc 

Vim Graphics Army 

Vector Map Product 

Vartiml WstrwXiorr Data 

vector Product Form91 

Viieo Point Podtiining Data Base 

Vktusl PPI Refklc=ape 

Vactor Prcduct standard 

Worid Data Bank II 

World Gaodetic System 

Wodd Mean Elavation Data 

Write Maw, Raad Many 

Writa Ones, Read ManY 

DM4 Warrim Supptni Cemler 

world Vacior Shorama 

291

Board on Geographic Na~ti~BGN)-An 

agancY d the U.S. Govamrna 

astabliahcul by Exacufive Order ‘m 1S90 ard 

_ ~~NW Und9r Ptic Law 242. 

sO, 2S Jufy 1947. Nina departments and 

WWI&S enjoy Beard mambsmf@. DoD .E OIW 

of fheaa medmrs; DMA provides the BGN 

EX-e SeUSfary and a staff for work cm the 

Boards Foreign Narnax committee. Conioinfty 

wirhthas acratsryd thelnterior,th esoard 

pmvidas for “uniformity in g90graphk 

nommclalure and orthography throughout the 

Fdsral GmenunantN It develops pollclsa and 

remanization systems under whkh names are 

derivad and it atandardiiaa gaographw names 

for use on maps and in taxfuaf materials. 

Committee on Imagery Requirements 

and Expfoltntlon (COMfREX)—The U.S. 

intelligence community% management 

mrnmirfes en imagery requirements and 

exploitation. 

Ccrmmltteo on the Exchange of Dlgltel 

Data (CEDD)-An international hydregraphic 

O~nKStiOn working group tasked with 

developing sttmdards for the exchange of 

hydrogrephii and bathymetric data. 

Construction Enghreerlng Research 

Laboratory (CERL)-Laboratory under the 

U,S. Army Corps of Engineem. CERL 

devefopad GRASS, e raster GIS. see else 

GRASS; GfS. 

Defonso Mapping Agency (DMA)-A 

Dspartmamt ef Dekmaa agency “mchsrge of 

enlurncing mattil aacurify and supporting the 

Offce ef secretary of Defense, Joint Chmfs of 

staff, Unfied and Specified @mmsnda, Miliiary 

Dagrarimants, and other uaara. DMA produces 

and distributes mapping. charting and geodetic 

(MC&G) pmducfs, asrvices and training, cmd 

adviaaa on such matters. It provides nautical 

charts and marine navigational data to 

worldwiie merchant marine and privete vessel 

opsmtora. Tha agency maintains Iiiiaon with 

ctill agencies and national and intemslierml 

-Pping, charting and geodetic activities. 

Dafenso Mapping School (DMS)—A 

MIL-HDBK-850 

5. MC&G ORGANIZATIONS 

. A_rlc-. .... . .. . . . 

(ANSl)-An 

ad ktusfry 

-.--.---—. Naricmal Stmndm~ds —-— InStffUt. 

maectstkm formed by (fosamn’ranl 

to produce and d-rude wirfefy 

DC4_ Ma@no AOSI’WY ~ -* 

trainDoo, diiary, C&&sr-I. and did 

in MC&G Wchnii=. pfOCSdum. ~ 

to 

fmramnel 

@@s. 

used “dustrial standards. 

DILA Aorospsc. Canter (DMAAC)--A 

DMA woductiorI osnfer located in S1. Louis, MO. 

292 

DLfA Combat Support Cmntor 

(DMACSC~A DMA mmponent responaiie 

fm~ Of DMA pfOdUCfS 10 thS USSr 

mmmunify. There are several depots located 

atcund the vmrbi. 

DMA HydrographlcfTopographlc Contor 

(DLIAHTC)-A DMA prodstion center located 

in Woekmont, MD. 

DMA Systems Canter (DfAASC~The 

DMA compenent re.sponsibfe for research and 

davefcpmsnt issues. including developing and 

integmting new MC&G prodwfa and production 

syaiems. 

DMA Warrior Support Center (WSC)- 

The DMA facilii wliih provides an arrvirenment 

for current, future, and @entiel MA custernam 

to pan’kipate in the defmhiin, devebpmanl. test 

and evaluation end appfiilion of DMA MC6G 

products and data. The focus ef the WSC ie to 

oenducf -rch and davelcprnant and 

promtyping activities that promote 

inteqambifii and MC&G atsrxlardiiatii. 

Adddbnelty, the WSC pM4t10feS the OpfirrWJM 

production and use of DMA prcducts, data, and 

ssnricas for combat ferces by raqxmding dimctfy 

10 their needs. 

Dot) MC6G Raqulremanta and Program 

Revlow Group (R& PRG)-A Department of 

Oafansa (D@) raview group cerrpisad d 

mpraaentafivsa from the DoD agancbs arrd the 

military sswbs thsl advim Amistan t secretary 

d Dafenee (ASD) on MC&G matters. 

Federal Geographic Data Commltleo 

(FGDC)—The InterAgency afaaring committee 

whiih supemaded the FICCDC. The FGDC 

previdas oversight and poficy guidance on the 

Wlce of Management and Budget’s (OMB) 

Circular A-1 6 activities. In perlioufer, the 

mmmittee promotes the coordinated 

devebpment, use. shering, and diasamlnation 

of surveying mapping, and related apatisl data. 

CkmLar A-16 assigns responsftilii to various 

egencies to provide Ieadarship in the 

coordhation of certain categories of surwying,

I 

mapping, and rekdad spatial data. See also 

Fodeml InterAgency Coordlnatlng 

ComrrrNte8 on Digltsl Cartography. 

Faderal lntwAgoncy Coordlnstlng 

Commlttaa on Dlgltnl Cartography 

(FICCDC~Arr InterAgency steering 

cornmftfaa eatsbliied in 19S3 by the Offke of 

Menagwnant ad Budget. The purpose ie to 

ramnvmnd JNocaduras and progrrsme which 

weu~ faciliite the ccardheticm of Fadsrd 

a- d@f.sl -=fogmphii SUtVhiiS, and 

eefsbfkh ad promulgela sfandarda and 

epecifiIions for the producfton of dcatkqmphk 

data. Nama changed in 1990 to 

the Fsderef Geogrsphm Data Cornmilfee. S.. 

afao Federal Goographlc Data 

C0mmltte6. 

Intemetional Hydrographlc Orgenlzetlon 

({HO)-The cardirrating body for 

internetkmal rautksl chaning practices and 

prceadurtm. Establishes minimum stendsnis 

end epacifutiimr for the production of nsutiil 

charts and the collection of mfslad daIa. 

Membership is open to all muntries of the wortd 

Interrmtlonal Marltimb ~rganlzation 

(lMO)-The SpacMiued Agencf For the United 

Nakms raafmnsiMe for M9ritkrrs safety and 

effciency of navigation. It prev”kkra machinery 

for cocperatien among governments in the fiekt 

of governmental regulations and practices 

relat”ng to Iachnicd matters of afl kinds affecting 

shipping engagsd in intemat”bnef trede. 

lntarrmtlorml Standards OrQanlzatlon 

(lSO)--An Irrtematbnal organization 

reeponsibfe for digits} standards for rn.dla, 

format, etc. 

Natlond Center for Geographic 

Information and Anafysle (NCGIA)-A 

conaodium of three urrivarsitk (The Whraity 

of Catiiornie al Senta Barbara, The State 

University of New York at Buffab, and The 

Urdvereily d Maine at Omno) receivii furrdhg 

frum the Netbnal Sc4srrce Foundmbn (NS~ to 

fcwus rasasrch and model aducatbnel 

curricufurns in apetial aneiysis and cpetiel 

stetistii; epstiil refatkmships and data bass 

slructur~ ertifcief infe(ligerroe and axperf 

systems; visualization and secial, economic and 

institutional issues in the field of gsogrsph~ 

information systems (GIS). 

National Ocean $errrlce (f JOS)-Major 

component of NOAA, charged with maintaining 

MIL-HDBK-850 

Ihe Natiinal Geodetic Reference System; 

producing neuticef and aaruneutical drerts end 

related publication.s surveying end monitoring 

erwirmrnamtal resoumos, ilxiwSing Coastaf 

pd!ufii; researching the phy~ dsaracterfatk2s 

of the OcOena: and msnagirrg marine asruenas 

end sanctuaries. Formerfy Netbnal omen 

survey. 

Naval Envlronmentel PredictIon 

Research Facillty (NEPRF, NOARL)-A 

raseimh and davalepmerst orgsnizst”bn under 

lha NSW during the 19 f30e. NEPRF, NOROA, 

mv.f MO we#s merged to fcmn the Navaf 

Oceanographic end Atmospheric Rmearch 

IAroratory (NOARL) in 1989. 

Nevaf Oceanogrrsphb and Atmosphbrlc 

Research Laboratory (NOARL)-The 

Na~s Iesd laboratory for rasasrch and 

devebpmont in mapping, chsfiing end geodesy 

(MC&G). NOARL k scttiety invohmd in applying 

digital MC&G deta to the support d neval 

W3SP0rrS SYSterTISad in conducting resesmh to 

impruve these data. NOARL wss craalad in I 

19a9 as a merger of three razaarch units: Neval 

Oman Resasrch and Devebpmerrl Activity, the 

Institute for Navel @eenography, and the Navel 

Environmental Predktion Research %cili. 

Naval Surface Warfaro Center (NSWC)-- 

ArI irdustriaily Iunded Navy tadii ksted in 

Whiie Ctak, MO. ard Dahlgren, VA, Aid 

conducts research and devebpment in e 

variety of vmrfare dii@ines includii MC6G. 

Roms Lnboratorlea (RL)-lhe principal 

orga~atmn charged with conducting Air pars. 

research and development programs relsdad to I 

c31 (rnmrn.”d, ccmtml, communications and 

intelligence). RL rnis@en areas irrcfude 

cernmunicdbns, .Iectmrnagne!k guktenm end 

mntrd, surveillance d ground and asmspce 

objects, intelligence data handliig, inform.lion 

systems fwhnofogy. .Jacfronic relbMy, 

rrrsirrtainabilii, and oornpatbilii. 

U.S. Army Topographic Englnearing 

Cantar (TEC or USATEC~Army 

Iaborafories foaled in Feri Belvoir, VA, whiih 

support the Army’s mcdem waepons and 

wmmsrsd and control systems through research 

end devabpment in mapping, charting, Ierrsin 

mdysis, geodesy, remote sensing, fmirrt I 

pmWoning, surveying and tend navigation. TEC 

.1s0 mnducts research on anvironmentel effects 

on military equipment, devabping t0p08MphiC 

suppert systems, end terrain arrhlysis products. 

293

A.2. 

Abbfeviatiau. 235 

Amnyms, 2ss 

!%! 

D, 63 

E. 79 

F: 91 

G, 101 

H. 116 

1,“125 

Iniliils, 2S5 

J, 135 

K, 136 

L, 137 

M, 151 

MC & G Or@nizations, 292 

N, 16S 

o. 174 

P: 162 

a, 206 

R. 207 

s; 223 

T. 251 

U’, 271 

V, 274 

W, 279 

x, 282 

Y. 283 

z 2s4 

MIL-HDBK-850 

INDEX 

295

STANDARDIZATION DOCUMENT IMPROVEMENT PROPOSAL 

1. Theprqming_ rr2sdc0n@eteb lodc91,2,3.and6. In block l. bolhthe document nuni=.mdr=’ti 

letter should be given. 

2. The sdwnitterdthbfwm rn@ cm@eteblock4, 5,-6. and 7. 

3. Ttwprqarkw adMtynn6t PIwklear#ywUMn 3Ctdayc fmmmcei@dthetom. 

NOTE: ~s bn’n tMy MI be US+@ 10t’equeSCOP&d dOCUTIEt’M6, w 10 request VW3ti~S, or clarifkaticm of 

requirements on aJrr@ contrads. Canrnentsedrnkted Onttk!sfOml dOnOttitiew k#yauhd2atiito 

Wivesny pwtiondthemhmnced docunwd(s) or to 8nlend cordrnclual m@mn=ds. 

. REASON FOR RECOMMENDATION 

DD Fon’11 1426, OCT 89 

1 

Fmtiu# dtbn, *M &mJob. ,mm

1 - NGA

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