COAET" • r

Almlr!rtTEArt~. 110rtAL 

~PPLE COAET" 

• r Dl~ESElllS 

TM 

1be Premier Magazine for Apple Computer Users 

VOLUME 3 NUMBER 2 MAY-JUNE 1982 

$3.25 .

On the new, slicked-up, patible daisy wheels and 

trimmed-down Starwriter F-10. ribbons. 

It's C. Itoh's latest genera- In its serial mode, it can 

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It cranks out flawless copy !including boldface, underat 

40 cps; and its full 15" lines, subscripts and supercarriage 

lets it double in brass scripts), and snap the carriage 

for both letter processing and back to start the next line 

business applications. You in less than a second. In its 

can plug it into almost any line mode, it prints in both 

micro on the market (serial or directions, for even faster 

parallel) simply by plugging it throughput. 

in. And then make it keep on (While making about as 

trucking with inexpensive, much noise as a cat walking 

easily available Diablo com- on Kleenex.) 

It's a nice, portable 30 

pounds-about 10 pounds 

lighter than the Starwriters 

before it. And it ~tands 

exactly as tall (or precisely as 

small) as a dollar bill. 

Speaking of which: 

Incredibly, the Starwriter F-10 

sells for about the same 

preposterously low price as 

its predecessors. Which is to 

say, about $800 less than a lot 

of other printers that don't 

even come close to measuring 

up. Or even better. . . 

Measuring down. 

Distributed Exclusively 

by Leading 

Edge Products, Inc., 

225 Turnpike Street, 

Canton, Massachusetts 

02021. Call: tollfree 

1-800-343-6833; 

or in Massachusetts 

call collect (617) 

828-8150. Telex 

951-624 

LEAD I MG 

EDGE:

Buy Five Megabytes 

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The Offer. for Apple D® Users-And Other Users, Too. 

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our Intelligent Disk Assembly, which indudes a stateof-the-art 

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power module. A cable set. A host adapter personality 

card. Apple DOS, CPI M® or Pascal software and a 

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mal

TakE a bilE ... 

Vol. 3, No. 2 

Cover: One of the Few Quiet .Moments at the Faire. Jim Gray photos . 

.Make the Devil Do It! - Neil Lipson . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

The Diablo Printer and the Apple Computer. 

File Cabinet Initializer I Stuffer - Mike Kramer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Improvements to an "Old Faithful" Data Base. 

Applesoft List Formatter - David H. Bartley. . .......... . ...... .. . 

A pretty and clear format for your program listings. 

Educational Uses of the Computer- Ted Perry 

From the Education SIGroup. 

Hello, Operator? - Joe Budge . . . . . . . . . . 

What's an Operating System, anyway? 

May - June, 1982 

Three Pascal "Features" - Paul Sand .................. .......... . 55 

When is a bug not a bug? 

West Coast Computer Faire - Amanda Hixson . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 

With photos of L'A{faire WaTTen by Jim Gray and Earl Rand. 

Apple I I I Invokable .Modules - Alan Anderson . . . . . . . . . . 66 

A start toward improving your SOS condiments. 

Will the Real Apple Pascal Please Stand Up? - Dr. Wo ..... 75 

Looking at transportable alternatives. 

DEPARTMENTS 

Textfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

Print Fre(Ed): Pyrex? - Val J. Golding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Planting a Seed: The Vanishing Hacker - Peter C. Weiglin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

IAC Sponsoring .Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

President's .Message - Ken Silverman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 

Forbidden Fruit - Mark L Crosby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 

Temptations, Necessities, and Delicacies. 

16 

26 

36 

50 

52

Vol. 3 No. 2 May-June 1982 

Entire contents Copyright © 1982 

by International Apple Core 

Peter C. Weiglin-Editor and Publisher 

Ingrid Worthge-Art Director 

Val J. Golding-Editorial Associate 

.Mark L Crosby-New Products Editor 

"Dr. Wo" -Pascal/Languages Editor 

EDITORIAL .MATERIAL TO: 

Apple Orchard 

910 A George St. 

Santa Clara, CA 95050 

(408) 727-7652 

ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVE 

Jeff Ginsberg 

(213) 45(}0056 

SUBSCRIPTIONS-DEALER INFORMATION 

Apple Orchard 



(408) 727-7652 

Karen Vanikiotis-Circulation Manager 

JenyVitt 

Ken Silverman 

Dave Gordon 

David Alpert 

Joe Budge 

Roger Keating 

AubyMandel 

Wolfgang Dederichs 

Harlan G. Felt 

James E. Hassler 

JenyVitt 

Scott Knaster 

Bernie Urban 

Tony Cerreta 

Fred Wilkinson 

James Simpson 

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE 

Officers 

Chairman 

President 

Vice-President 

Treasurer 

Secretary 

Regional Directors 

(214) 369-7660 

(408) 727·7652 

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409 Queen St W., Toronto, Ont, Canada M5V 2A5 

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(Northern United States) 

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(Eastern United States) 

(Eastern United States) 

(Western United States) 

(Western United States) 

Committee Chairmen 

SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS: 

Education SIG 

Ted Peny 

Ham Radio SIG 

James E. Hassler, WB7TRQ 

Handicapped SIG David McFarling 

Languages 

Tom Woteki 

Legal SIG 

Felix B. Clayton 

Medical SIG 

Lany L. Stoneburner 

ApNotes 

Apple Orchard 

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Telecommunications 

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Newsletter Exchange 

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(408) 866-1733 

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(312) 295-6078 

(415) 775-7965 

APPLE ORCHARD (ISSN 0277· ! 950) is published bi-monthly by the International Apple Core, Inc., 

910 A Georqe Sl, Santa Clara, CA 95050. Second Class postage pending at Santa Clara, CA and 

additional offices. 

Subscription rates: ~15.00 for six issues in the U.S.; $22.50 in U.S. funds for Canada, Mexico, APO 

and FPO addresses; and $27.50 in U.S. funds for addresses elsewhere. 

Send change of address notices and correspondence concerning subscriptions to: Apple Orchard, 

910 A George Sl, Santa Clara, CA 95050. 

Apple Orchard is a publication of the International Apple Core, a worldwide federation of Apple 

Computer User Groups. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors, and do not 

necessarily represent the views of the International Apple Core. While we appreciate the cooperation 

of Apple Computer, Inc. and other sponsoring members, the IAC and Apple Orchard do 

not necessarily represent the views of any of these companies. Our existence is derived from the 

thousands of Apple users, as individuals, and it is their interests which we serve.

All your needs 

in one basket. 

Bite-soft offers over 1,000 items, with all the Softalk Poll 

best-sellers in stock for immediate shipment In fact, 

if what you want appears anywhere in this magazine, 

chances are we have it in stock or on order. 

Call our toll-free numbers any time 24 hours a day to 

request our free catalog or to place your order for just 

about any Apple-compatible product We ship ASAP 

first class mail with no postage or handling charges .. . 

plus free bonus diskettes with every software shipment 

over $50. 

More than 100 publishers represented, including: 

Adventure Int'! Continental Lazer Systems Riverbank 

Artsci Dakin5/Level-10 Link Systems Sensible Software 

Astar Datamost LJK Enterprises Sentient Software 

Astro Graphics Datasoft Masterworks Sierra Software 

Aurora Systef!1S Data 'Jtansforrns Micro Lab Sir-Tech 

Avalon Hill Denver Software Micro Pro Sirius Software 

Avant Garde Edu-ware Microsoft Softape 

Beagle Bros. Hayden Software Muse Software Pub!. 

Brillig Systems High Technology Mytopia SDS 

Broderbund Highlands Nikrom Stoneware 

Bubblesoft Howard Software Omega Microware Strategic 

Budgeco HSD On-Line Systems Sub Logic 

Cali f. Pacific IUS Penguin Software Synergistic 

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CE Software Insoft Phoenix Software USA 

Computek Interlude Piccadilly Voyager 

Context L&S Computerware Quality Software Westware 

plus accessories, books, furniture, monitors, printers, and 

many hard-to· find computer SUJ,Jplies. 

TEXT FILE 

Well, here's the second issue of Apple Orchard published 

from our Santa Clara home office. At 112 pages plus cover, 

it should validate everyone's hopes that we have in fact 

become a bi-monthly publication. We're gratified by your 

response to the March·April issue. We're also not standing 

still; the Apple Orchard is continuing to expand, with your 

support and participation. 

And did we get comments on the philosophical observations, 

the unbashful opinions, the penetrating 

analyses of the computer? Naah. We got comments on the 

cover photo, namely the dirty fingernails on the Grubby 

Paws of the Future. Even got accused of running a dirty 

book Well, the photo shows the typical condition of the 

paws on a more or less typical 9 - year old male, 

immediately before discovery by his mother. Reality ain't 

always pretty, friends. 

This issue, Neil Lipson, the IAC's Software Chairman, 

naturally writes about .. er, hardware. Specifically, the 

Diablo printer, which is the letter-quality workhorse. Thanks 

too to the Diab lo folks for the photos and other information, 

despite the fact that some of Neil's opinions may not fit into 

their marketing plans. 

There has been much discussion of the "transportability" of 

the Pascal language. This issue, Paul Sand describes some 

"features" of Apple Pascal, and the redoubtable Dr. Wo 

covers some different available versions of Pascal In the 

July-August issue, Bill Shepard will provide a unit that 

allows the user a far greater measure of independence from 

specific hardware. 

And before the BASIC user feels totally left out, we have 

what has to be the prettiest of"prettyprint" programs we've 

seen for listing programs in BASIC, thanks to David Bartley. 

This one is a great help if you've ever puzzled over a printout 

of your latest program, with multiple statements in one 

program line, trying to figure out what goes where. The 

article appeared in much shorter form in the Apple-Dillo, 

the newsletter of the San Antonio Appleseed group; Mr. 

Bartley is its Editor. (Note that we will adopt this routine for 

use elsewhere in the magazine.) 

Toll-free I Operator 608: 

(800) 824-7888 

(800) 852·7777 in California 

(800) 824·7919 in Alaska/Hawaii 

F'or personal selection assistance, phone (213) 843-1155. 

Or. write P.O. Box 175. North Hollywood. CA 91603. 

Bite-soft is a,Ji\'ision 1,f Bitc-si7.e Computer System. Inc. 

Apple is a re~ istered trademark of Apple Compute1: Inc. 

As always, we invite your comments.

One Apple 

and$1,550 

can make a lot of pies. 

And charts. And graphs. 

Introducing the New Personal 

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Now you can use your Apple® computer 

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Count on it. 

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The eye is faster. 

For only $95, you can also get a 17057 Overhead 

Data, when visualized graphically, becomes information 

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Start plotting your next presentation today. 

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Clip and mail the coupon below. Now. 

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demonstrated you'll find a hundred ways to make your 

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On top of all that, it comes in an attractive design 

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When performance must be measured by results 

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I Seeing is believing. Send me a sample plot, an overhead transparency, and more detailed information. I 

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I Send to: Hewlett-Packard, 16399 W. Bernardo Drive, San Diego, CA 92127- Attn: Nancy Carter 

I 

• Apple is the registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 11202 A0/05 •

PRINT FRE(ED) 

by Val J. Golding 

What's this I hear about Pyrex? . .. 

The subject of piracy and protection 

has been mercilessly beat 

to death in the magazines, all of 

which, up till now, has accomplished 

little. We would like to feel 

these are the last words we need to 

pen on a matter that seems almost 

to border on the obscene, by virtue 

of its over-coverage. If you are a 

glutton for punishment, read the 

feature section in the April 1982 

Call -A.P.P.L.E. Dr. Lingwood 

offers what we believe is the only 

practical recourse for software 

manufacturers; Mark Pelczarski, 

president of Penguin Software 

joins with consumers and asks us 

to not abuse the trust he has shown 

in us by non-protecting new software 

releases. 

We have written and released 

one commercial program, our 

Directory Title Writer utility. Recently 

a major bug was brought to 

our attention, and while correcting 

that, we also removed the limited 

protection that was originally on 

the disk. We ask again that the 

industry, and particularly those 

who produce business-oriented 

programs, remove their locks 

and/or supply backup copies on a 

timely basis. 

We have tried assessing blame 

in the past; it seems somewhat 

fruitless. We cannot change what 

has been and what is. 

Or can we. 

We have been to many club 

meetings of different user groups; 

we have witnessed copyrighted 

programs being traded; others 

have experienced similar scenes. 

We have heard the old story: "l 

gave it to my friend because he 

never would have bought it himself." 

That is a false assumption, 

one in which we can never determine 

the truth unless we do not 

give that copy away. 

As lAC member clubs, and as 

individuals, we have an obligation 

to our members, and to ourselves, 

to not avert our eyes. We must be 

able to live with ourselves, and we 

must realize that every individual 

action has potential consequences 

far beyond the limits of our imagination. 

We have already seen some 

results in the form of constantly 

increasing prices. 

Each lAC member club, upon 

filling out their application blank, 

swears they will not condone the 

duplication of copyrighted programs. 

The lAC has not the manpower, 

nor would they want to be a 

Scotland Yard of software. Thus, 

as member clubs, we must lead the 

way and set examples that not only 

set our own minds at ease, but can 

also serve to guide others. 

'That's pirates, Emily." 

"Never mind." 

8 Apple Orchard

"NIBBLE® IS TERRIFIC" 

(For Your Apple) 

NIBBLE IS: The Reference for Apple computing! 

NIBBU IS: One of the Fastest Growing Magazines in 

the Personal Computing Field. 

NmBl.E IS: Providing Comprehensive, Useful and 

Instructive Programs for the Home, Small Business, and 

Entertainment. 

NIBBLE IS: A Reference to Graphics, Games, Systems 

Programming Tips, Product News and Reviews, Hardware 

Construction Projects, and a host of other features . 

N•ll.E IS: A magazine suitable for both the Beginner and 

the Advanced Programmer. 

Each issue of NIBBLE features significant new Programs of Commercial Quality. Here's 

what some of our Readers say: 

- "Certainly the best magazine on the Apple II" 

- "Programs remarkably easy to enter" 

- "Stimulating and Informative; So much so that this is the first computer magazine I've 

subscribed to!'' 

- "Impressed with the quality and content." 

- "NIBBLE IS TERRIFIC!" 

In coming issues, look for: 

D Stocks and Commodities Charting D Assembly Language Programming Column 

D Pascal Programming Column D Data Base Programs for Home and Business 

D Personal Investment Analysis [J Electronic Secretary for Time Management 

D The GIZMO Business Simulation Game 

And many many more! 

NIBBLE is focused completely 

on the Apple Computer systems. 

Buy NIBBLE through your local 

Apple Dealer or subscribe now with 

the coupon below. 

Try a MBBLEI' 

..__ __________________ 

NOTE: 

- Domestic U.S. First Class subscription rate is $36.50 

- Canada Air Mail subscriptio n rate is $42.50 

- Outside the U.S. and Canada Air mail subscription rate is $47.50 

All payments must be in U.S. funds d rawn on a U.S. bank. 

·qgso by MICRO-SPARC., INC . Linco ln, Mass. 01773. All rights reserved . 

· App l «: · ~ a r1:1g15tered trademark of Apple Computer Company. 

r•••••••••••••••••••••• 

I nibble EB :=:; I 

I We accept Master Charge & Visa I 

I Box 325, Lincoln, MA. 01773 (617) 259-9710 

I 

I'll try nibble! 

I 

I Enclosed is my $19.95 (for 8 issues) Price effective Jan. 1, 1982 I. 

I (Outside U.S., see special note on this page.) 

I 

I D check D money order I 

Your subscription will begin with the next issue published after receipt of your 

I check/ money order. 

I 

I Card# Expires I 

1 1 Signature , ___ ___, 

I Name 

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Mdre~ 

I City 

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I State Zip I

VISA/MASTERCHARGE acc~ pt ed . 

$1.00 shipping/handling charge ..::. 

(California residents add 6% tax 

*Apple II a trademark of Apple. 

Computer, Inc.

Pla11ti114 

a SEEd ••• 

THE VANISHING HACKER 

Do you remember the "hacker," 

also known as the computer hobbyist? 

There he sits, late at night, programming, 

probing the machine's 

inner depths, sometimes cursing softly, 

others shouting ecstatically. The 

machine does what you tell it to do, 

not what you want it to do. 

The hacker can easily be picked 

out of a crowd; he (or she) is the one 

who bought an Apple for its own sake; 

who survived the "Whatcha gonna 

doowiddit'' inanities, and who gradually 

conditioned the machine to serve 

human needs. Sometimes by force. 

There was pride at the first successful 

simple BASIC program, and a growing 

competence on the part of the 

hacker. Explore Pascal? Maybe even 

venture into machine language? Sure, 

why not? It's even possible that the 

hacker's efforts filled some need in 

the marketplace, spawning a "basement" 

business or" cottage industry." 

It was probably inevitable, but in 

today's Apple world, the hacker is said 

to be vanishing from sight. He is being 

overwhelmed by the "users," who 

didn't buy Apples for the fun(!) of it, 

but to use the machine like any other 

appliance, for a job of work that had to 

be done. There is no interest there in 

pushing back frontiers; just keep up 

the inventory and that will be enough, 

thank you. 

But the "hacking" process goes 

through stages of development too 

.. . and there was a creativity born of 

necessity in the early days of the 

Apple II phenomenon that we see less 

of today, because there is more, and 

more refined, material available. 

Hacking is no longer necessary to 

achieve rapport with the Apple II. 

Net result: fewer people become 

hackers, although more people are 

users. Ask the market researchers; 

they'll tell you that the hobbyist is not 

the marketplace. In fact, "hobbyist" is 

almost a dirty word to the corporate 

newcomers in their three-piece suits, 

come to profit where hackers blazed 

the trail. 

We owe thanks to the hackers for 

the microcomputer. No large or even 

medium sized corporation brought it 

forth, although these are now stressing 

the bandwagon to near its weight 

limits. Of the hackers who gave this 

industry its start, some have been 

rewarded beyond dreams; others have 

been forgotten, or have had to endure 

seeing. others receive acclaim not 

altogether due them. Growth and 

corporateness has become inevitable, 

and that is not a climate in which 

hackers flourish. 

Apple The Company is a classic 

example of sudden growth and the 

human problems that accompany it. 

The attempt to impose the institutional 

structure of a large corporation 

on what conventional business wisdom 

calls " Camp Runamok" is, frankly, 

a battle, to be won only at great 

cost. Meanwhile, the "hackers" who 

created Apple The Company are leaving; 

most notably co-Founder and 

hacker folk hero Steve Wozniak 

'Twas ever thus; Watt, Newcomen, 

Cooper, the Wrights, Ford, were all 

hackers. T. A. Edison was a "hacker" 

of the first water, unconcerned by the 

politics of the Corporate Research 

budget. And he too was cast aside by 

the corporate grayness that survives, 

"bringing good things to life" today. 

From a societal standpoint, it'5 

probably better to have more than 

500,000 people improving their lives 

somewhat as users, than 10,000 

hackers, consumed by an electronic 

passion but operating in relative obscurity. 

So the market is better for 

everyone. 

And has the "hacker spirit" really 

been done in? Fat chance. Just check 

out the Apple / / / Group, which displays 

those telltale pioneering overtones. 

No, if the hackers "vanish" at 

all, they vanish like a scouting party; 

over the horizon, ahead of the rest of 

us. 

May -June 1982 11

LEllE1~s 

to tl1E Edito1~ 

Copy Protection 

Sir: 

Kudos to Andent, Inc. for their 

continued sale and support of 

software without copy protection 

(Letters, Apple Orchard, March· 

April 1982). It seems that other 

software companies are coming 

around to the realization that 

such" protection" actually costs them 

more sales than does the piracy. 

As manufacturer of the original 

Lower Case Adapter, I have had over 

100 calls asking whether the LCA is 

compatible with VisiCalc. I have to 

answer thC!t the LCA doesn't interfere 

with VisiCalc, but that there won't be 

lower case type. And, because 

VisiCalc is copy-protected, I don't 

know how to modify it to utilize lower 

case. 

I would like to use VisiCalc myself, but 

have not purchased it for two 

reasons: I can't allow my business to 

be dependent on a software package 

that can't be backed up, and nearly all 

of my work is done on 8-inch disks, 

and VisiCalc can't be "moved up" to 

the bigger disks. 

12 Apple Orchard 

I can't imagine any business 

knowinglytying itself to a product that 

can't be backed up, regardless of how 

good the product is. And what if a 

business does start using a product, 

then later needs more disk space? 

Mail Orders 

Sir: 

Dan Paymar 

Durango, CO 

We find the no-mail order policy 

recently implemented by Apple 

Computer very distasteful. 

Apple's new policy was described 

as an effort to provide consumer 

education and promote customer 

satisfaction. This is patently false, and 

we're surprised that Apple would 

think that a group of computer users 

would fall for it There is also the 

question of restraint of trade, which 

the courts can handle, but the first 

point made can be addressed here. 

By removing the mail-order houses 

from the marketplace, the customer 

is forced to buy at retail stores, where 

the prices are generally higher. 

Limiting a consumer's options is 

never in his best interest Further, 

because a large portion of Apple's 

current "family" became members 

by mail, this can't help but have an 

effect on Apple's market share. 

The claim that "only the retail stores 

can provide the necessary service 

and education" is based on a faulty 

assumption: that the retail stores can 

and do provide this service. In the 

areas of both sales and service, many 

stores just have not justified Apple's 

confidence in them. A good retailer is 

rare, and most are poor at applying 

their products to the needs of thew 

their products to the needs of the 

user. They are good at developing 

schedules of high prices, though. 

The "customer satisfaction" that 

Apple is trying to improve would be 

better served if Apple leaned on its 

retailers, rather than removing a spur 

to better performance. The con· 

sumer who orders by mail knows 

that he can't get personal service; his 

eyes are wide open. 

And, if Apple enforces the mail order 

ban, how will someone outside of a 

metropilitan area purchase equipment? 

For that matter, what if any 

store is out of stock? 

We do support our retailers when they 

have products and services we can 

use, given price and availability

Yes, please send me a dealer list for Screen Director ! 

Name _____________ Title ___________ 

Company ____________ Address. _________ 

City _______ st ___ Zip ____ Phone..__,__ _____ 

D I would like additional information on Apple Business Graphics and its use 

D with this printer or plotter: ________________ 

D with these other programs: __________ _ _ ____ 

D to produce xerox color copies, overhead transparencies and 35mm slides 

D I am a dealer. Apple Orchard 5182

Software Breakthrough! 

THE WORD HANDLER 

BY SILICON VALLEY 

THE ONLY WORD PROCESSOR IN THE WORLD 

FOR THE APPLE THAT: 

• Gives you full line capability on the screen, no boards nee. 

• Two character formats to choose from at alftimes! 

RUNS WITHOUT ANY HARDWARE MODIFICATIONS/ 

HIGH POWER 

Simplicity of 

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LARGE SCALE 

Direct to disk! 

All functions seen on the screen! 

• Lower and uppper case • Even and normal justification 

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• Superscript, bold, and turnkey systems in the 

unlimited tabs 

$13-$20,000 range 

• Proportional spacing 

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 

1625 EL CAMINO REAL, SUITE 4 

BELMONT.CA 94002 

(415) 593-4344 

0 

Iii~ 

INTRAs PSIO - Programmable Serial 1/0 board is fully compatible with current Apple' 

software including Pascal I.I. Applesoft.' and Integer Basic. It provides a full EIA RS-232 DTE 

interface to most modems. primers and CRT terminals as well as an opto-1solated current 

loop interface strappable for full or half duplex. active or passive. 2-wrre or 4-wrre. 20rnA or 

60mA operation up to 200V 

On board I K ROM software enables user programmable printer width control. delay after 

carriage return, automatic line-feed generation. and video display Serial character format is 

user alterable with the most popular configurations set as default conditions 

Unique to the PSIO are a full range of continuously variable. programmable asynchronous 

data rates to 19.2 K baud; automatic recognition of the incoming data rate from a remote 

terminal; and firmware routines to pulse-dial calls omo the international Telex-TV.IX network. 

,, O

•For ttie 48K Apple* II with Applesoft ROM 

aod one floppy disc driVe. 

Apple IS a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

It is generally believed (particularly by people who own 

them!) that the Diablo printers represent the ultimate in 

dependability and letter quality character output. They're 

made by a subsidiary of the Xerox Corporation, and are 

"daisy wheel" type printers. The characters are formed by 

the impact of raised letters around the circumference of a 

print wheel, rather than a multi-wire dot matrix print head. 

Thus, the letters are generally better-formed; they're indistinguishable 

from those produced by a good typewriter, 

which is the " letter-quality" standard. In fact, the Diablo 

mechanism is used on Xerox's word processor printers. It's 

a top of the line printer, with prices to match for the heavyduty 

models. What we'll try to do in this article is to summarize 

many of the hints, tips, and tricks which may help you to 

interface the Diablo printers to your Apple II. We'll also 

provide other pertinent information on this printer. 

Interfacing 

Any and every printer you connect to a computer requires 

some kind of interface connection; let's consider this before 

going into the printer itself. While there are some diehards 

who have connected printers to the game 1/0 port, the 

normal interface is with a card plugged into one of the 

Apple's eight peripheral slots. For the Diablo, the first 

recommendation for minimize trouble is to use the Apple 

High Speed Serial Card, Catalog No. A2L0008. Make absolutely 

sure, when you purchase the card, that it comes with 

the P-8A PROM chip, not just the plain P-8. (It's rumored that 

there is later version, but there is no hard information on it at 

this time. 

The card should go in peripheral Slot 1. It could be any 

slot, but Slot 1 has been established by custom, and much 

software is configured for that location. In fact, Slot 1 is 

necessary for proper operation with Apple PASCAL. 

With the Serial Card, make sure you get the addendum 

manual for use with letter-quality printers. This explains the 

use of the P-8A PROM, and has some in-depth technical 

notes. Also covered is the setting of the seven DIP (dualinline 

pin) switches in a little box on the card. Switches 1, 2, 

and 3 control the baud rate, or data transmission rate. 

Switch 4, when OFF, keeps the Apple from sending characters 

when the Diablo isn't ready. Switches 5 and 6 control 

the width of the printed line, and Switch 7, when ON, keeps 

the Serial card from generating extra linefeeds. So, for a 

normal setting, with a 1200 baud data transmission rate and 

40-column line width, the setting of the DIP switches is: 

Switch Status 

1 OFF 

2 OFF 

3 ON 

4 OFF 

5 ON 

6 ON* 

7 ON 

16 Apple Orchard

Notice that Switch 6 is marked. If you leave this ON, by 

selecting either the 4Ckolumn or 72-column line width, 

you'll be able to see the output on your video screen while 

printing (set at the 40 character width). With any of the other 

settings for the combination of Switches 5 arid 6 (refer to 

page 16 in the Serial Card manual) you will not see the video 

while printing. For some programs, however, such as the 

Graphics Printing System that does "dumps" of a Hi-Res 

screen image to the printer, you must have the line width set 

to 80 characters, which is Switch 5 ON and Switch 6 OFF. 

· There is one problem with the High Speed Serial Card if 

your Apple also contains a Hayes Modem. If you put the 

Serial Card in Slot 1, then don't put the modem in Slot 2, 

even though that's what Apple The Company recommends 

for operation with PASCAL Electronic signals on the two 

cards sometimes interact with each other in unintended 

and strange ways. I have been told by a reliable source that 

the modem can be moved to either Slot 4 or Slot 7, and it 

will still operate with PASCAL Mine is in Slot 4, but as of yet I 

have not tried it with PASCAL. 

Which Diablo Model? 

Next comes the decision on which Diablo model to buy, 

and why. (We' re assuming here that you have already eliminated 

other printers.) You have a choice of Diablo models 

1640, 1650, 630, or possibly a used 1620. The 1600 models 

can come with ("KSR"; keyboard send/receive) or without 

("RO"; receive only) the keyboard. The 630 comes as an 

RO model only; no keyboard. Personally, I like a keyboard 

on a printer, for a few reasons. First, you can use the printer 

as an independent terminal with the proper modem without 

even using the Apple at all. In addition, you can use it as a 

typewriter, although it is not quite the same as an expensive 

electric typewriter. The reason is that to see what you are 

typing, you must leave it on the" scroll" select. The resulting 

up-and-down shifting of the paper can drive you slowly crazy 

after a while, so you turn it off, but then you can't easily see 

what you' re typing. However, it can work this way if you want 

to, and it quite often helps if you have only a short line or an 

address to type. 

With the keyboard option, you can easily set the vertical 

and horizontal motion indices (more on this later). However, 

one important reason for a keyboard is that with the IN #1 

command you can type to the Appie from the Diablo and 

have a written copy of your program or whatever while 

you're typing. The Apple video will show what you are 

typing. Further, you can type upper and lower case, and 

even the forbidden characters like the reverse Applesoft 

prompt. In addition, the Diablo keyboard comes with a 

numeric keypad, and this in itself can be priceless for some 

situations. The KSR or keyboard option costs about $150 

more, and it's worth it. 

However, back to the choice of which printer to buy, ifyou 

have not already purchased one. Let me state this up front: 

my personal feeling is that the Diablo 1640, with keyboard, 

is the way to go. That's based on my analyses and prejudices; 

yours may be different. 

The 1650 uses metal print wheels, which cost about 

$40-$60. The 1640 uses plastic wheels, which cost about $7. 

Therefore for about $50, you can have 7 different plastic 

wheels instead of one metal one. And, there is a far greater 

variety of plastic wheels and manufacturers than there is for 

metal wheels. If you use your printer for some very heavy 

duty use, be informed thatthe metal wheels last about five 

times longer; but keep in mind that metal wheels are more 

than five times the cost, so you may save nothing. By the 

way, the only 20-pitch print wheel available is plastic. More 

about print wheels later. 

The Diablo 630 is another option. This model uses either 

metal or plastic wheels interchangeably. It is a more recently 

introduced model than the 1600 series, sells for a lower 

price, and while the 630 owners I know have had reasonably 

good results with them, there are some features available on 

the 1600' s that don't appear on the 630. It's the old story of 

getting what you pay for. 

First, adjustments: on the 630 you can't adjust the 

hammer intensity. That means, for example, that the large 

letter Orator 90% comes out very light on this printer. On the 

May ·June 1982 1 7

1640, you have a choice of three intensities. Similarly, the 

paper thickness adjustment on the 630 gives you only three 

choices, while the 1640 gives you six. 

Second, speed: the 630 is somewhat slower, at 40 char· 

acters per second (CPS) compared to the 1640 at 55 CPS. 

Third, it is not all that much cheaper than the 1640, as there 

are many more "sales" for the 1640 than for the 630. 

It is possible that in the distant future the 1640 and 1650 

will be discontinued, as the 630' s appear to be cheaper to 

manufacture. So, if you want a 1640 or 1650, don't wait 

forever to buy one. True, the 630 can take either plastic or 

metal wheels, but the improvement in print quality using 

metal wheels rather than plastic wheels is detectable only 

with a magnifying glass, and even then it's difficult for me. In 

my opinion, the metal wheel is not worth all the extra money 

for 95% of applications. Again, the choice is yours. 

The 630 is said to be more reliable, but many people, 

including myself, have trouble belieVing this. The 1640 and 

1650 models have been the work horses of the industiy for 

the last few years. Their ability to stay out of repair shops is 

almost legendaiy, and in my opinion, they are about as 

close to state of the art as you'll find right now. Maybe 

someone will have something better in the future, but at 55 

CPS, the 1640 is in a class of its own. 

Ribbons 

Let's talk about ribbons for a while. There are three 

different types of ribbons for the Diablo: fabric, multi-strike, 

and single-strike. The fabric ribbon is OK for most applications, 

but like its typewriter counterpart, it does not give the 

best letter image quality. Fabric ribbons are usually woven 

nylon and have the longest life, but they will lighten up as 

you use them,. and will collect dirt in the print wheels, which 

18 Apple Orchard

necessitates frequent deaning. They're great for drafts, but 

their ecomomy may be offset by their inconvenience; who 

wants to keep changing ribbons back and forth for various 

purposes? 

The second ribbon type is .the multi-strike. It is made of a 

mylar material, and is advanced one-fourth of a character 

width for each letter strike. The print quality is better than the 

fabric ribbon, making the multi-strike ribbon best for all· 

around work The ribbon travels through the cartridge only 

once, which has led to an increasing 'interest in " recycling" 

or reloading of the used cases with new ribbons. The 

recyclers have a growing market, despite the· claims of 

some ribbon manufacturers that the reloaded cases do hot 

work quite as effectively as hew ones. The recycled ribbon is 

less costly, of course, so again, the choice is yours. 

The third ribbon type, which is the single strike, gives the 

best imageby far, and can be used for offset masters. These 

ribbons are also quite expensive to use. They strike only 

once, therefore you use four times as many ribbons as the 

multi-strike. In addition, the cost about 40% more. Each. 

(Ouch! -PCW.) 

Keep in mind that all ribbons have a shelf life, so make 

sure that if you buy them in quantity, use the oldest one first. 

The ribbons come in black and brown. I have heard of 

one manufacturer th~t makes multi-colored ribbons, but do 

not have the name, and hopefully some reader will fill me in 

on who makes them. 

Print Wheels 

I could write an entire book on pririt wheels;, but will 

restrict myself to some general points. In 1981, ~bout 10 

million plastic printwheels were· sold, . compared to about 

700,000 metal wheels. The selection of type styles available 

on plastic wheels is much greater than the variety of metal 

ohes. My oW11 collection of about 12 plastic wheels covers 

all of the applicatiohs that I ever could imagine. If I wanted, I 

could even purchase a Hebrew wheel, or almost any other 

language. Figure 1 is a sampler of available print wheel 

types. 

Warning: al,I wheels do not have exactly the same charac· 

ters, inthe same places; This is because different users have 

different needs. Check carefully to avoid getting a"#'• when 

you really wanted a " ." 

The difference ih print quality between 

plastic and metal wheels is 

very hard to detect.. 

Vydec, by qcxon Systems, makes a glass~reinforced plastic 

wheel that lasts three tiines longer that standard plastic 

wheels. As you would expect, it is about three times the cost. 

These give excelleht print quality, and you can even get 

them in 15 pitch ( 15 characters per inch printing). AGT 

Computer Products manufactures a 20 pitch pi-intwheel, 

but you must slow down the printer to use it because the 

print is so small that the wheel acts like tiny little teeth that 

can chew up your ribbon. 

There are even some manufacturers that will custom 

make wheels for you. You can even take an existing wheel, 

send it to them, and they can put on a special character in 

place of one of the letters. The cost can be somewhat 

expensive, but for one letter it is only about $20. ( Check, for 

example, with Camwil Co. of Honolulu; 800-367-5675. 

And let us know of others. -PCW). 

As was previously mentioned, plastic wheel printers can 

operate at speeds up to 55 characters per second; metal 

wheel printers operate at about 35 CPS. The plastic wheel is 

also much quieter than the metal one. 

You must take care to set the intensity of the printer 

hammer such that it is high for multipJe copy printing, 

medium for 10 pitch wheels, and low for 12, 15 or 20 pitch 

wheels. If these precautions are not taken, yoll will have 

shorter than normal print wheel lif~.That's the reason why 

the ability to vary the hammer intensity is important. 

When you purchase plastic printwheels, make sure that 

th~ pei-iod chara,cter has an overlay of metal. The reason for 

this is that with the graphics printer programs, or even lines 

of dots, the period is heavily µsed. The metal period can take 

a lot more of the beating it's sure to get. 

The Apple Serial Card with P-BA 

PROM avoids the most trouble. 

Setting the Printer DIP Switches . 

We've already covered the DIP switches in the Serial 

Interface card in yoµr Apple: There are also DIP switehes to 

be set in the printer, ·and the settings must correspo11d 

where required. The most important area of required car· 

i"espondence is the baud. rate. If you set the Serial Card 

switches for 1200 baud, then the printer switches must be 

set for 1200 baud. A less obvious example is this: if you have 

the parity set wrong, the Escape "E" will not work Many 

strange things like this can and do happen, so be careful. 

The Paper Out switch should· be OFF, Speed should be 

1200 baud (Switch 2 OFF and Switch 3 Oh), Duplex should 

be OFF, Switch 5 should be EVEN, with Switch 6 OFF (no 

parity). You can choose either 10 or 12 pitch for the next 

switch, delending on the wheel i.n use, and put Switch 8 ON 

for the auto carriage return. Switches 9, 10, and 11 are not 

normally used unless you have the options. 

The Test switch is best left OFF, unless you want to test 

the printer. ,The test process causes the printer to execute a 

preprogrammed .test sequence. When you test, make sure 

you have full width 14" paper in the printer, as the test prints 

the entire carriage width. 

May -June 1982 19

ier 10 

Th . the Diablo io~SCII wheel 

i s 1 s 

It . 

1 . s a 

. f u 1 

wit . ht the 0 • 

wheel. will not1cer listings 

as you 

·s exce 

llent fo 

It 1 

an d such. 

This is the Qume Gothic 15 wheef onty 

with the HMt set to 13.3 characters 

per inch and the VMt set to 8 I ines 

per inch instead of the standard 6. 

This is the Qume letter gothic 12 

wheel. A11 of the Qume wheels will 

work perfectly on the Diablo, and in 

addition they have metal periods. 

This is essential when doing graphics. 

f the pr1n · t face . of f 

This is . an ~ xample 12 of o the VYDEC line o 

pres tige elite 

pr in . t wheels. 

Figure 1 

20 Apple Orchard

Expand your Apple into 

a full CP/M system. 

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U-ZSO. 

Just plug it in and it runs thousands of 

additional programs, no modifications required. 

The U-280, imported from England, 

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dBase II, Accounting Plus, Spellguard, 

Microsoft Basic and much more. 

CDS is the leading discount supplier for 

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Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer 

Softcard is a trademark of Microsoft

Vertical and Horizontal Motion Indexes 

One of the most powerful features of the Diablo is your 

ability to set the vertical and horizontal motion indexes; this 

gives close and flexible control of the expansion or conden· 

sation of the prin(, both vertically and horizontally. This is 

excellent foi: gr~pn!cs, text, or whatever: Legal contracts 

using a 15 pitch wheel, for example, may use a horiz1::mtal 

motion index (HMI) of'abdut 15 per inch, while a large type 

face such as Orator 90% may use 8 per i1:,tch. The VMI 

should also be adjl..istec:I to in the sarrie manner to compensate 

fort~ese differ~nces. ·· 

A po~erful feature is close 'cqntrol 

of vertical and horizont;4l pitc~ 

These adjustments can easily be made from the Diablo 

keyboard, or under software control (or the Apple keyboard). 

With the Diablo keyboard, to adjust the HMI type 

, C:trl-, and the code for the desired value. ('Ctrl 

'-is called" US," and is ASCII 31 ). For example, to print at 15 

pitch (15 characters per inch, horizontally), enter 

, Ctrl ·, and Ctrl I. The Diablo will then type at 

that setting. 

The vertical adjustment is only slightly different; the aper· 

ative control code is called "RS,'' with an ASCII value of 30. 

We access it with 'Ctrl .'So, to compress the vertical to 8 

lines"per inch from the normal 6, type , Ctrl =, 

Ctrl G. Now type anything on the · Diablo keyboard and 

watch how small the motion is, including line feeds. 

To do the same thing from the Apple, we use the ASCII 

codes in the print routines of our pr9grams. For example, in 

Applesoft we can do the same thing we just did above, this 

way: 

10 PRINT CHR$(27) CHR$(31) CHR$(9) 

20 PRINT CHR$(27) CHR$(30) CHR$(7) 

The 27 is the ASCII code for , the 31 is the'"'-, 

the 30 is is the" =."the 9 applies to 15 HMI, and the 7 applies 

to 8 VMI. Make sure you ·put all three of the characters 

required for a command on one line or the printer will not 

accept the after a'carriage return. 

Figure 2 is a list of the CHR$ values, the keyboard command, 

the HMI, and the VMI. In addition, for the specialists 

we have some additional modes that are controlled by the 

ESCAPE functions: - 

J;:SC 0 · set right margin ESC 1 · set horizontal tab ESC 2 

-clear all tabs ESC 3 ·tum on graphics mode ESC 4 ·tum off 

graphics mode ESC 5 ·print forward ESC 6 ·print backward 

ESC 8 · clear individual tab ESC 9 · set left margin ESC A 

,print in red (with proper ribbon) ESC B · print in black 

(default) ESC D · negative half linefeed ESC U ·positive half 

line feed ESC CTRL I (n) ·absolute horizontal tab ESC CTRL 

J · negative line feed ESC CTRL K (n) ·.absolute vertical tab 

ESC CTRL (n) · $et VMI ESC CTRL (n) · set HMI. 

Cl!R$(n) 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

Diab1o Printer HMI/VMI Chart 

Keyboard 

Control 

Ctrl 'l' 

Ctrl 'A' 

Ctrl 'B' 

Ctrl 'C' 

Ctrl 'D' 

Ctrl 'E' 

Ctrl 'F' 

Ctrl 'G' 

Ctrl 'H' 

Ctrl 'I' 

Ctrl 'J' 

Ctrl 'K' 

Ctrl 'L' 

Ctrl 'M' 

Ctrl 'N' 

Ctrl 'O' 

Ctrl 'P' 

Ctrl 'Q' 

Ctrl 'R' 

Ctrl 'S' 

Ctrl 'T' 

Ctrl 'U' 

Ctrl 'V' 

Ctrl 'W! 

Ctrl 'X' 

Ctrl 'Y' 

Ctrl 'Z' 

ESC 

Ctrl 

Ctrl 

Ctrl 

Ctrl 

SPACE 

II 

$ 

% 

& 

( 

) 

* 

+ 

I 

0 

1 

I 

I 

I I I 

'=' ,_, 

Vertical 

Pitch 

(lines/in) 

48 

24 

16 

12 

9.6 

8 

7 

6 

5.3 

4.8 

4.4 

4 

3.7 

3.4 

3.2 

3 

2.8 

2.7 

2.5 

2.4 

2.3 

2.2 

2. 1 

2 

1. 9 

1.85 

1. 78 

1. 71 

1. 66 

1. 6 

1. 55 

1.5 

1.45 

1.41 

1. 37 

1.33 

1.30 

1.26 

1. 23 

1.20 

1. 17 

1.14 

1. 12 

1:09 

1.06 

1.04 

1. 02 

1.00 

(Prestige Elite, 12 Pitch) 

Figure 2 

Horiz. 

Pitch 

(cols/in) 

120 

60 

40 

30 

24 

20 

17 

15 

13. 3 

12 

11 

10 

9.25 

8.5 

8 

7. 5 

7 

6.7 

6.3 

6 

5.75 

5.5 

5.25 

5 

4.75 

4.6 

4.44 

4.3 

4.14 

4 

3.87 

3.75 

3.64 

3.53 

3.45 

3.33 

3.24 

3.16 

3.08 

3.00 

2.93 

2.86 

2.79 

2.73 

2. 67 

2.61 

2.50 

2.50 

22 Apple Orchard

Introducing the hands-on chess 

_,,,,;:.;:;;;..;;;;;;;, peripheral for your Apple II .. . 

ECK THE 

TEJ 

If you are a chess 

enthusiast who has 

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back where it belongs· 

in your hands. 

The Mate is a strategy 

game peripheral which 

comes complete with a 

powerful chess program 

on cassette or 

diskette (5 1/4 floppy). 

In fact, you can even 

write your own chess 

program. 

All you do is move the 

magnetic pieces on the 

sensor chessboard and 

the computer will sense 

the move and respond 

with his, through LED 

lights on each square 

of the board. Of course, 

the computer display 

screen will continue to 

show the game in progress. 

With The Mate, you can 

bypass cumbersome 

keyboard operations 

and concentrate on the 

game at hand. And 

because its chess program 

can be upgraded 

ona continuing basis, 

The Mate will never be 

obsolete. This could be 

the perfect electronic 

chess game. If you have 

an Apple II. 

® 

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Apple II is a registered trademark of 

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,,, chess, et al 

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J 

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I Credit card orders are accepted by phone. 

I For mail orders'. please fill out~ mail enti re page. 

I Name, ______________ 1 

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I State Zip~. _____ 1 

I Phone~-------------• 

D Check or money order enclosed 

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Special Interest Points 

There are a few other things about the Diab lo printer that 

should be mentioned. If you want to use it with another 

computer, as for example an Apple / / / or a Commodore 

8032, you must first correct one of the wires on the HPR04 

board inside the unit to insure proper handshaking. The 

Apple II will work properly with or without this modification, 

but those of you with two computers may want to make this 

change. 

Neil Lipson has both degrees in Electrical Engineering 

and an MBA from Drexel University in Philadelphia, PA 

He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Pennsylvania, 

and works as a micro-computer consultant in the Philadelphia 

areci. Neil was the founding vice-president of the 

IAC, and is the present Software Chairman. He started 

the Philadelphia Apple Club in 1978, and is still its Presi· 

dent. He developed the Lipson Light Pen for the Apple in 

1978, and has written software for both Powersoft and 

Progressive Software in areas of finance and engineering. 

Biii Budge, creator of 

"Rosier Blaster," needs It: 

Follow the maintenance schedule closely according to 

the manual to insure long term operation. The printer is 

known for long term operation with a minimum of breakdowns, 

and most of the people 1 know (including myself) 

have never had a repair, unless they spilled a milkshake 

down inside the machine. Lightly oil the "rail" periodically 

for smooth print operation, as the manual recommends. 

Always keep the unit covered when not in use, and provide 

good air circulation for cooling when it is in use. If you plan 

to buy a tractor feed, as 95% of us do, pay a little extra and 

get the bi-directional unit. It makes life a .lot easier both for 

normal use, and if you want to do something fancy like 

reverse printing. 

You could operate the unit with the cover off if you pull up 

the cover switch, but watch out for fingers, or hair getting in 

the works. Never touch the print wheel while the unit is on. It 

tries to put it in the proper sequence, and the slightest touch 

will cause it to jump. This includes the wheel-ribbon assembly. 

By the way, the entire wheel-ribbon assembly moves 

easily right or left only when the power is off, to change 

ribbons, wheels, etc. 

And last but not least, I have included two HI-RES dumps 

using the Graphics Printing System by Paul Mosher M. D., of 

myself and Donald Duck (I'll let you guess which one is me). 

As we have .seen, this printer can do just about anything, and 

the applications are limited only by your imagination. 

FEATURES: 

•All registers displayed 

•Compatible with oil 

Apple languages 

•Completely relocatable 

•Full hex and ASCII 1/ 0 

•Multiple options while 

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•Literal and transparent 

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•Resident assembler 

•Resident disassembler 

•User-definable screen 

•Rom screen dump in 

hex and ASCII 

•Comprehensive 

documentation 

•Single keystroke 

operation 

•Instructional cycle 

counter 

•Hexadecimal/ 

decimal 

conversions 

•Con run in odd"on 

ram cord 

Who else needs BugByter? 

... Apple'users who want to learn 

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... Apple programmers in need of a 

complete 6502 debugging tool. 

... Educators who need to demonstrate 

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BugByter 

is 

NOW AVAILABLE AT $39.95 

on diskette for Apple II or Apple II + 

from 

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( 415) 526-9100 

•Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc. 

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24 Apple Orchard

appla ®compatible! 

appla compatible! 

SELECT-A-PORT 

Provides switch selectable sockets to extend the flexibility of the APPLE's®game port. 

• Plugs directly into the game socket 

• Attractive case matches the color and texture of the Apple® 

• May hang conveniently on either side of the Apple® or set 

flat on non-skid rubber feet 

• 3 switch selectable sockets isolated by diodes to insure 

against device to device interference 

• 1 switch selectable socket which automatically modifies the 

Joystick or paddles to operate as the second unit in dual 

Joystick games or four game paddle games 

• Socket with no isolation for those special highly sensitive 

devices 

• Large pushbuttons 

• Highest industrial quality components throughout 

• Fits conveniently in the hand 

• Extra long 60 inch cords 

• External trim adjustments to perfectly match the unit 

to your application and computer 

• Self-centering on both axes (may be disabled) 

• Two large pushbuttons 

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GAME CONTROLLERS 

$5995 

JOYSTICK 

Available at your dealer or order direct 

Allow 2 weeks for shipment. 

All mail orders add $2.00 for postage and insurance. 

Dealer inquiries invited. 

Texas Residents add 5% tax. 

Apple is a Registered TM of Apple Computers, Inc.

FILE CABINET STUFFER 

AND 

FILE CABINET FILE INITIALIZER 

by Mike Kramer 

Houston Area Apple Users' Group 

It is generally agreed that data 

storage and retrieval is one of the 

most popular uses of the personal 

computer. The validity of this statement 

is evidenced by the abundance 

of commercially-available software 

such as DB Master, Data Factory, 

Information Master, and PFS. These 

software packages offer a lot of 

power and capability, but they often 

require use of two disk drives for efficient 

use and are possibly too expensive 

for personal use. With a few exceptions, 

the files can only be accessed 

by the programs that created 

them and cannot be used by user 

application programs. 

Most Apple users are probably 

familiar with one of the oldest data 

base systems available for the Apple 

II ... APPLE FILE CABINET. Although 

somewhat limited in capability 

when compared to the commercial 

data base programs, FILE 

CABINET provides a means of interactively 

defining data files, entering 

data, sorting, retrieving records containing 

specific data, deleting 

records, and printing reports. One of 

the best features of FILE CABINET is 

its price. It's available free of cost 

from your friendly Apple dealer as 

part of Volume 3 of the Apple Contributed 

Library. It's probably available 

from most users' group libraries 

(there are at least seven versions in 

the H.A.A.U.G. library, each a little 

better than the previous one). Perhaps 

the best thing about FILE 

CABINET is that the structure of the 

data files created by FILE CABINET 

is known and the files can be easily 

used by application programs. If 

FILE CABINET or the programs 

described below are used for setting 

up and maintaining files, those programs 

need not be burdened by involved 

data entry code. 

Although FILE CABINET provides 

many good capabilities, it is 

lacking in ease of use when the same 

data item or items are to be entered 

in consecutive records. This became 

apparent when FILE CABINET was 

first used to set up grade files for use 

with the grade reporting package I 

wrote for my Biology Teacher wife. It 

was quickly discovered that entry of 

a grade in each student's record required 

retrieval of his record by 

record number and entry of his test 

or daily work grade. With 150 students, 

this promised to become a 

real chore. Since I anticipated having 

to enter the grades myself, FILE 

CABINET STUFFER was developed 

to provide a means to enter one or 

more data items common to consecutive 

records in FILE CABINET files 

without having to call out those 

records. 

The second problem area was discovered 

when setting up grade files 

(you guessed it . . . for the same 

Biology Teacher wife). It seems that 

FILE CABINET requires that something 

be entered into every item of 

every record in a file. Given the fact 

that three files containing 20 items 

per record were to be created each 

six weeks for each of five classes 

averaging 30 students, I figured 

quickly that I did not have the time to 

enter 9000 (RETURNS) every time 

new files were set up. This time the 

answer was FILE CABINET FILE IN 

ITIALIZER, a program designed to 

create FILE CABINET files and preinitialize 

each data item with specified 

character, such as a blank or 

asterisk. 

26 Apple Orchard

FILE CABINET STOFFER 

When FILE CABINET STUFFER 

is run it first asks the user to insert the 

disk containing FILE CABINET 

FILES and press (RETURN). If they 

are not founa, he is asked to insert 

the correct disk and try again. When 

FILE CABINET files are found, the 

BASENAMEFILE is read and a list of 

data bases is displayed on the screen. 

The user selects the desired data 

base and the HEADERFILE, containing 

the data item names, and the 

INDEXFILE containing the actual 

data are read into memory. A list of 

data header names is then displayed 

and the user is .asked to specify 

whether he wants to be prompted by 

record number or by the contents of 

a particular header, such as 

"NAME". He is then asked to indicate 

how many items common to each 

record are to be displayed and which 

ones they are. If an "A' or "ALL" is 

entered in response to the "how 

many" question, it is not necessary 

to indicate which items. As soon as 

the options have been entered, the 

prompt item for the first specified 

record is displayed along with the 

current value of the first specified 

data item in that record. The user can 

then enter a new value, press 

(RETURN) if no change is to be 

made, or press (CTRL E) to erase 

the current value. If an ( * ) is entered 

or the last record has been processed, 

the user can optionally update 

the disk files, make more 

changes to the same data base, access 

a different data base, or end. 


When FILE CABINET FILE INI 

TIALIZER is run, it asks for the new 

file name, the. number of records, 

and the character to be entered into 

every item of ever}' record in the file. 

It also asks the user to enter the data 

headers(or data types) to be included 

in the file. A check is made to see if 

there are FILE CABINET files on the 

disk. If the selected file name already 

exists, an opportunity is given to 

change the name before the old file 

of the same name is overwritten. 

When the necessary information has 

been entered, FILE CABINET FILE 

INITIALIZER creates FILE CABINET 

files if they do not exist or adds to existing 

ones if they do. The monitor is 

turned on to permit observation of 

the creation process and then turned 

off when execution is terminated. 

The user can then use FILE CABI 

NET or FILE CABINET STUFFER to 

enter data whenever he wants. It is 

advisable to try FILE CABINET FILE 

INITIALIZER on a duplicate disk until 

proper operation is verified. 

ERROR HANDLING 

Proper op~ration of both FILE 

CABINET STUFFER and FILE CABI 

NET FILE INITIALIZER depends on 

use of the ONERR command provided 

in Applesoft Basic. FILE CABI 

NET in its various versions uses 

ONERR to determine whether files 

exist. It fails, however, to continue 

handling errors through the rest of its 

execution. This was discovered when 

a file had not actually been updated 

after a lengthy session because the 

disk was write-protected! 

FILE CABINET STUFFER and 


both contain error handling routines 

based on a technique presented in 

the September 1980 issue of CALL 

A.P .P.L.E. This technique permits 

selective handling of certain errors 

and optional recovery or termination 

with full access to system error 

messages contained in the monitor 

and in DOS. Try opening the door to 

the disk drive just before telling FILE 

CABINET STUFFER to update the 

disk, or write protect the disk before 

attempting to update it. With a little 

study you should be able to incorporate 

the technique in your programs. 

Maybe someone will add it to 

FILE CABINET!! 

FILE CABINET FILE STRUCTURE 

For those of you interested in using 

FILE CABINET files in your programs, 

the file · structures are summarized 

below. FILE CABINET uses 

sequential data files, which results in 

limited data base capacities, since 

the whole file must be held in main 

memory. Having the whole file in 

memory does result in rapid retrieval 

of information. The number of data 

bases contained and their names are 

stored in. the BASENAMEFILE as 

shown in Figure 1. The BASENAME 

FILE is normally read into memory 

and either displayed in a menu as 

done in FILE CABINET STUFFER or 

searched by an application program 

for a specific file. If the desired basename 

is found, the string "HEADER 

FILE" is appended to the data base 

name to obtain the name of the file 

containing the headers, or data item 

names. The header file is read in to 

determine how many headers there 

are in each record and the header 

names. The structure of the header 

file is detailed in Figure 2. The string 

"INDEXFILE" is then appended to 

the data base name to obtain the 

name of the index or data file. The 

first thing read from the index file is 

the number of "records". The index 

file is usually read into memory using 

a pair of nested loops, where the 

range of the outer loop is equal to the 

number of headers and the range of 

the inner loop is equal to the number 

of records in the data base. Figure 3 

shows the index file structure. Examples 

of how to read these files can 

be found in both FILE CABINET 

STUFFER and FILE CABINET FILE 

INITIALIZER. 

RECORDO 

RECORD I 

RECORD 2 

RECORDN 

NO. OF DATA BASES 

ON FILE 

NAME OF FIRST 

DATABASE 

NAME OF SECOND 

DATABASE 

NAME OF LAST 

DATA BASE 

Figure 1. 

BASENAMEFILE Format 

RECORDO 

RECORD I 

RECORD2 

RECORD N 

NO. OF HEADERS IN 

DATA STRUCTURE 

FIRST HEADER 

SECOND HEADER 

LAST HEADER 

Figure 2. 

HEADERFILE Format 

Although an explanation of FILE 

CABINET is beyond the scope of this 

article, the file structures detailed 

above should be useful to those who 

wish to understand FILE CABINET 

STUFFER, FILE CABINET FILE INI 

TIALIZER, and FILE CABINET itself. 

A good tutorial of the original version 

of FILE CABINET can be found 

in the Apirl 1980 issue of Interface 

Age in the article "Data Base 

Management for the Apple II" by Phil 

Roybal of Apple Computer. Instructions 

for using FILE CABINET can be 

found in the Apple Software Bank 

Contributed Programs Volume 3. 

28 Apple Orchard

RECORDO 

RECORD I 

RECORD2 

RECORDM 

RECORDM+I 

RECORDM+2 

RECORDN 

NO. OF RECORDS IN 

THIS DATA BASE 

FIRST ENTRY OF 

FIRST RECORD 

SECOND ENTRY OF 

FIRST RECORD 

LAST ENTRY OF 

FIRST RECORD 

FIRST ENTRY OF 

SECOND RECORD 

SECOND ENTRY OF 

SECOND RECORD 

LAST ENTRY OF 

LAST RECORD 

180 

190 

200 

210 

220 

230 

240 

250 

GOSUB 870 

HOME : CLEAR 

VTAB 12: PRINT "INSERT FILE 

CABINET DISK - PRESS A KEY"; 

: GET A$: PRINT : HOME 

0$ = CHR$ (13> + CHR$ :0 

P$ = 0$ + "OPEN":WR$ = D$ + 

"WRITE":RD$ = 0$ + "READ":CL 

$ = 0$ + "CLOSE":DL$ = D$ + 

"DELETE": REM CHR$ IN D 

$ PERMITS MULTIPLE DISK COMM 

ANDS IN A PRINT STATEMENT 

BN$ = "BASENAMEFILE":HD$ = II 

HEADERFILE":IX$ = " INDEXFIL 

E" 

DIM HD$(20>,BN$(40} 

ONERR GOTO 810 

REM 

READ BASENAME FILE 

Figure 3. 

INDEXFILE Format 

260 

270 

280 

290 

300 

310 

320 REM 

PRINT OP$BN$RD$BN$ 

INPUT NB$:NB = VAL : NEXT N 

PRINT CL$ 

ONERR GOTO 830 

PRINT : INPUT "NAME OF NEW D 

ATA BASE? ":;DB$: IF LEN "FILE CABINET F 

ILE INITIALIZER" 

PRINT 

PRINT TAB< 15> "WRITTEN BY" 

PRINT 

PRINT TAB< 14>"MIKE KRAMER" 

PRINT 

PRINT TAB< 6>"HOUSTON AREA 

APPLE USERS GROUP" 

PRINT 

PRINT TAB ( 15> "MARCH 1982" 

PRINT 

PRINT "********************* 

*******************"• 

VTAB 20: HTAB 13: PRiNT "INS 

TRUCTIONS? ";: GET A$: PRINT 

: IF A$ < > II y.. AND A$ < > 

"N" THEN 160 

IF A$ = "Y" GOTO 970 

330 

340 

350 

360 

370 

380 

390 

400 

410 

420 

430 

IF ASC ( LEFT$ > < 6 

5 OR ASC < LEFT$ 

91 THEN PRINT : PRINT "NAME 

MUST START WITH A LETTER.": 

GOTO 310 

IF LEN 19 THEN PRINT 

: PRINT "NAME MUST HAVE LESS 

THAN 20 CHARACTERS": GOTO 3 

10 

FOR J = 1 TO NB 

IF DB$ = BN$(J) GOTO 390 

NEXT J 

NB= NB+ 1:NB$ = 

STR$ : 

BN$(NB> = DB$: GOTO 440 

PRINT : PRINT DB$:;" ALREADY 

EXISTS.": PRINT:· INPUT "REP 

LACE EXISTING FILE? ";A$:A$ = 

LEFT$ (A$. 1 ) : IF A$ < > II y 

II AND A$ "N" GOTO 390 

IF A$ = "N" GOTO 310 

PRINT OP$DB$HD$DL$DB$HD$ 

PRINT OP$DB$IX$DL$DB$IX$ 

REM . 

INPUT FILE INFO 

440 PRINT : INPUT "NUMBER OF REC 

ORDS? ";NR$:NR = VAL

490 PRINT D$"MONCIO" 

500 REM 

CREATE HEADER FILE 

510 PRINT OP$DB$HD$DL$DB$HD$ 

520 PRINT OP$DB$HD$WR$DB$HD$ 

530 PRINT NH 

540 FOR N = 1 TO NH 

550 PRINT HD$ 

560 NEXT N 

570 PRINT CL$ 

580 REM 

CREATE DATA FILE 

590 PRINT OP$DB$IX$DL$DB$IX$ 

600 PRINT OP$DB$IX$WRSDB$IX$ 

610 PRINT NR. 

620 FOR M = 1 TO NR 

630 FOR N = 1 TO NH 

640 PRINT ST$ 

650 NEXT N 

660 NEXT M 

670 REM 

WRITE BASENAME FILE 

680 PRINT CL$ 

690 PRINT OP$BN$WR$BN$ 

700 PRINT NB 

710 FOR N = 1 TO NB 

720 PRINT BN$ 

730 NEXT N 

740 PRINT CL$ 

750 PRINT : INPUT "INITIALIZE MO 

RE FILES? "iA$:A$ = LEFT$ < 

A$., 1 ) : IF A~ < > "Y" AND A$ 

"N" GOTO 750 

760 IF A$ = "N" THEN HOME : GOTO 

780 

770 GOTO 190 

780 PRINT D$"NOMONCIO" 

790 HOME : END 

800 REM 


810 CALL 1013:I = PEEK 3 AND I < 10 THEN PRINT 

: PRINT "CORRECT ERROR., THEN 

PRESS A KEY:";: GET At: PRINT 

: RESUME . 

850 PRINT "FATAL ERROR IN LINE " 

; PEEK + 256 * PEEK < 

219): VTAB 23: END 

860 REM 

AS ONERR CORRECTION 

870 

880 

890 

900 

910 

FOR I = 1013 TO 1022: READ P 

P: POKE I,PP: NEXT I 

I = 0 

RETURN 

gATA~ 

,_,4 ' 7 L. ' 15 .... ' / L. ' 9 0 

REM 

1Q4~A68,104,166,223,1 

ERROR MSG PRINTING 

920 MSG$= CHR$ :I = PEEK : IF I = 0 OR I > 15 THEN 

J = 53856 + I + * 

- 1: GOTO 940 

930 J = 43377 + PEEK 

940 K = PEEK :MSG$ =MSG$+ CHR$ 

: IF K < 192 THEN J = J + 

1: GOTO 940 

950 PRINT MSG$: PRINT : RETURN 

960 REM 

INSTRUCTIONS 

970 

980 

990 

1000 

1010 

1020 

1030 

1040 

1050 

1060 

1070 

1080 

1090 

1100 

1110 

1120 

1130 

1140 

1150 

1160 

1170 

1180 

1190 

1200 

1210 

HOME : PRINT 

PRINT 

11 

>>> FILE CABINET 

INITIALIZER

Win $500! 

The First National Computer Owner Survey 

50 Second Prizes of $10 each! 

In order to keep developing and bringing you very 

special hardware, software and publications, we've 

been commissioned to find out whaf you, fhe customer, 

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In addition to contributing to fhe computer owners' 

data base, you have a chance to win $500 ... just 

for filling out this survey. 

JUST TAKE A FEW MINUTES, ANSWER EVERY APPLICABLE 

QUESTION - YOU MUST TO BE ELIGIBLE - AND MAIL 

TO US NO LATER THAN OCTOBER 31, 1982. FOR 20¢ YOU 

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Enlrants mull be computer owners or users and answer every applicable quesllon. 

A random drawing, ellglblllly approval and llSI of winners will beverllled by a Notary 

Public. Winners will be nolllled by Dec. 31, 1982. Grand Prize winner gives IRV 

Brechner Enterprises lhe righl 10 use name and photo in fulure surveys and 

advertising. No purchase necessary. Limll one enlry per person. Entries musl be 

postmarked no later than Ocl. 31, 1982 and reach us by Nov. 15, 1982. Prizes 

Include one cash award of $500, and 50 cash prizes of $1 O each. All survey entries 

become property ol IRV Brechner Enterprises; none will be returned. All prizes will be 

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sell-addressed s1a111ped envelope 10 IRV Brechner Enterprises, Box 264WOB, Wesl 

Orange, N.J. 07052. 

~---------------------------------, 

NAME ______ _ ....,...._ __________ ADDRESS _______--,-___ _ ___ ___ 

CITY/STATE/ZIP ------ ---------- AGE __ sEx.____:__ Circle: SINGLE MARRIED # CHILDREN -- 

4 5 8 7 9 

COMPUTERS(S) YOU OWN OR USE (Circle) APPLE ATARI TRS-80 IBM PC 

10 11 12 13 

HEWLETT-PACKARD HEATH ZENITH OSBORNE 

14 15 18 17 

XEROX DEC TEXAS INST. NORTH STAR COMMODORE VECTOR CROMEMCO OTHER_ OWNED HOW LONG_ 

18 19 20 ~ ~ " 

24 25 . 28 

# DISK DRIVES __ OWN HARD DISK? _ _ OWN MODEM? __ PRINTER BRAND _ _ MONITOR BRAND _ _ 

27 28 29 30 31 

APPROX. # DISKETTES OWNED BRAND PREFERENCE OPERATING SYSTEM(S) 

32 33 34 

AMOUNT OF MEMORY (Circle) 8K 16K 24K 32K 48K 64K 128K MORE_# DISKETTES PURCHASED/YEAR__· 

35 38 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 

LANGUAGES YOU PROGRAM WITH OR USE (Circle) BASIC FORTRAN COBOL MACHINE ASSEMBLER MONITORS 

44 45 48 47 48 49 

FORTH 

50 

ALGOL 

51 

PASCAL 

52 

c 

53 

ADA 

54 

APL 

55 

LISP 

58 

APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SOFTWARE PROGRAMS YOU OWN PER CATEGORY: 

CAI 

57 

DO YOU WRITE YOUR OWN SOFTWARE (Circle) 

EDUCATION __ BUSINESS __ GAMES _ _ SCIENTIFIC _ _ 

80 81 82 83 

HOBBY _ _ HOME USE __ OTHER__ 

64 85 88 

YOUR PROFESSION _ _ _____________ PRIMARY USE FOR YOUR COMPUTE~--------- 

87 88 

APPROX ANNUAL INCOME (Opitonal) _ _ MOST RECENT EDUCATION LEVEL (Circle) 

89 

COLLEGE GRADUATE SOME GRADUATE SCHOOL MASTER'S DEGREE OTHER__ 

72 73 74 75 

WHICH PUBLICATIONS DO YOU SUBSCRIBE TO OR READ REGULARLY (Circle all that apply) 

HIGH SCHOOL 

70 

APPLE ORCHARD 

78 

SOME COLLEGE 

71 

COMPUTE COMPUTERWORLD CREATIVE COMPUTING DESKTOP COMPUTING INTERFACE AGE INFOWORLD · 

79 80 81 82 83 84 

MICROCOMPUTING MICRO MICROSYSTEMS NIBBLE PEELINGS II POPULAR COMPUTING PERSONAL COMPUTING 

BYTE 

77 

YES 

58 

NO 

59 

CALL-APPLE 

78 

85 88 87 88 89 90 

91 

I 

SOFTSIDE OTHERS. _____ 

92 93 94 95 98 

97 I 

APPROX # COMPUTER BOOKS OWNED ___ 

98 

I 

I 

WHAT NEW PRODUCTS, IDEAS, HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, PUBLICATIONS, ETC. DO YOU WISH TO SEE COME ABOUT? 

Please be specific and use additional paper ii necessary. Staple to survey when completed. 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

_________________________________ 

Signature 

._ I Mail all completed surveys by Oct. 31, 1982 to: 

... 4 I 

1 NATIONAL COMPUTER OWNERS' SURVEY • BOX 264WOB ·WEST ORANGE, N.J. 07052 • 1 

*Apple, Atari, TRS-80, IBM PC, Hewlett-Packard, Heath, Zenith, Osborne, Xerox DEC, Texos Inst., North Star, Commodore, Vector & Cromemco are all registered trademarks.

20 0$ = CHR$ + CHR$ (4):0P 

$ = 0$ + "OPEN":CL$ = 0$ + II 

CLOSE":RD$ = 0$ + "REAO":WR$ 

= D$ + "WRITE" 

30 HD$= II HEAOERFILE":IX$ = .. IN 

DEXFILE":BN$ = "BASENAMEFILE 

.. 

40 MEM = FRE : IF MEM < 0 THEN 

MEM = 65536 + MEM 

50 RC = INT 

60 DIM DB$(30>,IP$,H$C21) 

IT 

70 GOSUB 1110 

80 GOSUB 1480 

90 VTAB 21: PRINT TAB< 13)"INST 

RUCTIONS? ";: GET A$: PRINT 

: IF A$ = "Y" THEN GOSUB 12 

10 

100 IF A$ < > "N" THEN 90 

110 VTAB 21: CALL - 958: PRINT 

"INSERT FILE DISK AND PRESS 

ANY KEY:"· 

120 GET A$: PRINT 

130 REM 

READ BASENAME FILE 

140 ON ERR GOTO 1060 

150 PRINT OP$BN$RD$BN$ 

160 INPUT ND$:ND = VAL 

170 FOR N = 1 TO ND 

180 INPUT DB$ 

190 NEXT N 

200 PRINT CL$ 

210 ONE RR GOTO 1080 

220 REM 

LIST DATA BASES 

230 Tl$ = "FILE CABINET DATA CHAN 

GE" 

240 HOME : PRINT : PRINT TAB< 2 

0 - LEN TI$: PRINT 

250 PRINT "SELECT A DATABASE:" 

260 FOR N = 1 TO ND 

270 PRINT TAB< 5J" ";DB$ 

 

280 NEXT N 

290 REM 

PICK DATA BASE 

300 PRINT : PRINT : INPUT "ENTER 

NUMBER OR "/' TO END: ";NU$ 

:NU = VAL 

NEXT N 

POKE 34,NH + 2 

INPUT "LIST BY ITEM NUMBER: 

";IT$:IT = VAL : PRINT 

PRINT '' < RET > FOR NO CHANGE. < 

CTRL A>TO ABORT TO ERASE OLD ENTRY": POKE 

34.5 

FOR M = 1 TO NR 

PRINT : PRINT "REC #";M 

IF IT = 0 THEN 730 - 

PRINT : PRINT "ITEM #";IT;" 

= ";IP$ 

FOR.K = 1·To NI 

PRINT H$

-- 

NOW YOUR 

COMPUTER CAI MAKE 

PERSONAL ·TO·PERSOIAL 

PHONE CALLS. 

A Hayes modem 

makes it possible. 

Your personal computer could be doing 

a lot more for you . It could be communicating 

over ordinary telephone lines with 

any location in North America . .. any time 

of the day or night. With the help of a Hayes 

modem (Smartmodem;M Micromodem II 

and Micromodem 100®), you can send 

and receive reports from your home or 

office, and exchange messages or programs 

with personal computer owners 

hundreds of miles away. You can even 

get the stock reports, today's Washington 

Post, airline schedules and movie reviews 

by subscribing to one of several information 

utilities. The possibilities seem endless. 

Modems are clearly the way of the 

future. And Hayes leads the way-today! 

Smartmodem is a smart buy. 

When it comes to features and performance, 

Smartmodem tops the 

300-baud modem market. With the 

Smartmodem, your IBM Personal 

Computer, TRS-80 Model 11;M 

XEROX 820 - or any computer 

with RS-232C 1/0 -can communicate smart modem.And it stacks neatly atop other 

with all other computers using Bell 103- Hayes peripherals, like the Hayes Stack 

type modems. Smartmodem can answer Chronograph RS-232C calendar/clock. 

calls, dial numbers, receive and transmit Micromodem II ... exclusively for 

data, and disconnect ... all automatically. Apple II ® owners. The same quality and 

Many cheaper modems connect 

(!) 

to automatic features associated with Hayes 

a telephone receiver, which can cause Smartmodem are built right in the Hayes 

distortions and transmission losses. direct-connect Micromodem II. It's easy 

Smartmodem plugs right into 

to see why more Apple II owners choose 

your telephone jack . .. no phone H Hayes Micromodem 

needed! And thanks to an internal 

speaker, you can actually listen 

a~es II than any other 

modem in the world. 

to your connection being made. Don't settle for 

That way you'll know immediately if the line anything less than Hayes ... Smartmodem, 

is busy or if you reached a wrong number. Micromodem 11 and Micromodem 100 for 

No wonder Smartmodem is, well, a 

S-100 bus computers. Available at computer 

stores nationwide. 

Put your personal 

computer on the line! 

---------- 

I'm ready to talk! Please send info on : 

O Smartmodem O Micromodem 100 

O Micromodem II O Chronograph 

Name 

Address 

Smartmodem , Chronograph, Micromodem II and Micromodem 100 are trademarks of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. © 1982 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. TRS-80 Model II is a trade· 

mark of Radio Shack. XEROX" ahd 820 are trademarks of XEROX CORPORATION . Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

800 NEXT K 

810 NEXT M 

820 PRINT : INPUT "UPDATE DISK F 

ILE? ";YN$: POKE 34.0 

830 IF LE~T$ CYN$.1) =· "Y" THEN 

860 . 

840 IF LEFT$ CYN$,1) = "N" THEN 

970 

850 GOTO 820 

860 POKE 34.0 

870 REM . 

UPDATE FILES 

880 

890 

900 

910 

920 

930 

940 

950 

960 

970 

980 

990 

1000 

1010 

1020 

1030 

1040 

1050 

PRINT OP$DB$CNU>IX$ 

PRINT RD$DB$CNU>IX$ 

PRINT NR$ 

FOR M = 1 TO NR 

FOR N = . 1 TO NH 

PRINT IP$CM.N> 

NEXT N . 

NEXT M 

PRINT CL$ 

PRINT : INPUT "MORE CHANGES? 

";A$: A$ = LEFT$ CA$. 1> 

IF. LEFT$ CA$,.1) = "N" THEN 

1040 . 

IF A$ < > "Y" THEN 970 

PRINT : INPUT "USE SAME FIL 

ES? II; A$: A$ = LEFT$ (A$. 1) 

IF A$ = "N" THEN 230 . 

IF A$ = "Y" THEN 530 

GOTO 1000 

POKE 34,0: HOME : END 

REM 


1060 CALL i013:I = PEEK : IF 

I = 5 OR I = 6 THEN VTAB 18 

: PRINT CHR$ "FILE CABIN 

ET FILES NOT ON THIS DISKETT 

E.": GOTO 110 

1070 GOTO 1090 

1080 CALL 1013 

1090 HOME : VTAB 12: GOSUB 1150: 

IF I > 3 AND I < 10 THEN PRINT 

TAB < 3 > ,; CORRECT ERROR. THEN 

PRESS A KEY.";: GET A$: PRINT 

: RESUME . 

1100 PRINT TAB< ?>"FATAL ERROR 

IN LINE "; PEEK + 256 t 

PEEK : VTAB 23: END 

1110 FOR I = 1013 TO 1022: READ 

PP: POKE I.PP: NEXT I 

1120 I = 0 . 

1130 RETURN 

1140 DATA 104.168.104.166.223,1 

54. 72. 152. 72. 96 . . 

1150 MSG$: C~R$. CO>:I = PEEK < 

222>:: IF I = 0 OR I > 15 THEN 

J = 53856 + I + t 

- 1: GOTO 1170 

1160 J = 43377 + PEEK : IF K < 192 THEN J 

= J + 1: GOTO 1170 

1180 PRINT TAB< 20 - LEN I 2>"** "; 

MSG$;" **": PRINT : RETURN . 

1190 REM.ERROR MESSAGE PRINTING 

>> FILE CABINE 

T STUFFER THEN HOME 

: END 

GOTO 1430 

REM 

TITLE BLOCK 

1480 

1490 

1500 

1510 

HOME : VTAB 6: PRINT "***** 

**************************** 

******": PRINT 

PRINT TAB< 10>"FILE CABINE 

T STUFFER" 

PRINT 

PRINT TAB< 15) "WRITTEN BY" 

1520 

1530 

PRINT 

PRINT TAB< 14>"MIKE KRAMER 

II 

1540 PRINT 

1550 PFHNT TAB C 6) "HOUSTON AREA 

APPLE USERS GROUP" 

1560 PRINT 

1570 PRINT TAB< 15)"MARCH 1982" 

: PRINT 

1580 PRINT "******************** 

*******************" 

1590 RETURN 

34 Apple Orchard

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thickness and prices 

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au me Letter quality printer 

SAVE 

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Prism 132, Co.lor Printer w/Graphics $1695 16% 

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ORDERING INFORMATION: 

Minimum order $100. Cashiers Checks and 

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••~:::~~~;p~~~:A~~~;:~o••N ID'"'"''_I. 

Apple Plot $ 49 30% lnfocom Zork II $ 29 30% Some Common Basic Programs·, SAVE 

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APPLESOFT PROGRAM FORMATTING LISTER 

by David H. Bartley 

If I = 1 A 

PRlNT 

11 IF A' T$ GOSIJB 4075 I 

One of the handiest utilities for any language system is a 

formatting lister, or "pretty-print" routine. Having been 

spoiled by a good commercial Pascal pretty-printer on the 

job, I decided that I had to write one for use with Applesoft 

on the Apple at home. The built-in LIST command gives me 

the information I need, but it sure doesn't go out of its way to 

make it easy to read! 

Most pretty-printers I'm familiar with are designed for 

printer output. I wanted mine to create nice hard-copy listings, 

but I also wanted to make it easier to display parts of a 

program in the Apple's screen in a more readable form. The 

Assembly language program in Listing 1 is the result of my 

efforts to do just that. 

Program Features 

My pretty-print routine for Applesoft programs was 

deveby loped adding the features listed below to the algorithm 

used by BASIC. (The original code may be found by 

disassembling from $D6A5 to $D765 in the ROM.) 

1. The pretty-printer is easily initialized by typing "BRUN 

A/5 LISTER" Formatted listings are then generated by 

typing any of the LIST commands, preceded by an ampersand 

( & ). The standard arguments (one line number, or two 

separated by a comma, or dash), are allowed. The word 

"LIST' may be abbreviated to "L." Output may be to the 

printer, to the screen, or both. 

2. All program line numbers are displayed right-adjusted 

in the first five output columns. All program statements 

begin in Column 7. 

3. Each statement separator(:) appearing past Column 

12 causes a line break. The ":" is displayed in Column 4 of 

the following output line. 

4. Lines usually extend to Column 38 instead of 33. The 

continuation of a long line is indented three extra spaces. 

5. Each output line is indented an extra two spaces for 

each level of nested FOR. .. NEXT and IF. .. THEN statements. 

To avoid squeezing too closely against the right margin, 

indentation stops at Column 30. 

6. A space is listed after every comma or semicolon 

(except those in REMs and quoted strings). 

7. The output line is broken and continued whenever a 

space, comma, or semicolon appears past Column 33. 

8. No extra blanks are displayed around the " *" and () 

tokens. 

9. A blank is not listed before a keyword if the previous 

character is a blank or left parenthesis. 

10. A blank is not listed after a keyword ending with a 

parenthesis (such as "TAB('', for example). 

11. Non-printing control characters are listed as letters 

enclosed within square brackets. 

12. The listing can be temporarily stopped and then 

resumed by hitting any key. Control-C may be used to 

cancel the listing. 

Operational Requirements 

There are a few things you need to be aware of, however. 

A/S LISTER must be used under DOS with Applesoft in 

ROM (or at the same locations in RAM card). It is not hidden 

above HIMEM, so it may be wiped out if your program or its 

data requires too much space. Another point: the"&" vector 

is used to enable RENUMBER; if you're using that utility 

while coding, you can't use the Lister, and vice versa. 

There is one known bug: it doesn't realize that "NEXT J,J" 

ends two FOR. .. NEXT loops instead of one; the indentation 

will be slightly off. Since it's better programming practice to 

use "NEXT I: NEXT J," I haven't made provision for the 

sloppier form. 

The Assembly language program in Listing 1 should be 

assembled and placed in the binary file "A/ S LISTER." 

BRUNning that file loads the program in the Apple's 

memory at location $6000 Uust above Hi-Res Page 2), and 

sets up the ampersand vector. (Obviously, the ampersand 

vector can't be used for more than one purpose at a time.) 

Once loaded and initialized with BRUN, the program may 

be invoked with " & LIST' any number of times. 

36 Apple Orchard

A/S LISTER uses several entry points into the Appleoft 

ROM as well as the ''warm start" entry into DOS. It checks 

for the existence of Applesoft, so it is safe (but ineffective) to 

BRUN it from Integer BASIC. Don't try to BRUN it without 

DOS up, though! 

Programming Style 

You may want to spruce up your programs a bit to enhance 

the quality of formatted listings. I use these coding techniques 

to make my printed listings even more readable: 

1. Don't play games with text in REMs. A hidden line feed 

( Control-J) or padding with blanks to get columns to line up 

won't necessarily work the same way with &LIST as with 

LIST. This is the main problem I've found when formatting 

existing programs. 

2. Avoid ending more than one FOR on a single NEXT. 

The formatted listing will be correct, but the identation will 

be off. 

3. Don't put colons immediately after line numbers. 

Some people do this to force identation of the listing. Let 

your Apple do it for you! 

4. Add a colon after a THEN if the whole statement won't 

fit on the same line or if there are several statements in the 

THEN CLAUSE. 

An Example 

Figures 1 and 2 contrast the listing formats of the standard 

Applesoft LIST command, and &LIST. Several, but not 

all, of the features of AS/LISTER are illustrated in this short 

example. Figure 3 shows what happens when the adjacent 

NEXT I and NEXT J are combined into a single NEXT l,J. 

Summary 

Whether used for prettier hardcopy listings of Applesoft 

programs or as a nicer way to view them as they are being 

developed, A/S LISTER has fulfilled by expectations. I hope 

you'll find it just as helpful. But, since few people seem to 

agree on questions of style and the "correct" formatting of 

program listings, please feel free to adapt A/S LISTER to 

your requirements and aesthetics. 

]BRUN A/S LISTER 

Figure 2 

APPLESOFT PROGRAM LIST FORMATTER 

(C) 1981 - D H BARTLEY - AUSTIN, TEXAS 

TO USE, PRECEDE EACH 'LIST' WITH & 

] &LIST 

100 REM -- SAMPLE NONSENSE PROGRAM 

110 READ M, N 

DATA urn, 200 

120 FOR I = 1 TO M 

FOR J = 1 TO N 

130 ANSWER= (3*I + J"2) I 2 

140 IF I = J THEN 

PRINT "I = J" 

ANSWER = 1 I ANSWER 

150 PRINT TAB( 10): "ANSWER = 

": ANSWER 

160 NEXT J 

NEXT I 

170 END 

Figure 3 

]LIST 

Figure 1 

100 REM -- SAMPLE NONSENSE PROGR 

AM 

110 READ M,N: DATA 100,200: 

120 FOR I = 1 TO M: FOR J = 1 TO 

N 

130 ANSWER = (3 * I + J " 2) I 2 

140 IF I = J THEN : PRINT "I = J 

":ANSWER = 1 I ANSWER 

150 PRINT TAB( 10):"ANSWER = 

II o 

I 

ANSWER 

160 NEXT J: NEXT I 

170 END 

]&LIST 

100 REM -- SAMPLE NONSENSE PROGRAM 

110 READ M, N 

DATA 100, 200 

120 FOR I = 1 TO M 

FOR J = 1 TO N 

130 ANSWER = (3*I +J"2)/2 

140 IF I = J THEN 

PRINT "I = J" 

ANSWER = 1 I ANSWER 

150 PRINT TAB(l0): "ANSWER = 

": ANSWER 

160 NEXT J, I 

170 END 

May -June 1982 37

Listing #1 

1000 . OR $6000 ( 245 76 DEC.) 

1010 .TF A/S LISTER 

1020 * 

6000- 4C 89 60 1030 JMP INIT INIT ENTRY 

1040 * 

1050 ********************************* 

1060 * * 

1070 * Applesoft * 

1080 * Program List Formatter * 

1090 * by David H Bartley * 

1100 * * 

1110 ********************************* 

1120 * 

1130 * Improvements Made: 

1140 * 

1150 * = The LIST command must be 

1160 * preceded by "&" to use this 

1170 * version. It may be typed as 

1180 * either "&LIST" or "&L". The 

1190 * standard arguments (one line 

1200 * number, or two separated by 

1210 * , or -) are allowed. 

1220 * 

1230 * = Each line number is right- 

1240 * adjusted in the first five 

1250 * columns. All statements now 

1260 * start at column 7. 

1270 * 

1280 * = Lines extend to column 38 

1290 * instead of 33 (usually). The 

1300 * continuation of a long line 

1310 * is indented 3 extra spaces. 

1320 * 

1330 * = Each output line is indented 

1340 * an extra two columns for each 

1350 * level that "FOR" and "IF" 

1360 * statements are nested. The 

1370 * indentation stops 10 columns 

1380 * from the right margin. 

1390 * 

1400 * = Listing can be temporarily 

1410 * stopped by hitting any key. 

1420 * Ctrl-C still cancels listing. 

1430 * 

1440 * = A space is now printed after 

1450 * every ", 11 or 11 ;" (except 

1460 * those in REM's or strings). 

1470 * 

1480 * = An output line will be broken 

1490 * and continued whenever a ",", 

1500 * ";", or 11 11 appears within 7 

1510 * 

1520 * 

columns of the right margin. 

1530 *=Each statement separator(:) 

38 Apple Orchard

P.O. BOX 192 

CLINTON, MD 20735 

(301) 868-5487 EXEC 

SYSTEMS 

PROGRAMS FOR USE WITH VISICALC 

VT 190 INDIVIDUAL TAX PLANNING 

FOR 1982 TAXES ... For the individual 

tax situation this template allows easy 

entering now to prepare for submitting 

your 1982 deductions, credits, and other 

important tax items. A monthly record 

summation calculator will allow you to 

make important tax decisions during the 

year! 

VT 300 HOME & FAMILY ... VisiTemp 

for practical home uses: 

Calculator /General Format 

Six Month Budget Analysis 

Apple Expense Account 

Daily Budget Record 

Weekly Budget Account 

Checkbook Reconciliation 

Vehicle Cost Analysis 

Grocery Comparator 

Personal Inflation Index 

Weekly Expense Input 

Tax 1 Deduction Record/Strategy 

Tax 2 Schedule A Deduction Analysis 

VT 310 FAMILY RECORDS ... This 

temp is designed to make family recording 

as easy to enter and save as screen 

editing! Record formats have been 

designed especially for home and personal 

property inventory, tax records, insurance 

record keeper, medical and dental 

records, vehicle records, children's scrapbook 

and school records, special family 

records/documents & more! 

VT 200 BUSINESS/GENERAL ... Inventory, 

stockage, reordering, bookkeeping 

accounts-journals, reporting and analyses 

are featured on this VisiTemp for the 

business person who wants to obtain 

maximum utilization of their personal 

computer and the industry's best selling 

business software! 

VT 210 REPORT/ANALYSIS FOR 

MATS/GENERAL. .. Ever wanted to produce 

a report for professional presentation 

only to realize that there are only 

too few hours in the day! This VisiTemp 

provides you with a selection of professionally 

formatted reports & analyses. 

Both vertical and horizontal formatting 

is featured. You choose and change labelling 

to fabricate your personalized reports 

in a fraction of the time it would have 

taken if you had started with a blank 

VisiCalc®sheet! 

VT 220 MONEY MARKET COMPUTA 

TIONS . . Yields, break-evens, profit and 

arbitrage. If you have any interest in the 

money market, this temp is designed for 

you! Simplified formula explanations 

help make this complicated field easier 

for anyone to understand and use. 

VT 208 APPOINTMENT AND TIME 

ANALYSIS. . . Scheduling, appointments, 

time analysis, record keeping for 

daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly chronological 

periods make this a must for 

executives, supervisors, and 

VT 400 SPORTS/GENERAL. .. This hard 

hitting VisiTemp allows you to keep 

player and team records for basketball, 

football, and baseball. The temp provides 

individual and team statistics. 

Whether you keep regular sports records 

or just want to keep 'stats' on your favorites, 

this temp will appeal to you! 

ESM 102 VISICALC SIMPLIFIED 

TUTOR ... Tutor and reference manual 

for VisiCalc users. 

$19.95 

TERMS 

MAIL ORDERS add $2.50 for shipping 

and handing 

VISA/MASTERCARD accepted 

Maryland Residents add 5% Sales Tax 

Allow two (2) weeks 

are special application templates designed to be used with 

Now more power from VisiCalcMand your 48K Applesystem! 

Special Application Templates for use 

with Personal Softwares VisiCalc~M 

VisiCalc is a registered trademark of 

Personal Software/VisiCorp. 

V1s1TEMR

00Bl- 

00B7- 

DAFB 

D61A 

ED34- 

D858- 

DA0C 

D7D2- 

DBSC 

DEC9- 

DB3A- 

FDED- 

0024- 

009D- 

0085- 

0050- 

009B- 

002 l- 

C000- 

C010- 

6003- 00 

6004- 00 

1540 * 

1550 * 

1560 * 

1570 * 

1580 * 

appearing past column 12 

causes a line break. The':' 

is listed in column 4 of the 

new output line. 

1590 * = Tokens * and A are not 

1600 * surrounded by blanks. 

1610 * 

1620 * = A blank will not be listed 

1630 * before a token if the 

previous char was a blank 

or left parenthesis. 

1640 * 

1650 * 

1660 * 

1670 * = A blank will not be listed 

1680 * after a token ending in"(". 

1690 * 

1700 * = 

1710 * 

1720 * 

1730 * 

Control characters are listed 

as normal capitals enclosed 

in brackets (e.g. [J]). 

1740 *-------------------------------- 

1750 * 

1760 * APPLESOFT/MONITOR ROUTINES 

1770 * 

1780 CHRGET .EQ 

1790 CHRGOT .EQ 

1800 CRDO .EQ 

1810 FNDLIN .EQ 

1820 FOUT .EQ 

1830 ISCNTC .EQ 

1840 LINGET .EQ 

1850 NEWSTT .EQ 

1860 OUTDO .EQ 

1870 SNERR .EQ 

1880 STROUT .EQ 

1890 * 

$00Bl 

$00B7 

$DAFB 

$D61A 

$ED34 

$D858 

$DA0C 

$D7D2 

$DBSC 

$DEC9 

$DB3A 

1900 COUT .EQ $FDED 

1910 *-------------------------------- 

1920 * 

1930 * SYSTEM VARIABLES 

1940 * 

1950 CH .EQ $24 

1960 DSCTMP .EQ $9D 

1970 FORPNT .EQ $85 

1980 LINNUM .EQ $50 

1990 LOWTR .EQ $9B 

2000 WNDWTH .EQ $21 

2010 * 

2020 KBD .EQ $C000 KEYBOARD 

2030 KBDSTR .EQ $C010 KBD STROBE 

2040 *-------------------------------- 

2050 * 

2060 * LOCAL VARIABLES 

2070 * 

2080 CONFLG .DA #0 

2090 PREVCH .DA #0 

40 Apple Orchard

600S- 00 2100 TABFOR .DA #0 

6006- 00 2110 TAB IF .DA #0 

6007- 00 2120 TXTFLG .DA #0 

2130 * 

2140 * The following line buffer must 

21S0 * begin on an address below XF0, 

2160 * where X may be any page. 

2170 LINBFR 

600S- 20 20 20 

600B- 20 30 2180 .HS 2020202030 " 0" 

600D- 30 30 30 

6010- 30 00 2190 .HS 3030303000 "0000 ! " 

600A- 2200 LINBF2 .EQ LINBFR+2 

600S- 2210 LINBF3 .EQ LINBFR-3 

2220 * 

6012- SD SD SD 2230 BANNER .HS SD SD SD 

601S- A0 A0 A0 

601S- A0 Cl D0 

601B- D0 cc cs 

601E- D3 CF C6 

6021- D4 A0 D0 

6024- D2 CF C7 

6027- D2 Cl CD 2240 .AS - " APPLESOFT PROGRAM" 

602A- A0 cc C9 

602D- D3 D4 A0 

6030- C6 CF D2 

6033- CD Cl D4 

6036- D4 cs D2 22S0 .AS - " LIST FORMATTER" 

6039- SD 2260 .HS 8D C/R 

603A- AB C3 A9 

603D- A0 Bl B9 

6040- B8 Bl A0 

6043- AD A0 2270 . AS - " ( C) 19Sl - " 

604S- C4 A0 cs 

6048- A0 C2 Cl 

604B- D2 D4 cc 

604E- cs D9 A0 

60Sl- AD A0 22S0 .AS -"D H BARTLEY - " 

60S3- Cl DS D3 

60S6- D4 C9 CE 

60S9- AC A0 D4 

60SC- cs DS Cl 

60SF- D3 2290 .AS -"AUSTIN, TEXAS" 

6060- SD 2300 .HS SD C/R 

6061- A0 A0 A0 

6064- A0 D4 CF 

6067- A0 DS D3 

606A- cs AC A0 

606D- D0 D2 cs 

6070- C3 cs C4 

6073- cs A0 2310 .AS - " TO USE, PRECEDE " 

607S- cs Cl C3 

607S- cs A0 A7 

607B- cc C9 D3 

607E- D4 A7 A0 

60Sl- D7 C9 D4 

May-June 1982 41

6084- CB A0 A6 2320 .AS -"EACH 'LIST' WITH &" 

6087- 8D 00 2330 .HS 8D00 C/R EOT 

2340 *-------------------------------- 

2350 INIT 

6089- A9 28 2360 LDA #$28 CHECK FOR A/S ROM 

608B- CG 01 E0 2370 CMP $E001 

608E- D0 lB 2380 BNE DOS -NOT THERE! 

6090- A9 4C 2390 LDA #$4C "JMP" OPCODE 

6092- CD 00 E0 2400 CMP $E000 

6095- D0 14 2410 BNE DOS -NOT THERE! 

2420 * 

6097- SD F5 03 2430 STA $3F5 & VECTOR 

609A- A9 AE 2440 LDA #AMPER 

609C- SD . F6 03 2450 STA $3F6 

609F- A9 60 2460 LDA /AMPER 

60Al- 8D F7 03 2470 STA $3F7 

2480 

60A4- A9 12 2490 * 

LDA #BANNER DISPLAY BANNER 

60A6- A0 60 2500 LDY /BANNER TEXT MESSAGE 

60A8- 20 3A DB 2510 JSR STROUT 

2520 DOS 

60AB- 4C D0 03 2530 JMP $03D0 --> DOS/BASIC 

2540 *-------------------------------- 

2550 AMPER 

2560 2570 AMPERSAND ENTRY POINT 

2580 * 

60AE- AA 2590 TAX SAVE lST TOKEN 

60AF- 20 Bl 00 2600 JSR CHRGET GET 2ND TOKEN 

60B2- 08 2610 PHP SAVE STATUS 

* 

"LIST" TOKEN? 

60B3- E0 BC 

2620 

2630 CPX #lSS 

60B5- F0 08 2640 BEQ XLIST 

60B7- E0 4C 2650 CPX #$4C "L" CHAR? 

60B9- F0 04 2660 BEQ XLIST 

60BB- 28 2670 PLP 

26S0 ERROR 

60BC- 4C C9 OE 2690 JMP SNERR SYNTAX ERROR 

2700 

2710 XL *-------------------------------- 

I ST 

60BF- 2S 2720 PLP 

60C0- 90 0A 2730 BCC LIS010 DIGIT NEXT 

60C2- F0 0S 2740 BEQ LIS010 : OR EOL 

II 

60C4- C9 C9 2750 CMP #$C9 - II TOKEN 

60C6- F0 04 2760 BEQ LIS010 LIST - ... 

II II 

60C8- C9 2C 2770 CMP #$2C , CHAR 

60CA- D0 F0 2780 BNE ERROR -ERROR 

2790 LIS010 

60CC- 20 0C DA 2800 JSR LINGET GET LINE NR 

60CF- 20 lA D6 2810 JSR FNDLIN LOWTR -> LINE 

60D2- 20 B7 00 2820 JSR CHRGOT NEXT CHAR 

60D5- F0 10 2830 BEQ LIS030 : OR EOL 

II 

60D7- C9 C9 2S40 CMP #$C9 - II TOKEN 

60D9- F0 04 2S50 BEQ LIS020 

II II 

60DB- C9 2C 2860 CMP #$2C , CHAR 

60DD- D0 DD 2S70 BI\TE ERROR -ERROR 

42 Apple Orchard

Apple Computers and Video 

Tape Recorders Go Together 

It's amazing how many Apple owner's 

also own a video cassette recorder. Sooooooo . .......... . 

To thank the Apple community for your support of the various M & R ENTERPRISE 

products over the years, we're offering an extra-special deal. 

WATCH TV 

WATCH VIDEO CASSETTE 

WATCH AUXILIARY 

PLAY VIDEO GAME 

RECORD TV 

RECORD AUXILIARY 

RECORD AUXILIARY+ WATCH TV 

RECORD TV+ WATCH AUXILIARY 

The Video Switch Box 

• Brings all video components under simultaneous 

control 

• Eliminates unnecessary extra wiring while it 

restores the remote control function of the cable 

TV tuner 

• Handles 5 inputs including: cable converter, disc 

player, video games, TV antenna or cable, your 

Apple computer, TV, VCR and auxiliary 

• With the touch of a switch, your television turns 

into a multi-media event 

U.S.A. Sales Only 

$29.95 

California Residents add 6112% Sales Tax ($1 .95) 

SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO: M & R ENTERPRISES, 910 GEORGE ST., SANTA CLARA, CA. 95050

1 

2880 LIS020 612E- 29 7F 3440 AND #$7F MASK CHAR 

60DF- 20 Bl 00 2890 JSR CHRGET NEXT CHAR 6130- 20 6D 62 3450 JSR XOUTDO OUTPUT CHAR 

60E2- 20 0C DA 2900 JSR LINGET PARSE LINE NR 6133- A9 02 3460 LDA #2 CURSOR W/IN 2 

60E5- D0 D5 2910 BNE ERROR -ERROR 6135- 20 4B 62 3470 JSR OVRFLO OF WINDOW? 

2920 * : OR EOL 3480 LIS120 

2930 LIS030 6138- C8 3490 INY NEXT INPUT POS 

60E7- A9 00 2940 LDA #0 6139- 84 85 3500 STY FORPNT (SAVE Y) 

60E9- SD 05 60 2950 STA TABFOR NR FOR'S := 0 613B- Bl 9B 3510 LDA (LOWTR) I y GET CHAR/TOKEN 

60EC- A5 50 2960 LDA LINNUM 2ND LINE NR 613D- D0 14 3520 BNE LIS300 -VALID BYTE 

60EE- 05 51 2970 ORA LINNUM+l 3530 60F0- D0 06 2980 BNE LIS040 2ND LINE GIVEN 

3540 * END OF LINE, MOVE TO NEXT LINE 

60F2- A9 FF 2990 LDA #$FF 3550 * 

60F4- 85 50 3000 STA LINNUM DEFJ\ULT 2ND 613F- A8 3560 TAY y := 0 

60F6- 85 51 3010 STA LINNUM+l LINE NUMBER 6140- Bl 9B 3570 LDA (LOWTR),Y LINK PTR, LO 

3020 *-------------------------------- 

6142- AA 3580 TAX 

3030 LIS040 6143- CB 3590 INY y := 1 

3040 * 6144- Bl 9B 3600 LDA (LOWTR),Y LINK PTR, HI 

3050 * LIST THE NEXT STATEMENT 6146- 86 9B 3610 STX LOWTR 

3060 * 6148- 85 9C 3620 STA LOWTR+l 

60F8- A0 01 3070 LDY #1 614A- 4C FB 60 3630 JMP LIS040 

60FA- Bl 9B 3080 LDA (LOWTR), Y LINK HI BYTE 3640 *-------------------------------- 

60FC- F0 4F 3090 BEQ LIS200 END OF PROGRAM 

3650 LIS200 

60FE- 20 9B 62 3100 JSR PAUSE STOP LIST ? 3660 6101- 20 FB DA 3110 JSR CRDO OUTPUT CAR RET 

3670 * END OF PROGRAM - RETURN TO A/S 

6104- cs 3120 INY y := 2 3680 * 

3130 * 614D- 20 FB DA 3690 JSR CRDO NEW LINE 

3140 * CHECK FOR LINE NUMBER IN RANGE 6150- 4C D2 D7 3700 JMP NEWSTT EXIT 

3150 * 3710 *-------------------------------- 

6105- Bl 9B 3160 LDA (LOWTR),Y LO BY'I'~ OF 3720 6107- AA 3170 TAX 

3730 PROCESS NEXT CHAR/TOKEN 

LINE l"·"·IBER 

6108- cs 3180 INY y := 3 3740 * 

6109- Bl 9B 3190 LDA (LOWTR) I y 3750 LIS300 

610B- C5 51 3200 CMP LINNUM+l HI BYTES 6153- C9 22 3760 CMP #$22 (") CHAR 

610D- D0 04 3210 BNE LIS050 6155- D0 0A 3770 BNE LIS301 

610F- E4 50 3220 CPX LIN.NUM LO BYTES 6157- A9 80 3780 LDA #$80 TOGGLE THE 

6111- F0 02 3230 BEQ LIS060 6159- 4D 07 60 3790 EOR TXTFLG TEXT FLAG 

3240 LIS050 615C- SD 07 60 3800 STA TXTFLG 

6113- B0 38 3250 BCS LIS200 END OF RANGE 615F- A9 22 3810 LDA #$22 ( ") CHAR 

3260 LIS060 3820 LIS301 

6115- 84 85 3270 STY FORPNT (TEMP SAVE) 6161- AE 07 60 3830 LDX TXTFLG IN REM/TEXT? 

3280 * 6164- D0 5B 3840 BNE LIS600 -YES 

3290 * PRINT THE LINE NUMBER 3850 * 

3300 * 6166- C9 2C 3860 CMP #$2C " ," CHAR 

6117- 20 77 62 3310 JSR XLINPR PRINT LINNUM 6168- F0 04 3870 BEQ LIS310 

611A- A9 00 3320 LDA #0 616A- C9 3B 3880 CMP #$3B ";" CHAR 

611C- SD 06 60 3330 STA TABIF NR NESTED IF'S 616C- D0 05 3890 BNE LIS320 

611F- 8D 07 60 3340 STA TXTFLG NO "/REM YET 3900 LIS310 

6122- 20 29 62 3350 JSR INDENT 616E- 20 6D 62 3910 JSR XOUTDO PRINT CHAR 

6125- A9 00 3360 LDA #0 6171- A9 20 3920 LDA #$20 SPACE CHAR 

"O 

6127- SD 03 60 3370 STA CONFLG 

3930 LIS320 

... 

«l 

612A- A9 20 3380 LDA #$20 6173- C9 3A 3940 CMP #$3A ":" CHAR ..c 

u 

0 

... 

3390 61 75- D0 lD 3950 BNE LIS330 -NO 

3400 * PRINT NEXT CHARACTER OR TOKEN 3960 * Q) 

3410 * 

3970 * BEGIN A NEW STATEMENT ( : ) 0.. 

0.. 

3420 LIS100 3980 * 

612C- A4 85 3430 LDY FORPNT (RESTORE Y) 6177- AE 03 60 3990 LDX CONFLG CONTINUED LINE? 

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE 

SPONSORING MEMBERS 

Advanced Operating Systems 

450 St John Rd. Suite 792 

Michigan City, IN 46360 

(219) 879 -4693 

Ag Disk 

P. 0. Box 80837 

Lincoln, NE 68501 

(402) 476 - 2811 

Apple Computer, Inc. 

10260 Bandley Drive 

Cupertino, CA 95014 

(408) 996 - 1010 

Apple Europe 

PCS Marketing 

7 Rue de Chartres 

Neuilly Sur Seine 

France 92200 

Bay Shore Medical Lab 

250 Yaphank Rd. 

Patchogue, NY 11 772 

(516) 654 -2211 

Bite-Soft 

P. 0 . Box 175 

N. Hollywood, CA 91603 

(213) 843 - 1155 

The Computer Lab 

531 Broad St 

New London, CT 06320 

(203)447 - 1079 

Corvus Systems, Inc. 

2009 O'Toole Ave. 

San Jose, CA 95131 

(408) 946 - 7700 

IAC Sponsors are a special breed. 

They are the organizations who 

contribute to and support many IAC 

activities. In addition, they provide us 

application notes concerning their 

products - notes that show new and 

different ways to utilize the sponsors' 

products with modifications for 

special purposes. When you consider 

a software or product purchase, 

give our sponsors special consideration; 

they have shown that they care 

about their customers. 

Enhanceware 

91 Pioneer Place 

Durango, CO 81301 

(303) 259 - 3598 

Hayes Microcomputer 

5835 Peachtree Corners E. 

Norcross, GA 30092 

(404) 449 - 8791 

Houston Instrument Division 

8500 Cameron Rd. 

Austin, TX 78753 

(512) 835 - 0900 

Interactive Structures 

P. 0. Box404 

Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 

(215) 667 - 1713 

Leading Edge Products 

225 Turnpike St 

Canton, MA 02021 

(617)828 -8150 

JV\ & R Enterprises 

910 George St 


(408) 980 -0160 

Nestar Systems, Inc. 

2585 E. Bayshore Rd. 

Palo Alto, CA 94303 

(415) 493 - 2223 

Omega Microware 

222 S. Riverside 

Chicago, IL 60606 

Sirius Software 

2011 Arden Way Suite 2 

Sacramento, CA 95825 

(916) 920 - 1939 

Source Telecomputing 

1616 Anderson Rd 

McLean, VA 22102 

(703) 821 - 6660 

SSM Microcomputer 

2190 Paragon Dr. 

San Jose, CA 95131 

(408) 946 - 7600 

Steve Blackson Productions 

4613 Redwood Drive 

Garland, TX 75043 

(214) 840 - 1000 

Sorrento Valley Associates 

11722-D Sorrento Valley Rd 

San Diego, CA 92121 

(714) 452 -0101 

Syntauri, Ltd. 

3506 Waverly St 

Palo Alto, CA 94306 

(415) 494 - 1017 

Telecom Terminal Systems 

3903 Grandview Blvd. 

Los Angeles, CA 90066 

(213) 390 - 9494 

Verbatim Corporation 

323 Soquel Way 

Sunnyvale, CA 94086 

(408) 245 -4400 

Xerox Retail Division 

7700 Edgewater Dr. Suite 360 

Oakland, CA 94621 

(415) 632 - 5808 

May -June 1982 45

"E 

.c "' 

~ 

0 

QI 

n. 

~ 

ID 

"" 

- 

D0 06 

A6 24 

E0 0C 

90 12 

4000 

4010 

4020 

4030 

4040 

20 FB DA 40S0 

A9 03 4060 

20 36 62 4070 

A9 3A 4080 

20 6D 62 4090 

20 29 62 4100 

Df1J 98 4110 

6194- C9 CA 

6196- D0 02 

6198- A9 2A 

619A- C9 CC 

619C- D0 02 

619E- A9 SE 

61A0- C9 C4 

61A2- D0 03 

61A4- EE 06 60 

61A7- C9 81 

61A9- D0 03 

61AB- EE 05 60 

4120 

4130 

4140 

41S0 

4160 

4170 

4180 

4190 

4200 

4210 

4220 

4230 

4240 

4250 

4260 

4270 

4280 

C9 82 4290 

D0 08 4300 

CE 0S 60 4310 

10 03 4320 

EE 0S 60 4330 

61BA- C9 B2 

61BC- D0 03 

61BE- EE 07 60 

61CE- 09 40 

6100- 20 

61D3- A9 

61DS- D0 

6D 62 

SD 

07 

61D7- A9 07 

61D9- 20 4B 62 

61DC- A9 20 

4340 

43S0 

4360 

4370 

4380 

4390 

4400 

4410 

4420 

4430 

4440 

44S0 

4460 

4470 

4480 

4490 

4S00 

4Sl0 

4S20 

4S30 

4S40 

4SS0 

BNE LIS32S 

LDX CH 

CPX #12 

BCC LIS330 

LIS32S 

JSR CRDO 

LDA #3 

JSR TAB 

LDA #$3A 

JSR XOUTDO 

JSR INDENT 

BNE LIS100 

LIS330 

CMP #$CA 

BNE LIS332 

LDA #$2A 

LIS332 

CMP #$CC . 

BNE LIS334 

LDA #$SE 

LIS334 

CMP #$C4 

BNE LIS340 

INC TABIF 

LIS340 

CMP #$81 

BNE LIS3S0 

INC TABFOR 

LIS3S0 

CMP #$82 

BNE LIS360 

DEC TABFOR 

BPL LIS360 

INC TABFOR 

LIS360 

CMP #$B2 

BNE LIS370 

INC TXTFLG 

LIS370 

LIS600 

CMP #$20 

BEQ LIS60S 

BCS LIS610 

PHA 

LDA #$SB 

JSR XOUTDO 

PLA 

ORA #$40 

JSR XOUTDO 

LDA #$SD 

BNE LIS610 

LIS60S 

LDA #7 

JSR OVRFLO 

LDA #$20 

LIS610 

-YES 

HORZ. CURSOR 

PAST COL 12? 

-NO 

-YES 

TAB TO COL 4 

":" CHAR 

CONTINUE 

II* II 

TOKEN 

11*11 

CHAR 

11"-11 

TOKEN 

CHAR 

"THEN" TOKEN 

TAB 2 COLUMNS 

"FOR" TOKEN 

TAB 2 COLUMNS 

"NEXT" TOKEN 

END OF 'FOR' 

TABFOR >= 0 

TABFOR := 0 

"REM" TOKEN 

REM/TEXT FLAG 

SPACE CHAR 

-SPACE CHAR 

-PRINTABLE CHAR 

-CONTROL CHAR 

LEFT BRACKET 

MAKE 

PRINTABLE 

RIGHT BRACKET 

GOOD PLACE TO 

BREAK OUTPUT? 

SPACE CHAR 

61DE- C9 00 

61E0- 30 03 

61E2- 4C 2C 61 

38 

E9 7F 

AA 

A0 D0 

84 9D 

A0 CF 

84 9E 

A0 FF 

61F3- CA 

61F4- F0 07 

61F6- 20 2C D7 

61F9- 10 FB 

61FB- 30 F6 

4S60 CMP #0 

4S70 BMI LIS700 -TOKEN 

4S80 JMP LIS100 -ASCII CHAR 

4S90 LIS700 

4600 * 

4610 * TOKEN - 

4620 * 

LOOK IT UP 

4630 SEC 

4640 SBC #$7F 

46S0 TAX 

4660 LDY 

4670 STY 

4680 LDY 

4690 STY 

4700 LDY 

4710 LIS710 

4720 DEX 

4730 BEQ 

4740 LIS720 

#$D0 

DSCTMP 

#$CF 

DSCTMP+l 

#$FF 

LIS730 

47S0 JSR $D72C 

4760 * 

4770 BPL LIS720 

4780 BMI LIS710 

4790 LIS730 

4800 * 

DSCTMP := 

TABLE ADDR 

LINEAR SEARCH 

-TOKEN FOUND 

GET NEXT TABLE 

ENTRY CHAR 

-NOT LAST CHAR 

-LAST CHAR 

4810 * DSCTMP NOW POINTS TO THE 

4820 * TABLE ENTRY FOR THE TOKEN 

4830 * 

4840 

48S0 

NEAR LINE END? 

CHECK WINDOW 

6216- 30 0S 

6218- 20 6D 62 

621B- D0 F6 

617A- 

61 7C- 

61 7E- 

6180- 

6182- 

6185- 

6187- 

618A- 

618C- 

618F- 

6192- 

61AE- 

61B0- 

61B2- 

61BS- 

61B7- 

61Cl- C9 20 

61C3- F0 12 

61CS- B0 17 

61C7- 48 

61C8- A9 SB 

61CA- 20 6D 62 

61CD- 68 

61ES- 

61E6- 

61E8- 

61E9- 

61EB- 

61ED- 

61EF- 

61Fl- 

61FD- A9 07 

61FF- 20 4B 62 

LDA #7 

JSR OVRFLO 

4860 LIS73S 

6202- A9 28 4870 LDA #$28 "(" CHAR 

6204- CD 04 60 4880 CMP PREVCH 

6207- F0 0A 4890 BEQ LIS740 

6209- A9 20 4900 LDA #$20 

620B- CD 04 60 4910 CMP PREVCH 

620E- 

F0 03 4920 BEQ LIS740 

6210- 20 6D 62 4930 JSR XOUTDO 

4940 LIS740 

6213- 20 2C D7 49S0 JSR $D72C 

4960 * 

621D- 

621F- 

6221- 

6224- 

C9 AB 

F0 05 

20 6D 

A9 20 

4970 BMI LIS7S0 

4980 JSR XOUTDO 

4990 BNE LIS740 

S000 LIS750 

S010 CMP #$A8 

S020 BEC LIS760 

62 S030 JSR XOUTDO 

5040 LDA #$20 

S0S0 LIS760 

II ( II -) II (II 

SPACE CHAR 

DOUBLE SPACE? 

-YES 

-NO, PRINT ONE 

GET NEXT TABLE 

ENTRY CHAR 

-LAST CHAR 

PRINT CHAR 

(ALWAYS TAKEN) 

"(II 

6226- 4C 2C 61 S060 JMP LIS100 -LOOP 

"( II -> "(fl 

PRINT LAST CHR 

SPACE CHAR 

S070 *-------------------------------- 

S080 INDENT 

S090 * 

Sl00 * INDENT ACCORDING TO NES·rING 

Sll0 * LEVEL OF "FOR" AND "IF" STATE-

''The Professional'' Series from sos 

NEW Apple II terminal software 

Time Share Users 

Q. Are you tired of wasting time and money sending or 

receiving files with inadequate, poorly designed 

software? Do you find yourself manually performing 

the same lengthy log-in procedures over and over 

again? Would you like to automate these procedures 

for yourself and others? 

• Z-Term "The Professional" by Bill Blue, for 

Apple CP/M* 

• P-Term "The Professional" by Joel Kunin and 

Bill Blue, for Apple Pascal** 

• ASCII Express "The Professional" by Mark 

Robbins and Bill Blue, for Apple DOS** 

Businessmen 

Q. Do you have difficulty operating your printer when 

connected to a time-sharing computer? Are files 

you're trying to download too large for your system 

buffer? Does your host computer lose data when you 

send files to it? 

A. " The Professionals" incorporate printer ring buffers 

which allow slower printers to accept data at their 

own rates. Very large files are easily received by 

periodically saving the buffer to disk. Unlike some 

software which can lose data during disk saves, 

"The Professionals" not only direct the host to stop, 

but actually wait for it to respond before performing 

the save. After a successful save, the host is 

automatically directed to continue. This process 

may be repeated indefinitely. Lost data during send 

is virtually eliminated by the widest variety of send 

options available in any communications software. 

"The Professionals" ensure fast, reliable data transfer 

of any valuable business information. 

Authors 

Q. Does your line of work involve sending written 

material to others? Are you a program author who 

would like to send work in progress to a partner or 

client and know that it arrived intact? What would 

the ability to instantly send material or programs to 

anyone at any time be worth to you? 

A. "The Professionals" provide the ideal way to send 

your articles, manuscripts, reports, programs and 

technical documents to another computer with 

phone line access. Now you can work WHEREVER 

you want, and be assured that your data is sent to its 

destination quickly and error-free. In fact, compared 

to the fastest mail services, "The Professionals" offer 

immediate delivery and will save you the purchase 

price in just a few uses. 

Students 

a. Are you bothered by limited acces::. to your school's 

existing terminals? Would you like to be able to do 

your school assignments at home at your own convenience? 

A. "The Professionals" allow you to access virtually 

any dial-up school or college computer system over 

standard telephone lines. This means no more 

waiting in line for an available terminal or hassles 

with malfunctioning school equipment. You can 

even prepare term papers or reports while off-line 

and send the completed work to the school computer 

for final printing. Best of all, you can work from 

home at the times most convenient for you. 

·cP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. 

••Apple is a trademark of Apple Computers, Inc. 

A. "The Professionals" allow you to send files which 

have been prepared in advance. They may then be 

transferred at any time, as quickly as possible - 

even to several different systems. No time is 

wasted reviewing information while on line; data may 

be captured by your computer or printer (or both) to 

be evaluated later at your convenience. These features 

assure minimum on-line time and therefore 

minimum on-line cost. 

"The Professionals" introduce macros that are more 

sophisticated than anything previously seen in communications 

software. These "hand-shaking" macros 

allow you to perform complete multi-stage log-on 

sequences automatically; all you do is specify the 

system to be called. This eliminates sign-on errors 

and greatly simplifies operation of the entire system, 

not only for you, but for other less skilled operators. 

Bulletin Boards 

Q. Would you like to be able to take advantage of the information 

featured on local bulletin boards and information 

services such as The Source, CompuServe, 

Dow Jones, and others? 

A. "The Professionals" open the world of modem communication 

networks to you. There are already 

thousands of these systems and networks in use nationwide. 

"The Professionals" provide an ideal way 

of accessing these systems. All 80 column boards, 

external terminals (even the 40 column screen), and 

currently available communications devices are fully 

supported, including the Hayes Micromodem II and 

Novation Apple CAT. All standard baud rates - 110, 

300, 1200 and others - are fully supported; BAU DOT 

too, if your computer is equipped with the Apple CAT 

modem. 

Clubs 

Q. Are there other Apple owners with whom you would 

like to exchange programs or files, but have been 

unable to do so because of limitations imposed by 

the software you now use? 

A. Any two Apples equipped with "The Professionals" 

can transfer ANY type or size file with complete error 

checking and correction. All of "The Professional" 

packages are fully conversant with each other and 

operate almost identically. For the first time ever, 

you can transfer compatible files to an operating 

system different from yours - error free! 

"The Professional" Series - Excellence in Apple 

Communications Software 

D 

souttlwesteRn 

data systems 

P.O. Box 582-AO Santee, CA 92071 714-562-3670

Sl20 * ~ENTS. ENTRY "TAB" IS USED 

Sl30 * FOR ARBITRARY TABBING. 

Sl40 * 

6229- EE 03 60 SlS0 INC CONFLG CONTINUED LINE 

627E- 20 A0 EB S680 JSR $EBA0 FLOAT FAC 

622C- 18 Sl60 CLC 

6281- 20 34 ED S690 JSR FOUT BINARY->DEC 

622D- AD 0S 60 Sl70 LDA TABFOR (NR OF FOR 'S 

S700 XLINP2 

6230- 6D 06 60 Sl80 ADC TABIF + NR OF IF'S) 

6284- C8 S710 INY COPY DIGIT TO 

6233- 2A Sl90 ROL *2 

628S- B9 FE 00 S720 LDA $FE,Y BLANK-FILLED 

6234- 69 0S S200 ADC #S +s 

6288- 99 0A 60 S730 STA LINBF2,Y BUFFER 

S210 TAB 

628B- D0 F7 S740 BNE XLINP2 

6236- 48 S220 PHA SAVE TAB VALUE 

S7S0 * 

6237- cs 24 S230 CMP CH THERE YET? 

628D- 98 S760 TYA NR CHARS+2 

6239- 30 2B S240 BMI TAB4 -YES 

628E- 18 S770 CLC 

623B- F0 29 S2S0 BEQ TAB4 -YES 

628F- 69 0S S780 ADC #LINBF3 COMPUTE START 

623D- AS 24 S260 LDA CH TOO NEAR THE 

6291- AA S790 TAX OF S CHARACTER 

623F- C9 lE S270 CMP #30 RIGHT MARGIN? 

6292- A9 60 S800 LDA /LINBF3 FIELD IN THE 

6241- 10 23 S280 BPL TAB4 -YES, GET OUT 

6294- 69 00 S810 ADC #0 BUFFER 

6243- A9 A0 S290 LDA #$A0 -NO 

6296- A8 S820 TAY 

624S- 20 ED FD S300 JSR COUT PRINT BLANK 

6297- 8A S830 TXA (Y,A) -> BUFF 

6248- 68 S310 PLA TAB VALUE 

S840 * 

6249- D0 EB S320 BNE TAB (ALWAYS TAKEN) 

6298- 4C 3A DB S8S0 JMP STROUT PRINT IT 

S330 OVRFLO 

S860 *-------------------------------- 

624B- 18 S340 CLC IS THE CURSOR 

S870 PAUSE 

624C- 6S 24 S3S0 ADC CH IN THE RIGHT 

S880 * 

624E- C9 28 S360 CMP #40 MARGIN? 

S890 * CHECK FOR KEY DOWN. IF SO, 

62S0- B0 01 S370 BCS OVRFL2 -YES 

S900 * WAIT UNTIL ANOTHER KEY DOWN 

62S2- 60 S380 RTS -NO 

S910 * BEFORE CONTINUING. IF CTRL-C, 

S390 OVRFL2 

S920 * CANCEL AND RETURN TO BASIC. 

62S3- 20 FB DA S400 JSR CRDO OVERFLOW TO 

S930 * 

62S6- EE 0S 60 S410 INC TABFOR THE NEXT LINE 

629B- 2C 00 C0 S940 BIT KBD KEY DOWN ? 

62S9- EE 0S 60 S420 INC TABFOR AND INDENT 

629E- 10 11 S9S0 BPL PAUSE9 -NO 

62SC- 20 29 62 S430 JSR INDENT EXTRA SPACES 

62A0- 20 S8 D8 S960 JSR ISCNTC 

62SF- CE IZJS 60 S440 DEC TABFOR 

CTRL-C CHECK 

62A3- 2C 10 C0 S970 BIT KBDSTR CLEAR STROBE 

6262- CE 0S 60 S4S0 DEC TABFOR 

S980 PAUSE2 

626S- 48 S460 PHA (MATCH PLA) 

62A6- 2C 00 C0 S990 BIT KBD DOWN AGAIN ? 

S470 TAB4 

62A9- 10 FB 6000 BPL PAUSE2 

6266- 68 S480 PLA TAB VALUE 

-NO, WAIT 

S490 TABS 

62AB- 20 S8 D8 6010 JSR ISCNTC CTRL-C CHECK 

62AE- 2C 10 C0 6020 BIT KBDSTR CLEAR STROBE 

6267- A9 20 SS00 LDA #$20 " " CHAR 

6030 PAUSE9 

6269- 8D 04 60 SS10 STA PREVCH 

62Bl- 60 6040 RTS 

626C- 60 SS20 RTS 

SS30 XOUTDO 

60S0 *-------------------------------- 

6060 zzzzzz 

626D- 8D 04 60 SS40 STA PREVCH SA VE THE CHAR 

.EN 

6270- C9 00 SSS0 CMP #0 

6272- FIZJ F3 S560 BEQ TABS -NULL CHAR 

6274- 4C SC DB SS70 JMP OUTDO LIST IT 

S580 *-------------------------------- 

S590 XLINPR 

5600 * 

5610 * PRINT THE LINE NUMBER RIGHT- 

"C 

... 

Ill 

..c: 

S620 * ADJUSTED IN A S-CHAR FIELD. 

5630 * 

~ 

0 

6277- 85 9E 5640 STA $9E SET UP 'FAC' cu 

6279- 86 9F 56S0 STX $9F WITH LINNUM 

0.. 

627B- A2 90 5660 LOX #$90 

0.. 

< 

6270- 38 S670 SEC co 

-::t'

SYMBOL TABLE 

60AE- AMPER 61FD- LIS730 

6012- BANNER 6202- LIS735 

0024- CH 6213- LIS740 

00Bl- CHRGET 621D- LIS750 

00B7- CHRGOT 6226- LIS760 

6003- CONFLG 009B- LOWTR 

FDED- COUT D7D2- NEWSTT 

DAFB- CRDO DB5C- OUTDO 

60AB-- DOS 6253- OVRFL2 

009D- DSCTMP 624B- OVRFLO 

60BC- ERROR 629B- PAUSE 

D61A- FNDLIN 62A6- PAUSE2 

0085- FORPNT 62Bl- PAUSE9 

ED34- FOUT 6004- PREVCH 

6229- INDENT DEC9- SNERR 

6089- INIT DB3A- STROUT 

D858- ISCNTC 6236- TAB 

C000- KBD 6266- TAB4 

C010- KBDSTR 6267- TABS 

600A- LINBF2 6005- TABFOR 

6005- LINBF3 6006- TAB IF 

6008- LINBFR 6007- TXTFLG 

DA0C- LINGET 0021- WNDWTH 

0050- LINNUM 6284- XLINP2 

60CC- LIS010 6277- XLINPR 

60DF- LIS020 60BF- XLIST 

60E7- LIS030 626D- XOUTDO 

60F8- LIS040 62B2- zzzzzz 


6113- LIS050 

6115- LIS060 

612C- LIS100 

6138- LIS120 

614D- LIS200 

6153- LIS300 

6161- LIS301 

616E- LIS310 

61 73- LIS320 

6182- LIS325 

6194- LIS330 

619A- LIS332 

61A0- LIS334 

61A7- LIS340 

61AE- LIS350 

61BA- LIS360 

61Cl- LIS370 

61Cl- LIS600 

61D7- LIS605 

61DE- LIS610 

61E5- LIS700 

61F3- LIS710 

61F6- LIS720 

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EDUCATIONAL USES OF THE COMPUTER 

by Ted Perry 

Educational Uses of the Computer 

The last few months have produced a number of new educa· 

tional magazines, the message of which is that the educational 

uses of the computer are beginning to flower. It is now possible 

to buy a computer solely for educational uses, and to find 

programs which legitimately justify the purchase. The time is 

ripe to explore some of the possible educational uses of the 

Apple. 

The educational uses of computers divide into two general 

categories: computer assisted instruction, and computer liter· 

acy. In this article we'.11 consider some of the computer assiste~ 

instruction applications, saving computer literacy for a later 

article. Computer assisted instruction (CAI) can be further 

divided into subcategories, such as drill and practice, simulation, 

and problem solving. Some programs are written specifi· 

catty for CAI; others can be adapted for teaching purposes. The 

two extremes in CAI are drill and practice, and game-like 

simulations for the improvement of thinking skills. 

Drill and practice is what most people think of when the 

words" computer assisted instruction" appear. There is a place 

for the computer version of the flash card. My first original 

program was a multiplication game. It was easy to write: 

Generate two random numbers and their product; 

Print the two numbers and ask for the product; 

Compare the response with the known product; 

_;;-_c &.s.-~1 ~~~ 

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Provide appropriate feedback to the student. 

The program was used by my kids for more than a month, 

when I discovered that there could be more to CAI than straight 

drill; it was possible for the CAI program not only to conduct 

the drill and keep score, but also to save that information on a 

disk In this manner I could easily follow each student's daily 

progress. 

Milliken Math was one of the first commercially available sets 

of materials that included full lesson planning and data collection. 

Once I installed several sets of materials that included 

data collection; the computer was keeping the records, giving 

the children one-on-one practice, providing appropriate feed· 

back, and scoring the tests. The students (and their teacher!) 

were enjoying the fruits of the Apple. 

The students continued to enjoy trhe drill and practice as 

long as the problems were at an appropriate skill level, but I 

wanted more from the computer. I wanted to stimulate higher 

levels of thinking; I wanted the computer to teach problem 

solving. 

In the quest for problem solving software, I found the programs 

that simulate the sale of lemonade or crossing the U. S. 

in a covered wagon, but I wanted more: a generic problem 

solving curriculum. I have not yet found it (if you know of one, 

please contact me ... ), but I did discover the Adventure 

Game. 

For readers unfamiliar with adventure programs, take as an 

example the Princess and the Wizard, an adventure by On-Line 

Systems. As you boot the disk, you're greeted by beautiful 

Hi-Res graphics, in color. The graphics change continually, 

showing you your surroundings as you explore the environment. 

You explore by typing two-word sentences, one noun, 

one verb. e. g., "GO NORTH," "GET ROCK," "EAT APPLE," 

etc. You start in a small town, and are told that you must rescue 

a princess, who has been kidnapped by an evil wizard. This isn't 

simple; if the adventurer takes the task lightly, he will "die" 

rapidly. Care and forethought are rewarded; for example, if you 

"GET ROCK" without looking behind it, you may be bitten by a 

scorpion, ending that adventure quickly and (for you) fatally. (A 

more thorough disussion of adventure games can be found 

in Apple Orchard, Fall 1981; back issues are available.) 

With these adventures, I have filled classrooms with creative 

problem-solving discussions at very high levels of thinking. 

Students have discussed the possible outcomes of innumera· 

ble actions, and have gotten to a point that it is hard to find a 

program that completely surprises them (Not bad training for 

today's world! -PC\.V) Creative essays have been written by the 

students about the adventures, and the adventures have been 

rated for both difficulty and creativity. Students get together at 

recess time to plan their next assault on the wizard's castle. I 

have accomplished my goal through the use of a set of programs 

initially meant for recreational purposes. 

The moral of my story is: don't look for educational programs 

only in the math section of your software supermarket. 

In future issues of Apple Orchard we'll explore the educational 

uses of the Apple; this is your magazine, for comments 

and/or contributions. Address your letters to Ted Perry, ED· 

SIG, c/o Apple Orchard. 

50 Apple Orchard

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HELLO, OPERATOR? 

(What's an Operating System Anyway?) 

by Joe Budge 

There is something eerie about 

computers nowadays: they're too 

quiet. All those brains packed in that 

tiny box, but the box just sits there. No 

lights flash, no bells ring. The fwapfwap-fwap 

of shuffling cards is gone, 

along with the whirr and click of flying 

tapes. Instead, you can occasionally 

hear a muted whisper from the 

disk drive. Progress, that password of 

the century, has eliminated the army 

of lights, buzzers, and switches that 

used to make us think of computers 

in capital letters. Progress, embodied 

in software, turned that cacophony 

into a silent hummm Software not 

only replaced the barrage of gadgets, 

it also supplanted the people those 

gadgets were built for. These were the 

"computer monitors," the anointed 

who told the idiot savant what to do, 

when to do it, and how to behave. 

They called themselves system operators. 

Programmers, showing their 

infinite capacity for cleverness, named 

the new software packages "operating 

systems." 

If a central processor is a computer's 

heart, then the operating system 

is its soul. The operating system determines 

every computer's personality. 

Give an Apple I 11 the software replica 

of the Apple II' s ROM-contained operating 

system. Poof! Like a transvestite, 

the 111 thinks it's a 11. Feed the 111 its 

own SOS, and it regains its own identity. 

Commands, capabiities, and restrictions 

vary widely between computer 

languages, but all of the 

behavioral differences come from the 

operating system. Take the example 

of printers and other plug-in devices. 

Apple Pascal always knows where 

these goodies are plugged in and how 

to work them. In contrast, the BASIC 

user must enter slot numbers, initiation 

codes, and other technical whatnot. 

But the difference lies in the 

operating systems, not the languages. 

So what is an operating system, anyway? 

Back in the old days, at least thirty 

years ago, there was no such thing as 

an operating system. Computers could 

only run one program at a time. T ypically, 

only a few input and output 

devices were attached to the electronic 

brain. The system operator, a 

human being, would load a deck of 

cards into a card reader, set the 

appropriate switches on the computer, 

and then punch the "GO" button. 

When the program was done, its 

output would appear on a printer, 

punched tape, or new deck of cards. 

The operator would retrieve these 

materials, then set up for the next 

program. Not only did this make for 

long days, but there was so much 

running around that the computer sat 

idle most of the time. With computers 

costing millions of dollars, this was 

simply intolerable. Why not include 

some extra cards with the program, 

some software, to handle the set-up 

and link in the next job? Such were the 

meager beginnings of the operating 

system. 

As computers grew in size and 

cost, it was discovered that the systems 

were still cooling their heels too 

often. The computer could compute 

about a thousand times faster than 

card readers could read, or printers 

could print. Well, why not let the computer 

work on several things at once? 

While one job was printing, a second 

could be running, and a third could be 

read. Just tack the extra control software 

onto the operating system. As a 

side benefit, the operating system 

learned how to work all of the peri· 

pheal, or plug-in, hardware. Programs 

didn't have to be as complicated or 

detailed as before. Thus, life became 

a bit easier for computer programmers. 

And then along came disk drives. 

All of a sudden, data access could be 

fast No one had to go get your card 

deck or tape any more; it was already 

hooked up to the computer. Since no 

one could type as fast as computers 

could compute, the gurus let several 

people type at once. Not to worry; the 

operating system kept track of who 

was doing what. They called ths new 

operating system feature "timesharing." 

Now, microcomputers are kind of 

simple-minded, as computers go. 

They don't have multiple users, virtual 

memory, time sharing, and all the 

other fancy features built into large 

computers. At least not yet. So the 

operating system in a microcomputer 

52 Apple Orchard

can be a lot simpler. Really, all it needs 

to do is keep track of what's where in 

memory, handle file storage, and 

make all the input and output devices 

work. How the operating system goes 

about this gives the computer some 

kind of "personality." Consider that if 

all the data files, programs, input, and 

output must go through the operating 

system, why then everything goes 

through the operating system. That 

piece of software is the principal power 

broker of the computer. 

To do its job, the operating system 

contains three categories of subprograms, 

which it uses to get differ· 

ent kinds of work done. The first 

group consists of the device drivers, 

which tell the haredware what to do 

and when. The drivers contain in· 

structions for putting characters on a 

screen, for making disk drives work, 

for sounding the bell, and all the other 

physical things a computer can do. 

As you can imagine, these are fundamental 

programs which the computer 

must have to operate. The second 

group of programs keeps lists of 

information; lists of what's stored 

where, lists of what programs are in 

memory, lists of where everything is in 

the computer. The third group of pro· 

grams is the interpreters for operating 

system commands. These take commands, 

figure them out, and determine 

which programs from the first 

two groups must run in order to follow 

the command. 

Each of the sub-programs in the 

operating system plays an important 

role in giving the computer its per· 

sonality. Apple DOS (Disk Operating 

System) disks, Pascal disks, and Apple 

/ / / SOS disks are physically identical. 

The only difference is that the list 

keeper in each operating system 

works in a different fashion. Since one 

list keeper doesn't know how another 

works, these three types of disks can 

only be used on the operating system 

they first came from. Other subprograms 

have similar effects. To list 

the contents of a disk, for example, 

the BASIC programmer with Apple 

DOS types "CATALOG." The inter· 

preter knows what to do with that 

command, and programs from the 

device drivers and list keepers are 

called into play to produce a catalog. 

In the Pascal system, on the other 

hand, the programmer must enter a 

special interpreter called a "Filer," 

and then type "L" for "Listing," or 

"E" for "Extended Directory Listing." 

Since the operating system is all software, 

there's no reason why the same 

function in the two systems coundn't 

have been identical, but they aren't. 

The differences usually arise because 

one programmer thinks he has a better 

way, or needs to accommodate 

some special functions. 

(Note: there's more humanity in 

these machines than meets the eye. 

A computer's "personality" usually 

is not too far removed from the 

human who designed the operating 

May ·June 1982 53

system. For example, an error message 

could be "Syntax Error, " 'You 

goofed, Dummy," "Error 423G, " or 

"Please try again. " Which raises the 

question, To what extent is "artificial 

intelligence" merely our own reflection 

in an electronic mirror, rather 

than a new source? -PCW) 

Ideally, sub-programs in all three 

groups should be independent of 

each other. Then, if a computer owner 

decides to do something different 

with his computer, he must change 

only the appropriate piece. Want a 

new disk drive? Change the disk driver. 

Want a different character font on the 

screen? Change the screen driver. 

Want a different set of commands, or 

a new one? Change the command 

interpreter. The Apple///' s SOS works 

this way, which is the major advance 

in that computer (not four arrows on 

the keyboard). 

Sometimes the operating system is 

split up among many different pieces 

of software, however. In the Apple II, 

for instance, a program called the 

"Monitor" contains the sub-programs 

which work the video display and 

keyboard. Sub-programs which run 

printers are built into the interface 

cards you plug into the slots. Sub 

programs for the disk drives come in 

DOS. Some of the programs are built 

into the computer using ROM (readonly 

memory) chips, so they can't be 

changed; any major changes would 

instantly render most of your software 

or hardware useless. As a consequence, 

any changes must be 

"patched" in with awkward signals. 

This is why the Apple II BASIC programmer 

must start all DOS commands 

with a Control-D, for example. 

To get around this problem, Pascal, 

using the language card, turns off the 

Apple II' s built-in software. With the 

built-in software out of the way, new 

operating systems can work in the 

Apple II. 

There's even a trend afoot to add a 

new level of programs to the operating 

system. If you've ever played with 

Pascal, you know that the system 

software includes something called a 

"text editor." This is a program which 

lets you enter, edit, and save typewriting 

in the computer. The editor is 

there because you can't write a program 

without it. But it turns out that 

the editor has all kinds of other handy 

uses, not the least of which is word 

processing. Just a few years ago, this 

would have been called applications 

software. Guess what? Almost every 

operating system on a microcomputer 

contains some form of editor 

now. These range from the simple 

Escape-UKM commands of Apple II 

BASIC to the full-blown word processor 

that comes with the Osborne 

computer. 

The trend is leading toward simplification 

of the operating system from 

the user's point of view. Operating 

systems, you see, used to be written 

by programmers for programmers. 

But non-programmers are using computers 

now. Non-programmers have 

neither the time nor the patience to 

learn a long list of operating system 

commands. To overcome this hurdle, 

operating systems are starting to use 

menus, from which a user selects the 

program or function of his choice, 

just like choosing a meal in a restaurant. 

Special ways of pointing at the 

screen are being invented. In effect, 

the user will be able to point at the 

screen and say, "I want that." Who 

knows, one of these days, we might 

be able to figure out these machines. 

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54 Apple Orchard

THREE PASCAL "FEATURES" 

by Paul A. Sand 

It's often the case that what one person considers to be a 

bug in a program may be perceived as an unimportant 

quibble by someone else, or perhaps even a beneficial 

aspect. The saying, "That's not a bug, it's a feature!' is a 

relatively well-known epigram from the bizarre world of 

computer humor, showing that there can occasionally be 

disagreement about the seriousness of abnormal pro~ram 

behavior. In the course of writing a number of Pascal pro- 

LISTING 1 

program testmod; 

var 

a, b: integer; 

function imod(a, b: integer): integer; 

(* Return a mod b, standard definition *) 

var 

r: real; 

i: integer; 

begin 

r := a/b; 

i := trunc(r); 

if (r >= 0) or (i = r) then 

imod := a - b * i 

else 

imod := a - b * (i - 1) 

end; 

begin 

repeat 

write('Input 

readln(a); 

write('Input 

readln(b); 

writeln('a = 

writeln('b 

writeln('a 

writeln( 'a 

a:'); 

b: '); 

writeln('imod(a, 

until a = 0 

end. 

' , a); 

' , b); 

mod b = ', a mod b); 

- b * (a div b) = ', 

a - 

b * (a div b)); 

b) = ', imod(a, b)) 

grams on the Apple II, I've come across three interesting 

quirks in the system that I haven't seen described before. 

Since you and I may not agree on the importance of these 

oddities, I'll avoid calling them "bugs," and you can draw 

your own conclusions. 

1) The .MOD Function 

Apple Pascal's MOD function behaves neither like the 

standard mathematical definition of MOD, nor like the definition 

given in most Pascal texts, including Pascal User 

Manual and Report by Jensen and Wirth. To demonstrate, 

we first need a little background. 

The conventional definition of the MOD function (see, for 

example, Knuth's Fundamental Algorithms, Page 38) is 

something like this: 

A .MOD B =A· B * FLOOR (A/B) 

(assuming B

here is: Don't always expect books to tell you what the 

computer is going to do. 

2) Real Number Input 

It's a frustrating thing to be forced to write your own 

routine to accomplish a certain task when you know.that 

such a routine already exists, but is inaccessible to you. One 

such example in the Pascal system is the conversion of a 

string of characters into a number. The system "knows" 

how to do the translation - it happens every time a value is 

typed in at the keyboard or read from a text file. But if you 

want your program to do the same thing, you'll have to write 

your own procedure to do it, because the system hides the 

procedure from you. 

Let's assume you want to write a routine to translate a 

string of characters into a real number. One of the things 

you should know while writing such a module is the smallest 

and largest positive real numbers the system can represent, 

so your routine can avoid over- and underflows. To determine 

these values, you might write a program like this: 

program readreal; 

var 

x: real 

begin 

while TROE do 

begin 

write('Enter x':); 

readln(x); 

writeln('x = ',x) 

end 

end. 

This program will blow up with a floating point execution 

error if you type in a number too large or too close to zero. 

With experimentation, you'll find that the largest real 

number Pascal can represent is approximately 3.40E38, 

and the smallest positive real number is approximately 

l.18E-38. Or, more accurately, these are the limits on the 

numbers one can enter using the READ procedure. 

A problem arises when you try to incorporate the smaller 

number into a program. If you use the lines: 

const 

TINY = 1.18E-38 

or even: 

IF X >+ l.18e-38 THEN ... 

. .. the Pascal compiler will ·(Kaboom!) self-destruct on 

attempting to translate the number. To be more precise, the 

compiler program itself will halt with a floating point execution 

error. 

What does this mean? Apparently, there are actually two 

different routines in the Pascal system for translating strings 

of characters into real numbers: one used by the READ 

statement, and one used by the compiler. And the routine 

the compiler uses will not translate some numbers which 

offer no problem to the other one. 

Here's an example of another symptom of having two 

different real number conversion routines: 

program realtest; 

var 

x: real; 


begin 

repeat 

write('Enter x':); 

readln(x); 

writeln('x = ',x) 

until x = 2. 718281828 

end. 

Most programmers know better than to compare two 

floating point numbers for exact equality. But in this example 

we might reasonably expect such a comparison to work 

If you enter "2.718281828" the program should react normally, 

shouldn't it? Well, in Apple Pascal, it doesn't. The two 

different conversion routines translate the strings (in the 

program and in the READ statement) into two ever so 

slightly different floating point representations. The comparison 

fails, and the program continues on. 

There's no good reason why there should be more than 

one such routine in the Apple Pascal system. (The one you 

may have to write will be at least the third!) A major benefit of 

using a modular programming language like Pascal is that 

one can write a single reliable procedure to accomplish a 

given task, and use it in a variety of applications. The moral: 

Duplicated programming effort is not only wasteful, but it 

can lead to -er, "features"- 

in your programs. 

3)Real Number Output . 

We just discussed the frustration one feels when a routine 

must be written to do something the system already knows 

how to do. Another kind of pain results when the language 

texts and system documentation spell out in detail what. a 

given funtion does in different circumstances -.and th~n m 

practice the function actually does something entirely 

different. 

Such is the case with the standard procedures WRITE or 

WRITELN when they are used to output real numbers. Most 

texts, as well as Apple's own documentation, (see the Apple 

Pascal Language Reference Manual, Pages 36-37) describe 

the procedure as follows: The statement: 

WRITELN(X: W: D) 

... will cause the real number X to be written, after it is 

converted to a string. The optional variables W and D control 

the output format; Wis the minimum number of characters 

that will be printed, and D is the number of digits to be 

printed after the decimal point. . 

So far, so good. Consider the program m Listing 2: 

LISTING 2 

program testwrite; 

var 

w, d, i: integer; 

x: real; 

begin 

x := 0.123456; 

w:=20; 

d := 8; 

for i := 1 to 10 do 

begin 

writeln(x: w: d); 

x*·(lO*x) 

end 

end. 

' 

,

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• Job Costing 

• Personnel Records 

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r- 

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BY CUSTOMER 

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MONTH'S RESULTS 

BY SALESPERSON 

MAIL LABELS 

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It's the combination of the easy-to-use 

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Based on the above discussion, we would expect something 

like the following output: 

0.12345600 

1.23456000 

12.34560000 

123.45600000 

1234.56000000 

12345.60000000 

123456.00000000 

1234560.00000000 

12345600.00000000 

123456000.00000000 

Instead, when we run the program, we get: 

0.123456M 

1.23456 

12.3456 

123.456 

1234.56 

12345.6 

123456. 

1.23456E6 

1.23456E7 

1.23456E8 

What's the problem here? Not only does Pascal fail to 

print the eight digits we requested after the decimal point, it 

also switches over to scientific notation after a certain point. 

And the extraneous "M" that appears after the first number 

is certainly a strange - er, "feature.'' I don't know what else 

to say about it. It seems that the output routines will display a 

maximum of six significant digits in a real number, presumably 

to protect the user from misinterpretinr the results of 

his/her program. The programmers who decided to implement 

real number formatting in this way no doubt had 

good reasons (in their own minds) for their decision, but the 

problem is that such behavior contradicts the documentation 

and most Pascal texts. 

So here's one possible solution to the problem; Listing 3 

is a simple routine to convert a real number to a formatted 

string, using the same parameters for minimum field width 

and digits after the decimal point: 

LISTING 3 

procedure rtos(var s: string; r: real; 

len, ndigits:integer); 

(* Convert real number (r) to a string (s) *) 

(* len = minimum field width *) 

(* ndigs = no. of digits after decimal pt. *) 

var 

negnum: boolean; 

sl: string[!]; 

e, expo, i: integer; 

plO: real; 

begin 

s := I I , 

' sl ! = I I; 

negnum := (r < 0.0); 

r := abs(r) + 0.5/pwroften(ndigits); 

expo := O; 

e := 32; 

while e > 0 do begin 

plO := pwroften(e); 

while r >= plO do begin 

r := r/plO; 

expo := expo + e 

end; 

e := e div 2 

end; 

for i := expo downto 0 do begin 

sl[l] := chr(trunc(r) + 48); 

s := concat(s, sl); 

r := 10.0 * (r - trunc(r)) 

end; 

if ndigits > 0 then begin 

s : = conca t ( s, ' • ' ) ; 

for i := 1 to ndigits do begin 

sl[l] := chr(trunc(r) + 48); 

s := concat(s, sl); 

r := 10.0 * (r - trunc(r)) 

end 

end; 

if negnum then 

s := concat('-', s); 

while length(s) < len do 

s := concat(' ', s) 

end; 

The routine could, for example, replace the statement: 

WRITELN(X: W: D); 

with the two statements: 

RTOS(S, X. W, D); 

WRITELN(S) 

Disclaimer: Listing 3 isn't meant to be a general-purpose 

real-to-string routine, just an indication of a possible solution. 

It doesn't take too much care in checking its input 

parameters, and it returns "noise" digits in the output string 

if one attempts to obtain more digits than Pascal can 

represent accurately. But enhancements to correct these 

features are easy to add; they are left to the interested 

reader. 

Conclusion 

I've tried to demonstrate three problems in Apple's 

implementation of Pascal. I don't want to make more out of 

it than is necessary; seen in the context of the whole Pascal 

system, they are relatively minor surprises that the majority 

of programmers will perhaps never come across. Apple 

Pascal, in my opinion, is still an excellent choice for software 

development. 

On the other hand, I don't want to minimize the seriousness 

of such language quirks. They are undocumented 

pitfalls that the programmer must discover and avoid, so 

they do make one's programming effort more difficult. 

They also damage one of Pascal's nicest benefits: its portability. 

A Pascal program written on the Apple can be moved 

(in theory) to another computer and run with relatively little 

modification, and vice versa. But deviations and -er, "features" 

like these can make such modifications much more 

difficult. 

58 Apple Orchard

UCSD p-System and UCSD Pascal are trademarks of the Regents of the University of Callforn1a Xen.0 F1le 1s a trademR;k of Sof Tech .M1crosystems, Inc ·Apple 1s'a registered 

trademark of Apple Computer, Inc IBM 1s a registered tra demark of International Business Machines Corporation CP/M is a registered trademark of 0 1g1tal Research, Inc

SEVENTH ANNUAL COMPUTER FAIRE 

by Amanda Hixson 

For the past several years we have 

been presented with the West Coast 

Computer Faire and Convention. This 

event is the brain child of Jim Warren, 

and has been a showcase for the 

computer enthusiast in the past. In 

fact, the Apple II computer was first 

introduced at a previous West Coast 

Faire. Little did anyone know, then ... 

Some of the prior shows have 

resembled crowded bazaars rather 

than sophisticated demonstrations of 

current computer products. This 

year's Show bore much less resemblance 

to a town square market place . 

than past shows. Certainly, there were 

the usual masses of computer fanatics, 

but this year's Faire contained 

some striking new elements. The most 

important was the concentration on 

the end user, and the increasing professionalism 

by both manufacturers 

and retailers. 

60 Apple Orchard

In the past, it had often been difficult 

to tell the buyers from the sellers. 

Much of this was due to the industry's 

lack of polish, and the quickness with 

which which the industry was developing. 

This year's Faire evidenced a 

maturation of both the consumers 

and the vendors present. No longer 

will we deal only with the blue-jeaned 

programmer; now we must contend 

with the slick Madison Avenue professional 

in the three-piece suit as he 

hawks the wares of various software 

and hardware houses. 

access) is around $500, and additional 

boards run around $}80 per 

station. The whole system operates 

with a number of hard or floppy disk 

systems. 

Not only does industry competition 

create a competitive basic price structure 

for the consumer, but it also 

creates the need for new product 

development and upgrading of already 

existing packages. This benefits 

those of us who already own systems 

because it gives us a wide variety of 

products from which to choose, 

whether they are completely new and 

different or just enhancements of currently 

available software. Some of the 

products generated for the Apple are 

the result of this process, and this 

year's Faire included some of these 

items. There were several printer attachments 

which created storage 

buffers for different Apple compatible 

printers, like the Epson line. Several of 

these buffers have the capacity to 

store up to 32K of information, and 

New Products and Prices 

This fierce competition in the 

computer industry will benefit the 

consumer for many reasons, the most 

important one being the lowering of 

prices for many types of computer 

products. Apple users became very 

aware of this as they made their way 

through the throngs and were confronted 

with items like Xebec's 5- 

megabyte hard disk system for less 

than $1500. (Xebec showed poor 

taste in their slogan, though; imagine 

"Join the Hardcore ... Forget the 

Applecore .... " Forget, heck!! -PC\.0. 

Also mentioned was a twenty-five meg 

51/.i'' hard disk system being developed 

by one of the industry frontrunners, 

with possible release by the 

end of the year. There was also a 

remote operating system for the Apple 

which could handle up to 127 remote 

Apples, and which was not proprietary 

to Corvus or any other single 

manufacturer's drives. The cost of the 

· initial system (two or three user 

May · June 1982 61

make it possible for the user to use 

the computer while the printer is print· 

ing reports or other information. One 

unit, the "Doubletimer," included an 

interrupt method for the Apple. These 

are very nice for people who often find 

they are losing valuable time because 

they have to wait for the printer to 

finish before they can resume data 

input. One version of this add-on even 

has an isolator with two external out· 

lets for attaching still more peripher· 

als to your Apple. 

Much of the software and hardware 

wasn't really new, but some of it was 

made available to other machines, 

like Versa-form for the Apple ///. 

Many programs and hardware which 

previously were not able to run on the 

Apple/// were available at this year's 

Faire. Unfortunately, still isn't as much 

as the Apple / / / user could hope for. 

One interesting sidelight was the 

combination of a / //, an ink-jet color 

printer, and noted artist Saul Bern· 

stein. Mr. Bernstein is working on an 

internal project for Apple Computer, 

and was doing portraits with a gra· 

phics tablet and light pen, much to 

the enjoyment of the crowd. (More on 

Mr. Bernstein is scheduled for our 

July-August issue.) 

Games 

An area of intrerest to many Apple 

users is in game software, which was 

present in great profusion at this 

year's convention. Games have been 

an area of frustration for many adults. 

Many claim that they attended this 

year's Faire to see the latest develop· 

ments in useful programs, and are 

annoyed by the game vendors who 

jam every aisle with groups of child· 

ren gathering around machines to 

watch their friends blast alien invad· 

ers, perform daring escapes and res· 

cues, and die a thousand deaths. 

Games abounded; and 

the kids were the 

experts. 

It was almost impossible to get 

close to machines where games were 

being played; but it seemed to me that 

many of the adults' real annoyance 

came from the fact that they wanted 

to play the games, and knew that 

most of the kids could beat the pants 

off of them, so they were too embar· 

rassed to play. 

The large number of games has 

created a real problem for manufac· 

turers because they must be highly 

innovative in order to stay ahead of 

their market. The short lives of many 

game programs make it very difficult 

for these companies to maintain in· 

terest in some of their products. 

Because of this, the consumer has to 

be very careful in selecting games. 

Slick packages often hide poor prod· 

ucts in this area. This marketing tech· 

nique is probably one of the hardest 

to penetrate, and special care should 

be exercised in buying game soft· 

ware. Many game programs for the 

Apple have similar names and very 

fancy jackets and trying to find the 

best of the lot is often difficult. 

Other Games 

The Seventh Faire could be called 

the Year of the Copycat. Many com· 

panies were displaying products that 

were very similar to products already 

on the market. The Franklin compu· 

ter purported to be compatible with 

most of the products available for the 

Apple, but did not come with any 

standard color capability. Color does 

not seem to be an insurmountable 

problem; it just takes the time and 

62 Apple Orchard

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the IBM code functions 

using an escape sequence • 

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second • Prints from Integer 

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the "Control I Number N" 

parallel line length mode sequence 

• Has switch selectable 

upper/lower case 1/0 60, 

66, 78 continuous from feed 

page lengths, 40+video, 80, 95, 

132 character line lengths 

Suggested price $225.00 

TIMECARD Ill© 

Multi-function time utility for the 

APPLE Ill computer system. 

Contains the year of the century, 

the month, the date, the day of 

week, the hour, the minute, the 

second. • A countdown timer 

with a range of one millisecond 

to 999 hours, 59 minutes, 59 

seconds, 999 milliseconds • 

Selectable 12 or 24 hour time 

formats • Diagnostic error 

reporting • Fully compatible 

with the APPLE SOS operating 

system 


MODEL 150 TYPE 

AHEAD BUFFER 

• Up to 40 character type ahead 

capability • Enter commands 

or data while your Apple is processing 

previous instructions 

• Compatible with ali Apple 

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required • Includes complete 

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installation 


ASOO© FLOPPY DISK 

CONTROLLER 

• High speed OMA transfer of 

data (1 micro-second/byte) • 

Documentation provided - includes 

theory of operation, 

schematics and diskettes • 

Uses all standard Apple DOS 

commands (OPEN, CATALOG, 

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except for INIT which has been 

improved and enhanced in a 

Vista format routine • Compatible 

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Pascal 1.1 and CP/M 2.2 (with the 

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2K x 8 PROM contains Autoboot 

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Shift and lock for upper and 

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VISION 40 

Softscreen programmable character 

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'"Digital Research, Inc. 

e>Oesigned by Burtronix

effort to develop it. But the Franklin 

comes with standard 80-column upper 

and lower case letters. There was 

also a machine, very similar to the 

Apple, which was designed for the 

European market and had a European 

keyboard and fonts. 

Several companies went after other 

established machines. The Osborne I, 

last year's portable newcomer, was 

upstaged this year by the Otrona and 

the Keycomp II, new entries trying to 

grab a segment of the rapidly growing 

"sewing machine look alike" market. 

In addition to machine copies, there 

were also many add-on boards and 

peripherals which give one machine 

the characteristics of another. For the 

Apple, this meant the introduction of 

boards similar to those which run the 

IBM Personal Computer. Several 

boards of this type are available, and 

they give the Apple II access to pro· 

grams written for the IBM. That's an 

indication of why the Apple is still a 

very popular machine. It's possible to 

create so many peripherals which 

give the dedicated Apple user the ability 

to derive benefit from items developed 

for other machines. 8088, 6809, 

68000 (!)and other similar boards are 

evidence that the development of 

other system hardware will continue 

for Apple users. 

Professionalism is 

coming to the micro 

industry . . . at last. 

And From Here ... 

PROTECT YOUR APPLE* 

.... FROM OVERHEATING 

Did you know . .. 

• Your Apple can become very 

hot inside 

• A cooler Apple Is 

a more reliable 

Apple 

Many of the larger companies are 

engaged in closed door meetings to 

begin development of products designed 

to capture a large market 

share of the new market created by 

these machines. One area where a 

large concentration of effort is taking 

place is in the choice of operating 

systems for these new products. We 

will probably begin to experience a 

struggle between different oprating 

system development companies and 

will probably begin to see variations 

on UNIX, OASIS, and other in-house 

operating systems. 

Many people at the Faire expected 

to see a new 16-bit machine an- 

nounced by Apple. Even though this 

did not take place, there was a good 

deal of speculation. The machine is 

ready. It's not ready. It's ready, and 

they're developing an operating system. 

The operating system is finished. 

It's a hybrid of Apple / / /' s SOS. No, it 

isn't. Besides, that's a new operating 

system for the II also. Naahh. We 

won't know for sure until the information 

is released, but it's hard to believe 

that Apple Computer, Inc. will not 

make every attempt to retain their 

position in the market place, and it's 

becoming obvious that the 16-bit 

machine is the next step in micro evolution. 

The final word on the 7th Annual 

Computer Faire is that the micro 

computer industry is finally started to 

grow into the professional stage. Although 

the bulk of the merchandise 

was not new, it was presented in a 

much more accomplished way than 

ever before. Care was exercised in 

approaching the different consumer 

groups attending this year's show, 

and the percentage of new users was 

very high. 

It is becoming more apparent that 

the constant barrage of commercials 

aimed at the less sophisticated user is 

finally taking hold. We now know that 

the graphics displayed on television 

look very inviting to someone who 

has never experienced those generated 

by a mini or mainframe, and this 

year's show was well-stocked with 

persons there who had shelled out 

$15 per head to "just find about the 

things they had seen on TV." Care will 

be taken by hardware and software 

houses to bring slowly the noncomputer 

buff into active participation 

in the growing environment. More 

money is, and will continue to be, 

spent on cultivating the new user. 

As for those in the industry, we 

must now wait to see what the next 

twelve months will bring. We should 

begin to see the avalanche of 16-bit 

machines and hardware in the next 

year. We may have to wait for Faire # 9 

until we have any amount of software 

for these machines, but in the meantime 

we will be able to enjoy what is 

already here and the multitude of 

variations which will undoubtedly develop 

over the next year for the current 

crop of machines. 

64 Apple Orchard

APPLE/// INVOKABLE MODULES 

by Alan Anderson 

In the last issue we talked about how SOS calls are put 

into Assembly language programs, and how to link those 

Assembly language programs to Pascal programs. This 

issue, by popular demand, we'll reveal how to go about 

writing invokable modules to enhance the power of Business 

BASIC. The things mentioned at the end of last issue 

will appear next time (unless, of course, popular demand 

again dictates otherwise). 

But First, a Word 'from our Sponsor ... 

Great news for all us Apple I 11 programming hackers. 

The new edition of the Standard Device Drivers Manual is 

out, and it's superb. It includes in-depth (and I mean indepth) 

discussions of what each of the standard device 

drivers can do. The list of standard drivers includes .CON 

SOLE, .GRAFIX, .PRINTER, .RS232, and .AUDIO. The 

power in these drivers, particularly .CONSOLE and 

.GRAFIX, is incredible. The information included in this 

manual is extremely complete. We'll talk about some of the 

secrets it reveals later in this article. 

The PERFORMing Arts 

The ink was hardly dry on the preliminary Business 

BASIC Reference Manual (yep, they've upgraded that one, 

too) before the good old Apple II crew noticed that horrible 

oversight in the new BASIC: they left some things out, 

specifically PEEK POKE, and CALL. To Apple II programmers, 

this seemed like something very close to 

betrayal. The PEEK, POKE, and CALL statements meant 

unlimited expandability for Applesoft and Integer BASIC. 

Anything that couldn't be done in the high-level language 

could be written in Assembly language and linked to the 

main program with these statements. Their absence from 

Business BASIC seemed to mean that the language was 

forever locked up. 

Of course, that was not the case. Upon closer examination, 

the new BASIC had a couple of unfamiliar new statements: 

INV

If you read last issue's installment, you may remember 

that that article involved interfacing an Assembly language 

routine to an Apple/// Pascal program. The procedure and 

techniques we used were exactly the same as those used in 

Apple II Pascal. Those of you out there who are familiar with 

how Apple Pascal links up with Assembly language will see 

that the way invokable modules are created and used 

directly parallels the Apple Pascal technique. Therefore, I 

would highly recommend the Apple II Pascal Operating 

System Reference Manual chapter on The Assembler for 

some background material on writing Business BASIC 

ivokable modules. 

Getting Down to Details 

Alright already, enough discussion and reference. How di 

I do it? Glad I asked. Well, here goes. 

Assembly language routines which can be used from 

Business BASIC are written with the Apple // / Pascal system. 

In general, the code is created in the Editor, assembled 

with (surprise!) the Assembler, saved to disk, then used 

from the Basic program. 

Here's a nice bonus effect of having both Pascal and 

BASIC served by the same operating system and disk format: 

the same Assembly language routine can often be 

used by both BASIC and Pascal with little or no modification. 

As a demonstration of that claim, our first BASIC 

invokable module will use exactly the same Assembly language 

file as was used last time with Pascal, which prepares 

the system for a cold start. If you didn't enter the file last 

time, have since erased it, or (shame on you!) don't have the 

previous issue, I'll repeat it here, with instructions. (Back 

issues of the March-April 1982 issue of Apple Orchard are 

available.) 

First, enter the Pascal Editor, and type in this file: (some of 

the comments have been omitted this time) 

.PROC RESTART 

COLD_START .EQU 65 

$65 

BRK 

parameters 

;COLD_ST ART's 

number is 

;To signal a SOS 

call 

;Tells which call 

.BYTE COLD_START 

.WORD PARAM_TABLE ;Points to the 

PARAM_TABLE .BYTE 00 

para ms 

.END 

;see Mar-Apr Apple 

Orchard for details 

;COLD_START 

has no 

Then, leave the Editor and save the file by typing 

"QW.D2/RESTART', substituting a different disk drive 

name for .D2 if you wish. Then press "A" to assemble the 

file. Answer ".D2/RESTART" to the "Assemble what text?" 

question, using something other than .D2 if you didn't save 

to Drive 2 from the Editor. When asked "To what code file?", 

answer by typing a dollar sign. This will cause the output file 

to be called RESTART.CODE on the same disk as the 

source file. Press [RETURN! when asked for an output file 

name. 

Once the assembly has been finished, you should have a 

real, live, bona fide invokable module!. To prove it, boot your 

Business BASOC 1.1 diskette, then put the diskette with 

RESTART.CODE on it in the built-in disk drive. Type 

"INVOKE .DI/RESTART.CODE" to load the module from 

disk Then type "PERFORM REST ART' and watch the fun. 

Your screen should say "INSERT SYSTEM DISKETTE 

AND REBOOT' in 40-column text mode. You've just written 

and executed an invokable module! That wansn't so 

bad, was it? 

Now that you've got the basics of writing invokable 

modules, you should be able to handle the whole story, 

which appears in (ta-daa!) Apple's new technical note, 

Apple / / / Business BASIC and its Assembly Language 

Interface. This note should be available from the IAC soon, 

or write to the author (that's me) in care of Apple Orchard 

for more information on writing invokables or unlocking 

any of the other Apple / / / mysteries. 

For further information: be sure and read (and reread) 

your Standard Device Drivers Manual. It's got great gobs of 

goodies in there, and it will likely answer some of your 

favorite technical questions about the Apple //I- Also, the 

Apple / / / Pascal manuals are worht a perusal or two. 

And now, folks, it time to practice your invocations! 

May -June 1982 67

$ 

1 2 S 

0 

1~~~;"~":e~:r~ 

With ROM SOCKET 

COMPUTER PRODUCTS 

DESIGNING 

MANU FACTURING 

ELE CTRONIC ENGINEERING 

R. H. Electronics 

COPYRIGHT © 1981 ·PATENTS PENOING 

2 Yr. Warranty 566 Irelan, Bin AO 

Buellton, CA 93427 

(805) 688-2047 

SUPER FAN II TM 

FOR YOUR APPLE II COMPUTER' 

Inc. 

ZOOM HiRes Graphics Printing Utility 

for APPLE PASCAL 

AND 

• CLIPS ON-NO HOLES OR SCREWS • REPLACEABLE SWITCH 

• AVAILABLE IN 120V OR 240V AND 50/60HZ • DURABLE MOTOR 

• REDUCES HEAT CAUSED BY EXTRA PLUG-IN CARDS 

• INCREASED RELIABILITY-SAVES DOWN TIME AND REPAIR CHARGES 

• TAN OR BLACK COLOR 

• LOW NOISE DUE TO DRAWING EFFECT OF AIR THROUGH YOUR 

COMPUTER AND SPECIAL FAN AND MOTOR DESIGN 

• "QUIETEST FAN ON THE MARKET" 

• EXTRA 120V OUTLET FOR MONITOR OR ACCESSORIES TURNS ON WHEN 

YOU TURN ON YOUR FAN (NOT AVAILABLE ON 240V MODEL) 

• SOLD WORLD WIDE • UNIQUE I YEAR WARRANTY 

COPYRIGHT.© 1981 ·PATENTS PENDING 

HOW TO HOOK IT UP: !) Clip it on your APPLE. 2) Unplug your 120V cable (you won't 

need it). 3) Plug short 120V cable from Super Fan II to the back of your computer. 4) Plug the 

supply cable from Super Fan II to your 120V power source. 5) Turn on the rocker switch and 

a built-in, red. ready light comes on. 6) You are all set to "COOL IT.' This switch also turns 

your computer "ott" and "on." 

Dea I er Inquires Invited 

'Plus 6% California Sales Tax and $2.50 shipping charge per item. 

Anadex grafixPLUS DP-9000/ 9001 /9500/9501/9600/ 962(1; Epson GRAFTRAX MX- 

70/80/80FT/82/82FT/ 100; IDS 440/445/ 460/560/ Prism BO/ Prism 132; C.ltoh 8510 

Prowriter and NEC PC-8023A-C; datasouth DS-180 Okidata Microline 82a/83a 

More than 20 1/0 card types supported 

Features - 

• Print HiRes page 1 or page 2 horizontally or rotated, or print 

two page panoramas with page 1 above or beside page 2. 

Print at any feasible scale factor! 

• Print full or any partial screen! 

• Append our procedures to your program or use our very 

friendly interactive control programs which feature picture 

loading from disk, HiRes preview, ZOOM window setting, 

and print format selection. 

• HiRes preview and save to disk. 

for 

Apple PASCAL 

TURTLEPAK 

$3495 

TERMO~ALL 

HAM RADIO INTERFACE 


Et 

TRS·BD 

TEAMINALL now available for APPLE II ! 

TERMINALL T2 is a hardware and softwar1>. 

system which converts your Apple II computer into 

a state of the art communications terminal. Simply 

insert the interlace card into any available card slot 

(1 -71 in your APPLE, then plug the a11ached cables 

into your radio 

Simplicity. TERMINALL was designed from the 

outset to be easy to connect to your radio and easy 

to use. Plug into your receiver headphone jack and 

copy Morse Code or radioteletype !ATTY). Plug into 

your CW key jack and send Morse Code. Attach 

a microphone connector and send Baudot or ASCII 

ATTY using audio tones (AFSKl . That's all there is 

to hooking it up. 

Complete software on DOS 3.2 diskette (Muffin to 

3.31 . assembled and tested hardware, and extensive 

instruction manual. Requires an APPLE II or 

APPLE II Plus, 48K and disk . 

The software is loaded into your computer from 

disk. En ter your callsign and the time and you will 

start receiving immediately . No settings or ad 

JUStments are necessary to receive Morse Code, it's 

fully automatic and it works! You may type your 

message while receiving or transmitting . You will 

be on the air, receiving and transmitting in any 

mode, in minutes. As we said, TERMINALL is sim 

ple 

• TERMINALL has the ATTY terminal unit 

-demod and AFSK - built in. This results in a lower 

total cost 

• Fantastic Morse reception. Six stage active 

filter demodulator copies the weak ones . Auto 

adaptive Morse algorithm copies the sloppy ones 

Received code speed displayed on status line. 

• Outstanding documentation. Professionally 

written , 90 page user manual contains step-by-step 

mstructions 

• Built in, separ&1!iB;, multi-stage active filter 

ATTY and CW demodulators. No phase lock 

loops. ATTY demodulator has 170 and either 425 or 

850 Hz shift - keyboard selectable - and uses ei~her 

the panel meter or scope outputs fa; easy tuning 

Copy the weak ones. Copy the noisy ones. Copy 

the fading ones. 

• Built in crystal controlled AFSK. Rock stable 

for even the most demanding VHF or HF applications. 

A must on many VHF ATTY repeaters 

• Built in 110 or 220 volt AC power supply . 

• Built in parallel printer driver software. 

Simply attach a parallel ASCII printer (e.g. the EP 

SON MX-80) to your printer port to obtain hardcopy 

in all modes. 

• Multi level displays - allows examining and 

editing of historical text. Word wrapping, word 

mode editing, diddle, ig~ore carriage retur~s, user 

programmable end of line sequence. adjustable 

carriage width, multi user defined WAU, transmit 

delay (fixed, none or auto adaptive), break mode 

and more! 

• The all-in-one TERMINALL design makes it 

great for use on HF or VHF Ham, Commercial, 

SWL or MARS! SWL's: TERMINALL may be 

jumpered for either 425 or 850 Hz reception to copy 

news and weather services. 

TO ORDER 

a.r. (209) 667-2888 

' 

''· ~ (209) 634-8888 

:.l '! '=MACROTRONICS, inc .. 

~C / ODEPTAO 

1125 N. Golden State Blvd. 

Turlock, California 95380 

TELEPHONE 

VOICE RESPONSE 

The V100 interactive voice synthesizer 

w ith telephone interface is an Apple ll®or IBM Personal 

Computer® compatible, low-cost, so lution to remote 

data base access arrangements. 

$J9500 

VlOO-A 

• Direct telephone connection, auto-dial/answer 

• Touch-tone® generation and detection 

• Includes 1000 word, LPC all ophone vocabu lary 

• Software for sentence/li brary construction 

• Expa ndable with 300 ($150) or 1300 ($495) high 

quality LPC words 

W'l:?~§ll' 

©@OO~@OO&ll'D@~ 

2405 Qume Dr., San Jo se, CA 95131 

(408) 942-1037

. 

1111111111111 

:-111111111111111111111111111111 

5 INTRODUCTORY 

5 OFFERs999 

.: NowOnly 

D Please Rush . __ 88 CARDS to me at $899 

each during your introductory offer. (Ca. residents 

add 6Yi% Sales Tax.) Enclosed is my 

check for-----· Allow 4 weeks for 

delivery. 

D Please send more information. 

Name: ___________ ~--- 

: Address: ______________ 

-. 

: Phone: ( 

. 

-. • 

- 

Local Computer Dealer: _ _______ _ 

Dealer Inquires Welcome. 

COPROCESSORS INC. 

50 WEST BROKAW ROAD, SUITE 64 

SAN JOSE, CA 95110 

408 947-4616 

: 88 CARD is a trademark of COPROCESSORS INC.

Back up any diskette ... 

Do & undo copy-protection ... 

Encrypt confidential data filesM. 

Customize 

your 

commercial 

programs ••. 

game, utility, business & 

educational program listings 

and ... 

hardcore 

columns on: 

D.O.S. 

program tricks 

writer's markets 

Appledigest 

software reviews 

adventure tips 

For the first time ever a truly affordable Apple interface offers all 

the most sophisticated text and graphics capabilities on Epson®, 

O kidata®, Centronics®, and IDS® printers. With the easy to use 

PKASO Interface, you simply slip it into your Apple Com puter,® 

attach the cable to your printer, and enjoy all these features: 

• Broadest range of tex t printing using your software • Hi Res 

graphics with up to 40 creative options • LoRes and HalfTone 

graphics in 16 levels of gray • SuperRes plotting with up to 2160 

x 960 points per page • User created or software defined characters 

and symbols • Full text and graphics dump of absolutely any 

screen image. 

Gray scale printing Snapshot screen dump Apple/// compatibility 

At Interactive Structures we've built our reputation on innova · 

tion, quality and service, and we're doing it again with the new 

PKASO series. T he PKASO Interface will bring out the best 

in your Apple Computer, your data printer and your program. 

It will perform with all popular languages such as BASIC and 

ASSEMBLER. It will print both text and graphics with PASCAL. 

A nd it's the first and only Apple interface to offer all this JJlus 

support for the Apple Z-80 CP/M System and for full Apple /// 

operation. 

Don't settle for less. And don't pay more. Call us now for the 

name of the PKASO dealer near you. 

BE THE 

MASTER 

OF YOUR DISKETTES 

with "the most versatile and 

user - friendly disk editing utility ." * 

DISKEDIT * review in 

HARDCORE 

Computing 

REVIVE CRASHED DISKS! 

RECOVER DELETED FILES! 

Insert or remove illegal characters. 

Write flashing and inverse titles. 

Hide or disguise file names. 

Customize the CATALOG 

SPECIAL FEATURES: 

Displays ENTIRE sector in hex-ASCII. 

Uses single-key commands and 

a CONTINUOUS edit mode! 

ONLY 

Interactive Structures, Inc. 

11 2 Bala Avenue 

P.O. Box404 

Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 

(2 15) 667 -1 7 13 

Apple Computer is a registered trade name o f Apple Computer Inc . 

Epson is a registered trade name of Epson America Inc. O k idata is a 

registered trade name ot Okidata Corpora11on. Centro n1cs is a reg is· 

tered trade nam e o t Centron1cs Data Computer Corporation 

IDS is a registered trade name o t Integral Data Systems. Inc

TOGETHER, LOCKSMITHT; THE INSPECTOR 

AND WATSON GIVE YOU TOTAL CONTROL 

URversi·oAn PPLE AND ITS DISKS. 

i . O OurFne~w0 4 . 1 

____Q 

memory and disks forward and backwards, read 

~ is by far the most nibbles, map disk space, locate strings, the uses are 

reliable nibble-copy program for the 

endless. At your local dealer or direct- 

Apple. There simply is no competition. Allows THE INSPECTOR, $59.95. 

you to backup just about any diskette. Includes 

read/write Nibble Editor, Quickscan Analysis, 'TAJ.:atsnnT.M Includes. such goodies 

Media Surface Check, Degauss and Erase, 

YY~ 

as scrolling screen dump, 

Inspector Interface and Disk-drive Speed 

Calibration utilities. All for just $99.95 at your 

Jlf__ local dealer or direct. 

~ - 

0. by :)! '"Puts all your disk 


bill /i 

sehon t 1 I 

and memory utilities 

~ ·~. together where 

they belong - inside your Apple. 

Eprom or disk version is always 

at your fingertips. Search 

The Inspector's Assistant disassembler that shows 

ASCII, file follower of file, track/sector list-finder 

by name, disk-sector lockout, disk comparer, 

much more. At your local dealer or direct 

WATSON,* $49.95. 

If you're at all serious about programming or 

about business use of your Apple, you must 

have these interactive utilities. 

MasterCard and Visa 

holders order toll-free, 

1-800-835-2246. 

+ 

OMEGA MICROWARE, INC. T .M. 

222 SO. RIVERSIDE PLAZA• CHICAGO, IL 60606 • 312-648-4844 

•Requires The Inspector 

~~~~· 1 + = 1 4 ~App~le~aregis~ 

· 1ered~trademar~kofApp~leComp~uter 

, lnc!I 

. 

3 PRODUCTS TO ADD A 4m DIMENSION 

OF POWER TO YOUR APPLE. 

~16" The one 16-K memory 

(Look Ma, no straps!) expansion Card for 

your Apple that requires no unnecessary surgery. 

This board just plugs in with no strap or additional 

connections. In spite of its quality, the Ramex-16 

costs just $139.95, complete with a one year 

limited warranty. 

A complete turnkey 

memory management 

Mlinager sy~tem ?n a disk- 

1 = ..::..::.._----=-----"T"'" 1 usmg either one or two 

16K cards. HIDOS loads DOS onto one RAM 

card and with the second card loads an 

alternate language onto another. 

SOLIDOS turns a 16K 

card into a fast, 

45-sector disk-drive emulator. At your local 

dealer or direct for just $34.95. 

THE 

~ ... 

ISICA c If you use VisiCalc , 

then you must have 

THE CONSOLIDATOR. It 

will save you hours of keyboard time, by allowing 

you to manipulate totals of separate files without 

reentering them. Easy to use, invaluable to 

own. Just $49.95 at your dealer or direct. 

.lll three of these together help make your Apple 

n a more complete business system - giving 

you expanded memory, extra convenience, 

sure control. MasterCard 

and Visa holders order 

toll-free, 1-800-835-2246. 

OMEGA MICROWARE, INC. T.M. 

222 SO. RIVERSIDE PLAZA 

CHICAGO, IL 60606 

312-648-4844

MACHINE LANGUAGE SPEED 

WHERE IT COUNTS ... 

by Bob tlacon 

IN YOUR PROGRAM. 

For the first time, Arnper-Magic makes it easy for people who don't 

know machine language to use its power. Now you can attach slick, 

finished machine language routines directly to your Applesoft programs in 

seconds! And interface them by name, not address! And pass parameters 

directly, just like with Applesoft commands! 

You simply give each routine a name of your choice, perform the 

append procedure once at about 15 seconds per routine, and the machine 

language becomes a permanent part of your BASIC program; no more separate 

BLOADing programs! (Of course, you can remove any subroutine if you want 

to.) 

Up to 255 relocatable machine language routines can be attached to 

an Applesoft program and then called by name. We supply over 20 machine 

language routines on the disk. You can enter more from magazines. And 

more library disks are in the works. Some routines on this disk are: 

Binary file info 

Delete array 

Disassemble memory 

Dump variables 

Find substring 

Get 2-byte values 

Gosub to variable 

Goto to variable 

Hex memory dump 

Input anything 

Hove memory 

Multiple poke decimal 

Multiple poke hex 

Print w/o word break 

Restore special data 

Speed up Applesof t 

Speed res tore 

Store 2-byte values 

Swap variables 

These routines and more can be attached and accessed easily. For 

example, to allow typing of commas and colons in a response (not normally 

allowed in Applesoft), you simply attach the Input Anything routine and 

put this line in your program: 

xxx PRINT "PLEASE ENTER THE DATE. " ; : & INPUT, DATE$ 

&·MAGIC makes it Easy to be Fast & Flexible! 

PRICE: $75 

Formerly: 

aurora systems, inc. 

Madison, WI 53704 

Anthro - Digital Software 

P .0. Box 1385 

Pittsfield, MA 01202 

Call 'Information' 

&·Magic and Amper-Magic are trademarks of Anthro ·Digital. Inc. 

Applesoft is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 

Also available 

Versacalc (several versions), The Executive Sec retary and 

Executive Speller, Hebre\1 II and Hebrew II Plus, S-C Assembler, nuickTrace, Arnper - Magic, 

The Rent

' 

8 

© Copyright 1981, QUAD Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 

The new programming aid 

that makes programming 

and debugging simple! 

LIST 

PRINTS THE CU RRENT PROGRAM 

IN MEMORY ON THE SC REE N. 

CAN BE USE D IN DIR ECT EXECUTI ON 

MODE OR AS PART OF A PROGRAM . 

41 

A deck of 102 easy· to· read O·CARDS has all theApplesoft 

commands you need, including peeks, pokes, and 

calls. And it's all there at a glance- no more hunting through 

manuals. Designed for home-computer users, a-CARDS 

cut through all the complications to offer command 

instructions which are easy to find and easy to follow. 

They're unbeatable as learning aids for beginners, and 

provide a quick format reference for the experienced: 

perfect for home, office or instructional use. 

LIST 

PRINTS THE ENTIRE PROGRAM . 

LIST 150 

PRINTS LINE 150 

LIST-1 50 

PRINTS FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE PROGRAM 

UPTO LINE 150 

LIST 150- 

PRINTS FROM LINE 150TOTHE END OF THE PROGRAM . 


--------------------~-'NOTE : TO STOP A LISTING PRESS CTRL S 

TO RESTA RT PRESS S 

On the front side: Each command is boldly displayed, along with a 

description of what the command does. The large index number in the' · 

right corner allows for easy filing and reference. 

i••• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••• 

On the back.si~e: You'll ~ind format ex?mples !or the primary I 

command applications. Concise, accurate, time-saving, and easy to I Please send __ deck(s) of a-CARDS (at $19.95 ea.) .......... . .. .. . .. . . . 

understand - a remarkable change from having to dig through I Add$1.25perdeckfor shipping&handling ($2.50perdeckforordersoutsidetheU.S.) . . ·- --- 

manuals for specific information. I FLORIDA RESIDENTS add sales tax of $.85 per deck . . .. . .. ... . . ........... . . . 

I Total .. . $ ___ _ 

I D Check D Money Order D MC# 

0 VISA# _____ 

Take the first step toward simpler programming ._ - --- 

and debugging - fill out and mail this coupon today . .,.. I EXP. DATE - ---------- 

@.JYialal 

SYSTEMS 

P.O. Box 260279 

Tampa, FL 33685 

1 NOTE: Payment in U.S. Dollars only. Make Name __________ _ 

checks payable to QUAD Systems, 

Inc. Allow 4-6 weeks delivery in Company or School (if applicable) ___ _ _ 

U.S.; 8-10 weeks for shipments 

I outside the U.S. 

Address, __________ _ 

D Please send information about 

I a-CARDS for the following languages: City - --- - ------ 

I 

State _____ Zi,,__ _____ 

Phone _,______,___ ____ ____ 

•• D Please send information about 

quantity discounts. 

Signature ________ _ _ 

I 

I I

Now you can have the ORIGINAL Dan Paymar 

Lower Case Adapter 

for the Apple-II* and Apple-II Plus*· 

At new INFLATION SHATTERING prices 

LCA-2 

$27. so 

For rev. 7 or newer Apples (without RAM configuration blocks) 

LCA-1 TM 

$37. so 

For revision 6 or older Apples (with RAM configuration blocks) 

- 

WILL THE REAL APPLE PASCAL PLEASE STAND UP? 

by Dr. Wo 

Once Upon a Time, there was only one Apple computer 

and only one implementation of Pascal for it. Indeed, many 

of you would probably agree with me that there was only 

one personal computer and one programming language in 

the world! (Note: Dr. Wo programs in Pascal. Which is a bit 

like saying that Carl Sagan watches stars. -PCW) 

Now, however, there are some new kids on the block. 

There is probably at least one other personal computer 

you'd love to hav~. But more important for Pascal pro· 

grammers, there are at least four different versions of Pascal 

running on two Apple computers: Apple Pascal 1.1 on the 

Apple II; Apple /// Pascal; Softech Microsystems' UCSD 

Pascal Version N.1, running on the Apple II and a passel of 

other computers, including the new kids, and Pascal MT , a 

CP /M based system covered in the March-April 1982 Apple 

Orchard. 

Will the Real YOU Please Stand Up? 

Now, what has this to do with you? Well, with personal 

computers looking more and more like appliances, in the 

sense that your Old Faithful Apple II may not be the only 

computer you'll ever own, the question is, how portable is 

your software? That's a valid question whether your soft· 

wai:e is purchased or home-grown. 

Of course, your need for portability should be determined 

by your objectives. What are you trying to develop for yourself? 

Are you writing programs for personal use, with little 

expectation of acquiring another machine on which they 

might run? Are you developing software tools and/or applications 

software for your own use or for sale on the open 

market? Do you want those tools and applications to work 

on as many machines as possible, or are they Applespecific? 

Are you investing a lot of your time on programs 

that you might like to run on another computer someday? 

And just how soon is "someday?" 

Let's Review 

We'll review three of these Pascals here and now, from 

two programming points of view. On the one hand, we'll 

look at them for developing tools for personal use, and on 

the other we'll look at them for developing applications 

programs and general purpose tools, hoping to run them 

on a number of machines. 

Most of the review is a comparison of Apple II Pascal and 

Softech' s Version N. The biggest differences, and the big· 

gest choices, are between these two. We note that there are 

differences between Apple II and Apple / // Pascals, and 

we'll note some of these as we go along. 

Apple II Pascal, Version 1.1 

This is the Apple Pascal 99 per cent of us know and love 

so well. Omitting some history, some additions, and some 

revisions, it is essentially the Pascal operating system developed 

by Prof. Ken Bowles at the University of California 

-San Diego (UCSD), to which Softech's Version N also 

corresponds. Apple Pascal is a delight to use, and has 

several features which aid software development and maintenance. 

Whatever I have learned about good (and bad!) 

programming, top-down design, modular program devel· 

opment, you name it, I have learned on my Apple using this 

system. 

There are additions to the UCSD standard Pascal system 

in the Apple implementation, the most outstanding of 

which is the inclusion of UNITs to aid in development of 

software libraries. They are the way to group proven, logically 

related data structures and procedures into a package, 

which can then be used in program after program. Even if 

you don't plan to use a set· of routines in more than one 

program, units are still powerfully useful. They are an aid to 

modular development, and can save you a lot of compilation 

time as you iteratively debug, improve, and refine a 

main program. Regrettably, it took me a while to realize their 

value. 

Four other features of the Apple operating system which I 

have found useful are the EXEC files, chaining, BIOS attachment 

utilities, and compiler options ·to· control the 

residency of units and program segments. With EXEC files 

we can drive the operating system and our programs from a 

script. And with the Attach utilities (available from the International 

Apple Core on a disk with booklet for $7.00) we can 

integrate all manner of peripherals into the operating sys· 

tern in a logical and consistent way. 

If you have some foreign (read "non-Apple") peripherals 

such as a Micro modem or auxilliary RAM card and have not 

investigated integrating them into your system using these 

attach BIOS programs, you're really missing a lot of fun 

-and probably using a lot of kludges to drive the peripheral. 

The attach programs are nice because they allow 

you to define an Assembly language driver for a peripheral 

and then access it from Pascal through the operating system's 

1-0 intrinsics. You can even pass parameters to the 

driver through the intrinsic "UNITSTATUS," meaning you 

can exercise complete control over your peripheral from 

May· June 1982 75

Pascal. (The Attach BIOS material was described and 

augmented in the Fall 1981 Apple Orchard.) 

Well and good: now what's missing from the Apple II 

Pascal? Currently, a program is limited to 16 segments or 

units, and the System Library can contain only 16 segments. 

That's an effective run-time total of 32 units or 

segments. These limits are at least inconvenient, and ofttimes 

more than that(!). The distinction between regular 

units, which count against a program's segment limit and 

must be explicitly linked to their host; and intrinsic units, 

which must be in a system library but do not have to be 

linked, seems arbitrary and annoying. As I develop more 

and more generally useful units, and use these units to 

break up my programs into logical pieces, I keep running up 

against these limits. That means a lot of library management, 

using this library or boot disk for one program, and 

that one for another, etc. I'd rather be designing and coding! 

It would be very nice indeed to eliminate regular units, 

making all units intrinsic, and eliminating the need for linking. 

It would also be nice to raise the limits on both the size of 

the System Library and the size of programs; or to introduce 

a program library facility by which a program could have its 

own library of intrinsic-type units. 

Although the EXEC feature is useful, full 1-0 redirection 

capabilities would be nicer and even more useful. What do I 

mean? 

Consider the following situation, which leads to a question 

I am often asked (so there must be others who would 

like this feature too). You have written a program which 

outputs to the screen. Next, you would like to run the 

program and have its output directed to a printer or a disk 

file. In effect, you would like to pass an output file name 

parameter to your program when you X( ecute the program. 

Can you do it? No ... and yes. That is, you can't pass a file 

name that way, but, as I'll show in a future article, you can 

redirect output using a trick or two to achieve a similar 

result. The point here is that the feature is definitely not 

present at the operating system level. 

Finally, there are certain software tools and programming 

aids that only Apple the Company can provide and which I 

feel they should provide, even if at a (moderate) cost. I've no 

doubt they must have and use these tools for their own 

development work; after all, we have been told that Pascal is 

Apple's chosen in-house development language. The tools 

are such that only Apple can assure they will remain useful 

as the operating system (and the Apple II) evolves. 

One such tool is the screen control unit, a unit to provide 

terminal independent screen operations including CLEAR 

SCREEN, ERASE LINE, text windowing, etc. If nothing else, 

such a unit would ease the problem of transporting Pascal 

software from Apple II to Apple I I I, to IV, or whatever. 

Another is a unit with routines to access and modify the 

system date (tied to a clock if present), the default volume 

name (the Prefix volume), and disk directories including file 

dates, wild card searches, etc. For one thing, this would 

grant every program that needs it the ability to list directories. 

Another tool which could be provided is a unit to convert 

strings to integers or reals, and back again. The built-in 

facilities for doing this are a bit flaky, and in many cases not 

very friendly. (See Paul Sand's article elsewhere in this 

issue.) The only fail-safe way to enter numeric data now is to 

allow the user to enter string data, ana then convert the 

string to the desired type. Apple the Company could help by 

supplying this stuff and seeing to it that the routines take 

advantage of how real data is represented on the host 

machine, including the number of bytes used to represent 

reals. 

Apple I I I Pascal 

There are some significant differences between the 

Apple II and Apple I I I Pascal systems, because Apple I 11 

Pascal is an improvement and a strict superset of Apple II 

Pascal. With only a few minor modifications, like changing 

control character values to make MISCINFO compatible 

with SOS, Apple II Pascal will run on the Apple I I/. Moving a 

program from the I 11 to the II, however, doesn't come as 

easily. 

One difference is that SOS-Apple 111 Pascal can maintain 

hierarchical directories. The Apple II cannot, of course, and 

any programs which rely on this feature will not be portable. 

A major strength of the Pascal language is the ability and 

requirement to classify variables by types. All variables must 

be declared to be of a type, and that identification specifies 

its permissible values and the operations that can be performed 

with it. Unfortunately, this strength turns out to be a 

hindrance when trying to develop libraries of general 

procedures to operate on arrays. Apple 111 Pascal has 

provided a partial solution to this dilemma with the inclusion 

of two new datatypes, "bytestream" and "wordstream," 

which can be used to type variable parameters in procedures. 

To illustrate, consider the following Apple 111 example: 

PROGRAM example; 

VAR 

a 

b 

ARRAY[1..100] OF INTEGER; 

ARRAY[25 .. 74] OF INTEGER; 

FUNCTION sum (VAR data : wordstream ; 

n : integer) : INTEGER; 

VAR 

x, i INTEGER; 

BEGIN 

x : 0 

FOR 

sum 

END; 

x· ' 

BEGIN 

WRITELN 

WRITELN 

END. 

0 to n DO x 

(sum (a , 100)); 

(sum (b, 50)); 

x 

data[iJ; 

76 Apple Orchard

GREAT LAKES DIGITAL RESOURCES IS PROUD TO ANNOUNCE... 

Choosing the right RAM board 

for your Apple II Computer 

is easy as 1, 2, 3. 

1. The 64K and 128K RAM boards from Legend Industries are the original 

large memory boards for the Apple. They a re the m ost widely used a nd best 

tested. The 64KC and 128KDE are far more versatile than any of the le sser 

capacity boards that you can buy for the Apple 11. For example - Up to 145K 

VISICALC models can be created using the VC PLUS program. Disk Emulation, 

Memory Master, and many application programs use these RAM boards. 

2. Legend Industries is dedicated to providing more programs that use the 

64KC AND 128KDE RAM boards. When you write a program that is used as a 

part of the product or is offered as a commerc ial product from Legend Industries 

they will refund in full the purchase price of the board. This policy a lso 

applies to providing patches to commercial software so that they can use the 

expanded capacity of the 64K and 128K RAM boards from Legend. 

3. The warranty on the 64KC and 128KDE has been extended to 1 year. It 

has been a year since the 64K RAM board was introduced by Legend Industries. 

This experie nce has p roven our confidence in the product and the technology 

tha t we introduced. 

AFTER CONSIDERING THESE POINTS CHECK THE PRICE 

64KC - 64K DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARD FOR THE APPLE II 

DISK EMULATION SYSTEM - 2 64KC RAM CARDS WITH DISK 

EMULATIO N SOFTWARE, MEMORY MASTER, AND VC PLUS 

128KDE SOFT DISK - 128K DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARD WITH DI SK 

EMULATIO N SOFTWARE, MEMO RY MASTER, AND VC PLUS 

VC PLUS- CREATES UP TO 145K WORKSPACE IN VISICALC 

DISK EMULATOR 2.1 - SIMULATES FAST DISK DRIVES ON THE 

APPLE II (REQUIRES 1-6 64KC) 

PASCAL SOFT DISK EMULATOR - SIMULATED FAST ACCESS 

DRIVES FOR APPLE PASCAL l.l (REQUIRES 64K OR 128KDE) 

LEGEND LCG 1 & 2 - LOWER CASE GENERATOR FOR APPLE II 

MEMORY MASTER 1.1 - MEMORY MANAGEMENT FOR THE APPLE II 

$349. 

$700. 

$750 . 

s 34.95 

' s 49.95 

s 49.95 

s 49.95 

s 34.95

In this example, one function serves to sum the elements 

in arrays of different types. This is not possible in Apple II 

Pascal, so any programs on the Apple/// would have to be 

modified for use on the II. 

UCSD Pascal, Version IV 

Where do I begin? Get this: 

In General: 

* Compiler option selectable native code generation; 

A third difference between the Pascals is the larger 

number of effective segments allowed in the Apple // / 

program. Each such program is permitted 16 segments or 

regular units, 16 units from the System Library, and 16 

intrinsic units from a program library for a total of 48 segments 

or units! If you get accustomed to this feature, you 

will have trouble moving your programs to an Apple II. 

* Double precision real arithmetic; 

* An enhanced System Editor including "tabstop," "exchange 

delete," and "exchange insert" commands; 

* Complete freedom to redirect program and system 1-0 

from the X( ecute command line and from within programs; 

* Up to 256 units or segments per program, all units intrinsic, 

no linking; 

One way to solve potential portability problems is to 

program to the lowest common denominator; to not use 

the" new" features of the more powerful machines. Another 

way is to abandon the Apple II entirely; after all, you probably 

so.Id it to get the money to buy the ///, right? Better, in my 

opinion, would be to implement these features for the II. 

(C'mon, guys, you can do it!) Arid while we're at it, why not 

kick in a type "realstream," or better yet, conformant arrays, 

the generalization of these "streams." 

* A program's units can reside in any library; 

* Every library has room for 256 units; 

* File variables allowed in the interface section of units, 

segment procedures allowed in the implementation section 

(not possible in the Apple Pascals); 

* Units can use other units in their implementation section 

as well as in their interface; 

* Turtlegraphics. Not source code compatible with Apple's. 

Some of my friends rather strongly disagree with me 

here. They like what they have on the II, and aren't interested 

in seeing it changed. You may agree with them. In fact, you 

may not care at all. Again, it depends on you and your goals. 

* Chaining; 

* A " screen ops" unit to control the screen, including access 

to the system date; 

78 Apple Orchard

TASC: The Applesoft Compiler. 

It turns your Apple into 

a power tool. 

Step up to speed. TASC, the Applesoft Compiler, 

converts a standard Applesoft BASIC program 

into super-fast machine code. By 

increasing program execution speed 

up to 20 times, Microsoft gives 

you a power tool for Applesoft 

BASIC programming. 

Highest capacity available. 

TASC w ill compile and run 

larger programs than any 

other Applesoft Compiler. As a 

disk-based system, it doesn't 

require t he simultaneous presence 

of compiler and program 

in memory. The memory you save 

allows you to compile significantly 

bigger programs. 

Power without bulk. Code expansion of up to 100% 

severely restricts other compilers. TASC's special 

code compression schemes typically limit code 

expansion to only 25%. You'll really appreciate that 

with complex programs or programs that utilize 

Apple's hi-res graphic pages. 

More BASIC power. TASC's powerful new 

commands increase Applesoft BASIC programming 

capability. Chain with COMMON allows compiled 

programs to share variables, so a main menu 

•Applesoft is a trademark of Apple Computer. Inc. 

supports several programs in a 

"..;'~ single runtime environment. 

',._ TASC's True Integer Arithmetic 

and Integer FOR ... NEXT 

capa bilities maximize the execution 

speed of compiled programs. 

TASC's near total compatibility 

w ith Applesoft speeds compilation 

of existing programs 

with little or no modification. 

What about mistakes? You 

perfect your programs interactively 

with Applesoft. If some 

• thing does slip by, TASC recovers 

from errors discovered in compilation 

and traps all runtime errors. It even permits 

graceful interruptions during compilation. 

See for yourself. Ask for a demonstration of 

TASC at your Microsoft dealer. Discover the software 

package that turns your Apple into a power tool. 

A Division of Microsoft Inc. 

10700 Northup Way • Bellevue. WA 98004


• An interactive, symbolic debugger; 

• Full support of duplicate directories, including "markdup· 

dir," "copydupdir," and "recover" programs (See Dr. Wo's 

column in the Winter 1981 Apple Orchard .PCW) 

•Various other utilities including a P-code disassembler and· 

the famed "patch" program, a byte-level editor; 

• BIOS attachment utilities; 

• Primitives for concurrent processing and interrupt 

handling; 

•A variety of new memory management procedures which 

should facilitate development of routines for processing 

arrays; 

• Memory management procedures for controlling the 

residency of segments and units under program, as 

opposed to compiler, control; 

• Extended system memory management so that application 

programs can make use of the larger memories in the 

coming computers; 

And ... 

•Complete portability of software between the Apple 11, Z-80 

machines, the IBM-PC, 68000-based machines, 6809 machines, 

Tl 9900 machines, LSI-11/PDP-l 1, ... and others. 

Specific to the Apple II 

•* Drivers included for a variety of peripherals, including all of 

the standard Apple ones and Micro-Sci floppies, SVA 8-inch 

floppy disk controller, lower case adapters, CCS serial card, 

SSMAIO serial card and Sup'R'Term, Smartterm,Videx, and 

Double Vision boards; 

• A completely relinkable BIOS which allows you to take 

advantage of the above-mentioned drivers; 

• A configuration utility which allows you to set such 

parameters as whether you have installed a jumper to enable 

true shift key operation from the Apple II keyboard. 

Going Down 

I like this system. I like it a whole lot. But it's not the best 

system if all you'll work with is the Apple 11; it works better on 

other computers. What's the down side? 

The Version IV system is noticeably slower on the Apple II 

than is Apple Pascal. This is because the system architecture 

is quite different and because the system is heavily 

swapped, leading to more disk 1-0 than with Apple Pascal. 

This system will be very hard to use with only(!) two disk 

drives, not only because of the swapping mentioned above, 

but also because the SYSTEM.PASCAL file is much larger 

than the Apple Pascal version. The score is UCSD 84 blocks 

without debugger, Apple 41 blocks. So there's less space 

on the boot disk 

Consider this: the System Filer is now segmented; not all 

of it resides in memory at once. You will swap disks while 

using the Filer, even on a two-drive system. This can be 

tricky, or inconvenient, or both. 

The Version IV system as marketed by Softech sells for 

$750 (not including the RAM card), which is more than 

Apple Pascal. Surprised? Don't be. Remember, Apple the 

Company sells hardware, and software to sell hardware; 

Softech sells ... software. We also don't know the details of 

the licensing agreements with the Regents of UC, etc. The · 

price difference is substantial. So are the differences 

between the operating systems. Which system is for you? I 

can't answer that question for you, but I can answer it for 

myself. 

Let's suppose I was an experienced BASIC programmer, 

had an Apple II with two floppy drives, and was about to 

purchase Pascal for the first time. The choice is Apple 

Pascal hands down; there's plenty of room to grow into this 

system and to learn some very exciting things. 

Now suppose I was an advanced hobbyist; a reasonably 

experienced Apple Pascal programmer looking forward to 

upgrading my system by hanging on an 8086 processor 

with 128K RAM on board, and a mini-Winchester hard disk I 

don't know that I'd rush out and get Softech' s Pascal, or the 

CP / M MT+ discussed in the March-April 1982 Apple 

Orchard, but I sure would be wondering who is going to 

bring up Pascal on my new processor and how, and what 

version they plan on using. I'd hope for the best: both 

operating systems making full use of my new computer's 

capabilities. 

Or, suppose I was a cottage industrialist, developing 

applications software and hoping to reach the broadest 

possible customer base in the shortest time. Softech's Pascal 

would be worth having; sitting in front of my Apple, I 

could write programs for any number of machines, availing 

myself of all of the powerful features of the new operating 

system. I would use Apple Pascal, or the appropriate subset 

of it in Softech, when trying to reach the Apple market 

specifically. Apple's Pascal is faster, as it's tailored for the 

Apple machines. 

Finally, let's say I was trying to write software for tomorrow's 

computers today. Choice: Softech, going away. New 

machines will be far better equipped for emulating the 

P-machine than today's Apple II, and will obviate the downside 

analysis given above. 

Who are You? 

The whole point is, that there is a tradeoff analysis which 

you must make. Maybe you' re a cynic who believes that new 

machines won't be logically thought out in terms of P· 

machine capability (History is on the side of the cynic, as 

usual. .PCW) Well, on one end of the spectrum is portability, 

on the other is the speed and smoothness that comes from 

custom-tailoring to the machine architecture. Only you can 

say. 

Indeed, what have you to say? what are your interests and 

objectives? If you' II let me know, I'll try to point my pen ... er, 

keyboard, in your direction.

P1'ESidE11t's MEssatE 

Ken Silverman 

President, International Apple Core 

One of the questions most often 

asked by Apple owners and Apple 

User Groups is, "What is the International 

Apple Core and what can it do 

for me?" We try to answer this question 

in this space every so often, so 

here goes: 

The International Apple Core (IAC) 

is a non-profit organization composed 

of Apple computer User Groups 

throughout the world. It was formed 

to disseminate all types of information 

from Clubs, Apple Computer, 

Inc.; and other manufacturers of related 

hardware and software; this 

includes written information and public 

domain software. Of course, we 

publish the Apple Orchard, and all of 

our memberships include a subscription. 

Only the Full and Sponsoring 

members receive the software in 

addition to the written information, 

usually one disk per month; Associate 

members receive only the written 

information. 

The IAC's polic;ies are set by a 

Board of Directors that at this time 

has eight members from the United 

States (two from each of four regions); 

and a member each from Canada, 

Europe, and Australia. A full list appears 

on Page 4 of this magazine. The 

IAC, what it is, what it does, and how it 

does it, is directly set up by the 

member groups through this mechanism. 

You can get more detailed 

information by contacting the Direc· 

tor in your area. Note too that an 

application blank appears in this 

magazine. 

Full Membership 

Full membership is open to clubs 

(groups), and not to individuals; we 

represent the individual user through 

the Clubs. The Clubs are the principal 

reason for the IAC' s existence, and we 

provide many services beyond information 

dissemination. There is a 

Newsletter Exchange co-ordinator for 

swapping of publications between 

clubs. The Software Librarian collects 

and disseminates public domain software. 

We support Special Interest 

Groups, and the Clubs' efforts at 

same; examples are Education, Ham 

Radio, Handicapped Persons, 

Medical. 

Only Full members may nominate 

and vote on directorships, and vote 

on other issues pertinent to the business 

of the IAC. Membership is open 

to all Clubs, if those Clubs have an 

open membership policy. Annual 

dues are $50.00 (US) per year. 

Sponsors 

Manufacturers and other software 

companies having business related to 

Apple computers need timely access 

to information that the IAC distributes. 

Conversely, the IAC's members 

all benefit from the input provided by 

sponsors; we encourage such participation. 

The Sponsoring membership is tailored 

for commercial interests; quite 

frankly, the higher dues also help the 

IAC's financial condition. Sponsoring 

membership is open to all corporations 

and individuals who wish it. The 

annual membership fee is $2QO per 

year. 

Associate Memberships 

The Associate Membership was 

created to help educational, research, 

and charitable . institutions that have 

an interest in Apple Computers. 

Associate memers receive only the 

printed materials sent to members, 

and have no vote in business matters. 

Associates are engouraged to give us 

input, . and to organize a Club which 

would be eligible for Full membership. 

Further information on Associate 

membership eligibility and criteria will 

be supplied upon submission of an 

application. Associate Membership is 

free. 

Whatever the membership category, 

we encourage your participation 

in the IAC, and better relationships 

between people and their Apples 

everywhere.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP 

Name of Organization 

Mailing Address 

Street: 

City: -------------~Zip: _________ 

----------------- State: 

Country: 

(If the above is a post office box, please supply a street address below where parcels may be sent.) 

OFFICERS OR OFFICIALS 

NAME 

PHONE (area code & number) 

President: 

Treasurer: 

Editor: 

Other: ------------------------------------------- 

(Please check above the name of the IAC contact person). 

For Club~: 

Terms Expire: 

Number of Members: ------- Remittance enclosed : 

Make check or money order payable in U.S. dollars to 

II .- ~ · II 

International Apple Core . 

(Return application and remittance to the International Apple Core, P.O. Box 976, Daly City, California 94017, USA.) 

Check appropriate categories below: 

FULL MEMBERSHIP is available only to Apple User's groups. A $50.00 membership fee must accompany this 

form. Please indicate the time and place of your regular meetings: 

ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP applicants must provide evidence that they are nonprofit institutions. There is no 

membership fee. 

SPONSORS: Please indicate the name, position, and telephone number. of the person in your organization responsible 

for liaison with the IAC. The Sponsoring Membership fee is $200.00. 

Please add 15% to your fees if your organization is overseas and you would like all material sent International Air 

Mail. 

International Apple Core, 910 A George St., Santa Clara, CA 95050

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SUP'R'FAN 

• Fits inside the APPLE II case 

• Powered by 117VAC and does not depend on the 

Apple Power Supply 

• Brushless AC Motor for no electrical noise 

• Does not interfere with all present Apple Peripherals 

• Mounts with one screw- no drilling required 

• Will not interfere with magnetic media such as metal 

cased monitors or disks in close proximity (less than 

Y2 gauss) 

• Lowers IC surface temperatures 

• Weighs only 18 oz . 

SUP'R'SWITCHER 

• 90 to 135 VAC/60Hz or 180 to 270 VAC/50Hz input 

• Fully protected - voltage/ current 

• Overvoltage protection 

• 0-50 C full load operating temperature 

• Output voltage current 

+5V@ 6A -12V@ lA 

+12V@ lA -5V@ lA 

• Weight- 2% lbs 

• Size 3%" H 9%" D 6 \1,i" W 

• Mounts on left side of Apple II 

• Sufficient current to handle all 8 slots 

• Plugs directly into the Apple II motherboard 

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SUP'R'TERMINAL 

• 80 Columns by 24 lines, upper and lower case; all 128 

ASCII characters 

• Includes an Upper and Lower case 5x8 dot matrix 

ASCII character set, and inverse alpha characters 

• Character set can be user definable 

• Shift Lock feature 

• Works with APPLE PASCAL and APPLE BASIC 

• Compatible with ALL APPLE II peripherals 

• CP/ M Output cursor* 

• Pascal 1.1 Keypress and type ahead in firmware* 

• 3K bytes of bank switched static ram 

• 2K bytes of ROM 

• The only board with continuous direct memory 

mapped screened ram 

• The only board that interprets VTABS by firmware 

(version 2.2) 

• The only board with an adjustable scrolling window 

• The only 80 column board that is synchronous with 

the APPLE II 

• Fully programmable cursor 

• Works with CORVUS and NESTAR Systems 

*Version 2.5 

APPLE II is a trademark of APPLE Computer Co. 

C P/ M is a trademark of Digital Research 

SUP'R'MOD II 

The SUP'R'MOD II is a wide band black and white or 

color compatible interface system intended to convert 

the home TV to a full video display for home computers, 

CCTV cameras and similar systems which output 

NTSC compatible composite video. The SUP'R'MOD II 

is pre-tuned to U.S. channel 33 (UHF), includes a coaxial 

cable and antenna transformer, and in conjunction with 

a standard home TV set, insures safe isolation and high 

performance. 

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION TYPICAL UNIT 

Fe Vision Carrier 591.5 MHz ± 0.5 

lee Supply Current 2.0 Ma 

VO(Hi) RF Output, V mod= 0 1.5 Mv 

VO (Low) RF Output, V mod = 1.5 - 20.0 dB 

R,n(mod) Modulation input resistance 700.0 Ohm 

V 05 (Min) Oscillator stop voltage 

2.0 Volt 

Ve c Voltage 

+5 to +12 Volts DC 

M & R ENTERPRISES 

910 George Street 


(408) 980-0160 

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NEW PRODUCTS FOR THE APPLE 

Edited by 

Mark L. Crosby 

Producers of hardware arid software for 

the Apple line of computers should send 

news releases 3 months in advance to 

NEW PRODUCTS EDITOR, Apple Or· 

· chard, 91 OA George St., Santa Clara, CA 

95050. The IAC cannot be held respon· 

sible for claims made by manufacturers. 

CONTENTS: 

HARDWARE 

INPUT /OUTPUT 

MEMORY 

POWER CONDITIONING 

PRINTERS/PLOTTERS 

MISCEUANEOUS SOFTWARE 

BUSINESS (GENERAL) 

COMMUNICATIONS 

EDUCATION 

FINANCIAL 

GAMES/SIMULATIONS 

GRAPHICS 

LANGOAGES(PROGRAMMING) 

MUSIC 

UTILITIES 

WORD PROCESSING 

MUSIC 

CATALOGS/BOOKS 

MISCEUANEOUS 

Hardware 

INPUT /OUTPUT 

The Corona Starfire 5 is a 5 megabyte 

Winchester disk drive. It holds the equiva· 

lent of 38 diskettes of data which is 

available instantly, and it can alphabetize a 

mailing list 5 to 1 0 times faster. Includes 

DataGuard automatic data protection. 

Allows your files to be twice as long, beat· 

ing a crucial limitation of Apple's disc 

operating system, without abandoning 

it-$2,995. Corona Data Systems, 21541 

Nordhoff Street, Unit B, Chatsworth, CA 

91311 (213) 998-0505. 

Programmable Seria 1/0 Board is fully 

compatible with current Apple software 

including Pascal 1.1, Applesoft and Integer 

BASIC. It provides a full EIA RS-232 DTE 

interface to most modems, printers and 

CRT terminals as well as an opto-isolated 

current loop interface strappable for full or 

half duplex, active or passive 2-wire or 4· 

wire, 20mA or 60mA operation up to 

200V. On board 1 KROM software enables 

user programmable printer width control, 

delay after carriage return, automatic linefeed 

generation, and video display. Serial 

character format is user alterable with the 

most popular configurations set as default 

conditions. Provides a full range of con· 

tinuously variable, programmable asyn· 

chronous data rates to 19.2 K baud; 

automatic recognition of the incoming 

data rate from a remote terminal; and firm· 

ware routines to pulse-dial calls onto 

the international Telex-TWX network 

$199.95. Intra Computer, 120-10 Audley 

Street, Kew Gardens, NY 11415 (212) 

947-5533. 

Microbuffer II lets you use your printer 

without tying up your computer. It has 

16K characters of memory (user expand· 

able to 32K). lt accepts data as fast as your 

computer can send it, allowing you to use 

your computer while the Microbuffer II is 

in control of your printing. The Microbuffer 

11, compatible with Applesoft, CP/ M and 

Pascal, comes with complete print format· 

ting features as well as advanced graphics 

dump routines for most popular graphics 

printers. The Snapshot option permits 

you to dump the text screen or graphics 

picture to the printer while any program is 

running-without interruption. The 16K 

Microbuffer is available for $259, the 32K 

version for $299 and the Snapshot option 

for $69. At your local dealer or contact: 

Practical Peripherals, Inc., 31245 La Baya 

Drive, Westlake Village, CA 91362 (213) 

991-8200. 

Select·A·Port plugs directly into your game 

socket giving you access you never had 

before. Attractive case matches the color 

and texture of the Apple II. May hang 

conveniently on either side of the Apple or 

sit flat on non-skid rubber feet. Three 

switch selectable sockets isolated by 

diodes to insure against device to device 

interference. One switch selectable socket 

which automatically modifies the joystick 

or paddles to operate as the second unit in 

dual joystick games of four game paddle 

games. One socket with no isolation for 

those special highly sensitive devices 

$59.95 plus $2 for postage and insurance. 

TG Products, PO Box 2931 , Richardson, 

TX 75080 (214) 424-8556. 

The Station Master is a universal parallel 

card with the added capability of being 

able to put the Hi-Res screen on paper with 

simple keyboard commands. The Station 

Master may be used with any one of four 

different printer types (Epson MX-80 

w / graphics, MX· 100, Anadex 9501 / 9500, 

Data South DS 180, Centronics 739, NEC 

PC8023. There are options for dumping 

Page One or Page Two, normal or expanded 

size, picture or plot, and horizontal 

positioning. Supplied with printer cable so 

you just plug in and go. We also include a 

diskette with practice pictures and plots as 

84 Apple Orchard

well as drivers for use with VisiPlot. Com· 

patible with BASIC, Pascal 1.1, CP / M and 

application software. The documentation 

includes helpful information for first-time 

users about Hi-Res graphics and how to 

use the board with programs such as 

Applewriter, Apple Plot, VisiCalc, and Visi 

Plot-$175. Computer Station, 11610 

Page Service Drive, St. Louis, MO 63141 

(314) 432-7019. 

5/10 Megabyte Hard Disk Drive for the 

Apple runs DOS 3.3, SOS 1.1, Pascal, all 

CP /M programs, plus DB Master, Compu· 

Law, Accounting Plus, Peachtree Account· 

ing, SuperCalc, Medical Management, Stockbroker, 

Real Estate Manager, Word Star, 

and Farmplan. Unique Error Correction 

Coding (ECC) gives you an internal hard 

disk backup system, so media errors are 

corrected and become transparent to 

your computer. These advantages assure 

you of reliable performance for years to 

come: 10,000 hoursMTBF, no preventive 

maintenance, 2 hours MTTR, expandable 

through daisy chaining. Santa Clara Sys· 

terns, Inc., 560 Division Street, Campbell, 

CA 95008 (408) 374-6972. 

From Amdek comes a new RGB color 

monitor with TTL input for high resolution 

graphics. Features 80 x 24 character 

display capability, 560 x 260 resolution, 

molded-in carrying handle, front mounted 

controls, including volume control for 

built-in speaker. Optional Digital Video 

Multiplexor peripheral board for interface 

with the Apple II signal. The DVM consists 

of a 4-channel multiplexor. Three channels 

are used to multiplex the existing Apple 

text, low resolution and high resolution 

graphics. The 4th channel allows the use 

of an 80 character line video board such 

as the Vydec VideoTerm. It is Software 

programmable allowing each of the three 

channels to be turned off or on. Occupies 

any slot in the Apple II. Uses Schottky logic 

with low power consumption. Amdek Cor· 

poration, 2420 E. Oakton Street, Suite 

"E", Arlington Heights, IL 60005 (312) 

364-1180. 

The Enhancer II for the Apple II provides 

you with a true upper and lower case key· 

board with fully functional shift keys. Single 

keystrokes can be defined to become an 

entire word or phrase. The typehead buffer 

allows you to talk to your Apple II while it's 

busy with other things. The Enhancer is 

controlled by its own built-in micropro· 

cessor and on-board firmware. Provides 

1 K static RAM using low power CMOS 

technology. Control-Reset is available as a 

jumper-selected option. Key redefinitions 

are down loadable from disc. Automatic 

repeat gives you approximately 15 characters 

per second, while fast repeate does it 

at 50 characters per second. Requires a 

revision 7 or greater motherboard to 

display lower case-$149. At your local 

dealer or contact: Videx, 897 N.W. Grant 

Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330 (503) 758-0521. 

The Genius displays a full page-57 or 66 

lines of text by 80 characters across and 

was developed for the office automation 

industry, applying to word processing, 

data processing and software develop· 

ment. The 15-inch CRT reformats during 

editing at a fraction of a millisecond, 

rather than the slow sequential updating 

on most CRTs. Display of information 

from memory to screen is also instanta· 

neous as well as sending information 

from screen to storage. The high-resolution 

screen with black characters on white 

provides the necessary requirements for 

reducing typical CRT eyestrain and fatigue. 

The new Genius is fully compatible with 

WordSt

an external twelve volt battery can be used. 

Built-in five inch monitor, rechargeable, 

long life SL.A batteries for operating your 

computer, floppy disk and monitor display. 

Adapter for car battery operation, automatic 

switchover to battery power if A.C. 

power fails or is unavailable. Automatic 

battery recharge when A.C. power is available. 

Chassis accommodates your floppy 

disk Operates from 110/ 220 VAC or 

12VDC-$595. UPBUS, 7825 East Evans 

Road, Building 300, Scottsdale, AZ. 85260 

(602) 991 -7356. 

MEMORY 

The Axion 320K memory System is 

designed to interact with Apple DOS 3.3 

and Apple Pascal 1.1 like two standard 

floppy disk drives while delivering the 

lighting fast access speeds of RAM memory. 

This also leaves 32K of RAM for 

advanced programming techniques. The 

interface board is slot independent and 

draws no power from your Apple. The 

rechargeable battery system built into the 

unit provides three hours of backup in the 

event of a power loss. Invisible memory 

refresh-even with the Apple turned off. 

All firmware is in static RAM on the 

interface board. Includes software for diagnostic, 

fast load and copy routines, and 

business applications. Axion, 1 70 N. Wolfe 

Road, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 730- 

0216. 

POWER CONDITIONING 

Commercial quality power center features 

a sensitive protective relay. Momentary 

power line off-on transients cause this 

relay to latch out power before damage to 

disks and equipment can occur. A lighted 

reset switch restores power when you are 

ready so you can control your power-up 

sequence.· Individual RFI pi filters isolate 

from the other pairs of sockets. Interaction 

between printers, processors, floppies and 

other equipment is eliminated. Varistors 

between each line and ground and between 

lines suppress voltage spikes that 

can cause memory loss, erratic operation 

and equipment damage. A six foot heavy 

duty three wire power cord and industrial 

grade grounded sockets assure years of 

safe and trouble-free use. It is protected by 

a fast acting, .easy access, popout fuse 

(15A, 115 VAC-1875 Watts Max.) 

$99_95 plus $4 shipping and handling. 

MF J Enterprises, Inc., P.O. Box 494, Mississippi 

State, MS 39762 (800) 64 7-1800 in 

MS call (601) 323,5869. 

BY CASES, INC. 

DESIGNED TO PROTECT YOUR COMPUTER 

Features - 

• Rigid Shell Made of Plywood 

Supported High Impact ABS. 

• Shock Resistant Foam lining. 

• Heavy Duty Hardware 

Includes Key Locking Latches 

• Bound Metal Edges. 

• Interlocking Tongue and 

Groove Extrusion. Mating Lid 

and Bottom. 

Apple II Plus 2 Drives $175.00 

OTHER 

MODELS 

AVAILABLE 

CLUB AND DEALER DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE 

CASES, INC. P.O. Box 33820 Seattle. WA 98133 (206) 365-5210 

PRINTERS/PLOTTERS 

The Model OLIVE-1 Olivetti Interface 

turns the Olivetti Praxis-30 or -50 electronic 

daisy wheel typewriter into a letter 

quality printer with RS-232C computer 

interface. The interface provides a wide 

range of user options, such as baud rate, 

handshake protocol and special function 

selection; all functions of the typewriter 

are controllable from the host computer. 

Typewriter features interchangeable daisy 

wheel (100 characters) and ribbon cartridge, 

selectable character pitch, selectable 

print inpace, friction platen drive with 

11 inch maximum print width, fully programmable 

margin and tab control, 12 

characters per second printing speed. 

The interface is completely assembled 

and tested with interface cables and detailed 

instructions for attachment to Praxis- 

3X, typewriter function unimpaired, priced 

below $2QO; 9 VDC/ 300mA wall socket 

plug-in power supply optional. Model 

OLIVE-80 printer package, including Praxis- 

30 and OLIVE-I Interface plus full documentation, 

priced below $700, package 

with Praxis-35 slightly higher. The Olive 

Branch Association, Ltd., 1426 W. Winton 

Ave., Hayward, CA 94545 (415) 887-4716. 

Starwriter F-10 low profile unit is the 

answer for the perfect daisy wheel printer, 

including such features as: low profile 

design (16'' high) to fit easily into your 

system, industry-standard ribbon cartridge, 

40 or 55 cps models, standard 

parallel or RS232-C interface (including 

ETX/ ACK, X-On/ S-Off) protocols, extensive 

built-in word processing functions 

that allow easy adaptability, uses plastic or 

metal wheels, low noise operation. A 

choice of friction feed or optional bidirectional 

tractor feed is available. Leading 

Edge Products, 225 Turnpike Street, Canton, 

MA 02021(800)343-6833 inMA call 

(617) 828-8150. 

The Pro-Writer Matrix Printer includes 

120 cps bidirectional printing, logic seek- 

86 Apple Orchard

- _..:::- =- - :::: 

Introducing DataFax: .. the easy 

way to tame your Data Monster: 

If you deal with information, 

you're probably dealing with a 

Data Monster. 

He's that mass of notes. 

Scribbled messages. Phone 

numbers. And all the thousandand-one 

other important 

pieces· of information you have 

floating around your life. 

But with DataFax from Link 

Systems, you can keep your 

Data Monster under controlplus 

have a lot more power 

over your information than you 

ever thought possible. 

Unlike most "data manage r" 

software programs made for 

your Apple, DataFax doesn't 

care what .your data looks like. 

Or how long it is, how many 

items it has or what you want 

to do with it. 

The power we've programmed 

into DataFa x makes 

it as simple and natura l to use 

as a penc il and pape r. You can 

fill up a screen with anything 

you want- even information 

already stored on disk. Then 

cross-reference it as many different 

ways as you'd like- by a 

date, a species, a custome r's 

name, whateve r. 

Simply powerful software 

that links it all fogether ·" 

© 1982 Link Systems Inc.

ing and proportional spacing combined 

with excellent resolution. Graphics capability 

is built-in and includes shape and high 

resolution features. The Pro-Writer boasts 

of its 1 K buffer in parallel and 3K buffer in 

serial, increment printing ability, N x 9 dot 

matrix, and its correspondence quality 

print in eight character sizes. Built-in tractor 

feed and will accept single-sheet feed. Its 

paper cut-off is less than one inch from the 

print line. Vertical and horizontal tabbing is 

automatic and with the use of a stepper 

motor, the Pro-Writer is very quiet. Manual 

functions include select, line feed, Top of 

Form and Power On, combined with 

Paper Empty and Cover Open Switches. 

The serial version actually includes both 

the parallel and serial interfaces. Parallel 

modeJ~$795, Serial rnodef-$845. Leading 

Edge Products, 225 Turnpike Street, 

Canton, MA 02021 (800) 343-6833 in MA 

call (617) 828-8150. 

The microprocessor-based HP 7470 intelligent 

small-format pen plotter features 

two-color capability, high-resolution plotting 

( + - .025mm) and a rapid plotting 

speed of 15 inches/second (38 cm/sec) 

to produce graphics of exceptional quality. 

Can be used with Apple, IBM, and Commodore 

Pet. Can be connected to laboratory 

instruments such as the HP 1980 oscilloscope, 

spectrum analyzers and other HP 

inStruments to produce hard-copy versions 

of measurement graphics. Pen acceleration 

of 2 G's and pen-down velocity 

of 38 cm/sec to a pen-up velocity of 50 

cm/sec allow even complex plots to be 

ocmpleted in a matter of minutes. Built-in 

character generation, with European char· 

acter set, vector plottil')g and internal linetypes. 

The unit can automatically recon· 

figure or scale a graphic or character to fit 

within a certain area-condensing, expanding 

enlarging and reducing all images 

and characters. Equipped with one of two 

standard interfaces: HP-IB (IEEE-488) and 

RS-232C. Call your local Hewlett-Packard 

sales office. 

The Transtar .Model 140 daisy wheel 

printer provides high quality, fully formed 

character printing capabilities in a compact, 

low profile package. Microprocessorbased 

design allows emulation of an 

industry standard specialty printer protocol, 

providing compatibility with existing 

driver routines of established word processing 

software, such as Peachtree's 

Magic Wand and MicroPro's WordStar. 

The serial interface, with front panelmounted, 

DIP-switch selected communi· 

cation rates to 2400 baud, supports the 

ocmmonly used DTR busy protocol as 

standard. An optional bidirectional tractor 

allows use of a wide variety of fanfold 

forms, and provides precise vertical alignment 

for the accurate printing of superscripts, 

subscripts, and graphics-$1,695. 

Micro Distributors, 11 794 Parklawn Drive, 

RockVille, MD 20852 (800) 638-6621 or 

Sigma Distributing, 2110-116th Avenue 

N.E., Bellevue, WA 98005 (800) 426-1412. 

.MISCELLANEOUS 

New Dual channel, DC to 50 .MHz digital 

memory Oscilloscope fits as a module 

into Apple II and Apple II Plus microcomputers, 

using the display and keyboard 

as a.n oscilloscope screen and 

control panel, the Apple computer for 

waveform processing, and disk memory 

for waveform storage. The Model 85 performs 

standard laboratory functions such 

as signal averaging and DVM readout, and 

BK of Apple memory is available for user 

program development. User programmable 

for such functions as Fast Fourier 

Transform, auto- and cross-correlation, 

power density spectra, and integration 

and differentiation. The Model 85 acquires 

data through probes or cables connected 

to the module at the back of the computer. 

Fastest sweep speed is 10ns/div, and, at 1 

ms/ div and slower, the scope operates as 

a real-time A/D conversion system. Software-generated 

8 x 10 division graticule 

(erasable for an easier-to-read display, 

and, since it is on precisely the same 

surface as the waveforms, introduces on 

parallax or distortion errors. A cursor provides 

DVM readout for any specified point 

on a displayed waveform. Supports hard 

copy output of the waveform display (Silen· 

type or Epson MX-80) to which the user 

may add comments if desired-$995. 

Requires two peripheral slots, 48K and 

one disk drive with DOS 3.3. Northwest 

Instrument Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 1309, 

Beaverton, OR 97075 (503) 297-1434. 

The Kane! A2· 1 Logic Analyzer is aperipheral 

card for the Apple computer that can 

analyze TTL compatible MOS and TTL 

circuits. Connected to the card's three 

ribbon cables are 32 data input probes 

and 16 data output probes. Software supplied 

displays input signals as columns of 

1 's and O's on the screen. From 1 to 16 of 

the inputs may be used for a trigger 

pattern. Routines are provided in BASIC, 

Pascal and assembly language to help the 

user to write custom programs for programmed 

stimulus/response interaction 

with the circuit under test-$400. Kane! 

Corp., 1025 Reynolds Road B202, Johnson 

City, NY 13790. 

The .Model T Computer Slide System produces 

color slides using a 48K Apple and 

graphics tablet. The output of the system 

is common 35mm Ektachrome film that 

can be developed in 38 minutes. The 

slides cost an average of $3 each to 

produce and are sold on the open market 

for $10 to $20. The Model T has 20 

character fonts, each in several sizes. No 

programming is necessary to crete slides 

since it is largely created through prompts. 

The cost of the add-on to an existing 

Apple is $3,495, which includes the reproduction 

module, software and graphics 

tablet overlay. The reproduction module 

has a motorized 35mm camera controlled 

by the computer. Requires an Apple II Plus 

with 48K, Apple Graphics Tablet, DOS 3.3 

with two disk drives and a color video 

display. Toucan Visual Production Systems, 

1033 Battery Street, San Francisco, 

CA 94111 (415) 392-2970. 

The Soundchaser Digital/ Analog .Music 

System, designed for the Mountain Computer 

Music 5, is a professional 49-key 

four octave unit. Superb "touch", housed 

in a handcrafted solid wood cabinet. The 

Analog System consists of the keyboard 

and interface card, Passport Designs Analog 

Voice cards, and the Music Operating 

System software. Features a three-voice 

analog card with state of the art components. 

Oscillator, filter and amplifier are 

computer controlled; one card may be 

used for up to six voices. Software provides 

advanced sonic control, allowing 

you to draw contours and modify waveform 

shapes as never before. Sequencer 

section lets you lay down bass lines or 

chords while you play over them.-$560. 

The Digital System consists of the keyboard 

and interface card, the Mountain 

Computer, Inc. Music System and the 

Soundchaser Digital performance software. 

Each of the eight voices in the hardware 

system uses two independently programmed 

and controlled digital oscillators. 

The software lets you define the "instruments" 

or presets by drawing the waveforms 

or by specifying their harmonic 

content. Ten presets in memory can be 

changed "on the fly" with no delay. An 

outstanding feature is the multi-trach sequencer, 

which can store and play back 

entire orchestral arrangements. The sequencer 

is fully polyphonic.-$520. Passport 

Designs, Inc. 785 Main St., Half Moon 

Bay, CA 94019. (415) 726-0280. 

88 Apple Orchard

BCJSINESS 

The Versaform Business Forms Processor 

will boost your paper forms productivity 

on the apple IL A business forms 

processor is a sophisticated yet simple to 

use transaction management program. The 

central feature of such a program is its 

ability to process multiple transactions 

under a single heading. This is unique 

among all existing data or file management 

programs currently available on low· 

cost microcomputers. Instantaneous updating 

within a specified form yields running 

totals, cumulative tax or tariff charges, 

and correctly calculated sub-total extension 

by line. Once the information has 

been entered and processed, it can be 

sent back to a pre-printed form or blank 

paper that becomes i~ own form. Management 

reports can easily be produced 

summarizing information from· the completed 

·forms. Applied Software Technology, 

1 ~985 Greenwood Road, Monte 

Sereno, CA 95030 (408) 395-f541. 

Software 

EASy, the Executive Accounting System 

for the Apple / / / is a comprehensive ac· 

counting program with general ledger~ 

accounts receivable, and accounts pay· 

able modules. Fully integrated, and designed 

for small- to medium-sized businesses 

requiring full reporting capabilities,. 

maximum friendliness, and expandability. 

Generates complete financial and management 

reports. Prints invoices, statements 

and checks. Entirely menu-driven, multiple 

company use, expandable with add-on 

modules, partial and manual payments, 

flexible accounting periods, fast access to 

information. On 514 floppies upgradable 

to Profile Hard Disk No price given. At 

your local dealer. 

With VC-.(Ylanager, you can add, subtract, 

divide and multiply VisiCalc files against 

other files or constants. Generate Variance 

reports, Statements of Changes, Com· 

pany totals from Business or Products. 

Convert constant $ reports to inflation 

adjusted using different price factors for 

each line. Compare alternatives on an 

incremental bases. Up to 15 files can be 

operated on in each pass. Requires Applesoft 

in ROM-$65 plus 6% PA tax. Micro 

Decision Systems, P.O. Box '1392, Pitts' 

burgh, PA 15219 (412) 276-2387. 

Simply enter your tax information into the 

easy-to-use Tax Manager program, then 

sit back and relax while it quickly com· 

putes the information and prints most of 

your federal income tax schedules. When 

tax laws change don't be concerned. With 

Micro Lab's Extended Warranty Plan ($30 

per year) you can update to the current 

version at no additional cost. You will not 

have to .reinvest more money in a new 

program. Computes and prints out the 

1040form and 115 supporting forms· and 

sch~dules. Automatic global recalculation 

of entries; recalculations linked from schedule 

to schedule, schedule to form-$150 

(deductible). Micro Lab, 2310 Skokie Valley 

Road, Highland Park, IL 60035 (312) 

433-7550. . 

AccuRec is the integrated time recorder 

and wage summary program for Apple II 

business users. Easy to use. Enter your 

initial and personal ID code to clockin and 

out. Displays daily and weekly records. 

Eliminate tfme-consuming l 0 key conver· 

sion of time cards into paychecks. Prints 

an accurate record of attendance and 

gross wages. Structure your workweek 

and paydays. Set overtime variables 

$79_95_ Requires time/clock interface 

board. Individualized Operand, P.O. Box 

3030, San Rafael,"CA 94912 (415)'459- 

33.83. ' . . ' 

utilitv citv 

lll of our most-asked-for Apple Utilities 

by Bert Kersey 

•SK Applesott ROM 

For YOUR Big Apple-Our 21 most-asked-for Apple Utilities on one big 

disk---llst Fonnattu makes property spaced & indented listings with 

printer page breaks. Each program statement is on a n~~:W Mne with lf 

Then's& Loops caMed out; a great de·bugger! Cet•log In eny number 

of columns & any page-width to CRT or printer. Automaticlllly post 

the Run-Number & last- used Date in your programs. Mak£ any 

c.ommand lnvtMbfc in Your Nstings; Access program ~nes in memory 

for garbage repair & " illegal" alteration; OUickly sort & stQre info on, 

disk; Run any Applesoft file w hile another stays intact; Renumber 

to 65535; Save inverse, INVISIBLE & trick file name's; Convert dee to 

he.x & binary, o r INT to FP; Append programs; dump the text 

screen to ANY printer . . More too: 11 Pro9nms Tot.II 

PLUS ... APPLE TIP BOOK HUMBER THREE! 

40 PAGES of new t ips tricks & articles - DOS Trickery Copy 

Stoppers Programming the Reset Key & much more Plus 

understandable e:o;planations of how each U City Program works 

One ol the best Apple learn ng tools on the market today 

v · Utility City on Applesott Disk 

V" Beagle Bros Apple Tip Book .:: 3 

V Apple PEEKS, PO KES & POINTERS Chart 

alpha plot 

Hi-Res Apple Graphics/Text Utlilty 

by lkrt Kcrwy & J.ck Cassidy 

48K REQUIRED 

HI-RES DRAWi HG: Create hi-res pictures& charts, 

appcndablc to your programs. Keyboard or Paddle control; Op· 

tional Xdraw Cursor (see lines before .you draw!); Any color mix or 

REVERSE (opposite of background); Circles, Boxes & Ellipses, filled or 

not. Bonus Programs too-SCRUNCHER stores hi-res in as little as 1/3 

normal disk space. SHl~R transfers any portion of the hi·res screen. 

Also superimpose hi-res images and convert Hi-Res to Lo-Res & back 

_tor fascinating abstracts! · 

HI-RES TEXT: Beautiful ·upper & lower case with Descenders; 

color or reverse; Positionable anywhere (NOT restricted by Htal:!s & 

Vtabs). Professional looking PROPORTIONAL SPACING! Adjustable 

Type Size , Leading (line spacing) & Kerning (letter spacing). Multi· 

directional typing; up, down, even backwards! 

~""'Jl APple Utility Disks! 

· '.'{ 0 • W~e~,,:~.~!~ 

PO,K~Jall,~~=~~! 

r?.~iiiiiii:ji!~'jijiFil ~ .'cl ~~ttfl:S' 

4315 .Sierra Vista "·= · :::::= ~'.s:/MCilNumber s 

Ask around about ag1e Bros Software:. ._... 431~ Sierra Vista, ...tfs;;. 

Our programs are practical; friendly & user·oriented, and • San Diego, CA 92103 · 

1 

always come with an amazing amount of documentation & • •., Telephone (714) 296-6400. · 

juicy Apple information. If your dealer doesn't have our stuff, .Ji:.. . ... . . . · 

get on his case about it or order directly from us. We ship all • Please add $4.50 for sh1pp1ng outside US or Canada. 

disks & books WITHIN 4S HOURS. • CO.D orders, add $3 . California residents, add 6% . 

May - June 1982 89

File-Fax lets you get a handle on your 

records. Can organize your records for 

day·to·day use. It will search for and re· 

trieve information at incredibly high speed, 

and turn out almost any type of report. It's 

extremely flexible-File-Fax can maintain 

cusfomer files, payroll recorc:fs, mailing 

lists, patient histories, sales results; etc. 

Visual display is tailored to your own taste 

arid needs. You actually create your own 

forms just the way you want them. Comprehensive 

manual makes File-Fax easy 

to learn. Help menu is available on-line. 

Price not given. TMQ Software, Inc., 390 

N. East River Road, Des Plaines, IL 60016 

(312) 299-5671. 

The "Slide Show" allows you to use your 

Hi-Res pictures in a programmed se· 

quence. Think of it as a standard slide 

show on your television with the' advantage 

of "TV-like" special effect transitions between 

"slides". Twenty different transi· 

tions including: horizontal and vertical 

wipes, ripple effects,

SVA 

MAKING AP-PlES GROW 

/ 

/ 

256K 

APP·L·CACHE 

TRIPLE DISK SPE~D ...... QUINTUPLE MEMORY SIZE!! 

Triple your data retrieval speed! 

Imagine the speed of a "solid-state disl~ " without access delays or 

moving ports. Fast ()nd reliable. 

Quintuple your memory size! 

Imagine the power of J04K memory - 48K more than IDM's 256K 

new personal computer. Dig and responsive. 

The SVA 256K APP'L-CACHE gives you two highspeed solid state mini 

disl~s and all the functions of a 16K memory cord conveniently 

pocked inside your Apple residing in Slot 0. 

Consider the capabilities and expansion potential of the SVA APP-L 

CACHE before buying another mini disl~ or a memory cord. 

With the APP-L-CACHE you get big system performance at a micro 

price. 

ADVANTAGES 

Improve system operation: 

• Add 64K to 256K bytes of memory to your Apple 

• Goin up to 2 "solid-state mini disl~ drives" through EPP.OM 

emulation of standard DOS disl~ commands 

• Enjoy all the functions of a standard 16K memory cord 

• Eliminate need to purchase on additional mini disl~ drive 

Improve software performance: 

• Enhance high ·speed data access and file sorting 

• Compute on large data bases without mini disl~ delays 

*CP/M Trodemorl~ Digital Research, APPLE DOS Trodemorl~ of Apple Computer. 

VisiColc Trademark of VisiCorp. 

• Reduce disl~ swapping and handling 

• Goin hard disl~ performance and the simplicity of mini floppy 

operation. 

• Improve program development speed and lower costs 

• Copy and verify disl~s with only one mini drive 

SOFTWARE SUPPOP. T 

You hove complete compatibility with CP/M*, PASCALi, and the 

APPLE DOS* operating systems. 

Pascal users gain 

• Automatic load of all system files to APP-L-CACHE 

• Double compilation speed 

• Reduced Editor and Filer load time by J times 

• Single mini disl~ drive operation 

Apple DOS users gain 

• Automatic initialization 

• Foster program loading and file accessing 

CP/M users gain 

• Automatic initialization 

• User selectable volume number 

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES, INC 

11 722 Sorrento Volley Rood 

Son Diego, CA 92121-1084 

(714) 452-0101

ase program which can store map locations 

of up to 400 accounts, streets, cities, 

etc. This eliminates the need to continuously 

refer to maps when entering 

data into routeplanner. Requires an Apple 

II with 48K Applesoft, and disk drive. 

Printer is optional-$149 plus $1.50 for 

shipping and handling. Columbia Software, 

Box 2235, 5461 Marsh Hawk Way, 

Columbia, MD 21045 (301) 997-3100. 

The General Ledger Package by Money 

Disk for the small business is called No 

Nonsense Books. The system is organized 

around 50 pre-named accounts including 

two checking accounts. Account and Profit 

Center names may be changed if desired. 

Maintains records of sales in five Profit 

Centers for retail and wholesale accounting. 

Also maintains complete records of 

each check written and all journal entries. 

Each transaction must be balanced before 

being accepted for recording directly to 

the ledger accounts. A 64-page user's 

manual is provided. Monthly entries are 

limited only by diskette capacity. Any 

record may be viewed on the screen or 

printed. Checkbook reconciliation for both 

accounts is completed on screen in just a 

few seconds. Account totals are maintained 

for year to date, current month, last 

month, and last year. Printed reports include 

Journal and check entries, Sales 

Summary and Inventory Turnover Report, 

Operating Summary, Profit and Loss by 

Profit Center, Trial Balance, Formal Profit 

and Loss Statement, Balance Sheet, Year 

end Worksheet and Chart of Accounts. 

Requires an Apple II with Applesoft Firmware 

card of Apple II Plus with 48K 

memory, two disk drives, 132 column 

printer (card in slot #1)-$225. Money 

Disk, P.O. Box 1531 , Richland, WA 99352 

(509) 943-0198. 

This group of programs provides a complete· 

system for depreciating up to 800 

capital assets. The system capabilities 

provide for any of seven depreciation 

methods including ACRS for 1981-1985. 

Pick up previously depreciated items using 

last years tax return or your present depre· 

ciation schecule. Purchase cost or basis 

may be up to $1 million for any period 

from one to 99 years. Calculates Investment 

Tax Credit, pro-rates depreciation 

when necessary, and allows conversion of 

depreciation method with Inventory, Disposed 

Property List and Recovered Cost 

List. Any report may be printed at any 

time. The Disposed Property List reports 

all items which have been sold, including 

the sales price, initial cost and basis, total 

depreciation to sale date, and tax gain or 

loss. The Equipment Inventory is a management 

tool for physical inventory and recording 

condition and operating status of 

industrial equipment. The system requires 

an Apple Computer with at least 32K 

memory, one disk drive and an 80 or 120 

column printer. A 50 page user's manual 

is provided-$225. Money Disk, P.O. Box 

1531, Richland, WA 99352 (509) 943- 

0198. 

This system provides a complete Ac· 

counts Receivable Accounting System 

system for up to 400 charge customers. A 

maximum of 2500 entries for all accounts 

per month may be processed. In addition 

to the usual account billing, recording 

cash received and charge sales, the program 

provides a means for entering sales 

information and printing sales invoices 

and packing slips. The system also prints 

four collection form letters and address 

labels for envelopes and file folders. Account 

balances are maintained for current 

month, 30, 60 and 90+ days past due for 

each account and grand total. Year to date 

and monthly total purchases, discounts, 

service charges and bad debts are accumulated 

for each account and summari~~d 

. Courtesy discounts and late payment 

service charges are automatically 

applied if perviously authorized. Printed 

reports are automatically formatted for 

printers between ao and 132 columns 

$225. Money Disk, P.O. Box 1531, Richland, 

WA 99532 (509) 943-0198. 

The Executive Briefing System (EBS) is a 

state-of-the-art· presentation package. EBS 

cretes, organizes, and displays ciYnarnic 

Supercharge Your APPLE //* 

• Plug-in compatibility 

• 320K bytes of RAM (200NS) memory designed 

to function like two 35 track floppy disk drives 

• Compatible wit h Apple DOS 3.3 and Apple 

Pascal 1.1 

• Same size as the Apple Disk 11 * Drive 

• Invisible memory refresh - even with the Apple 

turned off 


The Axion RAMDISK 320K Memory System for 

the Apple II and Apple II Plus* provides access 

speeds never before available. The Axion memory 

system is designed to interact with Apple DOS 

3.3* and Apple Pascal 1.1 * like two standard f loppy 

disk drives while delivering the lightning fast 

access speeds of RAM memory. This also leaves 

32K of RAM for advanced programming techniques. 

The interface board is slot independent and 

d raw s no po w er f ro m y o ur Apple. T he 

rechargeable battery system built into the unit 

provides three hours of backup in the event of a 

power loss. Drop by your local Apple dealer or 

contact Axion, Inc. for more informat ion. 

• Trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 

• Pascal is a Trademark of U.C.S.D. Regents 

• Rechargeable battery system built-in to provide 

3 hours of auxiliary power 

• Slot independent interface board - draws no 

power from your Apple 

• All firmware is in stat ic RAM on the interface 

board 

• Includes software for diagnostic, fast load and 

copy routines, and business applicat ions 

* 

N

ooks========= 

5154-9 Basic Computer Programs for the 

Home (Sternberg} "This is one of the very 

tidiest books of its type, a model of how such 

books should be laid out." Creative Computing. 

Contains over 75 practical home application 

programs helpful to the novice or experienced 

owner in increasing the usefulness of any home 

computer. Each program is documented with a 

description of its functions and operation, a 

listing in BASIC, a symbol table, sample data, 

and one or more samples. $10.95 

ALSO AVAILABLE ON APPLE II DISK, 

request 10509, $24.95 

get top performance 

from your apple! 

New! 5174-3 Cryptanalysis for 

Microcomputers (Foster} Use your micro to 

help crack and create secret codes. Three easyto-understand 

BASIC programs are offered for 

each cipher system. The first program converts 

Plaintext to Ciphertext, the second program 

converts Ciphertext to Plaintext, and the third 

uses mechanical aids and standard attacks on 

cryptograms. Line-by-line analysis accompanies 

each program. $13.95 (t) 

New! 5149-0 Codes, Ciphers, and 

Computers: An Introduction to 

Information Security (Bosworth} Describes 

the fundamentals of secret communication and 

provides an understanding of computer security 

through computer cryptography. Details and 

illustrates traditional cryptography techniques 

developed before computers and discusses more 

recent concepts for the highest levels of 

information and data security. $13.95 

New! 5534-X The BASIC Conversions 

Handbook for Apple, TRS-80 , and 

PET TM Users (Brain Bank} Convert Apple II 

and PET programs to TRS-80, TRS-80 and PET 

programs to Apple II, and TRS-80 and Apple II 

to PET. Equivalent commands are listed for 

TRS-80 BASIC (Model I, Level II}, Applesoft 

BASIC, and PET BASIC, ;:is well as variations 

for the TRS-80 Model III and Apple Integer 

BASIC. Also describes various graphic 

capabilities. $7.95 

New! PIE Writer: Word Processing 

System (Crosley} Compose, edit, format, and 

print virtually any document or correspondence 

fast, easily, and inexpensively! PIE Writer offers 

all the versatility and machine efficiency of the 

larger systems but at a fraction of the cost. 

Works with 40 or 80 column display boards and 

features incremental spacing, word delete, word 

tabbing, underlining, centering, and more. Also 

produces "fersonalized" form letters and has 

special Cal command for access to machine 

language subroutines. 

12009, Standard; 

13409, Smarterm, Sup'R'Term, Videx, 

each $149.95 

Sargon II (Spracklens} The first great 

computer chess program. "This program 

represents a giant step forward in microcomputing 

Chess .. . an excellent program 

which will provide a true challenge for many 

players. We are impressed with the program's 

speed, its opening book, and its much improved 

end game ... Save your money and buy 

SARGON II ... " 'BO Software Critique. 

03404, Apple II tape, $29.95 

03409, Apple II Disk, $34.95 

New! Kinp Cribbage (Rost} A must for card 

game lovers. Match hands against a computer 

armed with high-resolution graphics and a 

superior card playing ability! Easy instructions 

for beginners! 11509, Apple II disk, $24.95 

Hayden Applesoft TM Compiler (Eiten} A 

new 3.3 DOS version features several modifications 

including automatic garbage collection, 

the ability to printout compiler statistics, and a 

revised protection scheme to eliminate the need 

for hardware. These improvements and more 

are also available in the 3.2 DOS version. 

08809, Apple II Disk, 3.2 Version; 

11909, Apple II Disk, 3.3 Version; 

each $175.00 

Klondike 2000 (Trackman} Gold is hidden in 

the desolate coave of a mine in the Martian 

desert. You discover the secret to gaining the 

loyalty of hostile robots guarding the gold. But 

you must fight conniving opponents and carry 

your gold out of the mine. Suspense! Excitement! 

Treachery! 10209, Apple II Disk, $24.95 

Order Today 

Hayden Book Company, Inc. 

50 Essex St., Rochelle Park, NJ 07662 

Please send me the book(s} checked on 15-day FREE examination. At the end of 

that time, I will send payment, plus postage and handling, or return the book(s} 

and owe nothing. On all prepaid, Visa or Master Card charge orders, publisher 

pays postage - same return guarantee. 

D 5149-0 D 5154-9 D 5174-3 D 5534-X 

Please send me the software checked. Enclosed is my check or money order. 

PAYMENT MUST ACCOMPANY ALL SOFTWARE ORDERS. 

D 03404 

D 03409 

D 08809 

D 10209 

D 11509 

D 11909 

D 12009 

D 13409 

\ 

vailable at your local computer 

store or order by phone 

1-800-631-0856 

In New jersey, call 201-843-0550, ext. 382. 

Apple and Applesoft are registered trademarks of the' Apple Computer 

Co., Inc.; TRS·BO is a registered trademark of Radio Shack,.lnc.; PET is a 

registered trademark of Commodore·Business Machines, Inc., none of 

which are affiliated with Hayden Book Company, Inc. 

Residents of NJ and CA must add sales tax. Offer good in USA only. Prices 

subject to change without notice. 

Name 

Address. __________________ Apt # ___ _ 

City 

State ____________________ Zip 

Visa/Master Card# 

"' 0 

"' 

"' 0 

Exp. Date ____ _ "' 

"slide show" presentations on the Apple II. 

The slide shows run automatically or 

manually, using hand controllers or the 

keyboard to advance, backup, or view 

individual slides. Run-Time options of 

viewing time, multi-disk wrap-around, and 

special effects such as curtains, dissolves, 

spirals, and cuts, may be specified prior to 

the show, or changed mid-show. EBS 

offers true color text fonts, proportional 

characters, and total text positioning flex· 

ibility. The Draw feature enables the user 

to draw in any of the six Apple colors, 

creating borders, flow charts, and dia· 

grams. Provides drivers for Epson, Integral 

Data and Silentype printers. Color hard 

copy is also available, as EBS supports the 

IDS Prism Printer. Comes complete with a 

demonstration diskette and full documentation 

-$199. Professional Software Tech· 

nology, Inc., 180 Franklin Street, Cam· 

bridge, MA 02189 (617) 497-2077. 

Add memory to Persona Software's 16 

sector VisiCalc program with the new VC 

PLOS program. Add 82K or 145K of 

"free" memory space using one or two 

64K cards from Legend. The program 

comes on the 128KDE card's demo diskette, 

and is available as an update for the 

128KDE user. It also comes with the 64K 

card but is available for $34.95 for single 

64KC users. You will need a 48K Apple II 

and the Legend Industries 64KC or 

128KDE card. No language or other 16K 

card is needed. From your local dealer or 

contact: Legend Industries, Ltd., 2220 

Scott Lake Road, Pontiac, MI 48054 (313) 

674-0953. 

Omnifile is a full featured file manager 

and report generator-$49.95; Omnitrend 

is a powerful multiple regression trend 

analysis program with statistical calculations 

and extensive hi-res graphics 

$44.95; Omnigraph is a glexible data 

plotting program that allows X·Y plots, bar 

charts and pie chartS-$39.95. All three 

are available for $99.95. Also available is 

the Omnitest educational system, which 

allows you to build your own question and 

answer files on any subject, then review 

them in drill or quiz game mode-$29.95. 

Programs come on unlocked diskettes 

with listable code. Educational Computing 

Systems, Inc., 106 Fairbanks Road, Oak 

Ridge, TN 37830 (615) 483-4915. 

The Phone Chronicle is a new hardwaresoftware 

product that provides complete 

logging of pertinent data on all outgoing 

and incoming telephone calls. It logs date, 

time, number called, duration and identification 

code. The Phone Chronicle is available 

for Apple II and IBM personal computers. 

Consists of a plug in PC board, a 

complete software package, all cables 

and a user manual. Installation takes just a 

few minutes. Powered independently of 

the computer and operates even when the 

computer is turned off or when being 

used for other tasks. It has its own microprocessor 

and memory. The memory is 

used to buffer the call .data and has a 

battery back up so that data is not lost 

during a power failure. The on-board 

memory holds data from 150 calls. The 

extensive software package provided With 

the Phone Chronicle handles four rriaJor 

functions: Data Collection and transfer 

from the on-board memory to a disketter, 

Initialization program, System editor for 

preparing report formats and a Report 

Generator. Single line unit-$395; four 

line model is $695. Sycon, Inc., 3040 Scott 

Blvd., Santa Clara, CA 95050 (408) 727- 

2751. 

This Inventory and Stock Control System 

permits up to 2m500 stock items and 99 

suppliers: this can be increased to 3,000 if 

Jess information is stored for individual 

stock itmes. Stores stock description, prod· 

uct code reference, supplier code and 

name, quantity in stock (max 9,999), date 

of last sale, dte of last addition, level at 

which item should be re-ordered, quantity 

on order (max 9,999), date re-ordered, 

cost price (max $999.99), mark-up per· 

centage. Supplier name; quantity of each 

stock item sold to date is also stored. 

Menu driven program validates data entry. 

Password protected, the system includes 

complete documentation and user's 

manual-£225.00.Miau5y.;lemsl.td.,Summer· 

field House, Vale, Guernsey, Channel Islands, 

Europe-GB. (04811) 47377. 

Br~derbund Software is looking for new authors to join its 

international team of programmers. If you have a product. for 

the micro market, let us show you the advantages of working 

::.•.,.... ..-.-·::>' "With. ~ur team of design, production and distribution 

'.,~'.:':>"'-':· •: ..·,... spec1ahsts. .. ··, ,. ,,.~~':!' ' ""'_...... 

Call or write for our free Authors Kit today or send us a .. .: ..:'. 

m~ch in e rea~able copy of your work for prompt re view undE!~:~ ·l· :)~2~~-•:.:: 

strictest confidence. W W ·.. ··:°'.'/ :( 

w 

derbund Softwar 

., ,._., . ...·· ·······- ····· 

............ :.: :· 

1938 Fourth Street. San Rafael, CA 94901 

Get the facts about your stock market 

investments with the Stock Portfolio System 

and an Apple computer. Easy to use 

menu driveri system with. simple step by 

step documentation. FleXible format permits 

you to buy stocks or options, cash or 

margin, plus control your money market 

account. Features current portfolio status 

by position, totai funds balances, short 

and long term, plus much more. Advance 

notice of stocks going long term; dividends 

coming due; and options expiring. 

Complete records provide profit and loss 

statement; dividend income; all year to 

date-$149.95 plus $2 shipping. CA residents 

add 6% sales tax. Requires an Apple 

JN with 48K, 1 disk drive DOS 3.3 and 

applesoft in ROM. Will support a second 

disk and a printer. Smith Micro Software, 

P.O. Box 604, Sunset Beach, CA 90742 

(213) 592-1032. 

A new Depreciation/ ACRS Analysis System 

will handle three, five; ten and fifteen 

year ACRS property types and compare 

the ACRS deductions to the alternative 

straight line depreciation. The printed 

output shows each year's deduction for 

the ACRS method and the straight line 

method with the accumulated totals from 

previous years for each method allowing a 

complete analysis of both choices-$75. 

94 Apple Orchard

Gaining tnotnentUill. 

Introducing Datadex for the Corvus. 

Datadex is the easiest Data Base Management program for the Apple Computer. 

It is friendly, flexible and fast. 

Now it is available on the Apple Corvus Hard Disc. 

FAST. 

Datadex can sort a whole volume in 3 minutes. 

FASTER. 

Find any record in a 10 megabyte 

file in 10 seconds. 

FASTEST. 

Sort 500 records in memory 

in just 3 seconds. 

FASTEN YOUR SEAT BELTS. 

Datadex offers all this 

high-speed powerplus 

accessibility 

and security. 

The Omninet network 

provides 64 users 

simultaneous access to the 

data base, and features 

full customer lock-out 

for data security. 

Datadex. 

Friendly. Flexible. Fast. 

Information 

Unlimited 

Software, Inc. 

281 Arlington Avenue 

Berkeley, California 94707 

(415) 525-9452

Realty Software Company, 116 'J::' 8th 

Street, Manhattan Beach, CA 90266 (213) 

372-9419. 

This program, called Forecaster, keeps 

track of one year's worth of weekly entries 

of data for up to 40 funds. Designed for 

mutual fund arid money market telephone 

switch option investors. It uses a for\vard 

difference algorithm to predict stock market 

trends, and then generates buy or sell 

signals. The progra111 manual is clearly 

written, and goes into some . financial 

background for the benefit of the beginning 

irivestpr. Detailed instructions in beginning 

your investment program and on 

the use .c)f the .Forecaster system are 

supplied. Features include a data plot 

function, automatic cakufotion of the percent 

gain or loss, and a sp~cial function 

that allows the user to do midweek checks 

on the investment without effecting the 

data base-$75 plus $2 shipping. A one 

year data base for 15 select funds is also 

available for $20. For Apple II; TRS 80 I & II, 

or CPIM Basic 80. Meta Software Engineering, 

P.O. Box 18056, Albuquerque, 

NM 87185. 

The General Ledger with Payables has a 

capacity of 2,000 ledger accounts, unlimited 

journal entries, 200 open payable 

accounts, 1,900 open invoices, values lip 

to $9,999,999,999.99, 1,000 checks per 

disk and user definable account numbers 

up to 10 digits. Prints checks, journal audit 

trails, balance sheets, income statements 

with budgets, history, month, year-to-date 

percentage and dollar change, department 

reports, check register and much 

more. The documentation is clearly written 

ahd segmented with tabs which correspond 

to numbered Junctions on the 

screen. Compatible with Brq' derbund Payroll 

and Accounts Receivable packages 

$495, Requires 64K Apple II or II Plus with 

DOS 3.3 or an Apple I I 1. two disk drives 

and a printer. Brq' derbund Software, Inc., 

Business Software Division, 11938 Fourth 

Street, San Rafael, CA 94901 (415) 456- 

6425. 

New H-P plotter software, allows you to 

produce presentation-quality full-color business 

graphics using the Apple II or I 11 and 

Hewlett-Packard plotters. Produces barcharts, 

line charts, scatter diagrams and 

pie charts as well as text pages and signs, 

on paper or acetate (transparencies). Data 

can be entered manually or automatically 

froin VisiCalc and other programs. Charts 

can be edited, stored, and retrieved. Options 

include footnote and framing capabilities, 

a variety of hatchings and line 

types, exploded pie segments, linear regression 

and curve-fittings, logarithmic 

axes, and much more. Chart-Master is an 

interactive, menu:driven program that 

allows users, . whether managers or secretaries, 

to produce professional looking 

charts immediately, with little or no training. 

Simply enter your data, choose options, 

select a chart format, and Chart 

Master does the rest-$450. Decision 

Resources, 44 White Birch Road, Weston, 

CT 06883 (203) 222-1974. 

A new Snow Watch Weather Emergency 

System provides computerized school 

and business closings for use in a severe 

weather emergency by radio and television 

stations. Schools phone in unique code 

numbers to tell whether they are ppen or 

closed. Program completely organizes 

status reports and messages. Prints fl.ill or 

update reports for on-air use. Requires a 

48K Apple with CPI M, Disk H and a printer 

-$350 includes diskette, documentation, 

and consultation. Media Service Concepts, 

Inc., 1713 N. North Park, Chicago, IL 

60614. 

COMMCJNICATIONS 

With the Morse Decoder, you can connect 

your short wave CW receiver directly to 

any Apple II. No hardware interface is 

required. Software decodes Morse and 

prints or displays alphabetics. The pack· 

age will adjust to any speed or pitch at the 

touch of a key. Menu driven program has 

many useful features. The package comes 

on disk or cassette with complete docurrientation 

-$12.50. Bob Wiseman, 118 

St. Andrews Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45245. 

Nutrichec is a diet analysis program· which 

features: Calculation of physical activity 

level from 90 activities, adaptable; food 

data base based on 1980 RDA contains 

over 600 common foods, user expandable 

to over 900; displays and prints intake, 

suggested intake, percent of suggested, 

and index of nutrient quality for calories, 

fiber, fat, protein, 5 vitamins, and 6 minerals; 

missing data indicated; makes bar 

graph for percent of suggested intake. 

Requires 32K DOS 3.3 with Applesoft 

$59.95. Computer Consulting, 6723 E. 

66th Place, Tulsa, OK 74133 (918) 492- 

9036 

The Micro-Deutsch German Course set 

includes 24 grammar lessons, covering 

all material of an introductory German 

course. Four test units also included. 

Grammar lessons use substitution transformation 

drills, item ordering, translations 

and verb drills. Drill vocabulary based on 

frequency lists. Suitable for use with any 

high school or college textbook. Extensively 

field tested at SUNY Stony Brook 

$179. Krell Software Corp., 21 Millbrook 

Drive, Stony Brook, NY 11 790 ( 516) 751- 

5139. . 

The College Board S.A. T. Prqgram confronts 

the user with a virtually limitless 

series of questions and answers. Each is 

based on past exams and presents material 

on the same level of difficulty and in 

the same form used in the S.A.T. Scoring 

is provided in accordance with the formula 

used by College Boards. S.A.T., P.S.A.T., 

N.M,S.Q.T.-Educator Edition set includes 

25 programs covering Vocabulary, 

Word Relationships, Reading Comprehension, 

Sentence Completion, and Mathematics. 

Independent tests of S.A.T. series 

performance show a mean total increase 

of 70 points in students' scores-$229.95. 

Graduate Record Exam series-Educator 

Edition includes 28 prdgrams covering 

Vocabulaty, Word Relationships, Reading 

Comprehension, Sentence Completion, 

Mathematics, AnalYf:ical Reasoning and 

Logical Diagrams-$289.95. Krell Software 

Corp., 21 Millbrook Drive, Stony 

Brook, NY 11790 (516) 751-5139. 

EDCJCATION 

Antfarm is a unique program designed to 

teach principles of good programming to 

children. Uses structured program control: 

sequence, selection, ieration, subprogram. 

Forces modularity of programs, 

rrtnemomic namig and encourages topdown 

design. In addition to the principles 

of good programming, Antfarm is fun. 

Kids have fun making the ant move, eat, 

plant, in interesting ways. Requires a 48K 

Apple with DOS 3.3-$49.95. Computer 

Consulting, 6723 E. 66th Place, Tulsa, OK 

74133 (918) 492-9036. 

Music Master is a curriculum for basic 

musicianship. Covers musical topics ranging 

from simple note recognition by ear to 

the identification of melodies achieved 

through interaction with a music keyboard. 

Designed for the beginning as well 

as the advanced music student, Music 

Master builds a solid foundation for performing, 

composing and orchestrating 

music. Uses the alphaSyntauri intelligent 

instrument. Available in self-cqntained 

modules on floppy diskette corresponding 

to three levels of mastery: beginner, 

intermediate, and advanced. Beginners 

module covers scales, intervals and triads. 

96 Apple Orchard

Intermediate and Advanced modules 

(available December 1982) will cover advanced 

topics such as movable do, 

rhythmic dictation, counterpoint and 

modulation. Built-in scoring software gives 

feedback at the end of sessions so that 

students and teachers can see progress 

and identify areas which have been mastered. 

Also includes reporting and teacher 

management sections-$150. Syntauri 

Corp., 35006 Waverly St., Palo Alto, CA 

94306 (415) 494-1017. 

Dietician is a new idea for the microcomputer. 

Make up a diet menu with specified 

content of calories, carbohydrates, proteins, 

fats, cholesterol and sodium. The 

program comes complete with the composition 

of 700 foods. Allows you to look 

at the composition of each food instantaneously 

before deciding to include it in 

your diet. Make as many menus as you 

like, each one with your own choice of 

foods. Make a different menu for each day 

of the week or the month. Takes only minutes 

to make up a menu. Store the menus 

on the diskette or print them out. Analyze 

popular advertised diets. Originally writter. 

for use in a physician's office. Now made 

available to the public. Requires Apple II or 

Apple II Plus with Applesoft in ROM and 

one disk drive with DOS 3.3. Printer desirable. 

Complete with documentation 

$59_95, Dietware, P.O. Box 503, Spring, 

TX 77373. 

Easily memorize verses of scripture with 

this unique Bible Quiz system. Enter the 

verses you wish to remember into the data 

base using the Add Verses program. The 

Bible Quiz program will then formulate 

questions on all of the verses you have 

selected to be quizzed on. There are five 

different types of questions each verse 

may have with a variety of different ways to 

ask each type: 1) reference a quoted 

verse, 2) give the topic of a verse number, 

3) quote a numbered verse, 4) pick the 

verse n·umber in a given chapter for a 

particular subject, 5) fill in the blanks of a 

verse. You may group your verses by 

Books of the Bible, topics, or whatever you 

wish. Requires DOS 3.3, or 3.3 and Applesoft 

ROM-$29.95. Professional Computer 

Systems, 318A Lincoln Ct. , Bloomingdale, 

IL 601 08. 

This Diagnostic Reading Software program 

is the first to use a diagnostic/remediation 

approach to teaching reading. PAL 

covers the entire scope of reading educa- · 

tion for Grades 2 through 6. The curriculum 

has been validated against the top 

seven textbook readir.g series in the United 

States. PAL diagnoses the specific 

deficiencies in a child's reading ability, 

and prescribes remediation exercises 

directly targeted atthe problem diagnosed. 

The program evaluates up to 40 major 

reading skils and up to 160 subskills per 

grade level. The Master Disk contains an 

GET THE FACTS ABOUT 

YOUR STOCK MARKET 

INVESTMENTS . .... 

WITH THE STOCK PORTFOLIO SYSTEM AND AN APPLE 'coMPUTER 

LASY TO USF - menu driven plus simple step by 

step documentation 

FIFXIBLF - buy stocks or options, cash or 

margin, plus control your money market account 

QUICK A CC URA TE RFPOHTING - current 

portfolio status by position, total funds balances, 

short and long term, plus much more 

VALllABLF TIMING AWS - advance notice of: 

stocks going long term: dividends coming due; 

and options expiring 

COMPLETE RFCORDS - profit and loss 

statement, dividend income plus more. . . . all 

year to date, great for tax reporting 

. .. .. the STOCK PORTFOLIO SYSTEM for the informed investor 

tt/e SMITH MlCRO SOFT-WARE 

1'.Cl . BOX 604 

Sl lNSI T BLACH. CA 90742 .(21 3) 592-1032 

" APPLE TRADEMARK O F APPLE CO MPUTERS. INC. 

ASK YOllH DLAl.LH or OHDLH DIHl .Cll Y 

( >nl y $149.95 plu s $2 shipping 

( ·A H:esidPnb f1dd 6 'Y., scilPs tl'l x 

Check or COD 

upper/lorer case chip for the Apple II 

which allows PAL to present exercises in a 

"real world" format. Each reading Package 

contains one Discovery Disk, which 

performs the diagnostic testing, and one 

or two Learning Disks, which provides 

300-400 remediation exercises for each 

grade level. Keeps records for up to 30 

students and gives an update on each 

student's progress every time he/ she signs 

on the machine-$99.95 per package. 

Universal Systems for Education, Inc., 

2120 Academy Circle, Suite E, Colorado 

Springs, CO 80909 (303) 574-4575. 

Ghostwriter Authoring System allows 

non-programmers to easily create, modify 

and update sophisticated interactive video 

or CAI programs. Designed to to accommodate 

both novice and expert authors, 

the Ghostwriter provides graphics capability, 

a comprehensive word processor /text 

editor, unlimited branching, and scoring 

of responses. Unique printer capability 

provides authors with complete lesson 

listings at any time during program development 

and a lesson verification process 

identifies any errors or omissions. The 

Ghostwriter is offered with an on-line 

manual easily accessible from any point in 

lesson development, as well as printed 

documentation. Programs created with 

the Ghostwriter can be utilized in training, 

education, point-of-purchase, and other 

information management applications. 

Requires a 48K Apple II with Applesoft 

ROM and two disk drives and a 16K RAM 

card. A student station requires only one 

disk drive and a 16K memory card. CA VRI 

Systems, Inc., 26 Trumbull Street, New 

Haven, CT 06511 (203) 562-4979. 

FINANCIAL 

The Home Accountant maintains up to 

1 00 budget categories, keeps track of up 

to five checkbooks. Prints checks is desired. 

Prints a personal b~lance sheet and 

a net worth statement. Handles cash, 

checkbooks, credit cards and other liabilities 

and expenses. Allows multiplle diskettes 

and automatic transactions. Provides 

fast bank reconciliation. Custom search 

and retrieval of transaction information. 

Maintains a transaction history. Provides 

graphics for any category by bar graph, 

line graph and trend analysis-$74.95. 

Continental Software, 16724 Hawthorne 

Blvd., Lawndale, CA 90260 (213) 

371-5612. 

The Accountant Version 4.4 has new features 

giving you more flexibility and ease 

of use than earlier vesions. The capability 

to enter transactions out of sequence has 

been added. This new version automaticallytakes 

advantage of the extra memory 

made available by a 16K RAM card in Slot 

Zero. Names of accounts or code names 

may be reviewed or printed when needed. 

98 Apple Orchard

Another new feature permits you to 

" group" accounts so that the sum of the 

balances of a group of accounts can be 

displayed. One of the most powerful additions 

to The Accountant permits multiple 

automatic transaction files to be specified. 

A split transaction mode allows you to 

split one transaction into several different 

ones to correctly record where " Jump" 

sums were spent, etc. Standard features 

of The Accountant include automatic 

double entry, natural language dialog, 

balance sheet, flexible query system, fast 

retrieval, data compression, interated files, 

memory management, on-keyboard cal· 

culator, scroll and page modes, automatic 

transactions, monthly summaries and 

output formats for either screen or printer. 

Complete documentation in attractive 

binder with demonstration data base, 

tutorial, and command summaries. Requires 

an Apple II with Applesoft in ROM 

and 48K of memory-$99.95. DBCALC is 

an interface program designed to extract 

i11formation from the Accountant's data 

base and create a VisiCalc file to your 

specifications. VisiCalc can either load the 

file thus created or overlay the data to a 

pre-formatted screen. You specify the 

accounts and codes for which you would 

like information output and the column 

and row for each actual and projected 

value to be inserted in the VisiCalc file. - 

$20. (requires VisiCalc). Decision Support 

Software, 1438 Ironwood Drive, McLean, 

VA 22101(703)241-8316. 

GAMES/SIMULATIONS 

Time: June, 1943. Place: North Atlantic. 

The German Wolf Packs have been driven 

from their hunting grounds by Allied 

escort vessels and massive air attacks. But 

unknown to the Allies is a Nazi super sub 

completed well ahead of schedule: The 

Mark XXL Fathoms 40 mkes you the 

German skipper of this super sub with 

your mission to totally destroy enemy allied 

merchant shipping-$39.95. Also availa· 

ble: Cloak & Dagger, which pits you 

against the computer, or other players, as 

head of an intelligence agency trying to 

stay one step ahead of its rivals. Moving 

agents from capital to capital, ferreting 

information, and offering bribes are fun· 

damental parts of each player's turn . .. 

and your survivaJ-$39.95. Horizon Simulations, 

7561 Crater Lake Highway, White 

City, OR 97503 (503) 826-3630. 

Night Mission, a beautiful and sophisti· 

cated new pinball simulation offers super· 

ior ball action and flipper control, and 

many subtle perfections which will result 

in your superior enjoyment. Night Mission 

permits up to 4 players- $29.95. At your 

local dealer or contact: subLogic, 71 3 

Edgebrook Drive, Champaign, IL 61820 

(21 7) 359-8382. 

The Count is a systematic approach to 

Blackjack play which eliminates the house 

edge and maximizes the player's oppor· 

tunity to win. Learn in as few a two even· 

ings! The Count teaches a basic playing 

strategy, without counting the cards. 

Instead, it teaches you a hand counting 

method which has been proven to give the 

player an edge over the casino. The Count 

can also be a game for the kids. Requires a 

48K Apple II with DOS 3.3-$24.95. Pear 

Software, 407 Terrace, Ashland, OR 97520 

(503) 482-8122. 

International Gran Prix, a realistic racing 

game, features five Grand Prix style road 

circuits, including: Oulton Park, Warwick 

Farm, Karlskoga, and Monaco. Five speed 

manual or automatic transmission (with 

or without cruise control) and eight levels 

of difficulty. Permit speeds to 198 MPH, 

controlled skids, spinouts, hairpin turns, 

narrow corners, obstacles, identified cir· 

cuit features, " Christmas tree" controlled 

start, switch for silent operation, fully 

instrumented control panel, moving speed 

tape, lap counter, gear and RPM indicators, 

operating fuel gauge-$30. Riverbank 

Software, Inc., P.O. Box 128, Denton, MD 

21629 (301) 479-1312. 

With Horizon V and Russki Duck, Nasir 

outdoes himself again; this time with 

three-dimensional effects in a simulated 

space battle that rivals the best of arcade 

machines. From the open plains of alien 

planetoids to the twisting vortex of time, 

Horizon Vis destined to be the measure of 

three-dimensional simulation. Requires 

48K Apple II or II Plus with a disk drive. 

Russki Duck is a real-time adventure. As a 

secret agent working for the DIA, you 

must recover the stolen LX missile plans 

before foreign agents can smuggle them 

out of the country-hidden in a duck 

Requires 48K Apple II or II Plus with disk 

drive. Prices not given. At your local dealer 

or contact: Gebelli Software, Inc., 1 71 

Tribute Road, Suite A, Sacramento, CA 

95815. 

In Apventure to Atlantis, a new fast action 

game by Robert Clardy, the forces of 

sorcery are gathering to repulse the 

marauding scientific Atlantean Kingdom. 

The epic battle can end either in the enslavement 

of the world or the absolute 

destruction of Atlantis. More color and 

sound, highly detailed animation, arcadelike 

action, true role playing, greater chal· 

Ienge, unending variety and endless en· 

joyment are yours. Requires careful plan· 

ning and strategy, quick thinking and 

reflexes, as well as a 48K Apple II with 

DOS 3.3 and paddles-$40. At your local 

dealer or contact: Synergistic Software, 

5221 120th Ave., S.E., Bellevue, WA 

98006 (206) 226-321 6. 

Appleopoly, a Hi-Res graphic implemen· 

tation of a long-time favorite board game, 

provides sound effects, shows dice rolling 

and tokens moving. Automatically manages 

bank accounts-$29.95. Requires 

48K Apple II DOS 3.3: Computer Consult· 

ing, 6723 E. 66th Place, Tulsa, OK 74133 

(918) 492-9036. 

.Midnight Magic Pinball; this amazing elec· 

tronic pinball experience brings all of the 

fast action and tension of a real pinball 

game to the computer screen. For one to 

four players. You have flippers top and 

bottom, bumper action, rollovers. All the 

sounds of a classic arcade pinball 

machine. Outstanding graphics. Even 

permits tilting. You control the release 

velocity and if you' re good, you can trip up 

to three balls for simultaneous play. Keeps 

a record of the top ten players (optional) 

$34. 95. At your local dealer or contact: 

Broderbund Software, 1938 Fourth Street, 

San Rafael, CA 94901(415)456-6424. 

Crossword Magic will help teach any subject 

at any grade level. You supply words 

from any subject, Crossword Magic 

automatically interconnects them to form 

a puzzle. Play your own creations on the 

computer or print a hard copy playable 

version. High resolution graphics with 

hard copy graphics on 20 different print· 

ers and a save game feature are standard. 

Develops typing skills and increases vo· 

cabulary and spelling skills-$49.95 in· 

eludes a lifetime diskette warranty. Add $3 

handling and postage. Requires an Apple 

II or II Plus with 48K of memory and DOS 

3.3. L&S Computerware, 589 Fraser Drive, 

Sunnyvale, CA 94087 (408) 738-3416. 

The Mate Chess System is a strategy 

game peripheral which comes complete 

with a powerful chess program on cas· 

sette: true sensor chessboard with magnetic 

chess pieces and available in con· 

figurations fr the Apple II, Commodore 

Pet, and TRS 80. All you do is move the 

pieces. The computer will sense the move 

and respond through LED lights on each 

square of the board. Of course, the computer 

display screen will continue to show 

the game in progress. Plays world class 

computer chess with a top program from 

Applied Concepts, makers of the world· 

famous Boris and Morphy chess programs. 

Upgradable programs will be 

available at the same frequency that ACI 

upgrades its dedicated Home Chess 

Computers. New programs are designed 

consistently to maintain ACl's reputation 

of having the strongest chess programs 

available on the market. Destiny, 207 

North Kirby, Garland, TX 75042 (214) 

494-0281. 

100 Apple Orchard

High 

High 

High 

High 

TeChnology 

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Transit Job Control inforrnotion Dex: tor's 

System Moster Office 

Cornoonion 

High 

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System

Arcade Machine lets you create your own 

arcade games. No knowledge of pro· 

gramming necessary. Each time you use 

the Broderbund Arcade Machine, you will 

generate a new, copy-protected disk containing 

on it an arcade game of your own 

design! Your games will have the following 

features: Animated full-color monsters and 

other players as designed and drawn by 

you (or select from a medley of creatures 

on the Arcade Machine disk). Dramatic 

shoot-' em-up explosions and sound effects, 

automatic scoring and high score 

features, fat-loading auto-boot to title page. 

Colorful title page with your title and name 

in large graphic letters (like other Broderbund 

games). One or two player options, 

several skill levels, optional gravity effects. 

Menu driven for easy use, regardless of 

age or ability! Your arcade programs are 

created entirely in machine language for 

fast and smooth arcade-quality animation 

-$44.95. Requires Apple II or Apple II 

Plus and one disk drive. Broderbund 

Software, 1938 Fourth Street, San Rafael, 

CA 94901(415)456·6424. 

Computer Baseball has won Electronic 

Games Magazines 1982 Award for Best 

Computer Sports Game. Designed for the 

Apple II and /// home computers, Computer 

Baseball lets you manage your own 

team or an historical major league team. 

Each manager has a variety of offensive 

plays to choose from, including the suice 

squeeze, bunting, stealing a base, or running 

the bases conservatively or aggressively, 

to name just a few. Defensively, he 

may choose between a number of ways to 

play his infield and outfield, choose 

whether or not to pitch to power hitters, 

and he can even go to his bullpen for a 

relief pitcher. The relief pitcher won't be 

worth much on the moound, though, if 

the manager has not given him sufficient 

time to warm up. The computer can act as 

manager of one team for solitaire play, or 

it can manage both teams at once. At your 

local dealer or contact: Strategic Simulations, 

Inc., 465 Fairchild Drive, Suite 108, 

Mountain View, CA 94043 (415) 

964-1353. 

The Road to Gettysburg is a boardassisted 

computer game which effectively 

simulates the feel of command of an 

American Civil War army. The only means 

of communication a commander has with 

his troops is the frustrating dispatch system 

that generals had to contend with in 

1863. Knowledge of troop positions 

comes only from reconaissance reports. 

Players must deal with misinterpretation 

of orders and even disobedience from 

corps commanders (played by the computer) 

whose abilities are based on historical 

factors. Weather and fatigue affect the 

corps' morale and may even result in 

"straggling." Thus, a player must be careful 

about which march mode he chooses 

for his troops. Two scenarios are available: 

(I) the week long campaign allowing a 

great deal of movement strategy, and (2) 

the actual three-day Battle of Gettysburg 

where combat strategies prevail. There is 

also a solitaire scenario for players who 

wish to test their skills against the computer-$59. 

95. Includes one diskette, rule 

book, player aid card, map board and 100 

counters. Requires a 48K Apple II with 

Applesoft ROM or Apple II Plus or Apple 

///. Strategic Simulations, Inc., 465 Fairchild 

Drive, Suite 108, Mountain View, CA 

94043 (415) 964-1353. 

Pursuit of the Graf Spee is a simulation of 

the maneuvers and battles of the famous 

German pocket battleship in the South 

Atlantic in 1939. The Graf Spee attempts 

to destroy as many merchant ships as 

possible without being sighted by Allied 

warships. Players experience the real feel · 

of the chase, with each ship rated for 

speed and strength, with fuel restrictions 

and refueling capabilities, and a realistic 

system for visibility and sighting. The 

game includes a chase-oriented scenario 

and a combat oriented scenario simulating 

the Battle of the River Plate. The 19 x 

19 square grid map is displayed in Hi-Res 

graphics-$59.95. Requres a 48K Apple II 

with Applesoft ROM or Apple II Plus or 

Apple ///. Strategic Simulations, Inc., 465 

Fairchild Drive, Suite 108, Mountain View, 

CA 94043 (415) 964-1353. 

Audex is a collection of sound effect utility 

programs that allows you to create sounds, 

edit them, and play them back from your 

own BASIC or Assembly language programs. 

Use the keyboard and the graphics 

screen to " draw" sounds and edit them. 

These can be tones, squalks, thumps or 

anything you choose. You can also take 

sounds from the Apple cassette input and 

edit portions of this audio data for use as 

sound effects. Connect short sounds together 

into more complex and extended 

audio interludes. With it you can create 

warbling sounds, musical tunes and even 

synthesize speech. Relocatable machine 

language routines allow you to easily reproduce 

sound effects, musical tones or 

speech segments from within your own 

Applesoft programs. At your local dealer 

or contact: Sirius Software, 10364 Rockingham 

Drive, Sacramento, CA 95827 

(916) 366-1195. 

Killer Jellyfish? This game places you in 

combat with a killer jellyfish. You are racing 

against a rival Soviet submarine to 

recover valuable nuclear warheads from 

the ocean floor, when your encounter this 

substantial obstacle. Shoot them and they 

break into sma~~r pieces and keep coming 

(undoubtedly nuclear mutants). For 

one or two playes in colorful high-resolution 

graphics. Written in machine language. 

Requires and Apple II or II Plus with 

48K and one disk drive. Playable with keyboard, 

Apple paddles or joystick At your 

local dealer or contact: Sirius Software, 

10364 Rockingham Drive, Sacramento, 

CA 95827 (916) 366-1195. 

GRAPHICS 

The Graphics Magician is a software 

package that lets you create smooth animation 

in your own programs. Add graphics 

to adventure games (or any other 

program that requires many pictures and 

objects to be easily and quickly accessible), 

and create and use a new type of 

Apple shape table. The animation routines 

give you the power to easily program 

smooth, machine language animation ... 

even from BASIC. You can easily build 

object and path tables, then load them 

with our routines into your programs. 

These routines have the same animation 

techniques used in the best Apple arcade 

games. Includes a picture/ object editor 

that allows you to create Hi-Res pictures 

and objects in over 100 colors, and save 

hundreds of them on a single disk to be 

quickly recalled and reconstructed. The 

shape editor allows you to create a new 

type of shape table that includes color and 

angles that are preserved on scaling and 

rotations. Shapes in these tables are more 

compact than those in normal Apple 

shape tables and the subroutines used to 

display them can be used in your own 

programs-$59.95. Penguin Software, 

830 4th Avenue, Geneva, IL 60134 (312) 

232-1984. 

The Apple Flasher, a powerful software 

package, is used to locate and display 

standard Apple II high resolution graphic 

files from DOS 3.3 disks. The program 

bypasses ordinary DOS routines in order 

to display files as pictures in about 1.5 

seconds each. Display modes include: ( 1) 

single key selection of any file on disk, (2) 

continuous scan of all files on disk with 

new picture on screen every 1.5 seconds, 

(3) carousel projector simulation controlled 

by either of the game controllers 

(or the keyboard) to display screens from 

1 or 2 drives with instant access to both 

next and previous "slide," (4) and continuous 

display of all screens on 1 or 2 drives 

(up to 30 pictures) with individual control 

of display time for each picture as used in 

advertising displays, etc. Requires Apple II 

Plus or Apple II with ROM Applesoft, 1 or 2 

disk drives and DOS 3.3. Game controllers 

for projector simulation optional 

$34.50 plus $1 handling. Crow Ridge 

Associates, P.O. Box 90, New Scotland, 

NY 12127 (518) 765-3620. 

Superplotter is a professionally oriented 

package, highly versatile business, engineering, 

educational, math and graphics 

102 Apple Orchard

application package featuring pie graphs, 

standard bar graphs, point and line graphs, 

display of any mathematical function, 

least squares polynomial curvefit generation, 

keyboard image shape tables and 

user tutorial, automatic graphics disk 

storage and recall, data file editor, auto· 

matic disk storage and recall of editor data 

files, overlay modes, and a graphics screen 

text editor. Requires Applesoft and one 

DOS 3.3 disk drive-$69.95. Dickens Data 

Systems, 478 Engle Drive, Tucker, GA 

30084 (800) 241 -6753 or in GA call (404) 

491-7905. 

LANGUAGES/PROGRAMMING 

The Applesoft Compiler (TASC) converts 

a standard Applesoft BASIC program into 

super-fast machine code. By increasing 

program execution speed up to 20 times, 

Microsoft gives you a powerful tool for 

Applesoft BASIC programming. TASC 

will compile and run larger programs than 

any other Applesoft Compiler. As a disk· 

based system, it doesn't require the simultaneous 

presence of compiler and pro· 

gram in memory. The memory you save 

allows you to compile significantly bigger 

programs. Code expansion of up to 100% 

severely restricts other compilers. TASC' s 

special code compression schemes typic· 

ally limit code expansion to only 25%. 

Chaining with COMMON allows compiled 

programs to share variables, so a main 

menu supports several programs in a sin· 

gle runtime environment. True Integer 

Arithmetic and lnteg~r FOR . .. NEXT 

capabilities maximize the execution speed 

of compiled programs. TASC's near total 

compability with Applesoft speeds compi· 

lation of existing programs with little or no 

modification. Price not given. At your local 

dealer or contact: Microsoft Consumer 

Products, 10700 Northup Way, Bellevue, 

WA98004. 

The Tool takes care of the busywork of 

programming while you concentrate on 

creativity. Design attractive entry screens, 

validate, format, and store user input, with 

virtually no programming. The Tool does 

it for you. What used to take days- even 

weeks-now takes only minutes. The Tool 

provides an entry screen generator, a data· 

base manager, and a report formatter, 

each with very sophisticated capabilities 

such as screen editing, field formatting 

and entry validation, multiple disk files, 

Corvus or floppy support, record lengths 

as large as memory, fast read and write, 

report printing with pagination, subtotals, 

multiple column widths. No price given. 

High Technology Software Products, Inc., 

P.O. Box S-14665, 2201 N.E. 63rd, Okla· 

homa City, OK 73113 (405) 478-2105. 

MAL/80 is an adaptation of SMAL, a 

structured macro Assembly language 

developed at Bell Labs in the 1970's. 

Incorporates an easily-learned processor· 

independent symbolic notation system, 

closely resembling a high level language, 

that makes programs easy to read, debug 

and maintain; use of the three basic struc· 

tured programming constructs bEGIN 

... END, IF . .. ThEN . . . ELSE, and 

LOOP ... REPEAT; an extremely flexible, 

independent macro and text pre-processor 

which allows the programmer to create 

his own programming environment; a 

compiler/linker which permits input 

source and its own relocatable object 

code to be mixed, creating modular pro· 

grams in a truly top-down fashion; an 

automatic translator which upgrades 

existing assembly language programs to 

SMAL/80; and more. 136-page user's 

guide and an abridged pocket guide. On 

CP/M disks for $150, with manual. 

Chromed Associates, 1030 Park Avenue, 

Hoboken, NJ 07030 (201) 653-7615. 

"Softdisk" Magazine is entirely contained. 

on a floppy disk. The January issue featured 

Lisa and animated Hi-Res photo· 

graphs, 21 subscriber-contributed pro· 

grams-seven games, four novelties, three 

Hello programs, two for teachers, three 

utilities, two for home and business. Subs 

ription cost is $10 for the first issue you 

order and $5 for each succeeding issue 

when the prior diskette is returned. Soft 

Disk 3811 St. Vincent, Shreveport, LA 

71108. 

This is the first full-scale, commecial implementation 

of Modula-2, a simple but 

powerful new programming language designed 

for the Apple II. Modula-2 is a high· 

level language designed by Pascal's crea· 

tor, Niklaus Wirth of the Federal Institute 

of Technology in Zurich. Features pro· 

vided by Modula-2 include modules, pro· 

cesses, separate compilation, dynamic 

array parameters, and low-level machine 

access. Requires a 64K Apple II with the 

Apple Pascal operating system. The com· 

piler accepts the full Modula-2 language 

with minor implementation restrictions. 

Programs are compiled into p-code. 

Separate compilation is fully supported, 

with up to 50 separately compiled modules 

per program. No linking is required; module 

binding is performed at run time. 

Modula-2 consists of a p-code interpreter 

(which is upward compatible with the 

Apple Pascal interpreter), a fast, one-pass 

compiler, a library management utility, 

and a standard module library. Modules 

provided include 1/0, strings, storage al· 

location, program loader, process sche· 

duler, and mathematical functions-$550. 

Volition Systems, P.O. Box 1236, Del Mar, 

CA 92014 (714) 457-3865. 

UTILITIES 

Disk Library is an elegant, user-oriented 

system for creating and maintaining a 

thorough, cross-referenced index of all 

your disk-based programs and data files. It 

provides for automatic entry into your 

library file of the full catalog of any Apple 

diskette. Disks formatted under other 

operating systems (such as Pascal and 

CP/ M) are easily entered from the keyboard. 

Written entirely in machine code, 

Disk Library's operation is both smooth 

and swift. Super fast machine language 

sorts. Works with all disks created under 

DOS 3.1 , 3.2, and 3.3. Block actions 

include global editing and deleting. Instant 

searches by full or partial string. 100 page 

user's guide provides introductory and 

advanced tutorials, a reference section 

and an applications section-$49.95 plus 

$2.50 shipping and handling. Modular 

Media, 11060 Paradela St., Miami, FL 

33156 (305) 661-7310. 

Key Perfect is a program verification tool 

that reads a BASIC or machine language 

program which you have typed in from a 

magazine listing and produces a Check 

Code table that will assist in verifying correct 

entry of your program. Although not 

all magazines publish these tables, "nocharge" 

copies will be made available to 

other magazines to encourage their use of 

this powerful verification method. Runs on 

any Apple II or Apple II Plus with DOS 3.2, 

3.2.1, or 3.3, and works equally well on 

Applesoft programs Integer programs and 

any kind of binary file. The minimum system 

requirements are 24K of memory 

and one disk drive-$29.95. At your local 

dealer or contact Micro-SPARC Systems 

Division, Dept. P, Box 325, Lincoln, MA 

01773 (617) 259-9710. 

Amper·Sort/Merge is a utility program 

that sorts from 1 to 5 standard Apple II 

DOS 3.3 text files in a single pass and 

merges them into a single file-simultaneously 

sorting them into ascending or 

descending order in up to 5 different sort 

fields. It processes sequential or random 

access text files. If the entire input files will 

not fit into memory, it creates and merges 

sorted files into a single output file. The 

maximum combined size of the unsorted 

input files is about 125K. Written in 

machine language to achieve exceptional 

speed. Compatible with most commercial 

data base programs that create standard 

Apple II DOS 3.3 text files and can be used 

in place of the slow BASIC sort/ merge 

programs that are used in these data base 

programs. Utility/ training disk and a 24· 

page manual-$49.95 plus $3 postage 

and handling. S&H Software, Box 5, Manvel, 

ND 582556 (701) 696-2574. 

' 

The Universal Boot Initializer will create a 

DOS 3.2.1 disk that boots directly on 13· 

or 16-sector systems and load a RAM 

Card (in 1.7 seconds) with the " missing" 

BASIC language and executes a BASIC, 

Binary or EXEC greeting program in Drive 

1 or 2. Alternatively it can produce a DOS 

104 Apple Orchard

It's a fact. A single chart or graph can tell you instantly what it 

takes hours to interpret from printouts or other raw data. 

Now, with the Strobe 100 Graphics Plotter and Software 

package, you can create superb hardcopy graphics directly 

from your computer. And you can do it for a fraction of the cost 

of most other systems.· 

The Strobe System transforms complex data into 

dynamic, colorful visuals with a 

few simple commands from your 

computer. Charts and transparencies 

that once took hours to produce 

are plotted within minutes. 

Information can be presented as 

bar charts, pie charts, curves or 

isometrics in a variety of colors. 

And with a resolution of 500 

points per inch, the Strobe 100 

matches or surpasses the quality 

of plotters costing thousands of 

dollars more. 

You can also save and modify your graphics through 

Strobe's menu-driven programs. A broad selection of 

software-including a VisiCalc*-compatible programis 

now available. 

When the Strobe Graphics System is interfaced to your 

computer, an 8-1/2 x 11 inch sheet of paper can speak anyone's 

language-visually. Visit your local dealer and learn 

how to start charting your fortunes 

today. Because a perspective 

on the present can also be your 

window on the future. 

The Strobe Graphics System 

Seeing is believing 

I 

STROBE 

I RPORATED 

Strobe Inc. 

897-5A Independence Avenue 

Mountain View, CA 94043 

Telephone 415/969-5130 

*VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp.

3.3 disk that boots directly on 16-sector 

systems and functions similarly. In addition 

to creating customized or universal 

booting disk, the UBI Utility program uses 

a Directory Title Formatting procedure 

which allows individualization of each disk 

with a unique catalog title. Includes a 32- 

page instruction manual in addition to a 

training disk on the reverse of the utility 

disk-$49.95 plus $3 postage & handling. 

S&H Software, Box 5, Manvel, ND 58256 

(701) 696-2574. 

Apple-Cillin II is a comprehensive diagnostic 

system developed to check the performance 

of your Apple II or Apple II Plus 

and its peripherals. Apple-Cillin II will verify 

over two dozen hardware operations, and 

either identify a specific problem or give 

your hardware a clean bill of healthquickly 

and easily. Works with 13 and 16 

sector drives. It is written entirely in as· 

sembly language and is compatible with 

any Apple II or Apple II Plus with 48K of 

RAM and one or more disk drives. Features 

linked tests, 6502 CPU test, printed 

results, disk speed text. Boots from any 

slot-$49.95. XPS, Inc., 323 York Road, 

Carlisle, PA 17013 (800) 233-7512 or in 

PA call (717) 243-5373. 

The J.O.Y. Spooler is a software program 

that actually lets your Apple print and 

compute simultaneously. You'll be able to 

run programs from your keyboard at the 

same time your printer is working. J.O.Y. is 

not a microbuffer. Its application is not 

limited to parallel printer. In fact, J.0.Y. 

works with any printer, card and slot. With 

DOS 3.3 and 48K ofRAM,J.0.Y. can print 

text files or Applesoft program files. And it 

costs only a refreshing $39.95. XPS, Inc., 

323 York Road, Carlisle, PA 17013 (800) 

233-7512 in PA call (717) 243-5373. 

The Advanced X-tended Editor (AXE) is a 

professional programming aid which provides 

the user with a "text-editor" style 

extension to the standard Applesoft aper· 

ating system. Operating alongside DOS, 

Monitor and Applesoft, AXE remains 

transparent to the user until called upon 

by one of over thirty commands. Features 

global search and replacement, including 

wildcards, selected changes, and line 

number references, full character insert 

gobble and delete, enhanced curso; 

movement including search ahead and 

position, two packed list edit modes, recall 

editing modes, user programmable keyboard 

macros, four list formats, including 

unique break list format for easier reading, 

understanding, and editing of code. Also 

provides auto line numbering and lower 

case character entry. The resident BASIC 

program may be run at anytime. Requires 

Apple II or II Plus, Applesoft ROM, DOS 

3.3 and 48K RAM-$69.95. Versa Com· 

puting, Incl, 3541 Old Conejo Road, Suite 

104, Newbury Park, CA 91320 (805) 

498-1956. 


WORD PROCESSING 

The Apple Speller interfaces to the most 

popular Apple word processors, including 

Applewriter, Apple Pie, Executive Secretary, 

Letter Perfect, Magic Window, and 

Superscribe II just to name a few. In fact, 

the Apple Speller can analyze the output 

of any editor that writes a standard Apple 

binary or text file to a diskette. Supplied 

with a 30,000+ word dictionary on a single 

514'' diskette with additional space to easily 

add another 8,000 words to suit your 

individual needs. The Apple Speller has 

built-in utilities to maintain the dictionary 

diskette. You can readiliy add words, delete 

words, and create an unlimited number of 

modified and/ or new dictionaries for specific 

applications. The Apple Speller is 

capable of proofreading a 1 0 page document 

in 1 minute if there are no spelling 

mistakes and 2 minutes, 15 seconds for 

an unlimited number of spelling errors. 

Requires an Apple II or II Plus with 48K, 

DOS 3.3 and 1 or 2 disk drives. Two drives 

are required to delete or add words to the 

dictionary-$75. Sensible Software, 6619 

Perham Drive, West Bloomfield, MI 48033 

(313) 399-8877. 

LexiCom allows nearly universal transfer 

of word processing files. Files may be 

transferred back and forth between Supertext 

and Applewriter and any word processor 

that uses standard Apple text files 

(e.g., Superscribe, Apple PIE). In addition, 

the text files created from Applewriter or 

Supertext files may be transmitted over 

the phone lines using any of the commun· 

ications packages available. In addition, 

BASIC programs can be edited with most 

word processors. And LexiCom offers the 

only possible tool for converting upper/ 

lower case Supertext files to upper case 

only files-$49.95. At your local dealer or 

contact Micro-SPARKC Systems Division, 

Dept P, Box 325, Lincoln, MA 01 773 ( 61 7) 

259-9710. 

MOSIC 

Draw Waves by Syntauri Corporation, is a 

sound designer system that responds to 

musicians' demands for unique and exciting 

sound design tools. Used with the 

alphaSyntauri digital synthesizer system, 

synthesists are now free to design arbitrary 

sounds which go beyond the limits of 

conventional saw/ sine/ square/triangle 

waves technology. Draw Waves lets musicians 

create new sounds by drawing graphical 

representations of complex sounds 

(waveforms). A microcomputer, the Apple 

II, performs the work of transforming the 

picture into sounds; the video screen provides 

visual feedback during the drawing 

process. Sounds created are stored digitally, 

and may be recalled at any later time 

for playing and recording sessions with 

the alphaSyntauri keyboard instrument. 

Draw freehand, with lines or specify vectors 

using X,Y coordinates-$29.95. Syntauri 

Corporation, 3506 Waverly St., Palo Alto, 

CA 94306 (415) 494-1017. 

CATALOGS/BOOKS 

Programming the Apple is very easy to 

read and excellent for the beginning programmer. 

Includes over 350 figures, illustrations, 

tables and coding examples. Provides 

over 6,000 lines of written code, 12 

chapters and 8 appendices. The glossary 

contains over 100 definitions while a bibliography 

provides over 60 references. 

500 pages 8"xl0" -$24.95 suggested 

retail. Add $2 per volume for shipping and 

handling. Mesa Research, Inc., Rt. 1 Box 

1456A, Waco, TX 76710 (800) 824-7888 

or in CA (800) 852-7777. 

The International Software Directory lists 

tens of thousands of software packages 

and classifies them by machine, operating 

system, subject, vendor and price. Review 

information is also included. It is independent 

of both machine manufacturers 

and software houses and thus allows for 

comparison and one-stop shopping. It is 

backed by an excellent search service and 

regular updates are available from the 

publisher. Available in two volumes: The 

International Microcomputer Software 

Directory contains 7,000 programs and is 

available at the extremely competitive 

price of $34.95 plus $2.95 postage and 

handling; and The International Minicomputer 

Software Directory which is available 

for $65. Imprint Software, 1520 South Col· 

lege, fort Collins, CO 80524 (303) 

482-5574. 

The Book is a complete critical analysis of 

most Apple software available. Experts 

review, rate and evaluate the programs on 

11 separate points. It covers games, education, 

business and utilities as well as 

hardware. Over 500 programs are re-

- 

MORE 

exclusive EXPANDAPORT gives 

FUNF 

FUN! 

plete with speaker for 

greater sound. Only 

$69.95. 

This JOY STICK's a joy 

to use. Its heavier 

metal case doesn't slip 

or slide like plastic. And 

the very sensitive switch's 

guaranteed for 1,000,000 

pushes. Better control and 

reliability, only $59.95 . 

At computer stores, or: 

DATAMOST 

9748 Cozycroft Ave. 

Chatsworth, Ca 91311 

(213) 709-1202 

VISA/MASTERCHARGE accepted. 3% shipping/ 

handling charge. (California residents add 6% tax) 

•Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer. Inc. 

•x~~.p. 

·&: 

.,., • 

~SCRIPPS 

DATA SYSTEMS, INC. 

NOW THE 

JOB COST SYSTEM 

SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED 

FOR THE APPLE II® ••• 

PERFECT TO THE CORE. 

Ac the core of your business is profitability. And profit~bility depends upon 

productivity. Meeting your business goals requires current and accurate 

information to support decision m.::iking. To do that. you need a system . 

the SDSI Job Cost System. The SDSI Job Cost System is a low-cost. adaptable 

reporting tool which organizes and monitors information critical w business 

decisions and daily operations. Business managers and professionals in any 

size business can use this comprehensive software, developed specifically for 

use with Apple II or Apple II/Plus Computer. 

THE SDSI JOB COST SYSTEM IS EASY TO 

USE, EASY TO UNDERSTAND. 

IT IS USER-FRIENDLY. 

MENU-DRIVEN. AND .~ 

WELL-WRITTEN BY PRO 

FESSIONALS ;N THE JOB 

COST FIELD 

THE SDSI JOB COST 

SYSTEM OFFERS TO 

BUSINESS MANAGERS 

AND PROFESSIONALS 

THE TOOLS REQUIRED 

TO ACHIEVE THE 

GOALS AT THE CORE 

OF EVERY BUSINESS - 

PROFIT AND MAXI 

MUM PRODUCTIVITY. 

For a free brochure with all the details, see your locaf Apple Dealer or call 

SCRIPPS DATA SYSTEMS INCORPORATED 

9747 BUSINESSPARKAVE.•SUITE 202 GeSAN DIEGO, CA 92131 

PHONE (7141 695-1540 

~ APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc. 

•Trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

viewed-$19.95. The Book Company, 

16720 Hawthorne Blvd., Lawndale, CA 

90260(213) 371-4012. 

How to Patent Computer Programs by S. 

Pal Asija, a patent attorney who successfully 

secured a patent for a program that 

he designed. Until now, it has been generally 

assumed that patent protection is not 

available for computer programs, which 

are generally referred to as "software" by 

the computer trade. Such programs had 

to be protected by trade secret and by 

copyright, both of which afford the program 

developer much less protection 

than is available with a patent-$50. 

Research Press, Inc., 4500 W. 72nd Terrace, 

Prairie Village, KS 66208 (913) 

362-9667. 

How to Operate the Apple II Plus is a new 

mini-course that puts an end to trial and 

error learning for the first-time computer 

user. No more fumbling through four different 

manuals, wondering where to begin 

and what is important. In just three audio 

cassette lessons of an hour or two each, 

the learner is carefully guided through the 

essentials of computer operations: how to 

run programs, enter date, save and organize 

files, make backup copies, modify 

programs and much more. No technical 

knowledge is assumed, and the emphasis 

is on basic operations, rather than on programming. 

Designed for junior high and 

up, the training package can be used 

again and again with students, family, colleagues, 

clients, staff and customers. 

Apple's own System Master 3.3 diskette 

serves as the source of all demonstration 

programs and utilities used in the minicourse. 

28-page operator's guide is fully 

indexed for quick reference after the 

course is over. Any standard cassette 

player can be used, and no computer 

hookup is required-$49.95. FlipTrack 

Training Tapes, P.O. Box 711, Glen Ellyn, 

IL 60137 (312) 790-1117. 

The Computer Tutor: Learning Activities 

for Homes and Schools by Dr. Gary W. 

Orwig, is designed for parents to introduce 

their children to computing. The Computer 

Tutor enables everyone to join in the 

fun of computer play. Using easy-to-follow 

print-outs with numerous illustrations, 

parents can experiment with ways to modify 

their own family programs, while kids 

can sharpen their math and verbal skills, 

learn the metric system, and much more. 

The twenty-five programs use linear, 

branching, and simulation techniques 

including: Math Tutor, Test Tutor, Metrics, 

Memory Test, Trivia Quiz, Scrambled 

Words and 19 more. All written in standard 

16K of floating point BASIC, are readyto-run 

on the Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore 

Pet, and other microcomputers using 

this language-$} 0.95 paperback Little, 

Brown, Customer Service Department, 

200 West Street, Waltham, MA 02154 

( 61 7) 890-0250. 

MISCELLANEOCJS 

I-Protect has an answer to relieve the 

increasing health concerns related to the 

extended use of CRTs. The CRT Radiation 

Shield is a slightly tinted, transparent, 6 

mm sheet of leaded hi-impact acrylic. The 

lead equivalency is .3 mm., which provides 

more than 97% shielding of any 

radiation emitted through the monitor or 

television screen. In addition, I-Protect 

enhances the visual acuity of the display 

image with a slight magnification, thus 

reducing eye strain. Easy to cut, drill or 

shape to fit any terminal or television set, 

and is easily cleaned with a plastic cleaner. 

Shipped with Velcro fasteners for easy 

attachment-8xlO" $49.50, 12x12" 

$59.50. I-Protect, 301 N. Prairie Avenue, 

Suite 510, Inglewood, CA 90301 (213) 

673-1587. 

This special Case for the Apple II computer 

also holds two disk drives (while connected). 

Features a foam padded interior, 

non-metallic hold down strap, removable 

locking cover, rubber no-slip bumpers on 

both the cover and the base, and sturdy 

abs plastic end-cap consruction. Includes 

UPS delivery-$64. Fiberbilt, 601 West 

26th Street, New York, NY 10001 (212) 

675-5820. 

A new High yield .Multistrike Ribbon Cartridge 

has a revolutionary new gear ratio 

system and a new five-overstrike formula 

multistrike ribbon. Aspen has added approximately 

100,000 additional characters 

to their existing NEC multistrike ribbon 

cartridge. The user realizes approximately 

40% more character life for as little 

as 10% more in cost. Tests indicate a total 

average yield of 325,000 characters per 

NEC High Yield Multistrike ribbon cartridge. 

Available in colors: blue, red, green, 

and brown as well as black Aspen Ribbons, 

Inc., 1700 N. 55th Street, Boulder, 

CO 80301-2796 (303) 444-4054 or (800) 

525-0646. 

Static Electricity occurs naturally by the 

movement of people and materials. In 

most everyday environments, it is merely 

a commonly recognized nuisance. But for 

the computer user; it can be more than a 

nuisance; it can be a real problem. Clear 1 

antistatic treatment spray-is proven effective 

in eliminating static electricity for 

many weeks with one application_ Much 

more cost effective than bars or mats. 

Treat the entire EDP environment, not just 

a small area. Non-flammable, non-toxic, 

safe for use on any surface that will not 

waterspot. Simple to use: just spray or 

wipe. For floors and carpets, just spray as 

evenly as possible. Allow to dry. 16 Oz 

bottle with spray pump. Midik Packaging 

Corp., 2601 Industrial Parkway, Elkhart, IN 

46516 (219) 293-6516. 

Design line micro work stations are available 

in a range to accommodate all microcomputers. 

Delivered heavily packaged, 

in self-assembly form needing only a Phillips 

screwdriver and a few minutes of your 

time to assemble. Manufactured from 1 " 

all wood particle board surfaced with hardwearing 

melamine veneer, in either Oak 

or Walnut. Prices available upon request. 

Atlantic Cabinet, P.O. Box 100, Williamsport, 

MD 21795 (301) 223-8900. 

The new Basic Comfort II computer desk 

was designed by a dedicated computer 

hobbyist. The top accepts the usual peripherals-disk 

drives, small printer and 

CRT -and leaves about two square feet 

(15x25") in front of you for reading and 

writing. The keyboard shelf is 25" above 

the floor and that places your "left arrow" 

where your fingers like to be. Proper ventilation 

is built in, and your tangled web of 

ribbon and wires has its own "rat's nest" 

area. There's also an additional knee 

height shelf for storage. Finished in 

woodgrain (walnut or light oak) high pressure 

mica laminate-$169 fully assembled. 

Picture House, 166 Boynton Blvd., 

Daytona Beach, FL 32018 (904) 

253-7785. 

108 Apple Orchard


your power 1s 

C.O.R.P.'" writes software. Perhaps you should .......,,.................,_. 

read that again. Not "simplifies programming" or 

"makes debugging easier." C.O.R.P. writes 

APPLESOFT BASIC-complete, stand-alone 

programs which run, bug-free, the very first time. You 

need not type a single character of basic code-ever. 

C.0.R.P. does that. Your answers to questions in simple 

English "design" the program. In minutes, C.O.R.P. writes 

all the program code, scrolls it to the screen and automatically 

saves it to your disk. Your program because you designed it. 

Once written, your program runs without C.O.R.P. You may list 

your program, examine it, modify it further or even sell it-as you 

wish, royalty free. No mere"data base manager," at any price, does tha . 

The applications are almost limitless. Your C.O. R. P. Program Generation ..,...____.,,...--........ 

System will: • handle nearly as much data as your disks will hold (113K 

per disk!) • find any record in less than a second • let you design your 

own screens as quickly as you can move the curser around • sort, re-sort 

and update your data for you • examine and re-examine your data and 

then print reports, checks, invoices, statements, mailing labels, lists, memosyou 

name it. C.O.R.P. allows you to use your Apple II plus as the working tool it 

really is. Isn't that why you bought one? 

Computers should write code. You should design programs. Now you have the power. 

C.O. R. P. I features: •a data entry program generator• a full sort sub- 

~~~=~t~r ~~ ~~-~~t~. ~~~~y·s·t~~ ~ ~- f_u_I'. ~'.~~~~~~i~-~~~~~~~-~ -~ ~~i·n·t-~r~f~~~ 

C.O.R.P.11 features:• allofC.0.R.P. I plus:• a system menu generator• a 

complete forms letter generator • a full files editor • a system demo package 

• an Applesoft tutorial ...... . .. .. ....... .. ........... .. .... .. .... $425 

C~~:':~,9i~S 

900 North Franklin, Chicago, Illinois 60610 

See your dealer today or 

call toll-free 1 ·800·621·4109 

(In Illinois, call (312) 943-0700) 

Dealer inquiries welcome. 

C.O.D. welcome. 

C.O.R.P. is a trademark of 

Maromaty Scotto Software Corporation. 

CIRCLE 129 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ADVERTISERS' INDEX 

107 Advanced Business Technology, Inc. 

103 Advanced Logic Systems, Inc. 

74 Alpha Logic Business Systems, Inc. 

74 Anchor Pad International 

57 Applied SOftware Technology, Inc. 

51 Artificial Intelligence 

65 Artsci·Softape 

72 Anthro Digita~ Inc. 

92 Alcalon, Inc. 

89 Beagle Bros. 

6 Bite-Soft 

13 Business & Professional Software 

94 Broderbund Software 

86 Cases, Inc. 

23 Chess et al. 

105 Color Tech 

24 Computer-Advanced Ideas 

21 Computer Data Services 

35 Computer Exchange 

69 Coprocessors, Inc. 

lbc Corona Data Systems, Inc. 

109 Cortechs 

10, 107 Datamost 

51 East Coast Software 

39 Exec Systems 

77 Great Lakes Digital 

70 Hardcore-Softkey 

93 Hayden Publishing Co. 

33 Hayes Microcomputer Products 

27, 101 High Technology 

7 Hewlett-Packard 

51 Individualized Operand 

14 Intra Computing 

70 Interactive Structures 

95 Information Unlimitred Software 

ifc Leading Edge Products 

87 Link Systems 

68 Macrotronics 

49 Micro-Ware Distributors 

43, 83 M & R Enterprises 

2 Micro-sci 

79 Microsoft Consumer Products 

31 National Computer Survey 

9 Nibble 

71 Omega Microware (uncensored), Inc. 

97 Orange Micro, Inc. 

74 Paymar/Enhanceware 

99 Prometheus Products, Inc. 

73 Quad Syetems, Inc. 

51 Rainbow Computing 

68 RH Electronics 

107 Scripps Data Systems, Inc. 

14 Silicon Valley Systems, Inc. 

68 Smartware 

98 Smith Micro Software 

be Software Publishing Corporation 

59 SoftTech Micro Systems 

91 Sorrento Valley Associates 

47 Southwestern Data Systems 

15 Strategic Simulations, Inc. 

5, 111 SSM, Inc. 

25 TG Products 

64 Tovatech 

54 Van Nostrand Reinhold, Inc. 

63 Vista Computer, Inc. 

68 Vynet Corporation 

1 XEBEC 

lrtTEArtATIOrtAL 

APPLE CORE'" 

APPi£ 

01~c11a1~d 

SUBSCRIPTIOllS 

International Apple Core, 910 A George St., Santa Clara, CA 95050 

The International Apple Core makes individual subscriptions to "The Apple Orchard" available: 

NAME 

STREET 

CITY ___ _ ______ _ _ _ _ STATE _______ _ ___ ZIP _ ____ ____ _ 

COUNTRY - - - ----- --------- --------- ------- 

Annual Subscription Rate: $15.00 for 6 Issues 

First Class Postage: $7.50 additional (required for Canada, Mexico, APO, and FPO addresses) 

Overseas and other foreign air mail postage (required): $15.00 additional 

TOTAL REMITIANCE ENCLOSED: $(USA) _ _____ _ ____ _ 

Make check or money order payable to "International Apple Core" and return with this form to: 

International Apple Core 



TOTAL REMITTANCE ENCLOSED: $(USA) ______ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ _ 

110 Apple Orchard

The New AIO·D. 

Another winner from the folks who invented 

multi·function Apple interfaces. 

SSM is still ahead of the game 

when it comes to the Apple II'.1'M 

Choose from any of four operating 

modes. And you're assured of flexibility 

at a price that spells big 

savings. 

Check out why SSM spells 

success: 

THE NEW SERIAL/P ARAL 

LEL AI0-11: this new full-function 

serial and parallel interface for the 

Apple II gives you true simultaneous 

operation. It's totally transparent 

to the user; there's no software 

to write, and no need to 

modify your computer. Advanced 

design techniques overcome the 

need for "phantom" slot assignments 

and related software compatibility 

concerns. 

The AI0-11 appears to application 

software as either an Apple 

communications card or parallel 

printer card. You don't have to 

worry about special setup requirements. 

Hassle-free, user-oriented 

AI0-11 design permits easy selection 

of four functions: serial modem, 

serial terminal/printer, parallel Centronics 

printer, and general-purpose 

parallel. On-board firmware provides 

all necessary drivers in a single 

package. Optional cables support 

Centronics-compatible printers and 

others. 

You can remain in the game, too, 

with either our Serial ASIO or 

Parallel APIO boards-if low 

cost, single function's your style. 

Our ASIO connects your Apple to 

a modem with an optional terminal 

routine, or to a terminal/printer 

without modifying the cable. It 

W1 

The Transformation People 

gives you standard RS-232 interface 

with complete handshaking. And 

selectable rates from UO to 9600 

baud. The APIO parallel interface 

supports general-purpose 1/0 and 

all popular Centronics-compatible 

printers, including Epson, IDS, 

Okidata, Anadex, and others. 

All our game-winning boards are 

designed to make your Apple more 

productive. Optional software support 

is available for Apple Pascal 

and Microsoft CP/M'.1'M 

Whether you're an OEM or end 

user, we can deliver any quantity 

you specify. Fast. For the latest 

word on any of these interface 

boards, or our newly enhanced 

A488 (the industry's highest performance 

IEEE-488 controller), see 

your local dealer, or call us today. 

SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc., 

2190 Paragon Drive, San Jose, CA 

95131, (408) 946-7400, Telex: 

171171, TWX: 910-338-2077. 

Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple 

Computer, Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital 

Research. AI0-11, ASIO, APIO and A488 are 

trademarks of SSM Microcomputer Products, 

Inc.

·startire and DataGuard are trademarks of Corona Data Systems •Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computers. Inc. ·VisiCalc is a trademark of Personal Software Inc. 

• CP Mis a re istered trademark of Di ital Research, Inc. • DB Master is a trademark of Stoneware 

We don't make a Winchester for just 

anybody. · 

We're Corona Data Systems and we've made Starfire, a 

Winchester disk just for Apple II*. 

Whafs in it for you? 

5 million characters of storage. And that's not all. You'll get 

Corona's Disk Partitioning which allows for up to 16 separate 

operating systems such as Apple DOS, CP/M*and 

Pascal, all sharing the same disk. Of course, you'll still 

be able to use DB Master*and protected software like 

VisiCalc*. 

Double Size Volumes. 

And with our Double Size Volumes, your Apple DOS is transformed 

into something special that offers larger data files. 

And you'll never have to type commands like "catalog" 

and "run" or type program 

names again. You can even 

forget what volumes the programs 

are in. 

Reliability. 

But you'll never forget Starfire's 

reliability. That's because 

we built DataGuard~ 

the feature that will correct errors, not just report them. And 

we also provide a one-year warranty that you can count 

on. That's reliability. 

So why take chances? With Starfire, you're not just adding 

a hard disk to an Apple 11, but transforming an Apple 11 into 

a full hard disk business computer. 

21541 Nordhoff Street, Unit B Chatsworth, California, 91311 (213) 998-0505 

Starfire - the Winchester disk made just for Apple 11.

Many people think just because a computer does 40-column format to accommcx:late larger printouts, 

difficult things, it must be difficult to operate.· Not so. ·and tell you how much room you have left on your disk. 

At least not with PFS TM and PFS: REPORT. 

Get more out of what you put in. 

PFS and PFS: REPORT let you concentrate on PFS: REPORT sorts, calculates, totals, formats 

doing your work, not on working your computer. There's and prints presentalion-quality reports with up to 9 colno 

complicated programming or computer language to umns, in alpha or numeric order, with automatic 

learn. Using the PFS Series is so straightforward, you entering and justification. With your information in 

can learn it in as little as 20 minutes, and that's some- this format, you can analyze it quickly to help spot 

thing both experts and beginners can appreciate. trends, plan and make decisions. 

Design your own management system, simply. A whole family of software for Apple® II and ill. 

PFS lets you arrange your information in "forms" PFS consistently ranks among the 5 top-selling 

you design yourself. Once you've created your form- business software packages for Apples. Because you 

with spaces for all the necessary data-you simply fill can use it for almost anything-from chemical analyses 

in the blanks. 

to keeping track of your wine collection, from bal- 

If you don't like the original form, PFS lets you ancing your checkbook to computing your payroll. 

change just the form, without having to totally re-enter And there are more programs on the way. 

the information on it. 

For a free, hands-on demonstration of PFS and 

To use your forms, just call up the information PFS: REPORT, stop by your local computer store. If 

you want in a variety of ways such • they don't have it yet, tell them to 

as "less than;' "more than;' "equal Hardworking call Software Publishing Corporato;' 

"between" or "not'.' You can 

ation at (415) 962-8910. Or write 

even find specific charac- 

so£ .....:ra,~e ~or Apples 1~1 ~dings Dr., Mounters, 

words, names or num- IJ. I. ft' . tam View, CA 94043. 

bers. And PFS can also · h • 't 1· t · { . k You'll be amazed at 

sort labels, change its t at ISO a 0 0 WOr . howmuchyoucanbiteoff. 

"J!fe: Software Series 

®Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. '"PFS is a trademark of Software Publishing Corporation.

COAET" • r

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