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THE AFRICA LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACTIONFORUM (ALGAF)A REPORT OF ALGAF X SESSION IV HELD ON THE 7 th OF MAY2010Methodologies and Tools for Pro-Poor GovernancePresenter: Thembinkosi DlaminiReport Prepared byPhillip KundishoraALGAF CoordinatorMunicipal Development PartnershipEastern and Southern AfricaMay 2010

1. IntroductionSession IV of the Africa Local Government Action Forum (ALGAF) was held on the 7 th ofMay 2010. The Topic for the session was “Methodologies and Tools for Pro-PoorGovernance”. The presenter was Mr. Thembinkosi Dlamini of the Institute forDemocracy in South Africa (IDASA). Nine countries participated in this session and thesewere: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda andZimbabwe.2. ParticipationIn all the session was attended by 173 participants. Uganda with 37 participants had thelargest number of participants, followed by Madagascar 34; Kenya 24; Ethiopia 22; andGhana 18. Tanzania and Zimbabwe had 17 participants each while Rwanda had 3 participants.In South Africa only the presenter was present. Of all the participants, 78 percent were maleparticipants while only 22 percent where female participants (Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1)Table 2.1: Participants for ALGAF X Session IVCOUNTRY MALE FEMALE TOTALEthiopia 20 2 22Ghana 13 5 18Kenya 19 5 24Madagascar 27 7 34Rwanda 2 1 3South Africa 1 0 1Tanzania 14 3 17Uganda 28 9 37Zimbabwe 11 6 17Total 135 38 1731

Figure 2.1: Participants for ALGAF X Session IV40353079No.of Participants2520152527328610502013141112 01Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Madagascar Rwanda South Africa Tanzania Uganda ZimbabweCountryMaleFemale3. Proceedings of the Session3.1 Welcome RemarksSome connectivity problems were encountered prior to the start of the session resultingin the session delaying by some five minutes. Mr. Phillip Kundishora of the MDP-ESAwelcomed participants to the session. He expressed his gratitude to the countrycoordinators for mobilizing participants. He also thanked Mr. Thembinkosi Dlamini ofIDASA for preparing the presentation. Finally he thanked the World Bank Institute andANSA-Africa for partnering with MDP-ESA in ALGAF.3.2 Summary of PresentationIntroduction and BackgroundThe presentation focused on “Methodologies and Tools for Pro-poor Governance”. Thepresenter started his presentation by emphasizing that Pro-poor government is aconstitutional imperative in the Republic of South Africa. The Constitution of SouthAfrica recognizes special interest groups and it aims to redress the historical disparitiescreated by the apartheid legacy.2

Pro-poor governmentPro-poor government is context specific and it depends on a number of factors includinghow defines poverty. Poverty reduction does not only require good policies butdeveloping the capacity of the poor people to influence policies, and to holdaccountable those make decisions.The market led approach to pro-poor governance of business development aims toenable local economies to adjust more successfully to macro-economic reforms andemphasize the goals promoting individual self-reliance, entrepreneurship, expansion ofthe market, competitiveness, reduction of unemployment and sustainable growth. Bycontrast, the market-critical or pro-poor approach of community developmentrepresents a bottom up approach geared to goals of achieving local self, reliance,empowerment, participation, local cooperation, and environmental sustainability.Governments ApproachThe South African Government’s approach is broad targeting emphasizing the deliveryof key services to poorer people such as housing, health, education and grants. This ishowever, a mammoth task, as evidenced by backlogs which have resulted in servicedelivery protests.In the housing sector the 2009 Provincial Budget Review makes the point thatgovernment has provided approximately 2.6 million housing units since 1994 and anestimated 1.8 million households still require some form of public support to accessacceptable housing. The 2.6 million houses came at a cost of R 49 billion, at a grossaverage cost of R18 850 per unit and an annual delivery rate of 200 000 units a year.Regarding the education sector, South Africa spends a large proportion of its budget oneducation. The post-1994 era has seen the education system drastically transformed inan attempt to ensure an equitable and quality education. Schooling has been madecompulsory for all children aged between 7 and 15 years. A no-fee schools policy wasestablished in 2008 covering 13 912 schools benefiting about 5 million pupils.The presenter also gave examples of the health sector and the social grants transfers asgovernment approaches to pro-poor government.Civil Society Organizations’ ApproachThis is based on four pillars namely research, advocacy, capacity development andlitigation. A lot of work has been done by NGOs in South Africa regarding Research andCapacity Development for pro-poor government. This includes work done by the BudgetInformation Service (BIS) as well as the Children’s Budget Unit (CBU).3

The Budget Information Services (BIS) programme dealt with issues such as:– Sectoral budget analysis and special interest groups such as women and children;;– Budget process and institutional reform research, which included the role ofParliament and civil society in participating in the national and provincial budgetprocess; and– Applied budget analysis training for NGOs in RSA and the rest of the continent.The children’s Budget Unit (CBU) of IDASA was established in 1995 with the objectivesof: (a) conducting research and building capacity; and (b) disseminating information onthe government’s budgeting for children and how it advances their constitutional rights.Through research done in 2001 the CBU was able to establish that there was lack ofadministrative capacity in provincial governments, which hindered access to theprogramme. It also emerged through the same research that funds allocated to theprogramme did not grow in real terms, which generally implied under-prioritization ofthis programme.The CBU recommended that the age limit for qualification for support be raised from 6years to 14 years. It also recommended that the government should improve data onthe grant, maintain real value in the budget, and allocate resources to improving thedistribution of the grant in rural areas.Some of the techniques / tools applied in pro-poor governance in South Africa includethe Applied Budget Analysis and the Benefit Incidence Analysis. For details refer toDlamini T.M. (2009), “Occasional Paper: Pro-Poor Budget Benefit Incidence Analysis ofFive Expenditure Categories of the 2006/07 Budget of the Republic of South Africa”.Future for Pro-Poor Governance- Attacking the structural causes of poverty beyond transitional measures meant toredress past disparities-arrangements and power relations that keep poor peoplepoor.- The poor should join the mainstream economic life for all South Africans throughaccess to decent jobs, assets, social infrastructure and services – pro-poor LocalEconomic Development Initiatives.- Policy makers should better their understanding of the household economy in orderto upgrade their intervention logic in line with the demands on the ground.4

4 Discussion4.1 EthiopiaQuestions, comments and remarksa) Kassahun Abera:- Ethiopia Economics Association- With regard to Applied Budget Analysis of CSOs, a number of excellent techniques havebeen mentioned by the presenter. The presenter has however, not mentioned per capitabudget analysis. In developing countries the population pressure is very large, thusalthough the real budget is increasing, the real per capita budget may not be increasing.Email: kassahun_aberra@yahoo.comb) Bonifface Bwanyire:- Ethiopia Civil Service College- Education is one of the sustainable cornerstones of poverty reduction. While “no feeschools” may be a short gap measure, do we not run the risk of under re-sourcingeducation due to rising costs and capacity constraints on the part of governments therebyundermining education as a principal trajectory of poverty eradication? Are “no feeschools” sustainable? Shouldn’t we strive for cost-recovery in education as a way ofensuring sustainable provision of education in the long run?Email: bbwanyire@gmail.comc) Benti Bekele: Ethiopia Civil Service College- In the presentation the presenter mentioned some social infrastructure like education,health, HIV/AIDS etc, related to pro-poor governance in South Africa. The presenter didnot discuss other areas of physical and social infrastructure like electricity, water, wastemanagement, and disposal, road etc. Why were these left out in the presentation?Responsesa) Numerous techniques can be used with regard to Applied Budget Analysisincluding per capita budget analysis.b) All policies need to be supported by resources. The no fee policy is supported byresources. The schools are divided into quintiles. The interventions target the poorwho have little resources. The schools prepare the budgets and they submit to thegovernment for funding.c) There are a number of initiatives being introduced by the government of SouthAfrica towards pro-poor government. Social infrastructure like education andhealth and housing were just given as examples.5

4.2 GhanaQuestions, comments and remarksa) How and why do policy makers fail to understand the household economyapproach?b) What is the age limit for the child support grants?Responsesa) There is need for monitoring and evaluation at various stages and at various levelsfor the household economy approach to be fully understood. There is need tounderstand how households operate and to exploit social capital. This is the missinglink in some on the interventions aimed at pro-poor government.b) Initially the age limit was 6 years but it was raised to 14 years then 16 years. CSOsare advocating for this age limit to be increased to 18 years.4.3 KenyaQuestions, comments and remarksa) Martin Osok (OXFAM GB):Kenyan pro-poor governance strategies have faced challenges in adoption as listedbelow.i) Free Primary Education: Introduced by the NARC Government in 2003, to increaseprimary enrolment rates and hence, literacy countrywide. Two challenges quicklyarose.- Pastoral families keep migrating and therefore could not be targeted consistentlyby the programme.- Poor parents in urban and rural areas keep sending their children to wage labourto support the family rather than allow them attend school.ii) Youth Enterprise Development Fund (Yedf) and Women Enterprise DevelopmentFund (WEDF). The two enterprise funds were provided by the government to fundbusiness start ups and expansion among youths and women. Again the followingchallenges were faced.- High default on loan repayment especially in urban areas.- Prevalence of loan phobia among poor youth and women even after capacitybuilding on loan management.- Conditions eventually led the funds to support middle or upper classes, notoriginally intended.6

iii)Devolution of political and economic power has long been sought and iscurrently being implemented by the Kenya government to improvetransparency, accountability and participation. Yet it is now the citizens whoallow themselves to be used, squander the money they should manage andimplement shoddy constructions of public structures which at times end upcollapsing on their children.In addition to budget analysis, research, advocacy and litigation, civil societyorganizations in Kenya have also employed a number of other tools and strategiesfor pro poor government. These include community based performance monitoring,a form of social audit that monitors and evaluates the entire project cycle includingtendering procedures, to quality of materials to mode of payments. This is done onlocal public funded projects by community social auditors trained especially to do so.Much more can be said, though a lot of positive developments have also beenexperienced. South Africa is rightly considered pro poor as well as economicallypowerful, at least comparatively.Questions• Does South Africa also face challenges on pro poor programming and how doyou deal with them?• To what extent is ‘DEVOLUTION’ (Not decentralization), be considered a propoor governance strategy by the state?• Do such practices by the state such as performance contracting, rapid resultsinitiatives (RRI), Institutionalization of strategic planning and promulgation ofservice charters, constitute pro poor government tools by the state.• How do you ensure that budget integration process does not have room ofoverlapping of activities in various sectors? – National, Provincial and localgovernment.Email: mosok@oxfam.org.ukb) Rufus K. Rono. University of Nairobi. (KENYA)Can an increase in employment be taken to be one of the measures to enhance propoor governance or increased opportunities for the poor? Healthcare is an approvedmethod to enhance pro poor governance. However when healthcare is provided tothe poor at a cheaper cost, is it of the approved quality or will it lead to more deathsthan lives saved?Email: ronorufus@yahoo.comc) John Mwangi Wambugu. ONESTOP YOUTH CENTRE – TRAINER.I concur with the presenter that poverty reduction does not only require goodpolicies. I also want to extend his argument to fortified democracies. It is clear those7

countries with strong democracy – which give citizens the platform to critic thegovernment, have recorded positive strides towards realization of povertyreduction. Empowering people through free education like Kenya and also SouthAfrica will go a long way in lowering the escalation of poverty. Even narrowing downto the point that communities which shun education still lag behind in alleviating theaspects of poverty. The government may have good policies on paper but may bedue to bureaucracy, drags its feet when it comes to implementation. The peopleshould push for their implementation and that is when civil societies come to theirrescue.Email: jonikangi@yahoo.comResponsesIn order to empower people you do not only need to devolve resources. You need toengage the citizens, People are experts in their own areas and there is therefore need tointeract with the people. There is no reason why governments should focus on givingresources to the people without empowering them. Once empowered, people cancreate their own wealth. However, interventions can be different depending on thelocal needs.People fail to take advantage of pro-poor government initiatives because they are notinvolved in the planning process. Some of the initiatives are donor driven and they endup being white elephants. Citizens should always be part of the decision making process.4.4 MadagascarQuestions, comments and remarksRemarks made by participants in Madagascar all stressed the fact that there is not reallysuch a thing as pro-poor governance in Madagascar. The gap between promises madeby the government and implementation is widening, giving the image of a failed State.a) More than 70% of the State Budget depends on foreign aid but its use isquestionable. Is it possible to use the PPP approach or NGOs participation insteadto advance pro-poor measures?b) Could a market based approach ensure good public services delivery?c) Could the presenter provide more detail on strategies used by South Africa for propoorgovernance?d) Was Black Empowerment in South Africa a policy and to what extent has it playeda role in pro-poor governance?8

e) Is there any racial discrimination in South Africa regarding employmentopportunities? If yes, is it because Black people do not attain higher levels ofeducation?Responsesa) Madagascar has never suffered any shortage of foreign aid in the past years. Inspite of all, since its independence, the country’s capacity to reach itsdevelopment goals has remained weak. Among others, the problem lies in relyingtoo much on foreign aid, especially dependency on one single donor and in aidaccountability. Donors are as well guilty of giving without controlling as funds areoften diverted. Budget support should be conditional; and prioritize the needs ofthe poor. Besides, conflicts, political instability and social turmoil lead tosuspension of funding like in the present case and make foreign investorsreluctant. Madagascar should develop policies and strategies to avoidoverdependence on donor funding. The country must try to raise at least 50% ofits own budget.b) The PPP and a market based approach could help improving public servicesdelivery. In South Africa, there is balanced approach: the government gives way tothe market to provide these services. This is different from privatization because inmost cases, the privatized entities become the personal properties of someprivileged people. Costs are escalating, excluding poor people from access to theseservices. Decentralization alone does not mean improved public service delivery orpro-poor governance. Other factors need to be put in place: capacity building oflocal communities to mitigate the problem of low level of education, sensitizationto promote gender equity, for example, and tax decentralization so that it canreally be beneficial to local communities.c) One striking example of pro-poor government in South Africa is the no-fee policyfor all schools since 2007. It is a demonstration of a search for more equity ineducation. Like all solutions in South Africa, it was a negotiated solution, hence itssuccess.d) Black Empowerment aims at redressing historical imbalances and is also apragmatic way to achieve the country’s full economic potential.e) During the era of Apartheid, Blacks were obviously denied the right to highereducation. That is why, there are less educated Black people; different policieshave since been implemented to redress this fault and it is believed that there willincreasingly be more equality in the future.9

4.5 RwandaQuestions, comments and remarksa) Mr Jean Baptiste Bizimungu (RALGA):South Africa is engaged in supporting the poor communities with direct aid invarious areas such as education. Is this system sustainable since there are notenough efforts to build the poor people’s capacity for self-sustainability?Email: jeanbizimu2003@yahoo.frb) Mr Jean Bosco Rushingabigwi (RALGA):Basing on the position of the presenter that “Poverty reduction does not simplyrequire “good” policy; and that it requires developing the capacity of poorerpeople to influence policies, and to hold accountable those who make decisions”;and taking in account the fact that some decision makers resist to thedecentralization of financial resources.How serious is the resistance to change from decision makers at CentralGovernment level in South Africa?Email: rushingabigwijb@yahoo.frResponsesa) Most interventions in South Africa seek to provide the need of the poor and toincrease their income base. Interventions such as providing housing to the poor arealways accompanied by other developments such as sanitation facilities, water, andrefuse collection. The core infrastructure, such as the housing units, initiateseconomic activities at the locality leading to a vibrant economy which can besustainable.b) The current system of government in South Africa comprises of the NationalGovernment, 9 Provinces and the local authorities. Financial administration followsthis structure. So there is no resistance from the Central Government level todecentralize financial resources. The major challenge if the lack of capacity tomanage finance at the local level. However, efforts are under way to improve thiscapacity.4.6 South AfricaNo comments were made from South Africa. The presenter who was based in SouthAfrica only made responses to the questions and comments raised from other sites.10

4.7 TanzaniaQuestions, comments and remarksa) Land based investments are crucial to pro-poor governance in South Africa.Therefore, there is need for developing short- and long-term strategicinterventions that will sustain pro-poor governance in the long run, based onequitable distribution of returns on investments, mobilization ownership andparticipation.b) Since this session has coincided with the event of the World Economic Forumbeing held in Tanzania; how can African countries address the demand for capacitybuilding considering that most of these countries are facing budgetary constraintsand depend heavily on foreign budget support even for meeting costs for essentialcommunity services;c) There is a need for developing strategies for empowering local communities tofacilitate their ability in engaging in accessing affordable housing, agriculture,mining, rather than leaving these activities to foreign investors;d) Africa is not short of sound policies and strategies. The problem is poor or nonimplementationof these policies and strategies, which often is a result of the lackof political will. What can be done to address the problem of lack of political will?Responsesa) Policy making in South Africa is not the preserve of the bureaucracy. There areefforts under way to have citizens benefit from natural resources. In the miningindustry, for example, local communities will have a stake and a lot of benefits willaccrue to them. Land redistribution is also in place whereby the land board isbuying land and giving back to claimants who are the original owners.b) To avoid overdependence on foreign budget support there is need to reworkpolicies. Political will is very critical. First of all you should sort out politics and setup democratic institutions.c) Local communities really need to be empowered. There is need to create a strongcivil society whereby more and more people are capacitated.d) It is true that Africa is not short of strategies. In South Africa there has been anegotiated settlement whereby all parties were involved. This has worked verywell.11

4.8 UgandaQuestions, comments and remarks(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)How is your budget roadmap framed from the beginning to the approval stage? InUganda we have the bottom-up system whereby we involve all stakeholdersduring the budget preparations.Poverty eradication by providing social grants to the people – is it conditional or oncondition? If it is conditional with strings attached, it will be very difficult for thepeople to benefit. For example, in Uganda we have L.G.D.P. (Local GovernmentDevelopment Projects). This social grant goes through the Contracts Committeewhich awards the tenders and inflates the amounts.Pro-poor strategies as explained by the presenter face a threat of failedsustainability. It is also worth noting that African countries are at the mercy ofwestern powers for aid which aid could reduce at any point in time. Therefore,what contingency plan or strategy is in place or should be in place to guaranteesustainability if services are to be provided to the poor at no cost at all?Where is the participation of the poor people/stakeholders in pro-poorgovernance at local level? Should the poor people fail to realize a sense ofownership of these developments then such strategies are bound to fail in thelong run (Academicians are professors in their respective fields but the local poorare professors in their problems).How have you managed to control the economy of South Africa to such amoderate standard than any other country in Africa? For instance, if you look atthe budget analysis in the applied Technique One (1) of calculating the share of thetotal budget, they go on increasing year by year in line with the economy. For acountry like Uganda where the population is rapidly increasing day by day and theeconomy is not steady but only depending on budget grants. What should we doin order to combat this situation?On the side of vulnerable children and single mothers – how has South Africamanaged to offer services to such groups? In Uganda the number of streetchildren and single mothers is increasing. What challenges do they face? And howare such communities benefiting from government? What programmes do theyhave or offer to such communities? Women participation in decision making athigher level – what challenges does South Africa face?Regarding the tools on budget analysis, there are no assumptions captured. Sohow will you consider cases where IPFs are not steadily increasing?12

(h)Clarify on the role of parents as far as no-fee schools’ policy is concerned in SouthAfrica. How has the policy contributed to the quality of education? Anychallenges? Does the policy cater for all levels of education?(i) For purposes of comparison of education policy with other countries:- Could there be any parent contribution(s) either in cash or kind as a programmesupplementing input?- Any drop-on/experiences since initiation of the no-fee school policy andcommunity compliance? Estimated cost per child?(j)(k)Little is said about the pro-poor economic state interventions in the economicinfrastructure sectors i.e. road network improvement, micro-financing that couldboost the individual poor incomes to generate effective delivery. What is theperformance of these sectors among others?In Uganda, the gap in quality of education between schools in rural areas andurban schools is so big. The reason being that in urban areas the parentssupplement on the no-fee school system while in rural areas the parents donothing. How do you handle it in South Africa?Responsesa) Parents and the community at large need to play a critical role in the managementof schools. Communities should play a key role in monitoring teachers to avaidcases of absenteeism.b) Intergovernmental fiscal relations should guarantee resources from the CentralGovernment to local authorities. There is no assumption in the Budget Analysis.There is need for the participation of the people to come up with indicativefigures.c) Offering services to street kids and single mothers: In South Africa it is aConstitutional Imperative. There is a Bill of Rights.d) Gap in quality of education between rural and urban schools. In South Africa theschools are structured into quintiles and the Government intervenes in thepoorest schools.e) South Africa does not rely too much on foreign AID. The parliament of South Africahas powers to amend budgets.13

4.9 ZimbabweQuestions, comments and remarksa) Estery Madavo:What is the process to ensure that benefits of pro-poor government reach the“right” beneficiaries? Having done the pro-poor budgeting and benefit incidenceanalysis, what mechanisms and strategies are used to correct “poor targeting”,whereby the elite end up benefiting more than the poor e.g. in housing? Whoseresponsibility is it to ensure anomalies are corrected? What is the role of thegovernment, civic organizations and what is the involvement of the poor.Email: emadavo@yahoo.co.ukb) Idzai Chaduka:The research carried out by the Children’s Budget Unit of IDASA in 2001established that funds allocated to the child support grant did not grow in realterms. What caused this budget to shrink? Is it not best to integrate thegovernment approach and the civil society approach to pro-poor governance?Email: idzichaduka@yahoo.comc) Peter Sigauke:South Africa has the advantage that it learning from the good practices andmistakes of other countries so it is not re-inventing the wheel. The question is ifSouth Africa will be able to keep the momentum and if these pro-poorgovernment initiatives are not going to be high jacked by other actors.There is need to have consensus on the definition of poverty. Poverty ismultidimensional. It can be political or economic. What are the drivers and causesof this poverty?Zimbabwe’s Experiences compared to South Africa: The land reform programmewas not done methodologically leading to a number of shortcomings. There is nohousing for all in Zimbabwe with quite a number of people on the waiting lists oflocal authorities.In Mutoko Rural District Council a Gender Analysis and Gender Budgetingprogramme was implemented by the council in cooperation with the ZimbabweWomen’s Resource centre and network.There is a Better Education and Assistance Model (BEAM) mainly targeting allchildren to get education especially at primary level.Email: petersigauke@yahoo.com14

d) Martin ChimombeWith reference to moving targets: if you do not measure the targets you will notbe able to measure progress. In the city of Harare the problem of Housing iscompounded by rural to urban migration.Email: chimombemartin@yahoo.comResponsesa) In South Africa there is a negotiated settlement. The Government recognizes therole of civil society. There is the Public Access to Information Act which ensures thatcitizens have access to public information.b) The funds allocated to the child support grant did not grow in real terms of realvalue partly because of recession which is affecting most governments.c) It is possible to integrate the government and the CSO approaches for best results.d) Regarding moving targets it is difficult to predict what will happen. There is need todevelop development plans and to take into consideration factors like migration.5 Concluding RemarksIn his concluding remarks Mr. Kundishora thanked the presenter for the elaboratepresentation and good time management. He also thanked all the participants and thecountry coordinators for their time and inputs to the session. Finally, he announced thatthe forthcoming session will be on the 4 th of June 2010 and that the presenter will befrom Uganda. The topic is on AID Accountability: The Role of Local Authorities inImproving AID effectiveness.15

Annex 1: List of ParticipantsAnnex 1a: Ethiopia Participants for ALGAF X Session IV (7 May 2010)# First/given Last/family Job title Gender Organization full name Email Mobilename name1. Boniface Bwanyire Programme manager Male Ethiopian Civil Service bbwanyire@gmail.com 251 913537928College2. Hailu Berhane manager Male Kolfe keraniyoSub City hilat@72 251 911 679819Administration3. Chakradhar Dash lecturer Male Addis Ababa university addash_dash@yahoo.com 251 913 3068004. Mulugeta Worku Land Use Planner Male Ethiopian Civil Service muluwork2006@yahoo.com 251 911 907686FeteneCollege5. Girma Beka manager Male Kolfe keraniyoSub City belkgrima@yahoo.com 251 911427668Administration6. Berisso Amallo Student at master levelin urban managementinstituteMale Ethiopian Civil ServiceCollegeberisoamalo@yahoo.com 251 9168268787. Belay Zeleke EnvironmentalPollution & AwarnessInspection OfficerMaleBole Sub-CityEnviromental ProtectionSectorbzeleke@gmail.com 251 9180697368. Berhanu Assefa Director of Department Male Federal Ethics and anticorruptionfewdu@ethio.net.et 251 911677984commission9. Hirpo Berisso Programme manager Male hirpob@gmail.com 251 911 38132710. Kassahun Abera Researcher Male Ethiopian Economic kassahun_aberra@yahoo.co 251 911 677428EndeshawAssociationm11. Selamawit Hikka Student at master levelin urban managementinstituteFemale Ethiopian Civil ServiceCollegeselguy@gmail.com 251 913248331612. Benti Bekele Student at master levelin urban managementMaleEthiopian Civil ServiceCollege251 91324377516

institute13. Sisay Worku Process Owner Male Ministry of Mines and w-sis2000@yahoo.com 251 911205244Energy14. Solomon Getachew Head of main division Male Housing development liulsolomon@gmail.com 251 911 004660project15. Tahir Zuber Code experiment and Male Management office tahirfree@hotmail.com 251 915004856civil status16. Sudhir Singh lecturer Male Ethiopian Civil Service sksghazipuri@gmail.com 251 911369183College17. Tafese Nega manager Male Oromia Justice Burea negtafe@yahoo.com 251 91179241918. Dagne A/Tsion lecturer Male Ethiopian Civil Service damdetsion@yahoo.com 251 911626361UrgessaCollege19. Abel Endale Director Male Ethiopian Civil Service abelend47@yahoo.com 251 911 427871College20. Aleazar Ali Gebeyehu Training Coordinator Male Ethiopian Civil Service eth_aali@gdlnmail.org 251 912 04 90 45College21. Ashenafi Fiseha IT Specialist Male Ethiopian Civil Service eth_afiseha@gdlnmail.org 251 913 63 84 18College22. Tizita Selamu Office Assistant Female Ethiopian Civil ServiceCollegeselamut@yahoo.com 251 911 72 89 9617

Annex 1b: Ghana Participants for ALGAF X Session IV (7 May 2010)# First/givennameLast/familynameJob title Gender Organization full name Email Telephone1. Peter Uka-Beidu Manager Male Abullam Orphanage pbeidu@yahoo.co.uk 2430817712. Solomon Obeng Child Protection Male (Family Strenghtening solojimic@yahoo.com 541917496Focal Person,Program) SOS Children'sVillage, Ghana3. Andrews Sodah DCE Male Yilo Krobo District249660942Assembly4. James Tanoe QualityMale Ghana Education Service 276851995Assurance, Head5. Stella Sankah Asst HR Manager Female Forestry Commission sttella401@yahoo.com 031 2241006. Raphael Kofi Ogyemoko DCE Male Kete Krechi East ogmk51@yahoo.com 2460840337. Nana Barima Kumessy- DCE Male Jasikan District Assembly nanabonsy@gmail.com 245657753Bonsy II8. Kwasi Boateng Male kab_k77@yahoo.com 2444072569. Takyi Frederick Male COCOBOD fredricktakyi@yahoo.com10. Sakyi-Badu Jonathan student Male GIMPA sopiaroo@yahoo.co.uk 24316584111. Cletus Nateg OperationsManager.Male Wildlife Division ForestryCommission12. Docia Mensah Asst midwife Female Mercy Mat Home domens2@yahoo.com 24451497213. MICHEAL Boaitey MaleOwusu14. Dorothy O Ankah Female charldoor@yahoo.co.uk 28513939515. Jemimah Darko Female jemimahdarko44@yahoo.com 24938625716. Martin Dwamena Male17. Juliet Mbroh Female julietmbroh@ymail.com 20243794618. Yaw Gyapong Male18

Annex 1c: Kenya Participants for ALGAF X Session IV (7 May 2010)# First/given Last/family Job title Gender Organization full name Email Mobilename name1. Robert M. Mbithi Treasurer Male County Council of Kirinyaga 7227818232. Samuel M. Njagi Accountant Male Bond Insurance Agency 7266997273. Bonaventure F. M. Mwakio Treasurer Male Town Council of Mariakani bomwandau@yahoo.com 72167111944. Vimal Chadha Chairman Audit Male Municipal Council of Embu vvpchadha@yahoo.com 7101916355. Domenic Mutegi Town Planner Male Municipal Council of Thika dmutegi@hotmail.com 7228211256. Justus K. Ariithi Clerk Male County Council of Kirinyaga kirinyagacouncil@yahoo.com 7115967907. Jedidah N. Kiarie WTP&Education C/Man Female Town Council of Kikuyu pajeff@yahoo.com 7232588638. Martin Osok H.O. Governance Male OXFAM GB Kenya mosok@oxfam.org.uk 7207598649. Lawrence I. Njeru Internal Auditor Male Municipal Council of Embu box36 Embu 71567350610. Nancy W. Gatura CDA Female Town Council of Kikuyu 149 Kikuyu 7288814411. Rose W. Chege Ass. Sch. Supervisor Female Town Council of Kikuyu 149 Kikuyu 72506271712. Peter Kibuku Councillor Male Town Council of Kikuyu zakunue@yahoo.com 71068526413. Evan M. Mberere Councillor Male Town Council of Kikuyu 23017 Lower kabete 72221714414. Rufus Rono Student Male University of Nairobi ronorufus@yahoo.com 72950629015. Gerald Gichuki Student Male Kenya polytechnic gerakiambo@yahoo.com 71401811316. Wambugu John M. Volunteer Trainer Male Onestope youth Centre jonikangi@yahoo.com 72625559317. Meshack Gitahi Student Male Kenya polytechnic meshackgitahi@yahoo.com 72999943318. Stephen Mwangi Student Male Kenya polytechnic stevemwaas@yahoo.com 72338991419. Daniel Mukanda Student Male University of Nairobi chemiatidan@gmail.com 71141709120. J. N. Wanganga V/ Chaiman Male Town Council of Kikuyu josephndichu07@yahoo.com 72259912221. Alice W. Kairu Secretary Female Town Council of Kikuyu alicekairu@yahoo.com 72580654122. Jane W. Nuguna Town Clerk Female Town Council of Maragua maraguatc@gmail.com 72238453323. Simon.N Mwangi Ag. Treasurer Male Town Council of Maragua nmsimon66@yahoo.com 72288724824. Charles M. Njuguna Chairman Audit Male Town Council of Kikuyu njugunac@ymail.com 72093250919

Annex 1d: Madagascar Participants for ALGAF X Session IV (7 May 2010)# First/givennameLast/family name Job title Gender Organization fullname1. Jonah ANDRIANANTENAINA Manager Male Circle of Reflexionof Economists ofMadagascar2. Jimmy HARISOANIRINA Manager Male Circle of Reflexionof Economists ofMadagascar3. Solange RAZAFINDRAKOTO Manager Female Circle of Reflexionof Economists ofMadagascar4. Olivaniaina RAKOTO DAVID University Male University of5. JeanBaptisteRAZAFIMAMONJYProfessorChiefEconomicManifestationsMaleAntananarivoMinistry ofEconomy andIndustry6. Lala RANDRIAMAMPIANINA Economist Male Ministry ofEconomy andIndustry7. José RAKOTOMANJAKA NaturalResourcesEconomistMaleQuality andEnvironmentInstituteMadagscar (QEIM)Email Mobilejonahandria@yahoo.fr 00261 33 11 416 64fred@sodim.mg 00261 32 11 004 04ictaractiel@yahoo.fr 00261 32 07 329 21david.prm@gmail.com 00261 33 21 608 75fhralaimanampisoa@yahoo.fr 00261 33 05 03 952rainman_sunrise@yahoo.com 00261 33 14 236 78qeim@eco-evaluation.org 00261 34 03 975 148. Valencia RANARIVELO Programme Female Wild World Fund vranarivelo@www.mf 00261 34 49 890 12Coordinator9. Rija ANDRIAMANANTENA IT Officer Male Presidency of the andriamanantena.r@gmail.com 00261 33 14 751 33Republic10. Jean RAZAFINDRANOVONA GeneralManagerMale Ministry of Finance&Budgetcfdgbudget@moov.mg 00261 32 07 405 4120

11. Claudie RAZAFINTSALAMA Head ofPreventionDivison12. NanouFiankinanaRABEMANANTSOAAssistantCommunications OfficerFemaleFemaleProgrammeGermano-Malgache pourl'Environnement -DeutscheGesellschaft fürTechnischeZusammenarbeitUnited NationsDevelopment ofPopulationclaudiegtz@blueline.mg 00261 33 07 807 18nanou.fiankinana@undp.org 00261 33 11 809 6013. Rija ANDRIAMANANTENA IT Officer Male Presidency of the andriamanantena.r@gmail.com 00261 33 14 751 34Republic14. Emmanuel RAKOTOMAVO Consultant Male Cabinet SORITRA emmanuelrakotomavo@yahoo.fr 00261 22 07 202 4415. Mara RALAIVAO Clerk of the Male Tribunal of marafils@gmail.com 00261 32 58 175 23CourtAntananarivo16. James F.A RAKOTOMAHANINA Magistrate Male Financial Court of jamesdigne@yahoo.fr 00261 33 11 981 61Antananarivo17. Ravo ANDRIANARIVONY Auditor Male Court of Auditors rovasbistoes@yahoo.fr 00261 32 04 083 4018. Alain RANDRIAMALALA Executive Male NGO MAHATOKY ongmahatoky@moov.mg 00261 34 04 561 88Officer19. Chloe SUEM ProgramOfficerFemale United NationsDevelopment ofchloe.suem@undp.org 00261 33 11 370 8020. Hasina RAKOTONDRAZAFY ProgramOfficerFemalePopulationUnited NationsDevelopment ofPopulation21. Justice RAKOTONANDRASANA M&E Associate Male United NationsDevelopment ofPopulation22. Miky LovaTantelyRAVELOSONLife & EarthSciencesprofessorMaleUniversity ofAntananarivohasina.rakotondrazafy@undp.org 00261 34 02 182 72justice.rakotonandrasana@undp.org 00261 32 43 937 93lova.raveloson@hotmail.com 00261 32 50 055 3521

23. Andrianirina RAKOTO Chief of Male JIRO SY RANO dga-dca@jirama.mg 00261 32 03 390 67DepartmentMALAGASY24. Alain RAKOTOMALALA Consultant Male JIRO SY RANO arakotomalala-dga@jirama.mg 00261 32 03 410 13MALAGASY25. Philippe RAJAONARIVELO NGO Member Male ROTARY CLUB rajaonarivelopc@yahoo.fr 00261 32 04 896 09IVANDRY26. Tiavina RANOROARISOA Advisor Male Anti-Corruption 06_tiavina@yahoo.fr 00261 33 15 630 15IndependentBureau27. Faly RALAIMANAMPISOA Advisor Male Anti-Corruption flralaimanampisoa@yahoo.fr 00261 33 02 002 89IndependentBureau28. Solonirina RATSIMANDRAVA Magistrate Male Financial Court of Solonirina03@yahoo.fr 00261 32 42 383 53Antananarivo29. Tsiory RAKOTONIRINA Lawyer Male JWF Legal vann1@jwflegal.com 00261 32 40 979 19Vonisoa30. Tatiana RAKOTONJATOVO Economist Female US Embassy Rakotony.T@state.gov 00261 34 550 7831. Alpha MIKALY Student Male mikalyalpha@yahoo.fr 00261 32 40 401 0132. Claude FANOHIZA Consultant Male Integrated Growth ampihana@yahoo.fr 00261 32 02 745 68Poles Project33. Gerald JAONARY LegalCounsellorMale MadagascarConseilcabinet_mci@blueline.mg 00261 33 11 42336034. Arc'El ANDRIANAVAH Chief FinanceOfficerMaleInternationalMalagasy Office ofIntellectualPropertyandrianavah.arc.el@moov.mg 00261 32 02 570 5022

Annex 1e: Rwanda Participants for ALGAF X Session IV (7 May 2010)# First Name Family Name Job Title Gender Organization E mail Telephone1. Violette Mudahogora Coord. Economic Dev. F Ngororero District mudahogoravite@yahoo.fr 078 860 46252. Jean Baptiste Bizimungu Local Econ. Dev. Consultant M RALGA jeanbizimu2003@yahoo.fr 078 835 55143. Jean Bosco Rushingabigwi Communication Officer M RALGA rushingabigwijb@yahoo.fr 078 830 947723

Annex 1f: South Africa Participants for ALGAF X Session IV (7 May 2010)# First / givennameLast/ FamilynameGender Job title Organization fullname1. Thembinkosi Dlamini M Senior Researcher Institute of Democracyin South AfricaEmailTelephonetdlamini@idasa.org.za 27 12 392054724

Annex 1g: Tanzania Participants for ALGAF X Session IV (7 May 2010)S/N Name Title Gender Organization Phone E-mail1. PAMELA B. MTENA JOUNALIST F CAPITAL 0712454963 bagataya@yahoo.com2. ANTHONY JOHN PROFFESSIONAL M TNCHF 0784838479 otistony@hotmail.com3. RICHARD SARAH STUDENT M FINANCE - UDSM 0716300751 waaoh_s@yahoo.com4. OMARY HASSAN STUDENT M UDOM 07184658885. KALENZI C. MACGORWA ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTOFFICERM BOMBO REGIONALHOSPITAL0754412163 ckalenzi@yahoo.co.uk6. THEREZA JUNE BAGENDA JOB SEEKER F N/A 0767551166 Junsam2005@yahoo.com7. NICHOLAUS KADINDE GRADUATE M IAE 0717050385 nicholson07@yahoo.co,uk8. ELIDIERICK KABYEMELA STUDENT M KUC 0763246176 elidierick@yahoo.com9. REMENCIANA MARO STUDENT F ACCOUNTING - UDSM 0719616677 Remenciana@yahoo.com10. NYERERE MASHAUSHI DIRECTOR M ALGAF-TZ / RUVUAGRICULTURALINSTITUTE0652828156 mashaushi@yahoo.com11. LISSO IBRAHIM STUDENT M IFM 0715242429 Ibrahlisso1900@gmail.com12. NONATUS MGWANO MNGTM RCT 0754995514 nonatus@yahoo.comCONSULTAT NT13. SYLVESTER SISILA CONSULTANT M TGDLC 0754364021 ssisila09@gmail.com14. ISSA ISIHAKA DIRECTOR M DATA 0655257640 Isihaka@GAWAB.com15. DISMAS MARK ON TRAINING M ACCOUNTING 0762483050 markdismas@yahoo.co.uk16. GODFREY KINOGO STUDENT M SOCIAL 0717314814 gkinogo@yahoo.com17. METOD MELKIOR JOB SEEKER M LAW 0655708229/0756708229Metodtarimo@yahoo.com25

Annex 1h: Uganda Participants for ALGAF X Session IV (7 May 2010)# First / givennameLast/ FamilynameGender Job title Organization fullnameEmailTelephone1. Joseph Bazira Besigwa M Councillor Makindye Division mapbazira@yahoo.com 078-2-3336002. Mathias K. Bwanika M Town Clerk Mpigi Town Council mkbwanika@yahoo.com 078-2-524664/070-2-5246643. Joyce Kirindi F HIV Counsellor Uganda Cares kirindijoyaama@yahoo.com 078-2-0506564. Haddy Hadad Kisekka M Program Mgr World Bank hadhaddy7@aol.org 078-2-3286925. John Isingoma M Sub-county Chief Kibaale District 077-2-3446146. Japheth Ssejjoba M Asst. Procurement Entebbe Municipal ssejjobs@yahoo.com 077-2-889784OfficerCouncil7. Abdul Njuki M Administrative Asst. Kampala City Council njuk-as@yahoo.com 071-2-8050828. Richard Omule M Manager Kenya Commercial richardomule@yahoo.com 077-6-061336Bank9. Xavier Joseph Kizza M Sen. OfficeKibaale District 077-2-349306Supervisor10. Ambrose Alibu M Manager Fhitlinks Clearing Firm ambrosealibu@yahoo.com 077-2-68485911. Jude Mutale M Office Asst. Uganda Management jmutale@gmail.com 078-2-048423Institute12. Jonathan K. Sewundwa M Ag. Clerk Asst. Mpigi Town Council sjkhotnail@yahoo.com 075-4-59808113. Peter Mudiima M Councillor Nakawa Division mudiimapeter@gmail.com 077-2-45312214. Sophia Nakandi F Sen. Asst. Town Clerk Entebbe Municipal nksophie@yahoo.com 071-2-880097Council15. Brian Samuel Ssegawa M Administrative Asst. Kampala City Council 077-2-61279916. Stephen Otim Oola M Project Officer P & M Consult stevola.20@yahoo.com 078-2-47663817. Simpo Akech F Researcher EMA Consult simpoug@yahoo.com 077-2-35809418. Prossy Aidah Zavuga F Councillor Kampala City Council 077-2-65609619. Henry Yeus Bulobe M Sen. Asst. Secretary Mbale Localhenrybulobe@yahoo.com 075-2-620410Government20. Christine Sizoomu F Ag. PEO/GC Ministry of Education &Sportsscorpiokeg3@yahoo.com 077-6-69403226

21. George Esanyu Emojong M Asst. Eng. Officer Njeru Town Council emojongesanyu@gmail.com 077-2-49078622. Moses Dramani M Asst. Agric. Officer Njeru Town Council Dramanon@yahoo.com 078-2-40934223. Milly Bulega F SCDO Njeru Town Council bulegami@yahoo.com 077-2-38801924. Yusuf Mulombo M Econ. Planner Njeru Town Council mulombo.Y@yahoo.com25. Ronald Katende M Councillor Njeru Town Council 077-2-45633026. Godfrey Kirunda M Councillor Njeru Town Council kakaire__g@yahoo.com27. Apollo Luwandagga M Auditor Njeru Town Council andcollins77@yahoo.com28. Stephen Kayanja M S. Health Inspector Njeru Town Council kayanjastephen@yahoo.co.uk 077-2-82517829. Patrick Mukasa M Councillor Kampala City Council -077-2-540944MutaayaNakawa Division30. Cosmas Kimuku M Councillor Kampala City Council - kimukucosmas@yahoo.com 078-2-312274Nakawa Division31. Sarah Namirimu F Clerk Assistant Njeru Town Council 077-5-88030932. Stephen Kulayige M Land Supervisor Njeru Town Council 077-2-43731133. Michael Odeba M Councillor Njeru Town Council odebam@yahoo.co.uk 078-2-63730734. Annet Kagole F Administrator Rhino Fund Ug. annomule@yahoo.com 077-6-89183935. Florence Lunyolo F Environmentalist Makerere Institute of luflora78@gmail.com 077-2-600012Environment36. Ali Kalule M Councillor Kampala City Council 071-2-83338037. Simon P. Barigo M Councillor Kampala City Council osai2001@yahoo.com 077-2-47379827

Annex 1i: Zimbabwe Participants for ALGAF X Session IV (7 May 2010)# First/givennameLast/familynameJob title Gender Organization full name Email Mobile1. Estery Madavo FreelanceFemale emadvo@yahoo.co.uk 912414076Consultant2. Idzai Chaduka Student Female Women's University idzichaduka@yahoo.com3. Samson Masotsha Technician Male City of Harare 9126389154. Tafadzwa Kashora Former Solusi Male tafadzwakashora7@gmail.com 912747835Student5. Blessing Nkomo Student Female University of Zimbabwe blema2006@yahoo.com 9124076486. Madenyika Magwenjere Public &Male Harare City Council mmagwenjere@hararecity.co.zw 912407071International OffairsAssistant7. Mandi Piyasi Female Urban Councils Association of912778492Zimbabwe8. Absoleme Mandizvidza Training Consultant Male Sheepgate International sheepgateplc@yahoo.com 9135780179. Japhet Maphosa Male Domboshawa InstituteGezisa10. Melody Mundawarara Research/Trainer Female Infoquality Consulting mundawararam@gmail.com 91294113811. Heritage Mudarara Male Urban Councils Association of mapaxis@gmail.comZimbabwe12. Obvious Simango Student Male University of Zimbabwe r083029a@students.uz.ac.zw 91542464013. Never Mujere Lecturer Male University of Zimbabwe mujere@arts.uz.ac.zw 91234862214. Peter Sigauke Chief Executive Male Mutoko Rural District Council 913004926Officer15. Martin Chimombe Male Harare City Council chimombemartin@yahoo.com 71259663816. Radiance Nyoni Student/Intern Female Urban Councils Association of radiancenyoni@gmail.comZimbabwe17. Phillip Kundishora KM Officer Male Municipal DevelopmentPartnershippkundishora@mdpafrica.org.zw 91568129428

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