Untitled - TRS-80 Color Computer Archive

We just did something only the best can do!We made our award winning* software for theCommodore 128 and 64 computers even better!Introducing...Pocket Writer 2word processorPocket Planner 2spreadsheetPocket Filer 2databaseNew FeaturesOur new Pocket 2 series offers features usually found only inmuch more sophisticated applications software. Features thatinclude: compatability with the new GEOS operating system t,ability to work with the Commodore RAM expander to allow aRAM disk, mouse support with pull down menus, 1571 burstmode for faster file loading, increased support for two single diskdrives, automatic configuration for screen color, format andprinter selection!.Sophisticated software, yes, and still easy to use. You can beup and running in under 30 minutes even if you haven't operateda computer before.2 Programs in 1Now, when you upgrade your Commodore 64 to a 128,Pocket software helps make it a breeze. The new Pocket 2software has both 128 and 64 applications on the same disk. Sowhen you buy one you are actually buying two softwarepackages. The cost only $59.95 (U.S.).6 Programs in 1The 180% Solution saves you money! You can buy all threePocket 2 applications, Pocket Writer 2, Pocket Planner 2 andPocket Filer 2 in one convenient Superpak for the low price ofonly $99.95 (U.S.). A super way to discover all the integratedfeatures of Pocket 2 software and save almost eighty dollars.As a companion to Pocket Writer 2, a Dictionary Diskcontaining 32,000 words (expandable to 40,000) is available.The cost $14.95 (U.S.).For those of you who have already discovered the manybenefits of owning Pocket software; we offer all registeredowners an upgrade to Pocket 2 software for only $ 19.95 (U.S.)plus 3.00 (U.S.) shipping and handling! Available only by writingto Digital Solutions Inc.Packet Writer 2 Word ProcessorIn addition to the now foatvrosabove...Spelling Checkei incorporated in program(requires a dictionary disk)Spelling Checker now runs over 30096faster than in original Pocket softwareWord wrap is now fully outomatictAbility lo move columnsGo To page number for finding information in longlextstFully automatic upper and lower case typeconversiontEnhanced Delete process for word, lineor paragraphWord Count feature for essays andassignments tEnhanced split memory mail merge optionPocket Planner 2 SpreadsheetIn addrton to the new featuresabove...Individual column width selection nowavailable tMultiple files in memory with cut andpaste capabilitySerious SoftwareThat's Simple to UseAble to print mathematical formulae oswell OS results of calculations tGlobal formatting optionEnhanced row/column insert deletetLogarithmic and XY graphing copabiiityIncreased file comparability with otherspreadsheets tNumber of rows increosed from 99to 25OtPocket Filer 2 DatabaseIn addition to the new featuresabove...Dynamic calculations during data entryIntelligent re entry to enter/edit modeEasier file conversion from other software tAutomatic index updating for constantlysorted filetEnhanced malhematica! languageincluding loops and labelstHigh speed sort using dynamic buffering tAutomatic entry of repetative datat• Commodore's MicrocomputersMagazine, independent reviewers, rotedthe original Pocket Writer 128/64 andPocket Planner 128/64 software the"Annual Best of 1986" in theproductivity cotegory.Commodore is a registered Irodemork olCommodore Business Machine! Int.t Features ovoilohle for Commodore 64'm.e 1986 Digital Sah.liom Int.Superpak:The Solution ThatSaves Money!Pocket Writer 2, Pockel Planner 2 endPocket Filer 2 togetherConvenient; get all three integratedapplications at once128/64 software on same disksEconomical; S179.85 (U.S.) worth ofsoftware for only$99.95 (U.S.)Pocket WriterDictionaryPocket WiDictionaryMakes Spelling Checker faster andsimpler lo useMore convenient than developingpersonal disk32,000 words ovailableExpandable to 40,000 wordsInternational Distributor Enquiries to:r,,,,ADigitalSolutionsInc.2-30 Wertheim CourtRichmond Hill, OntarioCanada L4B 1B9Te1ephone(4l6)731-8775Telex 06-964501Fax (416) 731-8915

The BestJust Got Better

icate Maker!Because accomplishments deserve to be recognized.Offer Congratulations!Say Thanks! Have Fun!Giving someone a certificate is a wonderfulway to recognize an outstanding achieve -ment. It's also a perfect way to have alittle fun.Certificate Makefgives you over 200professionally designed certificates. From strictly official to fun andwitty, there's something for everyone andevery occasion. So you can surprise afamily member, praise a student, applaudan athlete and honor an employee withgreat looking certificates. And each onewill be as personal, professional andspecial as you choose.Personalized certificatesin minutes.Simply choose a certificate, select aborder, type your message; add a date andsignature... then print! It's that quickand that easy.You can even create a name file andautomatically personalize certificates foreveryone in your classor club!Over 200 excitingCertificates, Awards,Diplomas, andLicemes.Available for Apple. IBM PC, Commodore. Macintosh • Springboard Software, tnc ■ 7808 Creekridge Circle * Minneapolis, MN 55435 • (612] 944-3915

COMPUTE!FEBRUARYFEATURES8 New frontiers for Personal Computers Selby Bateman14 Microprocessors: Leapfrogging Ahead Selby Bateman16 Operating Systems: Micros Grow Up Tom R. Half hill20 More Bytes per Buck Tom R. Halfhill22 Lasers That Read, Write, and Print Selby Bateman62 Wari , Don DonatiREVIEWS32 Shanghai , Ervin Bobo36 OGRE James V. Trunzo1987VOLUME 9NUMBER 2ISSUE 81GUIDE TO ARTICLESAND PROGRAMSAM/AP/AT/PC/PCjr/64/STAM/AP/Mac/PC/PCjr/64/STAP/64/AT/STCOLUMNS AND DEPARTMENTS4 The Editor's Notes82 Telecomputing Today:New Products and Improved Services83 IBM Personal Computing:The CD-ROMs Are ComingRobert C. Lock24 Microscope ,. . . Sheldon Leemon26 Readers' Feedback The Editors and Readers of COMPUTE!73 INSIGHT: Atari—Number-Base ConversionsBill Wilkinson76 ST Outlook: Strong Showing at Fall COMDEXPhilip I. Nelson77 AmiyaView: The Latest Amiga Products, , . Sheldon Leemon78 The World Inside the Computer:Making Movies with Print Shop and Magic Slate .Fred D'lgnazio79 Computers and Society: Demons and Events, Part 1 David D. Thornburg80 The Beginner's Page: The RESTORE StatementC, RegenaArlan R. LevitanATSTAM, . . Donald B. Trivette PCTHE43444649515356JOURNALQuick ProDOS Catalog for AppleWeil-Behaved Batch FilesAmiga JigsawAtari SpeedScript Customizer . .Full-Screen Shell for ST BASIC . . .File CompressorLabel MasterLarry ShollUlf Larsson-Westlund. . . Walter Bulawa, . . David S. Bryant. . , . David LindsleyChris RogersShamir JumaAPPC/PCjrAMATST64647584668996CAPUTEI Modifications or Correctionsto Previous ArticlesNews & ProductsCOMPUTEI's Guide to Typing In ProgramsMLX: Machine Language Entry Programtor Commodore 64Advertisers IndexNOTE: See page 86before typing Inprograms.AP Apple, Mac Macintosh. ATAtari. IT, Atari ST. 64 Commodore64, 12B Commodore 128. PPET/CBM. PC IBM PC, PCjr IBM PCjrAM Amiga. 'General interest.TOLL FREE Subscription Order Line800-247-5470 (In IA 800-532-1272)COMPUTE! Publicationsjnc®Part of ABC Consumer Magazine*, Inc.One of the ABC Publishing CompaniesA8C Publishing. President. Robert G. Burton1330 Avenue ot "-ie Americas, New York, New York 10019COMPUTEI The Journal for Progressive Computing (USPS: 537250} is published monthly byCOMPUTE! Publications, Inc., 825 7th Ave., New York, NY 10019 USA. Phone: (212) 265-8360.Editorial Offices are located at 324 West Wendover Avenue, Greensboro, NC 27408. DomesticSubscriptions: 12 issues, S24. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: COMPUTEI Magazine, P.O.Box 10955, Des Moines, IA 50950. Second class postage paid at Greensboro, NC 27403 and additional mailing offices. Entire contents copyright ©1987 by COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. AJ! rightsreserved, ISSN 0194-357X.

Editor'sNotesThis is the 81st issue of COMPUTE!, an effort now in its ninthyear. Writing the "Editor'sNotes" for all of those years hasbeen a fascinating challenge.When you add to this the 43issues of COMPUTEI's Gazette(through January 1987), and afew assorted odds and endssuch as Home and EducationalComputing, COMPUTEl's PC &PCjr Magazine, COMPUTEl's Apple Applications Special, and another special issue here andthere, you discover a quiltworkof topics that extend backthrough much of the history ofthe home and consumer computingindustry.The topic for this issue is ahighly personal one. This is mylast set of notes as Editor inChief of COMPUTE!. Beginningnext issue, Richard Mansfield,presently Senior Editor andsoon to become Vice Presidentand Editorial Director, will takeover the task of providing editorial leadership, and "Editor'sNotes," for all of COMPUTE!Publications. Richard has beenvery much a part of COMPUTE!and its vision and voice since hejoined us in 1981.My own relationship withCOMPUTE!, as founder, President, Chief Executive Officer,and finally Editor in Chief, hasbeen in a state of beneficial evolution since we sold the company to the American BroadcastingCompanies in 1983. As my relationship has evolved, so too hasthe industry, and our presentmarketplace is far stronger thanit was even two years ago. Iremain very much a part of theABC Consumer Magazines/COMPUTE! Publications effort,and will continue to lend myvoice and experience to thiscompany. At the same time, mydiminishing involvement in theday-to-day activities of the company and its management willallow me the time to explorenew horizons—a challenge Ican only look forward to.COMPUTE! and ABC Publishing share a long tradition ofcustomer enthusiasm and loyalty. We are at the forefront ofproduct introductions that continue to keep us and our readersat a pace with the evolution ofour industry. We were amongthe first of the publishinghouses to commit to the validityand future of the home computer market, and you havenever let us down. While wehave been occasionally sharp inprint over the ebbs and flows ofcertain manufacturers and theirproducts, we have enjoyed along and pleasant vantage pointon this industry. When I wrotemy very first COMPUTE! editorial, a company called Atari, Inc.had just introduced its first computers. Single-board computerswere big. And Ohio Scientificwas threatening to become oneof the biggest players in the industry. Commodore had introduced a computer with a "real"keyboard (the CBM) and a thenincredible32K of memory. Thetop magazines in the industryhad names like Kilobaud, Micro,Creative, Recreational Computing, and others. Only a fewremain.From the very first issue ofthis magazine, we've had aunique relationship with you,our readers. You've been supportive; you've encouraged;you've sometimes grown angry,but usually for the best of reasons: We were late deliveringyour issue, or we stepped on thetoes of your particular computermanufacturer. In all candor, Icannot imagine an industry witha more vital and resourcefulreadership than an industrysuch as ours. We have readers/authors from ages 8-80, from allover the world, who are shapingthe face of this industry and ourfuture, and opportunities likethat simply don't happen veryoften. Personal computing is ahighly individual revolution,and its publishing shape andpractices have in many ways reflected that.So, I guess that's it. Withthis last editorial (oh, perhapsI'll write a guest one or so nextyear) I'd like to send a very personal thank-you to each and every one of you, our readers.Until next time, enjoy yourCOMPUTE!.Robert C. LockFounder, Editor in ChiefA COMPUTEI February 1987

\\U\\\\\\\v,\\\vuwwwwwwvlfhomson offers a whole new world of graphicscapabilities for your Commodore or Apple IIC or HEcomputers. And Thomson offers you more thanthe competition.Thomson monitors offer these advantages:• Compatible with IBM* Apple? Commodore;-- Atari"and others• The choice of monochrome or color monitors withTV-grade to high resolution text and graphics• Monochrome text-editing mode for color monitors• Alternate use as cable or VCR monitor• Broad range of the features you need at the pricesyou wantTHOMSONBecause of its versatility and compatibility, you canstill use your Thomson monitor if you switch computers;you II never outgrow the capabilities of a Thomsonmonitor.Who is Thomson? Thomson is a six billion dollarmulti-national company. Unlike our competition, wedesign and manufacture our own monitors; so the qualityyou get is constant and superb.Your Apple or Commodore computer is a great body.Choose a Thomson monitor, and give it a beautiful face.For the name of the Thomson dealer nearest you,call 1-800-325-0464. in California call 1-213-568-1002.(Monday-Friday, 9 a.m. to 5:00p.m. PSTjA SIGHT FOR SORE EYES.© 1985 Thomson Consumer Products Corporation 573! W. Siauson Avenue, Suite If!. Culver City, CA 90230Tnemson is a trademark oi Thomstiti S.A. Apple is i registered tradimatk 0/ Apple Computer, Inc. Csmmodoreis a ngistetcd trademark si'Ccinmeifote Eteclronies limitedAtari &* trademark of Atari, Inc. IBMis a rsghttiedliademark at: International'Business Machines Corp.m

PublisherFounder/Editor in ChlelSenior EditorManaging EditorExecutive EditorEditor. COMPUTE!& COMPUTED GAZETTEAsslslanl Editor, COMPUTE)Producllon DirectorEditor. COMPUIECS AlOfl STDisk & MagazineTechnical EditorAssistant Technical EditorsAssistant Editor. COMPUTEI'sAtari ST Disk & MagazineAssistant Editor. COMPUTEDGAZETTEAssistant Features EditorProgramming SupervisorEditorial ProgrammersCopy EdilorsEditorial AssistantSubmissions ReviewerProgramming AssistantsExecutive AssistantAdministrative AssistantsAssociate EditorsConlribullng EditorJames A. CaseliaRobert C. LockRichard MansfieldKathleen MartinekSeloy BotemanLane© ElkoPhilip I. NelsonTony RobertsTom R. HalfhillOffls R. CowperGeorge Miller, Dale McBaneTodd HeimarckRhett AndersonKalhy YakalPatrick ParrisnTim Victor. Tim MidkrffTammie Taylor, KarenUhlendorfCaroline Han IonDavid HensleyDavid Florance. Troy TuckerDebi NashJulia Fleming. Iris Brooks, MaryHunt. Sybil AgeeJim ButterfieldToronto. CanadaFred D'lgnaiioBirmingham, ALDavid ThomburgLos Altos. CABill WilkinsonComing In Future IssuesEuchre 3.0: An Entertaining Card-Game Simulation For TheCommodore 64, Apple II, Atari,Amiga, and IBM PCIBMPC DOS MenusAmiga BannersROM Character Sets For The AtariXL/XEDOSCalc For The Commodore 64ST Math Graphics80 Columns For AppleSpeedScripfAdvertisingSalesSubscription OrdersCOMPUTE!P.O.Box 10954Des Moines, IA 50340TOLL FREESubscription Order Line800-247-5470In IA 800-532-1272COMPUTE!Subscription Rates(12 Issue Year):US (one yr.) $24(two yrs.) $45(three yrs.) $65Canada and ForeignSurface Mail $30Foreign AirDelivery $65ATI iMigulIK PublisheCOMPUTEfs Book DivisionEditorAssistant EditorsDirector, Book Sales &MarketingProduction ManagerArt & Design DirectorAssistant Editor. Art &DesignMechanical Art SupervisorArtistsTypesettingIllustratorStephen LevyGregg Keizer. Ann Da viesSteve VoyatzisIrma SwainJanice R. FaryLee NoelDe PotterDabney Ketrow. Robin CaseTerry Cash, Carole DuntonHarry BlairDirector ot AdvertisingSalesPeter JohnsmeyerAssociate AdvertisingDirectorProducllon CoordinatorBernard J. Theobald. Jr.Kathleen Han tonCustomer Service Manager Diane LongoDealer Sales Supervisor Orchid TamayoIndividual Ordef Supervisor Cassandra GreenReceptionist Anita ArmfieldWarehouse Manager John WilliamsJames A. Caselia. PresidentRichard J. Marino, Vice President, Advertising SalesChristopher M Savine, Vice President. Finance & PlanningCOMPUTE! Publications. Inc. publishesCOMPUTE!COMPUTEI's GazetteCOMPUTEI's Gazette Disk1. New England &Mid-AtlanticBernard J. Theobald, Jr.212-315-1665Tom Link212-315-16652. Southeast & ForeignHarry Blair919-275-98093. Midwest &SouthwestJerry Thompson312-726-6047 (Chicago)713-731-2605 (Texas)303-595-9299 (Colorado)415-348-8222 (California)Lucille Dennis415-348-82224. West, Northwest &British ColumbiaJerry Thompson415-348-8222Lucille Dennis415-348-82225. CanadaHarry Blair919-275-9809Director of Advertising Sales:Peter JohnsmeyerAssociate Advertising Director:Bernard J. Theobald, Jr.COMPUTE! Sales Office 212-315-1665Address all advertising materials to:Kathleen HanlonAdvertising Production CoordinatorCOMPUTEI Magazine324 West Wendover AvenueSuite 200Greensboro. NC 27408COMPUTEI'sApple Applications SpecialCOMPUTEI'sAtari ST Disk & MagazineEdilorlal offices:Corporate offices:Customer Service:Hours:324 West Wendover AvenueSuite 200Greensboro, NC 27408 USA825 7th AvenueNew York. NY 10019212-265-8360800-346-6767(In NY 212-887-8525)9 30 AM.-430P.M.Monday-FridayThe COMPUTE! subscriber list is made available to carefully screened organizations with a product of service whichmay be of interest to our readers. If you prefer not to receive such mailings, please send an exact copy of yoursubscription label to COMPUTEI P.O. Box 10955. Des Moines, IA 50950. Include a note indicating your preference toreceive only your subscription.Authors of manuscripts warrant that all materials submitted to COMPUTEI are original materials with full ownershiprights resident in said authors. By submitting articles to COMPUTEI. authors acknowledge that such materials, uponacceptance for publication, become the exclusive property of COMPUTEI Publications. Inc. No portion of thismagazine may be reproduced in ony form without written permission from the publisher. Entire contents copyright© 1987. COMPUTEI Publications. Inc. Rights to programs developed and submitted by authors are explained in ourouthor contract. Unsolicited materials not accepted for publication in COMPUTEI will be returned if author providesa self-addressed, stomped envelope. Programs (on tope or disk) must accompany each submission. Printed listingsare optional, but helpful Articles should be furnished as typed copy (upper- and lowercase, please) with doublespacing. Each page of your article should bear the title of the article, date and name of the author. COMPUTEIassumes no liability (or errors in articles or advertisements. Opinions expressed by authors are not necessarily thoseof COMPUTEI.PET. CBM. VTC-20 ond Commodore 64 am trademarks of Commodore ATARI is a trademark ol Atari, Inc.Business Machines. Inc cna/ot Commodore Electronics Lirrvled T1-99/4A is a trademark of Te

FROM AMERICA'S N1SOFTWARE HOUSEAMERICAS N°lBILLBOARD MAGAZINEELITECommand your Cobra space ship in afantastic voyage of discovery andadventure, a supreme test of yourcombat, navigational andentrepeneurial skills.Trade between countless planets, using the proceedsto equip your ship with heat- seeking missiles, beamlasers and other weapons-corporate states can beapproached without risk, but unruly anarchiesmay be swarming with space piratesBlack market trading can be lucrative butcould result in skirmishes with local policeand a price on your head!However you make your money, by fairmeans or foul, you must blast onwardsthrough space annihilating pirate shipsand hostile aliens as you strive to earnyour reputation -as one of the Elite!A RARE SPECIES OF INTERACTIVEILLUSTRATED FICTION FOR THECOMMODORE 64/128 AMIGAAND ATARI 520ST.This illustrated adventure is destined to rival allthe classics. Stunning graphics are the icing onthe cake—but underneath lies the most advancedtext operating system yet developed. The story isabsorbing, humorous, lively, full of intrigue andpuzzle. "The Pawn" and further adventures will beavailable for all leading personal computers.Guaranteed to make a major impact on the market.COMMODORE 64:128COMMODORE AMIGA'COMMODORE 64/128 AND COMMODORE AMIGA ARE TRADEMARKS OFCOMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES.ATARI 520ST IS A TRADEMARK OF THE ATARI CORPORATION.

Selby BatemanFeatures Editor.... ■New FrontiersFor.■>.--..Personal computer users dream of having machines with the power and speed of a mainframe,the print quality of a professional typesetter, andvirtually unlimited disk storage. Now, a newgeneration of microprocessors, coupled with advances in laser-driven printers and optical disks,promise to make the dream a reality.What single thing do computer users want?More.More speed, more power, more flexibility,more storage capacity, more printing versatility, and more ease of use. During the pastseveral years, computers have undergone explosive advances in each of those areas. Butwhat's been occurring over the past yearpromises to move personal computing a quantum leap forward.Before the end of the 1980s, personalcomputer systems may be available that willfulfill the wish list of even the most demandingpower user. This is being accomplished by acombination of technological advances, ranging from refinements in low-power lasers toimprovements in very large scale integration(VLSI) microchips.ProcessorPowerOne of the biggest computer-industry newsstories during the latter half of 1986 was theemergence of the new 80386 microprocessorfrom the Intel Corporation. (See accompanying article, "Microprocessors: LeapfroggingAhead.")This new central processing unit (CPU),compatible with all previous members of the8086/8088 microprocessor family found inearlier IBM PCs and compatibles, first caused astir when released in the Deskpro 386 computer from Compaq. Almost immediately,however, other manufacturers announced80386 computers, add-on boards, and plansfor future 386-compatible products. The Z-386computer from Zenith Data Systems, LaserDigital's Pacer-386, Multitech's Model 1100,Gold Star's GS PC 386, and PC's Limited's386-16 were among the first machines to jumpinto the 80386 future.Because of the 80386's potential as a true32-bit microprocessor, and its compatibilitywith earlier PCs, the new 386 computerspromise an exciting new level of speed andpower. However, much of the chip's powerswill be hidden away until a new operatingsystem is developed and marketed that cantake advantage of the 386's special features.That should begin to occur later in 1987, ascompanies such as Microsoft race to provide the software that's equal to the newhardware. (See accompanying article, "Operating Systems: MicrosGrow Up.")The 80386 was not theonly microprocessor tocreate excitement in1986. Apple intro-This Philips cartridge-loadingdevice for optical disks protects thedisc from direct handling, potentiallyextending a CD's life even further.8 COMPUTE! February 1987

duced the new IIgs, which uses the WesternDesign Center's 65C816 chip, a 16/32-bit descendant of the earlier 6502 series used in themost popular 8-bit computers. And Motorola announced its 68020 andplans for the 68030 microprocessors, both of whichcould be used in futuregenerations of theAppleMacintosh, Atari ST, andCommodore Amigacomputers.For many computerusers, the introduction of theMotorola and Intel microprocessors may seem remote,having little to do with their currenthands-on computing. But for thosewho have seen the whirlwind history ofpersonal computing so far, it's alreadyabundantly clear that the future has a way ofarriving far faster than anticipated. And thesenew 32-bit microprocessors will be the enginesat the core of the new supermicros taking usinto the 1990s.Laser MagicLaser printers are also evidence of onrushingtechnology. Hewlett-Packard introduced thefirst laser printer, the LaserJet, in 1984. Today,there are more than 60 models of laser printersfrom over 30 companies, with prices rangingfrom under $2,000 for fairly slow text-onlylaser printers to about $8,000 for advanced graphics-and-text output thatallows up to 300 dots per inch forgraphic images. (See accompanying article, "Lasers That Read,Write, and Print.")Apple's LaserWriter Plus; theQMS Kiss and Big Kiss; Okidata's Laserline6 Basic and Advanced; and AST Research's Turbo Laser are but a few of themodels currently available. Breaking the$2,000 price barrier are the QMS Kiss fromQMS at $1,995 and the Laserpro Express fromOffice Automation Systems for $1,895. AndToshiba's new $3,499 PageLaserl2, whichprints 12 pages a minute, is 50-percent fasterthan most laser printers being used.More than 46,000 laser printers were reportedly sold during the first nine months of1986, and the demand is steadily increasing asprices drop and quality improves. Dataquest, amarket research firm, has reportedly estimatedthat more than a quarter-million laser printerswill have been shipped by manufacturerswhen the dust settles from 1986. New laserprinters have recently been introduced by Epson, Citizen-America, Ricoh, Printronix, andothers, that are helping to spur even greaterinterest.The development of versatile, relativelyinexpensive laser printers is fueling the recentm1 liftFebruary 1987 COMPUTEI 9

, ■■-■■'■ ;-.-..■■■LMS international's double-sidedLaserDrive Media disc is typicalof advances in laser technology,storing one gigabyte (1000megabytes) per side,equivalent to 20,000images or 500,000pages of computertext.tmS&S^m■upsurge of interest in desktop publishing, an industry that barely existed much more than a year ago.At recent computer industry trade shows, such asCOMDEX, the show floors have been awash withnew laser printers and desktop publishing software,often running at lightning speed on new 80386-based personal computers. Companies like AppleComputer are selling computer and laser printersystem combinations, often bundled with page definition and layout software, that offer a completesolution to virtually any kind of publishing effort—from a newsletter to a book.The CDs Are ComingNo other area of computer development is morepotentially important than that of compact discs(CDs). The CD audio market has taken the musicworld by storm. For example, CD versions of therecent Bruce Springsteen five-album set, which isbecoming one of the bestselling albums of all time,has been outselling the LP record version by amargin of almost 2 to 1. And similar results arebeginning to occur on many new music releases.The combination of high-quality digital sound andnear indestructibility makes CDs a very attractivepurchase. And prices for audio CDs are expected tocontinue to drop, soon reaching the same pricepoints now found on record albums.For many of the same reasons, the CD datamarket—either CD-ROM data storage and retrievalor the new CD-I interactive media—is showingsigns of becoming a multibillion-dollar market within the next few years. (See accompanying article,"Lasers That Read, Write, and Print.")In early March, Microsoft Corporation, a leading developer of software, will sponsor the secondInternational Conference on CD-ROM, to be held inSeattle, Washington. Last year's conference, whichattracted over a thousand participants, includedinformation on one of the most exciting developments in CD technology, CD-I, developed jointly bySony and Philips, giants in the consumer electronicsfield. This year's conference will extend the boundaries of proposed applications and allow the manydifferent companies interested in this technology togauge the best directions for growth and to catch upon the latest technical advances.Microsoft also recently announced the availability of the Microsoft MS-DOS CD-ROM Extensions, extensions to the MS-DOS standard operatingsystem that support the use of CD-ROM disc driveswith personal computers. Following the High SierraCD-ROM file format that's been adopted by leadersin the CD-ROM field, the new Microsoft extensionsmean that a way is now available for many of thealready installed IBM PCs and compatibles (runningMS-DOS 3.1 or 3.2) to use new CD-ROM products.That opens the door to a huge new market for CD-ROM companies.The High Sierra file format was developed by a10 COMPUTE! February 1987mmP

The Experts in AccessoriesManufacturing Company. Inc.Universal Printer StandSave Space, Save Money—Only S19'5The new PS-1 Universal Printer Stand from Curtis holds anyprinter, standard carriage or wide, saves valuable workspace, and costs only $19.95. The PS-1 uses no more desktop space than the printer itself, and provides storage forinput paper underneath the printer. Plus, a removablepaper tray automatically stacks output.Besides saving space, the PS-1 holds the printer at a slightpitch, to improve line of sight, saving you neck and eyestrain. Give yourself more room to work, and a systemsetup that's more efficient and organized: The PS-1 Universal Printer Stand from Curtis — the experts in accessories.0PS-1 Retail. ..S19.95Curtis products are available nationally from leading Dealers, Distributors, and Retail Chains.In Canada: Micro-Computer Products, P.O. Box 235, Ajax, ONT, Canada US 3C3, (416) 427-6612For the Curtis dealer nearest you call (603) 924-3823Fits all printers,standard carriageorwide.Improvesline of sightforportable computers too!Conveniently storespaper underneath,improves line of sightto printout, removablepaper tray catches andfolds printoutsautomatically.Totally universal.Heavily constructedcomponents, coloredand textured to matchor complement allmicrocomputer systems.Minutacturiog Company, Inc.corns3O5 Union Street, Peterborough, NH 03458

The new Compaq Deskpro 386 is among the first personalcomputers to take advantage of Intel's 80386 32-bit microprocessor, a powerhouse ushering in a new level of personalcomputing.group of industry companies that wanted a standardformat for all CD-ROM development. This meansthat different computers with different operatingsystems can still use the same format for CD-ROMeven with different brands of CD-ROM disc drives.At the same time that CD-ROM is being standardized, many companies are lining up to promotefuture CD-I applications. One of the newest companies in the burgeoning CD-I field is AmericanInternational Media (AIM), created by compactdisc pioneers Philips International and PolygramB.V. International. Following the Sony/PhilipsCD-I standard, AIM's mission is to spearhead thedevelopment of software for CD-I. Philips, withControl Data, has also formed another companyinvolved in the mass-storage arena, Laser Magnetic Storage (LMS) International, which will be involved in the design, manufacture, and marketingof optical disc and magnetic tape storage systems.The formation of these companies is indicativeof the confidence that major players in the computer and optical disk markets have in CD-ROWor CD-I technology. They want to be on theground floor of whatever CD market isbuilt. And they're betting that the CD-Imarket in the long run could be every bitas big as the CD audio market is becomingtoday.More support for the CD-ROM mar-ket has come from Reference Technology, a Coloradocompany that has announced support for major CD-ROM drives in conjunction with Microsoft's MS-DOS CD-ROM Extensions. Reference Technology isproviding the necessary device-driver software tooperate with Hitachi, Sony, and Philips CD-ROMdrives.Another company, computer-disk giant Maxell,has introduced a new 5%-inch optical WORM(Write Once, Read Many) disc that's capable ofstoring 13,000 letter-size pages on its two sides. TheModel OC-101 is housed in a protective cartridgedesigned to work with the Hitachi OD-101-1 opticaldisc drive. Designed to be used with a personalcomputer or office automation applications, the newWORM disc allows the user to write to the laser discone time, storing huge amounts of data for archivaluse. Thereafter, the information can be accessed butnot changed.New CD media are emerging virtually everyweek as competing companies jockey for position inthis potentially explosive market. While many computer owners may not directly use laser printers andoptical discs for several years, it's clear that thetechnology is advancing much faster than anyonehad expected. With powerful new microprocessors,versatile operating systems, and laser-driven products growing more practical for business and homeusers, the personal computer system of 1990 islikely to be as different from today's as our presentmachines are from those used in the late 1970s.©Toshiba's new $3,499 PageLaserl2 laser printercosts less than half the price of the first generation of laser printers in 1984-85, and prints atdouble their speed—up to 12 pages per minute.TTTTTTITTTT!12 COMPUTE! February 1987

SYLVIA PORTER'SPERSONAL FINANCE SERIESMANAGES IT ALLYour day-to-day finances. Your financial future.And now, your investments, too.Volume 1Your PersonalFinancial PlannerHelps you track your day-to-day financial data, thencombines this information with your future financialobjectives to produce the most comprehensive andeasily-understood financial planning program available.For Your Day-to-Day Affairs:• Maintains your electronic checkbook and credit card transactions.• Writes your checks and balancesyour checkbook.• Prepares and monitors yourbudget.• Classifies and tracks your taxableincome and expenses.■Calculates your net worth andgenerates customized personalfinancial statements.• Tracks your financial assets-andyour insurance policies.For Your Financial Future:Leads you step-by-step through a seriesof questions regarding yourfinancialgoals, and your current financial condition.Your answers will enable your computer todetermine and print a summary of theamounts you must save each year to meet your financialobjectives - in both real and inflated dollars.Each SYLVIA PORTER program:• Interfaces with the others in the Series. You need toenter data only once.• Generates unique graphic representations that displayyour data in colorful charts.• Includes a Customized Report Writer that prints out anyreport you want, tailored to your specific needs.Volume 2Your PersonalInvestment ManagerWhetheryou're a first-time investor or asophisticated one, this program enablesyou to efficiently organize, analyze, andmanage up to 15 individual investmentportfolios. (Unlimited on hard disk)This Program:• Manages your investmenttransactions: Records, organizes, and classifies all importantdata on your purchases, sales,and other types of investmenttransactions.Tracks your investment portfolios:Displays more than 35 kinds of vital statisticaldata, plus financial profiles on individualcompanies.Alerts you to investment deadlines:Transaction deadline dates for dividends andinterest; buy and sell positions; bondmaturities; and much, much more.• Tracks your retirement investmentsMonitors your investment taxes: Tracks, organizes andclassifies your interest and dividend income, and your capitalgains or losses. Generates year-end reports.Includes Telecommunications Access to outsideDatabase Sources: Lets you access all major outsidedatabases for automatic price updates (modem required).Includes Investment Strategies and Fundamental &Technical AnalyzersPLUS...from DOW JONES News/RetrievalYour Password and 1 Hour of Prime Time(Value over $120!)Suggested Retail List Prices:MORE POWER FOR YOUR DOLLARTimeworks, Inc., 444 Lake Cook Rd., Deerfield, IL 60015312-948-9200"Registered trademarks o! International Business Machines Corp.. Apple Computer Systems Inc.,and Commodore Electronics. Ltd.T1984 Sylvia Porter's Personal Finance Magazine Co. & Timeworks. fnc. All nghts reserved.IBM(265K)-$99.95 eachApple(256K)-$99.95eachC128 (128K)-$69.95eachC64 ( 64K)-$49.95"At your favorite dealer nowor order from Timeworkstoday:1-800-535-9497"Volume i available only

Selby Bateman, Features Editoricroprocessors:Leapfrogging AheadThe history of the personal computer is really based on the evolution of the microprocessor, a tinycentral processing unit (CPU) thatcan perform arithmetic and logicaloperations to execute ordered setsof instructions—in other words, torunprograms.A microprocessor is the brainsof a computer, little more than afingernail-sized chip of silicon withan intricate grid of microscopictransistorized circuits. As its nameimplies, a microprocessor processesinformation within the computerby organizing the flow of electricalsignals. The computer uses a binarycode of ones and zeros that matchthe on and off states of electricity.Each on or off position is defined asa binary digit, or bit, of information.Examples of microprocessorsare the 6502-family chips found inthe Apple II series and most Commodore and Atari computers; the8088/8086 chips found in the IBMPC series and compatibles; the Z80chips found in computers whichrun the CP/M operating system;the 68000 chips found in the Macintosh, Atari ST, and Amiga; andthe 80286 chips found in IBM ATsandcompatibles.Each of these families of chipshas, in its own way, contributed tothe continuing development of personal computers. Now, however,new microprocessors have been announced that will give the next generation of computers the speed andpower of today's mainframecomputers.A Burst Of GrowthThe Intel Corporation brought outits successor to the 80286, the powerful 80386, causing a phenomenalamount of publicity within themicrocomputer industry. Next, Motorola announced the successor toits 68020 chip, the 68030. Why allthe interest over announcements inthe continuing battle between Inteland Motorola? To understand thefuror over these chips, and thepromise that they both offer, it'shelpful to first understand howeach new generation of microchipshas meant an exponential growth inpower and speed.In 1972, Intel developed thefirst functioning microprocessor,the 4004, which was widely used ina generation of multifunction handheld calculators. The 4004 was afour-bit microprocessor, which simply means that the chip was capable of handling four bits ofinformation at a time. Shortly afterthat, Intel introduced the first eightbitmicroprocessor, the 8008, followed by the 8080. That chip wasused in the first hobbyist computer,the MITS Altair, which was distributed in a do-it-yourself kit.Soon, other companies wereinvolved in creating 8-bit microprocessors. For example, Zilog introduced the 8-bit Z80 chip whichwas used in a variety of personalcomputers. And MOS Technologybrought forward its 6502 chip, thebasis for many of the most popular8-bit computers. These 8-bit microprocessors function in much thesame way. All of them fetch, execute, and store data 8 bits at a timewithin pathways that are calledbuses. The width of these pathwaysdetermines whether a microprocessor is called a 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, ora mixture of these.When IBM introduced its PCcomputer in 1981, the companyused Intel's 8088 chip (a descendant of the 8008), which is a hybridmicroprocessor. That is, internalbus communications are handled16 bits at a time while external buscommunications are only handled 8bits at a time. An 8/16 microprocessor, like the 8088, can access,or address, up to a megabyte ofmemory (1024K, or 1,048,576bytes). By comparison, 8-bit computers address only 64K (64,536bytes) of memory.When Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh computer in1983, that system was based onMotorola's 68000 microprocessor, a16/32-bit hybrid chip capable ofaddressing up to 16 megabytes ofmemory (16,384K, or 16,777,220bytes) at one time. Obviously, suchexponential growth can mean astaggering improvement in thespeed and power of a computersystem. Today, the Atari ST and theCommodore Amiga also each usethe 68000 chip.Motorola announced in 1984the creation of the next step in the68000 family, the 68020 microprocessor, a true 32-bit supermicrochip that's been called "the mainframe on a chip." The chip has theequivalent of 200,000 transistorscrowded onto its surface. It can address up to four gigabytes of memory (4,194,304K, or 4,294,967,296bytes.) And, importantly, it is upwardly compatible with the earlier68000 chips. So, future Macintosh,Amiga, and ST computers will beable to use the 68020.Not to be outdone, Intel's80286 appeared in the new-generation IBM PC-AT computers in 1985,and this past year the 80386 wascreated. This true 32-bit microprocessor is upwardly compatiblewith the earlier 8088- and 80286-based IBM and compatible computers. To keep the microprocessorrace alive, Motorola has announcedits next-generation candidate, the14 COMPUTE! February 1987

Love at firstwrite.AwardedA Best of 1986". . . Commodoren icrocom pu ter sMagazineNew! Now with Near Letter Quality printing!Commodore 64' and 128owners, meet the personal printerof your dreams.It's the Commodore-compatibleOKIDATA 120. And if s got everythingyou've been looking for in a printer.Like a Near Letter Qualityspeed of 30 characters per second.A Utility mode speed of 120 cps.And high-resolution graphics.The OKIDATA 120 is built forlong-term relationships. With a fullone-year warranty, and a printheadlife of 200 million characters.You'll love the very affordableprice, too.The OKIDATA 120 comes completewith everything you need to startprinting. Including its own interfacecable, paper and self-inking "CleanHands" ribbon cartridge. Simplyplug it in and you're ready to go.Meet the printer of your dreamsat your OKIDATA retailer now. Forthe name of the OKIDATA retailernearest you, call 1-800-OKIDATA.The OKIDATA 120. To you. it's agreat printer. To your Commodore,it's Mr. Write.an OKI AMERICA companyWe put business on paper.OKIDATA is a registered trademark of Oki America, me OKIDATA. Maiquede'posee de Ok. America. Inc. Commodore 64 is a registered trademark or Commodore Electronics LtdCommodore 128 is a trademark of Commodore Electronics Lid

68030 chip, which should be readyfor use this year.The addressing capabilities ofthese new microprocessors are onlyone part of the story. The clockspeed, or how fast a chip can run,has also continued to grow. For example, the 68030 can run up to 20megahertz (MHz) clock speed. Bycomparison, the Commodore 64runs at 1 MHz, the Atari ST runs at 8MHz, and the 68020 chip can run atabout 14 MHz. Intel's 80386 is capable of running more than ten timesfaster than today's computers.Despite these amazing leapsforward, there are some roadblocksthat will have to be overcomebefore these new microprocessorsare capable of reaching their potential. The chief problem now is thatthe industry-standard MS-DOS operating system wasn't built to handle such super-fast hardware. It willtake time for the operating systemsoftware to catch up to the Intel80286 and 80386 chips. And then itwill take time for applications software to really take advantage of theoperating system and the hardware.But in spite of the inevitabledelays, the advances in microprocessor speed and power aredriving personal computers to previously unheard-of levels of performance. And as hardware andsoftware manufacturers race to thesdge of technology, computer usersreap the benefits.Tom R. Halfhill, Staff Editorperating Systems:Micros Grow UpWhen talk turns to the latest trendsin computing, new and excitinghardware usually gets most of theattention. But more people are beginning to recognize the importance of another part of theequation: the operating system.Without a suitable operating system, the most state-of-the-art hardware can seem to be ensnared in astrait jacket. This has become a particular concern in the IBM PC community, where hardware advanceshave outgrown the dominant operating system.To begin with, exactly what isan operating system? Briefly, it's aprogram which performs or controls the routine tasks that are necessary for any computer to operate.A useful analogy is that of an operating system as an autonomousnervous system. If you had to consciously control such automaticbodily functions as your heartbeat,breathing, digestion, blood production, and so forth, you'd be so preoccupied with keeping yourselfalive that there would be very littlecapacity left over for any other kindof thought or action. In effect, you'dbe a plant.Computers have a number ofroutine tasks that must be constantly performed in order to function,too. At any given moment, a computer may be scanning its keyboardfor keypresses, displaying text orgraphics on the screen, waiting forinput from a mouse or joystick,communicating with peripherals,updating a realtime clock, and soon. The operating system is a program that takes care of these mundane jobs "in the background"—that is, invisibly. This makes it possible for you to run an applicationprogram—a word processor, aspreadsheet, a game, or whatever.Another useful function performed by an operating system isthat it saves application programmers the trouble of reinventing thewheel, so to speak. When a wordprocessor needs to save a documenton disk, for instance, it can simplycall a subprogram within the operating system that transfers a blockof memory to the disk drive. Theword processing program itselfdoesn't have to include a subprogram for this purpose.A disk operating system (DOS)is an extension of an operating system that provides commands formanipulating disk files. Usuallythere are commands for deleting,copying, and renaming files, as wellas for performing many otherfunctions.A Parade Of StandardsUntil the late 1970s, operating systems on microcomputers were soprimitive as to be almost nonexistent. Then one fairly powerful operating system emerged as an earlystandard: CP/M (Control Program /Microcomputers). Designed by Digital Research for computers withthe Z80 microprocessor chip, CP/Msoon became very popular amongsmall business users. Thousands ofprograms were written to run withCP/M and were compatible withnearly every CP/M computer.In 1981, IBM introduced thePC—but without a standard DOS.PC users could choose fromCP/M-86, a version of CP/M redesigned for the PC, or a newcomerfrom Microsoft called MS-DOS. Abattle ensued, and when the smokecleared, MS-DOS had won. Today,MS-DOS (or a slightly customizedversion for the PC, PC-DOS) is thedominant operating system amongbusiness users. All IBM PC and ATcomputers, plus dozens of PC compatibles and clones, use some version of MS-DOS. Programs properlywritten for MS-DOS should run onanyMS-DOS computer.Operating systems which donot adhere to an industry standardand are unique to a certain brand of16 COMPUTE! February 1987

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computer are often called proprietary operating systems. A programwritten for a proprietary operatingsystem generally won't work onany other brand of computer. Machines with proprietary operatingsystems include nearly all Apples,Ataris, and Commodores, althoughthe Commodore 128 does have aZ80 chip for running CP/M, andhardware is available to convertApple II and Atari eight-bit computers for use with CP/M. In thepast year, software emulators haveappeared which allow the Commodore Amiga to run some MS-DOSsoftware, and the Atari ST to runCP/M software.One of the latest trends in operating systems is the shell program. This is a further DOSextension that's intended to makethe computer easier to learn anduse. One example is Digital Research's GEM (Graphics Environment Manager), which is sold forIBM compatibles and is built intothe Atari ST operating system. GEMis a graphics-oriented shell that letsyou copy disk files by draggingthem with a mouse between directory windows, delete files by dragging them to a trash-can icon, andso forth. The idea is to reduce thenumber of DOS commands thatmust be memorized and typed. Other shell-type programs includeIBM's Topview, Microsoft's Windows, Quarterdeck Office Systems'Desqview, Berkeley Softworks'GEOS (Graphics Environment Operating System) for the Commodore64, and the Amiga Workbench.Sometimes a shell programfills a performance gap betweenrapidly advancing hardware and alagging operating system. For instance, Windows and Desqview bothpermit some form of multitasking(the ability to run more than oneapplication program simultaneously) on MS-DOS computers. MS-DOS itself wasn't designed withmultitasking in mind. MS-DOS alsolimits system memory to 640KRAM. Five years ago, 640K seemeda reasonable limit; today, computers with a megabyte or more arebecoming commonplace. In addition, MS-DOS has trouble handlingmultiple RAM-resident programs(sometimes called desk accessories),and it doesn't take full advantage ofthe faster processing speeds offeredby the 80286 and 80386 chips nowappearing in AT-compatible computers. New versions of MS-DOSwhich address these shortcomingsare expected in 1987 and 1988.What's to come? As microcomputers grow more powerful, theclear trend is toward operating systems which resemble those onhigh-end workstations, minicomputers, and mainframes. Thatmeans Bell Labs' UNIX is a strongcontender in the near future, andit's likely that tomorrow's personalcomputers will be running operating systems such as MS-DOS asindividual tasks under a multitasking UNIX umbrella. Proprietary operating systems such as the AtariST's TOS and AmigaDOS also mayend up within the UNIX shell. Andthe screens are almost sure to resemble those now found on highendworkstations: a resolution ofabout 1000 X 1000 pixels, withmultiple windows and a graphicsorienteduser interface.Attention all FX80, FX100, JX, RX, & MX owners:You already own half ofa great printerDealerinquirieswelcome.Now for $79.95 you can ownthe rest. You see, today's new dotmatrix printers offer a lot more.Like an NLQ mode that makestheir letters print almost as sharpas a daisy wheel. And font switching at the touch of a button in over160 styles. But now, a Dots-PerfectSample ofletter withDots-Perfectupgrade kit will make your printerwork like the new models in minutes— at a fraction of their cost.And FX, JX and MX models willprint the IBM character set, too.So, call now and use your Visa,MasterCard, or AmerEx. Don'treplace your printer, upgrade it!1-800-368-7737In California: 1-800-831-9772(Dots-Perfect)>D resselhaus837 E. Alosta Ave., Giendora. CA 91740 Tel: (818) 914-5831An upgrade kit for EPSON FX, JX, RX, & MX printersSample ofletter withoutDots-PerfectEPSON is a trademark otEPSON Airenca. IncCOMPUTE! DiskSubscriptionsCOMPUTE! Disks areavailable for thefollowing computers:• Apple II series• Commodore 64 and 128• Atari 400/800 /XL/XE• IBM PC and PCjrEach error-free diskcontains all theprograms from theprevious three issues ofCOMPUTE!. With a disksubscription, you'llreceive one disk—forthe machine youspecify—every threemonths. To subscribe,call toll free800-247-5470(in Iowa 800-532-1272).18 COMPUTEI February 1987

Fellocusbipross the BridgeonSouth Road.:.b tar right at thefork::. take a"'-': left at.East Road", past Weather-;\top Mountain... then... enter/'■'the world of J.R.R. Tolkien'sclassic fantasy novels. Roamabout in this captivating, imaginary world, filled with creaturesand situations beyondyour wildest dreams. BecomeBilbo Baggins!This season, Addison-Wesleyand Melbourne House Soft'ware take a step beyond THEHOBBIT to bring youTolkien's THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING. Inaddition to the features andexceptional graphics that madeTHE HOBBIT a softwareSlier, THE FELLOWSHIPOF'THE RING contains twocomplete, consecutive adventures. This program has over100 graphic locations, whichallow you to see Middle-earththrough the eyes of Frodo,Sam, Merry, and Pippin.You can assume the role of anyone of these characters-orplay with up to 3 friends, eachof whom can become a different Hobbit.THE FELLOWSHIP OF THERING and THE HOBBIT areavailable now at your local computer store, bookstore, or wherever software is sold. Youropportunity to live a few hoursof your life as a Hobbit is here!THE FELLOWSHIP OFTHE RING and THEHOBBIT are available forthe Apple Ile/IIc, theCommodore 64/128, andthe IBM PC/PCjr.Addison -WesleyReading, Massachusetts 018G7

Tom R. Halfhill, Staff Editorore Bytes Per BuckOne of the prime forces driving themicrocomputer revolution of thepast decade has been the explodingtechnology of memory chips. Everycouple of years, memory capacityhas been quadrupling while priceskeepplunging.Don't confuse memory chipswith microprocessor chips. Memorychips are quite different. Althoughthey share the same microelectronictechnology as their microprocessorcousins, memory chips are designedto store—not process—information.One important kind of informationthey store is the set of program instructions which is executed by themicroprocessor. A microprocessorhas a tiny amount of memory of itsown, but it depends on memorychips to hold the thousands of instructions required to run even thesimplest program. When you load aprogram into a computer from diskor tape, you're copying these program instructions into the memorychips, where they can be quicklyaccessed by the microprocessor.Memory chips are also the temporary repository for information created with the program—the text youwrite with a word processor, for instance, or the numbers generatedwith a spreadsheet.There are two general types ofmemory chips: random accessmemory (RAM) and read-onlymemory (ROM). RAM chips holdinformation only as long as electricity is supplied. When the powergoes off, they forget everything.That's why you have to save yourwork on disk or tape before endinga session with a computer.ROM chips, on the other hand,hold their information even whenthe computer is switched off. Thedata is permanently burned into thecircuitry of the ROM chips and cannot be altered. That's why ROMchips are used to store informationthat the computer always needs—such as how to display charactersand graphics on the screen, or howto transfer data from RAM chips todisk when you issue the appropriatecommand.Better And CheaperThe miracle of microcomputing isthat RAM chips keep getting betterand cheaper. In the late 1970s, youwere considered lucky if youi personal computer had as much as 16Kof RAM. In the early 1980s, the newstatus symbol was 64K of RAM.This was the maximum amount ofmemory that could be directly addressed by most of the microprocessors then in use, such as the6502 and Z80. Now, in the mid-1980s, most computers come withat least 128K or 256K of RAM, andmachines with a megabyte (1024K)or more are becoming commonplace. Yet, today's one-megabytecomputer may cost less than the16K computer of ten years ago.The reason is that engineersare continually finding ways ofpacking more microcircuitry intosmaller and smaller spaces. Tenyears ago, a typical RAM chip couldhold four kilobits of data. A kilobitis 1024 bits. It takes 8 of these bitsto make 1 byte—which is roughlyequivalent to one character—and ittakes 8 kilobits to make 1 kilobyte.Therefore, it takes 8 of these 4-kilobit chips to equal 4 kilobytes ofmemory, which is commonly abbreviated as 4K or 4KB.By the late 1970s, 4K memorychips were supplanted by 16Kmemory chips. Eight of these chipsprovided 16K of RAM. In contrast,it would take 32 of the 4K chips toyield the same 16K of RAM. Byincreasing the memory capacitywithout increasing the chip count,engineers could build computersthat were smaller, less expensive,less power-hungry, and more reliable than their predecessors.In the early 1980s, the 16Kchips were in turn superseded by64K chips. Eight of these chips provided 64K of RAM. It would take 32of the 16K chips or 128 of the 4Kchips to provide the same 64K.In the mid 1980s, 64K chipsare now being phased out in favorof 256K chips. Again, the progresshas been exponential. Eight 256Kchips yield 25 6K of RAM, while thesame 256K would require 32 of the64K chips, or 128 of the 16K chips,or 512 of the 4K chips. If you triedto build a one-megabyte computerwith the old 4K RAM technology, itwould take a whopping 2048 memory chips—not to mention a powertransformer the size of a concreteblock and an air-conditioning unit,to keep the whole mess from melting itself down.The next step is the one-megabit RAM chip. Only eight of thesechips are needed to provide onemegabyte of RAM, and they shouldstart appearing at reasonable priceswithin a year or two. The onemegabitchip will make it possiblefor engineers to exhaust the capacity of microprocessors like the68000, which can directly addressup to 16 megabytes of memory.Beyond that are microprocessorssuch as the 68010, 68020, 68030,and 80386, which can address several gigabytes of RAM (a gigabyteequals 1024 megabytes).Is there a limit to how muchmemory can be packed on a chip?Scientists may be getting fairlyclose. If circuits grow too dense,there is some fear that they'll bevulnerable to interference from cosmic rays. And there are weird effects that happen at subatomiclevels, such as electron tunneling,which could cause electricity to"leak" from one circuit to another.But most scientists seem confidentthat we won't encounter any majorroadblocks in the near future. Andeven if we do, there's always hopefor the next technological breakthrough.20 COMPUTEI February 1987

TM"The #\ Best Selling Word Processing Package"- billboardscoMpm^Rsoftware chart'PAPERCLIP IIFOR THE COMMODORE 128■ Compatible with C-64 PaperClip files: thenatural choice for C-128 upgrades■ Includes integrated 38,000-word spellingchecker■ Built-in telecommunications module: accesson-line services, incorporate on-line data in yourwork, and send text to other users■ New editing features include multiple columns,reverse video scroll, chaptering, powerful macros■ Maximum document size expanded to999 linesPAPERCLIP FOR THE APPLE He, c■ Insert/Delele, Move & Copy, Cut & Paste.Global Search & Replace■ Automatic page numbering, headers andfooters■ Simplified columns, tabbing and scrolling■ Form letter and mailing label functions■ Unique new capabilities for Apple: dual textwindows, automatic text protection, macrocommands and morePAPERCLIPFOR ATARI HOME COMPUTERS(WITH SPELLPACK FOR THE 130 XE)■ All the high-productivity editing features plus:Dual Text Windows, Automatic Paging, Macrosand much more■ Fully-integrated SpellPack spelling checker onthe same disk■ 36000 words in the SpellPack dictionary plusyou can add thousands more■ Memory-resident for speed and convenience:no need to quit the word processor to checka documentPAPERCLIP with SPELLPAKFOR THE COMMODORE 64■ Built-in spelling checker■ All the high-productivity text editing features■ Move, Copy, Insert, Delete — words, sentencesor entire blocks of text■ Macro power: define & store up to 52repetitive words 'phrases, then enter them withjust one keystroke■ Includes 80-column Print Preview display,requires no extra hardware■ Sophisticated Global Search & Replace, MailMerge and Mailing Label functionsPAPERCLIP ELITE FOR THE ATARI STand COMMODORE AMIGA■ Go beyond word-processing, with ideaprocessing, text/graphics integration, real-timespell checking, independent variable columns andso much more. Look for PaperClip Elite.Coming soon."you can't go wrong choosing Paper Clip "- THE GUIDE TO COMPUTER LIVING"the Cadillac of word processors."- OMNI MAGAZINE"best professional word processor available"- RUN MAGAZINE"by far the best word processor ever available...So clearly superior,... State-of-the-artword processing"-ANTIC"as far as we are concerned, PaperClip is thetop word processor running on a microcomputer."- HOME APPLICATIONS FOR THE C-64"Performance: excellent. Error-handling:excellent. Value: excellent... You'll findyourself growing spoiled."- FAMILY COMPUTING"Exceptional word processing..."-INPUT"many features... easy to use"- ATARI EXPLORER' 'A superb word processor ...the mostsophisticated to date."- COMPUTE MAGAZINE"... the ultimate word processor- ANALOG MAGAZINE"One of the easiest of the professional wordprocessors ...a sensible manual... plenty ofaids for the accident prone."- COMPUTING NOW"An excellent word processor... welldesigned... many advanced features."- 1NFOWORLD"a "must have" in an ideal software library"- ELECTRONIC LEARNING"... most powerful of packages"- COMMODORE MAGAZINE"PaperClip is a logical evolutionary stepforward."-AHOY"... facts attest to its excellence!"-FAMILY COMPUTINGBATTERIESINCLUDEDBATTERIES INCLUDED, an TTM company. 30 Mural Siren, Richmond Hill. Onlario. Canacln, LIB 1B5{ t]6)l«il-994].Cu»tomrrlnfoniiallon (4I6)H8I-9KI6.If you cani find this product al your local rclailer. you may order it direel from iir at Ihe full nuHgi-nlcd H»t price plus JS.OOlor poiinRp and handling, r'orproduci urdera pieaw call 1-HO0-387-5707 (U.S. only). For mod Balierif»Included produrtu you can alwuyt have the latrtt version of your program, liyreluming Ihe original disk and J 10.00. Write to u* for i>ur full color catalog of products for iheAPPLt. APPLE MACINTOSH. ATARI, ATARI ST,COMMODORE, COMMODORE AMIGA. AND IBM SVSTtMS.i:1986 Batteries Included. APPLE, AITLE MACINTOSH. ATARI, ATARI ST. COMMODORE. COMMODORE AMIGA. AND IBM are its isle red trademarksrespectively of APPLE COMPITERS INC.. ATARI CORPORATION. COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES INC.. AND I WTERNATtONAL BUSINESS MACHINES INC.Some features may vary with conipuler system u*ed.■AS COMPILED FROM PWTIONAL RETAIL SALES REPORTS. US SUGGESTED LIST PRICE.RETAILERS MAY SELL FOR LESS.IntegralSolutions

Selby Bateman, Features Editorasers That Read, Write,And PrintThere was a time in the not-toodistantpast when the word laserconjured up images of space-ageweapons, colorful light shows, andlittle else. But today, lasers are grabbing the spotlight in fields rangingfrom delicate eye surgery to thevery popular audio compact disc(CD) players that are rivaling standard vinyl records.Lasers (Light Amplification byStimulated Emission of Radioactivity) are also red-hot items in themicrocomputer marketplace, chiefly in two areas: laser printers anddigital compact discs for data storage, sometimes called CD-ROM(Read-Only Memory) or CD-I (Interactive). Although neither ofthese technologies has yet reachedthe price/performance point to enter the home computer market, advancing technology and decreasingprices indicate that it's just a matterof time.A laser printer shares some ofthe same technology that's found inthe typical office photocopy machine. But instead of using a lightreflectingmechanism to formpatterns on a rotating cylindricaldrum, the laser actually writes onthe drum. The image on the drum isthen fused onto the paper usingelectrically charged particles.A laser printer is a page printer—forming one page at a time—closer to a photocopy machine thandot-matrix and daisywheel printersthat form parts of the page or individual characters in differentstages. The crispness and clarity ofthe new laser printers has given riseto the quickly growing field ofdesktop publishing, or personalpublishing. With a computer, a laser printer, and the appropriatesoftware, a computer user can turnout printed pages that rival typesetquality.Laser printers have already begun to drop in price in just the pasttwo years. While advanced laserprinters, capable of printing bothtext and graphics, still cost at leastseveral thousand dollars, sometext-only laser printers are nowavailable for just under $2,000.While still in their infancy, laserprinters are advancing so rapidlythat some observers believe theymay supplant daisywheel printerscompletely in the future.CDTechnologyEven more in its infancy is thelaser-driven compact disc (CD)technology that has been emerging,first with audio and now with computer data. The basics of CD technology are the same, whether it's inaudio or simply digital information.A low-power laser beam reads microscopic pits that have beenburned into a disc. The pits, whichrepresent the digital ones and zerosthat the computer can process, contain encoded data. When connectedwith a computer and the appropriate software, the compact disc offers a unique combination ofmassive data storage and instantaneousaccess.The first generation of compactdiscs used with computers, calledCD-ROMs, each hold 550 megabytes of information. That wouldbe the equivalent of almost 4000Apple II disks and about 1500 IBMPC disks. All of that data is packedonto a small plastic disc less thanfive inches across. In fact, the text ofan entire set of encyclopedias canbe placed on a CD-ROM disc, taking up less than a third of the space.Sophisticated cross-referencing andindexing of topics can also beplaced on the disc.This specialized CD format isall-text, but a number of companiesare already working on more interactive forms of CD technology. CDplayers, or viewers, are being developed that will serve as both audio and computer-peripheralplayers. And at the cutting edge ofCD technology is CD-I (Interactive), which holds out the promisethat future disc players will be ableto reproduce high-quality videoand audio as well as text.For example, imagine beingable to turn on a CD-I player inyour home and take a self-guidedtour of parts of San Francisco orNew York City or Williamsburg. Allof the sights and sounds of thoselocations would be captured, andyou would be able to decide whereyou wanted to go and what youwanted to see step by step.The search-and-delivery speedof the laser, plus the massive storage capacity of future CD-I players,will offer an amazing amount ofdigital information to be manipulated in a variety of ways. And sinceCD-I system specifications requirethat the new players "piggyback"on the current success of CD audio,users will be able to play existingaudio CDs on the CD-I units.Also being developed are writable CDs, those that allow the userto store new information on a compact disc just as a computer usertoday can store information magnetically on floppy disks or in harddisk drives. Until recently, CDswere written to only when theywere created at the factory. No further modification of the information was possible. But now, withWORM (Write Once, Read Many)technology and similar experiments, reusable CDs are becominga possibility for the future.

The time: 1400hours. Somewhere in thePacific. Someill-fated coordinates in WorldWar II.eyeball to eyeball action. This timearound you'll be right inthe middle of it all. Youknew it wouldn't be pretty.But how tough could itfcffiS$lli£i58* be to rescue a downed pilot?Will it be the twin40mm Boforsanti- ^^ aircraftguns? Or the 5"lead-spewersaft? Depth chargesor torpedoes?Autopilot or guts? *You're atthe helm,commanding thegreatest con-Radar spots inbound Zeroes. Readyforu-ard gunnery positions. Man the -fi wir\rvanti-aircraft titrrrls.They're coming. IliCpOever put in a lightweightfighter. The deadlyFletcher Class Destroyer.You've embarked on theiirst simulation that actually^'combines the intricate,^large-scale strategy ofjwargamingwiththe intensity offurious,It sure seemed a lot easierthan shelling islands, escorting a convoy or hunting subs.Or so youAny choice could be yourlast, so make it good.Suddenly, you hear theominous rumble of: YOU'VE ALWAYS DREAMED OFincoming Zeroes.BEAUTIFUL MODELS. Now you canpick up an entire assault fleet, includniga replica Fletcher Class Destwyer.fromRevell Or win an authentic scrambledeggs flight deck cap. Sweepstakes detailsare in every box, or writeforanfmirycoupon. No purchase necessary. Sweepstakes ends June 15,1987. Official rulesarc available at participating dealers.But nowlook whatyou've got.Thirteenfully-operational, earburstingbattle stations toworry about, all armed to thegills. Not to mention radar.Navigation. Sonar.And half the Japanese fleetcrawling up your spine.Time to make some tactical decisions.You fire, and sendone plummeting tothe sea, trailing aplume of smoke.On instinct,you instruct the bridge tocommence evasive maneuvers.Even though, byexperience, youknow there's nowhere to run.Apple II & com/Hitiblfs,C64I128JBM£■ rmitpatiblei

MicroscopeSheldonLeemonThe new Apple IlGS is close in priceto both existing Apple computerlines. At $995 without a monitor ordisk drive, it's only a little moreexpensive than the lie and He and alittle less so than the 512K Macintosh. Before the IlGS came out, manyindustry analysts were suggestingthat its introduction would meandrastic price cuts in the current Apple II line, perhaps causing Apple tostart selling them through massmarketdistribution channels. Discussing why that hasn't happenedmay shed some light on the currentstate of the microcomputer market.For one thing, it no longerseems inevitable that computerprices will always keep goingdown.When Commodore broughtout the 64C, effectively raising theprice of the Commodore 64 for thefirst time since its introduction, thatsignaled that the home computerwars were really over. Undoubtedly, one of the reasons the survivorsseem less enthusiastic about pricecutting is that there is no longermuch room for prices to go down.But another factor may be that consumers don't now seem to have thesame thirst for ever-lower prices.Now that many have gotten theirfeet wet with low-cost computers,they've learned some importantlessons. They've learned that in order to make a cheap computer doeverything you want it to do,you've got to buy some not-socheapperipherals. By the timeyou've bought a monitor, printer,disk drives, and software, the priceof the computer itself has become alot less important. They've alsolearned that while a bare-bonessystem will get the job done, spending a little more money can save alot of time and inconvenience.Experience has made computerbuyers more solution-oriented.They know that while newer computers may offer more performance,they often have less software thanthe older, established models. So,though the Apple II is ancient incomparison to the less expensiveAtari ST, there are many peoplewho prefer to buy the Apple simplybecause they know it has loads ofavailable software. Even the Commodore 64 has developed such afollowing that people continue tobuy it despite its close pricing tomore advanced machines like Commodore's own 128.Of course, market forces andthe desires of the consumer aren'tthe only factors that control computer pricing. There are very goodreasons why a computer manufacturer offers different types of computers which appear to competewith each other in price. For onething, the relatively high price ofthe GS makes the low-end Macintosh look like a bargain by comparison. A lot of current Apple IIowners are going to think "Whybuy a IlGS when I can get a Mac forthe same money?" This is probablyjust what Apple wants, since a customer starting at the low end of theMac line will eventually spendmore than the customer who hasreached the end of the Apple II line.And no matter how heroic an effortmanufacturers make, at some point8-bit computers will be truly dead.This provides additional incentiveto move as many current customersas possible up to the 16-bit lines.Apple is not the only companyusing this strategy. The lowestpricedAtari 520 ST system withmonochrome monitor ($500-$600on sale) is not much more than ahigh-end 130XE system (about $400with monitor and drive). And Commodore is expected to soon introduce a low-end Amiga that shouldbe priced similarly to a 128 system.***************************Atari once again had the mostcrowded booth at the NovemberCOMDEX (Computer Dealers' Exposition). The only piece of newhardware shown by Atari was a1200-bps modem for $99, but itsdisplay of third-party software, including some very inexpensivedesktop publishing ST software,packed them in for the entire show.Though no new ST models were ondisplay, there were rumors of a reconfigured 1040 for the businessmarket. This machine would be introduced to support the efforts ofthe newly announced Fortune 500/OEM department, which will beheaded by former software chiefSig Hartmann. In addition to a newblitter chip and ROMs and an expansion bus that gives access to the68000 processor, the cosmetic appearance of the machine has beenimproved by a detached keyboardand modular, stackable CPU.Rumors persist that Commodore isgoing to downplay or even quietlydrop the 128 after Christmas, Although the machine has sold fairlywell in its first year it hasn't replaced the 64 in the hearts of thecomputer-buying public. More importantly, Commodore isn't making nearly as big a profit margin onthe 128 as it is on the 64C. Andapparently, making the 128 compatible with the 64 wasn't enoughfor some owners, who wanted theexpanded features of the machineto be compatible with the 64 aswell. These people will get theirwish in the form of a $150 256KRAM expansion for the 64 that willbe introduced soon. If that provesto be popular, you may see theC256, a 64 with 25 6K RAM expansion built-in. And 1987 may be theyear that frees 64 owners of thehorrendous 1541 disk drive. Expectto see the 1581, a 3Va-inch drive,appear sometime early in '87 at aprice somewhere between that ofthe 1541 and the 1571. G24 COMPUTE! February 1987

Make Any Computer Do Exactly What YouWant With McGraw-Hill'sContemporaryProgramming &I-——,From Writing Your Own Programs toModifying Existing Software, Here's the New,Easy, and Low Cost Way to Unlock the Secretsof Your ComputerWhether you use computers for business, for personalapplications, or for fun, off-the-shelf programs will never doeverything you want them to do for you. That's because theywere written by programmers to satisfy what they perceivedas the needs of the greatest number of potentialusers—often missing some or many of yourspecific needs.That's why McGraw-Hill's new ContemporaryProgramming and Software Design Series teachesyou how to create your own software... eitherfrom scratch or by making key modifications toexisting programs.There is nothing magical about it. You learn theprocess of building a computer program step-bystepwith McGraw-Hill Concept Modules sent to you one at atime, once a month. Each of the ten modules in the Series takesyou through an important step in the development of thestructure and detailed logic of a program, including testing,debugging, and documentation.Unique Interactive Hands-On InstructionEach module includes an easy-to-understand guide PLUS a5lA" floppy disk containing typical programs and interactiveinstruction that you can run on Commodore 64 and 128 computers, IBMPCs and PC compatibles for hands-on experience.In the first Module, for example, when your sample program (DecliningInterest Loans) appears on your screen, you'll find errors on certain program lines. You'll also see that the program is only three-quarters completed.Now comes the fun part. You'll discoverhow this program is buill, and in the processyou'll learn how to identify and correcterrors. And by the end of Module 1,you'll actually have completed thisprogram yourself.But there's more. Special graphicson your screen work in conjunction with the accompanying guideto amplify, illustrate, and deepenyour understanding of softwaredesign principles.Make no mistake. Almost all books and courses on "programming"teach you only the final 5% of the total programming processnamely,how to code in a specific language... information of littlevalue if you don't know how to reach the point in the programmingprocess when you are ready to code.With the Series, however, you'll learn to create your own programsfrom scratch, even modify off-the-shelf programs. You'll learn enoughBASIC and machine language to get you started on the remaining5% of the programming process.Build Your Own Personal Software LibraryThe sample programs you work with throughout theSeries are excellent learning tools. But they're more thanthai. By combining the sample programs onto one masterdisk, you'll have the start of your own persona) softwarelibrary. In addition to the programs you've written andmodified throughout the Series, you'll also receive dozensof the most popular public domain and user-supported programs, such as data base manager, word processor, calendar generator, appointments reminder and much,much more.15-Day No-Risk TrialTo order your first module without risk, send thepostage-paid card today.Examine the first modulefor 15 days and see howthe Series will help youmake your computer doexactly what you wantit to do!If someone has beaten you to the card, write to us for ordering information about the Contemporary Programming andSoftware Design Series.The Crucial 95%—Learn the Foundation of Computer ProgrammingWhile the Series includes interactive disks that run on specific computers, everythingyou learn you can apply to any language or machine. Why is this possible? BecauseMcGraw-Hill knows programming is far more than coding a program into the computerusing a specific language. In the real world of computers, 95% of the programming process is carried out using design techniques that are independent of specific language ormachine. It is this crucial 95% that you thoroughly understand and master in the Series.McGraw-HillContinuing Education Center3939 Wisconsin AvenueWashington, DC 20016

Fly to Florida!Scenery Disk # 7 covers the entire East Coast area fromPhiladelphia to Miami. The Florida coastline, from CapeCanaveral to Miami, is perfect for concentrated sight-seeing. Orfly to Washington DC, where scenery details include the CapitolBuilding, Pentagon, and Washington Monument. Whether seeking the intellectual challenge of Flight Simulator or the bruteforcefun of Jet, you'll find this latest evolution of SubLOGICscenery absolutely breath-taking!Scenery Disks now available: Areas 1-7San Francisco 'STAR'Central JapanSee your dealer. SubLOGIC Scenery Disks are available individually for $19.95. The six-disk Western U.S. set is availablefor $99.95. For additional product ordering information or thename of the dealer nearest you, callCorporationChampilgnlL61B20OHDER LINE: (600) 637-4983Open 7 AM !o 9 PM Central Tims

COMPUlbUGHFigure 1. Low ResolutionDesk File Hun Edit P«bug"Anyonewho wants to win MegaWarshas to dominateentire planetary systems.And me."Figure 2. Medium ResolutionCut filt In Hn hkiS HftmFigure 3. High Resolutiontrtt Flit Im HitNotice the difference in screen output. The difference in the line's positionderives from the fact that the three screenscontain different numbers of pixels.l.INF.F drawn to the same endpoint inevery case, but since the three screens aredifferent sizes, the endpoint is in differentpositions relative to the total screen area.The same is true of other graphics commands that rely on screen coordinates.Thus, if you run a lo-res program in highresolution, the graphics appear in the upperleft quadrant of the screen. If you runa medium-res program in hi-res, thegraphics appear in the upper half of thescreen. By adjusting the coordinates usedin UNEF and other graphics commands,you can eliminate such distortions.Text output may also require adjustment when you change resolution. The STuses the same 8X8 character font in bothlo res and medium res. In medium resolution, you have twice as many columns asin low resolution. But the number of rowsis not doubled when you go from mediumto high resolution. Instead, the ST automatically switches to a double-height (8X 16) character font. Although the screen

contains twice as many vertical pixels inthis resolution, it has the same number ojcharacter rows because each character istwice as high.The ideal, at least for programs thataren't wholly color-dependent, would befor everyone to write programs that automatically adjust screen output for anyresolution. You can easily discover thecurrent resolution with the statementPEEKfSYSTAB), which returns the values1, 2, and 4 in low, medium, and highresolution, respectively. Once it has determined the resolution, a program canadjust graphics and text output to fit.(Here's a hint for positioning text: Although you wouldn't expect it to do so,GOTOXY accepts fractional values, allowing you to put characters in positionsthat overlap normal row and columnlocations.)Color presents a stickier problem forconversion, since colors that look differentin low or medium resolution often lookidentical in hi res, where the computerdisplays only black and white. One solution is to replace colors with different fillpatterns for high resolution. This programdisplays all the built-in patterns, whichare selected by the last two parameters inthe COLOR statement.CompuCrazy"Ready for an adventurous challenge?We're a team. And Nelliedoesn't horse around."100 -full* 2i*or j-2 to 3ifork = l to 24110 color i,1,1,k,jiclearw 2:gotoxy 2,3120 i-f j=2 then print "Pattern"| el■■ print "Hatch")130 print kicircle 150,80,50140 if j=3 and k=12 then k=24150 -fill 150,a0inextinextAmiga Knows IBM BASICAI own an Amiga computer and I amvery happy to see you publishing typeinprograms that even beginners canuse. But do you have a program like"ST Softball Statistics" (COMPUTE!,August 1986) for the Amiga? I keeptrack of statistics for several Softballteams. I nearly fell over when I saw thatprogram, since it's exactly what I need.Michael P. Schmidt"Softball Statistics" originally appearedin the July 1985 issue of COMPUTE!, inversions for several computers. The program was written in generic MicrosoftBASIC to simplify the task of translating itto different machines. The ST translationof this program is based on the Microsoftversion, but many changes were needed tomake it run in ST BASIC, which differsfrom Microsoft BASIC in a variety ofways.We suggest that, rather than convertthe ST program, you obtain the July 1985issue of COMPUTE! and type in the IBMPC/PCjr version of "Softball Statistics."Amiga BASIC is essentially a superset ofIBM BASICA: It contains virtually every-You never knowwho you'll be up againstwhen you go onlinewith CompuServe.To buy your CompuServe Subscription Kit.see your nearest computer dealer.Suggested retail price S39.95.To request our free brochure or order direct.call or write: 800-848-8199(In Ohio, call 614-457-0802)CompuServei Arlington Centre Blvd.ibus. OH 43220

thing in BASICA plus additional commands to take advantage of unique Amigafeatures. Only one line in the IBM program appears to need modification. Replace line 90 with this line:90 WIDTH (WINDOW

And you don't even have toleave your room.The Russians have The Doomsday Papers lockeddeep in a Siberian stronghold. With them, they canbring the world to its knees.The U.S. government needs your help. Using theirsatellite you can get into the complex with yourcomputer. All you have to do is locate the combinations to the safe, find and open it, and get thedocuments out.Sounds simple enough. Unfortunately, it's not thateasy There are video cameras and monitors to beavoided. Guard patrols. And something called.. .TheAnnihilatot Plus, your only map is the one you'vegot to make while not being discovered by all ofthe above.Your reputation got you into this mess. \burhacking skill is the only thing that can get you out.Bon Voyage.For more information and the dealer nearest you call 800/227-9759 (in California, call -t 15/960-0410) weekdays10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Pacific time.Hacker II: The DoomsdayPapers designed by SteveCartwright, who broughtyou the award winningchallenge of Hacker.1"Hacker II for Commodore64/128, Apple II, IBMPC/PCjr and Tandy 1000,Amiga, Atari ST andMacintosh computers.ACTIVISIONENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARECommodore 64,128 and Amiga are trademarks of Commodore Electronics Limited. IBM is a trademark of International BusinessMachines Corporation. Tandy is a trademark of Tandy Corporation. Atari and ST are trademarks of Atari Corp. Apple and Macintoshare trademarks of Apple Computer. Activision is the registered trademark of Activision, Inc. o 1986 Activision, Inc.

ReviewsShanghaiErvin BoboRequirements: Apple U-series, Commodore 64 and Amiga, Atari ST, IBMPC/PCjr and compatible, Macintosh, andTandy 1000-series computers.When Activision previewed Shanghai ata private gathering, I was initially notimpressed with what I saw.And when my wife looked over myshoulder as I was trying out the gameon my Commodore 64, she expressedthe same feelings. (Though I must admit she is more easily "underwhelmed"than I.) Before too many minutes hadgone by, she was helping to solve thepuzzle, and we were both hooked.Two days later, I found the Amigaversion and we were both overwhelmed. Then the children were similarly affected. As of this writing, ourShanghai mania is of such proportionsthat I am beginning to fear for ourhealth.For those of you who may knownothing of mah-jongg, from which thiscomputer game is derived, it's an ancient Chinese pastime that is part game,part puzzle, and all challenge. It'splayed with a number of pieces calledtiles, which are stacked in the shape of adragon. As with playing cards, there areseveral suits, and within these suits arenumbers. To play the game, you remove matching tiles, one pair at a time,until all are gone or until no morematches can be made. On the face of it,that sounds rather simple. It is not.Because there are four of each tile,the game holds elements of strategy. If,for instance, you have the East, West,and South Wind tiles free, which twowill you remove on this turn? In a gameof Solitaire, you'd want to remove thetwo that are blocking the most othertiles, while in Challenge play, againstanother opponent, your strategy wouldbe the opposite.An Advantage In PerspectiveIn Shanghai, there are 144 tiles in fivesuits. At the beginning of each game,the computer stacks these tiles in aThe Amiga version of Shanghai fromActivision.random fashion. Because your view isfrom above the stack, it won't look likea dragon, but it will give you an advantage over those who use real tiles inmah-jongg, for you can see all sides ofthe stack at once. Tiles can be removedonly when they are at the sides of thestack. When bordered on both sides byother riles that are on the same level,the tiles are not "free" and thus cannotbe moved.Because you would be viewing astack of small objects from above andbecause your success in the gamewould be dependent upon the status ofthe different stack levels, it was necessary to give the playing screen an illusion of depth. On the Amiga, thisillusion is astounding. Not only do the"ivory" tiles have yellowed edges tohelp in differentiating them; they alsocast transparent shadows.And because it is important toidentify matching tiles, the designs andthe (presumably) Chinese characters aswell as the numbers on each tile aredone to a sharp perfection. You'll especially appreciate the attention to detailwhen you're racing against the clock intournament play.[Ed. Note: The clarity and visualdepth vary from one computer version toanother. For example, the Amiga, ST, andMacintosh versions offer greater claritythan the Commodore 64 and Apple 11versions.]Game ChoicesPull-down menus at the top of thescreen give you choices between gamesof Solitaire, Tournaments, Team Play,and Challenge. Solitaire and Team Playare the same game, the difference beingthat in Team Play turns are passed fromone team to another and a differentstrategy will be involved; in either ofthem, you have an unlimited amount oftime in which to attempt to clear theboard, and the number of tiles remaining is displayed at lower left of thescreen. Should you get hopelesslystuck, one of the pull-down menus allows you a request to See All Moves.Select it and the next matching pair isilluminated—or, alternatively, you aretold that there are no more matches.Tournaments allows you to raceagainst a clock that you set for 5,10, or20 minutes. Scores are on the basis ofthe number of tiles removed during thattime. To keep you apprised of thetime—or the lack of it—a digital clockappears at the lower right of the screen,and when a minute is ticked off you'llhear the sound of a faraway gong. Asmight be expected, no hints are available for the Tournament mode.Your score for this is stored on themaster disk and there are two tournaments that can be played again andagain—giving you the same arrangement of tiles each time—just in caseyou wish to try to beat your best score.Perhaps it should be noted here thatnot all arrangements of the tiles can besolved and, in keeping with the puzzleaspect of the game, you have no cluesas to whether the two tournaments areinsoluble.Should you begin to have doubts,however, it is also possible to play intournaments where each game can be anew and random arrangement. Sincethe possibilities here are endless, scoresare not written to the disk—unless youelect to play the same arrangementagain.In Challenge Play, each player isgiven a timed turn, during which he orshe is to remove a pair of tiles. If noneare found, play reverts to the challengerand the same rules apply. This form ofplay will support the use of two mice,and you may find that easier than passing one mouse back and forth.To remove tiles, place the handshapedcursor on the first of the pairand click once; then move to the secondtile and double-click. If your move is32 COMPUTEI February 1987

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legal, both tiles disappear and revealthe tiles below them. If the move isillegal because a tile is not free, a politemessage informs you of that fact.Documentation for Shanghai iscontained on the disk, with the rules forthe four game variations as well as theoverall strategy being presented in theform of what looks like very old parchment manuscripts. Having the rules soclose at hand is a nicety—not reallynecessary, for the rules are simple andeasy to remember. That they have beendone up in such fine style when theymight have been fluffed off is anothertribute to the computer craftsmanshipthat has gone into the making of thisversion. As a devoted player of mahjonggmight cherish a set of finely engraved ivory tiles, so we who deal withcomputers can appreciate the craft ofShanghai.As it turns out, there are good reasons why this game has survived thecenturies and why it seems to crop upanew with each new generation: It is agood game—simple to play, difficult tomaster, and providing endless challenge. In its current incarnation as acomputer game, it remains just as challenging and just as much fun.ShanghaiActivision2350 Bayshore Frontage Rd.Mountain View, CA 94043$44.95 Macintosh, Atari ST,Amiga versions$39.95 IBM, Tandy, Apple II versions$34.95 Commodore 64 versionOGREJames V. TrunzoRequirements: Apple Il-series computers(with a 64K minimum of memory) andCommodore 64 computer; Atari eight-bitand ST versions should be available bypublication date of this issue.One definition for the term ogre, foundin my trusty old Webster's, is "a dreadedperson or object: someone or something very difficult to cope with." Inreference to a new release from Originssoftware, titled OGRE, both definitionsfit. In this case the Ogre is a cybernetictank devised to be the ultimate weaponof destruction and, indeed, it is bothdreaded and difficult to cope with.If the title of this game soundsfamiliar to some of you, it should.Before the advent of the personal computer, board games were the gamer'smedium, and within this genre therewas the minigame: a game whose scopewas confined and which could beplayed in a relatively short span oftime. Steve Jackson developed a number of very entertaining and very involved minigames, one of which wastitled OGRE. That same minigame hasnow made the transition from papermap and cardboard counters to hi-resgraphics and pull-down windows. Andvery successfully, I might add.The goal of OGRE is simple, regardless of which side you play. If youcommand the Ogre Mark III or the superior Ogre Mark IV, you have twoobjectives: Your primary goal is to destroy the opposition's command post;your secondary goal is to eradicate allenemy units. If you command the various tanks, GEVs (Ground Effective Vehicles), howitzers, and infantry thatcomprise the forces that must opposethe cybertanks, your primary goal is toprotect the command post and, failingthat, prevent the Mark III or Mark IVfrom exiting the combat area. In bothcases, achieving your objective meansdestroying the Ogre.The factors that made OGRE, theboard game, so popular are exactly thesame ones that make OGRE, the computer game, an excellent product.OGRE allows the player to focus on asingle objective while providing eitherside with numerous ways of reaching orpreventing that objective, dependingon the player's perspective.Different StrategiesPlaying the Ogre presents the playerwith a choice of approaches as the Ogrebattles its way inexorably up the battlefield. Using its massive armament (ithas numerous weapons, ranging fromantipersonnel guns to long-range missiles—it wasn't nicknamed Ogre because it was cute), the cybertank canseek and destroy, attempting to eliminate all units opposing it first, and thenproceeding, unimpeded, toward the defenseless command post. The Ogreplayer can, however, select an alternative plan, employing the Ogre's massive speed and ability to takepunishment, and strike out singlemindedlyfor the command post, confronting only those units that it cannotinitially avoid.Opponents of these futuristic tankscan also choose their poison. Depending on the make-up of their forces,those protecting the command postmight wish to use guerilla tactics, harassing the Ogre with hit-and-run attacks—or they might elect to amass alltheir most powerful armor up front andfight a battle of attrition. In any case,opponents of the Ogre must decidewhether to concentrate on attacking thetank's treads in order to slow its movement or whether to concentrate onknocking out its long-range weapons.One hint: Like the pawn in chess, theseemingly weak and unimportant infantry are essential to the destruction ofthe Ogre. Also like the pawn, the infantry units must often be sacrificed for thegood of the cause.Tactics and strategy aside, OGRE isa fascinating piece of work simply dueto the mechanics employed in thegame's play. Using what is rapidly becoming standard operating procedure,OGRE employs liberal use of pull-downwindows, "dragging," and clicking—terms usually associated with the Macintosh. These techniques and all othercommands can be implemented byusing a joystick, mouse, or keyboard.The fact that a joystick can be used aseasily as a mouse to move pieces orissue attack orders speaks for itselfwhen you analyze the programmingability that went into OGRE's design.The game is further enhanced byits ability to design its own scenarios.While many options are automaticallyincluded, like the opportunity to selecta pre-made battlefield using pre-madeforces, or to select a particular skill level, thus altering the depth of the artificial-intelligence routines of thecomputer opponent, the built-in editorallows the user to create his or her ownterrain and force to oppose the Ogre.The simplicity with which this can beaccomplished is directly attributed tothe use of the aforementioned techniques of dragging and clicking. Placethe cursor on a crater and drag it into anew position. Click it permanently intoplace. That's all there is to it. Of course,customized battlefields and forces canbe saved to disk for future use.OGRE faithfully recreates itsboard-game predecessor and offersgame players an exciting, quick-playingchallenge. Its use of Macintosh-styletechniques enriches an already excellent game and makes this product astandout among current arcade/strategy war games.OGREOrigin Systems340 Harvey RoadManchester, NH 03103Distributed by Electronic Arts1820 Gateway Dr.San Mateo, CA 94404$39.95 ©36 COMPUTE) February 1987

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QuickProDOSCatalog For AppleLarryShollThis enhanced ProDOS CATALOGcommand automatically displays adisk catalog in the correct format forthe current screen.Have you ever typed a CATALOGcommand for a ProDOS disk whenyour Apple II was set for a 40-column screen? The result containsplenty of good information, but it'sdifficult to read 80 columns ofinformation on a 40-column screen.Conversely, you miss a lot of information if you use a 40-column catalog command with an 80-columnscreen. "Quick ProDOS Catalog"for the Apple II automatically selects the correct CATALOG formatfor your screen. To view the disk'scontents, simply type CC and pressRETURN.BASIC FilemakerType in the BASIC filemaker andsave a copy to disk. When you runthe program, it creates a file namedQUICK.CATALOG on disk. Because the filemaker creates a filewith this name, do not use thisname—QUICK.CATALOG—forthe BASIC program. If you do, you'llget a FILE TYPE MISMATCH errorwhen you run the BASIC program.To install the utility, first boot thesystem with a disk that containsboth the PRODOS and BASIC.SYS-TEM files, then insert a disk containing the QUICK.CATALOG file, typeBRUN QUICK.CATALOG, andpress RETURN. You can also perform a ProDOS smart run with -QUICK.CATALOG. Quick Catalogprints a brief message to tell you thatit's in place. You may run or installother programs without disturbingthisone.To catalog the active drive, typeCC and press RETURN. Quick Catalog also accepts any syntax thatworks with a normal catalog command. Here are some examples:CommandPurposeCC,D2 catalog disk in drive 2CC,D1 catalog disk in drive 1CC/RAM catalog RAM drive ifit's activeCC/HACK/FUN catalog subdirectoryFUN on disk HACKCC,S6,D1 catalog disk in drive 1of slot 6If Quick Catalog can't find theindicated drive/path, it prints themessage ProDOS VOLUME NOTFOUND IN THAT DRIVE/PATH.Should you get that error message,you can display the default path byentering the command PREFIX.You can change the default Pro-DOS prefix at any time. Here aresome typical PREFIX commands:CommandPurposePREFIX,D2 sets drive 2 as defaultdrivePREFIX,D1 sets drive 1 as defaultdrivePREFIX/RAM sets ProDOS volumeRAM as default pathProDOS NotesUnlike DOS 3.3, ProDOS has welldefinedentry points and includes amechanism for adding new, external commands to its vocabulary. Aproperly installed external command is as resistant to crashes asProDOS itself. Pressing CONTROL-RESET has no effect on anew command because the newprogram and the vector whichpoints to it are both in memoryareas protected by ProDOS.Under normal circumstances,all keyboard input is passed to theBASIC.SYSTEM routine. If BASIC-.SYSTEM doesn't recognize the input string as a valid ProDOScommand, it passes the input toApplesoft BASIC, which gets achance to identify it. If Applesoftdoesn't recognize the string as avalid BASIC keyword, a syntax error occurs. However, ProDOS allows you to add a detour so that allunclaimed commands are passed toa routine of your own instead of tothe usual error handler. An externalroutine may either claim the command and act on it or pass it to anyother external command handlerwhose address is linked to the first.If no external command claims theinput, it is passed to Applesoft. Thisscheme permits you to add multipleexternal commands while preserving normal error handling.The technique for attaching anexternal command to BASIC.SYSTEM is described in "Apple Pro-DOS Technical Notes" numbers 6and 9. Briefly, the process involvesrequesting memory space from Pro-DOS, putting your program's newFebruary 1987 COMPUTEl 43

address into BASIC.SYSTEM, andrelocating your program.Inside Quick CatalogHere's an outline of what QuickCatalog does. The program firstchecks to see whether ProDOS isactive. If ProDOS is absent, the program prints an error message andreturns to BASIC. Once installed asan external command, Quick Catalog waits to receive any commandthat starts with the characters CC,converting lowercase to uppercaseif necessary. When this commandcolumn or 80-column mode and issues the appropriate CATALOGcommand along with any additional parameters. If a catalog activitydoes not follow, an error message isdisplayed.If you're familiar with assembly language, you may find it instructive to examine Quick Catalog.BLOAD the file from BASIC, thenenter the monitor with the command CALL -151. Type 2000L andpress RETURN to disassemble thebeginning of the file. The programis located in the area $2000-$21FF.The code at $2000-$20FF preparesthe code at $2100-$21FF and relocates it in the area specified by aProDOS call. After relocation, thecode at $2000 is abandoned.QUICK.CATALOG FilemakerFor instructions on entering this program,please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to TypingIn Programs" in this issue of COMPUTE!cp7.3F 70 TEXT : HOME : PRINT "LQADING Mt "M 80 FOR I = 8192 TD 8192 + 511: READ A: POKE I,A:X - X +A: NEXTPI 90 IF X < > 71906 THEN PRINT"ERROR IN DATA STATEMENTS."I STOPK 95 PRINT CHR* (4)"BSAVE QUICK.CATALOG,A»2000,L*200"IE 100 DATA 173,0,191,201,76,240,13,32,221,251, 173A3 110 DATA 247,32,141,120,32,32,116,32,76,113,323C 120 DATA 169,1,32,245,190,176,9,141,172,32,141ID 130 DATA 98,32,76,44,32,32,116,32,76,208,315 140 DATA 173,7,190,141,186,33,173,8,190,141,18723 150 DATA 33,169,0,141,7,190,173,172,32,141,B9F 160 DATA 190,173,172,32,141,6,33,141,12,33,141B3 170 DATA 83,33,141,200,33,141,72,33,141,203,337A 180 DATA 141,166,33,162,0,199,0,33,157,0,23563 190 DATA 232,224,255,208,245,173,207,32,141,120,329C 200 DATA 32,116,32,76,208,3,32,251,218,173,155K 210 DATA 32,141,169,32,173,120,32,141,140,32, 173Dt 220 DATA 121,32,141,141,32,162,1,189,155,32,32C4 230 DATA 237,253,232,236,169,32,144,244,32,251,218BE 240 DATA 96,13,211,217,211,212,197,205,160,197,2104E 250 DATA 210,207,210,160,174,195,207,196,81,32,20949 260 DATA 213,201,195,203,174,193,193,212,193,204,20779 270 DATA 199,160,201,211,160,206,207,215,160,201,206it 280 DATA 211,212,193,204,204,197,196,174,160,174,32F7 290 DATA 37,209,213,201,195,203,174,195,193,212,193fiC 300 DATA 204,207,199,160,210,213.206.211.160,207,206?fl 310 DATA 204,217,160,215,201,212.200.160,208,210,207AF 320 DATA 196,207,211,174,160,209,32,234,0,0,0F7 330 DATA 0,183,255,216,173,10B.190,141,16,33,1737A 340 DATA 109,190,141,17,33,162,1,189,170,170,20191 350 DATA 67,208,105,232,224,3,208,244,162,0,189A2 360 DATA 0,2,232,221,0,2,208,247,42,42,42FB 370 DATA 24,106,106,106,201,195,208,236,232,160,085 380 DATA 189,0,2,153,224,2,232,200,224,15,2404F 390 DATA 4,201,141,208,240,169,3,141,89,33,173K 400 DATA 24,192,10,176,117,162,0,1B9,108,33,157Dl 410 DATA 0,2,232,224,3,208,245,160,0,183,224I! 420 DATA 2,42,42,144,21,42,24,106,106,106,157A8 430 DATA 0,2,232,200,192,15,240,15,201,141,208D5 440 DATA 231,24,144,8,106,106,24,144,235,24,14459 450 DATA 54,169,255,141,38,2,169,0,141,15,190Ffi 460 DATA 32,3,190,169,0,141,15,190,141,84,1905D 470 DATA 141, 85, 190, 24, 173, 3B,2,201,233,20B,19F9 480 DATA 162,0,189,204,33,32,237,233,232,224,3B7A 490 DATA 208,245,32,221,251,32,251,218,76,208,3K 500 DATA 56,76,208,3,195,193,212,193,204,207,19939 510 DATA 160,169,7,141,89,33.76,79,33,208,210#F 520 DATA 207,196,207,211,160,214,207,204,213,205,197Bfl 530 DATA 160,206,207,212,160,201,206,160,212,200,193CC 540 DATA 212,160,196,210,201,214,197,175,208,193,2125B 550 DATA 200,174,160,211,232,239,236,236,175,195,207E9 360 DATA 205,208,213,212,197,1930Ulfappears, the program checks for 40-Well-Larsson-WestlundThis short utility adds flexibility tobatch processes on the IBM PC/PCjrand compatible computers.Many users of the IBM PC/PCjrand compatibles are familiar withbatch files. Simply put, a batch fileis a text file (with the extension.BAT) which contains a series ofMS-DOS commands. When you invoke the batch file by typing itsname at the DOS prompt, the computer executes each command inorder. The program accompanyingthis article helps make batch filesmore interactive. When this program is invoked from DOS, it displays a yes/no prompt and waitsfor you to press an indicated key,returning an error code which thebatch file can use to branch to different parts of the command process.Type in the program and savea copy. When you run it, the program checks its DATA statementsfor typing errors. If no errors arefound, it creates an assembly language file named YORN.COM. The.COM extension signals that this isan executable machine language file.To see what YORN.COM does,type YORN at the DOS prompt andpress Enter. The drive whirs for amoment; then the computer displays the prompt Answer (Y)es or(N)o... and waits for you to indicateyour choice. Note that YORN.COMrecognizes only the characters Y, y,N, or n.Sample Batch FileLet's create an example to showhow YORN.COM works in a batchfile. Type the following lines at theDOS prompt, pressing Enter at theend of each line:44 COMPUTE! February 1987

Behaved Batch FilesCOPY CON: YESNO.BATECHO OFFCLS:STARTECHO THIS IS A TEST BATCH FILEFOR YORN.COMYORN PLEASE PRESS N TOCONTINUE...IF ERRORLEVEL 255 GOTO WRONGECHOECHO YOU PRESSED THE N KEYGOTO END:WRONGECHOECHO YOU DIDN'T PRESS THE N KEYGOTO START:ENDECHOECHO ...ENDINGAfter you have typed everyline, press the F6 function key towrite the batch file to disk. Whenthe drive stops, you should havethe file YESNO.BAT on the currentdisk. Make sure you also have acopy of YORN.COM on the samedisk.Invoke YESNO.BAT by typingYESNO at the DOS prompt. Notethat YORN.COM displays a different prompt this time. Instead ofAnswer (Y)es or (N)o, it prints themessage PLEASE PRESS N TOCONTINUE. If you answer "Yes"by pressing Y or y, one series ofbatch commands is executed. If youanswer "No" by pressing N or n,the batch file branches to a differentseries of commands.It's not difficult to see how thiscapability might be useful. For instance, say that you often boot upwith an AUTOEXEC.BAT file thatinstalls an accessory program suchas SideKick. When you use memoryintensivesoftware such as Framework on a machine with only a limited amount of RAM, you may findyourself running out of memory ifSideKick or a similar accessory isresident. With Y0RN.COM, yourAUTOEXEC.BAT file can ask youwhether or not to install the accessory and respond accordingly.Error CodesYORN.COM tells you which key ispressed by returning an error code.In the example file YESNO.BAT, itreturns an error code of 255 whenyou press Y or y and an error codeof 254 for N or n. You can check theerror code with IF-ERRORLEVELand branch to the desired destination with GOTO as shown in thesixth line of YESNO.BAT. Whenyou're checking error codes, it isessential to begin with the highestcode (255 in this case) and workdownward to lower codes systematically.Customizing YORN.COMWe have already noted how tochange the prompt printed byYORN.COM: Simply supply thetext of the new prompt after theword YORN in the batch file. If nosuch text is found, YORN.COMprints the default prompt.For special purposes, you canalso check for characters other thanY or N. For instance, a batch processthat can send output to either thescreen or a disk file might promptyou to press S for screen output orD for disk output.The hex numbers $59 and $79in lines 390 and 400 of the BASICfilemaker stand for the characters Yand y, respectively. The hex numbers $4E and $6E in lines 400 and410 stand for N and n, respectively.To substitute other characters, replace these values with the valuesof the characters you wish to testfor. Remember that these numbersmust be in hexadecimal. (TheBASIC function HEX$ convertsdecimal values to hexadecimal: Forinstance, PRINT HEX$(13) displaysOD, the hex equivalent of decimal13.) If you change any of these values, you must also change thechecksum value (10731) in line 170accordingly. Once this is done, rerun the BASIC filemaker to create anew version of YORN.COM.YORN.COM FilemakerFor instructions on entering this program,please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to TypingIn Programs" in this issue of compute!.KJ 120 PRINT "Checking your typing — please wait ...";SI 130 FOR 1=0 TO 109EC 140 READ A*:A=VALCMfcH"+A*)EE 150 CKSUM=CKSUM+AHD 160 NEXT IHH 170 IF CKSUM= 10731 THEN 210AB 180 PRINTrPRINTIB 190 PRINT "Error - please check your typing!"DC 200 STOPHC 210 RESTORE 340IB 220 OPEN "YORN-COH11 AS #1 LEN= 1PF 230 FIELD 81,1 AS BYTE*EL 240 FOR 1=0 TO 109KD 250 READ ASm 260 LSET BYTE*=CHRt(VAL("«.H"+A*>)PJ 270 PUT #1Oi 280 NEXT IAG 290 CLOSE «1PD 300 PRINT:PRINTLJ 310 PRINT -YDRN-COM created."IS 320 PRINTLC 330 ENDOS 340 DATA EB, 05, 0D, 20, 20, 1A, 08,BE,80,00BE 350 DATA B5,00,SA,0C,83,F9,00,75,0A,BArx 360 DATA 54,0I,B4,09,CD,21,EB,19,90,46KJ 370 DATA BA, 5C, 01, 80, FB, 0D, 74,08,BA,D3JE 3B0 DATA B4, 02, CD, 21, E2, EF, BA,6D,01,B4JK 390 DATA 09, CD, 15, B4, 00, CD, 16,3C,59,74EC 400 DATA 11,3C,79,74,0D,3C,4E, 74, 04, 3CIN 410 DATA 6E,75,EC,B0,FE,EB,03,90,B0,FFLH 420 DATA B4,4C,CD,21,41,6E,73,77,65,72JE 430 DATA 20,59,29,65,73,29,20,6F,72,20BH 440 DATA 4E, 28, 6F, 29, 20, 2E, 2E,2E,24,24OFebruary 1987 COMPUTE! 45

Amiga JigsawWalterBulawoThis short, elegant program is notonly an entertaining activity, but alsoa demonstration of valuable techniques for programming graphics inAmigaBASIC."Jigsaw" is a simple, but absorbing,BASIC game for the Amiga. Theprogram requires you to put togethera puzzle after its pieces have beenscattered around the screen. TheAmiga keeps track of the number ofmoves you make and the totalamount of time you take to complete the puzzle.Unshuffle The PiecesType in the program and save acopy to disk before you run it. Theprogram begins by drawing a puzzle shape in a small window in thecenter of the screen. Wait until yousee a shape that you like, then pressthe space bar. The Amiga then divides the picture into a number ofequally sized pieces, capturing eachpiece in a small square on thescreen. While this is being done,you should take advantage of theopportunity to memorize the puzzle's shape. After every piece hasbeen captured, the computer shuffles them at random. Begin playingwhen the center of the screen iscleared.Your goal is to reconstruct thepicture by placing every piece in itsoriginal position, using the mouseto move pieces. To pick up a piece,move the mouse pointer over thepiece, then press the left button andhold it down. The piece blinksbriefly, and the computer emits abeep to indicate that you have thepiece. Continue to hold down themouse button as you move thepiece to its destination. When youhave positioned the piece, releasethe button. The square blinks a second time to signal that it has beenplaced. Continue this process untilthe entire picture is constructed.When you solve the puzzle, theprogram lets you play again or quit.The bottom of the screen contains two counters: a timer that updates continuously and a movecounter that shows how many turnsyou have taken. To increase thegame's difficulty and add to itsvisual appeal, the computer alsocontinuously rotates the palettecolors of the puzzle pieces.You must place each piece reasonably close to the desired destination square, but you need not lineit up exactly. If the piece is closeenough for the computer to tellwhich location you intend, the program automatically "snaps" it intoperfectalignment.If you find yourself stumped,you can peek at the original puzzlefor a moment, and then return tothe puzzle screen. This is done withthe back-window and front-windowgadgets located at upper left of thewindow border. To peek at theoriginal, unscrambled puzzle, clickthe left button once on the backwindowgadget. To return to the"Amiga Jigsaw" is an absorbingchallenge to puzzle fans of all ages.puzzle screen, click the left buttononce on the front-window gadget.There is no penalty for peeking.However, keep in mind that thetimer continues to tick while youstudy the original shape.Beginning puzzlers shouldavoid puzzles that include largeareas of blank space. Blank squaresmay look identical to you, but thecomputer remembers the originallocation of each piece and won't endthe game until you place each one inthe correct spot. Thus, a puzzle thatcontains mostly blank space can benearly impossible to solve.Bobs And OBJECTProgrammers may wish to studythe way that this program movesand places graphic shapes on thescreen. One technique that mighthave been used is to GET eachshape into a variable and PUT it on46 COMPUTE) February 1987

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ShopGr. 1,2,or3Rescue on Fractal usScrabble 64/12BSidewaysSilent ServiceSpitfire AceSpreadsheetSpy vs. SpySticky Bear ABCNumbersOppositesShapesSummer Games 1 or IITemple ol Apshal TrllWorld's Grist BsballWorld's Grist Ftball24.9524.9527.5022.95134.9527.9534.9534.9529,9524.9520,9522.9520.9520.9520.9520.9519.9527.9579.9520.9520.9527.9520.9519.4524.9554.9520.9524.9524.9534,9524,9543.9531.9519.9541.9534.9529.9521.9513.9522.9527.9520.9519.9520.9534.9520.9520.9520.9520.9520,9522.9522.4519.9522.95BallyhooClip Art (Vol 1 or 3)Clip Art (Vol 2)Copy II -Crossword MagicCrusade in EuropeCutthroatsDeadlineEarly GamesEasy as ABC'sEnchanterFamily RootsFraction FactoryF-15 Strike EagleGraphics ExpanderGhost BustersHitchhiker's GuideInfidelLeather GoddessesLoad RunnerMagic SpellsMastertypeMath BlasterMicro Lg. BaseballMicro Lg. ManagerMicro Lg. 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Main Street Columbus, Ohio 43213NAMEADDRESSCITY __ STATE ZIPCHARGE CARD * Exp. DateQTY.DESCRIPTIONComputer Type SHIPPINGPhone No. TOTALPRICE174.95169.95255.00344.9516.95229.95209.95CALL12.9512.25CALL414.99169.95Aoo S3 00 snipping i 95 in Hawaii and Alaska MasterCard. Visa accepted Personal cneck=allow 2 weeks 5 Sat sales lai lor Oma res Gems Returns accepted within 30 days 2r>trestocking lee '■ not replaced a sn same item Compatibility not guaranteed

the screen wherever desired. ButPUT and GET create slow, flickeryanimation in BASIC. Instead ofPUT and GET, this program makeseach puzzle piece into a bob andanimates it with OBJECT commands. The result is much smoother animation. You can still noticeslight jerkiness in the piece's motion when you carry it with thepointer, but this is due to delayscreated by background routines activated by ON TIMER.The process of creating a bobinvolves several steps. First, GET isused to capture all the graphic datafor each shape in an integer array.This integer array is then convertedinto a string array. The string array,in turn, is concatenated into a general string array that holds the bob'sfeatures and is used to animate thebob with OBJECT.DRAW commands. This simple method of creating bobs and sprites has not, tomy knowledge, been documentedwidely.Amiga JigsawFor instructions on entering this program,please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to TypingIn Programs" in this issue of compute!.FOR irow=0 TO rLast *FOR icoL=0 TO cLast*WINDOW OUTPUT 3*x=FNXYfmRC{icoL+1,xwidth):y=FNXYfmRC(irow+1,ywidth}*GET (x,y)-(x+xwidth-l,y+ywidth-l),a(0,0Hs $ ( i coL, i row ) = " " *iLast=getsize-l-«FOR i=3 TO iLast:3$(icoL,irow)=s$(icoL,irow)+MKI?(a(i,0)):NEXT*WINDOW OUTPUT 2*i=icoL+ncoLs.pzL*irow*X=FNXYfmRC(coLs(i),xwidth):y=FNXYfmRC(rows(i) .ywidth)*PUT (x,y),a(0,0)*pcoL(icoL,irow)=coLs(i):prow{icoL,irow)=rows(i)*NEXT: NEXT-*WINDOW 2*1 Shuffle the pieces-*FOR i=0 TO 20*Pick.RC:-*FOR j = l TO 2*coL(j)=INT(ncoLs.pzL*RND):row(j)=INT(nrows .pzL*RND)*NEXT j*IF coL(l)=coL{2) AND row{l)=row(2) THEN GOTO Pick.RC-*FOR j=l TO 2 *x(j)=FNXYfmRC(pcoL(coL{j),row(j)) , xwidth)*y(j)=FNXYfraRC(prow(coL(j),row{j)) , ywidth )■*GET (x(j),y(j))-(x(j)+xwidth-l,y(j)+ywidth-l),a(0,j-1)*LINE (x(j),y{j))-(x(j)+xwidth-l,y( j)+ywidth-l) ,0,bf*NEXT j*PUT (x(l),y(l)),a(0,l):PUT (x(2),y(2)),a(0,0)*SWAP pcoL(coL(l),row(1)),pcoL{coL(2) ,row(2) )*SWAP prow{coL(1),row(l)),prow(coL(2),row(2))-

END**Beap:*SOUND 800,1,100,0:SOUND 1000,1,100,0-*RETURN**Fit2Scn:*IF xxmax THEN x=xmax-*IF yymax THEN y=ymax*RETURN*■cWhatsThere:*piece=faLse:cLast=ncoLs.pzL-1:rLast=nrows .pzL-1-*FOR c=0 TO cLast*FOR r=0 TO rLast*IF pcoL(c,r)=coL THEN-*IF prow(c,r)=row THEN piece=true:cp=c:rp=r:RETURN*ENDIF*NEXT:NEXT*RETURN-**Hake.PuzzLe:*FOR i=0 TO 1*x(i)=xmax.pzL*RND:y(i)=Move.piece*RND*v:*vx(i)=2*vmax*RND-vmaxivy(i)=2*vmax*RND-vmax*IF vx(i)=0 OR vy(i)=0 THEN GOTOv*NEXT*coLr=coLrmin*WHILE INKEY$=""*FOR i=0 TO 1-4x{i)=x(i)+vx(i)4y{i)=y(i)+vy(i)*IF x(i)=xmax.pzL THEN-*vx(i)=-SGN(vx(i))*(RND(vmax)+vmin)*END IF*IF y(i)=Move.piece THEN*vy(i)=-SGN(vy{i))*(RND(vraax)+vmin)*ENDNEXT*IF*coLr=coLr+l:IF coLr>coLrmax THENcoLr=coLrmin*LINE (x(0),y(0))-(x(l),y(l)),coLr*WEND *RETURN-**Show.Time:*T2i=TIMEIWLOCATE 23,1:PRINT "Time:";CINT{T21-tl);*GOSUBRETURN*4Nu.CoLors:*CoLr.Shift*DATA .99,.05,.03*DATA .99,.70,.03*DATA .59,.99,.03*DATA .03,.99,.11*DATA .03,.99,.81*DATA .03,.51,.99*DATA .22,.03,.99*DATA .89,-03,.99*DATA .99,.03,.40**CoLs.Rowsi*DATA 1,1,2,2,1,3,2,4,1,5,2,6,1,7*DATA 9,1,10,2,9,3,10,4,9,5,10,6,9,7*DATA 3,1,4,2,5,1,6,2,7,1,8,2*9AtariSpeedScriptCustomizerThis short utility allows Atari users toeasily personalize SpeedScript 3.0.This menu-driven program makesit possible to customize Atari Speed-Script 3.0 for your personal use.Using a convenient, onscreenmenu, you can choose new screencolors or change the default diskdrive, a feature that's very usefulfor 130XE owners. Type in the program and save it to disk. When youtype RUN, an introduction screenappears. Press the space bar to continue to the first menu. Select one ofthe four choices by pressing thecorrect numeric key. Press 1 forscreen changes, 2 for both changes,or 3 for the RAMdisk change alone.Press 4 to return to BASIC.If you choose options 1 or 2,the program displays screens describing the method for selectingcolors. To change the border color,enter a number from 0 to 127. Following is a list of possible valuesand their colors:BlackRustRedCobaltGreenOrange08324888120David S. BryantYou will also be prompted toenter a number from 0-7 for thetext luminance value. A 0 represents the lowest luminance value(dark text), and 7 the highest value(bright text). The screen changes toshow your choices. If no text isvisible, you have set both text andborder luminance at the same values. Press Y to confirm the choiceswhen you are satisfied with thecolors.To change the default diskdrive, make sure that the file RAM-DISK.COM is on the current disk.The available drives in the diskcommand menu are changed to 1,2, 3, and 8 (drive 8 has been exchanged with drive 4). You may notuse the F option to format drive 8;however, all other features work asusual.After you make your selections, insert the disk which containsa copy of SpeedScript 3.0. (Youshould make the changes on a copyof SpeedScript, not the original program.) Enter the filename underwhich SpeedScript was saved(AUTORUN.SYS or SCRIPT-30.COM) and press RETURN. Theprogram reads the file into memory, then prompts you to insert aFebruary 1987 COMPUTB 49

formatted disk and press the spacebar. The program ends by returningyou to BASIC ready mode. To prevent filename conflicts, the customized version of SpeedScript is giventhe filename SCRIPT30.BAK. Touse the program, perform a binaryload from DOS or rename the fileAUTORUN.SYS and reboot thesystem.Atari SpeedScriptCustomizerFor Instructions on entering this program,please refer to "COMPUTERS Guide to TypingIn Programs" In this issue of compute!.OD 1CL 2f J 3CJ 4DH 501 1001 20REM *******************REM ***** ATARI *****REM *** SPEEDSCRIPT ***REM *** CUSTOMIZER ***REM *******************GOTO 200• CHR*(125):POSITION 4B:? "WILL CREATE FILE(4 SPACES}ENTER ORIGINAL FILENAME GF"30 ? "C4 SPACES}]EK 9 0? :? "{10 SPACES}";:A*:"CISCISSPACES}":D*="SPACES}"GK40 TRAP 20:INPUT A*:IF A*="" THEN 20OK 50 POKE 752,255:? : IF LEN(A*>>2 THEN IF AS(2,2)=":" OR A*(3,3)="!" THEN 70HO 60 D*(l,3)=>"Dli":D*(4,15)£E 70 TRAP 710:OPEN #2,4,0,APA 80 DIM SS* (10000) , CI0*(7)PK 100DH 110)L 120JO 130140u 150:CI0*="hhh*LV':CI0»(4,4)=CHR*(170):CIO»(7)=CHR*(22B)LETREAD=1:X=32:SADR=ADR(SS»):MAXLEN=9999:GGSUB630:SS*(TRUELEN)=CHR*(0):CLOSE #2IFSS*(7823,7833)"SpeedScript" THEN 700IF NUM=CHR*4: EXITPROGRAM":POSITION 5,18:? "** press numberfor choice **":?K350 GET #1,KEY:IF KEY52 THEN 350D6360 NUM=KEY-48:ON NUM GOT0 370,370,570,730FH 370 ? CHR$(125) iPDSITION4,5:? "YOU WILL BEASKED TO ENTER A":? "VALUE FOR THE BORDER COLOR AND1'OA 380 ? " THE TEXT LUMINANCE, AND THE":? "SCREEN WILL CHANGE TOSHOWTHE"HE 390 ? " EFFECT OF YOUR CHDICE.":PaSITIDN2,IB:? "** press -spacebar- to continue **"DB400 GET ttl , KEY I IF KEY32THEN 400C3410 ? CHR* ( 125) : POKE 752,0FH 420 TRAP 420:POSITION 5,8FH430:? "ENTER VALUE FOR BORDER COLOR":? "C4SPACES}(0-127)t3 SPACES}";:INPUT SCRCOLSCRCOL=INT(SCRCOL):IFSCRCOL127 THEN 420FB450 ? CHR*(125): TRAP 450:POSITION 5,8:? "ENTERVALUE FOR TEXT LUMINANCE":? "{4 SPACES}(0-7)C3SPACES>";:INPUTTEXCOLRHD 460 TEXCDLR=INT < TEXCOLR) :IF TEXCDLR7 THEN 450DA4B0SCRC0L = 2*SCRCDL:C0LRl=PEEK(709):C0LR2=PEEK(710):POKE 709,TEXCOLR*2:P0KE 7 1 0,, SCRCOL: POKE 712,SCRCULEQ490 POKE 752,255:? CHR*(125):POSITION 8,8:? "THESE ARE YOUR CHOICES":? :? "C6 SPACES>ARECOLORS ACCEPTABLE?"CS 500 ? "tB SPACES} (Enter -Y- or -N->"a BET ttl,KEYBC510 POKE 709,COLR1:POKE 710,COLR2:PDKER2712,COLLO520 IF KEY< >89 THEN 410NC530 ? CHR*(125):P0SITIDN7,B:? "CHANGE LUMINANCEVALUES"PE 540 IF NUM=1 THEN POSITION 15,9;? "ONLY"NJ 550 ? : IF NUM = 2 THEN ? "C15HB 560 GOTO 5B0SPACES}*.11IF 570 ? CHR* ( 1 25)CN 580 IF NUM>1 THEN PDSITION 7,12:? "CHANGE FORRAMDISK,DB:"CS 590 IF NUM = 3 THEN PDSITION 15,13:? "ONLY"IH600 POSITION 2,16:? "***MAKE CHANGES TO PROGRAM? ***":POSITION 10,18:? "(Enter -Y- or-N-) "JC610 GET #1,KEY:IF KEY< >89THEN CLR :GOTO 200JG 620 POKE 752,0:GGTO 20Dr, 630 ICC0M = 834: ICBADR = 836:OE640ICBLEN=840:ICSTAT=835H=INT(SADR/2!5 6):L = SADR-H*256:POKE,L:POKEICBADR+XICBADR+X+1,HCL 650 H=INT (MAXLEN/256) :L = MAXLEN-H*256:P0KEEN+X,L:POKE1,HICBLICBLEN+X+JH660 POKE ICCOM + X , 1 1-4*READ:A=USR(ADR(CIO*),X)OP 670 TRUELEN = PEEK(ICBLEN + X)+256*PEEK(ICBLEN+X+1) + 1Pfl 680 POKE 195,PEEK( ICSTAT):RETURN1P690 REM *t* ERROR & EXITROUTINE **«IH 70 0 GRAPHICS 0:? :? pl BYTE COMPARISON FAILED": ? " INCORRECT SOURCE FILE":GOTO 740U710 GRAPHICS 0:? :? ■' *FATAL ERROR * = ";;?PEEK(195>:G0T0 740OE720 GRAPHICS 0:? :? "C3 SPACES>READ/WRITESUCCESSFUL1':OOTD 740BL 730 GRAPHICS 0DB740 ? " *** PROGRAM STGPPED ***":CLOSE ttliCLQSE tt2:TRAP 40000:POKE752,0:END050 COMPUTE! February 1987

COMMODOREAPPLEC64 COMPUTER C-128COMMODORE-Full-ScreenShellFor•WITH PURCHASE OF OURSPECIALLY PRICED SOFTWARE$199WITH PURCHASE OF1571 DISKDRIVESTDavidBASICLindsley*1391541COMMODOREMODEMMODEMHave you ever wanted to write an ST BASIC program thatisn't confined to the BASIC output window? This programshows how to create full-screen graphics that don't dependon the usual window borders.1200 BAUDHAYES COMPATIBLEWindows are integral to the ST BASIC programmingenvironment. Whether you're typing, listing, or running a program, everything occurs within a borderedwindow. Since ST BASIC provides no commands formonitoring gadgets such as the window scroll bar, thegadgets serve no real purpose in most programs. Andin applications such as games, the ever-present bordersprevent you from using the full area of the screen.This program creates a full-screen shell for yourown ST BASIC programs. By enclosing a programwithin this code, you can override BASIC'S windowingenvironment and work with the entire screen surface.For a demonstration, type in the program at theend of this article and save a copy; then run it. Thescreen is filled immediately with a graphic design. Atthe top of the screen, where the ST BASIC menu titlesnormally appear, is a title bar containing the name ofthis program. After a short pause, the screen clears andreturns to normal, displaying the ST BASIC menu titleswhich were overdrawn while the program ran.Enclosed In A ShellThe line numbering of this program is designed tomake it easy to merge with your own programs. Lines10-70 check the current screen resolution and adjustseveral variables accordingly. Line 80 calls the subroutine PRGNAME which draws a title bar with the titleyou designate and fills the screen with the specifiedpattern.FULL COLORMONITORRETAIL S299S138S59$188MONOCROME MONITOR(HtGH RESOLUTION)RADAR DETECTOR PRO-TECH-TRONICS8870 Shingle Creek Parkway #103Minneapolis, MN 55430VALUE $249.00 I QUICK1-800-345-5080

Lines 100-5000 are reservedfor your program. In this demonstration, line 110 simply delayslong enough for you to look at thescreen. In a real program, of course,you would substitute your owncode. Just remember that your portion of the program should use onlyline numbers 100-5000.Instead of terminating withEND, your program should fallthrough to lines 5010-5030. Theselines restore the usual ST BASICmenu titles, clear the output window, and reopen it so that you canuse BASIC normally. Since theshell code draws on the entirescreen, it erases the ST BASICmenu titles. (However, the menusare still active while the programruns, so that you can select Break tostop the program, and so on.) Thus,it's necessary to redraw the menutitles when the program ends. Thestring nameS in line 5010 containsthe text for these titles, which youcan change if you wish. The ENDstatement at the end of line 5030terminates the program.MergingUnless you write your programswith this shell in mind, most programs will need some modificationbefore you merge them with theshell. This is necessary in order topreserve the windowless screen.Once you have cleared the screencompletely, you cannot use ordinary BASIC graphics commandssuch as PCIRCLE, GOTOXY, LINEF,and CIRCLE. If you do, ST BASICsuddenly redraws the right andlower bars of the output window,even though these commands havenothing specifically to do withthosewindow bars.To avoid such unwanted effects, you must create all graphicswith VDISYS commands whicharen't tied to windows. This rulealso includes text, which must beplaced with VDISYS instead ofPRINT. VDISYS commands aremore complicated to use than mostBASIC commands, but they can operate much faster, giving your program the appearance of somethingwritten in machine language. Anygraphics or text that you create inST BASIC can also be created withVDISYS commands. In fact, BASICitself uses VDI routines to creategraphics in the first place.The simplest way to use theshell program is to delete existinglines 100-110 and MERGE it withyour own program code. Here arethe steps to follow before you attempt the merge: First, renumberyour program if necessary, so thatits line numbers fall in the range100-5000. Then substitute thename of your program in the stringtitle$ in line 5090. Delete anyCLEARW 2 or FULLW 2 commandsfrom the beginning of your program and rename any variables thatconflict with the variable namesused in the shell code. Once this isdone, you can perform the merge.ProgramNotesLines 50-70 set several importantvariables used by subroutines in theshell. The variables dcx and dcy represent the screen size, and the variables c and s indicate colors.The PRGNAME subroutine beginning at line 5050 specifies thescreen coordinates and color according to the current resolutionand passes those values to theRECT subroutine. Lines 5100-5120draw the top menu bar in the colorspecified by the variable s.Lines 5130-5160 call a VDIroutine which places text at the designated screen coordinates. Line5150 centers the text on the screen.Line 5160 places the text 8 linesbelow the top border in low- andmedium-resolution modes or 16lines down in high-resolutionmode. Lines 5170-5190 POKE thenecessary information into memoryprior to the VDISYS call. You canplace the title lower on the screenby changing lines 5100 and 5160.You may want to include additionalVDISYS calls to enlarge the lettering or create special text effects. Oryou can eliminate the title altogether by deleting lines 5090-5190.The RECT subroutine calls aVDI routine which fills the specified screen rectangle with the designated color and pattern.The MENU subroutine is similar to the PRGNAME routine, butit's designed to dear the screen backto white, the usual background color(5300). The LEN function used inline 5150 is omitted in lines 5330and 5360 because the number ofcharacters in the string name$ (ineluding spaces) is now known to be28. If you change the length ofname$, change the 27 in line 5360 tomatch the new length.Full-Screen Shell ForST BASIC30 ' FULL SCREEN SHELL PRDGRAM40 ps=peek(systab)50 if ps=l then dcx=639:dcy=399:c=l:s=l60 i-f ps=2 then dcx=639idcy=199:c=2:s=370 i-f ps=4 then dc>:=319: dcy=199:c=4is=1280 gosub PRGNAME90100 'YOUR PROGRAM STARTS HERE110 -for j = l to 5000:next j '5000 "delay loop -for demonstration5010 name*="Desk File Run EditDebug"5020 gosub MENU5030 clearw 2:-fullw 2a end5040 '5050 PRGNAME:5060 x1=0:yl=0:x2=dcx:y2=dcy5070 color 2,c,c,1,45080 gosub RECT5090 title*="FuU Screen Shell5100 xl=0:yl=0:>:2=dcx:y2=Cdcy/20)5110 color 6,s,s,2,25120 gosub RECT5130 poke contr1,8:poke contrl+2,15140 poke contrl+6,l&n(titlet)5150 poke ptsin, (dcx—1en:return @52 COMPUTE February 1987

FileCompressorChrisRogersThis Commodore 64 utility crunchesBASIC programs and other files sothat they occupy less room on a disk.Since smaller files load faster, compressed files can also transfer to andfrom disk faster than usual. A diskdrive is required.Using a clever programming technique, "File Compressor" makes itpossible to squeeze disk files into asmaller space than usual, whichconserves disk space and speeds upthe transfer of data between thecomputer and the disk drive. Onceyou have installed File Compressor,it can automatically compressBASIC programs during any SAVEand decode compressed programsinto normal form during a LOAD.You can also compress other datasuch as hi-res graphics screens.Typing File CompressorType in the program and save acopy. Because File Compressor iswritten in machine language, youmust enter it with the "MLX" machine language entry program listed elsewhere in this issue. Be sureto read the MLX article carefullybefore you attempt to use it. Whenyou run MLX, you'll be asked for astarting address and an ending address for the data you'll be entering.Here are the correct addresses:Starting address: C200Ending address: C617After you save File Compressor, you can load it with the command LOAD "COMPRESSOR",8,1(replace COMPRESSOR with thefilename you used when saving theprogram). After the program loads,type NEW and press RETURN toreset important BASIC pointers.Compressing BASICFile Compressor can be used twodifferent ways. The first method al-lows you to save and load a BASICprogram in compressed form. Toinstall File Compressor, load it intomemory; then type SYS 50600 andpress RETURN. To save a BASICprogram in compressed form, typeSAVE and press RETURN. Whenthe computer prompts you to entera filename, enter the desired nameand press RETURN again. The program is saved to disk in compressedformat. To load a compressedBASIC program, type LOAD andpress RETURN; then enter the desired filename at the prompt.To save or load BASIC programs in normal form, supply afilename with the LOAD or SAVEcommand. For instance, SAVE"TEST",8,1 saves the programTEST to disk as usual. Because itintercepts LOAD and SAVE commands that don't include a filename, File Compressor doesn'tsave compressed files to tape. However, you can still save and loadwith tape in uncompressed form byincluding a filename and adding,1,1 to the command. For instance,SAVE "TEST", 1,1 saves the program TEST to tape as a normalprogramfile.(Don't confuse File Compressor's crunching with normal program storage. You may have heardthat the computer automaticallycrunches BASIC program lines.When you type in a line, the computer stores the line number in onlytwo bytes and replaces every keyword with a one-byte symbol calleda token. This process, usually calledtokenization, reduces the size of theprogram significantly, since manyBASIC keywords are four or fivecharacters long. File Compressorbegins with the already-tokenizedBASIC program and crunches iteven further.)Compressing DataFile Compressor also lets you"crunch" and save the contents ofany memory area, which may include a hi-res graphics screen,sprite shapes, or any other sort ofdata. Of course, it also allows you toreload the data in uncompressedform. This routine demonstrateshow to save a memory area:10000 REM COMPRESSED SAVE SA=START OF SAVE: EA=END OF SAVE: FLS=FILENAME10002 POKE 680,SA/256:POKE 679,SA-PEEK{680)*25610004 POKE 682,EA/256:POKE 681,EA-PEEK(682)*25610006 FLS=FL?+",P,W"+CHR$(0):FOR 1=1 TO LEN(FL$)10008 POKE 831+1,ASC(MID$(FL$,I,1)+CHRS(0)):NEXT10010 SYS 50689:RETURNBefore it calls File Compressorwith SYS, the routine POKEs thestarring and ending addresses ofthe desired memory area into locations 679-680 and 681-682, respectively. You must also store theASCII characters for the disk filename in the zone beginning at location 832. Note that the filenamemust include the extension ,P,Wand end with a zero byte. This routine shows how to load a compressed file back into memory:10012 REM COMPRESSED LOAD SA=START OF LOAD: FLS=FILENAME10014 POKE 680,SA/256:POKE 679,SA-PEEK(680)*25610016 FL$=FLS+",P,R"+CHRS(0):FOR 1=1 TO LEN(FLS)10018 POKE 831+1,ASC(MIDS(FL$,I,1)+CHRS(0)):NEXT10020 SYS 50666:RETURNThis procedure is similar to theprevious routine. However, youneed only specify a beginning address for the load, and the filenameshould end with ,P,R. When thatpreparation is complete, SYS 50666calls File Compressor to decode thefile data and put it back in memory.Less Is MoreYou can use File Compressor without knowing how it works. However, you may be interested in aFebruary 1987 COMPUTE) 53

ief explanation of the theory behind the program. The basic concept is to economize on the storageof often-repeated information.Nearly every collection of data involves a significant amount of repetition. For instance, the letter eappears very frequently in wordprocessing documents, most graphics screens contain substantialamounts of blank space, and soforth. File Compressor saves spaceby storing the most frequently repeated data values in less spacethan usual. To understand how thisis done, you'll need to know a littleabout how the computer usuallystoresinformation.The 64 ordinarily stores alldata as a series of byte-lengthcodes. A byte consists of eight bits,and each bit is a binary digit (either1 or 0). The binary number00000000 equals 0, and the binarynumber 11111111 equals decimal255, so a byte can store a number inthe range 0-255. Since every bytecontains eight bits, the computersimply counts bits to determinewhere one code ends and the nextbegins. When it reaches the eighthbit, it knows that the following bit isthe first bit of the next code.(Keep in mind that the meaning of a code depends entirely onthe context in which it's used. Forword processing, a code of 65 mayrepresent the ASCII value for thecharacter a. But for a sprite shape orhi-res graphics screen, the samecode represents a pattern of dots. Ina machine language program, 65represents an EOR instruction, andsoon.)File Compressor saves spaceby storing the most often-usedcodes in fewer than eight bits. Toillustrate, say that you wish to savea word processing document incompressed form. Before it savesthe file, File Compressor scans thedocument to determine which sevencharacters appear most frequently.Let's say that those characters are e,a, d, t, r, n, and /. The programwould create this coding table:CodeCharacter1e2a3dThe decoding table is stored at4t5r6n71the beginning of the disk file as wellas in memory. Note that the mostfrequently used character (e, in thisexample) is stored in one bit ratherthan the usual eight. Throughoutthe saving process, File Compressorsubstitutes these short codes inplace of the usual eight-bit codes.To reload the compressed data, theprogram reads the decoding tablefrom disk and stores it, then decodes the file bit by bit.Decoding the compressed fileis somewhat trickier than compressing it. Because the file containscodes of varying sizes (anywherefrom one to eight bits in length), it'snecessary to use a special methodfor detecting the end of one codeand the beginning of the next. FileCompressor does this by using a 0bit as an end-of-code marker. As itreads in each bit from disk, theprogram increments a counter tokeep track of how many 1 bits it hasread. When it finds a 0, it uses thecounter value as an index to thedecoding table. In this example, forinstance, the decoding table indicatesthat six 1 bits stand for the ASCIILearnandUnderstandInsideA book for all GEOS users, from thebeginner to the programmer.Starts out with a introductionto GEOS and its applicationsto creating your own GEOSapplications, GEOS fileformats and internalworkings of GEOS.A must for everyone thatwants to learn and understanGEOS inside and out.and OutAvailableNOW$19.95Abacus Phone 616/241-5510P.O. Box 7219 Dept.C2 Grand Rapids, MI 49510Telex 709-101 • Fax 616S41 -5021Call now for the name of the dealer nearest you. Or orderdirectly using your MC, Visa or Amex card. Add $4.00per order for shipping. Foreign orders add $10.00 peritem. Call today or write for your free catalog. Dealerinquires welcome-over 1500 nationwide.ENTERTHE FINALFRONTIEROFMAN-TO-MACHINECOMMUNICATIONSThere is nothing else likeit. Voice Master givesboth speech outputand voice recognition with this single hardware product! Your voicecontrols programs, or home appliances, robots, and more with spokencommands. Verbal response back gives status, verifies, or requests yourreply! Speech output and recognition patterns are recorded in with yourvoice. Or use the voice of your friend, boss, teacher mothe-.. even thefamily pet! Programming Is simple with new commands added to BASIC.A music bonus program lets you write and compose musical scoressimply by humming the tune. Unlimited applications for fun, education,and commercial use. Design your own programs for profit. Sr.neech andrecognition quqlity unsurpassed by even the most sophisticatedmachines. Only Covox provides this high-tech marvel at a price less thanmost common peripherals.The Covox Voice Master comes complete with all hardwareand softwarefor only $89.95. (Add S4 shipping and handling for USA. S6 Conoda S1Doverseas.) Available for Commodore M/128, Apple II. II*. lie. lie. Atari 800,800XL 130 XE. Specify when ordering. Visa. MasterCard phone ordersaccepted.Call or write for FREE Voice Master Infopakand special combination package' offers.COVOXiNC, DEPT.C!675-D Conget Street • Eugene. Oregon 97432 • USAAreaCode(503)342-1271 • Telex 7O6O17(Av Alarm UP)54 COMPUTE! February 1987

character n. Whenever File Compressor reads six 1bits in a row, it stores that character in memory. Thenit sets the counter back to zero and begins countingbits again. Fhree consecutive 1 bits stand for theletter d, anc so on.Since File Compressor crunches only the mostoften repeated codes, every compressed file alsocontains many normal eight-bit codes. A sequence oftwo consecutive ( bits indicates that the programshould i ead the next eight oits as an ordinary bytevalue. Thus , the C bit both marks the end of eachcompressed code and distinguishes between comuncompressedcodes.pressed ancOne general consequence of this storage schemeis that the more repetition your data contains, themore you stancPOKE 50599, 9File Compressorto gain by compressing it. File Com-pressor assumes that r'our disk drive is device 8, butyou can change it toilsedevice 9 if necessary. LoadFile Compressor into memory, then enter this lineand press RETURN:Please refer to the 'ML> " article in this Issuebefore entering the following listing.C200:A5C208:A0C210:D0C218:90C220I02C2 28:FDC230:85C238:01C240J01C248iA4C250:FBC258:FCC260:FCC268:FBC270:C5C278:14C280:85C288:60C290:A4C298:00C2A0:FCC2A8:A8C2B0:C8C2B8:A8C2C0:D0C2C8:30C2D0:00C2D8:FEC2E0:FCC2E8:FBC2F0:C3C2F8:FEC300:C8C308:2EC310:D6C318:2AC320:14C328:CBC330:BDC3 38 : CAC340:A9C348:00C350:66C358:14C360:67C368:14C370:60C378:C2C380:1FC388: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-128 INTERNALSDetailed guide on the 128soperating system, Explainsgraphic chips^ MemoryMan ago mant unii, Input andoutput, 80 column graphicsand luIly-commerited ROMlistings, more. SOCpp $19.95C-12BTRICKS&T1PSFilled with fascinating andpractical Info on the C-126.Create multiple screens, 80column hires graphics, learnbank switching. 300 pages ofuseful information for everyone. Si 9.95from a nameyou can count onC-126 BASJC Training CSuldaYour essential introduction to programming In BASIC on your C-128. Chapterquizzes to test your knowledge on whatyour learning. Discusses problemanalysis; descriptions ol all BASICcommands with many examples; monitorcommands; utilities; much mote. S16.951571 INTERNALSVital Insiders' guide.Sequential, relative tills, anOdirect access commands.Describes DOS routines.Discusses the various diskformats. Fully-commentedROM listings. 450pp 319.95C-128 CP/M User's GuideTake a revealing look intoCP/M on your '128. Essenlialguide with a simpleexplanation of the operatingsystem, memory usage,CP/M utility programs,submit flos. 300pp $19.95C-128 5ASIC7.0 InternalsGel all the inside informationon BASIC 7.0. Thisexhaustive handbook iscomplete with fully commented BASIC 7.0 ROMlistings, processor control,programs, more. S24.95C-12B PEEKS* POKESPresents dozens of programming quick-hitters, facinatingand useful techniqueson tne operating system,stacks, zero page, pointers,!he BASIC interpreter, andmore. 240pp $16.95128/64 Computer Aided DesignLearn the fundamentals of CAD whiledeveloping your own system on the 128or '."■■■. with Simon's Base Create objectson-screen to dump to a printer. 3D techniques, mirroring and duplicating images,hatching. All the information you need tocreate a mini-CAD system. 300pp $19.95I wdCaroiDooie 12B *etfittemaiKsd CanroOoicUi.For the most complete series of C-128 or C-64 books available,call for the name of your nearest bookstore or dealer. Or orderdirect by calling 616/241-5510. Add $4.00 per order for S&H.Foreign add $10.00 per book. Call or write for your freecatalog of books and software. Dealers inquires welcome.Over 1500 dealers nationwide.Phone (616)241-5510AbacusIWMIIIIIITelex 709-101 • Fax 616/241-5021P.O. Box 7219 DeptC2 Grand Rapids, Ml 49510

C390:30 0E A0 00 B9 Al C3 F0 94C398:07 20 D2 FF C8 4C 94 C3 6AC3A0s60 0D 43 52 55 4E 43 48 DBC3A8:49 4E 47 20 43 4F 4D 50 95C3B0:4C 45 54 45 2E 00 A0 00 41C3B8:B9 07 C4 F0 07 20 D2 FF E4C3C0:C8 4C B8 C3 20 CC FF 20 67C3C8:E7 FF A0 00 20 CF FF C9 62C3D0:0D F0 07 99 40 03 C8 4C 81C3 D8 : CC C3 A9 2C 99 40 03 99 IDC3E0:42 03 C8 A9 50 99 40 03 6AC3E8:C8 C8 A9 57 99 40 03 C8 4EC3F0:98 A0 03 A2 40 20 BD FF 75C3F8jA9 02 AE A7 C5 A8 20 BA FlC400:FF 20 C0 FF 4C 71 C3 4E A7C408j41 4D 45 20 4F 46 20 46 4AC410:49 4C 45 20 54 4F 20 43 5FC418:52 55 4E 43 48 3A 00 A0 E9C420:00 B9 CB C2 20 D2 FF C8 D2C428:C0 07 D0 F5 60 A5 62 C9 75C430:08 F0 05 E6 62 06 63 60 5BC438:20 47 C4 20 CF FF 85 63 2BC440:A9 00 85 62 4C 2D C4 A5 BBC448i90 D0 01 60 68 68 68 68 92C450:68 68 4C Al C4 A9 00 85 IEC458:65 20 2D C4 90 05 E6 65 5AC460:4C 59 C4 A5 65 F0 06 A8 FCC468:88 B9 CB C2 60 A9 00 85 79C470:64 A0 08 20 2D C4 26 64 84C478:88 D0 F8 A5 64 60 A2 02 DFC480:20 C6 FF A5 2B 85 F8 A5 33C488:2C 85 FC 20 71 C5 A0 00 0FC490:84 02 20 55 C4 A4 02 91 84C498:FB C8 D0 02 £6 FC 4C 90 E0C4A0:C4 20 CC FF A9 02 20 C3 87C4A8:FF AD AB 02 10 01 60 A5 IEC4B0I02 85 2D A5 FC 85 2E A0 97C4B8:00 B9 EB C4 F0 07 20 D2 31C4C0:FF C8 4C B9 C4 A5 2C 85 3CC4C8:FC A9 00 85 FB A4 2B A2 FEC4D0I00 C8 D0 02 E6 FC Bl FB 51C4D8:D0 F5 E8 E0 03 D0 F2 C8 7DC4E0:D0 02 E6 FC 84 2D A5 FC 21C4E8:85 2E 60 0D 46 49 4C 45 D2C4F0:20 44 45 43 4F 44 49 4E E4C4F8:47 20 43 4F 4D 50 4C 45 15C500:54 45 2E 00 A0 00 B9 59 9EC508:C5 F0 07 20 D2 FF C8 4C 0AC510:06 C5 20 CC FF 20 E7 FF 31C518:A0 00 20 CF FF C9 0D F0 27C520:07 99 40 03 C8 4C 1A C5 3FC528:A9 2C 99 40 03 99 42 03 D0C530:C8 A9 50 99 40 03 C8 C8 96C538:A9 52 99 40 03 C8 98 A2 73C540J40 A0 03 20 BD FF A9 02 B9C548:AE A7 C5 A8 20 BA FF 20 64C550:C0 FF A9 08 85 62 4C 7E BEC558:C4 4E 41 4D 45 20 4F 46 66C560:20 46 49 4C 45 20 54 4F IEC568:20 44 45 43 4F 44 45 3A 42C570:00 A0 00 20 CF FF 99 CB A3C578iC2 C8 C0 07 D0 F5 60 48 87C580:A5 B7 D0 09 8D AB 02 68 FEC588i20 B6 C3 18 60 68 4C ED F6C590IF5 48 A5 B7 D0 09 8D AB CAC598:02 6S 20 04 C5 18 60 68 3BC5A0:4C A5 F4 7F C5 91 C5 08 5AC5A8:AD A5 C5 8D 30 03 AD A6 95C5B0IC5 8D 31 03 AD A3 C5 8D EDC5B8:32 03 AD A4 C5 8D 33 03 EBC5C0t60 AD A7 02 A4 2B 85 2B 05C5C8j8C A7 02 AD A8 02 A4 2C 62C5D0:85 2C 8C A8 02 AD A9 02 62C5D8:A4 2D 85 2D 8C A9 02 AD 42C5E0:AA 02 A4 2E 85 2E 8C AA 62C5E8I02 60 20 Cl C5 A9 80 8D 11C5F0IAB 02 A0 FF C8 B9 40 03 97C5F8iD0 FA 98 20 3F C5 4C Cl 2CC600IC5 20 Cl C5 A9 80 8D AB 23C608t02 A0 FF C8 B9 40 03 D0 F0C6101FA 98 20 Fl C3 4C Cl C5 FCeLabelMasterShamirMany label-printing programs areavailable, but how many of them allowyou to put custom high-resolutiongraphics designs on your labels? "Label Master," an all machine languageutility program for the Commodore64, does exactly that. A joystick andCommodore 1525/801/803 or compatible printer are required."Label Master" lets you add a personal touch to printed labels bymixing high-resolution graphicsdesigns with text. Although LabelMaster is as easy to use as a BASICprogram, it's written entirely in machine language for maximum speed.Thus, you'll need to enter the program with the "MLX" machine language entry program listedelsewhere in this issue. Follow theMLX instructions carefully. Whenyou run MLX, you'll be asked for astarting address and an ending address for the data you'll be entering.Here are the addresses required forLabel Master:Starting address: 0801Ending address: 0EF8Label Master is designed tosave and load high-res graphicsfiles from disk. If you use tape instead of disk, follow these steps toconvert Label Master to work witha cassette drive:Juma1. Enter and save Program 1 withMLX.2. Load Program 1 into memory.3. Type the following line in directmode (without a line number)and press RETURN:POKE 2738,1:POKE 2786,14. Save Label Master under a newname.No matter whether you use diskor tape, Label Master loads and runslike an ordinary BASIC program.High-Res Graphics LabelsPlug a joystick into port 2 beforeyou run Label Master. When yourun the program, it displays a grid40 dots wide and 21 dots high. Theletter T in the upper right corner ofthe screen reminds you that this isthe top half of the graphics designgrid. To switch to the bottom half,press the fl function key. Thescreen now displays a B in the upper right corner. To return to thetop half, simply press fl again.The reverse-video dot in theupper left corner of the grid is thegraphics cursor, which you canmove with the joystick. To create adot at the current location, press theplus ( + ) key. To erase a dot, pressthe minus ( —) key. With these simple controls, you can draw a hi-resdesign that occupies the full designgrid.56 COMPUTCI February 1987

\Make Your ChoiceC-64 or C-128BASIC CompilerComplete BASIC compilerand development package.Speed up your programs 5xto 35x. Compile to machinecode, compact p-code orboth. '128 version: 40 or 80col. monitor output andFAST-mod9 operation. '128version includes extensive80-page programefs guide.A great package that nosoftware library should bewithout. C-64 $39.95C-128 $59.95BASICCompilerSpeeds up your BASIC programs by3 to 20 times. For C-64 and C-128COBOLNow you can learn COBOL,the most widely usedcommercialprogramminglanguage, on your 128 or 64.COBOL Compiler packagecomes complete with syntaxcheckingeditor, interpreterand symbolic debuggingaids. New '128 version workswith 40/80 column monitorsand is quicker than !he "64version. C-64 $39.95C-128 $59.95New C-128Complete with Editor,ntciprctw and DebugsSuper C CompilerFor school or softwaredevelopment. Learn (he Clanguage on the '64 or '128.Compiles into fast machinecode. Added '128 features:CP/M-like operating system;60K RAM disk. Combine MA.& C using CALL; 51K available for object code; Fastloading; Two standard I/Olibrarys plus math & graphiclibraries. C-64 $59.95C-128 $59.95SuperCLanguage CompilerLearn the the language ofthe 80's and beyondon your'64 and'128n.Supar Pnocal CompilerComplete system for developing applications in Pascal.Extensive editor. Standard J& W compiler. Graphicslibrary. Added '128 features:RAM disk; 100K source/onedrive or 250K/two; 80/40column. If you want to leamPascal or develop softwareusing the best tool available.Super Pascal is your firstchoice. C-64 359.95C-128 $59.95Super PascalilerExpand your programmithorizons on yoi-'Sp*0dt»rmLa! your 64 or 128 communicate with the outside world.Obtain information fromvarious computer networks.Flexible, command driventerminal software package.Supports most modems.Xmodem and Punter transferprotocol. VT52 terminal emulation with cursor keys, large45K capture buffer & userdefinable function keys.C-64 $39.95C-128 $39.95your 64 or i28to communicate with the outside worldCkdpatcEasy-to-use interactive drawing package lor accurategraphic designs. Dimensioning features to create exactscaled output to all majordot-matrix printers. Input vikeyboard or lightpen. Twographic screens for COPYingfrom one to the other. DRAW,BOX. ARC, ELLIPSE, etc.available. Define your ownlibrary of symbols/objectsstoreup to 104 separateobjects. C-64 $39.95C-128 $59.95Chart pakCreate professional qualitycharts fast— without programming. Enter, edit, saveand recall data. Interactivelybuild pie, bar, line or scattergraph. Set scaling, labelingend positioning. Draw charts6 different formats. Statisticalroutines for average, standarddeviation, least squares andforecasting. Use data fromspreadsheets. Output to mostprinters. C-64 $39.95C-128 $39.951ifilWO'IC «r.1It• ■ 1"i« iII-is { CHARTPAKr——Mm—^-PPMComprehensiveportfoliomanagement system for the64 and 128. Manage stocks,bonds, mutual funds, T-bills;record taxable or non-taxabledividends & interest income;reconcile each brokerageaccount cash balance withthe YTD transaction file;on-line quotes through DowJones or Warner. Producesany type of report needed toanalyze a portfolio orsecurity. C-64 $39.95C-128 $59.95Call now for the name of the dealer nearest you.Or order directly form Abacus using your MC, Visaor Amex card. Add $4.00 per order for shipping.Foreign orders add $10.00 per item. Call (616)241-5510 or write for your free catalog. 30-daymoney back software guarantee. Dealers inquireswelcome-over 1500 dealers nationwide.AbacusESSP.O. Box 7219 Dept C2 Grand Rapids, Ml 49510'hone 616/241-5510 • Telex 709-101 • Fax 616/241 -5021

SPEEBSCRIPTFILESLabelMasterPlease refer to the "MIX" article in this issuebefore entering the following program.Once the design is complete,press f5 to save it. Label Masterprompts you to enter a filename forthe design file. After you enter afilename, Label Master saves thegraphics information in a disk ortape file. If you change your mindand decide not to save the file, pressfl without entering a filename. Label Master returns you to the designscreen.You can also load a previouslycreated design file. Press f3 andenter the desired filename whenprompted. Again, press fl to returnto the design screen if you decidenot to load a file.Adding TextOnce you're satisfied with thegraphics portion of the label, pressi7 to enter text mode. In this mode,Label Master displays a space in themiddle of the screen where youmay enter text. To allow some extraflexibility, Label Master providesslightly more text space than you'llneed for a standard label (standardlabels permit only about 24-characterlines).The blinking cursor showsyour position in the text entryspace. Since this space is so small,DISK #1C= 64 / C" 1541L H E E L HflSTERCOMPUTE! (C) 198664 / C= CONPRTIBLE PRINTERS PEED S C R I P TCOMPUTE! 1985C= 64 / C= 1541Label Master provides only a fewsimple editing functions. To entertext, simply type the desired characters. The space bar moves thecursor forward, and DEL deletes acharacter. To move from the upperline to the lower line, press thecursor-down key. You may clearthe text-entry space and home thecursor by pressing SHIFT-CLR/HOME. Press fl if you wish to exitthe text screen and return to thegraphics design screen.When all the text has been entered, press f3. Label Master displays a prompt to remind you thatyou have two options. If you'reready to print the label, press f3 asecond time. If you change yourmind and wish to reenter the text,press fl: The text area is cleared, andyou may type in whatever you like.Be sure that the printer is connected and turned on before youattempt to print a label. Label Master is designed to work with theCommodore 1525 and MPS-801 or803 printer. It can also be used withthird-party printers if your printerinterface can duplicate 1525/801/803 high-resolution printing (mostinterfaces can). The program willnot work with the Commodore1526 or MPS-802 printer.0801:0B0809:300811i000819iFD0821:A90829:210831:000839:990841jC20849iFA0851:990859tDC0861tBl0869:DC0871iE90879:850881iF00889i850891:110899:4608A1:E008A9:FB08B1 :0008B9i2008C1:FF08C9:D008D1:F008D9:FB08E1:0008E9:A508Fli0908F9:A909011090909:000911»D00919:030921*4C0929:BF0931jFD0939:000941:FD0949:E60951:480959:B90961:063969:000971:FF0979:990981:060989:040991:FB0999:B909A1:0509A9: FE09B1:C809B9:9909C1:0509C9:9009D1:A909D9:FB09E1:0909E9:9309F1:0909F9:C80A01:450A09:A20A11:C60A19:CF0A21:C90A29:C90A31.-C90A39jAD0A41:A00A49:840A51:820A59:010A61:0A0A69: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 COMPUTEI February 1987

RP0A71i4C0A79:1B0A81:0A0A89:1F0A91iC90A99:0E0AA1:CC0AA9:F30AB1.A20AB9:FF0AC1:FA0AC9:FF0ADl!E80AD9:F30AE1:A20AE9:000AF1:930AF9:020B01:FB0B09:4C0B11:520B19:200B21:0B0B29iC80B31:F00B39:080B41:4C0B49i4E0B51iB90B59iD20B61(4F0B69:000B71:F00B79i0B0B81J000B89:7D0B91:450B99:520BA1:200BA9:200BB1:200BB9:000BC1:090BC9:0BaRn1 rj a\J 1IOJ• n ^16F0A01040C8FFA008A9A04C09A008202085A95F4520C94CFAC92B4744FF41A04560F00B4C2020202060A985FF0A9A000530C0200EA0C0C6F0200EA0D5D2FD0408209200IFC927092E0BC8440020A0F61320202020200000FERn O \J3820186902104F20FF85200A6A2001FFFFA085132800F00B19D0132EC94C49B9D200201C4D20202020008D8D20D2B940A9D00BBD85FFD8200BBD20202000FC1C59A007A5D0EF532E00514E5FFFB9D212412020205400BDBBOR V DF0FF0B4C20E5A9FFFEA9FFCCA9FFBACC7BA920122P0020C503204100F00B470BC88BFF4C5320202092000B0B7PIFF4C0497996010A920FE20FF10A9FFFF0B506A534EB9D2C94C7B56A060132EC94C0BC8415420202000208DA9PIC v^>C016C90AF320A200BAA2CC20A200A9A9A9850955290CFF40160B4900204C2E006CC94C4245202020A038BEC0PiC7BFl10D4B5FED6E450EF2A040915039EE0079E7475IE9C638AB930B3P7DPA6PDAAID29CB7BC8B7BF7360939D0BD9:EE0BE1:D00BE9i0B0BF1:AD0BF9 j 850C01j690C09:85u^ll i £ CtBD0369BCFF28FFcy0B4C180B4C8560ZEAC918D69D6FEA0PC!r Y)BD0CBB010BA500GMto L0B180B8D18FFA2PQCOC0AD85BCA56900IV)06BBPE0BFE00BlFEA49BCFC8CC7836DA0C19:0B0C21:E80C29:F00C31:0B0C39:8A0C41:FE0C49:100C51:2E0C59:200C61:050C69:690C71:990C79:8F0C81:BB0C89:FF0C91:A00C99:340CA1:930CA9:200CB1:200CB9:200CC1:270CC9:4F0CD1:A20CD9:940CE1:A00CE9:990CF1:8D0CF9:060D01: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:000D21iCF0D29iFF0D31:C90D39i4C0D41:910D49:140D51:A90D59j4C0D61:2003E484C84C1391F0D09DAE208DFFCF84F5F00CCD10200DD23DC9C9CC0DDCC9C9A9D2C9FF030086A9C9C9ID9D20FF11388DF0D0200D93F0F02020D0203EF90D20F0D0DlC9D2D23DF003A084D2E003C9C9FFFFA9FF556901932B2216C465FE73123C 03 6C0D69:880D71:AC0D79:4C0D81:3D0D89iF0E03D11030A030DAC4CFF0D91:AC0D99:FF0DA1sA03C4C01031185D0E8E03E11A20D0E180B030D8C20D0E8acCC 88 850DA9:F00DB1:FF0DB9:200DC1:B50DC9:1E0DD1:200DD9:440DE1:270DE9:520DF1:450DF9:A00E01:070E09:200E11:860E19:910E21:850E29:E10E31:FF0E39:0E0E41:200E49:C80E51:600E59iFF0E61:C90E69:400E71:200E79:A90E81:D20E89:A00E91:200E99:FE0EA1:A90EA9:0E0EB1:3A0EB9:200AC0F02012524546494C0020E4F00CBA20A9A9D2C0BlC8IF30D20FFF753A8458A90E3A2023FFD2274552334E92B9D2FF07A9A9CC8D08FF28FEC01002FF2020850EFF8580A90ED230C0PP464320275400C8FFC9C90400FF2020BlD020IE0369A9D2D2FCA9A0FC85A8A9FF06054C314F202020A90DC800858585A2D2D2FCF660D06920FFFFFF849400A0FC85BC38A01011274E202D4C00C94CF0D0B8B704FFFP20200EF3406020A960FDA02000A0PC85ij l'_C 1 ; 00 20 DZ J0JS A9 D00EC9tA00ED1:FC0ED9i850EE1 :0D0EE9:FF0EF1:9100A0FE20200C2000A0D2E7203A2000PFFFD30E3A20A920CAA90E5204CC00F00E184CA9COMPUTE!TOLL FPEESubscriptionlino1-800-247-5470i n IA 1-800-532-1272FF8C2003050D205320A9132D492048EC541195418500FBF9FlA9202042C6F00DC94C04ClC98533A87F8CC9DCF007870D43Fl80D03E0AC9188520D0F00A7DC9CF 4C 1020 F0 0222 18 7222C0D26F206060A9D220A9A005522000A0FEODFF0ED218C980FF203000850E3A2000A0FC4B313AD033DE13663D315F93A82A8F6BA9F8A90E20FF0085E4A9C34C006CD89C488B71@9Looking for a Widgetfor yourOkidata printer andneed it now?Call Precision!Precision Images normally stocksmost spare parts for your Okidataprinter, from the Okimates to thePacemarks including the newMicroline and Laserline series.Anything and everything for yourOkidata printer is only a phonecall away Precision Images is"your direct connection to genu-/neOkidata parts and supplies."for Visa/MasterCard orders call:1-800-524-8338■illlllllliill III 1iiniuiiprecision imagesPrecision Images. Inc.PO. Box 866Mahwah, New Jersey 07430DISK LIQUIDATION! IPREMIUM QUALITY! S YEAR WARRANTY! 1111Mfillioi fijjpjntr*. luf t*H "pi* *«#flT mtwtefj'. Yft afl ^^^V^^Vl^.-—- !LI '1 , J^^^^H/^^^^^V /-LIDJH buJD L»>-£' ■»■• **.c\V -*"'^ "U»ll BhhiA (HUin itoOi into wl [S1.19 Aihh ^flXJ^MTlHt U.lItlSliri.-lnti.tlaa.i.ssnVIHteieciadl / A \1 .'ailMl UT.iItaanlnblnlxilfirlSitoin-i'slKIDUK (^-^ j \ /WlDIfilfTfOlE 24-UThorndllie Street ij(i/Vf 1 r* I . H Cambridge, MA 02141-1382 N" •a»^*'*« /(iMflS3f6I7JB68-SSJ0 [1February 1987 COMPUTEI 59

CORDATA 400DESKTOP*. .$ 909CORDATA 400PORTABLE*..?909'Contains 2-360K Diik Drives, 5I2KMemory, Green MonitorIBMCORDATA 400XT-20 MEG*.* *1499CORDATA 400XTTORWBLE20MEG**.?1499""Contain* 1-J60K Disk Drlue, S12K Memory, 20MBHard Disk,Green MonitorLASER 128COMPATIBLE COMPUTER APPLEIncludes ■ Spreadsheet ■Database•Word Processor $395APPLE INTERFACESGrappler + W/J6K 1 19.95 Grappler C 79.95Grappier + 79.95 Serial Grappler 4- - . 74.95THE PC CLONE YOU HAVE BEEN HEARING ABOUTBLUE CHIP PC . . $679Contains 1-360K Disk Drive, 512K Memory,6 Expansion Slot*. Parallel & Serial I/O, TTL OutputMS DOS 3.2 SGW BASIC '99.95BLUE CHIP 360K DISK DRIVE '129BLUE CHIP TTL GREEN MONITOR .. '99.95MODEM PRACTICAL MODEM 12C0 («cflSPECIAL internal Hall Card/Hayes Conp. M3VAPPLE HE AND lifCPRINTER PACKAGESNX-10 PRINTERSGRAPPLER +/CPANASONIC 108H&GRAPPLER+C*•»««*ZOOCommodore 64CWith GeosCallCommodore 1541C . . . . CallACCESSMachV-Can 21 95Leader Board 24.95Tournament Disk 16.95Executive Disk I6.9SRobotic Workshop CallMICROPROSSee Atari 13OXE sectionforitems and prices.ABACUS SOFTWAREChanpak. . 31.95Cad-Pak 31-95Powerplan 31.95Super C Compiler 14.95Super Pascal 44.95Basic Compiler. 31.95Forth . . 31.95BATTERIES INCLUDED81-80 Card.59.95Paperclip/Spell .29.95Consultant , . . .37.95Home Pak.16.95EPYXFast LoadSummer GamesWorld KarateSuper CycleSee Apple Section for lest ofitemS PricesZ4.95SOBattle/Anne t amPanzer GreniderUSAAFKampgruppe .Broadside . . .Carrie; Force .Comp. AmbushField of Fire . . 24.95Gems tone.WarriorImp. Galactum21.9524.95ComputerBaseball24.95ComputerQuarterbackWizards CrownGettysburg . .Phantasie ... .Mech Brigade .WarshipSSI (NO ATAS))Rings of ZiltlnPhantasie II .Battl" GroupRoadwar 2000Gemstone Healer24.95Shard of Spring .I 9.9524.95ANIMATION STATION mq qjj-GRAPHICS TABLET*T7i7DATARI I30XECOMPUTERPACKAGE130XE Computer1050 Disk Driw1027 Printer$395S Free Piece sol Alan SoftwareThis is a shipped pier snyvêre in Cortinenuf USA.-c32.9524.9537.9537.9524.9537.9537.9S24.9527.9539.9524.9539.9539.9527.9527.9539.9527 9520.9527.95^f\fiii Jiii ^\ ^% ^\ O E7 COMMODORE 64/7 28 SUPEFf PRINTER PKGS.riarble MadnessrioeblusAdv. Construe!UltimaIVSard's Tale . ..-ordsolConquest ....^hessmasler2000..24.95..22.95. .27.95. .27.9541.95. .27.9524.9527.95Ultimate Wizard ..24.95rilnd Mirror . .. ..24.95Auto Dual .... ..34.953gre. .27.953ard'sTaiell .. ..37.953attle Front.... .27.95tobot Rascals.. .27.95-lean of Africa. .11.95America Cup.. ..23.95Dhickamauga . ..23.95torn vs Paiton.. .27.95See Atari l30X£secUontor rest of items & prices.Hardball19.952 on 2 Basketball 23.9SSublogic Baseball 34.95The Pawn29.95Elite23.95Bob 'n Wrestle . . 20.95Gunsllnger18.95Ikarl Warr23.95Breakthrough . . . 23.95Geodex27.95Gcochart27.95Geo Publish34.95Gcollle34.95Geocalc34.95Baseball 86Shanghai. . .Tass TimesTransformers. . .Sub Mission .. .Ultima III . .TrackerPet SpeedGEOS Desk PakGEOS Font Pak .Oxford Pascal . .Bob N-Wrestle .Clip Art 1 or 3Clip Art II..23.9523.95..23.95..23.95-.20.9534.9529 9534.95. .23.95. .23.95.34.95. .20.95. .19.95..27.95MX-10 & Xetec Supergraphic 269,XETEC Super Graphic 69.95Panasonic 10801 SXetec Supergraphic... 259SOFTWAREEUECTRONICABTSAmnesia27.95MISCELLANEOUS COMMODORESkyloi24.95 Fight Night19.95 Gunshlp 23.95 Certificate MakerUllim.ill39.95Urtlc FoxChampFontmaster II.... 32.952B.95AVATEX 1200 HC ExternalHayes-Compatible 135EST. 1982ompuSTAR MICRONICSNX-10 209NL10C 279NL-I0CallNX-IS 329SD-IO 309SD-1S 419SD-10 459SR-15 559POWERTYPE 229mAnimationStation49.95Tag TeamWrestling23.95Ace of Aces19.95Disney Card23.95Disney Comic . . . 23.95AccoladeFootball19.95WWF MicroWrestling27.95Commando23.95Hacker II23.95Love Quest39.95JHIPRINTERSPanasonic 1O91 219Selkosha 1000VC . . . CallPanasonic 1090! 219Panasonic 109)1 279Oklmatc20 139Citizen 1200 CallOkidau 120 CallPanasonic 1092 CallATARI XE • XL • 400/800ATARI130XECOMPUTERInclude twofrtf programs outchoice $139This is 3 shippedprice anywtterein Continental USA.ATARM050DISK DRIVEIncludesDOS2.5'135a shipped price anywherethis ism Continental USAAtariXMMSOI *13OPrinter. . . . I5VATARI1027PRINTERATARI 850INTERFACEM15PO Box 17862. Milwaukee. Wl 53217ORDER LINES OPENMon-Fn 11 a m -7pm CSTSat 12p.m.-5pm CSTPrint ShopSupeibase 64 ...47.95Karatoka20.95Hackei20.95Gamemaker27.95Karate Champ . . . 25.95Interrat'l Hockey 19.95Prt. ShopCompan 27.95Prt.ShopGraphicsJetPrlnlmasterNewsroomGeos17.9529.9521.9534.9539.95PRINTER BUFFERSMicrobuffer/Mini U-Buff64K.. .99.95 64K ., 99.95MONITORSMagnovox Amtwf 89MagnovoxSS63RG8/COMP . 259Samsung 14" Composite 144Commodore IW2A 27*Green or Amber TTLCMMONITORSTHOMSONvmjhhjg-th/o«« ....CM3«tl-IO-ltGBw/ECA...mIB. .. SI9389mINTERFACES I:OR OKIMATE 20Atari ST.... 60 Apple HE . 70Amiqa ., .60 Apple HC . 77ATARI XE/XL/ 400/800SUPER PRINTER PACKAGESNX-10 & SUPRA 1150 259PANASONIC 1080i S SURRA 1150.259ATARI PRINTER INTERFACESSUPRA II50 59.95P.R. CONNECTION 64.95XETEC GRAPHIC AT 39.95NO SURCHARGE FORTo Order Call Toll Free800-558-0003MASTERCARD & VISAFor Technical Info., Order Inquiries, or for Wise. Orders414-351-2007ORDERING INFORMATION: Please specify system. For fast delivery send cashier's check or money order Persona! and company checks allow 14business days to clear School POs welcome C.O.D. charges are S3.00 In Continental USA include S3.Q0 for software orders. 4" -shipping torhardware, mini mum S4.00 MasterCard and Visa orders please include card s. expiration date and signature. Wl residents please include 5'.sales tax. HI. AK.FPO.APO. Puerto Rico and Canadian orders, please add 53' snipping, minimum S5.00. All olher foreign orders ado 15': shipping,minimum SI 0.00. All orders shipped oulside the Continental US A are shipped first class insured U.S. mail II foreign shipping charges exceedihe minimum amount, you will be charged the additional anounito gel your package lo you quickly and salely. All goods are new and includelactory warranty Due to our low pness all sales are final All delecllve returns must have a return authorization number. Please call (414) 351-2007 mobtain an Ft A # or your return will nit bs accepted Priced and availability suBject to chanae withcut notice.ATARI DIRECT-CONNI-CT MODEMSSUPRA IO00EMODEMATABIXM-30!MODEMAMIGA COMPUTERSYSTEM PACKAGE■AMIGA COMPUTER■ AMIGA 1030 MONlTOB•MflGA 51K RAM EXPANDER•AMtGA (0103.5 DKKDfflWCALL FORPACKAGE PRICE

ACCOLADEHardball 24.95Mean 18 31.95PSI Trading Co 24.95Course Disk 16.95MINDSCAPgIndiana JonesRevenge 25.95Infiltrator 25.95Bop N Wrestle 20.95Balance ol Power .31.95Defender/Crown . ,31.95SPRINGBOARDCerttttcate Mate.. 38.95SEE APPLE SECTIOH FORREST OF ITEMS & PRICESCOMMODORE128C-128 Computer1750512KExpanderCallMPS 1200 PRINTER Call1571 Disk DriveCall1902 Monitor2791670 Modem1391350 Mouse44.95169SUPER 128COMPUTERPACKAGECommodore 1281571 Disk Drive1902 Monitor sATARI STAtari 1040ST-HGBSystemCallAtari 1040ST-Monochrome Sys CallAtari 520SI-RGBSystemCallAtari 52OST-Monochrome Sys CallWE WARRANTY ALLATARI ST COMPUTERSPURCHASED FROMCOMPUTABILITY FORNINETY DAYSSF314 DS-DD DiskDrive 199Supra 20 MEG 3.5Inch Hard Drive 679GAMESMlcroleagueBaseball39.95Tlie Pawn29.95Flight Simulator II 34.95Kings Quest II . . . 34.95Black Cauldron .. 34.95Jet34.95Silent Service ... .27.95Mean 1B.27.95Leader Board . . . .27.95Tenth Frame.27.95Winter Games . . . .27.95Sirip Poker.29.95Hen.27.95World Games . .. .27.95Deep Space.29.95Arena.24.95Publisher...' 129.95Starglider.29.95BRODERBUNDBank StreetWrlter+FinancialIndependenceKaratekaPrint ShopGraphicLibrery 1 or 2Print ShopCompanionToy ShopTypeVariable Feast64.9594.9521.9537.9521.9531,9542.9531.9539.95EPYXSEE APPLE SECTIONFOR ITEMS & PRICESELECTRONIC ARTSAmnesiaGrand SlamBridgeMurder PartyRadio BaseballStarlllghtWorldTour GolfUltima IIIUltima IVIBAff SOFTWARE29.9539.9527.9527.9532.9534.9539.9539.95UNISON WORLDPrlntmasier36.95Art Gallery 124.95Art Gallery 218.95Hard DiskBackup54.95ACT1VISIOIVGamemaker 31.958BODERBUNDAlrhearl 22.95Hacker tl 25.95Ancient Art War ..25.95Labyrinth 25.95Animate .44.95Little ComputerPeople 2S.95Bank StreetSeries (Ea) 44.95Shanghai 25.95 Fantavision 31.95Tass Times 25.95Holiday GraphicsSpindlziy 23.95 Library 16.95Rocky Horror .. , .22.95PilntShop 31.95Zolds 22.95Graphics LibraryGBA Basketball. ..25.95I, II or 111 16.95Champ Baseball ..25.95 Karateka ....... .21.95GFL Football 25.95On Balance 64.95Greeting Card 25.95Print Shop'SIMON AND SCHUSTER Companion 25.95Chem Lab 25.95Science Tool Kit ..44.95Toy Shop 39.95Love joy Sat 39.35Type 28.95Real Estate Invest 64.95Variable Feast 31.95TypingTutor 31.95 Carmen Sanfllego . .CallWine Cellar 44.95Lasser Money Mgr 57.95.. .SPRING8OARDCertificate Maker 31.95 Games/Children 22.95Clip Art 1 or 319.95 G rap hi cs Exp an d e r 25.95Clip Art 225.95 Newsroom 37.95EarlyPiece ol Cake Math 22.95COMMODORE128 SOFTWARE APPLE ACCESSORIESBasic Compiler 12844.95 Mach I! Joystn-k 27.95 MocK ing board 8 58.65Cobol 128 44.95 Mach ill Joystick 34.B5 Mockingboard C 114.35Cad Pale 12S 44.95 Paddtestfcks 27.95 Mocklngbowd DSuper C Compiler. 44.95Chart Pak 128 31.35Mocking board A &4.95 Tac !0 JoystickSpeed Term 128 ..31.95Superbase 128 ...62.35SuperscriptSwlttcalc12B44.9544.55ABACUSMICHTRONTeitpro 37.95Data Manager 128 .44.95Data Trieve Sys. . 37.95 Time Bandits27.9EWord writer 128 . . .44.95Text Designer . .37.95 Business Tools 34.95Fleet System III 49.95PC BoardPocket Filer 2 . 36.95 DesignerCornerman34.95169.95Pocket Writer 2 36.95Pocket Planner 2. .36.95Sylvia Porter- 128.44.95AssemproPowerplan37.9537.95DOS ShellKissedM-Disk27.9534.9E27.95Mach 128 32.95ST GRAPHICSMajor Motion27.95Visastar12B 79.95 Degas27.95Mi-Term34.95Visawrite 12B 69.95 Super Graphics 33.95Partner 12B 49.95 Degas Elite52.95Mighty Mall34.95Easy Draw54.95Graphic Aflist 149.95INFOCOM STSEE IBM SECTN FORITEMS AND PRICESSTWOROPROCESSORSPaperclip Elite 64.95WordwrttarST 52.95Thunder 27.95Regent Word II .. .64.95Arc IronSeven Cit. ol GildPinballConstruction 11.95One on One 11.95Super Boulde id ash 11.95Racing Destruction 11.9ST-Down Football 11.95Mule 11.95Music Construction 11.95tNFOCOMSee Commodore 64 seclionfar items and pricesACTIVJSJONHacker 29.95Mindshadow29.95Borrowed Tlrrie 29.95Little ComputerPeople34.95Sorrowed Time 29.95Music Studio., 39.95Shanghai29.95Hacker II34.9STass Times ... 29.95GBA Basketball 29.95Champ. Baseball. .29.95GFA Football 29.95Pers. MoneyManagerPinball FactorFootball WizardEight BallFinancial FutureThe AnimatorCardsForever Voyaging 29.95Bally Hoo 25.95CulfiroatS 25.95Deadline 31.95Enchanter 25.95Hltchlker 25.95Infidel 28.95Leather Goddess 25.95Moonmisf 25.95Planetlall 25.95Seastalker 25.95SIMONSSCHUSTERSEE APPLE SECTIONFOR ITEMS & PRICESAPPLE SOFTWARE34.9527.9527.9520.9527.9527.9527.95Michtron Utilities 39.95DO! Driver 34.95Laser Driver 34.95Superconductor 49.95ELECTRONIC ARTSAmnesia29.95Artie FoxBard's TaleBard's Tale IIBattle FrontChessmasler2000Dark LordLords olConquestMurder PartyRobot RascalsUltima 1Ultima IIIUltima IVOgreMoebiusSkyloxMusicConstructionMarble Madness7 Cities ol GoldScrabbleChampionshipWrestlingWorld GamesDestroyerApshai TrilogyMovie MonsterWinter Games.1NFOCOM MISCELLANEOUS |SWSorcerer26.95 Hacker 29.95 Crusade In EuropeSpell breaker31.95 HackerH 25.95 Silent Service . . .Starcross31.95 Shanghai... 25.95 Micro LeagueSuspect28.95 Tass Times 25.95 Baseball25.95Suspended31.95Strip Poker 25.95 Universe64.95Isgur Portfolio . . .164.95 Universe II47.95Trinity25.95Starfleetl 34.95 Fontasy42.95..CallAlternate Reality. .31.95 Ffntasy Fonts . . .Wlshbnnger25.95Math Blaster 31.95 Wizardry39.95Witness25.95Galo24.95Alge-Blaster 31.95Zorkl25.95 DSBackup 44.95 Jel34.95Zork II or 1112S.95 Orblter. . 31.95 Subloglc Baseball. 34.95Pawn 29.95 Sublogtc Football . 34.95SIERRAChamulurlSlIlpFalcon31.95King'sGoll 31.95 Rings olZilffn25.95Learning .Call Gettysburg39.95Quest I. II, or III 31.95CompanySmart Money52.95 ConflictfVielnam .25.95 Oper. Market Gard 32.95Space Quest31.95 Decision/Desert ..25.95 Term Paper Writer. 3B.95Black Cauldron 25.95F-15 Strike Eagle . .21.9^ PHantasie25.9527.9529.3534.9527.9529.9523.9527.9527.9527.9527.9539.9539.9527.9539.9527.9511.9523.9511.9527.9524.9524.9524.9524.9524.9524.95ATARI ST SOFTWAREST LANGUAGESPersonal Pascal 49.95Mark Williams C 129.95MetacomcoPascalMacroassemblerLattice CModulo ii "74.9559.9599.9554.95INFOCOMM1IMDSCAPESEE IBM SECTION FOF Sub Mission25.95 James Bond 25.95ITEMS AND PRICESInfiltrator20.95 Rambo 25.95SSIBob N' Wrestle 20.95 The Mist 25.95SEE COMMODORE 64 FOR Color Me19.95 Perfect Score 44.95ITEMS AND PRICESDick Francis25.95 Balance ol Power 31.95APPLE MISCELLANEOUSFight Night21.95 Starfleel I 34.95 Dollars*Hardball. 21.95 Karate Champ 22.95 Sense HE74.95Sundog 24.95 Kung Fu Master 22.95 Superbase64.95The Hobblt. .23.95 Math Blaster31.95 Random HouseCallAdvanced Ideas . ...CallAlternate Reality 24.95 ScholasticCallStrip Pokri. .19.95Alge-Blaster31.95 Kings Quest III 31.95Video Vegas . .. . .19.95 HomeworkeriJ.95 Black Cauldron 25.95Mastering/Spell-It31.95 Space Quest31.95College Board .. .114.95Word Attack31.95 Smart Money 49.95Home Account . ..59.95DLM SoftwareCall Land ol the Dead 29.95Poital29.95DesignwareCallUsurper29.95Thunder Choper . .20.95Computer SatWizardry-Proving 31.95Up Periscope . . . .20.9554.95Gram Gremlins . ..31.95EliteWizardry-Legacy 25.9523.95Wizardry-Diamonds 21.95Gunsllnger. .18.95 Pawn29.95VIPTheatre Europe . ..21.95 Sargon III25.95Professional169.95PS1 Trading..21.95 Writer flabbit25.95Gato24.95Autoduel34.95 Math Rabbit25.95T-Shirt Shop31.95Att. Reality..24.95 Frogger9.95SublogicAdv. Construct . . .34.95 Managing YourBaseball34.95Odesta Chess . . . .47.95 Money129.95Subloglc Football 34.95Universe II47.95 F-15S!rikeEagle 22.95 Flight SImulatorll 34.95Gunship 25.95Jet27.95Silent Service 22.95AnimationMicroleagueStation5T UTILITIESMacrodesk ....Music Studio. . .ST Music Bon . .Time LinkMicro-CookbookLabelmasier ...27.95.39.95.34.95.34.9532.95.27.95Publisher.CallPub. Partner. CallSTSTBUSfNESSVIPCOMMUNICATIONProfessionalSwiflcalc STDae Easy169.9552.9549.95PC IntercomI.S.TalkHome Pak84.9539.9533.95MaxiplanCallMlchlronB8S2.0 49.95Dollars andSTTalk 17.95Sense69.95HomeST PRINT UTILITIESAccountant44.95Typesetter 24.95BTS Spreadsheet 44.95 Rubber Stamp. . . .24.95ST DATABASESOB ManCallPrintmasterArt Gallery lor24.95..19.95IIZoomracks II 99.95 Fontwriter ., 27.95□atamanager St.. . 52.95 Megalont ST 24.95Regent Base . . 64.95 Typeset Elite 32.95BaseballHoward the Duck25.9525.95Dungeonmaster . .27.95Deep Space 29.95Arena 24.95Agatha ChristieSitcky BearfEa)ST ADVENTURESUltima II or ... .39.95 Tass TimesKings Quest II or 11133.95 Alternate RealitySundog 24.95 AutoduelBlack Cauldron .27.95. . OgreApshai Trilogy 27.95 Defender/CrownSinbad the SailorBalance Of PotverKing ol ChicagoST ARCADE GAMESPhantasle 27.95 F-15 Strike EagleJetTenth FrameShanghaiPhantasle II 27.95Mean 18 29.95Leader Board ....24.95Brattacus 33.95Silent Service 27.95FlightSimula!orll.34.95ChampionshipWrestling 24.95World Games 24.95Chessmasler 2000 32.95Starglider 29.95Little Comp People33.95ST Karate 24.95ATARI XE • XJL •

WariDonDonatiZBm-"Wari," based on an ancient strategygame, lets you match your wits againstthe computer. The original version ofthis program is written for the Commodore 64. We've included translations for the Apple II series, Atari520ST and 1040ST, IBM PC/PCjr,Amiga, and Atari 400, 800, XL, andXE. The IBM PC/PCjr game requires acolor/graphics card for the PC."Wari" is a strategy game whichhas been played for centuries inAfrica and the Middle East. Theobject of the game is to capture asmany of your opponent's pieces asyou can, while trying to prevent thecapture of your own pieces. Type inthe version of Wari for your computer and read the specific instructions for your machine before yourun the program.Electronic BeansWari is played on a board which has12 compartments arranged in tworows of 6 (the arrangement is similarto that of an egg carton). In theoriginal versions of this game, thecompartments were actual depressions in a board or simply holesscooped into the ground, and thegame was played by movingcounters (beans, pebbles, or othersmall objects) among the variouscompartments. In the computerizedversion of Wari, the compartmentsare rectangles drawn on the screen,and the counters are represented bynumbers. If the number 4 appears ina compartment, that compartmentholds four counters, and so on.Six of the compartments areyours and the other six belong toyour opponent, which is always thecomputer. When the game begins,four counters are placed in each ofthe 12 compartments, for a total of48 counters. Each player, then,starts the game with 24 counters.Once play begins, however,counters are considered yourswhen they rest in one of the sixcompartments on your side of theboard. The program then askswhether you or the computershould make the first move.CounterclockwiseMovementA move consists of taking all thecounters from one compartment onyour side of the board and sowing,or distributing, one counter intoeach of the adjacent compartmentsin a counterclockwise direction. Inthe original game, this was done bypicking up the counters and sowingthem by hand. In this version ofWari, you simply indicate whichcompartment you wish to sow bypressing the letter key printed bythat compartment. The computerautomatically sows that compartment's counters for you.The figures illustrate the effectof making a move at the beginning ofa game in which you have chosen tomove first. Figure 1 shows the board62 COMPUTEI February 1987

Ibefore a move is made. Each compartment contains four counters, represented by the number 4.Figure 1: Before The FirstMoveDpsk File Run £dit DabuaConputer's SideMou* a BScore: 8

COMPUTER'S SIDEHOWE !! iPLftVEB'S sireHoUe a ISCORE: §4 4 4PLIWER'S TURH. MOUE COUNTERS ?The Commodore 64 version of "Wart,"an ancient strategy game.CK 160 PRINT"{4 SPACESlEQ^CCCC+CCCC+CCCC+CCCC+CCCC+CCccEwT"JE 170 PRINT"{4 SPACES}^{4 SPACES}Z{4 SPACES}^{4 SPACES}_={4 SPACES}^{4 SPACES}_={4 SPACESJ-"QH 180 PRINT"{4 SPACESj-{4 SPACESj-[4 SPACES}-{4 SPACES}zt4 SPACES}^{4 SPACESM4 SPACES]^"MF 190 PRINT"g6§{4 SPACES}>>G>L> > > "BD 200 PRINTsPRINT TAB(12)M{WHTjPLAYER'S SIDE":PL=0:MP=0FS 210 PRINT TAB(12)"{PUR}MOVE#E73"HP:PRINT TAB(12)"XM 220HH 260DD 270AK 280MM 290XF 300GX 310BB 320CJ 330BJ 340QC 350AK 360HM 370FOR T=l TO 12:A(T)=4:B(T)=4:GOSUB 1190:NEXT TGA 230 REM ***GAME TYPE & FIRST TURN***QS 240 PRINT DSSM{YEL}{RVS}L{OFFjlMITED OR {RVSjU[off}nlimited game? "jXP 250 gosub 1500:if b$"l" and b9"u" then 250print b$:for tm=1 to 200:nexttm:ml=0if b$="u" then print left$ (d$ , 4) tab (15 )" { rvs}ûnlimited { off j":goto310PRINT DS$"MOVE LIMIT"::INPUTMLML=INT(ML):IF ML="G"THENAND1130B$=SC(F) THEN 710IA=F:PA=SC(F)IF PB>=SC(F+6) OR A(I(F+6))=0 THEN 730IB=I(F+6):PB=SC(F+6)PPKC720730 NEXT FCE 740 IF70IA=0 AND IB=0 THEN 7SQ 750 I=IA:IF PB>PA THEN I=IBSE 760 GOTO 830MM 770 P=0:FOR(F):NEXTF=7FTO 12:P=P+ARF 780 IF P0 THEN 820FJ 790 FOR P=l TO 5BS 800 IF A(F)0 AND A(F)24THENTHEN910970MQHP890900GOTOREM360***NO COUNTERS***JX 910 FOR TM=1 TO 400:NEXT TMCH 920 PRINT DSS"|llNO COUNTERSMIMX 930 IF PT=0 THEN PRINT "£l%GAME OVER."QF 940 FOR TM=1 TO 900:NEXT TMHP 950 IF PT=0 THEN 1030EJ 960 REM ***AWARD COUNTERS**MG 970 PRINT DS$"gl§GAME OVER.{YELJAWARD COUNTERS."EE 980 FOR F=l TO 6PH 990 P$="C":SC=A(F):T=F:B(T)=0:GOSUB 1190HP 1000 P$="P":SP=A(F+6):T=F+6:B(T)=0:GOSUB 1190JG 1010 NEXT FCR 1020 REM ***WHO WON***QM 1030 PRINT DS$;PF 1040 IF PL=CP THEN PRINT "{CYNjA DRAW. ";:GOTO 1080XM 1050 IF PL>CP THEN PRINT "&61PLAYER WINS. "::GOTO 1080KK 1060 IF CP>PL THEN PRINT "B33COMPUTER WINS. ";AX 1070 REM ***ANOTHER GAME***DH 1080 PRINT "IWHTjANOTHER GAME (Y/N)? ";CR 1090 GOSUB 1500:IF BS"Y"[SPACE}AND BS"N" THEN 1090DQ 1100 PRINT B?:IF B$ = "YH THEN 20PQ 1110 PRINT "{CLR]":ENDRS 1120 REM ***QUIT GAME***PD 1130 FOR TM=1 TO 100:NEXT TMHS 1140 PRINT DS$"gl§QUIT GAME. ARE YOU SURE (Y/N)?{ SPACE J " ;QB 1150 GOSUB 1500:IF BSo"Y"(SPACEjAND B$"N" THEN 1150KA 1160 IF B$"Y"THEN 390RS 1170 PRINT DS$; :PT=0:GOTO 930FH 1180 REM ***UPDATE DISPLAY*#*AJ 1190 PRINT LEFT$(D$,13-2*(TCJ 1200 IF T6 THEN TB=5*(T-6)XJ 1220 PRINT TAB(TB)B(T);:IF{SPACEJB(T)12 THEN T=lMD 1340 B(T)=B(T)+1:IF DS THENGOSUB 1190SJ 1350 NEXT F:T0=TFX 1360 REM ***ANY CAPTURES***CF 1370 IF B(T0)3[SPACEJTHEN RETURNBA 1380 IF P$="P" AND T0

PH 1390 IF P$="C" AND T0>=7 THEN .1420SG 1400 RETURNBF 1410 REM ***TOTAL CAPTURES***RC 1420 LS=1:IF P$="C" THEN LS=7SX 1430 FOR F=T0 TO LS STEP -1XF 1440 IF B(F)3 THENRETURNBG 1450 IF P$="P" THEN SP=B(F):S2=S2+SP:GOTO 1470HK 1460 IF P$="C" THEN SC=B(F)iSl=Sl+SCCF 1470 B(F)=0:IF DS THEN T-PlGOSUB 1190HC 1480 NEXT F:RETURNRK 1490 REM ***GET A CHARACTER***SQ 1500 GET B$:IF B5"" THEN(SPACE) 1500KX 1510 GET B?:IF B$="" THEN 1510SS 1520 RETURNPK 1530 REM ***DISPLAY PLAYER1S SCORE***CD 1540 IF SP=0 THEN RETURNDE 1550 FOR H=PL+1 TO PL+SPES 1560 PRINT LEFT$(D$,21)TAB{18)"£31HH:GOSUB 1640GA 1570 NEXT H:PL=PL+SPrRETURNJB 1580 REM ***DISPLAY COMPUTER'SSCORE***KA 1590 IF SC=0 THEN RETURNGJ 1600 FOR H=CP+1 TO CP+SCSH 1610 PRINT LEFT${D$,9)TAB(18)"i3i"H:GOSUB 1640GM 1620 NEXT H:CP=CP+SC:RETURN3G 1630 REM ***SOUND***AK 1640 S=54272:FOR X=S TO S+24:POKE X,0:NEXT XGJ 1650 POKE S+5,0:POKES+6,240ER 1660 IF PS="C" THEN 1680GJ 1670 POKE S+1,45:POKE S.135:POKE S+4,17:GOTO 1690AX 1680 POKE S+1,8:POKE S,135:POKE S+2,255:POKE S+4,65BG 1690 POKE S+24,15:FOR TM=1{ SPACE }T0 50:NEXT TH:POKES+24,0AK 1700 IF P$="C" THEN POKE S+4,64:RETURNBX 1710 POKE S+4,16:RETURNProgram 2: Apple II WariVersion by Patrick Parrish,Programming Supervisorflfl 10 DIM A,SC"PR#A768": BGTO 50B4 40 POKE 54,0: POKE 55,3: CALL1002E6 50 POKE 6,0: POKE 7,138: POKE230,64F6 60 HGR2 : GOTO 100F2 70 HTAB 10: PRINT "ttttttttttt*tt**t*ttt": RETURN7E 80 PRINT TAB( 10)"*";: INVERSE : PRINT SPC( 19);: NORMAL : PRINT "*": RETURNtttXttXtXtttttI1I1IIICOMPUTER'SMOUE # 2SCORE' 8PLAYER'SHOUE • ZSCORE' 0SIDESIDEPLAYER'S TURN. KOUE COUNTERS fG-LJ?"Wari" for Apple H computers.BD 90 VTAB 23: PRINT SPC ( 39): HTAB 1: RETURN5A 100 HOME : VTAB 17D 110 GDSUB 708« 120 GOSUB 8028 130 PRINT TAB( 10)'■*";: INVERSE : PRINT " ";: NORMAL: PRINT "APPLE 1L WARI";: INVERSE : PRINT " ";:B4 140 GOSUB 0085 150 GOSUB 70NORMAL : PRINT "*"D4 160 PRINT : PRINT TAB ( 13) "CDMPUTER'S SIDE":CP = 0:MC- 0Cfl 170 PRINT TAB( 13)"MOVE # "MC: PRINT TAB( 13)"SCORE: "CPS3 1B0 PRINT : PRINT " >H>»>! >21 230EC 24075 250E4 260F8 2703« 280DE 29034 300?E 310B? 320AC 330IB 340PRINT : PRINT TAB( 13)"PLAVER'S SIDE":PL = 0:MP -0PRINT TfiB( 13)"MOVE * "MP: PRINT TAB( 13)"SCORE: ■PLFOR T = i TO 12:A(T> = 4sB(T) = 4: GOSUB 1220: NEXTREM *** GAME TYPE & FIRSTTURN ***PRINT : VTAB 23: INVERSE: PRINT "L";: NORMAL : PRINT "IMITED OR ";: INVERSE s PRINT "U";: NORMAL :PRINT "NLIMITED GAME? ";GOSUB 1530: IF B* < > "L"AND B$ < > "U" THEN 280PRINT B*: FOR TM = 1 TO 200: NEXT :ML = 0IF B* = "U" THEN VTAB 4:HTAB 16: PRINT "UNLIMITED■l GOTO 340GOSUB 90: HTAB 1: PRINT "MOVE LIMIT";: INPUT MLML = INT (ML): IF ML < =0 THEN 310HTAB 15: VTAB 4: PRINT "LIMITED: " + STR* VTAB 23: PRINT "WHO GOESFIRST: ";: INVERSE : PRINT ••€";'. NORMAL : PRINT "0MPUTER OR ";: INVERSE : PRINT "P";: NORMAL : PRINT"LAYER? ";2C 350 GOSUB 1530: IF B* < > "C"AND B« < > "P" THEN 20Bi 360 PRINT B*: FOR TM = 1 TO 200: NEXT47 370 IF B* = "C" THEN 55034 380 REM ** PLAYER'S MOVE **14 390 P* = "P":P m 0:SP - 0:MP- MP + 1£1 400 VTAB 20: HTAB 20: PRINT MPE¥ 410 FOR F = 7 TO 12:P = P + A(F): NEXT FDB 420 GOSUB 90: PRINT "PLAYER'STURN. MOVE COUNTERS = "G" AND B« < ="L" THEN IF Ad) < > 0 THEN 4907F 470 GOSUB 90: PRINT "ILLEGALMOVE!!!"5E 480 FOR TM = 1 TO 900: NEXT TM: BOTO 420ftl 490 DS = 1: GOSUB 1310: FOR TM = 1 TO 900: NEXTDf 500 PT = 0: FOR F = 1 TO 12: A(F) = B(F>:PT = PT + ACF): NEXT2C 510 IF MP = ML AND MC = ML TH1CIAAD23520530540550F4 56022 570EN 1000IF PT = 0 THEN 940IF PL > 24 THEN 1000REM ** COMPUTER'S MOVE **P* = "C":PA = 0:PB = 0: IA= 0:IB = 0:P = 0:MC = MC+ 1VTAB B: HTAB 20:FOR F = 1 TO 6:PF>: NEXT FF2 5B0 GOSUB 90: PRINT "COMPUTER'S TURN. MOVES COUNTERS A-F. ";DA 590 IF P = 0 THEN 940D* 600 REM ** CHECK ALL MOVES **flE 610 FOR G = 1 TO 12SB 620 SC(G> = 0:I(G) =04C 630 IF G = 7 THEN PS = "P"E# 640 IF A(G) = 0 THEN 68015 650 SC = 0:SP = 0: I = GC? 660 DS = 0: GOSUB 131014 670 POKE 254,SI: POKE 255,S2:CALL 856:SC(G) = PEEK (254):I(G) = T0F! 680 NEXT 6A2 690 P* = "C"« 700 REM ** PICK BEST MOVE «*4C 710 FOR F = 1 TO 64C 720 IF PA > = SC(F) THEN 740D< 730 IA - F:PA = SC(F)D? 740 IF PB > - SC(F + 6) OR A (I(F + 6)) - 0 THEN 760AA 750 IB = I(F + 6):PB = SC(F +6)6E 760 NEXT F41 770 IF IA = 0 AND IB = 0 THENB00?8 7B0 I = IA: IF (PB > PA) THENI - IB2C 790 GOTO B60F4 B00 P = 0: FOR F = 7 TO 12s P- P + A(F): NEXT FB7 810 IF P < > 0 THEN 850V 820 FOR F ■= 1 TO 572 830 IF A(F) < > 0 AND A(F)

4B 840 NEXT F(F): NEXT F701770 DATA226,165,69,166,70,17£B50 I ~ INT ( RND (1) 16) +FB1330 B(T) - 0: IF DS THEN GOS64,71, 88,76,240.25339ll IF Ad) - 0 THEN B50860 PRINT CHR* (I + 64):SC =IEUB 12201340 FOR F = 1 TO A 12 THEN T = 154,96Al870 DS = 1: QOSUB 1310: FDR TN ■ 1 TO 9001 NEXTF51370 B3 THEN RETURN35839 : READ A:CS - CS +A: POKE I.As NEXT : IFCS < > 9833 THEN PRINT "EN 1000DB1410 IF P* = "P" AND T0 < = 6ERRORIN DATA STATEMENT1C900 IF PT = 0 THEN 940THEN 1450SET #2 ": STOP49910 IF CP > 24 THEN 1000Bl1420 IF P* = "C" AND T0 > = 7E91820RETURNAf920 GOTO 390THEN 1450W1830DATA0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0Si930 REM *t NO COUNTERS ttES1430 RETURN9D1840DATA8,8,8,8,8,0,8,0SI940 FOR TM = 1 TO 400: NEXT231440 REM ** TOTAL CAPTURES ttD41850DATA20,20,20,0,0,0,0,0?!DC42DDB2950 GOSUB 90: PRINT "NO COUNTERB!!! " ;960 IF PT - 0 THEN PRINT "BAMEOVER."970 FOR TM » 1 TO 1500: NEXT980 IF PT » 0 THEN 1060990 REM I* AWARD COUNTERS t*336C524E1450 LS = Is IF P* = "C" THENLS - 71460 FOR F = T0 TO LS STEP -11470 IF B(F> < 2 OR B 3THENRETURN1480 IF P» = "P" THEN SP = B CP THEN PRINT "PLAYER WINS. ";: GOTO 1117E191550 REM tt DISPLAY PLAYER'SSCOREtt1560 IF SP = 0 THEN RETURN54DB2020 DATA 62,32,16,24,32,34,2e i*2030 DATA 16,24,20,18,62,16,14901090 IF CP > PL THEN PRINT "CFC1570 FOR H - PL + 1 TO PL + SPIt6 .02040 DATA 62,2,30,32,32,34,28OMPUTERWINS.";•31580 VTAB 21: HTAB 20: PRINTi 0£31100 REM tt ANOTHER GAME ttHi QOSUB 1650K2050DATA56,4,2,30,34,34,28,711110 PRINT "ANOTHER GAME (Y/N521590 NEXT H:PL = PL + SP: RET0)? "IURNit2060DATA62,32,16,8,4,4,4,0E51120 GOSUB 1530: IF B* < > "Y" AND B» < > "N" THEN 1120BDH1600 REM tt DISPLAY COMPUTER'S SCORE tt1610 IF SC = 0 THEN RETURNitEB2070 DATA 28,34,34,28,34,34,28 .02080 DATA 28,34,34,60,32,16,1SC1130 PRINT BS: IF B* - "Y" THEN HGR2 : GOTO 100FJ1620 FOR H ■= CP + 1 TO CP + SCF74 ,02090 DATA 0,0,8,0,8,0,0,0SF1140 TEXT : HOME : ENDCB1630 VTAB 9: HTAB 20: PRINT H342100DATA0,0,8,0,8,8,4,0771150 REM ** QUIT SAME tt: GOSUB 1650BE2110DATA16,8,4,2,4,8,16,0EC1160 FOR TM = 1 TO 100: NEXT711640 NEXT H:CP = CP + SC: RET962120DATA0,0,62,0,62,0,0,0Cl1170 GOSUB 90: PRINT "QUIT GAURN512130DATA4,8,16,32,16,8,4,0IIME. ARE YOU SURE (Y/N)?11B0 GOSUB 1530! IF B» < > "YBD1650 FOR I = 1 TO 10:A - PEEK( - 16336): NEXT : RETURN33 21407A 2150ID 2160DATADATADATA28,34,16,B,a,0,8,0Bf 8f 8, 15r 1 jj 8, 8j 88, 20, 34, 34, 62, 34, 34" AND B« < > "N" THEN 11DS1660 REM DATA STATEMENT SET #i0B01 - HROUTF82170DATA30,34,34,30,34,34,3EFSE1190 IF B« < > "Y" THEN 4201200 GOSUB 90:PT = 0: GOTO 96791670 FOR I = 768 TO 862: READA:CS - CS + A: POKE I,AH0 ,02180 DATA 28, 34, 2,2, 2, 34, 28,0CEFC01210 REM *> UPDATE DISPLAY tt1220 VTAB 13 + 2 * (T > 6)4*: NEXT1680 IF CS < > 9320 THEN PRINT "ERROR IN DATA STATEME11952190 DATA 30,34,34,34,34,34,30 P«2200 DATA 62,2,2,30,2,2,62,0Fl1230 IF T < 7 THEN TB « 37 -NT SET #1": STOP382210DATA62,2,2,30,2,2,2,03BCE 6 THEN TS - 5 « (T - 6) +21250 HTAB TB: PRINT SPC( 2);:HTAB TB: PRINT B 0 THEN RETUR12MEBIB1690 RETURN1700 DATA 216,120,133,69,134,70,132,71,166,7,101710 DATA 10,176,4,16,62,48,4,16,1,232,2321720 DATA 10,134,27,24,101,6,133,26,144,2,2304E2122202230DATADATA4 ,060, 2, 2, 2, 50, 34, 60, 034,34,34,62,34,34,3FB0922402250DATADATA8 .02B,8,8,8,8,8,28,032, 32,32,32,32,34,271 2260 DATA 34,18,10,6,10,IB,346AF7N1280 IF P* = "P" THEN GOSUB 1560: RETURN1290 IF P« - "C" THEN GOSUB 16101 RETURNA7CE451730 DATA 27,165,40,133,8,165,41,41,3,5,2301740 DATA 133,9,162,8,160,0,177,26,36,50,481750 DATA 2,73,127,164,36,1450 r98«22702280DATADATA4 .02,2,2,2,2,2,62,034,54,42,42,34,34,304 2290 DATA 34,34,38,42,50,34,3431300 REM tt MOVE COUNTERS *t,8,230,26,206,24313B1310 T - IiBl = 0:S2 - 01320 FOR F = 1 TO 12:B

5D 2310 DATA 30,34,34,30,2,2,2,0FE 2320 DATA4,0if 2330 DATA4,0=SC(F+6> OR fllKF+6))-0 THEN 780770 IB=I(F+6)1PB=SC(F+6)7B0 NEXT790 IF IA=O AND IB=O THEN 820BOO I=IAiIF PB>PA THEN I=IB810 GOTO 880B20 P=OiFOR F=7 TO 12iP=P+A(F)1NEXTB30 IF POO THEN 870B40 FOR F-l TO 5850 IF A(F)0 AND A(FX=6-FTHEN I"FiGOTO B80860 NEXT F870 I=INT(RND*6)+liIF A(I)=OTHEN B70BBO COLOR 21PRINT CHR*(I+64)■SC=OiF0R TM=1 TO 900iNEXTTM890 DS=liGOSUB 1320iFDR TM-1TO 900iNEXT TM900 PT=OiF0R F=l TO 12iA(F)=B(F)iPT»PT+A(F)1 NEXT910 IF MP-ML AND MC=ML THEN 1020920 IF PT=O THEN 960930 IF CP>24 THEN 1020940 GOTO 4209S0 REM t NO COUNTERS *960 FDR TM=1 TO 400iNEXT TM970 GOSUB 1650iC0L0R 4iPRINT"No counterb!!i "j9B0 IF PT-0 THEN PRINT "Gam*over."990 FOR TM-1 TO I6OO1NEXT1000 IF PT=O THEN 10901010 REM * AWARD COUNTERS >1020 COLOR 4)GOSUB 16501 PRINT"Game ovBr. "11COLOR 141030 PRINT "Award counter*."1040 FOR F-l TO 61050 P*-"C"iSC-A

1U0112011301140115011601170118011901200121012201230124012501260127012S012901300131013201330134013501360137013801390140014101420143014401450146014701480149015001510152015301540155015601570158015901600161016201630IF PL>CP THEN COLOR 2iPRINT "Player wins. ";iGOTO1140COLOR 4iPRINT "Computer wins. ";REM * ANOTHER GAME *COLOR 7iPRINT "Another gaGDSUB 1540i IF B*O"Y" ANDB*O"N" THEN 1150PRINT B*iIF B*="Y" THEN 90CLEARW 2iCL05EW 2iENDREM t QUIT GAME *FOR TM«1 TO IOOiNEXTCOLOR 4:GOSUB 1650:PRINT"Quit game. Are you aurajGOSUB 1540i IF B«O"Y" ANDB$O"N" THEN 1210IF B*O"Y" THEN 450GOSUB 1650:PT=O:GOTO 980REM t UPDATE DISPLAY *COLOR 7GOTOXY P+(T>7>*2*(T-7)),B-2*6)(PRINT B(T>!FOR TM=1 TO 6OO1NEXTIF B(T)O0 THEN RETURNIF P*="P" THEN GOSUB 15601 RETURNIF P*="C" THEN GOSUB 16101 RETURNREM * MOVE COUNTERS *T=I:Sl=0iS2=0FOR F=l TO 12iB(F>=A12 THEN T=lB(T)=B(T)+liIF DS THEN GOSUB 1250NEXT F:TO=TREM * ANY CAPTURES *IF B(T0)3 THENRETURNIF P«="P" THEN SP=B(F)iS2=S2+SP:G0T0 1510IF P*-»C" THEN SC=B

I10 630 P$="C"BC 640 REM tt PICK BEST MOVE *tHP 650 FDR F=l TO 6FA 660 IF PA>=SC(F) THEN 600KF 670 IA=F:PA=SCtF>FJ 680 IF PB>=SC(F+6) DR A(I(F+6) ) «=0 THEN 700BI 690 IB=I(Ft-6):PB=-SC(F+6)ND 700 NEXTAE 710 IF IA=0 AND IB=0 THEN 740CI 720 I»Ift:IF PB>PA THEN I = IBFO 730 GDTD 800m 740 P=0:FOR F=7 TO 12:P=P+A(F>:NEXTFC 750 IF PO0 THEN 790SC 760 FOR F=l TO 5AC 770 IF A(F)0 AND A(FX=6-FHP 780 NEXT FTHEN I=F:BOTO B00CE 790 I=INT(RNDt6)+l:IF A(I>=0THEN 790JP 800 COLOR 2:PRINT CHR*U+64):SC-0:FOR TM=1 TO 900:NEXTTMIK 810 DS=1:BQSUB 1250: FOR TM=1TO900:NEXTPO 820 PT=0:FOR F=l TO 12:A(F)=B(F):PT-PT+A(F):NEXTCJ B30 IF MP=ML AND MC-ML THEN 940CO 840 IF PT=0 THEN B80Pfl 850 IF CP>24 THEN 940FP 860 GOTO 340FS 870 REM tt NO COUNTERS ttPft 880 FOR TM=1 TO 400:NEXTCL 890 COLOR 4: PRINT DS»"No countera!!! M;LL 900 IF PT=0 THEN PRINT "Gameover."El 910 FOR TM=1 TO 900: NEXTPF 920 IF PT=0 THEN 1000m 930 REM t* AWARD COUNTERS **HI 940 COLOR 4: PRINT DSVGame ov•r. "fsCOLOR 14:PRINT "Award cDuntin. "HC 950 FOR F=l TO 6IC 960 P*»"C":SC=A(F) :T=F:B(T)=0:OOSUB 1160J« 970 P*="P":SP=ACP THEN COLOR 2: PRINT "Player wins. "j:GOT0 1050JN 1030 COLOR 4:PRINT "Computerwins. ";CO 1040 REM tt ANOTHER GAME ttCC 1050 COLOR 7: PRINT "Another gam* (Y/N>? ";NE 1060 GOSUB 1470: IF B*OUY" AND B*O"N" THEN 1060W! 1070 PRINT B«: IF B»-"Y" THEN50Clt 10B0 CLS:ENDEE 1090 REM tt QUIT GAME ttJL 1100 FOR TM=1 TO 100:NEXTflH 1110 COLOR 4:PRINT DS*"Quit g■me. Are you sure (Y/N>?IEO 1120 GOSUB 1470: IF B*O"Y" AND B«O"N" THEN 1120E5 1130 IF B*O"Y" THEN 370KM 1140 PRINT DSS;:PT=*0:GOTO 900EC 1150 REM tt UPDATE DISPLAY ttKP 1160 COLOR 7ES 1170 IF T6 THEN TB=5t(T-6>+lCL 1190 LOCATE 13-2t (T>6) , TBs PRINTBIT);KD 1200 FOR TM=1 TO 400: NEXTEH 1210 IF B(T)0 THEN RETURNBF 1220 IF P*="P" THEN GOSUB 1500:RETURNflfl 1230 IF P»="C" THEN GOSUB 15S0:RETURNBC 1240 REM MOVE COUNTERSHE 1250 T=I:S1=0:52=0LD 1260 FOR F=l TO 12: B CF) =A (F> :NEXTDH 1270 B(T)=0:IF DS THEN GOSUB1160DL 1280 FOR F=l TO A(T)FA 1290 T=T+1DN 1300 IF T>12 THEN T=lJH 1310 B(T)=B

moves :*GOSUB cline:PRINT "Move Limit";:INPUT ml-*ml=INT(ml):IF ml=sc{f) THEN ahead*ia=f:pa=sc{f)*ahead:*IF pb>=sc(f+6) OR a(i(f+6))=0 THEN skip2*ib=i{f+6) ;pb=sc(f+6)*skip2:*NEXT f*IF ia=0 AND ib=0 THEN skip3*i=ia:IF pb>pa THEN i=ib*GOTOprintit*skip3:*p=0:FOR f=7 TO 12:p=p+a{f):NEXTf*IF p0 THEN random*FOR f=l TO 5*IF a(f)0 AND a(f)24 THEN award*GOTO player**nocounters:*FOR tm=l TO 600:NEXT*COLOR 4:GOSUB cline:PRINT "No COuntersl11 ";*gameend:*IF pt=0 THEN PRINT "Game over."*FOR tm=l TO 1500:NEXT*IF pt=0 THEN winner**awardi*COLOR 4:GOSUB cline:PRINT "Gameover. ";*COLOR 6:PRINT "Award counters."*FOR f=l TO 6-*p?="C":sc=a(f):t=f:b(t)=0:GOSUBplacepieces *p$="P":sp=a{f+6):t=f+6:b(t)=0:GOSUB placepieces*NEXT**winner:*GOSUBcline*COLOR 3:IF pl=cp THEN PRINT "A draw. ";:GOTO another*IF pl>cp THEN COLOR 2iPRINT "Player wins. ";:GOTO another*COLOR 4sPRINT "Computer wins. ";another:*COLOR 7:PRINT "Another game (Y/N)? ";*another2:*GOSUB getchar:IF b$o"Y" AND b$"N" THEN another2*PRINT b$:IF b$="Y" THEN restart*WINDOW CLOSE 3*SCREEN CLOSE 1*WINDOW l,"Wari",,31,-1*CLEAR ,25000*END **quit:*FOR tm=l TO 200:NEXT*COLOR 4:GOSUB cline*PRINT "Quit game. Are you sure (Y/N)? ";*again:*GOSUB getchar:IF b$o"Y" AND b$ "N" THEN again*IF b$o"Y" THEN entry*GOSUB cline:pt=0:GOTO gameend**placepieces:*COLOR 7*IF t6 THEN tb=5*(t-6)+l*place:* /LOCATE 13-2*(t>6),tb:PRINT b(t)*FOR tm=l TO 1000:NEXT tm*IF b(t)0 THEN RETURN*IF p5="P" THEN GOSUB playerscore:RETURN*IF p$="C" THEN GOSUB computerscore:RETURN**movecounters:*t=i:sl=0:s2=0*FOR f=l TO 12:b(f)=a(f):NEXT*b(t)=0:lF ds THEN GOSUB placepieces*FOR f=l TO a(t)*t=t+l*IF t>12 THEN t=l*b(t)=b(t)+l:IF ds THEN GOSUB placepieces*NEXT f:t0=t**captures:*IF b(t0)3 THEN RETURN*IF pS="P" AND t0=7 THEN total*RETURN**total:*lO=ltIF p5="C" THEN ls=7*FOR f=t0 TO Is STEP -1*IF b(f)3 THEN RETURN*IF pS="P" THEN sp=b{f):s2=s2+sp:GOTO total2*IF p?="C" THEN sc=b(f):sl=sl+sc*total2:*b{f)=0:IF ds THEN t=f:GOSUB placepieces*NEXT f:RETURN**getchar:*b$=UCASE$(INKEYS):IF b$"" THENgetchar*getchar2:*bS=UCASE$(INKEYS):IF b$="" THENgetchar2 ELSE RETURN**playerscore:*IF sp=0 THEN RETURN*FOR h=pl+l TO pl+sp*COLOR 4:LOCATE 21,19:PRINT h*SOUND 440,2,255,0:FOR tm=l TO 500:NEXT*NEXT h:pl=pl+sp:RETURN**computerscore:*IF sc=0 THEN RETURN*FOR h=cp+l TO cp+SC*COLOR 4:LOCATE 9,19:PRINT h*SOUND 220,2,255,0:FOR tm=l TO 500:NEXT*NEXT h:cp=cp+sc:RETURN*■*dash:*COLOR 1:FOR j=l TO 2:FOR i=l TO7:PRINT " "CHR$(124)r*NEXT:PRINT:NEXT:RETURN*4cline:*LOCATE 23,1:PRINT ds$:LOCATE 23,1:RETURN*Program 6: Wari For Atari400, 800, XL, And XEVersion by Patrick Parrish,Programming SupervisorIH 10 OPEN #1 ,4, 0, "K: ": DIM A(12),B(12),SC,P»( 1) ,SP*(37)HI 20 FOR 1-0 TO iliREAD A:POKE 1664+1,AiNEXT IIK 30 DATA 104, 165, 203,5, 20470 COMPUTEI February 19B7

,——■———U-J>G>Player■pHBIMcoSputerP^Md'-'e UfilI";:NEXT IiNEXT JKF160 PRINT :PRINT " CA>";:FOR 1-1 TO 5:PRINT "C4 R}{S>";:NEXT IsPRINT "£4 R>CD>"OJ 170 FOR J-l TO 2:P0SITIQN0,13+JsFOR I»l TO 7bPRINT "£4 SPACES!l";iNEXT I:NEXT JPI 180 PRINT :PRINT " >>B>>CF 190 POSITION 12,1B:PRINT"Player'sMP=0Side":PL=0:'F 200 POSITION 12,19:PRINT"Move12,20:PRINTPL#";MP:POSITION"Score:";LH2I0 FOR T-l TO 12:A=4:B(T)-4:GOSUBTT11?0:NEXBO220 POSITION 2,22:PRINT '[limited or CEn 1 i mi tedGame? ";a 230 GOSUB 14B0:IF B»O"L"AND B»O"U" THEN 230HJ 240 PRINT B*:ML-0HP 250 IF B*="U" THEN POSITION15,3:PRINTGOTO 2909P 260 GOSUB 1610: PRINT "Movb Limit";:INPUT MLB6270 ML-INT(ML):IF ML? "JLH380 IF P-0 THEN 890"H 390 BOSUB 1480: I-ASC-64:PRINTCHR*EP 400 IF B«-"Q" THEN 1130W410 IF B»>-"B" AND B»24 THEN 970REM COMPUTER'S MOVEP»-"C":PA«0:PB»0:IA«0:IB-0»P-0:MC-MC+1POSITION(MC):GOSUB 95018,7:X*»STR»FOR F-l TO 6:P-P+A(F)iNEXTGOSUBF1610:PRINTIF P-0 THEN B90REM CHECK ALL MOVESFOR B-l TO 12SC (G)-0: I

ID 1200IK. 1210IF T>6 THEN TB=5*(T-6)POSITION TB+1,(T>6)«2+12:PRINT B(T> j :IFB(T) tS2-S2 + SP:BOTO 1460IF P»»"C" THEN SC-B(F>iSl-Sl+SCB

INSIGHT:AtariBillWilkinsonNumber-BaseConversionsThis column was prompted by aletter in COMPUTEI's letters column, in which the author asked fora program to convert decimal numbers to binary. "Why," I asked myself, "do all these conversionprograms work with only one pairof bases (for example, base 10 tobase 2)?" Answer: because few realize that a more general program isalmost as easy these specific ones.Don't believe me? Keep reading.Number BasesYou probably learned about number bases back in third or fourthgrade, though you might not haverealized that's what you were learning. Specifically, you likely weretaught that the number 735 represented "seven hundreds, three tens,and five ones." The fact that digits ina number represent powers of ten iskind of an accident. If humans werenormally born with only three fingers and a thumb on each hand, youcan bet that 735 would have meant"seven sixty-fours, three eights, andfive ones" (that is, we would haveused base 8).Since computers are "born"with only two "fingers," their natural tendency is to use base 2, alsoknown as binary numbers or notation. (A computer's "fingers" are itsmemory cells, but each cell can remember only off or on, equivalentin function to counting on two human fingers.) Yet you seldom see acomputer memory dump printed inbinary, simply because such aprintout would be gigantic! Binarynumbers take up a lot of room compared to equivalent decimal numbers. Instead, because of the neatway that powers of two can begrouped together, we tend to seecomputer memory represented ineither octal (base 8) or hexadecimal(base 16) notation.One thing you may have noticed is that a base's number is thesame as the number of countingsymbols needed to represent it.Thus base 10 uses 0-9. Base 8 usesonly 0-7. What about bases beyond10, such as base 16, the hexadecimal base most often used in microcomputer work? Doesn't it need 16counting symbols? Yes, indeed, andthe symbols most commonly usedare 0-9, followed by A-F. (Why notuse completely new symbols for thedigits beyond 9? Simple: Early computer printers had only 64 differentsymbols available, so uppercase letters were used.)Why Hex?Sidelight: Since we are working oncomputers that tend to work withbytes, and since a byte can have avalue from 0 to 255 (decimal), base256 notation would seem to be alogical choice. But now we can seewhy it is not used—humans wouldbe forced to learn 256 unique digitsymbols! Still, there are two "nybbles"in each byte, and a nybble canhave a value from 0 to 15 (decimal),so hexadecimal (base 16) notation isa very logical alternative.Now, when you see a hexadecimal number such as A88C, whatdoes it mean? Well, you can readthat as "A four-thousand-ninetysixes,8 two-hundred-fifty-sixes, 8sixteens, and C ones." In turnthough, A and C may be read indecimal as 10 and 12, respectively.Whew! Now how about base 19?Confused? Don't worry, help isat hand. Program 1 consists of ashort main program followed bytwo special-purpose subroutines.These routines are designed tomake it easy to allow entry anddisplay of any number using anybase or pair of bases. The first one(from line 9200 to line 9330) takes anumber in variable N and convertsit to a string in variable N$ usingthe number base given by the variable BASE. The second routine(lines 9400-9560) performs thereverse operation, converting astring in N$ (which is supposed tobe a number in BASE notation) andconverting it to N for use as a number anywhere in BASIC.Try it. Type in the main codeand the subroutines and try the various options. And use some bizarrenumber bases, such as 13 or 37 or53. In keeping with the tradition ofhexadecimal numbering, the digitsymbols used are 0-9 (same as decimal for the first ten symbols), followed by A-Z, and then a-z (goodenough for anything up to base 62!).So now I have one set of routines which take care of all conversions. And it's kind of fun. Youcould even make a game of it: Tryto make two English words "equal"by changing bases! For example,RIB base 35 equals some animal(which happens to enjoy ribs) insome other base. Can you find theanimal word and its base? Maybetricks like this could make a hardto-breakencryption scheme? (Thiscan really cause you to lose sleep!)Be Just A Bit WiserI couldn't quit with simple numberconversions, of course. One of thehandy features of most higher-levellanguages is (usually) the presenceof operators which do bitwise operations. I like such operators somuch I put them into the first of theadvanced Atari-compatible BASICswe did, way back in 1981. Unfortunately, Atari BASIC does not havebitwise operators. In Atari BASIC,operators such as AND and OR always perform logical comparisonsrather than bitwise comparisons.Though, in fairness, I should pointout that there are occasions whereAtari's logical operators are worthas much as or more than bitwiseoperators. Some authors haveagreed with me to the extent thatthey have written machineFebruary 1987 COMPUTEI 73

language USR calls for use in theirBASIC programs. But this is beyondthe ken of most BASIC users.Fortunately, bitwise operatorscan be implemented in Atari BASIC.And that's exactly the purpose of thesubroutines of lines 9000 through9090 (bitwise AND) and lines 9100through 9190 (bitwise OR) in Program 2. I don't have space in thiscolumn to explain the theory andoperation of bitwise operators, butwe can quickly look at one exampleof their use.Suppose you want to performsome subroutine only when theuser of your program hits the SELECT key. Further, suppose that inyour program it is legitimate andpossible that the user may be pushing down either {or both) theSTART and OPTION keys at thatsame time as SELECT. If you lookin most any good reference book(COMPUTED Mapping the Atari,for example), you will find a littletable something like this:Push PEEK(53279) shows thisthis key decimal binarynoneSTARTSELECTOPTION111110101011Here we have listed the binaryvalues (even though you couldhave run Program 1 to convert thedecimal values yourself) to showclearly what the console keys aredoing: Each of those three keyschanges a single bit of the specifiedaddress from 1 to 0 when it ispushed. So, we would like a way toisolate the state of the middle bit (ofthe three) to test for SELECT beingpressed. No sooner said than done.In most languages, you woulduse something equivalent to this:SELECTPUSHED = NOT { PEEK(53279)AND 2)In Atari BASIC, you can do it theway I did it in Program 2. Enoughsaid?Finally, there is Program 3. Youcan not use this program by itself.You must first add all four of thesubroutines (on lines numbered 9000or greater) from Programs 1 and 2. Besure to keep those subroutines handyso they can be used by Program 3 or,I hope, by some of your own programs. (Remember, if you LIST arange of lines to disk or cassette, youcan use ENTER to merge them witha program in memory.)Program 3 is a catchall. It allows you to enter two numbersusing two (optionally) differentnumber bases. It then allows you tochoose a number base for displaypurposes and shows you the conversions of the two numbers alongwith the results of bitwise ANDingthem and bitwise ORing them. Fora thorough understanding ofbitwise operations, you mightchoose base 2 (binary) for all inputand output. Happy hacking. @Program 1: Base ConverterEI 100 REM ***** PROGRAM TODEMONSTRATEK110 REM ***** NUMBER BASECONVERSIONHH 120 REMEH130 DIM N*(40):REM (MUSTBE AT LEAST 32)HJ 140 REMJO 200 ? : ? i PRINT "BASE FORINPUT";:INPUT BASEINKE 210 PRINT "NUMBER ";HNPUT N*HJ 220 BASE-BASEIN: QOSUB 9400:DECIMAL-NCE 230 IF N

EMPX,TEMPY,MASKBH 9140 TEMPX-X1TEMPY-Y1XORY-0IMA3K-1PH9I50TEMPX-INT(TEMPX)/2iTEMPY-INT

STOutlookPhilip I, Nelson, Assistant EditorStrong Showing At Fall COMDEXAs this issue goes to press (November) the Fall COMDEX (ComputerDealer Expo) is just ending in LasVegas, with a strong showing bythe Atari ST. Atari's large exhibitwas packed throughout the show,and new products were present inabundance—including some of themature, professional-quality software that the ST will need in orderto remain viable over the long term.Here are a few highlights.PublishingDesktop publishing was a majortheme at this year's show. One ofthe strongest new entries in thisfield is Publishing Partner, a Postscript-compatible package marketed by SoftLogik (Postscript is apage-description language used bylaser printers and commercial typesetters). The program combines pagelayout, forms creation, and wordprocessing in an integrated package. Publishing Partner operates ona "what you see is what you get"basis, letting you perform page design and composition right on thescreen. You can also load NEOchromeor DEGAS graphic screensand then crop, reduce, enlarge, orsqueeze the images as needed.From Mirrorsoft in Great Britain comes the Fleet Street series ofpublishing programs. Fleet StreetEditor is designed for novice andsmall-volume users, while FleetStreet Publisher comes in two different versions aimed at the middleand high ends of the desktop publishing market. The high-end package, scheduled for mid-1987 release,is also Postscript-compatible.Graphics And SoundAegis Development is featuring Aegis Animator, styled as a "metamorphiceel animation system" for theST. This program can handle NEOchrotneimages and it supports pageflipping, color cycling, cinematic effects such as fades and wipes, andtweening, a means of creating intermediate forms to smooth the flowof animation from one frame to thenext.Digital Vision attracted lots ofattention with its Computereyescolor video digitizer. The hardwarecomponent of this $249.95 systemplugs into the ST's cartridge port.Using a slow-scan process, Computereyes can capture video imagesfrom an NTSC composite videosource such as a video camera orVCR.The Video Digitizer Expert system, scheduled as a January 1987release from MichTron, is a German import which promises a super-high 1024 X 512 resolution inaddition to the usual ST screenmodes. Another MichTron importis Sound Expert, a sound digitizerfor the ST with a claimed samplingrate of 40 kHz. (The sound digitizersends output to an internal speakerin the hardware interface ratherthan to the ST's audio output—apossible limitation.)EntertainmentIn the games category, Jez San'sStar Glider, distributed by Firebird,is still one of the hottest tickets intown. Flight simulator fans will beglad to hear that SubLOGIC nowoffers Flight Simulator 11 for the ST,Amiga, and Macintosh. The 16-bitversions of this popular programfeature greatly improved graphicsand several functions not availableon 8-bit versions. Multiple viewingwindows let you watch your progress from more than one vantagepoint at a time, and the programsupports a multiplayer option thatallows two ST owners to "fly together" if their computers arelinked through the modem port.HardwareAtari continues to keep major hardware projects under wraps, but itdid show its new SX212 modem, aHayes-compatible 300/1200 bpsunit to be priced under $100. Inaddition to a standard RS-232 connector (for the ST) the modem hasan extra connector for pluggingdirectly into any eight-bit Atarimachine as well.Another attractive hardwareproduct is The Monitor Box fromJNL Technologies, which convertsthe ST's video output to standardcomposite video. This $59.95 deviceallows you to connect any ST to aTV, composite monitor, or VCR.For power users, one of themore interesting utilities comesfrom Beckemeyer Development.Their Hard Disk Accelerator software works in the background andspeeds up hard-disk access by afactor of 100-300 percent throughthe use of a caching system in RAM.Aegis Development2U5Pico Blvd.Santa Monica, CA 90405Beckemeyer Development Tcols478 Santa Clara Ave.Oakland, CA 94610Digital Vision14 Oak St., Suite 2Needham, MA V2192Firebird LicenseesP.O Box 49Ramsey, NJ 07446JNl Technologies3460 Harold St.Oceanside, NY U 572MichTron576 S. TelegraphPontiac, Ml 48053MirrorsoftMaxwell House74 Worship St.London EC2A 2ENSoftLogik4129 Old BaumgartnerSt. Louis, MO 63129SubLOGIC713 Edgebrook Dr.Champaign, 1L 6182076 COMPUTE! February 1987

AmigaViewSheldonLeemonThe Latest Amiga ProductsI just returned from the Second Annual Amiga Developers' Conferencesponsored by Commodore-Amiga,a three-day gathering of those wholive, breathe, eat, and sleep Amiga.It's impossible to describe everything so I'll just touch on the finaleight hours, the Faire, where developers showed their products.On the hardware side, Computer System Associates was showing its Turbo Amiga expansion box,containing a 68020 microprocessorrunning at 14MHz with 512K or 16-bit static RAM and a 68881 mathcoprocessor. Benchmarks showedthis $5000 system to be five timesas fast as a VAX-11/780, when running a program compiled with Absoft's68020 Fortran 77 compiler(Absoft's Microsoft BASIC compiler, which should be ready soon,was also shown). The Turbo Amigaeven ran an ABASIC version of thetest program faster than the PC/ATwith math coprocessor could run aFortran version.There were a number of manufacturers showing hard disks andRAM expansion modules (at last). CLtd. (formerly CardCo) was showing the first under-$1000 20-megabytehard drive. Microbotics andByte by Byte had 20-meg unitswhich were a little more costly, andXebec, a well-known maker of IBMPC hard disk controllers, wasshowing off a very attractive $89510-megabyte hard disk as well as a$1295 20-meg version.RAM ExpansionThere was even more activity in theRAM-expansion field. C Ltd. offered a $500 1-megabyte card, andASDG had a 2-meg board in a smallcard cage which allows a RAM diskto survive a warm reboot. PacificCypress was showing the XpanderII, a 2-meg box for $700. Microbotics brought the Starboard II, a512K 2-meg expansion module,with a socket for a multifunctionboard containing a clock/calendar,68881 coprocessor socket, and reset-protection for the RAM disk.And Alegra was showing its $350512K expander. All of these unitsauto-configure, which means thatwhen using the 1.2 operating system (which was officially releasedduring the conference) the systemautomatically recognizes the extramemory at power-on time. Exceptfor the Alegra, all pass on the expansion bus, and all of them workwith one another. Though notshown, the U.S. distributor had flyers for the Alphatron internal 1-meg expansion. This $350 Germanboard mounts inside the Amiga,and plugs into the 68000 socket.So many outstanding productswere shown that it's hard to singleany out, but Tim Jennison's Digi-View video digitizer and DigiPaintsoftware deserve special mention.This low-budget, high-quality system has been living in the shadow ofA-Squared's unreleased frame grabber, since it takes about half a minute to capture a color picture whileLive! is reported to capture about 20frames a second. But the quality ofimages captured by the Digi-Viewsystem is outstanding, the product isconstantly being improved throughsoftware upgrades, and it's available. The latest hi-res program digitizes a color image in 640 X 400resolution with 16 colors (if youhave 1.5-meg of memory). By theway, A-Squared once again showedLive! and though much delayed, it'sby no means down for the count.New Music SoftwareThe long wait for powerful musicsoftware appears to be almost over.Electronic Arts' Deluxe Music Construction Set, due any day, is anexcellent note-entry system according to the fortunate few who haveused it. And Mimetic's Pro MidiStudio software has been substantially improved, making it an impressive keyboard-entry system.The best part is that both use IFFmusic files, so they can trade databack and forth. Aegis surprised everyone by announcing that it haspicked up the long-delayed Musicraftprogram, and will be releasingit as Sonix. The enhanced packagenow features support for IFF filesand MIDI instruments.EA also is ready to release Deluxe Paint II, which marks yet another giant step forward. Among itsoutstanding features are perspective fill, anti-aliasing, and displayscreens up to 1008 X 1008 for thoseblessed with extra memory. It alsoallows the user to change easilybetween resolution modes, and willconvert the picture in memory tothe new resolution.Product AwardsOn the final night of the conference, the First Amiga Users Group(FAUG) held a banquet, and gaveout awards for outstanding Amigaproducts. Electronic Arts won themost awards, but a partisan programmers' crowd gave the secondbiggest round of applause to JimGoodnow II for his Aztec C compiler (Jim said that he was just gladthat EA didn't write compilers). Thebiggest hand of the evening went toFred Fish, who took upon himselfthe burden of collecting and distributing free software for the Amiga.Fred's compilation of programs andsource code has become a vital resource for Amiga programmers andusers alike. Information about thecontents of the 40 Fish disks can befound on many bulletin boards andinformation services.If nothing else, this gatheringof a couple hundred determinedAmiga fans showed that the machine has attracted enthusiasticsupport among developers, andthat those developers are busytranslating that enthusiasm into exceptional products for the Amiga.®February 1987 COMPUTEI 77

The World Inside the Computerred C'lgnozio, Associote EditorMaking Movies With Print Shop And Magic Slate"I don't belong here!" cried theteacher, shaking her head andfrowning. "My principal made mecome to this course to learn wordprocessing. But this isn't a computer course at all."As I looked around the room, Ihad to agree with her. I had takenover the elementary school's libraryto conduct my summer workshopson how to set up a multimediaclassroom. There were computers.But they were dwarfed by an arrayof other high-tech equipment whichsurrounded them. There were electronic keyboards, tape decks, turntables, huge stereo speakers andamplifiers, video cameras, tripods,VCRs, and boom boxes. The roomwas littered with stacks of videotapes, audio cassettes, boxes ofdisks, and record albums. Dozensof gray and black cables snakedtheir way across the floor. On thewalls were colorful Print Shop banners proclaiming, "Fred's Multi-Media Sandbox" and "Imagination,Creativity, and Storytelling."The room was a twenty-firstcenturystreet bazaar raucous withexotic, high-tech sounds.Beatles music blared from onespeaker, punctuated by helicopternoises and the gut-thumping vibrations from a temple gong producedby a synthesizer. One teacher haddigitized her voice and was playingit back on our Mirage samplingkeyboard: "Welcome ... Well ....Well... Well... Welcome ... to Fred'ssandbox," she sang—in a chorus ofvoices accompanied by a marimbaand a hammer dulcimer.20-Column WordProcessingI agreed with the disgruntled teacher that she had perhaps been sent tothe wrong workshop. "Look, Cherry," I said optimistically, "Now thatyou're here, let's try to make thebest of it."I steered her over to one of theworkshop's several Apple computers, sat her down, and got her started using the Magic Slate wordprocessor from Sunburst Communications. Since she had never useda computer before, I chose the wordprocessor's 20-column mode. Only20 letters fit on a line, and each ofthe letters is really big. In 20-column mode, it was easy to fill anentire screen quickly.I left Cherry searching for letters on the keyboard and went tohelp a teacher who was trying toplug her computer into a VCR. Forthe next half-day I was so busy Ididn't even think about how Cherrywas doing.The next morning while I wastraining a teacher on Brederbund'sFantavision program, someonegrabbed me, spun me around, andgave me a bear hug. It was Cherry!But she was smiling—delirious,even. "Come with me," she said,taking my hand and pulling meover to her computer. "See whatI've done!"We went over to her computerand looked at the screen. She hadwritten a wicked-witch story calledGundala—all on one screen. "That'smy daughter, Gundala," she said,beaming. "What do you think?"A New MovieBefore I could answer, one of myother teachers, Mike Roberts, said,"Let's set it to music." "And we canvideotape it," said another teacher."And Cherry can read it aloud,"suggestedanother.In five minutes the teachershad it all arranged. Mike madehaunted-house sounds on the Yamaha DX100 keyboard. Beverleyshot the Apple picture screen withthe video camera, and Cherry satright beneath the camera readingher story aloud. Beverley was sosmall she had to stand on a chairwhile she did the videotaping.We turned off all the lights,played back the tape, and watchedour little movie on the library's TV.It was great! The big, bright MagicSlate letters appeared on the TVscreen as if they were floating in ablack, nighttime sky. Mike's musicwas spooky and funereal. AndCherry had really hammed it upwhen she read the story.We all applauded Cherry, andshe stood up and took a little bow."Now that I know word processing,"she said, "I want to learn Print Shop."I had to make a phone call, so Iassigned another teacher to workwith Cherry for a while.I returned to the room 45 minutes later. "How's everything go....""Silence!" shouted Mara, a kindergarten teacher from Cahaba HeightsCommunity School. "We're tapingCherry's Print Shop movie."Cherry's Print Shop MOVIE? Iwondered. I groped my way intothe darkened room and sat down inone of the kid-sized library chairs.There at the front of the library,centered in a bright spotlight, wasCherry. Over her head, taped toone of the bookshelves, was a PrintShop sign. "Fun in the sun!" it said."Cherry Norman." In the middlewas a happy little sun, peeking outof a cloud and grinning.Our workshop had gotten offto a rocky beginning. Cherry hadled a revolt among several of theteachers who had corne to theworkshop expecting a basic primeron computers, keyboards, andword processing. I had visions ofthe whole workshop collapsingeven before it got started.But once Cherry began creating stories, poems, and movies onMagic Slate and Print Shop, she wason a roll. And the other teachersfollowed her. It was amazing to seehow much progress they made inonly two days. ©78 COMPUTEI February 1987

Computers and SocietyDavid D. Thornburg, Associate EditorDemons And Events, Part 1The feature of the Macintosh thathas attracted the most attention isits user interface—menus, mice,windows, dialog boxes, and all theother distinguishing features of thiscomputer have now taken theirplace in the lexicon of most computer users.Features that were introducedto the public on the Macintosh havenow appeared on numerous othercomputers as well. One can hardlywalk past a display of Atari, Commodore, Apple II, or IBM computers without seeing some aspects ofa highly visual user interface.Apple's commitment to this interface is so complete that the AppleIlGS contains ToolBox routines tofacilitate the creation of Mac-likeprograms.But just as the Macintosh looks"different" from the user's perspective, it also looks different from theprogrammer's perspective. Programming for computers like theMacintosh is very different fromprogramming for other computers.If the user interface of this computer is changing the way we usecomputers, it may well change howwe program them as well.ComputationalMetaphorsEvery programming language supports a computational metaphor.For example, LISP programs aresets of functions to be evaluated,PROLOG programs are sets oftheorems to be proved, Pascal programs are sets of commands to becarried out, and so on. The reasonwe have so many different kinds ofprogramming languages is becausedifferent programming tasks arebetter expressed in one metaphorthananother.But metaphoric differencesaside, programs in most languagesconsist of strings of text containingsequences of instructions to be carried out by the computer. In manylanguages the order of program execution is the same as the order of theinstructions in the program. Whenthe user wants to change the order(by calling a subroutine, for example) a special branching instruction is explicitly invoked to causethe program to jump from one set ofinstructions to another set.Event-Driven ProgramsThere is another model of programconstruction that works differently:It breaks a program into two parts.The first part is a traditional program that is executed unconditionally. The program also includes thedefinition of other parts of the program (collected subroutines) thatare executed whenever certaineventsoccur.In other words, if you wantedto have a subroutine executedwhenever a joystick button washeld down, you would include aline somewhere in your programindicating that, whenever the button is pressed, the program is tostop whatever it is doing at thattime and execute another routineinstead. This command lets the program know that, in addition to itsother tasks, it is to check for a "button" event. Let's pretend that, lateron, the program starts to draw acomplex picture on the screen.While it is drawing this picture, youdecide to press the joystick button.As soon as you do, the programautomatically detects this "event"(without being "told" to by a special instruction) and execution isautomatically transferred to a subroutine. Once this routine is finished, control is returned to theoriginal picture-drawing task.This is the programming modelthat is used in creating programs forthe Macintosh, although I first encountered it with Atari Logo.Atari Logo (for the Atari 800and 400 computers) has a specialfeature called a WHEN demon. AWHEN demon is a special objectthat continuously monitors thecomputer, looking for any of 21special events to occur. Wheneverone of these events takes place, thedemon associated with the eventexecutes its own set of Logo instructions, no matter what other instructions or procedures are being usedat the time. When these demon instructions are finished and theWHEN condition is no longer satisfied, Logo goes back to doing whatever it was doing before the WHENdemon was activated.Demon programs can bethought of as sets of code that arejust lying asleep in the computerwaiting for a certain condition tobecome true. Whenever the condition is satisfied, the appropriateroutine wakes up, does its task, andthen goes to sleep again. Each demon procedure is independent ofthe others and is executed onlywhen its chosen condition or eventoccurs.Notice how different this isfrom our traditional method of programming. Normally, if we wantedto test for a certain number ofevents, we would write a programthat spent the bulk of its time in aloop checking for each event on acase-by-case basis.'Next month we'll explore thistopic some more by taking apart aMacintosh program—"peering under the hood," so to speak—to seejust what it is that makes programsfor this computer appear to be soresponsive to the whims of theuser.Dr. Thornburg's most recent productis Calliope, a nonlinear idea processor for the Apple lie, c,GS, Macintosh, and MS-DOS computers. Hewelcomes letters from readers and canbe reached in care of this magazine.®February 1987 COMPUTEI 79

The Beginner's PageC. RegenaThe RESTORE StatementLast month we talked about READand DATA statements. A oftenused associated statement is RESTORE, which can be used withREAD and DATA. RESTORE forcesthe computer to start READing thevery first item in the first DATAstatement in the program. You thuscan reuse DATA statements if necessary. Here is a simple example:10 READ A,B,C20 DATA 2,4,3,8,2,730 PRINT A + B+C40 READ D,E50 PRINT D'E60 ENDWhen this program is run, line10 reads data (from line 20) for thevariables A, B, and C. A will equal2, B will be 4, and C will have thevalue 3. Line 30 prints the sum.Line 40 is another READ statementwhich reads the next two data itemsfor D and E. D will have the value 8and E will be 2. Line 50 prints theproduct. (Remember that you canput the DATA statement of line 20anywhere in the program and theresults will be the same.)Now add a line:35 RESTOREThis line says to restore the data, orto start the list of data items overagain with the very next READstatement. This time the values forD and E will be 2 and 4 because thedata pointer starts with the veryfirst data item in the program.Restoring DATA LinesMany versions of BASIC evenallow you to RESTORE a certaindata line. For example, RESTORE200 means "With the very nextREAD statement encountered, startthe data with the DATA statementin line 200." This feature makesprogramming with DATA statements much easier because you canmake sure the READ statementsstart with certain DATA statements. It's particularly helpful inlong programs with many DATAstatements.The RESTORE statement neednot appear right next to the READstatement. It simply resets the datapointer.Here is a way you can makeuse of DATA, READ, and RESTORE. Write a short program toread numbers for musical note values, and then play those notes.Place this in a subroutine at line900. An example for the Atari STmight be:900 FOR C = l TO X910 READ NOTE,OCTAVE920 SOUND 1,15,NOTE,OCTAVE,10930 NEXT C940 RETURNNow in your main programyou can have DATA statementscontaining numbers for musicalphrases. The variable X in this example is the number of notes in thephrase. Using RESTORE you canplay phrases more than once without retyping DATA statements. Forexample:100 X=35110 GOSUB 900120 DATA ...(numbers for music)130 DATA ...(more note numbers)140 DATA ...(more note numbers)150X = I4160 RESTORE 130170 GOSUB 900180 X=7190 RESTORE 140200 GOSUB 900210 RESTORE220 GOSUB 900230 ENDFirst, X is set to 35, and thesubroutine will read and play 35notes from the data starting at line120. Line 160 says to start the dataover beginning with line 130. Fourteen notes will be played—a chorus,for example. Line 190 then says tostart the data over with line 140 andplay 7 notes—repeating a musicalphrase. Line 210 says to restore thedata completely, or to start with thevery first line of data. The value ofX is still 7, so 7 notes will be playedand the rest of the data will beignored.Selecting Items FromA ListComputers which use line labelspermit a RESTORE to target a particular label. For example, RESTORE UTAH tells the computerthat with the very next READ statement start the data with the linelabeled UTAH. The data might beinformation used by the program todraw the state using numbers forgraphic coordinates.RESTORE is also used if youhave lots of information and thecomputer is supposed to select particular items from a list. Supposeyou have names, addresses, phonenumbers, and codes in data statements for a list of clients. You canfirst read each item and print onlythose with a certain zip code. Next,you can RESTORE the data, thenread each item, and print only thosewith a certain phone prefix. Another time you could RESTORE thedata, then read each item, and printonly those with a certain code. Youcan let the computer do the work ofsearching through information inone data list and save your havingto write several different programs.This should get you started onunderstanding programs withDATA, READ, and RESTOREstatements. You might not evenconsider yourself a beginner anymore if you can manipulate DATAstatements, but I hope to see youagain next month. ®80 COMPUTEI February 1987

RUSH POSTAGE-PAID CARDFOR YOUR FREE CATALOGCOMPUTER ELECTRONICS iraining prepares youto service all computers as you build your own 16-bitIBM PC compatible computer. Toial system praoiamincludes disk drive, lest equipment, bundled software, and NR! Discovery Lab.TV/VIDEO/AUDIO SERVICING Includes trainingwith a state-of-the-art 27" high resolution broadcastsjereo TV (or leaning troubleshooting and professional bench techniques.SATELLITE ELECTRONICS training gives youthe skills to service both consumer and commercialsatellite earth station equipment as you assembleyour own home satellite TV system.ROBOTICS training features remote-controlled,mobile, fully programmable robot you build, experiment with, and keep along witb other test equipment.NameStreet(Please Print)AgeCHECK&ONESend me your free catalogon NRI Training in:D□□Computer ElectronicsTV/Video/Audio ServicingRoboticsD Satellite ElectronicsD Digital Electronics ServicingD Data CommunicationsDElectronic DesignTechnologyG Industrial Electronicsn Communications ElectronicsD Basic ElectronicsD Building Construction andRemodeling□Automotive Servicing□ Small Engine Servicing□Electrician□ Air Conditioning, Heating,and RefrigerationD Locksmithing and ElectronicSecurity□D□nTelephone ServicingAppliance ServicingPhotographyBookkeeping and AccountingCityStateZipAccredited by the National Home Study Council 198-027For career courses approvedunder G.I. Bill f. Chock lor details.

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Train with NRI for a high payingcareer servicing computers.DIGITAL MULTIMETER-Pmfesstona] lest Instrumentfar quick and easymeasurements.LESSONS—Clear, well illustratedtexts build your understandingof computers step-by-slep.CPU doubie-siikd disk drive,236K RAM, 4.77 MHz and 8MHz turbo speed.MONITOR-High resolution,green screen displays, crisptext and graphics.TECHNICAL MANL'Al-S—with complete specs onSanyo computer andprofessional programs.DISK SOKTWAREincludingMS-DOS. CWBASIC. WordStar,and CalcStar.DISCOVERY LAB-Usinfl it.you construct and teslcircuits Hku those usedwith computers.panalyzing digitalcircuit operation.Get started now by building thisfully IBM PC compatible computerNow you get it all... training for America'sfastest growing career opportunity...training to service all computers...training on the newest total computersystem, the Sanyo 880. Only NRI can giveyou the well-rounded training you need,because only NRI gives you a completecomputer system.. .computer, monitor,disk drive, software, even test instrumentslike a digital multimeter and logic probe towork with and keep. It all adds up totraining that builds the knowledge,competence, and ability you need tosucceed as a computer service specialist.Get inside the newest, fully IBM PCcompatible Sanyo MicrocomputerAs an NRI student, you'll get totalhands-on training as you actually buildyour own latest model Sanyo 880 Seriescomputer from the keyboard up. It's fullyIBM PC compatible and, best of all, itruns programs almost twice as fast as anIBM PC. As you assemble the Sanyo 880,you '11 perform demonstrations andexperiments that will give you a totalmaster}7 of computer operation andservicing techniques. You'll do programming in BASIC language—even run andinterpret essential diagnostic software.Understanding you get onlythrough experienceYou need no previous knowledge tosucceed with NRI. You start with thebasics, rapidly building on the fundamentals of electronics with bite-size lessons.You perform hands-on experiments withyour NRI Discovery Lab and then moveon to master advanced concepts likedigital logic, microprocessors, andcomputer memories.Learn at home in your spare timeYou train in your own home at your ownconvenience, backed at all times by yourown NRI instructor and the entire NRIstaff of educators and student sendeesupport people. They're always read}' togive you guidance, follow your progress,and help you over the rough spots to keepyou moving toward your goal.100 page free catalog tells more...send todaySend the postage-paid reply card todayfor NRI's 100 page catalog that gives allthe facts about computer training pluscareer training in robotics, data communications, TV/audio/video servicing, andmany other fields. Ifthe card is missing,write to NRI atthe addressbelow.SCHOOLSMcGraw-Hill Continuing Education Center3939 Wisconsin AvenueWashington. DC 20016ErfflWe'll give you tomorrow I ■ 1! I

TelecomputingArlan R. LevitanTodayNew Products And Improved ServicesLife in the fast lane for telecomputersno longer requires a Ferrarilevelmachine. At last November'sCOMDEX show in Las Vegas, U.S.Robotics introduced the $995 Courier HST, an external 9600-bps modem, designed for use on standarddial-up telephone lines. In highspeed mode, the HST actually usestwo communications channels, onea 9600-bps and the other a 300-bpsdata channel. The high-speed channel direction is automatically assigned according to data-flowdemand. The 9600-bps channel isdesigned for fast downloading anduploading of files, and the lowspeedchannel is suitable for manualdata entry and error-control coding.Confusing? Not really. Consider what the "typical" user of a BBSor information service usually does.Downloading or uploading files isusually a lopsided affair, with mostof the data moving in one direction.The only data traffic sent to a BBSwhile a user is downloading a file ischecksum or other error-detectioninformation, often only one or twobytes of data per received block.Depending on the protocol beingused, the ratio of received to sentdata is somewhere in the range of100:1 to 1000:1. Dividing the limited bandwidth of the phone line intoa high- and low-speed channelmakes perfect sense.Dynamically assigning the9600-bps channel should also workwell for reading and responding tomessages on BBS message basesand information service SIGs. Thehigh-speed channel will end up being assigned to the slew of messages that most users peruse. If theuser wishes to reply to a message orreply to a prompted response, the300-bps channel's maximum rate of300 words per minute can still outrun even the speediest typists.The HST also supports standard 300-, 1200-, and 2400-bps operation. It is equipped withnonvolatile memory for storing settings and phone numbers, and usesa superset of the Hayes "AT" command set. At 9600 bps, the modemuses a proprietary error and flowcontrolprotocol that's an enhancedversion of MNP (Microcom Networking Protocol).In all fairness, don't expect thecommercial information services tojump on the HST bandwagon. Atthis point, most of the interestseems to be coming from the sysopsof privately operated BBSs. As ithas in the past, U.S. Robotics isoffering special purchase terms forsystem operators of popular bulletin board systems.For more information, contactU.S. Robotics, 8100 North McCormickBlvd., Skokie, IL 60076, (312)982-5010.PC Pursuit ExpandsSpeaking of other high-speed surprises, CompuServe raised morethan a few eyebrows last November when it removed connect-timepremiums for 2400-bps service.Subscribers now pay the same ratefor both 1200- and 2400-bps connections ($12.50 an hour, nonprimetime).GTE Telenet has announced amajor expansion of its PC PursuitService. The addition of 11 newservice areas by the end of 1986will almost double PCP's coverage.Modem mavens can add access toremote systems in Portland (areacode 503), San Jose (408), Glendale(818), Phoenix (602), Milwaukee(414), Minneapolis (612), Tampa(813), Miami (305), Cleveland(216), Salt Lake City (801), andNorth Carolina's Research TrianglePark (919).Pursuit has also started offering direct access to selected publicmulti-user BBSs on a trial basis. Thesystems involved charge a yearlysubscription fee (usually $25) forunlimited access and offer extensive download libraries. If the trialis successful we may see publicBBSs on the PC Pursuit networkputting even more pressure on thecommercial services.Pursuit has also announceddelayed implementation of their2400-bps service to March of '87.Implementation was originally announced for this past fall, but insiders at PCP say it may take well intothe summer to work out noise andthroughput problems that are beingencountered in developing the higher speed service. For more information on PC Pursuit, call the PCPbulletin board at 1-800-835-3001.Trintex In Trouble?CBS has ended its involvement inthe Trintex videotex project. Announced in 1984, Trintex was ajoint venture of CBS, Sears Roebuck, and IBM. Earlier this yearTrintex officials announced that itwould forgo a text-based information system in favor of a graphics-based system using theNAPLPS (North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax) standard. Two other graphics-basedsystems, Knight-Ridder's Viewtronand Times Mirror's Gateway, folded early in 1986.IBM maintains that it has madesignificant enhancements toNAPLPS that will make it moreacceptable to the consumer market.Although the new service is supposed to debut in 1988, Sears is saidto be getting cold feet as well andmay soon pull out. ©82 COMPUTE! February 1987

PersonalComputingDonald B. irivetteThe CD-ROMs Are ComingSix years ago, when I bought anIBM PC, it came with two state-ofthe-artfloppy disk drives. A floppyback then was single-sided andheld 180,000 characters of information—a lot, I thought. Two yearslater 180,000 bytes didn't seem likeso much and I replaced one of thesingle-sided drives with two halfheightfloppy drives—each capableof reading and writing double-sideddisks. At that point, the three driveshad a total capacity of 900,000 bytes.Last year I replaced the old singlesidedfloppy drive with a half-heighthard disk. Capacity: 20 million bytes.In November I upgradedagain. To my six-year-old computerI added a storage device that wasn'teven dreamed of in 1981. The Compact Disc-Read Only Memory, better known as a CD-ROM, has acapacity of half a billion characters.The CD-ROM player is smallerthan its musical counterpart, although the electronics are almostidentical. The unit I connected tomy PC is a free-standing SonyCDU-100, about the size of a telephone-answering machine. Sonyalso makes a reader that slips rightinto one of the PC's disk cavities.The computer compact disc isidentical to the 4.7-inch audio variety that records 60 minutes of music and has become the salvation ofthe record industry. Both record adigital "message" of zeros andones, called lands and pits, on oneside of the shiny aluminum platter.But unlike a floppy disk which hasdata recorded in concentric tracks,the CD records information on acontinuous spiral track similar to aconventional phonograph record.Unrolled it would cover more thanthree miles; on the disc it packs to adensity of 16,000 tracks per inch.Bacterium-SizedBitsThe high density is possible because the CD-ROM is an opticaldevice, not magnetic. The disc isrecorded at the factory with a laserby burning pits about the size of abacterium into the disc's surface.CD-ROM disc advantages include its low production cost—Sony says less than $1 per hundred—and its staggering capacity.The 550 million bytes available ona disc make the equivalent of 1500double-sided floppies or approximately 275,000 manuscript pages.One disc can store the equivalent of1000 books. And one disc could,and will, contain the telephone directories for an entire region of thecountry. Someday we may have anational telephone book recordedon three or four CD-ROMs. Onceyou understand the capacity of aCD-ROM, you begin to appreciatethe complexity of converting musicto a digital format: It takes theequivalent of 152,000 characters toproduce one second of music; anhour of music uses the entire halfbillioncharacters of a disc.One of the first home applications of CD-ROM technology is theAcademic American Encyclopediapublished by Grolier. This 20-volume reference set takes morethan two feet of shelf space in paperform, but fits nicely on a CD. Infact, the entire encyclopedia alongwith a huge index to speed upsearches uses less than 20 percentof the disc's capacity—four moreencyclopedia sets could be placedon this same CD.In order to use the encyclopedia, you first load the informationretrievalsoftware from a floppydisk into the PC. This works justlike loading any computer software. Once the retrieval program isrunning, you can use a variety ofsearch terms to find one, or dozensof articles on a topic. In less thanten seconds you can examine everyword in the entire encyclopedia.It's a delight to use. I enteredSURFING as a search word and infour seconds found there were 20occurrences in six articles: 1 each inthe Beach Boys, Hawaii, periodical,rock music, and skateboarding articles, and 15 in the article on surfing.By moving the cursor to one ofthese topics and pressing a functionkey—the program operates frommenus and function keys—I canhave the article displayed on myscreen. And by pressing anotherfunction key, I can have the articleprinted. I can even press a key andlook at an outline of the article—aby-product of the extensive indexingsystem.Special SearchesSearches that would be impossiblewith a conventional encyclopediatake only a few seconds. By modifying the search conditions to selectonly articles where the word BORNappears within five words of JAN 31,I looked for people with whom Ishare a common birthday. Thirtyseconds later the computer found 34notables, ranging from Andre Antoine,a French theater director bomin 1858, to James G. Watt, secretaryof the interior from 1981 to 1983.The Grolier Academic AmericanEncyclopedia sells for $199 and theSony CD-ROM player is about$900 (but as low as $600 in quantity.) Volume and competition aresure to bring these prices down.About 18,000 CD-ROM discs wereproduced in 1986; industry sourcesestimate that more than 12 millionwill be produced in 1990.And even now, it's technicallypractical to mix still-video, sound,and text on the same disk. Imaginean unabridged dictionary on a CD-ROM. Look up Beethoven, press akey, and hear a passage from hisFifth Symphony. Look up respiratory, press a key, and hear the correct pronunciation. Press anotherkey, and hear the word spoken inFrench. In German. In Chinese.

News & ProductsSylvia Porter Series: SwiftaxTimeworks has announced the releaseof Swiftax, the third volume in its SylviaPorter Personal Finance Series for theApple II, IBM, and Atari ST computers.Produced jointly by the editors ofSylvia Porter's Personal Finance Magazine and Timeworks, Swiftax enablesyou to prepare and complete the 1986Federal income tax returns without priorknowledge of accounting or computers.■J$^V

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COMPUTERS GuideTo Typing In ProgramsComputers are precise—type the program exactly as listed, including necessary punctuation and symbols, exceptfor special characters noted below. Wehave provided a special listing convention as well as a program to check yourtyping—"The Automatic Proofreader."Programs for the IBM, TI-99/4A,and Atari ST models should be typedexactly as listed; no special charactersare used. Programs for Commodore,Apple, and Atari 400/800/XL/XEcomputers may contain some hard-toreadspecial characters, so we have alisting system that indicates these control characters. You will find theseCommodore and Atari characters incurly braces; do not type the braces. Forexample, {CLEAR} or {CLR} instructsyou to insert the symbol which clearsthe screen on the Atari or Commodoremachines. A complete list of these symbols is shown in the tables below. ForCommodore, Apple, and Atari, a singlesymbol by itself within curly braces isusually a control key or graphics key. Ifyou see {A}, hold down the CONTROLkey and press A. This will produce areverse video character on the Commodore (in quote mode), a graphics character on the Atari, and an invisiblecontrol character on the Apple.Graphics characters entered withthe Commodore logo key are enclosedin a special bracket: \

key (Atari logo key on 400/800 models).Whenever more than two spacesappear in a row, they are listed in aspecial format. For example, {6SPACES} means press the space bar sixtimes. Our Commodore listings neverleave a single space at the end of a line,instead moving it to the next printedline as {SPACE}.Amiga program listings containonly one special character, the left arrow (*■) symbol. This character marksthe end of each program line. Whereveryou see a left arrow, press RETURN ormove the cursor off the line to enterthat line into memory. Don't try to typein the left arrow symbol; it's there onlyas a marker to indicate where each program line ends.The AutomaticProofreaderType in the appropriate program listedbelow, then save it for future use. TheCommodore Proofreader works on theCommodore 128, 64, Plus/4, 16, andVIC-20. Don't omit any lines, even ifthey contain unfamiliar commands oryou think they don't apply to your computer. When you run the program, itinstalls a machine language program inmemory and erases its BASIC portionautomatically (so be sure to save several copies before running the programfor the first time). If you're using aCommodore 128, Plus/4 or 16, do notuse any GRAPHIC commands whilethe Proofreader is active. You shoulddisable the Commodore Proofreaderbefore running any other program. Todo this, either turn the computer off andon or enter SYS 64738 (for the 64), SYS65341 (128), SYS 64802 (VIC-20), orSYS 65526 (Plus/4 or 16). To reenablethe Proofreader, reload the programand run it as usual. Unlike the originalVIC/64 Proofreader, this version worksthe same with disk or tape.On the Atari, run the Proofreadeito activate it (the Proofreader remainsactive in memory as a machine language program); you must then enterNEW to erase the BASIC loader. Pressing SYSTEM RESET deactivates theAtari Proofreader; enter PRINTUSR(1536) to reenable it.The Apple Proofreader erases theBASIC portion of itself after you run it,leaving only the machine language portion in memory. It works with eitherDOS 3.3 or ProDOS. Disable the AppleProofreader by pressing CTRL-RESETbefore running another BASIC program.The IBM Proofreader is a BASICprogram that simulates the IBM BASICline editor, letting you enter, edit, list,save, and load programs that you type.Type RUN to activate. Be sure to leaveCaps Lock on, except when typing lowercase characters.Once the Proofreader is active, trytyping in a line. As soon as you pressRETURN, either a hexadecimal number(on the Apple) or a pair of letters (on theCommodore, Atari, or IBM) appears.The number or pair of letters is called achecksum.Compare the value displayed onthe screen by the Proofreader with thechecksum printed in the program listing in the magazine. The checksum isgiven to the left of each line number.Just type in the program a line at a time(without the printed checksum), pressRETURN or Enter, and compare thechecksums. If they match, go on to thenext line. If not, check your typing;you've made a mistake. Because of thechecksum method used, do not typeabbreviations, such as ? for PRINT. Onthe Atari and Apple Proofreaders,spaces are not counted as part of thechecksum, so be sure you type the rightnumber of spaces between quotemarks. The Atari Proofreader does notcheck to see that you've typed the characters in the right order, so if charactersare transposed, the checksum stillmatches the listing. The CommodoreProofreader catches transposition errors and ignores spaces unless they'reenclosed in quotation marks. The IBMProofreader detects errors in spacingand transposition.IBM Proofreader CommandsSince the IBM Proofreader replaces thecomputer's normal BASIC line editor, ithas to include many of the direct-modeIBM BASIC commands. The syntax isidentical to IBM BASIC. Commandssimulated are LIST, LLIST, NEW,FILES, SAVE, and LOAD. When listingyour program, press any key (exceptCtrl-Break) to stop the listing. If youenter NEW, the Proofreader promptsyou to press Y to be especially sure youmean yes.Two new commands are BASICand CHECK. BASIC exits the Proofreader back to IBM BASIC, leaving theProofreader in memory. CHECK worksjust like LIST, but shows the checksumsalong with the listing. After you havetyped in a program, save it to disk.Then exit the Proofreader with theBASIC command, and load the program as usual (this replaces the Proofreader in memory). You can now runthe program, but you may want to resaveit to disk. This will shorten it ondisk and make it load faster, but it canno longer be edited with the Proofreader. If you want to convert an existingBASIC program to Proofreader format,save it to disk with SAVE "filename",A.Program 1: AtariProofreaderBy Charles Brannon, Program Editor100 GRAPHICS 0110 FDR I»1536 TD 1700:READ AsPOKE I,A:CK=CK+A:NEXT I120 IF CKO19072 THEN ? "Errar in DATA Statements. Check Typing.":END130 A=USR140 7 : ? "Automatic Proofreader Now Activated."150 END160 DATA 104,160,0,185,26,3,201,69,240,7170 DATA 200,200,192,34,208,243,96,200,169,74180 DATA 153,26,3,200,169,6,153,26,3,162190 DATA 0,189,0,228,157,74,6,232,224,16200 DATA 20B,245,169,93,141,78,6,169,6,141210 DATA 79,6,24,173,4,228,105,1,141,95220 DATA 6,173,5,228,105,0,141,96,6,169230 DATA 0,133,203,96,247,238,125,241,93,6240 DATA 244,241,115,241,124,241,76,205,238250 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,32,62,246,8,201260 DATA 155,240,13,201,32,240,7,72,24,101270 DATA 203,133,203,104,40,96,72,152,72,138280 DATA 72,160,0,169,128,145,8a,200,192,40290 DATA 208,249,165,203,74,74,74,74,24,105300 DATA 161,160,3,145,88,165,203,41,15,24310 DATA 105,161,200,145,8B,169,0,133,203,104320 DATA 170,104,168,104,40,96Program 2: IBM ProofreaderBy Charles Brannon, Program Editor10 'Automatic Proofreader Version 3.0 (Lines 205,206 added/190 deleted/470,490 changEd from V2.0)100 DIM L*(500),LNUMSOSUB 640:KEY (15) ON:GOT0 130120 RESUME 130130 DEF SEG=&H40:W=PEEK(&H4A>140 ON ERROR GOTO 650:PRINT:PRINT"ProofreaderReady."150 LINE INPUT L*:Y=CSRLIN-INT(LEN(L*)/W)-1:LOCATE Y,1160 DEF SEG=0:POKE 1050,30:PDKE 1052,34:POKE 1054,0:POKE1055,79:POKE1056,13:PDKE1057,28:LINE INPUT Lt:DEFSESsIF LS=IM' THEN 150170 IF LEFT»(L*,1)=" " THEN L*=MID*(L*,2):G0T0 170February 1987 COMPUTEI 87

100 IF VAL(LEFT*(L*,2)) =0 ANDMID*(L»,3,1)=" " THEN L»=MID*(L*,4)200 IF ASC(L*)>57 THEN 260 'noline number, there-fore command205 BL=INSTR(L*," "):IF BL=0 THEN BL*=L*:G0T0 206 ELSE BL*«LEFT*(L*,BL-1)206 LNUM=VAL(BL*):TEXT*=MID*(L»,LEN(STR*(LNUM))+ 1)210 IF TEXT*=M" THEN GDSUB 540:IF LNUM=LNUM(P) THEN GDSUB 560:GOTO 150 ELSE 150220 CKSUM=0:FOR 1=1 TO LENtL*):CKSUM=(CKSUM+ASC(MID*(L*,I))*I> AND 255:NEXT:LOCATEY,I SPRINTCHR*(65+CKSUM/16)+CHR*(65+(CKSUM AND 15))+" "+L*230 GOSUB 540:IF LNUM(P)=LNUMTHEN L*(P>=TEXT*:GOTO 150'replace1ine240 GOSUB 580:GOTO 150 'inserttheline260 TEXT*="":FOR 1=1 TO LEN(L*):A=ASC(MID*(L*,I)>:TEXT*=TEXT*+CHR*CA+32*96 ANDA,2)+" "350 IF CKFLA6=0 THEN A*="":GOT0 370360 CKSUM=0:A*=N*+L*(X):FOR 1=1 TO LEN(A*>:CKSUM=(CKSUM+ASC(MID*(A*,I>)*I) AND 255:NEXT:A*=CHR*(65+CKSUM/16)■K»R*(65+(CKSUM AND 15))+"370 PRINT #l,At+N*+L*(X)380 IF INKEY*"" THEN X=P390 NEXT :CLOSE #1:CKFLAG=0400 GOTO 130410 IF COMMAND*="LLIST" THEN 0PEN "lptl:" FOR OUTPUT AS#1:GDTO 300420 IF COMMAND*="CHECK" THEN CKFLAB=1:GOTO 290430 IF C0MMAND*O"SAVE" THEN 450440 GOSUB 600:OPEN ARG* FOR OUTPUT AS tH:ARG*="":GOTO 300450 IF C0MMAND*O"L0AD" THEN 490460 SOSUB 600:OPEN ARG* FOR INPUT AS #1:MAX=0:P=0470 WHILE NOT EOF(1):LINE INPUT #lfL*:BL=INSTR(L«," "):BL*=LEFT*(L*,BL-1):LNUM(P)=VAL(BL*>:L*(P)=MID*(L*fLEN(STR*(VAL(BL»))> +1):P=P+i:WEND480 MAX=P:CLOSE Ml:GOTO 130490 IF COMMAND*="NEWM THEN INPLJT "Erase program - Are ynu sure";L*:IF LEFT*(L*,1)="y" OR LEFT*(L*FI)="Y" THEN MAX-0:LNUM(0)=65536!:GOT0 130:ELSE 130500 IF COMMAND*="BASICI THEN COLOR 7,0,0:ON ERROR GOTO 0iCLSsEND510 IF C0MMAND*O"FILES" THEN520515 IF ARG*="" THEN flRGS="Ai"ELSE SEL=1:GOSUB 600517 FILES ARG*:GOTO 130520 PRINT>(Syntax errar":G0T0 130540 P=0sWHILE LNUM>LNUM(P> ANDP< MAX:P=P+1:UEND:RETURN560 MAX=MAX-1:FOR X=P TO MAX:LNUM(X)=LNUM(X+1):L*(X)=L*(X+l):NEXT:RETURN580 MAX=MAX+1:FOR X=MAX TO P+lSTEP -1:LNUM(X)=LNUM(X-I):L*(X)=L*(X-1):NEXT:L*(P)=TEXT*:LNUM(P)=LNUM:RETURN600 IF LEFT*(ARG*,1)OCHR*(34)THEN 520 ELSE ARG*=MID*(ARG*,2)610 IF RIGHT*(ARG«,1)=CHR*(34)THEN ARG*=LEFT*(ARG*,LEN(ARB*)-1)620 IF 5EL=0 AND INSTR(ARG*,".")=0 THEN ARG*=ARG*+".BAS"630 SEL=0:RETURN640 CLOSE ttl:CKFLAG=0:PRINT"Stopped.":RETURN 150650 PRINT "Error #";ERR:RESUME150Program 3: CommodoreProofreaderBy Philip Nelson, Assistant Editor10 VEC=PEEK{772)+256*PEEK(773):LO=43:HI=4420 PRINT "AUTOMATIC PROOFREADER FOR ";:IF VEC=42364 THEN[SPACE}PRINT "C-64"30 IF VEC=50556 THEN PRINT "VIC-20"40 IF VEC=35158 THEN GRAPHIC CLR:PRINT "PLUS/4 E, 16"50 IF VEC=17165 THEN LO=45:HI=46:GRAPHIC CLR:PRINT"128"60 SA=(PEEK(LO)+256*PEEK(HI))+6:ADR=SA70 FOR J=0 TO 166:READ BYT:POKEADR,BYT:ADR=ADR+1:CHK=CHK+BYT:NEXT80 IF CHK20570 THEN PRINT "*ERROR* CHECK TYPING IN DATASTATEMENTS":END90 FOR J=l TO 5:READ RF,LF,HF:RS=SA+RF:HB=INT(RS/256):LB=RS-(256*HB)100 CHK=CHK+RF+LF+HF:POKE SA+LF,LB:POKE SA+HF,HBsNEXT110 IF CHK22054 THEN PRINT "♦ERROR* RELOAD PROGRAM AND{SPACEJCHECK FINAL LINE":END120 POKE SA+149,PEEK(772):POKESA+150,PEEK(773)130 IF VEC=17165 THEN POKE SA+14,22:POKESA+18,23:POKESA+29,224:POKESA+139,224140 PRINT CHR$(147);CHR$(17);"PROOFREADER ACTIVE":SYS SA150 POKE HI,PEEK{HI)+1:POKE (PEEK(LO)+256*PEEK(HI))-1,0:NEW160 DATA 120,169,73,141,4,3,169,3,141,5,3170 DATA 88,96,165,20,133,167,165,21,133,168,169180 DATA 0,141,0,255,162,31,181,199,157,227,3190 DATA 202,16,248,169,19,32,210,255,169,18,32200 DATA 210,255,160,0,132,180,132,176,136,230,180210 DATA 200,185,0,2,240,46,201,34,208,8,72220 DATA 165,176,73,255,133,176,104,72,201,32,208230 DATA 7,165,176,208,3,104,208,226,104,166,180240 DATA 24,165,167,121,0,2,133,167,165,168,105250 DATA 0,133,168,202,208,239,240,202,165,167,69260 DATA 168,72,41,15,168,185,211,3,32,210,255270 DATA 104,74,74,74,74,168,185,211,3,32,210280 DATA 255,162,31,189,227,3,149,199,202,16,248290 DATA 169,146,32,210,255,76,86,137,65,66,67300 DATA 68,69,70,71,72,74,75,77,60,81,82,83,88310 DATA 13,2,7,167,31,32,151,116,117,151,128,129,167,136,137Program 4: AppleProofreaderBy Tim Victor, Editorial Programmer10 C = 0: FOR I = 768 TO 768 +68: READ A:C = C + A: POKE I,A:NEXT20 IF C < > 725B THEN PRINT "ERROR IN PROOFREADER DATA STATEMENTS":END30 IF PEEK (190 * 256) < > 76 THEN POKE 56,0: POKE 57,3: CALL 1002: GOTD 5040 PRINT CHR* (4);"IN#A*300"50 POKE 34,0: HOME : POKE 34,1:60 NEWVTAB 2: PRINT "PROOFREADERINSTALLED"100 DATA 216,32,27,253,201,141110 DATA 208,60,133,72,169,0120 DATA 72,1B9,255,1,201,160130 DATA 240,8,104,10,125,255140 DATA 1,105,0,72,202,208150 DATA 238,104,170,41,15,9160 DATA 4B,201,58,144,2,233170 DATA 57,141,1,4,13B,741B0 DATA 74,74,74,41,15,9190 DATA 48,201,58,144,2,233200 DATA 57,141,0,4,104,170210 DATA 169,141,96 ©8fl COMPUTEI February 1987

MLXMachine Language Entry ProgramFor Commodore 64Ottis Cowper, Technical Editor"MIX" is a labor-saving utility that allowsalmost fail-safe entry of Commodore 64machine language programs.Type in and save some copies of MLX—you'll want to use it to enter future machine langauge (ML) programs fromCOMPUTE!. When you're ready to enteran ML program, load and run MLX. Itasks you for a starting address and anending address. These addresses appearin the article accompanying the MLXformatprogram listing you're typing.If you're unfamiliar with machinelanguage, the addresses (and all othervalues you enter in MLX) may appearstrange. Instead of the usual decimalnumbers you're accustomed to, thesenumbers are in hexadecimal—a base 16numbering system commonly used byML programmers. Hexadecimal—hexfor short—includes the numerals 0-9and the letters A-F. But don't worry—even if you know nothing about ML orhex, you should have no trouble usingMLX.After you enter the starting and ending addresses, you'll be offered the option of clearing the workspace. Choosethis option if you're starting to enter anew listing. If you're continuing a listingthat's partially typed from a previoussession, don't choose this option.A functions menu will appear. Thefirst option in the menu is ENTERDATA. If you're just starting to type in aprogram, pick this. Press the E key, andtype the first number in the first line ofthe program listing. If you've alreadytyped in part of a program, type the linenumber where you left off typing at theend of the previous session (be sure toload the partially completed programbefore you resume entry). In any case,make sure the address you enter corresponds to the address of a line in thelisting you are entering. Otherwise, you'llbe unable to enter the data correctly. Ifyou pressed E by mistake, you can returnto the command menu by pressing RETURN alone when asked for the address.(You can get back to the menu from mostoptions by pressing RETURN with noother input)Entering A ListingOnce you're in Enter mode, MLX printsthe address for each program line foryou. You then type in all nine numberson that line, beginning with the first twodigitnumber after the colon (:). Each linerepresents eight data bytes and a checksum. Although an MLX-format listingappears similar to the "hex dump" listings from a machine language monitorprogram, the extra checksum number onthe end allows MLX to check yourtyping.When you enter a line, MLX recalculates the checksum from the eight bytesand the address and compares this valueto the number from the ninth column. Ifthe values match, you'll hear a bell tone,the data will be added to the workspacearea, and the prompt for the next line ofdata will appear. But if MLX detects atyping error, you'll hear a low buzz andsee an error message. The line will thenbe redisplayed for editing.Invalid Characters BannedOnly a few keys are active while you'reentering data, so you may have to unlearn some habits. You do not type spacesbetween the columns; MLX automatically inserts these for you. You do not pressRETURN after typing the last number ina line; MLX automatically enters andchecks the line after you type the lastdigit.Only the numerals 0-9 and the letters A-F can be typed in. If you press anyother key (with some exceptions notedbelow), you'll hear a warning buzz. Tosimplify typing, a numeric keypad is nowincorporated in the listing. The keypad isactive only while entering data. Addresses must be entered with the normal letterand number keys. The figure belowshows the keypad configuration:7 84U1JAM5I2K9B6O\ Space3L0cFP•MLX checks for transposed characters. If you're supposed to type in A0 andinstead enter 0A, MLX will catch yourmistake. There is one error that can slippast MLX: Because of the checksum formula used, MLX won't notice if you accidentally type FF in place of 00, and viceED/versa. And there's a very slim chance thatyou could garble a line and still end upwith a combination of characters thatadds up to the proper checksum. However, these mistakes should not occur ifyou take reasonable care while enteringdata.Editing FeaturesTo correct typing mistakes before finishing a line, use the INST/DEL key todelete the character to the left of thecursor. (The cursor-left key also deletes.)If you mess up a line really badly, pressCLR/HOME to start the line over. TheRETURN key is also active, but onlybefore any data is typed on a line. Pressing RETURN at this point returns you tothe command menu. After you type acharacter of data, MLX disables RETURNuntil the cursor returns to the start of aline. Remember, you can press CLR/HOME to quickly get to a line numberprompt.More editing features are availablewhen correcting lines in which MLX hasdetected an error. To make corrections ina line that MLX has redisplayed for editing, compare the line on the screen withthe one printed in the listing, then movethe cursor to the mistake and type thecorrect key. The cursor left and right keysprovide the normal cursor controls. (TheINST/DEL key now works as an alternative cursor-left key.) You cannot moveleft beyond the first character in the line.If you try to move beyond the rightmostcharacter, you'll reenter the line. Duringediting, RETURN is active; pressing ittells MLX to recheck the line. You canpress the CLR/HOME key to clear theentire line if you want to start fromscratch, or if you want to get to a linenumber prompt to use RETURN to getback to the menu.Display DataThe second menu choice, DISPLAYDATA, examines memory and shows thecontents in the same format as the program listing (including the checksum).When you press D, MLX asks you for astarting address. Be sure that the startingaddress you give corresponds to a linenumber in the listing. Otherwise, thechecksum display will be meaningless.MLX displays program lines until itreaches the end of the program, at whichpoint the menu is redisplayed. You canpause the display by pressing the spacebar. (MLX finishes printing the currentline before halting.) Press space again toFebruary 1987 COMPUTE! 89

estart the display. To break out of thedisplay and get back to the menu beforethe ending address is reached, pressRETURN.Other Menu OptionsTwo more menu selections let you saveprograms and load them back into thecomputer. These are SAVE FILE andLOAD FILE; their operation is quitestraightforward. When you press S or L,MLX asks you for the filename. You'llthen be asked to press either D or T toselect disk or tape.You'll notice the disk drive startingand stopping several times during a loador save. Don't panic; this is normal behavior. MLX opens and reads from orwrites to the file instead of using theusual LOAD and SAVE commands. Diskusers should also note that the driveprefix 0: is automatically added to thefilename (line 750), so this should not beincluded when entering the name. Thisalso precludes the use of @ for Savewith-Replace,so remember to give eachversion you save a different name.Remember that MLX saves the entire workspace area from the starting address to the ending address, so the saveor load may take longer than you mightexpect if you've entered only a smallamount of data from a long listing. Whensaving a partially completed listing, makesure to note the address where youstopped typing so you'll know where toresume entry when you reload.MLX reports the standard disk ortape error messages if any problems aredetected during the save or load. (Tapeusers should bear in mind that Commodore computers are never able to detecterrors during a save to tape.) MLX alsohas three special load error messages:INCORRECT STARTING ADDRESS,which means the file you're trying toload does not have the starting addressyou specified when you ran MLX; LOADENDED AT address, which means the fileyou're trying to load ends before theending address you specified when youstarted MLX; and TRUNCATED ATENDING ADDRESS, which means thefile you're trying to load extends beyondthe ending address you specified whenyou started MLX. If you see one of thesemessages and feel certain that you'veloaded the right file, exit and rerun MLX,being careful to enter the correct starlingand ending addresses.The QUIT menu option has the obvious effect—it stops MLX and entersBASIC. The RUN/STOP key is disabled,so the Q option lets you exit the programwithout turning off the computer. (Ofcourse, RUN/STOP-RESTORE also getsyou out.) You'll be asked for verification;press Y to exit to BASIC, or any other keyto return to the menu. After quitting, youcan type RUN again and reenter MLXwithout losing your data, as long as youdon't use the clear workspace option.The Finished ProductWhen you've finished typing all the datafor an ML program and saved your work,you're ready to see the results. The instructions for loading and using the finished product vary from program toprogram. Some ML programs are designed to be loaded and run like BASICprograms, so all you need to type isLOAD "filename",B for disk or LOAD"filename" for tape, and then RUN. Suchprograms will usually have a startingaddress of 0801, for the 64. Other programs must be reloaded to specific addresses with a command such as LOAD"filename",8,1 for disk or LOAD "filename",1,1 for tape, then started with aSYS to a particular memory address. Onthe Commodore 64, the most commonstarting address for such programs is49152, which corresponds to MLX address C000. In either case, you shouldalways refer to the article which accompanies the ML listing for information onloading and running the program.An Ounce Of PreventionBy the time you finish typing in the datafor a long ML program, you may haveseveral hours invested in the project.Don't take chances—use our "AutomaticProofreader" to type the new MLX, andthen test your copy thoroughly before firstusing it to enter any significant amount ofdata. Make sure all the menu optionswork as they should. Enter fragments ofthe program starting at several differentaddresses, then use the Display option toverify that the data has been enteredcorrectly. And be sure to test the Saveand Load options several times to ensurethat you can recall your work from diskor tape. Don't let a simple typing error inthe new MLX cost you several nights ofhard work.MLX For Commodore 64SS 10 REM VERSION 1.11 LINES 830,950 MODIFIED, LINES 485-487 ADDEDEK 100 POKE 56,50:CLR:DIM IN?,I,J,A,B,AS,BS,A(7),N$DM 110 C4=48:C6=16:C7=7:Z2=2:Z4=254:Z5=255:26=256:Z7=.127CJ 120 FA=PEEK(45)+Z6*PEEK{46):BS=PEEK{55)+Z6*PEEK{56)iH$="0123456789ABCDEF"SB 130 R$=CHRS(13) :LS = "(LEE-Tj"rS$=" ":DS=CHR$(20):ZS=CHR$(0):TS="[13 RIGHT]"CQ 140 SD=54272sFOR I=SD TO SD+23:POKE I,0:NEXTsPOKElSPACE}SD+24,15;POKE 788,52FC 150 PRINT"(CLR)"CHR$(142)CHR$(8):POKE 53280,15:POKEJ .160FR 170JB 180GF 190PRINT TS" {RED}[RVSj[2 spaces}|e @3{2 SPACES}"SPC(28)"{2 SPACES}lOFFj{BLU} MLx II {redHrvs}{2 SPACESJ"SPC(28)"112 SPACES} {BLU}1'PRINT"{3 DOWNj13 SPACESjCOMPUTEi'S MACHINE LANGUAGE EDITOR13 DOWNj"PRINT"{BLK)STARTING ADDRESSE43";:GOSUB300 i SA=AD:GOSUB1040:IF F THEN180PRINT"[BLKJ[2 SPACES)ENDING ADDRESSM3"; :GOSUB300:EA=AD:GOSUB1030:IF(SPACEjF THEN190KR 200 INPUT"I 3 DOWN}(BLKjCLEAR WORKSPACE [Y/N]£4|";A?:IF LEFT?(A?,1)"Y"THEN220PG 21.0 PRINT"[2 DOWN}[BLU]WORKING...";:FORI=BS TO BS+EA-SA+7:POKE I,0:NEXT:PRINT"DONE"DR 220 PRINTTAB(10)"(2 DOWN){BLKjtRVSi MLX COMMAND{SPACE]MENU {DOWNJE43":PRINT TS"{RVS}ElOFF]NTER DATA"BD 230 PRINT T$"{RVS]D{OFFjlSPLAY DATA":PRINT T$"{RVSjLlOFFjOAD FILE"JS 240 PRINT T$"{RVS]S[OFF}AVEFILE":PRINT TS"{RVSjQ{OFFjUITU DOWN} {BLK}"JH 250 GET AS:IF A$=N$ THEN250HK 260 A=0:FOR 1=1 TO 5:IF A$=MIDS("EDLSQ",I,1)THEN A=1:1=5PD 270 NEXT:ON A GOTO420,610,690 , 700,280:GOSUB1060:GOTO250EJ 280 PRINT"[RVS} QUIT ":INPUT"{DOWN}|43ARE YOU SURE[Y/N]";A$:IF LEFT?(A$,1)"Y"THEN220EM 290 POKE SD+24,0iENDJX 300 IN$=N$:AD=0:INPUTIN5:IFLEN(IK$)< > 4THENRETURNKF 310 BS=INSsGOSUB320:AD=AjB5=MID$(IN?,3):GOSUB320:AD=AD*256+A:RETURNPP 320 A=0:FOR J=l TO 2:A$=MIDS(B$,J,1)iB=ASC(A$)-C4+(A$>"@")*C7:A=A*C6+BJA 330 IF B!5 THEN AD=0:A=-liJ=2GXCH340350NEXT:RETURNB=INT(A/C6):PRINT MID$(HS,B+1,1);:B=A-B*C6:PRINT MIDS(HS,B+1,1);iRETURNRR 360 A=INT(AD/Z6):GOSUB350:A=AD-A*Z6:GOSUB350:PRINTBE 370 CK=INT{AD/Z6):CK=AD-Z4*CK+Z5*(CK>Z7):GOTO390PXJC380390CK=CK*Z2+Z5*(CK>Z7)+ACK=CK+Z5*(CK>Z5):RETURNQS 400 PRINT"(DOWN}STARTING AT£43";:GOSUB300iIF IN$N? THEN GOSUB1030:IF F{SPACEJTHEN400EX 410 RETURNHD 420 PRINT"{RVS] ENTER DATA{SPACE}"iGOSUB400:IP IN$=NS THEN220JKSK430440OPEN3,3:PRINTPOKE198,0:GOSUB360:IF FE 53281,1590 COMPUTE! February 1987

THEN PRINT IN?iPRINTM{UP][5 RIGHT}";GC 450 FOR 1=0 TO 24 STEP 3:B$=S?:FOR J=l TO 2:IF F THEN B$=MID$(IN$,I+J,1)HA 460 PRINT"[RVS}"B?L$;:IF I"/"ANDA$"@"ANDA$EA THEN CLOSE3:PRINT"{DOWN}{BLU}** END OF ENTRY **{BLK}{2 DOWN]":GOTO700F=0:GOTO440PRINT"{CLR]{DOWN]{RVS]I SPACE)DISPLAY DATA ":GOSUB400:IF IN?=N$ THEN220PRINT"{DOWNj{BLU}PRESS:tRVS}SPACE{OFF} TO PAUSE, {RVS}RETURN{OFF} TOKS 630 GOSUB360:B=BS+AD-SA:FORI=BTO B+7:A=PEEK(I):GOSUB350:GOSUB380:PRINT S$CC 640 NEXTjPRINT"{RVS}";:A=CK:GOSUB350:PRINTKH 650 F=l:AD=AD+8:IF AD>EA THENPRINT"{DOWN]{BLU}** END OF DATA **":GOTO220KC 660 GET A$:IF A$=R? THEN GOSUB1080:GOTO220EQ 670 IF A§=S$ THEN F=F+1:GOSUB1080AD 680 ONFGOTO630,660,630CM 690 PRINT"{DOWN][RVS] LOADISPACEjDATA ":OP=1:GOTO710PC 700 PRINT"{DOWN]{RVS] SAVE1 SPACE}FILE HiOP=0RX 710 IN?=N$iINPUT"[DOWN]FILENAMEg43"?IN$:IF IN$=N${SPACE}THEN220PR 720 F=0:PRINTH{DOWN}lBLK]{RVS]T{OFF}APE OR {RVS]D{OFF}ISK: 643";FP 730 GET A$:IF A$="T"THEN PRINT"T[DOWN]":GOTO880HQ 740 IF A$"D"THEN730HH 750 PRI NT "D{ DOWN} ":OPEN.15,8,15,"10:H:B=EA-SA:IN?="0:"+IN?:IF OP THEN810SQ 760 OPEN l,8,8,IN$+",p,W":GOSUB860:IF A THEN220FJ 770 AH-INT(SA/256):AL=SA-(AH*256):PRINT#1,CHR$(AL);CHR$(AH);PE 780 FOR 1=0 TO B:PRINT#1,CHR${PEEK(BS+I));:IF ST THEN800FC 790 NEXT:CLOSE!:CLOSE15:GOT0940GS 800 GOSUB1060:PRINT"[DOWN}{BLKjERROR DURING SAVE:§4§":GOSUB860:GOTO220MA 810 OPEN 1,8,8,IN?+",P,R":GOSUB860JIF A THEN220GE 820 GET#1,A$,B?:AD=ASC(A$+Z$)+256*ASC(B$+ZS)iIF ADSA THEN F=1:GOTO850RX 830 FOR 1=0 TO B:GET#l,A$tPOKE BS+I,ASC(A?+Z?)iIF(IB)AND ST THEN F=2:AD=I:I=BFA 840 NEXT:IF ST64 THEN F=3FQ 850 CLOSE!:CL0SE15:0N ABS(F>0)+l GOTO960.970SA 860 INPUT#15,A,A$:IF A THENCLOSE1 ICLOSE.15 [GOSUB1060:PRINT"{RVS]ERROR: "A$GQ 870 RETURNEJ 880 POKE183,PEEK(FA+2):POKE187,PEEK(FA+3):P0KE188,PEEK(FA+4)iIFOP=0THEN920HJ 890 SYS 63466:IF(PEEK(783)AND1)THEN GOSUB1060:PRINT"{DOWN]{RVS} FILE NOT[SPACE]FOUND ":GOTO690CS 900 AD=PEEK(829)+256*PEEK(830)iIF ADOSA THEN F=l:GOTO970SC 910 A=PEEK(831)+256*PEEK{832)-liF=F-2*(AEA):AD=A-ADiGOTO930KM 920 A=SA:B=EA+1:GOSUB1010:POKE780,3:SYS 63338JF 930 A=BS:B=BS+(EA-SA)+1 jGOSUB1010:ON OP GOTO950:SYS 63591AE 940 GOSUB1080:PRINT"(BLU}**SAVE COMPLETED **":GOT0220XP 950 POKE147,0:SYS 63562:IF{SPACE}ST>0 THEN970FR 960 GOSUB1080:PRINT"{BLU}**LOAD COMPLETED **":GOT0220DP 970 GOSUB1060:PRINT"tBLK}{RVSjERROR DURING LOAD:(DOWN}E43":ON F GOSUB980,990,1000:GOTO220PP 980 PRINT"INCORRECT STARTING ADDRESS (";:GOSUB360:PRINT")":RETURNGR 990 PRINT"LOAD ENDED AT "j:AD=SA+AD:GOSUB360:PRINTD$!RETURNFD 1000 PRINT"TRUNCATED AT ENDINGADDRESS":RETURNRX 1010 AH=INT(A/256)iAL=A-(AH*256):POKE193,AL:POKE194, AHFF 1020 AH=INT(B/256):AL=B-(AH*256):POKE174,AL:POKE175,AH:RETURNFX 1030 IF ADEA THEN1050HA 1040 IF(AD>511 AND AD49151 AND AD niooucu fouk comivutioki orHUUHItS TO CHOOM fflOM.■ *.N* ILtCUIl Of ■ULS.O UNO HUHXn C ' HU PKOOIUintED.. PWHTf OUT P*II LOTTO HWrttMOMWN.PUT COUPUIIH riC" JEIPHER..1M0 HUHBIK DIUWrmaucHCT i i-.i. IMKDOU HIiaK* OI««MTO« IMCIJMDStreil"WindowHl-SESOLLTION DRAWING IN MULTI OB MONO COLORCOM ■ HMKXt. PIP. UO KWUM miOOWlflu. ■ BOH! •"■■■■ * -■'-■- TO -■--*.! VIILIB(, . UVf UO lO'D rou« MBIW OH P1Inu« ■ mm on iiuiDMB ooi mim mm*co.oa >ouu» ■ aon sjio> «"■ n-'tiTTtU L 1111 HI UO Wl";iF^'î.lilHÎKi'":.' tMlfeNK JU(D"OTATI.TMfHlt*¥HIOOU PLOI-DMW OK W HfUMO H1HOOH »hD tcl« Dun■uat j*STOCKPROFITS CLARANTf:tD ORYOL'R MONEY BACK■HIM OOOO MUJIt. KOUTU ItHJfi AMIUHM TMi TUMI trim KU HAVE 10U niLL'MVUTED AT Tt

When you want to talk computers.HOME COMPUTERS. MULTIFUNCTION CARDS. PRINTERS.Atari Computers520ST Monochrome System $619.00520ST Color System 789.001040ST Color System 999.00800XL 64K Computer 69.9965XE 64K Computer 89.99130XE 132K Computer 129.00Atari Peripherals1010 Cassette Drive 49.991020 Color Printer 29.991050 Disk Drive 129.00835 300 Baud Modem 24.99850 Atari Interface 109.00M301 300 Baud Modem 39.99XM801 80-Column Printer 179.00XM804 ST Printer 169.00ICD PR Connection 59.99Commodore ComputersCommodore-64C 64K Computer.. 199.00Commodore-64 64K Computer 169.00Commodore-64 Package System.479.00Commodore-128 128K Computer.269.00Commodore-128 Package System759.00Amiga 1000 256K Computer 849.00Commodore Peripherals1530 Data Cassette 34.991660 Commodore Modem 59.991670 Commodore Modem 139.001541 Disk Drive 189.001541C Disk Drive 199.001571 Disk Drive 249.001802 Color Monitor 189.001902 Color Monitor 299.00Amiga 1010 3Vfe" Ext. Drive 229.00Amiga 1020 51/4" Ext. Drive 199.00Amiga 1080 RGB Monitor 269.00C128 512K Expansion Board 179.00PPI Parallel Printer Interface 34.99Xetec S/Graphix 8K 69.99Micro R&D MW350 44.99AT&T 6300 from $1699.00Compaq from $1699.00Cordata from $899.00IBM-PC from $1099.00IBM-XT from $1699.00IBM-AT from $2699.00Leading Edge from $999.00Speiry from $1299.00Zenith from $999.00ASTSix Pak Plus PC/XT $169.00Six Pak Premium PC/XT 349.00Advantage-AT 128K 339.00EverexEV-221 Evergraphics Mono 139.00EV-640 Edge Card 259.00HerculesColor Card 159.00Graphics Card Plus 209.00Fifth GenerationLogical Connection 256K 299.00IDEAssociatesIDE-5251 Local Emulator 579.00IntelIntel Above Boards Call8087, 80872, 80287. 802878 CallParadiseModular Graphics Card 269.00QuadrantQuad Ega+ Graphics Adapter339.00Silver Quadboard 239.00Expanded Quadboard 119.00VIDEO 7EGA Deluxe 389.00ZuckerboardColor Card w/Parallel 89.99Monochrome Card w/Parallel 99.99576K Memory Card 59.99DRIVES.Allied TechnologyApple Half-Heights 109.00CMSDrive Plus 20MB Internal Card....399.00EverexStream 20 20MB Tape-Backup....669.00Genie Technology210 H 10 + 10 subsystem 1749.00IndusAtari GT Disk Drive 199.00Commodore GT Disk Drive 199.00IomegaA220H 20 + 20 Bernoulli Box 2499.00Irwln110 D 10MB Tape backup 369.00Mountain ComputerDrive Card 20MB Internal Card...659.00Racore Jr. EnhancementsJr. Expansion Chassis w/DMA 319.00SeagateST-225 20MB w/Controller 399.00CanonLBP-8A1 Laser, 8 Page/Min $1899.00CitizenMSP-10 160 cps, 80-Column 319.00MSP-15 160 cps, 132-Column 419.00MSP-20 200 cps, 8K Buffer 349.00MSP-25 200 cps, 132-Column 539.00Premier 35 35 cps Daisywheel....499.00C.rtoh8510-SEP Epson/IBM 80-Column Call310-SEP Epson/IBM 80-Column CallCordataThe Desktop Printshop Laser 2199.00DiabloModel 635 RO Daisywheel 895.00EpsonLX-86 120 cps, 9-Wire Printhead.239.00FX-85 160 cps, 80-Column CallFX-286 160 cps, 132-Column CallEX-800 300 cps, 80-Column CallLQ-800 180 cps, 24-Wire Printhead..CallLQ-2500 324 cps, 24-Wire PrintheadCallJuki6500 50 cps Daisywheel Call6100 10 cps Daisywheel Call5510C Color Dot Matrix CallNECP5, P6, P7 Pinwriter Series Call3550 35 cps Spinwriter 779.008850 55 cps Spinwriter $1099.00OkidataML-182 120 cps, 80-Column 219.00ML-192 160 cps, 80-Column 319.00ML-193+ 200 cps, 132-Column CallML-292 200 cps, 80-Column CallML-293 200 cps, 132-Column CallPanasonicKX-1080i 120 cps, 80-Column 219.00KX-1092 180 cps, 7K Buffer 339.00KX-1592 180 cps, 132-Column 439.00Star MicronicsLV-1210 120 cps, 80-Column 189.00SG-10C 120 cps, C64 Interface... 199.00NX-10 120 cps, 80-Column 219.00SG-15 120 cps, 132-Column 379.00Texas InstrumentTI-855 150 cps, 80-Column 599.00TI-865 150 cps, 132-Column 749.00ToshibaP321 216 cps, 24-Pin Printhead...479.00P341 216 cps, 24-Pin Printhead...589.00P351 288 cps, 24-Pin Printhead. 1049.00COMPUTER MAIL ORDER

When you want to talk price.AmdekMONITORS.Video 310A Amber TTL $149.00Video 410A Amber TTL 159.00Color 722 RGB, CGA/EGA 499.00Magnavox8CM515 RGB Monitor-BO 289.007BM623 PC Monitor-80 99.99NEC12" TTL Green or Amber 129.00JC-1401P3A Multi-Sync In StockPrinceton GraphicsMAX-12 12" Amber TTL 169.00HX-12 12" Color RGB 429.00HX-12E 12"RGB/EGA 499.00Quadram8460 Quadchrome Enhanced 499.00Taxan640 12" Hi-Res RGB 529.00TeknikaMJ-22 13" RGB/Comp. Hi-Res....279.00ZenithZVM-1230 12" Green Composite...99.99ZVM-1330 13" Color/RGB 459.00■IAnchorMODEMS.6480 C64/128 1200 Baud $119.00Omega 80 Amiga 129.00VM520 ST520/1040 1200 Baud...139.00Expressi PC-1200 Half Card 149.00EverexEvercom 1200 Baud Internal 129.00HayesSrnartmodem 300 External 139.00Smartmodem 1200B Internal 359.00Smartmodem 24O0B Internal 539.00Practical PeripheralsPractical Modem 1200 External...169.00QuadramQuadmodem II 1200 Baud 299.00SupraMPP-1064 AD/AA C64 69.991200AT 1200 Baud Atari 149.00mMaxellMD-1 SS/DD 51/4" $9.99MD-2 DS/DD 5V4" 12.99MD-2HD Hi-Density 5V4" 24.99VerbatimDISKETTES.VE-1 SS/DD 5V4" 7.99AnsaSOFTWARE.Paradox $459.00AshtonTated-Base III + 429.00Framework II 429.00BorlandReflex 99.99Lightening/Word Wizard 99.99Central Point SoftwareCopy II PC 24.99PC Option Board 84.995th GenerationFastback 89.99Funk SoftwareSideways 44.99IMS!Optimouse w/Dr. Halo 119.00lUS-SorcimGeneral Ledger 299.00Supercalc IV 319.00Super Project Plus 299.00LEfetreeVolkswriter III 159.00LotusLotus 1-2-3 329.00Symphony 439.00MecaManaging Your Money 119.00MicroProWordstar 2000 Plus 299.00Wordstar Prof. w/GL Demo 189.00MicrohmR:Base System 5 339.00MicrosoftMicrosoft Word 3.0 289.00Microsoft Mouse 129.00MicrostufCrosstalk XVI 89.99Remote 89.99Muttlmate InternationalMultimate 3.3 269.00Multimate Advantage 319.00Advantage Keyboard 279.00Norton SoftwareNorton Ultilities 3.1 49.99Software Publishing GroupPFS: Professional Write 129.00PFS: Professional File 159.00Clickart Personal Publisher 129.00Harvard Professional Publisher 439.00The Software GroupEnable 369.00C M Only!PC-TOOPC-XT Compatible360K Floppy Drive .256K RAM exp. S/IQQto 640K T^ÊpsonHomewriter-10C M Only!Dot Matrix Printer(w/purchase of PIC)C M Only!U.S. Robotics1200 BaudInternal ModemCM Only!{Free Tractor)LimitedTime)$99Multitech13" ColorComposite Monitor H49C M Only!Satellite SystemsWord PerfectWordProcessorC M Only!CMS20 MB InternalHard Drivew/Controller *379C M Only!Atari 520ST512K Computerwith Atari 12"Monochrome Monitor $619CommodoreC M Only!Amiga 1000 512KComputer w/Amiga1080 RGB Monitor $1199In the U.S.A. and in CanadaCall toll-free: 1-800-233-8950.Outside the U.S.A. call 717-327-9575 Telex 5106017898Educational, Governmental and Corporate Organizations call toll-free 1-800-221-4283CMO. 477 East Third Street, Dept. A202, Williamsport, PA 17701ALL MAJOR CREDIT CARDS ACCEPTED.POLICY: Add 3% (minimum S7.00) shipping and handling. Larger shipments may require additional charges. Personal and company checks require 3 weeksto clear. For faster delivery use your credit card or send cashier's check or bank money order. Pennsylvania residents add 6% sales tax. All prices are U.S.A.prices and are subject to change and all items are subject to availability. Defective software will be replaced with the same item only. Hardware will be replacedor repaired at our discretion within the terms and limits of the manufacturer's warranty. We cannot guarantee compatibility. All sales are final and returned shipmentsare subject to a restocking fee.

ClassifiedSOFTWAREMacBible KJV. O&N test (text) 512+. $100.For Mac, IBM-PC & C64. Books of the Bible +Old & New Test Quiz + Bible Pursuit. $30.Lewis Enterprises (405) 794-3953Rt 14, Box 45, Moore, OK 73165FANTASTIC DAILY NUMBER FORECASTER!Not a R/N Gen. Guaranteed! Str. Hits.C/64, Ap, IBM, Atari. 1 Drive. OH add 5%SASE for info. $42.95 on Disk only to:Z-Way, PO Box 9017-C, Canton, OH 44711If you'd like information on the latest version ofyour software, please call or write: BatteriesIncluded Customer Support, 30 Mural St.,Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada L4B 1B5(416) 881-9816COMMODORE: TRY BEFORE YOU BUY.Best selling games, utilities, educational,+ classics and new releases. 100's of titles.Visa/MC. Free brochure. RENT-A-DISC,Frederick Bldg. #345, Hunt'n, WV 25701(304) 529-3232FREE APPLE SOFTWAREOver 1000 Public Domain Programs on 50diskettes. $5 each plus SI for shipping per order.Send $1 for catalog. 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Steve Karasek, 855Diversey, St. Louis, MO 63126, (314) 961-2052BUY ONE GET ONE FREE. It's you against1 to 6 other players and/or the computerin TANKGRID. Play via modems againstfriends anywhere in the U5A. Includes aquarterly national users list for $30.00& TELE-CHESS. IBM, Tandy 4 Commodore64/128. Mental Imagery, PO Box 2072; Pontiac,MI 48056. (313) 332-8600FREE HARDWARE/SOFTWARE CATALOG!XT Clone $895 and up, AT Clone $1995 and up.Call (201) 781-1902 or (800) 654-1318Shamrock Computers, PO Box 311,Peapack, NJ 07977 (Tue-Fri 9 to 5)10,000 WORD DICTIONARY DISKDictionary Disk for SPEED5CRIPT© on C64.(REQUIRES SPEEDCHECK©) FREE Utilitiesincluded. To order send check/m.o. for $8.50 to:BLENMAN ENTERPRISES, 254 East 94 5t.,Brooklyn, NY 11212 ©COMPUTE! Publicjtioni, Inc.GET THIS DISK and be busy with yourcomputer for endless hours. Very effectivein taking time and making money. Once youget this you're a future man. To Order:Send $10 to: A.B.S.M., P.O. 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Colo* Ada 52 pos' /honOF MC/VlSA/COOiaccepted Free information SOFTWABE EXCHANGE. Boi 5362CP. W Bloomfieia. Ml 48033 QdeiS 1-BCO-527-W7COMPUTEI Classified is a low-cost way to tell over 350,000microcomputer owners about your product or service.Rates: $25 per line, minimum of four lines. Any or all of the first line set in capital letters at no charge, Add $15 per line for boldface words, or $50 for the entiread set in boldface (any number of lines.) Inquire about display rates.Terms: Prepayment is required. Check, money order, American Express, Visa, orMasterCard is accepted. Make checks payable to COMPUTE! Publications.Form: Ads are subject to publisher's approval and must be either typed or legiblyprinted. One line equals 40 letters and spaces between words. Please underlinewords to be set in boldface.General Information: Advertisers using post office box numbers in their ads mustsupply permanent address and telephone numbers. Ad will appear in next available issue after receipt.Closing: 10th of the third month preceding cover date (e.g., June issue closesMarch 10th). Send order and remittance to: Harry Blair, Classified Manager,COMPUTE!, P.O. Box 5406, Greensboro, NC 27403. To place an ad by phone,call Harry Blair at (919) 275-9809. rNotice: COMPUTE! Publications cannot be responsible for offers or claims ofadvertisers, but will attempt to screen out misleading or questionable copy.94 COMPUTEI February 1°87

THE LOWESTTHE BESTPRICESSERVICEELECTRONIC ONE*PHONELINES10-6 E.S.T.OPENM-FCALL C614J 864-9994 • P.O. Box 13428 • COLUMBUS. OHIO 43213SOFTWAREPRINT SHOP 24.99PRINTSHOP COMP 23.99GRAPHICLIB 13.99PAPERCUPW/SPELL 26.99GEOS 36.99PRINT MASTER 24.99GRAPHIC SCRAPBOOK 19.99PAPER CLIP II 44.99FAST LOAD 19.99MACH5 19.99MACH128 25.99BETTEH WORKINGWORD PROW/TURBO ... 29.99TAG TEAM WRESTLING . 17.99BARD'S TAIL 22.99FOOTBALL(E.A.) 9.99STRIKE FORCE COBRA 17.99ZP1LOT 17.99commodoreSUPER LOW,HARDWAREC128 COMPUTER 249.9964C{W/GEOS) 159.991541 C 169.991902 A 259.991B02CMONITOR 179.991702MONITOR 169.99COMMODORE 1200BAUDMODEM 119.99128k RAM UPGRADE (C128) .. .94.99512k RAM UPGRADE (C128) . .139.99HES MODEM 18.99. .XETEC JR. INTERFACE 34.99XETECSR. INTERFACE .. 52.99CARTRIDGE PORT ADAPTER .12.99M-1 MOUSE 29.99HARDWARE ACCESSORIES FOR ATARI COMMODOREPRINTERSSTARNX10 199.99STARNX10C 219.99STARLU1210 159.99STARSG10C 179.99PANASONIC 1081J 189.99PANASONIC 1091i 249.99SEIKOSHA 1000VE(BUILT IN C64 INTERFACE). 169.99SEIKOSHA 1000A(ALL OTHER COMPUTERS). .169.99CITIZEN 1200 159.99MONITORS'NAP(GREENORAMBER) .. .59.99HITACHI 13" COLOR 169.99SAMPO13"COLOR 159.991702 COLOR 14" 169.991802CCOLOR13" 179.99■PLEASE SPECIFY SYSTEMWHEN ORDERINGTUNER BY MAGNAVOX64"LOW PRICESAatariHARDWAREATARI 800XL 69.99ATARI65XE 79.99ATARM30XE 112.99ATARI 1050 DISK DRIVE 112.99ATARt 1027 PRINTER 99.99ATARI 1020 PRINTER 26.99ATARI XM 801 PRINTER 174.99ATARI XM 804 PRINTER 174.99ASTRA (DISK DRIVE) 249.99INDUSG.T 174.99HARDWARE ACCESSORIESSUPRA 1150 INTERFACE . . . .39.99XETEC INTERFACE 39.99MICROPRINT 26.99USDOUBLER 44.99XM301 MODEM 33.99RAMBOXL 36.99RTIME8 42.99U.S.DOUBLERW/ODOS S6.99M.P.P. MODEM 34.99MICROSTUFFER 48.99PR CONNECTION 51.99ATARI 850 INTERFACE 99.99ELECTRONIC ARTS FOOTBALL. . 9.99HARDBALL 18.99MAILORDER MONSTER 9.99MICRO LEAGUE BASEBALL ...19.99SILENT SERVICE 19.99ELECTRONIC ONEATARI130XECOMPUTERATARI1050COMPUTER112"112"ATARI65XE 79"PLUS4 CARTSPLUS - FREE W/PURCHASESTAR RAIDERS...DEFENDERMUSIC COMPOSER . . . POPEYESOFTWAREPRINTSHOP 24.99PRINTSHOP COMPANION 23.99GRAPHICLIB 13.99. .PAPERCLIP 34.99ATARI WRITER PLUS .24.99SYNFILE 27.99SYNCALC 27.99SYN TREND 9.99SYN STOCK 9.99ATARI LABSTAHTERSET 22.99ACTION 43.99BASIC XE 43.99BASIC XL 33.99MACH65 43.99OSS/TOOL KIT 16.99COMPUTER BASEBALL 9.99KATEKA .' 18.99FLIGHT NIGHT LEADER 18.99CALL C6I4J 864-9994 OR WRITEP.O. BOX 13428 COLUMBUS. OHIO 43213SPECIAL LOW . . . LOW . . . LOW PRICES IN THIS ADALL SPECIAL PRICES END MARCH 10, 1987 . . . COMPARE,DISKETTESMAXELL 3V S/SD/O 11.99/10... 8W" D/S D/D... 14.99MAXELL5V-" S/S D/D 6.99/10.. .5«" D/S D/D ... 8.99SONY 3'A" S/S D/D 11.99/10.. .3'/;" D/SD/D... 14.99SONY 5V." S/S DID 6.99/10 ... B»" D/S D/D . . 8.99NASHUA3Vi" S/S D/D 11.99/10 ... 3'A" O/SD/D ... 13.99NASHUA 5V." S/S D/D 5.99. .-SW" D/S/D/D ... 6.99ELEPHANT5V.'1 S/S D/D 7.99 . .. 5V«" D/S D/D ... 8.99GENERIC S/S D/S 5V*'\.HARDWARESOFTWAREFRANKLINIBMCOMMODOREAPPLEAMIGAAMICAATARI 2600, 7800 ATARI 8-BITNINTENDOATARI STSEGANINTENDOATARI 8 BIT SEGAATARI ST INTELUVISIONATARI VIDEO GAME..29CEACHA ATARIS.T.ATARI 520 STCOMPUTER SISTER• KEYBOARD• S/S DISK DRIVE■ COLOR MONITOR 76800Bffl SYSTEM 59S00 WITH SAME SOFTWARE DEALATARI SH204 HARD DRIVES - 20 MEG 569.@@PLUS3 PIECESOF SOFTWARE(OUR CHOICE)A BONUS OFAT LEAST SBO RETAILCALL FOR TITLESATARI SF314 DBL SIDED DRIVES J89@@ST SOFTWAREST SOFTWAREHARRIER STRIKE MISSION .. .29.99STCOPY 17.99FLIGHT SIMULATORSPACE QUEST..29.99.29.99STAR RAIDERSSUNDOG17.9919.99TWO ON TWO BASKETBALL . ..24.99EASYDRAW 89.99SILENT SERVICEROGUE. . .PRINT MASTER . .JOUST21.9922.9922.99.14.99DEGAS 12.99BRATACCUS 24.99THUNDER 22.99THEPAWN 24.99HOW TO ORDER: CASHIER CHECK. MONEY ORDER, MASTERCARD" OR VISA* (ADD 4% FOR CHARGE CARDS) ... NO PERSONAL CHECKS ... NO C.O.D.'S . SHIPPEDU.P.S ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.SHIPPING: ADD $3.00 ON ALL ORDERS UNDER S100.00 . . . ADD S5.00 ON ALL ORDERS OVER $100.00. ACTUAL FREIGHT CHARGED ON MULTIPLE ORDERS.INTERNATIONAL: ACTUAL FREIGHT CHARGED ON ALL ORDERS OUTSIDE THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES INCLUDING A.P.O.POLICIES: NO RETURNS WITHOUT A RETURN AUTHORIZATION ... NO RETURNS UNLESS DEFECTIVE. ALL DEFECTIVES WILL BE EXCHANGED ... NO EXCEPTIONS.PLEASE SPECIFY . . .CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE CATALOGCALL ELECTRONIC ONE f614J 864-9994 P.O. BOX 13428 COLUMBUS. OHIO 43213

AdvertisersIndexTransfer time to emergency power 10 Milliseconds. Self-contained with enclosed gel ce!battery. 425-Watt and 200-Watt 28 amperemodels operate up to 35 minutes allowingample time for safe shutdown! 3-Way AC linefilter stops transient spikes and surges. 4Receptacles. Automatic regulated batterycharger. Output voltage 117vAC, 60 hz. frequency controlled ± Vz cycle.D 200-Watt (10 ampere hours) only S359□ 200-Watt (28 ampere hours) only S429□ 425-Watt (28 ampere hours) only S599Order toll free 1-800-662-5021INJLLIHOIS,CALLJ -312JB48-Z1J1qiRttAl LCOUPO NINDUS-TOOL, 730 \Dept. Cl, Chicago, IL 60606Enclosed is $□ MasterCard or D VisaCard no.Send model ftNameCompanyAOdiessor charge onExpiresCity Slate ZipReader Service Number/Advertiser Page102 Abacus 54,55,57103 Acorn of Indiana 91104 Activision 31105 Ad dison-Wesley 19Batteries Included 21Batteries Included 37106 Blackship Computer Supply 75COMB. Direct Marketing . 72107 Communications ElectronicsInc 85108 CompuServe 28,29109 ComputAbility 60-61110 The Computer Book Club . 33111 Computer Mail Order . .. 92,93112COVOX, Inc 54113 Curtis Manufacturing Co., Inc.11114 Digital Solutions Inc IFC-1115 Dresselhaus 18116 Electronic One 95117 EPYX ' 23118 Firebird Licensees, Inc 7119 Firebird Licensees, Inc IBC120 Indus-Tool 96Reader Service Number/Advertiser Page121 Jason Ranheim 96122 Lyco Computer 38-41McGraw Hill ContinuingEducation Center 25NRI Schools 81123Okidata 15124 Origin Systems BC125 Precision Images 59126 Professor Jones 84127 Pro-Tec h-Tronics 51128 Protecto 34-35129 Silicon Express 47130 Springboard 2131 subLOGIC Corporation 27132 Sun Remarketing Systems , 42133 Thomson 5134 Timeworks 13135 Unitech, Inc 59Classified Ads 94COMPUTEI Subscription 17GREAT PRODUCTS FOR YOUR COMMODOREpromenade C1r"CAPTUREThe Eprom Programmer. Thoughtfully designed. Take control of your '64 or '128" with this easy to usecarefully constructed, the promenaded'"is respected cartridge- Lets you make a back-up disk of youraround the world for quality and value. The original memory-resident software- Your program is then fullysoftware controlled programmer does away with accessible to you and your program can be re-bootedpersonality modules and switches. Intelligent from your disk 3-5 times faster. Or make an autoprogrammingcapability can cut programming time by starting cartridge using the promenade C1 and a CPR95%! With Disk Software still just $99.50 cartridge kit. Its magic!CARTmDGE MATERIALS: CAPTURE'" is a bargain a. 39.95CPR-3 - Three socket board, case and 3 eproms, for use with CAPTURE'" 29.95PCC2 - Two 2732 (4K) or 2764 (8K) eproms. For '64 or '128 in 64 mode 4.95PCC4 - Four sockets for 2764, 27128 or 27256 (32K) eproms. Bank switching 17.95PCC8 - Like the PCC4 but twice the capacity- For multiple programs 29.95PRB4 - Four sockets, eprom & battery backed RAM combination 24.95PTM2 - Basic 128 mode cartridge board. Two 2764 or 27128 eproms 5.95fPTM4 - Four sockets, 27128 & 27256 eproms. 128 mode bank switcher 19.95tPCCH2 - Plastic case for above cartridges (except PCC8) 2.25Eproms - Always in stock at competitive prices. favailable June '86EPROM ERASERS:'when in 64 mode.Datarase - Hobbyist eprom eraser. 2 at a time. 3 to 10 minutes 34.95PE14 - Industrial quality eraser, 7 to 9 at a time 79.95Starter Set - CAPTURE'", promenade Ci and one CPR3 kit 149.95Deluxe Set - CAPTURE'", promenade C1, Datarase and two CPR3 kits 199.95SHIPPING & HANDLING: USA - UPS SURFACE $3.00 FOREIGN (AIR MAIL ONLY) $13.00TO ORDER TOLL FREE 800-421-7731IIACnM DAMUCIM FROM CALIFORNIA 800-421-7748JMOUN-nMINnCirVl TECHNICAL SUPPORT 916-823-32841805 INDUSTRIAL DRIVE FROM OUTSIDE USA 916-823-3285AUBURN, CA USA 95603 MC, VISA, AMEX WELCOME

fNOWAVAILABLE AT24$O>!00The Mew Carrmodcre F\art A HonOM>i PreviewCOMPUTE!TRY COMPUTE!EVERY MONTH —12 ISSUES—AT33% OFF THE COVER PRICE.M r/MsStreetCity. .State. .Zip.□ I prefer 24 issues—2 years—at $45.00D Bill Me □ Check EnclosedJ4142Foreign and Canadian, please add $6 {U.S.) per year postage.Offer subject to change without notice.

NO POSTAGENECESSARYIF MAILEDIN THEUNITED STATESBUSINESS REPLY MAILFIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 7*178 DES MOINES, IOWAPOSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEECOMPUTE!PO BOX 10954DES MOINES, IOWA 50347

COMPUTERSFREE Reader Information ServiceUse these cards to request FREE information about the products advertised in this issue. Clearly print or type your full name and address.Only one card should be used per person. Circle the numbers thatcorrespond to the key number appearing in the advertisers index.Send in the card and the advertisers will receive your inquiry. Although every effort is made to insure that only advertisers wishing toprovide product information have reader service numbers, computescannot be responsible if advertisers do not provide literature toreaders.Please use these cards only for subscribing or for requesting productinformation. Editorial and customer service inquiries should be addressed to; compute!, P.O. Box 5406, Greensboro, NC 27403. Checkthe expiration date on the card to insure proper handling.Use these cards and this address only for computers Reader Information Service. Do not send with payment in any form.COMPUTE!101118135152169186203220237102119136153170187204221238103120137154171188205222239104121138155172189206223240105122139156173190207224241106123140157174191208225242107124141158175192209226243108125142159176193210227244109126143160177194211228245no127144161178195212229246111128145162179196213230247112129146163180197214231248113130147164181198215232249114131148165182199216233250115132149166183200217234251116133150167164201218235252117134151168185202219236253Please let us know. Do youown: plan to buy:D Apple270a Atari.272D Commodore274□ IBM276D TI-99/4A278D Other280_(specify model)□271a273D275D277D279a281Please print or type name and address.Limit one card per person.NameAddressCityState/ProvinceCountryPhoneZipPlease Include ZIP Code Expiration Date 3/31/87 CO287SUBSCRIBETOCOMPUTE!For Fastest Service,Call Our Toil-FreeUS Order Line800-247-5470In Uk call 1-800-532-1272□ $24.00 One Year US SubscriptionD $45.00 Two Year US SubscriptionNameAddressCityStateZipD Payment EnclosedCharge my: D VISAAccount No.D Bill meD MasterCardD American ExpressExpires /Vour subscription will beam with the next available Issue. Please allow 4-6 weeks tor delivery of first Issue. Subscription prices subject tochange at any lime. Outside the U SA. please odd $6 lot each subscriptionui-rcJ41 13

PlaceStampHereCOMPUTE! Reader ServiceP.O. Box 2141Radnor, PA 19089NO POSTAGENECESSARYIF MAILEDIN THEUNITED STATESBUSINESS REPLY MAILFIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 7478 DES MOINES. IOWAPOSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEECOMPUTE!PO BOX 10954DES MOINES, IOWA 50347

STARGLIDERJJtarglider — is an allaction combat simulationfeaturing fast moving,animated, 3D vectorgraphics. The animationand speed of the action issuperior to anything yetseen on a home micro.The scenario places theuser in the role of a pilotof the only survivingground attack vehicle leftto oppose the alieninvaders of the planetNovenia. The mission isto destroy the alienspowerful flagship theStarglider. To achieve thefinal conflict requiresflying skill and battlestrategy.The novellaaccompanying theproduct incorporatesmany clues necessary tosurvive the increasinglevels of combat difficultyand sets the mood for theplayer as the protector ofthe human race.DYNAMIC SPACE COMBATSIMULATION FOR YOURlTARI 520 S1RAINBIRD 68000 RANGECHARTBUSTESJSFACTSHEET/ORDER HOTLINE: 201.934.7373FIREBIRD LICENSEES INC. P.O. BOX 49, RAMSEY, N. J. 07446ATARI 520ST IS A TRADE MARK OF THE ATARI CORPORATION

, ... —.'From Origin comes an all new versionof the ComputerClassic,Available on Appleis a dark time. Theevil Wizard, Mondain,sends forth relentlesshordes of his daemonicminions to ravage thelands of Britannia. Thou art the one ofwhom the Prophets speak. The champion who will track Mondain deepinto the darkest depths of the earth,to the farthest reaches of space andtime, to vanquish this immortal foe.The original Ultima® I was a pioneering product that established new-., ----..-- -uij standards inIJiViVIfantasy role-PlayingFVl"ihas becomethe best sellingsaga inthe history of computer gaming. Now,Origin Systems brings you the newUltima® I, completely rewritten inSK"5assembly language and employing state of the art graphics.Journey back to the First Era of the Dark Ages and embark on the original questof the Ultima® chronicles.smmm wmmmmmOR/G/Nsystems //vc./3*0 HARVEY ROAD, MANCHESTER, NH 03103 (603) 644-3360■■■■■'■■AUTODUELTM is a futuristicfast-paced strategyrole-playing game wherethe right of way goes to thebiggest guns.RING QUEST is agraphic adventure whereyou must traverse a landfraught with perils inorder to put an end to thehavoc caused by the Ringof Chaos.MOEBIUSTM takes youthrough the elemental■lanes of a colorful Oriental world of fantasy andadventure in search of theOrb of Celestial Harmony.OGRE is a strategygame fought on the nuclear battlefield of tomorrow as an inhumanjuggernaut Cybertankbattles conventionalforces.Ultima® is a registered trademark of Richard Garriott/Ring Questis a trademark of Origin Systems. Inc./Moebius is a trademark of Greg Malone/Ogre" andAutoduel® are registered trademarks of Steve Jackson Games, Inc./Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Authors wanted. Call us today.

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