IC 8225 - State of Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral ...

I Cbureauof minesinformation circular 8225COPPERA Materials SurveyUNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAU OF MINES1965

Apparent withdrawals on domesticaccount' ..........-.---.......--- 1,008,800 1,641,600 ua/ 1,608,0001,502,0001,504,0001,415, 000I I 1-1 I I1,391,000Production from domestic and foreignores, etc. ........................Imports ............................Stocks at beginning of year I.. . .. ....Total available supply ... .. .. ..Copper oxported ............-....-.-Stocks at end of ~ear I. .. ..........Total ........................Apparent withdrawals on domesticaccount ..........................1, 159,970149,47896, 0001,405,448147,64260,0001,107,446249,12460,0001,416,570142,59867,000927,927275,81167,0001,270,738137,82761,0001,239,834317,36361,0001,618, 197144,56126,0001,206,988238,97226,0001,471,960133,30535,0001,177,696346,96035,0001,559,656174, 13526, 000207,642 209,598 198,827 170,561 168,305 200, 135 158,5801,286, 000 1, 214, 000 1, 072, 000 1,447,000 1,304,000 1,360,0001,293,117274, 11126,0001,593,228109,58049,000Production from domestic and foreignores, etc ......................... 1,211,919Imports ............................ 215,086Stocks at beginning of year '.. ...... 49, 000-Total available supply. ........1,476, 005--Copper exported.-. ................. I 215,951Stocks at end of vear 1 ...-........... 25. 000Tot ................Apparent withdrawals on domesticacoount' -~......---.-............ 1,235,0001 May include some mppr rebed from sow.2 Rounded Ugurss.240,951

212 COPPERBeginning in 1945 actual consumption data 97 percent of the refined copper. In 1945 andbecame available by principal classes of con- 1946 brass mills were the rincipal users, butsumers and types of refined wpper. These from 1947 to 1962, wire m& re ularly took 50data (table 41) are based on reports from con- percent or more of the total. % rass mill consumersof quantities enterin processing but sumption ranged from 36 to 47 percent in themake no adjustment for stoc f changes of ma- same periods. Of the types of copper conterislm process, nor do they distinguish be- sumed, wirebars accounted for more than 50tween copper from new and old copper. percent in most years.Brass mills and m e mills account for most Refined-copper consumption fell to a low ofof the consumption of refined copper; from 1.13 million tons in 1949 as a result of a general1945 to 1962 these mills consumed from 94 to business recession. An upward trend began inTABLZ 41.-Rejiwdcopper consumed, by class of consumers, short tons1945:Bra%& .............................................. 10Chemid plsnk .........................................FoundrW snd miscellane~a~ ............................. 4338-dary smeltem. ...................................... 1mWIre mill& ............................................... 1 ............ '11 I4 I I!--Total. ................................................ 1~8,886 1-1647:"smilh ............................................... 1.079I 617.~.................................................................snrnB. ............................ e46'Y smdtem. ...................................... 250Wiremills ........................................................................ I:= I I!--TO~& .................................................. ~~.em-- I-- -- ~Brnmtlls ...............................................CbWAml plants ..................................................................Fouo.dries and m&dhwos ............................. IBPBBMadm SneltBlg ...................................... 188wm mlk .......................................................................$1 %-Iw 7567,821711.7811 4%"1w:Bras mil!& ...............................................188.m5 208,861 79. w5 92% . 61.464 ............ 614.314Chsmicsl plan* .........................................5 ............Foundries and ~ ~ w.............................u a355Bpmndary smelters ....................................... 1%1411 ............6, 11)5Wire milk .......................................................................d~ea 743,~ 7% 848164%Bnus mills ...........................................Chemiral plantsFoundries and pli~neows-mndes!......................................Chemicsl plantsFoundrb and miseellaneou~ ........................Wndary smelters. ........................................WlR mu. ..........................................................-- ti ITotal .................................................. 161.111) 2--1951:Brass mills ............................................... lqasa 1:Chemical plants ............................................................. : I %ll............ I 2.8621 3.:Foundries and miscellaneous ............................. 7M 302Seeondsry smelters ....................................... 4 5;r~Wim m1Us ........................................................... 152 '23 1 17.311 1 6(--Tot81 .................................................. 135.826 11--11- mm ............................................... 134,223 1:hemica1 plants .............................................................................. I ............ 1 3.4101 3.'P"RIUS_.. .......................... 624emdary smelters ................................................... 326 8.818Wire milh ........................................................... 2 I I1 1 11:877 1 71

............................................................SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, 213TABLE 41.-ReJEned copper consumed, by class of consumers. short tms-Continued1 I 1Class of consumer Billets Cakes and Cathodes Ingots and Viebarsin@ barsI I 11953:B- milk ............................................... 145. 625 188. 315Chemld plants ............................................................................../ I-------L9W B- mills ............................................... 155. 359 170. 144 83. 136 8% 750 54. 237 19 545.645Chemical plants ..............................................................................11 ............ 2. 318 2, 328Founddes and miscellaneous ............................. SJ6 257 1. 972 16. 683 308 10.664 30 73lSewndary smelters ................................................... 131 5. 037 2. m ............ 202 7:-Wire mills ....................................................................... 8. 803 10.231 649.567 ............ 668. 501-------Total .................................................. 155. 895 170.W2 98. 948 111.139 7W 112 13.m 1.254. 728~~~~~ -------1956:Brass miUs ............................................... 149. 064 203.012 lOJ. 819 133, 710 63, 39( 45 641. 044Chemical plants ..............................................................................5&1 ............ 1. 180 1.7UFomdries and mImUaowus ............................. 588 3-21 5.466 17.083 189 16. 018 33. 128Sewndaly smelters ...................................................469 4. 768 1.213 ............ 371 6. 827Wire mills ....................................................................9. 050 11.797 791.816-------............ 812, 663Total ...................................................149. 652 203.802 120. 103 164. 367 834388 11. 681 1.m.w1 mBrassmills ............................................... 16426 177. WChemledl plants .............................................................................-------19.51:B- mills ........................................ 156. 282 358. 344 85.W 76.M 57.398 40 51s.954Chemioal plants ..............................................................................708 ............ 172 1. 480Foundries and miscellaneous ............................ 889 W5 6. 023 18.369 963 8.833 35. 182Swndary amdtw ................................................... 212 5. 197 1. 839 ............ 628 7.876Wbemills ....................................................................... 5. €41 15.- 751. 815 170 773.632-------TOW .................................................. 156. 981 188. 761 102.694 112.388 810.177 11. 143 1.352. 124-------1958:Brw mUls .............................................. 156. 163 116. 659Chemical plants ..............................................................................Foundries and mixelheous .............................702 1261960:Brasnmm ............................................... 170. 074 1% 852Chemical plants ..............................................................................Foundries and miscellaneous ............................. 511 23Swndw smelters ...................................................246WirermUs .......................................................................Total ..................................................18W:Brwmilis ............................................... 1U.m 137. 667 74. 993Chemioal plants ..............................................................................Foundries and miacsllaneous ............................. 83 32 5. 8546emnd~ smdtem ................................................... 177 6. 932Wiremills ....................................................................... 3. 9281961:1962:157.735 140. 312 57.195 275 889.477303 ............ 3.549 3. 819Foundries and miscellaneous ............................. 851 m 3. 932 19.493 258 7. 824 32, 555Secondary smelters ................................................... I14 6. 588 8. ............ 334 15 .W5Wire mills ...........................................................lW 4. 18.615 132.m-------............ 753. 028Total .................................................. 146. 476 186. 776 172. 281 185. rX0 788.881 11. 882 1.464.215-------Total ..................................................Brasnmills ............................................... 189. 333 152. 876 119.172 95.943 42. 391 M 688. 785Chemiml planta ..............................................................................720 ............ €49 1.289Foundries and m$eeUanwus ............................ 1. m 25 8. 698 13. 25886 5. 203 28.493Swndary smeltem ................................................... 172 6.762 2. 390 ............ 163 9.501Wire mills .......................................................................801 10.356 812. MS 774 821. 799-------Total ..................................................91. 1924.mS w n d smeltem ~ ................................................. 219 4. 080Wire mlUs ....................................................................... 4. 381 11:(69----Total .................................................. 150.882 117. 064 l08.?30 99.197----86. 6686.1155. Fm8. 43~BIW mWS ............................................... 188. 876 184. 085 113. 402Chemlesl plants ..............................................................................Foundries and miscellaneous .............................828 64 6.aSecondary smelters ................................................... 159 7.388Wire mills ....................................................................... ...........Total .................................................. 199. 8ar 184.288 127. 5Rl-------91. 887 102.451 12.716 35 611. 088558 ............ 1. 199 1. 158Foundries and misdanwus ............................. 775 405 7. W4 18. 873 161 8. 076 36. 281Secondary smeltem ...................................................W7 5. M2 1.411 ............ 434 7. 664Wiremills ......... ~~9.694 16.41s glg476 ............~854. 585 ~Total .............................................. 167. W1 178. 195 114.187 139. 708 811.353 10. 744 1.521. 38874. 098M10.1432483116.19031015.6282.07911. 79047. 351............4.53............723. (50771. 2.57~ . m............Za............817. (UO 925 83B. 177-------170. 585 141. 121 101. 575 145.898 851.W 13. 333-------1. W031-------80. 247 a. 776 52 (88.160465 ............ 511 1. mB12.552 97243711.813 ............ 4 420613. 450 810.10 876 828. 821-------146. 5.9 137. 876 66. 124 308.827 859. U3 7. 668 1.319. 896-------~~~~~~~180. 558 158. 673 135. 247 122. 667 8%. 542-------6.723 1.462.830-------97.090 42. 799761 ............15. 676 421.9288. 9&1 913. 131124. 419 9.55. 972............--474906.73398962--8. 627 3.2111. 677--5848411. 85946697rn6.1446813-------6% W37. 788479. 51088722. 8187 . I82740. no5%. lm10133, 819a111W.1491.4528.8718. 4601.5~4678

214 COPPERTABLE 42.-Cmsumptiaojprchgd copper-base scrap, gross might in shrt tonsTotal .................................Primary copperSemndw smeltTotal ..... ~~ .........................1950, owing largely to expanded defense activitiesbecause of the Korean war, and consumptionaveraged 1.5 million tons for 1950-53.Use declined to 1.3 million in 1954 owing to theinadequate supply situation that developed inthe latter half of the year because of laborstrikes at some cop er producing pro erties.After the strikes end%the Office of 8efenscMobilization authorized release of copper accumulatedunder the Defense Roductlon Act tohelp relieve the situation.Consumption rose substantially in the nexttwo years, exceeding 1.5 million tons in eachyear. The economic downturn in 1957 affectedimportant consumers of copper products, andconsumption of refined copper declined 11 percent.Consumption moved upward from thesecond half of 1958 through mid-1959, and in1959 exceeded 1958 by 17 percent. It dropped8 percent in 1960, but rose to 1.6 million tons in1 OR3A"--.In addition to refined copper, consumers usesubstantial quantities of copper-base scrap intheir manufacturing operations. Data for consumptionof purchased copper scrap (table 42)also reflect periods of industrial expansion, warrequirements, and economic declines.Foreign CountriesOutside the United States, the principalcopper consuming countries are the UnitedKingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, andthe U.S.S.R. Germany was second to the UnitedStates until 1935, when it was displaced by theUnited Kingdom; it regained this position in1938, fell to third place in 1954,,and fluctuatedbetween second and third posit~ons thereafter.In Germany the copper industry was revivedin 1934, as the demand for copper rose 30percent. Domestic mines supplied about 10percent of requirements, and large imports ofraw materials were needed. Reduced consumptionm 1935 and 1936 reflected the substitutionof aluminum and iron alloys and restrictionin the use of copper for necess~ties. Followingthe end of World War 11, data are shownfor West Germany. Exceptfor 1949-52, smelterproduction was inadequate to meet expandingrequirements, and the deficits were met byim%%nited Kingdom has ranked secondamong copper-consuming countries continuouslysince 1946. At the beginning of WorldWar I1 adequate copper from Rhodesia andCanada was available for all emergencies in theUnited Kin dom, and the only problems withsupply rev0 K ved around ocean transportationand electrolytic refining. Consumption roseto 335,000 tons in 1937. At the beginning of1945 the United Kingdom discontinued purchasesof copper, and contracts with Rhodesianand Canadian producers were terminated in aneffort to reduce large stocks on band. At thattime, Rhodesian copper was released to theUnited States under reverse Lend-Lease arrangements.By the end of 1945, however, theUnited Kingdom had to buy large quantitiesof copper again. New contracts were madewith Rhodesian and Canadian producers, andeven some Chilean copper was purchased. Consnmptloncontinued upward untd 1949. Thequantity used in 1953 was the smallest in more

SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTIO&T 215TABLE 43.-Consumptiunof copper in the United Khgdom, short tonsSource: World Non-Ferrous Metal Statistlm Bulletins.TABLE 44.-Useof coppq in Japan, thousands of short tons1 1954 1 1955 1 1956 1 1957 1 1958Copper castings, etc.:Electrolytic copper ............................Scrap .......................................927Total ......................................36Capper rolling products:Electrolytic copper ............................Scrap .......................................Total ......................................Electric win and cable:Electrolytic copper ............................Scrap .......................................2370 7193 10213 2148 4794 94!142 141127 10526 31519314412023Total ......................................87 105153 136143Grand total .............................198 225326 3153238 0 ~ Prepared ~ : fmm the Review of Nmle-s Metal Industryreprinted in Survey of Jspanesp Piornee & Industry, The industrlslthan a decade; it rose 39 percent in 1954 andincreased each year thereafter until 1959. Datashowing consumption of refined copper andscrap are shown in table 43.Other important consumers of copper inEurope are France and Italy. In both countriesconsumption has advanced steadily.Consumption of copper in Japan averagedabout 80,000 tons a year until 1934 when itrose to 37 percent more than 1933. To meetthe greatly expanded demund for copper,Japan began importing foreign materials in1934. In the years for which data are available,consumption reached a high of 221,000tons in 1938. Following the end of WorldWar 11, consumption fell below prewar levels;Bank ollspao, vol. 12, No. 3, May-June 18M. 17 pp.then, un upward trend began in 1951. Scrapwhich had been collected from werdamagsdareas constituted the ,major source of supply.Imports of raw mateval became large agaln m1956, and consumption attained a peak of335,000 tons in 1960. Table 44 shows use ofcopper for 1954-58.WORLD TRADEThe United States is the leading country inworld trade of copper. Crude materials, suchas ores, concentrates, matte, and blister areimported, as well as refined copper. Fabricatedcopper, fabricated-copper products, manufacturedgoods contalnlng copper, and refined

copper are exported. The other leading producingcountries--Canada, Chile, Republic ofthe Congo, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyse,land--export most of their output. Approximately125,000 tons of the annual out utof Canada is consumed in that country. $heUnited Kingdom regularly imports most of itsrequirements.United StatesFor many years before World War 11, US.production of copper exceeded supply, and there,was a substantial surplus for export. Afterthe beginning of the war the United Statesneeded all the copper that entered the countryto fill its large armament requirements and in1940 again became a net importer of copper.The high level of industrial activity for mostof the postwar period continued to require largeimportations of raw materials. Also, domesticproduction was adversely affected by laborstrikes. The record for imports was reachedin 1945 when receipts of unmanufactured coppertotaled 853,000 tons. Again in June 1950 theconflict in Korea made it necessary to importlarge quantities of copper. About on,e-fourthof US. requirements have been met by imports.For the first time in 20 years exports exceededimports in 1960.After enactment of the excise tax law in1932, copper that was imported in bond forsmelting and/or refining and subsequent exportwas tax free; only small uantities of refined copper were received. ?hissituation changedin 1941. It became evident that domesticmetal would be inadequate to fill U.S. requirementsplus shar ly expanded demands offoreign countries f or war products made withcopper. Every effort was made to supplade uate shipping facilities to obtain a 8avAable refined copper, and this class becamethe principal import item. Receipt of 531,000tons of refined co per in 1945 was a record.Imports fell sharpy P thereafter but an upwardtrend began in 1950 with conflict in Korea.A postwar high of 347,000 tons was attainedin 1952 as a result of diversion of Canadiancopper from a strikebound refinery in Canadaand eater . receipts . from Chide. The latterwas ue to aetron of the US. Government,which permitted passing on increased costs offoreign cop er to consumers. See the sectionabout le Isfation and government programs.KVirtual y all copper ex orted is refined copperand fabrications theregom. Refined copperwas the largest export class until 1944 wheninsulated wire and cable became the principdclass. Before World War 11, exports wentlargely to Japan and certain Europeancountries-Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,Sweden, and the United Kin dom Afterthe war began only the United kngdom wasan important customer until it was joined bythe U.S.S.R. Exports fell sharply during thewar years and continued far below prewarlevels in many years after the war. Becausethe sup ly of copper in the United Stateswas ina f equate to 6ll requirements in most ofthis period, copper was subject to exportcontrols. In September 1956 export restrictionswere removed and shipments rose to thehighest level since 1940. In 1959 a shortagedeveloped because of strikes, and exportsfell to less than half the 1958 shipments. Asharp increase was recorded in 1960 as WestGermany, United Kingdom, Ital , and Francetook 73 percent of the totsf Significantquantities went to Japan, Brazil, and Argentina.Imports.-The longtime copper position ofthe United States was that of an exportingnation until World War 11. U.S. smelting andrefining capacity was excessive for treatment ofdomestic materials, and this excess capacityencouraged importation of foreign crude materialsfor custom treatment. Most of theimported materials were smelted and refinedunder bond for reexportation in refined ormanufactured forms. In addition, much domesticcopper was shipped for consumptionabroad. In 1930, however, because of sharplyreduced world consumption, the situationreversed, and the United States became a netimporter. In 1932 to discourage receipts offoreign copper an excise tax was imposed, andin 1933 the United States resumed its net exportposition which held through 1939. After thestart of World War I1 in Europe and the stepupof armament requirements there and elsewhere,the United States became a net importer ofcopper.Four countries in the Western Hemispherehave supplied almost 80 percent of the totalimports in the last 35 years. Chile rankedfirst with 46 percent of the total, followed byCanada, 14 percent; Mexico, 11 percent; andPeru, 8 percent. Republic of the Congo andthe Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasalandeach accounted for 4 percent.By 1933 imports had decreased to 144,000tons-a record low-partly as a result of theimposition of the 4-cent excise tax in 1932. Asbusiness conditions improved in 1934 importsincreased despite the duty. Greater receiptsof unrefined classes more than offset the dropin refined copper and were largely responsiblefor the increased imports. Except for 1929,requirements for copper outside the UnitedStates in 1936 were the largest on record, andU.S. imports fell to 190,000 tons. From 1939

SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION 217to 1945 imports rose substantially; the duty didnot apply in this period because the Governmentwas purchasing all the wpper broughtinto the United States. Requirements weredrastically reduced after the war ended in 1945,and imports fell to 396,000 tons. Im ortstrended upward from 1947 to 1950 and a ? mostreached wartime levels as 690,000 tons enteredthe United States in 1950. The large increasewas due to anticipated defense requirementsafter the outbreak of hostilities in Korea inJune 1950.The continuing shortage of domesticsuppliesresulted in large quantities of foreign materialsin 1952 and 1953. Imports fell 12 percent in1954 and remained at approximately the 1954level, except for 1958 through 1962.For a number of years before 1940, entrieaof refined copper were no more than 5 percentof the imports; in 1941 the refined class accountedfor 47 percent of the total. This wasdue to the unprecedented requirements for copperin the United States and to the disruptedstate of ocean transportation; both factorscaused metal that normally would have gone toEurope to be shipped to t'he United States. Inthe next 4 years (194245) refined copper receiptsexceeded imports of all unrefined classes.Thereafter, except for 1948,1949, and 1952, theunrefined classes accounted for most of the imports.Between 1926 and 1962, imports of theunrefined classes accounted for 63 percent of thetotal; refined classes, 36 percent; and scrap,1 percent.Chile supplied virtually all the refined copperfrom 192644, exce t for 1931 and 1932 whenCanada furnished a P most 50 percent. In mid-1944 with the United Kingdom in a moreabundant suppl position, increased quantitiesof refined meta 9 began to come from Canada,and in 1945 important quantities came fromBelgian Congo and Northern Rhodesia. Morethan 50 percent of the refined metal continuedto come from Chile until 1955 when it accountedfor only 33 percent of the total and was displacedby Canada. Since then, most of thecopper from Chile has been shipped to Europeancountries, and Oanada has continued as thechief supplier of refined metal to the UnitedStates.Of the unrefined classes, blister copper hasbeen the principal class, accounting for 45 percentof the total receipts in 35 years. Recordreceipts were established in 1929. WesternHemisphere countries supplied most of the blistercopper; Mexico and Peru outranked Chileas a supplier in 1926-28; Chile was first in 1929,dropped to fourth place in 1930, ranked firstfrom 193546, fell to second in 1946, and roseto iirst in 1948-a position that it has held eversince. The large receipts from Be1 'an Congoin World War I1 years were destine&argely forthe United Kingdom after refining. Perudropped from the list of principal sources in 1949but rose to second place in 1960, becoming amajor supplier from the newly opened Toquepalallnit of Southern Peru Copper Corp. Canadawas a major source until 1944, and Rhodesiabegan sending important quantit'ies in 1950.Ore and concentrate account for 16 percentof the total foreign materials with the concentrateclass the largest-13 percent of the total.Canada has been the principal source of thismaterial, followed by Chile and Cuba. Substantialquantities have been furnished by thePhilippines since 1950. Other important suppliersare Mexico and the Republic of SouthAfrica.Imports of scrap copper are usually negligibleand have ranged from less than 200 tons to13,000 tons. In 1950, however, scrap totaled39,000 tons, because unusually largo tonnageswere received from Japan-26,000 tons.Data on United States imports are given intables 4548.Exports.-Most copper exported is in advancedforms of manufacture, and the coppercontent cannot be measured. From before1900 to 1944 refined copper was the principalexport class by a substantial margin until it wasdisplaced by the wire class in 1944. The sharpgains in exports of insulated wire and cable furnisheda guide to either the war contestants orto the war areas. The principal destinations ofthis class of exports are shown in table 49 for193948.US. exports of refined copper through 1929reflected the expanded business activit in tbelate 1920's. Shipments reached a zigh of475,000 tons in 1928, only 8 percent below therecord of 515,000 tons in 1917. Germany, theUnited Kingdom, and France received 59 percentof the total. Exports fell ra idly duringthe depression; shipments droppe cf' to 111,000tons in 1932. The principal destmation was theUnited Kingdom; France and Germany werenext. In 1933 the copper industv began torecover from the depression and exports rose 12percent above 1932. In the following yearsexports increased substantially; refined coppershipments averaged 282,000 tons annually from1934-38. During this period Japan was thechief recipient, followed by the United Kingdom,Germany, and France. The prewar peakwas reached in 1939 when shipments to foreignconsumen totaled 373,000 tons. Japan continuedto be the largest importer, followed byFrance, Italy, and Sweden.

218 COPPERTABLE 45.-CopperYear(unmnqfactured) imported into the United Slrrtes in terms oj copper content, '. short tans-.I OwConcentrateMatte Scrap TotalI Data are general imports; that.is, they Folude copper imported lorimmediate aumption plusmsterial entermg the wuntry under band .Sow: US . Depsnment 01 Commerce

TABLE 46.-CopperSUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION 219(unmcmujmtured) imported into the United States, bychss and country dn termsoj coppw cmtent.' short tmsore and concentrate:Austmlla ....................................... 124Bolivia ...........................................C~nBda ........................................... 27,787Chile.. ......................................... 16.862Cub8 ............................................. 9: 853Fmee ........................................ 582Wet Germany ................................... 366.Malta. Cioza, Cyprus .........................................Mexim .................................. ....... 10,342Northern Rhoderia ...........................................154 1% 93 282 ............. (1)21 5 3 M 78 ('125517 24 S61 30,338 28.135 16.W 9.m20.388 17,3(n 20.8% 14,782 8,241 7.87214,686 7.088 5, W5 13,m5 10,488 5,048LOB 202 583 668 129 W? 186 1% ES6 865 307 .............Matte and blister:Australia .Republic of the CongoCanada.~ ........................................ 22,535Chlle ...........................................ReRned:Republle of the Congo............... .........................Belgjum.Lur;emburg ............................ 221Canada.~~ ........................................ 1Chile........... .................................. 31.436West Oermany.--~.~ ............................. 30~.Merm. ..................................Knnl cro Rl~otlal~. ....................... .....I'enz.. ............ . .Hep8+nllr 01 Sotuh AC.r,s,E"..... .................................United Kingdom .................................YOther ............................................. I85,2833, rnChile .......................................... 172Ha443915T ........................................8ee faotnoter at end of table

220 COPPERTABLE 46.-CopperOre and conoentrato:AustmUa ..........................................Bolivia ............................................Canada ...........................................See footnotes at end of table.(unmanufactured) imported into the United Slates, by class and country in ternsof copper content,' shod tons--Continued521 1,324SIB 2 478 2 108.......................... 2.2e3 %8U, i 6168,158 8,455 12,314 29.m 31: 811chile ..............................................1 1 , ~7,s a 764 4.562Cub .............................................. 8.413 7,875 2E 11,781 14.068 17.3a0Pra" w... ......................................... 2 ....................................... (1) ............-West German &................................................................................................................................Matla. Oom, yprus ...................................................................... 1,298 4.361 1,129Mebedm ............................................121 188 980 1,588 2.916 6,738Northern Rhodesis ............................................................................................................................Peru.. ............................................248 285 881521 %m, gadPhlUpp hes... ............................................................................ 171 380 1. IMRepublic of South Afrioa ........................................ 14 ............. 44 8 a62spin ......................................................... 1 .................................. 31Other .............................................511 95( 12,683 5.800 1, WZ 711TotaL .......................................... 25,34267,878 69,732Matte and blister:Amtmb ..........................................335 P8 28 354290Repnblie of the Congo ......................................................................................................................... Canada ........................................... 10.618 13.8211.311 1,153 17 W 11,438Chile .............................................. 13.411 36,138 3% 47,353 83.2% 61:016 63,816France ............................................ 88 166 E46 140 166 136 388we~t Germmy ....................................80 a67 m .............51) ..........................Medm ............................................43, Dm 51.9(2 45.W 3-3.3EU sh8n 16.m 16,681Northem Rhodesia ............................................................................................................................Psm ............................................ 25.817 19,51334%673 40,136 3%n6 n, 1%~epubri or Sarrth ~bica .......................... 1,485 ............. 36%11 608 1.659spain ..............................................81 1355 n ............. I la Y9Turkey .............................................................................................................5. a35United ~ hgdom ....................... :..........8350606 R8 118 "%n6Ywmlavia ........................................ 4,429 10,351 21,881 18.m l6.1~ lo, ES2 8. 5%713,726 13,W7 1,874 54102.156 6,105 14,811113,013 1% 1M 100,708 138,874 a01.W 179,317 U7.WOther ...........................................Total ...........................................I'm--lm2fii6. IS78,192183429,640Refined:Repuhlio of me Conpo..~ .....................................................................................................................Belgium-Luxembourg ........................................................................................................................Canada ......................................................... (911 16 410Chile .............................................. 5.431 Z5.241 !&011 4. 6.B 7.482 1,186 15,644westaermany ..................................................JapanMalta, Oozo Cyprus..Medm ..... (2) .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1,175 .................................................................Northern RhodesiaL .........................................................................................................................Per". ..................................................................................... 224RBp~blioof South Ahim ......................................................................................................................Sweden ...............................................................................('1 I .......................................U"lted mgdom ..................................I1 (94 (9 (9Yuposlavia ...................................................................................................................................Other .................................................................................(3)(1)TOM .3.482 n.417 18.071 4,782 1.487 I,PZ 16.284183f,37,858Scrap:Canada ...........................................130 138 327Chile ........................................................... 128cubs ........................................................... I .............United Kiogdom .................................. (? ..........................Other ...........................................................73208TOIS] ............................................1% Zi5451W43.8131. Db8118w33421,80818371938.......................................1,6521,041~n185373.342S333101.59122991,3131W2,1211,11337.0675. m8. EM341,6253.a7261.51819-2.............1.10268,329...........--.....--------2,575.............343571803.146

SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION 22 1TABLE 46.-Copper(unmanufactured) imported into the United States, by class and country in ternsof copper content,> short tons--Continuedore and concentrate:hustralis.. .......................................926 1,lm 3,431 818 419 102~01isia ........................................... 4.1M 6, 468 5,379 6.m 3,784 4.919C d a ........................................... 35.58231,677 17,886 15.912 17.524chile ............................................. 6,694 2% 7,195 481612.375Cubs ........................................ 11,MQ 8, 087 8,867 7.758 ? E 9,422Frau- .......................................................................................................................................See Lootnotea at end of table.1941west oermsny&lta, Ooze, cyprus .............................Merko ...........................................~~lthern Rhodesla .........................................................Peru ..........................................P ~ u I , , ~ .Rep" lo of South AWoa ..........................184884,57312.5974.W12.378...............................................................................................................................4.652 .......................... 2.762 3,925 ..........................7.787 8,272 5,747 6,425 8.5% 7,110 8.322321 147 156 414 2663 656 5,269 6,017 4,244 5.m 4,178 3. mai:m 3.964 2% ....................................................2,762 193 16 3,283 1.03Q 150 13114 ..............................................................................2.744 4,m 1,8M 2G020 326-- -- 2681.887 81,101 7 ,715 WW 65.459 571.480 46,739Spab .............................................other ...........................................Total ...........................................Matt8 and blister:Australls.. ....................................... 113809 ............., 1 152 ..........................mepublic of the Congo ............................ 80,815 81.95847.8(2 4.459Canada ...................................... '23,244 22.831 2% 7294* 6,353 %45n mChile ............................................. 131,673 114,432 82.247 %SSS 89,187 54.W 66.888haooe ............................................169 ..............................................................................wwt *rm.,,y.. ............................................................................................................... .......$.%Medm ........................................... 36.W 46, I88 51.657 44,844 37,m3Nmtheln Rho- ..........................................................4,124 101 2% 11:wper" .............................................. 38,121 30, ,882 ' 24.m2 27.326 28.251Repubiic of Booth Africa ......................... 11,959 59 17.889501 13 "% ?ESpin .............................................1363 .................................................................~urkey ........................................... 6,224 .......................... 2.312 2,766 ............. 17.414United Kbgdom ............. 3,258 ....................................... 3.3'23.............................................................................................................................21y,,pcs1aviaother ........................................ 23,148 8,862 2,5,681 4,214 4832 i.awTOM338.327 305.1~ 291,165 242,888 226,281 282.W 1M.164~ ~ ~ ~ bcongou ...................................................................~ ~ f t h ~4,405 ............. 41.782 .............BelpiUrn.LUmnboWg ..................................................................................................................Canada ........................................... 1.673 3 912 8aO 323 41 373 76.392 ij-igjchila ............................................. 66,"~ 6 1 6 386,352 &lo asr.843 16312..............................................................................................................................a/wwestoeT,,mng..........................J~pao .........................................................................................................M*ta, OOEO, cyprua ........................................................................................................................44Medm .......................................................................................................... .............Northern Rhodesia ................................................................................................ 25.188 .............Per" ..................................................................................... 1.672 452 892 .............Republicof South Africa .......................................................................................... 7s866Sweden .............................................................................. '.......................................................unit4 Kingdom ............................................................................................................................Yug~lBSlr, ..................................................................................................................................other .......................................................................('1(2) ............. 1,686 .............Totd ........................................... 88.337 346,994 MI,@ 402,762 482.395 631.367 154.371Rehoed:SCIBP:cal~ds .....................1,ez 1. m-2Chile .............................................245cubs ...................................................................United Kingdom .................................8 19Other .............................................739 330Total ...........................................lOLO---1.8L12,28816U568.............26722601,0571943476lM4C.216451,1881.m ..........................In ..............................................................................1812,387SM1.0681801.376542a?614641.108

..................................................-.........................................~ .....~~~222 COPPERTABLE 46.-Copper(unmanu&ctured) imported into the United States, by class and country in termof copper content. short tas.4 ontinuedore and mncentrate:A U W ~.........................................322 760 939689 717 BB4 1.044Bolhk ........................................... 6.752 6.m 4 a75.4.449 3.081 3.955Canada ........................................... 22 410 24. 426 31'4a24. 743 25.570 31 455Chile ............................................. 10:653 19.m n:rwCuba .............................................$2 12. 087 11.863 15: 76114. 898 18.254 16.605 22, 429 21. 896 18. 911 17. 757Frmee ......................................................103 130 ....................................... .-...........West (krmmy..............................................................................................................................Malta. Wo. C m s ..........................................2.w 6. 888 6 MO 6 E&n 6. 441 3 wMSI~ ........................................... 9. 605 8.473 11. 4% 9: 189 n:ua 6. 4m o:mrNorthern Rhodesk ............................... 101 131 108 233 98212PBU .............................................. 7. 713 5. 013 6. m8 7 338 7 861 8. 869 ln7 0. 40sPhilippines ......................................2.1D 2.262 7 DL0 1 0 : ~ 1 2 : ~ 14. 787 13. 538Repub 10 of South AMea ......................... I . 723 2.4aO 6:~7 4 511 3Spaio ......................................................................................................................................... Ea 5. 251 7. 412O l b ........................... ~E37BBBSOB-Total ....................................... 33. 868 89. 498 115. 8a2- -195 61 247 253LOB.768 90. 626 101. 341 113.571Matla and buster:Aostralla ..................... ~ ......... ~.......................................................................................9.414RepubUcolthe Congo ............ ~ ~........................................ ........................................................Cansda ............................. ~2. 154 933 647 980 798 27.274 5. 262~blle ............................................. 60. ~OB 70.883 51. 968 54. %1 47. 196 54. ma 117.620MEB ......................................................................19 I20 ........................................Wrst Oermm7 ..............................................................................................................................Medm ......................................... BB. 173 48188 6l.m 48, 7449mNorth Ebodesk ............................................ 1 8 : ~ 27. 121 87 08Pem ..........................................2%LU:ZM22.881 14. OR 847 6' 754 2 325 2; 866~epub~io orsauth AM- ......................... 7. 862 3. a53 2. 778 d 288 d 719 3. 3%I@8 g L L ................. -....................................................................................................................key ........................................... 1. 933 ............. 4. 5R 3. 288 ............. 3. 779 11. 881United Ktngdom ........................................................................44 .......................... 382Yosoelsaa ... r ................................... l0.M 2. Z08 14. R7 10. 9858. OW .............Other ............................................. 1. 1M 888 86 1. "Z 10 5mTotal ........................................ IR. MI 159. 46a 1M.400 ~7~4% 144. 973 184083-- --m. EXBanned:Re blio of the Congo ..........................................................................................................5.798& um-LUmmlamg .............................................................................................. M 5. MOcmda ........................................... llsO 17. 127 47.m 52. 029 233M 28.826 67. 487cu ............................................. 14a:n~ 230.223 210.~8 213.7~ 208:~ 294.425 147 ....................................................................................................8.982 a: m...................... ~3.220 ............. 1.112 27.W 852 223 ...................................................................................................................Medm ........................................... w m 1.483 4.782 757 5.810 7.513Northern Rhodesk ............................................................... .................................1 2.778Pem ...................... ~ ~ ............. 2. W 14.754 14. (28 377 1. MZ 16. 167RepllhU~of South Airiea ................................ ...-............................................................ 1mSweden ........................... ~..............................................................................1.WUnited KLogdom ..............................................1U 38 2126 37 1. amYugoakda ................. ~ ........................................ ....-....................6. 810 7 nsaha ........................ ~ 1: ....... 1: ................... 416 w 4. 478 ma 59 7: 000Total ................. ~ ......... ~ ........... 118. 182 240.124 275. 811 317. 363 238.97% 318. 960 274. 111S"aLda ............. ~ ..................... ~ .......Chilc .............................................Cubs .............................................Unibd Kingdom .................................Oths .............................................Total .....................................See footnotes at end of table .4.m2JOU(x)m5.9684. 782.............8823. (IM9.3842. 1752441 88716.8314.7e-316948288132,733--53. 803w633407...... - ......&8M5.664w.............I. 013('k. 7114 4883.2234894494168. 1087.793

SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, 223TABLE 46.-Copper (unmanujmtured) impo&d into the United States, 6y class and county in tensoj copper emtent,' short tons--ContinuedTom ...........................................-112,781Matte and hlleter:Aostdalla ......................................... 15,460~epohllof the Congo ............................ 4 MsCsnsda ........................................... 6.492Chile ............................................. 128850F ~ C.....................................................Bwet aermaoy ................................... nMdrn ...........................................Northern Rhodesh ............................... 3%Peru .............................................. 881~epuhllc of south Alrim ......................... 6, UBOp.. ....................................................Wkay ........................................... 2.BSLUnlted Kingdom ..........................................Yugoslavia ..............................................Other ............................................. 15-Tow ...................................... 282.m-ReW:nepoblic 01 the Congo ............................ 7,494Belgium-Lu~emhourg ............................. 718Caaada ........................................... 51,241ChU6 ......................................... 124mwBat aermaoy ................................... 4Japan ......................................................Malts, Om, Cypw ......................................M& .......................................... 6, nuNorth- Rhodesh ............................... 1.91Pmu 13.Wmpubllc of South Alrica ...................................Sdm ..................................................United Kingdom ..........................................Yugalash ........................................ 4 SBtOther ......................................... 4EX-Total 215.W-s ~ a ~ ~ L B........................................... d B1.91$ChUe .........cubs ............................................. 634Unlted Klngdom ................................. 1:Other .............................................-2,wTotal ........................................... 4.681LO, lU0,23114%........6.0466, G23MI1 a72lo: pm15, 228' 1- than 1 too.SOWCB: U.8. ~apsrtmsot of Commerce.

224 COPPERTABLE 47.-Copper(unmnufactured) impated into the United States, by countrks in terms of.Canada.. ......................................... cub.. .......................................... 63.52910.16 74428 102,7N4Merim ........................................... 62.8~ 68.181 7. a&L e42866,821Othe r . 4s a1 m 72.ETats1 ........................................... I , 1m.m IN,^ I*,= IN,^ 1(8,n77South Arnerlea:Bollvia ............................................ 12 ZL 6 a 80 P)ChUe ............................................. 116.364 14810 107,067 169,434 04,318 85,316Peru .............................................. 47,719 62,019 54,286 &(86 ~.m6 44,676Other ............................................. 793 4lJ 17s 49.5 1,131--Total ........................................... 184878 154,610 1a.nl m.130 IN.W 183,121%.I18Is1Asia:Other .............................................Total ........................................... 1,891........................................... I ..:::::I:i:II1'rune~.........---. ---.-..---..- ............Other ..................... ~ ~ ...................- 1 1 ............... 6Total ..........................................Total.. .........................................Seo footnotes st end or table.

SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION^ 225TABLE 47.-Copper(unmnnufactured) imported into the United States, by colmntries in terns ofcopper content, short tons CContinuedTOM ........................................... 6% MI ..........................800th America:Bolhia ...........................................ChUe .............................................,. ..............................................Othe~ ............................................Total ...........................................Empe:Beldam-Lmmbmre .............................bee... .........................................282tE8154.m15 .......................... 1.46180 180 544 140WB$t OeTmlvly ................................... 80 Za (IMalta, Oaeo, lvld C m ................................................................ I,%Nsthmllvlds ............................................................................. elNmay ...............................................................................................Bwden ........................................... .......................... I61United Kingdom .................................M 606 572Yupaalada ........................................10.m a1,681 19 098OW.. ........................................... .......................... i174~otd ........................................... .......................... ZWQ6.32944,4185a,%Ada:J8plvlPhlUppi- ............................................................................ 171TmkegOthS .................................................................................................TOW. ................................................................................. ~n........................................................................................................................................4B 1,321 1, P8............................................................................................................ Z 344 5.mzl ..........................A mRepublic of the CongoNarthon Rhodesia.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................RepubUc of Bout& Abla .......................... 1,48514 2M5.5886 1, e%l 17,081Bouthem Rhodeaia ...........................................................................................................................Other ............................................. 13,688 .......................... 4,918 3,685 4,434 1% 834Tow ........................................... 15,174I4211) 4.881 4,280 8.375 4015Oceania:2%AuWia ..........................................182 m 1.3s 888 45232,467Other ........................................................................................................................................T0tsl.. .........................................182 m 1,358868 4m z 467Qrsnd ta tsl ..................................... 143,717 213,288 267,182 180.358 218,874 Z4lMSee foomotes at end dtsble...........................2....................................................2. 28a68, ail8,42471387,8014 &M99,51840s%1U,BB44s7 61667.W40r126821lO.W115 aS1141M 1%473M ..........................4,351 1, lZB 1,62617 ............. 358 ..........................TBaBB657891 1(U WI%IZ~ 10.w9.5~119 ax iasa.m 14ose 13,1103, GI1140118. '&%I35.651419161,0306,6743, 0303. 0303W 207

226 COPPERTABLE 47.-Copper(unmnujQdured) imported into the United States, by countries in terms ojcomer content. sh7t tons l--ContinuedNeth America:ICanada ........................................... 81 MICuba ............................................. 11:mMexim ........................................... 4,3920th- .............................................3%Total ........................................... 116,%%3South Amerlea:Ballvia ........................................... 4W8CMle. .............................................-..............................................0th~ ............................................. 1.mTotal ....;......................................Ash:Total ...........................................Japt.. ...........................................Philippines ....................................... 2,086~orkw ........................................... qmOther ............................................. zm........................................... 10,mAM-:Republic of the Cwo ............................ 60,816Nmhern Rhodesia ............................................~epuh~c d south ~ lrio~. ....................... 14188Bouthem Rhodesia. ...........................................Other ............................................. n, uo........................................... 1M.013Oreaoia:Australia. ........................................ 1,0380th- ..........................................................TOM.. ......................................... 1,038Orand to tsl .................................... 191,312See footnotes at end of table.

SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION^ 227TABLE 47.-Copper (unmanujactured) imported into the United Stotes, cmntries in terms ojcopper content, shod tons '-ContinuedNorth AmQlca:CansdaCuba16, WSouth A dcs:B011vle .........................................Chile ...........................................Per.. ..........................................Other ...........................................Total .........................................Total ...........................................Ads:Japan ............................................. 3.116 I. lmPhlUppk ......................................Turkey. .......................................... .............Other .............................................Other .................................................................. :................Total ...........................................1Orandtotal ..................................... 413,€94 m,448 611,7046l81Soe botootos at end of table.L670lMI

228 COPPERTABLE 47.-Copper(unmanufactured) imported into the United Sfales, by countries in tern ofcoppr content, short tons '-Continued... ~th herlea:. Canada ...........................................Cuba .............................................Merim ...........................................other. ............................................Total. .........................................South Amerlca:Bolivia ...........................................Chile ..........................................P m ............................................Other .............................................Total ..........................................,7---------m oss28% 11 ('1282Yd.m 281,212 234,136 W.101 234,028 272,371 301,148 318311 298,135---------Eurow:BWm-Luremm .................................................France -.................................................... 1Wet Omany ...................................I4 ..........Malta. 0-0, and Cypm ................................................................Netherlands .......................................................... 21Norway ........................................... 5,664 5. OBO .......... 10 W UB ....................Sweden. .................................................... 1 m( a511.~1 3.128 2,188 ....................United gingdom .................................25 1 1 : ~ 3.m7, W 13,436 781 1,316 BylYugaslavie .................................... 3,m 2.140 1s ............................................................Other ............................................. 17 ........................................ 1 41W 11 724---------TOM ........................................... 11.818 n.744 2l.m e,w 10.888 55,137 21,412 1.3411,W---------A*: rap- ............................................ 1 OL ma I 28 ........................................Phillpphe ....................................... 19.426 W.321 10,911 13,08713,769 17,662 13,898 10,128Turkey ........................................... 2.664 b47 . 5,688 3,498 It= 1,081 347 ....................other ............................................. 32 161 12 a 14 41 2 .......... 351,08649 826 21 781------------------TOM ........................................... 80,818 100,713 62.70a 74 698 18.8s 67.987 WSU 72,506 44,241Oesaoia:"aOther ........................................ 1'672 1 1 , I%4b? 15,07359,911 107,~ lm,m 1m,m 74,8W 11z.318 117,Ml 78,334 98,753YZgZ 21122 16.M 17,435 14.181 8.W ....................51,228 46842 62,333 47,746 63.~~33%22,656 m.061 23.779~6 693 671 €43 16a 412 180 aOB 388---------169,828 118.491 180,340 185,MB 139,753---------1&3,030 147.08 SO.625 122.8m---------3.913a88.903Tom ........................................... 21122 14,113 17,808 6 , 14717 14,881 18111 14898=---==-==Ahlea:R~publlcof the Crmgo ............................ 14639 14, 180 12,7M 10,221 14515 4,333 198North- Bbod& ............................... '61,MS 18 464 27,56246-Z 5,796 10Republic of South AM- ......................... 13,482 1 3 : ~ 21.291 :84=a4981 28228 23,4748011them RhodeaLBOther ................................................................3,3015 ..............................4 Y 7.4721 L774 E25 751........................................................................... 694 ,4,1813,5952m.14530.4%0611.m241,382I ,%I6791.624W6Z4.81180.4351.W226,39172.133---------24.464........................................................................................................................................14161....................18991ILerathanltcm.Bamd wppa neditad ta Portuguese Ouinna and Angola by USDepartment or Commerw hsa teen added to Republic of the Cow0Nydmd.Chiefl~ from Natbem Rho-Source: U.S. Depsrtrnsnt ol Commerce.Production of wpper in the British Empirehad increased so rapidly in the 1930's that asurplus was available for export by 1939. Whenwar was declared in Europe the United Kimgdomsituation changed quickly. In 1940 shipmentsto the United Kingdom tripled, and it wassecond only to Japan in rewipts of wpper fromthe United States. Substantial quantitiesbegan going to the U.S.S.R. in 1939, and duringthe war years most of the refined copper exportedfrom the United States (considerablybelow prewar levels) went to these twocountries.Exports of refined copper, which resumed its

-pppp-p-ppppp--p--TABLE 48.-BmsImport8 fa mapumpurn:Bmssp.p,~w~t ...............~opperswp.rnpwmntent..~.......Exm:B-swp .............................C0Pwp.p ...........................Imports for mnsumpum:Bmraap. -might ...............Copw swp, mppar amtent.Exporn:BM IVBP .............................copparswp ...........................Imports fm mmption:rases so rap, vw WBW ...............Cwper mp, mppsr mntent ...........Expmts:BM sap I ............................copper swp. ..........................Lrnpmts for mapumpuon:B-Jorsp,groslWtl .......... L..CoPWs~~.mpwmntent ...........Errn:B-~rrapL ..........................coppar,, ..........................SUPPLY IWD DISTRIBUTION, 229and copper 8cmp imported into and ezpolted from the United States, short, tons1m4.3116MO~25.189,n31P16190.......................7lOLl19636.m1,0669,8197,82733,880386-alaaIonlpzp lEm 1031l(m--------hOB13,738146.98722.1086.0775.aL(241321,7382.212ZMO11,892516881.2321365,8817,1(9loaz2%18.G7317.1196.1132,113m3.~591W3%9.W9,4461w24.32433,1981169511nOude8 ingots.a Bsbinnins I-. 1, IW, olagnined 8. m p w ~ ~ map o y (new and old).2 k than 1 ton.sourre: U.S. Dspsrtmmt of Commerre.401715.W14.219lPaB 1837 19381940 1O11 1PL2 1W--------...........7M2%195418185,2724.76283.LYP177. n41.3481211331066(3)31Wll.7ffl156n4ms1.mI ,7.M479128.8671U81833,7£046Ml6.W1m......................R la195619476,5196.4102%uzu~6,9573.11880lOSl7,9116,8431loul, a9,3348.6%2.2%19ffl6.76348493%18198,7M14W3gZSl19592,054ZM28406m:nl1963X61.W124178asgl10.199129.1~23,m?1531,216 0,1951 1952$85:1981W1,BUll6w35:~76143216, 1%6 181d 9411982Zla8.W36.20Plzmprewar position as the most important exportclass in 1946, almost trebled in 1947. Copperwas subject to export controls during most .ofthe period. In September 1956 export restnctionson refined copper were removed, andshipments during 1957 rose 55 percent to346,000 tons-the higheat since 1940. In 1960,ex orts were the largest since 1929.Fables 50 and 51 show exports of copper, byclasses and refined copper by oountry of destmations.Tables 52, 53, and 54 show exports ofcopper alloys and copper sulfate.Foreign CountriesThe principal copper-exporting countries areCanada, Chile, Republic of the Congo, andNorthern Rhodesia. Exports and reexports forthe United Kingdom averaged nearly 46,000tons a year from 195142, but the United733-740 6-18Kingdom regularly requires 1,arge quantities ofcopper to meet its needs, and Imports are shownin table 55.Canada.-Most of the copper output isexported. The United States and the Un~tedKingdom are the leading destinations of therefmed copper shipped with important quantitiesgoing bo France and West Germany inrecent years. Exports by country of destinationare shown in table 56.Chile.-Chile ranked first as an exporter ofcopper in 4 of the 10 years under review.Although the United States has been the chiefdeatlnation for Chilean copper, its share of thetotal dropped from 94 percent in 1938 to 38percent in 1960. Substantial quantities havebeen shipped to the United Kimgdom, WestGermany, Netherlands, and Italy. Table 57shows exports by country of destination.

230 COPPERTABLE 49.-Ezports of imla&d wire and cable by countries. short tonCo~ntry 1 1939 1 1940hent ipa ..........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~118Auatralm- ..............................54Canada ................................ 276China ................................. 168Colombia .............................. 770Cuba .................................. 901Ewpt ................................. (9fianw ................................India .................................. 80Mexico ................................PhiIip@nw ... .............................U.8.Y.K ...............................IUnited Kingdom ........................ 58Other. ................................Total ...........................mntea .............................. 195Awtralm ..............................Cmah ................................ ; %China ................................. 61Colombia .............................. 492cub .................................. 410Egypt. ................................ 624Frmce ................................ 554India .................................. 5, 433Mexim ................................ 1, 022Phili pin ea .....................................US .R ...................... 91, 685i d K i n g ........................ 23, 653Other ................................. 16, 9481 ............................ 144, 434

-pp--ppp-SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTIONTABLE 50.-Copperexpolladfrom the United States, short tonsOD con~mtrate, matts, ~ P W content ....%Eked ....................................Rodan ............................................................................Pipandtote ............................Plates and sheeta ...........................Whandoblebsre~ ......................wbe and able: insulated ..................0th- COOP mulacturns .................1626 18n 1ES 1929 lW leal 195a 1W-------2,7%3 3.818 1.916 2,190 00 ISa l&aU 22,714%062 461,233 474.787 411,%9 287.W m.lY98 110.91122.w 28,309 0.m37,m 4 14.M8,na 22.708 n.m f i'7%14W ass3 17.179 14,210I , 1.m 1.m 172s 1.244 l.m lY98 4012, I 3.637 3.m 3 181 44m 2.m ESE 6874621 4144 7.m 8424 7.876 3,134 044 1,2851 1 , ~ 9.m 1zm wn4 4 ~ 7(?ns (4 o (9 PI 0Om mnmtrata, m e , mpparmnteot ....%Eked .....................................~odan ......................................&8, ......................................PIP and tute ............................Plates and sb&s ...........................Whaodeable,bsrsi .....................Wlremdable,insulated ..................Other m ~ mmofsotures w .................1m 1m 1M 1m IF99 lpro 1641 LOLl-------7.67s am 4.088 1.m 62 2DI I2 31U280.135 ~(1.390 m.m 3m,w m.m m e 1v.nl n.m~ 1s.m 2 "'%9.612 13,224 aU.914 % 2% 3.m lll5em w 1.o91 urn am 2.mM2% S,J82 3.W &EM 7.W 144804.811 6:8~ 7.748 7,243 7.425 %WE 27,676 W43K(I) PI (9 (9 PI (9 (3 (9Om, con-trata, matts, copw content ....Remd.. ..................................Roda I ......................................&8p.. ....................................P l p and tote ............................P l h and shears ...........................Wire and mbls, bsla L .....................Wire and cable, Imdated ..................Other mppr mnfsehuas .................Om amrsntrste, matte, mpw mntent ....~sdosd ....................................~oda 1 ......................................8oap. .....................................Pipesaodtute ............................Platesand ShSeta ..........................wiremdcsblebarer ......................wireand ohla: lamlated ..................Other mpp maoulact- ................1W 19M 1968 1968 IS67 1W 1069 lOBO 1W149s 2.a 892,891 13,717 16, EM 11,475 2.W 11,111 4.4X109,680 21481 188,819 211105 346.m %BB8 168988 433,762 W7Da t 3(1 m rn 1,BW (9 ('1 ('1 ('I%ma 715749 a1.1s7 weal a888 21,881 M,~I am 0.x1.m 21,109 1.m l,M 1,BW 1.m 199 726 94367 Jm MZ 2m IW 313 KO %&9.313 4,518 4916 11.1~ 11.110 s,m am am 1.99I14,512 18,974 18,434 2 , 14,482 21.8&12Y) 231 BBglnninB Jm 1 1958, Mt mseparsfe lgW inclnded lo "Other 1 Welght nanmrdd.mp r r n a ~ ~ ? ~ 'IgsthBnltm.Falng to chmaas inclnadtledm. 1WdsOnot rmcuy mmblswith mUBr Y-.8oores: U,8, Dspsrtmantommem,

232 COPPERTABLE 51.-Re$nedcopper exported from the United States, by countries, shod tonssouth Ameria:Argentins ....................... .......... 678B d ..........----------.... -. .-.....-.-....Other .............................................Eumm:AuamL%. ......----------........... -....--....-28 1'23~dgiurn-Lurembow .......................... 4l,u28 44,749CEechoelOU8kLs ....................................74 17Denmark. ........................................ 434 500P ............................................ 87.575 55;979West Germany ................................... 76,630 114911n,mgsry ...................................................................Italy .......................................... 41 479 43,135Netherlands ...................................... 32: 143Norway ..........................................476 a%Poland aod Dansig ...............................84 4318-4,828 1,885Swede012,356 10,w~Switzerland .............................................. 140U.8.8.R .......................................... 4,m 18,837United Kingdom ................................. 90,180 91,188Other ............................................. SUZ 381Total ........................................... 392,750 432,439ASWBrnBChinaFrench Indwhlna................................................................................................................. 4, C@4 2,820.........................Hong Kong .......................................363 Wmdia.. ........................................... am a $91Japan ............................................. 18,672 I%,=Kwmtmg121 190Pstism ..................................................................Taiwan.. ..................................................................Other.. ........................................... 303T o m ....................................... 24 151Arrra:Algeria....................................................................other ............................................. 370TOM ...........................................370--24918,847a2

~ ..~ ..SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION51.-Rejinedcopper ezpol.ted from the United States, bu countries, shod tons--Cc1North America:Canada ...........................................Mexh ...........................................Other ............................................. 1,7$Sooth America:Argentina... .....................................Braail ............Other ..............................................---.- -. -..........-.-.....-.-total.^ ........................................ 17,186.-hfrioil:AlgeriaOther .............................................-.-Oceania:Austrdla ..................................................... ...0 t h ....................................................~ ~See footnotes at end of table.I-.......--

234 COPPERTABLE 51.-Re$nedcopper ezporkdfiom the Unhd States, by countries, short tom-Continued.-North Amerloa:Canads.. ........................---..---... 3sMexleo ............................................ 2,EOtheI ..............................................-Total........................................... 8,467=?-.-South1AmerImArgentha ...................................... 4,211h z U ............................................. 5,217Other ............................................. 91----.AWda ...........................................................Bel&m.rUrembMus ............................. 1.187caeohmlowLLa ..-.DQunark. ........................................bBOFI1IIL-e ....................................... 30.404west Germany ................................................ .-.E m ......................................... 4,441Ibk ...._ I 33.87Net lands 3.198Nmmg ........................................... 8sPoland and k l g ............................................-.Spsk ............................................ aaasden ........................................... 6,036srsluarhnd ....................................... 6.WU.8.B.R ........................................... 64.478Unlted Kingdom .................................Other ..............................................-Total ........................................... 1U.687.-Asia:Burma ..................................................... ...China ............................................. 4. 8.mF18noh Indoohinn ................................. 256Hang gong ....................................... 20(Ind is. ........................................... 1.mJapan ............................................. 116,915K-tug ........................................ %a28Pawtan.. .................................................... .......-Total ........................................... 127,401--.-Ahloa:............ ...AOt I v :::1:1:1::: I I ::I:I :::I: Iasa.-.- -Total.. .........................................===265oeeanirr:Auhslh.. ....................................... 42See fmtnote st end el table.I.-: =.-.- - --...........3.w LBO P3 ............. 1a aer 160 67--4 618

SUPPLY AND DIS~WION 235I IS47 I I948 I 1649 I 1W I 1951 I 1952 I UTABLE 51.-ReJtned copper ezportedfiom the United States, bycmtries, short t-ContinuedNmth Amerb:Canada.. .........................................M&. ..........................................OtbeL ............................................Total ...........................................815343South Amexlea:hrantlmL.. ......................................B d ............................................. %0th. ...............................------..---mnTotal. .......................................... 48891mE-: Austria. ..........................................m 1,368ZBBBelgium-Lolsmbo*& ............................ 582 ............. maC,echosb,WkLa ..........................................................................Dsnrnark..l.m 1,447 917planae.. ..........................................8,673 I7 881weat &many................................... 3 %M 12:mB-y .................................................................................It.] .............................................. 7,w 17.W 1% a1~dLrlands..................................... 8.19011.mNomap.. ........................................ 1,911 % 3, La8Poland aod Danalc .....................................................................spin ............................................. ............. 2,sra .............Swede= ..........................................3m 2.m .............Srltmland. ......................................44l5 4582U.8.B.R .................................................................................Unlted KLngdom .................................7416122,867Otbcr.. ........................................... e5lM4Total ........................................... 128,377 117.5M 110,482 U2.m 328,581Asia:BOlrnB .......................... -..............................................................................................................Chlos.. .......................................... Bl7 a28 14FrenehIodmhina ............................................................................................................................Bong Kon& ...................................... 66 (8 6 ....................................................In& ............................................. 11.W 16,097 24514 8, B9 2171% pan. ........................................................................................................... 6, %Kaantmg ...................................................................................................................................~aldst~n ...................................................... a 749 112 ............. B59 1430Tail- ........................................................................................................................I76Other ............................................. 14 16 95 35 154 2211Total ........................................... 11,808 15.541 21.378 S, 138 371 7,788 7,787--Ahlea:A1 La .............................. 169 2.788 lS7Z 1,174 76otK.:.: .............................. 259 1 3 ............. maTotal ........................................... 427 2734 1,780 1,174........................................ .......................................Otber ............................................ (8) ............. m 6 6Total ........................................... 851 .............6 BIbOm8a18:Australla. 9.54 BSOQmd total, ................................... 147,812 142W 187.8n 1Ha1 1S.S.mSee twtnotes at end of table.47M8476621. m51%6,106JO612881 871a: IOB746.143M251011101.368lls1. 69L37285.2WI no .............i B~I814.97812.88161I712, e525,496ID(56m48.116921lwm44845400lea5171174.13689"8s368-8764 as9:nrI/ an.............-- 88100.............100lW,W

236 COPPERTABLE 51.-Rejlned copper exported from the United S&s, by countries, sbt ton--Continued1W 1955 19M 19K7 1991 1959 lDBO 1961 lOB2---------North America:Canada ........................................... F24 1,164 2,875 3,MI,=1.013Medeo~ .......................................... m m 1642 . 53% 106 2 . 1m0 t her. ............................................ 7 28 6 W 812 9 8 24 10-------Total ...........................................W1 1,484 4% 3,724 4,168 3,349 1,447 2.619 1,136---=-----South America:Argentina. ....................................... 4.138 2,975 .......... 11,152 l&m7 4lBB 12.469Bmil.28.6134776 48744,765Other ............................................. 113 P+y 7 495 342 492 14.g18---------Total ........................................... 21,482 11,910 8,899 10,- %2,1ZI 4327 27,463 0,462 13,819Emope:0th- .............................................Total .........................................Asia:BUIIIIB.ChbFrench IndochinaHow Kong.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................India ............................................. 4217 4,830 14S5om 922 &us la,w 66 124Japan ............................................. 6,341 I64 23,606 4% &750 5.m Z.M9 88,W 13:134Kwtung ..................... --.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 34 .................... m 3118 .W .......... 1,611 531 M2~ MI 69 153 6 abl-------10.846 8,324 MI n , ~ m mmPakistanTaiwan ...........................................7 I87 SS!2Other ............................................. 105 7 24TOM ........................................... 13,180 5,108 4e.u__---__----AM=:AoReRBe.:~ria:174167 m 812Total ........................................... 341532......................................................................10716--------.................... 6 1, 511 as2---------m716 .................... 6 1,511 39a-7,7W 6.W SBO 580 672 1,111 3, 774 3,041 7.53---------Oceanis:austral la^^ .......................................Other .......................................................................................................................................Total ...........................................Grandtotal '...~ ................................---------AUJUI~ ........................................... 1,501 I a1 m m w .................... ~38 ..........~e~g~m-~ursmtmtm ........................ 742 I:IP JJ 1,inCIBch0slo.r~ .........................................................................................................zm am 3,318 2.164 1,5741,572 ..........Denm~rk ......................................... 1B1 am 457 Em em .............................. 1.848Pranes ............................................ 39,m 65,062 59,889 M,@7 91,153 4 P 7 m888300HWestOermany~ .................................. 36,m 35,ZSl 32,803 50,116 66,831 38,624 106.998 2 6x868Hungary. ..................................................................................................................................Ital~ .............................................. 1&081 9659 23.169 33.636 36,64784,314Net exlaods ......................................1 4367 7,848 14,160Norway ........................................... ?% 2.575% 2% 2% 6,4612.472 a.na r,m 1,- s,w 7ss Z,BMPoland aod Dandg. ........................................................................................................................Spain ...........................................................................BB .......... a ......... 418Sweden ........................................... 4W1 4447 1 , 2% 7,153 1.3W 4W 4(88 3,881Swltrarland ....................................... 10,587 &@S 16,093 14,810 11.396 1,670 6,945 4588U.S.8.R ....................................................................................................................................UnitedKiogdom ................................. a 5 ~ 7 28082 15,689.......... 433118 482 am76,871dm110,5484,ln€3,6404,m-------- 3%$7.53IM,B7 374BB1 IBB,BIJ m.181 346,959 13UW 359436 314492 241.378--__=--__*~IS7.m 6,W 660 SBO 672 1,111 3,774=-=--=--=215,81 188,819 lM W,OZ 381,888 1&838 43,182-3. 04143% 253a IS$ 5 ~---753%5%8 Lzas than I ton.1 Includes munwies not shown in stub.souroe: U.S. Department olCommeroe.

SUPPLY AND DISTBIBWION 237TABLE 52.-Copper-bose alloys, including brass and bronze, exported jrom th United Statates,' by classesIImqtsPipe fittings and wlwa. ...................pipe. and tubes ............................Plate, s h e and sicips ...................Plumbas bn%s goods ......................PO*. ...................................sexa and 0thborn ......-.......--------8emPbbcifated lorn, n.s.c ................Welding rods and ?Are.....................othmpper-ke-alloy manulad- ....--Total .0m rod% and s)Y)PPB.. .................. L678casrinsl and mops.. ..................- (2,llardwsre ................................. (9Iruofs .............................. ---- ..-.. 1.w1vpe filllnm and valses. ................... 1.Wpips and rmbar.. ......................... 2.317PI.-, sheets, and mp. ................ mSPlumbsr~ -goods.. ................-... (91I'0ardw. ................................. (1)8-8 ~nd*lhW b o w ...............--.. n.613mnEabncstad born, wee ...............Weldlo. rod8 and dre. ..................- 671....-Other mpppr.heab6lloy manuhaures.. (9Total. ...............................See rmtnotea at snd ol tsbk

238 COPPERTABLE 52.-4opperdose allays, including bms and bronze, ezported fmm th.e Unitedchses-Continuedbyhat tonsBars pods, sod ahapm. ....................caab sod am.. ....................nsd- ..........................--.....Ir,&?U. .....................................Plpe nttlnbs and saluss 8 ...................Plpea and tukz. ...........................PLaus, aheats, aod nrlps. .................Plumbas brsap goods. .....................Poadsr. ...................................la,m184?)1,e.Mz 762fa, 172BW -dothex I- ..--.---------.-..---. (') la~emPb~~~tsd forma, n.e.c .................Waldlng rods sod aVe. ................... (3,617Other mooer-b-07 manuIanmss...... (9mBss, r&, snd shapes ......................Caaans~ and fmgJw% ......................Hardurn ..................................Ingots .....................................Plpe atdogs and valses ...................Plpes and mbes ...........................Plates, abeets, and amps.. ................Plumbera braas gmd3 ......................Ponder ....................................BWD and other forms ......................~ermfa~eated I-, n.u Welding mds and wire ...........................Other mpper-bksslloj manuleehues--1954~ars mds and sham ...................... 466 fJl9cadng~ Ad fm mgl ...................... a6 109Bmd- ..................................Ingo ,.....................................% 2%Rpe atdogs aod sdw' ...................Plpes and tuber ....---.-.---.-.----.-...-.Pla* abeets and ~mps.. ................ 4?a BUplumbers bra;s gmds ......................POOTdBr ....................................e.za andotbe. forme ..................... =,ma 4189~e&s~ested ~ w n.e.c w ................ LB 43Weldbu rods andm ..................... 7m 1,444Other mpper-base-alloy manMms ...... (2)SmTom ................................. (9See footnotes at end of table.I2 8,y57, &

SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION 239rTABLE 53.-Un&brieatzd copper-he alloy 'ingots2. bars. rods. sha a. Wes. and sheetsaportedfrom the Unite W sYearIshort tons Value.. housandsTABLEtJ .54.-Copper sul ate (blue pritrioO apo&dfrom the nzted State8Year Short tons Value.thousandsI......1959' .................. 1, 4711960' ..................1961' ..................1962' .................. 2, 391I Includes b m and bmm .r ~ ~ not gs eply a ~ clasdtled betore 1829, included with scrap .i 185142 d m norn to be not strictly mmparable with earlier yoar$ .source: U.8. Department of Comm.

240 COPPERTABLE 55.-Imports of copper into the United Kingchm, by countries, short tonsCountry1951IBlister Electro- FirelytirldndBlister1952Belgium ...................................... 15,735. .................... 31,1331 ..........Canada ......................................... 51,536 .................... 41,9155h e ................................. 3,864 .......... 6,046 1,820 .......... 3, 727Republic ofthe Congo .......................................................... 66 ..........West Gemany ................................... 18,472 .................... 17,922 ..........Northern Rhodesia ..................... 142,725 8 424 .......... 189,221 85,548 ..........Norway ......................................... 1,428 .................... 1,483 ..........PeruUnited States ..........Total ...........................Belgium ........................................Canada ...... r. ................................Chfie ..........................................Republic of the Congo ...........................West Germany ..................................Northern Rhodesia ..................... 121,037Norway ........................................PeruIkpubliv of South Africa..linitrd StateaOther countries. ..............................Canada ........................................Chile .................................. 8,000Re~ublic of the Conao ............................West Germany .........................Northern~ ~ Rhodesia.: ................. ...I--iiiik%Norway ........................................Peru ...........................................RepuLlic of South Africa .........................Umted States ...................................Other countries ......................... 3,994Belgium-.. ............................ 1 .Total ............................ I 136,499 / 286, 382 1 34, 808 1 119,325 1 290, 593 1 38,611

SUPPLY AND DISTBIBUTION 241TABLE 55.-Imports of copper into the United Kingdom, by cmntries, short todontimedCountry1957) /Blister Electm- FirelyticrehedBeleum ......................................... 675 ....................Canada .......................................... 85,795 ....................I .................................. 3,298 45,210 40,634 16, 072Republic of the Congo ............................. 3,359 ....................West Gmany ................................... 84 ........................................Northern Rhodesia ...................... 124,624 1 1094.......... 90,583 120,4W ..........N o ......................................... 1226 .................... 1,858 ..........Peru ............................................ 2,671 .................... 2,873 ..........Republic of South Africa .......................... 226 533 .................... 840U t e Stes .................................... 82,629 10640 ... 104,767 6, 517Other countries ......................... 1,633 561 .......... 729 141 336Total ............................2 9555 1 340, 530 1 51,807Blister1958ElectrolyticFirerefined107,384 1 348, 708 1 57, 53319591960Belgium .........................................Camda ..........................................Chile .................................. 32,422Republic of the Congo .............................West Germany ...................................Northern Rhodesia ...................... 74,744Norway .........................................Peru ............................................Republic of South Africa ..........................U t e t a t ....................................Other countries .........................5Total ............................ 107,17145281,57623,2284,54168 2 1433,45558828031,057627327,953.................... 1,688 .............................. 115,246 ..........46,984 47,759 29, 884 50,371.................... 3,134 .............................. 2,658 ............. 76,371 200,865 .............................. 2,484 .................... 693 2,552 ..........5,683 .................... 3,3491,959 1, 120 66,009 6,213.......... 17 4,893 13954,626125,960429,39360,07219611962Belgium ......................................... 815 .................... 772 ..........Canada .......................................... 112,890 .................... 98,240 ..........I ................................. 50,402 21,506 33,861 SO, 250 36,541 29,215Republic of the Congo ............................. 4,043 .................... 3,080 ..........West Germany ......................... 34 547 .................... 22,789 ..........Northern Rhodesia ...................... 80, 560 202,470 829 43, 194 213,078 1,540Norway ......................................... 1,463 .................... 342 ..........Peru .................................. 22,408 .................... 23,024 6,718 ..........Republic of South Africa .......................... 101 593 .................... 1,960United States .......................... 1,025 49,276 4 481 .......... 53,275 1,063Other countries ......................... 3 4,825 19 .......... 5,282 275

242 COPPER..............................Japan..........awedm ............... .......... wS M Y d ......United Khgdom ...............114675 131.994 154 1MTABLE 57.-Ezporkof copper from Chile, shod tmsla51 I I962mtlM ......................................................................................................................................A"Btrls ..........................................55 48x2 ............ 457 1,146 16,4%7Bekhm.. ............................................................... 17,724419 ............ 419BrsLU ........................?..................................................................8.281 1,215 ............ 74,JOP88 ............Fr8nOe.-.- ...................................... 5.376 11 252 ............ 16,888Weat (fermaoy.....................................-........ 3 W b51115 3 : ~ 5 , 8,884 ............Itdk ..........................................1:W 11,4595,173 l.oa3 10,W 16,e 7,543 384 9,713Net landa .....................................17.62033 w ............ 139Spain ..........................................................................................Wedm ....................................................................................................... a,m ............4.742 13 ............P 551 ............nmtmlllld. ................................................ 8U ............ %ge, m em .--.........udtad ngdorn ............................................ 6 em 4,119 11 rm ............rnUIlltad 8t8tm ....................................4538 1,4€a 4.424108,324 113:878 43,OBO %:l~other .......................................... a,xi a,m n4 4.6%130,718 133,951 -314 811,013n.a8~bs ............ a c-28TOM ...................................... 130,444 1a.m 05,m 236,518 146,308 14988 79,40~ w m 7I ---------Mgsntin .2,m ........................Alums ...............................................................................................................................am qm ........................Belaom ...................................... ~ , m JBBrwL ......................................................n4 ........................URants. .........................................m ...-....-... l.24.5 m ............165 ........................ 165 1,lW 1.553West (iermany..............................................9,314 4 , ~ 28.499 4W 17,835 3 516IM ............................................ 18,83114643~etE,iBnds .....................................ma29,721 a7 uMwM.3S~ain- ................................................................m,.w 30,010 0,w (a im 7E 1:m1, 705 I. 781B e n ................................................................. 4-1,167SMhrlmd ............................................................. 1.167 23 ........................ZZ4 2.W ............ 2.WUnitsd Kingdom ............................................ 2,911 ............(9,~'37.153733unltedstatcs ................................... 21%Otk ...........................................-am2 M12% an,w............2% 2% ,,I,3.W1 84 ............TOM ...................................... ngma m,m loam 424,538 W,W qeul 1m,wI I I1WIn54Acwtlna ...................................................................................................1,1111 ............Alutrie:Bekium .........................................................................................BrSlil ...........................................1,m ........................2,379 ............ 165Franc%. ........................................2,644110 ........................ I10 IWWmt Oermany ......................................................................323 ll.791 12 114It4,IYHI4,575 ............ 1U3 4:742 11,234N%;GG :I:I:................................................ 17.m5 112am ................................................................................................................................8Usdcn ..........................................................................................7,1.876 ........................w48wlt.erW ................................................................................................. 1 %7 ............UnlM KhEd0m ................................................................................ 58.10, 1 5 : ~united 8- ....................................5,oPSm,m~ I M , ~ 1~6,818 301.mOthsr ............................................53.801 71.016 106.m54 20 ............ 75 3,512 169 ............Total ...................................... 77.190 101,998 138,W 321.120 ln,W 88,966 1U,lb519551966........................................................................................................................................................................................4,3974 420ll:~I, un2,831ImZQ.015?%1:%774 aaPa1o1a16-------- 3: 881381,XB

SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION 243DBatlllatIonReflnsdStandard(but@Total..........................................................................Itdl ...........................................N Ian& .....................................amden ......................................... ....................................................................................................................................TOU .................................."....................................................Spain 9,185............A,geldna.. -. la8A& .........................................................................................................................................la ................................................Bel@L B M ...............................................................................................2m ........................ 2 1,m 1.168 .....-.-..-. 27l6"....................................pnocs .......................................... 6,6n ........................ 6.m 16.m ns ............ ii-aweatownany .................................. 9087 'am10,m em am1hm 12.me 4% 2% 2 n,m 2" 27,1171% N erlands .................................... n&W 1.78 M 00.381, 49.m 2esl ............ GsoO%pain.-.................................................................am hm ................................................men - 11.S.3SllWLand ......................................................................... 11,w 4987 m ma 21,8861601 ............ 1,691 ................................................Unltd Kh&m ................................ &@57 d 128 &Boo 108.816 lgm 44882 1E.WUnited SU)k ..................................4801 101.U7 2 ~ a 4 % 1,261 a01.989 WSm0th- ............................................ 4~ 'au .........-.. D(YI ................................................----Toa ..................................... rw.141 7e,m m,mo m,sas 161.7s -ass 3m,m €24~341*1IDS2...........................................................................................................................................................................................................ma ....................................Republic of the Congo.-Belgium is the prin-CI a1 destination of wpper from the Republico ! the Congo. Except for 1959, France wassecond and Italy third. Table 58 shows substantialquantities shipped to the Beira andLobito depots in 1959 and 1960. It is believedthat most of this wpper- -was shipped ultimatelyto Belgium.Federation of Rhodesia and Byesoland.-Inall hut - ~4 of the last 10 Tears. Rhodesia hasexportd~more wpper th& any other country.The United Kingdom received most of theshipments; the Umted States was second from1951 until 1958 when it was displaced by WestGermany. Other European countries have............ 8,108 1.174 ............ 4,882................................................ ............taken most of the remainder. Shipments bycountry of destination are given in table 59.PRICESUS. wpper prices are reported in terms ofelectrolytic wpper, cents per pound, f.0.b. refinery,and cover the ordm forms of wirebars and ingot bars. ~mall%3erentials existfor standard ingots, slabs, and billets, dependingon dimensions and quality, and for cakes,depending on weight and diens~ons. Thereis also a primary price of producers that before1954 was quoted asdehvered-Connect~cut Vdley.In mid-1950, one producer began selling

244 COPPERTABLE 58.-Expo~ia of copper from Republic 1he Congo, short tonsDestination 1 1951Algerh ................................ 2,205Australia .............................. 18,638Belgium ............................... 132,267France ................................ 34,932West Gemny .....................................India- ................................ 2,389Itdx .................................. 3,401Net erlan ds ........................................Republic of South Africa .6,385Un~ted Kingdom ....................................Udted States ......................................Beira Depot ..................... I ..................Lobito Depot .Other ................................. 2,286Tot ............................Alperis ................................ 1,102Australia.. ........................................Beum ............................... 187,855France ................................ 46,414West Germany ......................... 168India .................................. 1,802Italy .................................. 14,989Netherlands.. .......................... 364Republic of South Africa ................ 4, 508United Kingdom ........................ 8, 007United States .......................... 13,929Beira Depot ........................................Lobito Depot ......................................Other ................................. 494Tot ............................202,5031956279, 632copper priced asdelivered to United Statesconsuming points; in 1954 other producerschanged to this policy, and it became representativeof the industry. Shipment costs were0.125 cent per pound for American MetalMarket quotations and 0.300 cent per poundfor E&MJ Metal and Mineral Market prices.In 1957 the differentials between delivered andf.0.b. prices were increased to 0.175 and 0.400cent per pound, respectively. Beginning with1955 custom smelters of copper began quotingtheir price separately (table 60). Table 61shows average weighted prices of domesticcopper deliveries by selling agencies.The US. price for co per in 1929 was thehighest for any year aher 1920, continuinghigh ,until Apnl 1930. The price had beenstabhed in April 1929 at 17.775 cents erpound b Copper Exporters, Inc. The woidwidein c? ustnsl depression in 1930 brought asevere decline in copper consumption and anearly compensating curtailment in production,but it did not prevent an increase in stocks.The price of copper fell from a little less than18 cents in April 1930 to less than 10 cents inOctober, and m 1932 to the lowest average forall time-5.7 cents oer oound. A tariff of 4cents a pound was I;iaceh on imports effectiveJune 21, 1932.

SWPLY AND DISTlbIBUTIONTABLE 59,-Export8 of copperjrom Federatiwn ojRhode& and Nymaland, short tensI 1851 I 1852Destlnaticm-Ore andormoorhteBltrterawLinr,.............................................................................. .---........~1~1tralla............ 3,363 ............ 3 363 ............ 5% .BPi. 10 5 s~slglum ..................................................... 1l.m ............ 11:m18,W '420 20:~3............................................................................................................pm,CB....................................................................................................................... -..--.......wet Oe-y............. 10,ZM ............ 6 . - . 7,832 ............ 7 832InU .......................... 36l ............ 381 ............ se~ 672 1:azItdy ............................................................................................................................................Japan ............................................................................................... ".........................Netherleads .............................................................................................. ". 3.ia3. :::::::::::: 3,126mPubuc of 800th ................................................ 13,308 13,309 ...................:....14410 14,410............................................................................. .-..........spain8aedm .................................................................. 16,801 16,BOL 5,761 ............ i;.(X16. 21,7678dtmland ............................................................. 106 106 ................................................n.s.s.n.........................................................................................united ~ d o............................................m130,105 8S.w 125.161 ............ 1Q278 87,M %.*iunited stam ................................................ wea ............ 38.888 ............ n,m ............ a?:%Other .................................................................... 1% 1% ............ 4 ax-2 a ~TOM .................................................. 20e.312 115.309 ~ 5 a 1 6,761u7.1rz in,m 8-35,~1863 1851--iupentlm ................................................................................................................*,3- .....................................................................................................................................................................Belgium 10,817 (,Om 15,817 ............pmce ........................west asrmany ............ 10," ............ ............India ........................................................ 112 38 ............4,617 4,517 ..................................................................................... ........................Sweden ..................................................................Sdt%rlaod.. ...............................................................................................U.S.8.RUnited mgdom........................united st- ................................................ ............Other ..............................; 8.358--Totd ................................................. 251,755 161,831 416,687 ............1965I . .I ,&en"m ............................................................... 1,137 1 la? ................................................Ausnxlis ................................................................................... :............................672 672Bern- .................................................... 1,308 4.W 5.m ............ 1,110 7,113B& ...................................................................................................................% 1%Prance.. ....................................................30 14x34 15.m ........................ 18.418 4418West Omany .............................................. 21.413 1280 2(,703 451 26,457Indb............................................................Italy. .......................................................8-35 11," 11,m ............Japan. .............................. ..................................................... 128 ......---.........-----.Netherlaods ...... ............ 7 2.099 1436 16 128 u8 I, 261Bepublicof South AM- .................................... I15lQMl 6,073 ............ 16,W 10.106spai ....................................................................................................... 1,848 ............ 1848Sweden .................................................................16,W mdn68arl"Admd. ........................................................... 1 "........................14% 112U.8.S.R .............................................................................................................................. --*-GiUdted giosdom ............ 110 7M 3417,167 1 ............ 1'23 812 14LPOudted 8tatae ............................................... m:8:3"1 7,277 wen l,45a lim 16.210 31,aOther ........................................................ 28 (88 516 ........................ 281282------Total............. 193,816 189,174 882,810 7.396 1m.W %%(a89Eiectr*iyth_ _ - - - -T-1Ore sndmmtmtsBllater1mElectmlyticTotal-41U8,169

246 COPPERTABLE 59.-Ezportsof copper from Fedemtion of Rhodesia and Nyos$and, short U ontinuedIlW I 1968I'*Ar!zc,tlna ....................................... 1 ............ I ............ I awl sml ............ I ............ I 0.74aI 9.741- 1960 1krntlne ............................................................... 4 4,758 ........................ lawAostralIa .............................................................. 1.122 1,122 ...................................Baum ......................................... laam 6i-m 4 ............ 1.a~ 616B ~ I................................................................... Ia,m an1 ........................ 4.m~ C...................................................... Bwz z~mi n.4m ............ IM a.mwpst Osrmany .............................................. B0.w ............ 89.6-3a a4eAIn& ........................................................ 2% 29,886 ............ 4822 U,,(aOItsly ........................................................ 4048 21,097 27,146 ............ 6,618~apn .......................................... lam ............ 1z.m wrar 21.170 ............ %2Netbsrlands ................................................. hW7 17,170 a236 ........................ 1.182~spab~cot &nth A% ........................ em IM am I O , ~ 4.128 jlll o,mern ........................................................ 2,489 wz zal ............ ss ...........Srsden .......................................... 48 ............ M m lamSaltmland. ................................................2 ?%............ KslIu.s.8.~ ..................................................... 6.m lam ...... 10.w a442U W Kingdom ............................................010 EK.981 134.WUnlted.Stsk ............................................... l%g 4 ........................ 14.mOtbsr ........................................................ BY 2,641 3,%7 aM 1,468 a677~otal ..................................... %,~IS 1m.m man~ 611,428 28,486 I Q , ~ m,m-------Prices continued low, almoat without exception,until after World War 11. Despite thestrain on suppliea of copper in 1941, large producersmaintained a pnce of 12 cents for electrolyticcopper delivered Connecticut Valley(11.87 f.0.b. refinery) until August 12, when aceiling of 12 cents was established. In 1942bonus payments for overquota production wereestablished.Ceiling prim were raised, effective June 3,1946, to 14.375 cents per und, delivered ConnecticutValley, and on I? ovember 10 all pricecontrols were removed. The price rose immediatelyto 17.5 cente and by the end of theear to 19.5 cents, the highest since April 1929.&ces continued to advance in 1947 and into1948; the excise tax was sus ended in A ril1947 and the Premium Price lan was en edJune 30, 1947.The ostwar eriod was one of continuingdeman 2', except f' or part of 1949. An upsurgem prices followed the outbreak of hostilities inKorea in June 1950, and the quotation for electrolyticcopper was 24.5 cents a pound at thegiend of the year. The excise tax at 2 cents apound was reimposed July 1, 195kee thesection on ta*. In 1951 the avera e quotedprice was 24.5 cents a pound for e f ectrolyticcopper, delivered Connecticut Valley, the tughestm any year since 1918. Ceiling rices wereeatablished by the General Ceiling Ace Regulationeffective January 26, 1951, at 24.5 cents,the price at which primary producers had beensellin electrolytic copper.Mogbiliiation plans in foreign countries calledfor increased quantities of copper, and worldconsumption in 1951 was rising. Efforts of allcountries to obtain su5cient su plies of metalled to increasing world prices. ft umors statedthat prices up to 60 cents a pound were paid forcopper on the European continent. The UnitedStates was unable to increase imports or evenmaintain them at the 1950 rate, and an agreementwas made in May with Chide whereby,anadditional 3 cents more than the US. cehgwould be paid for Chilean co per sold in theUnited States. Later on, af co per reIinedfrom imported materiab was pai a for on the

i II GWPLY AND DIBTBEIUTION 247TABLE 60.-MmthlyMonth 1 1955January .......................... 30.14b r a ............... 33.00Mar ........................... 33.26Aoril ............................. 30.00Ma7 ............................. 36. 00June ............................. 36. 00July ............................. 36.00August ........................... 37.74Seotember ........................ 48.00&bber .......................... 46.07November ........................ 45.87December ........................ 49. 13Average .................... 38.93H i ................... 50. 25Low ................... 30.00I Not reported separately bebm Septembsr la, 8M.* NomAal.amrage copper prices oj czlstomer smelters, cents per pound, delivered 'I ~basis of 27.5 cents a pound. Maintenance-of-~roduction contracts based on product?on costswere granted to avoid losg pf production fromhighmt mines, and additional sets of priceswere established. Chile abrogated its agreementin May 1952 and embargoed exports tothe United States. On May 21 lmporten wereauthorized to pay higher prices on foreigncopper and to pass on to wnsqers 80 percentof costs above 27.5 cents, and sh ments to theUnited States were reaumed. E~I$ in June theincreases were permitted to be calculated atmore than 24.5 cents instead of 27.5.Supplies became more plentiful in 1953, andrice controls were abandoned in Februery.gy the end of April domestic and forelgn prices,except Chilean, were each about 30 cents apound. The rice for Chilean copper from thethree large u.%. mmes ' was held, under ChileanGovernment direction, at 35.5 cents a pound inChile-about 36.5 cents in the United StatesuntilDecember. Despite accelerated rates ofproduction in 1954 and 1955, the supply ofcopper was ,inadequate to meet increageddemand. Gams m new product~ve capacltwere offset by serious work stoppages in bot gyears, and by August 1955 copper was quotedat 43 cents a pound-the hlghest in 90 years.Custom smelters, whose pnce was quotedseparately for the first time in 1955, werequoting 50 cents a pound in September and50.25 cents in December.Prices continued to advance in 1956; byFebruary primary producers were quoting46 cents a pound, and custom+melter quotationsranged from 50.5 to 51.5 cents; for a shorttime custom smelters quoted 55 cents. Adownward trend be an with a kcent decreasein late March anf extended through earlyJuly, when the price was 37.5 cents. Reducedprices abroad and the dechiig custom smelterprice exerted pressure upon pnmary producers,and their price was lowered to, 40 cents a poundby midJuly, the first reduction m more thantwo years. In the latter half of 1956 a sbhtslackening in industrial demand and a a hrate of mine production indicated developmentof an oversupply, and the price was furtherreduced to 36 cents. At the end of the yearcustom smelters were quoting 35.5 to 36 cents.Despite efforts by most copper producersin 1957 to bring supply in balance with demandby curtailed output, the industry was facedwith oversupply throughout the year. Inslightly more than seven months the producerrlce dropped from 36 cents to 27 cents, thefowest since February 1953. Custom-smelterprices declined &o; by the end of 1957 thequotation was 25.5 cents. Fluctuat,ions inprices in 1958 resulted in a 13-percent decre.asem the annual average primary producer, pnce.By late October producers were quotmg 29cents, and in late November custom smelterswere on the 29-cent basis.Operations at most of the principal C?PPFproperties were halted by the onget stnke inhistory which began in August 1959 and continuedinto 1960. Mine production was thelowest annual total since 1949, and the pricerose to 33 cents on November 12. This priceheld until October 12, 1960, when it fell 3 centsa pound to 30 cents. A custom smelterposted a 33-cent price on August 31 but withdrewthe price on October 23 because of thestrikes. About mid-March 1960 custom smeltersestablished a 33-cent price, which wasreduced to 31 cents on October 3 and to 30

COPPERTABLE 61.-Average yearly oted rices oJ ebectrolytic copper, average loeigltted priees of rejinedcopper delivered in the gited &ates, zncluding prices adjwted by the wholesole indez, and forspot copper at London, cents per poundYearElectrolyticdomestic f.0.brefinery 2Electrolyticdomestic f.0.brefinery 'Electrolyticexport f.0.b.refineryWeighted,f.0.b.refinery 3Refined copperAdjusted bywholeaaleindex 4London spotwppermUabla Export guatatlon esUlbUshed affer Lmpasltlon ofa.e f a 8 months; thereafter, London Metal Exchwe dealhgs;tatmu.I Metal Exchange trading resumed Auwt 5, hut aRlclaloot ewikbk.Bulktin (London).cents on October 12. On May 19, 1961, theprice of copper was established at 31 cents perpound, delivered, and remained at that levelthrough 1962.The average weighted price of copper deliveriesreported by copper selling agenciescovers copper produced in the Un~ted Statesand delivered here and abroad and copperproduced abroad and delivered in the UnitedStates. It excludes copper both produced anddelivered abroad and deliveries to domesticconsumers. Also it excludes deliveries offoreign copper to Metals Reserve Co. and bonuspayments, applicable from February 1942 toJune 30, 1947.In the years immediately preceding WorldWar 11, London spot quotations of copperwere slightly below those in the United States.Transactions on /the London Metal Exchan e(LME) were suspended at the outbreak of t f ewar, and in Decembm 1939 the price for electrolyticcopper delivered was fixed by theBritish Min~stry of Supply at £62 per longton (12.29 cents per pound). Statutory maximumprices were revoked as of November 15,1949.

Increases in the first half of 1950 raised theBritish rice about 1 cent higher than theUnited 8 tates price. A £16 er ton drop inAugust, however, made the 8nited Kingdomprice temporarily lower than the US. price.On August 22 the price was £202 (25.25 cents).On August 23 the price dropped to £186 (23.25cents) but the £202 quotation was reinstatedeffective September 1. By May 1951 theo5cial maximum price was £234 (29.25 cents) ;a drop of £7 to £227 (28.375 cents) was announcedin September by the British Ministryof Materials, which took over metal- urchasingfunctions from the Ministry of SupJy in July.In May 1952 the British Government beganto base its selling price of metals and otherraw materials on New York market prices plusa differential for freight, and other charges.By June 16 the official maximum price was£281 (35.125 cents), and on June 20 an agreementwith producers was aaunced to purchasecopper at 33 cents a pound. The BritishMinistry of Materials pnce was £285 (35.625cents) on July 31, and British purchases fromroducers were 33.5 cents a pound f.a.s. New!fork, beginning August 1. Selling prices onthe European Continent were reported to beabout this level.Free trading in copper on the London MetalExchange was resumed Anpt 5,1953, after alapse of nearly 14 years. he British Min~stryof Metals continued to handle sales of copperuntil May 31, 1954. World supplies of coppertemporanl failed to cover requirements in thesecond h d of the ear, and this, combin, dwith the removal of tze influence of the (lover$ment broker, caused widely fluctuating priceson the LME. The price rose to a record highin October--£310 per long ton (38.75 cents apound). The BritLsh Ministry of Materialswas dissolved August 16, and its remaininfunctions were transferred to the Bprd o ";Trade.Prices on the LME substantiall exceededthose in the United States throug 1 out 1955.By August the rice had reached £400 (50cents), and in mix~ecember was a record highof £405 (50.625 cents); it dropped to 50 centsat the end of the month. On March 6, 1956,the price rose to a new record of £434 to £437(54.25 to 54.625 cents). The price dropped thee uivalent of 6 cents a pound in the latter part09 March. Following a sli ht advance inAugust, prices dropped gradu & y to a monthlyaverage of £273 (34.125 cents) in December1956. By December 11, 1957, the price haddropped to £175 10s. (21.9 cents)-~he lowestsince June 5, 1950, when the Governmentcontrolledprice was £170 (21.25 cents). OnNovember 6, 1958, following increases fromFebruary on, the LME price was £260 (32.5SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION 249cents). During the s ring and summer of 1960the price was equiv 3 ent to 30 or 31 cents apound. Corresponding to the decrease in theUS. price, the London price fell to the equivalentof 27.89 cents in October.On May 6, 1955, the Roan Antelope CopperMines, Ltd., and the Mufulira Copper Mines,Ltd., large copper producers in Northern Rhodesia,announced that effective May 9 theywould offer copper at a fixed basic price of £280a lon ton (35 cents per pound), c.i.f. UnitedKing f om, to those of their consumers who werewilling and able to instill a degree of stabilityinto resale prices of copper and brass products.Prices were fixed for 30 days, then they wereto be fixed for another definite period, and inJune the Rhodesian Selection Trust Co., (RST)representing the two producers, announced thatthe price of £280 would continue, subject tochan e on 24 hours notice. In early Septemberthe $ST price was raised to £360 (45 cents)and on February 27, 1956, to £385 (48.12;cents). This price held until April 30, when itwas reduced to £350 (43.75 cents); it was furtherlowered to £320 (40 cents) on May 28,again on June 18 to £300 (37.5 cents), and onJuly 2 to £275 (34.375 cents). On August 1,the price was increased to £300 and reducedon October 15 to £280 (35 cents), whichequaled the original price. Effective October24, the price was cut to £265 (33.125 cents);rose to £280 on November 12; and was loweredto £270 (33.75 cents) on December 17. TheRST continued to reduce the price in 1957; onFebruary 1 to £250 (31.25 cents); February 19to £240 (30 cents); June 17, £ 230 (28.75 cents);July 1, £220 (27.5 cents) ; August 12, £210 (26.25cents); September 5, £200 (25 cents); and onSe tember 19 to £190 (23.75 cents). TheR ~ grou T announced that, eilective October7, it wo& price copper on the LME pricebasis; this changeover ended the dualof Rhodesian copper that had been in e fPricing ect formore than two years.STOCKSProducers stocks include refined copper,blister copper, and materials in process of refining(table 62). During the depression yearsof the 1930's when consumption was low, stocksof refined copper rose substantially., In thelatter part of 1939 demand for copper increaseddue to war needs and stocks fell 47 percent,byearend. Requirements continued high d mgborld War 11, and stocks continued to decrease.Inventories rose 60 percent by theend of 1945 following the surrender of Germanyin May and the collapse of Japanese resistancein August. Fears of a flood of war stocks fromwar-stimulated mines throughout the world,

~ ~250 COPPERTABLE 62.-hks oj copper at primry smelting and rejhing plants in the United States at end ofyear, short tasYear-1926192719281929193019311932193319341935193619371938Relinedcopper 1Blister andmaterials inprocess ofrefining :YearRefinedcopper 'Blister andmaterials inprocess ofrefining 'YearRefinedcopper 126,00049,00025,00034,00078,000109,00048,00018, 00098,00049, 00071.000Blister andmaterials innrocess ofrefining '1 Mag inclTABLE 63.-Stocksof copper held bv fabricators at end of wear. short tmsBtooblofmtlnsd ~ D W ........................................'udlbd ~aroh- of m b d mpw h m pducers .............1% 1831, lm 1 w lea 1940Tots1 ......................................................Wor2atocka ..................................................Unnll west0 ooatom .......................................--- --Total ......................................................Ex~~stocks owordm h k d ................................StochiofMmppe. I ........................................Uodllad porch- of DBosd mpw h m pmduspra ..............Total ......................................................wormas *mLB .................................................. 291,615unnued sales to oustomm .......................................--517,Total ......................................................Ex-docLSovezordmhkad .................................Stmb of refined copper I... .....................................Uodlkd ~~uche==sofmhedmpwfmm pmducem ..............Total ......................................................WOrWSbOb ..................................................Unfilled sales to oustomem .......................................Total ......................................................Ex~~docLSoverordarsbooked ................................2%1 :: 1ne, m LB 35~88281.498 82,793-------2% 2;:W,W 4%7,7&5 =,el3 312,549=------3M. 151 405.90a 4l&@l----285,W 285,188 288591 285.W m, 157 308.W 301.519315, ~l 189,407---m,m a0a.w %g 17a917 1385U-611.W 474.703 601,444 wpsrar m,7&5 was1 U I . ~-uI.OBO -am -238881 -286,888 -74,878 -a=S~afmBnedm~w~ ........................................Unfillad puroh- of mhd mpw trom pmdum ..............Total .....................................................Work!=gSbOka ..................................................Uodlledsalesto custows .......................................Total ......................................................Exeassstmkr over orders hked ................................'Indudesin-prmeasmetalmd pflmaryf~brloatedhw. Ahloeludesamall~uantltiesoffehedmp~held ~tmLLnerlesfmf~bfl~~~onaemonts.Sauree: U.B. Coppar Asmianon.

SUPPLY AND DISTRIB~ION 251TABLE 64.-Cmumt stacks of coppe~-bme scmp at yeorend, gross Weight, short tons-1 1940 1 1941 1 1942 1 1943 1 1944 1 1945 1 1946Alloyed copper scrap .----- 56,283Low-grade scrap and read........... 23,733Unalloyed copper scrap-. . 15,606--Tot .......... 95,62257,22034,40215,981107,60375,11134,9249,235119,27056,97434,56710,234101,77553,45639,68610,660103,80257,10437,91316,145111,16262,62238,81823,034124,469--Alloyed copper scrap-. .... 72,780 59,924 46,011 33,518 39,192 59,470 84,065Low-grade scrap and reed........ 66,936 34 999 55,778 16,038 30,787 56,136Unalloyed copper scrap .... 15,830 12,937 16,521 10,735 16,448 17,580Total . .155,546 122,739 93,947 105,817 65,965 106,705 156,7811954 1955 1956 1958 1959 1980 1961 1962---- --Alloyed copper scrap -....- 67,047 78,328 65,367 62,077 71,264 74,315 60,602 58,257 65,841Low-grade sorap and residues---....-.-......-- 20,993 49,669 60,322 40,206 33,067 67,950 58,133 33,362 57,411Unalloyed copper scrap .... 19,551 23, 524 24,511 20,659 25,248 30,452 27,610 26,990 28,335--- -----Total ..-........... 107,591 151,521 150,200 122,942 129, 579 172,717 146,345 118,609 151,587however, did not materialize. Demand in 1946exceeded many expectations, and the supplyfrom domestic sources fell short of capacity asa result of serious strikes in the copper ind&tv.Consumption continued high through 1948. Areversal be an in 1949 due to an industrial recession,an f supply exceeded demand.Therecovery begun in thelate months of 1949continued into 1950 and was accelerated afterthe outbreak of war in Korea. Stocks of relinedwp er at the end of 1950 were the smallestthey ha 2' been since 1906. The industr~ wasfaced then with inadequate supplies unt 1954when consumption declined, and more thanenough copper was available for all needs.Four new properties came into production in1954 but t h new capacity was more than offsetby labor strikes from August to October.Refined-wpper stocks fell 49 percent to legsthan the 1950 uantity. In 1957 an oversupplydeveloped, !n! stock were higher than theyhad been sice 1938. Voluntary cutbacks inoutput were begun in 1957 and continued in1958. As a result of the 1959 strike, stocks ofrefined wpper at earend were 63 percent legsthan those at the geginning of the year and thelowest since before 1900. Settlement of thestrike and the return to near capacity output atrimary relineries caused inventones to risefrom April through December 1960.Fahncators stock of refined metals (mclud-ing in-process copper and primary fabricatedshapes) are shown m table 63 for 1934 to 1962.The data show that stocks were insufficient to6ll orders from 1941 through 1955; stocks failedto cover booked orders by a high of 403,000 tonsin 1942 and a low of nearly 23,000 tons in 1954.By May 1956 the deficit was reduced to 1,800tons and, thereafter fabricators reported stocksin exceas of orders booked. The excess was lessthan 2,000 tons at the end of 1959 but rose to45,000 tons at the end of 1961.Consumers also maintain stocks of copperbasescrap which include unalloyed copper,copper-base all0 scrap, and low-grade scrapand residues. dtal data for all. consumers bythese main categories are given m table 64 for1940 to 1962.During World War 11, the Metals ReserveCompany (MRC), a Reconstruction FianceCorporation subsidiary, maintained a stocof copper for emergency use (table 65). 9%copper remained in the MRC stockpile atthe end of 1948, having been sold to industryor shipped to the stragetic stockpile.Inventories of refined co per in the UnitedKingdom are shown in tabje 66. Stock datafor other countries are not available by individualcountries, but total refined stockeoutside the United States, published in Yearbooksof the American Bureau of Metal Statistics,are shown in table 67.

COPPERTABLE 65.--Gouernment stocks of copper, 1942-1962Yearend 1 Short tons 11 Yesrend I Short tona1 Not asailable.IITABLE 67.-Stocks of rehd copper oulside theUniied States, 1947-62I 11 IYmnd Skort tor Yearend Short tom--

CHAPTER 7.-STRUCTUREOF THE INDUSTRYUNITED STATES COPPFB INDUSTRYThe primary copper industry of the UnitedStates is composed of approximately 200 firmsengaged in producing and selling copper. Themajor producers are vertically integrated andhave mining, smelting, refining, fabricating, andm*ketinf interests. Other large producersmine an have processing facilities throughthe smelting or refining stages, and manycompanies mine and concentrate their ores andshi the product to custom lants for smeltingan8 refining. The principa f operations of theindustry in the United States are shown intable 68.Location and DescriptionThe copper producing areas are principallyin the Western States. Arizona, in recentyears, has led all other States in productiona wide margin. In 1962, Arizona suppliedbl' a most 52 percent of the US. total, and Utahwas second with 18 percentfollowed indescending order by Montana, New Mexico,Nevada, and Michigan. Arizona output comesfrom several important mines, whereas that ofUtah comes from only one mine, the largestproducer in the United States. Approximately2 percent of the 1962 output was produced ineastern United States by three mines-oneeach in North Carolina, Pennsylvania, andTennessee.With the major copper mines centered in theWestern States, most of the smelting capacityis in that area. There is some capac~ty inMichigan for the mines there, some on the eastcoast for eytern production and imports, andone smelter in Tennessee. Of the total annualsmelting capacity of 8,847,000 tons, 8,165,000tons is in the Western States, 515,000 tons ison the east wast and in Tennessee, and 167,000tons is in Michigan.Total refining capacity in the United States,electrolytic and fire-refined, amounted to2,334,500 tons in 1962. The greater part ofelectrolytic refining capacity is on the Atlanticseaboard in New York, New Jersey, and Maryland.Low-cost power (so important to electrolyticrefining), large nearby markets, and oceantransportation have combined to produce thisconcentration. Of a total electrolytic capacityof 1,963,500 tons, 1,129,000 is on the east wast,792,000 tons is in the Western States, and 42,500tons is in St. Louis, Mo. Fire refining capacityof 357,000 tons is in Michigan, Carteret, N.J.,Hurley, N. Mex., and El Paso, Texas.Mining.-In the United States, 360 minesproduced cop er in 1962. Copper ore was theprincipal pro a uct of 196 mines, and the othe~,mostly lead and zinc mines, produced w per asa byproduct or coproduct. The 25 ? argestmines accounted for 97 percent of the totaldomestic output; the top 5 mines rodnced 48percent; and the leading 10 mines fnished 74percent. Table 69 lists the 25 mines in orderof 1962 output, and 'the principal producingcompanies mth their 1962 production are givenin table 70.Smelting.-The primary copper-smelting companies,the locations of their smelters, and theapproximate capacit of each plant (tons ofcharge) in 1962 are sxown in Table 71.Refining.-The p+nary copper refining, companiesand the location, type, and capaclty ofeach refkery are shown in Table 72.Fabrication.-Fabricators are the principalcustomers of the primary copper producers. Itis in the fabricating plants that the bulk of thenew copper is put into semifinished forms ofsheet, strip, rod, tube, wire, and extruded androlled shapes that constitute the raw matefialsfor a vast industry of manufacturers of articlesfor final consumption or of parts for the productsof other industries.About 35 companies in the United States arerecognized as the important fabricators andusers of raw copper, the latter being, for themost part, the primary brass mills and wiremills. The larger fabricators, representmgmore than 50 percent of the total volume ofbusiness, are affiliated with the major copperproducers, who thus have facilities for processingores from the mines to the finished copperand brass products. Lista of amated andindependent copper fabricating companies andassociated producers are ven on page 258.Secondary Copper.--0 ? d scrap is collectedby several hundred scrap dealers who sell tosecondary smelters, primary smelters, and brassmills. Secondary copper smelters use cheflyold copper-alloy scrap and make copper-alloyingot; the metals remain in alloy form throughoutthe process. The ingot is used mostly byfoundries. The various grades of copper scrapaud copper-day scrap ordinarily sell at prlcesbelow the value of the constituent metals.253

OPei%tlng CmlPaWTABLE 68.-Principal copper producers in the United States and di8poBitim of their copper, 2962M b smelted by Rebed by- -I. la Om Plant: Hayden, ME Om plant: Ppdh Amboy, N.L American Bmeltlng and Behbg........... ob ........................... 26 W.&l@, Plne Cwpar Co., (Whlte Phx Wh!tqPlne Copper Co.. (White Ph, Appalaohlsn ~ullldss, Ino.Utah Co per (utah)................Chlno (& Max.) ....................Kemaott CWw Cmp ............. Re9 Elt (AM.).....................LIMY Pit (Nsv.)..................Manu Copper Co .................. .................................................I'M0rs"d (Am.).....................~halps ~odm carp .................. he- C d u pp ................Cwm yuasn- sander PI1 (Arlr.).P~ma ~a co .................... P~ma . ................................T- Crrp ..................... Coyper Clsm .......................Co. Dlvlsloo ..... Mlarm ..............................~~&OPP",~ Co. Dlsblon.. B-Boyd .........................Whlts Phe Copper Co. ............. Whlts PLos. ........................158la18427- I--I { I..........-.- ...---.......................... IS --.-. do ...................................... do ................................. Company.Butte Mhar (Mont.)...-- .......... a Om smelter: Aneconds, Man1 .-..... Own plant: arest Falls. Mont ........on (Nev.)................... 11 ..... do ...................................... do ................................. *conda co,A~mla&lm 'Wlldar, h aM1Dn.1Mlcn.)Bagdad Copper Cap ................ Bagdad ............................. 21 Amdean BmeIth and Re- American Srnltlnp and RenabCompany (Hayden, MI.).Company (Perth Ambay, NJ.).Ballner ~llliog co .................. {Fth%G* :I:I:($ .... do ..................................----.do .................................Calumet & Heoh. Inc ................ Calumet & H& ................... z0 Calumet & Heols. Ino. (Hubbell, Calumet & asla, inc. (Hubbsu,Mioh.).Mlch.).hwl8ulphw & Patash Co ......... Espsrsnza ........................... 14 bmadcan Bmelting and Be- American Bmeltlng and Be-GEPp! )Hayden, Arlz. and EP Company (Perth Amboy. N.J.).rw, .u.,.Om plant: InspiratIan Arls InterloOmsmelter: Miarm. m ria ............IBold bynstlanal company Bmeltlo. ~aritan copper Rhming Work8(Parth boy, N.J.).Om amelten:omIre8nWls:aamdd, utah .................... ameld utah ....................Awley, N. Me* ................... Hwlay )N. Me. ...................Hayden. Mz ..................... ~ e k tReflolll t Cmp (AnneAmdd Co. ~8.). wt Balescm,'MO~III. N~V ...................... ~mmesn amhtlng and maninsCompan (Baltimore, Md.).Om plant: Buperlor, A* ......-.---. Phelps ~cdge%&dng Cmp ..-------- lnlamstlonsl Minerala & MetalsBan Manuel, Aria ............. do ................................. Cmp.Om smeltsr:Phelps Dodge Corp.M018nd, A* .....................Ah Arin ...............................................As~aagM~meltlnn snd BeenlngCampany Hayden, Arir.).16 Ins Vstlon ddldated. Copper 00.n I (Rrlami, MS.).19 O m plant: C , cnn .........o om amenw: WhUI tte pined~dT, Mid ...... om plant: wtdta me..........6r Phelpa~ b h........Amdcan Bmeltlng and R a wCrrmpany.calumet & ~ecla, ho.Anwlein Bmelthg and Ra-Company.Amdean Metal Climax. ha.Adolph Iawlmhn 8elUns Corp.coppar w ~slss 00.

STRUCPURE OF THE INDUSTRY 255TABLE 69.-TwenCy-Jfve leading copper-producing mines in the United States in 1968, o~der of out#4b6r8Dlo11n13141616111819102122232426ley Bert&?).. . .sun hwl .................. Old Hat ..................... Arizona ........... Magma Cogper Co ....-......-.-Chino ........................ Central ..................... New Medm ...... Kenoeoott op Cor~ .......--CopperQw-LavenderPIt.. Warren (Blake)............llrlrom ........... Phel ~~dgs&& .....---..--- Do.N~W cam. ............... ............................. do ..................~ apity ...................... 2.8 ........................... copper, gold+~ver ores.insrsl Creak (Ray)............do ............. Kemwtt Copper Cow ......--- Copw~te ~lne ................... LA& su or ............... ~~chlsan ......... ~ ~ Pine t e ....-..--.%.""copper compiration ................... GlobG ............... Arlrom ...--...... mpirstion Consolidated Cop Do.Ydngton .................... Yeringtan ................... Nevada ........... ~eA%onda~om y ....... Do.Llwy Pit ................... RobiasOn (Ely)..................do ............. gennerntt CopF cT ......... Do.Mianlon ...................... P h ........................ &horn ........... A~ll~ll(~~.Srneltmgan R e W Do.Co.ES per- ...................... do ............................ do ............. Dud Sulphor & Potssh Corn- Do.my.silver Bell .................... Silver Bell .................. .do ......-...... A m Srneltlw and Refln- Do.ug GO.Capper Cltlrs ................ OlobMLami. ................... do ............. Termassee Cor8 ._..............DO.Plma ......................... PLma ............................. do ............. P h Mining o ............... DO.Ma- ....................... Pioneer (Suprior).. ........-.-.. do .....-......- M- Co w Co .............. Copper, goldIlver ores.Co perhill .................... Polk County ................ Ten- ......... ~enwsw &ppr co ........... Copper-zino ore.c9met Q asla, roo ........ Lake soy............... MI cNgsn...~~ .... Calumet & Heoh In0 ........... Copper ore md talW.Bydad ....................... Eweb sgdad) ........... Arirom ........... sagdad co per dorp Copperore.predpltate.3. ,Miad ....................... 0l0be-dlaml .................... do ............. T e n s Eorp ...... l .Pel0 Ye& ................... Plms ............................. doB~nner M CO .............. COP^ me.Daisg ....................... ..... do ............................ do ............. P h Mh&8. .....--........- (I.Ore ab .................... Aahe Comiy ................ North Camlina ... Appslachlan Sddes, kc ....... DO.CopK.Om'TABLE 70.-Principal copper producing corn- such material is necessary, the principal operapaniesin the United States, 1968 tion of the dealer consists in accumulating andsorting material from smd manufacturers andMine fabricators and reselling it in quantities thatCompanyproduction, can be conveniently handled by the brass mills.short tansAmerican Smelting and Refining Corn- Ipany ..............................The Aosconda Company ..............Bsndad - Conner - - Corn. -...............Banner Minina Co-:. ........-----.. .ICalumet & HGla, Inc .................Duval Sulphur & Potash Co ...........Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. .--Kennecott Canner Corn ...............A.Magma Copper Co.. .:...............Phelps Dodge Corp ...................Pima Mining Co .....................San Manuel Copper Co ......Tennessee ~orp.-~iarni'E~~~&~ivision.White Pine Copper Co ................Sourm: Amerlrsn Buresu of Metal Statistics, 1W.Secondary wpper smelters produce a minorproportion of secondary refined copper; theremainder is the product of the primary smeltenand refiners, which use scrap as well asprimary raw materials. The other large groupof scrap-metal consumers is the brass mills.which use chiefly new scrap generated inmanufacturing articles from new sheet, tube,wire, and other brass-mill products. Muchbraswnill scrap passes directly from theeenerators back to the mills from which the:he& and other shapes were purchased, withoutbeiue handled bv dealers. Certain auantitiesof b&s-mill sckp customarily move throughdealen, but since little or no preparation of-MarketinaMining produces ores that are milled toconcentrates; concentrates are smelted produceimpure blister copper; rehng eliiatesimpurities and produces copper conforrmng toestablished specifications; and fabr~catmg producessheet, strip, rod, bar, wire, tube, apdshapes. Marketing ,u not a major operationuntil after the refinmg stage; however, 6rmsengaged in only one or more of the processesprecedin refining sell theu product m the formmade. !herefore, there are market traqsactionsinvolving or-, concentrates, and bhtercopper, as weras refined metal.Ores and Concentrates.-The majority of thecopper-mining companies in the United States(producing about 25 percent of ,the annualoutput) do not have the smelters mth whlch totreat the products of their mines. Largecompanies that include smelting in their ,operationsor that are prmardy engaged m thesmelting business either purchase the ores apdconcentrates from these independent companiesor treat them on toll. Thepractice of buyingand treatine ores and concentrates or of treatingthem on ta in a smelter is known as customsmelting.Purchase of ores and concentrates is facilitatedby a schedule, that is, a contract betweenthe buyer and seller. The sale is atIected by

COPPERTABLE 71.-UnitedStates primary copper smelter8-companyAmerican Metal Climax, Inc- .American Smelting & R bing Company ......................Do ...................................................Do ...................................................The Anucaoda Com any .............................~nspiration ~onsoli&ted~~& CO. .........................Kennecott Copper Corp.:N e d Mines D o n -...........-..---..-..-. M c Nev ..--...........Chino Minea Division .................................. Hurley, N. Mex J..............Ray Minea Division .................................... Hayden, Arie .................Utah M i Diviion .................................. Garfield, Utah ..............Magma Copper Co.:M a D i n ....................................... Superior h i ...............Ban Manuel Division ................................... Sun Manuel, Aria ..............Phelpa Dodge Refining Corp ................................. Laurel Hill, N.Y. .............Phelps Dodge Corp.:Douglas Reduction Works ...............................Morenci Branch.. .....................................New Cone BranchTennessee Copper Co .......................................LocationCarteret, N.J.. ...............El Paso, Tq ..................Hayden, Aria. ................Tacoma, Wash ................Anaconda, Mont ..............Miami, Ark.. ...............Douglas, Aria .................Morenci, Ariz ..................-..-.-.-----.-.---..---A A .-----.-----..---300,000Copperhill, Tenn ..............Total .............................................................................Calumet & Hecla, Inc.. .................................... Hubbell, Mich. ...............Quincy Mining Co ......................................... Hancock, Mich ................White Pine Copper Co ...................................... White Pine, Mich.. ...........AnnualcapacityShort tonsof charge168,000420,000360,000600,0001,000,000360,000440, 000400,000400,0001,225,000150,000360,000'200,0001,250,000900, 00090,0008,623,000Tons ofproduel100, 00012,00065,000Tot I .......................................... 1.. ........................... 1 177,000local conditions as well as predeterminedstandards set down by the smelters. Byutilizing this contract as a vehicle to obtainminimum and maximum quantities of ores andconcentrates. the custom smelter assures itselfof a relatively constant source of supply.The contract s~ecifies all conditions of settlement,such as thi percentage of the total met,$to be paid for, the basic smelting charge,penalties for impurities, bonuses for higher gradeand time and rate of payment. As a generalpractice, a custom smelter purchases ores orconcentrates outright and pays the producer thegoing rate after sampliig and analyzing todetermine the metal content. The containedmetals then become the propert of the smelter,which reduces, refines, and mar g ets them underwhat. it considers the most favorable conditions.Ownership of metal recovered from ores orconcentrates treated on a toll basis, is, however,retained by the original producer (miningcompany).Often, although individual items in theschedules of individual smelters may vary considerably,the net return to the shipper is muchthe same under the several types of contracts.If a seller has a large quantity of material thatcan he supplied at a constant rate he willusually obtain a more favorable contract orschedule from the smelter to cover thesetransactions than he will for smaller quantitiesthat are supplied at a less constant rate. Forsmaller shipments, smelters usually maintain apublic or open schedule. Unless the shipper

STRUCTURE OF THE UST TRY 257TABLE 72.-United States primary copper rejneriesCompanyILocation IIrefine2Annualcapacitcopper,short tons- ~- -American Metal Climax, Inc .................................American Smelting and Refining Company .....................Electrolytic refineriesCarteret, N.J ..................Baltimore, Md. ...............Perth Amhoy, N.J .............Tacoma, Wash .............. .The Anaconda Company .................................... Great Falls, Mont .............Inspiration Consolidated Cope! Co .......................... Inspiration, Ariz ...............International Smelting and efin~ng Co. ..................... Raritan, Perth Amboy, N.J .....Kennecott Copper Corp ..................................... Garfield, Utah .................Kennecott Refining Co .............................. Anne Arundel County, Md ......Cerro Copper & Brass %-%ision of Cerro Corp ............. St. Louis, Mo .................Phelps Dodge Refining Corp ................................. El Paso, Tex ..................Do .................................................... Laurel Hill, L.I., N.Y ..........Total .............................................................................150, 000198, 000168, 000103,000150,00045,000240,000204,000198,00042,500290,000175,0001,963,500IAmerican Metal Climax, Inc ................................. Carteret, N.J ..................Calumet & Hecla, Inc ....................................... Hubbell, Mich .................Kennecott Copper Corp ..................................... Hurley, N. Mex ...............Quincy Mining Co .......................................... Hancock, Mich ................Phelps Dodge Refining Corp .................................. El Paao, Tex ..................White Pine Copper Co ...................................... White Pine. Mich ..............Total ...............................................ISOUTOB: American Bureau of Metal Statlsties. 1962.Fire refineriesIhas a separate contract, he is paid according tothis open schedule.The difference between the gross value of themarketable constituents of the ore as determinedby analyses on the date of settlement, and theamount paid to the producer is made of twoelements: (1) Smelting charges (includingunavoidable metallurgical losses), and (2)marketing charges. The latter are definitecharges against the ore that, for convenience,are paid b the smelter. Marketing chargesusually inc 9 ude freight on ore from mine tosmelter, demurrage, extra sampling costs andumpire assaying, freight to the refinery, andduties and customs charges if the ore is offoreign origin. The freight on metal to NewYork or to any other refinery point may becalculated as a separate item or may be pro-vided for in the deduction from the metalquotation used for settlement. Under the firstagreement, the seller gains or loses by changesin the freight rate. The cost of refining andmarketing the refined metals, whether done bythe smelter or by a separate company, usuallyis covered by an arbitrary deduction from themetal quotation and virtually becomes part ofthe smelting charge.There are three principal smelting charges:1. Nominal treatment charge, which often fluctuateswith the value of the ore, the content of some constituent,or the market quotation for some constituent.2. Deduction from the metal content (metallurgicallosses usually covered here) or from the market quotationsof the various salable metals.3. Various penalties imposed because of the presenceof undesirable constituents.

~~~~ ~~.COPPERFabricating Company:Aa8ddcdChase Brass and Copper Co., Inc ................... Kennecott Copper Corp.The Okonite Co .................................. Do.The Anaconda American Brass Co .................. The Anaconda Co.Anaconda Wire and Cable Co ....................... Do.Phelps Dodge Cop r hod~~%.~ Corp ................ Phelps Dodge CoCalumet & Hecla Kc.-wolverine Tube Division ....... Calumet & ~elcayncC. G. Hussey & ko., Division Copper Rsnge Co ...... Copper Range Co.New Haven Co per Co ............................ Tennessee Cop.Cerro Copper & Braas Co., Division of Cerro Corp., Cerro Cop.St. Louis Works.Circle Wire and Cable Corp ........................ Do.ArmHaul8melthy & Rehlng Co. hasmbstantlalstooLinterestsln Oenersl Cable Cq.131.7 pement) and Rewre Capper & Brw Co. (a percant).The more important fabricators not affiliated with the copper producers are:Brass Milla:~ddruaBohn Aluminum & Brass Corp .................. 1400 Lafayette Bldg., Detroit 26, Mich.Bridgeport Brass Co. Division of National Dis- 30 Grand Street, Bridgeport 2, Conn.tillers & Chemical korp.Bridgeport Rolling Mills Co ..................... Bridgeport 1, Conn.The Bristol Braas Corp ......................... 580 Broad Street, Bristol, Conn.Chicago Extruded Metals Co ................... 1821 S. 54th Avenue, Cicero 50, IU.Detroit Gasket & Mfg. Co ...................... Belding, Mich.The Electric Materials Co ....................... Clay & Washington Streets, North East, Pa.International Silver Co ........................ 500 5. Broad Street Meriden, Conn.Miller Co ..................................... 99 Center Street, hferiden, Conn.Mueller Brass Co .............................. Port Huron, Mich.New England Brass Co ........................ Taunton, Mass.Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp .................. Shamrock Street, East Alton, Ill.H. K. Porter Co., Inc., Riverside-Alloy Metal 1 PaviUion Avenue, Riverside, N.J.Division.Readin Tube Co , Division Progress Mfg Co Seventh & South Streets, Reading, Pa.~covill %fg. Co..: .....................:.-.~~~~99 Mill Street, Waterbury 20, Conn.Triangle Conduit & Cable Co., Ino ............... Jersey Avenue, New Brunswick, N.J.US. Mint Service .............................. Washington 25, D.C.Volco Brass & Co per CoKenilworth, N.J.Western Electric go.. 1nc~:~-~:I:~:I:I1 222 Broadwav. , New York 38. N.Y.Wire Mills:Hatfield Wire & Cable Division, Continental Cop Hillside, N.J.per & Steel Industries, Inc.Rods, Inc .................................... 23rd Street, Marion, Ind.Rome Cable Corp .............................. 33s400 Ride Street, Rome, N.Y.Triangle Conduit & Cable Co., Inc ............... Jersey Avenue, New Brunswick, N.JWestern Electric Co., Inc ....................... 222 Broadway, New York 38, N.Y.The principal secondary copper smelters in the United States in 1963 are:Com any..Earth smelting ,% Refining co ...................... 99-129 Chapel St., Newark 5, N.dBenjamin Harris & Co ............................. 11th & State Sts., Chicago Height ;, Ill.W. J. Bullock, Inc ................................ Box 539, FainMd, Ala.Colonial Metals Co ................................ Second & Linden S~A., Columbia, Pa.Elesco Smelting Corp .............................. 3401 S. Lawndale Ave., Chicago 23, IUFederal Metal Co ................................. 7250 Division St., Bedford, Ohio.Federated Metals Division, American Smelting & 120 Broadway, New York 5, N.Y.Refining Co.George A. Avril Smelting Corp ..................... Este Ave. & B. & 0. R.R., Cincinnati 32, Ohio.H. Kramer & Co., including - Ajax Metal Division.. ... Frankford Ave. and Richmond St., Philadelphia,~- Pa.I. Schumann& Co ................................ 4391 Bradley Road, Cleveland 9, Ohio.Interstate Smelting & Refining Co.. ................ 9651 S. Torrence Ave., Chicago 17, Ill.Libcrman & Gittlen Metal Co., Inc .................. 322 Front Ave., S.W., Grand Rapids 2, Mich.Nassau Smeltinn & Refining Co ..................... 1 Nassau Place. Tottenville 7. N.Y.North America

The following is a typical schedule or wntractfor the purchase of wpper ores andconcantratas.SCHEDULE OF PRICES, PENALTIES, ANDDEDUCTIONS~FOR A TYPICAL COPPERSMELTERChar €3%aak treatment Ore: 59.50per short dry ton of orechargeperton. baaed on a copper content of 12rwcent or lea For each 1*cent that the wpper contentis in excess of 12 percent,hcreaae the haae charge by$0.50 per short dry ton up to amaximum baae charge of $13.50per short dry ton, fractions inproportion. Concentraten:$13.50 oer shon drv ton of2,000 p;unds.Handling charge Charge $1.50 per ton for materialper ton. received in bags or other containm.Freight and ad- Seller shall reimburse buyer forvancea. freight paid and advances madeto seller or for seller's account.Payments:Gold.. .Silver-.If .03 of a troy ounce per shortdry ton or over,percent of the g o P d " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~the net price realired by theU.S. Miit on the 15th dayfollowing the date of arrival ofproduct at buyer's smelter.If one troy ounceton or over, pay E9"5hgc%of the silver content at theHandy & Harman New Yorksilver uotations as ubliahedin theEngineerihg & MiningJournal, averaged for thecalendar week following thedate of arrival of product atbuver's nlant. The amount ofsil;er retained by buyer andnot paid for will be a minimumof 1 troy ounce per short dryton.Copper ........ Deduct from the wet way 1.3units and pay for 100 percentof the remaining copper at thedaily net export refinery quotationsfor electrolytic wirebars, aa published in the Engineering& Mining Journal,averaged for the calendar weekfollowing the date of amval ofproduct at buyer's smelter,lees a deduction of $0.03 perpound,copper paid for. Noth-In pad for copper if less than1.8 percent by net assay.No payment will be made for any metal or contentexcept aa above specified.Penalties per ton of ore:Arsenic --...... Allow 1 percent free, charge forexcess at 51.00 per unit.Antimony ...... Allow 1 percent free, charge forexcesa at $1.00 per unit.Bismuth --..... Mow .05 percent free, eharge forexcesa at $0.50 per unit.THE INDUSTRY, 259Settlement:Buyer will make 80 percent advance of the net estimatedsmelter value of product within 10 da s afterarrival at buver's smelter. Buver will m% caahGttleieit &.all shipments on the earliest practicaldate following the obtaining of all necessary information.Refined Copper.-Copper fabricators providethe principal domestic market for refined wpperroduced in the United States. At times the1 raas-m . ot makers are in the market for refinedwoner.%ut . --, their needs usudv " are filled fromthe scrap market.The market for refined wmer in the Unitedstates wnsists of a limited bber of buyers.Princi~al users are the fabricators afliliatedwith the lar e producers, the independent fabricators,an k' the large electrical manufacturers.The independent fabricators and electricalmanufacturers buy directly from the largeproducers, their selling agents, and from timeto time on the open market.More than 60 percent of the wpper deliveredby the refineries is as wirehars. Cakes, cathodes,and bidets make up the next largestpups, with about 10 percent each. Ingots,mgot bars, and other shapes wmprise theremainder.Copper usually is sold on 30- to 90-daydeliveries from the refineries and priced durine:the month of shipment. Copper producerihandle their transactions with the consumersthrough their sales agents which, in the caseof the large producers, are usually subsidiariesor affiliated wmpanies. American Metal Climax,Inc., and American Smelting and RefiningCompany, both custom smelters andrehers, are the principal independent selliigorganizations. Adolph Lewisohn Selling Corp.,also is an important seller of wpper, acting asthe sales agent for the Tennessee Copper Co.Division and Miami Copper Co. Division ofTennessee Corp. Calumet & Hecla, Inc.; COper Range Sales Co.; and International Miner && Metals Corp. are other notable primarywpper sellers. Table 73 shows the principalsellers and brands of wpper sold in the UnitedStates.Prices.-There are various price quotationsfor wppcr. In the United States, the threemain ones are the U.S. roduccrs price, thecustom smelter price, an t' the Engineering &M i g Journal quoted price. There are alsothe New York Commodity Exchange price andthe American Metal Market price. Co perprices are expressed in cents a pound an arequoted for the ordinary forms of wirebars andingots; cathodes sell at a diswunt of 0.125 of acent per pound, and small Merentids exist fort'

260 COPPERTABLE 73.-PTimipal seller8 of copper in the United States and brands sold, 196.9Selling agentSeb copper for-Brand I TypeAmerican Metal Climax, Inc ...American Smelting and RefiningCompany.Anaconda Sales Company.. ...Calumet & Helca, Inc .........Cerro Sales Coz. ............Copper Range des Co ........International Minerals & MetalsCorp.Kennccott Salw Gorp .........Adolph Lewisohn Selling Corp..Magma Copper Salea Corp.. ...Phelps Dodge Corp. and PhelpsDodge Refining Corp.umcy Minin Co2eiro copper% ~%C;:DivisionCerro Corp.Nassau Smelting & Refining CoReading Metals Refining Cop.American Metal Climax, Inc ......... D R ..............Electrolytic.Chibuluma Mines LM. .AMCO' ............ Do.Cyprus Mines Corp .O H . . Do.International Nickel Co. of Canada. OFHC Certified.. ... Do.Ltd.Mwapil Copper Co .AMPHOS .......... Do.Mulfulira Copper Mines, Ltd . O R .............. Do.O'okiep Copper Co., Ltd . ................... Do.Pima Mining Co .MCM .............. Do.Roan Antelope Mines, LM .N C ............. Do.Tsumeb Corp., LM ................. AMCO RHC&Rl..-- Fire-refined.American Smeltina - and Refining - Com- TI.-.. ............. 1 Electrolytic.pw.Banner Mining Co .................. BER ............. Do.Bagdad Co per Corp ............... P A ............... Do.Duval ~ulpgur & Potash Co ......... S A .............. Do.Le~anto Consolidated Mininp: - Co. . LM U .............Do.Northern Peru Copper Corp . .................................huthern Peru Copper Corp . .................................Various. . .................................The Anaconda Compan~ .B. & M ............ Electrolytic.Andes Copper Minin . N ..............Do.Compania Minera dTe ~;nanea-~.~. N.E.C. ........... Do.rlr ...... P VC'l~ile Evpluration Co.. ............. C.C.C' ...........................Inspiration Consolidated Copper (:o. . .................................Calumet 61 IIclca. Inc ............... C. & H . . Lake.Cerro Corp .............................. Electrolytic.Capper Rsn e Co .................. C R ............... Lake.White Pine 6opper Co .............. ................... Do..V~OUS ................. L . L N ............. Electrolytic.Kennecott Copper Corp.. ...........Braden Copper Co ..................Tennessee Copper Company Division.Miami Copper Company, Division ofTennesse Corp.Magma Copper Co., Magma DivisionPhelp Dodge Cow. and subsidiarycompanies; also cuatom.Quincy Mining Co ..................Cerro Copper & Brass Co. DivisionCerro Corp.Nassau Smelting & Refining Co-. ....Reading Metals Refining Corp .Do.Do.Do.Fire refined.Electrolytic.Do.Do.................... Do.P.D. & L.N.S1 .----- Do.P.D. & L .N..DO.D M ............. Fire refined.Q. & Q.M. Co' ...... Lake.L C ............. Electrolytic.IH E ............. Do.C T C ........... Cashng.R.M.R. .... Electrolytic.Soureen: American MetalMarket, Mslal 8tatlsties 1862: pp. 317-318.other refinery shapes. The producers price andthe custom smelter price are set quotations,whereas the Engineering & Mining Journalprice is a weighted average historical price,calculated for a day, week, month, or yearbased on sales reported by producers and theiragencies.The primary producers quotation is the mostimportant as it covers the largest volume ofmetal. All the primary copper produced inthe United States and that delivered in theAmerican Bureau of Metal StatWlos, Ypsrbmk 1862, P. 23.United States from U.S.-owned Chilean propertiesis marketed b . the producers quotations.These ~rices are fixed with regard to interests ofthe companies for a long peribd,The custom smelter price is governed byshort-term supply-demand factors and, ofcourse, fluctuates more frequently than theprimary producers price. Custom smeltam sellrefined metal in ratio to ore intake to protectthe diierence between their buying and selllugprices. This involves more frequent changes

in the custom smelter price, which on a fallingmarket puts pressure on primary producers tolower their quotation.The Engineer' & M i g Journal quotations,domestic an ? foreign . or export, are basedon reported sales and reflect open market prices.Domestic prices are net at the refineries afterthe average shipment costs have been deducted.Foreign or export quotations are based on salesin the foreign market reduced to the f.0.b. refinerye nivalent. The export quotation iscalculate 1 by reducing sales made 0.i.f. Europeby the US. lighterage figure (0.125 cent apound) and by the freight charged from theUnited States to the main European ports(0.82 cent a pound).The New York Commodity Exchange(COMEX) prices are rare1 if ever, used as apricing medium. ~~~~Z'however, providesa facility for hedging as far ahead as twelvemonths and attracts some speculative business.The American Metal Market price is the netprice at New York refineries, derived by reducingthe producers quotation by an averagedelivery cost (0.175 cent a pound).Prices of copper scrap are quoted for numerousgrades and specifications. Most scrapeither is purchased directly b consumers, refinedby the large primary rezueries and marketedby them as refined cop er, or is smeltedand marketed as brass and ! ronze ingots bysecondary producers.Quotations for suchingots bear no fixed relationship to the price ofcopper quoted by the large producers, as thecontent of alloying metals and supply-demandfactors have a marked influence on ingot prices.The international trade in copper is essentiallybased on three pricing systems: (1) Thequotations published by the London MetalExchange (referred to as the LME price), (2)the export quotations published by Ening & Mining Journal (referred to as the f%M"jprice), and (3) the quotations by Union Mini&redu Haut Katanga (often referred to as theKatanga quotation or the Belgian price).The LME price and the Katanga quotationadequately reflect European copper prices.The London Metal Exchange offers each metalfor a period of 5 minutes; offers and bids aremade by interested parties until a satisfactoryprice is agreed upon. Copper is offered twiceduring the morning session and twice in theafternoon.The London Metal Exchange was foundedin 1881 and has dealt in copper since, exceptfrom 1939 to 1953. Briefly, its function isproviding facilities for hedging rather thandealing in physical deliveries. In this respect,it is not a physical market place like those forcertain other commodities but rather an exchangedealing on a standard contract andV33-140 -18concerned mainly with marginal quantities.Its facilities enable the buying and sellin ofcopper for delivery on any of 1 to 90 faysahead.The prices which the Exchange quotes dailyare based either on the last transaction enteredinto or on the closing bids and o,ffers madeduring the short period when deahngs occur;the official LME prices thereby reflect dealingscovering what may be only small tonnages ofcopper. However, these quotations are used forpricing infinitely greater quantities of copper ona direct producer-to-fabricator basis outs!de theExchange. These producers and fabricatorsadopt the official LME quotations as theirpricing basis in the same way one might useofficial stock exchange quotations for a pnvateshare deal. This mechanism creates an ultrasensitivemarket, and some times prices fluctuateviolently from day to day.Fabricators of copper-base products oftentrade in copper on the LME to protect themselvesagainst loss due to price fluctuations.The Katanga quotation is a price fixedunilaterally by the Union Miniere du HautKatanga in relation to its view of currentmarket conditions and trends. One of theobjectives of this organization has been tobring more stability into the market. Thesame price is quoted for f.0.b. Antwerp andc.i.f. New York;E&MJ Metal and Mineral Markets is~ublished weeklv on Thursdays, and the dailyprices shown ark for the week andcannot be used for day-today sales. However,these prices are useful for makmg average-pr?cecontracts because they reflect the prices at whlchmuch of the international trade m copper wasconducted.Cartels.Severa1 organized efforts at pricecontrol in the copper industry have been madesince the 1880's. An early and spectacularattempt known as the Secretap corner wasorganized and financed in Europe in the autumnof 1887; it temporarily succeeded m more thandoubling the price of copper. However, thesyndicate in charge was unable to maint$n thislevel in the face of bitter consumer resistanceand in competition with the flood of new andscrap copper that poured into tpe market; ?nthe spring of 1889 the enterprise ended disastrously.Ten years later, the Amalgamated Poolorganizedby US. mining and financial interestsand supported by most foreign producers-fora time was able to raise the prlce of cop dr andhold it well above its former lever. Butagain, the high price rasulted in decreased consumption,increased offerings of scrap, and anunexpected increase in output from independentproducers. There was a severe price decline

in 1901, but this time a crash was avoided bythe receipt of financial aid from London. By1906, the Amalgamated group again felt strongenough to force u the price of copper. Oncemore, however, t ! e success was short hved,coming to an end during the financial panic of1907.One concerted effort to control the copperrice has been generallyhis was a combmationall U.S. producers formed into the Cop erExport Aaclociation. It was organized in 8ecember1918 under the authority of the Webb-Pomerene Act, having three large companiesacting as leaders to deal with the problems thatconfronted the industry after World War I.Large stocks of new metal had piled up, andmilhons of tons of recoverable scrap littered thebattlefields of Europe. In addition surplusproduction capacity, developed during the war,threatened to become an important factor inprice cutting. Suspension of government pricecontrol and government buying shifted attentionfrom the problem of production to one ofmarkets.Under control of the newly-organized horoduction.was curtailed, particularlyduring ciation, t f e depression of 1921; the war surplusof new and scrap metal was liquidated, andinline with the provisions of the Webb-PomereneAceforeign orders were prorated amongthe organization members. But after acwmplishingthe purpose for which it had beenorganized, the Association was unable to extendits harmonious existence. Companies purelydomestic in character and those with importantforeign holdings were unable to agree regardingthe future olicy of the organization. Accordinly the ksociation was disbanded in 1923,fobo-g the withdrawal of the Guggenheiminterests and their affiliates, representing atthat time 45 percent of the US. output.Or anization of Copper Exporters, Inc., in0ctoter 1926, marked the beginning of anotherunsuccessful attempt at price control. Thisgroup, under the leaderslup of the large US.com anies, accounted for 95 percent of theword f production. At this time, the copperindustry was in a favorable position, and U.S.interests were by far the most importantfactors in the industry; stocks were at reasonablylow levels, and demand was risingsharply. However, producers charged thatharmful speculation by brokers caused widefluctuation in Therefore, when thecartel was forme8?t%nounced that it plannedto bypas these broken and sell directly toconsumers at prices to be tked daily in accordancewith general business conditions.For a year and a half the cartel operated tothe apparent satisfaction of consumers, andwith an actual small decline in price. Thenit adopted a Merent policy-ne that eventuallylost to US. producers the control theypreviously had over the industry.In late 1928 and early 1929 European consumers,principally copper fabricators, wererationed almost from day to day. In theirefforts to obtain the metal required to meettheir own commitments, these buyers bid uthe price-a cent a day in March 1929-untifat 24 cents a pound, a buyers strike beg?.The detailed story of subsequent events islong-involving the antagonism of Europeanconsumers; the efforts made to protect thefabricators interests; the struggle to withstandthe inevitable price decline; the expansion ofcompetitive capacity in Northern Rhodesia,Be1 'an Congo, and Canada; the substitutionurmuum for copper in substantial amounts;the usual increase in offerings of scrap; and,eventually, drastic reductions in domesticoutput in 1931 and 1932. Finally, after theUnited States raised a tariff wall againstcopper imports in June 1932, four of the mostimportant foreign producers withdrew fromthe cartel.In 1935 a new cartel was formed, its membershiprepresenting producers of about 50 percentof the copper then being mined in countnesoutside the United States, Canada, Russia,and Japan. The cartel was formed to adjustproduction of its members to meet consumptionrequirements outside the United States. Therewas no participation by United States orCanadian producers.During its relatively short life, this cartelalternately tightened and relaxed its restrictionon the industry. During the first year, forexam le, the output of the group was cut, toof s f .roug l$ y 70 percent of theoretical capacity.Expandin consumption in 1935 brought acorresponfmg increase in quotas and someexpansion in output. In 1937, restrictionswere again tightened. Thereafter, productionpressed hard against the limits imposed by thecartel, until the outbreak of war in September1939 brought to an end the whole cooperativearrangement.Physical and Financial CorporateStructure by CompaniesOn the following pages are descriptions andpertinent data regarding those companies enedin mining, smelting, and refining. Thegomation has been compiled from publishedsouroes such as company reports, Skinner's

Mining Yearbook (1960), Moody's IndustrialManual (1961), and reputable trade publications,together with information from governmentsources that has been released for administrativeuse.Ithasnot been possible to describeeach company and operation with the desireddetail and accuracy because (1) there are differpoliciesregar release of information,:? some of the av '% able information is conflitting,and (3) better information is availableabout some companies than about others.The larger copper producing corporations arevertically inte rated, in greater or lesser degree,from mines t % rough smelting, refining, fabrieating,and marketing. Some of them haveinterests in foreign operations, many producemetals other than copper, and some have diversifiedindustrial interests. Where possible, descriptions of the various companies include referencesto all affairs in which they participate.Some of the references are not as complete asin others owing to the lack of similar informationin source material.American Petal Climax, 1nc.- 1270 Avenue ofThe Americas, New York 20.-American Metal Co.,Ltd. (incorporated 1887) was organized by Metallgesehchaftof Frankfort-on-theMain and Henry R.Merton and Company, LM., of London. Managementof the company was undertaken by men previouslyconnected with Metallgesehchaft. The company grewrapidly and developed from a purely trading concerninto a factor in the mining and smelting industry inthe Unlted States and Mexico.Wodd War I forced a dissolution of the relationshipwith Metallgesellschaft and Henry R. Merton andCompany, and in 1920 the Metallgesellschaft shareswere sold to U.S. investors. In conjunction with thisssle L. Vogelstein and Company was consolidated withAmericsn Metal Company.In 1928. the company acquired its first interest inthe Rhodesian copper mines, an interest that hsdgrown tremendously by 1960.On December 31, 1957, American Metal Co., Ltd.,and Climax Molybdenum Co. merged under the nameAmerican Metal Climax, Inc. The corporation is botha holding and operating concern engaged in mining,metallurgical, and petroleum enterprises through subsidiariesand stock interests in many companies.Industrial operations of che subsidiaries are principallyin the United States. Mexico, and Northern Rhodesia,but metal-trading activities are virtually worldwide.The prinripal products and byproducts are copper,copper-powder, gold, silver, palladium, platinum,selenium, tellurium, and arsenic; lead, lead powder,solder, terne metal, zinc, cadmium, bismuth, andgermanium; molybdenum sulfide (concentrates), molybdenum trioxide, calcium molyhdate, molybdenum,and ferromolybdenum: and ootash, uranium, vanadium.and iron powder. 'The subsidiaries and affiliated companies involvedin roduotion of capper are:81 United States Metals Refinine Co.. a whollvowned subsidiary, o erating a copier smelter an2refinery at Carteret, &., which produces refined copperfrom domestic and foreign ores, concentrates, blister,wpper, and cop r scrap. Tlw total annual refiningcapacity of 275.G nhort tons cousiata of 150,000 tonsof eleutmlrtic capacity and 121.000 tons of fire-wfiuinacapacity. This oompany is the only domestic Producerof commercial oxygen-free high-conductivity(OFHC) copper in refinery shapes (wirebarn, billets,cakes). ~roducina between 30.000 and 35.000 tons ofthkahipea per year.(2) Rhodesian Selection Trust, Inc., 50.60 ercentowned, a holding company controlling dufuliraCo~~er Mines. Ltd.. and Chihuluma Mines. LM..o~&tiua mink, a smelter, and a refinem in ~brtheniRhodesia.(3) Roan Antelope Copper Mines, Ltd., 32.65 percentowned, operates a mine and smelter and has twothirdsinterest in Ndola Copper Refineries, La.,which has an electrolytic refinery at Ndola, NorthernRhodesia, having an annual capacity of 121,000 shorttons of refined copper.(4) Tsumeb Co oration, Ltd., 29.13 percent owned,mines a rich corn& ore containing lead, copper, andAnc, eth im~rtant values of cadmium, silver, andgermamurn. he mme a m theGrootfontein districtof South-West Africa. A copper smelter under constructionis scheduled for completion in 1962.(5) O'okiep Copper Company, Ltd., 19.72 ercentowned, o rates several mines and a sme&er in~amaquagd, Cape Province, Re uhlic of SouthAfrica. -0'okiep owns 9.5 percent of humeb Corporation,Ltd.Other enterprises in which American Metal Climax,Inc. has substantial interests are:Companies 100 percent owned:Amax Sales Co. of Canada, Ltd.American Climax Petroleum Com.Arnctal, S.A., Switzerland.Blackwcll Zinc Co., Inc.CLimaa - ~ - ~ \lolvhdct~unr - ~ ~ ~ ~ Co. - of hlichiean.Climax ~ra&& Co.: unit. meraed-1961,Companies less than 100 percent owned: pnm:American Lithium Chemicala, Inc ......... 18. 22Bikita Minerals (Private), Ltd ............ 21.25Cerro Corp--. ......................... 1. 54Copper Range Compan ........... 17.49Heath Steele Mines. M., Canada; mineinactive ......... L ............. l..... 75. 00Metalurgia Mexicana Penoles, S.A., MetmaxPenoles .......................... 49. 00San Antonio Chemicals. Inc .............. 18. 22San Francisco Mines of Mexico, LM ...... 37. 69The Maeapil Copper - - Company, LM ....... 29. 41There are also several other wholly owned butseparately incorporated sales, exploration, and sewiceorganieations in the United States, Canada, Mexico,and Europe.Capitalization:456 ercent cumulative preferred stock-authorized127,69! shares, outstanding 70,610 shares. Cpmmonstock-authorized 20,000,000 shares, ontstand~ng 14,-184,634, December 31, 1960.Assets and liabilities:December 31, 1960-total current assets, $180,-189.819; total current liabilities, $62,325,782.

264 COPPERSales of nonferrous and precious metals: 1968 1968 169Cop r tons-. $531, 000 W27, wo $586,000... 242, 000 245, 000 232,000Zinc .................................................. do .... 172,000 169,000 180,000Tin .................................................. do .... 15,000 15, 000 14,000Silver ............................................... ounces-. 42,132, 000 39,854,000 40,385,000Gold ................................................ d o 867.000 664.000 546.000 ~. ~~~Production of ferrous metals:Molybdenum ................................................ 25,079,000 36,556,000 49,631,000Tungsten ................................................... 435,000 890,000 975,000Sales of uranium and vanadium ................................................ 8,282,000 7,649,000Pm..ln-.ee..Y.Y,,."J'"D.December 31, 1960, 9,300, of whom 3,000 were outaide the United States, chiefly in Mexico.L~~~.~Y~~:~:~~~~~~~~~~I~~.-~:~--.-~.-:.-.-~--:~----.-~~.-~::~~~American Smelting and Beflning Company.-120 Broadway, New York 5.-Incorporated in NewJersey, April 4, 1899, consolidating a number of mines,smelters, and refineries. The company and subsidiariesare primarily engaged in custom smelting and refiningnonferrous mineral commodities and in selling refinedmetals. In addition, the company operates owned,leased, and managed miner; buys and proceeaes nonferrousscrap and sells secondary metals; and minescoal and produces coke, principally for company use.In 1960 the company operated copper, lead, and zincsmelters and refineries with refined metal capacities of480,000 tons of copper, 528,000 ton^ of lead, and 214,000tons of zinc annuall It also operates cadmium plantsat Corpus Christi, &x., and Denver, Colo.; a zinc dustplant at Sand Springs, Okla.; and sulfuric acid plsntsat Selby, Calif., Tacoma, Waah., Corpus Christi, Tex.,and San Luis Potosi, Mexico. It also has lead-fabricatingplants at Selby and San Francisco, Calif., Barber,N.J., and Houston, Tex. It recovers arsenic aa abyproduct at the Tacoma and San Luis Potosi plants.Principal products produced include: Copper, lead,sinc, gold, silver, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium,germanium, selenium, tellurium, asbestos, fluorspar,indium, coal and coke, sinc dust, zinc sulfate, coppersulfate.~~~ ~~, nickel salts. sulfuric acid. mixed and semi-~~fabricated urrtalr (aluminum, brass, and copper ingots.tmbbits, apecial alloyn, tin products, ctc.), and fabricatedlead products.The company owns or has controlling interest inthe following subsidiaries, as well aa lesser holdingsin many other operations:Companies 100 percent owned:Ardco, Inc.Asarco Exploration Co. of Canada, Ltdh c o International Corp.Asarco Mercantile Co.. Tex.~dtosi, S.A., Mexiw.Compania Minera y Beneficiadora de San Antonioy Anesas, S.A Mesicu.Federal Mining dr Smelting Co.; inactiveFederated Metals Canada. Lrd.Federated Metala Corp., Pa.; inactive.Great Western Smelting & Refining Co.; inactive.Incar, Inc.International Metal Co., N.Y.Lake Asbestos of Quebec, Ltd., Del.Lne Star iead Construction Co , N.Y.Mines Tradlng Co., Ltd., ~nglan?Northern Peru Minin Carp PeruUnion Smelting and Sefinini'co.. - . N.Y.: inactive.Comnanies less than 100 ~ercent owned: PI~~UAlta Mining and Development Co., Utah..Blackhawk Mining and Development Co.,Ltd --------------.-................Compania Metalurgical Mexicana .........Campapia Minera de Jesus Maria, S.A.,Mexlco ..............................Fairview Mining Co., Ltd., Canada .......Garfield Chemical & Manufacturing Corp.,N.Y .................................Government Gulch Mining Co., Lta.,Idaho. ...............................Green Hill Cleveland Mining Co., Nev .....Liard River Mining Co., Ltd., Canada .--..Mount Isa Mines, Ltd. Australia .........Neptune Gold Mining 60 ................Sociedad Minera Milluschaqui, Ltd .........Southern Peru Copper Corp ..............Southern Peru Copper Sales Corp .........Wyoming Mining & Milling Co., Idaho.-..The company and/or subsidisriea have variousstockholdings in other corporations (in which companydenies anv effective control) among which are:Compania Minera de Osidro y Anem, S.A.,Mexico .............................. 49.0General Cable Corp .....................31.5Revere Copper & Brass, Inc .............. 35.0United Park City Mines Co .............. 9. 8Kennecott Copy y p 0.9Zinc Industria, S A , Memoo.- ........... 50.0Capitalization:Preferred stock (7 percent cumulative preferred par$100) authorized and outstanding 500,000 shares.Common stoek, authorized 8,000,000 shares; outstandingDec. 31. 1960, 5,446,602 shares; reserved foroption, 108,200 shares; no par.Assets ........... and liabilities:December 31, 1960; total current assets $200,842,000;total current liabilities $66,014,000; net current assets$134,828,000.Employees:As of December 31, 1959, 25,729

~STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY 265MMI cmcml oJcmennaUI and dimiw mrMine reduction:?ear: Trn mc mid Trmrmgpn Tmlcod Tmu tinr Ouncu gdd1951 ................ 2,453,071 16,568 98,318 159,119 35,4291955 ................ 5,828,133 40,091 107,524 187,704 57,7551960 ................ 5,292,768 41,531 86,335 159,743 28,270Refinery production:Year: ~rnmgpn ~rnuod ~au tine~au ofbn rim I~ulwca gdd9 ............... 414,226 503,851 146, 588 116, 984 1,196, 0961955 ................ 353,554 459,789 186,436 132,986 1,006,1831960 ................ 433,111 387,564 201,694 119,317 940,421I zinc mntent of zinc emmntrates. dm dust, zbe fume, and slag shipped to others.Mines in the United States:Galena Unit.-Wallace, Idaho-silver, copper,lead, zinc.Ground Hw Mine.-Vanadium, N.M.--silver, lead,einc; opirations suspended.Jock Waite Mining Co.-Duthie, Idaho--silver,lead, zinc.Kwstone Unit.-Crested Butte. Colo.--silver, lead.Mines in Mexico:Charem Unit.-Charcas, San Luis Potmi, Mexicsilver,copper, lead, zinc.Cowepcion del Om Unit.-Zacatecas, Mexicocopper.Ewantada Unit.-Aauiita, ..Coahuila, Mexiciluorspar.Monteruma Lead Co.-Santa Barbara, Chihuahua,Mexico-gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc; ownedby CiaMetalur ioa Mexicans.Nuestra Senora 8nit.-co,alo, Si~aloa, Mexiclead,zinc, silver.Parrat Minos.-Pwral, Chihuahua, Mexico--gold,silver, co per, lead, zinc.Plomosas $inss.-~icachos, Chihuahua, Mexicsilver,lead, ~inc.Rosita, Agurnita, and Cloete Mines.-Near Rosita,Coahuila, Mexico-coal and coke.San Marlin Unit.-Sombrerete. Zacatecas. Mexicwilver,copper, lead, zinc.Santa Barbara Mim-Santa Barbara, Chihuahua,Mexico-gold silver, copper, lead, einc.Sanln ..... EuLzlin .......... dines.-~anta~Eulalia. Chihuahua.Mexicwilver, lead, zinc.Tazeo Mine.-Taxco. Guerrera, Mexico-gold,silver lead, einc.Vaper hit.-~arral, Chihuahua, Mexico- silver,-lead. einc.? - - -Mines in Other Foreign Countries:Buchons Mine.-Buchans, Newfoundland, Canada-lead,zinc, co per, gold, silver.Lake Asbestos qf f3uebec, Lld.-Black Lake,Quebec,, Canada-asbestos fibre; capacityapprmmately 100,000 tons per year.Mt. Zsa Mines. Ltd-Mt. Isa. Queensland.~ustralia-sil&, copper, lead, zinc.-Neptune Gold Mining Co.-Bonanza, Nicaraguagold.Northern Peru Mining Co.-Trujillo, Perucoper, zinc, lead, gold, silver.~outRem em Coppel Cow.-Toquepala mine,Peru-copper.copocitu, tom OJekargeSmelters:Location: Copper Lmd ZincMt. Isa, Australia'. 470, 000 165, 000 .......El Paso, Tex .... 420,000 360,000 .......Hayden, Ariz ..... 360,000 ..............Tacoma, Wash ... 600,000 ..............San Luis Potosi,Mexico-. ....... 300, 000 2 300,000 .......110, Peru 2.. ...... 500,000 ..............East Helena, Mont. ....... 360,000 .......Sclhy, Calif .............. 192,000 .......Chihuahua. Mexico.................... 500,000 .......Amarillo, Tex ................... 100,000Rosita, Mexico .................. 120,000Corpus Christi,Tex .......................... 165, 000Refineries:Location:Perth Amboy, N.J.Baltimore, Md.. ..Tacoma, Wash.. ..Omaha, Nebr. ....Selby, Calif .......Manterey, Mexico..Amarillo, Tex. ....Colpus Christi,Capocilu, tmb pn&mer Lmd168,000 96,000198,000 .......114000 -------....... 180,WO. . 72,000....... 180,000..............Tex ..........................Rosita, Mexico ..................Townsville, Aus-tralia 1..1 Owned by Mt. Isa Mines, Ltd........ 80, WO ----.--The Anaconda Company.-25 Broadway, NewYo&-Incorporated June 18, 1805, in Montana, a8Anaconda Copper Mining Co.; name was changed toThe Anaconda Company June 18, 1955. The companyand subsidiaries are engaged in mining, milling, andsmelting nonferrous metal ores; refining and selling themetals obtained from these ores; fabricating semifinishedand finished copper and brass products; producingand fabricating aluminum; mining and processinguranium and manganese ores; and recovering,treating, and selling byproduct metals. The principalmetals recovered from ores treated are copper, lead,and zinc; however, s~lver, gold, arsenic, cadmium,chromium, vanadium, selenium, and tellurium, alsrare recovered.

~ ~COPPERThe company is both an operating and holdingorganization, having control of substantial stockboldingsin the following subsidiaries:Companies 100 ercent owned:Anaconda Aumnum Co..4aaeouda-.%merican Brass Cu.Anart,nlcxieo Citv inwhich Anaconda has a suhtantial interest. ~ananeaChile Copy Co .--.---.-..--...---.--99. 756 is the source of all the copper refined and fabricated inChile Em oratlon Co .....-.......... - 99. 756 Mexiw, and the major portion of thia copper ia con-Chile Stehship Co ................... 99.756 sumed ~ ~- in Mexico.--~--.-. - ~ ~ ~ ~Greene Cananei Copper Co ..........-. 99. 505 Smelters and refineries:Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co .... 28 17 In the United Statea The Anaconda Commny has aSantiago Mining Co ......-.-....---. . 96. 673Canitalisation:~~M),OOO,OOO in 12,000,000 shares of $50 each;10,715,127 shares outstanding, December 31, 1960.Assets and liabilities:A 400-ton-per-day concentrator was erected, andproduction was started in September 1957.In Mexico, Compania Mincra de Cananea, 8.A. deC.V., formerly the Cananea Consolidated CopperCompany a 99.97 percent owned subsidiary of Greenetotal current liabiiiti&, $58,145,353Employees, 1960: 37,000.Mines:Principal mining operations in the United Statea areat Butte, Mont.: Yerinuton. Nev.; and near Grants,N.11. At Butte large low-grade copper depoaita a&developed in the noted Greater Butte Project:Ke&v Mine.-This was stand as a blork-esvinndiy was mined in'l9KI.Berkeley Mine.-The o en pit, 32,610 tons of orewas produced daily in 1968, al4-percent increase over1959. Proiects m oreoaration for working the highmadevein'demits'at'dee~er level8 were ?nitiatedUinI960 as plam for deepeningthe Kelley No. 1, Steward,and Mountain Con shafts got under way.Yerington Mine.-At Weed Heights, Lyou County,Nev.. nroduction was started in November 1953. Theoxide bre ia leached and the copper is recovered bycementation on scrap iron; the iulfide ore ia conceitraled in a newly comtructed flotation mill. Preeipitationfrom the cementation oroeeas and the sul6dewneentrate are shi~~ed .. to t6e companr - - smelter atAnaconda, Mont.The company alao produces uranium bearing oresfrom the open-pit Jackpile mine in New Mexiw and a3.000-ton-ner-dav urantum nrocessinn - nlant - at Bluewater, Nek Mex-iw.Company subsidiaries own and operate the followinglar e mines in Chile:8huhupuicamato Mine.-The largest co per mine inthe world, Chuquicamata, ia operated by 8hile Ex loration Co., a wholly owned subsidiary of Chile & e;Co., which in turn ia 99.756-percent owned by TheAnaoonda Company. Plant facilities consist of aleaching plant, concentrator and molybdenum recoveryunit, smelter, electrolytic refinery, and electrowinningrefinery.El Salvador Mine.--Operated by Andes CopperMining Co., the mine and plants have a roductlvecapacity of 115,000 tons of copper per year. gperatiombegan in April 1959. Concentrate is transported bypipeline and rail for treatment in the company Potrerillos smelter.La Ajrieana Mine.-Operated by Santiago MiningCo., the mine is about 15 miles west of Santiago, Chile.Capitalieation:800,000 shares authorized; 558,458 shares outstanding;241,542 shares in treasury; par 55, changed from$1 par in 1934.Assets and liabilities:Total current assets, December 31, 1960, were$1,917,367; total current liabilities, $794,873.Employees: December 31, 1960, 351.Production:Copper-19R0, 11,831 tons; 1859, 11,975 tons. Thel3agdad mme ranked 20th ad a copper producer in theUnited States in 1960.

~~~-~-~-.~ -,-~Pmduction by The Anaconda Company, copper, short tone:Domeatin:Montana:Vein min ea.. ....................................................Kelley mine .....................................................Berkeleypit .....................................................0th ...........................................................Nevada: Yatonmine ............................................Mexico: Cananea.. .................................................AU pmductiou, short tons:Copper:Company mines ...........................Purchased and toll material.. ...............Zinc:Gompang mines... ........................Purchased and toll material. ................Aluminum. ...................................had .........................................Silver, ouncea ..................................Gold, ounc ea. ...............................Manganese oxide nodulea, about 60 percent Mu----Femmanganese, about SO percent Mu ............Arsenic trioxide ................................Cadmium .....................................Brnner Hinine Co.-2042 Conuer Stravenue.miuea andi 1,OOb-ton-per-day mill &r Tucson; Arie.;and mining claim near Lordsburg, N. Mex., and inPims County, Arb.Mines:New Mexico.-Bonney and hlisera Cheat.Arimna.-Mineral Hill, Daisy, and Palo Verde.Production: tsd~ 1mCo r tons.. 3, 109 3,200G0fr.~l1111111:;uncea~. 354 902Mver .................. do .... 74,576 61,477Employees: December 31, 1960, 245.Capitslimtion:December 31, 1960, 800,000 shares authorized;580,030 shares outstanding; par $1.Assets and liabilities: -~December 31, 1960, total current assets, $579,480;total current liabilities, $324,309.Bethlehem Cornwall Gorp.---- Bethlehem. Pa.-The corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary ofBethlehem Steel Co., operating the Cornwall mine,Cornwall. Lebanon - Cauntv. - ~ -. , Pa. - ~~~The mine ia -. rnainlv .an iron ~roducer. but considerable CODDer. gold. andsilver are recove&d ss bypducts, and it Sked'25thamong copper pmducera in the United %tee in 1W.Ore is mined by block caving. Daily capacity of themagnetic separation lant is 6,WO tons; the flotationlant, 2,200 tons; an% the sinteri plant 2,400 tons.h e copper concentrate is ship3 to &elpa DodgeRefining COQ. at Laurel Hill, N.Y. Pmduction ofcopper increased in 1960 to 3,085 short tons from 1,935tons in 1959.Calumet & Heck. bc.- 122 %uth MichiganAve., Chicago 3, Ik-Inco rated as Calumet- &Hecla Consolidated Copper '%, September 10, 1923,consolidatinn Cslnmet~& Heola~Miup Go.. AhmeekMining Co.. AUouea Mining Co.. Cenknnid Co~wrMinini Co:, and Osceola -Goneblidaten Wing -I%.Present name wae ado ted Octobcr 31, 1952.Calumet & Hecla, {nc., is primarilv an operatingcornmov that is romuletelv intenrated mlh mwt't tow&er, 'havingmiuin& smiltin ,hning, and fabricatingoperations. It operates 8wp-shaft cop r mumand related procesing facilities .on the it" eweenawPeninsula of upper Michigan. It also has a uraniummine in the Ambrosia Lake district. near Grants. N.M.However, the comDanv is ~rimarily a metal fabricator--having principal -plaits -in Delmit, Mich.; Irmdon,Ontario, Canada, nnd Dwatur, Ah.The Wolverine Tuhn Division lformerlv WolverineTube Corn.) one of the largest single unas ~roducingseamless ;loufemous tubing: A whlly o h d subaidiar?,Canada Vulcanizer & E uipment Co., Ltd.,London. Ontario. Canada. man$acturea fin tubin..Uniiin, baed &h'eat tr&sinr equipment. Calumet at

~-~~~ ~~ -268 COPPERHecla of Canada, Ltd., London, Ontario, Canada, 100percent owned, produces nonferrous tubing and tubeproducts.Other im~ortant divisions and subsidiaries are:Goodman Lumber Division--an integrated lumberins .-= oneration ~ - - involved ~ - ~ ~ in the selective euttine androcessing of mature timber for the building tkdes,furniture plants, and other wood-using industries.FlrnoniEs Cqr. of Canada, Lid., Brsmptou,Ontam~producing ammautiral and mianile products.iudustrial and autumotive hoe. emandun ioinb. andmining dolomiie and for prdducing -. primary inaw&ium~and cileium.M e Chemical Co., Mich., 50-percent owned-producingand marketing chemical products. (Other 50percent owned by Hmhaw Chemical Co.)Caoitalieation:100,000 shares of $4.75 cumulative preferred stock,Series A, no ar value and 5,000,000 common shares of$5 each autgoriaed; 41,220 shares of preferred and2,159,571 shares of common stock outstanding, December31, 1960.kssets and liabilities:December 31, 1960, total current assetn, 823,577,130;total current liabilities, $5,844,132.Employees: December 31, 1W, 3,928.Production:Calumet & Hecla, he., ranked 17th among the majorcopper producers in the United States in 1960. Productionof primsry copper was 16,163 short tons, adecrease from 17,407 tons in 1959. Total productionof refinery shapes from primary, secondary, and tollcopper was 26,648 tons.Cerro Corp.- 300 Park Ave., New York 22.-Incorporated in New York, October 27, 1915, as Cerrode Pasco Copper Corp.; name changed to Cetrode Pasco Corp. May 31, 1951, and to present titleDecember 30, 1960. The company is an operating andholding company with interests in the United States,Peru, and Chile.By a reorganization of the company, January 1, 1957,the mining mperties, concentrators, smelters, andrefineries in feru were transferred to a wholly ownedsubsidiary, Cerro de Pasco Corp., inwrporated inDelaware. Also, all petroleum exploration concessionsin Peru formerly owned by the parent company wereacquired by another wholly owned subsidiary, Cerro dePasoo Petroleum Corp. Other wholly owned subsidiariesare: Cerro Sales Corn.. Circle Wire and CableCorp., and Fairmont ~luminhm Co.The Lewin-Mathes Company was acquired in 1957and was operated as a division of Cerro Corn. forsecondary Rn~elting and refining of nonicrrous metalsand manufacture of brass tube and pil~r. 11) 1959. allasseta of Consolidated Couwmrines Curn. tiulr. arouiwdsnd its sut,aidiaries ~orL'i;e&s \Yire d cable c;. andTitan Metal Alanufacturing Co. operated as divisionsof the parent company. The Viking Coplsr TulwCompany, a speciali~ed manufacturer of highqualityaeamleas copper tube in Cleveland, Ohio, was acquiredin June 1961. Early in 1962 Lewin-Mathes, Titan,and Viking were unified into a single division of theparent corporation and called the Cetro Copper &Brass Company Division. Cetro Corp. own3 96.7percent of the capital stock of Rio Blanco Copper Corp.,Ltd., which controls ownership of the Rio Blanco orebodyin Chile and holds a 22% percent interest in thecapital stock of Southern Peru Copper Corp.Capitaliaation :$46,250,000; 4,250,000 shares of common stock $5par value and 250,000 shares preferred stock $100 parvalue. bsued Deoember 31. 1960. . 2.646.132 . . shamcommon stock.Mining, smelting, and relining facilities:In the United States:Lewin-Mathea Company Division; secondarysmelter and electmlvtic refinerv. -. Monsanto. IU.In Chile :Compania Minern Andina, S.A., Rio Blancocopper mining project, near Santiago, Chile; ininitial development.In Peru:Cerro de Pasco Cow.. -. incorporated in Delaware :see Peru.Soutbern Peru Copper Corp., 2234 percentinterest:Toquepala mine, mill, and smelter insouthern Peru.Compania de Minas Buenaventura, S.A.,32.5 percent interest. metal mining.Explosives, S.A., 51.4 percent interest; explosivesmanufacture.Refractarios Peruanos, S.A., 42 percentinterest; manufacture of refractory brick.Compania Mine~a Rawa, S.A., 60 percentinterest; metal w e in development stage.Copper and brass mills in the United States:Cerro Copper & Brass Company Division, copper andbrass tube mill, Monsanto, Ill.; brass rod and wiremi&, Bellefonte, Pa.; fabricated brass product8 mill,Bellefonte, Pa.; brass rod and brass forging mill,Newark, Calif.Wire and cable mills:Circle Wire & Cable Corp.:Wire and cable mill, Maspeth, Long bland,N VCopper mi d and steelatrip mi&, Hicksville,Long Islan d, N.Y.Electrical . metallic-tube -- -- plant, Hickaville,Long Island, N. Y.Rockbestos Wire & Cable Co. Division:Wire and cable mill, New Haven, Conn.Indnst,rias -........ de Chhrp. -----, S.A., 46 pemnt -. - interest:Copper wire and I cable mill, Lima, Peru.--Faimont Aluminum Co.:Aluminum rolling mill, Fairmont, W. Va.United Pacific Aluminum Co. Division:Aluminum rolling mill, Los Angeles, Calif.PTom mp1111h omMetal production:Copper .......................... tons.. 26, 701Lead ........................... do .... 26,362Zinc ........................... .do--. . 29, 595Silver .................... 1,000 ounces.. 5, 023

STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY 269Principal nonferrous metal products:Electrolytic copper. Electrolytic-lead-corroding,chemical and antimonial grades: Electrolytic zinc,special high-grade and diecasting grade : Refined silver,old, refined bismuth, bismuth alloys, cadmium, tel-P:. unum, selenium, crude antimony, and zinc concentrates.~~~ ~~~Brms miU and wire mill products: Copper and copperalloy shect, strip, tullt.. pipe, rod, bar, circles, and othersnmiiabahricatcd shapes. Also aluminum shcet, Strip, .circles, and blanks:Cerro de Pasco Corp. produces about 16 percent ofthe bismuth consumed annually in the world; about 60percent is wed in roducing fusible alloys, and theremainder is used &r pharmaceutical and industrialPWes.Copper Range Company.- 24 Federal St., Boston10, Mass.-Incorporated in Michigan, January 20,1899. Since incorporation the company hns acquired:Copper Range ConsolidaLed Co., 1915.Baltic Mining Co., 1917.Trimountain Mining Co., 1923.Atlantic Mining Co. 1925.Whealkate Mining do. 1928; mineral rights.S0ut.h Range Mining do., 1928; mineral rights.White Pine Copper Co., 1929.Victoria Copper Co., 1929.National Mining Co., 1929.Copper Range Motor Bus Co., 1929.Champion Copper Co., 1931.Naumkea~ Copper Co., 1931.St. Mary's Mineral Land Co., 1931.St. Mary's Canal Mineral Laud Co., 1931.C. G. Hwep & Co., 1936.Globe Properties, 1937.Copper Range R.R. Co.; company oms 78 percentof issued stock.AUoyd Corp., Cambridge, Mass.; minority interest,14.54A"-".Thc corupany acquired control of C. U. Husscy andCompany of Pittubursh, mamlfacturers of shcet copperin 1931 and acquired the remainder of the ~tock in 1936.capitalization:Authorized 3,000,MX) shares of $5 each; outstandingDecember 31, 1960, 1,877,473 shares.Assets and liabilities:December 31, 1960, total current assets, $40,187,875;total current liabilities, $4,036,732.Employees: December 31, 1960, 2,364.Copper produetion, 1960:Champion mine ............ short tons.. 2,482Whitc Pine mine ................

.~~~ ~~~270 COPPERin mining, processing, and marketing sulphur, potash,and copper concentrates.Copper ore is mined and concentrated at the companyEsperanaa open-pit mine about 28 miles south of Tucson,A h Stripping of waste overlying the ore body commencedin 1957 and continued into 1959. Constructionof the 12,000-ton-perday mill was completed in February,and production began in March 1959. Theconcentrate is treated for recovery of molyhdenite,and the copper concentrate is shipped to the AmericanSmelting and Refining Ca.,smelter at Haydeo, Arie.The production of coppcr-m-concentrate was 17,036tons in 1959 and 25,368 tons in 1960.Capitalieation:Authorized, 2,000,000 shares; outstanding, 1,300,000shares on Dec. 31, 1960.Assets and liabilities:December 31, 1960, total current asset%, $15,064,746;total current liabilities, $4,676,795.Employees: December 31, 1960, 742.Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co.- 25 Broadrav.New York 4. N.Y.--1ncorwrated Dewmber 18,19fi, in Maine, as a consolidatiod of Inspiration CopperCo. and Live Oak Development Co. Subse uentlyothcr properties were acquired from Warrior copper,New Keystone Copper, Porphyry Consolidated Copper,and Southwestern Devclonmcnt companies. In 1955the Christmas mine was-purchased-from ChristmasCopper Corp. and the Miami, Arie., smelter of InternationalSmeiting and Refining Co. was purchased onApril 1, 1960.Capitdimtion:Authorized 1,5W,WO shares of $20 each; outstandingon December 31, 1960, 1,181,967 shm.Assets ~-~~~~~ and liabilities:Uecemlrr 31, 1960, total curwnt assets, $24102,747;total currenc Liabilities, 63,112,785.Emolovecs: December 31. 1960. . 1.503. .~ir& and Planta:The Inspiration mine, the sixth largest in Arizona,consih of two open- it operations, the Thornton andthe Live Oak pits. hixed oxideaulfidc ore is treatedby the dual process adopted in 1957. In this propesathe ore is leached with dilute sulfuric acid ~olutlonsthat dissolve the soluble oxide copper content andabout 35 percent of the sulfide content; the leachedresidue from this procees is treated at the concentratorby flotation for recovery of the undissolved sulfideminerals, and the concentrate is smelted to blistercopper. The electrolytic plant is divided into twosections. One section is devoted to electrowinningcopper directly from leacbing solutions; the other isemployed for clectrorefining anode copper resultingfrom the smelting of copper concentrate and pre-cipitate. Cathodes are shipped to the InternationalSmelting and Refining Co. refinery at Perth Amboy,N.J., for meltin and casting into marketable shapes.Copper is akso recovered from leaching-in-placecertain caved and mined-out underground areas andsurface waste dumps. Copper is precipitated fromthis leach solution with scrap iron by the cementationprocees, and the precipitate is sent to the smelter.Copper production in 1960 from ores4.857 percentcopper, 0.448 percent oxide, 0.409 percent sulfide--wasalmost 38,000 tons and from leaching in place operationswas 2,500 tons. Production of molybdenumamounted to 433,681 pounds wntained in sulfideconcentrates.Development work at the Christmss mine andconstruction of a 4,Wton-per-day concentrator werecompleted in July 1962 and operations began in August.Concentrates are trucked to the Ins~iration smelterComnanies leas than 100 mrcent owned:fir&~uebec Iron & ~itanium'carp., Canada- .. 66.67The Superior Wire Cloth Co ..........-.. 68.1Tin Associated Minerals Ltd., Niiria ..... 76. 0Through investment, the company has interests inKaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp.; MolybdenumCornoration of America: Com~snia de Aeero del~iii6co: western ~hos~hates, inc.: and othcr companies.Canitalization:Authorized 12,000,000 8l~arc8; outstanding Novembrr30, 1960, 11,053,051 nharw; no par.asset^ and liabilities:December 30, 1960, total current asseta, $301,036,-716; total current liabilities, $53,274,177.Employees: December 31, 1960, 27,205.-.... .Copper, short tons: lm lmDomestic .......... 235,228 384,088Chin ........... 182,017 187,221Tot ........... 417, 245 571,309Molybdenite, thousandpounds ..-... 20,967 27,426Gold ....... ounces.. 240.179 396,839v e . . do .. 2,167,469 3,700,784Mines and plants:Utah Couuer Dimaim.-In Bingham, Utah, the UtahCopper i)i\&ion mhe is the setoid lar est copper producerin the world, ranking next co the ~%le ExplorationCB. Chuouicarnata mine. &en-oit mmine covers anarea of 1.642 acres, and an average of 90,CC6tona of oree produced hzily; in 1960 the oreavcraged 0.81 prrcentcopper. The ore is concentrated in company mills atMama and Arthur. Utah. Botlr of these mills havemoGhdenite %ov&y units. The copper concentrate

~~~~is shipped ta the Utah smelter-annual capacity 1,225,-000 tons of oharne--and the blister oonner is refined atthe company el&trolytic refinery, &6 at Garfieldcaparity~2M,00t~Mns (IF refined copper.Chino Mines D~~io~~.-~rnq~riscd of the Chino mineat 3anta Rita. N Mrx.. and a rourrntratar and srnclwrat Hurlev. N: Mex.. 9 miles awav. The Chino mine.an open-pit o eratioh, was the sidh largest copperducer in the gnited States in 1960 with its output of62,725 tons. Approximately 30 percent of this produotionwas recovered from an enlarged and improved precipitationsystem , handling dump-leaoh solutions.Most of the output of this division is marketed as fuerefinedcopper.Ray Mines Dieision.-The Ray open-pit mine, Ray,Arie., ranked eighth among United States copper producersin 1960. The ore is concentrated and smeltedin company facilities at Hayden, Aria. Sponge iron isproduced from pyrite and is used as the precipitant inthe complex leach-precipitation-flotation process employedat the mill for recovery of both oxide and eulfidevalues in the ore. Ore mined in 1960 averaged 0.9percent copper; 58,799 tons of copper was produced.A substantial amount of copper was recovered fromlesching abandoned undergsound block-caving areas.The blister copper is shipped to the rehneries of KennecottRelining Cow. and American Smelting and RefiningCo. in Baltimore, Md.Nevada Minea Dioision.-Mining has been concentratedin the Lihertv Pit. Ruth. Nev.. for more efficientmininn and^ utilization of ma&ow&. Previouslv orewas niined simultaneously from three pits. In 3960,the Liberty Pit ranked ninth among copper producersin the United States; 47,439 tons of copper waa pmducedfrom ore averaninn 0.79 ~ercent wooer. Theore is concentrated, tb& smelted-in company plants atMcCill, 3-v. Bliiwr cupper produced ii refined ++I thercfinericl of liennwotc Refining Cow. and AmmeanSmrltine irud Refiuinv Co. UI Ualtirnore, hld.~enn&olt Refining &rp.-~ wholly ownedsubsidiary,operating the new electrolytio relinery completed in196Gannual capacity, 198,000 tons-in Anne ArundelCounty, Md., where blister copper from the westerndivisions and Braden Copper Co. in Chile is rehed.El Teni& Mine.-In Sewell. Chile,'see BradenCopper Co. under foreign producek.Allad Lake Mines.-In eastern Quebec, Canada;iron-titanium properties are owned by the Quebec Iron& Titnnium Cow. Ore treatment facilities are atSorel, Quebec. One hundred million tons of ore, avering82 percent combined iron and titanium oxides, hasbeen outlined and is being developed as an open-pitmine. In 1960, 863,726 tans of ore was treated for aproduction of 221,945 tons of imn and 345,213 tans oftitanium slag.Magma Copper Co.- 300 Park Avenue, NewYork 22.-Incorporated in Maine, May 7,1910. MagmaCopper Co. is an operating and holding companyengaged in mining and treating copper ore. NemontMining Corp. owns 82.5 percent of the company stack.The following sukidiaries are 100 percent owned:Mwma Arizona Railroad Co.San'Manurl Copper Corp.San %lanuel Arizona Ilailroaci Co.Sau Manuel Townsite Co.Capitalization:Authorized, 3,000,000 shares; outstandin December31, 1960, 1,264,940 shares, par $10. The !an ManuelCopper Corp. has an authorized capital of 1,500,000shares of $1 ar value; all outstanding shares ere ownedby Magma &pper Co.Assets and liabilities:December 30, 1960, total current ageeta, $32,426,182;total current liabilities, $8,411,694.Employees: December 31, 1960, 1,100.Mines and Plants:Magma Copper Co.-The Magma mine, mill, andsmelter are at Superior, Pinal County, Arie. Theproperty has been developed by eight shafts and hasbeen in commercial production since 1915. In 1960,the Magma mine ranked 15th as a copper producer inProduction. San Manuel Co~oer Corn.:Copper ....................................... ..-short tom.. 74, 701 46, 170 81,724Mol~bdenite ........................................ pounds.. 1,872,450 1,435,613 2,807,671Gold ................................................ ouncm.- 16,868 10,232 18, 010Silvw ................................................ do .... 253,858 158,594 290,617, . . .~~~~the United States. The concentrator has oepscity forlrcaring 1,500 tons of ore pcr day, and the smelLri haaan annual capacity of 150,000 tons of charye. Thoblistvr cooow nrodurwl is refined bv Phelns Uodner A ~ ~- nRefining Corp.Production, Magma CopperCo.: 1068 1068 lg~oCopper..short tons.. 20,658 13, 011 18,917Gold ....... ounce;r.. 12,623 9,302 14,374Silver ........ do .... 552,009 368,004 624,141In 1960 the mine produced 386,636 tons of oreassaying5.10 percent copper, 0.04 ounce gold, and 1.73ounces silver.Son Manuel Comer CWD.-The San Manuel mine isone mile south of Tigmillion tons of 0.71 percent copper ore was mined for anaverage of 34,250 tons per operating day. In copperproduction the mine ranked fourth among the UnitedStates producers.Newmont M i i Corp.- 300 Park Avenue, NewYork22.-Incorporated as Newmont Corp. in Delaware,May 2, 1921, as successor to Newmont Co. (Maine)Present title adopted June 2, 1925. Newmont is aholding company engsged in exploration, development,and finanoing of mining and petroleum properties andin investment of its capital in securities of existingmining arid oil companies.ExpIor%tion and development of nonferrous metaldepoiits hss been eondubted in North and SouthAmerica, Africa, Europe, and the Philippine Islands.The eomnanv interest in mininn and oetroleum mdus-holdings:PmwCom ny a ~ r d&&an ~xport as & Oil Ltd .......... 16. 0Cssaiar Asbestos Corp., Ltd .............. 16.4Continental Oil Co ...................... 4. 5Creole Petroleum Corp ..................

COPPERCom any ContinuedPer&om~dEewEnt Oil co ....................... 100. oO'okiep Co per Co., Ltd ................. 56.3Palabors &in Co , Ltd 26. 0F'helps ~ o d dbrp-; ~ e ........ :I : 2.9St. Joseph Lead Co ..................... 3.9Sherritt Gordon Mines, Ltd .............. 37.4Societe Algeriennc du Zinc ............... 31.8Societe Nord-Africaine du Plomb ......... 31. 8Southern Peru Copper Corp .............. 10.3Tennessee Gas Transmigriion Co.. ........ < 1.0Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp. .... 1. 6Tsumeb Corp. Ltd ...................... 28.5Caoitalieation:iuthorized 6,000,000 shares; outstanding December31, 1960, 2,824,518 shares; par $10.Aeaets and liabilities:December 31, 1960, total current assets, $11,675,088;total current liabilities, $1,754,247.Phelps Dodge Corp.--- 300 Park Avenue, NewYork 22.-Incorporated in New York, August 10,1885,as Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Co.; presentname adopted in 1917. Through the years the companyhas acquired Detroit Mining Co. Burro Mountaincopper CO., stag Canon F U ~ CO., konteeuma CopperCo., Nieholae Copper Co., National Electric ProductsCorp., Calumet & Arizona Mining Co., United VerdeCopper Co., snd the Tucson, Cornelia and Gila BendR.R. Co.Phelps Dodge Corp., with its subsidiaries, is engagedin copper mining, milling, smelting, refining, fabricatmg,and selling. The company also doea customsmelting and refining and operates railroads, electricutility companies, and general merchandise stores-allincidental to its various operations.Copper is the principal metal produced. Molybdeniteconcentrates, gold, silver, platinum, palladium,selenium, and tdurmm also arc recovered from theores. The company makes and markets copper sulfateand nickel sulfate. Over half of the copper producedis marketed in semifabricated and fabricated forms,such as rod, wire, tube, and extruded shapes.The company is both a holding and operating concern,owning 100 percent of the stock of the followingsubsidiaries on December 31, 1960:Ajo Im rovement Co.Anson Kines, Ltd., Canada.Ashfork Mines. LM.. CanadaCochise publishing CO.Colfag Mines, Ltd., Canada.hlcss >fines Isd, Car~ada..\lwtrzuma Copper Co.; inactiw.Mormri Water & Electric Co.~ e Cornelia k Coo~erative Mercantile Co~heios ~od& ~abioration Cord.emb bein& Cord.T.C. & G.B. Railroad Co.Tyrone Mines, Ltd., Canada.Warren Co.Yuma Mines. Ltd.. Canada.Other interests'are: Phelps Dodge Copper Pmductaof the Philippines-51-percent owned; United StatesUnderseas Cable Gorp.-formed in March 1960 jointlywith Northrup Corp. and Felton & Guilleaume CarlswerkAktiengeaellachaft of Cologne, West Germany.~uthoriead, 12,000,000 ahares; iseued. , 10,855,522shares; in twasury, 713,002 ahares; ouutand~ng l)ibcernbrr31, 1960, 10,142,520 shares; par 512.50Ansets~and~ ~~~liabilities:~ ~December 31.1960, total current assets. 5211,603,037;total eumnt liabilities, $40,122,396.Employees: . December 31, 1960, 13,735.~Production:Copper, short tons: 196s l&mSmelter produetion.. 193,557 234,081Refined production.. 315,001 410,857Silver .......... ounceseses 2, 289,130 3, 281,413God . . do .. 88,704 117,414Smelter production is derived from two sources, companyores and a very small amount of custom orestreated at ita Arizona smelters. Refined production isfrom company smelter material and metals treated ontoll for account of others and a very small amount ofpurchased custom material.Mines and Planta:Phelps Dodge Corp., Western General Offices,Douglas, Ariz.:Morenn' Branch, Morenci, Ark-This comprisesopen-pit mine, concentrator, and smelter.The Morenci open-pit mine is the second largestcopper producer in the United States. It is theleading producer in Arizona, where it rankedsecond in molybdenum, third in silver, and sixthin gold in 1960. Copper production 1960, 105,640tons.New CmneEM Blanch, Ajo, Ariz.-This openpitmine, concentrator, and smelter operationranked 13th as a copper producer in the UnitedStates and third in Arizona in 1960; copper productionwas 66,693 tons.Coppw Queen Branch, Bisbee, AT*.-Includedare underground mines, Lavender open-pit mine,concentrator, and precipitation plant. The branchranked seventh as a copper producer in the UnitedStates in 1960 and fourth in Arizona,.where it wasalso first in gold and second in sllver output.Copper production: Copper Queen, underground,25,575 tons; Lavender Pit, 33,248 tons.Douglas Reduction Works, Douglas, Ariz.:Smelts ore and concentrate from the Cop erQueen mine, concentrate from the Lavender !itmill, preci itate from leaching operations at theLavender Fit, some scrap, and a small tonna e ofcustom material. Smelter capacity is 1,258,000tons of charge; 800,410 tons of copper-bearingmaterial was smelted in 1960.Mocteeuma Copper Co., Nacoaari, Sonora, Mexico:Leaching of mine workinga was discontinuedin December 1960, and operations were completelyshut down.Phelps Dodge Refining COT.:El Paso Refinery, El Pam, Tez.-The copperrefinery has an annual capacity for 290,000 tonselectrolytic and 25,000 tons fire refined. Alsocopper sulfate and nickel sulfate plants.Laurel Hill Refinery, Laurel Hill, Long Island,N.Y.-A copper refinery that has an annualcapacity of 175,000 tons electrolytic and a cop ersmelter, having annual charge ca acity of 200,800tons. Also copper sulfate an$ nickel sulfateplants.Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corp.:American Copper Products Dirriswn, Bayway,NJ-Rod and mire mill.Bayway Tube Division, Bayway, NJ-Alloyrods and extruded shapes.

STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY 273Mines and Plants-ContinuedPhel s Dod e Copper Products Corp.-Continuedkmth &mawick Tube Division, South B m -wick, NJ-Tube mill.Habirahaur Cable and Wir6 Division, Yonkers,N. Y.-Insulated wire and cable mills.Inca Manufacturiw Division. Fort Wawe, . .Ind.-Magnet wue mill.-Indiana Rod and Wire Division, Fmi Wayne,14-Rod and wire mill.Los Anaelea Tuk Division. Los Ancreles.Ouincy Mining Co.---43 Wall St., New York 5.-Incorporated in Michigan June 1, 1932, as successor inreorganization to a company of the same name--aririnallv incornorated in Michinan bv snecial charterand in 1908. Thk combany is kngaged in mining andsmelting eopper and in real estate and securitiesinvestments.Capitalization:Authorized, 250,000 shares; outstanding, 131,400shares: ..par $25.Assets and liabilities:December 31, 1960, total current assets, $2,359,526;total current liabilities, $124,093.Employees: December 31, 1960, 110.Mimes and Plants:The company operates a tailing-reclamation plantfor recovering copper in tailing deposited before 1910in Torch Lake from the company mill a mill with twogravity concentrators and flotation udits of 5,500 tonsdaily capacity, and a smelter of 150 tons daily capacity.Copper production in 1960 was 1,722 tons.Tennessee Corp.41 Broadway, New York 6.-Incorporated October 14, 1916, in New York as TennesseeCopper & Chemical Corp., ac uiring TennesseeCopper Co., which was ineorporated'xpril 24, 1899, inNew Jersey to mine copper. Present name wasadopted December 2, 1930. Tennessee Copper Co., asubsidiary, was dissolved December 31, 1956 and subsequently was operated as a division. Operaiing assetsof Miami Copper Co. were acquired June 10, 1960: it isnow operatedas a division. -The company is engaged in producing copper, zincconcentrate, iron sinter, fertilizer, and chemicals. Its~rincioal nraduct8 are: (1) Commercial fertilizers:(2) super- and triple suwr-~hosphate, used in compandfertiliiers and soid to hthers; (3) iron sinter, soid tooperators of blast furnaces mainly in the Birmingham,Ala.. district: 14) blister oooner: 1.51 zinc onnoentrate:and sold to other indmtries. 'Tennessee Corp. is both a holding and an operatingcompany. As of December 31, 1959, it owned 100percent of the voting control of the following subsidiaries:Adolph Lewisohn Selling CarpCapital Fertilizer Co. - -Cleveland .4gricultural Chemical Co.; inactive.Copper Cities Transportation Co.Number Twenty Copper Mining Co.; inactive.Sand Mountain Fertilizer Co.; inactive.Southern Agricultural Chemical Corp.; inactive.Tencor Trading Corp.Tennessee Copper Co.; inactive.Tenn.-Tampa Co.; inactive.The New Haven Copper Co., Seymour, Conn.The North Carolina Exploration Co.; inactive.U.S. Phosphoric Products Carp.; inactive.It also owned 90 percent of Chester Cable Corp., awire manufacturer. Holdings in Adolph Lewisohn andChester Cable were acquired June 10, 1960, fromMiami Copper Co.Authorized 5,000,000 shares; outstanding December31, 1960, 3,935,529 shares; par $1.25.Assets and liabilities:December 31, 1960, total current assets, $56,196,OM);total current liabilities, $13,498,000.Mines and Plants, Operating Divisions:Tennessee Copper Company Division, CoTenn.-The principal mines are the PolkBurra-Burra, Boyd, Calloway, and Eureka. Thecompany operates flotation, roasting, sintering, smeleing, and sulfuric acid plants. It ranked 19th amongUnited Statea copper producers in 1960. Products are:Blister and shot copper, 50-percent zinc concentrate,6Gpercent iron sinter, sulfuric acid, copper sulfate,copper salts and fungicides, liquid sulfur dioxide,organic sulfonates, sodium hydrosuffite, zinc oxide,and ferric sulfate (Ferri-Floc).Miami Copper Company Division, Miami, At.iz.-Ore is mined by open-pit methods and treated torecover a copper concentrate at the Copper Cities mine.Copper precipitate, cement copper, is recovered byleaching at the Miami and Castle Dome mines. Copperconcentrate and precipitate are smelted by Ins irationConsolidated Co per Co. at Miami, Arie., anB~he~psDodge Copper Eorp. at Douglas, Arie.; the blistercopper produced is refined by International Smeltingand Refining Co. at Perth Amboy, N.J., and PhelpsDodge Refining Corp. at El Paso, Tex. The sellingagent is Adolph Lewisohn Selling Corp.U. S. Phosphoric Prodvela Division, East Tampa,F1a.-This division produces triple superphosphate,superphosphate, hydrofluosilicic acid, sodium flu*silicate, potassium fluosilicate, and phosphoric acid anduranium.Subsidiary Companies:Capiial Fertilizer Company, Montgomery and Decatur,A1a.-TheMontgomery plant produces superphosphateand complete fertilizers. The Decatur plant producescomplete fertiliaera from superphosphate furnished bythe Montgomery plant.The New Haven Copper Co., Seymour, Conn.-Fabricates late, sheet, stri , and roll copper.Tencm &ding Gorp.-herates facilities for warehousingtriple superphosphate and DiMoN at Peoria,Ill. and St. Paul and Winona, Minn.bhesler Cable Cmp., Chater, N.Y.-Thisand cable mill.is a wirehimary Copper Mills and PrimaryWire MillsThe primary copper mines-formerly referredto as primary brass mills-make up that partof the industry engaged in initial forming oralloying and forming refinery shapes and scrapinto standard semifabricated forms of copperand copper alloys; such as, plate, sheet, striptube rod, and wire. Subsequent operationsinvoke further rolling, drawing, and shapingso that the roducts will meet specificationdimension an8design.The primary wire mills roll refined copperwirebars or extrude refined copper billets intorods tbat are drawn in stages to finished wire.Wire is also produced by redraw mills thatobtain rod from the primary wire mills. Thereare other types of mills designed for singularoperations such as insulation and stranding.

274 COPPERThe company names, addresses and plant metals and publish information regarding them.locations of the runary copper and wire mills Theae organizations are shown in table 76.are shown in tab ? es 74 and 75.More information about government organizetions - is obtainable in "The United StatesGovernment Orga~zation Manual", FederalPrinciual Associated Government and Reeister Division. National Archives and Rec-Industry Groups or' Service, washington, D.C. 20402, and thelatest edition of the Official CongressionalA number of government agencies and Directory, United States Government Printingnational associations deal with minerals and Office. ITABLE 74.-P~imary copper millsAmplean Smelting and Reming lm Bmadway, Nea York, N.Y ....cornpsny.AmpMetal Ioc .................. 17468.3Bthst., MilwauLee4E Wb.Aosmnda ~&derlcan B- Co ...... 414 Medow St.. Waterbw. &om.Bmylh Cap .................... P.O. Bor 1462, Reading. Pa ........Bohn hlmninom & B m Cmp .... lynd~Iplaystte Bldg.. Detroit 26,Bridgeport B- Co. DITMo~ of 80 Grand St., Bridgeport 2, C m ...Natioosl DbtUlers Ad Chemical IEastwmd NeaUey Cap .............he ~lectrlc ~8terie.h Co ..........Handy & H arm .................. 8 Polton St., New York 28, N.Y..HosLins Mt. Co ................... 4445 Lawton Aw. Detroit 8. Mich.Hwe Smnd Copper aod Brasl RoWPlaee, sp&gdale, C m...Didlon of Hoae Sound corn!pang.C. a. Huwy & Co.. Disisloo of 2BM 8eeand Ape., Pittsburgh 19, WCopper Ran e Co.~ntemsllonal &lw Co ............. m 8. Bmad St. Mdden, C m ...98 Center St. hferlden, C m ......MueUer B m CO ................... Port Huron kdloh .................New England Brts Ca ............. Taunton, hfasa ....................The New Haven Copper Co ........ 18 Main St. Se our C- .......Olln Mathlem Chemicsl Co Shamrock dt.. g t .4i+.cn, Ill ......Pbelpe Dodge Copper FIC%G~ 300 Park Av~., New Yak 22, N.Y.Cmp.Miller Company ....................~ l u m & Atwood MIg. Co -........ 235 35. Main St., Thomaston, ConnH. K. Porter Company he. River- 1 PsdIon Am., Rlvemide. N.J ....side-Alb Metal ~lvhon.'Reading &be Co.. Dhbim of Seventh & South Sts., Reading, Pa.PIo~ers Me. co.Revere Copper and Bm, Inc ...... 224 Part Ave.. New Ywk 17, N.Y.Path Amboy. N.J. ................Adrlsn, Mloh ......................Indlaaapolh Iod: Seymour, Conn.(Swrnou, he. bo.).Brldpeport. Conn ..................Bristol, Conn ......................Newark Calif.. Momto. Ill.:~ednte. pa:Waterbury, Cm.; Clwsland, Ohioci-. IIl ..........................mdlllg, MichHarrison. N.1 ......................Newark, N.1 .......................Belleae, N.1 .....................N& East. PB ....................New York, N.Y.; Bridge@ I,cm.Detroit Mlch ......................sprin&e, a n ..................Reading, Pa .......................Copper and bravl mill pmduots.Rods and shapes.Plat=, sheet, strip, tube, rods,and shapes wire brass bm.print ro~s,ebmmuia~.Brass and mpper mill productpsheet, strlp, rod, ssire, and tube.Alloy wire and rod.Alloy rod and wire.AUoy rod and nirsire.Bus bar, cornrnotators, rod.Auoy sheet and strlp.Cuprmlokel reslatanee nire rod.Copper, b m and bronze strip.Rod, sheet, strip.Amy shlt md strip.Alloy strlp, md. wire.Tube, Pipe.Scovill Mfg. Co ..................... 98 MiU St.. Waterbury 20. Conn ...Woline Tube Divbimd Cslumet& Hecla. hc.PhiLdelphla, Pa.; Denver, Co lo... Alloy sheet.Kenllworth, N.1 ................... Sheet strip rod, wire.Waterbury Conn .................. heeda and strip.Chiwe, 1d ........................ Rod, sheet, tube.East Pittsburgh, Pa ................ DO.Decatur, Ala.; Detroit, Mlch; Inknter.Mkh.hlloy sheet rod, wire aod brass~ oWPW; d tube.Tube.Tube.

CompanyAnaconda Wire & Cable Co .Circle Wire & Cable Corp .Coppenveld Steel Co .General Cable Cow. .General Motors Corp .STRUCPURE OF THE INDUSTRY,TABLE 75.-Primaq wire mi&General o5ceHastingeon-Hudson 6, N.Y .5500 Mas th Ave~aspetgf L.I., NY.322 Fnck Bldg.,Pittsburgh 19, Pa.730 Third Ave.,New York 17, N.Y.3044 W. Grand Blvd.,Detroit 2, Mich.Hillside, N.J.I Location of fabricating plantsGreaLFalls, Mont.; Hastings-on-Hudson, N.Y.Maspeth, N.Y.Glassport, Pa.Los Angeles, Calif.; St. Louia,Mo.; Perth Amboy, N.J.;Rome, N.Y.Warren, Ohio.Hillside, N.J.Roda,Inc .Rome Cable Corp ..................Triangle-Conduit & Cable Co., Inc .Western Electric Co., Inc ...........200 Passaic St.,Passaic, N.J.300 Park Ave., Fort Wayne, Ind.; Bayway, N.J.New York 22, N.Y.23rd St..Marion. Ind.Marion, Ind.332-400 Ride St.,Rome, N.Y.Rome, N.Y.P.O. Box 711, Jersey Ave., New Bruw New Brumwick, N.J.wick, N.J.222 Broadway, New York 38, N.Y Chicago, IU.; Baltimore, Md

276 COPPERTABLE 76.-Principal Government and indusirygroups concerned with the copper zndustyGovernment Agencies:AddruaAddrcmBureau of the Census .... Department of Commerce Brookings Institution.. . 1775 MassachusettsBusiness and Defense Do.Ave., N.W., Wash-Services Administra-ington 6 D.C.,tion.Robert b. Calkins,Bureau of Mines ..-...-- Department of the Inte-President.nor.Co per and Braea 420 Lexington Ave.,Geological Survey ..-.... Do.Eesesroh Association. New York 17, N.Y.,Office of Minerals Explo- Do.T. E. Velfort, Manration.aging Director.Office of Minerals Mohil- Do.Copper Institute ...-...50 Broadway Newiaation.York 4, ~.k., E.Agency For International Department of State.Boano, Secretary.Development.Electrochemical Society.. 1860 Broadway NewBureau of the Budget.. . Executive Offices of theYork 23 N.J.,President.Robert k. Shannor,Office of Emergency Do.Executive Secretary.PlanninEngineers Council For 345 East 47th St., New- Defense dterials General Services Admini- Professional Develop York, N.Y., ElsieService. stration.ment.Murray, Execut~ve,Export-Import Bank -..-.-.--...--.rt-rt-rt-rt--rt--rt--rt-rt-rt-rt-Small Business Adminis-Engineers Joint Council-.tration ..----.------------.----Tariff Commission ..............................National Associations:Industrial ResearchAmerican Bureau ofInstitute.Metal Statistics.American Foundrymen'sSociety.50 Broadway,New York 4, N.Y.,E. Boano. Director.TABLE 76.-Principal Gommmenl. and industrygrwps concerned vrilh the copper ind&ry--Con.International CopperResearch AssociationInc.American InsliIul~ of'\fining. Metallurgicaland Perroleu~nEngineers, InoAmerican Mining Congress.American OrdnanceAssociation.American Society forMetals.American Society forTesting Materials.American StandardsAssociation.Brass and Bronae IngotInstitute.The United ~n&eerin~Center,345 East 47th St.New York, N.Y.,Ernest Kirkendall,Secretary.1200 18th Street, N.W.,Washington 6, D.C.,Julian D. Conover,Secretary.Mills Building, Waahington6, D.C., L. A.Codd, Executive VicePresident.1916 Race St., Philadelphia3, Pa., R. E.Hess. Aotina ExectiveSecretary. '10 East 40th St., NewYork 16, N.Y., RogerGay, ManagingDirector.300 West WashingtonSt., Chicago 6, Ill.Metal Powder IndustriesFederation.Mineralogical Societyof America.Mining and MetalluricalSociety ofImerica.National Association ofManufacturers.National Association ofPurchasing Agents.National Association ofSecondary MaterialIndustries.National ElectricalManufacturersAssociation.retary.11 Broadway NewYork 4, ~.k.2 East 48th St., NewYork 17, N.Y.,Charles P. S!igh, Jr.,Exeoutive VlcePresident.11 Park Place, NewYork 7, N.Y., G. W.Howard Ahl, ExecutiveSecretary-Treasurer.271 Madiion AvenueNew York 16, N.?.,M. J. Mighdoll, ExecutiveVice Prea~dent.155 East 44th St. NewYork 17 N.Y.,Joseph fi. Miller,Managing Director.

TABLE 76.-P~incipd Qovmmat and indusmgroups concerned with the copper industry--Con.AddruaNational Foreign Trade 111 Broadway NewCouncil.York 6, N.Y., William5. Swinple. - . President.National Industrial Con- 460 Park Ave., New Yorkference Board. n, N.Y., ~ohn S.Sinclair, Pmident.Non-Ferrous FoundersSociety, Inc.Pressed Metal Institute..Resowces For TheFuture.Twentieth CenturyFund.United EngineeringTrustees.United States CopperAssociation.Wire Association ..... .-.STRUCTURE OF TBE UST TRY 277309 Terminal Tower,Cleveland, Ohio, BenJ. Imbwaia. Secretary.3673 Lee Gad, Cleveland20, Ohio, H. A.Daschner, ManagingDirector.1775 Massachusetts Ave.,N.W., Washin n 6,%'D.C., John E. erbert,Secretary.41 East 70th St., NewYork 21, N.Y., AugustHecksoher. Director.345 East 47th St., NewYork, N.Y., Steven W.Marrae. GeneralManager.50 ~roadwaj., New York4, N.Y., E. Boano,Secretary.453 Main St., Stamford,Conn., Richsrd E.Brow. ExecutiveLabor OrganizationsMembers of labor unions in copper mines,smelters, and refineries in the United States andCanada are represented largely in the InternationalUnion of Mine, Mill, and SmelterWorkers, MMSW (I), an independent organization,and the United Steelworkers of America,which is an affiliate of the merged AmericanFederation of Labor and Congress of IndustridOrganizations (AFLGIO), table 77. Thereare also a number of national, international, andlocal unions and associations connected with thevarious types of work at mines, mills, smelters,or refineries at particular locations. One largecompany in extending labor contracts relativeto all its operations concluded agreements with37 unions.TABLE77.4ganizatbn dala of principdu n h connected with the copper industryAmerioan Federation ofLabor and Congreas ofIndustrial Organizations:George Meany, President.Founded 1881-members15,000,000; staff 600.Federation of nationalunions-135.Formed by merger of:The American Federationof Labor and the Congressof IndustrialOr iaations in 1955(=cIo).International Union ofMine Mill and Smelterhkers, MMSW(0John Clark, Preaident.Founded 1893--members100,000; locala 200.Independent.United Steelworkers ofAmerica:David J. McDonald,President.Founded 1936members960,000; locala 2,995.USA - a5liated withAFLCIO.United Mine Workers ofAmerica:Thomas Kennedy,President.Founded 189&membere600,000.UMWA-independent.Intenrational ChemicalWorkers Union:Walter L. Mitchell,President.Founded 1944--members81,144; locala 407.ICW - a5liated withAFGCIO.International Brotherhoodof Electrical Workers:Gordon M. Freeman,Addrtm815 16th Street, NW.,Wsshington 6, D.C.941 East 17th Ave.,Denver 18, Colo.1500 CommonwealthBldg. Pittsburgh 22, Pa.900 15th Street NW.,Washington 5, D.C.1659 West Market St.Akron 13, Ohio.1200 15th Street, NW.,Washington 5, D.C.aouree: Coheney, narry P . aod Uenrg 8. Kosenblmm. Dlmcwm 01Nallond end intematlnnd Labor Unlons Inn the UNfed Rtates, 1059.U.R. 1)cpanmmI d L ab. Bull. 1247. Ik-M 1W.Unions associated with the qarious operationsof ma'or copper producers m the UnitedStates and 2:anada are shown in table 78.

278 OOPPERTABLE 78.-Union aflialions at major copper mines, smelters, and refineriesUnded Siales:American Smelting & Refining Co.:Perth Amboy, N.J. ......................... International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers;United Auto Workers; International Union of OperatingEngineers.Baltimore, Md .............................. International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers.Hayden, Aria., smelter ....................... Do.Silver Bell. . Ariz ............................. - - - - -- - - United Mine Workers, District 50.Tacoma. Waeh ............................. lntcrnational Union of hline, Mill and Smelter Workers.Mkion, Ariz ............................... Lahrrre I>iarrict, Council: International Union ofOperatrng Engnwm; Intm,ational Brotherhood ofTeamsters, ChauBers, Warehowemen and llelpersof Amenea. Labrers' Union.The Anaconda Co.:Anaconda, Mont ............................Butte, Mont ...............................Great Falls, Mont ...........................Anaconda, Butte, Great Fa&, Mont.. ........Yerington, Nev .............................Calumet B Hecla, Inc., Calumet, Mich. ...........International Smelting & Refining Co., PerthAmboy, N.J. (Rantan).C m Corp.: Lewin Mathes Division, reherySt. Louis, Mo.Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co.:Inspiration, Ariz ............................Miami, Aris ................................--Kennecott Copper Corp.:Chino Mines Division .......................Nevada Mines Division, Ruth & McGill, Nev..Ray Division, Ray, Ariz .....................United Steelworkers of America.International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers.Do.International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers:Do.Trade and craft unions, AFLCIO; Brotherhood ofRailroad Trainmen AFGCIO.International Union of Mine, Mill aid Smelter Workers;International A~sociation of Maohinsts; GlobMiamiMetal Trades Council.International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers.DO.United Steelworkers of America.~na ........................................ uo.Magma Copper Co.:Magma Mine & Smelter, Superior, Ariz ........ International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers.San Manuel Mine & Smelter, San Manuel, International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers;Arie.Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen.Nys_u Smelting & Refining Co.: Staten Island, International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers.m.1.Phelps Dodge Corp.:Ajo, Aris ................................... United Steelworkers of America.Douglaa, Arie ............................... International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers.Moenci Ari .............................. Do.ElPaso,Tex ............................... Do.Laurel Hill, Long Island City, N.Y ............ United Steelworkers of America.All mine locations ........................... AFLCIO trade and craft unions; Railroad workersumon8.Tennessee Corporation:Tennessee Co per Division, Duoktown and International Chemical Workers Union.Copperhill, 'fenn.Miami Copper Division, Miami, Ariz.. ........ International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers,US. Metala Refining Co. (AMAX): Carteret, N.J-. Do.White Pine Copper Co., White Pine, Mich ......... United Steelworkers of America.Canada:Hudson Bay Mining & Smelting Co., Flin Flon, Canada Labor Congress, AFGCIO.Manitoba.Noranda Mines, Ltd., Noranda, Quebec.. ......... United Steelworkers of America.Waite Amulet Mines, Ltd. (Noranda subsidiary) .... Do.Canadian Copper Refiners, Ltd. (Noranda) Mon- Metal Refining Workers.treal East.Gasp6 Copper Mines, Ltd. (Norands subsidiary)-.-. Murdochville Workers Association.International Nickel Co. of Canada, Ontario.. ..... International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers.

~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~WORLD COPPER INDUSTRYGrowth of World Copper IndustryThe cumulative world total of producedcopper before 1800 has been estimated at lessthan 1 million tons, less than 1 percent of thetotal output from 1801 through 1960. Annualworld production, about 18,000 tons in the firstdecade of the 19th century, increased steadilyand reached about 545,000 tons in 1900.Accumulative world production from 1801through 1900 totaled only 11.5 million tons.Since 1900 annual smelter production hasincreased nearly tenfold to almost 5 milliontons in 1960.Distribution of World ProductionCopper was mined in 45 countries during1960. Twenty-six of these countries producedmore than 10,000 tons of copper, and ei htUnited States, Northern Rhodesia, 8hGU.S.S.R., Canada, Republic of the Congo,Peru, and Australia--exceeded 100,000 tonseach; together they supplied 85 percent of theworld total. Excluding the United States thismajor goup produced 62 percent of the worldoutput, and 13 companies in 5 of these countriesaccounted for 40 percent. Japan, China,Mexico, Republic of S0ut.h Africa, and thePhilippines are also important sources of copper.Thirty countries had smelter production ofcopper in 1960. Twenty-three exceeded 10,000tons, and nineunited States, Northern Rhodesia,Chile, U.S.S.R., Canada, West Germany,Republic of the Congo, Japan, and Peruaccountedfor 89 percent of the world smelteroutput. Foreign countries supplied 64 percent.Location of World IndustryTable 79 shows the 25 leading copper-producingcompanies in order of their 1960 outputand their annual production from 1951 through1963.Table 80 lists smelting and refining plantsoutside the United States showing ownership,location, and capacity where available.Important Foreign Copper ProducingCompaniesFollowing are descriptions of foreign copperproducingcompanies and their operations,compiled principally from these sources: Skinners'M iig Yearbook, 1961; Moody's Manualof Investments, Industrials, 1961; the World'sNon-Ferrous Smelters and Refineries, 1960; andthe latest available company reports.STRUcrURE OF THE INDUSTRYNORTH AMERICACanadaCampbell Chibongamsu Mines, Ltd.- 55 YongeSt., Toronto, Ontario, Canada.-Incorporated Mareh10. 1950. in Province of Quebec. Owns control ofChibougamau Mining and Smelting Co.. Inc.: CompaniaMinera Trans Rio, S.A. de C.V.', to bperateproperties in hnora, Mexico; and has managementcontrol of Chibougamau Venture, Ltd.Capitalieation:Authorized 5,000,000 shares; outstanding June 30,1961, 4,425,352.Employees: June 30, 1961, 735; annual average.Production. . shinments: . 1sm I~SLH~I~Copper ............... tons__ 16, 137 18,744Gold ............... ounces-- 38,377 34,415Silver ................ do .... 310,564 397,726Mines:The company operates four mines and a 3,000-tonperdayconcentrator. The mines are the Main,Kokko Creek, Cedar Bay, and Henderson. Concentrateis shipped to Noranda Mines, Ltd., for smelting;blister is refined by Canadian Co per Refiners, Ltd.;snd tat4 production is sold by &rands Mines, Ltd.Canadian Copper Eelinera, LM.- 1700 Bank ofNova Scotia Bldg., 44 King St. West, Toronto 1,Ontario, Canada.-Incorporated February 6, 1929,in Canada, this is a subsidiary of Noranda Mines, Ltd.Owns an electrolytic copper refinery at Montreal Eaat,Quebec, with an annual capacity of 240,000 tons. Productionin 1960: 276,100 tons refined copper; 563,500ounces gold, and 8,246,000 ounces silver. In additionselenium and tellurium are recovered, and copper sulfateis produced.Capitalization:20,000 shares, no par value; 18,455 shares held byNoranda Mines, Ltd.; balance, by Phelpa DodgeRefining Corp.The refinery receives mast of its raw material fromNoranda and its affiliates; has contract to refine bliiterproduced by Hudson Bay Mining & Smelting Co.,Ltd.East Sullivan Mines, La.- 507 Place d'Armes,Montreal, Quebec, Canada.-Incorporated May. 22,1944, in Quebec, Canada. Affiliated with SulllvanConsolidated Mines, Ltd. Subsidiary is Sullico Mines,Ltd., formerly Quebec Copper Corp., Ltd.Capitalization:Authorized 4,500,000 shares; outstandin December31, 1959, 4,250,000 shares. Sullivan 8onsolidatedMines, Ltd., owned 1,540,693 shares.Production: 1868 1860Copper ............... tom.. 7,182 3,694Zinc ................. d o 1,756 4, 948Gold ............... ounces.. 4, 239 4, 125Silver ................ do .... 146,822 155, 557Mines: See chapter 4.Norands Mines, Ltd., handles smelting of the coucentrate,and refining and marketing of the copperand precious metals.Palconbridge Nickel Xines, Ltd.----44 King St.West, Tamnta 1, Canada.-Incorporated August28, 1928, in Ontario, Canada. Controlled by Ventures,Ltd.Capitalization:Authorized 5,000,000 shares; outstanding, 3,766,922shares.

TABLE 79.-Twenty-five leading copper producing companies in the world, in order of 1960 output, short tonsCompany I Country 1 1951-"".Brsden Cop er Co ....................... Chile .............................. 171,247Intematlon.~ Nickel Do. of Canad*, I Canada ........................... I T122.188Per". ........................................United States ..................... M,3nNorthern Rhodesh ................ 80 288.... do ............................. 03:m.-.do ............................. 88.352Chile .............................. 44,945Unlted States .....................Australia .....................................Northern Rhodeda ...........................Sweden ........................... 28,702Canada ... l ....................... 30,541""".h~htion Consolidated Copper Co ..... United States ..................... 39,125O'oklep Cop er Ca.. Ltd ................ Unlan of South AMcn ............. 22,500WhlZ Phe Eopmr Co ......-.....-.--. United States .................................aospe Copper Mhes, Ltd. .............. Cenada .......................................CBRO Gorp . Pem .............................. 20.788Tennasm Gorp.-Miami Copper Dlvl- Unlted States ..................... 50,831s1on.aNmanda Mhes, Ltd. (Home mine). .... Chnada ........................... 24 315

STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY' 281TABLE 80.-Foreign copper smelters and refineriesNorth Ampltea:Canada ..........South America:cue ............West Germany..Yugoslavia ......Asia:Indls ............rapan.. .........Cadian COT R- LtdFdmnbridge IoLd ~ ioi, Ltd ...... FalmnMdm, O n m .........Mwdochvllle, Qusbeo ........Gas Copper Mine. Ltd ....................................................Hugn Bay Wnlng & Smelting Co., Plin Flon, Mmltoka .......... ........................................Ltd.Intwational Nickel Co. of Canada, Copw CllfS Ontarlo .........Ltd.{co*ton, 0bM0 .........-... ..-.... 1w.mNoranda Mines, Ltd ................. ~ m d s Qusbeo , ............. 1,WWAmerican Smelting and Eemhg 8an W Pot& .............. BDhW ........................................CI%&~deSants Rosslla 8.A 8antaRaaalb.BafaCalUomia. 1WW ........................................Cobre de Merim, 8. A ............................................................ Atmaptialm, Dlstrlet Fed 48.Wem.Cornpanla Minm de C-PB, S.A. C-ca, Senora .............. WW ........................................de C.V.MwpU Copper Co., Ltd ............. ConoepdondelOro, Zwteoas. m,W ........................................Andm Copw nlnln. Co ............. I'orrmUcs.. ............... --. ..........H d m COPW CO.. .................. Cdetuncs.. Cderooes. .................. ld0.WChile Explorsllon Co. ................ Chuqol-th ............-. ..........CL~ Mlners Dk.outuladelaaConde. Cb-#.A.Pdpte Natlond Smelter ............. PdplaC m de P- Cmp ..................South- P m Copper Cow .......... 110Monmwerke Brhlegg, 0.M.B.EBoo. herale MeWurglque deHobken, 8.A.out&mpu OY ......................................................................... Montreal, Eaat Quebeo ..... 28L.400........................................c m m e aenpwle ~'~fmtmiyse mahslrr-viemDo Pd&.Kopfmsk IlawbtqA.0 ........... Ilsenburg, HamManalddwher Kuplerachleferbegbsu ElalehenA.0.Doiaburgp. Kopfshotte ..............Hottenweke Aktiengeaeu. L-sohaft.Metdlhnttenw~ke LnW O.M.B.H.~orddeutsche Atlinme ............... EmbqStadtkzge KuplPrhntte .............. Niedemarabtrg, Nordrheinweswen.ZLnnwerke. Wilhslmahurg. O.M.B.H.Fdmnbridge~ikkel~erkA~SA18 SulitJeha amber ................ 8dtjelmaElecWollsb de Cobre 8.A .............. Barcelona and PdmdaCompmia Espanola De MLnar de RID HuelveTinto 8.A.~ndustriea Rddea &ero Metslurglw8.A.SOC. Erla de Construooione Electrc-deas S.A.Sm. Indostm AsM-Bolidene Om~aktiebolag ............. BWkBr~eyrnershalms Omlalnduatrl ~ktie ~slslngbarg aod OakarshamnMI=.Actid, WtedTho- Bolton & Som, Ltd770,W280. W575, W..............................................................-...........Oroya .................................... Omya ....................... 10. W................................................................................................................................ Brl~h~g, Tirol .............. 1l.WHoboken .................................. O h ........................ 1%Wnarfavdts ................................ porl ......................... a 7 , ~......................... ~a&m.~~enne ........... am........................... &enbum, HW ..---.-................................................ Hettsbdt .............................D*burg ............................................................................................................. Lhw ...................... agW............................................ Lllbe (Hmwmk)-.--...14.W................................. Hambum .................,. 1M,W................................................................................................ E-burg ........................................................................ gnstimeand ............................................................................-...........$E................... Palencis .................... 18,W....................................................................................................................... Aaua. Vlscsya .............. Is, W............................................ Cordobs .................... l0.W......................................................... Sets Barbara (Odedo)................................. R6nosLBr ...................................................................................................Elgh BwtBmtland......................................................Widnes moph'sll. Eater Ststlmd. . Ew. ma -laod~dtlah coopt ~ellners. 1.~1.. ................................ -- ............ I'mamt: Lm~pdrn Eo~land.~ltmflm coopor where, ~td .................................................. f slaall Sta(mrd.'Englsnd.Fnneid nolung Mllls. ~cd. ....................................................... nd,osdban, ~ormd .......~mperlsl Chcn~ld Indmcs, 1.~1.. .............................................. BLrrmogham, England.. ....nudole, nakra I ~oplonlcs ~nr...... nu.. ..................................... Ba. ........................lndian Copper C w .................. Moubhandsr, ~ihar .................------ Mmbhmdar, Bihar .........Dd Nf& o KOW 5.6 .............. Harsa. AkibkenDowa Co., Ltd ............... KosaLa, Akibken ........................ Kosata, Aklta-ten ..........Do ................................ Ohyama, oks-s-ken .................. Okayma, Oka-kenFumkaws EleoWa Co., ~ t......................................................dNlo, Tahigl-ken .........Fmmkawa Mkdw Go. Ltd ........... Ahlo. Tahigi.km,Mltsublahl Mew Midng Co., Ltd ... Ossr&awataw, Akits.km; ............ Kits-Lu, OsaLs City ........Nsoahlmecho Kegamken.Mitsul MhIw & Smelting Co., Ltd.. Elbi, Oka ken ....................... Tatehara, EimabLma-La-..Nip n Minlog Co., Ltd .............. Ogoyam~hitaws-k w......go ................................ Hltdd, May- msratl- ........-..- Hitachi, maraglhn ........ken.Do ................................ 8-wki. oita-~ee ..................... s-meLL, C%a-ke~ .......Sumltoma M a Mining Co.. Ltd .... Setoae, HokkddwhoDo ................................ Rmhld-, ~hirneken ..............-.-- Bmhi-Ehlmeken ...........Ergd Bakir Isldmpsi Mu~ssl.... Dm-Maden ............................ Maden .....................MU,-@ B- Islctmpsi ........................................................... (Dam= ......................Istanbul ....................~sbak EleetmUM Bakir ~abmasi ............................................... Istanbul .....................8.WMW...........22.WllZ WZ8.W7XW5W81.W9,W..................................................................-..-...............................................................WW8.Wl0.W47.WS1.W46.W46.W.................................................................................................................4. W7. W6.0336.W6.W

282 COPPERTABLE 80.-Fo~eign copper smehrs and ~efineries-ContinuedAMca:Re bk of the Unlon MhiPle du EautKatsnga ..... Lubumbmhl, Katsnga ............................................................&.Jadotdle, Katanga ....................... ladotme, Shlhm .......... 180, mLau, KatsngaNorth-Mufullra Copper Mines Ltd .................................... Luilu ....................... 5s.mM m a .................................. Mufullre ................... 114, mRhodesia. Nth-,do.-..consolidated dopper ~ hm. ............................................ Ohhgola ................... 76, Emr do la copper ~emd - . IIl0la .......................RhodwLB COPP~ Ranen'kaoa ...................... 1M.mRhokana C-ration. Ltd.Roan Antelope Coppu MLnes. Ltd ... l Luan......Snrtbsm Mesp Ins Rhodesia Smeltlod dr Rm- I AlsskaBhodwla. h coIdwlda (Transvasl) Development Raosvaal, Republic ............IMeadnu, T-wA. Re 16.mCo., Ltd. of Bmth Ahioa. public 01 South A h .O'omep Copw Co., Ltd ............. .........................................................-. ..................- a ~ x?,um?h C?!p., Ltd ; ................................................................-uwua. ........... ............1....................................................................I(i PD., Ltd ...................................................... T mniw dr Bmeltlng Go. Port Kembla. New south ............ PortEmployees: December 31, 1960, 4,522.Production, deliveries: 1968 IWONickel.. ........... -.tons.. 29,207 32, 501Copper ------.......- do 16,364 18,006Cobalt ............. pounds.. 732,000 827,000Mines and plants:Falconbridge owns properties in the Sudhnw Basin,Ontario. The company mill, 6,500 tpd, and smelterare on the main property at Falconbridge. The matteis treated at the Kriatiansand refining phnt in Norwayowned by the Norwegian subsidiary, FalconbridgeNikkelverk Aktiesekkap.Gasp6 Copper Mines, Ltd.- Noranda, Quebec,Canada.-Incorporated in Quebec in 1947, this iscontrolled by Noranda Mines, Ltd.Capitalization:Authorized, 3,000,000shsrea; issued, 2,650,000 shares;par $1. Noranda Mines, Ltd., owns 95.5 pcent ofstock.Production: 1060 IWOCopper ............ ..tons.. 45,039 83,497Gold ............ ..ounces.. 7,807 10,200Silver ............. .--do.. .. 462. 610 579. 800Mines and plants:Concentrator has capacity of 6,500 tans of ore daily.Concentrates smelted, refined, and marketed by NorandaMines, Ltd.Qeco Enea Ltd.-4 King St. West, Toronto 1,Ontario, Canada.-Incorporated in Ontario, Canada,October 16, 1953.Ca~italiaatian: .Authorized, 3,UO,000 slrarm; outata~ding, :I,W0,000slbam; par 81. 795,100 &ares urw4 by Miahp. Gorp.of Canada. Ltd.. and aaswiatesProduction: 1968 ISOCopper ............. tons.. 25. 903 21. 761i n ----.. d o . 23; 082 28; 362Silver .......... ounces.. 1,363,525 1,391, 177Gold. .......... .do. -.. 5, 706 5,071Mines and plants: See chapter 4.Qranhy Kining Co., Ltd.-1111 West Georgia St.,Vancouver, B.C.-Incorporated March 29, 1901, bys ecial act of parliament of British Columbia as Granhy8onsolidated Mining, Smelting, and Power Co., Ltd.;present name adopted March 20, 1959.A subsidiary, Phoenix Copper Go., Ltd., operates theCopper Mountam mine about 150 miles east of Vancouver,B.C. The concentrator ie at Allenhy, 8 milesnorth of the mine. Concentrate is shipped to theAmerican Smelting & Refining Co. smelter at Tacoma,Wash. The company owns a power plant near Princeton,B.C.Capitalization:Authorized 2,000,000 shares, outstanding 454,261shares par $5.Production: 1868 1630Copper ................. tons-- 1, 151 1,962Gold ................. ounces.. 4, 447 5,742Silver ............... d o ... 21, 832 36,467Howe Sound Co.- 238 North 21st West, SaltLake City, Utah.-Incorporated June 30, 1958, inDelaware and merged with Howe Sound Co. Incorporatedin Maine in 1903 and Haile Mines, Inc. Incorporatedin Delaware in 1934. The companyoperates directly and through subsidiaries gold, silver,and base metal mines in the United States, Canada,and Mexico.Caoitaliaation:Authorized, 5,000,000 shares; outstanding, Deeember31, 1960, 3,011,797 shares; par $1.Mines: The company and subsidiaries have four mines:Britannia Mine.-Owned and operated by BritanniaMining & Smelting Co., Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary.Property is 20 miles northof Vancouver, B.C., onHowe Sound; copper end sine are produced. A concentratorbuilt in 1922 has caoacitv of 6.000 tons of.....El hlmi .\line.-0 *rated by El Potosi Mining Co.,95'2 prrrrlrt owned h e El Poulal mine, in thc SantaEulalia hlinina D~striet. State of Chihuehua. Jlexiw.has been onelof the 5eat world's lead-silvkr mines:

~~ .----~~~~ ~STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY 283Mill capacity is 1,700 tons of ore daily. 1958 productionof ore averaged 14,000 tons per month.Three Ki& Mine.-Operated by Manganese, Inc.,whollv awned subsidiarv. Mine at Henderson, Nev.,prodices metallurgical-bade manganese.Hamme Mine.-Operated by Tungsten Mining Corp.,rvhnllv .. owned . auhaidiarv. ........ Pra~ertv near Henderson.N.C.. ~roduces tunesten concentrate. Mill capacity isGiada, this isessentiallb an dperatina company en-~--~~,~ ~ ~ ~recovered and sold. A whollv bwned subsidiary produceselectricity, most of which is used by con inyoperations. Some is distributed to local users. &mpanysubsidiaries are:Churchill River Power Co., Ltd.; 100 percentowned.Northern Manitoba Power Co., Ltd.Northern Power Co., Ltd.Flexar Mines, LM.; 80 percent owned; inactive.Hudson-Yukon Mining Co., Ltd.; 92.53 percent.Hudson Bay Exploration & Development Co., Ltd.Hudson Bay Air Transport, Ltd.; 71.27 percent.Canitalization:Authorized, 3,000,000 shares; outetandilshares; no par.Employees: Average in 1960, 2,731.Production: 1958Comer .-............ tons-. 44.124Zinc ............... do .. 62;582Cadmium. ..... .pounds.. 322,792Gold ............ ounces.. 101,814Silver. ............ do .... 1, 553, 574Selenium.. ...... pounds.. 130, 588Ore mined ............ tons.. 1, 683,690Mines:The Fli,. Flon lllinbs mrludc the Schist I.akr; BirchLake, clos!d April IYGO. Corottatwu; Chid Iske;Stall Lake; (;host Lakr; and Osbornr I.ake, inactivePlants:The concentrator, 6,200 tons ore capacity, producescopper concentrate, zinc concentrate, and a tailingproduct for cyanidation. The company copper smelterhas an annual charge capacity of 575,000 tons, and theelectrolytic zinc plant capacity is estimated at 69,350tons of slab zinc. The company also has a zinc fumingplant, a cadmium plant, and a cyaniding plant. Theblister copper produced is refined by Canadian CopperRefiners, Ltd., a Noranda Mines, Ltd., subsidiary.International Nickel Co. of Canada, Ltd.-Generd office: Copper CliK, Ontario. Toronto office:55 Yonge St., Toronto 1, Ontario.-IncorporrttedJuly 25, 1916, in Canada. International Nickel isboth an operating and holding company, owning 100percent of the voting control of the following subsidiariesas of December 31 1960:Alloy Metals bales Ltd., Canada.Anglo-Canadian Mining & Refining Co., Ltd.,Canada .-..-Geo. Gordon & Co., Ltd., Ontario.The International Nickel Ca., Inc., Del.International Nickel Co. (Mond), . . Ltd..Great Britain.Henry Wiggin & Co., Ltd., Great Britain.Mond Nickel (Retirement Svstem) Trustees.The Huronisn Co., Ltd., Ontario, Can.Southern Mining & Development Co., Ltd.,Canada.The Upper Spanish Improvement Co., Ltd.,Ontario.Crtpitalization:Authorized, 36,000,000 shares; outstanding Dec. 31,1960, 29,196,118 shares; no par.Employees: Deoember 31, 1960, 30,447.Production: Is69 1860Ore mined ....... tons.. 15,316,000 16, 768,000Copper, refined.. .do-.. 126, 225 146,270Nickel deliveries allforms ........ tons.. 158, 520 175,940Cobalt. ..... .pounds.- 2,400,000 2,360,000Gold ......... .ounces.. 36,300 50, 100Silver . . do .. 1,200,000 1, 510,000Platinum metds.do.-.. 384.600 359.3M)Mines~ ~and ~lants:The company owns approximately 130,000 acres ofmineral lands near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Theores come from the Sudburv Nickel Ranae. Some ofthe mines are the Froad-stobie. Creighbn, Levack,Garson, and Murray-all in the distr6t of Sudbury:The ores contain sulfides of copper, nickel, and iron.The plant at Copper CliK includes a concentrator,mastinn furnaces. 9 reverberatorv furnaces. 23 basicconver

284 COPPERmerged with Bathhurst Mining Corp., Ltd., December30, 1955.Capitalization:Authorized and outstanding, 10,000,000 shares. FalconbridgeNickel Mines, Ltd., owns a substantialinterest.Employees: December 31, 1960, 328.Production: I968 I868 1860Copper ......... tone.. 12, 562 12, 189 12, 004Gold ......... ounces.. 4, 074 4,819 5, 244Mines and mill:All production is from the Tilt Cove mine. Explorationand development work are being conducted at theGullbridge mine and two properties in New Brunswick.The Tilt Cove mill has a daily capacity of 2,000 tonsof ore, and the concentrate produced is shipped to theGasp4 Copper Mines smelter at Murdoehville, Qnebec.FTorandaYines, It&-- Bankof Nova Scotia Bldg.,44 Xing St. West, Toronto 1, Ontario, Canada.-IncorporatedMay 1, 1922, in Ontario, Canada. The eompanyis both an operating and holding company andwith its affiliates is engaged in mining, milling, smelting,refining, and marketing. Subsidiaries and affiliates are:Amulet Dufault Mines, Ltd.Anglo Porcupine Gold Mines, Ltd.Arbutus Porcupine Mines, Ltd.; 100 percent awned.Aunor Gold Mines, Ltd.; 55 percent awned.Canada Wire and Cable Co., Ltd.; 70 percentowned.Canadian Copper Refinera, Ltd.; 92.27 percentowned.Cia. Minera Las Cuevas, S.A.; Mexico.Empresa Minera de El Sethentrion; 60 percentowned.Gasp4 Copper Mines, Ltd.; 100 percent owned.Hallnor Mines, Ltd.; 94 percent owned.Noranda Copper & Brass Co., Ltd.; 60 percentowned.Noranda Exploration Co., Ltd.; 100 percentowned.Noranda Hotel Co., Ltd.; 100 percent owned.Orchan Uranium Mines; 40 percent owned.Pamour Porcupine Mines, Ltd.; 46 percent owned.Quebec Iron Foundries, Ltd.Quebec Smelters, Ltd.; 100 percent owned.Waite Amulet Mines Ltd.; 67.5 percent owned.West Mac Donald dines, Ltd.; 51 percent owned.Capitalization:.\~rtl~#,rir?d, 6,000,000 shares; uutsranrling Deccnrber:XI, 19W, 4,479,894 shares; 110 par.Production, Horne mine: 18u 1860Copper ............. tons.. 26,480 1 N.A.Gold ............. ounces.. 186, 639 209,860Silver ............. .do.. .. 987,000 N.A.3 Not avdlable.Mines and plants:The company operates the Horne Mine in RouynTownship, Temiscamingue County, Province of Quebec.The mine has been developed to about 6,000 feet byvarious shafts. The company concentrator, capacity3,500 tons ore daily, and smelter, capacity 3,500 tonscharge daily, are in the town of Noranda and treatcustom ore and concentrate as well as the companyore. There is also a 500-ton-per-day cyaniding plantto treat the pyrite tailing from the flotation plant forfurther recovery of gold. Blister cop er producedis refined by Canadian Copper Refiners, ftd., a whollyowned subsidiary at Montreal East, Quebec.Normetal Mining Corp.---44 King St. West,Toronto 1, Ontario, Canada. - Incorporated September8 1931, in Canada. Controlled by MiningCorp. of banada, which owns 1,812,888 shares.Capitalization:Authorized, 4,000,000 shares; outstanding December31. 1960. . 3.757.012 , . shares: . no oar. .Production: 1968 lmoCopper ............ tons.. 11,257 10,736Zinc ............... do .. 9,442 10,313Gold .............. ounces.. 6, 833 6,361Silver .............. do .. 582.577 515.798Opemiska Copper Xinea (Quebec). Ltd.- 25King St. West, Toronto 1, Ontario, Canads.-IncorporatedAugust 21, 1937, in Canada. Ventures,Ltd., has a 35-percent stock interest.Canitalisation:iuthorised, 6,000,000 shares; outstanding, 5,515,000shares; par $1.Production: mu ~mOre ................. tons.. 443,444 751, 453Copper.. ........... do .... 14,272 20, 569Gold ............. ounces.. 13,080 17,813Silver .............. do .... 169,300 242,646Mine and mill:The property consists of 58 mining claims containingcopper and gold deposits in the Chihougamau District,Quebec. Three shafts have been sunk at the Springerand Peny mines. The mill has a capacity of 2,000tons of ore per day; concentrates are shipped to theNoranda smelter.Quemont Xining Corp., Ltd.-4 King St.West, Toronto 1 Ontario, Canada.-InoorporatedJune 8, 1928, in banada as Mining Corp. (Quebec),Ltd.; present name adopted March 6, 1929. Thecompany is controlled by Mining Corp. of Canada,Ltd. It owns 103,000 shares of Geeo Mines, Ltd.,and share interestin other companies.Canitalization:Authorized, 2,500,000 shares; outstanding, 2,102,168shares; no par.Production: ISM) lsrmOre treated .......... tons.. 850,099 856,862Copper ............. do .... 10,373 10,209Zinc ................ do .... 16,035 16,591Gold. ............ ounces.. 121, 867 103,222Silver ............... do .... 395,276 392,754Mine and mill:In 1928, Mining Corp. of Canada, Ltd., acquired aninterest in the Murray copper-gold property andQuemont Mining Corp., Ltd., was formed to developit. The main five-compartment shaft has beendeepened to 4,150 feet for developing lower levels.The concentrator has a daily capacity of 2,300 tons ofore, and there is a cyaniding plant for removing goldfrom the pyrite tailing.Sherritt Qordon Mines, Ltd.-25 King St. West,Toronto 1, Ontario, Canada.-Incorporated July 5,1927, in Ontario. Wholly owned subsidiaries are:Sherritt Gordon Airtransport Ltd.; MichipicotenHoldings, Ltd.; Lauri River Power Ca., Ltd.; andSherlynn Mines, Ltd. (83 percent). Through MichipicotenHoldings, Ltd., Sherritt Gordon has an 82.7percent interest in the Ruth and Lucy iron property inthe Michipicoten District.Capitalization:Authorized, 12,000,000 shares; outstanding,11,333,318 shares; par $1.Employees: December 31, 1960, 1,181.Production: 1868 1860Nickel .............. tm.. 12,406 11,629Copper ............. do .... 5,171 5,495Cobalt ............ pounds.. 314,343 310,410Ammonium sulfate ... tons.. 113, 890 123,841

STRUCTURE OF THE UST TRY 285Mines and plants:The company has 405 claims at Lynn Lake, GranvilleLake district, Northern Manitoba. The property isdeveloped by three shafts, the deepest being 2,350 feet.The concentrator at Lynn Lake has a daily capacityof 3,400 tons of ore. Nickel concentrate is shippedto the company nickel refinery at Fort Saskatchewan,Alberta; copper concentrate is smelted by Hudson BayMining & Smelting Ca., Ltd.Waite Amulet Mines, Ltd.-Head office:Noranda, Quebec, Canada.-Incorporated June 23,1927, in Canada as Waite-Ackerman-MontgomeryMines, Ltd.; name changed August 1933. Controllinginterest, 67.5 percent, held by Noranda Mines, Ltd.The company has substantial share interests in AmuletDufalt Mines, Ltd.; Geco Mines, Ltd.; and MiningCorp. of Canada, Ltd.capitalization:Authorized. 3.500.000 shares: outstanding, 3,300,000shares; no par.Production:Copper .............. tons.. 12, 830 13, 153i n ................ do . 8, 546 7, 350Gold ............. .ounces.. 7,132 8, 345Silver ............... do .... 198,956 193, 877Sulfur .............. .tons.. 25,728 26, 329Mine and mill:The Waite Amulet mine is 9 miles north of Noranda,Quebec, in Duprat and Dufresnay townships. Theproperty is held under patented mining claims covering2,679 acres. The mill has a daily capacity of 2,000tons of ore and produces copper, einc, and pyriteconcentrates. Copper ooncentrate is shipped to theNoranda smelter; zinc and pyrite concentrates aresold for export.HaitiConsolidated HaliweU Ltd.- Head office: 1374Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.-Incorporated in 1933 in uehec, Canada. A whollyawned Haitian subsidiarv. 8edren. S.A.. is ex~lorine. anddeveloping a concession~bout 100 square &lea icaresin the Terre Neuve district, Republic of Haiti. . A500-ton-per-day mill was scheduled for product~onin . 1RM.Capitalization: Authorized, 10,000,000 shares; issued,9,655,000 shares; par $1.MexicoCobre de Mexico, %A,---- Poniente 44, No. 3310,Mexico 16, D.F.-Established in 1943.Capital: Authorized, Mexico $20,000,000; all is issued.Plant:An electrolytic copper refinery in Mexico City refinesblieter copper from the smelter at Cananea: Sonora.Produces cathodes and wirebars, makes copper sulfatefrom scrap copper, and recovers commercial gradeselenium from electrolytic tank slimes.Compagnie Dfinern Santa Eosalia, SA-Artieulo123 No. 37, 50 Piso Mexico, D.F.-This is a semiaffiEialagency of the hexican Government, eonduotingstudies to develop lowcost methods to concentrate andsmelt complex low-grade copper ores from numerousbut small occurrences in the Santa Rosalia district.Production from 1909 until 1954 averaged 12,000 tonsa year from the Boleo mine. Copper smelter is atSanta Rosalla, Baja California, Mexico.Oreene Cananea Copper Go.- 25 Broadway,New York 4, N.Y.-Incorporated December 26, 1906,in Minnesota.Capitalization:Authorized, 600,000 shares; outstanding, 500,000shares of which 99.41 percent is owned by The AnacondaCompany; par $100.Mines and plant:The mines, concentrator, and smelter of the operatingsubsidiary, Cia. Minera de Cananea, S.A. de C.V.,formerly The Cananea Consolidated Copper Co., S.A.,are at Cananea, Sonora, Mexico. The concentratorhandles 16,000 tons of ore daily, and the smelter has anannual charge capacity of 290,000 tons. Production in1959 was 32.182 tons comer. ..433.771 ounces silver, and9,030 ounce;; gold.In 1952 Cananea Consolidated Copper Ca., S.A.,ac uired a 25-percent stock interest in Cobre de Mexico,S.X., and in 1953 purchased a 12-percent stock interestin the Conductores Electricos, S.A., wire mill in MexicoCity. See chapter 3.Maeapil Copper Company, Ltd.---4 Great WinchesterSt., London, England.-Registered April 21,1896, as a reconstruction of a company of the samename..-~-....... ...£1,000,000; issued, £600,000 ordinary stock transferablein units and multiples of El; unissued, 400,000ordinary shares of El.Mines and plants:The company has copper, lead, and zinc mines in theState of Zacatecas, Mexico, with a concentrator andcopper and lead smelters at Concepcion del Oro. Thecompany operates the copper mines and leases the leadeincores in the La Leona and Salaverna minea toCompania Minera de Penolea.The copper ores are smelted and sold in matte form.In 1959 copper production consisted of 6,267 tonsof copper matte averaging 39.8 percent copper and5,257 tons of concentrate containing 20.3 percent copper.See chapter 3.SOUTH AMERICAChileAndes Copper Dfining Co.- 25 Broadway. NewYork.-Incorporated in Delaware in 1916 under perpetualcharter to acquire copper properties in Chile,this is primarily an operatmg company and is controlledby The Anaconda Company, which as of December 31,1960, owned 99.446 percent of the outstandmg stock.Capital:Authorized, 3,600,000 shares st $14 each; outstandingDecember 31, 1958, 3,582,379 shares.Mines and plants:Owns the El Salvador and Potrerillos mines in theProvince of Atacama and a concentrator and smelter.The Potrerillos mine closed in 1959. Sulfide ore8,aremelted, and the blister copper is shipped to the Un~tedStates for refinina. A molvbdenum recovery plantcompleted in 19c9 operated satisfactorily in 1960.Copper production was 86,859 tons in 1960, comparedwith 60,314 tons in 1959.Braden Co~uer Co. - 161 East 42nd St., NewYork, l7.-1n&~orated June 23, 1904, in Maine. Thecompany is a wholly owned subsidiary of KennecottCopper Corp.Capitalization:$2,332,030, in shares of $10 each; ail shares are issuedand fully paid.Production of copper:1958, 191,578 tons; 1959, 182,017 tons; 1960, 187,221tons. Virtually all of the Braden copper in 1960 wentto the European market; 41 percent was fire refined,40 percent was electrolytic, and 19 percent was soldblister.

~.~Mines and plants:The El Teniente mine near Sewell, Province ofO'Higgins, is the largest underground producer ofoopper in the world. Facilities include a concentrator,molybdenum recovery plant, smelter, fire refinery, andhydroelectric power plant.Chile Exploration Co.---- 25 Broadway, NewYork 4.-Incorporated January 11,1912, in New Jersey.Chile Exploration is wholly owned by Chile Copper Co.whioh in turn is 99.756 percent owned by The AnacondaCompany. The company mines, mills, smelts, andrefines copper at Chuquicamata, Pmvince of Antafagasta,Chile.Ca~italization:$1,000,000 in IO,IMW) share4 of $100 pavh; all

STRUCTURE OFcontaining 1.73 percent copper, which is substantiallyhigher than the average of the ore body. 145,115 tonsof blister copper was produced during the year.EuFiOPEBelgiumSociete Generale Metallurgique de Hoboken.-14, Rue Adolph Greiner, Hoboken near Antwerpen,Belgium.-Established in 1908, this concern is controlledby Union Minihe du Haut Katanga.Capitalization: Authorized, 550 million Belgian francs;all is issued.Plants:The plants are at Hoboken near Antwerp, Olen nearHerentals, and Reppel near Bree.Hoboken.-Plant comprises lead and wpper smeltersco per converters, a lead refinery, a tin smelting andregning plant, a precious metals refinery, a seleniumrefinery, an antimony refinery, and a sulfuric acidplant.Oh-Electrolytic cd per refinery and chemicalproducts division, incluling: Cobalt refine metal,powder, oxides, and salts; radium plant; nu&=-gradeuranium refinery, oxides, metal, and salts; germaniumextraction and electronic-grade refining plant, dioxide,p~l~crystalline metal, intrinsic and doped singlecrystals; electronic-grade silicon plant; and nickel saltsand sodium sulfate plants.Rcppe1.-Producing arsenical products and insecticides.Products and brands:Electrolytic copper (UMK). HER Lead (Hohokenextra raffine); HER Lead ($tar); tin (U.M.H.K.);S.G.M.H. mtimony.La Metallo-Chimique 8.A.--8 rue d'Egmont,Brussels. . Belgium.-Established in 1919.Capitalization: Authorized, 35 million Belgian francs.Plant:The plant at Beerse, Province of Antwerpen, consistsof: (1) A pyrometallurgical plant-including wateriacket. reverberatorv, converter. and rotary furnacesplant.Refined copper, copper ingots and alloys, coppersulfate, and other copper salts are produced fromlow-grade complex ores and concentrates, residues,, ashes, slags, drosaes, and copper-bearing scrap.BulgariaGeorgi Damyanov Copper Plant.-The firstcopper-producing plant in Bulgaria began operationsat Pirdop in 1958 with an initial capacity of 8,000metric tons of electrolytic copper annually. It wasplanned to increase the capacity to 25,000 tons in1959. The plant was built b Soviet engineers,construction beginning in 1956. & uses Bulgarian oreand in addition to copper produces copper sulfate andsulfuric acid.CzechoslovakiaKrompachy Copper Works (Slovakia).-This is aState copper-mining undertaking. Some difficulty hasbeen experienced in smelting because of the higharseniccontent of the ores. In recent years an electrolyticcopper refinery has been added.IIE INDUSTRYFinlandOutokumpu 0y.---- Toolbnkatu 4, Kuparitalo,Helsinki. Finland.-Established in 1932.Capitalization: Authorized, Fmk3,200 million; all isissued.plant,^:metal works at Yori.The Aashamelting process is used at the Harjavaltasmelter. AU the copper produced is oxygen-free highconductivitycopper-brand HCOKOF. Annual refinedcopper capacity is 36,000 tons.FranceCompagnie Generale d'Electrolyse dn Palais.----66 Avenue Marceau, Paris, France.-Establishedin 1950.Capitalization: Authorized, Fr400 million; all is issued.Plant:The plant consists of a primary and a secondarycopper smelter, an electrolytic copper refinery, electricarccathode-melting furnaces and gas-fired reverberatoryfurnaces for making fire-refined copper. Theproducts are wirebars, billets, and slabs. Annualcapacity is 33,000 tons. Nickel sulfate is a bj-product.East Gennanvnsenbura Comer Plant.- East Germany.-~1eetrolytiE and I&ned copper are produced. Most ofthe rolling facilities are used far producing steel sheets.This concern~~ ~~is affiliated with VVB Vests (Leiozidwhich is the central ~lanning . authority for the iron andsteel industry.Huttenwerk Kayaer.-This is now a publicly-awnedconcern, situated at Berlin in the Niederschoneweidesection, and afiliated to VVB Alu, Potsdsm in theBabelsberg section. It produces copper wirebars, brass,bronze, soft and hard lead, type metals, bearing metals,and remelted aluminum alloys.Kombinat Wilhelm Pie&-Formerly styled MansfelderKupferschiefbergbau, A. G. and subsequentlyMansfelder Kupferbergbau und duttenwerk, this isnow a publicly-owned concern belonging to VVBMansfeld (Eislehen).This concern produces electrolytic and fire-refinedcopper, soft lead, red lead, zinc oxide for paints, zincsulfate, selenium, cadmium, silver, gold, platinum,palladium, sulfuric acid, and vanadium salts, utilizingores obtained from lar e scale copper-mining operationsin the Eisleben-Efe&stedt area. The combineproduces about 22,000 tons of copper a year fromlocal ore, and this is expected to he increased to 31,000tons by 1965.West GermanyDuishurger Kupferhutte.---- Werthauser Strasse220, Duishurg, Germany.-Established in 1876.Capitalization: Authorized, DM42,000,000.Products:The smelter and electrolytic and chemical, plantsat Duisburg produce copper cathodes and wlrebars,lead, zinc, zinc oxide, cadmium, thallium, cobalt, gold,silver, and special pig iron and low-phosphoric-purpleore with 60 to 62 percent Fe. Byproducts includesodium sulfate, copper oxychloride, and thalliumsulfate.

288 COPPERXupferhutte Brtel, Bieber & Co.---- Ballindam1 -. Hamburz 1. Germanv.-Established in 1881.?he plant 7s i& the free port area of Hamburg atStillhornerdamm; it uses the Henderson process ofchloridizing roasting in treating about 250,000 tons ofcupreous pyrites annually.The nroducts are iron annlamerate. sinter. andpurple ire having an annual capacity of 220,000 tons;copper, 3,300 tons; zinc oxide, 3,500 tons; lead, 1,000tons; sodium sulfate, 12,000 tons; and minor quantitiesof gold and silver.Metnllhutte Kd. G.M.B.H.- Kall (Eifel). WestCa italization: Authorized and issued capital amountsto %~500,000.Plant:The plant is at Kall and consists of several convertersfor producing blister copper and other melting furnacesto roduce copper alloy ingot from scrap metal.8uttenwerke Kayser Aktiengesellsehaft.- Kupferstrasse,Lunen Nordhein-Westfalen, West Germany.-Establishedin 1911.Capitalisation: DM4,200,000.Plant:A smelter at LUnen with copper blast furnaces andconverters, an electrolytic plant with wirebar-castingfacilities; and Mischzinn alloying-tin smelter.Electrolytic copper production in 1958 wss 31,600tons. Rsw materials used am sera and residues.Metallhnttenwerke lubeck (t.~.~.$-24a Liibeck(Herrenwyk), West Germany.-Established in1905.Capitalization: Authorized, DM24,000,000; all is issued.Plant:The plant at Liibeck in Herrenwyk, a former sectionof Liibeck, consists of blast furnaces, coke ovens,refining furnaces, and an electrolytic copper refinery.In 1958 electrolytic copper production was 13,500tons from copper-bearing pyrites, residues and blister,cement, and serap copper.Metallgesellschait, A.G.- 14, Reuterweg,,Frankfurt (Main), West Germany.-Established m1881.Capitalization: Authorized, DM56,000,000; all isissued.This concern mines and smelts ores and refinesand fabricates metals. The company engages in trade,especially in ores, metals, and other pmduets; bankingand financing; and other commercial and industrialactivities. These activities are carried on partly bydepartments and partly through subsidiaries. Affiliationswith a number of enterprises are maintainedthrough shareholding.Rorddeutsche Affinerie.~Alsterterraase, 2, Hamburg36, Wed Germany.-Established in 1886.Cspitalieatiou: DM42,000,000; fully paid.Plant:The plant, at Havestrasse 50, Hamburg, consi~ts ofeopper and lead smelters, copper converters, a leadrefinery, an electrolytic copper refinery, plants forrecovering various metals, a precious metals refinery,a sulfuric acid plant, and plants for producing variouschemicals. Annual capacity for electrolytic copper ie165,000 tons and for firerefined copper is 33,000 tons;refined lead capacity is 40,000 tons.Products:~~ ~~Blister ,!opprr and elcctn,lgtic copper in all customaryhaps alld siren, refilled lvrul, autilnony, arsenic,bismuth, seleniuu~, gold, dwr, platinum, palladium,nickel, tin, antimoniallead cobalt oxide, metal powders,metal salts, sulfuric acid,'insecticides, and fungicides.Zinnwerke Wilhelmsbuq G.M.B.H.---- Neuhoferstrasse26, Hamburg (Wilhelmshurg), West Germany.-Established in 1903.Capitalization: DM3,000.000.Plant:An electrolytic eopper plant having an annual refinedcopper capacity of 27,000 tons and a secondary smelterthat processes scrap and residues.HungaryCsepel Iron & Steel Works.-This plant near Budapesthas been producing copper as part of its activitiesand is now embarking on eleclrolytic refining. Thereis a rolling mill at the plant."Metallochemis" Works.-This concern producesfire-refined copper. Capacity is being expanded. Thecompany also produces lead from domestic leadconcentrates.ItalySocietn Metnllurgica 1taliana.- 99 Borgo Pinti,Florence, Italy.-Plant:Fire refining of copper; electrolytic copper refinery,having an annual capacity of 66,000 tons; high-frequencyelectric foundry for nickel and nickel alloys;Ajax-type electric foundry for brass and copper allays;and semicontinuous four-high rolling equipment formanufacturing sheet and strip of copper and copperalloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, and nickel andnickel alloys. The plants are at Fornaci di Barga,Pmvincia di Lucca; Campo Tizaoro, Provincia diPistoia; and Limeatre Provincia di Pistoia.The raw materials used are lire refined, blister,cathode, and wirebar copper purchased on foreignmarkets. Copper and copper alloy scrap but notresidues are purchased to be processed at the waterjacketfurnace.Capitaliation:Authorized, Lit100 billion; all is issued.Plants:Alumina and blister copper plants are at Marghera,Provincia di Veneaia. Copper is extracted fromcupriferous pyrites cinders by chlorinating roasting,solubilimtion, cementation, and refining until reaching98 to 99 percent blister copper. Aluminum reductionplants are at Bolaano and Mori, Pravineia di Trento.There is also a selenium recovery plant at Vioenza;beryllium, boron, and lithium plants at Merano; andlants producing silicon, titanium, and zirconium at&warn. Annual capacity far blister-copper productionis 6,600 tons.NorwayFalconbridge Hikkelverk, Aktieae1skap.----Kristiansand, Norway.-The metallurgical operationsof Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd., in Canada arelimited to concentrating and blast furnace smelting.The matte produced is upgraded in basic-lined eon-verters to about 80 percent copper plus nickel. Thishigh-grade matte is shipped to Kristiisand, Norway,where it is processed in the company electrolyticrefinery.Orkla Qrube-Aktiebo1ag.- U,kken Verk,Norway.-Incorporated October 1904 in Norway.

~ .~~~~~ ----~~~ "~ --.=Canitslisation:- ~~&19,999,800 in 111,110 shares of NKrl80 each;all iaaued and fully idThe smelting auEeining subsidiary, Orkla Metal-Aktieselskap, is cspitalieed for NKr2,000,000, all heldby the parent company.Mines and plants:Cupriferous iron pyrites mines are at Medalen,Norway. Ores are smelted and refined at Thamshamnin Orkedalsfjorden by Orkla Metal-Aktieselskap.Production:In 1959, 245,616 tons of ore was smelted, yielding3,800 tons of copper and 78,349 tons of sulfur.A/S 8ulitjelmn amber.-Fr. Nansens Plass 6,Oslo, Norway.-Established in 1891.capitalization: Authorized NKr5,500,000; all is issued.Mine and plant:The mine, concentrator and smelter are at Sulitjeimaabout 60 miles east of bod#. The concentrates aresmelted in Westly electric furnaces and Bessemerconverters. About 4,200 tons of blister copper wasproduced in 1958.PolandLegnickie Znklady Yetalur6icme.-The first stageof this copper lant at Legnica was being constructedin mid-1954. Ere was to be supplied by a mine in theBoleslawiec region.Znklady Hutnicze 8zopienice.-Located at Szopienice,Upper Silesia, this operation was formerly the biggestelectrolytic zinc producer in Poland and belonged toAnaconda-Giesche. Estimated annual zinc capacity is35,000 tons g.0.b. and 40,000 tons electrolytic. Theplant also produces electrolytic copper and lead, withestimated annual capacities of 11,000 and 28,000 tons,respectively.SpainSTRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY 289omrates a smelter and refinery at Aeua, Viecaya.l'hero are subsidiary plants at San Adrian de Be&.,Barrelona, and Almuradrel, Cuidad Real. Installationsinclude elcctrolvtic re6nin~ eauiumcnt: water-iarket.reverberatory. and rotary firna'cei and Oonvertek: anda sintering $nt. Scraj, materials and ores are'usedto produce copper refinery shapea, wirebars, ipgots,etc.; brasses; bronzes; soft and hard lead; virgm tm,~hos~hor comer. 15 oereent comer: -- . and nonferroushetab and sifoyw.Compnnia Bapnnola de Yinaa de Rio Tinto, 8.A.-Alcala, 95,3', Madrid, Spain.-This company wasformed in 1954 to take over the entii assets of TheRio Tinto Co.. Ltd.. in Soain. The Rio Tinto Co.retains a third of theshare capital in the new companyand through subsidiaries provides certain technical andcommercial services.Capitalization: Authorized Pts 1 billion, in 666,667A shares and 333,333 B shares, of Pta1,000 each.Mines and plants:The company massive pyrite mines in the Province ofHuelva comprise about 32,000 acres. The processingplants near the mines include a flotation concentrator, aconcentrate briquetting plant, a smelter with four blastfurnaces, four Great Falla-type converters, and a smallprecipitateamelting furnace. Blister copper is produced.Annual capacity is 7,700 tons; 1958 productionwas about 6,200 tons.Blectrolisia del Cobra, %A,-Batista 3, Barcelona,- Mines --- ~and ohnts: - ~ ~Spain.-Established in 1941.The company operates seven mines in the NorrlandCapitalization: Authorized, Pta48,000,000; all is issued.District and five in the Bergslagen District. The mostimportant mines are the Laivall, Kristineberg, Rudtje-Mines and nlanta:backen, Ravliden, Renstrom, Boliden, LBngsele, Gar-The company mines, the Concepcion and Pondemsa penberg, and Vassbo. In addition, the companyat Zalamea la Real, Huelva, have an annual output operates the publicly owned mines of Adakgruven.of about 110.000 tans of eunreous ovrites. The moo- There are four concentrators in the Norrland area and&& alanti'ai~arcelo& aid ~slehoia have mechani- three in the Bergslagen area. Most of the concentratescal &id flotation, ore-dressing installations; roasting are treated in the copper and Lead smelting plants atfurnaces and shaft furnaces; an electrolytic copper R6nnska1, near Skelleftei, where there is also anrefinery; a copper sulfate plant; and a plant for re- electrolytic copper refinery. Pyrite and zinc concencoverinrother metals in the ore. Annual camcities trates are exported.are as" follows: Fi-refined copper, 16.50d tons; Products:electrolytic copper, 11,000 tons; a d brass, 550 tons.Sociednd Bspnnola de Conatruccionea Electro-Mecani-White arsenic, annual capacity, 16,500 tons; eleccar,8.A.- Calk de Alcola 16, 4' piso, Madrid,trolytic copper, annual capacity, 50,000 tons; refinedhain.-Established m 1917.lead, 45,000 tans; gold, silver, selenium, bismuth-leadalloy, pyrites, ainc concentrate, iron concentrate, leadCapitalization: Pts 302,596,500, fully paid,concentrate, red lead, nickel sulfate, cesium salb,The company refines copper and manufactures semi- metallic arsenic, and sulfuric acid.fabricated copper, brass, and aluminum products. At Beymeraholms Gamln Industri Aktiebo1ng.-Cordoba there ~ - are - ~ an elrctrolvtic ~ -- co~~cr refinerv. ~~-.~~- Hiilsingborg, Sweden.-Capitalization: Authorized, SKIhaving an annual caoacitv of 35.000 tdn'si brass add 30,000,000; issued SKr14,000,000.Ikht allorj foundries; hit and &old mllikg mills; a Plants:ridmill, aid a wire all11 cable mill. Items prduccd hrt:elcctrulytir copper wir~trars, ingot bars, slahs, cake*.Located at Hiilsingborg and Oskarshamn, the plantsand other rrfinerv shaw.i. .~, and~~~ ~brans~~~ ~ -~~-~- mill and wire millarc copper extracting facilities, equipped with chlori-~~~roductsuch asdsheet. strio. rod. wire. cable, ~rofiles.dieing, roasting, and smelting furnaces. Cupreousiubes, coin blanks, and %ps for niaking' &litsrjpyrites are treated by the wet process to produce cementcartridges. Aluminum and aiuminum alloy are proccopperwhich is refined in Sweden.essed into sheet, strip, profiles, and other shapes.Annual production is about 45,000 tons.United KingdomThere is a redraw mill at Bilbao that draws comerand brass wire from rod prudnlced at the Cordoba pia'nt.Industtias Beunidar Yinero-Yetalurgicas. S.A.-Ilmnea de Bilbw 2, Bilbao, Spain.-This concernSwedenBolidena Gruvnktiebolag.-Sturegatan 22, Stockholm0, Sweden.-Incorporated September 7, 1925, inStockholm, Sweden.capitalization:SKr100,800,000 in 1,008,000 shares of SKr100 each;all shares are issued and fully paid.Actid, Ltd.- High Blantyre, near Glasgow,Scotland.Capitalization: Authorized, £10,000; all is iasued.

2 90 COPPERPlant:This is an electrol tic copper refinery at the ScottishIndustrial Eatate, Ifigh Blantyre. Refined copper isproduced from scrap.Thomas Bolton & Sons, Ltd.- Mersey CopperWorks, Widnes, Lancaster, England.-Established in1783.Ca italization:luthorized and issued, £500,000 in ordinary stock;£300,000 of 5 percent cumulative preferred stock,E600,OOO in 4)h percent cumulative redeemable preferredstock.Plants:'Phe eompalry ha* twu plants in Lancastcr-3lerseyCoppcr \Vurks at Widnm, and Suttun Holling hfrlls atSt. Hclcns-and two iu Stafford at Fnmhall - arrd~akamoor.The Widnes works smelts and refines brass and copperresidues ltnd other copper-hearing scrap for the manufaatureof Musev brand oomer sulfate. It also refinesblister comer aid vroeeas&~crav.The refinery of the Froghall korks deals with electrolyticwthde copper and pmrrcises scrap frou~ otherxorka. High-conductiit copper is produced in allforms fur nlanufaerurinn wire. strin. sheet. bars. rod*.&whined components, ind s&ilar~oduct& 'British Copper Beflners, Ltd.- Norfolk House,Norfolk St., London W.C. 2, England.-Establishedin ...... 1932.Capitalisation: Authorized, 120,000 ordinary sharesof £1 each, all are issued.Plant:The plant is at Prescot, Lancaster. Annual combinedcapacity for fire-refined and electrolytic copper is100,000 tons-output of fire-refined in 1959 was 80,000tons and of electrolytic was 7,000 tons. Other productsinclude brass, bronze, and cadmium copper.Blkington Copper Rellners, Ltd.- P.O. BOX NO.24, Goscote Works, Walsall, Stafford, England.-Established in 1955, formerly Elkington and Company,Ttd.Capitalization: Authorized, £600,000; all is issuedPlant:Copper fire-refining and electrolytic refining plant atWaleail, Stafford. Annual fire-relining capacity is15,000 tons, electro!ytic refining capacity, 10,000 tons.Bnfleld Rolling M~lls. Ltd.- Brimsdown, Enfield,Middlesex, England.-E~tablishhd in 1924. Subsidiarycompanies are Enfield Copper Refining Company,Ltd.; Enfield Rolling Milla, Ltd., aluminum; LondonZinc Mills. Ltd.. The Aston Chain and Hook Comnanv . "Ltd., and Bark& and Allen, Ltd.Capital: Authorized, £6,983,333; issued, £ 6,529,883.Plant:At Brimsdown, Enfield, Middlesex, the plant consistsof a copper refinery, copper and brass sheet and stripmills, copper rodmill, and copper drawing mill. Copperand oopper-base alloys produced are cast and fabricatedinto refinery and mill shapes.McKechnie Brothers, Ltd.- 80 Hagley Road,Birmingham, England.-Established in 1894.Capital: Authorized, £3,000,000; issued, £2,536,038.Plants:At Widnes, hueaster, are copper smelting andrefining, copper sulfate, capper powder, and lithoponeplants. The company has copper and oopper-basealloy fabricating plants at Aldridge, Stafford; RattonVillage, Birmin ham, Stratford, London; Gemiston,South Africa; sew ' Plymouth, New Zealand; andChatham, Ontario, Canada. Copper, copper-basealloys, and aluminum and aluminum alloys are east inrefinery shapes or fabricated into mill products.Capper Pass andSon, Ltd.- Melton Works, NorthFerriby, Yorkshiis, England.-Established in 1830.b u t company fomed in 1912.Capitalization: Authorized, £2,000,000; issued£1,735,630,Plants:The planta are at Bristol and North Femby, Yorkshire,and produce electrolytic copper, tin, lead, mtimony,silver, tin-base alloys, mtimonial lead, solderin all forme, and bismuth alloys from low-grade andcomplex ores and residues containing copper, lead,tin, antimony, biwuth, silver, and gold.The Woherhampton Metal Co.. It&- Well Lane,Wednesfield, Wolverhampton, Stafford, England.Capitalization: Authorieed, £1,000,000; iwued, £591.000.Plant:The plant at Wednesfield has electric and reverberatoryfurnaces for producing bigh-grade, fire-re6nedcopper and capper-base and aluminum-base allays.The James Bridge Copper Works, Ltd., at DadastonRoad, Waleall, has smelting and electrolytic refiningfacilities and prodncesanodes, rough cakes and cathodes.Nickel-sulfate is produced as a byproduct.U.S.S.R.The U.S.S.R. is the fourth Largest copper-producingcountry in the world, having an annual output of morethan 500,000 tons which is a proximately twice thequantity produced in 1950. h!mphssiaing prospectingand exploration and mine and plant expansions madeknown additional reserves and raised the output ofcopper ore and oopper. The present seven year Ian(195&65) calls for an annual production of 1 mikontons of copper by 1965.The four principal oopper areas in the U.S.S.R. are:Kazakhstan, the Urak, Uzbekistan, and Armenia.Other significant producing areas are the Kola Peninsulaand Noril'sk. The principal copper smelters in theU.S.S.R. proceasing the ores from the mines in theseresons are:Smelterlinmnkp~y, Kuxkhstnn ...........Balkhash, Kszaklatan.. ...........4lmalvk. " . Uzbekistan.. ...........Pyshma, Ural ....................Revda, Urd .....................Blyava, Ural .....................Minusinsk, Siberia ................Krasnoural'sk, Ural ..............Karabssh. Ural.. ................Kirovograd, Ural ...............Allaverdy, Armenia ..............Baymak, Ural. ..................Zangezur, Armenia. ..............Pechenga, Kola ..................Kadjaran, Armenia ...............Monchegorsk, Kola ...............'NO data.Capacity,short tonsYugoslaviaBudnici Bakrs I Topionice Bor.- nor, Yugoalav~a.--TheCover~lment l~olds the majority intercatill this eonccru, which was furrncrlg Cie. Franraiw dcu

Mines de Bor, a French-controlled company. Theannual capacity of the smelting and refining plant atBor was increased to 60.000 tons in 1960. Leaching,-,.~-~~ ~capacity rate, 12,060 tonsofoie per day,'was Gogramezfar 1962. Official statistics far production of blister andelectrolytic copper are reported as follows:h'kchdflicBlblrr ~ PW, mpprr. *WYear: ahm lmu lrma1939 .................... 45,903 13,7381946 .................... 23,953 14,2471956 .................... 32,390 27,6551957 .................... 37,186 33,2101958 ~--- .................... 37.117 32.9641959 .................... 38; 857 36,7961960 .................... 39.384 38,639 IsraelSTRU~URE OF TBE INDUS~Y 291Caoitalization:~Authorized, £2,000,000 in units of stock of 2s. each,issued, £1,371,300,Production: 196.8 1960Ore milled . short tons 442,088 434,282Refined copper. .----- .do.. 8,630 8,310Mines and plants:Minina o~erations consist of the Mosaboni andBadia coipe; mines and kyanite deposits at KharsBwBn.Power, concentrsting, smelting, and refining planta;R ........ mtl mill: and a hrass foundrv have ..............heen erectedat Moubh&der. A; e~ectro~vtiE canner ~]ant underconstruction was scheduled for prod&tionhy the endof 1962. Most of the copper produced is made intorolled brass products.Fabrikn Kablovn Svetoznrevo.- Svetozarevo, Yu- Israel Mining Industries.- Tel Aviv, Israel.-goslsvia.-~his is a wire and plant, equipped forThis Government-owned company was designed andproducing high-conductivity copper. ~h~ set UP in 1951 to explore and develop mineral resourcesnew refining unit was built by ~j~~ ~ ~ carp.,of~Israel. Oneiof the prime~ventures~of this company~ ~ inow Ajax Magnethermic Carp., ~~~nt,,,,, N.J., Was development of the Timna ore deposit and asoperatingin 1955. H~~~ the electrolytic coppersociated processing facilities for leaching and preproductionof yugoslavia is to oxygen-free, cipitating copper the cementation process.high-conductivity copper and is vertically cast intoIsrael Mining has a capital of £1,000,000. The plantwirebars at this plant.was designed to process tons of ore daily or500,MX) tons a year. In 1959, 495,W tons of ore wastreated yielding 4,930 tons of copper. The copperASIAcement' is shlpped abroad for smeltmg and refining;however, the company plans are projected to produceChinablister or refined copper at Timns.There are virtually no data available on the structure Japanof thecopper industry in China. Increasing estimates ofproduction and other occasional news items indicate Dni Iiippon Kogyo K.K.--- Tokyo, Japan.-Thissignificant activity in mining, smelting, and refining, company owns the Hassei smelter, which has eightbut specific information either on size, expansion. stamping machines, one-Voleese-type briquetting maandproduction of established plants or construction chine, two round Dwight-Lloyd sintering machines,of new concentrators, smelters, and refineries has one shaft furnace, and two converters. Annual capacnotbeen found. The known plants are the Chunking ity is about 6,000 tons; 5,900 tons was produced incopper refinery, Szechwan Province; Szechwan copper 1958. Raw materials processed are concentratedand zinc refinery, Tungchuan copper plant, Yunnan fines, uncancentrated fines, unconcentrated lump.Province; and the Kunming electrolytic copper re- silicious ore, and copper scrap.finery, Yunnan Province. It is reported that a great The Down Mining Co., Ltd.- Tokyo, Japan.-number of small copper smelters, blast furnsecs, were Eatahlished in 1937. this comDanv is ca~italized forset up throughout China in 1958.Y3.045 million and 'is engaged in minin'p:. smelting.ch&cal, and transportati& Tndustries. T%e companyis noted for the copper, pyrite ore, and decopperized,pyrite cinder it produces. Other products are sincgypsum,sulfuric acid, gold, silver, lead, and copperCyprus Mines Corp.-For data on this company see. Ari,nna -. -sulfate.Cyprus Sulphur and Copper Co., Ltd.- Limni, Mines and plants: LdiaPolis. , Cvorns.-Incor~orated .. Aueust - 3.1940. . . in Cvnrus. Kosaka mine and Kosaka. Kazuno-gun,.ACaoitalization:smelter.Akiti-ken.. -- -Hanaoka mine ........ Hanaya-machi, Kitsf200,000,in shares of £1 each. 196,196 shares areakita-gun Akits-ken.issued and fully paid; 196,M)S of the shares are held by Yanahara mine ....... Yanahara. kume-gun,Esperanza Copper and Sulphur Co., Ltd., a holdingOkayah-ken. -company.Akagane mine.. ...... Ezasbika, Iwate-ken.Property:Nissho mine .......... Mamurogawa-machi,Monami-eun.The company holds lease on 30 square miles of the~&a~atx-ken.Limni concession in Cyprus, containing pyrites copper,and gold. The Limni concentrator was rehibilitatedin 1958. During the year ending March 3, 1960,107,650 tons of cupreous pyrites, 1,990 tons of copperconcentrates, and 467 tons of copper precipitates wereproduced during the year ending March 31, 1960.IndiaIndian Copper Corp.. Ltd.- Gillander House,Netaji, Subhas Road, Calcutta 1, India.-RegisteredLondon in 1924 as a reconstruction of Cordoba CapperCo., Ltd.Okayama plant ....... 3 Kaigan-dori 3 chome,Okayama.Arnagashi plant ....... 5 Ogimachi, Amagasaki.Production for the 6 months, from October 1958 toMarch 1959, was as follows:Electrolytic copper ......... ~hortons.. 7,577Cement copper, copper content ... do .... 539Electrolytic zinc ................ do .... 4, 058Electrolytic gold .............. ounces.. 6,366Electrolytic silver ............... do.. .. 108, 782Electrolytic cadmium .......... pounds.. 17,637

292 COPPERThe Fornkawa Electric Co., Ltd.- No. 14, 2-chame, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.-The company owns the following plants: NikkoCopper Works, Yokohama Cable Works, Osaka CopperWorks, Kyushy Cable Works, and the Oyama plant.The Nikko Copper Works produces electrolyticcopper and refines byproduct gold and silver. Italso produces copper and eopper-alloy wire and fabricatescopper and eopper-alloy strip, sections, andforgings. In addition, it produces aluminum andaluminum-alloy wire sheet, strip, rods, pipe, sections,and forgings.The annual electrolytic-copper refining capacity is32,000 tons. Blister copper produced at the followingmjnes is sent to, this plant for refining. Ashio coppermme, owned by the Furukawa Mining Co., Ltd.;08sruzaa.a copper mine, owned by Mitsubishi MetalMining Co., Ltd.; and Tsubaki copper mine and Hasseiacopper mine, owned by the Dai Nippon Mining Co.,TtAThe Furukawa Mining Co., Ltd.----- No. 8,Marunouchi 2-chome. Ch'iyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.-Formally estahlished in 1918; originated in 1875.Capital: Authorized, Y5,000,000,000; issued,#3,307,500,000.Properties and plants:This company has bhe following operating divisions:metal, electric power machinery, chemical, and coal.The principal mines'in the Metale Division are theAshio, Nagamatsu, hi, Kune, Iimori, and Daira.There are two plants in the Chemical Division, theAshio smelter and the Osaka plant, producing sulfuricaoid cement copper, oupreous oxide, ferric oxide, andtitarhum dioxide. The Ashio smelter, built in 1956,uses the fiash-smelting process developed by OutokumpuOv in Finland.Mitauhishi Metal Mining Co.. Ltd.- No. 6,l-ehome Ohte-machi, Chiyada-ku, Tokyo, Japan.-Established in 1950.Capitalization: Authoriaed, #10,000,000,000; issued,Y2,730,000,000.Properties and plants:This company mines, smelts, refines, and fabricatescopper, lead, and zinc. The more important mines arethe Sbimokawa, Osarisawa, Washiaimori, Hosokurs,Akenobe. Ikuna. Mvoho. and Makimine. The com-~ a & al& o~eratea 'the 'Naoshima smelter and twoiefi~kries, the Akita and Osaka. Annual coppersmelting and eleetmlytic-refining capacities are 53,000tons and 40,000 tons, respectively.Mitsui Minim k Bmeltillp Co.. Ltd.- 1.2-chome.Nihonbashi-MGomachi, Cho-ku. Toko, Japan.Canitalisation:Mines and plants:This company is one of the larger producers inJapan of refined zinc, copper, and lead and byproductbismuth, cadmium, gold, silver, palladium, platinum,selenium, tellurium, and tin. It operates mines,smelters, and refineries and has the largest einc-leadmine, Kamioka mine, and the largest zinc smelter,Miike smelter, in Japan. Blister copper is produced atthe Hibi smelter and refined at the Takehara electrolyticrefinery.Copper production iuereased from 13,513 tons in 1958to 25.438 in 1959.~ihon Kogyo Kabusbiki Kaiaba, Bippon Mining Co.,Ltd.--- 3, Akasaka Aoi-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo,Japan.-Established in 1929.Capitalization: Authorized and issued, Y5,670,000,000.Properties and plants:The company owns 18 mines scattered througho~zthecountry, smelters and refineries at Hitachi-shi andSaganoseki, and a smelter at Ogoya.The Hitachi mine, smelter, and electrolytic refineryare at Miyatacho, Hitachi-shi, Iharaki-ken. Mineproduction in 1958 was 5,500 tons of copper. Thetechnique of autogeneous smelting in converters usingoxygen-enriched air was introduced at this smelter nearthe end of 1958. The smelter is equipped ~itb oneblast furnace, four converters, and an oxygen plant.The smelter treats other domestic and imported oresand concentrates. Smelter capacity is 41,000 tons ofproduct, and there is 48,000 tons of refining capacityfor electrolytic copper with equal wirebar castingfacilities. The refinery also has a gold and silverparting plant. There are two Lurgi-type contactsulfuric acid plants, having capacities of 150 and 220tons per day, respectively, that use the sulfur dioxide inthe converter gases.The Saganoseki smelter and refinery are at Sekimachi,Saganoseki-machi, Kita-amahe-gun, Oita-ken.There is no mine at this plant site but the smelteroperates on ores from other company mines, domesticcustom ores, and imported material. The smelterhas two blast furnaces and four converters. Therefinery has a capacity of 43,000 tons of electrolyticcopper a year, and there is a silver and gold partingplant.There is also a lead smelting and refining plant,eapacity 10,800 tons per year; a Lurgi-type contactsulfuric acid plant, having a capacity of 5,000 tons amonth; and a ferronickel plant with three furnaces,having a capacity of 4,800 tons a year of niokel-content.The Ogoya mine and smelter are at Ogayamachi,Kamatsu-shi, Ishikawa-ken. Ore containing 2,650tons of copper was mined and concentrated in 1958.The smelter has an annual capacity of 6,000 tans ofblister capper that is sent to the Gaganoseki electrolyticrefinery.Production and capacity: A ~ R COPL~~V, ~ IElectrolytic copper 1868 n07ni~Ishort tons.. 40.400 83. 200Lead .--........ do..-. 6; 800 11; 100Gold ......... ounces.. 76,012 694,5M)Silver ........... do .... 1,579, 790 6,109,000Selenium ..-.-.. pounds. 37, 383 47, 600Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.---- No. 12, 5-chome Shimhashi, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japen.-Established in 1950.capitalization:Authoriaed, %5,200,000,000; issued, Y3,217,500,000.Plants:Operolirma or producraShisakaiima ~~.-~~~ ~~~~smelter ... Comer and nickel smelt-

~STRUCTURE OF TEE INDUSTRY 293Republic of KoreaThe only metal producer of any significance is theChanghilng copper refinery, having an estimated capacityof 1,000 tons of copper a year.PhilippinesAtlas Consolidated Mining and Development Corp..the 19x3 merger with ~ntamok'~o1dfields ~ining Co..Inc., and IXL Mining Co.Canital:k'25,000,000 in share" of? I each; ?17;'40,151 xlrarcr,issued and fully pa~d- - - -- . ,The comnanr owns the Toledo mine and a 15,000-tonperdayco;~ce~trator WI the island '~f Cebu, hold.+ 35.ent of the capital uf Pl~elps Dodge Coppcr Produrts8% of the Yhiliuoines. and a .IU-nerre!tt irrtcrcst inA& Fertilizer CdG. it operates in iron property ofPhilippine Imn Mines, Inc., for 10 percent of royalty,at Mati, Davao, on the Island of Mindanao. The ironore is shi ped to Japanese steel mills and the cop erconcentrafe is sent to Mitsubishi Metal Mining 80.in Japan.Production, short tons: 1868 lo68Ore .-....-.....--... 3, 487,322 3,931, 543Copper.. --.....--. 20,755 21,288Lepanto Consolidated Hming Co.- Dimsro Bldg.,422 Arz~lliql~ St., Manila, Pl~ilippi~~e.-Incurporat~lirr tlw Phllippioes Septen~ber 21, 1936.Capitalization:F20,000,000 in 200,000,000 shares of 10 centavos each;138,633,334 shares are issued and fully paid.-Prooertv: -~~.~ 'I%e Lepanto mine and the 1,250-tun-per-day cuncentratorare at Nmmtain, Luzon, Phili~pine.i. Thoruirx - ic the lamest win cooocr mirrc and the .wcundlargest - nrbduce; - in the coudhProduction: 1968 1880Cop er -......-. short tons.. 14,439 15,279~ o l....-....-.g -.ounces- - 47, 230 49,085Silver .......... do .. 9 6 I 218,094Marinduque Iron Mines Agents, 1nc.- LedesmaBldg., Anda & Sta. Lucia St., Intramuros, Manila,Philinnines. -Capitalization:Authorized, FZ0.000.MM in 2(10.000.000 . . shares at 10centavos per share: 'Property:The company owns two copper operations, theBagaycay mine and mill on Samar Island and theSipalay mine and mill in Negros Occidental Province.It also has a number of petroleum exploration concessiansin various parts of the archipelago.Production:During the first 2 months of 1980, mine and milloperations at Bagayca were adversely affected becauseof damage caused b qyphoon Gilda, which hit duringDecember 1959. &owever, during 1960 the mine~raduced 4,275 tons of shipping-grade ore, averaging12.33 percent copper and 150 tons of milling grade orecontaining 3.19 percent copper and 2.19 percent zinc.Approximately 25,500 tons of concentrate, averaging14.13 percent copper, 7.80 percent zinc, 0.023 ounce perton gold, and 3.66 ounces per ton silver, was shippedin 1960.The Sipalay operations were halted in April and Mayof 1964 by a labor hike. About 1,300,000 tons of orewas mined and milled to produce 33,200 tons of concentrate,containing 8,385 tons of copper.The company obtained a $13-million loan from theExport-Import Bank to finance purchsse of equipmentand machinery for an integrated copper-zinc smeltingplant.Philex Mining Corp.- Equitable Bank Bldg.,Juan Luns St., Manila, Philippines.-Incorporated inthe Philippines in 1955.Capitalization:Authors, 90,000,MM sham at 10 centavm per share.Property: . .Thc nmpany c,n.nii and operatea the Sbntu Toms I1mine and mill in Pardal, Tuba, .\lmufain, Philippines.Mining is by open-pit and hlock-eav~op, methods.Production:Of the 605,677 tons of ore mined and milled in 1960,345,309 tons came from the open pit and 260,368 fromunderground; 14,106 tons of concentratecontaining3,678 tons of copper, 12,532 ounces of gold, and 15,034ounces of silver--was produced.TurkeyErgani Baku Isletmesi Muesseseai, Brgani CopperMining Co., Ltd.---- Maden, Turkey.-Established in1925. Owned, controlled, and operated by Eti Bank, aGovernment agency.Capitalization:Authorized, TL15,000,000 issued, TL10,000,000.Mines and plants:The company operations are at the town of Madennear El$zig and Kiyarbak~r in southeastern Turkey.There are two open-pit mines, a 450-ton-per-day mill,and a smelter equipped with two blast furnaces, fourconverters, and two refining furnaces.Production in 1958:Smt tmBlister copper ......-...-.-.....---...-. 16,650Fire-refined copper ...-....-.....-.--..- 3,300Murgnl Bakir 1sletmesi.- Damar, Hop?,Turkey.-There was some mining of the Damar deposrtbefore 1916. The Government (Eti Bank) took overand began developing the property in 1938; pmductionwas resumed in 1951.Capitalization: Authorized, TL20,000,000; all is issued.Mine and plants:This property consists of an open-pit mine, a 2,000-ton-per-day concentrator, and a smelter with onefire-refining furnace. A calculated annual productioncapacity of 10,000 tons of hlister copper was based onthe assumption of 3-percent copper orenow estimatedin the reserve at 2 percent copper. Production isabout 7,500 tons of blister copper per year.AFRICARepublic of the CongoUnion Miniere du Hant Katanga.-ICeGsteredCOG;:reinco&rated in Belgi&n during 1960. Thecompany was iormed to acq

~294 COPPERpriaes a cop er area of about 7,700 square miles, enterprises, one of the chief ones being Soci6t6 Gn6ralecontaining ato cobalt, zinc, uranium, radium, cad- Metallurgique de Hoboken.mium, germanium, silver, gold, iron ore and limestoned e p and a tin area of about 5,400 square milea. Capitalization:he company is one of the largest capper producers Congolese francs 8,000,000,000 in 1,242,000 shares; allin the world and holds important interests in many shares are issued.Production: 1867 lm 1858 lasop e r .............................. s h o n s 264,861 259,686 309, 088 331,466Cobalt ................................... do.--. 8,945 7,166 9,293 9,o83Zinc ..................................... do .... 207,431 220,479 195,965 211,642Germanium-.-. ......................... pounds.. 19,987 35,838 30, 077 57,540Cadmium ................................. do .... 258,489 308,364 217,905 53,792Radium deliveries.. ............. ........g rams_. 89. 3 69. 8 101.6 ...........Mines and plankThe active minea are the Mine Prince Leopold(Kipushi), Musonoi, Kolwed, Ruwe, Kamoto, Kambove,Lukuni, and Shinkolobwe.Most of the ores are concentrated before smelting,and the compan has concentrating plants at Kipushiand Kolwezi andia washing lant at Ruwe. Uraniumores are treated at the ~iinkolohwe concentrator.Sulfide concentrates are sent to the Luhumbashi smelterwhich is euuinned with four water-iacketed blastfurnaces and -

trating and leaching plants have a combined capacityfor treating 360,000 tons of ore per month.The sulfide copper concentrates are sent to theRhokana Corp. smelter at Nkana. The oxide concentratesare treated in the leach plant, and copper cathodesproduced by electrowinning are sent to the RhodesiaCopper Refineries plant at Nksna for melting andcasting into finished shapes.-,",ma- .-=-. . (nu 01 '9%.Production: a~miikd drda1957-58 ...... short tons.. 3,544,W 148,8611958-59 .---....... do .... 3,648,500 162,5961959-60 .....-..... do .... 4,357,100 207,336Rhokana Cornoration. Ltd.- 70 Jameson AvenueCentral, Salisbury, C. 4, Southern Rhodesia.-Registeredin London February 16, 1923, as RhodesianCongo Border Concessions, Ltd.; name changed MarchAuthorized. 500.W shares of El each: 1.300.0001931: control transferred t,o Northern Rhodesia as ofshare8 01 ~-~>rceni redeemable cumulative prefcrenrc&arm of E l each; 700,OUO shares of E l each. Insued,~&&y 1, 1951; reincorporated May 11, 1954, in %I0Northern Rhodesia under the Rhaanglo Group Act,---,-.. RYI ndirmrv *harm .~~ ronrrrmd .~~~ - ~ into ~ - slock units ofEl each and 1,024,127 of 5-percent redeemage ou&ula-1953.tivc nreference shares converted into stock units of ElThe Corporation holds mineral rights covering 52 each: The ordinary stock is held equally by Rhokanasquare miles in the Nkana area and 54 square miles Corporation, Ltd., and Nchanga Consolidated Copperin the Bwana Mkubwa area near Ndols. The free- Mines, Ltd. The preference stock is quoted on thehold and leasehold surface rights in the Nkans and London and Rhodesian Stock Exchange.Bwana Mknbwa areas total approximately 100 square-r--~-----~-~miles.The company operates an electrolytic copper refineryCapitalisation:adjacent GthiRhokana Corp. smelter at Nkana. TheAuthorized, £26, 500, 342 in 24,950, 342 ordinary plant is eoninned with facilities for caat,in~ horizontalshares of El each, 50,000 A shares of El each, and nnd --- vt1,500,000 of 5)kpercent redeemable cumulative ~hodesian Selection R U ~ , Ltd.--- Livinastonpreference shares of El each. Issued, 24,950,342House, 48 Jameaon Central Avenue, Salirrbury, C. 4,Southern Rhodesia.-Registered in Landon May 22,ordinary stock units of El eseh, 49,678 A stock units 1928; control transferred to Northern Rhodesia July 1,of El each, and 767,955 of 5jSpercent redeemable 1953: reincornorated in Northern Rhodesia Julv 1.cumulative preference shares of El each, including a 1954: under the Rhodesian Selection Trust, Ltd.,-andbonus issue of 9 shares for every ordinary and A share Agsobiated Companies Act! 1954.held from 1959 to 1960.This concern is a hold~n company 50.60 percentcnntrolled . ~~.- bv American hetal Climax. Inc. ItsPrinci~al shareholdinas:principal asdkt is the 64.67-percent oukeiship ofComgny: , -P~ML ~ ~ oiuudr u Mufulira Copper Mines, Ltd. In addition, a 64.98-hodem. Copper Refineries, Ltd ..... 50. 0Bancroft Mines, Ltd ................. 43.38percent interest is held in Chibuluma Mines, Ltd.;Baluba Mines, Ltd.; and Chambishi Mines, Ltd., asNchanp-s Consolidated Co~wr . Mines. well as a eontrollin interest in Rhodesian SelectionLtd-: ...~........~~----------..~.Mufulira Copper Mines, Ltd .-.---....Trust Exploration, ftd. A wholly owned subsidiary,Chibuluma Mines, Ltd ..............Chambiihi Mines. Ltd ...............Chisangwa Mines, Ltd ..-.-........-.Rhodesia Congo Bondu Power Corp.,Ltd ----.... :.-. . ..... . .- - -- - -Baluba Mines, Ltd ..............-.--Mines and plants:The mines and surface plants are at Nkana, NorthernRhodesia. Ore production is from the Nkana Northand Mindola sections and the Nkana South ore body.A concentrator and smelter treat about 16,000 tons ofore per day. There is s sulfuric acid plant, an electrolytic-copperrefinery, and an electrolytic-cobaltrefinery. A recovery plant for treating uraniumbearingore from the Mindola section operated fromMay 1957 to July 1959.The ores are concentrated to produce sulfide copperconcentrate and cobalt concentrate. The formeris smelted with capper concentrates from Nchangaand Baneroft. The copper produced is cast as blistercakes for market or anodes for electrolytic refining inthe adjacent plant of Rhodesia Copper Refiners,Ltd. The cobalt concentrate is roasted and leachedwith sulfuric acid, and the cobalt is recovered by electrowinningfrom the sulfate solution.Production:Blister copper, 1868 1868 fwshort tons.. 28, I72 29,264 30, 374Electrolytic coppershort tons.. 67,390 56,956 86,084Electrolytic cobaltshort tons.. 1.269 1,092 1. 307Rhodeaia Copper Beheriea, Ltd.- 70 JamesonAvenue Central. Salisburv. C. 4. Southern Rhodesia.-Registered in hndon, January 1, 1947; head officetransferred to Nkana, Northern Rhodesia, January 1,1951; reincorporated in Northern Rhodesis May 11,1954. under the Rhoando Grouo Act. 1953: head office&id to &&bury, southern Rhodesia,' August 5,1957.Capitalization:Rhodesian Selection Trust Investments, Ltd., wasformed in 1957 and acquired certain investmentsfmm the company.Capitalization:£12,000,000 in 48,000,000 shares of 58. each;45,239,116 shares are issued and fully paid.Chibuluma Minea, L t d . 4 Jameson AvenueCentral, Salisbury, C. 4 Southern Rhodesia.-IncorporatedJuly 2, 1951, 'in Northern Rhodesia, thecompany acquired from Mufulira Copper Mines,Ltd., a special mining grant covering the NksnaSouth Limb area seven miles west of Kitwe and about34 miles southwest of the Mufulira mine.Capitalization:Authorized and issued El,MW,OW in El shares;Rhodesian Selection Trust, Ltd., holds 64.29 percent.Of the cost of equipping and developing the property,£5,000,000 was loaned by the General Services Administrationof the US. Government under an agreementproviding for repayment in copper and cobalt. Asof June 30, 1961, the balance was £406,488 which wasrepaid in the followina fiscal year.Mine and plant:The mine started hoisting ore in October 1955, andthe mill, having a capacity of 40,000 tons per month,began full operation in April 1956. The main ore body

~ ~.~.~--~ ~~ ~~.~ -~~,296 COPPERis mined by the cut-and-fill method, and the deepesthaulage level is 945 feet below the surface. The orebody west of the mine is being developed through theNorrie shaft, which was sunk to a vertical depth of1,185 feet. Thia new development is expected toincrease annual nroduction 4.500 tons beginning in 1963.The copper coincentrates ire sent to- the -MufulirsProduction:Year:The company operates an electrolytic-copper refineryat Ndola, Northern Rhodesia, and supervises and operatesthe cobalt plant of Chibuluma Mines, LM., atNdala.Canitalization:Authorized. 4,500,000 shares of f l each. Issued,4,500,(100 shares of E l each, fully psid.Ruan .\D~~ODP (hmer .\finer. Lt I.. Ilold~ two-thirdsof the capital Lnd B&i~h ~nsulhed Callenders' Cables,Ltd., one-third.Operations:The first stage of the tankhouse &nd refined-coppercastingoperations started up in the latter part of 1958with an initial annual electrolytic-copper capacityof 60,000 tons. An extension to the refinery is underconstruction which will increase its production toll0,M)O tons per year.lYnfulira Copper IYines. Ltd.----48 Jameson AvenueCentral, Salisbury, C. 4, Southern Rhodesia.- Re~ublic of South AfricaRegistered in London February 3, 1930. Control Yessina (Transvaal) Development Co.. Ltd.transferred to Northern Rhodesia as from July 1, 1953; (I6.T.D.)- Messina, Northern Transvaal, Republicreincor orated in Northern Rhodesia July 1, 1954, of South Africa.-Ineorporated January 27, 1950, inunder 8horleaisn Selection Trust, Ltd. and kssociated the Renublic of South Africa. The comnanv wasCompanies Act, 1954. The company has special farmed -to acquire a company of the name h&e reggrantsof mining rights covering a total area of 76,816 istered in London January -30, 1905. The miningacres in the Luangwa District of Northern Rhodesia. property in Northern Transvaal consists of an area ofMufulira is 64.67 percent controlled by Rhodesian 17,990 morgen (37,779 acres) in the ZoutpansbcrgSelection Trust, Ltd., which in turn is 50.60 percent District. The comnanv also has the Umkondo claims.controlled by American Metal Climax, Inc.the Alaska copper'prdperty, and the Alaska smelte;Capitalization:in Southern Rhddesii; it ow& approximately 62 percentof the issued capital of M.T.D. Mangula, Ltd. OtherAuthorized, 18,W0,000 shares of El each; issued, subsidiariesare M.T.D. (Sanyati), Ltd.; M.T.D. Copper15,866,622 shares of £1 each, fully paid.(Sales), Ltd.; The Messina (Rhodesia). DevelopmentMine and plants:Co., Ltd.; and Messina Rhodesia Smeltmg & RefiningThe Mufulira mine is equipped with a concentrator- Co.. Ltd.smelter, and electrolytic refinery. The annual produc, Capitalisation:tion capacity will be increased approximately 50 per- Authorized, f2,500,W0; £2,482,500 in 9,850,000cent to about 170,000 tons when development of the stock units of 5s. each is issued; 150,000 shares arewestern area of the mine is completed and plant unissued.extensions installed.Operations:Production: mmkd m$!zUr At Messina, Transvaal, the working plant consists of1958 ......- short tons.. 4,352,832 104,153 five producing shafts; a crushing, sorting, milling, and1959 ....-....... do .... 4,123,493 98, 623 concentrating plant; and a smelter with reverberatory,1960 -....--do .. 4.894.015 116,154 converter, and refining furnaces. Fire-refined copper,Roan Antelope Copper Yines, Ltd.--48 Jameson averaging 99.91 percent and conforming to BritishAvenue Central, Salisbury, C. 4, Southern Rhodesk- Standard 1037 is produced.Registered in London June 3, 1927. Control trans- A smelting and refining plant was erected nearferred to Northern Rhodesia as from July 1, 1953; Alaska, 13 miles west of Sinoia, Southern Rhodesia toreincorporated in Northern Rhodesia July 1,1954, under handle concentrates from the Mangula and AlaskaRhodesian Selection Trust, Ltd., and Amociated Com- mines. The plant will be operated by Messina RhodepaniesAct, 1954. The company holds three special sia Smelting & Refining Co., Ltd., whose capital ofgrants of mining rights for the entire 10,803 acres £750,000 is 80-percent held by Messina (Transvaal)located 24 miles ~outhwest of Ndola.Development Co., Ltd., and 20-percent held by M.T.D.(Mangula), Ltd. Production at the Alaska smelterCapitalization:began in December 1960.Authorized, f 18,000,000 in ordinary units of stock andshares of 5s. each. Issued, £16,177,838 15s. Od. inProduction:64,711,355 shares and units of stock of 5s. each, fully During the year ending September 30, 1960, thepaid.hleqsina and Iln~kmdu Gnrenrratirrg plant6 handlrdl,l:iR,7til tons of ore for 40,820 tons of rowentratrs; theMine and plants:*ruclter ondored 15.389 tonli of CODWr. Prud~wtionThe property is equipped with a concentrator and from theLMangula and Alaska mine;% the same n&dmelter to produce copper at a rate of about 100,000 ~mountrd to 1,141,BOO lam* of ore, yielding 25,92?i tonstons per year. Production is refined at the plant of of wnwl,trater containing xbuut 13,250 tonn d copper.Ndola Copper Refineries, Ltd.O'okieo Comer Co.. Ltd.--Xal,al,irn. CaneProvince; ~epiblic o$ ~outh~Africa.-lncorp&ted;nBIirln copperProduction:Trma mid ~OdlLdlrm the Republic of South Africa in May 1937. Ore was1958.. short tons.. 5, 707,900 89, 523 four~d at rhr *ite of tho present mined by Cwwnor van9 5 d o ... 5,549,800 90,644 dcr Srct in 1686, but chew were nu actual mining opera-6 0 d o . . 6,661,800 102, 028 tionli until 18.5'2. The Cam . CODDW hlininc Co.. -.-, Lrd..~mined in the area from 1863 to 1888, when it wasNdola Copper ReEneriea, Lld.+X Jatuesun succeeded by the Cape Copper Co., Ltd. Most of theAvenue Central, Salihrry, (:. 4, &,uthern Rhodesia.- production came from the Nababiep South, the oldInroworated hlarrh 30, 1954, in Sorthern Rhodesia. O'akiep, the Spektakel, and the Namp mines.

GTRUCPURE OF THE INDUSTRY 297The company has mineral holdings covering approximately256 106 acres and a half share in mineral rightsover an adhitional 52,093 acres at O'okiep, Namaqualand.In addition, 90,000 acres consisting of 32 basemineral claims are owned outright, and optional rightsare held on 38 base metal claims and on mineralrights of 13 lam. The principal mines are theNababiep, East O'okiep-Narrap, Wheal Julia, andNababiep West.Canitslimtion:iuthorized, £1,600,000 in 3,200,000 shares of 10s.ah; 1,021,056 shares are issued and fully paid,Newmont Mining Corp. holds 56.3 percent.Mines and plants:The Nababiep, O'okiep, Wheal Julia, and NababiepWest are underground mines; the Carolusberg Westis an open-pit mine. There are concentrators atNababiep and Okiep, and a smelter, a 40-ton-per-daysulfuric acid plant and three leaching plants at Nababiep.A new mill, having a capacity of 100,000 tonsper month, will be erected at Carolusberg for productionsnticipated in 1963.Production: ~.~-~~In the year ended June 30, 1960, 1,775,600 shorttaus of ore was milled. The smelter treated 132,724tons of concentrate and produced 39,457 tons of blistercopper.Tsumeb Corpora(ion, Ud.- Tsumeb, South-WestAfrica.-Incorporated January 4, 1947, in South-WestAfrica. This company was formed b Newmont Min-American Metal Co., ~td?, now Americaning Metal &CO; hmax, Iuc.; O'okiep Copper Co., Ltd.; and fourBritish and South African companies to purchase allthe assets, except cash, debts, and investments, ofOtavi Minen und Eisenbahn Gesellschaft (OtaviMines and Railway Co.) from the Custodian of EnemyProperty in the former Union of South Africa for£1,010,000. The properties comprise 1,788 hectaresof mining rights and almost 60,000 acres of grazing andhorticultural land in the Grootfontein District, South-West Africa.The Tsumeb copper-lead-zinc mine was operatedby a Gennan-controlled company from 1908 to 1940.It had been developed to a depth of 1,900 feet.~a~itslisation:Authorized, SA £1,050,000 in 4,200,000 shares of5s. each; 4,000,000 shares are isaued and fully paid.Stock ownership is as follows:Company:Pmmt of atmk hddAmerican Metal Climax. Inc .............. 28.5Nerrnont Mming rorp .................. 28. 5Weetion Twst, Ltd ..................... 14. 25O'okiep Copper Cd., I.td ................. 9. 50Sourh Weat .Uric8 Co.. LtL.. ........... 2. 37Union Corp., Ltd., and others ............ 16.88Mines and plants:The De Wet shaft was sunk to a depth of 3,301 feetand ore hoistin through the ahaft began early in 1955;this shaft will & deepened to 4,150 feet.The first 300-ton unit of a 2,000-ton flotation millbegan operating in March 1948, and a pilot plant forpraducting germaniumenriched coneentrate was placedin operation in 1954. A copper smelter is beingconstructed at Tsumeb which will have an annualoutput capacity of 20,000 tons of blister copper. Alead smelter and refinery with an annual capacity of80,000 to 90,000 tons of refined lead will be built besidethe copper smelter and is scheduled for operation bymid-1963.Production:The fallowiun shows the refined metals accounted forby smelters:-.had ..................................... do ....Zhc ...................................... do.---Cadmium -~ ~.............................. .voun&.-Silver ................................... 0uncw.-Tons ore milled ....................... short tons--OCEANIAAustraliaMount Isa Mines, Ltd.--363Adelaide St.,Production:~~~For the year ending June 30, 1960, Mt. Isa Mines,Ltd., produced 3 million tons of ore from which werenat,mcted .............. 4.5.332 short tans of blister comer: 97,040tons of con& concentrate, containing 24,063' tans of1924, ih ~ e w South Wales. Co&ollina interest of53.8'percent is held by American Smeldng and RefiningCo. Wholly owned subsidiaries are CopperRefineries Pty. Ltd. Stuart, Townsville, Queensland,and Rrittania Lad homnanv. Ltd.. Northfleet. Kent.England. Products are' blister and refined copper;refined lead, lead alloys, refined silver, and eincconcentrate.Capitalization:Authorized, A£ 10,000,000; issued, A£9,524,565 in38,098,261 shares of 5s. each.Mines and olants:The Mt. Isa mine is the largest copper producer inAustralia. Mill capacity is 8,100 tons of combinedsulfide ore daily, and the smelter has been enlarged toa capacity of 70,000 tans of blister copper a year.Capacity of the Townsville electrolytic plant of CopperRefineries Pty., Ltd., is 80,000 tons annually..,--- ................tons of zinc. Copper Refineries- ti, Ltd., 1;roduced31,185 tons of refined copper from Mount Isa blister.Monnt Morgan, Ltd.- 11 Castlereagh St., Sydnev.Australia.-Incorporated July 18. 1929, in NewSduth Wales. The company acqiired 'the Queenslandassets of Mount Morgan Gold &lining Go., Ltd., July 1,1929; the assets included freehold property, miningIna~ea. and ....... olant and eauinment at hlount Morgan anda coal mine at ~aralak. 'Capitalieation: Authorized A£2,444,876; issued, A£ 2,081,-625.Mine and plant:The company has an open-pit mine operated withelectric shovels and diesel trucks, two flotation plantswith combined capacity of 6,000 tons of sulfide oredaily, arid a smelter. The smelter is equipped withroasters, a reverberatory furnace fired with pulverized

298 COPPERcoal, and a converter. Blister copper is shipped toPort Kembla, New 90uth Wales, for refining and sale.Production: 18681mCopper ....-...... short tons.. 7, 857 8, 112Gold .....--. . -.. - -ounce% - 67,085 69,020Silver ....-.........-.. do.-. . 20.285 25.195Peko Xines B.L.- 82 Elizabeth St., G.P.O. Box3351, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.-Incorporatedin New South Wales, Australia, in 1950.capitalization: Authorized, AE2,000,000; issuedAf 787,400.Mine snd plant:The mine is a copper-gold property at TennantCreek, Northern Tedory. A shaft has been sunk to adepth of 1,130 feet and a 400-ton-per-day mill is inoperation. The concentrate is transported by road andrail to Port Augusta, South Australia, for shipmentabroad.Production:For the year ending June 28,1960, 139,000 tons of orewas milled, yielding 28,606 tons of concentrate containing7,509 tons copper, 12,720 ounces gold, and42,909 ounces silver.The Electrolytic Be5ning and Smelting Co. of AustraliaProprietary, Ltd.- 360 Collins St.. Melbourne.Australia.-The company plant at Port ~embla, ~ e $South Wales, treats various copper, silver, and goldbearing materials-including blister copper, caLlwdecopwr, and comer scrao. The olant con~ist,~ of asmilter, casting-depsrtment, and fefinery department.The smelter is equipped with a blast furnace and couverters.Anodes, wirebm, ingot bars, cakes, andbilletu srr cast in the catting department. Therefiner?. ha* an eleutrolytie trrukhoure, a silver mill lorIQlYrvCrv of ~ilvrr. mld. and olatirruru-nroun -. mrtalc a -aelenium plant. . . anJa CODIKI ..ulfate d&t.TasmaniaXonnt Lyell Mining and Bailway Co., Ltd.--- 381Little Collins St., Melbourne, Australia.-Incorporatedin Melbourne, Australia, August 11, 1903, to take overa company of the same name and the North Mountbell Copper Co., Ltd., awning copper mining leasesand reduction works at Mount Lyell, about 18 m0esfrom, Macquane Harbour on the West Coast of Tasmama.The property now covers 4,864 acres. Thecompany holds large interests in fertilizer and chemicalindustries, in Metal Manufacturers, Ltd., manufacturersof copper wire, sheets, tubes, cables, etc., withworks at Port Kembla, near Sydney, and in Renison,Ltd., (Tasmania).Capital: Authorized, AE5,000,000; issued and fullypaid, 8~54,059,777.Mine and plant:Except for some underground exploration ore in theCrown Lyell No. 2 mine, the entire output is minedfrom the Wed Lyell open pit. The reduction worksconsist of a flotation mill, smelter with blast furnace andconverters, and a sintering plant. The blister copper isrefined at the company electrolytic refinery at Queenstown,which has an annual capacity of 13,000 tons ofrefined copper.Production: ..-. ~mo rmCathode copper ... short tons.. 10,094 li,-260Silver ..-.-...... .... ounces.. 31,369 38,3721 ............... do . . 6,125 6.994

CHAPTER 8.-EMPLOYMENTAND PRODUCTIVITYEMPLOYMENTThe working force of the copper industry engagedin mining and beneficiating ores, smeltingconcentrates, and refining copper has remainedrelatively steady since World War 11, averagingapproximately 33,000 men annually and rangingfrom a low of 29,000 in 1946 to a high of 37,000in 1956. The average number of men employeddaily in 1960 was 32,900. About half were engagedin mining, one-sixth in milling, and athird in smelting and refining. This distributionhas been fairly uniform throughout thepostwar years with incre~es and decreases ofemployment in all operations following the a+celerated or relaxed industrial activity of thecountry.The years of highest employment at coppermines were 1916 and 1917; shghtly more than61,000 men mined a little more than 1 milliontons of recoverable copper in 1916 and justunder 1 million tons in 1917. In 1929 it took37,000 men to mine 1 million tons; in 1942 and1943, 23,500; in 1956 and 1957, 18,000; and in1960, 15,600. This decrease in emplo ment isdue to adoption of mass mining an8 millingmethods which require fewer productionworkers.Widespread mechanization and large-scaleoperations have changed the number of menand the types of skills needed. Men now aretrained for specific tasks and less dependenceis placed on the mining skills of the workers.Mining is directed and supervised b experiencedforemen in accordance with pans 9 preparedby technically trained mine superintendentsand engineers. Mechanization hasincreased the demand for mechanics, enginemen, technicians, and operators of many kmdsof machines, eliminating a large number ofunskilled laborers. A resultant rise in productivityis due to the greater portion of copperore mined by the open-pit method (table 81),plus technological advances in the miningprocesses and equipment.SafetyIn table 81 employment and injury statisticsare given by underground and open-pit miningmethods. The notable reductions m injuriesand their frequency are due largely to theincreasing proportion of workers being exposedto less hazardous conditions in o en pit mines.Also, substantial promess has g een - made inprev'enting accidents-at surface and undergroundmines through technologic advances,proper education, discipline, good management,and intelligent administration.Employment StatisticsThe statistics of mine employment fromdiierent sources vary according to method ofreporting. The Bureau of Mines reports theaverage number of men working daily at min~,at wncentrators, and at smelters and rehenes(combined). The Bureau of Labor Statisticsshows monthly pa oll figures and averagesthese figures annua ?= ly for total employment atmines and concentrators. The Bureau of theCensus reports the average mid-month employmentin March, May, Aupst, and Novemberof the census earsStat~stics from all thesesources are s E own . in the following tables.However, Bureau of Mines data are used mevaluating productivity changes because of theseparate and more complete coverage of mmes,d s , and smelters and refineries.PRODUCTIVITYDefinitions of the term "productivity." tendto vary accordin to the purpose for wh~ch theterm is used. dually productivity is consideredto be the relation of output to input, butone concept refers to it as the r4ation of inputto output. Input consists of capltal equipment,raw materials, and labor-time; output conslstsof goods and services produced.Productivity is expressed, frequentlr, in unitsof output per man-hour of labor, reflecti?g theratio of output to a specific measure of in utIn some instances it is advantageous to s E ow .the inverse ratio. Thus, productivity can bemeasured in tons of ore produced per man-houror in man-hours required to produce a ton ofore. The second concept is used as a measureof production efficiency and also shows thelabor cost per unit of output. For example,both concepts were used in comparin the e5-ciencies of block cavin and other un er oundmethods of mining at 5 utte, Mont. (tab e 82) .Productivity, however, results from a compositeof many input factors. Although ,mostproductivity measurements appear as umts of299

300 COPPERYearTABLE 81.-Employee and injwy data at underground and open-pit minesIUndergroundEmployeesOpen pitUndergroundInjuriesOpen PitFrequency rate, permillion man-hoursUndergroundOpen pitoutput per man-hour, which is labor productivity,such measures indicate tbe effect ofsome change or series of changes that cannotbe attributed solely to labor. The input factorsdso include planning, engineering, research,and managenal competence. Some or all thefactors are affected by geo aphy, weather, slzeand grade of deposit, an r by local, national,and international political and economcchanges.TABLE 82.-Comparison of mine efiiency byblock camng with other mining methods inBvtte district.Production efficiency may be expressed aslabor measurement in comperin productivitydierences due to factors unre k ated to laborinput. For instance, a spokesman for TheAnaconda Company referred to the increasingimportance of open-pit and block-caving meth-ods of mining in their Montana operations,stating that in the first six months of 1959 openpitmining accounted for 63 percent of totalproduction; block-caving, 27 percent; and stopemining, 10 percent. In emphasizing the advantageof the open-pit and block-caving methods ofmminf, production was expressed in tons perman-s ift, as follows: Stope mines accountedfor an average of 3.4 tons per man-shdt;block-caving, 26.3 tons per man-sh~ft; and open-pit operations, 86.9 tons per man-shift. , Theproductivity reference here is to the mmingmethod, with all input factors considered, notjust labor.Besides measuring productivity in terms pflabor input, it can, of course, be expressed mterms of any one element of input or m terms ofaU elements of input. Thus, it could ,bemeasured by production per dollar of capitalinvestment,. production per unit of energyconsumed, or production per unit of raw materialconsumed. But, because 40 to 60 percentor more of the total cost of most productiveoperations is labor cost, expressing productivityin units of labor shows this meesurement interms of the major element of input. Suchespression does not mean that workers create orare the sole cause of production because theimportance of other elements of input are wellrecognized.

EMPLOYMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY 301Mine ProductivityOver the last 6fty years the annual recoverablewpper content of wpper ores producedthe United States has almost doubled; the bulkof ore mined has increased +nost fivefold. In1911 it required 110 mill~on man-hours toproduce 30 million tons of ore contaming 557,000tons of copper; wheres? ip 1960,35 milllo? manhoursproduced 135 mdhon tons of ore pelding' 1.08 million tons of wpper. Convertmg thisinformation into productivit terms, 0.27 ton ofore and 10.1 pounds of meta 9 wefe produced perman-hour in 1911, compared mth 3.88 tons pfore and 62.0 pounds of copper per man-hour, m1960 (table 83). These mcreases m product~onand productivity, and the decreases in thenumber of men and man-hours requlred are dueprincipally to the greater use of largeacaleminiig methods-open-pit yd block+avingandthe high degree of mechanuatlon of most alloperations.From 1939 to 1960 the quantity of ore minedper man-hour increased 196 percent whiie therecoverable copper rose only 79 percent. Alsoin the same penod, the cost of wages per ton ofore increased 32 percent, whde that for recovering1 pound of copper-$-concentrate rose 115percent. The exp anat~on for th~s anomaly 1sthat while large scale minlng methods havehelped to keep down labor costs in ore production,the average recoverable metal content ofore has been decreasmg steadii since 1939,causing the average cost per ton of metalto accelerate more than per ton of ore.Cost elementsto the increasinlabor cost per ton of ore and per pound of met 3are higher wage rates and more fmge benefik.TABLE 83.-U.S. copper mine produc6iwity-umges and labor cod, 1911401pounds--Outputper Rex~er- Totd me:Ed Man-horn man-hour ablemppe. mined, ore perY~sr remperable worked, in wunds, in om, thousand maahour,cuntent, thousand mpw mprt tam tonsthousand--..........so. 5l8,612.&58. @a1.fn3. wa,479. wa,575,880. 687,533. M,701.7E1.m.781.m1.7a.em.m,681

302 COPPERThe average wage per man-hour for wppermining bas almost quadrupled since 1939. Inaddition the effective wage rebe has been increasedby fringe benefits, some such as paidvacations, holiday pay allowances and premiums,sick leare, compensation for unem loyment., industrial injury, and occupationafdis:ease are entirely aid for by the companies.Other cqmmon Jvantages provided by employers,m which employees share some of thecost, are Social Security, hospital-medicalsurgicalplans covering employees and dependents,and life insurance. The cost of fringebenefits can amount to 20 percent or more ofthe average straight time wage rate.The largest increases in production andproductivity rates have occurred in open-pitmines. Because these mines have contributedmost of domestic production, 80 percent in1960, they tend to lift the productivity averageof the whole industry.Concentrator ProductivityProductivity in ore wncentration plants maybe measured by man-hours of labor per ton ofore milled. Employment, production, productivity,and labor-cost data covering the periodfrom 1943 to 1960 inclusive are shown intable 84.Most of the ore-dressin processes are mechanicaland plants usua ? ly require a fixednumber of men for various operations; as aconsequence the productivity and labor-costper ton varies with the tonnage treated. However,significant portions of the increased efficienciesat the new and enlarged concentratorsare due to technological advances made innew equipment and automation, accquntingfor the treatment of greater tonnagesmth lessmen.Smelters and RefineriesData are not readily available on productivityat smelters and refineries, principally becausetbe number of workers and man-hours are notre orted separately for smelters and refineries.kowever, some idea of the roductivity andproductivity changes at these p P ants may be hadfrom tables 85 and 86.The man-hours worked at smelters and refineriesare matched with smelter output fromdomestic ores to derive a productivity expressionof pounds of copper per man-hour. Refinedproduction from domestic ores is very close tothe smelter output, being only 142,413 tons(0.7 percent) less for the 21-year penod from1939 through 1960.Although the number of employees and manhoursare relatively steady so that the changes inindicated productivity appear to be caused byvarying production quantities, considerablecredit must be given to the following improvementsin smelting and refining processes andequipment:1. Elimination of roasting at some smelters.2. Larger reverberatory furnaces.3. Gasdeoxidation of converter copper.4. Improved casting equipment at smeltersfor anodes and at refineries for wirehars, cakes,and billets.5. Continuous casting at refineries.

TABLE 84.-Productivity data of copper concentrators in the United States 19@-60Employment Production ProductivityLabor costYearAverage menworking dailyMan-hoursworked,thousandsTons of oremilled,thousandsRecoverable:opper contentthousandpoundsTons oremilled perman-hourPounds ofrecoverablecopper perman-hourMan-hourper ton ofore milledMan-hourper poundrecoverablecopperg

304 COPPERTABLE 85.-ProdUOtivity data of smelters and refineritcombined 'YearAverage menworking dailyMan-hoursworked.thousands'ounds copperKT man-hour.1 Appodmate: Employm~mt for smeltersand rehriesnot separable, and Borne rebery man-hours chargeable to renned production derlved lromfmign aes ."**-1MY61TABLE 86.-Copper industn~ employment data( Or%drennin g Bmsldng-rebing

EMPLOYMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY 305American Management Association. Meeting the ProductivityChallenge. AMA Management Rept.No. 40, New York, 102 pp.The Braokin Institution. Productivity, Wages, andNational goome. Pamph. No. 23, Washington,D.C., 1940, 21 pp.Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment, Hours, andEarnings in Copper Mining. Bull. 102, September1950.Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review.Irving, Donald R., and Arthur Berger. TechnologicTrends in the Mineral Industries. (Metals andNonmetals Except Fuels). BuMines, 1959 Min.Yearbook, 1960, pp. 57-86.Kuzell, Charles R., and W. J. Uren. Labor-ManagementRelations in the Mineral Industries of NorthAmerica. Ch. 14 in Economics of The Min. Ind.,AIME, New York, 1959, pp. 607-654.Leong, Y. 8. Emil Erdreich, J. C. Burritt, 0. E.Kiessling, 6. E. Nighman, and George C. Heikes.Technology, Emplo ment, and Output Per Man inCopper Mining. dorks Progress Admin., Nat. Res.Praj., Wmhington, D.C., 1940, 260 pp.Popo5, C. C. Block Caving at Kelley Mine, TheAnaconda Company, Butte, Mont. BuMines Inf.Circ. 7758, September 1956, 102 pp.Tyler, Paul M. Cost of Acquiring and OperatingMineral Properties. Ch. 5, Econ. of The Min. Ind.,AIME, New York, 1959, pp. 163-237.Tyler, Paul M. From the Ground Up. McGraa--HillBook Co., New York, 1948, 248 np.

CHAPTER 9.-RESEARCHResearch and development departments havelong been an integral part of many copper p~oducingand fabricating firms. Some companiesthat do not have their own or adequate scientificfacilities and personnel contract their researchprojects to outside organizations, such as commerciallaboratories, engineering seryce firms,research institutes, and colleges and universities.Many of the copper and copper-base-alloy fabricatmecom~anies have erected new fachtlesor expanded their existing scientific laboratoriesto studv ~ro~erties and methods of manufactur-" A Aing copper and copper-alloy products for tradi-tional as well as new fields of use. The emphasisgiven science and technology by, theindustry, the Federal Government, educationalinstitutions, and other organizations, pokts upthe value of basic and applled research m developmentof future growth for the copper m-dustry. Studies in solidstate physics will beemphasized in the coming years to obtain fundamentalknowledge and to discover new scientificfacts pertaining to the metals industry. Continuingapplied research will he directed towardimproving the technology of recovery and processingof copper, recovering byproduct metals,and developing new applications.INDUSTRY RESEARCHThe knowledge gained through numerousstudies of science and techniques has resultedin the development of improved equipment,processes, and products, as well as more effectiveplanning and management to meet the worldwidegrowing demand for copper. The advantagesrealized by the major copper producersfrom efforts expended in research have encouragedthem to emphasize their research activitiesfor the future. A brief rQsum6 of some of theresearch and development programs through1961 follow.us. COMPAMESThe Anaconda CompanyThe Anaconda Company has made large investmentsin new research facilities in recentyears. Geological research laboratories atButte, Mont., and El Salvador, Chile, contributeto the basic knowledge of ore formationand a variety of different problems. Miningengineers are continuously investigating miningAND DEVELOPMENTmethods, techniques, and equipment to findmeans of mining and handling lower grade ?reeconomicalIy, and new underground minmgmethods to extract high-grade ore from thedeep mines. A new company unit, the ExtractiveMetallurgical Research Division, estahlishedin 1962 at Anaconda, Mont., undertakesprojects for the various operations. This d~msionmay also contract for projects ,to b! com-leted b other research organmations m thebestern %emisphere. The Anaconda Wire andCable Company, a subsidiary, inaugurated anextra-high-voltage research laboratory at Hastings-on-the-Hudson,N.Y., in 1959 and hasother research centers at Marion, Ind., andMuske on, Mich. The Anaconda AmericanBrass 6 ompany, another subsidiary, dedicateda new Research and Technical Center at Waterbury,Conn., in 1961 for studies in basic andapplied research.American Smelting and Refining CompanyAt the American Smelting and RefiningCompany, Central Research Laboratories,South Plainfield, N.J., research is being donein the detection, determination, and controlof impurities in both lugh-purity elemenb andcommercial metals. A continuing?tud of thebasic chemistry of electrolytic refining o 9 copperhas yielded knowledge that permits refinmgof anodes much higher in silver and certainother impurities than. was thought possiblea few years ago. This research departmentdeveloped equipment for the , semlcontinuouscasting of cakes and large blllets. At NewHaven, Conn., the company works on problemsof surface cleaning, treating, and finislungof metals.American Metal Climax, Inc.American Metal Climax, Inc., conductsresearch and development activitl~ concerningits copper, lead, and zinc operations throughAmco Research & Development, Inc., a whollyowned subsidiary located at Cartere!, N.J.The research pro ram includes investigationsof a wide range o 7 nonferrou? alloys, improvementof plant operations to mcrease the valueof raw materials processed and byproductsrecovered, and pilot plant studies for modernizingcopper refining and casting.307

308 COPPER 1Cerro Corp.Cerro Corp. explores for new ore deposits,carries on metallurgical and process research,and articipates in pro ams for new productdeveEpment. Stumes f= y the research de artment of Cerro de Pasco Cor in Peru incrud:Economic recovery of meta f'. s from zinc plantleach residue, im roved recovery of copperfrom mine waters, ~ ac~i~-in-~lace of low gradecopper ores, and smelting high-grade leadconcentrates without sintering.Copper Range CompanyThe Copper Range Company has researchfacilities at the White Pine Co per Oompana wholly owned subsidiary at dite Pine, ~ ici:These are e uipped for investigation and im-provement o 9 recovery processes. The laboratoriesof nearby Michigan College of Miningand Technology are used for additional studiesof recovery techniques through pilot plantstages. Recovery has been increased to 85percent at White Pme from the original 82 or83 percent, and a continuing research programis being emphasized for eater efficiency.Each 1 percent of additiona f= recovery meansproduction of an additional 1 million pounds ofcopper annually. Co per Range maintainsmodern facilities at &oyd Electronics Corp.in Cambridge, Mass., for metallurgical researchand testing of the company products. Theresearch equipment here includes that neededfor investigation of properties of metals andfor experimentation in development of newproducts. Specialized work is conducted inelectron beam techniques, vapor deposition,heat treating, and protective coatings.Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co.The Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co.revised its concentrator treatment in 1961, asa result of process research, and produced acopper concentrate averaging 35 percent coppercompared with the 23-percent concentrate of1960. The amount of waste material treatedby the smelter was reduced about 40 percent,and the improved concentrate could he smeltedeasier and auicker.Kennecott Copper Corp.Kennecott Copper Corp. research and developmentactinties are carried on at theWestern Research Center in Salt Lake City,Utah; the laboratories of Chase Brass & CopperCo. in Waterbury, Conn.; and the laboratoriesof Okonite Co. in Passaic and Paterson, N.J.The Western Research Center laboratoriescontain modern scientific equipment and pilotplants deigned for investigating minin millmg,smelting, and refining operations. Btudieshere resulted in development of the leachprecipitntiu~l-flotatio~~prdcess for concentrwtingthe mixed oxide-sulfide ores of the Hay Division111 therorllparly,recovery of byprodurt rbenium,drvclopment of an e1ectn)lrte-p~rrificatio~~ svstem,and new reclamation tkc&iiques for re-iseof water at the various concentrating mills.Research at the Chase and Okonite laboratoriesis planned for improvement of fabricatedproducts, development of new products, anddiscovery of new uses for copper and co perbase alloys. Research achievements at C g aseinclude new alloys, ,improved coatings forcopper and brass, contmuous casting of copper,improved methods of joining copper, andmethods of processing columbium, titanium,zircaloy, andrhenium. In Salt Lake City andDenver. Bear Creek Minine Co.. the exolorationsuhsidinrg of the rorporaiion,'ia unciertakingcomorel~ensive rl~emical and rnineraloricalstudies at its own and the Kennecott lahatonesto develoo new eeochemical ..nroosectineterhuiques for in exploration. ' ~r;~nerot'iis orcsrntlv boildine a hasic renearrh laboratorvNewmont Mining Corp.Newmont Mining Corp., through the geophysicaldepartment of Newmont Exploration,Ltd., at Danhury, Conn., has developed twonovel devices for geophysical surveying. Oneis an electromagnetic drill-hole apparatus andthe other an improved overvoltage or inducedpolarization device used in electromagnetic fieldsurveys. The Newmont metallurgical departmentparticipated in developing a slag-fumingprocess for recovering germanium from slag atthe Tsumeb Corporation, Ltd., operation inSouthwest Africa.Pblps Dodge Corp.Phelps Dodge Corp. conducts research at allits dinsions and fabricating plants to improveoperating processes and to develo better andnew oroducts. A new orocess CY evelooed atthe ~;uglaa, Mi., smelte; rernovesoxYg~n fromblister comer with reformed natural YHS ~nstendof wood'poles. A method of ma&facturingsponge iron from iron oxides produced in thesmelting process was also developed at Douglas.The sponge iron is expected to provide a moreeconomical precipitant for copper in leachmgoperations. Different processes for recover$gthe small amount of copper present in the or: inoxide form at Morenc~ are constantly bemginvestigated. At the fabricating plants, the

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 309iIi Imetallurgical laboratory at Bayway, N.J., qerfecteda new cupronickel alloy havmg h~ghstrength and corrosion-resisting properties andthe ability to resist high temperatures. In thecondenser-tube ,field important developmeptswere the perfection of a weldmg process lommgtubes to condenser sheets and a condenser,tubewith a tapered-end design to prolong the Me ofthe tube by increasing its resistance to waterturbulence. A new laboratory for research mpipe, tube, and other extrus~on products beganoperation in 1961. At the Habirshaw Cableand Wire Division, Yonkers, N.Y., laboratorydevelopedproducts included a,self-supporting,aerial-telephone cable wlth buGt-m messengerwire; a helical-membrane, air-d~electric coaxla1cable; improved power cables for use in undergroundmines; and a combined conduit, andcable assembly that can be installed in a smgleoperation.FOREIGN COMPANIESThe ever increasing interest in research impliedby the efforts of t,he above companies ISmanifested also by similar research act~rities ofcopper producers and fabncators m forelgncountries.:I FEDERAL BUREAU OF MINES. ,.;JThe research program ofhbe Bureau of Minesrelated to copper is concerned principally withextraction and beneficintion of ores: Somerojects in basic research have been mitlatedfor a better understanding of the problemsassociated with mining and metallurgical procedures.Two areas of research related to mining areessential arts of the Bureau program. Theseare (1) 8 evelopment of engineering principlesand mathematical techniques applicable toexploration, development, and o erational problemsin mining, and (2) study o P rock mechanicsand eologic structure decting ground control.The first area includes three categories: Methodsresearch of ore sampling, mine-systems analysis,and statistical evaluation of mineral explorationproblems. The second area involves studiesIn two main categories: Laboratory investigationsof how rock behaves under loads imposedby mining operations and field exsminationsto evaluate stress-strength relationships in fullscale operating mines.Mining reset~rch is conducted nt five Bureaulocations-Denver, Colo.; hfinnenpolis, AIinn.;Reno, Nei-.; Spokane, Wash.; and Colle,gePark, Md. Each unit is assiwned a spec~dfield of inrestigation and has la~oratory spaceand equipment for its pan-ticulnr resenrch nctlvity.The Denver Mining Research Center733-740 0-BJ--21engages in rock mechanics research with respectto ground control and development ofengineering prmciples and mathematical techniquesapplicable to explorat~on! derelopment,and operational problems of mlnmg. At theMinneapolis Mining Research Center researchinroli-es rock penetration, fragmentation, andsu porting operational pblems: The Reno08ce of Minmg Researc s ecial~zes in studiesof open-pit slope design. he Spokane Officeof Mining Research has primary respqnsibqityfor research on artific,ial ground stablhzat~on,and the Applied Physm Research Laboratoryat College Park investigates applications ofph ics to all phases of mining.d%e Bureau metallurgical research prpgranlrespecting copper inrolres studies m mmeral-dressing, hydrometallurgy, and pyrometallurgy--emphasizinginrestigations of fundamentalactions and reactions in concentratinand leaching ores, smelting concentrate, an 3recovering byproducts. Each project is directedtoward improving the efic~ency of aprocess by solving problems and analpingrocedures, or it is aimed at discorering neaLowledge about why certain basic chem~cal ormetallurgical reactions follorr the same patternunder similar or all conditions.The Bureau of Mines metallurgical researchunits include seven centers and five associatedlaboratories. The centers are at Albany, Ore@,and Reno, Nev., with associated laboratoriesat Boulder, Nev., and Berkeley, Calif.; SaltLake City, Utah, with a laboratory at Tucson,Ariz.; Rolla, Mo., and hfinneapoli, Minn.,with a laboratory at Bruceton, Pa.; CollegePark, Md., with a laboratory at Norris, Tenn.;and Tuscaloosa, Ala. Most of the research oncopper is carried on at Salt Lake City, Tucson,Minneapolis, and College Park.OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIESOther Government agencies perform orcontract for research directly or indirectlyinvolving copper. The Geological Surreyconducts fundamental resenrch in geochen~istyyand geophysics, developin information to a~dexplorat,ion. The resenrc 71 and developmentbranches of the Army, Xai-y, and Air Force,investigating properties of metnls for specificend-item applications, test copper and copperbasealloys for particular qualities.RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTASSOCIATIONSThere are three outstanding cooperativeassociations in the United Sttltes \\-hose membersare research-conscious producers and/or.F

310 COP] 'ERfabricators of copper and wrought- or castingcopper-basealloys. These groups are: InternationalCopper Research Association, Copper& Brass Research Association, and Brass andBronze Ingot Inst.Foremost among these and world cooperativesof copper companies concerned with technicalresearch is the International Copper ResearchAssociation (INCRA), which was the Co perProducts Development Association (CP b A)before June 1, 1962. Founded in 1960, thisresearch organization has a membership of 35copper-producingcompaniesrepresentin miningoperations in North America, South imerica,Africa, and Australia. These companies, whichaccount for approximately 95 percent of thefree world copper production, formed thisassociation to promote new and improved usesfor copper and its alloys through research incertain fields where new or larger outlets mightbe found for the larger quantities of copperbein mined. The costs of research are proratedto t fl e members on the basis of tonnage ofproduction. The technical director of IKCRAworks with one committee of technical experts,and one committee of marketing specialists.Committee personnel are employees of themember companies. Engineering and literaturesurveys are made first to determine potentialareas of development; then specific researchprojects are designed and assigned tolaboratories of member companies and commercialnon-profit research laboratories oruniversity foundations in the United States andforei n countries.IACRA F is pursuin applied and fundamentalresearch under 10 f road research programs.The projects scheduled, and the organizationscarrying out the work under these programswere outlined by INCRA in August 1962 asfollows:Protective Coating Program:Organic protective coatings:One projecGBritish Non-FerrousMetals Research Association,London, En landOne project-8hase'~rass & CopperCo., Inc., Waterbury, Conn.Corrosion Program :Electrochemical study of pitting:One project-Cebelcor, Brussels,Belgium.Copper surfaces (structure):One project-British Non-FerrousMetals Research Association,London, England.Electroforming Program:Automobile radiators bv electroforming:One project-University of 14ichigau,Ann Arbor, Mich.Physical properties of copper electrodeposits(joint project with AmericanElectroplaters Society) :One project-Kational Bureau ofStandards, Washington, D.C.Copper in Iron and Steel Program:Grinding balls:One project-University of Ghent,Belgium.One project-The Anaconda Company,Auaconda,,Mont.One project-Xat~onal Castingc0.-One project-Quehec Iron Foundries,Ltd., of Koranda MmesLtd., Mout Joli, Quebec, Canada.Properties of cast iron containingcopper:One project-Battelle MemorialInstitute, Columbus, Ohio.Improved Copper Alloys Program:Copper-rare-earth alloys:One project-Denver ResearchInstitute, Denver, Colo.Dispersion strengthening by electroplating:One project-American MetalClimax, Inc., Carteret, K.J.Cooperatire project with Cast BronzeBearing Institute:Cast Bronze Design Manual espansion,~rankn Institute,Philadelphia, Pa.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 311Copper Compound ProgramSmog Control-Fungicides:Copper compounds in mufflers:One project-Franklin Institute,Philadelphia, Pa.Copper Alloys for Molds Program:Castable allovs for - elass molds andplungers:One project-Phiiadel hia Bronze& Brass Co., ~hilalelphia, Pa.Stainless Copper Alloys Program:Beta brass allovs:One projec"t-~naconda AmericanBrass Co., Waterbury, Conn.Related oxide studies:One roject-University of Stockhofm,Sweden.Metal-oxide relation studies:One project-University of Florence,Italy.Fundamental Research Program:Mechanics of surface reactions of CODper:University of Arizona, Tucson,Arizona.Effect of surface dislocations on thephysical properties of copper:University of Ghent, Belgium.The Copper & Brass Research Association(CABRA) is an organization maintained by43 copper and brass mills that produce copperand copper-base-alloy sheet, wire, pipe, tube,and shnped products. CABRA has a staffof 35 qualified technicains that compiles standardsfor brass mill products, publicizes themerits of copper and its alloys, and publishesgeneral and technical information and a varietyof specialists reports concerning copper. Theassociation also encourages research throughsponsorship of an annual contest to honoroutstanding achievement in the use or applicationof copper metal. Prizes haw beenawarded for such developments as a revolutionarymolded-circuit (printed circuit) process;a copper current-conductor system forelectrified fixed-track, materials-bandlmg eqmprnentsuchas ore bridges, overhead cranes,and other industrial facilities; and an all bronze,uniquely designed, church spire.Membership of the Brass and Bronze IngotInstitute (BBII), founded in 1928, consistsof 14 manufacturers of brass and bronze ingot.The BBII initiated its metal research programin 1930 to help foundries by supplying themwith accurate detailed physical and chem~!alspecifications for brass and bronze castmgalloys. The program was started at theNational Bureau of Standards and later transferredto the Battelle Memorial Institute inColumbus, Ohio. The first Battelle projectwas designed to furnish foundries with badlyneeded informhon about mechanical propertiesof sand-cast copper alloys. From 1944 to 1954,many factors were evaluated, including metalcomposition, mold materials, method of charging,and rate of pouring. The latest project,begun in 1955 and still aggressively pursued,develops authoritative data about the propertiesof standard brass and bronze casting alloys.The new information is valued by foundrymen,metallurgists, design engineers, and architectsbecause it allows foundries to produce castingsof greater precision and variety than heretoforeconsidered possible.

COPPERBIBLIOGRAPHYAmerican Metal Climax, Inc. Annual Re ort 1960..4merican Metal Market. T'. 69, Yo. 68, lpr.'9, 1962,p. 5.American Smelting and Refining Co. Annual Report.1961.The Anaconda Company Annual Report. 1960 and,"'?,AD".Brass and Bronze Ingot Institute. The 4 Faces ofProgress. BBII s ec pub, 1960.Cerro Corp. Annual %?port. ' 1960 and 1961.Co per k Brass Research At;sociation. Copper &&ass Bulletin. Sovember 1960 and Seotember1961.Copper Range Co. Properties. Monograph in WhitePine Lake Copper, r. 1, 1961.Mining Engineering. Highlights of Mining and ExplorationTechnolonv in 1961. 7. 14. Xo. 2. Februarv1962, pp. 64-68-Howard, Thomas E. Metal And Sou-Metal MiningResearch in The Bureau of Mines. Min. Eng., v.14, So. 1, January 1962, pp. 50-52.Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. Annual Report.1961.Iverson, H. G. Bureau of Mines Metallurgical Research.J. Metals, December 1961, pp. 918-920.Kennecott Copper Corp. 1960, 1961; All About Keunecott.Monograph, September 1961.Mining Engineering. Developments in Geochemistry.February 1962, p. 67.Moore, Charles H. Copper Seeks Share of Auto'sFuture. Am. Metal Market, v. 69, No. 63A, Apr.2, 1962, pp. 39-41.-. Research Means a Product. Eng. and Min.J., v. 161, No. 10, October 1960, p. 96.National Science Foundation. Reviews of Data onResearch and Development. NSF 59-46, No. 14,Aug. 1959, pp. 1-2.Nemnont Mining Corp. Annual Report. 1960.l'helps Dodge Corp. Armual Report. 1960.Shaw, John F. Operations of a Mining Research Center.Min. Eng., v. 14, No. 3, March 1962, pp. 49-51.

CHAPTER 10.-LEGISLATION AND GOVERNMENTPROGRAMSINTRODUCTIONThe direct interest of the Government in thecopper industry is manifested in the forms ofregulation, taxation, aid, and partic~patlon.Its policy respecting the entire mining industryis one of encouraging deve!opment of thenatural resources of the Nation to maintamnational security and to foster economic growth.The basic mineral law of the United States,which is composed of the Mining Laws and theMineral Leasing Acts, provides for exploration,development, and extraction by private enterpriseof mineral deposits found on federallyowned land. The Internal Revenue Code of1954, as amended and in force on January 3,1961, contains specific provisions designed toreduce the impact of Federal taxation on themining industry. Treaties with foreign countriesare designed to improve conditions withrespect to friendship, commerce, and navigation.Legislation administered by the Securities andExchange Commission protects the interestof the public and investon against malpracticesin the securities and financial markets. Antitrustlaws prohibit activities in restraint oftrade, monopolies in commerce, and discriminatoryand unfair trade practices.In addition the Federal Government conductsa number of public service activities in the fieldof minerals, including the collection and disseminationof statistical, economic, andtechnical data. Special programs are designedto promote health and safety in mining. Theinformation derived from the work in manyprojects is disseminated to industry and theeneral public by press releases, reports,fulletins, and other methods.REGULATIONSMining LawsThe basic mineral law of the United Statesis composed of Mining and Mineral LeasingActs which provide for exploration, development,and extraction by private enterprise ofmineral deposits found on Government-ownedland. The Act of July 14, 1866 (14 Stat. 86;Rev. Stat. 2318) was the first effort of Congressto create a system of Federal mining law. Itwas the first act giving citizens the right toenter upon the public domain for mining purposesand undoubtedly stimulated andencouraged devcloprnent of the mining industryin the West. The Act of May 10, 1872 (17Stat. 91), incorporating necessary changes tothe Act of 1866, became the foundation ofpresent United States mining laws., It continuedthe policy of free access to pubhc dornainfor exploration and mining and set forth obl~ga-tions and rights for unpatented cla~ms and theprocedure for acquiring a patent.Unpatented Claims.-A summary of thesteps involved for an unpatented claim follows:One may claim minerals in unoccupied publ~cland by establishing a discovery, marking theboundaries of the location, and recording theclaim with the local recordin office whererequired by State law. Therea ter the locatormust perform not less than $100 worth ofdevelopment work each year; failure to do soopens the possibility of location of the sameground by another party. A, locator is notrequired to record his claim wth the FederalGovernment. Lode locations may, not exceed1,500 feet in length along the vem, and 300feet in width on each side of the middle of thevein. The United States mining laws do notlimit the number of locations that can be madeby an individual or association provided eachcontains a discovery. A valid discovery is onethat "would justify a person of ordinav prudencein the further expenditure of his t~meand means in an effort to develop a paymgmine."5 Once a valid discovery end locationhave been made, the 1ocato.r acqulres a vestedinberest in the mining clam and may begmextracting minerals.Patented Claims.-Title to claims coveredby location may be had by obtaining a patentfrom the United States. The steps requiredin patent application proyedings include:Posting of notices on the cla~m, in the !ocalland office, and in newspapers; proof of cipzenship;an official survey; proof of mmeralcharacter; proof of $500 worth of improvements;and presentation of an abstract of title.These proceedings are initiated in the loealland offices of the U.S. Department of InteriorBureau of Land Managemcnt. After satisfactorycompliance with the preliminary regulationsa fee or purchase price of $5.00 an acre is8 Cornnm, d d. 7. Unilrd SW. 252 U .S.hW. 459 (1920).313K

314 COPPERrequired for lode claims. Issuance of a patentgires the claimant complete legal and equitabletitle and relates back to the date of discoveryand location. The owner of a patented claimnot only has title to the mineral estate but totbe surface as well.The Vnited States is one of the few countriesof the world in which mineral wealth may beprirately owned. Transfer of mineral rightsand titles among, private owners is subject toState leas relatmg to property titles, salesand conreyances, leases, and contracts.Indian Lands.-Two general acts of Congressgo>-ern derelopment of oil and gas and othermlnerak on Indian lands. These are the Actof March 3, 1909 (35 Stat.. 783; 25 U.S.C. 396),which authorizes leases for mlning of landsallotted to individual Indians; and the Actof May 11, 1938 (52 Stat. 347; 25 U.S.C.396 a-f), authorizing leasing of tribal lands formining: In addition, there are special actsauthorizing or affecting mineral leasing oncertain Indian reservations.All of the authorizing acts relating to leasingIndian lands for mining provide for leasing thelands under regulations promulgated by theSecretary of the Interior. Whiie not all actsrequire advertisement of the land for bids,Bureau of Land Mana ement regulations in allcases require such acfvertisement. The actsrequire execution of the leases by the Indianowners, except minors and persons not ofsound mind. In such cases the leases may beexecuted on behalf of the Indian owners by theSecretary or his authorized representative.There' IS a fundamentd hitierelm in thennerest of tlw Government reeardincr mineraldevelopment on public domainoand o: trust orrestricted Indian lands. The United Stateshas proprietary interest in public lands, but itis not the proprietor of restricted Indian lands,and leases on such lands can be executed onlyby the Indian owners, subject to the approvalof the Federal Government in its capacity asguardian acting through the Secretary of theInterior. After leases are executed the Government,again as guardian, participates insupervision of operations and regulations.Import TaxesThe basic legislation imposing duties onimports into the United States is the TariffAct of 1930. It included copper raw materialson the free list and levied tariffs on copper andcopper-base alloy manuiactures. Since 1932,the Internal Revenue Code has provided for anexcise on imported copper raw materials, copperalloys, scrap, and manufactured products4cents per pound on most items. The InternalRevenue Code Tax rates are:1. Four cents per pound on the copper content ofcopper-hearing ores, ooncentrates, other raw materials,and co per and copper-base alloy products.2. &ree cents per pound on all other articles inwhich copper, including copper in alloys, is the componentmaterial of chief value.3. Three percent ad valorem or $i cent per pound,whichever is the lesser, on all other imparts containing4 percent or more of copper by weight.4. No tax is im~osed on comer . lost in metallurdcalprocesses.5. Ores or concentrates containing not more than 15percent copper when imported as a sulphur reagent orfor fluxing purposes shall be admitted tax-free in anannrenate amount not exceeding - 15,000 . tons of CoDDer . content in any one year.All of the excise and tariff rates were adjusteddownward as a result of concessions granted bythe United States in the Generid Agreement onTariffs and Trade (GATT) effective January 1,1948; March 16, 1949; ,June 6, 1951; andJune 30, 1958. The dutles under the TariffAct of 1930 and the Internal Revenue Code of1954 and the changes effected by the GATTagreements are shown in table 87.The first adjustment was included in a treatywith the United Eingdom effective January 1,1939, when the tar8 on brass and bronze tubeswas halved-Treasury Decision (TD) 49753.At the GATT conference held at Geneva inOctober 1947 most all duties on copper werereduced 50 percent, becoming effective onvarious items January 1, 1948, and March16, 1949. Again, at the June 1956 GATTmeetings in Geneva, the United States agreedto a 15-percent reduction of duties on copperand other metals and minerals in exchange forsimilar action by other conntries with respectto United States exports. The reduction wasaccomplished in three years, 5 percent per year.The effective beginning date was June 30, 1956,and the rates for most wp er forms were:P1.9 cents per ound for fisca year 1957; 1.8cents for fisca year 1958; and 1.7 cents forfiscal year 1959 and thereafter. A provisionof the concession specified that if and when theprice of copper fell below 24 cents per poundthe excise would revert to 2 cents per pound.The Internal Revenue Code import taxeson copper were suspended by congressionalaction from April 30, 1947, to June 30, 1958,except for the period from July 1, 1950, toMarch 31, 1951. Public Law 42, 80th Congress,suspended these duties from April 30,1947, through March 31, 1949; Public Law 33,81st Congress, extended the suspension througbJune 30, 1950; Public Law 38, 82d Congress,suspended the excises from April 1, 1951,through February 15, 1953; Public Law 4,83rd Congress, amended Public Law 38 toprovide for a continuation of the suspensionP

TARLE 87.-Ratesof duty under Tariff Act of 1930 and impoH tax ~ates under Infernal Revenue Code of 1964, modiliedAgreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)Gene~alScheduleimportelnss NoleJ8 (a)1668185816681m1858I858DescriptionI Tadff rates under Tarlff A d of 1830 Import-tar rates under seo. 4Ml. IRC of1854 1 iUnit of quantityCoppat and mppn nonsjulwra, dulioblrore. ............................................... do .......Full rate,centsFree ...... Free .....Free ...... Free .....Free ...... Free .....Free ...... Free .....Free ...... Pree .....Free ...... Free .....Free ...... Flee .-cffectkedateunit Of quantityFull rate,centsGATTRBte I EHeotiwcents' date'ound, copper content ...... Free ...... Free ......... do ....................... Free ...... Free ......... do ....................... I Free ...... I Free ...... I... do ....................... Free ...... Free ......Free ...... Free ......I... do ....................... Free ...... Free ......... do .......................1858Free ...... Flee .1058I8581858lLUS1667a313873813YlRegUiu~, black. or CUB~S~ conper; -ant ..... do ...............moper.Unrefined black blister and convertor Ln pig8 ..... do ...............or mnv&tor bin.ReRned in ingots, plates or bars .................... do ...............Old and scrap copper fit only for remanulac- ..... do ...............ture, sale or ol~ppidgs.Cmnposition metal ................................. do ...............Copper in rolls, sheets, or rods. ............... Pound, gmss ........Phmphor or phosphorus copper .................... do ...............Copper engmvers plates, not ground. .............. do ...............Engrm~rsplates, ground ........................... do ...............Free ...... Free .Free ...... FreeFree ...... Free .Free ...... Free .Free ...... Free .See lotes at elof table.

TABLE 87.-Rates oj duty under Tariff Act of 1930 and import tax rates under Internal Revenue Code of 1964, modified by GeneralAgreement on. Tariffs and Trade (GATT)'--Continued Q,TmUt rates under Tar10 Act of 1930FOll rate,mtsRateant;Unit of qusnt1tyFuU rate,centsGATTCopper tubes, brazed ........................Telemph, telephone, and other wlres andeahles of wPper--covmd alth wttan jutesilk, or other material, with or wlthout'meta\wsering.Wh,n.s.p.1 .................................MBnll$lctures of copper n.8.p.f. not platedwith platinum, gold, 'or siivd or coveredwith goid lacquer.All articles, dutlable o.8.p.f. mntainiog 4permt or more wpbr by w&ght.eAll 8n10188, dutlable, o.s.p.f., oopper ohlelvalue.#Brm end bronze mnujnduruOld brass and ellpplngs fmm brass or Dutohmetal. for remanulanure.Brass rds, sheets, platoa, bars, and strips ....Muntz m yellow metal sheets sheathing,bolts, plston rods, and shdtlog.'BIBs9 tube and tubiog, seamlass .............Braled brm tubes, angles, and ohsnnds .....loud, mas .........-..do ................Ld .ralom ..........--.do ................... do ................(9(9'ound, wpper wn.tent.'ound, gross ..........-. do ................--.do .... do ..d miorem ............... do ....................... 4 .......... 2 ..........1.8 ........1.8 ........1.7 .........-.-- do ....................... 4 .......... 2 ..........1.9 ........1.8 ........1.7 ...........- do ....................... 4 .......... 2 ..........1.9 ........1.8 ........1.7 ........--.- do ....................... 4 .......... 2 ..........1.9 ........1.8 ........1.7 ........Pound, gmsa ................ 3 .......... 1.4 .......1.424 ......1.36 .......1.276 ......Pound mm or peraent ad 3%or%4..n&m, whichswr is thelowe,.l.6%orW.1.47 Oro.&.1.390 ar0.346.1.26% or0.3W.Pound,grm ................ 3 .......... 1.6 ........1.426 ......1.86 .......1.276 ......1.7........---.do .......................I4 .......... 2 ..........Iir I

1/1/48 Pound, mom ...............WE6/30/68a. ......... do ................. S% ....... 16% .....-12.5%.....1/1/48 Pound, copper content6/6/514.. ......BTO,,.~ rod8 and sheets ..................'~und,pas .......... 4 .......... 2 .........l/l/48..... do ......................4.. ......Branle tubes1nlao8 ..... do ......................1/1/484.. ......Bell metal and belb, broken, U only for re-~BOU~BO~,"~............ ........d valorem 45% 22.6% ....3218%'0undPrn................ .................id -lorem .........-. m% .-.-..- 10% ......a. ......4. ......4.. ......Niokd silver, sheets, strim, rods and m e ....... do ................. 30% ..................4.. ...--.Copper sulfate (blue vltrlol) ..................4.. ......4.. ......

~~~-~~-~318 COPPERthough June 30, 1955; and Public Law 91,84th Congress, extended the suspension fromJuly 1, 1955, through June 30, 1958. PublicLaw 38 and subsequent legislation, extendingsuspension, provided that the suspensioa wouldend whenever the average price of copper fellbelow 24 cents per pound fur any calendarmonth.The excke tax was reimposed July 1, 1958,at 1.7 cents a pound as a result of the GATTmeetings in Geneva in 1956. The 1.7-centrate was to remain in effect when the priceof copper was 24 cents a pound or more; if theprice dropped below 24 cents, the tariff wasto he 2 cents a pound.TreatiesTreaties entered into by the United Statessince World War I1 have emphasized theencouragement and protection of investmentabroad. These treaties cover such subjects asprotection of persons and property; establishment,control, and operation of business enterprises;taxation; exchange control; trade andshipping. The treaty provisions, however, arenot intended to shield the investor againsteconomic risks to which venture capitalis subject.Provisions of the stmandad friendship, commerce,and navigation treaty regarding theright of nationals and companies of either treatycountry to engage in mining activities in theother include the following:limits the right of aliens to enaaee in minini o;to~- ~.-~-~ ~~~ ~hold~~- ~-affording ~n proper measure of treaty protection forestablished mining enternrises or those ~ermitted tobecome establishid. Fokign countries may permitalien mining enterprises to become established andooerate within their territorip.8~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~and~ ~ma" ~~-~~, aonmd them~ ~n'ationil treatmeit. Hence the treat~ usuallv ~rovidesthat nev restrictions permissible under the &&vationfor mining aotivitiesshall not be applicable to alienenterprises existing and doing business in this field atthe time such new restrictions become effective.3. Mat-favored-nation treatment: A Drovision cov-4. Reoiprocity: It is usually ~rovided that any ri~ht8to tngagc-in iuil,i~.~ on th+! PULllc. domaitt to whicli a!!allvn r,nrrrprisr rloa! h.,c,me ernitled through operat:onof the most-fa\

LEGISLATION AND GOVBENMENT PROGRAMS 319this field. The laws apply to all businessactivity, including the mining industry, andprohibit actii-ities among private individuals orh s that are designed to restrain trade or commerceor cause monopoly in commerce beeeenStates, with foreign nations, or in territories ofthe United States. They also prohibit discriminatoryand unfair trade practices.The Sherman Act prohibits contracts, ,combinations,or conspiracies which restrain interstateor foreign commerce. It also prohibitsmonopolies, attempts to monopolize, and conspiraciesto monopolize domestic and foreigntrade.The Clayton Act of 1914, as amended, makesunlawful tied leases or sales and acquisition byone company of the stock or assets of anotherwhen the effect may be to substantially lessencompetition or tend to create a mono oly inany line of commerce. It forbids interyockingdirectorates under certain circumstances. Itmakes it unlawful for persons to discriminate inprice between different purchasers of commoditiesof like trade and quality to lessencompetition or create a monopoly. It alsoprohibits commissions or discount allowanceson goods in interstate commerce, except forservices rendered, and forbids discriminations inrendering services, giring rebates or discounts,or underselling to destroy competition.The Federal Trade Commission Act prohibitsunfair methods of competition and unfair ordeceptive acts or practices in interstate orforeign commerce.Government Barter ProgramThe barter program was originally developedto acquire materials for the strategic stockpileauthorized by Public Law 520, 79th Congress,approved July 23, 1946. Little barter wasdone until after passage of Public Law 480,83rd Congress, authorizing establishment of asupplemental stockpile for stmte 'c and othermaterials acqnired by disposing o f' surplus agriculturalcommodities. Interdepartmental committeesdirected first by the Munitions Boardthen by the O5ce of Cid and Defense Mobilization(OCDM) or its predecessor agency, Officeof Defense Mobilization (ODM), designatedthe kinds and quantities of material to be acuiredthrough barter. With the passage of8ublic Law 85-931, September 1958 and subsequentExecutive action, this responsibility wastransferred to the Secretary of Agriculture.Copper was eligible for barter negotiationsfrom the latter pirt of 1955 to early 1956 andagain from the middle of 1957 until almost theend of 1958 when it was taken off the barterlist. Beryllium copper was on the list fromMarch to September 1956; oxygen-free, highconductivitycopper (OFHC) became eligiblein September 1961 and was on the list authorizedthrough fiscal year 1962.TAXATIONMost forms of taxation are employed by theFederal and State Governments and to someextent by local governments. The revenuesystems used overlap in ,many,instant$. Exceptionsare custom duties whch are lmposedonly by the Federal Government and property,severance, franchise, general sales, and motorvehicle license taxes which are employed onlyby State and local governments. The types oftaxes most important to producers of copperare: Income taxes, severance taxes, and propertytaxes.Income TaxesThe Federal Government and a few of theState Governments levy taxes on incomes pfcopper-producing corporations. Because vytuallyall the copper mmed and processed ipthe United States is done by corporations, thisdiscussion will be confined to corporate taxes.The Federal tax on corporation income originatedas an excise tax in 1909 and was leviedat the rate of 1 percent on net income in excessof $5,000. This excise tax was superseded bythe inwme tax law of 1913, which followedadoption of the 16th amendment to the Constitutionof the United States. Corporationincome taxes have been an important part ofthe Federal revenue system, having contributedannually between onesixth and one-half oftotal Federal tax revenues. Smce World War11, the corporate inwme tax has been secondonly to the individual in!ome tax in importance.Corporations producmg copper are subjectto a normal tax of 30 percent on the totalamount of taxable income and a surtax of 22percent on taxable ,income jn excess of $25,000.Generally taxable mcome is ym incpme lessthe actual monetary costs o producmg thatincome. However, the taxlaw contains severalspecial provisions regardimg income derivedfrom mineral deposits (natural resources): Inrecognition of the wastmg character of mmeraldeposits, a special deduction, known as percentagedepletion, is allowed which may .haveno relationship to actual costs. In addition,the tax law provides special treatment forcertain capital expenses incurred in findmg andpreparing mineral deposits for production,Federal Government loans or grants for encouragingexploration, development or mmmgstrat 'c minerals or metals, and taxable incomeearnsin foreign countries.

'ERDepletion AllowanceCapital invested in copper properties may berecovered tax free through deplet~on allowances.These allowances are computed according to acost depletion or a percentage depletion method,the taxpayer being required to take the higherof the two. To compute allowable depletionunder the cost systems, the adjusted basis ofthe property which would be used for determiningthe gain upon the sale of such propertyis divided by the total estimated remainingunits (tons of ore, pounds of metal) and theresult is multiplied by the number of units soldduring the year. Cost depletion deductionsare exhausted when the adjusted basis of theproperty has been reduced to zero.Allowable depletion under the percentagedepletion method is computed as a special percentageof gross income from the property butmust not exceed 50 percent of the net income.Percentage depletion allowances may be claimedon the income from a property although theestimated value has been completely writtenoff through prior cost or percentage depletion.The percentage depletion allowance on incomefrom copper mines (domestic or foreign) is 15percent.Exploration and Development CostsSections 615 and 616 of the 1954 RevenueCode permit the taxpayer either to write off thecosts of exploration and development of mineraldeposits as they occur or to set up these costs asdeferred expenses to be deducted proportionatelyover the life of the deposit. Expenditurescovered are those required to ascertainthe existence, location, extent, or quality of anyore or mineral deposit, or for shafts, tunnels,raises, stripping, drainage and other itemsattributable to development of the mine ordeposit until it reaches alevel of full production.Deductions for exploration expenditures arelimited to $100,000 per year and t~ a total of$400,000. The current expense deductions forexploration and mine development costs werefirst granted in the Revenue Act of 1951, whichlimited the annual deduction for explorationexpenses to $75,000 in each of any four years;the 1954 code raised this limit to $100,000. In1960, the 4-year limitation was replaced bya total limitation of $400,000, which mayextend any number of years. This ceilinglimitation is not applicable to unsuccessfulexploration projects. Expenditures for suchoperations are deductible as operating lossesregardless of amount.Federal Loans or Grants for Exploration,Development, or MiningRecipients of loans or grants from the UnitedStates (or any agency or instrumentality thereof)for encouragement of exploration, development,or mining of critical and strategic mineralsor metals for national defense may exclude suchloans or grants from income.Income From Foreign SourcesGenerally, domestic corporations are subjectto Federal income tax on their entire income,regardless of where the income was earned.Because income taxes of most countries applyto all income derived within their jurisdictions,thib feature of the U.S. law would result in substantialdouble taxation were it not for basicprovisions designed to relieve such situations.Some double taxation is eliminated by specifictreaties with various countries. In addition,the Federal income-tax law includes severalstatutory provisions adjusting income-tax liabiiities.These include (a) the deduction offoreign taxes paid, (b) credit for foreign taxespaid, and (c) special tax-rate reductions forWestern Hemisphere trade corporations. Also,special consideration is accorded corporationsoperating in U.S. possessions.In determining the United Statas liability,corporations subjected to foreign income taxesmay either:1. Deduct the full amount of foreign taxespaid from their gross income; or2. Take a credit against U.S. income tax forincome, war profits, or excess profits tax (orother taxes in lieu of such taxes) paid to a foreigncountry or to any possession of the UnitedStates. The credit limitation is based on Sections901, 902, 903, and 904 of the InternalRevenue Code of 1954, as amended.Western Hemisphere trade corporations, definedas U.S. corporations whose total businessis done in North, South, or Central America orthe West Indies, are granted a special ratereduction of 14 percent? pokts. T? qualifythey must satisfy the ollowmg requ~remontafor 3 years immediately precedimg the close ofthe taxable year:1. Ninety-five percent of their gross incomemust be derived from sources outside theUnited States.2. Ninety percent of their gross incomemustbe derived from active conduct of a trade orbusiness.If a Western Hemisphere trade corporationis a subsidiary of another U.S. corporation,dividends rece~ved by the latter are sub'ect tothe regular tax on d~vidends received, that is,

LEGISLATION AND GOVERNMENT PROGRM52 percent on 15 percent of such dividends.The Western Hemisphere trade corporationmay credit its foreign taxes against its U.S. tax.State Income TaxOnly three of the seven major copper producingStates levy,@come taxes on cor orationsengaged in mmmg-hzona, New Kexico,and Tennessee. Rates are moderatelylow and are not progressive; except for verysmall taxable incomes, when a sliding scalemay be used. The determination of grossincome, and the deductions allowed to computenet or taxable income, are patterned after theFederal Tax System. Two States, Montanaand Utah, base their corporation franchise taxeson net income.General Property TaxesThe Federal Government does not levyproperty or ad valorem taxes on the value,ofmineral or surface rights or plant facilitiesowned by mining companies. In most Statessuch taxes provide the principal revenues forcounties, municipalities, and school districts.States tend to rely on franchise, income, andother specific taxes for their revenues and toleave property taxation to local governmentalunits.The tax base varies from State to State, andsome States have variations in certain sections.The basis for taxation of property in someStates is present worth, in others it is netproceeds, and a few States use both. Presentworth is evaluated by a number of methodswith tax rates ranging from 1.5 to 10 percent.Reasons for the wide spread are:1. The ratio that the assessed value bearsto the true value.2. The need of the district for revenue.Present worth is considered differently in someStates. In Michigan, minimg plants and equipmentare exempt from taxation, but ore bodiesare carefully appraised for present worth.In Tennessee only real estate and plant facilitiesare subject to the property tax.Severance TaxesSeverance taxes, like royalties, are based ongross production. A true severance tax isone measured by applying a specific rate perunit (ton, pound) to the total quantity produced.Alternatively, the measure is a percentageof the gross value of the materialremoved or severed during the tax period.Four of the major copper producing Statesare recorded as imposing severance taxes;however, in Arizona it is classified ,as a salestax, in Montana it is called a Mme MetalLicense, and in Utah it is known aa an OccupationalTax. These all appl if no .profit isrealized from the o eration o 9 producmg, andtherefore are righ! f ully considered severancetaxes. New Mexlco levies a severance taxand a sales tax, which is essentially anotherseverance tax.GOVERNMENT LOAN PROGRRMSExploration LoansBy direction of the Defense Production Actof 1950, the Defense Minerals Exploration Administrat~on(DMEA) was created in 1951 topromote exploration for unknown and undevelopedsources of strategic and cntical metalsand mineralsin the Umted States, its ter~ton?,and possessions by providmg fiflancial aidfor exploration projects. Such assistance wasfurnished pysuant . to exploration prqjectcontracts mth provlslons requrnng specifiedexploration by the operator, Government participationin payment of costs as they accrue, andrepayment of the Government sha~e by theoperator from net proceeds of production resultingfrom the exploration work.For copper exploration projects, the Governmentand operators each shared 50 percent ofthe costs. Through June 30, 1958, the DMEAhad entered into 53 contracts for exploration ofcopper deposits. As of December 31, 1958, thetotal estimated approved wst was $3,485,182 ofwhich the Government share was $1,742,591.Copper reserves were developed in severalareas as a result of this propm.Public Law 701 enacted in 1958 establishedthe Office of Minerals Exploration (OME) inthe Department of the Interior. OME assumedthe functions and obligations of DMEA. UnderOME, copper continued eligible for explorationassistance; through December 31, 1960, threenew contracts and an amended contract wereexecuted for an estimated total cost of $144,650,the Government share being $72,325.Export-Import Bank LoansThe purpose of the Export-Import Bank, asstated by Congress, is "to aid in financing andto facilitate exports and imports and the exchangeof commodities between the UnitedStates or any of its territories or insular possessionsand any foreign country or the agencies ornationals thereof." The Bank has providedfinancing in connection with the expansion ofcopper production in Peru, Chile, and Turkey.

322 COPPERThe $237-million project of the SouthernPeru Copper Corp. that was started in 1955 fordeveloping the Toquepala mine and constructinga concentrator and smelter was part1financed by Export-Import Bank loans totafing $1 10 million. Production began January 1,1960, and as of December 31, 1961, this debthad been reduced to $89,199,992. In 1959, anExport-Import Bank cred~t of $1.5 million wasgranted to Eti Bank, an agency of the TurkishGovernment, for develop~ng new productionfacilities at the Government-owned Erganimine. An Export-Im art Bank loan of $45,-000,000 was approvegin 1962 for CompaniaMinera Andina, S.A., a subsidiary of CerroCorp., as partial financing of an $80-millionproject to bring the Ria Blanco copper propertyin central Chile into production.PUBLIC SERVICESCollection and Dissemination of BasicDataThe Department of the Interior,through theBureau of Mines and the Geolog~cal Survey,conducts scientific and technologic investigationsand statistical studies directly pertainingto mining, preparation, treatment, and utilizationof minerals. Data dso are collected concerninghealth and safety conditions in the miningindustry. This information is disseminatedto industry and the general public by press releases,reports, bulletins, and other methods.The Department of Commerce conducts statisticaland census studies and provides economicand technical data to the minerals industriesand the general public to promote and developdomestic commerce.Government Technical AssistanceThe Federal Government renders technicalassistance relating to production and utilizationof minerals in both domestic and foreign areas.Much of the technical research is done undercooperative agreements with institutions, States,foreign governments, and private and publicorganizations. Surveys and studies are madeto determine and appraise the distribution andreserves of mineral deposits. The FederalGovernment also collects and disseminatestechnical and statistical information on domesticand foreign mineral activities, rendersservices that assist the minerals industry andthe general public, and conducts and assists intraining programs.Mine Health and SafetyHealth and safety in mining is advanoed bythe work of the Bureau of Mines, the PublicHealth Service of the Department of Health,Education, and Welfare, and the Departmentof Labor.FOREIGN MINERAL LAWSA summary presentation of mining laws,effective in most mineral-producing areas of theworld, dealing with the mmeral codes governingacqnmition and tenure of mineral rights andregulations for exploration and exploitation ofmmeral lands in foreign countries was publishedin 1961.'Unlike the United States, most foreigngovernments either maintain ownership orcontrol the title to all mineral lands hut grantthe right to work the minerals by some form ofpermit or concession. Eligihility,for such rightsis subject to conditions and obhgations whichvary greatly from country to country. Principallegd controls in the major copper-producingcountries are discussed in the following sections.CanadaThe Provincial governments of Canada holdlegal title to all public (crown) lnnds exceptIndian reserves, national parks, the NorthwestTerritories, and the Yukon, wh~ch are ownedand administered by the Dominion Government.Aliens, citizens, and other Britishsubjects 18 years of a e or more, or authorizedcorporations, are entit K ed to engage in prospectingor exploration on crown lands in theDominion or Provinces. Rights to mine andextract ore are usually anted by renewable21-year leases, except in % ewfoundland, wherethe period is 50 years. Annual assessmentrequirements range from $100 per claim to 80mnn-days of work. There is specific legislationregulating conservation,,health and safety, andother act~vities of the mmerals industry.Operators of metalliferous mines are given apercentage depletion dlowance of 33fh percent.New mines may be granted exemption fromincome tax for 36 months. Other Dominionlaws govern tariffs, excise taxes, explosives, andspecial assistance to coal and gold mines.ChileThe State owns all minerals, whatever thesurface ownership. Concessions to work certainminerals are granted under the mining code,- -'ElgNorthcutt. Summsry of Mining and Petroleum Laiw ol theworld.' Bu. Mine3 Inf. Ch. 8017, 1881, 215 pp.

LEGPSLATION AND GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS 323which permits unrestricted prospecting forminerals on lands not cultivated or enclosed;otherwise, permission of the occupant is required.Exploration of state or municipallands requires permission of the governor ormayor. Any alien or citizen, except certainGovernment officials, is eligible for an exploitationor minmg concession, which is a multipleof claims of not less than 1 nor more than 5hectares. The holders of mining concessionsare entitled to certain easements that thesurface owner must allow in order to facilitateoperations and that the law imposesminin% upon alders of other concessions.Until 1952, the Chilean Government obtainedits revenues on Chilean copper productionthrough taxes and exchange rate policies anddid not participate in sales. However, afterthe copper sales agreement between the UnitedStates and Chile on May 8,1951, providing that80 percent of Chiiean output be sold in theUnited States at 3 cents above the market priceand the balance be sold by the Chiiean Government,legislation was approved authorizingcontrol of amounts to be exported freely by thecompanies and to be delivered to the CentralBank, the Government agent. Chide abrogatedthe agreement with the United States on May 8,1952, and gave the Central Bank control of allsales of copper; the bank immediately setminimum prices for that metal. An accumulationof unsold copper reached 180,000 tons inlate 1953, and serious cutbacks in Chileanproduction were avoided by purchases for theUnited States stockpile in March 1954. At thistime legislation to improve co~iditions for themajor producers (gran mineria) was introduced,but did not become law until May 5, 1955.Until this law was passed taxes and the exhangedifferential imposed on the gran mineria wereapproximately 84 percent of profits. The newcopper law imposes a tax on net income at arate between 50 and 80 percent. The specificrate for any one company is determined by arelationship between its production for theyear and a base production fixed under theterms of the new copper law. The rate decreasesas production increases. Special deductionsin computing taxable income aregiven the three companies in the gran mineria-Andes Copper Mining Co., Braden Copper Co..and Chile Exploration Co.-for approved newinvestments in electrolytic copper-producinginstallations.MexicoTo encwugo greater participation byAlexican citizens in mining, the Mining Lawof February 6, 1961, was enacted to regulateexploitation of Mexican mineral resources.The law provides that only Mexicans or Mexicancorporations with a majority of the capitalsubscribed bv Mexican nationals can qualify toobtain new "concessions or to ?cq& concessionaryrights by transfer or aswgnment. Thelaw restricts the finture role of private foreignmining investments. As an inducement fpr"Mexicanization" of operating companies inMexico that are predominantly owned byprivate foreign capital, an amendment providesthat mining companies 51-percent o ~ e by dMexican nationals are entitled to receive a 50-percent reduction in production and exporttaxes on t,heir mininz activities. The amendmentstates that coGpanies that change theircapital structures to 51-percent Mexican ownershipmay also qualify for the 50-percent taxreduction.To encourage new large investments in copperoroduction. Article 2 of the copper law providesihat new companies in the &an mineria categorywill be subject solely to a flat 50-percenttax. The law also provides that amountsneeded by the copper companies for expenses inChile shall be returned in US. dollars and soldto the Central Bank at the free-banking rateand that producers are obliged to reserve barcopper required by national mdust~y, includmgamounts needed for exportation of fabricatedand semifabricated products.PeruIn Peru all mines and minerals are theproperty of the State. Surface rights to landare separate from the estate in minerals under-ground. Miming is open to aliens, citizens(except certain Government officials), or corporations;however, foreigners may not havemineswithin 50 kilometers of the frontier wlthoutEs-special permission of the Government:ploration and exploitation ri hts are acqulred byconcessions granted by the hinistro. Explorationconcessions are valid for 5 years, but theright to produce minerals after discovery maycontinue indefinitely. The State is authorizedby law to set aside certain mineral reserves,which the National Government may operatedirectly or may lease to private individuals orcorporations.Special tax laws apply to mining. The applicationfee or tax for an exploration concessiouis Sj.05 per hectare and S/1 per hectare for anexploitation concession. Exploitation concessionsfor metals other than gold are subject tosurface taxes of S/20per hectare. If after 5 yearsof exploitation the amount paid for wages andmaterials does not exceed St50 per hectare eryear, an excess surface tax equal to the regn arf

surface tax is imposed and may be creditedagainst subsequent income taxes. These taxesare in addition to profit taxes which are leviedon net income. Foreign branch offices also paya complementary surtax levied on profit taxinwme. The combined profit tax and complementarytax levies amount to approximately 21percent of net.income before depletion.Under the mcome tax law special depletionreserves may be set up from 15 percent of grossrevenues for metallic concessicm, not exceeding50 percent of the net profits m any 1 year.Payments of 4 percent of value on ore exportedin excess of S/800,000 pep year is requiredcurrently from each concesslonalre. This paymentis credited against the annual profit tax.Special arrangements may be made with theExecutive for royalty payments of from 10 to 20percent of the profits in lieu of income taxes;or the Executive may wee to set the inwmetax rate between 10 and 20 percent for a specifledperiod to encourage general development.Republic of the CongoAssuming the Congolese law applicable tomineral development will continue under thenew government, the following is a summary ofthe rincipal regulations:M&+ constitute property distinct from thatof sol], and they are the exclusive propert ofthe State. Concessions to exploit mineraTresourcesare granted by the Government, and toa lesser extent b three concessionaires. Personswho have fded the formalities for Con oresidence and who have completed the formafitiesfor doing business in the Republic can applyfor prospectmg rights. Concessionspermit are Limited to territories' dec vtedared open byto public prospecting. Areas covered by thespecial concession by convention are not solimited. Less than half of the Congo is open topublic prospecting. In order to obtain a concessionby permit the applicant must fulfiU therequirements of a three-phase procedure--thegeneral prospecting permit, the special prospectingpermit, and the exploitation permit. Afourth phase, the treatment permit, is optional.Fixed fees are charged for general and specialpermits and are doubled with each renewal.No fees are assessed for exploitation or treatmentpermits.Royalties of one-tenth the value of theminerals extracted are assessed against aspecial permit holder. Exploitation royaltiesare based on the amount of the concessionairescapital. The rate varies, with a magimum of50 percent payable on profits of more than 35percent of the invested capital. An exceptionp~ovides that during the first 5 years of operationthe royalty pa ments shall not exceed 10percent if, during tze period, the company hasnot paid a dividend equal to at least 5 percentof the capital invested.Federation of Rhodesia and NyasalandThe British South Africa Co. through acharter granted by the British Governmentpossesses and administers the mineral rightsof Northern Rhodesia and about 16,000 squaremiles in Nyasaland. These rights in NorthernRhodesia will expire in 1986. The mineralrights of the company in Southern Rhodeawere purchased from the British South AfncaCo. bv the Southern Rhodesian Governmenton ~ &e 29, 1933.All prospecting in Northern Rhodesia andNyasaland must be authorized by permiteranted - bv the British South Africa Co. Thecompany "encourages prospecting and issuespermits without discrimination as to race ornationality. Individuals or companies mayobtain nontransferable prospectmg licenseswhich are effective for one year. Licenseholders are required to register them at theO5ce of the Commissioner of Mimes. Themining company and individual are obliged,upon acquirmg mineral concessions from thecompany, ,to spend stipulated amounts annuallyon explormg any mmeral area and to paycertain royalties to the British South A£rica Co.when the production stage is reached.Royalty is payable on the copper content ofmaterials produced each month, the rate perlong ton being 13.5 percent of the average ofLondon Metal Exchange quotations for the month,less 88. Royalty payments are based onblister copper, and the price is obtained bydeducting g8 from the price of electrolyticwirebar unless tbe metal is sold in blister form.Twenty percent of the net revenue derivedby the British South Africa Co. from the exerciseof its mineral rights in Northern Rhodesiais paid to the Northern Rhodesia Government.

LEGISLATION AND GOVERNMENT PROGRAMSBIBLIOGRAPHYAmerican Smelting and Refining Company. AnnualReports. 1955-61.Bohan, Merwin L., and Morton Pomerane. Investmentin Chile. U.S. Dept. Commerce, April 1960,nn =. R5-9n -- *-.Borden, Granville S. Taxation of Mineral Properties.Ch. 10 in Econ. of the Min. Ind.. AIME. 1959. , OD..L451-496.Ely, Northcutt. Summary of Mining and PetroleumLaws of the World. BuMines Inf. Circ. 8017, 1961,215 pp.Ely, Northcutt, and Charles F. Wheatlcy. MineralTitles and Tenure. Ch. 3 in Econ. of the Min. Ind.,AIME, 1959, pp. 81-130.Just, Evan. Government Aid and Rcgulation. Ch.12 in Econ. of the Min. Ind., AIME, 1959, pp.CA LEC?"=" ""',.Parsons, .4. B. Taxation of Mineral Enterprise.Prelim. Rept. to Director Buhlinw, Aug. 1, 1949,22 PP.U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Internal RevenueTaxation. Internal Revenue Code of 1954, asamended and in force January 3, 1961. 1961, p.231-244.US. Congress, Joint Economic Committee. TheFederal Revenue System: Facts and Problems 1961.1961, 290 pp.U.S. Office of Indian maim, Department of theInterior. Regulations Governing Leasing of RestrictedAllotted Indian Lands for Mining Purposes.1937. 14 PP.U.S. State ~epartment. Foreign Senice Dispatch No.774, Mexico City. Jan. 11, 1961, pp. 6-8.

CHAPTER 11-STRATEGICFACTORSINTRODUCTIONThe necessity for re dating supply of importantindustrial minera 7 s and metals was recognizedtoward the end of World War I. OnMarch 23, 1917, Bernard Baruch stated, "TheUnited States is deficient in certain minerals ofgreat importance, particularly in war time; thedeficiency being due to actual lack of suitableore deposits, or the fact that our deposits arelow grade and more expensive to work. Theremedy may mean . . . the accumulation of areserve supply, either by government or privatecompanies, the stimulation of home productionby assurance from competition, research todevelop cheapm processes to utilize low gradeores, stimulat~on of exploration and discoveryof new deposits, or development of substitutesand new uses for various products." The finalreport of the War Industries Board recommendeda US. stockpile of strategic materials. Later,proponents of US. self-sufficiency in certainmineral supplies expressed numerous warningsand made many recommendations regardingstockpiling and broadening our mineral base,but nothing was done until Congress passed theStrategic Materials Act of 1939.In preparing the pre-World War I1 lists ofstrategic and critical materials, the Army andNavy Munitions Board established the followingdefinitions:Slrategic Materials: "Those essential to nationaldefense, for tho supply of which in war, dependencemust be placed in whole, or in substantial part, onsources outside the continental hmits of the UnitedStates."Critical Materiabr "Those essential to nationaldefonse, the procurement problems of which in war,would be less difficult than those of strategic materials.''Copper was classed as a nonstrategic andnoncritical metal because the depression in theearly 1930's and a decade of excess productivecapacity precluded the concept of a coppershortage. A subcommittee report to the Chairmanof the Minerals Advisory Committee ofArm and Navy Munitions Board (ANMB), on~prJ8,1939, stated, "No contemplated nationalemergency could call for supplies of copper inexcess of those readilv available from nresentmines and plants." And in its final version oftheIndustria1 Mobilization Planin 1939. ANMBdid not include copper as either a strategic orcritical material. It was listed as one of theimportant minerals which should be kept undersurveillance. The position of the Board wasreaflirmed in November 1940 through a memorandumto the National Defense Advisory Councilwhich said-if the mining and smelting capacity ofMexico and South America were considered tomeet part of the national needs-there seemed"Very slight basis for a belief that a seriousshortage of copper could develop under theimperative requirements for this metal due toa major war."DEVELOPMENT OF COPPER CON-TROLSIn the year before World War 11, however,copper ranked next to aluminum as the mostdifficult of critical metals to obtain in sufficientquantities. This change in the position ofcopper was due principally to revised militaryestimates and to large and rapidly growing commitmentsof the Lend Lease Act and the RussianProtocol. When it was evident that copperwas rapidly becoming scarce the first measuresfor increasmg imports were passed, and mandatorypriorities were issued. The first organizationfor controlling copper .wae the NationalDefense Advisory Commission, consisting ofseven advisors-each in charge of an area in thenational economy: Industrial production, indnstrialmaterials, employment, prices,,farm products,transportation, and consumer interests. Thefirst steps taken to conserve and increase thecopper supply were: (1) Placement on the listof materials re uiring license for export, and (2)Authorizing detals Reserve Co. to purchase100,000 tons of foreign copper.At the beginning of 1941 the President created the Office of Production Management(OPM) for more concentrated governmentalsupervision over production, purchasing, andpriorities. On April 30, OPM issued GeneralMetals Order Number 1 to control the inventoriesof 16 specified metals, including copper.The order was addressed to d ~roducers.smelters (primary and secondary), iemelters;brokers, distributors (warehouse or wholesale),processors, and fabricators of the designatedmaterials. The terms of the order restrainedany supplier from knowingly delivering any ofthe specified metals to a purchaser or the purchaserfrom receiving such metal if such deliveryincreased the inventory of the purchaserbe ond stated levels.gecause of the mounting shortage of copper,327

328 COPPERmandatory priority controls were required towntrol supplies, and General Preference OrderM-9 became effective May 31, 1941, "To conservethe supply and direct the distribution ofmn~er." The obiective of the order was todi&t copper intd defense uses @st, leavingonlv the overflow available for civlhau reauiremGts.In contrast to later conservation drdcrswhich prohibited specific uses, order M-9 masimplemented through preference ratmgs.Although all producers of copper wire mill,brass mill, and brass or bronze foundry productswere required to comply with the demandsof the preference rating system, the order wasaddressed primaril to producers of copper inits nonfabricated grm. The principal pointsof the order mav be summarized as follows:1. A11

STRATEGIC FACTORS 329orders effected conservation of copper andother critical materials through limitations onmanufacture of products involving use of oneor more critical materials. These orders wereexpected to reduce consumption of scarce materialsin the automotive, domestic-mechnnicalrefrigerator, and household-laundry-equipmentindustries-three leading durable goods consumingindustries-by as much as 50 percent inthe ensuing 12 months. The orders affectingthese industries were respectively LimitationOrders L2, L-5, and L-6.The need for continued control of productionand distribution of copper and copper-basealloyproducts was more urgent after PearlHarbor. Order M-9-a was amended January7, 1942, to provide tighter control over copperby (1) placing privately imported copper, exceptduty-free copper for re-export, under the controlsof the order; (2) requiring that toll agreementsfor processing copper must have theapproval of the Director of Priorities; (3) prohibitingpreviously dowed deliveries of 50pounds or less of copper per month to a singlecustomer without preference rating; and (4)requiring that copper must "Be physicallyincorporated into the material or eqmpment tobe delivered" before it could be rated as adefense order. Further amendment to theorder provided for replenishment of stock soldfor war orders. Except for minor amendmentsadopting the order to meet changed operatinconditions, clarifying terms of the order, an !changing reports required of industry, the orderas thus amended continued through 1942 as thebasic control over manufacture and distributionof copper.Production Requirements PlanA major step in the evolution of basic controldevices was introduction by the War ProductionBoard of the Production Requirements Plan,enernlly known as PRP. The plan was%scribed as "A streamlined scheme for mantinepriority assistance to manufacturers engaged inessential oroduction." Its orincioal obiectiveswere to shplify the use and issukce of prioritiesand to ~rovide better overd information onmaterial requirements and end-product uses tofacilitate schedulinz - material oroduction anddistribution.The olan as introduced, . may " be briefly outlinedas follows:1. Except for certain industrial users not fabricatingmaterial for resale, all concerns using in any quartermore than $5,000 worth of metals included under theplan had to apply under it for preference ratingscovering their requirements for such metals.2. Applicants under the plan had to report theirconsumption and inventories of the metals involved inaddition to their requirements for such metals--listingby preference ratings.3. From tabulations of reported requirements, theArmed Services, the Civilian Supply Division andIndustrial and Material Branches of the War ProductionBoard (WPB) submitted overall end-use allocationsof the respective materials to the RequirementsCommittee.4. Using these propnsals, and taking the advice of theRequirements Committee, the Committee chairmanissued tentatively adjusted requirements that, followingreview by and receipt of recommended changes from therespective agencies concerned, were adopted or modifiedby the chairman as the broad determinations of theRequirements Committee.5. Using these determinations for each of the metalsincluded in the plan, the WPB Director of IndustryOperations directed processing applications that weresubject to review by the industry branches concerned.This final review by the industry branches was subjectto final determination by the WPB Priorities Bureau.6. Provision was made for emergency allocations byestablishing a reserve for each material.7. Requirements of small and other users not comingunder the plan continued to be handled through regularpriority channels. Materials allowances were made forthese uses in the Requirements Committee determinations.In July 1942, PRP hecnme fully operative ona mandatory basis for controlling distributionof copper and other metals. In the evolutionof a control system for the flow of materials,PRP acted as a control mechanism coordinatedwith and superimposed upm the priorities system.Its purpose was to Increase effectivenessof the priorities system by reducing to onerevised form the multiple se~arate applicationsneeded for several materials in a %monthperiod, and to make possible a closer identi6-cation with the end-use of the material coveredby ratings.From its ince tion PRP was widely criticized.A princi a1 wes%ness of the plan was its asso~iationo P quantities of materials input withquantities of dollar output. For example,trying to schedule tons of copper input permillion dollars worth of battleships per uarterwas almost meaningless. This prevente allohment of s ecified quantities of materials toparticular fKns to produce stated quantities ofend-products in a specified time.In September 1942 a concerted effort wasmade to design a system of strong and effectivecontrol of the production and flow of materials.ControlledMaterials Plan, World War I1A preliminary draft of a plan embodginpideas drawn from numerous plans and variationsof plans was developed by October 18, 1942,and labeled the Controlled Materials Plan(CMP). Aaeement on the fundamentals ofihe plan among dl participating governmentalwencies was reached bv November 2. 1942. It6 s to be transitionally operative in the secondquarter of 1943; fully, in the third quarter.In its application, the plan was restricted tosteel, copper, and aluminum products, the8

330 COPPERthree most basic and critical materials. Itsmain purpose was "To make certain that productionschedules are adjusted within materialssupply so that production requirements aremet." This was accomplished by adjustingrequirements for critical materials to the supplyand making the req~lired kind and quantities ofmaterials available to meet scheduled programs.Under CMP applications for material, aswell as its distribution, were processed throughthree broad lavers of a ~rocedural ~vramid.The bast lirt ,er"ctJmprised.d;cumdary C ~ I ~ N ~ I Sreceiving n ! lotments of n~n~rolled rr~aterinls"From a prime cunsurner or anotl~er serondnryconsunwr." The interr~~ediatc nnd nun~ericallvsmaller layer included the prime consumeisreceiving their allotments "From a claimantagency either directly or through the office ofsuch agency." In the apex of the pyramidwere the claimant agencies to whom allotmentswere issued by the Requirements Committeefor reissuance to prime consumers. The claimantagencies were: The War and Navy Departments,the Maritime Commission, the AircraftScheduling Unit, Lend-Lease Administrat'ion,the Board of Economic Warfare, and the WarFood Administration. Each of the sevenclaimant agencies subdivided the productsmanufactured under its jurisdiction into programs.Each program was defined as a "Planspecifying the total amount of an item or classof items to be provided in a specified periodof time." Programs were subdivided intoschedules which were plans specifying the totalamount of an item or class of items to beproduced or used b an individual consumer ina specified period ortime.Bills of materials submitted by claimantagencies show the amounts of materials requiredfor physical incorporation in the productionof a given product, including the portionof these materials consumed or converted intoscrap durin processing. Requirements forhrespective C P materials were aaaegated forthe several programs of each cla&an% agencyby codes. These identified the particular programin which the product would be used, thecalendar quarter in which production of theitem and for which the material required wasscheduled, the claimant agency, and officeswithin the claimant agency i-esponsible for theprogram.Products manufactured under the plan weredivided into two broad classes, with specialprovisions for those used for maintenance, repair,and operating supplies. These two broadclasses were identified as class-A products andclass-B products. The terms A products andB products were never given complete precisionof meaning, except that B products were thoseincluded in an official B product list, while Aproducts were the products containing controlledmaterials not on that list. Broadlyspeaking, class-B products were those used inmanufacturing other and more comprehensiveproducts. Class-B include, for example, suchitems as bolts and electric motors, both couldbe used in manufacturing such A products asan airplane, a truck, or a tank.A vast amount of energy wa.s expended tomake CMP workable for industy as well asGovernment. Problems in distribution wereconstantly arising and various regulations wereadiusted to correct them. However, there wereno- drastic departures from the original plan.CMP remained in force through World War 11,and Priorities Regulation 32 was issued incorporatingthe rules contained in the formerPriorities Regulation 1 and Controlled MaterialsPlan Regulation 2 for continuing thebasic inventory controls following terminationof CMP, September 30, 1945.Controlled Materials Plan,ConflictKoreanIn the fall of 1950 after the outbreak of theKorean conflict the rate of copperconsumption hadalmost reached the peak level attained lo WorldWar 11. It was evident that some action wasnecessar if the defense requirements for copperwere to %e met. To cope with this problem aCopper Division was established in the NationalProduction Authority (NPA), Department ofCommerce to control distribution of supply.Regulatory measures were devised late in1950. First, on November 29, 1950, NPAOrder M-1 1 was issued, which established rulesfor placing, accepting, and scheduling ratedorders for copper and copper-base alloys.Order M-12, issued at the same time, limitedthe amount of copper any consumer could useto a percentage of the average rate of consumptionprevailing the first six months of 1950; italso limited consumer inventories to 45 dayssupply. A third order, M-16 was issued 2weeks later establishing controt over ditributionof copper scrap and copper-base alloySCr&ost from the time the orders were issuedit was recognized that these preliminary stepswere inade uate and a modified version of the~ontrolledbat&ials Plan (CMP) to direct theflow of products and materials into essentialprograms was established in July 1951.The Requirements Committee of the CopperDivision programed the allocation of copper forthe third and fourth quarters of 1951. Beginningwith the first quarter of 1952, programmgbecame centralized in the RequirementsCommittee of the Defense Production Administration(DPA), with that committee functioning

STRATEGIC FACTORS 331as the recipient of stated requirements forClaimant A encies, NPA Industry Divisionsand DPA-#PA reserves for program adjustments.Screening requiremen? for programrecommendations was accomphshed by DPA-NPA Requirements Committees me,etmg withclaimant agencies and industry divlslons representatives,to discuss and, evaluate the, proposedrequirements and arrlve at preli-aryprogram recommendations. These prelimmaryrecommendations were submitted to the ProgramAdjustment Committee of the DefenseProduction Administration, which conductedmeetings to hear appeals submitted by theclaimant agencies and industry dlvlsions andto make necessary adjustments when advisableto the recommended programs. The programsand appeals were then submitted to the RequirementsCommittee of the DPA. At ameeting in which all claimants were represented,the Requirements Committee, DPA, sftirmedor denied the appeals and announced the ha1program determinations for the quarter.In all of the conferences and meetings withclaimants conducted by the DPA-NPA RequirementiCommittees, the Program AdjustmentCommittee, and the Requirements Committeeof DPA, either the Directors of the threeNPA Controlled Materials Divisions (steel,copper, and aluminum) or their representativesserved in a technical staff capacity to the Chairmanof the Requirements Cornnuttee, DPA, ondeterminations as to product feasibility withrespect to such controlled materials.PRICE CONTROLSWorld War I1On August 12, 1941, Price Schedule 15 issuedby the Office of Price Administration (OPA),provided a price ceiling of 12 cents a pound oncopper, delivered Connecticut Valley. The12-cent ceiling applied to electrolftic-gradecopper in wirebars or ingot bars delvered mcarlots. Lake copper, which had been sold at aslight premium, was placed on the same basisas electrolytic. A top price of 11% cents apound, Connecticut Valley, was set for castingcopper made by fire refining to a standard of99.5 percent pure, including silver as copper.The casting-copper ceiling was revised to 11%cents, f.0.b. refinery, in early September. Premiumsranged from % cent to 2 cents a poundon less than carlots sold by other than refinersor producers.The price order exempted sales of copper tothe Metals Reserve Co. to enable that organizationto purchase high-cost copper at higherthan-ceilingprices. Other provisions referredto other kinds, grades, shapes, or forms, to con-tracts entered into before the order, and toother items.In January 1942, ceiling prices were revisedon less than carlots, effect~ve February 1, to12% cents or electrolytic and Lake copper and12 cents a pound on other fire-refined and castingcopper, f.0.b. shipping points. Premiumswere no longer permitted on castmg copper soldby persons other than a producer or refiner.Effective June 3, 1946, cellmg prices forcopper were increased; the price for electrolyticcopper, delivered Connecticut Valley, wasraised to 14% cents, contingent on completionof certain wage agreements. This resulted in atwo-price condition. Uncertainty attended thealmost month-long interim (July 1-25) in theoperation of OPA. The two prices were e linatedAugust 2 when 14% cents was establishedfor all sales. All price controls for copper wereremoved November 10, 1946.Price Regulation 12, effective July 22, 1941,established maximum prices for brass millscrap. On August 19,1941, ceilings were placedon unalloyed copper scrap. Copper-all0 scrap,except for certain grades of brass mdscrap,was free from formal price ceilmgs until February27, 1942 (Price Regulation 20, CopperScrap and Copper Alloy Scrap). An amendmentto the brass scrap price schedule on April17 encouraged refining of copper from yellowbrass scrap and eliminated the need for sortingthe yellow grades as refinery brass. On May 11copper-base scrap prices were revised downward,and a license was required for dealerssellimg to consumers. On August 17, maximumprices for 13 classifications of copper-allqyscrap were reduced to their proper re!atlonshpto the basic 12-cent price of electrolyt~ copper.On December 31, price ceilimgs were removedfrom copper-base scrap imported for MetalsReserve Co.Establishment of specifications and centsper-poundprices for 16 new grades of copperscrap and copper-alloy scrap, effective March22, 1943, brought under specific prlces theentire field of such material when sold to consumers.Price controls were removed November10, 1946.As early as 1941 the Office of Price Admiqistrationbegan to stud methods for encoufaglngproduction of copper g y marginal mines withoutraising the ceiling price. In late 1941 mangementswere made for Government purchases ofcopper from three Michigan companies at 1 centa pound above out-of-pocket costs.In January 1942 the Metals Reserve Co. wasauthorized to buy copper produced at otherdomestic mines and fulfilling certain requirementsat 17 cents a pound, 5 cents above theceiling price. Payments were to be made onproduction from February 1, 1942, and were to

332 COPPERextend for 2% years. The payments were to bemade only on production above quotas set bythe War Production Board and the Office ofPrice Administration. The plan was inauguratedto stimulate production from either new orhigh-cost properties, or both. When individualquotas were established the mines falling intoperferred classes were found largely to have zeroquotas, which entitled the total quantitiesproduced to bonuses. Well-established, largeproperties were assigned such high quotas thatthey were entitled to virtually no benefits, andit was necessary, during the year, to revise anumber of quotas. In late 1942 and in early1943 it became desirable to revise downwardmany more quotas to take care of the generallyincreased costs of production. In January 1943the plan was extended to July 31, 1945; laterit was extended, first to the end of June 1946,and then to June 30,1947. On May 1, 1943, itwas announced that a special additional premiumwould be made available to small coppermines that produced less than 2,000 tons ofcopper ip 1942 and required increased revenueto obtain maxunum production. Individualcases were tp he considered separately, and aspecial premlum was to be paid at a rate to befixed for each mme on production in excess of aspecial quota. The Metals Reserve Co. announcedthat royalty payments on productionentitled to premium payments would be paid atceiling prices only unless the lease specificallyinstructed otherwise, as it was not the intent ofthe order to have anyone other than the actualoperator pnrticipate in the plan. Royaltiespaid by domestic mine operators for copper,lead, and zinc ores mined from leased propertieswere frozen by the Office of Price Administrationon April 1, 1943, at rates in effect December31, 1942.The premiums for less-than-carload lots(l.c.1.) sold by producers and refiners wererevised in January 1942, effective February 1.The ceiling prices, i.c.l., were 12% cents perpound on electrolytic and Lake copper and 12cents on other fire-refined and casting copper,f.0.b. shipping points. Premiums were nolonger permitted on casting copper sold bypersons other than a producer or refiner.In November 1943 it was announced that noapplications for special premiums postmarkedafter December 31, 1943, would be accepted.Table 88 shows premium-payment data forFebruary 1942 through June 1947. Ceilingpricerestrictions on copper ended in November1946. Immediately thereafter the price rose toa point where the A bonuses were not applicable;that is, the price was bigher than the 12-centceiling plus a bonus of 5 cents.Korean ConflictThe Defense Production Act of 1950, whichbecame law in September, provided for expansionof copper output at mines then operating oridle or for maintenance of product,ion that mightbe lost without such aid. The properties wereto receive Government loans, Government purchasecontracts, or tax amortization benefits, orcombinations of the three types of assistance(tablo 89). In the years following the outbreakof hostilities in Korea, the DefenseMinerals Administration in the Department ofInterior, and its successor, the Defense MaterialsProcurement Agency, in General ServicesAdministration continued efforts to expandoutput.In the General Ceiling Price Regulation issuedby the Economic Stabilization Agency onJanuary 26, 1951, prices of copper were not toexceed the highest prices received by individualproducers between December 19, 1950, andJanuary 25, 1951, inclusive. Primary producemm general had been selling electrolyticcopper, delivered Connecticut Valley, at 24%cents a pound; this figure became the ceilingprice. There were, however, com anies whoseceiling prlces substantially exceedelthe the 24%-cent price. The quant'ities t.o which higherceilmgs applied were relatively small.In May 1951 an agreement between theUnited States and Chilean Governments providedfor payment of 3 cents a pound more thanthe ceiling price for Chilean copper sold in theUnited States. The agreement provided forexpansion in roduction by Chile and for discontinuanceo P abnormal trade in semiprocessedcopper by Chiie. Chile was not to withholdmore than 20 percent of production of US.companies operating in Chiie. It also providedfor a Chilean embargo on exporting copper tocountries of the Soviet bloc.The Office of Price St,abilization (OPS)announced that, effective July 25, 1951, theceiling price for copper refined in the UnitedStates from imported crude materials would be27% cents a pound, delivered ConnecticutValley. The increased cost of foreign copperwas not to be passed on to customers by thefabricators.In May 1952 Chile abrogated the agreementbecause of its dissatisfaction with the 27X-eentprice. Exports to the United States wereembargoed for a short time; but on Ma 21the Office of Defense Mobilization (06M)authorized importers to pay higher prices forimported cop er and to pass on to consumersP80 percent o costs greater than 27% cents.This was revised in early June to the increaseover 24% cents. Shipments of Chilean copperto the United States were resumed. On June

Production:At celllng price .......................At overceillng prlees:Under premium price plan:A quota only, 17 cents apound .....................Spedal, 17.01-27 cents 8pound. ....................TABLE 88.-Salient statistiC8 cowring bonus payments ' of the Governmenl~ 1942-47I1842, February- 1 1943 1 1944 1 1946 1 1848 11847,J~nuaryJune I 194247December103,088~ets~s Reserve mine oontracts . . . a 3,315Total overceiling production.Totsll produdion C ..........Payments:Under premium prlce plan:SpeelalA quota only ...............................................Sllort tons881,711102,352716106, 383888,094Total$lo,% 82820:623Percent01 total89.2310.a.0710.43. 8410.77lW.WPriceper~ound.cents17. W18.44--Short tons Percent short tons Porceot Short tons Percent Short tons Percent Sllort tons01 total01 total01 totalof total-- -- -- -- ---841,288 77.12 m.791 74.53 561.851 72.57 382.828 85.22 a88.166- -217,38214,m231 38618: 147249,632I,O%l,818Total623 139 4801:735(6:28619.931.2821.21I. 6722.88100.00--Priceperpound.cents17.0023.20194,48826,188220,66126 347245.608889,738Total122 065 1373:460:89820.082.7022.782.7125.47lW.WPriceperpound,cents17. W23.68-IM 230 6183:198:35717.00 '$13 684 180 sl9.5823.98 1 (27d72 Z21.181: 559: 173'a238 -, 148,g3717,78 22,514,086 19.2422.50 ......................'orcent,f tots180.38Pricepound,centsShort tons=10 327 452 17.01 24 873.756 17.38 25,516,035 17.78 23428.975Metals Roserve mlne eontracts ....... :188:117 14.84 3:liYi.lsO 21.61 4,268,562 20.08 l.ll5.93a-----1--Totnl ovarcelling payments .... 10,515,689 16.94 28,362,246 17.68 29,774,597 18 03 25,544,808 18.01 22,514,086 18.24 2,168,837Total U.S. produdion .............. I ....... 12.25 ............. 13.30 ............. 13.54 ............. 13. 85 ............. 16.70 ............-1 From published and unpublished reports of the Ofice of Price Administration and the Omce of 'Total A and Special quotas and prsmium payments for Nommber and December; separation byPremium Pdw Plan for Copper Lead and Zinc. Erolud~s erpioratlon premhms totaling $8 213 545 kinds not available.p d lorJul 1,1M, through ~dosmbdr 31,1947, toen~urageerploratlonanddeve~opmmttfb~per, 4 Treasury Procurement Dlvblonoontraotsin 1942.end and ziho de sits this total m o t be broken down by metals.Vrom monthly reports of Bureau a1 Mines; donot eraotly check Bosl snnual totals for the Unlted*ianuarv-0ot&. i and Bpeclal quotas and premium payments lor Nmember and December States except for 1943.are not separable aod are shown wlth footnote 3.mot reported.179,39822,817202,3081U.075211 381774,232Total23.17 198.219 115312.86 '87.080 914.4626,13 M8,627 34.781.30 ......................27.42 209,527 34.78 41,381100. W 602,356 1W.00 430,647PlicePriceper Total per Totalpound,pound.centscents3,789,623Percentof tot43178.04Pricepound,cents

TABLE 89.-Contractsfor expansion and maintenence of supply of copper under Defense Production Act of 1960Type 01 cootreot or wistanes, name of wntractor, and location of project- -Fi~r pries:Amorloan Smelting & ReRnlng Co.. Silver Bell mine, Pima County, Ariz .........Anaconda Co per Mining Ca.. Yerington, Lym County Nev ................Calulnet & dkola. Consolidated Copper Co.. Oseeoia mhe, Houghton County,Mlch.COP l Cltles Mlning Go., Copper Cities. Gila Cpunty, Arb .....................PI^& ~odge corp. ~ i s ~ast h ore body COC~LW county Adz ................whits pins copper ko. White pine mine 'ontons on cod ~loh .Cam mll~hibaugamai~ines, Ltd., ~ e~ill~slan~, Dorc L&, Q ~ ~ can&. B Gan Rlanuei COP r tor pin81 county, Ariz ...................................Bagdarl Coppel Em., & ha1 county, Ad%.& ...................................Subsidy: 0Banner Mining Go. Mlw's Chest mine Hidalgo County. N. Me. ...............Calumet & Heola ~bnsolldated Copper 60.. threemloealn Houghtonsnd KenawCountlea, Mleh.7 ............................................................Copper Range 00.. Champion No. 4 %st ore body, Houghton County, Mioh .....Howo Sound Co. Holden mine Chela" County Wash ...........................sam ~niaht MI& ~eaaa. ~ni, Christmas mide. OII~ county Ark ...........Natlonsl Lead Co. a Marlison County, Ma ......................................................Falconbridge ~ickbl Mines, Ltd.. McKim and Hsrdy mines. Ontario, Cansda It.. 25, m,mMlaml Co per Co. Miami rnlne Olia CountJ AT!. .............................. ..............llsnner ~ Fnin~ co:, ~ l dand ~ ~l~~~ ~ '~olght ~ mmes. ~ Flma county. l A~IX ..............Copper Creak Cons. MLning Do., Old Reliable mine Final County Ark .......................Internations1 Niokel Co, of Canada. Ltd.. Sudhury histriot, ontarib, Canada a. ..............Fslwnbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd., Ontario, Csnada 18 ...........................................Adsanwrepa ment:North AU&~ ~inlng CO. Granite Mountain mine Silver Bow County Mmt ....Bsnnor Mining Co., ~ dsral ~liland plumed Knight mines, Fims cohty, AI~Z.Quantities involved(Pounds)--~otei197 OM OM3&4:m:mlC%,MO,m182,600.OM303 ma ow5m:0~:m61 200 OM730:cm:m216,OM,0(a5,403,m14.180,OM8 372.m8:W.m2.aw.mYUOCB Mining & ~f!i~ng CO., no., Antler mine, ~ohave ~ouniy, Adz .......... 5, 205,mMainten~nes of prcduot~on:Copper Range Do., Ohamplon mine, IIoughton County, Mioh ..................................Rl~iBra Mlnes Co. Christmas mine, Gilh County. Aris .........................................Howe Sound Ca.. holden mine, Chelan County. Wash .........................................App~lachian Sulphidw, Inc., Orange County, Vemmt .........................................Purchsse:5.250,OM..............ContlogsntpurchesewmmitmeritsI177,m,mZSG,m,mloe,OM,OM7,ZW.m)25,m, OM120,m,m12,880.m6,503, m103.OM.OM32,OM.OM..............12,880.mEUeotlve dateof wntraotNav. 28,1851..Nov. 10.1851..July 18,1952..Dec. 1 1966'0..Peb. i4.1952..Feb. 13.1961..May 28.1961..June i7.lQ61..May 28.185a..Mar. 27.1861..Sept. 19.1851..May 28,1961..Date pmductton startedNot later than Nov. 28,1961.Notlater than Dec. 8.1861.JULY 1, 198 ..................Apr. 1, 198 ................Ju y 1, 1854 .........Apr. 1.1861 .................Jan. 1,1852 ..................NotlaterthanJuneSO. 1855 1'Dm 31, 1954 .................Approximate term01 contract7% years ..........8 yean ...........lo years ...........8% years ..........8 years ............9% years ..........4% years ..........6 yoars ............10 years ...........8%% yean ........Msy 1, 1954 ................. 3 years ............3 years ............June 1,1963 ................. 5 years. 7 months..De& 31, 1961 ................ 3 yam ............Dec. 1951 .................... 21 months .........May 1,1854 ................. 3 years ............Commitmentpumhoh~s~ prim(per wund)W.246or mnrkat.80.255 or market.'.0.2525.18170,m.OM Sspt. 24,1851..O.W.3zzs m cm .:.do ......... Not later than sept. 24 1955.o.zm.9487:~0:0N ~eb. 26.1962.. ~ olater t than ~eb. l~: 1855.0.~6.rr63 2UJ OM June 10.1862.. Not later than Dec. 10, 1854.0.U6.r4 w5:m:m Aog. a, 1852.. Not later than Felr. 28, 1857. 10 years ........... 0.24.1216.W, OM Oot. 16,1862.. Oot. 16, 1962 ...................... do ............. 0.215.'.............. Mar. 3,1952.. Deo. 1, 1851.; ............... 2 years ............ None.8.............. Jan. 8.1852.. .... do .12-17 months ...... Do.:.............. Mar. 13.1852.. Jan. I. 1852 .................. 2 ysan ............ Do.*.............. June 12,1852.. Fsb. I, 1852 ................. 1 year ............. Do.'.............. ~ a r 14,1862.. . ~eo. I, 1961 ................. 2 ysers ............ DO.*.............. Apr. 10.1952.. ..... do ...................... 3 yean ............ Do..7 886 OM Aug. 12 1863.. July 1 1963 .................. 2 years.0.32.3:OM:DYJ sept. 29:1961.. ~ olaiar t than Oot. 15, 1963. 2g years. :0.32.18,7m,m Nov. 3.188.. sept. 1, 10: .......:.:. :I 2% years .......... 0.316.a 4,MO,MO Mar. 18,1854..1 y e .......... 0.3108.0.38.0.19 or market.$0.273L3m0.31..0.28.0.27..0.275-0.a.6;:08@

Type ol eantraot or wlstanee, name of mntraotor and looatlon of pmleotDate loanoertincate ofLoan:WhitB Pine Copper Co., White Pins mine. Ontonason County, Mich ................................................................................................Ban Manuel Co per 00.. Plnal County Arlz ............................................................................................................................yucca ~ inln &MIII~~~ co.. Antler mhe, Mohase county. A~IE .......................................................................................................Cam hell ~hBboueamau Mines, Ltd.. MerrillIslsnd Dors Lake, Quebeo, Canada ......................................................................................~hoB&ie bongo Border Power. Itd.. Northern ~ho6esia ................................................................................................................Ameri~~n Rmolting & ReRnlng Do., Silver Bell mine, Plms County, Arir ................................................................................................Anaoonda Cop r Mining Co.. Yerington mlne, Lyon County. Nev .....................................................................................................~ h s mdge ~ w &P.. ~lsbee, sat are body, cochire county, Ark ......................................................................................................~ h ~ pine t e cop r co .white pine mine, Ontonagon county, ~ ioh ...................................................................................................C. I,. ~aguim Elda bopper, Ysvapal County, A ~ ...................................................................................................................EKenneoott Co 'per CorDee ~ut! mlne. #&a Pine County, Nev ..........................................................................................................................utal mh, Salt Lake county. ~ tsh .................................................................................................................................Do ...............................................................................................................................................................Do ...............................................................................................................................................................DO. ..............................................................................................................................................................S~BTIB Copper Co. C~l~vera. County, 08111 ..............................................................................................................................Allied Chemirsl & D e Co are n Oountg, Va .......................................................................................................................an lnanm~ copper go., ~ k ~ ~ri, ............................................................................................................................~ ~ t ~ ,Ansa~nda Coppr Mlnlng Co. Greater Buttepmlect, Sllwr Bow County. Mont ........................................................................................~asdsd cop r carp ~avaph count ~a~anner CO.. gima county, AZ. ..... ~I::::::II~I~IIIII~IlII~II1I~~II:I1l:I:I:l::::::::::::III~IIII~I:I:I:::I::~::LI:I:I:I~I~IIII~~IIIIIII~IIII:Co per Oreek Consolidated MLning Co.. PLnal County, Arl~ ............................................................................................................u.!. Metals Rennin Co Certemt, NJ .................................................................................................................................Pima ~ining CO. ~fmmabounty, A*' ...................................................................................................................................Inspiratlon consoiidate~ copper CO., ails county. ~ rir ................................................................................................................The Anwnda Com an Oreater Butte, Mmt .........................................................................................................................~nspimtion conso~~aBtBgbopw ~o., ~nBpkat~on, A~I* .................................................................................................................Tax amortbatlan: ItB7.lP5.MO Nos. 16,1861M.m, m July 1% 1862w ~m oct. 3n isaa6 wdmo May id l8M2a:4~:m June l~,iga11.~6,aX)24.m m12 ai mIO:PIZ'~7dm03 9aq m3:m. m1 374 m1:848:m070 m2 7 : ~C41 (XXJ04 ~1.m3:838:~011, la4.mrso m246'000dmJan. 4,1852Oct. 16 isdlJUI~ 6 1861NOV. 18 18.61Juoe 1.6~1861A r. a 1861day ZO:I~SZJuly 31 1862July 8:1951Aug. 3 1861OCt. 8:1861Feb. 7 1852Deo. 19'1862May 21:1862JUIY la maapr. 28'19M 3Avr. 21'19carune

336 COPPER24, OPS exempted from price control in Amendment21 to GOR-9 imported relined copperand copper refined from imported copperbearingmaterials and scrap purchased afterJune 16. Amendment 23 extended the exemptionto such copper imported between May 8 andJune 16. Amendments were issued to ordersfor wire mills and brass mills, effective July 1,to reflect increases permitted by the ODMdirective. Ceilings were revised from timeto time, based partly on the proportion offoreign to domestic copper available.To make as equitable a distribution aspossible of the different-priced supplies, NPAallocated copper to all consumers on the basisof estimated supply-60 percent domestic and40 percent foreign. Prices of products werebased on this asssumed distribution until theend of 1952.Ceiling prices on brass and bronze ingotswere established on February 27, 1952, byOPS order CPR-127, effective March 3. Theregulation gave specific ceiling prices for carlotsof all the listed alloys of brass and bronzeingot normally produced, and made provisionfor transportation costs and shipments ofless-than-carload lots. Under the General CeilingPrice Regulation (GCPR) there werediverse selling prices for these products.Effective March 12, Amendment 2 to orderCPR-46 established ceilings on dealer-todealersales that were identical to those previouslyprovided for other persons. In addition,,payment was permitted of a maximumpremium of 1.75 cents a pound on sales betweendealers.,On June 30 the OPS issued, effective July 1,Amendments 1 to CPR-68 and CPR-110 onbrass mill products and wire mill productsrespectively-establishing higher prices for theseproducts, based on passing on to consumers80 percent of increased costs of imported copperthat were more than 24% cents a pound.The increases usually amounted to 3.84 centsa pound for brass-mill products, and allowingfor scrap loss and insulation, 3.25 cents forweatherproof wire.On August 14, Amendment 7 to CPR-60permitted copper and copper-alloy castingsproducers to pass on increased costs from useof foreign copper.Special Regulation 125 to GCPR, effectiveNovember 24, permitted producers of productsin which primary copper was used, andwhose ceiling prices were established underGCPR, to adjust their ceiling prices for theseproducts to reflect the increased cost of foreigncopper.On February 13, 1953, OPS removed pricecontrols on nonferrous scrap, and on February25 controls were abandoned on primary copperand copper products.STOCKPILINGStrategic Materials Act of 1939The Strategic Materials Act of June 7, 1939(Public Law 117), provided the first authorityfor Government stockpiling. In this act theCongress authorized expenditure of $100 millionto purchage, move, and store stocks of strategicand critical materials, ,and an immediateappropriation of $10 dion was made forthat pnroose. Additional appropriations of$12.5 million and $47.5 million were made inMarch and June 1940, respectively, bringingthe total availsble for stockpiling to $70million. The terms of the act required advertisedbidding, prohibited negotiations, andallowed as much as a year for production anddelivery.Reconstruction Finance CorporationAct of 1933, AmendedThe urgency of the international situationdemanded faster action than that availableunder the Strategic Materials Act, and onJune 25. 1940. the Reconstruction Finance~or~oraiion Act of I%

STRATEGIC FACTORS 337adverse effect on the industry. The SurplusProperty Act was passed, effective October 3,1944, to prevent excess materials from reachingmarkets. The act provided that all Government-ownedaccumulations of certain strategicminerals and metals (including scrap), whendetermined to be surplus, should be added to thepermanent stockpile authorized by the StrategicMaterials Act of 1939. This action wouldprevent flooding the postwar markets withGovernment inventori&. In effect, it froze theentire Government stocks of copper that wouldbe on hand at the end of the war.A postwar surplus of copper did not develop.Domestic production was far short of expectationsas the result of a difficult labor situation.With the postwar increase in demand, theGovernment stocks prevented a serious coppershortage. Most of the Office of Metals Reserve(formerly Metals Reserve Co.) stock of copperwas released to industry, and the balance wastransferred to the Strategic Stockpile.Strategic and Critical Materials StockpilingAct of 1946Congress enacted the Strategic and CriticalMaterials Stockpiling Act of 1946 (Public Law76-117, 1939; PublicLaw 79-520, July 23, 1946,Rev.) in order to provide for acquisition andreknlion of stocks of strategic and criticalmaterials and to encoursge conservation anddevelopment of sources of these materials withinthe United States; thereby decreasing andpreventing whenever possible a dangerous andcostly dependence of the United States uponforeign nations for supplies of these materials intimes of national emergency. The passage ofthis act reaffirmed the will of the Governmentto pursue a stockpiling program on a scaleadequate for national defense.Administration of Stockpile Act.-The Act of1946 placed responsibility on the Secretaries ofWar, Navy, and Interior for determining whatmaterials and what quantities of each should bestockpiled. Stockpiling functions assigned tothe Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and AirForce were delegated December 19, 1947, withconcurrence of the Secretary of Defense, to theMunitions Board. To facilitate maintenance ofa proper relationship between the nationaleconomic and military interest, the MunitionsBoard constantly advised the National SecurityResources Board of stockpiling plans and operations.(Under the National Security Act,approved August 5, 1947, the Munitions Boardwas instructedSechion 213-3-(8) "To maintainliaison with other departments andagencies for the proper correlation of militaryrequirements with the civilian economy, particularlyin regard to the procurement ordisposition of strategic and critical material,and to make recommendations as to policies inconnection therewith.") Purchasing, storage,and rotation, directed by the Munitions Board,were functions of the Bureau of Federal Supplyof the Treasury Department.The Federal Property and AdministrativeServices Act of 1949, as amended, transferred tothe General Services Administration the functionsof the Bureau of Federal Supply of theDepartment of the Treasury, including itsfunctions, under the Strategic and CriticalMaterials Stockpiling Act. The EmergencyService was established by the Administrator ofGSA on September 1, 1950, to administer thesestockpiling functions. This organization wasrenamed the Defense Materials Service onSeptember 7, 1956.Reoreanization Plan Number 3 of 1953reorga$zed, among other things, variousactivities relating to stockpiling strategic andcritical materials. Subsection 2(b) of the Plantransferred to the Director, Office of DefenseMobilization, all functions under the StockpilingAct vested in the Secretaries of theArmy, Navy, Air Force, and Int,erior or inany of them or in any combination of them,including the functions which were assignedto the Army and Navy Munitions Board, butexcluding the functions vested in the Secretaryof the Interior by Section 7 of the said actwith respect to investigations of domestic oresand minerals. In July 1958, all functionsunder the Strategic and Critical MaterialsStockpiling Act, as amended, were redelegatedby Executive Order to the Office of Civil andDefense Mobilization in the Executive Officeof the President pursuant to ReorganizationPlan 1 of 1958. Another reorganization in1961 placed the administration of all stockpilingunder t,he Office of Emergency Planning in theExecutive Office of the President.Other Government Stockpiles.-Three otherGovernment stockpiles or inventories, in additionto the strategc or national stockpilewere authorized by specific legislation. TheDefense Production Act of 1950 authorized theGovernment to encourage expansion of productivecapacity and supply by purchasingmaterials for Government use or resale. Thereserve thus accumulated is referred to asthe DPA inventory or stockpile. The supplemendstockpile was authorized by the AgriculturalTrade Development and AssistanceAct of 1954 (Public Law 83480, 1954), andmaterials acquired by the Department ofAgriculture in exchange for surplus agriculturalcommodities that deteriorate and are costlyto store are placed in this inventory. Some ofthe materials are being held against strategicstockpile objectives, but most of the material

338 COPPERis additional to the strategic stockpile. Thenthere is the CCC (Commodity Credit Corporation)inventory acquired by the Department ofAgriculture by barter of surplus agriculturalcommodities under several statutes. If thereis no other Government use for the materials,they are required by law to be transferred tothe supplemental stockpile.Copper Stockpile.-The projected accumulationof a strategic stockpile of copper under theStrategic and Critical Materials StockpilingAct made little progress from approval of theAct July 23, 1946, through June 30, 1948,because of a provision that industrial reconversionmust not be retarded by diversion ofsupplies to the stockpile. The objective, estahlishedat 1,250,000 tons of copper, was scheduledfor completion by June 30, 1951, but at mid-1948, the inventory amounted to only 6,300tons, most had been obtained from postwarsurplus transfers (5,200 tons). However, inthe next three years almost 600,000 tons ofcopper was acquired. The objective was raisedto 2.1 million tons in 1950, then lowered to 1.1million in 1952.In 1954, ODM rulings called for the establishmentof two types of objectives: (1) Basicobjectives, which assume partial dependenceduring an emergency on imports from areasbeyond North America; and (b) maximumobjectives, which provide a higher degree ofsecurity by completely discounting emergencysupply from distant overseas sources. (Between1954 and 1958 there were two objectivesfor metals and minerals; before 1954 there wasonly one objective for each material.) Thebasic objective for copper was raised to 1.6million tons in 1954, and the maximum objectivewas set at 3.5 million tons. These goalswere maintained through 1957. The basic andmaximum objectives were reduced tentativelyto 860,000 tons and 1,900,000 tons, respectively,in 1958 and to zero tons and 1 million tons in1959, where they remained through 1961.The strategic stockpile had accumulatedmore than 855,000 tons by the end of 1954,andin that year about 4,300 tons was purchasedwith Defense Production Act funds. Somecopper was procured through barter by theCommodity Credit Corporation from 1957through 1961, and acquisitions for the supplementalstockpile were made from 1959 through1961. The status of the Government stocksof copper as of December 31, 1961, was asfollows:Basic objective .............Maximum objective .........National stockpile. - - - - --.- -DPAinventory .............CCC and supplemental stockpile.....................Total ................Acquisition cost-- .--- -----.Market value (Dec. 31, 1961).Excess over maximum objective.....................Value (Dec. 31, 1961) .......Included in Government stocks,were 21,066tons of oxygen-free, high-condu~t~vity copperin the nationul and 5,199 tons in the supplementalstockpiles.PREPAREDNESS PROGRAMSWhen the Korean conflict ended, the needwas recognized for improving OF preparednessposition as to industrial mob~lization to meetany future emergency. Renewal of the DefenseProduction Act m 1953 reflected the concern ofboth the Congress and the executive branch ofthe Government for achieving a continuingstate of readiness for effective mobiiatlon,resulting from the unsettled world situation.The Office of Emergency Planning in theExecutive O5ce of the President recommendsExecutive Orders designed to develop defensemobilization~lans and Droerams bv severaldepartrnrnt~ knd sgencik i f the "executivebranch of lhe Gu\-ernlnent to meet all conditionsof national emergency, including attack on theUnited States.The Office of Minerals Mobilization, undersupervision of the Assistant Secretary of theInterior-Mineral Resources, carries out functionsauthorized bv the Defense Product~onAct, as amended, a d delegated to the Secretaryof the Interior by Executive Order and by ordersof the O5ce of Emergency, Planning withrespect to strategic and crltical metals andminerals. The Office is concerned with theadequacy of the supplies of certain metals andminerals and facilities to fulfill both civilianand milit,wy requirements under partial andfull mobilization.

GTRATLTEGIC FACTORS 339The Business and Defense Services Adminiistration(BDSA) in theDepartmentof Commercecarries out the industrial defense mobilizationresponsibilities of the Departmentunder plannin% t e general guidance of the O5ce ofEmergency Planning. The major mobilizationplannmg programs include developing and administeringsystems for scheduling and cpntrollingproduction and distribution of materialsand products during an emergency. Such asystem has been developed by BDSA and isknown as the Defense Materials S stem (DMS),which is basically similar to t 1 e ControlledMaterials Plan administered during both WorldWar I1 and the Korean conflict.The Defense Materials System (DMS) is abody of Government regulations, orders, andprocedures issued under the authority of theDefense Production Act. The priorities providedunder DMS were being used in 1962despite a relatively easy supply situation withrespect to most materials and products neededin defense programs. Examples of such programsare: Missiles systems, space programs,atomic energy developments, and equipmentneeded to mamtain the combat readiness of themilitary forces. Operation of DMS results inmaintenance of an administrative means ofpromptly mobilizing the total economc resourcesof the United States in the event of war.The Defense Materials Service in GeneralServices Administration is responsible for acuisitionof strategic and critical materials fort 5 e national stockpile, for expansion and ormaintenance of production of industrial rawmaterials including domestic purchase programs,and for the qualitative maintenance andmanagement of strategic and critical materialsin the national stockpile and the other Governmentinventories of industrial raw materials.SELF SUFFICIENCYBefore 1940 the United States was a netexporter of copper. Since that time, becauseof World War I1 and postwar demands, a substantialportion of the copper supply of theNation has been imported except for the yeys1958, 1960, and 1961. The largest quantitieswere imported durin World War 11, the peakyear bemg 1945 w % en net imports reached721,000 tons (table 90). From 1946 through1956 copper in unmanufactured forms receivedfrom foreign sources ranged from200,000 to 500,000 tons per year. In 1957 and1958, demand and imports decreased. A rolonged strike in 1959 caused a substantial 7 oss -of domestic production and created the needfor a larger quantity of net imports. In 1960imports and exports were almost equal, and in1961 the United States again became a netexporter.For the short term, the U.S. position withrespect to an adequate supply of copper issatisfactory. This outlook is supported by anestimated annual mine production capacity of 1.5million tons of copper, an annual availabilityfrom secondary sources (old scrap only) of450,000 tons, and a reserve of 1,142,000 tonsof copper in the national stockpile. Furthermore,expansion of copper production inCanada, Chile, and Peru provide sample sourcesof imports in the Western Hemisphere.TABLE 90.-Import and erport balance, 19.9941,short tonsImports ofunmanufacturedcopperExports ofmetalliccopper427,517427,650158,893210,518294,459237,515132,54597,475196,999207,022195,990192,339166,274212,390171,393312, 433259, 942280, 575430, 446428, 015196, 012512,332498, 198Net imports(+)or exports(-)Sourm: Sllllent Shtlsticr Tables, Mlnerals Yparbaoks, Bureau ofMlnes.

Bureauof D~mobiliratio~r, Civilian Production Administration.Industrial hlohilization Fur War. Histor"ul the \Var Pruductior~ Board and Prcderr~surCOPPERBIBLIOGRAPHYStudy No. 29,'Civilian Production ~drnidistrition,Bureau of Demobilization, April 26, 1947, 196 pp.Lasky, S. G. Economics, Foreign Pressures, Deletd Mine+Determine Mineral Self-Sufficiency.ki8 Eng., v. 13, No. 8, August 1961, pp. 971-973.Morgan, John Davis, Jr. The Domestic MiningIndustry of the United States in World War 11.National Security Resources Board. 1949. 500 DP. . Morgan, John d., Jr. U.S. Stritedc' MaterialsStockpiles and National Securit Min. Eng., v. 12,No. 8. , Aueust - 1960. . DD. .. 92&9&.National Production Authority, US. Department ofCommerce. Copper, History of the Copper Di-1962.U.S. Office of the Federal Register, National Archivesand Records Service, General Servicea Administration.United States Government Organization Manual,196142, 821 pp.US. 00VEWIhEHT IRIKTIHO WFICE:IPB5-73f741)

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