Vol. 16â1962 - NorthEastern Weed Science Society
Vol. 16â1962 - NorthEastern Weed Science Society
Vol. 16â1962 - NorthEastern Weed Science Society
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PRESENTANDFUTtJU OF AQUATIC'. WIlD· CONTROL<br />
. 1<br />
F. L. TiDlllons<br />
1<br />
The iapottanc.Jof aquatic aud aarginal weeds ead their control i. dosely<br />
related to' theii.portance and value of water. Wae.r i. now or is rapidly<br />
HCOllling the IIOst precious and limiting resource ift'lIOst parts of our country.<br />
Deficiencies in quantity or quality of available wetaT limit agriculture,<br />
in~strial and ut~an 'development, navigation,:or r.ecreetion in msny are •••<br />
Therefore, it is not surprising that aquatic and"l'ginal weeds that waste<br />
water, X\8duce Wlter quality, :tnterferewith aconCllllic u'es of water, and<br />
prevent ite free and timely flow through waterways8hould cause general "<br />
puDlicconcern.<br />
'<br />
Aquatic weeds may be grouped into the following types: filamentous algae,<br />
nonf:tlamentousalgae, floating, rooted submersed, rooted emersed, and marginal<br />
weeds. Tbese,.types of weeds cause losses or create public nuisances 'in<br />
aquatic areaainaany ways. They may reduce the flow in canals and streams,<br />
and interfere with navigation, delivery of irrigation water or drainage of<br />
excess water and may cause flooding. breakage ,of canal' 'banks, 'or damage to<br />
bridps and.,,other structures and. _y resul't in salt""wat:er 'intrusion in lowlying<br />
coastal. areas during drought periods. Algae and ,other aquatic wee4.<br />
may affect the health and comfort of people and lh.stock by' causing unde'"<br />
sirable odor .. or, tastes in potable water, harborin's'insect pests and vectots<br />
of human di .. aae., and interfering with proper .ewe~ disposal and stre .. '<br />
sanitation. Many forms of aquatic vegetation are nuisances in fishing and<br />
bathing areas and in wildlife habitats. Emersed aquatic weeds such as cattaUs<br />
2<br />
wera infested with alluatic .. adticaDd, 395,020 .cree.to. infestad with b.nk<br />
weeds. Total estilllated losses of water caused by ... ds in 1957 was<br />
1,966,068 acre-f.at. This watar'.a. v.1u.d .t $3,626,742 at tha farmer'.<br />
h.adgat •• nd h.d .n estimat.d nat productive v.1ue of $39,321,360. The coat<br />
of oth.r d..... ,jb' the we.d .... $2.112,422.; Til. ',&Iotabco.t of we.dcODtro1<br />
on irr1aaUoD s,st .. in the 17 West.mStat .. 1* 1957 •• s'$8;113;297. '0ftf.s·<br />
cost &dduto"th.lo .... ·fr,omweed. brought tha 'total.'&1UIO&1co.tof .... _<br />
we.tern.lrrLgat1onaod drdn ... a,.t:em. tonead, $JO .Ulloo. Incf:deItli.U}';<br />
the •• tilllated lo .... pr.ventecl by.the .xpenditure " .• ,,113,297 for: '*IIJ.iIW'<br />
·.ndb.nk weed coat.-oJi J.n US7 '.8$15,860.026, .neo'· ... in' of $7,746,7·2";:<br />
This was a. 'U!e~l. ~.l',r:.tlII'a Oft the Natiaa ' •. i,llW8tl1ent 1a r .... n:h,<br />
extansion, .~ .~thereffOL"t. c!u.eted toward the d~Opment and u••. ot<br />
improved method. of controlling wad. in the irrigation and draina ... y.~'<br />
of tha West.<br />
No equall,'~ahen.lv.and, ~liabla data .r&·,available on tha extent'of<br />
aquatic,an4, INrg1nal .. ed probl ••• , tha 10.. es c.u'" by t~,. anel the ~t<br />
· and C08ta of.con~ol 1n oth.r parte,of·the United 8.tate8. However, 11'.......<br />
tary ,infonllU;1on,1nc1ll:&ce. that' "u-.1:ic wed probl __ ,ai:'eju.t a. critiCal '£11<br />
other ~rt. of·thecountrya •. ill ,tll1eWe.t. It was .. twated ' in' 1947 (5)" tllat<br />
tbeZ'. Tiler. SOO.OOQacreS of LouiaJ1ana w.terway .. anclwat1and. iftfe.tecl wi.'<br />
wat.~hyac1nth .~alU.a.torweed. P1gure. suppLi.d, bptbe U. S. Arw,y,c.,..of<br />
Engineer. (3)sh9W. that over, $511l1111/.onwas 'pa1lt.eeau-oll1ng waterhyaciath.<br />
in.Louisiana, Pl~jda, .and Al.~.•~et1Men 1905 .lId ,11155.' The inh.tat1Gif'ln<br />
·Louisi-. ba.be., I'educed aboutJJ.O''P'rcent to 2S0.GOOaere. eccording ItO' C<br />
reCeDt .atilllltea." ,<br />
. ;,-'<br />
The Central and Swthern 110dela Flood Ccm-Crol;Diatr ict ba. a De tWork~<br />
of SOOlll118. of ~ulec.n.h f. 1Ib1chthe 8II"u..i.l~cb.it...of aqu.Uc .e.clt<br />
control exc.ede "50.000. In .del1U.on, about' $30,000" 11. .,.Rt ennually fOlt'<br />
aquatic weed control 1n the ... 11er irrigation and drainage ditche •• ervina<br />
15,570 .quarelllUuof agricultutal land in soutb ..... n:noru.. c<br />
~ .'I<br />
One way to e.tilDat. the potedia1 .qu.t1c'wead.~ 'prob1a.in tbaUnited'"<br />
State. i. to det.rmine the extent of different aquatic area. in which weed<br />
problems could o~ur. PerUnen~.:'d.~ onth.t qu•• t~~tm·fr.tl!e 1949 or 1954<br />
Agricultural Censu•• nd the 1961 Statistical A~str.ct of the United State.<br />
are suauriled lll'table 1. .,.<br />
. . j"""" . " ".: ., ~<br />
In an attelllPt to obtaill ufo_tion on the axteatof ,,,.ed prob1ema.iD<br />
th .. e aquatic. ~as .nc! on the •• teat of control PIl0p'aliI.; _ thode ,uMd ,',.ef<br />
co.tI of· cOllt1lo1.a questionnaiJ:e'!tlype, surv.y ".s iaittated in Septellbe~ "lM1.<br />
Queat1onnaire. on,the prob1-eIll,in .•Iam pond., drU"",,41tcb!lls. and 1rdallltl.OD<br />
c.n.1e weI'. sent to all SO State Agricultural Expert.ent Station. and<br />
que.t1onnair .. on ,inland uturaJ,,·lia .... nd wat.ervay."uelar,tiflcial illpoad<br />
.. nte stoehed. witb' fish were ·se.'·,tO,J'f:.h.nd a-·rcc-l.a1on. or<br />
Con.aryat1on DePM'_ftte In all 54' atate.. . "';<br />
i -;<br />
aepl tes rece1vecl frOll 38SUta Ixper1ment Statf:Ont .nd 31· PUh and 0<br />
C~.s1on. iDcllca,ta that vel'" Uttl. definite inf .... Uan laav.Uabl. oai<br />
aquatic area. in central and .astern region. of a type that wa. obt.ln~ct~~...<br />
irrigation and drainage sy.te •• in tha West. However, the 13 complete .nd<br />
.,.,"_A__'_" ....4l._ IP "_-* ,,0 .......... _ ... _A ..... _ ,'Ill ~_.t.a!lll. .. _ -A
Complete reports from 12 Nor~heastern, Northcentral, and Southern State<br />
Fish and Came'COIIIIDissionsindicate that the diffe""t ,.types of Ilquatic~eds<br />
cons,titute pro!>1emsmUchmore'freCfUehtly:Lnmar".' and artif1c~al f.mpoqnd<br />
_ft .... ""Aft fn nAf"ur .. l1 ..Iu!A and Itt!'eams. This i. ".... ciallytrue ofroo,ted<br />
13 iftcomplete"rtports from Pish 'and Game Commi"iGlt.;providevaluab1e ilnfcmution.<br />
"Host of ttielnformatlcm:'OiI P8'l'centagesofqGal:tc areasoccupted 'by<br />
prOblem'wee4s"were based on 'eltt_tea by aquaUe fllNd ':apedalisu and ,Call be<br />
con!,ideredtbe iDost ~eli.ble l"afcmut:loil' 'neWava1:til1Jle ~ Only a very fev 'of,<br />
thl!l ilpecidist:i .ttemptl!ld to •• t:Uiite,tlfelllOnet.rt
....<br />
4<br />
,typeil! .oLaecl •• vec",e ·10.4 •.,8«lf·!a~f"l\d!3,,3f(11j1ll• ..,c;ti,,8,J.y. An.JlNln~~d .';<br />
arti,llicial .1IDpou .... ntl•• -natu; ..l,~..... ~ ~t~.~dlrt~"S .~£qrs~ll .~"e~llOj:<br />
.resion •• : the biPe.'pel'ceDt ...... .J# 1I1f"_'~19lbb}l\o&~AA ~ "q.f ".,q"".t~ r'Je~~<br />
in 'anYJ:es_ ar.; ... foU .... ;· ,t:11.. ~~•• ,~~ ~I~i ;non~U,"tOIJ'I·")l Me;<br />
all4e -24,root:e4,.u_neclH·'-4.4 ..~~crtecl,.... ~~&d,,"J ~. ;;J.,Qatb\8,~ ,H,~~~,:;<br />
woody plants· 16. Algae and rooted submersed we.d. were li'.. ~~r!=etL'~',Iffi.~""<br />
much more frequently in natural lakes and streams 1n the northcentral resion<br />
than in other 1:.. f,QRS,. C')'" J ,; ",.,/ cL:!!'I" n.; "-""'C' ., ,c' "·'-.f 9I";',.T<br />
The BillJle complete report frOlll the western resion was not consider.d<br />
repr!~e~~at~~ ye.of~~tlia t:r.8~Qil"c -T"~;.!:~.9.·-~Qiijit ,~;~l'n-e--lllarute-ct-m-..,t"'be-<br />
reportfX:~ ~1~~ Wh!.~~.~atcs~ there are no ~liilr~""~n ~~y. ,~u~m:,J"lJ1<br />
situat.i~.•. t.'ttir., ,~~.r.l ~.p..Pi. r.e.I?'tlY'Al. a' ..k.lit.Wi.tli.('it~ pr._. ~~ ..l.ake .: ,. ai¥L ..~r"., ~u<br />
abun~~nt fiahiltd glllll8, ailar-few people, 1a'comp~~k':r~itn your own Nort a.t<br />
about 200 yeari--ago;' . Probably; --WbeIfiill'ihfoliiii'ttiRr'"fir'obI thl!--qunrtomiatte<br />
.urveyin,.!~.~~a. been.o,.UlIIlItIlrized, cb,e,q~, and iq~er:eted, a final report<br />
will be published similar to the joinE'riport publmt1S'on the survey of weed<br />
10ss8s, coU,~ and bene{it. of weed cOl1~rol in we~~r.rl1rrigation.q~ :d,oi,"<br />
drainage systems in 1957. ' .' ., , J,,,. ",<br />
,~'·'~i.: '. . t~ 't:):". -!~~d.!' u.ed ,for r~. _qPAUC,~e~., f'r~". r<br />
irr,1gatlott ditebe.by 1940· (lh, .W4&J:ll ~t-J.ll,,~~yWr., ,~, lIl~u:p~Il.~C;a.l, ~'t1UHItj<br />
for aquatic weed control to a much greater extent tb-an we ar. Jar ~on.t;!='O~ ;01<br />
land weeds. .. . ",ur _... 0 '.•<br />
e~.;ll.,ae in.~.•ih,, ..s.in,..c.e 1.~.<br />
, '~opper ~l'~~ ~s f1n~ JI~4 'fc~' e~trc;)~;~ :~s ~a'r~Y",a~, l~~4 .6,7),; J<br />
altd'it ls stntt~ ·most widely.1uMd_th04-.
The reawakening in aquatic weed control really' began about 1957. In,',<br />
that year the Agricultural Research: Service increasediis research effort.-on<br />
aquatic weeds from about 3 man-years to 9 full-tim. scientists. A contract<br />
was arranged with Auburn University to conduct primelty !ivaluation of 750<br />
chemical compoundS as aquatic herbicides on represeritatlve submersed aquatic<br />
weeds and to check 100 of the most promising of the .. for toxicity to<br />
representative species of fish. Previously, very fe1fof the many thousands<br />
of chemicals tested for herbicidal activity on land weeds had been tested<br />
for effectiveness on aquatic weeds by the chemicallnc1u1try.<br />
,<br />
In July 1958, Congress authodsed, under Section 104 of Public Law<br />
85-500, the annual expenditure of $1,350,000 by theU;S. Army Corps of<br />
Engineers and eight Atlantic and Gulf Coast States for the control of alIigatorweed<br />
and other obnoxious aqua'tic plat'lt growth8,lln 'Ibecombined interest<br />
of navigation, flood control,drairtage, agriculture'. fll1h and wildlife conservation,<br />
public ,health, and related purpoaeslrtcludi.ng continued research<br />
fordevelopillent of the most effective and economicoontllol measures. T"e<br />
cooperative research program, "Expanded Project., Aquatic Plant Control,"<br />
which was developed as part of tbis total program,:tnvolve's s:tx Federal and<br />
as early as 192~lnW~sccmsf.n(CI). __Iti. stilltbiL_ai: extensively used<br />
herbicide for control of submersed weeds in lakes and ponds in many parts of<br />
the country despite its toxicity to warm blooded animale.<br />
I<br />
During the early 1940's chlorinated benEenes wtreused to some extent<br />
for control of submersed weeds in Ela.tern pOncls and lakes and in western .1.<br />
irrigation canals. Research by Agricultural ResearcH service and Bureau of<br />
Reclamation scientists beginning ,1n 1947 developed.'effective method' of<br />
using xylol-type benzenes, COllllllOftlycalled arOlllat1c' solVents, for contrCiPof<br />
submersed weeds in irrigation canals (2). More than SOO,000 gallons of xYlol<br />
is now used annually for this pUrpose.<br />
The renaissance in general weed control, whlchwes' sparked by the<br />
discovery of the herbicidal properties of 2,4-0 in 1944'and really got uridarway<br />
about 1947, did not have much effect on aquatic weed control or research<br />
until nearly 10 years later. A ·few eXceptions were -'the' research on control<br />
of waterbyacintb with 2,4 ..0 by seYe1:'al Federal and State agenctes beginning<br />
in 1946, the researcb on methode Of controllingweeds'ia western irrigatiOn<br />
systems by the Agricultural Research Service and' Bure'au l of Reclamation .<br />
beginning in 1947, and the research on control of marsh weeds with 2,4-0 by<br />
the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Tennessee Valley Authority beginning<br />
about 1947.<br />
The general lack of interest in aquatic weed e~trol research prior to<br />
1955 is indicated by the fact that less than 2 perce1'lt.f the papers presented<br />
at MOrtheastern, Northcentral, and Southern <strong>Weed</strong>"Control Conference_<br />
each year were on aquatic weeds. Research subcommittee. on aquatic weeds '.<br />
were not established until 4 to 8:years after general r.search committees<br />
were created. It was only in the Western <strong>Weed</strong> Cont'rol ¢onference that an;'<br />
early interest was shown in aquatic weed control research. Beginning in<br />
1950, 5 to 10 percent of the papers and research reportS in that conference<br />
were on aquatic weeds and the Research Section incl\1ded' an aquatic weed<br />
subcommittee from its establishment in 1952.<br />
5
6<br />
"' .. gt StatusofMHtic <strong>Weed</strong> Centro",nd Research<br />
.'.<br />
That brief hhtRry<br />
',';<br />
brillg.g~,o tbepr ... nt WO public lnterest ln<br />
aquat:Lc weed control and rue arch ..... to be at flow t:Lde and to be .urglng<br />
higher. Ona f,ndf,catlon hthe f,ct thae 25 papen' Oft aquatic weed. were pre<br />
•• nte4ae the. We'"SoCgty of _,1c.~ogr.. 10 a.cellber 1961 .s comptNd<br />
wlth 11 ,.pe,.s"la19~. 13 In.195$, and 7 in 1956. Aaotberlndlcat:Lon 1., the<br />
factthat.16$t,f~e~~lc\lltur.1 :.... rf.lllent St.tte. •• ubmltt.d propo .. la,f.n.<br />
S-ptell1:!er1961 f9f ,ptI;'t1dp.ti~ .1,na reglon.l , .... I'Q!l pzoojecton aquatic<br />
weed reaearcb f~d by Fedeul·,;fUl)d. d•• i.gnat&4 •• the "central Reaeucb<br />
Fund." Four of tbe .. proposals by tbe Al.b .... c.Ufor:nla •. NewYork. and<br />
Nortb Carolina State Experiment Stat:Lons weI" appzooved and funded. Prevloualy<br />
•. only ~ Al.b .... K1.1S~,·.nd Orellon Stolte hperf.lllent St.ti ••<br />
had bten.ctf.'IIe. .,in fuearch·on ,aquaUc wed control.<br />
"'.' . "<br />
The. 38 Se.t,flxper1mentStet~. wblchrepU4.·. to,my q~st1onna1J:'... nt<br />
out in Septelllber 1961zoeported • total r .... rch ..feort on .quatic weed CODtrol<br />
of 10.5 lIIIIl~y.ar... nau&l.J.y•. ~be 31 St.te'"",'" OuIeCoalml.a100e·<br />
reported. total re~ar;ch .ff~t on aquatic weedccnt.t:to1 of 24 _n-y.a:n<br />
amu.1ly.<br />
".,. ~.<br />
The total acreage of aquatic areas treat.d for: control of dlfferent:·<br />
types of .quatic weeds ln 1961 as reported by 10 to 16 State Flsh and a..e<br />
C~1e.ions .in _theutern ,Nor:thcentra1, .nd Sou~rn St.tes were 10,"2<br />
(14) .of f11_Jlteu •• lgae, 33,-808 (10) of otber f_ of algae, 15,373 (16)<br />
ofl'OOted ,sul!meree4weede, 10,5076,(16) of roote4·_ned weeds, and 39.611<br />
(10) of· floa.ting weeds., Wtth the po.e1b1. except¥to of floating weed. dleM<br />
treate4, aX'd. represent only .. U ·fractions of tbe.X'e.s in whlch these<br />
weed. were'X'eporrted to be MdOlol.9robl ....<br />
Re.99Z'ta OIl the .xtentoftr..talent of fant,poadsand drainage ditc:htl'.<br />
for aquaticweedCOlltrol. in ~tIae.. tern. oortQceatoral" and .outhern r'aione<br />
were not suffident in number for.a reliab1 ...... indication. Howewr-,<br />
there appeared to be conslderab1e chemlcal treatment for weed control in<br />
fal'1ll pond. in Nev .Jersey,' Ohio,Soutb Carolina. MWourl, and Teu..Apparently<br />
•. tbe UN of weed..contro1. practices 1n aquade ••• as is not nearly ..• e<br />
extenll-iwin. central., Southen. and Ba.tern Stat •• ; as it is in irrlgatiGn<br />
and drain ... canala oftbe Wee;t. The survey lIleIa~fioMd! earlier (8) .hCMtll.<br />
that 63,448mU ••. of.C/lDala were. tnated for: aqua'tflc weect. and.328.232,,·<br />
acre. of 4itebbAlnk weI'. treated for: weed control 1tI 19,57. These were 54<br />
and 80 percent ,re.,.ct;i vely. of the. total weed-iI1fested areas.<br />
A SU1llll8ry of I'tlp*t. ln ·the questionnaire .urYlY indicates the or., of<br />
preference for chemical and _chanlcal method. of controlllng the different<br />
types of aquatic "..da •• f.OU9WS·,vUh the number:·oI·apeciff.c mentlons' .<br />
shown in parentheees aft;er e~h .. thod:<br />
':!"",:<br />
~ .. copperwlf.te (la).; MdlUD1.r: .. nite,Q) ,carp (2). dlchlOM;(l).<br />
! Rooted 'uWreed:(D094' n. es) -~_ .~te (27), 2,4-Q (24),<br />
. .UYex -(,\2) •• ndotiwll;C .. cbanical ""oct. (2). canale!l!!l<br />
ditsbu) - ·MCh.anl~l. ",thods (7). xylol ;(4), urea (2) ,acro1'1o(2) •<br />
RgoteS !IIIH'!!CI -, 2,4-D (38!).•,;4alapon (22) ..... ~. (16). _chuie.,1<br />
methods (U), 111ve", ,P), 2.4,5-T (5). . :
,10.1ng -2,4.,;iD (19), 2,4~5.T (4), silvex (4).<br />
'Ha ...dnal - 2,4-D (34), dala.pon (26), amltrole' (13), 2,4,5-T (12),<br />
.Uvex (11), mechanical .thads (10), oil (8), bu...ning (6).<br />
7<br />
The Hawaiian Agricultural E~ertment Station ...eported that a herbiv,orous<br />
fi.h, TiLapia1llOa.amblca, has 8ive1'l excellent coril:rol of submened aquatic<br />
weeds in canals,clitc:hes , pond', and ...eservoiri wttbpermanent wete... supplY.<br />
This fish is used fo... food inlia.aii and the Philippines but is not hip~y<br />
rega ...ded as afoocl or gsme fi8h, in South....n Unlted'S~.tes where preU:mi11.ry<br />
tests have shown it to be not_It adapted..' ,<br />
Lack of time prevents lIl1.aylng mot.'8about control methods. I ...e~nd<br />
fw you... readinge recent publicllt10n by T. F. Hall (4) which contains an<br />
excellent discussion of the naeure of aquatic weeclproblems and of contrdl and<br />
management methods with an extensive review of lit~rature.<br />
Future Prospects for Aquatic'<strong>Weed</strong> Control and Research<br />
All signs point toward continued and probably much increased intereit<br />
and activity in aquatic weed control. Wehave a barger backlog of unsa1:v,d<br />
problems than in most other phue's of weed controL As water supplies become<br />
more limiting and critical those aquatic weed problems will increase and<br />
become more acute. The 38 replies to my questionnaire to State Agricultural<br />
Experiment Stations reported a need for increasing research on aquatic weeds<br />
from 10.5 to 88.5 man-years, eight times as many. The Federal agencies that<br />
have shown an early interest i~ aquatic weed problems probably will con~lnue<br />
and perhaps increase their present efforts.' ,<br />
The replies' to the survey questionnaire were almost unanimous in<br />
pointing out the need for a more' effective, less ei~nsive, longer lasti~s,<br />
more easily applied aquatic herbicide that is safe>for fish, humans, livestock,<br />
and wild game. I do not predict that many miracle herbicides thae<br />
meet all those specifications will be found but the prospects seem pr~i~~ng<br />
for much better herbicides than wanow have in coaaercial use. A totaldf<br />
131 chemicals of the 854 compounds evaluated by Auburn University in the'<br />
initial contract with the Agricultural Research Service gave 90 percent or<br />
better control of representative aquatic weeds at 5 ppm. Sixteen of eh••e<br />
chemicals proved safe for fish. Hany of these promising chemicals are~dw<br />
undergoing secondary evaluation, and a few look extremely promising irifl~ld<br />
tests. Probably additional promlsing aquatic herbiCides will be discovered<br />
in two primary evaluation programs still underway at Auburn UniversIty.<br />
Several chemical companies have recently establishe1:t sCt.'eening programs ,for<br />
aquatic herbicides. That development shOuld great:ly increase our supply 'Of<br />
promising aquatic herbicides far' 'further testing and ~evelopment. '"<br />
Biological agents probably will play an important role in futurecorttrol<br />
of aquatic weeds. The EntoDlologyResearch Division 'of the Agricultural""<br />
Research Service i. now investigating in South Americ$ the feasibility of<br />
introducing promising insect pests of alligatorweed-into the United State ••<br />
A large freshwater snail, !!!!!.!!: cornuarietis L..,"us shown considerable<br />
promise for control of certain submersed and floating weeds in Puerto Rico<br />
and Florida in investigations conducted by the Agricultural Research Service,
8<br />
control of filamentous algaeal;"U1l4e\"WaY at.ubQrn(QQivenity. Obser~t1on.<br />
by Bureau.'o~ Bec14U!l!lti~~;.,.r'cnJlt.~r:inWa.h:I,D.tOft,i~.nte that a low-ir~ing<br />
species ~~ wa~r p~ta~lJ plac. lion eaapba.ill2On<br />
th"@Qat~.t!llOr;~~.98Y. ~ya101ol!.'_ 1#. ey~ ,a.AquaUc weada itl "'0)<br />
:rel~~tl$pJJ ,;to.~•.frr.~~t.r91 •. 'll~"f.~ of· herb141dee IAc_ter and aquatic .011.<br />
and~ factors t~t.a,f~et~~lip)a. retentiQQ,; _decOllIPOaition in~•<br />
. will alao be thoroughly investigat~~.., ..Par;tiqiJl8Dt .., Ut· tbe lQ8W cooper.tb.,,·'<br />
Regional Re.earch Project on Aquatic <strong>Weed</strong>s involvina the Alabama, California,<br />
Rew).~k... and ,~.~car~J.,iDta:A81
9<br />
The Role of the State in Res idue Determinationp and Clearances<br />
with Particular Reference to Agricultura¢ Chemicals.<br />
Charles E. Palm Y<br />
New York S'\;ate College of Agriculture<br />
Cornell University<br />
The rapid expans ion in the use of chemicals in al~ phases of modern<br />
agriCUlture is one of the great developments of recent decades. The pr1lllary<br />
concern of your conference is With an important part of the field of agricultural<br />
chemicals -- the development and use of herbicides. Closely related<br />
chemicals used as insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators,<br />
defoliants· and related compounds, have much in; commonin the research<br />
programs of many of the State Colleges of Agriculture and their Agricult~al .<br />
Experiment Stations. The topic I he.ve been asked to rEiview deals with the<br />
broad field of policy, as well e.s opportunity for service in the state experiment<br />
stations, regarding residues that may result ~rom the use of thelJe<br />
chemicals in modern agriculture, and the state's role:b obtaining tolerances<br />
and registration for use of materials needed in its prqgrams. My own professional<br />
experience he.s come from association with in~ect-control programs<br />
in which insecticides have been of primary concern; ye"t; in e. broader sense,<br />
cooperative research projects within our own experiments stations at Ithaca<br />
and Geneva, as well as participation Ql the Northee.stern Regional Residue Research<br />
Program from its inception, have provided an awareness of the total<br />
problem.<br />
It is essential at the outset to remind ourselves that the State workers<br />
are partners in a cooperative venture with representatives of the agricultural<br />
chemical industry, at home and abroad, and the several agencies of the federe.l<br />
governmentengB8Eld in resee.rch, extension, and regulatot-y programs in this<br />
field. In short, we have responsibilities, but they mus:t integre.te with those<br />
of others. I should like to review e. few developments to illustrate this<br />
point.<br />
RESlDEm' INSTRUCTIONIN OURSTATECOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIES.<br />
Since the este.blishment of the Land Grant Colleges. through the Morrill<br />
Act by the Congress and the President in 1862, the impo:rtance of teaching<br />
agriculture he.s been recognized in each of the several states. This is the<br />
Centennial Year for the Land Grant Colleges, and recognition of their m~<br />
contributions to our nation continues to be highlighted. Further, one of the<br />
gree.t developments of the past century has been the rise o£ research in our<br />
land grant institutions, des1gIled to be of service to the citizens of the<br />
states. The Hatch Act of 1888 recognized the need tor ~ederal support for<br />
establishing the agricultural experiment stations a.t th~ land grant universities<br />
and continues with increasing support today. Then, e.s p.ewknowledge beCaate<br />
available, the Cooperative Extension programs at these ,awe land grant units<br />
was made possible by federal support through the Smith-Lever Act in 1914. (rhe<br />
psttern of teaching at the undergraduate and graduate l,vels, the conductPf<br />
research in be,sic as well as applied fields, and its ap:plication through extension<br />
channels throughout the several states. has bl'!Nilnv> A . ..,,,11 _In."""", ~_......~-
10<br />
In most Of the states, regulatory activities peJ,"ta~ing tq agriculture<br />
in the broad senae ot the term, haw remained' sepe.ril1le tram the educational<br />
programs referred to above. But I wo\Udhaste~ to ~ 1;hat these programs<br />
have needed close cooperationtrom· the educatiOl1al 1Datltutions, and, for the<br />
most part, have received it.<br />
It is worth noting that government and industry are consumers of trained<br />
personnel that are a product of the teaching and research programs of our<br />
colleges and universities. Thus, an important part of the state's contribution<br />
to the, problems we have under c0l:lSideration is its ability to provide t:rlL1ned<br />
men and womento conduct the work. Wehave been assisted in recent years, in<br />
support ot the graduate train1ll6pr08rams particularly by industrial grant.,<br />
and foundation support. The launching of the ~us.si~ sputnik a few yeqS,,!P80<br />
bt'ought into sharp tocus the need fbr support of badc :!i'8search and develOpment<br />
in the, sciences in the United States. For example, the great growtl:l.,et<br />
dollar support tor the plant sciences by federal and pr:\.vate foundations during<br />
the past five years :La giv1ll6 the universities, bo'j;h state and privately .up~<br />
ported, unparalle.led opportunities for expansion of flmdamental research ~<br />
all areas at a level never before 'known. It hasbrousbt into greater proql1<br />
nence postdoctoral train1ll6 in specialized areasofsc~nce in all parts9~<br />
the world, which shoUld reflect in increased productivity among scientis~<br />
in the days ehead. The teamwork of'modern scientistll in attack1ll6 problems<br />
with equipment and inStrumentation that promote progress continue to 8.IIlS$8<br />
the uninformed. In spite of theloDS history of sc~ncEl in the world, it<br />
is est1lliated that of all scientists 'Whoever lived, 90 per cent are alive<br />
todayl With our current rate ot development, knowleaBe is doubling avery 10<br />
years. It has been amply demonstrated that ideas kriOwnopol1tical 'bo~ias.<br />
Our phenomenal developments in communication and travel have made us a functional<br />
part of the world cOllllDUnity,wherever we IlU!¥be. WeIDUstkeep abz1east<br />
ottha work ot scientists in all lands. .,<br />
llESEARCBIN OURS'l'ATECOLImES l UlIIVERSITIESAND;§XP!RIMEN'1' STA!rICtiS.<br />
One of the 1mportant phases ot any research prolram that seeks to a...elo.p<br />
a herbicide, iDfJecticide, fungicide or other agricUltural chemical or foOlS<br />
additive is determining whether a residue of the chemical remains in or on<br />
the raw agricultural commodity or the processed pr~~t, and if it does, .:<br />
evaluat1ll6 its toxicity to man and other warm~blood8dau1ma.ll!i. Broader concerns<br />
with residues eXist; for instance, the accWlll1lation of these produots in<br />
the soil, the metabolism of the C~unds by plants 9r 8D1mals in the eaN Of<br />
systemic pesticides, and the like.'<br />
From the viewpoint of rese,arch ,.in the deve,i9~t of new compounds, the<br />
maJor' oontributibnain the field Of esricultural,cbP1cals have come from 1D~<br />
dustry and thetederal laboratories. ' Much of the ~ in this fUndamenta.;La-ea<br />
of chemical research will of necessity cont1n\le to ~me from industry, w:\.tb<br />
occasional' eOl:ltribu't1onsfrom~edei'1!Il and sta'\;e sta~1QJU!' The production aDd.<br />
sale ot 88Z'icUJ.tural ehemicals 18 ¥ustry's businlllY, and likely w1l1ao<br />
relllli1b. Once selected chemical compoundSare thr.oujh pr1maryscreen1ll6 azd<br />
areavallable for 1Secoridary scrEi'enil:ikand deve;Lopmentai resear~h, the sta1les<br />
tra4.itionally have provided IDUchhelp. For several ~sfollOW1ll6the' un..<br />
veiling ot2,4"b in 1945 a cona1dE!table 8lIIOuntot t~ld. testing was neceHa1"1,<br />
to catchup with grower demands tor usage. The :r;oece:l1ttreDdof this research
,.,<br />
1'4<br />
keep developmental work in progress to guide their extet\sion recommendations.<br />
Obviously the benefits have not been one-sided, because;Lthe scientists in:the<br />
experiment stations kept abreast of new developments ana. acquired experiences<br />
on performance prior to grower use; industry was able ~ spread its range of<br />
environmental conditions into different ecological Utu"tions in many parts<br />
of the country and speed its decisions about the value Qf candidate compounds<br />
as well. Thus, cooperation helped speed progress , I<br />
The great array of synthetic organic compoundstha'l; have appeared in the<br />
past two decades have been sorted and finally put into ~ignificant use as agricultural<br />
chemicals because the state scientists, cooperating with those of<br />
industry, and the federal government, have provided much!needed data on biological<br />
performance and levels of residues on specific crops under a variety of<br />
conditions. In the aggregate, these data have meant mu4h to industry in preparing<br />
the petitions for registrations with the U. S. DElpartment of Agriculture<br />
of agricultural chemicals moviIlg in inter-state commercd, as well as supporting<br />
the requellt for tolerances or exemption tolerances by t~FOod and Drug Ad- '<br />
ministration where they are required. State residueres~arch, supplied directly<br />
to government or industry tor these purposes, has made ~ vital contributioZl.<br />
I<br />
It became obvious in the years immediately follow1z1g the Second World War<br />
that ~ pesticide ohemist was an essential member of ~ team of scientists<br />
working in scien1;1tic agriculture. A number of thestat1e experiment stations<br />
undertook residue research as a basis for guiding their~xtension programs for<br />
pesticide recommentlations and use. The public hearing ~ Washington in 1950<br />
held by the Food and Drug Administration to determine t~ necessity for use<br />
of pesticides in the production of fresh fruits and vege~ables brought forth<br />
much data from state sources as well as the federal and iindustrial laboratories.<br />
The obvious inadequacy of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Ac1t at that time in<br />
establishing residue tolerances or exemptions, was remed!:l.edwith the passage<br />
of the Pesticide Chemicals amendment in 1954. The earl~r legislation involving<br />
the Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act in 1~41 established the<br />
pattern for registration of chemicals going into interstjl.te commerce. It became<br />
mandatory upon the fimS application for registratio~ of an agricultural<br />
chemical for a spe9itic use to provide the essential infi>rmation by which 'the<br />
USDAand the FDA,in most instances, could arrive ata dtcision on these requests.<br />
Thus, residue data assumed a new role of importa ce in the agricultural<br />
chemical f!:l.eld. The pattern was set and residue rese, rach I became an integral<br />
part of practically all pesticide research programs. T~ state experiment<br />
station chemist, workiIlg With o:tber companions in the' inVestigations, based<br />
the residue determinations on analytical methods provide~ by the manufacturer<br />
of the chemical, or those developed through his own res8$rch. In some states<br />
without the services of a full-time pesticide chemist, t~ treated samples<br />
were sent to the industrial laboratories for analysis. This procedure still is<br />
being followed, but with increasing effort supported inlpart by federal regional<br />
research funds, to equip and staff the state experimElnt stations laboratories<br />
for the ir own res idue research programs. The 'tedllral foundations have<br />
given generously in support of research dealing with res~dues and providiIlg<br />
matching fUndS for bUllding health related facilities. i<br />
',,---- With the expandiIlg interest and capability for NSi
Rapidstr1des :lA resid\1e reseas-ch have beenllll4& possible because 'oa.:i'Cl<br />
research is prpv:l.diDc new inf01'lll&tioo on plant phys1elogy, insect phys1oloV' .<br />
biochemistry, .eo~", microbiQJ.osy and related fieids. As we undeI'standmo:re<br />
about the I118chan1!Jmof the proeessel that go on in living cell.l!l, therewWbe<br />
opportunities. to utilize knowlediein selectiveregUlil.t1on of species popiil .<br />
lat1otlS. MallYof ua were delightadto see the importance of weed research'<br />
recognized by the lMt COngreis which prOVided substanUaJ. sums tor add:Lt:t!oQe.l<br />
research on almost all aspects ot '.weed control. . '!'be... new funds will p!'Otide<br />
the states with support for workm depth in specific areas, as for example"<br />
with aq.uatic weeds, weed,.l1feeycJ.es, range weeds,ta1ieof residues, ecql~,<br />
perhaps biolog1caJ.control anc1tbe; like. Through8ll. iexchange of informat1Ot1,<br />
cooperative effort will benefit aJ.l states interested in the problems.' . ,<br />
12<br />
in limited areas. This further emphasizes the cooperat1onthat existsW'tWeen<br />
industry and state am federal· go.:rmnent.<br />
Thereare t1mes when pub1ic8efVice patentsmq cover a good am uaet\ll<br />
asr1cultural chemical, but becsWIeof the non-excluaive nature of the p&teDt-,<br />
IlOc compBllYis, wUl1Zlg to carry out the developmaa:tal prcgram 011 :res1dufls,";.<br />
toxicity studies am the like necessary for FDAaDd USDAtolerances aM'~istration.<br />
In important instances, it is up to the state stations, alOlle or in<br />
cooperation with the federal gove:rnment and/or 1nduetl'Y, 1;0 do the work aid<br />
seek the approval am registratiQn\,bf the product. SUch recently was tl». cae<br />
with some of' the blossom tl!:1nn1Zlg cbemicaJ.s .for 11M intruit set, di~) .<br />
amiae for reducing fruit .scald 011 apples stored ineantl'Olled atmosphe~ttorage,<br />
certe.U1 of the chemice.J.s for preveEl-tion of post-harvest' rots in citrus")' ClUoro<br />
IPC for use as a sprout inhibitor on Irish potatos.'in! storage, am the i1ke.<br />
Current progr8lll8' are underway to seek clearance Of 2,4,S-TPfor use inesll.blahed<br />
legume stands and with 4(2,4-IlB) for legume,ned1ing establishment{<br />
These are impOrtant areas for growers and industria. within the states),l)iR IIltl.y<br />
well ..be of minor economic concern to the chemicaJ. llI&DUf'acturerin hill totU<br />
volume ofbua1ness. The costs involved in reseat"chof this type otten deter'<br />
industry unless there is reasonable assurance of covering their investment.<br />
, ' I<br />
StUl another area of respans.ibility for, resMues of agriculturalCJiem:l.<br />
CW is theoeltdtor state workers to determ1n8thetr·eff'ect on benef1ciaJJ'·<br />
1IUIects, for example, the hone7bee and other pollmatimg insects. M8Zl;yt:l'l11t<br />
and vegetableeropt are increas111Sltdependent on tale h
In addition to a review of field and laboratory research in progress<br />
with cooperators of industry, government, and adjOining states, the extension<br />
man must set the stage tor product recommendation and use within his areas Of<br />
responsibility, and coordinate the information to min1mize confusion. In<br />
addition, he calls attention to failures in field performance, new problems~<br />
and S1milar voids in our information that offer a beals for future research.<br />
He works closely with the county agricultural agenes on programs that meet<br />
safety standards and res idues tolerances. The extene ion spec ialist from the<br />
State colleges and universities has a great responsibility, and. his recolillllendations<br />
must be based on reliabJ,e research that is correctly interpreted, and<br />
is supported by industl'Y .in terms of' "-v"- i l ..h 1.. "'''''''n"'''ofo,, t7~. - ...... _ -- L"'_<br />
A broad area of responsibility considered :la1 many of the States and..<br />
elsewhere, is the effect of pesticide residues on flavor and other quality<br />
determining attributes of foods. With an increasing growth.in processed foods,<br />
the necessity for maintaining uniform high quality in the products is maIldatory<br />
in a canpetitive industry. l'obch work continues to be done in this 1mportant<br />
area by research scientists in food technology at the state experineat<br />
stations. S1milarly, the problems reach an1mal products like meats, egg.,<br />
milk, poultry, and the like, both in terms of possible harmful residues as<br />
well as effects on flavor and qUality. The use of antibiotics for mastitis<br />
control in dairy, cattle, for examp1.e, has had far reaching effects in terms<br />
of residues, because they affect marketability of the milk. Fortunately bioassays<br />
have been most helpful in residue determinations for several products<br />
that are used in mastitis control programs.<br />
A word of recognition should be given to several of the states in 1mich<br />
work has been 'done on the development of eccurate , streamlined analyticaJ.,<br />
methods for pesticides. One of the great break-throughs of recent months-has<br />
been the use of gas chromotography for certain residue determinations. ~~e<br />
speed of the method, plus its extreme precision, will provide research workers<br />
in the residue field with a much better understanding of residue levels Of'<br />
certain types of chemicals in or on commodities than was ever possible by other<br />
methods. A number of the systemic pesticides have yielded to the use of radioactive<br />
tracer research techniques in determining the metabolic products as<br />
well astba modeot action. Still other fields of residue research ha~benefited<br />
from bio-assay techniques, using both plants and an1mals as indicator<br />
mechanisms .<br />
EXTENSIONIN OURSTATECOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIES.<br />
The Cooperative Extension Service of the Land Grant institutions has<br />
been a great force in quickly dispensing available 1nf'ormation on the use of<br />
agricultural chemicals for specific problems and conditions to farmers and<br />
homeowners. The magnificent benefits received from their use, as well as the<br />
safety record with their use, attest to this point. The extension worker,<br />
whether a herbicide specialist, entomologist, plant pathologist or plant<br />
phys iologist, selects from the informat ion that research has available and<br />
recommends the products the.t have met with the regulatory procedures for safe<br />
use. Based upon his own judgement from field trials' as well as grower use,<br />
industry experience, and the like, he makea his recollllJlendations to suit his<br />
particular .. geographical areas and. problems. This is a great responsib-1l1ty,<br />
but is one that is being met by capable workers. throughout the country.<br />
13
State research workers are expaad1Ilg fundamenta:rJresearch in biochemistry'J<br />
phyB;l.oloS1 and fieJ4a allied to jp'Owtb and developlllltbt of liv1Ilg organisms.<br />
These data help materially in unde:rstand1Ilg the metab()lim8 of chemicals in<br />
livinlz svs1:ems. 01" t.heil" B1'!~I1I111,llL+'inft, in Al"li'. And .. 10.. , H .... V.+t.M"""' ....... 9<br />
14<br />
Because the topic of this papal: is the role of the State in residue<br />
detel'llinatiOnsand cJ.earances, it calls for emphas1a on the +ork of the<br />
state scientists, but recognitiOn IIIWltbe given to tbe fact that they are.<br />
but one important part of a cooperative team includ:blg industry and govern·<br />
ment work:lng for development andaafe use of agricultural. chemicals •<br />
.. The Land Ora:ntCollege movement in the United liltates has provided tb18<br />
nation with an educational resource in support of modern asricult\U'8 that':18<br />
second to nomI. in the world. The three maJor funct1onsof these inStitutiOns<br />
in.their service to the people of this country are wadt1Jlgj research imdextension.<br />
One maJor contribution of the teaching prosr8llia to tbe importaat .<br />
field of agricultural chemicals is the output of trained men and womenwho go<br />
to other agencies for theirproduc'tive careers. AskDlWledse and support expand,<br />
Qur universities are expand1Jlg'their graduate P1"OSramsrapidly. Great<br />
emphasis is nowbeing placed on·~ areas of basic researcb •<br />
..<br />
ReSl1latory actiVities withagr:l.cultural chemioals and food additives are<br />
usually asepa.ratefunction instate government, aDd nota part of the teachillS,<br />
research and educational prosram of the Land Grant 'institutions. Halfever,<br />
cloee lia.is.on.1s essential ,between them tor ,effective programs. Furtber,<br />
state regulatoI"Y programs are obviouslyeseent1al in coordinating the :l.utrastate<br />
activities. with uniform inter-state regulatioDS·ot the FDA and USDA•<br />
, .,. ...,-'- .<br />
Research conducted by the state experiment station is tr8ditional aa4<br />
essential in the agricultural chemical field. It 18 recognized that cooperation<br />
with industry and the federal labora.tories is an ~:l'@!lPart of tb,e PoP-am..<br />
The states, almost Without exception, depend upon 1l:ldustry for the development<br />
and selection of new chemicals as well as produc1Ilg and marketing them. '.!!be<br />
States work With their performance, mode of action,.atety when used as d11"ected,<br />
determination of residues tbat mq be present, 8chedall.88 of application,. in<br />
many other important areas basic to their ultimate u".<br />
Concern1Ilg res.idues specifically, many states _vedeveloped their own<br />
research laboratories for residue researcb as an 1Irqlortent part.of their is:t'icultural<br />
chemical ~am. Much of the researcb is IIIIide available direct]i<br />
to the 1l:ldustI"Yth$tsupplies chemical forllll1lation t6 the State for rese&reh<br />
and appra:1,aaJ.. In, turn, residue data as well as per1'Grmance data are given<br />
to industry for support of the ir reg18trat ion and tolarance petit ions •<br />
In inStances of minor crops where the volume of use may be small, and<br />
witb chemicals not oovered. by patents of en individualcb~, the state<br />
exper:1Jr!ent.stations ~ve assumed responsibility fOr the development of performance<br />
and :esi~ data, and even helped arrange fortox:l.city studies before<br />
applyqfor.toa:rances, registratiOllB for Spec1t1CU8es, or both. state<br />
scientists also are focusing attention on scbedules 01' uSes that must be c~s<br />
idered where products are to meet export requiremetite.
State workers have to consider residues in relation to natural populations<br />
where increased public concern is voiced about widespread use of chemicals in<br />
the environment.<br />
The extension specialist coordinates information for recommendations<br />
that will assure safe use of!l&X'ic\l.ltural chelllicals and avoid excessive resi,,·<br />
dues. His contribution ..:ls a most 1mportant liDk in the chain of cooperation;<br />
his program extends to the cOl,lOtyagricultural agents, and often directly to<br />
individual users of the pesti~jl4er He plays a major part in the public relations<br />
aspects of the use of pesticides.<br />
The role of the state university and its experiment station, in work<br />
concerned with agricultural chemical residues, will increase in importance,<br />
because more and more, modern agriculture, suburban 11ving and community de <br />
velopmen'j; projects utilize the broad array of 1llCl@l"Il- .!l&X'icultural chemicals<br />
to secure their IIIanY benefits. The:Land Grant institutions must remain in the<br />
forefront of teaching, researqh and extension tOplopv1de better educational<br />
programs in the development and safe use of modern agricultural chemicals,<br />
15
16<br />
SOMECHARACTERISTICS OF QUACKQR4SS ArID THEIRRELATIONTO CONTROLY<br />
'.. . '.' .',,'> ',".' ,I " ,'.' ,',<br />
K. P. ElUchholtz y' ·,_,.i"<br />
.-<br />
QuaeJcgrass is a widely distributed end persietent'weedili the northern<br />
states arid Canada. .It has proved to be adapted to 'Cobt,. temperate n!gions<br />
and lsfevoi'ed .by' hUmid or subJ.!tIum1dcUinstell." 1he;weed is IOOsttroubl8some<br />
in areas thatdare subjected tcqlerlodic 1 but'no,t; ,cxmtinuous tillage. It Competes<br />
stronglY with forage cropS',; gn-ins, com··1tt!d'other row crops', f'J:'lrl,ts,<br />
and: vegetables. !:t is objectionable in forestry p1:antations, laws, 'llndindustria~<br />
sites.<br />
In ordert,(, develop effecti.~Controlprogr,.ror qusckgra ss it, i8<br />
necessary ,to' consider the fectors that account,tb-r1ts adaptation in,.the'<br />
northe~ states and the reaso,ns for its pers;l.stene;:e•. ' Quackgrass spre8~')<br />
by both rb1'ZOIlIeS, and seeds. It iSl'robehlethat ~ad by seeds is J1I!)rj:_<br />
w;idespreadthanis generally rElaJ;tzed. Because or':aimi.larity in shape,t,!'1~<br />
seed is more cOll!lOOn in oats than itl seed of other'icereals. In 1957 a stUdy<br />
in Wisconsin showed that 35%of 799 oat samples handled by the State Seed<br />
Testing Laboratory in that year contained qusckgrass seeds. Seeder box<br />
surveys of oats being seeded have consistently shown that from 50~ to 60%of<br />
the grain being used as seed in Wisconsin is infested with qusckgrass seed.<br />
Viability of quackgrass seed in seed grain was frequently as high as that<br />
of the oats. In addition to the spread in seed grain the mature seeds of<br />
quackgrass are frequently harvested with hay and ultimately find their way<br />
back to the field in manure or bedding. Seeds also mature in pastures where<br />
they shatter readily and infest the soil. The prevalence and vJ.abil1ty of<br />
qusckgrass seeds often allows reinfestetion aftsr all established plants<br />
hava been eradicated.<br />
The ability of quackgrass to spread by rhizomes is widely recognized.<br />
These spreading underground stems may extend as 1IIUChas 3 or 4 feet in a single<br />
year. Tillage often extends the area of infestation IllUchfarther than this<br />
by dragging fragments of the rhizomes beyond the area of initial infestation.<br />
Rhizome production is prolific in a productive soil. Meyer (9), Schirman<br />
and Buchholtz (14) and Johnson (4) all found as much as 6000 lblA of dry<br />
rhizomes in heavily infested areas. This mass of rhizomes was contained in<br />
the plow slice and in an undisturbed sod was concentrated in the upper 4<br />
inches of so11.<br />
The life of a particular rhizome is not as long as would be expected.<br />
Sagar (13) mentioned that the rhizomes may live for 3 years in England, but<br />
seldom longer. Johnson and Buchholtz (6) found no evidence that the rhizomes<br />
lived more than 2 years under IOOrerigorous conditione in Wisconsin and a<br />
large proportion of them lived no longer than 1 year. The fact that the rhizomes<br />
are relatively short-lived is a vulnerable point in the life cycle of<br />
the weed. If new rhizome growth could be limited or eliminated for 1 year,<br />
the persistence of the weed would be sharply reduced.<br />
11Published with the approval of the Director of the Wisconsin Agricultural<br />
Experiment Station as a collaborator under Horth Central Regional Coop-<br />
___ ..1.,, '1"\__ .I. __ ...L '-1_ "In
The vigorous regrowth of quackgrass is related to the large number of dormant<br />
buds that are present on the r!;lizomes in an in;f'ested area. Weight of dry<br />
quackgrass rhizomes averages about 0.4 gm per foot.' If an area contains $000 Ib<br />
of the dry rhizomes per acre, this is equal to about 130 feet of rhizome per sq<br />
ft. The nodes on rhieomes average no more than 1 inch apart. Therefore, it is<br />
safe to assume that in excess of 1500 buds exist on the rhizomes in each sq !t<br />
of infested soil. Quackgrass standl1 seldom exceed '::tSOshoots per sq ft. From<br />
this it is apparent that 90 percent or more of the bilds on the rhizomes retn8in<br />
inactive until circumstances are favorable for their development. This reservoir<br />
of dormant bUds is a major hazard, for wheneyer. a stan~ of shoots is destroyed,<br />
some of the dormant buds Will be activated' and will very soon res13ta -<br />
blish the plant. . .<br />
The rhizomes Of qua.ckgrass contain a number of carbohydra.tes of which trit1c1n<br />
is probably present in greatest concentration. Total available carbj'hydrates,<br />
vary from about 30 to $0%of the dry rhizom~tweight according to Pinckney<br />
(12), Schirman and Buchholtz (1.4) and LeBaron and F~rtig (7). If one aSflWnesan<br />
average concentration of availa9le carbohydrates of ,40~ and a total dry ma~ter<br />
content of $000 lb/A, it appears that a reserve of 2000 lb/A of readily av~lable<br />
carbohydrates is stored in the rhizomes. Such,li!large reserve, along with<br />
the abundant supply of inactive bu4s, is ample reason why the growth of quackgr8J.ss<br />
is vigorous and w!:lythe regrowth occurs with such persistence. .<br />
The trends in total carbohydrate reserves during the year in quackgrass do<br />
not show the fluctuations that are found in many hel;'baceous plants. The work<br />
of Pinckney (12) and Schirman and Buchholtz (14) show;s that only minor var;Lations<br />
in reserve level occur during the year. LeBaron and, FeX'tig (7) found a substantial<br />
reduction in fructose content of the rhizomes djl.;r'ingthe winter, but their<br />
data are not fully comparable to the others cited, for it is based only on ,the<br />
content of fructose found in th~. tissue. Since there appeare to be no marked<br />
depression in total carbohydrate level during the seaeon, there is no most favorable<br />
time at which control measures directed at reducing the carbohydrate<br />
content may be initiated.<br />
Stoa, et aL, (15) was one of the first to comment,that the carbohydrate<br />
reserves of quackgrasa could be reduced by continual and consistent defoliat10n.<br />
Dexter (2) showed that organic reserves were reduced more readily after fertilization<br />
with nitrogen~ Defoliation by some tillage 9peration is no doubt effective,<br />
but it is inconvenient and requires the majqr portion of a season to<br />
produce the desired results. Alternative methods involving use of herbicides<br />
now'appe'ar l!I)re promising.<br />
Buchholtz (1), M~ggitt (8) and Fertig (3) have all reported on the superior<br />
control of quackgrass obtained withatrazine and other triazine herbicides.According<br />
to Schirman and Buchholtz (14) and LeBaron and Fertig (7) control results<br />
from the drastic reduction in carbohydrate reserves in the rhizomes following the<br />
treatment. !tappears that respiratory activity is maintained at a high l,-r'lll<br />
after trea'\;ment even t.hough photosynthesis is interrupted. The result is ~_.faster<br />
rate of depletion than can be accomplished by consistent defoliation or,m .<br />
other known method. D~pletion appears to proceed more rapidly when the t~,<br />
growth of the quackgrass is allow-edto remain intact for a month or more following<br />
treatment than.when it is removed. This is reasorulble for the presence:of<br />
the top growth increases the total respiratory activ,Lty of the plant. j, '<br />
17
18<br />
containing fertiJ.izer were app118dto the t;re8ted.ar~a~ TheappJ.ic.ti~~, ~t<br />
nitrogen st1muliltiecl the foliar growth of thegrasl ..,nd tended to incre.se, the<br />
. number of shoots produced.' Both ()f these :reSpo~se~;lIccelerlited the rate of·<br />
carbohydrate, de,P,l,~ti,on., Th," ,e qU,at;l,k,g~'~8 Plants,,.fe,'Il,PO,,, .,n", ~,",dd to, a pPlic,at10nl!l" Of, '<br />
atraz1ne a8 low as OS lb!A, but the.etfect wastrapfi1;ory, probably becaua.e<br />
of, .a sho.rt period 9£ residue, in'the so11. un~rboAQi7ions favorable f~<br />
growth' an epp%'eei81;lleresidue or ·.trazine W!lS peedecl,Ul. the eo11 for .bout<br />
2 m:lnths in ord~r tel fully dep+et.~, tpecarbohydrat~8..~ thel'hizomes.nq.s<br />
waf!generally accoll1pJj,shedwith ~l?P.J,.ications ot 41,~/J\. of atrazine and OClcasionally<br />
at th.g :l.blA rate .w~!'1' t~agewas \leel! w;retardregrowth aft.~<br />
a period of depletion. " .<br />
,., ,LeBaron an4Fertig(7) aleosl1cl~d that ~trqlz:educed fructose Qc!Ij1<br />
centrstions in rl1izomes of treats!! plants. Tbe :re4wition was not as drastic<br />
as 'lI'henatrazinewasapplied and. the plants often ilNldeeomerecovery a1'tctl'<br />
several months. There is goode\t1dencethat one olVbeactions of smitrol 1s<br />
reduction 1nphotosynthet:l.c acti-n.tr', However, the,¢hlorotic response ~rently<br />
does not a.lways,persist long' filnbughto deplewcarbohytlrates to tq!, •. , ' .<br />
lethal P9int~, The alll1trol in the tissue is bound 'or metabo11zed so that ,<br />
eventually it is not presenti~ stif'ficient conc~ntr.tion to produce Chlo;'l)'"<br />
Eiis. '-!hen p~ologically active COncentrations o,t.amitrolare lost before<br />
carbohydrates are fully depleted, the plant recovers.<br />
5ioo.e the rhizomes in an infested area are a~nt,the carbohydrat4p<br />
reserves normally at a high level, and the dormant ~cr. very nwn.. oue., it<br />
appeared prot1tSble to determine the factors that int'lue1)Ce the activityq.r<br />
these buds.' If a means could be devised for lIiCJo.it.ng the activity of buds<br />
on the rhizomes, tol'1ar treatments for thecontroJ. r:?fquackgrass would bjs,<br />
IOOresuccessful tor a greater leaf area would be p",sent at time of tre~t..<br />
Increased ntimberso£ shoots would ,81so allow for IOOZ'!'~apid depletion olthe<br />
carbohydrate reserves than wouldo;therwise be the !lase. As an alternatiYll, ,<br />
it the buds coUld be treated so that they would reilJaindormant indetinit~,<br />
control measures might be devised IOOrereadily for the'weed would become'Jiillch<br />
less competitive and a large portion of the rhizomes would probably die trom<br />
nat~l causes withii1a year. 'Consequently, a, seri.e!S
during t,he sUllllller.is l,ower llndthe quackgrass is therefore able to develop<br />
more aggressively. In areas where the sOJ.ls are warm for extended periods<br />
during the SUIlIInerthe quackgrass is inacti va for long periods. This re
20<br />
June. Applications ot .300,lblA over five dates dJ,u'ing the growing season<br />
gave' sO/Il8Whlltg;reater activitylete in the se~so~'bu:t ~d llOt' fullyoyercome<br />
the dormancy oote4 during the early l3ummerll1Ot?-tb~. T~ second tOI'lll ofciormancy<br />
is therefore related to an mremely JP.gh~~:r'gon-nitrogen ratio in the<br />
rhizome tissue.' '. , " ,<br />
A third torm ot t'ormancy was shown by Meyer (9) to arise trom apical<br />
dominance. The inhibiting etfect was JOOstprono~d. uhen a shoot weBpresent,<br />
but this tom of d'Omancy co~ 1;>ed6Jl¥)nl3trateclOJl~{l1zomes sections ~'<br />
when the sheot ,was r'en!oved. ,The buds on nodes ~ta1 trom the tip enved<br />
the least activ:i.,ty.Thef.act tbat all budtl pos~,s the same ciegreeQ!:IlCtivity<br />
inherently ~l8.sd8Jl¥)nstrsted'bycuttingthe rhizoM- int-o single node sect1ons.<br />
TA/henthis was dbne, ~e buds t1'omthe various lop.j;,~ons on the rhizO/I1e,sbowed<br />
equal activity ,!t1d IGadeequal shoot growth.<br />
While it can be demonstrated that apical doMinance exists in quackgrass,<br />
it was tound ,this, diq,no,t acCount tor all ot the ~ dQrmsncy noted in the<br />
tield. Meyer (~) 'rembved th~ s_~
5. llslapon and other chlorine,ted organic !lciQs,iS:well as MIl, reduoed wot<br />
growth of ~8Ckgress drastically, but did not IlI8terially reduce bid<br />
dormancy is otten cited as the mechanism involved. A IIIOreexact evaluation<br />
"-" ot the response atter treatment with the chlorinated aliphatic acids is that<br />
bud activity is in fact maintain"', but thet the shoot growth is sharply<br />
reduced.<br />
The dsstruction of shoot growth after trea_not, with dalapon interrl1pts<br />
photosynthetic activity and some reduction in carbohydrate occurs, but at a<br />
rate MUChslower than in the case of plants treated:'wit,h atruine or amitrol<br />
because the respiratory activity!s lower. The residue of dalapon in the<br />
soil and in" the tissue is dissipated rather quickly and after a period of<br />
several, months partial regrowth .-y occur. This regrowth develops from<br />
buds that have remained inactivewb1le the dalaponwes present. Shoots that<br />
do devebp are apt to grow vigorously because of the relatively high carbohydrate<br />
reserve that has been lIl8inte1ned in the rhizome.<br />
The bud response followi~t~tment withMli is somewhat siJnilar to that<br />
observed with dalapon. Zick (16)' snd i1eyer (9) both found that bud activity<br />
was not altered lnaterially, but that the shoot growth was greatly reduced.<br />
Maximumresponses occur only under conditions that fmr absorption ofb<br />
chemical. Applications of MHdo not destroy t,h.' folia,ge so carbohydrates<br />
continue t~ accumulate. The maintenance of,th~ shoote also serves to maintain<br />
a considerable degree of apical dominance. Eventually inactive buds on the<br />
rhizome are releued and when t!lis occurs, teg;rowtb, is abundant and vigorous.<br />
21<br />
1. Quackgrass is a widely distributed and persistent weed in the northern<br />
states and ilj. Canada. The plant spreads zoap:l.dlNb1 both seeds and ridzomefragments.<br />
' The rhizomes are abundant in t,he surface soil and "<br />
normally maintain a total available carbohydrate content of 40% or I1lOre<br />
during the year. This, along with an abut1-dant'lUpply ot inactive bU~ ,<br />
on the rhizomes, assures vigorous and persi,stent,regrowth after de!o]J;ation.<br />
2. Qusckgrass plants treated wi.th,atrazine show marked reductions in the<br />
'total available carbohydrates in ,the rhizomes. The speed of carbo~te<br />
reduction 'is accelerated by maintBining shoot growth on treated plants<br />
and by adding nitrogen when a def~ciency ot ~e element occurs.! major<br />
r.esponse ot quackgrass to ,am1trol also in-volvesthe depletion of carbohydrate<br />
in the rhizomes. Amitrol may not persist in the active form<br />
in the tissue long enough to deplete the resel"VQ to the lethal point.<br />
3. The activity of vegetative buds en quackgras's rhizomes is reduced or<br />
limited by (1) temperatures above 25 C,(2) w1dec.rbon-nitrogen ratios<br />
in the rhizome tissue dUring late spring, and enapical dominance of<br />
shoots or terminal buds.<br />
4. '!'he growth substances inql.l8ckgrass mq be .~ lliaterid other than IAA<br />
for this cotnpoimdhad no detectable effect on the activity of vegetative<br />
buds. TIBiI.IOOdJ.1'i.edpolar transport of bud irJhj:biting tectors while<br />
NAAand various herbicides inhibi t~ or, el1ilQ.nated bud ecti vi ty.
22<br />
Literature<br />
Cited<br />
1. Buchholtz, K.P. Use of atrazine to control quackgrass in com fields.<br />
Proc , NCr,{;C17: 25-26. 1960.<br />
2. Dexter, S. T. Seasonal variations in drought resistance of exposed rhizomes<br />
of quackgrass. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 3!I:1125-1136. 1942.<br />
3. Fertig, S.N. The effectiveness-of combinations of plow-down, pre-emergence<br />
and post-emergence treatments for quackgraSs control, 1960 results.<br />
Proe , NCWCC15:3l2-311~. 1961. --<br />
4. Johnson, B.G. Natural and induced dormancy of the vegetative buds on Ilhe<br />
rhizome. of quackgress (Agropyron repens (L.) lleauv.). Ph.D. thesis,<br />
Univ. of Wisconsin. 1958. -<br />
5. Johnson, B.G. and Buchholtz, K.F-. An in vitro method of eValuati~ the<br />
activity of buds on the rhizomes of quackgrass (Agropyron repens (L.)<br />
Beauv.). <strong>Weed</strong>s 9:600-606. 1961.<br />
6. Johnson, B.G. and Buchholtz, K.P. The natural bud dormancy of quackgrass<br />
rhizomes. Proc. NCweC14:29. 1957.<br />
7. LeBaron, H.M. and Fertig, S.N. The effects of chemical and cultural<br />
treatments on the food reserves of quackgrass rhizomes. Proc , NEWCC<br />
15:319-328. 1961.<br />
8. Meggitt, W.F. Herbicide combinations for quackgrass control. Proc , NC\r.rcC<br />
17:83. 1960.<br />
I<br />
9. Meyer, A. A study of factors affecting the bud dormancy of quackgrass<br />
(Agropyron repens (L.) Beeuvo).Fh.D. thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin.1961.<br />
10. Meyer, R.E. andBuchholtz, K.P. Some factors affecting the activity and<br />
growth of buds on quackgrass rhizomes. Proc , NCtllC 17:37. 1960.<br />
11.<br />
12.<br />
13.<br />
Mudd, J.B., Johnson, B., Burris, R.H., and Buchholtz, K.P. Oxidation<br />
of indoleacetic acids by quaokgrass rhizomes. Plant Phy.- 34:l44;148. 1959.<br />
Pinckney, A.J. Composition and vitality of quaokgrass roots. North<br />
Dakota Agr. Exp , Sta. Bull. 334 (Tech.). 1945.<br />
Segar, G.R. A~2rn repene - An introduction. Proc , British <strong>Weed</strong><br />
Control Cont. : 9-263. 1960.<br />
Schirman, R., and Buchholtz, K.P. The effect of atrazine on the carbohydrate<br />
levels in rhizomes of quackgraes , Proc. NCWCC17:19. 1960.<br />
Stoa, T.E., stl,JrlauglUl,V. and !'1cColly, H.F. Control of quackgrass by<br />
tillage. North Dakota Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 244. 1930.<br />
leo Zick, W.H. Factors influencing the effectivenes~ of maleic hydraZide<br />
in control1inlZ auack,,'!"/'''''''' Aa1"n~'" ~ft~~__ Tn..... L~ - -, - .,.
23<br />
• ·i<br />
INTRODUCTION:<br />
!!'he Bearch -tor lUld·de1te~pment of promising. neillC'helDicals for weed eeatr!?l<br />
hIlS continued. rapidly.. So. ctoD has the Ileamlh,fornew ,uses for old :<br />
herbicides. Treatment method .... ' tilll8,the additiOn of adjuvants, and th,<br />
"correct" fOl'lllU:La't1onhave found ·'tl\e1r place' iathe:. fittJ.d of herbicide<br />
and practice." ~.•extemied \Ia.·of! newhei'bicidal :eheild:caJ.sis hardly<br />
r."eareh<br />
. '.<br />
possible withou:t khowleilge and :aU:1"ization of .thet acv. factors. .,'<br />
~~ U;,'<br />
Physical and chemical combinations of herbicides or herbicides and<br />
adjuVants, which l arebffii1g inteniidTely studied, appear promising as a means<br />
of increasirig heZ'btcidal actiVities or extending ~- selective properties:<br />
for weed control.<br />
Equipment is being -developed ~ mod:i:fiedt(j~'~ proper placement and<br />
to. take advantage of the physical properties afforded by herbicides formulated<br />
on"~lar IlIatel'ials. . . 'i 'i .,' .1,<br />
-~~ ~,<br />
Several chemicalfamiliesWwto ~d contrClli:.~ been introWCed ad<br />
apPear promising as herbicides':1n vai'1oussituatioblh- 'Only time and use Y.Ul<br />
prove the worth':ofnew herbicides.":<br />
NEWCHEMICALSWITHPROMISINGUSES:<br />
Arylamines - Eli Lilly- and' Ccmpa!!y<br />
Dipropalin. (If,l(.i,di;'(n~prbW.J;)~, 6-din1 tr~"~J,analin.) was tolerated<br />
without visible injury by-a large number of field and horticultural crops when<br />
used as a prtl-.mergencetrea1lmen.t~•. <strong>Weed</strong> control..-: gdod to elCcellent •. .JIB<br />
withmilny heZ'bieides it appearsthatl ilIore chemical'1s 'reqUired on heavier"<br />
soils. Field crops which tole'r&tW'6-8' lbfA of. tMeo
'1'r1floralin<br />
(N ,!-4l"(!"~olo2.6-41rd.tr0-4-tJl:i't1uorOlleth11aDaliDe)<br />
appeve particular!7 pI'OIII18ins·in a DWllber of field and horticultural crop.<br />
as a pre-emerpnee treatjaent •. F1..ld,oorn, cotton, n..x, peanuts, and<br />
safflower tol.rat" 6 lb/A or more of this herbicide without risible sip<br />
of injUl'1, wbereu ~ broadl.aYed and P'au1 weedswere eradicated 01'<br />
controlled at rate. of ,. lb/A or 1•••<br />
!ronoU, eubap,eaulif1otlitr .... ,'CollUda, ,fi.w.r ....<br />
, baDOftr ..w,<br />
kal., llma~ beazuI•. lIWJtlu'd sre.... Jl&Il*l.1. pe.. ,~, lIWHt CO"" aa4<br />
turnip tolerat.d 8 lb/4 of tr1f1W1l1iD applie4~I"PDC•• ' PipHd,,....<br />
graae,carpet , era .... and'laBaqU&rtere .... .er.d1cate4 on lipt"l<br />
with 1 lb/Aw 1 S~l illcOl'JlO1'U1_ of tbie _~ .DbaIlC•• it8 .<br />
h.rbicidal actint,-. A~catumottriflora1Ul", .,~ted &PRJ or OIl'&<br />
p'anular carri.r after "l.an cultivation at 1&7-b1 appeare pJ'Olllieins.<br />
. tisccmpOUlld.hU done a ,004 job cODtrolliDl 0_....in t\lrf. D....<br />
to turf baa beeri',"ported wh.re .b1Ib.', rat.8<br />
!!!.r<br />
, -'. I-<br />
of ~atiOll were uae4.<br />
(~£oLVj:j=ntt=:_r5nc.<br />
Thie herbicide appears promieins for th. pre __ l'pne.!:lODtrol ot ~<br />
broadl.aved and 1I"A887we.de in a wide variety of crops. Buckwh.at, cotton,<br />
C0wpH8" .f1a.t" _lh,and' .. pbHQe~ to _.,~,tol.r&llC. to 41b/A<br />
whe:reaaoorn, ,u... ~_, pe~" aatnowel', llIlC\-,~ toJ,vated &II..<br />
as 8 lb/A. weed control wae .xc.llent. Ba7.r 405~1"'tiDcl \I".. a<br />
direct.d sPRJ or in SJ'&Dula1'f01'lllaft.r cl.an cultivation at l&7-by.<br />
• ,i: ~-'IJ<br />
S.v.ral P'Us crope and SJ'&881 we.de appear-Yei7 tolerant to pc.t-<br />
.... rpne. applicatiOll8ot .4-8 Jib/A.· Y'; '.'<br />
.Dip." cl -' EM I4.Uz:e' CO!P!ily ... JJUebB'9o/IilAA.y<br />
. . , .':':J: \', ",.";: ,
Some damage to runners rssul ted frOlll'the high application rate 0 Postemergence<br />
treatments with 5 lb/A gave good control of weeds in cucumbers,<br />
cantaloupes, watermelons, and squash. Post-emergence treatments at lay-by<br />
- after clean cultivation would seem prOlllising. This herbicide appears to<br />
remain herbicidally active in the soil for extended periods, a characteristic<br />
which should be noted.<br />
25<br />
Du Pont 326 - E. I.<br />
emPont de Nemours Company<br />
The pre-emergence or directed post-emergence application of Du Pont .}26<br />
(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-l-methylurea) gave good weed control in a<br />
number of field and horticultural crops.<br />
Field corn, oats, safflower,soybeans, and Sudallgrass tolerated 1-2 lb/A<br />
as a pre-emergence spray whereas ·lIIOaJtbroadleaved aadgtl'assy annual weeds wers<br />
controlled by application of 1/2 lb/A. This herbicide also looks promisiDg<br />
for the pre-emergence control of annual weeds in sweet corn and carrots.<br />
As a directed post-emergence spray, Du Pont 326. reportedly looks good for<br />
weed control in corn ·and cotton at rates of 3/4-3 lb/A. Some oontact injury<br />
to the lower leaves of corn has been reported butthia was short-lived.<br />
HPC7531 - Hercules<br />
Powder Company<br />
Limited trials show that the HPC7531 is extremely active at 4 1b/A on<br />
most crops and weeds as a pre- or post-emergence treatment. Peas, sorghum,<br />
and Sudangrass show limited tolerance to pre-emergence treatments. When<br />
used as a post-emergence treatment, 4-8 lb/A of HPC7531 acted as a Boil<br />
sterilant.<br />
HS-55 - Badische Ana1in and Soda Fabrik<br />
HS-55 is a combination of n-cyc1oocty1 dimethy1urea and butyny1 N-(3<br />
-chloropheny1) carbamate. As a pre-emergence spray at a rate of 4 1b/A or<br />
less HS-55 may be useful for the control of a number of annual weeds in corn,<br />
lima beans, and sugar beets. At application rates of 8 1b/A or more HS-55<br />
acts as a soil sterilant.<br />
Ago<br />
NFM5778 and NFM2995 - Niagara Chemical Division,<br />
FMC<br />
Pre-emergence applications of NFM5778 (4,6-dinitro-2-sec-buty1phenol<br />
acetate) at rates of 6-8 1b/A are promising for control of annual broad1eaved<br />
and grassy weeds in field and sweet corn, cotton, peanuts, peas, snapbeans,<br />
and soybeans. Few crops show tolerance to over-all post-emergence treatments.<br />
Pre·-emergence applications of NFM2995 (methyl !!-(3,4-dichloropheny1)<br />
carbamate) appear promising for weed control in field corn, cotton, peanuts,<br />
soybeans, Sudangrass, sweet corn, lima beans, and snapbeans. These crops<br />
tolerated 3 1b/A without visible injury. Annual broadleaved and grassy weeds<br />
were controlled by 1 lb/A or less. Anover-all post-emergence spray caused
26<br />
some damage to .test: crops. Granuw Or directeOgt..emergence .tna~.,a~<br />
lay-~ may :hold prOlllise. ;:<br />
. •. . '. :' . . .. }. . ,:. ~,.: . . '" ." ."f :', :<br />
The thiolcarbamates continue to be promising as exce~lent. her~ici~[~n.<br />
a number of weed-crop situations. The high activity of several' of these compounds<br />
as pre-eme1"!Wncetreat.nts .'1Ul.dthel.owllc.t~·tY'as post.,.eJI)erpnce<br />
,treatments add to the versatilftj 'of' possible l18eii~" Soil-incQriJoration and<br />
fol'llh,tlation.stlldies arecontilll.liq -rapidly_<br />
R-1607 (propyl di-,e-proPYlth10lcarbamate) .an4a-1870 (eth1l-di-~~J..:"<br />
thiolcarbamate) appear particularly promising in a aeries of vegetable, leaf',<br />
.salad, 'and cole .cropeas ,pre-pluting soll-inc~t;l.pnor pr.-emer~<br />
treatments" R-l6o?ia report~.J":I'1 promiains'~-l!I01beans ,as a pr........ ~e<br />
treatment; with the granular f'OI'lIIUlation superior,to~eemulsif'iablec0DPJ8n'"<br />
trate spray formulation.<br />
':' The 6>1b/A'rate of R-2061(p:I'OPyl eth1l-,e~~lthioloarballla~) l.ooks<br />
go:od as. a :.pOtJlt...tanaplant tr •• ~t in "tomatot,.. ,peppers •. and str~berr~.a .<br />
at 6lb/A; . ~ep.riOdof
27<br />
CELLSTRUCTUREANDPLANTGROWTHCRMONEACTION<br />
ArthlW W. Galston l<br />
The Chemical control of pJ.Qil groWth is largeJg.~ empirical art which<br />
has only occasionally approached the level of a pre~table science. This<br />
empiricism is largely a consequence of our imperfeot unqerstanding of the<br />
nature of· the action of growth reg~ator,y chemical~ .such as the auxins.and<br />
gibberellins. It is a constant source of embarrassment to plant physiologists<br />
and biochemists that roughly 35",~s after the disoove1'!Y of auxins we are .<br />
still completely unable to. describe their mode of. &lotion in plant cells.<br />
Lest we become too humble and emba;rrasaed about this sta!te of affairs, it 1s<br />
well to recall that nowhere in biochemistr,y or phys1010gf :l,.sthere complete<br />
understanding of the mode of action of any honnone} even such well known<br />
systems as insulin have not been definitely pin-pointed biochemically. This<br />
has caused some people to wonder whether if, in invelitigating the mechanism<br />
of hormone action, we have not been barking up the wrong tree. All of us<br />
have been looking for chemical effects, and in order to lilXPlain the ver,y<br />
great efficacy of very few molecules of the honnone,we have tended to assume<br />
that the hormone either becomes part of an enzyme systelll; or controls the<br />
action of an enzyme system. Only in this way, it has been believed, can we .<br />
get the proper amplification to pe:nnit relatively large biological effects<br />
to be produced by a small number of molecules. Nonetheless, this line of.<br />
reasoning has been most unrewarding in the past and In fact we still know<br />
of no honnone whose action can be oompletely explained with reference to ~<br />
partioular enzyme system.<br />
Perhaps a part of the reason for our ignorancElof the mode of action .<br />
of honnones lies in the fact that we are only now beg!nntng to understand<br />
the structure of the ver,y complexl1llichine which we call the living cell.<br />
Just as one could not hope to understand the funotioning of an automobile<br />
engine without knowing in detail the structure of its component parts, M<br />
the student of any aspect of cell physiology cannot hope to be able to<br />
supply definitive answers without an intimate knciwledge .of the structure of<br />
the cell and of its component parts, In recent years a revolution in our<br />
understanding of cell structure has resulted from. 1;tle systematic applicat+on<br />
of electron miorosoopy and ultra-thin sectioning to tJ1e ,study of various<br />
cell types. BeeauseI believe that this new info~t:l,.on is basic to any<br />
discussion of oell physiology and of auxin action, ! shall preface IIl;y<br />
remarks with a brief description of our modern view of tpe plantoell. In<br />
so doing, I would like to remind you that while the o~nar,y light mioroscope<br />
is able to give us magnifioations in the range. of 1,000 diameters<br />
with a resolution dOlm to '.2 mierons, the eleotron lIIicrosoope has already<br />
given us olear pictures at 150,000 diameters magnif1~ation with a resolutipn<br />
of 0.003 microns. In faot the theoretical limit of resolution, being based<br />
on the wave length of the radiation employe~ can be imprpved still further<br />
by two orders of magnitude , This clearly brings us liown to the range of<br />
molecular dimensions. We should therefore expeot ~t ~thin the next<br />
several decades, the ~stematic improvement of elec~onMicroscopy and<br />
related. techniques will permit us to have a fairly qetailed view of the
2S<br />
J<br />
complex moleculail" architecture<br />
o.f the cell.<br />
I would like to show you tiNt a pictUi'e' 1)£.a cell in the root tip at<br />
maize. This is a transverse sect1on~ l75p, trom.the apex. T~e large.c~<br />
tral bodY is t.be nucleus with the darker c~1ft aNa8'andnumerou, Pclres<br />
in the double ,nuclear membrane. "The elongated c~ ·~through 'the<br />
cytoplasm are portiOns :of the lIlidOplasm1oretioUlliifirwl\ioh represent,Pt'ojectionS<br />
of'theriuolear doilblemedSrane •. The :nUllllili'OIls olub sba,pedor.· .<br />
106undedbodies Withintemal pro~cti6ns are thftlli1~ohondria with their<br />
cristae. The' grouPsdt sh61't ~swith veliliOUlul:.rIds&re Colgi bodie •• ,<br />
The lighter stipPled-apPeai'1ns~sin' the ti~pWin ,are the vacuole$.:, .;..<br />
Certa1nlyth1sia a beautiful 8rii "canplex maohifte~d'ItJ represents a strU.~<br />
ture towl'li Mial.l1'h7siologioal'data must be %',ete1,i8d'ff, indeed, we ~ to<br />
understand what we are tal1d.ng a~ut. .,". .<br />
In addition tothenumerousoytoplasmio structUre1swhich wehave jUst .<br />
seen, the plant -oell also posed"s a complex cell! will which is physic~<br />
quite rigid during lIIOstof the dtrveloJXDllntof tl'~;'beU arid ooilstrains the.<br />
protoplast frOlnexparvH.ng undet' the intlilenceot lnti!lrnal turgor pres~.<br />
Chem1cantthi~ 0.1;]. walloons18ts of'such mat~us' ¥ pectin,. polysaoc~ ,<br />
rides of "aMolis 'types (including cellulose), lignins, and proteins •.. T~_<br />
plant o;VtolOS!st, 11Sing light,lIlfoiQscopy, has b~'"abJ,eto dist1n~s~. ~. '<br />
middlelameUa-which we novibe:l;ieve to be mairily p'~ctin ~ nature, a p~<br />
wall which iis pl'ii:lllirily 'oellulosi'c and a secondart'·;,au which may oont4n,<br />
almostantthing. : This wall is'tx'Ucturemaybe contllulbu is but it is usuai.l.;r ,<br />
perforated by numerous pits am holes and electron mi~rroscopy has revealed<br />
thatoytoplasmio strands and perhs,ps even branohes .Of the endoplasmic 1!etioulUlllrUnfran<br />
'cell to cellth~~these per{ora,t1~ -. Thus, despite i~.<br />
separli.'tio~ into ~sorete wOoden'}ld~s,the l1,v1ng,.partof the plant bodr:<br />
does represent a p~toplasaa,~ cb,htinuum; thereap~!I to be easy 00lllllW1ice,..<br />
tion between cells by means of" their cytoplBSJlliq ,oQnnections.,<br />
~
pel'fQ.,..d,-.ear17M1932. that the administl'&tto.a of auxin to certain<br />
tnes otplUtceUsresults'1n;III'1,1ncrease inth.'l'1a.ttic extensib1l1tyot<br />
the1f8ll.-Sinee, .. we haveedd.htore,the Wall constrains the protoPlU<br />
1110' contentll:.in their growth, a loosening up ot wa1l structure could lead to<br />
stretc~;of tbeceU under the 1Iitluenceot intemar' turgor pressure.<br />
This. 1s .the:lnterpNtation usU4lJ.T-J;sLvento explaiD"the cell extension pre;..<br />
mot1ng actJivi1l7 ,otauxln.· ' .<br />
iUntol'tunatel;rth1s cannot be the ClOI'IIpleteanewer. wemow, tor exa»<br />
ple, that auxin promotes division of many cells in the plant. Manyyears<br />
ago, it became clear that cambial divisions in ~ spring were initiated by<br />
auxin OOIIIingtmll the growing bu6' above. TbSue ~tures of cambiai' and<br />
other ceUa trequentlT require an endogenous source: ot natul'al or art1t1~tal .<br />
auxin for tbecont:Uwation of cell division. The initiation of adventitious<br />
root., "hich 1nvol"'. celldiV:1e1cmin the per!ctele, i. also caused br.' ,<br />
auxin •. Clearl, then 'cell diTiision promoting .actiOO8 c;annot be attributed<br />
to the wall. In hot, since one generelly thinkllot the nucleus as the 1b1<br />
tiator of the cell division cycle, one is tempted here 'to regard the nucleus<br />
as the intracellular locale of auxin action.<br />
But eventhb picture is not Oomplete. ~~ thirty years ago, Th1- .<br />
mann·aI1dsWeene;r,worldng with thecel18 of ~Coleqptiles, sb:lwed that<br />
the applicaUo*'o! awd.ntOauxf~t1cient c~li.wQUL~ initiate protopJ.Umic<br />
stream1ni':~ thatremovalot,.aux:l.n would1'$iE!ult tn a diminution ot. protoplasmic<br />
eti'ftla:l.ng~ . The~le aspect ot t~(·~~trol is that it CU1<br />
be ·exerted within several minutei. To what organeU8are we to look here?<br />
What is it that controls cytopl&lllll1,cstreaming? In :t~t we do not mow•.<br />
Th.. olosest we'canoalle is to 8~ that cytoplasm1c·.'t~am1l'!8 is quite obvioulJl7<br />
dependent 'on·an energy supply and an 8lttern~s~ply ot OJq'gen. Since<br />
it is the m1tochOndrion in which rtlspiratory activ1.tyl,s localized, we are<br />
tempted to consider the ml.tochondr1on as the seat.9.f plant hormone actien in<br />
this instance. Or perhaps we should look to the so-called "structure!es8<br />
cytoplasm. II<br />
In factex.per1ments pertoJ"llBd,lD8n1years ago ,!?yHenry Northen sho,e4<br />
that the eppllcatiOfl ot auxins to
30<br />
One approach would appear to be by the use of'labeled auxins. satya<br />
we now have techniques available for homogenizing,tnd differentially centrifuging<br />
out the intact organolles of.a cell" theoretJ:cally at least we could<br />
feed a labeled auxin to a plant eeJ.l and after spjlDning out. eacib. component<br />
of the cell we could count each .fraction to see 'Nha'e theradioactivityi'S'<br />
localized. I ,shall return to /fame experiments on this subject later. This<br />
technique is tricky in that the homogenization procedure may" in fact" cause<br />
the removal of labeled auxin frama particular organelle or, conversely" may<br />
artifactually cause its adsorpt1onon to an organelle to which it is not<br />
normally attached. '<br />
Perhaps a better technique would be histochemic4l autoradiography.,<br />
This technique has been of great utility for the m~clil&1" cytologist,S±noe<br />
it has permitted him to localize nucleic acids in the cell with great precision.<br />
Unfortunately the plant.growth hormone is present in the cell in,<br />
such low concentrations that this technique cannot ~e.employed. In 'factI<br />
do not know of anY work along these lines which hasi1yielded useful data4,:or<br />
the plant physiologist.<br />
I would like now to describe some experiments performed several years<br />
ago in collaboration with Dr. Ravingar Kaur and later with Drs. Satishand<br />
Nirmala Maheshwari. We decided to 'at!:llck the probJ,em of the .localization.a!<br />
auxin action in the cell by feeding C 4 carboxyl-labelled 2,,4-D to th61iJ:OWing<br />
cells of the pea plant and then atter hamoget4zat.ion and, differential<br />
centrifugation of the cell, counting each of the f,ractione. Since both ,<br />
the fractionation scheme and the basic results have. alreacl,y been pUblishecl."<br />
I will summarize them only briefly here. After the ,first homogenization<br />
we found that the cell walls and unbroken tissue fr~ents, which deposited<br />
at lowest speeds, contained a, si¢ficant number of counts. These however.,<br />
were readily removed by regrinding ,and rewashing.' We concluded that, in<br />
reality, the wall did not contain f:$.rmly bound 2,4-i:l. Other particulate ,<br />
fractions, such as the chloroplasts, mitochondria and ~crosomcs containe~<br />
smaller activity, which was very readily removed by gentlo washing and<br />
recentrifugation. In fact, the results of many such experiments convinced<br />
us that the great bulk of the labeled 2,4-D fed to tbe plant cell does not<br />
attach to any particulate fraction but remainsint~final centrifugal<br />
supernatant'fluid after homogeni~ation and centr1~uistion. This means<br />
that it is either in the vacuole cr' dn the clear Ils'\;ructureless ll fraction,'<br />
of the cytoplasm. ' '<br />
In order to see whether the 2,4-D 10calized1n.this way might poss1l:>ly<br />
be attached to a macromolecule, such as protein, weatt~pted both dialysi,<br />
experiments and coagulation of proteins. The dialysis experiments told us<br />
that,the labelled 2,4-Dpassed readily out of the bag, ~lthough not SO<br />
rapidly as similar material not 'in contact With pro~~in. All in all, ,the l<br />
data indicated no firm binding ot aUXin to protein..~he precipit.:ation<br />
experilnents, also, showed some small activity onthe,;coagulatedproteins."<br />
but whether this occurs in vivo or in vitro is hard to tell. ,What intore"ted<br />
us most was the finding that auxin'markedlY depresse,r:i t~e heat coagula'billty<br />
of the proteins in this phase. In fact in certaih~eriments the coagulability<br />
is so altered that there is no protein precipitate at all in the<br />
experimental (auxin treated) series, but/the control (auxin free) series<br />
4~
a copious precipitate deposits after ten minutes of boiling. Subsequent<br />
experiments have revealed that this effect is proportional to the concentration<br />
of 2,4...D employed, both in stElllla, where 2,4-D promotes growth, and in<br />
roots, where 2,4-D inhibits growth. The minimal effective concentration<br />
appears to be about 10-6 molar in both tissues and the effect rises linearly<br />
with the logarithm of the conoen~rat1on emplqyed. There is no evidence of<br />
an optimum. Certain of these facts have, of course,. compelled us to doubt<br />
the physiological significance of this phenomenon, for, as you are aware,<br />
a graph relating growth effect to concentration of auxins applied to plant<br />
tissues usually shows a sharp optimum concentration, for growth promotion.<br />
I believe, however, that this is not a serious stumbling block, for in our<br />
laboratory we have obtained evidence that the growth inhibitional phase of<br />
auxin action on stems, at least, is quite separable from the grolvth promotional<br />
phase •. For example, in experiments with excised pieces of etiolated<br />
pea stem, it can readily be shown that when sugar is added to the medium<br />
there is an auxin optimum, but when sugar is omitted from the mediumthere<br />
is no auxin optimum. Regarding the lack of difforential effect on root<br />
and stem in our protein test system as contrasted with differential effects<br />
of auxin on root and short in vivo, we need only remark that there is good<br />
evidence to believe that the basic action of auxin in all tissues is fundamentally<br />
the same. Whether one aohieves growth promotion or growth inhibition<br />
as a result of auxin application is probably the result of secondary<br />
reactions of various types in the different tissues. At any rate, we do<br />
not believe, at the moment, that we need to relegate the results we have<br />
found to the limbo of the physiologically meaningless.<br />
What evidenoe do we have that the phenomenawe have discovered are<br />
in fact biologically meaningfUl? In the first place, the effect appears to<br />
be elicited only by those t,ypes of molecules which show auxin activity.<br />
For example 2,4-D and indoleacetio aoid are most active, phenylacetic<br />
acid and.2-3-5-triiodobenzoic acid are moderately active, and the antiauxin<br />
p-chlorophenaxyisobut,yTic acid is cqinpletely inactive. Secondly, only<br />
those cells of both etiolated and green pea plants which are capable of<br />
responding to auxin from a growth point of view show the altered coagulability<br />
pattern of proteins. Thirdly, kinetic studies have convinced us<br />
that altered heat coagulability maymnnifest itself as soon as two hours<br />
after application of auxin, although the usual time lag is four hours.<br />
Since we can first detect growth differences between .control and treated<br />
tissues in about one hour or so we are at least close to the range in which<br />
our effect must operate to be of significance in the control of growth.<br />
Fourthly, gibberellin, which produces no marked effect on the growth of<br />
excised pea stem tissue, is also without effect on alteration of the heat<br />
coagulability of proteins, though it does appear to synergize slightly with<br />
auxin, as it does in growth itself.<br />
an'the·chemicalside we have also done certain experiments to try to<br />
understand the nature of changes wrought in the proteins. The first question<br />
would appear to be this1 Is it protein itself which is changed by auxin<br />
trea"bnent or can we possibly be altering something else in the tissue which<br />
results in an altered stability of the proteins toward heat? The first<br />
thing to remark here is that the altered coagulability persists after prolonged<br />
31
'. '.32<br />
. dialysis against 'both EDTAand vater. Therefore, ,'wnatever is 'be1ngCh~Fed<br />
,_"is a macromolecule. The precip;ttate itself is 11Iorethan 90%protein but<br />
'does contain SOiftenucleic acid)~ ,sbinepetrtin' tyjle subs.tances and airlaU qUtq1<br />
'tities of lipid. While we have found that' the .~&fi"tilm of cOmmercial ~~'to%'Us<br />
pectin will, in fact, alter the heat coaSU1abU1~"of pea proteins, tho;<br />
.quanti ties which we have hatt to add to produce this >I'lffeot are so large as<br />
.to be physio16g1cally unimportant in our, e:xperimen~~ ,The. crucial'test, .<br />
of the hypothesis that: pectins 8rtil altering the h~~~ coagulability of ,', .<br />
.proteins would be to isolate the pectins from pee.s~ add them to the proteins<br />
-and exaininethe effect 9fphy'aiological quantitie'is~fth\>se matwrials 01,1 "<br />
the 'heat coagulabilitY' patterns. We are currentl;r. pvrforming such exPeriment.s,<br />
.. . ! .<br />
Wehave also found that the auxin-induced reaction can be inhiBited<br />
,very markedly bY'ethionine at about 10-.3 M.Ano~Elr !ntp.bitor which SQElzaS<br />
to work fairly well is p-fluorOphenye.lanine.Siijde'bcith these substanclilS'<br />
are amino acid antagonists (for tyrosine and methionine rospectively)' We '.<br />
,.,.infer thllt protein synthesis '~ be involved 1ntJ11s auxin-induced roa~ori.<br />
This is a h!ghl$ tentative conclusion which must. ~·'axami.ned further, :.<br />
especially in view of the factthe.t ethionine is aleo'a competitor with .<br />
methionine for methyl group transfer reactions WhiChmayinvolve the pectins.<br />
Other' genara~inhibitors which have been found ett.octiive aro 2-4-dinit1'qphonol,<br />
at about l~ molar, iodoacetic acid at about 10-4 1I!0.larand potassiQlllC1!lnide<br />
at about 10-3 molar. The reactionalilo fails to occur in an atmosphere' :<br />
devoid of oxygen."<br />
Wehave als~ attompted to obtain evidence for .or against the fo;rmation.<br />
of a of anew pr?tein under tha:1pfluonqaof auxin \:)ysubjecting the par,tia1ly<br />
purifiGd soluble supernatant protein to ,electp:ph~sis both on paper and<br />
on starch. Our resUlts to date show that apprClXi!1l8telyfour maj"or peaks.<br />
are present in the electrophoretic patterns ot the: prqtei,tls, at pH 8.6 .. '<br />
with verona'l, ·buffer. .These se6ll1to be. altered qu~ti~atively as a res)1lt<br />
of auxin application, and one new small peak arises as the resUlt of8UXin<br />
application. The interpretation Qt:these :r:esu.J.ts1s ~ome'Hh£'.tuncertain, .<br />
and must nwai-tf'urther work•. Ou,r ,.tentati've concl~on is, however, that ,<br />
auxin treatmont has somehowalterod the protein :spe'ctrum of the cell, ,OM<br />
that such alteration may lead to somo or all ot thegt'owth effects noted'<br />
as a r"sul t of auxin applicotion. . :' . . .<br />
References<br />
A) Some of the data for the conclusions cited above aro"£ound in:<br />
1) Galston. A.W, and Kaur, R. An effect of a\ixins on th0 heat<br />
coagulability of the proteins of growing plant cells. Proc.<br />
Natl. Acad. Sci, (U.S.). l!2,,1587-1590, 195~. '<br />
2) and • The intracollular locale of auxin actiam'<br />
Ane1'l'ect of auxin onthe physical state.~f cytopltsmic proteins.<br />
in. Plant Growth Regulation, Proceedihgs of: the IVth Inti.· Conf'er-J<br />
enoa. 355-362. Iowa State College Press, 'Ames, Iowa. 1961.
B) A general review of the subject is found in:<br />
33<br />
3) Ga1ston, A.W, and Purves, W.K. The mechanism of action of auxin.<br />
Ann. Rov, Pl. Physio1, 11J239-276. (1960)<br />
C) . An art~c+a sUlllllla:t'iz1ng the Il'Y ll~olog1cal and chemical data will shortly<br />
be. sUbmittea, to the American Journal of Bot/UlY.
34<br />
THB USB OF HBR,BlCIDBSIN FORBS'J:"MANAGBMENT<br />
Wuu..n F. Muri8og.~""<br />
J<br />
..I·am go1ag eortla1Ce It-mybwIlDe8*:iodayto ~;ii6DIisl~'lIlyour~..r Jl~ -,<br />
tb1s not from any feeling ofmal1cEltoWaidsyoUor from diD'titb8rnpessim1s'rri'WtI1Cb has<br />
as Its goal the negation of all construet1ve thought. Rather my hope Is that what 1 have<br />
to say will sharpen your notions about the resource weforesters work with and hetghten<br />
your appreciation of the problems that coufront us.<br />
One of our biggest problems at the moment is dec1dIDgwhat Is a weed. IrODicas<br />
it may seem, this Is actually the case in many parts of the region. Our forests on the<br />
Atlantic seaboard are extremely complex biologically. We have many tree spec1es<br />
that reach merchantable size and many that have a present or potential use in terms of<br />
the wood that they yield. Then toft there are wide regional differences among the for·<br />
ests of the Northeast •• from the boreal forests of northern Maine to the pine barrens<br />
of NewJersey. Bach vegetational region can lay claim to a number of species that<br />
are commercially desirable or soon will become so. In one forest with which I am.<br />
famWar, there are upwards of 20 spec1es that reach tree size. At the moment, ODe<br />
is about as good as the other in terms of the financial returns we can hope to gain by<br />
se1l1ngthem, and I for· one would be reluctant to call any of them weeds.<br />
One cannot escape the fact that the Northeast Is a forested country. The rural<br />
landscape is a forested one and this becomes particularly evident as one travels the<br />
hUlcountry to the north of here. Woods we have lots IIf. And as the miles roll by<br />
and the forested landscape unrolls before your eyes. the realization comes to you that<br />
this Is a wild crop over which man exerts only minor control. Mlch of it, like Topsy,<br />
Just grows. The degree of stocking, the species composition and the distribltiOD of<br />
age classes is none of our doing; the events that shaped the forests of today are now<br />
history and it is sobering to discover that many of the chaDges that brought about the1r<br />
present cond1tiODwere similarly beyond our control.<br />
As U the wide extent and the biological complexity of the resource were not enough<br />
to deal with, we are sooner or later brought face to face Ir1th the ownership pattern<br />
that underlies this resource. It too is complex in the ead:reme. Land ownerships in<br />
the reglon are characteristically small and the land is owned and taxes paid on it by<br />
people who have a whole arsenal of reasons for wanting to do 80. Bven U it were physically<br />
possible, let alone financially desirable, to manage these forests intensively over<br />
wide areas, management prescriptions would falter and fa1lin the face uf such an<br />
ownership pattern. Bothsocially and economically. then, our contrel of the resource,<br />
crude as it may be, 18 further constrained and we are reduced to the role of consultants<br />
who, by our powers of persuasion, hope to influence others to do what we think to be<br />
the r1gbt thing in the right place at the right time.
This narrative of ineptitude must be tempor8rilylillJ.ted at this point to allow me'<br />
to draw your attention to the forester's peculiar burden,.time. Without appearing to<br />
be pedantic, I would like to emphaSite that it takes a longtime to grow a tree. Commercial<br />
hardwoods of sawlog size talf:eupwards of SOyears to reach maturity, while<br />
our fastest growing conifers need 35 or 40 years before they become saleable. Whether<br />
due to climate, past geological events or man's activitY, it is nevertheless true to say<br />
that the lengthy time periods tnvolved with the productiOn of mature forest crops in the<br />
Northeast constitute for the forest manager, as opposed to the manager of any other<br />
enterprise, one of the most serious impediments to IIU1Ilagement. Howis one to plan<br />
for an SO-year period? And how are such plans possible when so little is knownabout<br />
the resource we would control and when the climate for control, of even the most<br />
modest proportions, is so inhospitable?<br />
Butlet us proceed. It is an old aphorism that tlieworld is many things to many<br />
people and this is nonetheless true of the forest and the people who use it. There are<br />
those who work in it, those who live in it, some who huilt or fish in it, many who<br />
recreate in it, ,and appreciable numbers who draw their water supply from it. The<br />
forests of the Northeast are experiencing all these uses today in some degree or other.<br />
In some cases, these varied uses arecomplementary; unfortunately, it is more common<br />
for them to come into conflict with one another. Use creates value, and it has<br />
been our historical experience that use changes with tirhe:and with it the values that<br />
arise from such use. Ours is athn~that breeds ~ and we are witnessing today<br />
rather revolutionary changes that prOfOUndlyaffect the'uses to which we put our forests.<br />
These changes have their origin in the large centers of populanon that separate the<br />
forests from the sea and have to do with the geometric nature of population increase<br />
and the flourishing development of oUr urban way of life. The peoples of these heavily<br />
populated areas are on an active crusade for "Lebensrauin" and they are going to the<br />
very place where they can gEt it easiest, the woods. 'q1eir quest is not only one of<br />
acquiring living space but also of finding solace and seClUSionfor short periods of time<br />
aside and apart from the press of people that daily surrounds them. Bytheir numbers<br />
and the economic power that they wield. these people have created de novo a use for<br />
the forests of the region which is both popular in its' appeal and pre;';ing in its .needs,<br />
As foresters. we have not been trdned to meet this ch4Uenge. Our management<br />
techniques are fashioned around the production of wood fOr uses that are of long sranding,<br />
such as lumber. pulpwood or poles. We are not ecpipped to handle the diversity<br />
of use that arises' from the recreational use of forest land nor are we able to prescribe<br />
with any intelligence when confronted by a request for management techniques<br />
that would have the effect of upgrading the aesthetic values of forest property. Here<br />
again, we are reluctant to say categorically that this or that is a weed tree and should<br />
be eltmtnated, For who is to say what is weed arid what is not? We are dealing here<br />
with subjective preference which it is beyond our ability to objectively determine, Our<br />
present asseeament of the greatest good or the highest value that the forests pOssess<br />
may be so altered by the passage of time and the changes that it works that there will<br />
be those who, in future time, will setiously question oUrsanity.<br />
35
36<br />
I wouldlike to.adpinsult. to ~ry by dwelling.for a ~pme,nt on the uncertainties<br />
that plague the forest' manager' int[1e~9i.l;beast. I woUld~U1ce'tP paint for you a v~~<br />
pictute of Jo Sylv~ JuattecentIy. grad~ W1thabacb~oi:~ f\)restry degree froma<br />
leading school ofbi~~OJlUte. Jobas ~.luclcy enough tq)lU?-da Job as manager 9f,a<br />
10,OOO-acretr,.ac~ ono~tlapd inS,~utheastern New Hainplh1;re. apd he bril1fJ to~e<br />
Job all theentliliSiasm 8ndlcnowledsetlui.tbis training and~:r years can muster. '<br />
His einployer's WtJ:'UCtiODSare both ~rse and to th~ point ,~-, "operate in such a mal'.·<br />
ner that I get a netreturn from my in~~ent each YetU'.aij.devery year."<br />
,~ , : "f' _ ' ',c.'; i _ );' !<br />
Jo bas beeq,thorougbly' school~ 011bow to cruise timber and how to measure, grpwth<br />
rates, sIllshe proceedswith a1acrity~ow.ake a detailed in~tpr)r of the forests wUku:<br />
bis Jurisdiction. This'done, he figUres' Outhow much ¥bMin saleable wood pro~,<br />
ducts, at what rate bis growing stock is increasing, and hOwmuch he can afford to cut<br />
each year for the,n,ext 50 years. Let's assume that he C;~ cut the equivalent9flOOO<br />
cords. of wOodper year. His next Job is finding somewhere .tosell the wood. fie "<br />
scouts the area with1na lOO-mile radius of bis forest and dls~overs' that he can sell<br />
some white pine to .a pail and tub faptory, some spruce PUlPitQ a construction co~,<br />
'some 89O'dgradehardwood logs to a flirnlture manufactu;rer. and about 500 cords Qt,'<br />
spruce to~ pulp mUhome 75mUesdistant. He goes ~'tq,bis desk and figures Out<br />
what he bas to cUt, where and at whats.eason of the year,WbatJ:he prices must be to.r<br />
bim to show a profltQtib1s operatfou 8ndwhat si~e crew ~e Willhave to bire to .~tbe<br />
work done most efficiently. So far,' it aUappears str~rward and quite wi~ .<br />
the compass' of bis' tecbD1cal ability'. '.'Sowithout flirtheJ: ~,'J9 IJegins to operate Jds,<br />
woods. ' . .<br />
Let's assume now'~ '10 yeaks~"ee1a.psed and th~:~e are paying Jo • visit to<br />
see howhe is gettp1g on v- ~er all, .lite mostfores~ei's,ba is a likeable chap., .<br />
Imagine our di$may and horrOr whenwefind that Jo is no longer there. He was f~<br />
two years ago. It dOesnot take long to find out why. On,tnCJIiry, it transpires ~<br />
the pail and tub factory went out of business in the interim, tbe,construction firm<br />
started using altun1'munpiling, thefuriUtui'e manufacturef~d buy cheaper hardwood<br />
imported from Liberia, and the pul~.JllU1had sWungover'tO,a's,emi-chemical process<br />
which 81lowedit to use low-grade sprGiuthardwoods whichlt could buy for next to<br />
nothing in great quantity'from farmwqocJlots in its immediate vicinity •. Poor Jol<br />
In ~erence to ~ current public, demand for a hapPf~. however, let us<br />
continue in time to the year 1980 wh~ .~ luck would have it, ,.e happen to pass Jo's<br />
old forest IJ881n in the course of being tdlcenfor a Sunday ~ve,by our married ~ter<br />
andfamUy. We are surprised by~l~~ sign which says. "TranquU Acres" and'~<br />
on to announce thatcamp1l:1gfacilitlesare' available.tothePubUc for a sum of $5.00 per<br />
family per night,that sWimming andtenDis are' available "",side attractions, and.<br />
yourfricmdly hoSt is Jo Syl"a~ Notb1J:lgw11l do but that we stop and see our friend.'<br />
, Weare greeted at the'ooor by a.corpulent hunkof cordiality Whois all set to sign'Qll.up<br />
for the weeItend andwe have some tJ;oUl:I1c identl,fyingourse1'Vesbecause of the bifOcals<br />
and receding hairlines' that we have acquired in the intervening years since our last<br />
encounter. We soon reestablish our relationship, however, and we find that not only
does Jo run a recreational facilitythat'isih~llV11ypatrOnl:ledtheyeataround but healso<br />
has a portableparticleboard'assernblywbioh he hss mourit~(N)n struck and whioh'he<br />
moves fr.om one bloWdownarea totbe other. The hurtlclihe6f1971lookedlikea i ,<br />
major disaster for Jo at the time but this new particle boa1'dinachine that uses small<br />
red maple stems in short lengths as its raw material enabled him to convert a seemingly<br />
hopeless situation into his biggest mOJley-tnaldngaSset oVem'ight'almost. SUitably<br />
impressed by the resUtency of the' maa, we take our ISave and ,marvel for the remainder<br />
of the day on the magtdtude of the changes. that have occurred in the short time' thEIt1iie<br />
have knownIo and his forest..'<br />
'11/1y reasons for relating this tale must surely be obvioos. I wish to empbasize<br />
for you that risks and uncertainties ~as mu~ a' part of the natural environmentiri<br />
forest management as the trees themSelves. lfour hlstadeal experience is anyprecedent,<br />
we can be sure that the future Willbring majorchallgeB in price for the prod&lCts<br />
that we have to sell and that these ptl:¢e cbanges will be affected to asignificant'degtee<br />
by technological de:velopmentsthat create new uses for Woodtlndin so doing make suddenlyvaluable<br />
species Whichhitherto we considered valtieless.In short, we can'<br />
expect present uses to change and newuses to develop fOt species that we attaeh:aouse<br />
to at present. The forests within which these species grow are just as likely to change<br />
in ways that are not orderly or within dur control. It' islfllte within the bounds ot'<br />
poSSibility that certain orour more valuable specieswUl sucO\lmbto some pathopn<br />
such as has happened in the past with birch, chestnut, aDdnow perhaps white asia.<br />
Cat'ac1ysmic events, such as fire or;Wind, may affect out grOwing stock in suddeft and<br />
serious fashion so that we are impelled to reviSe our cutttng schedules in such a way<br />
as t,osalvage losses or rebuild out inventory • And all,ot't'hellechanges, I would have<br />
you',note,are eXtraneous to the forest and have nothing'cddo Withthe way the trees<br />
grow or how the forest composition changes overtime. Their influence is great,and<br />
their significance is the greater the more intensive the degree of management. In<br />
other words, the more elaborate the management ,program fora given tract of forest<br />
land, .the more disruptive is the effect Of events of tbisnatllre.<br />
It becomes evident, then, that the forest manager ... eneompaesed about with a<br />
plethora of variables that he can seldOm:predict or control., More often than not, he<br />
operates from mcompl~e knowledge of the events which 'f/ill d~emnine the COllt1m.led<br />
integrity of his' enterprise. In this tndeftnite aura of ehaz1Seand uncertainty he bas<br />
now been preSented with a herbicidal toOlthat enables hiDlto control with greater<br />
efficiency the composition of his forest~ All well and gOod. He knows too from the<br />
experience of others ~·the effects of· suoh herbicidal tr.eatments are not whollypre~<br />
dictable, that they vary with the nature of the carrier, 'Whetheroil or water, with the<br />
season of the year in wbichapPlied, the type of vegetatiGlftbeingtreated, the sprouting<br />
ability of the species treste4,.and ·the intensity of the treatment. To add to his misery,<br />
he:does not know nor canhe 1~W$.th._YcJegree of cetUtnty how-much such herJld~<br />
cidal treatments will' cost wqenappliied to bj.f;lWoodsaact1heBites that they grow on,<br />
and there are cohflictingopinionB:a8to the lJestchemica1'1llD.'iIpply and the bestmarmer<br />
in which to apply it -- foliage spray, basal spray or frW by axe or tree injector.<br />
Then, too,he has long considered that there are certain sites where it would be<br />
37
38<br />
f'~iQl~. ~bQtb~micaUy andpb~Q&UY' to r~~~QU8g.1;'Owth bybe3:~qi~<br />
contro! Q1tb' '~w~" haJ:dwood$~ JY?:one has giv. ~JtJ,:IeI1l~,whereby i,le'Pan<br />
iden~ dtes~Nli. ~~ the ground" .'ffJ.e~nder otttis~ taO!ql~Y for~tersha,e<br />
us~ .these ~Qals at aU. "<br />
ba~eqtheybave doDeso wlthgood JU~J,nt.<br />
:P1£ttbey:<br />
this w~d contro! WQI'k, .and hav~ beardor read aboQt~~~, ~, ~d' I wUl~f<br />
mention som~C)f.~ more si~c. ijBeB as they ~ ~or .asthey are likelY,,~,<br />
develop in the near future.<br />
'<br />
AsklBUlar lin" wiPespread ~8I;teristic of()U;~~:woodJ,ands in the Northeast<br />
is theb:::den8iq ot:~~. Inv~ythere are t~·~~.s~ per unit area. f\>r<br />
I Pave seens~'~<br />
the~0l.'e81:$to ~npidly~ ~tb18dense veg~ve~ rntlitates aga1~t ~"<br />
natural etUQYlntllt-QfthewOOd$by _~. The naturalinf~tyof the soUs .the,(;~upport<br />
these dewle:WISlQC1ehas a UmitiJ)g ettecton the nwnberot:"teR\S that reach oper~e<br />
Sizes, the c~~ being the.UUsMllcalfor l18tUl'a1JOl'f!St to-be compot!Jed;o(<br />
large stems ratberwide1y spaced 1W4.~r these stems to-be ~erspersed wlth,1W~ous<br />
smaller fltQl.1llJ•. \I81Jallyof a dlffer._pecies. In most9l¥'eB, the prOOuctivity~the<br />
site Is aQeCflatelY:\ltWzedby the ~ trees so that ~".~er trees ~me:~1<br />
impedimeot.. U ~"re \lncerta!n "'the abI,llty ·of~ 9Ver~1;Qry trees to repr~ .<br />
theJD;selvesQX'.wereoperating in anar.., where sproutiQl;was not su
Another pote1U:ialuse for chemicals in forest management has to do with the thinning'<br />
of plantations that are compoBedot species that are liable to infection by~<br />
annosus f Tbisrooc rotting organiBm'epreads both subtei'raneally and by spores and<br />
is particularly serlousin plantatiou& tIU\t are in the pale stage. Thinning by the conventional<br />
method of cutting creates stUmps that are infection sites for the activated<br />
spread of the pathogen but it is possible to circumvent thi8:difficulty if the trees to be<br />
thinned arc poisoned by frilling and allowed to disintegrate in place. Since so many of<br />
the earlier tbinnings in plantations do not yield usable wood, it is entirely possible that<br />
this means of thinning will not only cost less but be productive of fewer hazards.<br />
There are many woodland owners today who are interested in growing Christmas<br />
trees. Where there is available open land, there are few problems that a good mowing<br />
cannot cure. The situation is somewhat different with those who plan to raise their<br />
trees in areas that are already wooded. It is possible for them to clear off a patch of<br />
woods and to maintain this area in an open condition at the expense of much time and<br />
labor. A more feasible method involves the thinning of the present forest cover to<br />
permit enough light on the forest floor to encourage the growth of coniferous transplants.<br />
We have tried this and it seems to work. We thinned an oak-maple-hickory stand<br />
rather heavily and after sprouting had taken place, treated the cut stumps with a<br />
2, 4, 5 - T solution in kerosene. Some months later we planted the area to 2 x 0<br />
Norway spruce, and after one growing season they appear to be doing well. The competition<br />
from what hardwood sprouts remain is inconsequential.<br />
The release of conifers from hardwood competition has always seemed to be a<br />
most logical occasion on which to use chemicals. In view of what I have said previously,<br />
I hope you will forgive if I do not wholly subscribe to this seemingly obvious contention.<br />
I am ready to admit, however, that there are some sites where the relative productive<br />
potential of the site under conifers is so superior to anything that we can hope to derive<br />
from hardwoods grown on the same site, that little doubt exists as to the advisability<br />
of chemical release work. I am immediately reminded of some of the problems that<br />
our cohorts to the south are faced with. But there are large areas of the Northeast<br />
where conifer release is not justified economically or sUviculturally and, as I have<br />
tried to indicate previously, wemust know more about site quality as it affects growth<br />
and be more certain in our predictions that future markets will offer suitable compensation<br />
for the costs involved.<br />
There are many other subsidiary uses of chemicals in forest management and,<br />
depending on what you do and where you happen to be, they may be of considerable significance<br />
to the success of an operation. I have encountered references to the use of<br />
chemical weed control in watershed management and in fire protection and both, in<br />
their respective local areas, were considered to have great promise. The emphasis,<br />
however, continues to be on the herbicidal control of "undesirable" species, and it is<br />
this type of blanket prescription which prompted me to enter upon this discussion of<br />
change, uncertainty and the insufficiency of our present knowledge about what is or is<br />
not desirable.<br />
39
40<br />
For ifc~be our ,lot and\ll1certainty $tree t:benMe'hadbetter be fle.xiblein<br />
our purposes and a4ept.at altering~. •We onlyD.y,iatJle face of troubleifW6 ..ch$inel<br />
our eltorts. into asl.1,ISe andsaetUl
Newapproaches in the use of herbicides<br />
turf llIlUIagement<br />
c. Richard Sk~gleyl<br />
in<br />
The control of weeds always hils been and probably always will be an important<br />
factor in the'maintenance o-f turf. A review of the literature dating<br />
back prior to the advent of theintrQduction of 2,4-D, ancl modern day weed eontrol<br />
practices .would bear this out.<br />
Someof the earliest reports on selective weedcOl'ltrol in turfgrass callle<br />
from the Rhode ISland Agricultural Experiment Station. Experiments had been<br />
started in' 1905 to compare fertilizer mixtures' designed to affect the soil reaction<br />
differently. An acid, neutral and alkaline· fertilizer was each applied<br />
to different grasses. three years later differences became ~Jite apparent'<br />
betweengrasse$ and by 1910 it was .noticed that weeds were least abundant on<br />
the plots receiving the acid fertilizer. Although Kentucky bluegrass was .<br />
favored by decreasing the soil acidity, clove~ and weeds were more prevalent.<br />
ThiS work was continued for manyyears and a number'of publications wet.<br />
written which included data from these trials (3, 5, 6, 8, 10). It is interesting<br />
to note some of the early reactions to the ~&sultsobtained. Hartwell<br />
and Dainon(8) in discussing the work !Stated that "Ongen.ral principles<br />
perennial grasses will be permanent to the extent tha~ their specific requirements<br />
are fUlf~lledeither naturally or artificiaJ1ly". They also wrote<br />
that "Even when the specific needs' of a grass are known, it is not ,always advisable<br />
to maintain these needs because the growth of certain undesirable<br />
pl arrts, such as weeds and fOUl grasses, may be promoted by the same conditions".<br />
For quite a number'of years the "Rhcqe' Island weedle•• lawns" received great<br />
publicity. Here was an admitted case of penalizing the desirable grasses to<br />
aid in weed control. In 1910 with little knowledge available what choice was<br />
there?<br />
,. .: - .. - . ',",<br />
These investigators continued their efforts, however, until they were<br />
convinced that it wasn't soil acidity 2!t 1! but rather differences in plant<br />
tolerance to aluminumwhich increaseQ; in thesolls01utionwith increasing<br />
acidity.<br />
It wasn't until almost 1940'that Rhode Island gave up trying to control<br />
weeds in turf by keeping the 5011 in.~ acid condition. It had becometoo"')<br />
diffic1.ll t to maintain any kind of91'assunder these cc>nclitions'- even Co10ni/l,1<br />
bent. .' . ,<br />
Sprague and EV8ul'in a NewJersey bulletin, (13) published in 1930 made<br />
this statement "In general it se,ms sensible that fertilization to control<br />
weeds shOUldbe cor'lducted on the ,basis of ,encouraging vigorous growth of the<br />
turf sa that grasses may successfully compete with weeds. The development of<br />
excessive acidity may cause more trouble than the weeds themselves". Researchers<br />
in both states seemed to agree that keeping soils 'very acid to prevent<br />
lAssociateProfessor of Agronomy-TurfManagement.University of Rhode Island.
42<br />
weed growth wasn't the best answer. Amongprofessional men in the field today,<br />
however, there still are those who are not convinced that the acid soil theory<br />
of weed control should be discarded.<br />
Reginald Beale (1), writing in Great Britain about 1930, made this statement:<br />
"There are tens of millions of pounds spent on education every year and<br />
yet there are still manywho cannot understand that' when ~{eeds come up in a<br />
lawn, or elsewhere, it is a perfectly natural occurance, in fact it would be<br />
unnatural if they did not, because every part of the earth's surface contains<br />
seeds or spores of some sort of weed or another". He goes on to write" It is<br />
essential for the owner of a lawn, no matter if it be sown or turfed, young or<br />
Old, to fight the weeds year in and year out if he wants anything approaching<br />
a good lawn". Mr. Beale then goes On to explain how these weeds are to be<br />
battled. Small lawns, those up to about 15,000 sqU~re feet, can be handweeded.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>s in larger areas may have to be suffered in reluctance. He did sugg~st<br />
one chemical treatment if the turf contained a great many weeds. A material<br />
called Carteri te, or lawn sand, COUld,be broadcast at a certain rate. This<br />
notation was made: "Lawn sand being highly caustic will burn everything' ineluding<br />
the grass, and will kill upwards of 80 pere~nt of the weeds, only the<br />
very strong and deep-rooting varieties escaping". Can you imagine a rec~.men.<br />
dation of this sort today?<br />
In a book written by Dickinson of Massachusetts (4), published in 1930,<br />
a few chemiCals are suggested for turf weed control. Dusting ammoniumsulfate<br />
on the leaves of certain weeds, or painting them with a concentrated solution<br />
of the chemical is suggested. Iron sulfate spray is suggested where dandelions<br />
are numerous.<br />
Another book (2), published in 1933, listed i+on SUlfate, copper SUlfate,<br />
sulfuric acid and sodium arsenite as chemicals available for selective weed<br />
control in turf.<br />
other chemicals often suggested through the 1930's for spot treatment of<br />
weeds were kerosene, powdered lead arsenate, powdered fertilizer, and sodium<br />
chlorate.<br />
This paragraph appeared in a 'past issue of turf CUlture (7). Can you<br />
guess when it appeared? "A few years ago when the news of a cheap, effective,<br />
reasonably safe method of controlling weeds in turf with chemicals began to<br />
spread, there were manywho harbored the allusion that this was the final<br />
answer. There WOuldbe no more we$dsl Simply sprinkle a magic powder over the<br />
lawn and presto! - a perfect lawn with no work involvedl This idea, more than<br />
any other, has retarded the cause of chemical weed control by producing disappointing<br />
results. Some illusions are dispelled quickly, others gradually;<br />
this one takes no time at all. The first trial convinces anyone that che~al<br />
weed control is but one step in the production of beautiful turf". This might<br />
logically be from an article written today but actually the date was 1939. The<br />
chemical in reference was sodium arsenite.<br />
Just where are we today in turf weed control? . First, I believe all turf<br />
specialists are in accord that good managementis the first and most important<br />
step in control. In the recent book on weed control by Klingman (1) this
43<br />
sentence would bear this out". The importance of practices that produce a<br />
strong and vigorous turf cannot be overemphasized.<br />
Items that are generally agreed upon as necessary of consideration in management<br />
are proper establishment procedures, selection of weed-free seed of<br />
the right grasses, correct usage of lime and fertilizers, proper cutting and<br />
intelligent use of water.<br />
Proper method of establishment involves several things. The soil itself,<br />
soil additives used, if any, slope and drainage all have a bearing on the finished<br />
product and the ease of maintenance - including weed control. One procedure<br />
that is often recommended, and many times employed, is seedbed sterilization.<br />
Haphazard and sloppy procedures for establishment seem the rule rather<br />
than the exception. The use of proven soil sterilants such as methyl bromide,<br />
calcium cyanamide or sodium methyldithiocarbamate could very well be included<br />
as one step in proper lawn establishment. Manylawns are lost or end up in<br />
poor condition because of weed competition in the first few weeks after seeding.<br />
This is particularly the case since most lawns are started in the spring <br />
despite years of education to the contrary.<br />
The selection and use of good seed is also related to weed control. The<br />
seed buying public, it would seem, places most of the blame for lawn weeds on<br />
the seed companies. This is hardly the case but the high weed content listed<br />
on the label of many of the cheap "supermarket" mixes might make you wonder.<br />
Wedo knowthat some seed lots contain weed seeds that cause real concern <br />
mouse-ear chick'<strong>Weed</strong>, velvet grass aOOcertain ~ species. Good seed mixtures<br />
containing small quantities of tall fescue or Highland bentgrass also<br />
add to the list of complaints about weeds in seed mixtures. Most of the cheap<br />
seed mixtures contain a large percentage of annual ryegrasses and other coarse<br />
textured species that may be temporary under lawn conditions. These temporary<br />
grasses often disappear quickly leaving large bare areas in which weeds may<br />
flourish. The use of high class, adapted, seed mixtures is very important in<br />
~he fight against weeds.<br />
Low, wet areas or high, dry ones that might have been eliminated with.<br />
proper grading or construction often add to the lawn weed problems. The chances<br />
are good that certain weeds will adapt to these situations muchmore quickly<br />
than do our good turfgrasses.<br />
It is a most unusual soil, here in the Northeast, that is not inherently<br />
deficient in the major plant nutrients and is not considerably acidic in reaction.<br />
These are conditions which make turf production within the region a<br />
more complicated job than in many other areas of the country. The better<br />
turfgrasses, currently available, do not perform at their optimumunder the<br />
conditions normally prevailing. It is necessary to add nitrogen, phosphorus<br />
and potassium to most of our soils. It is suggested that they be added in<br />
good quantity when establishing a lawn and at least twice a year thereafter.<br />
It is also desirable to lime soils regularly to develop and maintain a pH of<br />
6.0 to 6.5. Unless these amendmentsare made we can expect persistent weed<br />
problems. There are many more weed species, covering a wide range of adaptation,<br />
than there are lawn grasses. It is only when the grasses are receiving<br />
a reasonable supply of nutrients that they are capable ·of holding their own<br />
against the multitude of competitors.
It might dispel some confusion here to hazard &1'1opinion, shared by<br />
numerous turf specialists, regarding fertilizer usage. - Manydifferent grades<br />
and formulations of fertilizers can be used successfully in a turf management<br />
program. The~e is nQ single grade ,brand, or type that is yet recognized' as<br />
being superior oV4trall. Certain ratios are often given as guides and application<br />
rates are suggested but beyond this it has been Clearly demonstrated- that<br />
dense, vigorous turf can be maintained with many different grades and formulations<br />
of complete fertilizers.<br />
Perhaps it should be made clear also that too much fertilizer can be as<br />
damaging to ~ maintenance program as too little or none at all.<br />
There should be little doubt anymore that cutt£ng height of turfgrasses<br />
is a critical consideration in the management of lawns. Numerous studies have<br />
clearly indicated a close correlation between heig/ltof cut and depth and extent<br />
of rooting. Qoberts and Bredakis .(12), in a rtport from Massachusetts in<br />
1960, reviewed 35 years of root studies. A number of concjusdcns were drawn<br />
on the basis: of these many studies. A very important-one is as followsl<br />
"Regardless of the type of grass under experimentation, clipping or defoliation<br />
at regUlar intervals inhibits the development of new roots in comparison ~th<br />
nonclipped tu;rf. ·Onmost species and strains this reduction in root development<br />
becomes progressively greater as the height is·'lClWered"•<br />
. There are differences in cutting height ·to1erance among the genera,<br />
species or varieties of lawn graScS8s. These have been pretty well detennined<br />
and every article on cutting management suggests minimumcutting heights for<br />
the various grasses. Grasses that are cut consistentJy, shorter than suggested<br />
invariably become weaker and are less able to compete with weeds. In addition<br />
to this,grasses weakened by too clos.e mowing are; 1_" able to tolerate herbicide<br />
treatment. The problems encountered in treating close-cut golf course' <br />
turf with herbicides Is a good example.<br />
Another facet of cutting height relates to weed seed germination.<br />
Ught intensity minimumsmust be exceeded before certain weed seeds can<br />
germinate •. T,1'leCOllllllOn crabgrasses, for instance, do' not germinate or grow 11'1'<br />
fairly shaded areu. Keeping the soil surface shaded by maintaining a dense<br />
turf, cut at recommended heights most assuredly aide In reducing the weed<br />
popUlation.<br />
Water usage in turf management is important in +ooeedcontrol. It has been'<br />
very. enlightening to me to see firsthand many clear cases of weed infestation<br />
positively correla~ed with improper water usage. This has been most Clearly'<br />
shown following. the installation of irrigation systems on golf courses and<br />
home.lawns •.. .fQai!3mIi' crabgrass, bentgrass and evetta few of the broad1eaved.<br />
weeds often flourish and gain the ~pperhand within two or three years fo~Xowin9<br />
the install.ation of irrigation systems. This is particuLarly the case whe~<br />
the grass is cut too short, is thin, or the water is 'applied lightly and 'fr$quently.<br />
It is likely that an increased incidence of disease is many timel!;'an'<br />
intermediaryin-re,pect to turf density, water usage and weed population. In.<br />
overly ..wet ..collditions.disease ismClre prevalent and damaging and frequently'<br />
thins the turf open:l:ng it up for invasion by weeds. ' .
More and more each year since the advent of truly selective weed chemicals<br />
the publiC has come to rely on the herbicides as anessentail part of turf management.<br />
I doubt if there are many who would argu& with this belief. <strong>Weed</strong>s<br />
such as crabgrass, Veronica, mouse~ear chickweed, mwhlenbergia, dandelion,<br />
plantain and, when out of place, bentgrass are seldom controlled by management<br />
alone. There are other weeds in this category also. Mlny of our commonturfgrass<br />
weeds are controlled readily with 2,4-D. I WOulddoubt, however, whether<br />
there are many turf specialists who still don't have certain qualms, even after<br />
manyyears of research and use, about recommendingthis widely used herbicide.<br />
Injuries are reported every year, as are failures, even when the material is<br />
used to the best of our knowledge. Because of the many interactions amongthe<br />
wide range of variables governing the growth of a given piece of turf we still<br />
cannot predict with accuracy the reiponse to herbicide treatment. A chemical<br />
that is dependable in one area of our region may not be in another. Endothal<br />
is recommendedfor the control of a Veronica species in one state in the Northeast<br />
but cannot be made to work safely in another. Chlordane, for crabgrass<br />
control, has given erratic reSUlts from one location to another and from one<br />
season to another. One of the newer crabgrass herbicides, Diphenatrile, has<br />
given excellent results in two years of testing within one state but has done<br />
poorly in another state only 200 mil~S distant. Calcium and lead arsenates,<br />
although exhibiting real possibilities, have not been promoted because of lack<br />
of consistancy. They almost always give excellent control of crabgrass but<br />
on occasion they are damaging to the turf.<br />
The reasons for variable results with the many herbicides are numerous.<br />
Most of the reasOns are not clear or fully established. Weknowthat soil<br />
type or texture has a bearing on results with chemicals applied to the soil.<br />
The base exchange capacity of the soil, influenced mostly by the clay and organic<br />
matter content influences the actiVity of herbicides. Microbial populations<br />
of the soil govern breakdown of certain herbicides. The persistence<br />
of these herbicides in the soil, then, would depend on the size of the microbial<br />
popUlation and the rate at which they can increase.<br />
Time of application of herbicides - spring, summeror fall, is critical<br />
and for various reasons. The growth rate of the turfgrasses and the weeds at<br />
the time of herbicide application is most important. This has been documented<br />
and reported, on many occasions. Factors governing the growth rate - soil<br />
moisture, temperatures and fertility levels must always be adequate for the<br />
optimumtiming of herbicide application.<br />
A recent study by Rice (11) at the University o~ Rhode Island indicated<br />
that the roots of certain putting green grasses reach their greatest depth and<br />
maximumextensiveness during the spring months. Extensiveness and depth both<br />
decrease during the summerand roots remain shallow even through the fall<br />
months. This study is not complete but if the present indications shOUldbe<br />
born out by further research or review then mid- to late-spring application of<br />
herbicides to turf for selective control of biennial or perennial weeds should<br />
prove considerably safer than late summeror fall applications. CurrentlY both<br />
seasons are suggested with the fall season frequently being favored. Additional<br />
studies of this more basic nature are badly needed in the turfgrass field. Regional<br />
projects on turfgrasses, completely lacking in the northeastern region,<br />
at the moment, could be most instrumental in conSOlidating and validating many<br />
of the loose-ends and conceptions or mis-conceptions currentlv exis~ina_<br />
45
46<br />
It is intere$tingtolook around' within the region to see how many herbicides<br />
are presently .being recOJlllllendedfor turf weed control. The number is few.<br />
This despite the fact that manycheuii~als of. proven potential are available.<br />
Howmany of these J.nterestihg chem1cal ls are actuall y'being reconrnended orPJ'Omated:<br />
2,4-0, 2,4,5-1, Silvex,'sodlum' arsenite, phenyl mercury, calcilJll<br />
arsenate, potassium cyanate, the atsonates, Chlordane, Zytron, Dacthal,<br />
Diphenatrile, .Endothal, Calcium Cyenamide, Vapam, methyl bromide? And there<br />
are many others that could be added to this list - both old and new•<br />
. 'I<br />
There are many obstacles to'overcome befon we clln actually get off the.<br />
ground and feel that we have a "new approach" 1n tUrf. weed control with herbicides.<br />
Progre$sin this field has been slow. It is Slow for as Dr. Klin91J18n<br />
.,(9) states, "Be~au&e millions of ccnsumers and hundreds of turfgrasses and<br />
ornamental pl~nts are involved, the job of educating ~sers is more complex<br />
than in other areas of weed conllrol" .../.Wecertainly have come some distance<br />
since the introduction of 2,4-D. With closer cooperat~on among states, with<br />
the federal goverl'lllent and amonglndustry the next 10 years could be much more<br />
productive in developing the fielo than has all of the past.<br />
Li terature<br />
Cited<br />
1. Beale, R. Book of the lawn. Cassell &Co. London. 1931.<br />
2. Cubbon, M. H. and l'8rkuson, M. J. Soil management for greenkeepers.<br />
W.F. Humphrey, Geneva, N.Y. 1933.<br />
3. Damon, S. C.<br />
Ext. Bul. 48.<br />
The making and care of lawns. R.I. Agr. Expt. Stat<br />
1927.<br />
4. Dickinson, L. S. The lawn. Orange Judd Pub. Co., Inc. NewYork. i9301<br />
5. Garner, E. S. and Damon, S.C. The persistence' of certain lawn<br />
grasses as affec.ted by fertiu"zationand competitlon. R.I. Agr. Expt.<br />
Stat Bul. 217. 1929. .<br />
6. Gilbert, BasilE. and Pe~et,F. F. Toleranoe ofcettain weeds and<br />
grasses to toxic aluminum. Soil Sciill'iCe 39: 42a-428. 1935.<br />
7. Grau, F. V. Chemical weed control on lawns and sports fields. Turf<br />
Culture I: 53-60. 1939.<br />
8. Hartwell, B. L.and Damon, S. C. The persistence of lawn and other .,<br />
grasses as influenced· especially by the effect of inanures on the degree<br />
of soil acidity. R•.I. Agr. Expt. Stat Bul. 170. 1917.<br />
9. Klingman, G. C. <strong>Weed</strong> control: As a science. John Wiley 8. Sons, Inc •.<br />
NewYork. 1961~<br />
10. North, H. r. A.,Odland, T. E. and DeFrance, J. A. Lawn grasses and their<br />
management. R.I. Agr. Expt. Stat Bul. 264. 1938.
11. Rice, E. J. The effects of cUltivation and gypsumtreatments on seasonal<br />
root growth of E2a~ and Agrostis palustris on putting greens. M.S.<br />
Thesis, Univ. of R.I. 1961.<br />
12. Roberts, E. C. and Bredakis, E. J. What, why, how of turfgrass root development.<br />
The Golf Course Reporter 281 12-24. 1960.<br />
13. Sprague, H. B. and Evaul, E. E. Experiments with turfgrasses in New<br />
. Jersey. N.J. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bu!. 4971 30-34. 1930.<br />
47
1+8<br />
'WEED CONrROLBY DIME1'HYt..:mRACHL6ROl'E1lEPHl'~'1'l!:<br />
ALO~ ANDIN<br />
CEm'AIN CCJ.lBINATJ:otlS<br />
L. E. Limpel, Paul H. Sohuldt, acdl n&tYid Lamont 1/<br />
[<br />
Dimethyl tetraohloroterephthalate in pre-emergenoe applioation onto<br />
freshly oultivated soil pos ses8S II remarkable residual aotivity against lIIaby .<br />
annual grasses, e.g., orabgrass (pigitatia spp.),' tbll foJCtails(SetaEia sW.),<br />
and barnyard<br />
weeds, e. g.<br />
grass [Eornoo~o: orus-galli<br />
purslane (JlrtiJ:C _ olenoea<br />
(L.) Beauv.] and some broadleaved<br />
L.) and lambsquarters (Chenopodium<br />
~ L.). However, at reoommended dosages, it is ineffeotive for oontrol of<br />
ragweed (Ambrosia spps ) and Gal1ns~a spp, and usually provides only partial<br />
oontrol of pigweed (Amaranthus app- and smartweed (Polygonum spp.). The<br />
utility of this ohemioal would be greatly inoreased if it effectively controlled<br />
these latter weeds, but none of many experimental formulations has<br />
enhanced activity. In a continued effort to broaden the uses of this herbicide,<br />
it has been combined with several other materials used in pre-emergenoe<br />
applications.<br />
There are two ways in whioh combinations of weed killers can improve<br />
weed control I (1) The mixture lIID.ybe synergistic, i.e., a given weed speoies<br />
may be far more susceptible to the mixture than it is to either of the oanponents<br />
applied alone. (2) The mixture, in a simple additive fashion, may<br />
control a broader speotrum of weed speoies. It would be expected that oases<br />
of true synergism would be rare, and unless there was an antagonistic interaction,<br />
simple addition of spectra of aotivity would tend to be the rule.<br />
h order to take full advantage of this type of addition, the two herbicides<br />
to be combined ought to be as dissimilar in this respect as possible.<br />
Cbviously, such combinations would be restricted to use on crops which<br />
tolerated all components.<br />
MATERIAISANDMETHODS<br />
The herbicidal materials used in these studies are listed in the table<br />
on the following page.<br />
In the greenhouse test, soil contained in metal flats 12" X 8" X 3"<br />
deep was broadcast seeded both to pigweed (bmaranthuB retrof1exus L.) and to<br />
barnyard grass. Each species was restricted to a specific area of the soil<br />
so that pure stands would be present. The seeds were lightly covered with<br />
soil, and the following treatllB nte were then immediately sprayed onto tho<br />
s oil surface I dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate, CDEC, and NPAeach at<br />
2 lb./acre, dimethyl tetrachloroterephtha1ate + CDlOOat 2 + 2 1b./acre, and<br />
dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate + NPAat 2 + 2 1b./acre. The treatments<br />
were replicated three times and three untreated nats were included as checlcs.<br />
The flats were retained in the greenhouse untill good growth had occurred in<br />
the checks at which time total fresh weight of the aerial parts of each<br />
speoies was determined. Per cent control was calculated on the basis of<br />
reduction in fresh weight as compared to the checks.
PFSI'ICIDESUSED<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,-- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - --<br />
Common<br />
Active<br />
~ Trade-mark ingredient Fortnulatiop. ~<br />
DACTHALW-50 dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate<br />
50 W Diamond<br />
Alkali<br />
CDEC VEGADEX 2-chloroallyl diethyl- 4 lb./gal. Monsanto<br />
di thiocarbamate<br />
E.C.<br />
NPA ALANAP-l N-l naphtllyl 90W Naugatuclc<br />
phthalamicacid<br />
crrc ORl'HO3-CHLOROisoproP)l N(3-chloro- 4 Ib./gal. California<br />
rrc EMUISIVE phenyl carbamate E.C. Spray<br />
DNBP PREMERGE dinitro-~see-butyl 3 Ib./gal Dow<br />
phenol, alkanolamine<br />
salts<br />
2,4- D CROPRIDER 2,4-dichlorophenoxy- 4 lb. ae/ Diamond<br />
AMINE40-2 acetic acid, alkyl gal. Alkali<br />
amine salt<br />
2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxy- Experimental Diamond<br />
acetic acid Alkali<br />
chlordane CHIPMAN<br />
CHIDRDANE:<br />
octach10ro-4,7-methanotetrahydroindane<br />
and<br />
related compounds<br />
50 W Chipman<br />
49<br />
·In the field tests, treatments were applied in 50.gallons of water per<br />
acre from a one gallon hand operated sprayer equipped with a Teejet nozzle.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> control was always calculated from 4 or 5 independent estimates of the<br />
per cent of each plot covered by weeds, regardless of species, unless othe~<br />
wis~ specified. The most commonweeds encountered in the field were barnyard<br />
grass, crabgrass [Digttaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. and ~. ischaemum<br />
(Schreb.) Muhl.], pigweed Amaranthus retrof exus L.), purslane, smartweed<br />
(Polygonumpensylvanicum L.), ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifplia L.), and<br />
galinsoga.<br />
Each plot in the Lima bean test was 3' X 30' and dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate<br />
at a and 4 Ib./acre, DNBPat 4 and 2 Ib./acre and dimethyl<br />
tetrach1orophtha1ate + DNBPata + 4, 4 + 4, and 4 + 2 Ib./acre were applied<br />
one day after cultivation and planting. There were three replicates in a<br />
randomized block design, and the combinations wore applied as tank mixes.<br />
Treatments were sprayed onto 3' X 15 1 plots two days after the onion<br />
plants were set. Thero wore four replicates in a randomized block design.<br />
The following treatments were applied, the combinations as tank mixes:<br />
+.A+.,..n..... },'n,..n+_t:u ••onh+'J.,r:l' ....+~ ..+ do .......;1 J ,"" J____ "T'nf" _..L ,<br />
dimF!t.hvl
50<br />
In the third field test, in which no crops were included, a somewhat<br />
di~terent' approach was taken. The test area was thoroughly cultivated with<br />
a rotovator,and then divided into four equal blocks or replicates. Bands<br />
4 16" wide were treated with dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate at 6 and 2<br />
:l,b./acre, sprayed. in a north-south direction, the length of the replicate,<br />
each replicate being treated separately. Also, untreated north-Bouth barns<br />
of the same width were included -in each block. Baoos of the other herbicides,<br />
5 16" wide were then applied in an east-west direction, the width of the<br />
replicate, crossing the bands of dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate at right<br />
angles. Dosages applied werel'Crro at 4 and 2 lb./acre, NPAat 4 and 2<br />
lb./acre and.2,4-D'at 2 and llb./acre. Again, each block was treated<br />
separately and untreated east-west bandswereinc],uded. This procedure<br />
resulted in a series of 4 16" X 5 16" subplot~ containing all combinations of<br />
dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate with all dosages' of the other herbicides.<br />
In addition, subplots containing each dosage of each herbicide alone, as well<br />
as untreated oheoks were formed.<br />
Plot size in the crabgrass oontrol test was 7' X 7' with three replicates<br />
in a randomized block design. Combinations were applied as tank mixes<br />
in 100 gallons of water per acre. Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate at 10<br />
and 5 lb./acre, 2,4-D at 0.5 lb./acre, NPAat 10 lb./acre, ohlordane at 40<br />
lb./acre, dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate + 2,k-P at 10 + 0.5 lb./acre,<br />
dimethyl tetraohloroterephthalate + NPA at 10 + 10-and 5 + 10 lb./aore, and<br />
dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate + chlordane at 5+ 40 lb./acre were<br />
included in the test.<br />
The amount of weed oontrol whioh could have been expeoted from the combinations<br />
was oalculated and is reported in eaoh table. The following<br />
formula, whioh was derived from the literature on inseotioide synergism (1),<br />
was used to oalculate expeoted weed oontrol assumiDg oomplete independent<br />
action of the components in the combinations I<br />
x = %weed oontrol by h6rbioide A at p pounds per aore<br />
y = %weed oontrol by herbioide B at r poullds per aore<br />
E = expeoted %weed control by A + B at p + r pounds per acre<br />
E=x+y-~<br />
This equation is oonsidered to be valid only when applied to a given<br />
speoies. When oombinations are evaluated against a population of mixed<br />
speoies, the relationships beoome muoh more oompli~ted. However, it is<br />
assumed that oaloulations of this sort give a meas~re of enhanoed weed eGOtrol<br />
due to a broadening of the speotrum of susoeptible weeds. True<br />
synergism, unless very pronouncsd , w::luld tend to be masked when oombinations<br />
are evaluated against mixed speoies.<br />
RESUIJrSANDDISCUSSION<br />
The results are presented in Tables 1 to 5. There e.re three instanoes<br />
where certain combinations appeared to provide oontrol of given speoies<br />
greater than expeoted I' dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate plus CDECagainst<br />
barnyard grass and dimethyl tetraohlorotcrephthalate plus NPAagainst<br />
pi~eed (Ta?le 1) ~~. ~im~~hyl_tetrachl?roterephthalate plus ohlordane
__..:I<br />
whether or not these apparent cases of enhanced control are meaningfUl should<br />
await further evaluation.<br />
In the field tests (Tables 2 to 4) against populations of mixed speoies,<br />
certain trends seem apparent. Most combinations provided weed control<br />
better than eXpected. In general, greatest benefit seemed to be imparted to<br />
the lower dosages of dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate. Differences between<br />
actual weed control and expected control appeared to increase with time. In<br />
other words, the oombinations responded less to dosage and provided longer<br />
control than the herbicides applied alone.<br />
TABIE 1<br />
Relative Effectiveness of Dimethyl Tetrachloroterephthalate<br />
Alone and Combinedwith CDECand with NPA<br />
Greenhouse Test<br />
Dosage, Ib./aore<br />
Dimethyl<br />
tetrachloroterephthalate<br />
other<br />
2<br />
o<br />
CDEC2<br />
2<br />
2<br />
o<br />
2<br />
NPA2<br />
2<br />
o<br />
Per cent<br />
Pigweed<br />
control 11<br />
Actual Expected<br />
85 81<br />
81<br />
87<br />
53<br />
o<br />
53 93<br />
78<br />
Barnyard grass<br />
f.ctual Expected<br />
96 81<br />
38<br />
11= Actual per cent control based on fresh weight.<br />
= == = = = = = = = = = = = = === = = = = = = = ===== == = = = =::;: = =<br />
TABIE2<br />
Relative Effectiveness of Dimethyl Tetrachloroterephthalate Alone<br />
and Combinedwith DNBPin Field-Grown Lima Beans<br />
Dosage. 1b. lacre<br />
Dimethyl<br />
tetrachloroterephthalate<br />
8<br />
4<br />
8<br />
4<br />
4<br />
DNBP<br />
o<br />
70<br />
9.3<br />
%weed control, days after treatment 1I<br />
40<br />
Actual Expected<br />
95<br />
66<br />
4 .CJ8<br />
42 93<br />
85<br />
o 4 41<br />
2<br />
97<br />
80<br />
78<br />
36<br />
51<br />
49<br />
Actual Expected<br />
80<br />
30<br />
11= At 40 days the check was'4 per cent covered by pigweed, purslane,<br />
'\.. ... __ ~<br />
1.._______.:I _.L. I • .:1 .!.L an .L
6 . 2,,,""D2 90' "88 77 54.<br />
"l 0'> &') ",n· ?t:.<br />
52<br />
TABIE3<br />
Relative Effeotiveness of D~th,yl Tetrachlorot~phfhalate Alone<br />
and Combined withCIFC, in, Onion Traosplapts .• F:ield Test. '<br />
- - - - - - -~. ---<br />
DAAage, Ib./acre<br />
Dimethyl<br />
tetrachlor~<br />
terephtha1ate CIPC<br />
8 0<br />
4 0<br />
8<br />
4<br />
o<br />
- -- _.- ~ -----<br />
------~;~ - - --<br />
Per cent weed contr612S<br />
. tree.t1nent~.1J<br />
Actual<br />
63<br />
36<br />
4<br />
2<br />
97<br />
82<br />
4<br />
2<br />
o, .. ~. • I<br />
76<br />
41<br />
------------ --------------------<br />
days atter<br />
Expected<br />
1/.==The check waS. 94pe.r~tl!lt ~overed by. pigweed, smartweed,<br />
.ragweed, purslane, gal1l'lSogB., and barnyaJd grass,<br />
. ..-. -<br />
=========================.=.~-~===========<br />
TABIE4<br />
Relative Effectiveness Against <strong>Weed</strong>s 'of Dimethyl Tetntchloroterephthalate<br />
Alone and Combined with CIFC,'NPA, am 2,4.;.D • Field Test<br />
- - - - - - ----- --- - - - -- - --- - ---- - - - - - - - - - --<br />
Dosage, lb, lacre Per cent weed contrDl at days atter<br />
Dimethyl<br />
treatment.JI<br />
tetrachlorc. 31<br />
42<br />
terephthalate other Actual Expected Actual Expected<br />
6 0 57 33<br />
2 0 36 7<br />
6 crrc 4 81 82 55 48 ..<br />
2 '4 86 72 45 28<br />
() 4 .57 23 ..-<br />
~,~.<br />
','·6·, (,lIPC2 80 ' 70 49 38<br />
2 2 :S'--.. 56 ·16 14<br />
0 2 31 8<br />
6 NPA 4 86 88 70 52<br />
2. 4 91 81 66 33<br />
0 4 71 28<br />
6 NPA 2 85 72 65 39<br />
.:2 2. 84 58 48 15<br />
0 2 34 9<br />
92<br />
62<br />
,.
Dosage. Ib./acre<br />
Dimethyl<br />
tetrachloroterephthalate<br />
other<br />
6<br />
2,4-D 1<br />
2 1<br />
o 1<br />
TABLE4. (Continued)<br />
53<br />
Per cent weed control at days after<br />
__ --..:'~_- tre~tl!..lolY'--__ = _<br />
31 ..,...,.--,~L;2...:...",,_~...,.<br />
P.ctua1 Expected Actual 3.xpooted<br />
86<br />
84<br />
43<br />
Jj =At 31 days the check was 97 per cent covered by barnyard grass<br />
crabgrass, purslane, pigweed, and galinsoga, and at L;2.days the<br />
check was 99 per cent covered by the same weeds.<br />
======================================<br />
TABLE5<br />
75<br />
64<br />
71<br />
55<br />
12<br />
Crabgrass Control in Turf by Dimethyl Tetrach1oroterephthalate<br />
Alone aOO in Certain Combinations - Field Test<br />
Dosage, Ib./acre<br />
Dimethyl<br />
Per cent control 134 days after<br />
tetrachloroterephthalate<br />
other<br />
Actual<br />
Expected<br />
treatment 11<br />
10 0<br />
91<br />
5 0<br />
43<br />
10 2,4-D 0.5 91 91<br />
o<br />
0.5 0<br />
10 NPA10 87 91<br />
5o 10 26 43<br />
10 0<br />
5 o<br />
chlordane 40 65 45<br />
40 4<br />
J/ = The check was 23 per cent covered by orabgrass.<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate has been tested in various combinations<br />
with CDEC, NPA, DNBP, CIro, 2,4-D, and chlordane. In general, the results<br />
were qUite promising and tend to encourage additional research with these as<br />
well as other oombinations.<br />
REFERENCE<br />
1. Busvine, J. R. ·1957. A Critioal Review of the Techniques for Testing<br />
Insecticides. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London. 208 pp,<br />
41<br />
18
54<br />
DIPHEIUHID FOR PRE..Ei,ERGENTvJEE£ CONTROL<br />
IN HORTICULTURALCROPS<br />
E. F. Alder and W. L. Wright<br />
Diphenamid is the tentative common name for N,N-dimethyl-ct,ttdiphenylacetamide.<br />
Last year at the regional weed conferences<br />
we first reported the selective herbicida1.-propert:l:.esof thie<br />
compound and other substituted diphenylace,amrdes (1,2,3).<br />
Confirmatory eVidence has subsequently been'published (4).<br />
Diphenamid is an effective pre_emergent herbicide against annual<br />
weed grasses and several annual broadlea! weeds. It has shown<br />
useful selectivity in several horticultural crops. A list of<br />
crops which have been tolerant to diphenamid at rates through<br />
eight pounds per acre is presented in Table 1.<br />
Table 1. Crolls Tolerant to Diphenamid at 8.lb/A<br />
- - - ~ - - ~ - - ~ - - - -<br />
tomatoes (seeded and<br />
Peppers (seed4d and<br />
Strawberries<br />
Snapbeans<br />
Lima beans<br />
Peas<br />
,Potatoes, Irish<br />
Potatoes, Sweet<br />
transplant)<br />
transplant)<br />
Cabbage<br />
Nustard<br />
Radishes<br />
Turnip •. l<br />
Kohlrabi<br />
Rutabaga<br />
A list of weeds classified according to their susceptibility to<br />
diphenamid at rates of four tq six pounds p,r acre is presented<br />
in Table 2. Diphenamid has given excellent control of most<br />
annual grass ~eeds tested. Broadleaf weed control has been<br />
promising but variable. Rainf.ll or irrigation'soon after treatment<br />
improved 'the broadleat weed control perto'rmance of diphenamid.<br />
1. Contribution of Eli Lilly and Co., Gre~nfield Laboratorie~,<br />
Greenfield, Indiana<br />
2. Head, Plant <strong>Science</strong> Research, and Plant Physiologist,<br />
respectively
~ ~_~ __<br />
L<br />
L<br />
Table 2. <strong>Weed</strong> Susceotibility to Diphenamid at 4-6 lb/A<br />
55<br />
Susceptible<br />
------<br />
Crabgrasses<br />
Foxtails<br />
Barnyardgrass<br />
Goosegrass<br />
Stinkgrass<br />
Cheat<br />
Pigweed<br />
Lambsquarters<br />
Carpetweed<br />
Chickweed<br />
l-loderately<br />
Susceptible<br />
Wild oats<br />
Fall panicum<br />
Ragweed<br />
Smartweed<br />
Wild mustard<br />
Purslane<br />
Tolerant<br />
Jimsonweed<br />
Velvetleaf<br />
Venice mallo.r<br />
Field<br />
Tests<br />
Tomatoes<br />
Diphenamid was applied to field-seeded and transplant tomatoes<br />
in 33 experiments at Greenfield, Indiana and at other Indiana<br />
locations. A. total of ten varieties of field-seeded and transplant<br />
tomatoes were tested. Spray applications were made with<br />
either a modif~ed Hahn Hi-Boy sprayer or a ~~lky spray unit.<br />
Plot sizes varied in the different experimehts but were usually<br />
greater than 50 square feet. <strong>Weed</strong> control wa~ determined by<br />
counts or visual ratings.<br />
Table 3 presents data from a typical pre-emergent experiment<br />
on field-seeded tomatoes. Application was made immediately<br />
after seeding the tomatoes. Grass weeds were large crabgrass<br />
and yellow foxtail.<br />
Table 4 presents typical data from an experiment on transplant<br />
tomatoes. In this experiment diphenamid was applied as an overtop<br />
treatment on the transplants pre-emergence to the weeds.<br />
Grass weeds were large crabgrass and yellow foxtail; broadleaves<br />
were pigweed, lambsquarters, smartweed, and ragweed.<br />
In all tests, four pounds per acre was adequate for weed control<br />
on light soils. Six pounds per acre was needed for heavy soils.<br />
On heavy soils, field-seeded and transplant tomatoes were not<br />
d.amaged by diphenamid at rates through fifteen pounds per acre.<br />
In one experiment of the fiv~ experiments oonducted on sandy<br />
soils,.moderate early injury to the tomatoes was noted at the ten<br />
pound rate. A. month later this damage had disappeared. Final<br />
yields were not reduced in any of the experiments. It is apparent<br />
.~~+ A~_~_~~_~~ ~ __ft~_ ~_ ~ __<br />
~_<br />
~<br />
' __ ~<br />
L _
56<br />
Table 3. W~ed Control in Fieid-Seeded tomatoes with DipLenam1d<br />
:>Percent <strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
- - - .- - - - - -- ~ -<br />
Diphenam1d' Grasses : B!o~d!e~v!s _<br />
_ _l~:!l! _ __ _ _ ~igw!e£l _ !:a!!.lbtq~att!r~<br />
Wettable<br />
Powder<br />
4<br />
6 8 "<br />
12<br />
Granules'<br />
8<br />
o<br />
99iHt 98** 70**<br />
,96-!Ht 99** 67*it<br />
100{t* 99+*':~ 8S*it<br />
1,00** 99+*{t 96**<br />
,99iHt 98** 67**<br />
0 0 0<br />
(8.3) (63.4) (2.7)<br />
~ !I !I<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
** Significant at 1% level<br />
!I Number 'weeds per aqu.are foo,t<br />
76**<br />
87*it<br />
9S*it<br />
92**<br />
~ )<br />
Table 4. <strong>Weed</strong> Control in Transplant TOlllatoe~ with Diphenam1tf<br />
- - - - - - -- - ~ ..-<br />
',93**<br />
'97**<br />
, 96*-1t<br />
98**<br />
~<br />
DiPbenamid ...: f19tCen~ t!e§Q ...CQP~rgl __<br />
.. ..1~/! ... __ .. gr!,s~e~ _. __ BrQ!d~e!v!s __<br />
Wettable<br />
powder<br />
2<br />
46<br />
8<br />
o<br />
o<br />
(23·l)<br />
.,' !I<br />
** Significant at 1% level<br />
!I Number weeds per square foot<br />
3)<br />
78**<br />
74** ,<br />
8)**<br />
The effect of diphenamid on final tomato y1elds is demonstrat.d<br />
in Table,. ,Tw.o typicalexp,e~illlents ,are p8sent&d which show<br />
increa,sedyields obtained from diphenamid t:l!.eat.ed plots. This'<br />
increase Wlla probably due to t-he control of :weeds on thoseplo·ts.<br />
~<br />
"j<br />
r ,
- - - - - - - - ~, - - - - --- - - - - - - -<br />
Tomato Yields (Tons/Acre)<br />
-.~ -.-- - - -.~ - - - - - - -<br />
Fie~d-Seeded . Transplants<br />
- - - "-- - - - - ~, - - - - - - --<br />
Table 5. Yield Data on Field-Seeded and'T~ansplant Tomatoes<br />
Diphenamid<br />
__ l~/~ _<br />
Wettable<br />
Powder<br />
2 19.5<br />
4 18.8<br />
6 19.6<br />
8 18.7<br />
o 16.7<br />
15.8<br />
20.0<br />
20.4<br />
20.0<br />
57<br />
In five trials on seeded and transplant green peppers, diphenamid<br />
gave no damage to peppers with comparable weed control to that<br />
obtained in tomatoes.<br />
In experiments on first-year transplant and established strawberries,<br />
diphenamid has given good weed contr()l with no damage<br />
to the strawberries at rates. through eight pounds per acre. Above<br />
eight pounds s ome le.afburnand decreased runner production was<br />
noted.<br />
Table 6 presents data from a typical experiment on first-year<br />
transplants. Diphenamid was applied two days after the berries<br />
were set. The dominant grass weed was large crabgrass. Lambsquarters<br />
and velvetleaf were the dominant broadleaf weeds. Tpe<br />
latter species is tolerant to diphenamid as i.ndicated in Table 2.<br />
In several experiments on transplant strawberries the plots<br />
were placed under cultivation after the first weed control data<br />
were obtained. Subsequent observations indicated that shallow<br />
cultivation did not destroy the weed control effectiveness of<br />
diphenamid.
58<br />
Table 6. <strong>Weed</strong> Control inT,r&1lsplant Sllraw~er1'1ies with Diphe:n:am1d<br />
Dtphenall1id<br />
_ _ ~btA __<br />
Wettable<br />
Powder<br />
4 68<br />
10<br />
12<br />
Granuleljl<br />
4 8<br />
12<br />
o<br />
- - _.-'- ............ ....<br />
..,;' ' .-<br />
.'- - - - - -<br />
_P:r:~t'_w.!Q~£Q~t!:o! _ ,,, Strawbeuy-<br />
_ ~r~s~e~ __ ~~~~d~e!Y~s: ~ !n~u~Y"_R~t~n~~ _<br />
98** 57** 0<br />
99** 72** 0.7<br />
99** 65** 0.3<br />
99** 64** 0.7<br />
100** 79** 1.0<br />
98** 76** 0.3<br />
100** 87** 1.7<br />
100** 92** 1.3<br />
0 0 ",I<br />
0<br />
(12.9) (5.6)<br />
"EJ ~/<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - --......<br />
** Significant at 1% level<br />
-'!I C-noefhot, l-3*sl1ghtinj ur 1, 4'~6-II1)oderate<br />
il1jury,'T-8-severe i'njury-,9 ..cciJiipJ:etekUl<br />
'WNUlllber weed,s per ~,quare f·oot<br />
~~<br />
Report~ fro;m se:ver~l investig~tors indicate-:ddphenamid to be<br />
pTomising for the control of weeds in Irish potatoes and in sweet<br />
potatoes at ratefl of four .t.o s:d.x pounds per 'aJ:re.<br />
, L'<br />
I••..•<br />
I r<br />
Lima beans, snapbeans; and peas have shown tol.erance to<br />
diphenamid at rates through twelve pounds per acre. Table 7<br />
presents data from an experiment in which these crops were<br />
included.<br />
t: :
Table 7.. <strong>Weed</strong> Control in :l:!c,Ql1llIeswi th Dip~~namid<br />
'-<br />
Diphenamid<br />
___ ~bLA _<br />
**<br />
Wettable<br />
Powder<br />
2<br />
4<br />
6<br />
8<br />
12<br />
o<br />
- - - - - - - - - ~ - ~ .' - -<br />
Signifioant at 1% level'<br />
.. ~e!c~n~ !!e2d_C2n~r2l_ ..c.!o2JnJU!Y.R~t!n~s~/.<br />
59<br />
Lima Snap-<br />
..G!a~s~s __ .B!o~d!e~v~s ..b~a~s .. _b~a~s __ P~a~ •<br />
93** 58** ' "0 0 0:,<br />
99** 66** 0 0 0<br />
99+** 74** 0 0 0<br />
100** 88** 0 0 0;<br />
100** 93** '0;.3 1 00 0.,7<br />
0 0 "0 0 0<br />
(207.4) (12.2)<br />
pJ<br />
.: ~<br />
pJ<br />
-.'<br />
. - - . . . . - - - .. - .. - .. _I:,:•<br />
'2./<br />
O-no effect, 1-3-s1ightinjury, 4-6~o4erate<br />
injury, 7~8·severe injury, 9-complete kill<br />
Number weeds per square foot<br />
Summary'"<br />
--<br />
',~.-<br />
Diphenamid,has shown considerable promisel,or the control of<br />
annual grass and,several bl'oadJ.eaf weeds at rates of four to<br />
six pounds per acre. Crops -on: which diphe-namid looks par- .<br />
ticu1arly promising are seeded and transplU\t,'tomatoEls, pepp-e1's,<br />
strawberries, potatoes, the legumes, and some of the cole crops.<br />
Lite~ature<br />
- ""'!""~.- - - - --<br />
Cited<br />
1. Alder, E. F., Wright, W.L., and Soper'; Q. F. Control ot'<br />
weeds in vegetable.'erops with a ·substi tuted<br />
diphenylacetamide.Proc. Ncwee ~. 55. 1960.<br />
2. Alder, E. F., Wright, W,,'L., and SoperVQ. F. Control of<br />
, weeds in vegetable crops with a substituted<br />
dipheny1acetamide. :'Proc. NEWCC1$:69-72. 1961. ,_c'<br />
3. Wright, W. L. , Alder,; E:'.F., and Sope'l'l Q. F. Control ot<br />
weeds in vegetabh and agronomic' crops with' a<br />
substituted dipheny1acetamide~ Prot. SWC 14:<br />
126-192. 1961. . .~".<br />
I. T ~_~.. A .1. .ann ~TJ.anlL r. _ The nre-emer2ence herbicidal
60<br />
sbMmP.RClMJ:Sm'lIlil$ OF''IV.PeNr32,W v<br />
1<br />
,ADIl SUBS':U!l'UrEDUREABEBBIClt8, _<br />
R. ,n-~ Swe~~ J. o.C~ne and'acK,rp..:~.<br />
~l'Jtotyqetable Crops, Cornell university<br />
In 1961, the Industrial and Biochemicals Departmeat of the E. I. Du Fon't<br />
de Nemours and Com.PanY, Inc., released to investisators Herbicide Jfo.326with<br />
the technical nameof 3-(3,4-DichlQl'OJlbenyl l)-l~.l-metbyl utea. The<br />
company.listed such attributes as pre-and post-emellpDee activity, relatively<br />
rapid disappearance from soil, aDdreJ.e.tively low :t;~ty to mammals. The<br />
herbicide was susgested pr:lme.rily U "post-emergeDM.t#rected spray on corn<br />
and pre ... mergen~on soybeens. Ot.1MIr-crops which ~\])e treatedwitb directional<br />
sprays were also stated as possibilities. carrots had been fouriii to be<br />
tolerarxb of berb:l;cidal quantities applied. as pre-emerpnt sprays. PreU m1nary<br />
reports indicated pre-emergence a~t1ons could~~Elrated by such crops,<br />
as snap, dry, and lima beans, squash.,4nd potatoes.' ~urY was found. on<br />
vegetables -1ncluding_ cucUlllbers, red beet.s,., and ,:toma~ " ". ". . ,. ,. ,.<br />
The purpose of the tests reported here wastp-o ~~. the .perf9rD18nQeof<br />
326 on various vegeta:bles and nutgrass. Where'pre_rgence tolerance waS<br />
indicated, post-emerg«iUQetea'te _~ se~ly~t·. aJ,~s, conducted..<br />
,1--; L .-.) ~ " ,--j ,<br />
Experiments with Carrots<br />
,,,; 'j . . ',<br />
There were four tests with carrots; two were on coarse sand, one on s~<br />
loam, and one on muck. The two on coarse sand were ab8ZIdoned after pre11.Dl1Dary<br />
n-ote taking due to severe crop damap. trom heavy st~. The muck test aDd the<br />
one on sandy loam soil involved botb'pre";' Ei.Ddpost-emergeat applications of<br />
about 25~tut."<br />
cl1emtcalsatsevere.l-zetes 0Cb. weM.")~8 were lIlBde~t ~.<br />
vals during' the season. "Although· Mrv'est. l1'eCOl'Cls W8ft '~n,. yields are 91-,<br />
questionaelevalue, cbec~" otf~ld rW;J'1ab:Uityp.beClUJSeweeds were.~ x:<br />
relllOved'p~"aa· tUybecame ~nt :I:n tbt.vadc~uB iP~ots. .' , .r c : ,<br />
-I J.:.'"<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> and crop ratings of the mOre~ign1ficant llBter1als in' both thes8iJdy<br />
loam and the muck soU tests Qe·presented1.n<br />
behaved quite differently on thet"ilO--solls-.In"<br />
t.111e 1.<br />
regard<br />
Several materials<br />
to weed control, the<br />
pre-emergel1ee-applic:AiQlUJ ~C~, ,J:lact~, f'.ytt:OPj~.,~~ and D1J?be"N'1d<br />
were much less, etf~1."thOn mUQkto-. o~lIandy l~,·;;BQveVor, Pre":emerpnce <br />
treatments of Dtll'ont. ~6 .as 'weU.·"" .~U'lural~,;~~ ..and mc showed 110<br />
si¢fic:ant 1nfiuence of so11 type on weed control. As wasto be expected.,<br />
post -emerselSce:!lerb:r.c:tde.. ~re .1101; ~u~I;lqed. by. sou, ~ '.: .,. ,.<br />
~'_::"l L ,(i: ~;-:-, ",., " :" ",!' ..,"', '~_ .<br />
Altbo~sb"'~' r,s~e"to .• r1?~s .1n"~'f¥l ..~.1nnuenced by<br />
herbicides, Dipbenamid was exceedingly toxic on sandy so11 and not harmful on<br />
muck toU. ~S1llce ~edpQ::.lt;r91. .. ~ P9Q.r."1,h .J>.1phenamidpn .the<br />
muck, it isprobablt!ltbe.t t.bis ..~... ' 1.&1 ...was.eit~ ...~~.~ rf- ..18bt.~.... adsor'!Jed or'<br />
quickly broken.aown_ S,1Doeop.,~.aoU ~phe . '_ ;.'p.~ ~tive1Y long<br />
lasting results, it is unl1ke~ that decompositioll'" as1mpoi"tant as<br />
adsorbtion. .c" ,-" •<br />
, f·
Table '1. Rat.1lISstI 'Of carrot and weed responses to herbioides six weeki<br />
_____ f!l!O!i~.Jl!B!t!D.s.._:.. .. ;:. ... __ ~ ... _<br />
.'; .,'. .'". '. weeaa~l . Cro.JIH,<br />
.Qh!m!c!l__ '~b.!!..~ !1!!i!!,lC ~a~ !o!in: !U.!:k.: __ S~_l~~ _ ~__<br />
Amiben ,2 gran. At p1anttns 7.0 2.0 B., s.o<br />
elPO<br />
Dacthal<br />
326<br />
326<br />
4 II II 11'8.0' 3.0 s.o 7.0<br />
4 II II 6.5 ',".lhO B.5.:di.5<br />
8 ".. 7.5 ~.5 B.' ;8.0<br />
6 (9') ,,~, 8.5, ""IIo~~' 9.0 ·'J·8·.o<br />
12 "", 8.".0 9.0 BS<br />
2~,~~~ ::: t~;. ,.0 ::g 1B.,<br />
, 12 II II 7.5 l 4.0' 9.07.5<br />
1/2(·) 1111 ,.0 9.0<br />
, 1 II II 7.5 '-;.5 7~,6.5<br />
1 1/2(3) "" 9.0 B.5 B.' "6.,<br />
1/2(-) Early Post 9.0 9.0-.<br />
1 II." 9.0 8.5 B.o 6.,'<br />
. 1 1/2(3) II II 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.'<br />
Dip1'opalin 4At planting 7.5'3.0 9.0 9.0<br />
8 It N . 8.0 .8)5~' 8.5 8.0<br />
It<br />
.. Early' Poet 5.01'.0 9.0 ,'1740<br />
8 ". ~ 1.5 t.o 8.5 ".5<br />
TrlflUl'al1D 4 At plantil18 B., 7.' 8.57.5<br />
8 II II 8.5 8.0 9.0 8.0<br />
J)ip~eMlilld '4 "" B.5 c3.0 2.0 vs.c<br />
8 II II. 9.0' "3.' 2.0;;' 8.0<br />
lpazlM··.· .<br />
(30031)<br />
1/2(·) II II' 6.0 8.5<br />
1- ' II ". 5.0 6.5 8.5<br />
1:1/2(2) ".. 6.0 j. 8.07.5'<br />
. ,1/2(·) Early Poirt . ,.0 .. B.o<br />
. 1 II II 5.0 6.5 8.0<br />
1 1/2(2) "" 5.0 8.5 8.0<br />
·2 "" " 4.5 ,~o '8.5<br />
.. II II ' 6.5 8.5 8.0<br />
6 ( ..) II II 7.5 6.5<br />
2 Sl-aD. Incorp. 5.5 6.0 8.0 6.5<br />
4' 'I. II 6.5 'c'r 6;'0 7.0 6.5<br />
Solvent 75 811. Early Poet 8.5 8.5 ~<br />
Qb!c!. - ..,.': -,"'7' 1:-0_ -:~~ ~.~ 2..Q 7~__<br />
!/Rat1ug of 9_perfect crop growth; complete weed kill. 7..commerclal crop growth;<br />
cOlllmerclal weed~rol. 5-moderatie·cropgrowtbJunacceptab1e weed<br />
control. 3-sev!tMcrop damase; poor weed control.<br />
J.oocropkill ; complete weed to1eranoe e-<br />
~Pisures In parentbe&ls ·indicateWbel'e1".tesoD·~k differed from .tboee 'on<br />
the 'sandy 10Blll..,<br />
---- ~---<br />
_..I.."_ __ _. '1 ...11 .. __ ~ __ •• """'&_ft<br />
61
62<br />
Du R)nt 326 caused slight early stunting of carrots on muck. However, at<br />
barvest no differences in yield could be noted. In tbe t'WOtests on coarse<br />
sand where only early records we~.btained, 326 caused marked stunting at<br />
three pounds. It was for this reasOn that rates were kept at 1.5 lbs. ma.x1mum<br />
in the sandy !oem test.<br />
Ragweed is a severe pest not controlled by Stoddard Solvent. Tbe t'WO<br />
tests abandoned early, were in fields chosen primarily because of bigh ragweed<br />
population. These tests yielded some data on ragweed control. The follow1nc<br />
materials failed to control tbis pest: Cbloro !PC, Dacthsl, Zytran, Dipropalin<br />
(post-emergence) and Trifiuralin. Du R)nt 326 gave excellent control of<br />
ragweed. Other compounds whicb performed well were J:.pazine and Solan.<br />
In the planting on the sandy loam soil annual grasses were a serious problem.<br />
Ipe.zine and Solan gave only fair control of tbese pests. Du R)nt 326, however,<br />
performed exceedingly well. Tbus for a wide range of weed species on widely<br />
different soils under either pre or post-emergent conditions this chemical was<br />
outstanding.<br />
Nutgrass<br />
Ex,per1ments<br />
The activity of Du Pont 326 and other chemicals was studied at two locations<br />
beavily infested witb nutgrass. The materials were applied pre-planting at botb<br />
locations. At one location they were also applied in the "spike" stage and wben<br />
tbe nutgrass averaged 6 - 8 inches tall. The results of the several tests are<br />
presented in table 2.<br />
Timing bad a pronounced effect on the response of nutgrass to Du R)nt 326.<br />
Pre-plant applications whether on the surface or incorporated gave unsatisfactory<br />
control. Disappointing results were also bad from the "spike" stage applications.<br />
At both of these timings the foliage turned somewhat yellow and early<br />
growtb was slightly retarded. However, after about three weeks tbe nutgrass<br />
foliage returned to a normal color and the plants developed vigorously. When<br />
treated at the taller stage, the foliage turned yellow and gradually became<br />
necrotic. No regrowtb occurred on any 326 plot treated at the 6 - 8 inch stage.<br />
Atrazine performed less satisfactorily at the spike stage than is normally<br />
expected. EPrC, however, was consistently excellent. Dalapon gave widely<br />
different results at tbe two pre-plant locations. Tbe authors do not have any<br />
explanation for the poor early results ~b Dalapon at King Ferry. Generally,<br />
early applications witb Dalapon have givfn results similar to tbose obtained<br />
at Binghamton.<br />
ReSponse of Additional<br />
Crops<br />
In addition to the results already reported Du R)nt 326 was used as an<br />
at -planting treatment in one test on muck, three tests on sandy loam, and in<br />
three tests on stony silt loam. R)tatoes appeared to be tolerant, however, no<br />
post -emergent tests have been conducted on this crop. Other crops including<br />
cucumbers, muskmelons, peas, snap and lima beans, tomatoes, beets and spinach<br />
were either severely damaged or killed at rates needed for weed control. Squasb<br />
were moderately damaged from pre-emergence applications but were killed by
H<br />
,<br />
'ta~l!. g,._~e~_O!~ut~• .:.:.'tO_8i!V!,1'!.l..,Q~~~&!!&tl~!ti1!~'__<br />
6.:8_ 1!;!Ch!.s<br />
£h!.m!.c!l ~b!.... _ .. '!!!.-'R.l!!ii'2L;~ _ ............ "~!t!< .........<br />
DeJ.apon<br />
Atrazine<br />
.~ , 7.00 .<br />
~. .JC!!1Ib$Y',:KingTeeg, .!iDe Ii'erq<br />
).0<br />
3.5<br />
10 8.50<br />
2 5.75 5.5 4.5<br />
4 7.50 1.0' 5.5<br />
,6;.,,· 8.75 8."<br />
EP1'C(Inc.) 2 6.5·<br />
11;., 8.5 ' '; 8.5 8.0 '<br />
Du Pont 326 1/2;<br />
•<br />
1. 2.00" 2.95 5~0:'.<br />
2 -<br />
3 5.25 ~ i.50<br />
~<br />
6.5<br />
Check ;,", 1.0,' -':,1",0 ,'1.0 ' '1.0"<br />
;;-9:~~: :e:t:~ :f-t:P"'~~~~~."'c:.::Q~~~~; :f"'t~~~~."''''<br />
5.unsat1sfactory control W top growth. 1. heavy complete ground cover.<br />
Ratings made in early August. .<br />
6.0<br />
8.0<br />
8.0<br />
8.0<br />
9.0<br />
2/ All pre-plant treatments at King Ferriwere diS~•. ~Y the E}ltam W8lI<br />
incorporate4,at<br />
i1D&h&mton· .. ",", ,.;<br />
. .... ,<br />
post-emergeneet~t.. ~" covet crops are'~ well whe~ .~·was<br />
applied in June OIlslWl:Y1OBlIl..<br />
s~ and Conclusions<br />
• '" .• "")",C,"<br />
, 1. In1.4Q1lel'1mant& on~.~ frOm~e'~ to IDUck,DI1.~~t<br />
326 @IlVeexaelant 'eont1'ol ofaW1lit r6i1ge of azmUl4<strong>Weed</strong>sinc1.ud1ng:c~~s,<br />
Eragrostis !!E.', barn;yai'd' 'srast,~i lambsquarten J ;purslane, gal1Deo_,<br />
ragweed, senecio.,. and 1.ad;Y'8thUmb 8IDl\1'tveed.='SOU t)'pe hadl1ttle ,Qr<br />
no influence on res s.' , " ' ' , ,<br />
2. Northern il.utgaSllWU etljlec~. lIusceptlblA,:to ;post-em$rgenceappllcations<br />
of 326. bat; vas not coiJ.t1'01~ by' pre~;,pdlce t~ts.<br />
3. C8IT0ts were tolerMt o~·~. irw. post~sence applications of 326<br />
at rates adequate to control either annual weeds or m.ttgrass. Post-emerse~<br />
appl1ce.tionswere very.ffei:lt1ve1litO~·5and 1.0 ~~'~'t¥ acre but abQ~:.<br />
twice this qU8lXtttywas Deeded pre~t:sence. ,~' ' ,'"<br />
4. Potatoes tolerated pre-e'llBrgence applic&t1oZUl,l;>utit is not knovIl.if<br />
they will tolel'atepos-to.emergenO'e''trfttments. .. . . '<br />
5. IDng residual ai:ltivity j,s apparently not a PJ'l)blem on sandy loam.<br />
Information talao1dng tor ot~eoulS' .<br />
63<br />
_
64<br />
OP AtmtO mIAZOLE<br />
ONTHEGERMINATION OP NORTHERN NUTmASSSEEDI<br />
THEE~~OT Op. FOLIAR:.APptICATION~<br />
Jr. It. HUl, ~1. H. 'Lachman, D. N. l1aynard<br />
and W. C. Lincoln, Jr. 2 "<br />
University of Massachusetta Agricultural Expedment Station<br />
Amherst, Massachusetts<br />
Introduction<br />
Donnalley and Ilahn (3) have reported that they applied Cl4<br />
labeled amino triazole to the leaves of the Northern nutgrass plant.<br />
Autoradiograms of treated plants ahatTedthat the chemical was trans· ,<br />
located in'the plant and into the tubera. Subsequeae'tests showed<br />
that this treatment reduced cermination of the tubers.<br />
The object of this experiment was to detemine whether foliar<br />
applications of amino triazole are translocated to the inflorescence<br />
and if this treatment has an affect on seed germiaatiOn.<br />
}~terials and 118thods<br />
Plants of Northern nut grass (~eru8 esculencu I<br />
) were erown<br />
in the ereenhouse and treated with~4 labeled 3 am no-l,2,4<br />
triazole; the tacced atom was on the S-position of the triazole<br />
ring. The specific activity of .this chemical waa 0.9S millicuries<br />
per millimole. A 4500 ppm stock solution, contaiatngSO microcuries,<br />
was prepared by.addinz distilled water to the sample.<br />
Each treatment consisted of a ten microliter droplet, with an<br />
activity of 0.5 microcurie., beins placed inside a: lanolin ring on<br />
the plant.~eactiv1ty was aimUar :lD all 1;&8e8,.but the site of<br />
appl1catioD and the duration of the treatment wa..... r:Led. Five<br />
microliters of a 0.1 per cent TritoD B-19S6 spreader .olution was<br />
added to each droplet.<br />
At the end of the various treatment periods,ithe Unolin was<br />
removed with absorbent tissue.. 1heaerial po~tion of the plant<br />
was harvested, sectioned, placed be~~een blotters, bound in a<br />
lThe project was financed in pert by fun4l!1fr.omN(tftheastern Regional<br />
Project NB-42, "Studies of the Life Hf.story of tio~t:ilern Nutgrsss<br />
(Cxperus e.sculeDtu,) as Related to Possible l1ethoda of Control".<br />
2Th~ authors wish to thank lomchemProducts, Inc; ~.upplyin8 the<br />
Cl4 labeled amino triazole. '<br />
Contribution No. 1337. }~ssachu8etts Agricultural Experiment Station.
65<br />
plant press and dried in a f~ced draft oven .~DO·900C. Sectioning<br />
of the plants was neceseC'Y because of thdr: luge size.<br />
Immediately following each cut, the encl. were,~r.ed in melted<br />
paraffin to seal them and pr:~Dt leakace of 'the plant .ap out of<br />
the tissue during drying. The sections were
. ',':<br />
66<br />
iJ . f. third treatmeQt involVed the placingot, tIiIi h.rbicid. 011<br />
tbe pec1uDc'le.' midway,bet:weelfl'lthe rillchl •• ':ptrdUQote base. '1be<br />
ten' m:fiCl"oliterck'oJ)let' ..... cIed'ioto' t'".equal parts aa4<br />
.aCh .pat:t;'''Pp1t8d to d1ffere.": pedUDc1".'1b1W'~t:hre. p.chmc18s<br />
-of th&'Uiabetll""trest~' With the total clo... ·beldS 0.5<br />
mierocutte •• ' 'No tritOn "',u'ed. ~lban appa1.' tfo a 7S per cant' "<br />
sture' ·t.liiRl fol" '.three.clay tnatment p.rf:04itlt' wa.trAn.- .<br />
locat.d up the peduncle aactl!achll and lnto.st1ke. NoDewa.-':'<br />
lIIOVeddown tbe peduncle. fib•• imilarly applied to a mature<br />
umbe'l,tbe tIIlMlli\8ntwa. agaiU-f.&1tothe apike-.f'bUt there •• al.o<br />
a .Uzht· aiovemeat dCM1"tbe ptdunc1e ~ . . ,0,' c . ' .<br />
.-.... . .<br />
\ ,. , .<br />
Field plant. which vera tr8atecloo AuCU.t 17: eXhib:Lted a<br />
l114t:kcldcblfttseititheir app.aruce by Aueult2t.lnthe plot 1'••.<br />
ceiv1Dgtwo pOUlld. per .. e'. thawtera.s luuI:~a1oped a a1:Lgbt<br />
chlorod.; planta in the four pound plot were darker yellow, and,<br />
tho.aid eM eight pound plot wara nearly Uub-=bI'own·. '<br />
. . . a~<br />
I.~ Had' harvest t:l.me;Sapt8lllber 1 811411>':,the planta that Me<br />
sprayedOl1I.ugu.t2G hed .bOuttb .... colot!' as :those :Lnthe chMk<br />
plota but those that hed 'baeD'Ipnyad ,011 Aupt, 17w8n st111' 'I<br />
chlorotic. It was noted that the plants sprayed on Aucust 17 hed<br />
fewer .alde 'p.inflorescence and plane. tr •• cecl with eight pound.<br />
of tl1e cbelllica1 pl'Oduced Ollly:wenty ..f1ve puJ·CleIt'of the yield<br />
barvested from:the two pOund tr.eatllleDt. ;.,",., '<br />
Analyats of thedat. ar8l'pre .. nted in' Tablet[; '1't is reedUy<br />
appareatthat emina tri.BOle ·-.pray. had a deieten.ou. and sten:LU·<br />
.cant effect 'onaead serm1natton •. Hhen the tna'tlll8tits a~e compared.<br />
it is leen that seed from the check plotl 8~aated .isnif1cently'<br />
greater than tho.e from any of the otber treatments. A lineal effect<br />
extsts 8IIIOngthe rate. of applicat:Lon, with the higher rates of the<br />
ob8lllical giv:Lng the pooreat g4mDination. Seed from plots treated<br />
on Auguat 17 1dth e1ght pounds of amino tr:LallOle germinated only<br />
ZS-30per .,ceat' es well as' 'thNe from me.cbedc·p'blts. ~1hen· oompar·<br />
:Lns the·d.o£appl1catloNl,1t CIIDbe 't:h&tl~be'Auguat 17<br />
. ,:'" . 'tr.atment., gftmil\4-red onlyqiftty per oen1: 11 .s,>those tba-t·<br />
were treat" on Augu,s~t 2.·.;'mu.d1ff~r8llC8 i.hi'sJ11y~lg1lit1cau1: •<br />
In th... teaCa, the time of.ti8!V'.•• t had .1\0idl~" On·the rate<br />
. of' germination. "Jj- ;, '<br />
.'-S"m'n<br />
. ,.:\" ,j<br />
. The autorad10gratlhic taelmique was U8.4-'4lO diet.l'IIiinet1'i.~.t<br />
of tranalOC&t:Lon of C14 IIID1ncrtrt.Bole inNol'_J:In nutgrllss, The<br />
:I.IllaZe1l1'evealed that this .ch-.d.cal istrand.-tea froDlthe p01n1:<br />
of application to thesead l;t1lies .'l'he8l'l101itlt:Slibch1ngtha spika<br />
depend. onthac118tancefrOlll·,the point of.,.sltcadon it muat t1:'8II'el.<br />
The grMe.lt·.acCUIlIUlatioa ,tn 'theapik. occ.a i. _ appl1cation 11<br />
to the peduncle, while the least aC4U11lUlat:LoD.:OcCur.whenapplied '<br />
to the bract leaves.
67<br />
Tablet. 'lIi! EFFECT'or AN'INO'l!t'IilZOLEsP.tAYGAND<br />
mm'01!'HARVEST ON~t1tNATION .OF lnITcm.ss 'SEED.<br />
t :..: ~. ;. . . .;. • . •<br />
Checl~ 44.56 52.44<br />
2 Lb./Acre 'S117 '32.10 33.81<br />
4 Lb./Acre 3/17 30.78 26.14<br />
8 Lb./Acre S/17 14.25 14.31<br />
Total l1inusCbeck 77.13 74.26<br />
2 Lb./Acre 0/23 34.73 45.57<br />
4 Lb./Acre 8/26 35.94 37.17<br />
8 Lb./Acre 8/2G 31.15 35.03<br />
Total Ilinus Check 101.£2 112.27<br />
Total 223.51 244.47<br />
L.S.D. (.05) ~ 12.13<br />
L.S.D. (.01) 19.02
Pollar appl:l.cati.4mso. '~no tr1uole .~~·¥ate ,o~ .two, four,<br />
and eight poqcd.ller "Cl'er~l~ed in a .....
69<br />
THE INFLUENCE JIt P.I!ll'ROLEUM Ml:fLOi"'O. N 'Jl}JE<br />
PERFORMANCE OF SEVERALHERBICII:lBSY<br />
George Bayer ,Bodgerdfsrgsn and Joseph Cialone Y<br />
For .the past several yearsplutic sheets. Poth, black and clear and V!lU'Ying<br />
in width have. been .used commerc1ally as a methodotCClntrollingweeds,<br />
stimulating plant· growth and 1m,proVing small fruit $:Id vegetable quality •<br />
. ':his report is c01lQerned with,the applicat1()n~ a liquid petrole1,llllmuJ.ch in<br />
cOllbinat ion with herbicides Which IIl!ght serve some of the same purposes 8l$. the<br />
black plastic sheets. but to be 'PPLied as a~~pr~ alter seeding or prio~·to<br />
transplanting. Work done by Kaye&:Wiggans21 ind:1cated that the effectiv.ess<br />
of certain herbicides ' was enhanced when used in coaPinetion with aspha1t~ch.<br />
Experimental<br />
Four tests were carried out duriIig the 1961 growing season at Ithaca. The<br />
sandy loam soil was ploved, diskedand harrowed with a meeker to prOVide a uniformly<br />
f:Lne s~ bed. The randomized plots were eaeh 3 x 15 feet and rep.l.:lcated<br />
two to four t1meso.epending on the nature of theJt.,1t. The herbicides were<br />
applied with a ~ proessure-operated Small-~l,ot spraye. 1' •. For. ease of operat. ion<br />
in the latter two tests the petrole1,llll mulc~ wa, oppUed.; using a hand o.. rateo.<br />
1.5 gall.oJl;garden~type sprayer connected to a standard spray boom equi~w1th<br />
two 8004 TeeJet ~~type noZZles.<br />
In total; seyendifferent~heJilJ,cals were exam1Jledin three categories relating<br />
to the mulch: under the mulch, ~ with mulch an4:;no mulch. A fourth.C)~check<br />
category was that of no mulch and no herbicide. Application of herbic;l.de':fllI.d<br />
mulch was on an overall basi.s. In the first test two rates of mulch were tested.<br />
Since no differences were observed" only one rate wasused m subsequept -tests.<br />
Crops were varied according to chemical. SQlIlfl:werechosen on the be,sie. of<br />
present herbic:Ldal practices but. several sensitive grops were selected as ,indicators<br />
of chemical. toXicity or &et1v;l:ty.<br />
The foUl'. tests were started respectively on JU~ 16, July 7-10, Augl1$;tl 7,<br />
and September 1.<br />
!JPaper No• 469of the~partmentof Vegetable Crops, Cornell University,-tthaca,<br />
gj~;~duate Assistants, Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University .'<br />
YKays , W.R.aDd S. C. WiggaM,Oklahoma State, S~water, Oklahoma. Soil<br />
stabilizers and herbi~ide combinations for weed. ~trol with horticultural<br />
4 jcrops • Oral presentation ASBS.. August 1961.<br />
:::tFormulation E.A.P. 2000 except as noted.<br />
Part of this research was made possible by a grant in aid from Esso Re8ear~h<br />
and Engineering, Linden, New,J~sey.
70<br />
In general, the s~ lIIOU'tur" 8M 1:Uth did not:~ ~tly between tests.<br />
The one exception in the. J'uJ.:Y7 -'10· tellt will be d1sctJiiie4 in detaU later.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> species and-populat1onvarhd- 8Omewha't~ tests, but included:<br />
redroot, purslane, gaJ.1nsoga, henb1t, groun4sell, crabgrass and be.rnyard grus.<br />
The area tor:test No.1 was bari'cJwed, planted 8bI\.tl
71<br />
1 CDEC(Ee)<br />
2 " "<br />
3<br />
4<br />
"<br />
5 " "<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
10<br />
COM (EC)<br />
U II<br />
"<br />
"<br />
"<br />
"<br />
"<br />
"<br />
"<br />
14 EPrC (EC)<br />
15 " (Inc.)<br />
16 "<br />
17 " (Inc.)<br />
18 "<br />
25 Check<br />
26<br />
27<br />
4 M:Uted<br />
" Un&!r<br />
" No<br />
" Mixed<br />
" Under<br />
4 Mixed<br />
" Under<br />
" No,<br />
" Mixed<br />
" under<br />
11 Atrazine(aa.)2 Under<br />
12 " "No<br />
13 " " Under<br />
4 Mixed<br />
" Under<br />
"No<br />
" Mixed<br />
" Under<br />
19 Dacthal(50W) 8 Under<br />
20"<br />
21"<br />
"<br />
"<br />
No<br />
Under<br />
22 DNOSBP<br />
23 "<br />
24 "<br />
4 Under<br />
" Iio<br />
" Under<br />
No<br />
No<br />
484<br />
484<br />
706<br />
706<br />
484<br />
484.<br />
706<br />
706<br />
484<br />
706<br />
484<br />
484<br />
706<br />
706<br />
484<br />
706<br />
484<br />
706<br />
9.0<br />
8.0<br />
6.3<br />
.9.0<br />
9·9<br />
5.7<br />
8.0<br />
5.7<br />
2.0<br />
8.3<br />
3.0<br />
4.0<br />
4.3<br />
2.0<br />
4.3<br />
4.3<br />
3.7<br />
6.0<br />
3·7<br />
1.0<br />
8.0 7.1'<br />
6.7 6.0<br />
8.3 6.7<br />
8.0 6.7<br />
8.0 ~ -:>./ 5.7<br />
Sp1nac~ Tomatoes<br />
5.7 8.3<br />
3.0 8.7· .<br />
~ 8.7 7.6<br />
4.3 8.0<br />
2.7 8.0<br />
Beens Corn<br />
1.0 8.3<br />
1.0 8.7<br />
_ 1.0 8.3<br />
Beets Beans<br />
8.3 7.3<br />
8.0 8.0<br />
8.0 8.7<br />
, 7 0 ~.3<br />
" 6:7 7.3<br />
Cabbage Carrots<br />
7.7 8.0<br />
8.7 8.0<br />
5.0 7.0<br />
Beans Corn<br />
6.7 6.0<br />
.4.7 6.7<br />
7.7 6.3<br />
Corn Beans<br />
8.3 9.0<br />
Sp~h Carrots<br />
7.3 "7.7<br />
Beets Tomatoes<br />
6.7 4.3<br />
Cabbage Corn<br />
28" No 2.0 1.0 6.0 7.0<br />
~weed Rating 9 .. complete contr4 'i 7 .. cOllllDerc;Lal ,control 1 .. no control.<br />
~prop Rating. 9 • perfect growth 7 .. acceptable 5 .. stunting 1 .. kUl.<br />
:U Poor stand of sp1l:l8ch in all plots .•
72 J<br />
7 EPrC (Gr~)<br />
8 " !f<br />
9<br />
10<br />
11<br />
12<br />
"<br />
"<br />
"<br />
Jf.':f.')',:<br />
~v"),<br />
3 Shallow<br />
• 'II<br />
"<br />
:bee!p<br />
" ,.Il<br />
" ,.''!b'tl,inc.<br />
" -t., II<br />
.-, t<br />
13 Check -. )<br />
14" ,C,',j,<br />
Y Shal10w~n:corporation 1/2".<br />
, .<br />
gj Mulch .'R!te of 484 Pi/A.<br />
~eP incorporation 2 - 3 inches.<br />
'JJ<strong>Weed</strong> lIti4'~ Rating'~'isee footno~e tab~ 1.<br />
lYFigures:.:J parenthese~ ~e from a ·t,1f'th'~eplica1
!a~l~ 1._ ~!:.c!: :!!1~hJl!:e.::m~d_h~r£i~i!!e!!.~' _<br />
Chemical Rate/A Mulch <strong>Weed</strong> Ratin;.! Crop Yield<br />
-1- mC-CInc.r- - _lE.S lT- - - - -NO'~ - - - - - g.O- - - - - J:.bt.!)?~C£.;.. -<br />
2 II II Mixed T.; .44<br />
3 II II Under 6.5 1.09<br />
4 CIPC (EC) 6- No 8.5 1.67<br />
5 II Mixed 9.0 1.06<br />
6 " Under 9.6 1.37<br />
7 CDEC(EC) t No 6.5 1.06<br />
II<br />
8 Mixed 7.0 .57<br />
9 " Under 6.0 .91<br />
10 CDEC(EC)+ CDAA(EC)3+4lJ2· No 7.5 1.18<br />
U Mixed 7.0 ·52<br />
12 Under 6.5 .61<br />
13 CNOSBP 5 No 8.5 .15<br />
14 Mixed 2.5 1.15<br />
15 Under 4.5 .81<br />
Av. of 4 checks No 2.2 1.15<br />
Yes 1.0 .56<br />
73<br />
!J Supplied by Esso.<br />
gj See fOotnote 1 Table 1.<br />
Summary and 'Conclusions<br />
1. Agricultural petroleum mulch frequentlY enhances weed growth.<br />
2. Herbicides can be effectivelY used in conjunction with this mulch both<br />
mixed with or under the mulch. However, each chemical must be eVaJ..uated individualJ,.y<br />
with respect to compatibility and effects on activity.<br />
3. The residual effectiveness of CDEC.a~ cDAAwas~~ng1;hened when used<br />
in conjunction with mulch. ..<br />
4. Compatibility problems arise with certain herbicide formulations such<br />
as Atrazine Bow,IJe.cthal 50Wand DNOSBPamine salt liquid.<br />
5. The physical condition of the soil surface is important when using<br />
petroleum mulch since this factor materially affects the type of seal resulting.
74<br />
!'&2. 1!. !±.._!,h!, ~HJ!'~o:: !n_IfI!!.l=.hJ2.~1.i2.ll!"",,; _ ....-:~ -X-.;.o~<br />
2 1 2<br />
'. <strong>Weed</strong>::J" , Cl:l-OpRating=-<br />
__ M!t!,r!.&i _ .J.~f!._ _ ..M~c~ R!,t!.ns. C2.~ __ !'!.o~ __ ~ _<br />
-JI. Atrazine(80W) 2 Mixed r# 9.0 8.5 1.0 4.$:<br />
2" Under 9.0 8.5 1.0 2.5<br />
3 It No 9.0 7.5 1.0 1.5<br />
4 Ale.nap3 (EC) 6 Mixed B 8.0 8.0 9.0 s.o.:<br />
5" Unde~ 7.5' 7.5 9.0 8.5"<br />
6" No 8.0 7.0 8.5 8.5<br />
7<br />
8<br />
DNOSBP 5<br />
9<br />
10 Ale.nap I (wp) 6<br />
11<br />
12<br />
13<br />
14<br />
EPl'C (EC) 4<br />
15<br />
Mixed B,<br />
Under,<br />
No<br />
Mixed<br />
Under<br />
N()<br />
Mixed B<br />
Under<br />
No<br />
8.0<br />
8.5<br />
9·0<br />
6.5<br />
6.5<br />
8.0<br />
9.0<br />
8.5<br />
8.5<br />
8.~<br />
8.5<br />
8.5<br />
8.5<br />
9.0<br />
8.0<br />
9.0<br />
9·0<br />
7.5<br />
9·0<br />
9.0<br />
8.0<br />
4.5<br />
4.5<br />
5.0<br />
.9~:d:,n:'<br />
16 Check Yes , 6.5 8.0 8.0 7.5<br />
17 " No 7.0 6.5 7.5 8.0<br />
18 Check Yes 6.0 7.5 8.5 8.5<br />
19 It No 7.5 9.0 8.5 9.0.-_<br />
20 Check Yes 6.0 8.5 9.0 8.6<br />
21 It No ·'7..0 7.5 7.5 8~.S<br />
22 Check Yes 5.5 9.0 9.0 '. 8,:5<br />
23 It No 7.5 8.5 8.0 . 8.'5<br />
24 Check Yes 5.5 8.0<br />
' 1<br />
E5 n No 7-5 1.0 ><br />
9.0<br />
8.0<br />
8.5<br />
8.5<br />
Y B • A basic mulchpB7 - 8. ' All othe~ mulch 'pH 3~1j. trormulation EA2000'<br />
gj See footnote tabJ;e 1."d<br />
6. Altho~gh'~P(ECf nonieJiy requil'~8 ~nccj~rll.tion, it appe~to '<br />
haVe equal' activi1;Y' when not incorporated if' ,covez:ed.,~ a COlXtinUOUBpetr61,UIIl<br />
mulcllf.1lm.. EPl'C (Ea), also ~rfo~ well when m:lxed.':wtththe mul,ch. ' ';<br />
8.5<br />
8.0<br />
6.5<br />
7.5<br />
8.0<br />
,~ '."~
75<br />
EFFECT;OFCOMPOSITIONANDVOLUMEOF ORGANICSOLVENTS<br />
ONPERSISTENCEOF CARBAMATES IN SOILS<br />
ANDONGRANULAR CARRIERS<br />
(Abstract)<br />
L. L. Danielson and W. A. Gentner !I<br />
Earlier studies (Danielson et aI, <strong>Weed</strong>s 9:463-476. 1961) showed that<br />
technical ethyl N,N-di-n-propylthiolcarbamate [EPTC]had long, intermediate,<br />
and short persistence when applied in 40 g/A of acetone, No. 2 ruel oil, and<br />
kerosene, respectively, in soil-incorporation studies.<br />
Continuation of this research to evaluate the effect of volume of kerosene<br />
on persistence of soil-incorporated EPTCshowed that persistence is<br />
short at 40 g/A and increases as the volume decre .... s. The period of per.<br />
sistence is not affected in the range of 40 to l38s/A.<br />
Measurable but limited differences in persistence of soil-incorporated<br />
isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate [CIPC] and 2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate<br />
rCDEe] were observed in greenhouse studies when the herbicidesvere<br />
applied in 40 g/A of acetone, benzene, xylene, No. 2 ruel oil, and kerosene.<br />
Persistence of soil-incorporated ethyl N,N-di-n-butylthiolcarbamate (R-1870)<br />
was similar to that of EPTCwhen the same-solvents were used.<br />
Fourteen liquid petroleum fractions were evaluated as carriers for<br />
impregnation of EPTCon uncalcined 30/60 attapulgite applied as surface and<br />
soil-incorporated treatments in greenhouse experiments. Persistence was<br />
differentially affected by sol~ents and placement.<br />
Four petroleum waxes were used at 2, 4, 8, and 16 olb/A in a continuation<br />
of the study ()f petroleum fractions as carriers for impregnation of EPTCon<br />
40 lb/A of 3O/60-mesh uncalcined granular attapulgitefor use as soil-surface<br />
treatments. The persistence of EPTCwas differentially affected by the amounts<br />
and composition of the waxes. Persistence of EPTCwas inversely related to the<br />
amounts of waxes used.<br />
11 Plant Physiologists, Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service,<br />
u. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MaryIand.
76<br />
EFFECTSOF Nt1M!ImANDSIZE OF CLAr GRANULES<br />
,ON PERFORMANO!iOF" GRANULARHERmCIDEs<br />
(Abstract)<br />
L. L. Danielson and W. A. Gentner !I<br />
Uncalcined attapulgite granules of 15/30-. '20~5-, and 3O/60-mesh sieve<br />
sizes were used in greermouse and'growthroom studieS to determine the etrects<br />
of, size and number of granUles per uni t of soil arfA.or soil volume on tht<br />
activity and persistence of soll-surface-appliedail4 Boil-incorporated ..<br />
ethyl!! .!!-di-!!-propyltldolcarbaaiate [EpTC). '<br />
EPTCwas applied at 2 Ib/A on.5. 10. 20. and 30 Ib of each clay carrier<br />
mesh size. Granules were prepared by dissolving the-required amount of'<br />
technical EPTC in kerosene at. rate of 20 ml of ~roe.ne to each lOOg1'am~<br />
of clay carrier. The granular preparations were appiied simultaneously ..<br />
surface treatments to soil in plasticized paper cups and as incorporated<br />
treatments in' quart plastic containers of soil. '!tie so:l.:l lised was a It 1<br />
potting soil-wuhed pit sand IIl1xture. Nine replicates' of each treatment!lere<br />
prepared for bi~&ys with ryegraas on each ofthtee dates (ilJllllediatel;r.'<br />
after treatment and 2 and 4 weea). The entire exPeriment was duplicate(f'('for<br />
concurrent studies under greeDhoueeand controlled" grOwth-reom condi tiozut~<br />
All containers were sub-irrigated., 'Average tempe1'8tur.s in the greenhause<br />
were approximately 80 to 85°F for. days and 65 to 70 0 for nights., Growthroom<br />
temperatures Were maintained at 70 0 • Air JIOvem.nt in the' greenhouse was<br />
slight whereas it was rapid in the growth room. Glieenhouse light intenft~e8<br />
were relatively high as cOlllpar8d with approximatelY l.5OOfoot-candles ilfthe<br />
growth room. "<br />
In 4 weeks surface_applied EPTCwas dissipated in the greenhouse and<br />
the growth room irrespective ot carrier particle 'she ornumber, but n*'ot<br />
~eoil-incorporated chemicalcwu'dissipated. ~ particle size and DUmber<br />
therefore do not appear to be critical in the effeotive use of EPTCin<br />
granular form ineurface or soil-incorporated treatilbents. Field experieftC'8<br />
indicates that similar studies on slightly soluble, highly soluble, and'<br />
vapor-active herbicides on granules are necessary.,<br />
Soil-surface, chemical di~siP41'ed more rapidly,.1.rLthegrowth room in<br />
initial and confirmatory experiments. Evaluation of greenhouse and growthroom'environments<br />
suggests that air movement can facilitate dissipat10ftot<br />
soil-surface-applied EPTC. '<br />
!I Plant Physiologists, Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service,<br />
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Beltsville, Maryland.
A LOGARITHMICSPRAlERFORSMALLPLCflSY<br />
77<br />
Introduction<br />
!fBn;I"verfl10ns of the· 10garitbm;1c tJi;e sprayer baVElbeen devised sino« the<br />
advent of the Chesterford Logaritl:ml1c Sprayer, intrQduced by Hartley, Pfeiffer<br />
and Brunskill in 1956(3). The uses for this type of sprayer bave been covered<br />
by Leasure (4). Efforts bave beep.-.de by SOllIe worIEers to develop a logaritbmic<br />
type s:prayerwich~uld be. su1~le for small plots (1,2). In the opin1ol1 of<br />
the autnors moat of these efforta bave failed to· give .. sprayer which 18 truly<br />
suitable to small plot work. ~.t ot the sprayers· aeveloped have used COIIlPlicated<br />
and expensive components (1,2,3,4) and ease of handling with respect :to<br />
portability has in lIIOs'tcases been overlooked. It is realized that simplification<br />
can result in sacrifices in accuracy and other desirable properties,<br />
however, if the desired properties p].us simplicity ean be incorporated,· gains<br />
can be -.de in the range of areas where such a piece of e(Jlipment can be<br />
utilized.<br />
In the work of Ries and Terry (5) with a small p].ot sprayer, the various<br />
desirable properties of small sprayers for experimental work were enumerated.<br />
They are:<br />
1. Accurate herbicide appl:J,cations should be easilY attained on "small<br />
plots" of either a few or a few hundred square feet.<br />
2. Cost should be low.<br />
3. Construction and operation should be simple.<br />
4. Operation should be accurate and efficient under a variety of soil<br />
conditions •<br />
5•. Changing from one herbicide to another should be rapid.<br />
6. Contamination between herbicides must be II$gligible.<br />
7. Agitation of spray liquid should be adequate for a wide range of<br />
materials and formulations.<br />
a. Uniform pressure should be maintained.<br />
9. Apparatus should be sufficiently light in weight to permit easy ope~'atioD.<br />
by one person without need of wheels, tractors, extra personnel.:',e6c •.<br />
It is felt that these features are applicable to 8Il\Y log-sprayer designed for<br />
small plot use. In addition, the property of requiring only small amounts of<br />
chemical is desirable where new herbicides are being tested. The Ries and Terry<br />
sprayer was designed on the basis of the 9 points which they outlined. The<br />
size of their sprayersystem further allows their lJPr'I!lIYer .to f1ll the requirement·<br />
• J
. . . . '. . )<br />
figure 1,. Aachematic ,dr$w1Qsof the 1Q8N'~tbn1c COllOeD:-:,<br />
tration ,spra.ver when in position for spr8.y1ng.<br />
78<br />
of using only small amounts of ch8lll:lciU~<br />
With the above in mind a log-llpJ'&.Yer-.s :aes1gaid using the Ries and Terry<br />
sprayer as the basic component.<br />
Design Features<br />
Tbeautbcir$j us !trig, the bas1c'Mes andTe~1BiIIIlJJ1. ~~ti!lprayer (5)/,.'hi.ve<br />
adapted the unit 80 tbSt'a logar1thild.o dosage curve *~ Obtained. Tlie _~,.<br />
, ifiedsprayer c'OD8ista·~nent1.a.U:y' dr ,two DaSieim1t. of! 1ll.fterent size :C6'ilbeCt<br />
,ed in series • The :un1t closest W~~hEi co~t$O~ 1S·.:" que.rt glassroUlld'"<br />
milk 'b()t'Ue: Bt'ld,Sft'V'eSd~S tlledllueRt tank or 8Our~ ."'Jti, un:l..t .nearest.·'fIbe '"<br />
bOOlll i8 a s1lllUar~1;bottle e.ndlsietVes as the,(:on~e chamber. 'l'be'''I'<br />
pressure'soU1'Ce 'is l a COoacylinder rt'bh a, pre-set, predUH-regulating vaJ.v.~ ~'<br />
(Fig. 1.,). ' : ',', 'If;;' ,;., , : k,<br />
c ;'_'-'.; •..1.:\':;'<br />
In moetlOglOSprayerselabor8te .. chanical 88itaUOn :1;8 proVided, ~;<br />
none is incll1dedln the:present iDo4ltJ.. The mixing otJthe 861utions in the ",'<br />
concentrate tanlt is accomplished, bytbe h;ydraul1c :force Of the diluent etttWlng<br />
the pint bottJ.e. The inlet 1s adjacent to the outlet and this plus the faot.; ,<br />
that there is only a relatively small volume (1 pint) in the chamber makes<br />
6deqU&te m1xingposslble."<br />
'"<br />
" , The factors affecting any spray apparatus such as pressure, nozzle 81&tJ.,<br />
speed, etc. govern the range of output of this spra.yer. Since the sprayer must<br />
be carried by band,'walld.ilg' speed ~8an 1IlIpCrte.a\l,faCtor. Ex,per1enee.'bas<br />
shown that walking speeds for d1etbClit8 up to 40 feetI:can be controlled qu1t":~: '<br />
accurately without the use of any special pace setting devices. For this re&8on<br />
it is best to keep plot sizes Within this limit unlese:llpl!!cial means ate uaedto<br />
set a constant pace for the operator. To overcome some of the problems involved<br />
with :walking speed, a float valv.;cons1atlng of .. roODdf'lflOOdenball has been put<br />
in the diluent chamber. When all the liquid in this chamber is expended the<br />
ball Sellls, off the 'outlet and' 1nataat'1,y cuts Ofttl1e~s.ure supply. ..SilLtie the<br />
two containers are connected in series, stopping the flow of diluent 8't~, &11 '<br />
flow from the nozzles and the dilution of the material in the concentrate tank<br />
stops. This markS the end of the plOt, which isthell .. sONd and dosage .. ,<br />
calculated.
79<br />
Do~ Calculations<br />
The actual initial concentration of solution 1n the concentrate chamber is<br />
unaffected by distance or area covered, however, the initial dosage rate/a<br />
converted from this concentration does vary as to total area covered. In<br />
general a given amount of material is placed in the concentrate tank depend:i.l1gon<br />
the desired total plot size aJild'the desired dosages. The float valve (wooden<br />
ball) on the 'diluent supply has'the advantage of allowing, accurate calculation<br />
of rates used in case the desired plot length was"''missed'' by the applicator.<br />
With any spray application,·&peed must be constant. .All of the above generalizations<br />
regarding dosages with·this sprayer are based on the assumption that<br />
walking speed is constant. If the desired plot length is not attained, it must<br />
be assumed that the speed was incorrect but yet coostant. Data by Riee c$X1d<br />
Terry (5) show that
80<br />
A half -dosage distance of ~Q.l.?:, teet seems to be .best due to the fact<br />
that any shorter distance would nOt give accurate results unless crop and weed<br />
populations were heavy and unif01'lll.<br />
J<br />
Discussion· s.<br />
.. 'j~;: j • ! (-. ~ :'~,'1<br />
rt .:f.s realized that certa1nl1m1tationsare~llt:;I.n .this sprayerdu~<br />
to the size of the d1J.l*1tcoutawwused.. rt canbe,J~~ulate¢ from'the'r..,<br />
forlilula of Leasure (4) .1iha1l when one quart of diluellt M. ~lIted 't!:IrQugl;lODe<br />
pint· of conoeutra1le the 'initial conce.n:t;n.tion 1D.the ~r.-t. chamber '101'1+,1.<br />
be hal'Vedtwo fUll tline. and al.moat a third t1llle. ,',~<br />
E\teo this ~1m1t 18· riot reachtld wi:th th18aP1l8"lot~f.,_ to the fact tbs.~'the<br />
f~oat vabe stops 'tbe :tJ.owbefore one full quart has "'
Selective Herbicides for Several Crucifer CropsY Y<br />
81<br />
Rodger H'argan, Gao. Bayer, Joseph CialOneY<br />
In NewYork about 16,000 aeres of cabbage, 5000 acres of cauliflower, and<br />
about 2600 acres of broccoli are grown each season~ Almost the entire acreage<br />
is transplanted rather than dffoeet field-seeded. For I!l8llY horticultural and<br />
economic reasons reaearch workers and growers are investigating the technique<br />
of field-seeding. Whereas witlf transp:J.4nts, the n~ for an herbicide is minor,<br />
with field-seeding there is a'\I'Jmost impossible weedproblem unless an herbicide<br />
is used.<br />
The pu:rpose of the investigations being reported here was as follows:<br />
1. To investigate crop residues with the more promising herbicides under<br />
a wide range of so11 and weather conditions.<br />
2. To evaluate weed control potential and crdp :r"esponse to the more<br />
promising herbicides under the above conditions.<br />
3. To evaluate in a limited fashion chemicals Just recently released to<br />
research workers for their potential as herbicides ,in crucifer plantings.<br />
, Field Evaluation of Promising Herbicides<br />
For several seasons, resear~h in Virginia' and by the staff at Ithaca has<br />
shown that, CDEChas potential for seeded and transplanted crucifers. In' 59<br />
and '60 the authors found. Dactbal (DAC 893) to be promising. In 1960 Zytron<br />
performed very well in a limited number of tests at Ithaca. In 1960 Dallyn<br />
and Sav!yer (1) reported Dacthal as promising. That same season Sweet and<br />
Cialone (2a, ze) reported combinations of CDECand CDAAas being worthy of<br />
further trials.<br />
Tests, were conducted in 1961 at 15 locations representing up-state New<br />
York production areas for broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower. These tests<br />
were designed to evaluate the promising materials noted above in regard to crop<br />
response, weed control, and chemical residue in the crop under a wide range of<br />
so11 and enVironmental conditions. In addition, tpe factor of field-seeding<br />
vs. transplanting, was investigated with broccoli and cabbage. A summary of<br />
peritnent conditions for each test is presented in Table l-<br />
Each test COntained 4 replications with treatments randomized within each<br />
replication. 'Plots were one row wide and 20 feet long. All liquid materials<br />
were applied with a small plot, CO2, hand operated sprayer. Granulars were applied<br />
with a small hand shaker.<br />
~Paper No. 468. Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University, Itbaca,N.Y.<br />
~Research Assistants.<br />
J!Much of the work conducted away from Ithaca was supported by a grant in aid<br />
from the Diamond-Alkali Company, Cleveland, Ohio.
')<br />
')<br />
!a~l~ !.__ ~~ ~f_~r~~£o!!.d!t!o~_t~rJ!e!.d_t!:i~ ~tl_b!:.o£c~J.!,..:.C!b~.~~_C!U!.1!.l~~ _<br />
;-
83<br />
Susceptible<br />
weeds<br />
Tolerant<br />
weeds<br />
Dacthal, Zytrfl)<br />
and CDEC+CDAA:!:I<br />
lambsquarters, redroot<br />
Eragrostis sp. purslane<br />
crabgrass,<br />
ragweed,<br />
nutgrass,<br />
bartlyard<br />
smartweed<br />
Equisetum<br />
gras s , galinsoga.<br />
De.cthal<br />
CDEC+CDAA<br />
Crop Responses<br />
no symptoms on $!JYcrop at<br />
no symptoms on $!JYcrop at<br />
$!JYlocation.<br />
$!JYlocation.<br />
Zytron<br />
Three instances of severe' foliage symptoms in 15 tests. - Two<br />
of these ,"'ere due to the liquid formulation. One occurred on<br />
direct-seeded broccoli.<br />
y Chemicals gener6lly performed similarly on the several weed species.<br />
However, in lII08t locations the level ot weed. cont1'01 :W815sUgbtly<br />
lower with CDEC+CDAA.<br />
Broccoli and cabbage were combined in alternate rows in experimental<br />
fields at locations 4 and. 5. All other tests weree1:tuated in growers· fields.<br />
In these instances the entire crop production with the exception of weed eontrol<br />
was according to the commercial practises of the particular grower.<br />
DacthalWP was applied at 8 and 24 pounds; zytrtm either liquid or granular<br />
at 8 and 12 pounds; CDECgranular was combined nth enAAgranular at 2+2 and<br />
3+3J.bs. - ;;,<br />
Results<br />
and Discussion.<br />
A sUllllll8rYof crop and weed response is presentell in Table 2. Both De.-ethal<br />
and granular Zytron at 8 pounds per· acre resulted in good. weed control, and. good<br />
crop tolerance on all crops whether direct-seeded or- transplanted. -<br />
De.cthal proved to be safe under all conditions"~.,en at rates three-fold,<br />
which were needed for weed control. In the earliest tests, Zytron liquid,<br />
however, proved toxic to crucifer foliage. The symptoms were chlorosis in areas<br />
of the leaf where spray accumulated; cupping of leaves was also noted. General<br />
stunting of growth accompanied theaesymptoms. Zytl"On granular was, therefore,<br />
substituted in the later tests, and no damage to fol:1age was evident. The$s<br />
symptoms of damage were generally. outgrown at barve8tand yields were usually<br />
satisfactory. Zytron at 12 poun4s caused some damaseat one location even' on<br />
the seeded crops. This indicates a possible narroW:'Bafety margin. <strong>Weed</strong> control<br />
was generally good with both Zytronand De.ctb61. -lli!l't;h materials were effective<br />
agb-inst redroot pigweed, laIJIbsquarters, purslane, crabgrass and Eragrostis<br />
megastacbya. Neither material controlled ragweed, smartweed, barnyard grass,<br />
gallinsoga, Equisetiem sp., or northern nutgrass.
84<br />
COmbinations· of CIIlC and CDA!prQved safe on ~ • However, weed colll'Ol<br />
was in most looatklDa· sl.1ptl;y l.cMIr than ttiat obtatniQ.<br />
with .eit.her DaotJl&l.Qr ·Zytroa. <strong>Weed</strong> specie toleraDQeand susceptibility<br />
followed about the Slime pattern with the combinationS as noted above with<br />
Dacthal and Zytron.<br />
Yield data of good reliability is not generaJ,l;y .v.uable from these .tests<br />
because of the need for harvesting plots differentially depending on residue<br />
sample needs. Incom,plete yield records, however, tended to bear out the visual<br />
ratings of crop response.<br />
Samples for residue analYsis were obtained frOIDiau lOcations. All slll,Ples<br />
were submitted to the appropriate comp8llylaboratory. Detailed results are not<br />
yet ~va1lable, however, the pre11miJ:l!l.rypicture locke. Vilry good for Dacthal·and<br />
for CDEC-CDAAcombinations.<br />
Cabbage Var~ety<br />
Reseses.,<br />
A county apnt work.~ with the slime treat~8," those in the 15 teats<br />
described above, reported severe CI8mllgefromZytroncm:seeded cabbage. An<br />
investigation was made of such factors as soil, environmeo:l;, rate, etc., butno<br />
cause for this trouble was evident. Two .factors vere suspect: the formulation<br />
used in the ageo:l;'s work was somewhat different from that used in the 1960<br />
Cornell work; the cabbage varietywu a newl;y introClucedYellows Resistant 8Lory.<br />
Tests were iIIIIIled.iatel;yconducted 0110cabbage and brocaol:l to determine if tor.. '<br />
mulat10n -were a faC'\ior. These tests.indicaUdno differential response beUeen<br />
1959 and 1960formulat,ions regardles" of rate. A tee1;, involVing five var:let:Les<br />
of cabbage was then conducted. Marion Market was inoluded because it was the<br />
variety on whic;h an.previous CorneU.berblcide wOrkh14 been done. In add1'Uon .<br />
to the new YeUowa.Resistant .~~ yv~y wb,ich l:la4.-.en'damaged, two B'tabaard .<br />
strains of Danish Ballhead were included, one of which was yellows resistarlti.<br />
Also included was a new hybrid C~.<br />
The exper1meo:l;al design for chemicals was a randomized block with 4repj.1<br />
cations •. Dacthal and Zytron wer•. iLnc1udedat 12 po\Dldaeacb. Individual. plots<br />
were 6x2o feet and the f:lYe ,var:Le1:lt,.verf:plwecl •• .ayatematic order<br />
lengthwise of eBlOlapl... Plot.' were fitted, seeded • treated JulY 11. The<br />
sandy loam soil was moist and in excellent physical condition. Light shovers<br />
followed plao:t;1ng.Tb,1spluswarlll weather promoted rapid germination and an<br />
almost perfeet .stand resulted •. ,.libeJlt.be plant8 llIl!l:re.wall-eatablished the7 .re<br />
tbinned.tO.a~tely,one.per toqt e>trow.'<br />
. . .. ,. .<br />
,"The variety :L"e.poDSesare presented in T-.ble .3. It is readily apparebll<br />
that· Dacthal. badDO adver,e eff~C't on any variety. HlMmtr,. Zytron was 'Y&l'1eble.<br />
Mar1onMll.rketwas.llI:)t.inJ~ed. ,Iiles:a..tant Glory&Q4aedstaDt Danish,. bowYer,<br />
gave severe s)'lll}YtQlll8 in eertainr.i¢ates and DOt-~j;he others. The otber<br />
var1et.1esvere, .not1Dflu.e&ced~~c"it -.ppears tbati,the Zytron damage re ...<br />
ported from the field, was poa.ib;Ly d.lMtto diftereDt:t.a. varietal response.
85<br />
Marion Market 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9<br />
Danish Ballhead 7 9 8 8 8 9 8 8<br />
Resistant Danish 8 9 9 9 6 8 8 9<br />
HYbrid C2A 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 7<br />
!!e!i!t!n~ Ql2,q __ .3___ 9___ 2.__ .3___ 2.___ 4__ .3___ .~ __<br />
Rating Scale: 9 .. no injury. 7 = commercially acceptable crop.<br />
5 = moderate damage. 1 = Crop dead.<br />
New Chemical Evaluation - 1961<br />
There were three tests conducted on fine sandy loam soil at Ithaca in 1961<br />
in an attempt to evaluate new chemi
86.<br />
!oa'.!?l!~._ ~2.h!.s;;.o!~g_f~r;..;7.:c.\!1!!og~,W!C!t!O~ 2.f ~! S.~!,<br />
Days following'· ;. Test 1 Te8t-2' Test 3. .<br />
__ t!:,e!t!,ni __ ....;,....;q;:;,__ ~u~e_7_ ~ __ ...;.__ :!U!l_l! Aug~sig,4_ ... ...-<br />
-- ~<br />
0 .00 .00<br />
"<br />
1.45<br />
1 .65 Trace ·32<br />
2 .01 .05 .00<br />
3 .78 :.19 Trace<br />
,::"li<br />
4 1.08 '. .07, .03<br />
5 .00 .15 .00<br />
6 .50 ;00" .00<br />
~.-<br />
.1, -.: .Ol'·· .ce .. .02 '<br />
..-.-,.~; ----1- ----------~:...----------.~<br />
__ 'to!.B!.<br />
~<br />
~ :_l·Q.S__ .:..-;- ~.!i8-~ _' 1!,.Bg,_..:...,.<br />
It can be seen in Table 5t_,z)lphenamid was ucept10nally variable. l1n<br />
pe1'formance between the several te8't:s. It is thOupt; that the leaching 'QItiabJ.e<br />
may accolmlifortbese difference8ioiDacthBl gave UD1tormly gOod resuJ.ts. There<br />
is toxic to crucifers at .<br />
higher rates. Trifluralin was outstanding in weed·corxtrol. Except wbel'il..'leach,.,<br />
ing wasprQbab~.severe it appears to be safe, even at 3 or 4 times the. d,c)sage,<br />
nMded 'for weed ooDt1'Ol. CIlEC..cDAA'performedwell ti'bb .:l1ttle crop.Cla1IItIPand<br />
generally good weed control. However) in the second test Wbere no heavy ri.1ne<br />
occutX'ed)' weed coetrol was only. mediocre. .:, ",<br />
Those compounds performing, unsatisfactorily, et1;be~ beCal»e of poor 1lIHd"<br />
control or because of crop inj1.li7. are listed in Ta~ 6. '"<br />
l. 'DacthBl:has a wid.eme.rg1nof safety on seeded or transplanted b:l'oCco11,<br />
aa~e,and cauJ.ttlower. :rt is effective on l11811Yannualweed species. .... '<br />
weed~'6peeies tolerant of DacthBlare ragweed, S1II&1'tiJ8edand galinsoga •<br />
..~.Zytronhasc.•pprOX1mat.ly the sameactiv11lyce,a DacthBl as tar 88 .«i .<br />
species ;is coneened. However" 1lbere seems to be Ii' 41stinctly narrover .~.<br />
of.crop. sat~ty.Tbe ,granular formulation IIlUStbe sUbstituted fortbe l1q11td if<br />
cruciterfol1ale ispreseDt.<br />
3. Cabbage. .,.,ieties appear tc! react d11'fefeat1ally to-Zytron.Irl ODe<br />
tr1al two ;yeUows reeistant varte\ttee seemed to be'.eresu8ceptible than-'l1Dnresistant.<br />
However only 5 varieties were included in this study. More 1lCrk<br />
is needed on this aspect.
Table 5. Bai
88<br />
2,b!!D1C!1!.<br />
.;..' '.,;...._<br />
!e£J.:.2.._!!e~!:.<br />
.!!D!~t'L!.:f!c.!.0!7.;.~ W~=,~,!.~.... ctuS1!e!:.~:.;<br />
Chemicals lacking crop '." Chem1clU.s~Xli ·weed control<br />
tolerance but 81v1n8 . and/or 'croJ,jt"oleranee<br />
ade~ateweed control .. ". " . '.. ' ..<br />
- - - -:.- ":"~ - -: - - -lbsZA-: ... ":" ...... - - ....- .. .,.,'.. - .. - - .. - rbi!A:~" -<br />
Amchem 61-l22 4, 8 . Amchem61-
weeding of Lima Bean. With Chemical Herbicides<br />
Char1el J. No1l 1<br />
The weeding of lima beans is tBportant in reduoing the cost of production<br />
of this crop. DRBPhas been commoolyu.ed but the .earch continues for a ><br />
better and le .. expensive chemical. The expertBent :reported in thi. paper>18<br />
a continuation of work started a-few years ago.<br />
PROCEDURE<br />
The seedbed was prepared and pre-planting treatmente made June 1. Tha.e<br />
treatments were t.corporated in the .oi1 with a roto~i11er .et .ha11ow. The<br />
following day the lima bean varlety rordhook 242 wal leeded. The pre-emel'lence<br />
treaenent. were applied from 1 to 6 days after planting. Post-emergence treatments<br />
were made 10 day. after planting. Individual plot. were 27 feet long<br />
and 3 feet wide. Treatments were randomized in each of 6 blocks.<br />
The chemicals were applied with a small sprayer over the row for a width<br />
of 12 inches. Cultivation controlled the weed. between the rows. An e&timate<br />
of weed control was made Auguat 24 on a baais of 1 to 10, 1 being moat>.<br />
desirable and 10 being leaat desirable. Bean harvest wes completed September 29.<br />
RESULTS<br />
The result. are pre.ented in table 1. All chemical •• ignificantly increaaed<br />
weed control a8 compared to .the untreated check. There were aignif~<br />
caat differencea in wee' control between the treated plota but the higher ><br />
rate of treatment of most chemicals gave sufficient weed control. The 8t~nd<br />
of plants waa unaffected by the treatments. All treatment. except U-4513<br />
at the 1.'8er rate re.ulted in significant increa.e in weight of beans.<br />
CONCLUSION<br />
Taking into consideration weed control, 8tand of plant8 and yield no<br />
chemical treatment was superior to DNBPapplied post-emergence. Many<br />
chemicals did a good job of weeding lima beans without injury to the<br />
stand aad with increase in yield _ compared to the UQtreat.ed·aback<br />
plot. Someof the mo.t promi8ing of the8e are Atramatryne, Trietazine,<br />
Herb. 326 and Hercules 7531.<br />
89<br />
1 A.eociate Profe,80r of 01erlcu1ture, Department of Horticulture, College of<br />
Agriculture.and Experiment Station,Penn8y1vania State Univer8ity, Univer.ity<br />
Park, Penn8y1vania.
90<br />
Table 1. <strong>Weed</strong> cOIJ~~.l. Itend of plante and yield of Hubeans under<br />
chemical herbicide treatments.<br />
. r f),' '.:<br />
AVERAGE PERPLOT<br />
A~U"e Rate •... ed<br />
·Wt. of<br />
PeZ'Acre AppLication Dayl O-trol Stand of i.ca<br />
,Cb.. 1cal 11:1', fl'Gl Seediu . ··n-lm P1Ilnte :111.<br />
Nothing -- -- 9.2 91 8.4<br />
Tillem 4 Soil lac. -I 4.7 92 13.6<br />
" 6 " " -I 3.5 85 14.7<br />
AmJ.b~ 3 PlaatiDg Time 0 -3~2 91 14.4<br />
" 44 " ." 0 ·4JO 93 '15.4<br />
PrOlll8tryne 2<br />
"" j 0 ·l.a: 89 'i6.l<br />
"<br />
3 ." "<br />
0 1~7 90 '14.9<br />
Atr~t~. 3 P,...-..rgance 5 1.3 90 1'1.3<br />
'~"<br />
" 5 , 2.0 91 16.2<br />
Trietazine 4 " 5 2.0 92 16.3<br />
"<br />
" 6 :" S .1. ..., 92 16.8<br />
Herb 126 2 " 5 ·),0' 85 14.3<br />
• 1,' d .<br />
~~. 3<br />
,<br />
.. ,<br />
S .1.3
EFFECTOF HERBICIDESONQUALITYANDYIELDOF SWEETPOTATOES<br />
(A PROGRESSREPORT)<br />
William V. Welker. Jr.<br />
1<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>s are one of the maJC?3!' problems in the culture of sweet<br />
potatoes. Four to six CUltivations per season plus hand weeding<br />
are general practices employed in sweet potato culture. Chemical<br />
weed control measures would appear to have considerable economic<br />
potential. The project was initiated in 1959 with greenhouse<br />
screeni~ 9f chemicals on fo~ varieties of18weet potatoes. The<br />
most promi 13ing chemicals .\'fe~etaken to the field in 1960. Most<br />
of the treatments were repeated during 1961.<br />
The field experiments were carried out on a sandy loam soil.<br />
A randomizedcomp~ete block design with fo~ replicates was used.<br />
Each plot consisted of two rows 30 feet long with a guard row on<br />
each side. All herbicides. exgept NPA (N-l-naphthylphthalamiC<br />
acid) which was applied as a granular. were applied as sprays.<br />
The sprays were applied over the foliage of the sweet potato<br />
plants shortlY after the plants were set in the field. During<br />
1960 the plots received normal cultivation between the rows beginriing<br />
three weeks after the herbicides were lil,pplied. During .<br />
1961 the plots,.received no CUltivation af'terthe herbicide treatments.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>sW:~re counted several times during each season.<br />
All plots were hand-weeded at the normal ~ay-by time.<br />
, '<br />
The predominant weed species :r;>resent . both years were<br />
crabgrass (D1~taria s uinal s (L.) Scap.)., pigweed (Amaranthus<br />
retronexus r.. iambsquarters Cheno odium album L.). arid common<br />
ragweed (Affibrosi •• edata taken included weed<br />
control. inJury rattemiS11f',Olia<br />
"01 owing herbicide application •. yie1d. internal<br />
color analysis. organoleptic tests. and herbicide ef'fect on storage<br />
and sp~ou.t1ng.<br />
. The speCific effect of the herbicides ,upon yields weed control.<br />
and quality factors will be discussed., Amiben b amino..... 2.<br />
5·-dic~orobenzoic acid). casoron (2.4 dic~orobenzon1trile). diphenamid<br />
(N.N-dimethyl-i,-7(-diphenylacetamide}. and dacthal<br />
(dimethyl 2.3.5.6 tetrach10roterephalate) appeared acceptable with<br />
respect to all factors studied. NPAwas not included in the 1961<br />
experiment because of its harmful ef'fects upon skin quality found<br />
in the 1960 experiments. CIPC (isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl)<br />
carbamate) injured the sweet potato plant and reduced yield. The<br />
weed control obtained with CIPC was less satisf'actory than that<br />
obtained with the other compounds. Diphenamid was included only<br />
in the 1961 experiments.<br />
These studies indicated that the solution of the weed control<br />
problem without a reduction of sweet potato yields is at hand.<br />
Additional investigation of the effects of herbicides on quality<br />
is needed.<br />
91<br />
lHorticulturist. Crop Research Division. AJzricultu:ral Rf'HIAA,.~h
92<br />
Int{p
Results<br />
Date treated: 9/6/61<br />
Soil motsture:medium below, but dry on lurfaQe and 1n seed zone.<br />
Soil type: sandy clay loam<br />
Plot arrangement: One row of each crop was planted on a 3,ft. bed<br />
110 ft. long.<br />
Herbicide treat.ents: All herbicidel were apPl1e4 beginning at the rate<br />
of 16 lbs/A and decreasing to 1/2 lb/A with a half dosage distance of<br />
20 ft., using 125 gals/acre at 40 psi. The width of the sprayed area<br />
was about 5 ft. There was no cultivation or haRd weeding.<br />
Rainfall data: 0.52 in. the d4Y prior to makina the beds and planti.,.<br />
Soil surface and seed zone dried out rapidly and remained dry until Sept.<br />
14 when 0.67 in. fell. Subsequent precipitatiollduring the 4 weeks dter<br />
planting was: Sept. 15, 0.14 in.; Sept. 18-20, 0.35 in., Sept. 28,<br />
0.40 in.; and OCt. 2-4, 1.98 inl.<br />
and Observations<br />
Visual observations and measurements are summariced in Table 1. There were<br />
several herbicides besides the standard treatmenta WhiChshowed promising degrees<br />
of crop·weed selectivity. The material with the wid.. t safety margin on most<br />
crops was Dacthal, giving good initial weed control to 1 lb/A while showing no<br />
crop injury at the highest rate of 16 lbs/A. except on apinach which waa tolerant<br />
below 4 lbs/A. R·1870 was equally safe on moat cropa including spinach, at<br />
l6lba/A, but 6 lba/A were required for good weed control. Other materials<br />
showing good selectivity on most crops teated were Trifluralin (, to 3 lba/A),<br />
Tilla. (4 to 8 lha/A) and Eptam (4 to 8 lba/A except on spinach). Zytron<br />
(4 to 6 lbs/A), Randox (3 to 4 lba/A) and NIA 6370 (8 to 12 lbs/A) showed "limited<br />
possibilities on apecific crops.<br />
It is obvious that the dry and hot weather cond1clons at the time of appli·<br />
cation and for 8 daya afterward had a major influence on the results. Unuaually<br />
high ratea, eapecially of the thio~carbamates, were aece.aary for good weed<br />
control. However, crop tolerance also resulted at correspondingly high rat.l.<br />
Increased efficiency from theae materiala, as well al Vegadex and CIPC, has<br />
consiltently been obtained when foll~ed by rain or Iprinkling. Trifluralla,<br />
Diphenamid, Zytron and Dscthal, on the other hand, are apparently not so subject<br />
to volatilization and loss under adverle weather and 8011 conditions. Othew teats<br />
show. however, that Dacthal is very dependant on precipitation getting it into<br />
the aoil before the weed seeds ge~lnate.<br />
Trial No.2: Pre· ... rgence herbicide applicationl 08 six leaf cropa ustng<br />
conventional plots.<br />
Methods and Materials<br />
Crop varieuea:<br />
Spinach - Old Dominion Blight Resiatant<br />
Kale • Vates Dwarf Blue Curled Scotch<br />
Hanover salad - Early<br />
Collards - Vates<br />
Turnip areens • Seven Ton Salad<br />
93
Diphenamid 1 1 , ~, 1 ~ Good above<br />
1 1h/A<br />
94<br />
Table 1.<br />
Herbicide<br />
Selectivity Range. from Herbicide Applicati~'; on Five Leaf cr~~.<br />
Ul1nsehe 'J.osarithldc 'Spfly_r. ' ," , "';<br />
" ':(' Good Control lelidual<br />
MaximumRate for Crop Toll!Eance U~!!/jH """O'ba/A. )" <strong>Weed</strong><br />
SptDaclt' 1a1. . COllard. ~~rniV"Cr.'.·' Gra•• e. Broali-""Contro1<br />
, .. '. :' '. '" ,..' '. 'leafl (11/24!61)<br />
R-3400<br />
R-3408<br />
R-341S<br />
R-1870<br />
Tillam<br />
Epta.<br />
CIPO<br />
Vegadex' .<br />
Vegadex<br />
+CIPC<br />
Randox<br />
Ve8a~<br />
+ Randox<br />
Dacthal<br />
.Zytron<br />
NtA 6~70<br />
Triflural1n<br />
J<br />
~." '! 4 ",.", '4<br />
\ I. ~ .',<br />
16 '16<br />
16<br />
8<br />
4<br />
16<br />
8<br />
&<br />
'3; 2<br />
,·to 16<br />
"\<br />
4 + 4, 4+4<br />
4" 16<br />
11<br />
3<br />
4 "<br />
6<br />
8<br />
4<br />
! • ~<br />
16<br />
8<br />
4<br />
4<br />
16<br />
16<br />
8<br />
8<br />
'2'j:. 2<br />
16 ,16<br />
6:+1~"'j 6 + 1-\<br />
I v<br />
4+4<br />
;,J,<br />
'16'<br />
'~'6:"<br />
I<br />
6<br />
3 + 3<br />
16<br />
2<br />
6<br />
4<br />
6<br />
, .... L·"<br />
,I ..: :-j<br />
10<br />
12<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
4<br />
10 3,<br />
',; ~,;:,]<br />
8<br />
10<br />
4<br />
4<br />
4<br />
~'poor<br />
Poor<br />
"~oor<br />
1»oor<br />
i' .<br />
-\ 'rlalr<br />
a\ove<br />
"'8 lbl!A<br />
'4<br />
4'Pbbr '.';'; 1<br />
6 +'~~3 + 3/4 2 ...;-\.' 'lii'<br />
a1>ove<br />
;'8+2' fbi! A<br />
" 3" .:<br />
,.,iJ<br />
IS<br />
,ri ..,'<br />
'2<br />
e;'<br />
3<br />
1<br />
4<br />
'8<br />
3<br />
1<br />
'~~or<br />
"a'1.r 1<br />
"flo".<br />
:"'+8<br />
'fool'<br />
3' COOd<br />
'abcSv.<br />
6"lb'/A.<br />
8
95<br />
Date planted: 915/61<br />
Date treated: 9/7 & 8/61<br />
Soil mOlsture: medium below, but dry on surface and in seed zone.<br />
Soil type: sandy clay loam<br />
Plot arrangement: Plots consisted of two 3% ft. beds 20 ft. long. One<br />
row of each crop was planted per pl~t, with 3 crops per bed.<br />
Experimental design: Random~zed block with 3 reps.<br />
Herbicide treatments: Spray treatments were applied on 9/7/61 1n 30 gals/A<br />
at 30 psi. Granular materials were appl~ed on 918161 using a small hand<br />
duster. There was no cultlvation or hand weeding.<br />
Rainfall data: Same as in trial No.1.<br />
/~ea harvested: Hanover salad and turnip greens were harvested on 10/31/61<br />
The yield data represent one row, 20 ft. long, of each crop per plot., The<br />
other crops will probably be harvested in the .pring.<br />
R!§~s<br />
and Observations<br />
The visual observations in Table 2 and yuld date in Table 3 general~y.agree<br />
with the results reported for trial No.1.<br />
The most promising material .from the standpoint of weed control and crop<br />
tolerance in this trial was Triflural1n, although there was sign1ficant irljury<br />
to spinach and cress at 2 IbslA of the 4 e.c. formulation. Later trials u~der<br />
cool and moist conditions indicate that spinach may be 1njured even at 1 Ib/A of<br />
either 4 e.c. or2 G formulations. Both Tr1fluralin and Diphenamid gave very<br />
good weed control even at 1 IblAof either formulation. Diphenamid, however,<br />
showed no crop selectivity except at 1 Ib/A on Hanover salad.<br />
,<br />
The .tandard treatments of Vegadex, CIPC and the.Vegadex + CIPC mixture<br />
gave satisfactory weed control, especially at the hiah rates, with little or no<br />
crop injury except from 2 IbslA of. 4 e.c. CIPC. Undltr the prolonged hot, dry<br />
weather conditions, these and most other herbic1des conSistently gave slightly<br />
better weed control from spray formulations compared ee the granules. The..<br />
opposite was true, however, of R-1870, although even at the rate of 4 lbs/A it<br />
did not give as good weed control as the standard treatments.<br />
The use of Dacthal agaln resulted ln good weed control from the 50 WPformulation<br />
while showing no signlficant crop injury except at 4 IbslA on spin.cb.<br />
Lack of moisture prior to the germination of the first weed seeds probably<br />
contributed to the lower degree of weed control from the Dacthal granules.<br />
While Zytron and NIA 6370 gave good weed control even at 8 and 5 IbslA,<br />
respectively, severe crop injury in many cases limits ~heir potential. ZytWon<br />
appears to be safe only in the gra~lular form at 8 Ib.,,(A, appl1ed to spinach,'<br />
Hanover salad and collard.. NIA 6370 seems to have greater selectivity on these<br />
same crops, with no appreciable injury from 5 IbslA in either the 4 e.c. or 5 G<br />
formulation, or from 10 lbslA in the 5 G formulation.
96<br />
Tlble 2. Vilual Crop Injury and <strong>Weed</strong> Contl:01 Rating.<br />
~ .... weed<br />
Herbicide Formulation' Rate Spinach Kale Ha,lover, ~. 1A'id.Turnip. cr;;;; Control<br />
J<br />
R-1870 6':e.1:•. 2 '10 " 1
Table 3. Yield Data on Hanover and TUrnips 97<br />
Averase Yield in 1bs/20 ft. of row<br />
Herbicide Formulation Rate Hanover Turnips<br />
R-1870 6 e ,c . 2 22.7 25.4<br />
" 6 e.c. 4 27~5 21.5<br />
" 10 G 2 28.0 21.8<br />
" 10 G 4 23.4 23.7<br />
CIPC 4 e.c. 1 21.7 21.1<br />
" 4 e. c. 2 25.1 18.3<br />
" 5 G 1 32.0 17.8<br />
" 5 G 2 22.8 16.1<br />
Vegadex 4 e.c. 2 24.8 24;3<br />
" 4 e.c. 4 27.1 21.7<br />
" 20 G 2 '··28·.0 23.2<br />
II<br />
20 G 4 23.0 23.7<br />
Vegadex 4 e.c. + 4 e.c. 2+\ 28.3 24.1<br />
+ CIPC 20 G + 5 G 2+\ 26.1 23.6<br />
Dacthal 50 WP 2 25.1 22.1<br />
II<br />
50 WP 4 ,24.2 22.9<br />
II<br />
2\ G 2 25.9 22,,1<br />
" 2\G 4 19.7 21.9<br />
Zytron 3 e.c. 8· 18.9 10.9<br />
II<br />
3 e.c. 16 8.2 1.5<br />
" 25 G 8 30.5 14.3<br />
II<br />
25 G 16 23.5 8.6<br />
NIA 6370 4 e.c. 5 30.9 8.3<br />
" 4 e.c. 10 13.7 0<br />
II<br />
5 G 5 27.3 12.8<br />
" 5 G 10 25.2 14.1<br />
Trifluralin 4 e.c. 1 31.3 23.4<br />
II<br />
4 e.c. 2 33.3 23.1<br />
" 2 G 1 26.4 25.0<br />
II<br />
2 G 2 25.4 22.9<br />
Diphenamid 80 WP 1 29.7 14.3<br />
II<br />
80 WP 2 23.4 7.8<br />
" 5 G 1 33.4 14.7<br />
" 5 G 2 25.5 7.8<br />
Diphenatrile 5 G 5 32.1 27.8<br />
" 5 G 10 24.8 23.6<br />
Check 25.2 21.9
9S<br />
Diphenatrl1e i. worthy of further .tudy in both ,ranular and .pray torab~<br />
latlons. The granular material gave fair to good weed control with complete<br />
tolerance of all crop. to 10 lb./A.<br />
fugmpAryfnd eonclu.iop.<br />
Preltminary investigations with .everal of the new experimental herbicid.es<br />
offer promising possibilities of alleviating the more serious weed problema _till<br />
facinS ··leaf crop growen of Eastern Virginia.<br />
Decthal, a-1870, Tillam, Trifluralin and Diphenatrile appear to be equal,<br />
and in some cases .uperior, to Vegadex and CIPC ln crop tolerance. These<br />
materials offer po•• ibiLities especially during period. of the year or on weed<br />
.pecle s :where the preseatstsndard treatments often faU. A longer period of<br />
effective control may also be possible from some of these chemicals, e.g.,<br />
Trifluralin.<br />
Further trials and information are needed at different periods of the year<br />
to determine the influenca. of climatic and soil conditions on the result.<br />
obtained from these materials on specific crop. and weed species.<br />
Literlture<br />
Cited<br />
(1) Daniellon, L. L. Evaluation of pre-emergence .pray and granular applications<br />
of COECon vegetable. leaf and cole crops. Proc. N.E.W.C.C. 12: 17-22. (1958)<br />
(2) Price, C. D. Pre- and post-emergence weed control in leef crop. using<br />
h~bicide combinetiona. Proc. N.E.W.C.C. 13: 510-516. (1959)<br />
"
<strong>Weed</strong>ing of Carrots With 'pre-lilanUng, Pre ..emergence and<br />
Po.t-emerget!ceApplicatlonl ·of Chemicals<br />
Ch~r1e. J. No11 1<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>control hvery impbl''tant iii the early It ••• S of growth of carrot ••<br />
Moat coaaercia1 cropa of carrota.ate' aprayed for ".14control with Stoddar.d<br />
Solvent. Other chemical. have without recent years benn found to be effective.<br />
This year's work is a contin~tion of work .tarted a number of year.:<br />
ago.<br />
PROCEDURE<br />
The seedbed was prepared, pre.p1anting treaauent. applied and .eed.<br />
planted Kay 2. Pre-planting treatments were incprporated in the .011 with<br />
e rototiller .et shallow. The variety grown was Chantenay, red core. The<br />
pr.,:,,8IIIergenceapplications were made 1 or 3 days after seeding and post- '.<br />
emergence applications were made 33 day. after seeding when carrots had .<br />
their first true leaves. Individual plots were 28 f.et long and 2 feet<br />
wide. Treatments were randomized in each of 8 block ••<br />
The cheatca1s were applied with • small sprayer over the row for a wiath<br />
of 12 inche.. Cultivation controlled the weed. between the rows. Anest.:L".<br />
mat. of wee.~contro1 was made July 28 ona basis of 1 to 10, 1 being mo.t<br />
des~r.b1e and 10 being least deillr8ble. Carrotharve.t was completed Oct. 6.<br />
RESULTS<br />
. The results are presented in table 1. All treatment. except the po.t~<br />
emergence Deetb.1' treatment significantly increa.ed weed control as compared<br />
to the untreated check. The belt veed control tre8llleDts were in the so11 iilcorporation<br />
treatments of Ti11am at·~ 1bs. per acre, in the pre~emergence<br />
treatments 0.£.PrOllletryne at 3 1bs. per acre, Ipal1ne at 3 1bs. per acre,<br />
U 4513 at 3 lb •• per acre and Amiben at 5 1bs. per acre and in the postemergence<br />
treatment of Solan at 6 lb •• per acre. The stand of plants was<br />
significantly better than that of the untreated check with the post-emerg8ace<br />
treabaent. of Amiben at S 1bs. per acre aad Solan at'6 lb •• per acre. Many<br />
other chemicals had a .tand equal to the check. Significant increasea in<br />
yield as compared to the untreated plot were found in the following treated<br />
plots: in the .oi1 incorporation treatment R-1856 at 4 and 6 1bs. per acre;<br />
in the pre-emergence treatments of Herb. 326 at 2 1bs. per acre, U 4513 at<br />
2 1be. per acre, zytron at 10 and 15 1bs. per acre, Amibenat 5 lbe. per acre<br />
and Dactha1 W-50 at 8 lbs. per acra; and in the post-emergence treatment of<br />
Amiben at 5 1bs. per acre and Solan at 4 and 6 lbe. per acre.<br />
CQ,NCLUSION<br />
Taking into coaa1derat10n weed control, stand of plante and yield the<br />
best two treatments were the post-emergence treatments of Solan at 6 1be. per<br />
acre and Amibenat 5 lbs. per acre. Other chem1cale that look promising for<br />
the weeding of this crop are R~1856, Herb. 326, U 4513, Zytron and Dactha1.<br />
99<br />
1.. .._.... • .I! ..... 'I __ .. _._1 .. _~_-. ft ... ... _I: u __ .. ,,_ ...' .... _6 ,.".11<br />
4 ft<br />
..... ",
100<br />
Tab1,e 1. Weei· cem:rol. stand (>f pl.aat. andweipt .of~t. of carrot.<br />
under chemical berblci6.tre .... nt ••<br />
Ipadne<br />
Amiben<br />
Daethal W-50<br />
AiDiben.<br />
Daethal W-.50<br />
Stoddard Solvent<br />
Solan<br />
"<br />
Chemic.1<br />
Nothing<br />
T1UIllll<br />
II<br />
R-18S6<br />
II<br />
Berb. ,326<br />
"<br />
"<br />
"<br />
Prometryne<br />
U-4S13<br />
"<br />
Ipadne<br />
"<br />
,'.<br />
"<br />
,<br />
Active Rate<br />
Per Acre '. j Applle.tionDay.<br />
Ibe. froll Plant1Dll<br />
-- ";"--<br />
4l' 'lsbU Inc.<br />
6 ""<br />
4 "II<br />
6 :", II<br />
" \<br />
2 Pre~emergenca<br />
2 "<br />
II<br />
, '" "<br />
2 "<br />
3 If<br />
2<br />
3<br />
I"' ..<br />
' I'<br />
10 "<br />
1.5 'J, "<br />
S " ..<br />
8' n<br />
S<br />
8 "<br />
70 gal...·<br />
,,·~t-"rg.<br />
4<br />
6 ~ .. ' "<br />
2 ',;, "<br />
3 ""<br />
Lealt Ilplflcant difference 51<br />
1'1<br />
*<strong>Weed</strong> Control I-lOt 1 Perfect Wfe4cCoQtrol.<br />
10 Full <strong>Weed</strong>G~th.<br />
AVERAGBPERPlm<br />
'*<strong>Weed</strong> I<br />
CoDtrol I Stand of<br />
"ltiol0l i P1anta<br />
• i "9'.8 i 140<br />
e r: It.8 I 26<br />
o 2.9 6<br />
o 6.1 I ISO<br />
o 5.0 13S<br />
1 4.6 98<br />
1 ' 4.5 37<br />
1 i.i '5'.0 S4<br />
1 '2.4 29<br />
1'i' ""6.3 SO<br />
1 "4.0 18<br />
I'<br />
"1;<br />
6'.0<br />
'3.9<br />
118<br />
68<br />
3 6.8 130<br />
" i', 6.4 ISO<br />
3' ! t.3<br />
3' '" 5'.8<br />
99<br />
191<br />
33; ." ~4.3' %22<br />
33 8.6 173<br />
33<br />
33<br />
5.8<br />
4.3<br />
160"<br />
12S<br />
'3 2.9 219<br />
;3 h 6.1 126<br />
ss I', 4~S 130<br />
1.8<br />
2.4<br />
S6<br />
, 74<br />
Wt. of<br />
,lOOts<br />
'lb ...<br />
l ' :~::"<br />
~7<br />
9.2<br />
11.6<br />
10.9<br />
:4.4<br />
:"7."<br />
'4'.9<br />
n',;4<br />
; )%a'<br />
9.2<br />
7'.3<br />
12.1<br />
:'11.0<br />
'1f)~6<br />
l1ii8"<br />
"I.' 6.S<br />
8.5<br />
13.0<br />
13.1<br />
6-..5<br />
81<br />
3~4<br />
4~4<br />
,U<br />
;1'<br />
, . :<br />
I'<br />
.' .. \
101<br />
WEEDCONTROLSTUDIESIN SEElED ONIONSV<br />
J. C. Cialone, G. Bayer and R.D. Sweet.<br />
Introduction<br />
New York with about 15,000 acres ranks all one of the leading onion p:L'0<br />
ducing sta1ies, with the majority of the production centered in the muck soil<br />
areas where '<strong>Weed</strong>s are a serious problem. Growers have shown great interest in<br />
herbicides as an aid in reducing weeding costs.<br />
Most of the acreage in NewYork this year was treated with cbloro-N-Ndiallyl-acetamide,<br />
CDAA,sold as Randox. This prosram consists of a 6 lb/acre<br />
rate of the liquid formulation of CDAAin the crook stage of onion development<br />
and subsequent applications of the granular formul~ion as they are needed<br />
throughout the remainder of the season. CIPC (cbloro-isopropyl-phenyl carbamate)<br />
is used in combination with the CDAA,primarily in situations were purslane<br />
(Portulaca sp.) has not been controlled by the CDAA. In general, the above two<br />
chemicals have given .very satisfactory results over a wide range of environmental<br />
conditions on muck soils. CDAAdoes have the limitation that it will not control<br />
purslane other·than in the seedling stage of development and does not have a<br />
very long period of residual activity in the soil.<br />
Since CDAAoften gives injury when applied immediately after planting, if this<br />
application is followed by rain, and since liquid formulations may give Uljury<br />
when the onion has reached the nag stage of development, the early period of<br />
safe use is a short and crucial one. l't can readily be seen that with the great<br />
variations in spring weather conditions this period of safe use may not alw.ys<br />
coincide with the stage of weed growth at which CDAAwill be most effective. Any<br />
chemical which could eliminate this crucial timing with respect to the crOp and<br />
still be an effective herbicide would be very valuable. Tests conducted on muck<br />
soil in 1960 by Althaus, Langlois and Gleason (1) indicate that a combination ef<br />
CDAAand TCBC(Tricblorobenzylcbloride) sold as R8l'1doxT, was effective e.ge.1nSt<br />
purslane, gave generally good weed control and g8velittle stand reduction wbOn<br />
used at 6 and 9 qt/acre rates. Romanowski in 1960 (4) indicated that this e
102<br />
because past weather reco:l\ds indicated that these two lbcations generally have<br />
very different cl:1mstic conditions. .<br />
General<br />
Standard Chemical, Rate, Mixture and Timing Tests.<br />
IdenticaJ. .teats were conducted at Oswego and Elba. locations in growers'<br />
fields. IrIdi vidual plots were 5x20 feet haVing four rQVlI of' onions lengthw1M<br />
in each plot. In Table 1 are presented a list of trea1llllents, rates and t1lll1Dc.<br />
!a~l! h._ [~2.f_c~ic!,l!,_r!.t!._an~ !1l!i~~ .., _.., ..,.__<br />
_ _ _ _ _M!,t!r!8!,s_U!.~ T!1II!.2.f_al?\'hi~a112.n ... .;.'_<br />
Chemical<br />
CDAA<br />
CDEC<br />
eIPO<br />
CDAA+ TCBC<br />
CDEC+ CDAA<br />
CDEC+ CDAA<br />
fI<br />
It<br />
"<br />
"<br />
CDAA+.CIPC<br />
4,6<br />
4,6<br />
4,6<br />
4,6·<br />
3+3<br />
4+4<br />
4+2<br />
2+4<br />
6+4<br />
6+6<br />
"", '<br />
. Oswego<br />
~-MsiV 1, 2 days after planting<br />
~-May 15, onions<br />
in crook<br />
~-May 18, lO-2~ onions in flag 8'tqe<br />
tI "<br />
1st MsiV.8, sailleday as planted<br />
2nd MsiV17, onions in early crook<br />
_________ .... 3rd~_2i,...,..0~11! !nJ!.Bi _' _<br />
*rates .based on quantity of CDAAapplied. (solldasRaMo~..T)<br />
. Each plot 'Wasreplicated three times with the chea1cal treatments randQm1zed<br />
in each replicate. The timing factor for each chemical. treatment, however, was.<br />
not randomized, so that the three times of application: were side by side in ..<br />
pre-set order. The t1m1ng f'actor,tben, is composed ottbne sUb-plots in 'bhe<br />
main plot which is the chemical treatmeJ1't. There was a. check plot in each tier<br />
of each· replicate.<br />
Although each treatment was applied at three differeJ1't times in relation to<br />
onion development, it must be stressed that each plot was treated only once, ...<br />
that is, different plots were treated at each of the three t1m1ngs.<br />
All chemicals used were the c01lllllercial liquid fol'lllUlations and all combinations<br />
were tank mixed. Applications were made with a hand CO2pressure small<br />
plot sprayer. . .<br />
Visual weed and crop ratings were made· in each location throughout the· .<br />
season •. At OSYeSoall plots were hand'weeded on July 5th and weights of weeds<br />
were taken. Yields and stand couJ1'ts.vere taken in September at time of bar'leet.<br />
Stand couJ1'ts and field records were taken on the 15 feet of the middle two ron<br />
in each plot.
Weather conditions at the two locations weX'equite. different. At Elba<br />
precipitation came in the form of severe thunderstorms through much of the<br />
season. A severe hall storm on June 23rd when the ou1ons were approxime.tely<br />
6 1nches te.11 was extremely detr~al to the C1'Op. Both locations he.dabout<br />
the se.me total precipitation for May, but the precipitation at Elba seemed. to<br />
have come at a more crucie.lt1me in relation to crop emergence. In addition.<br />
the particular soll used at Elba, was very subject to compaction, and resulted<br />
in poor stands. It was est imated that at the' flag stage at Elba 30 percent<br />
of the seed which had germinated was still beneath the -soll and never emerged,<br />
regardless of treatment.<br />
103<br />
There are several other factors :wbichmust be considered before examining<br />
the results' obtained. At neitheX' location were effoX'ts made to measure the<br />
weed competition factor. For this reason y1e1
104<br />
~a~l~ ~. _C!:.0l!, £e!JlOJ1!.8_ ai QS~i0:. _ '"' __________<br />
, . " T1meof 'l'reatlent ------- ' -- '. '<br />
Chemical ,,'. At_Pl~t~," - -~-S~~7.· - !.l!8_Sias.e<br />
~r!.ailll!.ni __ ~J."2..LA__ [~_8!.8!!i,;. ',- ~__ Si~.;..· __~ _ -.si~_ ., ___<br />
CDEC 6 7.3 281 6.3 248.6 7.0 268.6<br />
CDAA 6· 9.0 296.3 9.0 29 1"3" 8.6 264.0<br />
C'lEC 4 7.6 236.0,,;r 7.0 268.6, 7.6 256.0<br />
CDM 4 9.0 3a6.0 8.6 293.0,. 9.0 304.6<br />
CDAA+CDEC 4+2 8.6 294.0 7.0 223.6 7.3 282.0<br />
" + " 3+3 8.0 284.0 7.6 266.0 7.0 267.3<br />
" + .2+4 8·3 293.0 8.3* 289.5*, 8.6 288.0<br />
" + " .11+4 8.0 27J..6 6.3 2!1o.0 6.6 240.3<br />
CIPC 4 9·0 304.3 . 9.0 265.6 '9·0 284.0<br />
" 6 9.0 ·265.0 9.0 288.3, 8.6 271.0<br />
CDAA+QIPC 6+4 8.3 304.6 9.0 300.6 9.0 290.6<br />
" +' " 6+6 8.5* 265.0* 8.3 265.6, 8.3 283.0<br />
CDAA+TCBC 4+10 8.6 277.6 8.3 265.3 8.6 263.6<br />
" + " 6+15 8.6 278.0 8.6 247.3 7.6 249.0<br />
CK 9.0 264.9 9.0 264.9 9.0 264.9'<br />
. .'<br />
*---'-~-~'-~--~-------~-~---~~~-------~----<br />
.'. ..',' . '..<br />
•¥&nS of only 2 replications.<br />
!:.t9 • perfect crop; 7. commerc~ acceptable; 5 • ,~rate damage.<br />
1 • crop completely killed. Data t.-n June 12.<br />
'!:.a~l!.l._ ~e!.dj"~_C£.op_R!.s~~s!. !.t_E!.b!.. ..:. _<br />
2oh!.m!.c!.l_<br />
~e!.d_~ni1"2.J.3! Qr2l! ~t!.~Q.O~is<br />
!..b~~ __ All._ £ __ 'E'J./ All.__ C__ !: All.__ £ __ ]_ ~ __<br />
CDEC 6 6.6 6.3* 6.0 4.0 6.0 7.3 71.6 141.5 144.6<br />
CDAA 67.6 8.3 9.0 6.6 7.6* 8.5 '105.6 159.3* 190.3<br />
CDEC4. 2.6 4.0 4.6 7.0 7.0 6.3, ·U5.6 143.0 166.3,<br />
CDAA, l,., 7.~ 8.0 8.6 ... 7.6.7.6 8.3 ,~~.6 149.3 188.0.<br />
cDi"c+ciiAA - W- -773:-"'f.b -870....- - 3'l; -770-8.0: -,~ -,.t3'-14876:-"r7g.5,~ -<br />
" + 'II 3+3' 7.3 7.6 8.0 4.6 7.3 8.0 81.0 108.6 148.0<br />
" +" 2+4 8.0 8.3 8.6 4.6 6.3 7.6 69.0 130.6 165.0<br />
" + " . 4+4 . . 8.0 8.6 3.0 ,2.3 6.0 8.0 . . 44.6 146.3 191.6., ..'<br />
CIPc-..."'-,."4- :- -27P- 4'.~'"'476- ...- 8.3':-e73 1l' is - :-115'.o"'14'370"r~.3 --<br />
Q~_ _ _ _ 6 _ .J:.O.;. §..§._7:.0 §..Q_8~.o_ a.§..;;.: ,:.;,l2§..Q. _1!t2.0_ ~78.6
In contrast to the damage noted in EJ.ba from applying either CDAAor CDEC<br />
at planting, itI Oswego CDAAwas not toxic at any t:l.llle of appJ.ication. C~,<br />
however, gave some damage at all thx'ee times of application, with the crook<br />
stage being most severe. A heavy shower followed the crook stage application.<br />
It is believed to be the cause of damage, just as in the first application at<br />
Elba.<br />
At both EJ.ba and Oswego combipations of CDAAand CIPC followed the general<br />
pattern of CDAAalone with respect to both crop response and timing. This is to<br />
be expected because experience bas shown onions in the early stages to be much<br />
more tolerant of CIPC than of CDAA.<br />
CDAA-tlrCBC (Randox T) was similar in per:(ormance to CDAAat both locations.'<br />
Treatment at the flag stage generally gave less CrQP inJury than, did treatments<br />
at other times. Much of the data Obtained follow the CDAAresponse. It is .<br />
difficult to evaluate the effect of TCBCsince this, chemical was not appJ.ied<br />
separately.<br />
At both locations, weed control (see table 4) was best at the last two applications.<br />
This probably was due to several factors. First, in the periodl)etween<br />
planting and the third time of treatment, temperatures were quite low and weed<br />
development slow. In this same period rainfall was heavy and soil fixation and<br />
other forces were active which tend to reduce the effectiveness of herbicides.<br />
Later with higher temperatures when weed activity did reach its maximum, many<br />
of the chemicals were probably below their maximumlevel of activity.<br />
!a£.l~ ~._ ~!.s!.~_C~n~r~l_a~d_w~i~ ~f_w~e!!sJ~~v~d_b;r, !!a~d.L ~uq3.L Q.s~~o:.. _<br />
!,t ]!.a~t!n~ £r2.0~ ~t~! :El!g_S~8§.l!<br />
Chemical lbs/ 1bs. lbs. lbs.<br />
!r~t _']l~n~ __ A__ !!.e~d~ _ ~u!.s!.an~ W~e!!s_ .Jl~~~n~ __ y~e!!s__ ~U!.s!.~e_<br />
105<br />
CDEC<br />
CDAA<br />
6<br />
6<br />
19.33<br />
14.96<br />
1<br />
2<br />
CDEC 4 15.33 1<br />
CDAA 4 10.40 3<br />
CDEC+CDAA4+2 9.20 2<br />
CDEC+CDAA3+3<br />
CDEC+CDAA2+4<br />
5.10<br />
16.23<br />
3<br />
2<br />
CDEC+CDAA4+4 11. 40 3<br />
CIPC 4 29.20 2<br />
CIPC 6 29.83 1<br />
CDAA+CIPC 6+4 8.65 6<br />
CDAA+CIPC 6+6 11.25* 7*<br />
CDAA+TCBC4+10 6.33 9<br />
CDAA+TCBC6+15 ,5.03 . 9<br />
CK 34.97 3 "<br />
1P oory -two -replicates. - - - - - - -<br />
9.36<br />
6.46<br />
9<br />
2<br />
6.53<br />
4.53<br />
7<br />
2<br />
15.76 6 22.40 7<br />
8.0 3 8.2 5<br />
7.06 4 10.07 4<br />
5.30 6 6.63 6<br />
5.70* 5* 6.96 5<br />
4.46 6 2.93 6<br />
24.36 2 26.30 2<br />
21.30 1 14.93 1<br />
3.30 7 3.16 7<br />
6.60 6 4.36 7<br />
3.10 9 4.10 9<br />
1.46 '9 1.03<br />
__ 3!!:,.2,7 3 3~.2,7<br />
'9<br />
:1 _<br />
At both locations regardless of timing CDAAgave more effective weed control<br />
than did CDEC. Where the two chemicals were in combination at Oswego both<br />
the 4+4 and 3+3 lb. rates gave effective weed control regardless of timing.<br />
The 4+2 and 2+4 combinations of CDAA+CDEC were not consistent in weed control<br />
performance.
J:n Oswego at the. latter two times of applicationcmc at 4 or 6 pounds gave<br />
better· eontrol of purslane than did CDAAat s:l.m1J.e.i'mea. Combinations of--these<br />
two chemicals·at 3+3or 4+4 gave fair purslane control.<br />
CIPC was generally inadequate in weed control at bOth locations regardless<br />
of rate or timing. For some unexplained reason CIPC even performed poorly in<br />
control of purslane. For purslane control CDAA+CIPCgave better performance<br />
than either compound·used alone. CDAM-TCBC (Randmt-T) at either 4 or 6 pounds<br />
gave excellent weed control at both locations at au times of application.<br />
Purslane control was virtually complete at all times.<br />
At harvest. CDAA+TCBC plots treated at the third stage were nearly devoid of<br />
all weed species • However• an occasiOnal weed did apar. Growth was .slijbt<br />
and weed foliage ·exhibited hormone-like symptoms. whioh indicates a longre!dual<br />
from the TOBeportion. it should be noted again tha't' TCBCis automatically .<br />
added at the rate of 10 and 15 pounds when 4 or 6 poUl!idsof CDAAequivalen:tiis<br />
applied from the cODllllercial combination. t'1henever a chemical exhibits season<br />
long activity there is inherent danger it may carry over and cause damage to the<br />
succeeding crop if it is susceptible. Most vegetable crops including pot8toe's<br />
fall in the susceptible class.<br />
Su.ry<br />
and Conclusions<br />
Tests were conducted on seeded onions at two muck soU locations using-'<br />
various chemical treatments. at different rates. combirlations and times oftr'eatment.<br />
Rainfall and soU at these two locations differed markedly.<br />
R,eD.1:ts.indicate that combinations of CDAA+TCBC give excellent control of<br />
purs1ane and otber weed species over·a long period of time with only one aW1icati<br />
.....<br />
Whenapplied in the early stage of onion growth. CDAAapplications if 1'01<br />
lowed by heavy rains caused severe crop damage.<br />
Whenapplied 1mmediately a:f'ter planting or in the crook stage CDEC.if<br />
followed by rainfall gave crop inJury.<br />
CIPC used alone faUed 1;0 give adequate weed control resardless of rate.<br />
timing or rainfall.<br />
CIPC+CDAAcombinations performed much like CDAAalone. with respect to crop<br />
response. but '<strong>Weed</strong>control in general and control of purslane in particular<br />
was IIlOreeffective with the combinat1lm than with CDAAalone.
107<br />
Literature<br />
Cited<br />
1. Althaus. R. E•• R. H. Langlois. L. S. Gleason. <strong>Weed</strong> Control "11th Randox T<br />
in Corn and Onions. Proc. NEWCC15:94-99. 1~.<br />
2. Cialone, J. C. and R. D. Sweet. Combination ofcmo with CDAAand Other<br />
CompoundSfar <strong>Weed</strong>ing Vegetable. Proc: NEWCCl 15: 73-77• 1961..<br />
3. Meadows, M. v., S. R. Orsenigo. and J. D. Van GeJ.uwe. Interaction of Sol1<br />
Moisture, Beed Treatment and Herbicides on Onion Statlds and Yields on<br />
Muck SOU. Proc. NEWCC15:100-106. 1961.<br />
4. Roma1:Iowski. 1960. Personal OOIIII1unieation.
108<br />
Ch.. ical <strong>Weed</strong>ing of On1"n. GrownaD Hinera1 SoUa.<br />
, 1<br />
Charlea J • Noll<br />
A1thClughmoltt onion. in' tha,..-"th.'at 'are grown "o~lIUCk .0Ua, a<br />
conaiderable acre ... i. grown on mineral aoi1s. The'co.t of hand we.dinS<br />
hlab' thaltlh.re ,used it l1111it. the ~.... ,Proeluct:l.on colt. ,c<br />
could be reduc.d and _cr.ege incr ... ecllf adequat."c_iAla1 weediq were<br />
developed. '!'bi. y.ar. experiment il a continuation of work ltarted a<br />
nUlllber of ye.n .10.<br />
onions 1. .0.<br />
The onion ~ad.ty Sweet Spanilh... a.ecl.d tbill ayth •••• db.d was pUpared.<br />
The pr.· ... rl.nce treatment. were applied 1 'day after'a.eding, the<br />
emergence treatment. 14 dayl aft.r ••• ding and the po.t-emergence treatm.nt.<br />
17, 21 or 22 dayl after seeding. Individual plot. were 28 feet long and 2<br />
feet wide. Treatmenta were randomized in each of 8 block ••<br />
The chemical I were appli'dwith a ~all .prayer ov.r the row for a width<br />
of 12 inches. Cultivation controlled the weedl between the rows. An e.tt.8te<br />
of weed control was made July 24 on a ba.il of 1 to 10, 1 being moat deairab1e<br />
and 10 leaat delirable. Onions were harvested September 25.<br />
USULTS<br />
Th. relu1ts 1"1- prelll11ted in table 1. All chemieah except Exp. R I:I.gnifi~"nt1y<br />
iocreaaed weed control as compared to the untreated check. The<br />
belt weeded plotl were treated with Prometryne, Diph.namid and Dactha1 and<br />
Ipazine at their higbest rate. Manytreabuents wignificantly reduced the<br />
stand of plants. Only two treatmenta had a stand sizn:l.ficantly greater than<br />
the untreated ch.ck plot. Th.a. treatments were Dacthal and CIPC. A a1S·<br />
nificant increa.e in yi.1d was obtained where Dactha1 and eIPC had been<br />
appUed a. compared to all other treatlllents.<br />
CQHCLUSION<br />
Taking into con.ideration weed control, stand of plants and yield the<br />
be.t treatlllenta in this exper1lllent for weeding onion. were Dacthal appUed in<br />
a pre·emergence application and eIPe applied at t1llle of onion emergence.<br />
lAssociate Profeasor of 01ericulture, Deparbuent of Horticulture, College of<br />
Agriculture and Bxper1lllent Station, Pennsylvania State Univeraity, Univeraity<br />
Park, Pennay1vania.
Table 1. <strong>Weed</strong> control: stand of plants and weight of onions under chemical<br />
herbicide treatments.<br />
AVERAGE PERPLOT<br />
Active Rate '*'<strong>Weed</strong> Wt. of<br />
Per Acre AppU.c4tion Days control Stand of OOione<br />
Cheaical lb •• ·f. SeedinlZ ~11.10) Plants lb ••<br />
'..<br />
Nothing -- -- 9.4 61 1.8<br />
Dacthal W-50R 8 Pre- .... rgence 1 4.0 112 9.4<br />
It It<br />
'. 16 1 2..3 104 11.9<br />
It 24 . It<br />
1 1.8 120 11.0<br />
It<br />
Exp R 8 1 9.5 37 1.5<br />
It<br />
" 16 1 11).0 51 1.4<br />
" 24<br />
It<br />
1 9.6 45 1.5<br />
Zytron 10<br />
11<br />
1 ~~3 83 5.S<br />
" 15<br />
It<br />
1 5.3 55 4.8<br />
Diphenamid 6<br />
It<br />
1 1.3 10 1.0<br />
It<br />
9<br />
It<br />
1 1.1 2 .1<br />
U-4S13 2 "<br />
1 3.5<br />
I<br />
67 3.9<br />
" 3<br />
It<br />
1 3.3 58 ~.S<br />
Atratone 2<br />
It<br />
1 4.4 27 :~8<br />
CIPC 4 Emergence 14 4'.4 116 7.7<br />
" 6 " 14 3.1 141 11.2<br />
Randox T 6<br />
It<br />
14 5.4 81 4.6<br />
It<br />
9<br />
It<br />
14 5.9 71 4.8<br />
I<br />
KOCN· 12 " 14 7..0 68 2.3<br />
It<br />
18<br />
It<br />
14 7.•1 45 2.•1<br />
Atratone 2 POlt-emergence 22 J.9 50 S~8<br />
Prometryne 2 " 21 2.•0 8 .9<br />
It<br />
3<br />
"<br />
21 1.1 3 .3<br />
It<br />
4<br />
It<br />
21 1.3 6 . ~.s<br />
lpadne 2 " 21 4.3 22 1.7<br />
It<br />
3<br />
It<br />
21 2.6 25 1.8<br />
It<br />
" 4 21 2.0 5 .9<br />
It<br />
Casoron<br />
17 B.S 37 1.7<br />
It<br />
17 1~0 33 1.7<br />
"<br />
~<br />
Least significant difference 5%<br />
1%<br />
*<strong>Weed</strong> Control 1-10: 1 Perfect <strong>Weed</strong>Control<br />
10 Full <strong>Weed</strong>Growth<br />
1~3<br />
1.7<br />
31<br />
40<br />
2~3<br />
3~0
liQ<br />
WKEDOONTRQI, IN. TRANSPIANTEll O~l ,<br />
S. 'L. Da~ and R. L. sa;q.;;ti:' ,<br />
""<br />
Blght years .,when tranaplanted_et Spanish type<br />
oniQl1$weretiret groll1'1on eastern:~ Island, the main weed pests were,,,<br />
ohiokweed and puss1ey~ Some orabgrass and barnyara-gi-ass would oome in .l&~r<br />
in the season 'bv.t presented no signifioant ,probl,~ Four Pounds per, ~ore:' ',,<br />
of OIPOapplied in direQted sprKyS at apprOXimately three: week interTa1s', '><br />
togethllr with a relatively smal~ allDunt of hand weeding,g~ve growers good<br />
seasonal control. " '. .<br />
ChangeS have: occurred during the past three to four<br />
years which have requil'ed a rs-&y.aluation of our--eerUerresults. ElrC&l~t·"<br />
weed oontrol is still adhieved up until June 20-25: when the grasses begirt"<br />
to ell18rge. Th1-"date of emergenpe is apparently at least a week earlier, .'<br />
than :1t used t.Obe, possibly bec~use of higher soU tsmpe;rature due to llic'k<br />
of :weedoover, and in addi;tion, J.coentuated by a IIIljIchhigher infestation pf<br />
grass seed. The grass problem, particularly barn;y-.rd, hall multiplied man1i'old.<br />
With PIPO pro'Vi,ding little if ant,oolllllElroial cont~l, growers have had to ."<br />
use oonaidezoable hand labor to k~thei1' fieldsFeHeMbly ol~through ,<br />
harVest.' , ' , ",' , ' ,<br />
Methods. . The two majot'varieties grown ~ EarlY Harvest and<br />
SWeet,Spanish,' and though the latter is deoreasirli:in importanoe'the weed<br />
problem in it is greater beca~e,,.t matures later. Seasonal and layby<br />
exper1Jllents wereoonduoteli,therW:OI'e, on both.,,A,lthough OIPCis still _:liisfaotory<br />
through IIDst of June, it,~s felt that other materials should be',',<br />
tried to determine if the,y woutd:provide better early oontrol of germinat~<br />
IftSs. This in tarn would allow 1&ter appl:icationof SOmelayby' materials<br />
known to be effective against gra,ssbut injurious to onions if applied too<br />
earJ:9'.· , " .. ' ,',' '<br />
Early Harvest~ transplants Weresei in the field APr:l.~ 12,<br />
treated May 8, .JUne1.3, July 5, J(1ly 28, and harvested August 8; Sweet Spanish<br />
were set April 25, treated May 1$, June 1.3, July 5 end '26, and harvested<br />
August 17. Theherbioides were applied with a t'WO-llOw,uaotorlllOunted "<br />
sprayer and directed towards the base of the plants. Prior to each application<br />
all plots were rated, and established weeds re1iPved .;.- by hand in the<br />
rows and shallow oultivation between ron. 0"', '" '<br />
Onions used in the layby experiments were treated at<br />
three week intervals during the first part of the growing season with OIPC.<br />
All plots were clean cultivated and weeded before the layby treatnrants were<br />
applied -- June 29 on Early Harvest, July 18 on Sweet Spanish. The liquid<br />
fomulations were handled as described above; the granulars were applied<br />
directly over the row and the foliage brushed with a trailing rope.<br />
Additional experinrants were conduoted in cooperation with a commercial grower<br />
where the grass problem was much more severe than on the Researoh Farm.<br />
The Early Harvest test, the only one reported here, was applied June 28 and<br />
July 6, and the crop harvested August 10.
Results and Discussion. The data, particularly for the herbicides, were<br />
sim:l.lar on both vari.eties; therefore, only the results on Barly Harvest<br />
are given in this paper. Differences which did occur in the Sweet Spanish<br />
experiments are ,mentioned in the text.<br />
111<br />
Table 1.<br />
Results from the seasonal trial are summarized in<br />
Table 1. Results from several herbicides used on Early Harvest onions during<br />
the growing seaeon, , Treatmmts were applied 5/B, 6/13, 7/5 and<br />
7/2B; crop.harvested 8/8. ' '.<br />
Treatment<br />
1. CIPC 4 lbs/X (3 Ibs 5}8)<br />
2. CIPC + Vegadex 4+1 Ibs/A n that they improved grass control. 'The deletion of the<br />
first spray (May 8) involving any of these three materials was unacceptable<br />
because of reduced control up to July 3 when the third application went on.<br />
Zytron at five pounds per acre was comparable to the:standard but only the<br />
ten pound rate gave good control of grass. This higher rate reduced yileld<br />
when applied four times but, in treatJll)l1t #9, where the first application<br />
was left out, good grass control was obtained without affecting yield.<br />
The material looked prom:l.sing and should be tried in conjunction with tbt<br />
use of CIPC early in-the season. Dacthal looked \fel'y good and rates up to<br />
12 pounds per acrewet'e used throughout the seaecn without affecting the<br />
onions. None of the treatments had any effect on yield ot the Sweet Spanish<br />
variety. Prospects are reasonably good that our current seasonal recommendation<br />
will be able to be improved.
112<br />
The data tr01lIthe leyby trialQOnductod on the Research<br />
Farm are given in Table 2. ....<br />
Table 2. Results from laybY' treatments on Early HameR ·onions. Applied.<br />
June 29; weed control rated August 10 iJlIIIediately prior to<br />
hanee:1l.. '<br />
"<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> l Yield Average<br />
Treatment' tlohtrol 'BulA Bulb wt.<br />
1. ClPU . 6 lbs/A liq~ ..2.':F' 616 0.68 '<br />
"<br />
2. CIPC + Vegadex 4+1 lbs. 11q. "l~8,;t 56i .63<br />
3. CIPC + Vegadex 4+4 n II 2.5 579 .66<br />
4. CIPC + ~c:bx 4+4 ,II It 2.7 602 .67<br />
5. Vegadex +Randt!x . 4+4 It 11 3.5",. 589 .64<br />
6.~Vegadex 6' It ft<br />
2.8 :' 588 .65<br />
7. Randox 6<br />
Ii II<br />
3.0 " 598 .61<br />
8. Eptam 4 lbs. @:mn. incorp., 405 493 .56<br />
9.:Eptam 4 ,It ,11 surface 3.5 535 .60<br />
10.; 'EPtam 4 It liq. incorp. 4.0 512 .62<br />
11. Eptam 4 It' II surface 3.2 599 .65<br />
12~, ''l'111am 4 II pan. in corp. 4.5 588 .64<br />
13.'l'illam 4·<br />
It 11<br />
surface 3.4 600 .68<br />
14. "l'illam 4<br />
It<br />
liq. incorp. 3.2 ' 540 .67<br />
15. Dacthal 16 11 liq. 3.0 628 .68<br />
16.U ..4513 4 ,II liq. 2.8: 568 .63<br />
17. ZWtron 5 11 11q. 3.0 585 .64<br />
18. ,ZWtron 100 II .liq. 3.2 521 .62<br />
19. Amiben 4 It liq. 4.0 557 .63<br />
20. Check 1.0 616 .67<br />
L.S.D. 5% 60 .05<br />
1 1 - no control<br />
5 ~ excellent control<br />
, " '. ." ..The grass po~tion in. the. ar~ ot.this experiment<br />
was consi,derably h~r than that of the preVious o~, hence control rat~s<br />
for similar treatments were some.t lower. None ot.the treatments, involv..<br />
ing CIpe, Vegadex,. anina~~cm, proVided satisfae't.-"<br />
ory oontroll1ll~ll harves1i t1me.·Ep~",m, incozwrated.1nto, the soU, gave<br />
very good control but~e granuJ,aZ:formulaticm d~in1tely reduoed 7101d and<br />
the liqUid, althoughthe,~f.t:erence was not s1gnit1oant~ -probably had a<br />
similar tendency. On t~basis of previous experience the effect of the<br />
granular was not unexpeoted but .ttl-is was the firstti!n11l ,the liqUid had<br />
appeared to haVI1latlY'detrimental effect when used at layby.' Tillam,<br />
granularineo"porated. also gave very good control li\nd had no adverse<br />
effect on the orop. On OUX' lighter<br />
SassafX'as8 10aJlllil: it<br />
'WOuldbe safer<br />
either to use Tillam or reduce theX'ate of Eptam .to .perbaps three pounds ,<br />
peraoX'e --'on Ear4rHarvest at le~st.Amiben wasltf'eq:l;ive against grail.<br />
but its efieot on yield X'equiree further testing..D4ctbal, u-4513, and<br />
Zytroil; as used under the conlti.t1ons ot this experiMl'l1;, were not satisfactory.<br />
"
CIPO, Vegadex, and Randox Singly or in combination as<br />
layby sprays, wet-e unsatisfactory.' Both Eptam and Tillam gave excellent<br />
control when mcorporat.cd into the soil. Eptam reduced yields of Early<br />
Harvest onions on light Sassatrass loam but not on lie dium heavy Sassafrass<br />
silt loam. Amiben looked promising, Zytron was variable, and u-4513and<br />
Dacthal were only fair at the rates used. The Sweet Spanish variety was<br />
considerably more tolerant to several herbicides than was Early Harvest.<br />
Interestingly enough, .no treatment had any eff'eet oil Sweet Spanish indicating,<br />
as in the seasonal experiment, that this variety is considerably mor€)<br />
tolerant of herbicides than is Early·Harvest.<br />
The mst rigorClustesting oonc:tlt1ons for the herbicides<br />
occurred in the experiment sunrnar1zed in Table. 3.<br />
Table 3.<br />
Treatment<br />
1. CIPe<br />
2. CIn + Vegadex<br />
3. CI'Pe +,Randox<br />
4. Vegadex olo'Randox<br />
5. Eptam'<br />
6. Eptam<br />
7. Eptam<br />
8. Dacthal<br />
9. Dacthal<br />
10. Zytron<br />
11. Amiben<br />
12. Check<br />
Results from layby treatments applied 1'.6Early Harvest I'nions ~<br />
a commercial field. Treatments 5, 6 and?' applied to dry soil<br />
surface June 28; rest applied July 6 and irrigated. <strong>Weed</strong><br />
control rated July 25, 7. de.ys prior to onion maturity.<br />
1 1 - no control<br />
5 - excellent control<br />
.'6 lbs.<br />
lil1.<br />
4+2 liq.<br />
4+2 l1q.<br />
3+3 liq.<br />
4 gran., incorp.<br />
4 " surface<br />
4 liq., incorp.<br />
8 liq.<br />
16 liq.<br />
10 liq.<br />
4 liq.<br />
Yield<br />
B5G~<br />
625<br />
574<br />
584<br />
614<br />
542<br />
592<br />
555<br />
546<br />
588<br />
646<br />
603<br />
N.S.<br />
The results on weed control were in fairly. close agr~~ment<br />
with those from the work on the Research Farm.. Eptam, four pounds<br />
incorporated, Zytron, ten pounds, and Wben, four pounds, gave very good,. .<br />
colllllerdial conttol. None of the other treatments were considered satisfactory.<br />
'!here were no effects on yield, probably because of the soil type -- a me~llm<br />
heavy Sassatrass silt loam.<br />
SUITD'IIary: An increasing grass problem has _de growers dissatisfied<br />
with the performance of CIPC during the period June 20-25 through<br />
harvest. Seasonal and layby experiments were conducted to study possibilities<br />
for improvement of current recommendations.<br />
CIPC, Vegadex,. and Randox combinations throughout thll<br />
growing season did not,provide satisfactory grass control. Zytron andDDacthal<br />
looked promising.<br />
113
114<br />
weediOl of Sweec Corn With Chemical Band-cid ..<br />
CharLe.'J. Noll 1<br />
More than half, ot Jiaenll8y1vaD1a'. 24,000 acr .. of .wet corn are weeded<br />
with chemicala. Mo.t 1arg. growr. lrowing for freah _rket us. ch.. ical '.<br />
h.rbicides. A. th.r. i. no lack of good herbicides to weed corn, this experi·<br />
lII8nt wa. deaipe4· to COIIIp8rethe bett.r known ch.. ica1. with tha newch.... &1.<br />
thought to b. promi.inl for the weedinl of thi. crop.<br />
The s•• dbed W8. prepared May 1.5. The pr.·p1anting tr.at1Mnta W8r.<br />
applied just ahead ofs •• dingonMay 17 and incorpo ... ted in the .0U witb .•<br />
rototUler .et.hallow. The vari.ty seeded was. 1tt.The pre· ... ra••• ··<br />
tr.atments w.r. appli.d 2 days aft.r ••• ding. Th. "'1'1.nce tr.atm.nts ....<br />
appU.d 17 day. aft.r seeding wh.n corn was in the .pik. stag.. Individual.<br />
plots were 36 feet long and 3 feet wide. Treatment. were randomized in •• db,<br />
of 6 block ••<br />
The chemicala were applied with a small spra~l'ov.r the row for a width<br />
of 12 inch... Cultivation controlled the weeds betw.nth. rows. An .stWet.<br />
of we.d contro1wa. made July 24 on a bali. of 1 to.O, 1 being most d.sir~l.<br />
and 10 being l .. at d.sirab1e. Corn vas harve.ted Aqu.t 23.<br />
USULTS<br />
Th. results ar. pr.sented in tab1. 1. All ch.. ica1s significant1y1Dcr.""9d<br />
weed control a. compar.d to the untreated chacko Th. best weedCOlKro1<br />
treatments were Atraz1ne, Herb. 326, Diruon .and Pa10D~ The .tand of p1anta w••<br />
unaffected by ,the treatments. Only ~he Atra.tn. and: tPa 2,4·D treated. plot.<br />
had dgn1ficantlymoremark.tabb 88;1 than the unt,...ted' ch.ck.,p10t. A<br />
h:l.gblY·."pUle.at tacna •• in .. iglac o.f mazltetab1e ear., as cc.par.d to _<br />
un,tr.ated check plot was 'ound wh.r. Atraz1ne, 2,4-1> &IMltha lower rate of·<br />
Herb. 326 weI" appu'edat time of Co1'11elll8rpnc. and wh..... DNBPat 6 1ba•.<br />
per acr. and RaD40xat 10 1bs. per acr. w.re appli.d priOr to corn emerpnc ••<br />
Many other chemical. had .ignificant increaaea in welsht of marketab1 •• ar.<br />
at the S%1ev.1 a. compar.d to the untreated check plot.<br />
COHpLUSIQN<br />
Many ch.. icala wh.n applied to corn gave good weed control, no Itand<br />
reduction. and incr.a ••• in yi.ld~. compared to th.untr.ated. ch.ck plots.<br />
Th. outstanding ch.. ical in thi,experiment va. Atraaina.<br />
1 . . .,. , . .<br />
A' sociate Prof.s.or of' 01erlcu1 ture, ~'Department of BoFticu1 ture, Coll.g.<br />
of Agriculture and Bxperiment Sta.tioD, P8IlIlaylvanuoJtat.Univer.lty, Uni.,.reity<br />
Park, Pennsylvanu. ..'<br />
'I'
Table 1•. Wa. control, stand of plants and number and weight of marketable<br />
ears of sweet corn under chemical herbicide treatments.<br />
AVERAGE PERPLOṬ<br />
Wt.of<br />
Active Rate *W... d Stand No.of MItt.<br />
Per Acre Application Daya Control of MItt. Ears<br />
Chemical 1b,. from Plant ina (1-10) P1antl Ear. lb ••<br />
Nothing -- -- 8.3 53.7 36.5 23.2<br />
TU1am 4 Soil Inc. 0 4.0 53.0 42.3 31.4<br />
" 6 " " 0 2.7 55.5 40.3 29.8<br />
O.M. 1306 10 Pll'.-emergence 2 4.8 51.0 . 38.5 29.2<br />
" 15 "<br />
2 ".3.7 50.3 43.0 ·31.9<br />
U-4513 2 2 5.5 53.7 39.5 24.9<br />
" 3<br />
2 4.0 52.5 30.7 20.2<br />
CP 17029 3 " 2 •• 5 52.0 39.7 27.5<br />
" 4\ 2 2.8 54.2 43.3 31.8<br />
Casoron 3 2 5.0 53.0 40.5 27.7<br />
2 4.2 52 5 38 5 29 1<br />
RandoxT 10 2 3.7 54.3 43.0 36.8<br />
" "<br />
"<br />
15 2 2.2 53.2 40.0 29.9<br />
Randox 10 2 4.7 54.3 41.2 30.1<br />
" 15 2 3.0 51.2 36.3 27.2<br />
Nia. 2995 4 2 .. 3.8 . 50.0 40.3 30.8<br />
" 6 2 2.8 50.3 41.3 n.1<br />
Fa10n lOG 4 2 2.0 50.8 41.5 2'9.7<br />
" 8 2 1.5 51.2 3•• 5 28.9<br />
Palon 44E 4 2 2.7 53.8 39.7 29.3<br />
" 6 2 2.3 51.0 40.7 28.0<br />
DNBP(Premerge) 4 2 3.7 49.8 39.5 28.6<br />
" 6 2 3.2 52.5 42.3 33.2<br />
Atrazine + DNaP., 1 + 2 " 2 1.3 51.5 44.5 31.2<br />
Simsaine 2 ." 2 5.2 53.8 41.3 27.5<br />
Atrazine + S~azine 1 + 1 !me.rlence 17 1.0 54.2 46.8 36.6<br />
Atrazine 2 17 1.0 53.8 45.0 35.4<br />
" 1 17 1.0 53.5 45.0 35.3<br />
Atrazine + Surfactant 1 + 8 17 1.0 53.7 44.8 34.4<br />
2,4-D Amine \ "<br />
17 4.5 52.0 45.5 33.4<br />
II::<br />
" 1 17 2 7 51 7 43.0 31.8<br />
Herb. 326 2 17 1.2 53.2 42.7 32.4<br />
" 3 17 1.0 51.2 39.5 27.3<br />
Di1ll'.on 2 17 1.2 51.2 41.5 31.0<br />
" 3 " 17 1.0 48.2 38.8 28.9<br />
Least significant difference 5%<br />
1%<br />
*<strong>Weed</strong>Control 1-10: 1 Perfect <strong>Weed</strong>Control<br />
10 Full <strong>Weed</strong>Growth<br />
115<br />
1.6 N.S.D. 7.2 6.5<br />
2.6 N.S.D. N.S.D. 8.S
2. Graduate Fellow and Assoc. Prof. of Horticulture. University of Delaware.<br />
116<br />
WEEDCONTROLIN FIELD-SEEDEDAND TRANSPLANTED ~PERS AND!jQMATOEsl'.<br />
, 2<br />
R. B. Seely.and E.M. Rahn,<br />
Field-seed1ns. peppers and tomatoes is a possible,.ElIAns of reducing the<br />
cost of high p1liJttpopuiations wh19t ~eem necesilal:7 r'ir maximumyields.<br />
High plant popul,atiOfl8 appear to be especially nece;: :; for high yields<br />
where tomatoes:are,to.be' mechanically harvesW. ' er,oneof the maii'i<br />
obstlacles.in r~ld-seed1ng is to prevent weed growth-in the pepper and toIlI&to<br />
seedlings. CheMicals a;-e needed to control these weeds until the plants are<br />
large enoUgh to cultivate. An effective her~icide is also needed to contrOl<br />
weeds in tr.nsplanted tomatoea and peppers. Wteds become a problein in<br />
the row soon after transplanting and between, as wetlas in, rows atter l&1~<br />
by'until the eJ;ldofharvest. Reported herein are several experiments con"<br />
duCted in 1960 and 1961 in an attempt to solve these problems. "'<br />
Procedure<br />
and Results:<br />
S1milareXperimentS<br />
Field-Seeded<br />
Experiments<br />
were conducted with both peppers and tomatoes on a<br />
Norfolk loamy sand at the Georgetown Substation of the University of Dela-'"<br />
ware,' The principal, wee~,s on this soil were crabgrass (Digitaria )an~:,;,<br />
alis), goose-gra's8 (Eleusine indica), nutgrass (Cyperus esculentus, a 'squarters<br />
(Cheno odi mum), pigweed (Amaranthus retro .xus, ragweed " "<br />
(Ambrosia a lw,-and smart-weed (PO~gO 0 er). Morning<br />
glory (Iiomoea e racea) and carpetweed (MOluBO . c ata appeared occasional<br />
y. , .\<br />
;In 1960, 12~rbicides or herbicidal combinatiofta were tested on Cali':',<br />
fornia Wohder peppers and Del. 13-2 tomatoes. Plot *!ze was a single row<br />
7, feet long. Pepper rowe were 4 feet apart while tCllll&torows wet'e, feet<br />
apat't. 'lberewere two replicates in randomized :t'l~k8. , PCP (pentaohlor~<br />
phenol), KOCN(p~8sium cyanate) plus TCA(sodium triChloroacetate) and "<br />
Tillam (proPl1 ethyl-n-butyl thtolcarbamate) proved io be outstanding. ,',<br />
PCP, applied Ju~ibefore crop emergeme, and Tillam, lincorporated just before<br />
s.eedin ĖI . by ,t.,wo,'diSCingS" were applied with a losarithmi, csprayer. "<br />
KOCN,161b/A, plus 'l'CA,.3Ib/A,.was applied in a baD:! over the row with a<br />
single-nozzle hand sprayer. Results showed that the ainimum rate of PCP<br />
required to control weedsws.s 3.61b/A, while the ~ rate tolerated<br />
bY'the crop was 6.1 Ib/A. Comparable figures for TUlam were 3.5 Ib/A and<br />
4.91b/A,respectively.Other herbicides tested weN: Sun Spirits<br />
(Stoddard solvent),TCA plus PCP, TCA,Dalapon (2,2-ct1chloropropionic acid),<br />
CIPC (isopropy1 N (3-11hloropheny1) carbamate) plus Pqr" Vegadex (2-ohloro- ,<br />
ally1 diethyldith:Lolcarbamate) plus PCP, Solan (N-(3-chloro-4-methy1phentL)<br />
2-methl1pentanamide)" and Zytron (0-2-4 dichlorophe~ o-methyl isopropyl- .<br />
phosPhoro amidothioate). .<br />
___ ,.,' I<br />
1. Published as Hiscellaneous Paper No. 411 with' the" approval of the Director<br />
of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station. Contribution No. 75<br />
of the Department of Horticulture, November1961.
'Ihree experiments were conducted in 1961. In1;he first experiment,<br />
the above three outstanding herbicic1es, or combinations of herbicides, were<br />
tested on Calcom peppers and Del. 13-2 tomatoes. Spray applications were "<br />
made with a single-nozzle hand sprayer • Tillam gran\llar applications were<br />
made with a small hand duster. Plot. size was 2 row:e, 20 feet long. Treatments<br />
were replicated three tiDIes in randomized bl~s. Tillam granular<br />
and spray at 4 lb!A, incorporated just before see41ng by discing, raking,<br />
or by irrigation, caused severe injury, particularly of peppers. PCP, 5 lb!A,<br />
and KOCN,16 lb!A, plus TCA, 3 lb!A, applied just before emergence, gave good<br />
weed control with no significant crop injury.<br />
In the second experiment in 1961, the following herbicides were tested<br />
on Calcom peppers and Del. 13-2 tomatoes, using a logarithmic sprayer:<br />
Diphenamid N, N-dimethyl- 0(, ~ -diphenylaoetamide), from 10 to 1.5 lb!A;<br />
Dacthal (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalic acid), from 12 to 1.8 lb!A;<br />
Stauffer 1870 (ethyl di-n-butyl-thiolcarbamate), from 12 to 1.8 lb!A;<br />
Tillam, from 12 to 1.8 lb!A; Zytron, from 20 to 3 lb!A; and Geigy Prometryne<br />
(2,4-bis(isopropylamino-6-methyl mercapto.s·triazine), from 10 to 1.5 lb!A.<br />
Plot size was a single row 15 feet long. Treatments were replicated<br />
three times in randomized blocks. Rows of peppers were 3t feet apart and<br />
rows of tomatoes were 5 feet apart. Tillam and Sta,uffer-1810 were incorporated<br />
just before seeding, while the remaining herbicides were applied<br />
just after seeding. Diphenamid was the only outstand,1ng herbicide in this<br />
experiment. The minimum rate required for weed contz'ol was 2.6 lb!A, while<br />
the maXimumrate tolerated by peppers was 4.1 lb!A, and the maXimumrate<br />
tolerated by tomatoes was 1.1 lb/A, .<br />
In the third experiment in 1961, Diphenamid, PCP, and KOCNplus TCA<br />
were evaluated on Calcom peppers and Del. 13-2 tomatoes again. Treatments<br />
were applied and replicated as described above for the first experiment.<br />
No crop injury was produced by any of these treatments (Table 1). All<br />
three treatments gave perfect control of broadleaf weeds. Diphenamid gave<br />
perfect control of annual grasses, while PCP, and KOCNplus TCA, gave near<br />
perfect control of annual grasses.<br />
The following two treatments were super-imposed on the PCP, and KOCi'l<br />
plus TeA plots in the third experiment, to extend the duration of weed cori:.<br />
troll Tillam granular, 4 lb!A, raked in, or Diphenamid, 5 lb!A, applied as<br />
an over-all spray. Both chemicals were very effective for extending the<br />
duration of control of both broadleaf weeds and annual grasses. However,<br />
Tillam caused considerable stunting of both peppers,arxl tanatoes. Diphenamid,<br />
on the other hand, had no adverse effect,<br />
Transplantsd Peppers and Tcmatoes<br />
117<br />
Procedure<br />
and Results:<br />
These experiments were located adjacent to the field-seeded experiments.<br />
Therefore, thfl soil and principal weeds were silnilar. Plot size for both
118<br />
the pepperantl tollato expel'1men~"'s :3 rows 36 teet :l.ong. Pepper row.<br />
were 4 teef. apart, .While the ~rows wen Slept apart. Treatments<br />
were replioated tour tiines in ranllblliized' blocks.,. Herb~cide treatmentS<br />
used:l.n'the l$l6Oexpedments are'pi'esented in rsbleJ ,2"antl 3. Sprays<br />
were applied
a- Table 2_"COIIlpartsonof' Several" Herbi\)1dEta tor <strong>Weed</strong> contrP.1~<br />
.-f<br />
.-f<br />
Transplanted Peppers in 1.960, Georgetown, Delaware •<br />
Herbici3: <strong>Weed</strong> Control on 8/1.9 2, percent Marketable Crop injury<br />
and rate Yield, on 7/20,<br />
Annual Tons/A percent<br />
BroadJ.eats GrasSes Nutgrass<br />
TUl8J11 spray3" 4-1.b/k 58 33 85 4.0 0<br />
rar. 61b/A 60 71 89 3.9 0<br />
" ,<br />
fi.1laa-$p<br />
Eptam gramilarJ,<br />
2 1b/A 55 40 83 4.2 0<br />
Eptam granular3 , 4 1.b/A 70 68 95 3.7 28<br />
Amiben granu1ar,<br />
5 1.b/A 85 81. 64 4.9 0<br />
Dacthal. spray, 8 1.b/A 71. 58 38 4.7 0<br />
Dacthal<br />
granular,<br />
8 1.b/A 25 53 53 3.7 0<br />
Cultivated check 100 1.00 1.00 3.3 0<br />
Unhoed check 0 0 0 3.8 0<br />
LSD 5% 22.8 27 NS NS 8<br />
1.. Herbicides were applied 6 weeks after plants were set in field.<br />
2. '!his was 7~ weeks after herbicides were applied.<br />
3. These herbicides were incorporated by two cultivations.<br />
) )
120<br />
Tillam spray,:6 lb!A, and Daethal granular, 8'lb!A were superior to<br />
other herbicide treatments on trarmplanted tomatoe;_ (Table 3). Eptam<br />
grant1lar~ 4 lb!A, oause4 a burning of the new ~th and Amiben granular,.<br />
5 lb!A, caused a moderate stunti~ of plants.<br />
Calcoin pepper plants were aet in the field on May18 for the 1961<br />
experiment. Rows.ere spaced 3, teet apart in:' plot that consisted ot'<br />
3 rows 25 feet long~ Herbicide treatments were rePlicated three times 'in<br />
randomized blocks.· :Eight weeke after traneplanting,-herbicidss were a,pplied<br />
to cleanly cultivated aoil as 'described above for the 1960 experiment. '<br />
Cultivation was discontinued except on the cultivated check plots after the<br />
herbicides were, applied. ' "<br />
Deleher toinatotransplant.e were set in the, field on May10, 1961. Rows<br />
were spaced 5 teet apart in plots of 3 rows 25 feet long. Herbicide<br />
treatments wer8~replicated four times in randomized blocks, and were &11<br />
plied asdescrUled above for the 1960 experiment. After this, as with the<br />
pellper experiment, plots were not cultivated, except for the cultivated~<br />
c~ck plots.<br />
'Most treataenu-ti gave goocl to excellent weed control with no adver.<br />
effect on y1elc:bl of both peppers and tomatoes. Results for the best<br />
treatments for~eppers and tomatoes are presented in Tables 4 and 5, ~<br />
epectively. Various methods of soU incorporation of the over-all Tillam,<br />
spray, 6 lb!A, were evaluated in both experiments. Rototilling 3 inchu<br />
dee,'p, two, cul t1.Y,', ations, , inc}:l,of ir, rigation,l?r two cultivations follOwed'<br />
by t, inch of irrigation were slightly better I118thodsof soU incorpora'\;ion,<br />
as cOmpand with raking, inch deep, or by a single cultivation. Soil<br />
i:';:orporation of TUlam granular, 6 lb! A, by! inch of irrigation, was;<br />
superior to incorporation by two cultivations in both peppers and toma1;pes.<br />
'!he best spray and granular applications of T1l1am were essentially equally<br />
effective in each experiment. However, the spray aJ:Plication of T1l1alll'<br />
caused a il1igl:1t burning of foliage, which was presumed to be, due to the;<br />
solvent in the Tillam formulation. '!his was not noted in 1960.<br />
Amiben granular was more effective when t inch of irrigation followed<br />
application on peppers. This herbicide was not used on tomatoes in 1961<br />
because of injury caused in 1960. Solan, 4 lb!A, plus Dacthal, 8 lb!A,<br />
applied in an over-all spray when weeds were less than! inch high, was<br />
v8r)""effective on tomatoes but gave severe injury on peppers. Stauffer<br />
1870 spray, 61b!A, incorporated by two cultivations, was less effective<br />
for weedco'ntrol than Tlllam applied s1mUarly.<br />
Conclusionsi<br />
The:.ltiLlowing herbicides were most effective for weed control in fieldseeded<br />
peppers and tomatoes, Diphenamid, PCP, an:! KOCNplus TeA. Diphenamid<br />
was slightJ.y more etfecti'Vl!l in the control ot annual grasses. 'ltiis<br />
chemical was applied just after seeding at 3 lb!A on peppers and 5 lb!A on<br />
tomatoes, and gave excellent control of both annual grasses and broadleaf
fJ Table 3. CcBparison of Several. Herbicides for <strong>Weed</strong> Control in lTartsplanted. Tomatoes<br />
r-I in 1960, Georgetown,. Delaware.<br />
Herbici~ <strong>Weed</strong> Control on 8/1il-, percent Maiicetable Crop injury<br />
and rate Yield, on 7/20,<br />
Broadleafs .Annual Grasses Nutgrass Tons/A percent<br />
Tillam spray3, 4 Ib/A 68 73 75 26.6 4 0<br />
Tmam spray3, 6 Ib/A 79 83 89 27.3 0<br />
Eptam granular3, 2 Ib/A 78 69 83 24.1 4 0<br />
Eptam granuiarJ, 4 Ib/A 91 79 91 22.7 4 28<br />
ADdbeh~ar, 51b/A" 58 76 48 19.5 4 13<br />
Dactbal spray, 8 Ib/A 75 63 50 23.~ 0<br />
Dactbal granular,8 Ib/A 53 53 70 27.4 0<br />
Cultbated cbe ck 100 100 100 28.6 0<br />
Unhoed check C 0 0 24.6 0<br />
LSD S% 16.4 17.1 23.1 1.8 7<br />
~.<br />
1. Herbicides were applied 4 and 7 weeks after plants were set in field.<br />
2. This _s 7t weeks after last herbicide application.<br />
3. These herbicides were incorporated by two cultivations.<br />
4. Yields significantly lower than those from the cultivated check plots.<br />
COll:LUSIOlC3(continued): . weeds until crop plants became siX inches tall. Ho crop injury was<br />
noted at these rates. PCP, 51b/A, or KOCH,16 Ib/A, plus TeA, 3 Ib/A, applied a day before<br />
crop emergence were almost as effective as Diphenamid.<br />
Tillam spray or granular, 6 Ib/A, or Amiben granular, 5 Ib/A, were most effective for<br />
weed control on transplanted peppers. 'l'1llam spray caused a alight temporary burning of pepper<br />
foliage 1:1 1961. The most effective methods of incorporating Tillam spray were the following:<br />
Rototilling 3 inches deep, two cultivations, t inch of irrigation, or two· cultivations followed<br />
by t inch of irrigation. Tillam granular am Amiben granulE~. were most effective when t inch<br />
of irrigation followed just after application.<br />
) )
)<br />
.~<br />
Table 4. Most Effect1v6 Herbioide Treatments ilt'l'rall8pl::mted PepPers 1n 1961 at Georget'oWn, Delaware.<br />
Herbicide Method of <strong>Weed</strong> Control oil 10/16 2, percent Marketable Crop in:ury<br />
and rate l Incorporation Yield, in<br />
Broadleafs Annual Grasses Ton3/A Percent<br />
Tillam Spray, Rototilled<br />
6 1b/A 3" deep 95' 90 16.1 10<br />
Tillam Spray, Cultivated<br />
.6. J,b/A tlQ.ce 97 90 ·15.0 10<br />
'l'1llam Spray, t" Irrigation 87 85' 10.0 10<br />
6 l.b/A<br />
Tillam Spray, Cultivated 97 95' 15.0 10<br />
6 1b/A twice + i"<br />
Irrigation<br />
Ti11.am,Granu1.ar ~" Irrigation 97 93 15.3 0<br />
61b/A<br />
Amiben,Granu1.ar ~tl Irrigation 88 88 16.3 0<br />
5' Ib/A<br />
Cu1.ti va ted che ck --- 100 100 17.0 0<br />
Unhoed check -- 0 0 15.0 0<br />
LSD 5'% 5' 9 tiS 3<br />
1. Herbicides were applied 8 weeks after transplanting.<br />
2. !his was Bi weeks~a1'terhe~b1cide aw1.ication. ..<br />
CONCLUSIONS(continued): !he treatments described above for transp1.anted peppers were the most<br />
effective for transplanted tomatoes with two exceptions: Amiben granular injured tomatoes to a<br />
N considerable degree, and an additional treatment, Solan, 4 Ib/A, plus Dacthal, 8 Ib/A, applied as<br />
~ an over-all spray when weeds were less than f inch high, was veryeffeotive.
c
~ J<br />
STVD~WITH SOLANJ/ FORTHECONTROLOF 1'iEEDSIN DIRECT~SEEDED m~<br />
'. j, " •. . .<br />
:C. c. Wyatt ,V and R. J. Cond~JI<br />
D~cJt-seeding of tomatoes is an ~ortant means of securing high:'<br />
tomato plan~ populationespeoially with small determinate plants destined,for<br />
use with on4e-over meohanical h&1"ll'ester. '. " ,<br />
During the past five years studies of direot-seeded tomatoes haV'j9'~$en<br />
oarrie4 out lin the...Bowling Green, Ohio area. The principal problem en~r'itered'<br />
has been ~lW germ1nation and gr~ of tomat~ seedlings as compared to!Jl)rEl .<br />
rapid gro .' of certain species r:eds in 0001 soil normally present ih'late<br />
April and e rly May. '<br />
I ' . "<br />
Sol4n ~-(3-chloro-4-~thYlphenyl)~2-methYlpentanamide) was reporied<br />
by Sweet and lubatzky(l) to show promise as a seleotive pre-emergence herbioide<br />
for direot-Eieeded tomatoes. During 1961 a series of tllO plantings of dfioect~<br />
seeded toma~oes were made on Menn1ll Loam soil. and subsequently treatedWfth<br />
Solan. 'j . .'<br />
Procedure<br />
Fol~owing preparation of the soil with a rototil1er, varieties ~ball<br />
and Heinz 1~50 were seeded on May 4. Three replicates 72 feet each receiv:ed ,<br />
Solan at th~ rate of four pouncl8 per acre in 60 gallons of water on May lJ;, and<br />
May 15. Ap~lications were made with a hydraulic sprayer. On I~ay 11 a few<br />
weed seedl1~s had emerged and tDmato seeds had sprouted but most had not:<br />
broken through the soil surface. On May 15 twenty-five per cent of the tOmato<br />
seedlings h~d emerged and a very large weed population was present. Just'~r1or<br />
to cultivatibn on June 9 tomato seedling ani weed counts were made. Following<br />
CUltivation on June 9 accurate<br />
..<br />
records of the time to weed and block the plots<br />
were made.<br />
j<br />
.'<br />
-'<br />
'<br />
'Follbwing preparation of the soil by harrowing, a second seeding or<br />
Fireball wasj made on June 5. On June 9 Solan 1'8S applied to four replicatAls<br />
of 72 feet each at the rate of 4 pounds per acre in 60 gallons of water. 'Many<br />
weeds had broken through the surface of the soil on June 9 and the tDmato seed<br />
had germinaf1ed. Tomato Seedling and weed counts were made on June 21.<br />
, ,<br />
Results<br />
Tomato and weed counts are reported in Table 1. The predominant weed<br />
present in ~e nay 4 seeding was smartweed (Polygon1um Persicaria L.) with<br />
lambs quarters (Chenopodium.M!mm. L. ), pigweed (Cb~OPOdium paganum 1'1eich.),<br />
red-roof ( anthus retronexus L.) and crabgrass Digitaria sp.) alao pre~<br />
sent. The p edominant weeds present in the June c;seeding were of the same<br />
type indicat d above.<br />
11 Registerf:Jd trademark of the Niagara Chemical Divis:iDn of Food Hachine17<br />
and Chemlcal Corporation.<br />
Y H. J. He~nz Conpany, Pittsburgh, Pa,<br />
J! H. J. Heinz CompSlliY,Bowling Green, Ohio
Table 1. Seeding and <strong>Weed</strong> Counts on Field-Seeded ~to Plots Treated With<br />
Solan Premergence.<br />
125<br />
Lbs of Active Broadleaf <strong>Weed</strong> Grass<br />
Treatment Chemical Acre Count 6 Sq.F~<br />
Solan, 1 ~ek 4 .t.99.6 24.6<br />
After· Seeding<br />
Solan, Just Be~ 4 20.0 6.6 56.0<br />
fore Seedling<br />
Emergence<br />
Check 46.0 318.0 20.0<br />
L.S.D. 5% 21.9 95.4 N.S.<br />
L.S.D. 1% N.S. 158.3 N.S.<br />
B. Seeded June 5<br />
Solan, JUst Before<br />
Seedling<br />
4 51.5 4.8 1105<br />
Emergence<br />
Check 4 53.7 109.2 5405<br />
L.S.D. 5% N.S. 37.8 27.2<br />
L.S.D. 1% N.S. 55.9 hO.2<br />
Significant control of broadleaf weeds was obtained with all treat~<br />
ments of Solan. Control of grasses was not significant in the '~ay 4 seeding,<br />
but was significant in the June 5 seeding, after pre-emer-gence Solan treatment.<br />
A significant reduction in seedling stand was recorded just prior to<br />
emergence treatment, May 15. Following applications of Solan en May 15,<br />
emerged tomato seedlings were either killed or severely injured. No reduction<br />
in seedling at and was obtained with other treatments.<br />
The man-hour-s required to hand-weed and block the May 4 seedling stand<br />
were recorded on June 9. The man-hour-e required to block and weed tre treat~<br />
ments was 14.2 and 23.8 for 4 pounds Solan just prior to emergence and one<br />
week after seeding, respectively, and 31.2 hours for the untreated plots.<br />
Because weeds and tomato seedlings were large, it follows that the man-hours<br />
required to block and weed the treatments was greater than normally anticipated<br />
for all treatments.<br />
Summary<br />
Excellent broadleaf weed control was obtained in plantings of directseeded<br />
tomatoes with pre~emergence treatments of 4 pounds Solan per acre. No<br />
reduction in the stand of tomato seedlings was obtained when Solan was applied<br />
prior to emergence of seedlings.
126<br />
The1!1me-reqUired to hand-<strong>Weed</strong> and block direct-seeded tomatoes was<br />
reduced by m~e than one-half when 4 pounds Solan wasapplied just prior to<br />
emergence of tomato seedlings.<br />
Lttera~reCited<br />
1. Sweet. R.&... and V. RubatzkY.· Herbicides for Tomatoes. Proc. of N.E.~, J<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>Col@r01Conf. ,ll: 84-92. 1959.<br />
, 1
WEEDCONTROLANDTHE IMPROVEMENT OF SEEDLINGSTAN~<br />
Colen C. 1ITyatt 11and J.<br />
Introduction<br />
D. V11ieonY<br />
127<br />
IN DIRECT-SEEDEDTOMATOES<br />
Experiments conducted in 1960indicated that Vapam and Allyl Alcohol<br />
were two chemical compounds that might be expected to give a considerable<br />
degree of weed control and at the same time increase the stand of seedlings<br />
in the dil"ect-seeding of tomatoes up to the time ot blocking and thinning. In<br />
the 1960 trials these two materials were mixed with the 10p three inches' of<br />
soil with a tractor-mounted rotary tiller in bands approximately 16 :Inches<br />
wide. In some instances the treated band was coveNd with a polyethylene tarp.<br />
About 12 to 14 days later tomatoes were seeded into the treated bands of soil.<br />
Because of the favorable results obtained in the 1960 experiments it was<br />
decided to continue the experimentation.<br />
Procedure<br />
Vapam (sodium n-methyl dithiocarbamate), Allyl Alcohol and Tillam<br />
(propy1ethyl-n-butythiocarbamate) were included in the 1961 tests. In<br />
addition, various types of mulches or sealants were added to the treated bends<br />
of soil in an effort to evaluate their effectiveness in slowing down the<br />
escape of the Vapam and Allyl Alcohol from the so11 and thus improve their<br />
performance in killing weeds and fungi in the surface imh or so of soil.<br />
Tillam was also mixed with the soil alone and in combination with Vapam and<br />
Allyl Alcohol to increase the degree of weed control. The treatrents used<br />
and the results obtained at Bowling Green and ',~o~, Ohio are indicated in<br />
Table 1.<br />
The soil was thoroughly disked and harrowed to put it in gio d physical<br />
condition before it was treated. The treatments were applied in cooperation<br />
with personnel from the U.S.D.A. Engineering Laboratory located at Wooster,<br />
Ohio, with tractor-mounted equipment designed and developed by that laboratory.<br />
The chemical compounds used were incorporated (mixed) nth the top 3 inches of<br />
soil in bands 16 inches wide, where so indicated, by spraying them on the<br />
surface just ahead of the tilling equi.pmenb; In a few instances where the<br />
rotary tiller was not used about 2 inches of soil 1'I8rethrown over the sprayed<br />
band by means of carefUlly mounted dis ca, In both meth>ds of application the<br />
soil was smoothed and packed somewhat in a rounded mound about 2 inches h1~er<br />
in the center 'han at the edges. If the treated band was to be covered w:l.th a<br />
polyethylene tarp, this covering was then laid and the edges covered (sealed)<br />
by means of specially mounted discs. After 4 or 5 d~s thetarp was removed.<br />
If liquid sealants were to be employed, these were applied by placing the<br />
selected sealant in a paint sprayer operated by compressed air fran Which it<br />
was sprayed on the treated band of soil. These so-called sealants were left in<br />
place and the seed drilled through the mulch some 10 Dr 11 days after the<br />
treatments were applied.<br />
y Research Horticulturist, H. J. Heinz Company, Pittsburgh, Pa,<br />
Y Professor of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Experim"nt Station,<br />
V"oos~er, Ohio
128<br />
Table 1. To,atoSeeo1ling and ~eed Counts on Plotls'tl'9ated1"1'th Several::<br />
Chemicals at Bowling Green and Vooster, Ofi1O, '1.961.<br />
Chemical<br />
Mixed<br />
TUh<br />
Mulch 15011<br />
None<br />
None·<br />
PolYethylene<br />
Tarp<br />
Polyethylene!<br />
Tarp<br />
Asphalt<br />
Asphalt<br />
2" Soil &<br />
Asphalt<br />
Latex<br />
Latex<br />
2" 5011 &<br />
Latex<br />
1<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes'<br />
I<br />
Yes<br />
f<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
No<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
No<br />
SoU Set 60 Yes<br />
Soil Set 60! Yes<br />
2" SoU & No<br />
5011 Set 60<br />
2" Soil No<br />
2" Soil 'No<br />
None Yes'<br />
None Yee<br />
POlYethylenel Yes<br />
Tarp<br />
Polyethylene I Yes<br />
Tarp<br />
I<br />
Asphalt I Yes<br />
Asphalt ! Yes<br />
2" Soil & No<br />
Asphalt<br />
Latex Yes<br />
Latex<br />
1 Yes<br />
2" 5011 8< No<br />
Latex<br />
5011 Set 60 ,Yes<br />
Soil Set 60 1 Yes<br />
2" Soil, 8< t No<br />
5011 Set 60<br />
2" Soil . No<br />
'2" Soil No _<br />
Location<br />
of<br />
Two Allyl<br />
ChemiCal Treatmen t<br />
T111am<br />
Tillam<br />
& Allyl<br />
Plots Vep8111Alcohol .:.:Ti::.:U::;!!::"~'..::&c...V;;.:.a:£p!:.::::.=m....::===-~;.;;;;..,.<br />
Alcohol None<br />
.....ooster<br />
B.Q.<br />
'!rooster<br />
B.G.<br />
B.G.<br />
Vooster<br />
B.O.<br />
B.G•.<br />
V'ooster<br />
27<br />
23 25 24<br />
23<br />
32<br />
29<br />
25<br />
23<br />
25<br />
32<br />
36<br />
23<br />
35<br />
23<br />
32<br />
30<br />
24<br />
3L.<br />
26<br />
28<br />
36<br />
48<br />
33<br />
'j 0 I,'<br />
B~' seedl~~Stand'r Ff;e1i~i';B.S!W' si<br />
"'~08ter 23 25 ISh' '. 18<br />
B.G. . 26 20 .-,<br />
B. G.<br />
,",ooster<br />
. B.G.<br />
. -, ' ..,-<br />
~i..;I·<br />
-,T.'<br />
B. 'l!'eed Count per 10 Square Feet<br />
B. G. 125 118 6S;,<<br />
'f'ooeter 213: 8~ 28,-·<br />
B.O. 18 25 '.<br />
'Wooster<br />
B.G.<br />
'\"iooster<br />
B.G.<br />
B.G.<br />
"ooater<br />
B.G.<br />
B.G.<br />
Wooster<br />
B.G.<br />
B.G.<br />
?ooster<br />
18'<br />
.159<br />
98<br />
164<br />
108<br />
130-<br />
4J:<br />
167<br />
L3<br />
124<br />
62<br />
122<br />
3<br />
135<br />
44<br />
90<br />
86<br />
23<br />
.56<br />
126<br />
29<br />
41<br />
76<br />
45<br />
.I!I!;,<br />
.!" :<br />
32<br />
7<br />
20<br />
13<br />
.t
Following emergence of the tomato seedlings,.<br />
were made to determine the comparative effectiveness<br />
stand and weed counts<br />
of the treatments used.<br />
At Bowling Green workers experienced in blocking, weeding and thinning vegetables<br />
were employed to go over the tomato plots. The average time required<br />
to finish each differently treated row was recorded and the data are reported<br />
in Table 2.<br />
129<br />
Table 2. Studies of the Time to Treed and Block Direct-5eeded Tomatoes Treated<br />
~th Several Chemicals. Bowling Green, Ohio, 1961.<br />
Chemical'<br />
Mulch<br />
Chemical Hours to "eed and<br />
Combined Block One Acre of<br />
~th Soil Direct-8eeded Tomatoes<br />
Vapam<br />
Vapam<br />
Vapam<br />
Vapam<br />
Vapam<br />
Allyl<br />
Allyl<br />
Allyl<br />
Allyl<br />
Allyl<br />
Alcohol<br />
Alcohol<br />
Alcohol<br />
Alcohol<br />
Alcohol<br />
Tillam<br />
None<br />
Tillam & Vapam None<br />
Tillam & Allyl Alcohol None<br />
None<br />
None<br />
Yes<br />
polyethylene<br />
Yes<br />
Soil Sealants* Yes<br />
2° Soil & Soil Sealants No<br />
2" Soil No<br />
None<br />
Yes<br />
Polyethylene<br />
Yes<br />
Soil Sealants* Yes<br />
2" Soil & Soil Sealants* No<br />
2" Soil No<br />
None<br />
yes<br />
yes<br />
Yes<br />
8.50<br />
5.67<br />
5.67<br />
5.67<br />
5.67<br />
9.07<br />
5.67<br />
7.09<br />
130<br />
Table 3.<br />
Rates ~d Dates of Chemical Trtlatrnent and Seeding of Direct-Seeded<br />
Touto Trlais. Bowling Qteen and wl"JOster..,,6M.;0'1961. .<br />
Bowling 'a~eed'<br />
'\ '<br />
Vapam 5PGallons/Acre<br />
Allyl Alcohol 50 Gallons/Acre<br />
Tillam 3 Pounds<br />
Latex* t 600 Gallons/Acre as Formulated<br />
Asphalt* 600 Oe.llons/Acre as!'onnulated<br />
SOil.Set* ' ,:'609Gallons/Acre asP'ormuJated<br />
1l1.dthof ..Tres,ted LMld<br />
Row"iidth '<br />
Date of Chemtoal' Treatment<br />
Date of SeeQing,'.<br />
Rate of Seed:fug<br />
16" ..<br />
48"<br />
MaY. 4<br />
May.1$ ,<br />
4 Seeds/Foot<br />
,wOoster<br />
40 Grd16ri.~/Acre .,<br />
60 Gallons/Acre<br />
h Pounds<br />
600 Gal.lons/Acre as Formulated<br />
600G
indicates that several of the treatment combinations halved the labor required.<br />
The use of Vapam or Allyl Alcohol reduced the time by about one-third, whereas<br />
in most instances it was reduced by one-half when polyethylene tarp or one of<br />
the sealants was applied. This was true whether Vapam and/or Allyl Alcohol<br />
was mixed with the soil or simply covered with soil with a pair of discs.<br />
131<br />
Literature<br />
Cited<br />
1. Sweet, R. D. and J. Cialone. Proc , of N.E. l"eed Control Conf', 15: 107-110.<br />
1960.
1]2<br />
ADDITIONALFIELD STUDIES WITH SOLAN<br />
AS A<br />
HERBICIDE FOR TOMATOES<br />
~nald H. Moorel<br />
Research and Development Department<br />
NIAGARACHEMICALDIVISION<br />
. FMC CORPORATION<br />
Middleport 1 New York<br />
Solan l N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-2-methyl-pentanamide<br />
has been tested by a number of investigators as a herbicide<br />
for tomatoes l over a period of four years.<br />
Sweet and Rubatzky (1) found Solan to give commercial<br />
weed control and to be outstanding in lack of crop damage to<br />
both transplant tomatoes and field seeded tomatoes. Saidak and<br />
Rutherford (2) in 1959 and 1960 trials l found Solan to be reliable<br />
and effective as a herbicide in tomatoes when applied as<br />
a post-emergence spray, one month after transplanting l to weeds<br />
less than 3 inches high. Schubert and Hardin (3) found Solan to<br />
give commercial control of broadleaf weeds in post-emergence<br />
treatments. Grass control was satisfactory only for about one<br />
month if the grass was not more than l~ inches high at time of<br />
spraying.<br />
Results of preliminary field studies of Solan as a<br />
poxt -emer-gence herbicide tlor tomatoes have been presented previously<br />
by Moore and Dor~chner (4). It is the purpose of this<br />
paper to summarize performance data which have been obtained<br />
over the past two years.<br />
METHODSANDMATERIALS<br />
Tests in 1960 were conducted on the varieties Fireball<br />
and Red Jacket. These included both field seeded and field transplant<br />
stock. Treatments were applied as broadcast sprays using<br />
a knapsack sprayer. Fifty gallons of total liquids per acre were<br />
applied. The experimental design was one of randomized complete<br />
block with three replications.<br />
In 1961 experimental procedures were similar l but with<br />
the follOWing exceptions: Sprays were applied at 40 psi and a<br />
volume of 30 1 rather than 50 gallons of total liquids per acre<br />
was utilized. In some instances rather large areas were sprayed<br />
With a given treatment. SUch plots were not replicated. The<br />
formulation of Solan used for all tests was a miscible formulation<br />
containing 4.0 pounds of active material ner ~allon.
DISCUSSIONOF RESULTS<br />
Transplant Tomatoes. Experiment No.1. 1960<br />
The chemical tre.attnents in this trial were five in<br />
number. and consisted of the following:<br />
a. Solan at rate of 2.0 pounds/acre;<br />
4 applications at two week intervals.<br />
b. Solan at rate of 4.0 pounds/acre;<br />
2 applications one week apart.<br />
c. Solan at rates of 2.0. 4.0. and 6.0 pounds/acre;<br />
single applications.<br />
Both grasses and broadleaved weed species were less<br />
than one inch high when the first treatment was made on June 21.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> species represented Were pi~weed (Amaranthus retroflexus).<br />
lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), buckhorn plantain (Plantago<br />
lanceolata), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), and yellow<br />
foxtail (Setaria lutescens). None of the plots was cultivated.<br />
1.3.3<br />
Data on weed control were taken at three intervals<br />
throughout the season. The final counts just prior to harvest<br />
are reported in Table 1. The most effective treatment was tw.o<br />
applications of Solan (4 pound/acre rate) made at 7 day intervals.<br />
There was an appreciable reduction in weed population following<br />
all single treatments, but in view of the size reached by the<br />
surviving weeds, these data may be misleading. Thus, in the case<br />
of the 2 pound rate, the escapes developed to such large size as<br />
to interfere with growth and yields of crop plants. At both the<br />
4 and 6 pound rate the escape weeds were considerably reduced in<br />
s:'ze.<br />
The total number and pounds of tomatoes produced for<br />
the entire season for each treatment are reported in Table 2. No<br />
significant difference was noted in the number of tomatoes<br />
produced following any of the 5 control programs and the cultivated<br />
check.<br />
Although the untreated check was not included in the<br />
analyses of data, it 1s obvious that all treatments had significantly<br />
more fruit than the check.<br />
Considering the total number of pounds of tomatoes for<br />
the season, the treatment receiving a single application of 2<br />
pounds of Solan per acre yielded significantly less than the<br />
cultivated check in the case of Fireball. This was interpreted<br />
to be the result of weed competition.<br />
Transplant Tomatoes, Experiment No.2, 1961<br />
A test was implemented in 1961 with the purpose of<br />
-" ".3 __ L...! -.._Of "" L'I . .. _c _ _L ~ _
134<br />
were used, but as already noted, sprays were applied with a<br />
tractor-mounted boom sprayer. One treatment'consisted'of 2'<br />
applications of Solan at the 4 pound per ~cre rate. The first<br />
of these was made about 2 "~ks after trarisplanting (July 1),<br />
and the second at la;
harvest was covered with weeds, and tomato plants were very<br />
small. Harvesting in this area was very t1me consuming, compared<br />
with either of the treated ~eas. '<br />
Total seasonal yields, both iq ~bersand pounds of<br />
tomatoes for each variety, are s\UIlnIarized1n Table 4. All varieties<br />
except Roma produced a grea~er totalwe1ght of fruit in the<br />
treated than in the untreated. Only in the case of Roma and<br />
Homestead.61 were there slightly more fruit in the untreated than<br />
the treated. This implies that Solan did not.have an inhibiting<br />
effect on the set of fruit!<br />
The varieties Hom~stead 24, H J.370,Manalucie, val~~t<br />
and Rutgers California produeed somewhat fewer pounds of tomatoes<br />
at the 8 pound rate than at the 4 pound rate. . The fact that the<br />
other varieties produced eq4al or greater .weights of tomatoes at<br />
the 4 pound rate suggests that one is working with a good ~gin<br />
of safety when suggesting the lower rate asa commercialpract1ce.<br />
~ Seeded Tomatoes, Exper1mentNo. 1, 12§Q<br />
Seeds of the varieties Fireball and Red Jacket were<br />
planted and Solan at the rate of 2, 4 and 6 pounds per acre was<br />
applied to the seeded areas on the day of, and 2, 5 and 7 day~<br />
after planting. Each treatment comprised a single row 10 feet<br />
long and was replicated three times.<br />
Uhder conditions of the tel;lt, ~'stage of gr-owth" of the<br />
tomato plants varied from "not,germinated<br />
ll<br />
·to Ilbreaking the·<br />
ground ll • <strong>Weed</strong>s at the various test intervals varied from "not<br />
germinated ll to one inch high: Results of stand counts and percent<br />
of weed control, as taken some two weeks after the last<br />
t'eatment, are ,given in Table 5.<br />
Treatments applied on the day of seeding had no eft~t<br />
on germination of either variety. Control or weeds, while partial,<br />
was far from satisfactory" Delaying the tneatment even 2 days<br />
did not reduce crop stands, a~d resulted in appreciable controa.<br />
It was noted that some weeds had germinated at the time of treatment.<br />
When applications were made 5 days after seeding, crop<br />
plants had germinated, but had, not broken the soil. <strong>Weed</strong>s had~<br />
germinated considerably ,but were less than one inch in height.,<br />
Under these conditions the stand of Fireball was reduced when<br />
Solan was applied at 4 and 6 Pounds per acre, and the variety<br />
Red Jacket was reduced only when treated at the 6 pound level.'<br />
Control of broadleaved weed species was good, but grass control<br />
was marginal.<br />
The remaining plots were treated one week after planting,<br />
at Which time weeds were one inch tal]:., and tomatoes were<br />
breaking the ground. There was a significant reduction in crop<br />
135
1,36<br />
',L,),) ;~)o, j:',.' , "-<br />
stand or lHlreballfOl10Wi1:iiPbotfi the 4 ~46;poun4 per acre-,til~atmenbs<br />
, While there was a tendeneytoward reduced stands of the<br />
variety Red Jacket at both the 4 and 6 P01,U'l(tp~r acr-e rates, these<br />
reductions Jw.ere ~ot l!l1~.1t'1~~~..weed cont±". ,..9..1.-We.a cons1der.ed~~.0<br />
be good, ranging "from 86to,:99 i percent of, bfo,a.:~leavedspec1es, i<br />
an
An additional 2 years of tests on field transplanted<br />
tomatoes have continued to demonstrate the value of Solan as a<br />
post-emergence herbicide.<br />
Applications of four pounds of this chemical per broadcast<br />
acre made 14 days after transplanting, and again at lay-by,<br />
have been well tolerated by the varieties Campbell 146, Glamour,<br />
Long Red, Marglobe, ES 24, H 1370, Homestead 24, Manalucie,<br />
Moreton Hybrid, Trellis 22, Valiant, and Rutgers California. A<br />
slight temporary foliage chlorosis was noted on the varieties<br />
Roma and Homestead 61 at the four pound rate. Two applications<br />
of Solan, each at 8 pounds, resulted in a temporary chlorosis<br />
to Campbell 146, Glamour, Long Red, Homestead 61, H 1370, Moreton<br />
Hybrid, Trellis 22, Valiant, and Rutgers California. The<br />
minimum seasonal yield increase at either rate over the wltreated<br />
for all varieties except Glamour, Homestead 61, and Roma<br />
ranged from 64 to 243 percent. For the latter three varieties<br />
there was an 18 and 9 percent increase, and a 5 percent decrease,<br />
respectively.<br />
Solan, when applied at a rate of 4 pounds per acre to<br />
broadleaved weeds and annual grasses less than one inch in<br />
height, provided excellent results. Repeat treatments were<br />
necessary for seasonal control.<br />
BIBLIOGRAPHY<br />
1. Sweet, R. D. and W. Rubatzky, 1959, "Herbicides for Tomatoes",<br />
Proceedings of the Northeastern <strong>Weed</strong> Control Conference,<br />
13:84-92. - -- --<br />
2. Saidak, W. J. and W. M. Rutherford, 1961, lIChemical <strong>Weed</strong><br />
Control in Tomatoes", Proceedings of the Northeastern <strong>Weed</strong><br />
Control Conference, 15: 124. - --- ----<br />
3. Schubert, O. E. and N. C. Hardin, 1960, "Evaluation of<br />
. Several Herbicides on Tomato Plants", Proceedings of the<br />
Northeastern <strong>Weed</strong> Control Conference, 14: 8i-85. ----<br />
4. Moore, D. H. and K. P. Dorschner, 1960 "preliminary Studies<br />
of Solan as a Post-emergent Herbicide for Tomatoes", Proceedings<br />
of ~ Northeastern <strong>Weed</strong> Control Conference, 14:85-101.<br />
137
.J<br />
')<br />
)<br />
Table 1<br />
Treatment<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> Control with. Solan in Transplant Tomatoes - 1960<br />
. j ..<br />
Average No. <strong>Weed</strong>s per'Square<br />
Lbs. Active Date of<br />
Per Acre Applications<br />
Foot - Aug<br />
Lambs-<br />
Pigweed· quarters Plantain Grass* 0<br />
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
Solan 2.0 6/21, ~~ 3.3 0.0 0.0 5.0<br />
four applications 7/14, 2<br />
";<br />
~lan , 4.0. 6/?:J., 6/28 1 e.0 0..3 . LO.O 4.6<br />
,', ~ I<br />
two'appl1cat16ns<br />
SOlan<br />
one application<br />
2.0 6/21 3.3 0.3 1.6 4.0<br />
Solan<br />
one application<br />
4.0 6/21 2.6 0.6 0.0 2.3<br />
Solan<br />
one application<br />
6.0 6/21 1.3 l.b 1.3 2.3<br />
CUltivated Check --- 6/21,<br />
7/11<br />
6/28 8.0 6.6 0.0 3.0<br />
Unt:t'eated Check --- --- 17.3 96.6<br />
- _ - -. ' - ' ..,. -<br />
4.3 9.0<br />
*J)arnyard.grass and yellow foxtail grass<br />
'lQ.JB?toefLtran~p;Lfln~~~6/3/69: .<br />
.
~ Table 2<br />
.--l<br />
Average Number and Pounds o~ Tc~atoe8 per Plot per Season For Tomatoes<br />
Receiving Foliar Applications o~ Solan - 1960<br />
Treatment<br />
Lbs. Active Date o~<br />
Per Acre Applications<br />
Average No. Tomatoes Average No. Lbs<br />
Per Plot Per Season Tomatoes/plot/<br />
Season<br />
Fireball Red Jacket Fireball Red Jac<br />
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
Solan 2.0 6/21, 7/5 82.0 146.0 18.6 37.6<br />
~our applications 7/14~ 8/2<br />
Solan 4.0 6/21, 6/28 75.3 152.0 16.5 34.9<br />
two applications<br />
Solan 2.0 6/21 75.0 114.0 15.0* 25.2<br />
one application<br />
Solan 4.0 6/21 83.0 150.0 17.6 33.0<br />
one application<br />
Solan 6.0 6/21 81.7 142.0 16.1 37.9<br />
one application<br />
Cultivated Check --- 6/21, 6/28 83.7 149.0 21.0 36.4<br />
7/11<br />
Untreated Check --- --- 25.6 14.0 2.9 2.2<br />
LSD .01 25.6 56.0 7.2 16.2<br />
.05 18.8 41.0 5.3 11.9<br />
------------------------------------------------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~<br />
*Signi~icantly lower than cultivated check.<br />
) )
)<br />
)<br />
Table 3<br />
Results of an Application of Solan on Commercial Scale for Control of<br />
: t .•<strong>Weed</strong>s in Transplant Tomatoes - 1961<br />
Treatment Lbs. Active<br />
Per Acre<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>s Per Square Foot - August 9.<br />
Date of<br />
Applications Pigweed Lambsquarters other-s<br />
--~--~--------------------------------~---------------------------------------~--------~---<br />
Solan . , .. 4.0 7/1. 8/1 0.0 0.0 0.0<br />
two applications<br />
Solan 4.0 7/1 11.0 3.0 1.0<br />
one application<br />
untreated Check --- --- 39.0 14.3 1.2<br />
------._---------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ .<br />
Tomatoes transplanted 6/16/61<br />
Plots cultivated 7/11. 7/18/61<br />
~
~ Table 4 Total Yields in Number and Pounds of Fruit for Each of Fourteen Tomato<br />
Varieties ~eceiving Foliar Applications of Solan - 1961<br />
Rbte Rate Rate<br />
Per No. Pounds Per No. Pounds Per No. Pour<br />
~Acre ,of of Acre of of Acre of of<br />
Tomato Variety \Lbs.} Fruit Fruit (Lbs.) Fruit Fruit (Lbs.) Fruit Frt<br />
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
Campbell 146 4.0 286 84 8.0 326 101 Untreated 156 L<br />
Glamour 205 65 242 86 177 ~<br />
Long Red 364 105 351 103 139_<br />
Marglobe 331 65 278 67 133<br />
Roma 720 93 841 100 910<br />
Homestead 61 310 97 349 99 346<br />
E.,S. 24 492 101 518 110 212<br />
H 1370 575 151 570 128 315<br />
Homestead 24 342 93 293 81 170<br />
Manalucie 345 94 289 85 185<br />
Moreton HYbrid 447 120 497 140 280<br />
Trellis 22 601 102 638 115 348<br />
Valiant 520 149 491 . 134 322<br />
Rutgers California 259 66 210 54 125<br />
s<br />
c<br />
~<br />
~<br />
E<br />
~<br />
/<br />
E<br />
C<br />
r<br />
~<br />
Date-~f-T;~~t;e~t~-7/6~-7/28-----------------------------------------------~t;-pi;~t;d;--E<br />
) )
')<br />
')<br />
Table 5 The Effect of a Delayed Pre-emergence Application of Solan on Stands of<br />
._ . Field Seeded Fireball and Red Jacket Tomatoes - 1960<br />
r1:>8.<br />
Act/ Date Stage of Avg. Plants/3 ft. of Row %<strong>Weed</strong> Control-July 14<br />
Treatment Acre Treated Tomato Fireball Red Jacket Broadleaved Grasses(l)<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
Solan 2.0 6/22 Not up 21.7 12.0 23.9 58.2<br />
Solan 4.0 6/22 Not up 22.3 15.0 21.4 87.7<br />
Solan 6.0 6/22 Not up 22.0 25.6 43.8 48.4<br />
-- v, l·<br />
Solan 2.0 6/24 No.t up 14.7 13.7 83.1 98.6<br />
Solan il .•O 6/24 Not up 16.3 18.3 80.9 95.3<br />
Solan 6.0 6/24 Not up 23.0 18.7 85.8 97.2<br />
Solan 2.0 6/27 Not up 12.7 15.7 79.0 78.4<br />
".,-<br />
Solan 4.0 6/27 Not up 9.3* 12.0 93.8 53.1<br />
Solan 6.0 6/27 Not up 8.7* 8.3* 84.4 65.7<br />
Sol.an 2.0 6/29 Breaking ·17.3 . 16.7 85.8 83.1<br />
SOlan 4.0 6/29 Breaking 5.6** 9.0 96.6 13~7 .<br />
-So-lan 6.0 6/29-. Br-eaking~ n_ ~- 7.0* J.3.7 98.8 84.5<br />
Untreated --- -- 18.3 15.3 21.3(2)<br />
Check<br />
N . LSD .01 11.5 9.9<br />
;:l<br />
fiJ-Grasses-:-BarnYard-graSs-&£~iiOw-foit~i~------------7i3SIgnlflcant-dlfference--------<br />
2 No. of weeds per sq. ft. in untreated area. ** Highly significant difference.
""<br />
~<br />
Table 6 Bvalu~t1.on of S&l~nto~ ~aedcontrol :fuRield Seeded Tomatoea - 1~1<br />
Lbs. Plants per foot of Row 7/12/61 %.<strong>Weed</strong><br />
Act./ Dates stage oi' . . Cbntrol<br />
Treatment Acre Treated Tomato Red Jacket Fireball Manalucie Roma ·9/11 (3)<br />
------------------------------------------------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - -<br />
Solan 3.0 7/1, 7/20 Sprouting 4.4 11.3 6.1 4~0 81.3<br />
Not up·<br />
II·<br />
Solan . :4.0 7/1, 7/20 ~.6 10.8 5.0 4.4 93.8<br />
(,.<br />
Solan 3.0 ']/5 Breaking· 3.3 3.6 6.2 0.0 .- 73.1<br />
ground-<br />
Solan 4.0 7/5 Some 1" 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.4 85.6<br />
Solan 8.0 7/5 Some 1" 0.0 2.3 0.3 0.3 91.9<br />
Solan 3.0 7/10· l~" tall ~.l 1.3 0.1 .1.9(1) 79.4<br />
Untr.eated<br />
Check 3.2 13.8 5.8 4.4 i6.0(2)<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
(1) Counts made at end of' season<br />
(2) No. weeds per sq. ft., mostly broadleaved weeds<br />
Tomatoea,planted 6/28/61<br />
) )
144<br />
All Jva1_Uoll of Cheaaicab U.ed Porthe WMdi. of Tomato.s.<br />
I '<br />
I Char1•• J. Noll 1<br />
W.ed c~tro1 i. the ~aateat limiting factor ~a ~uc~.afu1 8I'oving of<br />
dir.ct 8eed~d tomatoe.. Mechanical ~iD8 i. inacleql.1&taand hand weediDl<br />
too expeaei,e. :Ulltil good chemical we.dinS i. de"lo~.cl the growing of<br />
direct 8e~td. tCl\lllltoa.in PellD8ylvania will b. limited in acre.g ••<br />
The we, ding of trall.p1aated tomatoes by m.cbaaicei1 means is not ae<br />
difficult br..~e. ~fadequate c'bemi•. 1 ... ding could be delve10p.d it could<br />
~ed\IC.prodrtiOD· co.t ••<br />
i<br />
PRQCBDURE<br />
In the! direct .eaded tomato exp.r~ent the se8ctbad wa. pr.pared May 24.<br />
soil iDcorp4n'.tlon treatIHllts vere applied and rotqti1!1.d into the sol1<br />
May 25. 'l'h. tomM:o variety l'irebiLll, was leaded tliat :s.e day. Th. preem.rs.nce<br />
tt:atmeat8 were appli" 4 days after .eedins and late pra-emergence<br />
treatments re applied 11 day. after .eeding. O~ S~lall plot received aa<br />
additional ptlioatlon 41 day8 iIL.fter ... ding. Indtvietual plots "er.1:; f •• t<br />
1001 and 3 ~.et Wide. Tr.... nts were randombed fon.ach of 6 blocks. The<br />
ch_call ".re applied with a 8ID&11sprayer over tbe ~ for a width of 12<br />
iDehes. 'l'h~ plot. wore cultivated. An estimate of weed control wa. made<br />
August 14 o~ a ba.is of 1 to 10; 1 being mo.t de.irable and 10 being 1ea.t<br />
dea1rab1e. ,N9 barv .. t record. ware taken.<br />
In th.ltran.P1anted tOlll&toe. the 88111evarie.t y 'wa~ g::otm. The seedbed<br />
wee preparels June 5, the 1011 incorporation trea~•• maet. June 6 and the<br />
tOlllllto.. tr.~p1aat.d June 7. Po.t-p1anting treatlHnti. were mad. 5 and 22<br />
day. aft.r~.r .... Planting. with th.. n08•• 1 of the. sP\'ay.r dir.ct1y over th.<br />
tomato p1a 8. Individual p10ta .... 20 feet 10111:ancl S feet wide and con<br />
.i.ted of 1, "lant •• ach. !reatil,eDta vere rand4'mi~ediD each of 6 blocks.<br />
The p1~ta were cultivated. An e.timate of WMd oontro1 vea made AUluat<br />
14 on a baa~a of 1 to 10. Tometoe. vere harve.ted ,twtce, August 22 and<br />
september 1~.; 0Il1y marketable fruits were harvested •<br />
. . RESULTS<br />
i<br />
The w~ control re.u1ts in the direct .eeded :to.to experiment i8 pre-<br />
.eat.d iD tlible 1. Although the Triazine compound. g.-ve the b.at weed control,<br />
they grut1~ raduoed the atand of tomatoea. The Dl'Ph$amid plots had f_<br />
weeela, tha lot • .receiVing 9 lb ••. p.r acre were reJ.aUYely free of weed.<br />
throughout he growing ... aon. '!'ba only other tre~t that gave any amouat<br />
1 . . '<br />
A•• oeiate trofe.sor of Olericultura, D.partment o~ HQrticu1ture, College of<br />
Agricultur and Bxperiment Station, Penn.yhaa!a ~atie Unlveralty, University<br />
Park, PallD y1vallJ.a. :
of weed eoneee I without inj ury 'to .t(llll8toes was in the TU1am treated plot ••<br />
Although no yield reoords were ta~.n it was thousht tha~ yields in the best<br />
plots would have been good.<br />
The results ln the transp1ant.a tomato exper~ ls presented in table<br />
2. All chemicals B1gnificant1y increased weed control as compared to the<br />
untreated check. The best weed C0l1tro1 wes in plots treated with Diphen-,<br />
amid at 6 and 9 1bs. per acre, Stam P-34 at 6 1bl. per acre, Prometryne at<br />
3 1bs. per acre, Casoron at 4%lb•• per acre and Tl11e. at 6 1bs. per acre.<br />
145<br />
Only two harvests were made and only ripe marketole fruit taken for<br />
record. Plots treated with Dlphenamid at 9 1bs. per acre and Tl11am at 4".<br />
1bs. per acre had a significant l~rease in yield as compared to the untreated<br />
check,plot. The yleld from'the plots treated with the chemical<br />
Stam P-34 at 6 lbs • per aCre appro~hed B1gn1fiC8ftee.<br />
OONCL1!SION<br />
In the direct seeded tomato ezpertment, it 100ke at this ttme that<br />
chemicals .cou1d replace other mathods of weed control in the plant row.<br />
If this is 't~ue, direct seeding of Cpmatoes is a possibility in Pennly1<br />
vania. The beltareatments wereDlpbenemid at 6 and 9 lbs. per acre in a<br />
pre-emergence application and Ti11am at 6 1bl. per acre in a pre-planting<br />
loi1 incorporation treatment.<br />
" I<br />
In the transplanted tomato experiment, the outstanding chemicals<br />
were Dipbenamid in the post-plantiPi treatment. Ti11~ ~n the pre-p1aneing<br />
soil incorporation treatment and Stam P-34 in the delayed post-planting<br />
treatment.
T
1. Associate Research Specialist in <strong>Weed</strong>'CO~trol, NewJersey Agricultural<br />
Experiment Station; Head, AgriCUltural Research,<br />
Seabrook Farms Co., Seabrook, New Jersey; and formerly Research<br />
dAAiAT.~nT. in ~~m ~~onR_ RutgP.~R _ the ~tRte TTniversitv. New<br />
THE EFFECTS OF FORMULATIONAND PLANTINGDA'lE :ON THE HERBICIDAL<br />
ACTIVITY OF PROPYL ETHYL-ft-BUTYLTHIOLCARBAMATE<br />
R. D. Ilnicki, T. S. Gill, and T. F. Tisdell<br />
1<br />
147<br />
Within the last several years there has been much interest<br />
in thiolcarbamate herbicides as evidenced by the many orop-weed<br />
situations investigated. To date, there is little or no reoorded<br />
information on the use of propyl ethyl-n-butylthiolearbamate (Tillam)<br />
either as a pre-planting or pre-emergence herbicide for weed<br />
control in spinach. Previous work at this Station and elsewhere<br />
has indicated the effectiveness of this herbicide with little or<br />
no injury to several horticUltural crops. .'Research has shown<br />
that delayed plantings following applications of other thiolcarbamate<br />
analogues will reduce injury to horticultural crops. This<br />
study was initiated to evaluate the effects'on spinaoh and weeds<br />
o't several planting dates fOllowing pre-planting application13 of<br />
several formulations of Tillam.<br />
Materials<br />
and Methods<br />
commeroial propyl ethyl-n-butylthiolcarbamate (Tillam 6E)<br />
and formulations containing two different h¥drocarbon carriers<br />
were the treatments evaluated. A low volatile, seleot paraffin<br />
traction haVing oarbons above ClR~ served as the oarrier in one<br />
blend (EAP 4160) and a somewhat nigher volatile naphthenic fraotion<br />
above C1R was used as a solvent or carrier in the other<br />
(EAP 4161). The two experimental formulations oontained slowbreakiqg<br />
emulsifying systems and were identioal in all other respeots.<br />
The three formulations ot Tillam were ,applied as pre-planting<br />
treatments on August 29 a!t rates ot 3 and 5 pounds per acre<br />
with a knapsaok sprayer oonnected to a boom:'equipped with five<br />
nozzles spaoed 20 inches apart. The applications were made in<br />
water dilutions of 40 gpa to a finely prepared seedbed of a sassafras<br />
sandy loam soil at Seabrook Farms, Seabrook, New Jersey.<br />
Plots were 10 x85 feet. Only 8-1/3 feet of $ach plot width was<br />
sprayed for the entire 85-foot length. The outside borders served<br />
as bufter areas and as checks to allow for any lateral movement of<br />
the treated soil at time of incorporation. Immediately after application,<br />
the treatments were disked into the upper 2-3 inches<br />
with a Meeker harrow in one direction only. Check plots were also<br />
inoluded in addition to the border areas between plots. There<br />
were two replioations of all treatments.
148<br />
SpinaCh wasplanted withan8-row 0~.-c1al seeder,1nd'1<br />
vidual rowlB.,&paced12 inohea':apa%'t{ on A~t 30, September 2,<br />
and Septemper 5, giving plantings of 1, 4, and 7 days after herbioidal<br />
applloaUons, respectively. Eaoh pkn,ting consisted of<br />
two or thr~e drill strips aoross the plots. Brior to eaoh plant·,·<br />
ing, the area was reworked with a Meeker harrow in one direoticn<br />
aoross the plots., After _ch;planting;an_~valent o.f t-1nch of<br />
rain was applied to tbe area:- ,'seeded..<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>~on'troJ;,and crop~njury rat1ng3',~ made on sep~<br />
28 and Ootbber '18' using the fl.-cale 0 to' 10~~re 0 • no eft.c~~.<br />
10 lit stand Or vigor reduced leO per oent,.'!';:. ':.r: •<br />
.j.<br />
Result..-and D1.souss1!>ft':<br />
. , .,; .. c.; ,<br />
In ta'Ples 1, 2, and 3 ..a:re: presenteds~riflls of weed oo».t1'Ol<br />
and spinaDb 1nJ1.Wf for the. plantings madEt:L-.;4, and 7 days, ~peoti'Vely.<br />
atterapplioatlonaoithe th.ree f~~tions of. Til~.<br />
From these data it oan be seen that the planting made soon<br />
after herb~oidal appliaat~on8 was relatively safe for spinaoh and<br />
that bette*, than adequate 'weecroontrol. resuJ.t.e. d.. It 1s als.o evident<br />
that 9V.drall weed eont~iJ; was 1mprove~': 'ldth oorresponding<br />
deoreases ..in' spinach injury, ,Jgy. delayins sp.~qh planting. ..~<br />
was espeo'1~lly~true for the two exper1me.pta-kf,QI'II\ulat1ons wi~,the<br />
hydrooarboi'loarr1ers. Therecwas a slight ~;tlease in broadl.,.;ved<br />
weed cont~lw1th the lower·nJ;te of oo~o!al Tll~ in th8)p;la.nting<br />
made '7 days aft.erappl1cation. , There .W4. a similar· trend: with<br />
regard tograsB .;control ,; ~4tr i this was-:~ot signifioant.<br />
The experimental formulations were Sl1~h~lysuperior t~,~~meroial<br />
Tillam with regard to weed oontrol and orop safety. The<br />
formu1ati~ 'Containing thena~hthenio hYdr9~~bon fraotion was<br />
slightly m9re effeotive and se,fer than the,iforlnulation Qont!-1n1l;1g<br />
the paraffinio hydrooltXlbon,fract10n., ... ' ";~' ..<br />
Allf~rmulations of Til~ exh1bited~sidual herb101~j[:~<br />
actiy1tyof long duration •. -Tbiswas mar. j)~l'lounoed for thepsses<br />
than for the broadleavedweeds •.. Gelierally",the two experim~~l<br />
fOrmulati~8 effected slight:ly longeracti~1ty than oamm.rcial·T11<br />
lam.' Agai~. the toJ;'ttlulat10lt' containing the" paphthenio 1'raot1on was<br />
slightly nt.t'esuper10r to' the.:f'ormulation·'W:1th the paraffini~oarrier.<br />
.-+<br />
'. '. ~ -: .-.
Stulllll&ry<br />
A study was lh1tlatedto evaluate th.)i8t:t'ects on spinach and<br />
weeds ,of sevettal planting dateSf"Ollowin£ripre~planting applications<br />
of three formulations of Tillam. Two exper1m&ntal formulations,<br />
,one ,conta1n1nga paratfj.n1.c bYQ.%'
150<br />
Table 1. The residual effects of several formulations of<br />
Tillam* applied as pre;..plartting treatments one day<br />
prior to spinach planting on weed;tcMtrPl and crop<br />
r injury .** Fo:mulationsappl1ed Augu~t 29 and spanach.,<br />
seeded August 30, 1961.<br />
Control l ,;.;<br />
<strong>Weed</strong><br />
Crop Injury<br />
Treatment Rate, Broadleaved Grassy- ;:, Stand 2 Vigor3<br />
Ib/A weeds weeds<br />
,Days after<br />
AppUcation<br />
30 50 30 50<br />
:-·if'<br />
-'30 50 30 .50<br />
Tillam 6E 3 6.8 1.0 . 8~3 8.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0<br />
5 7.8 5.0 9.0 9.8 I.!? 1.5 1.3 0.5<br />
EAP 4160 4 3 7.1 1~5 9.4 7.0 '0.0 0.5 0.0 .0.0<br />
5 8.5 0.5 9.5 9.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 . 0.0<br />
EAP 4161 5 3 6.0 0.5 9.0 9.0 1.0 3.5 0.0 0.0<br />
5 9.5 7.3 9.8 9.7 ;.0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0<br />
* propyl atbYl-n-buty1thiolcarbamate<br />
** average of two replications<br />
l'Based on scale 0 to 10; 0 = no effect, 10 = stand an/or<br />
vigor reduced 100%<br />
2 Based on scale 0 to 10; 0 = no effect, 10 = stand reduced 100%<br />
3 Based on scale 0 to 10; 0 = no effect, 10 = complete kill<br />
4 Herbicide dissolved in a select hydrocarbon paraffin fraction<br />
above c l8<br />
5 Herbicide dissolved in a select hydrocarbon naphthenic fraction<br />
above C 18<br />
I
Table 2. The residual effects of several fbrmJulations of<br />
Tillam*applied a&pre-planting t~tments four<br />
days prior to spinach planting on'weed control<br />
and crop inJury. *....Formulations applied<br />
August 29 and spinach seeded September 2, 1961•<br />
151<br />
..lrltle'FC-:.ntrol 1 ...<br />
Crop Injury<br />
Treatment . Rate. Broadleaved Grassy Stand 2
152<br />
'~llam* appl1edc'u, pre-planting t~tments seven<br />
~ys prior to spd.na:ch plant1ng. onsweed control and<br />
prop inJury. ** Fclmnula tiona "a~n~Ued August 29 and<br />
spinaoh seeded September 5, 1961.,<br />
Table 3. I • residual efr ..... , of ........ , f"""*,,,,U..,. of C<br />
.: , ,I'· ,;<br />
"Treatment<br />
'..':-Ra te,<br />
lb/A<br />
'WMd ('cctra1 l Crop In,1ur:r<br />
Broadleaved Grassy '~ ,Stand 2 , 'f,fgor3<br />
weeds weeds<br />
30'" 50<br />
Days atterApplication<br />
30'50 30 50 30 50<br />
T111am 6E~; 3 7.0 0.0 9.5 10.0 0.8 1.0 1.:0", 0.0<br />
'5 ' 9.0 : 3.5 10.0 10.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 1.0<br />
EAF"4160~<br />
,"<br />
!<br />
3 9.3 ,0.5 10.010.0 0.0 1.0 0.:0', :::0.0<br />
5 9.5', ,'2 ..0 ' -9.8 J.0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0<br />
EAP4161 5 t"\ 3 :8.7 ".1.5 9.8'1,0.0 0.0 0.0 00'0 0.0<br />
5 9.5 ,5.5 9.8 10.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5<br />
* propyl ~thyl-n-butylth101c~amate<br />
** average lof two replications<br />
lBased ori'sleale a to 10j e -no 'effect, 10' ',j,!.!3tandand/or<br />
, vigor re~uced 100% )<br />
2BaS'ed on s!ca:le0 to 10j 0 .. ' riO effect. 10'*[ s'tand reduced 100%'<br />
3Based on 0' to 10'j O='no err$ct, 10 ";comPlet~ kill<br />
4 .' :: I " , ,'''C'-''' .. " , ,<<br />
Herbicide 'dissolved in a select hydrocarboriparaffin fract~Qn<br />
.above 0;J.S , ':,.<br />
5Herbicide dissolved in a'select hydrocarbon'naphthenic fractiQn<br />
above 0tL8
FURTHEROBSERVATIONS ONCONTROL OF THECQvJMON BRAKE,TERIDIVMAQUILINUML.,<br />
IN LaolBUSHBLUEBERRIES WITHPOLYBORCHLORATEl<br />
, ,i: ',d<br />
W. J. Lord 'ead J. S. BaUey:z.,<br />
15.3<br />
One of the chief concerns of thAlmanagera ofloffbush blueberry areas il<br />
the control of weed apecies wh:l.ch·~t~ out theblu ..... rles and seriously<br />
interfere with harveating. In 194'8"'. weed survey in'r~b.e lowbush blueberry<br />
fields in the Granville-Blandford area of Massachuaetts revealed that the<br />
cOlllllonbrake', 'l8r1dlum aguilinum t ..,(:h a serious weed in many places (1).<br />
Previous work (1) has shown that 400 to 600 pounds per acr. of polyborchlorate<br />
applied'l,)J;ior to "burn" will et£ectively control the cOllllllonbrake,<br />
but this matel'ial'injure. the blueberries. Whenthe polyborchlorate was<br />
applied in the fall previous to the year of burn, recovery of the blueberry<br />
plant. was better than when it Was applied in the .pt~ng'after the burn. T~<br />
difference waa highly significant. The difference in brake kill betweent6e<br />
spring and fall applications was not significant. Following either fall 1957<br />
or spring 1958appltcations the number of brake. on'the ~lots was less tn<br />
1959 than 1958, 1ndtcating'a carry-oVer of the chem~c&1.<br />
. \<br />
.. , ...'<br />
Whether,ornot'brake're1nfestadon occur. andhoWfa.t the blueberry<br />
plants re-establish them.elves fotlawtng the application ofpolyborchlorat~'<br />
are questions of vital importance to the grower. 'ThIJ'work reported here wall<br />
undertaken to answer these qu.stio~••<br />
Method' ilndMaterids'" ;<br />
In the .fall of 1957, six s~at. rod plots were laid· out at each of three<br />
locations. Polyborchlorate was 'appU~ at 400, ,500,. and 600 pounds per acre<br />
on half the plots at each location On'November13, 1957 and on the other half<br />
April 25, 1958. Before treatment .;jquare-yarcls~t"on of each plot was '<br />
measured and the brakes in each of these squares~ouPtedr The number of ,<br />
blueberry plants 'waa counted on f~r,l-foot squates ~hOsen at random on ea¢&<br />
plot. On August '7, 1958 post-treatment counts of brakes were made and on .<br />
July 14, 1959, July 12, 1960, and September 13, 1961, counts of both brake.<br />
and blueberry plants were made. No ~ounta of bluebeiry planta could be maa.<br />
in 1958 because the fields were burned. From these data the percentage kill<br />
of brakea and ,the percentage recovery of blueberrYi~ants were calculated •.<br />
,. " i", .,',<br />
For stati.tical treatment b1'a~lysis of variande the percentage. of<br />
brake control'were transformed to.nsles (3) and the 'percentages of blueberry<br />
plant recovery to rarik1t valu8.(2). The mean' irt" compared by the .<br />
method of J .S. '!'Ukeyas modified iiy Snedecor (3) .~lIUference necessatf<br />
for significance is expressed as D rather than LSD.' ...". , ,<br />
lContribution No. 1329, Masiachu•• tt. Agricultural EXperiment Station, Amhe.ret<br />
.:.
154<br />
I<br />
.i,;,'!,(.<br />
·t~,<br />
:',';,',.?<br />
.ijgcat1gD"<br />
I .<br />
,II<br />
J;~I,:.<br />
it"'\~""~';;,";,':" ;-' -: i"t,' - ~'\iL}" , " . ,<br />
'!r ..&.n~ 9pntr~1,:: .L\ Ap&1.U l u !!<br />
·.'."f ..,.<br />
(~ :.)liJ t'·<br />
~~'- ", -,;. ~""_',;., ('''j',-[''' .' ":"',' J (J 'ni::;:.\. . '" -1:,1 'I 'i);;<br />
D fqr ~~ l~v.t, -, ,36. .Val~e.,:":L~~ ~b. 'lI!lIe ~.t!t,rH4r. nQt 8~8"U.ca_1J. "<br />
different •. j . .,':. d.-""<br />
'_n::-';'" ',,: j ..: • ::nL'}_~" . ~.::" ~::'j ;;,r;'.~ ..i:'- " ,'" ",:. : ",,:, ;'1"<br />
Brak~j,09~~ol JollC11!inS,_8pa:;~Pt,applic~t~~!D~rl1f&!t~.!tt.~ l:~n'dt'f:: f4U<br />
treatment .nd the dlft~r.nelt,,,.,.:,§~g~~Y,l\~snU~~.IpS~.;c~:"8Ja o~the.~If4b_<br />
control in iang1e. for the fall treatment va. 50.58 and the .pring treatment<br />
69.89~Tb'U.~D,,,d,,.fo~. th'fJ~ 1!4;~c,~nJ; ~"v.~,"M,~S,.~7 Qd :t;~e1 ~Jl1C;~<br />
level, 7.64" .~~e~ ~ th.:l.n~.~.t~O&l b.tWll•• ;,lol!_~~Cl1I and tim. :()ftr ....~At '<br />
was higb1~ j.~SIJ~fieant 'Ta~le ~~~\i' .', "J' j'Y:' -" «: j: .<br />
. ; . ", '.'; - I., ,;;;'1 ';..:' .. -I;.:'<br />
Table 2 • Hean per cent brake llontrol for the faU'and .pttng treatm.ntl of<br />
po1yborchlorate at ~~~.._"lQeat~on.. ~., : " '. .'<br />
. ..' T.I'OI!·"1_·; . .. .;<br />
C.i!·,r ;\j·r.t:,,- •• '-·'::·.,-'~-~:·1J.,:~ -:,~"'~'r.iI'_'_ --.j"'i~~-"-:~:'-".~ - __ ,<br />
. . ;~. "". r~':-~'J",i ,,.,;.1L,, r; J _;111 : _.<br />
. .'t~~qt :':. :"'1' \ I: A.:fl~n,i :p~ r,::lAMlf,: P::t:,4Df~e;,<br />
- ...- ! ..... !'~ ...l- .sllJl~"',r ~~~.. i ...a.Jlt.~ r :","~ i ...i~ ... i-~.I!941J ...<br />
Fa~1;.(1.11. i.~S1.J.,I:, ~2.~,1 ·.'.$,~.~'KJ."··. ir 'J'6.5.;~ "~I ,;;$~•.~. a. I:' ~.2 ..'),. 4S ..·~J.:a<br />
spdna (4/~/$e>., ~,9,l.21 ,&4.,&::~ j )69.4 li ..~t~'" a I 86.4 I,. ~,.4.b<br />
D ~~r .1;' l~~i:~ '~'-Ts4." ':va~~M .~tf;h t~~GUIll•. ~~~t~; '~r~ n~t ~i~1~~~aQ~~'<br />
dlft.r.~~·1 ;:·;:.:,·~,'-H;: / ••; ""'~!. 1.. '':'l;,; j";(' ... ',' :_;, ">"~-'l~i':7i< ';' . .' i .~,,_ " .<br />
, ·Th.~ta:~'b~·)fh.. dhl.t.~c:·~,~~i:w.~n .~a~8 1~1{'tha per centbt~ke '~~t~oi'<br />
in ana1.ell,.tt~~Q,~~ ..frCIIIthe:"~~p.. 4~d~pr1~a t;¥~•. ~t;. lo~t.iqq,~~. ~~ not<br />
8i~nif.1.c...~t:~
Table 3 - Mean per cent brake control from August 7. 1958 to September 13.<br />
1961 following treatment of plots with polyborchlorate November 13.<br />
1957 and April 25, 1958.<br />
X!!!: Per cent control Angle values<br />
1958 66.6 54.7 a<br />
1959 76.3 60.9 a<br />
1960 81.9 64.8 b<br />
1961 75.9 60.6 a<br />
D for 1%level - 9.24. Valuesw~tb the same letteraranot significantly<br />
different.<br />
Table 4 shows while no differences existed between rates of application<br />
for the spring treatments, the fall treatments did 8bow differences. The:<br />
differences in brake control betwee.n means of the 400 and 500 pound rates' of<br />
po1yborch1orate applied as a fall treatment were significant. Less brake<br />
control was obtained with 500 poundBthan with 400 pounds. Atone 10caUOIl<br />
brake control with the 500 pound rate of po1yborch1~ate wesnot as effective<br />
as the 400 and 600 pound rates.<br />
Table 4 - Mean per cent brake control for the fall aDd spring treatments of·<br />
po1yborchlorate at 400, 500, and 600 pound rates.<br />
1.4L21/181<br />
Treatment I !a.!1_
156<br />
tbe .pring, 1-9.48. Tbe LSDat the S per centievel·.a. 1.69 end at tbe 1 'per<br />
cent level, 12.28.,In ,fact, C1bebitueberry planta 1D'tb.plota treated in tbe<br />
spring have"Jnot COllI"pletely recovere,d tbree ye.,ra deer'treat_nt as indicated<br />
in Table 5. Tbe differences between year. or rate. of application were not<br />
.ignificanll.'1'be,clrop. in per cent recovery in 1960 for the fall treatmenU<br />
i. difficul' to explain.<br />
Discus.ion<br />
and Conclu.ion.<br />
The dat~ preseoted show that tbe brake control following an application<br />
of polyborc~orate per.i.ted over a period of tbree year. and that tbe control<br />
w.. ,be~er::fo1lC1W1ns .pring. 'than fan appl1cad ... attwooftbe thr":<br />
location •• On the otber hand, blueberry plant recovery following the 'fal~:<br />
applications, was better than that witb spring applications.<br />
, Both .,J,8IIlIlU1'It Of brake kill"~d blueberryidj~JtY were variable •. Tkl..<br />
wa.. probablldue to difference. in,Talnfall, in soillt1P8 and depth, 01' £a;. '<br />
.011 mo1stu~ at different locaUon.. Since wild JJ:lunerry plants grow'"<br />
.eed, the c!lpaw' :an BClIlIetlllea'Iutte diUimUarand1ll&y vary in their",<br />
.u.cepUbUi~ em reai.tance to. polyborcblorate inj\1l'1.')<br />
Altbous~ .pring application of polyborcblorate reaults in better brake<br />
control"itaj~e:at tbattime, ila qtaetUonable beca":~f injury to the blue-"<br />
berry plants. However"inar •• , _ving .uc,b heavy lNIpIIl.t1ons of this weed<br />
that harvest~ng of blueberries is difficult or impos'ible, .pring application.<br />
of.p01,.,orchlOC'ate.would b. f.a.ible. In le~.4 tbe differenc,.,,"tft'<br />
kUlbetweenl rate'.f400, 500,!lDd 600 pounds of pO~cbloTate wer.en~· .<br />
• ignificant. le" than 400 pound. mey be enough for adequate brake control,<br />
particularly for the .prins treatments. Thi. i. being inveatisated.<br />
Literature<br />
Cited<br />
1. Balley, ,~obn S.'andW. J. Lord~ 1960. Conuol of th.common brake, 1',<br />
Teridiumlaguilinum L., in lowbuah blueberries with p01yborchlorate.<br />
Proc. l4tb Annual Meeting Nortbeastern <strong>Weed</strong> Control Conference. pp. 60-65 •<br />
••• l,<br />
2. Fi.ber a.d Yates. 1938. Statistical tables for biological, agricultural,<br />
alld, mecll~al:Il.... rch. Ol1verandBeyd, Edtnburlb.<br />
3. Snedecor, G. W. 1946. Statiatical method.. Collegiate Preas, Inc.,<br />
Ames, I~a. SOb,ld,.<br />
; !<br />
r ,<br />
I s,<br />
t.'<br />
Tbe p.olybol'chl«ate ua.4<br />
__<br />
in the..<br />
"<br />
.xperiment~ was !Juppciled by the PaCific,'<br />
~_.A~ ~A ~ .~
lAssociate Research Spec1alist in <strong>Weed</strong> Control; Assistant<br />
Professor Pomology; and formerly Research Assistants in<br />
PROGRESSREPORTOF WEEDCONTROLIN S'l'RAWBERRIES<br />
R. D. Ilnicki, C. R. Smith, T. F. Tisdell, and C. F. Everett l<br />
.ABSTRACT<br />
Annual weeds are a serious problem in strawberry production.<br />
In the present system of culture it is difficult and<br />
time consuming to keep the rows weed-free without seriously<br />
affecting the development of plants and runners. At present,<br />
there is no safe herbicide .with residual activ.ity long enough<br />
to allow the plants to become established during their critical<br />
time of development. The object of th~s stUdy was to<br />
evaluate some new herbicides for annual weed c,ontrol during<br />
the early stages of development.<br />
Jerseybel1e plants wet-a set on April 12, 1961 and on<br />
April a8, following an initial cultivation, the following<br />
herbicides were applied in quadruplicate:<br />
Herbicide and FormUlation Rate, lb./A<br />
Dimethyl 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroteraphthalate(dacthal)<br />
50Wand 5G , 4, 8 16<br />
Dacthal + isopropyl-N-(3-chlorphenyl)-carbamate (CIPC~<br />
50W+ E.C. 6 + 1<br />
2-chloro-6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (s1mazirte)<br />
80W . . .. It<br />
2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-diethylamino-s-triaz1ne<br />
(trietazine)<br />
50Wand 4G . . 2, 4<br />
N,N-dimethyl- ,7\, j -diphenylacetamide (diphenani1d)<br />
80Wand 5G (Eli Lilly and co.) 2t, 5, 10<br />
50Wand 4G (Upjohn ce.) 2, 4, 6<br />
0-(2,4-dich1oropheny1)-0-methylisopropy1 phosphoroamidethioate<br />
(zytron)<br />
E.C.<br />
10, 20<br />
Ethyl di-n-propylthiolcarbamate (EFTC)<br />
E.C. and 5G 3, 6<br />
t-butyl-di-n-propylthiolcarbamate (R-1856)<br />
E.C. and lOG 3, 6<br />
Ethyl di-n-butyl thiolcarbamate (R-1870)<br />
E.C. and lOG 3, 6<br />
Propyl ethyl-n-butylthiolcarbamate (R-2061) (Tillam)<br />
E.C. and lOG 3, 6<br />
In addition, several untreated checks were inclUded per<br />
replication. All thiolcarbamate herbicides were incorporated<br />
immediately after application.<br />
157
158<br />
,<br />
OUtstanding treatmentttT1.ncluded<br />
,<br />
thet'ollowing herbicides:<br />
d!Phenamid - allra.tea were effect1 ve ,but the rn1d-<br />
, rate (4-5 lb.) was about optimum. The<br />
highest rate'~had no effect on stand but<br />
it decneaeedEhe vigor of the transplants<br />
and the rooting of runners. The wettable<br />
powderwaacsuperior to the granular prepara~<br />
tlona butlt,also caused greaterreductiona<br />
1n vigor.<br />
dacthal - allratb~ere effectivfl'arid the rn1d-rate' '<br />
(8 lb.) was more than optlriium. There were "<br />
slight reductions with tht 'highest rate.<br />
The wettable powder was sori1~\'ihat safer but<br />
not as effective as theg~ariular. '<br />
zytron ,- both rates ,were effeot1v... There was no,<br />
increase:lin herbicidal aot1vity with the<br />
high rate.<br />
Tillam (R-2061) - both rates were effective. There<br />
was a slight increase in ~oadleaved weed<br />
control with the higher rate. The granular<br />
preparatic>n,c'waasuperlor to tbeelliulsif1able<br />
concentrate ~ut it also produced slightly<br />
more inJury.<br />
'<br />
dacthal + CIPC -th~scombinationproduced excellent,<br />
weed control out it caused' some injury to<br />
stand and vigor of transpl~nts. The rooting<br />
of runners'wasalso delayed. The control<br />
was compa~ableto dacthal ,alo~e at the mid-,<br />
rate. ' ,<br />
Ekc - this compound was effective at the higher rate<br />
" I but some injury to transplants resulted.Tbe<br />
granular was more effective than the emulsi~<br />
fiable concentrate.<br />
The s-triazine herbicides were injurious to strawberries<br />
notwithstanding that they prOduced outstanding weed oontrol~:<br />
There was no difference between the wettable powder and the<br />
granular preparation of trietazine. '<br />
All other herbicides ,were ineffecti"te in this study.<br />
This experiment will be continued through next year.<br />
After yield analyses more complete information will be<br />
forthcom+ng.
PRE-E~mRGENCE<br />
WEEDCONTROLTEST IN REDBEETS<br />
S. A. Anderson(l), L. E. Curtis(2), and Alexander Zaharchuk(2)<br />
159<br />
In 1960 several herbicide treatments looked promising for the cortrol<br />
of weeds in red beets. The experiment~ reported in this paper<br />
are a continuation of last years work. In both experiments total<br />
yields and grade y~elds were obtained to determine the effect of<br />
treatments on yields.<br />
Procedure<br />
Expt. I was conducted on Ontario silt loam soil at Gorham, N. Y.<br />
Detroit Dark Red beets were planted on June I, 1961. Tillam was<br />
applied and worked into the soil with a garden cultivator on May 25.<br />
Pre-emergence treatments were applied within two days after planting.<br />
Herbicides were applied overall except for the two high rates<br />
of Solubor, which were applied in an 8 inch band centered over the<br />
row. Sprays were applied with a knapsack spayer equipped with a<br />
pressure gauge and six foot boom. Granular applications were made<br />
with a special small hand-powered duster.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>s were r,smoved by hand from the check plots before mid-July in<br />
anticipation of yield performance in relation to any possible reduction<br />
or depression of yield caused by chemicals.<br />
Expt. II adjoined Expt. I and conducted on Ontario silt loam soil<br />
at Gorham, N.Y. Tillam was applied on ~~y 25, 1961. Detroit Dark<br />
Red beets were planted on 5/25{61 and on 5/28/61. Plots in Experiment<br />
I and II were 6' X 30' that were randomly replicated 3 times.<br />
Tillam was worked into the soil immediately 'following applicat~<br />
with a garden tractor to an estimated depth of 2-4 inches. The soil<br />
was prepared for the second planting by tilling with a garden cultivator.<br />
Results<br />
Expt. I Table I gives the results of weed control, beet effect,<br />
total yield, and size grade yield. Each rating for crop and weed<br />
control represents an average of the three replicates. Total yields<br />
and grade yields also are averages of three replicates. This is<br />
also true in Expt. II.<br />
Expt. II Table 2 gives the results of weed control and beet effect.<br />
Discussion<br />
Expt. I Treatments'worthy of note from the standpoint of weed control<br />
and lack of beet injury are as follows: Tillam pre-plant at<br />
4-6 Ibs. E. C.; Tillam granular at 3 Ibs.; Solubor at 20-40 Ibs. of<br />
elemental boron; Vegadex at 4 Ibs. and ACP61-81.
"'1<br />
)<br />
Table 1. Pre-Plant and ~rgence <strong>Weed</strong> Control on Tab1e Beets<br />
Rating* I Yield<br />
Per Acre<br />
Chemical Beets <strong>Weed</strong>s (Tons)<br />
T'<br />
Tillam<br />
, Tillam "<br />
+ 3 + ~. :Pre. SDraY' 2.0 2.1) 21).1..0 : 2..6 2~".1.. J.2 ..I) TL'71Q.'7-'<br />
Randox<br />
Solubor ** 10 Pre. St>raY 0 2.~ 2l.~? 2.8 28.L.. 1l.2 lA.? Q.L..<br />
Solubor 20<br />
"<br />
Spra.T 0.2 2.8 22.80 2.0 39.5 44.6 9.6 L..."I I<br />
Solubor -m " 8" Band 1.0 ~·l 2'L so 1.A 28.8 L..I).8 1s,n i R.7 I<br />
Solubor l..O<br />
"<br />
St' Band 1."1 L...2 2"1.'70 2.L.. "I1.Q I 1.1)."1I 1'7.'\1 ?Q<br />
Zvtron f,<br />
"<br />
Snl":lV 1:;_0 ~_A<br />
z.vtron 12 n Snrav '\.0 s,n<br />
Veedex i: Snr.a.v O.R ~.f, ?l..Q~ 2_1. ':10_1. l;(LO n di-,.o j<br />
"<br />
Vep;adex 6 Spra.v 0.8 "1.7<br />
"<br />
I 2'i.7~ I 1.2122.2 I L..'i.7 I H , 1,£ .,<br />
ACP 61-81<br />
A<br />
Sn,."v 0.'7 ':1.1.<br />
"<br />
ACP 61-62 2<br />
"<br />
SPrav 5.0 s,o I i i<br />
Check - - - O. o l zs.so J 1.h I"", e: 1"\ o 1""£' "c !<br />
*<br />
**<br />
Visual rating system: o - No weed control - no crop injury.<br />
5_- Complete weed control -cClDJlll~t:.e c~p destru.cUon.<br />
The rates given for Solubor are based on elemental Boron and not manufactured product.<br />
The 30 and 40 lb. rate of Boron is that for the area in the 8 inch band. The rate per planted acre<br />
would be 1/3 of that reported in Table 1 since i-owwidth is 24 inches.<br />
s<br />
ri
161<br />
Table 2. Tolerance of Beets and <strong>Weed</strong> Control Obtained with<br />
Tillam E. C. and Granular<br />
:<br />
Lhs. Rating ***<br />
Active<br />
Chemical Per Acre Timing * Beets <strong>Weed</strong>s<br />
-<br />
Tillam E.C. .3 0 2.8** 3.0<br />
Tillam E.C. 5 0 1.3 4.5<br />
'N 1 1~... n~~~. ':l o o_~ ':1.7<br />
Tillam Gran. 5 0 2.7 4.3<br />
Check - 0 0 0<br />
Tillam E.C. 3 .3 0.4 2•.3<br />
Tillam E.C. 5 .3 0.7 .3.7<br />
Tillam Gran. 3 .3 0, 3.5<br />
Tillam Gran. 5 .3 l.e .3.8<br />
Check -<br />
':I 0: 0<br />
* 0 - Applied and incorporated into the soil 5/25/61 - Beets planted'5/25/6l<br />
.3 - Applied and incorporated into the soil 5/25/6'). - Beets planted 5/28/61<br />
** This average reading influenced by one high reading from a questionable<br />
replicate.<br />
'<br />
*** Visual rating system:<br />
o - No weed control<br />
- no crop injury~<br />
5 - Complete weed kill - complete cr6pdestruction.
162<br />
Til~arn E. ~" 4 and 6 Ibs. as well as Tillam granular 3 Ibs. gave,<br />
fair to ve y g.o.0...d weed contro..l with some.su..ppression ... of beets •. ~ie -..-I<br />
would sugg st further trial E. C. 4 to 5 Ibs~ per acre and g~ular<br />
at 3 to 4 libs. "In this material we, appeal" 'to have approachecfthe<br />
level of be'et tolerance. ' !.<br />
Solubor at 120-40 Lbs , of elemental boron gave fair to excellant weed<br />
control. There was no apparent suppression of beets. at the lower<br />
level but suppression incr~ased from the 3U-to the 40 lb. rate.<br />
Yield data !compared to the check plot is very favorable in respect<br />
to the weed control at the 30-40 lb. rate. As the season progressed,<br />
Beets overcbme the earlier suppression effects. caused by the Boron.<br />
The 30 lb. Irate is suggested as the higher rate could leave toxic<br />
residues in the soil that would affect other crops grown in rotation<br />
with beets.<br />
The 4 lb. rate of ~«gadex performed more satd~tactorily than the<br />
6 lb. rate because 6'f damage to the stand at the ~igh rate. The<br />
grade yield shows this in terms of a greater-percentage of beets<br />
3" and up in the 6 lb. treatment.<br />
A C P 61-81' gave good weed control with little damage to the stand<br />
of beets an~ merits. further investigation. Yield data was not reported<br />
as two of the three replicates were damaged by heavy rains<br />
causing doubtful results.<br />
Zytron gave excellant we'ed ,Control at both .rates but aliSO killed<br />
the betts. Beets emerged but died within a week.<br />
Expt. II With the Tillam E. C. 3 and 5 lb. rates tho weed control<br />
was good and beet injury at. a Yowlevel with: the exception as noted<br />
in the table. The same is true of the Tillarn granular 3 lb. rate.<br />
In the case,of the granular 5 lb. rate the beet injury was marked.<br />
Yield and gtades were taken and were fouPd to be rather variable<br />
with chemical treatments substantially exceeding check plots. The<br />
results wou1d indicate that for this trial, planting immediat~ly<br />
ftDDwing; in¢orporation of the Tillam was an acceptable practice.<br />
Vagadex has .been ill use for weeding table beets for several years.<br />
Res\1lts are iextrt3mely variable rangingfrom'~od weed control and<br />
no crop inj~ry to a complete lack of weed control in the a~sence of<br />
moisture. Severe crop injury often results. ~th rates per acr~ as<br />
low as 31b~ •. actual when temperatures rise ,'tosS and 90° F• ,Faced<br />
with the possibility of hand weeding costs running as high ashfty<br />
to seventy live dollars per acre, growers in ~entral and Western<br />
New York trE:$teda substantial acreage of beets with solubor in 1961.<br />
Twenty-five pounds of solubor (20.6% Boron) waedissolved in 20 or<br />
more gallons of water and-applied per acre of beets in 24 inch rows.<br />
The spray was applied Pre-emergence on the planter in a 4 inch band<br />
over the row. TQis approximate,s the rate ofJO Lbs, per acre of<br />
elemental boron in the area actually covered in the 4 inch bana and<br />
represents an application of slightly over 5 Ibs. of actual or elemental<br />
boron usually required for nutritional purposes o~ our alkaline<br />
soils.
163<br />
Results generally were good weed control with only slight crop effect.<br />
Severe beet crop injury resulted from boron toxicity on one<br />
field with pH below 5.5. Considerable suppression was observed in .<br />
another field which may have been associated with lighter texture end<br />
somewhat lower organic matter. Since solubor is used for weed COn ..<br />
trol when the normal borax supplement is omitted from the fertilizer,<br />
the pOSsible danger of Black or dry rot (boron deficiency) should be<br />
considered in the complete absence of rainf'ollowing planting.
164<br />
EQUIPMEmFORSPRAYING camaCAIS FORLAYB1' _<br />
WHILECULTIVATXNG POl'ATOJl3 ..<br />
Arthur Hawldns 1<br />
(IDNrROL<br />
Directing a spray appllcatlQn .0£chemicals to the· soil tor weed contm<br />
atter the Ja.st cultivation in potatoes is practica.:l4r impossible with standard<br />
potato sprayers when potato vines are large. Special equipnent would have to<br />
.be devised to part the vines and direct the spray on .the soU. It wu suggested<br />
to growers that low pressure spra7 equipment could. be used to spra7 the chemicals<br />
behind the hillers WlUe maldng the final cultivation.<br />
During the past three years, three Connecticut pot,ato growers equipped<br />
their tractors. with low pressure power take-oft pumpe and equ1p11Sntto sP!V<br />
weed control chemicals on the soil while IIBking the tinal cultivation with<br />
two-row equ1puent. Th87 obtained control of weeds with the chemicals applied ~<br />
One of the growers built a platform at the rear ot his traotor to support<br />
a 50 gallon metal barrel which 'IIIIl.S used &8 a container tor the spray soluti6n.<br />
Copper tUbing was used to make the boom which 'IIIIl.S located behind the barrel.<br />
Twonozzles located behind each rear wheel and three nozzles on a drop pipe<br />
between the rows just behind the barrel, were directed to 81%'a7the soU.<br />
Regular potato sJra7llI'· nozzles with No."3 discs and 30 lbs. 1%'esstu"llwere used<br />
to ap~ 8 gallons of solution pel' acre.<br />
With a ditterent kind of traotor, another grower raised the drawbar<br />
sufficiently' to make room' for the power take ott-pumpJ the barrel WlUI located<br />
off-oenter on the drawbar.<br />
The third grower, using a tool bar (drawar removed), located two<br />
rectangular-shaped metal tanks of 4O-gal1on capacit7 between the wheels and<br />
the oontrols, the tanks were bolted to the axle housing. The spray nozzles'<br />
were attached to the spades held b;r the tool bar at the rear 6t the tractor.<br />
The nozzles wre direoted to spray the soil behind the spades. Thirt7 pound<br />
pressure was used to aPP4r 12 gallOI18 ot solution per acre. Rubber hose WILS<br />
used to aupp4r the nozzles irlstead ot copper tubing.<br />
1 Agronom1et and Elttenslon Potato Spec1a1ist, Universit7 or Connecticut, Storrs,<br />
Connecticut
USE OF GRANULAR CHl!H[CALAPPLICATORFORLAY-mWEEDCONl'ROLIN POTATOES<br />
Arlhur<br />
HawldML/<br />
165<br />
L8iv-btWged cont:rrol in potatoes was obtaine4:ldth granular formulations<br />
of several. chemicals when b~aat by hand a.tterthe: last cultivation in<br />
Connecticut in J.960.~:report;ed yield ~s of potatoes where<br />
chemicals controlled crabgrass' &rIiicaused little dr' no inJur;y to potatoe ••<br />
It appeared desirable to make hrthe1-com.parl.son& Usihg a commercialJ.y avaUable<br />
granular ohemical applicator. .<br />
. In 1961. g1'IlnU1ar formulations or several ohEll1o@3.swere aPplied broadcast<br />
with an eight-toot granular chemical a~V. Thegranulea were<br />
applied ldth1n Ii few hours to one day a.tter the fUtal cultivation of<br />
Katahd1n potatoes in six commercial fields. The hopper was adjusted to a<br />
height ot about six inches above the pOt~to. foliage to obtain satistactor,y<br />
spread of the granules. .<br />
f ....<br />
Burlap bags were attached behind the machine to brush granules 1'rom the<br />
plants to i'ed.uoe 1njur;y tram leat absorption ot c*"a:1n chemicals. The<br />
distribut10n of, granuJ:.es appellZ'ed to be unitom and l"esulted in unitorm<br />
control of weeds on the hills and between the rows nnder 1961 conditions.<br />
Ettective control ot weeds was obtained with '&I'llhular to:nnulations or<br />
some ot the chemicals applied at adequate rates with the granular applic8.toi'.<br />
Increases in yields ot potatoes to ~5% were obtained where crabgrass or<br />
barnyardgass was controlled. The high yield i.nIll-ease occurred in afield<br />
where a heavy population ot crabgrass was contro1.l.ed and potatoes were not<br />
ldlled by t'rost until Ootober 16.<br />
Since the machine used was of the gt'avity-teed type, a oonstant field<br />
speed was maintained to obtain a unitorm rate ot application. It was<br />
operated at a field speed ot 4 MPH(352 teet ot travel in one minute).<br />
When caJjhrating the machine, it was pulled at field speed tor a di$tance<br />
that would give 1/20 acre. The granules were caught in a piece ot<br />
plastic i'iJm.; the .contents were weighed in a pan .en a scale weighing<br />
accurately in ounces. It was 'eas1er to repeat ealL1brations tor 20 lbe. or<br />
more ot gNnu1es per acre than tor lower ratee.<br />
1/ AgronoJllist &l'll1Ex!;ension Potato Specialist, University /')t Conn., Storrs,<br />
Conn.,' ., .<br />
2/ Hawkins, Arthur. Post-Hill Chemical. <strong>Weed</strong> Contrel in Potatoes with Granular<br />
Formulations. Proc. NElNCC151100-181.. 1961.<br />
3/ Manutaotured by Gandy' Co., Owatonna, Minnesota
166<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>'control experiments w*Irish pot~tQ.§:ttr
u.s. #1 potatoes and weed control estimates are shoWnin table 1. The sources<br />
of the herbicides and their chemical compositions are in the appendix.<br />
Table 1. Average yields of Katahdin potatoes and weed ratings from posthilling<br />
herbicide applications (R.I. 1960).<br />
!J:J!A Bu/A <strong>Weed</strong>Rat7n gs*<br />
Active U.S. 8/24 60 Annual<br />
Herbicide Toxicant # 1 Ladyatthumb Grasse$<br />
1. Falone spray 4 364 7.4 8.8<br />
2. Falone gran. 4 376 8.6 5.5<br />
3. DNBPgran. 3 379 8.4 4.0<br />
4. Dalapon gran. 2.5 364 7.4 3.8<br />
5. Alanap gran. 4 364 8.0 7.9<br />
6. Dalapon spray 2.5 358 6.5 2.0<br />
7. Zytron spray 10 403 9.4 9.5<br />
8. Zytron gran. 10 387 8.8 7.4<br />
9. Trietazine spray 2 399 9.5 4.8<br />
10. Tr~etazine gran. 2 373 9.4 6.0<br />
11. Casoron 4 323** 9.4 3.2<br />
12. Casoron gran. 2 329** 9.6 2.2<br />
13. No treatment 399 7'.1 2.0<br />
14. Dalapon &DNBPgran. 2.5 + 3 342 9.0 3.8<br />
15. Falone &DNBPgran. 3 +4 361 9.0 7.9<br />
16. Alanap &Falone gran. 4 +4 352 8.8 8.5<br />
ISD at 0.05 56<br />
*10 =no weeds, 1 =no control **some physical damage to tubers<br />
167<br />
Someweeds were already established on the crowns of the hills previous<br />
to applying the herbicides. These were disregarded in the estimates of percent<br />
weed control. Only the weeds which sprouted from the freshly stirred soil<br />
after hilling were rated. The annual grass popUlation was mostly foxtail and<br />
barnyard millets from the broadcast seeding. Ladysthumbwas the prevalent<br />
broadleaved weed.<br />
The following chemicals produced a marked reduction of the ladysthumb populationl<br />
zytron spray at 10 lb/A, trietazine spray or granular at 2 lb/A, and<br />
casoron at 2 and 4 lb!A. The casoron which was applied before hilling caused<br />
considerable pitting'of the potato tubers. Granular DNBPalone, or combined<br />
either with dalapon or falone, produced fair control of ladysthumb. Alanap,<br />
falone or dalapon alone were not effective in preventing growth of this weed.<br />
Results with the herbicides that usually inhibit grasses were disappointing<br />
in the control of the millets. Falone spray at 4 lb/A of toxicant gave<br />
good control while the granular preparation was only fair. A combination of<br />
granular alanap and falone each applied at a rate of 4 lb/A produced a satisfactory<br />
reduction of the annual grasses. Dalapon at the 2.5 lb/A was ineffective<br />
during the 1960 season. Likewise 2 Ib/A of trietazine was not as effective<br />
as in former seasons. Zytronspray at 10 lb/A produced a marked reduction<br />
_ ~ __ 11 ... _.L _ ,. __ • ••
·168<br />
The yiel? of. U.S. #1 Katahdin potatoes from the untreated plots was 3~9<br />
bushels per a,qre. StatisticaLan~J.yses of the yields indicated' that a .d1!ffElrence<br />
of 56 bushels was significant at the 5%level. Inspection of the results<br />
showscasoron was the ,only material which significantly reduced yields. 'It<br />
can also be seen that in 1960 with. adequate rainfall and fertility the heavier<br />
stand of weeds did not reduce the potato yields .....'Ibis is probablY duetQ,the<br />
fact that the annual weed"crop"'Iii'late potatoes usually does not becomeestablished<br />
until the vines mature, flatten out on the ground and lose manyof<br />
their leaves. Thep:-incipal objection' to late, 8,I:IIUl.el weeds is the difficulty<br />
they cause 'in the use of mechanical diggers, the increased tuber loss in the<br />
field and the amount of soil and debris that must be handled at the grading, shed.<br />
Procedure<br />
Pre-emergent'herbicide trials, 1961<br />
The area of silt loam available for weed control during this season was<br />
not uniform with some low, moist spots and higher, drier ones. The large size<br />
of the plots, 15' x 48', helped to bridge some of these areas but some variability<br />
was inevitable. The land was in redtop sod the previous. 2 years. Redtop<br />
sod always exerts a favorable effect on the succeeding potato crop. Delus<br />
and Kennebec potatoes were planted 'on April 26 with 1600 lb/A of 10-10-10-2<br />
(tc) fertilizer. The pre-emergent ,herbicides were applied on May16-17 using<br />
a calibrated low gallonage sprayer drawn by a tractor. The rate per acre was<br />
40 gallons of spray. The granular materials were weighed for individual 'plots<br />
and spread by hand a,fter mixing with coarse sand. The area was not cultivated<br />
until June 26.<br />
The rainfall<br />
drought injury.<br />
Results<br />
.was scanty during July but the ,crop showed no evidence .of<br />
The amounts of herbicides per acre, weed estimates and yields of U.S. #1<br />
tubers are shown in table 2. The principal weeds were ladysthtllllb and ragweed.<br />
Randomweed counts of several one, foot square areas for each treatment indicated<br />
that the triazine compounds, atrametryne, ipazine, prometryne and trietazine<br />
at the rate of 3 Ib/A of toxicant reduced weed stands considerably.<br />
The herbicides svph as dalapon, falone and zytron Whenused alone were not effective<br />
on the broadleaved weeds. The falone and zytron, however, slowed 'the<br />
initial growth of ladysthumb. DNBPused with these later materialS reduced the<br />
stands of ragweed aM ladysthumb. There were very few native annual grass<br />
seedlings at this time, and no conClusions were reached about their control.<br />
Foxtail and barnyard millet broadcasted over the area after hilling did not become<br />
established due to heavy vine cover and the dry July weather.<br />
Just prior to hill ing on June 26 the weeds weN pul Ied from random one<br />
foot square areas and their dry weights determined~ The weights were lal'gely<br />
of 1adysthumb with occasional ragweed and a few annual grass seedlings. !The<br />
. dal.apon plots had a .thick cover of 1adysthumb.Th& check, the dal apon and<br />
,.falone trea'bnents still showed considerably ladysthumbat harvest time. Those<br />
combined with DNBPwere fairly clean at harvest •. Th~ .~~tatoes were dug on,
0'<br />
~<br />
Table 2. Pre-emergent weed control experiments with Kennebec and Delus potatoes (R.I. 1961).<br />
Average Av. # weeds per sq. ft. Gms. Ratin!<br />
Active Bu/A June 12. 1961 Dry weight Ladys-<br />
Toxicant U.S. #1 Ladys- Annual <strong>Weed</strong>s/sq. ft. th1,lll<br />
Material Ib/A Kennebec Qe1us thumb Ragweed grasses June 26 9126!t<br />
1. D!'eP+Zytron 3+f) .. 646 491 3.0 1.,9 2.8 . 0.21 9.]<br />
2. DNBP+Dalapon 3+3+{4 post-) 674 433 7.2 . 0.2 5.4 0.22 9.~<br />
3. DtI.'BP+Dal apon 3+3 573 464 0.6 0.2 3.1 0.43 9.~<br />
4. Zytron 8 508 407 13.4 6.2 1.9 2.93 7 .~<br />
5. Amiben (gran.) 5 525 388 9.7 4.2 1.5 2.06 7.t.<br />
6. Zytron 5 509 414 12.8 5.8 2.2 3.18 7.e<br />
7. Falone 4 534 388 14.2 5.3 0.3 9.04 4.]<br />
8. Falone 4+{4 post-) 566 390 16.2 6.9 6.1 9.07 I.e<br />
9. De.lapon 4 589 388 24.4 9.3 4.0 22.32 2.~<br />
10.· P'rometryne 3 654 459 0.6 0.3 1.6 0.48 8.1<br />
ll. Atrametryne 3 539 436 0.3 1.1 1.4 0.33 8.~<br />
12. Ipazine 3 517 461 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.08 9.~<br />
13. Trietazine 3 661 441 0.0 0.8 2.5 0.05 9.~<br />
14. Trietazine 3+{2 post-) 612 406 0.4 0.7 1.2 0.04 9.e<br />
15. No cultivation<br />
- 579 390 11.2 6.0 5.6 11.05 1.~<br />
16. CUltivated - 590 438 - - - - 7.e<br />
LSDat 0.05 NS NS<br />
*low numbers - high weed cover,<br />
10 = no weeds<br />
)<br />
)
170<br />
Yie.s of U.S. #1 Delus potatoes ranged from3~a, bushels to 491 bushels<br />
per acre; and those of Kennebec',fran 508 to 646bu~helS per acre. The variability<br />
of the individual yields was such that no statistically significant<br />
differences between treatments ~' ,found. Th, sPCIP'11:1c gravity of the Kennebec<br />
potatoes averaged 1.078 and,the,Delus 1.083~:'<br />
Procedure<br />
Post-hilling and layby herbicide applications, 1961<br />
These tests were randomized in blocks which alternated with the pre-emergent<br />
blocks. They were planted ,at the same time ancf:Ileaeived the same fertilization<br />
and managementexcept that they were CUltivated on May31, June 6, 16,<br />
and 20, with preliminary hilling on June 26 and final hilling on June 30.<br />
Ladysthumband ragweed were eliminated from the tops of the hills by the cultivating<br />
process. The field was overseeded with millets but the heavy fOliage<br />
cover and dry weather minimized the stand.<br />
The post-hilling herbicide sprays were applied June 26 with a calibrated<br />
sprayer at 'the rate of 40 gallons to the acre. The granular materials were<br />
weighed out individually and mixed with sand befo" spreading by hand. A few<br />
plots received vine-down applications on August 15. The vines were green and<br />
leafy but had opened up enough so herbicides COuldreach the soil. Trietazine<br />
spray prod~ced a little yellowing on the older leaves but this effect disappeared<br />
within two week$.<br />
Results<br />
The materials used, stands of weeds and yields of U.S. #1 Kennebecand<br />
Delus potatoes are shown in table 3. The yieldS of Kennebecs ranged from 500<br />
bushels per acre where the double application of t1'ietazine was used to 631 on<br />
the falone plots. The controls averaged 590 bushels. The maximumand minimum<br />
yields of Oelu6 potatoes were 481 and 341 bushels per acre for these same two<br />
treatments, respectively. The check plots of Delus produced 438 bushels per<br />
acre. Unfortunately, the variation within blocks was such that significance<br />
could not be established at the 5%level. It is suspected, however, that the<br />
lowest average yields obtained from the combined application of trietazine at<br />
layby and vine-down is in part due to the heavy application of this herbicide.<br />
Whentubers of the, Kennebecvariety were dug in ~9ust for trietazine analysi~,<br />
smaller potatoes than in the check plots were found. ~ext season it is<br />
planned to' harvest potatoes at several periods to see whether the post-hilling<br />
spray retards tuber development.<br />
The weed stand was rather light. Proper CUltivation in June produced a<br />
nearly weedfree area. Ladysthumb(Polygonvmgersicaria) and some of the<br />
annual millets were present. '"<br />
The data in table 3 show that granular falone, alanap, zytron, eptam,<br />
dalapon, and amiben were effective in reducing the stand of annual grasses.<br />
Falone spray and trietazine spray were also effective.<br />
Repeating'the application of falone or trietazine at vine-down was no more<br />
effective than the post-h~lling treatment alone. The repeat application of
Table 3. Post-hilling weed control experiments with Kennebec and Delus potatoes<br />
(R.I. 1961).<br />
Active toxicant<br />
Ib/A U.S. #1 <strong>Weed</strong>rating*<br />
Vines BulA Ladys- Annual<br />
Material Layby down Kennebec Delus thumb 9/26/61 grasses<br />
Falone 4 631 481 7.2 9.3<br />
Falone 4 4 629 440 8.1 9.5<br />
Falone (gran. ) 4 554 421 7.7 :9.0<br />
Falone (gran.) 4 4 514 406 7.4 9.1<br />
Alanap (gran.) 4 458 391 6.0 9.0<br />
Dalapon (gran.) 5 505 428 5.8 8.5<br />
Zytron 5 598 445 5.0 8.6<br />
Zytron 8 589 416 5.3 8.6<br />
Zytron (gran.) 8 621 461 5.6 9.1<br />
Eptam (gran.) 5 571 445 6.6 8.7<br />
Eptam (gran.) 5 4 550 428 9.0 9.6<br />
Trietazine 3 506 405 9.0 9.2<br />
Trietazine 3 2 500 341 9.4 9.5<br />
Amiben (gran.) 5 593 465 8.6 9.5<br />
No chemical** 590 438 6.3 7.8<br />
*low numbers = poor control, 10 = no weeds **regular cultivation<br />
eptam seemed somewhat more effective in reducing the stand of ladysthumb. Where<br />
eptam was used at post-hilling and vine-down the plots were nearly free of this<br />
pest.<br />
Falone retarded the growth of ladysthumb while the other "grass" herbicides<br />
did not materially effect it. Trietazine prevents the development of this weed<br />
rather well.<br />
Summary<br />
The grass herbicides, such as falone or alanap at 4 Ib/A, eptam, dalapon<br />
or alanap at 5 Ib/A and zytron at 8 Ib/A reduced the stands of grasses without<br />
altering the yields of U.S. #1 potatoes. Dalapon and zytron at 5 Ib/A did not<br />
appear quite as effective as the others during 1961. Repeat applications of<br />
falone or trietazine at vine-down did not increase the effectiveness this year.<br />
A repeat application of granular eptam was more effective than one application.<br />
Trietazine is an effective herbicide for annual weeds. Its effect on the rate<br />
of development of potato tubers needs further· investigation.<br />
Literature<br />
Cited<br />
1. Bell, R. S. and Erling Larssen. 1960. Pre-emergent and post-hilling weed<br />
control tests with Katahdin potatoes, 1958-59. NEWCC, pp. 201-206.<br />
2. Ilnicki, R. D., J. C. Campbell, T. T. Tisdell and H. A. Collins. 1961.<br />
Progress report on lay-by weed control in potatoes. NEWCC, p. 55.<br />
3. Trevett, M. F., H. J. Murphyand Wm.Gardner. 1960. NEWCC, pp. 207-213.<br />
171
172<br />
Appendix<br />
Alanap NaugatuCk.~a(.,sodil.JDl N-l_naphthyl:phthalamate<br />
AmiPen(gran.) ·...Amqhem l~ 3-amino-2,!)-di~orcbenzoic acid on 24-48<br />
.attaclay<br />
Casoron Niagara ~~ 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile<br />
Casoron (gran.) Niagara 4%2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile<br />
Dalapon (gran.) Dow '1~ salt of sodil.JJl1,2-dichloropropionic:<br />
Dalapon Dow8~ salt of sodil.JJl12,2-dichloropropionic<br />
DNBP Dow '3 lb Igal. alkalarnine salt 4,6-dinitro-,Q"<br />
~ec-butyl phenOl<br />
Eptam,(gran. )<br />
Falone<br />
Falone (gran.)<br />
Ipazine<br />
Prometryne<br />
Trietazine<br />
Zytron<br />
Zytron '(gran.)<br />
Stauffer<br />
Naugatuck<br />
Naugatuck<br />
Geigy<br />
Geigy<br />
Geigy<br />
Dow<br />
Dow<br />
,5% ethyl N,N-di-n-propylthiolcarbarnate<br />
, .~ Ib 1981. tris.(2.4-dichlorophenoxyethyl<br />
phosphite) ,<br />
1~tris-(2,4-dichlo1'Ophenoxyethyl<br />
Atrametryne Geigy 2~ethylamino-4-isopropylarnino-6-methylmercapto-£-triazine<br />
2!)%2-chloro-4-(diethylarnino)-6-(isopropylamino)-A-triazine<br />
2,4-bis<br />
triazine<br />
2-chloro-4-(ethylarnino)-6-(diethylamino)-£triazine<br />
2 lb Igal. O-(2,4-dlchlorophenyl) O-methyl<br />
isopropyl phosphoramiQothioate '<br />
25%O-(2,4-dichloropHenyl)<br />
phosphorarnidothioate'<br />
phosphite)<br />
(isopropylamino)-6-methymercapto-2~<br />
O-methyl isoprOP~l
~/Pe.nt>:r lITn. h.7(L T1o:oTl.,:r+.m .. n+. nt' V.. a,,+ ..,hl .. ("",rona ("ro",n .. ll TTn'hr .. ",,,i+.v T+.h .. ".. IILV_<br />
CHEMICAIBFORWEEDINGrorJlM&i!.J<br />
ON MUCKANDUPLANDSOILS<br />
173<br />
, R. D.Sweet, J.e. Cialone, R. HliIorgan<br />
Department of Vegetable Crops,COrneil UlI.iversity<br />
Potatoes are one of the leading inter-tilled crops of the Northeastern<br />
United States. New York is second to Maine in total production. Although the<br />
most concentrated area of production in NewYork is on Long Island, significant<br />
concentrations of production exist in several upstate areas so that in total<br />
there is about the same acreage, currently 44,000, in each region. -<br />
Generally speaking, the Upstate regions have shorter spring and fall<br />
. seasons than Long Island. Consequently, the crop is in the ground for only<br />
three or four months as compared to four to six months 'on Long Island.<br />
Furthermore, weeds such as annual grasses and nutgrass which germinate and grow<br />
Vigorously only at warm temperatures start fairly soon 'after planting in<br />
Ups1,;ate areas, but ~ not start for one or two months after planting on Long<br />
Island. Upstate the potato plant especially on muck grows fairly rapidly and<br />
is likely to provide heavy shade early in the season and continue to prOVide<br />
shade until Just prior to harvest. In contrast, Long Island potatoes start<br />
slOWly and, in addition, are often left in the field a month or two after the<br />
.foliage has been drastically reduced in vigor.<br />
The purpose of these tests was (A) to investigate under Upstate field conditions<br />
the relative merits of selective herbicides which have been previously<br />
reported satisfactory and (B) to evaluate new chemicals for their potent1ai as<br />
selective herbicides. '<br />
Field Testing of Herbicides<br />
COllllllercial fields at two locations, one muck and the other gravelly loam<br />
were chosen as sites for testing the relative merits of several herbicidal"<br />
which had been reported as selective and effective in potato weed control., At<br />
both 10catiotlS treatments were made pre-emergence Imd early post-emergence. In<br />
the pre-emergence treatments, no eultivatiml was given except at hilling. The<br />
other plots were cultivated normally. Post-emergence application was made a week<br />
prior to "lay-by" on the muck, but on the mineral soil 'treating was actU8illy at<br />
lay-by as far as the plots were concerned ewen though the crop was only 1 -' 4<br />
inches tall. On muck, however, the plants were knee-high anda1lllost-'touoli1ng<br />
bet_eli rows. The crop was planted on mineral so11 about May 22 and treated<br />
June 1 at).d June 15. The muck crop was planted May " and treated May 24 and<br />
June 28. There vere four replications with individual plots 3 x 15 feet pl.anted<br />
to one row of crop.<br />
Results of the pre-emergence applications on bOth soils are presented in<br />
table 1. It can be seen from these data that muck so11 greatly reduced the<br />
relative herbicidal effectiveness of several compounds. namely. Hercules 8043,<br />
Dacthal) Zytron.and RobInand ~ F-34. Moderate eduction in herbicidal<br />
effectiveness was noted for T1llam, Hercules 7531 and Dinitro granular and<br />
liquid. Trietazine was inconsistent. On the other hand, CDEC+CDAAwas more
174<br />
!a~l!. !.._ ~io_~_W!.~J~'i!'1J!'!.s_t!? IN.:.~~e_h!,r~i~i~e!.. _<br />
-.'Wfti~~itlngs!l<br />
Crop Yields<br />
Muck . -"v - Mineral Muck M1iiereJ.<br />
Qh!.lIl!c!l__ !!.b!'__ !.~._ JJ~!.8 !-!!:o__ O!:~__ .;._ ~u~ bJ!.__<br />
Amiben 4 7.9 7.7 5.2 7.7 541 330<br />
EP.l'C 6 6.5 '7.0 7.7 7.0 580 439<br />
TUlam 6 ,.0 ,.0 7.5 7.0 530 340<br />
Here. 7175 3 8.0 8.0 8.5 8.0 360 150<br />
7531 4 5.5 5.5 6.7 7.7: ' 537 387<br />
" " 8 6.6 6.3 8.5 8.2<br />
'·386<br />
1/<br />
8043 5 2.2 3.0 7.7 6.0 ~~~2I 42S<br />
CIlEC+CDAA4+4 8.2 7.7 6.5 6.0.::- 565 334-<br />
DB . gran. 5 4.2 6.3 8.2 6.5 678 360<br />
DN+Dal 5+7·5 7.6 7.0· 8.2 7·0, 590 420<br />
Trietazine 4 4.5 7.6 8.5 . 6.2- 582 384-<br />
Dacthal 10 4.5 4.7 6.5 6.2 602 340<br />
Zy'tron 10 3.0 3.0 5.5 4.7 u.Y 350<br />
R&H F;'34 6 3.0 3.0 6.0 3·7<br />
___21<br />
DN liq. 5 5.2 6.0 7.7 6.2 540 361<br />
Check - 1.2 2.0.. 2.7 2.0, 534 356<br />
~ ~b:q~:r:,-s~:'~~,-b:r~~ .; ~~~~.- - ~'~.--<br />
& 9-eOJDP,l.eteC9ntrol; 7-eolJlllllt1"ciaJ. contrOl j 5-uucceptable' control ;3i11J1OOr<br />
~ control;labeavy rank weed growth.<br />
b._Yields, DOttaken, b,ecause of poor early- 1lElX'fprmuce •<br />
effective on muck than on m1DereJ.sOlls. In taetrth$s treatment vas ~<br />
outstanding for both broadleaf and grass control OIl muck soU.<br />
Potato resppnse was generaJ.ly favoraple. The only significant reduction'<br />
~ from Hercules 7175• This compoundhad previously shownpromise on m1nereJ.<br />
8011s 'uDderconditions of loy raiDtall.-, ,.<br />
In the ppst-emergence tests. ,few cbanses ... t~made in chemicals and<br />
rates used. CIlEC+CDAA granularalld Falone ~..wreadded onlil1ner&l~<br />
soU~ ",.Zy'tron, F-34, and B..-e043vere el:lm1.Dlrtedhom1;hemuck test becaaH of<br />
poor performance pre-emergende.<br />
'/'L';:--<br />
398
In table 2 are presettted weed a*1' C%'Opresponses'topOm:-emergence appll.<br />
cations. ODeoft!le 1IIOB'tII'tr1ld.rlg''WlIIed:-~1't'e occur1'edon mila. Here, no<br />
weeds developed after la:y'ooby. This ,vas undoubtedly due to the rapid heavy' ,<br />
foliage growth of the pota1ioes plU& ,the relatively e81'!tbarvest.The ~-,!'at.<br />
ings which are in the table were taken approximately six weeks follow1ng trdtiDg.<br />
Ratings taken at harvest are not presented in the table, but were practicall,y "<br />
identical. This indicates that ear1:Ychemical' aet1vitt plus crop shading can<br />
give sufficient control of weeds under Upstate condit1oDs.<br />
~a'e..l~ ~',.. ~~a~o,..&rii_WfJ..~ ::.e2Jl2.nr:i~!.t:.e!!!::.~C!. !!,e::.b!.c!:.d!s.:.<br />
____<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>Rat ' , ,,' Cr2;P Yield<br />
MuCk'::"- - Mineral "MuCk<br />
Chemical Lbs. B.L:--Grasa B.L. Grass " 'Bii':<br />
- - Mineral<br />
iiU•. -<br />
--------------------------~~,-,~----------~<br />
Am1ben 4 No weeda2J 7.2 7.2 536 424<br />
EPl'C 6 " 7.2 7.7 '..21 ...£J<br />
Ti1l8lll 6 " 7.0 7.2 526 360 ,"<br />
Herc. 7175 3 " 8.7 9.0 ' 195 9j<br />
93<br />
" 7531 4 " 7.5 8.5 3879: 423<br />
" " 8 7.5 9.0 390<br />
Falone gran. 4 6.0 5·7 390<br />
CDEC+CDAA 4+4 " 7.0 6.5 454 ,422<br />
DN ~. 5 " 8.5 7.5 658 405<br />
DN+Dal. 5+7.5 " 8.7 7.7 406 39;<br />
Tr1etzaine 4 " 7.7 6.7 401 450<br />
Dacthal 10 " 7.0 7.2 615 392<br />
Zytron 10 4.0 5.2 317<br />
R&HF-34 6 7.0 7.5 404<br />
CDEC+CDAA 4+4 6.7 7.0 447<br />
(gran.)<br />
!C~ c~!. :. 2·1 5.:.5__ :.. _ 23~ 32 6 _<br />
r QClt<br />
9/3ee table 1 for species.<br />
!/9=eomplete control; 7-eommercial control; 5-l1nSccept&ble control; 3- poor<br />
control; l-J:leavy rank growth.<br />
~Thorough tillage plus rank top growth prevented subsequent weed developnent.<br />
£tParts of these plots were harvested at 3 intervals for'residue ~seslhence<br />
A ,accurate yields are I1nSvailable.<br />
~ 6 lbs. instead of 4 lbs. of 8043.<br />
, ,<br />
r __<br />
175
176<br />
There was less difference betwen chemicals on m1neral soils as compared to<br />
those obtained on muck. Almost all e,bem1cals gave adequate weed control.<br />
However, Falone at 4 lbs. and Zytro~ &1; 10 1bs., were :l.nf'erior. CDEC+CDAA 'WaS<br />
only borderline in effectiveness. This is in contras't)"to its excellent per ..<br />
formance on muck. ',);<br />
The crop waS.not seriously redu~e~ by 8lJY chemica.). except Hercules 7175.<br />
Experiments to Evaluate New Chemicals<br />
In 1961 two tests were conducted With potatoes a:Bll attemtt to evaluate<br />
crop and weed response to new chemical.. One of these was located in stolJY<br />
silt loam and. the otl;ler on muck. li:achpl.ot was 3 x 15'1'eet and 1iIBS repJ.icated<br />
twice. All treatments were made shOrtly after planting. Chemicals known to<br />
require incorporation 'were hand r$ked.<br />
Potatoe~ responded favorably to almost all chemicals. Two exceptions 'Ilere<br />
Hercules 7175 and Rand.oxT both of which injured the crop. The weed population<br />
was limited pr1mariJ.y to redroot on the mineral soil. Many compounds were active<br />
against this pest. The muck test was heavily infested with perennial or swamp<br />
smart weed, P01ygonum coccineum. No chemical provided any control.<br />
A sl.l!llll18rYof redroot response to the various chemicals is presented in<br />
table 3.<br />
Table 3. A summary of redroot response to chemicals applied pre-emergence in<br />
- - - - - P.Oiai'~~cePtib1e - - - . - - - - - - - - - fi,ferant - - - - - - - - -<br />
Chemical - - - - - - Lbs.<br />
nafapon - - - - - - - ~ - - 5+fo-<br />
Chemical - - - - Lbs.<br />
- - - - -AJich'em5"1:"8f - - - - - -2+4- - - - -<br />
DN 3+ 5 Diphenamid 4<br />
Amchem61-122 4+8 Bayer, 35850 2<br />
Amiben 3+4 Hercules 7531 2<br />
Dacthal 8-1-12 Monsanto 17029 2+4<br />
Zytron 8-1-12 EPI'C gran. 3<br />
Diphenamid 8 Til1am 3<br />
Trifluralin 4+ 8 Stauffer 1607 3+6<br />
Dipropal1n 4+ 8 II 1870 3+6<br />
Bayer 30056 2+ 4 "<br />
Bayer 35850 4 II<br />
2007<br />
1856<br />
3+6<br />
3+6<br />
Du Pont 326 1+ 2 tI 3400 5+10<br />
Geigy 27901 2+ 4 " 3415 5+10<br />
II 30031 2+ 4<br />
II 34161 2+ 4<br />
II 34361 2+ 4<br />
Hercules 7175* 2+ 4<br />
" 7531 4<br />
EPl'C 6<br />
Til1em 6<br />
stauffer 3408 5+10<br />
Randox T* 4+<br />
--------------------<br />
6<br />
--------- ---_.-----<br />
*'roxic to potatoesj all others relatively<br />
safe for pre-emergence applications.<br />
J
Since rec1root is only one of the IIIaJlYweed species Pr"ent in potato f1e1ds~ the<br />
results are not particularly" de:f1n1t1ve. If, however~ redroot is the principal<br />
pest, certain chemicals can either be el1m1ntted or tried at much higher rates.<br />
The principal value of the data is to point out that for pre-emergence use, the<br />
research worker has a Wide lattitude in choosing chemicals whic probaly will<br />
not be toxic to potatoes.<br />
Judging from the weed results obtained with theee compounds in other teets,<br />
the authore Suggelilt that particular attention be paid to the following new<br />
compounds: DipheJ:l8m1d,TrifluraliD~ Du Pont 326 and Hercules 7531.<br />
Summary~ COnclusions<br />
177<br />
Two ex;per1ments wel'$ conducted • the effectivElQ4!Ss and safety of preand<br />
post-emergence applications of several herbicides, on potatoes.. One 'test was<br />
on muck~ the other on graveely" 108lIl.. Two tests were .conducted to evaluate new<br />
chemicals as to their· potential tor selective weeding of potatoes. One of these<br />
was conducted on muck and one on m1neral soil.<br />
1. Muck soils· gre$tly reduced the herbic1.dal effectiveness ot Herct,Uee 8043,<br />
Dacthal, Zytron, and HolD and Haas 11'-34. On the otb$r band CDEC+CDAA activity<br />
was much improved on muck as compared to that obtained on mineral so11. .<br />
2. In contrast to previous work by the authors Hercules 7175 was toxic to<br />
potatoes.<br />
3. Both chemicals and crop shading markedly influence weed populations at<br />
harvest.<br />
4. NO chemical was tound to be toxic to swampor perennial smartlll!led,<br />
Polygonum cocc1neum.<br />
5. A large number ot distinctly different chemicals are safe for preemergence<br />
and post -emergence use on potatoes.<br />
6. Of the newer chemicals, Diphenam1d~ Triflural1n, Du Pont 326, and<br />
Hercules 7531 are especially outstanding for pre-emersence use. It is not known<br />
how potatoes wUl react to Du Pont 326 and Trifluralin it they are used<br />
post -emergence.
178<br />
LAUY CHliY4!OAL WEEDCONl'ROLINJlOrATOESWI'1'H~.·FORMUUTIONS OF .'<br />
. CDM, D~,':4ND or~ cHlj~c;~ .<br />
.AriblkHalddnel;;;:f L<br />
~,"<br />
GnnuJar formuJations of CDM, Dalapon and other ohemicals were applied<br />
a.fter the final oultivation in s~-4l fielQ80t Ka~ potatdeSwheN ~<br />
grU8'~..b&rnl&:t'd~a88was expected. and occurred l4W.. A Gam;,'granuJ.6,tt';<br />
ohemical appliCa:tor was used to. &PIWthemater1a1eln'moet<br />
of the tests:. ' .<br />
Materht s ADaMethods' ",<br />
. ,. J<br />
GranuJar f'OrmuJations conta~5 to 20%acti'Qcoh~..]a were appllM<br />
within a fewhOUl'li to ..one ·~af"ter f",irial cultivatiol1f,ot Kat4hdin potatoe,:; 111<br />
several oOlllDercial ti~ during the period JuiT6 to;A'uq ).5.' :'<br />
C~isons of rates of CDM (~doJt) were maderlth hand-spread appll~tion<br />
on plots:3 rows wide x 16 fe~ 10ngl repl1oated.) t.sateach of two.<br />
locati~. Inother"teets granules of COM, D.alapon~4 other ohemicale wl'e<br />
br~ w11;h' a Gtmd:r. Lo-Hi 8-toqtgran~r chemic~ /ij?pllc"tOl' in plots "<br />
8 teet x ~ t6 80 te.1S'I: long. The treatments were repllcated 2 to 4 tmes at<br />
each-location. The gravit;r-teedtype machine was c~.tedat the fie1d speed<br />
used, 4 MPH,before entering the fields. Provision Wasmade to brush granuJAle'.<br />
ott the plants. See details in previous article, Use of' Granular Chemical<br />
Applicator tot' IqbY' <strong>Weed</strong>Control.in Potatoes.!C)<br />
In meet instances the sUt loam to fins sandy loam soils were moist at the<br />
time the granulee were applied; in ,all cases nea.r],y ~!nch of rain occ~'<br />
within three day! afterappllcatiori. Nearly three iriChes of raj,n occurred ,"~<br />
most of the locations during the period August 22-24; this reduced f'es1dual '<br />
effect of some cnemicals especiallr at locations witl:1:,~er soils.<br />
Results iJIWDiscussions !"\.<br />
!!U! s::CDAA.:In colllf.&risonS'Qt CDM (Ranck:i:ij-'i~'12, :3,and 4\lbs. P.":i<br />
acre at several J.ocat1ona,the:3 Ib~rate provided goOd"to very good cont1'OJ"<br />
of' crabgrass during the earlY' part of' the "season at all locations. Follilwing<br />
the heavy' rainfall August 22-24, the 4 lb. rate was superior to the :3 lb. rate<br />
for crabsrass control in most of the tests. Where a btavy popuh.tion of crabgrass<br />
was controlled with :3 and 4 lbs. of Randox per acre and potatoes were not<br />
killed bY'a freeze until Jate in the season, imreases of 20 to 25% in yield<br />
'~f potatoes were obtained over adjoining untreated plots, Table 1.<br />
Control of b~rd grass with CDAAvaried with locations. Under the mozoe<br />
'moist soil conditions at Fann D, 60 to 75%control of barnyard grass was obtained<br />
1/ Agronomist and Potato Specialist, UniversitY' of Connecticut, St6rrs, Connecticut.<br />
The author acknowledges the excellent assistance of H. C. Yokum,<br />
former4" Research Assistant, in installing these tests.
w.l.th 3 and 4 Ibs. ot Randox per acre respectively, wb-1J.e 85 to 95%control<br />
was obtained at Far:m.S. Increasecl yields otpotatoe. were obtained with<br />
contrOl'dt ba~d grass and some :1alDQsquarlercontro-l at location 8,<br />
Table?<br />
179<br />
Table :I.- Eftect or Granular Fonn~tlons ot COM, and. Daiapon Applied at<br />
. ~ on Control ot Hig.h Popu.la.t1on of Crabsre.ss and on Yield or<br />
Katahdin Potatoes - F&1lIlG - Connecticut 1961<br />
.CrabFaelS Control<br />
Active Rate ...L21Ch~<br />
Yield 1/<br />
%of Chegk<br />
CDAA 20G<br />
(Randox)<br />
it lbe/A sAO =722<br />
3<br />
4<br />
95<br />
100<br />
85<br />
95<br />
121<br />
125<br />
Dalapon lOG 4 (All 70 ?/<br />
5 wilted) 95 l24<br />
, t<br />
1/ Yield, on s:1ng~ plots 2 rows x 50 feet, in percent ot adjoining check.<br />
2/ Adjoining checkcl&Iaged by spray tracks. .<br />
~ 2! DalapotH In a field with a heavy popuJation or crabgrass the use<br />
or Dalapon at 5 lbs."per acre resulted in nearly 95%csbntrol"and was far'<br />
superior to the 4 lb. rate. Control or crabgrassw.l.th 5 lbs. Dalapon resulted .<br />
in a 24%irorease in yields of potatoes over yields on untreated plots, Table 1.<br />
The crabgrass tleedlings on treated plots grew 3 to 4 inches in height befar~<br />
death occu1'!'ed. ,,'<br />
Moderate control or barnyard grass was obtained with Dalapon at 4 and<br />
5 lbe. per acre and resulted in ihorea8ed yield of potatoes at two locatione<br />
where this grass was the JI':l.maryproblem, Table 2.<br />
Table 2 - Effect or GranuJar "Formulations of CDAAand Dalapon Applied at<br />
La,y-by to Potatoes, on J3a~rd Grass and Ytit-ld8 of Katahdin<br />
Potatoes, Connect1cut - 1961<br />
Farm D<br />
Farm S<br />
CDAA 20G<br />
(Randox)<br />
Dalapon lOG<br />
Active Rate<br />
)bs/A<br />
Barnyard Yield 1/ Barnyard Yield 1/<br />
Grass % ot· Grass % at<br />
Control Check: Control Check<br />
9/22 9/22<br />
% % %<br />
3 60 2/ . 85<br />
4 75 2; 95<br />
4<br />
5<br />
50 1123/ 70<br />
75 99 4! SO<br />
%<br />
III<br />
21<br />
1284;1<br />
107 5<br />
1/ Yield, 2 rows x 50 feet, in percent of yield of adjoin:ing check.<br />
\....... 2/ No adjoining check for cOlllJ:'B-rison<br />
3/ Average of 3 comparisons 4/ single comparisons 5/ average 2 comparisons
1i!<br />
l~<br />
, .' . . "<br />
ot!!tf~l!hem1.cals: Falone at 4 !bs. per acre ~ good earl)' control'. P'1 '.,<br />
grasses and bro&!heated weeds 8;ta1lloca~ions. Pc)1,1~ heav .rains,~,t;<br />
22-24, thill rat.e was not auf'ficient in 80IIIe cases. " . .-<br />
. . ". ~<br />
Zytron at 7.; lbs. per aore looked pranisingtor crabgrass control earl¥ ' '<br />
in the season but this rate was not suffioient later~' . GOodcontrol of 'crhh':'<br />
grass was obtained with 10 and 15 lb. rates in 1960~ .<br />
Tested at one looation, granular formUlations .~ Eptam and Stautter R-1607<br />
applied at 4lbs. aotive pera,oJ;'lJ-&a'" 1Ocx1and vel'tSOod control respe9tlvely~<br />
ot grasses when the granules werll cultivated int.o.tbe IOU soon (20m:l.nuteeJ-·<br />
atter application. Control was not as 100d where cultivation occurred1::letore<br />
rather than atter application. Fairly goOd control ot lambsquarter and'~ed<br />
was obtaine4. v., /.'<br />
a coU:~'W:/~=~ie~p~:t~~:rw~: rt~cnUtt~i: ~~a~th<br />
d<br />
potatoes at several location6j rates ot CDAA(Randcae)were also compare<br />
small plots at tllO locationa •<br />
. Better orabarus and be.i'n:Ja1'dgrass oontrol ... ··obt&:!nedwith 4 Jha. ODAA<br />
per ac;l'e than with t.he3 lbe. rat. in IIIC8toases, tol.1ow1ng leachins oo~Dne .<br />
~ Auguat. .. . .<br />
Dalapon at ; lbe. active per acre gave cona:ft1erably better control ot<br />
crabgrass and bari:G'Vd grass than the 4 lb. rate.<br />
Falone at4 lba. per acre sav.-·sood control ot. sruMa and broacllAt,ed<br />
weeds early in the sea60n but th1a rate .wasnot ntftc1ent 11Mer conUtiollls'<br />
favorable for leaching.<br />
Eptam.aM. stautter
181<br />
CONTROLOF ANNUALWEEDSIN pOTATOES<br />
M.F. Trevett, H.J. MUl'phy, and Robert Littlefield Y<br />
Introdulllt<br />
ion<br />
This paper is a report on the effectiveness of the herbicides<br />
listed in Table 1 on the control of annual broadleaf weeds and<br />
annual grasses in potatoes. Comparisons were made between herbicides<br />
applied singly, Block II,and between various combinations<br />
of herbicides, Block· I. Com1:lination treatments were applied to.<br />
dete~mine the likelihood of aomplementaryactibn that would either<br />
increa.se percent total weed oontrol or lengthen the period of<br />
effective weed oontrol. .<br />
Procedure<br />
Two blocks of Katahdin potatoes were planted in a sandy lQ8m<br />
soil in late May, 1961. Block I was planted 22 May, Block II was<br />
:planted 26 May. .Seed pieces were spaced 12 inches apart in ro~s<br />
42 inches apart. "Planting" treatments were applied 24 May in<br />
Block I and 29 May in Block II, two and three days after planting.<br />
Emergence treatments were applied when about 5%of the plants had<br />
emerged: 12 June in Block I, ahd 13 June in Bloo,k II.<br />
Treatments were replicated six times in randomized blocks .of<br />
single row plots paired with untreated plots. Herbicides were<br />
applied with one pass of a small plot spraye.r at 40 pounds pressure<br />
and 50 gallons per acre volume. Potatoeswel'e hilled three times.<br />
The final hill was 24 inches wide at the base, 10 inches high, and<br />
6 inches wide at the top. .<br />
The principal broadleatweeds were: Wild Rutabaga (Brassic,<br />
rapa Li), Red-root Pigweed (Amaranthus l'etrotlexusL.), Lambsquarters<br />
Pigweed (ChenopodiUll1 album t.), Ragwe,ed {Ambrosia<br />
artem1s11!gUj. L. h andsmal'tweed (POlY~OaUll! pensYlvanicum L.).<br />
The annua! gl'asses pl'esent we.re: Barny-ar Grass· (EOhlnochloa Cl'USgatp<br />
L.) and Foxtail (Seteria viridis L.). '<strong>Weed</strong> counts and~<br />
ra ngs were made- approximately twelve weeks atte.r treatments.<br />
11 Associate Agronomists, and Technical Assistant, respectively,<br />
Agronomy Dep8r~ent, Maine Agl'icultural Experiment Station,<br />
Univel'sity of Maine, Orono, Maine.
182<br />
Beoause o£ spaoe Um1t8~lons in this ,eper,signifioanoe<br />
arrays derived £rom Duncan f s Multiple Range Test are not given tOI'<br />
annual weed contr01. Annual grass pontl'ol,. hc*ever ,was estimated<br />
by number ot plants survivirig tl'eatment in quadrats, 6 inohes wide<br />
and 25 £eet long. For stat~Jtioal analysis, number of plant. pe:r<br />
quadrat were converted to\{i + .0; • For statistioal analys18, pe~<br />
oent annual broadleat wee~ contl'ol was oonverted to angles.<br />
Signif1oanoe was determined at the 5% level.<br />
Results<br />
",' ,"<br />
In both blocks, y1eld was related more '~l.Q•• lyto broadle,ill'<br />
weed oontrol than to annual .ar~8S oontrol: thehighe.r the pe.rc;4Itit<br />
b.roa'dleaf weec:!,oont.rol, the.l1I1gber they1eld. ~1eldwasnot olosely<br />
related to annual g.rass contriol beoause o£ 10K ~otentialstand:r<br />
compared to the .relativel y high potential stand ot annual b.roadlear<br />
weeds: oheok plots ave.raged 2.6 annual g.ras8 plants pel'<br />
squar-e foot in Blook I and 2.8 pe.r squal'e toot in Blook II, oompared<br />
to 30.5 annual b.roadleaf weeds in Blook I and 15.7 per square toot<br />
in Block II.<br />
Although a oomparison between plantins, appl1cationand en:uwgenoe<br />
appl1cationwa8 not intended tn. the exper1.Da.... Ldesign of thee.<br />
blocks, in Block I all emergence treatmentsoutylelded 'planting<br />
treatments, 'Pable2. The hi.gh8.ryield toll:Qtdrngeme.rgenoe tl'eitmente<br />
is related t.o .peroent b.roadleat weedccmtl"olt all emer.8ert,oe<br />
treatments gave highe.r peroent control than all planting treabm~t8.<br />
Beoause all combinatiOns o£ herbicides were not app11ed at botp<br />
plant1ng .and eme.rgenoe, 1t is not poss1ble t:C1oonolusivelY asoel'tain<br />
whether the cl1tfel'ences in weed control resulted £.rom oharactel':h- .<br />
tics o£ the herbicides or resulted £.rom d1tt.:renoes 1nrain£al1'<br />
£ollowing applioat1on: 3.29ino,bes of rdn .t_llduring the firsti<br />
four 'days after the planting application, O.S() inChes tell dUI'1b$<br />
the first tour days atte.r the emergence appl1paUon. Detil t:rOIll'!<br />
Block II, howeve.r, indioate that part of the ditte.rence, at lea~t,<br />
was due to rainfa.11. The planting appl10atiCllI .1nBlook II wel"i<br />
made 29 May,. 19.611 Sf.ter the. he.av y. 1.'8.inS .. fOl.lL.'.O. wing B.100k· I aP.<br />
tions. p110a-.<br />
In Block J:t:wnere coMparisons betweencplanttng and emei'genoe<br />
appl10at ion otthe. same herb1ci"e can be mad.. , ,incont.rut toSlook .<br />
I, nelthel' yleld no~percent. bro.dleaf weed dentrol i •• ssoolabed<br />
withtirile of appl;1ce'Uon. T.1l:1S ... oonclusicn _PJlUes torylelds 'bO-.'<br />
6 and 9 pounds ~i~gal'e 5778, ;Land·,4pounds.Q! Atl'ametl"yne, aria4<br />
pounds P.rometryne, . and tor percent bl"oadleat weed oontrol,<br />
to 3, 6, and 9 pounds o£ Niega.ra 5778, 2 and 4.»Qunds of At.rametDJDe,<br />
and 4 pounds ot P.rometryne.<br />
, . ',.,' .'.;; t '.<br />
No single herbicIde o.r oombination ot h~191de. in eithe,r" '<br />
Block I or Blook II gave signif10antly h1gber"potato "ields 01." give<br />
signitioantly highe.r b.roadleat weed control than the standard<br />
treatment ot 4.5 pounds DNBP.
The following comments on the various,hel'bicides are based<br />
on observations made in 1961 and in previous years:<br />
ATRAMETRYNE ANDPROMETRYNE:appeal" to cont.rol annual grasses<br />
better than tl'letlzine; may be 'less effective on<br />
ragweed than DNBPJin the absenoe of leaching rains<br />
may be applied either at planting 01" at emergence,<br />
and at a 2-4 pound rate may be ueffe~tive as DNBP<br />
on annual broedlea: weeds and mol". effeotive tha~<br />
DNBPon annual grasses,<br />
CASORON:<br />
DALAPON:<br />
one pound pel" aCre does not etreotively control annual<br />
weeds; 2 and 4 poUnds in p'l"eviob.s years has signifioantly<br />
reduced yield. ~<br />
DIPHENAMID: more effective on annual grasse$ than DNBP, but at 2<br />
and 4 pound rates is less eftectiv$ on annual broadleat<br />
weeds; requires reintorceml!lnt with other herbicides<br />
tor acceptable total annual weed control.<br />
, ;<br />
DIURON: applied alone, has not consisteritly given acceptable<br />
weed control: applied with DNBP,has frequently given<br />
a longer period of residual weed control than DNBP<br />
alone. The residual period was not lengthened in<br />
1961 tests. '<br />
~:<br />
DUPONT~:<br />
in combination with DNBPhas usually increased annual<br />
grass control oyer DNBPalone; frequently the period<br />
ot residual weed control is unaooeptably short.<br />
peroent control ot annual broadleat weeds is not<br />
usually exceeded by other herbialdes but often has a<br />
short residual per fod of sa tist«ctory con trol: controls<br />
annual grasses about half as ett~ctively as it controls<br />
annual broadleat weeds; in heavy infestations of ann~al<br />
grasses, usually will not give aaequate control but<br />
usually has given more nearly satisfactory control than<br />
other selective herbicides.<br />
183<br />
FALONE:<br />
NIAGARA
184<br />
~: Solan has cOIltl'!?+lec1'annual: .b~p"dleaf weeds u<br />
eff.!)t1ve1y UJ?NBF,but hal ~~t, cons1stlently controlled<br />
annual grass better tlian ONBP; Solan has<br />
.been safely llP!i:lie4po.t-~lMlrl$l~e at a 6 pound nte;<br />
annual weed control 118s bnn· .... t1sfaotory follOWing<br />
post-emergeno~ IlPpllcation,U'",.eeds had not developed<br />
mGre than one or two true leaTe. and if .annual gras.es<br />
"Ilr. less than one-half inch ,tall •.<br />
, :.' ,.". ¥-
185<br />
S\:U!U!1fryand<br />
ConclWtlon<br />
No hel'blclde or COO1blll.'tlon of herblc.!des tested gave s1gnificantly<br />
higher yields of K.tahdin' potato •• than the stand8!"d<br />
treatment of 4.$ pounds DNSFper acre appo.i.ed at'emergenoe.<br />
Herbicides that did not diffeZ' s1gniUoantly in etfecton<br />
yIeld from 4.$ pounds DNBP included planting applications ot'3<br />
pounds Trietazine, 4 pounds Prometryne, 6 and 9 pounds Niagara 5778,<br />
4 pounds AtrametZ'yne and emeZ'gence application of 4 and 6 pounds<br />
Solan, 2 and 4 pounds Prometryne, 2, 3,4, '$ pounds Dupont lZ~, , ,<br />
3,~6, 9 pounds Niagara $778, and 4 pounds A~!"ametryne.<br />
Combinations of her bIoi des that did ni5tCiHfer sigriitioiiDtly<br />
in effec t ,on yield from 4.$; pounds DNBP,inoluded emergenoe applioations<br />
ot m1xtUl'es of Duponlf')26 and' Frome'~!"tne or Diphena1l11d-or<br />
Atrametpyne or Zyt!"otl or Tll'1etazine, mi:lct~s, of DNBPand ,A,b-rjllI1etryne.<br />
or Zytron or Diphenall1id or Dalapon or Proll1etryne or<br />
Trietazine or DiUl'on, and mlxAiures Solen &I!ld'Diph41A#imidor Trlet$1"<br />
zine.<br />
Yields and annual wee,d pootrol tended\to be signifioantly lower<br />
when heavy rains fpllowed ,pplloation.<br />
Herbloidee giving slgnj,t~cantly lowe~:;a~ue.l broadleaf weed<br />
control than 4.$ pounds ])NBP'wp.en heavyrs~s' did npt follow applios<br />
tion inClllded, ,emergence ~PP1,".Lea tionOf, 4,po,~ds Falone and planting<br />
applioation of 1 pound Pllsoron, 2 and 't pounds Diphenall1id, and<br />
2 pounds Prom~tryne. Herbl~~des giving signifioantly lower annual<br />
broadleat weeQ.control whe~.nelivy rains followed applioation included<br />
plaritingapplica tionof 3 pounds FrPJ!l.etryne ,-a mixture Qf 8<br />
pounds NiagaI'a $778 and 10 pounds Zytron, ) pounds Atrametryne, 1<br />
pound Casoron. 8 pounds Niagara $778, 2 pounds Diphenamid, and 10<br />
'pounds Zytron. ---- ,--" . '<br />
He rbioides giVing signifioantly highe!!, annual grass oootI'ol<br />
than 4.5 pounds DNBPwhen heavy rains did not follow applioation<br />
included planting appllcatiQq of 2 pounds ~ipb.enamid, 2 or 4 po~ds<br />
Prometryne, ,.~, and 4 pounds.'\t,Pametryne. -4,tJ1d 6 pounde Solan, ar..d<br />
2, 3, 4. and $ pounds Dupont 326. H~rbioi~@s giving sign1fi~,ntly<br />
higher annual grass contrbl than 4.5 pounds DNBPwhen heavy I'ains<br />
followedal?R+:lrcation included e,lI1~J:'genoesp.p.1-1(lat1on of 3 pounds<br />
Dupont 326,.l1liXtUl'es of Dupont 326 and A-:t"Ill8~l:'yne or Diphencdd 01'<br />
Prometryne ,o~ZytI'on or TI'iee~azine and amix,ture of DNBP and<br />
Atrametryne. ' , , "<br />
The most promising new ,herbioides tes~.d in 1961 are Dllpont<br />
326 for either planting or emeI'gence application and Solan for<br />
either emerg~oe or earlYP~l!I,t-emergenoe application.
186<br />
It is suggested( tblJ •. ttt4.2.kU'reql.lenoY'with whioh oombina tions<br />
of he~bioides oontrol annual weeds signiticantly better than the<br />
more etfeotive oomponent alone results trom tailure to oOllJbine'<br />
hM'bioidesth&t'8re: ~ompbll'um.rr orc' beoau8~f' &ne or the other<br />
oomponent maT:not1 have b'een a1bt>11eclat· appopil" time tor maximum<br />
etteot1vene~"8"iOitl beoause one or the componeM'8 giveaadequate" <br />
oontrol of both annual broadleat weeds and annual grasses -- ,<br />
as sum1ng·that" ade~ua teco'ntlt:o~ omy not neo~ll.lr 11)' .a lwa tl mean., ,<br />
100% oontro;l .. " '.c l ' .I'. ' "-<br />
. ","; :·~r.~ .1,:',; ,;')1 (' :';--; , .~'.• r.<br />
Table 1. Herbib1de8;Used.in lti:>t.s:toes.<br />
'-; \', l.~ .<br />
Atrametr~e ,;'" .,'~;:,:~;mero&pt~:-4:~'(eth:11Uli~~ ~Jl, SOP1"opYi.m1n0l:~·<br />
Ca-sQt'on: ;. '2.~lbh1ol'obeni'~itri1e,' !' :"j • r-v ; ' . , .<br />
Dalapon 2,2-dichloroprop10nic aoid .0'<br />
Diphenamid N,N-d1methy1-diphe~y1acetamide, !<br />
D1uron ;.3".(3,4-dioh'lol-o)hetl'yl) "'l·.l"'d1m.t~U1'ea<br />
DNBP 4,6-dini tro-o-secoadal"Y butlyll'lieilel' ,<br />
DUP"ont326 3.-.O.. ,4-diOh.l,O.r.o.,p, h.e,nYl)..-1-meth,01t Y-).-l!1ethY1W'ea<br />
Fa~one ' "t):'1&"(2,4-dich.1el'oph.en~~yetih"11~o~h1te .<br />
Niagara 5778( 4,6-d1ni tro-2-see-iObutylllhenyl acetate . .' . '..':<br />
PrOIlHttl'1Ue ,'2-;meth)'J.meroapt-o"4,6-b1S ( 1Boptt(1)7~a!il!.no) "1-tr1u1n~<br />
S1mazin ' f2'-:-ohli:>l'o-4,6-M. s'h~htla~JnoJ ~8"til':lUil1~ ,..•. ,J, " .<br />
Solen " .. 11"O-\3hlol'o-4-llifiitHylphEln,1 )..~iilj,t~11-pen.tanamid.F '..<br />
Tr1etazine'" ,2-Chlbl'O-4-d1ethtlammo-6-&t, ~t1~m.tnO"I-tl"~~Z1n.e ,':, ..•..;<br />
Zytron ;:~ ,:;1i~~~:~:~;?l'Oph~1l) ~~~met~tf,tl80P~OP!lPhOSPh~~,~...<br />
; '-:L(";' < .';. ~ \,i ,<br />
.r.;h, ,<br />
,.J<br />
,_<br />
EM ==appl1edf,ab":elrJergenoe"PL = appl1$d'wtP-plant1n.g. : j<br />
Rank 011 ='iJsElntiallyo(Ulplete contro1,c1d.;f"!annual weeds;<br />
Rank 0/)·2'= l-owest contt"ol.' ' • "<br />
. . ~. " "-'.' ,.~ .-~ .~of.<br />
,.... I,<br />
Beoause, or'spaoeUm1tati6h.'a'1nthbp.,p~ S'ignit1cance aJ:ft:~l'<br />
187<br />
Table 2. Potato YIelds Following Application of Various<br />
Combina tions of' Herbicides, B100k I.<br />
Rank<br />
Annual Broadlear<br />
Acre rate of herbioide<br />
grass ,'weed<br />
(ao ti v~ ~edien~J,._.. ~__ ..!2.!:!~.2=.i!U.!~~_...'::.:::~~=--....J::.:=:':~:':'<br />
Bushels/aore control ',control<br />
4.5# DNBP<br />
EM 467.3a<br />
20 17<br />
4.5# DNBP+ 3# Atrametryne EM 463.8ab<br />
7 15<br />
3# Dupont 326 +<br />
3# Prometryne<br />
EM 437.0ab<br />
5<br />
1<br />
3# Dupont 326 +<br />
2# Diphenamid 80W<br />
EM 432.7ab<br />
6<br />
1<br />
4.5# DNBP+ 10# Zytron<br />
EM 425.5ab<br />
15<br />
1<br />
4.5# DNBP+<br />
2# Diphenamid 80w<br />
EM 422.7ab<br />
1<br />
3# Dupont 326<br />
EM 422.$ab<br />
1<br />
3# Dupont 326 + 10# Zytron EM 421.7ab<br />
1<br />
4.5# DNBP+ 2.22# Dalapon EM 421.3ab<br />
1<br />
3# Dupont 326 +<br />
3# Trietazine EM<br />
4# Solan + 2# Diphenamid 80W EM<br />
3# Dupont 326 +<br />
3# A.tI'8metryne<br />
4.5# DNBP+ 3# Prometryne<br />
4# Solan + 3# Trietazine<br />
4.5# DNBP+ 3# Trietazine<br />
405# DNBP+ 0.6# Diuron<br />
4# Solan<br />
3# Trietazine +<br />
2# Diphenamid 80W<br />
3# Trietuine +<br />
3# Prometryne<br />
8# Niagara 5778 +<br />
2# Diphenamid 80w<br />
3# Trietazine + 1# Simazin<br />
3# Tr1etszine<br />
3# Tr1etszine +<br />
EM<br />
EM<br />
EM<br />
EM<br />
EM<br />
EM<br />
8# Niagara 5778 PL<br />
3# Tr1etazine + 10# Zytron PL<br />
3# Prometryne PL<br />
3# Atrametryne PL<br />
1# Casoron PL<br />
2# D1phenamid 80W PL<br />
8# NIagara 5778 PL<br />
8# Niagara 5778 + 10# Zytron PL<br />
10# Zytron PL<br />
Untreated<br />
414.8abo<br />
409.7abo<br />
409.2abo<br />
406.2abcd<br />
393,9abade<br />
385.5abcde<br />
377 .2abcde<br />
357.5abade.f<br />
PL 355.7 bade.f<br />
PL 310.8<br />
PL 296.8<br />
PL 295.8<br />
PL 263.3<br />
257.8<br />
255-3<br />
252.8<br />
229.8<br />
186.5<br />
170.5<br />
159.3<br />
149.3<br />
112.5<br />
73,8<br />
cde.fg<br />
de.fg<br />
e.fg<br />
.fgh<br />
.fgh<br />
.fgh<br />
.fgh<br />
ghi<br />
h1j<br />
hijk<br />
hijk<br />
ijkjkk<br />
l~<br />
3 9<br />
2<br />
14<br />
1<br />
10<br />
17 8<br />
12<br />
18<br />
22<br />
24<br />
16<br />
29<br />
32<br />
31<br />
27<br />
23<br />
25<br />
28<br />
21<br />
26<br />
19<br />
30<br />
11<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1 , ...<br />
16<br />
19<br />
22<br />
21<br />
20<br />
23<br />
18<br />
24 2$<br />
~A<br />
30<br />
29<br />
26<br />
31<br />
32
188<br />
Table 3. Potato Yie1da Following Planting and Emel'genoe<br />
Applioations of Val'ipua Hel'bloldes,:B1ock II.<br />
Rank<br />
Annual Annual<br />
Acre l'ate of herblolde Bushels per sPa as bl'oad1eat'<br />
(aoUve ms£edlent) aore oontro1 weed eontl'ol<br />
6# Solan 1liM .512.7a 8 1<br />
2# Prometryne EM .503..5a 10 1<br />
3# Dupont 326 EM .500.7a 1 1<br />
6# Niagal'a .5778 8M 490 •.5a 18 1<br />
4.5# DNBP+ 2.22# Da1apon EM 489 •.5a 16 1<br />
4# Solan EM 48.5.)a 9 1<br />
3# Tl'letazlne PL 480.7a 22 1<br />
4# Atl'ametl'yrle EM 472.3ab 7 1<br />
3# Niagal'a 5778 EM ij67•.5abc 2.5 1<br />
4#Pl'ome tl'yne PL 464.6abc 13 17<br />
4# Dupont 326 EM ij61.8abc<br />
1<br />
4#~l'ome tl'yn e EM 461.5abc .~<br />
1<br />
9# Nlagal'a .5778 PL 461.0abo 28 19<br />
i# Atl'ametl'1J1~ PIt 460.0abo 6 18<br />
#Nlagal'a 5178 PL 4.56.2abo 21 23<br />
5# Dupont 32 EM 4.51•.5abe 3 1<br />
2# Dupont 326J EM 'li50.8abe 2 1<br />
4 •.5# DNBP EM, .433..5abe . 27 1<br />
9# Niagal'a .5778 J!ltII !.j.27.0abo 14 1<br />
2# Atl'ametl'yn$ PL 413.7abed 19 22<br />
2# Atl'ametryne EM· 1j.12•.5abcd 11 1<br />
2# Prometryne . PL 377.7 bede 20<br />
4$ Dlphenamld .5OW PL 374. bode 17<br />
3 Niagara .5778 PL 370. A ode 30 20<br />
4# Dlphenamld-5OW PL .369.0 cde 12 25<br />
2# Dlphenamld.8OW PL ·.325.7 def 1.5 27<br />
Untreated 322.8 def 24 32<br />
i# Falone EM 318.8 der 33. 30<br />
# Falone EM 318•.5 der 26 21<br />
1# Guol'on PL . 309.7 ef 32 29<br />
2# Dlphenamld-5
Residue analysis of potatoes treated withtrietazine<br />
for weed control. l<br />
C. E. Olney, R."S. Bell and T. W. Kerr2<br />
The compoundtrietazine, 2-chlor0-4-diethylamino-6-ethylamino-s-triazine,<br />
is a new herbicide being tested for the control of annual grasses and other<br />
weeds in potato fields. The present investigation was undertaken to determine<br />
whether measurable amounts of this herbicide would accumulate in potato tubers<br />
following applications in the field.<br />
The tubers analyzed were obtained from an experiment on herbicidal weed<br />
control reported by Bell et al (1) elsewhere in this journal. The potatoes<br />
were planted in late April, 1961 using four randomly replicated plots per<br />
treatment. While both the Delus and Kennebec varieties were exposed to the<br />
treatments, residue data were obtained from the latter variety only. The<br />
treatments and the amounts of trietazine (active ingredient) applied as sprays<br />
and the occasions when tuber samples were taken for residue analysis are presented<br />
in table 1. The pre-emergence treatment was made on May16, the posthilling<br />
on June 27, and the vines-down on August 15. Harvest of the potatoes<br />
was September 27 and 28.<br />
On each of the 4 sampling dates, 4 pounds of potatoes were obtained at<br />
random from each of the 4 replicates. These were then halved lengthwise and<br />
the halves diced into half-inch cubes, from which a representative 200 gram<br />
sample was taken. After homogenizing in a blender, each sample was tumbled<br />
with chloroform and filtered through anhydrous sodium SUlfate. The extracts<br />
were stored at 25Of. for future analysis.<br />
The analytical method was supplied by the Geigy Chemical Company(2). It<br />
is based m the conversion of trietazine to hydroxytrietazine by acid hydrolysis<br />
Table 1. Residues of trietazine in potato tubers following application in<br />
various treatments. Kingston, R.I. 1961.<br />
Treatment<br />
Active toxicant<br />
Pre-emergent 3<br />
Pre-emergent plus post-hilling 3 + 2<br />
Post-hilling 3<br />
Post-hilling plUS vines down 3 + 2<br />
and the determination of the latter by its<br />
line technique.<br />
Residue (p.p.m.) in tubers<br />
on dates indi,atedl<br />
189<br />
190<br />
POTATOVINE KILLING IN MAINE~' 1960<br />
H. J. Murp!+y and ,M. J. GOV;E!~<br />
This paper isa progreasrf3port of pote,~o ;vine killing;<br />
studies made in Maine during the 1960 growil:lS l\I~aaon. Eva1uat1-on<br />
of harveated tubers waa made quring the 19Mi;61 atorage aeason.<br />
MATERIALSANDMETHODS:<br />
Five new chemicals whioh had been reported t.o be of some<br />
value for desiocation of crops other than pqi;atoes, and twost~n..<br />
dard potato vine killing materials were teste~ at Arooatook state<br />
Farm, Presque Isle, Maine in 1960-61. ,The primary purpose of<br />
these trials was to determ:~ne the rate and the oompleteness of<br />
kill, and the possible effects on internal tuber quality.<br />
All materials were applied in 100 gallona of water per aore<br />
to green potato vines on the dates indicated in the various<br />
tables.<br />
Using the rating aystem given in Footnote 2 of Table 1, kill<br />
ra tinge were made at seven, and again a 1t fourteen days after<br />
matorials were applied.<br />
Triplicate samples of tubers were taken/lt harvest, from each<br />
of the six replicates for post-harvest studies. One set of samples<br />
was uged for residue analysis. The romaind.ng, samples were stor~d<br />
at 4S F. and ret SOoF. for examination duri!l$,thewinter months.,<br />
Storage oxaminations consisted of snipp1!l8 the stem end from eaoh<br />
tuber and classifying each tuber as to peroent of vascular ring<br />
showing disooloration. From those ratings, weighted values were<br />
computed as reported in tables 1, 2, and 3. ~<br />
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION:<br />
Table 1 and 2 indicate tho effoct of several desiccants on<br />
vines and tubers of the Katahdin and Kennoboc"potato varieties.<br />
Data in these tables indioate that all materials were of some<br />
value in killing potato vines. Methylated napthalene, howeve:t?,<br />
was not partioularly effeotive. Ammoniumthfoo¥anate and Reg16ne·<br />
(diquat). a.t all rates oaused oonsiderab1e intorhal tuber disooloration.<br />
Disooloration was more anvere with the Kennebeothan<br />
with the Ka~e.hdin variety, probably beoause of higher air and<br />
Associate Professor of Agronomy, University of Maine, Orono~<br />
Maine and Teohnical Assistant in Agronomy, -Aroostook Stato<br />
Farm, Preaque Isle, Maine. - .1
soil temperatures at the time the materials were applied to the<br />
Kennebec vines.<br />
Table 3 shows the effect of several rates of sodium arsonite<br />
and of premerge on rate of k~ll and tuber discoloration. Rates<br />
of sodium arsenito above six pounds per acro, and Premerge at tho<br />
2 quart rate caused considerable internal disooloration. Same<br />
of this internal vascular discoloration is not caused specifioally<br />
and only by the chemioals tested but appears to be associated with<br />
death of tops, whethor doathl& brought abQut by chomioals, or<br />
mechanically by vino boaters, or even by drenohing with ice water.<br />
Of tho fivo new matorials tested in 196o-6~ Reglone, known<br />
commercially in the United S~ates a~ Diquat, and ammonium thiocyanate<br />
are ~rthy of f~thor testing.<br />
191
Table 1. Errect or Several Ch~cals Used ror Vine Killing on Katahdin Potatoes<br />
Aroostook Farm - 196o!1<br />
.....<br />
-.0<br />
~<br />
Desiccant<br />
No treatment<br />
Sodium arsenite<br />
It<br />
\I<br />
Premerge<br />
Ammoniumthiocyanate<br />
Rate/acre<br />
8 Ibs.(AS203)<br />
It,<br />
2 qts.<br />
~<br />
\I<br />
Activator<br />
Sodium silicate<br />
Ii gals.<br />
40z.Plyac<br />
5 gals. ruel 011-<br />
KilliA&<br />
ind~<br />
4 3<br />
1<br />
3<br />
Tuber'~Ch1p<br />
diSColo::!70n<br />
ind .<br />
color,,}<br />
index.:tl<br />
0.3iji.E<br />
0.2 S.O<br />
0.0<br />
0.5<br />
4 oz. Plyac 2 . {).6<br />
3 oz. sulronated . ..<br />
activator 5 5.8 1.8<br />
Penta-Chlorophenol 2 Ibs. 5 gals. ruel oil 3 0.8 5.2<br />
Arsenic acid 2 pts. 4 oz. Plyac 3 0.0 5.0<br />
Methylated Napthalene 6 gals. 4 oz. Plyac 10.04.8<br />
Reglone (diquat) 2 Lbs , 4 oz. Pl;yac 5 6.0 6.3<br />
11 Materials applied August 30, 1960.<br />
51 Relative rating used ror vine killing.<br />
1. Poor kill or both stems and leaves.<br />
2. Most leaves killed but poor stem kill.<br />
3. All leaves killed and poor stell kill.<br />
4. All leaves killed and rair stem kill.<br />
5. Good kill or both leaves and stems.<br />
J! Discoloration readings made on January 25, 1961.<br />
y/ Read on N.P.C.l. Color Chart l=light: lO=dark.<br />
5.2<br />
5.2<br />
6.2<br />
l (
(<br />
(<br />
~able 2. Effect of Several Che~~cals Used for Vine Killing on Kennebec Potatoes _<br />
Aroostook Farm - 196o!1<br />
Desiccant<br />
to trea merit<br />
lodium ar-aenf te<br />
II<br />
u<br />
II<br />
~onlum<br />
It<br />
"<br />
thiocyanate<br />
Rate/acre<br />
8 Lba , (AS203)<br />
8 1bs.(As203)<br />
8 Lbs , (As203)<br />
8 Ibs. (As203 )<br />
~6<br />
5%<br />
7i'f,<br />
Activator<br />
Killi}W<br />
index.=t<br />
1<br />
5<br />
*gal. sodium<br />
silicate 5<br />
1 gal. sodium<br />
silicate 4<br />
It gals. sodium<br />
S11icate<br />
3 oz. sUlfonated<br />
4<br />
Tl.i1:>er<br />
color,,/<br />
index.V inde~<br />
0.0 4.6<br />
2.1 4.2<br />
discolorat~on<br />
1.6<br />
1.4<br />
2.9<br />
chip<br />
activator 523.9 5.8<br />
3 oz. sUlfona ted • .<br />
activator 5 57.1 6.4<br />
3 oz. sulfonated<br />
activator 5 56.4 6.6<br />
3 oz. sulfonated<br />
If<br />
10%<br />
, aotivator ~ 59.6 1.2<br />
~enta-Chlorophenol 2.1bS' GR-7 plus acetone .o'.a. ~.2:.<br />
n 2 Lbs , 5 gals. fuel oil 1.8.2<br />
u>se~c acid 2 pts. 3' 0.0 .7<br />
.. 3pts. .1.5 .• 2<br />
n 4 pts. 5 -4.3 -4.4<br />
~ethy\ated Naptha1ene i gals. 4 oz. ftlyac 1 - 0.5 ,h.ll<br />
gals. 2 0.5 4.0<br />
n gals. n ~ 0.5 u.o<br />
ieglone (diquat) 2 U>S;, 11 5 15.8 4.5<br />
n 4 1bs. " 5 23.7 4.4<br />
n 6 Ibs. " 5 30.2 4.4<br />
Materials applied August 23. 1960 in 90 gallons of water per acre.<br />
Kill ratings were made at 10 and 14 days after materials applied.<br />
Discoloration readings made on January 23. 1961.<br />
Read on N.P.C.l. Color- Chart l=ligl:lt: :to=de,rk.<br />
4.2<br />
4.5<br />
6.1<br />
t:;<br />
""
ab1e 3. Po~ato Vine Killing Discoloration Stud~es - Maine-1960 - Katahdin and Kennebec<br />
Varieties<br />
.....<br />
't!<br />
-- -~- - Df:scoloration Indexd<br />
Killil;l8<br />
,;<br />
Dealc()~~<br />
,<<br />
Bate/acre Actiy_@..~~~ __ Jndex.o!{ Katahain Kennebec<br />
~o treatment - . -~ 1.0 0.0. 0.2<br />
sodium arsen! te 1 lb. (As~03) 4 oz. plyac ~.o 0.3, 0.3 .<br />
It 2 Ibs. ' ,".0 0.8 0.5<br />
" 3 Ibs. II " .0 1.2 . 0.8<br />
n h Ibs. II II 5.0 1.6 1.4,<br />
" 6 Lbs , 'II It 5.0 3.0,' 3.0<br />
l!' 81bs. '11 n· 5.0 16.2' 26.0<br />
It 10 lbs. II ~. " II 5.0 31.4'" 42.5' .:<br />
premerge 1 qt:. 5ga,l8.fuel oil ", ' • ", " •<br />
•<br />
Roto-beater<br />
Ice water<br />
Fuel oil.<br />
only<br />
2 qts.<br />
p1us 4 oz~<br />
• II<br />
Plyao 5.0<br />
5.0<br />
6.2,<br />
15.0<br />
5.8 .<br />
16.2<br />
3.0 0"3' 0.$'<br />
100 gals. -- 3.0 0.5 0.8<br />
~ ga1~. ~_ __~ -- 4.0 0.5'____0.5'<br />
V A:verage of two dates ,,~, an~ ~d~ys flftet- $em1ca~s applied on August'~, 1960 •• '<br />
?:I ~ighted average of au l'epl1c.tes of eaphvaJ,"hty or a "total of 360b i tubers. r;<br />
Examination of tubers made at two dates December 7, 1960 and January. 25, 1961.<br />
"(;<br />
'- .<br />
(. (
195<br />
PROBLEMSIN THEAPPLICATIONOF HERBICIDESBI SMALLSCALEUSERS<br />
Arthur<br />
Bini<br />
mrRODUCTION<br />
Applied h~r1:>icide researcn is carried out to 4fvelop newer and better<br />
methods that can be used by the cOllllllercial farmer and 'possibly the home<br />
owner to control weeds in his plantings. Chemical control of weeds in<br />
ornamental crops has been invest1g",ted for several years and IlIWly reports<br />
have been presented at this conference. These repo:r:t;s included data on<br />
the herbicidal activity of II1Bll¥cOD;lOundsand the tj)lerance of a wide<br />
variety of ornamental plants to thel>e com:pounds. Mijch of this information<br />
has been utUized in formulatilli useful and success:(1,Jl weed control practices.<br />
Usually growers, with the advice of their county agricultural agent or<br />
COllllllercial representative, try tb.e more promising wbicides on a small<br />
scale on their crops 'under their own specific condi1;ioIlS. Then, if the<br />
small scale treatments are encoU1!8g:LJ:lg, the groweru,ses the chemicals on a<br />
larger scale.<br />
The' encouraging results of the experimenter or successful usage by a few<br />
growers occasionally is followed by poor, if not disasterous, results by<br />
other growers or home owners. Thil$ paper will be concerned with some of the<br />
failures and what we think are their causes. Werea4ily tell of our successes<br />
but conceal our failures. However,detailed lnfoa:mation on the faUuresis<br />
essential to the development of a BOund weed control prol!Wam.<br />
GLADIOLUS<br />
Ex.perimental preemergence treatments of plantinss of small gladiolus corms<br />
on sandy loam on Long Island in 1959 (2) with simazip.e granular and liquid<br />
resulted in fa;trly good control of most weeds at the- 2, 3, and 4 pound per<br />
acre rates. The gladiolus foliage showed some burning atter emergence but<br />
leaves that developed later were normal. A highly s~nificant delay in<br />
nowering and a significant reduction in cut nower y,Leld resulted from all<br />
rates. There were no significant reductions in corm yield. Similar results<br />
were obtained by other research workers in other states. Consequently, in<br />
the 1960 Gladiolus <strong>Weed</strong> Control SUI/IIIary published in, the North American<br />
Gladiolus CoUncil Bulletin (3)simaz:l.ne was not reo~nded for use on<br />
gladiolus by any of the experiment stations. Simazine is not recollllllended<br />
for use on gladiolus by the manufacturer. However, inclUded in the 1960<br />
Sl\llllll&'Y were grower reports of good weed control, witil, simazine under their<br />
conditions. On the basis of the favorable grower reports, one New Jersey<br />
grower band treated all plantings of corms and cormEU.swith a preemergence<br />
spray of 1 pound actual simazine per acre. There WIle good weed control.<br />
On the rolling land there were several knolls of s~ soU with heavier soU<br />
on the nat ground around them. Gladiolus plants on the sandy knolls were<br />
severely damaged or killed. Gladiolus on the heavier soil were not aftecte,d.<br />
A check on the amount of material used, by lookinga:t the amount of material<br />
1. Associate Professor, Cornell Ornamentals Research Laboratory
196<br />
left in the container from Whilih the herbiCide _~oniy verified the<br />
grower I s estimate of the rate used. We aSBuplean even application was made.<br />
6imaz1ne applied on sand;y soU lo,,·in organic matter is harmful to gladiolus.<br />
A home garden gladiolus entbU8!e.st treated corn in 1960 with 1 to 2<br />
pounds of simazine per acre. . The following year he. planted gle.d:+olus co;rmels<br />
on this 8ameso11. .The gladiOlU8'folill8e was b~'liurned and manyplant"<br />
M~ . . ... ~ . ," .<br />
In the semeyears, at the OrnamenteJ.s Rfilsee.rCll:)h~atory, gladiOl~'<br />
cormels were planted in the sprins-of 1961 inso:O. treated in 1960 with ~ ,10<br />
pound. rate of Bimaz1ne1n theepritlgfollowed bY'-Ei.;n5 pclund rate in the-t~'.<br />
Corm yield in the treated soU was 346'grams of c~ ~er 4-foot plot· c~ed<br />
to 454 pamS1'1'Omthe previously untreated soil.ttiisreduction in yiel4,<br />
from a soil rece1vi~ a high rate6f itimazinewas 1:ess'l!ievere than that><br />
sustained by the home·gardener we-used a muchl~re.te. In. soUtr~~t~d<br />
in 1960 withatrazineat the s8lllerates as the. Simzine,thei961 yield we;sreduced<br />
to, 129 grams of cOrms :f'rOiDa 4 foot plot. "JAti-az:bie is reportt'd 1;l)<br />
be much IIIOreharmful to gladiolus than simazine (2). . ,-<br />
JUNIPER<br />
Most evergreens are qUite toienmt to simazine:!his information ~~<br />
been reported ~ times in papers -from experimenti'1rtationsand in reports<br />
from commer-e:LaJ. nurseries. Tbfsihae been summarized in anew bulletin b~<br />
Ahrens (1). On LOZlg-ISland, tWb eXperimental plantt!:igsofHetz juniper vere<br />
tolerant to two yearly applications of simazine at 6 to 10 pounds per acre.<br />
These plantings received treatment s starting 1 or 2 weeks after the small<br />
liners were transplanted into the field. A landscape. gardener made 11:, plfl,llting<br />
of Andorra juniper and' some 'siJIel1 ornemente1 trees:bn II- steep bank in t~.<br />
rear of a customer' shouse. The soU was a poor, ~ subsoU norlllllll.1'"<br />
used as backfUl. To control weeds, the landsC~'8.pplied. granular simazlne<br />
to the planting at 'Which he thought was 'the recoiimehd'eli rate. There was .<br />
excellent Wed control. SoonlllOa'b of the junipers-:were d;y1.ngand some ot.._<br />
the new follage on.the small trees, especially chem, .showed symptoms'of<br />
silllG.lllneinjury. The lawn below the beJJk had sti- 13aks of 'dead grass Where'<br />
simazine had: wuhed'trom the bailk •. eateful inveljltiP.tion ShoWedthat the •.<br />
actual alIIOuntused'we.enever lllE!88U1'edbut a conse~lve' eljltilll8te wasat<br />
least 16 pounds actuaJ. simazine pel' acre. "'" .<br />
EDGLIBH', IVY<br />
On another bank of'sand;y soU'a planting of' En&Llsb;'ivy was care~<br />
treated by a home owner with aimalline granular at8 'poundS actual per acre.<br />
The high ratewea used to el1m8tequa.ckgrass. Sev~e injury resulted exdept<br />
Jsoll.<br />
Where much peat moss had been lIieor;Porated into the- Prelim1narytests<br />
at the Cornell ~teJ.s Researcli Laboratory endEd; Salisbury Park by-the<br />
Nassau County ~ultural Ex'tension Service showed S~ilieto be a .'<br />
promising herbicl4e for English ivy and several cith'e'rgr-ound covers. Ivy'<br />
at the park received 12 pounds ot simaz1ne one year and 4 more the next.<br />
This was on heavy Hempstead loam to Which peat IIIOss..~h¢ been added. Lar~~;,.c<br />
~lJ<br />
.•
197<br />
scale tests on 2 cOlJllllercial plaz:rt1nSs on heavy soUsbowed some initial<br />
burning but later recovery. ' ,<br />
, Apeopy planting at the st~te University ASr1cJ1t~al. and Technical<br />
InetHlJte, at Farlldngdale has. re~e1ved allnUal wint~ tr'eatments, of diuron. "'<br />
up to .4 pounds p~r. acfe ands1illa.Z~ne' up to 10 pOU%1~W per acre for suc.cess1ve<br />
4 ye~e. The treat~nts were 1lIelii:~. ~n a. planting ot:,~,ed varieti,es. . ,',.<br />
Tolerance to .the chemicals e.p,d ~ed.oontrol at .the v~ous rates have been<br />
good: 'Results on commercial pliUltinSs usually have'been successful. Alt/;ieugh<br />
there have been some reportl3 of uneven weed control anainjury t'o peOniesL[L<br />
where granular sime.zine or, ditii.iOrihad been used. The rates were in the range<br />
of 2; to 3 pound~ of. f11\1%'on' or 3 to; 4 pounds a.ctual s;t.ine per acre. Usually<br />
injury has been due to uneven a,1sM-;bution of gran~e., Some of the cro~, "<br />
injury may be due to a variation in the tolerance of,a.few of the mapy<br />
varieties to simazine or diuron. Where simazil;le had. been used for 3 ;Ye$:t'Jf<br />
011peonies, and: d.a1' lilies a redUct1.\lln in vigor was~. '<br />
Soil type ,is one, of the fe.ctorlil apparently respQns1b.le for some, of the<br />
inj141'y when herbic-1des are used at high rates.' W1:tQaJ:IYchemical herbic~~<br />
growers should determine how loW.a :rJate they can use, On their crops and, s;t;W ,<br />
get adequate weed control. RecolllDe&dedrates for l:LBhter soils are usuaJ.;lq<br />
considerably lower than for heavier soils. Herbicides are selective and<br />
should:be tested on a few plants ora variety befor~ lllitge scale usage.<br />
Herbicides must be used at a safe rate and be evenlY !~pplied. I<br />
The usera",<br />
frequently need help in selecting the proper herbio:l.ae,calculating dosages,<br />
and selecting proper application< equipment to avoid diseppointing results<br />
from the use of herbicides.<br />
Although large scole tests b.a,v.~demonetre,ted ci,~!lZ'iy that herbicides ,can<br />
be used safely on some crops for one season, some growers of perennials I1a;ve<br />
noted A reduction of growth after two or three seasons use of the same<br />
herbicide; This e,ge,in eliJPhasizes the value of using'l9Wer rates alternating<br />
with other chemicals and/or cultivation. ,. ' .<br />
LITERATURECITED<br />
1. Ahrens, J. F. 1961. Chemical control. of weeds in nursery plantings.<br />
Conn. Agr. Expt. Ste.. Bull. 638:41p.<br />
2. Bing, A•. 1960,. A comparis0p,ofsome herbicides in flo'jl'ering and corm<br />
yield of gladiolus variety Friendship. NEWcC'14:148-155. , '..<br />
3. Bing, A. 1961. 1960 gladiolus weed control sUDlllia.ry. N.A. Glad.:Lol.us '<br />
Council Bull. 65:71-74.<br />
")
198<br />
BFPlCTSOF SOIL rQTILITY ONS,PfAZINB.INJURJ.J'C),lflJUBRYPLANTS:<br />
PRELIMINARY"RESULTS 1" .,.. .<br />
8.YJ. F. Abrens, D. V. Sweet, and J. R. Havis 2<br />
Si.aill8 baa lIecOlM1qeful.lor weeel cOlltf:~l 1.n"ooely ornamentals.,<br />
Conaicler.bJ.e~8l'~atiOD .1n pla1l¢j\.t~1.'J:'ADce baiJ"e,ffeporteel, however?iti,~~ll. in<br />
rate. of_.all1e .aDcI.tIIIOnapl~t- .pecie.. .So!). .t",e, is recopheel to~lu.nce<br />
~~::i;:t~1i::~:i:~.;;t~~r,~~p~:;=~t.J=:i::~i~~t~e::u~:I"',~~o;y<br />
were planll8d Joillt17 b7workefa .t the COllD8ct'ic\it~&I\4.Ma.sachusetts .... IC,u1..<br />
tural Exped_Dt Stations.' .... '~. " . .<br />
" .:.' : ,;;.. " '<br />
MNrIRIALS ANDMBTHODI." .1<br />
Tta ar"Dilou .. tdal ... ; eoDclucteel atWaltliiui.· Mes.achusetta, allcl't1le-:<br />
field test vas conducted at WIDd8Of:,COIU1ecticut.,; ':~~"<br />
GreeEs •• eri_atu:<br />
The so11 mix cOllllated of 2 puts of' ·ft .... ncl7' 10_;' 2 part1l.:aat1,Wl<br />
peat and 1 put baak sand. Dola-itic limestolle .a. addeel .t the rate of<br />
1/2 cupful per bulhel. Fertiliser rates were. 0, 625, alld 1250 pounds of<br />
8-16-16 fertiliser per &Cre, calculated 011 an area basil. SImaline rates<br />
were 0, 1, 2, .ael 4 ,_d. actual per .cre, ca1eu1at:ed 011 an u .. basbic:frOlD<br />
411l'aoulu<br />
soU, _d<br />
f--.alation.<br />
the Illxt.es<br />
ruUU .. zoanci ai_d .. were tboroullll;y1llixH vith<br />
.ere placed, io wooden f·lat.,I foot x 2 feet x' 3 1__ s<br />
deep. Bachtr.at_at .aa replicated thre. tt.s. . cr..<br />
j'J,<br />
PIve' plat. each' of tile followilll vare .at "zoe-root In each nat~'<br />
1m! media .IiW!.. (rooted cutU~~)<br />
LlIYatrY! ibol&u! (rooted cuttl~)<br />
Tsu,a canadeyls (l-year seedUnaa)<br />
The pPert.llt was set u,on JuDe 22, 1961. ,Atthia t1llle cOlDP~d~e soil<br />
s&IIPles of. euhof the fertllher treatment_wete :tUblIlitted to the Mol''' quick<br />
test. .<br />
, So:l.1S&lllple. were al.o talulll on Auplt 1 fr_ the 2-pound rate of.<br />
silDadne. Followina ue the result. of the Au.,astl testl:<br />
Rate of rertllhatioll pH ~ .!!!!t P205<br />
o 6.3 VL L M<br />
625 6.2 L L MH<br />
1250 6.0 MH L MH<br />
These qUick test me.sur"'et. show that<br />
existed durina ~h. perioel of ob"J:'Vatlon.<br />
~o Soluble Salts (1-5)<br />
VL<br />
L<br />
K<br />
.sitterences<br />
. -r.,<br />
o<br />
2.<br />
10<br />
1contrlbution No. 1333 Massacllusetts AgdculturalIXper1lllent Station.<br />
111 fertility levets<br />
2Collnecticut Aaricultural Experimellt Statioll, Windsor J University of<br />
Massachusetts Field Station, Waltham (dece •• ed), and University of<br />
Haal.chua.tta. Ambe~8t. ~ap.~tively.
l!!!! Experiment<br />
A factorial experiment with 3 replications wa. conducted on a Merrimac<br />
sandy loam, part of which had not been fertiUzed fn eeveral yean. The<br />
soU was Umed in AprU 1961 to bring it up to a p8:,of about 6.0. A 10-6-4<br />
fertilizer, with 50 percent of the nitrosen in or saDie form, was applied to<br />
the 9 ft. x 21 ft. plots at rates of 0, 333 or 1,000 Ibs. per acre and disked<br />
in. Three days later (April 18, 1961), three'to five plants of the followins<br />
types and ases were planted into the plots:<br />
199<br />
!!!2! cuspidata - once (2 yr.) and twice (5 yr.) transplanted<br />
Taxu. ~ Mcksi - once transplanted (2 yr.)<br />
I.!!!!! canadensis - twice (4 yr.) and three times (5-6 yr.)transplanted<br />
Ligustrum ovalafolium • once transplanted (2 yr.)<br />
Eu0nY!llUs radicans • once (2 yr.) transplanted<br />
Granular simazine was applied over the soil a¢ rates of 2, 4, and 8 pounds<br />
of active insredient per acre with a lawn spreader. Simazine applications<br />
were made either at 2 or 7 week. after transp1antins. Injury evaluations<br />
were made by three peraons on July 14 and srowthof'lome p1antB was measured<br />
in the fall. control plots not tr.ated with sima.iDe were hoed at 4- to<br />
6-week intervals during the season and at the same time, elcaped weeds were<br />
removed from the simaztne treated plots. '<br />
RESU~S ANDDISCUSSION<br />
Greenhouse Experiment<br />
Twoweeks after iniUatioD of the test, LiIU!trum began to exhibit,<br />
chlorosis in the no fertilizer treatments. By the -Irit of August markad<br />
differences in shoot growth and size and color of l.aves of Ligu.trum were<br />
seen. The plante without f ertUh.r had small,.chlQtotic leaves and weak<br />
.hoots. The plants in the mediulllfertility level lII!4ev1sorou. growth, ,<br />
leave. were normal size and medium,to light green ia· color. The Ligu,tr,<br />
plants in the highfertl1ity level made vigorous growth, leaves were 1arae<br />
and dark green. Neither!!!2! nor ..I!!!S.! exhibited foliage difference. or<br />
growth response to the fertilizer IeVeIs. '<br />
Characteristic I1madne injury symptomson L~lfl!trum were lOBSof .<br />
chlorophyll on leaf edges, deve10pins to browning oftha edges, and death of<br />
entire leaves in extr8118 injury •. RatiDgs of deareeOf injury were made on<br />
AugustlO. TberaUnss in Table 1 ,showthat the 8IIOUntof injury to<br />
Ligu.trum was markedlY influences by the fertility treatments. Tbe most<br />
striking influence of fertility 'levels was seen at the i-pound rate of<br />
simadnewhen s,tilvereinjury was exhibited at the lowest fertility and no<br />
injury at the highest fertility level. It was also.tnteresUns to note<br />
that one pound ofsimazine at low fertility gave comparable iafary to<br />
four pound. of 8imazine at high fertility. .<br />
I!!2!, and'Tsus, failed to exhibit injury symptom. from any of<br />
the treatments.<br />
'.
200<br />
TABLE1. RBSPONSEOF LIGYSTRUMGROWINGIN S'IMAZINE-TREATEDSOIL~AS ; r .<br />
INFLUENCEDBY FBIlTtLITY~,GQIlJHOUSB.<br />
stUdDr' ' Petti1izet<br />
, , ,1b.:1 , ; 1b• .!'A<br />
o .\11 level.<br />
11 o<br />
625<br />
1<br />
1250<br />
aate1<br />
RAT~",~. ON,AUGUST10.<br />
I "I J!ilUtt RatiDs2<br />
I~, "<br />
:' i;;<br />
0.00 . a3<br />
",1.43 be<br />
h' :::,O.qoa<br />
0.00 a<br />
2<br />
2<br />
2<br />
4<br />
4<br />
: ,4<br />
"<br />
0' '.':1<br />
625<br />
1250 .,,";i',"<br />
o<br />
625<br />
1250<br />
':18• 16-16' fal'dl1~r<br />
~o-aoiDjuYf''''lant.daad<br />
, . ~<br />
u,,'<br />
, '3~10 d<br />
0.80 ab<br />
0.00 .,<br />
. 4.50<br />
. 4.50<br />
.1.87,<br />
e'<br />
a<br />
c,<br />
3p1pl'e. withd:ll~.rant iettel'8 'a'i{'~8ltlf:l.cantly<br />
different at p-.Ol' '<br />
:~ i '<br />
,t 'I.,<br />
Pield ExpefimeDt I '<br />
" ,N,!dllli~icant injury '!a. found, in the l!D!, 07;' laraat't.ul5a ev.ti at<br />
8 poutut. of active dudae pew.acre, sliilbt'lJijuy wa. obaerved tD the<br />
nallerI!!!i!!(4yr. becl-grclwil~lanta) at aUrite.'ofdmazine but,'"";<br />
fert1Ut~1s'bad no appueat effect •• , 'Alt~6it ,ie reporte4ly';a<br />
pUmt ofbOrcleru'ae toleraaoe 'to .f.IlIazine,L1s,rQa .bowed prOnQUDce4,'<br />
disc~I07;'ationoltl,. 1D one replication where ra , ,l.tl as tha granular::<br />
silll8sine vai balal,appUed. ,'ID thi. caee tbt!d~~qI07;'.tion was IIlUQh'-!ore<br />
.evere .tthel_at fertilitY );eve!. , Silll8z~-'affectedgrowth 'oftii.l' '<br />
Lipltnua OD~1 at the 8 1&,' per.ere rate. " , "<br />
Eu09Y!Us proved tob.ethe beet indicator, of s1lpazioe in theeoU,<br />
D1ecoloratioilof ~, .~thc?ush confined to 'i_'_SiDs in ma~~~aea,<br />
was found in 'aU' the.illl8dae-.tr.ated plota, ",'Al.t!'tiOUghllO Buonm.pfab<br />
were killed by .:I.mazill8,.evere yel10wiDgand l(i.aof leeveawae evi4tMt<br />
oDplaatatreatedwith the a.;"OIiia4per acre late;: ,'1'bia diacoloratt~'<br />
wa•• omewhat:reducall at.,the btlhel' fartUU;y 1~18~ 'aa ehown ,la T.~U"Z •.<br />
, .' " "',' J ',' " • "", 'r<br />
'. 'i'imaof .bIazi~ appltcadoD~fter plaatilMiba.4 110dgniflcant:<br />
effact 011 the'iaju1.";Y ratins aD'd,the data frOlll .tlW 2'" aad7-we.k ~reatMate<br />
are combinecl.in Tabta 2, .: Wb8" the veedawerecotitrol1edby periocU:c'<br />
hoelUS, growth of the fa.t growiUS lUolte. and"Ltsp.trum . "ae .ffect'H .<br />
very little. b,. added fertilizer!.<br />
Sima.ina at 4 Ibe, per acre appear a to .tt.Dlate growth de.pltetbe<br />
foliase diacoloratioa, To properly aeparate compatitive effects of waads<br />
vith chemical .ffect, pel' ee, future work should iavolve r8lllOVingwead. J
frOlll plot. at .horter i*nalt (~ to 3.,.. > •• out the .ea.on. Iven<br />
with sen.itive plaot •• uch •• t::!zau.,. d.e.leterlOU. competitive effect. of<br />
w•• d. appe.r: to out:wi.h .f.maa .. ,.•n.oU.<br />
o<br />
o<br />
2<br />
2<br />
2<br />
4<br />
4<br />
4<br />
WIll ;2. urllC'J:Of,naTILQll ,ON,SQ.fUPII INJURY<br />
PI.'I'III~~'<br />
.' 'TOI170t1J1*"MPW6"<br />
5i_aiDe Rat. .rft'tilb.t;.a~.t ' Di'~016r:.dcHI Growth above 6't3 ..<br />
,Pa.IA U..~/. :",. R.t=~ ". ' S./plot ,. ;J:'<br />
o<br />
333 '<br />
1000.. ,:1
202<br />
'Ch"ica~;~ CofttrOl,1.<br />
f!Ml t<br />
CbUriP~il 'm:l\ d;:,l<br />
CSu1tivatioit'ib field' ofe.t.'lihfid'llOod1' C)~talll'.... lta in good<br />
weed control ift area. b.e.e.npl .... Nn.' ..... eI!~.VitWillpta to ou1tivat.<br />
very c10.. ,to,p~n~J:'~a re.ult!.!~,~cban1oal1nJml~~·plaftts. ,if:<br />
_lean<br />
. "'~':'~fl1'.;~q<br />
culu. i.<br />
m' , •. &." •• _,._...._.~<br />
not po.aibWJit tou1d be lIed.able<br />
q, .. ,:'. ..<br />
In areaa-1fheN.<br />
to apply a herbicide which haa both a poat-.arg8Dc. and a pre-emergence<br />
cida1 activity. ' : '.~;. 0<br />
berbi-<br />
~(f<br />
The herbicide, uaed in woody-ornamental p1ant'0ti. Uin1y of th. pr."<br />
emergence typ..~ltbouah a fev.,~an be us.d<br />
a pr.- and po.t-ellersence herbid'..<br />
aa a po.t ....<br />
:)<br />
rs.nce or a. both<br />
f[i<br />
Several berbl&1des and herble1.e combination ..... teated for pre- and<br />
polt- .. rgence weed control in an e.tabUabed I!!Y! planting.<br />
?!,'j_1~ 1
6.50<br />
Table 1. Effe,ct of p"e- an
204<br />
TIa foUow11l8'U_U1enta gaft:'''a.tti~"tory' wee&~l: Alitldne at 2'~ l ••.<br />
and 8 pounda per acre; Atratoae aDd Simadne, ~'l +£:S.8ftd 2'+ 6 poundl per<br />
acre; Atra&1ne-8G at 4 and 8 pouDda per acre; S1m&IIlne-4G at 8 pounds pel'<br />
acre i -and· APe 68-"at'8 poum!rpft" acre_' ..._.... . . .<br />
, ... IJ:~ ~.'<br />
._t',1n.!~,u:~~f! P.19tS tr"lt'~i.JtLtbtbel•..bemu.u.uat111 shoWd' ....<br />
weed CQl1t~ol; Aal1dne at 8 po",pd~ per .cre; Atr.t. aDd SiJladae atl~(t.r~<br />
.tradp;~llG at 8 pouDda per a~!~i and S1mIldne-4G .t, ~., pounda per acre.<br />
" ..... ~J;: ..'; . . ..V . . .<br />
Tt14a"redOlDi~t weedlve~ ..lel1ow foxtail. quac •• II. d.ndel1an. chicory.<br />
IDUJ,C:«.d ..,.Srllell.folitall. lamb-quarter. winter,cr· ••• C&a.d., th1atle, tUlllbl.. ,~.<br />
PennaYJ,,~~la ... rtweed. dog f~l. and gJ:een pipted •. Other weed. ~I!'h<br />
tt..oth", ~n ragweed. yelle,l.pdsorrel. vild ~~t. prickly let;t~f',<br />
barnya~~~•••• three .eeded ~~fUry. nodding .purp"lwbite cockle. ground<br />
cherry. purple lovegra... v114 \1:?~kwheat • milkweed ,. \~"ckeeed plantaia.<br />
cUl'b~ .~ock. Ml1~" burdock.. .rauab~.. aad...dowIlybrOlMlr ....<br />
(' ". , \' I) .•<br />
10·hublc1dal injury va. ,RI!.-rved on any of the T~ plana. even<br />
tboush ..t'h4t. b•• al foUagetwbic~(~ sprayed. val in an ~Uve .tage of<br />
growth,!,.<br />
i<br />
. -, ,:",' " .<br />
:p~v~ ,pre- aDd POlt-emuS.:': herbicldel and ee-blQ&tton. were appUed<br />
to par~~~ly-c1ean. cultiv.tedp.l,antingl of mature I!!!I! plante. Three rata.<br />
of a,p.pU.ca:UOI1p.lu, ao..untreatllcLcbeck nre ...l'ep1icated .four t1lDa. in a -- _ .<br />
• pUt p1,oe deeign. O:i<br />
•<br />
Attar: 12 weelul tbe follo~ treatment. gave IOOd weedcontrol with no<br />
injury ,to.ctlva17 sroring ea~.~.hed I!!!:!! plante: AaaiBioe at 8 pOUDd. per<br />
acr •• Ati.toa •. aoc!S1lIlazf.oe at ...2 ..+....6 pounda p.r.ac&:e~ Au_iDe-sa atS-pouncIa<br />
per acre. aDd Simuin.-4G at 8 pounds per acre. .<br />
("
205<br />
EVALUATION0It' DACTHAL * HERBICIDEON<br />
TREES, SHRUBSANDHERBACEOUS ORNAt-lENTALS<br />
Al~ertDiDario, H~ H~~arris, T. L. Curr,y and L. G. Utterl<br />
Field studies were intt1a~d in 1959, at~'P;;inesville, Ol:lio, and,<br />
expanded in 1960 and 1961 to detJ):'liI1rie bo th the weedicide activity oi'DACTHAL<br />
l:lerbicide (dimethYl-ester of tett'ao!lloroterephthalic., ac,1d)and the tolerance<br />
exhibited by ornainentals to trea1flftih'ts with this material. During this three ...<br />
year period, awi1ie range ofsee¢lJ~;;:transplanted and established ornlll\lentlil<br />
crops in 90 genera were evaluate¢,:in~ found to be completely tolerant to<br />
DACTHALherbicide at rates up to~lS'p'ounds active per acre. Such broad. ~roP<br />
tolerance WO\lJ,dpef/llit spray an~altl~ular treatments: to. be made in seed beds,<br />
lining out ofnur~ stockand~.'],i!.hdscaped plantings when these crops ate<br />
grown on mineral soils. .....<br />
Detaiis on the: procedU:f.e$~d results of these tests follow.<br />
Materials<br />
and Methods:<br />
Ornamental species listed in the following cai;egories were treated<br />
with DACTHALup to 15 pounds active per acre in the three-year trial. The listing<br />
shows plant species and yea,r(s);inc1uded in the field test program. (1)<br />
indicates inclusion in the 1961 tes~; while (0) is for 1960 and (9) for 19S9<br />
test periods, respectively:<br />
WOODYORNAHENTAL LINERS<br />
Abe1ia grandiflora 1<br />
Euxus sempervirens 1<br />
Cotoneaster sa1icifolia 1<br />
Deutzia gracilis 1 "<br />
Euonymous~ compacta 1<br />
Forsythia intermedia.O, 1<br />
Hedera Helix 0, :c' "<br />
~gea sp, , Nikko ,Blue i<br />
I ex Aquifolimn 0,1' .', '<br />
I. crenata convexa 9, 0, 1<br />
Juni~erus chinensis, Hetzi 1<br />
Kalmu latifol1a 1 ..<br />
r:rgustrmn :vulgare 0, 1<br />
Magnolia SoUlangeana 0; 1<br />
Mahonia nervosa 0, 1<br />
Parthenocissus tricusgidata 9, O~;.J: -r<br />
Philadelphus virginalJ.s 1 ._.<br />
PERENNIALHEHEACEOUS LINERS<br />
Achillea spp. (mixed) 0, 1<br />
~ genevensis 0, 1<br />
Anchusa myosotidiflora<br />
Aquilegia spp.:,.(llybrids)<br />
Artemesia albula 1<br />
Aster spp. (mixed) 0, 1<br />
C'iiiiiPanulapSrsu:ifolia 1, .<br />
Chrysanthemmn aPP., (miXed) 0, 1<br />
Coreopsis ver~icil1ata 0, 1<br />
Dianthus sp, , Her Majesty 0, 1<br />
Dicentra spectabilis O~ 1<br />
Delphinimn spp, (mixed) 0, 1<br />
Echinacea ~urea 1<br />
Erica carnea. ,<br />
ii'e'UcIierasanguinea 0, 1<br />
Hosta undulata 1<br />
Iberis s~rens 0, 1<br />
* Registered Trademark' of Diamon4 Alkali Company ,<br />
1 Senior Research B101cgists, Formulation Chemist, and Manager, Agricultural<br />
Chemicals Research, respectively,T. R. Evans Research Center, Diamond<br />
Alkali Company, Painesville; Ohio .
WOODYORNAMENTAL LINERS(cont .)<br />
Picea glauca 1<br />
Pieris j:aponica,O,..l<br />
Pinus ~lvestris 1<br />
mots~a taxifolia glauca 1<br />
Rhododen ron' .catawb1ltnse·,0, '1'<br />
R.,molle9,O.1 " .....<br />
Iiosi1ii'WtU'lo~a japonica, 0, 1··'<br />
,B.• IWP, Radiance. 0, L '...<br />
~V~()uttei1,<br />
SyrIIlga V\(sat'is.1.'.<br />
Taxus cu~:ldata 9 ~ 0, 1<br />
i~ta t:iitata.9, 0, 1<br />
T':"":Cs<br />
lfhli.a oec den is ~ 1<br />
srga canadensis 1 ..<br />
We selia sp.,Java Red 1<br />
, ; + ~<br />
'U-.<br />
PBR1iNtAtHERBACEOUS LINERS(oont.)<br />
.. .' :<br />
f .-'<br />
1<br />
,SHADETREE· PI..AmINCl5<br />
, .,\<br />
;, !'.<br />
.~PLANTINGS<br />
,. c . ;'.<br />
Malus.'SP·'·;t<br />
mca's'p'o a:<br />
tfr@ sp, l'<br />
r,osmos ap.,Sensation .1' "~'. . . . ._._<br />
~h~~9:·pi~r~er~al.l.,~.}·.<br />
Helianthus sp.•, Surtd8id a r'<br />
Helichrys\lll .bractBat.um·1 ..<br />
Impatiens balsamtria 1<br />
Ipomea RUilu.tea 1 -. .<br />
I. sp.excana alba 1<br />
tat1Xrus odoratus (miXed) i<br />
Rira i~is Jalapa (lIiixed) 1<br />
~uamoclit sloter1 1 ." -<br />
agetes sp., Naughty Marietta 1<br />
'ropaeolum m~r 1 -<br />
~innia sp., umination 1<br />
PERENNIALFLOWERING SEED:<br />
ilf<br />
Aohillea f'Ui~endulina 1 .<br />
A eratum sp.<br />
A ssum saxat:l.le· oompactUlli1<br />
t em s ttriotoria 1<br />
Aster spp.,
The 1959 and 1960 replicated field plots variedinsie,e and de~~<br />
depending upon the availability of 'species, plant characteristics and the number<br />
of replications. Plot sizes ranged from 9 to 27 square feet and replications<br />
from 2 to 14. All plant rnaterials were grown on well-drained sandy lOalllB~ .. ;., ....<br />
The formulations used included DACTHALW-50~DACTHAL G-5F~ a five<br />
percent fast water disintegrating granular and one' and one-half percent granulars<br />
in two ,formulattone, DAC'lHAL;~l.5F and DAC'lHAIt'G-l.5S,; DACTHALG-l'.SF<br />
has the prope:ptyof .relatively fast ,water-dhintegr&!ll1onin comparison with<br />
DACTHALG-l.5S. Tb.e~e granulat"f'oI'lllulations were applted at rates to give',<br />
10 and 15 pounds active per acre on the herbaceous ornamental group and 5)'10<br />
and 15 pounds active on the woody ornamental species.<br />
The wettable powder was mixed with water for application at the rate<br />
of 150 gallons per acre with a small plot sprayer. The granular formulations<br />
were applied by hand with a perforated shaker 'for,e_e of application and to<br />
obtain unUormity in. distributiOn. The plots were treated as soon as possible<br />
after transplanting, usually the ro1i6wing day. In some instances, where<br />
treatments were delayed because of inclement weat!J.e;rJthe plots were handhoed<br />
beforeprt:j;;.'Emlergence treatments.<br />
.'<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> c"bntrol data were obt'ained by making weed counts of the entire<br />
plot area , except in the case of RhOdodendron mo11e;(plots~ where the high<br />
purslane popUlation dictated counting' a measured small plot sector~ <strong>Weed</strong><br />
counts were made twice at approximately 5 and 11 weekS after applications.<br />
Plant response or injUry evaluation was based on observational<br />
ratings on a scale of 0 .. no injury to 11 • entire plant dead. These ratings<br />
were made at the time of the two weed counts.'"<br />
During 1961 ~ woody shrubs i. bare-rooted tr$~ liners and perennial '<br />
herbaceous transplants were planted in two adjacent:'ireas of approximatel;y'<br />
three-fourths acres each. The ornamental species in'each of these areas were<br />
planted in double rows with three of each species opposite one another in<br />
adjacent rows. This gave a total of six plants of each species grouped together.<br />
The plantings were replicated four times in each area for a total of 48 plants<br />
of each s pedes. Seeded annual and perennial flowei-ing species were planted<br />
in one and one-half foot sections within each row. The two areas were on a<br />
poorly.;drained Caneadea silt loam. i,<br />
One area' was sprayed with' DACTHALw-50' atthe rate ··6f 10 pounds<br />
active per acre and the other with the same formulati!c)1'l at 15 pounds acM,ve<br />
per acre. A 50..gaJlLon, tractor-mounted low pressureIPTO:"driven field gpta;rer<br />
was utUizedfor app¥ng DACTHALherbicide under actual field conditions.'<br />
It had a boom·containing a Tee Jet 8006 nozzle and the sprayer was operat13d<br />
to deliver 56 gallons of water per acre. All crops except the trees were<br />
treated with a topical application> pre-emergence t~ tihe weeds. Application<br />
was made on a band 20 inches wide. The trees were spra:red on eaoh side of' the<br />
row pre-emergence to weeds with the nozzle placed on the end of the boom to<br />
cover a swath 20 inches wide from two sides. Some overlapping in this application<br />
occurred.<br />
207
, '; , "~ ,j i,<br />
!p1ot1e'~ OGnsll1ted·pr:l.mari~;'<br />
,'lhe,weed. spectra in the 349S9-1960, tellt<br />
of crabgrass~,,~1ene' and lambsqu8rtera, lohich'were:tl"ecerded aeparatelt, and<br />
of commonchickweed, red sorrel, ragweed, smartweed, pigweed and horsenettle,<br />
which 'Wlill'e.lpmpedtogether, in the ,miscellaneous' oolUllln'oif."the table which<br />
foUQWs, ain.Oe,these were minor compared with theevual11feed popUlati()ns~ 1<br />
Ragwee~J,emaZ'twe.d and('l;1l~Z!8enettJ.e were riotfouzid ''to''tie..IUElrieptible, at 'least<br />
to the' rates"O'f ~G$'HAL herbieideus8d ,in these·test,,, i.' Intermediate to v~able<br />
control. of, p!gI«led."was obtained in ,the tests.iJ:)atallhown in Table ! are[·r<br />
fromrtoe BQst~niv,plots. d [ ,:', "<br />
DACTHAL<br />
Form.<br />
w-50<br />
G-1.5F<br />
G-l.5s<br />
:1,'::r'": .'1..<br />
,TABLE I<br />
. "jj"
209<br />
TABLEII<br />
Average <strong>Weed</strong> Cont~l ExhibitedbtiilACTHAL<br />
Formulations Applied on Ilex crenat&convexa<br />
Percent <strong>Weed</strong>rControl<br />
DACTHAL RatEi Cr'a\)grass Purslane taiilbsqutrs. MiscellaneG\is<br />
Form.' lbActive/A 7/6 EZ5 7/8 8(5 7/]':8/5 7/8 .8t:><br />
W-50 5 100 100 98 96 94 100 48 52<br />
10 100 100 100 100 98 95 46 .j?<br />
15 100 100 100 100 99 100 42 "46'<br />
G-l.5F 10 100 ).(10 100 100 95 99 53 ,746<br />
15 100 98 100 100 92 100 36 ::4"'5<br />
G-5 5 97 94 99 99 90 92 36 38<br />
10 100 99 100 100 93 96 36 41<br />
15 98 98 100 96 91 94 47 50<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>s!ft 2 of Check Plots 4 6 . 2 3 1 3 1 2<br />
Treatments applied 10/23/59 and 6/10/60<br />
Crabgrass, purslane and l~squarter s were the, predominant weeds in<br />
these plots. Ragweed, commonchi,ckweed and grape frQm,pomace are included in<br />
the miscellaneous column. Good weed control was secured in these plots<br />
throughout late fall. The effectiveness of the two treatments could be observed<br />
in the long period of weed control and a sharp delixwationwas observed in the<br />
fall 'between them, and the unt.reabedcnecks , createdby' the germination and '<br />
invasion of Poa annua at the extremities of the plots. The absence of Poa<br />
~ in the tra'iited areas strongly suggested effectllve control of this <strong>Weed</strong>.<br />
The results reported from P31'thenocissus tr1cu!!pidata and ~convexa<br />
plots are' typical for all thE; herbaceous and woodY or~entals under test<br />
during 1959--1960. "<br />
As can be seen from the list of ornamentals which tolerated treatments<br />
with DACTHALherbicide, plant response is quite favorable. However, duri,r\lL<br />
1960 seven herbaceous species exhibited some degree of plvtotoxicity as shMl<br />
in ~l'able III.
210<br />
, "<br />
TABLEIII<br />
~<br />
DIarithus<br />
Iris<br />
taVandula<br />
Teucrium<br />
Veronica<br />
violli<br />
Plant Response Exhibited: ,"'Seven Herbac.o.asOrnamentals to<br />
FarmulatiCin8;:,and Rates of EaCDlAL<br />
2 o<br />
1 1<br />
51142 '10<br />
2<br />
o<br />
2<br />
2<br />
o 2<br />
1 1;<br />
5<br />
1 2<br />
o 2<br />
1 :)j<br />
2 2<br />
10 it~:~on 8/?I~:~b~·5i51b_, '<br />
o \0 0 0<br />
o "0 '0 0<br />
58 5 6<br />
o 0 0 0<br />
0"0 0 0'[<br />
o 0 0 0<br />
o 0 0 0<br />
The '1961 tests, hoWever, do not conf'1nn tJ111.these species, when<br />
transplanted and treated, are injUred. Iris planted in 1960 were from div;i.sions<br />
while those transplanted in 1961 were no~It is sliggested that t hepr~ "<br />
cause of untavorableresponse to this species resUlted trom poor divisiori5~<br />
rather than to phytotoxicit,r from chemical treatment.<br />
,• 'AllwoodY'shrubs , trees and perennial her~eous t ransPlantslined<br />
out tn 1961 'exhibited nl) phytot
Where the weed eompleJl;conststs of annual grasses and of certain<br />
annual broadleaved WEed species,DACTHAL herbicide can be economically utilized<br />
in commercial nursery plantings.<br />
It is evident that economical control of broadleaved weeds such<br />
as ragweed, hOr!36l1ettle and smartweed cannot be obtained with DACTHALat the<br />
rates used in ,these. test,s. This confirms previous findings of their lack of<br />
susceptibility to DAC,THAL. '<br />
It was also demonstrated from the data that the wettable powder<br />
and G-l.5 formulntions were more effective than the!l-5 granular because<br />
optilnum coverage of the treated areas with the higher concenbrated granular<br />
formulat,ion coul.d not be o~tained."<br />
211<br />
1 '<br />
~{ ;<br />
:;"",
lA.aistant Profeasor of Orn.mental Horticulture, Col18ge of Agriculture,<br />
Th. Penn.vlvant • .Rt:A~. n"fv "9_"n4 1)a" 'D .. __ .1 _'.<br />
!'l;;~ :<br />
Pr .. ~1abt'WetdcCoftt~ol<br />
Chilo Baramaki 1<br />
in Ha~ rtantillg8 . 1:>'<br />
Dudng.l':60. Pft)Ia1sing,re*ult:iI were obtaiMd 'tnt1ie ueeofpre-plane'<br />
herb:LdJe. inrtbaoontrol of '.filS!!.' in pfttl1tA~,I\S pl*iiJt:iog.. , The te.t8 vm<br />
' I, .<br />
expanded thi' year by inclucling narigolds in the tut.... '.ISroof tbe..o~:o<br />
promising chemical. in 1960 were kept and three other. added.<br />
I.!<br />
~Jr~')<br />
BArEHuM' !.lm'J!m!Q!S' ')",'<br />
,,',• ':,~"<br />
• ':.i t-. ,'.,: ;Jj: .;": .' , l~jJJ;,<br />
The te,te were made in a Hagerst.l)l!ID.ilt l~gtll'lchwa. Z'Otottl1~rrL,<br />
several times to a depth of 5-6 lnches. Pivo herbicidal at tbree concentrations<br />
plu. an entreated check were replicated three times in a split<br />
plot design. Bach plot had an area of 100 square feet.<br />
The herbicide' were applied on June 5, 1961. The air tempe•• cure w••<br />
in the SO's and the so11 temporature at 6 inches depth was 6BoF. The herbicide.<br />
u~ad included Casoror., EP1~, St~uffer a-1607, Ti11am and Vorlex. Bacb<br />
of the fir.t four chemicals were applied by fir.t mixing tha chemical with<br />
a .ufficient 8IIIOuntof water to maleea gallon of mixture and then sprlnkliq<br />
this amount on eech plot.<br />
The.e plot. were rototi11ed to a depth of 2-3 incbes immediately after<br />
herbicide application. Vor1ex we. injected into tba sol1 with a fUllllgun.<br />
ODahundred eighty one ,injection., each approximafl8ly 9 inches apart wera<br />
made in each plot. All of the plots were heavily weterad aftar treatment.<br />
Spry, a dwarf double Prench mari801d was planted in all of the plot.<br />
at different date. following soil treatment. Bight plant. were transplant.d<br />
in each plot at tbe following interYal after treatment: one day, two day.,<br />
one week, -.0 weeks, three week., and four weeks. Another planting ws.<br />
made in the fiftb week in the Vorlex treated plots.<br />
USUltTS A!mDISCySSION<br />
The plots were checked for weed prevalence on July 5, and August<br />
17, 1961, which were approximately 4 and 10 week. after treatment. Tha data<br />
on weed prevalence I.e .UIIIJlar:lzedin Table 1. After four weaks weed control<br />
in all treatment. was good except in the check plot. and tho.e treated with<br />
Vorlo at ~ and I.iquart per 100 lMluarefeet. After 10 week. good weed<br />
control wa. obaerved in the plotl t ....at.d with c.aoroo at 2, 4 and 8 poUDda<br />
per acre, EPTCat 10 pound. per acre, and R-1607 at 5 and 10 pound. per<br />
acre.<br />
The predomineat weed. were: tuableweed, gre.p pigweed, green and<br />
yellow foxtail, lambaquarter, winter cree., Pennsylvania smartweed, and<br />
hairy crabgrae.. Le.ser frequent .. eds included: canada thlaUe, bitterdock,<br />
dog fennel, three •• eded mercury, pur.lane, ca.mon ragwe.d, black
......<br />
1.67,<br />
213<br />
Table 1. Effect of pre-plant herbicide. on weed. w~.lence. Treated<br />
JUGe5.1961. .L<br />
,<br />
C" , ''C'' .<br />
Active . u_ ... "-evalence* '.'<br />
Herbicide Rate Ju1v5 1961 AWl. 17 1961<br />
.' ., , '.<br />
cesoron 0 2.33<br />
I,; 6.67 L..:,<br />
21/A 1.00 r~ ,'> 1.67 .,<br />
MIA 1.00 2.00<br />
81/A 1.00 >-' 1.00,<br />
..,.<br />
EPTC -: 0 ..';'''- 2.67 .<br />
7.67,,,<br />
21s1/A ., :.~ I 1.33, ,. 6.67 :Ji<br />
SIll.. 1.00 . -:'"·.:'\'i :' 4.00<br />
101/1.. 1.00 '".:,., 1.00<br />
,.<br />
. ,<br />
a-1607 0 2.67 . ~ 7.00<br />
21st/A .. 1.00 -, 3.00- If'<br />
s'/A 1.00 '-"r', 2.33 I<br />
1011A 1.00 -t. 2.00<br />
.<br />
..<br />
Tillem 0 1.00 6.33<br />
"<br />
2'11/1.. ", 5.00·<br />
SlIA 1.33 3.67<br />
101iA 1.00 3.67<br />
Vodo 0 6.00- 8.00<br />
\ Qt./1OO sq. Ie;. 4.00 . ~) '. 10.00<br />
\ Qt./100 sq. ft. 3.67 10.00<br />
1 Qt./100 sq. ft. 1.00 6.67<br />
* 1. No <strong>Weed</strong>s<br />
10 • 100%<strong>Weed</strong>Coverage<br />
"
Effective weed control with little or .. injury to the marigold tr ... •<br />
plants "18re obtaiIied with EPTCat 10 pounds per aCl'e. and 1-1607 at S<br />
and 10 pound. per acre. Casoron at 2 and 4 pounds per acre gave good wac!<br />
bindweed. ,.. cldial·.purp,:c ..... ;ul1ow .• heab:l.t.~:;""'1··.: p1ataltl., "'J,~,::<br />
shepherds purse. quacksrass. milkweed. velvet1 .. f. pokebeny.'badock.<br />
yellow woodsorre1. IlUstard. c~n niptshade. white campion. wUd lettuce.<br />
chttlary, srolJDdchen'y. n,me--teand saDdworr.·yanw-.- dandel1on. lIIOun- ...",.<br />
ea~~. chic __ • l.a4,nepta~.~~e. .~; ~ _ . ~
215<br />
Table 2. Bffect of pre-plant herbicides and weed competition on marigolds.<br />
Checked eleven weeds after treatments.<br />
~tDe of TransDlantinR After Treatment<br />
Active 1 2 1 2 3 4 5<br />
Herbicide Rate day days week weeks weeks weeks weeks<br />
Casoron 0 0.83 1.04 0.38 0.58 0.58 1.25<br />
211A 1.21 0.67 0.50 0.63 0.17 0.25<br />
44/A 1.50 .1.88 1.33 1.00 1.33 1.25<br />
81/A ·4.50 3.71 2.29 1.67 1.17 2.25<br />
EPTC 0 1.13 1.63 1.21 0.79 1.00 2.08<br />
2W/A 0,67 0.25 0.71 0.42 0.46 o.n<br />
5'/A .0.29 0,33 0.25 0.08 0.04 0.08<br />
1011A 0.33 0.46 0.71 ! 0.42 0.21 0.54<br />
a-1607 0 0.92 .1.54 1.50 0.79 0.96 0.88<br />
21t11A 0.38 0.33 0.13 0.29 0,13 0.33<br />
511A 0.75 0.50 0.04 0.13 0.38 0.38<br />
1011A 0.08 0.71 0.21 0.17 0.17 0.13<br />
Till am 0 0.71 0.54 0.58 0.63 0.54 0.75<br />
2%#/A .1.13 1.08 0.71 0.50 0.58 0.47<br />
lilA 0.29 0.38 0.33 0.42 0,00 0.38<br />
10#/A 0.83 0.67 0.53 0.21 0.71 0.13<br />
Vorlex 0 2.13 2.33 2.00 1.33 1.83 1.38 1.83<br />
t Qt.!lOO sq. ft. 4.58 4.25 3.21 2.58 2.88 2.79 2.83<br />
\ Qt./lOO sq. ft. 4.25 3.71 3.21 3.44 3.06 2.83 2.92<br />
1 Qt./l00 sq. ft. 3.17 2.42 2.29 1.00 0.92 1.42 1.33<br />
Plant Injury Scale:<br />
o - No Inj'lry<br />
1 - Very elight chlorosis or necrosis<br />
2 - Slight chlorosis cr necrosis<br />
3 - Moderate chlorosis or necrosis<br />
4 - Severe chlorosis or necrosis<br />
5 - Dead
'::;'.' .<br />
21:6 - ..<br />
' .....<br />
Table 3. Height of llIIlrigold p1anu<br />
treatment.<br />
in inch.... 1~_ weeki after<br />
T~of Tranlu1antiu<br />
After Treatment<br />
Active 1 2 1 2 3 i 4 5<br />
Herbicide ··bte da" d.,,1 week .. ekl .. ekl weeka .. eJr.,<br />
C.loron 0 .. 110.2' 10.13 11.42 10.71 10.21 9.71<br />
211A 7.71 8.71 9.92 9.42 9.00 10.25<br />
4I/A 6.25 6.00 7.67 8.08 8.13 7.92<br />
lilA r.es 2.83 .5.58 7.21 7.96 ·7.92<br />
EnC 0 9.42 8.75 9.33 10.13 9.63 7.58<br />
2.,11. 10.~ 10.50 10.58 10.58 9.83 9.75<br />
5I/A 10.12 11.08 11.17 11.75 11.38 11.54<br />
1011A :1O.0S 10.79 10.58 10.38 10.21 10.08<br />
a-1607 0 11.04 9.17 9.42 10.08 8.71 9.96<br />
2\111. 10.3S 11.21 10.88 10.38 10.83 10.25<br />
5#/1. 10.67 10.54 11.13 11.17 10.17 11.13<br />
1011A 10.25 .9.00 10.75 10.21 10.71 11.25<br />
Till_ 0 10.33 11.3. 10.79 10.67 10.08 9.88<br />
21s11A 9.58 9.88 10.08 10.33 10.08 10.46<br />
Sf/A 10.71 10.33 .10.25 10.58 10.08 10.58<br />
1011A 10.11 10.13 10.67 9.86 10.79 11.00<br />
Vorla 0 9.79 8.79 10.29 11.13 9.38 10.67 10.13<br />
~ Qt./l00 Iq. ft. 2.08 4.21 8.38 19.15 8.58 9.75 8.96<br />
.~ Qt./olOOIq. ft. . 4.13 5.38 7.71 '9 •.54 9.46 9.17 8.04<br />
1 Qi:.I1OOaq. ft. 3.63 6.29 1.08 :9.00 9.04 9.13 10.21
.217<br />
Pive pre-plant herbicide. were applied at three concentrations. Marigold<br />
plants were transplanted 1n tbe treated plata one day. two days. one<br />
week. two weeks. three weeks. four weaks and five weaks after treatment.<br />
After<br />
~ , ..<br />
io weeks C8soron ali. 4 aDd 8 pound,,.... acra. £PTC at 10<br />
pounds per acre aDd R-1607 a~ S and 10 pounds perM ..e still produced<br />
good weed control.<br />
The renlts indicate thlat •• 18Qlda can .aCely be tranapl.nted in'<br />
the BPTC, "R-1607. and Tlllam traated plots one day after treatment. A<br />
few days dalay 1f88 naacl8d in. daecasoron and Vodex. tlleated plata.<br />
Effective weed control wit:h,UtUe or noinjuc, to the marigold<br />
traDaplant. were obtained with-me.a 10 pound. per acre. aDdR-1607<br />
at S and 10 pound. per acre. ca.orol1 at 2 .and 4,peuads per acra gave<br />
good weed control but at least a week after treatment was necessary before<br />
transplanting.<br />
.i .<br />
\n
lA•• i.tant Prof ••• or of Ornam.nt.l Horticultur., Coll.ge of Agricultur., The<br />
'D , a 11- _ ,r- _ 'D_.1. 'Da._ ••• 1 •••• 'lI!l<br />
218<br />
Pre.Planting Herbicid. Appli.ation. for <strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
in Petunia Plantlna'<br />
., maiko Rar~kli .:~~j", i<br />
In the 1960 tr1all two chemicall, CalOron .Dd BPTCg.v. highly<br />
proaiilns' re.1ilu'., pr.-plaM ... rbidd •• '01' 'pet.... 'pl.aUng.. The<br />
two chMtC&l. wrel'.coatlnaell t.il te.t. in 1961itijei:1lerwitb neY cba8tca1a<br />
thought to b. promi.ing for the ... ding of thia crop.<br />
r.<br />
Th• .,.._DC .... OODClUcCHon a 1I8gec.COilnf'IUt 10. IOU. 'lbe<br />
.0U was rotoUll.d •• val'al tiM. to a d.pth of 5 to 6 inches prior to<br />
treetIMnC.',IIt.·plote were, loa'.qua". f •• tin·'autlo-Th. pl'.-plant<br />
herblcid •• WH .ppUed at t ..... d1ft.rant, raCe.cos.th.1'with • unUM'H<br />
check'~ 'Th. tr ..... nU .. r. "pUcatH thr •• t •• -in a .pUt plot d.d ...<br />
, . ':.~ ... f<br />
Th. h.rbicide. uaed:<br />
C&.oron (lIi.gara) ••••• ppli.d .t th. r.t. of 2, 4 .nd 8 pound.<br />
of .ctive ingr.di.nt per acre. A lallon of e.ch .olution<br />
... applied to e.ch plot.<br />
,BPTe (St.uff.r) - we. appli.d at the r.te. of 2\, 5, .nd 10 pouDd.<br />
of .ctiv. ingredient per .cre. Th. concentr.t. w••• ixed<br />
with • .ufficient amount of w.t.r to make • g.llon of<br />
.ixture, which we. applied to e.ch plot.<br />
1l-1607 (St.uffer) - w.. .ppli.d at the ... r.t.. .nd the ...<br />
unn.r •• BPTC.<br />
Till.. (Stauff.r) - w.. applied at the ... r.te. and conc.ntration<br />
•• !PTC and 1l-1607.<br />
Vorlex (Morton) - a 100'%.active •• t.dal we. appli.d at the rat.a<br />
of ~, \ and 1 quart per 100 .quare fe.t. Th. Vorlex ...<br />
inject.d into the IOU .ith a '.laUD. 100 lnjectioDl .. re<br />
made per plot at a .p.cing of 12 lochea by 12 inche ••<br />
The h.rbicide. were applied on June 1, 1961. All of the plot. except<br />
tho .. tre.ted with Vorlex were rototilled to a d.pth of 2-3 inches after<br />
applicatlon. All plot. war. h.avily watered aft.r treacaent. On the day of<br />
treatment, the air tepper.tur .... in the 80'. and the .oil temper.tur.<br />
at 6 inch •• depth .a. 60°'.<br />
The varlety grown wa. Sllv.r Medal, an '1 hybrid multiflora .ingl.<br />
petunia. Blibt plantl were traDlpl.nted into aach plot on each of th.<br />
dat •• following tr.atalent: one d.y, two d.y., four day., on.... k, two .... ,
219<br />
Table 1. Effect of pre-p1anthelfbicides on veed~v.1ence. Treated<br />
JaM 1, 1961.<br />
Active<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>Prevalence'"<br />
Herbicide Rate Ju1v 05 1961 AWl:.22. 1961<br />
Casoron 0 7.33 10.00<br />
211A 1.67 8.33<br />
"<br />
411A 1.33 4.00<br />
I'<br />
alIA 1.00 2.00<br />
EPTC 0 7.00 J.'';; 6.67<br />
,<br />
2%,#lA 4.33 1.33<br />
o5IIA 2.67 6.00 '<br />
lOIIA 2.33 7.67<br />
R-1607 0 8.67 10.00<br />
:<br />
2W/A 6.33<br />
9.61<br />
"/A 1.00 5.33<br />
I<br />
10#/A 1.00 1.67<br />
TU1am 0 8.00 10.00<br />
21t11A 7.67 8.67<br />
511A 5.00 8.00<br />
10#/A 2.33 5.67<br />
, ' ,<br />
Vor1ex 0 8.00 10.00<br />
\ Qt./100 sq. ft. 8.33 10.00<br />
• Qt./100 sq. ft. 8.33 9.67<br />
1 Qt./100 sq. ft. 4.67 9.33<br />
"<br />
'" 1. No <strong>Weed</strong>s<br />
10 • 10~ <strong>Weed</strong>Coverage<br />
');'<br />
!
The petunial in the Till .. treated plots exhibited little to moderate<br />
reduetion in 8rowth due to weed competition. Thi. injury decreas.d a. the<br />
herbicide concentration was increased. No injury WI obaened due to<br />
220<br />
and 3 weeks.' . In' the Yorl~ 'tnatad p10te n add4t¢oaal planting. was .......<br />
the fourth week following treatment. All of the p1ants'vere watered at<br />
the time of traD.p1anting and throughout tha grow:l.n8 season rainfell was<br />
supplemented by 'OYUbead' irrigation. .<br />
RBSULt8..1!mDlSCYSSIQl(:'~_<br />
The jlote were checked tot weed control July' and Ap8. 22, 1961~'i"<br />
appro~il88te1y 5 and 12 wee~.'ter treatment. Table 1.• ~ri.es the<br />
perfol'lll&nce of the pre-plant·;~rbic:l.de. on weed control. The following<br />
chemietl. _bowedgOod ",.4 CQ~Cr91 after 5 .. e~1I j ..CI,-otOIl at 2. 4aluL_.<br />
8 PO_I per acre, BPTCat 5&fld 10 pound. per acl'~, a-1607 at 5 and 10.,..<br />
pounda .pel' ecre, and Tillam .• e,-.10 pounda per acre. After· 12 weeka the .'.<br />
followiD8 chamicala .howed~cl weed control j Caeoron at 8 pound. per<br />
acre and a-1607 at 10 pounda'Par ecre.<br />
. . .<br />
Predominant weedl in the ,lou were 18111baquar~er. yellow foxtai1,.;\ ....<br />
green p~d, Caneda thiltl •• Pennly1vania 8I88rtWed.aad purslane.<strong>Weed</strong>.<br />
of 1e.. ~r frequency included ,d,nde1:l.0n. yellow wood.orre1., three leeded<br />
mercurf, .tinkgra.s, barnyard'Sras •• v.lvet1eaf, b1ack;~indweed. common<br />
rapreed. lren.f.osa:aU, hairy .crabll'a .. , pur,ple 1o.Y-ara.. , mustard,r.Q\IIb<br />
pipeed, .'181 's p1aDtain, 8ro\1ndcherry, timothy. ~urdock. wild 1ettu,ce •.<br />
and ttab~.... ed.<br />
On September 13.1961, approximately 15 weeke efter.herbicide application,<br />
the.. petUDi.. were eX8lil1l\8d.for aDy detr.:I.alHt.•t ..•ffect. due to '. ..<br />
herbicideand from weed competition. The data on ~e type of plant 8~<br />
produced L. 11IIIIUri.ed in Table 2. , •. ..... .' .<br />
, . \<br />
The petunias in the check plots were IIIOde;r.t. \:0' .evere .tunting due<br />
to. weedcompetit;1og. '.'the plant.~p the. Caeoron titaeed plota .. I" f~ ....<br />
sUsht to moderately stunted. The petuniaa in the 2 pound per acra.plota<br />
exhibited a1:l.sht to moderata injury due to weed cOllJ1)~tit:l.on. SU$Ilt ..',:<br />
stunting aDd necro.il waa observed in the 4 poundaper acre p10ta, this'<br />
injurt .a. due to a combination of weed competition and herbicidal action.<br />
Plantl in the 8 pound per acre plot. Ihowed moderate Itunting and .nacrosis<br />
due to the herbic:l.de. The herbic:l.de in the 4 and 8 poundl per acre treatmenta<br />
appeared to have long ree:l.duel activity.<br />
The lIetunia plants in the BPTCtreated plote exhibited sli8ht to moderate<br />
stuntins becaute of weed competition. No injury from herbicide wa. obsened<br />
even wilen they were tr.lplanted one day after treatment in the hiBbelt rate<br />
per acra plote.<br />
The plant. in the a-1607 treated plota had 111lht to levere reduction<br />
in growth Where weeda were not controlled by the chemical. The petunia.<br />
in the 10 pound pel' acre plotl were not injured. The petunias Ihowed no<br />
herbic:l.da1 injury even when planted one day after treatment.
Table 2. tilat' of pre-plantbftb.tcld •• and wed,OomIteUt1on on petunia ••<br />
Checs.tflfteen -.k.,·gnr tre .... nt. " . I<br />
221<br />
Herbicide'<br />
Active<br />
Rate<br />
o<br />
.""'Ll' 2<br />
cl.y da"<br />
EPTe<br />
2\1/A<br />
S/f/A<br />
...lot/ A..<br />
a-1607<br />
Till_<br />
Vorlex<br />
o<br />
:.<br />
" •.,<br />
.0<br />
r'2~tA"<br />
5i/A<br />
1~1j.<br />
"'0<br />
1'2\#/~'<br />
Sl/A<br />
10l/A<br />
Plant Injury Scale:<br />
'3.08<br />
2.3&<br />
2.'7<br />
.~!02c~;<br />
3.13<br />
3.13<br />
3~46<br />
~.04<br />
• :':~,lf~~'<br />
2.54 3.17 2.79<br />
2,96 i,is 3.00<br />
3.33 2.61 2.50<br />
2.29 2~~ 2.58<br />
3:~;~ 3.79 3.71 "3;th; 2.88<br />
2.92 4.46 3.59 3.50 3.29<br />
1.25 1.92 2.11 2.83 1.71<br />
-. ;0l'~' .r.u 0.92.;O'~,~L. 0.75<br />
3.46<br />
3.S8<br />
3.88.<br />
5.00.<br />
;'<br />
.,<br />
2.17<br />
3.33<br />
1.79<br />
2.79<br />
2.96<br />
2.54<br />
1.46<br />
O.~;<br />
3.33<br />
2.08<br />
1.79<br />
1.17<br />
o - No Inj a'~y<br />
1 - Very .l!g~t nacrosis or .tuntlng<br />
2 - Slight cecro.1. or stunting<br />
3 • MOderate n6cro.la or stunting<br />
4 - Severe llecroais or .tunting<br />
S - Dead
I<br />
222<br />
J;'<br />
.'; .. ~pl4ant;.,:lq .~. Vod_ lI c.d1W»tA; •• ~,.. oda~.Co aevlilllla!r<br />
injury and cleaChclue 'to weecl ;f.t~1IU14:UD~ .c,UQndlt \ aDel<br />
\ quart per 100 .quare feet. In the 1 quarC ~r 100 .quare feet ploc •. ,1,<br />
..... t-.of-t:o.-pet. ........ vh1.ch we" • .u-aplaDCecl.¥fttA~-UH&1.WHk-weft!,-:':t.<br />
kUleq,,\lrr.~~•• ~.."""'''J\;.H.llr .. pl~Ced CWOCo four "eka ".<br />
'anir·c\"ii(jiHlit"re tillecl Wuv.iJllY .tuDt~ b1 a ~ClIIIbI.._t1on of<br />
~~~~~L'~!"" ant! "-l ~~~~~.' :;...:...._._...:... .. . it!!·,<br />
'£h~ '1>1~. ~~ted Wt~h ~~i07; '~F .10 ;~. per ach exhibitecl dlio~,;'<br />
be,t we~~tZ'C)l ~ the t~~e~, ~ta. bad very little or DO<br />
clamage.~ .en tnD.planted ont i:f~ :!lfeertreac.ent, Plot. treated<br />
witb C.~ ac8 pouncl, per aen hiId'800cI wead oooCl'Ol but .howecl<br />
'ilOiiel'n~U!r~ot1iepetUD1~', '.(~.c.'" ..- .."-"-'-- _. .. ....._. ~';:;.~<br />
ca,olrou~ 1i"rC.':a-1607. fill .... aDelVode~ vere appUed at th'ree<br />
raUi.-petUiiUII'-wre tranllp1alit~'oneach of f1i4iaaci,'fol1owing<br />
treatment), oile ct""cwo-cle1e~,.f~;cley~. one .ek. CWO"ek,. thl'l8e<br />
wek.. an~ four "ek,. . . . . . .<br />
~-I'j. ; i '.. f ;. •<br />
petl~a"co~ld; .ately bc"-t&Ji,iailtecl 1~ the IPTC. 1-1'607 aad TU1..<br />
ptOfi,-'·oi\e:lfat·U~;~r- tr.lltaiellt:~ nijil:i inth. caiOl'On~.at.cI plote' n~,:;~:'<br />
injureclbY the '.~icld•• · P~~"": in thie V9Z'lex treated plot' were' ...<br />
injuracl ~r t~a ~~cal if pl~nt,el ~tbin ~. fir,t two welt, follov1nl<br />
treetmeqt,~ iet~~' t~.n,pl~~*e4 l~ plo~•• ~owf.na poor .. ad control<br />
!8!!~~!~~~e~~,!C) ,e:verely."!ja~~·.by w.~:*d' c~.,..~.~~.~n.. '.' ... _ ....<br />
.. ·Eft!e~~i.a "'~cI control ~Jb:1f.ttl. ornO~,.. a to the petUD1a"r-r';<br />
Pt.~D~' .:.'f 9...un4)n. P10tl tr ...".:ei' ..vl.:,.t.b ..I-l ..60! lit.:.. O'~~' per acre, Plotl<br />
t~.~ed ~~Ca~to~ at. 8 po~,"p.J\ a~re ba" _, ~control but<br />
.~.t~i~~-p~~~~ Iw!' 80ml 1Djud~l. ~)1e' btarbicicle •. .: ....~.'~_ ....<br />
:"·'S<br />
• f<br />
,\<br />
~ ;:
l<br />
EVALUATIONOF THREEHERBICIDESONPnENNIALSANDANNUALS<br />
DALEV. swur 2 AlII) JOHNR. HAVIS 3<br />
223<br />
Production of fteld I~~ berbaceous orn_ntale iothe northea.t<br />
bas been handicapped by leck of.conomic.l weed c:ontrol practices.<br />
Recent. report..ussest that atiladne may bave".au.,. on perenniale (1)<br />
~nd casaronon annuah.(2),'1eld trials "ue cpllducted at WaltlWa.<br />
Massachuseth, to ~va1uate .the •• two her~icid~~and CIPC on 22 peJ;'e~ia1e<br />
and 11 annuall(18' famiUes represented). ..<br />
MATERIALsANDMETHODS<br />
The plants
224<br />
_lUtTS<br />
The data on number of -.dlllalt lta~.d.iI tOtalt1me of weeding,<br />
presented in Table 1, luggest that the t~ee herbicidel gave comparable<br />
weed control,att.ir lowest, ~d41e and highel&:;~.. relpect1~ly.<br />
An exception ii noted in the p4!rell.ftid,. that tbe tille required to we.cl<br />
th.lowe',trate of ca'Oron wae ile.. erthat of thet;heck than the low<br />
rate, at tha ot~r. cl.'-icals., .' .Tbeshorter t~e~~«ded far annuab<br />
allcomparedw1.th perennials wullue to the slD81~ei,plot ,iz.s and probal>ly<br />
better sol1 preparation before ,t~' herbicidel, wer,.8PP1f.ed.,<br />
TABLE1. NUMBEROF WIlDINGSAND. TIMBREQUIUD,l!'JU)MMAY31 TO AUG•. 3, 1961.<br />
PLOTSWIRE 96 SQUAREPDT PoR PERENNIALSAND48' SQUAREFIET FORANNUALS.<br />
PJB!rwi<br />
HERBICIDES.~lW:I. ,NO. or", TOTALWElDING ~. OF<br />
None<br />
CIPC<br />
CIPC<br />
CIPC<br />
S~<br />
SlMUtNB<br />
SIMA~:m,<br />
CASORON<br />
CASORON<br />
CA30RON<br />
':t::-"'--::::-"'~~~:..::===:'<br />
ANNUALS<br />
TOTAL WDD'UG<br />
(l",./A) WEED~HGi', TDG!,(Minut.s>*' 'WBBDINGSTDG! (Mimat.s>*<br />
7 1/2<br />
15<br />
30<br />
1<br />
24<br />
2'<br />
4<br />
8<br />
*Average of t~ee<br />
3 ll; 181 '2<br />
2 if 73 2<br />
2 SS 1<br />
1 30 1<br />
~, ~ ~<br />
1 34 F:; 1<br />
2 141 2<br />
1 46 1<br />
1 24 1<br />
replications.<br />
, The re.~on,e of eaen .,ecl •• to each rate ol,;tbe her~icide at t~,<br />
two dat.' of observation haa been prepared but hal motbeen included in,<br />
this peper in order to conserve space. Anyone lnt'erested in obtaining<br />
these details.".y request copies .from .the junior ~thor. Table 2<br />
sU~r1.. stb re.ult,s by ebbWil1J',the highest tat.' ~,feach chemicalt~<br />
wa. tolerated by the plante. ' ,<br />
None of the chemicals tested was lafe for all plante. In fact,<br />
eight epee ie' ,could not tolerate even the loweat ute of any· of the tu ..<br />
herbicides., .More plants could tolerate CIPC thp I~z:l.ne and casoron.!<br />
The datapre.ented in Table 2wo~i4 allow one to choose certain plants'<br />
ofll,"r\tich o~~lIIQI'e of the ~J;'~f.cide. might be ~.dl!ucceuful1)' for<br />
controlling weeds~ It 1& belleved, however, thAt' wide acceptall,Ce of<br />
chemical weed control on these herbaceous ornamentals will depend upon<br />
develop~ntof materiale. f~,,~~~olls or appl~o.Uo. techniques that<br />
wUl be eafe for a wider variety of speciel.'<br />
This work was perUafly supported by a grant from the Columbia<br />
Southern Chemical COlIIPany.<br />
53,<br />
27<br />
12<br />
11<br />
22<br />
13<br />
9<br />
22<br />
9<br />
15
TABLE2. TIll HIGHESTlATEOFHERBICIDES 'ATWHICH<br />
THEREWASNOINJURYTOTHEPERENNIALS~ ANNUALS<br />
PERENNIALS SIMAZlNE CASORON CIl'C<br />
lJJI./A lJIa./.A 'lb1./A<br />
A1YIsumlaxatile 0 2 0<br />
Aquilegia crimson Star 0 0 7 1/2<br />
Arabil rosaa 0 0 0<br />
Campanulacarpatica 0 C)c 7 1/2<br />
ChrY8anth8lllUlll coccineum 0 0 15<br />
Delphinium SummerSkiel 2 2 15<br />
Dianthul deltoidei erecta 0 0 0<br />
Digitalis gloxinoides 2 0 7 1/2<br />
Dimorphathaca aurantiaca 1 0 15<br />
Euphorbia splandens 1 2 15<br />
'atlhedara l.. ai 1 0 15<br />
Gaillardia srandiflora 1 ,0 15<br />
Gyplophila pacifica 1 c 0<br />
Redera Helix 1 .() 15<br />
Hemaroca1lia bfbrida 2 4 30<br />
Heuchara unguinaa 1 0 0<br />
M1osotia sy1vatica 0 0 0<br />
!'rilllUla hybrids 0 .~ 7 1/2<br />
!'rilllU1averis 0 '..0. 7 1/2<br />
Rudbeckia gloriosa 1 0 15<br />
Veronica Ipicata 0 0 0<br />
Viola cornuta 0 0 0<br />
~AY<br />
Aster BaU Mix. 0 0 30<br />
Browallia graodiflora 0 0 o.<br />
Celosia cristata 0 0 7 1/2<br />
Coieul Ball Mix. 1 0 7 1/2<br />
Dianthus barbatva 0 0 0<br />
Lobelia l11cifo1ia 0 :~ 7 1/2<br />
M8;18~if Naught1 Marietta 2 0 30<br />
Petunia Double Mix. 1 '2 0<br />
Phlox twinkle 0 0 0<br />
Verbena Dwarf 1 0 7 1/2<br />
Zinnia Giant Cactus 0 0 15<br />
225<br />
LITERATURE CITED<br />
1. Bini, Arthur. 1961. The uae of several herbicides on perenniala.<br />
!'roc. N. E. W. C. C. 15:154..159.<br />
2. Haramaki. Chiko. 1961. ,lvaluation of levaril pre·plant herbicid ••<br />
for petunias. !'roc. N. E. W. C. c. ISl13G-134.
226<br />
Chemical Control<br />
of ~1¥1~s and ,Nutgr&l!/JiinINursl!ry Liners<br />
by Johh F. Ahrens 1<br />
Quackgran .(Agropyron raPins) is )d.dely distributed in nursery plantings<br />
and occasionally lias mte n the abandomment of fields forornam.ental. 1t<br />
Nutgrass (Cyperus esculentUs) is less frequent in Co nrle Cl t :lcut nursery<br />
but also pl-8ll,itings<br />
MS been dillicurt and expensive to control. The use of simaziNlfor<br />
controlling annual weeds in nursery liners is becoming an accepted pract~~.<br />
The objective of this study' was to evaluate chemical.J\leans of controlling:quackand<br />
nutgrass in nursery liners with and without the p~ ,of sima~ine for 8Rl'!ual<br />
weed contrOl.' "<br />
\ ') ~ ::,.<br />
Materials<br />
and Methods<br />
The area.aeleoted for the test was infested with a denseetand of q~kgrass.<br />
Although nutgraBs plante were not in great abundance,t:h,esoil was infes~ with<br />
tubers. The soil texture was a silt loam. The heavy growth 'of grass was mowed,<br />
raked and fertilized with 560lbs./A of 8-12-12 fertilizer on October12,l960.<br />
The quaokgrass was groting .v~r~: on October 26 when ~e fall trea:tIneQts<br />
were applied on 61 x 12 1 plots replicated three times. '1'he!cllowing mat8ii'ials<br />
were used in this test: '<br />
a) &mitrol (J-amino-l,2,4 triazole) 50%water soluble powder '<br />
b) atrazine (2-ohloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isoprop,ylamino)~~riaZine)~ W.P.<br />
0) dalapdn; (2,2 dichloropropionic acid) sodium salt . " '<br />
d) EPTC (ethyl di-n-prop,ylthiolcarbamate) 5%G. .<br />
e) propazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis (isoprop,ylamino)-s-triazine) 50%W.p. .<br />
f) simazine (2_chloro-4,6-biS (ethylamino)-s- triazine) 80%W,P. and 4% G.<br />
The fall treatments were applied in 70 gallons of solution per aore with<br />
a knapsack sprayer.<br />
rate of ! teaspoon<br />
Dupon,tspreader-stioker<br />
per gallon of spray.<br />
was added weach solution<br />
'<br />
at ".<br />
_.<br />
The area 'was disked on April 9, and again on April 20, after granular \EPTC<br />
was applied by hand to the lIIOist soil in one, set of plots. The ground W8(p'lowed<br />
and disked on AprU 22, and on April 24, the .followingdcinds and numbers' o.t<br />
nursery stock w~re ,planted in each plot and t~immed to uniform sizes:<br />
Fors 1& ~termed1a. 1 to 2 year old - 5 plants per plot<br />
her s a oblca, 2 year'liners - 3 plants per plot "<br />
tsuga cans ens s, 3 year seedlings - 6 plants per plot<br />
~ ~ ~, 2 year liners - 5 plants per plot<br />
Eleven days after planting, the rowllwere ouJ,t:LVf,tedand granular simazine<br />
was applied over half the plots at a rate of 3 lbs./A. A lawn spreader with<br />
large wheel.s was used to apply ,the ,granular ,simazine. ., '<br />
, ,<br />
..' .<br />
1 Assooiate Plant Fhys.iologiat, C.onneet1outAgrieultDal .llltperi~EI1t Station,<br />
Windsor ,,;<br />
fj'
Because of the lush growth of quackgrass, nutgrass and annual weeds in<br />
some plots, all plots were cultivated with a tractor on May25, June 19 and<br />
August 1. Counts of quackgrass and nut[rass were made in June and September<br />
by taking four one-square-foot samples from each plot. After the ratings were<br />
made in June and July, weeds were removed from all the plots, including controla.<br />
All of the plots were weeded, cultivated and seeded to oats in September.<br />
The nursery plants were evaluated by three persons in August and the new<br />
growth of forsythia was measured in September.<br />
Air temperatures were slightly below normal and rainfall was above normal<br />
in April and Mayof ·1961.<br />
Results<br />
and Discussion<br />
Control of Nutgrass As shown in Table 1, only EFTCat 5 lbs.A controlled<br />
nutgrass appreciably on June 14. At that time nutgrass control was almost<br />
complete with some small and deformed plants remaining. The rating of 9.2<br />
is the better measure of control on June 14, because the counts included<br />
the stunted plants. Had the plots not been weeded and cultivated at that<br />
time perhaps EPTCwould have continued to control rnrtgrass , The ratings on<br />
July 18 and the counts in September show that EPTCno longer was effective.<br />
Although simazine as a fall or post-planting treatment had no effect<br />
on the first crop of nutgrass in the spring, the data clearly indicate a<br />
suppression of the second 'crop of nut.grasa with all of the simazine treatments.<br />
In nursery plantings, where hoeing every three to four weeks is a<br />
rule, arv suppression of nutgrass such as that by simazine would be of<br />
c.efinite value.<br />
The final counts of nutgrass in September indiuate that none of the<br />
herbicide treatments had any lasting effects on the development of nutgr3ss<br />
from tubers. All of the treatments, in fact, had more nutgrass thAn the<br />
oontrols, most likely because the treatments all controlled quackgrass which<br />
appears to suppress nutgrass germination.<br />
COntrol of Quack~rass The data for quackgrass are given in Table 2. Fall<br />
applicat~on of s~zine at 3 oro5 lbs./A, atrazine at 4 lbs./A and propazine<br />
at 4 lbs. provided about 90 percent or better control at all counts and ratings.<br />
Amitrol and dalapon alone were somewhat less effective. The pre-planting<br />
treatment with EPTCprovtded 93 percent control of the first crop of quackgrass<br />
but later evaluations indicated a reduction in control, whereas most<br />
other treatments provided better control at lat&r evaluations.<br />
Although granular simazine alone at 3 lbs./A provided relatively poor<br />
control ef quackgrass, it greatly increased the eff£ctiveness of all treatments<br />
except EPTC. The combination of fall applications of atrazine at<br />
4 lbs./A or simazine at 5 lbs./A with a post-planting treatment of simazine<br />
resulted in almost complete control of quackgrass fbr the season.<br />
227
_'.<br />
228<br />
Table 1. Effects of Herbicides on Nutgras~<br />
Treatme~tsl June 14 July Ie Se")t. n<br />
--1)'a11-- -- Spring<br />
i'l'<br />
Herbicide He-rbicicl.e Shoots<br />
_ !:-_bs./f._._J)~.j.L ~_~J't!. !Latirl.r0 Ititing 2, Shoots<br />
per sg.ft.,<br />
Heedy Controls 96 0 0 19<br />
Simazine 3 161 2.2 -6.L~ 41<br />
Si:llUzine 3 110 3. L~ 6.5 26<br />
Simuzine 3 Simazine 3 172 2.5 7.2 25<br />
SimazinG 5 207 .5 5.0 L~3<br />
S:i.nazine 5 S':i-maztnG3 129- 4.7<br />
'I;.ri,..<br />
8.1, 27<br />
Atrazine 2 232 .2, 2.7 45<br />
Atrazii1e 2 S5.nazirie 3 148 1.7 7.2 28<br />
Atrazine L~ 239 .7 1.0 52<br />
Atrazine 4 Simazine 3 13d 2.9 6.5 36<br />
Propazine L~ 151 1.5 ,3.5 L~O<br />
Propazine L~ Simazine 3 126 I~. 5 g.O 37<br />
EPTC5 3.2 9.2 2.0 73-<br />
EPTC5 +<br />
Simazine 3 22 9.5 6.2 73<br />
Amitro1 e 103 2.0 2.3 35<br />
Amitrol 8 Simaz:i.ne 3 136 2.3 ~.5 30<br />
r:-"<br />
DalaC)on10 75 1.8 1.7 39<br />
Da1a;,;on10 Simazil'le 3 102 h.? , '-T'" 5.7 35<br />
___ _ _ -4 •.. ~ .. _ _ ', __ ' .. _ ~, .' __ " .,.,. , __ _'. _ ,.... io..- ~<br />
0. _<br />
lRates given in terms of active ingredients.<br />
2visua1 ratin~s; a - no C;ritrol~ 10 ~ 100 ~~r cent control.'<br />
.' '1"-.
Table 2. Effects of Herbicides on Quackgrass<br />
Treatments<br />
June 14<br />
. 'Fall -;;';S"'p'-r"-:i-n-g- Shoots<br />
Herbicide Herbicide per Per cen!<br />
-1.~8.--1A _ ~..J£. S9,ft. co,1trol Ra,ting 2<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>y Controls<br />
a o<br />
Simazine 3<br />
59 7.1<br />
Simazine 3<br />
90 9.1<br />
Simazine 3 Simazine 3 2.4 97 9.7<br />
Simazine 5<br />
92 8.2<br />
Simazine 5 Sin~zine 3<br />
97 9.8<br />
Atrazine 2<br />
10.9 $4 6.3<br />
Atrazine 2 Simazine 3<br />
92 9.4<br />
Atrazine 4<br />
l:-.5 94 8.6<br />
Atrazine 4 Simazine 3<br />
98 9.$<br />
Propazine 4<br />
$$<br />
Propazine l, Simazine 3<br />
95<br />
EPTC 5<br />
93<br />
EPTC 5 +<br />
Simazine 3 3,$ 95<br />
Amitrol 8<br />
26.3 61<br />
Amitrol 8 Simazine 3 10.5 $5<br />
Dalapon 10<br />
41.6 39<br />
Dalapon 10 Simazine 3 14,6 79 $.2<br />
L,S,D. p=;05<br />
7;7 11<br />
p=.Ol<br />
10,5 15<br />
0.9<br />
0.6<br />
1.6<br />
o<br />
5.8<br />
0.6<br />
1.1<br />
a<br />
0.7<br />
0.6<br />
6.3<br />
10.9<br />
1.7<br />
$.9<br />
3.0<br />
97<br />
98<br />
94<br />
100<br />
78<br />
98<br />
96<br />
100<br />
97<br />
98<br />
82<br />
77<br />
59<br />
94<br />
67<br />
89<br />
16<br />
21<br />
229<br />
Sept. _1_2 __<br />
Shoots<br />
per Per cen!<br />
so,ft. control<br />
26.8 o<br />
6.0 78<br />
- - - - - - - - _.-~. -- - - - - - - - - - - - ~- - - - - - - - - - -<br />
lper cent control based on shoots per sq.ft.<br />
2Visual rating: 0 - no control, 10 - 100 per cent control.
230<br />
UndoubtAldlythe three oult:I.vations and the' two hoeihgs on the weedy plots<br />
during the season added to the effeotiveness of the ohemioal treatments. The<br />
stands of quaokgrass in the oont:r9.1.».lotsw.ere reduoed by about 60 percent from<br />
June to September as a result of these operations.<br />
Control of ~uaJ. <strong>Weed</strong>s An abundanoeof annual we.19dsand bindweed (COnvolvulus<br />
arvans!s) Vided the plot areas ~ The annual weeds were predominantly ragweed<br />
fAmtrosia arte~iifolia),orabgrass (Digitaria ean~alis) and yellow foxtail<br />
~ lutescens). Ratings of these and other annua weeds are shown in Table 3.<br />
Fall appli'cations of amitrol, silllazine, atrazine and propazine all appeared<br />
to deorease the. stands of annual weeds, especially in June. Beoause of the '<br />
oompetition offered by the nutgrass in plots of these treatments, however, little<br />
can be said of t-heir real value. Dalapon had little effaot on the annual weed<br />
population althOUgh EPTCappeared to control bindweed.<br />
G~anular simazine, applied at 3 lbs./A aft~r planting provided satisfactory<br />
control of annual.weeds for the season. Bindweed did 'not persist in plots<br />
treated with combinations of atrazine, propazine or simazine in the fall and<br />
granular simazine in the spring.<br />
Plantin s Nona.of the treatments injured"any<br />
~o~~e~n~u~r~s~e~ry~p~an~~s-s~e~r~o~u~e~y~.~~e~~o~r~sythia were slightly disoolored by the<br />
atrazine treatmlilnts but th~ injury appeared to be temporary. The forsythia grew<br />
vigorously, and made more growth in the treated plots than in the controls<br />
(Table 3). The forsythia grew poorly in these plots where annual weedS and/or<br />
nutgrase were not controlled.<br />
The oats sown in September yielded information on residual activities o~<br />
the triazine herbioides. Qats are very sensitive to the triazines. The Only<br />
plots with pronounced injury to the oats were the combinations of simazine at<br />
3 or 5 lbs./A in, the fall ",ith simazin,e at 3 lbs./A in the spring.<br />
Summary<br />
Combinations of fall and spring pre-planting treatments with a post-planting<br />
application of simazine in the spring were tested for their effects on quackgrass<br />
and nutgrass in nuraery liners. A pre-planting, ,soil-incorporated treatment with<br />
EPTCat 5 lbs.!A'controlled the first crop of nut~ass but had little etrect on<br />
nutgrass germination after two months. Repeated applications of EFTCmay be<br />
needed for seasonal control. Simazine greatly suppressed growth of nutgrass<br />
during the summe~.<br />
With periodic cultivation and weedlng,.. fall applications of atrazine and<br />
propazine at 4 1'c;s./A and simazine at 3 or 5 lbs./A provided good centrol of<br />
quackgrass for the season. Seasonal control of annual weeds and excellent<br />
?ontrol of quackgrass waS obtained when these treatments were followed by a<br />
post-planting application of,grapular simazine at 3lbs.!A.<br />
None of the herbicide treat~nts seriously af!ectedthe newly-plantod<br />
nursery stock.
Table 3. Effects of Herbicides on Annual <strong>Weed</strong>s and Forsythia<br />
Treatments<br />
"Fall --spring<br />
HerbiCide HerbiCide<br />
.-lbs.j~.<br />
lbs.!~<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>y Controls<br />
Clean<br />
Simazine 3<br />
Controls<br />
Simazine 3<br />
Simazine 3 Simazine 3<br />
Simazine 5<br />
Simazine 5 Simazine 5<br />
Atrazine 2<br />
Atrazine 2 Simazine 3<br />
Atrazine 4<br />
Atrazine 4 Simazine 3<br />
Propazine 4<br />
ProDazine 4 Simazine 3<br />
Amitrol 8<br />
EPTC 5<br />
EPTC 5 +<br />
Simazine 3<br />
Amitrol 3 Simazine 3<br />
Dalapon 10<br />
DaLapon 10 Sil:lazine 3<br />
o<br />
9~2<br />
9.7<br />
8.7<br />
9.3<br />
7.0<br />
9.8<br />
3.7<br />
9.7<br />
7.0<br />
8.8<br />
0.8<br />
8.5<br />
o<br />
6.4<br />
2.7<br />
1.0<br />
1.7<br />
231<br />
Forsythia<br />
GrowtllalJove<br />
Discolo 30 em.<br />
tion 2a- g!plot<br />
Aug. 10 Sept. 13<br />
651<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
0.3<br />
0.3<br />
0.1<br />
o<br />
o<br />
0.1<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
1229<br />
1239<br />
848<br />
14l~0<br />
856<br />
100$<br />
1250<br />
1139<br />
952<br />
1130<br />
1197,<br />
1212<br />
1290<br />
1005<br />
721,<br />
1262<br />
702<br />
11:.61<br />
- -- - - - - - ... -- -- - - - - - .- - - .....- - ...- - - - ...- ...- - _...- .- - ".;",<br />
. .<br />
IVisual rating, 0 - no control, 10 - 100 per cent control.<br />
20 - no injury, 1 - sli~ht injury, 5 - dead plants.
232<br />
PRBLIMINARYSTUDIESONA GRoonJ IlIHIBITOR<br />
FROMARTBMIS!AVULGARIS<br />
C. W. LeFevre"and W. E. Chappell 1/<br />
Virg,inia Agricultural Experiment ~~t1on<br />
Bl.. sJ,urS. Virginia<br />
The production of toxic substances by certain plants was DOted as early as<br />
1832 when D8Candolle observed flax was inhibited Bp~ge and oats by hors ... ttle.<br />
Since that tillie, considerable cirC\Dlltantial evidence supportins the presence of<br />
these substances has appeared and more convincing evidences are now accUIIIUlatins.<br />
The literature on this subject has Hen comprehensi'v;ely reviewed by Livingston<br />
(1907). Loebwins (1937). Bonner (1950). B~rner (1960). and Woods (1960).<br />
Artemasia vulgaris is rapidly spreading over lIUly areas of Eastern Virginia.<br />
It bas few. if any. natural eD8lllies and has the abillty to choke out crops and<br />
other weeds if allowed to grow undisturbed. Funke (1943) included Art_da<br />
vulgaris in an experiment designed to compare inhibition of various plants near<br />
hedges of species thought to secrete toxic substances into the soil. Plants<br />
were inhibited up to 100 em. from Mt_sia absinthl. with the effect grlldually<br />
tapering off in the last 50-60 em.' There wes' UDifo~ inhibition up to 60 em.<br />
from the Mt_sia VUlgaris beyond which tbe p~,'\nts were DOrmal. Funke attributed<br />
this effect to mechanical oppression of the Vigorously growins VUlgaris branches.<br />
Plants growing near Atriplex hortensis were not affected. In another experiment,<br />
seeds were placed in shallow bowls' containing either sailor soil mixed with the<br />
leeves of Artemisia absinthi\D or AJitemesia !!!J.garis. There was reduced gemination<br />
in the bowls containing plant'material of both plants, but the effect was<br />
greater from the leaves of Art_sit absinthi\D.<br />
In this paper. we are presenting tbe results of the extraction of a s,ubstance<br />
from Art_sia YUIgar1s wbicb is inhibitory to the growth of alfalfa<br />
seedlings.<br />
Materials<br />
and Methods<br />
Art_sia vulaaris used in this study was air dried and ground in a 40<br />
mesh whiley mill. Five g. of the ground meal was placed in a colEn and leached<br />
with 300 Jll. water. The solution was evaporated under reduced pressure at 45 0 C.<br />
and the residue dissolved in 100 mi. distilled water. This was diluted to make<br />
a series of concentrations which were prepared for assay.<br />
Extract of green Artem6sia vulsaris was prepared by placing fixe g. green<br />
leaves and stems in 100 mI. water in a Waring blender. 'f'here it was ground 20<br />
minutes and filtered with a Bachner funnel.<br />
lAssistant Professor and Professor of Plant Physiology.
233<br />
The inhibitory activity was assayed according to the method of Lell'e-rte<br />
and Clagett (1960). This consisted of placing 5 alfalfa seeds in 5 mI. be~ers<br />
containing a fileer disk wetted with .5 mI. test solution. The seedlings were<br />
grown 4 days and the percent inhibition was calculated in relation to controls<br />
grown in distilled water.<br />
In later experiments, ground meal was placed in dialysis tubing with one<br />
end open and autoclaved. The meal was saturated Wit'6'water, the other end of<br />
the tubing was tied, and the bag was placed inaso6let extractor and extracted<br />
with water. With .thia method extraction and dialy.sis ..were accomplished aimultaneously.<br />
Results<br />
and Discussion<br />
Green vs.<br />
Dry Plant Material<br />
The results of the alfalfa seedling inhibition test showed inhibitionwaa<br />
present in both green and dry Art .... ia vulgaris (Table 1).<br />
Table 1. Inhibition from green Artemasia vulaaris<br />
compared with extract from dry meal.<br />
...---------- _ _ --_._.--_._--_-_.<br />
Green<br />
Dry<br />
Percent inhibitionoiSeedling growth<br />
* 58./100 2.58./100 1.4g./l00 5/8g./l00<br />
92<br />
95<br />
----_ ------ _ _.._~_.._--<br />
ii<br />
95<br />
44<br />
92<br />
50<br />
73 .<br />
* Concentration of extract in grams plant material extracted per 100 mI. 8OJution.<br />
Extraction from Flowers, leaves. roots, and stems<br />
Extracts from soxhlet dialysiS extraction of leaves, stems, roots, and<br />
flowers all produced 100 percent iDbdbition of alfalfa seedlings at the concentration<br />
comparable to ~ttract from 5g. meal in 100 mI. solution.<br />
Table 2. Inhibition from flowers, leaves, roots, and stems.<br />
Control<br />
Flowers<br />
Leaves<br />
Roots<br />
Stems<br />
43<br />
oooo.<br />
00<br />
100<br />
100<br />
100<br />
100<br />
Since the inhibitor was found in all parts of the. plant any plant material<br />
could be used in f1arther extract1onl. thus a mbture,.of the above ground .parts
234<br />
we:re used .1n tbe .:r8ll!&1nde:rof tq::@tW\y.<br />
Effect<br />
of "beat<br />
'J<br />
,';,- " .<br />
When a coiuam packed witb'~:'drYed meal wasa~to~lav.d b.fore ext:rac~icm.<br />
tbere was no loss of inhibition (Table 3).<br />
I&:able.3. Effecit,o~ aut!clcv:1nl on inhlb1t~ of<br />
a1£alf,a seed1iaa ..gJ:01l1th.<br />
.......<br />
------_._<br />
.;.;.-.._._.:.<br />
---.. _~,~.'.._-_. ---...-..._-..,..'.'-.~..;.-.._..... _..-..•;.....<br />
• '1_<br />
Percent Inhibition<br />
Concentration * 5g ./100 ml. 2% g ./100 "g./~OO 518 g./1oo .. 5/].6/100<br />
..----_ --•.•..••... _-.._-- - - -- ---_..-.-_ ..----~.<br />
Autoc1aved<br />
100<br />
87<br />
89 71<br />
Non-Autoc1aved<br />
88<br />
90<br />
85 71 56<br />
<strong>Vol</strong>atile<br />
-17 .<br />
-_..--_.-_.-_.•-.••••.••••---jllt ••••--.•••--_..•••_-~.--••••••.•.•_-_ .<br />
* See footnote Table 1<br />
This showed that the<br />
'.<br />
inhibitor is<br />
.,-,<br />
.8t.le at 1200 C _2~ peifor 20 minutes.<br />
When'the first 100 iDl. passecn:brough anautoc"!.ved column ltwas .vaporated<br />
and the wa,te:r,cODClencedunde:r, _ ....oe pack. The ... ay showed alfalfa seedling<br />
growth slishtly. peatier tban ~t, pf the controls. It is evident from this<br />
e:cper:lment that the active principle 1.s non·vol.tile.· ..<br />
Soxhlet<br />
extraction<br />
AcOiDparison of extractionefflCiency of severa"!' solvents was made ualng<br />
the' Soalet ext:ractor. Art_s1., vuJ,8ari! llleal wu.ti:aClted 48 hours.<br />
.-.._.....-.-_.-<br />
Table 4 Soxhlet Extr.~JI;~D<br />
.....__._...-•.._..._.~~..~_....<br />
_..-....._..<br />
Percent<br />
Percent<br />
. . gerad:ution . inhibtttea '. .<br />
._-_.---._-_..------_._--...__...._-_._-_._..-~~..~_..-.... '<br />
Control<br />
Water<br />
Methanol<br />
Acetone<br />
Eenzetle<br />
Xylene<br />
Pet Ether<br />
Chlorofo:rm<br />
95<br />
00<br />
15<br />
4'5"<br />
85<br />
95<br />
9S<br />
50<br />
'00<br />
100 u<br />
79<br />
8!l<br />
68'<br />
13'<br />
16<br />
71<br />
The solvents were evaporated and the :residu.s shaken with water with a wrist<br />
action shaker for 20 minutes.<br />
The results showed, the inhib1.tton was most sollable in non·polar solvents<br />
(Table 4) • However. there were 1.Dbibttory substaucuJ extracted, by some of'the
non-polar solvents. Table 5 shows that an inhibition extracted with chloro#o~<br />
can be separated from the chloroform by shaking with water in a separatory 'funnel.<br />
Similar results were obtained with benzene.<br />
Table S. Removal of activity from chloroform with<br />
water in a separatory funnel •<br />
._-._._---_..-.-..... _.-..---------------_.-.-.--<br />
Percent<br />
geradnation<br />
Percent<br />
inhibition<br />
---_._.-._-_---.' -.- - _-----_.<br />
Extracted<br />
Chloroform<br />
Water Extract<br />
80<br />
30<br />
24<br />
70'<br />
235<br />
Whenone g. dry meal was asbed at 625OC. for 4 hours and 20 ml. water<br />
added to the ash to makeup a test solution, alfalfa seedlings grew as well: as<br />
,controls (Table 6). The ash solution was basic (pH 12.2). HN03was added"to<br />
bring the solution to pH 7. However, seedlings grew well in both solutio~s.<br />
Growth in the basic solution is explained by spcretion of organic acids from<br />
the alfalfa s4edlings as the pH in the basic test bad come down to near pH 7<br />
at the end of 4 days seedling growth.<br />
Table 6<br />
The effect of ash on inhibltion of'<br />
alfalfa seedlings.<br />
Dialysis<br />
-----------------~_!~~~~~--_:~~~~~~~~~-----<br />
Control 37 00<br />
Ash (No neutral~aatten<br />
treatment)' 42 -13<br />
Ash (Neutralized<br />
with HN0 3) 39 - 5<br />
.-.~--~._-.--.---...._._..----_..-_.<br />
__.._---<br />
Autoclaved extract was placed in cellophane dtalycer tubing and the tubing<br />
inserted in a cylinder. Water in the cylinder was changed about 10 times during<br />
three days treatment. All material outside the cylinder and the heavy concentrate<br />
which did not pass through the casing were concentrated and diluted for<br />
asaay. Table 7 shows most of the activity passed through the cellophane tubing.
236<br />
Table 7 Iffect of 4ial,8110n the iab:lblUOD<br />
.--------- ... -_ ...... _._ ... -- r-- • • • ,...... • • • • - - ..,~_.. " ... - ... _ ....<br />
,-rcent<br />
Percent<br />
a~natlon iDbl~~tj.on<br />
....-..__.~-.~..-._-_._......•.<br />
Diaijzed·<br />
·10<br />
Non d~a11zed 95<br />
_.__..-.-_<br />
-_..-..---<br />
_.- _- _---,-------- .•..._-_ -.-<br />
As a result of this expertment aDd stability to heat.fur~ber extractions were<br />
made by placing autoclaved lIleal in dialyzer. tubing aDd eXtracting in a Soxhlet<br />
extractor. thus extracting and dialyzing in one operati'Ott.·<br />
Ion excMne;e<br />
Table 7 shows the inhibitor is not absorbed to either cation or anion<br />
exchaqeredcs e-. JlIe~e was very. little 19S5 of act~Yitlon passage throuah<br />
Amberlite lR..l20 oratt,e.r havil16 passed t!;irpugl1 bot~ ,t:1;1isresin aDd AIIlberll,te<br />
lRA./too. .... . . . .. .' ' :<br />
Tabl.8<br />
----.-. __.----.~.~~~---.._~-----~-~~.-_.._-_..<br />
Perc.nt,!.~ent<br />
germination<br />
inhibition<br />
-- -_._ _.~-- •. _ •• • • .•..... • • .• -,"!' •.. .,-~ - ••• _ ..<br />
Through AIIlberlite<br />
m-120<br />
Through AIIlberlite<br />
IM-4QO. .<br />
o<br />
o<br />
100<br />
•.. _._. ~O.o<br />
J'.J<br />
Paper<br />
chrO!l!&togIaphY<br />
Deionized and dialyzed extract frOID 5 g.Att:s-a~lgliris was streaked<br />
on one 19 x 19 8&8 470..A filter paper having a Wba .;lfo. 7 wick. The solvent<br />
used was isopropanol water (90..1o-v/,,» 1nan~.~phere. Discs t..ere cut<br />
out of the chromatograph with a cork borer and placed in 5 ml. beake ..a. Each<br />
disk was wetted with .5 ml. water aDd 5 seeds were added for assay. Mostof<br />
the inhibtor was found between Rf values 56-72 (Figure I). This was aheadof<br />
_thy! red which bad a Rf value of about 47.
237<br />
Figure I Bioassay of cbrOlll4tographed extflact<br />
,<br />
~ick<br />
------_.<br />
__.__._.. _._._._--_._.-_.<br />
0<br />
Extract Streak 0<br />
-I<br />
I<br />
--Methyl<br />
Red streak<br />
~=i<br />
0<br />
0<br />
0<br />
Methyl Red 0<br />
0<br />
0<br />
0<br />
Yellow 0 I<br />
0<br />
1<br />
0<br />
Front 0<br />
0 ,I<br />
0<br />
I<br />
i<br />
Rf<br />
Control<br />
o<br />
9<br />
17<br />
24<br />
31<br />
37<br />
43<br />
48<br />
57<br />
64<br />
71<br />
77<br />
84<br />
92<br />
98<br />
Percent<br />
Inhibition<br />
o<br />
16<br />
-I<br />
-4<br />
54<br />
-9<br />
16<br />
14<br />
-21<br />
100<br />
60<br />
80<br />
77<br />
22<br />
-27<br />
-31<br />
11<br />
Summaryand Conclusions<br />
Agueous extracts of 5/16 g. Artemesia vulgaris when diluted to 100 mI.<br />
inhibited alfalfa seedling growth over 50%. The inhibitor was found in green<br />
and in dry plant material and could be extracted from either leaves, roots, stems,<br />
or flowers. It was stable to autoclaving at 20 p.s.i. for 20 minutes, but was<br />
destroyed completely when ashed. It was dialyzable and nonvolatile. It was<br />
soluable in polar and semipolar solvents and partly soluable in some nonpolar<br />
solvents. Inhibition e:~tracted with nonpolar solvents could be removed by<br />
shaking with water in a separatory funnel. The substance was not absorbed to<br />
either strong cation or anion exchange resins. Paper chromotographs run in<br />
isopropanol and water (90 - 10 /) in an IIIIIIIIOniatmosphere showed the inhibitor<br />
or inhibitors to have an Rf value between 56 and 76.<br />
Literature<br />
cited<br />
Bonner, J. 1950. The role of toxic substances in the interaction of higher<br />
plants. Bot. Rev. 16:51-65.<br />
Borner, H. 1960. Liberation of organic substances from higher plants and their<br />
role in the soil sickness problem. Bot. Rev. 26: 393-424.
238<br />
Decaodolle, A. P. 1832., Physl,oloBfA VageUle. 3:1414~1475.<br />
Funke, H. and B. Sed1D8~ 1948. Uber das Wachsstoff-Hemmstoffsystem del'<br />
Haferkoleoptile-UDd del' Kartoffelkncille. P18i1tii36:341-379.<br />
LeFevre, C. W. aDdc. o. C1aaet.t.1960. CoDG8ntraUoD·.of a growth Inhibitor<br />
from Asromon repens (Quackgrass). Proc. N.Bi-<strong>Weed</strong>Cont. Conf,14:353-356.<br />
Livingston, B. E. 1907. Further studies on thepr~~l'ties of unproductive soils.<br />
U.S.D.A. Bur. Soils Bul. 36. 71 pp.<br />
Loehw1ng, W. F. 1~37. Root interactions of plants. Bot. Rev. 3:195-239.<br />
t~oods, F. to1. 1960. Biological antagonisms. due to phytotoxic root exudates.<br />
Bot. Rev. 26:546-569.
239<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> Control and Residual Effects of Simaz1ne and of Atrazine<br />
Applied to Soil Prior to Planting ~$ery Stock<br />
A. M. S. Pridham, Cornell University<br />
Simazine and atrazine have both been used in wettable powder and<br />
granular formulation in two series of tests since J.951in plantings of evergreens<br />
(~ and Thuja) in Cornell nursery areas.<br />
The 1957 series of plants were rototilled and replanted in 1959. Rototilling<br />
has continued throughl961. The originaJ. plan of the plots is no<br />
longer visible from the weed growth or lack of it. 'Evergreen crop gro'l-rth is<br />
normal.<br />
Red l~idney beans were planted. in JUly 1961 in soil that had not been<br />
treated with triazines as well as in the old plot areas. Germination and<br />
growth were similar in both sections of the field, indicating that the soil<br />
was essentially free of triazines in the area of the bean root zone.<br />
A second nursery area was treuted in 1959 to till sod before planting<br />
nursery crops. Simazine and atrazine were applied JUne .21 and 22, 1959 at<br />
two rates, 5 and 10 pounds of active ingredient framlCeach of two formulations<br />
(wettable powder and granular) as well as surfaoe· application and in-<br />
corporation of the herbicide by rototilling 3-4 inches immediately following<br />
planting.<br />
During the summer of 1959 timothy sod was eliminated from treated plots<br />
except when simazine was used on the· sod surface in granular form without<br />
rototilling. Dandelion was st1muJ.e.ted in she and dark green color. Bindweed<br />
was released but re-invasion by seedling weeds was of minor proportions.<br />
In 1960 half of each 10 x 10 I plot was rototilled and the nursery indicator<br />
plants, Ligustrum oValifolium, EuOnymus fortunei, Pachysandra terminalis<br />
and Forsythia intermedia were planted in the freshly rototilled soil. The<br />
indicator crops oats, buckwheat and later red kidney beans were also planted.<br />
Typical growth response of these test crops to triazines was found only<br />
at the 10 pound level. Not all plants of an indicator group responded within<br />
a plot. Growth of beans was normal in soil samples taken to the greenhouse<br />
in fe.ll 1960 for testing indoors under soil moisture at field capacity from<br />
intermittent misting.<br />
June observations in 1961 indicated very little residual response in<br />
test crops. EuOnymus fortunei foliage in granular simazine plots at 10<br />
pound level showed yellow margins on a few leaves in young growth typicaJ.of<br />
triazine injury in this and other crops including ~ and Taxus.<br />
A single strip was rototilled in June 1961 at right angles to 1959 and<br />
1960 rototilling. Red kidney beans were planted in a single row through each<br />
rototilled strip. Growth and color of the red kidney beans in the untreated<br />
controls and in the triazine plots were very similar. Samples of 10 bean<br />
plants at flowering stage were cut at the soil level and green weight taken
240<br />
immediately. The weights are given in 'rf!.ble 1 anq.',liIhowno consistent trend<br />
nor statistic~ valid difference even at the 5~ level. under these circumstances<br />
the plots ~ be regarded as having a tria:tS.ne content lower than<br />
that plVtotox1c to nursery crops tested.<br />
'rable 1. Green weight in grams of 10 red kidney belln,.plants at first<br />
flower stage following' June planting in, con'jlrol plots and in<br />
treated plots.<br />
5>.11<br />
Type cat ion<br />
S011 tl'eatment No. of 'plots<br />
,Rotot1lled<br />
Control<br />
Eptam<br />
Simazine<br />
Atrazine<br />
Mean weight<br />
SNt'ace,<br />
16<br />
888<br />
214.25<br />
246.13<br />
233.75<br />
215·00<br />
224.69.<br />
204.56<br />
220.12<br />
248.75<br />
206.50<br />
216.95<br />
. S1mazine and ll.trazine, have. given .good,control ,9f established stands of<br />
Agropyrbn repens. Reinfestat10n, howeVer, fol;l.ows unless sCllleadditional<br />
control measures are maintained. Spot spra;ying,aultivation, plowing or<br />
weeding ma;y be sel.ected but pro3.0nged residueJ.ac4onis not adeqUate to<br />
prevent re-estab1ishment of some weeds and release of' others from a minor to<br />
a dominant position. Hedge bindweed, Convolvulus a.i'd' was present in.<br />
mi~ilmOUntsp1n"1959 but eJ.1 plots showed some '6, :wee in autumn 1961 -<br />
7~ of eJ.l the plots rated 5 or,more on a sceJ.e oto through 9. Grass stand<br />
was eJ.so rated on stand density. Agr'?PY3'0nrepens, was present to 50~ or<br />
more in rototilled plots. '<br />
'rab1e 2. Stand of perennieJ. grasses present at the close of the third<br />
seasonatter a s.1ngle &?plication O,f atrazine, and sima.zine<br />
based on rating 0-6to1:&1 for 3 repl1ca:tes' and duplicate<br />
ratings (hence 6 x 3 x 2 = 36maximum). '<br />
Rate<br />
Not .rotot1lled<br />
1959 04<br />
~ototilled ."<br />
Herbicide lbs. AlA 1959-61 ,960only 1959 & !§O0<br />
Control 0 27 18 18 17<br />
Atrazine 5 26 22 23 17<br />
10 30 24 22 13<br />
EPtalll 5 30 20 21 20<br />
l~ 28 23 17 18<br />
S1ms.zine 5 20 15 20 13<br />
1:0 2; 11 19 12<br />
,-~, '
Rototilling was done in June·' SO that the 1959 and 1960 data represents<br />
re-establishment over the period June 1960 to November 1961. In the fall of<br />
1959 three months after treatnumt little Agropyron repens was present in<br />
the plots receiving simazine or atrazine. This was true also in November<br />
1961 following June 1961 rototilling.<br />
Summary<br />
In a Dunkirk' silty c1B¥ 101$ simazine and atraZine applied on the SUI"<br />
face at 5 poundS or at 10 pounds' of active ingredient per acre are effective<br />
in controlling Agr0J2.:'Lr.cnr~pens'antt'seedling wceds'ror one and possibly 'biro<br />
growing seasons. Ro'';;otiJling 2- 3 times at the closE! of the second aeason<br />
largely reduces any herbicidal value and permits nomal growth of red kidney<br />
beans during the sensi.tive juvdhileleaf' stage on through to flowering stage.<br />
Normal growth of all indicator plants tested is taken to indicate that the<br />
soil is free of herbicidal leveis Of the herbicide applied. Incorporation<br />
of simazine or atrazine at the tfm~ of application increases the initial<br />
efficiency of the herbicidala.ctibh.It is ljJ~ely that incorporation<br />
assures placement within the soil. and minimizes loss through run off or '<br />
spreading to adjacent plots. ao~dtilling once a year in present tests<br />
appears to be as effective as herbicidal appEcatj,on used once in a three<br />
y'ear period. <strong>Weed</strong> control value is lost and phytotoxic effect to indicator<br />
plants was not evident after the second year following application.<br />
:References<br />
Pridhem, A. M. S. Crop, voed !Uld.~oi1 aspects of sil'nazine, atrazine and'<br />
other herbicides in greenhouse and field tests. Proc. 14th<br />
Almual Meeting N.E. <strong>Weed</strong> Control conr , 142-147. 1960.<br />
•<br />
-----a~:t~r~a~z~i·ne<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> control. and residual effects<br />
applied to. sod prior to planting<br />
of simazine and of<br />
nursery stock.<br />
Proc. 15th Annual MeetiDg R.E. <strong>Weed</strong> Control Conf. 174-176.<br />
1961.
WEEDCONTROL IN.STRAWBERRIES WI'DIEITAH,<br />
NEBURON, TRIEWINE ANDZY~<br />
Jolin S.<br />
8&11ey2<br />
In the northeast strawberry fi.1ds are cu.tomari1y fruited only onc.. One<br />
of the chief reasons for this i. the failure of growers to keep weeds under<br />
control. The use of Sesone haa helped but under 'CllII8condition. results. bave<br />
been d1sappointing. Several other chemicals have been tried but none bas been<br />
widely used (1,2,3,5,6). Therefore, the search for a better weed control<br />
chemical for use in strawberry fields continues.<br />
Materials<br />
and Method.<br />
In mid-April, 1960, virus~frea plants of the variety Surecrop were s.t in<br />
plots 5 feet by 12 f.et. The mother plants were s.t2 feet apart, 5 to a plot<br />
and allowed to form matted rows. The materials t ..... d and rates per acre w.re<br />
as follows: Eptam 51 granular at 2 and 4 pounds; NeburoD 18.5~ W.P. at: 1 and<br />
2 pounds; Trietadne 50%W.P. at 2 and 4 pounds and Zytron 25%on clay at 10<br />
and 20 pound.. Each treatment was replicated four time.. .<br />
The plot. were hoed and cultivated until June 10 so that the plants would<br />
be thoroughly established before any treatments were applied. On June 10,<br />
after thorough cultivation and hoeing the Trietaaine and Neburon were sprayed<br />
over the plots using one pint of wat.r per plot. On June 13 the Eptam and<br />
Zytron for each plot was mixed with a double handful of dry •• nd and broadcast<br />
by band. The•• two material. were then cultivated in lightly with an<br />
iron rake.<br />
By mid-July some of the plots were getting very weedy, especially the<br />
untreated plots. Therefore, all the weeds on each,lotwere counted. S1Dce.<br />
very little gra.s appeared in any of the plots at t~s time or later, all the<br />
data will cover broadleaf weeds Oh1y. Those present were mostly purslan.,<br />
Portulaca 01er~5~; red root pigweed, Amarant~~lt retroflexusj 1ambsquarters,<br />
~~~ ~j and smartweed, Po1ygonumhydropiper.<br />
After the weed counts were made all plots were thoroughly cultivated,<br />
hoed and on July 26 and 27 all plots were re-treated.<br />
By September 23 some plots had become very weedy again. Therefore, the<br />
plot. in each block were ranked for weed population so that the results could<br />
be tested statistically by the rankit method (4). The most abundant weed at<br />
this t~e was commonchickweed, Stellaria media. After the ranking all plots<br />
were cultivated and hoed and no more chemi~applied either in the fall or<br />
lContribution No. 1328 of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station.<br />
University of Ma.sacbusetts, Amherst. Mals.<br />
2Associate Professor of Pomology. Department of Horticulture, University of<br />
Ma.. achu.etts.
243<br />
in the spring of 1961 preceeding the picking of the ~rop.<br />
Results<br />
The results of the weed counts on July 15 are iiven in Table I. The<br />
treatment means are compared by the method of J. S. Tukey as modified by<br />
Snedecor (7). The difference nec.... ry for significanc.,is expressed as.D<br />
rather than L.S.D. .<br />
Table 1. Percentage <strong>Weed</strong> Control on July 15, 1960 Following Herbici4.<br />
Applications on June 10, 1960.<br />
Rat. Average Transformation<br />
(lbs/a) No. weeds per to angles<br />
_T.I..!t!!.n t ,,(a.:.i.v .§.0_sS.....fl.Jl!01 __ !£o!lt,to! __ a!:.,ta.ae_v!l~e__<br />
Untreated<br />
Trietazine<br />
Trietazine<br />
Eptam<br />
Neburon<br />
Neburon<br />
Eptam<br />
Zytron<br />
Zytron<br />
2<br />
4<br />
4<br />
1<br />
2<br />
2<br />
10<br />
20<br />
139.0<br />
2.7<br />
4.0<br />
20.0<br />
29.0<br />
27.3<br />
44.3<br />
47.3<br />
51.7<br />
D at 5'7.: 16.62<br />
98.1<br />
97.1<br />
~5.6<br />
79.1<br />
80.4<br />
68.1<br />
66.0<br />
55.6<br />
*Differences between means having the same letter ar~ not significant.<br />
82. 33a*<br />
81.05a<br />
67.94ab<br />
63.58b<br />
63.46b<br />
54.75b<br />
54.4lb<br />
51.85b<br />
Most of the materials gave good to excellent weed control. The outstanding<br />
material is Trietazine. The two pound rate seems to be just as good as the four<br />
pound. Eptam at four pounds per acre also gave sucb good control that ther~ is<br />
no significant difference between it and the two rat .. of Trietazine. The<br />
difference in weed control between the two rates of ·Tr1etazine and the other<br />
materials is significant but the differences betwee~ Eptam at four pounds per<br />
acre and the others is not. . . . .<br />
Table II gives the results in rankit values (4) of the plots on .<br />
September 23.<br />
Table II. Results from Ranking on September 23~ 1960 of plots treated<br />
a Second Time on July 26, 1960.<br />
Rate<br />
Rate<br />
(lbs/a) Rankit (lbs/a) Rankit<br />
!r!a~m!n1 (!.!.l_ !:a.!u! Ir!a1m!n~ .-;__
241+<br />
The Trietazine plots were abaost entirely free of weeds while the<br />
untreated plots had a heavy infestation. Again, Trietaaine rated the highelt<br />
and there is no difference between r&ta.. However. there il no .significant<br />
d1ffer~nce between Trietaz1ne at .:j.tb,r2 or' 4 'pouncit per acre. Neburon a~<br />
pounds per acr~' aDaZytron at 20 pouildl per acre. ''J', ."<br />
2<br />
. -, " : ,'. \ • 'l • , ';., ~<br />
'In the .UllIIilerof 1961 the 11eld80f fruit 'ftom"cile'pl6ts wen obtatn.~:<br />
These data when treated by analysil of variance give no lignificant diffetlhce<br />
between treatmentl. Therefore,comparilonl between 'treatments are omitted. Thil<br />
relult IUIge'tl tlia': ilone of the h.rbicidel changed "th., yield of ftuit"<br />
lignificantly. ' i'<br />
Conclusions<br />
I • __ : 1.. ,<br />
. When de&1ing with h.1'bicid .... 1t:1.8 neverlafa todtaw bard •• d fa.t' ,<br />
conclusions from the results of one yaar or one crop cycle. However. th. ,data<br />
'presented Ihow that during the one two-year cycle for strawberriel, most o.f,the<br />
'"materials did a realonably good job of controlling broadleaf weeds. ,but 't~<br />
',Trietazine was outstanding in thil respect. The yields ineticated no adve~"~<br />
'effectl of the herbicidel tried.<br />
Literatur,<br />
Cited<br />
1. ClIDpbeU.R. W. and G. S. Atteridg. 19'6. Comparilon of some chemical~')<br />
applied as residual pre-emergence sprays to control crabgrall in est.b1.iahed<br />
Itrawberry plantings. Proc. 13th Ann. Meet. North Cent. <strong>Weed</strong> cene , Conf.<br />
p.62-63.<br />
2. ChappeU. W'. E. and'1; L. Bc$"er. 'Jr. 1959. GraUl'rand spray applications<br />
of certain herbicidelin s~r_erries 'and raspberries. Proc. 13th Ann.<br />
'Meet. ,North.astern <strong>Weed</strong> Cant'. 'Con£.p.64-68. ."<br />
3. Curtis, O. F. andJ.P. Tomkinl.1958; . Herbiclda'''effects on strawberry<br />
,yieldl., proc •. 12th .Ann.Meet'.''ltorthealtern We.¢',cont.Cod. p:S3-59.<br />
, ...' '.:",~, ",. .. .. .. .. .<br />
4.M1t:hellon. l.; F., W. R. LachDiatllind D. D. Allen.19~8~ .The use, of the<br />
','Weighted RAlnkit~',Method in'variety tdab. prdcf;~er.Soc •. Hort. Sci.<br />
7l:33~-338. ,,", .<br />
5. •. Poulos P. L. 1958.' N'eburoll: newelt of the subitituted' urea herbicidl".<br />
Proc. 12th Ann. Meet. Northeastern <strong>Weed</strong> Cont. Conf. p.45-49.<br />
, • ~. ".:. : I" r-n- " '; ,<br />
6. Rlhn. E. ~. and J. D. Fieldhouse; 1960. EvaluaCl~~ dfseveral herbicides for<br />
.strawberiies. Proc. 14th Ann. Meet. Northeastem <strong>Weed</strong> Cont. Cpnf. p.55-59.<br />
7. Shedecor, 'G. W~ 1956. Statistical ~ethods.<br />
Iowa. 5th Bel" p.25l-U3.<br />
oott".iate Presl, Inc. Am~~,<br />
...
WEEDCONTROL.AR
Bxpedlllflnt II.<br />
In 1960 a .~d axp.r1. .. nt;:~r.e.rte4;'~',~0IQIlH):l!.v.ral rate. of<br />
S1.IIIazlneand the u.ually te~~,;,rat4t; .of ;DR1..... The plot. were lald out<br />
In an orchard planted In 1958. Thl. orchard contalned flv. tr.e •• ach of 21<br />
n.w varletie. all on Ba.t Malllni.W:t,roPUtoclt ••<br />
The treatment. con.lsted of Dalapon at 10 pounde per 100 gallons of water<br />
8Ild &UtaI1ne.t-.10, U, .20,25 and 30 pounde' a.1.:,pa':> JiOO-sallone.AppUoat1C1n.<br />
"er' .. de. OIl' June 16, 1960 Id.tila 3-plloo c~.. d 'all' .pr.yer 00 G<br />
are.,4 to, 5 feet LA d:Laeter around, .ach tre.. AboUili2o,.quart. of.pray wre<br />
und, for 7 tr.... TbeDalapoa plDb were ,.1vea a .teCllld application em<br />
Augu.t 18,1960 •<br />
. The exper1JDeAtal layout cout.t.d of 6 .tr.at1Il .... ' upl1cated 7 tilll8••<br />
Slo.1. tl'8e, plotl weX'.~ed. 1\'...... " were.pace4:1.0::«hat ,t;here wa.at<br />
lea.t J 0118 \lntraated Ilraebetwe.1l1 &lraC.d treea'.' rhat.f.e. til each block'<br />
there were 6 tr.ated trees and 8 to 10 guard tree.. ,-:"'"<br />
on September 7, 1960 e.t1tlal •• iiware .Ue:of,t:h. effectivenes. of the<br />
treatlDenti by rating the plots frcmO to 10.Or'epr ••• nting no control and 10<br />
repre.ent1ng perf.ct control (no WI.deot gila" pre •• nt). Th. averale rating.<br />
for the treatment. are glven In the table.<br />
~'-Jq;." .r.: ,,!"",jB :'-L':: ~:t;J<br />
RaUng o£weedCoDtrol ifollCW1.DI AppUcaUOD. rof. »a1apoll and; S1ala'£".~' :I.<br />
)_.' ,~:~.d I ; ; {,:"j j fl.!"-:'1 ' .:, ; : i .: \:,::.i!<br />
I Rate • .J Ap'KOX. .::::...;.; ";;'-(.i!f:-.,,;;;(;.;;RJt!DM ,~;l',-<br />
Ir.!a.£!D.!n! l.!!/.l0.Q,Sa.ls..t__ l.&!eJ.a !e,Et,!1D,2e.!1.,_11,602__ Maz.ll1"19.!1<br />
DalapoQ' ,1Q .s: ,:&-10 '; rqRWtb',o •• Ctill'<br />
Dalapon plot., which had been, ..e,pl'qed .5 weeks b.fOldl' the,e.t1.lllatelJw.n-_cIa' •<br />
.'.r'-, J J',.1. IH."v.:. " . • l:·)'U,.l:.~P<br />
In theSpl'1nl: Qf 1961 lt WA' '.nned, IlbaIlAIlO8!Jl.; ratl'lJil; .the foUowi~,:~el'<br />
vatlODS were_de:~,l)S.Cllll8 ar."J'~ __ny broadlaaIJ .... de WIre; cC*tns~,<br />
the ,'t'alaPQn plcaU ..,:. 2) MolIt oftiMU ... d. caD1ng:,_kll1ldlo. the,S1llaslne,plClb',<br />
were quack gra .. , AaropYron repen.. 3), Gran c_na> tIlCo"the:SliIIaaia. .~<br />
looked stunted and yellow. 4) S1IIIadne was not eff.otiv •• Ia1.~stclnq~ll~o_f.l,<br />
Potent111a !p.S,- The effect1vene ••- ofSlmazlna ior- ... d control was stUl"<br />
eVide~;'lJ;, IIIP1l*ib aft.ri~pjil.Cl.t-J.·ClO'~.upH1a11)'J':at "taoa .tJ! U,to 30 p~,~<br />
per 100 gallem. of water,'j' "";>('>1,\, :cd:",. ""',;: ,'I'.V~~\·'t<br />
: ;~l~.;:;.a,<br />
.')iJLJr
Li£erature<br />
Cited<br />
1. Chappell. W. E. and George WiUialIIa. 1960. We.d control studies in young<br />
apple orchards. ,Prac. 14th Ann•. Meet. Northea.~~,Wee~ Cant. Conf.<br />
217-218.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
Curtis. o. F •• Jr. 1956. Growtb of young apple trees weeded with CMU.<br />
Cras. Sesln. MR. or na1apon. hoc. 10th Ann. Meet. Northeastern <strong>Weed</strong><br />
Cant. Conf. p. 297-304.<br />
, . ..', 'F<br />
Curti •• O. F •• Jr. 1958. ,Gr•.•• and weed cont~,under peach tree'. :Proc.<br />
12th Ann. Meet. Northea.teri <strong>Weed</strong> Cont. Conf., ....100·107.<br />
r<br />
, '<br />
247<br />
4. Harrison. T. B. 1957.<br />
(Dow Chemical Company)<br />
Chemical grass control in orchards.<br />
13:14-~~.<br />
Down to Barth<br />
5. Larsen. R. p. and S. K. Ries. 1960. S1mazlne for controlling weeds 1n<br />
fruit tree and grape plantiQl'. <strong>Weed</strong>s 8(4):671~'77.<br />
6. LeUe. J. S. and R. P. Lonile,. 196(). The conla:ol of weeds around yoiuia<br />
apple trees. <strong>Weed</strong>s 8(3):422-4~6~<br />
7. Schubert. o. B. 1959. Effect of recODlllendt\danclexcesa1ve rates of,<br />
certain herbicideS to apple trea. of varyins ase,., Proc. 13th Ann. Meac.<br />
Northeastern <strong>Weed</strong> ceae , Conf~p. 62·63. .<br />
~',<br />
.'<br />
j ...<br />
, ,<br />
i<br />
r .<br />
•
248<br />
...../<br />
CONTROLOFANNUALWEEDSIItc'cARRarSWITHSOLAN,ZYTRON,AMlBEN,<br />
. " DIPHENAM~~: ANDPROMETft~, . t • • ·'~.~!i~ .•<br />
.: . 'M.I~i'~l'e.,.ttari4"RObe1"t Lit'ti.:ti~id1:;' '.<br />
'J<br />
Hl.;< •<br />
..·:).C~>·,<br />
This papel' .i.a a... 1'e pol't ... Qn ...• t.he ette~.t1...y~ .. ' ... as.rv. ot the,he~.~g:~.dU<br />
'Uated in TaN.':llon:th.ci)n.~Ol ot annUd',J)i6~~eat' we~d' ~'l<br />
annual gl'assell .h1'Cazll'oth' . ..'<br />
I<br />
:.\:i'l~<br />
Pl'ocedure<br />
. ';"iJd<br />
"~ , ",'1<br />
Long Chantanay oal'l'otls ',tere planted 'in". loam so11 12 .rune, .<br />
1961, ,and wel'e eventually thtnned to tWl?inqhea. Tl'eatmenta._l'e.<br />
l'ep11oated .... A'·ta .. 111'a .tlandom1zedbio~~ b.t 'e1ngle-l'owp];Q,ia<br />
pail'ed with untl'eated plotll. Spl'aya weite app:u.ed with' one pa',',<br />
ot a small plot 8pl'.yel'at 40 pounda pl'es.sW'ean4 ,0 $dlon4.;~ .'<br />
aore volume. ,.i"blc1d ..awff'~ 'aJ)pl:led to 1i:l~f'rent lle1"if)aot, p~ota<br />
at 'plan t.ing(12 June) Ie t the "oCtt)'ledona.ry stage (26 Ju-ne),~n~"at<br />
the tl'ue letit stage (j July).·" '. ,. .<br />
The pl'~oipal bl'oadleat weeds wel'e: Wild Rutabaga (Bl'assl08<br />
a L.), L"ambsqual'tel'a (Chenopodium~ L.), and Spurl'Y<br />
el' ula a ven is L.). The annual gl'asae. p1'8aent wel'e: Foxtail<br />
Se 81' a v.), and Barnyal'd gl'aa8 (Eohinoohola 01'uafalll L.).<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> ooun 8 an 1"atings were 1I18deten weeka atte1" tl'eatmen •<br />
Results<br />
Hand weeded plots, and plots l'eoeiving 4 pounds ot Solan pel"<br />
aOl'e eithel' at the cotyledonal'y atage 01' at the tl'ue lear stage<br />
or cal'l'~ts, and 2 01"4 pounds or Pl'ometl'yne applied at planting,<br />
pl'oduced s18J1irlcantly highe1" rields ot cut-ott cal'l'ota than all<br />
othel' tl'eatments except 4 and 6 pounds or Amiben applledat<br />
planting, Table 2. Highest numel'ioal yielda wel'e pl'oduced in<br />
hand weeded plot., and in plot, l'eceiving 4 pounds or Solan at the<br />
cotyledonal'y ste! ..<br />
11 Associate agl'onomlst and technioal assiatant, Agl'onOMYDepa1"tment,<br />
Maine Agl'ioultural Experiment Station, Uhive1"sity ot<br />
Maine, 01'0no, Maine.
Tl'eatments ghing un.811~!8facto%'yy~.eids inoluded: planting<br />
application of 6 pounds of Solan pel' aCl'e, 10 pounds of Zytl'on,<br />
4 pounds of Diphenamid, and 4 pounds of Diphenamid plus 4 pounds<br />
0t Aml08l'1,Table 2. ';, '"1· I<br />
249<br />
,. I, .:" '_~ :.' ;'.~ '1 (1 " ,,', '.! ',; ;~: .<br />
Low fields wel'e aa.8oe1ated eithei'w1tb, !'1~adequate w~e'dJcbntl'ol<br />
ol.'wi~h n..l'Ucipe.· indu~811c; nop injW'y'. ~ LM
250<br />
,~ <br />
, ..,)'<br />
rv:: ":<br />
" ' C .. .,i...: _. . • ;- ~ • - t.b,r:LJ, \ ;(~rr<br />
In 1961, as in previous yeal's, SOlan applied in ca:rrGh' at<br />
eithel' the ootyledonary 01' at the first true leaf stage, s~ti.<br />
ta~,t 01;'1,1.y ~",ct;~9U"'annua~, "Uda' and; anual( '1'8S8U .wi thoil~<br />
toedu9,t S,. ; tnl yJ.•.~'q~l'e4: tot bandweeded: Jpl ot _, .: SU18t8otOl'f'<br />
.Qn~rd· deJ)~Il., tl,qn, .ppl,.1~g~;Sol.whilft we.d_ 1a" "uall, pit.'e*,<br />
al?}.J.be/cpr" Ml'e.~ tan one".ol'dlwo tl'ue bari.'tla.e develop.d.;'·~<br />
., ... '.' J_'.');.,'-.f;};:~,~ __;~ :., 'i'.:') \~' "'fl:l, r-:,,'; , ',::','-..L,<br />
PlanUng.r"IPpUoatlOi1Jot,;dth81' .2ol'dV JDowtdl ot PJlc::lmetl'~<br />
;;9:?<br />
~~::~4:tori:e~~l'O~\l~~d.,tield~<br />
,.!. )1;<br />
DO~ :'.~~~ltlNat~ytdi~~'ftt<br />
.: " " ",I., '_'/,)' '1''If.' " . • ~:i<br />
'. -. _ _ :'~ e 1'~1
Table 1.<br />
Designa t ion<br />
Am1l:)en<br />
.\ :<br />
D1phenam1p<br />
Frometryne<br />
Solan<br />
Zytz'on<br />
Herb1c1desUseQ,<br />
~ .Q.,arrot,s.<br />
, ,,:1',<br />
'\~i.; ',:" Ac;1.ett....;; .... ~-d~'1\-en-t----<br />
j~1~o,2,~~1chlOrOb&~zJ1~1aotd'<br />
~'~rd1methyl_d1PhenylaCe~amt'e<br />
Z~~b. thylmercapto-4,6-b1s<br />
I<br />
'<br />
\.(18 p;opYlam1n~)-s-<br />
~h1ne .! ..<br />
~~(~-ChlOro-4-methYlPhen~1)-~-~~tih~lPentanam1de<br />
0- (4!,4 -d1chlorophenyl) -o-jnet~y:t; '1'sopropy;lphosphoroamu'oth1oa<br />
te ..! . '<br />
, ! 1 -<br />
~.' '": 'I<br />
: i<br />
;-' 1 (,<br />
'.., ~ , ...<br />
i ,<br />
I:<br />
0.<br />
., .;<br />
l..!<br />
I:<br />
, I.)<br />
. I<br />
~'i<br />
. .;'<br />
-j<br />
,1 .. '<br />
'.;!<br />
" ,<br />
i<br />
/.1", 1- .-~ •<br />
, '"I
)<br />
..,<br />
~~ble, 2.. , Yield ot Car~ts. Following Application of Various Herbicides.<br />
; -."<br />
Pounds<br />
of<br />
cut off Rank (1 - highest. 11 = lowest)<br />
carrots Annual Bi'oadleaf Number of Weight l<br />
Acre rate of he~blclde per 25.' grass weed cal'l'ots per cut of:<br />
(activE! ingre'diant) of l'OW contl'ol control 2$' of row CQI'rot:<br />
.:H.and 1fe~d': ..,<br />
'4# so~. c<br />
" , ,~.aaY<br />
4# Solan.<br />
4# Pl'Cimetryne<br />
2# Prometryne<br />
6# Amlben<br />
4# Amiben<br />
6# Solan<br />
10# Zytl'on .<br />
4# Am1,ben'+.4# Diphenamld<br />
4# Di*enamld 8Qr1. .<br />
Coty:!:l24.1a<br />
Tl'. 20.6ab<br />
Pl 20.3ab<br />
PI 20.3ab<br />
Pl 19.4abc<br />
Pl 16.9 bcd<br />
Pl 13.4 cd<br />
!pI 11.3 de<br />
SOW l>1 6.0 et<br />
PI 5.4 f<br />
L.S.D. 5$ $.3<br />
11 Coty = applied at cotyledonary stage of oQI'rots, 26 June, 1961.<br />
T1 = applied at true leaf stage of CQI'l'ots, 3 July, 19b1 •<br />
. Pl = applied at planting, 12 June, 1961.<br />
y Means having the same letter designations do not dittel' significantly at the 5%level<br />
(Duncants Multiple Range Test).<br />
2<br />
8<br />
10<br />
1<br />
i<br />
5<br />
11<br />
941<br />
1<br />
~ 236<br />
10<br />
891<br />
11<br />
4 359l<br />
2<br />
81<br />
11<br />
10<br />
1<br />
i<br />
2<br />
3<br />
$<br />
19<br />
10<br />
8<br />
11<br />
N<br />
(Q
Table 3. Percent Broadleat <strong>Weed</strong> Control in Carrots Following<br />
Applioation ot Va~ious Herbicides.<br />
253<br />
. ..<br />
Ac~e rate ot<br />
active, in6tedient<br />
Handweeded<br />
4# Prometr;yne<br />
2# Prometryne<br />
4# Solan<br />
4# Solan<br />
6# Amiben<br />
4# Amlben + 4# Diphenamid 80W<br />
6# Solan<br />
10# Zytron<br />
4# Alliben<br />
4~ .Di~henamid 8G1<br />
t. eD.51<br />
11 See Footnote #1, table 4.<br />
Ply<br />
Pl<br />
Coty<br />
Tl<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Pi<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Percent broadleat<br />
weed contDol<br />
Table 4. Percent Annual Grass Control in Carrots Following<br />
Application ot Various Herbicides.<br />
Acre rate<br />
(active<br />
L.S·P.$%<br />
of herbicide<br />
ingredient)<br />
4# Prometryne<br />
Hand weeded<br />
2# 'Prometryne<br />
4# Amiben + 4# Diphenamid 80W<br />
4# Amiben<br />
6# Amiben<br />
4# Diphenamld<br />
4# Solan<br />
'J.O#Z)"iron<br />
4# Solan<br />
6# Solan<br />
Plli<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Coty<br />
Pl<br />
Tl<br />
Pl<br />
Percent<br />
ot annual<br />
o(mtro~<br />
grass<br />
11 Cotyo= applied at cotyleci0l:lary stage ot~arrots, 26 June,- .1961.<br />
, Tl ,. = applied at true leat stageot carrots, 3 July, 19b1.<br />
Pl =appl1.d at planting 12 JUl),e, 1961.<br />
~ Means ha~1ng the same letter designation. do not ditfer significantly<br />
at the 5%level (Duncan's Multiple Range Test).
254<br />
Table 5. Number of CsrrotaFPtir 25 Feet' ot,aew'.<br />
Acrerate-of<br />
active in8!'841ent<br />
10# Zyttlon<br />
4# Amlbel1<br />
4# Solan<br />
Handweeded<br />
4# Solan<br />
6# A1lilb~n<br />
2# P,r.oltietr;yne<br />
6# Solan<br />
4# P!'1).llletryne<br />
4 Diphenamid<br />
+<br />
PlY<br />
Pl<br />
:Ooty<br />
, .. r<br />
:. Tl<br />
j Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
BOW 1<br />
;"ig,'<br />
."Number o'err-ots<br />
per 25 felt of<br />
, ,tlOK' v,~ ',' '<br />
Y See Footnote #1, table 6.<br />
~ See Footnote #2, table 6.<br />
dJ<br />
';;<br />
Table 6. Weight Pel' Cut-Off Carrot Fo11~g Applioation of<br />
of., ya.rio~s He.rbic,~c!~,~ •.<br />
, "Acre 1'iltEl at<br />
actiYe1ngredlent<br />
Handweeaed<br />
4# Promet.ryne<br />
2# Prometryne<br />
4# Solan'<br />
6# Amtb~n<br />
4# Solsp .<br />
4# Amlben<br />
4# Amiben+ 4# Diphenamid BOW<br />
6# S91sn<br />
lO#Zytl'on' ..<br />
4#Dl'henamld<br />
'.'BOW<br />
: L.E.p.SS !<br />
Y Coty= ap~lled at<br />
Tl = applied at<br />
Pl =.applied. at<br />
y Means hav11lg the<br />
,Pl'y<br />
,;fl<br />
.Ooty<br />
Pl<br />
Tl<br />
Pl<br />
'Pl<br />
, Pl<br />
Pl<br />
P1<br />
,.,1e<br />
co&;yle4o~ary stage of oar.rot,' 26 June, 1961.<br />
true leaf stage ot oarrots, 3 July, 1961.<br />
plant1l1h 12 June, 1961.'" .',<br />
.1. • v;·'<br />
same letter designations do not dlffe.r sign1f1<br />
cantly at the 5% level (Duncan's Multiple Range Test).
,255<br />
CONTROLOF ANNUALWlmDSIN swDT CORNWITHATRAZINE,<br />
DICHLOROPHENYL ..MElrHOXY-MI!:l'HYLUREA, DINITRO-SEC-BUTYLPHENYL<br />
ACETATE,DIPHENAMID,ANDSEVERALPYRIMIDINES<br />
M.F. Trevett and Robert L1tnetiel~<br />
Introduotion<br />
This paper is a report on the etfectivene,s of the herbioides<br />
listed in Table lin oontrolling annual b~o,aleaf weeds and ahrlcial<br />
grasses in sweet oorn.<br />
Procedure<br />
Seneoa Golden sweet OOl'nwas planted in a sandy loam soil.<br />
5 June, 1961. Treatments were replioated se.en times in a rand,0<br />
mized block of single row plots paired with untreated plots.<br />
Sprays wel'e applied with one pass ot a .ma11p10t sprayel' at 40<br />
pounds pressure and 50 gallon8 per acr-e volume~ Planting al'P~oation,s<br />
of herbie1des were made 6 June, 1961, Jll'eemergenoe applioations<br />
were made 13 June, 1961.<br />
The prinoipalbroadlear weeds were: Wild rutabaga (Brads1oa<br />
~ L.), Spurry (sperpjula srvensis L.), Ragweed (AmbrosIa<br />
~m1si1folia L.), and Sma~tweea (P01asonum,pensSlvanIoum t.)4<br />
The prinoIpal annual grass wls Barnyar ,grass (Eo Inoofiloa '<br />
oruspjslli L.).<br />
Results<br />
Treatments that did not diffel' signifieantly in effeot on<br />
yield at the 5 pel'cent level from the standard treatment of 2<br />
pounds of atrazine per acre were: 6 and 8 pounds of Niagal'a 5178<br />
applied preemergenoe, planting applioation ot 10 pounds of either<br />
R-3408 01' R-3400, 01' 3 pounds or Ca801'0n, and h~hd weeding,<br />
Table 2.<br />
Treatments pl'oducing lowel'yields than the six best tl'eatments<br />
did so because of eithel' inadequate broad1eat weed control<br />
or a reduction in stand of oorn, Table 2.<br />
11 Associate agronomist and technical assistant, Department of<br />
"'-' Agl'onomy, Univel'sity of Maine, Orono, Maine.
256<br />
Annual gl'ass, avel'sging2,,8 planbs'-pel',.quare foot in untl'ea<br />
ted plots, ciid not seriou.~.1 oompete w$.:ool'n fol' mohtW"t<br />
and nutiiients. ,&ooedleaf we.df" on phe obh... ' J:!.and, pl'inoipally<br />
Bl'assioa leie L., avel'aging 20.$ plants pel' squal'e foot in untl'eated<br />
p 0 s, 'sharpJ,.y I'eduoe;dryields when ~l1didste hel'bioidu<br />
gave less than 80 pel'cent oontl'ol. six pounds of Niagal'a $778<br />
pel' aOl'e did not diffel' signifioantly fl'OM 8 pounds in bl'oadleaf<br />
weed oontrol, Table 3. Ten p,OJil'ldsof 81thel' R-3408 01' R-3400 gave<br />
signifioantly bettel' bl'oadle"at\teedcontl'ol than 5 pounds of 81thel'<br />
hel'bic1de. Ten pounds pel' aOl'e of R-3441 dld not diffel' signitlcellUyfrom<br />
;1.0,pound. of R-3408, Table 3. '~o pounds per 80N of<br />
dipnellamld gaveun.a tistaotoU;.o.ontl'ol ofB~ue1ce species, ' buth<br />
gave fa1~ ooritl'ol of I'agweed.<br />
Hel'b10ides giving signifioantly highest annual gl'ass oontrol<br />
inoluded Dupont 326 at 3 and 6~po~d aOl'e I'ates, 3 pounds ot Dupont<br />
326 pel' aOl'e plus 2 pounds ofd!phenamid, 2 pounds of atl'uine, and<br />
8 pounds ot Niagal'a 5778. Eight pounds of Niegal'a $778 pel' acre did<br />
not' ,d,l,:!'fel' Sl 8Pl,fl,O$ntl,Y f~DP1,'?,', pounds, ofcUlpbecamid, Table 4.<br />
R-3490 and R".3408 did not ~i,tf.~ a1gnifioa~.:l.~,1n annual ~a.. :'<br />
oontl'ol, Tabl,e 4. .' :' :<br />
Plo'ts'that bad I',eoeivea ,a6 pound pel' ,~re nteof Dupon~, 326<br />
hads1gn1tican~ly, fewer cO-Nlplanta per 2S f.-t· of row than 'plo:ts<br />
reoeiving any other tl'estment', 'Table 5. Plo.fiJ t'ut had received<br />
a 3 pound pel' aCl'e rate of Dupont 326 elther' alone 01' in oombinatlonwlth<br />
2 pounds of dlphe~d: had s1gnit\l~ly fewel' oom:planbs<br />
per 25 f~et 'of row than all ,l'~1nlngtreatJl1mts except 2 po.und~ .'. .<br />
per acre,of dlphenamid alone. ,;t!eno6, in -'p~" ot, t.he neal' lI18X~uil'<br />
annua'l weed con+-:roloptdned,.3, pounds pel' '~ 'or Dupont 326 't. "<br />
too high a I'ate fur pl'eemel'genoe applica tion in sweet oOl'n on~dy<br />
loam soils.<br />
Summal'Yand Conclusions<br />
Fol' nine weeks., aftel' sp:pl1oa ti on, 2 pouods, per aore of " '<br />
atl'ulne (wettable powder), 3:.apd 6 pounds ot Pupont 326, and 6<br />
and,8 pounds; of N1agua 5778 iave oomplete opntro1 ot annual ",<br />
bl'oadleat weeds in, sweet cO""o'- Two pounds p,1' aore, of a tl'szine, 6<br />
pounds of DUpont 326, 3 pouAds of Dupont 326 with 01' wlthout.2 '<br />
pounds of diphenamid, and 8 pounds of Niagara 5778 gave complete<br />
oontl'ol or annual gl'ssses for nirleweeks aft~~ applioation.<br />
Compal'ed to all othel' h;l'blcldes tested,i6 pounds pe~ a01'8 of<br />
Dupont 326 significantly I'eduoed stand of oorn. Three pounds pel'<br />
aCl'e of Dupont 326, 2 pounds of diphenamid, and a mixtUl'e of 3<br />
pounds of Dupont 326 and 2 pounds of diphenatdld- Signifioantly'--<br />
reduceci corn ,stand co~al'ed.,to 2 P,oun,ds ,0,fatpaz1ne, 6 and 8 pom,'d8<br />
of Niagara $778, and'~ and, ·10 p,Ounds of e1theI! ;Ft-3400 01' ,R...34.l1.<br />
COl'n stand in plots recei v:k1geither 1 pound of Banvel T or 3 pounds
of Casoron per acre was statistically exoee~~only in plots<br />
receiving 2 pounds of atrazine. """ '<br />
257<br />
Two pounds, qi' a trazinep8.t!&cre and 6 ,pe-wtd-e of Niagara S178'<br />
produced significantly higher yields than all other herbi9ides,'<br />
tested except a,pounds ofN18gara :$778, 10 peunds of either R-3408<br />
or R-3400, and 3 pounds of Ouoron. I~'<br />
,:.... , ,
258<br />
Table h 'He~bic!des Ueied':th-SWeet qo~n•.<br />
:':<br />
p., ',';<br />
,"., .~ ~. .<br />
,'• ..' r.'j ...<br />
: ~';. ,J<br />
AtI'azine<br />
Banvel T<br />
CaSOl'on<br />
Dlphenamld<br />
Dupont 326<br />
NlsgsI'a 5778<br />
R-3400<br />
R-3408<br />
R..344l<br />
2-methoxy-3,5,6-tl'lchlol'obenzolc<br />
2,6-dlchlol'obenzonltl'lle<br />
N,N-dlmethyl-dlphenylaoetamlde<br />
acld<br />
3-(3,4-dlchloI'ophenyl)-l-methoxy-l-methylul'ea<br />
4,6-dlnltI'o-2-sec-butylphenyl acetate<br />
2-benzylmel'oapto-4,6-dlmethylpY!'lmldlne<br />
2-(4-ohlol'obenzylmel'oapto)-4.6-dimethylpYl'imldine<br />
2-(3,4-dlchlol'obenzylmel'oapto)-4,6-dimethylpyI'imldlne
~.-!<br />
_ 1.37<br />
~ Table 2. Sweet Corn Y~eld Following the Application or Various Herbicides.<br />
~.- .<br />
N<br />
Acre rate of<br />
aotive ingredient<br />
~ _ - .~-~ . ":.'
260<br />
Table 3. Percent· Control of'Annual Bl'oadl.if :<strong>Weed</strong>s in Sweet Com J<br />
Following Application of Various ,jezibicides.<br />
Acre rate of<br />
aotive ingredient<br />
2# Atrazine<br />
3# Dupont 326<br />
6# Dupont 326<br />
8# Niagara 5778<br />
3# Dupont 326 + 2# Dlphenamid<br />
6# Niagara 5778<br />
10# 11-3400<br />
3# Casoron<br />
10# 11-3408<br />
10# 11-3441<br />
5# 11-3400<br />
5# 11-3441<br />
5# 11-3408<br />
1# Banvel T<br />
2# Diphenamid 8aw<br />
pJJ}<br />
Pre<br />
Pre<br />
Pre<br />
80WPre<br />
Pre<br />
Pl<br />
P~<br />
P1<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
Pl<br />
P1<br />
·:Me~ns<br />
oObverted<br />
to ahgles<br />
90.00<br />
90.pO<br />
90.PO<br />
90.90<br />
90 000<br />
88.15<br />
75.05<br />
66.83<br />
65.19<br />
57.68<br />
~~:~~<br />
37.58<br />
3Q.IO<br />
:J.9.40<br />
Mean.s<br />
reeonverted<br />
to percent<br />
lOOoOsY<br />
100.Oa<br />
100.0a<br />
100.0a .<br />
100"Oa<br />
99.9ab<br />
930.3 bo<br />
8405 od<br />
82.4 cd<br />
71.4 de<br />
52.4 ef<br />
52.4 ef<br />
.37.2 l'<br />
34.7 l'<br />
11.0 g<br />
11P1 = appl1ed at planting; Pre = applied p~eemergence.<br />
.,<br />
Y Means having the same let tel' designations do not differ significantlyat<br />
the 5% level (Duncan's Multiple.-Range Test).
Table 4. Peroent Control ot Ann.ual Gra.. ·SA Sweet Corn Following<br />
the Applioation ot Various Herb1oides.<br />
261<br />
Means<br />
Means<br />
Aore rate ot oonverted reconverted<br />
act1ve1ngra41pnt t.Randes to percent<br />
3# DUPODt326 + 2# Diphenamid 80W pr,)/ 87.61 99.eaiI<br />
3# Dupont 326 Pre 79.45 96.7i<br />
2# At~az1ne ~wettable powde~) Pl 79.18 96.5.<br />
6# Dupont 32 Pre 77.25 95.1a<br />
8# Niagara 5778 Pre 75.96 94.1ab<br />
2# D1phenam1d8OW·. Pl<br />
G 5 • 08 67.2 bo<br />
3# OasOl"on Pl 5.16 50.~ 0<br />
6# N1&gar' 5778 Pre 34.71 32. od<br />
lO#'R~400 P1 23.02 15.4 de<br />
5# R- 41 P1 18.~4 9,9 de<br />
1# Banvel T Pl 17. 0 8.9 , de<br />
10# R-34~l Pl 15.55 Z,2 ': de<br />
5# R-340 Pl 14.96 .7 de<br />
lOll R-G406 Pl 12.95 5,0 5# R-3 00 Pl 5.38 0.9 e<br />
. '" - ""WR ~<br />
dania<br />
L.S.D. 5% ~8,38<br />
11 Pl = applied at planting; Pre" applied'JPel8mergenoe.<br />
Y Meana having the· lame le'41er dUignatl1011,Fdo not dirter<br />
oantll at the 5% l ... el (D~.an's Multlp1. Range Test),<br />
r
262<br />
Table' s..' HumbelhofCQrn:;ihQt,,,if:.zo ,2$,F'_-';t~'l,R~. ,<br />
. Aor. rate of ;,'<br />
active ingredient, .,<br />
2#,\A~~.. 1ne,."<br />
;; -, J<br />
6#,NI,'i'l'a 5778<br />
8# N18iar. a 5778<br />
10# Rt;h41<br />
10#:....·Rt.34 6 O<br />
5#,J~-3400<br />
5#r,R-)ij41<br />
51,R-3408<br />
10# R-.3408<br />
\.)<br />
•<br />
=<br />
,o,,'!.<br />
!..<br />
r ..1<br />
11 Banve1 T '. . . I<br />
J# CUQl'on c, ~<br />
?./j.Diab..nam1d 8OW..'. I ; ,.<br />
3# DUPQnt 326 + 2#~D:1phenam14:8OW<br />
3# DupQnt .326 ." ii<br />
6# DUPQnt 326 . ; , •.<br />
~ ..'.",'.__.,s ._.,-.•.£,. t 4X, a ,·4 ; ._.<br />
_-,vrn-n'S·d.H<br />
oonverted:<br />
\IT.+ .9~.<br />
1;': .' ",: ' .<br />
.. '-~"Il'f"'-<br />
reoonverted<br />
to n\lllJ_er8<br />
1I P1 = a:gp,~1.d,~tpl~tlng;,i.re =·appl1~~.-p~merg~Q". I,<br />
?sIMea.n~~~tn8';/:l•. 8~ .!~~l'.,des.18natlQ,M,,:do not. 4Uf;el',.~1~<br />
. f1oant.ly,%~;~ ,5%leveJ;, (Dw1Q8l).'. l1ul!~-e Range T-.st).. iJJ " ..<br />
V"<br />
. 1,
EVALUATIONOF FIVE _~p>I!:S FOR KILLING ~TABLISHED POISON. IV¥<br />
IN AN APPLEORCHARD~ YEARSFOLLOWINO"t\SINGLETREATMENT •..<br />
Oscar E. Schubert l:<br />
This study is being cont1n~1i to detennine th~:-number of years a single<br />
herbicide application will give ~'significant redubtion in poison ivy when<br />
compared with unsprayed chec'ks-; .Add1tional detail's tli"'the experiment and<br />
yearly results have been repor1:;E!~Jn the ProcEledings of the Northeast <strong>Weed</strong><br />
Control Conference (1,2,3). .... ".!: .<br />
Seventy-two plots (l/lOOth"acre in area) were::~ls.ssified according to<br />
the relative denSity of poison ivy, and then groupc'~lnto twelve replications,<br />
each with similar poison ivy stands. Six replications composed of six plots<br />
each were laid out around treell' ..8:Qdo.nother sUe replications were laid out<br />
in spaces between tree plots itf the tree row. The~erbicides were applied<br />
at ra.nliom within each replication. '<br />
Between A\lgUSt 13 and 17, ,1957, ATA, 2,4,5-'1' ~~ter, Sllvex, 2,4,5-'1'<br />
Amine, and Ammate were applied tQ, J(ell established.:iioison ivy in a mature.<br />
apple ore:bB.rd'. All herbicides,~x
264<br />
Table 1. Average number of poison ivy stems in six l/lOOth-acl'e replicated<br />
plots one, two, three, and four rears following a s:l.!l8le herbicide<br />
annl1cati" on,'<br />
I" AuriiI" t', 1°'1,,) to, "<br />
~iIf. - _ - - ~ ~__ '" - - -j"Tt'- e"&tlb1:", 'i,i,s, --,-he4, ',.... iIf.----'-~l'!'C'- '. 1,een,'ifl
265<br />
STRAWBERRY HERBICIDEINVESTIGATIONSFOR 1961.<br />
Oscar E. Schubert l<br />
The 1960 strawberry herbicide investigations for a combination of<br />
herbicides to control weeds witb a minimum of hand-""eding wel'e continued<br />
in 1961.<br />
Experiment 1<br />
Catskill· strawberry plants were set in early Ap#l J 1960, and weeded by<br />
hand-hoeing and a rotary cultivator until June 19 .. On June 20-21, and on<br />
July 21, seven herbicides, or combinations thereOf, were applied at ran40m to<br />
four replicated plots (9 feet wide and 12 feet long). Information about<br />
average weed weights, kind of weeds controlled, and :number of runner plants<br />
formed during the first season I s grOwthwere reporte!d (1).<br />
It was not entirely feasible to fulfill one of the original purposes of<br />
the experiment--to determine if herbicides alone co\U.d be used for adequate<br />
weed control without any additional hand-weeding--si!1ce the weeds had to be<br />
removed for weighing. In Treatments 2 and 6, the ~tity of weeds removed<br />
last year was small (0.43 and 1. 45 pounds per plot c.ompared with 112 pounds<br />
in the non-hoed check plot) so these treatments may ~pproach the goal.<br />
On September 28-29, 1960, ~bout three weeks after weeds were removed<br />
and weighed, the plots were divided .into three SUbplots (4 feet wide and 9<br />
feet long). Two subplots in each plot were treated /3otrandom with<br />
additional herbicides on September 28-29 and/or November 4, 1960. The<br />
entire series of treatments are pres.ented in Table L<br />
The planting was mulched with 'ltheat straw in ear~y December. The<br />
strawberry plants came through the light covering of'mulch the following<br />
spring; therefore, it was not necessary to remove th,mulch.<br />
On June 14, 1961, careful observations were m~ in all the plots<br />
regarding plant vigor, stand, berry size and set, ~ possible herbicide<br />
injury. The vigor of each SUbplot was estimated as a percentage of the most<br />
vigorous hoed-check plants (rated as 100). The aver~e per cent vigor of the<br />
two subplots which were treated in September and/or ~ember is given for<br />
each treatment in ·Table 2. The analysis of variance and all comparisons<br />
among means were computed on the percentage data after the percentages were<br />
transformed to angles (angle .. arcstiJ. Jpercentage). .<br />
lHorticulturist, West Virginia University. The cooperatiq~ of the following<br />
companies in supp,lying the herbicides used in these i inveis:tigations is<br />
gratefully acknowledged: Amchem'Products, Inc., Diamond Alkali Company,<br />
Geigy Chemical Corporation, Niagara Chemical Division of Food Machinery<br />
and Chemical Corporation, and Stauffer Chemical com.;e.riy. The author also<br />
wishes to acknowledge a grant in aid from the Geigy Chemical Corporation<br />
which partially supported this work.
,<br />
,<br />
~J.:. ! .....!e~!c!d!:. ~~a~!S_aV!i~_""2.£a!&~1!j_S~~~~ ~!&.:.<br />
" ,- ....<br />
, ~ ..... .. '-,'" ~. " ',- "'~ " ,',:. -"-,<br />
.Herbicides applied Herbicides applied as a Herbicides' a.pplied Herbicides applied as<br />
June 2O-21.L 1960 s~ on July 21.L 1960 8eR,teDiber 28-29, 1960 c _sR.ry...;.l(!!,~Dibe!. ~,~<br />
Treatment HerbIcIdi'· - - Ratelr - HerbIcIae - - RRte- - - HerbicIae - - Rate- - Herbicide-Rate<br />
number and lb/A and lb/A and 1b/A and. lb/A<br />
Formulation a a.1. Formulation a.i. Formulation a.1. Formulation a.1-<br />
- - - - ..... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - s:liaii'ne:aow- -175- -<br />
__ ! _ ~ _N£n~ in£l1:l~~~~L~~_-ti __ ~ N£I1~ ~ !a!.S!~~~ .t4.:. 0__<br />
~.. ' . .; ;. ... S " ine- , '. 1/ 5 .. .: ., '.. '. ,,:...Simazb~. 1~5<br />
"' 2 c' ;~'tam-5Gd, + 'Y--- h 2le ' ;+4.0',;, -......~ ... " ,6.0 .• + KaraU-ailC. ,M.o<br />
..... - - - ~;--& - - - ";-l~.'.--''''''' ....- ~.:=rr,,:=,~{_,;_. __ -_.~.-- -'- --~~ - - -'- - -.- - - - - ..-.- ~ - -- --<br />
__ 1_ .:..':"C!8£r£n.:.~~_ ~4.:.0__ N£I1!. C!8£r£n.:.1iQ. 2.:.0 !O!!e_ - -0';;.,- _<br />
, Simazine-ovw- 1.5 Simazine,-uvw.· 1.5<br />
4 + Karsil-2EC ,+4.0 Karsil-2EC 4.0 None ' 3-Kars:U-~" +l.p<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -S'LJBz'Ine-8o'W - - 1.'5- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ "'"- """.-=:::'-<br />
__ .2 ~.!i!-~ 4.:.0__ +_~.!i!-gE£ __ ~.2. N£I1!:. !a!.s!l.:.~ 4.:.0__<br />
-:-'-:J--<br />
_-.2.__ -.'S~~-~_.3,:.5,__ Kyy.!.:o'gB£ ,~.£. _'- _S.!i!:z~~:...i_2.:.0;.. __ !&£s!1.:.~._ -.:4~0__<br />
267<br />
Table 2. Eftect Of'herbicidet~el[Ltments on plantv1go.r and weed control,;<br />
;r~a;~n; - -vI;i· -W~ed. ~o~t;'i'o~;o~ ~~s~~c;~bIcId~:~lIed. - -<br />
J~e 14, OCtober 24" .. '- - - - -'- __ .~:~ - - - -- - - - --:<br />
_____ ..._ ~... 1261._ ..._ ...§.iH!&!:!,a<br />
_<br />
(Mean ~)c (Mean j)C<br />
e_ ....KF!i,! _ Qt!!e!<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
16 de 20 c<br />
45 bed<br />
, 6e<br />
70 ab<br />
15 c<br />
35 cd 42 bc<br />
78ab 71 ab<br />
81 a 74 ab<br />
60 abc 76 ab<br />
71 ab 76 ab<br />
51 abc 88a<br />
1.5<br />
3·0<br />
3·0<br />
1.5<br />
3·5<br />
3·0<br />
1.5<br />
3·5<br />
4.0<br />
13',0<br />
1~;0<br />
12.0<br />
8.0<br />
8,0<br />
'110.0<br />
/1_":.<br />
12.0-Eptam<br />
6.0-Casoron<br />
8.0-Dinoben<br />
24;0-Dacthal<br />
------~--_._----~~'~------,-~~---------~<br />
aExpressedas Percentage of t1u,lmo~t vigorous hoed~c1leck plots (rated as ~).<br />
bA weed-free plot would be given a 10C/f.rating and, a complete weed cover l[L CJ1,<br />
rating.<br />
'<br />
CAverage ot four replications .~e~s in a;;olumn19tl1 the same letter do not<br />
differ s1sn1fican,tly at, the 'fIi.., ieve1 of probab" 'F!Y' The percenta ges",lIere<br />
transformed to, angles (angle. =arcsin percen } before ma.k1ng .<br />
statistical analysis since theve.riable cor..J:l,sta of the proportion of "<br />
individual plots s:rfectedwhe~'the distributioJ1,tends to be binomial'u<br />
force. " .<br />
. '.{.I<br />
The vigor of plants in Trea~nt 8 (the' fO:l;'lller,'lIhQedcheck" which<br />
received only'o11,e application of S$mazine and ~rs.U.) "id not differ<br />
significantly froID plants in Treatiments 5, 6, 70Z'~9 which received<br />
greater quantities of herbicid.e.,·Only plantsin~tment3 (Casoron<br />
alone) and '!'rea_ntl (the fOrmer non-hoed checkf:,.,re significantly<br />
poorer in vigor than most of the ,t:rea~d plants,<br />
. ", ;<br />
Plants in Treatment 4 (in whicJa a total of 12 ·pp~ds of Karsil plus. 3<br />
pounds of Simazine were applied) were lower in vigor than Treatments 5, ,6,<br />
and 8. Many of the plants in Treatment 4 had both chlorotic and necrotic<br />
areas on leaves. The leaves were often "tattered" in appearance since<br />
portions of the hecrotic tissues were broken off.<br />
The vigor of plants in the "check" subplot (with reference to September<br />
and November treatments) did not differ significantly from each other. The<br />
stand in Treatments 3 and lwa, "pc:lOrerthan in all.,other treatments.<br />
,j, .<br />
Interve!nal and marginal chlorosis 1 presumably,Q,ue to higher, levels of<br />
Simazine, was observed in Treatments 6 and 9 where a 2-pound application was<br />
made on September 29, 1960. No .chlorosis was detec~edin Treatments 2, 4, 7<br />
or 8 where only a 1.5-pound appUcation was made Onj-WOVember 4, 1960. All
268<br />
of the above pl\;lllsj exce1:ltTteatnlerrt' 8,_rell1v.n,,~jl"5';''POund applicati01l.(<br />
of Sitllll.z1nein 'June or July . ''S1maztne"inJury WU' IIIOre-Prevalent in '<br />
Treatment 6- fl1iIAn:iaTre&tment9~:'l!t 'Be_as tllWlb':e1ther the .KarsH '<br />
following th6' Siazineappl1cation"1ntensified the~tof injury, or the<br />
Dactha~ 8.4'Pl1ed" .1;he·.._t1me)·_W'~ased the ,BIlO'lilt.o.t.c1l.lQ~sis .No .<br />
chlorosis was found in any of the subplots reee1v~iPIlly" the J~e or July<br />
application of Simazine.' "<br />
Plarl.ts,~8~plots~ceiving ~ add1tiOnal2.~und application of<br />
Casoron (TJ;U:tlI!l'Dt3) on September 29,had many re,~sh.purple leaves,<br />
whereas those in the II un,treated" s~plot were no~,,',' ,.,in cOlo,r,,' Most of the<br />
plants were killed in tbesubplots-,w!th a total 1;>1: ~,pounds of Casoron, lllld<br />
very few runner plants survived in'\ltie 4-pound s~p~ts. r<br />
Berry set and size were similar ,in all treatme~~ except Treatments'<br />
1, 3, a.nd4.Altbpugh it.was not po!Ssible to obte.:i~/yieldrecords in e~h<br />
of the 108 subplots, there is no doubt that yields were decreased in '<br />
Tres,tments 1, 3, "and 4. In SOllIe "ot the other treatments increased berry - .<br />
size tended' to ottset any' decreases in berry' n~eili, "80 large yield<br />
differences' wrenOt apparent.' " uc ,', ,<br />
The strSwberryplarit~g Was"no~ weeded at eiij"'1fJfte'1n1961 (the oD'J.i;'<br />
hand-weeding ~1~ donepr:tQrt.Q.~~ 19, 1960 0tli~ 'the Augwst ~~"~<br />
September 8, 1960period wbena11 'lieeds were remoY~ M'Wei8h1ng). On'"<br />
october 24, 1961, ·the per cent Clf':~~d control: "~~'ted for each plo~.<br />
At 1:histime some plots were stIllalJllost completeJ.li:~-ttee. The ."<br />
average per cent of weed control is pl'esented in Table 2. The percent.s<br />
were transformed to angles, and the statistical analysis made. The<br />
comparisons among means showed no differences between Treatments 2, 5, 6,<br />
7, 8, and 9 although the average per cent weed control: varied from 70 to 88<br />
per cent. Wee413OBtrol:was .18Bi1'f!eantlypOo1'er1ujTN~ts 3 and Itban<br />
in all othftttell.tlient8, except ~atmEint4. Th& dIl1Y'major shift in'd!t'gree .<br />
of weed col.'l.'ttOlf1'Olll19&:>to 19'61oacurred'W1thT*1iIIient 9.
'h ",<br />
4. Tillam lOG at 5 lb/A a.i. raked in 1/2 to 1 inch plus Trietazine'<br />
50Wat 2.5 lb/A a.1.apPlt~d as a s~ .. .: . I<br />
5. Trietazine 50Wat 2 lb/A a.1. plus Simazine 1 lb/A a.1. applied as<br />
a spray.<br />
6. Dacthal 5Gat 15 lb/A a.1. applied on surfaCe' plus Trietazine 50W<br />
at 2.5 lb/A a.1.<br />
(~69<br />
Tr,~~l1t '~,~. ~ only ~~b,tc1de treatm,ent .•~t¥.~ ,sa.Ve 'good weeet9BDtrol<br />
thr01JBbo;ut 'tAe,19t:lJ;,seaaon . .. l ,~, } ~ , .<br />
~, 1[;,. 'f,;,,1 _ T'rJ<br />
From ·~·1n.torma.tion pre~~1i~here ,and obse;vr8:t~pns1n the fieJ.d,rl-~<br />
appears ,encQ~~th&t herbiq~dfJ.or. combinat1o~,o:t"herpicides will b~<br />
able to 'conilrQl w~ in strawberlf1esfQr at +eaatFne;ortwo full SeaSQp.s •<br />
• :i: :.} ,-,<br />
~RATURE 0I!I!ElO:, [ ,1' , ~<br />
;':.').t: ~~..., ,,': '.J't: '<br />
1. Schubert, Oscar E. and Peter C; Rogers. 1961. Evaluation of several<br />
herbicides on strawberry plants during their first grdwiilg sea!lon.<br />
Proc. 15th Annual Meeting NEWCC: 160-166.<br />
,', "..<br />
:'rj ,":;<br />
',1::;"(;<br />
) " i<br />
"11"
.' r:: ' ,.:1,,:"<br />
WEE])CONTROL INmt'l'AtN VEGETABLBC1I)P'S";' 1961 1<br />
~:J . ~.:.~: -:.:;n.: ,.. ' t.r, ,.<br />
W. H. Lachmanand H. F. Vernel1 2<br />
t,,() t;::': .:' ;J~ .:<br />
The purpose of this paper is to report relultl of telts conducted<br />
during 1~6l to field-screen .certain chemicall al potential weed killers<br />
';:e;:e~~:::ft:~:o;:;et=::::~~~l:~::da:~~:"sc::o:~~C'i!:;<br />
,v:erYflne" .. nd~ l~am. The ~d il well drained. has a high ~ater<br />
boicting c4PaCi.t,t and i8 infetted imt\uaUytdtb. A".;{ioroul grOwth 8Iil'd<br />
veryheavr 'atam:lof annual:'~"c011s1lting iildbl'f"'of a 1d1liture ·of; :::.:,c<br />
"'p:t~'ed,'8a1i:dsoga, crabgra ... : 8hepherd"F •• ,I'.urtweeci, lamb-'." ",[',<br />
quarters and purslane. Amplerainfall during the period when the<br />
chemicals were being applhd'.~dto provide conditions that are<br />
generally conlidered ideal for killing weeds by these methods•<br />
.... "..... -.':. '~»~(,..,.::'~,>:/:. -. ,., .or~ ,- oj<br />
~ '-,..<br />
.!&weetCorn<br />
.
Asparagus<br />
The results of weed control tests in asparagus are presented in<br />
Table II. Crabgrass was perhaps the most persistent weed present in<br />
th*i\plots.<br />
Zytron was included in the tests because this chemical is considered<br />
to be very specific for controlling cra~sra~s. vThere Zytron<br />
was used, weed control was satisfactory for several weeks but long<br />
before the end of the cutting season these plots were badly infested<br />
with pigweed, lamb's quarters and crabgrass. Atrazine, and more<br />
particularly Simazine, was vel;'y effective in coatrolling weeds in<br />
these tests. This was also true in the 1960 tests (3). No significant<br />
differences were displayed among means of the plots as far as<br />
total or marketable yield of asparagus spears was concerned.<br />
Last year we reported that where monuron had been applied yearly<br />
for four years an oat bioassay test indicated that none of the chemical<br />
persisted in the soil over winter (3). A cucumber bioassay in the<br />
spring of 1961 corroborated the earlier finding, and also indicated no<br />
toxic residues from 2.5 to 5.0 lb. applications of Atrazine and Simazine<br />
made one year prior to the test.<br />
271<br />
Tomatoes<br />
Certain chemicals that have some herbicidal properties have been<br />
reported as being selective for tomatoes. Results from testing some<br />
of these are presented in Table III.<br />
Tillam was incorporated into the soil with a rototil1er just prior<br />
to plantin3; Amiben was applied as granules and Casoron, Sola~Diphen~id<br />
and Dacthol were applied as sprays at lay-by. Only one application was<br />
made of the chemicals. Although Solan appears to be the most promising<br />
of the materials that have been tested, in 1960 when two applications<br />
were made, considerable folia3e injury resulted to the crop. Broadleafed<br />
weeds were controlled well in those tests but crabgrass grew<br />
rampant. The one application in 1961 reduced growth of broadleafed<br />
weeds without perceptible foliage injury. <strong>Weed</strong> control was not good,<br />
however, and crabgrass was abundant and vigorous. Yields were not<br />
affected in the 1961 tests here but in 1960 Moran (4) reported highly<br />
significant reductions in yield and fruit size in tests conducted on<br />
two different soil types. .<br />
Seedling tomato plants three to four inche.,talU were killed with<br />
a Solan spray at the rate of four pounds per acre i$1 50 gallons of water.
TABLEI.<br />
HEEDCONTROLAIUlYIEIJ) IN EARLmING mlEET CORN<br />
~ale__<br />
Planted June 16, 1961 - (3 Re;lt"~ions)<br />
; '1 ~:<br />
wee;'~ontrol<br />
Yield-Lb. 1/'<br />
T1me I-Poor to ~nttable •<br />
.'Applied 9-hceUent Ean<br />
..,._Chemisa!.". _S!1.U£cJ.· ':;'.1.6Ll2,I§..l_ _ ';"V~f~l- SL2j.l§.1""'· ..,.__<br />
Check-Cultivated,.O' 46•<br />
4.0 Lb. Atratine Ge1gy . Pre-eaierg. :g.O<br />
4.0<br />
11<br />
Sima:d!le<br />
11 11 11<br />
;'.0<br />
t."<br />
2.0 11 Atrazine<br />
11 11 It<br />
8.0<br />
,':l' I<br />
3.0<br />
11<br />
S1mazine<br />
I. 11.' 11<br />
9,0;<br />
1.0 " Urea 326 D1.IPont "<br />
11<br />
273<br />
TABLEII. ~1EED CONTROLANDYIELD IN ASPARAGUJ<br />
(4 aeplications)<br />
_R,!t!! ___<br />
,£h.1ll'lc,al __<br />
Heed Control<br />
Time 1-Poor to Yield-Lb.<br />
Applied 9-Excellent 5/11/61-<br />
§.o.!:!.X's.e;..' _ _5Ll1/&1_ _ _ _ 2/2/&1____ Y1/§.'C_<br />
1,6 Lb. C'TG DuPont: Pre-emerc· 5.3 7.2<br />
2.4 "<br />
3.2<br />
II II<br />
2.5<br />
II<br />
3.75 II<br />
5.0<br />
II II<br />
"<br />
" " " 7.3 7.7<br />
Atre:~ins Geig'j "<br />
"<br />
II II<br />
G.O 3.3<br />
II<br />
7.0 7.0<br />
11 II II II<br />
0.3 7.6<br />
9.0<br />
II<br />
Zytron D~~~<br />
"<br />
II<br />
" 9.0 7.4<br />
II 11<br />
2.3 3.2<br />
15.0<br />
II II II II II<br />
5.8 9.1<br />
2.5<br />
II<br />
Simazine Geiey<br />
II II<br />
8.8 0.4<br />
3.7-5 II<br />
II II II II<br />
9.0 9.0<br />
5.0<br />
II II II II II<br />
8.8 6.5<br />
Check 1.0 7.8<br />
N.S.
274<br />
TABLEIII. ~1EI$I),:OOIfrROL ANDYIl3LDIN ~TOES<br />
'(4 a,pUcations)<br />
~aS.e__<br />
Ueed Control<br />
l-Poor to<br />
S-Excellent<br />
,..Ch es 1£a! ___ ,- _S~uI.~ __ T!lII!&1!.l!8!i __ 2.11lL61__ !1!.14.-1b,:.<br />
3.0 Lb. Casoron Niaz. Lay by 0/4/61 2.0 21.1<br />
4.0<br />
II<br />
" "<br />
II 11<br />
2.0 27..,7<br />
4.0 " Solan<br />
11<br />
" " S.S 22.9<br />
4.0<br />
11<br />
D1phenamld Lilly " "<br />
3~S 23•.3<br />
6.0<br />
11<br />
" "<br />
11 11<br />
4.3 24~S<br />
4,0<br />
11<br />
Dacthol D1&.Ait(.<br />
11 11<br />
3.3 25~0<br />
8.0<br />
Ii 11 11 11 11 11<br />
2.5 22'6<br />
12.0 II 11 11 11 11 11 2.5 22,9<br />
4.0<br />
11<br />
Am1ben(Gran.) Amdttin<br />
11<br />
6.0<br />
11<br />
8.0 "<br />
" "<br />
" 3.5 25..9<br />
11 11 11<br />
5.0 21.2<br />
11 11 11 11 11<br />
5.0 20.8.<br />
Checlc 1.0 18.4'<br />
0.66 Gal. Tillam(1ncorp.) Stauffer 6/5/61 2.3 24.4<br />
N.S.
~<br />
C'l<br />
TABLE tv.<br />
lIEE» OON1T..OLAND YIELD IN CAIID.OTS<br />
(3 Replications)<br />
_ B,a£.e_'<br />
Heed Control Crop Appear. Yield-<br />
Time Applied I-Poor to I-Poor to 1/<br />
Pre-emerg. 5/11/61 9-Excellent 9-Excellent Lb.-<br />
Ch~s.al !o~s.e !.o!.t::.e!!}!3!k.61lJ.I§.1_ _6L211§.C 6L211§.1 !OL2Q/§.1 _<br />
- •. ~ -; ,. c, ~. ~ - ,<br />
&AOUto,"".na~~l; e. ,_ DialR.,Allt...<br />
5;~0- ,Il -l:Diihit ' ~ , AmcIlieIlt ,0: :-:<br />
1.0 _ "Ipaziae Geigy<br />
4.0" DIlcthol Diam.<br />
9'.0, II Zytron Dm7'<br />
AIle.<br />
2.0 "Hercules 843 Here. Powd.<br />
4.0 II ,Solan NiaZ.<br />
1.0" Ipa&ine Geigy<br />
,lOO"O,'~l. _S~ Solvent ,~$ocon,y<br />
3')ot;Lb~ ND1~;' , ~ __<br />
12;0-'''' ::nacthol '~.,-AlI~;'<br />
1.5 ,. 'Ipaaine Geigy:<br />
2.0" Solan Niag.<br />
1.0" Hercules 843 Here. Powd.<br />
6.0" Zyt1:on Dow<br />
6..0" Solan Niag.<br />
4'.0," Hercules 843 Here:. POWlf.<br />
4.0" Ami1JeD Amchem<br />
1.5 .. _ ipazibe Geigy<br />
4~0 Qt. R8D4ox'1' Mon.an.<br />
6-~O It .." 11<br />
5.0'1 tI .l . "<br />
Pre-emerz·'<br />
..<br />
-"IS It . .<br />
11<br />
11<br />
"<br />
"11 II"<br />
Post-emer3.<br />
11 II<br />
11<br />
"<br />
l're..-#g.<br />
,'" ":,<br />
" ,: l"ost-emerg.<br />
n "<br />
Pre-emerg.<br />
" "<br />
Post-emerg.<br />
Pre-emerg.<br />
.. II<br />
----------.-------------------------------------------<br />
1/ - - -<br />
"<br />
II<br />
"<br />
"<br />
"<br />
__<br />
'__5.7.<br />
3.0- '<br />
_5.7<br />
6.3<br />
8.0<br />
,7.4<br />
7.7<br />
4.7<br />
" 7.4<br />
~ 6.'( .,<br />
- 7.4<br />
5.0<br />
6.7<br />
6.3<br />
7.4<br />
8.3<br />
8.3<br />
7.4<br />
6.3<br />
4.0<br />
5.7<br />
6.3<br />
- Means included in brackets are not significantly different at the 5% level. (Duncan' s)<br />
Multiple Range Test.<br />
7.4<br />
4.7<br />
6.3<br />
7.0<br />
7.0<br />
6.0<br />
7.0<br />
6.7<br />
6.0<br />
7.4<br />
6.3<br />
5.0<br />
5.7<br />
6.3<br />
7.4<br />
5.0<br />
5.3<br />
6.7<br />
4.3<br />
2.3<br />
1.0<br />
1.3<br />
111.9'<br />
110.7<br />
110.3<br />
104'~11_<br />
l04.Qj<br />
99·U<br />
S6.&<br />
95.9<br />
95.9<br />
95.2<br />
95.2<br />
93.&<br />
91.4 I<br />
89.4 ,<br />
88.L-1<br />
86.9<br />
86.4<br />
85.!L.-J<br />
73.5<br />
36.<br />
24;'21<br />
17.61<br />
) )
276<br />
Carrots<br />
£<br />
Seeds of Ro)-alChan,~~~ ~!e 'p~~~:~~?¥:l'~a~et. Jr; plate :hO:l.<br />
number 9 in the ddll seeder;.:n\e p~a~t. were-not thinned_other thaq;<br />
the thinning that re~lted .. tnjury'f~ the berbtc1des. '~esultli o~~ '~.<br />
the tests are presented in Table IV•. It is evident that Randox Tis'<br />
least adapted as • potenti~l,h,~b,i~~!ie 1", C:~}'9.t~.•, ';l'hill treatment r~<br />
sulted in poorest'wead e~n~~l~; greatest C1:0V ~p ,:and~owest yt:el~<br />
Using the same ~~teda, fOt: e.v.~,.tion.; ~!t, qb~:calwi.,t~:most promi~<br />
was Zytron; this·;was,alsq; tne':;lti ~e 1960te.~ '-'(2).,P'~r poundJ .~<br />
of Solan also performed l7el1. ;{t h·interestlnc that- 100 gallons ,of<br />
Stoddard Solvent' ~aused some c~op injury and affected yields advetseij.',·<br />
in both the 1960 and 1961 te.t.~<br />
-'J'<br />
'c- QRpclu,&opf" :.: ~ ':',-<br />
.l,:.:':,~~ or:(' ~:: ,\", (, :';-:,f " •• ; :1i ',", .!~ ..<br />
The results·~ubl~.b.d :J1~r.: .!loutdj1C;~·."~'~eJlp~t.4lcla. a fi¥l i~<br />
asse •• lllent of the chemicals in,,~lved -bt' the te.~s sluc.· the balance<br />
of em1romental ~nfluence.' ar ..: extremely' impo$ant !n determining ,<<br />
the value of all herbicides-. "-ther pbs' or mtlus m:l~r to major,<br />
variatioDs may be ,expected from trials conducted under other con- .<br />
dition-.. Ther«f~~e, tests conducted over a period of years are<br />
necenarY to evaluate the potent1d of~~cl!. pr~~ct. ':'<br />
~. '. }.<br />
,'1 1, I<br />
LiteratureCit~. ~<br />
c '<br />
. . .<br />
-I. DunCan. David B. Hultiple ranee and IllUlt1ple F tests.<br />
Biometrics 11:1-42. 1955.<br />
2. Lac_n,<br />
vecatable<br />
H. H. and H. F.<br />
crops - 1960.<br />
Vernell. Heed control<br />
Proc. NmlCC15:223-231.<br />
in certain<br />
1961.<br />
,(),~~ .>1. .. ;' O!<br />
3. Lac:hmall, H. H. -Somll' feaearchl. anaweed' control' methods<br />
~t~ asparagus. hoc. NmlCC 15:215-222. 1961.<br />
4. HoralJ, 'Charles H. Post-transplanting and lay:'by weed,<br />
contrC)l in processing tomatoes. Proc. mmcc15:70-84.<br />
'1961. : r ,<br />
r . '. ~<br />
1'" i.~' i ~ ,<br />
,'>\ (~ "<br />
I :'.) ..-", ','.i' '-,<br />
-'.<br />
,''-.')c: (<br />
':1 ( ,<br />
•.:!."<br />
c
WEEDCONTROLIN TRANSPLANT TOMATOES<br />
(A PROGRESSREPORT)<br />
277<br />
W. V. Welker. Jr. and T. J. Monaco l<br />
Two e.Jtperiments were conducted on transplanted tomatoes duping<br />
the 1961 season as a continuation of a project initiated in 1957.<br />
The objective of these experiments was to eval~te herbicides tor<br />
the control of weeds from the last cultivation through the harvest<br />
season.<br />
The variety Rutgers was used in an eJCPeriment at New Brunswick<br />
on a Sassafras sandy loam soil. The plants were set May 31 and<br />
the herbicideswere applied July 18 as granular formulations. The<br />
plots were maintained weed-free by cultivation up to the time of<br />
treatment. Half of each plot was cultivated immediately before<br />
application of the herbicides. None of the herbicides were<br />
worked into the soil. The major weed Rpecie~ that developed af.ter<br />
application of the herbicides were CrabgraSS~1fitaria sangu1na11s<br />
(L.) Scap.) and fall panicum Panicum dichtt f OrUD! MicbX.).· The<br />
minor weed species were pigwee ranthus retroflexus L.) and<br />
lambsquarters (Chenopodium a1bum<br />
A randomized complete block design with three replications<br />
was used~Each p~ot consisted of two rows 3~teet long with 7<br />
feet between plots. Three pickings were made during the season.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>s were counted to determine the degree of weed control.<br />
The herbicides used may be placed in three categories as<br />
follows:<br />
Excellent <strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
amiben<br />
3 -amino -2 . 5 - d i c hl o rob e nz o i c acid)<br />
tillam<br />
Propyl ethyl-N-butylthiocarbamate)<br />
diphenamid ~ N.N-dimethyl-c-'-diphenylacetamide)<br />
4 & 8 lb/A<br />
4 & 8 Ib/A<br />
3 & 6 lb/A<br />
Intermediate<br />
dacthal<br />
CIPC<br />
CDEC<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>.Control<br />
(dimet~l 2•.3.5 J 6 tetrachloroterephalate)<br />
(isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate<br />
(2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate)<br />
12 lb/A<br />
6lb/A<br />
81b/A
278<br />
Unsatisfactory <strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
CDEC . (2-chlorQ8.lky:l diethyld1thioc;arbamate)<br />
plus ".<br />
CDAA<br />
(2-chloro-N,N~diallyacet~de)<br />
CDEC (2-chloroallyl diethyldit~o~rbama.te)<br />
plus ',. -." ~'-- ,<br />
CIFC (isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate)<br />
i:1aethal (dimethyi 2.3.5.6 tet:ra,ob!Qroterephala te)<br />
plus<br />
CIFC . (isopropyl N~(3-chlorOphen1l)carpamate)<br />
4 Ib/A<br />
plus<br />
4 Ib/A<br />
4 Ib/A<br />
plUS<br />
4 Ib/A<br />
6.lb/A<br />
,PlUS<br />
~·4,:lb/:Il<br />
. . ) .. .<br />
None of the herbicide treatments listed cau.e~plant injury or reducedyield<br />
•.<br />
. . .<br />
~e .second experiment. ~~onducted ·on ..' l1ghtersandy soil<br />
in southe:rn New Jers.ey with the variety Campbelll46.The maj:or<br />
weed that developed in the experimental area was cI'abgrass.and,<br />
minor weeds. welle lambsquarters .and pigweed.': The herbicide: :t:reat ..<br />
ments wereappl1ed as granUl&1'8 at lay-by to freshly culUvatled,<br />
sol1. A ~orniaedcomplete. block designwJ.th four repl1cat:t&ls .<br />
was used.'l'hr$e pickings were.made durirlg the season. Visual'<br />
ratings of weed control and plant injury we1l'e made tbreet1me.,c<br />
during the season. .' _.<br />
The herbicides used may be placed in three categories a$<br />
follows:<br />
Excellent<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
amiben<br />
3 - amino -2 . 5- di c hl orob enz oi c aC.id)<br />
EFTC<br />
ethyl N.N-di-n-propylthiooar.bamate)<br />
tillam ~ propyl ethyl-N-butylthiocarbamate)<br />
Intermediate<br />
R-1870<br />
R-1856<br />
dacthal<br />
CIPC<br />
Unsatisfactory<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>Control<br />
~<br />
e thy l di-n-butylthiolcarbamate)<br />
t-butyl di-n-propylthiolcarbamate) ,<br />
dimethyl 2.3.5.6 tetrachl¢rotere- .<br />
phalate), J -.<br />
(isopropyl N- (3-chloropheny;1)earbama te·,<br />
'.<br />
.~ ""y~~"" '."'.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
2 &:41b/A<br />
3 &:,6,lb/A<br />
3 &:o"lb/A<br />
3 &:6 lb/A<br />
3 &:6 lb(A<br />
~,.lb/A<br />
o'lb/A<br />
CIPC (isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate) 2 &:4 Ib/A<br />
None of the herbicides used in the second exper:1Jnent reduced yield.<br />
EFTC at 3 and 6 pounds per acre caused visible. injury late1n---bhe<br />
season.
279<br />
·QUACKGRASSCONTROL<br />
S.M.<br />
Raleigh l<br />
Variation in genetic strains of quackgra's was very evident in<br />
1961. These stiains can best be observed by applying treatments across<br />
areas where corn bas been grown.. 'Cultivation tendlt'to spread strains<br />
up and down the row. These strata. have been observed especially with<br />
Atrazine, but also with Dalapon and Amitrol-T.<br />
Plowing, preparing a ,•• ed bed, and planting the same day the<br />
land is plowed followed by good 4ultivation will reduce the stand of<br />
quackgrass considerably, especially if a chemical is used whicb is<br />
injurious to q\lackgrass and not. to the corn.<br />
The pre-emergence application of Atrazine at two pounds per<br />
acre, (data in Table II) with A*1trol-T. Dalapon or Atrazine reducedtbe<br />
stand of quackgrass very little.. In other fields where Atrazine was applied<br />
as pre-emergence the day of planting, the quackgrass was reduced considerably.<br />
Under these conditions rates of four pounds and higher did not give much,<br />
better control than the two pound rates.<br />
The control of quackgca•• with Dalapon (Table II) is rather poot.<br />
In anotber field of twelve acre •. where Dalapon was used with and without<br />
wett.ing agents, the control was much better. There were six replications.<br />
The results were: Dalapon, 5.92.pounds alone (Dowpon, 8 pounds) 93%, with<br />
Dash added, 96%; Dynawet, 97%; rab, 95%; liquid All, 93%; and Tritton x<br />
100, 92%. Four pounds of Atrazine in this test save 90%control.<br />
(l) Professor of Agronomy, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,<br />
Pennsylvania.
2130<br />
Table I. Pall and Spring .".Ucatlons of herbicides on quacl~gras.<br />
Cora Pleat .. ··Hay 25, 196L<br />
tl'nivers1tyP,ark. Penneylvania<br />
. . - - - - - - - - - -aiel- - _DI - -.- - -.. --..._ -<br />
Chemical. WbeJl.applied lbtt./A Plowtd· ,.lowed Plowed P!lowed<br />
: '. . •. ..•:. Uav 25 ';4a!. 16 "'"c. 9 -. 10<br />
- - - - -. - -. - "':'_.- - - - - -~~.a.":. -1----;.'.".--<br />
- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -.- -.- -(ff,"'loCoOcioI; -10,-C:;Plete;;;&(1)<br />
.AIIIitrol-r Rov. 4 : .4· 6.5 6...6 4.7 2.0<br />
. Hay 13 4 9.5 5.5 6.0 1,7<br />
Alaitrol-T Nov. 4 2 7.7. ... 6.:8 5.7 4.3<br />
Hay 13 2 8.8 7.0 5.3 3.7<br />
).\<br />
Atraz1ne Nov. 4 4:0 8.9<br />
Hay 13 ·4:< 9.3 I<br />
8..6<br />
8.0<br />
8.3<br />
7.8<br />
7~3<br />
&.0-<br />
Atraz11W ..lIov.:4 2:.". 8.0<br />
~ .:'! 6.7 5.0 2~3<br />
Hey 13 2 . 8.3 '!,<br />
5.3 5.0 "6.0<br />
AllDL.trol-TaDd NoV. 4 21·2 9.0 6.3 5.7 2.0<br />
Atraz1ne . May13 2,12; 9.0 6.3 7.0 S.7<br />
c:<br />
Da1apon Nov. 4 11.1 7.3 7.7 6.7 3.3<br />
May 13 5.92 9.0 6.7 5.7 4~0<br />
Geigy 34162 Nov. 5 4 5.3 4.7 3.0 1.0<br />
May13 4 7.0 6.5 3.0 1.0<br />
Geigy 32293 Nov. 5 4 9.0 6.5 5.7 1.3<br />
Hey 13 4 9.0 6.2 4.3 2.7<br />
Cbeck 4.0 2.0 3.0 .0
281<br />
table II. The control of:'4oaekal'au tittb.'j)ltlnl<br />
AppUed ,-y 24 and 2S<br />
applications<br />
"<br />
Atrazlnli -2*<br />
Atraz:Lne 1<br />
Atraz1.ne 2<br />
Mlitr,ol ..t<br />
,Am;~rol-t<br />
,:' ,'. ;-:",r:'"" .<br />
. ',C j ril\llli,~l-T 'j , •<br />
AJa;f. fa'Ol..T<br />
'<br />
1.>8:.1' .<br />
fl8~y;<br />
;-1I Crr:) t·';'<br />
...~ ...jJ i" .. ".<br />
..j$-, "~,'<br />
9.5,<br />
9.6.<br />
8.3<br />
a~5<br />
S.O'<br />
5.&r<br />
.7~0<br />
.,"7r.:'l:,:,;.',<br />
Atraz1.ne 2**<br />
i.~rad4e .<br />
Atradne<br />
.' ..-&<br />
9.S<br />
9.S -<br />
7.S<br />
7.8<br />
2>.0>-''''-.<br />
2.0>1'<br />
Amitrol-T L<br />
AmitJ:91-T2 ' ,<br />
Amitrol-t 2<br />
AtrazLne 2<br />
AtraUN<br />
.A~~ne·,<br />
'"i<br />
. -1~i8<br />
".-
2. Assistant Professor. Department of Agronomy, University of Massachusettt,<br />
Amherst. Massachusetts.<br />
282<br />
CHEMICALQUACICGWSCONTROL 1 ,<br />
Jona.<br />
Ve~gri82<br />
Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamine-6-i80prop,lamino-s-triazine) and<br />
other herbic,ide.areavailable wh~~Il,,,ppear to provida reliable mean8 of<br />
controlling quackgral8 (Agropyron repen8). Atradne:'.uppresses this weed<br />
significantly ~utoften recollllend_" t.j;e. fail.to e.radicate it completely.,<br />
The persi8tence of this weed i8 related to its primary mode of reproduction.<br />
i.e. itl rhizomes which usually ate distributed in the l'low layer. Rhizomes<br />
vary in length and depth and thist·a. our tests indicate (2). i8 at leatt<br />
part of the explanation for failure. in controlling quackgrass with chemicals.<br />
Atrazine sholi14 be applied c.•• clole as pouible to the rhizomes .It<br />
is re.sonable to conclude that mi.i~g the herbicide with the soil should<br />
be advantageous. The ch4llllical will be closer to the rhizomes and under dry<br />
surface .oil conditions mixing ma, provide better moisture conditions for<br />
atrazine to be tAken up by rhizomes and kill them.<br />
The main objective of ou~ trials in 1960/1961 was to investigate<br />
the importance of mixing atrazine ",ith the soil by rototUling versus leavtag<br />
the material on the surface. Comparisons were al.e .. de between fall and<br />
spring applications. In addition'to'atrazine. other promising herbicides<br />
or their combination. were included.<br />
Procedure<br />
Trials were conducted on a well drained gravelly sandy loam. The<br />
area had a good unif.,. stand of quackgrass. Plots wlere 12 ft. by 28 ft.<br />
Three replicates were used. Time :0'£'application and ~ates are given in<br />
Table II. Fall applications were made on October 10. 1960 and spring applications<br />
on April 27, 1961. The quaclgrass was from 5 to 7 inches tall.<br />
On May 19 the exper1lilental area w". "lowed. disked, fertilized and prepared<br />
for field corn planting. On May 22 after seedbed preparation, atrazine and<br />
EPTCwere applied as shown in Table-iII. Treatments 10, 11, 12 and 20 were<br />
rototillad about 4-~ in. deep immedtately following application of the<br />
material. The next day on May 23, Ohio M-1S silage field corn was planted.<br />
Thus treatments appUed on May 22 aMybe considered lUI being made at planting.<br />
Atrazine is only slightly soluble ·in'water (70 ppm i1l':water) and moisture<br />
conditions in the soil at the time of application and for the first ten days<br />
after application are critical fo~tbe effectiveness of treatment. In<br />
Table I. rainfall and temperature data are shown for the various treatment<br />
dates. With each date.of application, the moisture conditions were favorable<br />
for the action of atrazine. On June 5 the whole experimental area was sprayed<br />
with 6 pounds per acre· of dinitro' (DNB') for annull'lW4eedcontrol. There wa•<br />
._-----------_.._----------------_.- .. _._----._---_.--_._------------<br />
1. ContributiCn No. 1336 of the University of Massachusetts, College of<br />
Agriculture, Experiment Station, Amherst, Massachusetts.<br />
..--- .
no cultivation during the growing season. All herbicide rates presented 1ft<br />
Table II are expressed in pounds of acid equivalent or active ingredient per<br />
acre. Quackgra88and field com teeponse to dUfereb«: tl'eatments was observed<br />
throughout the srowing season. Q'*'1tgra88 .ta~d es~tes werelll4de on July 29.<br />
Quackgrass control as well as sil_.e' ,com yield data
284<br />
A,.· t.)· if'/' (<br />
.,., Tb,41~~ pJ.ota prod~~".. w srcnrtJi, of ~1tgft8lt which anoqi"<br />
cCl!DP~t!!ldwith!=011':for plant nu~~ ..tul ,ep.daU4'~ ,fol'watel'. All tn.,..<br />
~"1ncre.. ecl dla~ c.om ;11.1"'t#~Ulcantl,. n, !'/.<br />
.'<br />
'>I $:J;'TCpve eKc.llentC;9q1;~lof Cluackll"'.x~c(.,:n wua1gnUiCaDtly<br />
injur.d and yield88:f~ected. Th. c~ill8tion treatllelltl of da1.pon, amltro).-T,<br />
and G-34162 witb'fn.adlle were a~~Q!,.~mising in controlling quackgr'88 in<br />
field com. ' " . "","L<br />
In I~neral all treatmant~.,,.~~fect1vely\con,,}.1:.d q~ackgrai8. ,~~r,',<br />
aeems that the CJpt1m\lll\rate of at11ldtae to control ~kJna8 11 al'OlJDdtf.~bJA.<br />
Although atra.Ln-e can be applied nec'.aafully in th. ftaU, early sPring o.t::<br />
p1.nting time .~l1cation8 seem 1IO''t. practical. The.e ~OUld b,.pU.t .~P~i;'<br />
cations - 2 1blk:on fo1iag. in Apl'll'~d 2 1b/A 2-3 week. later on pr8p.r'~ ,<br />
seedbed at com planting time. 811111.1'results h,v. b•• n obtained el8ewh,e/=8(l).<br />
Results from this experiment alao 'lJbstantiated ptei\~ui' f1nd1~18~3)tha(..i . ,<br />
mixing the atl'dlne illllllediately '~.l' applications with the loll improves', .<br />
quackgrau coRth1. By mixing th.! ~h-'mica1 with th.:lio~l·:f.t COl!l8S in clo,-r<br />
contact with t:h.,'mau of rhizomes ~d: sol1 moisture cond'1t1oni'are better'lo<br />
facilitate ab80rPtion of atradn. ",. the roots. In 196:1."'tnCli6i weumad~"otl.<br />
rhizome depth .in the sol1 and the effectivene,s ()f ~tJ'IlI1118. Wooden bo:v:~o'" .....<br />
l'x1 'xl' ware. set in the field at Bl'ound level. 'rh~-inch and 9"iechthtl!i~ .<br />
cuttings were planted horizontally\~-inch and 4-inc!liil'.eepin the .oiL~Jn<br />
order to e1mulate field condition'~'l'hizomes were p"i±it.d ~ho at a11llOs~ ',-,rtical<br />
angles of'·60":70o so that the t~~'ends were one inchJfrtlm the surf.ce.~,':_<br />
Immediately afta. planting, atrazina'at 1 1b/A and 3 lb/A was app1iedaa'sorface<br />
treatment. The average relative nl1ilts ,of four rii~Hcatc,s are presente4ri~<br />
Table III. Atrazine at the rate of, l' IlblA as Ii "urfideaplllicaUon did' not ,<br />
affect rhizomes planted four inch •• deep. At t'be'3 l'tl/A rate atrazine gave<br />
comp1.tt controlc:;fall rhizomes planted ona inch deep in horizontal 01' vertical<br />
position ltut some milliomes survived which were 4 inchea away from 'the allP'11~4<br />
atradu. Por.~::s'iiateat effect of atradne, 11: 11 of first importanc:e~'<br />
get the Mterial as close as POUib1. totherhizo~fJ~ It 1s of inter.~t~tio<br />
note that rhizomes p'l!aced et a 60-7Q .'~$le wft;ht~e)
SummaryandConclu.1Qp'<br />
1. A quackgrass control in'lteld corn experiment was conducted on<br />
a well drained gravelly l8ady loam. Atraziae, methymercapto<br />
analogue of atrazine, dalapon, amitrol-T, and EPTCwere used. ,<br />
285<br />
2. Atrazine was effective and most promising in controlling quackgritllB<br />
in field com. TheciptilllUlllrate was,'. f'f.b/Aof active<br />
in8redl.nt~ . It may be appl1ed in thefail~ early in the spri~$<br />
on quaoklra .. foliage O'r:(Wt'planting' on a iJ"r'!paredseedlled. These<br />
prellminar,v trials indicate that the 'most praCtical way to apply<br />
atraZine is as a splitt:reiitment 2 lb/A oi:t"'oUage early in the '.'<br />
spring arid 2 lb/A at plut.f.ils. Mixing the ~.~razine with the soU',<br />
increased the effectiveria.llIignificantl,. J~oget conclusive .<br />
tesults moteCests should'&e'conducted.<br />
3. EPTCand combination treatments of dalapon, amitrol-T, and G-34l62,<br />
with atraziDe were also promising in controlling quackgrass in<br />
field com. EPTCat 6 lb/~ rate injure~ t~. com and resulted in<br />
decreaaed yielda.<br />
•<br />
Literature Cited<br />
, •..1<br />
1. Fertig, S. N. 'the effective1les'i'lof combinationsbf plow-down, preemergenee<br />
aad p08t-emers~c.:treatments foi,qUackgrass control,<br />
1960 results. Proc. Northea.tem <strong>Weed</strong>Conttol Conference 15:312<br />
314 (1960).<br />
2. Veagris, J~n88. The effect of rhizome length ..avdepth of planting on<br />
the mechanical and chemical control of quaciSrass •. ~ 10 (1),<br />
1961.<br />
3. -------- Cheaical quackgra'scontrol. Proc. Northeastern <strong>Weed</strong>Control<br />
Conference 15: 385-390. (1961).<br />
}.
286<br />
Introduction:<br />
A SUMMARYOF QUACmRASSCOR1'9JLS'l!l1DIE PUR'$'<br />
8tQl!M'II!,Ia; Fe7!ti~ '(n-:<br />
::\.<br />
, .• '., - _,., ', :" "';; _ ::-r", ;~j,:.J .:.'HO : 'r .:-;:",);.- . " .... :<br />
Quackgr•••. ;cplllMt~;tI~'C&ll be,f" ..pIlIJortactor 111-* yi.~d of com for<br />
silage o~ forp'a1A •. ;Ita I!8du~1qpiJ1D,.stapdot ~lo8s e,nd.reduce4 compet1tiot1l,s<br />
to .be ol!t~ by. c~~ppe%!,.tlOras, ~"tJ3ey IIIWJtbe.<br />
frequent ~ pr(lpeJ,').~t1med. ; TJ:ut,.~pf: a a1D{1le ClJMiCl~ ,01', 'CQIIIb1,natlon<br />
of chem1cal8pl~ q~t~ope?:''''1I~'ha''ProveJl ~.SIliliY let~ect1ve1n controlling<br />
qua.ckgr~s,. 'rhe',cp~d*¥!,t1on of~ ePlus Pfe'" :~"'IIZ'J.y pojJt-emersence<br />
herb1c1@,~~n\l wp.l ,elind~".~assC9IIP8U,to.ton :l.n corn for the<br />
growing season and Where moisture, 4-f,~t1ng o~~~t1n ;y1e,ld:l.ncreases<br />
of silage 01' grain by 50 - 100 percent.<br />
Method and;.<br />
frss,q,u.i;e::<br />
\ ,:.' _' ;'~ ,1" 'I -}
If or where farmer acceptance of a chemiceJ. treatment is based on visueJ.<br />
observation or the absence of vegetation, the above treatments would be considered<br />
unsatisfactory even though the yielda may not be affected. 'Including<br />
the cultivated and non-cultivated treatments, 18 )'leld values are represented<br />
in the above treatments rated as poor or fair in control. The yields from 9<br />
of these plots are, however, in the first 20 highest yields obtained in the<br />
experiment. A clear d:l.stinct10n should be made between seasoneJ. suppression,<br />
reduced stands and kill or el1m1nation of quacltgr8ss when writing for or<br />
. - . . - ~<br />
:287<br />
are reported in pounds per aereef 20 percent lII01ature hay equi veJ.ent •<br />
The CQrn silage yields were calculated from the harvest of 2 - 10 foot<br />
.ections of row,tuen from the center area of thecml;t1vated and from the<br />
center area of the non-cultivated portions of eaoh treatment. A random I<br />
sampJ.e was ,ara~;f'rom the harvested plants, chopped and a 2,000 gram sample<br />
of chopped :ulaterial was oven dried to determine dry matter content. The<br />
yields of IJilage in tons per acre at 75 percent moisture were calculated<br />
from these values.<br />
Discussion~<br />
All chem:lca]. trea~tson the corn stubble plots (Table I) when combined<br />
withoult:l..vat10n resulted in e. significant reduction in the competitive<br />
effects of~&s as indicatedby' the silage yields. As shown by the<br />
y:te~ds of quackgz!ass foliage '911l1l1l.Dytreatments, however, the effect was dUe<br />
to a reduction in the vigor and jp'OWthof quackgrass rather than effective'<br />
klll.<br />
Whenthe plots were harvested' in September ti1Elre was an excellent cover<br />
of quack8ras. on treatments 3, 5, '6, 10, 12 and to a lesser extent 14. _n<br />
though the yields of s1188e were GOt significantly reduced on these trea1j.<br />
ments, the ~ll of quackgrass was: rated fair to very poor. It is fair to '<br />
assume that had mo:l.sture conditions been less favorable throughout the growing<br />
season, 'the y1elds would have..been reduced by .M¥eral tons· per acre.<br />
A CClZIIliletekill of quackiras.$ is possible by ~ated applications of<br />
plow-down and pre" or post-emergel)ce chemical treatments. The same total<br />
SlIPunt of eJJemical :l.n split applications has been tar more effective in<br />
killing quackgra8s compared to a single application. Where kill of quaekgre.ss<br />
is desired, the cost of an additional spray treatment is Justified.<br />
The silage yields from treatments on the sod area (Table II) are eJ.S().<br />
quite uniform Within the cultivated and non-cultivated plots. A significant<br />
yield difference at the 5 percent level does exist'l\l4!ltween some treatments.<br />
Considering the combination of cClll,POundsand treatments used, however, these<br />
d:l.fferences are small.<br />
Also, based only on the yields obtained from the cultivated and nonoultivated,<br />
the Value of cultivation would be questioned. Visual ratings on<br />
the oontrol of quaekgrasll at the tlme of harvest, however) shewed a definite<br />
adve:atage for cultivation in kill1ng quackgrass. Even though the yields do<br />
not reflect it, treatments 6, 10, 13, 15, 21 and 23 were rated poor control<br />
and treatments 14, 18 and 22 were rated fair control.
') )<br />
.;/ u<br />
" .<br />
y~ ~ca1 I ,; ,~ CheDdCl,' . ~~: EeI··1 ~ I I<br />
1* Atraz1ne ~ 0 11+_8_ : .. n" . . ' .' i8"'~i'" ~ NO- - -<br />
2It<br />
3*<br />
4*<br />
5<br />
6<br />
1<br />
8*<br />
10<br />
II<br />
9*<br />
Atrazine<br />
S1mad.ne<br />
G-34696<br />
G-34361<br />
2.0<br />
Jan~-~J re.Q, "~, ."<br />
~. F2.0 "::(<br />
.~. 0. ,- ..r<br />
Pro~ne:.<br />
G-34360<br />
Atratone<br />
~.o<br />
2.0<br />
2.0<br />
::!~:t~~:<br />
. ,<br />
G-34696<br />
G-3436l.<br />
Atratoue<br />
2.0<br />
2.0<br />
Atraz1De.::: '2'.0<br />
~:'"~ . ~<br />
~ e.~<br />
Propazine 3·0<br />
G-34360, 2.0<br />
I a.e<br />
-~.... -<br />
Bone<br />
,,,,'WQ.;<br />
12<br />
"",~_.;i._<br />
1280<br />
-----~.<br />
13<br />
4.0<br />
16..6<br />
340<br />
14<br />
" Atraz1JJe I 2.0 16.3 15.5<br />
310<br />
15<br />
00 1------- r---- '1-------- l18osL!0.<br />
I..;--- I Atraz1De IU<br />
r ..~ .I .255<br />
re16 p!Jeck .---- -:::==:1 --~-_L=:---- ------~ 9.1" 4.~-~-~~<br />
. *S~ chemical, ra1;e per acre and methOd of treatJl!etlt used in lYbQ. . .all.otller trea'tmeDts the cheln1~a1 vas changed<br />
.q ~<br />
;·1.30<br />
1367<br />
l.26O<br />
61.5<br />
495<br />
~
,~,<br />
~ Tab1.e II. Chemical. Treatments Used on Sod Area and Yiel.ds of Corn Silage<br />
('0/ andQuackgrass Foliage. 1.961.<br />
I - c Tons of silage corn Ib~(A of" quacltgrass<br />
P1ow~wn ChSn:LCaJ. - Pre.;me;;~ce lloat-emerge,i;lce at 751imisture rollage at 2i:1f,moist\<br />
~at~ ChemieaJ.'BB£e/A Chemical. Rate/A Chemical. Rate/A. Not Not<br />
No. 1bs.a.e. P.bs.a.e. _ bs a.e. Cul1;1vated ~ul:tivated Cultivated Cultivate<br />
,I Atrazine 1.0 Atrazine 1.0 ------ .... ---. 21.5 1.9·9 60 70<br />
2 Atrazine 1.0 Atrazine 2.0 ------ ----- 21.3 21.1 331 0<br />
3 Atrazine 2.0 Atrazine 1.0 ------ .._--- 22.1 21.1 --- 20<br />
4 Atrazine 2.0 AtraziDe 2.0 ----- :<br />
----- 21.2 20.5 15 5<br />
5 Atrazine 3.0 Atraz1ne ' 1.0 ---_._- ----- 23·9 22.8 None 15<br />
6 Amitro1-T 1.0 Atrazine 1..0 -...---- ----- 1.9.4 20.9 455. 400<br />
7 c Amitrol-T<br />
lO ~ ~, J¢raz1rW" ~1...0- -."-~-- ; ----- ~c'.3, .~ 20,5 ~:c.'J .: 40<br />
8',;0' Mntrol-7<br />
." ~ "At1".8.z1Jie ':, '~:
290 ' .. i '~r I.". ',-:<br />
: l.1 r, '" '<br />
THEEFFECTS01 CHEMICALANDCULTt1IALTUATMENTSONTill SURVIVAL~ RHIZOMES<br />
ANDON'tHB YIELD01 llNDERGROIJIfD FOODRBSERVs.:S_Ol. QUACIGRASS- ,<br />
.".- -. ._.-_...• --',,' ..<br />
H. M. t+t~ :~d,8,., N. h~t,a<br />
IntrodupUQA_ " )'J ~ S-:' I<br />
In order .t~ ~ogtroi~r i .tallll1·~~p.'rllDD~~)f<br />
' •• ', ~'<br />
~~~ci~"lt 11 neceaaary,e1ther<br />
directly. lnd1r~t11" to ,#,n4!Jcet.::d •• tructlono(~~e org~n.which pe~p.t·<br />
uate: the plant,., IIltb,~ cQ. ~.quc.kcC... ,the plal).1:""rtl re.ponl1ble fot lt1<br />
perennta11tyare the ma•• of under around atem. cal1ed~rhl.omes.<br />
The 'uormal Ute otlildlvldual"'quiCkgra .. iiiizome;"is pr~bably not mucb ov.r<br />
a year. It i.not alwaysappreclatedthat this characteristlc i. one of.t~. few<br />
lmportan~ weakness_' tabarent i~; ~c~.~•., rb~.;b.~. of .pecia1 inte~~at<br />
ln the use;of herb1c1d •• for the oogt~J: orer~d~cat~. ~f quacklrass. A cbemlcal,<br />
to be effective .. maJ not n_cea.ari1~;Id.~l the plant Mrl8bt or directlyc.uae<br />
itea,th a.~ d.cOlllPOdUQftol tbe rh9"i< Control ... , "'.ffected indlrect1y by<br />
lnduclnldormaaoy or preventin8proc§~.!~~!l qf., no rb1aollea until the netum<br />
deatb of 'th.·~an~·,~avif·l:.ken;'pl~c., 'J However, ~h, A.l~tion that a dlr,ec,t<br />
u1sUolt~lp .:/CUt. b.tween the e~~.ct;~ oj a tr.a~m.nt "" topsrowth and le;s :effect<br />
on aurvlval and actlvlty of the rhl.~' may be lubject to error, especially<br />
wbenquackgr •• , control from different cbemlcala are b.inl compared.<br />
Thls i inve.tigatlon was ~a~r~ec;l ~~ to o1?tain a mOIj. complete ~ow1.d~e, of<br />
the pbyl1plogy'Of tbe quackl~a... r~1••• 8apeciallyall l-t ls affected by, b~rblcidel<br />
a.d IIIOdel'n,control' recoaae~~t~~a~A :prev,lou. "apar reported on the<br />
effacta of tre.dDe~ti ontberfood re.erv. content: of :q~Ckar"s rhizomes (2).<br />
The .xt.nt of ~blzome carbobydrate r.duction waa t6bad 'to be more a char.Ct~latic<br />
of t~e berbic14e us. thaD' it ••• ~"'.te4 'to-fopsrWtbsurvival and re,rowth.<br />
It 1i r.alonable'to luppoae that. I~~l.,r ,raau1t1 ~outd :a1Jo be expected fr~ tbe<br />
rhizome survival: data. : , "', :', ,<br />
. '". i 1. J '.<br />
Materia4<br />
and, .1f.etboda-<br />
,A deicrlp~i~n of, .~ experl~'t~:::clta1gn, ... ,Uot; acbedu1e arid procedUre,<br />
and ~aboratory /II.t~cI.,b•• b~n gl~ ~:prev1ou.p.per.. (1, 2). The field :Plots<br />
were located near Itbaca, N.Y., on a Mardln ailt loam .oil which had a unlform<br />
aad heavy quackaraal infelUtion. Th. treatments were replicated four tim.',ln<br />
a 3 x6 .p11t-plot factorial. .'<br />
H'of<br />
Sample. of quacqra'lrblzOlll8" "r. collected p.t_~cally ulinl a ate ..l<br />
cylinder., All aoil and foreiln l118~t!lr :J'~re relllQved by ~a.hil).l iaa cement li1xer.<br />
The r~1zomes were tbendried, Welshed, 'ground, mixed thoroughly. and analyzed<br />
for c,arbohy'dratll content. Since fructo •• polymers, 1••• .! fructolana, :w,erl_,faund<br />
to be the pd~1pal food reaerve cO'Q'tt1;Uent quackji-.I. rhizomel, quantitative<br />
carbohydrate determlnatlons were baa.d on tbe free fructo •• content fo110wlna<br />
acid bydrolyall. On the baah of th. rbi.ome. obtained frClll one aquare foOf of<br />
1This include. part of tbe work don. on the Ph.D. study at Cornell Univer.ity.<br />
2Plant Pbya101olllt, -Virginla Truck ixP~~1ment- S~at1~~,'Horfolk, Va. and<br />
Profei.or of Agronomy, Cornel1Un~~~r.lt~, ~tbaca, N'Y",respective1y.<br />
~ ,
so11 per plot at each sampling date., the yield of l!",~omes and their fo04 reserve<br />
content were determined. The yield of fructose p~l&l1it area was subsequently<br />
calculated as the product of these two determinations.<br />
291<br />
Results<br />
and Di,cussion<br />
Main effects of cultural trea~~t,:<br />
\<br />
The main effects of cultural treatments on the' yield of quackgrass rhizomes<br />
are given in Table I. Both the plowing and fallow treatments resulted in an<br />
early decrease in the yield of.,J:l:a:f.'l:lIDes<br />
about, 4PJpercent. The effect Df the<br />
single spring ploWing tended to a~~ease throughoutlthe experiment as regrowth<br />
of foliage occurred, although it continued to show lower yields than the uncultivated<br />
quackgrass. The effect of continuous fallow, on the other hand, increased<br />
and resulted in a decrease of a\)o,~$, 7S per cent infhizome yields by late autumn.<br />
'"<br />
J<br />
The depletion of total carbohydrate yield due to cultural treatments was<br />
especially severe as shown in Table II. The dataabow that the first plowing is<br />
by far the most important s1ng1e)c~l~ural treatmenti'resulting in an earl, and<br />
rapid decline of over 70 per cent' ~n the fructos."eld. Where no further<br />
tillage was appl1l!d, however, tlHtfood reserves weregraduaUy replenished. By<br />
late autumn the plowed plots were no longer significantly lower than the uncultivated<br />
plots, and by the following spring the re~~don of total carbobY'lt:ate<br />
was only 24 per cent. The fallowereatment continu.d a gradual depletion of<br />
fructose yield to 94 per cent by late autumn, which 'persisted to the next spring.<br />
Main effects of chemical treaem,~.ts:<br />
The effect of herbicides onthe'dry weight yieids of rhizomes was always<br />
significant throughout the experim£\~t, as seen in Tab,le III. AU of the :urbicides<br />
with the exception of DalapOn caused an early and marked decrease in rhizome<br />
yielda. Although only Atrazine.bowed a significant reduction of about SOper<br />
cent by the first sampling date" tbe rhizome yield;teductions from Sfmazine,<br />
Amitrol-T and Penac ranged betWeeri.~S and 39 per c~t. Throughout the remainder<br />
of the experiment, Atrazine, Sfmazlne, and Amitrol continued showing,gradual<br />
decreases in rhizome yields, resulting in eventual declines of 88, 76, and 68<br />
per cent, respectively, at the f.l~,~ aampUng date'Jl Thes,e three herbicide,s<br />
resulted in consistently lower survival of rhizomes than Penac or Dalapon. While<br />
Penac showed only minor changes from the initial decrease of 35 per cent throughout<br />
the remainder of the experi~nt, the effect of ntilapon was gradual and·<br />
continuous throughout the growing ~aon resulting. in a 56 per cent lOBS of<br />
rhizomes by late autumn. However, lta effect decre.sed during the winter and<br />
early spring, showing a reduction 01 ,only 31 per cent by May 10,1960.<br />
Since the herbicides generally, caused simultan.£lous reductions of both<br />
rhizome yields and fructose content, the effects of chemical applications on the<br />
total carbohydrate yields were considerably accentuated, as shown in Table IV.<br />
Atrazine gave a very sharp and~arly,decrea.e in Ir~tOBe yield of 88 per ~ent<br />
by the first sampling date one mOnt~:after application. Thia carbohydrate<br />
depletion increaaed slowly throullloUtthe year to 97 per cent by autumn and 99<br />
per cent by May 10, 1960. Simazine showed similar results although it reacted<br />
slower, with an initial reduction of 72 per cent, and a 94 per cent reduction by<br />
late summer. However, its effect decreased during the winter and early spring,
292<br />
Table I-MaiD' Bfieed'Of
418'<br />
293<br />
Table III Main Eff,ects of Her~1c1cl.a on the Yie1di~fQu,ackgra88 RhizOlae4lr,<br />
at all Sampling Dat~a;~;<br />
Sampling Herb~cide Treata;e~tj¥e~JUI (lba.Jacr~) Significance<br />
Date !lb, , ,I (per cent)<br />
June 1S, 1959 Atr. Siill. 1<br />
11760 2120 5<br />
I<br />
lJAIireated<br />
" Mean<br />
4760<br />
Aug. 5, 1959<br />
Sept. 10, 1959 I sLil.<br />
I 680<br />
I Sim. Atr.<br />
I 1060<br />
!<br />
1220<br />
Ami. ,~. ~l.l<br />
1680 I 19'80 2060 ,<br />
~,-odi'3:l' I<br />
Atr.' AmL!I~~r. Fen. I<br />
700 1220 1240 1640<br />
,<br />
i it I<br />
-.,j'J t<br />
No herb~'<br />
2460<br />
1<br />
5<br />
1<br />
5<br />
i. ,<br />
4700<br />
3660<br />
Nov. 10, 1959<br />
May 10, 1969<br />
Table<br />
IV<br />
I<br />
I Atr.<br />
I 340<br />
, 'ii' ,<br />
Sim. AmL'I'~n~1 Da1. No hef~,~J<br />
§SOl 88~ 1.1?2.0, 1920, 27~!t<br />
.." , , ,,'<br />
1<br />
5<br />
1<br />
S<br />
~960<br />
Main Eff~~ta of Herbici~e. on the Yield ,) vructoae,from QuaCk&r~aa<br />
Rhizomes at All, Sampl1."Jlatea.· ,<br />
Sampling<br />
Date<br />
Herbicide TreatmeptHea~s (lba./acr~)<br />
June 15, 19$9 , Al;r. Sim. Ami..<br />
, I<br />
No h.~b.<br />
82i l<br />
Significance Untreated<br />
(eer cent) ",n<br />
1<br />
5 1,873<br />
Aug. 5, 1959 Atr.<br />
§l<br />
Sept. 10, 19591 Atr.<br />
I 26<br />
Sim. Ami.. }~en. 081. Noll'~'"<br />
27<br />
i<br />
21 A :;<br />
• 5Q4 15608601' I<br />
I I<br />
I<br />
Sim. Ami.'Dal.. I Fen. I N~ h~~.1<br />
43 186 210 I 401 I 762<br />
1<br />
5 1964<br />
1<br />
5 1540<br />
Nov. 10, 1959 I Atr. Sim. Ami. ,:,~l. 'Fen. I Nohe~~!<br />
I 42 80, 276 t<br />
i<br />
633 I U3~<br />
_<br />
.':; I ,I' I<br />
May 10, 1960 r Atr. Silll. Ami.re~. IDal. • No !luI!.<br />
I 7 83 112 1'302 3S7 588<br />
t )j<br />
I<br />
1<br />
5 2463<br />
1<br />
5 597
294<br />
;~~~r::~~~~r::::~~::U:~l~<br />
:~;~!~~0~h~::Oin~::1::jf~~'!:::~·:0·;e;a~~it'~<br />
fall an~ held ~on~~ant., tUlthe. {o1.~Cl'(l~._epr~Df!I'~~'~ .o~ the reduct1~ ;0.£<br />
rbi .. e. by 'e.c,thefructose1tifcl ;ehOvel al\ iutl:'tl1. etecl1ne of 37 per Q~~,<br />
WhiCh'increa,"'. ['loW.ltlto 53. p.'~..,by ..•. late .au.~UIIIIl .."•. a:::III.~_.. 'tb. en.-decre.s.•.ed 'to.···. 7+9'-"<br />
per cent by the nell;t sprln8 •., _ D~'iijieiiiAoW.dno •• ~~~ioJ1 the.f~lICt,~<br />
yle1dl, but call1.ed .·a fa1rly~~lcf'''.c;,~~e 4~rJ.bI :~~~: .~~ to 72 per cent in<br />
total carbohydrate.. The effeelt ofDlftlapon· cleona"iI~.HDI the fall and winter,<br />
re.u1ting In a reductlon of only ~t~r:: cent· by Maylo-;-I96·0.<br />
Interactlon beeweett cU1tunf.q~cah~~~' t'l'eaitm~Q~:: ;\~, r<br />
, ' . -, I .. ~".<br />
There wae no liplflcant tRt..... loa between the-.ffectl of cultural treatmenta<br />
and herblcldal apPUca!:i~i-~if~. auivlval ot~ltb.ea ,unUlthe ~a~t, ~YCl~ :<br />
.~~inl date,. : . . '. '." ";,: .i : '.", ,)c'" '"<br />
~ ..~<br />
'k explanation of the il1t:eracf'ioou1' be given by cOlllparing the effecta of<br />
the different herbi~idel witl" -eac~~¥~ra1tr.•at~~t..,,~.~ fi~a1 1aq>~i~J d~t. ,<br />
given ln Table V. "rhe IDOltl:tti~\\1 c~ari.~ 1,."".r ....:jlo cu1~lvat1on wal<br />
app1:ted. The hllgh_it rhllom."yl'e1.d "a~ not .obta1~e4~ 'the untreated .od, but<br />
from p10tl trea/:ed with Dalapon or r,-l!. Thouih tlM:£i~ferencel are not lipificant,<br />
they do indlcate th,atth'~~n~.rbicicle.~l•• ti~ .ffe,c~I,~, 1~,<br />
de. truftion of quae:fcgra.. rbisc.d' unl •• ~: accompaz:ilad bl'; ~111.g. treatments, even<br />
thoupr topgrowth wal killed and'regrow'tfl .uppre .... ltl;_apon.At the oppollte<br />
extreme wa. Atradne, which actually !~.'\llt~d in lei.' rhizomes .urvivlng when<br />
applied to uncu~tivated p10ta than,~ell lupp1 ... n~!d~y_plowl~orfa.l1ow •• "<br />
Quackp'''''aocf·'~i'eat'd'W'1th Atrli.til~ alia18ft uncl~'tii~"'4 Ihowed a 9~ per' ceilt·<br />
reduction ln the rhlzome infe.tation by' the followiiii".pHng. . .'<br />
AcCllllpar1'''b of-the"h.rbldd •• *thtrf the plent' tr.. tJ.erit indicate •. tfi~i 1.11<br />
herblcidel l~t.a~:highlyd.. Y'eantreduct!on~ ~rhill'Ollle yie1d- ""","<br />
compared to .pring p1OWingwith-:nci:Ji.i&+cf.d-~ -Thi.,:_~.p.rtdue to •• ~~u1ati,<br />
influence of plowing on tat! su~~equet:lt ~0trt:li o~,tuac~t.... rhlZOIile.'<br />
wheillto herbicl.e w••• pplied,·lhowiq'art inctea.e'-o~~t 50 per cent by May 10,<br />
1960 over that ~f the uncult-tvat_::tIIaeeIt-plota •. The r.sults of continuous f.llow<br />
tended 'to elimi'.te or ma.k the .he~~eI4d eff~cu.ll"~J... ther uniform,anej ."<br />
complete de.tru •.ti~ of quackF".j'lrh1&~e. ; '...•.. Th<br />
e ·~t•.~~:- tbat, by th!! follOWing<br />
rprlng,<br />
69 per cent<br />
the, fallow traatllllllta-r48U.ii'd.<br />
whe. no herbicide was udll.to<br />
in rhi8'" ruction ranging from<br />
81. per cent' when Atredne was applied,<br />
compared to theuntr::eated Qheck)t~t:.;:H:There wereDO-.~f,Uicant<br />
be tween, any of the fa llow treat\!Jetit!.; ", ,:. . "" . .'<br />
d1ffere~c.,<br />
.. .. ,.<br />
,<br />
I : ,.:, ,", .', , ; , J.,'_ .....!' - . ~'0:[:-'~ .<br />
The lntera4tion between cultural' alid"chemic.1 tre.m.nts on the tou1<br />
fructo.e yield "al .ignif1ca~t a.t .1J.-.am.pl1ngd.tea.-'~'leaeral ..' any c;om~~.<br />
tionl of treatment.lthat resu1.~~~o~'.:~.n.ein t~~~d of'qu.ckgrssl rhlzome.<br />
simu1'uneoualy causH a change"!ll th.t.fOod i ••• rv.·· . "t·of the rhlllom.1 in the<br />
same direction. Conl.quently., tha.~enc:.-of the tieatmente on the totd<br />
fructole yield "as ~sually accent""tea-;; Table.V1 'i?""~,lUIIDAryof thein~~~<br />
act~on data frOll th~ firat, la,f~ tft1, ;~d t,lna! .""'UIlI'ietatel. - .\-<br />
. . .'<br />
.\..,. _.~,._., ...,....<br />
All treatlllllntl wlth the exceptiOQa ,of, !JllculUvatR plot. treated w1!:~ ,".,<br />
Da1apon or renae relu1ted in high1y's1snificant carbohy4rate yield reductiona by<br />
the first salDl)Una date'. The aillll:1e u1owinll: treatment eaull/ld the ftr ..d"",ifta,,"
Table V, }nt ...... e..• ,fa~, I;i.,on.,B.~. ~w..ee.ll.:..~..ht~f;.,..l.,.a.n.. ,.~. ,.:B., eEb~C;~~&ilTf~atm.ntl.o,<br />
,'t~elaof·QI1acq~a~.·~~ft"" ~'8J1IPlecl"XaA9, ~960)<br />
th",j<br />
295<br />
',d"; .<br />
NoAultivation<br />
Pattow<br />
Fallow<br />
Pa&ow<br />
Plow"<br />
Herliicide<br />
Atraa~ne<br />
Atraa~e<br />
Simaaine<br />
Pense<br />
Atraz:r:'ne<br />
Significant<br />
Ipt<br />
1%'<br />
'.~ 260<br />
: 380<br />
380<br />
380<br />
400<br />
Significant<br />
at<br />
·U<br />
Per Cent<br />
Re!i?};iMlfiLL<br />
.; j\~; • \'<br />
~".<br />
87<br />
",)l:;v·';."<br />
,~,,( 7:il.: ) ,;<br />
I:; ai:<br />
87<br />
Pa~low<br />
Amitrol<br />
\ 460<br />
Paflbw<br />
Dalapon<br />
'680<br />
~. 1 .'<br />
Plow<br />
Sima&1ne<br />
740<br />
75<br />
Pal~w<br />
No heJ:'bls:ide<br />
920<br />
No ~~ltivation<br />
Simaztne<br />
940<br />
69<br />
'.,l (·0")<br />
Plow<br />
Amitr~l<br />
1020<br />
66<br />
No '~~l.t1vation<br />
1180<br />
~\.'~'<br />
Plow<br />
Plow<br />
No cultivation<br />
No cultivation<br />
No'iultivation<br />
Delapon<br />
Penac<br />
No herbiCide<br />
Pense<br />
Dalapon<br />
No herb'icide<br />
1360<br />
'1680<br />
3000<br />
3120<br />
, 3740<br />
4440<br />
J<br />
55<br />
~K:;<br />
. (! 1',or{ t,<br />
Per cent<br />
increaae<br />
4<br />
25,0.;:: "<br />
48' .'"<br />
',::
296<br />
Table VIr l.t'iietiOti.;'~tw.-"J~idi~.l:.Il~"'~tb~aili~:;~.at""tiid~ t'e 9ldi\T<br />
y(.ld ofPtuoto •• "~.-t1ijc:ltlfa.,. n!.aul~.tThre. SampUq Dete••<br />
Treatll.IlU ",\'"gj::,<br />
i.': : _~ ".. j f .; ,,"!r; -:;<br />
....,,1·· ...·<br />
June 15. 1~59<br />
'~/~cr.t) ,..<br />
·~,~1lJ.. _ '.<br />
New. 10. 1959<br />
Mean<br />
(l~,.~~~~~)<br />
'auc<br />
Pallow<br />
'enac ',',; , Plow<br />
Feuc· ,<br />
r1<br />
No cult~<br />
Atra.hte 'allow i<br />
Atrad"e Plow<br />
Atra.tDe 10. cuU.<br />
S1aIa.~~e , Pallow i<br />
S1lIa.fM Plow ,<br />
S1IIa.~.»e No. cuttl.<br />
,<br />
I<br />
AlI:ltr~r"T Pallow :<br />
AIIl:ltrol~T Plow :<br />
AlI:ltral-T No cult~<br />
-:'\<br />
150<br />
80<br />
457<br />
.' 127<br />
,,276<br />
'c 819<br />
141<br />
368<br />
1049<br />
.;:<br />
14<br />
147<br />
,'f!~';'.ri<br />
s: .<br />
'GO [J f,{<br />
",~,~"<br />
"1"- '.<br />
\Jl')J .\<br />
~;:\<br />
',jj'p~~ 0',;<br />
Dalapou<br />
DalapOJ1<br />
Dalaporl'<br />
No herb.<br />
No hetb~<br />
No h~b.<br />
L. S.D.~ .11<br />
L. S.D., ~I<br />
i<br />
rallow ,<br />
Plow<br />
No cult.<br />
Pallow<br />
Plow<br />
,\ ~13<br />
~9<br />
1560<br />
[<br />
,'14<br />
129<br />
, 276<br />
1873<br />
'iI,<br />
, IC<br />
,~10<br />
1.,1 67<br />
No ,ult.<br />
i '<br />
1420<br />
2463<br />
:,br-." OJ .~ l<br />
57 "<br />
llW'J,<br />
'. .'Ji97',<br />
, , -v.r J rUe) ('f' .<br />
, : '590' ..<br />
·,'J.O.ru.) o:'.
plots showed smaller decreases with the exception Qf Atrazine, which gave ,an<br />
early decrease of 95 per cent with 'no cultivation. While the difference. 'between<br />
the cultivated and uncultivated t.ttazine treatments were never significant. the'<br />
undisturbed .od treated with Atrazine consi.tently Jave carbohydrate yield. equal<br />
to or greater than when Atrazine w~. supplemented by tillage. The effect of<br />
Atrazine alone increased from a .evere fructo.e yield reduction of 95 per cent<br />
by the fir.t .ampling date to Virtually 100 per cent by late fall. This continued<br />
to the follow1ng spring. "ibdicating that no live rhizomes remained.<br />
Simazine. without cUltivati~(.~resulted in an e.arly reduction of 76.~er cent<br />
in the fructose yield. WhlCh iacre.sed to 97 per ce~t by late fall. By ~he<br />
following .pring, however. the affect of Simazine decreased to a 73 per ce~t<br />
reduction in fructose yield. Whllespring plowingt'ended to slightly augment the<br />
effectof Simazine ontht(ltotal food reserves throliShout the experiment, it, also<br />
decreased from a 99 per" cElnt,depletionln late SU1lllll8t' to 87 per cent by the<br />
following spring. indicating,thatat least some live rhizomes survived.<br />
Similar trends. but wi~h les. striking reductions, were generally oD.erved<br />
for the other three herbiCides. 'In all cases, Amitrol-T. Fenac and Dalapon on<br />
uncultivated plots induced a, reduct,ion in underground carbohydrates which<br />
increased to a high of 83 per cent, SOper cent and ,75 per cent. respectively. by<br />
fall. The effecta of these herbicides ceased or d~lnished during the following<br />
winter and spring, however. show1ng a reductio~ of 7lper cent for Amitro17T, but<br />
increases.of 1 .per cent for FeMcand 42 per cent fot: Dalapon. While the .ingle<br />
spring plOWing after application of Amitrol-T,Fenae'or Dalapon was yery effective<br />
in stimulating or prolonging the rhizome and carbOhydrate yield reductions. their<br />
effects ware,nevertheless, diminished between latef.ll and spring.<br />
There was generally a clos. relationship ~e~e.nthe appearance of the quackgrass<br />
rhizomes and the level of food reserves they contained. Vlgoroua white<br />
rhizomes with many fibrous roots were always relatively high in carbohydrates.<br />
As the prevalence of roots decreased. the, rhizomes Fadually appeared more<br />
diacolored, and their carbohydrate level generally dtminished accordingly. When<br />
no fibrous roots remained on the IIh.izomejoints. the rhizomes appeared 1n ,various<br />
shades of brown corresponding to the degree of deccDposition and carbohydrate<br />
depletion.<br />
297<br />
There was a general relationship between the elfects of cultural and chemical<br />
treatments on tlle Eurv~val ar-d regrowth of rhizomes and their effects on the<br />
carbohydrate content, of rhizollles' ... presented in a pi'evioull paper (2).<br />
Of the cultural tr2atments. spring plClwingresulted'ln the most rapid<br />
decrease in yield cf t'oth rhizomes and carbohyl1I8tes; As soon as new topgrowtb<br />
developed. however. c&rbohydrates were gradually restored and the growth of new<br />
rhizomes was stimulated.<br />
Repeated cultivations during the growing seasou'resulted in a continuous<br />
depletion of rhizomes and carbohydrates. Although more than 25 per cent of the<br />
total dry weight of rhizomes still remained in the fall and the following spring.<br />
they Were greatly weakened due to a allllUltaneous reduction in food reserves,.
298<br />
.. ' .. _ ' "'. ," ," lj(,':.'~,.),: '. ':.'~~I:"_' ~ . ,: "1<br />
Al~hO\lgh r'4uc~ionll in the ,)'~fUj;o,rhizOlD8l1 a... ~carbohydrate. re.ultecJl '<br />
f,rom aU he,'tb.iC.~de.·I..t..,~" t,h..e, ~hem.iC"....<br />
degree of the d.pl.t~ol)lI. ~ey .'lt9,r ••ponded dUfet.ly in tile intarectt'"<br />
With cultural ttaabaenU'I~ .,,><br />
1;I.tl". .f, '.. reofil'O'l)l,l'i". rQJy' in thente, period all4<br />
. . ,,:.,',. ,';'1 ,'.'<br />
Delaport, A1pit1iol-~: and Atrel~q., tI!~~ Ibowed lIomawhU,l1l11lar afhcu onj'~.ckgra..<br />
foliage.' In aU :!:lallell, the 1;CtpIJ:l>Vthcealed,.' -rlll'a t1llle .of app UcaUOII, and<br />
gradually diedback'after about two .. ekl. Little or no regrowth occurred<br />
thrCNp'ou,t t~• .,J.l'OW~~i,l~alon on .~t~.Il!~e tr.ate4u4:or plowed piou.lOD the"<br />
under8~undor8~n.. and. c.rbohydraty" (..b""ever ,~l.p., lIbowe4 very littla, 'P:<br />
reduc~.l.on.duritil tha fiut three ~~..~ch of eM 'i_ctton in yield of~; , .<br />
rhilome .... nd fructQle.tbat occurred ·bylata ..faU WalMCO'fered by the folldlriq<br />
Iprlns~, Aaui1:~O~-~" _hUe lbowiOS,a ,.~ rapid and.qeNncluctiOll in both<br />
rbi.omellalld carbobydratel, wallll~~ jto DelapOQ,1Q:A:Mtitreached it.; ....<br />
effect bylat~ fall,' d1lllinbhi~ .~t by Ipr1q. ,;;-,,·.ffect of Atrad_Jw ..<br />
lIIOlttapidandcciaiplete,relulting ill'd.ltruction of virtually all rhizomel and<br />
carbl)hy~rat.1 by late f.U. ,,:, :" .1\"<br />
, i~ ',<br />
The eff.ectl of.IUllluine and P~ ,' >0' ':1.1 'Ji~ "'-<br />
Alt' the ,he,r~~c,~~... appl1ed ,difl ~relpond equa1iiy,« in the 18me way'tw' ,<br />
culturaltrea~'ntl~ The herbicides, lilted in the order of their dependency<br />
upon pl~iDg fo~, ~ff.c;tiv~, contrOl" ,1,l¥8Iured by,ehe l'e4ucdon of rbizOIIIIti' and<br />
food re.~~el!.,.~." followl: D..lap~, renac, 1tm1trol~T. Slma&ine and Alultrail.<br />
J)a l~potl art( renae Ihowed no ,~It~~~~~Y to caule 4i.e~t" dea tb and decOllpol'Uon<br />
of quackara~s ~~~~clIII.. w.h~D not h~l~.~ 'by tUlale.,.'Ac;~adua1 andtemporar, . '..<br />
reduc.tion.inJoo4re,ervei (.nd rhi,l!!M, yield took place.' ,HOwever, thhha,Ni'en<br />
over cOllI! by 'tllefC)tl~JQ8 .pnng. ',: s:L ,.<br />
. ': .... \. ,,', .. ' " .' .<br />
Itmitrol-T'relulted in greater reductions on unplowed plots than Dalapon or<br />
Fenac, but was: sUll 1II0re efficient if followed by plowing_ Simaz1ne ao4 :'_::,'<br />
Atrazine resulted in greater depletionl of rhiz~el and carbohydratel than ~be<br />
other herb,ic14ea ,eiepll,r with or wl,t.h~tt1lla8e. St.ma:a&utwal benefited.l!flhtly<br />
by plowin$'~4trad~•., ilpwever, lbow. noincreale in effectivenell from,eitWel'"<br />
plowina or'f~~~01f dnc:e~o live rb;1&.... : remained by 1ft., fan. I.,<br />
:; .,' '<br />
Llteratyte<br />
i;i~ei'<br />
.. . ' ~ "t:··'· ,:, ,~, ,<br />
': '(1) LeBaron, H.,H. arid FerUg. S.· H. Relationship. between control of<br />
quackgt'an (.vL'mY£.Q!1 URSD.!) aud carbohydrate content of rhh OllIeI •<br />
Proc •. ~.F;.W,C.C.14:357~362. ;(l.~.(;) . b<br />
:, . " . /' ;,-' :--. :,,:o/,.~... . ,;;',:.:'<br />
(2) LeB~r~~,Jl~) ... ,;.• nd~ert18, S.,". ~ effect:. ofclua1c.l end culturel<br />
tr~atllla)1t." ,on the, fpod relerv~~tua~kar... rh£b:oiIa.', PrClC. H.E.W.C;'e.<br />
15:319';'328.' (1961)
FURTHEREVALUmONor HERBICIDESFal· WEEDCONTROL IH;BI!.WSEEIlOOSor WAIIA<br />
R. Ao PetQe. and H. C. Ycmu.'1<br />
299<br />
~~ have been tried tt>r selective weed control in alraJ.tabut<br />
to date none ot the materials CCIIlIIIIIl"oUJ.l1' available haw given broad<br />
spectrum wed control as well as sutticient selectivit7.<br />
Since the practice of usirlg P'atn companion cro~8 for new seedings ot<br />
torage legumes is nowbeing quest1oned2, there is en· increasing need tor a<br />
satistactor7 herbioide for use on nw seadings. Testing of some of the<br />
older materials as well as an:vpraa1sing new materials should be done on a<br />
continuing basis ..<br />
Procedure: The experimental area'" on the .Agrcmom;y. Research Farm,<br />
Uniwrsit:r otConnecticut, S!;orrs,Connecticut. The principal e:xper:iment .<br />
discussed below was a SUlIIIIerseaclinB ot DuPuits alfalfa seeded on July 28,<br />
1961.<br />
Pre-emergence applicatioM were made on August 2, 1961. Approximat~<br />
25%ot the alfalfa seedlings had snerged bY'the time or treatment. Postemergence<br />
applications were made ClI'1'August 15, 1961 when the second. true<br />
leaf ot the alfaJ.ta was about to e:xpand.<br />
Plot size was 5 bY'15 teet repl1cated three times. Est:llllates ot stands<br />
were made on October 10 and yields were determined on October ll, 1961 b7<br />
harvesting a strip 39 inches wide on each through the centGr ot each plot.<br />
The domina."lt weed species preSent in the experimental area was old<br />
witchgrass (Panicum cap1llare) with an adm.i..xtu... ot large crabgrass<br />
(Digitaria sanguinalia). Only a trace ot broadleaf weeds were present.<br />
Sub-samples were taken tor determinaUon ot dry matter and, when<br />
necess&r7, tor hand separation to determine the percentage ot alfalfa bY'<br />
weight in the plot.<br />
In another e:xperiment, not discussed in .full in this paper, several<br />
herbicides were applied On a spring seeding (April 'Z7, 1961) of alfalfa..<br />
Included was diphenamid at 4 pounds per acre and G.34696at 2 pounds per"<br />
acre both applied as pre-emergence mater1Als and dalapon plus 2,lv-DB as<br />
a poat-emergence material. Rainfall oocurred within two hours ot the time<br />
the pre-emergence materials were appl'.ed.<br />
Results: In the spring seadings,. the diphenamid ga-n outstanding resuJ.ts on<br />
a'Uali'a in terms ot weed control ntb no indication ot injur;y to the alfalfa.<br />
lAssooiate Professor"and, former~~ Research Assistant., UniversitY' of<br />
Connec~icut, .S!;orrs, Connecticut. ><br />
2 Peters, R. A. Legume Establishment as Related to the Presence or Absence<br />
of an Oat Companion Crop. Agron. Jour. 53:195-198. 1961..
300<br />
This JilaterialOC8ip1et.:l7 conf;1'o11ilt,bOth the~~th. broi.cWi&t .....<br />
Included were ,.,nowtox1;a1J, (Setar:la lutescens); J.uop erabgrass (Dig1taria<br />
sangu1nalis), old w1tchgraee (pam,,~a.p:tJ.lal'e), aIxl.barrqard grass<br />
(Echinochloa orusgalli). BroaclleatWMde included black lI1U8taZ'd(Braseica<br />
nipr), COlllDlOn chickweed (stell&ria 1lIdia) 1ambequarter (Chenopodiuma1b1D.)<br />
and1"OU&h¢l&'med (~hws ·,.Nti1ioa.Zl18~. '!'heN: ..... little i1'id1oatiqa 6t<br />
re-invaeionot· .... later in the ~~ naaon. ' .::'<br />
_£0'<br />
~A.,,·<br />
Chemical Actiw T:1Jneot Graeq "/i).. l.",<br />
Treatment Fpmulation MatS'14l Appl1caticm <strong>Weed</strong>stend Dr;y Mitts<br />
l~R':<br />
"rl<br />
1;1 Rat1lrsa'QE Yiel4 "<br />
' ' ~"<br />
. '. "<br />
Neburcm<br />
,~wp ~, 1.0<br />
lSSO~<br />
Neburon It II<br />
-~"~':.. 0.6 1390<br />
"<br />
Dacthal 5Q%WP It<br />
" 4- 1.3 1550<br />
Dacthal II<br />
'I,<br />
It 1.0 1360<br />
Diphenamid, 8O%WP , It<br />
0 136Cl<br />
D1phenam1d It 6 II ':1,". 0.3 lO9O'<br />
Tr1f'lural1n 2G ;3<br />
"<br />
0.6 6;0 "<br />
Tr1f'lural1n 2G it<br />
It 0<br />
21'<br />
~. !<br />
G3469f?<br />
~wp 1/2<br />
It<br />
2.3 1225<br />
G34696 It .1, II ',d::; 2.0 ll80<br />
l/2-<br />
Diuran ~wp<br />
II (1'(' . 0 '5l$ ':"ir<br />
Diurcn n 1<br />
It<br />
0 3lS<br />
,II<br />
2,4-D Amine 1/2 Pcst.-eIlJ8! ~;.,.: '7'00 290':\,'"<br />
DNBP .3Jb Lf:./G 1 1/2<br />
It<br />
3.3 13.30<br />
DNBP II ,. 3.6 ,1;80<br />
.<br />
" ,.'::".~...:'<br />
2i4-IIB + dalap
301<br />
In the SUIIIIIlf)1' seeding, the highest"yields ot alfali'a were obtained trom.<br />
the low rates of neburon and dacthal with the dr.vmatter production comparable<br />
tor each chemical. While not si~ lower, somewhat lower yields were<br />
obtained trail ~,lllb.; dact~a SIb.; diphenaJll.i;d, .3lb.; DNBP,It ,<br />
lbo; and 2,4-IJl plus dalapon. Yiaa;dS wre ~ign1f'ic~ loiter, however, wh~<br />
G34696was uaEid..DOubUn$ the rate'ot 'diphenamid or D" resulted in a '<br />
hi~ signif'icant yield reductionotthe alfalfa. Serious injury' trom both<br />
rates was obtained from. tritluralin and diuron o<br />
Control ot the predominant weed, old w:l.tchgrass,isindicated by the<br />
estimate ot stand given in Table 1. Oomplete grassoomrol was obtained tl'd!ll.<br />
both rates ot diphenamid and diuron and trom. the high rate ot tritluralin,<br />
with CQrlplete selectivity obtained onl,y with the diphenamid.. Alfalfa was<br />
serioual;r injurec:1 by diuron and tritluralin as stated pt'eViously 0 While not<br />
cOJllPlete, good' grass oontrol was obtained trom. both rates ot neburon,<br />
dacthal, the 2,4-l1B anddalapon OCIIIIb1natiODS, and the low rate ot tritluralin.<br />
Only tair control was obtained from DNBPand G34696.<br />
DiscussiG£1<br />
Diphenamid was outstanding" in its degree ot selectivity on alfalfa in<br />
both spring and summer seedings ~ gi 'rlng ne8.1·~ complete weed control without<br />
injury to alfalfa at the .3 lb. per acre rate. This material merits further<br />
testing on alfalfa as a hi~ selective, wide spectrum pre-energence<br />
herbicide 0<br />
In-the summer seeding reported, neburon and dacthal were quite effective;<br />
however, these IIIll.terials have not generally cot.trolled as wide a range of<br />
weed species.<br />
Two JJmitations ot l1mP tor weed oontrol in altalta are shown in this<br />
experilnent. The nat"l'OWrange ot alfalfa tolerance is shown by over a '$if,<br />
reduction in alfalfa yield as the DNBPis doubled from. 3/4 to li lb. per<br />
acre. The weakness 01' DNBPin post-emergence control ot grassy weeds is<br />
shown by the poor rating at eithe!" rate compared, e.g., with dj,phenamido<br />
G34696merits turther testing on alfalf'a, at rates ot 1 lb. per acre or<br />
less. While it did not give complete old witchgrass oontrol in this experiment,<br />
in a separate trial at the storrs station this mat.erial controlled a<br />
tair~ wide range at weed species. The dalapon plus 2,4--DB combination<br />
caused tempor8.17 injury to the alfalfa as evidenced by leaf curling and<br />
stunting. Injury<br />
spring seed1ngs.<br />
has been more frequent at storrs on summer seadings than<br />
The injury noted wu outgrown, however, by tJle time of<br />
an<br />
harvest.<br />
Tritluralin shows no promise tor alfalfa weed control because ot severe<br />
injury. The injury pattern is unique in that emergence occurs but development<br />
beyond the cotyledonary stage does not occur on most plsnt80 If' further<br />
d3V810pnent does event~ occur, multiple shoots torm trom the coty.ledonary<br />
"--'" nodes resulting in multiple small steme.
302<br />
Selective,' cOntrol.of ~s~ (PeD1C1D'o~JJare)in a 8UIIIDer, '<br />
seed1ni ot ~a1iaW&8 obt " ",' pre-emergenoe 'appllcationa ot ~,<br />
dacthal &QddipbeneiJdd aM !rc!n:~rgeneea~ationao! 2,4-m •<br />
DNBP. ,DiPb~ in particular:,~ts turtber c~.. tion on eltelte..<br />
DNBPwas selective only at the lower rate usedfbi is.), G34696caUsed<br />
8CIIIl8 Jielt;\ ZI«1uct1on but merits furthIS:' tesij.ng, blr~cl1Dg lan:r rat,..,<br />
DitU'01'1,trit,Luralin and 2,4~ abOwDO pranise torp.emergence use ori '<br />
eltalta. ",,, .,' "<br />
The OoOlJe:rat:lCllof the tollCllld.ng oompanies ift:r~ chemioals 1.'<br />
aoknowledgedl The Dow Chemical" CO.J AmchelllPro
The results were similar to those obtained previously. There was more<br />
arsenic in the bluegrass grown in the 1 and 100 ppm P nutrient solutions<br />
than in that grown in the 10 ppm P nutrient solution.. Likewise, crabgraas<br />
grown in the 1 ppn P nutrient solution had a much higher concentr~tion of<br />
arsonic than crabgrass grown in the higher phosphorus nutrient solutions<br />
or thall bluegrass grown in the 1 ppm P nutrient solution.<br />
ljlir~~ Research Officer in ••<strong>Weed</strong> Control, Field Crops Section,<br />
Canada Department of llgriculture Research Station, Fredericton, New Brunswick.<br />
formerly Research Ass; st.",11t.-: DAn",..t.mAYlt, "f' ","'10m 0.,.""" l~,,+"~.. o<br />
EFFIDJTOF PHOSPHORUSON THEUPTAKEOF TRICALCIUMARSENATE<br />
BY BWmRASS LNDCRABGRASS<br />
C. Fred Everett<br />
l<br />
and Richard D. Ilnicki 2<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The phosphorus level in a soil is considered to be one of several<br />
factors which influence the phytotoxicity of arsenic.<br />
303<br />
An established Kentucky bluegrass sward was fertilized in the fall<br />
with three rates of phosphorus: 0,75 and 150 lb. F20S/a. The soil was a<br />
Nixon sandy loam which was low in available phosphori\ls. Two pH levels,<br />
S.O and 6.0, were established by additions of sulfuric acid. "Low lime"<br />
tricalcium arsenate at 0, 3, 6 and 9 lb. of As per thousand square feet<br />
was applied the following March. Grass was harvested in June and August<br />
of the same year.<br />
The arsenic and phosphorus coneerrtr-atdona in the grass were not<br />
affected by the additions of phosphorus to the sward. The higher pH slightly<br />
decreased the arsenic content of the grass. The application of higher<br />
rates of arsenate slightly increased the ars~nic concentration. There was<br />
no visible sign of injury to the bluegrass.<br />
In the greenhouse Merion blue'grass and crabgrass plants grown in a<br />
nutrient solution with 10 ppn of phosphorus were preconditioned for one<br />
week in nutrient solutions having 1, 10 and 100 ppm of phosphorus. "low"<br />
lime" tricalcium arsenate and sodium arsenite treatments were applied and<br />
the plant tops harvested 24, 48 and 72 hours later.<br />
High levels of phosphorus in the zmtrient solution reduced the phytotoxicity<br />
of the arsenate treatments to practically nil, but they did not<br />
influence the phytotoxicity of the arsenite treatment. The phosphorus<br />
concentration in the bluegrass tops grown in the 100 ppn P nutrient<br />
solution was five fold greater than that in the bluegrass grown in the 1<br />
ppm P nutrient solution. Bluegrass from the 1 and 100 ppn P nutrient solutions<br />
contained two to three times as much arsenic as bhiegraae grown<br />
in the 10 ppm P nutrient solution. On the other hand, crabgraae had the<br />
most arsenic when grown in the 1 ppm P nutrient solution and by far the<br />
least when grown in the 100 ppn P nutrient solution.<br />
"low lime"6tricalcium arsenate was synthesized in the laboratory and<br />
tagged with As7. This was applied to nutrient solutions as above. The<br />
bluegrass and crabgrass toPll. 6were<br />
harvested 9, 18 and 36 hours later,<br />
digested and counted for As7•
304<br />
FACTORSCONTRIBUTING TOTHELOSSOF<br />
AMIBENPHYTCTOXICITY IN SOILS<br />
W.E. Rauser 1 . and cJ.:. S\.iitzer 2<br />
Abstract .3<br />
This study was tindetiaken to det~:rrnine the general<br />
persistence of Amiben (J-amiM-.:2,5-dichlorc:benzoic acid) in sc:l,.;l.,<br />
and the effeot of leaching, rnic·ro-crganisms.,,: and otherfaotors, on<br />
its aotivity. .,<br />
Amiben was used as the triethylamine salt formulation<br />
oontaining two pounds acid equivalent per gallon. Application of<br />
herbicide was made to four 50il types - muc~,sand, clay and.jl.oam ,<br />
Herbioidal aotivity in soil samples was qetermined by using'a<br />
biologioal test based on the dry weight of oat seedlings.<br />
Leaohing stiudd e a wer-e carried out; in glass tubes, 9 in .<br />
by 1 13/16 in. After leaching, the soil vras pushed from the tubes<br />
and sliced into one inch segments which were then tested for<br />
~liben activity.<br />
Amiben applied tqmuck (at 3, 6 o:r;~ Ib/A) and leached<br />
with 2, 5 or $ in ()f water was found to rem~,;in mainly in the.~pper<br />
-,ne inoh layer. The greatest movement dawnt-iard was found with the<br />
highest rate of chemical. Leaching was Independent. of the inj,tial<br />
moLst.une vcont.errt.rof the so i+'. or the volume 0,'water applied.<br />
As little as 2 inc~es of vlat'er wa~I,folJIld to remove<br />
amiben almost completelyfro~ the sand soil whereas almost all of<br />
the applied chemical was found 'an the surface UJ,ch of clay,<br />
regardless of the applied ylat,er-.<br />
"<br />
The direct dependence of the downward movement of<br />
herbicide on the application rate, but not on the applied water,<br />
sugf;ests a mass aotion effeot in \1hich the herbicide was swept<br />
along allowing adsorption on colloid s(')il constituents. Soils<br />
high in colloids (muck) woul.d be expe ct e d to, retain much of the<br />
chemical near the surface wher-eas those containing fe",., colloids<br />
(sand) ',"auld be unable to hold much. Such expectations were'<br />
supported by the data obtained.<br />
Research Officer; Canada Department of AgricultuNe:,<br />
Exper-Lraerrt al, Farm, Scot·t; Saskat chevran ,<br />
Associate Professor, Depar-trnent. of Dota;r.y, Ontario J,gricU:lture<br />
College, Guelph, Ontario.<br />
Paper accepted for publication in 1Jleeds~ The Journal of the<br />
~;1eed 80.ciety of America.
In another experiment, loam soil was treated with amiben<br />
(at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 or 6 lb/A) at 5 week intervals for a total<br />
of 7 applioations. Oats were planted in the soil after each<br />
application. In general, the first herbicid~ application resulted<br />
in the greatest yield decrease relative to the check. Further<br />
amiben applications produced a lower constant yield depression at<br />
all rates. Therefore, it seemeQ that there was little build up of<br />
herbicide toxicity. Since leaching from the containers was<br />
impossible and volatilization was unlikely, the loss of herbicide<br />
(lack of accumulation) would seem to be due to either chemical or<br />
micro-organism breakdown. In experiments designed to separate<br />
these possibilities, it was tound that loss otam1ben toxicity<br />
from incubated soil was more rapid in muck than in clay. There<br />
was no detoxification in sandy soil during the 10 week period indicating<br />
that microbial breakdown of amiben is negligible in this<br />
type ot soil.<br />
When the two factors leaching and microbial detoxification<br />
are considered, it would appear that leaching is the major<br />
factor in amiben disappearance trom sand. Loss of actiVity from<br />
muck and clay soils is dependent on both leaching and microorganism<br />
activity, with the latter probably being more important<br />
in muck. OUtdoor incubation of muck and clay soils showed that<br />
considerable breakdown could occur during the cropping season.<br />
305
lContribution No. 1046 Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station.<br />
306<br />
Nutgrass control stUdi_a:!n corn with .~zine and<br />
its '-residual effecb on a foragese.-dingl.<br />
r<br />
, R. S. Bell arlCFP. B. Gardner2..J'<br />
" ~:"<br />
~irazine has proven·to be an efficient herbicide' ·t~r the control of c&:t1:&in<br />
weeds in corn (1). ~r1Jninary repma(3) indicated'tfiat early post-eme:t'g4!nt '<br />
appW1ations of atrazine., at 3 t04pounds per acre '9'&'"'seasonal control of~tgrass.<br />
Donnalley and Rehn (2) reported tha·t autoradi~raphs from foliage ~pl1<br />
cations ofami't:roleand atrazine to nutgrass plants !:leiring tubers showedthat<br />
atrazine dio not aCCUlll.Jlatein the nUtl'ets but was re'8dl1y translocated throu.9h~<br />
out the plant. Atratineresiduesdlilappear slOWlyfi'&t the soil and rnayc:~U~e:<br />
some dilll!ageto a forage seeding the following spring.,."<br />
"J:'<br />
Procedures<br />
1960 Tests<br />
~nn. 602Acorn was planted on May25, 1960 inBHdgeharnpton silt lO~,$oi1 .<br />
fertilized with 1000 Ib/A of an8~12"12..2 grade. The;'Subplots were l5'x 3~~'<br />
and ther~ were 4 replicates of each'treatment.One ~Hof plots received' 2•.5<br />
lb/A of atrazine BONshortly after planting 'and 5 Ib¥A'\¥tienthe plants were.l~.<br />
inches high on June 30. Other ploti5 received atrazin~~atthis later date at 5,<br />
7.5, 10 and 12.5 lb/A, respectively. Fifty gallons per acre of spray was used.<br />
Four randomized plots received no herbicide.<br />
The tests were not cultivated during the month of June so that the nutgrass<br />
stand on each plot could be estimated. Several'randomized counts of one foot<br />
square plots indicated a range from 1000 to 2000 nutgrass plants per plot. After<br />
the post-emergent herbicides were applied the area was CUltivated twice to loosen<br />
the soil. This incorporated the atrazine between the rows and dislodged much of<br />
the nutgrass.<br />
The 1960 rainfall and weather in general favored the growth of corn. There<br />
were over 3 inches of rain during the 3-week period following the post-emergent<br />
applications of atrazine. The corn was harvested September 6.<br />
Results<br />
The yields and various nutgrass counts are shown in table 1. The corn<br />
yields ranged from 4.2 T/A of oven-dry material from the check plots to 4.8 T/A<br />
from the area which received 5 lb/A of atrazine. The check plots were heavily<br />
infested with yellow foxtail grass. Analysis of variance showed no significant<br />
difference in yields due to treatment. After harvest the nutgrass plants on<br />
each plot were counted. The average number per plot ranged from 21 on the<br />
check plots to only 1 where high rates of atrazine were used. The reduction of<br />
nutgrass in the control plots after CUltivation is striking. This reduction is<br />
.; ._~
apparently due to severe competition from the growth of corn and yellow foxtail<br />
grass. Atrazine kept other weeds out of the corn and, combined with the corn<br />
competition, almost entirely inhibited the nutgrass.<br />
Table 1. Tons per acre of Penn. 600Acorn, nutgrass'count, and forage survival<br />
in plots treated with atrazine. R.I. 1960-61<br />
307<br />
Atrazine<br />
b A<br />
Red clover<br />
& timothy<br />
survival<br />
Jet<br />
5 4.8<br />
7t 4.5<br />
10 4.3<br />
l2t 4.4<br />
2t pre-,5 post- 4.6<br />
no chemical 4.2<br />
2112<br />
2496<br />
2160<br />
2060<br />
1056<br />
1584<br />
4<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
21<br />
641<br />
777<br />
657<br />
633<br />
557<br />
620<br />
12 30- sOIl:<br />
10 0- 5~<br />
5 0- 5%<br />
3 0- 1%<br />
12 25- 75%<br />
17 95-10O)b<br />
l$D at 0.05 0.4<br />
* estimated before CUltivation by 4 random 1 foot square counts per plot.<br />
**these counts represent plants from tubers dormant during 1960.<br />
Scarcely any nutlets were produc.ed by the small weak plants present on 9/7/60.<br />
The nutlets which produce next year's crop of nutgrass lie dormant in the<br />
soil undamagedby atrazine residues which maybe strong enough to destroy a crop<br />
of red clover and timothy. The winter rye on the areas treated with more than<br />
5 pounds of atrazine per acre was destroyed by sprinq,196l. The count of rye<br />
seedlings per foot of row in mid-November1960range~ from 3 from the heaviest<br />
rate of atrazine to 17 on the checks. The area was plowed in April 1961 and<br />
seeded to red clover and timothy. The stand was unif~rm and vigorous for about<br />
3 weeks, when the roots of the seedlings contacted tie residual atrazine.<br />
Estimates of forage survival in mid-June showedcomplete elimination of the<br />
forage crop where 10 to 12 Ib/A of herbicide were applied the previous summer.<br />
Nutgrass, however, was growing vigorously in these plots, indicating a high tolerance<br />
to atrazine where no other competition was encountered. The numbers of .<br />
nutgrass plants per plot ranged from 557 to 771 with no inhibition indicated<br />
from the previous herbicide treatment.<br />
Procedures<br />
1961 Tests<br />
A nearby area heavily infested with nutgrass was selected for the 1961<br />
tests. Both Penn. 602Aand Penn. 602 dwarf silage corn were used. Therewere<br />
3 randomized replicates of each chemical for each variety. Atrazine SOWin. 40<br />
gallons of water per acre Ivas sprayed at rates of 2, 4 and 6 pounds, resp~c~<br />
tively, before the corn came up. S,imilar amounts wen applied 3 weeks after'<br />
emergence of the corn. These res~'!:ive dates were ,rune 6 and 29. Granular<br />
preparations were also used. These,,,~terials and the, results are shown in<br />
table 2.'
308<br />
Results<br />
.~' ;,,~, .<br />
July 1961 was considerably@-l..-than thep:revj,ous July, particularly the<br />
first 3 weeks after the post-emergent atrazine. ComParative accumulative rainfall<br />
for these seasons is shown Jin,U,ure 1.<br />
Nutgrass in four randOlllon'!'_~!J?9-t..square areafl.2!l.plot wlls~ounted on June<br />
19 indicating a range of 1000 to 6000 plants per plot. All plots were cultivated<br />
on June 20,27 and July .3 1;()·~:?>.9sen soil.and '.~ the later date to incorporate<br />
the atraz1ne. After layby,:aconsiderable infestation of crabgrasses<br />
occurred and lTI06tp10ts receivinga1;~azine at la)'bll._11J,.well as the checks .. had<br />
heavy' stands of redrooted pigweed. The pigweed grew as rapidly and as tall as<br />
the ceen,<br />
The corn was harvested on August 15 at the' fUll pollen-shed stage in order<br />
to prevent further development of weeds. As seen as weed estimates were made,<br />
the area was plowed.<br />
Because of the tangle of n.ut,grllS.Sand crabgUIlS.J it did not seem feUible<br />
to try to count every nutgrass pl:ant' on each of the 72 plots. <strong>Weed</strong> estimates<br />
were made by cutting nutgrass, crabgrass and pigweed;.at ground level frOlll:lIt1<br />
area 3 feet wide (1.5 feet on either side a corn row) and 7 feet long. These<br />
weeds were separated by genera and the grams of oven-dry weights per sample<br />
area are presented in table 2. Analysis of varianee of the oven-dry weights<br />
showed that the 602A corn produced significantly more yield than the dwarf corn.<br />
The average yield for all treatments'was 3.01T/A of Penn. 602A and 2.72 rIA<br />
of Penn. 602 dwarf. .1'he analysis ,~owed there was no significant interaeUon<br />
between treatlnente and varieties u>!.r as dry matter' wasconcerned. Therefore<br />
only the average dry weight f,or t;he;.,2 varieties is shown in table 2. It
ab1e 2. Average dry weight of corn (rIA) and nutgrass, crabgrass and redrooted<br />
pigweed (gm/21 sq. ft.) on plots treated with atrazine 80Wspray or<br />
granular atrazine (2~). R.I. 1961.<br />
Lb/A Dry' wt , Grams per 21 sq. ft.<br />
atrazine rIA <strong>Weed</strong><br />
80Wor gran. Corn Nutgrass Crabgrass Redroot totals<br />
Pre-emergent<br />
2 3.07 217 20 237<br />
4 2.96 83 20 103<br />
4 gran. 3.05 10 3 13<br />
6 2.88 104 11 2 117<br />
Average 2.99 103 13 117<br />
309<br />
Post-emergent<br />
2 2.85 108 126 13 247<br />
4 2.90 158 115 214 487<br />
4 gran. 2.93 144 36 348 528<br />
6 2.72 62 137 199<br />
Average 2.85 118 103 195 365<br />
Pre- and post-<br />
2+4 3.03 89 15 104<br />
2 + 4 gran. 2.76 83 39 122<br />
Average 2.89 86 27 113<br />
!SO at 0.05 121 94 240<br />
No chemical 2.37 120 20 784 924<br />
Post- 6 1bs.<br />
No corn 399 513 187 1099<br />
!SO at 0.05 0.32 147 265 282 339
310<br />
.. C."<br />
(/)<br />
QI<br />
4<br />
.c<br />
.... g<br />
t::<br />
....<br />
.... 3<br />
co<br />
c....<br />
co<br />
Ii<br />
....<br />
0<br />
t::<br />
0....2<br />
...<br />
co<br />
....<br />
s;:l<br />
o o<br />
<<br />
1961<br />
1<br />
o<br />
o<br />
«$"; ..'<br />
/J<br />
10 20<br />
Days after treatment<br />
Figure 1. Accumulatedinches of rainfall after the post-emergent applications<br />
of atrazine. 1960-61.<br />
30
311<br />
The most strllt~Mrr~ct. ~fiIIJI * t~~a:r;';jt~S!t ,_l\:t'/';·U<br />
..... '-~.,..; ~.~::~}!: 1(lj"r;,t,:,~/~ ..ti l !-rt)j",,-x .c.~I'"~, ,1~lfr;,~~::':~r hIlt"' tl'~:':~>r ,"j ~~r~.th!.Ij~·,·'<br />
L.::···.·)·,(' 'I"', r;":r:." ~·.:8;•.r 'co'· ~:t'.,Qited-H :"j,.,Iq 8,""::' :; '-:J';, "8 r;•. -r:<br />
"+) ~Q~:" ':"~:' .;;"~~.",,,-.,JJJ. ~,~'; \-aut fI!t,rf-+ -: ~~., ;~~"("''t'Q+'''': ~~·'f;;~. '\',:~';'1""~) ~;~c-Jl~,"""r~;~l,,~rt,fi~\~~~:' ~h:h' :Agr. e~o.,:,\<br />
06!tll'~.JiP-l~ill.';f :,.-, - '.'l tllR.LLt'r .,~,~'1"": !,"'rJ ;lflS..':'-,'1"'! " '. ,;':3 ','n.1C;'·<br />
2. rF~ll~" -w-.e'FJ.{anCI~;;"dfJ.o RatIb.;rl'1%l;.]: TranlJ.ciMitd.bw,of' mnitro1.,;'.ti+ '~,'') ,}~:'," :i':~ ~l.n,)r~,:~~·: ··~ri;!- ;:-)'l't b-3nlt1J,-;,; .yt~~-.! :'~~b b.f;; ~."'f<br />
';'<br />
':'1': )' >:j<br />
hf'i,"!')'I'""':~:<<br />
::..;,'J,;'.::-~L, "I<br />
l·~-·:;t:<br />
'.""1.: ,..,;~ ..~<br />
: ~~ (~,.I. 1'=';,:':;<br />
I',<br />
",':. F' 'l.":'-:"<br />
",-i ,:',,---. :;:"{ ~~ ".<br />
"'''. "''-''; '~~,'; -')!,<br />
y'J;.·!~r'):) [l)j'r.r"!rJ b::'s t,J2.t:r.C:1..,'r~i' ,:·r.::::;L',. t~;::~l~r::i'i:J~~ L':··~··<br />
.....j-df'1fi":l'~~ ,,:,~e:'l 1", "(,J,(8':( i7tV.£nU ~·v:l(: ..- ...· """! :L'-'::V~ JI-YH!-'! ,",;"<br />
.·7;':}): .~~';,r;'~:~r .r.l~rl'c,,~· t.: l i '1Q ;;'ft '! s qeG ,
312<br />
WEEDCONTROL IN FIELDCQRI'\tt'l'HATRAZINB,"'J!:PrAM, ANDTILLAM.<br />
J.T. :litcb:l.n, R.'."1iUcet, and 1C.:B.'t1tmruldt 1<br />
.: .' .,,: :d i, ' b,',-,,: '<br />
. c~ION ::"U\<br />
"<br />
NewHaIllp8hire.hr!llershawti*lri unsuccessM 1ft att8lllptl!ltecmitiol '<br />
nutgraBJI.in"li.ld oom :bY'cultiTattclbi 'In ebservat1Wil irials, !'ptalll at'-tr8nd<br />
6 pounds active ingredient per acre satisfactorily controlled this weed in each<br />
of the''threeeucc:eu1Ye slMlsone(1.9S8:.. 1960)(2h '.
313<br />
RE9lfm'$~lfI)DI3CtlSSION '1.", ~:; c,<br />
:~.
314<br />
are given in Table 2. Oreen 'fIIII~::r1.1" ·of'w1l1~tr.atlll8tlts exoept Ti1lam, 4<br />
pmmdll per acre, 1I8re eign1t1oanitfurgeratthi'-'11leTel than from the no<br />
henh:" Jcheola~"ttee1luDt. TlW", tJw-"·MQ\ e1::\.1Ire11n.,weetmmta re ..<br />
sUltlid;:1nis:tgat~o.ofll:J!i':(U) :1a* __ tft:wi_~.than· th. Ti11arl t~\-·<br />
mena:alld,theneb.ck~."':'" ;'l"H9d$-;" ", ",.,;f 'r.,[T" ':", r. ,~~ ,,0,<br />
,~:.,:. ,sr.'Ld.~ ihe'!1O·~id.·t1Iea~;__ th 'Of the T:Ll1Mll; .... 1lmente.<br />
. "'~ [;,::.,1 ::',' "1' r.,<br />
-i"';' '; -l'tf:tlameti:-tlhe flJUlllbw.J6f'1'p1:anta.1D:tneaa-ttd area of! each plot<br />
wer.och1ft'hlli 'J1!H MlniDGllber:·'of''1l_t_ per .... ;.. ~1:'~eat.menta_':21J800.<br />
No hfJ'bft'td_ tfe.t1I_tn.1gn1fi«:Jllftl/r'Jrictaced tbe'P~ JIopul.a;11OD.. ',;n;';'<br />
·...·...;:.1""1',·Hi"'F'·'.; d,;'-i':":'i.'1J'J~1 _;r,.,,',~'" .:',',"·n.. ' 1Bf l J' :' ~r'.;'):Jbs iT]: f':··',·:,:'" ".,d t , ...'smJ:;~r<br />
.... c,'.:ti.;,:nj~bl;e)~41 -JUfeo1;,'oiI· . ~:"1:"J \ Ie'<br />
.. ;-;yii .~+'''.')<br />
Herbicide·<br />
Atralllble'; h" J 'n ;';- >.b;'<br />
A~",~, :',: ~ ~j~~"2<br />
plua Atradne 2<br />
Atra~e, r,..2<br />
Atrallline 2<br />
Atral&1Jie 4<br />
EptaJli." i. [ 4<br />
Tlll*:: .. 4<br />
TillD;' c," 6<br />
None;:-' ;'
315<br />
LrrERATURECITED<br />
1. Fertig, Stanford N. 1961. Preliminary results on the use of chemicals for<br />
nutgrass control in field crope., Proc. NEWCClSt334..33S.<br />
2. Kitchin, John T. 1961. Varieties, methods, and aids for timely vegetable<br />
production. N. H. Progress Report 7(2}t9..11.<br />
3. Vengris, Jones 1961. Nutgrass control with Atrazine and Eptam in field<br />
corn in 1960. Proc. NEWCClSt~91"392.
316<br />
NUTGRASS~LIN rtELD CORN1<br />
R. H. Cole.. ,C. D. _le~~end P... B-.Spdnger, Jr. 2<br />
. The objective of the .. lm.tigatlon.1ru to determine the<br />
rate ofappl~cation ofAt~~ioe (2-chloro·4-ethylamino-6<br />
isopropylamlno"l-trlazine)iaftd EPTC(ethylJ; N-di-n-propyl- .'<br />
thiolcarbamate) needed to control yellow nutgrals (Cyperus<br />
esculentus L.) in field corn. Comparisons were made between<br />
pre-emergence and post-emergance application. of Atrazine and<br />
liquid and granular application. of both herbicides.<br />
Nutgrass control result. with Atrazine and EPTChe".<br />
previously been reported by Vengris (2, 3). The effect of the.e<br />
herbicide. on corn and nutgra •• plants hal been investigated by<br />
Donnalley and Rahn (1).<br />
Procedure<br />
Two nutgrass control test. were conducted in 1961 at the<br />
University Substation Farm, Georgetown, Delaware, on a deep,<br />
well drained Norfolk sandy loam. In Test I a heavy rye-vetch<br />
cover was plowed down two weeks prior to planting and in Test<br />
II a rye cover was plowed down one month prior to planting.<br />
Fertilizers were used as indicated by soil tests to approximate<br />
yields of 100 bushels per acre. The plot size in Test I was<br />
12 feet by 60 feet and in Test II, 12 feet by 30 feet. Hybrids<br />
with known performance were planted on the dates indicated in<br />
Table 1.<br />
Applications of pre-emergence treatments followed planting.<br />
Post-emergence treatments of Atrazine were made approximately<br />
three weeks following planting. Wettable powders and emulsifiable<br />
concentrates were applied in water with a bicycle sprayer.<br />
Granu1ars were applied with a hand shaker. EPTCwas incorporated<br />
with a hand rake directly following application. The rainfall<br />
1. Published as Misc. Paper No. 410. Contribution from the<br />
Department of Agronomywith the approval of the Director of<br />
the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Delaware,<br />
Newark, Delaware.<br />
2. Assistant Professor, Research Fellow and Assistant Agronomist,<br />
respectively, University of Delaware. Mr. Springer is<br />
presently Technical Advisor, Central Chemical Corporation,<br />
Hagerstown, Maryland.
.~ pattern following applications of herbicides was remarkably<br />
similar in both tests. There waS sufficient precipitation for<br />
activation of herbicides and for rapid germination of the corn<br />
and weeds. Tabl~ I lists t~frates, application dates and forms<br />
of the herbiciaes studied.' ." "<br />
All plots were cultivat~ once after the first nutgrass<br />
ratings were recorded. Ratinis of nutgrass and other weeds<br />
present were also recorded atbarvest. In Test 1 the only weed<br />
identified at the t1meof t~:fi~.t ~a~ing,'ias nutgrass. There<br />
was a very llsht infestation pf commoncreDltas. (Dyitada<br />
sanguinalis) and horse nettl~~(S9lamum carolinense) in some plots<br />
by harvest time. In Te.t II l;he predominating grasses were nut.<br />
grass, crabgrass&nd goosegra" (Eleusine indica); and the predominating<br />
..broadleaveswere rllgweed (Ambrosia artemisi1folia ,<br />
pigweed (Amaranthus retrof1exuS> and morning ,glory Ipomoea<br />
purpurea) • l.) ,. '<br />
Resul~<br />
and Discussion<br />
Test I: All of the weed. e~cept nutgra.s were initially controlled<br />
by a pre-emergence ap,lication of three pounds of Atrazine.<br />
Three weeks after planting, none of the Atrazine treatmenti were<br />
providing nutgrass control. ~e Atrazine plus EPTCtreatment was<br />
giving virtually 100 percent ~tgrass contro~ on the same date.<br />
One week following the poet-emergence applications of<br />
Atrazine, the nutsrass plants began to die where a total of six<br />
pounds or more Atrazine were applied. Dying occurred somewhat<br />
earlier in. the pre- plus the post-emergence treatments than in<br />
those where the application wee totally pre-emergence. This could<br />
have resyl ted from the s~l1 ~unt of absorption from the leaf .<br />
surface.- Six pounds of Atrazin.e were giving 'effective control<br />
when the seven-week ratings.wa~etaken. While the Atrazine had<br />
not prevented the germinatiqn' of tubers, plants were killed when<br />
the food reserves in the tub... were depleted. A total application<br />
of ni~ or twelve pounds9f Atrazine gave complete nutgre.s<br />
control.<br />
The Atrazine plus EPTC~r.atment had lost its complete, ,<br />
initial nutgrass control by the time of the seven-week ratings.<br />
By this time it was ranked as .giving no bettyr control than six<br />
pounds of Atrazine alone. The work of Raba "';.would suggest that<br />
the dormant tubers, inhibited ,by the EPTCdudng the early weeks,<br />
were now viable.<br />
1 E. M. Rahn. Peraonal correspondence. November, 1961.<br />
317
Table I. <strong>Weed</strong> Control Ratings of Two Nutgrass. (pntrol Tests Conducted at Georgetown,<br />
Delaware, in 1961. ' (10 = perfect control, 0 = no control). ,Averages of<br />
two repl~catioft8.<br />
'.'<br />
Test I: Planted' April 25. Chemicals<br />
_rgen~Hay ~S.1961.<br />
, , ,<br />
appUedpre-emergence'AprU'<br />
' "<br />
26 and· post-<br />
' , ,<br />
;.<br />
~ , (.) .. ':",~_::, . " O.~ ~< ~~ .;i::~·O', c. i O~~~j :._:- ;~<br />
(1) E~c-' Cbrn ioJ~ry 8J1iP~<br />
" .C· ." .•<br />
, ~.~<br />
'"".<br />
.
Ratings at the time of'gJ;Vllst; although generally higher,<br />
showed little change in the relationship of treatments.<br />
319<br />
Teat U: ,All the nutpat. weedcont17O-1i' ratings of comparable<br />
treatmentBrecord~d 'in th:l.superiment wereb,l8her than those found<br />
in Test 1. This was part:LallY'attdbuted ti).' ehe less severe ahd<br />
less uniform nutgrass infestation found in this field. The area<br />
in which Test II was conduct;ad:was lower: :Lnorganic matter than<br />
that of Test 1 which would condition the results to be expected<br />
from both chemicals. ' :<br />
!l<br />
Three pounds of Atrazine." pre-emergence or post-emergence,<br />
were effective in controlling nutgrass in this test. Granular:<br />
Atrazine, however. gave 1e.8cuns:Letent and-slightly less<br />
effective control than liquid application8., .<br />
Four pounaof EPTCgave.exce11ent earlt' control and highly<br />
effective controL throughout the season. The nutgrass growth,'<br />
such as that observed later in the summer in Test 1, could have'<br />
been suppreseed in Test 11 by the shading effect of the tall<br />
broad1eaves growing in the EPTCplots. Granular and liquid<br />
EPTCapplications were equally effective. EPTCcorn injury<br />
symptoms, twisting of about 10 percent of the plants, were<br />
observed in all plots.<br />
Summary<br />
Nine pounds of Atrazine were required for complete control<br />
of nutgrass in field corn. Three pounds were sufficient for<br />
effective control in one test area; ho~~ever, six pounds were<br />
needed in another test area. Four pounds of EPTCprovided<br />
effective nutgrass control, but corn injury symptoms were recorded<br />
in both tests.<br />
The time of application (pre- vs. post-emergence) of Atrazine<br />
was less important than the rate of application.<br />
Granular Atrazine gave slightly less effective and less consistent<br />
control than its liquid counterpart. No important differences<br />
were observed between granular and liquid EPTCtreatments.
320<br />
,.',<br />
"i', .: .:':» \i ..td';,3.fH,:,:-:'<br />
2. V~~i8, J.onas. WeMDJ:Ol'lt-ro1ia. fwlc1 epm. Pt'oe."'·<br />
14th Ann. NEWCC. p. 367~)69J', ?1960.; ,:Jr<br />
.3. , VlWI8r~., J~ • Nu~tp'.ueontro~ wt'th Atrazine arut'~<br />
Eptamln £t814,c;orn in 1960. r"l'oc.15th ~:IIBWCC. p. ,391.. :)~,'<br />
392.'1961~' '.1
THERESPONSEOF NUTGRASS TO HERBIC~I)]1:S<br />
APPLIEDAT V~ING STAGESOFGROW'rHl<br />
P. W. Sante~lII~ and J. A. ._Z.<br />
In recent years' NutgraS8(c;ntl~' esculentu.~)hasbecOllle more prev~lent<br />
in Maryland. There have been severa: reports published on nutgrass control<br />
and a regional bulletin is in press describing the life history and reproductive<br />
capabilities of this weed. Thf,spaper is an exten.~on of this work in Maryland.<br />
The promising' chemicals ctrft~ntly available ar~' adaptable only to nutgress<br />
growing in corn and potatoes. ll4lqce. the follow:l.ag,wot'k has been limited 'to<br />
pre-planting, pre-emergence and pq'~~emergence apPl'~tions in corn fields·in<br />
the Piedmont area of Maryland.<br />
'<br />
MATERIALSANDMETHO!)!)<br />
The matedal.were appliedil'l all three years (1959, 1960 and 1961) ,,1.th<br />
a Wcfd. sprayer deU"ring 30 spa. In 1959 and 19,fo the pre-plan~ing ~rWs<br />
were incorporated.y cross-discin, immediately at a'~pth of 3-4 inches. In<br />
1961 a garden type roto-hoe was used. Rainfall data,for the three years i~<br />
1:I.sII.d in Tablet., .<br />
TABLE1. Raiafall data (inches) for the years ~?5? 1960 and 1961•.<br />
at" tile location of ehe nutgrass coritr6t. l!!XPeriments. .<br />
..,.1959 'May 1960 June 1961<br />
3 0.3 1 0.34 9 0.25<br />
4 .Pre-plant ,8 1.5
322<br />
Other infOrlllation unique to .f'bf the three'y~8:ls Ustedbelow:<br />
!ill - The, pr.-planting treatmen~ fif"mc:'*er~: aPpu.'a' ohMay 4. There were<br />
no rlants visible at the ,time., The,801l1l101st'UJi8 w.,.,8~ •. ~ l:0rn waa;planted<br />
on Ha)r1l, and the pr .... rsenc • .u~t.oIEPTC· ~ '~traz1~ .weI'. ,.cltpl;~n.·,;<br />
May 16. ,:. '. ' -" - '" . . ....I; '.'"<br />
.;., . ! _. ..... r t ~l cr.",.<br />
Atr4dne :was"applied .. _in on:Nne4, toa d!ffeient' series of plots •. At<br />
this time the corn ,was 8 inches. ~~lllU1d the t:'u~,sr'''''E~~':~S ~chestal,l~<br />
i -,' , .. " '" ).',' ( .... . " , .. ' , (~r, -: _ ',' , _ " .., : : :; .i "\'. ,'.<br />
1960,,.:The pre-plantf.1\i treatlDritr 'Of !PTe, R-1607 ·•. ~~'2.~Q,. ,all .DJ4tet:~~:.<br />
of the Stauff .. C1t4imicalCoIIlpany,_iii applied on HJ1t;, ,'the soIl .mo;l.~tqlrJl<br />
was good. The corn (Conn. 870) was planted and At"tm'neapplied as apreemergence<br />
spray on the 181118 da~.'!i'!Y" ,'y •<br />
, .. p.c:'s.j:-8lIfr.senc;e~e~Jl~s?9,f:J~~"'~~ were ~'l~. ~" dates: i1l, a ...;ir~te<br />
experl:litel1t. ~ #t~t ~r~nt,,:¥'''';:>IIJI~ on J\&I18'.~n1'l.w·torn was·8 r1nela't:;,dl1,<br />
nutarU8 was 3::-5'ltl~hesin hdg~t ~,.1n ~ 6t9'rJui.)stap. r , " , ••••<br />
f", _, ,~~'c t, .,'",,1 ", ,:"l.~';~ti·'·'''' ..' . :)r-",,~l-,">':" '.':-'; .' .. L.'.I:.." i<br />
Oil the aec6ftd date oftr.eatme~t, 'June 22, the corn was 15. inches, tall;'aiUf ;<br />
the nutsrass 8-10 inches with 9 leaves.<br />
~_.,., {',":' ,L; -,
'\.......-<br />
TABLE2. Ratings of Nutgra~s Control and yield 01;,corn for 1959.<br />
Rate<br />
Date ~tin,g * yield<br />
Treatment lb!l£acre time ~ ~lO/a Bu/acre<br />
EPIC 4 Pre-plant 9 8 0 110<br />
EPTC 6 ,ire-plant 9 10 2 92<br />
.................. ~~~..,••.•.••......•. ,•...•......•...<br />
EPIC 4 h.-em 3 2 0 108<br />
EPIC 6 Pre-em 3 1 0 102<br />
•••••••••••••••••• ;~_,J ••••••••••••••••• i ••••••••••••••<br />
Atrazine 2 J'-=-e-em 3 5 2 110<br />
Atrazine 4 }I;e-em 4 8 7 103<br />
Atrazine 8 Pre-em 5 9, 8 112<br />
•••••••••••••••••••••• I.e' I,' ••••••••••• • ,e .•••••••••• I ••••<br />
Atrazine 4 Post-em 9 6 99<br />
Atrazfne 8 Post-em 10 10 104<br />
Check 0 0 0 107<br />
•.323<br />
* Ratings on a scale of 0 . no control. 10 • complete kill<br />
TABLE3. Ratings of Nutgrass control and yield of corn for pre-planting<br />
and pre-emergence treatments in 1960.<br />
Rate Date of Rating * yield<br />
Treatment lbs/acre Time 6/22 us 10/6 bu/acre<br />
EPIC 3 Pre-plnnt 7 5 4 116<br />
EPIC 6 Pre-plant 6 3 3 110<br />
·.....................................................<br />
R*1607 3 Pre-plant 7 7 5 102<br />
R*1607 6 Pre-plant 4 2 4 113<br />
·.....................................................<br />
R-2060 3 Pre-plant 2 0 1 94<br />
R-2060 6 Pre-plant 5 4 5 111<br />
·...................<br />
,.....................................<br />
Atrazine 3 Pre-em 6 6 5 106<br />
Atrazine 6.5 Pre::'em 7 8 9 104<br />
Atrazine 9.5 Pre-em 9 9,; 9 119<br />
r.h .. r1, n n n nn
3~<br />
.!2.§Q- The me applied pre-pI_tins, as shawn in'f8hle 3, had about the' 'ame<br />
pattern of control as indicated for 1959. Good early season control was obtained<br />
but thb contt"Ol tac1ed samewhatAt the end of the '•• 'ason. Two analogs of EPTC,<br />
R-1607 and a-206O,were also i1UiobJdedin the pr."~lng applications. ot<br />
these the R-,2060 was considerably less active than,BPTC but the R-1607 was as<br />
effective or perhaps a little more so. -t-<br />
Atrazine as a pre-emergence' treatment did not '~control the nutgrass<br />
adequately at3 -pounds.. However,. 'at 6.5 or9.S 'pc1lllid.'sea.on long control<br />
was obtained., There were no sianificant differenc •• in yield between<br />
treatments in the pre-emergence experiment.<br />
".,<br />
In a sepa,r,at~ exp~riment, At¥,wne wasuse.d .at. .1" 4, and 6 pounds at two<br />
stages of nutgrass growth. The results as shawn in Table 4 indicate that at<br />
stage I, when nutgrass was 3 to 5 inches tall, 2 pounds of Atrazine did a<br />
fair job of control but was not entirely satisfactofY. The 4 and 6 pound<br />
treatments were satisfactory the entire season. ~ application of 2 pounds<br />
of Atrazine at stage 2 did not control the nutgrass" and 4 pounds did not give<br />
season long control. The nutgra'as at time of treatillent of stage '2 was 8 to<br />
10 inches tall. -The' 6 pound application on thls'mature'nutgrass'resulted<br />
in axcellentcontrol.<br />
TABLE4. Rat~ngs of Nutgraas control and yield of florn for postemergence<br />
treatments at ~o stages of growth in 1960•<br />
..<br />
Rate zi!te of RaiQif * yield<br />
atment Ibs/acre 7.. ,ill 10 6 butalire<br />
Irt<br />
N~t8rass<br />
3 - 5 inches<br />
Atrazine 2 7 4 3 125.8<br />
Atrazine 4 10 10 8 ',134.0<br />
Atrazine 6 10 10 10 130.2<br />
Nutgrass<br />
8 - 10 inches,'<br />
Atraz:lne ' 2 j' 2 2 119.5<br />
Atrazine 4 7 8 4 ,123.8<br />
Atrazine 6 8 9 9 ' '133'.4<br />
Check 0 0 0 97.2<br />
'UD 05<br />
• 29.%" - '<br />
LSDol • 39.3<br />
* Ratings on a scale of 0 • no contrpl) ,10 • complete kill
All treatments produced si~1f~c~tly higher y1e~ tqan the check<br />
except for 2 po~dlof.Atrazine ~t~~',~~ 2." d'.[ ': .'. .<br />
. : -, ,,_. ' : • '~"J _ '.- '. .<br />
1961 - As indicated in Table 5, this' was an excellent year for Nutgrass control.:<br />
The pre-planting treatments of EPTC,Tillam, and R-1870 all gave good control<br />
of nutgrass for the entire season. The £PTeat 6 pounds, however, significantly<br />
lowered the yield of corn. All other ~terials significantly increased the<br />
yield. On the basis of yield and lffl~dlcontrol it woul~,.appear that R-.1870Jls<br />
the most prOll\idngc!hemical in th1~.~o~p.. • . .<br />
TABLE5. Ratinls.of Nutgrass contr()r'~dyield of cci~:for 1961.<br />
Rate :.'j Date of Rattms * yield<br />
Treatment Ibs/acre '1'1;-.: @W /'JJ!L.abu/acre<br />
_;_. t<br />
)(·S<br />
EPTC' 3 pre':'}!f~t, '8 9 84.1<br />
,EPTC 6 Pte~~~~t 8 7 ,10 49.6<br />
, _..... J<br />
Tillam 3 Pte-plant 8 2 3 86.2<br />
THlam 6 Pre-plant 10 9 7 89.6<br />
R-1870 3 Pre-plant 6 8 7 91.4<br />
R-1870 6 Pte-plant 9 10 8 87.1<br />
....~..,....•..........•............. '.....•...•...•.. ....<br />
Atrazine<br />
0-34162<br />
4<br />
4<br />
Pre-em<br />
Pre-em<br />
............•........••...•.•.••....<br />
10<br />
10<br />
10<br />
7<br />
10<br />
10<br />
, ........•...........<br />
91.8<br />
80.7<br />
Atrazine 3 Post-em 9 10 98.4<br />
Atrazine· 4 •Post-em 10 10 ;00.0<br />
Atrazine 5 Post-em 10 10 86.9<br />
Check 0 0·· 0 69.0<br />
LSDos •<br />
14..5<br />
L5D Ol = 19.6<br />
.• Ratings on a scale of o • no control, 10 • complete kill<br />
32;<br />
'The pre-emergence treatment of.Atrazine at 4 pounds provided good control<br />
'--" and resulted in a significantly higher yield than the checl~. Another Geigy<br />
material (G-34162).at 4 pounds per acre tave good nutgraa. '~ontrol but there<br />
"'ascorn in1urv evi.d..n~ in.,""" 'l'll"foa U_._. __ ~t. _ _ .J.'J u'
326<br />
Atrazineappl1ed as- a post-etnergence treatmentwllen the nutgrass was I<br />
2 inches high with some old plants up to 6 inches resulted in excellent control<br />
at 3, 4 and 5 pounds per acre. 'lhl!)'ie1ds were aign,t£:icant1y increased at',<br />
all rates. '. J '<br />
§UMMARY<br />
The resufts of three years of work wIth nutgrass control chemicals<br />
indicates that the carbamate materials have promise. The use of EPTCat<br />
6 pounds did result in decreased yields in 1961 butth~ R-1870 used in 196~<br />
appears to be very promising. Thti advantage of these materials is that they<br />
do not have a residue problem in tbe~uceeding crop.<br />
As many investigators have Showit',the use of Atrazine at rates exceeding<br />
2 pounds precludes the growing of anything but corn the follol-Ting year. In<br />
order to obtain satisfactory nutgrass control with Atrazine a rate of 4 pounds<br />
pre-emergence or post-emergence is necessary. If anutgrass stand does appear<br />
in corn then 4 pounds as a post-emergence treatment will give excellent<br />
control.
A<br />
327<br />
WEBDe
328<br />
Table II. Percent conlto1:'.Uh po.t:· ... ws.nc. applications.<br />
Atradne' 1,2,3 93, 77 98 93 100 65<br />
Atradne with ,.<br />
wetting agent 1,2,3 95 99 100<br />
Ge181 34162 1,2,3 93 47 93 60· 97 60<br />
Gei81 3229~ 1,2,3 81 50 89. 37 100 60<br />
DuPont 326 1,2.3 SIS, 40 99 95 100 73<br />
LV·4 2,4-D 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 9$' 0 99 0 100 0<br />
, -<br />
theperc:ent weed control ~n Table II 11 ~0lD different te.ts~ "<br />
Neither field wae cultivated. na-r. were tblck at.~s of annual broadle~(<br />
weeds where the broad1eafs were sprayed and heavy .tands of annual gr.. s••<br />
in the oth.r test.<br />
All compoundskilled the b~oad1eaf weed. with the three diff.r~t:<br />
rates. DuPont 326 and Atradne weI'. beat on the __ 1 grasses. Atradll8.<br />
18 a little weak·on crabgrass. The wetting agent ~ed to Atrazine caua.a<br />
more rapid killing of the weeda. DuPont 326 muatbe applied as a directional<br />
apray.<br />
~ I .
. Eli'FECTSali' WEEDSON YIELD AND"GROWTHCHARA~ISTI£S OF FIELD (;o.;:~<br />
• isitaria S~u1nal1s) and pigweed (Amaranthus<br />
retrotlexus) were seeded by and to specific plots· wIthin tne ex...<br />
perifuental area and subsequently were thinned to the desired densi<br />
ty .within an la-inoh wide band over the co~ row. <strong>Weed</strong> dens1<br />
ties oorresponding to treat~~s included: (1) weed-free (2)<br />
4 grass (monoootyledonous) wee
..<br />
330<br />
The experimental areal"8C~*ved no tiuce,thl'oughout the:~..<br />
ing season, the weeds :I.n t~:,~epte:r:'24: inl1b 'Jltmpsbetween rows being<br />
controlled by a directed spray applioation of atrazine at 2<br />
pounds active ingredient per •• c~ u.tlli-z.1ng',a 1a:l.apsacktype sprayer.<br />
The atrazine applioation was made as a post-emergence treatment with<br />
respeot to weed development. <strong>Weed</strong>e not killed by the spray were<br />
either removed by hand or by hand hOeing.<br />
Perlo41cinspectlons ot-UlPlots we~ ii!e,tQma1l.ltaintg,e<br />
desired weed,-populationand:ctori~emove uriae~1~a~~ weeds. /~~',<br />
" .- , , '; 0" ' " '<br />
Data w~r. COlle~ted d~1q':tlle seas6~ .t6(f~~e.t'o1l0wing:~~nt<br />
he1ght, -ear,sboOt emergenoe i I1lkemergerioe"i (,ear ),;e1Sht.. tase:e~', ~, .<br />
emerglilnoe, pollen maturity, and grain y1eld. . r, '" " ' •<br />
Cornae1ght; - < ,» ""-" , "<br />
. - ''''. ' .' ;':.: 1 ~ . r.·.) .. "'d,'<br />
Themean oom, he1ght, ,(-vC't'1oal d1stande· f'*'o m the ~Oll~~<br />
to the t1p o.t'thehighestexteaNed lea-f) was!~ l!llgnif1cantJ;t'lnfluencedby<br />
-broadl4!l8t or grae.''W8edg dV1..!% r~season; h.owev-~...<br />
there WJoIUl:de.t'1n1te tendenofl ~or the b1'Oa~ weeds to red\l~ ,'<br />
the mean he1ght of plants more so than grass weeds.' Nitrogen '8'1gni.t'1oantly<br />
1noreased ·the mean he1ghtof co~. .This was espec+ally<br />
apparent it1mulated tl\'i- earliness of slU.<br />
development to a s1gn1f1oan~:~.nt over t~,ro~~plots rece1y~Di:<br />
no nitrogen., ,', . !. ' ,"[<br />
Ear Height:<br />
~ " ': /. _ _ _. .,' ~_:. _ " . , . ~:J' L<br />
The mean e~ height (v.. Ucial height tram· s011 Surt'aQ8 to ear<br />
attaQ,hment node) of corn pl~8 was UnatteCittd 'by weedt~e o~Aena1ty,<br />
h~wev~, the1J18an ear height within n+i;rogenplots. was .~';'<br />
n1.t'1oantly greater than tho.', O'tplots reoEi1:V1r1$no nitrogen.<br />
Tassel<br />
Emergence:<br />
Braodleaf and graas wee~;tlpparEmtlyexot.d no 1n.t'luence'on<br />
theearlin, esao.t', t,assel emergence, however,; ,'~tro,,gen appli oat,.i,J.,M", S<br />
a1gni1'1cantl:V st1mulated the" re&%ll1ness 0:: ta"elemergenoe o'\!'er,:;<br />
plots l'ece1v1ng l»n1trogen" '-, " ',:"" , . . -;~~~<br />
;:r1"j
Pollen Maturity:<br />
",l. ,.<br />
Broadleaf weeds tended to delay pollen'maturity (pOllen shedding)<br />
whereas grass weeds apparently had no ,effect. Nitrogen~plications<br />
significantly stlm~ated the earl~pess of pollen maturity.<br />
".! . ,... "<br />
~:<br />
The yield Of corn in bushels per acre at 15.5% moisture w••<br />
significantly reduced by bros'clleafweeds atlloth levels of weed,<br />
infestations over that of weed-free or grass'lnfested plots which<br />
did not differ significantly from one anoth~:r·.· Dry matter production<br />
of weeds per acre was closely associate~ with corn yield.<br />
The dry matter pl'oduction of, ,grass weeds pe:r·acre was significantly<br />
less than the production of broad leaf weeds., yorn yield was sj,g""<br />
n1ficantly increased byappl1dation of nitrqgen. .<br />
.331
332<br />
VARIATIONDfTHE I'UJt1RATE(Jt<br />
GlWIJLAB.Am.1CATcai$l<br />
~.~C'. Glace,J •. A. ~ and P. W. sant~2<br />
'. :" ,'''~ , .;, " Lr1d "',; ": ~,',~·:)S;):". "<br />
(;t'anylar 'b.rb~cLde8 are .incr~i.I4Ds in 1mportan~et.pthe eastern Unite4"<br />
States, 'a8 is'evidenced by increaBing'sales of this form of herbicides.<br />
However, there has been considerable question as to the efficienty of the<br />
machines used to apply the granular particles. This is one of the main<br />
problems confronting those who would rather use the granular forms of<br />
herb1ci4es.Tb,e i!n~ortance of th'dlJ;'0blem is becOllliqal~~ acute as<br />
herbic1d~. ,fOtlDul~~X:s Jllake granular;:JII&~rialsmore con-.~tr.ted, part1cularlyt<br />
where the rates apPlied per acrear.~ 'lUa;Y low. 'rhisl!'.Wez:wntwas set UP- I<br />
to .dfitetmine if, tht.te,.11 vari~i4,~~ -(n cOIIIIIlercial.srMUlar appliqators.<br />
MaterJ.!1eend<br />
Methods<br />
" _ ' • .,i _ ,: .'.' .'. . . r -':,<br />
Four different granul.ar app~~~tOf~s wer,e compare~. "Two of th •• e machi••<br />
were row crop applicators and two were of the law spreader tyPe. All were the<br />
most recent models of machines widely available on the market. ,They were as<br />
follOWs: ' .<br />
Applicator 1 - A row crop herbicide applicator, planter mounted,<br />
ground driven, 2 row type, the output regulated by a dial on the<br />
rear of the hopper which moved a plate on the bottom of the<br />
hopper and adjusted the hopper openings, with a flanged force<br />
feed rotor bar (agitator) inside the hopper at the base, the<br />
flanges treversing the full width of the hopper.<br />
Applicator 2 - Similar to Applicator 1 except that the flanged<br />
agitator bar inside the hopper did not traverse the full hopper<br />
width. The flanges only covered the immediate area of the outlet<br />
holes.<br />
Spreader 1 - A standard 2 wheel, oblong hopper lawn spreader, with<br />
the outlet holes covered on the outside of the hopper by a base<br />
plate. In operation the plate moves to the rear to open the holes.<br />
The output is regulated (by means of a c~librated plate on the<br />
hopper) by the distance the base plate is moved.<br />
Spreader 2 - Similar to Spreader 1 except that the output is<br />
regulated by a dial at the upper end of the handle. This limits the<br />
degree to which the handle can be turned to open the holes in the<br />
base of the hopper. The base plate moves to the side to open the<br />
outlet holes, rather than to the rear.<br />
!/ Scientific Article No. A952 Contribution No. 3315, of the Maryland<br />
Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Agronomy.<br />
1/ Graduate Assistant, Assistant Professor and Associate Professor,<br />
respectively, Department of Agronomy, Maryland Agricultural Experiment<br />
Station, College park, Maryland.
'--' The applicators were tested undertbe conditi~ns whielirWould be encountered fn<br />
normal practice. The row crop appJ;1cators were mount~d on a planter and tested<br />
on level land that had been worked and leveled as for corn planting. The planter<br />
shoes were run in the soil. The lawn'spreaders were tested on a bluegrass lawn.<br />
The granules distributed by the row crop applicators, were collected by<br />
placing the delivery tubes into bOttles and the material collected was weighed.<br />
The outpQt of each delivery tube was collected and recorded separately so that<br />
it woulc be determined if there w8s:a difference in the rate of delivery. A<br />
calibration box was designed to collect the herbicide delivered by the lawn<br />
spreaders. The settings on the appl~cators were not changed during the course<br />
of the experiment. The length of each run was 150 feet for the row crop<br />
applicators and 75 feet for the lawn'spreaders.<br />
333<br />
The variables<br />
were:<br />
(1) Three granule sizes - 30/60 granule size l~ 2,4-D; 24/48<br />
granule size l~ DNBPj and 15/30 granule size 2~ CIPC.<br />
(~) Three speeds (2, 4 and 6 mph) for the row crop applicators<br />
or two speeds (2 and 3 ~h) for the lawn spreaders.<br />
(3) Three levels of material in the hopper (~ full, ~ full or full)<br />
The materials used for the different granule sizes were<br />
commercial herbicides on attaclay.<br />
For the field applicators the tachometer on the tractor was used as the<br />
standard and the tractor was run in the lowest gear which would attain the<br />
desired speed, so that each speedwou1d be as constant as possible. A<br />
speedometer was mounted on the lawn spreaders so that the speed could be<br />
determined and maintained as a constant. Four repetitions were made with each<br />
variable, and the data statistically analyzed. .<br />
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION!.<br />
The different applicators used~atied in different ways and so each wi11'<br />
be discussed separately. -<br />
APplicator<br />
I<br />
The weight ·of~materi~l delivered by the machine decreased as the speed'was<br />
increased. This might be explainedtn that once the nt.terial is carried over .<br />
the opening it becomes a matter of gravity feed and the faster the rotor bar:!s<br />
turning the less material will be able; to pass through the opening before the<br />
next blade will sweep away what is left. The left delivery tube yielded<br />
significantly ,greater amounts than the right side.<br />
The effect of particle size was highly significant with most of the<br />
difference being between the 15/30 size and the two smaller sizes. A sharp<br />
decrease in the amount of material delivered occurred between the 15/30 size<br />
particle and the 24/48, and then there was a slight increase to the 30/60<br />
'--' granule size.
334<br />
Table ~. ,~,~fect of speed,~~~d. size and clap. of hopper fullness,C)I\ -../<br />
t\,\e~nt of granular.~1al (in gIIla) delivered by Appl1catQr 1*.<br />
, .<br />
l'i./ "<br />
~< 'J: Degree of Hopper .:rullness<br />
Particle Size i full \ full !:!ll.<br />
~<br />
15/30 1,16.4 a 112.5 ... 113.8 a<br />
24/~<br />
" ~ 'j'-1::<br />
lM+.9 de 131.4 de! 129.8 cd<br />
30/60<br />
~~ f<br />
1.33.1 de 126.0 be 122.5 b<br />
4 mph<br />
15/30 7.9:.8 b 66.0 .'<br />
24/48<br />
'j',<br />
69.3 ab<br />
82.6 cd 83.6 cd 81.6 cd<br />
30/60 .sa.s d 82.6 .Q4 79.5 c<br />
2.m<br />
15/30 53.6 b 46.5 •<br />
49.4 a<br />
24/48 58.1 c 58.9 c·· 56.9 be<br />
l:<br />
30/60 I 57.3 bc 58.5 ere, 55.6 be<br />
* numbers fo1,~owed by, the a... letter within anyone<br />
speed are not" significantly different from each other.<br />
As shown in Figure 1, the ~P"" to which the hopper was filled made a<br />
significant difference in the 8IIIOUrit'-ofgranules delivered, with the amount'<br />
delive~ed generall)!' decreasing .. the·hopper varied f'om t-full to full. With'<br />
the1S/30 material, the ,-full hopper had the least output •<br />
.Sp'ced had a significant effe4ton the output of the different particl. sizes<br />
(Table 1), usually the 24/48 particle size having the highest delivery rate<br />
while the 30/30 part~c:1e size feUll_tween it and tlle',lS/30 size. The is/3D<br />
particle, size .output wa. s1gnif1cantly lower than th. emeller sizes at all<br />
speeds.<br />
AppU.sator 2.<br />
, ,Output varilition due to particle size was not .. great as in the previous<br />
instance and the yield of the 30/60 particle size fell almost midway betwe~nthe<br />
15/30 and the 24/48-.
335<br />
Figure 1. The effeetof partic1esize and degree of hopper filling<br />
.(\; fUll, , full or FUJ:l) on the output 'of'::'2 granular applicators.<br />
9Q<br />
'APPLICATOR1<br />
.<br />
I<br />
I<br />
8Q-<br />
r-'-"--<br />
I<br />
!-~:<br />
i---·<br />
!<br />
!<br />
AqLlCATOR2<br />
15/30 24/48<br />
Particle<br />
* i~di~~tes the columns ~r; ~ignificantly different from<br />
each other<br />
Size<br />
30/60
3.36<br />
Table 2.'J:h,e etfe..ct Oi .. , spee4~. J':~."MeleSize. anci..~.". of hOPper..fiu.ill8!~~' .<br />
the ilmount of' granul«; JII'otedal (in pa),-. ae~ivered by Applicator 2*.<br />
.. . . . '.~<br />
., ". ' . _. ., ,<br />
_.'[~;:J)egr~e of Kopper Fullness<br />
.~<br />
Particle size I; full ; full ~<br />
2 mph<br />
15/30 103.3 b 101.8 ab 108.6 c<br />
24/48 10!).6 cd 101.1 ab 112.6 d<br />
30/60 98.5 a 102.1 ab 108.8 c<br />
4 mph<br />
15/30 50.8 ab 50.0 ab 49.9 ab<br />
24/48 51.6 abc 49.1e 56.6 d<br />
30/60 " 52.1 abc 53.5 bed '$5.0 cd<br />
.)<br />
6 mph iJ I,<br />
15/30 36.1 a 35.5 a 36.0 a<br />
24/48 34.5 a 34.6 a 37.8 a<br />
30/60 37.0 a 36.3 a 38.1 a -.<br />
c<br />
* numbers follGw.4bythe same letter within anyone<br />
speed are not significantly different from each other.<br />
This applicator also showed a significantly higher delivery rate from the<br />
left side than from the right.<br />
The output generally decreased as the level of material in the hopper<br />
decreased. but not necessarily in a linear manner (Figure 1). A s1gni£icant<br />
granule size x hopper level interaction showed that the granule sizes did not<br />
react the same for all hopper levels. .<br />
Different particle sizes did not act the same ~y at all speeds. As is<br />
shown in Table 2 the 30/60 granule size yielded the lowest of all sizes at<br />
2 mph (-\ full) but almost the highest at 4 mph. Th. effect was mainly linear.<br />
A significant speed x hopper level interaction show.~c~hat ~he output of the<br />
different hopper;levels did not act"ln the same manner for the different speeds.<br />
The -\ hopper level output consistently fell between the output of the full and<br />
~ hopp~r .levels.<br />
:.Al;
337<br />
SRFeader 1<br />
On this spreader only the main 'effects were significantly different and<br />
all were linear in effect. The output was inversely proportional to the speed. .<br />
as seen with the previous applicatoi'll. As the particle size became smaller there<br />
was a consistant increase in the application rate of the spreader (Table 3).<br />
Also the amount delivered decreased as the level of material in the hopper was<br />
lessened (Figure 2). The lack of statistical significance between the columns<br />
in Figure 2 for the 15/30 granule size is due to the wide variation in the<br />
amount of material delivered in different runs with all variables constant.<br />
Table 3. The effect of speed. particle size and degree of hopper fi11ingoh<br />
the amount of granular material (in gms) delivered by Spreader 1*.<br />
Degree of Hopper Fullness<br />
Particle Size S full ; full Full , .<br />
2 mph<br />
15/30 441.8 a 516.3 b 538.8 b<br />
24/48 553.3 b 545.0 b 610.8 c<br />
30/60 642.5 c 609.3 c 613.0 c<br />
3 mph<br />
15/30 362.5 a 384.0 ab 417.8 be<br />
24/48 453.5 cd 444.3 cd 476.3 d<br />
30/60 491.0 d 568.0 e 563.0 e<br />
*<br />
numbers followed by the same letter at anyone speed<br />
are not significantly different from each' other.<br />
Spreader 2<br />
On this lawn spreader the three main effacts were less linear in nature<br />
than with Spreader 1. There was again a decrease in the rate of application<br />
as the ,speed was increased. The amount delivered of each granule size showed<br />
a slight increase in going from the 15/30 to the 24/48 granule size and then a<br />
sharp increase when the 30/00 partio1e size was used. When the effect of hopper<br />
level was measured with the 24/48 particle size there was a sharp decrease in<br />
the amount metered by the spreader between the full and half hopper level.<br />
followed by a sharp increase to almost the full hopper rate at the quarter hopper<br />
level. . ..<br />
The interaction of granule size x·hopper level showed that the granule<br />
sizes did not act in the same manner for all hopper levels. as shown in figure 2.
338<br />
Figure 2. The effect of particle size and degree of hopper filling<br />
(~ full. \ full and Full) on the output of two lawn spreaders.<br />
,...<br />
....<br />
Ql<br />
Ql<br />
....<br />
U"\<br />
,...<br />
Ql<br />
'"<br />
~<br />
600<br />
!<br />
j,<br />
I<br />
:<br />
500<br />
450<br />
~ 400<br />
I<br />
I-~<br />
~--,.-<br />
!<br />
\<br />
I<br />
I<br />
-_._.'-.<br />
I<br />
i<br />
._..--<br />
I<br />
I<br />
sPREADER1<br />
I<br />
-----.,~.<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I I<br />
I I<br />
I<br />
! I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I I I I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
;<br />
~I<br />
1\* FI<br />
i<br />
\ \ \ F* % IF t<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I I<br />
;<br />
,<br />
I<br />
550i<br />
I<br />
,-1--"1<br />
SPREADER2<br />
35 r<br />
I<br />
I I \J % F*I<br />
30o;._.-L._,._ __L __ ..L<br />
15/30<br />
1-1 II<br />
I<br />
---I<br />
~ %*1F<br />
I ;<br />
_....L-_ 1L. !.<br />
24/48<br />
-1--1,<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
\* % i F , I I<br />
........._--~._._,._-,.._-------<br />
Particle Size<br />
* Indicates this column is significantly different from<br />
.. 1.8 "", .. 1.__ 1. __<br />
30/60
Table 4. The effect of speed, p~~cle size and( d~ee of hopper filling on<br />
the amount: ,of granul.q :.. !erial (in"SJlUl) ;da~ivered by Spreader 2*.<br />
339<br />
Part1c1e<br />
Size<br />
", ", 'Degree qf."Holner. ·rul1lless<br />
'\fuli ; full Full<br />
15/30<br />
24/48<br />
; :;. ~<br />
414.3 be<br />
,l..!!!!hj 13<br />
>ti"- t<br />
394.5 ..<br />
" r:;f ..<br />
369.0 /l(<br />
409.8 b<br />
450.3 cd<br />
~l'1<br />
30/60<br />
1502.0 e<br />
r:<br />
434.~'b~<br />
484.0 de<br />
I,. ,<br />
15/30:<br />
24/48<br />
30/~Q'<br />
.r- 'j ~'~n ,'.<br />
332.3 ab 309.3 a 342.3 abc<br />
1""7 ,:<br />
.-,;,,:~.8 d<br />
.,<br />
*' numbers follciWeCLby the same leiter at anyone speed !,<br />
are not significantly different from each other.<br />
'-t' ,<br />
The hopper levels again, d~_act in theltame manner for the two speeds.<br />
The output of the full hopper was the highest at 2mph but the middle value at<br />
3 mph. The, i-hopper level output ~a;s the lowest th~hout.,<br />
S~;AtI~ CONCLUSIONS.:'<br />
FOU1"'gl'anularapplicators ~:L"e~.r~qmparedundar~ndf.tions similar ~o '-"<br />
thosewhtchwould. normally be en~t:ered. Thevarq.,ti,On in the amount 0#;.<br />
granular material delivered by 2 .fi~ld applicat~:~cl ~ lawn spreaders W¥ '<br />
measured;' the variables being ~~~d speed, partip'1,ci size and amount of,:<br />
material in the hopper. " "" ' ,'.. . ',:,<br />
For all applicators test;ed,~h,~, output wasin.y~rllely,proportionalto the<br />
speed of themacbine. The various"particle shes );.~~~ddifferently as~~<br />
spell.,d,',and,hO,,P,pe,r content change,ii,"',: ',LAt, so the vat",,ia:ti~tf,' W,J.,",thinan"Y,one par, t,i,~,la,size<br />
was not consist ant as speed and, h~p»~r content vl¢i~~. ,,'J;he amount or ~~F~al<br />
in the hopp~r, hac!a significant; ,not' necessari1YJi~ar.effect (In thewe~~t<br />
of granules, deUvered. '., ' ' ' ';c<br />
There was considerable variation between spreaders as to their reaction<br />
to a change in the speed. hopper content or particle size. In one ap~~£oebor'<br />
the output was inversely proportional to hopper content, in anothe~ itwa~<br />
directlyprCilpOfU()nal. There waS':also significantmili.tlon in the daliv~ry<br />
rate Df ~el1eft ~d ~lght side.,~f ~he fieldappllc~ors. For the la~rn8preaders<br />
there was considerable variability ia the amount of :~erhl delivered trdmone<br />
run to another at a constant speed, particle size and hopper content. This was<br />
true t~ a lesser degree w~th the field applicators.<br />
..";~::l::<br />
,,'
340<br />
''.l'HI'EFlI'ECT dl"BlMmAL GRANUIARi1lORMUI/lTIONS<br />
OF 2,4-o-D r ON lmRBIOI»ALA'CfIV'ITY<br />
ThOlll&S'1'. T1i!I~'~1"artl!'R1chard D. IlniOki 1<br />
; .. ,'" ,- ; r ,"<br />
.~-~.;:<br />
• ~'1 " I'<br />
Granular tormulat~~ot many herbicides have been available<br />
to research workers tor seve~l years. Some ot these investigators<br />
report better weedoentrOl with the granular preparations (1)<br />
while others state that the liquid torms ot ce~a1n herbicides are<br />
more satistaetdJi'J (3). ,,', ,<br />
Previol1s J'work in Ne.'Jersey(2) indicated that a 10 per cent<br />
granular ester ot 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) gave better<br />
oontro1 than a 20 ~-aent ester. It was t'urther observed and<br />
reported that a_s10w-bre~downpart,io1e re.ulted in a higher degree<br />
ot' con'tlrol;,than fast'disintegrating particles,; however, more<br />
corn injury was also noted ,with the 10 per cent granular ester.<br />
The present study was designed to further investigate these<br />
findings and to,'detertn1ne' ''the etfectivenesa ot' several sizes of<br />
clay particles and two types of granule br~down.<br />
'" ~ ::1' ' . «,", -: t,,'., " .:<br />
Metlid,<br />
and Materi!}.a<br />
",'<br />
"~'I'<br />
• " .1',:<br />
An experiment' was condUcted on a Sassafras sandy loam near<br />
.Jamesburg, NewJersey. N~,.JtFsey No. 8 ~rid field corn was<br />
planted at the rate of tOUr"kemels per hill in 2l-inoh hills on<br />
May 17 an~,t~nned,to two p~ts per .h1ll,~ JW1e 19. The,plots<br />
were, t9UX'.rowP'witte ,and 12 ,~1l8 Ions., Herb.1:ei.:/,anci three ,m__,~, ,~izes Of. the g%!aDu1arcarr1er.L1quid<br />
prepara~ions of the two fQrmulat10ns w.,.<br />
inoluded for comparIson with the granular materials.<br />
1.<br />
. .' ~ ~'r ' . ; i.<br />
Fbr,merly R'~roh Ass1ataat and AS8001a~eRes.arch Special~<br />
,1st .in ~ C~ps, res.peci1vely, Rut~_· the state Un!ve!"lo<br />
s1tj,:. Ne\t(.~wi~, New~r8ey. .,<br />
I ('<br />
J )<br />
, l<br />
".1,',
Table 1: Herbicidal treatments used in the 2,4-D granUlar experiment.<br />
Formulation<br />
Granu]ar Breakdown Granular Rate<br />
concentration<br />
percentage tlP e size, mesh Ib/A<br />
Amine 10 RVM(1) 30/60 1 1<br />
II II II<br />
24/48<br />
II II' II<br />
20/35<br />
II II<br />
LVM(2) 30/60<br />
II II II<br />
24/48<br />
II II II<br />
20/35<br />
II<br />
"<br />
~ RVM 30/ 60 "<br />
II II<br />
24/48<br />
II<br />
II II II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
20/35<br />
LVM 30/60<br />
II II II<br />
24/48<br />
II II II<br />
Ester 10 RVM 30/60<br />
II II II<br />
24/48<br />
II II II<br />
20/35 "<br />
20/35<br />
II II<br />
LVM 30/60<br />
II<br />
II II II<br />
24/48<br />
II II II<br />
20/35<br />
II II<br />
20 RVM 30/60<br />
II II II II<br />
24/48<br />
II II II<br />
II<br />
20/35<br />
II<br />
II<br />
LVM 30/60<br />
II<br />
II II II<br />
24/48<br />
II II II<br />
1. Rapid disintegrating particles<br />
2. Slow disintegrating particles<br />
20/35<br />
The treatments listed in Table 1 were also studied at three<br />
pounds per acre or 2,4-D. Cultivated and uncultivated check plots<br />
were included. There were three replications or all treatments.<br />
The cultivated check plots were hoed once during the season on<br />
June 19; however, due to ino1ement weather the treated plots were<br />
not cultivated at all.<br />
341<br />
11"2"<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II<br />
II
342<br />
Approximately five weeks after herbic1~1 applications were<br />
made, weed control and corn injury ratings were made by several<br />
independent observers using the scale 0 to 10, where 0 =no effect<br />
and 10 - complete control or kill. These data were transposed<br />
to square roots in O~d8r to permit more valid statistical<br />
analy~is.<br />
The corn was harvested trom the two center rows on October<br />
2 and 4. Yields were determined by obtain1ag ten butt samplelS<br />
and drying these to constant weight, then converting all fiel~<br />
weights to 15.5 per cent moisture.<br />
J<br />
Results<br />
and Discussion<br />
The principle weeds observed in the e~erimental area were<br />
barnyard grass (Echinochloa crussa11i) and lambsquarters (~podium<br />
~).<br />
The weed oontrol data expressed as square roots for the .<br />
three granular sizes for the two partiole breakdown types and at<br />
the two rates of herbicidal applioation are presented in Figure 1.<br />
It oan be seen that the material carried on the 30/60 size of the<br />
RVMtype granular effeoted less weed control than that of the, LVM<br />
granular type. The 24/48 size produced a higher level of control<br />
than the 30160 size as RVMgranu1ars, however, both sizes displayed<br />
comparable oontro1 with the LVMtype.<br />
Whenthe various mesh sizes of the granular preparations were<br />
oompared at the two rates, irrespeotive of granular breakdown or<br />
granular ooncentration, two interesting observations were made.<br />
Firstly, at the li pound rate the 24/48 meSh size produoed the<br />
highest level of oontrol the 20/35 mesh size produoed the poorest<br />
control, and the 30/60 size was intermediate. Seoondly, the<br />
inherent differenoes observed at the lower rate of 2,4-D were ob<br />
1it4rated at the three pound rate.<br />
The effeots of particle breakdown and granular concentration<br />
on weed control, irrespective ot formulation and particle size,<br />
are presented in Figure 2. It oan be seen that the 10 per cent<br />
ooncentration granular showed better weed control than the 20 per<br />
cent material with the RVMtype. However,'phese two ooncentrations<br />
gave similar results with the LVMgranular. .<br />
There ~as a slight differenCe in weedpontrol in favor of<br />
the 10 per oent ooncentrationat the high r.te of 2,4-D. When<br />
these two conoentrations were. compared at the 1; pound rate, ~he<br />
control was similar. .
·000<br />
.000,<br />
I<br />
II<br />
!<br />
WEEDCONTROLRATINGS'EXPRESSED AS<br />
SQUAFi...; OOTS .:::I' 0<br />
o (IJ (IJ<br />
co .~<br />
~ ""'-co<br />
.:T<br />
~-q<br />
(IJ ~~<br />
": , co<br />
! I<br />
! 1- I!\ ~<br />
n<br />
, l~<br />
r-~<br />
('/')<br />
~<br />
d- I<br />
0 (IJ<br />
0<br />
~ -<br />
I<br />
RVM<br />
LVM<br />
LIQ.<br />
Fig. 1<br />
.:T<br />
(IJ<br />
--'-r<br />
0 ~<br />
-<br />
;<br />
.('/') 0<br />
,.- ('/')<br />
i<br />
I!\<br />
('/')<br />
I<br />
n<br />
l~/A<br />
,<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
d-<br />
(IJ<br />
I<br />
3/A<br />
I<br />
343<br />
WEEDCONTROLRATINGS EXPRESSED AS<br />
". SQUAREROOTS--<br />
I~ !~<br />
.ooq<br />
I<br />
~<br />
0 ~<br />
r-f<br />
\-'i<br />
~.~-<br />
I I (-I<br />
I ,<br />
I<br />
I~<br />
I<br />
1 i<br />
I I.. (IJ_ I ,~<br />
I I ~-.c:\I<br />
I<br />
I 1 ~<br />
I<br />
--,<br />
.<br />
! I I I I<br />
,<br />
! I ! I<br />
I<br />
!<br />
I<br />
RVM LVM<br />
Fig. 2<br />
* Distance reauired for sia:nificance Rt c;
344<br />
The degree 01' oorn inj~ obtained with the various particle<br />
sizes and breakdowntypes-!e.graphioally presented in Figure 3.<br />
The ettect 01' granular sizt!LlUld rate ot herbioidal applioation on<br />
the level 01' inj~ is aleQ,shown.<br />
It is evident that there are no real ditterenoes among the<br />
various granular preparations with regard to size or breakdown.<br />
However, there is slight t~end toward more oo~ inj~ with the<br />
higher rates 01' 2,4-D. Although not shown, the amine gave slightly<br />
more injury than the ester tormUlation.<br />
In Figure 4 the effect ofpartiole size, breakdown type, and<br />
rate 01' herbioidal appl1oa~on'on the oornyields is illustrated.<br />
'The yield presented tor the liquid tormulation is an average ot<br />
the amine and ester and the two rates 01' 2A·~D. The ditterences<br />
among the various treatments w~re not statistioally signitioant.<br />
Notwithstand1ngthis laok ot sign1tioance~there is an interesti~<br />
trend toward higher yields with the 24/48 size g~anUle at the Ii<br />
pound rate. Although not r~resented in this tigure, the ester<br />
tormulation resulted in higher average yields than the amines.<br />
Generally the yields obtained with the liquids were higher than<br />
those with the granular treatments, but again the ditterenoe was<br />
not signiticant.<br />
The poor weed oontrol ob~erved (in certain cases) with the<br />
20/35 size may have been a~trtbutable to the smaller number 01'<br />
partioles per unit area with this granule size. The same amount<br />
01' herbioide was applied per unit area with all granular sizes;<br />
however, the 20/35 granUla;-has a~prox1ma~+y t as many particles<br />
per given area as the 30/60~~ze (4). Thus' with the larger size<br />
particle the herbicide distribution would be t that 01' the 30/60<br />
size. It oould very well be that the 30/60 size particles would<br />
be subjeot to taster disintegration than the larger sizes. Theretore,<br />
accounting tor the lower control with this size.<br />
Notwithstanding that oertain trends toward greater weed oontrol<br />
and/or corn injury ettected by the various granular carriers<br />
were not statistically signitioant, it is believed that with lower<br />
rates 01' herbicidal applioation these trend,s, would be more clearly<br />
demonstrated. AS was evidenced in this stu~, many expressions<br />
were masked at the high rate 01' herbicidal application. These expressions<br />
should be more pronounced at rates lower than the It<br />
pound rate used in this study.<br />
. ~. .:
2.5000<br />
CORNINJURY EXPRESSEDAS SQUAREROOTS<br />
),<br />
,<br />
LVM<br />
Fig~ 3<br />
3 Ib/A'<br />
70_)<br />
CORNYIELDS IN BUSHELS'PER ACRE<br />
'~<br />
OJ<br />
,:::t<br />
~(\J<br />
60-<br />
0::;:-<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~<br />
SOl<br />
40- I<br />
RVM<br />
~<br />
II' ~<br />
LVM<br />
Fig. 4<br />
0<br />
\.0 II'<br />
~~~<br />
• .:;I" ~<br />
(\J ,
346<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6.<br />
8.<br />
SUMMARY<br />
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of several forms<br />
of attapulgite as a carrier of 2.4-D.<br />
In this study the 30/60 size gave better control with the LVM<br />
granular than with the RVMgranular.<br />
The 24/48 and 20/35 si~es appeared to be affected very little<br />
by type of particle breakdown.<br />
All granular sizes gave comparable weed control when the three<br />
pound rate was conslde~ed.<br />
The 24/48 particle size resulted in a higher degree of weed<br />
control than the 20/35 size at the lower rate of herbicidal<br />
application.<br />
The 10 per cent concentration granular produced better control<br />
than the 20 per oent concentration granular at the lower<br />
rate.<br />
There was a slight trend towards higher yields with the 24/48<br />
size at the l~pound rate.<br />
The somewhat greater weed control and lower corn injury obtained<br />
with the liquid formulations were not significantly<br />
different from those obtained with granular formulations.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<br />
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. R. J. Marrese of<br />
Diamond Alkali Co. Cleveland. Ohio. for his assistance in preparing<br />
and supplying the herbicides for this study.
347<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
Danielson. l , ;4. L. Ef~~rt;", o.f.g:ranular., herbicides on yields of<br />
. '1;o!llatoes and--fWleet·potatoS's.' Proc. NEWCC. 10:116.<br />
1956.<br />
lln1c1s;;l..,R •. D•. arid EYe~t:.~ C. F. Tb:fL.ei'fectsof several car<br />
. ,·r1~rE;l. of~~~DI~d1t,storm'4a't;.1ons on weed co~rol<br />
i~l~n the r~P9!lBeo.f corn.:. l';roc. NEWCC. 16: (i!42.<br />
. ; 'j, j<br />
3. Meggltt,'W .. F. ·prognssrIreport on her!i1eides fot' weed c~ntrol<br />
. inoorn andCI(ilybeans. Procoi-NEWCC. 15:259. 1960.<br />
".' , .." .. ,<br />
t •• -~ .! - .<br />
4 •. T$cbnica.l·~ormation..~~.i53. M1neJ;'~~ and Chemicals ~J;'Por<br />
Ei,t1on.of Am,eJ'~~a! December;,~59.<br />
i ,I<br />
:·,c...<br />
. • c':'
348<br />
J<br />
I<br />
Introduction<br />
SELECTI~~~~uirm~:t~~~ID:fTH A NEW<br />
'G. ·n.~,~~l# _A~.)ii;~~:' ancfll~[.~ y~er2'<br />
. ",'<br />
,ae.ul1:s fromexterrsive. UbOratoryCana JtS.eld studies- have ..<br />
de)bOn,.ttatedtt\a~,:~,...(3~4"d:L~~bt~n;yl.) .~,:,.tf(~::-l-methylurea<br />
is a l't'omisil'lS .agrteultural chiuiieal f"or co:rnni~Cl soybean culture.<br />
This compound, coded as Herbic:lde 326# combine.. 'both post-emergence<br />
and pre-emergence herbicidal activity on annual weeds which<br />
.pe~ts~l~d ~i~"tur~a .~Qmc.~urrent; .~~fh,on1:2;o~<br />
p~a9t"'~'•• ~~_<br />
crops. . B~8' • "'1i.flUle .:~od~t provides,'~tbl'roorngrower with<br />
a choice of two methods of.ed control. For greatest economy#<br />
it may be desirable to use a rotary hoe and po8tp~e the use of<br />
an herbic:i:tde·until: a weed,#.oblem develop,) it fr 1':he:'corn field~ . c<br />
Under such circumstances#'Hirbfcide 326'a, .odttected post-emergence<br />
spray will eliminate most existing annual weeds and give<br />
residual control of weeds which germinate later. lo1hereearly<br />
protection is desired# application to the seed bed shortly after<br />
corn is planted will give pre-emerzence control of germinating<br />
weeds.<br />
Results from widespread tests on a range of soil types have<br />
demonstrated that Herbicide 326 will provide effective pre-emergence<br />
control of annual l'18edswith safety to soybeans. Good to<br />
excellent results have been obtained with pre-emergence and postemergence<br />
applications of Herbicide 326 on carrots.<br />
Herbicide 326 has a favorable pattern of disappearance from<br />
soil after the desired weed control period. Bioassays with oats<br />
have shown no detectable soil residues 3-4 months after treatment<br />
and fall-sown cover crops have grown normally.<br />
(1) Contribution from the Industrial and Biochemicals Department#<br />
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.# Wilmington,<br />
Delaware.<br />
(2) The valuable assistance of L. E. Cowart# D. W. Finnerty#<br />
F. J. Otto, H. L. Ploeg# M. B. <strong>Weed</strong> and A. W. Welch of the<br />
du Pont Co., and commercial and institutional investigators<br />
is gratefully acknowledged.
',-- 34~<br />
3-(3 ..4-Dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-l-me~y~\1t'ea3 under t~<br />
trademarl< name of ''Lorox'' WeMKiller has.received federal label<br />
registrations for pre- and post-emergence Use' in field corn grown<br />
for grain and pre-emergence use on soybeans grOl'm for seed. '<br />
"Lorox" tleed luller .. formula~d as a 50% wettable powder .. will<br />
be available for sale in l1~~~d quant1tie~ during 1962 forqpth<br />
crops.<br />
Physical and Chemical Propeie~es<br />
Pure 3-(3 ..4-dichloropbenyl)-1-methoXY;c1"'methylurea is a l<br />
white crystalline solid (m.p.,~3-94°C.) wi~p.a low vapor pressure.<br />
Its solubility in l'later is 7~.ppm at 25°C. The compound iS8~ble<br />
in water but decomposes slawly in acids and bases. It is subject<br />
to microbial decomposition tinder moist con4~tions in soil.<br />
Toxicology<br />
and Residues<br />
The approximate lethal. dose (ALD) by q#al administratioq .eo<br />
male white rats is 1500 mg./l~. body weight. vJhile the chemiA.al<br />
causes slight :l.rritation totne. skfn and e~s .. it is not a,<br />
sensitizeX'. Long-term c~onicstudies are ,'in' the second. year:<br />
and the results indicate no toxicology problem. Analyses have<br />
demonstrated no residues in corn grain." .<br />
-<br />
Pre- and Post-Emergence <strong>Weed</strong> Control in Com<br />
Summary data are now available from a.total of 73 tests<br />
conducted over a two-year period in 21 states. Tests were conducted<br />
on different corn varieties and under representative<br />
conditions of soil type .. weed $Ol'lth .. and-weather conditions<br />
existing in the major corn-l>re,4ucing areas ••<br />
Results from pre-emergenc;~' tests Show~hat soil type is d1e<br />
predominant factor in the selection of effe~tive use rates. In<br />
the Corn Belt on silt loam and clay loam soils of moderate to<br />
high organic matter .. effecti~ ~ontrol was pbtained with rates<br />
of 2 to 3 pounds 4 per acre. No' crop irijurywas obtained at ~ce<br />
;'<br />
..,J<br />
(3) The du Pont Co. has propOsed formally to the K-62 Committee<br />
of the American Standards ,Association that the term 'linuron'·<br />
be established as the approved common (aeneric) name.<br />
(4) All rates are expressed on an active ingredient basis., "
3~ J<br />
.. i,c matt.er" which<br />
these rates. On, lighter .~Hs" low in orMD<br />
predominate outside the Ct>it;15elt" rate8~:f:3l4 to 1-1/4 p~<br />
per acre gave effective .!~:~ontro1 with !lP adequate safety .<br />
margin.' ':.:' , .. . .<br />
Fo11~8e spray's of H8r~~~ide ~26are~tgbly effective on;'! .<br />
grOWing annual-plants. AHnl.cdve effect is achieved by directing<br />
the spray nozzles to wet the growing portion of the weeds'<br />
while avoiding the same on corn 1>lant!J.Th1s, type ofapplic~,- .<br />
tion has been most promising when thec~ft--wes at least 12 tnches<br />
tall. lolhennozzles were1llC?unted so that~spray struck only<br />
a fetl inches 'up the cornit~tk, only sUIM*~tt-=Ul injury to the ,<br />
. .bottom leaves has been noeed. ~leeds up ttL 0 inches tall were<br />
,controlled Wit:h,~"l/2 to ~: ,peJtindsper acr.~' ,These rates he ...<br />
. provided' adequate'residual~ed controlog'the various so11 H~S<br />
prevalent'1ncorn"growing areas. Established corn has shown a .<br />
good margin of safety to directed post-emQrgence applicatiog ••<br />
In Corn Belt soils" where rates of 2 to 3,!~s perae:re'ari;<br />
recommended, rates up to .6 pounds have be..~ gon-injurious. In<br />
lighter soils" With recommended rates of t~1/2 to 2 pounds ~<br />
~re ,,4 'poUnds has proven jeh to corn. s'Fay volumes in ~.,.,',<br />
range of, 30 gallons have perlormed wep.. $pr.ay pressures of<br />
40 p.s.i. or'lower arene_nded topre~1'ltmisting.'<br />
In t1¥)st sit~tions band';treatments W£llbe most econom!~al.<br />
The weeds remaining ;;Lnthe middles can be removed by cultivat;ing<br />
during the spray operat:Lonic...:The nozzles· fl\ou-ld be' mounted ahead<br />
of the cultivator to el1mi~te weeds on tl).e edge of the band.<br />
This procedur$"would red\We",.tM amounto~~X:bicide requ;l.re!;lLPY<br />
ewo-thfrCts. .:' " '" .... . ... :,. ' .'. '<br />
The an1'lUaigrassesan~. t~oadleaf .~~~.~ich .have been 'fe<br />
controlled satisfactorily With recommended r.tes include foxtail<br />
,(green" yellow ..and giant) , Crabgrass,; bams.rd grau or. watergrass"<br />
smartweed" rasweed, purslane" lati1b,":quarters" pigweed-l<br />
" .., ',", ", ' "" ~' " ..J ' ; t I<br />
buttol1We.ed and cocklebur ... .: ... i<br />
. RepreS$ntAt1ve weed'c~~olresult. ~Qyield data are·<br />
'containedin Tables'l throlJgl1 6. . .<br />
Pre-Emergence' <strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
in Soybeans<br />
. Resulu~m field t~~:..dUring a ewo-year period at 30)<br />
locatioga in U states have,·demonstrated chat Herbicide 326"<br />
appli~d at re~oUlD8nded rates, will provide effecti~ pJ;'e-e~gence<br />
, , ; r' •
weed control with adequate safety to soybeans. Tests were conducted<br />
under representative conditiqns of soil type, weed gro,"lth<br />
and weather existing in the.mejor·soybean-t*~ucing areas.<br />
On silt loams and clay loams with ~de~ate to high organic<br />
matter, commercial control was obtained with 1 to 2 pounds per<br />
acre with adequate safety margin. On lightjr soils, low in<br />
organic matter, rates of 0.5 to 1 pound per.acre were sufficient.<br />
Results from tests on lighter soils indicate that safety to soybeans<br />
increases when the depth of planting ~s increased from 1<br />
inch to 2 inches. Representative weed contrpl results and yield<br />
data are contained in Tables 1 through 9.<br />
Pre- and fost-Emergence We~ Control in CariEts<br />
Carrots have shown a high degree of tolerance to Herbicide<br />
326•. Satisfactory weed control has been ob~ined with 0.25 to<br />
0.5 pound per acre for post-emergence treatQlents and from 0.5<br />
to 3 pounds per acre pre-eme~gence depending on soil type.<br />
351<br />
Disappearance<br />
from Soil<br />
The growth and evaluation of indicator .9rops is the most<br />
practical method for the determination of residual activity of<br />
herbicides in soils. This method was used to follow the rate<br />
of disappearance of Herbicide 326 under a wide variety of conditions<br />
on so:Ll types rangit;13, from sandy loamswith low organic<br />
matter to heavy clay loamswlth a high organic matter content.<br />
Soil samples (O-'V" and 4-8 11 depths) ~'1ere talcin from treated plots<br />
at 20 geographical locations :j.n the United S;1;ates. These areas<br />
encompassed the important corn and soybean-I¢oducing regions.<br />
These sa.mpleswere compared with untreated .amples fr.om the same<br />
areas in oat assays in the greenhouse. Data:.were taken at 21-23<br />
days after planting. .<br />
Results from these st~dies indicate that phytotoxic concentrations<br />
of Herbicide 326 disappear from the 'soil within 3 to 4<br />
months after treatment, when used at rates of 1.5 pounds on sandy<br />
Loams, 2 to 3 pounds on s11.t .loam soils and 3 to 6 pounds per<br />
acre on heavy clay loams (medium to high organic matter). Thus,<br />
there. should be no problem to the next crop.~
')<br />
')<br />
>,'<br />
t .). -<br />
Table 1. <strong>Weed</strong> CO~tro1' 'lNaluations and Corn. ,Yields FollbWlngD1recte4 Post<br />
Emergence Applications of Herbicide326- Mi.d~st Corn Belt<br />
Average Percent of Overall <strong>Weed</strong> Control, and Mean<br />
Rate .' Yields in BQshels Per .Acre<br />
J Lb. A~tive Farm 11' Farm #~ ,Farm 13 Farm#4 Farm #5<br />
Treapuent ,fer :6cre '-., ,,6 W]y. 7 Wks. i ~ Wks. • 3 !Jt!. 3 WIes.<br />
lfftbii:~ .~~: '~i ~E' 0~'~5:·Q ' b ~)11'~ f3'Ulsf._v~ ~~.5) ~,;; 1::~ ,',~'" 60 (64)<br />
" ' , 1.S ' )7 (99) 65 (77):-'87(107) 72 (84) ~'75 (68)<br />
, " 3.~ 83 (103) .,92(93),' ~90 (106) 18 (89) 33 (68)<br />
.. 6.0 93 (101):97(101) 95 (100) 87 (93) 95 (76)<br />
GJ;QWer"a - 65 (105)30 (37) 85 (35) .: (80) 75 (58)<br />
Pror;r:aiclJ "<br />
~ c ':,<br />
UJa~t.4' ContrOl<br />
.~.<br />
t. 'I :;~<br />
o (79) r,<br />
n<br />
.{~ :_,..~<br />
& ill) "<br />
.;<br />
e (65)<br />
~',..j "
Untreated<br />
Table 2. Directed Post-E".sence <strong>Weed</strong> C~trol in Corn<br />
Du Pont Researlill\hp - Newark""pela\'Iare<br />
Control<br />
353<br />
Rate Percent <strong>Weed</strong>,Control<br />
Lb./A '. Grasses ... &:'oadleaves Yield<br />
Material (Active) § Wk. 9 Wk. 3 \o1lt. ~ Bu./A<br />
Herbicide 326<br />
II<br />
"<br />
Hoed Control<br />
0.75 98 68 97 95 89<br />
1.50 :99 98 99 99 86<br />
3.00 99 99 99 100 85<br />
·'8 95 ,00 45 81<br />
0 0 0 0 80<br />
Keyport silt loam. Three repli~Hltions. Com ...12" tall at time<br />
of treatment, weeds were 4" tall. No injury to corn. <strong>Weed</strong><br />
species: crabgrass, Panicutn, ragweed, smart:weed, annual morning<br />
glory and horsenettle.<br />
Table 3. Directed Post-Emergence \-leed Control in Corn<br />
DuPont Researcn Farm - Raleigh, N.C.<br />
Material<br />
Herbicide 326<br />
II<br />
"<br />
Rate<br />
Lb./A<br />
(Active)<br />
0.75<br />
1.50<br />
3.00<br />
Percent <strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
Weeks After Treatment<br />
l'<br />
)'6<br />
ao 63<br />
97 99<br />
"100 '·100<br />
Crop Injury<br />
No injury<br />
to corn.<br />
j'l:<br />
Untreated<br />
Control<br />
0 0<br />
..<br />
Norfolk sandy loam. Three replications. Corn was l
354<br />
"<br />
Cultivated<br />
Untreated<br />
'1'81)1.4., !'re.E ..... tlCeWe.d;;Colll.. ol in Corn jO;<br />
Iti:!ltKa1k,"n11n!",: 1<br />
Control<br />
Control<br />
.... 'ti~.IA'<br />
, (Ac"tiiir·'<br />
.T'<br />
2"<br />
4,<br />
(3 cul~vations)<br />
Percent:.weed Control<br />
3 WkttI ,; 5 lns.e•<br />
81:-vs: .~ 56<br />
90"--" .. 84<br />
99 ex.o 90<br />
......-<br />
\l\., ~ ,_<br />
o )L.:~ 0<br />
Yield<br />
, ',Bu,s'A<br />
:,." 7<br />
··.~',94:~,::;,·.:<br />
Joll<br />
101<br />
'62<br />
Clay :l,oam. Three replica~tons • weed species: annual lI1Orad.ng<br />
glory, smartweed, velvet leaf and Canada thistle.<br />
Table 5.<br />
Material<br />
Herbicide 326<br />
" .<br />
"<br />
Hoed Check' .<br />
Untreated Control .<br />
Pre·Emergence <strong>Weed</strong> Control in Corn' "<br />
Du POnt WeaESh Bra 1;:!fm18rk,Delaware :,l',iC.'<br />
Rat~;Lb./A<br />
(Active)<br />
0.75<br />
:t-&Q'<br />
3.;QQ,<br />
:"~;:Y,·<br />
'L"<br />
Percent ~ ,Control· .; r~j.;<br />
Aftg',§"Weeks .Yiilld<br />
Grasses Broadleaves Bu./A<br />
96 100 90 .<br />
,•.99 . o'.lQO ..89<br />
100',8,.' .100 84<br />
9"595 80<br />
,0 ~. 0 42<br />
" "'i ;.'-. :1\• , _' ..<br />
l(eyport;sil~,loam. Three-replications. ,:-Jiee.d'ispecies: c~_._<br />
grass, rSg'<strong>Weed</strong>,smartweed, pigweed,' Japanese"millet and rape.<br />
Material<br />
Herbicicl.'<br />
"<br />
"Ii<br />
Table 6.<br />
3.U:<br />
Hoed Check<br />
Untreated Control<br />
0(,.:.<br />
Pre·Emergence ~ed Cont:IrQ1:in Corn<br />
Du Pont Research Farm· Raleigh, N.C.<br />
Percent 1o1eedControl<br />
After 4 ~eeks<br />
G Sl~.~~" J92,<br />
.J,' .~:: 98<br />
,
.s<br />
....<br />
__<br />
Table 7. Pre-Emel'ae~e<strong>Weed</strong> Coner.lin Soybeans<br />
Van Wert, Ohio<br />
355<br />
Rat~ Lb./A<br />
Percent <strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
Material<br />
(Abttve)<br />
, 4 Wks. 6 Wks.<br />
Herbicide 326<br />
1.0<br />
66 73<br />
"<br />
2.0<br />
97 96<br />
4.0<br />
99 97<br />
Untreated Control<br />
o :0<br />
I<br />
Brookston clay loam. Three replications .-<strong>Weed</strong> species: fo*tall,<br />
buttonweed, smartweed, bamya.rd grass, raS.ed and pigweed. So<br />
injury to soybeans.<br />
" .: .<br />
Table 8. Pre-Emergence <strong>Weed</strong> Cont~ in Soybeans<br />
Du Pont ~esearch Farm - Newark, Delaware<br />
Material<br />
Herbicide 326<br />
"<br />
Hoed Check<br />
Untreated Control<br />
Rate Lb./A<br />
(ActiVer<br />
0.5<br />
1.0<br />
1.5<br />
Percent<br />
After<br />
Grasses<br />
W8edControl<br />
4 Weeks<br />
Broadleaves<br />
88 93<br />
90 95<br />
95 96<br />
98 98<br />
o . 0<br />
Yield<br />
BU.,A<br />
20<br />
32<br />
32<br />
28<br />
9<br />
Keyport sllt loam. Three replications. <strong>Weed</strong> species: crabgrass,<br />
Japanese millet, rape, pigweed~ -horsenettle and purslane.<br />
Material<br />
Herbicide 326<br />
"<br />
" "<br />
Untreated<br />
Table 9. Pre-Emergence <strong>Weed</strong> COfltrol in Soybeans<br />
Du Pont~search Farm -Raleigh. N.C.<br />
Control<br />
Rate Lb./A<br />
(AE!!ve 1<br />
1.0<br />
1.5<br />
3.0<br />
rcent<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
3-1' ~:W1ts 5-1/2 Wks.<br />
47<br />
90 03<br />
99 97<br />
100 99 ...<br />
Norfolk sandy lo~m. 'Three repl,ications., ,~9y,~eans planted 1-1/2<br />
inches deep. <strong>Weed</strong> species: crabgrass, foxtail, pigweed, lambs-<br />
_ ....... _ ... _ __ . ..2 __ .I ~<br />
...~_ ~_.1<br />
__ ~<br />
'L. _
356<br />
TRIFL URi.;,m~p:OR ,'·~EME:Ro!]fT<br />
WEEDC ONTROt~"'I~ AGRONciMfCCROPSl<br />
S. J. Pieczarka, W. L'. Wrigbt, and E. F. Alder 2 "" • .,.I<br />
The herbicidal properties of trifluralin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-di~!<br />
propyl-a,a,a-tritluoro-'p'-toluidine) have been investigatedd1.n. ~be<br />
field and laboratory. "T"rifluralin appears promising' as aSff.:t..: ,<br />
lective pre-emergent annual grass and broadleaf herbicide f.Qr_,..'Qlbeans,<br />
lim~bean8,snapbea.D.~"ireenpe_h;'\'O~'OCO, p,eanuts cellcotton.<br />
These crop •. haVl;lnot,'h.o.wn ,in3.1:l,ZlTf:r,~, trU';j.uralin ,aR~<br />
plications aehigh as 8 poudds" per' acre, sur-taoe spra7, or 4".;<br />
pounds per acre, soil incorporated. Rates of 4-6 pounds per acre,<br />
surface spra7, or 1-2 pounds per acre, soil incorporated, have<br />
given excellent annual grass and broadleaf weed control ... Table 1<br />
contains a l1st"fdw.eed8".c.~~:f.ble to'tr!.~li·n •.<br />
~,~ :,";j ()'q ui"<br />
Table 1. <strong>Weed</strong>'sp'e61Els Suiifc'ep:tlble to TrU'rur'&lin Surface<br />
SpI'&7 at~-6 lb/A L',<br />
- -'... --'.~.- -<br />
Susceptible<br />
." -<br />
-<br />
-'I'i' - - - - - • .' ....<br />
':.,:- Moder'ate17<br />
~ p • ~u!c!p!i~l~ _ •<br />
Barn7ardgrass<br />
Crabgrass<br />
Foxtail<br />
Fa:ll. p,anicum<br />
Stinkgrass<br />
C~petweed<br />
Ragweed<br />
Chickweed, common, .;' S.llIartweed<br />
LJaNquarters:<br />
,CL.<br />
UP8: e d
experiment is reported herE!. Trifluralin Wal applied to Clark<br />
and Haros oy soybeans with a. Jf~"" Highb oy spre,yer. Plots wer'e<br />
5 by 25 feet, replicated 3 t~es. Triflura11n weed control resultsare<br />
given in Table 2•• rs,·1;e of 1 pound -per acre gave excellent<br />
grass weed control ·1~ this experiment but only fair brDadleaf<br />
weed control. Four t06 pounds per ac~were necessary for<br />
good broadleaf. weed control. :Nel ther soybean variety was damaged<br />
by any of the treatments.<br />
Table 2. Percent <strong>Weed</strong> Cont~ol in Soybeans With Trifluralin<br />
Surface Spray ;<br />
- -- - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - - -<br />
Percent <strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
Trifluralin<br />
1<br />
2<br />
4 6<br />
o<br />
-,<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - --<br />
grts~~~<br />
93<br />
96<br />
99<br />
99<br />
o<br />
(65.9).!?J<br />
B~o!dle!f~/_<br />
56<br />
84<br />
88<br />
96<br />
o bl<br />
(2.5)_<br />
357<br />
Grass weeds were crabgrass andfoxtailJ<br />
broadleaf weeds were pigweed and smartweed<br />
'E./<br />
Number weeds per square foot<br />
~o!l_I!!cgrio£a~ign -- An experiment was conducted to determine<br />
if trifluralin activity is improved by soil incorporation. Trifluralin<br />
was sprayed on the soil surface with no incorporation,<br />
raked lightly into the soil, and pre-plant incorporated 2 inches<br />
deep. Herbioides were applied with a sulky or:ig to plots 3 by 15<br />
feet, replicated 4 times. Soybeans, snapbeans, ootton, tomatoes,<br />
cabbage, and cucumbers were planted across the plots.<br />
The results indicate that pre-plant soil incorporation of trifluralin<br />
increased herbicidal activity 4-6 t.imes compared with the<br />
surface spray application (Table 3). One-half pound per acre o·f<br />
trifluralin pre-plant soil incorporated gave" better weed control<br />
than 4 pounds per acre as a surface sp:ray. It'aked plots were"intermediate<br />
in response. Cotton, soybeans, snapb~ans and cabbage<br />
were tolerant to all treatm-ents"J tomatoes and cucumbers were not.
·358<br />
Tablej~.<br />
-~,he., _E, fre, ~t8," o~ D,"",t;:.i~_ht.' 'Sp,1;1. "T.r,~:~,",n,teon Pre ..<br />
~me;r.lebt <strong>Weed</strong> Cqnt~pt.l;~it"h. Trl!lu~~..<br />
..- -'~ ..<br />
.,. ,(<br />
Surface<br />
Spray-<br />
...<br />
. Rake<br />
'\ ' .<br />
0.5<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
o<br />
...,W<br />
Pre-Plant<br />
Oontrol<br />
- - - - - _.- - - ....,.:;- -<br />
Soil Treatment': Surfll.cespray--no incorporation;<br />
ralt.~soil incorp.oMt1on by. hand<br />
r"kiUIJ pre-plan1(a.oU incorpora~oD<br />
with rot~~or<br />
Grau -w,eeds were cr-abgrau and' 'f-;~iiJ bl'oadleat<br />
••• d8 were p1gve~4 aQd carpetweed<br />
. yNumber weeds per 8C1~~~e. ·toot<br />
70**<br />
57*<br />
87**<br />
87**<br />
-65**<br />
o<br />
(1.4) .<br />
Y<br />
- .. - - - ..-<br />
' ......<br />
i, ':',"':: r<br />
With 1;.he cl.~Jl\o~sha..t1onot ~Prove'd activity- ~~~ritlural1n on 8:011<br />
inc or.oporat-i.on:, another expel"1me1"t. wasc ondu~~1n, which 8ever ..l<br />
commons011 incorporation ~e~.quee were cQJ9Pared. Methods<br />
were: dO,uble .disking.once llpd; ·1(:wiceJ ra,king·.::the soil surface J :<br />
rotovat.!OJ1.~ and4inche.s d~Jcand Ilotovati\. 2 inches deep, dlelayed<br />
6 hours after trifluralin application. Tritluralin surface<br />
spray was used for comparison. Plots were 5 by- 15 teet, replicated<br />
3 times. Crops planted across the plots included<br />
soybeans, snapbeans, peanuts, and cotton.<br />
I~ •<br />
! •
Results are given. in Table 4~J'Rotovation fti4elearly the be~'1!'<br />
method of soil incorporat:f:on." The orderJol'activitywas rotovation,<br />
raking, delayed rotovation, diskin')I'surface spray. None<br />
of the crops were injured-by any treatment.<br />
Table 4. -A Comparison of :·86i:l: Incorporation Methods with<br />
Tr1tluralin at 1'''n;!A. Expressed as Percent<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
359<br />
!r~;f!~a!i~ !!bLA., .... _ ~e!:c!n~ ~e~.. a~n~r~l .• ," i<br />
__ 8gq lr!a~m!!n!: _ .. ... Qr!!s!e! __ ....P!g!e!!d..:<br />
Surface<br />
Disk once<br />
Disk tWice·<br />
Rake·<br />
Rotovate-2<br />
Rotovate-4"<br />
Rotova'te-2<br />
Control<br />
1t<br />
It<br />
, 6 hrs.<br />
--- - - - - ~<br />
..<br />
,1\<br />
70*<br />
77**<br />
90**<br />
97**<br />
100**<br />
79**<br />
o<br />
-(~.~)~-<br />
26<br />
;1 63**<br />
~2*<br />
86**<br />
94;**<br />
96**<br />
iJ: 83**<br />
--<br />
* and ** S18n1fica~1i'at the 5 and J,.!percent level.:,<br />
respect1ve],y,.using the tJ.'~nsormation 'fN:O.~ .<br />
, :. ," '. ,. ',.<br />
Number oi'w$eds per square]foot<br />
Leaching stud1~8were conducted with tr1:tlU:flalin to determine the<br />
rate of leaching from the soi]" surface and 11he depth of leaching<br />
in a soil column. Three soil types were used: Princeton fine<br />
sand, Brookston silty clay loam, . and Hough'tcm- muck.<br />
~eacbiDg_Fram autfacG •• A measured quantity of soil was placed<br />
in _number 2 catlsprovided w.ith' .~bottom drainage. The s oil was<br />
flooded and allowed to drain 16 hours. The trifluralin was then<br />
app.lied at ·2 pounds per acre--to: the soi-l surf-ace and 1, 2, 4,· 6, <br />
8 or 10 incbes of water was paned through the soil. 'Fresh II<br />
weight of crabgrass plantsgrow:n from seed;p.anted on the soi~<br />
surface was use~_as a b1010gic.l assay. ' ..<br />
/
360<br />
Ta~leS. ,Tb.:~,,~hlnl ot'tl!Uhral1n atl'ilb/AbOJll the So!l'<br />
8uZ'~..o••. ,Expr •••• 4 ..s Pero •• t, •• 4uot1on in Growtll: l<br />
ot C:ra_.ratp' ~I h"," , ,~ ,<br />
- ..-- - -.;'.<br />
.'p!r!l~t_R!d~C?1:~~n",~! ,£r!bsr!s! ~r2~_ •<br />
... ~,!~ IDQhlS .;.t',:,.olJ }fajilt<br />
.Sii;L tne ••• _ ••• 0••••• 2•• ~":: .6 •• § .12<br />
Princll"tOn 'tine sand "99 97 '96 i,T ,,96 84 ,90<br />
Brooke.tonsiit)-' :ell'a,., l.oamiOi'):100 10O-:J.do 2 100 100100<br />
Houghton muck . " :9':1£.:90 8S, :19".'80 '74 74<br />
------~-- ..~~--------- ----<br />
The results arp,presented in,\Table S. In the fine sand there was<br />
a slight reduction in the .. ~t of herbicide present after tbe<br />
addition of 8 ,incbes of wa~lt- Tritluralin did not leacb from tbe<br />
aurface of tbl'H .. ~lty clay~. The 2 pounds p-er aore rate ot<br />
tritlural1n ln, H.oughton mucJt';JI:.a not suffioient to capletel)' kill<br />
all the orab,ra.s, thus ineW-oat-ing ada$)rpt1
In Princeton fine sand, tritlupalin leached ,tic a. depth of 8<br />
inches, reducing subsequent cr~bgrass growth 29 percent at this<br />
depth (Table 6). In the silty'o!Lay loam; little activity was<br />
found below the 1 inch level. These results confirm the results<br />
from the previous experiment which indicated trifluralin did not<br />
leach from the surtace in th!. soil.<br />
361<br />
Surface sprays of triflural~ngave excellent,~re-emergent weed,<br />
control at 4-6 pounds per acre with no damag. to soybeans, snapbeans,<br />
lim. beans, green pelU!, peanuts, and~;otton. Soil in .. '<br />
corporation increased activit7Jl ..6 times ovel' surtace sprays. ,<br />
Rotovationprovedsuperior to o:t;her incorpor~tion methods.. .<br />
Tritluralin leached very slowly trom the surtace of sandy, silty<br />
claY' loam, and muck soils. The compound leached to a greater<br />
depth in sand than in siltY' claY' loam.
lA~sociate Resear~h_Specia1ist in <strong>Weed</strong> Control; formerly<br />
362<br />
MODIFIEP.,'1'HIOLCARBAMA':J:i,)¥ERB:J:CIDES' WI'1'1$,· .• OADERUTILI'l1Y:" '<br />
R!P~ Ilrt1ckij lJ:
Included in the lima. bean test were ,the standard formU~<br />
lations (R-1856 6E and 100). and the expemmental formulations<br />
EAP4030 and EAP4031. The\design was' a>~andomized block I'<br />
with three replications.<br />
The soybean experiment was a split plot factorial with<br />
two replications.. The 1lla1.n-,plot included'rates of application<br />
and the subplots comJ1'8ted of unincorporated and in- I<br />
corpora.ted treatments ofal.l'fonnulationlJi'randomized completeiy.<br />
m£<br />
The experimental formulations were evaluated for weed<br />
control and· crop toleranoein strawberries, corn, and soybeans.<br />
, ,I<br />
The strawberry experiment included commercial EPTC<br />
(EPtam 6E and 50) and the formulations EAP4001 and EAP4002.<br />
Rates of 3 and 6 pounds 'were used for the"oommercial EPTCbut<br />
only the.lowerrate .was uled for the latter two materials.<br />
All treatments were applied in quadruplicate, in a randomized<br />
block design, 16 days afteJ:I,transplantllll8~'<br />
Included in the corn experiment were commercial EPTC<br />
(EPtam 6E and 50) and experimental formulations EAP4000 and<br />
EAP4005 at rates of 3 and 5 pounds. The experimental design<br />
was a split plot factorial With three replications. The main<br />
plot included rate of appl!ca.tion and tn. subplots consisted<br />
of unincorporated and incorporated treatments of all formulations<br />
randomized completely.<br />
The soybean experiment was similar tlo the corn experiment<br />
in design. Rates of. 4 and 6 pounds were applied in duplicate<br />
for the following formulations: EPtam 6a"and 50, EAP4001<br />
and EAP.4002.<br />
363<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> control and crop injury ratings were made periodically<br />
using the scale 0 to 10, where 0 = no effect, 10 = stand/vigor<br />
reduced 10Q%or completektlLFor the ~e of brevity, details<br />
concerning .planting,appl1eab:1.on;. and observation'da1#'es.<br />
have been omitted here. TheB13may be f'OUIldin the summary<br />
tables elsewhere.<br />
Results<br />
and Discussiop<br />
In tables 1~5 are presented summaries .01' weed control arid<br />
crop injuI"J ratings for the·e.xperimental formulations of R-:1856<br />
and EPTCapplied to the various test crops. For ease of di,scussion<br />
each thiolcarbamate herbicide will be discussed separately.<br />
J •.1<br />
J" ~,
364<br />
data thatEAP4031 was 4.., t1mee moreaica". than R-1856 6~ , ,J<br />
or lOG,on,soybeans and J:1ma!beans.' The:1'brD\ulatlon EAP 4030<br />
was silllll.:larly' more actlwt! tllan the erhul.sti'i:able concentrate:<br />
on the granular preparatlon on l1ma b~b'ut there was riof];<br />
dlfference on soybeans.<br />
jJ': ;!' '''qi::'<br />
ll'heseaetivefoI'JI'IU1a't1ons, conta1n:Lal.i:paraffinlc hydrO';':,<br />
.. carbon asoairr1ers, wera.characterlzed'! aa.'fb8v1bg greaterre&ldualactiV1ty<br />
and they tet8:lned their heJ4>1cldal poten~y Uhf'<br />
Di'ore tha.n t~o months on soybeans. The same results wouldbeantidlpated<br />
bh lima beans had additional weed control notes<br />
been made. ,:,.<br />
It ls' .interesting ·tOo'note that incoJoporation had no<br />
effect onan1",'o:f theformu~ationsandth.tun1flcorporated<br />
EAP 4031 was slightly superior to the incorporated treatmenO'<br />
notWithstanding that this difference may not be statistically<br />
signifioant ~"! ;, '1' '}<br />
InJury to ,soybeans wab h1sherwjithi lIAP,:4031thanwi thiaily<br />
other formulation butth18d1njurywal! .1a1Je~;outgrowri. ' ..<br />
These data indicat.e .tha'tbroad.%'ut~:ty tor R-1856 i',<br />
possible and that its use may not be limited to grassy weed<br />
situationd. - , :f. 'Cl"<br />
" br!.<br />
;:} ....:..,Cj<br />
The errectso:f the Vat-1ous formulllt:OClrlltof EPTe on ct'op.<br />
response and weed ·contrO'1JaN'summarized r,hr 81t'rawb.erries:;c:<br />
corn, and soybeans in tables 3, 4, and5;'T~tre'epectively; ").(:<br />
'. Fowmula't1ons. EAP 4001-·:and"EAP4002; -P.@n1t;a1ningaparaffime<br />
hUdrocar1:Jori as acarr:1er, ,.ffected\ gtl!ea"ter in! tialweetf.<br />
control' Wtlthdecreased inJUf'\v to\,stra",~ transplants than' '<br />
commercial E,ptam 6E. These two experlmental preparations were<br />
comparable to the granular preparation but less injury was<br />
produced.:' ' ' ') b r:i.<br />
,<br />
In1't1al; activity of'EA~4001andEAac#OO2 wasorily -lJ.)<br />
, slightl,. beeter,than the :ciODlAerolal,fomUllafttons on soybean.,<br />
. but their;aotlv1t.yperslst.ecS~ longer.' c.r.,lnju%W was less on<br />
both corn and soybeans with the experimental .formulationB).-.l.l""<br />
including also EAP 4000 and EAP 4005, on both incorporated and<br />
unincorporated test Jllb~,~' ' -:3<br />
i Generally, incorporating theformulattcms effeotedgreater<br />
weed: controJ.;jhowever, ldth(.EAP 4001 bn'BbybJansthere wa.s no<br />
a
Table 1. The Effects ofS8veral formulat:llons of t-butyldi-n-propylthio~carbamate<br />
(R-1856) on weed control<br />
and baby lima besn injury. Thaxter baby lima<br />
beans planted andtormulations appl:ied June 2.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> control and crop injury ravings made<br />
July 7, 1961. *<br />
\#<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> control l<br />
Treatment Rate, Br;oadleaved Graa.es Crop Injury2<br />
Ib./A weeds<br />
R-1856. E.C. 4 ~.8 3.3 1.3<br />
6 1.3 5.3 2.0<br />
R-1856. lOG 4 1.0 4.7 2.0<br />
6 1.7 5.7 5.7<br />
EAP40303 4 10.0 9.:0 7.3<br />
6 10.0 9.6 7.8<br />
EAP4031 4 4 9.8 9-.:.4 5.7<br />
6 9.9 9.4 1.0<br />
* Average of three replications.<br />
1 Based on scale 0 to 10; 0 no effect I '10<br />
reduced 100%.<br />
stand/vigor<br />
2 Based on scale 0 to 10; 0 = no effect •. 10 = complete kill,.<br />
3 R-1856 dissolved in a select hydrocarbon fraction above C18<br />
and containing a slow-breaking emulsifier system.<br />
4 a-1856 dissolved in a seleot hydrocarbon fraction above C18<br />
and containing a fast-breaking emulsifier system.<br />
365
366<br />
Table 2•. The' effectsot,~a~tormulat1lOn. of t-butyl .<br />
d!t-n-propylthie!clWbamate CR~l9S6·):(at· four pounds<br />
pel/acre on. WEled.control and flo~ean inJury •.<br />
Clark soybeans~larited andfor~at1ons applied<br />
Treatment<br />
June 5. <strong>Weed</strong> control and crop i3.l'Jj\t1'Y' ra't1ngs made<br />
.... -<br />
JUly 13 and. AUgust 20, 1961. *. ',- .<br />
G%'8ssea'<br />
weeds jJ .<br />
.Bl'oadlea~ed<br />
l.,) .... __<br />
Crop rnJury2<br />
'38<br />
Days after Application<br />
76 38 . 76 38<br />
76<br />
r- .'<br />
R-1856, E.C. U3 3.0 0.0<br />
r4, 2,.0 0.0<br />
R-1856, lOG u 2.5 0.0<br />
I 2,.0 0.0<br />
EAP4030 5 U 4.0 0.0<br />
I 2.0 '0.0"<br />
EAP4031 6 U 9.8 10.0<br />
I 9.2 :1.0.0<br />
0.0<br />
0.0<br />
0.0<br />
0.0'<br />
0.0<br />
0.0<br />
3.0<br />
1.0<br />
* Average ot two replicat1~.<br />
1 Based onsaale 0 to 10; 0 .,no. effect, 10 .'~tand/vigor<br />
neduced 100%. l'<br />
2 Based on seale' 0 tv 10;. ·0 ... ndeft:ect, 10 • complete kill.<br />
3 u = treatment unincorporated.<br />
4<br />
I = treatment incorporated into adil immediately after<br />
application.<br />
5 R-1856 dissolved in a select hydrocarbon fraction above<br />
and containing a slow-breaking emulsifier system.<br />
6 R-1856 dissolved in a select hydrocarbon fraction above<br />
and containing a fast-breaking emulsifier system.<br />
, ./.<br />
~ • I "; ~
Table 3. The effects of several formul~1ons of EPTCon<br />
weed control and ,strawberry inJury. Jerseybelle<br />
strawberries set April 12. F~ulations applied<br />
April 28. <strong>Weed</strong> Ratings made Jane 9. Data on<br />
rooting of runners obtained July 1, 1961.*<br />
367<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>Control l c£up In,1ury<br />
Treatment Rate, Broad";' Grassy St~2 Vigor 3 Rooting<br />
lb./A leaved weeds of<br />
weeds<br />
runners<br />
EPTC, ,E.C. 3 6.5 8.1 0.0 2.9 Slight<br />
delay<br />
6 1.2 9.4 0.0 2.7 Slight<br />
delay<br />
EPTC, 5G g 8.2 9.8 0.0 2.1 Normal<br />
9.0 10.0 0.0 3.2 Slight<br />
delay<br />
EAP4001 4 3 8.5 9.4 0.:0 1.3 Normal<br />
EAP4002 5 3 9.0 9.4 O.p 0.1 Normal<br />
* Average of four replications.<br />
1 Based on scale 0 to 10j 0 no effect, 10 stand and/or '<br />
vigor reduced 100%.<br />
2 Based on scale a to 10j 0 = no effect', 10 stand reduced<br />
100%.<br />
3 Based on scale a to 10j 0 = no effect, 10 = complete kill,<br />
4 EPTC,dissolved in a select hydrocarbon.traction above C18<br />
and containing a slow~breaking emulsitier system.<br />
5 EPTCdissolved in a select hydrocarbon fraction above C18'<br />
and containing a fast~breaking emulslt~er system.<br />
/'
368<br />
Table 4. The effects of several formula~1~8 Of EPTCat<br />
three pounds ~:aere,on' weed c~~rol and corn<br />
injury. New·Jeney,No. 8 cOXtlr';1'anted,May22<br />
and formUlations applied May 23. '<strong>Weed</strong> control<br />
and, crop 1nJururatings made July 2 and,<br />
Se~~ember 8, 19~~.* .<br />
WeecfControl l<br />
I<br />
Treatment Broadleavec1" Grasses; Crop Injury~<br />
weeds<br />
Days after Application<br />
38 76 38 76 38 76<br />
EPTC, E.C. U 3 3.0 6.3 2.0 4.0 0.0 0.0<br />
I 4 8.0 3.7 9.0 6.0 2.0 0.0,<br />
EPTC, 5G u· 8.0 6.3 6.0 3.7 0.0 0.0<br />
I 8.0 5.0 7.5 5.0 4.0 0.0<br />
EAP40005 u 5.0 5.5 5.0 4.0 0.0 0.7<br />
!. 9.0 8.2 9.8 7.3 2.0 0.0<br />
EAP4005 6 u, 1.0 3.3 1.0 l'.3 0.0 0.0 ,.<br />
I 9.3 ·9..0·, 9.3 6.6 0.5 0.0<br />
, ,<br />
* Average of three replications.<br />
1 Based on scale 0 to 10; 0 = no effect:. 10 = stand/vigor<br />
reduced 100%.<br />
1t<br />
2 Based on scale 0 to 10; 0 = no effect, 10 _ complete kill.<br />
3 U.• treatmentunincorporahd.<br />
4 I = treatment'1ne~rpoX"ated into so11 1mri1ediately after<br />
application.""""<br />
5 EPTCdhsolved'in a se1ect:hydroca3:'bonlraetion above C 18<br />
and containing a fast~breaking emu181fte~ system,<br />
6 EPTCdissolved in a select hydrocarbon fraction above C 18<br />
and containing a slow-breaking emulsifier system.
369<br />
Table 5. The effects of sev~ral formulations of EPTCat<br />
four pounds per acre on weed control and soybean<br />
injUil"Y. Olar~ :fl';ibeans plant~@rand fomulatlons<br />
appUe
370<br />
,"~ary<br />
Exper1men'taltormuJ;a~of'<br />
R-1856i~d .ZPTCwere<br />
evaluatedt*the1rherbl~aal. activity oif$everal agronomic<br />
and hOI'ticUlt'-Ui"S.l crops. 'Htgh boiling pirl'itt'inic hydrocarbonfracj;1.ona,.havUlg<br />
..car.bon nUDlbw8-.aDos1e-Cts",were used-·<br />
as carriers for these herb1~j.de~ ~ "<br />
.;~ ..<br />
There were 1nit1al 1ri~iias~s in we.~i(rontrol with the .'"<br />
experimental formulations of' both R-1856 "'ti!ddEPTC. Simiiar""1y,<br />
tliere-~ai3.- greater'-~'jisTdu:al act1 vrty from these pre-<br />
.,parations than from the c6mniercial formulations. These increases<br />
in activity were especially pronounced with R-l856.<br />
It""wa-s-'observe-d'tha"twtth-e-el't"ain fortnulan6ris it was not ,_ ...<br />
necessary to1ncorporatethem1nto the 1S011·surface for 'I',<br />
improved activity.<br />
It may be concluded that the effectiveness of R-l856<br />
can be extended to incl~.~ broadleaved weed aotivity by<br />
formulating this herbicide ineertain hydrooarbon carriers.<br />
Acknowledgements'<br />
i<br />
i<br />
The authors wish to acknowledge Dr., Robert H. Salveson,<br />
of Esso Research and Engineering Company, L1nden,New Jersey"<br />
for preparing "and suppl:l1ng,~tbe, experimental.'formulations of'<br />
thetl'lo .1!h:l.Ql.Q,ar'ParoatesL. .cr.ed1t is dus.h1m,f'.or h1.s assistance<br />
in obtaining data in the field and for his aid in preparing<br />
this manuscript. -: 1J<br />
Cred1t1.~lso due StaurfeI' Chemica! Company for supplYfng<br />
R-1856 6E and lOG and Eptam 6E and 5G.<br />
~,O ~).<br />
, I<br />
..:;;:. -<br />
I
• ~ : .• \ • ' -' ..,,:- ',-" ' > • '.<br />
ENHANCINGHEftBICIDAt, AC'l'mfi OF SILVEXPoR THE CONTROLO'F"::<br />
DOGFENNELtlf i ;3MA: LL GRAINS' .]-~<br />
,..\"<br />
R. D. Ilriioki* ,<br />
. Dog f~~el (Anthemus o01ii~) oauses se»lous losses in s~n<br />
grainproduotion and is alSO.'l ... ·..p.e.st. in other .•••crops and pasture~.i<br />
in the Northeastern States.,:~ previous wOX'kat this stat~on:<br />
it was found that of the phenoxyalky-loarboxylio aoids evaluated<br />
for post-eI!1ergenoe oontrol the.lf.lpha-phenox;'fQX'op1onio aoids were<br />
the mostetfeetiv'e' in oontr6;ll1ng this speo:1e's~ Little or nOt<br />
signifioant injuxoy to small grains results if these herbioides<br />
are used within a oertain q9~~g~range at. tolerant stages of<br />
growth •. 2-(2.,4,S-triohloroplte. '~.">.-proP1onic.. aoid (silvex) was<br />
the most aotive of this gro\olp.p(J.,,2). ,c .<br />
31r<br />
,<br />
InjurYtcJ~i!!EUl gra1ns ~,I):,irnrn1nent )"'l}el;(~pplioationsare<br />
made at er1tioa.lstages ofg.@~p. ~1noe 1nA,ury may ooour r~i<br />
application'rates nec~ssary·'r':Qr;·.dog fennel o~trol an attempt '.'<br />
made to det.elop r.ormulations:W-Woh would be.".ss phytotoxio to .. (<br />
the grain but. whioh would reta1~their speo1(~o1ty for dog r~~l.<br />
,I '.• '.' .. • '.. . .' . .<br />
Maten&~ and MethC!4!!, ;, , " _<br />
• , , ::';" .i. ,;' c , " ,~,I.(:,~, " ~.:>:..<br />
Formulat1otisof silvex,~fng high b01li~pararf1nio frao~,~<br />
as oarr1ers,~repX'epared as:aq\?-eous disper~.pns d1frering onlM,in<br />
their emulsU1e;t', ·,systems.The ]1udrooarbon 'fmot1on was a select.<br />
material havingcarbonnumber.sabove C18. One formulation (EAP 4019)<br />
oontained. a s;Low~bX'eaking e~t+ls,3..!'1er and tpe.;p1;iher (EAP 4020) contained<br />
a fast-bX'e~k1ng emulsif'~X' system. ~t.P preparations oQntained<br />
the same hydrocarbon to .perb1cide rat~p. Commeroiallya"rallable<br />
silvex (propylene glyool butyl ether esters) was used as a<br />
standard for oOJllparison with1;ihetwo experi~ntal systems.<br />
'. • dO • '- ,_ ",1'<br />
Dog fennel infested ar.ea:~~,Qtbarley (v~J.), : Wong).and wheat<br />
(var. Pennoll) 01lth~ oamPus. .ot:.the New Je~"y ~gricultural Elc,.,<br />
periment StatiOtlwere seleot;ed to receive hel'b~cidal applications<br />
of these mat~t'1al~~ ,Ratesot 1/8, 1/4, 1/~hi,;I~U1d 1 lb. per aore<br />
were applied on AP:rl1 21, 1~6;J.iJn 40 ~a wi"\:;~:an experimental<br />
sprayer or the. typedesoribeq.1;>,¥' Shaw {3). Tbe experimental<br />
design, for the two small g1'Un.areas was a ,pl1t plot with<br />
three. repl:t,oat:1,ons. Rates ot:~'liplioation oonstitute the whole<br />
plots and ~o;rm~lat10ns comPll~e.ltd the sub_plo1lil. Several oheok<br />
plots werealsoinoluded. P1Qts were 6 Jl; 20~feet. At the time'<br />
of appl1ca~:1on1;~ small gra1ns~and dog fenn~l were at the fol.<br />
lowing stages of grOwth:<br />
baz'ley c" jointing I .<br />
whea1Li_ ,la te tille:ll'htB:- early joint<br />
dog;~Et:onel - 2-5" t.all;2,..9" spread)<br />
4-10 t-.111e1's•<br />
Period opservat1ons we~: ~de throughou~:the course of the<br />
experiment ,and ..apyunusual elt'AAts were X!eool'llled. Not~ths~<br />
\.....- that tille~ngappeare'd comR'l-e.i;e. at time of n-rQi.cidal applioation,<br />
. .1:-.
372.,·<br />
~~;~li~~aW::ie:t:d ~=Q~r~~~=;::~~~~;O~e:l:1<br />
made on June 29 and weed controls and crop injury rat1ngs were J<br />
made on July 5 and July 17 for., barley anci .at l respectively.<br />
Plots were harvested on July 10 and July-l?1 respectively, tor<br />
~~n...<br />
;.'.<br />
:~.·e:~~f.. ~¥~.a·..~e'~t..... se~..~i.iQ~....a~..~.~.. d,r.· ;:t~.~.' ..<br />
!i··r.:.<br />
t 1 .f.;omba.::.:n(:!R<br />
..... :..."<br />
were .,~l~ctl!CL~t%'8.ndoml~.· ,itbreS1)8d~C~ldi,';~d, wej,Sheds ' an4.i '<br />
the- 'data~ convEtrted to we1 ; ~el' thousa~" ,zonels., ,"'. ::1,,"'<br />
.! .:_ • '_ .' '.- '-~l j. : ..• ~~,- '. •. '. -..> " . • ,<br />
. . Al1~datawere ~nalyZ!~[i~rSP11t piot.:~~ranQomizedbJ.o.~<br />
designs •. ":::':Lc'. . ,·:n~Wheat was·riijt ttfected by aHt·t·ormtilat10n.' '.1'.neee<br />
data were in agreement w1t!l~~1er Ob~~~10ns in whioh barley<br />
exhibited greater abnol'!ll8.1t hre8p0n8~ from the new formulations<br />
than .f~~the OOIJ1lDe~o1a.;Lf.p.rm\.\..la~1.9.,~, A+,l!!ilv.ex.. ~.. The, '':l<br />
fomu](a.-t1o~ ()'?ll. ~1tU..ne; ..the... '~.,1ijW., .....brea~n..g' ~.'..... ~~.n..et ..f~otep,. ··.·"Ia::.<br />
grea~r abnormal SI"o\ft~~eson 'dog ~i1: ah4,.barleY than,<br />
the f0z!tl\ulat-,!;oh oonta1n1n~' '~: tast~br~~~j~II1U;I$1'on. ..:1. ~<br />
,.,. 't '; ." ..,~ . ":,' • :'~'.I'.J ..... ,.- : :,·',~ ..;... d'" :~, ' ... ,' , . .r:.-<br />
at1:Otl~dri' ·~1l'~.··~mat,1oh~ .,p¥t<br />
vat10ns are eV1~...ent. Whep c~.a:J;'e,d. t,o.....t.h~ c;1;~~ate...d. o.... ~eok .nQ ... _,:rate<br />
of anytormulat'1on effec~eg.''':ae;~t'ea~'e~..~,~~ ;n~:se-s inn1.\l!l1?e~ of<br />
barley t.LUera., "''llh$.'. nroi'tllU.,1.H. one. Y1ere'.:~, . p,.~.~~.mo.,t'e, 'e-.r.1t1.9~. ". Y..<br />
(spUt plot--:Ul&1Y~18)1t·~.J~v:ldent,that.. '.<br />
'I'1ere,%'~ater:~-<br />
,o-reases·1'n' tiller tormat1GR tram tM t1t,O, 1'& ).Q,tiQnD.cont.:1~ng.<br />
the parafr1n1Gl·!'Z!8.ot1ons :'t~,; from the,:o. _, r~~al- rOrp1ulat~ow:. '...<br />
moreoverl····.the :~c.rease. wa8 l,sreater wi .. th....:.~h.r1"t).?:'mw.a.t~o..,n'..ce..Jjlt ..~~.-., ..r<br />
1ng the fast-lWeak1ng emU.III.~..... n.'. ,.Th.ei.~h.~;~~b.n.."01'. tQrttl .. \lla.,.~~~. .x<br />
rate was 81gzU.t1cant • Genlftlly , d$cr.astti fb n~l:!ers, ot b~~ltti'''<br />
t-Uler.s~result.edas rate8f1ii.. Q~.ased. t.r 9m ..";lg tb... ·..'V.tt.pO.Und.' .•. ;.·'~.~.J.er'<br />
produot1on ..1ncl'eaaed With lntireas1ng ",te!,' i11Q.V~ 1/2 POUrid,~: i"<br />
Inoreaseswere, not as grat \ftth.thetormu ~~~t1 cOhtaln1nat~<br />
fast-breaking emulsion. These data su~stan~~te obse~at10ns'<br />
made in the field. Alth0U$l\St:Uler1ng Wisalmost oompleted at<br />
time of hetb1c1clal·appl:tcaUon, tbehishHXoates of treatment<br />
retarded maj,n c~1m devel0P,mes)t-andt111erlng continued. This<br />
situation was not tl"ue .. ,tor'''lil'eat.<br />
Wb:eat was..'·8t.1l11n ..t*uUUe1'1n<br />
g .....at•.*.'. e.~) '1; ..·.·.he. ·t.,1me...1' ....:..... ·.'i~'<br />
. herbJ.cWlaJ.::iEl.pp11oat1on. 1f'ItoJI7<br />
seen ,that 8;'11:.rates, 01' tl1e cQlieefomuIa"ilorilfl l·' generall~d.e';' --<br />
creased tiller production. Furthermore I when tormulations were<br />
compared more olosely (split. plot analys1q) ;i.t was ev.14ent:t .... --tfte-<br />
the pl>e8~n~~tf~g~~.m,tta:s,t .~ ¥ ,
Heights of barley were significantly reduced by silvex containing<br />
the paraffinic carriers at rates of 1/2 and more. These<br />
formulations had no such effect on wheat.<br />
That the two experimentaitormulatiotls'bt silvex were more<br />
phytotoxic to barley than the-commercial fOZlDlulation is furthe~<br />
evidenced by the yield data, Notwithstanding that commercial<br />
silvex reduced yields, the reduotions were not as great as those<br />
from the two experimental formulations. Rates above 1/4 pound<br />
of all preparations significantly reduced barley ~ ields. On<br />
the other hand, wheat yields were not reduce4 significantly be-,<br />
low the check by any rate or formulation.<br />
From the data on kernel weights it can be seen that this"<br />
quantitative response was somewhat related to tiller formation.<br />
Greater decreases in kernel weight resulted from the formulat1Pns<br />
containing the paraffinic fractions than from the commercial<br />
formulation. This decrease was greatest with the formulation<br />
containing the fast-breaking emulsion. The same was true for<br />
tiller formation. The interaction of formulation x rate was<br />
also statistically significant for kernel weights. As with<br />
tiller production, increas£s in rate of all formulations effected<br />
corresponding increases in kernel weight. The reverse,<br />
relationship of tillers to kernel weight might be suspected.<br />
The explanation is easily made. Since the high rates of herbi~<br />
cides tended to check the development of the main culms and<br />
often prevented the formation of heads, the ones that did form<br />
were larger in size and weight. It is known that checking the<br />
development of main culms results in the format~on of more<br />
tillers. No such response or relationship was noted on wheat.<br />
373<br />
From the data and discussion it can be seen that herbicidal"<br />
activity and general phytotoxicity of silvex was greatly enhanced<br />
by using paraffLnic fractions, in aqueous dispersions, as carriers<br />
for this herbicide. Of the two experimental formulations,<br />
the one containing the slow-breaking emulsion was slightly more<br />
effective on dog fennel than the one containing the fast-breaking<br />
emulsion. The same generally was true with regard to their effects<br />
on certain yield components of small grains. There were<br />
instances when the reverse was noted. Additional work is<br />
needed to determine whether the latter is mo'reapparent than<br />
real.<br />
Summary<br />
(1) Two formulations of silvex using high boiling paraff~c<br />
fractions as carriers were compared tQ"a commercially<br />
available formulation of silvex for dog fennel control in barley<br />
and Wheat.<br />
(2) In addition to weed contrOl, the effects of all herbicidal<br />
treatments on tiller production, plant heights, yield,<br />
and kernel weights were made.<br />
(3) The two experimental formulations were more phytotOXic<br />
to dog fennel and on certain Yiel~ c?~ponents of the small grains
374<br />
Table 1.<br />
...L ; c,.;<br />
. . "~~ ~ , ...-<br />
Treatment<br />
Av.:<br />
S1lvex<br />
4 P ara t f in10<br />
(EA/<br />
6' lZ4<br />
71/2<br />
8 "1<br />
Av.'<br />
5 P j ()~9l,l/8<br />
Si1vex (EAP 40,paratf1n1C<br />
'20)' ,<br />
(9j 1/8 1/4<br />
11 1'/2<br />
~<br />
10<br />
12 1<br />
Av.<br />
Check'<br />
(13)<br />
carr1ez(con:ta1n1hg a sl~,:"b~eak1ng emul~j,ra.~r<br />
0.0 2 .O~:) 0.0 Q.O<br />
. ('~.~05' . 3. 7 .,~; '. 0.0 ..OB,.33.<br />
.¥ 8. 3' [" 0.0 ' •<br />
',10:.0 10.0 ::5 0.0.-7<br />
3.4 ~~.Q,I 1 1 ,<br />
. i:<br />
carrier ~onta1n1ng, a fa8~break1ng emu1s1t~<br />
0.0<br />
"0.0'<br />
3'~0<br />
10'.0<br />
3.2<br />
'.--<br />
0.0<br />
0.0<br />
0.0<br />
0.0<br />
*Average of three replications.<br />
i Based on scale 0 to 10; 0 = ni-·-effect. 10 • 100% reduction of<br />
stand. ,i~l '.r<br />
2Based on scale 0 to 10; o "'no effect,. lO:"'~(Um:pletekl11 •.<br />
,.<br />
" t'· •
Table 2. The effe,cts of s~\I'~ral formulat1~ns of sllvex OT! t4.Uer<br />
formation, p1an;,,~1ghts, yields"r and kernel weights of<br />
barley. *<br />
Treatment<br />
'ci..l1ers.<br />
n9tn 2 f<br />
L.S.D.'s<br />
Rate (split plot)<br />
, " b'-05 N~ S~<br />
0.01 N.S.<br />
Formulation (split plot),<br />
0.05 6.3<br />
0.01 , N.S.<br />
Treatment (randomized block)<br />
0.05 N.S.<br />
0.01 N.S.<br />
Plant<br />
heights,<br />
inche&-,.<br />
Yield<br />
hulA<br />
Ker~~~Wt.<br />
wt./IOOO,<br />
grame,<br />
J ;<br />
f'" :11<br />
Silvex. proPYlene glycol bV1:ylether esters (commercial form~ation)<br />
lil<br />
lA3 'S7.7 ' 37.3 44.4 35~f:5<br />
11.4 51.7 36.0 30.9 40~ ~<br />
1/2 43.7 34.0 17.2 40.' 6<br />
1 68.7 35.7 14.8 ' 40.58<br />
Av.<br />
",55. 4 ~~.8 26.8;:,39.35<br />
Silvex l<br />
Av.<br />
paraffinic<br />
(EAP~019) ,<br />
5 61' 1/8 1/4<br />
7 1/2<br />
1<br />
8 1<br />
Silvex l<br />
paraf~n1c<br />
(EAP ~020),<br />
~<br />
f6 l 'i~<br />
11 1/2<br />
12 '1<br />
Av.<br />
Check<br />
(13)<br />
carrier containing a slow-breaking emulSic¢ ,<br />
li6~3 37.7 36.8 39.~4<br />
42.~ 35.7 29.0 35.~<br />
53.3 33.0 13.8 39.06<br />
64.7 33.0 7.3 ,40.03<br />
51.6 3:4.8 21.7", 38.42<br />
carriercorttaining a fa~~-breaking emulsfOi,.,<br />
44.0<br />
44.7<br />
41~3<br />
51~7<br />
46.9<br />
48.0<br />
37.3 35.9 39.~~'<br />
35.7 29.0 40.~<br />
32.0 17.0 32.07<br />
33.3 5.3 38.~<br />
34.6 21.8 37.48<br />
.';.;<br />
35·L, 44.5 34,••9;1,<br />
2.9"<br />
N.S.<br />
5.6<br />
8.4<br />
N.ij<br />
N~S:<br />
,U'':<br />
N.S.<br />
N.S.<br />
~.l<br />
•3<br />
1.15<br />
N.S•<br />
N.S. 7.0 2.71<br />
N.S. 9.5 3.94<br />
f .;<br />
*Average of three<br />
replications
~ .....~._<br />
376<br />
, . "".1'&1<br />
'labile 3.. Ili6til7to .ddgr_l,C'a~''''h~t 'r91~bW1ng t%featment!.w~h<br />
J1'fGrmulatleDs~~ ~!S11ve%i·.· q '!", "<br />
... .. ,'-' ··,····· ..-Ino1m;y ·Ratings<br />
" Dog !~_1 Wheat<br />
, ".$~'nd1 u :.v~gor2 "'Sta.nd 1 V:tg6f.!<br />
'f' '1 f<br />
, sf;x~x4J~rrf1:~~c, carrier contairiing a slow-breaking emui~1~n<br />
!fl: ~<br />
. ',~Av. . : "<br />
3.0<br />
·4.6 8.5<br />
10.0<br />
6.5<br />
';0.6<br />
0.0 .<br />
0.0<br />
0.0<br />
Check<br />
(13)<br />
. '.", , . ( f-l. "<br />
*Average or three replications<br />
lBasep on scalE!.q to lO;,?:- no errec,t, 10 -. lb6~ reduCltii6n"6t n<br />
stant!. " ' , ' .<br />
2Based'on sca1~'0 to 10;'0'. no erre~t~<br />
~. r..' .• "<br />
~'_:.<br />
I .<br />
~.._.... ....,<br />
.....<br />
-..<br />
....
Table 4.<br />
377<br />
The effects of aevel8.:1 formulations of silvex on tiller<br />
formations, plant" h-eights, yields, and kernel weig1)1;sof<br />
wheat. *, -r I ' .<br />
Treatment<br />
4,;<br />
d<br />
Ra:~~, TlllieJ:!lfj,' Plant, ,;', Yield<br />
1b/A no./2 1 heights, bu/A<br />
inches<br />
Kerne1.Wt.<br />
wt./lOCO<br />
grams<br />
Av.<br />
propylene glycol butyl ether esters (oommercia1 formUlation)<br />
, . 1/8 . 39. 7}-i~ 45.3 J:'22.2 45.4<br />
1/4 34.7·'1 44.0 ," 21.8 47.42<br />
1/2 30~()\ , 43.7') 23.3 48.07<br />
1 30.0 44.0 22.5 47.92<br />
.;33.6 44t~' 22.4 ..' 47.20<br />
Si1vex,- paratf~~ic<br />
(EAP4019)<br />
III ~<br />
Av.<br />
S11vex,- paraffjnic<br />
(EAP4020)<br />
~<br />
16 l i~~<br />
11 1/2<br />
12 1<br />
Av.<br />
Check<br />
(13)<br />
carrie~oontain1ng Sos~~-break1ng emulsion<br />
32.7<br />
33.0<br />
30.7<br />
32.1<br />
·3~.2<br />
carrier containing a fast-breaking emulsion<br />
33.0<br />
33.0<br />
46.0<br />
41.0<br />
47.3<br />
38.2<br />
L.S.D.'S<br />
Formulation (split plot)<br />
0.05 5.1 N.S.<br />
Treatment (randomized block)<br />
0.01 5.3 N.S.<br />
45.3 22.4<br />
44.0 25.9<br />
47.0 27.5<br />
46.3 25.6<br />
45.~ 25.4<br />
45.0 25.8<br />
45.0 29.7<br />
46.0 27.9<br />
45.7 24.6<br />
45.4 27.0<br />
27.4<br />
N.S.<br />
N.S.<br />
46.12<br />
46.12<br />
46.82<br />
47.25<br />
46.94<br />
45.59<br />
47.59<br />
48.37<br />
46.97<br />
N.S.<br />
N. S.<br />
46.58<br />
47.12<br />
*Average of three<br />
replications.
378<br />
Ae1m,gw1e:dae!!!ent ..... ,~<br />
. . ".,': ....,- . .' " ~. ,;. . ., ~.> i. '.f ":-:":. -,<br />
T11~ author Wishes to aoknolwedge Dr. Robert H. 'Salvesen of<br />
Esso Researoh and Engineer1~ C_~paNI.1r+p.,~.h.__l)Te,wJ eraey 1'01L~:-, :<br />
,p-repar1ng'andsupplnng'tM-exper:rmental formulations of silveat<br />
and. tOrDow"Chem~~',Compan;y'J;t1QZ"l makingclmRONave.1la.ble for t~~_ "<br />
stUdY"' ..':.: . I.: Jrr,";: ;J:'. ''-~'" :',:f '. ...: ', '<br />
'-~:\ri "",<br />
Referenoes<br />
1. "Iln;oki~·~Th~:'~:t:r·ect~·'·~:~~4_D. 4-(2.4~1~): 2..(2.4-DP) • ,;~~~-<br />
, . ,. , Sllv~f' on whe1!'~\:,~d oats., '~': \: {<br />
Proc., NEWCCl~: ,\266. 1960. /,.(<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
'.£><br />
v '<br />
Ilnicki. R. D.' ·".r<br />
, .'!'he activity of several'substituted benzoio and<br />
pl;\enoxyalkylcar~9JCYUo a9i4~. ~,small, gra.1ns an
,:'<br />
A PROGRESSREPORTONCOMIo!ERCIAL APPLICATIONSOF MH-30FOR~ 379<br />
INHIBrrrONUl'ILltZINGA NE\'fLt)imSIGNIm'HIGH.slI£D!HIGHWAYSPRAYER<br />
,f',."<br />
Behne, P. W. and Morgan, B. S.<br />
r<br />
In the spring of 1961 CODh1lElrcial type applications of MH~30 were made to highways<br />
in thirteen Eastern andM.:.d..\'1ei9~Eln\ s-'~ates and ct;tiii'da.Tbese spray appUcations<br />
. 1 , Lf,C\:J .:' ,<br />
W'3::,estarted in mid-March in North Carolina and continuod into the Northern Sbates<br />
through June 1.<br />
Four or six pounds of the active material in 50 ga:ii~ns of wr.ter solution' wore<br />
used per acre as the basic mixture in these treatrents,. ~iiSpra.::rs were made on (1) es-<br />
!'! \<br />
ta'lillished grass after it obbafned 3-'lf inehesof new'sPr1Iig growth; (2) established<br />
'( 1<br />
grass mowedto four inches prior to spraying, and (3) estjiblished gr&.ss which was<br />
sprayed and then cut to four inches 7 - 10 days later. fol::"c11"T:".ng al::" three<br />
methods<br />
of sprayir1g l'roperturf manageuent reB1.l,lted in highly fI~tif:lfactory gr-owbh oonnro) .•<br />
,,' .', '..,.!<br />
MH-30 materially reduced or~ in a ~ ct~sea, eliminated.:m6ting. This dependEfcfupon<br />
~ • :' t ~<br />
the par ticular management program in a given area. In'80me instancos the use.of'<br />
.• Ii,:<br />
MH-.30would.Ls~nl'!:jO:Ded1).otUl:n::indm,lS!bets:.ot'l!lOW.ngj :tit'S:pr'llOwing costs_ ,2j 4-Dwas<br />
added at the rate of llb./A:- where1"'b~'I'~,j.:jeaf'we~de, 'WIilr~j lj. problem.<br />
Spray' equi,pm,entJhad·,poeedonec.cf t~" major, prl:itbaeA\S:>l;licoiMtercial'hdg_yr: appli-<br />
. ~,', . . "L' '. " ~ i ' '.<br />
cations, ,eilpeaiani.!lt,the ,hard' t·o:,mbW\areas:which'weri'l!.leo hardto'spraY":br.con.,. ,"<br />
ventional ..spray equipment .', In eooperat1tn':,wi1ih the,F.l!il~ lIb'ersJmdBroe.· Oo-li
380 I ',,'iei:[f If ,;f<br />
'l't ')eI4EMic~J9'bON'J,~:eJb\,)~~~A¥lGN1~_~~NNSTLV1aNiA J<br />
. ,'(:~ J)r:,J"J:', T~:;;)'!':·':1ifJ')_O;;:)CJj~\JJC'~J.~9~_.p. "':!~"d:\tw ~'~:':~\,':"':.-','~', ,:.j ~t~'~'~ (\ "<br />
,L :;±':l)lI'bl~wm".,fIe~tJlii!p~d.Ut'~ht!qp~FPQ81:1:,' ,<br />
7" ~"Jr~J1.1~~i~i ~"Jv~ii~g~~Jja~;;'~A'\l'.a f~o~'tia~·t~q~~ce f~r bru~b caiii~ii if')<br />
,',J . :,~ ;-::;' .. i ,r .• ,·:f:"~F' "j,-: '" (,,~I-,~i':~,t,~.
4. Undesirable dead stem.,lio not remain on-rigbt.of.way. Contrary<br />
to some popular opinion we find dead stem. remain in lines for two<br />
to three years and may cause considerable trouble in communicationline<br />
.. particularly in wet weather or tif,*bey are ·covered with<br />
vines. . ''j,:' I ,<br />
381<br />
1<br />
We do not U88 dormant apr"y,metbods. M~•• !01 our railroad can be'<br />
sprayed with D&tT and Where ornamentals or crops are present on adjacent<br />
properties they are treated wi~b Anunate. . .!<br />
.,c'<br />
We dO not make generallJ.'''' granlliarbru.~control chemical •• ince.<br />
we have found them to be not tqo,.f"ctive at ec
382<br />
Chemlcal.control ofMUlad .vegetation: ,oniSlIo\J1.der Areas of Main<br />
',Track.:,: ,;,'" ,,'.;, ; B"f ,':''''~':lo 'I.'"<br />
Our'purpose l;leJle'tato ~I:ItJDr retard,tbe .illlJwtbof all vegetation in<br />
an area extending eight to ten feet from the ballut border. Thi .. treatment<br />
should be desiined to improve tbe appearance of the railroad and maintaiJll<br />
track ,drmnap Dy'preventing 'e'licr~meDtof veg."UIdrltnto ballast.<br />
. :~;'l,'l";. :', .,.-, "Ie ~'l ,·;"t.~lr;·-r..: '. ::?:i<br />
Unfortunately we know of nos'ingle chfimi'deflWMch wiU effectlvety ,<br />
control ~he wide spectrum of vegetation found in shwlder areas. Varioul<br />
chemicumixtul'e.Sha ... been u.. asiftthout .ueceJ.'~IW''ri'a.onable cost. MOlt<br />
of thea.mixCaru·'COI1t"ht,acoti&R:tJknler'to redu'e.'ieg.tation to a. pre..;.~rJence<br />
state. a iJoil',ete.Uaftt tG,contt'df ;Haies and, millit 'ah'uals and ,a hormone' "<br />
matelJ'lcl 'to let '~oodt' pliante aad 'Il\oO*.'alea'ts. ' ;,0 b" , . r: '<br />
" We, hav.;I1iJ~:coatact iimrla10n sbouldeil'-lt14~"'bul: satisfactory .<br />
resultl r84uiN ,UpOcJ'th.e. appU~hl peT Year t~~;8nt'''areae and the, t.~t~(<br />
coat :applied t~ cOJnPanble'to tbat'/6f i a.good co~bl~~ti tteatment whiC~:~~n<br />
give lealOll cofttre1~th' onlnlplftfc.ar~n. ,,' ~,.i ; >''',<br />
.' " ~~.' :', \' ,',I " '{d J.~,!),;.' ,~;t:,etC'.~).' .. I.",<br />
We have also tried"eyli&A4l\C'ldl'llil"s :whlcb'\fb'generally more etf~~'.<br />
tive than contact killers. but which do not give a lO~ J.li'~' even with two<br />
applications per year.,,-<br />
.. ,. Here again we'a1'e in'nee:a'b'fsomethinS~IW;:'l chemicalor mbf,~r~"<br />
of chemicall which will p'i'ovidetCbm:~lete control of )ihoulder vegetation at a<br />
COlt of $ZO per acre or leu would be mOlt desir~b1eJ . .<br />
.' ;.: ;' _.~::' .";',r' t:,' ·.i > -~ 1., \'<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>Contl'ol<br />
¢<br />
on TrackandiShoulderA.rea~'~ Branch<br />
dH l L! ,Y'<br />
Lines<br />
.<br />
OU; purpouhel'e 'i8 t(H~.td growth or!r.ii\lc~ population of ~~~d.'<br />
in the track ItructUl"e and on shoulder,S over a totalwidtb of 16 to ZOfeet.<br />
Syltemic and i<br />
chemicai;~c;;:~:~~:ot:;>~~~;~:~:~:t:~:; ·:~lt~~s:a;:r·i~~:t:':::.~n<br />
we have beentestini weed control ,cn,e~ical~ sin,,,~~,ll~~LO~r proceclure is<br />
:a~~~i~~I~:l::~~:~l:~a~J~~':a~~ ;:;.:I1:r;~:!~~~~I::~:·1a;::~~:,'
areas under service conditionsa~ various poiute o!W,the system. Those which<br />
perform satisfactorily here are usually approved for general use.<br />
Conclusion<br />
.~<br />
Vegetation problems f.. ~~ ~y railroads ar".generally well kno_ to<br />
suppliers andmanufac~uren of",e~4 control chemil;al.. The ever increUiug<br />
number of weed control chemiclf.\8 ,nd comp.ounds on the market are evidence<br />
of their interest iu solving the •• pr,4>blem8. Use of iJDproved applicatiol1:<br />
techniques a.nd moreeconomical.elective use of a~.ilab1e chemicals will:<br />
help us to reduce our costs, b\lt~e,ultimate in we~ and brush control wUI<br />
not be achieved on the Pennsylva"aiaRailroad until ~w.r cost, more unive!'<br />
sally effective chemicals are available for use on a large scale.<br />
I·
V.B:CETATIONCONTROL QNWESTERNMARYLAND RAILWAyl<br />
R. R. Cunderson l<br />
I could discuu the hie tory and the many virtues of the Western·<br />
Maryland Railway Company at.relit length., be'cai1Wtllm a member of a<br />
team'that has tremendous pride' In' ~u'r property.' H6We1ver, I fee I sure cbat<br />
1<br />
each of ,you are famttiar withwfllitT'biight uyalOq tlut line. I will ther*·'<br />
fore confine my comft*nts to on.<br />
i<br />
of· the probleins'thit i8 of particular i~rest<br />
to this group. OM· that many of u.'_hare. Spe~ineslY, I will o~tUneou:t~roblem<br />
of controlling weed., gra .. aa4:bru*h, on'our"i'operties, ourobjeetive<br />
in this regard, and what we ar4H:lomg about the prcMeM. ' " I..<br />
I ~i ; r., \(<br />
Our railroad originates, historically, in the tidewater area of the<br />
great seaport of Baltimore, Maryland. Physiographically, our line traverses<br />
the Piedmont area of central Maryland, cro .. es the Blue Ridge range of the<br />
Appalachian Mountains and down through the South Branch Valley, an extension<br />
of the Shenandoah Valley, westward thru Hagerstown, Maryland. We then<br />
follow the Potomac River to Cumberland, Maryland, and its North Branch to<br />
the headwaters, crossing the Allegany Mountainl and then following the Welt<br />
slope of thil range thru E;lkinl, West Virginia, into the extenlive coal fields<br />
to Weblter Springs and to Durbin, West Virginia. Our main line, weltward,<br />
at Cumberland, pauel thru one of the natural gaps thru the mountain range<br />
and climbl the East slope of the Allegany mountains for approximately twenty<br />
miles. Croseing thil range, we dowly drop down the Weltern Slope of thele<br />
mountains, following the Casselman and then the Youghiogheny Rivers, to<br />
Connelliville, Pennlylvania. We vary in elevations from plus 4 at Baltimore<br />
to 4,067, which, I believe, ie the highelt elevation reached by a Clase I<br />
railroad east of the Mi8liseippl River. I thul delcribe the areas on our lines<br />
merely to accentuate the variety encountered on our relatively small property.<br />
The weed, grass and brulh probleml are almolt as varied al the physiographic<br />
areas.<br />
Climatic conditions are very favorable to plant life _ temperatures are<br />
moderate and rainfall is plentiful. Average annual temperature is in the mid.<br />
fifties, and annual rainfall varies from 35 to 43 lnches. Snowfall il heavy in<br />
many areas, providing good protectlon to many dormant plants and seedl We<br />
have abundant sunlhine and right at the height of the growing seal on, the 'month<br />
of August, we allo have our wettelt month. These conditions produce excel.<br />
lent farm cropl and fruit, but are not helpful in our effortl to control growth<br />
of vegetation.<br />
IEngineer Maintenance of Way, Western Maryland Railway Company
We ,prpbablyhave no speeie of g~owth tha:t:i'''i'ecullar to our raitzfoad,<br />
but we lUre have variety. We h..... ''1~me spots of:blUei. bermuda, and crab<br />
graUthat would be welcome in 1iD.. t'bome yards.'ltWe alsohave quack,lWitch,<br />
brame, wheat gran.s, and foxt.i~,il 'we haul lal'se'~ntities of all commili'<br />
cialgrainsand leakage from car. adds to out" pro1dlm; particularly in "'rds<br />
and the storage tracks at tbe elevators. Three .pea'le. of weeds are a pirticular<br />
problem; namely, bouncfla'llbet, tnilkweed~f!.nl:i horsetail, Many'e"reeping<br />
varieties wait outside the collift'Ot pattern and tUn eome in as soon atl:'Other<br />
resistance bas been knocked down. Sumac, sassafras, wild cherry, locust,<br />
are some of the more rapid growt1l,i ..'peeies that'~me a hazard to our signal<br />
and communication wires and to ri"onat road cr0t'81ngs. I I<br />
'nt. )i, ,.<br />
I have brieny outlinedthepllysiographic ana{eUmatic conditions ~J1 .<br />
our properties and some of the' preblem growth that~we encounter. I do not<br />
wish to leave the impreuion that wetaccept all of tiK. in resignation. On'the<br />
contrary. we hav e,, what we think:' to- be, reasonalHylg'OOd control of weed.,<br />
grasses, and brush, on our railroad. I can saYI with reasonable assu~~e,<br />
that we have close to 90% control of the .•~ problems. We do not have complete<br />
control - and it is entirely pos.ibl.:'that we neve'r ~lU reach this stage.<br />
:1'<br />
Previous to 1951, we prcWidea our tnen with'lh.nd scythes, brush hooks,<br />
and a couple of rather crude W86'd burning machin"'; At that time we were<br />
paying our trackmen a basic rat.(~f:$l. 39 perhout{! We could then spa~ men<br />
to cut down' special problem are .. and, after the oeIler work was layed b¥.they<br />
could be used to clear right-of-""""" I think, in altt'airneas, that we d1d.<br />
rather complete job - but it was'latways a case of.dllng an existing .i~t1on,<br />
and we accepted the fact that regl'owth would occul'ftbe'following year, or'years.<br />
As wage rates crept, or leaped, upward, we soonlO
3~<br />
own,.root.g~p~ ~f'!f.•. tl1e:p~_,p•..j. completaly-killedand.· ina matter<br />
of fQur or fiy. ~.r!lJ ~Qi. new ~,,*._rnande athlUi-. Other .pecie'i1&J'e<br />
. genera,Uy '.lower ia their neeet~o par.tilcola1fty thole that de'VIe'"<br />
fro!P:· ••• c:l.1.~l'~.II" .... ,i~colN,ts,;~'.pro.bl cm.Ob prop.rly. We CQaItmt<br />
o~r bru.h ~9#tl'ol.prmi ..,ily JO'~""'P.1telUl. area"'wedonotpaymllC~at.<br />
tentlon to~ru.b ,~•• whe,r•• ~tn."".J'••1lrlct.vl.iOlll_tlae vicinity of .i •• b<br />
or &;t r o!,d cr.oa,.,iQa.. qr ~~'II,\i'H,.uIQ 1:l:outlitut4," ~a~ d to etructurq_.<br />
bulldJDSIl. I w.nl;dl.,f,c:~••. boWcwtl""'d~the•• ,.:it"'i ..... a biMatet'.: ii"<br />
• " • l :-:!{~,;:..:, ',:~i~-< ..1",: t~:·r ·:-;:::lP.L<br />
Shortly af~r we tl'8J.ttUU.r,_ with .c;beznLi:.at,we ,made,our flrat.lWforts<br />
to control weed. and. gr~.'" 'f'\~A8~9~rnendedt.zftica1.~ ..Our first· :bleatment<br />
consisted of two balic ch.mica11. One wa. an average of four poundl<br />
of 78folfl~Di.ch1~o.propioni(); ~w..~ums.u.. .. tt.Jgal1011 of coocenttate<br />
solution. T~ot~r .wa. on.an."..~.,tbie.quWJd•• t._four. pounda'O( H.:'<br />
Dl&clUoroptut~oxyac.t~ac:.id peJ'l._~n. The •• ee .... l'ate mix .. we're '~.'<br />
1utedin.~a~er: at~. I'aw, of lt~k~ ~d Ito 100 r•• ,.ctiv.ly:. and applie-cl1doag<br />
theri&ht.o~.waY;AAd·U1 ~rdS,\ .nr., , . . ·1iY'
control. At the end of the third year we omitted tr.atment between the ralls<br />
in one yard and regrowth becameve~y evident. wti thereby assume that Ithe<br />
sterllent prOpertysbollld be continlied each year htorder to maintain cOdtrol<br />
and, to date. we are following that practice. 1 do not want to imply that the<br />
material that we use is the only o~ that will produ~ip ~~sults - 1 only report<br />
what we have obtained.<br />
'.'<br />
'C:'><br />
..u<br />
387<br />
.' ,. ..' .;'., . ,,' c·' T<br />
The'good ruultsthat we qbtained from use Of drY chemicals in yards<br />
led to furth~'r.,a~Pt.te..atlotl.,s •... · We' d., ~s,~.i:.l.bute,thll, marte .•. :r.;".ia,~. around signals", ,,~o.ne<br />
booths, relay-boxes a~d power ,wif~,~,macJ1ine •• b~ndlpgs. fuel tanks, ~~<br />
beneathsor:ne bJi'idge structures.':!., also have distributed material ben8!~th,<br />
pole lines that are not a~ceUlbfe,flom track. 111" tli\s ease a small handf~; of<br />
material placed tna pn~at the 'ba•• of larger gro~~ will shortly remov,\tl\at<br />
problem; You are aware that sol1..,.terilent type n\&~er,ials are rather ~on~<br />
selective and that' care ~ust be:exe~cised in their,~:~~o as not, to dama~:<br />
growth adjoining your properties,., However. we hare l.iand applled matel1ials<br />
without harming apple and peacli'trees that were leeil than fifty feet away. We<br />
have shared in:payi,~ claims af,ter~sing liquid ~.r~~h k~llers. but we l1ave had<br />
no claims resulting'tre>m dry chemicals. 1 mlghq~ention one intere!lt~.complaint<br />
that has resulted from our us.e; of dry chemic"ls and this was in the<br />
vicinity of our grl..in elevator in~~lt.tmore. <strong>Weed</strong> growth was rather lux\l:<br />
riant in thi* area and ra~sfoUl1,dBo~dharbor. The~o,wth was ellminateji.<br />
the rat population substantlally:?{creaeed, and thF,lI'mQVed further away for<br />
harbor, many of them off our property. I'<br />
. 1 have diverted from my,t'i.rfJ menUonof we:fld and grass control within<br />
thebeI'm s.ctlonalol1,g our lineol r;oad. Our initifJrm.thod of control w~s<br />
repeated the secondyea~ and ouroyerall results ~e still spotty, generia~ly<br />
good, 'but with discouraging effect lolponseveral a~~s. The following ye~r we<br />
added a thir~ cheJPic::al to our prev:iplol8 mix, namely,. Baron. 1 wanted to avoid<br />
use of any trade names, butthech.mical terms loriAis product are too "pauch.<br />
This was adde,1i at the rate of fOl.lf po,unds acid equly~1ent per gallon of concel1,<br />
trate and diluted at the rate of? 5,.,.,1l0ns of water~f This total combinatiqn<br />
produced milch be~ter results b4!t ~ appropriatiol1,~,..a. not sufficient to,4over<br />
the entire railr,oad a1)d we lost,onse. of 01&1' previo~ cQlltrol in these un~~.ated<br />
locations. ,The following year 1lVeJ;'~verted to our i,l:tial program but 1&8814 an<br />
aromatic 0\1 in ,s,o,me of pur le~JII. b;'o\lblesome are~,,, This oll was fortif~p<br />
with rather small quantities of pe~chorophenola1l4 of Z,4-D. We were able<br />
to hold the degree of control that we had developed but there was real room<br />
.for improvement .• ,Early in thi'p'~r we had an in~fl ..ting e~perience.<br />
I' .,., . ,,', " "j, ,'l ,- ,<br />
One, of, the ~anufacturer. ,o!l;Iasic IlhemicaJ.f.;koew of our attempt~o<br />
maintain a planned contr,ol program." We were askefl.to set aside 80me ail'"a.<br />
of our most severe problems an,djc'ooperate with~~r research depart~nt in<br />
test appl~atioDofvarious produ
388<br />
amo~~s.ofte"" :re'I,\Ui~~~om ~!~~~~P.~Y 'pilot, P~t,,~:Pl\' We Mted fz:~<br />
these, testa~p~~(:~tiO~l'.~hat t~e b~~~,~~~c:~It.)(.c:;:Mqlf .v~,~i~~m\Yi904-:,<br />
re'l,\l~s,~, ,','I'b,ts~eVel~ed i",to a1-';~~ 9~r;e.'pJ).~ClJup,~qB-J;~m ~ follo~~.. ,<br />
year. " ,1 .e: "',, ""l;:, ~:;iwd.rc':i ';, ." "\,<br />
" 'i ./1". '~ ~_'"" ,"._ ,;'flllIj'.)! j,',. (,"'::, "en,9d: ~~:- ::,,,., :J-l'~ '?i Ị<br />
Our first use of CMU as our principal control che,w~"l'llas 4~ne,~, ..<br />
conjunction with the same aromatic oil previously tried, except that it was<br />
further fortified with Z,4-D. The oil "I'as ..ppll~d, ~",~. rate of 2.0 aa~lens<br />
pet a~re, o~e ,galt~n oI'Z; 4-0,p'~i~r'~I'j:.~d 'tAe',~¢~l!';",~' vM~~ in ~,t•.·,ra~ "<br />
of applica~io~. T~, ci~sai~ .of:C~'tL}f~tt~~:(r~)I~ 10,!,~drZO po~,~\a~r a~Jl~' ,<br />
This .e~~e~:nt~ation '-~.'J ~~lec.ted'\).ydl1)e.•~v~ti,on.9t~M~Wt, p1,o~... ani;l,wit~,~...<br />
sidera!lon ~t.the 4e~~itY; of ~z:o~tR:A:;t~js}r~at~R~rJ=,I,a.J?p'li~.d,earlY ~JjUM,r.<br />
The ~n~tia1 top ~mr ~ t~~ ~l1'wa~"V$l,rl.:iOQd, "a'.,I1~""l,s ~d. ra~~8.l1 ~or~.d.r9~ .<br />
very favorably; ~n·tri.~,;mittl.Di t~•. ".lf~e~Hn,tq. thA;tf:PY-!"Y'{eexpe,rien~AA:,~<br />
beat control'l:hat we ~ver had - .~,~~, :~er~ effe,ctlr,jlcli0~trqlled, ev"n J<br />
t~Jllhe<br />
i;liffic~lt bouncing bet. Gran ... ,were ~•• Q contro\\O~tJl.~lfCfl~t ~n,."oe u~a"'t<br />
continue. t6 be a p~~blein to u.,') ..~jf~,'our ~~~~t~.~ PrjpIl4.· •.· .~ ,. ,<br />
, " 'r~e tr~at~~nt~at IhaY(Q~~e~lLbOv~:~~; ~rsjjeu.~~~f~,J1l1.ve ,~~~cs-,<br />
for the,lJu't t~w ye~~ejand wa.,:':*'~d}I\£llyear· ..•9u~rtC~tro',h,a,...beeno9.7 hrr<br />
served by otane ou~.t'd.e our Cotrl1>anl:.~~d: i~~C;i:.e;P!"'fa, i1?eini,good. W'~j;,'<br />
8 .. ~~t.wi. t.~l'.n.. 0.. l1t~.~r.II..Y..p..au~.~~. r....<br />
' ,,<br />
~~ L '.'<br />
have ver Y.li;tt1e,.b. 011.*,.,.Cift.<br />
?f.,i.1. k.••.. weed c..on.tin,u.<br />
to growbuHHs .tunted'and doe~ DotCh~'adup. Ji~~~r~.~t;lDOW h~~,e~pql~ ,<br />
of horsetail although we are hopefut tttat 'the ~h~ft,1il:'tt ~eveJ1tua~l! g~t d,~~:<br />
to these roots too. . ..,l) . ,<br />
'C~Udoeiinot:kfiep seve~"t '~Cie:. of81'a8i.n~1it of' ~esp~a.y p~t.t~.r~<br />
in theprobletti'a'rell that. ImefttlBliei£'" Soil'in tbi •• :fxijo~lle 'area does ·not,·1.<br />
retab, the .tntlenti'ch.m'ica1' DeW~ai s'u'rface a.utMie'\\hime to.now ¥ttlon:<br />
on the roote of' th4f'1"••e. ,a1thJulh'lt'd6'eske~p' do.jft·tli~gene'ral\V.ed'ptob~<br />
1em within the.pray ~elrn; 'rMi yjar -.\>etreated 18is !itob\~ma.rea dilff,r - '<br />
ent than the :i'&stOf·Our 1ineil,'trj{ij1iodium 'trl:cblt?l'~cC!ta~e it .ixpol1nde.'p.~<br />
galloll. "dUate'd 4inwater.. I bavewatafie'd tbb al'eacl'olely attdIatrl.• ttlih~"':"<br />
fu1 that we .will fhtcfw()me .ris\Wl"tb.l wiUbe' ec-onb1mc'allyleaiibl&; I Seve....i'<br />
::~e::~~:::n~~a~~a:~~:~~il~:et::fct*i:~~;~r::~tia:\i{~':~D~ ;<br />
prod\icnt\aH"~d;lt!t~~t' iii thi~."a.-. t!~:.an.~... ~t.t8.:.~tim~t,i~~.,.:eff~c..tiV.·,e'~it..~~.F.~J.'<br />
'II.:.'."<br />
test plot v: We 'HtJPew.'Can get a fait'fntr tu'tof thi,_ ri\ll~rial thi. comins~",<br />
but, at the prh'ent tlme, it iandti:trifime'rd ..ttyani~te. :. " .. :, _',<br />
; -';- '-,'. .: ,_,,~>1 ",'?' ~:.J;I;', .;~').: ;.:",-, • ',1 • ,11..:'.',<br />
OurGomp.1lYri~eived scririe tjifiblh:ity in t95lcJ~~D'~e J'Clinedwitla: 1 W.'<br />
DuPont ComPlLny in a teet applic~!i~n of d~y cbe~i~ale_ ffo.~ II.he1iC,op~t· i<br />
Dybar Ferlu1"okt, i1lpeU~tform, Wi. kfepoette d o,"er .:1feU'mt1. , uedpn ot ()_~!<br />
raildld It Ift-ate'of Sa'pOUnds peraere' mUe, aM'edai't~c!to'aboutat6;)f()Dl,!q<br />
wide area beneath our:'pole' line. i i 'Thill wasapp 1ted. ijf~Ch of,ttiat ,year,' ... ~ ,<br />
we had~l()\ihibrmalrai'rdal1 until'k80Ut'ih June; TWlotrtlbalgrow'tband"''1'Ii .<br />
',,( .i . • Of'" ": ',,'j" d" .' J '10 ::,'1,., '. '. ,- 1 .:; • :'r,.)'., t ' "<br />
'
initial defoliation was evident late in July on sumac, wild cherry, and locust<br />
in the treated area. We also obtat:ned considerableir~S8 kill and good ,ffect<br />
upon most weeds,<br />
This experiment was c~ted to give uS..~ look at a new tool fo~<br />
application and it was our conel.albn that accura.teccontrol of pattern and<br />
concentration was obtained. The tool is fast and is not hindered by traitlc.<br />
The payload capadty is rather' •• 11 and loglstics\lecome a problem. We<br />
have not furthered our use of thtstool, but several other railroads have done<br />
so.<br />
I have trouble pronouncing some of the names of chemicals that we<br />
deal with and my ability to posiUv.ly identify a s~tie of plant is ratbetlim<br />
Ite d, This is a highly specializji:Uield and the problem is only one of many<br />
that we have in our everyday work of maintaining a railroad property, But<br />
it is an important problem, and * that cannot be ignored.<br />
389<br />
-<br />
I, for one, do not expe;t,perrect control -c'omplete elimination of all<br />
plant life within a,reas that we trea,t. I even questl,n whether such an ~d<br />
development would be morally gQOd - it might con~~vably be come anot.r<br />
cold war weapon and potentially, DJOn dangeroul tban any prelently known. I<br />
think most of us will accept a ci)nkol that keeps down objectionable weeas and<br />
tall growing grallel. We need to keep growth out of the ballast section beneath<br />
our track •• o'that drainaSln. not blocked, Vie want surface drai!age<br />
to get out of the ballast section and into our drain':,. ditches. We want,"<br />
sufficient grQwth,preferably of the low growing typ. that has good root., so<br />
that the slopes of our cuts and fill~.do not erode a~ay; The modern highway<br />
letl a good example. but we do not,.have their acce,. to tax dollars to pe~mit<br />
us to have oUr rljht of way look like a continuous -park. We mUlt have 'control<br />
at a price that we can afford to pay. I do not question that we could obt~in the<br />
ideal results by using chemicals that are available today, but it would take so<br />
many different o~I,and luchqu.nt~ties, that we cannot presently afford the<br />
ideal. We remain hopeful th.at t~re may be so~ ,all-purpose chemica,\ tn<br />
lome laboratory that will permit.o!&r<br />
• .<br />
objectives ~ remain<br />
,<br />
within ourpuclgets<br />
I<br />
.<br />
So, in avery real sense, we are dependent upon relearch that is ,being<br />
carried forward.; We want to cooperate with thelepeople and we admire their<br />
high standardl, both as individuals and al companles. I value my auoclation<br />
with sales representatives in thtsfleld because th4t..'yare knowledgeable !gentlemen<br />
and keep UI all informed ofd~velopments -: ~~ind them very patienr :wlth<br />
people like myself and I thinktbey give me honestaDlwere - it remainsi up to<br />
me to properly weigh their entm.8ialm for their productl. I value the advice,<br />
the concern for our problem, the cooperation and the follow-up lervice.,that<br />
we receive from those, who apply our control program. I particularly appreciate<br />
being here today because I feel sure I will ~.oaden my underetanding of<br />
thil problem, and take away far more than I have 'eontributed. Thank you for<br />
your kind attention.
J ..... ') .<br />
Three' Y~ar :Summary oi'tl'l~ "C:Oillparlsonot f tertailiHerbloldei'i<br />
for Guide Rail So11 Sterilization in Connectiout ';' n..<br />
E. F. Button;.' Agronom1stL'am>l,Kees'iPothar~wM.ter1als TedlUlie1an .<br />
. ,ConnectieU~t&tat9,Highway c!).eputment '<br />
., . . ,
OBJECTIVE<br />
In 1958 an experiment was designed to evaluate the weed.<br />
killing efficiency of two soil sterilants,diuron and simaziqe,<br />
and to determine the relative extent of sU1"face washing after<br />
application. No bi tumencove:r was used on'plots. 1<br />
MATE}{IA.LS ANDMETHODS<br />
Diur.on and simazine were each compared at 10, 16, 32 anct64<br />
pounds active material per acre in 10 square-foot plots established<br />
on sloping areas. Four replications of each rate were made,<br />
with two replicates at one location and the other two each at<br />
different locations. The treatments were applied on September 30,<br />
1958. . . .<br />
The plots were evaluated for vegetative control and downslope<br />
damage outside the plot one year after application<br />
(October 8, 1959). Vegetative control was rated as zero for no<br />
effective control to 10 for complete weed control. Down-s;lope<br />
damage was recorded as the number of feet below plots showing kill<br />
of weeds. Ratings were made in October 1959, July 1960 and<br />
August 1961. .<br />
Table I: Amount of Diuron and Simazine Applied Per Acre on<br />
Roadside Slopes in Central Connecticut<br />
(September 30, 1958)<br />
391<br />
Lbs.<br />
Lbs.<br />
Treatment Lbs. Commercial Treatment ' . Lbs. Commercial<br />
No. Active Product No. Active Product<br />
D10 10 12.5 SlO 10 20.0<br />
D16 16 20.0 816 16 32.0<br />
D32 32 40.0 S32 32 64.0<br />
D64 64 80.0 864, 64 128.0<br />
\<br />
*As "Karmex" diuron weed killer (80 per cent diuron wettable., .<br />
powder).<br />
**As "8imazine" 50-W (50 per cent simazine wettable powder).<br />
Ten square-foot plots, four replications ot·each treatment.Replications<br />
at three locations accentuated degree of slope and type<br />
of watershed for the plots.<br />
REPLICATESI & II - GlastonburY Route 17. Plots 2x5 feet across<br />
the slope. Top of plots eight fee·t below guide rail cables of<br />
fill slope. Manchester gravelly loamy sand, 35 per cent slope.<br />
Growth at time of application was a sparse cover of sandbur, red<br />
fescues, equisetum, tall fescues, some brambles, and broadleaf
392<br />
REPLICATEIII - Portland Route 6A, near intersection of Route 17.<br />
Plots, 2x5 feet, across an e~avated slope, about 10 feet from<br />
the pavement shoulder. Gr~b at time of ' 'toPplication was .8 dense<br />
cover of chiefly red fescues,. some .bl\legras~, some milkweed ~d<br />
equisetum,and a few small,b:tJ'~b:l.es •. ~alles'ter gravel under, the<br />
plots; Manchestergravelly~o,amy sand ab9~!the plots. Slop,<br />
under plots about 25 per cent and above plots about 40 per cent,<br />
length of slope above plots about 50 feet ..,<br />
REPLICATiIV-Columbia, in~~rseotion pi ~ute 6 and 6A. Plots<br />
(about 3.2x3.2feet) about 10 feet from edge of pavement sho1j1lder<br />
on a gentle slope (5 to 10pe.r cent) ~.No q~rb at edge of I'0$.dso<br />
pavement w.atershedcould run. across the!p1~ts. Hinckley.sanelY<br />
Loam, well draiJ?Bd under .t~e :;plots. ..GroW:1{hq~ location a la~n..<br />
like texture, composed of bluegrass and fescues, with someb.nts.<br />
FIELD DATA ,,,"IT<br />
195~·~·· 1960 - *961: 1<br />
Table II: <strong>Weed</strong> Control Ratings in Pld"ts One Year<br />
Arter Treatmant (October8 f 1959)<br />
Treatment Replicates i<br />
No. t II" III .. IV<br />
D10 Grasses 9.5 a.5 9.0 5.5<br />
Broadleaves 6.0 5.0 7.0 10.0<br />
SlO Grasses 3.0 7.0 6.5 5.5<br />
Broadleaves 4.0 " ·-·!fyO . 5.0 -10.0<br />
D16 Grasses 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.0<br />
.. Broadleaves . 8.0 8.0 6.5· ·lQ.O<br />
'816 Grasses 4.0 7.5 10.0 9.0<br />
Broadleaves 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.0<br />
Variation due to material rates significant at 0.1 per cent level.<br />
Variation due to material source not significant. Variation due<br />
to replic~tion not significant for grasses, but significant ~t<br />
five P13r cent level for broadleaves.<br />
Applications of 32 and 64 {)ounds active for both products showed<br />
complete sterilization (10) of both grasses and broadleavesln<br />
all plots. Note: Nonsignif1cance is here£h meant as below tpe<br />
20 per cent level. .<br />
Tab].e lit: One Year Measurement of Damaged Area Below<br />
Plots as the Number of Feetof Killed Vegetation<br />
(October 8,1959) .
Replicates DlO 810<br />
I 2.0 0.5<br />
II 1.5 1.0<br />
III 0.5 0.5<br />
IV 0.5 0.5<br />
Treatments<br />
3.0<br />
2.,<br />
1.0<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.,<br />
7.0<br />
Above 'Dama~ Area<br />
3., 1.5<br />
1+.; 1.0<br />
2.,· 2.0<br />
9.0' 6.0<br />
7.0<br />
7.0<br />
3.0<br />
10.0<br />
Variation due to material soti~be not signif1pant; due to replication<br />
significant at five per.cent level; and due to material,<br />
rates significant at 0.1 per cent level.<br />
Replicates<br />
I<br />
II<br />
III<br />
IV<br />
Table IV: One Year Sterilization Ratirl$s for Grass in<br />
Damaged Area Below Plots as !Designated in<br />
Table III ,;<br />
!2lQ<br />
8.,<br />
8.,<br />
10.0<br />
: 5.5<br />
SlO<br />
4.0<br />
7.0<br />
6.0<br />
9.0<br />
Treatments<br />
Above Damaged Area<br />
393<br />
MEt<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
2.0<br />
8.0<br />
s64<br />
8.5<br />
10.0<br />
9.0<br />
5.5<br />
Variation due to material source not significant; due to replication<br />
significant at five per cent level; and due to material rates<br />
not significant. .<br />
Table V: One Year Sterilization Ratings for Broadleaf .•<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>s in Damaged Area Below Plots as Designated<br />
in Table III<br />
Treatments Above Damaged Area<br />
Replicates DlO 810 Dl6 S16 D32 S32 D64<br />
··s64<br />
I 5.0 4.0 4.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 8.0 8.,<br />
II 5.0 7.0 8.0' 7.0 7.0 10.0 6.0 10.0<br />
III 7.0 6.0 6., 7.0 9., 7.0 10.0 9.0<br />
IV 10.0 9.0 9., 4.0 6.7 4.5 7.0 5.5<br />
.<br />
Variation due to replication and material sq~rce and material<br />
rates not significant.<br />
Table VI: Second Year Sterilization R~tings for Vegetatilon<br />
in Plots (July 1960) .<br />
Treatment!3<br />
Replicates ID:Q §1Q D16 816 !2.35. 832 D64<br />
I<br />
6 7 6 9 9 9.5 9.,<br />
II 6 8 7 8 8 10 10<br />
~<br />
TTT "i' "i'."i' R ? ? q q.q q.q<br />
864
394<br />
Variation due to replicatio:q ap.d materi.al source not significant;<br />
va~1at1ondue to Illaterial rat~lI verYh1'glU1~:j!1gnif1cant at th~,.<br />
0.1 per cent level. ., .... ...<br />
Table VII: . Second Year M~asurement ot,~amaged Area Below<br />
Plots as the'~umber of Feet of Bare 80il<br />
(July 1960)' , .<br />
,nft;eatments AboD',Damaged Area 1+<br />
1<br />
86 4<br />
Replicates ID.Q 810 .' 816 zsa aaa D6<br />
I 0 0 1 1 2.5 2 6 4<br />
II 0 0 I, 1 1 •.5, 1.5 3 3<br />
III 0 0 0 0 0<br />
I· 0 0.5 0.5<br />
IV 0 0 0 0 ~.' .. ". 1 6.5 6<br />
Variation due to replicatio~sj.gnifican.t at the 5 per cent level;<br />
due to mate'rial' source not 's'1gnificant; diiEi:'"t¢liiaterial rates very<br />
highly significant at the O.lper cent lever; ... .<br />
.) .<br />
.'Table VIII: Third Year Sterilization Ratings for Vegetation<br />
'IIi'"15Iots (August 1961) "-.<br />
TreatmeE!!<br />
Replicates m.Q 810. !>16 816. D ... .. ~ D64 ,m<br />
I 0 1 2 3<br />
6"; 8 8 8<br />
II 1 0 0 1 2<br />
8 7<br />
III 0 0 8 . 6 6, ~ 8 9<br />
IV 3 3.5 6 5 9'· 8 1 0<br />
L<br />
Variation due to replication and material source not significant;<br />
variation due ,to material r.ate.~ significant at the 5 per cent<br />
level. .... . ., .. ..<br />
Table IX: Thir~ Year Mea$~rement of p~aged Area Below Plots<br />
as t e Numberpf Feet of ~:r~ Soil (August 1961)<br />
Treatment Aboveppaged Area<br />
D64 s64<br />
Replicates ill.Q SlO 016 S16 ~ ~<br />
I 0 0 0 0 1 . 0.5' 3 1.5<br />
II 0 0 0 0 1 1 1.5 1<br />
III 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br />
IV 0 0 0 0 ,1/' 1 0 0<br />
Variation due to rep'licati9J:l',material source and material rates<br />
not significan~;
DISCUSSION<br />
One Year After Application (1959):<br />
395<br />
Observations one year after treatment showed a high degree of<br />
weed control but some weeds, broadleaves in particular, were present<br />
in many of the plots. There was regrowth of some grasses<br />
such as sandbur and crabgrass (shallow roots), and of broadleaf<br />
species such a Linaria, Stellaris, Lepidium and Chenopodium within<br />
the plots at the lower two rates. Living plants of equisetum<br />
were found in both the diuron and simazine plots, except at the<br />
two higher rates.<br />
I<br />
Eliminating the two higher rates in which weed control was<br />
so complete as to show no differences, the data shows diuron t¢<br />
be appreciably more effective than simazine on grasses, and equal<br />
to or slightly more effective than simazine against broadleaf<br />
weeds (Table II). In fact, on grasses, 10 pounds of diuron usually<br />
performed as well as 16 pounds of simazine (Tables II and IV).<br />
Thus, these tests indicate that the first year diuron gives more<br />
effective weed control than simazine on an equal active ingredient<br />
basis. As the rate of application increases above the minimum<br />
required for complete kill, differences in the materials are not<br />
evident.<br />
This difference in efficiency between the two compounds must<br />
be taken into account in evaluating the data on surface washing<br />
on slopes. As can be seen from the data, the effect of down-Slope<br />
washing was not appreciably different·, between the two compouncll.s<br />
at equal lower rates. (Table III) Both materials tended to wash,<br />
as would be expected. At equal higher rates, the effect of diuron<br />
was more pronounced, but Whether this was due to a greater ten~<br />
dency to wash, or to its greater herbicidal efficiency, is not<br />
clear from these data.<br />
Second Year After Application (1960):<br />
Observations the second year after application (Table VI)<br />
showed 50 to 60 per cent vegetation control in the plots at the<br />
10 pounds per acre rate of both materials; 60 to 80 per cent c~ntrol<br />
at the 16 pounds per acre rates; but 80
396<br />
Third Year After Application (1961):<br />
Observation of th~ P'l~t~' the' thiia ·yeal"-_,'af:t.e;rapplication!<br />
(Table VIII) indicated only 10 to 30 per cent vegetation control<br />
at the 10 pounds per acre rate; 10 to 60 percent control at the<br />
16 pounds per acre rate; 20 to 90 per cent control at the 32 :<br />
pounds per acre rate; and 10 to 80 per cent control at the 64<br />
pounds per acre rate.<br />
In general, most of the area which showed some degree of<br />
below-plot injury to vegetation due to herbicidal transport the<br />
first and second years Was recovered from the harmful effects by<br />
the third year. (Table IX)<br />
Most of· the areas which recovered from the effects of the<br />
herbicides are now filled in with the species of grasses adjacent<br />
to the area.<br />
SUMMARY<br />
In general there are a few main conclusions that can be<br />
offered:<br />
1) There was no long term significant difference due to<br />
source of material under the conditions of this study; howeve!,?<br />
the rate of active herbicide used was significant up to the third<br />
year after application. It is doubtful that. ,any visible control<br />
will be evident by the fourth year after application, even at the<br />
highest rates. 1 ,<br />
2) It would appear that the optimum vegetation control per<br />
dollar of expenditure would be obtained at the 16 pounds per acre<br />
active herbicide rate.<br />
3) Type of soil (sandy soils used in tll.1s study) might pt'esumably<br />
have some bearing upon the rate of vegetation recovery',<br />
and upon the, extent of down-slope transport of the herbicide.<br />
4) Prevention of concentrated water running over treated<br />
areas would materially help to reduce down-slope transport of<br />
herbicides. (There is no substitute of good construction and<br />
sound run-off control.)<br />
r .<br />
5) Departmental experience with 6 to 8 year vegetation control<br />
under guide rail fences after soil sterilization with herbicidesis<br />
presumably the result of an adequate bitumen cover<br />
applied immediately over the sterilized area? rather than to the<br />
rate or kind of herbicidal soil sterilant Whlch was used. Thel<br />
bitumen cover prevents re-entry of viable seed to the treated<br />
soil, and materially helps to prevent down-slope transport of the<br />
~homi~Q' i~~o'~_
1. Button, E.F. Bndwrfg'h~';J .L. ,C!onlpEff1s'lm of Certain WEled<br />
Killers for Roadside <strong>Weed</strong> Control in Central Connectic~t,<br />
Proc. Fourteenth Ann. Meet. Northeastern <strong>Weed</strong> Control Conference,<br />
New York, J~I~~~q, ,p.p·l - 8. .<br />
Greene, W.C., Use 01,:,""~¥~~mic Gr~M..(~ller in Highwa~<br />
Roadside Maintenancer'O:PeratiofiS, ' ,proC!'. Eleventh Ann. M~et.<br />
Northeastern <strong>Weed</strong> Contl"ol.·, GOPfer~p- New York, Jan. 19,7,<br />
pp 310 _ 311. .7'IT ,'. ".' " .:'1'<br />
Anonymous, Waging WaY'dif<strong>Weed</strong>S aIi.dT~l-ush!, Rural RoadSti<br />
<strong>Vol</strong>. 9, #5, Sept.-Oct. 1959, pp 23 - 26. Also, Button" E.F.<br />
Connecticut, Believes in a Sound Roadside Maintenance Pjrogram<br />
---, Better Roads. April 1961, pp , 23 - 25. :It_~<br />
I.<br />
«I i<br />
, -<br />
, ,<br />
.rr:i:<br />
',1::>"<br />
• ,,~ ,I<br />
, -c ...
398<br />
HERBICIDEs AN~ FACTORIN THEPROOOCTION<br />
'J<br />
OF I., T~.~E~~ ,IN POTABLEIf.pR<br />
JaT<br />
., '.....<br />
• K ~.• , ~.b'<br />
'; ."; " ,'. d ..,.,<br />
d'ARD:a.GRICH ,'I'!(<br />
.CONStJL~n«t~m OHmtt,Sf;,:~:<br />
EDlfA'ittHt: [hltlCH, INO. )~l<br />
PAT~N~ ".NEI'iJERSEY.,<br />
. .L"<br />
... d<br />
INTRODUCTION "<br />
Fayllon Lake Comnunity, Illc., a water ooJllP&rG' looated<br />
in a<br />
residential area in NewJersey, obtains their water supply entirely from<br />
well sources, although they maintain three lakes tar reoreational<br />
purposes.<br />
Two lakes and two wells are signifioant 1n terms of this paper<br />
namely, West Lake (65 acres), South Lake (30 acres) and the South and<br />
Viest wells 1008ted 1BIDediately offshore of Scnth lAke.<br />
The two lakes are interconneoted, in series, with the ~Iest<br />
Lake flOlt'ing into the South Lake. The South well i8 located in the<br />
proximity ot the dam owr which South Lake flows 1Dto • stream. (See<br />
Figure<br />
A).<br />
In the SUllllllerof 1960 \U'ldesirable growtM were prevalent in<br />
the two lakeS, and the lakes were treated With a OCDDeroial herbioide<br />
(Kuron).<br />
luron is • propylene ~ol (C3%~C9~) oontaining butyl<br />
ether esters of 2-(2, 4, 5-TrlchlOJ'ophenoxy) propioDio aoid.
399<br />
The treatment consisted of applying a '2:ppm dosage of the<br />
herbicide 111the Westlake and lppn in the South lake. This was completed<br />
in August 1960.<br />
In September 1960, 1JIped1ately £ollowing."ll1rricane<br />
Donna, a strong<br />
medicinal taste was prevalent in tl1! well water eJdDating from the South' .:<br />
well. No silfliticant taste was apparent in the West well.<br />
This persisted until the period between November 15, ·1960 and '<br />
December 1, 1960 when the taste dilll1nished and finally disappeared.<br />
However, in December 1960 the taste returll8d as strong as had I .<br />
been experienced in the past. This reoccurrence coincided With the 18Y'1J!l«<br />
of an und~ater cable in the lake by 1. T. and T~"<br />
These two incidents appeared to lend weijtrtto the considera- I<br />
tion that a distrubance of the lake bed was at lea~ partially responsible<br />
for the production of the undesiralile taste.<br />
~T.Q.Rl. INVESTIGATION¥....§.TUDIES<br />
With this history as a starting point aridtbe taste still persisting<br />
in January 1961, samples Weredrawn from the' South Lake (bottom<br />
sample), the South well and a point in the distribution system which<br />
embraced a combination of the South and ,Jest well waters. Trese were<br />
anaJ¥zed, the results of which are"tabulated in Table I.<br />
The cClllparative analyses 'olthe South Lake water and the South:<br />
well revealedsutticient difference's to establish th'atthey were not the<br />
same water. This~of course, did not rule out tbe'~osslllility that a<br />
portion of the<br />
; . - '"<br />
lake water was present<br />
" ~<br />
in the well water.<br />
Since Kuron is a phenolic compound, pheno'i determinations were<br />
performed on all samples With negative results being obtained. This<br />
coincided With preVious findings by others.
400<br />
Since tbe.d1cinal ,taster was p1n-po1lt~~la"being iodoform,<br />
iodine determinations ,were peJ't~ and'rewaled • 'interesting pictUre.'<br />
The South Lake water, a8 obtained tran the bottan, contained 0.65 ppmot l<br />
iodine; the Soa'l;hwell water 8IC1(the cOllbinatton'wI1Jf _ter contained<br />
0.1.5 lndO.20 ppmof1od1neJ tWW8st wellal~oGnt~U.rJed onlyatra~<br />
of iodine which waa not suttic18tlt'tc produce the dDagree ablit'taste<br />
found in the South ".11. '<br />
class1f'ied as ~iani.t'lcant, it .My necessary tofU •• 'tabl18ha "threshOld ll<br />
This was accompllshedby"applying<br />
inClre'.a8:liDgly' larger dosageS .,<br />
iodine to d1st~4water .an
401<br />
FIELD PROCEDURES<br />
Although. the ~~estwell water did not re"..lsignificant concentrations<br />
of iodine, as an extra precautionary maasure both the South I.<br />
and West well chlorine feeds were increased to .3 ppIl. This resulted in<br />
immediately abol1shingthe iodoform tastes from· tbli cfi>tllbinedwaters<br />
from the wells.<br />
The West well chlorine feed was then reduced to its normal .feed<br />
With no il1-eftects in te~ms of:tastes.<br />
The Sooth well ohlorine :teed was maintained at .3 ppm for the<br />
next two months aftArwhi'lh it waa'det:I'eased in sllla'll increments to<br />
ascertain !Whether t:,edisagreeaoleta3te would r.etnrn. It was found that<br />
the ohlor:imefeedwas eV9ntuall,v'returned to normaiwithout resultant ill<br />
effects.<br />
For tbenext eight months, there was no 't'lrthtr eVidenoeof a '<br />
taste problem. HoW'ewl', in Septeirber 1961 it rppJleared, immediately<br />
following Hurricane Esther. The clulorine dosage was 1l'loreased, and the<br />
taste immediately disappeared.<br />
At present, the chlor1neteed has been ~ned to nomal, and<br />
there is no evidenoe of a taste problem.<br />
A recent analyses obtained on November 2, 1961 revealed an<br />
iodine content in the South well to be 0.05 ppm (irlsuftioient to produce<br />
a diSagreeable taste). A bottom sample of South Lake revealed a concentration<br />
of 0.28 ppm iodine. This' 'is considerablrlllss than the concentration<br />
found in this lake on January lit 1961 (0.65 }lIIilm)but indicates that<br />
the effects have' not yet been fullY' dissipated. ,I<br />
CONCLUSIONS<br />
The taste problem that occurred on three aeparate occasions
402<br />
prior disturbance ot the lake bed. The offending well was, in ea~h oil"" "<br />
the well located imDIld1ately adjaent t.o the o'ferftoW'dam ot South Lake<br />
(South well). The well located:,atrthe tar end of \au"same lake did n~'<br />
exhibit8l)y:taste problema (ifut·.wellh ,':"J',I;,<br />
In addition. the conoenvaticm ot iodine::wa. cCMiderably<br />
greater at the lake bottom as callpared to the concentration found in '.:<br />
the lIe11 water.<br />
These considerations re.ulted in the the'Clll'Ythat the iodine:lf.'<br />
present at the bottom of the lake ,and, tollavr:Lng cSistlU'bance of the bottom,<br />
significant alllOWltsof iodine found its way into t'be South well supply.;':'<br />
The reason tor the contamination ot the South well suppl;r and I':<br />
not the West well l!IUpplycan be attributed to the :tact that the tlow<br />
pattern in South Lake is away from the Viestwell and toward the South - ,<br />
Well. Further,;:it appeared poSldJ:lle that the1odtJJe· was concentrated<br />
in the illD.ediate Jr88 of the 'OWU'fiolf dam (bd SClIIi;h.:. _U).<br />
The 8Q1rce of the iodilrJe. of course, ~ a IIG'stery. It'<br />
did not appear feasible that the disturbance of 1:bt'14ke bed alone was<br />
significapt in it.elf ,.ince o~;QisturbaDces ba4 outainly been encountered<br />
prior to this past ;,ear 1f1tboUttbe prQchlCltion of disagreeable '<br />
tastes. Neither oculd the herb.101deitself b.etezwed,'the cl1rect respoas:1ble<br />
agent since ,its chemical ~updcel'Jnot include _torm of iodine. r,<br />
The onlY remaining SQlrc •• then, appeand to be the undes1rab3let<br />
plant Il'mbathatwere ett,ouw~ destro;,ed: by the herbicide. PossibJiF<br />
these .f'resh-Water plant lVowthlS, upon beingdestrapd, resulted in the<br />
release ot iodine Which eventu.U7 settled to' the ,/lab bottom.<br />
Seaweed (or kelp) is known to be a significant source ot iod~;)<br />
althougn these are of salt-wat,r,origin.
403<br />
In the light of these data it appears desirable to give consideration<br />
to the derivation of a classification of fresh water growths I<br />
in terms of their iodine content in order that effects similar to those<br />
experienced herein can be avoided in the future. Further, it may be<br />
possible to harness these effects by controlled feeding and thereby<br />
derive more beneficial results trom these effects.<br />
It is the sincere hope of the author that this paper will result<br />
in stimulating minds more familiar With this problem to ascertain the<br />
possible far-reaching significance of these findings.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGMENT<br />
Grateful acknowledgment:ls given to Fays on Lake COllllllUnity,Inc.<br />
and, in particular, Mr. John Stoveken, for their allowing the presentation<br />
of this material and their sincere aid and advice in its completion.
404 '<br />
.':<br />
, rl<br />
r, ·,:t'i I~' .i\,'v<br />
'~'- '. -"<br />
./<br />
'i/' :~\<br />
, ,\ / .....' ,,~, ~ /( J: )<br />
"",'\ IN/" I ! ,f" '"<br />
\i,fLEI /<br />
"-. ...._- ...-~<br />
I-~'~:""-,_..~N6...;..T<br />
\ ..... ,/.:;.. I<br />
- vv,-'..... ~<br />
(
405<br />
...·1!MLE I<br />
SAMPLECHARACTERISTICS<br />
DRAWN: V{ednesday; 1/1l/61 ANALYZED:Wednesday; 1/1l/61<br />
CIIARACTERISTIC<br />
pH<br />
Specific Conduc~ce, u mhos<br />
Phenol, ppm<br />
Iron, ppm<br />
Iodine, ppm<br />
Chlorides, ppm as Cl-<br />
Taste<br />
Note: N.F.· None Found<br />
Ii''l'l<br />
SOUTHLAKE: SOUTH COMBINATIONSOUTHBe<br />
BOTTOM WELLWATER WESTWELl.WATERS<br />
no;<br />
6.70 7'i.022!<br />
7.28<br />
120<br />
201:<br />
201<br />
N.F.<br />
N:.~'" r r, N.F.<br />
0.35 0..08<br />
0.08<br />
0.65 0.15<br />
0.20<br />
12.8 9.1<br />
8.5<br />
:"l' - FalrJf'" Strang medicinal;<br />
strqmedio1:D41;<br />
iodoform<br />
1odQfotJll·<br />
'1'1<br />
j I<br />
TABLEII<br />
q<br />
CHLORINE' TREATMENTOF mLWATIR •<br />
f;<br />
CHLORINEOOSAGEbAPPLIED, ppm·'w,<br />
')<br />
REMARKS<br />
0.0<br />
1.0<br />
2.0<br />
Strong 1lled1oinal (iodOform) taste<br />
Strong medioinal (iodoform) taste<br />
~J'<br />
Weak mediciizlai (iodoform) taste'<br />
·Ii' :<br />
No diaagrfNble taste<br />
"'.~. ~a
406<br />
SUMIIARY or SBYlRALAQttATBOL<br />
,'fUATllBBtS IN NEWJBRSEYWATER<br />
by<br />
R. L. LINDABERRY<br />
PENNSALT alBllICALS CORPORATION<br />
'This disCus.ion deals with a summary of some results of<br />
cOIIlIIlercial appliCation. on .eveHJ. different lakes within potable . 'i·<br />
wetersbed areas in. Northern New Jersey. 1'I* Jrrol l.o\\t' ;DI · are the<br />
result.e, ob.ervations-:·. .<br />
I. COZy LAKE -<br />
CoDdlUons: ~ tetal lake area is 30 acres with a maximum<br />
depth td tt teet and .. j avera.e of 4 feet, with a total of 100<br />
acre feet. The illejor .... d .pecies was Najas mlnor, wlth minor<br />
species ceratophyllum.6Jljo, Potamogeton criapu., Nuphar sp., Blcdea<br />
canadenai., green filamentous algae.<br />
Application: An application wa. lIIade on llay 22, 1961, by<br />
Roy Younger, Conaul t inc Biolccists Inc., Philadelphia, Penn.ylvania,<br />
on Cozy Lake. The lake waa drawn dOWll6 lnches. OI1e<br />
appllcation waa made of 227 ,allons of AQUATIOLfor a total<br />
concentration of 2 ppm.<br />
Resuit.r Excell.n~10Il11l0:l. of .U ·'.xcept Elodea<br />
and al,ae. In mid-Septe.ber Najas minor had commenced to<br />
regrOW il1 ... 11 patches.· Elodea canaden.~':"!!I!~"1Itar~.d.totake' ..<br />
over one end of the lake. other species were not present. An<br />
alr .. ·.~trol t".t_Dt:!~f,':9,,5 ppm euso wa... de to control<br />
4<br />
algae bloolll.<br />
II.<br />
Condi tiona: The total lake area is 18 acres with a D18ximumdepth,oflO:r.et<br />
.anIL_e-liverage depth of 7.5 feet. Tbs major<br />
weed speciea was Potamoreton cr1spus, with acattered Myriophyllum<br />
sp. and Blodea sp ••<br />
Application: Two treatments were applied as follows: OI1eon<br />
June 13, 1961, to the north dde of the lake and the other on June 23,<br />
1961, to the aouth side of the lake by W. C. Hall, Chemtree Corporation,<br />
Rarriman, New York. The lake was drawn down 12 inches,<br />
and a total of 225 gallona waa applied in a aplit application of<br />
112 gallons for a 1.5 ppm treatment (in treated area), with onehalf<br />
of the lake being treated each time.
407<br />
, '.". '.·',',~'l~rL,i;'. "\" , ,', ,.'~;':P;1<br />
Results: Effective •• d' 'cootrol. was obtlftbed for the season.<br />
Ob!,&~""#CJ.IIilI aD4 comiten~,!p:.~1lerqU811tY,~.~ .,.d&byf\1chard .'<br />
E., ·~:r)1 '~"',icVa11ey W~~,.COlllllli•• l0G ,l4il:td,•. Falls,. NEtwJers~y 'I t '<br />
. as fo1~: o. [! ' . i"<br />
. :-~ ,.'i:.,.r-., ' " ,....<br />
.~ , ,. ;,.l,."<br />
"An ef~ective ~Jt~p was obtat,~.~thout ,l"<br />
.pp~~nt iDcreasej,n;~, water odor,d.,. ,to, the use of<br />
AQUATROL.The increa.e in odor when ltct'id Occur \Vas<br />
due primarily todecayillg .vegetation.<br />
, I ~ , .,IiO~ ~<br />
",urther indic8;t~1f:!S were that mi~~~~plc organisms I,.<br />
, were Jl.4led initial~t'. ~ the use of ~, and this in<br />
,t""D 1011~ed by an,~usincrease~ t~. water<br />
i bacteria. however, q~~tebahnce ap~ecl to have .been<br />
,re"ained in about 1Q'J11J1~ to 2 we.les af~~r treatment." .<br />
. "&.w:tie,ns: Total l,~'.~ea is 140 aczij' "lth an 896 acre. f~i<br />
vo~" "i,th ~ average ~P~li.:pf 6.4 f.et •. ~ .. jor weed specie.,!'<br />
was fo.t~ton c~ispus ,with, aliae patches ~~entthrougho,u~ t~ I?'<br />
lake prior to treatment. .<br />
.' " " ','._" d," '. ,:-L.~I ')'7" .'C . "" " ,,,:' < .4.,L<br />
;:,: ;,:Ape11eeti,oJl,:" A sincle~l:LcaUon wu 948 ~onJuly 10, l.~l",:t~l..;<br />
-by;.Ro,VoQlllrer,COnsul t~).1~~Oiists Inc. ,. ,~~de1Phia, PeIlJ1~~~""1 n,<br />
vaDU!Gp~ylD8 3:45 ga110&\8 '~, AQUATHOL to ¥~.cres at a CODCjJJl-.'· .<br />
1;ratiPn',of .~ ppm in the;t~a;~~ area. ,':} ..'<br />
. ·-V·',, '. v.. ,~.~; " .,', -)21:.1'3<br />
.: 1,~.~1t.r ,~..CODtrO; #l"bieved was90l ~h,.a limited alllo~t<br />
~~.t-~-l'-p"th, b7,:-:id-Septe~Ft, .: The en:tirela~ .was .treated with<br />
to: control~bloODl.. 't,<br />
,O.5pP1D,CuSo..<br />
y;:<br />
.IV..,MIg!:'@OI1S- .~<br />
Various other lakes In New Jersey OUt81~oi watershed areas<br />
, -relt~a~cI:: "loth very ~cl,~.ults when "l'PM-Jca~10Ds were me,de<br />
alfa1~>t~, ~ds speciUe4;:oo the label ancl*recommended ratea.,<br />
This,c~IDci.desvery well.~the results ob~d in the rest of .<br />
the l1n-ited state. and cana~..;<br />
~'.;<br />
.:'
408<br />
SPRAY I4IX'1'tIREB TFStED<br />
Five sprq JII1xtureswere tested 111oonoentrat1Qa8 rqizlg from 1 to 2<br />
pouMs aoid equivalent ot 2, 4, '·T per acre. One JIIf.xtunwas applied at til)
dltterent l"atespacaoreand"~"at threerattlX\o' give a·total,Of<br />
eight te,t8. __ b1014eSUJe4 •• 2, 4,'-T'Ind.liWert eJIIJlsioh Gr't><br />
a, 4,' ...T.:.A1l' •• JidrturelJ'We')iIade at the fi1ifb:!oi'<br />
r l :9, one pll1't"'t<br />
herbioide at tOlrff!JOUl'li28M!diti:idtalent 1'er~J:'Io ~ parts ..ot" ,t;l<br />
oa:ft'ier~ D1tfle:rInt'l'a1lElsotaOdlolt1on were ao!B:.lIobyappl~ dftr __<br />
8IIlCNDtset :'Q8,.-.tid.x1lu:re t6jd-;;'~. Table l.,,,..ie:lx pairS otJlllitdb!Sbg<br />
l:lftb1oide tlflrq ~te,te. 0~CL:h 'C :":\n:::, '.' , , ' )(<br />
409<br />
. .'. 'L') 4' .' ,!"r~~, i\~ "J \)~'1'. "1 J..,,;,:['<br />
OUB ~;:t:eo~:r=::tL~~::'~Ci~O:tr~<br />
a oonventional emulsion whioh is oil-in-water. Conventional oil-in-water<br />
emulsions have about the sema vi8cosi t1 as water • Invert eJWlsions III8Ybe<br />
thiok like heavy eDg1ne oil or 8Wi ~se. The increased viscosity<br />
results in increased droplet size, a reduction in dtitt hazard, and in-<br />
CllH. .. d4epolJ:l.'Wot
410<br />
w.r.~J~s,·'X4,Pi;.[~vgt..~~.c,.aq,'to·lIII1ce .. :AU,<br />
:DOt'WJ4:)M.£"'~t.J4s~~.>c_.~"2Jr.4, J!!It~;t=-d,a _tt,tldok<br />
ore8Dl"!~~ ,~_. "ttlt1lfl4.IS',~",,,,,,, i,t·.IICIt:1'ftQ.VDt,:q,\ -.:..<br />
ag1ta.4'2,,'"4c,,-~ I, 'Lat!
411<br />
RESULTS<br />
ireatmentettect was dete1"Jld.JJtdby measuriDg'l2,3concentric circul..<br />
plots ear~ in september the yee atter sprq.i%1g. tow 1:xt'UBhwas measured<br />
on .COl_acre plots (radius 3.72 teet), high brUBhbn .005 acre plots<br />
(radius 8.33 teet), and trees on:.~.acre plots (Mdius 26.3 teet). The<br />
plots 1ieI'e mechanically locatedbyconpass andpa(fbg; .<br />
The first .two matching test. were made in JlaSftohusetts in a white<br />
pille-hudwood stem less than tCll"V teet tall. b majCll" hardwood speo!es<br />
present were ~e;y b1roh and red lI8P1e with SOJlle oa1t.aDd shrubs like blueoberry<br />
and hucklel;lerl7. The hard1llOCldswere for the'lIOSt part taller and ~e<br />
vigorous than the pine.' .<br />
,<br />
Twopounds 2, 4, ' ...T in 4.' gallons ot No. I ruel oil per acre was'·<br />
matohedagainst two pounds 2, 4, 5-T in 4.' gallomi: of water. As shown'b.<br />
Table 2, the water JIlixture prove4to be less etfecUve than the matching:1,,:11<br />
JIlixture and was less eftective than 8Zl;Yother herbiCide mixture testel!. •<br />
Twenty-eight per cent ot the low brush on Test 1 showed no damage (Table 2).<br />
This \Uldamagedvegetation was huok1eberry and blue1Jerr;v'. The undamaged :J,ow<br />
brush in Test 6 was maleberry and1aurel. Huclde1:«"rY, blueberry, malebe1'1'Y,<br />
and la\l1'el (all ericaceous shrubs) proved resistant::1n every test where they<br />
ooourred. In all tests control o1'hard\1lOCldsin the: tree olass (2" DBH_up)<br />
was not as good as control of the ;Lesser vegetatioD; Jmly ot these trees were<br />
beyond the eftective height range at the machines ,.ed. In dense stands Ithe<br />
lower branohes of trees were ldJ.1ed, but the tope 1JIIK'oeleftintact, bee_a<br />
spread Of the mist was checked on hitting the bottm ot the tree orO\UlB. IA<br />
second spraying would do more daJDageor probably kS1l the tree it it ere :'less<br />
than thirty feet tall. \.<br />
İ<br />
The second set ot matching tests was conduete4·f~in:New Hampshire so'1lhat<br />
the sensitivity ot red spruce and balsam fir tOthe:herbicides could be judged.<br />
Tests we:t'econduetel! in stands w:I:thpille, hemlock,'Jred spruce, and balsaDlfir<br />
JIlixed with hardwoods whioh were general~ overt~the softwoods. ~ of<br />
the trees Vlere less than forty feet tall. < .I •<br />
Test 3, too pounds 2, 4, ' ..T :I.n 4.5 gallonsot No.' 2 diesel oil was<br />
matched ag~t Test 4, two pounds 2, 4, 5-T in on8'!gallon of No. 1 tuel bl1<br />
and 3.5 gallons of water per acre. Here againthelllittture with straight o~ .<br />
as a carrier was substantially superior to that oon'llWting part water (1'&1'1e2).<br />
On the other hand, the mixt\l1'e with the oil-water oarrier, Test 4, gave '.<br />
better control than the mixture 1I:I.thstraight water; as the oarrier, Test '2.<br />
It is probably safe ..to say the JIIOre oil there 1s. 1:11' the' JIlixture, the better<br />
is the hardwoodoontrol.<br />
Somedamage to cOZlifers waS observed on all t.he!test areas. JOOst I"<br />
damage tooon:l.fers was observed on Test 3, the area''ti:re&ted with the diee.1<br />
oil mixt\l1'e. Six small suppressed pine were foum'iaad:on the plots taken<br />
in this area. This damage probably occurred, beoause diesel oil, being less<br />
.i;;<br />
I) .
412<br />
volatile than No. 1 fuel oil, stapon the tree lozIpr and has a more lastiDg<br />
toxl0 eUeot. It should be merrtioned that d8111118 to conifers occuiTl!l\\<br />
on all plots. 1be ~ other ~0IlU8r ... reoarded>on a plot on Test 2<br />
1ibereft_only was used as .~er. Sp.ruoe,t.Izo.,·*D1hemlook1l81'e~'<br />
sensitive tQ all herbicides tbu p:lDe, bl.1tdaJIBP to.' these speoies did DOt<br />
exoeed an acceptable J.evel.. .An/ClOoasione1leader '. side branch was k111;tc!,<br />
bl.1tmost of the trees sho'Ied ne:evidence ot'dlllltie ..L . : ~~,<br />
_ diesel o.:Q.. J$ttUre did ':noll...appea:t' to .:.. ,weU ar to 'hq' in.<br />
the a:I.r·as.lq as tM. llihter,~ oil. There lIIm'egares of Wld811111fe4<br />
trees ~.. en the strips, en ~ft1on that the JiIae:i1al did not dr:l.tt·WU.<br />
He1gbt.~netllation tid not eqWl1 t.bat of the othe1"£~s. Diesel oU' .<br />
should not be used in partable mist spr~rs, because .the operatCfl' will"04<br />
the d~ dr~~d with oil. It No. 1 fuel oil or 1c«l'oseneis used, it w:Ul<br />
evaporate t.rolIl tbeoperatar. re~, and he w:Lll 'ei:DI. -the. day dry and' ~artable.<br />
lllmber l~ oU is SI.Ipe(l'icxr to d:l.esel aU ltieoause it gives herd1lOOd<br />
~trcJ. equal to 01' better thIUl.4ieeel oil, gives; better he:l.ght peJltliratien,<br />
and it does less damageto con:Lttlll'e..<br />
I • [j<br />
11:Ie.th1rd set ot matohillg:te.ets cOJllPuedoil.Lzttn.es at the rates of<br />
oneand,t'WO,pounds per acre.'n. sta!lds treated .... s.tural and planted<br />
Wbite piJltl.in'teJ'spersed with bsrdwoodtrees aDdsJaollibe. ),bat of the trees<br />
were less. than 1.JdJ:'Wfeet in be:lcht. Aspen.was 1M pl'edom1nanthardwcca;<br />
$pecles. Test 5,t1lO pounds 2; 4,,'-T in 4.'gallClill of fuel oil per aeH;<br />
was.matched.ase:1JlBtTest 6, 1.J)OUIId2, 4, ,-T 1D .~~ tallons of fuel 011)<br />
peraQre. ,!loth ~a_nts gavegoccl control of h~swith little.,p:I.M<br />
damage•. '1rea~t.t the two-poulld leVel wassoDe_t better thim the ClI1ltpQ\lIld<br />
treatment, bIlt the one-pclUDI1,'treatment0OlllP .. d ravarably with ot1Jiiif .<br />
oil treatmerrts c~cted in other tes~ (Ta1lle 2) .~st of the low b:rU8h'<br />
which showed :DOdllDl8J8i.J1these ~sts wasmalebe1'17,. huo1l;leberry, and laurel,<br />
species ~ch were :Nllistent to·,eu the herbiQide.?te.ted, as :DOtedeu11er.<br />
'1'1ft:lwhite oaksover laflin d:1.~·,end'more than'i!arWfset tall were JIn1ed<br />
on this area. Co,u.l of aspen 'WI very good except "Ib8ilthe trees -.rea1lo've<br />
the effect~:,erqe of the eq\dJlllltlit ~ the canap, was,80 dense that otiJ;fthe<br />
lower branches were hit by the mist. , :::;" . . , ; .<br />
ResproutiDsooow:ored a~ only on 8IIl8J.1e aspen end red map18~<br />
Sprouts 'IIe1'eDI101Lmorea'bw:ldllDt;thesecond Y88r .at* spraying. SollIeof the<br />
heed. high aspen atandswl11ch bd, :exQellent h&1'd1lP04:'oontrolthe first yeC'<br />
. wit.b only l~ of the. stems sprcmt:tng·were severe;l$~ting with the pm. .<br />
at the end o.f the aeootld grow1JlBsoson. This eXpe~Cle coupled with ob.IervatiOXlS·on<br />
other .Bfeas treated w1tb.mist blown ,4Doe 1~7 pOints up·tljjt<br />
fact tJl,at c~oJ. ami·not o~teJd.ll :l.s aoh1eveil1d.th mist spr~. TtIOor<br />
more treatments may be Decessuy to briDg a slO1i'l1respOZl4iDgstand ot: Si:lftwoodsup<br />
tllrough the oaqpetiDg h8:rdwoodswhich ere rell4ered less coupt1t1va<br />
by the treat.meAt.ar ld.J.led. fJR411!DOd damage :Lsotlills1Progressi va, and Gtmtrol<br />
may'bebetter 1!!18e.e~ or tb1r4Il'Pwing seuon attei'. spraying than it ..<br />
the first ~,;"re... demaged .oclI'd.fers, on the otNr hand, quiokly rt~1'•<br />
.-1 I<br />
'!'bree sets of tests were made matching the stl1ldud oil mixture of<br />
2, 4, '-Tasainst anel invert elllJ1sion of 2, 4, '-T. One set of tests was
, 413<br />
;. ' "1 ' "':j " •<br />
made with an: aaid equivalent of one1pound per- acre II 8%;liitwo sets were made<br />
at one and one~ pourlds per .~.. , Tb$ are_so _,.~ were abandoned fields<br />
invaded by harc11n:lpds'wh:l.chad",. pl8Jlted to odiJifere. Most of the vegetat1.on'WaS<br />
less than th1rty teett~taiu~' ,. I •<br />
, .". " I<br />
Test 7, om 'poo1ld 2, 4, '-T:':1n 2.~ gallODe ,dfl1'Uill 0:1.1per aare., was<br />
matohed aga:l.tlBt Test 8, one poua:J4,1nvert 2, 4, ,..,~ ~ ..'O gallonstuel o~l<br />
and 1. 75 g~ns Of water. In t1ltlditterentsi tuattoliS· on different days ,<br />
(Tests 9 lUld,cll) the oil JIlixture~:.pplied at one _,one-halt pounds per acre<br />
was matohed against the invert se».wtion applied a~ ~, S8lll8 rate per acre<br />
(Tests 10 and 12). .. : ': f • '<br />
, I<br />
Good hardWOodcontrol was "oh:1~Ved on ell siX,ar •• s treated, and the<br />
invert ell.llsion ,ave control wblI.'lh' 'Comparedfa~·~th the stander,d p:l.1<br />
lIl1xtUres (Table' :2). There appees to be little ditterence :in suscept1bil it 7<br />
a.mo:cgthe speoies when treated .a.th the two mixtun, ,(fable 3). There 11M<br />
less drift with the, invert emul8~oni which reduced~ effeotive range ot,'1ihe<br />
blowers. Treated st1'ips should! be less than twentliitl1'88tin width it sattftactory<br />
,ooverage,18 to be atW1:led .a.th invert eDQ1eiOns. These tests 'Mj:iUld<br />
iXldicat'ethat this material oanille more safely used I tban regular 2, 4, 5..l '<br />
where danger of damage to agriOU1tural crops CXl'other nearby vegetation is a<br />
taotor.'<br />
I<br />
It was hoped that greater he1ght penetration lIIDU1d be achieved with. ~<br />
invert eII.Ilsions th'a1').with re~2, 4, 5-T,beoauaethe droplets ere ot:<br />
largersize. Th1s :t'esuJ.t wasno,:eVident, however,lon any 01' the three tests.<br />
An exam:l.mtion of the eUeets 01' the various, hi:'bicides tested on ~oies<br />
groups (Table 3) 'does not indicaije that one mixture; is effective on one $7OUP<br />
of species and not eftective onanother. The herbieid~s which proved mo$'t<br />
et'£ective were equa1J.y efteotive on:en species at ~d'lOQd and about equal<br />
in their damage to -cO%liters. ' i<br />
~<br />
,. '<br />
Costs ,are 'bf,Setloni88 acres *ayed in' f~t4!I'n'llO'.rld.Dg days in 1~9<br />
and 1960. 'Costs rqe trom $6.17 to $10.73 per acre (Table 4). Materi$,<br />
labor, and,machine costs increase' with the QPP'lic¢on. at more material per<br />
acre. The use 01' 0:1.1in the mixturesinoreases tlJel cost modestly but improves<br />
hardwood eontl'ol greatly.'Increasi:cg ~ v.cJ,ume01' herbicide applied<br />
may some:whatiIDprove hardwood ~tl'ol at a ,s~tant11!J. increase in oost tCXl'<br />
the small gain attained. Howe~, oosts tor even :tIe most expensive app1!<br />
cation are stillV8r7reasonable4t'$J,.0.73 per acr~:fCll' a siIlgle treatment.<br />
It some additional spraying is %lece~sary to achieve:tlJe results desired,<br />
costs will be increased accCXl'dingJ.r~ Two light' ~s at one pound per<br />
aore will proba~y give better !'onttol for the DJonCt spent than one sprey<br />
at the two-pOUIld'~ aore level~ C . . .
Table 2. Effectiveness of Various ForDIl1ati-' Ion'. 2 •"'JIll,., ::4n 1Z3l . 5.:fl:l:K> ~ ~1»,'<br />
..' . •. " '''-. . . -.,.; .. , ' .' ,I 1<br />
245-T .Water ! 2 1.%4i~ I 9J.j 3909 [34,i 364'·. 2541« 1199 3,4, '.~J 9 '.73 13 ~ i 6 .-4'7:~ 124 3$.131 ;41i<br />
·~:TlD 02-l-2-1~!6cJ-l-m-+-!;33~8-1-~t ~ ~~3- 2221~it;;;? ;676 66-+20'~s4j2, 163~.h;r5-1<br />
:~J~.f.':'=.<br />
it.~.-l~.,1J.=.,~.~.'~.=L.;~ §i,.~.=~.<br />
1..=.l.~~<br />
~~".'=~~.'.C.i'I!:.+.<br />
t7-t.<br />
~~".'.,. :"':'~':='".~f~.<br />
:t;.§., ..~~.9=1<br />
245-T 'Oll' ~~: 2 t~~ :1@.\18:'38'6':- Yi1."~ 126ii5laDt :~ 04!:u.a:~: ~;ill156' ~1~ 3 f1<br />
·~T-!~:- ~(tr;';!;4-_tii!m -{;;;? ;;;;!;;1~4-~ r~b.l ~6~;'- ~i;t; ~r~~-!<br />
·---!---·-l-,-t~---'----I----'--'" ~-:--,--I-~-t-:,r- i- ... _ L-,-+-,~I-i-I<br />
245-T!Oll .l'Il375 1 °O . ~ ! - :..,..: ... :~ \2501171-1-i47, ~illl122' 9L"7L2 I<br />
-,--I'-.l .. 'r.T],·-.J; .. ;.~•.•. :;.,-. +'.-. -.~' .~~-I.'.~.- -:.-. 1.. -..11:-.\ ..; ' ~~.. '.; ..~•. '!~·'1•.... ;.t~•.",_..•• 1.;\61<br />
~1;..~..<br />
. ,,--,,··,-r· ........."'i".-<br />
'. t.,<br />
·.-.·1-f--:.- •.... .,... '-'.. -.:..<br />
'.i;.·~'.~..<br />
'1' ~tttf~l~:~-lT~~':* ~~--I~-it£;IH1~ -"ltJti'I ..<br />
-.-[--r-L---n,_l<br />
, , ... ':_~~"':"'-7 -~-l--I""-+-'" ----1~~-+ ..b -~~:!"!,rl '" --:,' .<br />
rnvert O+W r li. W 25 ; '55 63:m 1]2 l ! ,i 89 ";';"; 22 1'1 '10;24:4816]JO .~35 I<br />
----'.--..--1--<br />
-.-~T,--~-J..-t. -t- - -'--'.- -. '.' - - 1<br />
245-T 'Oll ' 1tlll25I'lO<br />
-.1"•.-:---J.-.<br />
! l25 i15 12515 - ~o i83,300 17 -I ..- !92 311 ~ 122105' 35 12 I<br />
l<br />
----:--. --.'-.-..1".--'.--r +.-. -~-l--.'I-. j-. -1-+.,.-~ ...1,-...~!-. -i-.·'-.' -.,-,-:<br />
rnvert 3 jO+W 11t 18335\100 I i.. '- I I- r. 94110061..;1- t';31168 !47 79 22 . -- j<br />
-- - - .... - - - - - T- -:'- - r - i - r -;-- - -J '- - -:\' - - - ,-t - -I.,- T. - - -r - ' -1- - - I- -<br />
Ave•. ,324272 ' '70 113:292 7 ; 716,78 ·221.14 8516 ,28 2 78 28. 66 23 1IJ9 12810<br />
• , ,-". .: .' _. . .. ". -, _ _ ~ ~. I -..". _ _ .. . - _._. .. , . ~<br />
_____ -.:,,"" ,"-_ L,...L_.l. ' __ '__ + ~~.,.. _1,_ ....:+._..l,.. of'.....~ _ '.' ... __ I.....1_ "", __L.; -- I<br />
~w - do.wiater. , "::.' 4 S/J.l;~t:steDMli~'~~ ~,,:->~ *~~:~_~~;~..~<br />
o - Iliese1.,oi,;l .;> 5 ~lII1" .. 'SOI'or~, de~' -:.. c;Ho!Ie. ~,Ii188 ~ *detQliated<br />
:wer1; - 2,4.5-T 6 Severe - 50%to 80%detoliated<br />
1<br />
.,<br />
l<br />
l
(<br />
(<br />
. Table 3. Effectiveness on Speoies of Various Farmu.latiODS of Herbicides<br />
- - - - - - - - .• - - .....- - - _~4--,=T_1,n ~ !:t~JJlsA net. !:m.:. e _ Ie!.t~_I1_ - - - - - ... - - -1<br />
~_f'!~_t2 P..2 11 12B!I 1_T!:lJ.~...,6~ !o_11 ... 9~ 12B!IJ:-~Sr;...@.Q .,zm...~u;Q _<br />
. rIP.! ~-~...<br />
. De.as. J.S!.~I;5l~ b,~-I~~~.:> ,~~~_~t7 ~~_-I~~ ~~·L~A _- _--<br />
.. ~!Jl~' ~.j. i6l, It.02J6J.4Q"JI1'2P+ - 1-I_716<br />
t22.<br />
t·ml . I i<br />
l8. ~9__<br />
.•.~.i. ..... -'. - ~ _ ...... -'-. -i- -t -. -t.- 1.'-.' ~..J.'i: .•I:'~.~ '4 __.<br />
:_~"1_91.1 1..5_ZI$D;"JI". + JJl~ 1.0..;.ul9 ...6g,...3S '2Q~ ~O_I_ I<br />
-- ~1i5· ~ _ _--<br />
lJJ6U5o. _91.J. 9Q9_~ ~ u....l.l29J34 .s«....2.zaJ.J_ ...AQfl z ~ .... lI$ _<br />
- . I· ,<br />
- T - - - - - :r",k!'2-4 QiJ. !,tldT: !~ !:~<br />
i?-IZ7ll_?:1..!U2 J:l,a..I...:u iJ.2..A4.J.7-iJ22..i46.<br />
"_- - +':"._- - I _ _ _ _ "t.,. or-.l6't A7~ 1.8fUI- - ;- T - ~ - JJ, 1.3""..<br />
: ~- iu-E---1-.-+--- "-<br />
._ ..... _I __ ..... ~__ --_<br />
-+;<br />
.... -'tl/t..l.OJ1:-+.-_ ....._[-:f.- -'.p4. ~--I<br />
rUt-...<br />
~ ~ : :<br />
;~<br />
,<br />
;-.--11l-- --..... ~., - ~ - -I ~,,~,',i-.ttJill'<br />
~~~.'!'-~:. 4.. :~~·' .•. ; [~:. i.~ ~,..~-.....<br />
~~~~t.~,,~~I.~ ..<br />
1'.':~.'~•. ·:..•..~. ~.~i..m.,i ..Zl.,-"ii<br />
Il:-wd •<br />
~mAl.;.andi~<br />
.~.:::-~ -~.'~. t.iO~<br />
- - ~ .,. -! ~Q ...?2.-'8. . - ~-j - -to- -9.J.J!~I...3aL 2. ~.. I<br />
- '. -' ...- - - -~~ 2--i-"'t--to-±~:z.2~l.O ~ 2.8__ .<br />
___ L... I ~ ~ _ _ "_ 9Q9; 27. 4'5.j.l __ ,_ -t_ :..... 17l.4.lt18~ _ .a 2 _ _7__ :<br />
2P25 .J. ~ L7...l- - -' -.:. - [7.L7_ ~9.l. aLa,_..1 _ ::I_ 29J.2dI§.213l_~t~L 10__ I<br />
1<br />
..i--J~H!~~~''-3...<br />
- - ...-.-- 15"!"li9t9.<br />
(Combined) .<br />
-.- - _1- - - -. -. - .....-:.- - - T - - &'-2-1 Ul_0:t1~a1 J. ~S;.~ ~ ~_~a~_1~~~6t2.,~-- !<br />
~Cae! i-'lU ~~ 1-7 14_ ~ +_ 4- l-4Q.6..J fP. 9.) JZ.'~ 1_7 .....:_ ~. 2 "1Ȯl3J.' 23.1~ 6 6_<br />
4<br />
!!6.d..2.o~ l<br />
~.~_e. s_ i_<br />
ZlJ,Q'.','. "to &3. 2r :..1.2J_ :,~. ..1.•D,(I2 \ ..2& ...... IJ.! ~•.t.-.6~.. ..o ~•...........<br />
"~".J.3Q.' ..<br />
!rYt4J.Ll46'-"l~49~~:-:'-~. ~....l ~9~?U~.J4.:.RMQ:<br />
'~...-.ii&P _-S' - -..:•..- ....-- ". __ =",~-,~;,."",r~.r:Z3J~;lIl~ - ,"-'c'. ~~ft .. ,.-" .~~. I<br />
..: p<br />
-',"-- -l:g--~t~~- >.+"'~~~'-~" '1~,1~1~l;~~lJ.+~I;J>~Z'- •...iA..<br />
~_~l~~~;:;Jl! I 6";~~ ~ 'q ~i'71U'>.l81'"<br />
lJ_ J."!"4a.6. il §.a_I40__ 9..;J.4_ S._8 - _ ... _ [ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \.It<br />
121_1l4<br />
i!'~~121J.'19 .)33_~ 1_ J
S'QWARXANDCONCWSIONS
417<br />
FENURQlt,A PROMISINGNEWTOOL<br />
FOR FORESTRENOVATIONIN THE NOR1'HEAST<br />
By<br />
Carl. C. ZimmElrID&n*<br />
~.a.wk Tree Farms<br />
R.F.D. No.2, Box 180<br />
Laconia, New Hampshire, .<br />
'I'be Northeast has an i~(lreasing trend toward permanent forest I<br />
holdings by urban people, who use the houses for sUllllllerretreats, week-end<br />
recreation or retirement. They do most of the work on this land themsel'lnes<br />
as a spare-time occupation, because. hired labor is. ,e,xpensive even when it I S<br />
available. These holdings are mostJ,y less than 1,000 acres, and each tract<br />
is gener~ly less than 100 acres.<br />
Typically, these are m:i.xedstan's of val~le hardwoods and<br />
conifers in which various weed trees shortly predOlllil.nate. Some of the mo:-e<br />
serious weed species are aspen, gray birch, swamp maple, wild cherry, andl<br />
elm. Cutting these weed trees ~s not satisfactory ~cause re-sprouts frQlt<br />
the stumps and roots become an even more severe pro1:llem.<br />
111eanswer to this problem seems to be an ..1nexpensive and simpl,<br />
method of selective chemical weeding, involving little investment in mechWcal<br />
equipment. Blanket chemical applications either from the air or ground<br />
are inadvisable because of possible damage to desizWille forest trees or nearby<br />
crops and ornamentals.<br />
In three years I experimentation at Blackhawk Farms, fenuron, which<br />
is cOllllllercially available only in 25 per cent pellets at the present time,<br />
appears to be a promising tool for forest weeding.<br />
The Site<br />
Blackhawk Farms consists of about 1,000 aqr,es of typical north- •<br />
eastern woodland, in six tracts around Gilmanton, N. H., a few miles southeast<br />
of Laconia. lUl six tracts Were at one time pU'ts of cultivated farms<br />
or pastures, but they have now reverted to forests and brush •<br />
The. over-all forestry aim is to develop this .total acreage into<br />
an economic sustained-yield tree in unit. The pr~nt program started in<br />
1949. Unt11 1956, the ma.in activity was planting con:lfers in abandoned<br />
fields. Cutting was the only methOd used for removius weed trees.<br />
* A 50ciolo61st at Harvard University, who treef!U'DIII for an. avocation. 111is<br />
project is supported by a grant from the Permanent, ;6cijilnee Fund of the<br />
American Academy of Arts and <strong>Science</strong>s.
418<br />
EarlY 'Chemical Trea~':,<br />
. . .. .. ,:,;)<br />
Chemical control of weed trees began in 1957, mostly with a one<br />
:Per cent solution of 2,4,5-T in 011, applied by hand as a basal spray. Although<br />
this was effective, it was laborious. PrOlllllling 1958 trials with<br />
dry fenuron in a sawdust carrie:r;"irid later with the 25 per cent fenuron<br />
pelleted formulation, led to 'an~l!insive experiment in 1959.<br />
An 18-acre piece of Illi~ forest (the:2-Durgin field) was chosen<br />
for this experiment. Applications were made in May 1959. The fenuron pellets<br />
were applied in a heel depression at the base of each weed tree or clump. The<br />
rate was one-quarter ounce per tree or clump (a slightly heaping domestic teaspoon<br />
or 1.9 grams of the basic chemical). A few weed trees were chopped down,<br />
rather than treated', where they seemed too close to" desirable trees for sllote<br />
chemical use.<br />
'",<br />
Altbough the summerwu very dry, wide's~ad defoliation was o~erved<br />
after the fall rains began, jus't before frost .1Jul-:jJ:lg the winter and e~iy<br />
spring of 1960, neighboring conifers showed somebro'wning of the needle tips.<br />
However, they recovered during 1960, and grew with increased vigor. Seedlings<br />
more than doubled their top growtb. Most of the ~'d.trees showed ad~tional<br />
defoliatIon andtlnally died. Mantof tL.:Jse whichlu.d', not die continueddafoliating<br />
in 1961. A number otthe weed trees tha~'surVlved into 1961 we~e<br />
multi-stelll!lledbirch or stump sprouts of swampmaplflNl.,The explanation tor the<br />
birch survival seems to be eUherthat more chemiclil'should have been used per<br />
clump, or It should have been spread over more are!',., With the swampmaple<br />
stumps, apparently the' feeder roOts, were too far ~the point where tba<br />
chemical was applied. -, ,<br />
'[f'<br />
A group of profession8.ltoresters who in:8;Pectedthis tract on July<br />
25, 1961, considered it an adequate job of forest weeding.<br />
,me}260<br />
Experiments<br />
Beginning in July 1960, further chemical weeding was lmdertaken on<br />
about 35 acres of a 50-acre phce (the l-Proctor lot). On this land there ,<br />
were many valuable hardwoods intermixed with small pines. Since the selecti v<br />
ity of the 1959fmmronapplicat1en.had not beenetlmp1etely established, ';the<br />
program started lIIIl1t1lywith 2,4, 5-'tapplied in fri~.; To redllce tranepgrtation<br />
and labor,jelliedsod1uma1"senite was shortl:f'!Used tor the weed 'tr,"e~ "<br />
close to desirable ones • ' ;j , "<br />
As continUedobservatlotFof the 1959 f~,a;pplicationslnai¢~ed: ,"<br />
its safety to nearby untreated t1'eelt" more and, IIIOre't'.ehUron,was applied '4\lring ,<br />
~:~u:~:::so~P~~~d "~~ ~:~::eer:a:t::l'b~~h:~~hOd. ,Mo~t rJf tlie" -<br />
....._~..'.~ .,<br />
Repeated inspections of this area in 196J..1n4.1catethat,,-tbe 2:'-4~~,lT,<br />
treatment wasettect1 "e 'without n6tleeable re-sprOttt1n~. Tr~es -tJ:"eated With _-<br />
sodium arsenitere-sprouted severely, even where the'stems w.ere,kiUedj liut J<br />
many of the larger trees did not ~e at all. ,8 - '
There are a number of reaso~ for unders{anding the mode<br />
fenuron in tree-killing and for,recognizing its effects at various<br />
of acHonor<br />
stages.<br />
419<br />
Observations during 1961 of the trees treated with fenuron in the<br />
fall of 1960 indicate that about' 80 per cent of t*irihave been surely Idlled.<br />
The same problema of inadequate dOsage or poor d1i1tr:l.bution for multi-stemmed<br />
and large trees appeared again in the 1960 fenuron program. However, no valuable<br />
trees were damaged with :f'entiron, except onelSat-ge wolf oak., Fenuron from<br />
four nearby treated trees ap~ntl;y was taken up 'by its perimeter roots on<br />
one side and the whole tree defoliated late in 196!L. '<br />
('<br />
Two general conclusiopswere made from the 1960 program. Fir&t~<br />
fenuron could have been used more Y.!.dely in place"bt the 2,4,5-T and so4fum<br />
arsenite, with consequent redUction in laborarii'l. :I.lire-sprouting. Resti-l'tS<br />
with fenuron would have been be'1;ter on larger and :Jz1Ulti-stemmed.trees w:Il1lh<br />
higher dosage and wider scattering over the root tone.<br />
!!.he 1961 Experiment~"'<br />
On the basis of 1960 success, fenuron w~used in 1961 for weeding<br />
10 different forest areas, ranging in size from slightly under an acre up to<br />
25 acres. The total was 61 acres, requiring 318, pounda of fenuron pellets or<br />
only ab?ut five pounds per acre. The first ap:plic,tion was made in Mar~h, on<br />
snow, ~d the work continued throuP Sept ember 20,r'" During the summer a 'few<br />
modifications in application were adopted. Fenuroo'Wll.s applied in the dbttventional<br />
manner on' the ground, and, for close work~" tn various homemade jellies<br />
or pastes in hatchet cuts. Dosage for so11 applieation was differentia-bed for<br />
various size trees, up to a full ounce of pellets, for a 30-inch swamp maple.<br />
The, spoon was abandoned for hand applicll-tion. Ex~pt for close work, the<br />
pellets were slightly scattered at tree bases, in~ead of being concentrated<br />
in a heel print. In most areas, the duff was scuttedaway so the :pelle1;SWe1'e<br />
put on bare soil, and then a duff covering was kicked over them. (A tabu}.ation<br />
of these 10 "commercial-sc~e" treatments is, ,available from the authOr.)<br />
In the first nine, and. a first :pll.rtof tIle tenth, of the fieldis,<br />
injury symptoms from "Dybar" fenuron, weed and brush'killer were quite evident<br />
before the seasonal changes of foliage by the ,mid.dle of October. In each case<br />
all the smaller weed trees (up to six inches d.b.1i}') with few ~cept1ans., were<br />
defoliated. ' . ,<br />
" ~<br />
On the majority of these weed trees, a s:econd crop of lee:vee ~<br />
started~ as occurs in the spring When,a late frost 'freezes early leaves,' In<br />
most cases, the second crop of,1eaves also showed chlorosis. That is, the<br />
chemical, either remaining in the ground, or, w4at:)s more likely, rema.1n1ng<br />
in the tree systems, was interfering with the proclliction of the second crop of<br />
leaves. The inner wood of the trees was still cle~, White, and seemed alive.<br />
Although definite results will not be evident until 1962, the I<br />
preliminary shm.>:ingwas excellent ~<br />
~ of Action"'!<br />
I,
420<br />
S;!.nce t~es treated w:Lthfilnuron d:J,es~or may recover from<br />
what a.ppearto ~,~ot1Qeable eff~tJ,1t is import., to recognize the vaa';f,ous<br />
symptoms and to be !Il!le to pred;l.1;'lf,~ether an atf'~~~ tree w:Lll d:J,eor r~over.<br />
, ". :.":{j :):\; . '.:-: 3 ._ ". . ,:<br />
, 'The.cle~t case is ~t"C!f the healthy.: ~ maple leaf duri~<br />
the height oftheyre~feed:J,ng,~ }ligh, photOsyn~~8,,,jleason. L1ghter-~d<br />
spots first appear in the tissue; Qt'"the leaves b~~'J:he veins. These ~<br />
be detected by' lookins through the leaf toward the sUn. The colors of these<br />
spetliJ chanae ,b~d on the l1gb.t,.:pectrum scale, Fen-yellow-orange-redbrown,<br />
untilthey'seem to be delIA.Jq&terial. ;tn ~J~antime, ,the edges ot j<br />
the<br />
leave8~eatld. ~;,~ the l1v~n~.~.af is reduqe
.n_ots, "'hhin a few months after: ~pplication, mO$t:pt its effect is lost~.If<br />
the aUll!DJeris moderately dry, treli\ted trees may n~:..defoliate completely that<br />
season. In a wet summer, however, trees may defoliate at least twice.<br />
A er;:'od of active 0 . and trans irat .·is necessar for effective<br />
kill.' When enuron is app '. to the soi, tj,;lIIQyesinto the roots;<br />
SOmewhataccording to the rapidi'l:r: pf grQwth. sucqessful usage has been~e<br />
at Blackhawk from Me-rch through, No~mber, but mOliltJ:apid results were frqm<br />
June thrOUgh Ausust.$ leaves ~OW, tlley transp1;;!li1 ~oving the chemical ,t-o<br />
the leaves Where it affects Ptot9'~"f.;hesis. Photos;yl1thesis is naturally .pt<br />
affected under the best growing conditions. Since tenuron seems to inhi¥;t<br />
Ptotosynthesis directly, the lea'fes seem starved tor;' sugar, and chloroPtYJ1;l, .is<br />
not manufactured. The lack of chl,Q~oPtyll further ;-educes the total Pt0i;pc<br />
synthetic activity of the affected plants. Then t!¥!: plant appears to drapon<br />
reserves of sugars and starches in the roots until these are depleted, and the<br />
plant finally starves to death.<br />
Applications in the late f.'Zldwet fall o.f ~60 did not show material<br />
results until after the highly.act.ixe growth period ;t;n,midsummer 1961. ~ly<br />
spring applications in 1961 did. not show any eftect,untll late in the s~r.<br />
But applications Iilade between May2~ and July 5 .shQYe
_.,"<br />
h??<br />
on Vigorous ~owth within 8 year or so. Hardwoods (black cherry in particular) J<br />
t.r~at.ed w1t.l1'milcl,40sep. of the chelll1calin 1957 ~d 19;8 showed very eVi~t .<br />
chlort>t.1Qs1gpll,th~ tirs:\; yearb~~edovered their' ~sor completely by 1.958~d<br />
l~. Rell"ie:t.ed t.reatment with ·"~):1dose :rn1961:'~.0JIie-Th1rd field) a~en..ly<br />
killed them.' ",''- ... .' ,J-<br />
. ' .·,Aj;lpeent1ythe k~1l1ng,:~r:~ tree with t~',~C1i~c:al 1s1argely •<br />
problem otgetting·' sufficient ch~c.." into the tr". . At forest applicatl.9D<br />
: 'rate.", the l.onse , Viit,Ot'. the, cheill;J. ....~'.(.'in,t. be gr~,nd,'~ .•.~', s n.ot very great,.~one<br />
season atthlHllOl!lt i but oneaPPJ.!8ation mayiI:t:1~i b~ing about partial aefoliation<br />
1n broadleat ltrees the"tH!ra season a:t.'terapPlication .. possibly<br />
even lat.er. ' " .<br />
. . Thull asa-forest tooi'i't!.:!s' eveIi valuable~rthesecontinued ~lal<br />
d.efo1iat1ons,'u ~tl!~~orest isO;:!d.IIlOl'l\! and, JllO~e:iiOU1creased penetrat~ of<br />
t.hesunl1Sbt. ll'Iu'thftlllore, th~, ,,,.~,' seems affected,p,a total organism. Wbat<br />
:kilJ.s the tl"ee, aleo'seems to ldl,f)
sater method ot tree-killing close tb desirable treet.On pure speculation,<br />
in the tace ot doubts from some advisers, an injection method was first trled<br />
with tenuron in september, 1960.,:, A,watery mixture was made up from fenuron<br />
pellets and poured into hatchet gashes in a number of weed trees.<br />
, • ".j'" o':~ .<br />
Since then, about a doz~1:l homemade fo:rms Olttenuron liquids, pastes,<br />
jellies,an4 salves have been made and used durin. r_year 1961. several<br />
aMi ti ves have been' used. These bMre been injectecl~uneath the cambium ~rs<br />
ot several thouae.ndtrees of all rises and types. ,'a.'81m of the project ~s<br />
to de,velop a' one-1no1sion, one-inpct10n quick. metbcl'6,ofl eliminating weed trees<br />
in situations where applications, • ,the ground coul6 epdanger valuable trees.<br />
So far, the results of tbese experiments hue been' highly sa.tisfactory.<br />
"![be influence of the chemical fenuron s~ :tOJ be the same, no I$tter<br />
whether it is introduced into the tree through theJ:!OQ1;a or injected almost<br />
anywhere beneath the cambium layer ot the trunk. However, further time is<br />
needed to, confirm theae results.'",'<br />
Conclusions 1,:"<br />
.rr<br />
lAss tban a1"1'lICt10no1' 0Qli percent of:tb.ule81rable. trees have<br />
been afflicted in tracts Where fenu&'Onhas been used'4lor tree weeding. Of<br />
thesel iIlostwere an],y sUghtly t01ilohed, andexper:tilIllIC* iJ.ndicates that .they<br />
wlll, recoVer:. In other words, with due precaut10nsjJJ*iu non-selective nature<br />
of fenuron, 1snotlul; important danger in its use as ~~st weeder. Most of<br />
the valuabletreesiatfected wereintractswh1chwerllr treated when there ••<br />
snow on the ground:. Apparently tbe snow water. puddJ.e4the chemical away ttom<br />
the'point ot app1icat1on.u;<br />
',':-1 ~" ~)I ;'::<br />
It is believed thatth1s study shows clea!:ly that fenuron pellets,<br />
applied: to the grounll,' constitute ,':usableand value'ld.e'1nstrument for 'the<br />
necell~jweedillgjot,.torests. It., alao suggests.' ev:LcDtncefor further study of<br />
injection' t:reatBIEtnt. '!be .'ord1~, t'orest owner. ~an fIIoW· beeome a silvicide<br />
expert it he learns to, ustlthis' cbell1cal. He needS1IObther equipment except<br />
a pail and a paint marker.<br />
This chemical is not a "treatment" but a "tooL" tor forest use.<br />
Each tree, each plot, each acre, can be approached according to its needs, arod<br />
toward an OY8J;'",;a1J,.d~siSQ "for 'A yal\l~ble susta1ned~iL~ forest.
424<br />
PLANTRESFONSETO T~IZONE<br />
E. G. Terrell, Jr.<br />
SOIL Fu~I~,N7<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> control in forest tree nurseries continues to be a high<br />
labor cost operation despite the general use since 1948 of<br />
petroleun distillate or oil sprays. (2,S). In the Northeast,<br />
weed control is complicated by the great variety of species<br />
grown for reforestation. Some are tolerant while others are<br />
sensitive or intolerant. Seedlings of Scotch pine and larch,<br />
while ordinarily not killed by moderate amounts of oil spray<br />
applied during the first year, are often damaged so that<br />
plantable-size seedlings are not produced Ul 2 years. Hardwood<br />
seedlings, which are intolerant to oil spray must be handweeded<br />
or cultivated.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> control in seedbeds is most important during the first<br />
year when the small, relatively slow-growing seedlings are<br />
least able to stand the competition of fast-growing weeds.<br />
Hand-weeding is costly, and may do considerable damage if<br />
weeds are allowed to get large. The use of soil surface<br />
herbicides, such as Neburon. before or soon after tree seed<br />
germination causes high seedling mortality in some species.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> control need not be considered sep~ately from the control<br />
of other nursery pests if one treatment will provide effective<br />
control of both. Soil funigants. ~~hich erradicate or greatly<br />
reduce the numbers of living weed seeds and weed vegetative<br />
parts, as well as nematodes. fungi, and insects. are useful<br />
nursery tools. They can help the nurseryman get the seedlings<br />
past the first critical year with a minimum of damage by pests.<br />
Soil funigation is not new; in fact. it has been in use since<br />
World War I left large stocks of Chloropicrin (4). Funigation<br />
with methyl bromide under hand-sealed plastic tarps has become<br />
standard practice in some Southern nurseries. but adoption of<br />
the practice in the Northeast has been slow. Labor costs,<br />
soil temperatures. sowing times. and tIle severity of the<br />
damage by weeds and pests in the Northeast are quite different<br />
from those in the South.<br />
The development of a tractor-mounted combination injector-tarp<br />
layer by the DowChemical Co. led to our resumption of funigant<br />
testing in 1959 (1,6). Results obtained from an application of<br />
one of the test materials, Trizone. is reported here.<br />
l<br />
1 Manager. Saratoga Tree Nursery. N. Y. State Conservation<br />
Department, Saratoga Springs, N. Y.
Material<br />
~izone is a,mixedf~g.. t with the fol~owing composition<br />
by weight (:l): ::::f', t<br />
f·J·<br />
Methyl bl'~4't'l<br />
•. 61~0%<br />
ChloropiQl'4p t'<br />
:.jao.O%<br />
3",BromopropYM (proparg<br />
. , , , " bromid,) ,~:' 60;8%<br />
BrQlllj.nated Csh¥QroclU'bons 4 ~.~<br />
. . p •<br />
It i. a, :l~~d ,t (j8o,~, ~1l pressures~29 lb. per sq. in. and<br />
is, supplielll in 175 lh."iA:ly~~er".Re~ dosages are from<br />
1~O-2QO lh.per.;ClCre 4JPeIJlI\ing upon tma·Wtv,erity and the nature<br />
of the I\4l8t Pro~18lll.1 ,.'/ i .<br />
" . ';r
426<br />
Sinc~! staJ'ldardnurset'y Htd»eds '1"efM"~'with·as:i;c."foot'J'<br />
center-to-center distance between paths, the S; t'bot· ·tarp does<br />
not extend to the' center of the path4 rnotii8'
427<br />
On November 16, 1961, at the end of the:f1~et growing season,<br />
~OO trees each from a treated and ~treated row were randomly<br />
se1ectedfor comparison of; height,
428<br />
.r><br />
SUrlfnary.and'Conolus!o*,'lo i" i I.)(?<br />
. . .. ...• . ',intI 'l' " 'ne<br />
Ah;U.·appll1aatiotlofi.lrizoneat,the'l'aM:of 175 lbs per acre<br />
.was 'Iuiderto'nursery seedbed. withanin:Jictor-tarplayer machine.<br />
Broadcaiitr.:beds of.white·tipruce were i SOWft·?1n'· the usual mazmer<br />
about one month 1a'tl!'r .. 'i. Observations !nathe'S\IlI!ler of the first<br />
year indicate good weed control in areas not contaminated with<br />
weed seed afterfumiga:t.1aa. Modificatidn8 of sowing. methOds<br />
have been made toireduce"tihia type' o;f'caoRt/llllination. A substantial<br />
increall! in stocking, height, and diamet .. was apparent at the end<br />
of the first grOwing.MUon.;.!") "<br />
'_,pC :. _ . .' ..~_:,t_t.,_._..."<br />
.Trizone, a relatively new soil fumigant, has performed well in<br />
;the Saratoga production trials. Use of this material seems<br />
justified where 1) weed control by other means is more costly,<br />
more difficult, or more damaging, 2) plant stimulation e~f~cts<br />
can be utilized to reduce the time required to grow a plantab1e<br />
s.eedling .:' . '; , . r<br />
Literature,<br />
Cited<br />
1) Dow ~hemical Co. Trizone triple acti~ soil.f~lant<br />
.'-.", Mit i'edh, ,Bull •..'l;ICt;; JMay ,1.961. ~ .<br />
2),El-ia~, E. J •. j""C:;.·use OfOii'~y for the control of<br />
_ • i ; GwBeds in conifetl'OlI8. nurseries. ;l-l~:' Y•<br />
State Conservation Dept. 8 pp (Processed)<br />
1948. .<br />
,,'j ,SD11' fumigation>je"aluations in white pine<br />
.. ;Hy)seedbeds and otbe!!i ..ftursery investigations.<br />
TREE PLANTERSNotES No. 41 pp:17-21,<br />
April 1960.<br />
",.> " . L 'T3q ."·1<br />
4), ijeWhaU, .A.,G. & Il«IUI',.'Bert 'So:U:i\:Inigation for nematode<br />
and disease control. Cornell Univ .• Ag.<br />
". Exp. Sta. Bull. 850, September 1943.<br />
5) . ~t0i!C;:1UIU? I _J. 1;1., " lIUl,ling nurser)t _elb; withoU sPl'ayei •.<br />
"·'i;v..,~. Forest Sel'!!:'; I>akeStates FOl'est Exp.<br />
.; j c. Sita • Tech note,H() .,1 p (Processed)! ,1.943.<br />
~",: ;~ uc<br />
6) ~~~' G. 0 •. . ;id3jp;Lz~ -.l\nett(l:rlipll1! action. so:U,'<br />
'J. J ~'~:- "'<br />
.. p:\.gan"t. DOWN' 'J:O'BARTH1S (14-) 2..5,.<br />
Spring 1960. . ,;:;,,:;,
CHBMI-THINNINGWITH,AIrlINES IN THEDORMANT SEASON<br />
429<br />
Robert R. MorrowJ.<br />
"Hardwoods<br />
Cons1derab1eearly work in chemi-thinn1ngbSrdwoods was reported<br />
in 1959 (3). At that time the importance of a eqm,plete frill for<br />
dormant season deadening of most NortheasternU~ted States species<br />
was stressed. Top-kill was cllousedby adding cil~cal to the frill, .<br />
to make a zone of dead wood. Successful chemi-Wdles were made with<br />
2,4,5-T in kerosene, 2,4-Din kerosene, and .rosene alone. The<br />
former chemical caused a wider girdle and appea3d to hasten topkill<br />
by as much as two years1n comparison with 1'2,4-D and oil alone.<br />
Wiant and Walker (4) have recently confirmed t~ Glil alone is sufficient<br />
to cause top-kill when e4ded to frilJ.s.··'<br />
In recent years there has been considerable-;I.nterest in the<br />
performance of amines of 2,4-D and 2,4,5~ in ~arison with esters.<br />
Such interest is spurred by reports that top-k:1.J.a., especially of oaks<br />
in the growing season, has resuJ.ted from aminee4D partial cute (some'<br />
li terature reviewed in reference 3). Comparatiw tests of amines, ,<br />
esters, and oil were made in 1957 aniI. 1958 on a-.riety of species<br />
in woodlots in southern New York. All chemica1lf rwere applied in a<br />
complete frill at a rate of 2;"3 ml. per inch of,·tiameter. Most treatments.<br />
were made in October and November; a few W2'emade in February •.<br />
Table. 1 gives the approximate .t:tmerequired for -~b percent of the<br />
chemi;"girdled trees to be 90 percent top-ld.lled~·<br />
In mo@ttrees ,that required two to four YeEll'Sfor top-kill l there"<br />
was little kill the first year. Occasional treg'cling to life for<br />
many years, even though completely girdled, prerilliably thr01.1gh root<br />
grafts. In general there was little difference l!Ietween trea.tments<br />
in the time required for top-kill. A few cases 'Of live wood bridging<br />
girdles were found in the 100(1 ahg ~,4-D amine1treatment. These<br />
occurred on large vigorous trees, mainly red map;ij!. This may have<br />
resulted from polilr spreading and transJ.ocation cStamine in water at<br />
near freeZing temperatures. On the other hand, kerosene s];:reads and<br />
soaks into woody tissue rapi~ .at low temperatures.<br />
lAssoc. PrOf. of Forestry, Department .of Conservation, Cornell University.<br />
The' author wishes to acknOwledge the ektensive cooperative<br />
tests carried out' in western KeY'.York by the Nelt:l'ork State Conservation<br />
Department under the supervision of District Forester E. J.<br />
WhaJ.en.
430<br />
Treatment<br />
400IFahg 2,4-D ,e.m:I.ne<br />
(undiluted)<br />
~00/l ahg 2,4-]) amine<br />
in water<br />
20# ahg 2,4,5~ ester<br />
in ke:t'Oeene<br />
Kerosene, '<br />
100# ahg 2,4-D amine<br />
in water<br />
(in a second woodlot)<br />
'<br />
Species<br />
beech<br />
red maple<br />
sugar ,lIIQ~<br />
wh1te,ub::,<br />
basswood '<br />
beech<br />
red _~'~<br />
sugar ......:Ili!l'.<br />
blaCK ii~Cb:"<br />
, J<br />
beech :,': ".~.,<br />
"d JIlIIl~<br />
sugar-·1IitPJe'<br />
Wbi:teu!l<br />
basswood, :<br />
~00# ahg2,4-D amine ",bassW0d4w .<br />
in water<br />
~okory "c ,.>J:'<br />
(in a th11'C1woocUot) Amer1QMe1m<br />
blaCk :'olIe-rr<br />
wh1te:'O!ak' _ ;i ..<br />
400/1.ahg 2,4-D ~ne<br />
(placed in Pe.rt;j,'1.<br />
cuts 1 not C01iIp].etetriU)<br />
,<br />
No. trees j.b.h. range Years<br />
~3 4-~4" 2-3<br />
5 6-12" 3-4<br />
5 ,5-10" 3<br />
5 'J::;- 5~ 9" 3-4<br />
3 'lV~" . 6,. 8" 2<br />
~9 '~-15" 3<br />
24 , '6-15" 3-t<br />
30<br />
0 5-12" 3+<br />
1 ':.y 7·~4" 3-4<br />
13 ;7-ll" 3+<br />
~.<br />
. r'_ t. " 2<br />
'J.,<br />
9 ,4-ll" 2<br />
';~~~d,<br />
4 5- 9" 3-4.,<br />
'1r<br />
4 "4- 7" 2-3<br />
[::"'t' :<br />
2 '.5- 6" 2<br />
"I Sf<br />
9<br />
"',f 5-14" 24<br />
2 6" ",-,8"- 3-4'<br />
4 ,6. 9" 3<br />
a<br />
~'1J .<br />
5 " 3-4<br />
2 ',',;d'o:" 7 " 3-4 n-:<br />
.px"'-' 4 . I ,<br />
lao " . '4-12" 3+<br />
"0
These tests show once aaaiJithe need for ecmplete frills in dormant<br />
season cl:I"emi-"th1nn1ngin Nort.be..-te:rn United states. They also demonstrate<br />
no advantage tor ~.' over esters or 011 alone in dormant<br />
season work.<br />
431<br />
Conifers<br />
In 1957, a preliminary report (2) was made concerning dormant<br />
eeaaon application of und11.~: 2,4-D amine in partial cuts for chem:i..<br />
th1nn:1ng pine plantations. Briefly this report stated:<br />
1.. In red and Scotch piXIe pl.a.Utations, trees 3-5" d.b.h.<br />
received, 2 or 3 cuts per tree.. Each cut received 3-4 mJ..<br />
of chemical.<br />
2. For red pine treated in November and ~ch, the terminal<br />
leader and uppermost whorl of lateral branches died back<br />
the follow1ng June; the whole tree was top-killed by the<br />
end of sUIlllller.<br />
3., For Scotch pine, death of trees was sJ.()wer; edge trees with<br />
large crowns sometimes recovered.<br />
4.: Presence ofa few dead red pine trees ~acent to treated<br />
trees suggested caution in recormnendiqg the new treatment.<br />
!<br />
\<br />
Subsequent red pine growth studies have eSt' :blished the probable<br />
reason tor death of untreated·· trees in the plan :tion as a combination<br />
of drought e.nd shallow soil 'which predisposed t weaker trees to suecessful..<br />
bark beetle attack. S1m:iJ.ar bark beetJ.ei damage has been found<br />
on numerous red pines on poor sites in recent y$rs.<br />
In the past five years, applica.tion of UDi~uted 2,4-n amine<br />
in partial cuts has been made in several. plantat\Lons of moderate size<br />
to test the general utility of this method of chemi-thinning. These<br />
treatJ!'StXts are described in Table 2. '<br />
Nearly all trees in these stands were top-klJ.led by the end of<br />
the graw:l.ng season following tfeatment. Exce:ptibns were hemlock, which<br />
was not killed, and sUllllllertreatments of Scotch ~d red pine, which<br />
resulted in slow kill over .most Of .. two growing s.asons. Slow kill<br />
was observed occasiona1]y in treu, with large,c~s and in trees<br />
with fewer than one cut per two inches of di8iJiet'r.
')<br />
')<br />
C t1<br />
c, r .L..j<br />
\' ':,~<br />
~, c ('<br />
:
Th:Ls ch!~ca1. tx'eatme:n1!_1IhClJ.ose~ as80C!ia.ie~Jw1th lJm'k .beeUcl·'·I. (;<br />
~e;to ~re~ia. ~,pi:Di,~.JF1n.~peJ. ~~JleftJit involve:Cl.,nor- ·'t'<br />
mall;y'18 "pj.1;obed out Qf~l;~~s, but~;,pr dying.,1lrees a:t'I!ll'"<br />
susceptab~.·)i~ 'cbem1~~ted tree~<br />
't~\i~ '.lowl3'·dy1ng.~,(0.<br />
prime targets, end beetle populations ms:ybuild up following treatment<br />
of extensive~. This pOP\llation build-up poses tD questions:<br />
(a) What roles do beetles PlaY in kil11ng treated trees? (b) Will<br />
the build-up cause success~;. ~le attack on neighboring healthy<br />
trees?<br />
" . . .' •. :'e I ",' "~.. ,J<br />
~~ 6f,j;he .chemi.ca1.·a~.sto betrElO.~4 upward in narrow<br />
bends above the point of application, leaving sizable streaks of live<br />
wood ~etween. ~ WQOA.~Ii!: ~~.1nd1cstedl;ly ~ration of liSP<br />
wood following treatment. ·~ry,Uttle ~~xus1ocat:lonis indicated.<br />
This has been verified' by treating one stem of twin red<br />
pines; p,s~ o~ the tre~ :f;tem dies. S1nc:p:~e tree dies;t'roe .f<br />
the to:p do~, a tree ~th a:~ crown is ~i~d... Treeswitb.<br />
large crowns and large areas of live wood between dead tissue may<br />
live ;LolIgel'qr;eveu.recover~ F~ s~ch trees 1;9)~., they must e.itber .j.<br />
be overtopped. and .~d out ~~,colI\Peting .trees .• '__e-girdled through<br />
progressive dying of live tissue along the stem.· Beetle attack may<br />
influence the latter process, but its significance is not known. In<br />
most of the treatments, beetle activity was abundant and trees otten<br />
died quickly. In at least two of the areas, there was little or no<br />
beetles activity; good top-kill was still attained.<br />
Whether or not bark beetle population build-up might become sufficient<br />
to endanger healthy trees is not known. In most of these<br />
treatments beetle activity was sufficient~ heavy to cause the base<br />
of treated trees to be ringed with frass droppings; even so, no untreated<br />
trees were dameged. This fact appears to be especially<br />
significant in respect to the white pine stands which had never<br />
been thinned and contained many non-vigorous trees suppose~ susceptable<br />
to beetle damage.<br />
The use of undiluted 2,4-D amine is cheap. The chemical cost<br />
of most thinnings is about $2.00 per acre. The labor time required<br />
by an experienced Ban using hatchet and plastic squeeze bottle 'With<br />
chemical varies from 1.5 to 4 hours per acre depending mainly on<br />
ability to Il'.ovethrough the plantation. One cut for every two inches<br />
of diameter is otten sufficient. For particularly fast kills to<br />
reduce bark beetle build-up, for trees 'With large crowns, and for<br />
speeding kill following summer treatment, more cuts are needed and<br />
the cost will be somewhat greater.<br />
In sU1lJlllarY, 2,4-D amine in partial cuts is en easy, cheap,<br />
non-hazardous, and effective method of chemi-thinning many conifers<br />
in the dol"ll8nt season. It is particularly applicable to plantations
',<strong>Weed</strong><br />
434<br />
becauH ,~tlIt'~·, '1sUni1ii!lf\ Weuts~" ril.t~ ,eOziIplete'.'ffl~et,<br />
ere-tar ._~\W ~~&H(~11'dlf~i~ work.~~~'<br />
and~·;(;J.)iti;de '-1te~e4iJb 'W6fiod:'sUde~.M::f&.-'k:l1:t1ngd1~~:I<br />
. p1ne;1ttc~j ''bl\Us'theH_~be'Y:I;:;;<br />
':,'1 C•.f ;<br />
:-\.J (1".:"\1;('<br />
.' i::l i'c'l:lJt,<br />
, .'!,,··DII,·<br />
J :t)1.~,·<br />
I'. J.sC;,-l"·'·:<br />
'rc<br />
,<br />
~:: i_'1::_~,-j"1<br />
... ', ".;" , ,;<br />
. . ~.<br />
... ..~;
:<br />
if.. . '<br />
A Comparative Study of the AppUoatlon of<br />
Three <strong>Weed</strong>1c1des, Kurosal G, Kurosal 5L<br />
and a 2, 4-~E.~er to Three ~e~ 1n<br />
Long Pond, Dutc~,ss County, Npw ~ork.<br />
, .. ","<br />
435<br />
Made~ene E. P1eroe, Vas,ar College,Poug~eeps1e,'New York.<br />
t - .<br />
" , . ,I' "<br />
The purpose of th1s stu4Y.was to oomp~e the results of I<br />
the applioat10n of three w.~4191des upont.b,Jjee, separate plots,<br />
The weed1c1des were Kurosal G,Kurosal 5L, .~da 2, 4-D Ester,<br />
All were app11ed at the same concentration of act1ve 1ngred1ents,<br />
2.2 ppm. In the early SUl11m"1'."frequentobIl,Fv,at10ns were made<br />
and records lteptnot onlYct, "tAe effect up0ltthe pondweeda, b.t<br />
also upon nekton, plankton".~ benthic or.l.ms. The duration<br />
of th1s study was from May jl ,~ October 4;~ +96~.<br />
'"',,<br />
I w1sh to thank Mr. warr-~ ~oKeon, alld;~ Kenneth W10h Qt<br />
the Poughkeeps1e otfice ort~! ,Ne'liYork 5,ta~ Conserva t10n ~,<br />
partmen t for the1;r .haLp 1n14h; ;f'1eld. Mr. 9.!tto Johnson again<br />
gave the use ot his boats tp.r'r~he season. :1)oW'Chemical Company<br />
suppl1ed the produots wh1ch wWe being stud~ed;and Vassar<br />
College provided a small e;~,ant tor oovering:.tudent assistance<br />
and transportat,1onexpenses.:; ,,','<br />
• J J<br />
Cond1tions in Long Pond have been oal"efJ1J.ly descr1bed 1n detall<br />
1n prev10us papers. (~1'rce1958, 195~f 1960, 1961)·<br />
Three exper1mental areas wf#'e~ staked ou t , , ,11'jo·~of" these were ],0<br />
ca ted wi th1n the shallow lj,ttoi'al zone (l ..
436<br />
several speoles of Potamo eton ,(Po amPlifol~S, P. crispus,<br />
P. pusillus, an.... ~.• atans •. Othe.r sUb~.rc... weeds are present<br />
but in limIted'a"_ • . . .:. . " ..' '.'<br />
.' ',
'j 437<br />
petioles, now elongated,f'ortoed miruature arches above the'L·'.<br />
water; the ,pads overturned and theentire,jplot presented a4"8ddiSh<br />
oast oompared to the surrounding untreated green area.UBy<br />
the end of the first week, the surface supported a tangled mass<br />
of stems, leaves ,and bloa'8dms, whioh stlon:began to deoompoee.<br />
From this point on, deoomposition proceeded slowly, more al",,1y<br />
than in previous years. Whereas the surfaoe of treated a~••<br />
usually had been free of pad. by late JUll,' they were not.tjoee<br />
of pads until August or earl~ September i~ 1961.<br />
In oaves or little bays of area I II" where the waterw&s<br />
qUiet, the 111y pads disappeared more qUickly, as well as mQre<br />
oompletely. In the region of the ohanneL~exposed to win~<br />
and probably a small ourrent, the treatment was not as effe~t~<br />
1ve, and even in september oonsiderable ngmbers of lily pad$;<br />
dotted the surfaoe. Submersed weeds (Utrloularia) responde~<br />
in muoh the same way. They.were reduoe! cr nearly eliminated<br />
in qUiet waters, but not in the deeper and more exposed ohannel<br />
area.!<br />
.-: J t) I<br />
Areas I and II oan be oommented upon'·together. Exoept',ltor<br />
a narrow band olose to shore •. these areas responded suooesst.lly<br />
to tr~atment. By early september the surtace was well olea~edof<br />
111y pads,and the submerged weeds (mostlJ: Utrioularia) had·IQeen<br />
ei tbel" eliminated Qr muoh re(1uced •. Along~:the west shore, a cmos-s,<br />
hornwort, and some water 1111es form an:exoeedingl~ dense b~r.d&r<br />
of 8 feet in wldth. These plants were not eliminated or substantially<br />
reduoed. As fo.r the Potamoge~. it is very diffioult<br />
to judge. InsparElel-y populatedare",s. it seems to di~<br />
appear With treatment, b"t in densely popQtated areas, ther$c<br />
a,ppears to be no reduction lP number of pl&;nts. l<br />
, , j'<br />
One halr of area I r!&j:utlved a seoond.pp110a tion of K~sal<br />
G on July 5, three weeks. afUr the first¥pllcation. Thisn<br />
treatment was made ~in order ,.to test the v1:80Zlof a large pa1i~<br />
of NUpp!r advena whioh had not. beenaffeo'ed by the first appli<br />
ca tion.. By the end at . twoweeks, thepA,ants were dying. ~d<br />
by early September they w8l"'e.-declmated, bu:1l.not oompletely<br />
eliminated.<br />
.I 'r::- i '<br />
It may be oonol1uded that, ln genera1., ~~haea, BrasenM,<br />
and Utr!1oul~rla res,ponded l1uooessfully tOfJLIlithree weedio1i$8<br />
when applied at a oonoentra1iion of 2 ppm. ".No one of the thl"IH<br />
weedloides proved more effeotive than the,-other two. I<br />
The summer of 1961 3,n P:utohesEl Countl:W8,:S hot and humid<br />
With all" temperatures oft.enj,n high 80'.S~; low 90's. FrPm.i:<br />
May 31 - September 20, bottom, tempe;ra tur~-ttd):r- the pond variei1.<br />
with the usual seasonal ~enQ.. Op May 31iot.ne temperature "Joil<br />
a 0001 60 0F, whioh rose sharply during a hot period in early<br />
June to 78 0F. During the AA~terohalfo:r. ~nei .and early JU::LY,<br />
the pond oooled to a conatan t, 74 F, but %?qse",galn by mld.... Ju.iLf<br />
to 80°F. Although no sample~ were taken 1~ AUgust, it is
"<br />
, 438<br />
reasomlb;Le,',t!o &Hume the -!pdDd ~rema1ned ,1i4Nb' the 80°': level 't6~<br />
,seT-eral w.o., , By Sep'l;e.m'ber~O, bottoll' ~ratures 'had ' ,<br />
falleD' '0 ,680F. 'jf ( • 0: 1<br />
~ : . ~) ~;~~- j" .:~ " ~<br />
:'llM,d:1sJlOlvec1 oxygen t~«n.ected 10. geliel!lll'the s.ea.son8il.' ",<br />
. ~re.n.d· ot .~~:ture. As.,':1nrprevious 81U11111er,s, the dissolve4F',<br />
oxygen, OQft'ten!t>otJ 1ii1e Qont~li area was oonaiste:ntlytheloww.-t'.<br />
on May; 'J14')'J::t,w~8;,9.,5 ppn.G7J!tlep' ocourrell e's:toltdy deorea:~'[~'<br />
a low of .5 ppni 1n la.te;:Jlt~, followed 'bJ ;t;rrreadlng of 5.6 .;<br />
ppm on September 20. Experimental are~s showed the same trend.<br />
In. areag;!::a:ndi II on I-~':3lrt)'t;ha diesolve4J',oitygen oontent wa!l<br />
lO'ppm.. d1pplng to 1.4 ppaq' f ,and remainlni!,tl IItt'OI,tnd 7. 4-7.8 ptml ~<br />
as ;Late &S),Se:p.1A'emPer20.,~difJsolved: ooqg.en oontent ot ~)<br />
III, el1OWed,ol.o:.e:roorrela.ti1l)tl with tempeftture. On May 31 1~,<br />
was' 'l0. ppiili, Cdecreasing daMn'g'JJuly to 5.53~, and returnlng'bt<br />
septeml!1er. ~ to'?_, 2 P~'.::) DIn-a' appeared, :'0 be: no c;orre1a tUft' .:<br />
oflcUtYi!;eni contbt'wl'th' the1iappl1cation of tn., weed1cide.'<br />
. 'j!:. *~ \ "':':'~)(.:.·S~~ -" .liT ,;T f:.<br />
The pH read1ngs 1n all areas showed the same trend. The)"<br />
were highest 1n May and June, deoreased to a lower point by<br />
late JUl." aAd:.r$maltled at tl1'l1s1evel'8VeftOaa late as September.<br />
The .~rla1l1on8 ;oocurred betw •• n e.) ....7 ~20lj 'lhe pH of' the \(jon:-i'<br />
trolareawalJ oons1stentllYf.:1l0wer than all Iothe:rs, 7.8 - 7/l.<br />
i<br />
c,<br />
Exper1Dlental"areaawere e1tdl.l'~ to eaohother'andshow$d '1,.' '<br />
va:riat1on •."beheena.3 ....,7~~4. ·No co:t'lrela1ll1on of pHwlth the"<br />
applioation Q.ttih.weed1ctd"'loan'b.dedUCJH~ , ',FCC<br />
',~'. t- .~ . ~:;"! .::-!I"·r ~ "l"' j<br />
'The:planltt6ri identll~JOt&nbe grOUP~ ae "in' prev10uli<br />
i<br />
,.; "<br />
yea1'8: M~Ph1ceaelCh1~l*10ea.e; Pro<br />
micro-organisms revealed a faso1nating pioture of' the ohange<br />
oQ~t'~ngt~w1~n,,~he plank-Wtll pdpuJ.atfod'O!J1;htt liIaason p'ro~-:"<br />
re'ued'.: ': , I:D<br />
'In bGth'e!Xp~Ii1ll1ental::andJ 'control aio_'.i large aqua tio<br />
vertebrate4,' 't'1eh, ,froge,' 'ahd:tur1l1es yij!'e ~serit1n -abun- , ..<br />
danoe atid (li1cvel y:l n:behavfb¥.;,'!' : Many adu1."t.fililh and large<br />
". .t<br />
sohooliir Of'
Helisoma, Menetus, fhYSa andValvata; Peleoypoda (Sphaerium);<br />
Amphipoda (the scud ; Isopoda (Asellus); Insecta (larvae or<br />
nymphs of Mayfly, Damsel fly, Dragonfly, and Midge). The<br />
seasonal trend: ot populatlpn, W..s refleo,\;e
:lBummary<br />
'eI'<br />
. (<br />
1. Th%"e&~xpe1"1IDenta], ar-e•• Were ohosenli_: the shore ot:,rtidhg<br />
Pond.: :NCor these weH'ohe ao:re, one •• but,a halfaoM.<br />
'v. ~ fIJ"-':>: .. :;<br />
2. Observa t-t.()hs.on theeeVA8 J were made ·lll"OlIf May.)l - Oot~<br />
4, 19p1. . " ":j,'~.; ';: ':).t .. ' '<br />
3. Prel1mlnary et-udy of the tollowingoondt'tione and organ<br />
1.llls,\' __t...o~r.~Qg QU1;,t...r2ll!Jlay31.,-.J'Y.n4LZ;. ,bQttOlll temperatures,<br />
.pH"jA#.:ssolved, oxygen ,oontent, plankton population,<br />
benthio 'popUlation " lILrgeaquat10 vertl!lt>1'ates, andpondweeds.<br />
Afte.%-treatment, thiS prooedure wa~repeat.ed June<br />
14-16, June ZO-23, July 5-7, July 22-24,~.hd September<br />
19-26. "<br />
4. The three areas were treated on June 1) With the same concentration<br />
of weedicide, namely 2.2 ppm. Area I received<br />
Kurosal G, Area II a 2, 4-D Ester,andArea III Kurosal 8L.<br />
5. Within a narrow marg1nal border of extremely dense growth,<br />
surtace and submerged weeds did not respond to treatment.<br />
6. Wlthln more open portlons, although stll1 of dense weed<br />
growth, weeds dld respond.<br />
7. N!iPhaea odorata and Brasen1a sp. were suocessfully ellmlna<br />
ea1n most areas.<br />
8. Utricularia purpurea was eliminated ln many areas, and<br />
greatly reduced 1n most areas.<br />
9. Nuphar advena was dec1mated, but not ent1rely oleared, even<br />
after a seoond application.<br />
10. The three weedioides used appear equalll etteotive. No one<br />
appeared to be superior.<br />
11. The temperature of the bottom water showed seasonal variations<br />
within 60 0 - 800F.<br />
12. The range ot pH was between 7.4-8.0, and followed the<br />
pa ttern of the oontrol.<br />
13. The fluctuations of dissolved oxygen content were between<br />
4.5 - 9.5 ppm, and paralleled those ot the oontro1.<br />
14. The plankton was represented oonstantly bl the same groups<br />
as 1n previous years. The rlse and fall in abundanoe of<br />
individual plankters refleoted seasonal trends, and were<br />
obvious in both experimental and oontrol ~reas. No period<br />
of deoreased numbers or aot1vity was observed after the
i s. The benth1c populat1Q~ W¥", OOr,ls',tantlY~"",p:resented by the<br />
same forme as 1n prevloUf-':lfUuuners. An1'"S1gn1f1cant 1nore9.se<br />
1n number ofa81ri~le speo1es was exh1b1ted by exper1mental<br />
and control areas, and therefore interpreted as<br />
seasonal. ' . ,<br />
;' ',"1<br />
16. Fish of all ages, frogs, and turtles, were present and<br />
lively 1n treated and control area~ throughout the summer.<br />
r'",:<br />
,:,,, G<br />
~i(~ ~-:;'!" ..:<br />
l<br />
:?i~<br />
.rta. t (<br />
'I~ t J<br />
':.I'Zf;" • .' :<br />
,."'\:p;~<br />
S<br />
. "';! d.~<br />
i! ~'J ~,~<br />
.. d!t'<br />
J it<br />
~n,ll<br />
.. ~: ill'<br />
,,' 7~' Ie'<br />
,'",,', j<br />
, I<br />
',U"<br />
! ~'·1:t<br />
,.',~<br />
:.,;;'<br />
.. ,;<br />
'. :l1. i' : :'[.::1<br />
J'!,Bi..
OuBaVATl. ~Cl{:J)IS'DlDoTtclr:ijQ~.~'.1U wA'1'BIIHIUOIL ...<br />
. ~.IAY• .1961'to'. ;<br />
Jolw.~. Steew)/ V~ 0. Stot:ta. V ~!=1.' R. GU1.tJ'<br />
, ~\.. '1 .<br />
1'ba 1aY¥101l of the uppa' a. ky ftIiOIl 'r Bur.. 1ao .. tamilfoU<br />
10 .... Gu~r R1~<br />
ill 1954. e.1Cbau1b• 'PllICflJlllll'''' c:ollacted 10 the<br />
did DOt bacaaa eppanDt U1ltU ~ 'l t".. cll.oz,."<br />
at; .. beacI of t:ba Ba,.<br />
dv .. 10 1902 u.4 tbe plat bad"'" .. tabU ..bed .. eM l'otellUC Rivu at<br />
lau, 'f.Dce 1933!/. B,. late 1959. tr ........ ta of • pl ....t .. re fOWld dl"Uti ...<br />
over .much of the 1&7.ao.d.... baa had baccaa ... 1ubed wherever QVUOD<br />
_Il~l co11dltlou .... Vt1lfact:ol:1. Ss.aee flOla. tr .... DtI CD .Ul'Vlve<br />
1" ,.UD1tie. of 20 pptloil(BeaveQ, 1960). tldal ~ta could cany UviDI<br />
plao.tl 1oto the &a.haI' portlOlll of lIlO.t •• tu&r£N; of Cba8apaakeBa,..<br />
Bvr.. f.u. .. tand.lfoU c10•• 1ylte •.-l.......ve watena11foU 2 1OPbr U \III<br />
exalbescep'. wb1cb 11 fouucl nf.Dcf.,.U,. 11l al.ci... ...... '1'be 4i ereDCeI<br />
10 eppeuace betwau tbaae two .pacle. ere for _ II08t pert relative.<br />
Leaflet .epellta OIl the upper portiou of the •• __ 11,. DUllbel' lII01'e<br />
t:ba 12 In Bur.. l .... watena11foll .. fewe tban ll) ill the utlve speele ••<br />
Inte~leaflet .pace. In Bur.. lao. wtena11foll .\1&117 &l'e .maUel' t:ba<br />
tho.. 11l the utlve .pecte.. III addltion. leaneClt of Bur.. ta .. tulIIl1.<br />
foll often &l'e lDOI'ecurved. 1bue two ch&I'eoteri.adc. slve tb. l.af of<br />
J/ '.tuxeat W11dl:l.fe Re.e&l'cb ceuC&l',<br />
Laurel,<br />
Mar,.lad.<br />
U. S. Fl.b tad WUdUfe Service,<br />
Jl Kal'1l ao.d Game u.el IIl1u.4 rub OOIIII1. .. iOD, Pf.e:tIIUoollobertsoo Project<br />
W.30-R. ~li8. Mar,.luel.<br />
J/ tafonatioo supplied by OorcloDI. SlIlitb, t. ...... Valley AuthorU,..<br />
!J./ hu.cl. H. Uhler, UDpUbll1beclreports.<br />
il "t. P&l'ta pel' tbouaao.d.
443<br />
Eurasian. wa~lfoil a W8t.f~~ appearauce. ,,"ter buds ~ seeds ,of<br />
the neUve s~c1es geaerally v.' twice as 1&1'8'1,.'thDse of Eurasian _tel:<br />
mil foil. Both apecies. grow~t..i.n. alkaline waee.cbabit8ts •. Eurasian<br />
watermil€oil, hQWeVer., is the, "~7,sp.C1es of KYIjOpbtllum known to grow<br />
iD coa\lt,1 ~e.l;. ofapPl'ecf.q~.:,~lia1ty. It 'pnchaoes vigorous growth<br />
in waters of sa~1D:I.tyup to ~O ;pp(;aad caa grow li&Ulf8her saliD! ties ' ,<br />
(Bu ••• 1960). '<br />
Theobjectins of these<br />
'Objectives<br />
,
444<br />
taken OR' the spedes, bd' abu~ of, nad."pl.~ '!he Virginia I~t~~te<br />
of Marf.De:sae .. cooper.tedR:tltsuney 11\ V~aj the Maryland NaWta1<br />
ResOUl'ceslutitu.,M1p.d' s~ti tileatea &ClII'""Dft~WashiD8ton, D., q~,: .<br />
, along the MBylua4 std. 'of, ChiQPO c R:tver, ad, .11ODS .the Weste~ SJi6tt<br />
to theh.u"o!·,Cbu.,..u Ba1i :theMarylarael"'aaid loland F18h .. ., ~<br />
Coam1.u1d1l·•• t.ted tn the s--:f"g lII6et of the -ilUtern Shore doWn to '<br />
Tal:bot County.' . . .J ',";S' ,<br />
Siuce previous studies (S~. aDd Stotts, 1961) had indicated that<br />
phenoxy cCllllpOUDds,parttcular~y 2,4-D1mpregnated .~~ttaclay gr&DUles,<br />
were the 1IIOR.en.cU". cbeadllliAJW;fcWcontrol tit adlanwateX'lll1.lto1l10<br />
tidal ,ar... ._8IIlPtiasis In 19M !We OIl refl ..... '·ol techD1ClUes.of· ttl.. ':..<br />
I\I8Dt and on cn.... to·determ1i1ie':'·wetber other P.'''~]>benoxy comp~.~,<br />
be8ldU 2,4-01>tIIDU1dg1Ve 1Iuec:8Htdi results. AbOift5;000 pounds ofgr~<br />
pheDoXyfCJzWalatl ',' .:..:' .: •.". '. .iJbY")<br />
:piopyl'elie '81,"1: fobUtyl ether"~sbf 2,4-0dlchlorcS2<br />
" ·':·pheao.x)'a~·tecld . )
Empb4sis was on testing DOD-volatile esters of 2,4-D lmpregaated in<br />
granules. Series of randOlllized. replicated trea~ts, with checks, were<br />
made on liS-acre and l-acre plota in fresh and brllidciah water habitats<br />
during ti~, of slack low water. 'lbe dosage rate .... re 10, 20, and 30<br />
pounds a. e.. per a... Chemiuls WIre applied duriiIB the latter part of<br />
May and early Juae after watend.l~ll was high enouahto reach the water<br />
surface at ebb tide; most of the treatments were. made when the temperatul:'e<br />
of the water was above lSoc. Other phenoxy formulations were applied at.<br />
dosages of 5, 10, and 20 pounds' •••• per acre on Lilo-acre plots in both<br />
fresh and tidal water ereas; X'epU.catioDS were made at the 10 pound a. e.:<br />
per acre rate. testing was cont1aued until after taitial flowering.<br />
Additional tests of both e,tews and amine sal~ of 2,4-D were made et<br />
high tide, when dispersal of herbicides by currents would be greatest;<br />
these tests were made on 1/2-acre ADd l-acre plot.. EDdothal. which is a<br />
highly .oluble and readily dispUs.d formulation, was te.ted at 40 pouDd,I<br />
a.e. per acre on a 2 1/2-acre plot in a small bay at dead-low tide to see<br />
whether it would be effective under such favorable conditions.<br />
Herbicides Were applied frOlll a l4-foot boat. "tlich was propelled by, a<br />
5 horsepower air~thrust motor. Granular herbicides were applied with a<br />
knapsack power sprayer (Solo Model 60) strapped to a seat in the center of<br />
the boat. A hopper .of the type ,used for farm tractors was cradled in a<br />
wooden fr8llle on the gunnels of the boat and attached to the knapsack POlfllr<br />
uDit with a rubber bose. '1be gr ... les were fed by::sravity into the rotor<br />
of the air-thrust unit and dispersed through a 4-iach rubber hose and head<br />
device in a 10';'foot swath. 'lbe flow of granules was regulated with a<br />
pointed stick that fitted the opening of the fuDDel. Liquid formulations<br />
were applied with coaventional power spray equipmeat from a boat propelled<br />
by an air- tbrus t motor.<br />
Results<br />
Distributiog Studies. The rasults of the survey in the Chesapeake Bay<br />
and PotOlllac River region in 1961 indicated that the area of infes tetioo of<br />
Eurasian watermilfoil toteled about 100.000 acres &Del that new esteblishments<br />
were occurring at a rapid rate. This is in contrast to its known<br />
range of 50,000 acres in 1960 (Stotts, 1961).<br />
'1be rapidity of invasion 111illustrated by the records of aDDual OCtober<br />
surveys. of the Susquebal:lna Plats, an area of major importance for waterfowl.<br />
Previous sampling of stetions sbowd the following. frequencies of occurrence<br />
at vegeteted stations in successive years: none, 1957; 1 perct,t. 1958;,<br />
47 percent., 1959; and 84 percent, 1960 (SpX'inger et al., 1961)A '1be stJtYey<br />
in 1961 X'evealed that Eurasian Rtermilfoil was pX'Uent at 88 pucent of' the<br />
stations. 1Jl July 1961, a silil!lar auX'Vey showed that 71 percent of the :<br />
stations had Eurasian wateim1lfoil.<br />
445<br />
1/ a.e ..- = acid equ.ivai~t.<br />
~l Also, P. 'to SpriaSeX'. V. D. Stotts. and C. K. Rawls, se., unpublished<br />
field DOtes. 1961.
446<br />
Another illus tration of .aplodve growth U '. very rapid increale in<br />
erMka at the mout:lt of the ~ Il1ver. which ii.tl .. thervery importUf:<br />
waterfowl ana. No Bur.. 1aD _CMtJll!dlfoU wu UO__ rtll .urve;ya made dur1111<br />
the .UlE8r aod fall of 1958 aadli59, but it .. '-~ IIDd cODBpicUOUIby<br />
1960. B;yOCtobc 1961, the creeb'1Ifte cOIIIpletet""'tted over with thil ;<br />
.'plllDt, IIDd oati:vaplantl. indUldl1ll highly del1rllltle duckfood .pecie' .....<br />
virtuallyabl81lt.<br />
Ck"owthof Bur.. ian watermilf.U i. gel18r.ll,,"~ent alons • horeli.l·in<br />
shallow watar expoled eo .ever.-).¥aVe lIDcl tidal ac'll\m. but oyster drel.gel<br />
bave picUd up rooted .pec1.lD8U;, at: depths of 14 t;O'!'16feet offshore frOIl .<br />
SC1118of thele ar.... 'lbe plllDt grows best en soft. mucky bottOlllS. but allo<br />
rapidly invade8 hard IlIDcl in protected ar....'<br />
Althoush Buraalan wat.ermilfoU is spreading'.' 'rapidly in the upt)er<br />
part of Chelapeake. Bay. it .... to have reachecl'iblllllXim'JIII rar.ge in IIIIICb<br />
of the Potomac River. In fact, ill recent yeat'sltJ'b .. decreased 80mewhat in<br />
certain are .. , lIDcl cleQ8ity of· 8l'wth hal been ob...... d to fluctuate. !ti8<br />
factors caudng these reductions in growth are un1cD.owD, although salinity,<br />
turbidity, tidal currants, cal'J' i6fe.tation, aod "'ii1bly midge larvae<br />
infe.tetions may be involved. 'c'<br />
control ~1ments. Gr.. ·le81mpreguated1fitff'2.4-Dccmtinued to :,ive<br />
better contro~the otherp .. ..,. cOlllpounds. ''iId:e:is significant d_e .<br />
2,4-D also :ls the cheapest p~compound on the IlI8I'tcet. Accordingl,..,<br />
telta were made pr·imarUy with ·f..-lations of 2.~.<br />
'1be tlIr_ elter80f .2,4-» (bR~tball()l, 1860ec'tyl. and proPylenel1lcol<br />
to. butyl ether) gave almolt cClll91eu control at ..... rate of 20 pOuDda<br />
a.e. per acre. Under ideal situatioDB of limited watel:' movement. the 8Ill1De<br />
salt of 2.4-D applied at a rate of 10 pounds a.e. per acre gave similar<br />
results. Envirollllel!.tal conditioDB 'cIS\I&Uy did D.Otpermit maximlJllI co..trol<br />
,wi th amine sal ts at· low dosages. hOW8"er. Under varying condi t:l.')DB of tidal<br />
.movement IIDdwave actiOn. e.ters of 2.4-D gava 11IO:'&.'G.9IJs1stent control than<br />
did the amines. 'lbis may have bean because the DGIIiIo801ubleas tel'S havellOre<br />
residual effects .than the soluble a.1De salts of2i4-~<br />
. Good control at high tide relAlltedfrQIII app1lOatious of esters of 2.4-D<br />
on l-acre pIaU. On smaller plota and friDge areu, bowever.better c')ntrol<br />
was obtained at low tide when the vegetationbel~' eo,contain t3herbic1de.<br />
Molt herbicide granules una.1n this study __ of 8 to 15 inch IllUh<br />
hard-baked attaelay. smaller .t&e.:were difflcultl~,u.e. Soft granulea<br />
gave • faster diapersal of the. eatc and a sl1g1atql faster herbicidal<br />
reaction thaD the ba:ked gr!lllUlu. .!be 80ft pellat.. 'bOwever, usually<br />
crumbled more ~ly aod, for' tb1e rauen. were llICIIl'eQifficult to uae •<br />
• j ..;.,..,
447<br />
. , ,<br />
-. I':'V'est~a.ti
448<br />
'."I.e. ..0.'. 2 i4o'Dllt'1Q{Iouads .. ~..'.••....• (t:~. ':'81* .•' .~ •..• 1..~O'.·.· ... ·.'··i·-: a .' ~'~hie.itavoir.bl.·~Oitit ]"~. Jd:thea'ter.<br />
,.•. 1a,.·C'C8":.'.S.'~·.1.·..'<br />
of<br />
,c:.~."""1<br />
i~:.<br />
'.'.'<br />
.., ..... ~. ·eoagi •• ';tiolttioot., .;· •. ·•• i~:" 2'~D beuu.·.·of~.:r.<br />
l'Uldull1'-.u.ct",~·:BuhalaG 1~1_..' coqaT~1S1214.0!>~~'':': '.:<br />
=l.'~.b._.~~=.·.".: ;~."'."<br />
..1. ood<br />
..: ~....•........•... ::.= ..·-.<br />
t..~~.~ './.J.· •...<br />
. ~~.1::.•.. ~.;.' ;<br />
Ba1~ioD.~.·~~1 t:8'~ti~~]'t~,,; l~.•.l.<br />
;;:..' .. ~;'~ .,'<br />
.~•• C~~·::l!)';."<br />
Beava. a. r. 1960. wa&:ee'1li11t8n"tudf.~J~ ~\lcbe•• p.ake area. - ..'...;:<br />
. ~ DepattlleDt: Of .... arch aDd lClWi~OIl. Ref. No. 6O-if~'<br />
• III1Mo.;, 5 p. :. . ',.,,~ -;'1g . , .<br />
" , ','. 'r' .' . !l":~-:~;'."! :' ';:~J,:~«'<br />
;. """,.,, 'i "':l< .:::!. . -c. 9~~~ .',~; "<br />
uavell'··D;o 1961. •...... ian .. urMlfo:l.1 in Chei.aH8&··'Bay aDd thePOt~t<br />
River. Preseated ac':"'tbaofth8'Iitlliriftat. COllllllill1onof"~<br />
the PotomacRiver Basin. 7 p.<br />
" • ' . .' r " :,:OC·:. ','<br />
P.ttan.B.·C.,..J'r~· 1'54. DMP.te_of ..... riaD's-pec1es 'of -: ~.<br />
. Mrdopb,U_ .. 11.... 1.. b,~·.d~.of the in~#_ /~r<br />
__ .' tal'Nt:weeIl··!e";'ItiM80eli8·hm'i~.":!o spicatum 1. in:':-'<br />
NevJe1's8)' •. JtbodclWa: (670): 213-225'. :..~ . .' c,,<br />
SprlDpr, P.I'. (S~~):. ':'19J9~ 'SUBui:y oli:ltWspncy meetiq OQ,.<br />
Bur .. t. _teJ:aI:116;t1:. 'i,atu:.hltY:llCil'llk 'Ieaearch .Center. . ; '.!<br />
~. ", '1}L.:~·
FIELDOBSERVATIONS UPONESTUARINE ANIMALS EXPOSED TO2,4-D l<br />
2 .3 4<br />
G. Francis Beaven, Charles K. Rawls, Gordon~. Beckett<br />
''"..<br />
449<br />
ABS'l"RACT<br />
Oysters, crabs, clams and fish were held near the center and outside<br />
of one.acre tidewater plots of Hlri9phYllumfPl~tum L. during<br />
and after treatment with the butoX1.ethanol-ester'o,~.4:D at several<br />
specified rates. Mortality of the caged animals in 'reated plots and<br />
in controls was observed for five weeks. Examinationof native bottom<br />
or~isms in the plots was madeb, hFdraulic dredge aadby grabs with<br />
a Petersen dredge. Results indicate that applieatiOl1 at rates as<br />
high as 120 lbs. acid equivalent per acre are not dl.ect1y lethal<br />
to the caged animals. In one instance an anaerobic,eondition developed<br />
that was lethal to both caged and native animals. Whennormal<br />
aerobic conditions are maintained,tr.eatments of 3OU,. liE/Aresulted<br />
in no mortality to the native macro-fauna observed and did not<br />
kill the valuable native plants.' Groupsof animals:eiposed to the<br />
above treatnient are being analyzed fo~ herbicide red¢ues. I '<br />
INTRODUCTION j.<br />
"<br />
,I '<br />
, :1,<br />
The ChesapeakeBiological Laboratory of the University of MarylandNatural<br />
Resources Institute, in cooperation with the PatuxeatWildlife Research<br />
Center, the MarylandDepartmentof Ga.m$'andInland Fish. and the Virginia<br />
Institute of Marine <strong>Science</strong>, is engagedin a joint research programupon the<br />
varied aspects of invasion of the Chesapeakearea by ~sian watermilfoil<br />
(Myriophyllumspicatum L.). This paper,deals with preliminary observations<br />
of the effects upon certain native aquatic organisms that result from milfo11<br />
control by 2,4-D in tidal estuaries.!<br />
Acknowledgment and sincere appreciation is expresst4 for the help given'<br />
to this phase of the study by personnel of the above agencies, by the Taft<br />
Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, by the manycooperat1!18',shOreownersand<br />
marina operators in the areas where the experiments we:rliconducted,and by<br />
Mr. Robert Wakefield, a student of Antioch College who'bred in the field<br />
workduring the spring and early summer.<br />
': ,<br />
(l)<br />
(2)<br />
{J}<br />
(4)<br />
Contribution No. 192 of the Nat~ral Resources Iattitute of the Uni~<br />
versity of Maryland, ChesapeakeEiological LabQtAtory,Solomons,Md.<br />
Senior Biologist, Shellfish Investigations, ChesapeakeBiological<br />
Laboratory.<br />
Biologist II, Aquatic weedstudies, ChesapeakeBiological Laboratory.<br />
Biologist I, Aquatic weedstudies (nowgraduate .tudent at OklahomaState<br />
University).<br />
'
450<br />
OJJJCfIVES<br />
A major aim of the toxicolDC!aal~ttudles con4~ br.the Institute<br />
during 1961 has been to determine Whether or not the field application to'<br />
milfoil of attaclay pellets impregnated with the butoXT_ethanol_ester of<br />
2,4-D causes lethal effects upon species of~ommercial importance that<br />
occur in the Chesapeakearea. A second objective was to determine if<br />
herbicide residues are present lal tissues' of ·food sp.des held in experi. ,<br />
mental plots durinc aad after treaUlent. An addit1_1objectivehas beellc<br />
the accumulation of"dati. concernliii,~the etfect of treatment on other<br />
aquatic aniJilals and plants natlvelto' the treated ar ... ~~<br />
~ ,.:,X ~ -, '1 ~,<br />
This particular f'ormulatiOl1of a,4-Dwas Ielect4citor the study be;.;·'::<br />
cause ear11er research .(Beaven,1,601Steenis andStotti., 1961) had' '<br />
demonstrated its etfectiveneu and apparent safet", •• used'for mllfolli<br />
control in local tldalareas. '1'" . fl' ;'<br />
rl ~<br />
LOCATIONOFUPElUMENTALPLO!l'Sj I<br />
·i.- -"t' \ .' 'fl.<br />
Important commercial:fisherits!or the easte·rn-,zofster (Crassostrea<br />
rM:inica), the blue crab (CallipHttssapidus )ud.-ahe softshell clam<br />
M arenaria) occur in the saltier waters invaded bVmilfoil. For this<br />
reason, the primary area selected for st1,1dywall..tb.t1,lower PotomacRiver<br />
where these three species occur. Field trips were madein early spring<br />
to selectll1llfoll irifestedcreslts:ol" 'coves where onwcll. plots could be<br />
laid out. It wasessentia.l that [the.e be well sheUtJ!edand subjected to<br />
a minimumof water dispersal from:tlde and wind moveMnt. The three most<br />
suitable Potomactributaries meetlng·these specificatloDs were St.Patrlck<br />
Creek and 'Wblte Neck Creek on the Ma17landshore amULOwerMachodocCreek<br />
on the Virginia slde.In each of ,these, oysters aril:planted~ commercial<br />
crabbing and f1shlngarepracticecl taM.'beds of naUte,sottshell clams are<br />
present although not exploited commercially. An additional area, Dundee<br />
Creek near the head of the Chesapeake, was chosen for observations in<br />
fresh to barely brackish tidal water. ' :':; "J.<br />
r:,.,"<br />
In the'potomacexperiments't~l'ee replications 9'l-itreatments were \",<br />
madeduring late spring at 3Ellbu:,acid equivalentdt 2.4-D per acre.<br />
60 Ibs. AElAandof'untreated control plots. A single plot treated at th.'~<br />
rate of 120 Ibs. AE/Aand a fourth control plot .werf,lIalaolOCated in this;'<br />
area. These provided observations of applications, madeduring the most<br />
favorable period for herbicide effectiveness, at double and quadruple the<br />
quantity shownby'priorexperiBlen\t,(30 Ibs. AE!A):te,beaufficient for .<br />
good contro~. SUbsequentobse~at10's this lear (Slfenls et al 1962) have<br />
shownthat over large plots, 20 Iba. :AE/Acan supptijiAlillfollunder proper<br />
conditions of application.<br />
;:.;." J\'" :<br />
Each one-acre plot was roUBblf"square in shapeJ.-d"contained dense"<br />
beds of milfoil. Plots were measured with floatingpolTethylene rope and'<br />
corners markedby stakes set firmly in the bottom aDd projecting eight or<br />
more feet above the surface. Each plot was designated by a number. Average<br />
depth was apprOXimately3 feet with tidal fluctuations of a little
more than 2 feet. ExceptionalUdes several feet ~yond the normal ran~<br />
occasionally occur.<br />
'<br />
Nosingle creek in the lower Potomachad suffIciently extensive mil.<br />
foil beds to accommodateall ofth~ replicated plots and provide adequate<br />
buffer zones betweenthem. Tbethree creeks selected were as nearly alike<br />
as possible but had slight differences in salinity-and in other characteristics<br />
of minor importance. Since it was moredesirable to replicate<br />
measurementsof the differences in 'mortality betw~n groups of animals etposed<br />
to zero, 30and f:IJLbs, AFJAof 2,4-D than tOrepl1cate identical!<br />
treatments, a complete series of the three treatmen~swas placed in each<br />
creek. Hence, plot numbersfor one each of thethfee treatments were<br />
chosen separately and at randomfor the individual' .creeks. The site of· 1<br />
the 120 Ibs. AEtAtreatment and'of a control were¢rawnfrom plots near J<br />
the mouthof \'lhite NeckCreek. Plots for each typ~f of treatment in the i<br />
low salinity habitat of DundeeCreekalso were chal$enat random. "<br />
WATERTElJ,FERATURE ANDSALINITY<br />
Collection of certain envlronmentaldata begaa·in early spring when<br />
the plot sites were se~ected. ~ing the period o~test-animal exposure,<br />
the salinity of the MarylandPotomactributariesu~ually varied between<br />
7 and 9 parts per thoulland, whllethat of plots in]he upper portionot<br />
the LowerMachodocwas ap~roximatelY two parts lo~r. salinity in Dundee<br />
Creek remainedwell under 1 ppt or essentially tr~~h. ThePotomacvalues<br />
were about twoppt below the seasonal normal tpr that area.<br />
j' .<br />
Water temperatures rose irregularly during the study period and generally<br />
were below seasonal normal. At the time of.herbicide application<br />
in the MarylandPotomactributaries (May29-June I), water temperatures<br />
ranged between18.5° and 21.5° C. , During the preceding week, they ran<br />
from one to twodegrees higher. Whenthe Machodoc:plotswere treated on<br />
June 7, water temperatures were unrecorded'at the time of application but<br />
were ranging in the low to mid.twenties as determined from parallel data.<br />
During the subsequent period of observation, water temperatures ranging<br />
up to 27.5° were recorded in the Potomacplots.<br />
In DundeeCreek the water temperature was l6.~o C whenherbicide was'<br />
applied on May20 at 5:30 A.M. Higher temperature~ had occurred at this<br />
location a tew days earlier and on'May21 the tem~ature was 18.5°. No<br />
further temperature readings"were taken in the'to%\cological study plots'<br />
at this location. "<br />
HOLDING QFExpERIMENTAL ANIMALS<br />
In each treatment plot, cages of experi~ental animals were placed<br />
near the center, about 10 ft. outside the plot boundaryand at a point<br />
about 200 ft. outside the plot. Oncontrol plots, animals were held near<br />
the center. Limitations of time and personnel did not permit replication<br />
of cages at each holding site.<br />
4.51
452<br />
. '!'he cages-used were tw~toot:~bes constl'llCltMlot. half-lnch mesh<br />
galvaniziQ hardware cloth fastened by hog rings. A hor1znnt&1 parti Hon...<br />
about 8 i~. above the bottom divided the cage into two compartments.<br />
Ropes and buoys marked the pos~t10n of each cage .~. the water.<br />
~ , . '':-•. . ,'., .. ~ J:-, ' '. ,; ';<br />
One'Or two days before herb~¢.de applica-t1on ... c~ cage in the Pot~<br />
tests had 25 oysters and 5 blue crabs placedint. ~ttom compartment~<br />
5 small fish in the upper sect1,Qn. In Dundee Cre.~: lQ.fish (pumpklnsee4, •.<br />
Lepom1sdbbosus) were used.~.e Potomac fish w~ ... mixture of pumpkin,<br />
seeds, whiteperch (Roccus wr4qanus) and yello~Jlerch (Perca naveseMl).<br />
In add1Hon sottshell ~l~s ~ere placed .lP:bread tins 6 inches .:<br />
in depth and fll l·25<br />
~ with bot toui:8011. Corners .Qf•.,8iChtin wer.efasterieci to<br />
ropes lea41ng to a buoy line. '.tb~~e groups of c. were placed beside<br />
each caeeln thtj Maryland PotOlll8.C, tributa.ries..~1al cages and trqs: ,<br />
containing large Bl'nups of each .nlmal were plaoe4,;'fiI,t. the center of one of<br />
the salt water plots treated at )0 Ibs. !EVAto provide animals for resi<br />
·due tests.<br />
ANIMALMOJl'GAkITIOBSEliVATI01§<br />
All .ca.gecianimals in the '~land Potomac'tii~tar1es were examined'<br />
daily for. the fi.rst sevendays.~ter herblc1dea~t+l~t1on. Dur1ng the<br />
second week they were exam1nedt'fl.ce. Exam1naU~tben were madeat .<br />
apprqximate ten-day1ntervals Ullto the t1me"';he~~es were removedat<br />
the end of five. weeks. In the MaCbodoc,on the t,\t~lnia' side, two e~ ..<br />
inations were madeduring the flrst week, one the second, one the third and<br />
the cages removedat the end of the f1fth.<br />
Ananaerob1C.c:ondition deve10pedin one of ~r~&> lb. treatment .<br />
. plots and hd~scrlbed separat~~1.·; \;lith the abovf e;t~eption, no important<br />
differences were observed .in mortalitiesoftest~lmals amongthe thre~<br />
creeks in the Poto~ac area. Statistical analysls:Qfdata from the siml~$r<br />
plQtsls notwarrarited and the~e plots are groupe!:to,ether in the summary<br />
tha t tollows. '11<br />
'. OYSTERS.Nodead oysters were found in any' of th~ cages. except1~<br />
tn theanaeroblcplot, during tbe.,first two week~, A,few scattered deaths<br />
occurred durlngtbe following thr.eweeks· that ~~~x1mate expected ~or~<br />
tali ty amongsimilar oysters In thIs area. Th.1s'f@'*place both in co,",.:<br />
troIs and In· treatment plots e . ,! .condensed,tabu~~on, of the number of .<br />
oyster deaths is shownin Tabie r. ., ..<br />
~',<br />
.'
TABLE1. Responseof oysters t~ different concentrations of 2,4-D.<br />
Total animals<br />
in 4 plots<br />
Days<br />
ExPosed Control<br />
14 Live 100<br />
Dead<br />
24 Live<br />
Dead<br />
o<br />
98<br />
2<br />
3.5 Live<br />
Dead 2<br />
Total animals<br />
in 3 plots of<br />
.30 lb. MIA<br />
Cen- "<br />
ter edge ~200f<br />
75 75<br />
o 0<br />
7.5 7.5<br />
o 9<br />
74 73<br />
1 2<br />
7.5<br />
o<br />
Total an1ma.ls Total animals<br />
in 2 plot. of in 1 plot of<br />
60 lb," AI/} ~o lb, AELA<br />
Cen- .... enter<br />
ed9'200' teredge 200'<br />
so SO 50 25 2.5 25<br />
o o o o 0 o<br />
75 48 .50 50 2.5 23<br />
o 2 0"" 0 o 2<br />
7.5 47 49 50 2.5 23<br />
o 3 1 o o 2<br />
2.5<br />
o<br />
2.5<br />
o<br />
453<br />
~. Noclams in the containers died durtng the first weekex- I<br />
cept in one of the controls where nine were dead·on-the sixth day. Crabs<br />
were feeding upon these and attacking the remaining live clams. During<br />
the second weekdead clams with crabs feeding upon themwere found in all<br />
of the remaining plots. At the end of the second weeknone of the experimental<br />
clams were left •<br />
. Crabs have been'observed elsewhere to attaclt::and consumelive sort<br />
clams that are exposed above the bottom. It is theorized that in our<br />
plots crabs were attracted as scavengers soon after the first death occurred<br />
in each container of clams. Since the liv4ng clams were thinly<br />
covered by soil they were easily uncovered and at~cked by the scavengers.<br />
Crabs continued to be attracted until all clams ~re destroyed.<br />
CRABS.The normal morta:H.tyrate amongcaptive crabs is hIgh, es';<br />
pecial!y after the first few days of conrtnenent, Furthermore, dead crabs,<br />
together with any that becomeinjured or that molt, are rapidly consumed<br />
by other crabs. and predators s~h as eels that canenter the cages.<br />
The large numbermissing from our cages exceededexpectations and rendered<br />
the numberof dead recorded, two from the controls and two from the outer<br />
cages, of no significance. If it can be assumedthat most of the missing<br />
had died, a doubtful possibility, then the numbei~of survivors gives some<br />
indication of the extent of mortality. For this reason, the survivors<br />
are summarizedin Table 2. Initial numbersare fisted since a fewcra~s<br />
were lost before herbicide application.
454<br />
TABLE2. Surv1~l of C888dcrabSi..:<br />
'J.',<br />
.' ~<br />
Tota'l1lUlDber Total l1'lJIiNr Totalnumbel' Total number<br />
in 4p10ts, 1n J plots .rof ' 1n ,2 plots ot in 1 plot of'<br />
30 lb. QtA' 60 lb. WAr feelb. il/A_<br />
Days Cen-c:' " Cen- ,.,,' , en. '<br />
Exposed' ConttoA' tel' *e'200' tel' ed«e,p' tel' edge 200'<br />
o days 24 '14 14 14 9 9 '9 5 5 S<br />
1 day 22 1.3 12 11 9 9 8 S S S<br />
7 days 20' 1.3 10 .. 9 8 6 e 4 4 S<br />
35 days J<br />
. 2 .1.~t.; _ 2 4 • 2 3 5 ....<br />
F1na1 % 15.8 14.3 ' 35,1;;, 21.4 44,4 44t~11., 40..0 6'0.0 J,OO..Q<br />
FISH~ The6h1yl8,rge mortal1rY'of fish occurred. in one of the control<br />
cages~any of those fotUlddead appeared to have becomegil led in small<br />
openings or to-have, been caughtb! crabs nipping them through the horizon..<br />
tal partitionot thecaie. Du1'~ItI\the first weelt,'4Il1dat two later periods, .<br />
holes were folUld in the top ot'se.,eral cagesthat,:perm1tted the fish to<br />
escape, thus accounting for most:ot' those missing.,,' Table J shows theobeo<br />
served fish mortalitY in the ,Potomacplots for the most significant, intetvah.<br />
TABLẸ3. Resp6nse off1sh (.3 speC1es) to differenit'concentrations of 2,4-:0.<br />
~ .:.'<br />
'.'<br />
Total number', Total number Total num1ter Total number<br />
,in 4 plots 1n J plots;d in 2,'plot8"c~t in 1 plot of<br />
, JO lb.A'E:tA:' 60 lb. AEtl" ~20 lb. AE/A<br />
Days Cen-:. Cen- "" en-<br />
Exposed Control tel' edse 200' tel' edQ 200' tel' edge ?QQ'<br />
1 Live 34',· 25. 24, 25 20 2(l' ,120 10 10<br />
'"'lu.<br />
f()<br />
":0<br />
Dead 0' 0 0' 0 0 0<br />
-,<br />
7 ,Live' 26 20 14", ,':21 19 19.~i6 10 9 9<br />
D,ad 8 0 1<br />
: Xl!'<br />
'! 4 1 l:?("~ 0 1 1 i' ,<br />
J5 Live .17 0 2 "l2 9. 16 ,0 10 9 9<br />
1,<br />
LJ.·,' i<br />
Dead 17 0 1 s 6 4: ' 11 0 i 1
In the'Dundee Creek series. ,one of the f'1shdltdbefore herbicide<br />
application aJld Is exclUded.. Onthefil'st day aftet'lappl1caUon, all i i<br />
were al1ve~' Thisdseries remainedlilChecked until ~9f,aays after appl1catioil.<br />
whenaga,inallfish. present. wel'.',Ulve though.s everilhad escaped. Local I<br />
fishermen 'occasionally examined the) Cages througho'l1t f'the period and repor~<br />
ed no dead fish iii them up to the 'time they were '1".'84 1n late summer. ' .<br />
Theyalsoneporteclthat t1shing'.sgood in theplot,trom which the herb~';;:<br />
cidehad. cleared the milto1l. Tnetisb caught apPe$ted ttl be normal and "<br />
wel'l!of excellent·"flavor. ' "<br />
1 '1 t j r<br />
.M!mOBISDmtQPMENT. The'p~e'Where anaerob conditions developediasffn'.,a;cove'containing<br />
veJlt'it41nseM io 1 ;~61"owth. The bottom<br />
wasasottmuclt ",Hh water depth'9t,4 to fee, riding upon tidal .<br />
stage. Rate of 2,4-D application was 60 Ibs. AE/A. ,'lEttects of the herbtl"<br />
cidewere well contained within th~ plot and, ast1)e mass of weeds died, it<br />
sank to the blJttom and was not dls»laced by current,. On the first day<br />
aftu :aPPl1,cat1on,all'a.nimalste~~al1ve. 1abula~ of the oyster!! isi<br />
shown.1nTable4. '. '" ',::- .! " •<br />
~: .., ~~ . .2:1,.r :<br />
'Days<br />
ExpOsed<br />
i. TAiLE4. CIJMRLATtVE lfBER<br />
OF OYSTER~ ATPLOT10<br />
455<br />
r.<br />
1 0<br />
,f 0 0<br />
~. ,..<br />
i. 1<br />
5 4 j •.•.. :;O 0<br />
9 8<br />
, 0 0<br />
rj r<br />
16 16 2 0<br />
~ IJ<br />
34 . 25 2 relllffed<br />
Th~ 5 fish and 4 crabs present In the center '~ at the time ot application<br />
were alive after one day. B,rthe 5th day, 1 t~sh and 3 crabs were<br />
dead. On the 9th day, :3fish and all 4 crabs had.df~. One fish was alive<br />
on the 16th d81andnone atthe end of observationsFNo predation occurl'fi4<br />
lnthecenter cage but did occur:1nthe other two. )'two:fish survived to the<br />
34th dat in the' cageoutside theedte and 2 crabs t~\'the 16th day. .<br />
NATURAL FAUNANDFLORA.Numbersof fish, mostly menhaden (Brevcer~<br />
tYTannis) were observed swimmil18in,the Potomac area plots both beforea<br />
atter treatment. ~ottom samples were taken by Peter,en dredge in early May<br />
and againih mid~JUne trom the trel~ment plots in tat Machodoc. These have<br />
been analyzed by Dr:MarVinWass of~ the Virgin1a Iri~~~ tute of Marine "<br />
<strong>Science</strong>. He concluded that, for these samples, thedetect10n of changes due<br />
to the experiment 1s ne~ted by na~ural seasonal Ch!Ulgesduril18 the long<br />
time interva.l' that' resulted from pO'stponementof thet's~heduled treatment.<br />
'. . . "( .
OnAUlUst2,3rd the1abol'f,tQr,~, researchves .. l.~equlppedwlth'a"·<br />
fine-mesh.ed,~ydraul1c dredge, _e transects of tIIe'::,Machodoc Plots;; ThiU<br />
d~vIce.t:eect1vell .".shes: outl~~"tijeQottom'ancl;'rlBgs up all matet1al~y<br />
thatl:1IJ1 b~reta,lned on the, t~~ghtb.""lnch.. e.,beit. The sampl1ns H<br />
depth ,8~t~s to)8 1nches.b8~'f:r~he bottom-wat.erillbtertace (ManniJlB,'r·!,"<br />
1959).~ept ~ lntheeJla8J'oll"chP1&t, r1lU1erOUS s,.teeof l1v11l8clus, r[Hi<br />
worms, ~9-,other ,an1mals al?Pea,Md[!\o,beeq\l6llJ!.~t both within "udy' :<br />
outside the tres.~ed plots. M j~~~.rest in eval,.lift&'effect1nness ot·r~_e~<br />
herbicIde against milfo1l wasthe evidence of extenslnk1ll1ll8 otlll~oU<br />
roots in the treated plots, although such roots were so abundant outside<br />
as to reDder oP':rllot~Qn of the,·-I\leMe verydifftcult.·:;In,theanaer,oblCAplot<br />
all clams "',ere d.~, ,an, ,d~e\l.P",ij'J!J!yyst1x lncheeof ,btJrOi~iIatel'laLcont&'liM:":<br />
none of ;the ,invertebl'a ~esthanreff'l"bundantly (pre.-". short distance oOlt.<br />
814.eof the:Plot bOundary~, .i"jC
workers. springer (1961) cite8& numberof references and gives values as<br />
low as 1 ppmfor d.amageto bluegills by the butyl:'ester. Other esters<br />
were less toxic and the sodiumsalt was tolerated.~,by rainbow trout at eollcentrations<br />
up to 112 ppm. It is thought that in somecases add1tivesand<br />
impurities mayaccount for muebot the observed fi,h mortalities.<br />
457<br />
Noreferences have been found that give toxicity of 2,4-D to the eastern<br />
oyster, the blue crab, the softshell clam or commonspecies of estuarine<br />
fish. The presence of inorganic'salts in seawater'may possibly a.lter the<br />
toxicit1 of 2,4-D compoundsto a species of fish Ill, salt water as comparedto<br />
the samespecies in fresh water. IA series of experiments is underwayat<br />
Solomonsto determine the toxictt,of the bl4tOxy ..ethanol-ester used in:ollr<br />
field tests upon the economically11l1portantestuat1ne, animals in both fresh<br />
and saltwater aquaria.<br />
A preliminary series of observations on cage4ranimals was madein the<br />
Machodocduring July and August of 1960 (Beaven, 1960). In that series. no<br />
lethal effects were detected upon oysters, crabs or fish at the centers of<br />
three plots each receiving a different formulation··of 2,4_Dat 40 lb. AE/A.<br />
A fourth formulation at 20 IbsoAE/A, however, killed all animals in the<br />
cl18e. These tests all were madeduring higher walter temperatures than In<br />
1961 and with plants moremature. Milfoil control was poor. In the plet<br />
where the animals died, the treatment produced little noticeable kill of<br />
milfoil and anaerobic conditionfwere not a factor. It was postulated that<br />
toxic impurities in the formulation caused the observed animal losses.<br />
In late June of 1961 an adlH.honal one.acre treatment of JOIbs. Af./A<br />
and a control were placed in the LowerMachodoc.lData from these are not<br />
included in the preceding tables since they were not directly comparable to<br />
the others' due to the later appl1tation. Fifty d*1s after treatment, all<br />
oysters in both plots were aUTe, 2 crabs survivelin the treatment co.red<br />
with 0 in the control, and 8 fish survived the treatment comparedwith 9 in<br />
the control.<br />
.~<br />
Although data for crabs are 'weak, the resuQt~of the studies to date<br />
indicate that the formulation of 2,4-D used, whenapplied in a similar manner<br />
at concentrations of JOlbs.AEVA or less, does not·directly cause a sl8hlfi<br />
,cant .mortality amongthe econeetc.'forms exposed, iner amongthe observed!.<br />
native bottom fauna.<br />
A serious threat, howevel',·til oysters, clams-:and other bottom org!llAisms<br />
'is evident in treated areas~en large mats of decomposingmilfoil remain<br />
upon the bottom. Parallel kills. 'of native fish. Cl' crabs maynot occur !in a<br />
small plot, even though those caged in the anaerobic plot did die. As free<br />
swimmers,these animals can moveout of locally unfavorable areas and it is<br />
noteworthy that, though liVing abundantly in surrounding water, no native<br />
fish or crabs were found as dead specimens in the plot. However,if dense<br />
milfoil beds over an entire creek are killed, with subsequent anaerobic development,<br />
it is possible that a heavy mortality of fish and crabs in it<br />
mayfollow.<br />
.
458<br />
Th~ anaerob1c condlUon obstrved probably flas(tugely con:t'1nedtl)'
OBSERVATIONSONTHE OCCURRENCE' ANDPERSISTEN
460<br />
deteJ'lnined by a modification .~.: the 4-amino.~tipyrine colorlm~t'ic<br />
method (2). Analyses forphe~ol were made iJIl.o.rder to asoertain<br />
the background level of these naturally oocurring compounds fr~<br />
decaying vegetation and to oq~~~t the 2,4-DOf data. The 2,4-0·<br />
was determined by a modified bhromotropie a~~ color1metrio<br />
method (3). '\<br />
Materials<br />
. . . ..-.. , -; , ;. " , ':t ,,~<br />
The granular formulatiori,QeOntained 20 p,tr oent by weight.oid<br />
equivalent of the 1-so-octylest,er of 2,1.L-dh~oropbenoxyaoeticiaoid.<br />
This material was added at tnlil rate of 20 po~s of the acid ..<br />
equivalent peraore or at theo,oncentration~ll.34 mg/l. This,<br />
formulati.on was f.oupd also to contain 0.65milgram of 2,4-DCP or.<br />
a ooncentration of ~.36 ug/lln the lake. " ,<br />
Table I shows the chemicaf quality of ti1~.lake water. just I .<br />
before addition of ~he 2,4-D.· The high pH value of 9.4 was attlr1.buted<br />
to a tributary,cl[lrrying dra~nag~ from ,a l1~e,~one quarry. The<br />
bicar.bonate, (.to.~&l).alkal1nit.y·.... _.nd thoe tota ..l..fha.r..dne sa were. of ,<br />
low to medium conoen..trationlil.,,' the color v~+ e or 20 is fair1Y<br />
low for surface waters. Or8~ni~ matter was ,.asured indireotll<br />
th%'oush: the ohlorin$demand an-¢oB.O.D. analy~s. The valuesai'.<br />
0.4 mS/1 ,.ana. I. 3.5 mg. /1, r.espect.i. ".el Y, indioa.,t.!E.. ,mall amounts ot,<br />
organio matter. ,The natural or background '.~~'hold odor numb.~<br />
of 2 was~ulte low and was qual1tativeJ,y IdeD~ltied as "earthY"i<br />
or "musty'. Small, insignificant amount s 01"_'interfering sub- :<br />
stanoes were repo;oted as 2,4-D epd phenol. lfo2,4-DCP was '<br />
detected prior to herbicide t!'$atment." I<br />
Results<br />
No significant eftects on the chemical characteristics ot pH,<br />
total l;1ardness, and total alkalinity (Table It bY' the 2,4-D weI'$<br />
observed th%'oughout a samplintp~riod ot 70 ~.1s •. LikeWise, th~re<br />
were no signifioant devlations.tromthe orig~'al values tor colpr,<br />
chlorine demand, B.O.D. and d113i!Jolved oxygen'.~ These latter<br />
analyses were made primarllytl)\observe any slIeondary etfects<br />
on water quality by decaying vegetation. Apparently the release<br />
of organio matter was too slow to register an appreoiable effect.<br />
The threshold odor number remained at the value o~ 2 throughout<br />
the sampling period'.,!lhe slS1'lticancecf thi. oboorvElt!on is .<br />
discussed later in the paper. ' I'<br />
Table II shows the oocurrence and perslstenceot 2,4-D,<br />
2,4-DCP, ..andphenol atvarioue t.1meinterval.a....up ..to 132 days •.<br />
The maximum conoentration ot 2,4~D, 49.5 ug/l~ was observed<br />
13 days atter treatment whereupon there wu a'"gradual decrease I<br />
to 13.0 ug/l atter 132 days .'J:'!?-ese data shQ~, :1:h.at very 11 ttle<br />
2,4-D was detected in the "r:ree~rlowing" portion ot the lake<br />
despite the fact that the he~btcide was appli.~ at the concentration<br />
ot 1.34 nig/l. .• " ':,'
461<br />
TABLE!<br />
Chemical Water QuaU1?::rof Rockawa::F:PaiPkLake (a)<br />
Analyses<br />
pH<br />
Total Alkalinity<br />
Total Hardness<br />
Color<br />
Chlorine Demand(c)<br />
Biochemical Oxygen Demand(d)<br />
Temperature OF<br />
Dissolved Oxygen<br />
Threshold Odor Number<br />
2,4-DCP<br />
Phenol<br />
2,4-D<br />
9.4<br />
4?5 mg/l as cac0 3<br />
54.5 mg/l as CaC03<br />
20 color units<br />
0.40 mg/l as C1 2<br />
3.5 ms71as 02<br />
73 .<br />
119.5 %saturation<br />
2<br />
0.0<br />
9.0 usll as phenol<br />
8.0 ug!l as 2,4-D<br />
(a) sample taken 6/27/61 and analyzed 6/28/61<br />
(b) average of four samples<br />
(c) contact time = 15 min., chlorine residual (OT)= 0.1 mg/l<br />
(d) 5-day, 200C, B.O.D.<br />
The ~,4-DCP exhibited the same patternpf' occurrence and<br />
persistence as2,4-D in Table II, but at lel~er. concentrations'.<br />
There appeared to be a slight increase of 2t~-PCP to the 10-11<br />
ug/l range after 70' days •. A spot check f'orf,l2,4--DCP was made at<br />
132 days where the concentration was observe~ to be 13 ug/l. A<br />
very low level,. 5.0-15.0 ug/l, of tlbackgrol.U1dl'phenols were<br />
observed.'<br />
Discussion<br />
The use of 2,4-D as an aquatic herbic1~,~ releases 2,4<br />
dichloropneno1 as an impurity 'from the CO~.OOlia1 formulation.<br />
A oaloulated oonoentration o'f' 4.36 ug/l 2,4~ in the lake<br />
would have resulted from the g:r-anules of 2,!tt.:Dused in this.<br />
study. The possibility also exists that th;B ~h10rinated<br />
phenol would be released asan'intermediater;biologloal<br />
degradation produot of 2,4-D •. There is s o~ eVjidence to<br />
support this statement from a preliminary report on the<br />
effect of some aquatic herbic~des on water Cjua1ity (6) and<br />
f'rom a study of' 2,4-D degradation<br />
, .. by so11 rtLt;croorganisms (5).
462<br />
Ooout't'enoe<br />
TABLEII<br />
chlot'onhenol,<br />
~<br />
Be1'ot'e ( a)<br />
1 hout'<br />
2 days<br />
13 "<br />
22 "<br />
27 "<br />
48 "<br />
55 "<br />
70 "<br />
132 "(b)<br />
(a) June 27, 1961<br />
(b) Novembet' 16, 1961<br />
Dete!'minat1on.~verage 01' Four Sampling 'Areas<br />
2,4-D 2,4-DCP Phenol<br />
~ . ug/l uBIl .<br />
0.0<br />
1.0<br />
3.0<br />
2.0<br />
.5<br />
2.0<br />
0.0<br />
11.3<br />
10.5<br />
13.0<br />
()\<br />
.. :..J,. .'<br />
Th~ 1~~a1s 01' 2,4-DCP shown in Table II oan be oompared<br />
with threshold taste and odor oonoentrations reported by But'ttsohell<br />
et al (4). These investigators 1'ound that1;M'major ohlorination<br />
produot. >$".otP.heii6 ...1~. (C6H5.OH).we. Jo .... ~ ?-ehlorophe.nbl,. q.-ohloropheno i".'<br />
2,6-dlohlvrophenQl, 2.4-diol:).lprppnenol and 2,4.o-triohlorophen I'<br />
01' these 1'ive cbmpo~ds. the ,~~OP. 2.4-Dcp.~nd 2.6-DCP were "<br />
1'ound to be. the major' taste~M odor produoEl~~'.' Threshold i'<br />
taste aRd odo:rcbncentrat1o~u~,C?f' these 1'1ve'cw,lor1nated<br />
phenols a~e 'g1veri1n TaolerfI.<br />
The odor level 01' Rockaway Park lake water was not af'1'eoll"il.,<br />
by the observed concentrations of' 2.4-DCP in Table II since th,<br />
threshold:value of'2 re~il'j.eit:\,r;()nstant thro. 70 days of' .<br />
examination •. A'. 81'0.t ,checkwEl.S;.~adefor thEt ~yp1cal medicinal'<br />
taste .andodorof'chlQrina~eq'MenoJ,s at 1:32.:ldays since a concentration<br />
of' 13.0 ulzll of 2,'.4o:..n.CPwas f'ounq}.,41,'Nomedicinal<br />
taste or' odo'r .w.as,,o.bserre.d." .... ,.¢h .... ·.ese dat.a ~re.,.J1n.··.g.eneral agreement<br />
With Buzwttschel). ,sinc~t~, concentraticmsot2.4-DCP did<br />
not sign1ticantIyexceed tho~e'~equlred tQ·~ar11a taste OP<br />
to raise the thre'shold odor level. . . .<br />
.,-,"" i<br />
, .... . ,f<br />
2, 4_D~~q:~:mo~~e~~~\;tw;~t,tror:~dQi3~edrYf.d i~;~e u~'~ao;er4!<br />
not verified by subsequent analysis and, therefore, were not<br />
considered valid.
TABLEIII<br />
Threshold Taste and Odor Concentration ot Various Phenolic' ,<br />
Compounds(a) !<br />
Component Geometric Mean Threshold-ug/l<br />
~ ~<br />
Phenol<br />
2-CP<br />
4-cp<br />
2,h.-DCP<br />
2,6-DCP<br />
2,4,6!~TCP<br />
-,..1000<br />
4<br />
"'1000<br />
8<br />
2<br />
"'1000<br />
(a) a~ter Burttschell e~ ~l (4)<br />
7 1000<br />
2<br />
250<br />
2<br />
3<br />
~1000<br />
The data also indicate th~t any 2,4-DCPpresent in a lake<br />
treated with 2,4-D would be there primarily'~san impurity ~roin<br />
the ~ormulation. There is no evidence from this study to<br />
suggest that,an appreciable oonoentration 0~'2,4-DCP would<br />
arise ~rom the biological degradation o~ 2,4--D. I~ 2,4-DCP<br />
is an intermediate degradation product, then apparently it<br />
decomposes at about the same rate as 2,4-D.<br />
The data also show that2,4-D does not Persist ~or any<br />
appreciable length o~ time. This compound apparently reaches<br />
its peak concentration soon a~ter application whereupon it ,<br />
decreases to levels that reach ~ sensitivity o~ the analytical<br />
method. In addition, very small amounts o~ 2,4-D, 13-50 ug/l, ,<br />
were detected in the "~ree ~lowing" portion o~ the lake that .<br />
came ~rom the initial 1.34 mg/l dosage. ThIs'may be an empirioal<br />
reason why, in this particular study, the degradation o~ small<br />
amounts o~ 2.4-D is not a signi~icant source o~ 2.4-DCP.<br />
This study, perhaps, presents a more realistic picture of<br />
the occurrence and persistence o~ 2,4-DCP in a 2,4-D- treated ,<br />
lake than the carboy study reported here last'year (6). At '<br />
that time, there was evidence that 2,4-DCP oouurred and<br />
persisted at levels high enough to produce taetes and odors<br />
according to the data o~ Burttschell. Since this investigation<br />
was limited to one lake and one type o~ ~ormulation, however,<br />
additional ~ield studies are needed to show tme.'e~fect o~<br />
various concentrations of 2,4-Dand of other types of formulations<br />
on taste and odor water quality. The previous carboy study<br />
showed that the ooncentir-atn orr iot' 2,4-DCP impur,i ty varied considerably<br />
with type and concentration of ~ormulation (6). The
464<br />
pOBsib,i11 ty ,also eXists, tha,,t,',"O,8,O&,Yi, n,8' a"qu,,~,1,c ,vegeta tionmaYi,J<br />
release2,4-~DCP as a metabol~!f)
(1.1-) Burttschell, R.H. , et al., "Chlorine Derivatives of<br />
Phenol Causing Taste and Odor", J. Amer. Water 1Mks. Assn., 51,<br />
205 (1959).<br />
(5) Audus, L.J., "The Decomposition of 2,4-D and 2<br />
Methyl, 4 Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid i~ the Soil", J. Sci. Food Agr.,<br />
J, 268 (19$2). .<br />
(6) Faust, S.D., Tucker, R.J., Aly, 0.>}4., "A Preliminary',<br />
Report on the Ef'f'ect of' Some Aquatic Herbicides on Water Qualit1",<br />
Proe. of' the N.E. <strong>Weed</strong> Gontrpl Conf., <strong>Vol</strong>. 12, 546 (1961).<br />
465
466<br />
Seed and seedling to~e~ance of lawn.~asses to<br />
certain ~~ass herbicidea!<br />
E. J. Rice and C. R. SkOgle~2<br />
'" Several herbi'cides will seiectively control crabgrass when applied i{<br />
stands of established turfgrass prior to the germination of the crabgrass,seed.<br />
The degree of injury to established grasses has been quite well determine~ . .<br />
under \llanyconditions;.· Very little knOWledgeis avaUableregarding the action<br />
.'of most cra.bgrass herbicides whenappUed to the son p:Hor to seeding turf ..<br />
grasses or when applied to iJJJnature grasses.<br />
There are many instances when it would be desirable to treat soils before<br />
seeding, at the time of seeding or shortly after seeding. This study was undertaken<br />
in an effort to determine, under one set of conditions, how long residues,<br />
toxic to certain perennial grasses, remained in the 80il. A second purpose was<br />
to ascertain the length of time necessary between seeding and treating with certain<br />
herbiCides at various rates.<br />
Materials<br />
and Methods<br />
The test plots were located on a soil that is classed as Bridgehampton<br />
sil t loam. A productive, well-drained soil, it had been fallowed for two<br />
seasons prior to 1961. Fifty pounds of ground limestone and 25 pounds of an<br />
8-6-2 grade fertilizer per 1000 square feet were added to the soil during the<br />
seedbed preparation on June 21, 1961.<br />
Nine chemicals, most of them at two or more rates of application, were in<br />
Cluded in the test. An untreated check was maintained for comparison purposes.<br />
The chemicals, formulations, and rates at which they were applied can be found<br />
in table I.<br />
All chemicals were applied to each of three grasses - Merion Kentucky<br />
bluegrass (~ praten,is), Astoria colonial bent (Agrostis ~) and Chewing's<br />
fescue (Festuca ~. The bluegrass was seeded at the rate of two pounds per<br />
1000 square feet, the fescue at 5 pounds and the bentgrass at one pound.<br />
Each block or replication consisted of one 28-foot strip, 66 feet long,<br />
for each of the three grasses. Each 28-foot strip of grass was divided into<br />
7 4-foot widths through the entire 66 foot length. These 4-foot plots were<br />
treated or seeded, the fUll length, at each treatment interval. The 66-foot<br />
length was divided into 22 3-foot Widths, each of which received different<br />
chemical treatments. Thus, each individual plot size was 3- by-4 feet, and<br />
there were 462 plots in each of the 3 blocks.<br />
Chemicals were applied according to the following plan:<br />
lContribution No. 1050 of the Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station.<br />
2Graduate Assistant and Associate Professor of Agronomy,respectively.
Code<br />
A - seeded June 29<br />
B - seeded June 29<br />
C - seeded June 29<br />
D - soil treated June 29·<br />
E - so11 treated June '29<br />
F - soil treated June 29<br />
G - soil treated June 29<br />
treated 2 week~'later 7/12/61<br />
treated 4 weeks later 7/28/61<br />
treated 9 weeks,later 8/30/61<br />
. seeded - same d~y 6/29/61<br />
seeded 2 wee~s Jat,r 7/12/61<br />
seeded 4 week,SJater 7/28/61<br />
'seeded 9 week$~ater 8/30/61<br />
The test,area was irrigated fre~ntly throughout the season to assure adequate<br />
moisture for germination and'gtowth of the gi~ses. The grasses were cut<br />
at a height of 1 1/2 inches as need~' following esta,plishment. Clippings were<br />
removed when they were excessive.'<br />
'<br />
Those plots seeded 2, 4 or 9 weeks after the solI was treated were hoed and<br />
raked 1ightl y prior to each seeding date. This most"ce~tainl y caused some mixing<br />
of the chemical with the soil. It was necessary~however, to remove annual<br />
weeds and to loosen the so11 surf8~e to prepare a sa~isfactory seed bed. In all<br />
cases seed was spread with a mechanical spreader. Chemicals were weighed or<br />
measured in amounts required to treat individual 3-~~ foot plots with the'ex~<br />
ception of treatments 20 and 21. These chemicals were applied with a mechanical<br />
spreader .• DrY.formUlations were mixe.dwith one Pint,.~ef dry sand and applied by<br />
hand. The liquids were added to one pint of water ('1't>0gal s/A) and applied with<br />
a hand spra~r at 30 pounds pressure. r'<br />
Grass response to chemical treatment or treatmeQ~ interval was determined<br />
by comparing the growth of grass on the treated plot, with that on the checks.<br />
Assuming that, inmost cases, the stl!nd and vigor of,fihe grass on the untreated<br />
plots to be 100 percent the grass on'the treated was~scored from 0 to 100 percent.<br />
The scoring was done from 2 to 4 weeks follow~ng treatment. This depended<br />
on the length of time required for the slowes1;.grass to attain sufficient<br />
growth to be properly scored. '<br />
Twoor three suosequent read'1ngs were taken dur~~9 the season to determine<br />
whether the initial injury was of a temporary or pe~ent nature.<br />
ReSUlts and Discussion<br />
Table I presents the average 'turf ,scores, based 'ondensity and vigor, of<br />
the three grasses when seeciing was done at various in'l;ervals following the'application<br />
of the herbicides to the S()~l. The averag~,;turf scores on the th1'ee<br />
grasses receiving treatment at va~i()us intervals aft~ seeding are given in<br />
table II. These scores are forttie'first readings ta,~en on each plot.<br />
The scores for each grass at ea~h interval were~ubjected to analysis' Gf<br />
variance and the least significant difference at the ~ percent level was ob-'<br />
tained. This information is also given,in tables I .~ II.<br />
, With only a few exceptions chemical treatment re$ulted in some reduction<br />
~ in stand or vigor of the grasses. ',There are a few general observations that<br />
can be stated regarding the results obtained in this study.<br />
467
468<br />
First, soil treatment within a few weeks prior to seeding grasses was more<br />
risky than application to young, established grasse •• Injury was greater when<br />
treating the soils and seeding~.~ later than when seeding and treating<br />
:am-.u. later. ,. -<br />
Second, four-week old turfwas'more toleram; of,.chemical treatment, in<br />
general, .than wastwo-week old 'turf.. This trend dMLnot continue through the<br />
9th week. ,For some reason the~~ui:tant injury wal,-greater, in general, on<br />
the turf treated 9 weeks after,s!ted~ng than on yQlll)le%'turf. One possible explanation<br />
,would be the weather condItions on or following the treatment d~te.<br />
The growing conditions on August ~O\:h were consid.$ly less favorable than, on<br />
July 12 or 28. The fescue and, ~oa lesser extent,i!the bentgrass wereno~<br />
growing as rapidly, or exhibitiil,9 a.Shealthy an aPJ)Ul'ance in late August as<br />
they did during July. It would appear that gr,pwin9'~onditions at the time of<br />
treatment, as well as age of the young plant, are important considerations in<br />
timing herbicide applications. .' .<br />
Third, although chemical tr.a~nt often thin~ or delayed the initial<br />
stand of g1'88S, ePloughplants ofteo'remained in hea!thy condition to eventually<br />
give satisfactory stands of turf. -tables III and. ~ contain the turf rat:f,l'Igs<br />
taken at the end of the trial 1n m:tl:l-betober. -COIlIPU'isonsof the turf scores<br />
between tables land III and II andr-J will clearly,lNu this out.<br />
The treatments that did nots!9J'!ificantly lowel';the turf score are shown<br />
in tables I and· II. Whenthe soil was treated at, ~prior to, seeding only 41<br />
treatments out of a total of 240 failed to significantly reduce the turf s~ore.<br />
Twenty-one of these 41 treatments were associatedw1th the use of calciumJ)%'0pyl<br />
arsonate and the combination ofca1c~um propyl and 'flcium methyl arsonate..-.<br />
Diphenatrile and the light rate :of ~ndane plus Chl~ane accounted for over<br />
half of the other treatments that did not significantly lower the turf scOre.<br />
In table II there are 91 out of, a total of 189 vestments that did not'<br />
show a significant reduction in turf score. This wo.lfldindicate that there is<br />
less injury associated with foliar applications of the chemicals used than with<br />
soil treatments at or before seedin9~ Only triflura11~was unsafe to all grasses<br />
at all rates and dates of application. As is shownQll the table, certain rates<br />
of all other materials appeared safe to one or more grasses at one or more time<br />
intervals. Diphenatrile, Bandane, Bandane plUS Chlo!dane, Dacthal Gl.5 SY, and<br />
the combination of calcium propyl and calcium methyl arsonates appeared to.be<br />
relatively safe, to use at certain .rates or times." '<br />
Two trends which appeared duril'l~. the test are a. interest. First, the<br />
grasses with the largest seed were l~jured the least.~rom soil treatment with<br />
chemicals. Injury was greatest tobentgrass, blue~s was intermediate 'and<br />
fescue was injured the least. . , ' .<br />
Second, when treating grasses ~(ter seeding, thet !time interval required<br />
for safety depends somewhat on the, ra:t;e of establ1shrnef\1t.. Bluegrass is slaw to<br />
establish and was injured more frequehtly when treated two weeks after seeding<br />
than was the bent or fescue. At later treatment dat .. ;the blue was the most, ~<br />
tolerant of the herbicides, bent W$s':totermediate and~f.scue was the most au'-<br />
ceptible to injury~ , "
SUIIIIJ~, ~ Conclusions 5'<br />
469<br />
The following chemicals at the.cre rates indie.ted were applied to the<br />
soil at seeding, 2, 4, and 9 weeks prior to seeding;'and 2, 4, and 9 weeks after<br />
seeding. three different turfgrasses: trifluralin (N,N-di-n-propyl-2,6~dinitro-4-trifluoromethylaniline)<br />
at 2 ~ 4 Ibs., Dip~QRalin (N,N-di-n-propyl-2,6<br />
dinitro-4-methylanlline) at 2, 4 and 8 Ibs , , Diphennrile (diphenylacetonitrile)<br />
at 30 Ibs., Bandane (polychlorodieyclopentadiene isomer) at 20 and 40 lbs., 75%<br />
Bandane plus 2~ Chlordane at 20, ~Oand 40 Ibs., Qacthal (dimethyl ester of<br />
tetra chloroterephthalic acid) at 10 and 20 Ibs., Daethal SY (experimental compound)<br />
at 10 Ibs., calcium propyl arsonate at 40 lbs~ and a combination af calcium<br />
propyl and calcium methyl arsonates at 50 ibs, .<br />
Merion Kentucky bluegrass,Astoria colonial ~grass and Chewing's fescue<br />
were the grasses used. The first treatments and seedings were made on June 29<br />
and the last ones on August 30. Turf scores based on density and vigor of· stand<br />
were taken c;Iuringthe season. The· a~rage scores Qnj'all treatments are given<br />
for two complete readings.<br />
Based on the results obtained under the conditi~ns of this study the following<br />
conclusions are made:<br />
1. Calcium propyl arsonate ancI·combinations of'·calcium propyl and calcium<br />
methyl arsonates, when applied to the soil at or prior to seeding certain<br />
lawngrasses, do not appreciably interfere with germination and growth of<br />
those grasses.<br />
2. Nine weeks after soil treatment with Diphenatrile it is safe to seed<br />
Merion Kentucky bluegrass, Astoria Colonial bentgrass and Chewing's fescue.<br />
3. In general, soil treatments with herbicides prior to seeding turfgrasses<br />
are more apt to result in injury than are the same treatments made after<br />
seed germination.<br />
4. Dipropalin, Diphenatrile, Bandane, Bandane~hlordane combinations,<br />
Dacthal ~Y and combinations of calcium propyl and calcium methyl arsonates,<br />
at certain rates, may be safely applied to 4~ek old stands of turfgrass.<br />
~ , .. .<br />
5. Bandane, the arsonates al'ldDiphenatrile appeared to be the leastphytotoxic<br />
to the turfgrasses. .<br />
AcknOWledgment<br />
Appreciation is extended to the Velsicol Chemical Company,Eli Lilly and<br />
Company,DiamondAlkali Companyand t6 AmchemProducts, Inc. for support in<br />
conducting this research.
I. Average tUrf scores- of three grasses seeded at intervals after the application of herbicides to. the<br />
seedbed: first observations.<br />
~<br />
Triflura1in 2.0<br />
Trif1uralin • 2.0<br />
Dipropalin 2.0<br />
Dipropalin 2.0<br />
Dipropalin 2.0<br />
Diphenatrile 11.5<br />
Bandane (E.C.) 4#/9al.<br />
Bandane (E.C.)., ~,4#lgiJ,t<br />
Bandane (Verm.l .' 7.5';<br />
Bandane (Verm.)· 7.~<br />
,:c<br />
Bandane (Clay) '.' 7.5<br />
Bandane (Clay 7.5<br />
Bandane & Chlordane 10.0<br />
Bandane &Chlordane 10.0<br />
Bandane & Chlordane ulO.O<br />
Dactha1 2.3<br />
Dactha1 .' ,2.3,<br />
Dacthal "~ '!'., ~~ S;l.!f<br />
Calcium methy1arsonate '*'.'6.0<br />
~. c,<br />
Calcium propyl arsonate '18.0<br />
Calcium propyl arsonate 12.5<br />
Check<br />
tSO/5%<br />
2<br />
4<br />
2<br />
4<br />
8<br />
30<br />
20<br />
40<br />
20;<br />
40<br />
20<br />
4(,<br />
20<br />
30<br />
40<br />
10<br />
20:·<br />
10.. t'c<br />
50<br />
'40<br />
o<br />
o<br />
17<br />
17<br />
3<br />
20<br />
7<br />
3<br />
:.37<br />
~20<br />
63<br />
40<br />
63<br />
47<br />
33<br />
3<br />
, ,,3<br />
~:t7<br />
80<br />
13<br />
100<br />
17<br />
3 . 10<br />
o 3<br />
27 50<br />
23 43<br />
7 23<br />
30 63<br />
13,. 27<br />
3 23<br />
50, 57<br />
m ?37<br />
57 60<br />
27 47<br />
67 77*<br />
33<br />
23<br />
57<br />
. 53<br />
20 43<br />
~'.-: .~<br />
fb ':)it7<br />
77* 87*<br />
90* 83*<br />
'100 93<br />
24 20<br />
3<br />
o<br />
20<br />
20<br />
3<br />
57<br />
50<br />
:30<br />
33<br />
'27<br />
63<br />
37<br />
57<br />
37<br />
27<br />
1'0<br />
•. 0..3<br />
,,', °0<br />
7 40<br />
o 17<br />
30 70<br />
13 63<br />
27 60<br />
43 83*<br />
50 73<br />
~ .60<br />
4b ~·,·73,<br />
2~ . i1'<br />
63Ti<br />
40 63<br />
70 83*<br />
47 73<br />
33 60<br />
33' '67.<br />
l~ "Qn<br />
9'-'-~<br />
.93* 96*c93*<br />
97* 97* 90*<br />
97 90 100<br />
16 26 19<br />
3 7 17 17<br />
o 0 10 7<br />
20 30,73 53<br />
13 7 53 30<br />
o 3 17 7<br />
57 87* ~7* 83*<br />
43.~ 77* 77<br />
.io 2,32i iC\"<br />
:3l!- 43,63<br />
'13:'~<br />
17 17, 33·· 27"<br />
40 6083 67'<br />
20 17 23 3<br />
77* 53 90* 77<br />
40 43 60 57<br />
17 ,'23 37 33"<br />
o -2043 30<br />
;i,-. '.- ~,_- :.+~ :', ~...l -' .:..... :-~<br />
::'<br />
.~. h ,~<br />
.j) ::.) "'-+ ...' '--:<br />
u<br />
83*<br />
n<br />
100<br />
20<br />
20<br />
10<br />
60<br />
20<br />
20<br />
90*<br />
~<br />
23<br />
7.'D<br />
Xl<br />
70.<br />
33<br />
93*<br />
70<br />
4-7<br />
41<br />
1&<br />
13<br />
97*<br />
97*<br />
97<br />
23<br />
43<br />
20<br />
77*<br />
73*<br />
40<br />
93*<br />
90*<br />
67<br />
80*<br />
57<br />
73*<br />
53<br />
80*<br />
67<br />
63<br />
73*<br />
30<br />
40<br />
83*<br />
97*<br />
90<br />
21<br />
l
III. Average turf scores l' of three grasses seeded at intervals after -the application of herbicides to the<br />
seedbed: final observations.<br />
.r:-<br />
~<br />
Lbs, active Saine time 2 wks. later 4 wks. later 9 wks.Tater<br />
Chemical % act. Per acre Bent Blue Fes. 2 Bent Blue Fes. Bent Blue Fes. Bent Blue Fes.<br />
frifluralin 2.0 2 27 27 33 3 7 13 10 20 37 17 20 63<br />
frifluralin 2.0 4 20 7 10 0 0 7 7 3 17 7 7 20<br />
Dipropalin '2.0 2 83 80 83 67 80 83 70 63 90 50 77 93<br />
Dipropalin 2.0 4 63 70 80 37 37 57 40 23 87 27 20 87<br />
Dipropalin 2.0 8 43 67 63 7 13 33 3 13 33 10 13 57<br />
Diphenatrile 11.5 30 80 87 73 77 83 90 97 100 83 90 10 90<br />
Bandane (E.C.) 4#/gal. 20 70 70 47 73 87 77 90 90 80 77 60 90<br />
Bandana (E..C.) , 4#/gal. 40 40 37 30 33 37 ~37 50 53 60 33 33 77<br />
Bandane .(Vem.) 7.5 20 87 100 90 73 93 80 90 90 77 73'10 8?<br />
Bandane (Yerm.) 7.5 40 93 83 80 67 60 67 63 53 50 30 30 70<br />
Bandane (Clay) 7.5 20 90 97 90 87 97 90 93 90 87 73 80 80<br />
Bandane (Clay) 7.5 40 87 90 73 73 67 47 57 50 40 33 50 73<br />
Bandane & Chlordane 10.0 20 100 97 60 100 93 93 100 97 87 83 87 77<br />
Bandane & Chlordane 10.0 30 93 100 87 80 93 87 97 83 70 67 70 90<br />
Bandane & Chlordane 10.0 40 97 93 87 63 80 67 57 60 47 40 57 70<br />
Dactbal 2.3 10 50 80 80 33 77 73 17 53 67 37 47 87<br />
~- 2.3 20;( 40<br />
, ,- :4'3 3Q' 10 67 :40 )-~ 1$" 27 ~'(- 7' '·1'1 2?<br />
Dacthal 1,'5 10 40 50 33 10 40 40 3 2~ 47 7 f7 41<br />
:alcium methyl arsonate + 6.0<br />
;alcium propyl arsonate 18.0 50 97 100 93 100 100 87 100 100 93 93 93 93<br />
:aicium propyl arsonate 12.5 40 100 97 90 100 100 83 93 97 90 83 90 97<br />
:heck - - 90 100 90 93 97 93 100 100 97 93 100 93<br />
score = visual observation- of turf -density with 0 being bare ground to 100 being optimun density.<br />
= A~toria colonial bentgrass, Blue = Merion Kentucky bluegrass, Fes , ::Chewing's fescue.<br />
l (
93<br />
(<br />
(<br />
e IV. Average turf scores l of three grasses treated with herbicides at intervals after seeding: final<br />
observations.<br />
Treated Treated Treated<br />
Lbs. active 2 wkS. later 4wks,' later 9 wks. later<br />
Chemical % act. Peracre Bent Blue res. 2 Bent Blue Fest Bent Blue Fes.<br />
Trifluralin 2.0 2 57 83, 57 43 60 0 50 47 13<br />
Trifluralin 2.0 4 10 53 13 17 40 0 23 50 '0<br />
Dipropalin 2.0 2 93 93 93 83 100 77 97 100 83<br />
Dipropalin 2.0 4 87 97 80 63 90 43 63 87 67<br />
Dipropalin 2.0 8 70 97 80 53 77 13 77 73 30<br />
Diphenatrile 11.5 30 83 100 70 77 97 70 83 100 87<br />
Bandane (E.C.) 4#/gal. 20 87 93 63. 100 93 ~3- .- 100 97 ,'~,<br />
Band-ane(E.C.) 4#/ga1. 40' 70 'SO 20 ·83 ,17 ,5Q', &J;' '87 ,50<br />
......<br />
Baraane (VerDI.) 7.5 '20 ~ 10(> : 83 '90- ;93 Q3.,' .' laG . ~OO sO<br />
Bandane (Verm.) 7.5 40 97 93 67 83 87 20 93 97 60<br />
Bandane (Clay) 7.5 20 100 100 83 93 100 50 97 100 83<br />
Bandane (Clay) 7.5 40 100 97 67 90 87 17 93 100 63<br />
Bandane &Chlordane 10.0 20 93 100 80 97 100 67 93 100 87<br />
Bandane &Chlordane 10.0 30 90 100 90 97 100 53 100 100 83<br />
Bandane &Chlordane 10.0 40 100 100 77 ~ ~ a 100 100 77<br />
Dacthal 2.3 10 73 lQE) _,37 ., ~" .:100 - 21,: c 83 ':',97 70<br />
Dac~l 2.3 ..:,20 ii> f~ ;~3, .~~90 \.;;;.13 t; o~ w ~,~ 10 5-~' o~ ~, ~ aO'S-loo C!lIi<br />
..,1.~,~<br />
Dactba1 1.5 , 51 n '17";" '61; ""90 13' ~ 77 '97 '60<br />
Dacthal Gl.5 SY 1.5 20 80 '93 ""33 . 77" 93 17" 93 . 100 '"83'<br />
Calcium methyl arsonate + 6.0<br />
Calcium propyl arsonate 18.0 50 100 100 90 100 100 73 100 100 47<br />
Calcium propyl arsonate 12.5 40 93 97 60 100 93 43 67 87 10<br />
Check - - 93 100 93 97 100 97 87 97 100<br />
f score =visual observation of turf density with 0 being bare ground to 100 being optimum den~ity.<br />
t =Astoria colonial bentgrass, Blue =MElrlonKEmtuckybluegrass, Fes , =Chewing's fescue;<br />
~'~:.1 . , ';..., ;7<br />
"1 ~ ",; I'·; t~~ ~i.~·,-~ ..-,"<br />
. ~ ,-.-.......;....;-<br />
,., .<br />
~I' '.'<br />
~<br />
'...:J<br />
'-'>
474<br />
PIft'J'OTOXICBlFBQTS'QJe'CBRTAINpp ..~<br />
cRAlGRASs CONTROL'!W'l'MtNTS O"NsUDtn.c TtlRP<br />
QlASSBS<br />
.w. B. CbappeJ.~~. a, B. SctDiclt-i!J<br />
VirSida Asdcultval BxperiMnt Station<br />
Bl",,~.i .Virslni. :j ~<br />
(',<br />
Four ·turfar..... that are sauerally grown in V1rslnia w.te chosen tOr<br />
this .tudy. ;They weI'. Merion bluqra8l. cr •• pins ncl fescue. coaDOD·bemicla.<br />
aDd s•• e1cl~ "nt. .The.. in obj841~ ,."a' to fiDd o~t,.*, .•,.._Uins plante of :the••<br />
speei •• vera isusceptibl.' to cert.La- cbeaica1e tut, tltdshown ptOllis. of OROtrol1ina<br />
cnbar." wben applied as pre .... rg.nc. applic.tion.. S<br />
• -", . ). J' • ) ··1
\....-.<br />
BENTGRASS- TREATANDSEED<br />
g;!:<br />
Treatment A. Lilly L-36352 2% 4#/A<br />
II<br />
B. 2'1. &IF/A<br />
C. " L-35455 2'%. 4tH/A<br />
II<br />
D.· " 2% &IF/A<br />
E. AmchemNo Crab 20% 431/A<br />
F. Chlordane 60% ~A'<br />
G. Bandane 7.5% 2OO/A<br />
H. " 7.5% 4OO/A<br />
I.<br />
II<br />
311gal. 20iJi*'<br />
II<br />
J. 40fFlA<br />
K. ~ytron 8% lS/FlA<br />
L. D,actha1 2.5% lOO/A<br />
M. Dipheny1 acetonitrile 11.5% 4I/A<br />
N. Check<br />
475<br />
Treated - May 1. 1961<br />
Seeded - 1.- 5/7/61<br />
2 - 6/14/61<br />
3 • 715/61<br />
4 - 7/19/61<br />
5 - 8/2./41<br />
Chemical Treatment - Density l-All dead<br />
10-viBorous plants<br />
B I A K H D N G F L M ICE<br />
5.20 5.47 5.535.67 6.27 6.80 7.00 7.27 7.40 7.40 7.40 7.47 7.73 7.73<br />
--------------------*<br />
TUDeof seeding - Density ,,).~U dead<br />
'-lO"lVigorous plants<br />
7119<br />
5.98<br />
8/2<br />
6.21<br />
5/11<br />
6.62<br />
715<br />
6.86<br />
6/~<br />
8.0:1<br />
BENTGRASS- SEEDANDTREAT<br />
Seeded - May 24• .1961<br />
'Treated- 1 - 6/11/61<br />
2 - 7/4161<br />
3 - 7/18/61<br />
4 - 8/1/61<br />
Chemical Treatment • Density<br />
1-All dead<br />
lo-Yigorous plants<br />
B A K G J D N FMC E H I L<br />
6.25 7.88 7.88 8.63 8.163 8.15 8.15 8.88 8.88 9100 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00.<br />
"--' * Figues underscored by a continuous line are not s1pificantly different.
476<br />
MERIONBLUEGBASS• T!BATANDsgD<br />
(lh<br />
T1me of ".d108 averyes • not s:l.8!lifKaot en<br />
Chemical Trea_Dts<br />
Not s:l.&nificantly different.. \<br />
,I<br />
a:..:~ . ;:~<br />
Triated - May I, 196]<br />
$edH - 1 - 5/20/61<br />
" ' 2 .. 6/17/61<br />
"l- 3 ~ 7/10/61<br />
4 .. 7/24/61<br />
Seeding<br />
dates<br />
6/17<br />
3.76<br />
5/20<br />
4.83<br />
7/10<br />
5.26<br />
7/24<br />
6.14<br />
1-Dead bluegrass<br />
lo-Ytsorous bluegrass<br />
'.I ';' '<br />
BENTGRASS• SIBD ANDTREAT<br />
Chemical<br />
TreatllleD~' - Dendty<br />
S"ded. May24, '196:£:::·:<br />
lWeated • 1 - 6/22/61<br />
7/15/61<br />
1/21/61<br />
8/8/61'<br />
B A K D T C I H I L. G F N M<br />
1.75 4.63 5.88 6.38 7.25 1.38 7'~~ 7.50 7.63 7.1i 8.00 8.13 8.13 8.25<br />
,,>•. , 'S" ,<br />
Seed!Ba Date!'':' 'PWttl - Not s1p:l.f:l.saot<br />
. :1J J~
FESCUE• SEEDANDTREAT<br />
"'1'<br />
'~d - May 24, 1961<br />
~eated • 1 - 6/26/61<br />
7/17/61 .<br />
7/31/61<br />
8/14/61<br />
477<br />
Chemical Treatment • Density • 10~{6J<br />
1Q/"100%<br />
1!"Dead plants<br />
B A KD L MJ F E ~ N I G H<br />
2.67 4.00 5.75 6.00 6.42 6.42 6.67 6.83 6.92 7:08 7.42 7.50 7.58 7.92<br />
Treatment Dates • Pensity<br />
7/31<br />
5.90<br />
8/14<br />
5.90<br />
6/26<br />
6.83<br />
7/17<br />
6.83<br />
ladead plants<br />
10-100%<br />
BEI'.MUDA - TREATAND SEED<br />
Treatment<br />
A. Zytron<br />
B. Dactha1<br />
C. Cal. Prep. Ars.<br />
D. Btmdane<br />
E. Dlpheny1 acetonitrile<br />
F. Lilly L-35455<br />
G. Check<br />
8.0%<br />
2.5%<br />
20.0%<br />
7.5%<br />
11.5%<br />
2.0%<br />
Treated - June 30, 1961<br />
Seeded - 1 • 7/15/61<br />
2 • 7/29/61<br />
3 - 8/10/61<br />
4 - 8/24/61<br />
1S#/A<br />
101/A<br />
43#/A<br />
201/A<br />
4#/A<br />
4I/A<br />
Treatment<br />
• Density<br />
FAD E B G C<br />
2.75 3.67 4.67 4.75 9.83 6.00 6.75<br />
1-Dead grass<br />
10-100%<br />
Seeding date<br />
8/24<br />
.. ..:?<br />
- density<br />
7/15<br />
I. .,..:<br />
8/10 7/29<br />
1"'
478<br />
In general. the treatments applied before sMdi_ resulted in more':,<br />
injury to the &'Nss'el than did thole which were steeled first and then treated.<br />
This could be ~cted slnce most seminating seed are usually killed e.. 11y<br />
in the pres8ace of IIOst herbicid.s. Poor ItandS of SUIS in the treat aDd<br />
seed plots can be partially attributed to weather oonditions at the time of<br />
seeding. Abetter technique would have been to treat at different detes aad<br />
leed all plots at one time.<br />
.:L ..<br />
Under the oonditions prevailing tn these experiments • the .dipropalin<br />
ceused considuable injury to bent, fescue, and bl_srass seedlings. 'rbi'<br />
wal true ~n the pre-seeding aDd po.t-seeding appl~tions. As ~ndica~ by<br />
the data. t~ere W8I little eff.c~ o~ the other tr.~s on srass stands.<br />
. . .; ~ . ., ;:'. ,-. . .<br />
!'rom thes.studies it appears that seedins p-alSes are not advere1ey<br />
affected by the'more cllDIOnly weed·lJre __ rseac. et:llbp'a31 control treatll8llts<br />
if they are three weeks old 01'1101'8. On the otberUDd, s.&dins SOOD after<br />
application may not be sclv1sabl.~ . -<br />
", ...<br />
.\
479<br />
'!HEEFFECTOJ1"CERTAINPREEMEqNCE<br />
CHEMICALSONGRASS~ATION ANDSFlElllLINGRASSES<br />
"f),' 1<br />
J. M. Mch, B. R. Flem1Bg, A. E. Dudeck ~ G. J., Shoop<br />
. The objectives of thj,s lJ:twiywere to de~m;ine the effect of<br />
several preemergence chemicals on seedlings of tht'ee major turfgrass<br />
species 'Whenapplied at varying intervals followiq Beeding, and their·<br />
effect on the germ1llation of tbeee: grasses 'WheneNded at varying intervals<br />
following applica tiona :.'}<br />
Mater:Lals ~ Methods<br />
This stud;r was conduo~~ at University~k, Pennsylvania on<br />
HagerstownsUt loam soU with a pH of 6.3 and med:lumlevels of avaUable<br />
phosp.orous and potash. Initiation of the study was delayed until<br />
la te spring due to inclement weather. The area was trea ted with hot<br />
methyl bromide at 1.2 pounds per 100 square feet in late May 1961,<br />
following root zone tillage, to eliminate any undClSired plants during<br />
the growing seaSal. Prior to ~J, seedbed prePQJlltian, 45 1bs. of<br />
10-5-5 (70% ureaform and 30% act;tvated sludge ni~en) per M was<br />
applied.<br />
Turf was maintained at lilt height of clIt, throughout the season<br />
with all clippings removed. Irrigation was a:flllied for establishme~t<br />
and maintenance, however, the turf: was allowed t,,,..mowmoisture stress<br />
prior to maintexumce watering to a:llow any possib:J;, trea1ment effects to<br />
be expressed.<br />
Post-emergence Test. On June 20, 1961 cOnunOnKentucky bluegrass,<br />
creeping red fescue and Astoria bent mre"eded in individual<br />
3 x 63 foot adjacent strips at 2, 4 and 1 pound p~ M, respectively.<br />
Three foot sod strips were placed parallel to eacl;l(series of seeded strips<br />
to facilitate mulch removal, irription, etc. ~:experimental design ""'s<br />
a triple replicated randomized block with trea1m~t dates, grass species,<br />
and chemical trea1ments the respective factors.<br />
Chemical trea1ments lIilI'f awlied in J,x9 foot strips perpendicular<br />
to the grass strips resu1~ in 3 x 3 foot 1a'eatments an each grass<br />
species. Treatments were madeqat 6, 38, 69 and 190 da,ys following seedimg.<br />
Preemergence Test. '1he'above chemicalt.reatments were applied<br />
at similar rates ana piOtSizes toa prepared seedbed on June 26. All plots<br />
were mulched w:1,th,first-cut fo~ge at approximate~ 100 pounds per M to<br />
assimilate a turf cover condition.nd to, preventllflJterial movement and<br />
exposure to light. The three grass species were Meded at 0, 32, 63 and' 93<br />
1 Assistant Professor; Instruotor and Graduata J\.msistants, respectively.<br />
Agrono~ Department, Pennsy1vania State University.
4BJ<br />
days follow:lng the ohemical treatment. Except At the first seeding date<br />
which was made with the chemio6ltreatment, eaoh.tWbsequent seeding date<br />
was handled in the following' manneI'I mulch was removed, seed applied,<br />
covered with'sterili.eed soil, :rolled to tim, l'eo4'everedwith mulch and<br />
watered. MuJ.chwas finally removed on the basis of control plot germination.<br />
'rteatmente. Six oherid.cals were involved in both the pre- and<br />
post-emergenoe studY' at rates 1teted in Tables ];~iand 2. Bandana (po;qohlorodioyclopentadiene<br />
ismers witb'60-62% chlordane );.s, emulsion concentration<br />
and on attapuJ:gite t No-Crab(caloium prowl ar8~teh Dacthal WP'(dl\illtth.vl<br />
ester of tetrachloroterephthalio acid), U-4513W'~N~ N-dimethyl-il.x ..d1;phenyl<br />
acetamide), Zytron emulsion (~(Z, 4-dichloro~) O-methyl isopropylphosphoramidothioate)<br />
J and D1~trile (diph~oetonitrile) •<br />
L1qU1dformulations.~:appliEld with a)plot sprayer at 35 psi and<br />
90 gp8,Dry IIftlterlals were
substantially until after 69 elvs. The 100 day _tment reduced stand of<br />
all species by' 20.30 percent with continued discoJlin'ation 50 days after<br />
application.<br />
f<br />
481<br />
ztirfiili showed the longest residuaJ. effeJi on grass germination<br />
from comple ibi tion at the 0 day treatment to;ja maximumof 30 percent<br />
on bluegrass after 93 days. Bent germination· was completely inhibited for<br />
0, 32, and 63 day treatments and only 8 percent showed following 93 day<br />
treatment. Seedling stand redu(lt1on was complete tor all species aj:; 6 days,<br />
60·90 percent reduction at 38daye and 20-40 percaot reduction follcnJing 69<br />
and 100 day treatments. The latter treatment continued to show discoloration<br />
50 days after app1ication~ .::<br />
Di~natrile showed the greatestspeciea:.'differential effect for<br />
both ge:rmii'ia on ana stand. At 0 date bluegrass and bent were greatly inhipi<br />
ted, followed by' a sharp increase at 32, 63 and 93 day treatments which<br />
ranged from 67 to 98 percent. Fescue emerged at 80 percent at 0 day t;reatment<br />
and ranged from 87 to 98peroent for following three treatment dates.<br />
Bluegrass, bent and fescue stands were reduced 88;--58 and 40 percent,<br />
respectively, at 6 day treatment, 2-15 percent at J.8 days and showed no<br />
stand reduction for the following two treatment daities.<br />
Under moisture stress, no treatments we~ observed to show possible<br />
root reduction except for severely injured plots where all plant parts<br />
appeared to be affected, even -at optimum moisture.:<<br />
Oonclusions<br />
The effects of preemergence crabgrass ohemicals on the germination<br />
and seedUng stand of bluegrass, fescue and Q.itnt were studied. Differential<br />
species effect was found with certain materials on both inhibition<br />
ot gemination and, seedling tw:'f.In all instanoltii injury was correlated<br />
with age of seedlings, but with varying effect. Provided that acceptable<br />
levels of orabgrass oontrol can be aohieved, cer~ materials appear to<br />
show promise for situations requiring use on seedllng turf and at periods<br />
following seeding,<br />
o·<br />
t •
')<br />
')<br />
' :_B!.ue~s•. Fescue au:l~"I;.~ at O~ 32. 63 and 93<br />
_.. , ..Tab1Q.1.·•..• ~.. ~t,-Ge~1;;i.~~.••~...<br />
j'QUow.i.ng~-caJ..pPUcati.on. Data Re~'30 ~ After Seeding<br />
: ;':-DrQi<br />
Materi.a1<br />
Bandana EC 20 a.i./,. 7 90 95 100<br />
Ban,dane lCI 40.a.i./A 0 ~82 82 9?<br />
WaneRf4Jf.c;s: io:'ri~1.ii J; ~ C' "s! §.,B6?'..f3<br />
BA.1:ldAnAlttap.<br />
No-Crab<br />
DactbaJ.-W<br />
u-$JJ W,;! ;:_~., :' ;' ~~ a.1~7A'~;.,;. ., tl 4 4~' ~<br />
~on EO": - , :~ 15~a.i.ti· ",; '~ 0 5 30<br />
Dipbena tril.e<br />
Rate<br />
40 a.i./A<br />
5~<br />
10 a.i./A<br />
30 a.i./A<br />
o 32 63 22<br />
24 S7 72 83<br />
94· 96 93 100<br />
6 S2 87 77<br />
1 78 88 95<br />
..E.E§J.22<br />
38 92 92 100<br />
22 80' 8-3 72<br />
i:<br />
r; .....<br />
{... r , L;<br />
~10<br />
_.c<br />
ft+' B7 c 95<br />
48 55 68' 85<br />
91' 93 96 100<br />
24 43 70 63<br />
~O~: .}' 37c 67<br />
r~ .._' ~'. '.. ..' (:<br />
c: (;<br />
:0 ). J!f 15<br />
80 87 88 98<br />
°E2l21<br />
2 83 9S 100<br />
o 72 80 88<br />
52 78 78 95<br />
8 57 72 87<br />
82 9S 97 100<br />
o 12 4 15<br />
o 13 77 87<br />
o 0 0 8<br />
2 67 85 98<br />
* Based enIK'lnt:ro1p10t g~~.,<br />
E'J<br />
to ..:t
~<br />
1;ab~, 2•.. FexQeDt ~tle.,.•... , ¥l.,".. S~,: of ~.<br />
' ~. 1::'.:~ _ Ben<br />
...t ~~.": .<br />
• 10~, 38, $, 'and l80 ~ At1lielt':~ Da.~~ 30 J:)qsc c r:<br />
. h1.1 0<br />
Cr. Red Fescue<br />
No. of Days<br />
----<br />
6 38 69 100<br />
38 18 4· 0<br />
8t J~ J3 i.i.~<br />
1725 0 ·0<br />
Astoria Bent .<br />
No. of,Daya<br />
.2....~ §i.•..• ie2<br />
80 22 6 0····<br />
;.~: . :'f,'t<br />
: SiP~~J3 ' ~ ,; d" ~<br />
..... l t; en<br />
t"--~! e- ~ •..<br />
":ij~33 ' ~ .. 0';,<br />
Bandane Att&p.<br />
No-Crab.<br />
J)IIc~ w<br />
1J-bSIJW"<br />
Zytron<br />
Be<br />
40 a.4/A<br />
5/K<br />
10a~,<br />
2.S~<br />
15 a.i./A<br />
60 13 0 0<br />
1 10 0 0<br />
t3,,:?:!.3, 0<br />
··100 2S 15' 20**<br />
100 60 20 20**<br />
35 27 0 0<br />
12 22 0 0<br />
~. 2'57 13 ;, ~2<br />
100 c~ J5"~<br />
100 87 40 3s-*<br />
67 23 O' 0<br />
1 1() 0 0<br />
.::~_80 ,~;, J",<br />
~.:65 ;~ ~:. 3oJ.<br />
100 90 25 20**<br />
Dipben1:ir:Ue<br />
30 a.i./A<br />
88 10 0 0<br />
40 J5 0 0<br />
58 2 o 0<br />
* Based QIl ccmtra1 pl.o~ 8~d.<br />
** ShcN:l.JwvariabJ.e degreq of disco1aratli.cm atter SOtllqB.<br />
)<br />
)
:". ',J<br />
P~E~ C!',.<br />
O~.C~G~S 'F.~HEMICAJ.Sl<br />
.€I~. T'~ll~ J.t-~nd}. ~dd4Pat~2 .<br />
Several chelillc* ~~e ~Pl"'d ~~ t~rf a~ea~s In:'~rder to· determine their<br />
effectlYene.1 for pr. •• m~'rle4h..... bgr •• s control. • seda:of plots was<br />
l~ out in 1960 and a s.con~I.~.1 in 1961.<br />
')Procedure in 196'0: .:~ f:j 8" • ,., 'J<br />
,~ .' ttll'Q "- q C1 .,"',~ u :';.:<br />
! ;'; Seven tle--X1iencei cra1Jgrau c.ontrbl a.Kale wer~:tested in 1960<br />
wifh,'th. followinl& ~.C$;tvet- {\)Pre.~r8.nc:k·eo~rol of ;:~bgrau _ .u;<br />
(21. ~eir effeetlv.nel. under oetural precip{~atlbD and irri,-tlon; and (3)<br />
T'hei~ effectivenesa at different fertility levels. •<br />
>,:~p~ot8i~ere •• tabUlhed on fairway turf w~ict!; contained a ~avy infe.tation<br />
of~~~r"'fln ..~.5~t J,he ,~~t.~~ch~et~. ~lf Cours,~ The per·<br />
ma~tjgr.,s.. conliated mainly of blu.gras. (Poa praten.e). i~ermixed with<br />
a ~itl,~ ~~t ~!b~ ~ro~1t:::Ja1~tr~.) ~d ,~.e,. (Fe.tuc~~ rubra) .<br />
~ ;~ ;~' 'H,.UJc~ ~ th~ ha~lc~es,wer~1 c~r~ in five 'blocks. E.ch<br />
bl:~fi.On.rf&d Cit 24. 4'xlO plot.. Treatm.ntl 'ware repUcat~ three time.<br />
W't~~~~.c ~J blo~1 z: " 0 o ,::. :::~ i(~ r: ~<br />
,.'-j i~.l ~ M )'"<br />
.l::l_-8<br />
'--I The pKof the test ar .. 1 was 6.0. ','Fo,* blocks recei~d 50 pound.<br />
ot:1-a1"'10-10 fertlliser per 1.000 Iq.ft. The fifth block rec!fved no lime<br />
or;f.f4tr~;i1izer in either 1960 or 1961. f;,.<br />
\. -t' " I " ,.j<br />
;:'i;,g ~l~ ch"i~1..;'re-';p,He4bn April: l4;ia 'I'bth years at rates recom·<br />
mettdtet;by tJ::hlf r~"rc:.Uve,JII8IUJ,f.c~re~. ,AU ,~ry",~tltdients<br />
cl~~. co~~i .aiI . fOr .... of .'Prading;' Lt~uid' tri&tmantl<br />
were mixed with<br />
weI'. appU.d with<br />
a ~paac,\;~ra~,f·,..;j, c: ,':0' ,'-i .:~.<br />
,C t' '" :.' ..'<br />
" -;'i ~Ga. ,~rbicidea which lbow.d promisina control of crabgrase in<br />
1~60were igain ~tp~ad"o bf,O o..c.<br />
~ ")Resulta in 1960:<br />
_.~ :i:.<br />
the. fi,ve b~'j)c~j in,.1961.<br />
,=" B.c.ua~ Iof, the insipd.fleant d1ffe.qanc~ batw•• n the fertiUs.d<br />
v"aua th ....,l\GU.£.,ttt1ael plal jed ~t",~ntJ1e ... t.1 pr.cipitation verlUI<br />
ir.rigatior{~ptots. re.u1ts obt.ined from the 5 b10cka h.v. be.n combin.d .nd<br />
ata 8hownln.)T.~. ~~ :~~ (;~; fj ~: '.~.; i< c'<br />
•••• • ';~.f';;J._ ._~_. _•• _~._._ •••••••• _ •• _• • • ~_•• _.: •• • • • ••• _. ••• ._<br />
1. Contr"~loQo .--1334 of ~ u..ivaHity, o(,;lIa... chuletts. College of<br />
Agricu&t.r._ Exp.riment St.tlon. Amher.t. Ha•• schuI.tta.<br />
+, Z:~~ './ {/<br />
2. Assi.tant PiOfa.ior~ancf'In.i'r:uctor .'DepAl:t.t Of Agronomy. University of<br />
Hauachue.tts. Amherat. H.... chu•• tt.." ,"
.10 t<br />
TABLEI. Pre·emer •• nca Control of Crabgrass with Chemicals<br />
, , Amherst, Ma... 1960<br />
*Eatiaate ~ Control<br />
Ulrbi;idl. BlCI.of.6DD1£;IClog. •••6ua••1960••••••• ~<br />
Dacthal<br />
2S lbs/2S00 sq.ft. 99<br />
Zytron, Dry<br />
6 lbl/1OOO sq.ft. 98<br />
Arsenical complex 20 lbs/1OOO aq.ft. 63<br />
FHA<br />
7 pinta/acre 27<br />
Calcium &rsanate<br />
Zytron. Emulsion<br />
12 lbs/1OOO .~.ft.<br />
10 gal/acri "<br />
73<br />
99<br />
Chlordane<br />
80 lbs actual/acre 89<br />
Check<br />
watar 0<br />
* Percent control basad 00 average estimatad by<br />
3 individuals.<br />
'{',<br />
Procedure 1961:<br />
In 19~1 two of the five'bioeks were re~tr•• t*4W'ith 4 chemicala'<br />
which were most effective in cOfttrolflng crabgrasl i. q1960.<br />
To detemine<br />
r the residual .ffect of the fo" chemicals. 2 of the' 5<br />
blocks were left untreated. The fifth block waa see. with viable crabgr'"<br />
seed and not re·treated with chemicals. This was daDe to obtain a truer<br />
picture of residual effects.<br />
All ch~icals were appl't.,a'at the same rat •• ali in 1960. Result' 1!r$<br />
shown in tables 2, 3. and 4. "<br />
Resu1tl in 1961:<br />
TABLEII. Crabgrall Control in Plota Retreated in 1961<br />
Eatlmate<br />
iltbl;l~l. IICI.gt.6»»ll;lt£gO i.QQotEQ1.<br />
Dacthal<br />
Zytron(granular)<br />
Calcium arsenate<br />
Chlordane<br />
Check<br />
2S lbs/2S00 sq.ft'.<br />
6 lbe/1000 aq;ft.<br />
12 lbe/10OO aq.ft.<br />
80 lbs. actu*l/acre<br />
watel"<br />
95<br />
99<br />
99<br />
" 97<br />
(, 0<br />
,.•,<br />
i<br />
"'I<br />
TABLEIII. Residual Effects<br />
Bexbic1da.<br />
Dacthal<br />
Zytron (granular)<br />
Arsenical complex<br />
FHA<br />
Calcium areeDlt.<br />
Zytron Emulsion<br />
in P1~~"ot Retreated 1D(,1~1<br />
Sathlate<br />
, ~~J:Ol~<br />
16<br />
2<br />
15,<br />
1<br />
'(:' , 53<br />
!'j 41<br />
:1' ",
Lima and ferd'1izer applications showed little effect on 1:ta.-ir .nil<br />
effectiveness of vadoul heJ;'bicid... r "r. ",.<br />
4S6<br />
TABLEIV. Re.idual Effect on Crabarass Seeded Plot. Rot Retreated in 1961<br />
Herbicide jH ;',". J,' "l'".,,):.t~l'. '(<br />
------------ ,.' "':'I;..!.~•• ggottgl_ ...<br />
Decthal<br />
Zytron (granular) ..<br />
Arsenical complex<br />
Calcium ar.enate<br />
PMA<br />
Zytron Emulsion<br />
Chlordane<br />
Procedure:<br />
..........• - . ,<br />
: \ sdJ<br />
:" '1 "ldJY<br />
,. i.a.l;q<br />
\ Bdl'<br />
J:.sV I<br />
t-d.l. I ~. I<br />
17<br />
46<br />
18<br />
39<br />
11<br />
69<br />
63<br />
{c,:·, .<br />
~ Li, .. :"<br />
, .;~ ~1.f··<br />
Several new introduction. a.well as those chemicals which had<br />
controlled crabgrass satisfactorily in tbe 1960 trial. were used. A,~r~.~<br />
of plot. 4'xlO' were set up with tbree replication.. The established turf· '<br />
consisted, of ~w;lq. ~uesral'. U~... J:r~v~.l.h) 1 0 ~lltll'''' (,Aa:ro.ti.palustris) I<br />
and .omeryegra6l(Loll,UIl spp.)~.t;i~;ar.. was be.:VJlNll:nfested With :~r..b~~' .•<br />
The sol1 was • sandy loam. Pertilber was applied totbe area in the fair of<br />
1960 and again: i~ t~!,sping o~ ~~~ll" The ch~~"'.~~9,e~, applied at ~e<br />
manufacturer-nc ... nde~.;r&te•• on"A.trj.114,.196Lj·T ,I,.: ,.,.,,; e,:<br />
(iJli.l<br />
,f!'"<br />
Relults: • r.:t ',-, 'j<br />
! i..> .nlr" t<br />
TABU V. EffecU.,.p •• O~ 're ..~~pn,~.; Crablra .... ~.rol. C".. icall<br />
Amher"t~"Mass. . 19'61' ""'-~';.' .<br />
• 1" 'i' . ,f ql<br />
Herbicides* Lbs. Active<br />
loarl4ieotLi;rt<br />
:,"'Jj;,';<br />
Dacth.l (Swift), 10<br />
Zytron, Dry (Dow) i':: :r' 15<br />
Calcium arsenate (Linck) .... . 4U:<br />
Calcium IIrsenate (Linck.) 8~6'<br />
Calcium arsenate (Linck)123~'<br />
Chlordane . 80',<br />
Diphenylacetonitrl1 (Connco) 2eL4'<br />
Diphenylacetonitrl1 (Alldco) ...2,5.4<br />
Calc1U1l1propyl arsonate (AzilChem) . Jl3.S<br />
U 4513 (Upjohn) . . 2.0<br />
\'dI (.~.<br />
i .'
BxceUentcrebgraes COM.1 was obtalned'lKl:h Bactha1 and giatiifhr<br />
Zytron ln 1960 and also In 1961.'" , I<br />
Ch1ol'dane,.at 80 IbsiacMr rate. gave SObel!C:oiltrol 1111960arid:<br />
excellent contl'Oltb 1961. ,! ' },;.(;<br />
.f\j I i ~} :,' ..<br />
CalctUIII a'r.enate gave.fab control in botlli 1960 and 1961. ; AU"~a<br />
treated ln' 1960ilndre-treatad :tIl,'1961 indicate. excellent control in 196\'~<br />
Good and· excellent· control wer.) obtdned by doubU.** aad tripling the t"<br />
reco_dad rate 'of applicatiOWl fot:' this chemicd:.'l':t! '."<br />
v),:):<br />
lneffective.<br />
FHA. wIlich 11 not r~oaed for<br />
' ,'T,'<br />
pre-e~*ftce control. was 'j<br />
" ;'1;,<br />
The u.eR1cal compleX'fpl.e poor control;'!lo'<br />
ZytroR emulsion gave ·e.callent control ia J t 960 . but it also 8e"'rely<br />
injured the desirable grasses. Zytron M2025 which~.used in 1961 gav~<br />
excellent control of crabgrau ;"','4id not injure 'file desirable gras.e~~J<br />
Dipheny1acetonitrU geve excellent control at the higher rat.eof<br />
application (28.4 tbs> per acre)'. lCalcium ptopyl'~odateand Upjohnptoduct<br />
U4513 were ineffective e. pre-emat .. nce crabgra8s'i1njrs. Grase'in pl'ots<br />
treated,with U451~ ap~ared stunted two weeks after treatment. Five weeks<br />
after the date of. application. the turf in these plots was severely injured<br />
and did,not recover.<br />
Atealtreated with eft"~Ca1c1um arsenate. Zytron emulsion. or<br />
Chlordane 1n 1960'aadnot re-t~~ in 1961 had the, lowest re-infestation<br />
of crabgra... 'lbe apparentreli«~ control of t~ chemicals could have;<br />
come about by' control of new seed Which may have come into these areas or'<br />
possibly by.agreater kill oLthe eid.st1ng seed in 1960. The fact that<br />
some degree of control was found 01t.1the plots which were hand seeded wit~ :<br />
crabgrass indicatel the possibillt"of some carryover of these chemlea~."<br />
from the 1960 to t.he 1961 season. ( 'I '<br />
''J<br />
{;<br />
4S7<br />
.;inq;<br />
, 1<br />
hH'l<br />
: 1~-:r~q
4es<br />
1'.o~~1ty, ", .ewf!r''''rsenc. oz.. ...... AC1.U.utQ\,!!!IBe.:LcCh'aue.<br />
. ' .. J. Troll, J. zaJc, and D. Wadcl1Jll.t_ l . . . ; '1O'~'1<br />
Sev.-raJ.:;pT~~JlCe crab.,"" .killers we~! ,,111ld .to pUN "<br />
.tand. of nine well .stablished ,ra.' species. The JIb:t1; type·".. ; '.'r! '1: j<br />
Sudbury fine, .andy loam having a pH of 5.5. Th. c~icals were<br />
apPl~d.at .t~ r.c:.aa 'r8cpumenc11l4;bIb,the I18nufac.... :rad, in two<br />
ca,.", a~; lldjij,tlQllJljl'&t8.. AppU$JItiOIlll were:__ .' April 27, 1961;. Yu,,·,)<br />
The plots ,,,.r.<br />
i<br />
thf"· '-QHHloted:P81iCllllically to noCle'.' ti£l coloration CI1l.:; t!,:<br />
other eigns of injury. Herbiclcl ... ,l'ate' of .pp·U..cLOD, and l'e.ulta '8",,0,.'<br />
li.ted in table 1.<br />
U45lJ. ,inJ~rJAl:.ll, ap.c18.~.. tH. ·At; fiut,t.,.Uectaof .<br />
this chemical stunted Sl'owth, but oolol' wes normal. After fifteen ; ,··ql},;.·<br />
daya, the stunted plants started to die with very little recovery.<br />
In this, as well aa in another .... r1... at, tbil.~a1w"·1118ffect1ve<br />
in controlling crab~aas.<br />
Chlo~d'll. ·.&D4Aip~.llYlae.to.l"U did not. cau.t. abtervable damage<br />
to anyo~ t~.'F'",stl.tr.ated.· . " . . ;"ea,,';,:' .•vt u: '1.'<br />
InJ"'*~"8aQ4:cI~"dol'8t1or&.,"... d by chlllllica1''1~llber thanU4513 I"l<br />
weI'. notlastins. .<br />
; . ':~',;',,'~ 'J i':" ~l',: ".,\)-"'~.,!.. i.:rjr.,,- I<br />
'''i,,'l'ab~''tf'~o;' _«8(:,t,O£. he Crab8l'a.l,ao.c1fol Ch_ica!Slr,,,i::{ v l"<br />
,on ~t.1;Il~a~TvfQra' ,.t Alllbern,Ma ... h1l.. tts, ,1961, ;'1 E.li:,:<br />
,'il ;~.;9·" 'c' .b9Ji'.".:I' .., ..... ". ~:~.,jll···j<br />
." lr,J .v: , .'1 tir";'" $.., I ".N"l'r." :<br />
.t~ ~e~g .... ';,r)r<br />
....<br />
~- .U.diJ~L",; ..<br />
Q"al8~ ~ Jlal!t !f,'!)<br />
Rid Dal1tha S S r,)<br />
Zytron-:q~ ,. '. S S S 'C ,il 2<br />
., .. 1'1< 'J~",)<br />
Dll118t.:f.C,c..~ .. ,I.~i "<br />
",J aI',1<br />
Dimet ,J'.~P'+'i'!' .~ , "<br />
,'eoeB '8 .;.:d,·....<br />
.,'.~ .Hi'S S H S S8 8,,:1 ,:;n"<br />
Dimet P.C.C.+ - Linck<br />
Chlordane<br />
Dlphenyl.cetonitril - Corenco<br />
Diphenylacetonitrl1 -,Alr100<br />
Calcium propyl ar.onate - AmChem<br />
U 4513<br />
U<br />
Extent of injury 1. indicated by S<br />
*Supplied by designated compan1e.<br />
1. Contrlbut:l.on No. 1335 of the University of Ha.. aobusetts, CoU.ge of<br />
Agriculture, Experiment Station, Amherst, Hasl.chusetts.<br />
2. As.1.tant Profes.or. and Inltructor, Department of Asrono~, University<br />
of Hasl.chu.ett., Alllber.t, Ha•• achu.ett ••<br />
1<br />
'.'
Pre-emergence Crabgrass Control<br />
A number of chemicals are now !lva.11able for the pre-emergence controlof<br />
crabgrass (Dig te~ ischaemum, 12.;.sanguinalis). This paper reports the<br />
results of our 19g1 trials in which ocemercf.al, f'ormuJ.ations of sevendif-·<br />
ferent chemicals were observed for their effectiveness in the pre-emergence<br />
control of crabgrass.<br />
MA.TERIAUlAND METHODS<br />
The experimental plots ,,'erelocated at the Cornell Turfgrass Research<br />
~lots, Nassau County Park, East. Hempstead, Long Ioland.<br />
Two separate areas were selected for these trials. one area, designated<br />
"poor turf," consisted of a thin stand of native bentgrass and loed.<br />
fescue and was selected because of its reliability of crabgrass infestat:tbn.<br />
'i.'he experimental design was a complete randomized block with seven treat':'<br />
ments in quadruplicate on 7 x 7' plots. Four plots served as checks. ~<br />
area was fertilized following application of the chem1caJ.s excep-t; for plots<br />
tre,ated with the arsenical-fertilizer formuJ.ation (Pax). All the chemicals<br />
were watered in.<br />
The second area, designated "established turf," consisted of a unifqtm<br />
and dense stand of Kentuclty bluegrass, red fescue, and bentgrass. Little<br />
crabgrass was present in this area in 1960 even though a heavy infestation<br />
(70'f"crabgrass) had occurred in 1959. In order to provide conditions more<br />
favorable for the development of crabgrass within this area, it was subjet<br />
to a rather severe renovation treatment prior to the application of the .<br />
chemicals. Th€l area was clipped at a height of approximately t inch. ,<br />
Several passes were made over the area with a Henderson Thin-Cut set So the<br />
blades cut into the soil approximately t inch. The pre-emergence crabgr8lSs<br />
control materials were then applied and watered in. The experimental des'Jign<br />
was a complete randomized block with eleven treatments in triplicate on .<br />
7 x 7' plots. Seven plots served as checks. The turf was maintained at·..'<br />
approximately 1 inch, well fertilized and adequately irrigated.<br />
The materials were applied on March 29) 1961. All of the chemiCals',<br />
were in granular formuJ.ations and were broadcast by hand without a.iluent.<br />
REO'ULTSANDDISCUSSION<br />
The materials 'Used, rates of application, percentage crabgrass control<br />
and turf injury ratings are found in Table 1.<br />
1 Assistant Professor wld Professor of Ornamental HortiCUlture, respectively,<br />
Cornell Univer~ity, Ithaca, New York.
} )<br />
Table 1. Besu):ta.Qf 1961 pre-emergence ~s con~ trtals':Q()rneU ....assau COunty Park Turigrass 1<br />
~1ication: March 29, 1961 Ii1jury ratings: _ 31, 1961 Control ratings: July 25, 1961<br />
Plots: 7 x 7' Established turf: 3 replications Poor turf: 4 replications<br />
Proprietary material Acti ve ingr~ent<br />
1. Chip-~' 'grtmular calcium arsenate<br />
';) .<br />
;~l .(1<br />
2. Halts<br />
3. Pax<br />
4. Bo'-Crab<br />
'5· .Agt'1cp~grass<br />
"~.roi -,<br />
6. Rid<br />
7. Dow Crabgrass<br />
Killer<br />
Percentcra'Qgrass in check<br />
ch1~ ~i reie.teei~CBIIP01J!fI'f~ '~ 0' .. ,<br />
d1P~llearsenical<br />
calcium<br />
propyl<br />
dacthaJ.<br />
zytron<br />
cOJllPOU1lds<br />
ar80nate<br />
Pounds of<br />
Formulation!M<br />
15<br />
~6/<br />
20<br />
5<br />
10<br />
10<br />
~<br />
, 10<br />
20<br />
B<br />
16<br />
Established turf Poor t1l<br />
'.J 1 Injury 2 ~<br />
Control Ratings Control<br />
99 100 96<br />
.\. "_. -r-.,~ ..." '.-1<br />
• ; ~<<br />
~ '; o.o .Ell<br />
95 1.0 71<br />
2 0.0 25<br />
2l 0.0<br />
40 0.0 69<br />
87 ~.3 --<br />
100 0.0 98<br />
100 1·7<br />
96 0.7 99<br />
100 2.0 --<br />
I<br />
'90<br />
0<br />
0"<br />
-:t<br />
l.<br />
2.<br />
Percent crabgrass cont'ro1 calculated on the basil3 of' averagenulliber of plants per square foot in ·chec<br />
at the time of estimating; average of' 9 l;lamp1es,_3 o~e square foot samples per replicate.<br />
TUrf injury ratings: O-none; 1-slight; 2-modera'tej3'-severe; 4-comp1ete }till.<br />
3· Percent control based on estimates of percent crabgrass in checks at time of estimating.
Crabgrass Control and Turf InjUry'·- Established ''l\irf<br />
i~.<br />
ZiY'tron (Dow Crabgrass Killer) and dacthal (Rid) gave 96%and 100% control)<br />
respectively. When double the recommended rate was used, 100%control<br />
was obtained with both materials. However, 8'l1ght to moderate turf<br />
injury occurred when these rates Were used (zytrolt' caused some thinning of<br />
the turf at the normal rate ofappl1cation). 'l\u'(;:1njury, in this case, '<br />
was expressed by the failure of the red fescue and'bentgrass populations to<br />
fully recover following the pre-application thinnfUei and mowing treatments.<br />
491<br />
The same materials used in experimental triaJ,.s on establisHed turf<br />
were also used in the pre-emer~nce crabgrass cort~ol trials on poor turf.<br />
The results were similar to that which occurred on 'established turf, although<br />
in some cesea, the reduction in crabgrass populations was not as great. The<br />
most notable exel!1Ples of this were ,With chlordane-{Halts) and with the t<br />
arsenical-fertilizer formula.tion (Pax). Crabgrass control with chlordane<br />
was reduced from 91%in established turf to 61%in the poor turf areas, with<br />
a similar decrease (95%to 7l'{o) observed for the e..rselilical-fertilizer fQ1'IIlUlation<br />
(Pax). Calcium propyl arsonate (No-Crab) tUid diphenatrile (Agrico<br />
crabgrass control) gave n greater crabgrass control, than that found in
492<br />
corresponding plots on este.bl1~4~,. but were ~~ll not .o.s effectiveaa<br />
the other materiaJ.s included in thei!le triaJ.s.<br />
Another point t1;lat is feltd)~;:ieof SUfficient~:¢t to be reported<br />
here is tha.t when the annuaJ. sr$BN began to devel~ in the poor turf area,<br />
it was obs~rved thEtt approx1mo.1;G~;LOi of the gro.s.were that of corn- .<br />
grass, Pan1CU1l1d:l.chotcu1flor:um.· '~s is an annual JfRlecies of grass that,<br />
OJ.th~not cOIDIIIQn, 1.s apparent~ t'oundas 0. lo.~ ~a. iJl some areas on '.<br />
Long I,sland. This was first b~;t, to our attant* severnl years ago quring<br />
post-emergence crabgrass control trials at our research plots (3).<br />
zvtron anddacthaJ, gave excellentcpntrol of this ~ srass (m).Cnlchm<br />
arsenate, however, did not appear to be effe:ct~ve end the FanicUlll continued<br />
to develop.wi1;hin the13e plot. even thoughc~ass control was excellent<br />
• It appears, ·there:t'ore,.t~ cal,oium arse~ ,10 mqre selective. in<br />
its toxicity to tho various -SPftc~s.·of annuaJ. gr~8e~ ~e.n either qtronor<br />
dacthaJ.. ~is ~ ~an :U/i)Ortrmt consideration ill ,~as where Panicum<br />
species are 0. problem. It should be emphasized th~,:the8e are only one<br />
years observations.<br />
NOtutf' inJlri:y- ratings couldb.mado for BDYofthe chemicals within<br />
this area becwse of the lack of Ilutticient st-ands Orthe desirable grasses<br />
to make accUrate ratings. , ,<br />
Under the conditions of thes,e trials, a ll\IlI1ber"~1;he pre-emergence.<br />
crabsrass. control chemicals gave soQd cOlXtrol ot ~sto.ss. ~ron and .'<br />
dacthal continued to givc excellent. crabgrass cont~~ (96to 100%)althoUgh<br />
slight to moderate turf injury was noted. Turf inJul-y by these materiaJ.s<br />
was confined to red fescue and bell:l;.p-.asswith nOI\lli~ent injury to Kentucq<br />
bluegrass. , Calcium arsenate was ',~so effective 111,~rolling crabgrass.<br />
(96to 99il. Chlordane and .the ars~icaJ.-fertllizel fOrmulation gave goo9.,<br />
control of crabgrass on established:. turf althoush ~ degree of control ~<br />
reduced in ,trials on poor tUrf'WhG~ larger populat~pns of crabgrass ...•.<br />
developed. Diphenc.trlle gave, on:Iy .:~ intemcdiate, ';j!ve:L of control at,1;~~ '.<br />
recommended rate although the degree of control incr~ased proportionately .<br />
as the raw of ll,p;plication was incrilased. CalciUlllWopyl arsonate gave only<br />
negligible crabgra.ss control. ."."<br />
Pan1cum dichotOlll1florum wase~;f'ectively contr64ed by dacthaJ. and zy'ti-on<br />
but was not controlled in plots treated with calciuilf arsenate. .<br />
Literature<br />
Cited<br />
1. Mower, Jl,. G. and J. F. Cornman. 1961. EltPerilneij'i;s11l pre-emergence<br />
crabgrass control. Froc,H.E. <strong>Weed</strong> contt=91C6nf. 15:264-267.<br />
qrabgrass<br />
control.<br />
. .<br />
3. .' 1959. 9b¥rve.t~ons on pre-emergence'<br />
and post-emergence crabgrass ~ontfOl, etC.Proci~N.E. <strong>Weed</strong> Control<br />
Conf. 13: ise-rn, "
COMPARISONOF CHEMICALSroJ{'''''EMBRGENCE<br />
JobD1t'. HaVis 2<br />
~SS CONTROLIN TURF l<br />
'::<br />
493<br />
The area used for this t.at had been ..... dto a fairway mixture<br />
about fifteen years previously~ The grasses present were mostly<br />
bluegress and fescues. Miscellaneous weeds were present, includlQ8<br />
dandelion and plantain, but very little natural: crabgrass.<br />
During the first two week. of April, 19&1, the grass was mowed<br />
to 1 1/2 inches, fertilized with 10-6-4, and a light top dressing of<br />
soil was applied. The area ¥as then seeded Wf.th5 pounds of weed<br />
seeds having a high perceDtapof crabgrass, ,l'the area, 32 x 60 fe.t,<br />
was dlvided tnto24 plots '1:'FliO feet in siH/le This provided plott<br />
for 8 treatllle!¢s, ll\clud1ng.'a,reheck, replica_ three times. The'<br />
area had a slight pitch to the east but not _fieient to cause<br />
excessive washing.<br />
Seven granular pre-emergence herbicides were applied April 14<br />
at rates racollllll8ndedby tu "'lWfacturers, a.':.11ows:<br />
Per 1,000 Sq. Ft.<br />
,:"H<br />
(Pounds)<br />
PAX- "new" formul~~ (more arsenic~ •. Less N) 20<br />
Bandane 7.5%<br />
6.1<br />
Tricalcium Arsenate 48% (1961 formu1tlion)<br />
16<br />
Dactha1 2.3%<br />
10<br />
Zytron 4.4%<br />
8<br />
Ca1~i~ Propyl Arson.~a 20% :r£.,<br />
5<br />
Diphenatrile 11. S%<br />
6<br />
Irrigation was not available. The spr1Dg weather was cool and<br />
moist, rainf,dl during May"measuring 4.67 1...... Crabgrass in.the<br />
test plots germinated about JUne 15. The fiutweek of July the turf<br />
area was given a second appl1cation of fertiliser and sprayed with<br />
2,4-D to kill broad-leaved weeds. The grass was mowedweekly at<br />
1 1/2 inches. 0,1<br />
L. t.e.,<br />
lContribution Number1331. Maiiachusetts Agridaltural Experiment Station.<br />
2Department of Horticulture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
494<br />
ae.u!s,'I!IIDi,cua.:Lon<br />
leUlllllted crabgrass cOll~,. Ausu-t 11, 1961<br />
(Avera.e of three replications):<br />
u<br />
zytron 991<br />
CaJ.dUll :Ars.nate " ' 851 'oj t<br />
B.n4ane 85% ' ,:;
..495<br />
1961 PREEMERGENOE ORABGRASS RESULTS<br />
J. M. Duich,B.R.Fleming, A.E.;Dudeck, G. J; ~op and J. Boydl<br />
:. ,'.;, , ,:-1;"'" , ",', )<br />
The object of this study ~, .to determine ~etfect of various<br />
commercial and eJq:leX'~ntal preemer$en~el crabgrass c~cals under practica:lconditions<br />
in southeastern Pennaylvard!l where crabgraap is a paramount problem<br />
and permanent turf difficult to"produce. . .<br />
Materialp!w!<br />
Methods<br />
The test was conducted ~t. ~ Springhaven C~ (golf) in Wallingford,<br />
Pennsylvania on two. areas.'l'et!t area No.1 was'#Ie practice fairway<br />
(irrigated) with a history of heaVyc:t'Apgrass infels~~On, annually, and a .:<br />
large popula tion of Poa anmia which predOlllinated spring and fall and usually<br />
faded during the sumiii6rperIod. B+1,l,e~ass, bent and t.,scue accounted for less<br />
than 20 percent of the pemanent turf population. ..<br />
Test area ijo. 2 (non-ir:rig~~) was located~ a fairway satllrated<br />
with seepage water frOlllunderground' springs, primar~y".in the spring and faJJ...<br />
Turf was predaninantJ.;r oreeping ben.~~ !2! trivialie, a~ traces of bluegrass.<br />
.: ",-, ,'rfi<br />
Single applicat1onsof ~~c:m._treatment were~on April 3, 1961<br />
two weeks prior to earliest anticipated crabgrass germination for the area.<br />
The region was characterized by unu~ cold, wet ~th~ which delayed<br />
the initial gemins tion of crabgra!'li' ~or four weeks ph :Area 1 and six weeks<br />
on Area 2. Poa annua growth was also unusually heavYdne to protection from<br />
heavy winterenows and-moist oandi~ for most of i~ growing season. Poa<br />
annua faded ctuickly starting in mid-Jv.],y, A further ~cation of climatlC<br />
conditions was the fir$tmOW1ng date or April 27, wb1~ is late for the area.<br />
',11 . ,<br />
-.. , O l:<br />
Indivic1ualplQts were 6.x,~ ,.feet with thrll$,repl1cations on Area ~'<br />
and two repli6at10na on Area 2 w1~,j;Q~ controls per ~~lication. Liquid '.'<br />
materials were applied with an experirii'8ntal boom sprayer at 35 psi and 90 gpa.<br />
Dry materials .were diluted with tOUI'QUSrta ot soil a~applied by hand.<br />
There was over 0%18inch of ra:lJi.1'allo"'r a three da;v.~Od beginning the daY<br />
following application. " ".J .<br />
Plots were rated period1o~ throughout the .season for discoloration<br />
and injury. Final orabgrass co~, detemination WBS made on October 2 on<br />
the basis of estimated percent oov~~ ~ce partial co~l often resulted in<br />
more vigorous crabgrass growth due ,to lack of turf c~:tition.<br />
1 Assistant Professor, Instructor, G%'llduateAssistanf/ GI'aduate Assistant,<br />
AgronomyDepar1lnent, Pennsylvania State University and Superintendent,<br />
Springhaven ClUb, respectively.
496<br />
D±!3pa,~n~ Resul te)I?<br />
.,l-ta,terials!, rates and percent crabgI'E\ss,~1}ro1 for bothtE3st areas<br />
are shown in Table~. A h1ghe~ 1MI of control' _ obtlt1nEldonArea 2 1IIith<br />
the exoeption of 7 of 28 trea'bDentl, 4 of whioh gave the best oontrol in the<br />
study (95 peroent or better). A higher level of control on Area 2 due to<br />
pe:nnanent, turfcompetitionto~p'ass germina¥:l.~ ,:wpJ,1ldprobab~have resul<br />
~d :11'the col.der~ wet soil?ot1d:1 tions had ~,~ ~ther delayed ge~tion<br />
on this area •. Delayed germina'tL0nand loss Of~:t1ve toxioiW over:t;bne<br />
oould be interpreted as the explanation for ~o:wet,[~:vels of control in~ral<br />
for some of the materiab. ' ,'t.!!) " , '<br />
U-4513 was found to betc:nc to Pea ~&nd resulted in almost<br />
oomplete el.1Jninationof' this species on Area-I""'6Y.Junel. Consequent1:Y',<br />
with little turf compe'tition the'tj,;,45:J3plots, hEid>J&"l:iigher level of crabpss<br />
inf'estst.i
Table 1. Peroent Cr$~lX'ass Control ~ Single<br />
Applioa tion of Preemergence Materials on APril 31 1961<br />
Springhaven Club1 Wallingford 1 Pennsylvania<br />
-<br />
%Crabgrass Control*<br />
Material Rate ~ Area 2<br />
Zytron M-1937 l$:~~i./A 99 92<br />
J.i>.<br />
Zytron M-1329 lO,""i.!A 53 84<br />
Chlordane G 90 a~i./A 95<br />
,Chlordane EC 90a.i.!A 50<br />
~~:<br />
Chlordane - Halts , 6/11.<br />
' ,<br />
;,G<br />
, 35 79<br />
Bandane - Va. l(le.i.!A 4 19"<br />
Bandane - Vem. 20 ••i.!A 45 36-<br />
Bandana - Verm. ~O,a.i.!A 65 52<br />
Bandane - Attap. 10 :a.i./A 26 ..3<br />
Bandane - Attap. 20 ... i.!A 56 19<br />
Bandane - Attap. 30 'a.i.!A 97 S4<br />
Bandane EC 10 a.i.!A 10 - 9<br />
Bandane EC 20 a.i.!A 18 20<br />
Bandane EC 30 e..i.!A 48 68<br />
Daothal - Rid lO,ffl .'" 68 64'<br />
Diphenatrile - Agxoico 10jM ,<br />
"1'.: 33 4,7<br />
Diphenatrile- Lilly 30 a.i.!A<br />
--<br />
31 38,<br />
Diphe:o.atril~·';' LV 2-21-61 6~ 34 76<br />
Diphenatrile -LC 2-21...61 ,6'/M, r " 34 $6.<br />
35455 - Lilly 6a.h!A, 48 68<br />
Ca. Arsena'teG-48 16/li<br />
"r~.:<br />
98 72<br />
Ca. Arsenate + P205 IS "'2IM ~.;" . - 1 52<br />
Pax<br />
497<br />
2~<br />
74 64<br />
Ca. Prop. Arson. - No Crab 5: - 14 19<br />
U-4513 50 W l a.i.!A<br />
,~u - 4 - 2<br />
U-4513 50 W '4a;i.!A - 4 -33 1<br />
U-4513 G 1 a.i.!A - 4 11<br />
U-4513 G 4 a.i.!A - 1 ....L<br />
Average 40 46<br />
\.....--* Based on control.
498<br />
1 . 1<br />
J. E. Gallagher and n. J. Otten<br />
The 1961 pre-emergenoe orabgrass oontrol trials compared<br />
the effectiveness of a number of cOllllllercial formulations" experimental<br />
materials from other companies, and a number of our own experimental·<br />
materials.<br />
Similar rates and dates of application were used in tests at<br />
three principal sites: AHCHEMResearch Farm, Ambler, h.; Oak Terrace<br />
Country Club, Ambler, Pa.; Pine Valley Golf Club" Clementon, N. J. Sites<br />
were chosen because they all had a past history of severe crabgrass Welt&<br />
tiona. The turf at each site was rather thin" open and closely cut. : The<br />
natural turf at eachsite was a m1xture of bluegrass 'and fescue with sane<br />
bentgrass.<br />
All materials were applied as a dry foZ'lllUlation, usualJy on<br />
vermiculite or an organic carr:Ler. All materials were weighed out in advance<br />
according to the rate and plot size. Applicationa were made with a meo~ca1<br />
spreader or dusted on by hand, depending on the plot size.<br />
Plots at Oak Terrace CCwere ,f x 20f or 100 sq.tt.<br />
Plots a1l Pine Valley GCwere,f x 10' or ,0 sq.ft.<br />
Plots at AHCHEUResearch Farm were 18 n x 16.6f or 25 sq.tt •.<br />
A total of about 7,0 individual plots were applied at these<br />
three locations during the 1961 season. .<br />
1) Agricultural Research Departmen1i, AmchemProdUCts, Ina., 1\I1lbler,i'eansylvania
Materials 499<br />
(1)<br />
(2)<br />
(3)<br />
(4)<br />
(5)<br />
(6)<br />
(7)<br />
(8)<br />
(9)<br />
(10)<br />
(11)<br />
(12)<br />
Calcium propyl<br />
ZiYtron<br />
Dacthal<br />
Dacthal<br />
Chlordane<br />
Dipropalin<br />
Trifl1Jralin<br />
DiphenattlUe<br />
DiphenatrUe<br />
arsona.te'<br />
Tricalcium arsenate<br />
Lead arsenate/arsenOU<br />
oxide complex<br />
Calci'Uillpropyl/calcium<br />
methyl arsonate mix<br />
(Amchem)<br />
(Dow)<br />
(Swift)<br />
(Swift)<br />
(Scotts) ,<br />
(Lilly)<br />
(Lilly)<br />
(Lilly) .<br />
(Agrico)<br />
(Chipman)<br />
(Kelly.<br />
Hestern)<br />
, (Vineland)<br />
;;,':2Ojg'on vermiculite carrier<br />
4.4%on organic carrier<br />
,~, on organic carrier<br />
2a$3%on organic/fertilizer<br />
carrier<br />
e% on vermiculite carrier<br />
2%on vermiculite carrier<br />
2%on vermiculite carrier<br />
~. on vermiculite carrier<br />
5.85%on fertilizer carrier<br />
48%on vermiculite carrier<br />
8.5/25.1%on inorganic"~~er<br />
It.7/5.3$<br />
f.;<br />
.0J:<br />
Dates of Application as Related to Crabgrass OrCfth '<br />
Evaluations<br />
AMCHEMResearch Farm<br />
Oak Terrace<br />
Pine Valley<br />
CC<br />
GO<br />
0'<br />
on vermiculite<br />
carrier<br />
March 18<br />
: !1~.~<br />
pre-emergence<br />
April 18 ',1" , pre-emergence<br />
Hay 18<br />
'.0 " a.t emergence<br />
June 5 early post-emergence<br />
July' 17 late post-emergence<br />
",<br />
Aprll13<br />
pre-emergence<br />
, May' 17 ,}><br />
early post-emergehOe<br />
r<br />
June 5 ,'" 'early post-emergenoe<br />
July' 17 .' .;:i late post-emergenOe'<br />
,~.<br />
]"~':-<br />
,<br />
April 18 :pre-emergence<br />
May4<br />
'," pre-emergence<br />
June 10 ;.:.; early post-emergElBOtl<br />
) ~<br />
Visual estimates of the ,proportion of each plot infested wit'll:<br />
crabgrass were made at intervals throughout the .... Bon", ~ese were cOnl'pered<br />
to the untreated check plots to obtain the Per Cent Control figures reported<br />
in the following ,tables. )')<br />
jl ...<br />
,<br />
;;r1! "=<br />
By the middle of A~ the crabgrass:ip1'8stat1on in alluntMted<br />
plots was so complete that 1.1;"~ or no tur.i'grOl!t~ showing.<br />
~,. .<br />
. ,: :1
500<br />
Da1;ejJ01 e~uations<br />
~,a.;t'ollClW&I.,<br />
, . " l r I<br />
,.AMCHEJ{ Research ~t June 20, JulT 24, August 24 "<br />
: "September 29<br />
, 08k., Twrace CCt r·",,· June 20, Ju4r 27, August 24<br />
September 29<br />
~.<br />
',i1~e Valley GCs June 27, JulT 22, ,Ootober 11<br />
./ '"j '.<br />
( r', .i<br />
iThe sp,~.~~f·" ~961 ~,.t~'~:Old and~:~1l)kt\,~he PhUadelphia.',; sr:<br />
area,as. it wasin many other parts of the North... , crabgrass emergence<br />
was two weeks to a month later than usual, and growth after emergence was<br />
very slow until around the middle of June. Muchot the emerged crabgrass<br />
was still in the 2 to 4 leaf ,s'tap,on June let.' _ ,<br />
, ' . Ra:lntallwas constant ,\brR'I,1ghouthe SUJMr· and temperatures were<br />
high enough to t,Cl(Drcontinuous ,prmaxim'lllll emergence of crabgrass. There<br />
..ere no distinct. ~.ods of crabgrNs emergence and growth as is 'lSSualin<br />
our &r84.0.. ,~<br />
\'r<br />
Hhile no n'lllllerical counts of the actual stand of crabgrass per<br />
unit areaw.ereT~to compare~.rstand to previoUs seasons, visual<br />
~uatione .:1ndica:ted.,that the nat'Ol'alcrabgrass iDtestation was much more<br />
uaUom andseV~than in prev:1oul years. Thus, it is possible that in<br />
the past seaso~.;8Il.ef:fective c~cal producing 9Sto 98 per cent control<br />
may have left 10 to 15 crabgrass plants in a 50 to .100 square foot area.<br />
In 1961, on the ,other hand, 95 to9S per cent control of amuoh larger<br />
number ofsp%'out~gC1!E!bgrass seedS!imayhave allowed 50 to 75plants to<br />
develop.in the881lle plot area.' J:<br />
Whentransformed into the visual estimates used in our eva+.ua~ions,<br />
the larger n'lllllberof plants present would greatly reduce apparent contfo.l.i<br />
Thus, a chemical ~ have controlled 50 per cent of the crabgrass plants<br />
actualJ.¥· emerging,bU.t those ~g plants wou14:'beenough to completely<br />
intestthe plots ,and wew~ld8ft;].lIa'te this as' n(j,i,~aren't control.' .,:' ,,'<br />
This probably accounts for the reduced, etleotiveness 'of material's<br />
such as dacthal, zytron and tricalci'lllll arsenate, wh1ch have been consistently<br />
effect~ve :in our, 'tUttt.1t1- previau.::years. Theon1.:j liUlt.erialsproviding _<br />
more than 80 p.. oent· control t~th$., season ·1fMtritluraJ.in at 4,"~ ,<br />
and 8 lb/A and d1lll'opalin at 8 lb/A.<br />
In 1960, salcium propyl arsonate showed IIltcellent tolerance to<br />
established turf and new turf planted before or after application, good<br />
post-emergence activity on crabgrass, and aat:lsfactory seasonal pre-emeraence<br />
crabgrass control.
D~ed. 011\., the 1961 tr~~epp:rteClhe1.'el ,~~um.·prCWl arsonate<br />
showt!defirt1te p~~genoe ac:~i, tr on crab~8 !p,to the 4 to Sled'<br />
stage,•....The best treatments lfi~)~ .oOll1poundw~e;)liW).1ed in May, 'about<br />
two'weeks after orabgrass eimergenoe. Rates of lt _ lllb/1OOO sq.£t.<br />
gave cc)ntrol comparable to pre-emersenoe treatments at 15 lb/A of zytron<br />
~ far SUPlil:rj.~ ~o~$~emergenoe treatments with recanmended rates of<br />
dacthal, cb,lo~an., ,diphenatrile, tr1oaloium. arsenate and lead arsenate<br />
compJ.~ ", ..',' .:; . ; ';;,<br />
501<br />
.' >" Tl:J,e. oomb1nat1on,of caloi Ulll methyl arlf()~~ and calcium. propyl<br />
ar~te may1'lave s~ht~lncreased initial pos~enceact1vity,<br />
but"d1d not increase pre-emergenoe residual aotiviV in comparison to<br />
oalcium proWl ars~te alone. . "<br />
Turf tolerance<br />
T6,; only,~ounds oausing o1m,ous ~$,~ur:r in these test/.<br />
plots were ~ur~ and trioalci~:arsenatee: .~uralin thinned the<br />
turf slowl\r".aver ail6riodof severallllOnths. ~1um. arsenate caused<br />
a general fo1iage ~ within a week after appl1catlon, and much of 'the .<br />
g1'a8.l!l neverl'eco~ d~ the remainder of the,.e,ason. ' .'nL"<br />
'"\" .,<br />
..,'"<br />
\' >~·1<br />
Conq1l1sion<br />
"l:"<br />
: . De,oause~ a c0lll1!;lnat1onof weather o:on91101ons in 1961 - coldt'cF"<br />
wetltpring,dela;re4;;crabgrass genrdnat1on, warm)..wet;sumrner- all the<br />
prirtl:l~:pal s~1~t1~(llrabgrass control; chemicals ~t~ av8ilable produced<br />
uns&¥sfactory crablfass ,control~.,WhUe QO de~tf reason for this can be<br />
presented at this tillie, possible' explanations for these failures are<br />
exc~s1ve or,abgras8,:~ergenQe"1clachi~ and b1olog1,qal breakdown. "1." '<br />
Calcium.propyl arsonate, applied as an earl\r'pos~rgenoe<br />
treatlllent ra;t~er th~ a standard pr~ergence trea,t-nt, produced seaecndi.' :('<br />
crabgrass oontrol eqUivalent to the best of the long r8aldual pre-emergenoa:',<br />
crabgrass killers ;lncluded in our 1961' tests. .<br />
" . -,;:,1..<br />
:\'.,'
502<br />
TADLEIt Comparison of "severalc¥mercial and, exper1:nental pre-emergence<br />
C:1'abgrass' control Ch~W, applied at OaifiTerrace, Country Club,'<br />
Pine Vall~Golf Club I "AMCHEMResearch 'am.<br />
< .' ',\ ' :>'~ ", .. ,-.,.." ". '''!:l<br />
Rate<br />
'f;'percent Crabgrass Cont,t-gl<br />
1" ~ ,-<br />
During Season<br />
***<br />
Material Per Acre Applied Location * June JUlY ~ ~fug.<br />
Zytron '1$ April' or ~ 85 74<br />
"<br />
'1$ Api1,l' pry<br />
:~~~1~4,·.,; . 92 "'~<br />
**<br />
Dacthal 10 April or ';~ n 34 is<br />
10 April or 92 85 49 32<br />
10 April pry 97 94<br />
** ,;68<br />
Diphenatrile 20 April pry<br />
i<br />
65 "22<br />
26 AprD:' OT 37 32<br />
**<br />
J,p<br />
30<br />
26 April: ACP 17 April' pry 13 ;0,<br />
** ** :: ~ .'<br />
.:t!<br />
Trifluralin 4 April pry 'too 100<br />
**<br />
96<br />
6 April pry 100 100 ** 98<br />
6 Harch ACP 68 91<br />
** .. ··i<br />
8 April pry 100 100<br />
**<br />
79<br />
;~ "/','<br />
6 Apra pry<br />
90 **<br />
6 May ACP , '6 93<br />
**<br />
6 Apl'H." pry )[100<br />
98 **<br />
r:<br />
'~<br />
~.,<br />
**<br />
DipropaJ.1n 4 April pry<br />
:';'<br />
Lead arsenate 870 April or '~ 53 20 0<br />
complex<br />
(fo~<br />
Tricalcium '160 April' or<br />
Arsenate<br />
(form.)<br />
-,e":<br />
"<br />
71<br />
',~.,<br />
53 .?fl<br />
'_'r<br />
"<br />
Chlordane 60 April or 20 13 18 0<br />
60 May or 56 0 12 0<br />
90 April or $0 42 20 8<br />
120 April or 30 8 14 2<br />
120 l-1ay or 59 13 4 0<br />
* Location: OT - Oak Terrace Country Club<br />
PV - Pine Valley Golf Club<br />
ACP - AMCHEMResearch Farm<br />
** No ratings of these plots made on these dates.<br />
*** Averal?e of ~ renlicat.ionsa Contro1 basp-rl on cOl'llTla1"'l Ron t.o unt."'""t,P.rl
503<br />
'-- TADLE2: Crabgrass oontrol with CaloiUll1Propyl Arsonate ·using various<br />
rates and dates of application.<br />
Peroent Crabgrass Control<br />
CaloiumPropyl Arsonate<br />
Pounds per 1000 aq.· ft.. Looation* AfPlied ~. AuguSt:<br />
Dul'§Season *** :!iii.<br />
1/2 or April 0 0 0 >0<br />
OT May 94 84 47 26<br />
3/4 ACP March 34 0 0 -0<br />
ACP April ·95 70 31 37<br />
OT April 30 5 0 0<br />
ACP May 100 96 il4 57<br />
or Mrq 94 69 35 15<br />
ACP .rune 82 97 72 24<br />
ACP July ** ** 51 30<br />
C7l' July ** ** 25 16:<br />
1 ACP Mal'oh 18 25 0 0<br />
ACP April 50 29 6 2<br />
C7l' April 82 64 35 40<br />
ACP Mar 100 99 82 41<br />
OT Mar 96 95 79 4'<br />
ACP June 100 98 78 33<br />
ar June 96 90 69 32<br />
ACP July ** ** 66 27<br />
or . July ** T** 18 8<br />
'--<br />
11/4 OT April 69 40 18 3<br />
or M8y 96 92 85 6'8<br />
OT July<br />
** ** 37 13<br />
1 1/2 ACP March 67 25 0 0<br />
ACP April 91 88 55 40<br />
OT April 69 40 4 0<br />
or May 100 100 94 58<br />
OT July ** ** 43 16<br />
* Looation: ~ -:. Oak T~r::ace ~ol1ntry Club; ACP.. AMCHEMResearch Farm
504<br />
TADLE3: Pre-oemergence and poet-energence crabgHaS control with a<br />
combination of calci\Dl1 propyl arsonaw"ald:calcium methyl<br />
arsonate.<br />
Per Cent Crabgrass<br />
Pounds per 1000sq. ft.<br />
Cont1'01 Dur~ Seuof1' ***.<br />
Ca~h'Op.As. 08;..Meth.As. App¥ed Looation*<br />
'.. :& P¢«, ...Iftl!litI.<br />
.44 .14 .<br />
.66 .21<br />
--<br />
-<br />
or<br />
94 48. 24 :3<br />
~ ACP<br />
** **<br />
$1 30<br />
or (~ 82 5$ 10<br />
June PV 72 79 28<br />
**<br />
~ or r.** 41 2<br />
~ ACP ... ** 29 7<br />
'.88 .28 MI(y OT '94 84 79 l.6<br />
June ACi? 100 98 80 37<br />
June PV 97 88 48<br />
July • ACP 'H<br />
$9 ** 10<br />
**<br />
J~ or ** $1 J6<br />
**<br />
J..U .3$ or 96 90 80 .,<br />
J~' or<br />
** **<br />
39 7<br />
-<br />
1.32 .44 Mat or 1
505<br />
DIPHENATRILE,DJPROPALIN, ANp,!TRIFLURALINAS<br />
" 1<br />
PRE-EMERGEN TURF HERBICIDES<br />
.. 2<br />
E. F. Alder and R. B. Bevington<br />
I<br />
Diphenatrile (diphenylaceto~itrile), dipropalin (N,N-di(n-propyl)<br />
2,6-dinitro-£-toluidine) an4 trifluralin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-di-~propyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-E-toluidine)<br />
have been extensively tested<br />
as pre-emergent herbicides for turf at the Greenfield Laboratories<br />
of Eli Lilly and Company. Sixty turf experiments, consisting of<br />
over 3,500 plots, were conducted. Emphasis in these inve~tigations<br />
has been placed on thi determinatloi of effectiveness,<br />
appropriate application rates, ,duration of ~ctivity, safety to<br />
turfgrasses and ornamentals, effects of ea~ypost-emergent applications<br />
on weed grasses, and length of delay before reseeding.<br />
lli12h~n!!tri1e<br />
The herbiC1dalproperties ofd1phenatrlle ~ve been previously;<br />
reported in detai1 (1). At 3'0 pounds per ap:re. the. compound ,~s<br />
controlled seedling weed granes (barnyardgl,a,~", g ooaeg r-as s ,<br />
.foxtails, and crabgrasses) in turf. D1phen,.trlle is completely<br />
safe to established turfs, trees, shrubs, a~'
506<br />
Table 1. Re8eeding Resulte:afiter APpl1cati:bn' of 30 lb/A<br />
Diphenatrile.Ex~~essed,as:rp.jllo:ff to Turf'grasses<br />
- - - -.- - -<br />
Days Af'te'r<br />
Treatment<br />
1<br />
10<br />
17<br />
24<br />
37<br />
__ ~yrrg~a~s_Injpri Ba~ing~ _<br />
__ B!n~g~a!s_ ~l~Elsr!s!
Table 2 presents a summarY~f crabgrass cOp:1frol results obtal-ned;<br />
wi th dipropalin and triflural:1n. With 6-8,pounds per acre ot',di ..<br />
propalin or lS pounds per 8lll'E! of trifluralin, very good
5"8<br />
d1propalin ortrifluralin 'at ':rec ommendedr~t.es gave full-sealsc)J1<br />
-cl'abgral!i1J control. Excelleft1icontrol was'Ob-tained from mid-Mnch<br />
treatments 'Which were sUbjeet~d to over' 30. etnches rdntall and'<br />
irrigation water. Substantial control wasI:Jbbtained as long illS'<br />
216 days atter chemical application.<br />
. ... .I:'<br />
Table 3. Duration of Crabgrass Control With Dipropalin<br />
and TrifiuraJ.in ..<br />
ApplIn<br />
_D!t§<br />
_ _<br />
Feb. 16<br />
Mar. 3<br />
Mar. 16<br />
Mar. 29!V<br />
Apr. 13<br />
Apr. 27<br />
May 10V<br />
May 17<br />
May 24<br />
June 2<br />
Days<br />
Jijl!Pleg<br />
216<br />
201<br />
188<br />
175<br />
160<br />
146<br />
133<br />
126<br />
119<br />
lio<br />
Dipropalin<br />
~ __ Ttit l u ra11n _<br />
l! ;t.bLA_ J. "&bLA_ _2 _JJ2/~<br />
81<br />
69<br />
69 69 8S<br />
79<br />
86 71 94<br />
86 47 91<br />
83 74 91<br />
87 68 90<br />
97 8'7 96<br />
..93 81 94<br />
92 :1j 84<br />
).:<br />
- - - --- - -<br />
Calculated by estimatingl:(ercentredUC~~,o~ 'in crabgrass<br />
cover: (Sept .. Zl) in trea't.d plots as C~~ared with untreated<br />
control o ,<br />
!V ' POOl' application due to ht'gh winds<br />
,1' '.<br />
V Crabgrass germ·inationstar.ted May 3<br />
~l .:<br />
, ,<br />
~a!e~y_ t~ f1!n~s -_ Dipropalih and triflural:in were observ~d ,t~r<br />
safety to turfgrasses in 31 experiments. Observations were made<br />
on bentgrasses, bluegrasses,.fescues, ryegrul!I, Bermudagrass,., ftnd<br />
ZOYSia.. A..pplications of dipr. ~palin,. thrOugh;.~J;.;{).' pounds per ac~.:',:<br />
gave no turf grass damage in ... ny test. Tri:f1Ul'alin was safe )).p' .<br />
all turfs at 2-3 times the 'i'ecommended rateiDamage occurred a:t<br />
6 pounds per acre inbentg.rlul." b1uegrass,:111id fescue turfs; '~ome<br />
damage was obs,erved at 4 pounds per acre. ,''ZOYSia and BermudagtaSs<br />
were. not damaged by 10 pouna~ '1>er acre. :~., " . '. ,<br />
A large number or \Toody orn8.111enta1s/ fihrub.~..,'·vines, arid estab;L1shed<br />
annual a.nd perennial flowbrs have proved' '.to1erantto tri'''; .... , .<br />
tluralin,' even at very high' Jl,Jlplication ra~e:e. or 1e. trees ,3e<br />
shrubs, 2 broadlhf ground cOvers, 3 perennl,U species', and 6, .<br />
rose varietfestested, none sh'owed damage t1l'trifluralin at 1'0
)"509<br />
pounds per acre. Thirty ot~ Joung established annual flower<br />
species were undamaged by tritluralin at this rate. Dipropalin<br />
~has :been le~.s w:1deJ,;y,t.,s,~, ,~,8hows 8:~a!' satetyto '0%'11&;':<br />
~en~tal~~::""i" '." ;}' ::' .: \~i" .'... J.,<br />
la~l! ~o·it1=~'~"P~ ·Act:L,!:~i.J:~';'· Severa}; ,e~1ments 'show ee.tfenUa1f:ythe<br />
&~,~uults.:aJ.N!"''F') given in TabJJeJ. In this e~llrlmentera~gr8,-Si"<br />
t~8t beo .... ,.,ill11:11e in' untftated are •• on Jo1.tI~.<br />
A,~, the,:'M"7~~' ~ppJ.ioa.U()n·4.t., it was in.'tbIel ..leaf' stage; '0W1.~ ,<br />
M'ay17 ,the .?,:!,l.~.f stage JC~.~,M.y 21.1,the '2s..n4 3-lea£ stage'" 'll'1d<br />
on, June?, . t~e~.3 ~nd 4_1 •• , .~'Ie. Excellitnt control wail o~Ubed<br />
with both dipropalin and trifluralin through the May 24tJOI.t. ..<br />
ment. Activity was reduced in the last application at the 3 to<br />
4-leaf stage. Dipropalin and trifluralin at recommended rates<br />
control crabgrass throu~h:;.~._a::leat etllge.<br />
J!e!etdin~ c~~¥.~te! -:-, );>iprClpa~il1, .$ondtritl ur~l~D l!ere app.l1l!d: aZ}4<br />
de~iz:ab.~Ef ..t·u.r'.,f',g~.,."'.d..~e s ,w.e..1" ;'~.'." !!-QQ~d .at the 1i~~ of ehem1ca.l .,&:P.Pl1<br />
cati6n,'an.d, ;threeand, si,x ,,~~ f'ollowi~& rW.... tment (TabJ.,,,,4).<br />
Injury ratings vere made -s1'1' to seven weekI atter each seeding.<br />
No injury was observed with either chemical six weeks after<br />
treatment. Current recommendations are to wait 45 days after<br />
treatment before reseeding.<br />
Table 4. Reseeding Injury of' Turf Grasses after<br />
Dipropa1in and Trifluralin Treat.ent~7<br />
- - - - - - - - - - ... - - - - - - ...- ... ....... ...<br />
Turf<br />
Ir!a~m!!n~ .GraaS!!S - - .O_W~s.!. ... .3_ W lE s" - -<br />
_6...w~s.:<br />
Dipropal1n Bentgrasll 4 3 1<br />
8 Lb/A Bluegrass 5 4 1<br />
Fescue 5 3 1<br />
Ryegrass 3 1 1<br />
Triflura1in Bentgrass 4 3 1<br />
2 Lb/A Bluegrass 5 3 1<br />
Fescue 5 3 1<br />
Ryegrass 4 2 1<br />
- - . - - ....... . ... - ...... - - ...<br />
!I l-no injury, 3-moderate injury, 5-complete kill
510<br />
aUlIPIl iri<br />
'-1: '<br />
D" ""<br />
Diphenatrile at 30 pounds per' acre, d1pro~alfn at 6-8 pounds per<br />
acre, and triflural1n at lS pounds per acre have given ,exce':i~ent<br />
full-season control of weed grasses in turt •. Spray tormulat,ipns<br />
of dipropalinand triflurcUnare easily .jntepared; sHghtJ,Yb!.ghar<br />
rates are required. All three cOlllpou~d.f' are sate for use"'On<br />
turi'grasees, tree's, shrubs'; roses, perentiS.r.l 'and most young"<br />
annual flowering plants. All three materlt!s kill crabgrass in<br />
turf through the 2-leafsttge. Reeeeding •.!lc'an be made 30 day~<br />
after diphenatrile and 4511ays, atter diPpofaH.n or tritlural1n<br />
treatment.';···:<br />
, \ ~l 4 •<br />
Lite_aturs Cited c'<br />
--- - - - - - -<br />
1. E. F.Alder,W. L. wr1~ht" and Q. F. S,~er. Control of,;~'~ed1<br />
ing grasses in turf w~th diphenylac~tQ,D:ltrile and a substituted<br />
dinitroaniline. ~r)oc. NEWCC15 ,)~,98 .,302,. 1961. .'<br />
. 'I
Pre-emergence Control of CrabP'Q'UIIi,n Turf- w1·~ Fall and Spring Treatments<br />
:J .. F. AhrenS;7,R.i,J.. Lukensal1l:tA •.!!~:~Olsonl<br />
t ;~l ':'fC' "" 'f'<br />
" ; J:.~ j:" ~ c, .,' !";~~.~. /> :""1':..,d
Fall ve. spriif ~nts .. 'Ibe",obl1.:cUv.ottbUl~'IIiper1ment was to determine<br />
the relative eleotlveness of tall and spring tre •• nts for the control of<br />
crabgrass 1n turt. The test was conduoted in l'1t. Cal'lll8l, Conneoticut, ..Ql1 turf<br />
seeded' inthel i splllll1' Of .1960;1ill'''~l' ill!ictU1"e otK.ntieJq'· bluegrass, ..uto~<br />
Celonial b4inll!l .... ;.i~,oheWiil:"~.:),..du.;. -'Fall treiWiits were applied' 'oi;~:" ~.<br />
3<br />
Ootobtlr 10,~1l~nandJ:.prlng'tH~fMhtt were at,)PU"'!~:April 27~ 1961. .: , :, .<br />
1.,;11,' ;,~,u {.',} ~Ji: ~~.£l ,~ fa ee'.; " ," 'La i.. ,'. (>"1.1',,,<br />
Cra~rass emergenoe started .Mi i"JrY10 but'fis ''iie1a,ed beeause of:cjdti:t<br />
temperatures. Stands of orabgrass in this test were excellent, averaging 40<br />
plants/sq.tt. 1n the oontrol~l;~lttf'D.l.g1tar1.'lacpmum was the prinoipal<br />
species. .<br />
. ~:1i>~,i;j~~ Z',;. 'j'-;:J"J :; " . J;S'~':':' • H,I' - ".<br />
c 'Ms'~ifh_ 111'~~: 0./ thee.ttl 'applicatione!,or:8ilery lUlrbicide tiOn~Wjli.d<br />
cr~.)bQtR,1Ilb& "tall .ppl&'ca1Jl~, althdughl'" cH.tterence w.ass~Jlt··<br />
'thie ,lowratee:~oI: ~Jj c~~\md calo1W1laMha1le • The 1nter8et~'Ofil·~tJ<br />
seasOlt tJt\ appllL-"lmWith oheJdQ'W&IiI' 'statisU:CdlT Significant at jr,;.f~os.<br />
"Pax" and dacthal !fere most aff'ecte~ by season o.f .apP~.'catio.n •. T,he res.Ulte<br />
'"""It,'that h1gbet'u~.of ~. are'i'equi'riCl !'OT'fall' applicati'dti ~<br />
~i1'lgilppUda~nay)'1nd1catii1f'1:lfitt- pert of, the' li_rMbide may be lost~"<br />
the fall and winter.<br />
_treatments on rough turf Several comlllerc~aJ?1;r.av.,a.il~ble an~ eX?,ef1me.9,t~<br />
','.' , rp .. ·.fiii.i'iL~m'we%'e[.tllt-flBt$d "~a st'8n~~ ,rtiugh turt in ~orl,'<br />
··Crmneoticut·.,'£j'!W-rturfUoons1$:ied'6t'lha Jl11X t ur e 'bf·blue~aell, .red fescue,' .1.\a<br />
f~ftlIIe i I 'Col.ul11eritssr.,., a1'ld"·ilIiMlleneoUs·weeds'4-. 1 ,'Tl'ie soil was as,andf '\l)lI!JI<br />
of generally low fertility. . . "".,,!., A .<br />
~1'8111l rfe*~ler' wel'ie;~d 'in 'earlY Aprtl'-and' ad~tional f'ertl-11zer<br />
was at1pliedJ fiII'\lunit': and"July. 'I'd 1tlWur~.8 stend' ot-'ij~abirasli, the area .<br />
.overseeded oOrJ'Ma1'f3". ·;:wi..; ',:.;'\n]~,'i . ., .L'!-T:'.L, ... , ., "I. ".,<br />
cOmmericalUVailable .materials The herbioides weiN applied on l!/.q. ~. ~"-'1'<br />
4' x 2Q"d;J.!i'fIillO!i£i&ithi'e&, tt.- •. Orabgrass.llIIIiIFjenoe,lltarted b~' .<br />
Mey 10 erni. 2P,:lndifJl~~onsr.~~te'low,:,avet1qtDg' '.l..6;plMte/sq.1.'t'e''lU·'<br />
the I1I)trelited plots.' . Y
Table 1. Effeo~ of.Season of ~p~;cation on Crabir!'. Control and Turf ~Pdury<br />
Herbioide<br />
Calcium<br />
arsenate<br />
Rate<br />
aoi.<br />
Ibs./A<br />
'310<br />
740<br />
Chlordane 70<br />
140<br />
Dacthal 7.5<br />
15<br />
"Pax" (8%N) 880<br />
1760<br />
Zytron 15<br />
30<br />
513<br />
Peroentage Percentage<br />
Time of,'):' contri)l of thinni<br />
ApplicathD Crabil;'~~ of tur~<br />
Sept. C::, July 13 Sept. i4<br />
\,~ : ~'Ii' ;.[.<br />
, Oct.-_.... 8503"-- 0 '0-<br />
April 90.7; 0 0<br />
Oct. 98.0 0 0<br />
April 99.3 ' r~ 8 e<br />
Oct. 85.7 ;,) 0 0<br />
April 87.7 0 0<br />
Oct. 89.0'i', 4 0<br />
April 95.3 2 ,0,<br />
,.)<br />
Oct. 86.7 0 0<br />
April 96.0 '~: 5 0-<br />
Oct. 97.3 2 0<br />
April 98.3 )0 5<br />
,;~ ',rLl<br />
Oct. 31.7 0 0<br />
April 46.0 0 0<br />
Oct. 64.3 ' 5 "0'<br />
April 86.0 .'. 2 0<br />
Oct. 87.7 , . ,<br />
0 'G<br />
April 92.3 0 0<br />
Oct. 93.0 0 0<br />
April 96.0 12 ,(),<br />
\;;<br />
L.S.D. .05 9.6 _.,<br />
.01 12.8 'I<br />
---------------------------------------<br />
lAverage ratings of two personSio~r three replicates.<br />
At the lower rates of app~cation, zytron, di~penatrile, and chlordane<br />
provided 90 per cent or bet,ter' ~ohtrol of crabgra$~"; whereas calcium pro~yl<br />
arsonate and calcium arsenate proVided about 85 pel; cent control of cra1;lirasl'<br />
(,Table 2) •.. "Pax" at 880 Ibso/A,,anCl,'. dacthal at 7S,;,;LbS./Adid not cont~J,..crabgrass<br />
satisfactorily. These rates of "Pax" and d~P.thal apparently are taolow<br />
for consistent. oontrol of crab~~a~~.·' .<br />
In general, cr~bgrass,contro1.,with zytron, dag;thal, and "Pax" in 196;1.was<br />
similar to that obtained in 19~~. Calcium arsenat$was less effective ~n 1961<br />
than in 1960 and chlordane at 101bs./A in 1961.we, somewhatmore effeotiye<br />
than at 60 Ibs./A in 19600"<br />
In addition to crabgrass, zytron also appeared to control Oxallls spp~<br />
in this test, and both calcium arsenate and "Pax" appeared to control sheep<br />
sorrel (Rumexacetosella).
514 ~<br />
Tab1e2. Cr&bgraS$'Contr01 in Rougl\ Turf with"Spr'.inif'l'reatments of eo_HI!ally<br />
Ava:l.lable NateriaJ.e<br />
.'r'-)'I<br />
CJ".'!"s Control' . iT<br />
. d'l.<br />
Rate perceli~..'.; No. Plants '. ss, Percent;!<br />
'"a.l. control.::" .. per SQ.ft. 2 .thinni<br />
Herbicide lbs./A August 21 Sept. 2 JUlj 17 Augus! ~l<br />
Untreated plots or.<br />
,<br />
3.77 0 .0<br />
Calc:l.UDl 370 66 1.39 16 6 3<br />
arsenate<br />
740 9~ .67 3 0<br />
~l ~<br />
,('0,<br />
CalciiWll 44 6~ 1.2~<br />
6 7<br />
propyl<br />
arsonete 66 80 16 10<br />
-. ;",1;' ~_~ r '<br />
ChlOrdane 70 91 1.26 1 0<br />
140 96,. ' .26 0 3<br />
Dacthal 7.~ 66 1.63 3 :3<br />
'l~ 93 .j.: .69 ~ .3 "";>l:'<br />
Diphenatrile 30 99 o' : .39 6 6 3<br />
60 99 .50 13 15 3<br />
IIPaxII(4%N) 680 31<br />
'!<br />
;,' I<br />
1 "\,.J<br />
2.39<br />
2 0<br />
1760 69 1.17 3 3<br />
Zytron 15 98 .17 0 0<br />
30 99 .11 0 0<br />
---------------~--------------------~~~<br />
,.<br />
l,Average ratings of two persoruJover three replioates.<br />
2Averege ot B:l.xsq. foot samples·,.~.·u:~h ofthree·~lloates.<br />
3C010nial bent appeared to be thinned.<br />
: -__- , ' ,_.,0(:' '. _ - . _ ~- _ . '1'~': . - ,. '. .<br />
The higher rates of chlo,r!!~,~' ,e.taot)'l,al,,IlPa*.~1 '1~n4 zytron did not 1p.1)lre<br />
the,turf .in this test.zytrortaotW11J,.! sti!'lu+ate'~'" '" wth of t~ grasSes;,1IP4<br />
olover. '. D:l.phenatl':l.leat, 60 Ibs~/A, Qalcium areen!!,. .:1; 370 Ibs./A and c14~ilpll<br />
propyl arsonate at 4~ r681bs~IA,.11 caused 10hi . of the t).lX'f. Ca~pm<br />
arsenate and' diphenatrile appearid to be thillJ?in~ ~ , •.o~lonial bentgraE!8:"w~~reas<br />
oalcium propyl arsonate appeared to be thinnins the ascue grasses.<br />
er1mental materials The mate«ii~ givenl!\TabJ.rfwere applied onMey 6,<br />
., in tN ce-re p1ieated plot~. 'G~'11u1ar zytron,1.,poluded in this te~t •••<br />
standerd, provided excellent cant.fol'of crabgrass ~~~h~o injury to thetqif.<br />
Zytron also controlled spotted spurge (Euphorbia !!!!!ans) and la1otl~eed (PoJl~<br />
gO~umav:l.9ulare). '"., 0: /'1:,' ~<br />
,. [':.
Table 3. Crabgrass Control in Rough Turf with Experimental IVJaterials<br />
Rate PerO@tage , d'L<br />
control\~ ;Q~abgrasS Pe~t,¥e thinning<br />
Herbicide ~ugusti Ju~8 August 21<br />
,"i:;:iA<br />
"Bandane"" , 20 70.0 . :~.r 0<br />
' [<br />
40 97.0<br />
0<br />
Dipropalin, 5 99.{)·· gL 0<br />
],0 99.0 62, 15<br />
Trinuralin 3 99.0 l~:, 15<br />
6 99.0 3 .; 35<br />
:'1(..'<br />
j<br />
515<br />
u4513 4 77.0<br />
f~'~<br />
26<br />
8 94.5 95<br />
Zytron 15 99.0 ~. 0<br />
"<br />
u4513 controlled crabgrass well but killed moi~ of the grass et thB,8 Ibs./A<br />
rete, leeving on~ broadleafed weeds. Trifluralin~.lso was very injurious to<br />
the turf. Dipropalin et 5 Ibs .•/ P provided good control of crabgrass and was not<br />
injurious to the turf. At 10 lbs.!A, however, dipropalin caused consid~rible<br />
thinning. "Bandane" at 40 Ibs./A provided excellent control of crabgrass and<br />
no turf injury. Of 'the new materials, both dipropaIin and "Bandanen warrant<br />
further testing_ "<br />
'. ":,l,' L-"<br />
Effects of mowing height on herbicide effectiveness In the spring of 1960,<br />
standS of turf grasses ~lere established in unrepHgate
516<br />
,';1:".i'"'f'!r": :~,j i: .. r ~_o~,~..<br />
and decthal. The best control ot crabgrass was obtained with zytron at the<br />
2-inch cutting hei~ht. This test reemphasi,zes:bhe need for proper turf<br />
management'.in. cr~b.8r~~_~~t~l, at!)· ~r, ,,~_thollt~:M'herbi cide. .<br />
-,'. '~,! - _. "< • '., ' ~- - • " , '"1<br />
Table 4. Effects ot 1'1owi~ Heights and Herpic:ide Treatments on nrabg,..~<br />
ContrOl in a tuM' Nurse1"1 .'<br />
Treatment<br />
Untreated<br />
Mowing<br />
heiJ.h.t<br />
~<br />
1<br />
2.<br />
Zytron 1<br />
151bs./A 2'<br />
Dacthal<br />
1l.a5nil./4 J,.<br />
2·<br />
Vis!1al estimates<br />
Percqp.tage<br />
area<br />
covered bY<br />
orab¢ass l<br />
OI'abgrass counts<br />
69 0 32.7 0<br />
25, 64 12.4 62<br />
4.3<br />
0.2'<br />
94<br />
99.7<br />
0.9<br />
0.3<br />
97<br />
99<br />
1.,..' »,<br />
11 .- 84 r3lil&n :88<br />
1,.9 97. ~Q" 97<br />
.<br />
, j(':;<br />
:;. ~... ..::<br />
l~'<br />
liS<br />
,:"<br />
L.S.,P.' .0$' (<br />
"~,, _ \.. :. 0, J ,.J<br />
-; -:,-",T'- - r,,-l'~ -:!-; -:-- - ~ -'-lrTi - 7'-~-- - ~:'-lr"r;'.-,-'!-·'- -.- -.'- -"~[',:'<br />
l.Aver2ges over eleven turt grasses grown alone or in oombinat10n~ ';.,.,.;'<br />
2Peroentage control based on compl'r;son with untreat"q. HJ.0ts at 1" cut1i~~ .<br />
.height. . ,..... ' , .' ..::";.:.~:":"'::. .. .... .~,- ~(~.:.:._) : . " '. ';~':<br />
3.Average~ ;of to~~~naom 'Cl.tt.,' ~aJilples'in~ao~,~ol~~v~ turf 3ras~s.imixtures.<br />
. ,<br />
Although the interaotion betw&en ohemicalssdtllllOWing height wasnpt<br />
statistically signUicant becauSe 'Of smeUamoUiiWf"of,crabgrass in some' grass<br />
bloCks",it appears that zytron '"elfless atteoted':b!fout'ting height than daothal.<br />
;It the l-inch cutting height, control of crabgrass wasuna:'atfsfacrtory in SOII1ll<br />
of the dacthal plots. It is clear 'that slow' ou't'fjUbjects these herbiCides to<br />
a more severe test, than a hiiJh·Out. lI'urther wcii'ktfloUld reveal how oth.eJ'<br />
materials are affected by mowingheight. ~r~ .<br />
I '~, ".'.: '_ " _" , . , , .",' , _ .:~" -"! .t. -.' . _i:' -'. ': ,', ' :<br />
Residual trtectspfherbic. j.@es:s.~,Q'l:,.abgrasJL,.' ~~,nd., ',Pl,"ots i,n NewHevep.i::,','<br />
treated to!,th"pre-emergence e;r .~. es inApri-r:-~i we:re part:i.ally ,r~ated<br />
on April 29, 1961. ''l'he only cihanges were sli]ht increases in the rates, ~ "<br />
chlordane and "Pax" in 1961. The results are shown in Table 5.<br />
A~ ~~" .o.,lson.<br />
'i'J ::'<br />
iDbJ:<br />
," ,': j~,<br />
lAhr.,en...s',. J., r..'.aP,d,.i<br />
,~..JJt, ap.~1P..aria .01'll!l .J. , r}~ ~."'.',lI\IilrgenceHerbiCiQeS,for<br />
Contro], of ~.~gras.s ~ Proc; ~1l.'j'IqQ :lli:~7.6-~.!9~(1pjp,). '" .""j r. "<br />
1 • -~, ,. T,' • ~;-,r.' [;j r.""''"-~ (j ,;.. . . '::l; ,-.- r'.<br />
"':'cf! • " ~i<br />
:~'
__<br />
·517<br />
______________ .. __ :... ~<br />
lViaual<br />
est1mete8 by three persons.<br />
..... ._2 ...... ;.. ... _,.l __<br />
The treatmenta 'tfttt pI'orided 98~r cent orbettit: )~~trol of crabgrass .<br />
in 1960 also provided. large me~~ of control inl~~~ These j,.nclude!lcalciUlll<br />
arsenate at SSSlb •• /l, dacthal at 10 lbs./A, and zyti'Oil at 20 lbs./A.l·~tments<br />
applied in 1960 that did not control erabcraae in 1961 included. chlordane<br />
at 60 1bs./A, "Pax" at 784 1bs./A, qt2'on ,t 10 lbS./...&"., ,and,daotha1 at 7.S lbe./A.<br />
• . ,< "', . • "'" .•• '<br />
The SSSlbs./A rate ot calci_ aNenete in 1960..... till tb1nnin~the.~<br />
in 1961. In repeat treatments, calciUIIIarsenate at )'10 lbs./A and "Pax" thinned<br />
the fescue-bluegrass turf' but .ytro~•. 4acthal, and c~l'dsne d1d not.<br />
'1'!le1960-appliostion of chlo~at 120lbs./A, :~*ecl poet-emerg~.iltd<br />
not control crablft.s that season •. I~ 1961, howe. vel', ~~t70. percent<br />
'j(<br />
IH<br />
caQtJol<br />
was obtained Oft tb1s plot without !uribeI' treatllle~... 'Controlhel'e was a ruJJlt<br />
ot residual chlordane in the soil. Because of ita 1~ 111' •• " •.ha .A~' ....:...
. ~lS<br />
residual cemtrol of crabgrssi~oiitnnet!''td tfiCi,tl~£wij .f~~riate also can ;'bi.r~tiri_<br />
buted to residual chemical ac.tiJd,ty. Although teste are in progres$, it is not<br />
yet .knownwheth.tF;jgirri'4±d~a+;rettects of zytron .nd~~~cthal on crabgrass the<br />
~~ar, f~~lo~-;.~Wt;~e,~ residual ohelld:o.1·....ctivity"-or- the' prevention<br />
.·or·~~e:¢~~;:1.'n the..leU~atment. t'1;.~es on residU81e~~cte ot<br />
~s-Qlt) 'iJless 1M', .) being ccntAn'Ud. ..'-<br />
f; ') ~ f~'i,; ~,~ :mr \J,~~)'!:<br />
SWlImaryand ConclUsions<br />
itfumpBriso~':Were made of~.veral pre-eJigrg:~~6:berbicide~£6r,~",qg~~~1<br />
of cr,abgrass W.established ~t. To evaluate ..the performan\l8S.,or;'v:ar.~ ,:~<br />
ohetid'cals, efftdts of season 'of application, residual activity, a~ .h~~ ot<br />
out were studied.<br />
.'<br />
Spr;l.ng app~ications of dtihium arsena1;.e,:Cbi~ne, da'c\'hal',' iiPax',j:'!iridi:.i<br />
zyt1'9n 'oontro],ll'd; orabgrassb,tter than fell" a'p'pffo~tions. ,~thoj1g~,~,~plicatiOns<br />
may'be' -Slightly leSS' 'injurious to turf, spring appl~cations appear to<br />
be l1}9re·practj,.,C;Jl. Severalttp.ngs may happen to lawns bct-ween,OCtob~~.~'<br />
that-' could red-b.icethe effect1"vtlneas of fall appiications,' f.e., rakirig"o~.leaves<br />
and ~ass, flcwliin~, etc.. o :>" .. Tt~Yf '.\. "(sri.,,,,;,'<br />
Raising tti"el:<br />
height er c~t" from 1 to 2 inches sreatly r~~u'ced cra~~~~~:'<br />
..'.,8.1...'.'f.• ,...._al<br />
pop~ationa ~. increased the. ~£fectivenesso,t. ~y!tJ:pn and dac:th<br />
imp]jcation is',that good cr@~asa control may.pEIachieved evep :w~th· ,~~ll1Y<br />
inetfective he-tbicides if the'turt is mowedhigh. It also can be expe d .<br />
that ~ood o~~l of crabg:t!Js, in closelyc~1;. ~'1111t such as~:tt~8,;~'"<br />
wil1)'r~quire high rates of ap~lication or.~8,hlYHM'fective msterials. .:<br />
At normal 'fates of appUhhtion in April or -early May, an"di' th/'l~b~iied<br />
mate~a18 tes~,g except "Pax~~ controlled cr~8i%'~...."atisfactority~1 ,'1'!tql~mentel<br />
materia~!, "Bamane" ~pd dipropalin, als9Provided good ~on~~~-rtO'T .<br />
,qalcium a?i~lffiate<br />
has inj~t'd Golonial bflH:Ii,r."frand fesou~~ljl~~8Ic~ut<br />
in 8,ometests~~~liereas "Pax", s caused little 9r no turf inj\l~.. ,~LM~;.<br />
apol:l.cations m'at be hazsrdouS' th both materials. Calcium propyl arsonate-has<br />
injured fe8cl1e~bluegraas..turt j,n. two...di£fe;,~t-,UNs... ' - - - -..<br />
Even at hi~h rates of application, chlbi'dei'14i'1tajY~~t iri.1\l~d' t~rl i~~.~<br />
test. For COllsistent control of orabgrass, however, rates higher than the<br />
o~r,~~!' ;:s.~g~~t!%;! q~~Z:~~ffl dr,~ ,,~t 6Q.lbs.1 ,A;l~~o~eq.ed. ,- . :,. ';:,,,1'1<br />
. ;.' nrphenlltrfi~~~'; je~ ~~;hete "fiSt f;~h~' .f'iJ'.st.tlmt:)j'.i961~ ..~ i.njur~~~tJ.i.l<br />
..:~,~~~~.~~~~~,:·:t~n,-r J()~.jl/!:':·~" ,.~;~~,~~~~,~,::;', "~' .~"r ...,~.·'l.:-tl;·'·;·· :,~~:.:'jJ .. ""."" \'T~"·) ".1"" .<br />
. .',';.-i"S~gg~~U~c6'.~ci~lj~f~~;' ~adti{Ji sbd"ti~h8';e ilo;ri~ist~n~li p~~vided<br />
.)~.q~=:.r:~r~t,?f: m~t~~·s, '.'~t¥':\\ ~~~101,14t .iw.~,~!p.JIlOst.q1' .t~ qollllllQl1~lp-t<br />
,_j:'~:,~. ~,~, ! A\.e:J.! i"\',~ ;" ·t~tl'n,::, '~,:'.' '> 1 ',.J f lflr'1: J.. .': .. .f:~ "!,:)<br />
- . Resid\i~l; Jdi'itiJ8f\1.tJoraf)~ajJc~I'~e6odd~~a~'ori~tbee~obt~ined with'si~le<br />
'1/.ll..P.,P.l..i.ca~,~..o.ns.,<br />
i'5srlbS"''&;'-aMIi' , itli~ne 'at-\:uP, t.w,""w"'J e..I,A,t1a~I',tWll in ..rl..c .... ~9t . ,JIt1e~ .e. at<br />
r(~h1lf"re.s.i~~.'-;,,'. ~~.J~~.'.
lAs80o~~e ~!~r, ~?rm~~ Res~ch, Aa~istant',,:and Graduate stUdent,<br />
CBSERVATIONS ONCHEMICAL CONrROLOF CRABGRASS IN TURF(1961)<br />
!:": '..: '. r1<br />
R.'A. Peters; H.:~:b.iokum, and Ie..C. 8teverisl<br />
'.' 'j ~<br />
. .<br />
'19<br />
: .. : " I :~. . ,"<br />
Presently a large numbw o~ herbd.cides are avallable which 'show,pr:azdse<br />
tor selective :control o~ crabgrass in turt. Further e'YSluationisneecled ot<br />
available materials'used under a range ot conditions and at various ~s of<br />
crab~ass growth. .<br />
, ' .. (.,;<br />
Procedure: The aperU1ental. areas were laid out Cll'1the lawn ot the tJn!iyersity<br />
ot Connecti~t at storrs. The areas were subjected to the same tert!ll"zation<br />
and ~g ~ent as was thttt ~ ot the,.campua Uim. Individual, ~ot<br />
size. was 4 by 25 (eet with each:~~. replioatid tbree times. fort!le<br />
pre-emergence and emergence ~t. Onone;~gence area ~ A)<br />
each plot was 4 b7 10 teet and ~ ~plicated fOur~8. On the otlllet:<br />
post-.E!J]lergencearea (Area B) ~ p;ot was 10 bY'."~ .f'~ and was ~~ted<br />
twice. ""i ,'.<br />
,.1 .<br />
All ot the JDA¢eriala used 1I$re'granular except tc# the dactllal an«:<br />
M-202; which .·.were appl.. ied as.. sp$8. at the rate 0..•t ~~.~ons per. ~~~.'. The<br />
crabgrass P"lent,.. small.creJar&Js (Digitarla: i . ). The;~<br />
perennial. gr&N species was Kentuck7bl.uegrass with an,admixture ot .co:{bniaJ.<br />
bent on the ~gence sites. ';" "<br />
The pre-Ellll8rpnce apPllcations'~re made oriMaZ'cll.~3l at which tU1~ the<br />
bluegrass was just beginning to ~ up. The eij1ergence application.· were<br />
made on Ma;r15 when less than 2; ~ent by estiiate ot the crabgrass<br />
see
520<br />
- .<br />
\.. ; ."," ,
521 '<br />
Chemical<br />
Check<br />
Zytron granular<br />
Zytron granular<br />
Dacthal<br />
Dacthal<br />
Tricalcium arsenate<br />
Tricalcium arsenate<br />
Diphenatrile .<br />
Diphenatrile<br />
Dipropalin<br />
Dipropalin<br />
Diphenam1d<br />
Diphenamid<br />
NIA-6.370<br />
·NIA-6.370.<br />
CPA<br />
CPA<br />
s.s<br />
13.0<br />
6.5<br />
13.0<br />
305.0<br />
610.0<br />
22<br />
40<br />
5<br />
10<br />
2<br />
4<br />
2<br />
4<br />
4.3<br />
S6<br />
Pre .... egoe.- :&aergence -,.',.<br />
5.7<br />
1.0<br />
0.3<br />
0.5<br />
0.3<br />
1.0<br />
0.'<br />
'\.' t".<br />
4.4<br />
2.2<br />
0•.3<br />
O.s<br />
1.0<br />
1.2<br />
0.8<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.8<br />
0.,3<br />
4.0<br />
4.0<br />
s.o<br />
7.5<br />
2.8<br />
0•.3<br />
,:~, ~'<br />
All ot·the. pt"e-emergence mater;1.tls used-sytron, d.acthal and calcium<br />
arsenate-gave ve17goodcontrol.9t' crabgrass at all rates used.At·';:r<br />
81118J'gence,'the Balie three gave ~. good results;- ''!'he other materialS-<br />
used only at emergence-diphenatrile, dipropalln, !lZldCPAat the 86 lb. .i'e<br />
rate-al80gave. very~dcontrol. The 43 lb. rate of .cp'Awas SOlllewhat r<br />
:¥ .<br />
less effective, being rated as good. UnsatisfactoI7 r$~ults were obtaIned<br />
from diphenamid and NIA-6.370,with the fomer rated as poor and the latter<br />
as no control .::' Turf density j,n the experimental a'l'ea was poor at the. t1M.>.<br />
of treatmentmBldng evaluation of turf injury difficult. No obvious ~"<br />
to turf from tJrJ:Yof the treatments was noted. ,l"',<br />
j,n<br />
Results obtained from pos~8ence app;J.icat:JJms en Area A are giwa.. ..<br />
Table3.<br />
yery good control, as ~W Jul;y 18, ~961;,l'" obtained fran tu<br />
roytron M-2025, the CPAformulations and .the 4 lb ••-'of tritluralin. . '1'lIlI'<br />
2 lb. rate of tritluralln gave fair to good control, whUe diprop8.lin gave<br />
poorcontrol. Neither NIA-6.3701JP,Z' :l11phenatrUe __ c:ioJJt.rolat this stfIke<br />
of growtn at the rates. used. v • t .r<br />
-:.
5~2<br />
'rab4t13.· ~gtnc. ·QGabtiol:of' C~II'''''',!urf uEvaluatec1<br />
b;r Stomta1llt:lutee..:- ..... /,$1.'<br />
ctt_oll '..<br />
- --~. L.: .. r"<br />
Check .<br />
z,tron ~5,<br />
CPA<br />
CPA<br />
r<br />
CPAin J.O-6..:4 fel'tWser<br />
NIA-6370 :,,)<br />
Dipropalln .<br />
Trit'luraJ.1n '<br />
TritluraJ.1n ".<br />
Dipbenatr11~'<br />
:::)!:tlJ6loabIl'US<br />
Control Rat1np<br />
"~ Acti.... '.,'1:';-. (0 • no cover; ~:}·I: .,~<br />
J'i@'I'pjr acre····'·_·10 • cC:mpl.ete00Wl")<br />
15<br />
43 86<br />
43<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
4<br />
30<br />
,C<br />
6.5<br />
.0.8<br />
0.3<br />
0.0<br />
0.1<br />
6.1<br />
4.7<br />
2.1<br />
1.0<br />
7.1<br />
'.<br />
Table '.J.: '~vea the results of poat-emergence I,ppu.oations on Area B.. 0,•<br />
Table 4. Poat-cergenoe Control of Crabgru.~1n Turf as Evaluated.<br />
'b;y stmt"Zlrt1mate~A1'e& lJ---- . ' .<br />
. J<br />
Ch8D1cal ).<br />
, , ;<br />
Check .<br />
.......<br />
CPAin 10-6-4, fettU1er.<br />
CPA·.'·:··.·.<br />
Diphenat.~ .:<br />
z,trcln' grat\Ular<br />
. z,tron M-2025<br />
PMA .<br />
"11',<br />
. 10• o9!!i!?J4te99!BJ .<br />
"rx1fJJ',',<br />
,..",' ,p•<br />
ase<br />
no<br />
Control ~.",.'.<br />
cover; . ·d.' .<br />
4.0<br />
1.5<br />
0.3<br />
3.0<br />
2.0<br />
2.0<br />
1.0<br />
It ,IWU ~ itbG the hig1l*' ,_eol CPA(Mt':a,O'pve control of ~,<br />
caJllOft wb1illlolc1,,* {':rUol1Ulalle"'). " " D!'i. . :.•. '<br />
·1".". .\ .»•.~",.;', • ~,~ ~, • ~(<br />
··Turt .~... mtedb;r .'T 7M1l'OD the ~;treated With t~<br />
w:1th'the 4 lb. rate Biv.lng an &wrage of 20 pero~.f&ereaee in the deMft7<br />
of the blWllI'us.
523<br />
::;3S,<br />
a:l<br />
. Sati18tactol7 CRlfttt"Olof lIIIaU:~U8 W&8Cl~ fl'CIII1appUoat1one<br />
ot.u..~ _Ueclas'&Pl"Il, ..... pm8 applio"'AlU sytron#dactbal;:c:,<br />
=~!t~::t;~~~wE~e~1::~i,;;~~:<br />
di~d, ~~~,s,.S am CPt:;~ 43 lb. per ~~\<br />
1a1fi1:I'W1th<br />
~:i&PJtl1oat1:.ot
524<br />
PRE.._RGENCE<br />
AMU' POsT-EHERGENCICWBGRASS<br />
,',' . . . :0'.<br />
CONTROl.XJ"TURFGWS" 1~: i:<br />
, "):t 2<br />
C. D. Kesler. R. H.'lole, and C. E. Phillips<br />
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness<br />
of severa1chem1cals ...• far;the control:," crabgrass on "<br />
established Kentucky b1uegra" turf. :'~;; . 'c<br />
. ><br />
Materials and Methods .,<br />
'-. " 'J~J1' .<br />
The experimental area.,.. -located on tIbe l\8r1cul tural<br />
Experiment Station Farm at· ... rk. Delawan.'Chemicals were;<br />
applied to a Kentucky blue'g'tatls·turf heavlJ,:tnfested with cribgrass<br />
the previous season. 'rb- crabgrass t()pulation cons1ste~ ,<br />
of approximately 90 percent smooth crabgran ~Digitaria ischaemum,.<br />
and 10 percent common crabir~s, Digit!rl",~ulnalis. The<br />
plot layout .. a randomized block designlQ9Qf sting of2 r.p~ications<br />
and 17 treatments. hch plot mea."red 12 feet by 20':Jee~.<br />
'fl':, ';<br />
The soil was a Matapeake silt 10amofjWledium fertilltywtth<br />
a pH of 6.0. Fertilizer was applied in the early spring as<br />
indicated by soil tests. The area was mowed once a week to a<br />
height of 1 1/2 inches.<br />
Pre-emergence uterial. were applied .. March 20. Emul.ifiable<br />
concentrates and wettable powders W8~.,:applied in water ·1jith<br />
a modified bicY
The area was not irr~•• · Within 24C'ltobl's after the<br />
application of the first and second post-emergence treatments,<br />
there were .70 laches and :1t,l::rlnches of. precip:Ltation, respe~<br />
tively. No precipitation ,ococ.rred withio' days after the<br />
third post-emergence application.<br />
~ j l ;J<br />
525<br />
Periodic obs.rvations" for turf injury and crabgrass con-:'::·<br />
trol were made following application of the chemicals. Dis- .'::; .<br />
coloration readinss were taken 5 days after each p08t-emerg ... ~~<br />
application. ' The>percentq •• of crabgrass contrl:)l and turf ..r.~li',<br />
grass injury weredeterminid by averaging Httutes of three '.::'L"<br />
independent observers. : :.\,<br />
~;_ {:I':« ',<br />
The herbicidal materials used and rate of active ingre- :h<br />
dients per acre are included with the data in tables land '2.,'1<br />
Results<br />
and Discussion<br />
Table.laa.d 2 show the ..esults obtaldta With the chemi';"~C'<br />
cals used in this experimeltt~·, ;,m~' :<br />
None. of t\\ .• pre-emergent. chemicals produfed any obserY~:.~·<br />
able turf discOloration ort","f injury.Zytron liquid formulations<br />
were the only trea~dts producirta excellent control<br />
of crabgra .. dUring the entire growing season. Granular zytron<br />
and,dacthal W-50 gave goodeontrol.'<br />
'1::1:<br />
Tricalcium arsenate and calcium propyl arsonate produceef: 1<br />
excellent control early in the season. By mid-summer, contr
526<br />
Table 1. 'l'a):lsra,. ContrO.k1d:th Pr.~Herbicid.s<br />
. 'l';Jq<br />
aag·.<br />
I a.t·.J4.<br />
Zytron, gran. 15<br />
Zytro_t1-Ua9·<br />
15.'<br />
is<br />
Zytron.H-20~S, ..<br />
Da~tJ.l4tW~sO . ~10".<br />
Tr1ca1c1.\IID.Jr.e~..<br />
.6-5",1.'<br />
Calc1" .. P\l'op~l(, .... o~~e . c41!16<br />
PEWCF-28 . 30.8<br />
PEWCF-I08 30.8<br />
PEWCr ..1U ;.,30 if 8<br />
PEWC,p..iu .: ;,,,37119<br />
Niagara 6370 5<br />
Control<br />
,j.' ',. :". A':'-~.<br />
perCeDeecatrol of Crabsl'GS<br />
Ju·lyJ>.t:..Aug. 15 Sept,·b<br />
", h,;-:,.., ,,;.<br />
100 91 80<br />
·100, J.t:: 94 92<br />
100;n' 93 92 !<br />
90',':10 .88 82,<br />
9&,'I~:" 48 48<br />
90 :,iX!): 50 42 i'.l;<br />
75 • c.', 69 65 ..-:<br />
85 85 82<br />
90.r"j'~ . 83<br />
95don 82<br />
10 oo<br />
Table~.
the application of theae treatments. Evideece. of discoloration<br />
were noticeable for more than 3 weeks after the last application.<br />
Both DMAand CMApermanently injured the Keatucky bluegrass reducing<br />
the stand by one-third. At least 90 percent control of<br />
white clover was recorded in area' treated w,itb AHA.DMA,and<br />
CMA.The broad1ed popu1at:i;oQ,.in these s,.,. treatments was<br />
reduced by more than SO peJ.'c,q.~. .... .<br />
SUlllDl8rytpdConcluslons~;<br />
Pre-emergence and post-_rgence crabg~us contre)' chemicals<br />
were evaluated at the University of Del"-re during the<br />
spring and sUDlllerof 1961. . . .1 •<br />
Zytron liquid gave excellent control of crabgrass during<br />
the entire season. Zytron granular, dacthal W-SO, PEWC'-108.<br />
PEWC'-111, and phenyl mercuric acetate produced good control<br />
528<br />
Pre- andpost ..emergejljCec:rabgrass contHi in lawn' turf l<br />
'i t .... "., -<br />
R. B,. ~~'~C. R. Skog~~<br />
If man could find a cheap,*,fticfent andsaf~;bbeinical to control the'<br />
"d"""""'" '~""I"'" ,','<br />
conrnoncrabgrasses', Digitaria l'cblt*mwn and D " ungulntUs, tu,;f, t:ech~<br />
nicians would be able to solve many chronic compla' 's. The crabgrasses"he '<br />
versatile in that they grow vigorously under the various cutting heights normally<br />
employed for turfgrassesi'!~ 3/16 inches;,,:r~~er unmowedconditions,<br />
they grow into robust plants often reaching three feet in height. Because of<br />
their sun..loving hab,it and heat,to+uance they ~f..1~,t,and grow under ~ry<br />
high temperatures whel) basic l~~ ~asses fail. 1JlIae, grasses can aho :N~y<br />
adapt to fmile or infertile soil conditions var~9 greatly in reac:ti~ All<br />
of these factors may need to be c:onsidered in attempting to develop a themical<br />
control.<br />
Methpd§ and Hatedals<br />
, ~ ". ' :l<br />
All rates of applicationare,'iven in pounds '-. acre. Injury reJdinS.<br />
are read aSI 0 = no 'injury, 5= complete kill. Plant counts were made,p'¥,:<br />
counting crabgrass plants in two one-foot squares per plot. The average of<br />
plant counts was calculated and uS,ad to compute t~~ ~rcent control over check.<br />
Pre-ernergEince<br />
site<br />
The area selected for the pre-emergence tria!F.was a level, well-d:l'aned<br />
on Bridgehampton silt loam. The grass stand was several years old and<br />
consisted" ~nd.iJll1n1shing ordef"9f Col onialbentlW~ss, Kentucky bluegrass and<br />
Red fescue,. ,',_, " :/,:: " '<br />
,j--"""".' (.•.. ::"-'" '.·',-·Jr~""J<br />
In order to provide a untform stand of crabgraas'the test area was overseeded<br />
with crabgrass seed in November of 1960. Seed from 1959 and 1960 was<br />
mixed and broadcast over the entl'nLarea'<br />
inch and scarified with a verticut.<br />
J,' "<br />
after it< hlld been mowedto 3/4 of an<br />
'~.i: ,F'.<br />
Throughout ibe :1961 growin9('~~'$on the 9raS$,:JI8,~owed as neede,d at ,a,<br />
height of 3/40:f~ninch. Hea~~c:~ippings we~e ~~~, ,Frequent 11gh1
529<br />
The chemicals were applied May3 •. The day was: clear and windy with 'an<br />
air temperature of 50 0F. The soil was wet and cold.<br />
Injury to the basic grasses was recorded threti'tiJnes throughout tl)e,season<br />
and crabgrass coverage estimates were made on August 11th and September J~th.<br />
C.rabgrass counts were made on September 19th. ',' I "<br />
The chemicals included, the rete of applicati~h, and the companies sOPPlying<br />
the materials are as follows:<br />
1) Triflural1n (N,N-di-n-prOJ'¥l-2,6-dinitro";'4: trifluromethylanilinel<br />
2, 4 S. 6 lb. Eli L11ly Company." . ,if . .<br />
at<br />
2) Dipropal1n (N,N-di-n-propyl ..2,6-dinitro-4'lrnethylaniline) at 2,.4.&<br />
8 lb. Eli Lilly Company.' .[' '. ,~'<br />
3) Diphenatrlle (diphenylaoetonitr11e) at 30 Llb, Eli Lilly Company'Cat<br />
26 lb, Agrico Crabgrass Killer; at 30 lb, International Minerals and Chemical<br />
Company.<br />
4) Dacthal G-l.5 (Dimethyl' ester of tetra<br />
10 S. 15 lb. Diamond Alkali Cheniical Company.<br />
chlbroterephthalic<br />
,,,<br />
acid)l}t5,<br />
;;'<br />
5) Dacthal W-50 (Dimethyl ester of tetra chloroterephthalic acid) at 9.8<br />
(Rid), at 10.8 (Vitogrow) - Swift Chemical Company.<br />
6) Niagara 6370 experimental at 6 lb. Niagara Chemical<br />
Machinery and Chemical Corporation. .<br />
Division, ,Food<br />
7) Bandane E.C. (pOlychlorodicyclopentadiene isomer)<br />
Velsicol Chemical Company. ',1<br />
at 10, 20 S. 30 lb.<br />
8) PEWCF-l08 (Chlordane and polychlorodicyctbpentadiene isomer) at'47<br />
lb. O. M. Scott Company.<br />
9) FEVCF-lll (Chlordane and pol ychlorodicyclbpentadiene isomer) at 57.5<br />
lb. O. M. Scott Company.<br />
10) FEVCF-1l3 (diphenylacetonitrile) 37 lb. O. M. Scott Company.<br />
11) FEWCF-114 (polychlorodicyclopentadiene ·iibmer). O. M. Scott ~ompany.<br />
12) HaltSF-2b (Chlordane) at 59.6 lb. O. M.~co.tt Company. ' .<br />
13) Tricalc!um arsenate (Pur~e) at 355 lb. A~oW Seed Company. .<br />
14) Calcium propyl arsonate (No Crab) at 40 11:>. Amchem. .<br />
15) Zytron (o-(2-4-dichlorophenyl)0-methyl iS~~OPYl-phophoromidoth~~te)<br />
at 15 lb. Dow Chezn.ical Company.... .:, ' .<br />
16) Corenco 106 (DiPhenYlacet..o.nitrile and DiS~ ... 1'1 methyl arsonate.Hex a<br />
hydrate) at 31.1 and 5.4 l.b respectively. Consolidate Rendering Company.<br />
17) SD 6623 (Tri methyl sulfonium chloride) at 6 b. Shell Oil Co~pany.<br />
lb.<br />
18) 75'){,Bandane and 25'){,Chlordane at 15 and 5,.20 and 6.6, and 30 arid 10<br />
Velsicol Chemical Company. I, ": . .<br />
Post-emergence<br />
This area was located on asaridy loam s01l th~ was heavily infeste~,with<br />
smooth crabgrass. The stand of turf was thin andcpnslsted of Colonial bentgrass,<br />
creeping red fescue and Kentucky bluegrass~th,the former being the<br />
most prevalent. The soil in the test area was oflbw fertility and the turf was<br />
mowed regularly at a height of 1 1/2 inches.
530<br />
Prior to each chemical application the area was watered to assure sufficient<br />
moisture for growth and~~ q~plywith the4'~ections for the application<br />
of the dry materials. . ,<br />
The first chemi~al appl1cat1gns were made on~JulY 18 at which time the<br />
crabgralls>s:>lant¢.,we:qein the 2-3l;d stage. The~'Ywas clear and the ail-temperature<br />
was 85OF. The second ~p~lication was m~!July 28. The air ttlllperature<br />
at time of application was 82Of. The third application of chemicals was<br />
made on AU9J.I~t 10. The air ttJllP8J:8ture on this dill was 85Op.<br />
Table II shows that some chemicals<br />
)<br />
were applied only once while others<br />
we~e,applie(t:twoor three times. Certain chemical."or rates of various chemical<br />
s , causeif serious injury to the turf afterth,()fiI.~st application. 1llese<br />
treatment~ were not ,repeatecl. Candn other trea1lllents controlled crabgrass<br />
satisfactcirilywith'two applications so these chemic;a}.swere not applied a<br />
third j:lm,. The third applicatioQ}V8s made only wtw.nit appeared necessary for<br />
safe a~ a~equa~e control. :<br />
,Throughout the, ,growing seasol1 soil moisture .' ,not limiting for any prolonged<br />
period of time even thou~,.~etest area r~ived no irrigation except<br />
on :t;reatment dates.<br />
i"·:'<br />
F01,!ril')jury ratings on the' ba;sic grasses were.:,Jl;a~en during the season with<br />
the final ones, plus plant counts, on September, 19.;<br />
An analysis of variance was run on these plan\counts and the percent<br />
control over the checks was calcVl~ted.<br />
Tl1elJlat~ri~lsincluded, the ,rates used and ttMt;companies supplying the<br />
chemicals are as follows: .'<br />
, , " :"<br />
, 1) Niagara 6376 (exper"ime\'ltal) at 6 lb. Ni*ra Chemical Division, Food<br />
> Machinery and ,Chemical Corporation.;i<br />
, 2) StainP;"34 (3,4-dichloroprepionanilide) a~~,and 4 lb. ChipmanChemical<br />
Company,' Inc. ' >' ' , , ' 'Jl<br />
,3) Ansar A:"l2. (organic arseJ'lcill, As 44.3% ,byiVIt.) at 1 ~ 1 + Wetting<br />
Agent, 1 1/2, 2, 2 + WAand 4 lb. Ansul Chemical~pany.<br />
, 4) ,Ansar A~~(organic 8rs.n19a1, As 24.~,l;2yr:Wt.)at 1 1/2, 1 1/2: + WA,<br />
21/2, 3 1/2, 3 112 + WA, and ,5,lb. Ansul Chemical! C:QJlItlany. "<br />
5)'Super,C;rab-E-Rad (Ca191U1l!acid methyl ara~1;e) at 21.5 lb. Vineland<br />
Chemical CO!IIpimy., ":! ,,': r<br />
6) Methar 80 (Dis odium methyl arsonate H,xah~rate) 7.2 lb •. W. A. C.leary<br />
Corporation.<br />
'<br />
7) Super Methar (Ammoniummethyl arsonate) 16.1 lb. W. A. Cleary<br />
Corporation •<br />
. ' ,8). Lofts C 7abgrass KilleJ:, (Pi~odiun methYl ,,~oRate Hexahydrate) at ,<br />
2.85 lb. ,Pe
1) Ansar A-12 at 2 Ib + WAand 4 Ib and Methar 80 controlled significantly<br />
with only one application but injured the basic grasses severely.<br />
2) These chemical treatments - Ansar A-12 at 2 lb, Ansar A-35 at 3 1/2<br />
lb, 3 1/2 Ib + WA,5 lb, Super Crab-E-Rad and Super Methar all controlled over<br />
90 percent of the crabgrass after two applications. These treatments caused<br />
'i++_'~ +n mnnC'T'::a+c +OI"nn.I"'\"'~""''\t .; ... .;1........ +1"\ +h"'- ............"'"' ... 4 ... 1 _ ....... ~ ....,..<br />
The liquid materials for bothp%e~ and post-eme~nce trials were applied<br />
with a 2 gallon pumpsprayer at 30 IDS pressure arxl.'volume of about 250<br />
gallons per acre. The dry chemicals were applied with a calibrated spreader<br />
set according to labeled directions or by mixing weighed amounts with dry sand<br />
and broadcasting by hand. 1:<br />
Results<br />
Tables I and II relate the chemicals, rates of application, number ofap.<br />
plications, average plant counts per square foot, percent cover of crabgrass,<br />
injury readings and percent control of· each treatment!~er the check.<br />
Pre-emergence<br />
531<br />
Whenworking with living organisms one can rarely expect perfection or<br />
exact resul t s, It is pleasing to note that fifteen df·'the 44 chemical treat- .<br />
ments resulted in l~ control ofc1'lIibgrass. These themical treatments are<br />
as f011011SI Trifluralin at 2, 4 and· 6 lb; Dipropalinl'at 8 lb; Dacthal G-l~5<br />
at 10 lb; Rid (Dacthal W-50) at 9.8 lb; Vitogrow (Dacthal W-50) at 10 Ib;<br />
Agrico's Diphenatrile on fertilizer; Purge (Tricalciuilfarsenate 355 Ib); Nlill<br />
(Diphenatrile at 30 Ib); DOlI's crabgrass killer (Zytronat 15 Ib) and finally<br />
Corenco 106 (Diphenatrile & DSMA31 and 5.4 Ib}, . '-~<br />
There were also four chemical treatments with over 90%control, namely:<br />
Dipropalin at 4 lb, Diphenatrile at 30 lb, PEWCF-l08 at 47 lb and Trifluralin<br />
E.C. at 4 lb.<br />
Somematerials which gave 90 - 100 percent contrbl also discolored se-.<br />
verely. They were Trifluralin at 4 and 6 lb, Dacthal.G-l.5 at 15 Ib and<br />
Zytron. Most of the chemicals that reSUlted in onlyY~ir control showed<br />
little phytotoxicity to the turfgrasses.<br />
It was noted that some of the chemical treatments, Niagara 6370, Bandane<br />
atta. at 10 Ib, Bandane Verm. at 10 Ib, Halts F-2b, NoCrab, SO 6623 at 6 Ib and<br />
Dipropalin E.C. at 4 Ib had a higher crabgrass count than the check plots.<br />
There may be many factors involved here. Twowhich stand out are that the infestation<br />
of crabgrass was not heavy enough to canceFexperimental variatiOn<br />
due to crabgrass stand or possibly because treatments,r'lctually created a m~±,e<br />
favorable condition for germination and growth of cra~rass plants.<br />
Post-emergence<br />
Again in this test it was encouraging to find that fifteen of the treatments<br />
controlled over 90 percent of the crabgrass. Within this range of control<br />
there were other interesting reSUlts, mainly:<br />
,>:~ ". ,
u<br />
532<br />
3) Those trea.t,mellts which weft, applied 3 time .. , gave little injury,;8nd<br />
controlled signif1~ant1y were A""Un~12at 1 1b,). lb' + WA, 1 1/2 1b, Ans*, '<br />
A-35 at 1 1/211)." ~,1/2 + WAand2.V2 lb. ' 'lc" . .<br />
Two chemicals, Lofts Crabgrass Killer and Void, controlled significantly<br />
but were under 90 percent.<br />
The Niagara 6370 and Starn F-34 at 2 lb and 4 1b per acre gave very' little<br />
contro1..t<br />
.~': ~j<br />
At the :tiJlleof final, crabgra .. counts, no inju:q' was apparent on the ballic<br />
lawn grasses from any of the treatments.<br />
SUmmaryand Conclusions<br />
Because ol~ c~~tinued in:tertJt in crabgrasl\"clmtro1 in turf, the University<br />
,of Rhpde, Island Agricultural ~xperiment Stati1mconducted pre-and<br />
post-.merge~e crabgrass tria1sd!.irip9 1961 to eva1Lllte22 chemicals. The<br />
chemicals were evaluated for effectW.ness in controUing crabgrass and for<br />
sa fety to perenrUa,l. turfgrassehc ,•.rbf.rates of applieations and other specUics<br />
were follQWed according to manuflcwrer,s I reconmendatd.ons or suggestions. ,·rr-hOse<br />
chemicals which showed satisfactory:chemical controlGat one or more rates ate<br />
as followsl<br />
Pre-emergence<br />
1) Trif1uralin<br />
2) DaGtha19~1.~ apd Dacth1l1,W..50<br />
3) Dipr()palin ., '<br />
4) piphenatri1e and Diphenatrl1e<br />
5) Zytron<br />
+ DS~<br />
6) A:VCF-108<br />
7) ,Tricalcium,arsenate<br />
Po~t-emergence<br />
I'" ," .•<br />
1) Ansar A-12.a~f\.n$ar A-3~',<br />
2) ~alGiUQI ac1d methyl arson.te<br />
3) Ammoniummethy1 arsonate<br />
4) Disodium methyl arsonate<br />
.:,<br />
!.<br />
I;::Yf<br />
+<br />
" 5
( (<br />
Table I. Average percent crabgrass cover, injury rating, crabgrass plants present and control over check<br />
plots for the various formulations and rates of pre-emergent herbicides tested.<br />
crabgrass<br />
TrePtinent % act •. 'llJ/A<br />
plants/sq. ft.<br />
9/18161 7/~'/61 9/1 8/ 61 9/18/61<br />
% control<br />
Over chec<br />
1. Tiif\W'.ali,n .(V~m.) 2.00 2- 0,,0 1.0 0.1 0.0 100<br />
2. Trlfil¢.aJ.ifl., (Vei'm.) 2.00 4 Q"O 1,,3 0.5 0.0 100<br />
3. Trlflliraiin (Verm.) 2.00 6' 0.0 2.0 1.5 0.0 100<br />
4. Triflura11n (Fert.) .92 4 0,,0 1..0 0.5 0.0 100<br />
5. Dipropalin (Verm.) 2.00 2 2.J 0.0 0.0 2.2 54<br />
6. Diprop.alin (Verm.) 2.00 4 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.2 96<br />
7.. Dipropalin(Verm.) 2.00 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100<br />
,~~ D~~l.~JF~t·)\f9,2· 4 1..7 O..Q 0..0 1.7 64<br />
,g~ ~¥;ne~V~. i ll'.:iQ. 30 O,~ O,Q' 0,0 0.2. 96,<br />
l~ ~aF:iJ.tl (Fert.) [.~'~~. ~d h~' (/.,0 0.0 QJ! 82 ..'<br />
It. Dactha1G"1.51~50. 5. 1..3 O.b 0..0 .0 ..5 . 89<br />
12. Dacthal G-l.5 1.50 10, 0.,3 0...2 0.1 0.0 100<br />
13. Dactha1 G-l.5 1.50 15 0.,0 0.2 0.5 0.0 100<br />
14. Dactha1,w-50 (Rid) 2.30 9.8 0.0 0,,2 0,,1 0.0 100<br />
15. Dactha1 W-50<br />
. •(" i togrpw) 2.53 1'0.8 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 100<br />
16.,. NiA~7-Q,-;;" -- . 5.00 6 16,,3 0,,0 0,,0 13,2 ,0<br />
l~L_ 0"0<br />
~-mt.c. f:~~~:<br />
\;,~ 00<br />
0;<br />
- .. all.- ci'n'__.G. Z~ . ., £1'& &:8 ~j<br />
QV<br />
..<br />
19.. SWam!" 'SoC. 4 1bfflal. 30 5,7 ().O .~2 2.9 46-<br />
20. BtfndaneAtta. 4 Iblga1. 10. 16,7 0,0 0.0 8.8 0<br />
21 .. Bandane Atta. 4 lb!gal. 20 3,,0 0.0 0.0 2,,8 39<br />
22. Bandarie Atta. 4 1b!gal. 30 2.7 0.0 0.0 1.0 79<br />
23. Bandane-Verm.· 4 Ib!ga1. 10 16.-1 0.0' 0.0 ·10.5 a<br />
24. Bandane Verm. 4 lb!gal. 20 10,3 0.0 0.0 1.7 64<br />
25. Bandane Verm. 4 1b!gal. 30 2.0 0.0 '0.0 1.0 79<br />
26. Diphenatrile<br />
. ,---<br />
-(Agri6e-}------ .--. 5.85 .• -26· ... -0.0 0..0· .., .---0.0. -O.{). 100<br />
.l:~'·i']~~; i (·::.'~,:;J-·1'j<br />
Ave.<br />
no.<br />
~.<br />
\J.)
Table I (Coot'd)<br />
27. JSc.F,~iOe t$~4 :<br />
28. '_ f;'111 22.3 ,<br />
29. we:F-1l3 , 14.5 .<br />
30. laC F-1l4 11.8<br />
31. HaltsF2b 23.0 .<br />
32. Trica!c!tID arsenate 51<br />
33. Ca,lplL1!lpz,ropy1<br />
_.,~~a*- 20<br />
~.tt~(~H i:4<br />
36. C~nco 106 15.9+3.ISI#.<br />
37.. ' SO6623 4 Ibl.ga1.<br />
3a. Zytron E.C. 3 Ib/ga1.<br />
39. D!propalin EeC. .4 Hi/gal.<br />
40. T:I1ifluralin E.c., 4 1b!gal.<br />
41.. 7$~" ,<br />
.• ,.~ ... 10.<br />
42...,~, __~\L~~~'-: ~j .) t.;(·<br />
. -~~... ';. 10:<br />
43.. .7'$ ~ane . .<br />
~ Chlordane 10<br />
44~<br />
45.<br />
Dacthaf<br />
Ch8ck'<br />
G-1.5 SY 1..5<br />
*Injury ratings 0 - 5; 0 =no injury, 5 =complete kill.<br />
% Ave. no.<br />
Crabgrass<br />
cr~ass<br />
Rate Cover.' ,ave. plants $q. ft. % control<br />
r1ir3);1 9hB/61 OVer e<br />
47 0.3 ()~O O~O 0.3 93<br />
'SJ.7 4.0 '0..0 0.0 1.0 79<br />
37 0.0 6.0 0..3 0.8 82<br />
30 0.7 0.0 0,,0 0..'5 89<br />
59.3 18.0 0.0 0.0 7..7 0<br />
355 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100<br />
, '<br />
*<br />
40 5.0 O~O O~O 6~O<br />
. 0<br />
30,_ O".Q -P..O 0,,0 0.0 clOO<br />
15' 0,,0 ':0 ..., 0..9 '0.'0 '100<br />
31.1+5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100<br />
6 31.7 0.0 0.0 12.5 0<br />
15 1.7 0.0 0.0 1.2 75<br />
4 21..7 0.0 0.0 8.3 0<br />
4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 96<br />
15+5<br />
I~"r<br />
0..0 .0,,5<br />
6~ 39<br />
( (<br />
Table II. Average injury ratings, crabgrass plants present, control over check plots and number of<br />
applications for the various formulations and rates of post-emergent herbicides tested.<br />
act· Lbt ton 7/28/61 8/7/61 8/10/61 8/15/6<br />
1. Nia 6370 5% gran. 6 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 93.8 13<br />
2. Starn F34 15%verm. 2 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 95.2 12.<br />
3. Starn F34 15%verm. 4 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 94.0 13<br />
4. Ansar A-12 25% 1 3 1.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 8.2 92<br />
5. Ansar A-12 25% 1+WA 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 96<br />
6. Ansar A-12 25% 1 1/2 3 1.0 1.5 0.5 0.3 1.3 98<br />
7. Ansar A-12 25% 2 2 2.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 7.2 93.<br />
8. Ansar A-12 25% 2+WA 1 2.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 9.0 91<br />
9. Ansar A-12 25% 4 1 4.0 2'.3 0.0 040 7.7 92.·<br />
10. Ansar A-35 21% -v-<br />
1 1~ 0.0 . 0,0 0.0 0.0 7.5 93 .<br />
11. Ansar A-35 21% 112+WA 3 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 4.8 95<br />
12. Ansar A-35 21% 2 1/2 . 3 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 2.3 97<br />
13. Ansar A-35 21% 3 1/2 . 2 1.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 93<br />
14. Ansar A-35 21% 3.1/2+wA 2 1.7 1.2 0.0 0.0 6.2 94<br />
15. Ansar A-35 21% 5 2 2.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 4.7 95<br />
16. Super<br />
Crab-E-Rad 8% 21.5 2 0.7 0.2 O.{) 0.0 9,5 91<br />
17. Methar 80, . 75%,.:. c--.;" '.c .c, 3.2.; 1 .a,o . ,.(41'. Q.
536<br />
EXPERIMENTS ONTHECHOOCALCOIm'l)LOF<br />
CRABGRASS IN LAWNTURF<br />
Cla;yton M. Switzer *<br />
Considerable variability in the response of' crabgrass (Digitaria"<br />
sPP.) to herbicides has been f~n4 by JI1&ll71nv8StJ,~tors. This variabillt.T<br />
is influenced. by such factors as '.1011moisture, ~w btl'lll1,cI1tT,soil •.<br />
air temperature, soil fertility, tillle of treatment relative to stages of·<br />
growth, and to variety (or species) of this grass. Sinee it is impossible'<br />
for a home owner to control such factors to any great extent, it would cap,:;<br />
pear that the most acceptable crabgrass herbicides will be those that are<br />
effective over the widest range of conditions.<br />
. '<br />
At present it appears that' in general. the p;:-e-emergence crabgr&s.<br />
killers are most effective. While the use of this type' of herbicide fi:ts,'in .<br />
well with the operations of professional gardeners and golf-oourse superintendents,<br />
it has oot been widely ac~epted by the aV'J"llIe homeowner, probably<br />
because of' the tendency of t'he~layman not to.w+.rtY about weeds, i~ects<br />
or diseases until they beeane apparent .to. him. Therefore, investigati~s:on<br />
the cClltrol of crabgrass in turf· should continue to include chemicals capable<br />
of killing this weed after elllersence, as well.4f the pre-emergence materials.<br />
An ideal herbicide woul'l1eeemto be one wtth both pre- and poisi;-;,<br />
8IIlergence activity, and having sufficient residual effect'to make yearly<br />
application unnecessary. .<br />
This paper reports on the results of experSlilentsusing pre- ~<br />
pos1;.;eJllergence chemicals, and on the residual effectiveness of ,SOlll8 of these<br />
chemicals on crabgrass.<br />
I§1'HODS<br />
All experimental work was ~ed out on tIMumpus of the Ontario<br />
Agricultural College. The turf gra'''s were mainly'lentuoky and Cenadablue<br />
with SOIlle oreeping red fescue .end ereepingbent gruil. Plots were 100 sq.'<br />
ft. in area and in most experiments. treatments were replicated 4 times in a<br />
randomized block design. The areas seleoted were OOTeredwith sparse tUrf'<br />
and had bean infested with a hea'V)' orabgrass population the 'year previotj,s ~<br />
treatment. Sprays were applied (100 gal/A) with a knapsack sprayer and<br />
granulars were distributed by meanaof a small fe~1.z.r spreader.<br />
* Associate Professor, DepartmerJt.of Botany, Ontario~rioultural Colle$e,<br />
Guelph, Canada.<br />
1/:
RESULTS<br />
Pre-emergence treatment: The efrEf~ts of chemicals<br />
applied Apr!l 27 - May 1, 1961are presen~ed in Table 1. Rainfallon<br />
the plot area between April 29 arid May 3 was 0,78 in.<br />
First crabgrass emergence was noted in the control plots on<br />
May 15th. -, .<br />
S37<br />
Excellent control of crabgrass with no injury to other<br />
grasses was given by all rates of zytron (-bt:rt1fliquid and<br />
granular formulations), dacthal (wettable powder and granular),<br />
diphenatrile (diphenylacetonitrile) and dipropalin. Diphenylacetonitrile<br />
(Agrico formulation) gave good control (over 90%.1<br />
at the lower rates and excellent controla'e--the highe st rate.<br />
Calcium propyl arsonate was good at 60 Ib/A but not satisfactory<br />
at lower rates. This chemical had a strong inhibitory effect on<br />
clover.<br />
. Pax (36.5% metallic arsenic) and Chip Cal (50%<br />
tricalcium arsenate) gave good control at the highest rates but<br />
were poor at lower rates..T:r.:H'luralin causedmarked burning of<br />
all plants in the plots and, therefore, was not satisfactory<br />
even though it gave 100% control of crabgrass.<br />
Similar results were 0 btained in 1960 -d.n an experiment;<br />
in which zytron (liquid and granular), dacthal (granular) and<br />
calcium arsenate were tested,<br />
Residual effects: .The 1960 plo;ts WEl!'eunintnine.d and<br />
observations-on-the:residual effects were made periodically dUring<br />
the summer of 1961. Some crabgrass was found in all the ;<br />
plots, but those treated with all rates of zytron (a, 16, 24 Ib/A<br />
both liquid and granular) and those treated with tricalcium<br />
arsenate at 15 Ib/1000 sq. ft. or with dacthal granular at<br />
15 Ib/A, had considerably less than the others. Control with<br />
both 16 and 24 Ib/A of zyYron exceeded 90% throughout the s\.Ulllller.<br />
The g Ib rate gave fair control (50-70%) as the granular formulation,<br />
but liquid zytron at a Ib/A did not have as much residual<br />
effect.<br />
In another experiment, set up to stnrdy the effectiveness<br />
of application of pre-emergence crabgrass herbicides in the fall,<br />
plots were treated on Nov. 14, 1960 with zytron, liquid and<br />
granular (10,20,30), dacthal, wettable powder and granular (10~15,<br />
20), and tricalcium arsenate.(5-,7!,10,15).Rates of zytron and<br />
dacthal are Ib active/A, and of tricalcium arsenate are Ib active/<br />
1000 sq. ft. Only the plots receiving the low rate of dacthal'<br />
granular and the lowest two rates of tricalcium arsenate weren()t<br />
completely free of crabgrass on July 21, 1961'" 'However, by August<br />
31, crabgrass was noted in all plots except.~hose receiving 20 or<br />
30 Lb of zytron or 20 Ib of d/icthal, al.t.hough, plo t s treated with<br />
~tron 10, dacthal 15, or tricalcium arsenate 15, contained on~y a<br />
few crabgrass plants. On11 the: highest rate ~f zytron caused any<br />
turf dffinage (some thinning) and even these piots recovered by early<br />
Jurie , A m::l,...l.ra~ ~+-.;"""" ,.......:...._ ~~ L'_ -
~______ ,<br />
53S<br />
Table 1: Control of crabgrass by chemicals applied before<br />
emergencfl.<br />
1<br />
'1<br />
j. j'<br />
Chemica-I<br />
Zytron<br />
Zytron<br />
Dacthal<br />
(liq.)<br />
(gran,.)<br />
(W-50)<br />
Dact.ha.L (gran)<br />
Calcium propyl<br />
arsonate<br />
(No-Crab)<br />
Diphenat~ile<br />
(Lilly)<br />
Trifluralin<br />
(Lilly J! ..'<br />
Dipropalin<br />
(Lilly)<br />
Pax (36.5%<br />
metallic<br />
arsenic)<br />
Dipheny1ace~onitri1e<br />
(Agrico)<br />
Chip-Cal (50~<br />
Tricalcium<br />
ar-senabe) .<br />
'<br />
Rate<br />
Ib/A*'.<br />
8<br />
:1.6;<br />
5<br />
1.<br />
15<br />
.20<br />
40 60<br />
20<br />
3')<br />
40<br />
.;:)'}1 r' ":<br />
Cr~bgr.a~s C~ntro1 Rating·*'<br />
July 21 Augugtr c'23<br />
4<br />
··4"<br />
,.4. 4:<br />
4- ,<br />
4-'<br />
3<br />
4<br />
'4 4<br />
'4 r J<br />
4 4:<br />
68 4'<br />
4<br />
10*'<br />
20*'<br />
30*'<br />
25 50<br />
75<br />
,10*'<br />
15*<br />
20*',<br />
o<br />
1<br />
4<br />
O'<br />
1<br />
3<br />
i~<br />
4'<br />
4<br />
4<br />
1<br />
1<br />
J<br />
Turf<br />
InjuloY<br />
None<br />
II<br />
II<br />
" "<br />
"<br />
" "<br />
"<br />
II<br />
"<br />
Slight'<br />
Heavy<br />
Heavy<br />
None ,<br />
" II<br />
J.. __<br />
"<br />
"<br />
1 I<br />
1<br />
.:P "ro<br />
"fI<br />
fI<br />
" Slight<br />
Rates a~e 'pounds 'of activ~ material per i~e - except Pax and<br />
Chip-Cal ,~1hi'ch are pOunds'of pro duct per~,J.OOO sq. ft.<br />
** 4. 100% 00 ntrol; 3 = over 90?~; 2 = 60-90;::; 1: = 25-60%<br />
o = less than 25% control.,,! rt.<br />
I.:'}
Post-emergence application~. Data from several experimsnt.s<br />
carried out during thesUl11lner of 1960 'are summarized in<br />
Table 2. . .<br />
Table 2: Effects of various 1?ost-emergence treatments en<br />
crabgrass and turf (1960 data}'t<br />
Pot.<br />
Chemical Treatment Date of **<br />
Application<br />
Cyanate<br />
P0t. Cyanate<br />
(repeated sprays)<br />
FVl 734<br />
(Rohm and Haas )<br />
Zytron<br />
Disodium Hethyl<br />
Arsonate<br />
AmmoniumLethyl<br />
Arsonate<br />
*<br />
**<br />
***<br />
~ ~~~ ~:i :<br />
3 oz/3 gal '"<br />
1 oz!3 gal *<br />
2 oZ/3 gal *<br />
2 Ib!IOO gallA<br />
4 Ib/lOO gallA<br />
8 Ib/IOO gal/A<br />
10 Ib!lOO gallA<br />
20 Ib/lOO gallA<br />
30 Ib/IOO gal/A<br />
6 lb/IOO gallA<br />
4 Ib/200 gallA<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2,4,5<br />
2,4,5<br />
1,4,5<br />
1<br />
1<br />
4,5<br />
4 2<br />
2,4<br />
2,3,5<br />
Corrt.r-e L<br />
0-4 ***<br />
2<br />
2<br />
:3<br />
4<br />
4<br />
o<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
:3<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
Turf<br />
Injury<br />
None<br />
SLBurn<br />
Burned<br />
539'<br />
31.Durn I<br />
Sl.Jurn<br />
None<br />
Sl.:3urn<br />
Burned<br />
Sl.Burn<br />
Burned<br />
Sev.Burn<br />
None<br />
Slight<br />
Applied to 400 sq.ft. only, all rates in terms of active<br />
material.<br />
1 = June 6; 2 = ~une 28; :3 = July 15; 4.= July 25; 5 =Aug.4<br />
a = no control; 4 = 100% control<br />
Good control was produced by potassium' cyanate even at<br />
the lowest rate tested vrhen tr.eatments were repeated 3 times.<br />
T"TOsprays gave fair control but one was not Jsufficient. Temporary<br />
turf burning occurred in all plots. Similar results were<br />
obtained with the arsonates but they were consideraoly slower in<br />
action and not as effe cti ve as cyanate. It "TaSnot.ed that the<br />
effectiveness of ammonium meth¥l arsonate vras increa sed when<br />
applied during a hot day (85°F)<br />
Zytron '.Jurned crabgras$, bent grass and fescue at all<br />
rates and killed them completely in the plots'sprayed ~lith 30 Ib/A.<br />
HO"Tever, the blue-grasses in these plots were strongly stimulated<br />
by the treatment, so that a healthy, dark-green, pure blue-grasq<br />
~ stand of grass was produced. The greater injury to turf from<br />
zytron in the post-emergence plots as compar-ed to the pr-e-emer-gence<br />
may have been nar-t.Lv t,h" """,,"1+ '"f' h';"'h~~ +~,~~~~~ .. ,,-~ _ ...... 1.._ .... ---
54'<br />
In a similar po st-ell1~rgence experij]l~nt. carried out in<br />
1961, herbicides were applied June 27 when the crabgrass seedlings<br />
had 5-8 leaves and were 1-3 inches in height. Data from this<br />
experiment are presented in Table 3.<br />
Table 3: Effects of variou/t.post-erI1ergence;1lireatments on crabgrass<br />
and turf (1961 data)<br />
..<br />
·Chemicai Treatment<br />
~<br />
.t-<br />
~..Date of Control Turf<br />
. Application "'*<br />
~~4 **'" Injury<br />
--~.-...~<br />
I<br />
\<br />
Calcium propyl 60 Ib/A 1<br />
arsonate<br />
'4 None<br />
mA 1 n*/3 gal 1 ,2 None<br />
(l()% liquid) 2 oz"'~ gal' 1 , . :3 Slight<br />
~Z"'?J gal' 1,2 '. 4. Sligllt<br />
,<br />
2 OZ'" 3ga1, 2<br />
4. Slight<br />
Disodium methyl 2.2 lb/A 1 1 None<br />
arsonate 3.4 lb/A 1 1 Slight<br />
3.4 It/A . 1,2 4 Slight<br />
4.5 It/A 1 4. Slight<br />
3.4 lh!,,- 3 3 Slight<br />
Ammonium methyl 6 lb/A 1 3 Slight;<br />
arsonate 5 Ib/A 1,2 4 Slight<br />
12 Ib!A 1 4. Iloderate<br />
Potassium cyanate 1 oZ/3 gal<br />
400 sq. ft. 1 1 Slight<br />
2 oz/3 gal<br />
400 sq. ft. 1 3 Loderate<br />
,<br />
-1ighland gz-anu.Lar- 100 lb"'/A 1<br />
~ None<br />
(1.87% disodium 200 It'''!A 1 -- 1 None<br />
methyl arsonate)<br />
'"<br />
"''''<br />
"'''''''<br />
;ieight 0 f product per 400 sq. ft. - all other rate s are in<br />
terms of active material.<br />
1 • June 27;2 = July; 3 = August 1.<br />
o =no centrol, 4. = 100%control<br />
Excellent control of crabgrass was obtained throughout<br />
the eummar of 1961 in the plots treated ''lith calcium propyl<br />
ar-sonat e , and in those treated with the highe.r rates, or given<br />
repeated treatments with ~,DMA, or'ANA. the latter three<br />
materials caused slight burning of turf gras~es for a few days, but<br />
there was no permanent effect. The late appJ;ication of alA (Aug.l)<br />
to partially headed-out crabgrass reduced th~ stand markedly, indicating<br />
that there may ~)e value in such a treatment where eal'lier<br />
applications have not been c~rried out.
Control with the granular formulation of INA was poor.<br />
Potassium cyanate was used only once. Iteaused discolorati:on<br />
for a few days, and gave good control of, the crabgrass pr-esent at<br />
time of application. The eff1ectiveness of-calcium propyl arsonate<br />
when applied post-emergence to the crabgrass was interesting. At<br />
60 Ib/A (of active material) good control was' producted by<br />
applications from April 29 to June 27. f<br />
541<br />
In another experiment, c~rtain chemicals that usua~l~<br />
have been regarded as pre ...em~rgence herbicides for cr-abgr aas "<br />
aontrol were applied shortly ',after germin~ti:on (May 23, 1961) when<br />
the crabgrass seedlings were-in the 2-3 le~f stage. The results<br />
of this experiment are presented in Table;~. ,All of the '<br />
herbicides listed gave good .control when ~sed as early postemergence<br />
treatmentj· ' "<br />
Table. 4: Effe.cts of certain chemicals on":crabgrass when<br />
applied soon after emergence.<br />
Herbicide Rate Control Turf<br />
(lb/A) (0-4) * Injury<br />
Calcium propyl 40 3 None<br />
arsonate 60 4 None<br />
(No-crab)<br />
Diphenatrile<br />
(Lilly)<br />
40 4 Slight<br />
Zytron (liq.) 16 4 None<br />
Dacthal (gran.) 15 4 None<br />
* o • no control; 4 • 100%control<br />
DISCUSSIQ.!::!<br />
~n the basis of two years results, the outstanding preemergence<br />
crabgrass herbicides in the Guelph, Ontario area<br />
appear to be zytron and dacthal. Data for 1961 alone indicate<br />
that diphenatrile and dipropalin could be as good. However,<br />
growing conditions were excellent for turf throughout the summer<br />
of 1961, and it is probably safe to aSSillne that the chance of<br />
obtaining good control would be better than if the turf grasses<br />
offered little competition.<br />
Several chemicals applied after crabgrass emergence<br />
(Potassium cyanate, ~lA, ~, and ~lA) controlled crabgrass, but<br />
more than one application per season seemed to be required and<br />
some degree of turf injury was brou~lt about by each. The use of<br />
some "pr-e -emer-gence " herbicides (calcium propyl arsonate, zytron
542<br />
da~hal and diphenatrile) at early post-eme~g9nce appeared ,<br />
promising. Xi' such .results .Gould be repeatedconsistentlYi' ..<br />
chemicaJ,s.oi' this nature woQG.1i!seem to offer the best posslbilities<br />
f5r becoming widely, accepted'crabgrass herbic.1.des. .<br />
h . '\ ,"'1 , '"Ie' \ . (<br />
.:.. "'!'he.,q.u.e,$tj..on ariseI!J1Whether there:8tdual effect of .some<br />
chemicals '( zytron in particular) was dUE!tOITetention of the' '~'.<br />
chemical in the soil, or to lack of crabgrass seed at the surface<br />
because of 100% control in 196Q. Since th$" lfas also 100%<br />
c9ntro1 in 196b in the plo~~'t:&"eated with 'po
544 .<br />
Table 1. ~~~~f:~::~on~:!a~~~~ ~it~jt=~d ~~i:me~~~JV6Et >-/<br />
Chemical<br />
oalcium' &l"s$natiF:I; ..<br />
ca~;~~Ump,z-O~t+<br />
c!u:O:f'd9.ne' ..'"<br />
e.a,~§d#~e<br />
c." " ,) ,'.. ' .<br />
dacthal<br />
l;~':'<br />
dlp!:ena trile<br />
zyt;l'on<br />
'.'i_U1<br />
TabI!~~<br />
. 'I bf1£ ,:,., .. / " .1 t"'~\;·<br />
Ra~lt/A. Treatment Date<br />
c ide~o :~~r;~""~;':r")~l~) .'r-:'''iqr1:t~:,<br />
, ~ '-' 1LL.)Ci.... ' '~"~;. i?n .. @i') ...... - .<br />
c%"S:bgra~~(Rontrol<br />
," "", ;..., -'anI" :'·~'l'<br />
.elJ!!i Jl - '.' 1"''''18 Qw,.j '--j" '·6')<br />
. '-'.,; b' , '" (lO'T:::: "T ..·.'(;)(1·.. '.<br />
·•.~~...<br />
)_, .~~'\.1!~ ~~~·~.Nf;lW.Je-~:s:~.. ·~61. >. ·;~~I1:. '<br />
\i ;... T..J.ln t',", ~Ti'ti8 '!t" .q'ihqUn.<br />
. ;~~:ili~~..<br />
..<br />
~;et~ft<br />
~~~~t.r.Se;~..g~l'~~.y'~~~~.~"i~. ;~ti~.3~.~~~rt·,1,.,<br />
ban~<br />
II· .<br />
II<br />
II<br />
trifr~l1;ra;L1n<br />
II<br />
, vermioul1-~ :'i ~ ,;Jl.(r;'I';' .80.0.,,'1<br />
." " II, IcJn 4,.} '1:0 J. 91,.7 ;3rt~:',<br />
II ,'''I,:£'[ ,.6J :;cto'1C;~ 96,.&;',i:"ll;·:;j,i<br />
- r. ... lS'i'i';r,rl~~:Y c:;:~ .10 ,;y.. • }.O'l~~ l" ~<br />
'::.:;s ".,.... . .':,', ',J'l\, ;' " ;;.;··.H'1~ft·l"'· '.', ··l;-ti9J"<br />
>,~ryappJ.~..t~1>n g$.veQ~tently ~~~l'abgraller cont!t."Cd.tr:·,<br />
. ~~~~~:- ~~a=:a.~~n:::~"Jt~hfj:~~~~~~~::·~n~~::~'.<br />
palin; however. 1t was comparatively small for trifluralin and<br />
zyt:ron-.<br />
''::: J't ; r E 10 ')) i' . . 'i'1'<br />
.: q.J: SUIl!tna!W: ;) 'H~rt:~l:: ' a'r<br />
• f:,:,.;j ,,'1"-"">" __" ;':~, :.~ i;'L·i~".;, ~; ':'jrtlC:J"3 ...·;, ..., .'. ~,"L"Vj:,] .<br />
. l'.':P~lla-~ II It:r~tlUl'$:U..'8M1a.:·zytro~~ ~:: t'p. 97 per~t [., i<br />
P"~~~r19§l1:1;l$.8l,'a,'/3 oQp.pn>iJ.'as.:"~liJeQ;:5.-Jl J.lilllj:El .•' ." ;"'.sO1 \<br />
"'~,. . k~~::,~ip~.tl'll~b&1propal+fu:(~~ne:, and" Qs,Wurn ~<br />
arsenate gave crabgrass co~ ~~t ra~"~ ~ to79pel'~.··<br />
3. Bandane , dipropalin , and triflura11n treatments suggested<br />
the respective optimum treatment rates of 30pounds ..
.. ";' -:' il; JT!.: .'\ i~'J" ; ~Jdj<br />
1. Professor 1n Turf'grass Management; fo~ Researoh Ass1stant<br />
1n Farm Crops; and. AS,soo+§j;e R~~ear911 ,_,Q~a,J,.1st .1n We~'i- QQntl'Ol<br />
i .respec:t1 vely , Rutge8...r-the state' !lMvarsity 1 New 3'.~ey<br />
Agr1cultural Exper1ment Station, New Brunswick, New Jersey.<br />
,~;~ 545<br />
THE EFFECT 'Oli'THREESPRIR:'DATES OFPRE-baENCE HlllRB!CIDE<br />
APPLICATIONON CRABGRASSCONTROLIN ESTABLISHEDTURF<br />
'I.' [",' . •<br />
R. E. Enge1 1 R. N. cook l and R. D~Ilniok1 1<br />
I:W'I.<br />
'DAb&tract I ell ,,'!,<br />
r·~.'.l. :"';: r.fa~~,j Y-:;:1<br />
'.The eftect·of 'date of tJt_tment em pre~s.noe' crabgre.A contI'Ol<br />
in turf'was studied WUh,1e!ght herb:Loi1_:and three tztUtlient<br />
dat.es. ,:sa.ndane, 'caloium us_te, oalci\lnlfttO'Pyl arsortate; ~0t4ordane,<br />
daOtlha~, diphenatrllej,ltr.1tlural1n',;.ai!l4J :z:ytztonwere· a~,1:l.ed .<br />
onMaX'Ch 29, Apr:U20 1 and; "'17, 1961.' :AJ.1i: tx-ea,tmenU tl6r.- l·ln<br />
tr1plicateon'a lawrtturf Wtttheliapi'(i!ldom~c~f Kentuoky bl-sra s s •<br />
The spring aes.lon :andcrabpan, ge1'lllinat1~approx1mat.lt' 2<br />
to 3 weeks later than normal •<br />
. ~"rf, ;::' -11:L-',j<br />
: Crabg2l'asa'est:tmates·t ... ·i.n'Septemb' .. Showed: " (I) od.1Ibm<br />
ax-sen&. teand "dacthal gave' beR))·reaul ts 'Whe~.,p11ed: in Itraztol'i) c~'( 2)<br />
ch;Lordane. ·,.d1plWlatrlle ,antl!C08rlc1tUrl P:rOp'f11:tai-ilonate~ve~l'le!,..<br />
lUshest ratings··'a .. May treatilleMs;and (3)'~tlurallrt and ,~on'<br />
produced good control at all three'dateB.,J:tlandlinega,ve itlPhlthest<br />
rating with March applioation,. but it ci1d.not appear t,o be<br />
affected severel$! bytreatmettt "Oate" .S1ncd!'~~18' cheinj,
546<br />
,'j' .~•.~COVERY;OFC14AMIl9EW FROMA 'ryPICAL'GIU!mIOUSE TYPESOIL<br />
-,,~lJh:... /" (1,' ',.~; FIr,<br />
by Me- :t. Sutherland<br />
, ,<br />
INTOODUcr ION<br />
The effectiveness and depend~bility of a soil active herbicide is<br />
greatly influenced by such variatcros as leaching, photodecomposition,<br />
,~,e~~l,d~~~tion, and:~~~tionby sodll$l>Uoids. If achemlcal<br />
,,"iibAA' fOJ\~ ~~~oundin qlle.llt.ion is nota vaiJlBblea bioassay technique<br />
~~ o1;'teJ'l~1J.11~,Ile
541<br />
Distr:tbution of radioacti~tl through soil pl'otdle:<br />
A procedure was developed where layers of soil"in 1/8" increments<br />
could be counted directly in a gil' now,windowlesll1>roportional counter.<br />
A stainless steel tube with 1/8"w811, 1 314"diameter, and 6" long was<br />
sharpened on one end. This tube was forced by hand.'into the treated<br />
containers wi th a rotary motion until only It" of t~ tube remained above<br />
the soil surface. Moisture conditions were such th ..t.'the soil remained inside<br />
the steel tube when it was pulled back out of the soil. The core was<br />
then extruded out the top of the tube 1/8" at a timer by. inserting 1/8"<br />
shima at the bottom. Since the planchets used for counting the soil were<br />
only l:t" in diameter this allowed'" of the outer edge of the soil layer to<br />
be trimmed away. This minimizes any shifting of theo:soll.l profile due to »<br />
friction between the soil core and the tube as the ·core was first forlOOd or<br />
extruded. Planchete containing the· soil layerswe~ drlied at 125 0 C for<br />
one hour prior to counting.<br />
Chemical recovery and identtification of radioaot1vity from different·<br />
soil levels.<br />
Larger samples of i" soil lay~:rs for chemical apalysis were collected<br />
in a very similar .fashion to that ciescribed previou .•;Ly., The aluminum tu@<br />
used to obtain the coil core had 'a 1/8" wall and lOOaJ,ured4" in diameter<br />
and 10" long •. The tube was forged ,into the ground by hand and a soil core.<br />
4t" deep was removed. The soil. core was extruded' out t~e top in t" incre,...<br />
ments and collected in a petri dish., The average dW Weight of each t laiYltr<br />
was 80 grams. ..<br />
Fifty grams of soil from each .~ layer was Plac~"in a 250.cc beaker ~<br />
mixed with 50cc ofa 10% Ba(OH)?aol~tion. The mixtqre was boiled on·a· bot<br />
plate for 30 minutes with occaei.onal, stirring •. The.fll;Lurry was then transferred<br />
to high density polyethylene centrifuge bottles and centrifuged at<br />
2500 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernate was decan~(1nto a 250cc beaker and<br />
the precip:ltat,e resuspended in2$cp boiling water al}ll,centrifuged. The .<br />
combined supernates were adjuste4 to pH 2.5 withC9ll\ff!ntrated H2S04' The"<br />
barium sulfate. tbat was formed tias J'!!mond, by. centr~llgation and supernate •.<br />
decanted off. .'rilebarium sulfate !l;j~ resuspended i~,J.5.cc water and centr-ifuged.<br />
The. pH of the combined sUJI!lrpates was readj~ted to 2.5 and extrac;\ed<br />
with three 25cc portions of dietitl¥~. ether. The e.th~~xtract was backwaSp#!d<br />
with 5cc of pH 3 water. 'Ihe ettle.r. e,xtract was then~laced in a 125 round '<br />
bottom flask containing 5cc of methanol and evaporat~d to 5cc on a rotating<br />
flash evaporator. The 5cc of methanol concentrate was transferred to a 10cc<br />
stoppered graduate and diluted to 10cc with methanOl. One milliliter<br />
aliquots of this concentrate were pippetted directiyonto a stainless steel<br />
planchet with raised concentric rings in the floor (Nuclear - Chicago Corp.<br />
GC -12 sample pan). The planchets were dried on a rotating platform under<br />
an infra-red lamp located approximately 6" above the samples. The samples<br />
were heated several minutes after all of the volatile liquid appeared to<br />
have disappeared and then counted.<br />
j
5M<br />
Availabili ty ot the· rad:llcJacrt,1T.L·ty in the'va.soua soil levels to . _<br />
germinating sO:'(beans: , "<br />
:' .,' ,.,-: '.' '. I ;'. :0J.:' 'r.,·<br />
. '1\fenty 'Monroe soybeansve:re 'planted ineachdin···x Ji" petri dish .:<br />
containing '!" layers of soU 'fl'om.each treatinent~,!'0tiI.y the three ,"'~rs<br />
from the: top 1,," of, soil were ,sampled. The petr:b.tdiicSheswere place. 011'<br />
sand containing a heating cable:to maintain thetJench temperature frorri<br />
75°C to'60OC.·Theseeds were ,allowed imbibe for ~ days and were then<br />
removed trom the 'petri dishes .. · Soil was washed m lmd the seed coat WliS<br />
removed trom eiach seed to minilld.ze· any surface· clthtandnation.<br />
'<br />
t· C;' .<br />
Analy'sis of 'the imbibeu seeds ,included an ~al1ne digest to hydrblys~<br />
any Amiben plantcOl1iplex. 'lheS'w 6 grams of·.e'lln. seeds weregroulld in<br />
25 grams of gl:vcero1 with a lIlCl1'!tarandpestleand' transferred to a 2! ciII :it<br />
20 em test tubei' Five gralllsot"JroH pellets was ''-G4'and the oontents ,", "<br />
mixed with a thermometer. The test tube is then d.'iIllIlersedin' a 150 0 c on<br />
bath for 15 minutes. The test tube is adjusted in the oil bath. so that the<br />
glYI:lE!:i'ol~~fltU:'h 9n.ttle wa:l.l!.!L~fthe test ~.im.·l:>nl'y a miniinumamciunt<br />
,of stirring is required.<br />
Aftler the 'hydrolyses is'twm,pleted theoon~s"btithe test tube is "<br />
transferred tiCf,a 2~Ooc centrifuge bottle with t~ aid of 50cc of dist1'lied<br />
wash water~Ube'sol'utionisU'\eni ,acidified w:itltJ'tel'loehtrated ~S04 t,o B<br />
pH of 1 or lower. The fatty Bcd.d's·that arepree1111tated on additioh of the.<br />
suUuric a'cid are removed bY'e1Cttacting the, acidlc) ablution with two 2S'Clc<br />
portions of petrolel.lm' ether.:.;'. emulsions thllttwe~ ,forllled were read;l.1y<br />
'broken by centrifugation. The pH of the solution wall adjusted to pH 2~S<br />
with NaOHand the solution was then extracted with three 25cc portions of<br />
d!el.hyl fether.·~ evaporatidh"ot the diethyl 'e~ri and plating of the<br />
mettumoJ: conoeiit~ate is the 11'_ IiIS outlined 'P~ous1:y for therecovert<br />
0.f'rad1oaoUVfty-i fi'6m the soi1-" .! . ),0, ; .<br />
. ; I .. , . . ': :" ",~I • .', . ")1t j<br />
The radlOlictift'&Olut1bnif"~lita1ned rroi1lth*!.~!1.Y'sis or "'hetre.sted .<br />
soil and imbibeC1:sbybeans weN. eXOdned by one aaenUonal paper chroma;;.<br />
tographyo. 'Sheets' of Whatmai1'NO.4 filter paper'iJ!3 emby 19 cm,were used<br />
in;an asoendirigchrbma'ta'gra~c¥:tank. .The deviellJilinent so1~t1on used waS<br />
twoparts'ri"Q,~ol : one p8I1l"~l. alcohol : ~helr~ 2 N NHhOR. The f',<br />
~heets wetes~ after deveIbi:bent with a ~ss gas ,flOW detection<br />
he~d' oonnee,tedto "ll"scaler." C~· Jbn1benstandl1Jld8'.'werelocated on eit~r ,<br />
~pots for acc~te comparison~JD., . "<br />
side of unkhewn<br />
..' ., . ,. I '- : .' ' ~ " .• • ,. . rJ<br />
,r'<br />
')<br />
," ;'.1,)<br />
tr:'<br />
·'!.3f ·
549<br />
•RESULTS<br />
The distribution of radioactiv:j.t-y in the top four inches of soil<br />
four months after a 6 H/Atreatment of c.I4Wben can be seen in Graph I.<br />
It is to be noted1ihat the h~8t concentrati6ft otradioactivity is f~<br />
in the layer of soil 1/8 n to 1/4"below the soU surface. From that point<br />
on there is a gradual decline in radioactivity. Direct counting of untreated<br />
soil1ll1der the S8itte conditi 9lUl.yields an avera~\ of 13 counts pprmin .. uiiF of<br />
above background due 1;0 the 'natura~ oceurring~:loactivity K40•. The lOll'.'<br />
counts received therefore, frcllIl'the 3" to 4n 1~ are still greater than that<br />
received !rom the untreated soil·. ,",<br />
' •. '.f<br />
The comparison in dil.8Wi1bution of racH\iiactivity between the 3 H/A<br />
treatment and the 6 HI! is shown in Graph II. 'iIill*el/2 1t soil layers were<br />
collected and counted d1rec~.Obviouslt one~s pot obtain as quite a<br />
clear picture of the radioactive distributionwh1jft l/2 11 layers are oounted<br />
as compared to 1/8 11 layers. The olose similaritj/:ln oounts reoeivedbe'tween<br />
the 3 H/Aand 6 H/Atreatments is undejItandable,e1nce both applications<br />
contained exactly the same amount of C Wben.\.:.I£ Graph II had pl',en drawn<br />
to show the total amount of Wben for each 18i181"'- instead of the Cllf fraction<br />
then the relative length of the bars for the 3 HtArate would be twice as<br />
long as indicated while the bars for the 6 H/Arate would be four t:iJlles as<br />
long. .<br />
Of the various chemical procedures tried a barium hydroxide digestion<br />
was the most efficient in remov:lng t.he radioactive components from the soil.<br />
The choice of this partioular alkali was based upon the work oonducted by<br />
Ercegovich in reoovering Amitrole from the soil. (2)<br />
Table I is a summary of the results of analyses of the various soil<br />
layers using the barium hydroxide digestion. In each case only a part of the<br />
radioactivity is removed. For inste,nce the alkaline digestion of SOgramsof<br />
soil from the 0-1/2 11 layer only decreased the counts from 4S7clmto 29Sclin.<br />
This drop of 162 clm from the so11 surface represents a recovery of' 62,420<br />
clin in the purified extracts. Dy plotting the recovery data in Table I from<br />
the various layers of soil it is possible to approximate the total amount of<br />
radioaotivity present in the soil. If one ass1.lJll8Sthat all of the radioactivity<br />
in the top four inohes of soil is Amiben then this would account for approx<br />
:iJllately 17% of the Wben that was originally applied.<br />
Paper ohromatography was used to examine the alkaline digests "to<br />
determine how much of the recovered radioactivity could be attributed to<br />
Amiben. Examination of the Rf values in Table I indicates that the aotivity<br />
reo overed from the lower two layers was not Amiben. It may be a complex of<br />
Amiben that is stable to the alkaline digestion used or poss;\.Ply an entirely<br />
different oompound synthesiZed by soil o!'ganisms utilizing C14 from Wben.<br />
,\ .
550<br />
GRAPHI - Distribution of radioactiv:l.j:.y in the top 4" of so11 four months<br />
after a 6#/A treatment of Cl4 Amiben.<br />
·);~.,1<br />
oj<br />
a~';<br />
't ,,;<br />
:;,~)l:"",'<br />
.'" :~. f, ,~.<br />
-.'" ,.<br />
,:! I:.'.'"<br />
£.1£.\-<br />
, ',v,J...<br />
. : .:<br />
;.~..<br />
nJ<br />
i<br />
>0 ~_:",I<br />
I rreeF ~i<br />
;r{.t ".<br />
~;~r.:(~<br />
.:~.;. 0/<br />
.: ",'c:i":~, i<br />
",".. '<br />
J;I
GRAPHII: Comparison of the~.tl;'i~ution of rad~activity in $Oils trested<br />
wi t~ 3#..and 6#1ACt4r_ben four monthriJafoter application .~, ..t<br />
551<br />
Soil<br />
Depth<br />
0"<br />
1/2"<br />
1"<br />
11/2"<br />
2"<br />
3111AAmiben (50%)c14)<br />
_.<br />
. Co~tB per minute 1<br />
100 200 300400<br />
----------------~---I<br />
xxxxx.xnnxxxxxxxx 425 XX<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
xxxxxxxx 254 ·XX<br />
~<br />
mXXXXXXXittX<br />
XXXXXX 224 XX<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
XXXXXXXX<br />
XX 163 X<br />
XXXXXXXX<br />
Soil<br />
Depth<br />
0"<br />
1/2"<br />
1"<br />
11/2"<br />
2"<br />
jt'"ll't<br />
~611IA. Amiben (25%c1 4) J<br />
., :,Counts per minute<br />
j' 100 200 .300" 400<br />
-----I-----I-----I---~-I<br />
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX<br />
~rmxxxxxxxxxx:xxxxx 485 XX<br />
umxXXXXXXXXXXXXlOOOtJOOCXX<br />
xxmxxxxxxxxxx<br />
XXXXXXXX244 XX<br />
·XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX<br />
mx:xxxxx<br />
2153 XX<br />
XXXXXXXXX<br />
IDXXXXXX<br />
Ii[ 152 XX<br />
XXXXXXXXX<br />
TABLEI: Reeovery and identification of c14activity from soil four<br />
months after a 6#/A treatment of c14Amften.<br />
Soil<br />
Depth<br />
Direct count~ of Soil Radioactivity<br />
before hydrolysTS! after hydrolysis recovered<br />
0 11 _1/ 2 11<br />
li'le'-l"<br />
1"~1 1/2"<br />
457clm<br />
466 elm<br />
171 clm<br />
I.···<br />
295 elm<br />
195 elm<br />
112: elm<br />
J 62,420<br />
clm<br />
~)))9:,.420 elm<br />
:., r>:<br />
" p C 35, 430 elm<br />
0.58<br />
0.56, .<br />
1 1/2"-2"<br />
167 c/m<br />
113 elm<br />
34,150 clm<br />
.\ r.<br />
0.42
552<br />
. . The~ gt iSoy'beaD g(l)rininated,~,i)12W layers of soU '~ous17<br />
tNeW iWith 6-1/1.of cl4 AtntbtrP'are tabula'ted. i :fjC\Tab1eII. These results<br />
are strildng17 different than those received frClllthe soybeans orig1nal17<br />
planted in this same soU just prior to application of the chemical. In that<br />
case 222,Soo o/mwere recovered from a compara~1t,8tllge and weight of soybean.<br />
In add1tic:m'pa~c~tograp~ of the radioact~'ti7 recovered from the<br />
soybeans treated pre-emergent revealed that the _terial was Amiben. ,nt<br />
values fcnmd in fable I oleai~:;1ndicate that'iltfifadioactive compon~t:.<br />
absorbed f)ythe'soybeans p~~n soil 4 month. after application ~ "fult<br />
.AIlliben. . .... .. ,- . ._. '. ' .<br />
The reatl1ti1 reported in this paper doM' e11minate the poss,~bil1ty<br />
thats1gnif:1olZl'U 10nes may Wo occur bywaYo.':~h1ng, photodec~tion<br />
ormic1"Obial ~Cnm~ .<br />
TADLEJI: ~of e 14 activity from imbibed .~ seeds planted'<br />
iii dUteioent layers of soU 4 months after a 6 H/A treatment<br />
of e14 Amiben .<br />
-1/"<br />
...f" ...',<br />
SoU Depth<br />
(inches)<br />
Saed l>1eigt1t<br />
(e) "e<br />
o - 1/2"<br />
1/2 - 1"<br />
1 - 1 1/2 11<br />
* Rf value for Amibenin same:!tlaDkO.SS<br />
Radioactivity<br />
Reoovwed<br />
2,220 elm<br />
1,S60 elm<br />
S3 elm<br />
::.)f:j<br />
..\ "<br />
0.34 - .41<br />
0.34 - 0.41<br />
SlDfMARI<br />
~i·'•. ' . ,<br />
-, NOrm8l~':tnefherbicur'a1';activftljof~d1sappears w1thiri 6to 8<br />
weeks .at,. appJ.1oation to soil •. ;1:,w~s .I~en,.eralJf beUeved that thieloli'll of<br />
aotivity. was dUe to an IiLctualdisappearance of Andbenby either leaching,<br />
photodeeOMpodtiooQl' microb1a1\ae"OIIIposition. A taaged field trace:f.·-a~<br />
is desoribed that showed signif:1cent amounts of, AII1benstill remained :1D.<br />
the IIQU four .on~ .after an ~pl1oation of 3 H/1am6 H/Arates of (IlA'<br />
Amiben• .<br />
Of the variOUS methods tried, an alk~1Il. ~.$estionwas foU11!Lt9be<br />
the ·lIios't'effiofin"t:l.i1 recovei'!Jiirwioactive mat.erraI from the soil •. Moet of<br />
th ..·radioactivelllaterial relllovedby digestion was identified as Amibenby"<br />
paper ohromatography. However, the majority of the raaro4ct1"V1ty at111i'emained<br />
tightly' bolmd to the soil even atter repeated alkaline digestions.
"-...-..<br />
J.4 The distribution of r~tivity l'esulUng from an application<br />
of 0 Amiben to the soil surface was dete~ed 1>7d:lrect counting of soil<br />
collected in 1/SIlsegments from the soil profile. The highest concentration<br />
of radioactivity was in the la,yef,,'~ soil located ~~". to 1/4"b~low tpe,.<br />
soU surface. . .' , .'.' . f.. , . .<br />
~53<br />
itt'::thiltop 1/21'l~ of four months old ~ted<br />
SO)'beans' gmrunated<br />
SO..il contained 2,200 c/m•. In"q'()'~ ... " ,.st when_the soybeans had been planted in<br />
tlle soil just prior to the apP. ~~~on ot 014 Amiben and harvested 5 days<br />
.later the plants' contained 100" .8 as much radioactivity. Furthe1"%l1Ol'e,.,<br />
chromatographic EIlCa1Ili.nationof ~~ "Ioybelll1$.plantea in' .the soU ~our !J1on~,<br />
after application of 014 Amibea'~maled that the im8J.l amount of radi()~t:.;I.ve<br />
component present was not Am1b~ ,.,In contr~t it haii previously been sli9im<br />
that the'majority of'rad10aoti't1tf·tound in soybeaDs' planted just prior 'to<br />
the' treatment was Amiben.<br />
~ 1 :",lr:<br />
It is hoped that the 1 ilfti1abili ty of the' cllemical methods desc~ibed<br />
in this paper will encourage other ;investigators to examine various soil<br />
typltS for the:lr ab;Uit;' to comb~~::Nith Amiben so tightly that it is not<br />
biologically available. ' '. .'<br />
(2)<br />
DIl3J;.:tOGRAPHY<br />
,\. :';J..J,,'.<br />
;"j" .,<br />
(1)' Ercegovich, 'O.D., studies Oti'tbe Analysis & Persistence of ATAin<br />
Plant Tissues & Soil: Doctoral Thesis 19$7; Pennsylvania State<br />
Universi'b1'.' '.t',' • • .<br />
Dondarenko, D.D., Decomposi~ion of 0J.41abe:):ed' Aininotriazole in SoU:<br />
,Procctedings Fiftee~b '.l\mUal NCWCOpg. !J1958. '<br />
. [. . ... '<br />
. ,<br />
(3) Rauser, toT.E., Factors con~~g to tl1eloss' cifAmiben Phytotoxicity<br />
in -flOils: 1961 Mastel'lf~sis, The Univereity of Toronto.<br />
",' ' ...<br />
.~ '/ -~ j