2000+ Spanish Irregular Verbs - Hackvalue

2000+ Spanish Irregular Verbs 

2 nd Edition 

Compiled by Daniel Major 

www.irregularspanishverbs.com 

© Copyright 2008. All rights reserved

2000+ Spanish Irregular Verbs - 2nd Edition 

Contents 

Introduction 3 

Using this book 3 

1. What is a verb? 4 

2. Personal Pronouns. 4 

3. When is the action (verb) taking place? 5 

4. Definitions of tenses. 6 

5. Mood. 8 

6. Reflexive verbs. 9 

7. Modal verbs. 9 

8. Irregular verb conjugations listed. 10 

9. Regular verbs with irregular past participles. 11 

Irregular –ar verb conjugations. 12 – 31 

Irregular – er verb conjugations. 32 – 57 

Irregular – ir verb conjugations. 58 – 78 

English to Spanish Index. 79 –97 

Spanish to English Index. 98-116 

Appendix – blank verb conjugation sheet. 117 

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Introduction 

The aim of this book is to simplify the one aspect that invariably causes many problems with language 

students – verbs, or more to the point, irregular verbs. 

Having spent many hours looking through books and surfing the internet, it soon became apparent 

that what was needed was a one stop reference guide for finding the various conjugations of Spanish 

irregular verbs, of which, there are many. 

I decided to write this language support book out of necessity and for my own use but soon realised 

that it would help many others also struggling with Irregular Spanish verb conjugations. 

Whether you are a complete beginner or an advanced student, the use of this book will prove itself 

time and time again and will inevitably enhance your command of Spanish verbs. 

Using this book 

After this brief introduction and user guide you will find a section explaining what verbs are and how 

they are used, it is imperative that you read and understand this section. 

At the rear of this book you will find an English to Spanish index and a Spanish to English index, that 

will assist you in finding the verb you require. 

Each Spanish verb that is listed will be followed by a letter and a number, these will collate to a verb 

sheet that will show exactly the conjugation required. 

You will find a blank verb sheet towards the end of this book that you can print out and use to fill in the 

conjugations of any chosen verb for your own reference. 

Note: 


Although this book will assist you with your understanding of irregular verb conjugations it is intended 

to be used in conjunction with a good bilingual dictionary. 

Many verbs have more than one meaning and are used differently depending upon the context in 

which they are put to use therefore, a good dictionary will give you a much better understanding for 

the use of the verb and it’s different meanings. 

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1. What is a verb? 

The simplest and most often used explanation of a verb is, is that it is the word that describes an 

action, although, to add an element of confusion, it can also describe a state. 

For example, to work, expresses an action, and to be, expresses a state. 

The verb could be said to be the most important part of any sentence. It is the one word that would 

have the greatest impact to the understanding of a sentence, if omitted. 

Example: The farmer wakes early every morning. 

If you removed early every morning, the sentence would still make sense. You could even remove The 

farmer, when speaking informally, if you were to direct a pointed finger towards the farmer in question 

but, remove the verb and you would have no idea what the subject was doing, or what the link was 

between the subject and the object, or if there even was one. 

In Spanish it is no different: 

El granjero despierta temprano cada mañana. The farmer wakes early every morning. 

2. Personal pronouns. 

The personal pronoun is the word that indicates the person or persons performing the action (verb). 

The infinitive of a verb is affected by whoever is carrying out the action and the look and sound of the 

verb changes as a result. 

The personal pronouns are as follows: 

First person singular yo I 

Second person singular tú you (familiar) 

usted, vd. you (polite form) 

Third person singular él, ella he, she, it (masculine, feminine) 

First person plural nosotros, nosotras we (masculine, feminine) 

Second person plural vosotros, vosotras you (familiar) (masculine, feminine) 

ustedes, vds. you (polite form) 

Third person plural ellos, ellas they (masculine, feminine) 

Unlike English, the Spanish verb is usually used without the personal pronoun: 

Trabajo mucho I work hard 

¿Qué haces? What do you do? 

The ending of the verb in Spanish indicates who is performing the action: 

trabajo I work trabajamos we work 

trabajas you work (familiar) trabajáis you work (familiar) 

trabaja he/she/it works trabajan they work 

trabaja you work (polite) trabajan you work (polite) 

The various forms of You! 


Tú is used informally to address a member of the family, a child, a friend or an animal; it is however 

being used more and more often when addressing complete strangers. 

Vosotros, vosotras are used to address a group informally. If the group consists of entirely women 

then the vosotras form is used but the presence of even just one male requires the use of vosotros. 

Usted, ustedes are used when speaking to strangers or people of importance; they are normally 

written in their abbreviated forms: Vd. and Vds. 

Note: In South America vosotros is not used and Ustedes is used both formally and informally. 

However Tú is still used formally. Also the abbreviated forms differ: Ud. and Uds. replacing Vd. and Vds. 

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3. When is the action (verb) taking place? 

a. What is tense? 

The timing of an action is indicated by changes to the verb, these changes are traditionally referred to 

as a tense. 

Generally the three time periods one must associate themselves with are: 

Present = He works hard. 

Past = He worked hard. 

Future = He will work hard. 

In most languages a different ending is added to the stem of the verb to convey a sense of time, in the 

example above an –s was added to the third person singular to convey the present tense, and –ed 

was added to convey the past tense, the future tense used an auxiliary verb. In Spanish the endings 

change much more frequently and the use of auxiliary verbs is common within the past tenses. 

b. Auxiliary verbs 

Auxiliary verbs are used to support the main verb, will is used in the above example to convey an 

event yet to happen ie; future tense. 

In English, to be, to have and to do are the most important auxiliary verbs, in Spanish hacer (to do, to 

make) is not used for asking questions or negating statements but haber (to have) is used to form 

compound tenses. 

c. Simple and compound tenses 

Tenses formed by adding endings to the verb stem are called simple tenses. 

Tenses formed by using an auxiliary verb are called compound tenses. 

d. Participles 

A compound tense is formed using an auxiliary verb and a form of the main verb called a participle. 

The past participle is used to form the perfect tense amongst other in both English and Spanish: 

he enviado I have sent 

he comido I have eaten 

he dormido I have slept 

In Spanish the present participle or Gerund is used to form the present and past continuous tenses. 

estoy corriendo I am running 

iba corriendo I was running 

The gerund is also used in the construction of sentences. 

le vi trabajando I saw him working. 

siguieron andando They went on walking 


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4. Definitions of tenses 

a. Present tense [presente] 

Indicates an action that occurs at a present time; 

I see a man Veo un hombre 

Refer to regular activities or ongoing states; 

I see a man every evening Veo un hombre todas las tardes. 

In certain circumstances, to refer to the future or the past. 

I see a man tomorrow. Mañana veo un hombre. 

b. Present Continuous [presente continuo] 

Indicates an action that is in the process of being performed. 

I am (at this moment) working. Estoy trabajando 

c. Imperfect [pretérito imperfecto] 

The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly. 

I used to walk every day. Caminaba cada día. 

The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that occurred over an extended period 

of time. 

I used to eat paella frequently Comía frecuentemente paella. 

The imperfect tense is also used to "set the stage" for an event that occurred in the past. 

We were coming home when we saw Juan .Veníamos para casa cuando vimos a Juan. 

Actions which are not physical, that is feelings and mental actions, usually use the imperfect tense. 

Juan was feeling sick. Juan estaba enfermo. 

d. Present perfect [pretérito perfecto] 


The perfect tense is frequently used for past actions that continue into the present, or continue to 

affect the present. 

I have been in Madrid for two weeks. He estado dos semanas en Madrid. 

Diego has been my friend for 20 years. Diego ha sido mi amigo por veinte años. 

The perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle. 

I have studied. He estudiado 

He has written a letter to María. Ha escrito una carta a María. 

We have been stranded for six days. Hemos sido desamparar durante seis días. 

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e. Pluperfect [pretérito pluscuamperfecto] 

The Pluperfect Tense is used to express a past fact or action that occurred before another past action 

took place. 

I had thought of you when you called. Había pensado en usted cuando llamó. 

Although in English we tend to use the preterite to express two consecutive actions in the past, in 

Spanish this is rarely the case. Instead, the Pluperfect Tense is used. 

f. Past perfect [pretérito anterior] 

The Past Perfect is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb Haber with the past 

participle of the verb that expresses the action or state. 

As soon as he had had his supper he went to bed. Apenas hubo cenado se acostó. 

In Spanish, as in English, the past perfect tense express an action, state or event that was already 

completed before the start of another past action, state or event. 

g. Future [futuro imperfecto] 

In Spanish, the future tense is used to express what will occur or will not occur. 

I will arrive at 8:00 pm. Llegaré a las 8:00 de la noche. 

My airplane will not take off on time. Mi avión no saldrá a horario. 

Also, in Spanish, as in English, the future tense is used to express the result of an hypothetical 

situation. 

If the bus doesn’t arrive, we will take a taxi. Si el autobús no llega, tomaremos un taxi. 

In Spanish, the future tense is also used to wonder or to express probability. 

I wonder what time it is? ¿Qué hora será? 

h. Future Perfect [futuro perfecto] 

The future perfect tense is a compound tense using the relevant form of the future tense of the verb 

haber and the past participle of the main verb. 

The future perfect indicates an future action that will have been completed by a certain time in the 

future: 

I will have finished by the time you arrive. Cuando llegues ya habré acabado. 

i. Preterite [pretérito] 


The preterite is used for past actions that are seen as completed. 

We ate omelette with salad at home. Comimos tortilla con ensalada en casa. 

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5. Mood 

The term mood is used to group verb phrases into three main categories, according to the general 

kind of meaning they convey, and one lesser category that could also be classed as a tense. 

a. The indicative mood 

The indicative mood is a statement of fact or an actual occurrence from the writer's or speaker's 

perspective. 

It may be action occurring in past, present, or future time. 

b. The subjunctive mood 

The subjunctive mood is used to express wishes, desires, or suppositions. For example, the following 

statement illustrates the subjunctive mood: I wish I were taller. 

Why there are two forms of the imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive? 

The -se form might be considered the "traditional" form of the imperfect (or past) subjunctive, while the 

-ra comes from an old Latin indicative form. Over time, the two verb forms came to be used identically. 

Today, with a few regional exceptions, the -ra form has basically replaced the -se form, and so it is the 

-ra form you should learn. 

When used as the imperfect subjunctive, the two forms are completely interchangeable. The -se form 

is sometimes known as a literary form because it is used much less, but there is no difference in 

meaning. 

However, there are a very few cases where the use of the -ra form as an indicative verb form have 

survived in modern Spanish, although you will seldom hear them. In some parts of Latin America as 

well as some areas near Portugal, you may hear the -ra form substitute for the pluperfect (e.g., fuera 

instead of había sido to say "had been"). Also, there are some speakers who use the -ra form of haber 

as a substitute for the conditional, that is hubiera conocido instead of habría conocido for "would have 

known"; that usage can also be found occasionally in literature. In these rare cases where the -ra form 

is used instead of the conditional, the -se form can't be used as a substitute for the conditional. It isn't 

important to learn these variations, but it can be helpful to remember they exist in case you come 

across them. 

c. The imperative 

The imperative mood is a command or instruction given to the hearer, charging the hearer to carry out 

or perform a certain action. 

d. The conditional 

The conditional mood (sometimes described as the conditional tense) is a verb form in many 

languages, in which a verb root is modified to form verb tenses, moods, or aspects expressing 

degrees of certainty or uncertainty and hypothesis about past, present, or future. 

Conditional [condicional] 

Just as in English, the conditional tense of verbs in Spanish is difficult to classify. Unlike the past, 

future and present tenses, it doesn't always refer to a particular period of time. 

And while its name suggests that it is used when there's a condition involved, in Spanish it also has 

some close connections with the future tense. 

In fact, in Spanish, the conditional tense is known as both el condicional and el futuro hipotético 

(the hypothetical future). 

If I had money, I would go to the movies. Si tuviera dinero, iría al cine. 

Conditional perfect [condicional anterior] 


It is used primarily to indicate something hypothetical or unreal in past time. 

Yes, I would have gone to the moon Sí, habría ido a la luna. 

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6. Reflexive verbs 

A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same. 

I wash myself. 

subject: I 

verb: wash 

object: myself 

Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive. 

I wash the car. 

subject: I 

verb: wash 

object: car 

Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive. 

There are far more reflexive verbs in Spanish than in English, and they can be recognised by the 

addition of –se after the infinitive. 

The verb tense endings are exactly the same as other verbs but are always preceded by a reflexive 

pronoun: 

Lavarse – to wash oneself Lavar – to wash (something) 

me lavo lavo 

te lavas lavas 

se lava lava 

nos lavamos lavamos 

os laváis laváis 

se lavan lavan 

In Spanish, reflexive verbs often have a different meaning to the original verb infinitive: 

7. Modal verbs 


divertir – to amuse divertirse – to enjoy oneself 

dormir – to sleep dormirse – to go to sleep 

In Spanish, as in English, modal verbs are used in conjunction with other verbs. They are used to 

convey concepts such as being able to, knowing how to, wanting to, having to, must and should . 

Debe estar en Madrid He must be in Madrid 

Sé nadar I can (know how to) swim 

Sabe leer He can (knows how to) read. 

Pueden viajar mañana They are able to (can) travel tomorrow 

No quiero comer tacos hoy I do not want to eat tacos today. 

Tengo que ir a casa I have to go home. 

Debes visitar Barcelona You should visit Barcelona. 

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8. Irregular verb Conjugations listed. 


1a. i of the stem stressed in parts of the present tenses. 

1b. u of the stem stressed in parts of the present tenses. 

1c. Stem consonant z written c before e. 

1d. Stem consonant c written qu before e. 

1e. Stem consonant g written gu (with u silent) before e. 

1f. u of the stem written ü (so that it is pronounced) before e. 

1g. Stem vowel e becomes ie when stressed. 

1h. As 1g, but diphthong written ye- at the start of the word. 

1i. Stem vowel o becomes ue when stressed. 

1j. As 1i, but diphthong written üe (so that the u is pronounced). 

1k. Stem vowel u becomes ue when stressed; stem consonant g written gu (u is silent) before e. 

1l. Irregular verb. Estar – to be 

1m. Irregular verb. Andar – to walk 

1n. Irregular verb. Dar – to give 

1p. Combination of 1i, and 1c. 

1q. Combination of 1a and 1d. 

1r. Combination of 1i and 1d. 

1s. Combination of 1g and 1e. 

1t. Combination of 1i and 1e. 

2a. Stem consonant c written z before a and o. 

2b. Stem consonant g written j before a and o. 

2c. Stem consonant c becomes zc before a and o. 

2d. Unstressed i between vowels is written y. 

2e. Unstressed i after ñ (and also after ll) is omitted. 

2f. Stem vowel e becomes ie when stressed. 

2g. Stem vowel o becomes ue when stressed. 

2h. As 2g, but diphthong is written hue- at the start of the word. 

2i. Irregular verb. Haber – to have 

2j. Irregular verb. Tener – to have 

2k. Irregular verb. Caber – to fit 

2l. Irregular verb. Saber – to know 

2m. Irregular verb. Caer – to fall, also unstressed i between vowels written y, as 2d. 

2n. Irregular verb. Traer – to bring 

2o. Irregular verb. Valer – to cost 

2p. Irregular verb. Poner – to put 

2q. Irregular verb. Hacer – to do, to make 

2r. Irregular verb. Poder – to be able to, can 

2s. Irregular verb. Querer – to want 

2t. Irregular verb. Ver – to see 

2u. Irregular verb. Ser – to be 

2v. Irregular verb. Aplacer – to appease. 

2w. Irregular verb. Yacer – to lie. 

2x. Irregular verb. Raer – to graze. 

2y. Irregular verb. Roer – to gnaw. 

2z. Combination of 2a and 2g. 

3a. Stem consonant c written z before a and o. 

3b. Stem consonant g written j before a and o. 

3c. u after the stem consonant g omitted before a and o. 

3d. Stem consonant z written c before a and o. 

3e. Stem consonant c written zc before a and o. 

3f. A y is inserted before endings not beginning with i. 

3g. Unstressed i after ñ (and also after ch and ll) omitted. 

3h. Stem vowel e becomes ie when stressed; e becomes I in 3 rd persons of Preterite, 1 st and 2 nd 

persons pl. of Present Subjunctive. 

3i. Stem vowel o becomes ue when stressed; o becomes u in 3 rd persons of Preterite, 1 st and 2 nd 


3j. Stem vowel e becomes i when stressed and in 3 rd persons of Preterite, 1 st and 2 nd 

1o. Combination of 1g and 1c. 


3k. Irregular verb. Desleír – to dissolve. 

3l. Irregular verb. Erguir – to raise. 

3m. Stem consonant c written zc before a and o (3e); irregular preterite and subjunctive imperative 

and future c written j. 

3n. Irregular verb. Decir – to say. 

3o. Irregular verb. Desoír – to ignore. 

3p. Irregular verb. Salir – to leave. 

3q. Irregular verb. Venir – to come. 

3r. Irregular verb. Ir – to go. 

3s. Combination of 3b and 3j. 

3t. Combination of 3c and 3j. 

3u. Combination of 3g and 3j. 

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9. Regular verbs with an Irregular Past Participle. 

Verb English Past Participle 

abrir open abierto 

adscribir assign to adscrito 

circunscribir circumbscribe circunscrito 

circunscribirse be confined to circunscrito 

cubrir cover cubierto 

describir describe descrito 

descubrir discover descubierto 

encubrir hide encubierto 

entreabrir open halfway entreabierto 

escribir write escrito 

inscribir inscribe inscrito 

inscribirse enrol inscrito 

prescribir prescribe prescrito 

proscribir prohibit proscrito 

reabrir reopen reabierto 

recubrir cover recubierto 

redescubrir rediscover redescubierto 

romper break roto 

sobrescribir overwrite sobrescrito 

subscribir underwrite subscrito 

suscribir sign suscrito 

transcribir transcribe transcrito 

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enviar: to send Past Pa rticiple: enviado 

Gerund: enviando 

Indicative [indicativo] 

Present [presente] English [inglés] Present perfect [pretérito perfecto] English [inglés] 

yo envío I send yo he enviado I have sent 

tú envías you send tú has enviado you have sent 

el/ella envía he/she sends el/ella ha enviado he/she has sent 

nosotros enviamos we send nosotros hemos enviado we have sent 

vosotros enviáis you send vosotros habéis enviado you have sent 

ellos/ellas envían they send ellos/ellas han enviado they have sent 

Imperfect [pretérito imperfecto] Pluperfect [pretérito pluscuamperfecto] 

yo enviaba I was sending yo había enviado I had sent 

tú enviabas you were sending tú habías enviado you had sent 

el/ella enviaba he/she was sending el/ella había enviado he/she had sent 

nosotros enviábamos we were sending nosotros habíamos enviado we had sent 

vosotros enviabais you were sending vosotros habíais enviado you had sent 

ellos/ellas enviaban they were sending ellos/ellas habían enviado they had sent 

Preterite [pretérito] Past Perfect [pretérito anterior] 

yo envié I sent yo hube enviado I sent 

tú enviaste you sent tú hubiste enviado you sent 

el/ella envió he/she sent el/ella hubo enviado he/she sent 

nosotros enviamos we sent nosotros hubimos enviado we sent 

vosotros enviasteis you sent vosotros hubisteis enviado you sent 

ellos/ellas enviaron they sent ellos/ellas hubieron enviado they sent 

Future [futuro imperfecto] Future Perfect [futuro perfecto] 

yo enviaré I will send yo habré enviado I will have sent 

tú enviarás you will send tú habrás enviado you will have sent 

el/ella enviará he/she will send el/ella habrá enviado he/she will have sent 

nosotros enviaremos we will send nosotros habremos enviado we will have sent 

vosotros enviaréis you will send vosotros habréis enviado you will have sent 

ellos/ellas enviarán they will send ellos/ellas habrán enviado they will have sent 

Conditional [condicional] Conditional Perfect [condicional anterior] 

yo enviaría I would send yo habría enviado I would have sent 

tú enviarías you would send tú habrías enviado you would have sent 

el/ella enviaría he/she would send el/ella habría enviado he/she would have sent 

nosotros enviaríamos we would send nosotros habríamos enviado we would have sent 

vosotros enviaríais you would send vosotros habríais enviado you would have sent 

ellos/ellas enviarían they would send ellos/ellas habrían enviado they would have sent 

Subjunctive [subjuntivo] 


yo envíe I send yo haya enviado I have sent 

tú envíes you send tú hayas enviado you have sent 

el/ella envíe he/she sends el/ella haya enviado he/she has sent 

nosotros enviemos we send nosotros hayamos enviado we have sent 

vosotros enviéis you send vosotros hayáis enviado you have sent 

ellos/ellas envíen they send ellos/ellas hayan enviado they have sent 


yo enviara I was sending yo hubiera enviado I had sent 

tú enviaras you were sending tú hubieras enviado you had sent 

el/ella enviara he/she was sending el/ella hubiera enviado he/she had sent 

nosotros enviáramos we were sending nosotros hubiéramos enviado we had sent 

vosotros enviarais you were sending vosotros hubierais enviado you had sent 

ellos/ellas enviaran they were sending ellos/ellas hubieran enviado they had sent 

or or 

yo enviase I was sending yo hubiese enviado I had sent 

tú enviases you were sending tú hubieses enviado you had sent 

el/ella enviase he/she was sending el/ella hubiese enviado he/she had sent 

nosotros enviásemos we were sending nosotros hubiésemos enviado we had sent 

vosotros enviaseis you were sending vosotros hubieseis enviado you had sent 

ellos/ellas enviasen they were sending ellos/ellas hubiesen enviado they had sent 


yo enviare I will send yo hubiere enviado I will have sent 

tú enviares you will send tú hubieres enviado you will have sent 

el/ella enviare he/she will send el/ella hubiere enviado he/she will have sent 

nosotros enviáremos we will send nosotros hubiéremos enviado we will have sent 

vosotros enviareis you will send vosotros hubiereis enviado you will have sent 

ellos/ellas enviaren they will send ellos/ellas hubieren enviado they will have sent 

Imperative [imperativo] Present Continuous [presente continuo] 

yo yo estoy enviando I am sending 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

envía 

envíe 

enviemos 

enviad 

envíen 

send! 

send! 

send! 

send! 

send! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás enviando 

está enviando 

estamos enviando 

estáis enviando 

están enviando 

you are sending 

he/she is sending 

we are sending 

you are sending 

they are sending 

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Irregular verb Group 1a: i of the stem is stressed in parts of the present tenses. 

Verbs in this group; (64) 

aeroenviar send by air expatriarse emigrate 

amnistiar amnesty expiar atone for 

ampliar extend extraviar lose 

arriar lower extraviarse get lost 

ataviar dress up fiar credit 

ataviarse dress up fiarse trust somebody 

autografiar autograph fotografiar photograph 

averiar damage fotografiarse have one's photo taken 

averiarse have a breakdown guiar guide 

aviar prepare hastiar tire 

biografiar write a biography of hastiarse tire of 

cablegrafiar cable liar tie up 

caligrafiar write in a stylish hand liarse become muddled 

calofriarse feel chilly litografiar lithograph 

confiar entrust malcriar spoil 

contrariar contradict mecanografiar type 

coregrafiar choreograph microfotografiar microphotograph 

criar raise mimeografiar mimeograph 

dactilografiar type piar whine 

desafiar dare pipiar chirp 

descarriar misdirect porfiar persist 

descarriarse lose ones way radiografiar xray 

desconfiar be distrustful radiotelegrafiar radiotelegraph 

desliar untie reenviar redirect 

desvariar be delirious reliar roll 

desviar deflect resfriar give somebody a cold 

enfriar cool resfriarse catch a cold 

enviar send rociar douse 

espiar spy sequiar inhale 

esquiar ski telegrafiar cable 

estenografiar take down in shorthand vaciar empty 

estriar groove variar change 

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situar: to place Past Pa rticiple: situado 

Gerund: situando 



yo sitúo I place yo he situado I have placed 

tú sitúas you place tú has situado you have placed 

el/ella sitúa he/she place el/ella ha situado he/she has placed 

nosotros situamos we place nosotros hemos situado we have placed 

vosotros situáis you place vosotros habéis situado you have placed 

ellos/ellas sitúan they place ellos/ellas han situado they have placed 


yo situaba I was placing yo había situado I had placed 

tú situabas you were placing tú habías situado you had placed 

el/ella situaba he/she was placing el/ella había situado he/she had placed 

nosotros situábamos we were placing nosotros habíamos situado we had placed 

vosotros situabais you were placing vosotros habíais situado you had placed 

ellos/ellas situaban they were placing ellos/ellas habían situado they had placed 


yo situé I placed yo hube situado I placed 

tú situaste you placed tú hubiste situado you placed 

el/ella situó he/she placed el/ella hubo situado he/she placed 

nosotros situamos we placed nosotros hubimos situado we placed 

vosotros situasteis you placed vosotros hubisteis situado you placed 

ellos/ellas situaron they placed ellos/ellas hubieron situado they placed 


yo situaré I will place yo habré situado I will have placed 

tú situarás you will place tú habrás situado you will have placed 

el/ella situará he/she will place el/ella habrá situado he/she will have placed 

nosotros situaremos we will place nosotros habremos situado we will have placed 

vosotros situaréis you will place vosotros habréis situado you will have placed 

ellos/ellas situarán they will place ellos/ellas habrán situado they will have placed 


yo situaría I would place yo habría situado I would have placed 

tú situarías you would place tú habrías situado you would have placed 

el/ella situaría he/she would place el/ella habría situado he/she would have placed 

nosotros situaríamos we would place nosotros habríamos situado we would have placed 

vosotros situaríais you would place vosotros habríais situado you would have placed 

ellos/ellas situarían they would place ellos/ellas habrían situado they would have placed 



yo sitúe I place yo haya situado I have placed 

tú sitúes you place tú hayas situado you have placed 

el/ella sitúe he/she place el/ella haya situado he/she has placed 

nosotros situemos we place nosotros hayamos situado we have placed 

vosotros situéis you place vosotros hayáis situado you have placed 

ellos/ellas sitúen they place ellos/ellas hayan situado they have placed 


yo situara I was placing yo hubiera situado I had placed 

tú situaras you were placing tú hubieras situado you had placed 

el/ella situara he/she was placing el/ella hubiera situado he/she had placed 

nosotros situáramos we were placing nosotros hubiéramos situado we had placed 

vosotros situarais you were placing vosotros hubierais situado you had placed 

ellos/ellas situaran they were placing ellos/ellas hubieran situado they had placed 

or or 

yo situase I was placing yo hubiese situado I had placed 

tú situases you were placing tú hubieses situado you had placed 

el/ella situase he/she was placing el/ella hubiese situado he/she had placed 

nosotros situásemos we were placing nosotros hubiésemos situado we had placed 

vosotros situaseis you were placing vosotros hubieseis situado you had placed 

ellos/ellas situasen they were placing ellos/ellas hubiesen situado they had placed 


yo situare I will place yo hubiere situado I will have placed 

tú situares you will place tú hubieres situado you will have placed 

el/ella situare he/she will place el/ella hubiere situado he/she will have placed 

nosotros situáremos we will place nosotros hubiéremos enviado we will have placed 

vosotros situareis you will place vosotros hubiereis situado you will have placed 

ellos/ellas situaren they will place ellos/ellas hubieren situado they will have placed 


yo yo estoy situando I am placing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

sitúa 

sitúe 

situemos 

situad 

sitúen 

place! 

place! 

place! 

place! 

place! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás situando 

está situando 

estamos situando 

estáis situando 

están situando 

you are placing 

he/she is placing 

we are placing 

you are placing 

they are placing 

15 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 1b: u of the stem is stressed in parts of the present tenses. 


acensuar tax garuar drizzle 

acentuar stress graduar adjust 

acentuarse become accenuated graduarse take one's degree 

actuar act habituar accustom 

adecuar adapt habituarse get used 

adecuarse adopt Individuar individualize 

atenuar attenuate infatuar make conceited 

atenuarse weaken infatuarse become conceited 

avaluar value infravaluar underestimate 

colicuar melt insinuar insinuate 

conceptuar judge insinuarse begin to appear 

consensuar agree interactuar interact 

continuar continue licuar blend 

descontinuar discontinue menstruar menstruate 

deshabituar get somebody off drugs perpetuar perpetuate 

deshabituarse lose the habit preceptuar establish 

desvirtuar detract from puntuar punctuate 

desvirtuarse go off redituar produce 

devaluar devalue reevaluar reappraise 

efectuar carry out resituar redefine 

extenuarse become exhausted revaluar revalue 

evaluar evaluate sobreactuar overact 

exceptuar except tatuar tattoo 

extenuar exhaust valuar value 

fluctuar fluctuate 

16 

© Copywright 2007


cruzar: to cross Past Pa rticiple: cruzado 

Gerund: cruzando 



yo cruzo I cross yo he cruzado I have crossed 

tú cruzas you cross tú has cruzado you have crossed 

el/ella cruza he/she cross el/ella ha cruzado he/she has crossed 

nosotros cruzamos we cross nosotros hemos cruzado we have crossed 

vosotros cruzáis you cross vosotros habéis cruzado you have crossed 

ellos/ellas cruzan they cross ellos/ellas han cruzado they have crossed 


yo cruzaba I was crossing yo había cruzado I had crossed 

tú cruzabas you were crossing tú habías cruzado you had crossed 

el/ella cruzaba he/she was crossing el/ella había cruzado he/she had crossed 

nosotros cruzábamos we were crossing nosotros habíamos cruzado we had crossed 

vosotros cruzabais you were crossing vosotros habíais cruzado you had crossed 

ellos/ellas cruzaban they were crossing ellos/ellas habían cruzado they had crossed 


yo crucé I crossed yo hube cruzado I crossed 

tú cruzaste you crossed tú hubiste cruzado you crossed 

el/ella cruzó he/she crossed el/ella hubo cruzado he/she crossed 

nosotros cruzamos we crossed nosotros hubimos cruzado we crossed 

vosotros cruzasteis you crossed vosotros hubisteis cruzado you crossed 

ellos/ellas cruzaron they crossed ellos/ellas hubieron cruzado they crossed 


yo cruzaré I will cross yo habré cruzado I will have crossed 

tú cruzarás you will cross tú habrás cruzado you will have crossed 

el/ella cruzará he/she will cross el/ella habrá cruzado he/she will have crossed 

nosotros cruzaremos we will cross nosotros habremos cruzado we will have crossed 

vosotros cruzaréis you will cross vosotros habréis cruzado you will have crossed 

ellos/ellas cruzarán they will cross ellos/ellas habrán cruzado they will have crossed 


yo cruzaría I would cross yo habría cruzado I would have crossed 

tú cruzarías you would cross tú habrías cruzado you would have crossed 

el/ella cruzaría he/she would cross el/ella habría cruzado he/she would have crossed 

nosotros cruzaríamos we would cross nosotros habríamos cruzado we would have crossed 

vosotros cruzaríais you would cross vosotros habríais cruzado you would have crossed 

ellos/ellas cruzarían they would cross ellos/ellas habrían cruzado they would have crossed 



yo cruce I cross yo haya cruzado I have crossed 

tú cruces you cross tú hayas cruzado you have crossed 

el/ella cruce he/she cross el/ella haya cruzado he/she has crossed 

nosotros crucemos we cross nosotros hayamos cruzado we have crossed 

vosotros crucéis you cross vosotros hayáis cruzado you have crossed 

ellos/ellas crucen they cross ellos/ellas hayan cruzado they have crossed 


yo cruzara I was crossing yo hubiera cruzado I had crossed 

tú cruzaras you were crossing tú hubieras cruzado you had crossed 

el/ella cruzara he/she was crossing el/ella hubiera cruzado he/she had crossed 

nosotros cruzáramos we were crossing nosotros hubiéramos cruzado we had crossed 

vosotros cruzarais you were crossing vosotros hubierais cruzado you had crossed 

ellos/ellas cruzaran they were crossing ellos/ellas hubieran cruzado they had crossed 

or or 

yo cruzase I was crossing yo hubiese cruzado I had crossed 

tú cruzases you were crossing tú hubieses cruzado you had crossed 

el/ella cruzase he/she was crossing el/ella hubiese cruzado he/she had crossed 

nosotros cruzásemos we were crossing nosotros hubiésemos cruzado we had crossed 

vosotros cruzaseis you were crossing vosotros hubieseis cruzado you had crossed 

ellos/ellas cruzasen they were crossing ellos/ellas hubiesen cruzado they had crossed 


yo cruzare I will cross yo hubiere cruzado I will have crossed 

tú cruzares you will cross tú hubieres cruzado you will have crossed 

el/ella cruzare he/she will cross el/ella hubiere cruzado he/she will have crossed 

nosotros cruzáremos we will cross nosotros hubiéremos cruzado we will have crossed 

vosotros cruzareis you will cross vosotros hubiereis cruzado you will have crossed 

ellos/ellas cruzaren they will cross ellos/ellas hubieren cruzado they will have crossed 


yo yo estoy cruzando I am crossing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

cruza 

cruce 

crucemos 

cruzad 

crucen 

cross! 

cross! 

cross! 

cross! 

cross! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás cruzando 

está cruzando 

estamos cruzando 

estáis cruzando 

están cruzando 

you are crossing 

he/she is crossing 

we are crossing 

you are crossing 

they are crossing 

17 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 1c: stem consonant z written c before e. 


abalanzar hurl atezar tan 

abanderizar organize into groups atezarse become tanned 

abonanzar calm atizar poke 

abrazar embrace atizarse smoke marijuana 

absolutizar pin down atomizar spray 

acezar pant atorozarse choke 

acorazar armour-plate atterazar terrace 

actualizar update autoanalizarse self- analyze 

actuatizar land automatizar automate 

adelgazar slim autorizar authorize 

aderazar prepare autorrealizarse feel fulfilled 

afianzar strengthen avanzar advance 

agilizar accelerate avezar accustom 

agonizar die avezarse become accustomed to 

agrazar embitter azuzar incite 

aguazar flood balizar mark with buoys 

agudizar sharpen barnizar varnish 

aguzar sharpen bautizar baptize 

alborozar gladden bostezar yawn 

alcanzar catch up brezar rock 

alcoholizar alcoholize brutalizar brutalize 

alcorzar ice brutalizarse become brutalized 

aleatorizar randomize buzar dip 

alegorizar allegorize calzar wear 

alfabetizar arrange alphabetically canalizar channel 

alforzar pleat canonizar applaud 

almohazar groom capitalizar capitalize 

alunizar land on the moon caracterizar characterize 

alzar hoist caramelizar caramelize 

amenazar threaten carbonizar carbonize 

amenizar make pleasant caricaturizar caricature 

americanizar americanize castellanizar hispanicize 

amerizar touch down catequizar catechize 

amordazar gag cauterizar cauterize 

amortizar write off cazar hunt 

amostazar annoy centralizar centralize 

analizar analyze chapuzar duck 

anarquizar cause anarchy chapuzarse dive 

anatematizar anaethematize chuzar prick 

anatomizar anatomize cicatrizar heal 

animalizarse become brutalized civilizar civilize 

antagonizar antagonize civilizar become civilized 

antipatizar feel unfriendly cloroformizar chloroform 

aplazar postpone colectivizar collectivize 

apozarse form a pool colonizar colonize 

arabizar arrabize comercializar commercialize 

arborizar plant trees confraternizar fraternize 

armonizar harmonize connaturalizar accustomed with 

aromatizar scent connaturalizarse become accustomed with 

arrebozar conceal contabilizar enter in the accounts 

arregazar tuck up contemporizar be compliant 

arrizar fasten cristalizar crystalize 

atapuzar fill cristianizar christianize 

atapuzarse stuff oneself critiquizar overcriticize 

atemorizar frighten cruzar cross 

atenazar grip culturizar educate 

aterrizar land danzar dance 

aterrorizar terrify 

18 

decimalizar decimalize 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 1c: stem consonant z written c before e 

Page 2 

democratizar democratize despiezar quarter 

derechizar lead towards the right desplazar move 

derechizarse move to the right despolitizar depoliticize 

desalinizar desalinate desprivatizar deprivatize 

desamortizar disentail desratizar clear of rats 

desautorizar discredit desrizar straighten 

desburocratizar make less bureaucratic destazar cut up 

descabezar behead destrozar destroy 

descalzar take off somebodys shoes desvalorizar devalue 

descalzarse take off ones shoes desvergonzarse be shameless 

descapitalizar asset strip desvitalizar numb 

descentralizar decentralize desvitalizarse flag 

descolonizar decolonize digitalizar digitalize 

descontextualizar take out of context dinamizar invigorate 

descortezar peel disfrazar disguise 

descruzar uncross divinizar deify 

descuartizar quarter dogmatizar dogmatize 

desculpabilizar exhonerate dramatizar dramatize 

desdramatizar defuse economizar economize 

deselazarse come undone ecualizar equalize 

desembarazar clear editorializar write editorials 

desembarazarse get rid of something ejemplarizar exemplify 

desembozar unmask electrizar electrify 

desenlazar untie embarazar hamper 

desensibilizar desensitize embarnizar varnish 

desertizar depopulate embazar dye brown 

desespañolizar cause to become less Spanish embozar muffle 

desesperanzar drive to despair embozarse muffle oneself up 

desesperanzarse despair empapuzar stuff with food 

desestabilizar destabilize empatizar empathize 

desfiscalizar exempt from taxation emplazar summon 

desguazar break up empozarse form pools 

deshechizar disenchant enaguazar flood 

deshumanizar dehumanize encabezar lead 

deslegalizar criminalize encarnizar enrage 

deslizar slip encauzar channel 

deslizarse slide encenizar cover with ashes 

desmalezar weed encolerizar provoke 

desmenuzar crumble encolerizarse become angry 

desmenuzarse crumble enderezar straighten 

desmilitarizar demilitarize enderezarse straighten up 

desmineralizar demineralize endulzar sweeten 

desmonetizar demonetize energizar energize 

desmoralizar corrupt enfatizar emphasize 

desmoralizarse demoralize enfervorizar arouse 

desmovilizar demobilize engarzar set 

desnacionalizar denationalize engarzarse become tangled 

desnaturalizar denature enjaezar harness 

desnuclearizar denuclearize enlazar tie 

desodorizar deodorize enlazarse become linked 

desolidarizarse dissociate from enlozar enamel 

desorganizar disorganize enmalezarse become overgrown 

despedazar tear to pieces enraizar take root 

despeluzar dishevel enrazar crossbreed 

despeluzarse stand on end enrizar curl 

despenalizar legalize enrizarse curl 

desperezarse stretch ensalzar praise 

despersonalizar depersonalize 

19 

entapizar upholster 

© Copywright 2007



Page 3 

entizar chalk finlandizar neutralize 

entrecruzar interweave fiscalizar control 

entrecruzarse interbreed flexibilizar relax 

entrelazar intertwine flouorizar flouridate 

entrelazarse intertwine focalizar focus on 

entronizar enthrone formalizar formalize 

enzarzar involve formalizarse grow serious 

enzarzarse become involved forzar force 

erizar bristle fosilizarse fossilize 

erizarse stand on end fraternizar fraternize 

esbozar sketch frezar spawn 

escandalizar scandalize frivolizar trivialize 

escaramuzar skirmish galvanizar galvanize 

esclavizar enslave garantizar guarantee 

escolarizar educate gargarizar gargle 

escorzar foreshorten generalizar generalize 

escrupulizar hesitate globalizar encompass 

esforzar strain gorgorizar warble 

esforzarse exert oneself gozar enjoy 

esguazar ford granizar hail 

españolizar hispanicize guionizar script 

españolizarse adopt spanish ways hechizar bewitch 

especializarse specialize herborizar gather herbs 

esperanzar give hope to hermitizar close off 

esperpentizar caricature hibridizar hybridize 

espiritualizar spiritualize hidrolizar hydrolize 

esponsorizar sponsor higienizar clean 

estabilizar stabilize hipnotizar hypnotize 

estabilizarse become stabilized hipotetizar hypothesize 

estandardizar standardize hispanizar hispanicize 

estandarizar standardize histerizarse become hysterical 

estatalizar nationalize homogeneizar homogenize 

estatizar nationalize horrorizar horrify 

estelarizar star in horterizar coarsen 

esterilizar sterilize hospitalizar hospitalize 

estigmatizar stigmatize hostilizar harass 

estilizar stylize humanizar humanize 

eternizar perpetuate idealizar idealize 

eternizarse drag on idiotizar stupefy 

euforizar exhilerate idoneizar make suitable 

euforizarse become exhilerated ilegalizar ban 

europeizar Europeanize ilegitimizar make illegal 

europeizarse become European imbecilizar stupefy 

euskaldunizar convert to basque impermeabilizar waterproof 

evangelizar evangelize importantizarse give oneself airs 

evaporizar vaporize incompatibilizar make incompatible 

exorcizar exorcise indemnizar compensate 

expertizar appraise an an expert independizar make independent 

exteriorizar express outwardly independizarse become independent 

externalizar outsource individualizar individualize 

familiarizar familiarize indizar index 

familiarizarse familiarize oneself with industrializar industrialize 

fanatizar arouse fanaticsm industrializarse become industrialized 

fatalizarse commit a grave crime inestabilizar destabilize 

fecundizar fertilize inestabilizarse become unstable 

federalizar federate informatizar computerize 

fertilizar fertilize infrautilizar under-use 

finalizar finish 

20 

inicializar initialize 

© Copywright 2007



Page 4 

inmortalizar immortalize mimetizarse change colour 

inmovilizar immobilize mineralizar mineralize 

inmunizar immunize miniaturizar miniaturize 

insensibilizar render incensitive minimalizar minimize 

insolidarizarse dissociate minimizar minimize 

insonorizar soundproof minusvalorizar undervalue 

institucionalizar institutionalize modelizar model 

institucionalizarse become institutionalize modernizar modernize 

instrumentalizar carry out modernizarse modernize 

interiorizar internalize monitorizar monitor 

internacionalizar internationalize monopolizar monopolize 

internacionalizarse become international moralizar moralize 

internalizar internalize motorizar motorize 

intranquilizar worry motorizarse motorize 

intranquilizarse become worried movilizar mobilize 

inutilizar disable musicalizar set to music 

ionizar ionize nacionalizar naturalize 

ironizar ridicule nacionalizarse become naturalized 

islamizar convert to Islam narcotizar drug 

itemizar itemize nasalizar nasalize 

jerarquizar arrange in order of importance naturalizar naturalize 

laicizar laicize naturalizarse become naturalized 

lanzar throw necrotizar necrotize 

latinizar latinize necrotizarse necrotize 

lazar lasso negativizar neutralize 

legalizar legalize neurotizar make neurotic 

legitimizar legitimize neurotizarse become neurotic 

lexicalizar lexicalize neutralizar neutralize 

lexicalizarse be lexicalized neutralizarse neutralize each other 

liberalizar liberalize nobilizar enhance 

localizar locate nominalizar nominalize 

lotizar divide into lots normalizar normalize 

macadamizar tarmac normalizarse normalize 

macizar fill up nuclearizarse go nuclear 

magnetizar magnetize obstaculizar hinder 

malignizarse become malignant occidentalizar westernize 

marginalizar marginalize oficializar make official 

marramizar howl operativizar make operative 

martirizar martyr optimizar optimize 

masculinizar masculinize organizar organize 

materializar materialize orzar luff 

materializarse materialize panoramarizar pan 

matizar blend paralizar paralyze 

maximizar maximize paralizarse become paralyzed 

mecanizar mechanize particularizar distinguish 

mediatizar interfere with particularizarse stand out 

memorizar memorize pasterizar pasteurize 

mentalizar prepare mentally pasteurizar pasteurize 

mercantilizar commercialize patentizar show 

mesmerizar mesmerize patronizar patronize 

mestizar crossbreed peatonalizar pedestrianize 

metabolizar metabolize penalizar penalize 

metalizar metallize personalizar personalize 

metalizarse become mercenary pluralizar pluralize 

metastatizar metastasize poetizar poeticize 

metastizar metastasize polarizar polarize 

militarizar militarize polemizar argue 

mimetizar imitate 

21 

polinizar pollenate 

© Copywright 2007



Page 5 

politizar politicize ronzar munch 

popularizar popularize rostizar spit-roast 

popularizarse become popular rozar rub 

pormenorizar describe in detail ruborizar cause to blush 

potabilizar purify rutinizarse become routine 

preconizar praise sacralizar consecrate 

prioizar prioritize salinizar salinize 

privatizar privatize salinizarse become salty 

profesionalizar professionalize sanforizar sanforize 

profetizar prophesize satanizar demonize 

profundizar deepen satirizar satirize 

proletarizar proletarianize secularizar secularize 

protagonizar lead selenizar land on the moon 

psicoanalizar psychoanalyze señalizar signpost 

pulverizar pulverize sensacionalizar sensationalize 

puntualizar specify sensibilizar sensitize 

quimerizar fantasize serializar serialize 

racionalizar rationalize simbolizar symbolize 

radicalizar radicalize simetrizar make symmetrical 

radicalizarse become radicalized simpatizar get on 

ralentizar slow down sincopizarse black out 

reagudizarse become worse again sincronizar synchronize 

realizar achieve sindicalizar unionize 

realizarse materialize sindicalizarse form a union 

realzar enhance singularizar single out 

rebautizar rechristen singularizarse stand out 

rebozar roll in batter sintetizar synthesize 

rechazar repel sintonizar tune into 

recomenzar recommence sistematizar systematize 

reemplazar replace sobrecapatilizar overcapitalize 

reforzar reinforce socializar collectivize 

regularizar regularize sodomizar sodomize 

reinicializar reboot solazar amuse 

relanzar relaunch solazarse enjoy oneself 

relativizar play down solemnizar solemnize 

remozar brighten up solidarizarse declare ones support for 

remozarse be rejuvenated somatizar externalize 

remplazar replace sonorizar add the soundtrack to 

rentabilizar make profitable sonorizarse voice 

reorganizar reorganize suavizar smooth 

reorganizarse reorganize sutilizar thin out 

repentizar improvise tamizar sift 

reprivatizar privatize tapizar drape, upholster 

responsabilizar blame tazar cut 

retazar chop teatralizar stage 

retozar romp temporalizar temporize 

reutilizar re-use teorizar theorize 

revalorizar revalue teorizar theorize 

revalorizarse rise tiranizar tyrannize 

revitalizar revitalize titulizar securitize 

rezar say tizar plan 

ridiculizar ridicule totalizar totalize 

rivalizar compete tranquilizar reassure 

rizar curl traumatizar traumatize 

rizarse ripple trazar draw 

robotizar automate trenzar plait 

romanizar romanize trivializar trivialize 

romanizarse become romanized 

22 

trizar tear to shreds 

© Copywright 2007


Page 6 

trompezar trip velarizar velarize 

tronzar split verbalizar verbalize 

tropezar trip viabilizar make viable 

tutuorizar protect victimizar victimize 

ultimizar finalize vigorizar invigorate 

uniformizar standardize virilizar make like a man 

universalizar universalize virilizarse become like a man 

urbanizar develop visualizar visualize 

utilizar use vitalizar vitalize 

valorizar value vocalizar vocalize 

valorizarse increase in value volatilizar volatilize 

vampirizar milk volatilizarse volatilize 

vaporizar vaporize vulcanizar vulcanize 

vaporizarse vaporize vulgarizar popularize 

vehicalizar transport zampuzar plunge 

Late Additions: 


apedazar mend apelmazar compress 

23 

© Copywright 2007


picar: to sting Past Pa rticiple: picado 

Gerund: picando 



yo pico I sting yo he picado I have stung 

tú picas you sting tú has picado you have stung 

el/ella pica he/she stings el/ella ha picado he/she has stung 

nosotros picamos we sting nosotros hemos picado we have stung 

vosotros picáis you sting vosotros habéis picado you have stung 

ellos/ellas pican they sting ellos/ellas han picado they have stung 


yo picaba I was stinging yo había picado I had stung 

tú picabas you were stinging tú habías picado you had stung 

el/ella picaba he/she was stinging el/ella había picado he/she had stung 

nosotros picábamos we were stinging nosotros habíamos picado we had stung 

vosotros picabais you were stinging vosotros habíais picado you had stung 

ellos/ellas picaban they were stinging ellos/ellas habían picado they had stung 


yo piqué I stung yo hube picado I stung 

tú picaste you stung tú hubiste picado you stung 

el/ella picó he/she stung el/ella hubo picado he/she stung 

nosotros picamos we stung nosotros hubimos picado we stung 

vosotros picasteis you stung vosotros hubisteis picado you stung 

ellos/ellas picaron they stung ellos/ellas hubieron picado they stung 


yo picaré I will sting yo habré picado I will have stung 

tú picarás you will sting tú habrás picado you will have stung 

el/ella picará he/she will sting el/ella habrá picado he/she will have stung 

nosotros picaremos we will sting nosotros habremos picado we will have stung 

vosotros picaréis you will sting vosotros habréis picado you will have stung 

ellos/ellas picarán they will sting ellos/ellas habrán picado they will have stung 


yo picaría I would sting yo habría picado I would have stung 

tú picarías you would sting tú habrías picado you would have stung 

el/ella picaría he/she would sting el/ella habría picado he/she would have stung 

nosotros picaríamos we would sting nosotros habríamos picado we would have stung 

vosotros picaríais you would sting vosotros habríais picado you would have stung 

ellos/ellas picarían they would sting ellos/ellas habrían picado they would have stung 



yo pique I sting yo haya picado I have stung 

tú piques you sting tú hayas picado you have stung 

el/ella pique he/she stings el/ella haya picado he/she has stung 

nosotros piquemos we sting nosotros hayamos picado we have stung 

vosotros piquéis you sting vosotros hayáis picado you have stung 

ellos/ellas piquen they sting ellos/ellas hayan picado they have stung 


yo picara I was stinging yo hubiera picado I had stung 

tú picaras you were stinging tú hubieras picado you had stung 

el/ella picara he/she was stinging el/ella hubiera picado he/she had stung 

nosotros picáramos we were stinging nosotros hubiéramos picado we had stung 

vosotros picarais you were stinging vosotros hubierais picado you had stung 

ellos/ellas picaran they were stinging ellos/ellas hubieran picado they had stung 

or or 

yo picase I was stinging yo hubiese picado I had stung 

tú picases you were stinging tú hubieses picado you had stung 

el/ella picase he/she was stinging el/ella hubiese picado he/she had stung 

nosotros picásemos we were stinging nosotros hubiésemos picado we had stung 

vosotros picaseis you were stinging vosotros hubieseis picado you had stung 

ellos/ellas picasen they were stinging ellos/ellas hubiesen picado they had stung 


yo picare I will sting yo hubiere picado I will have stung 

tú picares you will sting tú hubieres picado you will have stung 

el/ella picare he/she will sting el/ella hubiere picado he/she will have stung 

nosotros picáremos we will sting nosotros hubiéremos picado we will have stung 

vosotros picareis you will sting vosotros hubiereis picado you will have stung 

ellos/ellas picaren they will sting ellos/ellas hubieren picado they will have stung 


yo yo estoy picando I am stinging 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

pica 

pique 

piquemos 

picad 

piquen 

sting! 

sting! 

sting! 

sting! 

sting! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás picando 

está picando 

estamos picando 

estáis picando 

están picando 

you are stinging 

he/she is stinging 

we are stinging 

you are stinging 

they are stinging 

24 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 1d: stem consonant c written qu before e. 


abanicar fan calcar trace 

abanicarse fan oneself calcificar calcify 

abarcar get ones arms around calificar describe something 

abracar embrace comarcar border 

abroncar shame comiscar nibble 

acercar move closer complicar complicate 

acercarse come closer comunicar announce 

achacar attribute something to conculcar infringe 

achicar reduce confiscar confiscate 

achocar throw against a wall derrocar overthrow 

achubascarse cloud over desaparcar drive off 

achuicarse be embarrased desatascar clear 

achuñuscar squeeze desatracar cast off 

achurrucarse wilt desatrancar force open 

achurruscar rumple desbancar oust 

acidificar acidify desbarrancar throw over precipice 

acidificarse acidify desbarrancarse fall over a precipice 

acuchucar crush desbocar break rim of 

acullicar chew coca leaves desbocarse run riot 

acurrucarse snuggle up descalificar disqualify 

adamascar damask descascar shell 

adjudicar award descercar relieve 

advocar advocate descocarse be cheeky 

afincarse settle deshipotecar pay off the mortgage on 

ahincar urge desintoxicar detoxify 

ahincarse hurry up desmarcar disassociate 

ahorcar hang desmitificar demythologize 

ahuecar hollow out desmultiplicar gear down 

alambicar distill desnucar break the neck of 

apañuscar crush despancar husk 

aparcar park dignificar dignify 

apencar slave away disecar dissect 

apeñuscarse crowd together dislocar dislocate 

apercancarse go moldy diversificar diversify 

aplacar appease domesticar domesticate 

aplicar apply dosificar measure out 

apocar reduce dulcificar sweeten 

aporcar earth up duplicar duplicate 

arcar bend edificar build 

ariscar pacify educar educate 

ariscarse run away ejemplificar exemplify 

arrancar pull up electrificar electrify 

arriscar risk embancarse silt up 

arriscarse take a risk embarcar embark 

autenticar authenticate embarrancar run aground 

autentificar authenticate embaucar trick 

azocar pack tightly encercar enclose 

bazucar stir encharcar swamp 

beatificar beatify encharcarse become flooded 

becar award a scholarship to enfocar focus 

besucar cover with kisses enfoscar fill with mortar 

bifurcarse diverge enfoscarse sulk 

bisecar bisect enfrascar bottle 

bizcar wink entroncar connect 

bonificar improve equivocar mix up 

brincar skip erradicar eradicate 

buscar look for escarificar scarify 

caducar expire 

25 

escenificar stage 

© Copywright 2007



Page 2 

esculcar search retacarse refuse to budge 

esparrancarse spread one's legs retocar touch up 

especificar specify retrancar brake 

fabricar manufacture retrucar turn against it's user 

falsificar forge revivificar revitalize 

fincar cultivate revocar revoke 

fornicar fornicate roncar snore 

fortificar fortify rubricar initial 

fructificar produce fruit sofocar suffocate 

glorificar glorify solidificar solidify 

hocicar nuzzle sonsacar coax 

humidificar humidify suplicar plead 

identificar identify surcar plough 

imbricar overlap tabicar brick up 

implicar involve tacar shoot at somebody 

imprecar curse tapiscar harvest 

impurificar adulterate tarascar bite 

incomunicar isolate tascar beat 

inculcar instill testificar testify 

indicar show tipificar consider 

intrincar confuse traficar traffic 

justificar explain trancar lock 

lacar lacquer trompicar trip 

lamiscar lick noisily troncar truncate 

lascar bruise trucar fix 

lubricar lubricate truncar truncate 

lubrificar lubricate ubicar place 

machacar crush unificar unite 

machucar pound vacar become vacant 

magnificar exagerate ventiscar blow a blizzard 

maleducar spoil verificar inspect 

mancar cripple versificar versify 

manducar scoff vindicar vindicate 

mordicar sting vitrificar vitrify 

mordiscar nibble at vivificar invigorate 

mortificar torment zambucar hide 

multiplicar multiply zonificar zone 

neviscar snow lightly abarrancar make cracks in 

nidificar nest abarrancarse fall into a ditch 

notificar notify abayuncar throw 

obcecarse become obsessed abayuncarse become countryfide 

ofuscar dazzle abdicar relinquish 

planificar plan abejucarse twist up 

plantificar plonk down abellacar lower 

plantificarse plant oneself abocar pour out 

plastificar laminate abocarse approach 

platicar talk abodocarse go lumpy 

pontificar pontificate aborrascarse become stormy 

practicar practise alfeñicarse become really thin 

predicar preach alocar drive mad 

prefabricar prefabricate altercar argue 

prevaricar pervert the course of justice amoscarse become cross 

rectificar rectify amplificar amplify 

reduplicar reduplicate añascar scrape together 

reedificar rebuild apalancar lever up 

reeducar reeducate asurcar plough 

refrescar cool atacar attack 

reivindicar demand 

26 

atascar plug 

© Copywright 2007



Page 3 

atrabancar rush enamoricarse be infatuated 

atrabancarse get into a jam enamoriscarse be infatuated 

atracar mug enancar follow 

atracarse stuff oneself enancarse ride behind 

atrancar bar enarcar raise 

cascar crack encalamocar make drunk 

centuplicar increase a hundredfold enmarcar frame 

cercar enclose enrocar castle 

certificar certify enroscar screw on 

chamuscar scorch ensacar sack 

chancar grind entabicar partition off 

chascar click entarascar dress up 

chocar crash entecarse be stubborn 

churruscar fry entrechocar chatter 

ciscar soil entresacar select 

clarificar clarify espernancarse spread one's legs 

clasificar classify estacar wound 

claudicar give in estancar stem 

codificar encode estratificar stratify 

colocar place estucar plaster 

convocar call evocar evoke 

coscarse catch on explicar explain 

criticar criticize gratificar reward 

crucificar crucify henificar ted 

cuantificar quantify hincar thrust 

cubicar cube hipotecar mortgage 

cucar wink intensificar intensify 

damnificar injure intersecarse intersect 

debocar vomit intoxicar poison 

dedicar dedicate invocar invoke 

defalcar embezzle marcar mark 

defecar defecate mariscar nick 

deificar idolize mascar chew 

demarcar demarcate masificarse get overcrowded 

descolocar misplace masticar chew 

desecar dry medicar administor medicine 

desembarcar disembark mercar buy 

desembarrancar refloat mistificar mystify 

desembocar flow into mitificar mythologize 

desempacar unpack modificar modify 

desenfocar get out of focus momificar mummify 

desenroscar unscrew oliscar smell 

desestancar allow a free market in opacar make opaque 

desfalcar embezzle opacarse become opaque 

despicarse get even orificar fill with gold 

despotricar rant and rave osificar ossify 

destacar emphasize osificarse become ossified 

destroncar chop off pacificar pacify 

diagnosticar diagnose pecar sin 

embelecar deceive pellizcar pinch 

embicar upturn pencar slog away 

embocar hole out perjudicar harm 

emborrascarse become stormy personificar embody 

emboscarse lie in ambush pescar fish 

emboticarse stuff oneself with medicines petrificar petrify 

embrocar wind picar sting 

empacar pack pizcar pinch 

empacarse become rattled 

27 

placar tackle 

© Copywright 2007



Page 4 

pronosticar forecast sacar take out 

prosificar write prose sacrificar sacrifice 

provocar cause salpicar splash 

publicar publish santificar sanctify 

purificar purify secar dry 

quintuplicar quintuple significar imply 

radicar be situated simplificar simplify 

ramificarse branch sindicar unionize 

rarificar rarify tocar touch 

rascar scratch tonificar invigorate 

ratificar ratify trabucar confuse 

rebuscar search carefully trancarse be constipated 

recalcar emphasize trasbocar vomit 

reciprocar reciprocate trasroscar reverse 

remarcar notice trastocar reverse 

remolcar tow trifurcarse divide into three 

repescar give a second chance to trincar bind 

repicar ring triplicar treble 

replicar answer triscar mix 

resacar distill trisecar trisect 

resecar dry off 

28 

© Copywright 2007


pagar: to pay Past Pa rticiple: pagado 

Gerund: pagando 



yo pago I pay yo he pagado I have paid 

tú pagas you pay tú has pagado you have paid 

el/ella paga he/she pays el/ella ha pagado he/she has paid 

nosotros pagamos we pay nosotros hemos pagado we have paid 

vosotros pagáis you pay vosotros habéis pagado you have paid 

ellos/ellas pagan they pay ellos/ellas han pagado they have paid 


yo pagaba I was paying yo había pagado I had paid 

tú pagabas you were paying tú habías pagado you had paid 

el/ella pagaba he/she was paying el/ella había pagado he/she had paid 

nosotros pagábamos we were paying nosotros habíamos picado we had paid 

vosotros pagabais you were paying vosotros habíais pagado you had paid 

ellos/ellas pagaban they were paying ellos/ellas habían pagado they had paid 


yo pagué I paid yo hube pagado I paid 

tú pagaste you paid tú hubiste pagado you paid 

el/ella pagó he/she paid el/ella hubo pagado he/she paid 

nosotros pagamos we paid nosotros hubimos pagado we paid 

vosotros pagasteis you paid vosotros hubisteis pagado you paid 

ellos/ellas pagaron they paid ellos/ellas hubieron pagado they paid 


yo pagaré I will pay yo habré pagado I will have paid 

tú pagarás you will pay tú habrás pagado you will have paid 

el/ella pagará he/she will pay el/ella habrá pagado he/she will have paid 

nosotros pagaremos we will pay nosotros habremos pagado we will have paid 

vosotros pagaréis you will pay vosotros habréis pagado you will have paid 

ellos/ellas pagarán they will pay ellos/ellas habrán pagado they will have paid 


yo pagaría I would pay yo habría pagado I would have paid 

tú pagarías you would pay tú habrías pagado you would have paid 

el/ella pagaría he/she would pay el/ella habría pagado he/she would have paid 

nosotros pagaríamos we would pay nosotros habríamos pagado we would have paid 

vosotros pagaríais you would pay vosotros habríais pagado you would have paid 

ellos/ellas pagarían they would pay ellos/ellas habrían pagado they would have paid 



yo pague I pay yo haya pagado I have paid 

tú pagues you pay tú hayas pagado you have paid 

el/ella pague he/she pays el/ella haya pagado he/she has paid 

nosotros paguemos we pay nosotros hayamos pagado we have paid 

vosotros paguéis you pay vosotros hayáis pagado you have paid 

ellos/ellas paguen they pay ellos/ellas hayan pagado they have paid 


yo pagara I was paying yo hubiera pagado I had paid 

tú pagaras you were paying tú hubieras pagado you had paid 

el/ella pagara he/she was paying el/ella hubiera pagado he/she had paid 

nosotros pagáramos we were paying nosotros hubiéramos pagado we had paid 

vosotros pagarais you were paying vosotros hubierais pagado you had paid 

ellos/ellas pagaran they were paying ellos/ellas hubieran pagado they had paid 

or or 

yo pagase I was paying yo hubiese pagado I had paid 

tú pagases you were paying tú hubieses pagado you had paid 

el/ella pagase he/she was paying el/ella hubiese pagado he/she had paid 

nosotros pagásemos we were paying nosotros hubiésemos pagado we had paid 

vosotros pagaseis you were paying vosotros hubieseis pagado you had paid 

ellos/ellas pagasen they were paying ellos/ellas hubiesen pagado they had paid 


yo pagare I will pay yo hubiere pagado I will have paid 

tú pagares you will pay tú hubieres pagado you will have paid 

el/ella pagare he/she will pay el/ella hubiere pagado he/she will have paid 

nosotros pagáremos we will pay nosotros hubiéremos pagado we will have paid 

vosotros pagareis you will pay vosotros hubiereis pagado you will have paid 

ellos/ellas pagaren they will pay ellos/ellas hubieren pagado they will have paid 


yo yo estoy pagando I am paying 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

paga 

pague 

paguemos 

pagad 

paguen 

pay! 

pay! 

pay! 

pay! 

pay! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás pagando 

está pagando 

estamos pagando 

estáis pagando 

están pagando 

you are paying 

he/she is paying 

we are paying 

you are paying 

they are paying 

29 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 1e: stem consonant g written gu (with u silent) before e. 


alegar allege descargar unload 

aletargar make drowsy descervigar break the neck of 

allegar collect descuajaringar break into pieces 

amadrigar give shelter to descuajaringarse come apart 

amagar threaten descuajeringar break into pieces 

amargar embitter desegregar desegragate 

amigarse become friendly desembargar lift an embargo 

amusgar lay back desembragar release 

antepagar prepay desembriagar sober up 

añusgar choke desfogar vent 

añusgarse become angry desligar untie 

apagar put out desmigar crumble 

aparragarse roll up despechugarse bare one's chest 

apechugar push despegar unstick 

apersogar tether desperdigar scatter 

apesgar weigh down desvirgar deflower 

arengar harangue devengar yield 

arraigar establish dialogar write dialogue 

arremangar roll up diptongar diphthongize 

arremangarse roll up one's sleeves disgregar disperse 

arriesgar risk divagar digress 

arrogarse assume divulgar spread 

arrugar wrinkle doblegar break 

atafagar suffocate dragar dredge 

atarragarse overheat drogar drug 

atarugar stuff embargar seize 

atosigar poison embragar engage 

azogar cover with silver embriagar make drunk 

azogarse be fidgety empalagar be too sweet 

azumagarse rust empalagarse become sick of 

bogar row empertigar hitch up 

bregar struggle encargar give 

cabalgar ride encenagarse become muddy 

cagar shit endilgar end up with 

cagarse shit oneself endomingarse put on one's Sunday best 

cargar load endrogarse get into debt 

castigar punish enfangar cover with mud 

catalogar catalogue enfangarse become muddy 

centrifugar spin dry enjalbegar whitewash 

changarse break enjuagar rinse 

chingar knock back enjugar wipe 

chingarse get drunk entalegar bag 

coligarse unite entongar pile up 

compurgar serve out entregar submit 

comulgar administor communion envegarse become swampy 

congregar bring together enyugar yoke 

congregarse gather epilogar sum up 

conjugar conjugate erogar distribute 

delegar delegate espigar scrutinize 

derogar repeal espulgar delouse 

desabrigar remove clothing of estomagar give indigestion to 

desabrigarse remove one's clothing estragar ruin 

desagregar disintegrate excomulgar excommunicate 

desahogar vent expurgar expurgate 

desahogarse let off steam fatigar tire 

desarraigar uproot fisgar snoop on 

desarrugar smooth out fugarse escape 

descabalgar dismount 

30 

fumigar furnigate 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 1e: stem consonant g written gu (with u silent) before e. 

Page 2 

fustigar whip postergar postpone 

halagar flatter prejuzgar prejudge 

homologar sanction pringar dip 

hostigar harass prodigar lavish 

hurgar poke prologar preface 

indagar investigate prolongar prolong 

instigar incite promulgar announce 

interrogar interrogate propagar spread 

intrigar intigue prorrogar extend 

investigar investigate purgar purge 

irrigar irrigate rasgar tear 

irrogar occasion recargar refill 

jalbegar whitewash rehogar sauté 

jeringar annoy relegar relegate 

juzgar judge remangar roll up 

largar give repanchigarse lounge 

legar bequeath repantigarse sprawl 

ligar tie repulgar hem 

litigar dispute at law respingar ride up 

llagar wound rezagar postpone 

llegar arrive rezagarse fall behind 

madrugar get up early rezongar scold 

mangar pinch segregar segregate 

mendigar beg sesgar slant 

migar crumble singar pester 

mitigar mitigate sirgar tow 

monologar soliloquize sobrecargar overburden 

naufragar sink sojuzgar conquer 

navegar sail subyugar subdue 

nesgar flare sufragar help 

obligar force trafagar bustle about 

otorgar award tragar swallow 

pagar pay vagar roam 

pegar stick vengar avenge 

perdigar singe zurriagar whip 

plagar infest 

31 

© Copywright 2007


averiguar: to establish Past Pa rticiple: averiguado 

Gerund: averiguando 



yo averiguo I establish yo he averiguado I have established 

tú averiguas you establish tú has averiguado you have established 

el/ella averigua he/she establishes el/ella ha averiguado he/she has established 

nosotros averiguamos we establish nosotros hemos averiguado we have established 

vosotros averiguáis you establish vosotros habéis averiguado you have established 

ellos/ellas averiguan they establish ellos/ellas han averiguado they have established 


yo averiguaba I was establishing yo había averiguado I had established 

tú averiguabas you were establishing tú habías averiguado you had established 

el/ella averiguaba he/she was establishing el/ella había averiguado he/she had established 

nosotros averiguábamos we were establishing nosotros habíamos averiguado we had established 

vosotros averiguabais you were establishing vosotros habíais averiguado you had established 

ellos/ellas averiguaban they were establishing ellos/ellas habían averiguado they had established 


yo averigüé I established yo hube averiguado I established 

tú averiguaste you established tú hubiste averiguado you established 

el/ella averiguó he/she established el/ella hubo averiguado he/she established 

nosotros averiguamos we established nosotros hubimos averiguado we established 

vosotros averiguasteis you established vosotros hubisteis averiguado you established 

ellos/ellas averiguaron they established ellos/ellas hubieron averiguado they established 


yo averiguaré I will establish yo habré averiguado I will have established 

tú averiguarás you will establish tú habrás averiguado you will have established 

el/ella averiguará he/she will establish el/ella habrá averiguado he/she will have established 

nosotros averiguaremos we will establish nosotros habremos averiguado we will have established 

vosotros averiguaréis you will establish vosotros habréis averiguado you will have established 

ellos/ellas averiguarán they will establish ellos/ellas habrán averiguado they will have established 


yo averiguaría I would establish yo habría averiguado I would have established 

tú averiguarías you would establish tú habrías averiguado you would have established 

el/ella averiguaría he/she would establish el/ella habría averiguado he/she would have established 

nosotros averiguaríamos we would establish nosotros habríamos averiguado we would have established 

vosotros averiguaríais you would establish vosotros habríais averiguado you would have established 

ellos/ellas averiguarían they would establish ellos/ellas habrían averiguado they would have established 



yo averigüe I establish yo haya averiguado I have established 

tú averigües you establish tú hayas averiguado you have established 

el/ella averigüe he/she establishes el/ella haya averiguado he/she has established 

nosotros averigüemos we establish nosotros hayamos averiguado we have established 

vosotros averigüéis you establish vosotros hayáis averiguado you have established 

ellos/ellas averigüen they establish ellos/ellas hayan averiguado they have established 


yo averiguara I was establishing yo hubiera averiguado I had established 

tú averiguaras you were establishing tú hubieras averiguado you had established 

el/ella averiguara he/she was establishing el/ella hubiera averiguado he/she had established 

nosotros averiguáramos we were establishing nosotros hubiéramos averiguado we had established 

vosotros averiguarais you were establishing vosotros hubierais averiguado you had established 

ellos/ellas averiguaran they were establishing ellos/ellas hubieran averiguado they had established 

or or 

yo averiguase I was establishing yo hubiese averiguado I had established 

tú averiguases you were establishing tú hubieses averiguado you had established 

el/ella averiguase he/she was establishing el/ella hubiese averiguado he/she had established 

nosotros averiguásemos we were establishing nosotros hubiésemos averiguado we had established 

vosotros averiguaseis you were establishing vosotros hubieseis averiguado you had established 

ellos/ellas averiguasen they were establishing ellos/ellas hubiesen averiguado they had established 


yo averiguare I will establish yo hubiere averiguado I will have established 

tú averiguares you will establish tú hubieres averiguado you will have established 

el/ella averiguare he/she will establish el/ella hubiere averiguado he/she will have established 

nosotros averiguáremos we will establish nosotros hubiéremos averiguado we will have established 

vosotros averiguareis you will establish vosotros hubiereis averiguado you will have established 

ellos/ellas averiguaren they will establish ellos/ellas hubieren averiguado they will have established 


yo yo estoy averiguando I am establishing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

averigua 

averigüe 

averigüemos 

averiguad 

averigüen 

establish! 

establish! 

establish! 

establish! 

establish! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás averiguando 

está averiguando 

estamos averiguando 

estáis averiguando 

están averiguando 

you are establishing 

he/she is establishing 

we are establishing 

you are establishing 

they are establishing 

32 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 1f: u of the stem written ü (so that it is pronounced) before e. 


amenguar diminish desadvertir fail to notice 

amortiguar muffle desaguar drain 

amortiguarse grow dim deslenguarse shoot ones mouth off 

apaciguar calm down enmaniguarse overgrow with trees 

apaciguarse quieten down fraguar forge 

apaniguarse gang up fraguarse blow up 

atestiguar testify to maguarse be a failure 

atreguar grant a truce to menguar reduce 

atreguarse agree to a truce paniaguarse become friends 

averiguar establish santiguar make the sign of the cross 

averiguarse manage santiguarse cross oneself 

chaguar wring out 

33 

© Copywright 2007


cerrar: to close Past Pa rticiple: cerrado 

Gerund: cerrando 



yo cierro I close yo he cerrado I have closed 

tú cierras you close tú has cerrado you have closed 

el/ella cierra he/she closes el/ella ha cerrado he/she has closed 

nosotros cerramos we close nosotros hemos cerrado we have closed 

vosotros cerráis you close vosotros habéis cerrado you have closed 

ellos/ellas cierran they close ellos/ellas han cerrado they have closed 


yo cerraba I was closing yo había cerrado I had closed 

tú cerrabas you were closing tú habías cerrado you had closed 

el/ella cerraba he/she was closing el/ella había cerrado he/she had closed 

nosotros cerrábamos we were closing nosotros habíamos cerrado we had closed 

vosotros cerrabais you were closing vosotros habíais cerrado you had closed 

ellos/ellas cerraban they were closing ellos/ellas habían cerrado they had closed 


yo cerré I closed yo hube cerrado I closed 

tú cerraste you closed tú hubiste cerrado you closed 

el/ella cerró he/she closed el/ella hubo cerrado he/she closed 

nosotros cerramos we closed nosotros hubimos cerrado we closed 

vosotros cerrasteis you closed vosotros hubisteis cerrado you closed 

ellos/ellas cerraron they closed ellos/ellas hubieron cerrado they closed 


yo cerraré I will close yo habré cerrado I will have closed 

tú cerrarás you will close tú habrás cerrado you will have closed 

el/ella cerrará he/she will close el/ella habrá cerrado he/she will have closed 

nosotros cerraremos we will close nosotros habremos cerrado we will have closed 

vosotros cerraréis you will close vosotros habréis cerrado you will have closed 

ellos/ellas cerrarán they will close ellos/ellas habrán cerrado they will have closed 


yo cerraría I would close yo habría cerrado I would have closed 

tú cerrarías you would close tú habrías cerrado you would have closed 

el/ella cerraría he/she would close el/ella habría cerrado he/she would have closed 

nosotros cerraríamos we would close nosotros habríamos cerrado we would have closed 

vosotros cerraríais you would close vosotros habríais cerrado you would have closed 

ellos/ellas cerrarían they would close ellos/ellas habrían cerrado they would have closed 



yo cierre I close yo haya cerrado I have closed 

tú cierres you close tú hayas cerrado you have closed 

el/ella cierre he/she closes el/ella haya cerrado he/she has closed 

nosotros cerremos we close nosotros hayamos cerrado we have closed 

vosotros cerréis you close vosotros hayáis cerrado you have closed 

ellos/ellas cierren they close ellos/ellas hayan cerrado they have closed 


yo cerrara I was closing yo hubiera cerrado I had closed 

tú cerraras you were closing tú hubieras cerrado you had closed 

el/ella cerrara he/she was closing el/ella hubiera cerrado he/she had closed 

nosotros cerráramos we were closing nosotros hubiéramos cerrado we had closed 

vosotros cerrarais you were closing vosotros hubierais cerrado you had closed 

ellos/ellas cerraran they were closing ellos/ellas hubieran cerrado they had closed 

or or 

yo cerrase I was closing yo hubiese cerrado I had closed 

tú cerrases you were closing tú hubieses cerrado you had closed 

el/ella cerrase he/she was closing el/ella hubiese cerrado he/she had closed 

nosotros cerrásemos we were closing nosotros hubiésemos cerrado we had closed 

vosotros cerraseis you were closing vosotros hubieseis cerrado you had closed 

ellos/ellas cerrasen they were closing ellos/ellas hubiesen cerrado they had closed 


yo cerrare I will close yo hubiere cerrado I will have closed 

tú cerrares you will close tú hubieres cerrado you will have closed 

el/ella cerrare he/she will close el/ella hubiere cerrado he/she will have closed 

nosotros cerráremos we will close nosotros hubiéremos cerrado we will have closed 

vosotros cerrareis you will close vosotros hubiereis cerrado you will have closed 

ellos/ellas cerraren they will close ellos/ellas hubieren cerrado they will have closed 


yo yo estoy cerrando I am closing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

cierra 

cierre 

cerremos 

cerrad 

cierren 

close! 

close! 

close! 

close! 

close! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás cerrando 

está cerrando 

estamos cerrando 

estáis cerrando 

están cerrando 

you are closing 

he/she is closing 

we are closing 

you are closing 

they are closing 

34 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 1g: Stem vowel e becomes ie when stressed. 


alentar encourage empedrar pave 

alentarse cheer up empernar bolt 

aneblar cover with mist encentar begin to use 

aneblarse become misty encerrar shut 

apacentar graze encomendar entrust 

apacentarse feed encomendarse entrust oneself 

apretar tighten endentar engage 

apretarse huddle together enhestar set upright 

arrendar let enmendar correct 

asentar place ensangrentar stain with blood 

asentarse stand enterrar bury 

aserrar saw entesar stretch 

atentar attempt entrecerrar half close 

aterrar demolish escarmentar teach a lesson to 

atesar tighten gobernar govern 

atestar pack helar freeze 

atestarse stuff oneself herrar shoe 

atravesar put across incensar incense 

autogobobernarse govern oneself invernar winter 

aventar fan malpensar think ill of 

aventarse fill with air manifestar declare 

calentar heat mentar mention 

calentarse warm oneself up merendar have tea 

cerrar close nevar snow 

cerrarse close pensar think 

cimentar establish precalentar preheat 

concertar arrange quebrar break 

concertarse agree quebrarse get broken 

confesar admit reasentar resettle 

confesarse confess recalentar overheat 

dentar perforate recomendar recommend 

desacertar be wrong reencender relight 

desaferrar loosen reescender relight 

desalentar discourage remendar darn 

desalentarse lose heart repensar rethink 

desapretar loosen replegarse withdraw 

desconcertar disconcert requebrar compliment 

desempedrar lift paving stones resembrar resow 

desenhebrar unthread resquebrar begin to crack 

desenterrar unearth retemblar shudder 

desgobernar misgovern reventar burst 

deshelar defrost sembrar sow 

deshelarse melt sentar locate 

desherbar weed sentarse sit down 

desherrarse cast a shoe (horse) serrar saw up 

desmembrar dismember sobrecalentar overheat 

desmembrarse break up soterrar bury 

despertar wake subarrendar sublet 

despertarse wake up temblar tremble 

desterrar exile tentar tempt 

emparentar become related by marriage tesar tighten 

35 

© Copywright 2007


errar: to miss Past Pa rticiple: errado 

Gerund: errando 



yo yerro I miss yo he errado I have missed 

tú yerras you miss tú has errado you have missed 

el/ella yerra he/she misses el/ella ha errado he/she has missed 

nosotros erramos we miss nosotros hemos errado we have missed 

vosotros erráis you miss vosotros habéis errado you have missed 

ellos/ellas yerran they miss ellos/ellas han errado they have missed 


yo erraba I was missing yo había errado I had missed 

tú errabas you were missing tú habías errado you had missed 

el/ella erraba he/she was missing el/ella había errado he/she had missed 

nosotros errábamos we were missing nosotros habíamos errado we had missed 

vosotros errabais you were missing vosotros habíais errado you had missed 

ellos/ellas erraban they were missing ellos/ellas habían errado they had missed 


yo erré I missed yo hube errado I missed 

tú erraste you missed tú hubiste errado you missed 

el/ella erró he/she missed el/ella hubo errado he/she missed 

nosotros erramos we missed nosotros hubimos errado we missed 

vosotros errasteis you missed vosotros hubisteis errado you missed 

ellos/ellas erraron they missed ellos/ellas hubieron errado they missed 


yo erraré I will miss yo habré errado I will have missed 

tú errarás you will miss tú habrás errado you will have missed 

el/ella errará he/she will miss el/ella habrá errado he/she will have missed 

nosotros erraremos we will miss nosotros habremos errado we will have missed 

vosotros erraréis you will miss vosotros habréis errado you will have missed 

ellos/ellas errarán they will miss ellos/ellas habrán errado they will have missed 


yo erraría I would miss yo habría errado I would have missed 

tú errarías you would miss tú habrías errado you would have missed 

el/ella erraría he/she would miss el/ella habría errado he/she would have missed 

nosotros erraríamos we would miss nosotros habríamos errado we would have missed 

vosotros erraríais you would miss vosotros habríais errado you would have missed 

ellos/ellas errarían they would miss ellos/ellas habrían errado they would have missed 



yo yerre I miss yo haya errado I have missed 

tú yerres you miss tú hayas errado you have missed 

el/ella yerre he/she misses el/ella haya errado he/she has missed 

nosotros erremos we miss nosotros hayamos errado we have missed 

vosotros erréis you miss vosotros hayáis errado you have missed 

ellos/ellas yerren they miss ellos/ellas hayan errado they have missed 


yo errara I was missing yo hubiera errado I had missed 

tú erraras you were missing tú hubieras errado you had missed 

el/ella errara he/she was missing el/ella hubiera errado he/she had missed 

nosotros erráramos we were missing nosotros hubiéramos errado we had missed 

vosotros errarais you were missing vosotros hubierais errado you had missed 

ellos/ellas erraran they were missing ellos/ellas hubieran errado they had missed 

or or 

yo errase I was missing yo hubiese errado I had missed 

tú errases you were missing tú hubieses errado you had missed 

el/ella errase he/she was missing el/ella hubiese errado he/she had missed 

nosotros errásemos we were missing nosotros hubiésemos errado we had missed 

vosotros erraseis you were missing vosotros hubieseis errado you had missed 

ellos/ellas errasen they were missing ellos/ellas hubiesen errado they had missed 


yo errare I will miss yo hubiere errado I will have missed 

tú errares you will miss tú hubieres errado you will have missed 

el/ella errare he/she will miss el/ella hubiere errado he/she will have missed 

nosotros erráremos we will miss nosotros hubiéremos errado we will have missed 

vosotros errareis you will miss vosotros hubiereis errado you will have missed 

ellos/ellas erraren they will miss ellos/ellas hubieren errado they will have missed 


yo yo estoy errando I am missing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

yerra 

yerre 

erremos 

errad 

yerren 

miss! 

miss! 

miss! 

miss! 

miss! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás errando 

está errando 

estamos errando 

estáis errando 

están errando 

you are missing 

he/she is missing 

we are missing 

you are missing 

they are missing 

36 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 1h: As 1g, but diphong written ye- at the start of the word. 


errar miss 

errarse err 

37 

© Copywright 2007


contar: to c ount Past Pa rticiple: contado 

Gerund: contando 



yo cuento I count yo he contado I have counted 

tú cuentas you count tú has contado you have counted 

el/ella cuenta he/she counts el/ella ha contado he/she has counted 

nosotros contamos we count nosotros hemos contado we have counted 

vosotros contáis you count vosotros habéis contado you have counted 

ellos/ellas cuentan they count ellos/ellas han contado they have counted 


yo contaba I was counting yo había contado I had counted 

tú contabas you were counting tú habías contado you had counted 

el/ella contaba he/she was counting el/ella había contado he/she had counted 

nosotros contábamos we were counting nosotros habíamos contado we had counted 

vosotros contabais you were counting vosotros habíais contado you had counted 

ellos/ellas contaban they were counting ellos/ellas habían contado they had counted 


yo conté I counted yo hube contado I counted 

tú contaste you counted tú hubiste contado you counted 

el/ella contó he/she counted el/ella hubo contado he/she counted 

nosotros contamos we counted nosotros hubimos contado we counted 

vosotros contasteis you counted vosotros hubisteis contado you counted 

ellos/ellas contaron they counted ellos/ellas hubieron contado they counted 


yo contaré I will count yo habré contado I will have counted 

tú contarás you will count tú habrás contado you will have counted 

el/ella contará he/she will count el/ella habrá contado he/she will have counted 

nosotros contaremos we will count nosotros habremos contado we will have counted 

vosotros contaréis you will count vosotros habréis contado you will have counted 

ellos/ellas contuarán they will count ellos/ellas habrán contado they will have counted 


yo contaría I would count yo habría contado I would have counted 

tú contarías you would count tú habrías contado you would have counted 

el/ella contaría he/she would count el/ella habría contado he/she would have counted 

nosotros contaríamos we would count nosotros habríamos contado we would have counted 

vosotros contaríais you would count vosotros habríais contado you would have counted 

ellos/ellas contarían they would count ellos/ellas habrían contado they would have counted 



yo cuente I count yo haya contado I have counted 

tú cuentes you count tú hayas contado you have counted 

el/ella cuente he/she counts el/ella haya contado he/she has counted 

nosotros contemos we count nosotros hayamos contado we have counted 

vosotros contéis you count vosotros hayáis contado you have counted 

ellos/ellas cuenten they count ellos/ellas hayan contado they have counted 


yo contara I was counting yo hubiera contado I had counted 

tú contaras you were counting tú hubieras contado you had counted 

el/ella contara he/she was counting el/ella hubiera contado he/she had counted 

nosotros contáramos we were counting nosotros hubiéramos contado we had counted 

vosotros contarais you were counting vosotros hubierais contado you had counted 

ellos/ellas contaran they were counting ellos/ellas hubieran contado they had counted 

or or 

yo contase I was counting yo hubiese contado I had counted 

tú contases you were counting tú hubieses contado you had counted 

el/ella contase he/she was counting el/ella hubiese contado he/she had counted 

nosotros contásemos we were counting nosotros hubiésemos contado we had counted 

vosotros contaseis you were counting vosotros hubieseis contado you had counted 

ellos/ellas contasen they were counting ellos/ellas hubiesen contado they had counted 


yo contare I will count yo hubiere contado I will have counted 

tú contares you will count tú hubieres contado you will have counted 

el/ella contare he/she will count el/ella hubiere contado he/she will have counted 

nosotros contáremos we will count nosotros hubiéremos contado we will have counted 

vosotros contareis you will count vosotros hubiereis contado you will have counted 

ellos/ellas contaren they will count ellos/ellas hubieren contado they will have counted 


yo yo estoy contando I am counting 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

cuenta 

cuente 

contemos 

contad 

cuenten 

count! 

count! 

count! 

count! 

count! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás contando 

está contando 

estamos contando 

estáis contando 

están contando 

you are counting 

he/she is counting 

we are counting 

you are counting 

they are counting 

38 

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Irregular verb Group 1i: Stem vowel o becomes ue when stressed. 


amoblar furnish hollar tread 

amolar grind improbar not approve 

apercollar seize by the neck mancornar join 

apescollar seize by the neck mostrar show 

apostar position poblar populate 

aprobar pass poblarse populate with people 

asonar assonate preacordar reach 

atronar deafen probar prove 

colar strain probarse try on 

colarse sneak in recontar recount 

comprobar check recordar remember 

concordar reconcile recordarse wake up 

consolar console recostar lean 

consolarse console oneself recostarse recline 

consonar harmonize reencontrarse meet again 

contar count regoldar belch 

costar cost renovar renew 

demostrar prove repoblar repopulate 

denostar insult reprobar condemn 

desacordar put out of tune rescontrar balance 

desaforarse act violently resollar breathe noisily 

desaprobar disaprove resoltarse overstep the mark 

descollar stand out resonar resound 

desconsolar distress retostar bust 

desconsolarse despair retronar boom 

descontar deduct revolar take to flight again 

descornar poll rodar rotate 

descornarse slog away sobrevolar fly over 

desollar skin solar tile 

despoblar depopulate soldar weld 

despoblarse become depopulated soltar release 

discordar be out of tune sonar sound 

disonar be out of tune soñar dream 

encontrar find tostar toast 

encorar cover with leather trascolar strain 

encordar bind trascordarse forget 

encordarse rope themselves together trasvolar fly over 

encornar gore tronar thunder 

engrosar increase volar fly 

escolar school 

follar shag 

39 

© Copywright 2007


agorar: to predict Past Pa rticiple: agorado 

Gerund: agorando 



yo agüero I predict yo he agorado I have predicted 

tú agüeras you predict tú has agorado you have predicted 

el/ella agüera he/she predicts el/ella ha agorado he/she has predicted 

nosotros agoramos we predict nosotros hemos agorado we have predicted 

vosotros agoráis you predict vosotros habéis agorado you have predicted 

ellos/ellas agüeran they predict ellos/ellas han agorado they have predicted 


yo agoraba I was predicting yo había agorado I had predicted 

tú agorabas you were predicting tú habías agorado you had predicted 

el/ella agoraba he/she was predicting el/ella había agorado he/she had predicted 

nosotros agorábamos we were predicting nosotros habíamos agorado we had predicted 

vosotros agorabais you were predicting vosotros habíais agorado you had predicted 

ellos/ellas agoraban they were predicting ellos/ellas habían agorado they had predicted 


yo agoré I predicted yo hube agorado I predicted 

tú agoraste you predicted tú hubiste agorado you predicted 

el/ella agoró he/she predicted el/ella hubo agorado he/she predicted 

nosotros agoramos we predicted nosotros hubimos agorado we predicted 

vosotros agorasteis you predicted vosotros hubisteis agorado you predicted 

ellos/ellas agoraron they predicted ellos/ellas hubieron agorado they predicted 


yo agoraré I will predict yo habré agorado I will have predicted 

tú agorarás you will predict tú habrás agorado you will have predicted 

el/ella agorará he/she will predict el/ella habrá agorado he/she will have predicted 

nosotros agoraremos we will predict nosotros habremos agorado we will have predicted 

vosotros agoraréis you will predict vosotros habréis agorado you will have predicted 

ellos/ellas agorarán they will predict ellos/ellas habrán agorado they will have predicted 


yo agoraría I would predict yo habría agorado I would have predicted 

tú agorarías you would predict tú habrías agorado you would have predicted 

el/ella agoraría he/she would predict el/ella habría agorado he/she would have predicted 

nosotros agoraríamos we would predict nosotros habríamos agorado we would have predicted 

vosotros agoraríais you would predict vosotros habríais agorado you would have predicted 

ellos/ellas agorarían they would predict ellos/ellas habrían agorado they would have predicted 



yo agüere I predict yo haya agorado I have predicted 

tú agüeres you predict tú hayas agorado you have predicted 

el/ella agüere he/she predicts el/ella haya agorado he/she has predicted 

nosotros agoremos we predict nosotros hayamos agorado we have predicted 

vosotros agoréis you predict vosotros hayáis agorado you have predicted 

ellos/ellas agüeren they predict ellos/ellas hayan agorado they have predicted 


yo agorara I was predicting yo hubiera agorado I had predicted 

tú agoraras you were predicting tú hubieras agorado you had predicted 

el/ella agorara he/she was predicting el/ella hubiera agorado he/she had predicted 

nosotros agoráramos we were predicting nosotros hubiéramos agorado we had predicted 

vosotros agorarais you were predicting vosotros hubierais agorado you had predicted 

ellos/ellas agoraran they were predicting ellos/ellas hubieran agorado they had predicted 

or or 

yo agorase I was predicting yo hubiese agorado I had predicted 

tú agorases you were predicting tú hubieses agorado you had predicted 

el/ella agorase he/she was predicting el/ella hubiese agorado he/she had predicted 

nosotros agorásemos we were predicting nosotros hubiésemos agorado we had predicted 

vosotros agoraseis you were predicting vosotros hubieseis agorado you had predicted 

ellos/ellas agorasen they were predicting ellos/ellas hubiesen agorado they had predicted 


yo agorare I will predict yo hubiere agorado I will have predicted 

tú agorares you will predict tú hubieres agorado you will have predicted 

el/ella agorare he/she will predict el/ella hubiere agorado he/she will have predicted 

nosotros agoráremos we will predict nosotros hubiéremos agorado we will have predicted 

vosotros agorareis you will predict vosotros hubiereis agorado you will have predicted 

ellos/ellas agoraren they will predict ellos/ellas hubieren agorado they will have predicted 


yo yo estoy agorando I am predicting 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

agüera 

agüere 

agoremos 

agorad 

agüeren 

predict! 

predict! 

predict! 

predict! 

predict! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás agorando 

está agorando 

estamos agorando 

estáis agorando 

están agorando 

you are predicting 

he/she is predicting 

we are predicting 

you are predicting 

they are predicting 

40 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 1j: As1i, but diphong written üe (so that the u is pronounced). 


agorar predict 

degollar slaughter 

41 

© Copywright 2007


jugar: to play Past Pa rticiple: jugado 

Gerund: jugando 



yo juego I play yo he jugado I have played 

tú juegas you play tú has jugado you have played 

el/ella juega he/she plays el/ella ha jugado he/she has played 

nosotros jugamos we play nosotros hemos jugado we have played 

vosotros jugáis you play vosotros habéis jugado you have played 

ellos/ellas juegan they play ellos/ellas han jugado they have played 


yo jugaba I was playing yo había jugado I had played 

tú jugabas you were playing tú habías jugado you had played 

el/ella jugaba he/she was playing el/ella había jugado he/she had played 

nosotros jugábamos we were playing nosotros habíamos jugado we had played 

vosotros jugabais you were playing vosotros habíais jugado you had played 

ellos/ellas jugaban they were playing ellos/ellas habían jugado they had played 


yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

jugué 

jugaste 

jugó 

jugamos 

jugastei s 

jugaron 

I played 

you played 

he/she played 

we played 

you played 

they played 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

hube jugado 

hubiste jugado 

hubo jugado 

hubimos jugado 

hubisteis jugado 

hubieron jugado 

I played 

you played 

he/she played 

we played 

you played 

they played 


yo jugaré I will play yo habré jugado I will have played 

tú jugarás you will play tú habrás jugado you will have played 

el/ella jugará he/she will play el/ella habrá jugado he/she will have played 

nosotros jugaremos we will play nosotros habremos jugado we will have played 

vosotros jugaréis you will play vosotros habréis jugado you will have played 

ellos/ellas jugarán they will play ellos/ellas habrán jugado they will have played 


yo jugaría I would play yo habría jugado I would have played 

tú jugarías you would play tú habrías jugado you would have played 

el/ella jugaría he/she would play el/ella habría jugado he/she would have played 

nosotros jugaríamos we would play nosotros habríamos jugado we would have played 

vosotros jugaríais you would play vosotros habríais jugado you would have played 

ellos/ellas jugarían they would play ellos/ellas habrían jugado they would have played 



yo juegue I play yo haya jugado I have played 

tú juegues you play tú hayas jugado you have played 

el/ella juegue he/she plays el/ella haya jugado he/she has played 

nosotros jueguemos we play nosotros hayamos jugado we have played 

vosotros jueguéis you play vosotros hayáis jugado you have played 

ellos/ellas jueguen they play ellos/ellas hayan jugado they have played 


yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

jugara 

jugaras 

jugara 

jugaramos 

jugarais 

jugaran 

I was playing 

you were playing 

he/she was playing 

we were playing 


they were playing 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

hubiera jugado 

hubieras jugado 

hubiera jugado 

hubiéramos jugado 

hubierais jugado 

hubieran jugado 

I had played 

you had played 

he/she had played 

we had played 


they had played 

or 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

jugase 

jugases 

jugase 

jugásemos 

jugaseis 

jugasen 

I was playing 


he/she was playing 

we were playing 


they were playing 

or 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

hubiese jugado 

hubieses jugado 

hubiese jugado 

hubiésemos jugado 

hubieseis jugado 

hubiesen jugado 

I had played 


he/she had played 

we had played 


they had played 

Future [futuro imperfecto] 

yo jugare 

tú jugares 

el/ella jugare 

nosotros jugáremos 

vosotros jugareis 

ellos/ellas jugaren 

I will play 

you will play 

he/she will play 

we will play 

you will play 

they will play 

Future Perfect [futuro perfecto] 

yo hubiere jugado 

tú hubieres jugado 

el/ella hubiere jugado 

nosotros hubiéremos jugado 

vosotros hubiereis jugado 

ellos/ellas hubieren jugado 

I will have played 

you will have played 

he/she will have played 

we will have played 

you will have played 

they will have played 


yo yo estoy jugando I am playing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

juega 

juegue 

juguemos 

jugad 

jueguen 

play! 

play! 

play! 

play! 

play! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás jugando 

está jugando 

estamos jugando 

estáis jugando 

están jugando 

you are playing 

he/she is playing 

we are playing 


they are playing 

42 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 1k: Stem vowel u becomes ue when stressed; stem consonant 

g written gu (u is silent) before e. 


jugarse bet 

jugar play 

43 

© Copywright 2007


estar: to be Past Pa rticiple: estado 

Gerund: estando 



yo estoy I am yo he estado I have been 

tú estás you are tú has estado you have been 

el/ella está he/she is el/ella ha estado he/she has been 

nosotros estamos we are nosotros hemos estado we have been 

vosotros estáis you are vosotros habéis estado you have been 

ellos/ellas están they are ellos/ellas han estado they have been 


yo estaba I was being yo había estado I had been 

tú estabas you were being tú habías estado you had been 

el/ella estaba he/she was being el/ella había estado he/she had been 

nosotros estábamos we were being nosotros habíamos estado we had been 

vosotros estabais you were being vosotros habíais estado you had been 

ellos/ellas estaban they were being ellos/ellas habían estado they had been 


yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estuve 

estuviste 

estuvo 

estuvimos 

estuvisteis 

estuvieron 

I was 

you were 

he/she was 

we were 

you were 

they were 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

hube estado 

hubiste estado 

hubo estado 

hubimos estado 

hubisteis estado 

hubieron estado 

I was 

you were 

he/she was 

we were 

you were 

they were 


yo estaré I will be yo habré estado I will have been 

tú estarás you will be tú habrás estado you will have been 

el/ella estará he/she will be el/ella habrá estado he/she will have been 

nosotros estaremos we will be nosotros habremos estado we will have been 

vosotros estaréis you will be vosotros habréis estado you will have been 

ellos/ellas estarán they will be ellos/ellas habrán estado they will have been 


yo estaría I would be yo habría estado I would have been 

tú estarías you would be tú habrías estado you would have been 

el/ella estaría he/she would be el/ella habría estado he/she would have been 

nosotros estaríamos we would be nosotros habríamos estado we would have been 

vosotros estaríais you would be vosotros habríais estado you would have been 

ellos/ellas estarían they would be ellos/ellas habrían estado they would have been 



yo esté I am yo haya estado I have been 

tú estés you are tú hayas estado you have been 

el/ella esté he/she is el/ella haya estado he/she has been 

nosotros estemos we are nosotros hayamos estado we have been 

vosotros estéis you are vosotros hayáis estado you have been 

ellos/ellas estén they are ellos/ellas hayan estado they have been 


yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estuviera 

estuviera s 

estuviera 

estuviéramos 

estuvierais 

estuvieran 

I was being 

you were being 

he/she was being 

we were being 


they were being 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

hubiera estado 

hubieras estado 

hubiera estado 

hubiéramos estado 

hubierais estado 

hubieran estado 

I had been 

you had been 

he/she had been 

we had been 

you had been 

they had been 

or 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estuviese 

estuvieses 

estuviese 

estuviésemos estuvieseis 

estuviesen 

I was being 


he/she was being 

we were being 


they were being 

or 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

hubiese estado 

hubieses estado 

hubiese estado 

hubiésemos estado 

hubieseis estado 

hubiesen estado 

I had been 

you had been 

he/she had been 

we had been 

you had been 

they had been 


yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estuviere 

estuviere s 

estuviere 

estuviéremos 

estuviereis 

estuvieren 

I will be 

you will be 

he/she will be 

we will be 

you will be 

they will be 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

hubiere estado 

hubieres estado 

hubiere estado 

hubiéremos estado 

hubiereis estado 

hubieren estado 

I will have been 

you will have been 

he/she will have been 

we will have been 

you will have been 

they will have been 


yo yo estoy estando I am being 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

está 

esté 

estemos 

estad 

estén 

be! 

be! 

be! 

be! 

be! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás estando 

está estando 

estamos estando 

estáis estando 

están estando 

you are being 

he/she is being 

we are being 

you are being 

they are being 

44 

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Irregular verb Group 1l: Irregular verb Estar. 


desovar lay eggs 

estar be 

45 

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andar: to walk Past Pa rticiple: andado 

Gerund: andando 



yo ando I walk yo he andado I have walked 

tú andas you walk tú has andado you have walked 

el/ella anda he/she walks el/ella ha andado he/she has walked 

nosotros andamos we walk nosotros hemos andado we have walked 

vosotros andáis you walk vosotros habéis andado you have walked 

ellos/ellas andan they walk ellos/ellas han andado they have walked 


yo andaba I was walking yo había andado I had walked 

tú andabas you were walking tú habías andado you had walked 

el/ella andaba he/she was walking el/ella había andado he/she had walked 

nosotros andábamos we were walking nosotros habíamos andado we had walked 

vosotros andabais you were walking vosotros habíais andado you had walked 

ellos/ellas andaban they were walking ellos/ellas habían andado they had walked 


yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

anduve 

anduviste 

anduvo 

anduvimos 

anduvisteis 

anduvieron 

I walked 

you walked 

he/she walked 

we walked 

you walked 

they walked 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

hube andado 

hubiste andado 

hubo andado 

hubimos andado 

hubisteis andado 

hubieron andado 

I walked 

you walked 

he/she walked 

we walked 

you walked 

they walked 


yo andaré I will walk yo habré andado I will have walked 

tú andarás you will walk tú habrás andado you will have walked 

el/ella andará he/she will walk el/ella habrá andado he/she will have walked 

nosotros andaremos we will walk nosotros habremos andado we will have walked 

vosotros andaréis you will walk vosotros habréis andado you will have walked 

ellos/ellas andarán they will walk ellos/ellas habrán andado they will have walked 


yo andaría I would walk yo habría andado I would have walked 

tú andarías you would walk tú habrías andado you would have walked 

el/ella andaría he/she would walk el/ella habría andado he/she would have walked 

nosotros andaríamos we would walk nosotros habríamos andado we would have walked 

vosotros andaríais you would walk vosotros habríais andado you would have walked 

ellos/ellas andarían they would walk ellos/ellas habrían andado they would have walked 



yo ande I walk yo haya andado I have walked 

tú andes you walk tú hayas andado you have walked 

el/ella ande he/she walks el/ella haya andado he/she has walked 

nosotros andemos we walk nosotros hayamos andado we have walked 

vosotros andéis you walk vosotros hayáis andado you have walked 

ellos/ellas anden they walk ellos/ellas hayan andado they have walked 


yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

anduviera 

anduviera s 

anduviera 

anduviéramos 

anduvierais 

anduvieran 

I was walking 

you were walking 

he/she was walking 

we were walking 


they were walking 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

hubiera andado 

hubieras andado 

hubiera andado 

hubiéramos andado 

hubierais andado 

hubieran andado 

I had walked 

you had walked 

he/she had walked 

we had walked 


they had walked 

or 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

anduviese 

anduvieses 

anduviese 

anduviésemos 

anduvieseis 

anduviesen 

I was walking 


he/she was walking 

we were walking 


they were walking 

or 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

hubiese andado 

hubieses andado 

hubiese andado 

hubiésemos andado 

hubieseis andado 

hubiesen andado 

I had walked 


he/she had walked 

we had walked 


they had walked 


yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

anduviere 

anduviere s 

anduviere 

anduviéremos 

anduviereis 

anduvieren 

I will walk 

you will walk 

he/she will walk 

we will walk 

you will walk 

they will walk 

yo 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

hubiere andado 

hubieres andado 

hubiere andado 

hubiéremos andado 

hubiereis andado 

hubieren andado 

I will have walked 

you will have walked 

he/she will have walked 

we will have walked 

you will have walked 

they will have walked 


yo yo estoy andando I am walking 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

anda 

ande 

andemos 

andad 

anden 

walk! 

walk! 

walk! 

walk! 

walk! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás andando 

está andando 

estamos andando 

estáis andando 

están andando 

you are walking 

he/she is walking 

we are walking 

you are walking 

they are walking 

46 

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Irregular verb Group 1m: Irregular verb Andar. 


andar walk 

desandar retrace 

47 

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dar: to give Past Pa rticiple: dado 

Gerund: dando 



yo doy I give yo he dado I have given 

tú das you give tú has dado you have given 

el/ella da he/she gives el/ella ha dado he/she has given 

nosotros damos we give nosotros hemos dado we have given 

vosotros dais you give vosotros habéis dado you have given 

ellos/ellas dan they give ellos/ellas han dado they have given 


yo daba I was giving yo había dado I had given 

tú dabas you were giving tú habías dado you had given 

el/ella daba he/she was giving el/ella había dado he/she had given 

nosotros dábamos we were giving nosotros habíamos dado we had given 

vosotros dabais you were giving vosotros habíais dado you had given 

ellos/ellas daban they were giving ellos/ellas habían dado they had given 


yo di I gave yo hube dado I gave 

tú diste you gave tú hubiste dado you gave 

el/ella dio he/she gave el/ella hubo dado he/she gave 

nosotros dimos we gave nosotros hubimos dado we gave 

vosotros disteis you gave vosotros hubisteis dado you gave 

ellos/ellas dieron they gave ellos/ellas hubieron dado they gave 


yo daré I will give yo habré dado I will have given 

tú darás you will give tú habrás dado you will have given 

el/ella dará he/she will give el/ella habrá dado he/she will have given 

nosotros daremos we will give nosotros habremos dado we will have given 

vosotros daréis you will give vosotros habréis dado you will have given 

ellos/ellas darán they will give ellos/ellas habrán dado they will have given 


yo daría I would give yo habría dado I would have given 

tú darías you would give tú habrías dado you would have given 

el/ella daría he/she would give el/ella habría dado he/she would have given 

nosotros daríamos we would give nosotros habríamos dado we would have given 

vosotros daríais you would give vosotros habríais dado you would have given 

ellos/ellas darían they would give ellos/ellas habrían dado they would have given 



yo dé I give yo haya dado I have given 

tú des you give tú hayas dado you have given 

el/ella dé he/she give el/ella haya dado he/she has given 

nosotros demos we give nosotros hayamos dado we have given 

vosotros deis you give vosotros hayáis dado you have given 

ellos/ellas den they give ellos/ellas hayan dado they have given 


yo diera I was giving yo hubiera dado I had given 

tú dieras you were giving tú hubieras dado you had given 

el/ella diera he/she was giving el/ella hubiera dado he/she had given 

nosotros diéramos we were giving nosotros hubiéramos dado we had given 

vosotros dierais you were giving vosotros hubierais dado you had given 

ellos/ellas dieran they were giving ellos/ellas hubieran dado they had given 

or or 

yo diese I was giving yo hubiese dado I had given 

tú dieses you were giving tú hubieses dado you had given 

el/ella diese he/she was giving el/ella hubiese dado he/she had given 

nosotros diésemos we were giving nosotros hubiésemos dado we had given 

vosotros dieseis you were giving vosotros hubieseis dado you had given 

ellos/ellas diesen they were giving ellos/ellas hubiesen dado they had given 


yo diere I will give yo hubiere dado I will have given 

tú dieres you will give tú hubieres dado you will have given 

el/ella diere he/she will give el/ella hubiere dado he/she will have given 

nosotros diéremos we will give nosotros hubiéremos dado we will have given 

vosotros diereis you will give vosotros hubiereis dado you will have given 

ellos/ellas dieren they will give ellos/ellas hubieren dado they will have given 


yo yo estoy dando I am giving 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

da 

dé 

demos 

dad 

den 

give! 

give! 

give! 

give! 

give! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás dando 

está dando 

estamos dando 

estáis dando 

están dando 

you are giving 

he/she is giving 

we are giving 

you are giving 

they are giving 

48 

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Irregular verb Group 1n: Irregular verb Dar. 


dar give 

darse give in 

49 

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comenzar : to commenc e Past Pa rticiple: comenzado 

Gerund: comenzando 



yo comienzo I commence yo he comenzado I have commenced 

tú comienzas you commence tú has comenzado you have commenced 

el/ella comienza he/she commences el/ella ha comenzado he/she has commenced 

nosotros comenzamos we commence nosotros hemos comenzado we have commenced 

vosotros comenzáis you commence vosotros habéis comenzado you have commenced 

ellos/ellas comienzan they commence ellos/ellas han comenzado they have commenced 


yo comenzaba I was commencing yo había comenzado I had commenced 

tú comenzabas you were commencing tú habías comenzado you had commenced 

el/ella comenzaba he/she was commencing el/ella había comenzado he/she had commenced 

nosotros comenzábamos we were commencing nosotros habíamos comenzado we had commenced 

vosotros comenzabais you were commencing vosotros habíais comenzado you had commenced 

ellos/ellas comenzaban they were commencing ellos/ellas habían comenzado they had commenced 


yo comencé I commenced yo hube comenzado I commenced 

tú comenzaste you commenced tú hubiste comenzado you commenced 

el/ella comenzó he/she commenced el/ella hubo comenzado he/she commenced 

nosotros comenzamos we commenced nosotros hubimos comenzado we commenced 

vosotros comenzasteis you commenced vosotros hubisteis comenzado you commenced 

ellos/ellas comenzaron they commenced ellos/ellas hubieron comenzado they commenced 


yo comenzaré I will commence yo habré comenzado I will have commenced 

tú comenzarás you will commence tú habrás comenzado you will have commenced 

el/ella comenzará he/she will commence el/ella habrá comenzado he/she will have commenced 

nosotros comenzaremos we will commence nosotros habremos comenzado we will have commenced 

vosotros comenzaréis you will commence vosotros habréis comenzado you will have commenced 

ellos/ellas comenzarán they will commence ellos/ellas habrán comenzado they will have commenced 


yo comenzaría I would commence yo habría comenzado I would have commenced 

tú comenzarías you would commence tú habrías comenzado you would have commenced 

el/ella comenzaría he/she would commence el/ella habría comenzado he/she would have commenced 

nosotros comenzaríamos we would commence nosotros habríamos comenzado we would have commenced 

vosotros comenzaríais you would commence vosotros habríais comenzado you would have commenced 

ellos/ellas comenzarían they would commence ellos/ellas habrían comenzado they would have commenced 



yo comience I commence yo haya comenzado I have commenced 

tú comiences you commence tú hayas comenzado you have commenced 

el/ella comience he/she commences el/ella haya comenzado he/she has commenced 

nosotros comencemos we commence nosotros hayamos comenzado we have commenced 

vosotros comencéis you commence vosotros hayáis comenzado you have commenced 

ellos/ellas comiencen they commence ellos/ellas hayan comenzado they have commenced 


yo comenzara I was commencing yo hubiera comenzado I had commenced 

tú comenzaras you were commencing tú hubieras comenzado you had commenced 

el/ella comenzara he/she was commencing el/ella hubiera comenzado he/she had commenced 

nosotros comenzáramos we were commencing nosotros hubiéramos comenzado we had commenced 

vosotros comenzarais you were commencing vosotros hubierais comenzado you had commenced 

ellos/ellas comenzaran they were commencing ellos/ellas hubieran comenzado they had commenced 

or or 

yo comenzase I was commencing yo hubiese comenzado I had commenced 

tú comenzases you were commencing tú hubieses comenzado you had commenced 

el/ella comenzase he/she was commencing el/ella hubiese comenzado he/she had commenced 

nosotros comenzásemos we were commencing nosotros hubiésemos comenzado we had commenced 

vosotros comenzaseis you were commencing vosotros hubieseis comenzado you had commenced 

ellos/ellas comenzasen they were commencing ellos/ellas hubiesen comenzado they had commenced 


yo comenzare I will commence yo hubiere comenzado I will have commenced 

tú comenzares you will commence tú hubieres comenzado you will have commenced 

el/ella comenzare he/she will commence el/ella hubiere comenzado he/she will have commenced 

nosotros comenzáremos we will commence nosotros hubiéremos comenzado we will have commenced 

vosotros comenzareis you will commence vosotros hubiereis comenzado you will have commenced 

ellos/ellas comenzaren they will commence ellos/ellas hubieren comenzado they will have commenced 


yo yo estoy comenzando I am commencing 

tú comienza commence! tú estás comenzando you are commencing 

el/ella comience commence! el/ella está comenzando he/she is commencing 

nosotros comencemos commence! nosotros estamos comenzando we are commencing 

vosotros comenzad commence! vosotros estáis comenzando you are commencing 

ellos/ellas comiencen commence! ellos/ellas están comenzando they are commencing 

50 

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Irregular verb Group 1o: Combination of 1g, and 1c. 


comenzar begin 

empezar begin 

recomenzar recommence 

trompezar trip 

tropezar trip 

51 

© Copywright 2007


almorzar: to have lunch Past Pa rticiple: almorzado 

Gerund: almorzando 



yo almuerzo I have lunch yo he almorzado I have had lunch 

tú almuerzas you have lunch tú has almorzado you have had lunch 

el/ella almuerza he/she has lunch el/ella ha almorzado he/she has had lunch 

nosotros almorzamos we have lunch nosotros hemos almorzado we have had lunch 

vosotros almorzáis you have lunch vosotros habéis almorzado you have had lunch 

ellos/ellas almuerzan they have lunch ellos/ellas han almorzado they have had lunch 


yo almorzaba I was having lunch yo había almorzado I had lunched 

tú almorzabas you were having lunch tú habías almorzado you had lunched 

el/ella almorzaba he/she was having lunch el/ella había almorzado he/she had lunched 

nosotros almorzábamos we were having lunch nosotros habíamos almorzado we had lunched 

vosotros almorzabais you were having lunch vosotros habíais almorzado you had lunched 

ellos/ellas almorzaban they were having lunch ellos/ellas habían almorzado they had lunched 


yo almorcé I lunched yo hube almorzado I lunched 

tú almorzaste you lunched tú hubiste almorzado you lunched 

el/ella almorzó he/she lunched el/ella hubo almorzado he/she lunched 

nosotros almorzamos we lunched nosotros hubimos almorzado we lunched 

vosotros almorzasteis you lunched vosotros hubisteis almorzado you lunched 

ellos/ellas almorzaron they lunched ellos/ellas hubieron almorzado they lunched 


yo almorzaré I will have lunch yo habré almorzado I will have had lunch 

tú almorzarás you will have lunch tú habrás almorzado you will have had lunch 

el/ella almorzará he/she will have lunch el/ella habrá almorzado he/she will have had lunch 

nosotros almorzaremos we will have lunch nosotros habremos almorzado we will have had lunch 

vosotros almorzaréis you will have lunch vosotros habréis almorzado you will have had lunch 

ellos/ellas almorzarán they will have lunch ellos/ellas habrán almorzado they will have had lunch 


yo almorzaría I would have lunch yo habría almorzado I would have had lunch 

tú almorzarías you would have lunch tú habrías almorzado you would have had lunch 

el/ella almorzaría he/she would have lunch el/ella habría almorzado he/she would have had lunch 

nosotros almorzaríamos we would have lunch nosotros habríamos almorzado we would have had lunch 

vosotros almorzaríais you would have lunch vosotros habríais almorzado you would have had lunch 

ellos/ellas almorzarían they would have lunch ellos/ellas habrían almorzado they would have had lunch 



yo almuerce I have lunch yo haya almorzado I have had lunch 

tú almuerces you have lunch tú hayas almorzado you have had lunch 

el/ella almuerce he/she has lunch el/ella haya almorzado he/she has had lunch 

nosotros almorcemos we have lunch nosotros hayamos almorzado we have had lunch 

vosotros almorcéis you have lunch vosotros hayáis almorzado you have had lunch 

ellos/ellas almuercen they have lunch ellos/ellas hayan almorzado they have had lunch 


yo almorzara I was having lunch yo hubiera almorzado I had lunched 

tú almorzaras you were having lunch tú hubieras almorzado you had lunched 

el/ella almorzara he/she was having lunch el/ella hubiera almorzado he/she had lunched 

nosotros almorzáramos we were having lunch nosotros hubiéramos almorzado we had lunched 

vosotros almorzarais you were having lunch vosotros hubierais almorzado you had lunched 

ellos/ellas almorzaran they were having lunch ellos/ellas hubieran almorzado they had lunched 

or or 

yo almorzase I was having lunch yo hubiese almorzado I had lunched 

tú almorzases you were having lunch tú hubieses almorzado you had lunched 

el/ella almorzase he/she was having lunch el/ella hubiese almorzado he/she had lunched 

nosotros almorzásemos we were having lunch nosotros hubiésemos almorzado we had lunched 

vosotros almorzaseis you were having lunch vosotros hubieseis almorzado you had lunched 

ellos/ellas almorzasen they were having lunch ellos/ellas hubiesen almorzado they had lunched 


yo almorzare I will have lunch yo hubiere almorzado I will have had lunch 

tú almorzares you will have lunch tú hubieres almorzado you will have had lunch 

el/ella almorzare he/she will have lunch el/ella hubiere almorzado he/she will have had lunch 

nosotros almorzáremos we will have lunch nosotros hubiéremos almorzado we will have had lunch 

vosotros almorzareis you will have lunch vosotros hubiereis almorzado you will have had lunch 

ellos/ellas almorzaren they will have lunch ellos/ellas hubieren almorzado they will have had lunch 


yo yo estoy almorzando I am having lunch 

tú almuerza have lunch! tú estás almorzando you are having lunch 

el/ella almuerce have lunch! el/ella está almorzando he/she is having lunch 

nosotros almorcemos have lunch! nosotros estamos almorzando we are having lunch 

vosotros almorzad have lunch! vosotros estáis almorzando you are having lunch 

ellos/ellas almuercen have lunch! ellos/ellas están almorzando they are having lunch 

52 

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Irregular verb Group 1p: Combination of 1g, and 1c. 


almorzar have lunch 

avergonzar shame 

desvergonzarse lose all sense of shame 

esforzar strain 

esforzarse exert oneself 

forzar force 

reforzar reinforce 

53 

© Copywright 2007


ahincar: to urge Past Pa rticiple: ahincado 

Gerund: ahincando 



yo ahínco I urge yo he ahincado I have urged 

tú ahíncas you urge tú has ahincado you have urged 

el/ella ahínca he/she urges el/ella ha ahincado he/she has urged 

nosotros ahincamos we urge nosotros hemos ahincado we have urged 

vosotros ahincáis you urge vosotros habéis ahincado you have urged 

ellos/ellas ahíncan they urge ellos/ellas han ahincado they have urged 


yo ahincaba I was urging yo había ahincado I urged 

tú ahincabas you were urging tú habías ahincado you urged 

el/ella ahincaba he/she was urging el/ella había ahincado he/she urged 

nosotros ahincábamos we were urging nosotros habíamos ahincado we urged 

vosotros ahincabais you were urging vosotros habíais ahincado you urged 

ellos/ellas ahincaban they were urging ellos/ellas habían ahincado they urged 


yo ahinqué I urged yo hube ahincado I urged 

tú ahincaste you urged tú hubiste ahincado you urged 

el/ella ahincó he/she urged el/ella hubo ahincado he/she urged 

nosotros ahincamos we urged nosotros hubimos ahincado we urged 

vosotros ahincasteis you urged vosotros hubisteis ahincado you urged 

ellos/ellas ahincaron they urged ellos/ellas hubieron ahincado they urged 


yo ahincaré I will urge yo habré ahincado I will have urged 

tú ahincarás you will urge tú habrás ahincado you will have urged 

el/ella ahincará he/she will urge el/ella habrá ahincado he/she will have urged 

nosotros ahincaremos we will urge nosotros habremos ahincado we will have urged 

vosotros ahincaréis you will urge vosotros habréis ahincado you will have urged 

ellos/ellas ahincarán they will urge ellos/ellas habrán ahincado they will have urged 


yo ahincaría I would urge yo habría ahincado I would have urged 

tú ahincarías you would urge tú habrías ahincado you would have urged 

el/ella ahincaría he/she would urge el/ella habría ahincado he/she would have urged 

nosotros ahincaríamos we would urge nosotros habríamos ahincado we would have urged 

vosotros ahincaríais you would urge vosotros habríais ahincado you would have urged 

ellos/ellas ahincarían they would urge ellos/ellas habrían ahincado they would have urged 



yo ahínque I urge yo haya ahincado I have urged 

tú ahínques you urge tú hayas ahincado you have urged 

el/ella ahínque he/she urges el/ella haya ahincado he/she has urged 

nosotros ahinquemos we urge nosotros hayamos ahincado we have urged 

vosotros ahinquéis you urge vosotros hayáis ahincado you have urged 

ellos/ellas ahínquen they urge ellos/ellas hayan ahincado they have urged 


yo ahincara I was urging yo hubiera ahincado I had urged 

tú ahincaras you were urging tú hubieras ahincado you had urged 

el/ella ahincara he/she was urging el/ella hubiera ahincado he/she had urged 

nosotros ahincáramos we were urging nosotros hubiéramos ahincado we had urged 

vosotros ahincarais you were urging vosotros hubierais ahincado you had urged 

ellos/ellas ahincaran they were urging ellos/ellas hubieran ahincado they had urged 

or or 

yo ahincase I was urging yo hubiese ahincado I had urged 

tú ahincases you were urging tú hubieses ahincado you had urged 

el/ella ahincase he/she was urging el/ella hubiese ahincado he/she had urged 

nosotros ahincásemos we were urging nosotros hubiésemos ahincado we had urged 

vosotros ahincaseis you were urging vosotros hubieseis ahincado you had urged 

ellos/ellas ahincasen they were urging ellos/ellas hubiesen ahincado they had urged 


yo ahincare I will urge yo hubiere ahincado I will have urged 

tú ahincares you will urge tú hubieres ahincado you will have urged 

el/ella ahincare he/she will urge el/ella hubiere ahincado he/she will have urged 

nosotros ahincáremos we will urge nosotros hubiéremos ahincado we will have urged 

vosotros ahincareis you will urge vosotros hubiereis ahincado you will have urged 

ellos/ellas ahincaren they will urge ellos/ellas hubieren ahincado they will have urged 


yo yo estoy ahincando I am urging 

tú ahínca urge! tú estás ahincando you are urging 

el/ella ahínque urge! el/ella está ahincando he/she is urging 

nosotros ahinquemos urge! nosotros estamos ahincando we are urging 

vosotros ahincad urge! vosotros estáis ahincando you are urging 

ellos/ellas ahínquen urge! ellos/ellas están ahincando they are urging 

54 

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Irregular verb Group 1q: Combination of 1a, and 1d. 


ahincar urge 

ahincarse hurry up 

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destrocar: to sw ap Past Pa rticiple: destrocado 

Gerund: destrocando 



yo destrueco I swap yo he destrocado I have swapped 

tú destruecas you swap tú has destrocado you have swapped 

el/ella destrueca he/she swaps el/ella ha destrocado he/she has swapped 

nosotros destrocamos we swap nosotros hemos destrocado we have swapped 

vosotros destrocáis you swap vosotros habéis destrocado you have swapped 

ellos/ellas destruecan they swap ellos/ellas han destrocado they have swapped 


yo destrocaba I was swapping yo había destrocado I swapped 

tú destrocabas you were swapping tú habías destrocado you swapped 

el/ella destrocaba he/she was swapping el/ella había destrocado he/she swapped 

nosotros destrocábamos we were swapping nosotros habíamos destrocado we swapped 

vosotros destrocabais you were swapping vosotros habíais destrocado you swapped 

ellos/ellas destrocaban they were swapping ellos/ellas habían destrocado they swapped 


yo destroqué I swapped yo hube destrocado I swapped 

tú destrocaste you swapped tú hubiste destrocado you swapped 

el/ella destrocó he/she swapped el/ella hubo destrocado he/she swapped 

nosotros destrocamos we swapped nosotros hubimos destrocado we swapped 

vosotros destrocasteis you swapped vosotros hubisteis destrocado you swapped 

ellos/ellas destrocaron they swapped ellos/ellas hubieron destrocado they swapped 


yo destrocaré I will swap yo habré destrocado I will have swapped 

tú destrocarás you will swap tú habrás destrocado you will have swapped 

el/ella destrocará he/she will swap el/ella habrá destrocado he/she will have swapped 

nosotros destrocaremos we will swap nosotros habremos destrocado we will have swapped 

vosotros destrocaréis you will swap vosotros habréis destrocado you will have swapped 

ellos/ellas destrocarán they will swap ellos/ellas habrán destrocado they will have swapped 


yo destrocaría I would swap yo habría destrocado I would have swapped 

tú destrocarías you would swap tú habrías destrocado you would have swapped 

el/ella destrocaría he/she would swap el/ella habría destrocado he/she would have swapped 

nosotros destrocaríamos we would swap nosotros habríamos destrocado we would have swapped 

vosotros destrocaríais you would swap vosotros habríais destrocado you would have swapped 

ellos/ellas destrocarían they would swap ellos/ellas habrían destrocado they would have swapped 



yo destrueque I swap yo haya destrocado I have swapped 

tú destrueques you swap tú hayas destrocado you have swapped 

el/ella destrueque he/she swaps el/ella haya destrocado he/she has swapped 

nosotros destroquemos we swap nosotros hayamos destrocado we have swapped 

vosotros destroquéis you swap vosotros hayáis destrocado you have swapped 

ellos/ellas destruequen they swap ellos/ellas hayan destrocado they have swapped 


yo destrocara I was swapping yo hubiera destrocado I had swapped 

tú destrocaras you were swapping tú hubieras destrocado you had swapped 

el/ella destrocara he/she was swapping el/ella hubiera destrocado he/she had swapped 

nosotros destrocáramos we were swapping nosotros hubiéramos destrocado we had swapped 

vosotros destrocarais you were swapping vosotros hubierais destrocado you had swapped 

ellos/ellas destrocaran they were swapping ellos/ellas hubieran destrocado they had swapped 

or or 

yo destrocase I was swapping yo hubiese destrocado I had swapped 

tú destrocases you were swapping tú hubieses destrocado you had swapped 

el/ella destrocase he/she was swapping el/ella hubiese destrocado he/she had swapped 

nosotros destrocásemos we were swapping nosotros hubiésemos destrocado we had swapped 

vosotros destrocaseis you were swapping vosotros hubieseis destrocado you had swapped 

ellos/ellas destrocasen they were swapping ellos/ellas hubiesen destrocado they had swapped 


yo destrocare I will swap yo hubiere destrocado I will have swapped 

tú destrocares you will swap tú hubieres destrocado you will have swapped 

el/ella destrocare he/she will swap el/ella hubiere destrocado he/she will have swapped 

nosotros destrocáremos we will swap nosotros hubiéremos destrocado we will have swapped 

vosotros destrocareis you will swap vosotros hubiereis destrocado you will have swapped 

ellos/ellas destrocaren they will swap ellos/ellas hubieren destrocado they will have swapped 


yo yo estoy destrocando I am swapping 

tú destrueca swap! tú estás destrocando you are swapping 

el/ella destrueque swap! el/ella está destrocando he/she is swapping 

nosotros destroquemos swap! nosotros estamos destrocando we are swapping 

vosotros destrocad swap! vosotros estáis destrocando you are swapping 

ellos/ellas destruequen swap! ellos/ellas están destrocando they are swapping 

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Irregular verb Group 1r: Combination of 1i, and 1d. 


destrocar swap 

emporcar soil 

enclocar go broody 

revolcar knock down 

trastocar switch over 

trastrocar switch over 

trocar exchange 

volcar capsize 

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abnegar: to absta in Past Pa rticiple: abnegado 

Gerund: abnegando 



yo abniego I abstain yo he abnegado I have abstained 

tú abniegas you abstain tú has abnegado you have abstained 

el/ella abniega he/she abstains el/ella ha abnegado he/she has abstained 

nosotros abnegamos we abstain nosotros hemos abnegado we have abstained 

vosotros abnegáis you abstain vosotros habéis abnegado you have abstained 

ellos/ellas abniegan they abstain ellos/ellas han abnegado they have abstained 


yo abnegaba I was abstaining yo había abnegado I abstained 

tú abnegabas you were abstaining tú habías abnegado you abstained 

el/ella abnegaba he/she was abstaining el/ella había abnegado he/she abstained 

nosotros abnegábamos we were abstaining nosotros habíamos abnegado we abstained 

vosotros abnegabais you were abstaining vosotros habíais abnegado you abstained 

ellos/ellas abnegaban they were abstaining ellos/ellas habían abnegado they abstained 


yo abnegué I abstained yo hube abnegado I abstained 

tú abnegaste you abstained tú hubiste abnegado you abstained 

el/ella abnegó he/she abstained el/ella hubo abnegado he/she abstained 

nosotros abnegamos we abstained nosotros hubimos abnegado we abstained 

vosotros abnegasteis you abstained vosotros hubisteis abnegado you abstained 

ellos/ellas abnegaron they abstained ellos/ellas hubieron abnegado they abstained 


yo abnegaré I will abstain yo habré abnegado I will have abstained 

tú abnegarás you will abstain tú habrás abnegado you will have abstained 

el/ella abnegará he/she will abstain el/ella habrá abnegado he/she will have abstained 

nosotros abnegaremos we will abstain nosotros habremos abnegado we will have abstained 

vosotros abnegaréis you will abstain vosotros habréis abnegado you will have abstained 

ellos/ellas abnegarán they will abstain ellos/ellas habrán abnegado they will have abstained 


yo abnegaría I would abstain yo habría abnegado I would have abstained 

tú abnegarías you would abstain tú habrías abnegado you would have abstained 

el/ella abnegaría he/she would abstain el/ella habría abnegado he/she would have abstained 

nosotros abnegaríamos we would abstain nosotros habríamos abnegado we would have abstained 

vosotros abnegaríais you would abstain vosotros habríais abnegado you would have abstained 

ellos/ellas abnegarían they would abstain ellos/ellas habrían abnegado they would have abstained 



yo abniegue I abstain yo haya abnegado I have abstained 

tú abniegues you abstain tú hayas abnegado you have abstained 

el/ella abniegue he/she abstains el/ella haya abnegado he/she has abstained 

nosotros abneguemos we abstain nosotros hayamos abnegado we have abstained 

vosotros abneguéis you abstain vosotros hayáis abnegado you have abstained 

ellos/ellas abnieguen they abstain ellos/ellas hayan abnegado they have abstained 


yo abnegara I was abstaining yo hubiera abnegado I had abstained 

tú abnegaras you were abstaining tú hubieras abnegado you had abstained 

el/ella abnegara he/she was abstaining el/ella hubiera abnegado he/she had abstained 

nosotros abnegáramos we were abstaining nosotros hubiéramos abnegado we had abstained 

vosotros abnegarais you were abstaining vosotros hubierais abnegado you had abstained 

ellos/ellas abnegaran they were abstaining ellos/ellas hubieran abnegado they had abstained 

or or 

yo abnegase I was abstaining yo hubiese abnegado I had abstained 

tú abnegases you were abstaining tú hubieses abnegado you had abstained 

el/ella abnegase he/she was abstaining el/ella hubiese abnegado he/she had abstained 

nosotros abnegásemos we were abstaining nosotros hubiésemos abnegado we had abstained 

vosotros abnegaseis you were abstaining vosotros hubieseis abnegado you had abstained 

ellos/ellas abnegasen they were abstaining ellos/ellas hubiesen abnegado they had abstained 


yo abnegare I will abstain yo hubiere abnegado I will have abstained 

tú abnegares you will abstain tú hubieres abnegado you will have abstained 

el/ella abnegare he/she will abstain el/ella hubiere abnegado he/she will have abstained 

nosotros abnegáremos we will abstain nosotros hubiéremos abnegado we will have abstained 

vosotros abnegareis you will abstain vosotros hubiereis abnegado you will have abstained 

ellos/ellas abnegaren they will abstain ellos/ellas hubieren abnegado they will have abstained 


yo yo estoy abnegando I am abstaining 

tú abniega abstain! tú estás abnegando you are abstaining 

el/ella abniegue abstain! el/ella está abnegando he/she is abstaining 

nosotros abneguemos abstain! nosotros estamos abnegando we are abstaining 

vosotros abnegad abstain! vosotros estáis abnegando you are abstaining 

ellos/ellas abnieguen abstain! ellos/ellas están abnegando they are abstaining 

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Irregular verb Group 1s: Combination of 1g, and 1e. 


abnegar abstain 

asosegar calm 

cegar blind 

denegar refuse 

desasosegar make uneasy 

desasosegarse become uneasy 

desplegar unfold 

estregar rub 

fregar wash 

fregarse be ruined 

negar deny 

plegar fold 

plegarse yield 

refregar scrub 

regar irrigate 

renegar renounce 

replegar refold 

restregar scrub 

segar reap 

sosegar calm 

trasegar move about 

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alongar: to stretc h Past Pa rticiple: alongado 

Gerund: alongando 



yo aluengo I stretch yo he alongado I have stretched 

tú aluengas you stretch tú has alongado you have stretched 

el/ella aluenga he/she stretches el/ella ha alongado he/she has stretched 

nosotros alongamos we stretch nosotros hemos alongado we have stretched 

vosotros alongáis you stretch vosotros habéis alongado you have stretched 

ellos/ellas aluengan they stretch ellos/ellas han alongado they have stretched 


yo alongaba I was stretching yo había alongado I stretched 

tú alongabas you were stretching tú habías alongado you stretched 

el/ella alongaba he/she was stretching el/ella había alongado he/she stretched 

nosotros alongábamos we were stretching nosotros habíamos alongado we stretched 

vosotros alongabais you were stretching vosotros habíais alongado you stretched 

ellos/ellas alongaban they were stretching ellos/ellas habían alongado they stretched 


yo alongué I stretched yo hube alongado I stretched 

tú alongaste you stretched tú hubiste alongado you stretched 

el/ella alongó he/she stretched el/ella hubo alongado he/she stretched 

nosotros alongamos we stretched nosotros hubimos alongado we stretched 

vosotros alongasteis you stretched vosotros hubisteis alongado you abstained 

ellos/ellas alongaron they stretched ellos/ellas hubieron alongado they stretched 


yo alongaré I will stretch yo habré alongado I will have stretched 

tú alongarás you will stretch tú habrás alongado you will have stretched 

el/ella alongará he/she will stretch el/ella habrá alongado he/she will have stretched 

nosotros alongaremos we will stretch nosotros habremos alongado we will have stretched 

vosotros alongaréis you will stretch vosotros habréis alongado you will have stretched 

ellos/ellas alongarán they will stretch ellos/ellas habrán alongado they will have stretched 


yo alongaría I would stretch yo habría alongado I would have stretched 

tú alongarías you would stretch tú habrías alongado you would have stretched 

el/ella alongaría he/she would stretch el/ella habría alongado he/she would have stretched 

nosotros alongaríamos we would stretch nosotros habríamos alongado we would have stretched 

vosotros alongaríais you would stretch vosotros habríais alongado you would have stretched 

ellos/ellas alongarían they would stretch ellos/ellas habrían alongado they would have stretched 



yo aluengue I stretch yo haya alongado I have stretched 

tú aluengues you stretch tú hayas alongado you have stretched 

el/ella aluengue he/she stretches el/ella haya alongado he/she has stretched 

nosotros alonguemos we stretch nosotros hayamos alongado we have stretched 

vosotros alonguéis you stretch vosotros hayáis alongado you have stretched 

ellos/ellas aluenguen they stretch ellos/ellas hayan alongado they have stretched 


yo alongara I was stretching yo hubiera alongado I had stretched 

tú alongaras you were stretching tú hubieras alongado you had stretched 

el/ella alongara he/she was stretching el/ella hubiera alongado he/she had stretched 

nosotros alongáramos we were stretching nosotros hubiéramos alongado we had stretched 

vosotros alongarais you were stretching vosotros hubierais alongado you had stretched 

ellos/ellas alongaran they were stretching ellos/ellas hubieran alongado they had stretched 

or or 

yo alongase I was stretching yo hubiese alongado I had stretched 

tú alongases you were stretching tú hubieses alongado you had stretched 

el/ella alongase he/she was stretching el/ella hubiese alongado he/she had stretched 

nosotros alongásemos we were stretching nosotros hubiésemos alongado we had stretched 

vosotros alongaseis you were stretching vosotros hubieseis alongado you had stretched 

ellos/ellas alongasen they were stretching ellos/ellas hubiesen alongado they had stretched 


yo alongare I will stretch yo hubiere alongado I will have stretched 

tú alongares you will stretch tú hubieres alongado you will have stretched 

el/ella alongare he/she will stretch el/ella hubiere alongado he/she will have stretched 

nosotros alongáremos we will stretch nosotros hubiéremos alongado we will have stretched 

vosotros alongareis you will stretch vosotros hubiereis alongado you will have stretched 

ellos/ellas alongaren they will stretch ellos/ellas hubieren alongado they will have stretched 


yo yo estoy alongando I am stretching 

tú aluenga stretch! tú estás alongando you are stretching 

el/ella aluengue stretch! el/ella está alongando he/she is stretching 

nosotros alonguemos stretch! nosotros estamos alongando we are stretching 

vosotros alongad stretch! vosotros estáis alongando you are stretching 

ellos/ellas aluenguen stretch! ellos/ellas están alongando they are stretching 

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Irregular verb Group 1t: Combination of 1i, and 1e. 


alongar stretch 

colgar hang 

descolgar take down 

descolgarse lower oneself 

holgar rest 

rogar request 

subrogar substitute 

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vencer: to defeat Past Pa rticiple: vencido 

Gerund: venciendo 



yo venzo I defeat yo he vencido I have defeated 

tú vences you defeat tú has vencido you have defeated 

el/ella vence he/she defeats el/ella ha vencido he/she has defeated 

nosotros vencemos we defeat nosotros hemos vencido we have defeated 

vosotros vencéis you defeat vosotros habéis vencido you have defeated 

ellos/ellas vencen they defeat ellos/ellas han vencido they have defeated 


yo vencía I was defeating yo había vencido I had defeated 

tú vencías you were defeating tú habías vencido you had defeated 

el/ella vencía he/she was defeating el/ella había vencido he/she had defeated 

nosotros vencíamos we were defeating nosotros habíamos vencido we had defeated 

vosotros vencíais you were defeating vosotros habíais vencido you had defeated 

ellos/ellas vencían they were defeating ellos/ellas habían vencido they had defeated 


yo vencí I defeated yo hube vencido I defeated 

tú venciste you defeated tú hubiste vencido you defeated 

el/ella venció he/she defeated el/ella hubo vencido he/she defeated 

nosotros vencimos we defeated nosotros hubimos vencido we defeated 

vosotros vencisteis you defeated vosotros hubisteis vencido you defeated 

ellos/ellas vencieron they defeated ellos/ellas hubieron vencido they defeated 


yo venceré I will defeat yo habré vencido I will have defeated 

tú vencerás you will defeat tú habrás vencido you will have defeated 

el/ella vencerá he/she will defeat el/ella habrá vencido he/she will have defeated 

nosotros venceremos we will defeat nosotros habremos vencido we will have defeated 

vosotros venceréis you will defeat vosotros habréis vencido you will have defeated 

ellos/ellas vencerán they will defeat ellos/ellas habrán vencido they will have defeated 


yo vencería I would defeat yo habría vencido I would have defeated 

tú vencerías you would defeat tú habrías vencido you would have defeated 

el/ella vencería he/she would defeat el/ella habría vencido he/she would have defeated 

nosotros venceríamos we would defeat nosotros habríamos vencido we would have defeated 

vosotros venceríais you would defeat vosotros habríais vencido you would have defeated 

ellos/ellas afacerían they would defeat ellos/ellas habrían vencido they would have defeated 



yo venza I defeat yo haya vencido I have defeated 

tú venzas you defeat tú hayas vencido you have defeated 

el/ella venza he/she defeats el/ella haya vencido he/she has defeated 

nosotros venzamos we defeat nosotros hayamos vencido we have defeated 

vosotros venzáis you defeat vosotros hayáis vencido you have defeated 

ellos/ellas venzan they defeat ellos/ellas hayan vencido they have defeated 


yo venciera I was defeating yo hubiera vencido I had defeated 

tú vencieras you were defeating tú hubieras vencido you had defeated 

el/ella venciera he/she was defeating el/ella hubiera vencido he/she had defeated 

nosotros venciéramos we were defeating nosotros hubiéramos vencido we had defeated 

vosotros vencierais you were defeating vosotros hubierais vencido you had defeated 

ellos/ellas vencieran they were defeating ellos/ellas hubieran vencido they had defeated 

or or 

yo venciese I was defeating yo hubiese vencido I had defeated 

tú vencieses you were defeating tú hubieses vencido you had defeated 

el/ella venciese he/she was defeating el/ella hubiese vencido he/she had defeated 

nosotros venciésemos we were defeating nosotros hubiésemos vencido we had defeated 

vosotros vencieseis you were defeating vosotros hubieseis vencido you had defeated 

ellos/ellas venciesen they were defeating ellos/ellas hubiesen vencido they had defeated 


yo venciere I will defeat yo hubiere vencido I will have defeated 

tú vencieres you will defeat tú hubieres vencido you will have defeated 

el/ella venciere he/she will defeat el/ella hubiere vencido he/she will have defeated 

nosotros venciéremos we will defeat nosotros hubiéremos vencido we will have defeated 

vosotros venciereis you will defeat vosotros hubiereis vencido you will have defeated 

ellos/ellas vencieren they will defeat ellos/ellas hubieren vencido they will have defeated 


yo yo estoy venciendo I am defeating 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

vence 

venza 

venzamos 

venced 

venzan 

defeat! 

defeat! 

defeat! 

defeat! 

defeat! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás venciendo 

está venciendo 

estamos venciendo 

estáis venciendo 

están venciendo 

you are defeating 

he/she is defeating 

we are defeating 

you are defeating 

they are defeating 

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Irregular verb Group 2a: Stem consonant c written z before a and o. 


coercer constrain 

convencer convince 

ejercer practice 

mecer rock 

vencer defeat 

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coger: to take Past Pa rticiple: cogido 

Gerund: cogiendo 



yo cojo I take yo he cogido I have taken 

tú coges you take tú has cogido you have taken 

el/ella coge he/she takes el/ella ha cogido he/she has taken 

nosotros cogemos we take nosotros hemos cogido we have taken 

vosotros cogéis you take vosotros habéis cogido you have taken 

ellos/ellas cogen they take ellos/ellas han cogido they have taken 


yo cogía I was taking yo había cogido I had taken 

tú cogías you were taking tú habías cogido you had taken 

el/ella cogía he/she was taking el/ella había cogido he/she had taken 

nosotros cogíamos we were taking nosotros habíamos cogido we had taken 

vosotros cogíais you were taking vosotros habíais cogido you had taken 

ellos/ellas cogían they were taking ellos/ellas habían cogido they had taken 


yo cogí I took yo hube cogido I took 

tú cogiste you took tú hubiste cogido you took 

el/ella cogió he/she took el/ella hubo cogido he/she took 

nosotros cogimos we took nosotros hubimos cogido we took 

vosotros cogisteis you took vosotros hubisteis cogido you took 

ellos/ellas cogieron they took ellos/ellas hubieron cogido they took 


yo cogeré I will take yo habré cogido I will have taken 

tú cogerás you will take tú habrás cogido you will have taken 

el/ella cogerá he/she will take el/ella habrá cogido he/she will have taken 

nosotros cogeremos we will take nosotros habremos cogido we will have taken 

vosotros cogeréis you will take vosotros habréis cogido you will have taken 

ellos/ellas cogerán they will take ellos/ellas habrán cogido they will have taken 


yo cogería I would take yo habría cogido I would have taken 

tú cogerías you would take tú habrías cogido you would have taken 

el/ella cogería he/she would take el/ella habría cogido he/she would have taken 

nosotros cogeríamos we would take nosotros habríamos cogido we would have taken 

vosotros cogeríais you would take vosotros habríais cogido you would have taken 

ellos/ellas cogerían they would take ellos/ellas habrían cogido they would have taken 



yo coja I take yo haya cogido I have taken 

tú cojas you take tú hayas cogido you have taken 

el/ella coja he/she takes el/ella haya cogido he/she has taken 

nosotros cojamos we take nosotros hayamos cogido we have taken 

vosotros cojáis you take vosotros hayáis cogido you have taken 

ellos/ellas cojan they take ellos/ellas hayan cogido they have taken 


yo cogiera I was taking yo hubiera cogido I had taken 

tú cogieras you were taking tú hubieras cogido you had taken 

el/ella cogiera he/she was taking el/ella hubiera cogido he/she had taken 

nosotros cogiéramos we were taking nosotros hubiéramos cogido we had taken 

vosotros cogierais you were taking vosotros hubierais cogido you had taken 

ellos/ellas cogieran they were taking ellos/ellas hubieran cogido they had taken 

or or 

yo cogiese I was taking yo hubiese cogido I had taken 

tú cogieses you were taking tú hubieses cogido you had taken 

el/ella cogiese he/she was taking el/ella hubiese cogido he/she had taken 

nosotros cogiésemos we were taking nosotros hubiésemos cogido we had taken 

vosotros cogieseis you were taking vosotros hubieseis cogido you had taken 

ellos/ellas cogiesen they were taking ellos/ellas hubiesen cogido they had taken 


yo cogiere I will take yo hubiere cogido I will have taken 

tú cogieres you will take tú hubieres cogido you will have taken 

el/ella cogiere he/she will take el/ella hubiere cogido he/she will have taken 

nosotros cogiéremos we will take nosotros hubiéremos cogido we will have taken 

vosotros cogiereis you will take vosotros hubiereis cogido you will have taken 

ellos/ellas cogieren they will take ellos/ellas hubieren cogido they will have taken 


yo yo estoy cogiendo I am taking 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

coge 

coja 

cojamos 

coged 

cojan 

take! 

take! 

take! 

take! 

take! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás cogiendo 

está cogiendo 

estamos cogiendo 

estáis cogiendo 

están cogiendo 

you are taking 

he/she is taking 

we are taking 

you are taking 

they are taking 

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Irregular verb Group 2b: Stem consonant g written j before a and o. 


autoprotegerse protect oneself 

coger take 

cogerse take 

converger converge 

descoger unfold 

desencoger lose ones timidity 

desencoger spread out 

deterger clean 

emerger emerge 

encoger shrink 

entrecoger intercept 

escoger choose 

preescoger seed 

proteger protect 

recoger pick up 

recogerse retire 

sobrecoger startle 

sobreproteger overprotect 

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conocer: to know Past Pa rticiple: conocido 

Gerund: conociendo 



yo conozco I know yo he conocido I have known 

tú conoces you know tú has conocido you have known 

el/ella conoce he/she knows el/ella ha conocido he/she has known 

nosotros conocemos we know nosotros hemos conocido we have known 

vosotros conocéis you know vosotros habéis conocido you have known 

ellos/ellas conocen they know ellos/ellas han conocido they have known 


yo conocía I was knowing yo había conocido I had known 

tú conocías you were knowing tú habías conocido you had known 

el/ella conocía he/she was knowing el/ella había conocido he/she had known 

nosotros conocíamos we were knowing nosotros habíamos conocido we had known 

vosotros conocíais you were knowing vosotros habíais conocido you had known 

ellos/ellas conocían they were knowing ellos/ellas habían conocido they had known 


yo conocí I knew yo hube conocido I knew 

tú conociste you knew tú hubiste conocido you knew 

el/ella conoció he/she knew el/ella hubo conocido he/she knew 

nosotros conocimos we knew nosotros hubimos conocido we knew 

vosotros conocisteis you knew vosotros hubisteis conocido you knew 

ellos/ellas conocieron they knew ellos/ellas hubieron conocido they knew 


yo conoceré I will know yo habré conocido I will have known 

tú conocerás you will know tú habrás conocido you will have known 

el/ella conocerá he/she will know el/ella habrá conocido he/she will have known 

nosotros conoceremos we will know nosotros habremos conocido we will have known 

vosotros conoceréis you will know vosotros habréis conocido you will have known 

ellos/ellas conocerán they will know ellos/ellas habrán conocido they will have known 


yo conocería I would know yo habría conocido I would have known 

tú conocerías you would know tú habrías conocido you would have known 

el/ella conocería he/she would know el/ella habría conocido he/she would have known 

nosotros conoceríamos we would know nosotros habríamos conocido we would have known 

vosotros conoceríais you would know vosotros habríais conocido you would have known 

ellos/ellas conocerían they would know ellos/ellas habrían conocido they would have known 



yo conozca I know yo haya conocido I have known 

tú conozcas you know tú hayas conocido you have known 

el/ella conozca he/she knows el/ella haya conocido he/she has known 

nosotros conozcamos we know nosotros hayamos conocido we have known 

vosotros conozcáis you know vosotros hayáis conocido you have known 

ellos/ellas conozcan they know ellos/ellas hayan conocido they have known 


yo conociera I was knowing yo hubiera conocido I had known 

tú conocieras you were knowing tú hubieras conocido you had known 

el/ella conociera he/she was knowing el/ella hubiera conocido he/she had known 

nosotros conociéramos we were knowing nosotros hubiéramos conocido we had known 

vosotros conocierais you were knowing vosotros hubierais conocido you had known 

ellos/ellas conocieran they were knowing ellos/ellas hubieran conocido they had known 

or or 

yo conocieses I was knowing yo hubiese conocido I had known 

tú conociese you were knowing tú hubieses conocido you had known 

el/ella conociésemos he/she was knowing el/ella hubiese conocido he/she had known 

nosotros conocieseis we were knowing nosotros hubiésemos conocido we had known 

vosotros conociesen you were knowing vosotros hubieseis conocido you had known 

ellos/ellas conocieses they were knowing ellos/ellas hubiesen conocido they had known 


yo conocieres I will know yo hubiere conocido I will have known 

tú conociere you will know tú hubieres conocido you will have known 

el/ella conociéremos he/she will know el/ella hubiere conocido he/she will have known 

nosotros conociereis we will know nosotros hubiéremos conocido we will have known 

vosotros conocieren you will know vosotros hubiereis conocido you will have known 

ellos/ellas conocieres they will know ellos/ellas hubieren conocido they will have known 


yo yo estoy conociendo I am knowing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

conoce 

conozca 

conozcamos 

conoced 

conozcan 

know! 

know! 

know! 

know! 

know! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás conociendo 

está conociendo 

estamos conociendo 

estáis conociendo 

están conociendo 

you are knowing 

he/she is knowing 

we are knowing 


they are knowing 

66 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 2c: Stem consonant c becomes zc before a and o. 


amanecer dawn encalvecer go bold 

amarillecer turn yellow encandecer make white hot 

amortecer diminish encanecer go grey 

anochecer get dark encarecer put up the price of 

aparecer appear encarecerse got dearer 

aparecerse appear encarnecer put on flesh 

apetecer crave enceguecer blind 

aridecer dry up enceguecerse go blind 

aridecerse become arid encloquecer go broody 

atardecer get dark endentecer teathe 

autoconvencerse convince oneself endurecer harden 

blanquecer whiten endurecerse become hard 

carecer lack enflaquecer make thin 

compadecer pity enflaquecerse lose weight 

comparecer appear enfurecer enrage 

conocer know enfurecerse become furious 

conocerse know oneself engrandecer enlarge 

convalecer convalesce enlentecer slow down 

crecer grow enloquecer drive mad 

decrecer decrease enloquecerse go mad 

desabastecer leave short enmarillecerse turn yellow 

desaparecer disapear enmocecer rust 

desconocer be ignorant enmudecer silence 

descrecer decrease enmugrecer dirty 

desembravecer tame ennegrecer blacken 

desembravecerse calm down ennegrecerse turn black 

desentorpecer stretch ennoblecer embellish 

desentumecer stretch enorgullecer fill with pride 

desfallecer become weak enorgullecerse be proud 

desfavorecer go against the wishes enrarecer rarefy 

desguarnecer strip bare enrarecerse become thin 

deshumedecerse dry up enrojecer redden 

desmerecer be unworthy of enrojecerse blush 

desobedecer disobey enronquecer make hoarse 

destejer undo enronquecerse grow hoarse 

desvanecer banish ensoberbecer make proud 

desvanecerse disperse ensoberbecerse become proud 

embebecer fascinate ensombrecer darken 

embebecerse be fascinated ensombrecerse grow dark 

embellecer embellish ensordecer deafen 

emblandecer soften entallecer sprout 

emblanquecer bleach entenebrecer obscure 

emblanquecerse turn white enternecer soften 

embobecer make silly enternecerse be affected 

embobecerse become silly entontecer make silly 

embravecer infuriate entontecerse become silly 

embravecerse become rough entorpecer obstruct 

embrutecer stupefy entristecer sadden 

embrutecerse be stupified entristecerse grow sad 

empalidecer turn pale entumecer numb 

empequeñecer dwarf entumerse go numb 

emplumecer grow feathers envanecer make conceited 

empobrecer impoverish envanecerse become conceited 

empobrecerse become poor envejecer age 

enaltecer extol envejecerse get old 

enardecer inflame enverdecer turn green 

enardecerse become inflamed envilecer degrade 

encallecer harden 

67 

envilecerse degrade oneself 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 2c: Stem consonant c becomes zc before a and o. 

Page 2 

escarnecer ridicule palidecer turn pale 

esclarecer explain parecer seem 

establecer establish parecerse resemble 

establecerse settle perecer perish 

estremecer shake perecerse die laughing 

estremecerse tremble permanecer stay 

fallecer die pertenecer belong to 

favorecer favour prevalecer prevail 

fenecer pass away reabastecer refuel 

florecer flower reaparecer recur 

florecerse go moldy reblandecer soften 

fortalecer strengthen reconocer recognise 

fortalecerse become stronger recrecer increase 

fosforecer glow recrudecer worsen 

guarecer protect recrudecerse intensify 

guarecerse shelter rejuvenecer rejuvenate 

guarnecer equip remecer shake 

humedecer moisten renacer be reborn 

languidecer languish resplandecer shine 

merecer deserve restablecer re-establish 

nacer be born restablecerse recover 

nacerse sprout reverdecer revive 

obedecer obey robustecer strengthen 

ofrecer offer tardecer get dark 

oscurecer darken verdecer turn green 

padecer suffer 

68 

© Copywright 2007


creer: to believe Past Participle: 

creído 

Gerund: creyendo 



yo creo I believe yo he creído I have believed 

tú crees you believe tú has creído you have believed 

el/ella cree he/she believes el/ella ha creído he/she has believed 

nosotros creemos we believe nosotros hemos creído we have believed 

vosotros creéis you believe vosotros habéis creído you have believed 

ellos/ellas creen they believe ellos/ellas han creído they have believed 


yo creía I was believing yo había creído I had believed 

tú creías you were believing tú habías creído you had believed 

el/ella creía he/she was believing el/ella había creído he/she had believed 

nosotros creíamos we were believing nosotros habíamos creído we had believed 

vosotros creíais you were believing vosotros habíais creído you had believed 

ellos/ellas creían they were believing ellos/ellas habían creído they had believed 


yo creí I believed yo hube creído I believed 

tú creíste you believed tú hubiste creído you believed 

el/ella creyó he/she believed el/ella hubo creído he/she believed 

nosotros creímos we believed nosotros hubimos creído we believed 

vosotros creísteis you believed vosotros hubisteis creído you believed 

ellos/ellas creyeron they believed ellos/ellas hubieron creído they believed 


yo creeré I will believe yo habré creído I will have believed 

tú creerás you will believe tú habrás creído you will have believed 

el/ella creerá he/she will believe el/ella habrá creído he/she will have believed 

nosotros creeremos we will believe nosotros habremos creído we will have believed 

vosotros creeréis you will believe vosotros habréis creído you will have believed 

ellos/ellas creerán they will believe ellos/ellas habrán creído they will have believed 


yo creería I would believe yo habría creído I would have believed 

tú creerías you would believe tú habrías creído you would have believed 

el/ella creería he/she would believe el/ella habría creído he/she would have believed 

nosotros creeríamos we would believe nosotros habríamos creído we would have believed 

vosotros creeríais you would believe vosotros habríais creído you would have believed 

ellos/ellas creerían they would believe ellos/ellas habrían creído they would have believed 



yo crea I believe yo haya creído I have believed 

tú creas you believe tú hayas creído you have believed 

el/ella crea he/she believes el/ella haya creído he/she has believed 

nosotros creamos we believe nosotros hayamos creído we have believed 

vosotros creáis you believe vosotros hayáis creído you have believed 

ellos/ellas crean they believe ellos/ellas hayan creído they have believed 


yo creyera I was believing yo hubiera creído I had believed 

tú creyeras you were believing tú hubieras creído you had believed 

el/ella creyera he/she was believing el/ella hubiera creído he/she had believed 

nosotros creyéramos we were believing nosotros hubiéramos creído we had believed 

vosotros creyerais you were believing vosotros hubierais creído you had believed 

ellos/ellas creyeran they were believing ellos/ellas hubieran creído they had believed 

or or 

yo creyese I was believing yo hubiese creído I had believed 

tú creyeses you were believing tú hubieses creído you had believed 

el/ella creyese he/she was believing el/ella hubiese creído he/she had believed 

nosotros creyésemos we were believing nosotros hubiésemos creído we had believed 

vosotros creyeseis you were believing vosotros hubieseis creído you had believed 

ellos/ellas creyesen they were believing ellos/ellas hubiesen creído they had believed 


yo creyere I will believe yo hubiere creído I will have believed 

tú creyeres you will believe tú hubieres creído you will have believed 

el/ella creyere he/she will believe el/ella hubiere creído he/she will have believed 

nosotros creyéremos we will believe nosotros hubiéremos creído we will have believed 

vosotros creyereis you will believe vosotros hubiereis creído you will have believed 

ellos/ellas creyeren they will believe ellos/ellas hubieren creído they will have believed 


yo yo estoy creyendo I am believing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

cree 

crea 

creamos 

creed 

crean 

believe! 

believe! 

believe! 

believe! 

believe! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás creyendo 

está creyendo 

estamos creyendo 

estáis creyendo 

están creyendo 

you are believing 

he/she is believing 

we are believing 

you are believing 

they are believing 

69 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 2d: Unstressed i between vowels is written y. 


creer believe 

descreer disbelieve 

desposeer dispossess 

desposeerse give something up 

leer read 

poseer own 

proveer supply 

releer reread 

sobreseer overrule 

70 

© Copywright 2007


tañer: to pla y (an instrum ent) Past Pa rticiple: tañido 

Gerund: tañendo 



yo taño I play yo he tañido I have played 

tú tañes you play tú has tañido you have played 

el/ella tañe he/she plays el/ella ha tañido he/she has played 

nosotros tañemos we play nosotros hemos tañido we have played 

vosotros tañéis you play vosotros habéis tañido you have played 

ellos/ellas tañen they play ellos/ellas han tañido they have played 


yo tañía I was playing yo había tañido I had played 

tú tañías you were playing tú habías tañido you had played 

el/ella tañía he/she was playing el/ella había tañido he/she had played 

nosotros tañíamos we were playing nosotros habíamos tañido we had played 

vosotros tañíais you were playing vosotros habíais tañido you had played 

ellos/ellas tañían they were playing ellos/ellas habían tañido they had played 


yo tañí I played yo hube tañido I played 

tú tañiste you played tú hubiste tañido you played 

el/ella tañó he/she played el/ella hubo tañido he/she played 

nosotros tañimos we played nosotros hubimos tañido we played 

vosotros tañisteis you played vosotros hubisteis tañido you played 

ellos/ellas tañeron they played ellos/ellas hubieron tañido they played 


yo tañeré I will play yo habré tañido I will have played 

tú tañerás you will play tú habrás tañido you will have played 

el/ella tañerá he/she will play el/ella habrá tañido he/she will have played 

nosotros tañeremos we will play nosotros habremos tañido we will have played 

vosotros tañeréis you will play vosotros habréis tañido you will have played 

ellos/ellas tañerán they will play ellos/ellas habrán tañido they will have played 


yo tañería I would play yo habría tañido I would have played 

tú tañerías you would play tú habrías tañido you would have played 

el/ella tañería he/she would play el/ella habría tañido he/she would have played 

nosotros tañeríamos we would play nosotros habríamos tañido we would have played 

vosotros tañeríais you would play vosotros habríais tañido you would have played 

ellos/ellas tañerían they would play ellos/ellas habrían tañido they would have played 



yo taña I play yo haya tañido I have played 

tú tañas you play tú hayas tañido you have played 

el/ella taña he/she plays el/ella haya tañido he/she has played 

nosotros tañamos we play nosotros hayamos tañido we have played 

vosotros tañáis you play vosotros hayáis tañido you have played 

ellos/ellas tañan they play ellos/ellas hayan tañido they have played 


yo tañera I was playing yo hubiera tañido I had played 

tú tañeras you were playing tú hubieras tañido you had played 

el/ella tañera he/she was playing el/ella hubiera tañido he/she had played 

nosotros tañéramos we were playing nosotros hubiéramos tañido we had played 

vosotros tañerais you were playing vosotros hubierais tañido you had played 

ellos/ellas tañeran they were playing ellos/ellas hubieran tañido they had played 

or or 

yo tañese I was playing yo hubiese tañido I had played 

tú tañeses you were playing tú hubieses tañido you had played 

el/ella tañese he/she was playing el/ella hubiese tañido he/she had played 

nosotros tañésemos we were playing nosotros hubiésemos tañido we had played 

vosotros tañeseis you were playing vosotros hubieseis tañido you had played 

ellos/ellas tañesen they were playing ellos/ellas hubiesen tañido they had played 


yo tañere I will play yo hubiere tañido I will have played 

tú tañeres you will play tú hubieres tañido you will have played 

el/ella tañere he/she will play el/ella hubiere tañido he/she will have played 

nosotros tañéremos we will play nosotros hubiéremos tañido we will have played 

vosotros tañereis you will play vosotros hubiereis tañido you will have played 

ellos/ellas tañeren they will play ellos/ellas hubieren tañido they will have played 


yo yo estoy tañendo I am playing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

tañe 

taña 

tañamos 

tañed 

tañan 

play! 

play! 

play! 

play! 

play! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás tañendo 

está tañendo 

estamos tañendo 

estáis tañendo 

están tañendo 


he/she is playing 

we are playing 


they are playing 

71 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 2e: Unstressed i after ñ (and also after ll) is omitted. 


atañer concern 

tañer play (an instrument) 

72 

© Copywright 2007


perder: to l ose Past Pa rticiple: perdido 

Gerund: perdiendo 



yo pierdo I lose yo he perdido I have lost 

tú pierdes you lose tú has perdido you have lost 

el/ella pierde he/she loses el/ella ha perdido he/she has lost 

nosotros perdemos we lose nosotros hemos perdido we have lost 

vosotros perdéis you lose vosotros habéis perdido you have lost 

ellos/ellas pierden they lose ellos/ellas han perdido they have lost 


yo perdía I was losing yo había perdido I had lost 

tú perdías you were losing tú habías perdido you had lost 

el/ella perdía he/she was losing el/ella había perdido he/she had lost 

nosotros perdíamos we were losing nosotros habíamos perdido we had lost 

vosotros perdíais you were losing vosotros habíais perdido you had lost 

ellos/ellas perdían they were losing ellos/ellas habían perdido they had lost 


yo perdí I lost yo hube perdido I lost 

tú perdiste you lost tú hubiste perdido you lost 

el/ella perdió he/she lost el/ella hubo perdido he/she lost 

nosotros perdimos we lost nosotros hubimos perdido we lost 

vosotros perdisteis you lost vosotros hubisteis perdido you lost 

ellos/ellas perdieron they lost ellos/ellas hubieron perdido they lost 


yo perderé I will lose yo habré perdido I will have lost 

tú perderás you will lose tú habrás perdido you will have lost 

el/ella perderá he/she will lose el/ella habrá perdido he/she will have lost 

nosotros perderemos we will lose nosotros habremos perdido we will have lost 

vosotros perderéis you will lose vosotros habréis perdido you will have lost 

ellos/ellas perderán they will lose ellos/ellas habrán perdido they will have lost 


yo perdería I would lose yo habría perdido I would have lost 

tú perderías you would lose tú habrías perdido you would have lost 

el/ella perdería he/she would lose el/ella habría perdido he/she would have lost 

nosotros perderíamos we would lose nosotros habríamos perdido we would have lost 

vosotros perderíais you would lose vosotros habríais perdido you would have lost 

ellos/ellas perderían they would lose ellos/ellas habrían perdido they would have lost 



yo pierda I lose yo haya perdido I have lost 

tú pierdas you lose tú hayas perdido you have lost 

el/ella pierda he/she loses el/ella haya perdido he/she has lost 

nosotros perdamos we lose nosotros hayamos perdido we have lost 

vosotros perdáis you lose vosotros hayáis perdido you have lost 

ellos/ellas pierdan they lose ellos/ellas hayan perdido they have lost 


yo perdiera I was losing yo hubiera perdido I had lost 

tú perdieras you were losing tú hubieras perdido you had lost 

el/ella perdiera he/she was losing el/ella hubiera perdido he/she had lost 

nosotros perdiéramos we were losing nosotros hubiéramos perdido we had lost 

vosotros perdierais you were losing vosotros hubierais perdido you had lost 

ellos/ellas perdieran they were losing ellos/ellas hubieran perdido they had lost 

or or 

yo perdiesa I was losing yo hubiese perdido I had lost 

tú perdiesas you were losing tú hubieses perdido you had lost 

el/ella perdiesa he/she was losing el/ella hubiese perdido he/she had lost 

nosotros perdiésamos we were losing nosotros hubiésemos perdido we had lost 

vosotros perdiesais you were losing vosotros hubieseis perdido you had lost 

ellos/ellas perdiesan they were losing ellos/ellas hubiesen perdido they had lost 


yo perdiere I will lose yo hubiere perdido I will have lost 

tú perdieres you will lose tú hubieres perdido you will have lost 

el/ella perdiere he/she will lose el/ella hubiere perdido he/she will have lost 

nosotros perdiéremos we will lose nosotros hubiéremos perdido we will have lost 

vosotros perdiereis you will lose vosotros hubiereis perdido you will have lost 

ellos/ellas perdieren they will lose ellos/ellas hubieren perdido they will have lost 


yo yo estoy perdiendo I am losing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

pierde 

pierda 

perdamos 

perded 

pierdan 

lose! 

lose! 

lose! 

lose! 

lose! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás perdiendo 

está perdiendo 

estamos perdiendo 

estáis perdiendo 

están perdiendo 

you are losing 

he/she is losing 

we are losing 

you are losing 

they are losing 

73 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 2f: Stem vowel e becomes ie when stressed. 


ascender ascend 

cerner sieve 

cernerse hover 

condecender comply 

contender contend 

defender defend 

desatender disregard 

descender descend 

desentenderse pretend not to know 

distender distend 

distenderse relax 

encender light 

encenderse light 

entender understand 

extender spread 

extenderse stretch 

heder stink 

hender crack 

perder lose 

perderse get lost 

sobreentender understand 

sobrentender presuppose 

superentender supervise 

tender lay 

transcender transcend 

trascender transcend 

verter pour out 

74 

© Copywright 2007


mover: to move Past Pa rticiple: movido 

Gerund: moviendo 



yo muevo I move yo he movido I have moved 

tú mueves you move tú has movido you have moved 

el/ella mueve he/she moves el/ella ha movido he/she has moved 

nosotros movemos we move nosotros hemos movido we have moved 

vosotros movéis you move vosotros habéis movido you have moved 

ellos/ellas mueven they move ellos/ellas han movido they have moved 


yo movía I was moving yo había movido I had moved 

tú movías you were moving tú habías movido you had moved 

el/ella movía he/she was moving el/ella había movido he/she had moved 

nosotros movíamos we were moving nosotros habíamos movido we had moved 

vosotros movíais you were moving vosotros habíais movido you had moved 

ellos/ellas movían they were moving ellos/ellas habían movido they had moved 


yo moví I moved yo hube movido I moved 

tú moviste you moved tú hubiste movido you moved 

el/ella movió he/she moved el/ella hubo movido he/she moved 

nosotros movimos we moved nosotros hubimos movido we moved 

vosotros movisteis you moved vosotros hubisteis movido you moved 

ellos/ellas movieron they moved ellos/ellas hubieron movido they moved 


yo moveré I will move yo habré movido I will have moved 

tú moverás you will move tú habrás movido you will have moved 

el/ella moverá he/she will move el/ella habrá movido he/she will have moved 

nosotros moveremos we will move nosotros habremos movido we will have moved 

vosotros moveréis you will move vosotros habréis movido you will have moved 

ellos/ellas moverán they will move ellos/ellas habrán movido they will have moved 


yo movería I would move yo habría movido I would have moved 

tú moverías you would move tú habrías movido you would have moved 

el/ella movería he/she would move el/ella habría movido he/she would have moved 

nosotros moveríamos we would move nosotros habríamos movido we would have moved 

vosotros moveríais you would move vosotros habríais movido you would have moved 

ellos/ellas moverían they would move ellos/ellas habrían movido they would have moved 



yo mueva I move yo haya movido I have moved 

tú muevas you move tú hayas movido you have moved 

el/ella mueva he/she moves el/ella haya movido he/she has moved 

nosotros movamos we move nosotros hayamos movido we have moved 

vosotros mováis you move vosotros hayáis movido you have moved 

ellos/ellas muevan they move ellos/ellas hayan movido they have moved 


yo moviera I was moving yo hubiera movido I had moved 

tú movieras you were moving tú hubieras movido you had moved 

el/ella moviera he/she was moving el/ella hubiera movido he/she had moved 

nosotros moviéramos we were moving nosotros hubiéramos movido we had moved 

vosotros movierais you were moving vosotros hubierais movido you had moved 

ellos/ellas movieran they were moving ellos/ellas hubieran movido they had moved 

or or 

yo moviese I was moving yo hubiese movido I had moved 

tú movieses you were moving tú hubieses movido you had moved 

el/ella moviese he/she was moving el/ella hubiese movido he/she had moved 

nosotros moviésemos we were moving nosotros hubiésemos movido we had moved 

vosotros movieseis you were moving vosotros hubieseis movido you had moved 

ellos/ellas moviesen they were moving ellos/ellas hubiesen movido they had moved 


yo moviere I will move yo hubiere movido I will have moved 

tú movieres you will move tú hubieres movido you will have moved 

el/ella moviere he/she will move el/ella hubiere movido he/she will have moved 

nosotros moviéremos we will move nosotros hubiéremos movido we will have moved 

vosotros moviereis you will move vosotros hubiereis movido you will have moved 

ellos/ellas movieren they will move ellos/ellas hubieren movido they will have moved 


yo yo estoy moviendo I am moving 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

mueve 

mueva 

movamos 

moved 

muevan 

move! 

move! 

move! 

move! 

move! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás moviendo 

está moviendo 

estamos moviendo 

estáis moviendo 

están moviendo 

you are moving 

he/she is moving 

we are moving 

you are moving 

they are moving 

75 

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Irregular verb Group 2g: Stem vowel o becomes ue when stressed. 


amover dismiss 

condolerse sympathize with 

conmover shake 

demoler demolish 

desenvolver unwrap 

devolver return 

disolver dissolve 

doler hurt 

envolver envelope 

envolverse wrap oneself up in 

llover rain 

moler grind 

morder bite 

mover move 

moverse get a move on 

oler smell 

promover promote 

remoler grind up small 

remorder feel guilt 

remover dig up 

resolver solve 

revolver circulate 

soler occur rarely 

volver return 

76 

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oler: to sme ll Past Pa rticiple: olido 

Gerund: oliendo 



yo huelo I smell yo he olido I have smelled 

tú hueles you smell tú has olido you have smelled 

el/ella huele he/she smells el/ella ha olido he/she has smelled 

nosotros olemos we smell nosotros hemos olido we have smelled 

vosotros oléis you smell vosotros habéis olido you have smelled 

ellos/ellas huelen they smell ellos/ellas han olido they have smelled 


yo olía I was smelling yo había olido I had smelled 

tú olías you were smelling tú habías olido you had smelled 

el/ella olía he/she was smelling el/ella había olido he/she had smelled 

nosotros olíamos we were smelling nosotros habíamos olido we had smelled 

vosotros olíais you were smelling vosotros habíais olido you had smelled 

ellos/ellas olían they were smelling ellos/ellas habían olido they had smelled 


yo olí I smelled yo hube olido I smelled 

tú oliste you smelled tú hubiste olido you smelled 

el/ella olió he/she smelled el/ella hubo olido he/she smelled 

nosotros olimos we smelled nosotros hubimos olido we smelled 

vosotros olisteis you smelled vosotros hubisteis olido you smelled 

ellos/ellas olieron they smelled ellos/ellas hubieron olido they smelled 


yo oleré I will smell yo habré olido I will have smelled 

tú olerás you will smell tú habrás olido you will have smelled 

el/ella olerá he/she will smell el/ella habrá olido he/she will have smelled 

nosotros oleremos we will smell nosotros habremos olido we will have smelled 

vosotros oleréis you will smell vosotros habréis olido you will have smelled 

ellos/ellas olerán they will smell ellos/ellas habrán olido they will have smelled 


yo olería I would smell yo habría olido I would have smelled 

tú olerías you would smell tú habrías olido you would have smelled 

el/ella olería he/she would smell el/ella habría olido he/she would have smelled 

nosotros oleríamos we would smell nosotros habríamos olido we would have smelled 

vosotros oleríais you would smell vosotros habríais olido you would have smelled 

ellos/ellas olerían they would smell ellos/ellas habrían olido they would have smelled 



yo huela I smell yo haya olido I have smelled 

tú huelas you smell tú hayas olido you have smelled 

el/ella huela he/she smells el/ella haya olido he/she has smelled 

nosotros olamos we smell nosotros hayamos olido we have smelled 

vosotros oláis you smell vosotros hayáis olido you have smelled 

ellos/ellas huelan they smell ellos/ellas hayan olido they have smelled 


yo oliera I was smelling yo hubiera olido I had smelled 

tú olieras you were smelling tú hubieras olido you had smelled 

el/ella oliera he/she was smelling el/ella hubiera olido he/she had smelled 

nosotros oliéramos we were smelling nosotros hubiéramos olido we had smelled 

vosotros olierais you were smelling vosotros hubierais olido you had smelled 

ellos/ellas olieran they were smelling ellos/ellas hubieran olido they had smelled 

or or 

yo oliese I was smelling yo hubiese olido I had smelled 

tú olieses you were smelling tú hubieses olido you had smelled 

el/ella oliese he/she was smelling el/ella hubiese olido he/she had smelled 

nosotros oliésemos we were smelling nosotros hubiésemos olido we had smelled 

vosotros olieseis you were smelling vosotros hubieseis olido you had smelled 

ellos/ellas oliesen they were smelling ellos/ellas hubiesen olido they had smelled 


yo oliere I will smell yo hubiere olido I will have smelled 

tú olieres you will smell tú hubieres olido you will have smelled 

el/ella oliere he/she will smell el/ella hubiere olido he/she will have smelled 

nosotros oliéremos we will smell nosotros hubiéremos olido we will have smelled 

vosotros oliereis you will smell vosotros hubiereis olido you will have smelled 

ellos/ellas olieren they will smell ellos/ellas hubieren olido they will have smelled 


yo yo estoy oliendo I am smelling 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

huele 

huela 

olamos 

oled 

huelan 

smell! 

smell! 

smell! 

smell! 

smell! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás oliendo 

está oliendo 

estamos oliendo 

estáis oliendo 

están oliendo 

you are smelling 

he/she is smelling 

we are smelling 

you are smelling 

they are smelling 

77 

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h


Irregular verb Group 2h: As 2g, but diphthong is written hue- at the start of the word. 


oler smell 

olerse suspect 

78 

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haber: to have Past Pa rticiple: habido 

Gerund: habiendo 



yo he I have yo he habido I have had 

tú has you have tú has habido you have had 

el/ella ha; hay he/she has el/ella ha habido he/she has had 

nosotros hemos we have nosotros hemos habido we have had 

vosotros habéis you have vosotros habéis habido you have had 

ellos/ellas han they have ellos/ellas han habido they have had 


yo había I was having yo había habido I had had 

tú habías you were having tú habías habido you had had 

el/ella había he/she was having el/ella había habido he/she had had 

nosotros habíamos we were having nosotros habíamos habido we had had 

vosotros habíais you were having vosotros habíais habido you had had 

ellos/ellas habían they were having ellos/ellas habían habido they had had 


yo hube I had yo hube habido I had 

tú hubiste you had tú hubiste habido you had 

el/ella hubo he/she had el/ella hubo habido he/she had 

nosotros hubimos we had nosotros hubimos habido we had 

vosotros hubisteis you had vosotros hubisteis habido you had 

ellos/ellas hubieron they had ellos/ellas hubieron habido they had 


yo habré I will have yo habré habido I will have had 

tú habrás you will have tú habrás habido you will have had 

el/ella habrá he/she will have el/ella habrá habido he/she will have had 

nosotros habremos we will have nosotros habremos habido we will have had 

vosotros habréis you will have vosotros habréis habido you will have had 

ellos/ellas habrán they will have ellos/ellas habrán habido they will have had 


yo habría I would have yo habría habido I would have had 

tú habrías you would have tú habrías habido you would have had 

el/ella habría he/she would have el/ella habría habido he/she would have had 

nosotros habríamos we would have nosotros habríamos habido we would have had 

vosotros habríais you would have vosotros habríais habido you would have had 

ellos/ellas habrían they would have ellos/ellas habrían habido they would have had 



yo haya I have yo haya habido I have had 

tú hayas you have tú hayas habido you have had 

el/ella haya he/she has el/ella haya habido he/she has had 

nosotros hayamos we have nosotros hayamos habido we have had 

vosotros hayáis you have vosotros hayáis habido you have had 

ellos/ellas hayan they have ellos/ellas hayan habido they have had 


yo hubiera I was having yo hubiera habido I had had 

tú hubieras you were having tú hubieras habido you had had 

el/ella hubiera he/she was having el/ella hubiera habido he/she had had 

nosotros hubiéramos we were having nosotros hubiéramos habido we had had 

vosotros hubierais you were having vosotros hubierais habido you had had 

ellos/ellas hubieran they were having ellos/ellas hubieran habido they had had 

or or 

yo hubiese I was having yo hubiese habido I had had 

tú hubieses you were having tú hubieses habido you had had 

el/ella hubiese he/she was having el/ella hubiese habido he/she had had 

nosotros hubiésemos we were having nosotros hubiésemos habido we had had 

vosotros hubieseis you were having vosotros hubieseis habido you had had 

ellos/ellas hubiesen they were having ellos/ellas hubiesen habido they had had 


yo hubiere I will have yo hubiere habido I will have had 

tú hubieres you will have tú hubieres habido you will have had 

el/ella hubiere he/she will have el/ella hubiere habido he/she will have had 

nosotros hubiéremos we will have nosotros hubiéremos habido we will have had 

vosotros hubiereis you will have vosotros hubiereis habido you will have had 

ellos/ellas hubieren they will have ellos/ellas hubieren habido they will have had 


yo yo estoy habiendo I am having 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

he; hé 

haya 

hayamos 

habed 

hayan 

have! 

have! 

have! 

have! 

have! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás habiendo 

está habiendo 

estamos habiendo 

estáis habiendo 

están habiendo 

you are having 

he/she is having 

we are having 


they are having 

79 

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Irregular verb Group 2i: Irregular verb Haber. 


haber have 

80 

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tener: to have Past Pa rticiple: tenido 

Gerund: teniendo 



yo tengo I have yo he tenido I have had 

tú tienes you have tú has tenido you have had 

el/ella tiene he/she has el/ella ha tenido he/she has had 

nosotros tenemos we have nosotros hemos tenido we have had 

vosotros tenéis you have vosotros habéis tenido you have had 

ellos/ellas tienen they have ellos/ellas han tenido they have had 


yo tenía I was having yo había tenido I had had 

tú tenías you were having tú habías tenido you had had 

el/ella tenía he/she was having el/ella había tenido he/she had had 

nosotros teníamos we were having nosotros habíamos tenido we had had 

vosotros teníais you were having vosotros habíais tenido you had had 

ellos/ellas tenían they were having ellos/ellas habían tenido they had had 


yo tuve I had yo hube tenido I had 

tú tuviste you had tú hubiste tenido you had 

el/ella tuvo he/she had el/ella hubo tenido he/she had 

nosotros tuvimos we had nosotros hubimos tenido we had 

vosotros tuvisteis you had vosotros hubisteis tenido you had 

ellos/ellas tuvieron they had ellos/ellas hubieron tenido they had 


yo tendré I will have yo habré tenido I will have had 

tú tendrás you will have tú habrás tenido you will have had 

el/ella tendrá he/she will have el/ella habrá tenido he/she will have had 

nosotros tendremos we will have nosotros habremos tenido we will have had 

vosotros tendréis you will have vosotros habréis tenido you will have had 

ellos/ellas tendrán they will have ellos/ellas habrán tenido they will have had 


yo tendría I would have yo habría tenido I would have had 

tú tendrías you would have tú habrías tenido you would have had 

el/ella tendría he/she would have el/ella habría tenido he/she would have had 

nosotros tendríamos we would have nosotros habríamos tenido we would have had 

vosotros tendríais you would have vosotros habríais tenido you would have had 

ellos/ellas tendrían they would have ellos/ellas habrían tenido they would have had 



yo tenga I have yo haya tenido I have had 

tú tengas you have tú hayas tenido you have had 

el/ella tenga he/she has el/ella haya tenido he/she has had 

nosotros tengamos we have nosotros hayamos tenido we have had 

vosotros tengáis you have vosotros hayáis tenido you have had 

ellos/ellas tengan they have ellos/ellas hayan tenido they have had 


yo tuviera I was having yo hubiera tenido I had had 

tú tuvieras you were having tú hubieras tenido you had had 

el/ella tuviera he/she was having el/ella hubiera tenido he/she had had 

nosotros tuviéramos we were having nosotros hubiéramos tenido we had had 

vosotros tuvierais you were having vosotros hubierais tenido you had had 

ellos/ellas tuvieran they were having ellos/ellas hubieran tenido they had had 

or or 

yo tuviese I was having yo hubiese tenido I had had 

tú tuvieses you were having tú hubieses tenido you had had 

el/ella tuviese he/she was having el/ella hubiese tenido he/she had had 

nosotros tuviésemos we were having nosotros hubiésemos tenido we had had 

vosotros tuvieseis you were having vosotros hubieseis tenido you had had 

ellos/ellas tuviesen they were having ellos/ellas hubiesen tenido they had had 


yo tuviere I will have yo hubiere tenido I will have had 

tú tuvieres you will have tú hubieres tenido you will have had 

el/ella tuviere he/she will have el/ella hubiere tenido he/she will have had 

nosotros tuviéremos we will have nosotros hubiéremos tenido we will have had 

vosotros tuviereis you will have vosotros hubiereis tenido you will have had 

ellos/ellas tuvieren they will have ellos/ellas hubieren tenido they will have had 


yo yo estoy teniendo I am having 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

tén 

tenga 

tengamos 

tened 

tengan 

have! 

have! 

have! 

have! 

have! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás teniendo 

está teniendo 

estamos teniendo 

estáis teniendo 

están teniendo 


he/she is having 

we are having 


they are having 

81 

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Irregular verb Group 2j: Irregular verb Tener. 


autosostenerse be self supporting 

contener contain 

detener stop 

entretener entertain 

entretenerse amuse oneself 

mantener support 

mantenerse be supported 

obtener obtain 

retener retain 

sostener hold 

tener have 

82 

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caber: to fit Past Pa rticiple: cabido 

Gerund: cabiendo 



yo quepo I fit yo he cabido I have fitted 

tú cabes you fit tú has cabido you have fitted 

el/ella cabe he/she fits el/ella ha cabido he/she has fitted 

nosotros cabemos we fit nosotros hemos cabido we have fitted 

vosotros cabéis you fit vosotros habéis cabido you have fitted 

ellos/ellas caben they fit ellos/ellas han cabido they have fitted 


yo cabía I was fitting yo había cabido I had fitted 

tú cabías you were fitting tú habías cabido you had fitted 

el/ella cabía he/she was fitting el/ella había cabido he/she had fitted 

nosotros cabíamos we were fitting nosotros habíamos cabido we had fitted 

vosotros cabíais you were fitting vosotros habíais cabido you had fitted 

ellos/ellas cabían they were fitting ellos/ellas habían cabido they had fitted 


yo cupe I fitted yo hube cabido I fitted 

tú cupiste you fitted tú hubiste cabido you fitted 

el/ella cupo he/she fitted el/ella hubo cabido he/she fitted 

nosotros cupimos we fitted nosotros hubimos cabido we fitted 

vosotros cupisteis you fitted vosotros hubisteis cabido you fitted 

ellos/ellas cupieron they fitted ellos/ellas hubieron cabido they fitted 


yo cabré I will fit yo habré cabido I will have fitted 

tú cabrás you will fit tú habrás cabido you will have fitted 

el/ella cabrá he/she will fit el/ella habrá cabido he/she will have fitted 

nosotros cabremos we will fit nosotros habremos cabido we will have fitted 

vosotros cabréis you will fit vosotros habréis cabido you will have fitted 

ellos/ellas cabrán they will fit ellos/ellas habrán cabido they will have fitted 


yo cabría I would fit yo habría cabido I would have fitted 

tú cabrías you would fit tú habrías cabido you would have fitted 

el/ella cabría he/she would fit el/ella habría cabido he/she would have fitted 

nosotros cabríamos we would fit nosotros habríamos cabido we would have fitted 

vosotros cabríais you would fit vosotros habríais cabido you would have fitted 

ellos/ellas cabrían they would fit ellos/ellas habrían cabido they would have fitted 



yo quepa I fit yo haya cabido I have fitted 

tú quepas you fit tú hayas cabido you have fitted 

el/ella quepa he/she fits el/ella haya cabido he/she has fitted 

nosotros quepamos we fit nosotros hayamos cabido we have fitted 

vosotros quepáis you fit vosotros hayáis cabido you have fitted 

ellos/ellas quepan they fit ellos/ellas hayan cabido they have fitted 


yo cupiera I was fitting yo hubiera cabido I had fitted 

tú cupieras you were fitting tú hubieras cabido you had fitted 

el/ella cupiera he/she was fitting el/ella hubiera cabido he/she had fitted 

nosotros cupiéramos we were fitting nosotros hubiéramos cabido we had fitted 

vosotros cupierais you were fitting vosotros hubierais cabido you had fitted 

ellos/ellas cupieran they were fitting ellos/ellas hubieran cabido they had fitted 

or or 

yo cupiese I was fitting yo hubiese cabido I had fitted 

tú cupieses you were fitting tú hubieses cabido you had fitted 

el/ella cupiese he/she was fitting el/ella hubiese cabido he/she had fitted 

nosotros cupiésemos we were fitting nosotros hubiésemos cabido we had fitted 

vosotros cupieseis you were fitting vosotros hubieseis cabido you had fitted 

ellos/ellas cupiesen they were fitting ellos/ellas hubiesen cabido they had fitted 


yo cupiere I will fit yo hubiere cabido I will have fitted 

tú cupieres you will fit tú hubieres cabido you will have fitted 

el/ella cupiere he/she will fit el/ella hubiere cabido he/she will have fitted 

nosotros cupiéremos we will fit nosotros hubiéremos cabido we will have fitted 

vosotros cupiereis you will fit vosotros hubiereis cabido you will have fitted 

ellos/ellas cupieren they will fit ellos/ellas hubieren cabido they will have fitted 


yo yo estoy cabiendo I am fitting 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

cabe 

quepa 

quepamos 

cabed 

quepan 

fit! 

fit! 

fit! 

fit! 

fit! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás cabiendo 

está cabiendo 

estamos cabiendo 

estáis cabiendo 

están cabiendo 

you are fitting 

he/she is fitting 

we are fitting 

you are fitting 

they are fitting 

83 

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Irregular verb Group 2k: Irregular verb Caber. 


caber fit 

84 

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saber: to know Past Pa rticiple: sabido 

Gerund: sabiendo 



yo sé I know yo he sabido I have known 

tú sabes you know tú has sabido you have known 

el/ella sabe he/she knows el/ella ha sabido he/she has known 

nosotros sabemos we know nosotros hemos sabido we have known 

vosotros sabéis you know vosotros habéis sabido you have known 

ellos/ellas saben they know ellos/ellas han sabido they have known 


yo sabía I was knowing yo había sabido I had known 

tú sabías you were knowing tú habías sabido you had known 

el/ella sabía he/she was knowing el/ella había sabido he/she had known 

nosotros sabíamos we were knowing nosotros habíamos sabido we had known 

vosotros sabíais you were knowing vosotros habíais sabido you had known 

ellos/ellas sabían they were knowing ellos/ellas habían sabido they had known 


yo supe I knew yo hube sabido I knew 

tú supiste you knew tú hubiste sabido you knew 

el/ella supo he/she knew el/ella hubo sabido he/she knew 

nosotros supimos we knew nosotros hubimos sabido we knew 

vosotros supisteis you knew vosotros hubisteis sabido you knew 

ellos/ellas supieron they knew ellos/ellas hubieron sabido they knew 


yo sabré I will know yo habré sabido I will have known 

tú sabrás you will know tú habrás sabido you will have known 

el/ella sabrá he/she will know el/ella habrá sabido he/she will have known 

nosotros sabremos we will know nosotros habremos sabido we will have known 

vosotros sabréis you will know vosotros habréis sabido you will have known 

ellos/ellas sabrán they will know ellos/ellas habrán sabido they will have known 


yo sabría I would know yo habría sabido I would have known 

tú sabrías you would know tú habrías sabido you would have known 

el/ella sabría he/she would know el/ella habría sabido he/she would have known 

nosotros sabríamos we would know nosotros habríamos sabido we would have known 

vosotros sabríais you would know vosotros habríais sabido you would have known 

ellos/ellas sabrían they would know ellos/ellas habrían sabido they would have known 



yo sepa I know yo haya sabido I have known 

tú sepas you know tú hayas sabido you have known 

el/ella sepa he/she knows el/ella haya sabido he/she has known 

nosotros sepamos we know nosotros hayamos sabido we have known 

vosotros sepáis you know vosotros hayáis sabido you have known 

ellos/ellas sepan they know ellos/ellas hayan sabido they have known 


yo supiera I was knowing yo hubiera sabido I had known 

tú supieras you were knowing tú hubieras sabido you had known 

el/ella supiera he/she was knowing el/ella hubiera sabido he/she had known 

nosotros supiéramos we were knowing nosotros hubiéramos sabido we had known 

vosotros supierais you were knowing vosotros hubierais sabido you had known 

ellos/ellas supieran they were knowing ellos/ellas hubieran sabido they had known 

or or 

yo supiese I was knowing yo hubiese sabido I had known 

tú supieses you were knowing tú hubieses sabido you had known 

el/ella supiese he/she was knowing el/ella hubiese sabido he/she had known 

nosotros supiésemos we were knowing nosotros hubiésemos sabido we had known 

vosotros supieseis you were knowing vosotros hubieseis sabido you had known 

ellos/ellas supiesen they were knowing ellos/ellas hubiesen sabido they had known 


yo supiere I will know yo hubiere sabido I will have known 

tú supieres you will know tú hubieres sabido you will have known 

el/ella supiere he/she will know el/ella hubiere sabido he/she will have known 

nosotros supiéremos we will know nosotros hubiéremos sabido we will have known 

vosotros supiereis you will know vosotros hubiereis sabido you will have known 

ellos/ellas supieren they will know ellos/ellas hubieren sabido they will have known 


yo yo estoy sabiendo I am knowing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

sabe 

sepa 

sepamos 

sabed 

sepan 

know! 

know! 

know! 

know! 

know! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás sabiendo 

está sabiendo 

estamos sabiendo 

estáis sabiendo 

están sabiendo 


he/she is knowing 

we are knowing 


they are knowing 

85 

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Irregular verb Group 2l: Irregular verb Saber. 


saber know 

86 

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caer: to fall Past Pa rticiple: caído 

Gerund: cayendo 



yo caigo I fall yo he caído I have fallen 

tú caes you fall tú has caído you have fallen 

el/ella cae he/she falls el/ella ha caído he/she has fallen 

nosotros caemos we fall nosotros hemos caído we have fallen 

vosotros caaéis you fall vosotros habéis caído you have fallen 

ellos/ellas caen they fall ellos/ellas han caído they have fallen 


yo caía I was falling yo había caído I had fallen 

tú caías you were falling tú habías caído you had fallen 

el/ella caía he/she was falling el/ella había caído he/she had fallen 

nosotros caíamos we were falling nosotros habíamos caído we had fallen 

vosotros caíais you were falling vosotros habíais caído you had fallen 

ellos/ellas caían they were falling ellos/ellas habían caído they had fallen 


yo caí I fell yo hube caído I fell 

tú caíste you fell tú hubiste caído you fell 

el/ella cayó he/she fell el/ella hubo caído he/she fell 

nosotros caímos we fell nosotros hubimos caído we fell 

vosotros caísteis you fell vosotros hubisteis caído you fell 

ellos/ellas cayeron they fell ellos/ellas hubieron caído they fell 


yo caeré I will fall yo habré caído I will have fallen 

tú caerás you will fall tú habrás caído you will have fallen 

el/ella caerá he/she will fall el/ella habrá caído he/she will have fallen 

nosotros caeremos we will fall nosotros habremos caído we will have fallen 

vosotros caeréis you will fall vosotros habréis caído you will have fallen 

ellos/ellas caerán they will fall ellos/ellas habrán caído they will have fallen 


yo caería I would fall yo habría caído I would have fallen 

tú caerías you would fall tú habrías caído you would have fallen 

el/ella caería he/she would fall el/ella habría caído he/she would have fallen 

nosotros caeríamos we would fall nosotros habríamos caído we would have fallen 

vosotros caeríais you would fall vosotros habríais caído you would have fallen 

ellos/ellas caerían they would fall ellos/ellas habrían caído they would have fallen 



yo caiga I fall yo haya caído I have fallen 

tú caigas you fall tú hayas caído you have fallen 

el/ella caiga he/she falls el/ella haya caído he/she has fallen 

nosotros caigamos we fall nosotros hayamos caído we have fallen 

vosotros caigáis you fall vosotros hayáis caído you have fallen 

ellos/ellas caigan they fall ellos/ellas hayan caído they have fallen 


yo cayera I was falling yo hubiera caído I had fallen 

tú cayeras you were falling tú hubieras caído you had fallen 

el/ella cayera he/she was falling el/ella hubiera caído he/she had fallen 

nosotros cayéramos we were falling nosotros hubiéramos caído we had fallen 

vosotros cayerais you were falling vosotros hubierais caído you had fallen 

ellos/ellas cayeran they were falling ellos/ellas hubieran caído they had fallen 

or or 

yo cayese I was falling yo hubiese caído I had fallen 

tú cayeses you were falling tú hubieses caído you had fallen 

el/ella cayese he/she was falling el/ella hubiese caído he/she had fallen 

nosotros cayésemos we were falling nosotros hubiésemos caído we had fallen 

vosotros cayeseis you were falling vosotros hubieseis caído you had fallen 

ellos/ellas cayesen they were falling ellos/ellas hubiesen caído they had fallen 


yo cayere I will fall yo hubiere caído I will have fallen 

tú cayeres you will fall tú hubieres caído you will have fallen 

el/ella cayere he/she will fall el/ella hubiere caído he/she will have fallen 

nosotros cayéremos we will fall nosotros hubiéremos caído we will have fallen 

vosotros cayereis you will fall vosotros hubiereis caído you will have fallen 

ellos/ellas cayeren they will fall ellos/ellas hubieren caído they will have fallen 


yo yo estoy cayendo I am falling 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

cae 

caiga 

caigamos 

caed 

caigan 

fall! 

fall! 

fall! 

fall! 

fall! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás cayendo 

está cayendo 

estamos cayendo 

estáis cayendo 

están cayendo 

you are falling 

he/she is falling 

we are falling 

you are falling 

they are falling 

87 

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Irregular verb Group 2m: Irregular verb Caer, also unstressed i between vowels 

written y, as 2d. 


caer fall 

caerse fall over 

decaer decline 

recaer relapse 

88 

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traer: to bring Past Participle: 

traído 

Gerund: trayendo 



yo traigo I bring yo he traído I have brought 

tú traes you bring tú has traído you have brought 

el/ella trae he/she brings el/ella ha traído he/she has brought 

nosotros traemos we bring nosotros hemos traído we have brought 

vosotros traéis you bring vosotros habéis traído you have brought 

ellos/ellas traen they bring ellos/ellas han traído they have brought 


yo traía I was bringing yo había traído I had brought 

tú traías you were bringing tú habías traído you had brought 

el/ella traía he/she was bringing el/ella había traído he/she had brought 

nosotros traíamos we were bringing nosotros habíamos traído we had brought 

vosotros traíais you were bringing vosotros habíais traído you had brought 

ellos/ellas traían they were bringing ellos/ellas habían traído they had brought 


yo traje I brought yo hube traído I brought 

tú trajiste you brought tú hubiste traído you brought 

el/ella trajo he/she brought el/ella hubo traído he/she brought 

nosotros trajimos we brought nosotros hubimos traído we brought 

vosotros trajisteis you brought vosotros hubisteis traído you brought 

ellos/ellas trajeron they brought ellos/ellas hubieron traído they brought 


yo traeré I will bring yo habré traído I will have brought 

tú traerás you will bring tú habrás traído you will have brought 

el/ella traerá he/she will bring el/ella habrá traído he/she will have brought 

nosotros traeremos we will bring nosotros habremos traído we will have brought 

vosotros traeréis you will bring vosotros habréis traído you will have brought 

ellos/ellas traerán they will bring ellos/ellas habrán traído they will have brought 


yo traería I would bring yo habría traído I would have brought 

tú traerías you would bring tú habrías traído you would have brought 

el/ella traería he/she would bring el/ella habría traído he/she would have brought 

nosotros traeríamos we would bring nosotros habríamos caído we would have brought 

vosotros traeríais you would bring vosotros habríais traído you would have brought 

ellos/ellas traerían they would bring ellos/ellas habrían traído they would have brought 



yo traiga I bring yo haya traído I have brought 

tú traigas you bring tú hayas traído you have brought 

el/ella traiga he/she brings el/ella haya traído he/she has brought 

nosotros traigamos we bring nosotros hayamos traído we have brought 

vosotros traigáis you bring vosotros hayáis traído you have brought 

ellos/ellas traigan they bring ellos/ellas hayan traído they have brought 


yo trajera I was bringing yo hubiera traído I had brought 

tú trajeras you were bringing tú hubieras traído you had brought 

el/ella trajera he/she was bringing el/ella hubiera traído he/she had brought 

nosotros trajéramos we were bringing nosotros hubiéramos traído we had brought 

vosotros trajerais you were bringing vosotros hubierais traído you had brought 

ellos/ellas trajeran they were bringing ellos/ellas hubieran traído they had brought 

or or 

yo trajese I was bringing yo hubiese traído I had brought 

tú trajeses you were bringing tú hubieses traído you had brought 

el/ella trajese he/she was bringing el/ella hubiese traído he/she had brought 

nosotros trajésemos we were bringing nosotros hubiésemos traído we had brought 

vosotros trajeseis you were bringing vosotros hubieseis traído you had brought 

ellos/ellas trajesen they were bringing ellos/ellas hubiesen traído they had brought 


yo trajere I will bring yo hubiere traído I will have brought 

tú trajeres you will bring tú hubieres traído you will have brought 

el/ella trajere he/she will bring el/ella hubiere traído he/she will have brought 

nosotros trajéremos we will bring nosotros hubiéremos traído we will have brought 

vosotros trajereis you will bring vosotros hubiereis traído you will have brought 

ellos/ellas trajeren they will bring ellos/ellas hubieren traído they will have brought 


yo yo estoy trayendo I am bringing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

trae 

traiga 

traigamos 

traed 

traigan 

bring! 

bring! 

bring! 

bring! 

bring! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás trayendo 

está trayendo 

estamos trayendo 

estáis trayendo 

están trayendo 

you are bringing 

he/she is bringing 

we are bringing 

you are bringing 

they are bringing 

89 

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Irregular verb Group 2n: Irregular verb Traer. 


atraer attract 

contraer contract 

detraer remove 

distaerse keep oneself entertained 

distraer entertain 

extraer extract 

maltraer illtreat 

retraer retract 

retrotraer take back 

sustraer remove 

traer bring 

90 

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valer: to cost Past Pa rticiple: valido 

Gerund: valiendo 



yo valgo I cost yo he valido I have costed 

tú vales you cost tú has valido you have costed 

el/ella vale he/she costs el/ella ha valido he/she has costed 

nosotros valemos we cost nosotros hemos valido we have costed 

vosotros valéis you cost vosotros habéis valido you have costed 

ellos/ellas valen they cost ellos/ellas han valido they have costed 


yo valía I was costing yo había valido I had costed 

tú valías you were costing tú habías valido you had costed 

el/ella valía he/she was costing el/ella había valido he/she had costed 

nosotros valíamos we were costing nosotros habíamos valido we had costed 

vosotros valíais you were costing vosotros habíais valido you had costed 

ellos/ellas valían they were costing ellos/ellas habían valido they had costed 


yo valí I costed yo hube valido I costed 

tú valiste you costed tú hubiste valido you costed 

el/ella valió he/she costed el/ella hubo valido he/she costed 

nosotros valimos we costed nosotros hubimos valido we costed 

vosotros valisteis you costed vosotros hubisteis valido you costed 

ellos/ellas valieron they costed ellos/ellas hubieron valido they costed 


yo valdré I will cost yo habré valido I will have costed 

tú valdrás you will cost tú habrás valido you will have costed 

el/ella valdrá he/she will cost el/ella habrá valido he/she will have costed 

nosotros valdremos we will cost nosotros habremos valido we will have costed 

vosotros valdréis you will cost vosotros habréis valido you will have costed 

ellos/ellas valdrán they will cost ellos/ellas habrán valido they will have costed 


yo valdría I would cost yo habría valido I would have costed 

tú valdrías you would cost tú habrías valido you would have costed 

el/ella valdría he/she would cost el/ella habría valido he/she would have costed 

nosotros valdríamos we would cost nosotros habríamos valido we would have costed 

vosotros valdríais you would cost vosotros habríais valido you would have costed 

ellos/ellas valdrían they would cost ellos/ellas habrían valido they would have costed 



yo valga I cost yo haya valido I have costed 

tú valgas you cost tú hayas valido you have costed 

el/ella valga he/she costs el/ella haya valido he/she has costed 

nosotros valgamos we cost nosotros hayamos valido we have costed 

vosotros valgáis you cost vosotros hayáis valido you have costed 

ellos/ellas valgan they cost ellos/ellas hayan valido they have costed 


yo valiera I was costing yo hubiera valido I had costed 

tú valieras you were costing tú hubieras valido you had costed 

el/ella valiera he/she was costing el/ella hubiera valido he/she had costed 

nosotros valiéramos we were costing nosotros hubiéramos valido we had costed 

vosotros valierais you were costing vosotros hubierais valido you had costed 

ellos/ellas valieran they were costing ellos/ellas hubieran valido they had costed 

or or 

yo valiese I was costing yo hubiese valido I had costed 

tú valieses you were costing tú hubieses valido you had costed 

el/ella valiese he/she was costing el/ella hubiese valido he/she had costed 

nosotros valiésemos we were costing nosotros hubiésemos valido we had costed 

vosotros valieseis you were costing vosotros hubieseis valido you had costed 

ellos/ellas valiesen they were costing ellos/ellas hubiesen valido they had costed 


yo valiere I will cost yo hubiere valido I will have costed 

tú valieres you will cost tú hubieres valido you will have costed 

el/ella valiere he/she will cost el/ella hubiere valido he/she will have costed 

nosotros valiéremos we will cost nosotros hubiéremos valido we will have costed 

vosotros valiereis you will cost vosotros hubiereis valido you will have costed 

ellos/ellas valieren they will cost ellos/ellas hubieren valido they will have costed 


yo yo estoy valiendo I am costing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

vale; val 

valga 

valgamos 

valed 

valgan 

cost! 

cost! 

cost! 

cost! 

cost! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás valiendo 

está valiendo 

estamos valiendo 

estáis valiendo 

están valiendo 

you are costing 

he/she is costing 

we are costing 

you are costing 

they are costing 

91 

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Irregular verb Group 2o: Irregular verb Valer. 


equivaler be equivalent to 

valer cost 

92 

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poner: to put Past Pa rticiple: puesto 

Gerund: poniendo 



yo pongo I put yo he puesto I have put 

tú pones you put tú has puesto you have put 

el/ella pone he/she puts el/ella ha puesto he/she has put 

nosotros ponemos we put nosotros hemos puesto we have put 

vosotros ponéis you put vosotros habéis puesto you have put 

ellos/ellas ponen they put ellos/ellas han puesto they have put 


yo ponía I was putting yo había puesto I had put 

tú ponías you were putting tú habías puesto you had put 

el/ella ponía he/she was putting el/ella había puesto he/she had put 

nosotros poníamos we were putting nosotros habíamos puesto we had put 

vosotros poníais you were putting vosotros habíais puesto you had put 

ellos/ellas ponían they were putting ellos/ellas habían puesto they had put 


yo puse I put yo hube puesto I put 

tú pusiste you put tú hubiste puesto you put 

el/ella puso he/she put el/ella hubo puesto he/she put 

nosotros pusimos we put nosotros hubimos puesto we put 

vosotros pusisteis you put vosotros hubisteis puesto you put 

ellos/ellas pusieron they put ellos/ellas hubieron puesto they put 


yo pondré I will put yo habré puesto I will have put 

tú pondrás you will put tú habrás puesto you will have put 

el/ella pondrá he/she will put el/ella habrá puesto he/she will have put 

nosotros pondremos we will put nosotros habremos puesto we will have put 

vosotros pondréis you will put vosotros habréis puesto you will have put 

ellos/ellas pondrán they will put ellos/ellas habrán puesto they will have put 


yo pondría I would put yo habría puesto I would have put 

tú pondrías you would put tú habrías puesto you would have put 

el/ella pondría he/she would put el/ella habría puesto he/she would have put 

nosotros pondríamos we would put nosotros habríamos puesto we would have put 

vosotros pondríais you would put vosotros habríais puesto you would have put 

ellos/ellas pondrían they would put ellos/ellas habrían puesto they would have put 



yo ponga I put yo haya puesto I have put 

tú pongas you put tú hayas puesto you have put 

el/ella ponga he/she puts el/ella haya puesto he/she has put 

nosotros pongamos we put nosotros hayamos puesto we have put 

vosotros pongáis you put vosotros hayáis puesto you have put 

ellos/ellas pongan they put ellos/ellas hayan puesto they have put 


yo pusiera I was putting yo hubiera puesto I had put 

tú pusieras you were putting tú hubieras puesto you had put 

el/ella pusiera he/she was putting el/ella hubiera puesto he/she had put 

nosotros pusiéramos we were putting nosotros hubiéramos puesto we had put 

vosotros pusierais you were putting vosotros hubierais puesto you had put 

ellos/ellas pusieran they were putting ellos/ellas hubieran puesto they had put 

or or 

yo pusiese I was putting yo hubiese puesto I had put 

tú pusieses you were putting tú hubieses puesto you had put 

el/ella pusiese he/she was putting el/ella hubiese puesto he/she had put 

nosotros pusiésemos we were putting nosotros hubiésemos puesto we had put 

vosotros pusieseis you were putting vosotros hubieseis puesto you had put 

ellos/ellas pusiesen they were putting ellos/ellas hubiesen puesto they had put 


yo pusiere I will put yo hubiere puesto I will have put 

tú pusieres you will put tú hubieres puesto you will have put 

el/ella pusiere he/she will put el/ella hubiere puesto he/she will have put 

nosotros pusiéremos we will put nosotros hubiéremos puesto we will have put 

vosotros pusiereis you will put vosotros hubiereis puesto you will have put 

ellos/ellas pusieren they will put ellos/ellas hubieren puesto they will have put 


yo yo estoy poniendo I am putting 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

pón 

ponga 

pongamos 

poned 

pongan 

put! 

put! 

put! 

put! 

put! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás poniendo 

está poniendo 

estamos poniendo 

estáis poniendo 

están poniendo 

you are putting 

he/she is putting 

we are putting 

you are putting 

they are putting 

93 

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Irregular verb Group 2p: Irregular verb Poner. 


anteponer place in front 

componer compose 

contraponer compare 

deponer depose 

descomponer break down 

disponer arrange 

exponer exhibit 

exponerse expose oneself to something 

imponer impose 

imponerse set oneself 

indisponer upset 

indisponerse become ill 

interponer insert 

interponerse intervene 

oponer put on 

oponerse be opposed to 

poner put 

posponer postpone 

predisponer predispose 

preponer place before 

presuponer presuppose 

proponer suggest 

recomponer repair 

reimponer reimpose 

reponer replenish 

reponerse recover 

sobreexponer overexpose 

sobreponer superimpose 

subexponer underexpose 

superponer overlap 

suponer imagine 

transponer transpose 

trasponer transpose 

yuxtaponer juxtapose 

94 

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hacer: to do, ma ke Past Pa rticiple: hecho 

Gerund: haciendo 



yo hago I do yo he hecho I have done 

tú haces you do tú has hecho you have done 

el/ella hace he/she does el/ella ha hecho he/she has done 

nosotros hacemos we do nosotros hemos hecho we have done 

vosotros hacéis you do vosotros habéis hecho you have done 

ellos/ellas hacen they do ellos/ellas han hecho they have done 


yo hacía I was doing yo había hecho I had done 

tú hacías you were doing tú habías hecho you had done 

el/ella hacía he/she was doing el/ella había hecho he/she had done 

nosotros hacíamos we were doing nosotros habíamos hecho we had done 

vosotros hacíais you were doing vosotros habíais hecho you had done 

ellos/ellas hacían they were doing ellos/ellas habían hecho they had done 


yo hice I did yo hube hecho I did 

tú hiciste you did tú hubiste hecho you did 

el/ella hizo he/she did el/ella hubo hecho he/she did 

nosotros hicimos we did nosotros hubimos hecho we did 

vosotros hicisteis you did vosotros hubisteis hecho you did 

ellos/ellas hicieron they did ellos/ellas hubieron hecho they did 


yo haré I will do yo habré hecho I will have done 

tú harás you will do tú habrás hecho you will have done 

el/ella hará he/she will do el/ella habrá hecho he/she will have done 

nosotros haremos we will do nosotros habremos hecho we will have done 

vosotros haréis you will do vosotros habréis hecho you will have done 

ellos/ellas harán they will do ellos/ellas habrán hecho they will have done 


yo haría I would do yo habría hecho I would have done 

tú harías you would do tú habrías hecho you would have done 

el/ella haría he/she would do el/ella habría hecho he/she would have done 

nosotros haríamos we would do nosotros habríamos hecho we would have done 

vosotros haríais you would do vosotros habríais hecho you would have done 

ellos/ellas harían they would do ellos/ellas habrían hecho they would have done 



yo haga I do yo haya hecho I have done 

tú hagas you do tú hayas hecho you have done 

el/ella haga he/she does el/ella haya hecho he/she has done 

nosotros hagamos we do nosotros hayamos hecho we have done 

vosotros hagáis you do vosotros hayáis hecho you have done 

ellos/ellas hagan they do ellos/ellas hayan hecho they have done 


yo hiciera I was doing yo hubiera hecho I had done 

tú hicieras you were doing tú hubieras hecho you had done 

el/ella hiciera he/she was doing el/ella hubiera hecho he/she had done 

nosotros hiciéramos we were doing nosotros hubiéramos hecho we had done 

vosotros hicierais you were doing vosotros hubierais hecho you had done 

ellos/ellas hicieran they were doing ellos/ellas hubieran hecho they had done 

or or 

yo hiciese I was doing yo hubiese hecho I had done 

tú hicieses you were doing tú hubieses hecho you had done 

el/ella hiciese he/she was doing el/ella hubiese hecho he/she had done 

nosotros hiciésemos we were doing nosotros hubiésemos hecho we had done 

vosotros hicieseis you were doing vosotros hubieseis hecho you had done 

ellos/ellas hiciesen they were doing ellos/ellas hubiesen hecho they had done 


yo hiciere I will do yo hubiere hecho I will have done 

tú hicieres you will do tú hubieres hecho you will have done 

el/ella hiciere he/she will do el/ella hubiere hecho he/she will have done 

nosotros hiciéremos we will do nosotros hubiéremos hecho we will have done 

vosotros hiciereis you will do vosotros hubiereis hecho you will have done 

ellos/ellas hicieren they will do ellos/ellas hubieren hecho they will have done 


yo yo estoy haciendo I am doing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

haz 

haga 

hagamos 

haced 

hagan 

do! 

do! 

do! 

do! 

do! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás haciendo 

está haciendo 

estamos haciendo 

estáis haciendo 

están haciendo 

you are doing 

he/she is doing 

we are doing 

you are doing 

they are doing 

95 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 2q: Irregular verb Hacer. 


contrahacer copy 

deshacer untie 

deshacerse come undone 

hacer do 

rehacer redo 

rehacerse recover 

satisfacer satisfy 

96 

© Copywright 2007


poder: to be able to (can) Past Pa rticiple: podido 

Gerund: pudiendo 



yo puedo I can yo he podido I have been able to 

tú puedes you can tú has podido you have been able to 

el/ella puede he/she can el/ella ha podido he/she has been able to 

nosotros podemos we can nosotros hemos podido we have been able to 

vosotros podéis you can vosotros habéis podido you have been able to 

ellos/ellas pueden they can ellos/ellas han podido they have been able to 


yo podía I was able to yo había podido I had been able to 

tú podías you were able to tú habías podido you had been able to 

el/ella podía he/she was able to el/ella había podido he/she had been able to 

nosotros podíamos we were able to nosotros habíamos podido we had been able to 

vosotros podíais you were able to vosotros habíais podido you had been able to 

ellos/ellas podían they were able to ellos/ellas habían podido they had been able to 


yo pude I was able to yo hube podido I had been able to 

tú pudiste you were able to tú hubiste podido you had been able to 

el/ella pudo he/she was able to el/ella hubo podido he/she had been able to 

nosotros pudimos we were able to nosotros hubimos podido we had been able to 

vosotros pudisteis you were able to vosotros hubisteis podido you had been able to 

ellos/ellas pudieron they were able to ellos/ellas hubieron podido they had been able to 


yo podré I will be able to yo habré podido I will have been able to 

tú podrás you will be able to tú habrás podido you will have been able to 

el/ella podrá he/she will be able to el/ella habrá podido he/she will have been able to 

nosotros podremos we will be able to nosotros habremos podido we will have been able to 

vosotros podréis you will be able to vosotros habréis podido you will have been able to 

ellos/ellas podrán they will be able to ellos/ellas habrán podido they will have been able to 


yo podría I would be able to yo habría podido I would have been able to 

tú podrías you would be able to tú habrías podido you would have been able to 

el/ella podría he/she would be able to el/ella habría podido he/she would have been able to 

nosotros podríamos we would be able to nosotros habríamos podido we would have been able to 

vosotros podríais you would be able to vosotros habríais podido you would have been able to 

ellos/ellas podrían they would be able to ellos/ellas habrían podido they would have been able to 



yo pueda I can yo haya podido I have been able to 

tú puedas you can tú hayas podido you have been able to 

el/ella pueda he/she can el/ella haya podido he/she has been able to 

nosotros podamos we can nosotros hayamos podido we have been able to 

vosotros podáis you can vosotros hayáis podido you have been able to 

ellos/ellas puedan they can ellos/ellas hayan podido they have been able to 


yo pudiera I was able to yo hubiera podido I had been able to 

tú pudieras you were able to tú hubieras podido you had been able to 

el/ella pudiera he/she was able to el/ella hubiera podido he/she had been able to 

nosotros pudiéramos we were able to nosotros hubiéramos podido we had been able to 

vosotros pudierais you were able to vosotros hubierais podido you had been able to 

ellos/ellas pudieran they were able to ellos/ellas hubieran podido they had been able to 

or or 

yo pudiese I was able to yo hubiese podido I had been able to 

tú pudieses you were able to tú hubieses podido you had been able to 

el/ella pudiese he/she was able to el/ella hubiese podido he/she had been able to 

nosotros pudiésemos we were able to nosotros hubiésemos podido we had been able to 

vosotros pudieseis you were able to vosotros hubieseis podido you had been able to 

ellos/ellas pudiesen they were able to ellos/ellas hubiesen podido they had been able to 


yo pudiere I will been able to yo hubiere podido I will have been able to 

tú pudieres you will been able to tú hubieres podido you will have been able to 

el/ella pudiere he/she will been able to el/ella hubiere podido he/she will have been able to 

nosotros pudiéremos we will been able to nosotros hubiéremos podido we will have been able to 

vosotros pudiereis you will been able to vosotros hubiereis podido you will have been able to 

ellos/ellas pudieren they will been able to ellos/ellas hubieren podido they will have been able to 


yo yo estoy pudiendo I am able to 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

puede 

pueda 

podamos 

poded 

puedan 

be able! 

be able! 

be able! 

be able! 

be able! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás pudiendo 

está pudiendo 

estamos pudiendo 

estáis pudiendo 

están pudiendo 

you are able to 

he/she is able to 

we are able to 

you are able to 

they are able to 

97 

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Irregular verb Group 2r: Irregular verb Poder. 


poder be able to (can) 

98 

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querer: to w ant Past Pa rticiple: querido 

Gerund: queriendo 



yo quiero I want yo he querido I have wanted 

tú quieres you want tú has querido you have wanted 

el/ella quiere he/she wants el/ella ha querido he/she has wanted 

nosotros queremos we want nosotros hemos querido we have wanted 

vosotros queréis you want vosotros habéis querido you have wanted 

ellos/ellas quieren they want ellos/ellas han querido they have wanted 


yo quería I was wanting yo había querido I had wanted 

tú querías you was wanting tú habías querido you had wanted 

el/ella quería he/she was wanting el/ella había querido he/she had wanted 

nosotros queríamos we was wanting nosotros habíamos querido we had wanted 

vosotros queríais you was wanting vosotros habíais querido you had wanted 

ellos/ellas querían they was wanting ellos/ellas habían querido they had wanted 


yo quise I wanted yo hube querido I had wanted 

tú quisiste you wanted tú hubiste querido you had wanted 

el/ella quiso he/she wanted el/ella hubo querido he/she had wanted 

nosotros quisimos we wanted nosotros hubimos querido we had wanted 

vosotros quisisteis you wanted vosotros hubisteis querido you had wanted 

ellos/ellas quisieron they wanted ellos/ellas hubieron querido they had wanted 


yo querré I will want yo habré querido I will have wanted 

tú querrás you will want tú habrás querido you will have wanted 

el/ella querrá he/she will want el/ella habrá querido he/she will have wanted 

nosotros querremos we will want nosotros habremos querido we will have wanted 

vosotros querréis you will want vosotros habréis querido you will have wanted 

ellos/ellas querrán they will want ellos/ellas habrán querido they will have wanted 


yo querría I would want yo habría querido I would have wanted 

tú querrías you would want tú habrías querido you would have wanted 

el/ella querría he/she would want el/ella habría querido he/she would wanted 

nosotros querríamos we would want nosotros habríamos querido we would have wanted 

vosotros querríais you would want vosotros habríais querido you would have wanted 

ellos/ellas querrían they would want ellos/ellas habrían querido they would have wanted 



yo quiera I want yo haya querido I have wanted 

tú quieras you want tú hayas querido you have wanted 

el/ella quiera he/she wants el/ella haya querido he/she has wanted 

nosotros queramos we want nosotros hayamos querido we have wanted 

vosotros queráis you want vosotros hayáis querido you have wanted 

ellos/ellas quieran they want ellos/ellas hayan querido they have wanted 


yo quisiera I was wanting yo hubiera querido I had wanted 

tú quisieras you were wanted tú hubieras querido you had wanted 

el/ella quisiera he/she was wanting el/ella hubiera querido he/she had wanted 

nosotros quisiéramos we were wanting nosotros hubiéramos querido we had wanted 

vosotros quisierais you were wanting vosotros hubierais querido you had wanted 

ellos/ellas quisieran they were wanting ellos/ellas hubieran querido they had wanted 

or or 

yo quisiese I was wanting yo hubiese querido I had wanted 

tú quisieses you were wanting tú hubieses querido you had wanted 

el/ella quisiese he/she was wanting el/ella hubiese querido he/she had wanted 

nosotros quisiésemos we were wanting nosotros hubiésemos querido we had wanted 

vosotros quisieseis you were wanting vosotros hubieseis querido you had wanted 

ellos/ellas quisiesen they were wanting ellos/ellas hubiesen querido they had wanted 


yo quisiere I will want yo hubiere querido I will have wanted 

tú quisieres you will want tú hubieres querido you will have wanted 

el/ella quisiere he/she will want el/ella hubiere querido he/she will have wanted 

nosotros quisiéremos we will want nosotros hubiéremos querido we will have wanted 

vosotros quisiereis you will want vosotros hubiereis querido you will have wanted 

ellos/ellas quisieren they will want ellos/ellas hubieren querido they will have wanted 


yo yo estoy queriendo I am wanting 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

quiere 

quiera 

queramos 

quered 

quieran 

want! 

want! 

want! 

want! 

want! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás queriendo 

está queriendo 

estamos queriendo 

estáis queriendo 

están queriendo 

you are wanting 

he/she is wanting 

we are wanting 

you are wanting 

they are wanting 

99 

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Irregular verb Group 2s: Irregular verb Querer. 


bienquerer like 

malquerer dislike 

querer want 

100 

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ver: to see Past Pa rticiple: visto 

Gerund: viendo 



yo veo I see yo he visto I have seen 

tú ves; vés you see tú has visto you have seen 

el/ella ve; vé he/she sees el/ella ha visto he/she has seen 

nosotros vemos we see nosotros hemos visto we have seen 

vosotros veis you see vosotros habéis visto you have seen 

ellos/ellas ven; vén they see ellos/ellas han visto they have seen 


yo veía I was seeing yo había visto I had seen 

tú veías you were seeing tú habías visto you had seen 

el/ella veía he/she was seeing el/ella había visto he/she had seen 

nosotros veíamos we were seeing nosotros habíamos visto we had seen 

vosotros veíais you were seeing vosotros habíais visto you had seen 

ellos/ellas veían they were seeing ellos/ellas habían visto they had seen 


yo ví I saw yo hube visto I saw 

tú viste you saw tú hubiste visto you saw 

el/ella vió he/she saw el/ella hubo visto he/she saw 

nosotros vimos we saw nosotros hubimos visto we saw 

vosotros visteis you saw vosotros hubisteis visto you saw 

ellos/ellas vieron they saw ellos/ellas hubieron visto they saw 


yo veré I will see yo habré visto I will have seen 

tú verás you will see tú habrás visto you will have seen 

el/ella verá he/she will see el/ella habrá visto he/she will have seen 

nosotros veremos we will see nosotros habremos visto we will have seen 

vosotros veréis you will see vosotros habréis visto you will have seen 

ellos/ellas verán they will see ellos/ellas habrán visto they will have seen 


yo vería I would see yo habría visto I would have seen 

tú verías you would see tú habrías visto you would have seen 

el/ella vería he/she would see el/ella habría visto he/she would seen 

nosotros veríamos we would see nosotros habríamos visto we would have seen 

vosotros veríais you would see vosotros habríais visto you would have seen 

ellos/ellas verían they would see ellos/ellas habrían visto they would have seen 



yo vea I see yo haya visto I have seen 

tú veas you see tú hayas visto you have seen 

el/ella vea he/she sees el/ella haya visto he/she has seen 

nosotros veamos we see nosotros hayamos visto we have seen 

vosotros veáis you see vosotros hayáis visto you have seen 

ellos/ellas vean they see ellos/ellas hayan visto they have seen 


yo viera I was seeing yo hubiera visto I had seen 

tú vieras you were seeing tú hubieras visto you had seen 

el/ella viera he/she was seeing el/ella hubiera visto he/she had seen 

nosotros viéramos we were seeing nosotros hubiéramos visto we had seen 

vosotros vierais you were seeing vosotros hubierais visto you had seen 

ellos/ellas vieran they were seeing ellos/ellas hubieran visto they had seen 

or or 

yo viese I was seeing yo hubiese visto I had seen 

tú vieses you were seeing tú hubieses visto you had seen 

el/ella viese he/she was seeing el/ella hubiese visto he/she had seen 

nosotros viésemos we were seeing nosotros hubiésemos visto we had seen 

vosotros vieseis you were seeing vosotros hubieseis visto you had seen 

ellos/ellas viesen they were seeing ellos/ellas hubiesen visto they had seen 


yo viere I will see yo hubiere visto I will have seen 

tú vieres you will see tú hubieres visto you will have seen 

el/ella viere he/she will see el/ella hubiere visto he/she will have seen 

nosotros viéremos we will see nosotros hubiéremos visto we will have seen 

vosotros viereis you will see vosotros hubiereis visto you will have seen 

ellos/ellas vieren they will see ellos/ellas hubieren visto they will have seen 


yo yo estoy viendo I am seeing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

ve; vé 

vea 

veamos 

ved 

vean 

see! 

see! 

see! 

see! 

see! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás viendo 

está viendo 

estamos viendo 

estáis viendo 

están viendo 

you are seeing 

he/she is seeing 

we are seeing 

you are seeing 

they are seeing 

101 

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Irregular verb Group 2t: Irregular verb Ver. 


entrever make up 

prever predict 

rever review 

ver see 

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ser: to be Past Pa rticiple: sido 

Gerund: siendo 



yo soy I am yo he sido I have been 

tú eres you are tú has sido you have been 

el/ella es he/she is el/ella ha sido he/she has been 

nosotros somos we are nosotros hemos sido we have been 

vosotros sois you are vosotros habéis sido you have been 

ellos/ellas son they are ellos/ellas han sido they have been 


yo era I was being yo había sido I had been 

tú eras you were being tú habías sido you had been 

el/ella era he/she was being el/ella había sido he/she had been 

nosotros éramos we were being nosotros habíamos sido we had been 

vosotros erais you were being vosotros habíais sido you had been 

ellos/ellas eran they were being ellos/ellas habían sido they had been 


yo fui I was yo hube sido I was 

tú fuiste you were tú hubiste sido you were 

el/ella fue he/she was el/ella hubo sido he/she was 

nosotros fuimos we were nosotros hubimos sido we were 

vosotros fuisteis you were vosotros hubisteis sido you were 

ellos/ellas fueron they were ellos/ellas hubieron sido they were 


yo seré I will be yo habré sido I will have been 

tú serás you will be tú habrás sido you will have been 

el/ella será he/she will be el/ella habrá sido he/she will have been 

nosotros seremos we will be nosotros habremos sido we will have been 

vosotros seréis you will be vosotros habréis sido you will have been 

ellos/ellas serán they will be ellos/ellas habrán sido they will have been 


yo sería I would be yo habría sido I would have been 

tú serías you would be tú habrías sido you would have been 

el/ella sería he/she would be el/ella habría sido he/she would have been 

nosotros seríamos we would be nosotros habríamos sido we would have been 

vosotros seríais you would be vosotros habríais sido you would have been 

ellos/ellas serían they would be ellos/ellas habrían sido they would have been 



yo sea I am yo haya sido I have been 

tú seas you are tú hayas sido you have been 

el/ella sea he/she is el/ella haya sido he/she has been 

nosotros seamos we are nosotros hayamos sido we have been 

vosotros seáis you are vosotros hayáis sido you have been 

ellos/ellas sean they are ellos/ellas hayan sido they have been 


yo fuera I was being yo hubiera sido I had been 

tú fueras you were being tú hubieras sido you had been 

el/ella fuera he/she was being el/ella hubiera sido he/she had been 

nosotros fuéramos we were being nosotros hubiéramos sido we had been 

vosotros fuerais you were being vosotros hubierais sido you had been 

ellos/ellas fueran they were being ellos/ellas hubieran sido they had been 

or or 

yo fuese I was being yo hubiese sido I had been 

tú fueses you were being tú hubieses sido you had been 

el/ella fuese he/she was being el/ella hubiese sido he/she had been 

nosotros fuésemos we were being nosotros hubiésemos sido we had been 

vosotros fueseis you were being vosotros hubieseis sido you had been 

ellos/ellas fuesen they were being ellos/ellas hubiesen sido they had been 


yo fuere I will be yo hubiere sido I will have been 

tú fueres you will be tú hubieres sido you will have been 

el/ella fuere he/she will be el/ella hubiere sido he/she will have been 

nosotros fuéremos we will be nosotros hubiéremos sido we will have been 

vosotros fuereis you will be vosotros hubiereis sido you will have been 

ellos/ellas fueren they will be ellos/ellas hubieren sido they will have been 


yo yo estoy siendo I am being 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

sé 

sea 

seamos 

sed 

sean 

be! 

be! 

be! 

be! 

be! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás siendo 

está siendo 

estamos siendo 

estáis siendo 

están siendo 

you are being 

he/she is being 

we are being 

you are being 

they are being 

103 

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Irregular verb Group 2u: Irregular verb Ser. 


ser be 

104 

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aplacer: t o appea se Past Pa rticiple: aplacido 

Gerund: aplaciendo 



yo aplazco I appease yo he aplacido I have appeased 

tú aplaces you appease tú has aplacido you have appeased 

el/ella aplace he/she appeases el/ella ha aplacido he/she has appeased 

nosotros aplacemos we appease nosotros hemos aplacido we have appeased 

vosotros aplacéis you appease vosotros habéis aplacido you have appeased 

ellos/ellas aplacen they appease ellos/ellas han aplacido they have appeased 


yo aplacía I was appeasing yo había aplacido I had appeased 

tú aplacías you were appeasing tú habías aplacido you had appeased 

el/ella aplacía he/she was appeasing el/ella había aplacido he/she had appeased 

nosotros aplacíamos we were appeasing nosotros habíamos aplacido we had appeased 

vosotros aplacíais you were appeasing vosotros habíais aplacido you had appeased 

ellos/ellas aplacían they were appeasing ellos/ellas habían aplacido they had appeased 


yo aplací I appeased yo hube aplacido I appeased 

tú aplaciste you appeased tú hubiste aplacido you appeased 

el/ella aplació; aplugo he/she appeased el/ella hubo aplacido he/she appeased 

nosotros aplacimos we appeased nosotros hubimos aplacido we appeased 

vosotros aplacisteis you appeased vosotros hubisteis aplacido you appeased 

ellos/ellas aplacieron; apluguieron they appeased ellos/ellas hubieron aplacido they appeased 


yo aplaceré I will appease yo habré aplacido I will have appeased 

tú aplacerás you will appease tú habrás aplacido you will have appeased 

el/ella aplacerá he/she will appease el/ella habrá aplacido he/she will have appeased 

nosotros aplaceremos we will appease nosotros habremos aplacido we will have appeased 

vosotros aplaceréis you will appease vosotros habréis aplacido you will have appeased 

ellos/ellas aplacerán they will appease ellos/ellas habrán aplacido they will have appeased 


yo aplacería I would appease yo habría aplacido I would have appeased 

tú aplacerías you would appease tú habrías aplacido you would have appeased 

el/ella aplacería he/she would appease el/ella habría aplacido he/she would have appeased 

nosotros aplaceríamos we would appease nosotros habríamos aplacido we would have appeased 

vosotros aplaceríais you would appease vosotros habríais aplacido you would have appeased 

ellos/ellas aplacerían they would appease ellos/ellas habrían aplacido they would have appeased 



yo aplazca I appease yo haya aplacido I have appeased 

tú aplazcas you appease tú hayas aplacido you have appeased 

el/ella aplazca; aplegue he/she appeases el/ella haya aplacido he/she has appeased 

nosotros aplazcamos we appease nosotros hayamos aplacido we have appeased 

vosotros aplazcáis you appease vosotros hayáis aplacido you have appeased 

ellos/ellas aplazcan they appease ellos/ellas hayan aplacido they have appeased 


yo aplaciera I was appeasing yo hubiera aplacido I had appeased 

tú aplacieras you were appeasing tú hubieras aplacido you had appeased 

el/ella aplaciera; apluguiera he/she was appeasing el/ella hubiera aplacido he/she had appeased 

nosotros aplaciéramos we were appeasing nosotros hubiéramos aplacido we had appeased 

vosotros aplacierais you were appeasing vosotros hubierais aplacido you had appeased 

ellos/ellas aplacieran they were appeasing ellos/ellas hubieran aplacido they had appeased 

or or 

yo aplaciese I was appeasing yo hubiese aplacido I had appeased 

tú aplacieses you were appeasing tú hubieses aplacido you had appeased 

el/ella aplaciese; apluguiese he/she was appeasing el/ella hubiese aplacido he/she had appeased 

nosotros aplaciésemos we were appeasing nosotros hubiésemos aplacido we had appeased 

vosotros aplacieseis you were appeasing vosotros hubieseis aplacido you had appeased 

ellos/ellas aplaciesen they were appeasing ellos/ellas hubiesen aplacido they had appeased 


yo aplaciere I will appease yo hubiere aplacido I will have appeased 

tú aplacieres you will appease tú hubieres aplacido you will have appeased 

el/ella aplaciere; apluguiere he/she will appease el/ella hubiere aplacido he/she will have appeased 

nosotros aplaciéremos we will appease nosotros hubiéremos aplacido we will have appeased 

vosotros aplaciereis you will appease vosotros hubiereis aplacido you will have appeased 

ellos/ellas aplacieren they will appease ellos/ellas hubieren aplacido they will have appeased 


yo yo estoy aplaciendo I am appeasing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

aplace 

aplazca; aplegue 

aplazcamos 

aplaced 

aplazcan 

appease! 

appease! 

appease! 

appease! 

appease! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás aplaciendo 

está aplaciendo 

estamos aplaciendo 

estáis aplaciendo 

están aplaciendo 

you are appeasing 

he/she is appeasing 

we are appeasing 

you are appeasing 

they are appeasing 

105 

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Irregular verb Group 2v: Irregular verb Aplacer. 


aplacer appease 

complacer oblige 

complacerse pleasure 

desplacer displease 

placer pleasure 

106 

© Copywright 2007


yacer: to lie Past Pa rticiple: yacido 

Gerund: yaciendo 



yo yazco; yazgo; yago I lie yo he yacido I have lied 

tú yaces you lie tú has yacido you have lied 

el/ella yace he/she lies el/ella ha yacido he/she has lied 

nosotros yacemos we lie nosotros hemos yacido we have lied 

vosotros yacéis you lie vosotros habéis yacido you have lied 

ellos/ellas yacen they lie ellos/ellas han yacido they have lied 


yo yacía I was lying yo había yacido I had lied 

tú yacías you were lying tú habías yacido you had lied 

el/ella yacía he/she was lying el/ella había yacido he/she had lied 

nosotros yacíamos we were lying nosotros habíamos yacido we had lied 

vosotros yacíais you were lying vosotros habíais yacido you had lied 

ellos/ellas yacían they were lying ellos/ellas habían yacido they had lied 


yo yací I lied yo hube yacido I lied 

tú yaciste you lied tú hubiste yacido you lied 

el/ella yació he/she lied el/ella hubo yacido he/she lied 

nosotros yacimos we lied nosotros hubimos yacido we lied 

vosotros yacisteis you lied vosotros hubisteis yacido you lied 

ellos/ellas yacieron they lied ellos/ellas hubieron yacido they lied 


yo yaceré I will lie yo habré yacido I will have lied 

tú yacerás you will lie tú habrás yacido you will have lied 

el/ella yacerá he/she will lie el/ella habrá yacido he/she will have lied 

nosotros yaceremos we will lie nosotros habremos yacido we will have lied 

vosotros yaceréis you will lie vosotros habréis yacido you will have lied 

ellos/ellas yacerán they will lie ellos/ellas habrán yacido they will have lied 


yo yacería I would lie yo habría yacido I would have lied 

tú yacerías you would lie tú habrías yacido you would have lied 

el/ella yacería he/she would lie el/ella habría yacido he/she would have lied 

nosotros yaceríamos we would lie nosotros habríamos yacido we would have lied 

vosotros yaceríais you would lie vosotros habríais yacido you would have lied 

ellos/ellas yacerían they would lie ellos/ellas habrían yacido they would have lied 



yo yazca; yazga; yaga I lie yo haya yacido I have lied 

tú yazcas; yazgas; yagas you lie tú hayas yacido you have lied 

el/ella yazca; yazga; yaga he/she lies el/ella haya yacido he/she has lied 

nosotros yazcamos; yazgamos; yagamos we lie nosotros hayamos yacido we have lied 

vosotros yazcáis; yazgáis; yagáis you lie vosotros hayáis yacido you have lied 

ellos/ellas yazcan; yazgan; yagan they lie ellos/ellas hayan yacido they have lied 


yo yaciera I was lying yo hubiera yacido I had lied 

tú yacieras you were lying tú hubieras yacido you had lied 

el/ella yaciera he/she was lying el/ella hubiera yacido he/she had lied 

nosotros yaciéramos we were lying nosotros hubiéramos yacido we had lied 

vosotros yacierais you were lying vosotros hubierais yacido you had lied 

ellos/ellas yacieran they were lying ellos/ellas hubieran yacido they had lied 

or or 

yo yaciese I was lying yo hubiese yacido I had lied 

tú yacieses you were lying tú hubieses yacido you had lied 

el/ella yaciese he/she was lying el/ella hubiese yacido he/she had lied 

nosotros yaciésemos we were lying nosotros hubiésemos yacido we had lied 

vosotros yacieseis you were lying vosotros hubieseis yacido you had lied 

ellos/ellas yaciesen they were lying ellos/ellas hubiesen yacido they had lied 


yo yaciere I will lie yo hubiere yacido I will have lied 

tú yacieres you will lie tú hubieres yacido you will have lied 

el/ella yaciere he/she will lie el/ella hubiere yacido he/she will have lied 

nosotros yaciéremos we will lie nosotros hubiéremos yacido we will have lied 

vosotros yaciereis you will lie vosotros hubiereis yacido you will have lied 

ellos/ellas yacieren they will lie ellos/ellas hubieren yacido they will have lied 


yo yo estoy yaciendo I am lying 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

yace; yaz lie! 

yazca; yazga; yaga lie! 

yazcamos; yazgamos; yagamos lie! 

yaced lie! 

yazcan; yazgan; yagan lie! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás yaciendo 

está yaciendo 

estamos yaciendo 

estáis yaciendo 

están yaciendo 

you are lying 

he/she is lying 

we are lying 

you are lying 

they are lying 

107 

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Irregular verb Group 2w: Irregular verb Yacer. 


subyacer underlie 

yacer lie 

108 

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raer: to graze Past Pa rticiple: raído 

Gerund: rayendo 



yo rao; raigo; rayo I graze yo he raído I have grazed 

tú raes you graze tú has raído you have grazed 

el/ella rae he/she grazes el/ella ha raído he/she has grazed 

nosotros raemos we graze nosotros hemos raído we have grazed 

vosotros raéis you graze vosotros habéis raído you have grazed 

ellos/ellas raen they graze ellos/ellas han raído they have grazed 


yo raía I was grazing yo había raído I had grazed 

tú raías you were grazing tú habías raído you had grazed 

el/ella raía he/she was grazing el/ella había raído he/she had grazed 

nosotros raíamos we were grazing nosotros habíamos raído we had grazed 

vosotros raíais you were grazing vosotros habíais raído you had grazed 

ellos/ellas raían they were grazing ellos/ellas habían raído they had grazed 


yo raí I grazed yo hube raído I grazed 

tú raíste you grazed tú hubiste raído you grazed 

el/ella rayó he/she grazed el/ella hubo raído he/she grazed 

nosotros raímos we grazed nosotros hubimos raído we grazed 

vosotros raísteis you grazed vosotros hubisteis raído you grazed 

ellos/ellas rayeron they grazed ellos/ellas hubieron raído they grazed 


yo raeré I will graze yo habré raído I will have grazed 

tú raerás you will graze tú habrás raído you will have grazed 

el/ella raerá he/she will graze el/ella habrá raído he/she will have grazed 

nosotros raeremos we will graze nosotros habremos raído we will have grazed 

vosotros raeréis you will graze vosotros habréis raído you will have grazed 

ellos/ellas raerán they will graze ellos/ellas habrán raído they will have grazed 


yo raería I would graze yo habría raído I would have grazed 

tú raerías you would graze tú habrías raído you would have grazed 

el/ella raería he/she would graze el/ella habría raído he/she would have grazed 

nosotros raeríamos we would graze nosotros habríamos raído we would have grazed 

vosotros raeríais you would graze vosotros habríais raído you would have grazed 

ellos/ellas raerían they would graze ellos/ellas habrían raído they would have grazed 



yo raiga; raya I graze yo haya raído I have grazed 

tú raigas; rayas you graze tú hayas raído you have grazed 

el/ella raiga; raya he/she grazes el/ella haya raído he/she has grazed 

nosotros raigamos; rayamos we graze nosotros hayamos raído we have grazed 

vosotros raigáis; rayáis you graze vosotros hayáis raído you have grazed 

ellos/ellas raigan; rayan they graze ellos/ellas hayan raído they have grazed 


yo rayera I was grazing yo hubiera raído I had grazed 

tú rayeras you were grazing tú hubieras raído you had grazed 

el/ella rayera he/she was grazing el/ella hubiera raído he/she had grazed 

nosotros rayéramos we were grazing nosotros hubiéramos raído we had grazed 

vosotros rayerais you were grazing vosotros hubierais raído you had grazed 

ellos/ellas rayeran they were grazing ellos/ellas hubieran raído they had grazed 

or or 

yo rayese I was grazing yo hubiese raído I had grazed 

tú rayeses you were grazing tú hubieses raído you had grazed 

el/ella rayese he/she was grazing el/ella hubiese raído he/she had grazed 

nosotros rayésemos we were grazing nosotros hubiésemos raído we had grazed 

vosotros rayeseis you were grazing vosotros hubieseis raído you had grazed 

ellos/ellas rayesen they were grazing ellos/ellas hubiesen raído they had grazed 


yo rayere I will graze yo hubiere raído I will have grazed 

tú rayeres you will graze tú hubieres raído you will have grazed 

el/ella rayere he/she will graze el/ella hubiere raído he/she will have grazed 

nosotros rayéremos we will graze nosotros hubiéremos raído we will have grazed 

vosotros rayereis you will graze vosotros hubiereis raído you will have grazed 

ellos/ellas rayeren they will graze ellos/ellas hubieren raído they will have grazed 


yo yo estoy rayendo I am grazing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

rae 

raiga; raya 

raigamos; rayamos 

raed 

raigan; rayan 

graze! 

graze! 

graze! 

graze! 

graze! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás rayendo 

está rayendo 

estamos rayendo 

estáis rayendo 

están rayendo 

you are grazing 

he/she is grazing 

we are grazing 

you are grazing 

they are grazing 

109 

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Irregular verb Group 2x: Irregular verb Raer. 


raer graze 

110 

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roer: to gnaw Past Participle: 

roído 

Gerund: royendo 



yo roo; roigo; royo I gnaw yo he roído I have gnawed 

tú roes you gnaw tú has roído you have gnawed 

el/ella roe he/she gnaws el/ella ha roído he/she has gnawed 

nosotros roemos we gnaw nosotros hemos roído we have gnawed 

vosotros roéis you gnaw vosotros habéis roído you have gnawed 

ellos/ellas roen they gnaw ellos/ellas han roído they have gnawed 


yo roía I was gnawing yo había roído I had gnawed 

tú roías you were gnawing tú habías roído you had gnawed 

el/ella roía he/she was gnawing el/ella había roído he/she had gnawed 

nosotros roíamos we were gnawing nosotros habíamos roído we had gnawed 

vosotros roíais you were gnawing vosotros habíais roído you had gnawed 

ellos/ellas roían they were gnawing ellos/ellas habían roído they had gnawed 


yo roí I gnawed yo hube roído I gnawed 

tú roíste you gnawed tú hubiste roído you gnawed 

el/ella royó he/she gnawed el/ella hubo roído he/she gnawed 

nosotros roímos we gnawed nosotros hubimos roído we gnawed 

vosotros roísteis you gnawed vosotros hubisteis roído you gnawed 

ellos/ellas royeron they gnawed ellos/ellas hubieron roído they gnawed 


yo roeré I will gnaw yo habré roído I will have gnawed 

tú roerás you will gnaw tú habrás roído you will have gnawed 

el/ella roerá he/she will gnaw el/ella habrá roído he/she will have gnawed 

nosotros roeremos we will gnaw nosotros habremos roído we will have gnawed 

vosotros roeréis you will gnaw vosotros habréis roído you will have gnawed 

ellos/ellas roerán they will gnaw ellos/ellas habrán roído they will have gnawed 


yo roería I would gnaw yo habría roído I would have gnawed 

tú roerías you would gnaw tú habrías roído you would have gnawed 

el/ella roería he/she would gnaw el/ella habría roído he/she would have gnawed 

nosotros roeríamos we would gnaw nosotros habríamos roído we would have gnawed 

vosotros roeríais you would gnaw vosotros habríais roído you would have gnawed 

ellos/ellas roerían they would gnaw ellos/ellas habrían roído they would have gnawed 



yo roa; roiga; roya I gnaw yo haya roído I have gnawed 

tú roas; roigas; royas you gnaw tú hayas roído you have gnawed 

el/ella roa; roiga; roya he/she gnaws el/ella haya roído he/she has gnawed 

nosotros roamos; roigamos; royamos we gnaw nosotros hayamos roído we have gnawed 

vosotros roáis; roigáis; royáis you gnaw vosotros hayáis roído you have gnawed 

ellos/ellas roan; roigan; royan they gnaw ellos/ellas hayan roído they have gnawed 


yo royera I was gnawing yo hubiera roído I had gnawed 

tú royeras you were gnawing tú hubieras roído you had gnawed 

el/ella royera he/she was gnawing el/ella hubiera roído he/she had gnawed 

nosotros royéramos we were gnawing nosotros hubiéramos roído we had gnawed 

vosotros royerais you were gnawing vosotros hubierais roído you had gnawed 

ellos/ellas royeran they were gnawing ellos/ellas hubieran roído they had gnawed 

or or 

yo royese I was gnawing yo hubiese roído I had gnawed 

tú royeses you were gnawing tú hubieses roído you had gnawed 

el/ella royese he/she was gnawing el/ella hubiese roído he/she had gnawed 

nosotros royésemos we were gnawing nosotros hubiésemos roído we had gnawed 

vosotros royeseis you were gnawing vosotros hubieseis roído you had gnawed 

ellos/ellas royesen they were gnawing ellos/ellas hubiesen roído they had gnawed 


yo royere I will gnaw yo hubiere roído I will have gnawed 

tú royeres you will gnaw tú hubieres roído you will have gnawed 

el/ella royere he/she will gnaw el/ella hubiere roído he/she will have gnawed 

nosotros royéremos we will gnaw nosotros hubiéremos roído we will have gnawed 

vosotros royereis you will gnaw vosotros hubiereis roído you will have gnawed 

ellos/ellas royeren they will gnaw ellos/ellas hubieren roído they will have gnawed 


yo yo estoy royendo I am gnawing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

roe gnaw! 

roa; roiga; roya gnaw! 

roamos; roigamos; royamos gnaw! 

roed gnaw! 

roan; roigan; royan gnaw! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás royendo 

está royendo 

estamos royendo 

estáis royendo 

están royendo 

you are gnawing 

he/she is gnawing 

we are gnawing 

you are gnawing 

they are gnawing 

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Irregular verb Group 2y: Irregular verb Roer. 


roer gnaw 

112 

© Copywright 2007


cocer: to boil Past Pa rticiple: cocido 

Gerund: cociendo 



yo cuezo I boil yo he cocido I have boiled 

tú cueces you boil tú has cocido you have boiled 

el/ella cuece he/she boils el/ella ha cocido he/she has boiled 

nosotros cocemos we boil nosotros hemos cocido we have boiled 

vosotros cocéis you boil vosotros habéis cocido you have boiled 

ellos/ellas cuecen they boil ellos/ellas han cocido they have boiled 


yo cocía I was boiling yo había cocido I had boiled 

tú cocías you were boiling tú habías cocido you had boiled 

el/ella cocía he/she was boiling el/ella había cocido he/she had boiled 

nosotros cocíamos we were boiling nosotros habíamos cocido we had boiled 

vosotros cocíais you were boiling vosotros habíais cocido you had boiled 

ellos/ellas cocían they were boiling ellos/ellas habían cocido they had boiled 


yo cocí I boiled yo hube cocido I boiled 

tú cociste you boiled tú hubiste cocido you boiled 

el/ella coció he/she boiled el/ella hubo cocido he/she boiled 

nosotros cocimos we boiled nosotros hubimos cocido we boiled 

vosotros cocisteis you boiled vosotros hubisteis cocido you boiled 

ellos/ellas cocieron they boiled ellos/ellas hubieron cocido they boiled 


yo coceré I will boil yo habré cocido I will have boiled 

tú cocerás you will boil tú habrás cocido you will have boiled 

el/ella cocerá he/she will boil el/ella habrá cocido he/she will have boiled 

nosotros coceremos we will boil nosotros habremos cocido we will have boiled 

vosotros coceréis you will boil vosotros habréis cocido you will have boiled 

ellos/ellas cocerán they will boil ellos/ellas habrán cocido they will have boiled 


yo cocería I would boil yo habría cocido I would have boiled 

tú cocerías you would boil tú habrías cocido you would have boiled 

el/ella cocería he/she would boil el/ella habría cocido he/she would have boiled 

nosotros coceríamos we would boil nosotros habríamos cocido we would have boiled 

vosotros coceríais you would boil vosotros habríais cocido you would have boiled 

ellos/ellas cocerían they would boil ellos/ellas habrían cocido they would have boiled 



yo cueza I boil yo haya cocido I have boiled 

tú cuezas you boil tú hayas cocido you have boiled 

el/ella cueza he/she boils el/ella haya cocido he/she has boiled 

nosotros cozamos we boil nosotros hayamos cocido we have boiled 

vosotros cozáis you boil vosotros hayáis cocido you have boiled 

ellos/ellas cuezan they boil ellos/ellas hayan cocido they have boiled 


yo cociera I was boiling yo hubiera cocido I had boiled 

tú cocieras you were boiling tú hubieras cocido you had boiled 

el/ella cociera he/she was boiling el/ella hubiera cocido he/she had boiled 

nosotros cociéramos we were boiling nosotros hubiéramos cocido we had boiled 

vosotros cocierais you were boiling vosotros hubierais cocido you had boiled 

ellos/ellas cocieran they were boiling ellos/ellas hubieran cocido they had boiled 

or or 

yo cociese I was boiling yo hubiese cocido I had boiled 

tú cocieses you were boiling tú hubieses cocido you had boiled 

el/ella cociese he/she was boiling el/ella hubiese cocido he/she had boiled 

nosotros cociésemos we were boiling nosotros hubiésemos cocido we had boiled 

vosotros cocieseis you were boiling vosotros hubieseis cocido you had boiled 

ellos/ellas cociesen they were boiling ellos/ellas hubiesen cocido they had boiled 


yo cociere I will boil yo hubiere cocido I will have boiled 

tú cocieres you will boil tú hubieres cocido you will have boiled 

el/ella cociere he/she will boil el/ella hubiere cocido he/she will have boiled 

nosotros cociéremos we will boil nosotros hubiéremos cocido we will have boiled 

vosotros cociereis you will boil vosotros hubiereis cocido you will have boiled 

ellos/ellas cocieren they will boil ellos/ellas hubieren cocido they will have boiled 


yo yo estoy cociendo I am boiling 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

cuece 

cueza 

cozamos 

coced 

cuezan 

boil! 

boil! 

boil! 

boil! 

boil! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás cociendo 

está cociendo 

estamos cociendo 

estáis cociendo 

están cociendo 

you are boiling 

he/she is boiling 

we are boiling 

you are boiling 

they are boiling 

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Irregular verb Group 2z: Combination of 2a and 2g. 


cocer boil 

cocerse boil 

contorcerse writhe 

destorcer straighten 

destorcerse get off course 

escocer sting 

escocerse become sore 

recocer warm up 

retorcer twist 

torcer twist 

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esparcir: to scatt er Past Pa rticiple: esparcido 

Gerund: esparciendo 



yo espardozo I scatter yo he esparcido I have scattered 

tú esparces you scatter tú has esparcido you have scattered 

el/ella esparce he/she scatters el/ella ha esparcido he/she has scattered 

nosotros esparcimos we scatter nosotros hemos esparcido we have scattered 

vosotros esparcís you scatter vosotros habéis esparcido you have scattered 

ellos/ellas esparcen they scatter ellos/ellas han esparcido they have scattered 


yo esparcía I was scattering yo había esparcido I had scattered 

tú esparcías you were scattering tú habías esparcido you had scattered 

el/ella esparcía he/she was scattering el/ella había esparcido he/she had scattered 

nosotros esparcíamos we were scattering nosotros habíamos esparcido we had scattered 

vosotros esparcíais you were scattering vosotros habíais esparcido you had scattered 

ellos/ellas esparcían they were scattering ellos/ellas habían esparcido they had scattered 


yo esparcí I scattered yo hube esparcido I scattered 

tú esparciste you scattered tú hubiste esparcido you scattered 

el/ella esparció he/she scattered el/ella hubo esparcido he/she scattered 

nosotros esparcimos we scattered nosotros hubimos esparcido we scattered 

vosotros esparcisteis you scattered vosotros hubisteis esparcido you scattered 

ellos/ellas esparcieron they scattered ellos/ellas hubieron esparcido they scattered 


yo esparciré I will scatter yo habré esparcido I will have scattered 

tú esparcirás you will scatter tú habrás esparcido you will have scattered 

el/ella esparcirá he/she will scatter el/ella habrá esparcido he/she will have scattered 

nosotros esparciremos we will scatter nosotros habremos esparcido we will have scattered 

vosotros esparciréis you will scatter vosotros habréis esparcido you will have scattered 

ellos/ellas esparcirán they will scatter ellos/ellas habrán esparcido they will have scattered 


yo esparciría I would scatter yo habría esparcido I would have scattered 

tú esparcirías you would scatter tú habrías esparcido you would have scattered 

el/ella esparciría he/she would scatter el/ella habría esparcido he/she would have scattered 

nosotros esparciríamos we would scatter nosotros habríamos esparcido we would have scattered 

vosotros esparciríais you would scatter vosotros habríais esparcido you would have scattered 

ellos/ellas esparcirían they would scatter ellos/ellas habrían esparcido they would have scattered 



yo esparza I scatter yo haya esparcido I have scattered 

tú esparzas you scatter tú hayas esparcido you have scattered 

el/ella esparza he/she scatters el/ella haya esparcido he/she has scattered 

nosotros esparzamos we scatter nosotros hayamos esparcido we have scattered 

vosotros esparzáis you scatter vosotros hayáis esparcido you have scattered 

ellos/ellas esparzan they scatter ellos/ellas hayan esparcido they have scattered 


yo esparciera I was scattering yo hubiera esparcido I had scattered 

tú esparcieras you were scattering tú hubieras esparcido you had scattered 

el/ella esparciera he/she was scattering el/ella hubiera esparcido he/she had scattered 

nosotros esparciéramos we were scattering nosotros hubiéramos esparcido we had scattered 

vosotros esparcierais you were scattering vosotros hubierais esparcido you had scattered 

ellos/ellas esparcieran they were scattering ellos/ellas hubieran esparcido they had scattered 

or or 

yo esparciese I was scattering yo hubiese esparcido I had scattered 

tú esparcieses you were scattering tú hubieses esparcido you had scattered 

el/ella esparciese he/she was scattering el/ella hubiese esparcido he/she had scattered 

nosotros esparciésemos we were scattering nosotros hubiésemos esparcido we had scattered 

vosotros esparcieseis you were scattering vosotros hubieseis esparcido you had scattered 

ellos/ellas esparciesen they were scattering ellos/ellas hubiesen esparcido they had scattered 


yo esparciere I will scatter yo hubiere esparcido I will have scattered 

tú esparcieres you will scatter tú hubieres esparcido you will have scattered 

el/ella esparciere he/she will scatter el/ella hubiere esparcido he/she will have scattered 

nosotros esparciéremos we will scatter nosotros hubiéremos esparcido we will have scattered 

vosotros esparciereis you will scatter vosotros hubiereis esparcido you will have scattered 

ellos/ellas esparcieren they will scatter ellos/ellas hubieren esparcido they will have scattered 


yo yo estoy esparciendo I am scattering 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

esparce 

esparza 

esparzamos 

esparcid 

esparzan 

scatter! 

scatter! 

scatter! 

scatter! 

scatter! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás esparciendo 

está esparciendo 

estamos esparciendo 

estáis esparciendo 

están esparciendo 

you are scattering 

he/she is scattering 

we are scattering 

you are scattering 

they are scattering 

115 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3a: Stem consonant c written z before a and o. 


arrecirse be frozen stiff 

consentirse break 

desuncir unyoke 

esparcir scatter 

esparcirse spread out 

estarcir stencil 

fruncir gather 

resarcir repay 

uncir yoke 

zurcir darn 

116 

© Copywright 2007


astringir: to cons trict Past Pa rticiple: astringido 

Gerund: astringiendo 



yo astrinjo I constrict yo he astringido I have constricted 

tú astringes you constrict tú has astringido you have constricted 

el/ella astringe he/she constricts el/ella ha astringido he/she has constricted 

nosotros astringimos we constrict nosotros hemos astringido we have constricted 

vosotros astringís you constrict vosotros habéis astringido you have constricted 

ellos/ellas astringen they constrict ellos/ellas han astringido they have constricted 


yo astringía I was constricting yo había astringido I had constricted 

tú astringías you were constricting tú habías astringido you had constricted 

el/ella astringía he/she was constricting el/ella había astringido he/she had constricted 

nosotros astringíamos we were constricting nosotros habíamos astringido we had constricted 

vosotros astringíais you were constricting vosotros habíais astringido you had constricted 

ellos/ellas astringían they were constricting ellos/ellas habían astringido they had constricted 


yo astringí I constricted yo hube astringido I constricted 

tú astringiste you constricted tú hubiste astringido you constricted 

el/ella astringió he/she constricted el/ella hubo astringido he/she constricted 

nosotros astringimos we constricted nosotros hubimos astringido we constricted 

vosotros astringisteis you constricted vosotros hubisteis astringido you constricted 

ellos/ellas astringieron they constricted ellos/ellas hubieron astringido they constricted 


yo astringiré I will constrict yo habré astringido I will have constricted 

tú astringirás you will constrict tú habrás astringido you will have constricted 

el/ella astringirá he/she will constrict el/ella habrá astringido he/she will have constricted 

nosotros astringiremos we will constrict nosotros habremos astringido we will have constricted 

vosotros astringiréis you will constrict vosotros habréis astringido you will have constricted 

ellos/ellas astringirán they will constrict ellos/ellas habrán astringido they will have constricted 


yo astringiría I would constrict yo habría astringido I would have constricted 

tú astringirías you would constrict tú habrías astringido you would have constricted 

el/ella astringiría he/she would constrict el/ella habría astringido he/she would have constricted 

nosotros astringiríamos we would constrict nosotros habríamos astringido we would have constricted 

vosotros astringiríais you would constrict vosotros habríais astringido you would have constricted 

ellos/ellas astringirían they would constrict ellos/ellas habrían astringido they would have constricted 



yo astrinja I constrict yo haya astringido I have constricted 

tú astrinjas you constrict tú hayas astringido you have constricted 

el/ella astrinja he/she constricts el/ella haya astringido he/she has constricted 

nosotros astrinjamos we constrict nosotros hayamos astringido we have constricted 

vosotros astrinjáis you constrict vosotros hayáis astringido you have constricted 

ellos/ellas astrinjan they constrict ellos/ellas hayan astringido they have constricted 


yo astringiera I was constricting yo hubiera astringido I had constricted 

tú astringieras you were constricting tú hubieras astringido you had constricted 

el/ella astringiera he/she was constricting el/ella hubiera astringido he/she had constricted 

nosotros astringiéramos we were constricting nosotros hubiéramos astringido we had constricted 

vosotros astringierais you were constricting vosotros hubierais astringido you had constricted 

ellos/ellas astringieran they were constricting ellos/ellas hubieran astringido they had constricted 

or or 

yo astringiese I was constricting yo hubiese astringido I had constricted 

tú astringieses you were constricting tú hubieses astringido you had constricted 

el/ella astringiese he/she was constricting el/ella hubiese astringido he/she had constricted 

nosotros astringiésemos we were constricting nosotros hubiésemos astringido we had constricted 

vosotros astringieseis you were constricting vosotros hubieseis astringido you had constricted 

ellos/ellas astringiesen they were constricting ellos/ellas hubiesen astringido they had constricted 


yo astringiere I will constrict yo hubiere astringido I will have constricted 

tú astringieres you will constrict tú hubieres astringido you will have constricted 

el/ella astringiere he/she will constrict el/ella hubiere astringido he/she will have constricted 

nosotros astringiéremos we will constrict nosotros hubiéremos astringido we will have constricted 

vosotros astringiereis you will constrict vosotros hubiereis astringido you will have constricted 

ellos/ellas astringieren they will constrict ellos/ellas hubieren astringido they will have constricted 


yo yo estoy astringiendo I am constricting 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

astringe 

astrinja 

astrinjamos 

astringid 

astrinjan 

constrict! 

constrict! 

constrict! 

constrict! 

constrict! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás astringiendo 

está astringiendo 

estamos astringiendo 

estáis astringiendo 

están astringiendo 

you are constricting 

he/she is constricting 

we are constricting 


they are constricting 

117 

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Irregular verb Group 3b: Stem consonant g written j before a and o. 


astringir constrict 

atingir concern 

codirigir co-direct 

compungir feel remorseful 

convergir converge 

dirigir direct 

divergir diverge 

erigir erect 

exigir demand 

fingir feign 

fulgir shine 

fungir act 

infligir inflict 

mugir moo 

pungir puncture 

refulgir shine brightly 

restringir restrict 

resurgir revive 

rugir roar 

sumergir immerse 

surgir emerge 

transigir make concessions 

ungir anoint 

urgir be urgent 

118 

© Copywright 2007


distinguir: to distinguis h Past Pa rticiple: distinguido 

Gerund: distinguiendo 



yo distingo I distinguish yo he distinguido I have distinguished 

tú distingues you distinguish tú has distinguido you have distinguished 

el/ella distingue he/she distinguishes el/ella ha distinguido he/she has distinguished 

nosotros distinguimos we distinguish nosotros hemos distinguido we have distinguished 

vosotros distinguís you distinguish vosotros habéis distinguido you have distinguished 

ellos/ellas distinguen they distinguish ellos/ellas han distinguido they have distinguished 


yo distinguía I was distinguishing yo había distinguido I had distinguished 

tú distinguías you were distinguishing tú habías distinguido you had distinguished 

el/ella distinguía he/she was distinguishing el/ella había distinguido he/she had distinguished 

nosotros distinguíamos we were distinguishing nosotros habíamos distinguido we had distinguished 

vosotros distinguíais you were distinguishing vosotros habíais distinguido you had distinguished 

ellos/ellas distinguían they were distinguishing ellos/ellas habían distinguido they had distinguished 


yo distinguí I distinguished yo hube distinguido I distinguished 

tú distinguiste you distinguished tú hubiste distinguido you distinguished 

el/ella distinguió he/she distinguished el/ella hubo distinguido he/she distinguished 

nosotros distinguimos we distinguished nosotros hubimos distinguido we distinguished 

vosotros distinguisteis you distinguished vosotros hubisteis distinguido you distinguished 

ellos/ellas distinguieron they distinguished ellos/ellas hubieron distinguido they distinguished 


yo distinguiré I will distinguish yo habré distinguido I will have distinguished 

tú distinguirás you will distinguish tú habrás distinguido you will have distinguished 

el/ella distinguirá he/she will distinguish el/ella habrá distinguido he/she will have distinguished 

nosotros distinguiremos we will distinguish nosotros habremos distinguido we will have distinguished 

vosotros distinguiréis you will distinguish vosotros habréis distinguido you will have distinguished 

ellos/ellas distinguirán they will distinguish ellos/ellas habrán distinguido they will have distinguished 


yo distinguiría I would distinguish yo habría distinguido I would have distinguished 

tú distinguirías you would distinguish tú habrías distinguido you would have distinguished 

el/ella distinguiría he/she would distinguish el/ella habría distinguido he/she would have distinguished 

nosotros distinguiríamos we would distinguish nosotros habríamos distinguido we would have distinguished 

vosotros distinguiríais you would distinguish vosotros habríais distinguido you would have distinguished 

ellos/ellas distinguirían they would distinguish ellos/ellas habrían distinguido they would have distinguished 



yo distinga I distinguish yo haya distinguido I have distinguished 

tú distingas you distinguish tú hayas distinguido you have distinguished 

el/ella distinga he/she distinguishes el/ella haya distinguido he/she has distinguished 

nosotros distingamos we distinguish nosotros hayamos distinguido we have distinguished 

vosotros distingáis you distinguish vosotros hayáis distinguido you have distinguished 

ellos/ellas distingan they distinguish ellos/ellas hayan distinguido they have distinguished 


yo distinguiera I was distinguishing yo hubiera distinguido I had distinguished 

tú distinguieras you were distinguishing tú hubieras distinguido you had distinguished 

el/ella distinguiera he/she was distinguishing el/ella hubiera distinguido he/she had distinguished 

nosotros distinguiéramos we were distinguishing nosotros hubiéramos distinguido we had distinguished 

vosotros distinguierais you were distinguishing vosotros hubierais distinguido you had distinguished 

ellos/ellas distinguieran they were distinguishing ellos/ellas hubieran distinguido they had distinguished 

or or 

yo distinguiese I was distinguishing yo hubiese distinguido I had distinguished 

tú distinguieses you were distinguishing tú hubieses distinguido you had distinguished 

el/ella distinguiese he/she was distinguishing el/ella hubiese distinguido he/she had distinguished 

nosotros distinguiésemos we were distinguishing nosotros hubiésemos distinguido we had distinguished 

vosotros distinguieseis you were distinguishing vosotros hubieseis distinguido you had distinguished 

ellos/ellas distinguiesen they were distinguishing ellos/ellas hubiesen distinguido they had distinguished 


yo distinguiere I will distinguish yo hubiere distinguido I will have distinguished 

tú distinguieres you will distinguish tú hubieres distinguido you will have distinguished 

el/ella distinguiere he/she will distinguish el/ella hubiere distinguido he/she will have distinguished 

nosotros distinguiéremos we will distinguish nosotros hubiéremos distinguido we will have distinguished 

vosotros distinguiereis you will distinguish vosotros hubiereis distinguido you will have distinguished 

ellos/ellas distinguieren they will distinguish ellos/ellas hubieren distinguido they will have distinguished 


yo yo estoy distinguiendo I am distinguishing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

distingue 

distinga 

distingamos 

distinguid 

distingan 

distinguish! 

distinguish! 

distinguish! 

distinguish! 

distinguish! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás distinguiendo 

está distinguiendo 

estamos distinguiendo 

estáis distinguiendo 

están distinguiendo 

you are distinguishing 

he/she is distinguishing 

we are distinguishing 

you are distinguishing 

they are distinguishing 

119 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3c: u after the stem consonant g omitted before a and o. 


distinguir distinguish 

distinguirse distinguish oneself 

extinguir extinguish 

extinguirse expire 

120 

© Copywright 2007


delinquir: to commit an offence Past Pa rticiple: delinquido 

Gerund: delinquiendo 



yo delinco I commit an offence yo he delinquido I have committed an offence 

tú delinques you commit an offence tú has delinquido you have commit an offence 

el/ella delinque he/she commits an offence el/ella ha delinquido he/she has commit an offence 

nosotros delinquimos we commit an offence nosotros hemos delinquido we have commit an offence 

vosotros delinquís you commit an offence vosotros habéis delinquido you have commit an offence 

ellos/ellas delinquen they commit an offence ellos/ellas han delinquido they have commit an offence 


yo delinquía I was committing an offence yo había delinquido I had committed an offence 

tú delinquías you were committing an offence tú habías delinquido you had committed an offence 

el/ella delinquía he/she was committing an offence el/ella había delinquido he/she had committed an offence 

nosotros delinquíamos we were committing an offence nosotros habíamos delinquido we had committed an offence 

vosotros delinquíais you were committing an offence vosotros habíais delinquido you had committed an offence 

ellos/ellas delinquían they were committing an offence ellos/ellas habían delinquido they had committed an offence 


yo delinquí I committed an offence yo hube delinquido I committed an offence 

tú delinquiste you committed an offence tú hubiste delinquido you committed an offence 

el/ella delinquió he/she committed an offence el/ella hubo delinquido he/she committed an offence 

nosotros delinquimos we committed an offence nosotros hubimos delinquido we committed an offence 

vosotros delinquisteis you committed an offence vosotros hubisteis delinquido you committed an offence 

ellos/ellas delinquieron they committed an offence ellos/ellas hubieron delinquido they committed an offence 


yo delinquiré I will commit an offence yo habré delinquido I will have committed an offence 

tú delinquirás you will commit an offence tú habrás delinquido you will have committed an offence 

el/ella delinquirá he/she will commit an offence el/ella habrá delinquido he/she will have committed an offence 

nosotros delinquiremos we will commit an offence nosotros habremos delinquido we will have committed an offence 

vosotros delinquiréis you will commit an offence vosotros habréis delinquido you will have committed an offence 

ellos/ellas delinquirán they will commit an offence ellos/ellas habrán delinquido they will have committed an offence 


yo delinquiría I would commit an offence yo habría delinquido I would have committed an offence 

tú delinquirías you would commit an offence tú habrías delinquido you would have committed an offence 

el/ella delinquiría he/she would commit an offence el/ella habría delinquido he/she would have committed an offence 

nosotros delinquiríamos we would commit an offence nosotros habríamos delinquido we would have committed an offence 

vosotros delinquiríais you would commit an offence vosotros habríais delinquido you would have committed an offence 

ellos/ellas delinquirían they would commit an offence ellos/ellas habrían delinquido they would have committed an offence 



yo delinca I commit an offence yo haya delinquido I have committed an offence 

tú delincas you commit an offence tú hayas delinquido you have committed an offence 

el/ella delinca he/she commit an offence el/ella haya delinquido he/she has committed an offence 

nosotros delincamos we commit an offence nosotros hayamos delinquido we have committed an offence 

vosotros delincáis you commit an offence vosotros hayáis delinquido you have committed an offence 

ellos/ellas delincan they commit an offence ellos/ellas hayan delinquido they have committed an offence 


yo delinquiera I was committing an offence yo hubiera delinquido I had committed an offence 

tú delinquieras you were committing an offence tú hubieras delinquido you had committed an offence 

el/ella delinquiera he/she was committing an offence el/ella hubiera delinquido he/she had committed an offence 

nosotros delinquiéramos we were committing an offence nosotros hubiéramos delinquido we had committed an offence 

vosotros delinquierais you were committing an offence vosotros hubierais delinquido you had committed an offence 

ellos/ellas delinquieran they were committing an offence ellos/ellas hubieran delinquido they had committed an offence 

or or 

yo delinquiese I was committing an offence yo hubiese delinquido I had committed an offence 

tú delinquieses you were committing an offence tú hubieses delinquido you had committed an offence 

el/ella delinquiese he/she was committing an offence el/ella hubiese delinquido he/she had committed an offence 

nosotros delinquiésemos we were committing an offence nosotros hubiésemos delinquido we had committed an offence 

vosotros delinquieseis you were committing an offence vosotros hubieseis delinquido you had committed an offence 

ellos/ellas delinquiesen they were committing an offence ellos/ellas hubiesen delinquido they had committed an offence 


yo delinquiere I will commit an offence yo hubiere delinquido I will have committed an offence 

tú delinquieres you will commit an offence tú hubieres delinquido you will have committed an offence 

el/ella delinquiere he/she will commit an offence el/ella hubiere delinquido he/she will have committed an offence 

nosotros delinquiéremos we will commit an offence nosotros hubiéremos delinquido we will have committed an offence 

vosotros delinquiereis you will commit an offence vosotros hubiereis delinquido you will have committed an offence 

ellos/ellas delinquieren they will commit an offence ellos/ellas hubieren delinquido they will have committed an offence 


yo yo estoy delinquiendo I am committing an offence 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

delinque 

delinca 

delincamos 

delinquid 

delincan 

commit an offence! 





tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás delinquiendo 

está delinquiendo 

estamos delinquiendo 

estáis delinquiendo 

están delinquiendo 

you are committing an offence 

he/she is committing an offence 

we are committing an offence 

you are committing an offence 

they are committing an offence 

121 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3d: Stem consonant z written c before a and o. 


delinquir commit an offence 

122 

© Copywright 2007


lucir: to shine Past Pa rticiple: lucido 

Gerund: luciendo 



yo luzco I shine yo he lucido I have shined 

tú luces you shine tú has lucido you have shined 

el/ella luce he/she shines el/ella ha lucido he/she has shined 

nosotros lucimos we shine nosotros hemos lucido we have shined 

vosotros lucís you shine vosotros habéis lucido you have shined 

ellos/ellas lucen they shine ellos/ellas han lucido they have shined 


yo lucía I was shining yo había lucido I had shined 

tú lucías you were shining tú habías lucido you had shined 

el/ella lucía he/she was shining el/ella había lucido he/she had shined 

nosotros lucíamos we were shining nosotros habíamos lucido we had shined 

vosotros lucíais you were shining vosotros habíais lucido you had shined 

ellos/ellas lucían they were shining ellos/ellas habían lucido they had shined 


yo lucí I shined yo hube lucido I shined 

tú luciste you shined tú hubiste lucido you shined 

el/ella lució he/she shined el/ella hubo lucido he/she shined 

nosotros lucimos we shined nosotros hubimos lucido we shined 

vosotros lucisteis you shined vosotros hubisteis lucido you shined 

ellos/ellas lucieron they shined ellos/ellas hubieron lucido they shined 


yo luciré I will shine yo habré lucido I will have shined 

tú lucirás you will shine tú habrás lucido you will have shined 

el/ella lucirá he/she will shine el/ella habrá lucido he/she will have shined 

nosotros luciremos we will shine nosotros habremos lucido we will have shined 

vosotros luciréis you will shine vosotros habréis lucido you will have shined 

ellos/ellas lucirán they will shine ellos/ellas habrán lucido they will have shined 


yo luciría I would shine yo habría lucido I would have shined 

tú lucirías you would shine tú habrías lucido you would have shined 

el/ella luciría he/she would shine el/ella habría lucido he/she would have shined 

nosotros luciríamos we would shine nosotros habríamos lucido we would have shined 

vosotros luciríais you would shine vosotros habríais lucido you would have shined 

ellos/ellas lucirían they would shine ellos/ellas habrían lucido they would have shined 



yo luzca I shine yo haya lucido I have shined 

tú luzcas you shine tú hayas lucido you have shined 

el/ella luzca he/she shines el/ella haya lucido he/she has shined 

nosotros luzcamos we shine nosotros hayamos lucido we have shined 

vosotros luzcáis you shine vosotros hayáis lucido you have shined 

ellos/ellas luzcan they shine ellos/ellas hayan lucido they have shined 


yo luciera I was shining yo hubiera lucido I had shined 

tú lucieras you were shining tú hubieras lucido you had shined 

el/ella luciera he/she was shining el/ella hubiera lucido he/she had shined 

nosotros luciéramos we were shining nosotros hubiéramos lucido we had shined 

vosotros lucierais you were shining vosotros hubierais lucido you had shined 

ellos/ellas lucieran they were shining ellos/ellas hubieran lucido they had shined 

or or 

yo luciese I was shining yo hubiese lucido I had shined 

tú lucieses you were shining tú hubieses lucido you had shined 

el/ella luciese he/she was shining el/ella hubiese lucido he/she had shined 

nosotros luciésemos we were shining nosotros hubiésemos lucido we had shined 

vosotros lucieseis you were shining vosotros hubieseis lucido you had shined 

ellos/ellas luciesen they were shining ellos/ellas hubiesen lucido they had shined 


yo luciere I will shine yo hubiere lucido I will have shined 

tú lucieres you will shine tú hubieres lucido you will have shined 

el/ella luciere he/she will shine el/ella hubiere lucido he/she will have shined 

nosotros luciéremos we will shine nosotros hubiéremos lucido we will have shined 

vosotros luciereis you will shine vosotros hubiereis lucido you will have shined 

ellos/ellas lucieren they will shine ellos/ellas hubieren lucido they will have shined 


yo yo estoy luciendo I am shining 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

luce 

luzca 

luzcamos 

lucid 

luzcan 

shine! 

shine! 

shine! 

shine! 

shine! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás luciendo 

está luciendo 

estamos luciendo 

estáis luciendo 

están luciendo 

you are shining 

he/she is shining 

we are shining 

you are shining 

they are shining 

123 

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Irregular verb Group 3e: Stem consonant c written zc before a and o. 


balbucir stutter 

deslucir fade 

enlucir plaster 

entrelucir show through 

lucir shine 

lucirse excel 

relucir glitter 

translucir reveal 

translucirse be transparent 

traslucir reveal 

traslucirse be transparent 

124 

© Copywright 2007


afluir: to flow Past Pa rticiple: afluido 

Gerund: afluyendo 



yo afluyo I flow yo he afluido I have flowed 

tú afluyes you flow tú has afluido you have flowed 

el/ella afluye he/she flows el/ella ha afluido he/she has flowed 

nosotros afluimos we flow nosotros hemos afluido we have flowed 

vosotros afluís you flow vosotros habéis afluido you have flowed 

ellos/ellas afluyen they flow ellos/ellas han afluido they have flowed 


yo afluía I was flowing yo había afluido I had flowed 

tú afluías you were flowing tú habías afluido you had flowed 

el/ella afluía he/she was flowing el/ella había afluido he/she had flowed 

nosotros afluíamos we were flowing nosotros habíamos afluido we had flowed 

vosotros afluíais you were flowing vosotros habíais afluido you had flowed 

ellos/ellas afluían they were flowing ellos/ellas habían afluido they had flowed 


yo afluí I flowed yo hube afluido I flowed 

tú afluiste you flowed tú hubiste afluido you flowed 

el/ella afluyó he/she flowed el/ella hubo afluido he/she flowed 

nosotros afluimos we flowed nosotros hubimos afluido we flowed 

vosotros afluisteis you flowed vosotros hubisteis afluido you flowed 

ellos/ellas afluyeron they flowed ellos/ellas hubieron afluido they flowed 


yo afluiré I will flow yo habré afluido I will have flowed 

tú afluirás you will flow tú habrás afluido you will have flowed 

el/ella afluirá he/she will flow el/ella habrá afluido he/she will have flowed 

nosotros afluiremos we will flow nosotros habremos afluido we will have flowed 

vosotros afluiréis you will flow vosotros habréis afluido you will have flowed 

ellos/ellas afluirán they will flow ellos/ellas habrán afluido they will have flowed 


yo afluiría I would flow yo habría afluido I would have flowed 

tú afluirías you would flow tú habrías afluido you would have flowed 

el/ella afluiría he/she would flow el/ella habría afluido he/she would have flowed 

nosotros afluiríamos we would flow nosotros habríamos afluido we would have flowed 

vosotros afluiríais you would flow vosotros habríais afluido you would have flowed 

ellos/ellas afluirían they would flow ellos/ellas habrían afluido they would have flowed 



yo afluya I flow yo haya afluido I have flowed 

tú afluyas you flow tú hayas afluido you have flowed 

el/ella afluya he/she flows el/ella haya afluido he/she has flowed 

nosotros afluyamos we flow nosotros hayamos afluido we have flowed 

vosotros afluyáis you flow vosotros hayáis afluido you have flowed 

ellos/ellas afluyan they flow ellos/ellas hayan afluido they have flowed 


yo afluyera I was flowing yo hubiera afluido I had flowed 

tú afluyeras you were flowing tú hubieras afluido you had flowed 

el/ella afluyera he/she was flowing el/ella hubiera afluido he/she had flowed 

nosotros afluyéramos we were flowing nosotros hubiéramos afluido we had flowed 

vosotros afluyerais you were flowing vosotros hubierais afluido you had flowed 

ellos/ellas afluyeran they were flowing ellos/ellas hubieran afluido they had flowed 

or or 

yo afluyese I was flowing yo hubiese afluido I had flowed 

tú afluyeses you were flowing tú hubieses afluido you had flowed 

el/ella afluyese he/she was flowing el/ella hubiese afluido he/she had flowed 

nosotros afluyésemos we were flowing nosotros hubiésemos afluido we had flowed 

vosotros afluyeseis you were flowing vosotros hubieseis afluido you had flowed 

ellos/ellas afluyesen they were flowing ellos/ellas hubiesen afluido they had flowed 


yo afluyere I will flow yo hubiere afluido I will have flowed 

tú afluyeres you will flow tú hubieres afluido you will have flowed 

el/ella afluyere he/she will flow el/ella hubiere afluido he/she will have flowed 

nosotros afluyéremos we will flow nosotros hubiéremos afluido we will have flowed 

vosotros afluyereis you will flow vosotros hubiereis afluido you will have flowed 

ellos/ellas afluyeren they will flow ellos/ellas hubieren afluido they will have flowed 


yo yo estoy afluyendo I am flowing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

afluye 

afluya 

afluyamos 

afluid 

afluyan 

flow! 

flow! 

flow! 

flow! 

flow! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás afluyendo 

está afluyendo 

estamos afluyendo 

estáis afluyendo 

están afluyendo 

you are flowing 

he/she is flowing 

we are flowing 

you are flowing 

they are flowing 

125 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3f: A y is inserted before endings not beginning with i. 


aluir flow 

argüir argue 

atribuir attribute 

autodestruirse self destruct 

autoexcluirse exclude oneself 

autoincluirse include oneself 

circuir encircle 

concluir finish 

concluirse end 

confluir meet 

constituir constitute 

construir build 

contribuir contribute 

derruir demolish 

desobstruir unblock 

destituir dismiss 

destruir destroy 

destruirse cancel out 

disminuir reduce 

distribuir distribute 

estatuir establish 

excluir exclude 

fluir flow 

huir flee 

imbuir infuse 

incluir include 

influir influence 

inmiscuirse interfere 

instituir establish 

instruir instruct 

intuir sense 

luir rumple 

obstruir obstruct 

recluir imprison 

reconstituir reconstitute 

reconstruir reconstruct 

redargüir impugn 

redistribuir redistribute 

refluir flow back 

rehuir avoid 

restituir return 

retribuir pay 

substituir replace 

sustituir substitute 

zambuir plunge 

126 

© Copywright 2007


gruñir: to growl Past Pa rticiple: gruñido 

Gerund: gruñendo 



yo gruño I growl yo he gruñido I have growled 

tú gruñes you growl tú has gruñido you have growled 

el/ella gruñe he/she growls el/ella ha gruñido he/she has growled 

nosotros gruñimos we growl nosotros hemos gruñido we have growled 

vosotros gruñís you growl vosotros habéis gruñido you have growled 

ellos/ellas gruñen they growl ellos/ellas han gruñido they have growled 


yo gruñía I was growling yo había gruñido I had growled 

tú gruñías you were growling tú habías gruñido you had growled 

el/ella gruñía he/she was growling el/ella había gruñido he/she had growled 

nosotros gruñíamos we were growling nosotros habíamos gruñido we had growled 

vosotros gruñíais you were growling vosotros habíais gruñido you had growled 

ellos/ellas gruñían they were growling ellos/ellas habían gruñido they had growled 


yo gruñí I growled yo hube gruñido I growled 

tú gruñiste you growled tú hubiste gruñido you growled 

el/ella gruñó he/she growled el/ella hubo gruñido he/she growled 

nosotros gruñimos we growled nosotros hubimos gruñido we growled 

vosotros gruñisteis you growled vosotros hubisteis gruñido you growled 

ellos/ellas gruñeron they growled ellos/ellas hubieron gruñido they growled 


yo gruñiré I will growl yo habré gruñido I will have growled 

tú gruñirás you will growl tú habrás gruñido you will have growled 

el/ella gruñirá he/she will growl el/ella habrá gruñido he/she will have growled 

nosotros gruñiremos we will growl nosotros habremos gruñido we will have growled 

vosotros gruñiréis you will growl vosotros habréis gruñido you will have growled 

ellos/ellas gruñirán they will growl ellos/ellas habrán gruñido they will have growled 


yo gruñiría I would growl yo habría gruñido I would have growled 

tú gruñirías you would growl tú habrías gruñido you would have growled 

el/ella gruñiría he/she would growl el/ella habría gruñido he/she would have growled 

nosotros gruñiríamos we would growl nosotros habríamos gruñido we would have growled 

vosotros gruñiríais you would growl vosotros habríais gruñido you would have growled 

ellos/ellas gruñirían they would growl ellos/ellas habrían gruñido they would have growled 



yo gruña I growl yo haya gruñido I have growled 

tú gruñas you growl tú hayas gruñido you have growled 

el/ella gruña he/she growls el/ella haya gruñido he/she has growled 

nosotros gruñamos we growl nosotros hayamos gruñido we have growled 

vosotros gruñáis you growl vosotros hayáis gruñido you have growled 

ellos/ellas gruñan they growl ellos/ellas hayan gruñido they have growled 


yo gruñera I was growling yo hubiera gruñido I had growled 

tú gruñeras you were growling tú hubieras gruñido you had growled 

el/ella gruñera he/she was growling el/ella hubiera gruñido he/she had growled 

nosotros gruñéramos we were growling nosotros hubiéramos gruñido we had growled 

vosotros gruñerais you were growling vosotros hubierais gruñido you had growled 

ellos/ellas gruñeran they were growling ellos/ellas hubieran gruñido they had growled 

or or 

yo gruñese I was growling yo hubiese gruñido I had growled 

tú gruñeses you were growling tú hubieses gruñido you had growled 

el/ella gruñese he/she was growling el/ella hubiese gruñido he/she had growled 

nosotros gruñésemos we were growling nosotros hubiésemos gruñido we had growled 

vosotros gruñeseis you were growling vosotros hubieseis gruñido you had growled 

ellos/ellas gruñesen they were growling ellos/ellas hubiesen gruñido they had growled 


yo gruñere I will growl yo hubiere gruñido I will have growled 

tú gruñeres you will growl tú hubieres gruñido you will have growled 

el/ella gruñere he/she will growl el/ella hubiere gruñido he/she will have growled 

nosotros gruñéremos we will growl nosotros hubiéremos gruñido we will have growled 

vosotros gruñereis you will growl vosotros hubiereis gruñido you will have growled 

ellos/ellas gruñeren they will growl ellos/ellas hubieren gruñido they will have growled 


yo yo estoy gruñendo I am growling 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

gruñe 

gruña 

gruñamos 

gruñid 

gruñan 

growl! 

growl! 

growl! 

growl! 

growl! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás gruñendo 

está gruñendo 

estamos gruñendo 

estáis gruñendo 

están gruñendo 

you are growling 

he/she is growling 

we are growling 

you are growling 

they are growling 

127 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3g: Unstressed I after ñ omitted (and also after ch and ll). 


arrepentirse repent 

bruñir polish 

bullir boil 

fallir go bankrupt 

fuñir mess things up 

gañir wheeze 

gruñir grunt 

lullir rub 

muñir summon 

plañir mourn 

rachir scratch 

ruñir gnaw 

tullir paralyze 

zabullir plunge 

zambullir plunge 

128 

© Copywright 2007


adherir: to adhere Past Pa rticiple: aherido 

Gerund: adhiriendo 



yo adhiero I adhere yo he adherido I have adhered 

tú adhieres you adhere tú has adherido you have adhered 

el/ella adhiere he/she adheres el/ella ha adherido he/she has adhered 

nosotros adherimos we adhere nosotros hemos adherido we have adhered 

vosotros adherís you adhere vosotros habéis adherido you have adhered 

ellos/ellas adhieren they adhere ellos/ellas han adherido they have adhered 


yo adhería I was adhering yo había adherido I had adhered 

tú adherías you were adhering tú habías adherido you had adhered 

el/ella adhería he/she was adhering el/ella había adherido he/she had adhered 

nosotros adheríamos we were adhering nosotros habíamos adherido we had adhered 

vosotros adheríais you were adhering vosotros habíais adherido you had adhered 

ellos/ellas adherían they were adhering ellos/ellas habían adherido they had adhered 


yo adherí I adhered yo hube adherido I adhered 

tú adheriste you adhered tú hubiste adherido you adhered 

el/ella adhirió he/she adhered el/ella hubo adherido he/she adhered 

nosotros adherimos we adhered nosotros hubimos adherido we adhered 

vosotros adheristeis you adhered vosotros hubisteis adherido you adhered 

ellos/ellas adhirieron they adhered ellos/ellas hubieron adherido they adhered 


yo adheriré I will adhere yo habré adherido I will have adhered 

tú adherirás you will adhere tú habrás adherido you will have adhered 

el/ella adherirá he/she will adhere el/ella habrá adherido he/she will have adhered 

nosotros adheriremos we will adhere nosotros habremos adherido we will have adhered 

vosotros adheriréis you will adhere vosotros habréis adherido you will have adhered 

ellos/ellas adherirán they will adhere ellos/ellas habrán adherido they will have adhered 


yo adheriría I would adhere yo habría adherido I would have adhered 

tú adherirías you would adhere tú habrías adherido you would have adhered 

el/ella adheriría he/she would adhere el/ella habría adherido he/she would have adhered 

nosotros adheriríamos we would adhere nosotros habríamos adherido we would have adhered 

vosotros adheriríais you would adhere vosotros habríais adherido you would have adhered 

ellos/ellas adherirían they would adhere ellos/ellas habrían adherido they would have adhered 



yo adhiera I adhere yo haya adherido I have adhered 

tú adhieras you adhere tú hayas adherido you have adhered 

el/ella adhiera he/she adheres el/ella haya adherido he/she has adhered 

nosotros adhiramos we adhere nosotros hayamos adherido we have adhered 

vosotros adhiráis you adhere vosotros hayáis adherido you have adhered 

ellos/ellas adhieran they adhere ellos/ellas hayan adherido they have adhered 


yo adhiriera I was adhering yo hubiera adherido I had adhered 

tú adhirieras you were adhering tú hubieras adherido you had adhered 

el/ella adhiriera he/she was adhering el/ella hubiera adherido he/she had adhered 

nosotros adhiriéramos we were adhering nosotros hubiéramos adherido we had adhered 

vosotros adhirierais you were adhering vosotros hubierais adherido you had adhered 

ellos/ellas adhirieran they were adhering ellos/ellas hubieran adherido they had adhered 

or or 

yo adhiriese I was adhering yo hubiese adherido I had adhered 

tú adhirieses you were adhering tú hubieses adherido you had adhered 

el/ella adhiriese he/she was adhering el/ella hubiese adherido he/she had adhered 

nosotros adhiriésemos we were adhering nosotros hubiésemos adherido we had adhered 

vosotros adhirieseis you were adhering vosotros hubieseis adherido you had adhered 

ellos/ellas adhiriesen they were adhering ellos/ellas hubiesen adherido they had adhered 


yo adhiriere I will adhere yo hubiere adherido I will have adhered 

tú adhirieres you will adhere tú hubieres adherido you will have adhered 

el/ella adhiriere he/she will adhere el/ella hubiere adherido he/she will have adhered 

nosotros adhiriéremos we will adhere nosotros hubiéremos adherido we will have adhered 

vosotros adhiriereis you will adhere vosotros hubiereis adherido you will have adhered 

ellos/ellas adhirieren they will adhere ellos/ellas hubieren adherido they will have adhered 


yo yo estoy adhiriendo I am adhering 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

adhiere 

adhiera 

adhiramos 

adherid 

adhieran 

adhere! 

adhere! 

adhere! 

adhere! 

adhere! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás adhiriendo 

está adhiriendo 

estamos adhiriendo 

estáis adhiriendo 

están adhiriendo 

you are adhering 

he/she is adhering 

we are adhering 

you are adhering 

they are adhering 

129 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3h: Stem vowel e becomes ie when stressed; e becomes l in 

3 rd persons of Preterite, 1 st and 2 nd persons pl. of Present Subjunctive 


adherir adhere 

asentir agree 

circunferir limit 

concernir concern 

conferir award 

consentir allow 

controvertir dispute 

convertir convert 

deferir refer 

desinvertir disinvest 

desmentir deny 

diferir differ 

digerir digest 

discernir distinguish 

disentir dissent 

divertir distract 

engerirse grow sad 

hendir crack 

herir injure 

hervir boil 

inferir deduce 

ingerir swallow 

injerir insert 

injerirse interfere 

inquirir investigate 

interferir interfere with 

invertir invest 

mentir lie 

pervertir pervert 

pervertirse become perverted 

preferir prefer 

presentir feel 

proferir utter 

readquirir recover 

reconvertir reconvert 

referir tell 

referirse refer to 

reinvertir reinvest 

requerir require 

resentir resent 

resentirse resent something 

revertir revert 

sentir feel guilt 

subvertir subvert 

sugerir suggest 

transferir transfer 

zaherir criticize sharply 

130 

© Copywright 2007


dormir: to sleep Past Pa rticiple: dormido 

Gerund: durmiendo 



yo duermo I sleep yo he dormido I have slept 

tú duermes you sleep tú has dormido you have slept 

el/ella duerme he/she sleeps el/ella ha dormido he/she has slept 

nosotros dormimos we sleep nosotros hemos dormido we have slept 

vosotros dormís you sleep vosotros habéis dormido you have slept 

ellos/ellas duermen they sleep ellos/ellas han dormido they have slept 


yo dormía I was sleeping yo había dormido I had slept 

tú dormías you were sleeping tú habías dormido you had slept 

el/ella dormía he/she was sleeping el/ella había dormido he/she had slept 

nosotros dormíamos we were sleeping nosotros habíamos dormido we had slept 

vosotros dormíais you were sleeping vosotros habíais dormido you had slept 

ellos/ellas dormían they were sleeping ellos/ellas habían dormido they had slept 


yo dormí I slept yo hube dormido I slept 

tú dormiste you slept tú hubiste dormido you slept 

el/ella durmió he/she slept el/ella hubo dormido he/she slept 

nosotros dormimos we slept nosotros hubimos dormido we slept 

vosotros dormisteis you slept vosotros hubisteis dormido you slept 

ellos/ellas durmieron they slept ellos/ellas hubieron dormido they slept 


yo dormiré I will sleep yo habré dormido I will have slept 

tú dormirás you will sleep tú habrás dormido you will have slept 

el/ella dormirá he/she will sleep el/ella habrá dormido he/she will have slept 

nosotros dormiremos we will sleep nosotros habremos dormido we will have slept 

vosotros dormiréis you will sleep vosotros habréis dormido you will have slept 

ellos/ellas dormirán they will sleep ellos/ellas habrán dormido they will have slept 


yo dormiría I would sleep yo habría dormido I would have slept 

tú dormirías you would sleep tú habrías dormido you would have slept 

el/ella dormiría he/she would sleep el/ella habría dormido he/she would have slept 

nosotros dormiríamos we would sleep nosotros habríamos dormido we would have slept 

vosotros dormiríais you would sleep vosotros habríais dormido you would have slept 

ellos/ellas dormirían they would sleep ellos/ellas habrían dormido they would have slept 



yo duerma I sleep yo haya dormido I have slept 

tú duermas you sleep tú hayas dormido you have slept 

el/ella duerma he/she sleeps el/ella haya dormido he/she has slept 

nosotros durmamos we sleep nosotros hayamos dormido we have slept 

vosotros durmáis you sleep vosotros hayáis dormido you have slept 

ellos/ellas duerman they sleep ellos/ellas hayan dormido they have slept 


yo durmiera I was sleeping yo hubiera dormido I had slept 

tú durmieras you were sleeping tú hubieras dormido you had slept 

el/ella durmiera he/she was sleeping el/ella hubiera dormido he/she had slept 

nosotros durmiéramos we were sleeping nosotros hubiéramos dormido we had slept 

vosotros durmierais you were sleeping vosotros hubierais dormido you had slept 

ellos/ellas durmieran they were sleeping ellos/ellas hubieran dormido they had slept 

or or 

yo durmiese I was sleeping yo hubiese dormido I had slept 

tú durmieses you were sleeping tú hubieses dormido you had slept 

el/ella durmiese he/she was sleeping el/ella hubiese dormido he/she had slept 

nosotros durmiésemos we were sleeping nosotros hubiésemos dormido we had slept 

vosotros durmieseis you were sleeping vosotros hubieseis dormido you had slept 

ellos/ellas durmiesen they were sleeping ellos/ellas hubiesen dormido they had slept 


yo durmiere I will sleep yo hubiere dormido I will have slept 

tú durmieres you will sleep tú hubieres dormido you will have slept 

el/ella durmiere he/she will sleep el/ella hubiere dormido he/she will have slept 

nosotros durmiéremos we will sleep nosotros hubiéremos dormido we will have slept 

vosotros durmiereis you will sleep vosotros hubiereis dormido you will have slept 

ellos/ellas durmieren they will sleep ellos/ellas hubieren dormido they will have slept 


yo yo estoy durmiendo I am sleeping 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

duerme 

duerma 

durmamos 

dormid 

duerman 

sleep! 

sleep! 

sleep! 

sleep! 

sleep! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás durmiendo 

está durmiendo 

estamos durmiendo 

estáis durmiendo 

están durmiendo 

you are sleeping 

he/she is sleeping 

we are sleeping 

you are sleeping 

they are sleeping 

131 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3i: Stem vowel o becomes ue when stressed; o becomes u in 

3 rd persons of Preterite, 1 st and 2 nd persons pl. of Present Subjunctive 


dormir sleep 

dormirse fall to sleep 

maldormir sleep badly 

morir die 

132 

© Copywright 2007


pedir: to ask for Past Pa rticiple: pedido 

Gerund: pidiendo 



yo pido I ask for yo he pedido I have asked for 

tú pides you ask for tú has pedido you have asked for 

el/ella pide he/she asks for el/ella ha pedido he/she has asked for 

nosotros pedimos we ask for nosotros hemos pedido we have asked for 

vosotros pmedís you ask for vosotros habéis pedido you have asked for 

ellos/ellas piden they ask for ellos/ellas han pedido they have asked for 


yo pedía I was asking for yo había pedido I had asked for 

tú pedías you were asking for tú habías pedido you had asked for 

el/ella pedía he/she was asking for el/ella había pedido he/she had asked for 

nosotros pedíamos we were asking for nosotros habíamos pedido we had asked for 

vosotros pedíais you were asking for vosotros habíais pedido you had asked for 

ellos/ellas pedían they were asking for ellos/ellas habían pedido they had asked for 


yo pedí I asked for yo hube pedido I asked for 

tú pediste you asked for tú hubiste pedido you asked for 

el/ella pidió he/she asked for el/ella hubo pedido he/she asked for 

nosotros pedimos we asked for nosotros hubimos pedido we asked for 

vosotros pedisteis you asked for vosotros hubisteis pedido you asked for 

ellos/ellas pidieron they asked for ellos/ellas hubieron pedido they asked for 


yo pediré I will ask for yo habré pedido I will have asked for 

tú pedirás you will ask for tú habrás pedido you will have asked for 

el/ella pedirá he/she will ask for el/ella habrá pedido he/she will have asked for 

nosotros pediremos we will ask for nosotros habremos pedido we will have asked for 

vosotros pediréis you will ask for vosotros habréis pedido you will have asked for 

ellos/ellas pedirán they will ask for ellos/ellas habrán pedido they will have asked for 


yo pediría I would ask for yo habría pedido I would have asked for 

tú pedirías you would ask for tú habrías pedido you would have asked for 

el/ella pediría he/she would ask for el/ella habría pedido he/she would have asked for 

nosotros pediríamos we would ask for nosotros habríamos pedido we would have asked for 

vosotros pediríais you would ask for vosotros habríais pedido you would have asked for 

ellos/ellas pedirían they would ask for ellos/ellas habrían pedido they would have asked for 



yo pida I ask for yo haya pedido I have asked for 

tú pidas you ask for tú hayas pedido you have asked for 

el/ella pida he/she asks for el/ella haya pedido he/she has asked for 

nosotros pidamos we ask for nosotros hayamos pedido we have asked for 

vosotros pidáis you ask for vosotros hayáis pedido you have asked for 

ellos/ellas pidan they ask for ellos/ellas hayan pedido they have asked for 


yo pidiera I was asking for yo hubiera pedido I had asked for 

tú pidieras you were asking for tú hubieras pedido you had asked for 

el/ella pidiera he/she was asking for el/ella hubiera pedido he/she had asked for 

nosotros pidiéramos we were asking for nosotros hubiéramos pedido we had asked for 

vosotros pidierais you were asking for vosotros hubierais pedido you had asked for 

ellos/ellas pidieran they were asking for ellos/ellas hubieran pedido they had asked for 

or or 

yo pidiese I was asking for yo hubiese pedido I had asked for 

tú pidieses you were asking for tú hubieses pedido you had asked for 

el/ella pidiese he/she was asking for el/ella hubiese pedido he/she had asked for 

nosotros pidiésemos we were asking for nosotros hubiésemos pedido we had asked for 

vosotros pidieseis you were asking for vosotros hubieseis pedido you had asked for 

ellos/ellas pidiesen they were asking for ellos/ellas hubiesen pedido they had asked for 


yo pidiere I will ask for yo hubiere pedido I will have asked for 

tú pidieres you will ask for tú hubieres pedido you will have asked for 

el/ella pidiere he/she will ask for el/ella hubiere pedido he/she will have asked for 

nosotros pidiéremos we will ask for nosotros hubiéremos pedido we will have asked for 

vosotros pidiereis you will ask for vosotros hubiereis pedido you will have asked for 

ellos/ellas pidieren they will ask for ellos/ellas hubieren pedido they will have asked for 


yo yo estoy pidiendo I am asking for 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

pide 

pida 

pidamos 

pedid 

pidan 

ask for! 

ask for! 

ask for! 

ask for! 

ask for! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás pidiendo 

está pidiendo 

estamos pidiendo 

estáis pidiendo 

están pidiendo 

you are asking for 

he/she is asking for 

we are asking for 

you are asking for 

they are asking for 

133 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3j: Stem vowel e becomes ie when stressed and in 3 rd persons 

of Preterite, 1 st and 2 nd persons pl. of Present Subjunctive 


comedirse show restraint 

competir compete 

concebir conceive 

derretir melt 

derretirse thaw 

descomedirse be rude 

desmedirse go too far 

despedir say goodbye to 

desvestir undress 

desvestirse undress 

embestir assault 

expedir send 

gemir groan 

henchir fill 

henchirse swell 

impedir prevent 

investir invest 

medir measure 

pedir ask for 

reexpedir forward 

rehenchir fill 

rendir produce 

repetir repeat 

revestir dress 

servir serve 

travestirse cross dress 

vestir dress 

134 

© Copywright 2007


desleír: to dissolv e Past Pa rticiple: desleído 

Gerund: desliendo 



yo deslío I dissolve yo he desleído I have dissolved 

tú deslíes you dissolve tú has desleído you have dissolved 

el/ella deslíe he/she dissolves el/ella ha desleído he/she has dissolved 

nosotros desleímos we dissolve nosotros hemos desleído we have dissolved 

vosotros desleís you dissolve vosotros habéis desleído you have dissolved 

ellos/ellas deslíen they dissolve ellos/ellas han desleído they have dissolved 


yo desleía I was dissolving yo había desleído I had dissolved 

tú desleías you were dissolving tú habías desleído you had dissolved 

el/ella desleía he/she was dissolving el/ella había desleído he/she had dissolved 

nosotros desleíamos we were dissolving nosotros habíamos desleído we had dissolved 

vosotros desleíais you were dissolving vosotros habíais desleído you had dissolved 

ellos/ellas desleían they were dissolving ellos/ellas habían desleído they had dissolved 


yo desleí I dissolved yo hube desleído I dissolved 

tú desleíste you dissolved tú hubiste desleído you dissolved 

el/ella deslió he/she dissolved el/ella hubo desleído he/she dissolved 

nosotros desleímos we dissolved nosotros hubimos desleído we dissolved 

vosotros desleísteis you dissolved vosotros hubisteis desleído you dissolved 

ellos/ellas deslieron they dissolved ellos/ellas hubieron desleído they dissolved 


yo desleiré I will dissolve yo habré desleído I will have dissolved 

tú desleirás you will dissolve tú habrás desleído you will have dissolved 

el/ella desleirá he/she will dissolve el/ella habrá desleído he/she will have dissolved 

nosotros desleiremos we will dissolve nosotros habremos desleído we will have dissolved 

vosotros desleiréis you will dissolve vosotros habréis desleído you will have dissolved 

ellos/ellas desleirán they will dissolve ellos/ellas habrán desleído they will have dissolved 


yo desleiría I would dissolve yo habría desleído I would have dissolved 

tú desleirías you would dissolve tú habrías desleído you would have dissolved 

el/ella desleiría he/she would dissolve el/ella habría desleído he/she would have dissolved 

nosotros desleiríamos we would dissolve nosotros habríamos desleído we would have dissolved 

vosotros desleiríais you would dissolve vosotros habríais desleído you would have dissolved 

ellos/ellas desleirían they would dissolve ellos/ellas habrían desleído they would have dissolved 



yo deslía I dissolve yo haya desleído I have dissolved 

tú deslías you dissolve tú hayas desleído you have dissolved 

el/ella deslía he/she dissolves el/ella haya desleído he/she has dissolved 

nosotros desliamos we dissolve nosotros hayamos desleído we have dissolved 

vosotros desliáis you dissolve vosotros hayáis desleído you have dissolved 

ellos/ellas deslían they dissolve ellos/ellas hayan desleído they have dissolved 


yo desliera I was dissolving yo hubiera desleído I had dissolved 

tú deslieras you were dissolving tú hubieras desleído you had dissolved 

el/ella desliera he/she was dissolving el/ella hubiera desleído he/she had dissolved 

nosotros desliéramos we were dissolving nosotros hubiéramos desleído we had dissolved 

vosotros deslierais you were dissolving vosotros hubierais desleído you had dissolved 

ellos/ellas deslieran they were dissolving ellos/ellas hubieran desleído they had dissolved 

or or 

yo desliese I was dissolving yo hubiese desleído I had dissolved 

tú deslieses you were dissolving tú hubieses desleído you had dissolved 

el/ella desliese he/she was dissolving el/ella hubiese desleído he/she had dissolved 

nosotros desliésemos we were dissolving nosotros hubiésemos desleído we had dissolved 

vosotros deslieseis you were dissolving vosotros hubieseis desleído you had dissolved 

ellos/ellas desliesen they were dissolving ellos/ellas hubiesen desleído they had dissolved 


yo desliere I will dissolve yo hubiere desleído I will have dissolved 

tú deslieres you will dissolve tú hubieres desleído you will have dissolved 

el/ella desliere he/she will dissolve el/ella hubiere desleído he/she will have dissolved 

nosotros desliéremos we will dissolve nosotros hubiéremos desleído we will have dissolved 

vosotros desliereis you will dissolve vosotros hubiereis desleído you will have dissolved 

ellos/ellas deslieren they will dissolve ellos/ellas hubieren desleído they will have dissolved 


yo yo estoy desliendo I am dissolving 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

deslíe 

deslía 

desliamos 

desleíd 

deslían 

dissolve! 

dissolve! 

dissolve! 

dissolve! 

dissolve! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás desliendo 

está desliendo 

estamos desliendo 

estáis desliendo 

están desliendo 

you are dissolving 

he/she is dissolving 

we are dissolving 

you are dissolving 

they are dissolving 

135 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3k: Irregular verb Desleír 


desleír dissolve 

desleírse become diluted 

engreír make vain 

engreírse become conceited 

freír fry 

reír laugh 

sofreír fry lightly 

sonreír smile 

136 

© Copywright 2007


erguir: to raise Past Pa rticiple: erguido 

Gerund: irguiendo 



yo irgo; yergo I raise yo he erguido I have raised 

tú irgues; yergues you raise tú has erguido you have raised 

el/ella irgue; yergue he/she raises el/ella ha erguido he/she has raised 

nosotros erguimos we raise nosotros hemos erguido we have raised 

vosotros erguís you raise vosotros habéis erguido you have raised 

ellos/ellas irguen; yerguen they raise ellos/ellas han erguido they have raised 


yo erguía I was raising yo había erguido I had raised 

tú erguías you were raising tú habías erguido you had raised 

el/ella erguía he/she was raising el/ella había erguido he/she had raised 

nosotros erguíamos we were raising nosotros habíamos erguido we had raised 

vosotros erguíais you were raising vosotros habíais erguido you had raised 

ellos/ellas erguían they were raising ellos/ellas habían erguido they had raised 


yo erguí I raised yo hube erguido I raised 

tú erguiste you raised tú hubiste erguido you raised 

el/ella irguió he/she raised el/ella hubo erguido he/she raised 

nosotros erguimos we raised nosotros hubimos erguido we raised 

vosotros erguisteis you raised vosotros hubisteis erguido you raised 

ellos/ellas irguieron they raised ellos/ellas hubieron erguido they raised 


yo erguiré I will raise yo habré erguido I will have raised 

tú erguirás you will raise tú habrás erguido you will have raised 

el/ella erguirá he/she will raise el/ella habrá erguido he/she will have raised 

nosotros erguiremos we will raise nosotros habremos erguido we will have raised 

vosotros erguiréis you will raise vosotros habréis erguido you will have raised 

ellos/ellas erguirán they will raise ellos/ellas habrán erguido they will have raised 


yo erguiría I would raise yo habría erguido I would have raised 

tú erguirías you would raise tú habrías erguido you would have raised 

el/ella erguiría he/she would raise el/ella habría erguido he/she would have raised 

nosotros erguiríamos we would raise nosotros habríamos erguido we would have raised 

vosotros erguiríais you would raise vosotros habríais erguido you would have raised 

ellos/ellas erguirían they would raise ellos/ellas habrían erguido they would have raised 



yo irga; yerga I raise yo haya erguido I have raised 

tú irgas; yergas you raise tú hayas erguido you have raised 

el/ella irga; yerga he/she raises el/ella haya erguido he/she has raised 

nosotros irgamos we raise nosotros hayamos erguido we have raised 

vosotros irgáis you raise vosotros hayáis erguido you have raised 

ellos/ellas irgan; yergan they raise ellos/ellas hayan erguido they have raised 


yo irguiera I was raising yo hubiera erguido I had raised 

tú irguieras you were raising tú hubieras erguido you had raised 

el/ella irguiera he/she was raising el/ella hubiera erguido he/she had raised 

nosotros irguiéramos we were raising nosotros hubiéramos erguido we had raised 

vosotros irguierais you were raising vosotros hubierais erguido you had raised 

ellos/ellas irguieran they were raising ellos/ellas hubieran erguido they had raised 

or or 

yo irguiese I was raising yo hubiese erguido I had raised 

tú irguieses you were raising tú hubieses erguido you had raised 

el/ella irguiese he/she was raising el/ella hubiese erguido he/she had raised 

nosotros irguiésemos we were raising nosotros hubiésemos erguido we had raised 

vosotros irguieseis you were raising vosotros hubieseis erguido you had raised 

ellos/ellas irguiesen they were raising ellos/ellas hubiesen erguido they had raised 


yo irguiere I will raise yo hubiere erguido I will have raised 

tú irguieres you will raise tú hubieres erguido you will have raised 

el/ella irguiere he/she will raise el/ella hubiere erguido he/she will have raised 

nosotros irguiéremos we will raise nosotros hubiéremos erguido we will have raised 

vosotros irguiereis you will raise vosotros hubiereis erguido you will have raised 

ellos/ellas irguieren they will raise ellos/ellas hubieren erguido they will have raised 


yo yo estoy irguiendo I am raising 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

irgue; yergue 

irga; yerga 

irgamos 

erguid 

irgan; yergan 

raise! 

raise! 

raise! 

raise! 

raise! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás irguiendo 

está irguiendo 

estamos irguiendo 

estáis irguiendo 

están irguiendo 

you are raising 

he/she is raising 

we are raising 

you are raising 

they are raising 

137 

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Irregular verb Group 3l: Irregular verb Erguir. 


erguir raise 

erguirse straighten up 

138 

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aducir: to provide Past Pa rticiple: aducido 

Gerund: aduciendo 



yo aduzco I provide yo he aducido I have provided 

tú aduces you provide tú has aducido you have provided 

el/ella aduce he/she provides el/ella ha aducido he/she has provided 

nosotros aducimos we provide nosotros hemos aducido we have provided 

vosotros aducís you provide vosotros habéis aducido you have provided 

ellos/ellas aducen they provide ellos/ellas han aducido they have provided 


yo aducía I was providing yo había aducido I had provided 

tú aducías you were providing tú habías aducido you had provided 

el/ella aducía he/she was providing el/ella había aducido he/she had provided 

nosotros aducíamos we were providing nosotros habíamos aducido we had provided 

vosotros aducíais you were providing vosotros habíais aducido you had provided 

ellos/ellas aducían they were providing ellos/ellas habían aducido they had provided 


yo aduje I provided yo hube aducido I provided 

tú adujiste you provided tú hubiste aducido you provided 

el/ella adujo he/she provided el/ella hubo aducido he/she provided 

nosotros adujimos we provided nosotros hubimos aducido we provided 

vosotros adujisteis you provided vosotros hubisteis aducido you provided 

ellos/ellas adujeron they provided ellos/ellas hubieron aducido they provided 


yo aduciré I will provide yo habré aducido I will have provided 

tú aducirás you will provide tú habrás aducido you will have provided 

el/ella aducirá he/she will provide el/ella habrá aducido he/she will have provided 

nosotros aduciremos we will provide nosotros habremos aducido we will have provided 

vosotros aduciréis you will provide vosotros habréis aducido you will have provided 

ellos/ellas aducirán they will provide ellos/ellas habrán aducido they will have provided 


yo aduciría I would provide yo habría aducido I would have provided 

tú aducirías you would provide tú habrías aducido you would have provided 

el/ella aduciría he/she would provide el/ella habría aducido he/she would have provided 

nosotros aduciríamos we would provide nosotros habríamos aducido we would have provided 

vosotros aduciríais you would provide vosotros habríais aducido you would have provided 

ellos/ellas aducirían they would provide ellos/ellas habrían aducido they would have provided 



yo aduzca I provide yo haya aducido I have provided 

tú aduzcas you provide tú hayas aducido you have provided 

el/ella aduzca he/she provides el/ella haya aducido he/she has provided 

nosotros aduzcamos we provide nosotros hayamos aducido we have provided 

vosotros aduzcáis you provide vosotros hayáis aducido you have provided 

ellos/ellas aduzcan they provide ellos/ellas hayan aducido they have provided 


yo adujera I was providing yo hubiera aducido I had provided 

tú adujeras you were providing tú hubieras aducido you had provided 

el/ella adujera he/she was providing el/ella hubiera aducido he/she had provided 

nosotros adujéramos we were providing nosotros hubiéramos aducido we had provided 

vosotros adujerais you were providing vosotros hubierais aducido you had provided 

ellos/ellas adujeran they were providing ellos/ellas hubieran aducido they had provided 

or or 

yo adujese I was providing yo hubiese aducido I had provided 

tú adujeses you were providing tú hubieses aducido you had provided 

el/ella adujese he/she was providing el/ella hubiese aducido he/she had provided 

nosotros adujésemos we were providing nosotros hubiésemos aducido we had provided 

vosotros adujeseis you were providing vosotros hubieseis aducido you had provided 

ellos/ellas adujesen they were providing ellos/ellas hubiesen aducido they had provided 


yo adujere I will provide yo hubiere aducido I will have provided 

tú adujeres you will provide tú hubieres aducido you will have provided 

el/ella adujere he/she will provide el/ella hubiere aducido he/she will have provided 

nosotros adujéremos we will provide nosotros hubiéremos aducido we will have provided 

vosotros adujereis you will provide vosotros hubiereis aducido you will have provided 

ellos/ellas adujeren they will provide ellos/ellas hubieren aducido they will have provided 


yo yo estoy aduciendo I am providing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

aduce 

aduzca 

aduzcamos 

aducid 

aduzcan 

provide! 

provide! 

provide! 

provide! 

provide! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás aduciendo 

está aduciendo 

estamos aduciendo 

estáis aduciendo 

están aduciendo 

you are providing 

he/she is providing 

we are providing 


they are providing 

139 

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Irregular verb Group 3m: Stem consonant c written zc before a and o (3e); irregular 

preterite and subjunctive imperative and future c written j. 


aducir provide 

conducir drive 

conducirse behave 

coproducir co-produce 

deducir deduce 

inducir infer 

introducir introduce 

producir produce 

producirse take place 

reconducir take back 

reducir reduce 

reducirse decrease 

reintroducir reintroduce 

reproducir reproduce 

seducir seduce 

sobreproducir overproduce 

traducir translate 

140 

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decir: to say Past Pa rticiple: dicho 

Gerund: diciendo 



yo digo I say yo he dicho I have said 

tú dices you say tú has dicho you have said 

el/ella dice he/she says el/ella ha dicho he/she has said 

nosotros decimos we say nosotros hemos dicho we have said 

vosotros decís you say vosotros habéis dicho you have said 

ellos/ellas dicen they say ellos/ellas han dicho they have said 


yo decía I was saying yo había dicho I had said 

tú decías you were saying tú habías dicho you had said 

el/ella decía he/she was saying el/ella había dicho he/she had said 

nosotros decíamos we were saying nosotros habíamos dicho we had said 

vosotros decíais you were saying vosotros habíais dicho you had said 

ellos/ellas decían they were saying ellos/ellas habían dicho they had said 


yo dije I said yo hube dicho I said 

tú dijiste you said tú hubiste dicho you said 

el/ella dijo he/she said el/ella hubo dicho he/she said 

nosotros dijimos we said nosotros hubimos dicho we said 

vosotros dijisteis you said vosotros hubisteis dicho you said 

ellos/ellas dijeron they said ellos/ellas hubieron dicho they said 


yo diré I will say yo habré dicho I will have said 

tú dirás you will say tú habrás dicho you will have said 

el/ella dirá he/she will say el/ella habrá dicho he/she will have said 

nosotros diremos we will say nosotros habremos dicho we will have said 

vosotros diréis you will say vosotros habréis dicho you will have said 

ellos/ellas dirán they will say ellos/ellas habrán dicho they will have said 


yo diría I would say yo habría dicho I would have said 

tú dirías you would say tú habrías dicho you would have said 

el/ella diría he/she would say el/ella habría dicho he/she would have said 

nosotros diríamos we would say nosotros habríamos dicho we would have said 

vosotros diríais you would say vosotros habríais dicho you would have said 

ellos/ellas dirían they would say ellos/ellas habrían dicho they would have said 



yo diga I say yo haya dicho I have said 

tú digas you say tú hayas dicho you have said 

el/ella diga he/she says el/ella haya dicho he/she has said 

nosotros digamos we say nosotros hayamos dicho we have said 

vosotros digáis you say vosotros hayáis dicho you have said 

ellos/ellas digan they say ellos/ellas hayan dicho they have said 


yo dijera I was saying yo hubiera dicho I had said 

tú dijeras you were saying tú hubieras dicho you had said 

el/ella dijera he/she was saying el/ella hubiera dicho he/she had said 

nosotros dijéramos we were saying nosotros hubiéramos dicho we had said 

vosotros dijerais you were saying vosotros hubierais dicho you had said 

ellos/ellas dijeran they were saying ellos/ellas hubieran dicho they had said 

or or 

yo dijese I was saying yo hubiese dicho I had said 

tú dijeses you were saying tú hubieses dicho you had said 

el/ella dijese he/she was saying el/ella hubiese dicho he/she had said 

nosotros dijésemos we were saying nosotros hubiésemos dicho we had said 

vosotros dijeseis you were saying vosotros hubieseis dicho you had said 

ellos/ellas dijesen they were saying ellos/ellas hubiesen dicho they had said 


yo dijere I will say yo hubiere dicho I will have said 

tú dijeres you will say tú hubieres dicho you will have said 

el/ella dijere he/she will say el/ella hubiere dicho he/she will have said 

nosotros dijéremos we will say nosotros hubiéremos dicho we will have said 

vosotros dijereis you will say vosotros hubiereis dicho you will have said 

ellos/ellas dijeren they will say ellos/ellas hubieren dicho they will have said 


yo yo estoy diciendo I am providing 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

di; dice 

diga 

digamos 

decid 

digan 

say! 

say! 

say! 

say! 

say! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás diciendo 

está diciendo 

estamos diciendo 

estáis diciendo 

están diciendo 


he/she is providing 

we are providing 


they are providing 

141 

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Irregular verb Group 3n: Irregular verb Erguir. 


bendecir bless 

contradecir contradict 

contradecirse contradict oneself 

decir say 

desdecir be unworthy 

desdecirse go back on something 

interdecir forbid 

maldecir curse 

predecir predict 

142 

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desoír: to i gnore Past Pa rticiple: desoído 

Gerund: desoyendo 



yo desoigo I ignore yo he desoído I have ignored 

tú desoyes you ignore tú has desoído you have ignored 

el/ella desoye he/she ignores el/ella ha desoído he/she has ignored 

nosotros desoímos we ignore nosotros hemos desoído we have ignored 

vosotros desoís you ignore vosotros habéis desoído you have ignored 

ellos/ellas desoyen they ignore ellos/ellas han desoído they have ignored 


yo desoía I was ignoring yo había desoído I had ignored 

tú desoías you were ignoring tú habías desoído you had ignored 

el/ella desoía he/she was ignoring el/ella había desoído he/she had ignored 

nosotros desoíamos we were ignoring nosotros habíamos desoído we had ignored 

vosotros desoíais you were ignoring vosotros habíais desoído you had ignored 

ellos/ellas desoían they were ignoring ellos/ellas habían desoído they had ignored 


yo desoí I ignored yo hube desoído I ignored 

tú desoíste you ignored tú hubiste desoído you ignored 

el/ella desoyó he/she ignored el/ella hubo desoído he/she ignored 

nosotros desoímos we ignored nosotros hubimos desoído we ignored 

vosotros desoísteis you ignored vosotros hubisteis desoído you ignored 

ellos/ellas desoyeron they ignored ellos/ellas hubieron desoído they ignored 


yo desoiré I will ignore yo habré desoído I will have ignored 

tú desoirás you will ignore tú habrás desoído you will have ignored 

el/ella desoirá he/she will ignore el/ella habrá desoído he/she will have ignored 

nosotros desoiremos we will ignore nosotros habremos desoído we will have ignored 

vosotros desoiréis you will ignore vosotros habréis desoído you will have ignored 

ellos/ellas desoirán they will ignore ellos/ellas habrán desoído they will have ignored 


yo desoiría I would ignore yo habría desoído I would have ignored 

tú desoirías you would ignore tú habrías desoído you would have ignored 

el/ella desoiría he/she would ignore el/ella habría desoído he/she would have ignored 

nosotros desoiríamos we would ignore nosotros habríamos desoído we would have ignored 

vosotros desoiríais you would ignore vosotros habríais desoído you would have ignored 

ellos/ellas desoirían they would ignore ellos/ellas habrían desoído they would have ignored 



yo desoiga I ignore yo haya desoído I have ignored 

tú desoigas you ignore tú hayas desoído you have ignored 

el/ella desoiga he/she ignores el/ella haya desoído he/she has ignored 

nosotros desoigamos we ignore nosotros hayamos desoído we have ignored 

vosotros desoigáis you ignore vosotros hayáis desoído you have ignored 

ellos/ellas desoigan they ignore ellos/ellas hayan desoído they have ignored 


yo desoyera I was ignoring yo hubiera desoído I had ignored 

tú desoyeras you were ignoring tú hubieras desoído you had ignored 

el/ella desoyera he/she was ignoring el/ella hubiera desoído he/she had ignored 

nosotros desoyéramos we were ignoring nosotros hubiéramos desoído we had ignored 

vosotros desoyerais you were ignoring vosotros hubierais desoído you had ignored 

ellos/ellas desoyeran they were ignoring ellos/ellas hubieran desoído they had ignored 

or or 

yo desoyese I was ignoring yo hubiese desoído I had ignored 

tú desoyeses you were ignoring tú hubieses desoído you had ignored 

el/ella desoyese he/she was ignoring el/ella hubiese desoído he/she had ignored 

nosotros desoyésemos we were ignoring nosotros hubiésemos desoído we had ignored 

vosotros desoyeseis you were ignoring vosotros hubieseis desoído you had ignored 

ellos/ellas desoyesen they were ignoring ellos/ellas hubiesen desoído they had ignored 


yo desoyere I will ignore yo hubiere desoído I will have ignored 

tú desoyeres you will ignore tú hubieres desoído you will have ignored 

el/ella desoyere he/she will ignore el/ella hubiere desoído he/she will have ignored 

nosotros desoyéremos we will ignore nosotros hubiéremos desoído we will have ignored 

vosotros desoyereis you will ignore vosotros hubiereis desoído you will have ignored 

ellos/ellas desoyeren they will ignore ellos/ellas hubieren desoído they will have ignored 


yo yo estoy desoyendo I am ignoring 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

desoye 

desoiga 

desoigamos 

desoíd 

desoigan 

ignore! 

ignore! 

ignore! 

ignore! 

ignore! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás desoyendo 

está desoyendo 

estamos desoyendo 

estáis desoyendo 

están desoyendo 

you are ignoring 

he/she is ignoring 

we are ignoring 

you are ignoring 

they are ignoring 

143 

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Irregular verb Group 3o: Irregular verb Desoír. 


desoír ignore 

entreoír half hear 

oír hear 

trasoír mishear 

144 

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salir: to leave Past Pa rticiple: salido 

Gerund: saliendo 



yo salgo I leave yo he salido I have left 

tú sales you leave tú has salido you have left 

el/ella sale he/she leaves el/ella ha salido he/she has left 

nosotros salimos we leave nosotros hemos salido we have left 

vosotros salís you leave vosotros habéis salido you have left 

ellos/ellas salen they leave ellos/ellas han salido they have left 


yo salía I was leaving yo había salido I had left 

tú salías you were leaving tú habías salido you had left 

el/ella salía he/she was leaving el/ella había salido he/she had left 

nosotros salíamos we were leaving nosotros habíamos salido we had left 

vosotros salíais you were leaving vosotros habíais salido you had left 

ellos/ellas salían they were leaving ellos/ellas habían salido they had left 


yo salí I left yo hube salido I left 

tú saliste you left tú hubiste salido you left 

el/ella salió he/she left el/ella hubo salido he/she left 

nosotros salimos we left nosotros hubimos salido we left 

vosotros salisteis you left vosotros hubisteis salido you left 

ellos/ellas salieron they left ellos/ellas hubieron salido they left 


yo saldré I will leave yo habré salido I will have left 

tú saldrás you will leave tú habrás salido you will have left 

el/ella saldrá he/she will leave el/ella habrá salido he/she will have left 

nosotros saldremos we will leave nosotros habremos salido we will have left 

vosotros saldréis you will leave vosotros habréis salido you will have left 

ellos/ellas saldrán they will leave ellos/ellas habrán salido they will have left 


yo saldría I would leave yo habría salido I would have left 

tú saldrías you would leave tú habrías salido you would have left 

el/ella saldría he/she would leave el/ella habría salido he/she would have left 

nosotros saldríamos we would leave nosotros habríamos salido we would have left 

vosotros saldríais you would leave vosotros habríais salido you would have left 

ellos/ellas saldrían they would leave ellos/ellas habrían salido they would have left 



yo salga I leave yo haya salido I have left 

tú salgas you leave tú hayas salido you have left 

el/ella salga he/she leaves el/ella haya salido he/she has left 

nosotros salgamos we leave nosotros hayamos salido we have left 

vosotros salgáis you leave vosotros hayáis salido you have left 

ellos/ellas salgan they leave ellos/ellas hayan salido they have left 


yo saliera I was leaving yo hubiera salido I had left 

tú salieras you were leaving tú hubieras salido you had left 

el/ella saliera he/she was leaving el/ella hubiera salido he/she had left 

nosotros saliéramos we were leaving nosotros hubiéramos salido we had left 

vosotros salierais you were leaving vosotros hubierais salido you had left 

ellos/ellas salieran they were leaving ellos/ellas hubieran salido they had left 

or or 

yo saliese I was leaving yo hubiese salido I had left 

tú salieses you were leaving tú hubieses salido you had left 

el/ella saliese he/she was leaving el/ella hubiese salido he/she had left 

nosotros saliésemos we were leaving nosotros hubiésemos salido we had left 

vosotros salieseis you were leaving vosotros hubieseis salido you had left 

ellos/ellas saliesen they were leaving ellos/ellas hubiesen salido they had left 


yo saliere I will leave yo hubiere salido I will have left 

tú salieres you will leave tú hubieres salido you will have left 

el/ella saliere he/she will leave el/ella hubiere salido he/she will have left 

nosotros saliéremos we will leave nosotros hubiéremos salido we will have left 

vosotros saliereis you will leave vosotros hubiereis salido you will have left 

ellos/ellas salieren they will leave ellos/ellas hubieren salido they will have left 


yo yo estoy saliendo I am leaving 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

sal 

salga 

salgamos 

salid 

salgan 

leave! 

leave! 

leave! 

leave! 

leave! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás saliendo 

está saliendo 

estamos saliendo 

estáis saliendo 

están saliendo 

you are leaving 

he/she is leaving 

we are leaving 

you are leaving 

they are leaving 

145 

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Irregular verb Group 3p: Irregular verb Salir. 


salir leave 

sobresalir project 

146 

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venir: to come Past Pa rticiple: venido 

Gerund: viniendo 



yo vengo I come yo he venido I have come 

tú vienes you come tú has venido you have come 

el/ella viene he/she comes el/ella ha venido he/she has come 

nosotros venimos we come nosotros hemos venido we have come 

vosotros venís you come vosotros habéis venido you have come 

ellos/ellas vienen they come ellos/ellas han venido they have come 


yo venía I was coming yo había venido I had come 

tú venías you were coming tú habías venido you had come 

el/ella venía he/she was coming el/ella había venido he/she had come 

nosotros veníamos we were coming nosotros habíamos venido we had come 

vosotros veníais you were coming vosotros habíais venido you had come 

ellos/ellas venían they were coming ellos/ellas habían venido they had come 


yo vine I came yo hube venido I came 

tú viniste you came tú hubiste venido you came 

el/ella vino he/she came el/ella hubo venido he/she came 

nosotros vinimos we came nosotros hubimos venido we came 

vosotros vinisteis you came vosotros hubisteis venido you came 

ellos/ellas vinieron they came ellos/ellas hubieron venido they came 


yo vendré I will come yo habré venido I will have come 

tú vendrás you will come tú habrás venido you will have come 

el/ella vendrá he/she will come el/ella habrá venido he/she will have come 

nosotros vendremos we will come nosotros habremos venido we will have come 

vosotros vendréis you will come vosotros habréis venido you will have come 

ellos/ellas vendrán they will come ellos/ellas habrán venido they will have come 


yo vendría I would come yo habría venido I would have come 

tú vendrías you would come tú habrías venido you would have come 

el/ella vendría he/she would come el/ella habría venido he/she would have come 

nosotros vendríamos we would come nosotros habríamos venido we would have come 

vosotros vendríais you would come vosotros habríais venido you would have come 

ellos/ellas vendrían they would come ellos/ellas habrían venido they would have come 



yo venga I come yo haya venido I have come 

tú vengas you come tú hayas venido you have come 

el/ella venga he/she comes el/ella haya venido he/she has come 

nosotros vengamos we come nosotros hayamos venido we have come 

vosotros vengáis you come vosotros hayáis venido you have come 

ellos/ellas vengan they come ellos/ellas hayan venido they have come 


yo viniera I was coming yo hubiera venido I had come 

tú vinieras you were coming tú hubieras venido you had come 

el/ella viniera he/she was coming el/ella hubiera venido he/she had come 

nosotros viniéramos we were coming nosotros hubiéramos venido we had come 

vosotros vinierais you were coming vosotros hubierais venido you had come 

ellos/ellas vinieran they were coming ellos/ellas hubieran venido they had come 

or or 

yo viniese I was coming yo hubiese venido I had come 

tú vinieses you were coming tú hubieses venido you had come 

el/ella viniese he/she was coming el/ella hubiese venido he/she had come 

nosotros viniésemos we were coming nosotros hubiésemos venido we had come 

vosotros vinieseis you were coming vosotros hubieseis venido you had come 

ellos/ellas viniesen they were coming ellos/ellas hubiesen venido they had come 


yo viniere I will come yo hubiere venido I will have come 

tú vinieres you will come tú hubieres venido you will have come 

el/ella viniere he/she will come el/ella hubiere venido he/she will have come 

nosotros viniéremos we will come nosotros hubiéremos venido we will have come 

vosotros viniereis you will come vosotros hubiereis venido you will have come 

ellos/ellas vinieren they will come ellos/ellas hubieren venido they will have come 


yo yo estoy viniendo I am coming 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

vén 

venga 

vengamos 

venid 

vengan 

come! 

come! 

come! 

come! 

come! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás viniendo 

está viniendo 

estamos viniendo 

estáis viniendo 

están viniendo 

you are coming 

he/she is coming 

we are coming 

you are coming 

they are coming 

147 

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Irregular verb Group 3q: Irregular verb Venir. 


contravenir contravene 

convenir agree 

desavenir make trouble between 

desavenirse fall out 

desconvenir disagree 

devenir transform 

intervenir take part 

prevenir prevent 

provenir come 

reconvenir reprimand 

revenirse go stale 

sobrevenir happen unexpectedley 

venir come 

148 

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ir: to go Past Pa rticiple: ido 

Gerund: yendo 



yo voy I go yo he ido I have gone 

tú vas you go tú has ido you have gone 

el/ella va he/she goes el/ella ha ido he/she has gone 

nosotros vamos we go nosotros hemos ido we have gone 

vosotros vais you go vosotros habéis ido you have gone 

ellos/ellas van they go ellos/ellas han ido they have gone 


yo iba I was going yo había ido I had gone 

tú ibas you were going tú habías ido you had gone 

el/ella iba he/she was going el/ella había ido he/she had gone 

nosotros íbamos we were going nosotros habíamos ido we had gone 

vosotros ibais you were going vosotros habíais ido you had gone 

ellos/ellas iban they were going ellos/ellas habían ido they had gone 


yo fui I went yo hube ido I went 

tú fuiste you went tú hubiste ido you went 

el/ella fue he/she went el/ella hubo ido he/she went 

nosotros fuimos we went nosotros hubimos ido we went 

vosotros fuisteis you went vosotros hubisteis ido you went 

ellos/ellas fueron they went ellos/ellas hubieron ido they went 


yo iré I will go yo habré ido I will have gone 

tú irás you will go tú habrás ido you will have gone 

el/ella irá he/she will go el/ella habrá ido he/she will have gone 

nosotros iremos we will go nosotros habremos ido we will have gone 

vosotros iréis you will go vosotros habréis ido you will have gone 

ellos/ellas irán they will go ellos/ellas habrán ido they will have gone 


yo iría I would go yo habría ido I would have gone 

tú irías you would go tú habrías ido you would have gone 

el/ella iría he/she would go el/ella habría ido he/she would have gone 

nosotros iríamos we would go nosotros habríamos ido we would have gone 

vosotros iríais you would go vosotros habríais ido you would have gone 

ellos/ellas irían they would go ellos/ellas habrían ido they would have gone 



yo vaya I go yo haya ido I have gone 

tú vayas you go tú hayas ido you have gone 

el/ella vaya he/she goes el/ella haya ido he/she has gone 

nosotros vayamos we go nosotros hayamos ido we have gone 

vosotros vayáis you go vosotros hayáis ido you have gone 

ellos/ellas vayan they go ellos/ellas hayan ido they have gone 


yo fuera I was going yo hubiera ido I had gone 

tú fueras you were going tú hubieras ido you had gone 

el/ella fuera he/she was going el/ella hubiera ido he/she had gone 

nosotros fuéramos we were going nosotros hubiéramos ido we had gone 

vosotros fuerais you were going vosotros hubierais ido you had gone 

ellos/ellas fueran they were going ellos/ellas hubieran ido they had gone 

or or 

yo fuese I was going yo hubiese ido I had gone 

tú fueses you were going tú hubieses ido you had gone 

el/ella fuese he/she was going el/ella hubiese ido he/she had gone 

nosotros fuésemos we were going nosotros hubiésemos ido we had gone 

vosotros fueseis you were going vosotros hubieseis ido you had gone 

ellos/ellas fuesen they were going ellos/ellas hubiesen ido they had gone 


yo fuere I will go yo hubiere ido I will have gone 

tú fueres you will go tú hubieres ido you will have gone 

el/ella fuere he/she will go el/ella hubiere ido he/she will have gone 

nosotros fuéremos we will go nosotros hubiéremos ido we will have gone 

vosotros fuereis you will go vosotros hubiereis ido you will have gone 

ellos/ellas fueren they will go ellos/ellas hubieren ido they will have gone 


yo yo estoy yendo I am going 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

ve go! 

vaya go! 

vamos; vayamos go! 

id go! 

vayan go! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás yendo 

está yendo 

estamos yendo 

estáis yendo 

están yendo 

you are going 

he/she is going 

we are going 

you are going 

they are going 

149 

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Irregular verb Group 3r: Irregular verb Ir. 


ir go 

150 

© Copywright 2007


colegir: to collec t Past Participle: 

colegido 

Gerund: coligiendo 



yo colijo I collect yo he colegido I have collected 

tú coliges you collect tú has colegido you have collected 

el/ella colige he/she collects el/ella ha colegido he/she has collected 

nosotros colegimos we collect nosotros hemos colegido we have collected 

vosotros colegís you collect vosotros habéis colegido you have collected 

ellos/ellas coligen they collect ellos/ellas han colegido they have collected 


yo colegía I was collecting yo había colegido I had collected 

tú colegías you were collecting tú habías colegido you had collected 

el/ella colegía he/she was collecting el/ella había colegido he/she had collected 

nosotros colegíamos we were collecting nosotros habíamos colegido we had collected 

vosotros colegíais you were collecting vosotros habíais colegido you had collected 

ellos/ellas colegían they were collecting ellos/ellas habían colegido they had collected 


yo colegí I collected yo hube colegido I collected 

tú colegiste you collected tú hubiste colegido you collected 

el/ella coligió he/she collected el/ella hubo colegido he/she collected 

nosotros colegimos we collected nosotros hubimos colegido we collected 

vosotros colegisteis you collected vosotros hubisteis colegido you collected 

ellos/ellas coligieron they collected ellos/ellas hubieron colegido they collected 


yo colegiré I will collect yo habré colegido I will have collected 

tú colegirás you will collect tú habrás colegido you will have collected 

el/ella colegirá he/she will collect el/ella habrá colegido he/she will have collected 

nosotros colegiremos we will collect nosotros habremos colegido we will have collected 

vosotros colegiréis you will collect vosotros habréis colegido you will have collected 

ellos/ellas colegirán 


they will collect ellos/ellas habrán colegido Conditional [condicional] 

they will have collected 

yo colegiría I would collect yo habría colegido I would have collected 

tú colegirías you would collect tú habrías colegido you would have collected 

el/ella colegiría he/she would collect el/ella habría colegido he/she would have collected 

nosotros colegiríamos we would collect nosotros habríamos colegido we would have collected 

vosotros colegiríais you would collect vosotros habríais colegido you would have collected 

ellos/ellas colegirían they would collect ellos/ellas habrían colegido they would have collected 



yo colija I collect yo haya colegido I have collected 

tú colijas you collect tú hayas colegido you have collected 

el/ella colija he/she collects el/ella haya colegido he/she has collected 

nosotros colijamos we collect nosotros hayamos colegido we have collected 

vosotros colijáis you collect vosotros hayáis colegido you have collected 

ellos/ellas colijan they collect ellos/ellas hayan colegido they have collected 


yo coligiera I was collecting yo hubiera colegido I had collected 

tú coligieras you were collecting tú hubieras colegido you had collected 

el/ella coligiera he/she was collecting el/ella hubiera colegido he/she had collected 

nosotros coligiéramos we were collecting nosotros hubiéramos colegido we had collected 

vosotros coligierais you were collecting vosotros hubierais colegido you had collected 

ellos/ellas coligieran they were collecting ellos/ellas hubieran colegido they had collected 

or or 

yo coligiese I was collecting yo hubiese colegido I had collected 

tú coligieses you were collecting tú hubieses colegido you had collected 

el/ella coligiese he/she was collecting el/ella hubiese colegido he/she had collected 

nosotros coligiésemos we were collecting nosotros hubiésemos colegido we had collected 

vosotros coligieseis you were collecting vosotros hubieseis colegido you had collected 

ellos/ellas coligiesen they were collecting ellos/ellas hubiesen colegido they had collected 


yo coligiere I will collect yo hubiere colegido I will have collected 

tú coligieres you will collect tú hubieres colegido you will have collected 

el/ella coligiere he/she will collect el/ella hubiere colegido he/she will have collected 

nosotros coligiéremos we will collect nosotros hubiéremos colegido we will have collected 

vosotros coligiereis you will collect vosotros hubiereis colegido you will have collected 

ellos/ellas coligieren they will collect ellos/ellas hubieren colegido they will have collected 


yo yo estoy coligiendo I am collecting 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

colige 

colija 

colijamos 

colegid 

colijan 

collect! 

collect! 

collect! 

collect! 

collect! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás coligiendo 

está coligiendo 

estamos coligiendo 

estáis coligiendo 

están coligiendo 

you are collecting 

he/she is collecting 

we are collecting 

you are collecting 

they are collecting 

151 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3s: Combination of 3b and 3j. 


colegir collect 

corregir correct 

elegir choose 

reelegir reelect 

regir rule 

152 

© Copywright 2007


seguir: to f ollow Past Pa rticiple: seguido 

Gerund: siguiendo 



yo sigo I follow yo he seguido I have followed 

tú sigues you follow tú has seguido you have followed 

el/ella sigue he/she follows el/ella ha seguido he/she has followed 

nosotros seguimos we follow nosotros hemos seguido we have followed 

vosotros seguís you follow vosotros habéis seguido you have followed 

ellos/ellas siguen they follow ellos/ellas han seguido they have followed 


yo seguía I was following yo había seguido I had followed 

tú seguías you were following tú habías seguido you had followed 

el/ella seguía he/she was following el/ella había seguido he/she had followed 

nosotros seguíamos we were following nosotros habíamos seguido we had followed 

vosotros seguíais you were following vosotros habíais seguido you had followed 

ellos/ellas seguían they were following ellos/ellas habían seguido they had followed 


yo seguí I followed yo hube seguido I followed 

tú seguiste you followed tú hubiste seguido you followed 

el/ella siguió he/she followed el/ella hubo seguido he/she followed 

nosotros seguimos we followed nosotros hubimos seguido we followed 

vosotros seguisteis you followed vosotros hubisteis seguido you followed 

ellos/ellas siguieron they followed ellos/ellas hubieron seguido they followed 


yo seguiré I will follow yo habré seguido I will have followed 

tú seguirás you will follow tú habrás seguido you will have followed 

el/ella seguirá he/she will follow el/ella habrá seguido he/she will have followed 

nosotros seguiremos we will follow nosotros habremos seguido we will have followed 

vosotros seguiréis you will follow vosotros habréis seguido you will have followed 

ellos/ellas seguirán 


they will follow ellos/ellas habrán seguido Conditional [condicional] 

they will have followed 

yo seguiría I would follow yo habría seguido I would have followed 

tú seguirías you would follow tú habrías seguido you would have followed 

el/ella seguiría he/she would follow el/ella habría seguido he/she would have followed 

nosotros seguiríamos we would follow nosotros habríamos seguido we would have followed 

vosotros seguiríais you would follow vosotros habríais seguido you would have followed 

ellos/ellas seguirían they would follow ellos/ellas habrían seguido they would have followed 



yo siga I follow yo haya seguido I have followed 

tú sigas you follow tú hayas seguido you have followed 

el/ella siga he/she follows el/ella haya seguido he/she has followed 

nosotros sigamos we follow nosotros hayamos seguido we have followed 

vosotros sigáis you follow vosotros hayáis seguido you have followed 

ellos/ellas sigan they follow ellos/ellas hayan seguido they have followed 


yo siguiera I was following yo hubiera seguido I had followed 

tú siguieras you were following tú hubieras seguido you had followed 

el/ella siguiera he/she was following el/ella hubiera seguido he/she had followed 

nosotros siguiéramos we were following nosotros hubiéramos seguido we had followed 

vosotros siguierais you were following vosotros hubierais seguido you had followed 

ellos/ellas siguieran they were following ellos/ellas hubieran seguido they had followed 

or or 

yo siguiese I was following yo hubiese seguido I had followed 

tú siguieses you were following tú hubieses seguido you had followed 

el/ella asiguiese he/she was following el/ella hubiese seguido he/she had followed 

nosotros siguiésemos we were following nosotros hubiésemos seguido we had followed 

vosotros siguieseis you were following vosotros hubieseis seguido you had followed 

ellos/ellas siguiesen they were following ellos/ellas hubiesen seguido they had followed 


yo siguiere I will follow yo hubiere seguido I will have followed 

tú siguieres you will follow tú hubieres seguido you will have followed 

el/ella siguiere he/she will follow el/ella hubiere seguido he/she will have followed 

nosotros siguiéremos we will follow nosotros hubiéremos seguido we will have followed 

vosotros siguiereis you will follow vosotros hubiereis seguido you will have followed 

ellos/ellas siguieren they will follow ellos/ellas hubieren seguido they will have followed 


yo yo estoy siguiendo I am following 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

sigue 

siga 

sigamos 

seguid 

sigan 

follow! 

follow! 

follow! 

follow! 

follow! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás siguiendo 

está siguiendo 

estamos siguiendo 

estáis siguiendo 

están siguiendo 

you are following 

he/she is following 

we are following 

you are following 

they are following 

153 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3t: Combination of 3c and 3j. 


conseguir achieve 

perseguir pursue 

proseguir continue 

seguir follow 

154 

© Copywright 2007


astreñir: to const rict Past Pa rticiple: astreñido 

Gerund: astriñendo 



yo astriño I constrict yo he astreñido I have constricted 

tú astriñes you constrict tú has astreñido you have constricted 

el/ella astriñe he/she constricts el/ella ha astreñido he/she has constricted 

nosotros astreñimos we constrict nosotros hemos astreñido we have constricted 

vosotros astreñís you constrict vosotros habéis astreñido you have constricted 

ellos/ellas astriñen they constrict ellos/ellas han astreñido they have constricted 


yo astreñía I was constricting yo había astreñido I had constricted 

tú astreñías you were constricting tú habías astreñido you had constricted 

el/ella astreñía he/she was constricting el/ella había astreñido he/she had constricted 

nosotros astreñíamos we were constricting nosotros habíamos astreñido we had constricted 

vosotros astreñíais you were constricting vosotros habíais astreñido you had constricted 

ellos/ellas astreñían they were constricting ellos/ellas habían astreñido they had constricted 


yo astreñí I constricted yo hube astreñido I constricted 

tú astreñiste you constricted tú hubiste astreñido you constricted 

el/ella astriñó he/she constricted el/ella hubo astreñido he/she constricted 

nosotros astreñimos we constricted nosotros hubimos astreñido we constricted 

vosotros astreñisteis you constricted vosotros hubisteis astreñido you constricted 

ellos/ellas astriñeron they constricted ellos/ellas hubieron astreñido they constricted 


yo astreñiré I will constrict yo habré astreñido I will have constricted 

tú astreñirás you will constrict tú habrás astreñido you will have constricted 

el/ella astreñirá he/she will constrict el/ella habrá astreñido he/she will have constricted 

nosotros astreñiremos we will constrict nosotros habremos astreñido we will have constricted 

vosotros astreñiréis you will constrict vosotros habréis astreñido you will have constricted 

ellos/ellas astreñirán 


they will constrict ellos/ellas habrán astreñido 


they will have constricted 

yo astreñiría I would constrict yo habría astreñido I would have constricted 

tú astreñirías you would constrict tú habrías astreñido you would have constricted 

el/ella astreñiría he/she would constrict el/ella habría astreñido he/she would have constricted 

nosotros astreñiríamos we would constrict nosotros habríamos astreñido we would have constricted 

vosotros astreñiríais you would constrict vosotros habríais astreñido you would have constricted 

ellos/ellas astreñirían they would constrict ellos/ellas habrían astreñido they would have constricted 



yo astriña I constrict yo haya astreñido I have constricted 

tú astriñas you constrict tú hayas astreñido you have constricted 

el/ella astriña he/she constricts el/ella haya astreñido he/she has constricted 

nosotros astriñamos we constrict nosotros hayamos astreñido we have constricted 

vosotros astriñáis you constrict vosotros hayáis astreñido you have constricted 

ellos/ellas astriñan they constrict ellos/ellas hayan astreñido they have constricted 


yo astriñera I was constricting yo hubiera astreñido I had constricted 

tú astriñeras you were constricting tú hubieras astreñido you had constricted 

el/ella astriñera he/she was constricting el/ella hubiera astreñido he/she had constricted 

nosotros astriñéramos we were constricting nosotros hubiéramos astreñido we had constricted 

vosotros astriñerais you were constricting vosotros hubierais astreñido you had constricted 

ellos/ellas astriñeran they were constricting ellos/ellas hubieran astreñido they had constricted 

or or 

yo astriñese I was constricting yo hubiese astreñido I had constricted 

tú astriñeses you were constricting tú hubieses astreñido you had constricted 

el/ella astriñese he/she was constricting el/ella hubiese astreñido he/she had constricted 

nosotros astriñésemos we were constricting nosotros hubiésemos astreñido we had constricted 

vosotros astriñeseis you were constricting vosotros hubieseis astreñido you had constricted 

ellos/ellas astriñesen they were constricting ellos/ellas hubiesen astreñido they had constricted 


yo astriñere I will constrict yo hubiere astreñido I will have constricted 

tú astriñeres you will constrict tú hubieres astreñido you will have constricted 

el/ella astriñere he/she will constrict el/ella hubiere astreñido he/she will have constricted 

nosotros astriñéremos we will constrict nosotros hubiéremos astreñido we will have constricted 

vosotros astriñereis you will constrict vosotros hubiereis astreñido you will have constricted 

ellos/ellas astriñeren they will constrict ellos/ellas hubieren astreñido they will have constricted 


yo yo estoy astriñendo I am constricting 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

astriñe 

astriña 

astriñamos 

astreñid 

astriñan 

constrict! 

constrict! 

constrict! 

constrict! 

constrict! 

tú 

el/ella 

nosotros 

vosotros 

ellos/ellas 

estás astriñendo 

está astriñendo 

estamos astriñendo 

estáis astriñendo 

están astriñendo 


he/she is constricting 

we are constricting 


they are constricting 

155 

© Copywright 2007


Irregular verb Group 3u: Combination of 3g and 3j. 


astreñir constrict 

ceñir surround 

constreñir restrict 

desceñir undo 

desteñir fade 

desteñirse run(colour) 

estreñir constipate 

estreñirse become constipated 

heñir knead 

reñir tell off 

reteñir redye 

teñir dye 

156 

© Copywright 2007

Spanish - English Index 


acorazar armour-plate 1c 

acordar agree 1i 

acornar gore 1i 

acortar lay down 1i 

acostarse go to bed 1i 

acrecentar increase 

1g 

abalanzar hurl 1c acrecentarse grow 

1g 

abanderizar organize into groups 1c acrecer increase 

2c 

abanicar fan 1d actualizar update 

1c 

abanicarse 

abarcar 

abarrancar 

abarrancarse 

fan oneself 

get ones arms around 

make cracks in 

fall into a ditch 

1d 

1d 

1d 

1d 

actuar 

actuatizar 

acuchucar 

acullicar 

act 

land 

crush 

chew coca leaves 

1b 

1c 

1d 

1d 

abastecer 

supply 2c acurrucarse snuggle up 1d 

abayuncar 

throw 1d adamascar damask 1d 

abayuncarse 

become countryfide 1d adecuar adapt 1b 

abdicar 

relinquish 1d adecuarse adopt 1b 

abejucarse 

twist up 1d adelgazar slim 1c 

abellacar 

lower 1d aderazar prepare 1c 

abnegarse 

deny oneself 1s adherir adhere 3h 

abocar 

pour out 1d adherirse join 3h 

abocarse 

approach 1d adjudicar award 1d 

abodocarse 

go lumpy 1d adolecer be ill 2c 

abonanzar 

calm 1c adormecer send to sleep 2c 

aborrascarse 

become stormy 1d adormecerse become sleepy 2c 

aborrecer 

loathe 2c adquirir purchase 3h 

aborregarse 

follow 1e aducir provide 3m 

abotagarse 

swell 1e advertir warn 3h 

abotargarse 

abracar 

abrazar 

abrigar 

swell 

embrace 

embrace 

wrap 

1e 

1d 

1c 

1e 

advocar 

aeroenviar 

aferrar 

aferrarse 

advocate 

send by air 

seize 

hang on 

1d 

1a 

1g 

1g 

abrogar 

abrogate 1e afianzar strengthen 1c 

abroncar 

shame 1d afincarse settle 1d 

absolutizar 

pin down 1c afligir distress 3b 

absolver 

absolve 2g afligirse become upset 3b 

abstenerse 

abstain 2j afluir flow 3f 

abstraer 

abstract 2n agilizar accelerate 1c 

abstraerse 

be preoccupied 2n agonizar die 1c 

acaecer 

happen 2c agorar predict 1j 

acensuar 

tax 1b agradecer thank 2c 

acentuar 

stress 1b agradecerse thank a lot 2c 

acentuarse 

become accenuated 1b agrazar embitter 1c 

acercar 

move closer 1d agregar add 1e 

acercarse 

come closer 1d agringarse behave like a foreigner 1e 

acertar 

guess 1g aguar water 1f 

acezar 

pant 1c aguazar flood 1c 

achacar 

achicar 

achichiguar 

achiguarse 

attribute something to 

reduce 

spoil 

bulge 

1d 

1d 

1f 

1f 

agudizar 

aguzar 

ahincar 

sharpen 

sharpen 

urge 

1c 

1c 

1q 

achocar 

throw against a wall 1d ahincarse 

hurry up 

1q 

achubascarse 

cloud over 1d ahogarse drown 1e 

achuicarse 

be embarrased 1d ahorcar hang 1d 

achuñuscar 

squeeze 1d ahuecar hollow out 1d 

achurrucarse 

wilt 1d alambicar distill 1d 

achurruscar 

rumple 1d albegar provide accomodation 1e 

acidificar 

acidify 1d alborozar gladden 1c 

acidificarse 

acidify 1d alcanzar catch up 1c 

acoger 

receive 2b alcoholizar alcoholize 1c 

acogerse invoke 2b alcorzar ice 1c 

acollar earth up 1i aleatorizar randomize 1c 

acomedirse offer to help 3j alebrarse lie flat 1g 

acontecer happen 2c alechigar fold 1e 

157 

© Copywright 2007


alegar allege 1e apaniguarse gang up 1f 

alegorizar allegorize 1c apañuscar crush 1d 

alentar encourage 1g aparcar park 1d 

alentarse cheer up 1g aparecer appear 2c 

aletargar make drowsy 1e aparecerse appear 2c 

alfabetizar arrange alphabetically 1c aparragarse roll up 1e 

alfeñicarse become really thin 1d apechugar push 1e 

alforzar pleat 1c apedazar mend 1c 

allegar collect 1e apelmazar compress 1c 

almohazar groom 1c apencar slave away 1d 

almorzar have lunch 1p apeñuscarse crowd together 1d 

alocar drive mad 1d apercancarse go moldy 1d 

alongar stretch 1t apercollar seize by the neck 1i 

alongarse move away 1i apersogar tether 1e 

altercar argue 1d apescollar seize by the neck 1i 

alunizar land on the moon 1c apesgar weigh down 1e 

alzar hoist 1c apetecer crave 2c 

amadrigar give shelter to 1e aplacar appease 1d 

amagar threaten 1e aplacer appease 2v 

amanecer dawn 2c aplazar postpone 1c 

amargar embitter 1e aplicar apply 1d 

amarillecer turn yellow 2c apocar reduce 1d 

amenazar threaten 1c aporcar earth up 1d 

amenguar diminish 1f apostar position 1i 

amenizar make pleasant 1c apozarse form a pool 1c 

americanizar americanize 1c apretar tighten 1g 

amerizar touch down 1c apretarse huddle together 1g 

amigarse become friendly 1e aprobar pass 1i 

amnistiar amnesty 1a arabizar arrabize 1c 

amoblar furnish 1i arborizar plant trees 1c 

amolar grind 1i arcar bend 1d 

amordazar gag 1c arengar harangue 1e 

amortecer diminish 2c argüir argue 3f 

amortiguar muffle 1f aridecer dry up 2c 

amortiguarse grow dim 1f aridecerse become arid 2c 

amortizar write off 1c ariscar pacify 1d 

amoscarse become cross 1d ariscarse run away 1d 

amostazar annoy 1c armonizar harmonize 1c 

amover dismiss 2g aromatizar scent 1c 

ampliar extend 1a arraigar establish 1e 

amplificar amplify 1d arrancar pull up 1d 

amusgar lay back 1e arrebozar conceal 1c 

analizar analyze 1c arrecirse be frozen stiff 3a 

anarquizar cause anarchy 1c arregazar tuck up 1c 

añascar scrape together 1d arremangar roll up 1e 

anatematizar anaethematize 1c arremangarse roll up one's sleeves 1e 

anatomizar anatomize 1c arrendar let 1g 

andar walk 1m arrepentirse repent 3h 

aneblar cover with mist 1g arriar lower 1a 

aneblarse become misty 1g arriesgar risk 1e 

animalizarse become brutalized 1c arriscar risk 1d 

anochecer get dark 2c arriscarse take a risk 1d 

antagonizar antagonize 1c arrizar fasten 1c 

antepagar prepay 1e arrogarse assume 1e 

anteponer place in front 2p arrugar wrinkle 1e 

antipatizar feel unfriendly 1c ascender ascend 2f 

añusgar choke 1e asentar place 1g 

añusgarse become angry 1e asentarse stand 1g 

apacentar graze 1g asentir agree 3h 

apacentarse feed 1g aserrar saw 1g 

apaciguar calm down 1f asonar assonate 1i 

apaciguarse quieten down 1f asosegar calm 1s 

apagar put out 1e astreñir constrict 3u 

apalancar lever up 1d astringir constrict 3b 

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asurcar plough 1d averiarse have a breakdown 1a 

atacar attack 1d averiguar establish 1f 

atafagar suffocate 1e averiguarse manage 1f 

atañer concern 2e avezar accustom 1c 

atapuzar fill 1c avezarse become accustomed to 1c 

atapuzarse stuff oneself 1c aviar prepare 1a 

atardecer get dark 2c azocar pack tightly 1d 

atarragarse overheat 1e azogar cover with silver 1e 

atarugar stuff 1e azogarse be fidgety 1e 

atascar plug 1d azumagarse rust 1e 

ataviar dress up 1a azuzar incite 1c 

ataviarse dress up 1a 

atemorizar frighten 1c 

atenazar grip 1c 

atentar attempt 1g 

atenuar attenuate 1b balbucir stutter 3e 

atenuarse weaken 1b balizar mark with buoys 1c 

aterrar demolish 1g barnizar varnish 1c 

aterrizar land 1c bautizar baptize 1c 

aterrorizar terrify 1c bazucar stir 1d 

atesar tighten 1g beatificar beatify 1d 

atestar pack 1g becar award a scholarship to 1d 

atestarse stuff oneself 1g bendecir bless 3n 

atestiguar testify to 1f besucar cover with kisses 1d 

atezar tan 1c bienquerer like 2s 

atezarse become tanned 1c bifurcarse diverge 1d 

atingir concern 3b biografiar write a biography of 1a 

atizar poke 1c bisecar bisect 1d 

atizarse smoke marijuana 1c bizcar wink 1d 

atomizar spray 1c blanquecer whiten 2c 

atorozarse choke 1c bogar row 1e 

atosigar poison 1e bonificar improve 1d 

atrabancar rush 1d bostezar yawn 1c 

atrabancarse get into a jam 1d bregar struggle 1e 

atracar mug 1d brezar rock 1c 

atracarse stuff oneself 1d brincar skip 1d 

atraer attract 2n bruñir polish 3g 

atrancar bar 1d brutalizar brutalize 1c 

atravesar put across 1g brutalizarse become brutalized 1c 

atreguar grant a truce to 1f bullir boil 3g 

atreguarse agree to a truce 1f buscar look for 1d 

atribuir attribute 3f buzar dip 1c 

atronar deafen 1i 

atterazar terrace 1c 

autenticar authenticate 1d 

autentificar authenticate 1d 

autoanalizarse self- analyze 1c cabalgar ride 1e 

autoconvencerse convince oneself 2c caber fit 2k 

autodestruirse self destruct 3f cablegrafiar cable 1a 

autoexcluirse exclude oneself 3f caducar expire 1d 

autogobobernarse govern oneself 1g caer fall 2m 

autografiar autograph 1a caerse fall over 2m 

autoincluirse include oneself 3f cagar shit 1e 

automatizar automate 1c cagarse shit oneself 1e 

autoprotegerse protect oneself 2b calcar trace 1d 

autorizar authorize 1c calcificar calcify 1d 

autorrealizarse feel fulfilled 1c calentar heat 1g 

autosostenerse be self supporting 2j calentarse warm oneself up 1g 

avaluar value 1b calificar describe something 1d 

avanzar advance 1c caligrafiar write in a stylish hand 1a 

aventar fan 1g calofriarse feel chilly 1a 

aventarse fill with air 1g calzar wear 1c 

avergonzar shame 1p canalizar channel 1c 

averiar damage 1a canonizar applaud 1c 

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capitalizar capitalize 1c comarcar border 1d 

caracterizar characterize 1c comedirse show restraint 3j 

caramelizar caramelize 1c comenzar begin 1o 

carbonizar carbonize 1c comercializar commercialize 1c 

carecer lack 2c comiscar nibble 1d 

cargar load 1e compadecer pity 2c 

caricaturizar caricature 1c comparecer appear 2c 

cascar crack 1d competir compete 3j 

castellanizar hispanicize 1c complacer oblige 2v 

castigar punish 1e complacerse pleasure 2v 

catalogar catalogue 1e complicar complicate 1d 

catequizar catechize 1c componer compose 2p 

cauterizar cauterize 1c comprobar check 1i 

cazar hunt 1c compungir feel remorseful 3b 

cegar blind 1s compurgar serve out 1e 

ceñir surround 3u comulgar administor communion 1e 

centralizar centralize 1c comunicar announce 1d 

centrifugar spin dry 1e concebir conceive 3j 

centuplicar increase a hundredfold 1d conceptuar judge 1b 

cercar enclose 1d concernir concern 3h 

cerner sieve 2f concertar arrange 1g 

cernerse hover 2f concertarse agree 1g 

cerrar close 1g concluir finish 3f 

cerrarse close 1g concluirse end 3f 

certificar certify 1d concordar reconcile 1i 

chaguar wring out 1f conculcar infringe 1d 

chamuscar scorch 1d condecender comply 2f 

chancar grind 1d condolerse sympathize with 2g 

changarse break 1e conducir drive 3m 

chapuzar duck 1c conducirse behave 3m 

chapuzarse dive 1c conferir award 3h 

chascar click 1d confesar admit 1g 

chingar knock back 1e confesarse confess 1g 

chingarse get drunk 1e confiar entrust 1a 

chocar crash 1d confiscar confiscate 1d 

churruscar fry 1d confluir meet 3f 

chuzar prick 1c confraternizar fraternize 1c 

cicatrizar heal 1c congregar bring together 1e 

cimentar establish 1g congregarse gather 1e 

circuir encircle 3f conjugar conjugate 1e 

circunferir limit 3h conmover shake 2g 

ciscar soil 1d connaturalizar accustomed with 1c 

civilizar civilize 1c connaturalizarse become accustomed with 1c 

civilizar become civilized 1c conocer know 2c 

clarificar clarify 1d conocerse know oneself 2c 

clasificar classify 1d conseguir achieve 3t 

claudicar give in 1d consensuar agree 1b 

cloroformizar chloroform 1c consentir allow 3h 

cocer boil 2z consentirse break 3a 

cocerse boil 2z consolar console 1i 

codificar encode 1d consolarse console oneself 1i 

codirigir co-direct 3b consonar harmonize 1i 

coercer constrain 2a constituir constitute 3f 

coger take 2b constreñir restrict 3u 

cogerse take 2b construir build 3f 

colar strain 1i contabilizar enter in the accounts 1c 

colarse sneak in 1i contar count 1i 

colectivizar collectivize 1c contemporizar be compliant 1c 

colegir collect 3s contender contend 2f 

colgar hang 1t contener contain 2j 

colicuar melt 1b continuar continue 1b 

coligarse unite 1e contorcerse writhe 2z 

colocar place 1d contradecir contradict 3n 

colonizar colonize 1c contradecirse contradict oneself 3n 

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contraer contract 2n derechizar lead towards the right 1c 

contrahacer copy 2q derechizarse move to the right 1c 

contraponer compare 2p derogar repeal 1e 

contrariar contradict 1a derretir melt 3j 

contravenir contravene 3q derretirse thaw 3j 

contribuir contribute 3f derrocar overthrow 1d 

controvertir dispute 3h derruir demolish 3f 

convalecer convalesce 2c desabastecer leave short 2c 

convencer convince 2a desabrigar remove clothing of 1e 

convenir agree 3q desabrigarse remove one's clothing 1e 

converger converge 2b desacertar be wrong 1g 

convergir converge 3b desacordar put out of tune 1i 

convertir convert 3h desadvertir fail to notice 1f 

convocar call 1d desaferrar loosen 1g 

coproducir co-produce 3m desafiar dare 1a 

coregrafiar choreograph 1a desaforarse act violently 1i 

corregir correct 3s desagregar disintegrate 1e 

coscarse catch on 1d desaguar drain 1f 

costar cost 1i desahogar vent 1e 

crecer grow 2c desahogarse let off steam 1e 

creer believe 2d desalentar discourage 1g 

criar raise 1a desalentarse lose heart 1g 

cristalizar crystalize 1c desalinizar desalinate 1c 

cristianizar christianize 1c desamortizar disentail 1c 

criticar criticize 1d desandar retrace 1m 

critiquizar overcriticize 1c desaparcar drive off 1d 

crucificar crucify 1d desaparecer disapear 2c 

cruzar cross 1c desapretar loosen 1g 

cuantificar quantify 1d desaprobar disaprove 1i 

cubicar cube 1d desarraigar uproot 1e 

cucar wink 1d desarrugar smooth out 1e 

culturizar educate 1c desasosegar make uneasy 1s 

desasosegarse become uneasy 1s 

desatascar clear 1d 

desatender disregard 2f 

desatracar cast off 1d 

dactilografiar type 1a desatrancar force open 1d 

damnificar injure 1d desautorizar discredit 1c 

danzar dance 1c desavenir make trouble between 3q 

dar give 1n desavenirse fall out 3q 

darse give in 1n desbancar oust 1d 

debocar vomit 1d desbarrancar throw over precipice 1d 

decaer decline 2m desbarrancarse fall over a precipice 1d 

decimalizar decimalize 1c desbocar break rim of 1d 

decir say 3n desbocarse run riot 1d 

decrecer decrease 2c desburocratizar make less bureaucratic 1c 

dedicar dedicate 1d descabalgar dismount 1e 

deducir deduce 3m descabezar behead 1c 

defalcar embezzle 1d descalificar disqualify 1d 

defecar defecate 1d descalzar take off somebodys shoes 1c 

defender defend 2f descalzarse take off ones shoes 1c 

deferir refer 3h descapitalizar asset strip 1c 

degollar slaughter 1j descargar unload 1e 

deificar idolize 1d descarriar misdirect 1a 

delegar delegate 1e descarriarse lose ones way 1a 

delinquir commit an offence 3d descascar shell 1d 

demarcar demarcate 1d descender descend 2f 

democratizar democratize 1c desceñir undo 3u 

demoler demolish 2g descentralizar decentralize 1c 

demostrar prove 1i descercar relieve 1d 

denegar refuse 1s descervigar break the neck of 1e 

denostar insult 1i descocarse be cheeky 1d 

dentar perforate 1g descoger unfold 2b 

deponer depose 2p descolgar take down 1t 

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descolgarse lower oneself 1t desfallecer become weak 2c 

descollar stand out 1i desfavorecer go against the wishes 2c 

descolocar misplace 1d desfiscalizar exempt from taxation 1c 

descolonizar decolonize 1c desfogar vent 1e 

descomedirse be rude 3j desgobernar misgovern 1g 

descomponer break down 2p desguarnecer strip bare 2c 

desconcertar disconcert 1g desguazar break up 1c 

desconfiar be distrustful 1a deshabituar get somebody off drugs 1b 

desconocer be ignorant 2c deshabituarse lose the habit 1b 

desconsolar distress 1i deshacer untie 2q 

desconsolarse despair 1i deshacerse come undone 2q 

descontar deduct 1i deshechizar disenchant 1c 

descontextualizar take out of context 1c deshelar defrost 1g 

descontinuar discontinue 1b deshelarse melt 1g 

desconvenir disagree 3q desherbar weed 1g 

descornar poll 1i desherrarse cast a shoe (horse) 1g 

descornarse slog away 1i deshipotecar pay off the mortgage on 1d 

descortezar peel 1c deshumanizar dehumanize 1c 

descrecer decrease 2c deshumedecerse dry up 2c 

descreer disbelieve 2d desintoxicar detoxify 1d 

descruzar uncross 1c desinvertir disinvest 3h 

descuajaringar break into pieces 1e deslegalizar criminalize 1c 

descuajaringarse come apart 1e desleír dissolve 3k 

descuajeringar break into pieces 1e desleírse become diluted 3k 

descuartizar quarter 1c deslenguarse shoot ones mouth off 1f 

desculpabilizar exhonerate 1c desliar untie 1a 

desdecir be unworthy 3n desligar untie 1e 

desdecirse go back on something 3n deslizar slip 1c 

desdramatizar defuse 1c deslizarse slide 1c 

desecar dry 1d deslucir fade 3e 

desegregar desegragate 1e desmalezar weed 1c 

deselazarse come undone 1c desmarcar disassociate 1d 

desembarazar clear 1c desmedirse go too far 3j 

desembarazarse get rid of something 1c desmembrar dismember 1g 

desembarcar disembark 1d desmembrarse break up 1g 

desembargar lift an embargo 1e desmentir deny 3h 

desembarrancar refloat 1d desmenuzar crumble 1c 

desembocar flow into 1d desmenuzarse crumble 1c 

desembozar unmask 1c desmerecer be unworthy of 2c 

desembragar release 1e desmigar crumble 1e 

desembravecer tame 2c desmilitarizar demilitarize 1c 

desembravecerse calm down 2c desmineralizar demineralize 1c 

desembriagar sober up 1e desmitificar demythologize 1d 

desempacar unpack 1d desmonetizar demonetize 1c 

desempedrar lift paving stones 1g desmoralizar corrupt 1c 

desencoger lose ones timidity 2b desmoralizarse demoralize 1c 

desencoger spread out 2b desmovilizar demobilize 1c 

desenfocar get out of focus 1d desmultiplicar gear down 1d 

desenhebrar unthread 1g desnacionalizar denationalize 1c 

desenlazar untie 1c desnaturalizar denature 1c 

desenroscar unscrew 1d desnucar break the neck of 1d 

desensibilizar desensitize 1c desnuclearizar denuclearize 1c 

desentenderse pretend not to know 2f desobedecer disobey 2c 

desenterrar unearth 1g desobstruir unblock 3f 

desentorpecer stretch 2c desodorizar deodorize 1c 

desentumecer stretch 2c desoír ignore 3o 

desenvolver unwrap 2g desolidarizarse dissociate from 1c 

desertizar depopulate 1c desollar skin 1i 

desespañolizar cause to become less spanish 1c desorganizar disorganize 1c 

desesperanzar drive to despair 1c desovar lay eggs 1k 

desesperanzarse despair 1c despancar husk 1d 

desestabilizar destabilize 1c despechugarse bare one's chest 1e 

desestancar allow a free market in 1d despedazar tear to pieces 1c 

desfalcar embezzle 1d despedir say goodbye to 3j 

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despegar unstick 1e dignificar dignify 1d 

despeluzar dishevel 1c dinamizar invigorate 1c 

despeluzarse stand on end 1c diptongar diphthongize 1e 

despenalizar legalize 1c dirigir direct 3b 

desperdigar scatter 1e discernir distinguish 3h 

desperezarse stretch 1c discordar be out of tune 1i 

despersonalizar depersonalize 1c disecar dissect 1d 

despertar wake 1g disentir dissent 3h 

despertarse wake up 1g disfrazar disguise 1c 

despicarse get even 1d disgregar disperse 1e 

despiezar quarter 1c dislocar dislocate 1d 

desplacer displease 2v disminuir reduce 3f 

desplazar move 1c disolver dissolve 2g 

desplegar unfold 1s disonar be out of tune 1i 

despoblar depopulate 1i disponer arrange 2p 

despoblarse become depopulated 1i distaerse keep oneself entertained 2n 

despolitizar depoliticize 1c distender distend 2f 

desposeer dispossess 2d distenderse relax 2f 

desposeerse give something up 2d distinguir distinguish 3c 

despotricar rant and rave 1d distinguirse distinguish oneself 3c 

desprivatizar deprivatize 1c distraer entertain 2n 

desratizar clear of rats 1c distribuir distribute 3f 

desrizar straighten 1c divagar digress 1e 

destacar emphasize 1d divergir diverge 3b 

destazar cut up 1c diversificar diversify 1d 

destejer undo 2c divertir distract 3h 

desteñir fade 3u divinizar deify 1c 

desteñirse run(colour) 3u divulgar spread 1e 

desterrar exile 1g doblegar break 1e 

destituir dismiss 3f dogmatizar dogmatize 1c 

destorcer straighten 2z doler hurt 2g 

destorcerse get off course 2z domesticar domesticate 1d 

destrocar swap 1r dormir sleep 3i 

destroncar chop off 1d dormirse fall to sleep 3i 

destrozar destroy 1c dosificar measure out 1d 

destruir destroy 3f dragar dredge 1e 

destruirse cancel out 3f dramatizar dramatize 1c 

desuncir unyoke 3a drogar drug 1e 

desvalorizar devalue 1c dulcificar sweeten 1d 

desvanecer banish 2c duplicar duplicate 1d 

desvanecerse disperse 2c 

desvariar be delirious 1a 

desvergonzarse lose all sense of shame 1p 

desvergonzarse be shameless 1c 

desvestir undress 3j economizar economize 1c 

desvestirse undress 3j ecualizar equalize 1c 

desviar deflect 1a edificar build 1d 

desvirgar deflower 1e editorializar write editorials 1c 

desvirtuar detract from 1b educar educate 1d 

desvirtuarse go off 1b efectuar carry out 1b 

desvitalizar numb 1c ejemplarizar exemplify 1c 

desvitalizarse flag 1c ejemplificar exemplify 1d 

detener stop 2j ejercer practice 2a 

deterger clean 2b electrificar electrify 1d 

detraer remove 2n electrizar electrify 1c 

devaluar devalue 1b elegir choose 3s 

devengar yield 1e embancarse silt up 1d 

devenir transform 3q embarazar hamper 1c 

devolver return 2g embarcar embark 1d 

diagnosticar diagnose 1d embargar seize 1e 

dialogar write dialogue 1e embarnizar varnish 1c 

diferir differ 3h embarrancar run aground 1d 

digerir digest 3h embaucar trick 1d 

digitalizar digitalize 1c embazar dye brown 1c 

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embebecer fascinate 2c encauzar channel 1c 

embebecerse be fascinated 2c enceguecer blind 2c 

embelecar deceive 1d enceguecerse go blind 2c 

embellecer embellish 2c encenagarse become muddy 1e 

embestir assault 3j encender light 2f 

embicar upturn 1d encenderse light 2f 

emblandecer soften 2c encenizar cover with ashes 1c 

emblanquecer bleach 2c encentar begin to use 1g 

emblanquecerse turn white 2c encercar enclose 1d 

embobecer make silly 2c encerrar shut 1g 

embobecerse become silly 2c encharcar swamp 1d 

embocar hole out 1d encharcarse become flooded 1d 

emborrascarse become stormy 1d enclocar go broody 1r 

emboscarse lie in ambush 1d encloquecer go broody 2c 

emboticarse stuff oneself with medicines 1d encoger shrink 2b 

embozar muffle 1c encolerizar provoke 1c 

embozarse muffle oneself up 1c encolerizarse become angry 1c 

embragar engage 1e encomendar entrust 1g 

embravecer infuriate 2c encomendarse entrust oneself 1g 

embravecerse become rough 2c encontrar find 1i 

embriagar make drunk 1e encorar cover with leather 1i 

embrocar wind 1d encordar bind 1i 

embrutecer stupefy 2c encordarse rope themselves together 1i 

embrutecerse be stupified 2c encornar gore 1i 

emerger emerge 2b endentar engage 1g 

empacar pack 1d endentecer teathe 2c 

empacarse become rattled 1d enderezar straighten 1c 

empalagar be too sweet 1e enderezarse straighten up 1c 

empalagarse become sick of 1e endilgar end up with 1e 

empalidecer turn pale 2c endomingarse put on one's Sunday best 1e 

empapuzar stuff with food 1c endrogarse get into debt 1e 

emparentar become related by marriage 1g endulzar sweeten 1c 

empatizar empathize 1c endurecer harden 2c 

empedrar pave 1g endurecerse become hard 2c 

empequeñecer dwarf 2c energizar energize 1c 

empernar bolt 1g enfangar cover with mud 1e 

empertigar hitch up 1e enfangarse become muddy 1e 

empezar begin 1o enfatizar emphasize 1c 

emplazar summon 1c enfervorizar arouse 1c 

emplumecer grow feathers 2c enflaquecer make thin 2c 

empobrecer impoverish 2c enflaquecerse lose weight 2c 

empobrecerse become poor 2c enfocar focus 1d 

emporcar soil 1r enfoscar fill with mortar 1d 

empozarse form pools 1c enfoscarse sulk 1d 

enaguazar flood 1c enfrascar bottle 1d 

enaltecer extol 2c enfriar cool 1a 

enamoricarse be infatuated 1d enfurecer enrage 2c 

enamoriscarse be infatuated 1d enfurecerse become furious 2c 

enancar follow 1d engarzar set 1c 

enancarse ride behind 1d engarzarse become tangled 1c 

enarcar raise 1d engerirse grow sad 3h 

enardecer inflame 2c engrandecer enlarge 2c 

enardecerse become inflamed 2c engreír make vain 3k 

encabezar lead 1c engreírse become conceited 3k 

encalamocar make drunk 1d engrosar increase 1i 

encallecer harden 2c enhestar set upright 1g 

encalvecer go bold 2c enjaezar harness 1c 

encandecer make white hot 2c enjalbegar whitewash 1e 

encanecer go grey 2c enjuagar rinse 1e 

encarecer put up the price of 2c enjugar wipe 1e 

encarecerse got dearer 2c enlazar tie 1c 

encargar give 1e enlazarse become linked 1c 

encarnecer put on flesh 2c enlentecer slow down 2c 

encarnizar enrage 1c enloquecer drive mad 2c 

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enloquecerse go mad 2c entretener entertain 2j 

enlozar enamel 1c entretenerse amuse oneself 2j 

enlucir plaster 3e entrever make up 2t 

enmalezarse become overgrown 1c entristecer sadden 2c 

enmaniguarse overgrow with trees 1f entristecerse grow sad 2c 

enmarcar frame 1d entroncar connect 1d 

enmarillecerse turn yellow 2c entronizar enthrone 1c 

enmendar correct 1g entumecer numb 2c 

enmocecer rust 2c entumerse go numb 2c 

enmudecer silence 2c envanecer make conceited 2c 

enmugrecer dirty 2c envanecerse become conceited 2c 

ennegrecer blacken 2c envegarse become swampy 1e 

ennegrecerse turn black 2c envejecer age 2c 

ennoblecer embellish 2c envejecerse get old 2c 

enorgullecer fill with pride 2c enverdecer turn green 2c 

enorgullecerse be proud 2c enviar send 1a 

enraizar take root 1c envilecer degrade 2c 

enrarecer rarefy 2c envilecerse degrade oneself 2c 

enrarecerse become thin 2c envolver envelope 2g 

enrazar crossbreed 1c envolverse wrap oneself up in 2g 

enrizar curl 1c enyugar yoke 1e 

enrizarse curl 1c enzarzar involve 1c 

enrocar castle 1d enzarzarse become involved 1c 

enrojecer redden 2c epilogar sum up 1e 

enrojecerse blush 2c equivaler be equivalent to 2o 

enronquecer make hoarse 2c equivocar mix up 1d 

enronquecerse grow hoarse 2c erguir raise 3l 

enroscar screw on 1d erguirse straighten up 3l 

ensacar sack 1d erigir erect 3b 

ensalzar praise 1c erizar bristle 1c 

ensangrentar stain with blood 1g erizarse stand on end 1c 

ensoberbecer make proud 2c erogar distribute 1e 

ensoberbecerse become proud 2c erradicar eradicate 1d 

ensombrecer darken 2c errar miss 1h 

ensombrecerse grow dark 2c errarse err 1h 

ensordecer deafen 2c esbozar sketch 1c 

entabicar partition off 1d escandalizar scandalize 1c 

entalegar bag 1e escaramuzar skirmish 1c 

entallecer sprout 2c escarificar scarify 1d 

entapizar upholster 1c escarmentar teach a lesson to 1g 

entarascar dress up 1d escarnecer ridicule 2c 

entecarse be stubborn 1d escenificar stage 1d 

entender understand 2f esclarecer explain 2c 

entenebrecer obscure 2c esclavizar enslave 1c 

enternecer soften 2c escocer sting 2z 

enternecerse be affected 2c escocerse become sore 2z 

enterrar bury 1g escoger choose 2b 

entesar stretch 1g escolar school 1i 

entizar chalk 1c escolarizar educate 1c 

entongar pile up 1e escorzar foreshorten 1c 

entontecer make silly 2c escrupulizar hesitate 1c 

entontecerse become silly 2c esculcar search 1d 

entorpecer obstruct 2c esforzar strain 1c 

entrecerrar half close 1g esforzar strain 1p 

entrechocar chatter 1d esforzarse exert oneself 1c 

entrecoger intercept 2b esforzarse exert oneself 1p 

entrecruzar interweave 1c esguazar ford 1c 

entrecruzarse interbreed 1c españolizar hispanicize 1c 

entregar submit 1e españolizarse adopt spanish ways 1c 

entrelazar intertwine 1c esparcir scatter 3a 

entrelazarse intertwine 1c esparcirse spread out 3a 

entrelucir show through 3e esparrancarse spread one's legs 1d 

entreoír half hear 3o especializarse specialize 1c 

entresacar select 1d especificar specify 1d 

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esperanzar give hope to 1c extenuarse become exhausted 1b 

espernancarse spread one's legs 1d exteriorizar express outwardly 1c 

esperpentizar caricature 1c externalizar outsource 1c 

espiar spy 1a extinguir extinguish 3c 

espigar scrutinize 1e extinguirse expire 3c 

espiritualizar spiritualize 1c extraer extract 2n 

esponsorizar sponsor 1c extraviar lose 1a 

espulgar delouse 1e extraviarse get lost 1a 

esquiar ski 1a 

estabilizar stabilize 1c 

estabilizarse become stabilized 1c 

establecer establish 2c 

establecerse settle 2c fabricar manufacture 1d 

estacar wound 1d fallecer die 2c 

estancar stem 1d fallir go bankrupt 3g 

estandardizar standardize 1c falsificar forge 1d 

estandarizar standardize 1c familiarizar familiarize 1c 

estar be 1k familiarizarse familiarize oneself with 1c 

estarcir stencil 3a fanatizar arouse fanaticsm 1c 

estatalizar nationalize 1c fatalizarse commit a grave crime 1c 

estatizar nationalize 1c fatigar tire 1e 

estatuir establish 3f favorecer favour 2c 

estelarizar star in 1c fecundizar fertilize 1c 

estenografiar take down in shorthand 1a federalizar federate 1c 

esterilizar sterilize 1c fenecer pass away 2c 

estigmatizar stigmatize 1c fertilizar fertilize 1c 

estilizar stylize 1c fiar credit 1a 

estomagar give indigestion to 1e fiarse trust somebody 1a 

estragar ruin 1e finalizar finish 1c 

estratificar stratify 1d fincar cultivate 1d 

estregar rub 1s fingir feign 3b 

estremecer shake 2c finlandizar neutralize 1c 

estremecerse tremble 2c fiscalizar control 1c 

estreñir constipate 3u fisgar snoop on 1e 

estreñirse become constipated 3u flexibilizar relax 1c 

estriar groove 1a florecer flower 2c 

estucar plaster 1d florecerse go moldy 2c 

eternizar perpetuate 1c flouorizar flouridate 1c 

eternizarse drag on 1c fluctuar fluctuate 1b 

euforizar exhilerate 1c fluir flow 3f 

euforizarse become exhilerated 1c focalizar focus on 1c 

europeizar europeanize 1c follar shag 1i 

europeizarse become european 1c formalizar formalize 1c 

euskaldunizar convert to basque 1c formalizarse grow serious 1c 

evaluar evaluate 1b fornicar fornicate 1d 

evangelizar evangelize 1c fortalecer strengthen 2c 

evaporizar vaporize 1c fortalecerse become stronger 2c 

evocar evoke 1d fortificar fortify 1d 

exceptuar except 1b forzar force 1c 

excluir exclude 3f forzar force 1p 

excomulgar excommunicate 1e fosforecer glow 2c 

exigir demand 3b fosilizarse fossilize 1c 

exorcizar exorcise 1c fotografiar photograph 1a 

expatriarse emigrate 1a fotografiarse have one's photo taken 1a 

expedir send 3j fraguar forge 1f 

expertizar appraise an an expert 1c fraguarse blow up 1f 

expiar atone for 1a fraternizar fraternize 1c 

explicar explain 1d fregar wash 1s 

exponer exhibit 2p fregarse be ruined 1s 

exponerse expose oneself to something 2p freír fry 3k 

expurgar expurgate 1e frezar spawn 1c 

extender spread 2f frivolizar trivialize 1c 

extenderse stretch 2f fructificar produce fruit 1d 

extenuar exhaust 1b fruncir gather 3a 

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fugarse escape 1e hispanizar hispanicize 1c 

fulgir shine 3b histerizarse become hysterical 1c 

fumigar furnigate 1e hocicar nuzzle 1d 

fungir act 3b holgar rest 1t 

fuñir mess things up 3g hollar tread 1i 

fustigar whip 1e homogeneizar homogenize 1c 

homologar sanction 1e 

horrorizar horrify 1c 

horterizar coarsen 1c 

hospitalizar hospitalize 1c 

galvanizar galvanize 1c hostigar harass 1e 

gañir wheeze 3g hostilizar harass 1c 

garantizar guarantee 1c huir flee 3f 

gargarizar gargle 1c humanizar humanize 1c 

garuar drizzle 1b humedecer moisten 2c 

gemir groan 3j humidificar humidify 1d 

generalizar generalize 1c hurgar poke 1e 

globalizar encompass 1c 

glorificar glorify 1d 

gobernar govern 1g 

gorgorizar warble 1c 

gozar enjoy 1c idealizar idealize 1c 

graduar adjust 1b identificar identify 1d 

graduarse take one's degree 1b idiotizar stupefy 1c 

granizar hail 1c idoneizar make suitable 1c 

gratificar reward 1d ilegalizar ban 1c 

gruñir grunt 3g ilegitimizar make illegal 1c 

guarecer protect 2c imbecilizar stupefy 1c 

guarecerse shelter 2c imbricar overlap 1d 

guarnecer equip 2c imbuir infuse 3f 

guiar guide 1a impedir prevent 3j 

guionizar script 1c impermeabilizar waterproof 1c 

implicar involve 1d 

imponer impose 2p 

imponerse set oneself 2p 

importantizarse give oneself airs 1c 

haber have 2i imprecar curse 1d 

habituar accustom 1b improbar not approve 1i 

habituarse get used 1b impurificar adulterate 1d 

hacer do 2q incensar incense 1g 

halagar flatter 1e incluir include 3f 

hastiar tire 1a incompatibilizar make incompatible 1c 

hastiarse tire of 1a incomunicar isolate 1d 

hechizar bewitch 1c inculcar instill 1d 

heder stink 2f indagar investigate 1e 

helar freeze 1g indemnizar compensate 1c 

henchir fill 3j independizar make independent 1c 

henchirse swell 3j independizarse become independent 1c 

hender crack 2f indicar show 1d 

hendir crack 3h indisponer upset 2p 

henificar ted 1d indisponerse become ill 2p 

heñir knead 3u individualizar individualize 1c 

herborizar gather herbs 1c individuar individualize 1b 

herir injure 3h indizar index 1c 

hermitizar close off 1c inducir infer 3m 

herrar shoe 1g industrializar industrialize 1c 

hervir boil 3h industrializarse become industrialized 1c 

hibridizar hybridize 1c inestabilizar destabilize 1c 

hidrolizar hydrolize 1c inestabilizarse become unstable 1c 

higienizar clean 1c infatuar make conceited 1b 

hincar thrust 1d infatuarse become conceited 1b 

hipnotizar hypnotize 1c inferir deduce 3h 

hipotecar mortgage 1d infligir inflict 3b 

hipotetizar hypothesize 1c influir influence 3f 

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informatizar computerize 1c jugarse bet 1l 

infrautilizar under-use 1c justificar explain 1d 

infravaluar underestimate 1b juzgar judge 1e 

ingerir swallow 3h 

inicializar initialize 1c 

injerir insert 3h 

injerirse interfere 3h 

inmiscuirse interfere 3f lacar lacquer 1d 

inmortalizar immortalize 1c laicizar laicize 1c 

inmovilizar immobilize 1c lamiscar lick noisily 1d 

inmunizar immunize 1c languidecer languish 2c 

inquirir investigate 3h lanzar throw 1c 

insensibilizar render incensitive 1c largar give 1e 

insinuar insinuate 1b lascar bruise 1d 

insinuarse begin to appear 1b latinizar latinize 1c 

insolidarizarse dissociate 1c lazar lasso 1c 

insonorizar soundproof 1c leer read 2d 

instigar incite 1e legalizar legalize 1c 

institucionalizar institutionalize 1c legar bequeath 1e 

institucionalizarse become institutionalize 1c legitimizar legitimize 1c 

instituir establish 3f lexicalizar lexicalize 1c 

instruir instruct 3f lexicalizarse be lexicalized 1c 

instrumentalizar carry out 1c liar tie up 1a 

intensificar intensify 1d liarse become muddled 1a 

interactuar interact 1b liberalizar liberalize 1c 

interdecir forbid 3n licuar blend 1b 

interferir interfere with 3h ligar tie 1e 

interiorizar internalize 1c litigar dispute at law 1e 

internacionalizar internationalize 1c litografiar lithograph 1a 

internacionalizarse become international 1c llagar wound 1e 

internalizar internalize 1c llegar arrive 1e 

interponer insert 2p llover rain 2g 

interponerse intervene 2p localizar locate 1c 

interrogar interrogate 1e lotizar divide into lots 1c 

intersecarse intersect 1d lubricar lubricate 1d 

intervenir take part 3q lubrificar lubricate 1d 

intoxicar poison 1d lucir shine 3e 

intranquilizar worry 1c lucirse excel 3e 

intranquilizarse become worried 1c luir rumple 3f 

intrigar intigue 1e lullir rub 3g 

intrincar confuse 1d 

introducir introduce 3m 

intuir sense 3f 

inutilizar disable 1c 

invernar winter 1g macadamizar tarmac 1c 

invertir invest 3h machacar crush 1d 

investigar investigate 1e machucar pound 1d 

investir invest 3j macizar fill up 1c 

invocar invoke 1d madrugar get up early 1e 

ionizar ionize 1c magnetizar magnetize 1c 

ir go 3r magnificar exagerate 1d 

ironizar ridicule 1c maguarse be a failure 1f 

irrigar irrigate 1e malcriar spoil 1a 

irrogar occasion 1e maldecir curse 3n 

islamizar convert to Islam 1c maldormir sleep badly 3i 

itemizar itemize 1c maleducar spoil 1d 

malignizarse become malignant 1c 

malpensar think ill of 1g 

malquerer dislike 2s 

maltraer illtreat 2n 

jalbegar whitewash 1e mancar cripple 1d 

jerarquizar arrange in order of importance 1c mancornar join 1i 

jeringar annoy 1e manducar scoff 1d 

jugar play 1l mangar pinch 1e 

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manifestar declare 1g morder bite 2g 

mantener support 2j mordicar sting 1d 

mantenerse be supported 2j mordiscar nibble at 1d 

marcar mark 1d morir die 3i 

marginalizar marginalize 1c mortificar torment 1d 

mariscar nick 1d mostrar show 1i 

marramizar howl 1c motorizar motorize 1c 

martirizar martyr 1c motorizarse motorize 1c 

mascar chew 1d mover move 2g 

masculinizar masculinize 1c moverse get a move on 2g 

masificarse get overcrowded 1d movilizar mobilize 1c 

masticar chew 1d mugir moo 3b 

materializar materialize 1c multiplicar multiply 1d 

materializarse materialize 1c muñir summon 3g 

matizar blend 1c musicalizar set to music 1c 

maximizar maximize 1c 

mecanizar mechanize 1c 

mecanografiar type 1a 

mecer rock 2a 

mediatizar interfere with 1c nacer be born 2c 

medicar administor medicine 1d nacerse sprout 2c 

medir measure 3j nacionalizar naturalize 1c 

memorizar memorize 1c nacionalizarse become naturalized 1c 

mendigar beg 1e narcotizar drug 1c 

menguar reduce 1f nasalizar nasalize 1c 

menstruar menstruate 1b naturalizar naturalize 1c 

mentalizar prepare mentally 1c naturalizarse become naturalized 1c 

mentar mention 1g naufragar sink 1e 

mentir lie 3h navegar sail 1e 

mercantilizar commercialize 1c necrotizar necrotize 1c 

mercar buy 1d necrotizarse necrotize 1c 

merecer deserve 2c negar deny 1s 

merendar have tea 1g negativizar neutralize 1c 

mesmerizar mesmerize 1c nesgar flare 1e 

mestizar crossbreed 1c neurotizar make neurotic 1c 

metabolizar metabolize 1c neurotizarse become neurotic 1c 

metalizar metallize 1c neutralizar neutralize 1c 

metalizarse become mercenary 1c neutralizarse neutralize each other 1c 

metastatizar metastasize 1c nevar snow 1g 

metastizar metastasize 1c neviscar snow lightly 1d 

microfotografiar microphotograph 1a nidificar nest 1d 

migar crumble 1e nobilizar enhance 1c 

militarizar militarize 1c nominalizar nominalize 1c 

mimeografiar mimeograph 1a normalizar normalize 1c 

mimetizar imitate 1c normalizarse normalize 1c 

mimetizarse change colour 1c notificar notify 1d 

mineralizar mineralize 1c nuclearizarse go nuclear 1c 

miniaturizar miniaturize 1c 

minimalizar minimize 1c 

minimizar minimize 1c 

minusvalorizar undervalue 1c 

mistificar mystify 1d obcecarse become obsessed 1d 

mitificar mythologize 1d obedecer obey 2c 

mitigar mitigate 1e obligar force 1e 

modelizar model 1c obstaculizar hinder 1c 

modernizar modernize 1c obstruir obstruct 3f 

modernizarse modernize 1c obtener obtain 2j 

modificar modify 1d occidentalizar westernize 1c 

moler grind 2g oficializar make official 1c 

momificar mummify 1d ofrecer offer 2c 

monitorizar monitor 1c ofuscar dazzle 1d 

monologar soliloquize 1e oír hear 3o 

monopolizar monopolize 1c oler smell 2h 

moralizar moralize 1c olerse suspect 2h 

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oliscar smell 1d plagar infest 1e 

opacar make opaque 1d planificar plan 1d 

opacarse become opaque 1d plañir mourn 3g 

operativizar make operative 1c plantificar plonk down 1d 

oponer put on 2p plantificarse plant oneself 1d 

oponerse be opposed to 2p plastificar laminate 1d 

optimizar optimize 1c platicar talk 1d 

organizar organize 1c plegar fold 1s 

orificar fill with gold 1d plegarse yield 1s 

orzar luff 1c pluralizar pluralize 1c 

oscurecer darken 2c poblar populate 1i 

osificar ossify 1d poblarse populate with people 1i 

osificarse become ossified 1d poder be able to (can) 2r 

otorgar award 1e poetizar poeticize 1c 

polarizar polarize 1c 

polemizar argue 1c 

polinizar pollenate 1c 

politizar politicize 1c 

pacificar pacify 1d poner put 2p 

padecer suffer 2c pontificar pontificate 1d 

pagar pay 1e popularizar popularize 1c 

palidecer turn pale 2c popularizarse become popular 1c 

paniaguarse become friends 1f porfiar persist 1a 

panoramarizar pan 1c pormenorizar describe in detail 1c 

paralizar paralyze 1c poseer own 2d 

paralizarse become paralyzed 1c posponer postpone 2p 

parecer seem 2c postergar postpone 1e 

parecerse resemble 2c potabilizar purify 1c 

particularizar distinguish 1c practicar practise 1d 

particularizarse stand out 1c preacordar reach 1i 

pasterizar pasteurize 1c precalentar preheat 1g 

pasteurizar pasteurize 1c preceptuar establish 1b 

patentizar show 1c preconizar praise 1c 

patronizar patronize 1c predecir predict 3n 

peatonalizar pedestrianize 1c predicar preach 1d 

pecar sin 1d predisponer predispose 2p 

pedir ask for 3j preescoger seed 2b 

pegar stick 1e prefabricar prefabricate 1d 

pellizcar pinch 1d preferir prefer 3h 

penalizar penalize 1c prejuzgar prejudge 1e 

pencar slog away 1d preponer place before 2p 

pensar think 1g presentir feel 3h 

perder lose 2f presuponer presuppose 2p 

perderse get lost 2f prevalecer prevail 2c 

perdigar singe 1e prevaricar pervert the course of justice 1d 

perecer perish 2c prevenir prevent 3q 

perecerse die laughing 2c prever predict 2t 

perjudicar harm 1d pringar dip 1e 

permanecer stay 2c prioizar prioritize 1c 

perpetuar perpetuate 1b privatizar privatize 1c 

perseguir pursue 3t probar prove 1i 

personalizar personalize 1c probarse try on 1i 

personificar embody 1d prodigar lavish 1e 

pertenecer belong to 2c producir produce 3m 

pervertir pervert 3h producirse take place 3m 

pervertirse become perverted 3h proferir utter 3h 

pescar fish 1d profesionalizar professionalize 1c 

petrificar petrify 1d profetizar prophesize 1c 

piar whine 1a profundizar deepen 1c 

picar sting 1d proletarizar proletarianize 1c 

pipiar chirp 1a prologar preface 1e 

pizcar pinch 1d prolongar prolong 1e 

placar tackle 1d promover promote 2g 

placer pleasure 2v promulgar announce 1e 

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pronosticar forecast 1d recluir imprison 3f 

propagar spread 1e recocer warm up 2z 

proponer suggest 2p recoger pick up 2b 

prorrogar extend 1e recogerse retire 2b 

proseguir continue 3t recomendar recommend 1g 

prosificar write prose 1d recomenzar recommence 1c 

protagonizar lead 1c recomenzar recommence 1o 

proteger protect 2b recomponer repair 2p 

proveer supply 2d reconducir take back 3m 

provenir come 3q reconocer recognise 2c 

provocar cause 1d reconstituir reconstitute 3f 

psicoanalizar psychoanalyze 1c reconstruir reconstruct 3f 

publicar publish 1d recontar recount 1i 

pulverizar pulverize 1c reconvenir reprimand 3q 

pungir puncture 3b reconvertir reconvert 3h 

puntualizar specify 1c recordar remember 1i 

puntuar punctuate 1b recordarse wake up 1i 

purgar purge 1e recostar lean 1i 

purificar purify 1d recostarse recline 1i 

recrecer increase 2c 

recrudecer worsen 2c 

recrudecerse intensify 2c 

rectificar rectify 1d 

quebrar break 1g redargüir impugn 3f 

quebrarse get broken 1g redistribuir redistribute 3f 

querer want 2s redituar produce 1b 

quimerizar fantasize 1c reducir reduce 3m 

quintuplicar quintuple 1d reducirse decrease 3m 

reduplicar reduplicate 1d 

reedificar rebuild 1d 

reeducar reeducate 1d 

reelegir reelect 3s 

rachir scratch 3g reemplazar replace 1c 

racionalizar rationalize 1c reencender relight 1g 

radicalizar radicalize 1c reencontrarse meet again 1i 

radicalizarse become radicalized 1c reenviar redirect 1a 

radicar be situated 1d reescender relight 1g 

radiografiar xray 1a reevaluar reappraise 1b 

radiotelegrafiar radiotelegraph 1a reexpedir forward 3j 

raer graze 2x referir tell 3h 

ralentizar slow down 1c referirse refer to 3h 

ramificarse branch 1d refluir flow back 3f 

rarificar rarify 1d reforzar reinforce 1c 

rascar scratch 1d reforzar reinforce 1p 

rasgar tear 1e refregar scrub 1s 

ratificar ratify 1d refrescar cool 1d 

reabastecer refuel 2c refulgir shine brightly 3b 

readquirir recover 3h regar irrigate 1s 

reagudizarse become worse again 1c regir rule 3s 

realizar achieve 1c regoldar belch 1i 

realizarse materialize 1c regularizar regularize 1c 

realzar enhance 1c rehacer redo 2q 

reaparecer recur 2c rehacerse recover 2q 

reasentar resettle 1g rehenchir fill 3j 

rebautizar rechristen 1c rehogar sauté 1e 

reblandecer soften 2c rehuir avoid 3f 

rebozar roll in batter 1c reimponer reimpose 2p 

rebuscar search carefully 1d reinicializar reboot 1c 

recaer relapse 2m reintroducir reintroduce 3m 

recalcar emphasize 1d reinvertir reinvest 3h 

recalentar overheat 1g reír laugh 3k 

recargar refill 1e reivindicar demand 1d 

rechazar repel 1c rejuvenecer rejuvenate 2c 

reciprocar reciprocate 1d relanzar relaunch 1c 

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relativizar play down 1c restregar scrub 1s 

releer reread 2d restringir restrict 3b 

relegar relegate 1e resurgir revive 3b 

reliar roll 1a retacarse refuse to budge 1d 

relucir glitter 3e retazar chop 1c 

remangar roll up 1e retemblar shudder 1g 

remarcar notice 1d retener retain 2j 

remecer shake 2c reteñir redye 3u 

remendar darn 1g retocar touch up 1d 

remolcar tow 1d retorcer twist 2z 

remoler grind up small 2g retostar bust 1i 

remorder feel guilt 2g retozar romp 1c 

remover dig up 2g retraer retract 2n 

remozar brighten up 1c retrancar brake 1d 

remozarse be rejuvenated 1c retribuir pay 3f 

remplazar replace 1c retronar boom 1i 

renacer be reborn 2c retrotraer take back 2n 

rendir produce 3j retrucar turn against it's user 1d 

renegar renounce 1s reutilizar re-use 1c 

reñir tell off 3u revalorizar revalue 1c 

renovar renew 1i revalorizarse rise 1c 

rentabilizar make profitable 1c revaluar revalue 1b 

reorganizar reorganize 1c revenirse go stale 3q 

reorganizarse reorganize 1c reventar burst 1g 

repanchigarse lounge 1e rever review 2t 

repantigarse sprawl 1e reverdecer revive 2c 

repensar rethink 1g revertir revert 3h 

repentizar improvize 1c revestir dress 3j 

repescar give a second chance to 1d revitalizar revitalize 1c 

repetir repeat 3j revivificar revitalize 1d 

repicar ring 1d revocar revoke 1d 

replegar refold 1s revolar take to flight again 1i 

replegarse withdraw 1g revolcar knock down 1r 

replicar answer 1d revolver circulate 2g 

repoblar repopulate 1i rezagar postpone 1e 

reponer replenish 2p rezagarse fall behind 1e 

reponerse recover 2p rezar say 1c 

reprivatizar privatize 1c rezongar scold 1e 

reprobar condemn 1i ridiculizar ridicule 1c 

reproducir reproduce 3m rivalizar compete 1c 

repulgar hem 1e rizar curl 1c 

requebrar compliment 1g rizarse ripple 1c 

requerir require 3h robotizar automate 1c 

resacar distill 1d robustecer strengthen 2c 

resarcir repay 3a rociar douse 1a 

rescontrar balance 1i rodar rotate 1i 

resecar dry off 1d roer gnaw 2y 

resembrar resow 1g rogar request 1t 

resentir resent 3h romanizar romanize 1c 

resentirse resent something 3h romanizarse become romanized 1c 

resfriar give somebody a cold 1a roncar snore 1d 

resfriarse catch a cold 1a ronzar munch 1c 

resituar redefine 1b rostizar spit-roast 1c 

resollar breathe noisily 1i rozar rub 1c 

resoltarse overstep the mark 1i ruborizar cause to blush 1c 

resolver solve 2g rubricar initial 1d 

resonar resound 1i rugir roar 3b 

respingar ride up 1e ruñir gnaw 3g 

resplandecer shine 2c rutinizarse become routine 1c 

responsabilizar blame 1c 

resquebrar begin to crack 1g 

restablecer reestablish 2c 

restablecerse recover 2c 

restituir return 3f 

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sobreponer superimpose 2p 

sobreproducir overproduce 3m 

sobreproteger overprotect 2b 

sobresalir project 3p 

saber know 2l sobreseer overrule 2d 

sacar take out 1d sobrevenir happen unexpectedley 3q 

sacralizar consecrate 1c sobrevolar fly over 1i 

sacrificar sacrifice 1d socializar collectivize 1c 

salinizar salinize 1c sodomizar sodomize 1c 

salinizarse become salty 1c sofocar suffocate 1d 

salir leave 3p sofreír fry lightly 3k 

salpicar splash 1d sojuzgar conquer 1e 

sanforizar sanforize 1c solar tile 1i 

santificar sanctify 1d solazar amuse 1c 

santiguar make the sign of the cross 1f solazarse enjoy oneself 1c 

santiguarse cross oneself 1f soldar weld 1i 

satanizar demonize 1c solemnizar solemnize 1c 

satirizar satirize 1c soler occur rarely 2g 

satisfacer satisfy 2q solidarizarse declare ones support for 1c 

secar dry 1d solidificar solidify 1d 

secularizar secularize 1c soltar release 1i 

seducir seduce 3m somatizar externalize 1c 

segar reap 1s sonar sound 1i 

segregar segregate 1e soñar dream 1i 

seguir follow 3t sonorizar add the soundtrack to 1c 

selenizar land on the moon 1c sonorizarse voice 1c 

sembrar sow 1g sonreír smile 3k 

señalizar signpost 1c sonsacar coax 1d 

sensacionalizar sensationalize 1c sosegar calm 1s 

sensibilizar sensitize 1c sostener hold 2j 

sentar locate 1g soterrar bury 1g 

sentarse sit down 1g suavizar smooth 1c 

sentir feel guilt 3h subarrendar sublet 1g 

sequiar inhale 1a subexponer underexpose 2p 

ser be 2u subrogar substitute 1t 

serializar serialize 1c substituir replace 3f 

serrar saw up 1g subvertir subvert 3h 

servir serve 3j subyacer underlie 2w 

sesgar slant 1e subyugar subdue 1e 

significar imply 1d sufragar help 1e 

simbolizar symbolize 1c sugerir suggest 3h 

simetrizar make symetrical 1c sumergir immerse 3b 

simpatizar get on 1c superentender supervise 2f 

simplificar simplify 1d superponer overlap 2p 

sincopizarse black out 1c suplicar plead 1d 

sincronizar synchronize 1c suponer imagine 2p 

sindicalizar unionize 1c surcar plough 1d 

sindicalizarse form a union 1c surgir emerge 3b 

sindicar unionize 1d sustituir substitute 3f 

singar pester 1e sustraer remove 2n 

singularizar single out 1c sutilizar thin out 1c 

singularizarse stand out 1c 

sintetizar synthesize 1c 

sintonizar tune into 1c 

sirgar tow 1e 

sistematizar systematize 1c tabicar brick up 1d 

sobreactuar overact 1b tacar shoot at somebody 1d 

sobrecalentar overheat 1g tamizar sift 1c 

sobrecapatilizar overcapitalize 1c tañer play (an instrument) 2e 

sobrecargar overburden 1e tapiscar harvest 1d 

sobrecoger startle 2b tapizar drape, upholster 1c 

sobreentender understand 2f tarascar bite 1d 

sobreexponer overexpose 2p tardecer get dark 2c 

sobrentender presuppose 2f tascar beat 1d 

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tatuar tattoo 1b trompezar trip 1c 

tazar cut 1c trompezar trip 1o 

teatralizar stage 1c trompicar trip 1d 

telegrafiar cable 1a tronar thunder 1i 

temblar tremble 1g troncar truncate 1d 

temporalizar temporize 1c tronzar split 1c 

tender lay 2f tropezar trip 1c 

tener have 2j tropezar trip 1o 

teñir dye 3u trucar fix 1d 

tentar tempt 1g truncar truncate 1d 

teorizar theorize 1c tullir paralyze 3g 

teorizar theorize 1c tutuorizar protect 1c 

tesar tighten 1g 

testificar testify 1d 

tipificar consider 1d 

tiranizar tyrannize 1c 

titulizar securitize 1c ubicar place 1d 

tizar plan 1c ultimizar finalize 1c 

tocar touch 1d uncir yoke 3a 

tonificar invigorate 1d ungir anoint 3b 

torcer twist 2z unificar unite 1d 

tostar toast 1i uniformizar standardize 1c 

totalizar totalize 1c universalizar universalize 1c 

trabucar confuse 1d urbanizar develop 1c 

traducir translate 3m urgir be urgent 3b 

traer bring 2n utilizar use 1c 

trafagar bustle about 1e 

traficar traffic 1d 

tragar swallow 1e 

trancar lock 1d 

trancarse be constipated 1d vacar become vacant 1d 

tranquilizar reassure 1c vaciar empty 1a 

transcender transcend 2f vagar roam 1e 

transferir transfer 3h valer cost 2o 

transigir make concessions 3b valorizar value 1c 

translucir reveal 3e valorizarse increase in value 1c 

translucirse be transparent 3e valuar value 1b 

transponer transpose 2p vampirizar milk 1c 

trasbocar vomit 1d vaporizar vaporize 1c 

trascender transcend 2f vaporizarse vaporize 1c 

trascolar strain 1i variar change 1a 

trascordarse forget 1i vehicalizar transport 1c 

trasegar move about 1s velarizar velarize 1c 

traslucir reveal 3e vencer defeat 2a 

traslucirse be transparent 3e vengar avenge 1e 

trasoír mishear 3o venir come 3q 

trasponer transpose 2p ventiscar blow a blizzard 1d 

trasroscar reverse 1d ver see 2t 

trastocar switch over 1r verbalizar verbalize 1c 

trastocar reverse 1d verdecer turn green 2c 

trastrocar switch over 1r verificar inspect 1d 

trasvolar fly over 1i versificar versify 1d 

traumatizar traumatize 1c verter pour out 2f 

travestirse cross dress 3j vestir dress 3j 

trazar draw 1c viabilizar make viable 1c 

trenzar plait 1c victimizar victimize 1c 

trifurcarse divide into three 1d vigorizar invigorate 1c 

trincar bind 1d vindicar vindicate 1d 

triplicar treble 1d virilizar make like a man 1c 

triscar mix 1d virilizarse become like a man 1c 

trisecar trisect 1d visualizar visualize 1c 

trivializar trivialize 1c vitalizar vitalize 1c 

trizar tear to shreds 1c vitrificar vitrify 1d 

trocar exchange 1r vivificar invigorate 1d 

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vocalizar vocalize 1c 

volar fly 1i 

volatilizar volatilize 1c 

volatilizarse volatilize 1c 

volcar capsize 1r 

volver return 2g 

vulcanizar vulcanize 1c 

vulgarizar popularize 1c 

yacer lie 2w 

yuxtaponer juxtapose 2p 

zabullir plunge 3g 

zaherir criticize sharply 3h 

zambucar hide 1d 

zambuir plunge 3f 

zambullir plunge 3g 

zampuzar plunge 1c 

zonificar zone 1d 

zurcir darn 3a 

zurriagar whip 1e 


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English - Spanish Index appear 

appease 

comparecer 

aplacar 

2c 

1d 

appease aplacer 2v 

applaud canonizar 1c 

apply aplicar 1d 

abrogate abrogar 1e 

appraise an an expert 

approach 

argue 

absolve 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

absolver 2g argue 

allegorize 

alegorizar 1c 

allow 

consentir 3h 

allow 

a free market in desestancar 1d 

americanize 

amnesty 

amplify 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

americanizar 

amnistiar 

amplificar 

1c 

1a 

1d 

expertizar 1c 

abocarse 1d 

polemizar 1c 

altercar 1d 

bstain abstenerse 2j argue argüir 3f 

bstract abstraer 2n armour-plate acorazar 1c 

ccelerate agilizar 1c arouse enfervorizar 1c 

ccustom habituar 1b arouse fanaticsm fanatizar 1c 

ccustom avezar 1c arrabize arabizar 1c 

ccustomed with connaturalizar 1c arrange concertar 1g 

chieve realizar 1c arrange disponer 2p 

chieve conseguir 3t arrange alphabetically alfabetizar 1c 

cidify acidificar 1d arrange in order of importance jerarquizar 1c 

cidify acidificarse 1d arrive llegar 1e 

ct actuar 1b ascend ascender 2f 

ct fungir 3b ask for pedir 3j 

ct violently desaforarse 1i assault embestir 3j 

dapt adecuar 1b asset strip descapitalizar 1c 

dd agregar 1e assonate asonar 1i 

dd the soundtrack to sonorizar 1c assume arrogarse 1e 

dhere adherir 3h atone for expiar 1a 

djust graduar 1b attack atacar 1d 

dministor communion comulgar 1e attempt atentar 1g 

dministor medicine medicar 1d attenuate atenuar 1b 

dmit confesar 1g attract atraer 2n 

dopt adecuarse 1b attribute atribuir 3f 

dopt spanish ways españolizarse 1c attribute something to achacar 1d 

dulterate impurificar 1d authenticate autenticar 1d 

dvance avanzar 1c authenticate autentificar 1d 

dvocate advocar 1d authorize autorizar 1c 

ge envejecer 2c autograph autografiar 1a 

gree consensuar 1b automate automatizar 1c 

gree concertarse 1g automate robotizar 1c 

gree acordar 1i avenge vengar 1e 

gree asentir 3h avoid rehuir 3f 

gree convenir 3q award adjudicar 1d 

gree to a truce atreguarse 1f award otorgar 1e 

lcoholize alcoholizar 1c award conferir 3h 

llege alegar 1e award a scholarship to becar 1d 

muse solazar 1c bag entalegar 1e 

muse oneself entretenerse 2j balance rescontrar 1i 

naethematize anatematizar 1c ban ilegalizar 1c 

nalyze analizar 1c banish desvanecer 2c 

natomize anatomizar 1c baptize bautizar 1c 

nnounce comunicar 1d bar atrancar 1d 

nnounce promulgar 1e bare one's chest despechugarse 1e 

nnoy amostazar 1c be estar 1k 

nnoy jeringar 1e be ser 2u 

noint ungir 3b be a failure maguarse 1f 

nswer replicar 1d be able to (can) poder 2r 

ntagonize antagonizar 1c be affected enternecerse 2c 

ppear aparecer 2c be born nacer 2c 

appear aparecerse 2c be cheeky descocarse 1d 

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be 

compliant 

be 

constipated 

be 

delirious 

contemporizar 

trancarse 

desvariar 

1c 

1d 

1a 

become ill 

become independent 

become industrialized 

indisponerse 

independizarse 

industrializarse 

2p 

1c 

1c 

be 

distrustful desconfiar 1a become inflamed enardecerse 2c 

be 

embarrased achuicarse 1d become institutionalize institucionalizarse 1c 

be 

equivalent to equivaler 2o become international internacionalizarse 1c 

be 

fascinated 

be 

fidgety 

be 

frozen stiff 

be 

ignorant 

be 

ill 

be 

infatuated 

be 

infatuated 

be 

lexicalized 

be 

opposed to 

be 

out of tune 

be 

out of tune 

be 

preoccupied 

be 

proud 

be 

reborn 

be 

rejuvenated 

be 

rude 

be 

ruined 

embebecerse 

azogarse 

arrecirse 

desconocer 

adolecer 

enamoricarse 

enamoriscarse 

lexicalizarse 

oponerse 

discordar 

disonar 

abstraerse 

enorgullecerse 

renacer 

remozarse 

descomedirse 

fregarse 

2c 

1e 

3a 

2c 

2c 

1d 

1d 

1c 

2p 

1i 

1i 

2n 

2c 

2c 

1c 

3j 

1s 

become involved 

become like a man 

become linked 

become malignant 

become mercenary 

become misty 

become muddled 

become muddy 

become muddy 

become naturalized 

become naturalized 

become neurotic 

become obsessed 

become opaque 

become ossified 

become overgrown 

become paralyzed 

enzarzarse 

virilizarse 

enlazarse 

malignizarse 

metalizarse 

aneblarse 

liarse 

encenagarse 

enfangarse 

nacionalizarse 

naturalizarse 

neurotizarse 

obcecarse 

opacarse 

osificarse 

enmalezarse 

paralizarse 

1c 

1c 

1c 

1c 

1c 

1g 

1a 

1e 

1e 

1c 

1c 

1c 

1d 

1d 

1d 

1c 

1c 

be 

self supporting autosostenerse 2j become perverted pervertirse 3h 

be 

shameless desvergonzarse 1c become poor empobrecerse 2c 

be 

situated radicar 1d become popular popularizarse 1c 

be 

stubborn 

be 

stupified 

be 

supported 

be 

too sweet 

be 

transparent 

be 

transparent 

be 

unworthy 

be 

unworthy of 

be 

urgent 

be 

wrong 

beat 

beatify 

become 

accenuated 

entecarse 

embrutecerse 

mantenerse 

empalagar 

translucirse 

traslucirse 

desdecir 

desmerecer 

urgir 

desacertar 

tascar 

beatificar 

acentuarse 

1d 

2c 

2j 

1e 

3e 

3e 

3n 

2c 

3b 

1g 

1d 

1d 

1b 

become proud 

become radicalized 

become rattled 

become really thin 

become related by marriage 

become romanized 

become rough 

become routine 

become salty 

become sick of 

become silly 

become silly 

become sleepy 

ensoberbecerse 

radicalizarse 

empacarse 

alfeñicarse 

emparentar 

romanizarse 

embravecerse 

rutinizarse 

salinizarse 

empalagarse 

embobecerse 

entontecerse 

adormecerse 

2c 

1c 

1d 

1d 

1g 

1c 

2c 

1c 

1c 

1e 

2c 

2c 

2c 

become 

accustomed to avezarse 1c become sore escocerse 2z 

become 

accustomed with connaturalizarse 1c become stabilized estabilizarse 1c 

become 

angry encolerizarse 1c become stormy aborrascarse 1d 

become 

angry añusgarse 1e become stormy emborrascarse 1d 

become 

arid aridecerse 2c become stronger fortalecerse 2c 

become 

brutalized animalizarse 1c become swampy envegarse 1e 

become 

brutalized 

become 

civilized 

become 

conceited 

become 

conceited 

become 

conceited 

become 

constipated 

become 

countryfide 

become 

cross 

become 

depopulated 

become 

diluted 

become 

european 

become 

exhausted 

become 

exhilerated 

become 

flooded 

become 

friendly 

become 

friends 

brutalizarse 

civilizar 

infatuarse 

envanecerse 

engreírse 

estreñirse 

abayuncarse 

amoscarse 

despoblarse 

desleírse 

europeizarse 

extenuarse 

euforizarse 

encharcarse 

amigarse 

paniaguarse 

1c 

1c 

1b 

2c 

3k 

3u 

1d 

1d 

1i 

3k 

1c 

1b 

1c 

1d 

1e 

1f 

become tangled 

become tanned 

become thin 

become uneasy 

become unstable 

become upset 

become vacant 

become weak 

become worried 

become worse again 

beg 

begin 

begin 

begin to appear 

begin to crack 

begin to use 

engarzarse 

atezarse 

enrarecerse 

desasosegarse 

inestabilizarse 

afligirse 

vacar 

desfallecer 

intranquilizarse 

reagudizarse 

mendigar 

comenzar 

empezar 

insinuarse 

resquebrar 

encentar 

1c 

1c 

2c 

1s 

1c 

3b 

1d 

2c 

1c 

1c 

1e 

1o 

1o 

1b 

1g 

1g 

become 

furious enfurecerse 2c behave conducirse 3m 

become 

hard endurecerse 2c behave like a foreigner agringarse 1e 

become 

hysterical histerizarse 1c behead descabezar 1c 

177 

© Copywright 2007


belch regoldar 1i 

believe creer 2d 

belong to pertenecer 2c 

bend arcar 1d 

bequeath legar 1e cable cablegrafiar 1a 

bet jugarse 1l cable telegrafiar 1a 

bewitch hechizar 1c calcify calcificar 1d 

bind trincar 1d call convocar 1d 

bind encordar 1i calm abonanzar 1c 

bisect bisecar 1d calm asosegar 1s 

bite tarascar 1d calm sosegar 1s 

bite morder 2g calm down apaciguar 1f 

black out sincopizarse 1c calm down desembravecerse 2c 

blacken ennegrecer 2c cancel out destruirse 3f 

blame responsabilizar 1c capitalize capitalizar 1c 

bleach emblanquecer 2c capsize volcar 1r 

blend licuar 1b caramelize caramelizar 1c 

blend matizar 1c carbonize carbonizar 1c 

bless bendecir 3n caricature caricaturizar 1c 

blind cegar 1s caricature esperpentizar 1c 

blind enceguecer 2c carry out efectuar 1b 

blow a blizzard ventiscar 1d carry out instrumentalizar 1c 

blow up fraguarse 1f cast a shoe (horse) desherrarse 1g 

blush enrojecerse 2c cast off desatracar 1d 

boil cocer 2z castle enrocar 1d 

boil cocerse 2z catalogue catalogar 1e 

boil bullir 3g catch a cold resfriarse 1a 

boil hervir 3h catch on coscarse 1d 

bolt empernar 1g catch up alcanzar 1c 

boom retronar 1i catechize catequizar 1c 

border comarcar 1d cause provocar 1d 

bottle enfrascar 1d cause anarchy anarquizar 1c 

brake retrancar 1d cause to become less spanish desespañolizar 1c 

branch ramificarse 1d cause to blush ruborizar 1c 

break changarse 1e cauterize cauterizar 1c 

break doblegar 1e centralize centralizar 1c 

break quebrar 1g certify certificar 1d 

break consentirse 3a chalk entizar 1c 

break down descomponer 2p change variar 1a 

break into pieces descuajaringar 1e change colour mimetizarse 1c 

break into pieces descuajeringar 1e channel canalizar 1c 

break rim of desbocar 1d channel encauzar 1c 

break the neck of desnucar 1d characterize caracterizar 1c 

break the neck of descervigar 1e chatter entrechocar 1d 

break up desguazar 1c check comprobar 1i 

break up desmembrarse 1g cheer up alentarse 1g 

breathe noisily resollar 1i chew mascar 1d 

brick up tabicar 1d chew masticar 1d 

brighten up remozar 1c chew coca leaves acullicar 1d 

bring traer 2n chirp pipiar 1a 

bring together congregar 1e chloroform cloroformizar 1c 

bristle erizar 1c choke atorozarse 1c 

bruise lascar 1d choke añusgar 1e 

brutalize brutalizar 1c choose escoger 2b 

build edificar 1d choose elegir 3s 

build construir 3f chop retazar 1c 

bulge achiguarse 1f chop off destroncar 1d 

burst reventar 1g choreograph coregrafiar 1a 

bury enterrar 1g christianize cristianizar 1c 

bury soterrar 1g circulate revolver 2g 

bust retostar 1i civilize civilizar 1c 

bustle about trafagar 1e clarify clarificar 1d 

buy mercar 1d classify clasificar 1d 

clean deterger 2b 

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© Copywright 2007


clean higienizar 1c contradict contrariar 1a 

clear desembarazar 1c contradict contradecir 3n 

clear desatascar 1d contradict oneself contradecirse 3n 

clear of rats desratizar 1c contravene contravenir 3q 

click chascar 1d contribute contribuir 3f 

close cerrar 1g control fiscalizar 1c 

close cerrarse 1g convalesce convalecer 2c 

close off hermitizar 1c converge converger 2b 

cloud over achubascarse 1d converge convergir 3b 

coarsen horterizar 1c convert convertir 3h 

coax sonsacar 1d convert to basque euskaldunizar 1c 

co-direct codirigir 3b convert to Islam islamizar 1c 

collect allegar 1e convince convencer 2a 

collect colegir 3s convince oneself autoconvencerse 2c 

collectivize colectivizar 1c cool enfriar 1a 

collectivize socializar 1c cool refrescar 1d 

colonize colonizar 1c co-produce coproducir 3m 

come provenir 3q copy contrahacer 2q 

come venir 3q correct enmendar 1g 

come apart descuajaringarse 1e correct corregir 3s 

come closer acercarse 1d corrupt desmoralizar 1c 

come undone deselazarse 1c cost costar 1i 

come undone deshacerse 2q cost valer 2o 

commercialize comercializar 1c count contar 1i 

commercialize mercantilizar 1c cover with ashes encenizar 1c 

commit a grave crime fatalizarse 1c cover with kisses besucar 1d 

commit an offence delinquir 3d cover with leather encorar 1i 

compare contraponer 2p cover with mist aneblar 1g 

compensate indemnizar 1c cover with mud enfangar 1e 

compete rivalizar 1c cover with silver azogar 1e 

compete competir 3j crack cascar 1d 

complicate complicar 1d crack hender 2f 

compliment requebrar 1g crack hendir 3h 

comply condecender 2f crash chocar 1d 

compose componer 2p crave apetecer 2c 

compress apelmazar 1c credit fiar 1a 

computerize informatizar 1c criminalize deslegalizar 1c 

conceal arrebozar 1c cripple mancar 1d 

conceive concebir 3j criticize criticar 1d 

concern atañer 2e criticize sharply zaherir 3h 

concern atingir 3b cross cruzar 1c 

concern concernir 3h cross dress travestirse 3j 

condemn reprobar 1i cross oneself santiguarse 1f 

confess confesarse 1g crossbreed enrazar 1c 

confiscate confiscar 1d crossbreed mestizar 1c 

confuse intrincar 1d crowd together apeñuscarse 1d 

confuse trabucar 1d crucify crucificar 1d 

conjugate conjugar 1e crumble desmenuzar 1c 

connect entroncar 1d crumble desmenuzarse 1c 

conquer sojuzgar 1e crumble desmigar 1e 

consecrate sacralizar 1c crumble migar 1e 

consider tipificar 1d crush acuchucar 1d 

console consolar 1i crush apañuscar 1d 

console oneself consolarse 1i crush machacar 1d 

constipate estreñir 3u crystalize cristalizar 1c 

constitute constituir 3f cube cubicar 1d 

constrain coercer 2a cultivate fincar 1d 

constrict astringir 3b curl enrizar 1c 

constrict astreñir 3u curl enrizarse 1c 

contain contener 2j curl rizar 1c 

contend contender 2f curse imprecar 1d 

continue continuar 1b curse maldecir 3n 

continue proseguir 3t cut tazar 1c 

contract contraer 2n cut up destazar 1c 

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© Copywright 2007


deodorize desodorizar 1c 

depersonalize despersonalizar 1c 

depoliticize despolitizar 1c 

depopulate desertizar 1c 

damage averiar 1a depopulate despoblar 1i 

damask adamascar 1d depose deponer 2p 

dance danzar 1c deprivatize desprivatizar 1c 

dare desafiar 1a desalinate desalinizar 1c 

darken ensombrecer 2c descend descender 2f 

darken oscurecer 2c describe in detail pormenorizar 1c 

darn remendar 1g describe something calificar 1d 

darn zurcir 3a desegragate desegregar 1e 

dawn amanecer 2c desensitize desensibilizar 1c 

dazzle ofuscar 1d deserve merecer 2c 

deafen atronar 1i despair desesperanzarse 1c 

deafen ensordecer 2c despair desconsolarse 1i 

deceive embelecar 1d destabilize desestabilizar 1c 

decentralize descentralizar 1c destabilize inestabilizar 1c 

decimalize decimalizar 1c destroy destrozar 1c 

declare manifestar 1g destroy destruir 3f 

declare ones support for solidarizarse 1c detoxify desintoxicar 1d 

decline decaer 2m detract from desvirtuar 1b 

decolonize descolonizar 1c devalue devaluar 1b 

decrease decrecer 2c devalue desvalorizar 1c 

decrease descrecer 2c develop urbanizar 1c 

decrease reducirse 3m diagnose diagnosticar 1d 

dedicate dedicar 1d die agonizar 1c 

deduce inferir 3h die fallecer 2c 

deduce deducir 3m die morir 3i 

deduct descontar 1i die laughing perecerse 2c 

deepen profundizar 1c differ diferir 3h 

defeat vencer 2a dig up remover 2g 

defecate defecar 1d digest digerir 3h 

defend defender 2f digitalize digitalizar 1c 

deflect desviar 1a dignify dignificar 1d 

deflower desvirgar 1e digress divagar 1e 

defrost deshelar 1g diminish amenguar 1f 

defuse desdramatizar 1c diminish amortecer 2c 

degrade envilecer 2c dip buzar 1c 

degrade oneself envilecerse 2c dip pringar 1e 

dehumanize deshumanizar 1c diphthongize diptongar 1e 

deify divinizar 1c direct dirigir 3b 

delegate delegar 1e dirty enmugrecer 2c 

delouse espulgar 1e disable inutilizar 1c 

demand reivindicar 1d disagree desconvenir 3q 

demand exigir 3b disapear desaparecer 2c 

demarcate demarcar 1d disaprove desaprobar 1i 

demilitarize desmilitarizar 1c disassociate desmarcar 1d 

demineralize desmineralizar 1c disbelieve descreer 2d 

demobilize desmovilizar 1c disconcert desconcertar 1g 

democratize democratizar 1c discontinue descontinuar 1b 

demolish aterrar 1g discourage desalentar 1g 

demolish demoler 2g discredit desautorizar 1c 

demolish derruir 3f disembark desembarcar 1d 

demonetize desmonetizar 1c disenchant deshechizar 1c 

demonize satanizar 1c disentail desamortizar 1c 

demoralize desmoralizarse 1c disguise disfrazar 1c 

demythologize desmitificar 1d dishevel despeluzar 1c 

denationalize desnacionalizar 1c disintegrate desagregar 1e 

denature desnaturalizar 1c disinvest desinvertir 3h 

denuclearize desnuclearizar 1c dislike malquerer 2s 

deny negar 1s dislocate dislocar 1d 

deny desmentir 3h dismember desmembrar 1g 

deny oneself abnegarse 1s dismiss amover 2g 

180 

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dismiss destituir 3f dry up aridecer 2c 

dismount descabalgar 1e dry up deshumedecerse 2c 

disobey desobedecer 2c duck chapuzar 1c 

disorganize desorganizar 1c duplicate duplicar 1d 

disperse disgregar 1e dwarf empequeñecer 2c 

disperse desvanecerse 2c dye teñir 3u 

displease desplacer 2v dye brown embazar 1c 

dispossess desposeer 2d 

dispute controvertir 3h 

dispute at law litigar 1e 

disqualify descalificar 1d 

disregard desatender 2f earth up aporcar 1d 

dissect disecar 1d earth up acollar 1i 

dissent disentir 3h economize economizar 1c 

dissociate insolidarizarse 1c educate culturizar 1c 

dissociate from desolidarizarse 1c educate escolarizar 1c 

dissolve disolver 2g educate educar 1d 

dissolve desleír 3k electrify electrizar 1c 

distend distender 2f electrify electrificar 1d 

distill alambicar 1d embark embarcar 1d 

distill resacar 1d embellish embellecer 2c 

distinguish particularizar 1c embellish ennoblecer 2c 

distinguish distinguir 3c embezzle defalcar 1d 

distinguish discernir 3h embezzle desfalcar 1d 

distinguish oneself distinguirse 3c embitter agrazar 1c 

distract divertir 3h embitter amargar 1e 

distress desconsolar 1i embody personificar 1d 

distress afligir 3b embrace abrazar 1c 

distribute erogar 1e embrace abracar 1d 

distribute distribuir 3f emerge emerger 2b 

dive chapuzarse 1c emerge surgir 3b 

diverge bifurcarse 1d emigrate expatriarse 1a 

diverge divergir 3b empathize empatizar 1c 

diversify diversificar 1d emphasize enfatizar 1c 

divide into lots lotizar 1c emphasize destacar 1d 

divide into three trifurcarse 1d emphasize recalcar 1d 

do hacer 2q empty vaciar 1a 

dogmatize dogmatizar 1c enamel enlozar 1c 

domesticate domesticar 1d encircle circuir 3f 

douse rociar 1a enclose cercar 1d 

drag on eternizarse 1c enclose encercar 1d 

drain desaguar 1f encode codificar 1d 

dramatize dramatizar 1c encompass globalizar 1c 

drape, upholster tapizar 1c encourage alentar 1g 

draw trazar 1c end concluirse 3f 

dream soñar 1i end up with endilgar 1e 

dredge dragar 1e energize energizar 1c 

dress revestir 3j engage embragar 1e 

dress vestir 3j engage endentar 1g 

dress up ataviar 1a enhance nobilizar 1c 

dress up ataviarse 1a enhance realzar 1c 

dress up entarascar 1d enjoy gozar 1c 

drive conducir 3m enjoy oneself solazarse 1c 

drive mad alocar 1d enlarge engrandecer 2c 

drive mad enloquecer 2c enrage encarnizar 1c 

drive off desaparcar 1d enrage enfurecer 2c 

drive to despair desesperanzar 1c enslave esclavizar 1c 

drizzle garuar 1b enter in the accounts contabilizar 1c 

drown ahogarse 1e entertain entretener 2j 

drug narcotizar 1c entertain distraer 2n 

drug drogar 1e enthrone entronizar 1c 

dry desecar 1d entrust confiar 1a 

dry secar 1d entrust encomendar 1g 

dry off resecar 1d entrust oneself encomendarse 1g 

181 

© Copywright 2007


envelope envolver 2g familiarize familiarizar 1c 

equalize ecualizar 1c familiarize oneself with familiarizarse 1c 

equip guarnecer 2c fan abanicar 1d 

eradicate erradicar 1d fan aventar 1g 

erect erigir 3b fan oneself abanicarse 1d 

err errarse 1h fantasize quimerizar 1c 

escape fugarse 1e fascinate embebecer 2c 

establish preceptuar 1b fasten arrizar 1c 

establish arraigar 1e favour favorecer 2c 

establish averiguar 1f federate federalizar 1c 

establish cimentar 1g feed apacentarse 1g 

establish establecer 2c feel presentir 3h 

establish estatuir 3f feel chilly calofriarse 1a 

establish instituir 3f feel fulfilled autorrealizarse 1c 

europeanize europeizar 1c feel guilt remorder 2g 

evaluate evaluar 1b feel guilt sentir 3h 

evangelize evangelizar 1c feel remorseful compungir 3b 

evoke evocar 1d feel unfriendly antipatizar 1c 

exagerate magnificar 1d feign fingir 3b 

excel lucirse 3e fertilize fecundizar 1c 

except exceptuar 1b fertilize fertilizar 1c 

exchange trocar 1r fill atapuzar 1c 

exclude excluir 3f fill henchir 3j 

exclude oneself autoexcluirse 3f fill rehenchir 3j 

excommunicate excomulgar 1e fill up macizar 1c 

exemplify ejemplarizar 1c fill with air aventarse 1g 

exemplify ejemplificar 1d fill with gold orificar 1d 

exempt from taxation desfiscalizar 1c fill with mortar enfoscar 1d 

exert oneself esforzarse 1c fill with pride enorgullecer 2c 

exert oneself esforzarse 1p finalize ultimizar 1c 

exhaust extenuar 1b find encontrar 1i 

exhibit exponer 2p finish finalizar 1c 

exhilerate euforizar 1c finish concluir 3f 

exhonerate desculpabilizar 1c fish pescar 1d 

exile desterrar 1g fit caber 2k 

exorcise exorcizar 1c fix trucar 1d 

expire caducar 1d flag desvitalizarse 1c 

expire extinguirse 3c flare nesgar 1e 

explain explicar 1d flatter halagar 1e 

explain justificar 1d flee huir 3f 

explain esclarecer 2c flood aguazar 1c 

expose oneself to something exponerse 2p flood enaguazar 1c 

express outwardly exteriorizar 1c flouridate flouorizar 1c 

expurgate expurgar 1e flow afluir 3f 

extend ampliar 1a flow fluir 3f 

extend prorrogar 1e flow back refluir 3f 

externalize somatizar 1c flow into desembocar 1d 

extinguish extinguir 3c flower florecer 2c 

extol enaltecer 2c fluctuate fluctuar 1b 

extract extraer 2n fly volar 1i 

fly over sobrevolar 1i 

fly over trasvolar 1i 

focus enfocar 1d 

focus on focalizar 1c 

fade deslucir 3e fold alechigar 1e 

fade desteñir 3u fold plegar 1s 

fail to notice desadvertir 1f follow enancar 1d 

fall caer 2m follow seguir 3t 

fall behind rezagarse 1e follow aborregarse 1e 

fall into a ditch abarrancarse 1d forbid interdecir 3n 

fall out desavenirse 3q force forzar 1c 

fall over caerse 2m force obligar 1e 

fall over a precipice desbarrancarse 1d force forzar 1p 

fall to sleep dormirse 3i force open desatrancar 1d 

182 

© Copywright 2007


ford esguazar 1c give in darse 1n 

forecast pronosticar 1d give indigestion to estomagar 1e 

foreshorten escorzar 1c give oneself airs importantizarse 1c 

forge falsificar 1d give shelter to amadrigar 1e 

forge fraguar 1f give somebody a cold resfriar 1a 

forget trascordarse 1i give something up desposeerse 2d 

form a pool apozarse 1c gladden alborozar 1c 

form a union sindicalizarse 1c glitter relucir 3e 

form pools empozarse 1c glorify glorificar 1d 

formalize formalizar 1c glow fosforecer 2c 

fornicate fornicar 1d gnaw roer 2y 

fortify fortificar 1d gnaw ruñir 3g 

forward reexpedir 3j go ir 3r 

fossilize fosilizarse 1c go against the wishes desfavorecer 2c 

frame enmarcar 1d go back on something desdecirse 3n 

fraternize confraternizar 1c go bankrupt fallir 3g 

fraternize fraternizar 1c go blind enceguecerse 2c 

freeze helar 1g go bold encalvecer 2c 

frighten atemorizar 1c go broody enclocar 1r 

fry churruscar 1d go broody encloquecer 2c 

fry freír 3k go grey encanecer 2c 

fry lightly sofreír 3k go lumpy abodocarse 1d 

furnigate fumigar 1e go mad enloquecerse 2c 

furnish amoblar 1i go moldy apercancarse 1d 

go moldy florecerse 2c 

go nuclear nuclearizarse 1c 

go numb entumerse 2c 

go off desvirtuarse 1b 

gag amordazar 1c go stale revenirse 3q 

galvanize galvanizar 1c go to bed acostarse 1i 

gang up apaniguarse 1f go too far desmedirse 3j 

gargle gargarizar 1c gore acornar 1i 

gather congregarse 1e gore encornar 1i 

gather fruncir 3a got dearer encarecerse 2c 

gather herbs herborizar 1c govern gobernar 1g 

gear down desmultiplicar 1d govern oneself autogobobernarse 1g 

generalize generalizar 1c grant a truce to atreguar 1f 

get a move on moverse 2g graze apacentar 1g 

get broken quebrarse 1g graze raer 2x 

get dark anochecer 2c grind chancar 1d 

get dark atardecer 2c grind amolar 1i 

get dark tardecer 2c grind moler 2g 

get drunk chingarse 1e grind up small remoler 2g 

get even despicarse 1d grip atenazar 1c 

get into a jam atrabancarse 1d groan gemir 3j 

get into debt endrogarse 1e groom almohazar 1c 

get lost extraviarse 1a groove estriar 1a 

get lost perderse 2f grow acrecentarse 1g 

get off course destorcerse 2z grow crecer 2c 

get old envejecerse 2c grow dark ensombrecerse 2c 

get on simpatizar 1c grow dim amortiguarse 1f 

get ones arms around abarcar 1d grow feathers emplumecer 2c 

get out of focus desenfocar 1d grow hoarse enronquecerse 2c 

get overcrowded masificarse 1d grow sad entristecerse 2c 

get rid of something desembarazarse 1c grow sad engerirse 3h 

get somebody off drugs deshabituar 1b grow serious formalizarse 1c 

get up early madrugar 1e grunt gruñir 3g 

get used habituarse 1b guarantee garantizar 1c 

give encargar 1e guess acertar 1g 

give largar 1e guide guiar 1a 

give dar 1n 

give a second chance to repescar 1d 

give hope to esperanzar 1c 

give in claudicar 1d 

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hail granizar 1c ice alcorzar 1c 

half close entrecerrar 1g idealize idealizar 1c 

half hear entreoír 3o identify identificar 1d 

hamper embarazar 1c idolize deificar 1d 

hang ahorcar 1d ignore desoír 3o 

hang colgar 1t illtreat maltraer 2n 

hang on aferrarse 1g imagine suponer 2p 

happen acaecer 2c imitate mimetizar 1c 

happen acontecer 2c immerse sumergir 3b 

happen unexpectedley sobrevenir 3q immobilize inmovilizar 1c 

harangue arengar 1e immortalize inmortalizar 1c 

harass hostilizar 1c immunize inmunizar 1c 

harass hostigar 1e imply significar 1d 

harden encallecer 2c impose imponer 2p 

harden endurecer 2c impoverish empobrecer 2c 

harm perjudicar 1d imprison recluir 3f 

harmonize armonizar 1c improve bonificar 1d 

harmonize consonar 1i improvize repentizar 1c 

harness enjaezar 1c impugn redargüir 3f 

harvest tapiscar 1d incense incensar 1g 

have tener 2j incite azuzar 1c 

have haber 2i incite instigar 1e 

have a breakdown averiarse 1a include incluir 3f 

have lunch almorzar 1p include oneself autoincluirse 3f 

have one's photo taken fotografiarse 1a increase acrecentar 1g 

have tea merendar 1g increase engrosar 1i 

heal cicatrizar 1c increase acrecer 2c 

hear oír 3o increase recrecer 2c 

heat calentar 1g increase a hundredfold centuplicar 1d 

help sufragar 1e increase in value valorizarse 1c 

hem repulgar 1e index indizar 1c 

hesitate escrupulizar 1c individualize individuar 1b 

hide zambucar 1d individualize individualizar 1c 

hinder obstaculizar 1c industrialize industrializar 1c 

hispanicize castellanizar 1c infer inducir 3m 

hispanicize españolizar 1c infest plagar 1e 

hispanicize hispanizar 1c inflame enardecer 2c 

hitch up empertigar 1e inflict infligir 3b 

hoist alzar 1c influence influir 3f 

hold sostener 2j infringe conculcar 1d 

hole out embocar 1d infuriate embravecer 2c 

hollow out ahuecar 1d infuse imbuir 3f 

homogenize homogeneizar 1c inhale sequiar 1a 

horrify horrorizar 1c initial rubricar 1d 

hospitalize hospitalizar 1c initialize inicializar 1c 

hover cernerse 2f injure damnificar 1d 

howl marramizar 1c injure herir 3h 

huddle together apretarse 1g insert interponer 2p 

humanize humanizar 1c insert injerir 3h 

humidify humidificar 1d insinuate insinuar 1b 

hunt cazar 1c inspect verificar 1d 

hurl abalanzar 1c instill inculcar 1d 

hurry up ahincarse 1d institutionalize institucionalizar 1c 

hurt doler 2g instruct instruir 3f 

husk despancar 1d insult denostar 1i 

hybridize hibridizar 1c intensify intensificar 1d 

hydrolize hidrolizar 1c intensify recrudecerse 2c 

hypnotize hipnotizar 1c interact interactuar 1b 

hypothesize hipotetizar 1c interbreed entrecruzarse 1c 

intercept entrecoger 2b 

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interfere inmiscuirse 3f land on the moon selenizar 1c 

interfere injerirse 3h languish languidecer 2c 

interfere with mediatizar 1c lasso lazar 1c 

interfere with interferir 3h latinize latinizar 1c 

internalize interiorizar 1c laugh reír 3k 

internalize internalizar 1c lavish prodigar 1e 

internationalize internacionalizar 1c lay tender 2f 

interrogate interrogar 1e lay back amusgar 1e 

intersect intersecarse 1d lay down acortar 1i 

intertwine entrelazar 1c lay eggs desovar 1k 

intertwine entrelazarse 1c lead encabezar 1c 

intervene interponerse 2p lead protagonizar 1c 

interweave entrecruzar 1c lead towards the right derechizar 1c 

intigue intrigar 1e lean recostar 1i 

introduce introducir 3m leave salir 3p 

invest invertir 3h leave short desabastecer 2c 

invest investir 3j legalize despenalizar 1c 

investigate indagar 1e legalize legalizar 1c 

investigate investigar 1e legitimize legitimizar 1c 

investigate inquirir 3h let arrendar 1g 

invigorate dinamizar 1c let off steam desahogarse 1e 

invigorate vigorizar 1c lever up apalancar 1d 

invigorate tonificar 1d lexicalize lexicalizar 1c 

invigorate vivificar 1d liberalize liberalizar 1c 

invoke invocar 1d lick noisily lamiscar 1d 

invoke acogerse 2b lie yacer 2w 

involve enzarzar 1c lie mentir 3h 

involve implicar 1d lie flat alebrarse 1g 

ionize ionizar 1c lie in ambush emboscarse 1d 

irrigate irrigar 1e lift an embargo desembargar 1e 

irrigate regar 1s lift paving stones desempedrar 1g 

isolate incomunicar 1d light encender 2f 

itemize itemizar 1c light encenderse 2f 

like bienquerer 2s 

limit circunferir 3h 

lithograph litografiar 1a 

load cargar 1e 

join mancornar 1i loathe aborrecer 2c 

join adherirse 3h locate localizar 1c 

judge conceptuar 1b locate sentar 1g 

judge juzgar 1e lock trancar 1d 

juxtapose yuxtaponer 2p look for buscar 1d 

loosen desaferrar 1g 

loosen desapretar 1g 

lose extraviar 1a 

lose perder 2f 

keep oneself entertained distaerse 2n lose all sense of shame desvergonzarse 1p 

knead heñir 3u lose heart desalentarse 1g 

knock back chingar 1e lose ones timidity desencoger 2b 

knock down revolcar 1r lose ones way descarriarse 1a 

know conocer 2c lose the habit deshabituarse 1b 

know saber 2l lose weight enflaquecerse 2c 

know oneself conocerse 2c lounge repanchigarse 1e 

lower arriar 1a 

lower abellacar 1d 

lower oneself descolgarse 1t 

lubricate lubricar 1d 

lack carecer 2c lubricate lubrificar 1d 

lacquer lacar 1d luff orzar 1c 

laicize laicizar 1c 

laminate plastificar 1d 

land aterrizar 1c 

land actuatizar 1c 

land on the moon alunizar 1c magnetize magnetizar 1c 

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make conceited infatuar 1b mimeograph mimeografiar 1a 

make conceited envanecer 2c mineralize mineralizar 1c 

make concessions transigir 3b miniaturize miniaturizar 1c 

make cracks in abarrancar 1d minimize minimalizar 1c 

make drowsy aletargar 1e minimize minimizar 1c 

make drunk encalamocar 1d misdirect descarriar 1a 

make drunk embriagar 1e misgovern desgobernar 1g 

make hoarse enronquecer 2c mishear trasoír 3o 

make illegal ilegitimizar 1c misplace descolocar 1d 

make incompatible incompatibilizar 1c miss errar 1h 

make independent independizar 1c mitigate mitigar 1e 

make less bureaucratic desburocratizar 1c mix triscar 1d 

make like a man virilizar 1c mix up equivocar 1d 

make neurotic neurotizar 1c mobilize movilizar 1c 

make official oficializar 1c model modelizar 1c 

make opaque opacar 1d modernize modernizar 1c 

make operative operativizar 1c modernize modernizarse 1c 

make pleasant amenizar 1c modify modificar 1d 

make profitable rentabilizar 1c moisten humedecer 2c 

make proud ensoberbecer 2c monitor monitorizar 1c 

make silly embobecer 2c monopolize monopolizar 1c 

make silly entontecer 2c moo mugir 3b 

make suitable idoneizar 1c moralize moralizar 1c 

make symetrical simetrizar 1c mortgage hipotecar 1d 

make the sign of the cross santiguar 1f motorize motorizar 1c 

make thin enflaquecer 2c motorize motorizarse 1c 

make trouble between desavenir 3q mourn plañir 3g 

make uneasy desasosegar 1s move desplazar 1c 

make up entrever 2t move mover 2g 

make vain engreír 3k move about trasegar 1s 

make viable viabilizar 1c move away alongarse 1i 

make white hot encandecer 2c move closer acercar 1d 

manage averiguarse 1f move to the right derechizarse 1c 

manufacture fabricar 1d muffle embozar 1c 

marginalize marginalizar 1c muffle amortiguar 1f 

mark marcar 1d muffle oneself up embozarse 1c 

mark with buoys balizar 1c mug atracar 1d 

martyr martirizar 1c multiply multiplicar 1d 

masculinize masculinizar 1c mummify momificar 1d 

materialize materializar 1c munch ronzar 1c 

materialize materializarse 1c mystify mistificar 1d 

materialize realizarse 1c mythologize mitificar 1d 

maximize maximizar 1c 

measure medir 3j 

measure out dosificar 1d 

mechanize mecanizar 1c 

meet confluir 3f nasalize nasalizar 1c 

meet again reencontrarse 1i nationalize estatalizar 1c 

melt colicuar 1b nationalize estatizar 1c 

melt deshelarse 1g naturalize nacionalizar 1c 

melt derretir 3j naturalize naturalizar 1c 

memorize memorizar 1c necrotize necrotizar 1c 

mend apedazar 1c necrotize necrotizarse 1c 

menstruate menstruar 1b nest nidificar 1d 

mention mentar 1g neutralize finlandizar 1c 

mesmerize mesmerizar 1c neutralize negativizar 1c 

mess things up fuñir 3g neutralize neutralizar 1c 

metabolize metabolizar 1c neutralize each other neutralizarse 1c 

metallize metalizar 1c nibble comiscar 1d 

metastasize metastatizar 1c nibble at mordiscar 1d 

metastasize metastizar 1c nick mariscar 1d 

microphotograph microfotografiar 1a nominalize nominalizar 1c 

militarize militarizar 1c normalize normalizar 1c 

milk vampirizar 1c normalize normalizarse 1c 

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not approve improbar 1i pay pagar 1e 

notice remarcar 1d pay retribuir 3f 

notify notificar 1d pay off the mortgage on deshipotecar 1d 

numb desvitalizar 1c pedestrianize peatonalizar 1c 

numb entumecer 2c peel descortezar 1c 

nuzzle hocicar 1d penalize penalizar 1c 

perforate dentar 1g 

perish perecer 2c 

perpetuate perpetuar 1b 

perpetuate eternizar 1c 

obey obedecer 2c persist porfiar 1a 

oblige complacer 2v personalize personalizar 1c 

obscure entenebrecer 2c pervert pervertir 3h 

obstruct entorpecer 2c pervert the course of justice prevaricar 1d 

obstruct obstruir 3f pester singar 1e 

obtain obtener 2j petrify petrificar 1d 

occasion irrogar 1e photograph fotografiar 1a 

occur rarely soler 2g pick up recoger 2b 

offer ofrecer 2c pile up entongar 1e 

offer to help acomedirse 3j pin down absolutizar 1c 

optimize optimizar 1c pinch pellizcar 1d 

organize organizar 1c pinch pizcar 1d 

organize into groups abanderizar 1c pinch mangar 1e 

ossify osificar 1d pity compadecer 2c 

oust desbancar 1d place colocar 1d 

outsource externalizar 1c place ubicar 1d 

overact sobreactuar 1b place asentar 1g 

overburden sobrecargar 1e place before preponer 2p 

overcapitalize sobrecapatilizar 1c place in front anteponer 2p 

overcriticize critiquizar 1c plait trenzar 1c 

overexpose sobreexponer 2p plan tizar 1c 

overgrow with trees enmaniguarse 1f plan planificar 1d 

overheat atarragarse 1e plant oneself plantificarse 1d 

overheat recalentar 1g plant trees arborizar 1c 

overheat sobrecalentar 1g plaster estucar 1d 

overlap imbricar 1d plaster enlucir 3e 

overlap superponer 2p play jugar 1l 

overproduce sobreproducir 3m play (an instrument) tañer 2e 

overprotect sobreproteger 2b play down relativizar 1c 

overrule sobreseer 2d plead suplicar 1d 

overstep the mark resoltarse 1i pleasure complacerse 2v 

overthrow derrocar 1d pleasure placer 2v 

own poseer 2d pleat alforzar 1c 

plonk down plantificar 1d 

plough asurcar 1d 

plough surcar 1d 

plug atascar 1d 

pacify ariscar 1d plunge zampuzar 1c 

pacify pacificar 1d plunge zambuir 3f 

pack empacar 1d plunge zabullir 3g 

pack atestar 1g plunge zambullir 3g 

pack tightly azocar 1d pluralize pluralizar 1c 

pan panoramarizar 1c poeticize poetizar 1c 

pant acezar 1c poison intoxicar 1d 

paralyze paralizar 1c poison atosigar 1e 

paralyze tullir 3g poke atizar 1c 

park aparcar 1d poke hurgar 1e 

partition off entabicar 1d polarize polarizar 1c 

pass aprobar 1i polish bruñir 3g 

pass away fenecer 2c politicize politizar 1c 

pasteurize pasterizar 1c poll descornar 1i 

pasteurize pasteurizar 1c pollenate polinizar 1c 

patronize patronizar 1c pontificate pontificar 1d 

pave empedrar 1g popularize popularizar 1c 

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popularize vulgarizar 1c punish castigar 1e 

populate poblar 1i purchase adquirir 3h 

populate with people poblarse 1i purge purgar 1e 

position apostar 1i purify potabilizar 1c 

postpone aplazar 1c purify purificar 1d 

postpone postergar 1e pursue perseguir 3t 

postpone rezagar 1e push apechugar 1e 

postpone posponer 2p put poner 2p 

pound machucar 1d put across atravesar 1g 

pour out abocar 1d put on oponer 2p 

pour out verter 2f put on flesh encarnecer 2c 

practice ejercer 2a put on one's Sunday best endomingarse 1e 

practise practicar 1d put out apagar 1e 

praise ensalzar 1c put out of tune desacordar 1i 

praise preconizar 1c put up the price of encarecer 2c 

preach predicar 1d 

predict agorar 1j 

predict prever 2t 

predict predecir 3n 

predispose predisponer 2p quantify cuantificar 1d 

prefabricate prefabricar 1d quarter descuartizar 1c 

preface prologar 1e quarter despiezar 1c 

prefer preferir 3h quieten down apaciguarse 1f 

preheat precalentar 1g quintuple quintuplicar 1d 

prejudge prejuzgar 1e 

prepare aviar 1a 

prepare aderazar 1c 

prepare mentally mentalizar 1c 

prepay antepagar 1e radicalize radicalizar 1c 

presuppose sobrentender 2f radiotelegraph radiotelegrafiar 1a 

presuppose presuponer 2p rain llover 2g 

pretend not to know desentenderse 2f raise criar 1a 

prevail prevalecer 2c raise enarcar 1d 

prevent impedir 3j raise erguir 3l 

prevent prevenir 3q randomize aleatorizar 1c 

prick chuzar 1c rant and rave despotricar 1d 

prioritize prioizar 1c rarefy enrarecer 2c 

privatize privatizar 1c rarify rarificar 1d 

privatize reprivatizar 1c ratify ratificar 1d 

produce redituar 1b rationalize racionalizar 1c 

produce rendir 3j reach preacordar 1i 

produce producir 3m read leer 2d 

produce fruit fructificar 1d reap segar 1s 

professionalize profesionalizar 1c reappraise reevaluar 1b 

project sobresalir 3p reassure tranquilizar 1c 

proletarianize proletarizar 1c reboot reinicializar 1c 

prolong prolongar 1e rebuild reedificar 1d 

promote promover 2g receive acoger 2b 

prophesize profetizar 1c rechristen rebautizar 1c 

protect tutuorizar 1c reciprocate reciprocar 1d 

protect proteger 2b recline recostarse 1i 

protect guarecer 2c recognise reconocer 2c 

protect oneself autoprotegerse 2b recommence recomenzar 1c 

prove demostrar 1i recommence recomenzar 1o 

prove probar 1i recommend recomendar 1g 

provide aducir 3m reconcile concordar 1i 

provide accomodation albegar 1e reconstitute reconstituir 3f 

provoke encolerizar 1c reconstruct reconstruir 3f 

psychoanalyze psicoanalizar 1c reconvert reconvertir 3h 

publish publicar 1d recount recontar 1i 

pull up arrancar 1d recover restablecerse 2c 

pulverize pulverizar 1c recover reponerse 2p 

punctuate puntuar 1b recover rehacerse 2q 

puncture pungir 3b recover readquirir 3h 

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rectify rectificar 1d reprimand reconvenir 3q 

recur reaparecer 2c reproduce reproducir 3m 

redden enrojecer 2c request rogar 1t 

redefine resituar 1b require requerir 3h 

redirect reenviar 1a reread releer 2d 

redistribute redistribuir 3f resemble parecerse 2c 

redo rehacer 2q resent resentir 3h 

reduce achicar 1d resent something resentirse 3h 

reduce apocar 1d resettle reasentar 1g 

reduce menguar 1f resound resonar 1i 

reduce disminuir 3f resow resembrar 1g 

reduce reducir 3m rest holgar 1t 

reduplicate reduplicar 1d restrict restringir 3b 

redye reteñir 3u restrict constreñir 3u 

reeducate reeducar 1d retain retener 2j 

reelect reelegir 3s rethink repensar 1g 

reestablish restablecer 2c retire recogerse 2b 

refer deferir 3h retrace desandar 1m 

refer to referirse 3h retract retraer 2n 

refill recargar 1e return devolver 2g 

refloat desembarrancar 1d return volver 2g 

refold replegar 1s return restituir 3f 

refuel reabastecer 2c re-use reutilizar 1c 

refuse denegar 1s revalue revaluar 1b 

refuse to budge retacarse 1d revalue revalorizar 1c 

regularize regularizar 1c reveal translucir 3e 

reimpose reimponer 2p reveal traslucir 3e 

reinforce reforzar 1c reverse trasroscar 1d 

reinforce reforzar 1p reverse trastocar 1d 

reintroduce reintroducir 3m revert revertir 3h 

reinvest reinvertir 3h review rever 2t 

rejuvenate rejuvenecer 2c revitalize revitalizar 1c 

relapse recaer 2m revitalize revivificar 1d 

relaunch relanzar 1c revive reverdecer 2c 

relax flexibilizar 1c revive resurgir 3b 

relax distenderse 2f revoke revocar 1d 

release desembragar 1e reward gratificar 1d 

release soltar 1i ride cabalgar 1e 

relegate relegar 1e ride behind enancarse 1d 

relieve descercar 1d ride up respingar 1e 

relight reencender 1g ridicule ironizar 1c 

relight reescender 1g ridicule ridiculizar 1c 

relinquish abdicar 1d ridicule escarnecer 2c 

remember recordar 1i ring repicar 1d 

remove detraer 2n rinse enjuagar 1e 

remove sustraer 2n ripple rizarse 1c 

remove clothing of desabrigar 1e rise revalorizarse 1c 

remove one's clothing desabrigarse 1e risk arriscar 1d 

render incensitive insensibilizar 1c risk arriesgar 1e 

renew renovar 1i roam vagar 1e 

renounce renegar 1s roar rugir 3b 

reorganize reorganizar 1c rock brezar 1c 

reorganize reorganizarse 1c rock mecer 2a 

repair recomponer 2p roll reliar 1a 

repay resarcir 3a roll in batter rebozar 1c 

repeal derogar 1e roll up aparragarse 1e 

repeat repetir 3j roll up arremangar 1e 

repel rechazar 1c roll up remangar 1e 

repent arrepentirse 3h roll up one's sleeves arremangarse 1e 

replace reemplazar 1c romanize romanizar 1c 

replace remplazar 1c romp retozar 1c 

replace substituir 3f rope themselves together encordarse 1i 

replenish reponer 2p rotate rodar 1i 

repopulate repoblar 1i row bogar 1e 

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rub rozar 1c select entresacar 1d 

rub estregar 1s self- analyze autoanalizarse 1c 

rub lullir 3g self destruct autodestruirse 3f 

ruin estragar 1e send enviar 1a 

rule regir 3s send expedir 3j 

rumple achurruscar 1d send by air aeroenviar 1a 

rumple luir 3f send to sleep adormecer 2c 

run aground embarrancar 1d sensationalize sensacionalizar 1c 

run away ariscarse 1d sense intuir 3f 

run riot desbocarse 1d sensitize sensibilizar 1c 

run(colour) desteñirse 3u serialize serializar 1c 

rush atrabancar 1d serve servir 3j 

rust azumagarse 1e serve out compurgar 1e 

rust enmocecer 2c set engarzar 1c 

set oneself imponerse 2p 

set to music musicalizar 1c 

set upright enhestar 1g 

settle afincarse 1d 

sack ensacar 1d settle establecerse 2c 

sacrifice sacrificar 1d shag follar 1i 

sadden entristecer 2c shake estremecer 2c 

sail navegar 1e shake remecer 2c 

salinize salinizar 1c shake conmover 2g 

sanctify santificar 1d shame abroncar 1d 

sanction homologar 1e shame avergonzar 1p 

sanforize sanforizar 1c sharpen agudizar 1c 

satirize satirizar 1c sharpen aguzar 1c 

satisfy satisfacer 2q shell descascar 1d 

sauté rehogar 1e shelter guarecerse 2c 

saw aserrar 1g shine resplandecer 2c 

saw up serrar 1g shine fulgir 3b 

say rezar 1c shine lucir 3e 

say decir 3n shine brightly refulgir 3b 

say goodbye to despedir 3j shit cagar 1e 

scandalize escandalizar 1c shit oneself cagarse 1e 

scarify escarificar 1d shoe herrar 1g 

scatter desperdigar 1e shoot at somebody tacar 1d 

scatter esparcir 3a shoot ones mouth off deslenguarse 1f 

scent aromatizar 1c show patentizar 1c 

school escolar 1i show indicar 1d 

scoff manducar 1d show mostrar 1i 

scold rezongar 1e show restraint comedirse 3j 

scorch chamuscar 1d show through entrelucir 3e 

scrape together añascar 1d shrink encoger 2b 

scratch rascar 1d shudder retemblar 1g 

scratch rachir 3g shut encerrar 1g 

screw on enroscar 1d sieve cerner 2f 

script guionizar 1c sift tamizar 1c 

scrub refregar 1s signpost señalizar 1c 

scrub restregar 1s silence enmudecer 2c 

scrutinize espigar 1e silt up embancarse 1d 

search esculcar 1d simplify simplificar 1d 

search carefully rebuscar 1d sin pecar 1d 

secularize secularizar 1c singe perdigar 1e 

securitize titulizar 1c single out singularizar 1c 

seduce seducir 3m sink naufragar 1e 

see ver 2t sit down sentarse 1g 

seed preescoger 2b sketch esbozar 1c 

seem parecer 2c ski esquiar 1a 

segregate segregar 1e skin desollar 1i 

seize embargar 1e skip brincar 1d 

seize aferrar 1g skirmish escaramuzar 1c 

seize by the neck apercollar 1i slant sesgar 1e 

seize by the neck apescollar 1i slaughter degollar 1j 

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slave away apencar 1d stage escenificar 1d 

sleep dormir 3i stain with blood ensangrentar 1g 

sleep badly maldormir 3i stand asentarse 1g 

slide deslizarse 1c stand on end despeluzarse 1c 

slim adelgazar 1c stand on end erizarse 1c 

slip deslizar 1c stand out particularizarse 1c 

slog away pencar 1d stand out singularizarse 1c 

slog away descornarse 1i stand out descollar 1i 

slow down ralentizar 1c standardize estandardizar 1c 

slow down enlentecer 2c standardize estandarizar 1c 

smell oliscar 1d standardize uniformizar 1c 

smell oler 2h star in estelarizar 1c 

smile sonreír 3k startle sobrecoger 2b 

smoke marijuana atizarse 1c stay permanecer 2c 

smooth suavizar 1c stem estancar 1d 

smooth out desarrugar 1e stencil estarcir 3a 

sneak in colarse 1i sterilize esterilizar 1c 

snoop on fisgar 1e stick pegar 1e 

snore roncar 1d stigmatize estigmatizar 1c 

snow nevar 1g sting mordicar 1d 

snow lightly neviscar 1d sting picar 1d 

snuggle up acurrucarse 1d sting escocer 2z 

sober up desembriagar 1e stink heder 2f 

sodomize sodomizar 1c stir bazucar 1d 

soften emblandecer 2c stop detener 2j 

soften enternecer 2c straighten desrizar 1c 

soften reblandecer 2c straighten enderezar 1c 

soil ciscar 1d straighten destorcer 2z 

soil emporcar 1r straighten up enderezarse 1c 

solemnize solemnizar 1c straighten up erguirse 3l 

solidify solidificar 1d strain esforzar 1c 

soliloquize monologar 1e strain colar 1i 

solve resolver 2g strain trascolar 1i 

sound sonar 1i strain esforzar 1p 

soundproof insonorizar 1c stratify estratificar 1d 

sow sembrar 1g strengthen afianzar 1c 

spawn frezar 1c strengthen fortalecer 2c 

specialize especializarse 1c strengthen robustecer 2c 

specify puntualizar 1c stress acentuar 1b 

specify especificar 1d stretch desperezarse 1c 

spin dry centrifugar 1e stretch entesar 1g 

spiritualize espiritualizar 1c stretch alongar 1t 

spit-roast rostizar 1c stretch desentorpecer 2c 

splash salpicar 1d stretch desentumecer 2c 

split tronzar 1c stretch extenderse 2f 

spoil malcriar 1a strip bare desguarnecer 2c 

spoil maleducar 1d struggle bregar 1e 

spoil achichiguar 1f stuff atarugar 1e 

sponsor esponsorizar 1c stuff oneself atapuzarse 1c 

sprawl repantigarse 1e stuff oneself atracarse 1d 

spray atomizar 1c stuff oneself atestarse 1g 

spread divulgar 1e stuff oneself with medicines emboticarse 1d 

spread propagar 1e stuff with food empapuzar 1c 

spread extender 2f stupefy idiotizar 1c 

spread one's legs esparrancarse 1d stupefy imbecilizar 1c 

spread one's legs espernancarse 1d stupefy embrutecer 2c 

spread out desencoger 2b stutter balbucir 3e 

spread out esparcirse 3a stylize estilizar 1c 

sprout entallecer 2c subdue subyugar 1e 

sprout nacerse 2c sublet subarrendar 1g 

spy espiar 1a submit entregar 1e 

squeeze achuñuscar 1d substitute subrogar 1t 

stabilize estabilizar 1c substitute sustituir 3f 

stage teatralizar 1c subvert subvertir 3h 

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suffer padecer 2c ted henificar 1d 

suffocate sofocar 1d tell referir 3h 

suffocate atafagar 1e tell off reñir 3u 

suggest proponer 2p temporize temporalizar 1c 

suggest sugerir 3h tempt tentar 1g 

sulk enfoscarse 1d terrace atterazar 1c 

sum up epilogar 1e terrify aterrorizar 1c 

summon emplazar 1c testify testificar 1d 

summon muñir 3g testify to atestiguar 1f 

superimpose sobreponer 2p tether apersogar 1e 

supervise superentender 2f thank agradecer 2c 

supply abastecer 2c thank a lot agradecerse 2c 

supply proveer 2d thaw derretirse 3j 

support mantener 2j theorize teorizar 1c 

surround ceñir 3u theorize teorizar 1c 

suspect olerse 2h thin out sutilizar 1c 

swallow tragar 1e think pensar 1g 

swallow ingerir 3h think ill of malpensar 1g 

swamp encharcar 1d threaten amenazar 1c 

swap destrocar 1r threaten amagar 1e 

sweeten endulzar 1c throw lanzar 1c 

sweeten dulcificar 1d throw abayuncar 1d 

swell abotagarse 1e throw against a wall achocar 1d 

swell abotargarse 1e throw over precipice desbarrancar 1d 

swell henchirse 3j thrust hincar 1d 

switch over trastocar 1r thunder tronar 1i 

switch over trastrocar 1r tie enlazar 1c 

symbolize simbolizar 1c tie ligar 1e 

sympathize with condolerse 2g tie up liar 1a 

synchronize sincronizar 1c tighten apretar 1g 

synthesize sintetizar 1c tighten atesar 1g 

systematize sistematizar 1c tighten tesar 1g 

tile solar 1i 

tire hastiar 1a 

tire fatigar 1e 

tire of hastiarse 1a 

tackle placar 1d toast tostar 1i 

take coger 2b torment mortificar 1d 

take cogerse 2b totalize totalizar 1c 

take a risk arriscarse 1d touch tocar 1d 

take back retrotraer 2n touch down amerizar 1c 

take back reconducir 3m touch up retocar 1d 

take down descolgar 1t tow remolcar 1d 

take down in shorthand estenografiar 1a tow sirgar 1e 

take off ones shoes descalzarse 1c trace calcar 1d 

take off somebodys shoes descalzar 1c traffic traficar 1d 

take one's degree graduarse 1b transcend transcender 2f 

take out sacar 1d transcend trascender 2f 

take out of context descontextualizar 1c transfer transferir 3h 

take part intervenir 3q transform devenir 3q 

take place producirse 3m translate traducir 3m 

take root enraizar 1c transport vehicalizar 1c 

take to flight again revolar 1i transpose transponer 2p 

talk platicar 1d transpose trasponer 2p 

tame desembravecer 2c traumatize traumatizar 1c 

tan atezar 1c tread hollar 1i 

tarmac macadamizar 1c treble triplicar 1d 

tattoo tatuar 1b tremble temblar 1g 

tax acensuar 1b tremble estremecerse 2c 

teach a lesson to escarmentar 1g trick embaucar 1d 

tear rasgar 1e trip trompezar 1c 

tear to pieces despedazar 1c trip tropezar 1c 

tear to shreds trizar 1c trip trompicar 1d 

teathe endentecer 2c trip trompezar 1o 

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trip tropezar 1o uproot desarraigar 1e 

trisect trisecar 1d upset indisponer 2p 

trivialize frivolizar 1c upturn embicar 1d 

trivialize trivializar 1c urge ahincar 1d 

truncate troncar 1d urge ahincar 1q 

truncate truncar 1d use utilizar 1c 

trust somebody fiarse 1a utter proferir 3h 

try on probarse 1i 

tuck up arregazar 1c 

tune into sintonizar 1c 

turn against it's user retrucar 1d 

turn black ennegrecerse 2c value avaluar 1b 

turn green enverdecer 2c value valuar 1b 

turn green verdecer 2c value valorizar 1c 

turn pale empalidecer 2c vaporize evaporizar 1c 

turn pale palidecer 2c vaporize vaporizar 1c 

turn white emblanquecerse 2c vaporize vaporizarse 1c 

turn yellow amarillecer 2c varnish barnizar 1c 

turn yellow enmarillecerse 2c varnish embarnizar 1c 

twist retorcer 2z velarize velarizar 1c 

twist torcer 2z vent desahogar 1e 

twist up abejucarse 1d vent desfogar 1e 

type dactilografiar 1a verbalize verbalizar 1c 

type mecanografiar 1a versify versificar 1d 

tyrannize tiranizar 1c victimize victimizar 1c 

vindicate vindicar 1d 

visualize visualizar 1c 

vitalize vitalizar 1c 

vitrify vitrificar 1d 

unblock desobstruir 3f vocalize vocalizar 1c 

uncross descruzar 1c voice sonorizarse 1c 

underestimate infravaluar 1b volatilize volatilizar 1c 

underexpose subexponer 2p volatilize volatilizarse 1c 

underlie subyacer 2w vomit debocar 1d 

understand entender 2f vomit trasbocar 1d 

understand sobreentender 2f vulcanize vulcanizar 1c 

under-use infrautilizar 1c 

undervalue minusvalorizar 1c 

undo destejer 2c 

undo desceñir 3u 

undress desvestir 3j wake despertar 1g 

undress desvestirse 3j wake up despertarse 1g 

unearth desenterrar 1g wake up recordarse 1i 

unfold desplegar 1s walk andar 1m 

unfold descoger 2b want querer 2s 

unionize sindicalizar 1c warble gorgorizar 1c 

unionize sindicar 1d warm oneself up calentarse 1g 

unite unificar 1d warm up recocer 2z 

unite coligarse 1e warn advertir 3h 

universalize universalizar 1c wash fregar 1s 

unload descargar 1e water aguar 1f 

unmask desembozar 1c waterproof impermeabilizar 1c 

unpack desempacar 1d weaken atenuarse 1b 

unscrew desenroscar 1d wear calzar 1c 

unstick despegar 1e weed desmalezar 1c 

unthread desenhebrar 1g weed desherbar 1g 

untie desliar 1a weigh down apesgar 1e 

untie desenlazar 1c weld soldar 1i 

untie desligar 1e westernize occidentalizar 1c 

untie deshacer 2q wheeze gañir 3g 

unwrap desenvolver 2g whine piar 1a 

unyoke desuncir 3a whip fustigar 1e 

update actualizar 1c whip zurriagar 1e 

upholster entapizar 1c whiten blanquecer 2c 

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whitewash enjalbegar 1e 

whitewash jalbegar 1e 

wilt achurrucarse 1d 

wind embrocar 1d 

wink bizcar 1d 

wink cucar 1d 

winter invernar 1g 

wipe enjugar 1e 

withdraw replegarse 1g 

worry intranquilizar 1c 

worsen recrudecer 2c 

wound estacar 1d 

wound llagar 1e 

wrap abrigar 1e 

wrap oneself up in envolverse 2g 

wring out chaguar 1f 

wrinkle arrugar 1e 

write a biography of biografiar 1a 

write dialogue dialogar 1e 

write editorials editorializar 1c 

write in a stylish hand caligrafiar 1a 

write off amortizar 1c 

write prose prosificar 1d 

writhe contorcerse 2z 

xray radiografiar 1a 

yawn bostezar 1c 

yield devengar 1e 

yield plegarse 1s 

yoke enyugar 1e 

yoke uncir 3a 

zone zonificar 1d 


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Infinitive: Past Pa rticiple: 

Gerund: 



yo yo he 

tú tú has 

el/ella el/ella ha 

nosotros nosotros hemos 

vosotros vosotros habéis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas han 


yo yo había 

tú tú habías 

el/ella el/ella había 

nosotros nosotros habíamos 

vosotros vosotros habíais 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas habían 


yo yo hube 

tú tú hubiste 

el/ella el/ella hubo 

nosotros nosotros hubimos 

vosotros vosotros hubisteis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas hubieron 


yo yo habré 

tú tú habrás 

el/ella el/ella habrá 

nosotros nosotros habremos 

vosotros vosotros habréis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas habrán 


yo yo habría 

tú tú habrías 

el/ella el/ella habría 

nosotros nosotros habríamos 

vosotros vosotros habríais 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas habrían 



yo yo haya 

tú tú hayas 

el/ella el/ella haya 

nosotros nosotros hayamos 

vosotros vosotros hayáis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas hayan 


yo yo hubiera 

tú tú hubieras 

el/ella el/ella hubiera 

nosotros nosotros hubiéramos 

vosotros vosotros hubierais 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas hubieran 

or or 

yo yo hubiese 

tú tú hubieses 

el/ella el/ella hubiese 

nosotros nosotros hubiésemos 

vosotros vosotros hubieseis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas hubiesen 


yo yo hubiere 

tú tú hubieres 

el/ella el/ella hubiere 

nosotros nosotros hubiéremos 

vosotros vosotros hubiereis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas hubieren 


yo yo estoy 

tú tú estás 

el/ella el/ella está 

nosotros nosotros estamos 

vosotros vosotros estáis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas están 

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50 Most Commonly Used Regular Spanish Verbs 

Contents 

Introduction 4 

Verbs 5 - 54 

Index 55 

Appendix – blank verb conjugation sheet 56 

3


Intoduction 

This book aims to give full verb conjugations for many of the most common 

Spanish verbs. 

However, many of the most commonly used verbs are irregular and therefore, 

this book will be best used in conjunction with ‘2000+ Spanish Irregular Verbs’. 

Using this book is extremely simple, all the verbs that are featured are listed 

alphabetically in Spanish and included, for your benefit, is an English index that 

is located towards the rear of the book. 

You will also find a blank verb sheet at the back of the book, that you can use to 

fill in the conjugations of any chosen verb for your own reference. 

One of the most helpful aspects of this e-book (and with ‘2000+ Spanish Irregular 

Verbs’) is that you do not need to print the book out in it’s entirety, instead print 

off individual verb sheets as and when you need them. 

Note: 


Although this book will provide you with many verb conjugations it is intended to 

be used in conjunction with a good bilingual dictionary. 

Many verbs have more than one meaning and are used differently depending 

upon the context in which they are put to use therefore, a good dictionary will 

give you a much better understanding for the use of the verb and it’s different 

meanings. 

4


Past Participle: abierto 

abrir: to open Gerund: abriendo 


Present [presente] English [inglés] Present Perfect [pretérito perfecto] English [inglés] 

yo abro I open yo he abierto I have opened 

tú abres you open tú has abierto you have opened 

el/ella abre he/she opens el/ella ha abierto he/she has opened 

nosotros abrimos we open nosotros hemos abierto we have opened 

vosotros abrís you open vosotros habéis abierto you have opened 

ellos/ellas abren they open ellos/ellas han abierto they have opened 


yo abría I was opening yo habίa abierto I had opened 

tú abrías you were opening tú habías abierto you had opened 

el/ella abría he/she was opening el/ella habίa abierto he/she had opened 

nosotros abríamos we were opening nosotros habίamos abierto we had opened 

vosotros abríais you were opening vosotros habίais abierto you had opened 

ellos/ellas abrían they were opening ellos/ellas habίan abierto they had opened 


yo abrí I opened yo hube abierto I opened 

tú abriste you opened tú hubiste abierto you opened 

el/ella abrió he/she opened el/ella hubo abierto he/she opened 

nosotros abrimos we opened nosotros hubimos abierto we opened 

vosotros abristeis you opened vosotros hubisteis abierto you opened 

ellos/ellas abrieron they opened ellos/ellas hubieron abierto they opened 


yo abriré I will open yo habré abierto I will have opened 

tú abrirás you will open tú habrás abierto you will have opened 

el/ella abrirá he/she will open el/ella habrá abierto he/she will opened 

nosotros abriremos we will open nosotros habremos abierto we will have opened 

vosotros abriréis you will open vosotros habréis abierto you will have opened 

ellos/ellas abrirán they will open ellos/ellas habrán abierto they will have opened 


yo abriría I would open yo habrίa abierto I would have opened 

tú abrirías you would open tú habrίas abierto you would have opened 

el/ella abriría he/she would open el/ella habrίa abierto he/she would have opened 

nosotros abriríamos we would open nosotros habrίamos abierto we would have opened 

vosotros abriríais you would open vosotros habrίais abierto you would have opened 

ellos/ellas abrirían they would open ellos/ellas habrίan abierto they would have opened 



yo abra I open yo haya abierto I have opened 

tú abras you open tú hayas abierto you have opened 

el/ella abra he/she opens el/ella haya abierto he/she has opened 

nosotros abramos we open nosotros hayamos abierto we have opened 

vosotros abráis you open vosotros hayáis abierto you have opened 

ellos/ellas abran they open ellos/ellas hayan abierto they have opened 


yo abriera I was opening yo hubiera abierto I had opened 

tú abrieras you were opening tú hubieras abierto you had opened 

el/ella abriera he/she was opening el/ella hubiera abierto he/she had opened 

nosotros abriéramos we were opening nosotros hubiéramos abierto we had opened 

vosotros abrierais you were opening vosotros hubierais abierto you had opened 

ellos/ellas abrieran they were opening ellos/ellas hubieran abierto they had opened 

or or 

yo abriese I was opening yo hubiese abierto I had opened 

tú abrieses you were opening tú hubieses abierto you had opened 

el/ella abriese he/she was opening el/ella hubiese abierto he/she had opened 

nosotros abriésemos we were opening nosotros hubiésemos abierto we had opened 

vosotros abrieseis you were opening vosotros hubieseis abierto you had opened 

ellos/ellas abriesen they were opening ellos/ellas hubiesen abierto they had opened 


yo abriere I will open yo hubiere abierto I will have opened 

tú abrieres you will open tú hubieres abierto you will have opened 

el/ella abriere he/she will open el/ella hubiere abierto he/she will have opened 

nosotros abriéremos we will open nosotros hubiéremos abierto we will have opened 

vosotros abriereis you will open vosotros hubiereis abierto you will have opened 

ellos/ellas abrieren they will open ellos/ellas hubieren abierto they will have opened 


yo yo estoy abriendo I am opening 

tú abre open! tú estás abriendo you are opening 

el/ella abra open! el/ella está abriendo he/she is opening 

nosotros abramos open! nosotros estamos abriendo we are opening 

vosotros abred open! vosotros estáis abriendo you are opening 

ellos/ellas abran open! ellos/ellas están abriendo they are opening 


5


Past Participle: admitido 

admitir: to admit Gerund: admitiendo 



yo admito I admit yo he admitido I have admitted 

tú admites you admit tú has admitido you have admitted 

el/ella admite he/she admits el/ella ha admitido he/she has admitted 

nosotros admitimos we admit nosotros hemos admitido we have admitted 

vosotros admitís you admit vosotros habéis admitido you have admitted 

ellos/ellas admiten they admit ellos/ellas han admitido they have admitted 


yo admitía I was admitting yo habίa admitido I had admitted 

tú admitías you were admitting tú habías admitido you had admitted 

el/ella admitía he/she was admitting el/ella habίa admitido he/she had admitted 

nosotros admitíamos we were admitting nosotros habίamos admitido we had admitted 

vosotros admitíais you were admitting vosotros habίais admitido you had admitted 

ellos/ellas admitían they were admitting ellos/ellas habίan admitido they had admitted 


yo admití I admitted yo hube admitido I admitted 

tú admitiste you admitted tú hubiste admitido you admitted 

el/ella admitió he/she admitted el/ella hubo admitido he/she admitted 

nosotros admitimos we admitted nosotros hubimos admitido we admitted 

vosotros admitisteis you admitted vosotros hubisteis admitido you admitted 

ellos/ellas admitieron they admitted ellos/ellas hubieron admitido they admitted 


yo admitiré I will admit yo habré admitido I will have admitted 

tú admitirás you will admit tú habrás admitido you will have admitted 

el/ella admitirá he/she will admit el/ella habrá admitido he/she will admitted 

nosotros admitiremos we will admit nosotros habremos admitido we will have admitted 

vosotros admitiréis you will admit vosotros habréis admitido you will have admitted 

ellos/ellas admitirán they will admit ellos/ellas habrán admitido they will have admitted 


yo admitiría I would admit yo habrίa admitido I would have admitted 

tú admitirías you would admit tú habrίas admitido you would have admitted 

el/ella admitiría he/she would admit el/ella habrίa admitido he/she would have admitted 

nosotros admitiríamos we would admit nosotros habrίamos admitido we would have admitted 

vosotros admitiríais you would admit vosotros habrίais admitido you would have admitted 

ellos/ellas admitirían they would admit ellos/ellas habrίan admitido they would have admitted 



yo admita I admit yo haya admitido I have admitted 

tú admitas you admit tú hayas admitido you have admitted 

el/ella admita he/she admits el/ella haya admitido he/she has admitted 

nosotros admitamos we admit nosotros hayamos admitido we have admitted 

vosotros admitáis you admit vosotros hayáis admitido you have admitted 

ellos/ellas admitan they admit ellos/ellas hayan admitido they have admitted 


yo admitiera I was admitting yo hubiera admitido I had admitted 

tú admitieras you were admitting tú hubieras admitido you had admitted 

el/ella admitiera he/she was admitting el/ella hubiera admitido he/she had admitted 

nosotros admitiéramos we were admitting nosotros hubiéramos admitido we had admitted 

vosotros admitierais you were admitting vosotros hubierais admitido you had admitted 

ellos/ellas admitieran they were admitting ellos/ellas hubieran admitido they had admitted 

or or 

yo admitiese I was admitting yo hubiese admitido I had admitted 

tú admitieses you were admitting tú hubieses admitido you had admitted 

el/ella admitiese he/she was admitting el/ella hubiese admitido he/she had admitted 

nosotros admitiésemos we were admitting nosotros hubiésemos admitido we had admitted 

vosotros admitieseis you were admitting vosotros hubieseis admitido you had admitted 

ellos/ellas admitiesen they were admitting ellos/ellas hubiesen admitido they had admitted 


yo admitiere I will admit yo hubiere admitido I will have admitted 

tú admitieres you will admit tú hubieres admitido you will have admitted 

el/ella admitiere he/she will admit el/ella hubiere admitido he/she will have admitted 

nosotros admitiéremos we will admit nosotros hubiéremos admitido we will have admitted 

vosotros admitiereis you will admit vosotros hubiereis admitido you will have admitted 

ellos/ellas admitieren they will admit ellos/ellas hubieren admitido they will have admitted 


yo yo estoy admitiendo I am admitting 

tú admite admit! tú estás admitiendo you are admitting 

el/ella admita admit! el/ella está admitiendo he/she is admitting 

nosotros admitamos admit! nosotros estamos admitiendo we are admitting 

vosotros admited admit! vosotros estáis admitiendo you are admitting 

ellos/ellas admitan admit! ellos/ellas están admitiendo they are admitting 


6


Past Participle: aprendado 

aprender: to learn Gerund: aprendando 



yo aprendo I learn yo he aprendado I have learned 

tú aprendes you learn tú has aprendado you have learned 

el/ella aprende he/she learns el/ella ha aprendado he/she has learned 

nosotros aprendemos we learn nosotros hemos aprendado we have learned 

vosotros aprendéis you learn vosotros habéis aprendado you have learned 

ellos/ellas aprenden they learn ellos/ellas han aprendado they have learned 


yo aprendía I was learning yo habίa aprendado I had learned 

tú aprendías you were learning tú habías aprendado you had learned 

el/ella aprendía he/she was learning el/ella habίa aprendado he/she had learned 

nosotros aprendíamos we were learning nosotros habίamos aprendado we had learned 

vosotros aprendíais you were learning vosotros habίais aprendado you had learned 

ellos/ellas aprendían they were learning ellos/ellas habίan aprendado they had learned 


yo aprendí I learned yo hube aprendado I learned 

tú aprendiste you learned tú hubiste aprendado you learned 

el/ella aprendió he/she learned el/ella hubo aprendado he/she learned 

nosotros aprendimos we learned nosotros hubimos aprendado we learned 

vosotros aprendisteis you learned vosotros hubisteis aprendado you learned 

ellos/ellas aprendieron they learned ellos/ellas hubieron aprendado they learned 


yo aprenderé I will learn yo habré aprendado I will have learned 

tú aprenderás you will learn tú habrás aprendado you will have learned 

el/ella aprenderá he/she will learn el/ella habrá aprendado he/she will learned 

nosotros aprenderemos we will learn nosotros habremos aprendado we will have learned 

vosotros aprenderéis you will learn vosotros habréis aprendado you will have learned 

ellos/ellas aprenderán they will learn ellos/ellas habrán aprendado they will have learned 


yo aprendería I would learn yo habrίa aprendado I would have learned 

tú aprenderías you would learn tú habrίas aprendado you would have learned 

el/ella aprendería he/she would learn el/ella habrίa aprendado he/she would have learned 

nosotros aprenderíamos we would learn nosotros habrίamos aprendado we would have learned 

vosotros aprenderíais you would learn vosotros habrίais aprendado you would have learned 

ellos/ellas aprenderían they would learn ellos/ellas habrίan aprendado they would have learned 



yo aprenda I learn yo haya aprendado I have learned 

tú aprendas you learn tú hayas aprendado you have learned 

el/ella aprenda he/she learns el/ella haya aprendado he/she has learned 

nosotros aprendamos we learn nosotros hayamos aprendado we have learned 

vosotros aprendáis you learn vosotros hayáis aprendado you have learned 

ellos/ellas aprendan they learn ellos/ellas hayan aprendado they have learned 


yo aprendera I was learning yo hubiera aprendado I had learned 

tú aprenderas you were learning tú hubieras aprendado you had learned 

el/ella aprendera he/she was learning el/ella hubiera aprendado he/she had learned 

nosotros aprendéramos we were learning nosotros hubiéramos aprendado we had learned 

vosotros aprenderais you were learning vosotros hubierais aprendado you had learned 

ellos/ellas aprenderan they were learning ellos/ellas hubieran aprendado they had learned 

or or 

yo aprendese I was learning yo hubiese aprendado I had learned 

tú aprendeses you were learning tú hubieses aprendado you had learned 

el/ella aprendese he/she was learning el/ella hubiese aprendado he/she had learned 

nosotros aprendésemos we were learning nosotros hubiésemos aprendado we had learned 

vosotros aprendeseis you were learning vosotros hubieseis aprendado you had learned 

ellos/ellas aprendesen they were learning ellos/ellas hubiesen aprendado they had learned 


yo aprendere I will learn yo hubiere aprendado I will have learned 

tú aprenderes you will learn tú hubieres aprendado you will have learned 

el/ella aprendere he/she will learn el/ella hubiere aprendado he/she will have learned 

nosotros aprendéremos we will learn nosotros hubiéremos aprendado we will have learned 

vosotros aprendereis you will learn vosotros hubiereis aprendado you will have learned 

ellos/ellas aprenderen they will learn ellos/ellas hubieren aprendado they will have learned 


yo yo estoy aprendando I am learning 

tú aprende learn! tú estás aprendando you are learning 

el/ella aprenda learn! el/ella está aprendando he/she is learning 

nosotros aprendamos learn! nosotros estamos aprendando we are learning 

vosotros aprended learn! vosotros estáis aprendando you are learning 

ellos/ellas aprendan learn! ellos/ellas están aprendando they are learning 

coming 


7


Past Participle: aquilado 

aquilar: to rent Gerund: aquilando 



yo alquilo I rent yo he alquilado I have rented 

tú alquilas you rent tú has alquilado you have rented 

el/ella alquila he/she rents el/ella ha alquilado he/she has rented 

nosotros alquilamos we rent nosotros hemos alquilado we have rented 

vosotros alquiláis you rent vosotros habéis alquilado you have rented 

ellos/ellas alquilan they rent ellos/ellas han alquilado they have rented 


yo alquilaba I was renting yo habίa alquilado I had rented 

tú alquilabas you were renting tú habías alquilado you had rented 

el/ella alquilaba he/she was renting el/ella habίa alquilado he/she had rented 

nosotros alquilábamos we were renting nosotros habίamos alquilado we had rented 

vosotros alquilabais you were renting vosotros habίais alquilado you had rented 

ellos/ellas alquilaban they were renting ellos/ellas habίan alquilado they had rented 


yo alquilé I rented yo hube alquilado I rented 

tú alquilaste you rented tú hubiste alquilado you rented 

el/ella alquiló he/she rented el/ella hubo alquilado he/she rented 

nosotros alquilamos we rented nosotros hubimos alquilado we rented 

vosotros alquilasteis you rented vosotros hubisteis alquilado you rented 

ellos/ellas alquilaron they rented ellos/ellas hubieron alquilado they rented 


yo alquilaré I will rent yo habré alquilado I will have rented 

tú alquilarás you will rent tú habrás alquilado you will have rented 

el/ella alquilará he/she will rent el/ella habrá alquilado he/she will rented 

nosotros alquilaremos we will rent nosotros habremos alquilado we will have rented 

vosotros alquilaréis you will rent vosotros habréis alquilado you will have rented 

ellos/ellas alquilarán they will rent ellos/ellas habrán alquilado they will have rented 


yo alquilaría I would rent yo habrίa alquilado I would have rented 

tú alquilarías you would rent tú habrίas alquilado you would have rented 

el/ella alquilaría he/she would rent el/ella habrίa alquilado he/she would have rented 

nosotros alquilaríamos we would rent nosotros habrίamos alquilado we would have rented 

vosotros alquilaríais you would rent vosotros habrίais alquilado you would have rented 

ellos/ellas alquilarían they would rent ellos/ellas habrίan alquilado they would have rented 



yo alquile I rent yo haya alquilado I have rented 

tú alquiles you rent tú hayas alquilado you have rented 

el/ella alquile he/she rents el/ella haya alquilado he/she has rented 

nosotros alquilemos we rent nosotros hayamos alquilado we have rented 

vosotros alquiléis you rent vosotros hayáis alquilado you have rented 

ellos/ellas alquilen they rent ellos/ellas hayan alquilado they have rented 


yo alquilara I was renting yo hubiera alquilado I had rented 

tú alquilaras you were renting tú hubieras alquilado you had rented 

el/ella alquilara he/she was renting el/ella hubiera alquilado he/she had rented 

nosotros alquiláramos we were renting nosotros hubiéramos alquilado we had rented 

vosotros alquilarais you were renting vosotros hubierais alquilado you had rented 

ellos/ellas alquilaran they were renting ellos/ellas hubieran alquilado they had rented 

or or 

yo alquilase I was renting yo hubiese alquilado I had rented 

tú alquilases you were renting tú hubieses alquilado you had rented 

el/ella alquilase he/she was renting el/ella hubiese alquilado he/she had rented 

nosotros alquilásemos we were renting nosotros hubiésemos alquilado we had rented 

vosotros alquilaseis you were renting vosotros hubieseis alquilado you had rented 

ellos/ellas alquilasen they were renting ellos/ellas hubiesen alquilado they had rented 


yo alquilare I will rent yo hubiere alquilado I will have rented 

tú alquilares you will rent tú hubieres alquilado you will have rented 

el/ella alquilare he/she will rent el/ella hubiere alquilado he/she will have rented 

nosotros alquiláremos we will rent nosotros hubiéremos alquilado we will have rented 

vosotros alquilareis you will rent vosotros hubiereis alquilado you will have rented 

ellos/ellas alquilaren they will rent ellos/ellas hubieren alquilado they will have rented 


yo yo estoy alquilando I am renting 

tú alquila rent! tú estás alquilando you are renting 

el/ella alquile rent! el/ella está alquilando he/she is renting 

nosotros alquilemos rent! nosotros estamos alquilando we are renting 

vosotros alquilad rent! vosotros estáis alquilando you are renting 

ellos/ellas alquilen rent! ellos/ellas están alquilando they are renting 


8


Past Participle: ayudado 

ayudar: to help Gerund: ayudando 



yo ayudo I help yo he ayudado I have helped 

tú ayudas you help tú has ayudado you have helped 

el/ella ayuda he/she helps el/ella ha ayudado he/she has helped 

nosotros ayudamos we help nosotros hemos ayudado we have helped 

vosotros ayudáis you help vosotros habéis ayudado you have helped 

ellos/ellas ayudan they help ellos/ellas han ayudado they have helped 


yo ayudaba I was helping yo habίa ayudado I had helped 

tú ayudabas you were helping tú habías ayudado you had helped 

el/ella ayudaba he/she was helping el/ella habίa ayudado he/she had helped 

nosotros ayudábamos we were helping nosotros habίamos ayudado we had helped 

vosotros ayudabais you were helping vosotros habίais ayudado you had helped 

ellos/ellas ayudaban they were helping ellos/ellas habίan ayudado they had helped 


yo ayudé I helped yo hube ayudado I helped 

tú ayudaste you helped tú hubiste ayudado you helped 

el/ella ayudó he/she helped el/ella hubo ayudado he/she helped 

nosotros ayudamos we helped nosotros hubimos ayudado we helped 

vosotros ayudasteis you helped vosotros hubisteis ayudado you helped 

ellos/ellas ayudaron they helped ellos/ellas hubieron ayudado they helped 


yo ayudaré I will help yo habré ayudado I will have helped 

tú ayudarás you will help tú habrás ayudado you will have helped 

el/ella ayudará he/she will help el/ella habrá ayudado he/she will helped 

nosotros ayudaremos we will help nosotros habremos ayudado we will have helped 

vosotros ayudaréis you will help vosotros habréis ayudado you will have helped 

ellos/ellas ayudarán they will help ellos/ellas habrán ayudado they will have helped 


yo ayudaría I would help yo habrίa ayudado I would have helped 

tú ayudarías you would help tú habrίas ayudado you would have helped 

el/ella ayudaría he/she would help el/ella habrίa ayudado he/she would have helped 

nosotros ayudaríamos we would help nosotros habrίamos ayudado we would have helped 

vosotros ayudaríais you would help vosotros habrίais ayudado you would have helped 

ellos/ellas ayudarían they would help ellos/ellas habrίan ayudado they would have helped 



yo ayude I help yo haya ayudado I have helped 

tú ayudes you help tú hayas ayudado you have helped 

el/ella ayude he/she helps el/ella haya ayudado he/she has helped 

nosotros ayudemos we help nosotros hayamos ayudado we have helped 

vosotros ayudéis you help vosotros hayáis ayudado you have helped 

ellos/ellas ayuden they help ellos/ellas hayan ayudado they have helped 


yo ayudara I was helping yo hubiera ayudado I had helped 

tú ayudaras you were helping tú hubieras ayudado you had helped 

el/ella ayudara he/she was helping el/ella hubiera ayudado he/she had helped 

nosotros ayudáramos we were helping nosotros hubiéramos ayudado we had helped 

vosotros ayudarais you were helping vosotros hubierais ayudado you had helped 

ellos/ellas ayudaran they were helping ellos/ellas hubieran ayudado they had helped 

or or 

yo ayudara I was helping yo hubiese ayudado I had helped 

tú ayudases you were helping tú hubieses ayudado you had helped 

el/ella ayudase he/she was helping el/ella hubiese ayudado he/she had helped 

nosotros ayudásemos we were helping nosotros hubiésemos ayudado we had helped 

vosotros ayudaseis you were helping vosotros hubieseis ayudado you had helped 

ellos/ellas ayudasen they were helping ellos/ellas hubiesen ayudado they had helped 


yo ayudare I will help yo hubiere ayudado I will have helped 

tú ayudares you will help tú hubieres ayudado you will have helped 

el/ella ayudare he/she will help el/ella hubiere ayudado he/she will have helped 

nosotros ayudáremos we will help nosotros hubiéremos ayudado we will have helped 

vosotros ayudareis you will help vosotros hubiereis ayudado you will have helped 

ellos/ellas ayudaren they will help ellos/ellas hubieren ayudado they will have helped 


yo yo estoy ayudando I am helping 

tú ayuda help! tú estás ayudando you are helping 

el/ella ayude help! el/ella está ayudando he/she is helping 

nosotros ayudemos help! nosotros estamos ayudando we are helping 

vosotros ayudad help! vosotros estáis ayudando you are helping 

ellos/ellas ayuden help! ellos/ellas están ayudando they are helping 


9


Past Participle: bailado 

bailar: to dance Gerund: bailando 



yo bailo I dance yo he bailado I have danced 

tú bailas you dance tú has bailado you have danced 

el/ella baila he/she dances el/ella ha bailado he/she has danced 

nosotros bailamos we dance nosotros hemos bailado we have danced 

vosotros bailáis you dance vosotros habéis bailado you have danced 

ellos/ellas bailan they dance ellos/ellas han bailado they have danced 


yo bailaba I was dancing yo habίa bailado I had danced 

tú bailabas you were dancing tú habías bailado you had danced 

el/ella bailaba he/she was dancing el/ella habίa bailado he/she had danced 

nosotros bailábamos we were dancing nosotros habίamos bailado we had danced 

vosotros bailabais you were dancing vosotros habίais bailado you had danced 

ellos/ellas bailaban they were dancing ellos/ellas habίan bailado they had danced 


yo bailé I danced yo hube bailado I danced 

tú bailaste you danced tú hubiste bailado you danced 

el/ella bailó he/she danced el/ella hubo bailado he/she danced 

nosotros bailamos we danced nosotros hubimos bailado we danced 

vosotros bailasteis you danced vosotros hubisteis bailado you danced 

ellos/ellas bailaron they danced ellos/ellas hubieron bailado they danced 


yo bailaré I will dance yo habré bailado I will have danced 

tú bailarás you will dance tú habrás bailado you will have danced 

el/ella bailará he/she will dance el/ella habrá bailado he/she will have danced 

nosotros bailaremos we will dance nosotros habremos bailado we will have danced 

vosotros bailaréis you will dance vosotros habréis bailado you will have danced 

ellos/ellas bailarán they will dance ellos/ellas habrán bailado they will have danced 


yo bailaría I would dance yo habrίa bailado I would have danced 

tú bailarías you would dance tú habrίas bailado you would have danced 

el/ella bailaría he/she would dance el/ella habrίa bailado he/she would have danced 

nosotros bailaríamos we would dance nosotros habrίamos bailado we would have danced 

vosotros bailaríais you would dance vosotros habrίais bailado you would have danced 

ellos/ellas bailarían they would dance ellos/ellas habrίan bailado they would have danced 



yo baile I dance yo haya bailado I have danced 

tú bailes you dance tú hayas bailado you have danced 

el/ella baile he/she dances el/ella haya bailado he/she has danced 

nosotros bailemos we dance nosotros hayamos bailado we have danced 

vosotros bailéis you dance vosotros hayáis bailado you have danced 

ellos/ellas bailen they dance ellos/ellas hayan bailado they have danced 


yo bailara I was dancing yo hubiera bailado I had danced 

tú bailaras you were dancing tú hubieras bailado you had danced 

el/ella bailara he/she was dancing el/ella hubiera bailado he/she had danced 

nosotros bailáramos we were dancing nosotros hubiéramos bailado we had danced 

vosotros bailarais you were dancing vosotros hubierais bailado you had danced 

ellos/ellas bailaran they were dancing ellos/ellas hubieran bailado they had danced 

or or 

yo bailara I was dancing yo hubiese bailado I had danced 

tú bailases you were dancing tú hubieses bailado you had danced 

el/ella bailase he/she was dancing el/ella hubiese bailado he/she had danced 

nosotros bailásemos we were dancing nosotros hubiésemos bailado we had danced 

vosotros bailaseis you were dancing vosotros hubieseis bailado you had danced 

ellos/ellas bailasen they were dancing ellos/ellas hubiesen bailado they had danced 


yo bailare I will dance yo hubiere bailado I will have danced 

tú bailares you will dance tú hubieres bailado you will have danced 

el/ella bailare he/she will dance el/ella hubiere bailado he/she will have danced 

nosotros bailáremos we will dance nosotros hubiéremos bailado we will have danced 

vosotros bailareis you will dance vosotros hubiereis bailado you will have danced 

ellos/ellas bailaren they will dance ellos/ellas hubieren bailado they will have danced 


yo yo estoy bailando I am dancing 

tú baila dance! tú estás bailando you are dancing 

el/ella baile dance! el/ella está bailando he/she is dancing 

nosotros bailemos dance! nosotros estamos bailando we are dancing 

vosotros bailad dance! vosotros estáis bailando you are dancing 

ellos/ellas bailen dance! ellos/ellas están bailando they are dancing 


10


Past Participle: bebado 

beber: to drink Gerund: bebando 



yo bebo I drink yo he bebado I have drank 

tú bebes you drink tú has bebado you have drank 

el/ella bebe he/she drinks el/ella ha bebado he/she has drank 

nosotros bebemos we drink nosotros hemos bebado we have drank 

vosotros bebéis you drink vosotros habéis bebado you have drank 

ellos/ellas beben they drink ellos/ellas han bebado they have drank 


yo bebía I was drinking yo habίa bebado I had drank 

tú bebías you were drinking tú habías bebado you had drank 

el/ella bebía he/she was drinking el/ella habίa bebado he/she had drank 

nosotros bebíamos we were drinking nosotros habίamos bebado we had drank 

vosotros bebíais you were drinking vosotros habίais bebado you had drank 

ellos/ellas bebían they were drinking ellos/ellas habίan bebado they had drank 


yo bebí I drank yo hube bebado I drank 

tú bebiste you drank tú hubiste bebado you drank 

el/ella bebió he/she drank el/ella hubo bebado he/she drank 

nosotros bebimos we drank nosotros hubimos bebado we drank 

vosotros bebisteis you drank vosotros hubisteis bebado you drank 

ellos/ellas bebieron they drank ellos/ellas hubieron bebado they drank 


yo beberé I will drink yo habré bebado I will have drank 

tú beberás you will drink tú habrás bebado you will have drank 

el/ella beberá he/she will drink el/ella habrá bebado he/she will drank 

nosotros beberemos we will drink nosotros habremos bebado we will have drank 

vosotros beberéis you will drink vosotros habréis bebado you will have drank 

ellos/ellas beberán they will drink ellos/ellas habrán bebado they will have drank 


yo bebería I would drink yo habrίa bebado I would have drank 

tú beberías you would drink tú habrίas bebado you would have drank 

el/ella bebería he/she would drink el/ella habrίa bebado he/she would have drank 

nosotros beberíamos we would drink nosotros habrίamos bebado we would have drank 

vosotros beberíais you would drink vosotros habrίais bebado you would have drank 

ellos/ellas beberían they would drink ellos/ellas habrίan bebado they would have drank 



yo beba I drink yo haya bebado I have drank 

tú bebas you drink tú hayas bebado you have drank 

el/ella beba he/she drinks el/ella haya bebado he/she has drank 

nosotros bebamos we drink nosotros hayamos bebado we have drank 

vosotros bebáis you drink vosotros hayáis bebado you have drank 

ellos/ellas beban they drink ellos/ellas hayan bebado they have drank 


yo bebera I was drinking yo hubiera bebado I had drank 

tú beberas you were drinking tú hubieras bebado you had drank 

el/ella bebera he/she was drinking el/ella hubiera bebado he/she had drank 

nosotros bebéramos we were drinking nosotros hubiéramos bebado we had drank 

vosotros beberais you were drinking vosotros hubierais bebado you had drank 

ellos/ellas beberan they were drinking ellos/ellas hubieran bebado they had drank 

or or 

yo bebese I was drinking yo hubiese bebado I had drank 

tú bebeses you were drinking tú hubieses bebado you had drank 

el/ella bebese he/she was drinking el/ella hubiese bebado he/she had drank 

nosotros bebésemos we were drinking nosotros hubiésemos bebado we had drank 

vosotros bebeseis you were drinking vosotros hubieseis bebado you had drank 

ellos/ellas bebesen they were drinking ellos/ellas hubiesen bebado they had drank 


yo bebere I will drink yo hubiere bebado I will have drank 

tú beberes you will drink tú hubieres bebado you will have drank 

el/ella bebere he/she will drink el/ella hubiere bebado he/she will have drank 

nosotros bebéremos we will drink nosotros hubiéremos bebado we will have drank 

vosotros bebereis you will drink vosotros hubiereis bebado you will have drank 

ellos/ellas beberen they will drink ellos/ellas hubieren bebado they will have drank 


yo bebe drink! yo estoy bebando I am drinking 

tú beba drink! tú estás bebando you are drinking 

el/ella bebamos drink! el/ella está bebando he/she is drinking 

nosotros bebed drink! nosotros estamos bebando we are drinking 

vosotros beban drink! vosotros estáis bebando you are drinking 

ellos/ellas bebe drink! ellos/ellas están bebando they are drinking 


11


Past Participle: buscado 

buscar: to look for Gerund: buscando 



yo busco I look for yo he buscado I have looked for 

tú buscas you look for tú has buscado you have looked for 

el/ella busca he/she looks for el/ella ha buscado he/she has looked for 

nosotros buscamos we look for nosotros hemos buscado we have looked for 

vosotros buscáis you look for vosotros habéis buscado you have looked for 

ellos/ellas buscan they look for ellos/ellas han buscado they have looked for 


yo buscaba I was looking for yo habίa buscado I had looked for 

tú buscabas you were looking for tú habías buscado you had looked for 

el/ella buscaba he/she was looking for el/ella habίa buscado he/she had looked for 

nosotros buscábamos we were looking for nosotros habίamos buscado we had looked for 

vosotros buscabais you were looking for vosotros habίais buscado you had looked for 

ellos/ellas buscaban they were looking for ellos/ellas habίan buscado they had looked for 


yo buscé I looked for yo hube buscado I looked for 

tú buscaste you looked for tú hubiste buscado you looked for 

el/ella buscó he/she looked for el/ella hubo buscado he/she looked for 

nosotros buscamos we looked for nosotros hubimos buscado we looked for 

vosotros buscasteis you looked for vosotros hubisteis buscado you looked for 

ellos/ellas buscaron they looked for ellos/ellas hubieron buscado they looked for 


yo buscaré I will look for yo habré buscado I will have looked for 

tú buscarás you will look for tú habrás buscado you will have looked for 

el/ella buscará he/she will look for el/ella habrá buscado he/she will looked for 

nosotros buscaremos we will look for nosotros habremos buscado we will have looked for 

vosotros buscaréis you will look for vosotros habréis buscado you will have looked for 

ellos/ellas buscarán they will look for ellos/ellas habrán buscado they will have looked for 


yo buscaría I would look for yo habrίa buscado I would have looked for 

tú buscarías you would look for tú habrίas buscado you would have looked for 

el/ella buscaría he/she would look for el/ella habrίa buscado he/she would have looked for 

nosotros buscaríamos we would look for nosotros habrίamos buscado we would have looked for 

vosotros buscaríais you would look for vosotros habrίais buscado you would have looked for 

ellos/ellas buscarían they would look for ellos/ellas habrίan buscado they would have looked for 



yo busce I look for yo haya buscado I have looked for 

tú busces you look for tú hayas buscado you have looked for 

el/ella busce he/she looks for el/ella haya buscado he/she has looked for 

nosotros buscemos we look for nosotros hayamos buscado we have looked for 

vosotros buscéis you look for vosotros hayáis buscado you have looked for 

ellos/ellas buscen they look for ellos/ellas hayan buscado they have looked for 


yo buscara I was looking for yo hubiera buscado I had looked for 

tú buscaras you were looking for tú hubieras buscado you had looked for 

el/ella buscara he/she was looking for el/ella hubiera buscado he/she had looked for 

nosotros buscáramos we were looking for nosotros hubiéramos buscado we had looked for 

vosotros buscarais you were looking for vosotros hubierais buscado you had looked for 

ellos/ellas buscaran they were looking for ellos/ellas hubieran buscado they had looked for 

or or 

yo buscara I was looking for yo hubiese buscado I had looked for 

tú buscases you were looking for tú hubieses buscado you had looked for 

el/ella buscase he/she was looking for el/ella hubiese buscado he/she had looked for 

nosotros buscásemos we were looking for nosotros hubiésemos buscado we had looked for 

vosotros buscaseis you were looking for vosotros hubieseis buscado you had looked for 

ellos/ellas buscasen they were looking for ellos/ellas hubiesen buscado they had looked for 


yo buscare I will look for yo hubiere buscado I will have looked for 

tú buscares you will look for tú hubieres buscado you will have looked for 

el/ella buscare he/she will look for el/ella hubiere buscado he/she will have looked for 

nosotros buscáremos we will look for nosotros hubiéremos buscado we will have looked for 

vosotros buscareis you will look for vosotros hubiereis buscado you will have looked for 

ellos/ellas buscaren they will look for ellos/ellas hubieren buscado they will have looked for 


yo yo estoy buscando I am looking for 

tú busca look! tú estás buscando you are looking for 

el/ella busce look! el/ella está buscando he/she is looking for 

nosotros buscemos look! nosotros estamos buscando we are looking for 

vosotros buscad look! vosotros estáis buscando you are looking for 

ellos/ellas buscen look! ellos/ellas están buscando they are looking for 


12


Past Participle: cambiado 

cambiar: to change Gerund: cambiando 



yo cambio I change yo he cambiado I have changed 

tú cambias you change tú has cambiado you have changed 

el/ella cambia he/she changes el/ella ha cambiado he/she has changed 

nosotros cambiamos we change nosotros hemos cambiado we have changed 

vosotros cambiáis you change vosotros habéis cambiado you have changed 

ellos/ellas cambian they change ellos/ellas han cambiado they have changed 


yo cambiaba I was changing yo habίa cambiado I had changed 

tú cambiabas you were changing tú habías cambiado you had changed 

el/ella cambiaba he/she was changing el/ella habίa cambiado he/she had changed 

nosotros cambiábamos we were changing nosotros habίamos cambiado we had changed 

vosotros cambiabais you were changing vosotros habίais cambiado you had changed 

ellos/ellas cambiaban they were changing ellos/ellas habίan cambiado they had changed 


yo cambié I changed yo hube cambiado I changed 

tú cambiaste you changed tú hubiste cambiado you changed 

el/ella cambió he/she changed el/ella hubo cambiado he/she changed 

nosotros cambiamos we changed nosotros hubimos cambiado we changed 

vosotros cambiasteis you changed vosotros hubisteis cambiado you changed 

ellos/ellas cambiaron they changed ellos/ellas hubieron cambiado they changed 


yo cambiaré I will change yo habré cambiado I will have changed 

tú cambiarás you will change tú habrás cambiado you will have changed 

el/ella cambiará he/she will change el/ella habrá cambiado he/she will changed 

nosotros cambiaremos we will change nosotros habremos cambiado we will have changed 

vosotros cambiaréis you will change vosotros habréis cambiado you will have changed 

ellos/ellas cambiarán they will change ellos/ellas habrán cambiado they will have changed 


yo cambiaría I would change yo habrίa cambiado I would have changed 

tú cambiarías you would change tú habrίas cambiado you would have changed 

el/ella cambiaría he/she would change el/ella habrίa cambiado he/she would have changed 

nosotros cambiaríamos we would change nosotros habrίamos cambiado we would have changed 

vosotros cambiaríais you would change vosotros habrίais cambiado you would have changed 

ellos/ellas cambiarían they would change ellos/ellas habrίan cambiado they would have changed 



yo cambie I change yo haya cambiado I have changed 

tú cambies you change tú hayas cambiado you have changed 

el/ella cambie he/she changes el/ella haya cambiado he/she has changed 

nosotros cambiemos we change nosotros hayamos cambiado we have changed 

vosotros cambiéis you change vosotros hayáis cambiado you have changed 

ellos/ellas cambien they change ellos/ellas hayan cambiado they have changed 


yo cambiara I was changing yo hubiera cambiado I had changed 

tú cambiaras you were changing tú hubieras cambiado you had changed 

el/ella cambiara he/she was changing el/ella hubiera cambiado he/she had changed 

nosotros cambiáramos we were changing nosotros hubiéramos cambiado we had changed 

vosotros cambiarais you were changing vosotros hubierais cambiado you had changed 

ellos/ellas cambiaran they were changing ellos/ellas hubieran cambiado they had changed 

or or 

yo cambiase I was changing yo hubiese cambiado I had changed 

tú cambiases you were changing tú hubieses cambiado you had changed 

el/ella cambiase he/she was changing el/ella hubiese cambiado he/she had changed 

nosotros cambiásemos we were changing nosotros hubiésemos cambiado we had changed 

vosotros cambiaseis you were changing vosotros hubieseis cambiado you had changed 

ellos/ellas cambiasen they were changing ellos/ellas hubiesen cambiado they had changed 


yo cambiare I will change yo hubiere cambiado I will have changed 

tú cambiares you will change tú hubieres cambiado you will have changed 

el/ella cambiare he/she will change el/ella hubiere cambiado he/she will have changed 

nosotros cambiáremos we will change nosotros hubiéremos cambiado we will have changed 

vosotros cambiareis you will change vosotros hubiereis cambiado you will have changed 

ellos/ellas cambiaren they will change ellos/ellas hubieren cambiado they will have changed 


yo yo estoy cambiando I am changing 

tú cambia change! tú estás cambiando you are changing 

el/ella cambie change! el/ella está cambiando he/she is changing 

nosotros cambiemos change! nosotros estamos cambiando we are changing 

vosotros cambiad change! vosotros estáis cambiando you are changing 

ellos/ellas cambien change! ellos/ellas están cambiando they are changing 


13


Past Participle: caminado 

caminar: to walk Gerund: caminando 



yo camino I walk yo he caminado I have walked 

tú caminas you walk tú has caminado you have walked 

el/ella camina he/she walks el/ella ha caminado he/she has walked 

nosotros caminamos we walk nosotros hemos caminado we have walked 

vosotros camináis you walk vosotros habéis caminado you have walked 

ellos/ellas caminan they walk ellos/ellas han caminado they have walked 


yo caminaba I was walking yo habίa caminado I had walked 

tú caminabas you were walking tú habías caminado you had walked 

el/ella caminaba he/she was walking el/ella habίa caminado he/she had walked 

nosotros caminábamos we were walking nosotros habίamos caminado we had walked 

vosotros caminabais you were walking vosotros habίais caminado you had walked 

ellos/ellas caminaban they were walking ellos/ellas habίan caminado they had walked 


yo caminé I walked yo hube caminado I walked 

tú caminaste you walked tú hubiste caminado you walked 

el/ella caminó he/she walked el/ella hubo caminado he/she walked 

nosotros caminamos we walked nosotros hubimos caminado we walked 

vosotros caminasteis you walked vosotros hubisteis caminado you walked 

ellos/ellas caminaron they walked ellos/ellas hubieron caminado they walked 


yo caminaré I will walk yo habré caminado I will have walked 

tú caminarás you will walk tú habrás caminado you will have walked 

el/ella caminará he/she will walk el/ella habrá caminado he/she will walked 

nosotros caminaremos we will walk nosotros habremos caminado we will have walked 

vosotros caminaréis you will walk vosotros habréis caminado you will have walked 

ellos/ellas caminarán they will walk ellos/ellas habrán caminado they will have walked 


yo caminaría I would walk yo habrίa caminado I would have walked 

tú caminarías you would walk tú habrίas caminado you would have walked 

el/ella caminaría he/she would walk el/ella habrίa caminado he/she would have walked 

nosotros caminaríamos we would walk nosotros habrίamos caminado we would have walked 

vosotros caminaríais you would walk vosotros habrίais caminado you would have walked 

ellos/ellas caminarían they would walk ellos/ellas habrίan caminado they would have walked 



yo camine I walk yo haya caminado I have walked 

tú camines you walk tú hayas caminado you have walked 

el/ella camine he/she walks el/ella haya caminado he/she has walked 

nosotros caminemos we walk nosotros hayamos caminado we have walked 

vosotros caminéis you walk vosotros hayáis caminado you have walked 

ellos/ellas caminen they walk ellos/ellas hayan caminado they have walked 


yo caminara I was walking yo hubiera caminado I had walked 

tú caminaras you were walking tú hubieras caminado you had walked 

el/ella caminara he/she was walking el/ella hubiera caminado he/she had walked 

nosotros camináramos we were walking nosotros hubiéramos caminado we had walked 

vosotros caminarais you were walking vosotros hubierais caminado you had walked 

ellos/ellas caminaran they were walking ellos/ellas hubieran caminado they had walked 

or or 

yo caminara I was walking yo hubiese caminado I had walked 

tú caminases you were walking tú hubieses caminado you had walked 

el/ella caminase he/she was walking el/ella hubiese caminado he/she had walked 

nosotros caminásemos we were walking nosotros hubiésemos caminado we had walked 

vosotros caminaseis you were walking vosotros hubieseis caminado you had walked 

ellos/ellas caminasen they were walking ellos/ellas hubiesen caminado they had walked 


yo caminare I will walk yo hubiere caminado I will have walked 

tú caminares you will walk tú hubieres caminado you will have walked 

el/ella caminare he/she will walk el/ella hubiere caminado he/she will have walked 

nosotros camináremos we will walk nosotros hubiéremos caminado we will have walked 

vosotros caminareis you will walk vosotros hubiereis caminado you will have walked 

ellos/ellas caminaren they will walk ellos/ellas hubieren caminado they will have walked 


yo yo estoy caminando I am walking 

tú camina walk! tú estás caminando you are walking 

el/ella camine walk! el/ella está caminando he/she is walking 

nosotros caminemos walk! nosotros estamos caminando we are walking 

vosotros caminad walk! vosotros estáis caminando you are walking 

ellos/ellas caminen walk! ellos/ellas están caminando they are walking 


14


Past Participle: cancelado 

cancelar: to cancel Gerund: cancelando 



yo cancelo I cancel yo he cancelado I have canceled 

tú cancelas you cancel tú has cancelado you have canceled 

el/ella cancela he/she cancels el/ella ha cancelado he/she has canceled 

nosotros cancelamos we cancel nosotros hemos cancelado we have canceled 

vosotros canceláis you cancel vosotros habéis cancelado you have canceled 

ellos/ellas cancelan they cancel ellos/ellas han cancelado they have canceled 


yo cancelaba I was canceling yo habίa cancelado I had canceled 

tú cancelabas you were canceling tú habías cancelado you had canceled 

el/ella cancelaba he/she was canceling el/ella habίa cancelado he/she had canceled 

nosotros cancelábamos we were canceling nosotros habίamos cancelado we had canceled 

vosotros cancelabais you were canceling vosotros habίais cancelado you had canceled 

ellos/ellas cancelaban they were canceling ellos/ellas habίan cancelado they had canceled 


yo cancelé I canceled yo hube cancelado I canceled 

tú cancelaste you canceled tú hubiste cancelado you canceled 

el/ella canceló he/she canceled el/ella hubo cancelado he/she canceled 

nosotros cancelamos we canceled nosotros hubimos cancelado we canceled 

vosotros cancelasteis you canceled vosotros hubisteis cancelado you canceled 

ellos/ellas cancelaron they canceled ellos/ellas hubieron cancelado they canceled 


yo cancelaré I will cancel yo habré cancelado I will have canceled 

tú cancelarás you will cancel tú habrás cancelado you will have canceled 

el/ella cancelará he/she will cancel el/ella habrá cancelado he/she will canceled 

nosotros cancelaremos we will cancel nosotros habremos cancelado we will have canceled 

vosotros cancelaréis you will cancel vosotros habréis cancelado you will have canceled 

ellos/ellas cancelarán they will cancel ellos/ellas habrán cancelado they will have canceled 


yo cancelaría I would cancel yo habrίa cancelado I would have canceled 

tú cancelarías you would cancel tú habrίas cancelado you would have canceled 

el/ella cancelaría he/she would cancel el/ella habrίa cancelado he/she would have canceled 

nosotros cancelaríamos we would cancel nosotros habrίamos cancelado we would have canceled 

vosotros cancelaríais you would cancel vosotros habrίais cancelado you would have canceled 

ellos/ellas cancelarían they would cancel ellos/ellas habrίan cancelado they would have canceled 



yo cancele I cancel yo haya cancelado I have canceled 

tú canceles you cancel tú hayas cancelado you have canceled 

el/ella cancele he/she cancels el/ella haya cancelado he/she has canceled 

nosotros cancelemos we cancel nosotros hayamos cancelado we have canceled 

vosotros canceléis you cancel vosotros hayáis cancelado you have canceled 

ellos/ellas cancelen they cancel ellos/ellas hayan cancelado they have canceled 


yo cancelara I was canceling yo hubiera cancelado I had canceled 

tú cancelaras you were canceling tú hubieras cancelado you had canceled 

el/ella cancelara he/she was canceling el/ella hubiera cancelado he/she had canceled 

nosotros canceláramos we were canceling nosotros hubiéramos cancelado we had canceled 

vosotros cancelarais you were canceling vosotros hubierais cancelado you had canceled 

ellos/ellas cancelaran they were canceling ellos/ellas hubieran cancelado they had canceled 

or or 

yo cancelase I was canceling yo hubiese cancelado I had canceled 

tú cancelases you were canceling tú hubieses cancelado you had canceled 

el/ella cancelase he/she was canceling el/ella hubiese cancelado he/she had canceled 

nosotros cancelásemos we were canceling nosotros hubiésemos cancelado we had canceled 

vosotros cancelaseis you were canceling vosotros hubieseis cancelado you had canceled 

ellos/ellas cancelasen they were canceling ellos/ellas hubiesen cancelado they had canceled 


yo cancelare I will cancel yo hubiere cancelado I will have canceled 

tú cancelares you will cancel tú hubieres cancelado you will have canceled 

el/ella cancelare he/she will cancel el/ella hubiere cancelado he/she will have canceled 

nosotros canceláremos we will cancel nosotros hubiéremos cancelado we will have canceled 

vosotros cancelareis you will cancel vosotros hubiereis cancelado you will have canceled 

ellos/ellas cancelaren they will cancel ellos/ellas hubieren cancelado they will have canceled 


yo yo estoy cancelando I am canceling 

tú cancela cancel! tú estás cancelando you are canceling 

el/ella cancele cancel! el/ella está cancelando he/she is canceling 

nosotros cancelemos cancel! nosotros estamos cancelando we are canceling 

vosotros cancelad cancel! vosotros estáis cancelando you are canceling 

ellos/ellas cancelen cancel! ellos/ellas están cancelando they are canceling 


15


Past Participle: cantado 

cantar: to sing Gerund: cantando 



yo canto I sing yo he cantado I have sung 

tú cantas you sing tú has cantado you have sung 

el/ella canta he/she sings el/ella ha cantado he/she has sung 

nosotros cantamos we sing nosotros hemos cantado we have sung 

vosotros cantáis you sing vosotros habéis cantado you have sung 

ellos/ellas cantan they sing ellos/ellas han cantado they have sung 


yo cantaba I was singing yo habίa cantado I had sung 

tú cantabas you were singing tú habías cantado you had sung 

el/ella cantaba he/she was singing el/ella habίa cantado he/she had sung 

nosotros cantábamos we were singing nosotros habίamos cantado we had sung 

vosotros cantabais you were singing vosotros habίais cantado you had sung 

ellos/ellas cantaban they were singing ellos/ellas habίan cantado they had sung 


yo canté I sung yo hube cantado I sang 

tú cantaste you sung tú hubiste cantado you sang 

el/ella cantó he/she sung el/ella hubo cantado he/she sang 

nosotros cantamos we sung nosotros hubimos cantado we sang 

vosotros cantasteis you sung vosotros hubisteis cantado you sang 

ellos/ellas cantaron they sung ellos/ellas hubieron cantado they sang 


yo cantaré I will sing yo habré cantado I will have sung 

tú cantarás you will sing tú habrás cantado you will have sung 

el/ella cantará he/she will sing el/ella habrá cantado he/she will sung 

nosotros cantaremos we will sing nosotros habremos cantado we will have sung 

vosotros cantaréis you will sing vosotros habréis cantado you will have sung 

ellos/ellas cantarán they will sing ellos/ellas habrán cantado they will have sung 


yo cantaría I would sing yo habrίa cantado I would have sung 

tú cantarías you would sing tú habrίas cantado you would have sung 

el/ella cantaría he/she would sing el/ella habrίa cantado he/she would have sung 

nosotros cantaríamos we would sing nosotros habrίamos cantado we would have sung 

vosotros cantaríais you would sing vosotros habrίais cantado you would have sung 

ellos/ellas cantarían they would sing ellos/ellas habrίan cantado they would have sung 



yo cante I sing yo haya cantado I have sung 

tú cantes you sing tú hayas cantado you have sung 

el/ella cante he/she sings el/ella haya cantado he/she has sung 

nosotros cantemos we sing nosotros hayamos cantado we have sung 

vosotros cantéis you sing vosotros hayáis cantado you have sung 

ellos/ellas canten they sing ellos/ellas hayan cantado they have sung 


yo cantara I was singing yo hubiera cantado I had sung 

tú cantaras you were singing tú hubieras cantado you had sung 

el/ella cantara he/she was singing el/ella hubiera cantado he/she had sung 

nosotros cantáramos we were singing nosotros hubiéramos cantado we had sung 

vosotros cantarais you were singing vosotros hubierais cantado you had sung 

ellos/ellas cantaran they were singing ellos/ellas hubieran cantado they had sung 

or or 

yo cantara I was singing yo hubiese cantado I had sung 

tú cantases you were singing tú hubieses cantado you had sung 

el/ella cantase he/she was singing el/ella hubiese cantado he/she had sung 

nosotros cantásemos we were singing nosotros hubiésemos cantado we had sung 

vosotros cantaseis you were singing vosotros hubieseis cantado you had sung 

ellos/ellas cantasen they were singing ellos/ellas hubiesen cantado they had sung 


yo cantare I will sing yo hubiere cantado I will have sung 

tú cantares you will sing tú hubieres cantado you will have sung 

el/ella cantare he/she will sing el/ella hubiere cantado he/she will have sung 

nosotros cantáremos we will sing nosotros hubiéremos cantado we will have sung 

vosotros cantareis you will sing vosotros hubiereis cantado you will have sung 

ellos/ellas cantaren they will sing ellos/ellas hubieren cantado they will have sung 


yo yo estoy cantando I am singing 

tú canta sing! tú estás cantando you are singing 

el/ella cante sing! el/ella está cantando he/she is singing 

nosotros cantemos sing! nosotros estamos cantando we are singing 

vosotros cantad sing! vosotros estáis cantando you are singing 

ellos/ellas canten sing! ellos/ellas están cantando they are singing 


16


Past Participle: cenado 

cenar: to have dinner Gerund: cenando 



yo ceno I have dinner yo he cenado I have had dinner 

tú cenas you have dinner tú has cenado you have had dinner 

el/ella cena he/she has dinner el/ella ha cenado he/she has had dinner 

nosotros cenamos we have dinner nosotros hemos cenado we have had dinner 

vosotros cenáis you have dinner vosotros habéis cenado you have had dinner 

ellos/ellas cenan they have dinner ellos/ellas han cenado they have had dinner 


yo cenaba I was having dinner yo habίa cenado I had dined 

tú cenabas you were having dinner tú habías cenado you had dined 

el/ella cenaba he/she was having dinner el/ella habίa cenado he/she had dined 

nosotros cenábamos we were having dinner nosotros habίamos cenado we had dined 

vosotros cenabais you were having dinner vosotros habίais cenado you had dined 

ellos/ellas cenaban they were having dinner ellos/ellas habίan cenado they had dined 


yo cené I have dined yo hube cenado I have dined 

tú cenaste you have dined tú hubiste cenado you have dined 

el/ella cenó he/she has dined el/ella hubo cenado he/she have dined 

nosotros cenamos we have dined nosotros hubimos cenado we have dined 

vosotros cenasteis you have dined vosotros hubisteis cenado you have dined 

ellos/ellas cenaron they have dined ellos/ellas hubieron cenado they have dined 


yo cenaré I will have dinner yo habré cenado I will have had dinner 

tú cenarás you will have dinner tú habrás cenado you will have had dinner 

el/ella cenará he/she will have dinner el/ella habrá cenado he/she will have had dinner 

nosotros cenaremos we will have dinner nosotros habremos cenado we will have had dinner 

vosotros cenaréis you will have dinner vosotros habréis cenado you will have had dinner 

ellos/ellas cenarán they will have dinner ellos/ellas habrán cenado they will have had dinner 


yo cenaría I would have dinner yo habrίa cenado I would have had dinner 

tú cenarías you would have dinner tú habrίas cenado you would have had dinner 

el/ella cenaría he/she would have dinner el/ella habrίa cenado he/she would have had dinner 

nosotros cenaríamos we would have dinner nosotros habrίamos cenado we would have had dinner 

vosotros cenaríais you would have dinner vosotros habrίais cenado you would have had dinner 

ellos/ellas cenarían they would have dinner ellos/ellas habrίan cenado they would have had dinner 



yo cene I have dinner yo haya cenado I have had dinner 

tú cenes you have dinner tú hayas cenado you have had dinner 

el/ella cene he/she has dinner el/ella haya cenado he/she has had dinner 

nosotros cenemos we have dinner nosotros hayamos cenado we have had dinner 

vosotros cenéis you have dinner vosotros hayáis cenado you have had dinner 

ellos/ellas cenen they have dinner ellos/ellas hayan cenado they have had dinner 


yo cenara I was having dinner yo hubiera cenado I had dined 

tú cenaras you were having dinner tú hubieras cenado you had dined 

el/ella cenara he/she was having dinner el/ella hubiera cenado he/she had dined 

nosotros cenáramos we were having dinner nosotros hubiéramos cenado we had dined 

vosotros cenarais you were having dinner vosotros hubierais cenado you had dined 

ellos/ellas cenaran they were having dinner ellos/ellas hubieran cenado they had dined 

or or 

yo cenara I was having dinner yo hubiese cantado I had dined 

tú cenases you were having dinner tú hubieses cantado you had dined 

el/ella cenase he/she was having dinner el/ella hubiese cantado he/she had dined 

nosotros cenásemos we were having dinner nosotros hubiésemos cantado we had dined 

vosotros cenaseis you were having dinner vosotros hubieseis cantado you had dined 

ellos/ellas cenasen they were having dinner ellos/ellas hubiesen cantado they had dined 


yo cenare I will have dinner yo hubiere cenado I will have had dinner 

tú cenares you will have dinner tú hubieres cenado you will have had dinner 

el/ella cenare he/she will have dinner el/ella hubiere cenado he/she will have had dinner 

nosotros cenáremos we will have dinner nosotros hubiéremos cenado we will have had dinner 

vosotros cenareis you will have dinner vosotros hubiereis cenado you will have had dinner 

ellos/ellas cenaren they will have dinner ellos/ellas hubieren cenado they will have had dinner 


yo yo estoy cenando I am having dinner 

tú cena dine! tú estás cenando you are having dinner 

el/ella cene dine! el/ella está cenando he/she is having dinner 

nosotros cenemos dine! nosotros estamos cenando we are having dinner 

vosotros cenad dine! vosotros estáis cenando you are having dinner 

ellos/ellas cenen dine! ellos/ellas están cenando they are having dinner 


17


Past Participle: charlado 

charlar: to chat Gerund: charlando 



yo charlo I chat yo he charlado I have chatted 

tú charlas you chat tú has charlado you have chatted 

el/ella charla he/she chats el/ella ha charlado he/she has chatted 

nosotros charlamos we chat nosotros hemos charlado we have chatted 

vosotros charláis you chat vosotros habéis charlado you have chatted 

ellos/ellas charlan they chat ellos/ellas han charlado they have chatted 


yo charlaba I was chatting yo habίa charlado I had chatted 

tú charlabas you were chatting tú habías charlado you had chatted 

el/ella charlaba he/she was chatting el/ella habίa charlado he/she had chatted 

nosotros charlábamos we were chatting nosotros habίamos charlado we had chatted 

vosotros charlabais you were chatting vosotros habίais charlado you had chatted 

ellos/ellas charlaban they were chatting ellos/ellas habίan charlado they had chatted 


yo charlé I chatted yo hube charlado I chatted 

tú charlaste you chatted tú hubiste charlado you chatted 

el/ella charló he/she chatted el/ella hubo charlado he/she chatted 

nosotros charlamos we chatted nosotros hubimos charlado we chatted 

vosotros charlasteis you chatted vosotros hubisteis charlado you chatted 

ellos/ellas charlaron they chatted ellos/ellas hubieron charlado they chatted 


yo charlaré I will chat yo habré charlado I will have chatted 

tú charlarás you will chat tú habrás charlado you will have chatted 

el/ella charlará he/she will chat el/ella habrá charlado he/she will chatted 

nosotros charlaremos we will chat nosotros habremos charlado we will have chatted 

vosotros charlaréis you will chat vosotros habréis charlado you will have chatted 

ellos/ellas charlarán they will chat ellos/ellas habrán charlado they will have chatted 


yo charlaría I would chat yo habrίa charlado I would have chatted 

tú charlarías you would chat tú habrίas charlado you would have chatted 

el/ella charlaría he/she would chat el/ella habrίa charlado he/she would have chatted 

nosotros charlaríamos we would chat nosotros habrίamos charlado we would have chatted 

vosotros charlaríais you would chat vosotros habrίais charlado you would have chatted 

ellos/ellas charlarían they would chat ellos/ellas habrίan charlado they would have chatted 



yo charle I chat yo haya charlado I have chatted 

tú charles you chat tú hayas charlado you have chatted 

el/ella charle he/she chats el/ella haya charlado he/she has chatted 

nosotros charlemos we chat nosotros hayamos charlado we have chatted 

vosotros charléis you chat vosotros hayáis charlado you have chatted 

ellos/ellas charlen they chat ellos/ellas hayan charlado they have chatted 


yo charlara I was chatting yo hubiera charlado I had chatted 

tú charlaras you were chatting tú hubieras charlado you had chatted 

el/ella charlara he/she was chatting el/ella hubiera charlado he/she had chatted 

nosotros charláramos we were chatting nosotros hubiéramos charlado we had chatted 

vosotros charlarais you were chatting vosotros hubierais charlado you had chatted 

ellos/ellas charlaran they were chatting ellos/ellas hubieran charlado they had chatted 

or or 

yo charlase I was chatting yo hubiese charlado I had chatted 

tú charlases you were chatting tú hubieses charlado you had chatted 

el/ella charlase he/she was chatting el/ella hubiese charlado he/she had chatted 

nosotros charlásemos we were chatting nosotros hubiésemos charlado we had chatted 

vosotros charlaseis you were chatting vosotros hubieseis charlado you had chatted 

ellos/ellas charlasen they were chatting ellos/ellas hubiesen charlado they had chatted 


yo charlare I will chat yo hubiere charlado I will have chatted 

tú charlares you will chat tú hubieres charlado you will have chatted 

el/ella charlare he/she will chat el/ella hubiere charlado he/she will have chatted 

nosotros charláremos we will chat nosotros hubiéremos charlado we will have chatted 

vosotros charlareis you will chat vosotros hubiereis charlado you will have chatted 

ellos/ellas charlaren they will chat ellos/ellas hubieren charlado they will have chatted 


yo yo estoy charlando I am chatting 

tú charla chat! tú estás charlando you are chatting 

el/ella charle chat! el/ella está charlando he/she is chatting 

nosotros charlemos chat! nosotros estamos charlando we are chatting 

vosotros charlad chat! vosotros estáis charlando you are chatting 

ellos/ellas charlen chat! ellos/ellas están charlando they are chatting 


18


Past Participle: cocinado 

cocinar: to cook Gerund: cocinando 



yo cocino I cook yo he cocinado I have cooked 

tú cocinas you cook tú has cocinado you have cooked 

el/ella cocina he/she cooks el/ella ha cocinado he/she has cooked 

nosotros cocinamos we cook nosotros hemos cocinado we have cooked 

vosotros cocináis you cook vosotros habéis cocinado you have cooked 

ellos/ellas cocinan they cook ellos/ellas han cocinado they have cooked 


yo cocinaba I was cooking yo habίa cocinado I had cooked 

tú cocinabas you were cooking tú habías cocinado you had cooked 

el/ella cocinaba he/she was cooking el/ella habίa cocinado he/she had cooked 

nosotros cocinábamos we were cooking nosotros habίamos cocinado we had cooked 

vosotros cocinabais you were cooking vosotros habίais cocinado you had cooked 

ellos/ellas cocinaban they were cooking ellos/ellas habίan cocinado they had cooked 


yo cociné I cooked yo hube cocinado I cooked 

tú cocinaste you cooked tú hubiste cocinado you cooked 

el/ella cocinó he/she cooked el/ella hubo cocinado he/she cooked 

nosotros cocinamos we cooked nosotros hubimos cocinado we cooked 

vosotros cocinasteis you cooked vosotros hubisteis cocinado you cooked 

ellos/ellas cocinaron they cooked ellos/ellas hubieron cocinado they cooked 


yo cocinaré I will cook yo habré cocinado I will have cooked 

tú cocinarás you will cook tú habrás cocinado you will have cooked 

el/ella cocinará he/she will cook el/ella habrá cocinado he/she will cooked 

nosotros cocinaremos we will cook nosotros habremos cocinado we will have cooked 

vosotros cocinaréis you will cook vosotros habréis cocinado you will have cooked 

ellos/ellas cocinarán they will cook ellos/ellas habrán cocinado they will have cooked 


yo cocinaría I would cook yo habrίa cocinado I would have cooked 

tú cocinarías you would cook tú habrίas cocinado you would have cooked 

el/ella cocinaría he/she would cook el/ella habrίa cocinado he/she would have cooked 

nosotros cocinaríamos we would cook nosotros habrίamos cocinado we would have cooked 

vosotros cocinaríais you would cook vosotros habrίais cocinado you would have cooked 

ellos/ellas cocinarían they would cook ellos/ellas habrίan cocinado they would have cooked 



yo cocine I cook yo haya cocinado I have cooked 

tú cocines you cook tú hayas cocinado you have cooked 

el/ella cocine he/she cooks el/ella haya cocinado he/she has cooked 

nosotros cocinemos we cook nosotros hayamos cocinado we have cooked 

vosotros cocinéis you cook vosotros hayáis cocinado you have cooked 

ellos/ellas cocinen they cook ellos/ellas hayan cocinado they have cooked 


yo cocinara I was cooking yo hubiera cocinado I had cooked 

tú cocinaras you were cooking tú hubieras cocinado you had cooked 

el/ella cocinara he/she was cooking el/ella hubiera cocinado he/she had cooked 

nosotros cocináramos we were cooking nosotros hubiéramos cocinado we had cooked 

vosotros cocinarais you were cooking vosotros hubierais cocinado you had cooked 

ellos/ellas cocinaran they were cooking ellos/ellas hubieran cocinado they had cooked 

or or 

yo cocinase I was cooking yo hubiese cocinado I had cooked 

tú cocinases you were cooking tú hubieses cocinado you had cooked 

el/ella cocinase he/she was cooking el/ella hubiese cocinado he/she had cooked 

nosotros cocinásemos we were cooking nosotros hubiésemos cocinado we had cooked 

vosotros cocinaseis you were cooking vosotros hubieseis cocinado you had cooked 

ellos/ellas cocinasen they were cooking ellos/ellas hubiesen cocinado they had cooked 


yo cocinare I will cook yo hubiere cocinado I will have cooked 

tú cocinares you will cook tú hubieres cocinado you will have cooked 

el/ella cocinare he/she will cook el/ella hubiere cocinado he/she will have cooked 

nosotros cocináremos we will cook nosotros hubiéremos cocinado we will have cooked 

vosotros cocinareis you will cook vosotros hubiereis cocinado you will have cooked 

ellos/ellas cocinaren they will cook ellos/ellas hubieren cocinado they will have cooked 


yo yo estoy cocinando I am cooking 

tú cocina cook! tú estás cocinando you are cooking 

el/ella cocine cook! el/ella está cocinando he/she is cooking 

nosotros cocinemos cook! nosotros estamos cocinando we are cooking 

vosotros cocinad cook! vosotros estáis cocinando you are cooking 

ellos/ellas cocinen cook! ellos/ellas están cocinando they are cooking 


19


Past Participle: comado 

comer: to eat Gerund: comando 



yo como I eat yo he comado I have eaten 

tú comes you eat tú has comado you have eaten 

el/ella come he/she eats el/ella ha comado he/she has eaten 

nosotros comemos we eat nosotros hemos comado we have eaten 

vosotros coméis you eat vosotros habéis comado you have eaten 

ellos/ellas comen they eat ellos/ellas han comado they have eaten 


yo comía I was eating yo habίa comado I had eaten 

tú comías you were eating tú habías comado you had eaten 

el/ella comía he/she was eating el/ella habίa comado he/she had eaten 

nosotros comíamos we were eating nosotros habίamos comado we had eaten 

vosotros comíais you were eating vosotros habίais comado you had eaten 

ellos/ellas comían they were eating ellos/ellas habίan comado they had eaten 


yo comí I ate yo hube comado I ate 

tú comiste you ate tú hubiste comado you ate 

el/ella comió he/she ate el/ella hubo comado he/she ate 

nosotros comimos we ate nosotros hubimos comado we ate 

vosotros comisteis you ate vosotros hubisteis comado you ate 

ellos/ellas comieron they ate ellos/ellas hubieron comado they ate 


yo comeré I will eat yo habré comado I will have eaten 

tú comerás you will eat tú habrás comado you will have eaten 

el/ella comerá he/she will eat el/ella habrá comado he/she will eaten 

nosotros comeremos we will eat nosotros habremos comado we will have eaten 

vosotros comeréis you will eat vosotros habréis comado you will have eaten 

ellos/ellas comerán they will eat ellos/ellas habrán comado they will have eaten 


yo comería I would eat yo habrίa comado I would have eaten 

tú comerías you would eat tú habrίas comado you would have eaten 

el/ella comería he/she would eat el/ella habrίa comado he/she would have eaten 

nosotros comeríamos we would eat nosotros habrίamos comado we would have eaten 

vosotros comeríais you would eat vosotros habrίais comado you would have eaten 

ellos/ellas comerían they would eat ellos/ellas habrίan comado they would have eaten 



yo coma I eat yo haya comado I have eaten 

tú comas you eat tú hayas comado you have eaten 

el/ella coma he/she eats el/ella haya comado he/she has eaten 

nosotros comamos we eat nosotros hayamos comado we have eaten 

vosotros comáis you eat vosotros hayáis comado you have eaten 

ellos/ellas coman they eat ellos/ellas hayan comado they have eaten 


yo comera I was eating yo hubiera comado I had eaten 

tú comeras you were eating tú hubieras comado you had eaten 

el/ella comera he/she was eating el/ella hubiera comado he/she had eaten 

nosotros coméramos we were eating nosotros hubiéramos comado we had eaten 

vosotros comerais you were eating vosotros hubierais comado you had eaten 

ellos/ellas comeran they were eating ellos/ellas hubieran comado they had eaten 

or or 

yo comese I was eating yo hubiese comado I had eaten 

tú comeses you were eating tú hubieses comado you had eaten 

el/ella comese he/she was eating el/ella hubiese comado he/she had eaten 

nosotros comésemos we were eating nosotros hubiésemos comado we had eaten 

vosotros comeseis you were eating vosotros hubieseis comado you had eaten 

ellos/ellas comesen they were eating ellos/ellas hubiesen comado they had eaten 


yo comere I will eat yo hubiere comado I will have eaten 

tú comeres you will eat tú hubieres comado you will have eaten 

el/ella comere he/she will eat el/ella hubiere comado he/she will have eaten 

nosotros coméremos we will eat nosotros hubiéremos comado we will have eaten 

vosotros comereis you will eat vosotros hubiereis comado you will have eaten 

ellos/ellas comeren they will eat ellos/ellas hubieren comado they will have eaten 


yo come eat! yo estoy comando I am eating 

tú coma eat! tú estás comando you are eating 

el/ella comamos eat! el/ella está comando he/she is eating 

nosotros comed eat! nosotros estamos comando we are eating 

vosotros coman eat! vosotros estáis comando you are eating 

ellos/ellas come eat! ellos/ellas están comando they are eating 


20


Past Participle: comprado 

comprar: to buy Gerund: comprando 



yo compro I buy yo he comprado I have bought 

tú compras you buy tú has comprado you have bought 

el/ella compra he/she buys el/ella ha comprado he/she has bought 

nosotros compramos we buy nosotros hemos comprado we have bought 

vosotros compráis you buy vosotros habéis comprado you have bought 

ellos/ellas compran they buy ellos/ellas han comprado they have bought 


yo compraba I was buying yo habίa comprado I had bought 

tú comprabas you were buying tú habías comprado you had bought 

el/ella compraba he/she was buying el/ella habίa comprado he/she had bought 

nosotros comprábamos we were buying nosotros habίamos comprado we had bought 

vosotros comprabais you were buying vosotros habίais comprado you had bought 

ellos/ellas compraban they were buying ellos/ellas habίan comprado they had bought 


yo compré I bought yo hube comprado I bought 

tú compraste you bought tú hubiste comprado you bought 

el/ella compró he/she bought el/ella hubo comprado he/she bought 

nosotros compramos we bought nosotros hubimos comprado we bought 

vosotros comprasteis you bought vosotros hubisteis comprado you bought 

ellos/ellas compraron they bought ellos/ellas hubieron comprado they bought 


yo compraré I will buy yo habré comprado I will have bought 

tú comprarás you will buy tú habrás comprado you will have bought 

el/ella comprará he/she will buy el/ella habrá comprado he/she will bought 

nosotros compraremos we will buy nosotros habremos comprado we will have bought 

vosotros compraréis you will buy vosotros habréis comprado you will have bought 

ellos/ellas comprarán they will buy ellos/ellas habrán comprado they will have bought 


yo compraría I would buy yo habrίa comprado I would have bought 

tú comprarías you would buy tú habrίas comprado you would have bought 

el/ella compraría he/she would buy el/ella habrίa comprado he/she would have bought 

nosotros compraríamos we would buy nosotros habrίamos comprado we would have bought 

vosotros compraríais you would buy vosotros habrίais comprado you would have bought 

ellos/ellas comprarían they would buy ellos/ellas habrίan comprado they would have bought 



yo compre I buy yo haya comprado I have bought 

tú compres you buy tú hayas comprado you have bought 

el/ella compre he/she buys el/ella haya comprado he/she has bought 

nosotros compremos we buy nosotros hayamos comprado we have bought 

vosotros compréis you buy vosotros hayáis comprado you have bought 

ellos/ellas compren they buy ellos/ellas hayan comprado they have bought 


yo comprara I was buying yo hubiera comprado I had bought 

tú compraras you were buying tú hubieras comprado you had bought 

el/ella comprara he/she was buying el/ella hubiera comprado he/she had bought 

nosotros compráramos we were buying nosotros hubiéramos comprado we had bought 

vosotros comprarais you were buying vosotros hubierais comprado you had bought 

ellos/ellas compraran they were buying ellos/ellas hubieran comprado they had bought 

or or 

yo comprara I was buying yo hubiese comprado I had bought 

tú comprases you were buying tú hubieses comprado you had bought 

el/ella comprase he/she was buying el/ella hubiese comprado he/she had bought 

nosotros comprásemos we were buying nosotros hubiésemos comprado we had bought 

vosotros compraseis you were buying vosotros hubieseis comprado you had bought 

ellos/ellas comprasen they were buying ellos/ellas hubiesen comprado they had bought 


yo comprare I will buy yo hubiere comprado I will have bought 

tú comprares you will buy tú hubieres comprado you will have bought 

el/ella comprare he/she will buy el/ella hubiere comprado he/she will have bought 

nosotros compráremos we will buy nosotros hubiéremos comprado we will have bought 

vosotros comprareis you will buy vosotros hubiereis comprado you will have bought 

ellos/ellas compraren they will buy ellos/ellas hubieren comprado they will have bought 


yo yo estoy comprando I am buying 

tú compra buy! tú estás comprando you are buying 

el/ella compre buy! el/ella está comprando he/she is buying 

nosotros compremos buy! nosotros estamos comprando we are buying 

vosotros comprad buy! vosotros estáis comprando you are buying 

ellos/ellas compren buy! ellos/ellas están comprando they are buying 


21


Past Participle: comprendado 

comprender: to understand Gerund: comprendando 



yo comprendo I understand yo he comprendado I have understood 

tú comprendes you understand tú has comprendado you have understood 

el/ella comprende he/she understands el/ella ha comprendado he/she has understood 

nosotros comprendemos we understand nosotros hemos comprendado we have understood 

vosotros comprendéis you understand vosotros habéis comprendado you have understood 

ellos/ellas comprenden they understand ellos/ellas han comprendado they have understood 


yo comprendía I was understanding yo habίa comprendado I had understood 

tú comprendías you were understanding tú habías comprendado you had understood 

el/ella comprendía he/she was understanding el/ella habίa comprendado he/she had understood 

nosotros comprendíamos we were understanding nosotros habίamos comprendado we had understood 

vosotros comprendíais you were understanding vosotros habίais comprendado you had understood 

ellos/ellas comprendían they were understanding ellos/ellas habίan comprendado they had understood 


yo comprendí I understood yo hube comprendado I understood 

tú comprendiste you understood tú hubiste comprendado you understood 

el/ella comprendió he/she understood el/ella hubo comprendado he/she understood 

nosotros comprendimos we understood nosotros hubimos comprendado we understood 

vosotros comprendisteis you understood vosotros hubisteis comprendado you understood 

ellos/ellas comprendieron they understood ellos/ellas hubieron comprendado they understood 


yo comprenderé I will understand yo habré comprendado I will have understood 

tú comprenderás you will understand tú habrás comprendado you will have understood 

el/ella comprenderá he/she will understand el/ella habrá comprendado he/she will understood 

nosotros comprenderemos we will understand nosotros habremos comprendado we will have understood 

vosotros comprenderéis you will understand vosotros habréis comprendado you will have understood 

ellos/ellas comprenderán they will understand ellos/ellas habrán comprendado they will have understood 


yo comprendería I would understand yo habrίa comprendado I would have understood 

tú comprenderías you would understand tú habrίas comprendado you would have understood 

el/ella comprendería he/she would understand el/ella habrίa comprendado he/she would have understood 

nosotros comprenderíamos we would understand nosotros habrίamos comprendado understanded 

we would have understood 

vosotros comprenderíais you would understand vosotros habrίais comprendado you would have understood 

ellos/ellas comprenderían they would understand ellos/ellas habrίan comprendado they would have understood 



yo comprenda I understand yo haya comprendado I have understood 

tú comprendas you understand tú hayas comprendado you have understood 

el/ella comprenda he/she understands el/ella haya comprendado he/she has understood 

nosotros comprendamos we understand nosotros hayamos comprendado we have understood 

vosotros comprendáis you understand vosotros hayáis comprendado you have understood 

ellos/ellas comprendan they understand ellos/ellas hayan comprendado they have understood 


yo comprendera I was understanding yo hubiera comprendado I had understood 

tú comprenderas you were understanding tú hubieras comprendado you had understood 

el/ella comprendera he/she was understanding el/ella hubiera comprendado he/she had understood 

nosotros comprendéramos we were understanding nosotros hubiéramos comprendado we had understood 

vosotros comprenderais you were understanding vosotros hubierais comprendado you had understood 

ellos/ellas comprenderan they were understanding ellos/ellas hubieran comprendado they had understood 

or or 

yo comprendese I was understanding yo hubiese comprendado I had understood 

tú comprendeses you were understanding tú hubieses comprendado you had understood 

el/ella comprendese he/she was understanding el/ella hubiese comprendado he/she had understood 

nosotros comprendésemos we were understanding nosotros hubiésemos comprendado we had understood 

vosotros comprendeseis you were understanding vosotros hubieseis comprendado you had understood 

ellos/ellas comprendesen they were understanding ellos/ellas hubiesen comprendado they had understood 


yo comprendere I will understand yo hubiere comprendado I will have understood 

tú comprenderes you will understand tú hubieres comprendado you will have understood 

el/ella comprendere he/she will understand el/ella hubiere comprendado he/she will have understood 

nosotros comprendéremos we will understand nosotros hubiéremos comprendado we will have understood 

vosotros comprendereis you will understand vosotros hubiereis comprendado you will have understood 

ellos/ellas comprenderen they will understand ellos/ellas hubieren comprendado they will have understood 


yo yo estoy comprendando I am understanding 

tú comprende understand! tú estás comprendando you are understanding 

el/ella comprenda understand! el/ella está comprendando he/she is understanding 

nosotros comprendamos understand! nosotros estamos comprendando we are understanding 

vosotros comprended understand! vosotros estáis comprendando you are understanding 

ellos/ellas 

coming 

comprendan understand! ellos/ellas están comprendando they are understanding 


22


Past Participle: contado 

contar: to count Gerund: contando 



yo conto I count yo he contado I have counted 

tú contas you count tú has contado you have counted 

el/ella conta he/she counts el/ella ha contado he/she has counted 

nosotros contamos we count nosotros hemos contado we have counted 

vosotros contáis you count vosotros habéis contado you have counted 

ellos/ellas contan they count ellos/ellas han contado they have counted 


yo contaba I was counting yo habίa contado I had counted 

tú contabas you were counting tú habías contado you had counted 

el/ella contaba he/she was counting el/ella habίa contado he/she had counted 

nosotros contábamos we were counting nosotros habίamos contado we had counted 

vosotros contabais you were counting vosotros habίais contado you had counted 

ellos/ellas contaban they were counting ellos/ellas habίan contado they had counted 


yo conté I counted yo hube contado I counted 

tú contaste you counted tú hubiste contado you counted 

el/ella contó he/she counted el/ella hubo contado he/she counted 

nosotros contamos we counted nosotros hubimos contado we counted 

vosotros contasteis you counted vosotros hubisteis contado you counted 

ellos/ellas contaron they counted ellos/ellas hubieron contado they counted 


yo contaré I will count yo habré contado I will have counted 

tú contarás you will count tú habrás contado you will have counted 

el/ella contará he/she will count el/ella habrá contado he/she will counted 

nosotros contaremos we will count nosotros habremos contado we will have counted 

vosotros contaréis you will count vosotros habréis contado you will have counted 

ellos/ellas contarán they will count ellos/ellas habrán contado they will have counted 


yo contaría I would count yo habrίa contado I would have counted 

tú contarías you would count tú habrίas contado you would have counted 

el/ella contaría he/she would count el/ella habrίa contado he/she would have counted 

nosotros contaríamos we would count nosotros habrίamos contado we would have counted 

vosotros contaríais you would count vosotros habrίais contado you would have counted 

ellos/ellas contarían they would count ellos/ellas habrίan contado they would have counted 



yo conte I count yo haya contado I have counted 

tú contes you count tú hayas contado you have counted 

el/ella conte he/she counts el/ella haya contado he/she has counted 

nosotros contemos we count nosotros hayamos contado we have counted 

vosotros contéis you count vosotros hayáis contado you have counted 

ellos/ellas conten they count ellos/ellas hayan contado they have counted 


yo contara I was counting yo hubiera contado I had counted 

tú contaras you were counting tú hubieras contado you had counted 

el/ella contara he/she was counting el/ella hubiera contado he/she had counted 

nosotros contáramos we were counting nosotros hubiéramos contado we had counted 

vosotros contarais you were counting vosotros hubierais contado you had counted 

ellos/ellas contaran they were counting ellos/ellas hubieran contado they had counted 

or or 

yo contase I was counting yo hubiese contado I had counted 

tú contases you were counting tú hubieses contado you had counted 

el/ella contase he/she was counting el/ella hubiese contado he/she had counted 

nosotros contásemos we were counting nosotros hubiésemos contado we had counted 

vosotros contaseis you were counting vosotros hubieseis contado you had counted 

ellos/ellas contasen they were counting ellos/ellas hubiesen contado they had counted 


yo contare I will count yo hubiere contado I will have counted 

tú contares you will count tú hubieres contado you will have counted 

el/ella contare he/she will count el/ella hubiere contado he/she will have counted 

nosotros contáremos we will count nosotros hubiéremos contado we will have counted 

vosotros contareis you will count vosotros hubiereis contado you will have counted 

ellos/ellas contaren they will count ellos/ellas hubieren contado they will have counted 


yo yo estoy contando I am counting 

tú conta count! tú estás contando you are counting 

el/ella conte count! el/ella está contando he/she is counting 

nosotros contemos count! nosotros estamos contando we are counting 

vosotros contad count! vosotros estáis contando you are counting 

ellos/ellas conten count! ellos/ellas están contando they are counting 


23


Past Participle: contestado 

contestar: to answer Gerund: contestando 



yo contesto I answer yo he contestado I have answered 

tú contestas you answer tú has contestado you have answered 

el/ella contesta he/she answers el/ella ha contestado he/she has answered 

nosotros contestamos we answer nosotros hemos contestado we have answered 

vosotros contestáis you answer vosotros habéis contestado you have answered 

ellos/ellas contestan they answer ellos/ellas han contestado they have answered 


yo contestaba I was answering yo habίa contestado I had answered 

tú contestabas you were answering tú habías contestado you had answered 

el/ella contestaba he/she was answering el/ella habίa contestado he/she had answered 

nosotros contestábamos we were answering nosotros habίamos contestado we had answered 

vosotros contestabais you were answering vosotros habίais contestado you had answered 

ellos/ellas contestaban they were answering ellos/ellas habίan contestado they had answered 


yo contesté I answered yo hube contestado I answered 

tú contestaste you answered tú hubiste contestado you answered 

el/ella contestó he/she answered el/ella hubo contestado he/she answered 

nosotros contestamos we answered nosotros hubimos contestado we answered 

vosotros contestasteis you answered vosotros hubisteis contestado you answered 

ellos/ellas contestaron they answered ellos/ellas hubieron contestado they answered 


yo contestaré I will answer yo habré contestado I will have answered 

tú contestarás you will answer tú habrás contestado you will have answered 

el/ella contestará he/she will answer el/ella habrá contestado he/she will answered 

nosotros contestaremos we will answer nosotros habremos contestado we will have answered 

vosotros contestaréis you will answer vosotros habréis contestado you will have answered 

ellos/ellas contestarán they will answer ellos/ellas habrán contestado they will have answered 


yo contestaría I would answer yo habrίa contestado I would have answered 

tú contestarías you would answer tú habrίas contestado you would have answered 

el/ella contestaría he/she would answer el/ella habrίa contestado he/she would have answered 

nosotros contestaríamos we would answer nosotros habrίamos contestado we would have answered 

vosotros contestaríais you would answer vosotros habrίais contestado you would have answered 

ellos/ellas contestarían they would answer ellos/ellas habrίan contestado they would have answered 



yo conteste I answer yo haya contestado I have answered 

tú contestes you answer tú hayas contestado you have answered 

el/ella conteste he/she answers el/ella haya contestado he/she has answered 

nosotros contestemos we answer nosotros hayamos contestado we have answered 

vosotros contestéis you answer vosotros hayáis contestado you have answered 

ellos/ellas contesten they answer ellos/ellas hayan contestado they have answered 


yo contestara I was answering yo hubiera contestado I had answered 

tú contestaras you were answering tú hubieras contestado you had answered 

el/ella contestara he/she was answering el/ella hubiera contestado he/she had answered 

nosotros contestáramos we were answering nosotros hubiéramos contestado we had answered 

vosotros contestarais you were answering vosotros hubierais contestado you had answered 

ellos/ellas contestaran they were answering ellos/ellas hubieran contestado they had answered 

or or 

yo contestase I was answering yo hubiese contestado I had answered 

tú contestases you were answering tú hubieses contestado you had answered 

el/ella contestase he/she was answering el/ella hubiese contestado he/she had answered 

nosotros contestásemos we were answering nosotros hubiésemos contestado we had answered 

vosotros contestaseis you were answering vosotros hubieseis contestado you had answered 

ellos/ellas contestasen they were answering ellos/ellas hubiesen contestado they had answered 


yo contestare I will answer yo hubiere contestado I will have answered 

tú contestares you will answer tú hubieres contestado you will have answered 

el/ella contestare he/she will answer el/ella hubiere contestado he/she will have answered 

nosotros contestáremos we will answer nosotros hubiéremos contestado we will have answered 

vosotros contestareis you will answer vosotros hubiereis contestado you will have answered 

ellos/ellas contestaren they will answer ellos/ellas hubieren contestado they will have answered 


yo yo estoy contestando I am answering 

tú contesta answer! tú estás contestando you are answering 

el/ella conteste answer! el/ella está contestando he/she is answering 

nosotros contestemos answer! nosotros estamos contestando we are answering 

vosotros contestad answer! vosotros estáis contestando you are answering 

ellos/ellas contesten answer! ellos/ellas están contestando they are answering 


24


Past Participle: continuado 

continuar: to continue Gerund: continuando 



yo continuo I continue yo he continuado I have continued 

tú continuas you continue tú has continuado you have continued 

el/ella continua he/she continues el/ella ha continuado he/she has continued 

nosotros continuamos we continue nosotros hemos continuado we have continued 

vosotros continuáis you continue vosotros habéis continuado you have continued 

ellos/ellas continuan they continue ellos/ellas han continuado they have continued 


yo continuaba I was continuing yo habίa continuado I had continued 

tú continuabas you were continuing tú habías continuado you had continued 

el/ella continuaba he/she was continuing el/ella habίa continuado he/she had continued 

nosotros continuábamos we were continuing nosotros habίamos continuado we had continued 

vosotros continuabais you were continuing vosotros habίais continuado you had continued 

ellos/ellas continuaban they were continuing ellos/ellas habίan continuado they had continued 


yo continué I continued yo hube continuado I continued 

tú continuaste you continued tú hubiste continuado you continued 

el/ella continuó he/she continued el/ella hubo continuado he/she continued 

nosotros continuamos we continued nosotros hubimos continuado we continued 

vosotros continuasteis you continued vosotros hubisteis continuado you continued 

ellos/ellas continuaron they continued ellos/ellas hubieron continuado they continued 


yo continuaré I will continue yo habré continuado I will have continued 

tú continuarás you will continue tú habrás continuado you will have continued 

el/ella continuará he/she will continue el/ella habrá continuado he/she will continued 

nosotros continuaremos we will continue nosotros habremos continuado we will have continued 

vosotros continuaréis you will continue vosotros habréis continuado you will have continued 

ellos/ellas continuarán they will continue ellos/ellas habrán continuado they will have continued 


yo continuaría I would continue yo habrίa continuado I would have continued 

tú continuarías you would continue tú habrίas continuado you would have continued 

el/ella continuaría he/she would continue el/ella habrίa continuado he/she would have continued 

nosotros continuaríamos we would continue nosotros habrίamos continuado we would have continued 

vosotros continuaríais you would continue vosotros habrίais continuado you would have continued 

ellos/ellas continuarían they would continue ellos/ellas habrίan continuado they would have continued 



yo continue I continue yo haya continuado I have continued 

tú continues you continue tú hayas continuado o you have continued 

el/ella continue he/she continues el/ella haya continuado he/she has continued 

nosotros continuemos we continue nosotros hayamos continuado we have continued 

vosotros continuéis you continue vosotros hayáis continuado you have continued 

ellos/ellas continuen they continue ellos/ellas hayan continuado they have continued 


yo continuara I was continuing yo hubiera continuado I had continued 

tú continuaras you were continuing tú hubieras continuado you had continued 

el/ella continuara he/she was continuing el/ella hubiera continuado he/she had continued 

nosotros continuáramos we were continuing nosotros hubiéramos continuado we had continued 

vosotros continuarais you were continuing vosotros hubierais continuado you had continued 

ellos/ellas continuaran they were continuing ellos/ellas hubieran continuado they had continued 

or or 

yo continuase I was continuing yo hubiese continuado I had continued 

tú continuases you were continuing tú hubieses continuado you had continued 

el/ella continuase he/she was continuing el/ella hubiese continuado he/she had continued 

nosotros continuásemos we were continuing nosotros hubiésemos continuado we had continued 

vosotros continuaseis you were continuing vosotros hubieseis continuado you had continued 

ellos/ellas continuasen they were continuing ellos/ellas hubiesen continuado they had continued 


yo continuare I will continue yo hubiere continuado I will have continued 

tú continuares you will continue tú hubieres continuado you will have continued 

el/ella continuare he/she will continue el/ella hubiere continuado he/she will have continued 

nosotros continuáremos we will continue nosotros hubiéremos continuado we will have continued 

vosotros continuareis you will continue vosotros hubiereis continuado you will have continued 

ellos/ellas continuaren they will continue ellos/ellas hubieren continuado they will have continued 


yo yo estoy continuando I am continuing 

tú continua Continue! tú estás continuando you are continuing 

el/ella continue Continue! el/ella está continuando he/she is continuing 

nosotros continuemos Continue! nosotros estamos continuando we are continuing 

vosotros continuad Continue! vosotros estáis continuando you are continuing 

ellos/ellas continuen Continue! ellos/ellas están continuando they are continuing 


25


Past Participle: corrado 

correr: to run Gerund: corrando 



yo corro I run yo he corrado I have ran 

tú corres you run tú has corrado you have ran 

el/ella corre he/she runs el/ella ha corrado he/she has ran 

nosotros corremos we run nosotros hemos corrado we have ran 

vosotros corréis you run vosotros habéis corrado you have ran 

ellos/ellas corren they run ellos/ellas han corrado they have ran 


yo corría I was running yo habίa corrado I had ran 

tú corrías you were running tú habías corrado you had ran 

el/ella corría he/she was running el/ella habίa corrado he/she had ran 

nosotros corríamos we were running nosotros habίamos corrado we had ran 

vosotros corríais you were running vosotros habίais corrado you had ran 

ellos/ellas corrían they were running ellos/ellas habίan corrado they had ran 


yo corrí I ran yo hube corrado I ran 

tú corriste you ran tú hubiste corrado you ran 

el/ella corrió he/she ran el/ella hubo corrado he/she ran 

nosotros corrimos we ran nosotros hubimos corrado we ran 

vosotros corristeis you ran vosotros hubisteis corrado you ran 

ellos/ellas corrieron they ran ellos/ellas hubieron corrado they ran 


yo correré I will run yo habré corrado I will have ran 

tú correrás you will run tú habrás corrado you will have ran 

el/ella correrá he/she will run el/ella habrá corrado he/she will ran 

nosotros correremos we will run nosotros habremos corrado we will have ran 

vosotros correréis you will run vosotros habréis corrado you will have ran 

ellos/ellas correrán they will run ellos/ellas habrán corrado they will have ran 


yo correría I would run yo habrίa corrado I would have ran 

tú correrías you would run tú habrίas corrado you would have ran 

el/ella correría he/she would run el/ella habrίa corrado he/she would have ran 

nosotros correríamos we would run nosotros habrίamos corrado we would have ran 

vosotros correríais you would run vosotros habrίais corrado you would have ran 

ellos/ellas correrían they would run ellos/ellas habrίan corrado they would have ran 



yo corra I run yo haya corrado I have ran 

tú corras you run tú hayas corrado you have ran 

el/ella corra he/she runs el/ella haya corrado he/she has ran 

nosotros corramos we run nosotros hayamos corrado we have ran 

vosotros corráis you run vosotros hayáis corrado you have ran 

ellos/ellas corran they run ellos/ellas hayan corrado they have ran 


yo correra I was running yo hubiera corrado I had ran 

tú correras you were running tú hubieras corrado you had ran 

el/ella correra he/she was running el/ella hubiera corrado he/she had ran 

nosotros corréramos we were running nosotros hubiéramos corrado we had ran 

vosotros correrais you were running vosotros hubierais corrado you had ran 

ellos/ellas correran they were running ellos/ellas hubieran corrado they had ran 

or or 

yo correse I was running yo hubiese corrado I had ran 

tú correses you were running tú hubieses corrado you had ran 

el/ella correse he/she was running el/ella hubiese corrado he/she had ran 

nosotros corrésemos we were running nosotros hubiésemos corrado we had ran 

vosotros correseis you were running vosotros hubieseis corrado you had ran 

ellos/ellas corresen they were running ellos/ellas hubiesen corrado they had ran 


yo correre I will run yo hubiere corrado I will have ran 

tú correres you will run tú hubieres corrado you will have ran 

el/ella correre he/she will run el/ella hubiere corrado he/she will ran 

nosotros corréremos we will run nosotros hubiéremos corrado we will have ran 

vosotros correreis you will run vosotros hubiereis corrado you will have ran 

ellos/ellas correren they will run ellos/ellas hubieren corrado they will have ran 


yo yo estoy corrando I am running 

tú corre run! tú estás corrando you are running 

el/ella corra run! el/ella está corrando he/she is running 

nosotros corramos run! nosotros estamos corrando we are running 

vosotros corred run! vosotros estáis corrando you are running 

ellos/ellas corran run! ellos/ellas están corrando they are running 


26

Past Participle: desayunado 

desayunar: to have breakfast Gerund: desayunando 



yo desayuno I have breakfast yo he desayunado I have had breakfast 

tú desayunas you have breakfast tú has desayunado you have had breakfast 

el/ella desayuna he/she has breakfast el/ella ha desayunado he/she has had breakfast 

nosotros desayunamos we have breakfast nosotros hemos desayunado we have had breakfast 

vosotros desayunáis you have breakfast vosotros habéis desayunado you have had breakfast 

ellos/ellas desayunan they have breakfast ellos/ellas han desayunado they have had breakfast 


yo desayunaba I was having breakfast yo habίa desayunado I had had breakfast 

tú desayunabas you were having breakfast tú habías desayunado you had had breakfast 

el/ella desayunaba he/she was having breakfast el/ella habίa desayunado he/she had had breakfast 

nosotros desayunábamos we were having breakfast nosotros habίamos desayunado we had had breakfast 

vosotros desayunabais you were having breakfast vosotros habίais desayunado you had had breakfast 

ellos/ellas desayunaban they were having breakfast ellos/ellas habίan desayunado they had had breakfast 


yo desayuné I have had breakfast yo hube desayunado I have had breakfast 

tú desayunaste you have had breakfast tú hubiste desayunado you have had breakfast 

el/ella desayunó he/she has had breakfast el/ella hubo desayunado he/she has had breakfast 

nosotros desayunamos we have had breakfast nosotros hubimos desayunado we have had breakfast 

vosotros desayunasteis you have had breakfast vosotros hubisteis desayunado you have had breakfast 

ellos/ellas desayunaron they have had breakfast ellos/ellas hubieron desayunado they have had breakfast 


yo desayunaré I will have breakfast yo habré desayunado I will have had breakfast 

tú desayunarás you will have breakfast tú habrás desayunado you will have had breakfast 

el/ella desayunará he/she will have breakfast el/ella habrá desayunado he/she will have had breakfast 

nosotros desayunaremos we will have breakfast nosotros habremos desayunado we will have had breakfast 

vosotros desayunaréis you will have breakfast vosotros habréis desayunado you will have had breakfast 

ellos/ellas desayunarán they will have breakfast ellos/ellas habrán desayunado they will have had breakfast 


yo desayunaría I would have breakfast yo habrίa desayunado I would have had breakfast 

tú desayunarías you would have breakfast tú habrίas desayunado you would have had breakfast 

el/ella desayunaría he/she would have breakfast el/ella habrίa desayunado breakfasted 

he/she would have had breakfast 

nosotros desayunaríamos we would have breakfast nosotros habrίamos desayunado breakfasted 

we would have had breakfast 

vosotros desayunaríais you would have breakfast vosotros habrίais desayunado you would have had breakfast 

ellos/ellas desayunarían they would have breakfast ellos/ellas habrίan desayunado breakfasted 

they would have had breakfast 

breakfasted 




yo desayune I have breakfast yo haya desayunado I have had breakfast 

tú desayunes you have breakfast tú hayas desayunado you have had breakfast 

el/ella desayune he/she have breakfasts el/ella haya desayunado he/she has had breakfast 

nosotros desayunemos we have breakfast nosotros hayamos desayunado we have had breakfast 

vosotros desayunéis you have breakfast vosotros hayáis desayunado you have had breakfast 

ellos/ellas desayunen they have breakfast ellos/ellas hayan desayunado they have had breakfast 


yo desayunara I was having breakfast yo hubiera desayunado I had had breakfast 

tú desayunaras you were having breakfast tú hubieras desayunado you had had breakfast 

el/ella desayunara he/she was having breakfast el/ella hubiera desayunado he/she had had breakfast 

nosotros desayunáramos we were having breakfast nosotros hubiéramos desayunado we had had breakfast 

vosotros desayunarais you were having breakfast vosotros hubierais desayunado you had had breakfast 

ellos/ellas desayunaran they were having breakfast ellos/ellas hubieran desayunado they had had breakfast 

or or 

yo desayunase I was having breakfast yo hubiese desayunado I had had breakfast 

tú desayunases you were having breakfast tú hubieses desayunado you had had breakfast 

el/ella desayunase he/she was having breakfast el/ella hubiese desayunado he/she had had breakfast 

nosotros desayunásemos we were having breakfast nosotros hubiésemos desayunado we had had breakfast 

vosotros desayunaseis you were having breakfast vosotros hubieseis desayunado you had had breakfast 

ellos/ellas desayunasen they were having breakfast ellos/ellas hubiesen desayunado they had had breakfast 


yo desayunare I will have breakfast yo hubiere desayunado I will have had breakfast 

tú desayunares you will have breakfast tú hubieres desayunado you will have had breakfast 

el/ella desayunare he/she will have breakfast el/ella hubiere desayunado he/she will have had breakfast 

nosotros desayunáremos we will have breakfast nosotros hubiéremos desayunado breakfasted 

we will have had breakfast 

vosotros desayunareis you will have breakfast vosotros hubiereis desayunado you will have had breakfast 

ellos/ellas desayunaren they will have breakfast ellos/ellas hubieren desayunado they will have had breakfast 


yo yo estoy desayunando I am have breakfast 

tú desayuna have breakfast! tú estás desayunando you are have breakfast 

el/ella desayune have breakfast! el/ella está desayunando he/she is have breakfasting 

nosotros desayunemos have breakfast! nosotros estamos desayunando we are have breakfast 

vosotros desayunad have breakfast! vosotros estáis desayunando you are have breakfast 

ellos/ellas desayunen have breakfast! ellos/ellas están desayunando they are have breakfast 


27


Past Participle: detenado 

detener: to stop Gerund: detenando 



yo deteno I stop yo he detenado I have stopped 

tú detenes you stop tú has detenado you have stopped 

el/ella detene he/she stops el/ella ha detenado he/she has stopped 

nosotros detenemos we stop nosotros hemos detenado we have stopped 

vosotros detenéis you stop vosotros habéis detenado you have stopped 

ellos/ellas detenen they stop ellos/ellas han detenado they have stopped 


yo detenía I was stopping yo habίa detenado I had stopped 

tú detenías you were stopping tú habías detenado you had stopped 

el/ella detenía he/she was stopping el/ella habίa detenado he/she had stopped 

nosotros deteníamos we were stopping nosotros habίamos detenado we had stopped 

vosotros deteníais you were stopping vosotros habίais detenado you had stopped 

ellos/ellas detenían they were stopping ellos/ellas habίan detenado they had stopped 


yo detení I stopped yo hube detenado I stopped 

tú deteniste you stopped tú hubiste detenado you stopped 

el/ella detenió he/she stopped el/ella hubo detenado he/she stopped 

nosotros detenimos we stopped nosotros hubimos detenado we stopped 

vosotros detenisteis you stopped vosotros hubisteis detenado you stopped 

ellos/ellas detenieron they stopped ellos/ellas hubieron detenado they stopped 


yo deteneré I will stop yo habré detenado I will have stopped 

tú detenerás you will stop tú habrás detenado you will have stopped 

el/ella detenerá he/she will stop el/ella habrá detenado he/she will stopped 

nosotros deteneremos we will stop nosotros habremos detenado we will have stopped 

vosotros deteneréis you will stop vosotros habréis detenado you will have stopped 

ellos/ellas detenerán they will stop ellos/ellas habrán detenado they will have stopped 


yo detenería I would stop yo habrίa detenado I would have stopped 

tú detenerías you would stop tú habrίas detenado you would have stopped 

el/ella detenería he/she would stop el/ella habrίa detenado he/she would have stopped 

nosotros deteneríamos we would stop nosotros habrίamos detenado we would have stopped 

vosotros deteneríais you would stop vosotros habrίais detenado you would have stopped 

ellos/ellas detenerían they would stop ellos/ellas habrίan detenado they would have stopped 



yo detena I stop yo haya detenado I have stopped 

tú detenas you stop tú hayas detenado you have stopped 

el/ella detena he/she stops el/ella haya detenado he/she has stopped 

nosotros detenamos we stop nosotros hayamos detenado we have stopped 

vosotros detenáis you stop vosotros hayáis detenado you have stopped 

ellos/ellas detenan they stop ellos/ellas hayan detenado they have stopped 


yo detenera I was stopping yo hubiera detenado I had stopped 

tú deteneras you were stopping tú hubieras detenado you had stopped 

el/ella detenera he/she was stopping el/ella hubiera detenado he/she had stopped 

nosotros detenéramos we were stopping nosotros hubiéramos detenado we had stopped 

vosotros detenerais you were stopping vosotros hubierais detenado you had stopped 

ellos/ellas deteneran they were stopping ellos/ellas hubieran detenado they had stopped 

or or 

yo detenese I was stopping yo hubiese detenado I had stopped 

tú deteneses you were stopping tú hubieses detenado you had stopped 

el/ella detenese he/she was stopping el/ella hubiese detenado he/she had stopped 

nosotros detenésemos we were stopping nosotros hubiésemos detenado we had stopped 

vosotros deteneseis you were stopping vosotros hubieseis detenado you had stopped 

ellos/ellas detenesen they were stopping ellos/ellas hubiesen detenado they had stopped 


yo detenere I will stop yo hubiere detenado I will have stopped 

tú deteneres you will stop tú hubieres detenado you will have stopped 

el/ella detenere he/she will stop el/ella hubiere detenado he/she will have stopped 

nosotros detenéremos we will stop nosotros hubiéremos detenado we will have stopped 

vosotros detenereis you will stop vosotros hubiereis detenado you will have stopped 

ellos/ellas deteneren they will stop ellos/ellas hubieren detenado they will have stopped 


yo yo estoy detenando I am stopping 

tú detene stop! tú estás detenando you are stopping 

el/ella detena stop! el/ella está detenando he/she is stopping 

nosotros detenamos stop! nosotros estamos detenando we are stopping 

vosotros detened stop! vosotros estáis detenando you are stopping 

ellos/ellas detenan stop! ellos/ellas están detenando they are stopping 


28


Past Participle: dibujado 

dibujar: to draw Gerund: dibujando 



yo dibujo I draw yo he dibujado I have drawn 

tú dibujas you draw tú has dibujado you have drawn 

el/ella dibuja he/she draws el/ella ha dibujado he/she has drawn 

nosotros dibujamos we draw nosotros hemos dibujado we have drawn 

vosotros dibujáis you draw vosotros habéis dibujado you have drawn 

ellos/ellas dibujan they draw ellos/ellas han dibujado they have drawn 


yo dibujaba I was drawing yo habίa dibujado I had drawn 

tú dibujabas you were drawing tú habías dibujado you had drawn 

el/ella dibujaba he/she was drawing el/ella habίa dibujado he/she had drawn 

nosotros dibujábamos we were drawing nosotros habίamos dibujado we had drawn 

vosotros dibujabais you were drawing vosotros habίais dibujado you had drawn 

ellos/ellas dibujaban they were drawing ellos/ellas habίan dibujado they had drawn 


yo dibujé I drew yo hube dibujado I drew 

tú dibujaste you drew tú hubiste dibujado you drew 

el/ella dibujó he/she drew el/ella hubo dibujado he/she drew 

nosotros dibujamos we drew nosotros hubimos dibujado we drew 

vosotros dibujasteis you drew vosotros hubisteis dibujado you drew 

ellos/ellas dibujaron they drew ellos/ellas hubieron dibujado they drew 


yo dibujaré I will draw yo habré dibujado I will have drawn 

tú dibujarás you will draw tú habrás dibujado you will have drawn 

el/ella dibujará he/she will draw el/ella habrá dibujado he/she will drawn 

nosotros dibujaremos we will draw nosotros habremos dibujado we will have drawn 

vosotros dibujaréis you will draw vosotros habréis dibujado you will have drawn 

ellos/ellas dibujarán they will draw ellos/ellas habrán dibujado they will have drawn 


yo dibujaría I would draw yo habrίa dibujado I would have drawn 

tú dibujarías you would draw tú habrίas dibujado you would have drawn 

el/ella dibujaría he/she would draw el/ella habrίa dibujado he/she would have drawn 

nosotros dibujaríamos we would draw nosotros habrίamos dibujado we would have drawn 

vosotros dibujaríais you would draw vosotros habrίais dibujado you would have drawn 

ellos/ellas dibujarían they would draw ellos/ellas habrίan dibujado they would have drawn 



yo dibuje I draw yo haya dibujado I have drawn 

tú dibujes you draw tú hayas dibujado you have drawn 

el/ella dibuje he/she draws el/ella haya dibujado he/she has drawn 

nosotros dibujemos we draw nosotros hayamos dibujado we have drawn 

vosotros dibujéis you draw vosotros hayáis dibujado you have drawn 

ellos/ellas dibujen they draw ellos/ellas hayan dibujado they have drawn 


yo dibujara I was drawing yo hubiera dibujado I had drawn 

tú dibujaras you were drawing tú hubieras dibujado you had drawn 

el/ella dibujara he/she was drawing el/ella hubiera dibujado he/she had drawn 

nosotros dibujáramos we were drawing nosotros hubiéramos dibujado we had drawn 

vosotros dibujarais you were drawing vosotros hubierais dibujado you had drawn 

ellos/ellas dibujaran they were drawing ellos/ellas hubieran dibujado they had drawn 

or or 

yo dibujase I was drawing yo hubiese dibujado I had drawn 

tú dibujases you were drawing tú hubieses dibujado you had drawn 

el/ella dibujase he/she was drawing el/ella hubiese dibujado he/she had drawn 

nosotros dibujásemos we were drawing nosotros hubiésemos dibujado we had drawn 

vosotros dibujaseis you were drawing vosotros hubieseis dibujado you had drawn 

ellos/ellas dibujasen they were drawing ellos/ellas hubiesen dibujado they had drawn 


yo dibujare I will draw yo hubiere dibujado I will have drawn 

tú dibujares you will draw tú hubieres dibujado you will have drawn 

el/ella dibujare he/she will draw el/ella hubiere dibujado he/she will have drawn 

nosotros dibujáremos we will draw nosotros hubiéremos dibujado we will have drawn 

vosotros dibujareis you will draw vosotros hubiereis dibujado you will have drawn 

ellos/ellas dibujaren they will draw ellos/ellas hubieren dibujado they will have drawn 


yo yo estoy dibujando I am drawing 

tú dibuja draw! tú estás dibujando you are drawing 

el/ella dibuje draw! el/ella está dibujando he/she is drawing 

nosotros dibujemos draw! nosotros estamos dibujando we are drawing 

vosotros dibujad draw! vosotros estáis dibujando you are drawing 

ellos/ellas dibujen draw! ellos/ellas están dibujando they are drawing 


29


Past Participle: empujado 

empujar: to push Gerund: empujando 



yo empujo I push yo he empujado I have pushed 

tú empujas you push tú has empujado you have pushed 

el/ella empuja he/she pushes el/ella ha empujado he/she has pushed 

nosotros empujamos we push nosotros hemos empujado we have pushed 

vosotros empujáis you push vosotros habéis empujado you have pushed 

ellos/ellas empujan they push ellos/ellas han empujado they have pushed 


yo empujaba I was pushing yo habίa empujado I had pushed 

tú empujabas you were pushing tú habías empujado you had pushed 

el/ella empujaba he/she was pushing el/ella habίa empujado he/she had pushed 

nosotros empujábamos we were pushing nosotros habίamos empujado we had pushed 

vosotros empujabais you were pushing vosotros habίais empujado you had pushed 

ellos/ellas empujaban they were pushing ellos/ellas habίan empujado they had pushed 


yo empujé I pushed yo hube empujado I pushed 

tú empujaste you pushed tú hubiste empujado you pushed 

el/ella empujó he/she pushed el/ella hubo empujado he/she pushed 

nosotros empujamos we pushed nosotros hubimos empujado we pushed 

vosotros empujasteis you pushed vosotros hubisteis empujado you pushed 

ellos/ellas empujaron they pushed ellos/ellas hubieron empujado they pushed 


yo empujaré I will push yo habré empujado I will have pushed 

tú empujarás you will push tú habrás empujado you will have pushed 

el/ella empujará he/she will push el/ella habrá empujado he/she will pushed 

nosotros empujaremos we will push nosotros habremos empujado we will have pushed 

vosotros empujaréis you will push vosotros habréis empujado you will have pushed 

ellos/ellas empujarán they will push ellos/ellas habrán empujado they will have pushed 


yo empujaría I would push yo habrίa empujado I would have pushed 

tú empujarías you would push tú habrίas empujado you would have pushed 

el/ella empujaría he/she would push el/ella habrίa empujado he/she would have pushed 

nosotros empujaríamos we would push nosotros habrίamos empujado we would have pushed 

vosotros empujaríais you would push vosotros habrίais empujado you would have pushed 

ellos/ellas empujarían they would push ellos/ellas habrίan empujado they would have pushed 



yo empuje I push yo haya empujado I have pushed 

tú empujes you push tú hayas empujado you have pushed 

el/ella empuje he/she pushes el/ella haya empujado he/she has pushed 

nosotros empujemos we push nosotros hayamos empujado we have pushed 

vosotros empujéis you push vosotros hayáis empujado you have pushed 

ellos/ellas empujen they push ellos/ellas hayan empujado they have pushed 


yo empujara I was pushing yo hubiera empujado I had pushed 

tú empujaras you were pushing tú hubieras empujado you had pushed 

el/ella empujara he/she was pushing el/ella hubiera empujado he/she had pushed 

nosotros empujáramos we were pushing nosotros hubiéramos empujado we had pushed 

vosotros empujarais you were pushing vosotros hubierais empujado you had pushed 

ellos/ellas empujaran they were pushing ellos/ellas hubieran empujado they had pushed 

or or 

yo empujase I was pushing yo hubiese empujado I had pushed 

tú empujases you were pushing tú hubieses empujado you had pushed 

el/ella empujase he/she was pushing el/ella hubiese empujado he/she had pushed 

nosotros empujásemos we were pushing nosotros hubiésemos empujado we had pushed 

vosotros empujaseis you were pushing vosotros hubieseis empujado you had pushed 

ellos/ellas empujasen they were pushing ellos/ellas hubiesen empujado they had pushed 


yo empujare I will push yo hubiere empujado I will have pushed 

tú empujares you will push tú hubieres empujado you will have pushed 

el/ella empujare he/she will push el/ella hubiere empujado he/she will have pushed 

nosotros empujáremos we will push nosotros hubiéremos empujado we will have pushed 

vosotros empujareis you will push vosotros hubiereis empujado you will have pushed 

ellos/ellas empujaren they will push ellos/ellas hubieren empujado they will have pushed 


yo yo estoy empujando I am pushing 

tú empuja push! tú estás empujando you are pushing 

el/ella empuje push! el/ella está empujando he/she is pushing 

nosotros empujemos push! nosotros estamos empujando we are pushing 

vosotros empujad push! vosotros estáis empujando you are pushing 

ellos/ellas empujen push! ellos/ellas están empujando they are pushing 


30


Past Participle: enviado 

enviar: to send Gerund: enviando 



yo envio I send yo he enviado I have sent 

tú envias you send tú has enviado you have sent 

el/ella envia he/she sends el/ella ha enviado he/she has sent 

nosotros enviamos we send nosotros hemos enviado we have sent 

vosotros enviáis you send vosotros habéis enviado you have sent 

ellos/ellas envian they send ellos/ellas han enviado they have sent 


yo enviaba I was sending yo habίa enviado I had sent 

tú enviabas you were sending tú habías enviado you had sent 

el/ella enviaba he/she was sending el/ella habίa enviado he/she had sent 

nosotros enviábamos we were sending nosotros habίamos enviado we had sent 

vosotros enviabais you were sending vosotros habίais enviado you had sent 

ellos/ellas enviaban they were sending ellos/ellas habίan enviado they had sent 


yo envié I sent yo hube enviado I sent 

tú enviaste you sent tú hubiste enviado you sent 

el/ella envió he/she sent el/ella hubo enviado he/she sent 

nosotros enviamos we sent nosotros hubimos enviado we sent 

vosotros enviasteis you sent vosotros hubisteis enviado you sent 

ellos/ellas enviaron they sent ellos/ellas hubieron enviado they sent 


yo enviaré I will send yo habré enviado I will have sent 

tú enviarás you will send tú habrás enviado you will have sent 

el/ella enviará he/she will send el/ella habrá enviado he/she will sent 

nosotros enviaremos we will send nosotros habremos enviado we will have sent 

vosotros enviaréis you will send vosotros habréis enviado you will have sent 

ellos/ellas enviarán they will send ellos/ellas habrán enviado they will have sent 


yo enviaría I would send yo habrίa enviado I would have sent 

tú enviarías you would send tú habrίas enviado you would have sent 

el/ella enviaría he/she would send el/ella habrίa enviado he/she would have sent 

nosotros enviaríamos we would send nosotros habrίamos enviado we would have sent 

vosotros enviaríais you would send vosotros habrίais enviado you would have sent 

ellos/ellas enviarían they would send ellos/ellas habrίan enviado they would have sent 



yo envie I send yo haya enviado I have sent 

tú envies you send tú hayas enviado you have sent 

el/ella envie he/she sends el/ella haya enviado he/she has sent 

nosotros enviemos we send nosotros hayamos enviado we have sent 

vosotros enviéis you send vosotros hayáis enviado you have sent 

ellos/ellas envien they send ellos/ellas hayan enviado they have sent 


yo enviara I was sending yo hubiera enviado I had sent 

tú enviaras you were sending tú hubieras enviado you had sent 

el/ella enviara he/she was sending el/ella hubiera enviado he/she had sent 

nosotros enviáramos we were sending nosotros hubiéramos enviado we had sent 

vosotros enviarais you were sending vosotros hubierais enviado you had sent 

ellos/ellas enviaran they were sending ellos/ellas hubieran enviado they had sent 

or or 

yo enviase I was sending yo hubiese enviado I had sent 

tú enviases you were sending tú hubieses enviado you had sent 

el/ella enviase he/she was sending el/ella hubiese enviado he/she had sent 

nosotros enviásemos we were sending nosotros hubiésemos enviado we had sent 

vosotros enviaseis you were sending vosotros hubieseis enviado you had sent 

ellos/ellas enviasen they were sending ellos/ellas hubiesen enviado they had sent 


yo enviare I will send yo hubiere enviado I will have sent 

tú enviares you will send tú hubieres enviado you will have sent 

el/ella enviare he/she will send el/ella hubiere enviado he/she will have sent 

nosotros enviáremos we will send nosotros hubiéremos enviado we will have sent 

vosotros enviareis you will send vosotros hubiereis enviado you will have sent 

ellos/ellas enviaren they will send ellos/ellas hubieren enviado they will have sent 


yo yo estoy enviando I am sending 

tú envia send! tú estás enviando you are sending 

el/ella envie send! el/ella está enviando he/she is sending 

nosotros enviemos send! nosotros estamos enviando we are sending 

vosotros enviad send! vosotros estáis enviando you are sending 

ellos/ellas envien send! ellos/ellas están enviando they are sending 


31


Past Participle: escrito 

escribir: to write, spell Gerund: escribiendo 



yo escribo I write yo he escrito I have written 

tú escribes you write tú has escrito you have written 

el/ella escribe he/she writes el/ella ha escrito he/she has written 

nosotros escribimos we write nosotros hemos escrito we have written 

vosotros escribís you write vosotros habéis escrito you have written 

ellos/ellas escriben they write ellos/ellas han escrito they have written 


yo escribía I was writing yo habίa escrito I had written 

tú escribías you were writing tú habías escrito you had written 

el/ella escribía he/she was writing el/ella habίa escrito he/she had written 

nosotros escribíamos we were writing nosotros habίamos escrito we had written 

vosotros escribíais you were writing vosotros habίais escrito you had written 

ellos/ellas escribían they were writing ellos/ellas habίan escrito they had written 


yo escribí I wrote yo hube escrito I wrote 

tú escribiste you wrote tú hubiste escrito you wrote 

el/ella escribió he/she wrote el/ella hubo escrito he/she wrote 

nosotros escribimos we wrote nosotros hubimos escrito we wrote 

vosotros escribisteis you wrote vosotros hubisteis escrito you wrote 

ellos/ellas escribieron they wrote ellos/ellas hubieron escrito they wrote 


yo escribiré I will write yo habré escrito I will have written 

tú escribirás you will write tú habrás escrito you will have written 

el/ella escribirá he/she will write el/ella habrá escrito he/she will written 

nosotros escribiremos we will write nosotros habremos escrito we will have written 

vosotros escribiréis you will write vosotros habréis escrito you will have written 

ellos/ellas escribirán they will write ellos/ellas habrán escrito they will have written 


yo escribiría I would write yo habrίa escrito I would have written 

tú escribirías you would write tú habrίas escrito you would have written 

el/ella escribiría he/she would write el/ella habrίa escrito he/she would have written 

nosotros escribiríamos we would write nosotros habrίamos escrito we would have written 

vosotros escribiríais you would write vosotros habrίais escrito you would have written 

ellos/ellas escribirían they would write ellos/ellas habrίan escrito they would have written 



yo escriba I write yo haya escrito I have written 

tú escribas you write tú hayas escrito you have written 

el/ella escriba he/she writes el/ella haya escrito he/she has written 

nosotros escribamos we write nosotros hayamos escrito we have written 

vosotros escribáis you write vosotros hayáis escrito you have written 

ellos/ellas escriban they write ellos/ellas hayan escrito they have written 


yo escribiera I was writing yo hubiera escrito I had written 

tú escribieras you were writing tú hubieras escrito you had written 

el/ella escribiera he/she was writing el/ella hubiera escrito he/she had written 

nosotros escribiéramos we were writing nosotros hubiéramos escrito we had written 

vosotros escribierais you were writing vosotros hubierais escrito you had written 

ellos/ellas escribieran they were writing ellos/ellas hubieran escrito they had written 

or or 

yo escribiese I was writing yo hubiese escrito I had written 

tú escribieses you were writing tú hubieses escrito you had written 

el/ella escribiese he/she was writing el/ella hubiese escrito he/she had written 

nosotros escribiésemos we were writing nosotros hubiésemos escrito we had written 

vosotros escribieseis you were writing vosotros hubieseis escrito you had written 

ellos/ellas escribiesen they were writing ellos/ellas hubiesen escrito they had written 


yo escribiere I will write yo hubiere escrito I will have written 

tú escribieres you will write tú hubieres escrito you will have written 

el/ella escribiere he/she will write el/ella hubiere escrito he/she will have written 

nosotros escribiéremos we will write nosotros hubiéremos escrito we will have written 

vosotros escribiereis you will write vosotros hubiereis escrito you will have written 

ellos/ellas escribieren they will write ellos/ellas hubieren escrito they will have written 


yo yo estoy escribiendo I am writing 

tú escribe write! tú estás escribiendo you are writing 

el/ella escriba write! el/ella está escribiendo he/she is writing 

nosotros escribamos write! nosotros estamos escribiendo we are writing 

vosotros escribed write! vosotros estáis escribiendo you are writing 

ellos/ellas escriban write! ellos/ellas están escribiendo they are writing 


32


Past Participle: esperado 

esperar: to wait Gerund: esperando 



yo espero I wait yo he esperado I have waited 

tú esperas you wait tú has esperado you have waited 

el/ella espera he/she waits el/ella ha esperado he/she has waited 

nosotros esperamos we wait nosotros hemos esperado we have waited 

vosotros esperáis you wait vosotros habéis esperado you have waited 

ellos/ellas esperan they wait ellos/ellas han esperado they have waited 


yo esperaba I was waiting yo habίa esperado I had waited 

tú esperabas you were waiting tú habías esperado you had waited 

el/ella esperaba he/she was waiting el/ella habίa esperado he/she had waited 

nosotros esperábamos we were waiting nosotros habίamos esperado we had waited 

vosotros esperabais you were waiting vosotros habίais esperado you had waited 

ellos/ellas esperaban they were waiting ellos/ellas habίan esperado they had waited 


yo esperé I waited yo hube esperado I waited 

tú esperaste you waited tú hubiste esperado you waited 

el/ella esperó he/she waited el/ella hubo esperado he/she waited 

nosotros esperamos we waited nosotros hubimos esperado we waited 

vosotros esperasteis you waited vosotros hubisteis esperado you waited 

ellos/ellas esperaron they waited ellos/ellas hubieron esperado they waited 


yo esperaré I will wait yo habré esperado I will have waited 

tú esperarás you will wait tú habrás esperado you will have waited 

el/ella esperará he/she will wait el/ella habrá esperado he/she will waited 

nosotros esperaremos we will wait nosotros habremos esperado we will have waited 

vosotros esperaréis you will wait vosotros habréis esperado you will have waited 

ellos/ellas esperarán they will wait ellos/ellas habrán esperado they will have waited 


yo esperaría I would wait yo habrίa esperado I would have waited 

tú esperarías you would wait tú habrίas esperado you would have waited 

el/ella esperaría he/she would wait el/ella habrίa esperado he/she would have waited 

nosotros esperaríamos we would wait nosotros habrίamos esperado we would have waited 

vosotros esperaríais you would wait vosotros habrίais esperado you would have waited 

ellos/ellas esperarían they would wait ellos/ellas habrίan esperado they would have waited 



yo espere I wait yo haya esperado I have waited 

tú esperes you wait tú hayas esperado you have waited 

el/ella espere he/she waits el/ella haya esperado he/she has waited 

nosotros esperemos we wait nosotros hayamos esperado we have waited 

vosotros esperéis you wait vosotros hayáis esperado you have waited 

ellos/ellas esperen they wait ellos/ellas hayan esperado they have waited 


yo esperara I was waiting yo hubiera esperado I had waited 

tú esperaras you were waiting tú hubieras esperado you had waited 

el/ella esperara he/she was waiting el/ella hubiera esperado he/she had waited 

nosotros esperáramos we were waiting nosotros hubiéramos esperado we had waited 

vosotros esperarais you were waiting vosotros hubierais esperado you had waited 

ellos/ellas esperaran they were waiting ellos/ellas hubieran esperado they had waited 

or or 

yo esperase I was waiting yo hubiese esperado I had waited 

tú esperases you were waiting tú hubieses esperado you had waited 

el/ella esperase he/she was waiting el/ella hubiese esperado he/she had waited 

nosotros esperásemos we were waiting nosotros hubiésemos esperado we had waited 

vosotros esperaseis you were waiting vosotros hubieseis esperado you had waited 

ellos/ellas esperasen they were waiting ellos/ellas hubiesen esperado they had waited 


yo esperare I will wait yo hubiere esperado I will have waited 

tú esperares you will wait tú hubieres esperado you will have waited 

el/ella esperare he/she will wait el/ella hubiere esperado he/she will have waited 

nosotros esperáremos we will wait nosotros hubiéremos esperado we will have waited 

vosotros esperareis you will wait vosotros hubiereis esperado you will have waited 

ellos/ellas esperaren they will wait ellos/ellas hubieren esperado they will have waited 


yo yo estoy esperando I am waiting 

tú espera wait! tú estás esperando you are waiting 

el/ella espere wait! el/ella está esperando he/she is waiting 

nosotros esperemos wait! nosotros estamos esperando we are waiting 

vosotros esperad wait! vosotros estáis esperando you are waiting 

ellos/ellas esperen wait! ellos/ellas están esperando they are waiting 


33


Past Participle: estudiado 

estudiar: to study Gerund: estudiando 



yo estudio I study yo he estudiado I have studied 

tú estudias you study tú has estudiado you have studied 

el/ella estudia he/she studies el/ella ha estudiado he/she has studied 

nosotros estudiamos we study nosotros hemos estudiado we have studied 

vosotros estudiáis you study vosotros habéis estudiado you have studied 

ellos/ellas estudian they study ellos/ellas han estudiado they have studied 


yo estudiaba I was studying yo habίa estudiado I had studied 

tú estudiabas you were studying tú habías estudiado you had studied 

el/ella estudiaba he/she was studying el/ella habίa estudiado he/she had studied 

nosotros estudiábamos we were studying nosotros habίamos estudiado we had studied 

vosotros estudiabais you were studying vosotros habίais estudiado you had studied 

ellos/ellas estudiaban they were studying ellos/ellas habίan estudiado they had studied 


yo estudié I studied yo hube estudiado I studied 

tú estudiaste you studied tú hubiste estudiado you studied 

el/ella estudió he/she studied el/ella hubo estudiado he/she studied 

nosotros estudiamos we studied nosotros hubimos estudiado we studied 

vosotros estudiasteis you studied vosotros hubisteis estudiado you studied 

ellos/ellas estudiaron they studied ellos/ellas hubieron estudiado they studied 


yo estudiaré I will study yo habré estudiado I will have studied 

tú estudiarás you will study tú habrás estudiado you will have studied 

el/ella estudiará he/she will study el/ella habrá estudiado he/she will studied 

nosotros estudiaremos we will study nosotros habremos estudiado we will have studied 

vosotros estudiaréis you will study vosotros habréis estudiado you will have studied 

ellos/ellas estudiarán they will study ellos/ellas habrán estudiado they will have studied 


yo estudiaría I would study yo habrίa estudiado I would have studied 

tú estudiarías you would study tú habrίas estudiado you would have studied 

el/ella estudiaría he/she would study el/ella habrίa estudiado he/she would have studied 

nosotros estudiaríamos we would study nosotros habrίamos estudiado we would have studied 

vosotros estudiaríais you would study vosotros habrίais estudiado you would have studied 

ellos/ellas estudiarían they would study ellos/ellas habrίan estudiado they would have studied 



yo estudie I study yo haya estudiado I have studied 

tú estudies you study tú hayas estudiado you have studied 

el/ella estudie he/she studys el/ella haya estudiado he/she has studied 

nosotros estudiemos we study nosotros hayamos estudiado we have studied 

vosotros estudiéis you study vosotros hayáis estudiado you have studied 

ellos/ellas estudien they study ellos/ellas hayan estudiado they have studied 


yo estudiara I was studying yo hubiera estudiado I had studied 

tú estudiaras you were studying tú hubieras estudiado you had studied 

el/ella estudiara he/she was studying el/ella hubiera estudiado he/she had studied 

nosotros estudiáramos we were studying nosotros hubiéramos estudiado we had studied 

vosotros estudiarais you were studying vosotros hubierais estudiado you had studied 

ellos/ellas estudiaran they were studying ellos/ellas hubieran estudiado they had studied 

or or 

yo estudiase I was studying yo hubiese estudiado I had studied 

tú estudiases you were studying tú hubieses estudiado you had studied 

el/ella estudiase he/she was studying el/ella hubiese estudiado he/she had studied 

nosotros estudiásemos we were studying nosotros hubiésemos estudiado we had studied 

vosotros estudiaseis you were studying vosotros hubieseis estudiado you had studied 

ellos/ellas estudiasen they were studying ellos/ellas hubiesen estudiado they had studied 


yo estudiare I will study yo hubiere estudiado I will have studied 

tú estudiares you will study tú hubieres estudiado you will have studied 

el/ella estudiare he/she will study el/ella hubiere estudiado he/she will have studied 

nosotros estudiáremos we will study nosotros hubiéremos estudiado we will have studied 

vosotros estudiareis you will study vosotros hubiereis estudiado you will have studied 

ellos/ellas estudiaren they will study ellos/ellas hubieren estudiado they will have studied 


yo yo estoy estudiando I am studying 

tú estudia study! tú estás estudiando you are studying 

el/ella estudie study! el/ella está estudiando he/she is studying 

nosotros estudiemos study! nosotros estamos estudiando we are studying 

vosotros estudiad study! vosotros estáis estudiando you are studying 

ellos/ellas estudien study! ellos/ellas están estudiando they are studying 


34


Past Participle: hablado 

hablar: to speak Gerund: hablando 



yo hablo I speak yo he hablado I have spoken 

tú hablas you speak tú has hablado you have spoken 

el/ella habla he/she speaks el/ella ha hablado he/she has spoken 

nosotros hablamos we speak nosotros hemos hablado we have spoken 

vosotros habláis you speak vosotros habéis hablado you have spoken 

ellos/ellas hablan they speak ellos/ellas han hablado they have spoken 


yo hablaba I was speaking yo habίa hablado I had spoken 

tú hablabas you were speaking tú habías hablado you had spoken 

el/ella hablaba he/she was speaking el/ella habίa hablado he/she had spoken 

nosotros hablábamos we were speaking nosotros habίamos hablado we had spoken 

vosotros hablabais you were speaking vosotros habίais hablado you had spoken 

ellos/ellas hablaban they were speaking ellos/ellas habίan hablado they had spoken 


yo hablé I spoke yo hube hablado I spoke 

tú hablaste you spoke tú hubiste hablado you spoke 

el/ella habló he/she spoke el/ella hubo hablado he/she spoke 

nosotros hablamos we spoke nosotros hubimos hablado we spoke 

vosotros hablasteis you spoke vosotros hubisteis hablado you spoke 

ellos/ellas hablaron they spoke ellos/ellas hubieron hablado they spoke 


yo hablaré I will speak yo habré hablado I will have spoken 

tú hablarás you will speak tú habrás hablado you will have spoken 

el/ella hablará he/she will speak el/ella habrá hablado he/she will spoken 

nosotros hablaremos we will speak nosotros habremos hablado we will have spoken 

vosotros hablaréis you will speak vosotros habréis hablado you will have spoken 

ellos/ellas hablarán they will speak ellos/ellas habrán hablado they will have spoken 


yo hablaría I would speak yo habrίa hablado I would have spoken 

tú hablarías you would speak tú habrίas hablado you would have spoken 

el/ella hablaría he/she would speak el/ella habrίa hablado he/she would have spoken 

nosotros hablaríamos we would speak nosotros habrίamos hablado we would have spoken 

vosotros hablaríais you would speak vosotros habrίais hablado you would have spoken 

ellos/ellas hablarían they would speak ellos/ellas habrίan hablado they would have spoken 



yo hable I speak yo haya hablado I have spoken 

tú hables you speak tú hayas hablado you have spoken 

el/ella hable he/she speaks el/ella haya hablado he/she has spoken 

nosotros hablemos we speak nosotros hayamos hablado we have spoken 

vosotros habléis you speak vosotros hayáis hablado you have spoken 

ellos/ellas hablen they speak ellos/ellas hayan hablado they have spoken 


yo hablara I was speaking yo hubiera hablado I had spoken 

tú hablaras you were speaking tú hubieras hablado you had spoken 

el/ella hablara he/she was speaking el/ella hubiera hablado he/she had spoken 

nosotros habláramos we were speaking nosotros hubiéramos hablado we had spoken 

vosotros hablarais you were speaking vosotros hubierais hablado you had spoken 

ellos/ellas hablaran they were speaking ellos/ellas hubieran hablado they had spoken 

or or 

yo hablase I was speaking yo hubiese hablado I had spoken 

tú hablases you were speaking tú hubieses hablado you had spoken 

el/ella hablase he/she was speaking el/ella hubiese hablado he/she had spoken 

nosotros hablásemos we were speaking nosotros hubiésemos hablado we had spoken 

vosotros hablaseis you were speaking vosotros hubieseis hablado you had spoken 

ellos/ellas hablasen they were speaking ellos/ellas hubiesen hablado they had spoken 


yo hablare I will speak yo hubiere hablado I will have spoken 

tú hablares you will speak tú hubieres hablado you will have spoken 

el/ella hablare he/she will speak el/ella hubiere hablado he/she will have spoken 

nosotros habláremos we will speak nosotros hubiéremos hablado we will have spoken 

vosotros hablareis you will speak vosotros hubiereis hablado you will have spoken 

ellos/ellas hablaren they will speak ellos/ellas hubieren hablado they will have spoken 


yo yo estoy hablando I am speaking 

tú habla speak! tú estás hablando you are speaking 

el/ella hable speak! el/ella está hablando he/she is speaking 

nosotros hablemos speak! nosotros estamos hablando we are speaking 

vosotros hablad speak! vosotros estáis hablando you are speaking 

ellos/ellas hablen speak! ellos/ellas están hablando they are speaking 


35


Past Participle: nadado 

nadar: to swim Gerund: nadando 



yo nado I swim yo he nadado I have swum 

tú nadas you swim tú has nadado you have swum 

el/ella nada he/she swims el/ella ha nadado he/she has swum 

nosotros nadamos we swim nosotros hemos nadado we have swum 

vosotros nadáis you swim vosotros habéis nadado you have swum 

ellos/ellas nadan they swim ellos/ellas han nadado they have swum 


yo nadaba I was swimming yo habίa nadado I had swum 

tú nadabas you were swimming tú habías nadado you had swum 

el/ella nadaba he/she was swimming el/ella habίa nadado he/she had swum 

nosotros nadábamos we were swimming nosotros habίamos nadado we had swum 

vosotros nadabais you were swimming vosotros habίais nadado you had swum 

ellos/ellas nadaban they were swimming ellos/ellas habίan nadado they had swum 


yo nadé I swam yo hube nadado I swam 

tú nadaste you swam tú hubiste nadado you swam 

el/ella nadó he/she swam el/ella hubo nadado he/she swam 

nosotros nadamos we swam nosotros hubimos nadado we swam 

vosotros nadasteis you swam vosotros hubisteis nadado you swam 

ellos/ellas nadaron they swam ellos/ellas hubieron nadado they swam 


yo nadaré I will swim yo habré nadado I will have swum 

tú nadarás you will swim tú habrás nadado you will have swum 

el/ella nadará he/she will swim el/ella habrá nadado he/she will swum 

nosotros nadaremos we will swim nosotros habremos nadado we will have swum 

vosotros nadaréis you will swim vosotros habréis nadado you will have swum 

ellos/ellas nadarán they will swim ellos/ellas habrán nadado they will have swum 


yo nadaría I would swim yo habrίa nadado I would have swum 

tú nadarías you would swim tú habrίas nadado you would have swum 

el/ella nadaría he/she would swim el/ella habrίa nadado he/she would have swum 

nosotros nadaríamos we would swim nosotros habrίamos nadado we would have swum 

vosotros nadaríais you would swim vosotros habrίais nadado you would have swum 

ellos/ellas nadarían they would swim ellos/ellas habrίan nadado they would have swum 



yo nade I swim yo haya nadado I have swum 

tú nades you swim tú hayas nadado you have swum 

el/ella nade he/she swims el/ella haya nadado he/she has swum 

nosotros nademos we swim nosotros hayamos nadado we have swum 

vosotros nadéis you swim vosotros hayáis nadado you have swum 

ellos/ellas naden they swim ellos/ellas hayan nadado they have swum 


yo nadara I was swimming yo hubiera nadado I had swum 

tú nadaras you were swimming tú hubieras nadado you had swum 

el/ella nadara he/she was swimming el/ella hubiera nadado he/she had swum 

nosotros nadáramos we were swimming nosotros hubiéramos nadado we had swum 

vosotros nadarais you were swimming vosotros hubierais nadado you had swum 

ellos/ellas nadaran they were swimming ellos/ellas hubieran nadado they had swum 

or or 

yo nadase I was swimming yo hubiese nadado I had swum 

tú nadases you were swimming tú hubieses nadado you had swum 

el/ella nadase he/she was swimming el/ella hubiese nadado he/she had swum 

nosotros nadásemos we were swimming nosotros hubiésemos nadado we had swum 

vosotros nadaseis you were swimming vosotros hubieseis nadado you had swum 

ellos/ellas nadasen they were swimming ellos/ellas hubiesen nadado they had swum 


yo nadare I will swim yo hubiere nadado I will have swum 

tú nadares you will swim tú hubieres nadado you will have swum 

el/ella nadare he/she will swim el/ella hubiere nadado he/she will have swum 

nosotros nadáremos we will swim nosotros hubiéremos nadado we will have swum 

vosotros nadareis you will swim vosotros hubiereis nadado you will have swum 

ellos/ellas nadaren they will swim ellos/ellas hubieren nadado they will have swum 


yo yo estoy nadando I am swimming 

tú nada swim! tú estás nadando you are swimming 

el/ella nade swim! el/ella está nadando he/she is swimming 

nosotros nademos swim! nosotros estamos nadando we are swimming 

vosotros nadad swim! vosotros estáis nadando you are swimming 

ellos/ellas naden swim! ellos/ellas están nadando they are swimming 


36


Past Participle: necesitado 

necesitar: to swim Gerund: necesitando 



yo necesito I need yo he necesitado I have needed 

tú necesitas you need tú has necesitado you have needed 

el/ella necesita he/she needs el/ella ha necesitado he/she has needed 

nosotros necesitamos we need nosotros hemos necesitado we have needed 

vosotros necesitáis you need vosotros habéis necesitado you have needed 

ellos/ellas necesitan they need ellos/ellas han necesitado they have needed 


yo necesitaba I was needing yo habίa necesitado I had needed 

tú necesitabas you were needing tú habías necesitado you had needed 

el/ella necesitaba he/she was needing el/ella habίa necesitado he/she had needed 

nosotros necesitábamos we were needing nosotros habίamos necesitado we had needed 

vosotros necesitabais you were needing vosotros habίais necesitado you had needed 

ellos/ellas necesitaban they were needing ellos/ellas habίan necesitado they had needed 


yo necesité I needed yo hube necesitado I needed 

tú necesitaste you needed tú hubiste necesitado you needed 

el/ella necesitó he/she needed el/ella hubo necesitado he/she needed 

nosotros necesitamos we needed nosotros hubimos necesitado we needed 

vosotros necesitasteis you needed vosotros hubisteis necesitado you needed 

ellos/ellas necesitaron they needed ellos/ellas hubieron necesitado they needed 


yo necesitaré I will need yo habré necesitado I will have needed 

tú necesitarás you will need tú habrás necesitado you will have needed 

el/ella necesitará he/she will need el/ella habrá necesitado he/she will needed 

nosotros necesitaremos we will need nosotros habremos necesitado we will have needed 

vosotros necesitaréis you will need vosotros habréis necesitado you will have needed 

ellos/ellas necesitarán they will need ellos/ellas habrán necesitado they will have needed 


yo necesitaría I would need yo habrίa necesitado I would have needed 

tú necesitarías you would need tú habrίas necesitado you would have needed 

el/ella necesitaría he/she would need el/ella habrίa necesitado he/she would have needed 

nosotros necesitaríamos we would need nosotros habrίamos necesitado we would have needed 

vosotros necesitaríais you would need vosotros habrίais necesitado you would have needed 

ellos/ellas necesitarían they would need ellos/ellas habrίan necesitado they would have needed 



yo necesite I need yo haya necesitado I have needed 

tú necesites you need tú hayas necesitado you have needed 

el/ella necesite he/she needs el/ella haya necesitado he/she has needed 

nosotros necesitemos we need nosotros hayamos necesitado we have needed 

vosotros necesitéis you need vosotros hayáis necesitado you have needed 

ellos/ellas necesiten they need ellos/ellas hayan necesitado they have needed 


yo necesitara I was needing yo hubiera necesitado I had needed 

tú necesitaras you were needing tú hubieras necesitado you had needed 

el/ella necesitara he/she was needing el/ella hubiera necesitado he/she had needed 

nosotros necesitáramos we were needing nosotros hubiéramos necesitado we had needed 

vosotros necesitarais you were needing vosotros hubierais necesitado you had needed 

ellos/ellas necesitaran they were needing ellos/ellas hubieran necesitado they had needed 

or or 

yo necesitase I was needing yo hubiese necesitado I had needed 

tú necesitases you were needing tú hubieses necesitado you had needed 

el/ella necesitase he/she was needing el/ella hubiese necesitado he/she had needed 

nosotros necesitásemos we were needing nosotros hubiésemos necesitado we had needed 

vosotros necesitaseis you were needing vosotros hubieseis necesitado you had needed 

ellos/ellas necesitasen they were needing ellos/ellas hubiesen necesitado they had needed 


yo necesitare I will need yo hubiere necesitado I will have needed 

tú necesitares you will need tú hubieres necesitado you will have needed 

el/ella necesitare he/she will need el/ella hubiere necesitado he/she will have needed 

nosotros necesitáremos we will need nosotros hubiéremos necesitado we will have needed 

vosotros necesitareis you will need vosotros hubiereis necesitado you will have needed 

ellos/ellas necesitaren they will need ellos/ellas hubieren necesitado they will have needed 


yo yo estoy necesitando I am needing 

tú necesita need! tú estás necesitando you are needing 

el/ella necesite need! el/ella está necesitando he/she is needing 

nosotros necesitemos need! nosotros estamos necesitando we are needing 

vosotros necesitad need! vosotros estáis necesitando you are needing 

ellos/ellas necesiten need! ellos/ellas están necesitando they are needing 


37


Past Participle: obtenado 

obtener: to get Gerund: obtenando 



yo obteno I get yo he obtenado I have gotten 

tú obtenes you get tú has obtenado you have gotten 

el/ella obtene he/she gets el/ella ha obtenado he/she has gotten 

nosotros obtenemos we get nosotros hemos obtenado we have gotten 

vosotros obtenéis you get vosotros habéis obtenado you have gotten 

ellos/ellas obtenen they get ellos/ellas han obtenado they have gotten 


yo obtenía I was getting yo habίa obtenado I had gotten 

tú obtenías you were getting tú habías obtenado you had gotten 

el/ella obtenía he/she was getting el/ella habίa obtenado he/she had gotten 

nosotros obteníamos we were getting nosotros habίamos obtenado we had gotten 

vosotros obteníais you were getting vosotros habίais obtenado you had gotten 

ellos/ellas obtenían they were getting ellos/ellas habίan obtenado they had gotten 


yo obtení I got yo hube obtenado I got 

tú obteniste you got tú hubiste obtenado you got 

el/ella obtenió he/she got el/ella hubo obtenado he/she got 

nosotros obtenimos we got nosotros hubimos obtenado we got 

vosotros obtenisteis you got vosotros hubisteis obtenado you got 

ellos/ellas obtenieron they got ellos/ellas hubieron obtenado they got 


yo obteneré I will get yo habré obtenado I will have gotten 

tú obtenerás you will get tú habrás obtenado you will have gotten 

el/ella obtenerá he/she will get el/ella habrá obtenado he/she will gotten 

nosotros obteneremos we will get nosotros habremos obtenado we will have gotten 

vosotros obteneréis you will get vosotros habréis obtenado you will have gotten 

ellos/ellas obtenerán they will get ellos/ellas habrán obtenado they will have gotten 


yo obtenería I would get yo habrίa obtenado I would have gotten 

tú obtenerías you would get tú habrίas obtenado you would have gotten 

el/ella obtenería he/she would get el/ella habrίa obtenado he/she would have gotten 

nosotros obteneríamos we would get nosotros habrίamos obtenado we would have gotten 

vosotros obteneríais you would get vosotros habrίais obtenado you would have gotten 

ellos/ellas obtenerían they would get ellos/ellas habrίan obtenado they would have gotten 



yo obtena I get yo haya obtenado I have gotten 

tú obtenas you get tú hayas obtenado you have gotten 

el/ella obtena he/she gets el/ella haya obtenado he/she has gotten 

nosotros obtenamos we get nosotros hayamos obtenado we have gotten 

vosotros obtenáis you get vosotros hayáis obtenado you have gotten 

ellos/ellas obtenan they get ellos/ellas hayan obtenado they have gotten 


yo obtenera I was getting yo hubiera obtenado I had gotten 

tú obteneras you were getting tú hubieras obtenado you had gotten 

el/ella obtenera he/she was getting el/ella hubiera obtenado he/she had gotten 

nosotros obtenéramos we were getting nosotros hubiéramos obtenado we had gotten 

vosotros obtenerais you were getting vosotros hubierais obtenado you had gotten 

ellos/ellas obteneran they were getting ellos/ellas hubieran obtenado they had gotten 

or or 

yo obtenese I was getting yo hubiese obtenado I had gotten 

tú obteneses you were getting tú hubieses obtenado you had gotten 

el/ella obtenese he/she was getting el/ella hubiese obtenado he/she had gotten 

nosotros obtenésemos we were getting nosotros hubiésemos obtenado we had gotten 

vosotros obteneseis you were getting vosotros hubieseis obtenado you had gotten 

ellos/ellas obtenesen they were getting ellos/ellas hubiesen obtenado they had gotten 


yo obtenere I will get yo hubiere obtenado I will have gotten 

tú obteneres you will get tú hubieres obtenado you will have gotten 

el/ella obtenere he/she will get el/ella hubiere obtenado he/she will gotten 

nosotros obtenéremos we will get nosotros hubiéremos obtenado we will have gotten 

vosotros obtenereis you will get vosotros hubiereis obtenado you will have gotten 

ellos/ellas obteneren they will get ellos/ellas hubieren obtenado they will have gotten 


yo yo estoy obtenando I am getting 

tú obtene get! tú estás obtenando you are getting 

el/ella obtena get! el/ella está obtenando he/she is getting 

nosotros obtenamos get! nosotros estamos obtenando we are getting 

vosotros obtened get! vosotros estáis obtenando you are getting 

ellos/ellas obtenan get! ellos/ellas están obtenando they are getting 


38


Past Participle: olvidado 

olvidar: to forget Gerund: olvidando 



yo olvido I forget yo he olvidado I have forgotten 

tú olvidas you forget tú has olvidado you have forgotten 

el/ella olvida he/she forgets el/ella ha olvidado he/she has forgotten 

nosotros olvidamos we forget nosotros hemos olvidado we have forgotten 

vosotros olvidáis you forget vosotros habéis olvidado you have forgotten 

ellos/ellas olvidan they forget ellos/ellas han olvidado they have forgotten 


yo olvidaba I was forgetting yo habίa olvidado I had forgotten 

tú olvidabas you were forgetting tú habías olvidado you had forgotten 

el/ella olvidaba he/she was forgetting el/ella habίa olvidado he/she had forgotten 

nosotros olvidábamos we were forgetting nosotros habίamos olvidado we had forgotten 

vosotros olvidabais you were forgetting vosotros habίais olvidado you had forgotten 

ellos/ellas olvidaban they were forgetting ellos/ellas habίan olvidado they had forgotten 


yo olvidé I forgot yo hube olvidado I forgot 

tú olvidaste you forgot tú hubiste olvidado you forgot 

el/ella olvidó he/she forgot el/ella hubo olvidado he/she forgot 

nosotros olvidamos we forgot nosotros hubimos olvidado we forgot 

vosotros olvidasteis you forgot vosotros hubisteis olvidado you forgot 

ellos/ellas olvidaron they forgot ellos/ellas hubieron olvidado they forgot 


yo olvidaré I will forget yo habré olvidado I will have forgotten 

tú olvidarás you will forget tú habrás olvidado you will have forgotten 

el/ella olvidará he/she will forget el/ella habrá olvidado he/she will forgotten 

nosotros olvidaremos we will forget nosotros habremos olvidado we will have forgotten 

vosotros olvidaréis you will forget vosotros habréis olvidado you will have forgotten 

ellos/ellas olvidarán they will forget ellos/ellas habrán olvidado they will have forgotten 


yo olvidaría I would forget yo habrίa olvidado I would have forgotten 

tú olvidarías you would forget tú habrίas olvidado you would have forgotten 

el/ella olvidaría he/she would forget el/ella habrίa olvidado he/she would have forgotten 

nosotros olvidaríamos we would forget nosotros habrίamos olvidado we would have forgotten 

vosotros olvidaríais you would forget vosotros habrίais olvidado you would have forgotten 

ellos/ellas olvidarían they would forget ellos/ellas habrίan olvidado they would have forgotten 



yo olvide I forget yo haya olvidado I have forgotten 

tú olvides you forget tú hayas olvidado you have forgotten 

el/ella olvide he/she forgets el/ella haya olvidado he/she has forgotten 

nosotros olvidemos we forget nosotros hayamos olvidado we have forgotten 

vosotros olvidéis you forget vosotros hayáis olvidado you have forgotten 

ellos/ellas olviden they forget ellos/ellas hayan olvidado they have forgotten 


yo olvidara I was forgetting yo hubiera olvidado I had forgotten 

tú olvidaras you were forgetting tú hubieras olvidado you had forgotten 

el/ella olvidara he/she was forgetting el/ella hubiera olvidado he/she had forgotten 

nosotros olvidáramos we were forgetting nosotros hubiéramos olvidado we had forgotten 

vosotros olvidarais you were forgetting vosotros hubierais olvidado you had forgotten 

ellos/ellas olvidaran they were forgetting ellos/ellas hubieran olvidado they had forgotten 

or or 

yo olvidase I was forgetting yo hubiese olvidado I had forgotten 

tú olvidases you were forgetting tú hubieses olvidado you had forgotten 

el/ella olvidase he/she was forgetting el/ella hubiese olvidado he/she had forgotten 

nosotros olvidásemos we were forgetting nosotros hubiésemos olvidado we had forgotten 

vosotros olvidaseis you were forgetting vosotros hubieseis olvidado you had forgotten 

ellos/ellas olvidasen they were forgetting ellos/ellas hubiesen olvidado they had forgotten 


yo olvidare I will forget yo hubiere olvidado I will have forgotten 

tú olvidares you will forget tú hubieres olvidado you will have forgotten 

el/ella olvidare he/she will forget el/ella hubiere olvidado he/she will forgotten 

nosotros olvidáremos we will forget nosotros hubiéremos olvidado we will have forgotten 

vosotros olvidareis you will forget vosotros hubiereis olvidado you will have forgotten 

ellos/ellas olvidaren they will forget ellos/ellas hubieren olvidado they will have forgotten 


yo yo estoy olvidando I am forgetting 

tú olvida forget! tú estás olvidando you are forgetting 

el/ella olvide forget! el/ella está olvidando he/she is forgetting 

nosotros olvidemos forget! nosotros estamos olvidando we are forgetting 

vosotros olvidad forget! vosotros estáis olvidando you are forgetting 

ellos/ellas olviden forget! ellos/ellas están olvidando they are forgetting 


39


Past Participle: partido 

partir: to leave, divide, set off Gerund: partiendo 



yo parto I leave yo he partido I have left 

tú partes you leave tú has partido you have left 

el/ella parte he/she leaves el/ella ha partido he/she has left 

nosotros partimos we leave nosotros hemos partido we have left 

vosotros partís you leave vosotros habéis partido you have left 

ellos/ellas parten they leave ellos/ellas han partido they have left 


yo partía I was leaving yo habίa partido I had left 

tú partías you were leaving tú habías partido you had left 

el/ella partía he/she was leaving el/ella habίa partido he/she had left 

nosotros partíamos we were leaving nosotros habίamos partido we had left 

vosotros partíais you were leaving vosotros habίais partido you had left 

ellos/ellas partían they were leaving ellos/ellas habίan partido they had left 


yo partí I left yo hube partido I left 

tú partiste you left tú hubiste partido you left 

el/ella partió he/she left el/ella hubo partido he/she left 

nosotros partimos we left nosotros hubimos partido we left 

vosotros partisteis you left vosotros hubisteis partido you left 

ellos/ellas partieron they left ellos/ellas hubieron partido they left 


yo partiré I will leave yo habré partido I will have left 

tú partirás you will leave tú habrás partido you will have left 

el/ella partirá he/she will leave el/ella habrá partido he/she will left 

nosotros partiremos we will leave nosotros habremos partido we will have left 

vosotros partiréis you will leave vosotros habréis partido you will have left 

ellos/ellas partirán they will leave ellos/ellas habrán partido they will have left 


yo partiría I would leave yo habrίa partido I would have left 

tú partirías you would leave tú habrίas partido you would have left 

el/ella partiría he/she would leave el/ella habrίa partido he/she would have left 

nosotros partiríamos we would leave nosotros habrίamos partido we would have left 

vosotros partiríais you would leave vosotros habrίais partido you would have left 

ellos/ellas partirían they would leave ellos/ellas habrίan partido they would have left 



yo parta I leave yo haya partido I have left 

tú partas you leave tú hayas partido you have left 

el/ella parta he/she leaves el/ella haya partido he/she has left 

nosotros partamos we leave nosotros hayamos partido we have left 

vosotros partáis you leave vosotros hayáis partido you have left 

ellos/ellas partan they leave ellos/ellas hayan partido they have left 


yo partiera I was leaving yo hubiera partido I had left 

tú partieras you were leaving tú hubieras partido you had left 

el/ella partiera he/she was leaving el/ella hubiera partido he/she had left 

nosotros partiéramos we were leaving nosotros hubiéramos partido we had left 

vosotros partierais you were leaving vosotros hubierais partido you had left 

ellos/ellas partieran they were leaving ellos/ellas hubieran partido they had left 

or or 

yo partiese I was leaving yo hubiese partido I had left 

tú partieses you were leaving tú hubieses partido you had left 

el/ella partiese he/she was leaving el/ella hubiese partido he/she had left 

nosotros partiésemos we were leaving nosotros hubiésemos partido we had left 

vosotros partieseis you were leaving vosotros hubieseis partido you had left 

ellos/ellas partiesen they were leaving ellos/ellas hubiesen partido they had left 


yo partiere I will leave yo hubiere partido I will have left 

tú partieres you will leave tú hubieres partido you will have left 

el/ella partiere he/she will leave el/ella hubiere partido he/she will have left 

nosotros partiéremos we will leave nosotros hubiéremos partido we will have left 

vosotros partiereis you will leave vosotros hubiereis partido you will have left 

ellos/ellas partieren they will leave ellos/ellas hubieren partido they will have left 


yo yo estoy partiendo I am leaving 

tú parte leave! tú estás partiendo you are leaving 

el/ella parta leave! el/ella está partiendo he/she is leaving 

nosotros partamos leave! nosotros estamos partiendo we are leaving 

vosotros parted leave! vosotros estáis partiendo you are leaving 

ellos/ellas partan leave! ellos/ellas están partiendo they are leaving 


40


Past Participle: permitido 

permitir: to allow Gerund: permitiendo 



yo permito I allow yo he permitido I have allowed 

tú permites you allow tú has permitido you have allowed 

el/ella permite he/she allows el/ella ha permitido he/she has allowed 

nosotros permitimos we allow nosotros hemos permitido we have allowed 

vosotros permitís you allow vosotros habéis permitido you have allowed 

ellos/ellas permiten they allow ellos/ellas han permitido they have allowed 


yo permitía I was allowing yo habίa permitido I had allowed 

tú permitías you were allowing tú habías permitido you had allowed 

el/ella permitía he/she was allowing el/ella habίa permitido he/she had allowed 

nosotros permitíamos we were allowing nosotros habίamos permitido we had allowed 

vosotros permitíais you were allowing vosotros habίais permitido you had allowed 

ellos/ellas permitían they were allowing ellos/ellas habίan permitido they had allowed 


yo permití I allowing yo hube permitido I allowed 

tú permitiste you allowing tú hubiste permitido you allowed 

el/ella permitió he/she allowing el/ella hubo permitido he/she allowed 

nosotros permitimos we allowing nosotros hubimos permitido we allowed 

vosotros permitisteis you allowing vosotros hubisteis permitido you allowed 

ellos/ellas permitieron they allowing ellos/ellas hubieron permitido they allowed 


yo permitiré I will allow yo habré permitido I will have allowed 

tú permitirás you will allow tú habrás permitido you will have allowed 

el/ella permitirá he/she will allow el/ella habrá permitido he/she will allowed 

nosotros permitiremos we will allow nosotros habremos permitido we will have allowed 

vosotros permitiréis you will allow vosotros habréis permitido you will have allowed 

ellos/ellas permitirán they will allow ellos/ellas habrán permitido they will have allowed 


yo permitiría I would allow yo habrίa permitido I would have allowed 

tú permitirías you would allow tú habrίas permitido you would have allowed 

el/ella permitiría he/she would allow el/ella habrίa permitido he/she would have allowed 

nosotros permitiríamos we would allow nosotros habrίamos permitido we would have allowed 

vosotros permitiríais you would allow vosotros habrίais permitido you would have allowed 

ellos/ellas permitirían they would allow ellos/ellas habrίan permitido they would have allowed 



yo permita I allow yo haya permitido I have allowed 

tú permitas you allow tú hayas permitido you have allowed 

el/ella permita he/she allows el/ella haya permitido he/she has allowed 

nosotros permitamos we allow nosotros hayamos permitido we have allowed 

vosotros permitáis you allow vosotros hayáis permitido you have allowed 

ellos/ellas permitan they allow ellos/ellas hayan permitido they have allowed 


yo permitiera I was allowing yo hubiera permitido I had allowed 

tú permitieras you were allowing tú hubieras permitido you had allowed 

el/ella permitiera he/she was allowing el/ella hubiera permitido he/she had allowed 

nosotros permitiéramos we were allowing nosotros hubiéramos permitido we had allowed 

vosotros permitierais you were allowing vosotros hubierais permitido you had allowed 

ellos/ellas permitieran they were allowing ellos/ellas hubieran permitido they had allowed 

or or 

yo permitiese I was allowing yo hubiese permitido I had allowed 

tú permitieses you were allowing tú hubieses permitido you had allowed 

el/ella permitiese he/she was allowing el/ella hubiese permitido he/she had allowed 

nosotros permitiésemos we were allowing nosotros hubiésemos permitido we had allowed 

vosotros permitieseis you were allowing vosotros hubieseis permitido you had allowed 

ellos/ellas permitiesen they were allowing ellos/ellas hubiesen permitido they had allowed 


yo permitiere I will allow yo hubiere permitido I will have allowed 

tú permitieres you will allow tú hubieres permitido you will have allowed 

el/ella permitiere he/she will allow el/ella hubiere permitido he/she will have allowed 

nosotros permitiéremos we will allow nosotros hubiéremos permitido we will have allowed 

vosotros permitiereis you will allow vosotros hubiereis permitido you will have allowed 

ellos/ellas permitieren they will allow ellos/ellas hubieren permitido they will have allowed 


yo yo estoy permitiendo I am allowing 

tú permite allow! tú estás permitiendo you are allowing 

el/ella permita allow! el/ella está permitiendo he/she is allowing 

nosotros permitamos allow! nosotros estamos permitiendo we are allowing 

vosotros permited allow! vosotros estáis permitiendo you are allowing 

ellos/ellas permitan allow! ellos/ellas están permitiendo they are allowing 


41


Past Participle: preguntado 

preguntar: to ask Gerund: preguntando 



yo pregunto I ask yo he preguntado I have asked 

tú preguntas you ask tú has preguntado you have asked 

el/ella pregunta he/she asks el/ella ha preguntado he/she has asked 

nosotros preguntamos we ask nosotros hemos preguntado we have asked 

vosotros preguntáis you ask vosotros habéis preguntado you have asked 

ellos/ellas preguntan they ask ellos/ellas han preguntado they have asked 


yo preguntaba I was asking yo habίa preguntado I had asked 

tú preguntabas you were asking tú habías preguntado you had asked 

el/ella preguntaba he/she was asking el/ella habίa preguntado he/she had asked 

nosotros preguntábamos we were asking nosotros habίamos preguntado we had asked 

vosotros preguntabais you were asking vosotros habίais preguntado you had asked 

ellos/ellas preguntaban they were asking ellos/ellas habίan preguntado they had asked 


yo pregunté I asked yo hube preguntado I asked 

tú preguntaste you asked tú hubiste preguntado you asked 

el/ella preguntó he/she asked el/ella hubo preguntado he/she asked 

nosotros preguntamos we asked nosotros hubimos preguntado we asked 

vosotros preguntasteis you asked vosotros hubisteis preguntado you asked 

ellos/ellas preguntaron they asked ellos/ellas hubieron preguntado they asked 


yo preguntaré I will ask yo habré preguntado I will have asked 

tú preguntarás you will ask tú habrás preguntado you will have asked 

el/ella preguntará he/she will ask el/ella habrá preguntado he/she will asked 

nosotros preguntaremos we will ask nosotros habremos preguntado we will have asked 

vosotros preguntaréis you will ask vosotros habréis preguntado you will have asked 

ellos/ellas preguntarán they will ask ellos/ellas habrán preguntado they will have asked 


yo preguntaría I would ask yo habrίa preguntado I would have asked 

tú preguntarías you would ask tú habrίas preguntado you would have asked 

el/ella preguntaría he/she would ask el/ella habrίa preguntado he/she would have asked 

nosotros preguntaríamos we would ask nosotros habrίamos preguntado we would have asked 

vosotros preguntaríais you would ask vosotros habrίais preguntado you would have asked 

ellos/ellas preguntarían they would ask ellos/ellas habrίan preguntado they would have asked 



yo pregunte I ask yo haya preguntado I have asked 

tú preguntes you ask tú hayas preguntado you have asked 

el/ella pregunte he/she asks el/ella haya preguntado he/she has asked 

nosotros preguntemos we ask nosotros hayamos preguntado we have asked 

vosotros preguntéis you ask vosotros hayáis preguntado you have asked 

ellos/ellas pregunten they ask ellos/ellas hayan preguntado they have asked 


yo preguntara I was asking yo hubiera preguntado I had asked 

tú preguntaras you were asking tú hubieras preguntado you had asked 

el/ella preguntara he/she was asking el/ella hubiera preguntado he/she had asked 

nosotros preguntáramos we were asking nosotros hubiéramos preguntado we had asked 

vosotros preguntarais you were asking vosotros hubierais preguntado you had asked 

ellos/ellas preguntaran they were asking ellos/ellas hubieran preguntado they had asked 

or or 

yo preguntase I was asking yo hubiese preguntado I had asked 

tú preguntases you were asking tú hubieses preguntado you had asked 

el/ella preguntase he/she was asking el/ella hubiese preguntado he/she had asked 

nosotros preguntásemos we were asking nosotros hubiésemos preguntado we had asked 

vosotros preguntaseis you were asking vosotros hubieseis preguntado you had asked 

ellos/ellas preguntasen they were asking ellos/ellas hubiesen preguntado they had asked 


yo preguntare I will ask yo hubiere preguntado I will have asked 

tú preguntares you will ask tú hubieres preguntado you will have asked 

el/ella preguntare he/she will ask el/ella hubiere preguntado he/she will have asked 

nosotros preguntáremos we will ask nosotros hubiéremos preguntado we will have asked 

vosotros preguntareis you will ask vosotros hubiereis preguntado you will have asked 

ellos/ellas preguntaren they will ask ellos/ellas hubieren preguntado they will have asked 


yo yo estoy preguntando I am asking 

tú pregunta ask! tú estás preguntando you are asking 

el/ella pregunte ask! el/ella está preguntando he/she is asking 

nosotros preguntemos ask! nosotros estamos preguntando we are asking 

vosotros preguntad ask! vosotros estáis preguntando you are asking 

ellos/ellas pregunten ask! ellos/ellas están preguntando they are asking 


42


Past Participle: preparado 

preparar: to prepare Gerund: preparando 



yo preparo I prepare yo he preparado I have prepared 

tú preparas you prepare tú has preparado you have prepared 

el/ella prepara he/she prepares el/ella ha preparado he/she has prepared 

nosotros preparamos we prepare nosotros hemos preparado we have prepared 

vosotros preparáis you prepare vosotros habéis preparado you have prepared 

ellos/ellas preparan they prepare ellos/ellas han preparado they have prepared 


yo preparaba I was preparing yo habίa preparado I had prepared 

tú preparabas you were preparing tú habías preparado you had prepared 

el/ella preparaba he/she was preparing el/ella habίa preparado he/she had prepared 

nosotros preparábamos we were preparing nosotros habίamos preparado we had prepared 

vosotros preparabais you were preparing vosotros habίais preparado you had prepared 

ellos/ellas preparaban they were preparing ellos/ellas habίan preparado they had prepared 


yo preparé I prepared yo hube preparado I prepared 

tú preparaste you prepared tú hubiste preparado you prepared 

el/ella preparó he/she prepared el/ella hubo preparado he/she prepared 

nosotros preparamos we prepared nosotros hubimos preparado we prepared 

vosotros preparasteis you prepared vosotros hubisteis preparado you prepared 

ellos/ellas prepararon they prepared ellos/ellas hubieron preparado they prepared 


yo prepararé I will prepare yo habré preparado I will have prepared 

tú prepararás you will prepare tú habrás preparado you will have prepared 

el/ella preparará he/she will prepare el/ella habrá preparado he/she will prepared 

nosotros prepararemos we will prepare nosotros habremos preparado we will have prepared 

vosotros prepararéis you will prepare vosotros habréis preparado you will have prepared 

ellos/ellas prepararán they will prepare ellos/ellas habrán preparado they will have prepared 


yo prepararía I would prepare yo habrίa preparado I would have prepared 

tú prepararías you would prepare tú habrίas preparado you would have prepared 

el/ella prepararía he/she would prepare el/ella habrίa preparado he/she would have prepared 

nosotros prepararíamos we would prepare nosotros habrίamos preparado we would have prepared 

vosotros prepararíais you would prepare vosotros habrίais preparado you would have prepared 

ellos/ellas prepararían they would prepare ellos/ellas habrίan preparado they would have prepared 



yo prepare I prepare yo haya preparado I have prepared 

tú prepares you prepare tú hayas preparado you have prepared 

el/ella prepare he/she prepares el/ella haya preparado he/she has prepared 

nosotros preparemos we prepare nosotros hayamos preparado we have prepared 

vosotros preparéis you prepare vosotros hayáis preparado you have prepared 

ellos/ellas preparen they prepare ellos/ellas hayan preparado they have prepared 


yo preparara I was preparing yo hubiera preparado I had prepared 

tú prepararas you were preparing tú hubieras preparado you had prepared 

el/ella preparara he/she was preparing el/ella hubiera preparado he/she had prepared 

nosotros preparáramos we were preparing nosotros hubiéramos preparado we had prepared 

vosotros prepararais you were preparing vosotros hubierais preparado you had prepared 

ellos/ellas prepararan they were preparing ellos/ellas hubieran preparado they had prepared 

or or 

yo preparase I was preparing yo hubiese preparado I had prepared 

tú preparases you were preparing tú hubieses preparado you had prepared 

el/ella preparase he/she was preparing el/ella hubiese preparado he/she had prepared 

nosotros preparásemos we were preparing nosotros hubiésemos preparado we had prepared 

vosotros preparaseis you were preparing vosotros hubieseis preparado you had prepared 

ellos/ellas preparasen they were preparing ellos/ellas hubiesen preparado they had prepared 


yo preparare I will prepare yo hubiere preparado I will have prepared 

tú preparares you will prepare tú hubieres preparado you will have prepared 

el/ella preparare he/she will prepare el/ella hubiere preparado he/she will have prepared 

nosotros preparáremos we will prepare nosotros hubiéremos preparado we will have prepared 

vosotros preparareis you will prepare vosotros hubiereis preparado you will have prepared 

ellos/ellas prepararen they will prepare ellos/ellas hubieren preparado they will have prepared 


yo yo estoy preparando I am preparing 

tú prepara prepare! tú estás preparando you are preparing 

el/ella prepare prepare! el/ella está preparando he/she is preparing 

nosotros preparemos prepare! nosotros estamos preparando we are preparing 

vosotros preparad prepare! vosotros estáis preparando you are preparing 

ellos/ellas preparen prepare! ellos/ellas están preparando they are preparing 


43


Past Participle: prohibido 

prohibir: to forbid Gerund: prohibiendo 



yo prohibo I forbid yo he prohibido I have forbidden 

tú prohibes you forbid tú has prohibido you have forbidden 

el/ella prohibe he/she forbids el/ella ha prohibido he/she has forbidden 

nosotros prohibimos we forbid nosotros hemos prohibido we have forbidden 

vosotros prohibís you forbid vosotros habéis prohibido you have forbidden 

ellos/ellas prohiben they forbid ellos/ellas han prohibido they have forbidden 


yo prohibía I was forbidding yo habίa prohibido I had forbidden 

tú prohibías you were forbidding tú habías prohibido you had forbidden 

el/ella prohibía he/she was forbidding el/ella habίa prohibido he/she had forbidden 

nosotros prohibíamos we were forbidding nosotros habίamos prohibido we had forbidden 

vosotros prohibíais you were forbidding vosotros habίais prohibido you had forbidden 

ellos/ellas prohibían they were forbidding ellos/ellas habίan prohibido they had forbidden 


yo prohibí I forbidding yo hube prohibido I forbidden 

tú prohibiste you forbidding tú hubiste prohibido you forbidden 

el/ella prohibió he/she forbidding el/ella hubo prohibido he/she forbidden 

nosotros prohibimos we forbidding nosotros hubimos prohibido we forbidden 

vosotros prohibisteis you forbidding vosotros hubisteis prohibido you forbidden 

ellos/ellas prohibieron they forbidding ellos/ellas hubieron prohibido they forbidden 


yo prohibiré I will forbid yo habré prohibido I will have forbidden 

tú prohibirás you will forbid tú habrás prohibido you will have forbidden 

el/ella prohibirá he/she will forbid el/ella habrá prohibido he/she will forbidden 

nosotros prohibiremos we will forbid nosotros habremos prohibido we will have forbidden 

vosotros prohibiréis you will forbid vosotros habréis prohibido you will have forbidden 

ellos/ellas prohibirán they will forbid ellos/ellas habrán prohibido they will have forbidden 


yo prohibiría I would forbid yo habrίa prohibido I would have forbidden 

tú prohibirías you would forbid tú habrίas prohibido you would have forbidden 

el/ella prohibiría he/she would forbid el/ella habrίa prohibido he/she would have forbidden 

nosotros prohibiríamos we would forbid nosotros habrίamos prohibido we would have forbidden 

vosotros prohibiríais you would forbid vosotros habrίais prohibido you would have forbidden 

ellos/ellas prohibirían they would forbid ellos/ellas habrίan prohibido they would have forbidden 



yo prohiba I forbid yo haya prohibido I have forbidden 

tú prohibas you forbid tú hayas prohibido you have forbidden 

el/ella prohiba he/she forbids el/ella haya prohibido he/she has forbidden 

nosotros prohibamos we forbid nosotros hayamos prohibido we have forbidden 

vosotros prohibáis you forbid vosotros hayáis prohibido you have forbidden 

ellos/ellas prohiban they forbid ellos/ellas hayan prohibido they have forbidden 


yo prohibiera I was forbidding yo hubiera prohibido I had forbidden 

tú prohibieras you were forbidding tú hubieras prohibido you had forbidden 

el/ella prohibiera he/she was forbidding el/ella hubiera prohibido he/she had forbidden 

nosotros prohibiéramos we were forbidding nosotros hubiéramos prohibido we had forbidden 

vosotros prohibierais you were forbidding vosotros hubierais prohibido you had forbidden 

ellos/ellas prohibieran they were forbidding ellos/ellas hubieran prohibido they had forbidden 

or or 

yo prohibiese I was forbidding yo hubiese prohibido I had forbidden 

tú prohibieses you were forbidding tú hubieses prohibido you had forbidden 

el/ella prohibiese he/she was forbidding el/ella hubiese prohibido he/she had forbidden 

nosotros prohibiésemos we were forbidding nosotros hubiésemos prohibido we had forbidden 

vosotros prohibieseis you were forbidding vosotros hubieseis prohibido you had forbidden 

ellos/ellas prohibiesen they were forbidding ellos/ellas hubiesen prohibido they had forbidden 


yo prohibiere I will forbid yo hubiere prohibido I will have forbidden 

tú prohibieres you will forbid tú hubieres prohibido you will have forbidden 

el/ella prohibiere he/she will forbid el/ella hubiere prohibido he/she will have forbidden 

nosotros prohibiéremos we will forbid nosotros hubiéremos prohibido we will have forbidden 

vosotros prohibiereis you will forbid vosotros hubiereis prohibido you will have forbidden 

ellos/ellas prohibieren they will forbid ellos/ellas hubieren prohibido they will have forbidden 


yo yo estoy prohibiendo I am forbidding 

tú prohibe forbid! tú estás prohibiendo you are forbidding 

el/ella prohiba forbid! el/ella está prohibiendo he/she is forbidding 

nosotros prohibamos forbid! nosotros estamos prohibiendo we are forbidding 

vosotros prohibed forbid! vosotros estáis prohibiendo you are forbidding 

ellos/ellas prohiban forbid! ellos/ellas están prohibiendo they are forbidding 


44


Past Participle: reservado 

reservar: to reserve Gerund: reservando 



yo reservo I reserve yo he reservado I have reserved 

tú reservas you reserve tú has reservado you have reserved 

el/ella reserva he/she reserves el/ella ha reservado he/she has reserved 

nosotros reservamos we reserve nosotros hemos reservado we have reserved 

vosotros reserváis you reserve vosotros habéis reservado you have reserved 

ellos/ellas reservan they reserve ellos/ellas han reservado they have reserved 


yo reservaba I was reserving yo habίa reservado I had reserved 

tú reservabas you were reserving tú habías reservado you had reserved 

el/ella reservaba he/she was reserving el/ella habίa reservado he/she had reserved 

nosotros reservábamos we were reserving nosotros habίamos reservado we had reserved 

vosotros reservabais you were reserving vosotros habίais reservado you had reserved 

ellos/ellas reservaban they were reserving ellos/ellas habίan reservado they had reserved 


yo reservé I reserved yo hube reservado I reserved 

tú reservaste you reserved tú hubiste reservado you reserved 

el/ella reservó he/she reserved el/ella hubo reservado he/she reserved 

nosotros reservamos we reserved nosotros hubimos reservado we reserved 

vosotros reservasteis you reserved vosotros hubisteis reservado you reserved 

ellos/ellas reservaron they reserved ellos/ellas hubieron reservado they reserved 


yo reservaré I will reserve yo habré reservado I will have reserved 

tú reservarás you will reserve tú habrás reservado you will have reserved 

el/ella reservará he/she will reserve el/ella habrá reservado he/she will reserved 

nosotros reservaremos we will reserve nosotros habremos reservado we will have reserved 

vosotros reservaréis you will reserve vosotros habréis reservado you will have reserved 

ellos/ellas reservarán they will reserve ellos/ellas habrán reservado they will have reserved 


yo reservaría I would reserve yo habrίa reservado I would have reserved 

tú reservarías you would reserve tú habrίas reservado you would have reserved 

el/ella reservaría he/she would reserve el/ella habrίa reservado he/she would have reserved 

nosotros reservaríamos we would reserve nosotros habrίamos reservado we would have reserved 

vosotros reservaríais you would reserve vosotros habrίais reservado you would have reserved 

ellos/ellas reservarían they would reserve ellos/ellas habrίan reservado they would have reserved 



yo reserve I reserve yo haya reservado I have reserved 

tú reserves you reserve tú hayas reservado you have reserved 

el/ella reserve he/she reserves el/ella haya reservado he/she has reserved 

nosotros reservemos we reserve nosotros hayamos reservado we have reserved 

vosotros reservéis you reserve vosotros hayáis reservado you have reserved 

ellos/ellas reserven they reserve ellos/ellas hayan reservado they have reserved 


yo reservara I was reserving yo hubiera reservado I had reserved 

tú reservaras you were reserving tú hubieras reservado you had reserved 

el/ella reservara he/she was reserving el/ella hubiera reservado he/she had reserved 

nosotros reserváramos we were reserving nosotros hubiéramos reservado we had reserved 

vosotros reservarais you were reserving vosotros hubierais reservado you had reserved 

ellos/ellas reservaran they were reserving ellos/ellas hubieran reservado they had reserved 

or or 

yo reservase I was reserving yo hubiese reservado I had reserved 

tú reservases you were reserving tú hubieses reservado you had reserved 

el/ella reservase he/she was reserving el/ella hubiese reservado he/she had reserved 

nosotros reservásemos we were reserving nosotros hubiésemos reservado we had reserved 

vosotros reservaseis you were reserving vosotros hubieseis reservado you had reserved 

ellos/ellas reservasen they were reserving ellos/ellas hubiesen reservado they had reserved 


yo reservare I will reserve yo hubiere reservado I will have reserved 

tú reservares you will reserve tú hubieres reservado you will have reserved 

el/ella reservare he/she will reserve el/ella hubiere reservado he/she will have reserved 

nosotros reserváremos we will reserve nosotros hubiéremos reservado we will have reserved 

vosotros reservareis you will reserve vosotros hubiereis reservado you will have reserved 

ellos/ellas reservaren they will reserve ellos/ellas hubieren reservado they will have reserved 


yo yo estoy reservando I am reserving 

tú reserva reserve! tú estás reservando you are reserving 

el/ella reserve reserve! el/ella está reservando he/she is reserving 

nosotros reservemos reserve! nosotros estamos reservando we are reserving 

vosotros reservad reserve! vosotros estáis reservando you are reserving 

ellos/ellas reserven reserve! ellos/ellas están reservando they are reserving 


45


Past Participle: rompado 

romper: to break Gerund: rompando 



yo rompo I break yo he rompado I have broken 

tú rompes you break tú has rompado you have broken 

el/ella rompe he/she breaks el/ella ha rompado he/she has broken 

nosotros rompemos we break nosotros hemos rompado we have broken 

vosotros rompéis you break vosotros habéis rompado you have broken 

ellos/ellas rompen they break ellos/ellas han rompado they have broken 


yo rompía I was breaking yo habίa rompado I had broken 

tú rompías you were breaking tú habías rompado you had broken 

el/ella rompía he/she was breaking el/ella habίa rompado he/she had broken 

nosotros rompíamos we were breaking nosotros habίamos rompado we had broken 

vosotros rompíais you were breaking vosotros habίais rompado you had broken 

ellos/ellas rompían they were breaking ellos/ellas habίan rompado they had broken 


yo rompí I broke yo hube rompado I broke 

tú rompiste you broke tú hubiste rompado you broke 

el/ella rompió he/she broke el/ella hubo rompado he/she broke 

nosotros rompimos we broke nosotros hubimos rompado we broke 

vosotros rompisteis you broke vosotros hubisteis rompado you broke 

ellos/ellas rompieron they broke ellos/ellas hubieron rompado they broke 


yo romperé I will break yo habré rompado I will have broken 

tú romperás you will break tú habrás rompado you will have broken 

el/ella romperá he/she will break el/ella habrá rompado he/she will broken 

nosotros romperemos we will break nosotros habremos rompado we will have broken 

vosotros romperéis you will break vosotros habréis rompado you will have broken 

ellos/ellas romperán they will break ellos/ellas habrán rompado they will have broken 


yo rompería I would break yo habrίa rompado I would have broken 

tú romperías you would break tú habrίas rompado you would have broken 

el/ella rompería he/she would break el/ella habrίa rompado he/she would have broken 

nosotros romperíamos we would break nosotros habrίamos rompado we would have broken 

vosotros romperíais you would break vosotros habrίais rompado you would have broken 

ellos/ellas romperían they would break ellos/ellas habrίan rompado they would have broken 



yo rompa I break yo haya rompado I have broken 

tú rompas you break tú hayas rompado you have broken 

el/ella rompa he/she breaks el/ella haya rompado he/she has broken 

nosotros rompamos we break nosotros hayamos rompado we have broken 

vosotros rompáis you break vosotros hayáis rompado you have broken 

ellos/ellas rompan they break ellos/ellas hayan rompado they have broken 


yo rompera I was breaking yo hubiera rompado I had broken 

tú romperas you were breaking tú hubieras rompado you had broken 

el/ella rompera he/she was breaking el/ella hubiera rompado he/she had broken 

nosotros rompéramos we were breaking nosotros hubiéramos rompado we had broken 

vosotros romperais you were breaking vosotros hubierais rompado you had broken 

ellos/ellas romperan they were breaking ellos/ellas hubieran rompado they had broken 

or or 

yo rompese I was breaking yo hubiese rompado I had broken 

tú rompeses you were breaking tú hubieses rompado you had broken 

el/ella rompese he/she was breaking el/ella hubiese rompado he/she had broken 

nosotros rompésemos we were breaking nosotros hubiésemos rompado we had broken 

vosotros rompeseis you were breaking vosotros hubieseis rompado you had broken 

ellos/ellas rompesen they were breaking ellos/ellas hubiesen rompado they had broken 


yo rompere I will break yo hubiere rompado I will have broken 

tú romperes you will break tú hubieres rompado you will have broken 

el/ella rompere he/she will break el/ella hubiere rompado he/she will broken 

nosotros rompéremos we will break nosotros hubiéremos rompado we will have broken 

vosotros rompereis you will break vosotros hubiereis rompado you will have broken 

ellos/ellas romperen they will break ellos/ellas hubieren rompado they will have broken 


yo yo estoy rompando I am breaking 

tú rompe break! tú estás rompando you are breaking 

el/ella rompa break! el/ella está rompando he/she is breaking 

nosotros rompamos break! nosotros estamos rompando we are breaking 

vosotros romped break! vosotros estáis rompando you are breaking 

ellos/ellas rompan break! ellos/ellas están rompando they are breaking 


46


Past Participle: situado 

situar: to put, situate, locate Gerund: situando 



yo situo I put yo he situado I have put 

tú situas you put tú has situado you have put 

el/ella situa he/she puts el/ella ha situado he/she has put 

nosotros situamos we put nosotros hemos situado we have put 

vosotros situáis you put vosotros habéis situado you have put 

ellos/ellas situan they put ellos/ellas han situado they have put 


yo situaba I was putting yo habίa situado I had put 

tú situabas you were putting tú habías situado you had put 

el/ella situaba he/she was putting el/ella habίa situado he/she had put 

nosotros situábamos we were putting nosotros habίamos situado we had put 

vosotros situabais you were putting vosotros habίais situado you had put 

ellos/ellas situaban they were putting ellos/ellas habίan situado they had put 


yo situé I put yo hube situado I put 

tú situaste you put tú hubiste situado you put 

el/ella situó he/she put el/ella hubo situado he/she put 

nosotros situamos we put nosotros hubimos situado we put 

vosotros situasteis you put vosotros hubisteis situado you put 

ellos/ellas situaron they put ellos/ellas hubieron situado they put 


yo situaré I will put yo habré situado I will have put 

tú situarás you will put tú habrás situado you will have put 

el/ella situará he/she will put el/ella habrá situado he/she will put 

nosotros situaremos we will put nosotros habremos situado we will have put 

vosotros situaréis you will put vosotros habréis situado you will have put 

ellos/ellas situarán they will put ellos/ellas habrán situado they will have put 


yo situaría I would put yo habrίa situado I would have put 

tú situarías you would put tú habrίas situado you would have put 

el/ella situaría he/she would put el/ella habrίa situado he/she would have put 

nosotros situaríamos we would put nosotros habrίamos situado we would have put 

vosotros situaríais you would put vosotros habrίais situado you would have put 

ellos/ellas situarían they would put ellos/ellas habrίan situado they would have put 



yo situe I put yo haya situado I have put 

tú situes you put tú hayas situado you have put 

el/ella situe he/she puts el/ella haya situado he/she has put 

nosotros situemos we put nosotros hayamos situado we have put 

vosotros situéis you put vosotros hayáis situado you have put 

ellos/ellas situen they put ellos/ellas hayan situado they have put 


yo situara I was putting yo hubiera situado I had put 

tú situaras you were putting tú hubieras situado you had put 

el/ella situara he/she was putting el/ella hubiera situado he/she had put 

nosotros situáramos we were putting nosotros hubiéramos situado we had put 

vosotros situarais you were putting vosotros hubierais situado you had put 

ellos/ellas situaran they were putting ellos/ellas hubieran situado they had put 

or or 

yo situase I was putting yo hubiese situado I had put 

tú situases you were putting tú hubieses situado you had put 

el/ella situase he/she was putting el/ella hubiese situado he/she had put 

nosotros situásemos we were putting nosotros hubiésemos situado we had put 

vosotros situaseis you were putting vosotros hubieseis situado you had put 

ellos/ellas situasen they were putting ellos/ellas hubiesen situado they had put 


yo situare I will put yo hubiere situado I will have put 

tú situares you will put tú hubieres situado you will have put 

el/ella situare he/she will put el/ella hubiere situado he/she will have put 

nosotros situáremos we will put nosotros hubiéremos situado we will have put 

vosotros situareis you will put vosotros hubiereis situado you will have put 

ellos/ellas situaren they will put ellos/ellas hubieren situado they will have put 


yo yo estoy situando I am putting 

tú situa put! tú estás situando you are putting 

el/ella situe put! el/ella está situando he/she is putting 

nosotros situemos put! nosotros estamos situando we are putting 

vosotros situad put! vosotros estáis situando you are putting 

ellos/ellas situen put! ellos/ellas están situando they are putting 


47


Past Participle: terminado 

terminar: to finish Gerund: terminando 



yo termino I finish yo he terminado I have finished 

tú terminas you finish tú has terminado you have finished 

el/ella termina he/she finishes el/ella ha terminado he/she has finished 

nosotros terminamos we finish nosotros hemos terminado we have finished 

vosotros termináis you finish vosotros habéis terminado you have finished 

ellos/ellas terminan they finish ellos/ellas han terminado they have finished 


yo terminaba I was finishing yo habίa terminado I had finished 

tú terminabas you were finishing tú habías terminado you had finished 

el/ella terminaba he/she was finishing el/ella habίa terminado he/she had finished 

nosotros terminábamos we were finishing nosotros habίamos terminado we had finished 

vosotros terminabais you were finishing vosotros habίais terminado you had finished 

ellos/ellas terminaban they were finishing ellos/ellas habίan terminado they had finished 


yo terminé I finished yo hube terminado I finished 

tú terminaste you finished tú hubiste terminado you finished 

el/ella terminó he/she finished el/ella hubo terminado he/she finished 

nosotros terminamos we finished nosotros hubimos terminado we finished 

vosotros terminasteis you finished vosotros hubisteis terminado you finished 

ellos/ellas terminaron they finished ellos/ellas hubieron terminado they finished 


yo terminaré I will finish yo habré terminado I will have finished 

tú terminarás you will finish tú habrás terminado you will have finished 

el/ella terminará he/she will finish el/ella habrá terminado he/she will finished 

nosotros terminaremos we will finish nosotros habremos terminado we will have finished 

vosotros terminaréis you will finish vosotros habréis terminado you will have finished 

ellos/ellas terminarán they will finish ellos/ellas habrán terminado they will have finished 


yo terminaría I would finish yo habrίa terminado I would have finished 

tú terminarías you would finish tú habrίas terminado you would have finished 

el/ella terminaría he/she would finish el/ella habrίa terminado he/she would have finished 

nosotros terminaríamos we would finish nosotros habrίamos terminado we would have finished 

vosotros terminaríais you would finish vosotros habrίais terminado you would have finished 

ellos/ellas terminarían they would finish ellos/ellas habrίan terminado they would have finished 



yo termine I finish yo haya terminado I have finished 

tú termines you finish tú hayas terminado you have finished 

el/ella termine he/she finishes el/ella haya terminado he/she has finished 

nosotros terminemos we finish nosotros hayamos terminado we have finished 

vosotros terminéis you finish vosotros hayáis terminado you have finished 

ellos/ellas terminen they finish ellos/ellas hayan terminado they have finished 


yo terminara I was finishing yo hubiera terminado I had finished 

tú terminaras you were finishing tú hubieras terminado you had finished 

el/ella terminara he/she was finishing el/ella hubiera terminado he/she had finished 

nosotros termináramos we were finishing nosotros hubiéramos terminado we had finished 

vosotros terminarais you were finishing vosotros hubierais terminado you had finished 

ellos/ellas terminaran they were finishing ellos/ellas hubieran terminado they had finished 

or or 

yo terminase I was finishing yo hubiese terminado I had finished 

tú terminases you were finishing tú hubieses terminado you had finished 

el/ella terminase he/she was finishing el/ella hubiese terminado he/she had finished 

nosotros terminásemos we were finishing nosotros hubiésemos terminado we had finished 

vosotros terminaseis you were finishing vosotros hubieseis terminado you had finished 

ellos/ellas terminasen they were finishing ellos/ellas hubiesen terminado they had finished 


yo terminare I will finish yo hubiere terminado I will have finished 

tú terminares you will finish tú hubieres terminado you will have finished 

el/ella terminare he/she will finish el/ella hubiere terminado he/she will have finished 

nosotros termináremos we will finish nosotros hubiéremos terminado we will have finished 

vosotros terminareis you will finish vosotros hubiereis terminado you will have finished 

ellos/ellas terminaren they will finish ellos/ellas hubieren terminado they will have finished 


yo yo estoy terminando I am finishing 

tú termina finish! tú estás terminando you are finishing 

el/ella termine finish! el/ella está terminando he/she is finishing 

nosotros terminemos finish! nosotros estamos terminando we are finishing 

vosotros terminad finish! vosotros estáis terminando you are finishing 

ellos/ellas terminen finish! ellos/ellas están terminando they are finishing 


48


Past Participle: tomado 

tomar: to take Gerund: tomando 



yo tomo I take yo he tomado I have taken 

tú tomas you take tú has tomado you have taken 

el/ella toma he/she takes el/ella ha tomado he/she has taken 

nosotros tomamos we take nosotros hemos tomado we have taken 

vosotros tomáis you take vosotros habéis tomado you have taken 

ellos/ellas toman they take ellos/ellas han tomado they have taken 


yo tomaba I was taking yo habίa tomado I had taken 

tú tomabas you were taking tú habías tomado you had taken 

el/ella tomaba he/she was taking el/ella habίa tomado he/she had taken 

nosotros tomábamos we were taking nosotros habίamos tomado we had taken 

vosotros tomabais you were taking vosotros habίais tomado you had taken 

ellos/ellas tomaban they were taking ellos/ellas habίan tomado they had taken 


yo tomé I taken yo hube tomado I taken 

tú tomaste you taken tú hubiste tomado you taken 

el/ella tomó he/she taken el/ella hubo tomado he/she taken 

nosotros tomamos we taken nosotros hubimos tomado we taken 

vosotros tomasteis you taken vosotros hubisteis tomado you taken 

ellos/ellas tomaron they taken ellos/ellas hubieron tomado they taken 


yo tomaré I will take yo habré tomado I will have taken 

tú tomarás you will take tú habrás tomado you will have taken 

el/ella tomará he/she will take el/ella habrá tomado he/she will taken 

nosotros tomaremos we will take nosotros habremos tomado we will have taken 

vosotros tomaréis you will take vosotros habréis tomado you will have taken 

ellos/ellas tomarán they will take ellos/ellas habrán tomado they will have taken 


yo tomaría I would take yo habrίa tomado I would have taken 

tú tomarías you would take tú habrίas tomado you would have taken 

el/ella tomaría he/she would take el/ella habrίa tomado he/she would have taken 

nosotros tomaríamos we would take nosotros habrίamos tomado we would have taken 

vosotros tomaríais you would take vosotros habrίais tomado you would have taken 

ellos/ellas tomarían they would take ellos/ellas habrίan tomado they would have taken 



yo tome I take yo haya tomado I have taken 

tú tomes you take tú hayas tomado you have taken 

el/ella tome he/she takes el/ella haya tomado he/she has taken 

nosotros tomemos we take nosotros hayamos tomado we have taken 

vosotros toméis you take vosotros hayáis tomado you have taken 

ellos/ellas tomen they take ellos/ellas hayan tomado they have taken 


yo tomara I was taking yo hubiera tomado I had taken 

tú tomaras you were taking tú hubieras tomado you had taken 

el/ella tomara he/she was taking el/ella hubiera tomado he/she had taken 

nosotros tomáramos we were taking nosotros hubiéramos tomado we had taken 

vosotros tomarais you were taking vosotros hubierais tomado you had taken 

ellos/ellas tomaran they were taking ellos/ellas hubieran tomado they had taken 

or or 

yo tomase I was taking yo hubiese tomado I had taken 

tú tomases you were taking tú hubieses tomado you had taken 

el/ella tomase he/she was taking el/ella hubiese tomado he/she had taken 

nosotros tomásemos we were taking nosotros hubiésemos tomado we had taken 

vosotros tomaseis you were taking vosotros hubieseis tomado you had taken 

ellos/ellas tomasen they were taking ellos/ellas hubiesen tomado they had taken 


yo tomare I will take yo hubiere tomado I will have taken 

tú tomares you will take tú hubieres tomado you will have taken 

el/ella tomare he/she will take el/ella hubiere tomado he/she will have taken 

nosotros tomáremos we will take nosotros hubiéremos tomado we will have taken 

vosotros tomareis you will take vosotros hubiereis tomado you will have taken 

ellos/ellas tomaren they will take ellos/ellas hubieren tomado they will have taken 


yo yo estoy tomando I am taking 

tú toma take! tú estás tomando you are taking 

el/ella tome take! el/ella está tomando he/she is taking 

nosotros tomemos take! nosotros estamos tomando we are taking 

vosotros tomad take! vosotros estáis tomando you are taking 

ellos/ellas tomen take! ellos/ellas están tomando they are taking 


49


Past Participle: trabajado 

trabajar: to work Gerund: trabajando 



yo trabajo I work yo he trabajado I have worked 

tú trabajas you work tú has trabajado you have worked 

el/ella trabaja he/she works el/ella ha trabajado he/she has worked 

nosotros trabajamos we work nosotros hemos trabajado we have worked 

vosotros trabajáis you work vosotros habéis trabajado you have worked 

ellos/ellas trabajan they work ellos/ellas han trabajado they have worked 


yo trabajaba I was working yo habίa trabajado I had worked 

tú trabajabas you were working tú habías trabajado you had worked 

el/ella trabajaba he/she was working el/ella habίa trabajado he/she had worked 

nosotros trabajábamos we were working nosotros habίamos trabajado we had worked 

vosotros trabajabais you were working vosotros habίais trabajado you had worked 

ellos/ellas trabajaban they were working ellos/ellas habίan trabajado they had worked 


yo trabajé I worked yo hube trabajado I worked 

tú trabajaste you worked tú hubiste trabajado you worked 

el/ella trabajó he/she worked el/ella hubo trabajado he/she worked 

nosotros trabajamos we worked nosotros hubimos trabajado we worked 

vosotros trabajasteis you worked vosotros hubisteis trabajado you worked 

ellos/ellas trabajaron they worked ellos/ellas hubieron trabajado they worked 


yo trabajaré I will work yo habré trabajado I will have worked 

tú trabajarás you will work tú habrás trabajado you will have worked 

el/ella trabajará he/she will work el/ella habrá trabajado he/she will worked 

nosotros trabajaremos we will work nosotros habremos trabajado we will have worked 

vosotros trabajaréis you will work vosotros habréis trabajado you will have worked 

ellos/ellas trabajarán they will work ellos/ellas habrán trabajado they will have worked 


yo trabajaría I would work yo habrίa trabajado I would have worked 

tú trabajarías you would work tú habrίas trabajado you would have worked 

el/ella trabajaría he/she would work el/ella habrίa trabajado he/she would have worked 

nosotros trabajaríamos we would work nosotros habrίamos trabajado we would have worked 

vosotros trabajaríais you would work vosotros habrίais trabajado you would have worked 

ellos/ellas trabajarían they would work ellos/ellas habrίan trabajado they would have worked 



yo trabaje I work yo haya trabajado I have worked 

tú trabajes you work tú hayas trabajado you have worked 

el/ella trabaje he/she works el/ella haya trabajado he/she has worked 

nosotros trabajemos we work nosotros hayamos trabajado we have worked 

vosotros trabajéis you work vosotros hayáis trabajado you have worked 

ellos/ellas trabajen they work ellos/ellas hayan trabajado they have worked 


yo trabajara I was working yo hubiera trabajado I had worked 

tú trabajaras you were working tú hubieras trabajado you had worked 

el/ella trabajara he/she was working el/ella hubiera trabajado he/she had worked 

nosotros trabajáramos we were working nosotros hubiéramos trabajado we had worked 

vosotros trabajarais you were working vosotros hubierais trabajado you had worked 

ellos/ellas trabajaran they were working ellos/ellas hubieran trabajado they had worked 

or or 

yo trabajase I was working yo hubiese trabajado I had worked 

tú trabajases you were working tú hubieses trabajado you had worked 

el/ella trabajase he/she was working el/ella hubiese trabajado he/she had worked 

nosotros trabajásemos we were working nosotros hubiésemos trabajado we had worked 

vosotros trabajaseis you were working vosotros hubieseis trabajado you had worked 

ellos/ellas trabajasen they were working ellos/ellas hubiesen trabajado they had worked 


yo trabajare I will work yo hubiere trabajado I will have worked 

tú trabajares you will work tú hubieres trabajado you will have worked 

el/ella trabajare he/she will work el/ella hubiere trabajado he/she will have worked 

nosotros trabajáremos we will work nosotros hubiéremos trabajado we will have worked 

vosotros trabajareis you will work vosotros hubiereis trabajado you will have worked 

ellos/ellas trabajaren they will work ellos/ellas hubieren trabajado they will have worked 


yo yo estoy trabajando I am working 

tú trabaja work! tú estás trabajando you are working 

el/ella trabaje work! el/ella está trabajando he/she is working 

nosotros trabajemos work! nosotros estamos trabajando we are working 

vosotros trabajad work! vosotros estáis trabajando you are working 

ellos/ellas trabajen work! ellos/ellas están trabajando they are working 


50


Past Participle: usado 

usar: to use Gerund: usando 



yo uso I use yo he usado I have used 

tú usas you use tú has usado you have used 

el/ella usa he/she uses el/ella ha usado he/she has used 

nosotros usamos we use nosotros hemos usado we have used 

vosotros usáis you use vosotros habéis usado you have used 

ellos/ellas usan they use ellos/ellas han usado they have used 


yo usaba I was using yo habίa usado I had used 

tú usabas you were using tú habías usado you had used 

el/ella usaba he/she was using el/ella habίa usado he/she had used 

nosotros usábamos we were using nosotros habίamos usado we had used 

vosotros usabais you were using vosotros habίais usado you had used 

ellos/ellas usaban they were using ellos/ellas habίan usado they had used 


yo usé I used yo hube usado I used 

tú usaste you used tú hubiste usado you used 

el/ella usó he/she used el/ella hubo usado he/she used 

nosotros usamos we used nosotros hubimos usado we used 

vosotros usasteis you used vosotros hubisteis usado you used 

ellos/ellas usaron they used ellos/ellas hubieron usado they used 


yo usaré I will use yo habré usado I will have used 

tú usarás you will use tú habrás usado you will have used 

el/ella usará he/she will use el/ella habrá usado he/she will used 

nosotros usaremos we will use nosotros habremos usado we will have used 

vosotros usaréis you will use vosotros habréis usado you will have used 

ellos/ellas usarán they will use ellos/ellas habrán usado they will have used 


yo usaría I would use yo habrίa usado I would have used 

tú usarías you would use tú habrίas usado you would have used 

el/ella usaría he/she would use el/ella habrίa usado he/she would have used 

nosotros usaríamos we would use nosotros habrίamos usado we would have used 

vosotros usaríais you would use vosotros habrίais usado you would have used 

ellos/ellas usarían they would use ellos/ellas habrίan usado they would have used 



yo use I use yo haya usado I have used 

tú uses you use tú hayas usado you have used 

el/ella use he/she uses el/ella haya usado he/she has used 

nosotros usemos we use nosotros hayamos usado we have used 

vosotros uséis you use vosotros hayáis usado you have used 

ellos/ellas usen they use ellos/ellas hayan usado they have used 


yo usara I was using yo hubiera usado I had used 

tú usaras you were using tú hubieras usado you had used 

el/ella usara he/she was using el/ella hubiera usado he/she had used 

nosotros usáramos we were using nosotros hubiéramos usado we had used 

vosotros usarais you were using vosotros hubierais usado you had used 

ellos/ellas usaran they were using ellos/ellas hubieran usado they had used 

or or 

yo usase I was using yo hubiese usado I had used 

tú usases you were using tú hubieses usado you had used 

el/ella usase he/she was using el/ella hubiese usado he/she had used 

nosotros usásemos we were using nosotros hubiésemos usado we had used 

vosotros usaseis you were using vosotros hubieseis usado you had used 

ellos/ellas usasen they were using ellos/ellas hubiesen usado they had used 


yo usare I will use yo hubiere usado I will have used 

tú usares you will use tú hubieres usado you will have used 

el/ella usare he/she will use el/ella hubiere usado he/she will have used 

nosotros usáremos we will use nosotros hubiéremos usado we will have used 

vosotros usareis you will use vosotros hubiereis usado you will have used 

ellos/ellas usaren they will use ellos/ellas hubieren usado they will have used 


yo yo estoy usando I am using 

tú usa use! tú estás usando you are using 

el/ella use use! el/ella está usando he/she is using 

nosotros usemos use! nosotros estamos usando we are using 

vosotros usad use! vosotros estáis usando you are using 

ellos/ellas usen use! ellos/ellas están usando they are using 


51


Past Participle: venido 

venir: to come Gerund: veniendo 



yo veno I come yo he venido I have come 

tú venes you come tú has venido you have come 

el/ella vene he/she comes el/ella ha venido he/she has come 

nosotros venimos we come nosotros hemos venido we have come 

vosotros venís you come vosotros habéis venido you have come 

ellos/ellas venen they come ellos/ellas han venido they have come 


yo venía I was coming yo habίa venido I had come 

tú venías you were coming tú habías venido you had come 

el/ella venía he/she was coming el/ella habίa venido he/she had come 

nosotros veníamos we were coming nosotros habίamos venido we had come 

vosotros veníais you were coming vosotros habίais venido you had come 

ellos/ellas venían they were coming ellos/ellas habίan venido they had come 


yo vení I came yo hube venido I came 

tú veniste you came tú hubiste venido you came 

el/ella venió he/she came el/ella hubo venido he/she came 

nosotros venimos we came nosotros hubimos venido we came 

vosotros venisteis you came vosotros hubisteis venido you came 

ellos/ellas venieron they came ellos/ellas hubieron venido they came 


yo veniré I will come yo habré venido I will have come 

tú venirás you will come tú habrás venido you will have come 

el/ella venirá he/she will come el/ella habrá venido he/she will come 

nosotros veniremos we will come nosotros habremos venido we will have come 

vosotros veniréis you will come vosotros habréis venido you will have come 

ellos/ellas venirán they will come ellos/ellas habrán venido they will have come 


yo veniría I would come yo habrίa venido I would have come 

tú venirías you would come tú habrίas venido you would have come 

el/ella veniría he/she would come el/ella habrίa venido he/she would have come 

nosotros veniríamos we would come nosotros habrίamos venido we would have come 

vosotros veniríais you would come vosotros habrίais venido you would have come 

ellos/ellas venirían they would come ellos/ellas habrίan venido they would have come 



yo vena I come yo haya venido I have come 

tú venas you come tú hayas venido you have come 

el/ella vena he/she comes el/ella haya venido he/she has come 

nosotros venamos we come nosotros hayamos venido we have come 

vosotros venáis you come vosotros hayáis venido you have come 

ellos/ellas venan they come ellos/ellas hayan venido they have come 


yo veniera I was coming yo hubiera venido I had come 

tú venieras you were coming tú hubieras venido you had come 

el/ella veniera he/she was coming el/ella hubiera venido he/she had come 

nosotros veniéramos we were coming nosotros hubiéramos venido we had come 

vosotros venierais you were coming vosotros hubierais venido you had come 

ellos/ellas venieran they were coming ellos/ellas hubieran venido they had come 

or or 

yo veniese I was coming yo hubiese venido I had come 

tú venieses you were coming tú hubieses venido you had come 

el/ella veniese he/she was coming el/ella hubiese venido he/she had come 

nosotros veniésemos we were coming nosotros hubiésemos venido we had come 

vosotros venieseis you were coming vosotros hubieseis venido you had come 

ellos/ellas veniesen they were coming ellos/ellas hubiesen venido they had come 


yo veniere I will come yo hubiere venido I will have come 

tú venieres you will come tú hubieres venido you will have come 

el/ella veniere he/she will come el/ella hubiere venido he/she will have come 

nosotros veniéremos we will come nosotros hubiéremos venido we will have come 

vosotros veniereis you will come vosotros hubiereis venido you will have come 

ellos/ellas venieren they will come ellos/ellas hubieren venido they will have come 


yo yo estoy veniendo I am coming 

tú vene come! tú estás veniendo you are coming 

el/ella vena come! el/ella está veniendo he/she is coming 

nosotros venamos come! nosotros estamos veniendo we are coming 

vosotros vened come! vosotros estáis veniendo you are coming 

ellos/ellas venan come! ellos/ellas están veniendo they are coming 

coming 


52


Past Participle: viajado 

viajar: to travel Gerund: viajando 



yo viajo I travel yo he viajado I have travelled 

tú viajas you travel tú has viajado you have travelled 

el/ella viaja he/she travels el/ella ha viajado he/she has travelled 

nosotros viajamos we travel nosotros hemos viajado we have travelled 

vosotros viajáis you travel vosotros habéis viajado you have travelled 

ellos/ellas viajan they travel ellos/ellas han viajado they have travelled 


yo viajaba I was travelling yo habίa viajado I had travelled 

tú viajabas you were travelling tú habías viajado you had travelled 

el/ella viajaba he/she was travelling el/ella habίa viajado he/she had travelled 

nosotros viajábamos we were travelling nosotros habίamos viajado we had travelled 

vosotros viajabais you were travelling vosotros habίais viajado you had travelled 

ellos/ellas viajaban they were travelling ellos/ellas habίan viajado they had travelled 


yo viajé I travelled yo hube viajado I travelled 

tú viajaste you travelled tú hubiste viajado you travelled 

el/ella viajó he/she travelled el/ella hubo viajado he/she travelled 

nosotros viajamos we travelled nosotros hubimos viajado we travelled 

vosotros viajasteis you travelled vosotros hubisteis viajado you travelled 

ellos/ellas viajaron they travelled ellos/ellas hubieron viajado they travelled 


yo viajaré I will travel yo habré viajado I will have travelled 

tú viajarás you will travel tú habrás viajado you will have travelled 

el/ella viajará he/she will travel el/ella habrá viajado he/she will travelled 

nosotros viajaremos we will travel nosotros habremos viajado we will have travelled 

vosotros viajaréis you will travel vosotros habréis viajado you will have travelled 

ellos/ellas viajarán they will travel ellos/ellas habrán viajado they will have travelled 


yo viajaría I would travel yo habrίa viajado I would have travelled 

tú viajarías you would travel tú habrίas viajado you would have travelled 

el/ella viajaría he/she would travel el/ella habrίa viajado he/she would have travelled 

nosotros viajaríamos we would travel nosotros habrίamos viajado we would have travelled 

vosotros viajaríais you would travel vosotros habrίais viajado you would have travelled 

ellos/ellas viajarían they would travel ellos/ellas habrίan viajado they would have travelled 



yo viaje I travel yo haya viajado I have travelled 

tú viajes you travel tú hayas viajado you have travelled 

el/ella viaje he/she travels el/ella haya viajado he/she has travelled 

nosotros viajemos we travel nosotros hayamos viajado we have travelled 

vosotros viajéis you travel vosotros hayáis viajado you have travelled 

ellos/ellas viajen they travel ellos/ellas hayan viajado they have travelled 


yo viajara I was travelling yo hubiera viajado I had travelled 

tú viajaras you were travelling tú hubieras viajado you had travelled 

el/ella viajara he/she was travelling el/ella hubiera viajado he/she had travelled 

nosotros viajáramos we were travelling nosotros hubiéramos viajado we had travelled 

vosotros viajarais you were travelling vosotros hubierais viajado you had travelled 

ellos/ellas viajaran they were travelling ellos/ellas hubieran viajado they had travelled 

or or 

yo viajase I was travelling yo hubiese viajado I had travelled 

tú viajases you were travelling tú hubieses viajado you had travelled 

el/ella viajase he/she was travelling el/ella hubiese viajado he/she had travelled 

nosotros viajásemos we were travelling nosotros hubiésemos viajado we had travelled 

vosotros viajaseis you were travelling vosotros hubieseis viajado you had travelled 

ellos/ellas viajasen they were travelling ellos/ellas hubiesen viajado they had travelled 


yo viajare I will travel yo hubiere viajado I will have travelled 

tú viajares you will travel tú hubieres viajado you will have travelled 

el/ella viajare he/she will travel el/ella hubiere viajado he/she will have travelled 

nosotros viajáremos we will travel nosotros hubiéremos viajado we will have travelled 

vosotros viajareis you will travel vosotros hubiereis viajado you will have travelled 

ellos/ellas viajaren they will travel ellos/ellas hubieren viajado they will have travelled 


yo yo estoy viajando I am travelling 

tú viaja travel! tú estás viajando you are travelling 

el/ella viaje travel! el/ella está viajando he/she is travelling 

nosotros viajemos travel! nosotros estamos viajando we are travelling 

vosotros viajad travel! vosotros estáis viajando you are travelling 

ellos/ellas viajen travel! ellos/ellas están viajando they are travelling 


53


Past Participle: vivido 

vivir: to live Gerund: viviendo 



yo vivo I live yo he vivido I have lived 

tú vives you live tú has vivido you have lived 

el/ella vive he/she lives el/ella ha vivido he/she has lived 

nosotros vivimos we live nosotros hemos vivido we have lived 

vosotros vivís you live vosotros habéis vivido you have lived 

ellos/ellas viven they live ellos/ellas han vivido they have lived 


yo vivía I was living yo habίa vivido I had lived 

tú vivías you were living tú habías vivido you had lived 

el/ella vivía he/she was living el/ella habίa vivido he/she had lived 

nosotros vivíamos we were living nosotros habίamos vivido we had lived 

vosotros vivíais you were living vosotros habίais vivido you had lived 

ellos/ellas vivían they were living ellos/ellas habίan vivido they had lived 


yo viví I lived yo hube vivido I lived 

tú viviste you lived tú hubiste vivido you lived 

el/ella vivió he/she lived el/ella hubo vivido he/she lived 

nosotros vivimos we lived nosotros hubimos vivido we lived 

vosotros vivisteis you lived vosotros hubisteis vivido you lived 

ellos/ellas vivieron they lived ellos/ellas hubieron vivido they lived 


yo viviré I will live yo habré vivido I will have lived 

tú vivirás you will live tú habrás vivido you will have lived 

el/ella vivirá he/she will live el/ella habrá vivido he/she will lived 

nosotros viviremos we will live nosotros habremos vivido we will have lived 

vosotros viviréis you will live vosotros habréis vivido you will have lived 

ellos/ellas vivirán they will live ellos/ellas habrán vivido they will have lived 


yo viviría I would live yo habrίa vivido I would have lived 

tú vivirías you would live tú habrίas vivido you would have lived 

el/ella viviría he/she would live el/ella habrίa vivido he/she would have lived 

nosotros viviríamos we would live nosotros habrίamos vivido we would have lived 

vosotros viviríais you would live vosotros habrίais vivido you would have lived 

ellos/ellas vivirían they would live ellos/ellas habrίan vivido they would have lived 



yo viva I live yo haya vivido I have lived 

tú vivas you live tú hayas vivido you have lived 

el/ella viva he/she lives el/ella haya vivido he/she has lived 

nosotros vivamos we live nosotros hayamos vivido we have lived 

vosotros viváis you live vosotros hayáis vivido you have lived 

ellos/ellas vivan they live ellos/ellas hayan vivido they have lived 


yo viviera I was living yo hubiera vivido I had lived 

tú vivieras you were living tú hubieras vivido you had lived 

el/ella viviera he/she was living el/ella hubiera vivido he/she had lived 

nosotros viviéramos we were living nosotros hubiéramos vivido we had lived 

vosotros vivierais you were living vosotros hubierais vivido you had lived 

ellos/ellas vivieran they were living ellos/ellas hubieran vivido they had lived 

or or 

yo viviese I was living yo hubiese vivido I had lived 

tú vivieses you were living tú hubieses vivido you had lived 

el/ella viviese he/she was living el/ella hubiese vivido he/she had lived 

nosotros viviésemos we were living nosotros hubiésemos vivido we had lived 

vosotros vivieseis you were living vosotros hubieseis vivido you had lived 

ellos/ellas viviesen they were living ellos/ellas hubiesen vivido they had lived 


yo viviere I will live yo hubiere vivido I will have lived 

tú vivieres you will live tú hubieres vivido you will have lived 

el/ella viviere he/she will live el/ella hubiere vivido he/she will have lived 

nosotros viviéremos we will live nosotros hubiéremos vivido we will have lived 

vosotros viviereis you will live vosotros hubiereis vivido you will have lived 

ellos/ellas vivieren they will live ellos/ellas hubieren vivido they will have lived 


yo yo estoy viviendo I am living 

tú vive live! tú estás viviendo you are living 

el/ella viva live! el/ella está viviendo he/she is living 

nosotros vivamos live! nosotros estamos viviendo we are living 

vosotros vived live! vosotros estáis viviendo you are living 

ellos/ellas vivan live! ellos/ellas están viviendo they are living 

coming 


54



Index 

admit admitir 6 

page 

allow permitir 41 

answer contestar 24 

ask preguntar 42 

break romper 46 

buy comprar 21 

cancel cancelar 15 

change cambiar 13 

chat charlar 18 

come venir 52 

continue continuar 25 

cook cocinar 19 

count contar 23 

dance bailar 10 

draw dibujar 29 

drink beber 11 

eat comer 20 

finish terminar 48 

forbid prohibir 44 

forget olvidar 39 

get obtener 38 

have breakfast desayunar 27 

have dinner cenar 17 

help ayudar 9 

learn aprender 7 

leave partir 40 

live vivir 54 

look for buscar 12 

need necesitar 37 

open abrir 5 

prepare preparar 43 

push empujar 30 

put situar 47 

rent aquilar 8 

reserve reservar 45 

run correr 26 

send enviar 31 

sing cantar 16 

speak hablar 35 

stop detener 28 

study estudiar 34 

swim nadar 36 

take tomar 49 

travel viajar 53 

understand comprender 22 

use usar 51 

wait esperar 33 

walk caminar 14 

work trabajar 50 

write escribir 32 

55


Past Participle: 

: Gerund: 



yo yo he 

tú tú has 

el/ella el/ella ha 

nosotros nosotros hemos 

vosotros vosotros habéis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas han 


yo yo habίa 

tú tú habías 

el/ella el/ella habίa 

nosotros nosotros habίamos 

vosotros vosotros habίais 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas habίan 


yo yo hube 

tú tú hubiste 

el/ella el/ella hubo 

nosotros nosotros hubimos 

vosotros vosotros hubisteis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas hubieron 


yo yo habré 

tú tú habrás 

el/ella el/ella habrá 

nosotros nosotros habremos 

vosotros vosotros habréis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas habrán 


yo yo habrίa 

tú tú habrίas 

el/ella el/ella habrίa 

nosotros nosotros habrίamos 

vosotros vosotros habrίais 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas habrίan 



yo yo haya 

tú tú hayas 

el/ella el/ella haya 

nosotros nosotros hayamos 

vosotros vosotros hayáis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas hayan 


yo yo hubiera 

tú tú hubieras 

el/ella el/ella hubiera 

nosotros nosotros hubiéramos 

vosotros vosotros hubierais 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas hubieran 

or or 

yo yo hubiese 

tú tú hubieses 

el/ella el/ella hubiese 

nosotros nosotros hubiésemos 

vosotros vosotros hubieseis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas hubiesen 


yo yo hubiere 

tú tú hubieres 

el/ella el/ella hubiere 

nosotros nosotros hubiéremos 

vosotros vosotros hubiereis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas hubieren 


yo yo estoy 

tú tú estás 

el/ella el/ella está 

nosotros nosotros estamos 

vosotros vosotros estáis 

ellos/ellas ellos/ellas están 


56

2000+ Spanish Irregular Verbs - Hackvalue

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