David Anthony (CID: 01520961)

Volume of KOH Moles of KOH

added (ml) pH added Mole equivalents ∆(pH) ∆m 1/β
0 2.42 0 0
1 2.45 0.000223 0.112 0.030 0.112 0.269
2 2.54 0.000446 0.223 0.090 0.112 0.807
3 2.61 0.000669 0.335 0.070 0.112 0.628
4 2.72 0.000892 0.446 0.110 0.112 0.987
5 2.84 0.001115 0.558 0.120 0.112 1.076
6 3.14 0.001338 0.669 0.300 0.112 2.691
7 4.90 0.001561 0.781 1.760 0.112 15.785
8 5.82 0.001784 0.892 0.920 0.112 8.251
9 6.18 0.002007 1.004 0.360 0.112 3.229
10 6.34 0.002230 1.115 0.160 0.112 1.435
11 6.71 0.002453 1.227 0.370 0.112 3.318
12 6.87 0.002676 1.338 0.160 0.112 1.435
13 7.12 0.002899 1.450 0.250 0.112 2.242
14 7.48 0.003122 1.561 0.360 0.112 3.229
15 8.28 0.003345 1.673 0.800 0.112 7.175
16 10.21 0.003568 1.784 1.930 0.112 17.309
17 10.58 0.003791 1.896 0.370 0.112 3.318
18 10.78 0.004014 2.007 0.200 0.111 1.794
19 10.93 0.004237 2.119 0.150 0.112 1.345
20 11.02 0.004460 2.230 0.090 0.112 0.807

β can be calculated using the second graph, which was made by finding the gradient of the first.
The minimum values for 1/β would be where β itself is at a maximum. These are at pHs of 2.45,
6.87 and 11.02, as indicated on the graph. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation predicts that β
is maximal when the pH = pK A, and the two values for pK A I obtained from the first graph are 2.7
and 6.8. These numbers are close to pHs where β is at a maximum, which supports the
prediction. However, the numbers are close but not the same (mainly with regards to the β=2.45
and pKA=2.7). This could be due to my error in estimating where the half-way point of the
plateaus were. It could also be due to an error with the pH metre as later on, it read the pH of
water to be 5.9, which is quite far from 7, although this is less likely than the first. Something
else of note is that on the second graph, there is a point at around pH 6.7 that seems to go
against the trend. It may be that this point should be lower than what I said was the minimum,
which would give a larger difference between the β value and the pKA value. This area could be
further investigated by repeating the titration adding smaller aliquots to gain more data points
here. But overall, I feel my data supports the prediction.
David Anthony (CID: 01520961)

Titration curve for phosphoric acid

12

10

pKA=6.8
pH

pKA=2.7

H3PO4 H2PO4- HPO42-

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Mole equivalents of KOH

How reciprocal of buffer capacity (1/β) changes with pH

20

18

16

14

12
1/β

10

8
Minimum

6
Minimum
4
Minimum
2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
David Anthony (CID: 01520961)

Volume of HCl Moles HCl Mole Volume KOH Moles KOH Mole
added (ml) added (mol) equivalents pH added (ml) added (mol) equivalents pH
0 0.0000000 0 5.79 0 0 0 5.57
0.1 0.0000213 0.00426 4.1 0.1 0.0000223 0.00446 6.63
0.6 0.0001278 0.02556 3.24 0.2 0.0000446 0.00892 7.06
1.1 0.0002343 0.04686 2.92 0.3 0.0000669 0.01338 7.35
2.1 0.0004473 0.08946 2.63 0.4 0.0000892 0.01784 7.57
3.1 0.0006603 0.13206 2.48 0.5 0.0001115 0.02230 7.76
4.1 0.0008733 0.17466 2.43 0.6 0.0001338 0.02676 7.85
5.1 0.0010863 0.21726 2.39 0.7 0.0001561 0.03122 8.03
6.1 0.0012993 0.25986 2.32 0.8 0.0001784 0.03568 8.15
7.1 0.0015123 0.30246 2.27 0.9 0.0002007 0.04014 8.20
8.1 0.0017253 0.34506 2.23 1.4 0.0003122 0.06244 8.43
9.1 0.0019383 0.38766 2.18 1.9 0.0004237 0.08474 8.57
10.1 0.0021513 0.43026 2.13 2.4 0.0005352 0.10704 8.69
11.1 0.0023643 0.47286 2.09 2.9 0.0006467 0.12934 8.82
12.1 0.0025773 0.51546 2.05 3.4 0.0007582 0.15164 8.92
13.1 0.0027903 0.55806 2.01 3.9 0.0008697 0.17394 9.00
14.1 0.0030033 0.60066 1.98 4.9 0.0010927 0.21854 9.17
15.1 0.0032163 0.64326 1.94 5.9 0.0013157 0.26314 9.29
16.1 0.0034293 0.68586 1.90 6.9 0.0015387 0.30774 9.40
17.1 0.0036423 0.72846 1.86 7.9 0.0017617 0.35234 9.49
18.1 0.0038553 0.77106 1.82 8.9 0.0019847 0.39694 9.59
19.1 0.0040683 0.81366 1.78 9.9 0.0022077 0.44154 9.68
20.1 0.0042813 0.85626 1.75 10.9 0.0024307 0.48614 9.77
11.9 0.0026537 0.53074 9.86
12.9 0.0028767 0.57534 9.94
13.9 0.0030997 0.61994 10.04
14.9 0.0033227 0.66454 10.14
15.9 0.0035457 0.70914 10.24
16.9 0.0037687 0.75374 10.34
17.9 0.0039917 0.79834 10.46
18.9 0.0042147 0.84294 10.6
19.9 0.0044377 0.88754 10.77
20.9 0.0046607 0.93214 10.99
21.9 0.0048837 0.97674 11.25
David Anthony (CID: 01520961)

How pH for Alanine varies when titrated against and acid and an alkali
12

10
pKA=9.8

6
pH

2 pKA=2.1

0
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Mole equivalent of HCl added Mole equivalent of KOH added

Solution pH measured Identification of Probable

beverage acids/bases present

A 5.90 (Anomalous) Water

B 5.60 Coffee Chlorogenic acid

C 2.29 Coke Citric, carbonic, and

phosphoric acid.

D 4.03 Beer Acetic, pyruvic, lactic,

malic, and citric acids

E 3.15 White Wine Tartaric, malic, and

citric acid