Making A Message in English

Making a Message ta Euglioh A HANDBOOK IN LEXICO-GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH FOR RUSSIAN LEARNERS T.CHIRKO, T.LOMOVA and S.-RYBAKOVA VORONEZH — 1998BBK 81.2 Aura C-52 Penensexrsr: ; Tipo. C.C. Bepknep, gou, JLT. Epacona (Boponexckni rocynapersenubili nenaroruueckuit yruBepcuter), zou, J1.H. Tpmuaesa (Bopoxexckuii rocynapersenusiii yxusepeuter), Kaeapa aurauiicKoli uaonormu g-ra PT BY C-52 Chirko T.M., Lomova T.M., Rybakova S.I. Making a Message in English. A handbook in lexico-grammar of English for Russian leamers: Yue6xoe noco6ue. — Bopouex, 1998. — 148 c. ISBN 5-85815-086-1 Yue6xoe nocobue upenctannser coGoH cOopiwx ynpaxHeHuit Ho 1eK- cuYeck opmenTHposaHHo# rpamMaTaKe aurauiicKoro ssuika. MarepHaztst kaxoro pases KHMTM GOpMHPYIOT HaRBIK cBOGORHOTO KOCTPYMpOBAHHA BRICKASHIBAHEE 10 ONHOM W3 OCHOBHBIX CIPYKTYPHBIX CX€M BO BCEM pa3H1006- pésun e& eKcuecxoro Hanommenus. MHoroueneRHble sataHuK Ha nepeBost pu3naubi Helitpanusosars mTepdepenmo co CTopoHs! CTepeoTHHIOB POTHO- TO — pyccKoro — s3bIKa, OrpaHH4HTh KauIbKMpOBaHHe ero Monee, ~ as mupoxoro xpyra usyyaiommx anraulicKui 931K B KOMMYHHKa- THBHBIX LENAX: CTAPHMX MIKOMBHMKOB, CHIYMATeHeH AIIKOBEIX KYPCOB, CTY- JeHTOB H acriapasttos. BBK 81.2 Ilevamaemea no pewenwo Kaipedper anenuitcxoii puronoeuu u Vaeuozo cosema paxynome- ‘ma ponano-zepuancxoii @unonoeuu BY. ISBN 5-85815-086-1 © Ypxo T.M., Jlomona T.M., Psidaxona C.H. © Bopoxexcxnii rocyzaperpenistit yuupepcnterCONTENTS Introduction ..... Chapter I. THERE VS ... Section |. THERE VS: Meaning and Function Section II. THERE VS: Gramm: Subject ... eee 1.1 Subject = Noun Phrase 1.1 Determiners 1.2 Quantifiers ute = Adjectivi Attribute = To-infinitive /-ing / Relative clause 28 Attribute = Prepositional phrase . 31 ject = Gerund sess 33 1.3 Subject = Pronoun 34 Verb ..., 37 Adverbial ......... . 41 3.1 Place Adverbial .. 4 3.2 Time Adverbial ..........ccsssssssssssssesssssiuvnnnnnsenenns 46 ReVieWS «..-sceceseseseee 48 Bank of Activities ete] Chapter Il. SVCs .. 37 Section I. SVCs: Meaning and Function .... 57 Section IL. SVCs: Grammar ........cesceessesteeseesteseeseeesesseenee 62 Subject Complement ...... . coves aan coves 63 Complement = Adjective Phrase .... 63 LAd Intensifiers ...0.0...... 66 1.1.2 Prepositional Phrases 68 1.1.3 To-Infinitive Clauses 1 1.1.4 That-Clauses 7 1.15 As... as... Clauses . 79 1.2. Complement = Noun Phrase . 80 1.2.1 Determiners 83 1.2.2 Attributes . 90Subject ..... eee 2.1 Subje yun Phrase 2.1.1 Determiners ....... 2.1.2 Attributes .. 101 2.1.3 Quantifiers 102 2.2. Subject = Pronoun 102 2.3 Subject = Gerund . 104 Verb esses 104 Reviews 121 Bank of Activities ... 126 137 AppendixPREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For centuries a grammar book and a dictionary have been a sufficient kit for foreign language learners as readers and listeners. However, today they are even- tually measured by their ability to produce competent language. This book has been written on the assumption that rules of grammar and vo- cabulary learned separately do not naturally “meet” in the head of a person wishing to give meaningful and accurate messages. To learn the skill learners need guidance on how concrete words are arranged within a sentence to express a particular meaning in a particular situation. This corpus-driven, research-based handbook of English grammar undertakes to provide the necessary guidance. We attempt to do it through a consistent and systematic description of the word-classes fitting each position in every one of the major syntactic patterns of the English language, which map the typical situations of the real and imagined world. The chosen format allows us to divide the broad grammatical classes of words found in classical grammars (such as “link verbs” or “mass nouns”) into sub- classes, then sub-sub-classes and so on down to the usage-end. The starting point and the core of the process must be the verb as the most syntax sensitive type of word, the one that governs the very pattern of the sentence. From here it moves to the position dependent word-types, first those which stand closest to the verb, then those which are the farthest from it in the pattern. Limitations on the use of individual words in a particular position pertain to different aspects of Grammar, Meaning, Collocation and Idiom, Variety and Purpose, i.e. the aspects that add up to the mysterious whole called Usage. Grammar points proper are treated here — just as consistently and systemati- cally — as they occur and interact within the sentences built on the same model. That means, among other things, that one problem, e.g. Articles or Agreement between Subject and Verb, can be studied in its different aspects in more than one place in the book. On the other hand, one pattern can offer an ideal context for an overall study of the problem, as does, for instance, the pattern THERE VS for all sorts of Quantifiers and Place Adverbials. Many people have contributed their support and expertise to this book: our thanks to all of them. In particular, we would like to acknowledge the major source of inspiration to our purpose in writing the book, the COBLILD team, whose pioneer ideas in descriptive and applied linguistics helped us to concep-tualise our general approach. We are extremely grateful to Dr. Gwyneth Fox of the team for her kind attention, encouragement and valuable advice. We would like to thank the administration of the School of Romance and Ger- manic Philology and its English Division for their sympathetic and timely assis- tance. Our sincere thanks are due to the young colleagues, who often set us thinking about questions of English usage and helped us to field-test the materials. We must also acknowledge the contribution of the language assistants from Great Britain — Linda Tumer, Catherine Fiddy and Clare Eggleton, whose comments have greatly improved the book. The final standard of production is in great part a tribute to the patience and skill of Mark Brice, who did an enormous amount of editorial work, and Maxime Ko- rovine, who typed in the never-ending text and put a lot of creative talent and effort into its design. Heartfelt thanks go to our reviewers for their intelligent and constructive criti- cism. A big thank you to the many patient students of the English Division, who made the testing of the materials a pleasure to us and, we hope, to themselves. We would be very glad to have the comment on this book especially on what could improve its format and content.TO THE STUDE This book is designed for use by those who will have studied English grammar in one form or another already, but here we offer you a new perspective on the subject which relates the rules of grammar with the word-types they apply to. In this way we hope you will improve and extend the range of your communicative skill in the English language. The handbook can be used alongside other sources of practice materials and you can turn to any traditional reference book of grammar for the rule or statement explaining a grammar point such as use of articles, tense forms or modals. Though in most cases tasks and activities are built to follow the “inductive” way (moving from the language facts to the rules) so that you will be able to formulate the rules and statements yourself. ‘An important feature of this manual is the lists of word classes a) fitting a particular position in the pattern, b) taking a particular grammatical form, c) collo- cating regularly with other word classes, d) relating to a semantic grouping — thematically centred or situation bound. Such lists do not seem to be dealt with elsewhere. They are given in italic letters in the body of the exercises as well as in the Appendix. The points of grammar that most frequently cause learners to make mistakes are placed in special boxes labelled WotieeBoand, Each chapter of the book is assigned to one syntactic pattern. Inside it you will find two principal sections: Section I showing you the meaning and function of the sentences built on the given pattern and Section II detailing the grammatical peculiarities of those sentences. The latter is preceded by the Map of Contents, which is drawn for you to visualise the full potential of the “positional scheme” of the sentence type (the members of the sentence interrelated and ordered in a certain way) and also the grammatical problems a learner normally faces when using the pattern to produce meaningful utterances. Each grammar point is accompanied by the numbers of the exercises dealing with it. You can check your knowledge of the forms and words by doing the Reviews and practise the skill of expression in various communicative activities stored in the Bank at the end of the chapter.NTRODUCTION Sentences in English as in any other language are built on a number of typical patterns reflecting typical situations of the real world. Whenever one wants to make a message one chooses an appropriate pattern and fills the slots (positions) in this pattern with particular words. One of the words fills the central position in any pattern — that of the VERB, — which calls for a certain number of slots and the kind of words to fill them. For example, the verb SEND dictates that there is someone to take and deliver something to someone: J will send her the money. > I will send the money to her. Both patterns have three slots to hold names of the three participants of the situation — someone who sends, something that is sent and someone to whom something is sent. The verb CUT dictates that there is someone to divide something into pieces using something as an instrument, possibly, on something used as a work surface: She was cutting cheese with a sharp knife (on a board). On the other hand, verbs like COUGH, SIGH and LAUGH dictate that there is just someone making a specific sound: ‘He coughed, she sighed, they laughed. Pattern 1: THERE VS The verb BE in the meaning of EXISTENCE or PRESENCE requires a very pe- culiar structure with formal THERE in the first position and the Subject following BE. Subject points to a person, thing or state of things existing in the world or present in one of its segments: There are big women and small men. There was a big white china mug on the table. ‘There are sandstorms nearly every day. Pattern 2: SVCs It is never enough to just state that something exists. People want to know what it is like and what class of objects it belongs to. To describe a person, a thing or a state of things speakers use the structure with the slot for Complement, which an adjectival or a noun phrase pointing to a feature or a set of features typical of a class of objects: She is beautiful. He is a professional singer.Pattern 3: SV Some other verbs, known as Intransitive, require one slot for Subject — the doer of an action or activity indicated by the verb. Compare: He coughed, she sighed, they laughed. Pattern 4: SVOd On the other hand, Transitive verbs always require two slots — for Subject and for Direct Object, which generally indicate, respectively, the doer of an action and the person or thing directly affected by the action. Compare: She was cutting cheese on a board. Pattern 5: SVOiOd There is a group of verbs in English which, along with Subject, require two Ob- jects — Direct and Indirect. Direct Object indicates a thing received or meant for a person indicated by Indirect Object: I will send her the money. Pattern 6: SVOdCo There is a small group of verbs in English which allow the use of Direct Object accompanied by Object Complement, Object Complement gives an additional description of a person or thing indicated by Direct Object: He painted the door green. She likes her coffee black.THERE VS Section I. “There VS” : Meaning and Function 1 Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the verbs you can use. What meaning do they have in common? . Once there was a beautiful princess called Alice. In Queen Victoria’s time there were no aeroplanes. There’s something strange about this picture. There are no children in the house. ‘There is another exit at the back. There are some curious creatures in this world. ‘There are high winds sometimes. Right in front of the house there is a swimming pool. There is a small round table in the corner. 10.There was a new cushion on one of the settees. 11.There’s always washing on the line. 12. There were pieces of the plane everywhere. 13.There are wolves in these mountains. 14.There are no flowers by the stream. 15.There is a ferry to the mainland every Friday. 16.In 1989 there was an earthquake in San Francisco. 17.There will be a debate in Parliament next Tuesday. 18.There is a wedding in the church. 19. There was a strange atmosphere in that place. 20.There is a definite warning in this letter. PRENAMWEYNE 2 Translate the sentences into English. 3Kuau-6w1u crapuk co crapyxoit. (an old man ...) B Oxeoue uaér xopoumit uaba. (a good film) Kaxkapie apa vaca orcioga B Jlonzon xoant asTobyc. (a coach) Buepa xoubio mpoméa cubHEtii Dox. (heavy rain) Tonsko "To Mpon3oulia asTomoOuIbHas aBapus. (a car crash) . B narauny eocroures odunmatbrbili mpuem. (a reception) Tosopsr, 8 sTom saune Boasren zenbOuabI. (dolphins) B Kontpaxte uMerotes Heouers:, (a few flaws) . Jlexapersa of 3To¥% SonesHH He cymecTByer. (no. cure) .Baator Ge-tsie xocoporu. (white rhinos) .Ceiivac pu Heit HaxoauTes mexcectpa. (a nurse) per we 2 ~ 8. a12.Ha Konuepte mpueyreraoRasn Hexotopsre BBICOKO- noctasrexisie mua, (some VIPs) 13.Ha co6panun uapuaza armocdepa nos6yxsenus. (an air of ...) 14.Tosciogy aeaaa cuer. (snow) 15.B stom stecy ue paetyr rpuGu1. (mushrooms) 16.Ha ctene pices ape Kapri. (two pictures) 17.B ee roxoce say4asa nora Heteprieus. (a note of...) 18.Yepes onny-ane MHHYTBI NocsBIMAsIEN CIYK B ABepd. (aknock ...) 19.Heoxumanio pasaaaen kpuk H rpomkuii serteck. (2 shout) 20.Hactynnaa Trauma. (a silence) 3 Look at the statements carefully; try to restore the questions they are answers to. . There are sharks out there. . There are white rhinoceros, . There’s some cheese. There’s been an accident. . There is life on other planets. . There was a book and there were some weights in the parcel! 7. There weren’t any girls in the class. 8. There is a tax on alcoholic drinks. 9. There is mud at the bottom of most rivers. 10.There’s a fire on the fourth floor! 11. There are dozens of dresses in her wardrobe. 12.There was very little music in the play and there were very few jokes. 13.There are at least 20 of them. 14.Today there are TV and radio soap operas in most countries. 15,There are criminals in high places sometimes, my friend. Avene 4 A. Translate 1, Once upon a time there was a sentences. Which 2. There was once a very serious rabbit. word stands for the 3. Once upon a time there were three bears; daddy bear, article A / AN? mummy bear, and baby bear. What are the two 4, Once upon a time there were three w: major components 5. Once upon a time there was a cruel 5 its meaning? 6. Once upon a time there was a large dinosaur calledB. Think of the sec- ond (and third?) sentence to follow each of those on the right. 5 These sentences also have a text- opening function. To find out why, split each of them into two. 6 A. Read the text. Account for the function of the sentences built on THERE VS pattern. Daniel. 7. Once there was a beautifull princess called Alice, who lived in a tall tower. 8. Once upon a time there was a little gnome, whose name was Gabble. 9. Once upon a time there was a girl, whose mother died when she was very young. 10.There was once a hippopotamus who was a mathe- matical genius. 1. A young attractive duck decided to go to the river for a picnic. 2. A man, whose name was Peter, went to a pet shop to buy a parrot. 3. One conceited violinist was convinced he could use his art to tame wild animals. 4. A grey squirrel and a red squirrel lived next to each other in an old oak tree. 5. A big beautiful elephant and a small handsome mouse fell in love with each other. 6. A little pig lived in a little wooden shack in the middle of a forest in Hungary. 7. A fox, his wife and three children lived in a snug little hole on the plains of East Pakistan. 8. A farmer had three sons: John, Jacob and Peter. 9. Once upon a time, on a cold winter day, a queen sat sewing by her window. 10.One day a farmer, who had twenty pigs, sent his ser- vant to count them. 11.A young lady, who was fond of Shakespeare, visited Stratford-on-Avon and liked everything she saw there. There is a house in a field. A man is standing outside the house by the door. A woman is inside the house at the window. There is a bicycle under the window. In front of the house there are some flowers. A cat is sitting on the grass among the flowers. There is a horse behind the house and a bird sitting on top of the chimney. The house is between two trees. There are some clouds in the sky over the field and above the clouds there is a plane.B, Look at the picture. Find the detail missing in the text above. 7 Distribute the subjects between the categories set in the table below. What conclusion does the resulting picture suggest? 1, There’s some rice and some apples. 2. There is no smoke without fire. 3. There were raindrops on the car. 4. There are two tides every day. 5. There has been little change. 6. There is a stop ahead. 7. Is there a swimming pool or a sauna? 8. There is no date here. 9. There was blood on his coat. 10. There were few visitors to our house. 11. There are working dogs, pet dogs and show dogs. 12.Do you think there is a difference? 13. There were no clues at the scene of the crime. 14.There is gold under the ground. 15.Is there any room in your street for parking? 16.There isn’t very much time. 17.There are a few eggs and a little meat. 18.There weren’t any girls in the class. 19.There’s white sugar and brown sugar. 20.There isn’t any milk in the fridge. 21.There are advantages and disadvantages. 22.There is a great deal of dishonesty in advertising, 23.There’s a message for you. 24,There was quite a downpour last night. 25.There is research to be done![Count nouns [Uncount nouns “Articles (including @) [Singular Plural [ [Other determiners | I | Quantifiers i | 8 The subjects in the sentences are definite descriptions. Is the meaning of the whole sentence different in this case? 9 Formulate the meanings of HERE VS in A. and B. In what way is this structure different from THERE VS? 1 2. — Who can we ask? — There’s James, or Miranda, or Annie. — Where exactly can I go? — Well, lots of places. There’s Singapore or, um, Te- heran, Athens... — The best woman player? That’s a difficult question. —There’s Helen Wills, for example. —There’s one (packet) for the museum ... And there’s this one. That’s for Jackson. — There are two distinct camps. To begin with, there are the people who think that the husband did it. And then there’s the other school of thought... Ted Jerard.. Here’s your ticket! Here’s the book I told you about. Here’s the reporters’ office. Here’re the others! Here’s a man who knows his own mind. Here’s another sign. It says No Left Turn! Here’s something interesting. eran OnE . Every year “mad” Englishmen try to cross the Channel in all kinds of “boats”. Here are some of the silliest examples: a large bed, a giant gin bottle, a beer barrel, a parachute behind a boat 2. Here are some of the reasons for their great success.10 Describe the meaning of the sentence. Is it like any you have analysed before? 3. Here are some Teletext services. ... 4, Here’s the News. ... 5. Here are the addresses to which you should apply... 6. So you want to learn about computers? Here's what you need. 7. Here’s how it’s done. .. “There’s the car,” he said, “the green one, Do you like in”THERE VS: Grammar (Map of Contents) ‘-e + Verb + Subject c+ CAdverbial tense forms $ e: number forms 1, 22.28, 32-38 wodal+be 3, 64, 65 sed to be 9, 61-63, vem / appear / appen (to be) 9,61 ome / rem 9, 60 articles a(n) 4,5, 11, 14-17, 19, 20, 26 ° 11-13, 19, 20, 25 the 810 no /not /not a/ definite numbers numeral 27,31 hundreds of. 29,31 alot of Tots of 32, 35, 38, 42 plenty of 33,35, 42 a number /a great deal of 34, 35, 38 little /a Tittle 36-38 few /a few 36-38 ‘much / many 41,42 more / less / fewer 39, 40 ‘a group /a pile of 16,18 Determiner / Quantifier + (Attribute) + Noiin / Pronoun / Getund adjective 6 -ing-clause 44, 46-48 to-infinitive clause 44, 49, 53 relative clause 44,46 prepositional phrase 50-53 | count 56,57 54,95 “event” 19,20 16,17 “container” 13 segment” / shape” “4 uneount “substance” 12, 19,20 singular / plural/.10 Section II. “There VS” : Grammar 1 SUBJECT 1.1 Subject = Noun 1 Determiners + Articles with count nouns: singular and plural 44 “What’s in the paperbag?” Playaguessing A. Model: Is there... in it? game. Each of you cake, jam tart, apple-pie, doughnut, bun, pork pie, should think of one sausage-roll, hot-dog, hamburger, sandwich... item from the list; let the others find B. Model: Are there ... in it? out what it is. crisps, chips, biscuits, chocolates, raisins, peanuts, cashews, pistachios, grapes... + Zero article with count “thing” nouns and uncount “substance” nouns 12 “What's in...?” Make up sentences using one of the nouns in brackets. the jar? (honey / jam / marmalade...) thecan? _(beer/ coke / orange juice...) «the bowl? (soup / salad / cereal...) the tub? (butter / margarine / cheese spread...) the carton? (yoghurt / whipped cream / soured (ham / cheese / paté...) (rice / sugar / flour...) (martini / sherry / port...) (stew / pasta / mash...) (fish / meat / chicken...) 13 “What’s in the picnic basket?” Cut the underlined _ “[The Rat] reappeared staggering under a fat, wicker sentence intoas _luncheon-basket. many separate ones as there are items of “Shove that under your feet,” he observed to the Mole, as food listed init. _he passed it down into the boat.u “What’s inside it?” asked the Mole, wriggling with curi- osity. “There’s cold chicken inside it,” replied the Rat briefly; %coldtonguecoldhamcoldbeefpickledgherkinssaladfrench- rollscresssandwichespottedmeatgingerbeerlemonade- sodawater —” “O stop, stop,” cried the Mole in ecstasies. “This is too much!” “Do you really think so?” enquired the Rat seriously. “It’s only what I always take on these little excursions; and the other animals are always telling me that I’m a mean beast and cut it very fine!” From “The Wind in the Willows” by K.Grahame 44 Choose the appro- @ bar, a bunch, a clove, a drop / dash, a joint, a loaf, a priate nouns to fill piece, a slice the gaps. There’s just a... of cream in my coffee, but the taste is completely different. ‘There’s a... of bananas and a ... of grapes. . There isa... of cheese, two ... of bread, a few salad leaves and a tomato. You can make yourself a fine sandwich. There is a fairly large ... of meat. . There’s hardly any garlic — just a ... of two. . There’s a ... of brown bread and a dozen rolls. Enough for a family of fen! There’s a ... of chocolate in my bag for little Nelly. ‘There’s a... of cheesecake for you and an apple-pie for Auntie. Qae we en 45 “What’s in the shopping bag?” A. Make a shopping a box of, a packet of, a tin of, a carton of, a jar of, a bag list using the of, a bottle of, a tub of, , a.can of, a punnet of, a tray of. & fnrases on the right, bunch of, a loaf of, a joint of, a bar of ... B. Now describe16 Use the table to make up as many meaningful sentences as possible. You could complete them with place adverbials. ThereV | S- | A(optional) __] a pair of someone’s per- | in the box | | sonal belongings | a variety of | in the cupboard | | cards | | range of | | in the glove com- i ; | old tin cans | partment i | | aseries of | | | hiking boots in the boot of the | | a set of | car listening compre- hension materials | acollection of in the language is Hab | an assortment of | subjects | | | in my office el | | in the White | a store of cheeses | House has been | a pile of options in the region | | | | | a heap of | Keys | in that manifesto | / abundleof natural disasters in front of me | a pack of |early English | on the floor | | paintings | | a pool of on the top | | money / cash a load of | available rubbish acrowd of to share raisins a gang of to you to choose experts from an assembly of bigwigs waiting to see the acrew of Chief-InspectorTV men a team of ' working on the punks and skin- problem | heads | | frightening people | | football fans | | still excited ater the match | | “form polities to | L astrology 417 __ A. Complete the ta- | Weight ble of British units an ounce (07) ams a half | of weight and liquid quarter ounces apint measure. |apound (Ib) =... Kilogram a quart astone kilograms | a gallon L _=14 pounds = 4 quarts B. Make up sen- | an ounce | rice tences using quanti- a quart bitter fying and substance faquarter | toffees nouns in congruity. THERE’S | a pint | OF _ pepper Translate the sen- | a gallon | mayonnaise tences into Russian. | a pound | petrol ahalf milk 18 Join the words from A. a flock | B. whales A. and B. appropri- aswarm | seagulls ately a pack herrings a school bees a shoal OF wolves aherd lions a brood cattle apride puppies alitter+ Articles with count “event” nouns and uncount “substance” nouns 19 Translate the sentences into English. Analyse the use of articles. 20 A. Use the count nouns denoting EVENTS. 1. B uepxen uaer peusanue. 2. Ha verseprom staxe noxap. 3. B aseps crysar. = Cryk 8 sepa. 4. Tlo Tenesusopy ager seTpaauoe npexcrapsenue. 5. Yepes es xoaut («ects») napom Ha KoNTAHeHT, 6. 3anrpa ects peiicui Ha Bexy? 7. Ha goporax 6ynyt mpo6xn («sarepxxKun) 8. Kaxeres, ceromna nevepom co6panne? 9. HackosbKo 4 TMH, B 7.30 (10 TexeBH30py) BHKTO- puna. 10.51 ysepex, npousoliner eeopa. 1L.Byner am odunuansusiii mpuem? 12.B napnamente coctostes Gombe AeGarer. 13.TocnegHee apems mpoucxoyur MHoro orpadaenuii 14.Hewao Bolin Gripasio Mexuy BYMA crpaaMn. 15.Tompxo vr npousousio y6uiierBo. 16.Tpousomten necuacrantii caysaii. 17.Jletom npomutoro rona B Auriau coctosmcs Bceo6- me BEIGopEL. 18.Buepa na daxyasrere Guin Beuep, 19.B urrare Vnqmana Ha kapnapase 6311 yerpoen KoH- Kype eoxos. 20.B reverie HouH HecKomBKo pas oObaBAATH TpeBOry. 21.B Gape npousouma noracosKa. 22.3necb sepa npousouLia aBToMOGHABHAS aBapHA. 23.[ponsomza yreuxa rasa. 24,Orxnousoce aaeKrpuuecrBo, 25.Hactynmo Mosuanne. thunderstorm, sand storm, earthquake, snowfall, rain(fall), breeze, wind, tide, flood, frost, fog 1. Tpou:x0%4 Howsio Ssi1a rposa. 2. Tpoumoti Housto Osu mporusHOl zoaAb. 3. Hpoumot Housio Osi cabHBI cneromaa. 4, Tipouriot xousio Gai cuibsitt Mopos. 5. Dyn aerxait 6pus. 6. B 1980 rozy 3 Baxrtazeui Gst10 crpammioe HaBolHe-B. Use the uncount nouns denoting SUBSTANCES. une. 7. B 1989 rozy 6si10 3emaerpacenue 8 Cai-paniucxo. 8. 3umoif 8 Jlonaone 6b1Bai0T CHTBHEIe TYMAHBI. 9, Bpea ot apeMenu 3,0ecb OsiBaior mecuanbie 6ypu. 10.Mxoraa Ooiaaiot cuabHibie BeTpEI. LL. Mxoraa 6siBai0T BBICOKHe MPH.AAMBBI H OTABBI. cloud, condensation, dew, fog, hoar-frost, ice, mist, mud, sleet, snow, sunshine, water 1. Tocae noxkas Ha Bcex Zoporax Boa. 2. Ha osepe 8a. 3. Ha xouMax ener. 4, TIponioit nounio y 3araqnoro noGepexba O11 TyMan. 5. Ha seam, Ha Kppmax u depeBbsx SexEiti niteil. 6. Ceroauis o6.1a4HocTs Goubille, YeM BuEpa. 7. Koraa He oveHs XoogHo, 7ér He cHer, a HsMopocs. 8. B [oraanaun “acto 6stpaet aérkuii TyMaH. 9, Ha ane Gompumitictsa pek H.1. 10.Ha tpage 6su1a poca, cnepKanuias Ha comulie. 11.Yrpom commpnuxo Gbipaet AoBOAbHO YacTO, a ocsIe nomyZHs — penko. 12.Ha oxHax 6buta Menapunta. + Use of singular, plural and collective nouns 241 Define the underlined nouns as count, uncount, singular, plural or collective. Translate them into Russian paying attention to singular-plural correspondences. ‘A. 1, She went to the shop and bought some fruit: apples, pears and bananas 2. They always buy the very best and freshest fruit and vegetables. 3. Oranges, bananas and grapes are fruit. 4, Fruit is eaten either raw or cooked. B. 1, Grapes are dried to make raisins. 2, Strawberries are usually eaten as a dessert with cream. 3. The currants were at their best, clusters of black hanging from the branches... 4, You can use gooseberries to make pies and pud- Gings. 5. She served us sliced beef with carrots and pota-toes. 6. He’s digging up potatoes in the vegetable garden 7. He likes mashed potatoes with his stew. 8. Carrots are very cheap — it’s good for you to eat carrots. 9. We've got lots of eabbages in the garden. 10.There’s a packet of frozen peas. 11.We eat radishes raw in salads. 12.These are onions and tomatoes from our garden. C. 1. Money doesn’t always bring happiness. 2. He doesn’t usually carry much money on him. 3. He lost all his money when his business failed. 4. How much eash do you have? 5. You're paying in eash, aren’t you? 6. She heard the bad news on the radio. 7. The latest news about our son was a letter a month ago. 8. News travels fast. 9. 've got some good news for you. 10.The NY police are world famous. 11. The police were called. FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES 22 Translate into Eng- lish. 1 2. 3, 4, 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. I 1 - ¥ nae ects kaptouxa? . B Marasiue ects Monojas KapromKa, . B Kactpione octasioce kaproiersoe mope. . B naxeruxax xpycrangait xaprogens? . B Kopsutie ects HemHoro nyKa H MopKoBH. . KayOHukn 8 npogaxe noxa Her. - Yechoka nonHsiM-rlomH0. . B XonoaubHHKe OBz1a rpo3 BAHOrpasla, Ect» ayxonutla, MopkoBka # 3y6unk YecHoKa. Iroro xpara7? 0.B naxere ects eme HemHoro Mos1oKa, 1.B ayxopxe ypiniévox. 12.B nome ects noxnmug:? 13.Ha xposara sear mpxama. 14.Jlewer concen mato. 15.¥ mens b koutensxe netepxa,16.Ha ctoxe zexar TpH THIesH. 17. Ect 1px 6yMaxxkn no 10 Oy#Tos u ABe—no aBa- 18.Ects Hosoctu or TBoero Sparta? 19.Tax y qBepn oxmuelicKui 20.Besze noannus! + SOME and ANY with count and uncount nouns 23 “What's in the fridge?” Make a list of foods Model: and drinks; answer your partner’s ques-. —Is/ Are there any ... in your fridge? tions about what you have in the fridge. 24 Translate the questions into English. —— Yes, there is / are some. / No, there isn’t / aren’t any. 1. B Gaxe eors Gens? 2. B @oroannapare ects nieuKa? 3. B npyay ects psi6a? 4. B nce ects HonocTH? 5. Bcelithe ects zeusrn? 6. [na meus 4r0-Hu6ynb ects? 7. B sockpecentbe ect pelicsi xa Jlonqou? 8. Ect (coGopusie) mecta Ha peiic SU 104? 9. ¥ pac ects Mecta B rocrunuue? 10.Bers Mecra a naprepe? 11.3aecb ects rae mpumapKosatscx? 12.Eers noGausoctu texepousi-apromarti? + Negative words with count and uncount nouns 25 A, Provide each sentence with an appropriate noun phrase, There is / was no ... in the tap. There is / was no ... in his window. There is / was no ... in the purse. There is / was no ... in the tank. There is / was no ... in the fridge. There is / was no ... on the tape. There is / was no .., on the motorways. NOVASB. Now use NOT instead of NO making all other necessary changes. 26 Insert appropriate nouns, Translate into Russian. 1.1.2 Quantifiers 8. There is / was no ... in the play. 9. There is / was no ... in the classroom. 10.There is / was no ... at the table. L1.There is / was no ... in the book. 12.There is / was no ... in my soul. 13.There is / was no ... in her voice. 14.There is / was no ... in his manner. 15.There is / was no ... in his words. There isn’t a ... in my purse! There isn’t a ... on his head! There isn’t a ... in the house! There isn’t a ... in the cupboard! There isn’t a ... in the auditorium! There isn’t a ... on the flight! There isn’t a ... in the sky! There isn’t a ... in the field! There isn’t a ... on the farm! 10.There isn’t a ... on the roads! 11.There isn’t a ... in the streets! 12.There isn’t a ... in the box! CRON AVAwWNE + Definite and indefinite numbers 27 Read the sentences out loud. Write down the numbers in words. 1. There are about 1000 pages of sports, financial and other news on Teletext. 2. There are 6.7 m people in London. 3. There are about 250 regular cyclists in London. 4, In Britain there are about 2.5 m people unemployed. 5. In 1983 there were 9700 bicycle accidents. 6. There are about 500 people in a small village called Henfield. 7. There are 156 workers at the factory. 8. On board the plane there are 120 passengers. 9. In the summer there are more than 100 ferry crossings every day between France and Brit 10.There are 3000 hyacinths and chrysanthemums here.28 Read the contexts carefully. Then describe the use of COUPLE, DOZEN and SCORE as definite quantifiers. 29 Compare the sentences on the right with those in exercise 27. Make your conclusions about the differences. peo S ay ex . There are a couple of minor mistakes. I found a couple of socks in the bedroom but they do not make a pair. They’ve been helped by a couple of Washington newspaper reporters. He met her a couple of years ago. Let’s go to Paris for a couple of days. eoNS ves There are two dozen eggs in the fridge. Can I have a dozen eggs, please? T'll take a dozen (of THEM). He bought three dozen eggs. There are a few dozen grass mats... The drive was cluttered with half a dozen cars. Can I have a half a dozen eggs, please? Can I have a half-dozen, please? PIA EYWN . There were well over a score of policemen waiting outside the house. . Even in my two score years the world has changed. Three score and ten, i.e. 70, is the normal length of human life according to the Bible. v y . There are thousands of lonely people in London. There are thousands of different plants in the world that we can eat. . There are thousands of miles of railway lines all over the continent. ‘There must be hundreds of people who want to visit Shakespeare's house. There are hundreds of forms to fill in. . . There were scores of people at the meeting, perhaps 80 or more. There are dozens of dresses in her wardrobe. . There have been dozens of attempts at reform.20 30 Translate the sen- ‘There are a lot of different animals on the farm. There are tences into Russian. a great number of chickens, some ducks, a few goats, a Describe each quan- couple of cats and a dog. There are several cows and a tifier as definite or bull. There are half a dozen horses... indefinite. FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES 31 Translate the sen- 1. Ha Hattie dakyabrere Goapute 500 ctyzeHToB. tences into English, 2. B ayawtopux ctossa mapa como M c ReCaTOK cTy:1b- es. 3. C sTHM mpoextom Mamimon npoGmem. 4. B stom xparo qecaTKH Manbix 1 GomBIIAX o3ep. 5. B yemoyane nexanu 7Be pyOalKu, TpH Mapbl HYDKHErO Genba H Be nwKaMEI. 6. B auraniicKom s351ke ecTb THICAYH COB, KOTOPSIC MO- TYT OBITS H cyLeCTBHTeBHBIMA 1 raromaMH. 7. B tom cropape 55 Ties cnoB. 8. B xaxmoi KopoGke TPA AecaTKa aut. 9. B oparnxepee rpucta TpusWaTb TpH THIeRUH rHanuHTOR uM XpH3aHteM, 10.Ha Sopry camonera 6510 120 naccaxupos. 11.Ha bupme paGoraer 258 urrarHbix coTpyAHUKOB, 12.B Bpwranun oxoso ¥ersipex MusIMOHOB GespaGoT- HBIX. 13.B Jlougzone na 6,7 man xuTezei oKono 250 TEICAY Be~ Jocunexucros. 14,Ha co6paxun 6uio Muoro Hapozy — yenoBeK 80 nH Taxe Goxzsute. 15.Corau moueli noru6am wu Gsm panent 80 spews BapsiBa, ALOT OF/LOTS OF with count and uncount nouns 32 Formulate the rule A. 1. There was a lot of water on the roads. governing the use of 2. There is a lot of artificial fertilizer on the land. ALOT/ LOTS OF. 3. There was a lot of cream on the strawberry.a arc} ch to be done: 4, There is a lot of rese 5, There js a lol of beautiful © antryside here. 6. There Was alot of trouble. 7, in the last storm there Wa alot of damage tO the roof. g. There is @ jot to see in the British museum. B. 1 There ae of kids yound he! 72. There a eG eee people camy ea there. jot of your § jets in the washing ma- 3. There are a chine. ¢ farms in the vicinity: 4, There are & ‘ot of . There are 3 f ideas in this ook. There are 's films on pecause it is school holiday tim 7. There are @ jot ot retest tow aa a \ately- g. There have peen a lot of ots of soUP left. jots of mon: ey in in advertising jots of time* e—several bars and \. There Ys \ 2. There is 3. There’s 4. a 5 lots © still Lots of sno Cc. aca 5. ae is ww in the garden. ts of dangerous snakes. \s for money, \ike 1. There are lo’ I ts of slang, words 72. There are spread” @ gh”. 3, There are ‘ots of little job' 4, There are jots of ways f° nd lots ‘of antique § 5, There are lots 2 \ia. Dd. with count and uncount nouns «PLENTY OF 33 COBLILD English Language Diction: a «yf there js plenty of somethi there are plenty of things: there js a lat amount of something, or a lars per of ¢hings; often used to 1 ndicate U ae there is enough of somethingFill the gaps with the singular or plural form of BE. 2 1. There ... always plenty of jobs to be done. 2. There ... plenty of eggs in the fridge. 3. There ... plenty of space for sports and games. 4, There ... plenty of flights to Cairo. 5. There ... plenty of time! 6. 7. 8. 9. . There ... plenty of money! . There ... plenty of problems! . There ... plenty of air and light in the room. . There ... plenty of good restaurants where you can eat local specialities. 10.There ... plenty of cold meats and cheeses in that deli- catessen. 11. There ... plenty of rubbish in the old shed. 12.There ... plenty of room at the table. Come and sit down! + ANUMBER OF versus A GREAT/ GOOD DEAL OF / A LARGE AMOUNT OF 34 Choose the correct form of the verb. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. There ... quite a number of elderly people who can’t take a taxi on a regular basis. 2. There ... a number of contradictions in their foreign policy. 3. There ... a good deal of confusion about what it means. 4. There ... been a number of telephone calls today. 5. There ... a large amount of property he could leave as, he chose. 6. There ... a great deal of dishonesty in advertising 7. There ... a great number of reporters at the conference. 8. There ... a good deal of discrepancy between his description of the fight and yours. 9. There ... a number of pages on Teletext which give you food prices, traffic reports, the weather forecasts, book and film reviews. 10.As recently as a generation ago there ... a great deal of ignorance and prejudice about edness. 1L.There ... been a great deal of talk and speculation. 12.There ... been a number of interruptions23 FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES 35 Translate the sentences into English using quantifiers: A LOT/LOTS / PLENTY OF; SO/ TOO MA- NY / MUCH; (QUITE) A (GREAT) NUM- BER OF; A GOOD / GREAT DEAL OF; A LARGE AMOUNT OF. 1. Ha nauiem nyru Hema.io tpyauocteli. 2. Tosopar, B oKpyre Boautes MHoro oueHell, HO 5 He Ben HH O7HOrO. 3. Cerogua 65110 6onboe KOAMHECTEO TeIeOHHDIX 3BOHKOB. 4, B paGore Goamice snes0 HegoueTOB. 5. B Mupe cauusKoM MHOro HacHTHs. 6. B>xu3HH TAK MuOro Talis. 7. B KoMHate Macca cose4Horo cBeTa H BO3zTyxa! 8. Boxpyr npan »keHINHi! BeOCb MHOxeCTBO CILOpoB. 9, Beusuia mpeqoeraTouno. 10.Bpemenu y Hac nosmHo. 11K Hemy orHocatca c GombIUM npenySexqeHHeM. 12.B ux BHeumeli omMTHKe MHoro TipoTHBOpedit. 13.B ropoue MHO2KeCTBO aHTHKBApHBIX 1aB04eK. 14.Ha 97m Tonapsi Her Gosbuoro cr1poca. 15.Pelicon Ha Mockay Gostee 4em ROcTaTONHO. + ALITTLE / LITTLE versus A FEW/ FEW 36 Fill the spaces with correct verb forms and appropriate quantifiers. Each + phrase in bold type offers a clue. A. There ... champagne. Would you like some? 2. There ... eggs in the fridge. You don’t need to go shopping. 3, There ... bread and cheese — it'll be enough for supper. 4, There ... chocolates in the box. I thought it was empty. 5,—Is there any fruit in the house? — Oh yes, there is some. There ... ... oranges and ... apples. L, There... ... cake left, just a very thin slice. B. 2. There are hardly any vegetables in the house. There ... very ... potatoes and only one carrot. 3. There ... so... walnuts that I can’t give you any. 4. I'll have to make mash with chicken. Ther too ... rice.24 5. Are you going past the grocer’s? There ... very ... butter and practically no margarine. + ALITTLE / A FEW versus LITTLE / FEW 37 Choose eitherA — 1. There’s ... time for reading. LITTLE or AFEW + 2. There are ... questions I would like to ask. for (+); LITTLE or — 3. Unfortunately, there are ... people who understand FEW for (-). Trans- it, eye late the sentences — 4. We got home quickly because there was ... traffic. into Russian, — 5. There were ... cars on the roads at that time of the day, + 6. There are ... mistakes in your paper. Pay attention to your spelling. - 7. I’m afraid there is ... hope. + 8. Tenjoy my tea more when there is ... honey in it. + 9, There were ... kids playing in the road. + 10.There’s ... time before the train leaves. Let’s go and have a drink. — 11-There’s been ... rain lately; the crops are dying through lack of water. + 12.There is ... money lef: it should be enough to live on. — 13.There were ... books in Grandfather’s study. + 14.There are ... books on the subject in the local library. = 15.Don’t you think there’s ... salt in the soup? FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES 38 Translate into Eng- A. 1. Ocrasocs Hewnoro epi. lish, Octaacs xoe-Kaxas ea. . Ena eute octapanacs. Ext ocranocs HeMsoro. . Egpl octaiocs Maio. Eni lout He octa.t0cs, Eaal He ocraitoce. . Easi octalocs MHoro. . Ocraiocs HeMHOro 86:10 4 rpyut. CHI AWRYNS+ LESS versus FEWER 39 Translate the sentences into English. A. 28 10.Octanocs vuoro cm. 11 Bawasos ocratocs He oveHb MHOTO. 12.AnenbcuHoe ocTaiocs Mazo. 13.Toutx xe octanoce abpukocos. 14.Bumen He ocratocs. 15.Octamce koe-Kakne (ppykTbI. Bunio octatocs? Muoro sua octaocs? Ckoapxo ocranoce Baa? Uro, Buna coBce He octastock? Tuporcrsre octane? Muoro mapoxsix ocratocs? Cxomsko nupoxHbrx ocraocs? Tiupoxkubix coscem He octaocs? Sra awyo 1. B ot0¥f Sanike Menpure Meza (eM B TOI). 2. 3a 9THM CTOIOM MeHBuIe MecTa (eM 3a TeMH). 3. Sec Mertbunre mya ("eM aM). 4, B stoii kopsnne Meusine ¢pyKtos (4eM 3 Toi). 5. B Moem kapmave Menbilie zener (sem B ero). 6. Cerogusa Menpute Hosoctelt (1em Buepa). 7. Teneps ee mensie Harexasi (eM 65U10). 8. Celiac ensue npenyGexaeHus moran Hero (sem paxpute). 9, B ero caoBax Menpitie cobic-12 (eM B TBOHX). 10.B Heit Menpuze oGastius (eM B ee nonpyre). 1. 3aecs Mexine zepesbes (4eM TaM). 2. B nepoit rpyniie Mexsuie 1oHouteli (vem Bo BTO- poi). 3, B 970M camate MeHbule HuFpeaHeHTos (eM B ‘TBoeM). 4, B 910M Meuixe Menbure Kaprourxu (4eM 8 TOM). 5. B atom ropoye MeHbIle owMUMH (4eM y Hac). 6. Bee padore Mexsute ouiuGox (uem paxbute). 7. B Komausle MeHibule XOpOLIHX HrpOxos (Hem GxI- 10). 8. Ha depme teneps mexsite omaelt (sem Korda26 10). 9. Cerognst MeHBure 30HKoR (eM Kora~s1H60). 10.Celivac Menbule nocerurexelt (em o6brIHO). 11.Ceroaus meubure Haposta (ue Buepa). 12. Bac wa nyTH Mexbine npenstersuit (4em 65110 y Hac). + MORE versus LESS / FEWER 40 Translate the sen- 1, There are more people in Britain than in Greece. tences into Russian 2. There are more cars on the road in summer than in win- giving special atten- ter. tion to the forms of 3. There are as many different kinds of music as there are comparison. different languages. 4. There have been more Americans killed in road accidents than in all the wars since 1900. 5. There were more horses on the farm then, than there are now. 6. Do you think there’ll be more accidents at nuclear sta- tions in the future? 7. There’s less time than I thought. . I think the Underground has got much worse. There are fewer trains and therefore there’s more of a squash. 9. There were no fewer than a hundred cars there. 10.1 don’t think there’s a better vacuum-cleaner on the market. 11.There’s more in her refusal than meets the eye. 12.There’s a lot more in his book besides music. % + HOW MUCH versus HOW MANY a1 Translate the ques- 1. Ckoubko KoMHaT 8 STOM ome? tions into English. 2. xoxo 6uiz10 roctei#? 3. CkoasKo erpanuu, B xHure? 4. CKoqBKO BUJ1OB XKUBOTHBIX y BAC B 300r1pKe? 5. CKoaBKo y Hac Mon0Ka? 6. CxoxBxo Tay. exer? 7. CKoxSK0 65110 3B0HKOB? 8. CKo-IbKO kalia-108 y Bac Ha TeTeBHeHHH?27 9. Ckoxexo pelicon Ha Mockay 8 Hegemio? 10.CkobKo yeTe B Mx cembe? + ALOT OF/ PLENTY OF versus MUCH / MANY 42 ‘Answer the questions first posi- tively, then nega tively (where possible!). 1.1.3 Attributes Model: a) Yes, there are lots of buses b) No, there aren't many . Are there many buses to Birmingham? . Is there much work to do? . Are there many cars in the city centre at rush hour? . Is there much traffic late at night? Are there many mistakes in my paper? Ts there much chance of success? Are there many boys in your class? . Is there much time for anything but work? ). Are there many cinemas in town? 0.Is there much music in the film? SOON AMAR 1.1.3.1 Attribute = Adjective 43 Insert appropriate adjectives. 1. There are very ... things in the world. 2. There are some ... snakes in these parts. 3. There are ... women and ... men. 4, There are no ... or .., answers. 5. There is often ... weather here. 6. There are no ... films on. 7. 8. 9. 1 There was a... smell in the kitchen. . There was a... atmosphere in the class. . There’s some ... news, I’m afraid, 0.There was a ... poster on the wall.28 1.1.3.2 Attribute = -ING / TO-infinitive / Relative clause 44 Join the halves of the sentences. Translate them into Russian. A. 1. There’s only a form a) to answer. 2. There is no reason ©) to talk to. 3. There are no calls 4) to fill in. 4. There are no boring people £) to be written. 5. There were no footprints g) to hurry. 6. There are a lot of letters h) to prove the case. 7. There isn’t enough evidence i) to be seen. 8. There is no need j) to disbelieve him. 9. There is a danget k) to meet people in London. ___10,There are lots of ways 1) to overorganise the children. 1 2 3 14 5 6 | 8 [9 | 10 __ ! | - B. 1. There’s a taxi a) water-skiing on the lake. 2. There was an oak-tree b) coming out of the window. 3. There was a little boy c) lying there among the papers. 4, There's a train d) waiting just round the corner. 5. There are flames e) flying high above. 6. There’s somebody’s coat ) growing at the edge of the lane 7. There was a kite g) hurrying home. 8. There were a few people h) crying for his mother. 9. There was a girl i) hanging in the hall. 10. There was a revolver j) leaving just after 9 o*clock. esas a2) 3.74 Ts [6 7 8 | 9 | 10 - 1 > C. 1. There are sheep a) who wants to see you. 2. Look! There’s a sign b) where you can get trains to London. 3. There is a young lady c) whose name for the moment escapes me. 4. There was a time d) where you can buy local food. 5. There are some old shops _e) who is coming from London. 6. There was one person 4) that says Don’t Walk. 7. There are three reasons —_g) who suffered from a heart complaint. 8. There’s a starry ower —_h) why we should support this a 9. eis a station i) when this was true. 1 e's. friend of mine ___j) which eat seaweed instead of grass. 2 3 4 6 7 91045 Translate the sen- 1. There’s a Mr. Jones to see you. tences into Russian. 2. Miss Posit, there is a gentleman to see you. Mr. Moore. 3. There’s someone to see you. — + 4, There’s aman to see you. 5. There’s a lady waiting to see you. 6. There’s a young lady who wants to see you, Mr. Poirot. AG “Describing a pictur A.Complete the There’s a young boy who ... sentences with rela- There’s a little girl who ... tive clauses. ‘There’s a soldier who There’s another soldier who ... There’s a man who ... There’s another man who ... There are three other men who ... There are two ladies who ... “And When Did You Last See Your Father?” by William Frederick Yeames B.Complete the There’s a group of young people ... sentences with-ING In the foreground there are two men ... clauses, There’s a pretty girl There's another girl at the table, ... In the background there are two men ... There’s also a girl ... There’s a young lady in a blue dress .. In the top right comer there are some more people ...“ “Luncheon of the Boating Party” by Pierre-Auguste Renoir FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES 47 Translate the sentences into English. 48 Translate the sentences into English. Add some chilling details to make ita mock horror story. Y Bene eens YAUNE - Ha nonoKonmxe cujena parkas KomiKa. Mumo mpoesxasta Mamuna. . Kaxoii-ro Mansunmxa nepeGerax xopory. . Heckonsxo nauwenor oxujanu, Kora ux npumer Bpat. . Onunoxas sooras priGka rieckanach 8 cTeKIHHOH Gane. . Kakas-To Myxa xyxoKai1a B HayTHHe. Tlo nycrstHoli ymaye Hecnacb cxopas HOMOMLS. . Ha camom Bepxy paspesarca daar. . Kaxoii-ro nommuelicknit nsrraies yonoKouTs Tony. O.Beasie oBust NOMATEIBAIH TpaBKy Ha ayry. . B xomuare auxoro He Osi10. . Hour we 6su10 meSern. . Barta tuts mapa ctysbes 4 coda y oxxa. He 6piso sazanecox Ha oxHax, He Obi10 aGaxypa. . Tomas ammouxa epicazta c roto:tKa.ag Mark the TO- infinitive clauses as either A (active), or P (passive). 50 Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions. TipaMo B ueHTpe KOMHATBI, Ha Tlomy CTOs Tex1ehoH. Prom siexaita kaxas-To KHMTa. rosa nenensHiua, momHast OKypKoB. . B aoaayxe (cross) Ta6auHbili 251M. 10.B paxosuuie wa Kyxne—ropa HeMBiToii nocys LL.B xonoqMabHnke HuKaKoM e7t 12.B mkadbwike—Gorbilie MOAHHEI MYCTIX TMBHBIX Ga- HOK. 13.Llapua armociepa Tynolf GesnaqexHoorH. 14.Tam He¥ero 65110 ze7aTD. 15.Tounee, Hnvero Hesb3s ObITO cenaTE. nee There is no information to justify this conclusion. ‘There wasn’t any work to do. There is somebody to see you. ‘There is only a form to fill in. There are no trains to catch, no telephones to answer ... ‘There is nothing to cause a fever. There is nothing to worry about. There is nobody to think about me. 9. There are no boring people to talk to. 10.There is always something to do in town. 11 There is nothing to see here. 12.There are a few letters to write. yRYD oooo o eu oooooo0 .3.3 Attribute = Prepositional Phrase 1. There is no point ... going there today. 2. There are several alternatives ... your plan. 3. There is no mistake ... it; he is the biggest fool I’ve met. . There’s a good deal of confusion ... what this notion involves. Honey is delicious — there is no doubt ... it. There’s no fear ... her coming here; she is in London. There is no prospect ... more money at the moment. ‘There was an air ... excitement at the meeting. There is no real benefit ... me if] do it. O.Js there any age limit ... the children who go there? - Been ay32 11.Are there any special advantages ..: us if we follow your plan? 12.There’s a strong resemblance ... him and her, isn’t there? 13.There’s a difference ... 300 degrees ... the day and the night. 14.1 don’t think there’s any logical connection ... the two halves of the question. 15.There has been serious disagreement ... the political parties ... this question. 16.There have been several disputes land. 17.There’s a world conspiracy ... men ... women. 18. There was a sudden development ... the situation. 19.There’s been an improvement ... your work this year. who owns this 20.There’s a fault 51 this building, it isn’t safe. Make up sentences by matching their halves. Write out the sentences and translate them into Russian. 1. There was no reaction 2. How much similarity is there 3. There are problems 4. There must be some solution 5. There are several differences . There’s little contact . There’s certain opposition . There’re strong arguments 9. Is there any advantage 10.There’s little hope 11.There’s little agreement 12.[s there any reason 13.There are no signs 14[s there any chance 15.There’s no doubt ons a) about what to do. b) against smoking. ) of any change. d) for staying here longer? e) about the identity of the two signatures. £) to what I said. g) with cable television. h) to this problem. i) between teachers and parents. j) of borrowing your typewriter? k) between the two religions. 1) to our proposals. m) of finding some passengers alive. n) in doing this project first? 0) between cricket and football? 8 [9 [10 1/12/13 14 15 1.213 74 (5 16 i52 Read the sentences carefully. Then make up your own ones by analogy 53 Use a combinatory dictionary of Eng- lish to answer the questions: A. Can you put a full stop after the noun? B. Can you add anything in postpo- sition? There’s no point / sense in doing that. There’s no use doing that. (= It’s no use doing that.) NoticeBoard Do you think there’s any point in trying? . There’s no point in talking about it again. . There’s little sense in letting people know the reasons for our defeat. There’s no sense in making people unhappy. . Do you think there’s any sense in making him angry? eye ws There is no rush There is no time There is no choice ... There is no chance ... There is no solution There is no doubt There is no hope . . There is no risk ... . There is no danger ... 10.There is no reason . 11.There is no need 12.There is no permission ... 13.There is no problem . 14.There is no trouble . : 15.There is no difference ... SEI AARY!NS 1.2 Subject = Gerund 54 Read the first two sentences carefully. Then rewrite the rest using NO+GERUND. Model: There was no denying it; he was an intelligent man. There is no turning back! 1. It’s impossible to tel! what she is going to do next. > 2. It’s impossible to avoid him now. > 3. Nothing would stop him. >34 4. It’s hardly possible to deceive her, > 5. You cannot account for (people’s) tastes. > 6. It’s impossible to guess the feelings of the young, > 7. It’s impossible to persuade them. > 8. One cannot know all answers. > 9. It is impossible to mislead him. > 10.It is impossible to argue with my father, > FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES, 55 Translate the sentences into English using THERE IS NO + GERUND. 1. CormM meanas ne coraacntscs., 2, Hesnsa orpunars, 170 ona — onapenusili venozex. 3. Heposmomno enopurs c xeHmuHoit! 4. Oum6ox ne us6enaTe. 5. Ero ne y6eants! 6 Fi 8 . He yraaaem, v10 y Hero Ha ye. . He suaemms, to 73 HHx KTO. . Moero oxropa He nposenéuns. 9. Ero Hato ne ocranopnr. 10.Emy yxxe HHT He omomer. 11.O6parnoro nyt# ner! 12.Ha pkye 4 upet Topapumia Her. 1.3 Subject = Pronoun 56 Translate the citations for indefinite pronouns into Russian. Study very carefully their context in the pattern THERE VS. A. There is something up here. There's something on the floor. There’s something ahead, There is something else in it. There is something in her. There is something in this idea. There is something in what she says. There was something in her version of the story. There’s something good on tonight. There is something strange about it. There’s something odd about the man.There is There was ‘There is There is always There was There is There’s There's never Is there Is there Is there Is there Is there Is there Is there Is there Is there Is there Is there Is there Is there There is There is There is There is There is There is There is There is There was There is There is There is Ther There is something something something something something something something anything anything anything, anything anything anything anything anything anything anything anything anything anything anything nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing 35 wrong with my car. earnest in his appeal. to be gained from it. to do — cinemas, theatres and restaurants. about his tone that raised her suspicions. about such places that raises your spirits. else I want to tell you. in the red box. in the front stalls? further back? before midday? left for Saturday night? else there? worth watching (on TV)? less dear? more in it than that? the matter? I can do to help? you could do about it? you are keeping back from us? special you want for your birthday? in the safe. in here. left. before midday. private. unusual about the name “Robinson”. new about this technique. wrong with me — no aches or pains. wrong with the car. wrong with soaps, is there? worth writing home about. worse than a wet, dirty nappy. more annoying than a phone call at night. more satisfying than a good laugh. so embarrassing as when things go wrong suddenly. like leather! like walking as a means of keeping fit. like education for breaking down the classThere is There’s There was There’s There’s There’s There is There was There is There is barriers. nothing the matter with her. nothing _to see here. nothing _to do in town anyway. nothing _to be done. nothing _to do but sit on the beach all day! nothing to worry about. nothing __to be alarmed about. nothing to throw light on it. nothing at all we can do about it. nothing more we can do. FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES 57 Complete the sentences. Translate them into English. A. | npusree xyKe | yampurenbuee Gonee yaneKatenbHoro Gosee HenOBKOTO Het nuuero 4eM ... NAUK KperiKoro as | cBexero Bosnyxa ususeckax ynpax- | nenati Basan Topstieli BanHtst | mapanna | nyTemectBHi HarypaibHoro wenka doMaliHero yiora | myTkn Her nuyero ayame Korga / ecan/ | a7065r... crpanHoe HeoOLIKHOBeHHOe TaMHCTBEHHOe B.. HerIpusTHoe KOMMHHOe: Ect ¥t0-Towv VERB + Tense forms of the verb 58 Fill the gaps with A. correct tense forms of BE. The time adverbials will serve you as clues. | woporo 110xoro ocoGeHHorO: Baw ceppesHoro cMemIHoro | Her nuyero, . There ... many changes in the history of the English language. 2. There ... more Americans killed in road accidents than in all the wars. 3. Since 1900 there ... over 10 000 bicycle accidents. 4, There ... never ... anybody like you. 5. There ... a considerable improvement in your work this year. 6. There ... far too little rain in the last few months. 7. There ... some strange happenings here recently. 8. There ... too much work lately 9. 1 There ... just ... an accident on the road. 0.There ... three cancellations on this flight so far. In Queen Victoria’s time there ... no aeroplanes. In those days there ... not many machines. In 1960 there ... a terrible disaster in Six Bells. There ... two general elections that year. ‘There ... some trouble in the hotel two days ago. There ... an abundance of corn last year. There ... a huge audience last night. After the rain there ... pools of water everywhere, After a while there ... a knock at the door. 10.Suddenly there ... @ shout and a splash SAI AARYNE eo 1. Soon there ... 20 cable channels. 2. ... there ... a reception tomorrow? 3. There ... time for questions after the lecture.38 4. There ... 2 party tonight. 5. There... a bank holiday in a week’s time: oht there ... 2 debate in Parliam fe comes there ..- a chande in her ent. 7, As soon as he mood. g. There -.. some drinks before long. 9. There ... 2 break shortly. 10.There .-- plenty of time later. . structure of the verb phrase 59 Read the sentences 1, Look, there must be some mistake. 2. There might be drinks if you wait a bit. ere could have carefully for the 3. If the police yadn’t reacted quickly, the t he was insane. structure of the VF- been a bad accident. 4. There seems (to be) jittle doubt that 5. There appear to be several reasons for changing the plan. 6. There happened t© be a post office in the next street. 7, There remains nothing, more to ‘be done. g. There came @ shock. 9, There used to be a jot of deer in th 10.There is expected to be an announcement proposed puilding next month. e neighbourhood. about the 60 Translate the sen- {, There came familiar sound. ences into Russian. 2- There came a ripple of Jaughter at the speaker's little joke. «me when you have to make a choice. ut your responsibilit 3. There comes & time 4, There still remains the point abo comfortable silence. 5. There followed an un % suddenly there entered strange figure dressed iP black. peared the first book on co same year there apt guage jearning- e newspe 7. In the dof indignation int puter-aided jan} 8. There followed & floo pers. 9, At the top 10.Ina small merchant who rh. da ri of the hill there stands an old chu town in Germany, there once live had a beautiful daughter:tences into Russian. 62 Rewrite the sentences using the phrase THERE. USED TO BE... 63 Rewrite the sentences using the phrase THERE DIDN’T USE TO BE..., BUT THERE IS ONE NOW. 1. There seems to be a problem. 2. I'm sorry, there seems to be a dirty mark on your skirt, 3. There appears to be a misunderstanding. 4, There appears to be a lot of confusion on this point. 5. There happened to be a policeman on the corner so I asked him the way. ‘There happened to be a piece of string lying on the desk. There used to be a street market where they sold cattle, but there isn’t any more. . There used to be cars in the street but now it is a pe- destrian precinct. 9. There is expected to be an important announcement at midnight. 10.There are unlikely to be any problems with the time- table. 2 There is no longer a river in Voronezh. ‘There is no longer an airport right in the city. There is no longer a racecourse in the North District, There is no longer a hotel on Lenin square. There is no longer a hairdresser’s there either. There is no longer a chemist’s on Plekhanovskaya St. opposite the opera house. There is no longer a toy shop on Prospect Revolyutsii. There is no longer a department store on Pushkin- skaya St. . There is no longer a newsagent’s on K.Marx St. 10.There is no longer a Pioneers’ Palace (further) up this street. AAR YN ex ° . There is a reservoir in Voronezh. . There is a huge new bridge across the reservoir. There is a big residential area in the North District now. There are some University host in that district. There is a new hotel called “Brno” in the centre of the city. There is a big covered market nearby. woe a40 7. There is a good department store on Koltzovskaya St. now, 8. There is a “colour-and-music” fountain in Koltzovsky garden. 9. There are many new cafes and food stores along Pros- pect Revolyutsii. 10. There is a new Drama theatre building next to the ca- thedral. + Modal auxiliaries FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES 64 Translate the sen- 1. B 970M aBHO ecTS Kakoli-To MOBOX. tences into English 2. P'ye-ro 3uecb, HaBepustka, ects 3HaK. using modals ex- __3. Tyr, exopee Beero, Kakoe-r0 HeopasyMeHHe. pressing feelings of 4, Y stoi npo6uemsi josano Outre peulenHe. certainty / 5. Jowxno 6brTe, ects THICHuH xKeTAIONIUX NOOSIBATS uncertainty: MAY, 3necs. MIGHT, MUST, _ 6. Cyulecrayer, napepuo, xaxoe-ro npocroe o6sacue- CAN'T, Hue. COULDN'T. 7, BosMoxkHO, TOMY eCTS HecKOsbKO TIDHYHH. 8. Bylyl@M 1eToM Bo3MoxHa 3acyxa. 9. Mower 6biTs, oTTevaTKH NasbueB ecTb Ha OCKOTKAX Ba3BiI. 10.Moxer, Ha Jocke ecth o6baBreHHe 06 3T0M. 11.Moryr 6xrTs 1 ucxmouenus. 12.B Tom, 470 oHa TOBOPHT, BOIMOAHO, 470-70 ects. 13.He uexmoueno, 470 6yzeT HoBOe NoBBIILeHHe LeHbL Ha GeH3uH. 14.Bapyr y wac Gyser Bpema, sto6s1 mpoditHice no Mara~ 3HHaM. 15.B nstumuy cobpanisa moxer He ObITb, moTOMy uTO Goxen supeKtop. 16,PasHorsacus MoryT H He BOSHHKHYTS. 17.B 9T0M rozy BBIGOpsI, BOSMOXKHO, He COCTOsTEH. 18.Bpaa 1” Tam KTO-HHOyAb ects B 9TO BpeMs JHA. 19.He Mower 6biTb, #70081 Mexny HUME 6ELAH KaKHe-TO orHomenns. 20.B comuesHot cucteme ne Mower 68ITb AyrAx pa- B3YMHBIX CyLIecTB.65 Translate the sentences into Russian. 3 Adverbial 4 i. There must have been a delay because of the weather conditions. 2. There can’t have been any poison in the case. 3. There may have been an important visitor. 4. There could have been a scandal. 5. There might not have been any motif! 3.1 Place adverbials 66 Fill each gap with one of the prepositions on the right. above, across, against, along, at, beneath, between, beyond, near, off, on, outside, over, under, upon. . There is a ladder... the wall. . There was a black Labrador ... his heels. No walking ... this point! . There’s Somerset Road ... High Street. . Look! There’s a kite right ... our heads. . There is a pipe ... the swimming pool to take away the water. 7. There were patches of yellow marigolds ... the path. 8. There is a heater ... the table. 9, 1 auswene . There must be motels ... here and Montauk. ats right ... the 0.There was a large block of council road. 11. There was sweat ... his forehead. 12. There is a footbridge ... the river. 13.There was a demonstration ... the Social Security Of fice. 14.There were fallen trees ... all sides. 15.[s there anywhere ... where I could get a cup of tea? FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES 67 Translate from Rus- sian into English. 1. Ha cesepo-pocroxe npolayr 204%. 2. Ha neGe crpanioe se-Texonatoe cHaHHe.68 Can you see (and explain!) the difference? 2 3. Ha nose crosimm nazarkH. 4. Ha yamue Baxtopuu ects Gank. 5. Buepean mens ciizena xermuia B orpomMHoit unis. 6. i 8 9, Tlosaau Mens B aBToOyce CHJelIM {BO MaJIbYMUIeK. . C3alH na KonBepre O51 amuicaH Kakoli-To HoMep. . Ha mectoii erpoKe oneiarKa, . Baepxy erpannust — dororpadus, a sunay — Ka- puKarypa. 10.Hapepxy B uKadunke ects nomKka za motoTeHeU. 11.Ha epxymne poxaectBencKoii éaKn Osi7a 330371. 12.Toa sepKa.tom Gsu1a Hon04Ka. 13.1og ropoii cron gepenyutka. 14.1pamo wanporus xo. — xunoreatp. 15.JIbim no Bcemy zomy! a) There’s a TV set in the corner. b) There’s a telephone on the corner. c) There was a care parked at the corner. a) There is a small window at the top of the tower. b) There is a flag on top of the tower. a) There are some goldfish at the bottom of the pond. b) What’s there on the bottom of the sea? a) There’s a pullover underneath my coat. b) There was a shelf under the mirror. a) There must be a signature on the back of the form. b) There was a big file cabinet at the back of the office. a) There were two first-class carriages at the front of the train. ) There’s a telephone number scratched on the front of an old envelope. c) There was a trap-door in the front of the stage. a) There’s a truck right in our way. b) Be careful — there’s a police car ahead. c) There was a man standing in front of me.69 Compare the meaning of the adverbials denoting short distance between objects, their close position, 70 Make conclusions about the use of HERE / THERE and LP / DOWN. 43 8. a) There’s a public footpath through the woods. b) There was a path across a meadow. ¢) There’s an old castle beyond a small headland. 1. a) There were lines of parked cars by each kerb, b) There were three men by the lorry. 2. a) There was a bus waiting at the traffic lights, b) There's a cabin at the water’s edge. 3. a) There is a deserted farm close to the river. b) There’s a table close to the wall. 4, a) There was a large magnolia near the house. b) There’s a library near the school. 5. a) There was a wooden rocking chair next to the fire- place. b) There stood a pile of cups next to the coffee- machine. 6. a) There was a paved area beside the lake. b) There right beside the road is a large grey house. 7. a) There is a chapel alongside the Students’ Union Building. b) There was a butcher’s shop alongside the theatre, 8. a) There was a lamp on the small table close by. b) There’s a small pond nearby. 9. a) There’s always a book lying at hand. b) There's a nice coffee-bar close / near at hand. 10.2) There’s a fast food restaurant not far from here. b) There’s a snack-bar not far away. A. <1, There’s a magazine on the side table over there. 2. There’s a nice pub down there on the river. 3. There isn’t enough room in here. 4 }. Is there a station near here?5. There must be my briefcase about here. 6. There’s something coming along here on the river. 7. There was something going on up there. 8. There was something out there across the park. 9. There’s a comfy chair over here by the window. 10.There’s still a lot of light out here, darling. 1. There’s a health farm high up. 2. There’s a notice up on the board about it. 3. There’s a police station further up. 4. There’s a house to let just up the street. 5. There’s a friend of mine up in Scotland / in Oxford 6. There is an old curry house just up the road from Midlands Bank. 7. There was a restaurant down the platform. 8. It’s very early in moming and there’s no one down yet. 9. There’s a man down below who wants to see you immediately. 10.There’s a man down in Brighton who does that. 11.There’s a toilet down the corridor. 12.There used to be scores of mills up and down Airedale. 71 Match the “figures” and “letters” to make as many meaningful sentences as possible. 1. Be careful — there’s a police car a) inside 2. There’s a pawnbroker’s b) ahead 3. There’s water c) above 4, There was an inscription ¢) underneath 5. There’s a small pond e) around 6. There’s no better writer 2) nearby L 2 3 4 5 672 Translate into Rus- sian. 73 Find all the differences between the pictures. 45 1, There’s a dirt road towards the south. 2. There were areas of open country east of the river. 3. There used to be a coffee-bar every three or four doors. 4. There was a fast-food restaurant a little way back from the road. 5. There were more than four boats out on the river at any time. 6. There is a family hotel right on the sea front. 7. There was a small cottage on the edge of the moors. 8. There’s a hospital about a mile past the school. 9. There is a Roman villa further afield. 10.Roughly midway between Sao Paolo and Porto Alegre there is a small island. 11.There are car and coach parks for some distance along the road to the Granada Studios. 12.There’s a fur on the inside of the coat and woolen cloth on the outside. 13. There were some books piled on top of each other. 14.Beneath a pile of bills, note pads and comic books there was a telephone directory. 15,There were no shops and noone about.46 74 Describe the shopping centre using place adverbials correctly. hl (ouso) I ara oi Gaezond ces rowers "=P 1°] rasion ru ak Ks corres sHoP [pooxs | rovs Topacco FUMES Pestiiins/ esse 3.2 Time advebials 75 . Which Time Adverbials can be used with which sentences? Why? . 1. today 2. this morning 3. this evening 4. tonight 5. this week 6. these last years 7. every Friday 8, Nowadays 9. nearly every day 10. last night 11. yesterday 12. the day before yesterday 13. that evening 14. that year 15. in the past week 16. in the last few weeks 17. in recent years 18. recently 19. lately 20. 100 years ago a) a) There will be bloodshed. b) There’s a meeting. —_ “c) There’s a good film on. d) There are sandstorms. | e) There's a ferry to the mainland. f) There’s not much demand for firewood. _ g) There have been a number of phone calls. h) There have been quite a few accidents. “i) There has been Hittle rain. i) There have been a lot of hold-ups. “k) There have been two factory closures. i) _There’s been an enormous growth of air travel. . m) There was a car crash here. 1n) There was a chill in the air, wasn’t oomae47 "q) There was a huge audience. p) There was a general election. | 1) There was quite a downp. s) There’ve been a few exhi' sionists.48 REVIEWS Review I : Agreement between S and V Choose the correct form of the verb. 1, There is / are a fly in the room. Where's the flyswat- ter? 2. There is / are a blue pen and a yellow notebook on the desk. . There is / are a notebook and some pens on Sue’s desk. 4. There is / are some pens and a notebook on Jack’s desk. 5. There isn’t / aren’t any letters in the mail for you today. 6. There isn’t / aren’t any mail for you today. 7. There is / are less then 60 species of butterfly in the British Isles. 8. There is / are over 600,000 kinds of insects in the world. 9. There is / are a series of lectures about birdwatching this week. 10. There has / have been several series of programmes on TV about modern technologies. 11.There is / are enough money at our disposal. 12.There is / are 2,500 dollars in the safe. 13.There is / are no news from Bill yet. 14.There is / are some rotten fruit in the bowl. 15. There is / are police all over the place. 16.There is / are an Australian and a Pole in the ring now. 17.There is / are a crowd of students trying to get in. 18.On a table in the dining-room there is / are a heap of papers. 19. There is / are a pair of gloves and a scarf to match. 20.There is / are a variety of dresses at different prices. 21.There is / are a dozen bottles of French wine in the cel- lar. 22. There is / are a lot of crime in the world. 23.There is / are a number of problems ahead of us. 24.There is / are some sheep grazing peacefully on the hills. 25.There is / are plenty of deer in the forest, and there’s / are lots of fish in the lake, w49 Review II : Determiners and Quantifiers Proofread the sentences. There is one correction to be made in each of them. 1. There are a great deal of books in the library. 2. There will be election soon. 3. There is much work to do. 4. There is a little light in the room; I cannot see the picture well, 5. There is a couple of spectacles on the piano. 6. There was no any confusion in his voice. 7. There is a plenty of time to spare. 8. There’s hardly wine left. 9, There is no longer river in Voronezh. 10.There are a pair of apples and a pear. 11.There has been far little rain in the last month, 12.There is a joint of fish in the fridge. 13.There is a great number of private land in the district. 14,There isn’t snow on the roofs. 15.There are less cars in the village than in the city. 16.There is a little time left. We'll not go to the snack-bar if we don’t want to miss the train. 17.There are a dozen of eggs in each box. 18.There is not mistaking him. 19.There are many flights every week. 20.There are three thousands students in this college. 21. There is other exit at the back. 22.Then there was the burst of automatic rifle fire. 23. There are a few dozens grass mats. 24.There are still few people who can be trusted. 25.There are two scores and ten years behind. Review III : Noun Phrase + Adverbials Insert appropriate subjects. 1, There in the bridge. 2. There in the bowl. 3. There in his pocket. 4, There in the letter. 5. There in the clas 6. There in the British Museum. 7. There in this area, 8. There in the distance. 9. There in the world. 10. There in my family. Ll. There . in the conversation.12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. ea 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, 35. 36, 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 50 There . in his voice. There .. in all the newspapers. There in advertising. There .. There There There There There There on the desk There on his coat. There on the roads. There on the continent. There on other planets. There on board the plane. There on the farm. There on her face. There There There There There round the corner. There all over the world. There to London. There between them. There with your car. There for lunch. about the girl. There under her eyes. There There There There There There There There for a couple of minutes. in those days. occasionally. in an hour's time. Theres1 BANK OF ACT ITIE © A Limerick is a humorous poem that has five lines and a special rhythm and way of rhyming, Here is an example: There was a young lady of Niger, Who smiled as she rode on a tiger. They returned from the ride With the lady inside, And the smile on the face of the tiger. You will find dozens of such funny stories written by the famous Edward Lear and other authors in the book “Topsy-Turvy World”, published in Moscow. Learn those you like most. You could even try and write your own limerick. It is bound to begin with There VS! © “What’s in the fridge?” Compare the contents of the two refrigerators. © Describe the room you live in. Your partner should be able to draw it (its plan!) following your description. Make good use of place prepositions, such as: above; below; over; on top of; under; beneath ... at the top of; at the bottom of... opposite; in front of behind next to; beside; at the side of; close to; near...inside; outside ., between; among, etc. © Describe the place you can see in the map. © Ask your groupmates who come from other towns and cities about their native place. Model: Is there an airport in your city? Are there any places of interest? Is there much traffic in the centre? How many theatres are ther: Other suggestions: historical monuments, scenic attractions, public gardens, theme-parks, fun parks, fun-fairs, azo, good restaurants, fast-food shops, pubs, casinos, supermarkets, a shopping precinct, etc. @ “Is It a Good Hotel?” Call Enquiries to find out if there is / are single / double rooms? rooms on the ground floor? rooms with a good view? rooms with a private bathroom? tea / coffee facilities? colour TV and fridge? room service? etc. @ “What's on TV tonight?” You may use a real or a make-believe (e.g. taken from “TV and Radio Times” or “Time Out” magazines) programme to discuss this question. Model: _... anything special?.. any good films on? ... anything in the line of comedy? © There are plenty of amusing items for description in the picture of a railway- station. Split into two teams to compete in the task of writing as many sentences built on the THERE VS pattern as you can. You may set the time limit to make it more fun! © “A Murder Case”. Ask one of your groupmates to prepare to act as a Chief Inspector in charge of a difficult case, The rest of the group are “reporters keen to know minute details of the case as well as the preliminary results of the inquiry. Fire questions at the detective in order to find out if there is / are / was / were / has / have been / will be / any evidence (against) clues (to)/proof (that)... any witnesses/suspects ... anonymous letters / phone calls ... bloodstains / fingerprints / bullets ... valuables / money / drugs ... any hope / chance / risk of ...0 Play a guessing-game: What's in my briefcase? / handbag? / pocket? Use modals MAY, MIGHT, COULD to show the degree of your uncertainty. 00 “In a Lost Property Office”. Do the activity in pairs. One of the students is a clerk in a lost property office. The other is the owner claiming back his carry-on, left accidentally in an inter city bus. Swap roles when you are through with the description of the contents of your bag. Note that you may not always be 100% certain about what there was in it, You MUST know which modal to use if you are not! © Pushkin’s wonderful romantic tale “Ruslan and Lyudmila” opens with an introduction which is all composed of THERE VS structures. Remember? Y aykomopps ay6 senéunsit; 3aaras Hem Ha ZyGe TOM; Vi aném u Hounio Kor yuenbiit Beé xogur ro nen Kpyrom ... And then: Tam uyzeca: Tam neni 6pomnr, Pycaska Ha BeTBAX CHMT; Tam Ha HeBeZOMBIX Opor%KKAX Cnenbi Hesuaanuerx speper; Vis6yuixa Tam Ha KypBHX HORKAX ... and so on and so forth. Would you accept the challenge of translating this poem into English? (You needn't rhyme the lines, of course!) 6 “Find ten differences” A. Look at page 55. Describe your picture to student B. B, Look at page 56. Describe your picture to student A. Model: In my picture, there are two boys fishing near the river.SVCs Section I. “SVCs” : Meaning and Function 4 Read the two dia- logues carefully; the questions will help you determine the function of each underlined sentence. 2 Which of the sentences are used to Name? to Classify? to Define? to Iden- tify? to Describe? A. — What's this? —It’s a stapler. — What’s a stapler? — A stapler is a device used for putting staples into sheets of paper to hold them together firmly. — What’s a staple like? — It’s a small U-shaped piece of wire. B, — Who’s the girl on the right? — She’s Pete’s new girl-friend. — What’s her name? — Belinda. — Is she as nice as she is cute? — She’s a honey! 1, Arolling pin is a kitchen utensil. 2. This bath is a Jacuzzi. 3. The east window in the church is beautiful. 4. The man in black is my Dad. 5. Apine is a tall evergreen tree which has long thin sharp leaves and a fresh smell. 6. Anaspen isa tree. 7. This tree is a sycamore. 8. The cake is too moist. 9. China is the world’s leading producer of rice. 10.A small river which runs into a bigger one is a tribu- tary. 11 He is the grandfather of the firm. 12.She is very aggressive and bossy. 13.That was Panama City Beach. 14.The motherland is the country in which you were born and to which you still feel emotionally linked. 15.A crocodile is a reptile. Naming [Classifying |Describin, [Definin, [Identifying3 What do the sentences tell you about? Can you categorise them according to what they describe? 4 The sentences are divided into semantic groups for you. Can you name the categories? 1. 2. 3, 4, 5. 6. 7. 8, 9. It’s a quarter past ten. . Itis bedtime now. . It's Wednesday, the 7” of May. . Itis three weeks till Easter. It’s about time you learned to be friends. . It’s been a long time! Although it’s only April, it’s quite summery today. . It’s a nippy winter morning, It must be five degrees below freezing today. 10.It was the foggiest night of the year. 11,It wasn’t just rain, it was a real cloudburst! 12.It’s getting dark. 13.It’s so quiet in the wood. 14.It’s too noisy in the office. 15.It was stifling inside. 16.It is peaceful in the country now. 17.I’s lovely in here! 18. What a fine day it is today! 19. What’s that awful stink? 20.What’s that hideous noise? She is French. He is single. They are white, She's young, still in her teens. He is thirtyish. He is a full-grown man now. They're advanced in years, He isa tall, lanky man, She's a skinny little kid, rather oriental-looking, They are barefooted, He looks a bit pigeon-toed. She is very casually dressed, She is an attractive young lady. I was still wide awake.59 They were silent. He was blind drunk. 1 felt chilly without a coat. Lalways feel dry in this hot weather. You must be rather peckish. He is very fit and strong. She’s a bit tired and lifeless now. I feel feverish. She’s ill in bed. They are getting better every day. You look peaky today. He is a young executive educated at Oxford. He is a brilliant journalist. She is a full-time student at the University. They are promising academics. He is a painter of street scenes. He is a body-builder and weight-lifter. They are mad about football. She is very houseproud. He is very hot on politics. She is very sentimental about animals. I was never good at Latin. ‘You are a fascinating speaker. He is a poor correspondent. They are very intelligent and quick-thinking. She was surprisingly knowledgeable about computers. K. He is a calm, moderate person. She’s very extravagant. ‘You're carefree with your money. I’m apt to be impatient. She is very strict in moral matters and rather a snob. She is a person of sudden loves and hates. She is a devoted wife and mother. They are all warm friends. ‘They were partners in the job.5 Build your answers to the questions on the pattern SVCs, A. 60 He is a complete stranger here. She is rather cool towards us. You're always hateful to me and nice to everybody else. She was radiant with joy. 1 felt quite upset about it. He became purple with anger. ‘We were really embarrassed, I'm fed up with that job! They were surprised at the number of bicycles. What is your surname? What is your first name? What is your birthplace? What is your date of birth? Who are your parents? What do they do? What's your address? What's your phone number? What’s your passport number? What's your job? What’s your nationality? How old are you? Are you single or married? What's your favourite food/drink/colour/flower...? What's you home town? What’s your native language? What’s the time? What's the date today? What day (of the week) is it today? What's the weather like today? What’s tomorrow’s weather forecast? What's the temperature like this morning? What's the news? What is it? What make is it? Is it Russian? How much is it? What size is it? &6 Put the exclama- tions into two col- umns: Positive Re- sponse and Nega- tive Response. Can you add to the list? What shape is it? What colour is it? What is it like? Whose X is it? Obnoxious! Admirable! Super! Incredible! Awful! Great! Fantastic! Right! Pathetic! Ridiculous! Crazy! Shocking Wonderful! Breathtaking! Fair enough! Good riddance! Brilliant idea! Rubbish! Big deal!‘amqunre punodios vs-es apn: t Pg emer / EN + (omy) + Syne /tima quocuTSTduI1eD + qasn + 70efqngs (suazu0ZD jo dey) rewWeay IsSOASSection II. SVCs : Grammar 1 SUBJECT COMPLEMENT 1.1 Complement = Adjective Phrase FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES 7 Translate into Eng- lish using adjectives in the SVCs structure, 8 Translate the sentences into English. Choose the adjectives from lists A and B. A. B. c. 1. Ona Goures. Oxanenyrana. Eli erpautno. 2. Ouacepaures. | Ouarpyerua. Ei exysuo. 3. Ouayaupaseres. Ona gonoabia. Eli erbiano. 4. Oxaoropuaeres. Onaynepena. Eli oaMHoKo. 5. Onacmymaerea. Oxaroaogua. Ei xoroano. 6. Ouacrecuseres. Ona entra. Eli aapKo. 7. Ona rpyerur. Oua cepaura. — Eli rpyetuo. 8. Ona pesnyer. Oua yaupnena. Ei eceno. 9. Onasanuayer. Oxaoropyena, Ee sno6ur. 10. Ona neppuuuaer. Ona cmymena. Ee Tomuur. A. delicious, exhaustive, gorgeous, juicy, knowledgeable, nasty, oily, sensible, stale, super. 1. Maumua notpacaromas! 2. Toroaa orsparatensuas! 3. Ena sxycuas! 4, Tlepeuxu counsie. 5, Xne6 veperssiii. 6. Posst pockommsre! 7. TloMonax pecbMa siaounit. 8. Orser vevepnsrsaromnti! 9. Tydax oxen yroGusie. 10.Tatbupt xupusie. B. acceptable, contagious, feasible, friendly, impecca- ble, intelligible, outgoing, plausible, predictable, reli- able, self-reliant, valid, well-groomed. 1. Bau nacnopr aeviersurexen go KOH Toza. 2. Sror max HeocyulecTBAM.9 ‘Translate the sentences into Russian. Make the meaning of each adjective as clear as possible. 40 Translate into Rus- sian, Make sure you know the meaning of the adjectives here. 64 . Takoe peulenve Brionie mpuewiemo. . OGsacrenne npaszonoq06x0. . Ero auraulicknié 6esynpevex. . 97a GoesHs sapazna. . Tognucs xepasGopunea. . T'as0HbI Xopomo yxorxeHsr. . Ee nopeneHue uerpercKasyemo. 0.0na o6uprtensia 4 apy>xem06Ha; oH caMocrosTeneH, Ho HaZeKeH. Rw CRON AH The machine is foolproof. The teaching program is user-friendly. Television isn’t yet available here. I feel fit again. You were very helpful. You are being so possessive! She was really quite bossy. Her husband is easy-going. Few of us are open-minded enough. 0.Elderly people are often opinionated. Pee Be wr aH My colleagues are sympathetic. The man is cool. She is different. The boy is a bit slow. You are very special. I’m easy. They may be difficult. I'm positive. You are pathetic. O.She is light-hearted. BYNe Be eray +-ING adjectives versus -ED adjectives 11 Complete the sentences with either -ING or -ED forms. Hundreds of birds were ... by the noise alarm The rhythm was ... annoy The children looked amuse The evening turned out to be ... bore They asked so many questions that I got... confuse6s The arguments are not ... enough. convince The boy was becoming increasingly ... depress The results have been generally ... disappoint She is too ... to ask her friends. embarrass Visiting the heart of London was excite The police are definitely ... involve The children were too ... to move. scare Her tears were sincere. I felt ... touch Mother has been ... sick! worry FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES 12 Translate the sen- 1. _ a) Bee Gaim BetpeBoxexst. alarmed tences into English. b) Botocs, 470 HoBocTs BecbMa alarming Choose either the _TpeBovkHaa. | _ aan -ED or -ING adjec- 2. a) JJuarnos Gui Heytemmrenbunii. | disturbed tive on the right. b) Hamma nausr 6stTm pacetpoexs: _| disturbing ero pemenuem. = 3, a) Illym nelicrsopan Ha HepBsi. annoyed b) Ona sua pasnocanonaxa. annoying 4, a) Moi orser Bac nosabapun? amused b) Hexoropsie paccxa3bl o4eH | amusing cmeuInEIe. 3, a) Ox Mue Hackyana. ‘bored b) Pasne Ts01 Toesaxa Obita boring 6. a) A Guin cOut ¢ TomKy. confused ___b) Cirryauus 61a ovens samyrannas. confusing 7, a) Pesyasrarsi srioae yOeauTerbusi. convinced b) A ySexréx, 40 9T0 Sei He- convincing _cuactubilt cayyaii. 8. a) Poqurean Osim b yrHeTéiHoM co- | depressed cTomHHH. depressing b) ix pasrosop 6511 TarOcTHBIM, 9, a) Tloroga ctout Hiepanxiias.. disappointed b) S13 Heli pasouapopates. disappointing 70.2) Ona seerga cmyuiazacs BHamrem embarrassed HIpHcyTeTBHH. embarrassing b) Ero rpy6sie cona mpuse-1H Bcex 3 3aMeniaTeTScTR0.11. a) Ox 6x11 ovens Bosdyxaén, Koraa | excited TosBOHIL MEE. exciting b) Ero mpeamoxenne 6si10 He ocoGeHHo uETepeCHEIM, i 12.a) SL cera yeraio, Kora paboraio Ha | tired KoMIbIOTepe. tiring b) Hporyaku B ropax Moryt 66175 10- _ BONIBHO YTOMMTTEsIbIIbIMH. _ 13. a) Mexia pactporaia ux noxsaiia. touched b)E€ Gecnomommocrs Gsuia tax touching rporarenbua. | 8) Dra pabora npunocnt mize "satisfied ynosseTBopenne. | satisfying b) Ox 6x11 zononen pesyasrarom. 15.) Ero ponpocsi TpesoxnsH. worried b) Mai 6sum o6ecrioKoentst ero “worrying MosTaHHeM. 1.1.1 Intensifiers 13 Place the adverbials in the order of in- tensity. Translate them into Russian. 1, He appeared absolutely normal. 2. She felt almost frozen now. 3. She seemed then appallingly mature. 4. He was a bit scared. 5. The detectives were completely unimpressed. 6. He was deeply interested in church matters. 7. The Colonel was exceedingly wealthy. 8. The task was extremely difficult. 9. She seemed faintly embarrassed at that. 10.The diagnosis is fairly well established. 11.The Chief Constable was a good deal shaken. 12.He was greatly influenced by his father. 13.He was highly critical of Hugo’s plays. 14.She seemed hardly aware that they were with her. 15.At this moment his life seemed incredibly empty and duil. 16.It (the kiss) was a little cold for young love. 17.He is most annoying. 18.It was nearly dark. 19.It seemed perfectly natural and inevitable. 20.You seem quite familiar with the question.14 Find synonyms to the intensifiers. 15 Provide each of the Russian intensifying adverbials with at least one English equivalent. 16 Fit in an appropriate intensifier. 67 21.He was rather taken aback. 22.It (the performance) was really good, wasn’t it? 23. They were scarcely ever apart. 24,The patient is slightly better today. 25.His hypocrisy was now strikingly apparent. 26.At the time it was terribly important. 27.1 was thoroughly annoyed. 28.She was totally indifferent to fashion. 29.He is utterly wrong. 30.Your recollection is very clear. scarcely —... . very — . utterly — 6. 7. 8. totally — 9 1 . exceedingly —... O.appallingly — ... ven culerka —..., HEMHOAKKO — ..., HECKOIIBKO — ..., BIIOTHE — +4, BECbMAa — ..., MOYTH — ..., COBCEM — ..., COBEP- ueHHo — ..., 4pesBpraaiiHo a6conioTHo — .. nopaswrelbHO — ..., CTpaLllHo — ... Mue yaacno ctpaino. Tm... seared. Ane coscem yOexxéus ‘I'm... certain. 9TOM. Mos cecrpa ezerka pa3- My sister is ... irritated. Apaxera. H6un no-nacronmemy —_‘I got ... annoyed because B3GeuléH, noTomy yT0 ox _he had been lying to me. ue ara. SA uyscrsyio ce6a noBob- | feel ... confident about Ho yBepeHHo mepe 9K3a- the exam. MeHOM. Ona nonpocty/mpocro She is ... jealous of your 3aBMayeT TBOeMY ycIiexy. si Ox 4yactaozax ce6a upes- He f comfortable Bbr‘iaiino He70BKo, Koza when his parents started ar-17 Translate the sentences into Russian, paying special attention to the intensifiers. 68 ero pogurenu cnopanny —_guing in front of him. Hero Ha raazax. Mue HemHoxKo Gono. I’m... scared / fright- ened / affraid. SL puoane ysepex, 470 910 I feel ... sure that it is true mpapza. SL conepmrenuo yOexxéu, I’m... convinced that she 4TO OHa HEBHHOBHA. is innocent. Eé ovens no3a6apiiia 97a She was ... amused on HOBOCTS. hearing the news. SL rayGoKo o6ecnoKoex eé I’m ... concerned about the S0pOBbeM. state of her health. Ox 6511 Beebma norpacé He was ... impressed with TeM, 47 Yembuuiat. what he had heard. . Her face was delightfully fresh-complexioned. Again he looked almost touchingly boyish. She seemed to him much smaller — and agonisingly shy. |. From that time on, Anria was suspiciously flush of money. ‘The short-term prognosis was reasonably bright. . Her humour seemed unusually and unwelcomely artificial. She was hopelessly abashed by his presence. The child was dangerously close to the fire. 9. As the evening drew on, Andrew and I got agreeably drunk. 10.His voice suddenly became unnaturally loud. BON ay oan 1.1.2 Prepositional Phrases 18 Fill the gaps with correct prepositions. A. 1. Weare loyal ... our friends. 2. Have you been faithful ... me? 3. They are proud ... their children. 4, We are fond ... Mary. 5. She is very dear ... us. 6. Are you indifferent ... me? 7. Tam jealous ... him.19 Choose the right preposition for each case. Some of the adjectives take more than one preposition with (A.) or without (B.) a change of meaning. A Sd WRN DAARWN EH CHONAWRWNH Per AVA Are you envious ... his success? You should be ashamed ... yourself! Tam not used ..., it. We are accustomed ... noise. This story is new ... me. ‘Your taste is similar ... mine. Chalk is different ... cheese. Don’t feel inferior ... anyone. Desire for freedom is common ... all people. The children are so dependent... us. Be independent ... others. Are you ready ... a meal? He is eager ... more responsibility. Fred is not fit ... this job. George is capable ... anything. He is not keen ... swimming. John is good ... chemistry. Iam hopeless ... chess. She is not strong ... languages. He’s not expert ... anything. . The judge was deaf... our appeal. You are safe ... danger now. 1am not happy ... your spelling. . Don’t be hard ... me. 1am well aware... the fact. We are conscious .... the danger. Are you convinced ... his honesty? Tam busy ... my accounts. We are tired ... this exercise, a) We were impatient ... the delay. b) You are impatient ... the child! a) I am just mad ... you for getting me up so early. b) For years he has been mad ... opera. a) She was upset ... losing the money. ) They were upset ... the poverty they saw in India. a) John is anxious ... Mary.

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