ia Quester "acinowldge ay beafel: harks we Shr, Bharat Bhushan egis, Mimi: Gogie and Suksham tgia of Orgia Lew Pablsivas for Wek casouragament sea cxeperation sei work phe ‘woul at us may diy Led not sekmomReese my Brann te the aur, whose works | bane eonmaled end wharf Inayequotes ie tri toe. “Above alt must ie hidden ‘ruth thatthe love, affetten. blessings and Snaciotons of my bene pronto le Bhi ‘apa apes Reo wid Sts Rates Retna, the le reason for my yraduel academicelertion” Prete Regn sur cao Questions 0 ANSWERS On Cowrract - I Deny te easentile nal eamtacy 2 vice me trent ype vais Contracts pia esl Cnet Contests (a) Reem Contra: (b) Tari Conae fo) Rawouled Centrone le) Baccuty Coatraet tke Law of Cmte inet the whole Law of screomente, nor ie the rate Ie of Wa are Des sts 2 tpn Deine Proposal, hat ave she requisites of Bid OPOL Penne ‘Wet do rw umderatnehy* Acceptance ave ‘What axe the circum "Acceptance co a ltr tw usin of @un-pomcer requintea afraid sone “Astrange: © a coutrac se vanosnampects? Discus te a clang find aut usin Ba pla “he Deerine a ‘wn are me persone as Leline Corse! Whesite at aged match AEA nena cannot me Baca, Ae there Po a8 casi to contets by a miner re 40 Fnirntion’ with te ose sane eee Lia ad Lobe fee Porn 50 2. an 6 28 28 ‘What re eres betwen cima oad ale and Log Eiects of Untue influence? vente the esrertlle Off 2.-cnurcsns Defic “Frau und pot ots te etest on the ‘alidiy oa arcement. Also expla the What ata of Hace and tale of Ca” Bounce te vasiouy goes Wf mistakes? Dinca the toctrine of alle Bae lve examples of eqreemenie onary to Publi Poles: What 25 Wagal agreement ? Watt are tae cts o egal? Discuss How far apreemcnta is vests of Expat the ats of thease and picts Retalnt at Warenge c= a esa¢ and spies tae nate of « Wagerng Aermert, Wat the szof a | nin) sv 2. 1 (Guests 8 Arwen Os Sontae “hgewimont in reotesnt of Lopal proceedings src you Rapin and wate the exerponm Sone ne ct ” ‘What is meant by “Contingent Comirac! ‘What are the Spl ruden lating te oontingtnt eoncingen eantret? 7 Went ia the Défrence between Void and oldable COREE enn 7% “What inthe Difference heswce Contin ae Wiese eu undertand Dhecarge of Vy which a contact wy be Gch ged Pannen 82 ‘Wee w short note an Deacherge by performanse.. ‘Write n shat sore on Apropriation of promecss.. &F Weite shit note on Perormane ‘Whit ago tnderstand ty Discharge of sentences? What de you meen by "Antcipatary Bech of ‘Conimet”# State We Lez poatn ofthe pestcs%. conteves cm "mpcoebiity of petermancr, sen re. is not “Daacuae fully the legal tects of frustration of « ‘cmtract it Bnlis Low ae fndiun Ga. on ‘What youmenn by Ferarmace ns Cates"? Unde Shak Geen retanent cnet ed pate penned ua Se and exiaie Lic enemas ota Vole Tendo? ae 13 hat are ‘Recinzeal Promises"? Deweibe belly the provisions raiaing i thee inthe Nadas Coste act c, 172 ne ome av ‘ovast -comrencts: the Quasi-Ceatacty dealt wits under the Inds Contact A” ne ‘Wha ee the Kinde nf ath Gem ‘Rectan a8 ro Beton 72)? mm we Wette mabort mateo “Qasn Mec ‘Nile the Listatons ofthe Duan Kem. 128 [Whatare the Remsen for reach of Coatinct 2.137 A 56 ‘Queena aneners Un Contact = plain the effet iene of dames for te dare? a0 at me ayo toe anes Pave nono 188 LDatingaah tetween Penalty ara itidated Dasara? 2a ‘iat see the ights and Datu ada af one? 30 eRORTANT cham LATE CCvett em canis Sle ll, (4880) 190 256 ei ue ‘Phugyurnlus deverdiandas Reine, vd Presley, (AK 8B £9) be Mobie ive, Dharmodans Ghowe, (sea 0a. 5:5 aan 9 Duin Prvameie Tye Co uitidgeand Ge dtd, (1918) ACS" 150 Cady ve, tinder, (1785 AC 80 0915} 2 KE 2S ALE 2D. ot ‘sabes Shnaara dee muesit ve. Ganga PewoKd Das Musil AR 1967 SCETS) ase Cieernla! caret y. Batu Dus, ‘an (1959) 30 78" i 48. 1. Mondene va Maen Norden “company 1864 ACs ‘ally 4 Hasendale185:)9 ‘spncirTe RELIED 401 lena Proeehre of necaverne 70 secisemtraie aopest? hat i he made of recovers af What da sou uncerscand by Ue petortacce of a cantoct ne et Give lletations “Wat ace the contract to ean specie enforces > ‘What do sou underotind bythe se Spectie Rese i gancea? Mention te cates of psrrom ‘Stour eptetie prciormanre ofa Notte the catesory of persone Susie and dhstiae the Dont teal” i rece to apooth pertrmarce on contactera “Sveie bia toe inst whose the cole’? ae of os on 160 (sit 7, Mow far delay aud lacie ba te tle of spreepeformance hone ‘Whee can the one ander erecatien of an Discuss he aetnte governing resifeaton he Speife Rell AE once ‘What do you understand byresciasion of ‘contrac nd whenean tbe ordeced ‘Vhat ae the conditions under which w ect Dircuor the fertdicton of the cvuit to Reaches and esnerlation of inate oder what ercustances docs a court pase What we tie secures ofa aestretoy ‘Went do you undevstanl by Use exerevion *sConsequentil Rei inreletion to 8s for decdarnton fein? ~ Legal Charucer” ws ved ie scan 34 of eSpeafe tas Act 10 185 4 ue (suoxerio%5) "76. Win in ssa by Prorentve Bel? What i the nec oF granting thie rie a9 ‘mses ef nsuneion? . 190 78. Wht isa Tesnpormy injunction? What xe the principles powering te temporary injanston? a 7. Compare un injustion vite Specie pertrmaner? Cc asa perpetual anjunetin?. ii 98 ‘51, Det me coomatunees Under which perpetuel jection carat be grated 7. 96 152 Wht da you unterntand ya Mandatory and Prohibit fajunctions. State he datn-tion rontry ines 9 MYORTANT DEFTMITIONS AND TERA IH LANDMARK CASES ON CONTRACT LAW Batfourvs, Balfour, [1919]2 KES? 20 erin em. Daormada Gnoe, 390A 114, 20.Cl 539 (0024 00isa Shuica ve Gerri Dut (1405) 11 A LI A cil ve, Cable Ske Ball C1895) 1 08255, pee, Tronn,(919)2 KH ARS, gs va, Slevei,|IDEI]AC 362 slop Paeuantle Toe Co Lid. Seige ad Co, roinr Metithar on Serrry af Bink af le, ey 8. ance, (Cour aC Easbequer-834 1 & Frank Go 8. R Comton tr Lit (our of Appeal 192%), 4 Fam, (Eig Heme. yore ta, Ld, Neate Ca, LA, [90H] ACE 212 219 22 QuesTIONs & ANswers. On Contract «I mt DEFINITION AND NATURE OF CONTRACT Question Mo. 1 What do you mean by ‘Contsact’? Discuss brielly the eaaontials of « valld comtract > oO "Ad Contracts are agreements, hat all age te not Contracts’. Comments Anawer : loaning THe tern Cactréct fe derived fiom the Latin “Vonusetnn” whieh owes “draws sxelber') ese an. ‘og tho ection ofthe pertee IF ctesten fest ghts and IMgntiene. Tele enforcesble ly aw. Metinitions +-Diferent authors and junete heve glenn lilterenc chm octeCantzeet Some of tesa ace pve 1. alasond s~Subnond deena Contra as an stent & Str Willem Anvon He denice « DSincing agement between Uwe 3 0 ents see ated hp oe ae more te dhe post che other or ossere? spon maefficien¢cansigersion ls doo wine’ ie dene w Cre & Sie Fed Pelloce -Accosding to Agreement end premoe enforceable Wy [5 Goction Oh) OF The fndian Com Contract as “a enfocovable Dy Lex ‘mentioned delinthns, ica quite des fe legal te waieh bine the porte tnderakint Io do orto alstala fro do bigness ar mnt entorceshic. Lost (ise oucce ‘aeesents one 37° oatrast, It ie wack wider tan th ntabinhes reenshi> Berween the oes teeming ecomeerie for promise forming covelderation fot ea feviel retigous or lal carter A os creme at Mega oligtion beer iin no eevorceasie am a c23r. ofl«persona by hie ctr forbesraer 9% jotta cox pasicular sreontract ae erery nt ery coset ist of two covet getter. 113 an azeome denice am vast wild ave enfoeraie. ‘Thus, Hesena way nate te seo bi orien 1 gromiee hn oker" (emmy be Por example: aD geewens wo yo to plouwe ure auend aay Funston i & end exarmple of xacial apreemis. Religious or mora rhe give dont aga lgstons age eaforcesbe na court ‘la aad heace Wey ae contacts. For caample: A aces hia house toB for Rupece One lakh. tien aureement vordag (Ase “a contract ie shal form of agro whieh dicesUy conic pintce and ercalca ws sbugaton” ‘ws al emirace are sgrocmenta tur all areereats are va contrac. (Maxim) Aeatontals ofa Valid Contract lie costeie they ae made by the Pace Canseut of patter impetect to coatiact for alawful consideration and with 2 lial jee end ere not expreesiy declared tobe wai, 1, ConseomieAGtdon It is x Latin tas, It means intra crust be acdem In other wont, te #9 partiee las bane agreed hot te abject mater ofthe contract 1 be wie Lae uals sume vere Th eStane of ‘ll ae ot 42, Local Relationship + The sercement rust create fel ‘iw pao af en pasion te ssette age reaporanip tere Ie ‘wi canscet at al. Agieemeate of coxa or deste mature ‘09 not contemplate legal clotlons, sa as sch pee cee ly w eouisccl For exuple: Aa ogcemes 19 dive ft flene’s house i= mot wn sarvement inerged w ckeae Aeghl seaticn adh Pieig eek 6 ted, Hale sgteesieat to pond cll goods ave azruemience incense 0 ‘toate sore legal seauratio and, Laeteore,contacce tion t Consideration means ioeiding IA furs", Ereiy volld agiyenrcr ant te supported by cousideretion An agreement without caneideretion ia void, The consideration weed net ecessacly be naa xen Ki oy ea eto Sarveneit wiub uilovial cousiceration is void ‘4% Lawful Onjeet : The obsect or the purpose of the ‘uses use be orl, Its net he fmmeral ee 15 Competent Parties: Ar ietst ro pares aro eaten Tar vee walld contac, Purther,the partes must be egal ‘not valid. recy person is camoewat Wo oar ise as stained she age of maj are ow sored sa 6 Free Consent of Partioe: The consont a ht cares © the apreement mutt be lus, full ead fe, otherwise the contre lk tmindocel, Olen iv ul (beng when, Ue nex couses ov méstepreseatacion, trans, erutue influcice, of coset 1. Certainty OF Terms he teri af the aapecinent ast 1 Pose sec yay "eaesin ar capsblt ef being mate cere ar vad. ity Of Perloraunce + The agscement met be bene porlormed. An wereenent 29 de a7 sco an impariiriene. Jance with Legal Formalties: Accor totic: fan agreement may seoralarin weitag. Where 2 be agreement does not comply wid she Question No. 2 Welty the different types of valid Contracts ? o Deserthe briefly contraets classtiiea om the besia of thelr validity aad enforceability ? ‘Anrmet + Contrache may be ene in terms of their enforces 1 ete of dike eufucenbiiy wunstucts are Gaseed a 1a) Value Contacts [By Void Conteecea (6) Votdatte Contract: 1 Keen Conroe. (2) Uneatorceabie Contacte (Ay Vatia Contracts : én agreement eaforeesbe st Lowe called wah contract, Anaareementscomeamvalidccatact ‘tina all the votendel demvente of u oontrt ae 268 down (| Vota Contract :accouding We Sei 2 yu Ctznruse ‘which ceases to te alorcele by law becomes void when st void, Te aw ao lege efecta, anc cone not give rte te any Taheand abigatons. Thereare smumbe afcautecte whch are declared it by lee on grounds of morslity. social vero und Matare of Conte ‘inal eoesideration eelapsoil Ab Initio, 0 salaout tre coment of fhe partie a ale vot {C) Yoldabte Contract +f onieuet which ca 1th a cantar in gone tnt 34st. Oe ivy, Ascarding wo See 2, “sa saree snabie contrac. Agretent caused by cout (0) agal or Uniuefut Contracts : Contr snore to ststtaey Tae o- yulis morale ae ‘wswigabin:se, ACan:rsct to cemmats murder, sto chest is a egal contract () Unenforeeable Contracts: An enforce nse chi ott ey erode hy Ui) A promenoey gote wit inaden Ja aio unealceable 1 ue techeleal defect le removed, the contr ‘stceeatte,ta usu & Aver Oo Castres 4 trace mde bio, repadiated wih fa. ives st becomes Question Me. 2 plain bsiefly the following Comtencta () Beprene Contract (2) Taolt Contract (e) Buscuted Contrast (4) Bxeoutery Contract {) Mspross Comtraot =A vost i vw Dr apnene™ ‘wheat is eutered ints behieen tae partes ky word written crngoken. or Bxseupla 4 writes ‘a1 soso so ly Cae Be a eum of Ba 85,000". B auvepts Ao ofer tlopra. (©) Taote Conersct 2 contrac 6 kald ta De TACIT wer ‘can be iferse fone the cmd of Uh atc, Aiud ‘pown rveal ian fi contract or Exampia A eters 9 ato hinsn, tes ooffe aad peje the Bil Heve offs and usury lune sw ire Bock the eontuc ofthe pacts (1 Beecoted Contract i contract i ald tobe Exscuted” ‘Poem bette gating tantra ae emer jot Demaple When a book-ilbr alia Sab oF cash raivmin, sear eeatercemirar, peceie eth fe pts ave dane whst they were to do-ander te Contra, Wore ani ane o the pres x coniact hs perforie le ‘hice of ebliea:cn. tse tyme at extent eortiets aie also (4 secrntory Contenet=Acontat ical ta he tetory™ ‘whoa: nciticr sats te parties to a centace have ikl iw Ivar thos ahago 9° abgntion in fll or thelr resales ‘meting te be done wadee the dos an bath the des, emaadipthsA age ta commence amide ron tay of me newt nth 274 a eeidcutun ol prsae aw @ RS. 300 yer itl to A Thea type of Contact in between th Obligation Dbtiswton as a lees 2) Thee 1) Han (0) tena Obtigeion ‘abigetenxo. 4 af Constructs ix aot the whole law of tm nor in it the wrote law of obligations”, jun wurementercatlg ase Aefning chgations parses, lx couaat of te connecte elerent, besten and agreemeat i an undrtnking toda oe nat to daw certain 2% Id Vines hia Legal bond. eis efged Ge wits iagosee upen a eine person or + easily af cog of abstaining from écing 3 sl be te pce let to egal motte att to nasal mate -yivch ga nit sve ter sauroe in wgreexets (ants, Por esatile, eliation te mamta we iuueustup between the parmesan agreement requires tan pares, one to mele a propoual and the eer so sezeat ‘Teele’ gad the pervon woocptng che propel te celled tae Premisce’ (ix celined se every jruaioe or veh of ‘romises forming esnsierstion fr euch sche “Bateatins oF ¢ valid agreement = ‘Tae lllowing se theese of wild agreement — 1 Thete aust be swe partis, ‘The agrcoment mes mate t9 defi we or ate 2 3. Itometelete te leg sles al tH sol masters The partie to sve Gents uf indy The partie rust comaunioate with each other, Thetiew afcontracta deni wth any agen whic ra eyed rights andobligalone. Aysenietts giving get octal Dollgarions ll not canateatc bucing.camract, Agreements of domestic nuture do not eve nae fo eontracs. Ta all a Queneun A anew Quettion wo. 5 Wat are egal rights ? Explaia ‘heise and Kinds ? Anewer : Menaing of Uneal Right A teusl feegnised by @ Fale of lor, Be un a fbrantape cz senct whi ism any mane ‘perso aya rule aftaw”, Law enfurces ght Otametorteten of lee + Th allowing sraracetstice of sghes — 1. There canner be right without sn ve 2 ‘thee wil be & person ngnine! whore: te 3, Thee set be tle of the rg XINDSOF RIGHTS : Rushes ef workinds nomely, egts-s-Re |i Reba Rein fe a sight avaiable aes (a) ahs Peseonoam i 9 right sella pemtculer percon or pt vons. ‘Te aw of centre ces any wit rightsa a interest nvtered upon fad posietes righ: ae n'and Rights nit the moe ‘Quortion Ho. 6 Define Propaeal, WHAt are the requisites of propoml ? 6 or What ie an Offer? State the miles of 4 valid after 7 o ‘Waite he essentials of a vaitd ofter ? Anawer: Defiuition of proposal or offer — | yreporal it an exeession or wil or intention to do arto Section ofthe Contoatt Act defines the propor When one peroon signee to ancener nis wllagness to do oF =e sovuin from doing anrthing. wit view co obtsinne the rooce a proposas’ 1 Offer must he odapabte“Serestioe legal relations =i {ld ofer wut lutea toc lou seta, theatre quemore 1 ly ner inineded to erie gl coast, 1 eno an offer inthe eyee of IW, For Instance, am ler pectin 303, religions or moral ucts without any intention of erasing gal felatsens will not be a caltd offer. But, In business: fagreements tne presumpile. Is usually wa: we partes Jnveuded to eat legal relations. ‘Yhus un olec must impave by the pat mel case Law Bust Paste -The shard prone wo pay 30 pounds pee month ohiemle staying vey or rm for medical reason Bathe filed toes eo. She tife sued her husband Sudgment:—itwras hell the promise ma never intended slisairaee 2, Terme of an offer must be certain ‘~The ter ef ar fofoe aunt be definite. nnnrmenens and cera. They ost Pr Ne lone and vague Ney wre, eer sel Ia Der and is unenforceable Aer, 3ecuon 29 3 the feentrect Act, “aprvesnents the meaning ef which is not ‘sttala cc engl of olngmads ert ar vid." The tr ‘nue net be Eased co w vondltion whieh is unersam oF meupable of erfiemance case LAW ayor on Peto (\856) AER 128 let rasta A prominud to tae Bie hotnn om non fr sours ifthe Lovee pas putin eephrepiee nate awing rare coral acconling to the present modern ae % offer loa defini ral pe hae o%, 2 Por exam 2) Anion syd ve eset ts cuties € te dirs intense atgment been ts ba 9 oe$8 wi Bd th the Ue es too certain ay bs specie or general ar mlerry he made person of tothe necerl eublis, When ar ofr beim genoa it is ealse “Genera Cer e112 A pxamiaes le pve. 1.000)t6 P,P shin mloning nen, This ina specific fer and acexpie WB co public advertsesnt ty Lae elfen chat he 2 1000/-taanyanewno brings back Nemiasing titer by searching tor aad seaging back Ai ‘ASR LAR rbose Suinke Hat, (188511 0B 256 nite ca, Smite Ball Company cored ment a rewaid o€R. 400 aauess ta ny person ce influence after using the emake Bas sie them in accetdane with prinued Svein. Mio, Carll nee! the mncke Bas accord 10 ns ef the company. But she wax allackee by ie, Usersfare sd forthe adwrrtind rao. lange nie uniiss A Anewers om Contact 1 4 Ofer musts commustcated tothe offeres Accordion te Section 4, tne cousanicntion at 9 proposal complete tuber it cemea tothe enomerze of the beeen to wham i ix ips, Snetasr Belt Peta slo this case, the platnitgave lfounacon without knowing that # rewusd wes offered (or it abaeeienty, fe elisod the reward Sudgment i ws ed tho the pains wae not ested to the remand 94 he was not wrate oF te cer of re 1S Aa lnvltation to ofte is aot an offer an olfer Giterert from an invitation to offer, Tm Ue case of an Tavitaion te offer, thote be haeetion am she gust of the ‘pemon 2ending vut tis initaion fo obtain the content ot he oiler pecson vo snch iitatin the alm sa eels 10 {Grewia oration of hie wiliagness te del vs anyory ‘eho en oven information ie wing te cpen negohatins as in Sth invilatioms ae not offers othe eyes of law are 6 rrr may be conditional -—The offer or feos to ey down any terms und conditions i his er. Ifthe ater pany ‘hen helaae abide by al -heerme sndecndtione sand Nature af Consract Question Wo. 7 hat do yuu understand by “Ascopt are the essentials of a valid acceptan oR What are the conditions fo be fulfilled sopeaal ar offar inte a promive ? bon sf eceptanes —esion 2b) a eter acrentance na "Wien the peri to wh is made sienifcs his assent theeeto te pn le nezepres. A peopeaul wen ft be wot reese” Thus, seeeplance «the anteato Ie propessi. Acceptance may be express ® mntials ofa valld aocoptance. a flliming set the ancentisia of 0 slid 0 1 an acceptance, fx ader to be Bley, ee ungualiied. 1 ant eaeespae ah ‘lier, Corebtonal or quakes ecceptance Is wil ot give rine ze ony enmerace Ho stblct: may be accepted of ected Uw the ut ABE LAW ‘tye 9s. Wren, 1840) 3 Bea. 3 Brlee Paste iyi oferta tone ni prope C0 peuscls. Wrenah sn eeply made an fee iyde refused chs oper. Subseyuectly, Wie luewes prepared ta pay -000 mondeto convert « consent sven mph a be ebuctate > terme of te 4 /ra winch er aie that ve gues Dudgmente att wns hel thet no camtesct had bees mae Tnusncen the paren bccmane Wren had rejected! the foeginal propos. Acsnter ater se TRA ao scempeANCE OF 2. Acceptance Must be Conatunicnted —Aoerotancemusi fener said ubmeplsive, Tl lee Unscd o the theory ot Coneensueacienn or leit of 208 3. Acceptance Must Be ta The Mode Preserved ise tte reweniea the made of esse of accepiarc, the Seeqpesnod MMe be aude In area with the sede preverbed Ifthe acecplanee #9 700 made in ine suede fescibed, The oflern rar witais « sesscnable ‘ime wher cceptanre rant le made rte pesczzed mee. IFue sor [p presented bythe offeror, the seervance must be zune snrding to tome wel aad enmnaiie nde Poe Beample +1 dhe offer ie sent by post ta seal ard Feasourtle 1 na is aera Br pat 4 ccepanoe atuat he glvex only by te Obferee 1A Stee mae toe partie peacn can Ue vsidy a2eeptns ty him alone IP ios exepted by another pera, thee 20 al! veceptance. Aw alee sneds tothe word at rge may te stcopted by any pereon who hed ee Knowledge 18 Acceptance must be {ivon before the cfferLapass :— (fer wat be scnting a the tne of reemptanos. (fan lr fad ui lepoed or heer ovaked, eabecquert nceeplance ‘rill of a fie. (Question No, 8 What are the circumstances under which aa affer bbe revoked ? doation thee vacioen metheds or madas of resting a proposel. rvecation of ole: As olf: bay be sevoted 12 any of tae Mowing ass Reveestionby Communication afotian:—An er msi, Ini etfest ony when tenes te the enawledas of toes. 2, Revocation by Lapse of Pine i—tttime i pencrbed for explants gots rvs by re septs in 4 reararable see, case AW Remap Viva Hatt Cao Montefiore, (e886) Te 1 elt Pacts this cs, eli fr hares on 28 Fe Ietced t tle aver regent fo wise hat was ees refuse ae te fer bd apne by len etc 8, Revocati te revo feet of hia de ‘tleror ceo sanosance of fo this cae operation ft death these 5% Rerorm Yor Examie evoked endeens Aumete On Cumbre = » by Ren Fultiiment of eonditions An crer ea the accemeor fale 1 fei coadtion a by Death or ineneiy ofthe Oiterce An by he death sanity of he veroe. wae th oc insaity come coche Lnowledge ef dhe reac ale ven HF aceeptoner He made Ie Ne death cage LAW Reproteus Anherton, it yas laa down Ghat “on offer ceases by aby Guntey- Ofer -—an less revouea Ta eal Wi Aes ne aconter io 820,030), B wring, aacs ony Re IM.GUG). AD afr ie Question we. 9 “Acceptance to an offer What a lighted maten ts to tain of Gus-peuder". Comments Answer : Ay agreement ie the suey total of alec and soeegtone fn ser cakes woven sunset Yona a: ayrvenea. I necepte,itconcindesthe consract, Thus. acceptances rene oul Lo eunvert ut offer inte en gene ee agli Lew, atcngtanee i erectile, Win in thin ‘erent thot Anon ove ihe Lighted match mae. He 962 hot: Accrgatten in tan oft wat.» light mattis fos ‘ina af gunpoider, M-gooduees something which entact be ‘wodled Ur uidone’, Thus, Aston compares aa oft wit linen of guevpewder and aczeptanen wth m Kghtetmateh ‘an zowrie Wil sane mplosem ay orton sighted ny a Iaghed mich wie, Until toes will be Kacmfese, But as com ne igniee match ix oar toa Tain of guo-porte, it feplaces. Ie pradaces omething which ennnat he reese at hindore. Simdarly, an eff when azoepred Become seonimact a Wil give rte tiga obligation. Ic cannot be yeled. But 40 log ae Hightencd meted ia not shown, te Icon aump. Sina, a oer untees is acepeed dows hot orsare any lege rdaviacchip between the patie, and soe berevcent Before anceps. st once secepteneet vappiicd twin ef gun-poader,itespledss. Heaes, Assen feaphssizes ren things. namely 2 Guenks fe Anmwers O2 C3 (4) Tears econat ean seoeplance after rerocae (2 when once there fe am wovrpiaumee, there UUnder Indien Law, hewover, acceptance is re AAroarding ce Sect 5 of the indsan Contract famananicntion of acceptance is complete ak feeptor hat et afervard,1 af the Question No. 10 Define ‘coniderntion’?. W1 requisites of a valld consideration or What are the Legal rales repurding consideration. features. ‘ronelderation has teen dertued fa various ways. |) Blackatone dedines Goasigeruion us “Une reoecapense vara give Hy fe party eerste bie 2) Santi Lash defines cuasideratns, ba the Bagliah coor 1 Gums Sse, (173) LR OBE. 159, a4"eone ght teres roe benestacrnsine te ane part aF some forbearance. 4) Section 218) of the Indian Gantract Act definer soualdorzioe we “wien, at Une desire of the Promisor. che thing, or dees er abstelaesrim doing, cr remines to ee oF \etein fem doing, something. auch vot oF abetinence (Questor Anwvers O8 contener = For Fxampie:Apromitetoperform personal woik and is teluia B praise cach hin for « honth. Tas promlan of ‘seh pry e the soneidarsion fer the praise Une othe (8) Dusise Betienaon defitas eonniteration at “scrsthing ‘hich im of rome valu in Uae eye of Lar — ewan ese Lesnet the plain or come decrimert to the dette ‘There are two Ising canes whieh laine this paint case Law aa Ais ve, Mau Al (1934) 36 AL 258 [et Facts hic scerccy of a Mosque Commitee flee a Gt to saforce 9 promine whieh tha Promise had muy Lo snebeenbe Ka, U0; te the ze ating oF mosque. Sudpmiects—itwes ae tat the preminewae no anverccable Theos thoes was mo camsccration in the sete of beet = tie possum who sade the promise gxined nothing i> Petuep for the Promize made and Lue accsctary of The Commas Wes to whom the promise wan mage, eatered a0 Arriment an nei had Been dene ca cary wut toe repli henoe ihe oul was disascea, cease uaw esl th os, Goun Kohammnet, 14865) 14 Cal. 6 riot Facts :—ihe ‘ate of this ease were sek ser to thoes of che preiou ove, bus the secretary in shie exer lunvuised a iabligy on the neenpty ofthe posse Sudgment ir was hole hat tte amuuat yold Ue secovered fat the premise sevulce! In a eacient detriment to te soecetacy the peo sevaaveeaorceu Legal Fala as 1 Consideration conscerstan tne Promser. Th elliced al thed Danae Bret Facts 24. rallecice ofthe ds the Contiision Judgment +119 soe ofemsiers 4% coassaerati Ihe nda as,20 atin & Anavern On Contras 1 le could, howerer be enfoncd only to the ty (dateiment imcture by the wearer pre, Fen eign HL Ae gEATHEO, cess on Ube fi of the pre te mint proceed 3° the cere or reset of dssie of the Froeisar may be express ot ram the conduct ofthe paris. The oct ed Ly the Pruniaee must have been coe JFokisd pectiea Will not coscuat te vlad sti, Bale (1880) 3 AL. 221 ceatrctes a more atthe deste of the cs Ie hal he agreement was ved for on bernie. Ahad ennetrired he market ‘may move from te Fromiee —edet niderstion wey. anv. Tae Ihe Proninee itive Conrieratio’ ASE Law ‘Chinnaya va, Ramaya, (1880) 4 Na 157 of Const [riot Facta:—n old Las, by a dend ofa, made over certain ‘hull pay her aunt, (ister of te oc acy, carta am of money anally. The same day D entered ince an tereemant with P te pay her the agreed amount Later, D ‘eked to pas the amount on the Dies thal no considerstion hed moved Im LoD, Sndgmant —P wi eed to aunt oul a soneeratin Inu weved fon the ol ey, siter oft ln But uuser me nglon aw, conection mua move ft the Premisee alone. Sow stger to consideration esnnot su om the agrvemant Consideration may va pent, present or flute +—Under ‘he mean Law, consderuuon ust be past event or te Bucunder the English Law, consersten may be preaest or fe eoaslceraton incer ie mpi Ls 4. Consideration atust be Real =—Conederstion must be real and possible, {Las natbe lesa. impossible oso ince, a promive to crecteteamire oy magin, 2 joke tw etralgat lines tagemer cannot be regurled se saild consideration Consideration mast he Inet -Conederstion for an cgrezment mart be Tawi, ant bv agi, oanard oF sppeetd to pub pilieg. the cousidecation ia agreement cannot be enforced, 4. Consideration must be something which thep fa net already howad ta do =—Whete + person und todo something, nw cameron a pests ‘existing covtiact & 26% Yad, cage LAW Coline vs, Geefiou 1891] LBL Ad. 955 Alef Facts :—A promised to pay 3. whe had Young 2 compencaiton for the 1008 ef time cs attendance Judemant :—The promise wae wthout censsdeeat feos under du lnpored Ly la to upped veos uuatous & Avomere On Lona sal, the omisror thepre ceived ing bia ie ctmogey te = comtmet cammat sno’, Discus. [Are there any exceptions to tne rue 7 or Explain the Doctrine of Privity of Contzsct, State ie exceptions to this doctrine ® Anewer A contract sas nktce confer any ghts ave uapore eny Taldity upot a perenn who ia motutparty tot. Herr ae genet is of law that @pezeon wre i+ mol © par 10 3 ‘ont eainot sue ype ence Eiagh the ponte ia for he benefit "Tais mcens thet sileea thors ie & Privity ‘viy of eonizact meant he rbaienship mbmating beter ‘he parses to te emtiac einplie a staal of Wal ane creates pal ti. Tae « frnter lu wewateoctesrnn sac upon 2 Ths ale prevents iporicon af entrain soigations upon person wot bs conse engi Law. Actotdingco longs Law, 2 stranger oon fesimet sue poe sl. Ths principle mae lif dow ia the vanes Pramas Tyre we Beis nad Company Hay gts) Ac aa ref Pacts in thi exe, Dew and Co. were the agents of Fanhp and Ce. forthe aale uf Duss tubes and pore Das aut Go ugieed 01 t sell Abend tyren flee the lat free and toinsat simile teres we cong to sub dealt. tev, Dew and Co, extern into n ontranr eth Serie iG Co, Wace st wae elated that Gre puna should be iid Sor every tyre eld below the listed price Seirsge art {col tee tres Belowthe intr priee Gion and Co. aed fedge ard Co. fo breach ofthe centeect ‘Quegment :—The ovwit held shat Duniop and Co. wan = {o the contrac: and as ch wis et lle to sae Ande Laer ~The Lae! in india ie the same as the Engst lig Person wha fe = party (othe woatioat alone can enforce (ivdegal ite avsig there tom, So x atcanger eta fave fale, cannot sie upen the costiwe, fhe is not a party encuptions Cinder Un Indian Law, the folloming ace the 1 Rneicary of trun: A trust vented forthe benefit Ma Veusficlary. Bence toe hewefi Iiwsione ofthe Iran cick though be ia stranger to 16 tact creating the trust The rights of ine Renefisary sionly equeable ard net contracted Gandy Gandy, 1884) 30.0. 57 Aetef ote A Inusbund oho wo9 separated fern his wile snevuted « sepacation end by which he peomsved to ay 10 the siatces all expenses far the maintenance af his Wie Feder 1 2. Prova for Bim in Kime Moa Biel Pacts ie 803) pe The itlowane of matag. ferent allo or fanlly 2 sot partes hope Am Balat Pacts Rs. 300/ sudement » the promiseQecetone & Amenets On Content = one belt that the agicemznt ered ust wie ard snl be eutoceed In Merringe Settlement :—A strangest the lage settlement case was har.os Freon wegun, (1910) 328.420 “A ogreed with bi father bs he woul poy ‘month as allowances H xse muies A's ton. Bund her tommorow for Ra, 1007-35 Twas held thatthe mother could enforce the hous shiv aa 6 tranger ta the contract, fot maintenance or mactings expenses af Jere Whets @prominion Ye marke su pettan rangement fol maintenance oF mezriake sane member, auch femie mentee teveh 3 Sutremanner,(910)33 Mad.2 wo bothere m 9 portion dee ugresd 0 pay enival ahares to tele mother far het hn others rsberay fated te pay PRE -thig court hee teat abe ote conta etc wen thigh she wns ateanger to the vontast. ‘A. Charge Cretted on pacific Immovable Property + Wiere a tram on apccc tmmnorable peperty 9 oreaeé lure bonest ata thed party, saci a Giod party. though = sian w die eutzae, cam enfore Question Wo. 12 "Pact consideration ie no eonslda or “Consideration may be Eueeutory or Bx Ae must ave be past”. Discuss. Answer contract Unosideration inthe pee for whit 2 of he cther Is baught. Consiterarion may be pi Part Constdecation | Wheee the Paria ha convidevaion infers the date of the pre ‘sonsiernton fs termed aa "set consideraen’ at Qune, in aly, 6 promiges te Fay Ka. 30 tonaiderston. conaeerctim aloag with his promlse, te evosh feued aa “preset consideration”. [a othe: worl “present anniderauion, It 1s wl ealled Coanideration”uted bt of a valid oe The ‘arn the tiacaled (Par Reample | agroen to Me oun bo no of ks Que Lud. B pays none to A al Le Lane of making oF Ie exert. lecation lt he take present fi, 2. Pueure Consideration + Whary the Promiver hus te reeiee eorideratton 49 fire lor his premise, 136 Santiderstion staid to be “future egnsidecatin”, It ie 6 ‘eee fa pene, ile yin 6 wing or jruoniseCowork secur of pramisear payment sce examples Wf fotuse cousidevation. This is also called “Exucuiery Conaidersron® lanth. 4 promise ta pay the price ater rwo manta. The premise of A lo suppatted by be pranive of BL Te ‘Ragu Law: ia Eagish Law, cuaddevatin ay be oreser. sy Talare Lulz yest Pas maideraton oe mucensideraton im forces. Indian Law 1 iy Iedisa Law, past concderason is a z00e robdeeiea. 1p adie oie prtnit eter 2 (6) ef she Inesan Sentence Act elena lays cow, hut comsidecutan aug be pus, present oe uviee han, at ha danie of tha promsor the promise orany str nxs0n has dere vr abswuned from dit er dave or areas om ding, orpontseeyod orf aberni from do, eoeateg, 8 CQuestious & Avennns Ox Contras = eit Man une Sng AIR 981 De, 16S he Applet ‘executed promate fora am ef Xa, 1300/- on Sta June, 1963 sn vou of the respondent and peowlead to pat the same ‘Arps defaulted but the reepandest 6 et moe any ETE tavbrieg the eat within peviod of 3 yeurs fou: Ue dace of tor rawvation of the pronece. On 0-7-1868 ater she md ‘vax barrel by limaion, Lie defendant and appellant me ‘ndersezient onthe hock olthe peorate accep: hia prone ed i ig valid forthe not tro S020 nea tie Faint reponaent let» ui un Ene baste WF dhe prorote eensaining the endrvemeat of the éafeadant- Appellant he question belors the cur wa, ethic these fei ary prowiac a thik eidorsemect tem she etendart= fppellent to pay the amount af he promote. The Delhi High (Court held iat fom che words of ecrorsement re ideation ‘he Defeadant-Apaclont. lance, an agreement eso pn certian is peer “Thue, gaeteonsderssios petetly atid Laka chough not ‘al in Eedend, Question Ho. 1 Explain the “D how fa: 8 Bate the Rule Limitation to newer: tinea bilatera imipectioe pra igrorment se Indscharge theo oe Examples a iseharee B trom ryasiderativa ae fram ar 8 pace extle of irc limitasions, Thee 1. Aecord Execssctrine of Accord and suttafactios applicable ander Indian Law. or of Accord and eatisfuetion and the ss Lam, couslderucie i eesti ul only 1 Contras bul ns or tte cicbarge, i Gunrract beth parties may agree that thelr l999 mu at be enforced. Sush an ‘an0 1s xpportea by constderatien, pialore centrast, a promite hy one pasty her srust be suyparted br considevatien or Fa, 600). w B in sonuidrution of Be fs wweh. Stibeequentiy, A promises to his shjgntion to daliver te watch, The S supported by consiterativa, The rot be equal. Hay be even 9 Beppe gd in atinfection bat sceond ementony “agent hy wha pasty in ocharged foes hie bzatons Sncer the ld Gootene.” Wher this spreemet is perlorme, he party iz dichavgeed. In their words, aeron! sxeeuted i 12. mele im Piawer's Cane : According to this tale) a past pigmeat of éebt sy cumh can ser aavoant t savitacion af lengurth rhe part payment or even witht Hin thing of x dfrent an i delivered and aovepted tie ‘sould ion t Mh aatilacton of Uke debt {dian Law : Toe Doctrine of Aecoid ax sotsancion 1 ast remit by Indinn se. Section 6 ofthe bie Cote lly of i art. the yevlormance wf Uke promise state 19 ead the time or een pevormance OF 10 tonto any eaten writes he tner > Deample Aves Ro, 6,001) A pays to Band aeoeote _Bvtaisintin of te eat d03: Se, 2000/- yal at the tine snd oluve sk whi Rs, §,000/-ere payable The shale de a aveuiey waved Ie petoctiy walt i fein aa the ver capaciry To ConTRacTs Qeertion Mo. 14 What in ‘Capacity to Contract? ‘Briefly 0 various aspocts or spartion te 4 contract must be comp contract”. Explain P fuer ite avait usta, Competeney of the 9 ‘eientis] element of wait eontrae Aigner eto contract it ih ontovel Ie partic yao are esmpecent su comiraek” Se le Act desis rh the competence of nares. It sg: of majority accoeeng to me Is to wee he spl who is of sound sind ard Is not claqat fontmiting fy any bw twice sso Under the flowieg cveuinstances — Lo Tene fe arminer,aeeoreing #2 ne law to subiee, 2 Whe i of wneud ia, se 2. he edule fmm contrac 9 ak Ia tee aoeplain ite ny dow fed frown fs, hie v1 whi aw Qacaione & Auvncte Ou Casteect_f ‘Thus, ll people and ol nettutlone ate nor having CARBS iin Ua: Mneaiy she nena petine mig, sce eliuer dae to (a) stata (O) Mentat deficiency oF (¢ Unaandness af mine, (a) TncepacityAriang fom Status The capacity regerding suahus cay be clazaiied an poltenl, profernimal, seit! 1) Foreige sovereigas and Ambassadors : Forelga sovereigns and representatives of forelen staan, under fm Indi, They can envolce contracte in oar courts 1 t3ey Stance. Ms they cannot he nui in our euusts without tbe Undse English Law alse Porsiga Sovereigns and representatives of foreign stales fave fl ep expacity 10 fenlerinto exnitects in Sngland. ot suite con he inated fegninat them enlySbthey sutra thomasteon tthe jurisdiction af the Bnaish Courts, cag LAW Miuhed vs, Salven of Johor, (2894) LOB. 168 "The Suitan fJehore residing in Exeland asa prvate person. made a promise of mariage to « young women. She Shiu ‘ait for enforeing ihe premise, The sist was dtemseed on ‘te ground that the Brite courts! © al enforce the (2) dive Bact “As lian sew 8 coen of « forean ‘ouniry, During ordimary tes, an alien ented enter ream. Ha In mate e berets svaleo enemy and loses is cantsetual ewpacity. ke ie mot (rend ena contract but ox din encayearsot entra (8) Conviote A cori: is oo wu is found guilty ard ie men to 8m end an ne expiry Othe Kentence. Ia) Married Women 4 momen is cemgeteat to exter a woman. She can even bm her atisband in ense of casing aeceity. Sh muy sue oF be sued in her name sn expect her eeparate property, (o) taaapastey Antsing tom Mental Deflsienoy +—inere ‘vkter from menteh dehizency. an infans or a miner \n 8 Irteen wae ia not 2 maior. A more aut coasetent 10 "ites ord, However, contracts ter necessaries supplied lo hin wre enforesable aouinst hie. Under etiah Law Via contracte ave eles vod, voiduble eva (©) tacapscity Arising from Ussoundncss of Mlad s— etscns of unseune sine hare ne comtractval capacity. vusoundnese of mind does nor meca weakness of mind or iunderazandine to realise the eifect of the terns of the voimet. Lapatles, {vie ae dranisarde are conaiderad io te persins of unsoune mine. Cestrarts made by them ave enero void. Under Bogs Lew, contrasts smd ly persins question x Discuss the Indin ax we Baplain tt Discuss the ‘with the he Anewer : ofage. Lt twenigt (8) Where a (2) Where aserned be ‘udasnents Rute 1Queripns A Anewnis On Contest = Low relating to contzacts by a minor in [as ja Ragland. o: ¢ Legal implications of a minor's contractual capacity ofa mino! in India, p of decided cases. scsi 9 the nan Merit Mots 1875. a x wh asa enpleted eightees [18] yemes falling te eaves, me alan magus alee Ui yoas af age = yaar of 2 mlnor'e person or propery hue c superintendence of minors preperly i= Csi of Wards mi tn Miners hyena e wurat nae ta that che law press alae una inespesence and agsinet frm pansitle Leip observed ohar the Law protec ths (mina vn orevetves ise Tihwa and erica, excuses the negngeace bint acne ta sm in thelr pleslngs «The Judges we he wach, Desiey, i env nd aw i thei Cran ute 2 Th wweusd nals fy that. im pursuing the above law should not canae manecessay ha dst te teens wao deal with inrs Minor Vader Tie Indian Law Tran Contact Act hse siven ed slo aa ie wld er vu, nor binds axhrs bu Fe aewrer hound by others, So legal get est oe then Iie eapnat be held pereenallyIble foray of hie wrongs, ‘ae fellasing inporant pressions govern agreeiente ede tb 9 rane 1. Absolutely Vold ;—Accovding Section 11. w nur fs ue bees Held to be Youd a> tno. IF fe ot only vole Put heclutel vid. case Law Mami Risivs Bhermaes Oto (1903)30 Cal 8 Bilaf Paote in this cous, tisus euesuled « marigmge for Samequeatiy teminer ed for setting aside che soctnag: ‘Vhe Morey Fender wanted refund of mona whier he he Sedgmene The Psy Corel Held thet an agrees hy trinoe was absolutely void wad thereoce the money Laie < 2 Queen 2. Me Ratitiestion :—Ratiicstion meas au Yo, he ean rey sontraot emtered kt WY 2 Iie tminoriy, even after booming maser. These ReEetopsot Against a Minor —A minut ma Dis ereprencationa i @ maneeeners tra from fraudulently rpmeaenting ve, to be 3 tune be presented fom pending is mito the canto. ‘The ennirve wit be void. Theselo iarmot topped fiom pleading mincrily even, tha [Beoppel cannot o2 applied opus © miner 4. No Reatitation for Prana —1/amunor obtain a gone om cre by fu, he coat laren Gonsldetctinns te reer she pepe to the #70 the propery cannot te see or ie deauruyec, cannot eet a decry oye the minor berate“ Miner and Solvency }—A nlnor eancot be petoonaly able 6 Winer and Pactaerahip :—A minor tort isa nines partnership aces on the bas cf hae eats bowers, be adie! tothe bref af alpecinersagrst. he cannet take Jorn Tem ft the atta af the frm,ape Be Content na quently m auring ea Ye né cae Bs majcr, he ble under fhe mar orale ot ealasle he trader ccd on sperm nageremt Minor user Ropllah Law >—ontracnlcapecity fen inact ‘under (tg Law fe gous by Un ifn Riel Ace of 1574, Undce Baglsh La, contracta wade with minors ate ee vou, voidable or vai Question Ne. 16 Explain “the Doctrine of Restitution” with the leading cane Leslie vs, Sheil “Rovtitation steps whea repayment begins”. Bxpiain tue scope and application of tals maaim in Indian Law ? Anawer + Weere mine sbzaine goats ny misrepresenting is apt 88 founer ofthe goods i ended 4 wale goods Tha {a ealled ‘Dodtiae of Reston”. (the rot sea te sald soode or canner Hm, hesasinat he evened by theawier (tbe goods w resume goods ur Uae cunts. The doctrine ff reatitution i beisfl tothe ower the gids who wa dlodved by mich mreprsestatnc, 10 ee Baek his goad ‘eins pals ae lnnct Win an ecakable dovirin. The cove ot nostri ve, Diurarodas, (1903) case rolled the case ft Leste vs, Shell CASE LAW astie @) ENE 96 Shel (191813 KB EOP Brief Peel teense. miner upnteacaed the appalaat (roneystendct) a convinerd ro gve hen 400 pound e coninced him ais ege a majur- The appellant tebeved tHe ‘verdon af the minor, and gave hin 400 pouads believing thai he wan evar In Hct the minor miereprevenied his fge. end told the appellant a bare ir abuat his oem age The filed suk eoutending that newandecived by the "amaety 14 Cont stadgnnas lable to rastore ti sppetian' Qdomeyvhs he had te a the mine. amount 1 the sppalant. I rejected the ene lam, (Quartion Wo. 17 When » unsound mind person is eapabia to onter into contract ? oes According 20 Section 11 of the Tdlan Comteact Ae} 2872 every person i competent to conicact whe ec Py Sous mings ene () Mos daquaitieg oy aw Section 1 of te Indian Contract Act, 1872 dennes che term Sound aud a: “A person ia mid fo be of send ated malas f he fe capable ol weererseaing i soa of frmige. tntonal Joegemen aa oie effet upon ie interest A person whoa menally of wnsoud min, bet secastomully ‘of round mind, may mabe a contract wien ke of sound mind, 4 perecr who 22 wou of euuad mind, oat occanconaly of invonad oiled, may nal make » contract when he af meamples at A pallcut ut © innate neyiam, who 1s, at uel, of onind mind, ry contri during thos? intervals Ibi A xine sats, abe is dilisiens fom fever, or who ia 20 npn Centra ' OF form a rational Judgment an te fx eect on Jmueresta, canner cantraet whit sued deliziun ernkennere lass Minka arethore prople eho are devoldof hiking caper nd tau» eke unebie lo sake rations) judgements, Cont tits much person sre old, exzeot for the neces en tal acubien Lhataice ~ vig ave the pers whose ‘raanged, These types of porcans dan have laeatic pei hhra emurions pene ef une, but i ens fora sper ‘ooment. The coatiacts with hers arr wid except ie ‘vid lad eonuawels Ouse fr Am neneantes, 9 wh vos ental her ibe ‘vuakacds -aperson whe te under the impression of alc srnge etanda on ako oui fuking ws 2 linac per voce dexcusie. Fhe fae shar pereo wee dat llr wonra for veining a set forthe conten. Bel where Innere ofeitaar party waa efetedhentne ofthe ala ‘en following the Seinclple of myaty-apocie perzorma © fe contract wal gnersly be rested this i the ease silontsry drunkenness, Gm the ease af (2veltint ‘unkenseas, then Mf the terme of ite Comireet ‘loprepértonate, thea it cas bu ae aeQuestion Ho. 18 Who are the persone disqualified by law to enter Aasmer | eracas who are cequaities by low tem e=taeme mio a cenmtrset ate gen below: my coms pr wth 89 af cl procedtre eaten etwia shull ester Liste a comsract with em alin during the fubeieterce i war unless ihe priv: pecwlesion of che Joncrniment has Been ett ‘cob county Xora pads fom 8, ofeuntey The woods te wiped aad Youre dey coal rans ¥, country K decarex amarwth oointry¥, Theeemact betecer A and beeomes Persigs snoerelgne 2 pr section Hho the iil Procedane CConed:ploratie staff uf the qaveximent eajoye certain ubllogsa inthe aepect of te contractual agreement. 1U5 fazed that diplomate people ean calc into costrat but (wih apes piles, whic i thoy cam sae the pany fo contractual feilure but they cant be sued ublese epecich, ‘perma is wht Dy foe get oe tory wally ela ‘Corporations :~Compaiis which Includes local bodies xo fits eogausloas, ae legal persone ard beans uf whic they rie pepeiy tencanat tee sinesa an are capable fg and Hein eied. se dey cannot dso withous Last teals a perscetion 21 of Compunoe Aet. Pusther, 8 oatact rine stetutery corporation se required to be wha ‘he objet of the cumpany. ts arse ite oless, then wntractua agrecment. When any oun debter fs desist ainolvent his prope i vesed withthe afi nasignee Is can ouly enter nw sontrec relaig (9 that proverty fet azesion 11 (1) (2) of Koaeveney se! Ferlenptey Cee, wis, ‘Riustration ‘Asters ints » aantuct for eae of gate with B. Before the re taker place, an cteecy siti lel apainat A Ase Ie goods t6 B curing ponceney of meoivencr pevosediaes Ie contra ie vale Governments :-Contviet sits the goreonmint is sequined fu vomply with cere formalities, tf such tormatiies are Iincples app to municipalities. Item be fous Is Article (2) af dhe Indian Coretta, ale ceutelen tv amy apptesbie gland, whete the bucrsters dont nave the authozity to save ther cliente for thelr nen patent uf thee profesional ‘re, In tein, esac reatsetion ints cogs eal Question No, 19 Define ‘Consoat’, Define ‘Consent’, : under whieh 1 cane {dinition of eansont i feonzens wines they ag sustee surting def sultans, be coe ronson sould ave ‘vies man Be real 2 Feats of contact tats bow obtained byt “hs Paysgerae Mle was pointed ont that hs teen roguoed oth ilo terete smocemeat hebween th tie cis Beg in tesen It is anid to be free ? or md state the citeumstances ot be seid to be free ? S"Twu of nove parrots are wad to dace wt lol ory mire ta the entity 9 mind but thecansent of he ‘five. Free conser se ag esoemrin fre wil ofthe paris out of Wer oa: Vedataam, 2 1936 PC TD. ere m priya tsoment erick fori ofa docsmen ale tat ae cet he exfoce, he cont Be Rae 2 he docoment wil not be the ret Parca” The ie beewaees eanext rams seus between the parses. sty Te Contincte esi evra te Sets sy “outa foo be hee whan it I eatsed _, eaereion er andueantivence oF Saul or reiwepresenttion ot watake" ‘he ditinetion between mistake vilaing a contract and ollie ur gratis ne) cocrtiny onda ctu, aad and misrepretentation vititing a eanteace sewers: shat, Une pares araalie right reepect othe subject trate of He cmtenct ma sities, hen iin oid contact, rma oval wll et peas thoigh the gets ay eMangr ude and the rus comer can reever the propery, Ul Lvcontret is onlyeidate carermip erst pees to shire "ys IR 1370 Al. 513). Uihen consent is not fe dive to risinke, the nereemect 12 Nfotence, aud 0: mlorepcesentation, *be agreemens 3© iui 480 Doeatione & Anvasee On Cantrset Quealioe Ho. 20 Define and explain “Coercion” and diustrate your answer, Write the contequences also ? or Distinguish between evorcion and Duress ? Ammer ‘wear og sonvaet, Whenu person compel io etsee Into acentrect bythe use of free by the ether party er nder Section 15 of tho Contzsct Avt defines coercion ae, “iy commiting or creccening 19 comm any ect for Drader the tndiam Penal Coe, ar the unlawful detaiaiag or ‘hteatening fo detain ey preperty, 10 the praises of my eri whatever, with tne amiertion of caveing way pecion. te caer Inte a aureeaie! [Coercion inches feer.shytiea! compulsion snd menace to grin hag pitty te tat eerste sony, mcrsiegrorroa ‘agit ae other gust, ForSxample— |W) AtGxeatm ( Shoot B Ihe doesnot lend hiss Re. 1000): snd Blea the arvoumt, Here, threaln arnt (i) auzreutens te shout Bi hedues not ier out his noe to fim, B agers tolet out his house to A. he consent of ‘Shae been tected rience.os (Omestinns & Answers On Contact Commoqrences of Coureten : When on agreement lt meds coercion the eunvent is aot free. Konce, ts weldable DI the option of he party who seaaeat wat Kot fier. Dilereces Ratenon Coorten an Doses correton Daren 1 Geereior may be | 1. Durtas eax be empince eraployed apminat the | asin te We or taerty Pereon, taeluding | ofthe eweieusting parties suazger or the members of ale fami fe may be ershuved by [2.1 any peveen end not secersaniy by the party may be exploysd oly se bis ne 1. Urtswtul detestion of | 3, Unlawful detention of property exer. propery ie ae: duces, 4. te aced suceause more: | 4, emus: cause uuetate Aste violence, lence skneed nor besuch aa to |. it mast he such a to stieet x man with | Mfeet a mam ith eramnecy streagte of | orainary Strength of mind sind Quvstion Mo, 21 What are differences between coercion and undue influence ? Answer ! ‘Poe Silene tne coerelon amd nae iltvenee ane coercion ‘neue snituenoe tanner the shreat of an | poston whe in oa rtuates fence fe lation te ancther tat the oiler prston ie Lo positinn 7o dominate hx vil 2. Geersion is mniniy ofa |2. nde influence is of plysical chacscees 1 | ysal character. tt tnvowes mowiy we of | vlbeasaeect mira vee physealersilestforce | or mcital aresaure 3. Thoremustbe atentian|5._ Here dhe ffluencing party ofssusing sae person i> | doe te portion to obtae cnler fils a | an unbhie advastage over 4 teinvelves « erminal | inven. Question no. 22 Define “Undue ianuen and Legal Bfiects of U newer : eurion 16 (0) of the ta nates a flan we relations autoiiiaa ser the other” asentiale of Undo tnt wen mat ener ne par ‘he Wl of te othes 2 Tee dea 1 The dinars poy obtain that uniair edu Manna Snag ws Una Salucion of the aevores,ce. What are the essentials ndve Influence ? sueed by ‘undue mutuence where vuvees Lae pies ze euch hat on 1 obialn a unble adteatage sould obrain aa unfak advaacaze i ie fila domme poate we. 4SE LAW tt Pandey, (1890) 12 AI $22 furs inca eevee tof 9 286 Questions & Amawers Oa Conse sdginent :— wot held thatthe concent of thndeveten wat seven under undue iflaene Legal Rtfect ef Undue Iafluence :—A contract indvend by congent wa sbuamed tnrgagh unauc mae, (Seen JPA, rpaety 4 Caoncte 1s ‘Question Ho. 23 ‘What do you know about “Misreprerentation”. wilte the essentials of it ? Mocepeesentaticn cans mlasteicmeat of « fet materal Tw the conersce [ts flee repreeertation made sanoseaty Tore at the Lime of vemtrect withaat amy imentinn of ‘vsording to Saction 18 of the Contene: Act, marepresents- fiom means cad uieuden 10) The postive asvecton of afoot whi ig not iru Lay the making such asserton Seteres #10 be ee, Any bees of committing it or misleads auother 1 his pacjuuiee ‘withous an intention to deceive. ihish grinw bo heinengeto person ferthe oubetance of the Using wale io the subj enter of the agreement, lowing ake Ute seentily ehcepevscims of |. ‘There mass be a reprerentetion toade"by ene party ‘2 ater. 42 Such sepresentation ust flak: be a aera Ine88 Durations 6 Anemers 2 Canscact~ 2. Suetereprenmation mana be untrie: 44. Suet ropcenentulus sh Ue Ue ease of che cement ‘hut i stall be aces upen by the ater parc. opus Te Conteste 159 Question No. 28 Define “Fraud”, and point out its offact on the validity of an agreement. Also explita the consequences of fraud ? Answer In items Tretia tn mac wth According to Secilon 27 of the Contrues Art, Frasd nehidew say ofthe flowing act A fuse euggescon as to 2 fact known to be false oF not Tha activa concealment of fact with Inwaedge of belie 2A pone rade wiht ay ieston of pfermng i ning any meh act ar meng any mich anitcion on the tay specially desires 0 be Huuaalent. Ve Tolono are db eevenidy of «Fraud: |. There must be a representation which must be false 2. Th seprecensatin must cele to facts 1. The representation must have deceived the cther parte 4, The party whe has been deceived must safer some les. taenter nto the eo A comizaot caused by 6 ary defrauded. Thep twas cause by fae a 2. He may rescind the He moy insist oo v [ask the other party He con alo fle acu Hence, eompemenaia Ua Tatas Oy cud is veiduble at dhe optsn uf tae 1 ke Goto sewedics we performance of tie eoatract and teat him inthe postion fm ohich nin pavabie Question Wo. 25 What ls “Mistake of Pact and Mistake of Law”. Enumerate the wastes types of mistahes ? amwer ¢ oncersing Kinds of Mistaxe :—There ate two Kinds of mistae, a tia at Ii Aleck of baw uf ue une, 1) teak ot daw ota Foreign eoxmty. (a) muscane of Lew of me Connery iguowainla sie non ‘lease Appary enol be alco tegrtany reisfon tae ‘une! hu dome periouiar a in gran of a, ‘mistake of in ie, therelore, no excuse anc the contrect re of Law i nex, i a Wel ele ‘ata iheougn tne netueement af aromer, neenesionecent sr ouerwive, tbe susiuet may be avai is Scag oe (0) Mistake of Lew of a Foreign Countey:~Suck 2 sie: Site tn matin ot Youd neal ie egreoment toad ase is veld. (Section 2). ‘oueruons azavers O2 coatiet (a) Mintale of Fact :—Mistake of Fact maybe I) 8 Batra Aste oF (hy A Uestatent Mite [aj Bllaterad Mistake shore hath the partion ngreemant are under 4 alstake uy wo a minter of f ceaveril o the agreement, there is = bilateral mistake fuck a earn, che ayrenmcel fa void, (Section 20). 7 ‘slug ono conccans Mave rhe alld ae Unc apc ofssetan 20 (i) Themistake must be staal ie, both the potion ah mionaderetand sack ethan and ahould be aL er purposes, (61 The masa anus slate to © eater of et eae the ngreenent. Ae m what facia are exseutul in fegrcemens Wal dpe pos the mntare of he prom in east oe [Bu an errorenme opinion as w the value of & dag wh forms the subjeu! mater of aa agreement sro! fo dem (0) Cattntara Make hen in w entice oy ane of parties is mistaken regarcing the subjectematier or fexyensing or endentarding Uke Lerma or the legate Amandiag Wo Section 22, 2 contract i nol vidatic mc eenace twas causes by on of the pares tot temne m stivistale nate mma of fe, A nite] mist St lowed a1 + defence ia wrviling « contiace antePintle Is brought about by she other party ful oe ineeprenan-tation te shorty eccarding fe Becton 92, Where only sm aft reas wider a nistake a «mater oft, the contract Ie tot voldable, “Howerer, there ere two exceptions to this rite (i) taontity of the yeroca contacted with ItAintceds to uy into a caniact with E, © eannot gre mae sn Fight in reepeve of the contrsct br accepting the es WW) Katare of Contenct + here person ie made ecter nen @ contract through te inaucemers of another Dut though no falc of. on, these isa mitake we De rane a Yn eantct, ad tha samt tv 8 Questions & Auawers O2 Contract 1 Quertion No. 26 ' Discus the “Doctrine of Public Policy", Give examples of agreements contrary to Publle Polley. or meant by "Public Folley"? State the ‘whic are coasidered as oppor “Public Policy”. ft Public Polly x shat principe of iw which prevides that a0 ‘whe patie ‘Section 23 of he Indian Contract Act 2 provisions abou the pubic poles lays down the Under thin Act, ers Inare ben cuthsioed te decide te gestion of public itocoat cant public peeyLnanta a nar genersly en acrond ene eeded cama oa the subject, Courls do not invent w new ‘bead of Pable Pic. ‘Thc Cust ia India ewe declared the flowing agicemarta snonpeead to Publi Pay — 2. a 2 ‘Agreements for siti; prosecution ‘Aeemenre interfering with the enue of justes Agreement in reicsint of lnealrrecendinox. Ageecenta tor paper prmetion af Inigions Agssemente to wary the period of nitatione Agreement in rete ot mariage of a malor ggeemients ia 2 Agretmunts in re Ageements tens Trading with Oh Marriage brokerarain of parental gate va to create monopies, ining personal fresco, Question He. 27 ‘What is am Llegel agreement 7 WhAE are the eftecte of tlagality ? Answer An unlimfl ageement x one which, Ikea eld agreement, Incl enforceable y ate It wld eb a and deatute of Tope eects amogeies. eects onty the mesace porn sd has no further cnsequences, | Megat agreement, on the ether han el iy vet es Iecwven the mmmediate pavien hat hae thie fortner eect thee Uh cllatral susan il Neco tome mit legal ifects of egality ‘The general male of ews that no weion allover: on a Itegt agremest, The fects of ely ay be amend (Uf theo cr treicsetiens U6 a lng apevetnent become tainted wth Migsity ane are seated ws egal ad rer Uhowa they ould hare bee Intl by themsive (2) Yoactln canbe talc al for te retary ofsianeypalé or the breech of an Megat agreement, Dinewss how Cae agstements im reatralnt of ts are enforceable 1m India ? or How far courts tn India uphole ag restraint of trade > ass fev wares whi i ‘ec talea an agrooment im restraint of teas. Suc _greement is opperedtopubke policy and cart be Ip. So ia esiont tcoustriee i the woraed,sgreen 1 eetrados acre have Open deere ws vd ‘ogi tae snes enriy gh Law, il mproemen: vosirciat of wade were totally vid. Te wae then imams whether the restiaint was general ee partial. But usee reesrints are yee, wre those which ype ease: reerrtinte are vais, {adden Law hens Law allseanints, whet go se porlal qusidied sw unqualified ae oid, Socien 27 o Gonsues Act bays dour Chat “every agreement by W taiyone i eeatraine fou execdsing « Inwfal profes tone, or Iasiness cf any led, et tt extent ye T fl sgrsemmnte Se roetraih af ede ae Ick, Dateptloas There are some stetutory excer nine Uy he dia Law, iar the exceptions ret in tease willbe valid The exeeprions are aa follows —cat the bie be ve gust 1 Sale of goocwl ot to exusy ow anyother busine, Not to carry on sissllar business afer reticenin! ot (0 cary on slanlor business ser disslution 6. Sole oaing ageommeats 9. Seavice onvecuent Mugu Sie BR Lit let Facts ta ts cas, tw Il down ats chstexce [ecoartant employed im a eampany may he detarrad fre continuance of seule. But ar agreement of service which seeks to restrict the ot vervice ls uA ‘The andian Lewis ts Sey set on the unt restraint 2° trade. Unlea she veetainecomee within ine of the bere sxceptions wil be vel Question mo. 29 Expinin the faote of the onte and principles tald owa tn Nordenfelt os. Masi Norden felt Qun Crea Answer: ‘Nerden. Mazin Norenfoi Gan Company, Belek Facte rae appelinnn marden trie wan tne manafeerster of gms ans ammurivin. Ke soi Hisbusiness 270. tle agree hat le 48 yrs, He wo no nme rther diet ct indirety. (in the trade or business of eho iy et ting dren conocer, xplocives or ammunition, or fit i any business competing Tiable to comperein any way with that Tor the time being udgmoet +House of turds Nel thas be st part of se hpennent provided 4 rensocable pecteston to ae factreet Dfthe buser nf the sera pet requ ep eer Prinotptee :—Thie Judgment ta thie esse até the moder ales ao reernnt of rade All restraints sferade inthe absence of special suntving ucusnetaneee are cousiany to Palle polly and thersTore vt ‘he special crcans restraint and itr sneseeeney, take the pally et dec coatarytemnsien hf the inten 19 foe intrGuestons & Ansnecs On Contrsct sess eddaced do or de Bot justify the raint ie Rot justfied, tke enue wl iat elucelteltratoa mater af pubic toes ct ervorce agement which are Lee ly be Jaci! 1 roar or oF tha contracting patian ane ‘an mersemen which inteferes wh the performance of Section 26 af the Indian Costract act, 1872 explains nis srincint According fo Tals hury, *® ecetact which is io general ‘ot apply where the restriction ie ens aguinst mariage sie st punicalsrperton, of Iimited slats of remem, or under & spreled age or tel of’ penioaler religion ‘aoe whare the tne of the sprue or after lcs death i vid. ie 4 Avagrosment iolend money touwoures ta creation fer getting a divorce and marring te Sener ss void {Ang marriage brokersgp agreement is vid However, every agreement ia sesteiat of Ce munringe of 2 wes Question Mo. 31 Define and explain the mature of a Was: Agraement. What ie the effect of a Wag. Contract? or Write the eusenticl ingredients of wxze sgrsemente ? Section 30 oft Caatruet Ae defes wane ered recorer tte amount: promlded undes Sadi a coat From tke other pasty to 1 rao the tale hn etentia Ingredient Dagpening of aa uncertala event 2. Wapermng agmrements are oid. It saat 5 Teena aia cea A. Geary i vate a event, Le, Uh Zest suet nt bef sat handsve eayity Ta Contact on “1 Reiter purty should ew ay ere epi spoenisuee Bitect of Wagering Agreements/Continet A wager agreement is old. No suit shall be orought for vihervmeriain event on whict any waget it made Though fh wagering ccotract ie wid 294 waeafarcecbe, it is rot gal ent iiemo: orb by iw, or immars nar apps, 1 pots potey emer Seen 23 cage Law ing Yoo tanec a, us. Lange Namie, Ug018 29a #61 Brice Reota +The pints wos rice ter, Thedesendaats se varous Poors Intend cf paring money for sling ree he acteally pasted « promisiory nete to the plentif fr ‘Afterenow op prive. The preva of see wore iercazod inthe Inarkee. The cee alle 9 pay te anette Cher igrement. The phintif suzé the defendant asixg ox the Jedament On upoesl, we Friny Council reversed the adgrent of Render Coot, trescingche sgreemens betes, a \Qocaiene u Anowors Gn Centast~ ‘Question No. 32 “Agrecmant in restraint of Lopel proesdings are ‘old, Rxplain and state the exceptions to thls rule Answer Las bax granted rvedom tn cerry penton tn reaort 4 Cort of Law fr sedress and rele. Juredotion ofthe conte cannot ‘are te jiectecon of hs cour le conirar te publ poly tad i vei Under Eoalsh Law, “un wareement gurvosine te wuss the incindictton of the cours i legal we oid om gre of pune poses” Under Jncian Low, Section 24 of the Cantar: Act, ‘every egucement by which aay saity there to is ceaticted [Sheastely fiom enforcing Nn ighta under at in seepees of uy cunsuet by we usual provtedne an the ordinary felounale or uhh farts the trae titin ‘witch they omy ‘soe enforce Bie righto io wei te that ten preessanga ate voit, case Law Bennet Herne (195247 8 208 apply co court fr maintenance ic Le ofa defisit allowance te hep iy the busbond apy To Contacte Judgnant Toe Hoss festrent al legal pre ihe court Beenie: There are two except 1b) Agreement to rete mi 1b) Agrsesaent to sete srbivation, Buch on ein4 of Corde ald chat th soacrace wee ings mt nme the jure yra to tke rale thet aaresments in al pecoeedinge ate wold. ther ace and precent dispute to axtitaton ce to refer a present diapute to greene mill ot be taken a9 an 8 gesona te Anevers Os Gene Question Ro, 93 What 1s meant by “Contingent Contract” > what sxe tha legal rules relating to contingent contracts? And also write the essentials of contingent conteact? Seotion 31 ofthe Contrast Att defines a contingent carerac le. "e concract to do or ust to do sozething if vane exert felltegel th each vostnil dove or Goes tev hamper torarpie sa eoniraets to pay Ks, 10,000/- x B's mouse is ‘burnt, The perizrmance ofthe contract dependa.on 3 furie? font. Theielor, Cie ocatewl few ounsingent eorleasL Rules tesutding contingent eomtacts are contained in Sections 32t0 36 ofthe Contact Ast. Tey are a flows + 1 The Rappening of a furuze uncertaia event 2. The koa haopeaing ofan uetreuin event 3. The happening ofthe eve! within soe ame 4. The nos happening of an event within fied time "Tae rei oF vet ok Betontinls af Contingent Contract “the following ae the essentials of 2 eoutlagent eontaet — 1. there mut he centre: te co of not 10 ce someting. ‘nage To Contrasts 4 hi pefriangon' ef te cement Spent happening er nen-tappening of rome enn fase 41 The erent must be uncertain. 4. Treevent must be collateralorincidestal tothe c 1 Contingeney dapersting on the aet ofa tet case LAT adepanna Venkatraman ve Hamlakere Hammentia (1939 a. 1 ‘he bargain was that the plant was to receive Bs. 7 certain wit was compoumised. But ifthe suit was sind cxereed, te plectif was to receive Ba. 3000) thue of te documents. omever the plans! was sothing in esse the wt wad decided agninat che defo trl of the documents waa made 10 rary Ww: he hep ‘4 fanare ancercim event,rset sojest ought te opt eng Question No. 34 ‘What ts the Difference between Veid end Voidable Contenete Anower Void contracts ‘contract hat is volatsurentoreecble, meaning that methi= party Rng \eznl seesitae againn: the-athar for & breach. & sontract ean be void rom the beginning ex besoin told dhe (o vermis cireummtauces, luca He nwedves ipa aity Itis agaiet pubic paicy Jefe impossible to pero 1 atees 9 porty wh ner Iepslycrmpeon Awoataust say be valld han Ie axsceted, bu ater become void due to changes in Medaw ort priy sake ‘ulling the soawact impossible. Some isoues ‘oid on ie face.” mashing tat the ft enterceabie Votdadte contracts Aveidatle ctrat x9 walleagmrmen Eetcen ive paiok ‘rnereusually coi ance he pasice Youu ie woatiset term. 0 voiguble contrac ca, ill be performed tader the ‘as lnowever, cae pars ae the option to cancel te content 41 the contract has one or tine lel dels, suche raul or misrepresent "eri inicpracionable ‘Dursse or undue invtuence Mutual anetlee Yoidebie combate Sac wemng [The pe 0 contract The oot whi Stethe sprism Unfond in Seaitan 2 Gy at ee Teane Tae exoteact © yal Eat subseauemui be teact ataid dae b Neasons — gupeeguast aaa a] Irsensiity of anv a ile ee pe it 16F | Rot dora by any tay party us Be Eni te par wos fees mbt rvtes barter a ust wade piscine eimed br ection 218) ot Comiract At isa ir Grr According 20 5 fixe teaiae co fal age, Eefocnatitiy (9 saperence between Contract and Agron Ameonent the ludian FE defies reeeabe by ction 10 of sorecman: ey oramie and ey sete! peace, fog, ie Seca ch (1 arte te (9) Gh ie ngeemeat send be] A proven Fo ‘Sere oe Suey Pete aad ‘Se person Fare (6) emtoe sage ng and in| Agrmant may bn mens nbs eo tha marorbe tions wee vowrt ~ mt DISCHARGE OF CONTRACT whet ¢o you understand by “Discharge | Contracts” ? What are the various methods 5 whlch u coutract may be discharged ? ‘puwzange vf wancaet saws termina: of the catia. elatonship between the parties. A contact is saio to anc opigators create oy eae van ead ta singe ws Jieeharge of contacts means teeminscion of era Methods of Discharge eomtrucl may bedischarged hy act af acto by oper contract mes be dlcharged . 4, Disedarge by Perlormanes -~thix is the principal imac vial nde al sehanneof a centtoct hen a0 (alGN thes bligniens and prom nds a vente | contact i aid to be pericmed aad doshaged 22. Discharge by Agreement :—Cantrct inthe “en of Snesscmsect between tae or wats parties, Ia the sia ‘nctner parties may conseat w vertalgate Oe contracts 1 Derive may agi te trmiaste the exter the cen fe anwallonyeltersten, exotica eemsonony wl 8f 4 vt A. Dioeharge by Lapes of time +—toe.. contract must be Fevomned vhs. se Sepuea Peron er why a reer Tims ofthe contrac. Lape of ze diatacges the camera The Indian Lietaton Act ae pressed the paid thin ge tne esting name cen Be enorced mutts of Ly Ti Rie case of ssisle contracts, the period of Limicaton ie 4. Dlacharge by Operation of Law =A contract sy bs iteuscyed ladegendencly ofthe atehes oc the partes |. 9F speratien of law. This includes discharge 1s) By Death sf cemiracte involving eersons! sill oe 1) By Merger :—When infer rights of w person unelee a femnractmarge with avpericriphse ner a pew eta, 1) By tasoiveney +h u person Is eluded Lasvive be i dleckarged ‘rom all lattes incurred price 10 is Discharge by Bench of Contrart Breas uf eouluct eans a Veaisag erie obligaton which acoatrac imposes, I qceure shen a parly Wo the content witht lel ewcase ‘ing aot EI Rie canirocted hiigtion o Ay hin san ee mais =: smpoqsibie iat he sould perform is vlad ade 6 Discharge by Impossibility of Performasce + fespepttll of purlericins'robclln tk dua Seats af Yomtract. Aa sgleement ehieh ie ln pose:be ie rola Decouse lew doee rot ompel pep to dosing sans ‘Question m ‘write a short note on Disoha: a7 by performance. Answer Meming of Performance of Coateant: Pevforwance ans Sho carey Unraagh to campltion fa carry ot im wrtion 0 acca lo eaeeuli Nero ran evened wc rot odo an at, 1 eceates legal rights and obligations, The parton to 8 aontract shall be discharged fram the obsgticn Greate Wy tie contract uokmaly by pexformauce of the obligation afte parses conerned. Prcformance af contract este ulfllncnt of the Ieyat sbligaiions created By = Conaracr", When a contract te ty perioral by heeh the pice, that enntrae: comes to 4 happy ending and nothing more senzaine, fatten ‘08 contract must ether pertem, o oer te pert, their reapeotive promis, urlees euch performanee is Alapenced with or exceed andar dhe provietone of thie Act ‘romines bind the repreeerstives of the premiasor a eave of tie deal uf wach seomiaots befve peforcance, uslesea (2) A promises to ceiver goncs 10 1 on 2 certeln cay om payment af Rs. 1000/-. 8 eee before that day. A Isis oauna to pay Ka. 1.LUG=t0 A reprcacntaees, Lyouteeee OF Canta JM tepevetenn te pei coeriain prive. AdtesL be enforced ether by perform tt respecte determines whether It performance (tender 1 > ‘The motmel method of the partes perier Ue tbe pares are fee Zrom und proper periormazce. Panformance of wcuniroc itunlicetions of the pro patie tlinesinant in pes pereuna quien principle, the Beaedte ex neceasary exception 1 persons! clement eg, Aueemined by death o Fepeesentaiver ofa dece to performs, nor cn the ia contract pansce t | tals bound ta the extent praca there by th ito before the deere, ascture for By w certain day at fire Lue day, the contact ext ie reprecentatiers or hy Hi." met ata perform se ofan onsite, Toe are of te cunt Fequires actual or attempted Forme pigution under Ue vot, Bot further lable under t and the cousite ly dogo causag tobe itor has premined shall he dene sor, the promisar hirselt mnaat fone party deat ofa peony, os (basen of is contrac pass 19 contracts of service which are ‘luker porty co them, end the £20 promlser canaot be sequiet recile= performance of coatract 1e legal representatives they are che usses of Ue deveuse eveied Tepreseitine cause be inguieed lea there isa prima fone cass of reotipt not denied by the defendant, Section 37 ef oy Coutract Act le cot be icterpreted as rendering thy Cceceused-ungerlermed «thst desth beyoed the agsete whit fame Int thelr Rae (Question No. 38 Write « short note on Appropeiation af payments 7 newer: Aronopriatin mes wepiienbon' of pases base ‘A, 1622, my ooun eavtan ules rogaraing ts Appropriation stamens. Whee a debler yaya sa cont tothe creditor beinelied teagpeeoriane pasmente te the ete whieh 4 Ilaiy ta bereaved can. In cebe bath parties dost opi Ue appropilation teu te law sate tae te responetble thuriretions promissory note, which cals due on ye tet tne, 1 ‘oes Hine other debtofthat amcunt, On the first une, vb WB 3,000 vupres, The ppm He to be applied ne sehargr ofthe prmissory note (e) Amen Oy amen other bts, 1,000 eupees pena prmisory ace, whic foie Aveo the fat sie Ke ees Rina other dent ‘hat ukouu. On the est Jun, A pase oB 1,000 supers ‘The paymeat fe to be applied to the alscharge of th Aswee (0B, among atherdebte, ue nun of S67 rupevo le 15567 rapes. Thin pay a be apie te Us iasharge ofthe eb of which Dibed demande payment (eyAowor 10% smong emer debe, the sum at 57 mere1s Questions Answers Os Contact| Bueitew4e Aud Gensnds payment of his sum, seats te B 567 rupees. This payment is to be applied to tae inchanga nth debe of which H had demanded papmaent* ‘Cteyton’e Rele OF Appropriation OF Payments: 1a india the Rein Clayto's case hae Deen lowed subject 49 the provielen ofthe indian Contract Act, 1872. ‘The Rates relating tothe appropriation of pagmarts made be ledebter, who ower ariumaberafintinet dele to hiveroditor are contend te Sections 98 t 51 of the Indian Censrect et, 1872 le esi 1, Where the debtor iationaten (Gee. 50}: (is Apprepratien of payment Se = sight primarily of ‘the debtor ane fer his eres. Ue debiurexpreasiy intimates at che dine of actual payment that the prinent unt bs applied tnbedothe dirinrey fie ‘partionlar debi Une erailor must de as (1 af mee ts expres incimation by tke debe, the La wil lnk to the creurstaneer atending oo the ‘paymenn, for propulsion. Taece Hs an etanuished ‘madi that when aioney ie paid, it sto be appbed ‘ocever. [Cran wana, Emample + aowestwe ditine:debtr of Re, 0 ard te $95, He pays Ra 20 wil be presatied Una ti the payment of the Inter igtange OF Cont 2. When the debtor door not tntimate and the cizeusty- tances ate a0t sadicative (ec 60 (Gj When she detor does nat expretstyintinate ot ‘obete the draumstances attending or the payment donot mteate any leno, ie eredsur may spp his ous dierction to any Javful debt actually due [ij The credisor may ain, ants he has acelnced sopropziasion to the debtar, alter the sperepnacion, [Simson vs, fraham! (14) Ne conton,noweres, apply she payne ts weit sand rial debt, bot he mny epply I te 8 debe, whieh a tarred by Uke law af eittion 3. Pastopaysient ts applied for the Interest fret ond for the principal afterwardat egacdlag pet-pasment, the genersl paneipe, meet toany on:race tothe contayy, ig Lathe peytent sould fret be pint te the incest and afte 2h crest i uly pao, a he principal [Rubia Dea vs, Raghimath Pras] 4 Appropetiog ta order of receipts ana payments: ‘Tay Rule of Clartor’s Law ie epplcable wheve the partise hae a cuit account. In much case app-apration impliedly Talon place she coder fe wich resupta ad payin ne lace and sre caring tata the scennt, ‘Thos, as per the Role, unlese there ig euatricy intention, tha items on the evn of an eccouct mnet be approsciodd gatnst the ita ga cic lat im omer of date, [Hue Of Clayton's Lew) & Whan the debtor do tw eparepriate (800.001 te applied ia disenarge fein orde= of te the debte are of eas soplled in dccherge of = Baemple: owes ¥ tue toans-(0 | 700 taken en ist Bay, fhe Let ane 2 an ‘ities tn Bngland. it hae boon aie of Deven ta Us as edd at te la tthe he fa bound b I the Davaumes vs Med vd, Tae water. pa ‘aalcing any changes, Creditors of the bark eects, So, as hee fo feo wit the enim spprehond by the genemo net intimate sreditor tlle (cxpresatyintioute and where te appropriation. the payment shall 3 the debt In chronological order, | standing, the parment shall be 21/000 ken on Yet Api, (2 Ra Dd 1,200 raken on Ist Jn ent Shall he apne tomas considered a busie rule slnce the x tise aorta ae Dlaytoote omen: ka ‘ebeer can tesest the erosion ts mary a The del in ense he aweato wise, portner In a banizing fc rhey later fell sia banerupley the date of the death atl tree rying chenges fa their beniting ‘att Ihe {abt that Fey comes ire periners did net discharve the stucr: The Judge Gtont MR asi: a mereantile law, a partnerenip Dachunge GF Coamecte fo ‘conti fs several us wel a joine.Thet ay prabably be the Fearon why courts of eyulty ure cualdored Joint contracts ff this sor, that ie joine in form, at standing on a dierent 199 Quesdane & Anvwere On Caxteaor Question No, 39 Write 4 short sete on Performance by Jol Promizors. Anewer: Promises are oftwo kad : () Serer! promises; ad) fo promises, A promive iy wid to Ue several wliere ea bromilor can be severally ealled upon to perform the whc promise. A promos fo sald to Ye jaint, where bro oF mo inisdsale promite ‘» do the same thing and are bound perform i sngether V2, jninily and rot every, 1m join: pramiee, there fe only one abligatcn, consequent Dertermiance by one ciseharges the tes. And wen one ‘ther {satel alone, hs will hve @ right co insist om the och ‘eg jor nn cordioneaci Bacon mje ‘be both joint and several. ‘The rules celating co the joint promises are laid down Develutior of Jeint Liability : Sections 42 10 44 deol eyolcicn of jeint Sabilcles, There are three rales relat 10 he law a tothe devolution of Jaitley. They are A, Performance by a1 promleore : Section 42 of ti CCantrace Act puovides that thes, unset a centeary unention appenze by the contect,allauch persone, during ther joint Ave, and, hte the drach ofany ot them, his repmenuntasion oily Sel Ine Sawor oF gurHTEDeS. and, sft che dcatn of4" fob the promise.” Section 42 makes it clesr that in Inia jeine prombanrs sre fjeeoumed te be lable both jointly end severly, rater He Indian Lave, if two oF more persons neve unicrisken & libiliy, allo thew ard in ease of the death of eny of sexs, thelr toga: representatives Jointly #08 che eurvivera will be liable “the Bazish lawie different, Ta ease of oint promis, the Ibity to perform cevcives ik Enaione wpm the surviving tiromisore, the legal represestasees of dec-ased promisors 4. Petfermance by one promisor | Seston $3 of the Contract Aet, 1472 proves, that “Anu one of int romtsors may he oxmpels to peomn. Whoa tn or ore pevanna make a jolat promise. the promise may, tn the aneence of express agreement cw ‘he contrary, compel uny iit oF more of such je: prominore to perform the whole promic. tach prumisor may compet contribution: Zach of 6 0° snore jolnt premisors may compel every other jeint promisoc 20 coniribute eae with himarif to the Dertocmanceof Une promi, uueos acomtrary ite ‘rnears from the contract, Bharing of ls hy defanttin contribute Ht any one af two or mere joint prumiaoce makes default in uh contribution, te remaining jolt promieors must bear the loen ariaiang fen cash defi neq shares ce Loueetne & anewera On Contre 1 Beolenation fsurey trom recovering, from bis principal, payzenss ide by the uty ot chlo the prin ete the prisepal te rower aayshing fom the surety oa ‘account of payments rade by the prrcipal oth i this vevtion sal proven Mustratiens la} A.B and Cjdntly promise to pay D 3.000 rupees. D may etapa elthae Aor Br © to-pay him 9,000 rupees 1b) A,B and © foley promine to pay D the was of 8,000 gees Cis competi to pay the whole. Ale inslve Dut his esses are safiieat ta pay oneshalf of ix dee (ts antitll te ravine S00 eupaet Crom At estate, and 41259 rupece du B. lo) A, 8 and C are uoder a Jomt pramise © pay D 3,000 ‘rupies, C i anable to poy ansthing, and A is competed te pay the whole, A io united 1 reecvs 1,500 rapece 1) A, B and C are under a jome peamine to pay 193,000 ‘rupies. A and B being only suretien fir ©. € aie t pay 3. Eitvct of release of one Joint promlgor; Section tot Uke Carkeael Rot sales ‘Where two or more persons have med wjeint peomine sn rtleae ofone af seis jal premloets by Use prombee dota wot. diacharfe the ether jn roman te Joint frtinort: either deon it fee the joint promizar 20 seoased rom reaponisity tke ater oint promieor ot olat promises! Sserton 44 or tne Contras tthether belie ov ater And f exceetea promt il e liable for Ra S00 fn Gonndial unikvit Beliatidae, [SOR 1974 B romlsor from sap fet alact the table ‘sirerenee tothe res Devolution of joiat ie cunaen a person os persons jacly, the avpwore frou the performance rests, 4 hens durieg thes peseon jens eter he deat ofthe last romincs Banal © xiaty sma day apes. 18t Act apptes 1 evey cae of eae reach, ery nots favour for Fa, 800 at lat. FC seleaces A, Dil Maheswari vs. Firm Thahurdae 1, 364 Steme obeeread om Sabet, auch a release does a Wolat Rights of Promiseos): mie 4 promiae t0 tro oF more unless 3 contrure intention nt lives, and, after the death ef Surrio¢ or wuvinry, ad after sivas with the epcecentatives repay them that su with interest The ght te claim: performance 136 Quetsns & Amber Om Contrnct 1 rests with B's represtatacive jointly with € during C's Wiley realtor the deat of, withthe reprener ativan of Bian jiiniy™ Undine Seeter 48, all tho praminens daring thei int zea veil be jointly enti to claim performace. After the death ofaay vue uf Uke prowusees, wie right to eatin performance teats wth therepreseatatives of euch deceased persca [ome urteor, woth she represeriatves of al jomily Diggherge OF Coenen Question Ho. 40 whut co you understand hy Discharge of contra by Agreement ? Answer: ‘The 6 types through shich discharge of caml-nel throu sgreemen: cc coment! ould he ples a: oration Rowviesion Alteration Remission Waiver + Mavation : fovulion lkes place when ekher #0 ‘oninuet fe suotituted for an existing ove beeween the #2 ‘artless ow verirbct Extrem bo pentane. consi Consideration of anew vontracé bey enteset slo an sare terme between ane af the perties and e third pert. {Ge fanous case of Oca os dardine Lard Sefoore expla ‘he meaning ane effect of nosacon i the fllonsng word + Resciasfon : Scoton 62 ofthe ladian Contract Act a Dperuite the patios o rescind thee contract. The Seprn (Cous allowea the passes to ress ander this section foontract for sale pf Toreat exunes beewuse of subatantnon oueeins timvher held nat ac te time ofthe auction and the ter scluully aailibe, The couicwetor wa allowed ty reac af Iie deport, Buc na compenaticn was allowed thin for hi + Alteration : Section 2 of the maion Conicwet At, 1872 efines uleradon. Altecatlen of a contrac: may take place ‘wher-oue or move of ne dm of Se oe to ie ale Jp moun eament ofthe parice o Hie contact. fa susta ‘case the old contest is dbeharzed In che cone of Chitod India Inveranco Cu Lid vg. MIC, ‘Corvorvtr twas delved i the Jadgemere Une “Gre ait ie continuing obsgation inaxmuch ox even alker entering nce the wordeaet, stot altratin ca Se enue By @ uber, Remlasion + 4 promicee ean fore or transmi: the ‘recut of gusranice of we sgmerets oaipletl some dice. He caa llewise expend the tire concurred 1h rection iv ceding whwn 60 to fraiee Cig fu express concede to the account holcer by hk. ce inferred when the lewser makes a wilful suriender of the Fret ile te the indebted person ander privale mare comprising the commitment. The rerm remission 1s adéitionslly utilized in reference tu the ubsolutiva or prrebation of dimige o¢ offence, of the demonetration rou which @ Forteure or punisnmen: 1: exeuted. Waloar + Waiver signifies “Surrendering” the righin. At the polns when luvelved wish dhe ayzeeet relinquishes ut pectpenee his right the agreemeat le released Wier implies en individual surrendecing a few or the -agergy of thee lepine rights under ap agreement Walter ty coatiact or dee: 2 Waiver by we ceesicn: + Morger + an apreement sdeitionslly stands relewsed Through a meraer that heoveas when a eubetandard right hetierright sulting thew a srilar gutharing: ‘hocord and natisfuctlen : Accord rfera roan aprocment whereby a person alter there hax beea a breach of the Conivactagrere accept some valuable constcesatton Ia eu of the rit of action that he has again the other parts focmed under me mew agreement exter tae breect 205 ectited, Lsenatee ot aeuntraet hy accord and aatatacton ‘cans the dachargc of te original contras: by reuson ef performance of he new subwtLuted obatons 1300 Question Mo. Doctrine of Anewer section U2 of doctrine of ro merce, WiC ‘once etonde aroun place, the oD (a) A owes men fxn ty A owe BI with B, ac 5.000 re ey Rowen BL rupees, Bi books, but eee aQesiong fe Ansners On Central « svatien - Discuss. 3c telan Contract Act 1H72 eects with the rien. The eszenanion “Naestior” means a new contrac: in the ples of ur xaing ne creation of Lie new contrac, Oe esting extinguished termincted ty mn cgreement derwers me parti to 4 y contract replaces an exiting one, ther contract lb thereby ditehavged. and in itt aulon of the parses in respect of tne new inte existence Mtaasrations bac 3 shall benesforth amcep Cs hiadebune, Theol! debtoFA toBisatan ead, and ences 0,000 rupees. A wntere fate an opzeemeat ves B a morgage of is (As, estate for g nplace af the debt of 10:00 rupees Te 00 supers undcr a cunt, Bones C5600 ders A ww credit C with 1,000 rupees fa le De TapeeR, AR OTHE conte a Dee -Esoemais of Scion 82 of lve Indian Contract Aes ‘Coveeneue ad ickrn bnicon the pasties to a comtmact ‘Theze shows he previnun comirus vite isto Setuner ‘he partes + Subetieution, ecersion we alteratie of a contract giving Five cea mil sew cunteack ‘Terainaton of the aici! woetras:. ins ot Novation Nowstion is ef mete mde which ure ws flows aj Noman i tnerorms ere crerocim Novation may alo itoive the subetition of new conarust (she old. "The pariien to'n contrrct are fre to alter the conurace which they have wwigially catered Inte if ther Beate tae lgat position of the pasting Spat ikl Nas Un amd ey a aE sonnei toa contract after an anticipatory breach ? es y ate ae citer to acenp oF not to aecnpt the ZePaAlA=OR Fhe z never conti inant | Petes t= cent ae tind pre thi apt a oan | Teacorn any pry eo prs shee ee crerton! Gem pace bret of cova. rench ean auc esate! eg tpn sian anders creel. Te each cient a) Aan Beach ele xecuted an eee rmess"—_:) Act Breteh ese sto eed “ree reach Sa yada canto cae Sra mid cash. 1) athe ume shes te pounce o the conacts ae, ricinm cn) cng he perma fhe contrat onto) me, aud of the [a) autictyatony Brook It ie sles called “Comteustve Breach’, where pariy iow combat vetuses to perform Bie pur ufthe cotiact before the acta time of the perormanes ifthe contact ine, Hin ealed em artisipatory breach of fontrast, 1s aprematuredeviucton ef ie contre rather hun a flute ‘9 perform it. It may arise wither (o} Ly a Inmpecsbity of performance ented by 3 pasty oF (0) BY ‘euliation of tie cenerect ty ere party hefore Te date ots performance. Remedies In cane of Anticipatery Breach :—Aaicipatocy Bicoch of Control dice uot uctereecily diochargs the What ar mith re Contras Discuss of perfo pisexss ‘the pert Anreer wren tt an impo prnerally rot com Section § ie goua spose af the fo ts) tmp Contract