Philips Consumer Electronics Company

A Division of North American Philips Corporation

Technical Training Manual

Compact Disc - Interactive

Philips CDl910

I
ST1436-292 MR/K[P
 CONTENTS

Introduction to Compact Disc-Interactive...................................... page 2

User Shells ....... .......... .... .. ..... ........ .. ..... .. ....... .. ..... .. .. ...... ...... .. .. ... page 6
Serviceability............................................................................... page 8
Troubleshooting and Repair ................................................. page 9

CD-I Theory of Operation................................................................. page 1o

Video Effects .................................................... ;.......................... page 12
Decoding Process ....................................................................... page 12
Microprocessor and Operating System.................................... page 12

CDl910 Signal Block Diagram .......... .... .. .......... .... .. .... .... ............ ..... page 13

SOPS Power Supply......................................................................... page 15

Principle of operation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . page 15
SOPS Start-up ... .... ..... ...... ... ....... ... ... .... ........ ...... .. ........ ... ..... ... .... page 16
Overvoltage protection............................................................... page 16
Troubleshooting the Power Supply........................................... page 16

CD Unit .... ..... ..... ............. ... .. .. ....... .. .. ....... ... ..... .. ........ .......... ...... ........ page 17
The Start-up Procedure.............................................................. page 17
Decoder Section.......................................................................... page 18

MMC (Multi Media Controller).......................................................... page 19

Microprocessor Communication ............................................... page 21
Troubleshooting and Service ..................................................... page 21
TEST SEQUENCE...................... .................................................. page 22
LOW LEVEL TEST IMPLEMENTATION ...................................... page 22

Audio Processing............................................................................. page 23

APU Panel (Audio Processing Unit).......................................... page 24
Audio Section Troubleshooting................................................. page 26

Video Signal Processing .................................................................. page 28

Encoder circuit............................................................................ page 29
Video Section Troubleshooting ...... .. .... .. .. ..... .. ............. ............. page 30

APPENDIX A -THE SERVICE SHELL ............................................... page 32

APPENDIX B - THE LOW LEVEL TEST (LL Test)........................... page 34

PCB Low Level Test........ .. .......................................................... page 34

APPENDIX C - IC PIN IDENTIFICATION .... .. .. .. ........... .... .. ..... .. .. ...... page 36

APPENDIX D - CD-I GLOSSARY...................................................... page 38

APPENDIX E - GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................... page 50

APPENDIX F - CD-I SPECIAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ............. page 51

APPENDIX G - SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS .. .. .. ............................. ..... page 53

1
 DISCS SYSTEMS

CD-DA D-DA
(DIGITAL PLAYER
AUDIO)

CD-I SYSTEM
CD- •PCM AUDIO (CD-DA)
INTERACTIVE •MULTI MEDIA MODE 2
•MODE 1

CD-ROM
XA
(EXTENDED CD-ROM
DRIVE COMPUTER
ARCHI-
TECTURE)

Figure 1 - Compact Disc Compatibility

troduction to Compact Disc-Interactive another application may use animation in sync with /-
the audio. CD-I also allows for the selection of one
T e introduction of the Laservision player by of several languages (application dependent). For \.J
agnavox in 1978 has led to a host of devices that example, a disc may include selectable narration in
use a laser beam to read analog or digital optical English, French, Japanese, and Spanish.
rJcordings (Compact Disc, CD-ROM, CD-Video).
T e latest of such devices is the CD-I (Compact CD-I player operation depends on the application
D"sc-lnteractive) player (see cover photo). As the and type of disc. All Compact Discs have some
name implies, the CD-I player basically uses the common features, including error correction, inter-
Cpmpact Di~~ format and expands on this format leaving, EFM (Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation), and a
wth lnteract1v1ty. The CD-I player also lead to the capacity of storing up to 650MB of digital informa-
d velopment of expanded forms of formatting infor- tion. Figure 1 illustrates the compatibility of each
m1ation placed on the disc (therefore the need for disc type.
a ditional decoding methods). The CD-I player is
alf o compatible with existing CD formats, such as CD-DA
tHe standard Digital Audio CD (CD-DA) and Photo
The most familiar and popular is the standard
C (CD-ROM XA).
Compact Disc-Digital Audio (CD-DA). Refer to
TTere are both commercial and consumer applica- Philips ST1307 Training Manual for a detailed
ti0ns for CD-I. CD-I applications include education description of Compact Disc technology. The
(i Tteractive training), entertainment (games), infor- Compact Disc is recorded to provide High Fidelity
m,ation, and reference. The CD-I operating system with virtually no distortion or noise. The CD-DA for-
is the Compact Disc - Real Time Operating mat is the basis for all other CD formats. CD-DA
System (CD-RTOS), based on the OS-9 operating makes use of 16-bit PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
s~stem. CD-I software enables synchronization of to place data on disc. In the encoding process, the
Al!.ldio and Video information due to the interleaving analog audio is converted to 16 bits per channel at
o digital audio and video data on the disc. CD-I a sample rate of 44.1 kHz. Each 16 bit sample is
may combine audio, video (stills or moving), and then divided down to an eight-bit symbol.
te t in a single application. For example, a CD-I
The CD-DA encoding process (see Figure 2)
a plication may have a narration (audio) along with
arranges six stereo sample periods of 192 bits or 24
te t on the screen while a picture (video) is dis-
bytes (6 samples times 32 bits or 4 bytes for right
played on the monitor (standard TV monitor). Or,
2
 )
136uS FRAME
(7.35kHz)

a.---+
I 22.67uS
r-(44.1kHzf1
32(L2,R2)
I

32(L4,R4) 32(L5,R5) 32(L6,R6)

1
l
6 STEREO SAMPLING PERIODS (136uS)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1 1 0 0 1 011 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
32 BITS PER SAMPLING PERIOD (22.67uS)
1"--8 _ _ / j " - - 8 ___/j"-- 8 _ _ / j " - - 8 _ _ / I 1
b ,---+ f I I I I I
I I I I I I
1

L2a L2b R2a 4 SYMBOLS ( 4 BYTES) OF 8 BITS (22.67uS)

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
c.---+ 24 AUDIO SYMBOLS PER FRAME

d.---+
+1 C&D
+8 PARITY l
I
33 DATA SYMBOLS PER FRAME (INTERLEAVED)
c.u II
/I
II
8-+14 (EFM) I
...:!:._l (MERGING) I
I
17 CHANNEL BITS I
PER SYMBOL I
I
e.---+ I
I
14---~ I
I
00100010 I
I
-----17---- I
I
I
I
SYNC!"--
I 33 x 17 CHANNEL BITS
f. ---+ CHANNEL BITS
+ 27 SYNC BITS
588 CHANNEL BITS PER FRAME

17 17
00100010000001001001
I
I
I
I 2 x Tmax
I
DISC-- I I I_ _ _,..I I I I
.9..---+

Figure 2 - CD Frame Format

 BIT POSITION lo 0 BIT POSITION 8

t /(v i
SUCCESSIVE .... ..

'SMALL FRAMES'
p Q R s T u V w
1 SUBCODE SYNC PATTERN so SUBCODE FRAME
I I I I I I I DURATION = 13.3ms
I I I I I I I
2 SUBCODE SYNC PATTERN S1
1oR 1oR
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 SUBCODE FRAME
0 0 REPETITION

•••
,,... V RATE= 75Hz
:::: ~ :::: ~ :::: ~ :::: ~ ,,... 1--' :::: ~ :::: ~ :::: ~ :::: ....,
-...,
,,...
r ~

1oR 1oR
97 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
1oR 1oR
98 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

Figure 3 - Subcode Frame Format

an left audio) into a frame (also known as a Small equivalent to a CD-ROM sector, which contains
Frame). A Control and Display code (subcode 2352 Bytes of data (98 small frames times 24 .,,---.._

da a), parity codes, merging bits, EFM, and a sync Bytes). The subcode is necessary to provide the
cotle are all applied to the six stereo samples. CD player with information such as elapsed time
Thus, a CD-DA small frame consists of 588 bits. and control data (see Figure 4). There are eight
This results in a frame frequency of 7.35kHz and a channels used in the Frame format, labeled "P"
bit clock frequency of 4.3218 mega-bits per second. through "W" t. The lead-in track contains the Table
Of Contents (TOC) information, incorporated in the
Ni ety-eight small frames make up a Large Frame Q-channel. The CD-DA format specifications limit
or Subcode Frame (see Figure 3). The subcode the total playing time to 72 minutes of HI-Fl stereo.
re etition rate is 75Hz. The Subcode Frame is

SO,S1 CONTROL ADR MNR I POINT I MIN I SEC IFRAME I ZERO I PMIN I PSEC I PFRAME CRC
98
4 16 BITS
2 BITS 4 BITS BITS 72 DATA BITS BITS

a. DURING LEAD-IN TRACK(TOC)

SO,S1 CONTROL ADR MNR I INDEX IMIN I SEC I FRAME I ZERO I AMINI ASECI AFRAME CRC
98
4 16 BITS
2 BITS 4 BITS BITS 72 DATA BITS BITS

Figure 4 - a-Channel Format

t ntil now, only the P and Q channels have been used. The other channels, R-W, can now be used for graphics and text. Compact Discs
ith graphics are known as CD+G.
4
CD-ROM The sector contains synch_ronization, address_ J d
mode information. In add1t1on, a sector conta1nsl a
Another type of disc is the CD-ROM (Compact user data area of either 2048 bytes for Mode 1 or
Disc - Read Only Memory). A CD-ROM disc con- 2336 bytes for Mode 2 (See Figure 5). The diffr r-
tains over 600 mega-bytes of storage capacity for ence between these two modes is that Mode 1 us es
programs, data, and graphics. This storage capacity 1
288 bytes to provide an additional level of er or
makes the CD-ROM advantageous for storage of detection (ED) and error c_orrection_ (EC). !.Tis
large databases and program packages. Ho~ever, ensures a level of data integrity essential for cnt1cal
CD-ROM discs are hardware dependent, as in any information that does not degrade gracefully, s ch
computer software. CD-ROM software, includi_n_g as text and binary data typically contained in
programs and data, is thus developed for spec1f1c databases. Mode 2 trades this benefit of additio al
computer systems. Since programs are hardware data security for a maximum data transfer rate by
dependent, the CD-I player does not run CD-ROM making the additional 288 byte area available as
programs designed for computers. The C?D-1 player user data. In this case the EFM is adequate for
is also not designed to read data (graphics or text) error protection of data such as video and au~io
from CD-ROM. A CD-ROM format which can be
read by the CD-I player is CD-ROM XA (Extended
enc~ded information that degrade gracefully. I
Architecture). One such application for CD-ROM XA The- standard CD Table of Contents (TO <C ),
is the Photo-CD. The Photo-CD can store up to 100 althouqh nQt available to the computer program,
high resolution photos on a single disc. may be liBed by the CD-ROM player to locate a
requested track. The TOC appears in the Q chan el
CD-ROM defines data in the form of sectors. Each in the lead-in area of each disc. There are two tyP,es
sector contains 2352 bytes of information and is of tracks that the TOC can identify as stored o a
recorded using the same EFM (Eight-to-Fourteen CD-ROM disc: CD Digital Audio tracks, and d ta
Modulation) technique used in CD-DA. EFM pro- tracks.
vides a first level of error protection well suited to
audio data as well as binary data in general.

CD-ROM BLOCK (FRAME) FORMAT (2352 BYTES):

MODE 1 (153.6KB/SEC.)

lsYNcl HI USER DATA ED O EC I

(12) (4) (2048 BYTES) (4) (8) (276)

MODE 2 (175.2KB/SEC.)

I SYNC I H
(4)
I USER DATA
I
( 1 2) (2336 BYTES)

1 MODE PER TRACK

1 TO 99 TRACKS PER DISC

Figure 5 - CO-ROM Sector

5
 BASED ON MODE 2
FORM 1:
SYNC HEADER SU8HEADER USER DATA EDC ECC
12B 48 88 20488 48 2768

FORM 2:
SYNC HEADER SU8HEADER USER DATA RESERVED
12B 48 88 23248 48

Figure 6 - CD-I Forms

OD-I (Compact Disc - Interactive) specifically meets The CD player is designed for varying the rotational
tine needs and requirements of the CD-I player. Since speed to ensure a constant linear velocity at the read-
OD-I information may include audio, video, text, and out head, resulting in a constant data transfer rate
Arogram data, several different encoding methods (frame rate) of 75 sectors per second. The resulting
re used (Video and Audio encoding methods are data transfer rates are 153.6KB/s for Form 1 and
cpvered in the CD-I Theory of Operation section). 174.6KB/s for Form 2.
~needing standards are established for CD-DA, CD-
5.oM, and CD-I. Formats may be mixed on the disc,
l:J( Track One must always identify the disc as CD-I.
j s with CD-ROM, CD-I defines data in the form of
User Shells
A Start-up Screen (Figure 7) is displayed when the \._,).
player is turned On without a disc. The IR remote
--
s~ectors. Each sector contains 2352 bytes (see Figure control or other pointing device, such as a mouse,
6 . The CD-I physical format is based on CD-ROM, is used to make screen selections. A selection is
ode 2. CD-I is primarily an audio/video driven medi- made by placing the arrow curser over a command
u . Thus, video must be synchronized to the audio icon and pressing the Activate Key (one of the keys
ith the CD data rate of 75 sectors per second. At around the joystick). Alternately, dedicated keys,
tlile same time, there is a need for real-time interactiv- such as the Play or Open Keys, may be used to
ity. Thus all three data types, audio, video, and text perform player functions. Other screens are
(!binary data), are physically interleaved. The sub- accessed from the Start-up Screen, including the
hpader (SH) mechanism is used for real time physi- Info Screen (Help), Memory Screen and Settings
cal interleaving of data. Screen. Selecting the Info Icon brings up a help
I screen (see Figure 8). The help screen displayed is
lihe two forms define two levels of data integrity.
Sp me data degrades gracefully, such as audio and
v"deo. Whereas, text does not degrade gracefully.
Text is either present or not. Maximum bandwidth is
I
t e main requirement for audio and video informa-
tipn, whereas an extra layer of error correction is
r · quired for text. Thus there is a need for two differ-
e t formats in Mode 2 for CD-I, Form 1 and Form 2.
T e first of the two physical formats, Form 1, is tuned
to the needs of text, computer data and highly com-
p essed visual data. Thus, Form 1 uses 280 bytes for
a 1 ditional error correction (Error Detecting Code or
BOC and Error Correcting Code or ECC), leaving
2 48 Bytes as user data. The second physical format,
Form 2, is used to fill the requirements of real time
a dio and visual data, leaving 2324 bytes of user data
p us 4 bytes of reserved data. Figure 7 - Start-up Screen
6
 Figure 8 - Help Screen Figure 10 - CD-DA Start-up Screen

dep~ndent on the type of disc that is currently load- players are found in this shell. Tracks may be p o-
ed 1n th~ player. If no disc is present, the help grammed for play or the whole disc may be play d.
screen displays a message about loading a disc. Also, a programmed play sequence may be stored
1
The Settings Screen (Figure 9) allows a user to set in FTS (Favorite Track Selection) for later playback.
I
the date and time, as well as selecting options FTS programming also allows the user to ente a
regarding the playing of discs. For example, the title. From then on, when that disc is played the title
user may choose to turn the Auto Shuffle option will appear above the Track Bar. The FTS may also
On. Then, the Auto Shuffle option is active any time be changed at any time by the user or may even pe
a CD-DA is loaded into the player. deleted. Selecting the Memory Icon (see Figure 11)
Figure 1O illustrates the user shell that comes up allows the user to select and delete a disc from FliS.
~hen a CD-DA (Compact Disc - Digital Audio) disc This screen also allows the user to scan the titles
1s loaded. All functions normally available on CD that have been saved in FTS memory.
The CD-I start-up screen of Figure 12 is displayed
when a CD-I is loaded in the player. Clicking on
"Play CD-I" begins the CD-I application. The next
I

Figure 9 - Settings Screen

Figure 11 - Memory Screen

7
 Figure 12 - CD-I Start-up Screen

di . played screen, normally an introduction screen, assemblies and circuit boards include: the MMC
is ependent on the software. Panel, the Power Supply Panel, the Encoder Panel,
the APU (Audio Processing Unit) Panel, the CD
S rviceability Panel, the CDM-9, the Loading Tray Assembly, and
the Front Assembly. The Control Panel and
T e circuit boards are accessible for service after
Headphone Panel (not shown) are fastened to the
rer oving the top and bottom covers (see Figure
Front Assembly and may be accessed by removing
13~. The service manual contains exploded views
the Front Assembly.
al I ng with a disassembly flowchart. The main

RF MODULATOR/
SWITCH MMC UNIT

VIDEO
ENCODER
UNIT

POWER
APU SUPPLY
UNIT

EXPANSION
UNIT

FRONT PANEL
ASSEMBLY

Figure 13 - CDl91 o Service

8
 2 , - ~,I ITi CDM FLEX «

t ~ CABLE

~
LEX
LIFT UP CONNECTO

Figure 14 - Flex Cable Removal

CAUTION: be careful in removing the COM and

Tray Assembly. The COM flex cable (Figure 14)
must first be disconnected to prevent damage
of the flex cable. To disconnect the flex cable,
lift the upper part of the flex cable connector
(Figure 14 inset) to release the flex cable. Then
carefully remove the cable. Short the flex cable
contacts, with a conductive clip (paper clip), to
prevent ESO damage to the laser assembly.
Make certain the flex cable is properly seated
and locked during re-assembly.

Troubleshooting and Repair

The service manual contains some troubleshooting
guides to aid the technician in troubleshooting the
COi player. The CD servo section and Audio
Processing Unit are similar to any CD player. Thus,
the same techniques for troubleshooting a CD player
may be used. An added feature in servicing the COi
player is the Service Shell (see Figure 15). To enter
the Service Shell, the player must be powered while
~ shorting Pins 2 and 3 of the input port (Port 1). The Figure 15 - Service Shell Screen
Service Shell provides tests for the Video, CD Servo,
and Audio circuits. Appendix A covers all the Service
Shell test procedures and troubleshooting hints.

9
 19 hours t (with no other data: video, CD-DA, text)
of mono audio or 9 hours stereo on a single disc.

SIGNI- IMAX
FICANCE IN MIN
\._/
fs bits per BW XSYS STEREO
FORMAT IN kHz sample IN kHZ CHANNELS IN MHz (MONO)

CD-DA 44.1 16 20 1 STEREO 11.2896 72

(PCM)
LEVEL A 37.8 8 17 2 STEREO 9.6768 144
(AD-PCM) 4 MONO (288)

LEVEL B 37.8 4 17 4 STEREO 9.6768 288

(AD-PCM) 8 MONO (576)

LEVEL C 18.9 4 8.5 8 STEREO 4.8384 576

(AD-PCM) 16 MONO (1152)

Figure 16 - CDM-9 Chart 1 - CD-I Audio Formats

All circuit board assemblies can be serviced to the Level A is comparable to High Fidelity from an LP
co ponent level except the MMC board. Due to the record with a bandwidth of about 17kHz and Level B
co plexity of the MMC board, replacement is rec- is comparable to FM broadcast audio. Both Levels A
o I mended when defective. The CDM-9 CD and B are suitable for music, although the frequency
Mechanism (Figure 16) is also replaced as an response and significance (bits per sample) are not
as~embly. Disassembly instructions and exploded as good as CD-DA. Level C limits the frequency
vi~ws are provided in the service manual. response to only 8.5kHz and is therefore unsuitable
for music.
C~ -1 Theory of Operation By using the three levels of ADPCM, information
other than audio (video, text, and program) can be
A~dio Formats: included on a disc, while still allowing 72 minutes of
The audio formats are illustrated in Chart 1. There audio, as illustrated in Figure 17. The CD \J
ar~ four Audio formats which may be applied to CD- Information Intensity Chart shows the percentage of
1. he first is the familiar CD-DA. The standardized data which can be allotted for non-audio data for
to mat for encoding CD-DA as Pulse Code each level compared to CD-DA. Thus, 100% of a
Modulation (PCM) includes the 16-bit samples CD-DA disc is used when 72 minutes of audio is
(Si~nificance), at a 44.1 kHz Sampling Frequency encoded onto the disc. Whereas, if the same 72
(fS~.: This results in a dynamic range of greater than minutes is encoded using ADPCM Level A, only
90d:lb with a bandwidth (BW) of 20kHz and a maxi- 50% of the disc is used for audio, leaving 50% for
m m playing time of 72 minutes of Hi-Fi stereo non-audio data. Likewise, Level B allows 25% for 72
au<ilio. minutes of audio and 75% for non-audio data. Level
Callows 6% for audio and 94% for non-audio data.
Be~ides the normal CD-DA information, the audio
da a coding used in CD-I is 8 or 4-bit Adaptive Delta O100%- CD-DA
w
Pu se Code Modulation (ADPCM). A lower sam- 0::
w
pli~g rate and a different coding technique is used t-
u;

since no more than 50% of the time is allocated for >-u;

,-w
~t-
au~io information. The Adaptive Delta PCM u;:::,
:z::z:
(A~PCM) coding technique used to store audio w- ADPCM:
t--::;;
:z: 50% - ,____ _ ___,,, LEVEL A
information more efficiently, requires additional pro- -N
r---
1 <l'.:
ce sing beyond 16-bit PCM for both encoding and 1-:z:
<>:o
de oding. 0
0 25%-1'---------4--.:aLEVEL 8
Ow
-u;
The chart shows the specifications for each level. 0<>:
::>co
<>:~ 6%- f------+------1----'a LEVEL C
Th + level used depends on the application. For
example, to provide maximum time where high I I I I
0% 50% 75% 94%
fid~llity is unnecessary, such as a narration, Level C
NON-AUDIO DATA INTENSITY
is f Sed. Using this level limits the frequency '--"'
response to 8.5kHz, but allows up to approximately
Figure ·17 - CD Information Intensity Chart
t A channel is equivalent to a maximum of about 72 minutes continuous playing time. The "19 hours' are composed of 16 parallel channels of
s me 72 minutes each, with a 1 to 3 second gap before the next continuous "hour" can be listened to.
10
 Video Formats: throughput times and maintain a high quality image,
all natural pictures are compressed with DYUV
Since there are several television systems used (Delta-YUV) coding. DYUV reduces the memory
around the world (see Chart 2), the video encoding requirements to 1·08kB/picture. Thus, the DYUV
system for CD-I allows for a world-wide standard. coding system provides a transfer rate of one full-
That is, the video data can be decoded to play on fra me in about 0.6 seconds at a, data rate of
NTSC, PAL, or SECAM television systems. Besides 174.6kB/s (Form 2).
the various audio quality levels, there is a need for
various video quality levels. The video quality levels The GLUT (Color Look-Up Table) mode ·is used for
offer a choice of resolution and picture type (encod- graphics animation. GLUT can be used as 266 col-
ing process). ors out of 16 million, requiring 108kB of storage
capacity per picture. Compression can reduce this to
less than 10kB per picture. GLUT with compression
CD-I VIDEO FORMATS: provides full-sere.en animation with the interleaving
of pictures and sound. A picture refresh rate of _17
• WORLD-WIDE FORMAT frames per second is achievable in Form 2.
- NTSC, PAL, AND SECAM
The other graphics mode is based on absolute RGB
• THREE RESOLUTION MODES
coding and is applied to user manipulated .graphics.
• THREE PICTURE TYPES Fifteen-bit RGB graphics (32,768 colors) produce
(ENCODING METHODS) exceptionally crisp pictures at a cost of about 215kB
per picture. No compression is used in this encod-
Chart 2 - Video Formats ing system.

The resolution modes provide for both present and

future television systems (see Chart 3). The three
FORMAT APPLICATION MEMORY COLORS
modes are Normal, Double or Enhanced, and High
resolution. The chart shows the three modes with DYUV NATURAL STILLS 10BKB/PICTURE ALL
their respective horizontal and vertical lines of reso- ( . . . , , (_ v u.6>
lution for all three television standards. GLUT
GRAPHICS
10BKB/PICTURE
256 of
ANIMATION 16 Million

~ NTSC PAL/SECAM RGB USER MANIPU- 215KB/PICTURE 32,768

525 Lines 625 Lines LATED GRAPHICS

Normal RLE GRAPHICS 10-20KB PICTURE 128

360X240 Pixels 384X280 Pixels

Double - - 720X240 Pixels 768X280 Pixels Chart 4 - Picture Types (Encoding Process)
High 720X480 Pixels 768X560 Pixels Text Coding:

Chart 3 - Video Resolution Modes Text encoding may by handled using two basic
methods, by a bit map process or with character *
The picture code depends on the type of picture to encoding (see Figure 18).- The bit-map process
be displayed. Chart 4 compares each type of cod- requires five bytes for each character. This limits
ing system. Picture coding provides for two picture the number of characters to a maximum of 120 mil-
quality levels: natural pictures 1;1nd graphics. Natural lion per disc, if only 16 colors are used in an 8 x 10
stills are best handled by YUV T coding for an equiv- matrix of any shape.
alent of 24-bit color depth. Color Look-up Tables
(CLUT's) provide high quality complex graphics. Character encoded text can be system text or appli-
Absolute RGB coding is best used for user manipu- cation text. The standard character encoded text
lated graphics. Run Length Encoding is used for (system text), using one byte per character, allows
text, graphic animations, and graphic images which 600 million characters in a full disc. Application text
require few colors in large areas of the screen. is encoded with two bytes per character. The sec-
Compression techniques are required to provide full ond byte specifies factors like color, font type, and
screen animation in the graphic modes. size. This extended coding method allows 300 to
600 million characters per disc. Character coding
Natural pictures, using YUV (Y, R-Y, and B-Y) cod- allows interactive manipulation of text. For example,
ing, occupy about 325kB per picture without inter- the user may incorporate part of the text from the
1acing (650kB with interlacing). To decrease disc into another document.

t See YUV Encoding in the glossary.

:j: The bit-map process may be with or without data compression (GLUT plus compression techniques).
11
 ,-------------7
I I
I TEXT I I
I
DATA I
I
I I -~-....., I

I I :
I
APPLICATION
PROGRAM
ON DISC :
• I
I ,....__ __. I . ,
BIT MAP CHARACTER L __ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _j
ENCODING - - ------ --- -- ---- ------7I
I. r- , '
,:,p.f/M 1

LIBRARIES 1v
I I ! NIT
1

I
I
SYSTEM APPLICATION I
TEXT TEXT SYSGO CD-RTOS
SYS TE M
I
I
600M 300 - 600M CLOCK
(IN ROM) I
CHARACTERS CHARACTERS MODULE I
I
r
I
I
DRIVERS I
Figure 18 - Text Coding I
- - - - -7
I
There is a need to limit the number of characters on HARDWARE I
IL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ JI
screen due to the limited resolution of a normal TV.
Thus, text is limited to 40 characters on 20 lines.
The characters are contained in a safety area of
320 x 210 pixels in the center of the screen . With Figure 19 - CD-ATOS Organization
the high-resolution screens used in computer moni-
tors and future high definition or digital TV's, the Microprocessor and Operating System
High Resolution mode allows 80 characters to be
presented on up to 40 lines. The safety area for the The CD-I software (discs) includes more than just
High Resolution mode is 640 x 420 pixels. The text the video, text, and audio information. The disc also
is only stored once since compatibility between the provides instructions (application program) to the
two resolution modes is maintained. CD-I player (program). In addition, there is a need
to provide real time operation in applications such
Video Effects as entertainment and education. Real time applica-
tions require machine language (from the disc) to
A wide range of visual effects are provided in the execute specific tasks. All machine language sets
CD-I system, including: wipes, cuts, scrolls, m~er- are specific to a microprocessor family. Specifying
lays, dissolves and fades. Up to four overlaying the microprocessor family and operating system
video planes are provided, with both transparency makes it possible to produce discs carrying audio,
and translucency for all except the background video, text, binary data and application programs
plane. One plane is reserved for the background that will work on all CD-I players from all manufac-
and another for the cursor. turers. The microprocessor family specified for CD-I
is based on the Motorola 68000 family. The Philips
Decoding Process
CDl910, CDl601 and CDl602 use the SCC68070
The system must have the ability to decode infor- microprocessor.
mation stamped on the disc. Decoding is straight-
The Compact Disc Real Time Operating System
forward in the standard CD-DA since it uses only
(CD-RTOS) used in CD-I is based on the OS-9 real
one type of encoding method. However, the CD-I
time operating system t (see Figure 19). A series of
system uses more than one type of encoding pro-
instructions (CD-RTOS) is loaded from ROM into
cess, which includes audio, video, and text. The
data, once read from the disc, must be routed to the
memory (booted) to create the user shell and load *
the operating system libraries, managers and
correct decoding circuits to be converted to its
drivers when the player is turned On. The user shell
respective analog signal, whether audio, video, or
along with the peripheral devices, such as the
text.
mouse or the remote control, allows the user to
interface with the system hardware and software.

t CD-ATOS is customized to fit the needs of the CD-I system.

:J: The player shell is dependent ont he the software or type of disc (CD-DA, CD-I) and whether ther is a disc loaded in the player.
·12
 DISPLAY DISPLAY ..._--1--~--------
UNIT

RC
RECEIVER

•
DISC
DOBM

~
DC MOTOR CD UNIT ,½_ ~ AD~RESS "
MOTOR I CONTROL
MC MAIN
~~~----J 2
MICRO-
HF /LF DECODER r s ADOC ' PROCES.SOR
SAA7310 PCf3 523 68070

PHOTO-DIODE DATA &

RS-232
PORT 2
LO/LM PROCESSOR CONTROL TRAY , BU2
TDA8808 HF TO
MOTOR TRAY
TRAY MOTOR SYSTEM
FOC CONTROL 512K ROM
RE
DATA &
CONTROL DRIVE SP I-BUS
RAD RADIAL MICRO- NV RAM
PROCESSOR PROCESSOR X-BUS CLOCK
TOA8809 CONTROL MC68HSC05
MMC U~

I
Figure 20 - CDI~

CDl910 Signal Block Diagram The Master Microp·rocessor (68070) controls and
manages all the activity in the CD-I player, including
The CDl91 O Block Diagram (see Figure 20) identi- the Cb section. Bidirectional communication
fies the main circuits in the player. The major pro- between the Master Microprocessor and the Drive
cessing circuits are found on four circuit boards: the Microprocessor is by two communications buses.
MMC Unit, the CD Unit, the Encoder Unit, and the One is the SPI Bus (Serial Peripheral Interface) via
APU. Other boards and assemblies in the CDl910 the Slave Microprocessor and the other is by the X-
include: the Power Supply, the Display Panel, the bus via the DSP (-Digital Signal Processor). The
CDM-9 Assembly, and the Tray Assembly. The Slave Microprocessor is also connected to other
Power Supply is a Switch Mode Power Supply peripheral devices, such as. the Remote Control
(SMPS), which supplies 5Vdc, 8Vdc, -8Vdc, 12Vdc, receiver, the front panel keys, and Port 1 (RS-232
-12Vdc, and 30Vdc to the system. Serial Port). Thus, RC-5 codes and RS-232 data
The MMC (Multi Media Controller) Unit can be divi?- are sent to the Master Microprocessor by way of the
ed into three sections: Master Control, Audio Slave Microprocessor. The Slave Microprocessor
Processing, and Video and Subsystem circuits. The sends control signals to the APU (Audio Processing
MMC Unit contains the 68070 Master Unit) to manage the MUTE signal and the different
Microprocessor, the 6805 Slave Microprocessor, the amplifier ranges of the audio.
DSP (Digital Signal Processor), the CDIC (Compact The CD Unit is controlled by the MC6805 Drive
Disc Interface Circuit), two VSC,s (one master and Microprocessor which is linked indirectly to the
one slave Video System Controller), the VSD Master Microprocessor (MC68070) by the MC6805
(Video Synthesizer Decoder) and the Video DAC. Slave Microprocessor. When a user enters a com-
The CD Unit contains: the Drive Microprocessor mand, the command is interpreted and executed by
(MC6805), the servo IC's (TDA8808 and TDA8809), the Master Microprocessor. The Master
the Motor Control circuitry, and the CD3A Decoder Microprocessor issues instructions to the Slave
(SAA7310). The CDM-9 Optical Pick-up Unit (OPU), Microprocessor which in turn initiates commands,
with the Tray Assembly, is mounted over the CD such as start-up, to the Drive Microprocessor. From
Unit and is connected to the CD Unit via flex cables.

13
 ,_....:
DISPLAY DISPLAY
UNIT I
I

~
RC SLAVE
RS-232 APU
RECEIVER I PORT 1
MICRO-
PROCESSOR SAA 7.321
SP I-BUS 6805
- ._ BITSTREAM
KEYPAD • X-BUS
, DLA
CONVERTER

f
DOBM
l l 1 t
E;J I 12s RIGHT

\<OTOR
t.ONTROL
,
~
MC
CD UNIT ½_
IS- RAM~ CDIC

MAIN
AD~m J'1
1
~ATA
ADDRESS

SLAVE
DSP
I ANALOG
AUDIO
PROCESSING
LEFT

MICRO- MICRO-
DECODER I 1
2
s ADOC PROCESSOR PROCESSOR
'
SAA731O f PCF3523 - '- 68070 6805
I
RS-232 --1
IS-RAM
t VIDEO G
I ENCODER
DATA & PORT 2 DA.Tit TADORESS
BU2 CVBS
CONTROL TRAY
,ff TO
vsc PANEL
MOTOR 1-+ TRAY == :I
~
MOTOR SYSTEM MASTER CSYNC
!TRAY CONTROL 512K ROM ~

~
--t 1
R VIDEO y
A & ENCODER
:TROL DRIVE SPI-BUS
r- G
CXA1145
s MICRO- NV RAM ,j vsc C
-TROL PROCESSOR X-BUS CLOCK SLAVE -.!!...
MC68HSCO5 j 1 JiADDRESS '
DATA TS T
I MMC UN1T IS-RAM I
I VIDEO!--
DAC I
~

DOT
KILLER
CD
-----
I
'
Figure 20 - CDl910 Block Diagram

The Master Microprocessor (68070) controls and this point the Drive Microprocessor controls the
manages all the activity in the CD-I player, including activity in the CD panel. If an error is detected, the
the CD section. Bidirectional communication Drive Microprocessor communicates the fault to the
between the Master Microprocessor and the Drive Master Microprocessor.
Microprocessor is by two communications buses.
One is the SPI Bus (Serial Peripheral Interface) via When the player is first turned On, all of the micro-
the Slave Microprocessor and the other is by the X- processors are reset. Next, the instructions from
bus via the DSP (Digital Signal Processor). The ROM are ex~cuted by the Master Microprocessor,
Slave Microprocessor is also connected to other setting up the operating system for CD-I. The start-
peripheral devices, such as the Remote Control up procedure for detecting and reading a disc is
receiver, the front panel keys, and Port 1 (RS-232 also followed. When a disc is detected, the TOG is
Serial Port). Thus, RC-5 codes and RS-232 data read to determine the type of disc installed. The
are sent to the Master Microprocessor by way of the appropriate user shell is then displayed on the mon-
Slave Microprocessor. The Slave Microprocessor itor. The front panel also displays the type of disc
sends control signals to the APU (Audio Processing detected.
Unit) to manage the MUTE signal and the different When the player is turned On without a disc, the
amplifier ranges of the audio. focus start-up procedure is followed. After two focus
The CD Unit is controlled by the MC6805 Drive attempts, the player shell is displayed, but the play
Microprocessor which is linked indirectly to the function is disabled. From this player shell the user
Master Microprocessor (MC68070) by the MC6805 is prompted to insert a disc.
Slave Microprocessor. When a user enters a com- The CD Unit contains the standard Compact Disc
mand, the command is interpreted and executed by IC's normally used for radial tracking and opticaJ
the Master Microprocessor. The Master pickup, including the TDA8808, TDA8809, and the
Microprocessor issues instructions to the Slave SAA7310. A typical start-up for CD is also followed
Microprocessor which in turn initiates commands,
such as start-up, to the Drive Microprocessor. From
t The 12 s Format consists of three lines: WSAB (Word Select), GLAB C
is also developed in the Decoder IC.
:j: This DOBM signal is described in the CD-DA standard as Digital AUlk
 I RS-232
,. PORT 1
I BU11
RS-232 APU
SLAVE
MICRO-
I PORT 1 HEAD-
PHONE
} HEAD-
PHONES
JACK
PROCESSOR SAA 7321 AMP BU12
•I-BUS 6805
- ... BUSlREAM
T •
X-BUS DZA
CONVERTER ,,, I HEAD-
PHONE
----------- DAT A
I 1 t , Jf
, UNIT
)IC ~ DSP
I I 2s RIGHT BUB
ANALOG
- -ADDRESS
I AUDIO
PROCESSING
LEFT
ANALOG
AUDIO

~
-"
-,, SLAVE
BU7

l
•
MICRO- f
FROM RF INPUT
ANTENNA
[! PROCESSOR
6805

,., •
IS-RAM I
omJ C lJ,.ooms
vsc
I MASTER
I CSYNC
VIDEO
ENCODER
PANEL
CVBS
I MIX I
I
AUDIO
RF
MODULA TOR
& SWITCH -- RF

- CYBS
BU9

~
1
R VIDEO y
G ENCODER _ } S-VIDEO
OUTPUT
i vsc
SLAVE ~
CXA1145 C (Y/C)
BU6 .%'
5

om:)'. t J!lADDR
T CD UN IT
T , S-RAMI
I vrnEo 1-- -
DAC I
'I
DOT
KILLER

"""' .

~ Block Diagram

this point the Drive Microprocessor controls the in the CD-I player (a detailed start-up procedure is
activity in the CD panel. If an error is detected, the outlined in the CD circuit description).
Drive Microprocessor communicates the fault to the
Master Microprocessor. The CD Unit is used to retrieve and decode data
from the disc. After reading the disc, the Decoder
When the player is first turned On, all of the micro- circuit converts the HF (High Frequency) signal to
processors are reset. Next, the instructions from the standard 12 s CD Format t. The 12 s is in turn
ROM are executed by the Master Microprocessor, converted to a digital data stream identified as
setting up the operating system for CD-I. The start- DOBM (Digital Output Bi-phase Mark Code)*· The
up procedure for detecting and reading a disc is DOBM data stream is then applied to the MMC Unit
also followed. When a disc is detected, the TOC is for further processing.
read to determine the type of disc installed. The
appropriate user shell is then displayed on the mon- The following description explains the overall signal
itor. The front panel also displays the type of disc flow of the CD-I player when a CD-I disc is in the
detected. play mode. First the CD panel retrieves the HF
(High Frequency) from the disc. After processing
When the player is turned On without a disc, the the HF signal by the standard CD chip set, the
focus start-up procedure is followed. After two focus retrieved data is converted to the DOBM signal by
attempts, the player shell is displayed, but the play the ADOC (Audio Digital Output Circuit) IC
function is disabled. From this player shell the user (PCF3523) and is applied to the MMC Unit. The
is prompted to insert a disc. DOBM signal is sent to the CDIC (Compact Disc
Interface Circuit). The DSP (Digital Signal
The CD Unit contains the standard Compact Disc Processor) IC and CDIC function together to sepa-
IC's normally used for radial tracking and optical rate the DOBM signal into Audio and Video digital
pickup, including the TDA8808, TDA8809, and the data. The APU converts the audio digital data to
SAA7310. A typical start-up for CD is also followed analog audio. The VSC's along with their respective ,...

t The 12s Format consists of three lines: WSAB (Word Select), CLAB (Clock), and DAAB (Data). Along with these three lines, an error flag (EFAB)
is also developed in the Decoder IC.
:j: This DOBM signal is described in the CD-DA standard as Digital Audio Interface for domestic use.
14
 RAM's are used to store and control the video data The Power Supply can be divided into six main
from planes a and b. The VSD then decodes the blocks as illustrated in the block diagram:
video from the VSC's and selects, mixes, or over-
lays each video plane. The Video DAC converts the A. The LV Power Supply Block consists of the ac
RGB digital data to RGB. The Encoder Unit con- input filter, the primary recJifier and the filter cir-
'---...,)
verts the RGB to Composite Video, S-Video (Y/C), cuits.
and RF. B. The SOPS Block contains the SMPS trans-
former and the control circuit.
A B D
AC L V POWER DC
IN SOPS SECONDARY SUPPLIES C. The PWM (Pulse Width Modulator) Block .
SUPPLY SUPPLIES
includes the pulse-width modulator circuitry.
D. The Secondary Supplies Block contains the
C E F secondary rectifiers and filtering.
CONTROL OVER-
PWM VOLTAGE
CIRCUIT E. The Control Circuit Block consists of the control
PROT ECTION
circuit feedback loop via the opto-coupler.

Figure 21 - Power Supply Block Diagram F. The Overvoltage Protection Block provides pro-
tection to the CDI circuits if an overvoltage con-
SOPS Power Supply dition is sensed.

The Power Supply Block Diagram is shown in Principle of operation

Figure 21. The Power Supply is a Self Oscillating The power supply works according to a discontinu-
Parallel Switched Mode Power Supply (SOPS). The ous flyback principle (see Figure 22). The energy
SOPS Power Supply develops ac isolated de volt- stored by Transformer 5002, while Switching
ages of 5 volts, 8 volts, -8 volts, 12 volts, -12 volts, Regulator Transistor 7002 was On, is completely
and 30 volts. The power supply has a power capac- dissipated via the secondary windings duri~g ~he
ity of 13 to 55 Watts, provided the 5V source is transistor's Off time. The On time of the Sw1tch1ng
loaded by at least 1.5 amps. The power supply is Regulator is determined by the pulse-width modula-
protected against overloads and short-circuits.

5002
300VDC SOPS 5006
15uli
FROM LV.._- --+-- - - - - - - -...----,7eXFMR
6022

POWER
SUPPL Y
lIL
4.5VP- P 8
-=- 6021
/ 50KHZ
SWITCHING '------- ---+12VDC
2008
47N
0 $ c.. REGULA TOR
10
15
~--1~-+-- ..rc:.0---t----;-<+.,.___.+30VDC
- 3V
= 1i:1m~
5003
6.8uH
3V
6007
6009
7004

-3.4V

2010 3008
6008 150
+ 1.5u
+5V DC
100

•
3

6010
60 178
3009
56

tr
'-.JI
-
Figure 22 - Self Oscillating Parallel SMPS
15
tor. The Off time is determined by the output voltage, Overvoltage protection
the load and the preceding On time.
The Over-voltage protect circuit is shown in Figure
SOPS Start-up 23. To protect the player's circuitry, including the
power supply, an over-voltage protection circuit
When power is applied, the Switching Regulator monitors the 5Vdc source. This circuit is activated
(7002) starts to conduct as Capacitor 2008 begins at 6.2Vdc ±0.5 volt. If the voltage across 3024 ex-
to charge via Resistors 3002 ~nd 3003. Since the ceeds 2.5 volts, 6011 starts conducting, firing Triac
auxiliary winding (pins 1-3) is in phase with the pri- 7007. This clamps the 30V supply to the 5V supply,
mary winding (pins 7-6), a small voltage across this causing an overload on the secondary. With · this
winding increases the base current of Transistor load on the secondary, all the secondary voltages
7002 via Diode 6005 and Resistor 3003. This turns are reduced, including the 5V supply. An audible
the switching transistor fully On. At the same time, squeal may be heard from the power supply when
2009 is charged via Diode 6006 and Resistor 3006, the Overvoltage Protection circuit is activated. If the
and Capacitor 201 O is charged via Diode 601 O. Overvoltage Protection circuit is activated, there is a
After a short period, the voltage across Capacitor fault in the control circuitry.
2009 reaches the forward bias threshold of
Transistor 7001. Transistor 7004 turns On, reverse 5VOC 5VQC
biasing Transistor 7002. The voltages on the trans- 3025
6011 47K
former are reversed and the energy is dissipated 3023 PROGRAMMABLE 5.3V
3. 74K
via the secondary windings until the transformer's SHUN T RE G. K G T1
REF 7007
magnetic field is completely collapsed . At the end of 2.14V T2 TRIA C
this phase, the voltages are reversed again so that 20 22 3024 A
the Switch regulator is again turned On to repeat 2.2 NI 2.49K

the cycle.
30V DC 30VOC
The pulse width to control the switching transistor is
dependent on several conditions, including the AC
input voltage and the load. The timer components, Figure 23 - Over-voltage Protect Circuit
Capacitor 2009, Resistors 3005 and 3006, Diode
6007, and the transformer's 1-2 winding, are used Troubleshooting the Power Supply
as a coarse adjustment for regulating the de sup-
plies. While the switching transistor conducts, the The Power Supply can be checked and serviced
Timing Capacitor 2009 is charged via 6006, 3006, after removal from the main chassis. The connec-
3005, 6007 and the 1-3 winding. When 2009 is suf- tors to the player's circuits (the loads) may be
ficiently charged to turn Transistor 7001 On, unplugged to check the power supply. However, the
Transistor 7001 conducts turning 7004 On and cut- 5Vdc source must be loaded with a 5 ohm resistor
ting Switching Transistor 7002 Off. After the switch- (1 O watts), to provide a current of about 1 amp.
ing transistor turns Off, Timer Capacitor 2009 is dis- (Note: if a load is•not used, the Overvoltage Protect
charged by 3007, 6008 and the transformer's 1-2 circuit is activated.) A variac may be used to slowly
winding, reverse biasing Transistor 7001 . As the increase the ac voltage, while checking the 5Vdc
charging takes place in the conducting phase of the source. As the ac is increased, an audible squeal is
switching transformer, the voltage across winding 1- heard between 1O and 50 volts ac (starting of the
3 is proportional to the ac input voltage. When the power supply).
ac is high, Capacitor 2009 charges more quickly
Service hints:
and the switching time becomes shorter.
* If the fuse is open, Switching Transistor 7002 is
The control circuit, which includes the Opto-coupler
probably shorted. Also check transistors 7001 and
6017 and feedback components, provides the final
7004.
regulation (fine adjustment) of the de output volt-
ages. The control circuit (block E of Figure 21) mon- * There are two possible error conditions if the
itors the 5Vdc supply. A reference voltage, obtained power supply squeals:
from the 12Vdc output, is applied to the Base of
7003 where it is compared with the 5Vdc. If the 1) there may be a short circuit in the secondary
5Vdc increases, 7003 conducts more current. This side of the power supply circuit or in the other
control information is transferred by the opto-cou- player circuits.
pler to the primary side of the switching transformer. 2) the overvoltage protection circuit is activated. If
Consequently, capacitor 2009 is charged more the overvoltage protection is energized, 7007
quickly, turning off 7002 sooner and transferring becomes hot. Check the control circuit.
less energy.

16
 DISC

DC MOTOR • I

MOTOR I CONTROL (J ... drv S'i i ;v,.,_,/~

MC .------ / vuJ... r...e.:..
_g_DM~ _ _ _ _ J
HF /LF DECODER ADOC . DOBM
SAA7310 PCF3523 TO
MMC
PHOTO-DIODE DATA &
LO/LM PROCESSOR CONTROL TRA Y
TDA8808 HF TO TR A'r
M'OTOR
FOC TRA Y CONTROL
MOTOR
RE
DATA &
.
CONTROL DRIVE X-BUS} TO
RADIAL MICRO- FROM&
PROCESSOR PR OCESSOR MMC
TDA8809 CONTROL MC68HSC05 SPI-BUS UNIT
C t>NIvo t I 5 t 5 we.../ 5

Figure 24 - CD Unit Block Diagram

CD Unit The Start-up Procedure

The CD Unit Block Diagram is shown in Figure 24 The following procedure applies to starting a disc
(see also the CD Unit Schematic Diagrams) . The for Play after the player has been turned on (refer to
CD Unit is basically a CD player, with the standard the CD Unit Schematic Diagram). The commands
CD control, servo and decoding circuitst. The are initiated by the Drive Microprocessor. The Start-
CDl910 incorporates the new CDM9 assembly. The up procedure can be checked via the player's inter-
CDM9 is a swing-arm disc reading mechanism , nal Service Shell.
incorporating the integrated one-spot light pen, the
LDGU (Laser Detector Grating Unit). This system Step 1. Pull the arm inside and initiate Focus start-
uses single-beam disc tracking and operates in up. Pulling the arm inside is done by making b3 ... b0
conjunction with the servo IC's, TDA8808 and = +25uA. Starting .the focus is done by making
TDA8809. Si/RD open (high impedance). At start-up, the focus
procedure is done by the internal TDA8808 hard-
The Drive Microprocessor controls and monitors the ware. When focus is found, the TDA8808 makes
servo and decoding circuits. The Drive the Si/RD line Low for a short period. Because this
Microprocessor also controls the player's tray motor. signal is asynchronous, the servo software does not
The microprocessor receives disc-access commands recognize this pulse (and does not know at this
(for example: Jump to an absolute time, Pause, Stop, moment that the focus point is found).
and Read-TOG) from the Master Microprocessor,
MC68070 (located on the MMC Unit), via the DSP Step 2. Wait 400ms to give the hardware time to
and X-bus. The Drive Microprocessor initiates the focus; enable TL (Track Lost) interrupt.
start-up sequence of the CD Unit. It activates the Step 3. Start the turntable motor and look for four
focus start-up circuit of the Photodiode Processor, TL pulses within 400ms. The four TL pulses are
controls the position of the CDM9 Swing Arm via the used to signal the servo software that the OPU is in
Radial Processor, and starts the COM Motor by way focus. If these four pulses are not present during
of the Decoder SAA7310. The Drive Microprocessor the 400ms, the start up procedure is re-initiated. If
also monitors error conditions from the Photodiode the four TL pulses are not detected the second
Processor and Decoder circuits. At the same time, time, the player goes into the stop mode (turntable
the Drive Microprocessor sends messages (such as motor off, laser off).
radial error or no disc detected) to the MMC Unit via
the SPl-bus. Step 4. Wait 400ms to start up the turntable motor

t See Philips Technical Training Manual ST1307 for a detailed explanation of the Compact Disc control, servo, and decoding circuits.

17
for Play Mode. video data, text data, and program data) picked up
from the disc. The DOBM data stream is applied to
Step 5. Search for the point of minimum eccentrici- the MMC Unit for decoding.
ty. The minimum eccentricity is found by first look-
ing for two TL pulses with REDIG Low; if these two Decoder Section -------
pulses are detected, then system checks for one TL
pulse with REDIG High. If this condition is found, Decoding of the HF is accomplishe'd by the
then the point of minimum eccen'tricity is found or Decoding Section (see Figure 25), comprised of
else an eccentricity error is generated and the play- four major active components: The Drive Processor
er is stopped. (CD Drive Microprocessor), the SAA731 O Decoder
IC, the DRAM (MN4269-15), and the ADOC
Step 6. If there is no TL during 1.6ms (swing-arm is (PCF3523, Audio Digital Output Circuit). The
following the track) then go to play mode. SAA731 O Decoder IC incorporates the functions of
Step 7. The player is set in normal play mode demodulator, subcode processor, motor speed con-
(b3 .. b0 = 0111 ). At this moment the digital audio or trol, error correction, and error concealment (error
data is valid. concealment is disabled in CD-I and CD ~ROM
modes). The decoder accepts data from the disc
When the CD Unit is in the play mode (refer to and outQuts serial data via the Inter-IC signal bus
Figure 24) the OPU picks up the Low Frequency (IIS or 12 S bus) directly to the ADOC IC. The 12 s
Signal developed from the wobble signal (generat- bus consists of three lines: WSAB (Word Select),
ed in the Radial Processor) to make focus and radi- CLAB (Clock), and DAAB (Data). The Decoder IC
al corrections as the disc plays. Also, the HF signal also sends error codes via the EFAB (Error Flag)
(digital data) is picked up by the OPU and is ampli- line. In the case of CD-I or CD-ROM, the error con-
fied by the Photodiode Processor. cealment function of the Decoder IC is disabled.
This is because of the added error correction
The HF is coupled to the Decoder (SAA7310) for
encoding included in the CD-I and CD-ROM for-
further processing. Here, the High Frequency signal
mats. In addition to the 12 s signal, subcode data is
is processed to supply the 12 s format to the ADOC
sent to the ADOC via the SCAB (Subcode Clock)
(Audio Digital Output Circuit). The DOBM signal
and SDAB (Subcode Data) lines. The System Clock
from the ADOC includes not just the audio digital
(XSYS) is also transferred to the ADOC IC. ----------
data, but also all the digital data (control codes,
\__/

WSAB
DRAM CLAB
DAAB
DECODER EFAB DOBM TO
SAA7310 ADOC CDIC
FROM {-~-HF SCAB
PHOTODIOD. E
SIGNAL SDAB
PROCESSOR ---HFD
XSYS (XIN)
AM MUTE CRI MC

QRA MC TO
QDA '----TURNTABLE
QCL MOTOR CONTROL
SWAB/SSM
. FROM
PHOTODIODE
SIGN AL
PROCESSOR
t TL
RD
AM MUTE CRI
SPI BUS

X BUS
TO SLAVE
uPROCESSOR
FROM DSP
DRIVE ao~a3
MICROPROCESSOR TO RADIAL ERROR
FROM { REDIG
6805 PROCESSOR
RADIAL D)V4
SI
ERROR }TO PHOTODIODE
DODS SIGNAL PROCESSOR
PROCEssoR

Figure 25 - CD Decoder Block

18
 vsc VIDEO
RAM SLAVE VSD DAC

SLAVE
, MICRO-
PROCESSOR

DIC

ROM

NV RAM

MICROPROCESSOR VSC S RAM

sec sao10 MASTER

Figure 26 - MMC Module

MMC (Multi Media Controller) effects (wipes, fades, dissolves, etc.) when
switching between planes. Note: THe
The MMC Module is the heart of the COi system. CDl601/602 uses a VSR IC, which incorporates
The MMC board design includes a four-layer board
which contains the main CDI processing compo-
the Video DAC. I
nents. Figure 26 identifies the main components of • Video DAC: eight-bit Digital to Analog 1
the MMC Module. Converter. Converts the video digital data 0
analog RGB.
The key MMC components and their functions are:
• Master Microprocessor (68070 MPU): central
• CDIC (CD Interface Circuit): sends commands control microprocessor. Manages all functio ~Is
to the CD unit via the DSP and decodes DOBM and data of the MMC Unit.
(Digital Output) from the ADOC.
• Slave Microprocessor: control of port 1, R05
• DSP (Digital Signal Processor): interface decoding, and attenuation control.
between CDIC data and address lines and X-
bus to communicate with CD Unit. • System ROM (512k bytes): stores CD-RT s
1
software executed by Master Microprocess , r
• VSC's (Video and System Controllers): build (68070).
images for planes a and b respectively; control
access to video RAM and (EP)ROM. • NV RAM/Clock: Random Access Memory co -
taining data for system configuration at syste
• VSD (Video Synthesizer): combines or selects boot.
inputs from both VSC's. Also adds special

19
 DOBM
FROM---~
ADOC
'c-D -UN-IT--l
S-RAM DSP X-BUS I ...---- I
CD I
SERVO I
_ _ _ CIRCUIT I
MAIN SLAVE SPJ-BUS L _:_-__:-_-:_-_:_ J
MICRO- MICRO-
PROCESSOR PROCESSOR
68070 6805 RS-232
S-RAM PORT 1
RS-232 ._____,
PORT 2
vsc
SYSTEM MASTER
512K ROM VIDEO BUS
VDO- 7

RGB
NV RAM
CLOCK -~/I
VIDEO BUS
VSD ------~·
RGB
VI DE0
DAC CSYNC
.....,,..,,_.._.___ VDB-15 ----sus
3 X 8-BITS ----.

S-RAM

Figure 27 - MMC Block Diagram

Fig f re 27 illustrates the functions of the MMC 3. Video initialization.

Module. The Main Microprocessor (68070) man-
agef all of the MMC Unit's activity and data. All the 4. Low level RAM/ROM search - During this
data transfer (control, video, and audio) within the searc~OM will be added to a list. The search
MMF board is over the 16-bit data bus and 24 bit- will find on buard ROM and ROM located in
add[ess bus structure. The system ROM's (4 in the extensions.
CDl601/602 professional CDI players and one in 5. Jump to Kernel - The Kernel is the main soft-
the CDl910) contain the operating system (OS-9), ware part of CD-RTOS. It will search for other
the user shell test pictures and the service shell. software components (called modules) in ROM
The NV RAM contains the Configuration Status areas found by the low level RAM/ROM search,
Desc ription (CSD) and settings of the player shell. initialize system tables and look for available
The CSD allows an application to determine what RAM in the extension area.
devi11ces are available and contains entries for each
availlable device. When the player is turned On, and 6. Update of CSD (Configuration Status
after reset, the kernel (operating system house- Description) - A dedicated module will check
keeping routine) stored in ROM is executed by the for the-presence of device status descriptors in
mic,oprocessor. ROM and update the Configuration Status
Description file in non volatile RAM.
Ther tart-up of the system is as follows:
7. Configuration check - Checks the presence of
1. I ower On reset. some devices (terminal and CDI input devices
2. ~OM fetches - The first ROM fetch should have on ports 1 and 2) and updates the Configuration
•ddress and data lines all zero. Status Description file accordingly. During this
20
 check, the RTS line of port 2 switches command ready signal, it sets the SOXRQN line
Low. When the Drive Microprocessor receives the
8. Initial process - If a special connector is Low from the ~OX_RQN line, it sets the SOXEN ljne
plugged in on port 1, the service shell will be
....--._ started, otherwise the player shell is started.
Low. When thrs lrne goes Low, the command\ is
clocked out of the DSP at the falling edge of 1he
Note: Since the ROM contains the operating clock (COX). The command (data) is transmit ed
System and the Service Shell, a ROM failure over the DOX line. A DSP command is always 32
will cause a system start-up failure. If the bits long. After 32 clock pulses, the SOXRQN lrne
Service Shell cannot be implemented, the ROM becomes High and the Drive Microprocessor sits
may be defective. A failure in implementing the the SOXEN line High, indicating the end of the co -
Low Level Test indicates a failure in the Master munication.
Microcomputer circuit; the Microcomputer's An extra controller line, COC, indicates the status of
reset, voltage sources, Clock, and communica- the Drive Microprocessor. COC Low indicates the
tion lines should be checked. Drive Microprocessor is executing the comma~d.
Drive Microprocessor start-up (part of CD Servo After the command is executed, COC goes Hi~h.
Circuit) - After reset, the Drive Microprocessor has No co_mmands from the_ DSP are received whjile
its own start-up procedure. It attempts to focus and COC rs low. The COC lrne may be used in trou-
if a disc is present, it determines the type of disc bleshooting. It indicates there is still communicatibn
(from the TOC) loaded. The type of disc data is sent between the DSP and the Drive Microprocessor If
to the Master Microprocessor (68070) via the Slave COC is always Low, it means that the drive ca 't
Microprocessor. Every time a disc is changed, the execute the received command; it is still busy
Drive Microprocessor determines its type (see the attempting to execute the command; When cocJ is
CD Start-up Procedure under the CD Unit circuit always High with COX present, it means that the
description). DSP has no command, or command not receiv d,
to send to the drive.
Slave Microprocessor start-up - At start-up, the
slave checks if a service shell connector is present Messages from and to the slave processor:
at port 1. Later on it checks for CDI input devices on
port 1. It keeps doing this, making it possible to Bidirectional communication between the Master
change input devices (mouse, tablet, etc.) during Microprocessor and the Drive Microprocessor is
operation. Information from the remote control joy- necessary for the following reasons:
stick and the pointing device on port 1 is combined service test for the CD panel.
by the Slave Microprocessor and is sent to the - some information from the CD must be sent to
Master Microprocessor. the Master Microprocessor (for example: the I
tray switch, error messages, CD status, and
Microprocessor Communication software version number). I
To access the disc, the Master Microprocessor The communication link between the two 6805
sends commands to the Drive Microprocessor via microprocessors (Slave and Drive) provides bidir~c-
the DSP. The DSP (PCB5010) uses the X-bus to tional communication between the Mast 1er
transfer the commands to the Drive Microprocessor. Microprocessor (68070) and the CD Servo Circuit's
Drive Microprocessor. The bidirectional communida-
The X-bus consists of 4 lines: tion bus between the Slave and Drive microprocJs-
sors is the SPI bus. The SPI bus consists of: sdK
1. SOXEN - SOC (Serial Output Control) enable
(Serial Clock), MOSI (Master Out Slave In), MISO
signal from an external device: 1
(Master In Slave Out), and SPISS (Serial Periphe al
0 - enables SOC
Interface Slave Select) lines.
1 - disables SOC
2. SOXRQN - SOC ready indicator for the external Troubleshooting and Service
device: The MMC board is replaced as a module wh • n
0 - SOC ready to shift data out defective. The technician must know the functio s
1 - SOC not-ready to shift of the MMC Unit to diagnose a CDI player. The COi
3. DOX - serial data output. player contains some built-in diagnostics to aid lin
troubleshooting. One diagnostic tool is the Service
.....--._ 4. COX - serial output clock from an external Shell (see Appendix A) and the other is the Ldw
device. Level Test (LL Test; see Appendix B). The LL Tdst
COX is an external clock (from the Drive should be performed if there is access to neither t~e
Microprocessor) present at all times with a frequen- Player Shell nor the Service Shell. If the Low Le'llel
cy between 30 and 100kHz. When the DSP has a MMC test indicates a fault, replace the MMC Unit If

21
th Low Level Test Cannot be initiated, check the following sequence is followed before starting the
por'er sources to the MMC board. If all supplies are normal player boot:
present, replace the MMC Unit.
1. Initializing the Master Microprocessor's (68070)
Th~ LL Test is implemented in the boot software of UART:
C[!)-RTOS. It does not need a lot of hardware to \.J
9600 baud
ru t The test can be performed using a VT-100 ter-
mi al t or the Low Level Test PCB. 1 start bit
The LL Test displays the header and release num- 8 data bits
beir and checks the following MMC functions and
cir uits: 1 stop bit
1. vsc no parity
2. ROM
3. NVRAM no handshake
4. DRAM
2 . Clear the RXD buffer.
5 CDIC
6. Slave Microprocessor (68HC05) 3. Wait 5 ms.

T ST SEQUENCE 4. Read the RXD buffer.

Tcljble 1 below shows all the steps of the test pro- 5. If the character rece ived was a space ($20),
gram for the CDl601/602. The CDl91 0 skips tests 2 then start the terminal LL Test.
th ough 4 since it contains only one ROM . Note:
6. If the character received was an ACK ($06) then
early production CDl91 0 players may indicate an
start the PCB LL Test.
er or in Step 5.
7. Else start the normal player boot.
STEP ACTION/TEST PERFORMED Two different methods, described below, are listed
00 VSC master/slave unit for implementing the LL Test, one fo r (a) the service
pcb and one for (b) the VT100 terminal.
01 ROM10
a. LL Test with the service pcb:
02 ROM 11
03 ROM20 1. Remove power to the player (switch Off) .

04 ROM 21 2. Connect the service pcb to Port 2 of the

CDl910 player.
05 NVRAM
3. Apply power to the player.
06 DRAM BANKO & BANK1
07 DRAM BANKO 4. The service pcb display should now show
"COi RLxx" (with xx being the release num-
08 DRAM BANK1 ber).
09 CDIC 5. The pcb LL Test is now ready to proceed.
10 SLAVE
b. LL Test with the VT100 terminal:
Table 1 : Low Level Test Steps 1. Remove power to the player (switch Off).
L, i)W LEVEL TEST IMPLEMENTATION 2. Connect the terminal to Port 2 of the CDl91 0
player.
T' e Low Level Test Is implemented In the boot part
o~ the CD-ATOS software. The whole test occupies 3. While pressing the SPACE-bar of the termi-
albout 10kB of ROM and is written in assembler. nal, apply power to the player.
1
Tr e test runs without the use of any external RAM .
It only uses internal CPU registers . The 68070's 4. The terminal should now show the title of
U RT is used as the communication channel. The the terminal LL Test.

t A Personal Computer with a VT-100 terminal emulation program may be used as a VT-100 terminal.

22
 HF DECODER DSP DAAB
.
FROM -
(SAA73 1O)
CDM RAM/ROM
i,USIU;
oA-0
c,c,,{H'? ,
r2s SUB-
COD E
DATA] lj GDD R
,.CLAB
'-- .... SAA7321
BITSTREAM
. .
. D/A
ADOC DOBM WSAB :- CONVERTER
(PCF3523) -; core H DATA
T06 I f
CD UNI T DATA] lj lADDR
FR M
VSC's
ANALOG RIGHT

s RAM I AUDIO
PROCESSING LEFT .
MMC UNIT APU

Figure 28 - Audio Processing Block

Audio Processing DSP (Digital Signal Processor) IC's. The COi I in

conjunction with the DSP determines the typ of
The complete audio circuit (digital and analog cir- DOBM data received. If the data is CD-DA the
cuits) is mainly contained on three circuit boards CDIC is switched to the transparent mode. Th is,
(see Figure 28): the CD Unit, the MMC Unit, and
the DOBM is converted to the 12 s format, but t [re
the APU (Audio Processing Unit). The audio pro- is no other decoding or data management of D-
cessing path is illustrated in the simplified Audio OA. The CD-DA signals are sent to the APU for ig-
Processing Block diagram. The HF (high-frequency ital to analog conversion.
information) is read from the disc, decoded (demod-
ulated) in the Decoder (SAA 7310) and transformed The video data and ADPCM audio data are rol!lted
by the ADOC chip (PCF3523) into a serial data under the control of the main Microprocessor ~ata
stream, DOBM (Digital Output Bi-phase Mark bus. The ADPCM audio can thus be memory 1an-
Code). These two chips (CD-3A Decoder and aged to allow synchronization with the video il")for-
ADOC) are located on the CD panel. mation. The ADPCM audio data is decoded using
both the CDIC and the DSP circuits. The decdded
The DOBM signal is sent to the CD interface circuit ADPCM or PCM (CD-DA) is agplied to the D/A on-
(CDIC) on the MMC panel. The heart of the CD vertor in accordance with the 12 s format.
interface consists of the CDIC (IMS66490) and the

23
 COPPER SIDE

IC7400
DAC SAA7321

IC7508
COMPONENT SIDE IC7501 SERIAL TO
ACTIVE IC7503 IC7506 PARALLEL
FILTER OP-AMP ATTENUATOR CONVERTER

IC7502 IC7505 IC7504 IC7507

ACTIVE SWITCH OP-AMP ATTENUATOR
FILTER

Figure 29 - APU Panel

The digital information is now converted into an APU Panel (Audio Processing Unit)
ana og audio signal by the Bitstream D/A (Digital to
An~log) Converter. The APU also provides additional Figure 29 identifies the active components of the
ana og audio processing, such as volume control and Audio Processing Unit (also see APU Circuit
mix ng for COi applications. The L (Left) and R Diagram). The SAA7321 Bit-stream DAC (7400) is
(Ri ht) audio signals are applied to the Headphones a 44 pin quad flat pack mounted on the copper side
circ it, RF Modulator, and Analog Audio Output jacks of the circuit board. Op Amps IC7501 and IC7502
(for tereo amplifier or TV monitor). are used as active filters. Other Op Amps (7503

24
 AU DIO MIXING
& VOLUME CON TR OL

CLK DA C
DATAD AC

~ MMC {
FROM
PA NEL 7506
TO
. '
CD- DA &
• LEVEL A/B CSDA C2N
LPF
750 28
KILL LL

SA A7 321
WSA B BITS TRE AM
DA C LEVEL C AUDL }
LPF & 2X
CLAB LEFT 7502 A TO CD
PAN EL
FR OM Ki ll
MM C
PANEL DAA B L AUDR
7506
RIG HT CD- DA & ATTENUA TOR/
XIN LEVEL A/ B R MIX ER
LPF AD752 8
7501B
Kill
7503A DATA-
DAC

LEVEL C FRO M CS OAC 1N

LPF & 2X MMC
KIL L FROM,,____.K I LL 7501A PA NEL
CD UNIT

Figure 30 - Audio Processing Unit Block

and 7504) are also used on the APU. The APU The digital to analog conversion of both audio chan•
panel also includes: attenuators (IC's 7506 and nels is followed by the third-order low-pass filters.
7507), an Analog Multiplexer/Demultiplexer (IC7505 For CD-DA, the 16-bit sample is over-sampled 256
~ switch), and a Serial/Parallel Converter (IC7508). times in all. Thus, with a sample frequency of
44.1 kHz, a 1-bit data stream of 11.2896MHz
Figure 30 shows the audio processing and control (44.1 kHz x 4 x 2 x 32) is obtained. This is the sys-
functions of the Audio Processing Unit (see also tem clock frequency (XIN) applied to the DAC's
APU Circuit Diagram). The APU processes the data crystal oscillator, pins 24 and 25. The 11.2896Mhz
(1 2 S) obtained from the CDIC to output Left and clock signal applies to CD-DA. The data for the CO-
Right analog audio signals. Two other audio opera- I audio levels (ADPCM levels A, B, or C) is transmit-
tions take place on this panel, volume control and ted with a different system clock frequency (XIN).
audio mixing. The clock signal (XIN) is dependent on the original
The data applied to the inputs of the APU comes sampling frequency (fS) as listed below:
from either CD-DA tracks or from CD-I tracks in the
12 s (Inter-IC Sound) format. FORMAT: fS: XIN (XSYS):

The serial digital information (DAAB), clock signal CD-DA 44.1kHz 11.2896MHz
(GLAB) and the corresponding synchronization sig-
LEVEL A 37.8kHz 9.6768MHz
nal for the Left and Right channels (WSAB) are
supplied to pins 30, 31 and 32 of IC 7400 LEVEL B 37.SkHz 9.6768MHz
(SAA7321 ). The incoming digital samples are first
converted into a high-speed 1-bit data stream. This LEVEL C 18.9kHz 4.8384MHz
data stream is then used by a 1-bit DAG for the
actual conversion to the analog signal. The output level of IC? 400 is also determined by
the clock frequency. For level C the output level is
The main functions in the 1-bit data stream D/A not as high as the other audio formats, thus the
conversion are: need for compensation. In addition to the low pass
filter function , the filter for level C provides a two
- Digital filtering and over-sampling ( 256 x in all) times gain factor. For CD-DA and the CD-I A and B
"\.....__./ - Noise shaping and code conversion to 1-bit levels no amplitude compensation takes place. The
data stream. outputs from each of the filters are fed to electronic
- 1-Bit switch capacitor network as 1-bit DAG. switches (IC7505C). These switches select the fil-

25
 ON
HEAD- r- - - - - - ----,
I- - - - - - - 7 ~~2~C I ___ I 1 - - - 1
AUDL I I I
FROM
7851A r~?r
BuFF ER 1----11>--il--l_H EAD -

c
APU 1 1 I 1
2O1
1 §bjT ~ 1 HEADPHONE •1
I KILL = KILL I PAN EL I
I L ---, .1
I I ,

I '--- .... BUFFER I I

I - 7681A = I
I - I
I I
I CD UNIT AUDIOLR TO RF I
I ~ - -- Bltlll - ~- ---,-PMODULATOR I .:
I r __ _j I
AUDR I 1 - 7 I HEAD-
FROM........i--- ------- --l---'\1(/\,.--!--M BUFfER 1----11>--r--l-PHONE I
AP U 7 1
S.o B RIGHT I
RIGHT I l~ A I
O1
I
1
1KI LL = BUS I ~~~~EI KILL L - - - _J
I PANEL I
I I I
I = I I = I
L __ __ ___ ~ L _ _ ___ ~

Figure 31 - Audio Outputs

tered outputs which correspond to the audio format audio signals are then fed to the CD panel as AUDL
applied to the SAA7321. The electronic switches (Left Audio) and AUDR (Right Audio).
are controlled by the Fl LTERN signal applied from
the CDIC on the MMC panel. On the CD panel (see Figure 31 ), the audio signals
are available at the output jacks, BU-7 (Left) and
The outputs of these electronic switches are sup- BU-8 (Right), and to buffers 7681 A and 7681 B.
plied to the attenuator/mixer circuit via voltage fol- Here, the Right and Left audio channels are mi.xed
lower IC7503 (A and B for the R and L channels). and fed to the RF modulator. The audio signals for
Both audio channels are fed to both attenuators, the headphones are first routed to the Headphone
IC7506 and IC7507, to control the volume and the Panel volume controls and returned to the CD
mixing of the left and right audio channels. Panel to be buffered by IC7551. The outputs of
Attenuation of the Attenuator/Mixer circuits is con- 7551 are sent to the headphones connector on the
trolled by the Remote Control Transmitter's volume Headphone Panel.
control keys. Audio mixing for CD-I audio is depen-
dent on the application. For example, if the applica- A mute signal is generated from the RESETCD (not
tion uses mono audio, only one of the channels is shown) signal for the whole audio circuit. This sig-
routed to both output stages. The commands for nal is called KILL and operates the mute switches
this, originating from the Slave Microprocessor on (7510 - 7513) on the APU panel as well as the mute
the MMC panel, are presented serially to the switches (6652 - 6655) on the CD panel. The mute
Serial/Parallel Converter, IC7508. Here, the serial switches prevent noise (popping) at the audio out-
data is converted to parallel (DO to 07) data to con- puts during reset caused by discharging of elec-
trol the activity of the attenuators. Each attenuator trolytic capacitors in the audio circuit.
(IC7506/7507, type number AD7528) contains two
Audio Section Troubleshooting
identical 8-bit D/A converters: DACA and DACB.
Each DAC consists of an inverting R-2R ladder net- A problem in the CD-I player can be isolated to a
work with 8 weighted bit switches. In this way a particular circuit by carefully observing the symp-
binary-weighted current, dependent on the condi- toms. For example, if there is no audio, but a pic-
tion of the bit switches, is obtained at the output. ture from a CD-I disc is displayed, it is obvious that
Next, the Left and Right channels are fed to IC7504 the CD Servo and decoding circuits are functional.
(A and B), where current-to-voltage conversion Therefore the fault can be isolated to the audio
takes place. The amplified left and right analog decoding circuits only. Or the symptom may be

26
 SERVICE
EXTENSION
CABLES

Figure 32 - APU Panel Service Position

opposite, the audio circuits may be working, but not If the servo circuits are functioning, check the
the video. Again, the servo circuits must be func- decoder circuits. Activity should be seen on the 12 s
tioning. Troubleshooting of the video decoding (DAAB, GLAB, and WSAB) and subcode (SCAB
should then be followed. and SDAB) lines from the SAA7310 Decoder IC. If
there is no activity, check the supply (Vdd) and
When there is a symptom indicating a fault in the input signals (HF, XIN). If there is activity, check the
CD Drive circuitry, troubleshooting techniques used ADOC circuitry. ·
in CD players can be followed since the CD Unit
portion of the CD-I player is basically a CD player When the servo and decoder circuits are function-
(refer to the CD Unit schematic diagrams in the ser- ing properly, there may be a problem in the Audio
vice manual). If the CDM does not start, check for Processing Unit. The APU Panel plugs in to the CD
Vdd, clock, and reset on the CD Drive Unit circuit board (see APU schematic and Wiring
Microprocessor. If these signals are present, per- Diagram in the service manual). Interconnections
form the X-bus test in the Service Shell. Also check are thus made to the CD Unit via two connectors on
for activity on the X-bus and SPl-bus. If there is a the bottom of the board. The three connectors at
communication failure, proceed with the MMC Low the top of the APU provide interconnection with the
Level Test to determine if there is a failure in the MMC Panel. Extension connectors (part number
system control circuitry. If the communication buses 4822 321 22268; requires 2 for service) are avail-
are functional, check the CD servo circuits using the able to gain access to the bottom connectors for
Service Shell test modes. These modes are the troubleshooting (see Figure 32). Supply voltages
standard CD servo test modes to test the OPU, and signals going into the APU Panel can be
turntable and radial arm. If there is a failure in the checked at the connectors. For example, the 12 s
servo test modes, further checks with a DVM bus from the MMC panel can be checked on con-
should reveal the fault (see Training Manual nector A 16 (7 Pin connector) on the top of the
ST1307 for more on troubleshooting the CD servo board. Also, the analog output can be checked at
circuits). connector A9 on the bottom of the board. If the

27
 HF
FROM
DECODER
CDM (SAA7310)
r2s SUB-
CODE AUDIO.,._- --+--- - - -- RF RF
- - - -- --MODULATOR
ADOC & SWITCH
(PCF3523)
CD UNIT

DOBM

VIDEO
ENCODER
PANEL
R
CVBS
G VID EO
VSD VIDEO ENCODER
y
DAC B
CXA1145
} S-VIDEO
OUTPUT
C (Y/C)

SYNC
DOT
KIL LER
MMC UN IT
- --..__

Figure 33 - Video Processing Block Diagram

input signals are present, but not the analog audio (Video Synthesizer). The VSD receives the encod-
at the output, then the fault is located on the APU. ed image data at a rate of 7.5MB per second from
Further checks of the APU circuitry should be fol- the two VSC's. The_VSD decodes the RGB, GLUT,
lowed. If the analog audio signals are present at the or DYUV encoded data and adds blanking, weight-
output of the APU, then the signal path on the CD ing, and visual effects (dissolves, wipes, and mosa-
Unit should be followed to find the fault. The Kill and ic transitions) to the data. The curser and backdrop
buffer circuitry on the CD Unit should be checked are also developed and added to the decoded video
for proper operation. in the VSD . The decoded video data is then passed
to the Video DAC as eight-bit parallel data for each
Video Signal Processing component (Red, Green, and Blue). The DAC con-
verts digital RGB to analog RGB.
The Video Processing Block diagram (Figure 33)
shows the overall signal flow for developing the The analog RGB and sync signals are transferred
video signal. The HF information coming off the disc to the Encoder Panel where RGB is converted to
is processed the same way as in the Audio composite video (CVBS) and S-Video (Y/C) signals.
Processing circuit. The difference in the processing The composite video and analog audio are also
takes place on the MMC Unit in the CDIC. Data (16 modulated to provide RF (channel 3 or 4) to a stan-
bits), under the control of the Main Microprocessor, dard TV receiver. The Dot Killer circuit is used to
is sent to the Master and Slave VSC (Video and remove dots (due to chroma phase errors present
System Controller) circuits to develop the a and b with non-interlaced video) in the picture when non-
video layers to be displayed. The VSC's output both interlaced signals are generated by the decoding
video planes in digital form (8 bits) to the VSD circuits.

28
 IC 7663
DOT KILLER IC 7666
CIRCUIT DIVIDER

IC 7665
DOT KILLER
CIRCUIT

IC 7668
DOT KILLER
CIRCUIT
IC 7607
IC 7662 SUB-LOCK VIDEO
DIVIDER PANEL ENCODER IC

Figure 34 - Video Encoder Panel

Encoder circuit IC (CXA1145P) is used to convert the RGB to co 1

-

posite video and S-Video (Y/C). The other circui ry

The Video Encoder Panel is shown in Figure 34 on the Encoder Panel is used to produce the s b-
with the main components called out. The Encoder carrier (3.58MHz) frequency for the Encoder IC.

29
 CD UNIT
VIDEO ENCODER IC i,..-..lO) CVB S
1----t:'7~ > -- -->I ::(OUTPUT
7601 ~ BU-9
CSYNC 10

RED

I
RGB &
SYNC ~ Y/C
FROM
MMC GREEN
!-----'--t---->I (S-VIDEO)
UNIT 3 OUTPUT
BU-6
__________t-... _jBLUE
~-_____..
'-----,

FRO {HSYNC DOT

MM K!LLM KILLER
UNI CIRCUIT
XT4

VI DEO ENCODER PANEL

Figure 35 - Video Encoder Block Diagram

Th Video Encoder block diagram is shown in circuit. The Chroma signal is sent through a band-
Figure 35 (Also refer to the Video Encoder pass filter (5601 ). The timing difference between
sc 'ematic diagram and wiring diagram in the ser- the chroma and luminance is removed by passing
vic manual). The Red, Green and Blue (RGB) ana- the luminance signal (Y) through delay line 5603.
log video signals and the Csync (composite sync) Both signals are amplified and buffered, enabling
fro the MMC are buffered and applied to the them to be loaded with 75 Ohms.
Vi eo Encoder Panel via the CD Panel. The Video
En oder Panel plugs into the CD Panel directly The Y/C (luminance and Chrominance) signals are
be ind the APU. The Hsync (horizontal sync), applied to the Video Encoder's Yin and Chroma \J
inputs to produce the CVBS (composite video) out-
cl1
KIULM (Dot Killer enable signal) and XT4 (system
1
k) signals are also sent to the Video Encoder
Pa el from the MMC.
put signal. The CVBS signal is buffered by 7643 to
make it available via output jack BU-9 from the CD
Panel. The signal is also sent to the modulator to
Th subcarrier for modulation of the chroma is gen- output RF, channel 3 or 4.
er ted on the Video Encoder Panel. A PLL circuit is
us,d to generate the subcarrier frequency. The PLL Video Section Troubleshooting
cinbuit consists of a VCO, a phase discriminator and
Note 1: Refer to the Video Encoder Circuit Diagram,
a *ot killer circuit. The CD-I player allows non-inter-
MMC Circuit Diagram, and the Interconnect Wiring
la ed video to be processed. However, a dot pat-
Diagram in the service manual.
ter is introduced in the composite video when non-
intr,rlaced video is used. Therefore, the dot killer cir- Note 2: Use two service extension cables (part
cu it is used to remove this effect. This circuit is number 4822 321 22267) to allow easy access to
usr d only when non-interlaced video is decoded. the Video Encoder Panel.
The level of SW defines the standard, NTSC or The symptoms displayed can help the technician
P~L, at the encoder output. If this signal is High isolate the problem to a particular circuit. The fol-
(+ V), the system operates in the NTSC mode, if it lowing examples illustrate how a fault can be isolat-
is low, the system operates in PAL. This line is ed.
al ays High in the CDl91 O since it is not a multi-
st ndard model (CDl601 /602 is a multi-standard Symptom 1: The player shell is displayed, but
pl yer). The other inputs for The Video Encoder video from the disc cannot be displayed. If this con-
(I 7601) are RGB (Red, Green and Blue video) and dition exists, the Video Encoder Panel and video
Ci(Composite Sync). From these signals the lumi- analog circuits are functioning. Since the player
na ce signal (Y), to which the CSYNC is added in shell is displayed, the video synthesizer circuit is
th · ADDER, is obtained in the matrix. The color dif- functioning. However, there must be a fault on the
fe fnce signals R-Y and B-Y are also derived from MMC Panel, since this is where the video decoding
th RGB in the Matrix circuit. The C (chroma) is takes place. Thus the problem is isolated to the
de ived from the R-Y and B-Y signals via the adder video decoding section on the MMC Panel.
30
Symptom 2: no video. This symptom may be Symptom 3: no color. This symptom is most likel
caused by either the Video Encoder Panel or by the caused by a problem in the APU circuit. Check th
MMC Panel. A few voltage and signal measure- subcarrier oscillator at Pin 6 of the Video Encode
ments can quickly isolate the problem. Hint, also IC. If this signal is present (correct frequency),
check all the video outputs: S-video, RF, and check the chroma output signal at Pin 15. If there i
CVBS. If video is not present from any output, no chroma output, IC7601 may be the fault. Als
check the RGB, composite sync, and power source check for short circuits between pins of the IC. I
inputs from the CD Unit to the Video Encoder Panel the chroma is present, check the chroma input a ,
(Connector 1061 on the bottom of the Video Pin 1?· If the chroma is not prese~t here, check th~
Encoder Panel). If these signals are present, the coupling components between Pins 15 and 17. lfi
MMC Panel's decoder circuits are functional. there is chroma at this point, check the composite
Further checks of the Video Encoder circuit can iso- output at Pin 20. If the chroma is missing, suspec1
late the problem further. Check the Video Encoder the Video Encoder IC (IC7601 ).
IC. Also check Vcc1 and Vcc2 to the Video
Encoder IC. If both sources are missing, check
Resistor 3660. If Vcc1 is missing, check Resistor The CD-I has built-in software modules for service.
3618 and if Vcc2 is missing, check 3619. These modules are activated by the Service Shell.

Notes:

31
 Messages (error) on the screen
The Service Shell provides information and errors in
e modules are for the testing of:
a box at the bottom of the screen. To remove such
• Video circuitry, by a color-bar test pattern a message and continue with the test, a button on
the remote control joystick must be clicked.
• COM and servo circuitry
• Input/Output ports Menu structure

• Audio circuitry The main menu appears when the Service Shell is
started. Selecting some boxes activate a sub-menu.
9n1y a CD-DA disc should be used when testing Other boxes activate a test immediately. Selecting
t e COM, servo and audio circuitry in the Service the EXIT box stops the Service Shell and restarts
Shell. the player. Selecting EXIT in a sub-menu returns
you to the previous menu.
arting the Service Shell
Main menu
T e Service Shell is started by connecting the RXD
a d TXD lines of port 1 (Pins 2 and 3) during start- The main menu contains four test item boxes and
ul (insert test-plug before power). the EXIT box. Selecting TEST IMAGE gives imme-
diate action, a color-bar pattern is displayed. The
Ll yout information other three test items display a sub-menu.
$.electable/non selectable items CD TEST
E ch menu of the Service Shell consists of boxes This menu has two information boxes at the top of
a d text strings (see Service Shell Screen). Some the screen, CD STATUS and TEST MODE. Below it
o these boxes can be selected by moving the are three test items for the CD player: DRIVE TEST,
screen cursor above the box and clicking on one of X BUS, and DIG OUT. Below these are three icons
t~e joystick or mouse keys. Only the highlighted that can be selected only during the DRIVE TEST:
b , xes can be selected. Clicking on one of the other ARM IN, ARM OUT, and NEXT STEP. Only the
b , xes has no affect. three highlighted test item boxes can be selected
\_.I

Figure 1 - Service Shell Screen

32
when the menu is first entered. Subjects of the CD IN and ARM OUT icons can be selected. Selectin ,
test are the CD drive itself, the X bus and a test of NEXT STEP brings initiates mode 1.
the Digital Output (DOBM) line.
Mode 1: In mode 1 the Drive Microprocessor pe -
When this menu is selected in the main menu, the forms the focus start-up. If focus is achieved (a dis
communication channel with the Drive must be present), the message IN FOCUS appearp
Microprocessor is checked. A message is displayed in the status button. Otherwise, the message Ni
giving the result of this check (either OK or NO FOCUS appears after 16 focus attempts. In th t
RESPONSE). After pressing one of the mouse but- case (no focus found), the test returns to mode .
tons or remote control action keys (to remove the When focus is achieved, selecting NEXT STEP initi-
message), the CD menu is displayed. ates mode 2.
The X bus test checks the communication channel Mode 2: The turntable motor rotates and is con-
between the CDIC and CD Unit's Drive trolled by the rough HF (turntable motor servo lock I"
Microprocessor that is normally used to send com- Moving the COM arm (by hand) outwardly slows the
mands to the Drive Microprocessor. The result is disc down. If an error occurs, the test returns t i
either OK or NO RESPONSE. mode 0. Selecting NEXT STEP in mode 2 bring
the player to mode 3.
The DIG OUT test checks whether or not the CDIC
receives a Digital Output signal. The result of this Mode 3: Mode 3 allows the control of the radial arm.
test is OK or NO DIGITAL OUT. If the radial arm servo is operating, you can sele9t
ARM IN and ARM OUT to radially move the Cm'{l
CD DRIVE TEST arm toward the inside or outside of the disc in small
The CD DRIVE TEST performs the service loop as
jumps. If an error occurs, the test returns to mode g.
NEXT STEP in mode 3 puts the player in the no,r
implemented in Philips CD audio players. A disc
mal playing mode (the test jumper must b •
(CD-DA) is needed for this test. When the CD
removed).
DRIVE TEST is selected, the same screen appears,
but with other buttons highlighted. You cannot Normal playing mode:
select the X BUS and DIG OUT test anymore.
Selecting the EXIT button returns the player to the The player shell is started and errors sent by the
CD menu. (X BUS and DIG OUT button highlight- Drive Microprocessor are displayed in a box on the ,
1

ed). The DRIVE TEST consists of the following screen. The player cannot return to the Servic
steps: Shell unless the test jumper is plugged into Port
and the player is restarted (Service Shell initiation).
Mode 0: The software release number of the Drive
Microprocessor is displayed in the box at the top, ERROR MESSAGES
left of the screen (CD STATUS button). Mode 0 is
displayed in the box at the top right of the screen display : A5 xx0000
(mode button). During the CD DRIVE TEST, this xx= 2 : focus error
icon displays the current mode. In mode 0, the ARM xx= 3 : radial error
xx= 5 : off error (TL stays low for 5 1

msec.)
xx= 6 : jump error
xx= 7 : subcode error, no valid
subcode in 3 sec.
xx= 8 : TOC error : out of lead-in
area while reading the TOC
xx= 30 : too many grooves to jump
xx= 31 : search time out
xx= 32 : bin. search error
xx= 33 : search index error
xx= 34 : search time error
xx= 37 : selection error
Duart test (CDl601 and CDl602 only}
The DUART menu has two buttons to select th .
Figure 2 - CD test menu port of the duart that will be tested and an EXIT butL
33
ton . After a port has been selected, you will be Troubleshooting hints:
asked to connect a test plug on the port you select-
1 d. The following pins must be connected in this
Symptom: Service Shell cannot be started with the
test plug.
est plug: 7 to 8 and 2 to 3. After pressing a button
Possible fault: Connections between port 1 and
to remove the message), the test will start. If every-
hing is functioning properly, an OK message Slave Microprocessor may be bad.
ppears after a few seconds, otherwise an error Test plug could be wrong.
essage is displayed. Slave Microprocessor may be defective.
Hint: If the Player Shell cannot be started, perform
. PU/KEY TEST the Low Level Test (LL TEST).
I APPENDIX B - THE LOW LEVEL TEST (LL Test)
f his is a combined menu. The attenuation can be
hanged via this menu and the remote control and
layer keys can be tested. There are three buttons This test is developed for service and low level
or every attenuation path on the screen. Two of hardware debugging purposes only. It is meant to
hem can be selected (to incremenVdecrement) and be used with the Service PCB as described below
ne is used to display the current attenuation value or with a VT100 or compatible terminal. The test
or the path. There is also a 'MONO/STEREO but- executed with the Service PCB is called the PCB
on on the screen . In STEREO, two attenuation Low Level Test. The test executed with the VT100
p~ths are disabled (left to right and right to left). In terminal is called the Terminal Low Level Test.
f ONO all attenuation paths are enabled. Maximum Since the Service PCB displays only 8 digits, only
eUenuation is reached at value 47 (no sound). A the most important information is displayed. The
~D audio disc is needed for the attenuation test. VT100 test method displays all the test results.
he test routine starts playing the disc when
ntered. PCB Low Level Test:

he Key Test is used to check the Remote Control In this test the Service PCB acts as a micro termi-
nd Front Panel Keys. When a key is pressed, text nal, able to display some alphabetical and numeri-
ppears on the Key Button on the right side of the cal characters. Only some characters can be dis-
creen, identifying the button pressed. The text dis- played since it uses 7-segment displays.
ppears when the key is released. The three keys on the Service PCB are:
TEST - test all display LED's.
Yes - Send an ASCII "Y".
hen the VIDEO TEST IMAGE button is selected , No - Send an ASCII "N".
The communication parameters are fixed at: 9600
baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and no parity.
To implement the PCB LL Test:
1. Switch the player Off.
2. Connect the Service PCB to Port 2 of the
CDl910 player.
3. Apply power to the player.
4. The Service PCB display should now show
"CDI RLxx" (with xx being the release
number).
5. The PCB LL Test is now ready to proceed.
The LL Test is now waiting for an action from the
service technician. The technician should now
press either the Y or N key to continue the test. The
LL Test is implemented in the steps listed in
Table 1. Consult the service manual for a detailed
Figure 3 - APU test menu test description.

a color-bar is displayed on the screen. Pressing a

button after the screen has been filled completely
returns the player to the main menu. There are no \_,/
error messages for this test.

34
 To implement the VT100 terminal LL Test:
STEP DESCRIPTION
1. Switch the player Off.
0a VSC master initialization 2. Connect the terminal to Port 2 of the CDl9 11 0
Ob VSC slave initialization player.
3. While pressing the SPACE bar of the termin I,
1a ROM1 0 release number apply power to the player.
1b ROM1 0 position check 4. The terminal should now show the title of t e
1c ROM10 checksum check terminal LL Test.
5. The VT100 terminal test is now ready to p o-
2a ROM11 release number ceed.
2b ROM11 position check
LL Test Results are displayed on the terminal. If • n
2c ROM11 checksum check
error is detected, the test will stop. Table 2 sum rria-
rizes the error codes that may result (see the SEU-
3a ROM20 release number 1
vice manual to r more ·in t orma t'I0n on error co d es
3b ROM20 position check
and LL Test readout).
3c ROM20 checksum check

4a ROM21 release number ERROR DESCRIPTION DISPLAY

4b ROM21 position check
4c ROM21 checksum check 01 ROM10 in wrong position Er01
02 ROM11 in wrong position Er02
5 NVRAM test with rom data as data 03 ROM20 in wrong position Er03
04 ROM21 in wrong position Er04
6af DRAM fill bank0 & bank1 with 05 ROM1 0 checksum error Eros
address as data 06 ROM11 checksum error Er06
6ar DRAM read and compare data 07 ROM21 checksum error Er07
6bf DRAM fill bank0&bank1 with invert- 08 ROM22 checksum error Er08
ed address as data 09 NVRAM error Er09
6br DRAM read and compare data 10 NVRAM error Er10
(for inverted data)
?af DRAM fill bank0 with address as 11 DRAM error Er1 1
data (bank0 & bank1)
?ar DRAM read and compare 12 DRAM error Er12
?bf DRAM fill bank0 with inverted (bank0 & bank1,
address as data inverted data)
?br DRAM read and compare data 13 DRAM bank0 error Er13
14 DRAM bank0 error Er14
Bat DRAM fill bank1 with address as (inverted data)
data 15 DRAM bank1 error Er15
Bar DRAM read and compare 16 DRAM bank1 error Er16
8bf DRAM fill bank1 with inverted (inverted data)
address as data 17 CDIC RAM error Er17
8br DRAM read and compare data 18 CDIC RAM error Er18
(inverted data)
9a CDIC RAM test with address as data 19 CDIC register error Er19
9b CDIC RAM test with inverted 20 SLAVE error Er20
address as data (wrong echo from slave)
9c CDIC register test 21 Invalid release number Er21
from slave
10a SLAVE test :write request to slave 22 Invalid release number Er22
10b SLAVE test :read echo from slave from CD proc
10c SLAVE test :read SLAVE release
number from slave Table 2: Error codes overview
10d SLAVE test :read CD release num-

//
ber from slave
eLoc,h_ C/IL Po,.;;
Table 1 : PCB LL Test steps overview
·,es,
35
9rive Microprocessor MC68HSC05C8 (ITEM Photodiode Signal Processor TDA8808 (item
7101 ON CD PANEL) 7101)

ABBREV. PIN DESCRIPTION ABBREV. PIN DESCRIPTION

VDD 40 Supply voltage input 5V. DEC 28 Decoupling input (Internal

OSC1 39 Oscillator input 1. bypass).
OSC2 38 Oscillator input 2. HF IN 26 HF current input to HF
TCAP 37 Timer Capture interrupt line. amplifier.
TL 36 Track Lost signal. D1 -D4 22-25 Current inputs to DC
TCMP 35 Timer Compare output. and LF photodiode amplifier.
SPISS 34 Serial Peripheral Interface. RE1 21 Radial Error signal 1
Slave Select line. (summation of amplified
SCK 33 Serial Clock. currents D3 and D4) .
MOSI 32 Master Out Slave In. RE2 20 Radial Error signal 2
MISO 31 Master In Slave Out. (summation of amplified
REDIG 30 Radial Error digital. currents D1 and D2).
MC 29 Motor Control signal. GCLF 19 Gain control input for AC
COXN 28 X-bus Clock. and LF amplifiers. Current
SOXENN 27 X-bus Serial Output Enable. output from LF amplitude
coc 26 Command Control. detector.
V-FLAG 25 Error flag. LM 18 Laser Monitor diode input.
SOXRON 24 Serial Output Request line. LO 17 Laser amplifier current
DIV4 23 Divide by 4. output.
DOXN 22 Data Out line. FE lag 16 Focus Error signal output for
CADDYSWITCH 21 Caddy switch detection. LAG network.
vss 20 Power supply ground input. FE 15 Focus Error signal output.
SPISS 19 SPI Slave Select line. CLPF (LPF) 14 Low Pass filter.
MUTE 18 Soft mute. VBB (Vext) 13 Negative Supply for FE and
TRAY 17 Tray Motor On/Off. FE lag output stage.
OCL 16 0 channel clock. DODS (DODS) 12 Drop Out Detection
CADDY-IN 15 Caddy busy indication Suppression input.
signal. TL(TL) 11 Track Lost output.
ORA 14 0 data Request. HFD (PLLH) 10 High Frequency Detector
ODA 13 0 data line. output.
AM 12 Additional Mute. FS (FOC Start) 9 Focus normalizing circuit
IDAC 11 1 bit DAC correction signal. starting current.
BO- B3 10 ?DAG/control of Radial BGC 8 DC and LF gain control
processor. reference input.
SWAB/SSM 6 Start/Stop signal for Turntable BEO 7 Equalizer reference current I
motor. input.
SI/RD 5 Start Initialization Focus / SI/RD(SI/RD) 6 On/Off control for laser
start. supply and focus circuit.
Ready signal. Ready Signal, starting up
CRI/DODS 4 Counter Reset Inhibit/ Drop procedure successful.
Out Detection Suppression. SC 5 Starting up capacitor input.
not connected 3 DET 4 HF detector voltage input.
TRO 2 Not used. HFout 3 HF amplifier and equalizer
RESETCD 1 Reset input. voltage output.
Vp 2 Positive supply voltage.
GCHF 1 Gain Control input of HF
amplifier. Current output
from HF amplitude detector.

36
Radial Error Signal Processor TDA8809 (item SAA7310 Decoder IC Pin Functions
7121)
ABBREV. PIN DESCRIPTION
ABBREV. PIN DESCRIPTION
EFAB 1 Error Flag output indicating
RE2 28 Input for amplified currents data unreliable.
from photodiodes D3 and D4. DAAB 2 Data output of 12s bus.
RE1 27 Input for amplified currents CLAS Clock output of I2 s bus.
3
from photodiodes D1 and D2.
CHPF 26 High Pass Filter for RE1 and WSAB 4 Word select output of 12s
RE2. bus.
CLPF 25 Low Pass Filter for RE1 and DINT2 5 Data Interpolated input.
RE2 . AO-A? 7-14 Address outputs to External
Offset out 24 Radial offset control output. RAM
Offset in 23 Radial offset control input. RAS (RAS) 15 Row Address Select output
RDAC 22 Current output for bias to External RAM
resistor. R/W (R/W) 16 Read/Write output signal to
AGC 21 Automatic Gain Control for External RAM .
RE signal. MUTE (MUTE) 18 Mute signal input from µP
LEAD 19 Lead output. D1-D3 19-21 Data inputs / outputs to
Lag 18 Connection of integrator for External RAM.
(RE1 -RE2) input current. D4 23 Data input/output to Externa
RElag 17 Voltage output of integrated RAM.
(RE2-RE1) input currents. CAS (CAS) 22 Column Address Select
REI (RE in) 16 Radial Error Input. output to External RAM.
REO (RADout) 15 Current output of MC (MSC) 24 Motor Speed Control output.
amplified (RE2-RE1) input XTAL2 25 Crystal output.
currents. XTAL1 26 Crystal Input.
80-83 8-11 Input control bits for radial PD/OC 29 Phase Detector Output /
circuit. Oscillator Control Input.
RP (REdig) 7 Digital output signal (RE2- CREF (lref) 30 Current Reference Input.
RE1). FB 31 Feedback output.
DIV4 (DIV4) Divide by 4 input. HFI 32 High Frequency Input.
6
Biasing resistor for HFD 34 High Frequency Detector.
Rose 5
oscillator. CRI (CRI) 36 Counter Reset Inhibit.
Rwob 4 Wobble generator input. ODA 37 O-Channel Data signal
Cosc2 3 Frequency setting capacitor output.
for wobble oscillator. ORA 38 Q-Channel Request
Frequency setting capacitor input/Acknowledge output.
Cosc1 2
for wobble oscillator. QCL 40 O-Channel Clock input.
SWAB/SSM 42 Subcoding Word Clock
Vp 1 Positive supply voltage.
output and Start/Stop Motor
input.
SDAB 43 Subcode Data output.
SCAB 44 Subcode Clock output

37
 signal. CD-I, for example, provides for five audio quality levels
(in decreasing order of quality): CD-DA, hi-Ii, mid-Ii, speech and
synthesized speech.
A~SOLUTE DISC ADDRESS In CD-I, the address of a sector AUDIO TRACK In Compact Disc, a CD-DA track as defined in
in lminutes, seconds and sector number. the CD-DA specification; a separately addressable section of a
CD-DA disc, normally carrying a self-contained piece of music. \..J
Af SOLUTE RGB CODING See direct RGB coding
An audio has a minimum duration of 4 seconds and a maxi-
A~SOLUTE SECTOR ADDRESS In CD-I, the address part of mum duration of 72 minutes . One CD-DA disc can contain
th13 sector header field. Its value corresponds to the absolute between one and 99 audio tracks, but the total disc playing
disc address. time cannot exceed 72 minutes.

A!I SOLUTE TIME In CD-DA, the total time a disc has been AUXILIARY DATA FIELD In CD-ROM and CD-I, the last 288
pl . ying. The absolute time is included in the subcode and is bytes of a sector, either used for extra error detection and cor-
th s available for display during playback. rection (mode 1 and form 1) or available as user data area
(mode 2 and form 2). See Mode 1, Mode 2, Form 1, Form 2.
A · CESS (1) In computing, the manner in which files or data
sets are referred to by the computer. (2)In CD-I, the process of BASE CASE DISC In CD-I, a hypothetical disc that can exer-
I cise all the capabilities of a Base Case system. See Base Case
lof,ating information in a data store.
system.
A CESS PROTECTION In CD-I, !he method of preventing
u authorized access to confidential data stored on a disc. BASE CASE SYSTEM In CD-I, the lowest level system that
can still carry the CD-I logo. All CD-I systems must at least be
ACTIVE DISPLAY The contents of a video memory currently able to operate in the way that a Base Case system does while
1
di~played, as opposed to screen contents being held in memo- playing a CD-I disc, no matter what their configuration or con-
ry for later display if needed. tent.
A APTIVE DELTA PULSE CODE MODULATION Delta mod- BIT ERROR RATE A measure of the capacity of a data medi-
ulr tion assumes close correlation between successive sam- um to store or transmit bits without errors. Expressed as the
plrs. It cannot accurately express large transients in an audio average number of bits the medium can handle with only one
si~nal, because the correlation between successive samples is bit in error. CD-ROM and CD-I, which employ three layers of
tob low. Adaptive Delta Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) is a error detection and correction (CIRC and EDC/ECC), have a bit
v+ iant of delta modulation in which the quantization steps are error rate of 1018 (one error per 1018 bits).
a9apted to the dynamic amplitude variation. This adaptation
c n include a temporary switch to PCM. See Delta Modulation BLOCK In CD-ROM and CD-I, the user-data portion of a sec-
1
a d Pulse Code Modulation. tor.

ADPCM See Adaptive Delta Pulse Code Modulation BLOCK NUMBER In CD-ROM and CD-I, the logical number of
a block after block zero.
A~ DRESS DATA The part of the total data that is concerned
w\th addressing. BLOCK ZERO In CD-ROM and CD-I, the first block on a disc,
with main channel or absolute disc address of 00 minutes, 02
ALBUM DESCRIPTOR In CD-I, the section of the disc label seconds, 00 sector number.
idf ntifying the album of which the disc is a part.
BOOT RECORD In CD-I, an optional part of the disc label
ANIMATION The art or process of synthesizing apparent bootstrap routine used to loaf the boot modules into memory.
mpbility of inanimate objects or drawings, either through the The boot program, be it in system ROM or on disc, is used
mlh~dium of cinematography or possibly through the use of com- implicitly when starting up a CD-I system.
I
p ter graphics.
BYTE (1) In computing, a binary character operated upon as a
Ae PECT RATIO (1) In cinematography, the height to width unit and usually shorter than a computer word. A byte is the
r tio of a motion picture frame, normally 3 to 4 or 1: 1.33.
5
(~ In television, the ratio of the dimensions of a TV screen,
smallest addressable unit of storage and is usually eight bits
long . The word itself is a contraction of 'by eight'.
n~rmally 3 to 4. (2) The representation of a character. (3) In Compact Disc, an
8-bit unit representing one symbol before eight-to-fourteen
A~ RIBUTE (1) In databases, a field that contains information
modulation. See Symbol.
a~out an entity, e.g. in a personnel database "home address"
~ r uld be an attribute of entity "employee". CAV See constant angular velocity.
(~) In CD-I, and in computer disk operating systems, a word in
th e field descriptor indicating how a file is accessed, the owner CD See Compact Disc.
I
ai d the identification, e.g. as a CD-Digital Audio file.
CD-DA TRACK In Compact Disc, synonymous with audio
A DIO BLOCK A block of audio information in CD-I format. track.

A DIO DATA (1) Audio information expressed in digital form. CD-DA QUALITY In CD-I, the highest available sound quality,
(4) In CD-DA, multiplexed and pulse code modulated stereo identical to CD-DA sound. See audio quality level.
i~formation with Cl RC and subcode added .
( ) In CD-I, audio information encoded in accordance with the CD DEVICE DRIVER The lowest software level to handle CD
C -I specification. drives. The only software to communicate directly with the CD
control unit, it resides in ROM on a CD-I player.
A DIO QUALITY LEVEL The reproduction quality of an audio
CD-DISC MASTER A CD master disc, produced by exposing
38
 a photosensitive coating on a glass substrate to a laser beam. cessor-controlled random access memory, where it can eit~er
The laser is modulated by the digital program information from be held awaiting its singular or repeated use whenever a cr r-
the CD-tape master, together with the subcode, which is gener- tain event occurs (for example a ball bouncing on the sere!. n,
ated during the disc mastering process from the subcode cue which must be accompanied by the appropriate sound), o it
code, also on the CD tape master. The exposed coating is can be slightly altered as a function of different events and t en
developed, covered with silver coating and nickel plated to form sent under microprocessor control through the ADPCM nd
a 'metal father' recording mould. See also CD Mastering, Metal PCM decoders and out to the Hi Fi system. This latter appro ch
Father. allows for audio interactivity with a quality that has not b en
achievable in the past.
CD GRAPHICS (CD+G) In CD-DA, a technique for generating
text, still pictures or animated graphics, related to the music. See Adaptive Delta Pulse Code Modulation, Delta Modulati , n,
The graphic information is recorded in subcode channels R-W. Pulse Code Modulation.
Not related to the graphics facilities of CD-I.
CD-I DIGITAL VIDEO In CD-I, there is a requirement for v ri-
CD-I See Compact Disc-Interactive ous video quality levels to offer a choice of resolution and c9lor
depths to satisfy various pictorial functions in the applicatior, s.
CD-I CHANNEL The main channel of a CD-I track correspond- Three resolution levels are defined: the best achievable res9Iu-
ing to the specifications of CD-ROM, mode 2, and the CD-I log- tion for pictures on present normal TV receivers (normal res lu-
ical and physical formats. tion); the best achievable resolution for characters displayed on
CD-I DIGITAL AUDIO In CD-I, there is a requirement to have present normal TV receivers (double resolution); the bys!
audio data on disc at a number of distinct quality levels. achievable resolution with the coming enhanced-quality f V
sets (high resolution). As for color depth, the quality necessary
In addition to CD-DA sound in 16-bit pulse code modulation depends on the type of image that is being handled. Nat+ al
(PCM) format, CD-I audio data is also coded in 8-bit or 4-bit stills use YUV (luminance and color signals B-Y and R-Y) c~d-
Adaptive Delta Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) formats. This ing for an equivalent of 24-bit total color depth per pixel, quality
technique is chosen as a way of coding sound more efficiently graphics employ Color Look-up Tables (CLUT), and usr r-
then for CD-DA, such that 50% or less of the total data is occu- manipulated graphics use direct RGB coding.
pied by stereo audio information. At least 50% of the data can
therefore be used for other purposes, principally the transfer of A key requirement is that the disc must be compatible rega d-
visual information. The HiFi music mode uses an 8-bit word less of where it is purchased and on which system it is us d;
size and a sampling rate of 37.SkHz in order to take full advan- for example, playback should be independent of the partic~lar
tage of the form 2 sector space of 2324 Bytes, while retaining TV standard. Given these and other similarities and diff\H-
the highest useable integral fraction of 44.1 kHz (16-bit PCM ences, CD-I video requirements are translated into specififa-
sampling rate). HiFi music mode is equivalent in quality to a tions related to three areas: display resolution, picture codi~Ig,
high-quality LP played for the first trme . In order to use the and visual effects.
same coding technique to span the requirement for various CD-I TRACK A data track containing only mode 2 sectors cam-
audio levels and still maintain optimal quality by proper post-fil- forming to the CD-ROM mode 2 specification as well as he
tering, the word size of the first level is reduced from 8 bits to 4 CD-I specification.
bits to give the Mid-Fi music mode. This is equivalent to FM
broadcast quality sound as broadcast from the studio, and CD-MASTERING As with conventional disc mastering, a I D
offers a maximum of 4 stereo or 8 mono channels available in master disc is produced from a master tape. But in addition! to
the HiFi music mode. To achieve a further reduction in data the actual recorded program, Compact Discs also carry a cJn-
rate, and thereby increase the number of audio channels to 8 trol and display subcode, which is inserted during the encod ing
stereo or 16 mono, the sampling rate is reduced by half to stage of the disc mastering process, just prior to eight-to-fo~r-
18.9kHz. This results in speech mode quality, which is equiva- teen modulation. The information for the subcode has to corrne
lent to AM broadcast quality sound as broadcast from the stu- from the recording studio, since it is related to the recorded p O-
dio. gram.

It should be noted that a channel, as described above, is equiv- The recording stµdio therefore produces a digital master ta , e,
1
alent to some 72 minutes of uninterrupted playing time. Multiple assembled and edited into the required sequence, and in he
channels can only be played with a 1-4 second gap between correct CD pulse code modulated format.
them. This gap is due to the fact that the laser read-out mecha-
nism must be repositioned back to the beginning of the disc. CD-ROM See Compact Disc-Read Only Memory.

An alternative way of using the channels is as a sequence of CD-ROM CHANNEL The main channel of a CD-ROM track.
up to 16 parallel channels of audio information. These channels CD-RTOS See Compact Disc - Real Time Operating Syste .
could tell the same story but in different languages, for exam-
ple, so that the user could switch from one language to another CD-TAPE MASTER The tape used to produce the CD-d sc
instantly at any time. This last case moves away from the ques- master; a CD master tape with subcode cue code on au , io
tion of what is on the disc alone, to the question of how that track 1. See CD mastering, cue code.
information can be used in a CD-I system.
CD TRACK A separately-addressable section of a Comp ct
r,. Audio information from the disc can reach the user in three dif- Disc, normally carrying a self-contained piece of information.
ferent ways:
(1) From the disc directly to the 16-bit PCM decoder, and out CHROMA KEY See color key.
through the audio HiFi system as CD-DA sound. (2) From the CIRC See Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code.
disc directly through the ADPCM and PCM decoders and the
HiFi system as ADPCM sounds. (3) From disc into a micropro- CLUT See Color Look-Up Table.
39
CL T ANIMATION In CD-I, a technique used to impart motion DA or CD-ROM, it is also system-software dependent. The rea-
to graphic objects by repeatedly changing the data in the color sons for CD-l's hardware and system-software dependence are
lot·Up table. motivated by, and based on, the real-time audio/video decod-
ing and data-handling requirements that CD-I applications
C~V See Constant Linear Velocity. demand, as well as the requirement to maintain disc/system
CjLOR KEY A system based on color matching to control
interchangeability in the same way that CD-DA does. In practi- \..J
ov · rlay transparency. A technique in which parts of an image cal terms, this means that any CD-I disc will play on any CD-I
player, regardless of where in the world both were purchased.
ar determined to be transparent based on their color values.
I
Al j o known as chroma key. This latter point is achieved in the CD-I specification by defining
a set of rules for a minimum level system called the Base
C~LOR LOOK-UP TABLE A means of compressing the
Case, which must be observed by all discs. The CD-I specifica-
a ount of information needed to store color pictorial informa-
tio by allowing only a specific number of colors (tints and tion also allows for mixing of CD-DA and CD-I discs, and
brightness), and holding these values in a table. The color of a requires CD-DA decoding hardware in CD-I systems.
gilv.en picture element or pixel is then defined as a value from COMPACT DISC PLAYER Device specifically designed to
thi table. read CD-DA discs. If provided with digital output and control
C MBI PLAYER A combined Laser Vision and Compact Disc interface, can also be used, in conjunction with a suitable sig-
nal processor, to read CD-ROM or CD-I discs.
pltyer.
COMPACT DISC· READ ONLY MEMORY A natural deriva-
C MPACT DISC System for reproduction of high-density digi-
tive of Compact Disc-Digital Audio. Defined by Philips and
tal d~ta fr?m _an opti~al disc. Ori~inally conc~ived as a medium
Sony in 1985, the CD-ROM makes use of the identical physical
fo high f1del1ty music reproduction, for which Compact Disc-
characteristics, disc size, rotational speed and read-out mecha-
Di~ital Au?io is_ now an accepted world standard. Because of
thj very high disc data storage capacity, Compact Disc is now nism, as well as the same disc mastering and replication pro-
being applied as a text/data medium for electronic publishing cesses as used for CD-Digital Audio.
(Cb-ROM) and a multiple-function (audio/video/text/data) medi- Where CD-ROM and CD-DA differ is in their application.
uf for electronic interactive programs (CD-I). See Compact Instead of a single, dedicated application, namely hi fi music,
Dire-Digital Audio, Compact Disc-Interactive and Compact CD-ROM specification limits itself to defining the method by
Dire-Read Only Memory. which data is stored on the disc, and no more. The nature of
C?,MPACT DISC-DIGITAL AUDIO Developed jointly by the data, and the purpose for which it is to be interpreted, is left
to the information providers making use of the medium. The
P~'llips and Sony, and launched in October 1982, Compact
~i c-Digital Audio has revolutionized high fidelity recording with disc can be divided into tracks in the same manner as for CO-
its pure sound reproduction, small size and immunity from sur- DA; indeed the specification foresees the possibility of combin-
fa , e scratching. ing CD-DA tracks on a single disc.

T1e Compact _Disc system records music, in the form of digital CD-ROM makes use of the same CIRC error protection used in
CD-DA as well as EFM (Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation).
d~ta, ont~ a light ~ut_ ro~ust 12 cm (5 inches) diameter disc,
thpreby virtually eliminating the problems of dynamic range, However, the data recorded on the disc is organized into sec-
b~ckground noise, wow and flutter, and other sound distur- tors of 2352 bytes. Each sector is further subdivided. After 12
b~nces co~'.11on to earl_ier sound rec~rding systems. 32-bit bytes of synchronization, and a 4-byte header to identify the
a1alog-to-d1g1tal conversion at a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz, in address and nature, or mode, of data in the block, the main
c~njunction with Cl RC (Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon User Data area follows, containing 2048 bytes of data.
~pde) error correction and EFM (Eight-to-Fourteen Following this area is a 288 byte long Auxiliary Data Area.
Mpdulation), a reproducible bandwidth of 10 Hz to 20kHz within Concerning the mode information, CD-ROM normally only uses
0.2 dB, a signal to noise ratio of over 100 dB, a dynamic range mode 1, where an additional level of error protection
oflover 95 dB and imperceptible wow and flutter. (EDC/ECC) is included in the Auxiliary Data Area to reduce the
chance of error to less than a single bit per disc. Mode 2, also
Sf . e also CD mastering, Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon
C , de, Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation, Pulse Code Modulation. defined for CD-ROM, allocates the space used in Mode 1 for
R fer to Training Manual ST1444 or ST1307 for a full descrip- error correction for recording additional user data. Mode O is
ti n of the basic Compact Disc digital audio system. used for CD-DA applications. The mode being used is fixed for
the duration of a track. Details of the modes of all tracks are
~ I _MPACT DISC DRIVE Device specifically designed to read also held in the Q sub-channel in the lead-in area of each disc.
d1~tal data from CD-ROM or CD-I discs. CD-I drives can also
pl y CD-DA discs. COMPACT DISC • REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM CD-
RTOS, the operating system used in CD-I, is specified so that the
C MPACT DISC-INTERACTIVE The Compact Disc- real-time capabilities of CD-I are useable, as far as possible, in a
ln~~active ~tandar~s sp~cifies a ~ulti-media, interactive infor- device-independent way. CD-RTOS is a multi-tasking operating
mi~t1on earner that 1_s mainly real-time audio and video driven, system with real-time response, has a versatile modular design,
b t also has text, binary data and computer program capabili- and can be loaded into ROM. It supports a variety of arithmetic
ti •s. It is both a media and a system specification, and defines and 1/0 co-processors and is device-independent and interrupt-
wbat can be present on the disc, how it is coded and orga- driven. CD-ATOS can handle multi-level tree-structured disc
nif ed, and h~w dis~/syste~ compatibility can be maintained. directories, supports both byte-addressable random-access files
Friom a technical point of view, CD-I is based on CD-ROM, but and real-time files, and is OS-9 compatible.
fr~m a player/product point of view it is based on CD-DA. Like
C -DA, it is dependent on processor hardware, but unlike CD-

40
CD-RTOS is composed of four major blocks: Compact Disc audio frame are fed in parallel to the irst
encoder. The second symbol of each audio sample is del yed
1. Libraries; these guarantee that the necessary specialized by two symbols, so that the symbols of two successive fra es
user library functions such as high-level access and data are interleaved. The first encoder then adds 4 parity sym ols,
synchronization, as well as math, 1/0 and other functions making 28 in all.
are available in CD-I systems. One of the most important
of these is synchronization. These 28 symbols are fed to the second encoder through d lay
lines of different lengths. The second encoder adds four more
2. CD-RTOS kernel; this is a customized version of the OS-9 parity symbols, making 32 in all. Finally, alternative audio sig-
kernel. nals are delayed by one symbol.
3. Managers; these define the virtual device level for graph- The total effect is to spread the symbols of one frame , ver
ics, visuals, text, audio, CD control, etc. The managers eight frames. The two stages of CIRC encoding make it p ssi-
provide software support for graphics/visual devices, point- ble for the CIRC in a CD player to correct two symbols in ach
ing devices, and the CD-I audio processing devices, as received frame directly, or to correct four symbols in e ach
well as taking care of disc 1/0 and optimized disc access 1
received frame by erasure and circulation . Furthermore, it
and reading. allows detection of up to 32 successive incorrect symbol I so
4. Drivers; these are the interfaces between the virtual, i.e. that interpolated values can be substituted. Because of the dis-
hardware-independent, level and the actual hardware used persion of symbols over 8 frames, up to 4000 wrong data bits
by various manufactures in thelr CD-I systems. can be corrected and up to 12,304 wrong data bits can be , on-
cealed. The final (1 symbol) delay provides protection agJinst
COMPATIBILITY (1) In computing and communications, per- random errors. I
taining to pairs of devices that have met the requirements for
code, speed and signal level conversion to enable direct inter- See also Compact Disc-Digital Audio and Eight-to-Fourteen
connections. (2) In computing, pertaining to machines on Modulation. I
which programs may be interchanged without appreciable mod- CUE CODE In Compact Disc, a code used in tape masteri ng.
ification. (3) In Compact Disc, the extent to which different Recorded on audio track 1 of the CD-tape master, it contains
types of discs can be interpreted by different types of players or the information necessary to generate subcode during ~isc
drives. For example, all CD-DA discs are fully compatible with
all CD-DA players, so that any player can reproduce music
mastering. See CD mastering. I
from any disc regardless of manufacturer. CURSOR (1) In computing, a short line or character on a ViDU
indicating where the next character is to be typed. (2) A sr.m-
COMPRESSION (1) In communications, a process in which bol or character on a screen display, which indicates a position
the effective gain applied to a signal is varied as a function of or a path to be followed. Moved by the application progra to
the signal magnitude, the effective gain being greater for small guide the user, and by the user to define a requirement.
signals. (2) In CD-I, a technique for reducing the amount of
data needed to store audio or visual information. The methods CURSOR PLANE In multiplane video representations, the
used are based on the principle that, after the first picture or plane in which the computer cursor is presented.
sound sample has been represented as data, the only further
data required is that which represents relative changes. CUT In film and video, a direct change from one imag to
another.
CONCEALMENT In digital signal processing, the hiding of
errors for example, by an interpolation scheme. CVBS Composite Video Blanking and Sync signal. The s an-
dard form of color TV baseband broadcast signal in which the
CONSTANT ANGULAR VELOCITY A disc rotation mode in intensity and relation of the red, green, and blue compon nts
which the disc always rotates at the same speed, so that the are represented by a luminance signal and a chrominance ig-
time of one revolution is always the same. Used in interactive nal.
Laser Vision.
CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK In Compact Disc, a separate
CONSTANT LINEAR VELOCITY A disc rotation mode in error detection scheme for the Compact Disc subcode. : ee
which the disc rotation speed changes as the read radius polynomial code.
changes so that the linear reading speed (i.e., the speed at
which the read-out device scans the track) is always the same. DATA CHANNEL (1) In CD, a channel carrying data, as
Maximizes disc information storage capacity. Used in CD and opposed to audio information. (2) In CD-ROM, a channel carry-
in non-interactive Laser Vision. ing mode 1 data.

CONTENT PROVIDER Synonymous with information provider. DATA DRIVEN ACTION TAGGING In CD-I, the techniqu I for
identifying or tagging events on the different data streams
1
CRC See cyclic redundancy check. (audio, video, text/data) so that they can be synchroni ed
according to the requirements of the application program.
CROSS-INTERLEAVED REED-SOLOMON CODE An error
protection code specially developed for Compact Disc. It con- DATA TRACK In CD-ROM or CD-I, a track containing data as
sists of two Reed-Solomon codes interleaved crosswise. CIRC opposed to CD-DA information. As such, one of the two trFck
makes it possible for a CD player decoder to detect and correct types identified in the table of contents. Compare audio traci"
or conceal large burst errors. Errors up to 4000 data bits
(2.5mm of track) can be corrected. Errors up to 12,304 data DECODING HARDWARE In Compact Disc, the equipment
required to interpret the encoded data recorded on the disc.
bits can be concealed.

The CIRC encoder uses 2 stages of encoding and 3 stages of DE-EMPHASIS See pre-emphasis.
interleaving. The 12 PCM audio samples (24 symbols) of one
41
DJ LTA MODULATION In data comm"nications, a focm of dlf- DISSOLVE A slow change from one picture (global) or part of
ferj ntial PCM in which only 1 bit for each sample is used. a picture (local), to another.

D LTA PULSE CODE MODULATION See delta modulation. DOUBLE RESOLUTION In CD-I, a display resolution mode
between the normal and high resolution modes, with 768 pixels
D LTA-YUV A high-efficiency image-coding scheme for natu- (horizontal) and 280 pixels (vertical). \..._,I
ral pictures used in CD-I. The delta coding takes advantage of
th fact that there is a high correlation between adjacent pixel DOUBLE-WRITTEN In CD-I, data written twice with a 4-byte
va ues, making it possible to encode only the differences separation. This achieves a data integrity level equivalent to
be ween the absolute YU or YV pixel values. This coding mode 1.
sc eme is applied per line. See YUV encoding.
DPCM See delta modulation.
DI FERENTIAL PCM In data communications, a version of
pu se code modulation in which a difference in value between a DYNAMIC LOADING In CD-I, updating the contents of the
sa pie and the previous sample is encoded. Because fewer Color Look-Up Table (GLUT) during the horizontal retrace peri-
bit are required for transmission than under PCM, this tech- od (up to 4 colors) or during the vertical retrace period (up to
ni , ue is used in satellite communications. In CD-I, this tech- 256 colors).
ni ue is applied in video encoding as well as audio encoding. DYUV See Delta YUV
S e Adaptive Delta Pulse Code Modulation, Delta YUV.
ECC See Error Correction Code.
DI ITAL-OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY The combination of digital
a d optical techniques. See Compact Disc, fiber optics, fiber EDC See Error Detection Code.
oiics recording.
EFM See Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation.
DI ITAL PRODUCTION MASTER A digitally recorded audio
ta e used in editing to produce a master tape . It may be a stu- EIGHT-TO-FOURTEEN MODULATION In Compact Disc, the
di mix, an equalized copy from a mastering suite, or a transfer pulse code modulated signal produced by analog-to-digital con-
fr m a previous master. version is a simple non-return-to-zero bit stream of ones and
zeros. It is not self-clocking, and there is no restriction on run
DIGITAL RECORDING Recording audio or video signals in length (the number of successive 1's and O's). To record this
di , ital form. The level of the signal to be recorded is sampled at signal directly on to the disc would not only be inefficient in
a ate at least double the highest frequency to be reproduced, terms of disc storage capacity, it would also make playback very
a d the instantaneous amplitude of the signal is quantized and difficult, if not impossible. EFM is therefore applied, to produce a
st red in numerical or digital form. signal format suitable for recording. EFM imposes a minimum
run length of three bits and a maximum run length of eleven -..._
DIRECT RGB CODING Picture coding scheme used in CD-I bits. It also changes the signal into a non-return-to-zero inverted
fo high-quality graphics that can easily be changed by the bit stream, in which a one is represented by a transition, and a
u er. Images are encoded on disc as red, green and blue com- zero by no transition. Finally, EFM introduces a unique synchro-
p nents using 5 bits for each color plus one overlay or control nization pattern to each frame of audio information.
bi.
EFM greatly reduces the number of transitions for the same
DSC BOOTSTRAP ROUTINE Optional routine on a CD-I disc amount of data. This means that the data can be read more reli-
to add or replace operating system capabilities in a Base Case ably, with much less risk of interference between symbols. It
S stem. also means that 25% more data can be recorded on the same
D SC INTERCHANGEABILITY The ability to exchange discs disc area. At the same time, EFM ensures that there are always
b tween players of different manufacture. This is an essential enough transitions to allow bit clock regeneration in the
fe ture of both CD-DA and CD-I. Compact Disc player. The data is thus made self-clocking.

DSC LABEL In CD-I, the disc identifying in terms of its vol- EFM also minimizes the difference between the number of ones
u e and album description. Recorded in the first track of the and zeros in the bit stream. This suppresses low frequency
di c. See Super Table of Contents. components which could otherwise interfere with the player's
focussing, tracking and motor control servos.
D SC MEMORY Secondary storage using an optical or mag-
n tic disc. Synonymous with disc storage. Finally, the synchronization pattern allows each frame to be rec-
ognized. This is essential, particularly for error correction and
DISC REPLICATION The production of copy discs from a subcode separation. EFM changes each 8-bit symbol in the sig-
m ster disc, usually for commercial distribution. nal into a 14-bit symbol. The 14-bit symbols all have a minimum
of 3 and a maximum of 11 successive zeros. 256 such symbols
D SC STORAGE Data storage on optical or magnetic disc, are needed to match all the possible 8-bit combinations. (In fact
c aracterized by low cost and relatively fast data access, com- 267 14-bit symbols meet this requirement; 11 are not used). The
p red with tape storage. 256 14-bit symbols form a look-up table held in a RAM .
D SPLAY RESOLUTION The measure of the number of pix- The run length conditions must be maintained between symbols
el , and thus the amount of detail, that a screen can display. as well as within them. This is achieved by inserting two merg-
Hprizontal resolution is a function of bandwidth, vertical resolu- ing bits. A third merging bit maintains the balance between the
ti1~ is a function of the number of scan lines. Present-day color number of ones and zeros in the bit stream. Thus, each 8-bit \...._.,I
Tr sets, with a band-width of 4-5MHz, can display 40 alphanu- symbol becomes a 17-bit symbol (14+3). The synchronization
meric characters per line. High-resolution monitors, with a pattern consists of 24 bits, and is uniquely identifiable. It, too,
b ndwidth of 20MHz or more, can usually display 80 and has three merging bits.
s metimes 132 characters per line.
42
 An EFM modulated audio frame is composed of 33 seventeen- FADE IN See Fading.
bit symbols (24 audio, 8 parity and 1 subcode) plus a 27-bit
synchronization pattern; a total of 588 channel bits. This is the FADE OUT See Fading.
signal written on to the disc, where each "one" is represented FADING Gradual reduction of a video or audio signal to zero
by the beginning or end of a pit. (fade-out) or gradual increase from zero to normal level (fa~e-
See also Compact Disc-Digital Audio, Pulse Code Modulation, in). I
and Figure 2 in the main text. See Philips Training Manual FILE DESCRIPTOR RECORD In CD-I, all files have a sector
ST1444 or ST1307 for additional information on compact disc called a file descriptor record. This contains a list of the d1ta
encoding methods.
segments, their starting logical sector number (block numb~r),
EMPHASIS See pre-emphasis. size and file attributes.

ERASABLE OPTICAL DISC Using a technique known as FILE MANAGER In CD-I, a system software module which
magneto-optical recording , erasable optical discs have been handles 1/0 requests for a class of similar devices.
produced experimentally. Writing and reading depend on the FORM 1 The CD-I sector format with EDC/ECC error detect on
physical effects of small, reverse-polarized magnetic domains and correction . Equivalent to CD-ROM mode 1, but with he
in a thin polarized magnetic layer. Writing is performed by form identity included in a sub-header to permit interleavin of
reversing the polarization of the domain, while under the influ- form 1 and form 2 sectors to meet the requirements of real-tihie
ence of an external magnetic field, py heating it above the com- operation.
pensation point temperature with a short laser pulse. Reading
is performed by measuring the Kerr effect, which rotates polar- FORM 2 The CD-I sector format with an auxiliary data field
ized light when it is reflected under the influence of a magnetic instead of EDC/ECC error detection and correction. Equivalr nt
field. to CD-ROM mode 2, but with the form identity included in a
sub-header to permit interleaving of form 1 and form 2 sectors
ERROR CORRECTION Identification and correction of errors to meet the requirements of real-time operation.
arising in the transfer of information. Used extensively in com-
puter storage media such as Compact Discs. See Cross- FRAME (1) In computing the array of bits across the width of
Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code, Cyclic Redundancy Check, magnetic or paper tape. (2) In an automatic switching t~le-
Error Correction Code, Error Detection Code. phone system, a complete cycle during which all the devices in
a group are inspected by a common control system. (3) In a
ERROR CORRECTION CODE (1) In computing and commu- packet switching network, a complete sequence of bits identi-
nications, a code designed to detect an error, in a word or char- fied by an opening synchronization character, and usually
acter, identify the incorrect bit and replace it with the correct including a field containing the user's data. (4) In filming, an
~
one. (2) An error correction code used in CD-ROM and CD-I to individual picture on a film, filmstrip or video. The size of the
achieve high data integrity. See Form 1, Mode 1. frame is determined by the limits of the camera aperture. (5) In
ERROR DETECTION CODE (1) In computing and communi- television, a single television tube picture scan combining inter-
cations, a code designed to detect, but not correct, an error in a laced information. (6) In videotext, a page of data displayed on
word or character. (2) An error detection code used in CD- a terminal. (7) In artificial intelligence, a data structure for rep-
ROM and CD-I to achieve high data integrity. See Form 1, resenting a stereotype situation; this concept may be useful in
Mode 1. dealing with linguistic ambiguities which arise in machine trans-
lation. (8) In CD-DA, one complete pattern of digital audio
EXECUTABLE OBJECT CODE The output from a compiler's information, comprising 6 PCM stereo samples, with CIRC and
or assembler's linkage editor or linker, which is in the machine one subcode symbol, EFM modulated, with a synchronization
code for a particular processor, with each loadable program
being one named file (module). In CD-I, such an object does
pattern. I
not contain audio or video data. See executable code. FRAME GRABBER (1) In recording , an electronic technique
for storing and regenerating a video frame from a helical video
EXTENDED DISC In CD-I, a hypothetical disc that can exer- tape signal. This method avoids the need for the continubus
cise all the capabilities of an 'extended' system as defined by head to tape contact that would otherwise be required in frebze
the CD-I extended system specification. The Base Case speci- frame operation. (2) An electronic device for extracting a com-
fication is a subset of the extended system specification. plete frame from a video signal and storing it in memory for ~ur-
ther processing.
EXTENDED SYSTEM In CD-I, a system conforming to Base
Case specification, plus any extensions that conform to the GLASS MASTER An optical master disc produced by expos-
'extended' CD-I system specification. ing a photosensitive coating on a glass substrate to a laser
beam, then developing the exposed coating and covering it
EXTENSION (1) In CD-I, an upward compatible module to with a silver coating. See CD-disc Master, CD Mastering.
replace an existing system module in ROM . During initializa-
tion, all modules in CD-ATOS (except the protection modules) GLOBAL DISSOLVE A dissolve affecting the whole of a video
may be replaced by extended modules which have revision picture.
numbers higher than the ones they replace. (2) In CD-I , a
hardware module supporting a functional extension conform ing GLOBAL FADE A fade affecting the whole of a video picture.
to the CD-I 'extended' system specification. During initialization, GRACEFUL DEGRADATION (1) Failure of a computer sys-
CD-ATOS identifies the extension and includes the software tem in terms of increasingly inadequate performance, rather
modules from it. than sudden breakdown. This occurs particularly in multi-user
FADE See Fading. systems, and is often the result of increasing program complex-
ity or growing user demand exceeding system capability, lead-

43
ing to unacceptably long response times and failure to handle INTERACTIVE LEARNING Form of education using interac-
update routines. 2) In CD-I, degradation of audio or video qual- tive media. The pupil learns by interacting with the medium,
ity due to increasing error content. which fulfills the role of teacher.

GREEN BOOK Informal name for CD-I specification. INTERACTIVE MEDIUM Medium which presents information ---
in such a way that, by means of an application program, it is
GREEN DISC Synonymous with CD-I disc. delivered in the course of a dialogue with the user. The applica- '.._,,/
1 ARDWARE CO-PROCESSOR See co-processor. lion program may also be included in the medium. Examples
include Interactive LaserVision and CD-I.
HEADER FIELD In CD-ROM or CD-I, that part of a data sector
cbntaining the absolute sector address and mode byte. INTERACTIVE MODE Presentation of information in a
sequence determined by a dialogue between the information
~I Fl QUALITY In CD-I, the second sound quality. A band- medium and the recipient. Examples include CD-I and
~idth of 17kHz is obtained using 8-bit ADPCM at a sampling Interactive LaserVision. Compare linear mode. See Interactive
friequency of 37.8kHz. Comparable with LP record sound quali- Medium.
ty. See Audio Quality Level.
I INTERACTIVE SYSTEM A system of using an interactive
~IGH RESOLUTION (1) The degree of detailed visual defini- medium to supply information to the user.
tii°n (800x600 pixels) that gives readable 80 column text dis-
p1lay. The monitors used with professional computers normally INTERCHANGEABILITY The characteristics that make it pos-
have high resolution, as will the new generation of enhanced- sible to change components of a system for other components
1
quality TV's. (2) In CD-I, a display resolution mode of 768 pix- from a different source, and still obtain performance within the
e:ls (horizontal) by 560 pixels (vertical). See Enhanced-Quality system specification. For example, all compact cassettes and
V. Compare normal resolution. cassette recorders are interchangeable, as are CD-DA and CD-I
discs and players.

l IGH RESOLUTION TV See Enhanced-Quality TV.

IGH SIERRA GROUP An ad-hoc standards group set to rec-

mmend compatible standards for CD-ROM. The group
i~cludes representatives from the hardware, software and pub-
lishing industries, and was named after the hotel in Lake Tahoe
, here it first met in the summer of 1985.
INTERLACED SCANNING Picture scanning using two fields,
the lines of the second field being interposed between those of
the first.

INTERLEAVING (1) In computing, the act of accessing two or

more bytes or streams of data from separate storage units
simultaneously. Also, the alternating of two or more operations
~ORIZONTAL LINE UPDATE The modification of all or part of or functions at the same time from one computer. (2) In com-
al single line in a video image. puting, the spacing out of logical sectors along the physical
sectors of a disk track. In cases where it takes longer to pro-
~ORIZONTAL RETRACE PERIOD Time during which the cess the data in a sector than to read it, interleaving minimizes
hprizontal line scan on a TV screen returns to the beginning of access time. Depending on the processing time required, a
t~e next line. delay equivalent to one or more disk revolutions is introduced
~RTV High-resolution TV. Synonymous with high-definition between successive logical sectors. (3) In CD-I, the interspac-
Tl . See Enhanced-Quality TV. ing of sectors at intervals that correspond to the nature of the
data. For audio, a regular interspaced pattern is used which
IMAGE PLANE (1) In photography, the plane, perpendicular to depends on the sound quality level required. The subheader
t~e optical axis of a lens, at which an image is formed by the indicates the interleaving pattern at file, channel and data type
lens. This plane is normally coincident with the plane occupied levels.
by the emulsion surface of a film. (2) In multiplane video repre-
sentations, more than one image can be combined in different INTERNATIONAL STANDARD RECORDING CODE Code
i ays to create a single image in real-time . The CD-I system used by record manufacturers. Gives information about country
hr,s a maximum of five image planes including the cursor and of origin, owner, year of issue and serial number of individual
backdrop plane. music tracks. May optionally appear in CD-DA subcode.

!~ FORMATION CARRIER Any medium by which information 1/0 FUNCTIONS In CD-I, the transfer functions Read and Play
isI carried from its point of origin to its point of use, e.g. magnet- which perform the physical transfer of data from the disc.
ic tape, Compact Disc, transmission line, broadcasting channel, JOYSTICK (1) In visual display units, a rotary lever which
o~ paper. enables an operator to alter or move images on the display.
I FORMATION CHANNEL In CD-I, a real-time record may con- (2) In filming, a device connected to a cable for remote lens
tain several information channels. This is done to minimize the control.
a~ ount of disc space wasted by gaps between audio blocks and KERNEL In computer programming, (1) that part of an opera-
19 associate an audio sequence with its accompanying visual tion system that must always be in main memory when any part
sequence.
of it is loaded. It comprises the routines that perform basic load-
IJ TELLIGENT PLAVER A CD player or LaserVision drive with ing and supervisory functions, (2) that part of a segmented pro-
additional computing facilities built in, enabling the player to inter- gram that must always be in main storage when any other seg-
a{ t with the user, or to operate under program control. CD-I ment is loaded.
plr yers are intelligent players. See Intelligent Device. KEV CONTROLLER A control unit with keys. For example, a
l~TERACTIVE LASERVISION A system which employs a remote control unit for a TV set.
L'/'serVisio~ drive _and a (micro) computer, either built-in or exter-
nr to run InteractIve programs from a CAV type LaserVision disc.
44

I
LASER DISC Strictly, any disc recorded and read by a laser, py disc, magnetic tape, punch cards, etc. (2) In communica-
but in general usage a LaserVision disc. tions, the means whereby information is conveyed within !He
communications industry: book, cinema, newspaper, radio, T~.
LASERVISION Optical videodisc system developed by Philips
for reproducing color video pictures and 2-channel sound. Uses MEDIUM (1) A physical means to represent information for or
the same optical readout principle as Compact Disc, but the transfer e.g. tape, disc or paper. (2) A means of communic 1t-
discs are larger (20 or 30 cm) and may be double-sided. The ing information, e.g. video, audio, printed publications.
speed of rotation and the data rate are also higher. The pro-
gram information is analog, although the control information is MEMORY Synonymous with storage. Any facility for holdi g
digital. data. Often used alone to describe main or internal memory, n
which case a distinction must be made from external memo} .
LASERVISION DISC 30 or 20 cm diameter, single or double- See Back-up Memory, Random Access Memory, Read On y
sided optical disc for the LaserVision system. Memory, Tape Memory.
LEAD-IN TRACK In CD, a track on the disc before the pro- METAL FATHER A recording mould formed by nickel plating
gram tracks. Contains the Table of Contents. on a master disc. Can be used directly for replication, or as t~e
basis for the production, by two further stages of plating, of
LEADING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY The most advanced tech- stampers for large-quantity production . I
nology available in a particular field. Capable of leading to fur-
ther progress either in its own field, or another. MENU (1) In computing and interactive systems, a display of a
list of available functions for selection by an operator. (2) In
LEAD-OUT TRACK In CD, a track on the disc following the videotext, a list of up to nine choices on a page for selection by
program tracks. a user for routing to various parts of the database.
LIGHT PEN (1) In computer graphics, a light sensitive device MENU-DRIVEN The course of events in an application pro-
that is shaped like a pen and connected to a VDU. The tip of gram, interactively controlled by means of menu selections.
the light pen contains a light sensitive element which, when
placed against the screen, will register a pulse from the scan- MID Fl QUALITY In CD-I, the third sound quality. A bandwidth
ning spot. A coincidence pulse is generated from which a of 17kHz is obtained by using 4-bit ADPCM at a sampling rate
computer can identify the location of the pen on the screen. (2) of 37.8kHz. Comparable with FM broadcast sound quality. s Je
In optical disc, the laser unit complete with optics and photodi- Audio Quality Level.
odes.
MODE 1 One of the two physical sector formats defined for
LINE MULTIPLICATION A technique used in CD-I to make CD-ROM. Incorporates EDC/ECC error detection and corret-
high-resolution line information compatible with a lower-resolu- tion.
tion system.
MODE 2 One of the two physical formats defined for CD-ROM.
LINEAR MODE Presentation of information in a fixed Incorporates an auxiliary data field instead of EDC/ECC error
sequence, uninfluenced by the recipient. Examples include detection and correction.
films and TV programs. Compare Interactive Mode.
MODE BYTE In CD-ROM, the byte in the header field of a
LINE UPDATE In information presentation, the modification of sector that defines whether a sector is mode 1 or mode 2.
single line, or part of a line, of graphics stored on a file .
MOSAIC GRAPHICS In CD-I, low-resolution graphics
LOAD TIME In video, the time taken to put a complete picture achieved by repeating pixels or lines by a certain factor.
on the screen.
MOTHER In disc replication, a negative mould intermediate
LOCAL DISSOLVE A dissolve affecting a portion of the between metal father and stamper. Formed by nickel plating on
image. the metal father. See Metal Father. I
LOCAL FADE A fade affecting a portion of an image. MOUSE In computing, a palm sized unit equipped with a num-
ber of control buttons, used to manipulate a screen display and
LOW RESOLUTION A degree of detailed visual definition invoke utility functions. The mouse is rolled over a tablet su -
below the normal domestic color TV sets. face and the movement of the ball is measured and fed to the
LV See LaserVision. computer. Control of functions are invoked by moving the
mouse to designated tablet areas or pressing the button. It m~y
MAGNETIC MEDIUM Magnetically sensitive carrier for the be employed to input graphics or to manipulate text on dis-
storage and distribution of information, e.g. hard disc, floppy played documents, e.g. scrolling, cut and paste.
disc, compact cassette, video cassette.
MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM (1) In computer, a system architecture
MASTER DISC An original disc, from which copies can be based on the use of different media to carry the data and appli-
made by a replication process. cation programs. In a CD-ROM system, for example, the data
is carried on a CD-ROM disc, while the application program is
MASTERING In optical disc, the production of the master disc. stored on a magnetic medium such as floppy disc.
MAIN CHANNEL In CD-ROM and CD-I, the only accessible, (2) An information presentation system using more than one
absolutely addressable, information channel recorded on a medium. Examples include book-audio tape combinations for
disc. In CD-DA, the main channel carries the digital audio language learning , and teletext sub-titling of television pro-
(music) information. Compare a subcode channel. grams.
MEDIA (1) In computing, the material on which data and
instructions are recorded, e.g. magnetic disc, paper tape, flop-
45
M LTIPLANE A video image in which different pictures are OVERLAY CONTROL In CD-I, the mechanism which controls
overlaid on top of the other. transparency between planes.

NATURAL IMAGES See natural pictures. PALETTE In video, a range of colors analogous to those in a
painter's palette. In CD-I, a palette is used by the User - ~
-------------
Nf TURAL PICTURES In video, pictures of real-life subjects. Communications Manager to support the Color Look-up Table.
The maximum size of the palette at any instant in time is 256
NEW MEDIA Media now becoming available, or envisaged as
colors, with the red, green and blue components each defined
bf coming available, for mass information presentation.
Examples include CD-ROM for use with home and personal to bit accuracy.
cdmputers, and CD-I and LaserVision which use dedicated PARTIAL UPDATE In information presentation, the modifica-
drives. Principle advantages lie in the fast access times which tion of part of the text, graphics or natural image displayed on a
mpke interactive applications possible, and very high storage screen.
c~pacities. These open the way to increasingly sophisticated
aIwlications. PAUSE (1) In audio, a temporary interruption of recording or
playback. (2) In computing, an interruption in program execu-
N~ N-LINEAR QUANTIZATION Quantization using steps of tion.
direrent sizes, to distribute the steps more efficiently over the
d~namic range. Takes advantage of the fact that quantization P CHANNEL One of the eight Compact Disc subcode chan-
eTors are less perceptible when signal changes are large. nels (P-W). The P channel carries the music flag, indicating
presence or absence of a music track.
NPRMAL RESOLUTION (1) The degree of detailed visual def-
in tion (600x300 pixels) presented by domestic television PCM (1) A pulse-code-modulated audio signal. (2) In CD-DA
repeiver screens. (2) In CD-I, a display resolution mode of 384 the audio signal after the first stage of encoding, i.e. a multi-
pi els (horizontal) by 280 pixels (vertical). plexed signal with six 32-bit stereo samples in each audio
frame.
0 NI PLAYER A combined Compact Disc Laser Vision player
th t can also play CD-I discs. PICTURE ELEMENT (1) In computer graphics, the smallest
element of a display space that can be addressed. A picture
0 TICAL DIGITAL DISC An optical disc in which information element will have one or more attributes of color, intensity and
is stored digitally. May be a read-only disc, replicated from a flashing. (2) In optical character recognition, an area on a doc-
mr ster, e.g. a Compact Disc, or a disc that is written by the ument which coincides with the scanning spot at a given
uj er, e.g. DOR. moment. (3) In micrographics, the area of the first detail that
orTICAL DISC A disc in which information is impressed as a can be effectively reproduced .
SErries of pits in a flat surface, and is read out by optical means, PITCH In acoustics, the frequency of a sound wave.
i.e. by a laser.
PIXEL Synonymous with picture element.
O~TICAL INPUT In optical media, the light signal before it is
converted into an electrical signal. PIXEL MULTIPLICATION In CD-I, a technique used in decod-
ing pictorial information to make high-resolution pixel informa-
O~TICAL MEDIUM Medium employing optics for the storage tion compatible with a lower-resolution system.
at distribution of information, e.g. DOR, LaserVision.
PLANE In video, one layer of a bit-mapped display.
orTICAL RECORDING The recording of information in such a
WfY that it can be read by a beam of light. Modern optical PREDICTION FILTEAS The filters used in ADPCM encoding
recording technology is almost entirely concentrated on the use to achieve effective response to audio frequency distribution
o low-power lasers to write and read information on optical fluctuations.
difcs. Optical disks can carry very large amounts of information
p1r unit volume. They are highly resistant to damage and PRE-EMPHASIS (1) In video recording, pertaining to the
in,mune to electromagnetic influences. Access to information is amplification of the high frequency components of the video
fast and error rates can be made very low. Laser read-out com- signal prior to the frequency modulation process. (2)
p If tely eliminates wear during use. DOR, Digital Optical Increasing the level of certain signal frequencies relative to the
Rycording systems can write and read digital data (though at other frequencies prior to recording or broadcasting, in order to
prlleesent without any erasure facility). Their principle application preserve overall frequency definition. Subsequent de-emphasis
is in large-scale archiving. Rapid developments are being made during reproduction reduces the pre-emphasized frequencies to
in read-only optical recordings systems, which include CD-DA, their proper level. Used to improve signal-to-noise ratio.
CD-ROM, CD-I and LaserVision. PRE-MASTERING In recording, the process in which basic
I
OPTICAL STORAGE Storage of information in such a way program material is processed to produce a master tape. In
thpt it can be read using optics. Characterized by very high CD-I and interactive Laser Vision, the stage between authoring
st rage density. and mastering.
1
o r.TICAL TECHNOLOGY Technology based on the use of PROGRAM-RELATED DATA In CD-I, the data concerning
o~tical effects for the transmission or storage of information. the application. Includes the data modules containing the exe-
cutable object code for the CD-I processor as well as all appli-
Oe-9 The real-time operating system which forms the basis for cation data other than audio and video data, e.g., data repre-
thi CD-I operating system CD-RTOS. senting system text or phonetically encoded speech.

o r ERLAY Laying an image from one source on top of an PULSE CODE MODULATION Technique for converting ana-
i age from another source. log information into digital form. The analog signal is sampled

46
at a rate equal to at least twice the maximum signal frequency which responds to events directly as they occur, i.e. in real-
component, and the sampled value is represented by a fixed time. CD-I is a real-time interactive system. j
length binary number. This number is then transmitted as a cor-
responding set of pulses. In telephony, the sampling rate is REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM An operating system that
8000 times per second. In CD-DA, the sampling rate is 44,100 functions within the constraints of real time, e.g. CD-ATOS, t~e
times per second and the binary numbers are 16 bits long. OS-9-based operating system of CD-I. Such an operating sys-
Thus a stereo sample is 32 bits long; it is structured into four 8- tem is essential for full interactivity. I
bit symbols, with left and right channel symbols interleaved, 6 REAL TIME SECTOR In CD-I, a sector with the real-time tiit
stereo samples (24 symbols) make up one CD audio frame. 1
set. The data in this sector must be processed without inte r-
Q CHANNEL One of the eight Compact Disc subcode chan- rupting the real-time behavior of the CD-I system.
1
nels (P-W). The Q channel carries the main control and display RECTANGULAR UPDATE In video, update of a rectangular
information. It identifies tracks, indexes and running times, and area, comprising the whole or part of the screen. I
the absolute playing time of the disc. It also indicates whether
the recorded information is audio or data, whether pre-empha- RED DISC Synonymous with CD-DA disc.
sis is applied and whether digital copying is permitted. It can
also indicate 2 or 4 channel audio, should 4-channel audio be RED BOOK Informal name for the CD-DA specification.
introduced. Optionally, it can include a disc catalogue number REGION GENERATION In video, an overlay technique defin-
and ISRC information. Finally, it includes its own CRC (Cyclic ing the overlay area separate from the image contents.
Redundancy Check).
REPLICATION The production of copies from a master, usual-
QUANTIZE In communications, to assign one of a fixed set of ly for commercial distribution.
values to an analog signal as part of an analog to digital con-
version process, e.g. in Pulse Code Modulation, an analog sig- RETRIEVAL In computing, the process of searching for, locat-
nal is sampled, quantized and a corresponding set of binary ing and reading out data.
pulses is produced. See Pulse Code Modulation.
RGB ENCODING A video encoding technique used for graph-
R CHANNEL One of the eight Compact Disc subcode chan- ics in CD-I. For each pixel, the primary colors (Red, Green and
nels (P-W). At present only allocated to CD graphics. Blue) are each quantized and represented by 5 bits of informa-
tion, giving 32 levels of intensity from one extreme value to
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY In computing, (1) a memory each other.
chip used with microprocessors, information can be both read
from and written into the memory but the contents are lost RGB (5:5:5) A video encoding technique used for graphics in
when the power supply is removed, (2) any form of storage in CD-I. For each pixel the primary colors (Red, Green and Blue)
which the access time for any item of data is independent of are each quantized and represented by 5 bits of information,
the location of the data most recently obtained, e.g. immediate giving 32 levels of intensity from one extreme value to the
access store has a random access capability but magnetic disc other.
does not.
ROTATE In film or video, the rotation of a picture, or portion of
RANDOM AREA UPDATE In video, an area of any shape, a picture, with respect to its original position.
updated as a succession of horizontal whole or partial line
updates. ROTATIONAL LATENCY In disc drive system, the average
delay time, caused by the disc rotation needed to gain access,
READ/WRITE MEDIUM A medium that can be both written between a request for read or write action and the commence-
(record) and read (playback). Magnetic media can generally be ment of that action.
written, read, erased and re-written repeatedly. Optical carriers
are at present read-only, or write once , read many times ATOS See real-time operating system.
(WORM). Erasable optical discs are the subject of intensive RUN LENGTH In a data stream, the number of bits between
research. transitions. j
READ ONLY MEMORY In computing, a storage device whose RUN LENGTH CODING In digital video, an encoding tech-
contents can be changed by a particular user, by particular nique which compresses the data required to store a given
operating conditions or by a particular external process. Read image by recording the values of distances between transitions
Only Memory can include storage media where the writing or changes from one color or intensity to the next, as well as
action is inhibited by the operating system or by some mechan- the values of the color or intensities between transitions.
ical device, e.g. a tag on a diskette. The term ROM implies a
storage device not designed to be modified by conventional RUNNING TIME In CD-DA, the time that an audio track has
write procedures and which is used to store permanent infor- been running. Included in the subcode and thus available f6r
mation in computers and microcomputers, e.g. the operating display during playback.
system and BASIC interpreters are often supplied in ROM on
microcomputers. S CHANNEL One of the eight Compact Disc subcode chan-
nels (P-W). At present only allocated to CD graphics.
REAL TIME DATA In CD-I, data taken directly from the disc,
whose flow cannot be interrupted or stopped within the bounds SAFETY AREA The area on a display's surface over which
of a real-time data record. visibility of text or graphics information is guaranteed. The safe-
ty area takes account of all allowable tolerances for display
REAL TIME DATA RECORD In CD-I, the smallest amount of monitors and TV sets. It is always less than the total available
real-time data that can be randomly accessed. screen area.

REAL TIME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM An interactive system SCROLL In video, the continuous horizontal or vertical move-
47
ment of the video information displayed such that, as old data for use by different manufactures, e.g. standardization of con-
disappears at one edge, new data appears at the opposite nectors, TV signals and formats, international telephone net-
edge. works, computers and peripherals, CD-DA format and encoding
techniques.
SECTOR The smallest unit of absolutely addressable informa-
tion in a CD-ROM or CD-I disc. A sector is 2352 bytes long STORAGE CAPACITY The amount of data a particular store
cdntaining a synchronization pattern, header field and digital can accommodate, generally specified in bytes. Storage can
d~ta. It may also contain a sub-header and EDC/ECC error also be quantified in terms of the type of information stored.
prr tection. See Sector Structure. The over 660MB storage capacity of a Compact Disc, for
example, can hold the data needed to reproduce over 160,000
SECTOR ADDRESS In CD-ROM and CD-I, the physical pages of typed text, 72 minutes of the finest quality sound, or
a1dress of a sector expressed in minutes, seconds and sector some 5000 video-quality natural pictures.
nwmber. Contained in the address part of the sector header.
SUBCODE CHANNEL In Compact Disc, one of eight sub-
S~ CTOR STRUCTURE In CD-ROM and CD-I, the 2352 channels, referred to as P to W, which exist in parallel to the
s quential bytes of a sector may be divided in one of four ways,
1
dI pending on the system and the degree of data integrity
main channel. They are used for control and display informa-
tion.
rj quired. See form 1, form 2, mode 1, mode 2.
SUBHEADER In CD-I, a field indicating the nature of, data in
SEEK LATENCY Delay between a request for search action the sector, thus allowing real-time interactive operation. See
at d arrival at the location sought. Sector Structure, Synchronization.
SHRINK In filming and video, a visual effect in which one SUPERIMPOSE Place a computer-generated image over an
inr age becomes smaller and smaller until it is completely image from another source. See Overlay.
replaced by another.
SUPER TABLE OF CONTENTS In CD-I, synonymous with
S NGLE-MEDIUM SYSTEM In computers, a system architec- disc label; the information which is required to start up the CD-I
t re based on the use of a single medium which carries all the player. Stored in the first track on the disc, it concerns the disc
s~ftware needed for a given application. In CD-I for example, type and format, the status of the disc as a single entity or part
al/ the program data (video, sound, text and computer), applica- of an album, the data size and the position of the file directory
ti<Dn and driver software is held on the CD-I disc itself. Only the and bootstrap.
bksic operating system kernel is stored - in ROM in the base
dse CD-I player - external to the disc. This is in contrast to SWITCHING OVERLAY In video, a technique in which every
d ses where CD-ROM is used as a computer peripheral, and pixel in the displayed image is selected from one or other of the
or ly the program (text or computer) data is held on VV, CD- corresponding source images. ---
RP M disc, all the applications, .driver and operating system
s<Dftware being stored on separate magnetic; media. Compare SYMBOL In Compact Disc, the basic unit of digitized data, '-._,,'
Multimedia System. parity and subcode data. Initially 8 bits long, is expanded to 17
(14+3) bits by eight-to-fourteen modulation.
s b FTWARE DISTRIBUTION MEDIUM Device or material
u~ed for distributing pre-recorded software, e.g. floppy disc, SYNCHRONIZATION The process of maintaining common
c' mpact Cassette, Compact Disk, Laser Vision disc. timing and coordination between two or more operations,
events or processes. In the CD-I system, featuring simultane-
sp uND ATTRIBUTE In CD-I, a particular property assigned to ous pictorial, sound and text information, the synchronization of
all or part of the sound information, e.g. language, bandwidth. the various elements which form the total presentation is an
essential task of, applications program, under the control of the
s b uND GROUP In CD-I, part of the user data field in an CD-I operating system, CD-RTOS.
Ap PCM audio sector. Each ADPCM audio sector has 18 sound
gj°ups. The data stream from the disc, which carries the information to
be interpreted by a CD-I player for presentation on a video
s p uND MACRO A predefined sound or sound sequence screen and reproduction by the hi fi system, consists of a series
s ored in computer form. For example, a standard set of words, of sectors. A subheader at the beginning of each sector, direct-
swch as the numbers from 1 to 100, or set of commonly occur- ly following the data stream synchronization and header fields
rihg words such as "Yes", "No", etc. indicates to the CD-I controlling microprocessor the nature of
S EECH QUALITY In CD-I, the fourth sound quality. A band- the information in the user data block which directly follows the
w11dth of 8.5kHz is obtained using 4-bit ADPCM at a sampling subheader information. This user data information can be part
fr~quency of 18.9kHz. Comparable with AM broadcast sound of the application program (or the boot or start-up information
quality. See Audio Quality Level. for the application). It can be data for interpretation by the video
processor as pictorial information, or by the audio processor as
S~ UASH In filming and video, a visual effect in which one audio information. Or it can be text or other program data to be
irljlage appears to be pushed out from both top and bottom by interpreted by the main microprocessor.
af°ther.
Based on the indication contained in the sub-header, micropro-
s p uEEZE In filming and video, a visual effect in which one cessor switches the user data block to the appropriate circuit.
irmage appears to be pushed out from both sides by another.
It is then the task of the application program to instruct the
S AMPER A recording mould used to press gramophone microprocessor how to handle the information once it has
records or optical discs. passed through the relevant decoding processes. In some
cases, such as for CD-DA music tracks, the output data will be
S ANDARDIZATION Agreement on technical specifications switched directly to the audio output channels.
48
In the cases of applications program or computing data, the nels (P-W) . At present only allocated to CD graphics.
information may well be stored in the main memory, while video
data will pass to the video memory to build up a picture for later USER COMMUNICATIONS MANAGER A CD-RTOS module
display. used by an application to manipulate audio and video output
devices and user input devices of CD-I players.
The synchronization function of the application then relates the
various outputs from these data buffers to data coming directly USER DATA In CD-ROM and CD-I, data supplied by an info -
from the appropriate decoding circuitry, to ensure that they are mation provider for an application . As such, includes retrieval
all presented in correct synchronization. software, but not information the information provider may b1e
required to supply to facilitate authoring. I
SYNCHRONIZATION FIELD In CD-ROM and CD-I, the first
12 bytes of a sector containing synchronization information . USER DATA FIELD In CD-ROM and CD-I, a 2048-byte-long
portion of the data field in an addressable sector, dedicated to
SYNCHRONIZATION SIGNALS In CD-I, real-time software user data. I
interrupts, often generated by a device driver during hardware
interrupt processing when a predefined condition has been USER INTERFACE The interface through which the user a d
met. a system or computer communicate. Includes input and outp r,t
devices such as a keyboard, a hand control, a touch pad, a
1
SYNTHESIS PARAMETERS The parameters used to regen- touch screen, a printer and a display, and also the software-
erate audio information from data stored in a compressed or controlled means by which the user is prompted to supply da~a
encoded format on media such as CD-I. needed by the application, and by which he is notified of his
errors and how to correct them. I
SYSTEM TEXT In CD-ROM and CD-I, a message processed
by the operating system without the need to load and process USER SHELL In computers, a program between the operating
any special text processing application program. system and application program on the one hand, and the user
of the other, to enhance the manner of information presentation
T CHANNEL One of the eight Compact Disc subcode chan- and command.
nels (P-W). At present only allocated to CD graphics.
V CHANNEL One of the eight Compact Disc subcode chan-
TABLE OF CONTENTS Information defining the sequential nels (P-W). At present only allocated to CD graphics.
number, start, length and end times of tracks on a Compact
Disc, together with their type, i.e. digital audio or data. The VERTICAL RETRACE PERIOD Time during which the verticf l
table of contents is contained in the Q sub-code channel of the field scan on a TV screen returns to the beginning of the next
lead-in area of all Compact Discs. field .

TEXT DATA In CD-I, data related to presentation of text as VIDEO CHIP A dedicated integrated circuit, either in analog or
opposed to audio, video or computer data. digital IC technology, designed to fulfill specific video functions.

TRACK (1) In recording and computing, a path along which VIDEO DATA In CD-I, data related to one or more units of
data is recorded, on a continuous or rotational medium, e.g. video information as encoded in DYUV, RGB, GLUT or run
magnetic tape, magnetic disc. In video recording the track is length encoding techniques.
diagonal on tape. In magnetic discs the data is recorded on a
series of circular tracks. (2) In Compact Disc, a sequence of VIDEO ERROR CONCEALMENT In digital video, a technique
contiguous data, the beginning, length, mode and end of which to reduce the visual effect of disturbances arising from erro-
are defined in the table of contents, which is held in the Q sub- neous video data.
code channel of the lead-in area of the disc. The two types of VIDEO INPUT-OUTPUT The facility for video input as well as
tracks currently defined are the CD-DA track according to CD- output from a computer. With frame grabbing, for example,
DA specification and the data track according to the CD-ROM video signals can be input to the computer for additional pr6-
specification, which is also used in CD-I. In CD-DA the length cessing, and then output to the display. See Frame Grabber.
of a track is related to playing times between 4 seconds and 72
minutes. VIDEO QUALITY LEVEL The reproduction quality of a video
signal. CD-I, for example, provides for four video quality levels.
TRACK NUMBER The sequential number of a track.
VISUAL EFFECTS FUNCTION In CD-I, one of the set of func-
TRACKING The following of a track by a readout or pick-up tions, such as signal mixing and color palette control, used o
device. achieve visual effects.
TRANSITION (1) In filming and video, change from one image VOICE GRADE AUDIO INFORMATION Audio information of a
to another. (2) In facsimile, the change from black to white quality sufficient for reproducing the human voice, normally
(vise-versa) as at the edges of letters. (3) In digital technology, having a bandwidth of 4-8 kilohertz. See Speech Quality.
change of state in a bit stream.
VOLUME DESCRIPTOR In CD-I, that part of the disc label
TRANSPARENCY BIT In CD-I, a dedicated bit controlling identifying a given disc.
overlay transparency in the cursor plane and the RGB (5:5:5)
plane. VOLUME FLAG In CD-I, the field in the file structure descrip-
tor containing the logical name of the CD-I disc.
TRIGGER BIT In CD-I, a bit in the subheader which generates
an interrupt to synchronize application software, such as visu- W CHANNEL One of the eight Compact Disc subcode chan-
als to audio, and also real-time data. nels (P-W). At present only allocated to CD graphics.

U CHANNEL One of the eight Compact Disc subcode chan- WIPE In film and video, the change from one image to another

49
b~ wiping out the first image according to a certain pattern, to APPENDIX E - Glossary of Abbreviations
reveal the second image.

WORLD DISC A CD-I disc on which the video data is encoded

in such a way that it can be played and displayed on any CD-I
pl~yer, irrespective of 525 or 625 line TV standard. Other opti-
ADOC Audio Digital Output Circuit --

ADPCM Adaptive Delta Pulse Code \._I

cal discs, such as Laser Vision discs, are produced for a specif-
ic r olor TV system, e.g. PAL, SECAM, NTSC. Modulation
WF RM See Write-Once, Read-Many(-times) medium. APU Audio Processing Unit
WEITE-ONCE MEDIUM Medium in which data, once written, CD Unit Compact Disc Unit
C8jnnot be erased to permit re-writing, e.g. card, paper tape and
Df R optical disc. CDIC Compact Disc Interface Circuit
W~ ITE-ONCE, READ-MANY(TIMES) MEDIUM Synonymous CDM-9 Compact Disc Mechanism - 9
with write-once medium.
CLAB Clock A-Chip to B-Chip 12 s Format
w 6 1TE/READ MEDIUM See read/write medium.
cox Serial output clock from an exter-
X-~ DEVICE Input device for entering X and Y coordinates, nal device
mt nly used for accurate cursor positioning.
CSD Configuration Status Description
Y' LLOW BOOK Informal name for the CD-ROM specification.
CTS Clear To Send
YELLOW DISC Synonymous with CD-ROM disc.YUV In
vi1eo, symbol denoting the luminance signal (Y) and the two
chrominance signal (U and V). See YUV encoding.
DAAB Data A-Chip to B-Chip 12 s Format
DAC Digital to Analog Converter
Y~V ENCODING A video encoding scheme taking advantage
of /the human eye's reduced sensitivity to color variations as DOBM Digital Output Bi-phase Mark Code
oPiposed to intensity variations. In each picture line, the lumi-
n9nce (Y) information is encoded at full bandwidth, while on DOX Serial data output
a~ernative lines the chrominance (U and V) signals are encod-
el at half bandwidth. DRAM Dynamic RAM
ZOOM In video and photography the facility to enlarge, (zoom- DSP Digital Signal Processor
in) or diminish (zoom-out).
EFAB Error Flag A-Chip to B-Chip
I
FTS Favorite Track Selection
HF High Frequency
12s Inter-IC Sound: GLAB, DAAB, and
WSAB
LDGU Laser Detector Grating Unit
LL Test Low Level Test
MISO Master In Slave Out
MMC Multi Media Controller Unit
MOSI Master Out Slave In
NTSC National Television Systems
Committee
NVRAM Non Volatile RAM
OPU Optical Pick-up Unit
PAL Phase Alternate Line
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
RAM Random Access Memory
RGB Red , Green, and Blue Video
Components of a color signal

50
 ROM Read Only Memory APPENDIX F - C~-1 Special Tools and Equipment:
RTS Request To Send
~ SCAB Subcode Clock Part Number: Description:
SCK Serial Clock 1O Pin Extension Cable for
Video Encoder Unit (2
SDAB Subcode Data
required).
SMPS Switching Mode Power Supply fr &:1...ie 6 Pin Extension Cable for
4
soc Serial O~tp~t Control SOP~ . (:2) '-/i)i1. 3;0 'S71 '7</ APU (2 required).
Self Osc1llat1ng Parallel Sw1tch1ng ( '/11
310 57146 CD-I Prototype Disc (for test-
Mode Power Supply 'J 4835
ing CD-I functions).
SOXENSOC Serial Output Control enable signal
4835 310 57147 Low Level Test Computer
from an external device:
Cable.
O - enables SOC
4835 310 57148 SeNice Shell Jumper Plug.
1 - disables SOC
4835 310 57151 Low Level Test Unit.
SOXRQNSOC ready indicator for the external
4835 395 17212 T-9 Torx driver.
device:
o - SOC ready to shift data out
1 - SOC not-ready to shift
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
SPISS Serial Peripheral Interface Slave
Select
SRAM Static RAM
TL Track Lost
TOC Table Of Contents
UART Universal Asynchronous Receive
Transmit
vco Variable Crystal Oscillator
vsc Video and System Controller
VSD Video Synthesizer Decoder
WSAB Word Select
XIN System Clock
XSYS System Clock
Y/C Luminance/Chrominance

51
Notes:

52
 APPENDIX G - Service Information

~ This section contains only two sections of the CDl91 O service manual (Manual 5467). The Service
Information section is divided into two sections. Section 2 contains the exploded views and Section 3 con-
tains the schematic diagrams and circuit board layouts (see Service Information Contents below).

SERVICE INFORMATION CONTENTS

Section Topic Section Number
2 Service Information
Disassembly Instructions ................................................................. ......................... 2.1
System Exploded View '....................... ......................................................................2.2
System Exploded View Replacement Parts ....................................................2.2.1
Disc Loader Exploded View ..... ........... .... ..... .. ........................................................... 2.3
Disc Loader Replacement Parts List ...............................................................2.3.1
Block Diagram ...........................................................................................................2.4
Wiring Diagram .........................................................................................................2.5
3 Panel Information
Panel Replacement List ............................................................................................3.1
CD Panel lnformation .................. ..............................................................................3.2
CD Panel P.C. Board Overlay ..........................................................................3.2.1
CD Panel Parts List ......................................................................................... 3.2.2
CD Panel Schematic Diagram ........................................................... .............. 3.2.3
Display Panel Information .................................................. ...................... ........ ......... 3.3
Display Panel P.C. Board Overlay ...................................................................3.3.1
Display Panel Parts List. ..................................................................................3.3.2
Display Panel Schematic Diagram ..................................................................3.3.3
APU Panel Information ............................................. ... .............................................3.4
APU Panel P.C. Board Overlay ..................................................... .................. 3.4.1
APU Panel Parts List .............. ... ................................... ... .. ......... .....................3.4.2
APU Panel Schematic Diagram ............ ...... ................................................... ..3.4.3
Encoder Panel Information .......................................................................................3.5
Encoder Panel P.C. Board Overlay ................................................................. 3.5.1
Encoder Panel Parts List ........................................................ .........................3.5.2
Encoder Panel Schematic Diagram ........................................................... .. .... 3.5.3
Sublock Panel P.C. Board Overlay .................... .. ................................................... 3.5.4
Su block Panel Parts List. .............................................................. .... ..... .......... 3.5.5
Su block Panel Schematic Diagram .................................................................3.5.6
Power Supply Panel lnformation ............................................................. .................. 3.6
Power Supply Panel P.C. Board Overlay ......................................................... 3.6.1
Power Supply Panel Parts List ........................................................................3.6.2
Power Supply Panel Schematic Diagram ................. ................. ...................... 3.6.3
MMC Panel Information ............................................................................................ 3.7
MMC Supply Panel P.C. Board Overlay .. .... ................................ .................... 3.7.1
MMC Supply Panel Parts List ..........................................................................3.7.2
MMC Panel Schematic Diagram ................ .....................................................3.7.3
HP Panel Information ............................... .................................................................3.8
HP Panel P.C. Board Overlay ................................... ....................................... 3.8.1
HP Panel Parts List ... ......................................................................................3.8.2
HP Schematic Diagram ...................................................................................3.8.3
Expansion Panel Information .................................................................................... 3.9
Expansion Panel P.C. Board Overlay ................ ... ... ........................................ 3.9.1
Expansion Panel Parts List. ............................................................................. 3.9.2
Expansion Schematic Diagram .......................................................................3.9.3
53
\.J