Ck

CGNNADLG^ KPGMVD_KCG^ ^DO_G CK

_A[WGZK, CK ND@ANAK,
 Q E G C A N A @ K @

NK^K MD_IKL
"Cks dosgrvknadlgs `g Adusncs k mglu`d kcnklzkl gc `docg `akrad: `angl
ndsks qug ld sg bkl `anbd kltgs, y taglgl sglta`d".
 

- MK_NK^ @G BDYK_@

Bdck
 

cds

CGNNADLG^ KPGMVD_KCG^ ^DO_G CK

_A[WGZK, CK ND@ANAK Q CK EGCANA@K@

NK^K MD_IKL
"Cks dosgrvknadlgs `g A cdusncs k mglu`d kcnklzkl gc `docg `akrad: `angl
ndsks qug ld sg bkl `anbd kltgs, y taglgl sglta`d"
- MK_NK^ @G BD YK _ @

Bdck
 

CGNNADLG^ KPGMVD_KCG^ ^DO_G CK

_A[WGZK, CK ND@ANAK Q CK EGCANA@K@

NK^K MD_IKL

Bdc Bkrramkl
k  padjd
 

 pdr 
Mas pk`rgs, qug mg glsgûkl,
Irgtnbgl, qug mg iuík, Macgs y
_ggsg, qug mg alsparkl.
 

Altrd`unnaþl: Gc gspgntënucd mës irkl`g `gc

mul`d

;. Lk`ag gstë cdnd

?. ^ugrtg y ragsid

>. Lulnk gs sueanagltg

0. Ndmpcanknaþl `g ndleusaþl

7. Bkngrsg rand vgrsus mkltglgrsg rand

5. Ndcks, tú iklks
 

9. Caogrtk`

2. Ck pkrk`djk `gc bdmorg gl gc ndnbg

1. Ck raqugzk gs cd qug ld vgs

;6. Kbdrrkr `algrd

;;. _kzdlkocg< _knadlkc

;?. ¡^drprgsk!

;>. Gspknad pkrk gc grrdr

;0. Uks k nkmoakr

;7. Lk`k gs irktas

;5. Pu y yd

;9. Ck sg`unnaþl `gc pgsamasmd

;2. Nukl`d nrggrës gl kcid

;1. Pd`ds jultds kbdrk

?6. Ndlegsadlgs
Vds`kt
Vds` ktk:
k: Or
Orgv
gvgg bast
bastdr
drak
ak `g pdr quá pagls
aglsk
k gc nd
ndls
lsum
uma`
a`dr
dr
gstk`dula`glsg ck
gstk`dula`glsg ck edrmk gl qug cd bkngl
 

Ldtks
ealkcgs

Kirk`gnamagltds

@gtkccgs `g puocanknaþl
 

"Wl iglad gs gc bdmorg qug pug`g bkngr cks ndsks ldrmkcgs

nukl`d td`ds cds qug cd rd`gkl gstël pgr`agl`d ck nkogzk".
-Lkpdcgþl
–Gc mul`d gstë ccgld `g ndsks dovaks qug lk`ag pdr 
nksukca`k` dosgrvk”.

-^bgrcdnh Bdcmgs
 

Vksá mas kûds ulavgrsatkrads trkokjkl`d ndmd vkcgt gl ul odlatd bdtgc gl

Cds Ëligcgs.
Wl alvatk`d ergnugltg grk ul gjgnutavd `g tgnldcdiík. Grk ul iglad,
`gspuás `g bkogr `asgûk`d y pktgltk`d ul ndmpdlgltg nckvg gl cds
glrutk`drgs Ya-Ea nukl`d tglík ?6 kûds. Bkoík alanak`d y vgl`a`d vkraks
gmprgsks. Puvd ul irkl áxatd.
Pkmoaál tglík ulk rgcknaþl ndl gc `algrd qug `gsnraoarík ndmd ulk
mgznck `g alsgiura`k` y gstupa`gz alekltac.
Ccgvkok ulk pack `g oaccgtgs `g nagl `þckrgs `g vkrads ngltímgtrds `g
irdsdr. ^g cd mdstrþ k td`ds cds qug qugríkl vgrcd y k munbds qug ld.
^g jkntkok koagrtk y rua`dskmgltg `g su raqugzk, k mglu`d magltrks
gstkok odrrknbd y sagmprg k prdpþsatd `g lk`k.
Wl `ík cg gltrgiþ k uld `g mas ndcgiks vkrads macgs `g `þckrgs gl
gegntavd y cg `ajd: "Ug k ck jdygrík `g ck nkccg y trëgmg kciulks mdlg`ks
`g drd `g $ ;,666".
Wlk bdrk mës tkr`g, ndl mdlg`ks `g drd gl ck mkld, gc gjgnutavd `g
tgnldcdiík y sus kmaids sg rgulagrdl jultd k ul mugccg ndl vastk kc
 

Dnákld Vkníeand. Cugid prdng`agrdl k krrdjkr cks mdlg`ks kc mkr,

skctël`dcks ndmd pag`rks, ragl`d magltrks `asnutíkl quaál ccgikok mës
cgjds. ^dcd pdr `avgrsaþl.
@íks `gspuás rdmpaþ ulk cëmpkrk gl gc rgstkurkltg `gc bdtgc. Wl igrgltg
cg `ajd qug grk ulk cëmpkrk `g $ 766 y qug tgl`rík qug rggmpckzkrck.
"´[uagrgs qualagltds `þckrgs4" prgiultþ gc gjgnutavd alnrá`ucd, magltrks
sknkok ul ocdqug `g gegntavd `g su odcsaccd y sg cd gltrgikok kc igrgltg.
–Kquí taglgs nalnd mac `þckrgs. Kbdrk skc `g ma nkrk.
Q ld vugcvks k alsuctkrmg ksí lulnk mës ".
[uazës sg prgiultg nuëltd tagmpd pd`rík `urkr gstg ndmpdrtkmagltd y ck
rgspugstk eug "ld munbd". Kûds `gspuás supg qug sg krrualþ.
Ck prgmask `g gstg caord gs qug bkngrcd oagl ndl gc `algrd taglg pdnd qug
vgr ndl cd altgcaigltg qug grgs y munbd qug vgr ndl tu ndmpdrtkmagltd.
Q gc ndmpdrtkmagltd gs `aeínac `g glsgûkr, alncusd k pgrsdlks rgkcmgltg
altgcaigltgs.
Wl iglad qug pagr`g gc ndltrdc `g sus gmdnadlgs pug`g sgr ul `gskstrg
ealklnagrd. Cd dpugstd tkmoaál gs nagrtd. Ck igltg ndmúl sal g`unknaþl
ealklnagrk pug`g sgr rank sa taglg ul puûk`d `g bkoaca`k`gs ndl`untukcgs
qug ld taglgl lk`k qug vgr ndl mg`a`ks edrmkcgs `g altgcaiglnak.

Ma gltrk`k ekvdratk `g Yahapg`ak ndmaglzk: "_dlkc` Jkmgs _gk` eug ul

eacëltrdpd, alvgrsdr, ndlsgrjg y ksastgltg `g iksdcalgrk gstk`dula`glsg".
_dlkc` _gk` lknaþ gl ck zdlk rurkc `g Ugrmdlt. Eug ck pramgrk pgrsdlk
`g su ekmacak gl irk`ukrsg `g ck gsnugck sgnul`krak, cd qug cd bazd kúl
mës amprgsadlkltg pdr gc bgnbd `g qug bkník kutdstdp kc nkmpus td`ds
cds `íks.
Vkrk kqugccds qug ndldnagrdl k _dlkc` _gk`, ld bkoík munbd mës `aild
`g mglnaþl. ^u va`k grk tkl `asnrgtk ndmd pkrgng.
Cggr ndnbgs rgpkrk`ds gl ulk iksdcalgrk `urkltg ?7 kûds y okrrgr sugcds
gl JNVgllgy `urkltg ;9 kûds. Ndmprþ ulk nksk `g `ds bkoatknadlgs pdr
$ ;?,666 k cds >2 kûds y vavaþ kccí pdr gc rgstd `g su va`k. [ug`þ vau`d k
cds 76 kûds y lulnk sg vdcvaþ k nkskr. Wl kmaid rgndr`þ qug su pralnapkc
keanaþl grk ndrtkr cgûk.
_gk` muraþ gl ?6;0, k cds 1? kûds. Eug gltdlngs nukl`d gc bumac`g
ndlsgrjg rurkc ccgiþ k cds tatuckrgs altgrlknadlkcgs.
?.2;>.76> gstk`dula`glsgs muragrdl gl ?6;0. Mglds `g 0.666 `g gccds
tglíkl ul pktramdlad lgtd `g mës `g $ 2 maccdlgs nukl`d ekccgnagrdl.
 

_dlkc` _gk`
eug uld `g gccds.
Gl su tgstkmgltd, gc gx ndlsgrjg `gjþ $ ? maccdlgs k sus bajkstrds y mës
`g $ 5 maccdlgs k su bdspatkc y oaocadtgnk cdnkcgs.
Cds qug ndldníkl k _gk` gstkokl `gsndlngrtk`ds. ´@g `þl`g sknþ td`d
gsg `algrd4
_gsuctþ qug ld bkoík laliúl sgnrgtd. Ld buod cdtgrík la bgrglnak. _gk`
kbdrrþ cd pdnd qug pu`d y cd alvartaþ gl knnadlgs `g pramgrk. Cugid
gspgrþ, `urkltg `ánk`ks, magltrks cds pgqugûds kbdrrds sg sumkokl k
mës `g $ 2 maccdlgs.
Gsd gs. @g ndlsgrjg k eacëltrdpd.
Wlds mgsgs kltgs `g ck mugrtg `g _dlkc` _gk`, dtrd bdmorg cckmk`d
_anbkr` kpkrgnaþ gl cks ldtanaks.
_anbkr` Eusndlg grk td`d cd qug _dlkc` _gk` ld grk. Eusndlg, ul
gjgnutavd `g Mgrracc Cylnb g`unk`d gl Bkrvkr` ndl ul MOK, tuvd ulk
nkrrgrk tkl gxatdsk gl ealklzks qug sg rgtarþ k cds 06 kûds pkrk
ndlvgrtarsg gl eacëltrdpd. Gc gx `argntdr gjgnutavd `g Mgrracc, @kva`
Hdmklshy, gcdiaþ ck "bkoaca`k` gmprgskrakc, cks bkoaca`k`gs `g
ca`grkzid, gc ougl juanad y ck altgira`k` pgrsdlkc" `g Eusndlg. ; Ck
rgvastk `g lgidnads `g Nrkal cd alncuyþ ulk vgz gl ulk castk `g "06
mgldrgs `g 06" `g gmprgskrads gxatdsds.?
Vgrd gltdlngs, ndmd gc gjgnutavd `g tgnldcdiík qug sg skctk ck mdlg`k `g
drd, td`d sg vald kokjd.
K mg`ak`ds `g ck `ánk`k `g ?666, Eusndlg sdcanatþ ul irkl prástkmd
 pkrk gxpkl`ar ulk nksk `g ;2,666 pags nuk`rk`ds gl Irgglwanb,
Ndllgntanut, qug tglík ;; okûds, `ds ksnglsdrgs, `ds pasnalks, sagtg
ikrkjgs y su mkltglamagltd ndstkok mës `g $ 16,666 kc mgs.

Cugid ccgiþ ck nrasas ealklnagrk `g ?662.

Ck nrasas kegntþ prëntankmgltg k cks ealklzks `g td`ds. Kpkrgltgmgltg
ndlvartaþ gc `g Eusndlg gl pdcvd. Cks kctks `gu`ks y cds kntavds acíqua`ds
cd `gjkrdl gl oklnkrrdtk. "Kntukcmgltg ld tglid alirgsds",
supugstkmgltg cg `ajd k ul jugz `g quagorks gl ?662.
Vramgrd sg gmokriþ su nksk gl Vkcm Ogknb.
Gl ?6;0 eug gc turld `g ck mklsaþl `g Irgglwanb.
Nalnd mgsgs kltgs `g qug _dlkc` _gk` `gjkrk su edrtulk k ck nkra`k`, ck
nksk `g _anbkr` Eusndlg, `dl`g cds alvatk`ds rgndr`kokl ck "gmdnaþl `g
nglkr y okackr glnamk `g ulk nuoagrtk trklspkrgltg gl ck pasnalk nuoagrtk
`g ck nksk", sg vgl`aþ gl ulk suokstk `g gjgnunaþl bapdtgnkrak pdr 97%
mglds qug ulk ndmpkûík `g sgiurds pglsþ qug vkcík ck pglk.>
 

_dlkc` _gk` eug pknagltg8 _anbkr` Eusndlg grk nd`anadsd. Gsd gs td`d cd
qug sg lgngsatþ pkrk gncapskr ck gldrmg orgnbk `g g`unknaþl y
gxpgraglnak gltrg cds `ds.
Ck cgnnaþl kquí gs ld sgr mës ndmd _dlkc` y mglds ndmd _anbkr`,
kulqug gsg ld gs ul mkc ndlsgjd.
Cd eksnalkltg `g gstks bastdraks gs cd úlanks qug sdl pkrk cks ealklzks.
´Gl quá dtrk al`ustrak kciuagl sal títucd ulavgrsatkrad, sal edrmknaþl, sal
kltgng`gltgs, sal gxpgraglnak edrmkc y sal ndlgxadlgs supgrk
gldrmgmgltg k kciuagl ndl ck mgjdr g`unknaþl, ck mgjdr edrmknaþl y cks
mgjdrgs ndlgxadlgs4
Cunbd pdr pglskr gl kciuld.
Gs ampdsaocg pglskr gl ulk bastdrak sdorg _dlkc` _gk` rgkcazkl`d ul
trkspckltg `g ndrkzþl mgjdr qug ul narujkld nkpknatk`d gl Bkrvkr`. D
`asgûkr ul rksnknagcds supgradr k cds krquatgntds mgjdr nkpknatk`ds.
 Lulnk bkorë ulk bastdrak `g ul ndlsgrjg qug supgrg k cds mgjdrgs
aliglagrds luncgkrgs `gc mul`d.

Vgrd gstks bastdraks dnurrgl gl ck alvgrsaþl.

Gc bgnbd `g qug _dlkc` _gk` pug`k ndlvavar ndl _anbkr` Eusndlg taglg
`ds gxpcanknadlgs. Wld, cds rgsuctk`ds ealklnagrds sdl ampucsk`ds pdr ck
sugrtg, al`gpgl`agltgmgltg `g ck altgcaiglnak y gc gseugrzd. Gsd gs nagrtd
bkstk nagrtd pultd, y gstg caord cd klkcazkrë ndl mës `gtkccg. D, `ds (y
nrgd qug gs mës ndmúl), qug gc áxatd ealklnagrd ld gs ulk naglnak `urk.
Gs ulk bkoaca`k` ockl`k, `dl`g ck edrmk gl qug tg ndmpdrtks gs mës
ampdrtkltg qug cd qug skogs.
K gstk bkoaca`k` ockl`k ck cckmd ck psandcdiík `gc `algrd. Gc dojgtavd `g
gstg caord gs utacazkr nugltds pkrk ndlvglngrcg `g qug cks bkoaca`k`gs
 ockl`ks sdl mës ampdrtkltgs qug gc kspgntd tánland `gc `algrd. Bkrá gstd
`g ulk mklgrk
`gmës, k tdmkrqug kyu`g`gnasadlgs
mgjdrgs k td`ds, `gs`g _gk` k Eusndlg y td`ds cds
ealklnagrks.
Mg bg `k`d nugltk `g qug gstks bkoaca`k`gs sdnakcgs sdl muy suogstamk`ks.
Cks ealklzks sg glsgûkl korumk`drkmgltg ndmd ul nkmpd oksk`d gl cks
mktgmëtanks, `dl`g pdlgs `ktds gl ulk eþrmuck y ck eþrmuck tg `ang quá
bkngr, y sg ksumg qug sampcgmgltg cd bkrës.
Gstd gs nagrtd gl cks ealklzks pgrsdlkcgs, `dl`g sg cg `ang qug tglik ul
edl`d `g gmgriglnak `g sgas mgsgs y kbdrrg gc ;6% `g su skckrad.
Gs nagrtd gl ck alvgrsaþl, `dl`g ndldngmds cks ndrrgcknadlgs bastþranks
gxkntks gltrg cks tksks `g altgrás y cks vkcdrknadlgs.
Q gs nagrtd gl cks ealklzks ndrpdrktavks, `dl`g cds `argntdrgs ealklnagrds
 pug`gl mg`ar gc ndstd `g nkpatkc prgnasd.
 

 Ld gs qug laliulk `g gstks ndsks sgk mkck d alndrrgntk.

alndrrgntk. Gs qug skogr
quá bkngr ld tg `ang lk`k sdorg cd qug pksk gl tu nkogzk nukl`d altgltks
bkngrcd.

Bky `ds tgmks qug ampkntkl k td`ds, tg altgrgsgl d ld: ck skcu` y gc

`algrd.
Ck al`ustrak `gc nua`k`d `g ck skcu` gs ul trauled `g ck naglnak md`grlk,
ndl ulk gspgrklzk `g va`k gl kumgltd gl td`d gc mul`d. Cds
`gsnuoramagltds nagltíeands bkl rggmpckzk`d cks vagjks a`gks `g cds
má`ands sdorg nþmd eulnadlk gc nugrpd bumkld, y prëntankmgltg td`d
gc mul`d gstë mës skld irknaks k gccd.
Ck al`ustrak `gc `algrd (alvgrsadlgs, ealklzks pgrsdlkcgs, pcklaeanknaþl
gmprgskrakc) gs dtrk bastdrak.
Cks ealklzks bkl nkptk`d k cks mgltgs mës altgcaigltgs prdvglagltgs `g
cks mgjdrgs ulavgrsa`k`gs `urkltg cks úctamks `ds `ánk`ks. Ck aliglagrík
ealklnagrk
`g Vralngtdleugbkng
ck gspgnakcazknaþl mës pdpuckr
ulk `ánk`k. ´Gxastg kciulk gl ck Gsnugck
gva`glnak `g Aliglagrík
`g qug lds bkyk
ndlvgrta`d gl mgjdrgs alvgrsdrgs4
 Ld bg vastd laliuld.
K trkvás `g glskyd y grrdr ndcgntavds k cd ckrid `g cds kûds, kprgl`amds nþmd
ndlvgrtarlds gl mgjdrgs kiranuctdrgs, pcdmgrds nkcaeank`ds y químands
kvklzk`ds.
Vgrd, ´lds bk glsgûk`d ck prugok y gc grrdr k mgjdrkr lugstrks ealklzks
 pgrsdlkcgs4 ´Gs mglds prdokocg qug lds gl`gu`gmds4 ´Gs mës
 prdokocg qug kbdrrg pkrk ul `ík ccuvadsd4 ´Vrgpkrkrsg pkrk ck juoacknaþl4
´Paglg pultds `g vastk rgkcastks sdorg cd qug gc `algrd bkng y cd qug ld
bkng pkrk lugstrk egcana`k`4
 Ld bg vastd gva`glnak ndlvalngltg.
Ck mkydr pkrtg `g ck rkzþl, nrgd, gs qug pglskmds y lds glsgûkl sdorg
gc `algrd `g mklgrks qug sg pkrgngl `gmksak`d k ck eísank (ndl rgicks y
cgygs) y ld cd sueanagltg k ck psandcdiík (ndl gmdnadlgs y mktangs).
Q gsd, pkrk mí, gs tkl eksnalkltg ndmd ampdrtkltg.
Gc `algrd gstë gl td`ks pkrtgs, lds kegntk k td`ds y lds ndleul`g k ck
mkydrík. Pd`ds cd paglskl `g mklgrk ul pdnd `aegrgltg. Dergng
cgnnadlgs sdorg ndsks qug sg kpcankl k munbks ërgks `g ck va`k, ndmd gc
ragsid, ck ndleaklzk y ck egcana`k`. Vdnds tgmks dergngl ulk cupk mës
 pd`grdsk qug kyu`g k gxpcankr pdr quá cks pgrsdlks sg ndmpdrtkl
ndmpdrtkl ndmd
cd bkngl qug gc `algrd. Gs uld `g cds mgjdrgs gspgntënucds `g ck Pagrrk.
 

Ma prdpak kprgnaknaþl pdr ck psandcdiík `gc `algrd gstë `gtgrmalk`k pdr

mës `g ulk `ánk`k `g gsnraoar sdorg gc tgmk. Ndmglná k gsnraoar sdorg
ealklzks k pralnapads `g ?662. Eug gc ndmaglzd `g ulk nrasas ealklnagrk y
ck pgdr rgngsaþl gl 26 kûds.
Vkrk gsnraoar sdorg cd qug gstkok pkskl`d, qugrík kvgraiukr quá gstkok
 pkskl`d. Vgrd cd pramgrd qug kprgl`í `gspuás `g ck nrasas ealklnagrk eug
qug lk`ag
munbd pd`íkquá
mglds gxpcankr ndl prgnasaþl
sg `gogrík quá sung`aþ,
bkngr kc rgspgntd. d pdrouglk
Vdr nk`k quá sung`aþ, y
gxpcanknaþl bkoík ulk rgeutknaþl aiukcmgltg ndlvalngltg.
Cds aliglagrds pug`gl `gtgrmalkr ck nkusk `gc ndckpsd `g ul pugltg
 pdrqug gxastg gc knugr`d `g qug sa sg kpcank ulk nagrtk nklta`k` `g eugrzk
gl ul ërgk `gtgrmalk`k, gsk ërgk sg rdmpgrë. Ck eísank ld gs
ndltrdvgrta`k. Gstë iuak`d pdr cgygs. Cks ealklzks sdl `aegrgltgs. Gstë
iuak`d pdr gc ndmpdrtkmagltd `g cks pgrsdlks. Q nþmd mg ndmpdrtd
 pd`rík tglgr sglta`d pkrk mí, pgrd k ta tg pkrgngrë
pkrgngrë ulk cdnurk.
Nukltd mës gstu`akok y gsnraoík sdorg ck nrasas ealklnagrk, mës mg `a
nugltk `g qug sg pd`ík gltgl`gr mgjdr k trkvás `g cds cgltgs `g ck
 psandcdiík y ck bastdrak, ld `g cks ealklzks.
Vkrk ndmprgl`gr pdr quá ck igltg sg gl`gu`k, ld gs lgngskrad gstu`akr
cks tksks `g altgrás8 lgngsatks gstu`akr ck bastdrak `g ck nd`anak, ck
alsgiura`k` y gc dptamasmd. Vkrk skogr pdr quá cds alvgrsdrgs sg vgl`gl
gl ck pkrtg alegradr `g ul mgrnk`d okjastk, ld gs lgngskrad gstu`akr cks
mktgmëtanks `g cds rgl`amagltds euturds gspgrk`ds8 `gog pglskr gl ck
kidlík `g markr k su ekmacak y prgiultkrsg sa sus alvgrsadlgs gstël
 pdlagl`d gl pgcaird su euturd.
Mg glnkltk ck dosgrvknaþl `g Udctkarg `g qug –Ck bastdrak lulnk sg
rgpatg8 gc bdmorg sagmprg cd bkng ". ^g kpcank muy oagl k nþmd lds
ndmpdrtkmds ndl gc `algrd.
Gl ?6;2, gsnraoí ul aledrmg gl gc qug `gsnraoík ?6 `g cds `gegntds,
 prgjuanads y nkusks `g mkc ndmpdrtkmagltd mës ampdrtkltgs qug bg
vastd kegntkr k cks pgrsdlks nukl`d sg trktk `g `algrd. ^g tatucþ Ck
 psandcdiík `gc `algrd y mës `g ul maccþl `g pgrsdlks cd bkl cgí`d. Gstg
caord gs ulk almgrsaþl mës prdeul`k gl gc tgmk. Kciulds pkskjgs orgvgs
`gc aledrmg kpkrgngl alkctgrk`ds gl gstg caord.
Cd qug taglg gl ck mkld sdl ?6 nkpítucds, nk`k uld `g cds nukcgs
`gsnraog cd qug ndlsa`grd cks nkrkntgrístanks mës ampdrtkltgs y, k
mglu`d, ndltrk`antdraks `g ck psandcdiík `gc `algrd. Cds nkpítucds iarkl
gl tdrld k ul tgmk ndmúl, pgrd gxastgl pdr sí masmds y sg pug`gl cggr
`g edrmk al`gpgl`agltg.
 Ld gs ul caord gxtglsd. @g lk`k. Ck mkydrík `g cds cgntdrgs ld tgrmalkl
tgrmalkl
 

cds caords qug ndmaglzkl pdrqug ck mkydrík `g cds tgmks al`ava`ukcgs ld

rgquagrgl >66 pëialks `g gxpcanknaþl. Vrgeagrd bkngr ?6 pultds ndrtds
qug tgrmalgs qug uld ckrid kc qug rglulnags.
Ukmds.
 

 Laaliulds Cdnds
 L
Pus gxpgraglnaks pgrsdlkcgs ndl gc `algrd rgprgsgltkl tkc vgz gc
6,6666666;% `g cd qug pksk gl gc mul`d, pgrd tkc vgz gc 26% `g
nþmd nrggs qug eulnadlk gc mul`d.
 

@ájkmg ndltkrtg ul prdocgmk. Vug`g bkngr qug sg sagltk mgjdr sdorg cd qug bkng ndl su `algrd y
mglds nrítand sdorg cd qug dtrks pgrsdlks bkngl ndl gc suyd.
Ck igltg bkng cdnurks ndl gc `algrd. Vgrd lk`ag gstë cdnd.
Kquí gstë ck nugstaþl: cks pgrsdlks `g `aegrgltgs iglgrknadlgs, nrak`ks pdr `aegrgltgs pk`rgs qug
dotuvagrdl `aegrgltgs alirgsds y tglíkl `aegrgltgs vkcdrgs, gl `aegrgltgs pkrtgs `gc mul`d, lknagrdl
gl `aegrgltgs gndldmíks, gxpgramgltkrdl `aegrgltgs mgrnk`ds ckodrkcgs ndl `aegrgltgs alngltavds y
`aegrgltgs irk`ds `g sugrtg, kprgl`gl muy `aegrgltg cgnnadlgs.
Pd`ds taglgl su prdpak gxpgraglnak úlank sdorg nþmd eulnadlk gc mul`d. Q cd qug bk
gxpgramgltk`d gs mës ndlvalngltg qug cd qug kprgl`g `g sgiul`k mkld. Ksí qug td`ds ldsdtrds,
ustg`, yd, td`ds, pkskmds pdr ck va`k klnck`ds gl ul ndljultd `g dpaladlgs sdorg nþmd eulnadlk gc
`algrd qug vkríkl gldrmgmgltg `g ulk pgrsdlk k dtrk. Cd qug k ta tg pkrgng ulk cdnurk pd`rík tglgr
sglta`d pkrk mí.
Ck pgrsdlk qug nrgnaþ gl ck pdorgzk paglsk gl gc ragsid y ck rgndmpglsk `g ulk mklgrk qug gc bajd
`g ul oklqugrd rand ld pug`g amkialkr sa cd altgltk.
Ck pgrsdlk qug nrgnaþ nukl`d ck alecknaþl grk kctk gxpgramgltþ kcid qug ck pgrsdlk qug nrgnaþ ndl
 prgnads gstkocgs lulnk tuvd qug gxpgramgltkr.
Gc ndrrg`dr `g odcsk qug pgr`aþ td`d `urkltg ck Irkl @gprgsaþl gxpgramgltþ kcid qug gc trkokjk`dr
tgnldcþiand qug `aserutk `g ck icdrak `g ealkcgs `g cds ldvgltk ld pug`g amkialkr.
Gc kustrkcakld qug ld bk vastd ulk rgngsaþl gl >6 kûds bk gxpgramgltk`d kcid qug laliúl
gstk`dula`glsg bk gxpgramgltk`d.
Alngskltgmgltg. Ck castk `g gxpgraglnaks gs altgrmalkocg.
^kogs ndsks sdorg gc `algrd qug yd ld, y vangvgrsk. Uks pdr ck va`k ndl nrgglnaks, mgtks y
 prdlþstands `aegrgltgs qug yd. Gsd ld sg `gog k qug uld `g ldsdtrds sgk mës altgcaigltg qug gc dtrd
d tglik mgjdr aledrmknaþl. Gs pdrqug bgmds tgla`d va`ks `aegrgltgs mdc`gk`ks pdr gxpgraglnaks
`aegrgltgs g aiukcmgltg pgrsuksavks.
^us gxpgraglnaks pgrsdlkcgs ndl gc `algrd rgprgsgltkl tkc vgz gc 6,6666666;% `g cd qug sung`aþ gl
gc mul`d, pgrd
aiukcmgltg tkc vgz gcpug`gl
altgcaigltgs 26% `gldnþmd
gstkr nrgg qug eulnadlk
`g knugr`d gc mul`d.
sdorg nþmd y pdrVdr
quácddnurrgl
tkltd, pgrsdlks
cks rgngsadlgs,
nþmd `gog alvgrtar su `algrd, quá `gog pradrazkr, nuëltd ragsid `gog tdmkr, gtn.
Gl su caord sdorg cds Gstk`ds Wla`ds `g ck `ánk`k `g ;1>6, Erg`granh Cgwas Kccgl gsnraoaþ qug ck
Irkl @gprgsaþl "mkrnþ altgrlkmgltg k maccdlgs `g gstk`dula`glsgs pdr gc rgstd `g sus va`ks". Vgrd
buod ulk vkrag`k` `g gxpgraglnaks. Ugaltanalnd kûds `gspuás, magltrks sg pdstuckok pkrk prgsa`gltg,
ul pgrad`astk cg prgiultþ k Jdbl E. Hgllg`y quá rgndr`kok `g ck @gprgsaþl. Gc ndmgltþ:

 Ld tglid ndldnamagltd `g pramgrk mkld sdorg ck @gprgsaþl. Ma ekmacak

ekmacak tglík ulk `g cks irkl`gs
edrtulks `gc mul`d y vkcík mës qug lulnk. Pglíkmds nksks mës irkl`gs, mës sarvagltgs,
vakjëokmds mës. Nksa cd úland qug va `argntkmgltg eug nukl`d ma pk`rg ndltrktþ k kciulds
 jkr`algrds k`anadlkcgs sdcd pkrk `krcgs ul trkokjd pkrk qug pu`agrkl ndmgr. _gkcmgltg ld supg
sdorg ck @gprgsaþl bkstk qug cgí sdorg gcck gl Bkrvkr`.
 

Gstg eug ul pultd ampdrtkltg gl cks gcgnnadlgs `g ;156. ´Nþmd, pglskok ck igltg, pd`rík pdlgr k
nkrid `g ck gndldmík k kciuagl qug ld gltgl`ík ck mkydr bastdrak gndlþmank `g ck úctamk
iglgrknaþl4 Eug, gl munbds sglta`ds, supgrk`d sdcd pdr ck gxpgraglnak `g JEH gl ck ^giul`k
Iugrrk Mul`akc. Gsk eug ck dtrk gxpgraglnak gmdnadlkc mës gxtgl`a`k `g ck iglgrknaþl kltgradr, y
kcid qug su pralnapkc dpdlgltg, Buogrt Bumpbrgy, ld tglík.
Gc `gskeíd pkrk ldsdtrds gs qug laliulk nklta`k` `g gstu`ad d kpgrturk mgltkc pug`g rgnrgkr
iglualkmgltg gc pd`gr `gc mag`d y ck alngrta`umorg.
Vug`d cggr sdorg nþmd eug pgr`grcd td`d `urkltg ck Irkl @gprgsaþl. Vgrd ld tglid cks nanktrangs
gmdnadlkcgs `g quaglgs rgkcmgltg cd gxpgramgltkrdl. Q ck pgrsdlk qug cd vavaþ ld pug`g gltgl`gr
 pdr quá kciuagl ndmd yd pd`rík pkrgngr ndmpcknagltg ndl ndsks ndmd pdsggr knnadlgs. Ugmds gc
mul`d k trkvás `g ulk cgltg `aegrgltg.
Cks bdjks `g nëcnucd pug`gl md`gckr ck ergnuglnak bastþrank `g irkl`gs nkí`ks `gc mgrnk`d `g
vkcdrgs. Vgrd ld pug`gl md`gckr ck sglsknaþl `g vdcvgr k nksk, markr k sus bajds y prgiultkrsg sa bk
ndmgta`d ul grrdr qug kegntkrë sus va`ks. Gstu`akr bastdrak tg bkng sgltar qug gltagl`gs kcid. Vgrd
bkstk qug cd bkyk vava`d y bkyk sglta`d pgrsdlkcmgltg sus ndlsgnuglnaks, gs pdsaocg qug ld cd
ndmprgl`k cd sueanagltg ndmd pkrk nkmoakr su ndmpdrtkmagltd.
Pd`ds pglskmds qug skogmds nþmd eulnadlk gc mul`d. Vgrd td`ds sdcd bgmds gxpgramgltk`d ulk
 pgqugûk pdrnaþl `g gsd.
Ndmd `ang gc alvgrsdr Manbkgc Oktlanh, "kciulks cgnnadlgs `gogl gxpgramgltkrsg kltgs `g qug
 pug`kl gltgl`grsg". Pd`ds sdmds víntamks, gl
 

`aegrgltgs edrmks, k gsk

vgr`k`.

Gl ?665, cds gndldmastks Wcrahg Mkcmgl`agr y ^tgekl Lkigc `g ck

Deanalk Lknadlkc `g Alvgstaiknaþl Gndlþmank klkcazkrdl 76 kûds `g ck
Glnugstk `g Ealklzks `gc Ndlsuma`dr, ulk mark`k `gtkcck`k k cd qug
cds gstk`dula`glsgs bkngl ndl su `algrd.0
Gl tgdrík, cks pgrsdlks `gogríkl tdmkr `gnasadlgs `g alvgrsaþl gl
eulnaþl `g sus dojgtavds y cks nkrkntgrístanks `g cks dpnadlgs `g
alvgrsaþl `aspdlaocgs gl gsg mdmgltd.
Vgrd gsd ld gs cd qug bkng ck igltg.
Cds gndldmastks glndltrkrdl qug cks `gnasadlgs `g alvgrsaþl `g pdr
va`k `g cks pgrsdlks gstël eugrtgmgltg klnck`ks k cks gxpgraglnaks qug
gsds alvgrsadlastks tuvagrdl gl su prdpak iglgrknaþl, gspgnakcmgltg cks
gxpgraglnaks tgmprklks gl su va`k k`uctk.
^a nrgnaþ nukl`d ck alecknaþl grk kctk, alvartaþ mglds `g su `algrd gl
 odlds mës k`gckltg gl ck va`k gl ndmpkrknaþl ndl kqugccds qug
nrgnagrdl nukl`d ck alecknaþl grk okjk. ^a nrgnaþ nukl`d gc mgrnk`d `g
vkcdrgs grk eugrtg, alvartaþ mës `g su `algrd gl knnadlgs mës k`gckltg
gl ck va`k gl ndmpkrknaþl ndl kqugccds qug nrgnagrdl nukl`d cks
knnadlgs gstkokl `áoacgs.
Cds gndldmastks gsnraoagrdl: "Lugstrds bkcckzids suiagrgl qug ck
`aspdsanaþl `g cds alvgrsdrgs al`ava`ukcgs k ksumar ragsids `gpgl`g `g
su bastdrakc pgrsdlkc".
 La altgcaiglnak, la g`unknaþl, la sdeastanknaþl. ^þcd ck tdltk sugrtg `g
nuël`d y `þl`g lknastg.
Gc Ealklnakc Pamgs gltrgvastþ k Oacc Irdss, gc ekmdsd k`malastrk`dr `g
 odlds, gl ?6;1. "Irdss k`matg qug prdokocgmgltg ld gstkrík `dl`g gstë
bdy sa buoagrk lkna`d ulk `ánk`k kltgs d `gspuás", `ang gc krtínucd. Ck
nkrrgrk `g Irdss ndalna`aþ nksa k ck pgregnnaþl ndl ul ndckpsd
iglgrknadlkc `g cks tksks `g altgrás qug `ad ul ampucsd k cds prgnads `g
cds odlds. Gsg tapd `g ndsks ld sdcd kegntk cks dpdrtula`k`gs qug
glnugltrks8 kegntk cd qug paglsk kngrnk `g gsks dpdrtula`k`gs nukl`d sg
cg prgsgltkl. Vkrk Irdss, cds odlds grkl mëqualks iglgrk`drks `g
raqugzk. Vkrk ck iglgrknaþl `g su pk`rg, qug nrgnaþ y sdpdrtþ ulk
alecknaþl mës kctk, pd`ríkl sgr vastds ndmd alnalgrk`drgs `g raqugzk.
Cks `aegrglnaks gl ck edrmk gl qug cks pgrsdlks bkl gxpgramgltk`d gc
`algrd ld sdl pgqugûks, alncusd gltrg kqugccds qug pd`rík pglskr qug
sdl
Pdmkokstkltg samackrgs.
knnadlgs. ^a lknaþ gl ;196, gc ^&V 766 kumgltþ nksa ;6 vgngs,
 

`aegrgltgs edrmks, k gsk

vgr`k`.

kjustk`d pdr alecknaþl, `urkltg su k`dcgsnglnak y ?6 kûds.

 

Gsg gs ul rgirgsd ksdmordsd. ^a lknaþ gl ;176, gc mgrnk`d catgrkcmgltg

ld ccgiþ k laliulk pkrtg gl su k`dcgsnglnak y vgaltg kûds kjustk`ds pdr
alecknaþl. @ds irupds `g pgrsdlks, sgpkrk`ds pdr gc kzkr `g su kûd `g
lknamagltd, pkskl pdr ck va`k ndl ulk vasaþl ndmpcgtkmgltg `aegrgltg
sdorg nþmd eulnadlk gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs:

D alecknaþl. ^a lknaþ gl cds Gstk`ds Wla`ds `g ck `ánk`k `g ;156, ck

alecknaþl `urkltg ck k`dcgsnglnak y cds ?6 ‐cds kûds `g juvgltu` g
amprgsadlkocgs gl cds qug gstë `gskrrdcckl`d ulk oksg `g ndldnamagltds
sdorg nþmd eulnadlk ck gndldmík‐ bazd qug cds prgnads sg trapcankrkl.
Gsd gs munbd. _gnugr`k cks cílgks `g iks y cds nbgqugs `g pkid qug sg
gxtgl`íkl ldtkocgmgltg mglds qug cds kltgradrgs. Vgrd sa lknaþ gl ;116,
ck alecknaþl bk sa`d tkl okjk `urkltg td`k su va`k qug prdokocgmgltg
lulnk sg cg bkyk pksk`d pdr ck nkogzk.
 

Gc `gsgmpcgd lknadlkc `g Gstk`ds Wla`ds gl ldvagmorg `g ?661 grk `g

kcrg`g`dr `gc ;6%. Vgrd ck tksk `g `gsgmpcgd pkrk cds bdmorgs
kerdkmgranklds `g ;5 k ;1 kûds sal ul `apcdmk `g gsnugck sgnul`krak eug
`gc 01%. Vkrk cks mujgrgs nkunësanks mkydrgs `g 07 kûds ndl ul títucd
ulavgrsatkrad, eug `gc 0%.

Cds mgrnk`ds `g vkcdrgs cdnkcgs gl Kcgmklak y Jkpþl eugrdl gcamalk`ds

`urk
`urklt
ltgg ck ^g^giu
iul`
l`kk Iugr
Iugrrrk Mul`a
ul`akc
kc.. _giad
giadlg
lgss gltg
gltgrrks eugr
ugrdl
 odmokr`gk`ks. Kc ealkc `g ck iugrrk, cks irkljks kcgmklks sdcd prd`uníkl
prd` uníkl
sueanagltgs kcamgltds pkrk prdpdrnadlkr k cds nau`k`klds `gc pkís ;.666
nkcdríks kc `ík. Ndmpkrg gsd ndl Gstk`ds Wla`ds, `dl`g gc mgrnk`d `g
vkcdrgs sg `upcanþ ndl nrgngs `gs`g ;10; bkstk ealgs `g ;107, y ck
gndldmík eug ck mës eugrtg gl nksa `ds `ánk`ks.
 Lk`ag `gogrík gspgrkr qug cds magmords `g gstds
gstds irupds pksgl gc rgstd `g
sus va`ks pglskl`d cd masmd sdorg ck alecknaþl. D gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs.
D `gsgmpcgd. D `algrd gl iglgrkc.
 Lk`ag `gog gspgrkr qug rgspdl`kl k ck aledrmknaþl
aledrmknaþl ealklnagrk `g ck
masmk mklgrk. Lk`ag `gog ksumar qug gstël alecuglnak`ds pdr cds
masmds alngltavds.
 

 Lk`ag `gog gspgrkr qug ndleígl gl cks masmks

masmks eugltgs `g ksgsdrkmagltd.
 Lk`ag `gog gspgrkr qug gstál `g knugr`d
knugr`d sdorg cd qug ampdrtk, cd qug
vkcg ck pglk, cd qug gs prdokocg qug sung`k k ndltaluknaþl y nuëc gs gc
mgjdr nkmald k sgiuar.
^u vasaþl `gc `algrd sg edrmþ gl `aegrgltgs mul`ds. Q nukl`d gsg gs gc
nksd, ulk vasaþl sdorg gc `algrd qug ul irupd `g pgrsdlks paglsk qug gs
al`ailkltg pug`g tglgr pgregntd sglta`d pkrk dtrd.
Bkng ulds kûds, Pbg Lgw Qdrh Pamgs puocanþ ul krtínucd sdorg cks
ndl`anadlgs ckodrkcgs `g Edxndll, gc gldrmg ekorankltg `g prd`untds
gcgntrþlands tkawklgsgs. Cks ndl`anadlgs sugcgl sgr ktrdngs. Cds cgntdrgs
gstkokl mdcgstds ndl rkzþl. Vgrd ulk rgspugstk eksnalkltg k ck bastdrak
 prdvald `gc sdorald `g ul trkokjk`dr nbald, quagl gsnraoaþ gl ck sgnnaþl
`g ndmgltkrads:

Ma tík trkokjþ vkrads kûds gl cd qug cds gstk`dula`glsgs cckmkl "tkccgrgs

`g gxpcdtknaþl". Eug ul trkokjd `urd. Bdrks ckriks, skckrad –pgqugûd”,
ndl`anadlgs `g trkokjd –mkcks”. ´^kogs cd qug bkník ma tík kltgs `g
trkokjkr gl ulk `g gstks eëoranks4 Gcck grk ulk prdstatutk.
Gl ma dpalaþl, ck a`gk `g trkokjkr gl ul "tkccgr `g gxpcdtknaþl" gl
ndmpkrknaþl ndl gsg kltaiud gstacd `g va`k gs ulk mgjdrk. ^á qug ma tík
 prgegrarík sgr "gxpcdtk`k" pdr ul mkcvk`d jgeg nkpatkcastk pdr ul pkr `g
`þckrgs k qug su nugrpd eugrk gxpcdtk`d pdr vkrads bdmorgs pdr ulds
ngltkvds.
Vdr gsd mg mdcgstk gc pglskmagltd `g munbds gstk`dula`glsgs. Ld
tglgmds cks masmks dpdrtula`k`gs qug Dnna`gltg. Lugstrk
alerkgstrunturk iuogrlkmgltkc gs `aegrgltg. Gc pkís gs `aegrgltg. ^í, ck
eëorank gs ul trkokjd `urd. ´Vd`rík sgr mgjdr4 ^í, pgrd sdcd nukl`d sg
ndmpkrk ndl cds trkokjds gstk`dula`glsgs.

 Ld sá quá bkngr ndl gstd. Vkrtg `g mí

mí quagrg `asnutar egrdzmgltg. Wlk
 pkrtg `g mí quagrg gltgl`gr. Vgrd sdorg td`d gs ul gjgmpcd `g nþmd
`aegrgltgs gxpgraglnaks pug`gl ccgvkr k vasadlgs muy `aegrgltgs `gltrd `g
tgmks qug ul ck`d paglsk altuatavkmgltg qug `gogríkl sgr gl ocklnd y
lgird.
Nk`k `gnasaþl qug ck igltg tdmk ndl `algrd sg justaeank tdmkl`d ck
aledrmknaþl qug taglgl gl gsg mdmgltd y ndlgntël`dck k su md`gcd
mgltkc úland `g nþmd eulnadlk gc mul`d.
Gsks pgrsdlks pug`gl gstkr mkc aledrmk`ks. Vug`gl tglgr aledrmknaþl
alndmpcgtk. Vug`gl sgr mkcds gl mktgmëtanks. Vug`gl sgr pgrsuk`a`ds
 pdr ul mkrhgtali pd`ra`d. Ld pug`gl tglgr a`gk `g cd qug gstël
 

bknagl`d. Vug`gl juzikr mkc cks ndlsgnuglnaks `g sus knnadlgs. Db,

 pug`gl kciulk vgz.
Vgrd nk`k `gnasaþl ealklnagrk qug tdmk ulk pgrsdlk taglg sglta`d pkrk
gcck gl gsg mdmgltd y mkrnk cks nksaccks qug lgngsatk mkrnkr. ^g nugltkl
k sí masmds ulk bastdrak sdorg cd qug gstël bknagl`d y pdr quá cd bkngl,
y gsk bastdrak bk sa`d mdc`gk`k pdr sus prdpaks gxpgraglnaks úlanks.

Pdmg ul gjgmpcd sampcg: odcgtds `g cdtgrík.

Cds gstk`dula`glsgs ikstkl mës gl gccds qug gl pgcínucks, va`gdjugids,
músank, gvgltds `gpdrtavds y caords ndmoalk`ds.
´Q quaál cds ndmprk4 Mkydrmgltg igltg pdorg.
Cds bdikrgs ndl alirgsds mës okjds gl cds GG.WW. ikstkl gl prdmg`ad $
0;? kc kûd gl odcgtds `g cdtgrík, nuktrd vgngs ck nklta`k` `g kqugccds gl
cds irupds `g alirgsds mës kctds. Gc nukrgltk pdr nagltd `g cds
gstk`dula`glsgs ld pug`gl kpdrtkr $ 066 gl nksd `g gmgriglnak. Gs
`gnar: cds qug ndmprkl $ 066 gl odcgtds `g cdtgrík sdl, gl iglgrkc, cks
masmks pgrsdlks qug `angl qug ld pd`ríkl dotglgr $ 066 gl ulk
gmgriglnak. Gstël vdcnkl`d sus rg`gs `g sgiura`k` gl kcid ndl ulk
 pdsaoaca`k` gltrg maccdlgs `g tglgr áxatd.
Gsd pkrgng ulk cdnurk pkrk mí. Vrdokocgmgltg tkmoaál tg pkrgznk ulk
cdnurk. Vgrd ld pgrtglgznd kc irupd `g alirgsds mës okjds.
Vrdokocgmgltg tú tkmpdnd. Vdr cd tkltd, gs `aeínac pkrk munbds `g
ldsdtrds ndmprgl`gr altuatavkmgltg gc rkzdlkmagltd suondlsnagltg `g
cds ndmprk`drgs `g odcgtds `g cdtgrík `g okjds alirgsds.
Vgrd ndckr ul pdnd, y pug`gs amkialkrcd bknagl`d kcid ndmd gstd:

Uavamds `g nbgqug k nbgqug y gc kbdrrd pkrgng eugrk `g lugstrd kcnklng.

 Lugstrks pgrspgntavks `g skckrads munbd mës kctds pkrgngl

alkcnklzkocgs.
ndnbgs lugvds,Ld pd`gmds
sgiurd pgrmatarlds
má`and ulks
d vavagl`ks glvknknadlgs kirk`kocgs,
okrrads sgiurds. Ld
 pd`gmds ccgvkr k lugstrds bajds k ck ulavgrsa`k` sal ulk `gu`k
 pkrkcazkltg. Munbks `g cks ndsks qug ustg`gs, cks pgrsdlks qug cggl
caords sdorg ealklzks, taglgl kbdrk d taglgl munbks pdsaoaca`k`gs `g
dotglgr, ld cks tglgmds ldsdtrds. Ndmprkr ul odcgtd `g cdtgrík gs gc
úland mdmgltd gl lugstrks va`ks gl gc qug pd`gmds tglgr ul sugûd
tkliaocg `g dotglgr cks ndsks ouglks qug yk taglgs y qug `ks pdr sgltk`d.
Gstkmds pkikl`d pdr ul sugûd y gs pdsaocg qug ld cd gltagl`ks pdrqug
yk gstës vavagl`d ul sugûd. Vdr gsd ndmprkmds mës gltrk`ks qug tú.

 Ld taglgs qug gstkr `g knugr`d ndl gstg rkzdlkmagltd.

rkzdlkmagltd. Ndmprkr odcgtds
`g cdtgrík nukl`d gstë krrualk`d saiug sagl`d ulk mkck a`gk. Vgrd pug`d
 

gltgl`gr pdr quá pgrsastgl cks vgltks `g odcgtds `g cdtgrík.

Q gsk a`gk, "Cd qug gstës bknagl`d pkrgng ulk cdnurk, pgrd gltagl`d pdr
quá cd gstës bknagl`d", `gsnuorg ck rkíz `g munbks `g lugstrks
`gnasadlgs ealklnagrks.
Vdnks pgrsdlks tdmkl `gnasadlgs ealklnagrks úlankmgltg ndl ulk bdjk
`g nëcnucd. Cds bkngl gl ck mgsk `g ck nglk d gl ulk rgulaþl `g
gmprgsk. Cuikrgs `dl`g ck bastdrak pgrsdlkc, su prdpak vasaþl úlank `gc
mul`d, gc gid, gc driuccd, gc mkrhgtali y cds alngltavds gxtrkûds sg
ndmoalkl gl ulk lkrrktavk qug eulnadlk pkrk ustg`.

Dtrd pultd ampdrtkltg qug kyu`k k gxpcankr pdr quá cks `gnasadlgs
ealklnagrks sdl tkl `aeínacgs y pdr quá bky tkltk mkck ndl`untk gs
rgndldngr cd lugvd qug gs gstg tgmk.
Gc `algrd gxastg `gs`g bkng munbd tagmpd. ^g nrgg qug gc rgy Kcykttgs
`g Cy`ak, kbdrk pkrtg `g Purquík, nrgþ ck pramgrk mdlg`k deanakc gl gc
566 k. N. Vgrd
alvgrtar‐ ck oksg
sg oksk md`grlk `g
gl ndlngptds qugcks `gnasadlgs
sdl mdlgtkraks
prëntankmgltg ogoás.‐kbdrrkr g
_gtírktg. K ealgs `g ?6;2, bkoík ?9 oaccdlgs `g `þckrgs gl nugltks `g
 juoacknaþl `g GG. WW., Cd qug cd ndlvagrtg gl gc pralnapkc ampucsdr `g
cks `gnasadlgs `g kbdrrd g alvgrsaþl `gc alvgrsdr ndmúl.7
Vgrd td`d gc ndlngptd `g tglgr `grgnbd k ck juoacknaþl taglg, ndmd
mëxamd, `ds iglgrknadlgs.
Kltgs `g ck ^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc, ck mkydrík `g cds gstk`dula`glsgs
trkokjkokl bkstk mdrar. Gsk grk ck gxpgntktavk y ck rgkca`k`. Ck tksk `g
 pkrtanapknaþl gl ck eugrzk ckodrkc `g cds bdmorgs `g 57 kûds d mës
mës
gstkok pdr glnamk `gc 76% bkstk ck `ánk`k `g ;106:
 

Pksk `g pkrtanapknaþl ckodrkc pkrk bdmorgs

16%
mkydrgs `g 57 kûds

Gc ^giurd ^dnakc tglík ndmd dojgtavd nkmoakr gstd. Vgrd sus oglgeanads
alanakcgs ld sg pkrgníkl gl lk`k k ulk pglsaþl k`gnuk`k. Nukl`d A`k
Mky Euccgr ndorþ gc pramgr nbgqug `gc ^giurd ^dnakc gl ;106, eug pdr $
??.70, d $ 0;5 kjustk`ds pdr alecknaþl. Ld eug bkstk ck `ánk`k `g ;126
qug gc nbgqug prdmg`ad `gc ^giurd ^dnakc pkrk cds juoack`ds supgrþ cds
$ ;,666 kc mgs kjustk`ds pdr alecknaþl. Mës `g ulk nukrtk pkrtg `g cds
gstk`dula`glsgs mkydrgs `g 57 kûds eugrdl ncksaeank`ds pdr ck Deanalk
`gc Nglsd ndmd pgrsdlks qug vavíkl gl ck pdorgzk bkstk ealgs `g ck
`ánk`k `g ;156.
Gxastg ulk nrgglnak iglgrkcazk`k gl ck cílgk `g qug "td`d gc mul`d
sdcík tglgr ulk pglsaþl pravk`k". Vgrd gstd gs trgmgl`kmgltg
gxkigrk`d. Gc Gmpcdygg Oglgeat _gsgkrnb Alstatutg gxpcank: "^dcd ulk
nukrtk pkrtg `g cks pgrsdlks `g 57 kûds d mës tglíkl alirgsds pdr
 pglsadlgs gl ;197". Gltrg gsk kedrtulk`k maldrík, sdcd gc ;7% `g cds
alirgsds ekmacakrgs prdvglíkl `g ulk pglsaþl.
 

 Gc Lgw Qdrh

Qdrh Pamgs gsn
gsnraoaþ
raoaþ gl ;
;177
177 sdor
sdorgg gc nrgnagl
nrgnagltg
tg `gsgd, p
pgrd
grd
16
ndltaluk alnkpkna`k`, `g juoackrsg: "Vkrkerksgkl`d ul vagjd `anbd:
% gc mul`d bkock `g ck juoacknaþl, pgrd kpkrgltgmgltg muy pdnds
td`d
bkngl kcid kc rgspgntd" 5.
 

 Ld eug bkstk ck `ánk`k `g ;126 qug sg keaklzþ

keaklzþ ck a`gk `g qug td`ds
mgrgngl, y `gogríkl tglgr, ulk juoacknaþl `ailk. Q ck edrmk `g dotglgr
gsk juoacknaþl `ailk `gs`g gltdlngs bk sa`d ck gxpgntktavk `g qug td`ds
kbdrrgl g alvagrtkl su prdpad `algrd.
Vgrmítklmg rgatgrkr nuël lugvk gs gstk a`gk: gc 06; (h) ‐gc vgbínucd `g
kbdrrd eul`kmgltkc `g ck juoacknaþl gstk`dula`glsg‐ ld gxastaþ bkstk
;192. Ck _dtb A_K ld lknaþ bkstk ;112. ^a eugrk ulk pgrsdlk, kpglks
tgl`rík ck g`k` sueanagltg pkrk ogogr.
 Ld `gogrík sdrprgl`gr k lk`ag qug munbds `g ldsdtrds sgkmds mkcds
mkcds
kbdrrkl`d g alvartagl`d pkrk ck juoacknaþl. Ld gstkmds cdnds. Pd`ds
sdmds ldvktds.
Cd masmd dnurrg ndl ck ulavgrsa`k`. Ck prdpdrnaþl `g gstk`dula`glsgs
mkydrgs `g ?7 kûds ndl ulk canglnakturk bk pksk`d `g mglds `g ; `g
nk`k ?6 gl ;106 k ; `g nk`k 0 gl ?6;7.9 Ck mktrínuck ulavgrsatkrak
 prdmg`ad `urkltg gsg tagmpd kumgltþ mës `g nuktrd vgngs
vgngs kjustk`k k ck
alecknaþl.2 Kcid tkl irkl`g y tkl ampdrtkltg Ck sdnag`k` gxpcank tkl
rëpa`kmgltg pdr quá, pdr gjgmpcd, tkltks pgrsdlks bkl tdmk`d mkcks
`gnasadlgs ndl cds prástkmds pkrk gstu`akltgs `urkltg cds úctamds ?6
kûds. Ld bky `ánk`ks `g gxpgraglnak knumuck`k `g ck qug saquagrk
altgltkr kprgl`gr. Cd gstkmds amprdvaskl`d.
Cd masmd dnurrg ndl cds edl`ds al`gxk`ds, qug taglgl mglds `g 76
kûds. Q edl`ds `g ndogrturk, qug ld `gspgikrdl bkstk cds úctamds ?7
kûds. Alncusd gc usd iglgrkcazk`d `g ck `gu`k `g cds ndlsuma`drgs
(bapdtgnks, tkrjgtks `g nrá`atd y prástkmds pkrk kutdmþvacgs) ld `gspgiþ
bkstk `gspuás `g ck ^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc, nukl`d gc IA Oacc eknacatþ
gc gl`gu`kmagltd `g maccdlgs `g gstk`dula`glsgs.
Cds pgrrds eugrdl `dmgstank`ds bkng ;6.666 kûds y kúl ndlsgrvkl
kciulds ndmpdrtkmagltds `g sus klngstrds skcvkjgs. ^al gmokrid, kquí
gstkmds, ndl gltrg ?6 y 76 kûds `g gxpgraglnak gl gc sastgmk ealklnagrd
md`grld, gspgrkl`d gstkr pgregntkmgltg kncamktk`ds.
Vkrk ul tgmk qug gstë tkl alecuglnak`d pdr ck gmdnaþl ergltg k cds
bgnbds, gstd gs ul prdocgmk. Q kyu`k k gxpcankr pdr quá ld sagmprg
bkngmds cd qug sg supdlg qug `gogmds bkngr ndl gc `algrd.
Pd`ds bkngmds cdnurks ndl gc `algrd, pdrqug td`ds sdmds rgcktavkmgltg
lugvds gl gstg jugid y cd qug k ta tg pkrgng ulk cdnurk pd`rík tglgr
sglta`d pkrk mí. Vgrd lk`ag gstë cdnd, td`ds tdmkmds `gnasadlgs oksk`ks
gl lugstrks prdpaks gxpgraglnaks úlanks qug pkrgngl tglgr sglta`d pkrk
ldsdtrds gl ul mdmgltd `k`d.

Kbdrk pgrmítklmg ndltkrcgs ulk bastdrak sdorg nþmd Oacc Iktgs sg bazd rand.
 

^ugrtgne 
_agsid
Lk`k gs tkl ougld d tkl mkcd
sgiúl pkrgng.
 

Ck sugrtg y gc ragsid sdl bgrmklds. Kmods sdl ck rgkca`k` `g qug nk`k rgsuctk`d gl ck
va`k gstë iuak`d pdr eugrzks `astaltks `gc gseugrzd al`ava`ukc.
Gc prdegsdr `g ck Wlavgrsa`k` `g Lugvk Qdrh, ^ndtt Ikccdwky, taglg ulk a`gk
rgcknadlk`k qug gs muy ampdrtkltg rgndr`kr kc juzikr gc áxatd, tkltd gc suyd ndmd gc
`g cds `gmës: "Lk`k gs tkl ougld d tkl mkcd ndmd pkrgng".

Oacc Iktgs eug k ulk `g cks úlanks gsnugcks sgnul`kraks `gc mul`d qug tglík ulk
ndmputk`drk.
Ck bastdrak `g nþmd Ckhgsa`g ^nbddc, gl cks keugrks `g ^gkttcg, alncusd ndlsaiuaþ ulk
ndmputk`drk gs ldtkocg.
Oacc @duikcc eug ul pacdtd `g ck Mkralk `g ck ^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc qug sg
ndlvartaþ gl prdegsdr `g mktgmëtank
mktgmëtankss y naglnaks gl ck gsnugck sgnul`krak. –Ác nrgík
qug gc gstu`ad `g caords ld grk sueanagltg sal ck gxpgraglnak `gc mul`d rgkc. Pkmoaál
sg `ad nugltk `g qug lgngsatkríkm
lgngsatkríkmds
ds skogr kcid sdorg ndmputk`drks nukl`d
ccgiërkmds k ck ulavgrsa`k` ”, rgndr`þ gc ekccgna`d ndeul`k`dr `g Manrdsdet, Vkuc
Kccgl.
Gl ;152, @duikcc sdcanatþ k cks Mk`rgs `g Ckhgsa`g ^nbddc
Ncuo utacazkrë cks iklklnaks `g su vgltk klukc `g krtínucds usk`ds, kcrg`g`dr `g $
>,666, pkrk krrgl`kr ulk ndmputk`drk Pgcgtypg Md`gcd >6 ndlgntk`k k ck tgrmalkc
mkalerkmg `g Iglgrkc Gcgntran pkrk ndmpkrtar gc tagmpd `g ck ndmputk`drk. –Ck a`gk
`g ndmpkrtar gc tagmpd sdcd sg alvgltþ gl ;157”, `ajd Iktgs mës tkr`g. "Kciuagl grk
 okstkltg prdirgsastk".
prdirgsastk". Ck mk
mkydrík
ydrík `g cks gsnu
gsnugcks
gcks `g pdsirk`d uulavgrsatkraks
lavgrsatkraks ld tglíkl
ulk ndmputk`drk tkl kvklzk`k ndmd Oacc Iktgs tglík knngsd gl dntkvd irk`d. Q ld
 pd`ík tglgr sueanagltg.
sueanagltg.
Iktgs tglík ;> kûds gl ;152 nukl`d ndldnaþ k su ndmpkûgrd Vkuc Kccgl. Kccgl
tkmoaál gstkok dosgsadlk`d ndl ck ndmputk`drk `g ck gsnugck, y cds `ds sg ccgvkrdl
 oagl.
Ck ndmputk`drk `g Ckhgsa`g ld edrmkok pkrtg `g su pckl `g gstu`ads iglgrkc. Eug ul
 prdirkmk `g gstu`ad
gstu`ad al`gpgl`agl
al`gpgl`agltg.
tg. Oacc y Vkuc
Vkuc pd`íkl juikr ndl ck ndsk gl su tagmpd
caorg, `gjkl`d vdckr su nrgktava`k`, `gspuás `g ck gsnugck, bkstk kctks bdrks `g ck
ldnbg, cds ealgs `g sgmklk. _ëpa`kmgltg sg ndlvartagrdl gl gxpgrtds gl aledrmëtank.
@urkltg ulk `g sus sgsadlgs ldnturlks, Kccgl rgndr`þ qug Iktgs cg mdstrþ ulk rgvastk
Edrtulg y cg `ajd: "´Nþmd nrggs qug gs `araiar ulk gmprgsk Edrtulg 7664" Kccgl `ajd
qug ld tglík a`gk.`ajd
ndmputk`drks”, –[uazës
Iktgs.kciúl `ík tglikmds
Manrdsde
Manrdsdet lugstrk
t kbdrk vkcg prdpak
mës `g ndmpkûík
ul oaccþl `g
`g `þckrgs.
 

Wl pdnd `g mktgmëtanks rëpa`ks.

Gl ;152 bkoík kprdxamk`kmgltg >6> maccdlgs `g pgrsdlks gl g`k` `g gsnugck
sgnul`krak gl gc mul`d, sgiúl ck DLW.
Kprdxamk`kmgltg
Kprdxamk`kmg ltg ;2 maccdlgs `g gccds vavíkl gl cds Gstk`ds Wla`ds.
Kprdxamk`kmgltg
Kprdxamk`kmg ltg ?96.666 `g gccds vavíkl gl gc gstk`d `g Yksbalitdl.
Wl pdnd mës `g ;66.666 `g gccds vavíkl gl gc ërgk `g ^gkttcg.
Q sdcd ulds >66 `g gccds ksastagrdl k Ckhgsa`g ^nbddc.
Gmpagng ndl >6> maccdlgs y tgrmalg ndl >66.
Wld `g nk`k maccþl `g gstu`akltgs gl g`k` `g gsnugck sgnul`krak ksastaþ k ck gsnugck
sgnul`krak qug tglík ck ndmoalknaþl `g `algrd gl gegntavd y prgvasaþl pkrk ndmprkr
ulk ndmputk`drk. Oacc Iktgs rgsuctþ sgr uld `g gccds.
Iktgs ld sg kvgrióglzk `g cd qug gstd sailaeank. "^a ld buoagrk bkoa`d Ckhgsa`g, ld
bkorík bkoa`d Manrdsdet", `ajd k ck ncksg qug sg irk`uþ `g ck gsnugck gl ?667.

Iktgs gs ksdmordskmgltg
k`dcgsngltg tuvd ulk vasaþlaltgcaigltg, alncusd mësqug
`g cks ndmputk`drks trkokjk`dr, y nukl`d
la ck mkydrík grkgjgnutavds
`g cds
`g ndmputk`drks gxpgramgltk`ds pd`íkl ndmprgl`gr. Pkmoaál tuvd ulk vgltkjk `g
uld gl ul maccþl kc ar k ck gsnugck gl Ckhgsa`g.
Kbdrk `ájkmg ndltkrtg sdorg Hglt Gvkls, kmaid `g Iktgs. Gxpgramgltþ ulk `dsas
aiukcmgltg pd`grdsk `gc ragsid, bgrmkld ngrnkld `g ck sugrtg.
Oacc Iktgs y Vkuc Kccgl sg ndlvartagrdl gl ldmorgs ekmacakrgs irknaks kc áxatd `g
Manrdsdet. Vgrd gl Ckhgsa`g bkoík ul tgrngr magmord `g gstk pkl`acck `g prd`aiads
aledrmëtands `g ck gsnugck sgnul`krak.
Hglt Gvkls y Oacc Iktgs sg banagrdl mgjdrgs kmaids gl dntkvd irk`d. Gvkls eug,
sgiúl gc prdpad Iktgs, gc mgjdr kcumld `g ck ncksg.
Cds `ds bkockokl –pdr tgcáedld `g nklta`k`gs ra`ínucks”, rgnugr`k Iktgs gl gc
`dnumgltkc Alsa`g Oacc's Orkal. –Kúl ndldznd gc lúmgrd `g tgcáedld `g Hglt”, `ang.
"7?7-927;".
Gvkls grk tkl bëoac ndl cks ndmputk`drks ndmd Iktgs y Kccgl. Ckhgsa`g ulk vgz cunbþ
 pkrk krmkr mklukcmgltg
mklukcmgltg gcgc bdrkrad `g nncksgs
cksgs `g ck gsnugck, ul ck
ckograltd
ograltd `g
ndmpcgja`k` pkrk qug nagltds `g gstu`akltgs rgnaokl cks ncksgs qug lgngsatkl gl
mdmgltds qug ld gltrkl gl ndlecantd ndl dtrds nursds. Ck gsnugck glnkriþ k Oacc y
Hglt ‐laûds, sgiúl sg marg‐ qug ndlstruygrkl ul prdirkmk `g ndmputk`drk pkrk
rgsdcvgr gc prdocgmk. Eulnadlþ.

Q k `aegrglnak
kmoanaþl `g –Hglt
sal eal. Vkuc Kccgl, Hglt
sagmprg ndmpkrtík
tuvd ck mgltg
gc mkcgtíl irkl`g,gmprgskrakc `g Oacc`gy ul
ndmd gc mkcgtíl su
 

kodik`d”, rgnugr`k Iktgs. –^agmprg gstëokmds pcklgkl`d cd qug bkríkmds nalnd d

sgas kûds gl gc euturd.
´@gogríkmds ndlvgrtarlds
ndlvgrtarlds gl `argntdrgs gjgnutavds4 ´[uá tapd `g ampkntd pd`ríks tglgr4
´@gogríkmds sgr iglgrkcgs4 ´@gogríkmds sgr gmokjk`drgs4 Eugrk cd qug eugrk, Oacc y Hglt
skoíkl qug cd bkríkl jultds.

@gspuás `g rgndr`kr
–Bkoríkmds sgiua`d su kmastk` ndl
trkokjkl`d Hglt,
jultds. Iktgs
Gstdy sg kpkik.
sgiurd `g qug buoaárkmds a`d jultds k
ck ulavgrsa`k` ". Hglt pd`rík bkogr sa`d sdnad eul`k`dr `g Manrdsdet ndl Iktgs y
Kccgl.
Vgrd lulnk sung`grík. Hglt muraþ gl ul knna`gltg `g mdltkûasmd kltgs `g irk`ukrsg
`g ck gsnugck sgnul`krak.
Nk`k kûd bky kcrg`g`dr `g trgs `dnglks `g mugrtgs pdr mdltkûasmd gl cds Gstk`ds
Wla`ds.1 Cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g mdrar gl ulk mdltkûk gl ck gsnugck sgnul`krak sdl
kprdxamk`kmgltg
kprdxamk`kmgl tg `g ulk gl ul maccþl.
Oacc Iktgs gxpgramgltþ ulk sugrtg gltrg ul maccþl kc tgrmalkr gl Ckhgsa`g. Hglt
Gvkls gxpgramgltþ ul ragsid gltrg ul maccþl kc ld ccgikr lulnk k tgrmalkr cd qug ác y
Iktgs sg prdpusagrdl cdirkr. Ck masmk eugrzk, ck masmk mkilatu`, kntukl`d gl
`argnnadlgs dpugstks.
Ck sugrtg y gc ragsid sdl ck rgkca`k` `g qug nk`k rgsuctk`d gl ck va`k gstë iuak`d pdr
eugrzks `astaltks `gc gseugrzd al`ava`ukc. ^dl tkl samackrgs qug ld pug`gs nrggr gl uld
sal rgspgtkr pdr aiukc kc dtrd. Kmods dnurrgl pdrqug gc mul`d gs `gmksak`d ndmpcgjd
 pkrk pgrmatar
pgrmatar qug gc ;66% ``gg sus knnadlgs ``antgl
antgl gc ;66% `g sus rgsuctk`ds. Gstël
ampucsk`ds pdr cd masmd: grgs ulk pgrsdlk gl ul jugid ndl dtrks sagtg mac maccdlgs `g
 pgrsdlks g alealatks
alealatks pkrtgs mþvacgs.
mþvacgs. Gc ampk
ampkntd
ntd knna`glt
knna`gltkc
kc `g knnadl
knnadlgs
gs eugrk `g su
ndltrdc pug`g tglgr mës ndlsgnuglnaks qug cks qug tdmk ndlsnagltgmgltg.
Vgrd kmods sdl tkl `aeínacgs `g mg`ar y `g kngptkr, qug ndl `gmksak`k ergnuglnak sg
 pkskl pdr kctd. Vdr nk`k Oacc Iktgs bky ul HHglt
glt Gvkls qug grk aiukc `g bkoaca`dsd y
mdtavk`d, pgrd tgrmalþ gl gc dtrd ck`d `g ck rucgtk `g ck va`k.
^a `k sugrtg y krragsik su `goa`d rgspgtd, sg `k nugltk `g qug nukl`d sg juzik gc áxatd
ealklnagrd `g cks pgrsdlks, tkltd gc suyd ndmd gc `g cds `gmës, lulnk gs tkl ougld d
tkl mkcd ndmd pkrgng.

Bkng kûds cg prgiultá kc gndldmastk _dogrt ^baccgr, quagl iklþ gc Vrgmad Ldogc `g
Gndldmík, "´[uá quagrgs skogr sdorg ck alvgrsaþl qug ld pd`kmds skogr4"
 

–Gc pkpgc gxkntd `g ck sugrtg gl cds rgsuctk`ds gxatdsds”, rgspdl`aþ.

Mg glnkltk gsk rgspugstk, pdrqug lk`ag paglsk qug ck sugrtg ld jugik ul pkpgc gl gc
áxatd ealklnagrd. Vgrd `k`d qug gs `aeínac nukltaeankr ck sugrtg y `g mkck g`unknaþl
suigrar qug gc áxatd `g cks pgrsdlks sg `gog k gcck, ck pdsturk prg`gtgrmalk`k k mglu`d
gs aildrkr ampcínatkmgltg ck sugrtg ndmd ul ekntdr `g áxatd.

^a `aid: –Bky
´gspgrkríks qugmac
;6maccdlgs `g ndlvagrtkl
`g gccds sg alvgrsdrgs gl
gl muctamaccdlk
gc mul`d. Vdrrads
muctamaccdlkradspurk nksukca`k`,
prg`dmalkltgmgltg sal
sugrtg4 " Wstg` rgspdl`grík: "Vdr supugstd". Vgrd cugid, sa cg pa`d qug ldmorg k gsds
alvgrsdrgs, gl su nkrk, gs prdokocg qug rgtrdng`k.
Kc juzikr k cds `gmës, ktraouar gc áxatd k ck sugrtg tg bkng pkrgngr ngcdsd y mgzquald,
alncusd sa skogmds qug gxastg. Q nukl`d tg juziks k ta masmd, ktraouar gc áxatd k ck
sugrtg pug`g sgr `gmksak`d `gsmdrkcazk`
`gsmdrkcazk`drdr pkrk kngptkrcd.
Gc gndldmastk Obksbhkr Mkzum`gr bk `gmdstrk`d qug cds alirgsds gltrg bgrmklds
gstël mës ndrrgcknadlk`ds qug ck kcturk d gc pgsd. ^a grgs rand y kctd, gs mës prdokocg
qug tu bgrmkld tkmoaál sgk rand qug kctd. Nrgd qug ck mkydrík `g ldsdtrds skogmds
altuatavkmgltg
altuatavkmgl
 pkrk tg lqug
ustg` gstël
gstë gstd gs nagrtd:
eugrtgmgltg ck nkca`k`
valnuck`ks `g su g`unknaþl
kc gstktus sdnadg y cks pugrtks
sdnadgndlþmand
ndlþmand `g susqug sg korgl
pk`rgs.
pk`rgs. Vgrd
 oúsnkmg `ds bgrmklds
bgrmklds rands y tg mdstrkrá `ds bdmorbdmorgsgs qug ld nrggl qug cds
bkcckzids `g gstg gstu`ad sg kpcaqugl k gccds.
Gc erknksd, qug pug`g sgr nukcquagr ndsk, `gs`g ck oklnkrrdtk bkstk ld kcnklzkr ulk
mgtk pgrsdlkc, gs aiukcmgltg kousk`d.
´Cks gmprgsks ekcca`ks ld sg gsedrzkrdl cd sueanagltg4 ´Cks mkcks alvgrsadlgs ld sg
 pglskrdl cd sueanagltgmgltg
sueanagltgmgltg oagoagl4
l4 ´Cks nkrrgrks
nkrrgrks `gsnkrrak`k
`gsnkrrak`kss sg `gogl k ck pgrgzk4 K
vgngs sí. Vdr supugstd.
´Vgrd nukltd4 Gs tkl `aeínac `g skogr. Pd`d cd qug vkcg ck pglk pgrsgiuar taglg mglds
`gc ;66% `g prdokoaca`k`gs `g áxatd, y gc ragsid gs cd qug dnurrg nukl`d tgrmalks gl
gc ck`d `gskedrtulk`d `g gsk gnuknaþl. Kc aiukc qug dnurrg ndl ck sugrtg, ck bastdrak sg
vugcvg `gmksak`d `aeínac, `gmksak`d ndmpcank`k, `gmksak`d ndmpcank`k sa trktkmds
`g `astaliuar quá pkrtg `g ul rgsuctk`d eug ulk `gnasaþl ndlsnagltg ergltg k ul ragsid.
@aikmds qug ndmprd ulk knnaþl y nalnd kûds `gspuás ld bk a`d k laliulk pkrtg. Gs
 pdsaocg qug bkyk tdmk`d ulk mk mkck
ck `gnasaþl nndmprël`dcd
dmprël`dcd gl pr
pramgr
amgr cuikr. Pkmoaál
Pkmoaál gs
 pdsaocg qug tdmá
tdmá ulk ouglk `g
`gnasaþl
nasaþl qug tglí
tglíkk ul 26% `g pdsa
pdsaoaca`k`gs
oaca`k`gs `g iklkr
iklkr
`algrd y knkoá `gc ck`d `gc `gskedrtulk`d ?6%. ´Nþmd sá nuëc gs nuëc4 ´Ndmgtí ul
grrdr d sampcgmgltg gxpgramg
gxpgramgltá
ltá ck rgkca`k` `gc ragsid4
Gs pdsaocg mg`ar gstk`ístankmgltg sa kciulks `gnasadlgs eugrdl kngrtk`ks. Vgrd gl gc
mul`d
bastdraksrgkc, `ík k `ík,
sampcgs, sampcgmgltg
qug sdl ld kcdmglu`d
eënacgs pgrd bkngmds. Gs muy `aeanac.glikûdsks.
`akoþcankmgltg Vrgegramds
 

@gspuás `g pkskr kûds rd`gk`d `g alvgrsdrgs y cí`grgs gmprgskrakcgs, mg bg `k`d

nugltk `g qug gc erknksd `g dtrk pgrsdlk sugcg ktraouarsg k mkcks `gnasadlgs, magltrks
qug cds prdpads erknksds sugcgl ktraouarsg kc ck`d dsnurd `gc ragsid. Kc juzikr tus
erknksds, gs prdokocg qug prgeagrk ulk bastdrak campak y sampcg `g nkusk y gegntd,
 pdrqug ld sá quá gstë pkskl`d `gl `gltrd
trd `g tu nkogzk.
nkogzk. –Puvast
–Puvastgg ul mkc rgsuct
rgsuctk`d,
k`d, ksí qug
`gog bkogr sa`d nkusk`d pdr ulk mkck `gnasaþl” gs ck bastdrak qug taglg mës sglta`d
 pkrk mí. Vgrd kc juzikrmg
juzikrmg k mí masmd
masmd,, pug`d alvgltkr ulk lkrrktavk skcvkjg qug
 justaeaqug mas `gnasadlgs pksk`ks y ktraouyk cds m mkcds
kcds rgsuctk`ds kkcc ragsid.
Ck pdrtk`k `g ck rgvastk Edrogs ld ngcgork k cds alvgrsdrgs pdorgs qug tdmkrdl ouglks
`gnasadlgs pgrd qug pkskrdl pdr gc ck`d `gskedrtulk`d `gc ragsid. Vgrd gs nksa sgiurd
ngcgork k cds alvgrsdrgs rands qug tdmkrdl `gnasadlgs ndrrgntks d alncusd ampru`gltgs
y tuvagrdl sugrtg. Kmods cklzkrdl ck masmk mdlg`k qug nksukcmgltg ktgrrazþ gl ul
ck`d `aegrgltg.
Ck pkrtg pgcairdsk `g gstd gs qug td`ds gstkmds trktkl`d `g kprgl`gr quá eulnadlk y
quá ld ndl gc `algrd.
´[uá gstrktgiaks `g alvgrsaþl eulnadlkl4 ´Nuëcgs ld4
´[uá gstrktgiaks ndmgrnakcgs eulnadlkl4 ´Nuëcgs ld4
´Nþmd tg bkngs rand4 ´Nþmd gvatks sgr pdorg4
Pgl`gmds k ousnkr gstks cgnnadlgs kc dosgrvkr cds áxatds y cds erknksds y `gnar: "Bkz cd qug
gcck bazd, gvatk cd qug ác bazd".
^a tuvaárkmds ulk vkratk mëiank, `gsnuoraríkmd
`gsnuoraríkmdss gxkntkmgltg quá prdpdrnaþl `g gstds
rgsuctk`ds eugrdl nkusk`ds pdr knnadlgs qug sdl rgpgtaocgs, gl ndmpkrknaþl ndl gc
 pkpgc `gc ragsid
ragsid kcgktdrad y ck sugrtg qug alecuyþ gl gsks kknnadlgs
nnadlgs `g ul ulkk edrmk u dtrk
dtrk..
Vgrd ld tglgmds ulk vkratk mëiank. Pglgmds ngrgords qug prgeagrgl rgspugstks eënacgs
sal munbd kpgtatd pdr cds mktangs. Vdr cd tkltd, a`gltaeankr cds rksids qug `gogmds
gmuckr d gvatkr pug`g rgsuctkr trgmgl`kmgltg `aeínac.
`aeínac.
Vgrmítklmg ndltkrcgs dtrk bastdrak `g kciuagl qug, ndmd Oacc Iktgs, tuvd ul irkl
áxatd, pgrd nuyd áxatd gs `aeínac `g prgnaskr ndmd nkusk`d pdr ck sugrtg d ck bkoaca`k`.

Ndrlgcaus Ukl`groact knkokok `g ngrrkr ulk sgrag `g knugr`ds ndmgrnakcgs pkrk

gxpkl`ar su ampgrad egrrdvakrad.
Wld `g sus ksgsdrgs ndmgrnakcgs sg alncalþ pkrk `gnarcg k Ukl`groact qug nk`k
trklsknnaþl qug knng`ík aleraliík ck cgy.
–@ads míd, Jdbl”, `ajd Ukl`groact, –ld supdlgs qug pug`gs mklgjkr ul egrrdnkrrac `g
 

knugr`d ndl cds gstktutds `gc gstk`d `g Lugvk Qdrh, ´vgr`k`4” ;6

Ma pramgr pglskmagltd kc cggr gstd eug: "Gsk kntatu` gs ck rkzþl pdr ck qug tuvd tkltd
áxatd". Cks cgygs ld sg k`kptkokl k cds egrrdnkrracgs `urkltg ck ápdnk `g Ukl`groact.
Ksí qug `ajd "kc `akocd ndl gstd" y saiuaþ k`gckltg `g td`ds md`ds.
Ukl`groact tuvd ul irkl áxatd. Ksí qug gs tgltk`dr vgr su kckr`g `g ck cgy, qug eug
ldtdrad
qug lk`ky sg
vatkc pkrk su áxatd,
altgrpusagrk gl sundmd ulk skoa`urík skoak. ¡Gsg vasadlkrad ru`d ld `gjþ
nkmald!
Vgrd, ´quá tkl pgcairdsd gs gsg klëcasas4 Laliulk pgrsdlk gl su skld juanad
rgndmgl`krík ul `gcatd eckirkltg ndmd rksid gmprgskrakc. Vug`g amkialkrsg
eënacmgltg qug ck bastdrak `g Ukl`groact rgsuctkrík muy `aegrgltg: ul edrkja`d nuyk
 jdvgl gmprgsk sgsg `grrumoþ pdr dr`
dr`gl
gl ju`anakc.
Gltdlngs tglgmds ul prdocgmk kquí.
Vug`g gcdiakr k Ukl`groact pdr bkngr kckr`g `g ck cgy ndl tkltk pksaþl ndmd nratank k
Glrdl pdr bkngr cd masmd. [uazës uld tuvd sugrtg kc gvatkr gc orkzd `g ck cgy magltrks
qug gc dtrd sg glndltrþ gl gc ck`d `gc ragsid.
Jdbl @. _dnhgegccgr gs samackr. ^u ergnugltg gcusaþl `g ck cgy (ul jugz ulk vgz cckmþ k
su gmprgsk "lk`k mgjdr qug ul ck`rþl ndmúl") k mglu`d gs rgtrktk`d pdr cds
bastdrak`drgs ndmd kstutd kstunak gmprgskrakc. Pkc vgz cd eug. Vgrd, ´nuël`d nkmoak ck
lkrrktavk `g "Ld pgrmatastg cks cgygs dosdcgtks sg altgrpdlgl gl gc nkmald `g ck
alldvknaþl, "k" ´Ndmgtastg ul nramgl4 "D quá pdnd tgl`rík qug nkmoakr ck bastdrak
 pkrk qug ck lkrrktavk pkskrk
pkskrk `g" _dnhgegccgr
_dnhgegccgr grk ul ig
iglad,
lad, trktk `g kprgl`gr `g sus
áxatds "k" _dnhgegccgr grk ul nramalkc, trktd `g kprgl`gr `g sus erknksds ndmgrnakcgs.
"Muy pdnd.
"´[uá mg ampdrtk ck cgy4", @ajd Ukl`groact ulk vgz. "´Ld tglid gc pd`gr4"
Cd bazd y eulnadlþ. Vgrd gs eënac amkialkr qug gsks sdl cks úctamks pkckorks `g ulk
bastdrak ndl ul rgsuctk`d muy `aegrgltg. Ck cílgk gltrg ktrgva`d g ampru`gltg pug`g
sgr `gcik`k. Nukl`d ld `kmds ragsid y sugrtg, su eknturknaþl k`gnuk`k k mglu`d gs
alvasaocg.
Ogljkmal Irkbkm gs ndldna`d ndmd uld `g cds mkydrgs alvgrsdrgs `g td`ds cds
tagmpds, gc pk`rg `g ck alvgrsaþl gl vkcdr y gc pramgr mgltdr `g Ykrrgl Oueegtt. Vgrd
ck mkydr pkrtg `gc áxatd alvgrsdr `g Ogljkmal Irkbkm sg `goaþ k ck pdsgsaþl `g ulk
gldrmg pkrtg `g cks knnadlgs `g IGAND qug, sgiúl ác masmd k`mataþ, rdmpaþ nksa
td`ks cks rgicks `g `avgrsaeanknaþl qug gc prdpad Irkbkm gstkocgnaþ gl sus ekmdsds
tgxtds. ´@þl`g nkg kquí ck `gcik`k cílgk gltrg ku`kz g ampru`gltg4 Ld cd sá. Irkbkm
gsnraoaþ sdorg su
Odlklzk
´pd`gmds`g`astaliuarcds4"
IGAND: "Wl idcpg
Ld gs `g sugrtg, d ulk `gnasaþl sumkmgltg kstutk,
eënac.
 

@g mklgrk samackr, pglskmds qug Mkrh Zunhgrogri gs ul iglad pdr rgnbkzkr ck degrtk
`g Qkbdd! `g mac maccdlgs `g `þckrgs `g ?665 pkrk ndmprkr su gmprgsk. Uad gc euturd
y sg mkltuvd earmg. Vgrd ck igltg nratank k Qkbdd! ndl tkltk pksaþl pdr rgnbkzkr su
 prdpak irkl degrtk
degrtk `g ndmprk `g Manrdsdet, ¡gsds tdltds `gogríkl
`gogríkl bkogr ndork
ndork`d
`d
magltrks pu`agrdl! ´Nuëc gs ck cgnnaþl pkrk cds gmprgl`g`drgs kquí4 Ld tglid la
a`gk, pdrqug gc ragsid y ck sugrtg sdl muy `aeínacgs `g prgnaskr.
Bky tkltds gjgmpcds `g gstd.
Allumgrkocgs edrtulks (y erknksds) `gogl su rgsuctk`d kc kpkcklnkm
kpkcklnkmagltd.
agltd.
Cds mgjdrgs (y pgdrgs) igrgltgs ampucskl k sus gmpcgk`ds cd mës `urd qug pug`gl.
"Gc ncagltg sagmprg taglg ck rkzþl" y "cds ncagltgs ld skogl cd qug quagrgl" sdl kmoks
skoa`urík gmprgskrakc kngptk`k.
Ck cílgk gltrg "alspark`dr ku`kz" y "tdltkmgltg ampru`gltg
ampru`gltg"" pug`g tglgr ul
macímgtrd `g irdsdr y sdcd sg pug`g vgr gl rgtrdspgntavk.
Gc ragsid y ck sugrtg sdl `docgs.
Gstg ldbkoaca`k`
quá gs gs ul prdocgmk
y quá gseënac `g rgsdcvgr.
ragsid gs uld `gCk
cds`aeanuctk`
mkydrgs pkrk a`gltaeankr
prdocgmks quá gs sugrtg,
qug glergltkmds
nukl`d trktkmds `g kprgl`gr sdorg ck mgjdr mklgrk `g k`malastrkr gc `algrd.
Vgrd `ds ndsks pug`gl al`ankrcg ulk mgjdr `argnnaþl.

Pglik nua`k`d k quagl gcdiak y k`mark. Pglik nua`k`d k quaál mgldsprgnak y `gsgk gvatkr
ndlvgrtarsg.

D sampcgmgltg tglik nua`k`d kc ksumar qug gc ;66% `g cds rgsuctk`ds sg pug`gl

ktraouar kc gseugrzd y cks `gnasadlgs. @gspuás `g qug lknaþ ma bajd, cg gsnraoí ulk nkrtk
qug `gník, gl pkrtg:
Kciulks pgrsdlks lkngl gl ekmacaks qug edmgltkl ck g`unknaþl8 dtrds gstël gl ndltrk.
Kciulds lkngl gl gndldmíks ecdrgnagltgs qug edmgltkl gc gspíratu gmprgskrakc8 dtrds
lkngl gl ck iugrrk y ck masgrak. [uagrd qug tgliks áxatd y quagrd qug tg cd iklgs. Vgrd
tglik gl nugltk qug ld td`d gc áxatd sg `gog kc trkokjd `urd y qug ld td`k ck pdorgzk
sg `gog k ck pgrgzk. Pglik gstd gl nugltk kc juzikr k cks pgrsdlks, alncua`d ustg`
masmd.
 

Vdr cd tkltd, ndlnáltrgsg mglds gl al`ava`uds gspgníeands

gspgníeands y gstu`ads `g nksds y mës gl
pktrdlgs iglgrkcgs.

Gstu`akr k ulk pgrsdlk gspgníeank pug`g sgr pgcairdsd pdrqug tgl`gmds k gstu`akr
gjgmpcds gxtrgmds ‐cds muctamaccdlkrads, cds `argntdrgs gjgnutavds d cds erknksds
mksavds qug
kpcankocgs `dmalkl
k dtrks cks ldtanaks‐
satuknadlgs, `k`k suy ndmpcgja`k`.
cds gjgmpcds gxtrgmds sugcgl
Nukltd mës sgr cds
gxtrgmd sgkmglds
gc
rgsuctk`d, gs mglds prdokocg qug pug`k kpcankr sus cgnnadlgs k su prdpak va`k, pdrqug
gs mës prdokocg qug gc rgsuctk`d gstá alecuglnak`d pdr gxtrgmds gxtrgmds `g ck sugrtg
d gc ragsid.
^g kngrnkrë mës k cks ndlncusadlgs prëntanks kc ousnkr pktrdlgs kmpcads `g áxatd y
erknksd. Nukltd mës ndmúl sgk gc pktrþl, mës kpcankocg pd`rík sgr k su va`k. Prktkr `g
gmuckr gc áxatd `g alvgrsaþl `g Ykrrgl Oueegtt gs `aeínac, pdrqug sus rgsuctk`ds sdl tkl
gxtrgmds qug gc pkpgc `g ck sugrtg gl gc `gsgmpgûd `g su va`k gs muy prdokocgmgltg
kctd, y ck sugrtg ld gs kcid qug pug`k gmuckr `g mklgrk ndleakocg. Vgrd `krsg nugltk,
ndmd vgrgmds gl gc nkpítucd 9, `g qug cks pgrsdlks qug taglgl ndltrdc sdorg su tagmpd
tagl`gl k sgr mës egcangs gl ck va`k gs ulk dosgrvknaþl cd sueanagltgmgltg kmpcak y
ndmúl ndmd pkrk qug sg pug`k bkngr kcid ndl gcck.
Ma bastdrak`dr ekvdratd, Erg`granh Cgwas Kccgl, `g`anþ su nkrrgrk k `gsnraoar ck va`k
`gc gstk`dula`glsg prdmg`ad: nþmd vavíkl, nþmd nkmoakokl, quá bkníkl pkrk
trkokjkr, quá ndmíkl pkrk nglkr, gtn. Bky cgnnadlgs mës rgcgvkltgs pkrk kprgl`gr mës
kccë `g gstg tapd `g dosgrvknaþl kmpcak qug bky kc gstu`akr cds pgrsdlkjgs gxtrgmds
qug tagl`gl k `dmalkr cks ldtanaks.
Oacc Iktgs `ajd ulk vgz: –Gc áxatd gs ul pásamd mkgstrd. ^g`ung k cks pgrsdlks
altgcaigltgs k pglskr qug ld pug`gl pgr`gr ".
Nukl`d cks ndsks vkykl gxtrgmk`kmgltg oagl, `ktg nugltk `g qug ld gs tkl ougld
ndmd nrggs. Ld grgs alvglnaocg, y sa rgndldngs qug ck sugrtg tg trkjd gc áxatd, gltdlngs
taglgs qug nrggr gl gc pramd `g ck sugrtg, gc ragsid, qug pug`g nkmoakr tu bastdrak ndl
ck masmk rkpa`gz.
Vgrd cd masmd dnurrg gl ck dtrk `argnnaþl.
Gc erknksd pug`g sgr ul pásamd mkgstrd, pdrqug sg`ung k cks pgrsdlks altgcaigltgs k
 pglskr qug sus `gnasadlgs
`gnasadlgs eugrdl tgrr
tgrraocgs
aocgs nukl`d k vgngs sdcd rgecgj
rgecgjkl
kl ck ampc
ampcknkocg
knkocg
rgkca`k` `gc ragsid. Gc trund kc ca`akr ndl gc erknksd gs driklazkr su va`k ealklnagrk `g
mklgrk qug ulk mkck alvgrsaþl kquí y ulk mgtk ealklnagrk pgr`a`k kccí ld cd odrrgl
 pkrk qug pug`k
pug`k sgiuar juikl`d bkstk qug cks prdoprdokoaca`k`gs
koaca`k`gs nka
nkaikl
ikl k su ekvdr
ekvdr..
Vgrd cd mës ampdrtkltg gs qug, pdr munbd qug rgndldznkmds gc pkpgc `g ck sugrtg gl
gc áxatd, gc pkpgc `gc ragsid sailaeank qug `gogmds pgr`dlkrlds k ldsdtrds masmds y
 

`gjkr gspknad pkrk ck ndmprglsaþl kc juzikr cds erknksds.

 Lk`k gs tkl ougld d tkl mmkcd
kcd ndmd pkrgn
pkrgng.
g.
Kbdrk vgkmds cks bastdraks `g `ds bdmorgs qug gmpujkrdl su sugrtg.
 

Jdbl Odicg, gc eul`k`dr `g Ukliukr` qug ekccgnaþ gl ?6;1, ulk vgz ndltþ ulk bastdrak
sdorg gc `algrd qug `gstknk kcid gl cd qug ld pglskmds cd sueanagltg:

Gl ulk eagstk dergna`k pdr ul muctamaccdl

muctamaccdlkrad
krad gl ^bgctgr Asckl`, Hurt Udllgiut cg
aledrmk k su kmaid, Jdsgpb Bgccgr, qug su kleatraþl, ul k`malastrk`dr `g edl`ds `g
ndogrturk, bkoík iklk`d mës `algrd gl ul sdcd `ík `g cd qug Bgccgr bkoík iklk`d ndl
su pdpuckr ldvgck Nktnb-?? dvgr. td`k su bastdrak. Bgccgr rgspdl`g: "^í, pgrd tglid
kcid qug ác lulnk tgl`rë ... sueanagltg".
^ueanagltg. Mg qug`á ktþlatd pdr ck sampcg gcdnuglnak `g gsk pkckork, ktþlatd pdr `ds
rkzdlgs: pramgrd, pdrqug sg mg bk `k`d tkltd gl ma prdpak va`k y, sgiul`d, pdrqug
Jdsgpb Bgccgr ld pd`rík bkogr sa`d mës prgnasd.
Vkrk ul gcgmgltd nrítand `g lugstrk sdnag`k`, alncua`ds munbds `g cds mës rands y
 pd`grdsds gltrg ldsdtrds,
ldsdtrds, pkrgng ld bbkogr
kogr címatg bdy gl `ík gl cd qug ampcank
ampcank cd
sueanagltg.

Gs tkl altgcaigltg y tkl pd`grdsd.

Vgrmítklmg dergngr `ds gjgmpcds `g cds pgcairds `g ld tglgr sueanagltg y cd qug
 pug`gl glsgûkrlds.

_kjkt Iuptk lknaþ gl Nkcnutk y qug`þ buárekld nukl`d grk k`dcgsngltg. Ck igltg
bkock `g cds pravacgiak`ds qug ndmaglzkl su va`k gl tgrngrk oksg. Iuptk la saquagrk
 pd`ík vgr gc gstk`ad
gstk`ad `g oáa
oáasodc.
sodc.

Cd qug cdirþ `gs`g gsds ndmaglzds eug sampcgmgltg egldmglk

egldmglkc.c.
K mg`ak`ds `g cds 06, Iuptk grk `argntdr gjgnutavd `g MnHalsgy, ck ndlsuctdrk mës
 prgstaiadsk `gc mul`d. ^g rgta
rgtarþ
rþ gl ?669 pkrk ksumar eulnadlgs gl cks Lkna
Lknadlgs
dlgs
Wla`ks y gc Edrd Gndlþmand Mul`akc. ^g ksdnaþ gl gc trkokjd eackltrþpand ndl Oacc
Iktgs. Edrmþ pkrtg `gc ndlsgjd `g k`malastrknaþl `g nalnd gmprgsks púocanks. @gs`g
cds okrrads okjds `g Hdchktk, Iuptk sg bkoík ndlvgrta`d catgrkcmgltg gl uld `g cds
bdmorgs `g lgidnads mës gxatdsds `gc mul`d.
Ndl su áxatd ccgiþ ulk gldrmg raqugzk. Gl ?662, sgiúl cds aledrmgs, Iuptk tglík ul
vkcdr `g $ ;66 maccdlgs.;; Vkrk ck mkydrík, gs ulk sumk `g `algrd alsdl`kocg. Wl
rgl`amagltd klukc `gc nalnd pdr nagltd sdorg gsk nklta`k` `g `algrd iglgrk nksa $ 566
 pdr bdrk, cks ?0 bdrks `gc `ík.
 

Vd`rík bkogr bgnbd cd qug quasagrk gl ck va`k.

Q cd qug ác qugrík, sgiúl td`ds cds aledrmgs, ld grk sgr ul mgrd ngltk-maccdlkrad.
_kjkt Iuptk qugrík sgr muctamaccdl
muctamaccdlkrad.
krad. Q cd `gsgkok `gsgspgrk`kmgltg
`gsgspgrk`kmgltg..
Iuptk edrmþ pkrtg `g ck jultk `argntavk `g Idc`mkl ^knbs, qug cd rd`gþ `g kciulds `g
cds alvgrsdrgs mës rands `gc mul`d. Wl alvgrsdr, natkl`d cds `íks `g pkid `g cds
mkilktgs `gcgsnkpatkc
nírnucd. Gsd pravk`d,
ul nírnucd `gsnraoaþ lkrads,
`g muctamaccd k Iuptk´vgr`k`4
muctamaccdlkrads, ksí: –Nrgd qug quagrg
Idc`mkl gstkr gl
gs ndmd gsg
gc nírnucd
`g nagltds `g maccdlgs, ´vgr`k`4 ”A?
@grgnbk. Gltdlngs Iuptk glndltrþ ul cunrktavd kjgtrgd sgnul`krad.
Gl ?662, magltrks Idc`mkl ^knbs ndltgmpckok ck ark `g ck nrasas ealklnagrk, Ykrrgl
Oueegtt pcklgkok alvgrtar $ 7 mac maccdlgs gl gc oklnd pkrk kyu`krcd k sdorgvavar.
Ndmd magmord `g ck jultk `g Idc`mkl, Iuptk sg gltgrþ `g gstk trklsknnaþl kltgs qug
gc púocand. Eug ulk aledrmknaþl vkcadsk. Ck supgrvavglnak `g Idc`mkl gstkok gl `u`k
y gc rgspkc`d `g Oueegtt sgiurkmgltg bkrík qug sus knnadlgs sg `aspkrkrkl.
@agnasáas sgiul`ds `gspuás `g gltgrkrsg `gc trktd pgl`agltg, Iuptk, quagl eug cckmk`d
k ck rgulaþl `g ck jultk `g Idc`mkl, ndciþ gc tgcáedld y cckmþ k ul k`malastrk`dr `g
edl`ds `g ndogrturk cckmk`d _kj _kjkrktlkm. Ck cckmk`k ld sg irkoþ, pgrd
_kjkrktlkm ndmprþ almg`aktkmgltg
almg`aktkmgltg ;97.666 knnadlgs `g Idc`mkl ^knbs, pdr cd qug
 pug`g k`avalkr
k`avalkr `g quá sg bkoc
bkocþ.
þ. Gc knug
knugr`d
r`d Oueegtt-Idc`
Oueegtt-Idc`mkl
mkl sg klulnaþ kc púocand
bdrks `gspuás. Cks knnadlgs `g Idc`mkl suoagrdl. _kjkrktlkm iklþ rëpa`kmgltg $ ;
maccþl.
Gsg eug sdcd ul gjgmpcd `g ulk supugstk tgl`glnak. Ck ^GN kearmk qug cds ndlsgjds
altgrlds `g Iuptk iglgrkrdl iklklnaks `g $ ;9 maccdlgs.
Grk `algrd eënac. Q, pkrk cds easnkcgs, eug ul nksd kúl mës eënac.
Pkltd Iuptk ndmd _kjkrktlkm eugrdl k prasaþl pdr trëeand `g aledrmknaþl
 pravacgiak`k, y sus nkrrgrks y su rgputknaþl qug`krdl
qug`krdl arrgvdnkoc
arrgvdnkocgmgltg
gmgltg krrualk`ks.
krrualk`ks.
Kbdrk ndlsa`grg k Ogrlag Mk`dee. ^u nramgl gs oagl ndldna`d. Mk`dee gs gc altraikltg
Vdlza mës ldtdrad `gs`g gc prdpad Nbkrcgs Vdlza. Mk`dee gstkeþ k cds alvgrsdrgs
`urkltg `ds `ánk`ks kltgs `g qug sg rgvgckrk su nramgl, arþlankmglt
arþlankmgltg,
g, sdcd ulks
sgmklks `gspuás `gc gseugrzd `g Iuptk.
Cd qug sg pksk pdr kctd gs qug Mk`dee, ndmd Iuptk, grk mës qug ul gstkek`dr. Kltgs
`gc gsqugmk Vdlza qug bazd ekmdsd k Mk`dee, ác grk ul bdmorg `g lgidnads cgiítamd
y `g irkl áxatd.
Mk`dee grk ul nrgk`dr `g mgrnk`d, ul trkokjd qug gmpkrgjk k ndmprk`drgs y
vgl`g`drgs `g knnadlgs. Grk muy ougld gl gsd. Ksí gs ndmd Pbg Ykcc ^trggt Jdurlkc
`gsnraoaþ k ck gmprgsk nrgk`drk `g mgrnk`d `g Mk`dee gl ;11?:
 

Bk nrgk`d ulk earmk `g vkcdrgs kctkmgltg rgltkocg, Ogrlkr` C. Mk`dee Alvgstmglt

^gnuratags, qug `gsvík ul irkl vdcumgl `g dpgrknadlgs oursëtacgs `gc Oai Odkr`. Gc
vdcumgl prdmg`ad `akrad `g $ 906 maccdlgs `g dpgrknadlgs gjgnutk`k
gjgnutk`kss
gcgntrþlankmgltg
gcgntrþlankm gltg pdr ck earmk Mk`dee eugrk `g ck odcsk gquavkcg kc 1% `g ck odcsk `g
 Lugvk Qdrh. Ck earmk `g Mk`dee pug`g gjgnutkr dpg dpgrknadlgs
rknadlgs `g mkl
mklgrk
grk tkl rëpa`
rëpa`kk y
gndlþmank qug gl rgkca`k` pkik k dtrks earmks `g ndrrgtkjg ul ngltkvd pdr knnaþl pkrk
gjgnutkr cks þr`glgs `g sus ncagltgs, oglgeanaël`dsg `gc `aegrglnakc gltrg cds prgnads `g
degrtk y `gmkl`k qug ck mkydrík `g cks knnadlgs lgidnakl.

Gstg ld gs ul pgrad`astk qug `gsnraog alndrrgntkmgltg

alndrrgntkmgltg ul erku`g qug kúl ld sg bk
`gsnuoagrtd8 Gc lgidnad `g nrgknaþl `g mgrnk`d `g Mk`dee grk cgiítamd. Wl gx
gmpcgk`d `ajd qug ck rkmk `g nrgknaþl `g mgrnk`d `gc lgidnad `g Mk`dee iklkok
gltrg $ ?7 maccdlgs y $ 76 maccdlgs pdr kûd.
Gc lgidnad cgiítamd y ld erku`ucgltd `g Ogrlag Mk`dee eug, gl nukcquagr mg`a`k, ul
irkl áxatd. Cg bazd gldrmg y cgiítamkmgltg rand.

Q sal gmokrid, gc erku`g.

Ck prgiultk qug `gogríkmds bkngrcgs tkltd k Iuptk ndmd k Mk`dee gs pdr quá kciuagl qug
vkcg nagltds `g maccdlgs `g `þckrgs sgrík tkl
`gsgspgrk`ds pdr mës `algrd qug krragsikrdl td`d gl pds `g kúl mës.
Gc nramgl ndmgta`d pdr quaglgs vavgl kc odr`g `g ck supgrvavglnak gs ulk ndsk. Wl
gstkek`dr laigrakld cg `ajd ulk vgz k Pbg Lgw Qdrh Pamgs qug sg sgltík nucpkocg pdr
ckstamkr k dtrds, pgrd qug –ck pdorgzk ld tg bkrë sgltar gc `dcdr” ;>.
Cd qug banagrdl Iuptk y Mk`dee gs kcid `aegrgltg. Qk cd tglíkl td`d: raqugzks
alamkialkocgs,, prgstaiad, pd`gr, caogrtk`. Q cd tarkrdl td`d pdrqug qugríkl mës.
alamkialkocgs
 Ld tglíkl sueanagltg
sueanagltg sglta`d
sglta`d..
^dl gjgmpcds gxtrgmds. Vgrd gxastgl vgrsadlgs ld nramalkcgs `g gstg ndmpdrtkmaglt
ndmpdrtkmagltd. d.
Gc edl`d `g ndogrturk Cdli-Pgrm Nkpatkc Mklkigmglt ndltkok ndl ndmgrnakltgs qug
vkcíkl pgrsdlkcmgltg `gnglks y nagltds `g maccdlgs `g `þckrgs nk`k uld, ndl ck mkydr 
 pkrtg `g su raqugzk
raqugzk alvgrta`k
alvgrta`k gl sus prdpads edl`
edl`ds.
ds. Cugid ndrrag
ndrragrdl
rdl tkltd ragsid ggll ck
 oúsqug`k `g mës qug cdirkrdl pgr`grcd
pgr`grcd td`d, gl ;1
;112,
12, gl mg`ad ``gc
gc mkydr mg
mgrnk`d
rnk`d
kcnastk y ck gndldmík mës eugrtg `g ck bastdrak. Ykrrgl Oueegtt cd gxprgsþ mës tkr`g:

Vkrk iklkr `algrd qug ld tglíkl la lgngsatkokl, krragsi

krragsikrdl
krdl cd qug tglíkl y cd qug
lgngsatkokl. Q gsd gs ulk tdltgrík. Gs sampcgmgltg ulk tdltgrík. ^a krragsik kcid qug
gs ampdrtkltg pkrk ustg` pdr kcid qug ld gs ampdrtkltg pkrk ustg`, sampcgmgltg ld
 

taglg laliúl sglta`d.

 Ld bky rkzþl pkrk krragsik

krragsikrr cd qug taglg
taglg y lgngsatk
lgngsatk pdr cd qug ld taglg y ld lgngsatk.
Gs ulk `g gsks ndsks qug gs tkl dovak ndmd pksk`k pdr kctd.

Vdnds `g ldsdtrds
 pdrngltkjg tgl`rgmds
kprgnakocg
kprgnakocg `g cds ;66cggl
cds qug maccdlgs
gst `g `þckrgs,
gstgg caord, ndmd
gl kkciúl
ciúl Iuptk`g
mdmgltd d Mk`dee.
su va`k, Vgrd ul
iklkrël
iklkrël
ul skckrad d tgl`rël ulk sumk `g `algrd sueanagltg pkrk nuorar td`d cd rkzdlkocg qug
lgngsatkl y munbd `g cd qug quagrgl.
^a grgs uld `g gccds, rgnugr`k kciulks ndsks.

;. Ck bkoaca`k
bkoaca`k`
` ealklnag
ealklnagrk
rk mës `aeínac gs bkngr q
qug
ug ck pdrtg
pdrtgrík
rík sg `gtgl
`gtglik
ik
Mdvagltg.

Vgrd gs uld `g cds mës ampdrtkltgs. ^a cks gxpgntktavks kumgltkl ndl cds rgsuctk`ds,

ld bkyulcþiank
bkngr gl gsedrzkrsg
gseugrzd k`anadlkc.pdr dotglgrpgcairdsd
^g vugcvg mës pdrqug ustg`gcsgltarë
nukl`d cd masmd
iustd pdr `gspuás
tglgr mës ‐mës`g
`algrd, mës pd`gr, mës prgstaiad‐ kumgltk ck kmoanaþl mës rëpa`d qug ck
sktaseknnaþl. Gl gsg nksd, ul pksd k`gckltg gmpujk gc pdstg `g ck pdrtgrík `ds pksds
k`gckltg. ^g sagltg ndmd sa sg gstuvagrk qug`kl`d ktrës y ck úlank edrmk `g pdlgrsg kc
`ík gs ksumar nk`k vgz mës ragsids.
Gc nkpatkcasmd md`grld gs ul prdegsadlkc gl `ds ndsks: iglgrkr raqugzk y iglgrkr
glva`ak. [uazës vkykl `g ck mkld8 qugrgr supgrkr k sus ndmpkûgrds pug`g sgr gc
ndmoustaocg `gc trkokjd `urd. Vgrd ck va`k ld gs `avgrta`k sal ulk sglsknaþl `g
sueanagltg. Ck egcana`k`, ndmd sg `ang, gs sdcd rgsuctk`ds mglds gxpgntktavks.

?. Ck ndmpkrkna
ndmpkrknaþl
þl sdna
sdnakc
kc gs gc prdocgm
prdocgmk
k kquí.
kquí.

Ndlsa`grg ul juik`dr `g oáasodc ldvktd qug iklk $ 766,666 kc kûd. Gs, pdr `gealanaþl,
rand. Vgrd `aikmds qug jugik gl gc masmd gquapd qug Mahg Prdut, quagl taglg ul
ndltrktd `g ;? kûds y $ 0>6 maccdlgs. Gl ndmpkrknaþl, gc ldvktd gstë krrualk`d. Vgrd
cugid paglsg gl Mahg Prdut. Prgaltk y sgas maccdlgs `g `þckrgs kc kûd gs ulk gldrmg
nklta`k` `g `algrd. Vgrd pkrk eaiurkr gl ck castk `g cds `agz k`malastrk`drgs `g edl`ds
`g ndogrturk mgjdr pkik`ds gl ?6;2, grk lgngskrad iklkr kc mglds $ >06 maccdlgs gl
ul kûd.;0 Ndl gsd gs ndl cd qug pgrsdlks ndmd Prdut pd`ríkl ndmpkrkr sus alirgsds.
Q gc k`malastrk`dr `g edl`ds `g ndogrturk qug iklk >06 maccdlgs `g `þckrgs kc kûd sg
ndmpkrk ndl cds nalnd pralnapkcgs k`malastrk`drgs `g edl`ds `g ndogrturk, qug
 

iklkrdl kc mglds 996 maccdlgs `g `þckrgs gl ?6;2. Gsds kctds k`malastrk`drgs

 pug`gl markr bknak k`gckl
k`gckltg
tg k pgrsdlks ndm
ndmdd Ykrrgl Oueegt
Oueegtt,t, nuyk edrt
edrtulk
ulk pgrsdlkc
kumgltþ gl >.766 maccdlgs `g `þckrgs gl ?6;2. Q kciuagl ndmd Oueegtt pd`rík markr
bknak k`gckltg k Jgee Ogzds,
Gc pultd gs qug gc tgnbd `g ck ndmpkrknaþl sdnakc gs tkl kctd qug prëntankmgl
prëntankmgltg
tg lk`ag
cd kcnklzkrë.
 pkrk gmpgzkrCd
gmpgzkr,, ck qug sailaeank
úlank edrmk `gqugiklkr
gs ulk
gs oktkcck qugkngptkr
ld cunbkr, lulnk sg pug`g
qug iklkr,qug
gs pdsaocg d qug,
tgliks
tgliks
sueanagltg, alncusd sa gs mglds qug cds qug tg rd`gkl.
Wl kmaid míd bkng ulk pgrgiralknaþl klukc k Cks Ugiks. Wl kûd cg prgiultþ k ul
nrupagr: ´[uá jugids jugiks y gl quá nksalds jugiks4 Gc nrupagr, muy sgrad,
rgspdl`aþ: "Ck úlank edrmk `g iklkr gl ul nksald `g Cks Ugiks gs skcar tkl prdltd
ndmd alirgsg".
Ksí gs gxkntkmgltg ndmd eulnadlk gc jugid `g trktkr `g mkltglgrsg kc `ík ndl ck
raqugzk `g dtrks pgrsdlks.

>. "^uean
"^ueanagl
agltg"
tg" l
ld
d gs pdnd.
pdnd.

Ck a`gk `g tglgr "sueanagltg" pd`rík pkrgngr ndlsgrvk`urasmd, `gjkl`d dpdrtula`k`gs

y pdtglnakc sdorg ck mgsk.
 Ld nrgd qug gsd
gsd sgk ndrrgnt
ndrrgntd.
d.
"^ueanagltg" gs `krsg nugltk `g qug cd ndltrkrad, ul kpgtatd alsknakocg pdr mës, cd
ccgvkrë kc pultd `g krrgpgltarsg.
Ck úlank edrmk `g skogr nuëltk ndma`k pug`g ndmgr gs ndmgr bkstk qug sg glegrmg.
Vdnds altgltkl gstd pdrqug cds vþmatds `ugcgl mës qug nukcquagr ndma`k. Vdr kciulk
rkzþl, ck masmk
`g ousnkr cþianksg
mës nukl`d ldrdmpkl
sg trk`ung
y sgglvgl
lgidnads g alvgrsadlgs,
docaik`ds y munbds
k bkngrcd. Gstd pug`gsdcd `gjkrël
sgr tkl
aldngltg ndmd qugmkrsg gl gc trkokjd d ulk ksailknaþl `g alvgrsaþl krragsik`k qug ld
 pug`g mkltglgr.
mkltglgr. Gl gc dt
dtrd
rd gxtrgmd gst
gstël
ël _kjkt Iupt
Iuptks
ks y Ogrlag MMk`dees
k`dees gl gc
mul`d, qug rgnurrgl kc rdod pdrqug vkcg ck pglk kcnklzkr nk`k `þckr
al`gpgl`agltgmgltg
al`gpgl`agltgm gltg `g cks ndlsgnuglnaks.
^gk cd qug sgk, ck alnkpkna`k` `g lgikr ul `þckr pdtglnakc gvgltukcmgltg cd kcnklzkrë.
0. Bky munbks
munbks ndsks
ndsks qug
qug lul
lulnk
nk vkcg ck
ck pgl
pglk
k krragsikr
krragsikr,, ld amp
ampdrtk
drtk
ck iklklnak pdtglnakc.

@gspuás `g sgr caogrk`d `g prasaþl, _kjkt Iuptk cg `ajd k Pbg Lgw Qdrh Pamgs qug
 

bkoík kprgl`a`d ulk cgnnaþl:

 Ld sg kpgiug `gmksak`d k llk`k:

k`k: su rgputk
rgputknaþl,
naþl, sus cdirds d lk`k
lk`k `g gsd. Cd
Cd paglsd
kbdrk, ´quá ampdrtk4 Oagl, gstd `gstruyþ aljustkmgltg ma rgputknaþl. Gsd sdcd gs
 prgdnupkltg sa gstdy tkl kpgik`
kpgik`dd k ma rgput
rgputknaþl.
knaþl.

Gstd pkrgng sgr ck pgdr ndlncusaþl pdsaocg `g su gxpgraglnak, y cd qug amkiald sdl cks
rgndledrtkltgs kutdjustaeanknadlgs
kutdjustaeanknadlgs `g ul bdmorg qug `gsgspgrk`kmgltg quagrg
rgnupgrkr su rgputknaþl pgrd skog qug sg bk a`d.

Ck rgputknaþl gs alvkcukocg.
Ck caogrtk` y ck al`gpgl`glnak sdl alvkcukocgs.
Ck ekmacak y cds kmaids sdl alvkcukocgs.
^gr kmk`d pdr kqugccds k quaglgs quagrgs kmkrtg gs alvkcukocg. Ck egcana`k` gs alvkcukocg.
alvkcukocg.
Q su mgjdr dpdrtula`k` pkrk ndlsgrvkr gstks ndsks gs skogr nuël`d gs gc mdmgltd `g
`gjkr `g ndrrgr ragsids qug pd`ríkl `kûkrcks. ^kogr nuël`d taglgs sueanagltg.
Ck ouglk ldtanak gs qug ck bgrrkmagltk mës pd`grdsk pkrk ndlstruar cd sueanagltg gs
ldtkocgmgltg sampcg y ld rgquagrg tdmkr ragsids qug pd`ríkl `kûkr nukcquagrk `g
gstks ndsks. Gsg gs gc prþxamd nkpítucd.
 

Cks cgnnadlgs `g ul nkmpd k mglu`d pug`gl glsgûkrlds kcid ampdrtkltg sdorg

nkmpds ld rgcknadlk`ds. Pdmg ck bastdrak `g mac maccdlgs `g kûds `g cks g`k`gs `g
bagcd y cd qug lds glsgûkl sdorg gc nrgnamagltd `g su `algrd.

 Lugstrd ndldnamagltd
ndldnamagltd nagltíe
nagltíeand
and `g ck Pagrrk
Pagrrk gs mës rrgnagltg
gnagltg `g ccdd qug paglsks.
Ndmprgl`gr nþmd eulnadlk gc mul`d k mglu`d ampcank pgredrkr muy pdr `gokjd `g
su supgreanag, kcid qug ld bgmds pd`a`d bkngr bkstk bkng rgcktavkmgltg pdnd. Askkn
 Lgwtdl nkcnucþ
nkcnucþ gc mdvam
mdvamagltd
agltd `g cks ggstrgccks
strgccks naglt
nagltds
ds `g kûds kltg
kltgss `g qug
ndmprgl`aárkmds
ndmprgl`aárkm ds kciulds `g cds ndlngptds oësands `g lugstrd pcklgtk.
 Ld eug bkstk gc
gc saicd RAR qug cds nagltí
nagltíeands
eands gstuvagrdl `g knugr`d gl qug ck Pagrr
Pagrrk,
k,
gl múctapcgs dnksadlgs, gstuvd nuoagrtk `g bagcd.;7 Bkoík `gmksak`k gva`glnak pkrk
kriumgltkr cd ndltrkrad. Gl td`d gc mul`d sg glndltrkrdl bugccks `kntackrgs
`kntackrgs `g ul
mul`d prgvakmgltg ndligck`d: gldrmgs rdnks gspkrna`ks gl cuikrgs kcgktdrads8 cgnbds
`g rdnks rkspk`ds bkstk edrmkr nkpks `gcik`ks. Ck gva`glnak qug`þ nckrk `g qug ld
bkoík bkoa`d ulk g`k` `g bagcd, sald nalnd `astaltks qug pu`amds mg`ar.
Ck nklta`k` `g glgriík lgngskrak pkrk ndligckr gc pcklgtk, `grrgtarcd `g lugvd y
ndligckrcd ulk vgz mës gs ksdmordsk. ´[uá `gmdlads (catgrkcmgltg) pd`rík gstkr
nkuskl`d gstds nancds4 @gog sgr ck eugrzk mës pd`grdsk `g lugstrd pcklgtk.
Q eug. ^ampcgmgltg ld `g ck edrmk qug lk`ag gspgrkok.
Bkoík munbks tgdríks sdorg pdr quá dnurragrdl cks g`k`gs `g bagcd. Vkrk gxpcankr su
gldrmg alecuglnak igdcþiank, cks tgdríks grkl aiukcmgltg irkl`adsks. ^g pglskok qug
gc cgvkltkmagltd `g cks nk`glks mdltkûdsks pd`rík bkogr nkmoak`d cds vagltds `g ck
Pagrrk cd sueanagltg ndmd pkrk kctgrkr gc ncamk. Dtrds ekvdrgnagrdl ck a`gk `g qug gc
bagcd grk gc gstk`d lkturkc, altgrrumpa`d pdr grupnadlgs vdcnëlanks mksavks qug lds
nkcgltkrdl.
Vgrd laliulk `g gstks tgdríks pd`rík gxpcankr gc nancd `g cks g`k`gs `g bagcd. Gc
nrgnamagltd `g nk`glks mdltkûdsks d kciúl vdcnël mksavd pug`g gxpcankr ulk grk `g
bagcd. Ld pd`ík gxpcankr ck rgpgtanaþl níncank `g nalnd.
K pralnapads `g ck `ánk`k `g ;166, ul nagltíeand sgroad cckmk`d Macutal Macklhdvan
Macklhdvan
gstu`aþ ck pdsanaþl `g ck Pagrrk gl rgcknaþl ndl dtrds pcklgtks y prdpusd ck tgdrík `g
cks g`k`gs `g bagcd qug kbdrk skogmds qug gs prgnask: ck ktrknnaþl irkvatknadlkc `gc
sdc y ck culk kegntk sukvgmgltg gc mdvamagltd y ck alncalknaþl `g ck Pagrrk bknak gc
sdc. @urkltg pkrtgs `g gstg nancd, qug pug`g `urkr `gnglks `g macgs `g kûds, nk`k
bgmasegrad `g ck Pagrrk rgnaog ul pdnd mës d ul pdnd mglds `g rk`aknaþl sdckr `g cd
qug gstël kndstumork`ds.
 

Q kbí gs `dl`g ndmaglzk ck `avgrsaþl.

Ck tgdrík `g Macklhdvan ksumaþ alanakcmgltg qug ulk alncalknaþl `g cds bgmasegrads
`g ck Pagrrk prdvdnþ alvagrlds vdrkngs cd sueanagltgmgltg eríds ndmd pkrk ndlvgrtar 
gc pcklgtk gl bagcd. Vgrd ul mgtgdrþcdid rusd cckmk`d Yck`amar Hdppgl prdeul`azþ
gl gc trkokjd `g Macklhdvan y `gsnuoraþ ul mktaz eksnalkltg.

Cds vgrklds md`grk`kmgltg ergsnds, ld cds alvagrlds eríds, eugrdl cds iáca`ds
nucpkocgs.
Ndmaglzk nukl`d ul vgrkld lulnk sg vugcvg cd sueanagltgmgltg nëca`d ndmd pkrk
`grrgtar ck lagvg `gc alvagrld kltgradr. Ck oksg `g bagcd sdorkltg bkng qug sgk mës eënac
qug ck lagvg sg knumucg gc alvagrld saiuagltg, cd qug kumgltk cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g
qug ck lagvg sg qug`g gl gc vgrkld saiuagltg, cd qug ktrkg kúl mës knumucknaþl gc
alvagrld saiuagltg. Ck lagvg pgrpgtuk rgecgjk mës rkyds `gc sdc, cd qug gxkngrok gc
glerakmagltd, cd qug trkg mës lgvk`ks, y ksí sungsavkmgltg. Gl ulds pdnds nagltds `g
kûds, ulk nkpk `g lagvg gstknadlkc sg ndlvagrtg gl ulk nkpk `g bagcd ndltalgltkc y yk
gstë castd pkrk cks nkrrgrks.

Cd masmd
mës sung`g
nkpk `g lagvgkcalvgrlkc,
rgvás. Wlk
qugalncalknaþl droatkc
rgecgjk mglds qugkûds
cuz cds `gjksaiuagltgs,
gltrkr mëscd
cuzqug
sdckr `grratg
kumgltk
cks tgmpgrkturks, cd qug gvatk mës lagvg gc kûd saiuagltg, y ksí sungsavkmgltg. Gsg gs
gc nancd.
Cd sdrprgl`gltg kquí gs cd irkl`g qug pug`g nrgngr kcid k pkrtar `g ul nkmoad
rgcktavkmgltgg pgqugûd gl cks ndl`anadlgs. Gmpagzks ndl ulk ealk nkpk `g lagvg qug
rgcktavkmglt
qug`k `g ul vgrkld ergsnd gl gc qug lk`ag pglskrík gl lk`k y cugid, gl ul korar y
ngrrkr `g djds igdcþiand, td`k ck Pagrrk gstë nuoagrtk `g bagcd `g hacþmgtrds `g gspgsdr.
Ndmd `ajd ck icknaþcdik Iwgl ^nbuctz: "Ld gs lgngskrakmgltg ck nklta`k` `g lagvg cd
qug prdvdnk cks nkpks `g bagcd, sald gc bgnbd `g qug ck lagvg, pdr pgqugûk qug sgk,
`urk".
Ck irkl ndlncusaþl `g cks g`k`gs `g bagcd gs qug ld sg lgngsatk ulk eugrzk trgmgl`k
 pkrk nrgkr rgsuctk`ds
rgsuctk`ds trgmgl`ds
trgmgl`ds..
^a kcid sg kirkvk, sa ul pgqugûd nrgnamagltd sarvg ndmd ndmoustaocg pkrk gc
nrgnamagltd euturd, ulk pgqugûk oksg `g pkrta`k pug`g ndl`unar k rgsuctk`ds tkl
gxtrkdr`alkrads qug pkrgngl `gskeakr ck cþiank. Vug`g sgr tkl `gskeakltg qug suogstamk
cd qug gs pdsaocg, `g `þl`g prdvaglg gc nrgnamagltd y k quá pug`g ndl`unar.
Q cd masmd dnurrg ndl gc `algrd.

Mës `g ?666 caords gstël `g`ank`ds k nþmd Ykrrgl Oueegtt ndlstruyþ su edrtulk.
 

Munbds `g gccds sdl mkrkvaccdsds. Vgrd pdnds prgstkl sueanagltg ktglnaþl kc bgnbd
mës sampcg: ck edrtulk `g Oueegtt ld sg `gog sdcd k sgr ul ougl alvgrsadlastk, sald k
sgr ul ougl alvgrsadlastk `gs`g qug grk catgrkcmgltg ul laûd.
Magltrks gsnraod gstd, gc pktramdlad lgtd `g Ykrrgl Oueegtt gs `g $ 20.7 mac maccdlgs.
@g gsd, $ 20,? mac maccdlgs sg knumuckrdl `gspuás `g su 76 numpcgkûds. $ 2;.7 mac
maccdlgs ccgikrdl `gspuás `g qug nkcaeanþ pkrk gc ^giurd ^dnakc, k mg`ak`ds `g cds 56.
Ykrrgl Oueegtt gs ul alvgrsdr egldmglkc. Vgrd sg pagr`g ul pultd nckvg sa ktraouyg
td`d su áxatd k ck pgrspanknak pkrk alvgrtar. Ck vgr`k`grk nckvg `g su áxatd gs qug bk
sa`d ul alvgrsdr egldmglkc `urkltg trgs nukrtds `g saicd. ^a buoagrk ndmglzk`d k
alvgrtar k cds >6 y sg buoagrk juoack`d k cds 56, pdnks pgrsdlks bkoríkl dí`d bkockr `g
ác.
Ndlsa`grg ul pgqugûd gxpgramgltd mgltkc.
Oueegtt ndmglzþ k alvgrtar gl sgrad nukl`d tglík ;6 kûds. Vkrk nukl`d tglík >6 kûds,
tglík ul pktramdlad lgtd `g $ ; maccþl, d $ 1.> maccdlgs kjustk`ds pdr alecknaþl.;5
´[uá pkskrík sa eugrk ulk pgrsdlk mës ldrmkc, pkskrk su k`dcgsnglnak y sus ?6
gxpcdrkl`d gc mul`d y glndltrkl`d su pksaþl, y k cds >6 kûds su pktramdlad lgtd grk,
`aikmds, $ ?7,6664
Q `aikmds qug td`kvík dotuvd cds gxtrkdr`alkrads rgtdrlds `g alvgrsaþl klukcgs qug
bk pd`a`d iglgrkr (??% klukc), pgrd `gjþ `g alvgrtar y sg rgtarþ k cds 56 kûds pkrk
 juikr idce y pkskr
pkskr tagmpd ndl sus lagtds.
´Nuëc sgrík ulk gstamknaþl kprdxamk`k `g su pktramdlad lgtd bdy4
 Ld $ 20.7 mac
mac maccdlgs.
$ ;;,1 maccdlgs.
11,1% mglds qug su pktramdlad lgtd rgkc.
Gegntavkmgltg, td`d gc áxatd ealklnagrd `g Ykrrgl Oueegtt pug`g gstkr valnuck`d k ck
Gegntavkmgltg,
 oksg ealklnagrk qug ndlstruyþ gl sus
sus kûds `g puogrtk` y k ck cdligv
cdligva`k`
a`k` qug mkltu
mkltuvd
vd
gl sus kûds igraëtrands.
^u bkoaca`k` gs alvgrtar, pgrd su sgnrgtd gs gc tagmpd.
Ksí gs ndmd eulnadlk ck ndmpdsanaþl.
Vaglsg gl gstd `g dtrk mklgrk. Oueegtt gs gc alvgrsdr mës rand `g td`ds cds tagmpds.
Vgrd gl rgkca`k` ld gs gc mgjdr, kc mglds ld nukl`d sg ma`g pdr cds rgl`amagltds
klukcgs prdmg`ad.
Jam ^amdls, `argntdr `gc edl`d `g ndogrturk _glkassklng Pgnbldcdiags, bk ndmpugstd
`algrd kc 55%
vgr, Oueegtt sg klukc `gs`g ;122.
bk ndmpugstd Lk`ag sg kngrnk k ul
gl kprdxamk`kmgltg gstg??%
rándr`. Ndmd
klukc, knkokmds
ul tgrnad mës. `g
 

Gc pktramdlad lgtd `g ^amdls, magltrks gsnraod, gs `g ?;.666 maccdlgs `g `þckrgs. Ác

gs, y sá cd ra`ínucd qug suglk gstd `k`ds cds lúmgrds ndl cds qug gstkmds trktkl`d, ul
97% mglds rand qug Oueegtt.
´Vdr quá ck `aegrglnak, sa ^amdls gs ul mgjdr alvgrsdr4 Vdrqug ^amdls ld glndltrþ su
alvgrsaþl bkstk cds 76 kûds. Bk tgla`d mglds `g ck matk` `g kûds pkrk ndmpdlgr qug
Oueegtt. `g
 pgríd`d ^a Jkmgs
kûds^amdls
96 kûds buoagrk
qug Oueegtt bkdotgla`d
bk knumuck`dsu rgl`amagltd klukc
su raqugzk, vkc`rík,`gc
vkc`rík, pdr55% `urkltg
ekvdr, gc
ndltglik
ck rgsparknaþl, sgsgltk y trgs traccdlgs ldvgnagltds nuktraccdlgs sgtgnagltds dnbgltk y ul
 oaccdlgs sgtgnagltds
sgtgnagltds dnbgltk mac
mac maccdlgs sgtgnagltds
sgtgnagltds nu
nukrgltk
krgltk y dnbd m maccdlgs
accdlgs nagltd
sgsgltk mac `þckrgs.
Gstds sdl lúmgrds ra`ínucds y pdnd prëntands. Gc pultd gs qug cd qug pkrgngl
 pgqugûds nkmoads gl cds supugstds `g nrgnamagltd pug`gl ndl`unar k naerks ra`ínu ra`ínucks
cks
y pdnd prëntanks. Q ksí, nukl`d gstu`akmds pdr quá kcid ccgiþ k sgr tkl pd`grdsd ndmd
cd bk sa`d, pdr quá sg edrmþ ulk g`k` `g bagcd d pdr quá Ykrrgl Oueegtt gs tkl rand, k
mglu`d pkskmds pdr kctd cds ekntdrgs nckvg `gc áxatd.
Bg gsnunbk`d k munbks pgrsdlks `gnar qug ck pramgrk vgz qug vagrdl ulk tkock `g
altgrás ndmpugstd, d ulk `g gsks bastdraks sdorg nuëltd mës tgl`rík pkrk ck juoacknaþl
sa ndmglzkrk k kbdrrkr gltrg cds ?6 y cds >6, nkmoaþ su va`k. Vgrd prdokocgmgltg ld
eug ksí. Cd qug prdokocgmgltg bazd eug sdrprgl`grcds, pdrqug cds rgsuctk`ds
altuatavkmgltg
altuatavkmgl tg ld pkrgníkl ndrrgntds. Gc pglskmagltd calgkc gs munbd mës altuatavd
qug gc pglskmagltd gxpdlglnakc.
gxpdlglnakc. ^a tg pa`d qug nkcnucgs 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
+ 2 gl tu nkogzk, pug`gs bkngrcd gl ulds sgiul`ds (sdl 9?). ^a cg pa`d qug nkcnucg
2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2, su nkogzk gxpcdtkrë (gs ;>0,?;9,9?2).
AOM ekoranþ ul `asnd `urd `g >,7 mgikoytgs gl ck `ánk`k `g ;176. Gl ck `ánk`k `g
;156, cks ndsks sg gstkokl mdvagl`d k ulks pdnks `dnglks `g mgikoytgs. Gl ck `ánk`k
`g ;196, ck ula`k` Yalnbgstgr `g AOM tglík 96 mgikoytgs. Cugid, cks ula`k`gs sg
vdcvagrdl gxpdlglnakcmgltg
 pralnapads gxpdlglnakcmgl
`g ck tg mëstglík
ck `ánk`k `g ;116 pgqugûks
glt
gltrg ndl ymës
rg ?66 766kcmknglkmagltd.
mgikoytgs.
mgikoytgs. Wlk VN típank k
Q cugid ... ¡zks! Cks ndsks gxpcdtkrdl.
;111: gc aMkn `g Kppcg vaglg ndl ul `asnd `urd `g 5 iaikoytgs.
?66>‐;?6 ndlnagrtds gl Vdwgr Mkn.
?665: ?76 ndlnagrtds gl gc lugvd aMkn.
?6;;: pramgr `asnd `urd `g 0 tgrkoytgs.
?6;9‐ Wla`k`gs `g `asnd `urd `g 56 tgrkoytgs.
?6;1‐ @asnds `urds `g ;66 tgrkoytgs.
Vdl td`d gsd jultd: `g ;176 k ;116 iklkmds ?15 mgikoytgs. @gs`g ;116 bkstk bdy
 

iklkmds ;66 maccdlgs `g mgikoytgs.

^a eug ul dptamastk tgnldcþiand gl ck `ánk`k `g ;176, gs pdsaocg qug bkyk prg`anbd
qug gc kcmknglkmagltd prëntand sgrík ;.666 vgngs mës irkl`g. Pkc vgz ;6,666 vgngs
mës irkl`g, sa gstuvagrk okcklngël`dsg bknak cks vkccks. Vdnds buoagrkl `anbd ">6
maccdlgs `g vgngs mës irkl`g gl ma va`k". Vgrd gsd gs cd qug pksþ.
Ck lkturkcgzk
`g ldsdtrds ndltrk`antdrak
pksgl pdr kctd su`g ck nkpatkcazknaþl
pd`gr. Gl ?660, Oaccbkng qugnratanþ
Iktgs alncusdgccds mësImkac,
lugvd altgcaigltgs
 prgiultël`dsg pdr quá quá kciuagl lgngsatkrík
lgngsatkrík ul ia
iaikoytg
ikoytg `g kcmknglkmagltd.
kcmknglkmagltd. Gc kutdr
^tgvgl Cgvy gsnraoaþ: "K pgskr `g su mdlg`k ndl tgnldcdiíks `g vkliukr`ak, su
mgltkca`k` gstkok klnck`k gl gc vagjd pkrk`aimk `g qug gc kcmknglkmagltd
kcmknglkmagltd gs ulk
mgrnklník qug `gog ndlsgrvkrsg". Lulnk tg kndstumorks k cd rëpa`d qug pug`gl nrgngr 
cks ndsks.
Gc pgcaird kquí gs qug nukl`d ck nkpatkcazknaþl ld gs altuatavk, k mglu`d aildrkmds su
 pdtglnakc y lds
lds glednkmds gl rrgsdcvgr
gsdcvgr prdocgmk
prdocgmkss pdr dtrds mg`ads
mg`ads.. Ld pdrqug
gstgmds pglskl`d `gmksak`d, sald pdrqug rkrk vgz lds `gtglgmds k ndlsa`grkr gc
 pdtglnakc ndmpugstd.
ndmpugstd.
 Laliuld `g cds ?.666 caords qug ssgpkrkl
gpkrkl gc áxat
áxatdd `g Oueegtt sg tatuck Gstg bdmorg bk
gstk`d alvartagl`d ndlstkltgmgltg
ndlstkltgmgltg `urkltg trgs nukrtds `g saicd. Vgrd skogmds qug gsk
gs ck nckvg `g ck mkydr pkrtg `g su áxatd. Gs `aeínac gltgl`gr gsks mktgmëtanks
mktgmëtanks pdrqug
ld sdl altuatavks.
Bky caords sdorg nancds gndlþmands, gstrktgiaks ndmgrnakcgs
ndmgrnakcgs y kpugstks sgntdrakcgs.
Vgrd gc caord mës pd`grdsd g ampdrtkltg `gogrík cckmkrsg Nëccktg
Nëccktg y gspgrk. Gs sdcd ulk
 pëialk ndl ul irëeand `g nrg nrgnamagltd
namagltd gndl
gndlþmand
þmand k ckrid pckzd.
Ck ndlncusaþl prëntank gs qug cd ndltrkrad k ck altuanaþl `g ck nkpatkcazknaþl pug`g sgr
rgspdlskocg `g ck mkydrík `g cks dpgrknadlgs `gngpnadlkltgs, cks mkcks gstrktgiaks y
cds altgltds `g alvgrsaþl gxatdsds.
 Ld sg pug`g nucpkr
nucpkr k cks ppgrsdlks
grsdlks pdr `g`ankr td`d su gseugrzd, gseugrzd gl cd qug
kprgl`gl y bkngl, pkrk trktkr `g dotglgr cds mkydrgs rgtdrlds `g alvgrsaþl.
Altuatavkmgltgg pkrgng ck mgjdr mklgrk `g bkngrsg rand.
Altuatavkmglt
Vgrd ulk ouglk alvgrsaþl ld sg trktk lgngskrakmgltg `g dotglgr cds rgl`amagltds mës
kctds, pdrqug cds rgl`amagltds mës kctds tagl`gl k sgr áxatds úlands qug ld sg pug`gl
rgpgtar. ^g trktk `g dotglgr rgl`amagltds okstkltg ouglds k cds qug pug`g ngûarsg y qug
 pug`gl rgpgtarsg
rgpgtarsg `urkltg gc mkydr
mkydr pgríd`d `g tagmpd. Kbí gs nukl`d ck nk nkpatkcazknaþl
patkcazknaþl
sg vugcvg cdnk.
Cd dpugstd k gstd, dotglgr irkl`gs iklklnaks qug ld sg pug`gl mkltglgr, ndl`ung k
kciulks bastdraks trëianks. Lgngsatkrgmds gc prþxamd nkpítucd pkrk ndltërsgcd.
 

Bky ul maccþl `g edrmks `g bkngrsg rand y munbds caords sdorg nþmd bkngrcd.
Vgrd sdcd bky ulk edrmk `g mkltglgrsg rand: kciulk ndmoalknaþl `g eruikca`k` y pkrkldak.
Q gsg gs ul tgmk qug ld `asnutamds cd sueanagltg.
Ndmglngmds ndl ulk orgvg bastdrak sdorg `ds alvgrsdrgs, laliuld `g cds nukcgs ndldník kc dtrd,
 pgrd nuyds nkmalds sg nruzkrdl `g edrmk altgrgskltg bkng nksa ul saicd.

Jgssg Cavgrmdrg eug gc mgjdr dpgrk`dr oursëtac `g su ápdnk. Lkna`d gl ;299, sg ndlvartaþ gl
ndmgrnakltg prdegsadlkc kltgs `g qug ck mkydrík `g ck igltg supagrk qug sg pd`ík bkngr tkc ndsk. K
cds >6 kûds, vkcík gc gquavkcgltg kjustk`d k ck alecknaþl `g $ ;66 maccdlgs.
Gl ;1?1, Jgssg Cavgrmdrg yk grk uld `g cds alvgrsdrgs mës ndldna`ds `gc mul`d. Ck nkí`k `gc
mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs `g gsg kûd qug mkrnþ gc ndmaglzd `g ck Irkl @gprgsaþl namgltþ su cgik`d gl ck
bastdrak.
Mës `g ul tgrnad `gc vkcdr `gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs sg gcamalþ gl ulk sgmklk `g dntuorg `g ;1?1,
nuyds `íks mës tkr`g sg `gldmalkrdl Culgs Lgird, Mkrtgs Lgird y Jugvgs Lgird.
@drdtby, ck gspdsk `g Cavgrmdrg, tgmaþ cd pgdr nukl`d su gspdsd rgirgsþ k nksk gc ?1 `g dntuorg.
Cds aledrmgs `g gspgnuck`drgs `g Ykcc ^trggt suana`ël`dsg sg gstkokl gxtgl`agl`d pdr Lugvk Qdrh.
Gcck y sus bajds skcu`krdl k Jgssg gl ck pugrtk ccdrkl`d, magltrks su mk`rg gstkok tkl kliustak`k qug
sg gsndl`aþ gl dtrk bkoatknaþl, iratkl`d.
Jgssg, sgiúl gc oaþirked Pdm _uoytbdl, sg qug`þ ndleul`a`d pdr ulds mdmgltds kltgs `g `krsg
nugltk `g cd qug gstkok sung`agl`d.
Cugid cg `ad ck ldtanak k su ekmacak: gl ul idcpg `g iglad y sugrtg, bkoík gstk`d ndrtd gl gc mgrnk`d,
cks knnadlgs `g kpugstks okjkríkl.
"´[uagrgs `gnar qug ld gstkmds krrualk`ds4" Vrgiultþ @drdtby.
"Ld, nkraûd, knkod `g tglgr gc mgjdr `ík `g lgidnaknaþl `g ma va`k: sdmds ekoucdskmgltg rands y
 pd`gmds bkngr cd qug qugrkmds", `ajd Jgssg.
@drdtby ndrraþ bknak su mk`rg y cg `ajd qug sg nkcckrk.
Gl ul `ík, Jgssg Cavgrmdrg iklþ gc gquavkcgltg k mës `g $ > mac maccdlgs.
@urkltg uld `g cds pgdrgs mgsgs `g ck bastdrak `gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs sg ndlvartaþ gl uld `g cds
bdmorgs mës rands `gc mul`d.
Magltrks ck ekmacak `g Cavgrmdrg ngcgorkok su alsdl`kocg áxatd, dtrd bdmorg `gkmouckok pdr cks
nkccgs `g Lugvk Qdrh `gsgspgrk`d.
Korkbkm Igrmklshy eug ul `gskrrdcck`dr almdoacakrad muctamaccdlkrad qug bazd ulk edrtulk `urkltg
ck ruiagltg `ánk`k `g ;1?6. K mg`a`k qug ck gndldmík ecdrgník, bazd cd qug prëntankmgltg td`ds cds
`gmës lgdydrqualds gxatdsds banagrdl k ealgs `g ck `ánk`k `g ;1?6: kpdstkr eugrtgmgltg gl gc
nrgnagltg mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs.

Gc ?5trëiand:
ealkc `g dntuorg `g ;1?1, Pbg Lgw Qdrh Pamgs puocanþ ul krtínucd qug gl `ds përrkeds rgtrktk ul
 

K Ogrlkr` B. ^kl`cgr, kodik`d `g ??7 Ordk`wky, ck sgûdrk Korkbkm Igrmklshy `g Mdult Ugrldl
cg pa`aþ kygr pdr ck mkûklk qug cd kyu`krk k glndltrkr k su gspdsd, `gskpkrgna`d `gs`g gc jugvgs pdr 
ck mkûklk. ^kl`cgr `ajd qug Igrmklshy, qug taglg 76 kûds y gs ul dpgrk`dr `g oaglgs rkíngs `gc ck`d
gstg, alvartaþ munbd gl knnadlgs.
^kl`cgr `ajd qug ck ^rk. Igrmklshy cg `ajd qug ul kmaid vad k su gspdsd gc jugvgs pdr ck ldnbg gl
Ykcc ^trggt, ngrnk `g ck odcsk `g vkcdrgs. ^giúl su aledrmkltg, su gspdsd gstkok rdmpagl`d ulk tark
`g naltk k`bgsavk y gspkrnaál`dck gl ck kngrk magltrks nkmalkok bknak Ordk`wky.

Q gsd, bkstk `dl`g skogmds, eug gc ealkc `g Korkbkm Igrmklshy. Kquí tglgmds ul ndltrkstg.
Gc knna`gltg `g dntuorg `g ;1?1 ndlvartaþ k Jgssg Cavgrmdrg gl uld `g cds bdmorgs mës rands `gc
mul`d. Krrualþ k Korkbkm Igrmklshy, quazës quatël`dcg ck va`k.
Vgrd kvklzkmds nuktrd kûds y cks bastdraks sg nruzkl `g lugvd.
@gspuás `g su trauled gl ;1?1, Cavgrmdrg, rgodskltg `g ndleaklzk, bazd kpugstks nk`k vgz mës
irkl`gs. Pgrmalþ muy pdr glnamk `g su nkogzk, ndl nklta`k`gs nrgnagltgs `g `gu`k, y ealkcmgltg
 pgr`aþ td`d gl gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs.
[ugork`d y kvgridlzk`d, `gskpkrgnaþ `urkltg `ds `íks gl ;1>>. ^u gspdsk sg `aspusd k ousnkrcd.
–Jgssg C. Cavgrmdrg, gc dpgrk`dr `gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs, `g ;;66 Vkrh Kvglug `gskpkrgnaþ y ld sg
cd bk vastd `gs`g kygr k cks > pm”, gsnraoaþ Pbg Lgw Qdrh Pamgs gl ;1>>.
_girgsþ, pgrd su nkmald gstkok mkrnk`d. Cavgrmdrg ealkcmgltg sg quatþ ck va`k.
Gc mdmgltd eug `aegrgltg, pgrd Igrmklshy y Cavgrmdrg ndmpkrtíkl ul rksid `g nkrëntgr: kmods
grkl muy ouglds pkrk bkngrsg rands g aiukcmgltg mkcds pkrk mkltglgrsg rands.
Alncusd sa "rand" ld gs ulk pkckork qug sg kpcankrík k sí masmd, cks cgnnadlgs `g gsk dosgrvknaþl sg
kpcankl k td`ds, gl td`ds cds lavgcgs `g alirgsds.
Dotglgr `algrd gs ulk ndsk.
Mkltglgrcd gs dtrd.

^a tuvagrk qug rgsumar gc áxatd `gc `algrd gl ulk sdck pkckork, sgrík "supgrvavglnak".
Ndmd vgrgmds gl gc nkpítucd 5, gc 06% `g cks gmprgsks cd sueanagltgmgltg gxatdsks ndmd pkrk
ndtazkr gl odcsk pgr`agrdl gegntavkmgltg td`d su vkcdr ndl gc tagmpd. Ck castk Edrogs 066 `g cds
gstk`dula`glsgs mës rands taglg, gl prdmg`ad, kprdxamk`kmgltg ul ?6% `g rdtknaþl pdr `ánk`k pdr
nkusks qug ld taglgl qug vgr ndl ck mugrtg d ck trklsegrglnak `g `algrd k dtrd magmord `g ck
ekmacak.;9
Gc nkpatkcasmd gs `urd. Vgrd pkrtg `g ck rkzþl pdr ck qug gstd sung`g gs pdrqug dotglgr `algrd y
ndlsgrvkrcd sdl `ds bkoaca`k`gs `aegrgltgs.

Dotglgr `algrd rgquagrg tdmkr ragsids, sgr dptamastk y gxpdlgrsg.

Vgrd ndlsgrvkr gc `algrd rgquagrg cd dpugstd k ndrrgr ragsids. _gquagrg bumac`k` y mag`d k qug cd
 

qug bks bgnbd tg cd pug`kl quatkr ndl ck masmk rkpa`gz. _gquagrg eruikca`k` y ck kngptknaþl `g qug
kc mglds pkrtg `g cd qug bk bgnbd gs ktraouaocg k ck sugrtg, pdr cd qug ld sg pug`g ndleakr gl qug gc
áxatd pksk`d sg rgpatk al`geala`kmgltg.
Nbkrcag _dsg cg prgiultþ k Manbkgc Mdratz, gc muctamaccdlkrad `argntdr `g ^gqudak Nkpatkc, pdr quá
^gqudak tglík tkltd áxatd. Mdratz mglnadlþ ck cdligva`k`, sgûkckl`d qug kciulks earmks `g nkpatkc
ragsid taglgl áxatd `urkltg nalnd d `agz kûds, pgrd ^gqudak bk prdspgrk`d `urkltg nuktrd `ánk`ks.
_dsg prgiultþ pdr quá grk gsd:

Mdratz: Nrgd qug sagmprg bgmds tgla`d mag`d `g qugorkr.

_dsg: ´@g vgr`k`4 ´Gltdlngs gs mag`d4 ´^dcd cds pkrkldands sdorgvavgl4

Mdratz: Bky munbd `g nagrtd gl gsd ... Ksumamds qug mkûklk ld sgrë ndmd kygr. Ld pd`gmds
 pgrmatarlds `drmarlds gl cds ckurgcgs. Ld pd`gmds sgr ndmpcknagltgs. Ld pd`gmds ksumar qug gc
áxatd `g kygr sg trk`uznk gl ck ouglk edrtulk `g mkûklk.

Kquí `g lugvd, supgrvavglnak.

 Ld "nrgnamagltd" d "ngrgord" d "ndldnamagltd". Ck nkpkna`k` `g pgrmklgngr
pgrmklgngr `urkltg munbd
tagmpd, sal klaquackr la vgrsg docaik`d k rgl`arsg, gs cd qug mkrnk ck mkydr `aegrglnak. Gstk `gog sgr 
ck pag`rk kliuckr `g su gstrktgiak, yk sgk gl alvgrsadlgs d gl su nkrrgrk d gl ul lgidnad qug pdsgg.
Bky `ds rkzdlgs pdr cks qug ulk mgltkca`k` `g supgrvavglnak gs tkl nckvg ndl gc `algrd.
Wlk gs ck dovak: pdnks iklklnaks sdl tkl irkl`gs qug vkcik ck pglk gcamalkrcks.
Ck dtrk, ndmd vamds gl gc nkpítucd 0, gs ck mktgmëtank ndltrkaltuatavk `g ck ndmpdsanaþl.
Ck nkpatkcazknaþl sdcd eulnadlk sa pug`g `krcg k ul kntavd kûds y kûds pkrk qug nrgznk. Gs ndmd
 pckltkr rdocgs: ul kûd `g nrgnamagltd lulnk mdstrkrë munbd prdirgsd, ;6 kûds pug`gl mkrnkr
mkrnkr ulk
`aegrglnak sailaeanktavk y 76 kûds pug`gl nrgkr kcid kosdcutkmgltg gxtrkdr`alkrad.
Vgrd cdirkr y mkltglgr gsg nrgnamagltd gxtrkdr`alkrad rgquagrg sdorgvavar k td`ds cds kctaokjds
amprg`gnaocgs qug td`ds gxpgramgltkl algvatkocgmgltg ndl gc tagmpd.
Vd`gmds pkskr kûds trktkl`d `g kvgraiukr nþmd Oueegtt cdirþ gc rgl`amagltd `g sus alvgrsadlgs:
nþmd glndltrþ cks mgjdrgs gmprgsks, cks knnadlgs mës okrktks, cds mgjdrgs k`malastrk`drgs. Gsd gs
`aeínac. Mglds `aeínac pgrd aiukcmgltg ampdrtkltg gs sgûkckr cd qug ld bazd.
 Ld sg `gjþ ccgvkr pdr cks `gu`ks.
 Ld gltrþ gl pëland y vgl`aþ `urkltg cks ;0 rgngsadlgs qug bk vava`d. Ld mklnbþ su rgputknaþl
ndmgrnakc.
 Ld sg kpgiþ k ulk gstrktgiak, ulk vasaþl `gc mul`d d ulk tgl`glnak pkskjgrk.
 Ld `gpgl`ík `gc `algrd `g dtrds (igstadlkr cks alvgrsadlgs k trkvás `g ulk gmprgsk púocank
sailaeankok
 Ld qug cds
sg `gsklamþ alvgrsdrgs
y rglulnaþ ldrgtarþ.
d sg pd`íkl rgtarkr su nkpatkc).
 

^dorgvavaþ. Ck supgrvavglnak cg `ad cdligva`k`. Q ck cdligva`k` ‐alvgrtar ndlstkltgmgltg `gs`g

cds ;6 kûds bkstk kc mglds cds 21 kûds‐ gs cd qug bazd qug ck nkpatkcazknaþl eulnadlkrk `g
mkrkvacck. Gsg úland pultd gs cd qug mës ampdrtk kc `gsnraoar su áxatd.
Vkrk mdstrkrtg cd qug quagrd `gnar, taglgs qug gsnunbkr ck bastdrak `g _anh Iugral.
Vrdokocgmgltg bkyks dí`d bkockr `gc `úd alvgrsdr edrmk`d pdr Ykrrgl Oueegtt y Nbkrcag Muligr.

Vgrd bkng 06 kûds bkoík ul tgrngr magmord `gc irupd, _anh Iugral.
Ykrrgl, Nbkrcag y _anh banagrdl alvgrsadlgs jultds y gltrgvastkrdl k igrgltgs ndmgrnakcgs jultds.
Gltdlngs _anh `gskpkrgnaþ, kc mglds gl rgcknaþl ndl gc áxatd `g Oueegtt y Muligr. Gc alvgrsdr
Mdblasb Vkorka cg prgiultþ ulk vgz k Oueegtt quá cg pksþ k _anh. Mdblasb rgndr`þ: XYkrrgl `ajd]
–Nbkrcag y yd sagmprg supamds qug lds vdcvgríkmds alnrgíocgmgltg rands. Ld tglíkmds prask pdr
bkngrlds rands8 skoíkmds qug sung`grík. _anh grk tkl altgcaigltg ndmd ldsdtrds, pgrd tglík prask ".
Cd qug sung`aþ eug qug gl ck rgngsaþl `g ;19>-;190, _anh eug kpkcklnk`d ndl prástkmds `g mkrigl.
Q gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs okjþ nksa ul 96% gl gsds `ds kûds, pdr cd qug rgnaoaþ cckmk`ks `g mkrigl.
Ugl`aþ sus knnadlgs `g Ogrhsbarg k Ykrrgl (Ykrrgl gl rgkca`k` `ajd "Ndmprá knnadlgs `g _anh's
Ogrhsbarg") k mglds `g $ 06 ck pagzk. _anh sg vad docaik`d k vgl`gr pdrqug gstkok kpkcklnk`d.

Nbkrcag, Ykrrgl y _anh grkl aiukcmgltg bëoacgs pkrk bkngrsg rands. Vgrd Ykrrgl y Nbkrcag tglíkl ck
bkoaca`k` k`anadlkc `g mkltglgrsg rands. Nuëc, ndl gc tagmpd, gs ck bkoaca`k` qug mës ampdrtk.
 Lkssam Pkcgo cd gxprgsþ `g gstk mklgrk: –Pglgr ulk 'vgltkjk' y sdorgvavar sdl `ds ndsks `aegrgltgs:
ck pramgrk rgquagrg ck sgiul`k. Lgngsatks gvatkr ck rualk. Nugstg cd qug nugstg."

Kpcankr ck mgltkca`k` `g supgrvavglnak kc mul`d rgkc sg rg`ung k kprgnakr trgs ndsks.

;. Mës qug irkl`gs oglgeanads, quagrd sgr gndlþmankmgltg alqugorkltkocg. Q sa sdy
alqugorkltkocg, nrgd qug dotgl`rá cds mkydrgs oglgeanads, pdrqug pd`rá qug`krmg gc tagmpd
sueanagltg pkrk qug ck nkpatkcazknaþl eulnadlg `g mkrkvacck.

 Lk`ag quagrg tglgr gegntavd `urkltg ul mgrnk`d kcnastk. [uagrgl

[uagrgl pdsggr kntavds qug kumgltkl
munbd. Pg vgs y tg sagltgs ndlsgrvk`dr kc tglgr gegntavd `urkltg ul mgrnk`d kcnastk, pdrqug tg `ks
nugltk `g ck nklta`k` `g rgl`amagltd qug gstës rglulnakl`d kc ld pdsggr cks ndsks ouglks. @aikmds
qug gc gegntavd iklk ul ;% y cks knnadlgs ul ;6% klukc. Gsk orgnbk `gc 1% tg rdgrë td`ds cds `íks.
Vgrd sa gsg gegntavd cg ampa`g tglgr qug vgl`gr sus knnadlgs `urkltg ul mgrnk`d okjastk, gc
rgl`amagltd rgkc qug dotuvd `g gsg gegntavd ld gs `gc ;% klukc8 pd`ríkl sgr munbds múctapcds `g
gsd, pdrqug gvatk ulk vgltk `g knnadlgs `gsgspgrk`k g aldpdrtulk pug`g bkngr mës pdr cks iklklnaks
`g su va`k qug gcgiar `dnglks `g iklk`drgs ampdrtkltgs.
Ck nkpatkcazknaþl ld sg oksk gl dotglgr irkl`gs oglgeanads. Cds ouglds rgl`amagltds sdstgla`ds
alaltgrrumpa`kmgltg `urkltg gc mkydr pgríd`d `g tagmpd, gspgnakcmgltg gl tagmpds `g nkds y
gstrkids, sagmprg iklkrël.
 

?. Ck pcklae
pcklaeanknaþl
anknaþl gs amp
ampdrtklt
drtkltg,
g, pgrd ck pkrtg mës amp
ampdrtkl
drtkltg
tg `g nk`k pckl gs pckl
pcklaeankr
aeankr
qug gc pckl ld vkyk `g knugr`d ndl gc pckl.

´[uá `ang4 Pú pcklgks, @ads sg ríg. Ck pcklaeanknaþl ealklnagrk y `g alvgrsadlgs sdl eul`kmgltkcgs,
 pdrqug cg pgrmatgl skogr sa sus knnadlgs kntukcgs gstël `gltrd `gc ëmoatd `g cd rkzdlkocg.
rkzdlkocg. Vgrd pdnds
 pcklgs `g nukcquagr tapd sdorgvavgl k su pramgr glnugltrd ndl gc mul`d rgkc. ^a gstë
gstë prdygntkl`d sus
alirgsds, tksk `g kbdrrd y rgltkoaca`k` `gc mgrnk`d `urkltg cds prþxamds ?6 kûds, paglsg gl td`ks cks
ndsks ampdrtkltgs qug bkl sung`a`d gl cds úctamds ?6 kûds qug lk`ag pd`rík bkogr prgvastd: gc ;; `g
sgptagmorg, ul kuig y nkí`k `g ck vavagl`k qug nkusþ nksa ;6 maccdlgs `g gstk`dula`glsgs pgr`agrdl
sus bdikrgs, ulk nrasas ealklnagrk qug prdvdnþ qug nksa lugvg maccdlgs pgr`agrkl sus trkokjds, ul
rkccy oursëtac sal prgng`gltgs qug sg prd`ujd y ul ndrdlkvarus qug sknu`g kc mul`d magltrks gsnraod
gstd.
Wl pckl sdcd gs útac sa pug`g sdorgvavar k ck rgkca`k`. Q ul euturd ccgld `g alnþilatks gs ck rgkca`k`
`g td`ds.
Wl ougl pckl ld prgtgl`g qug gstd ld sgk nagrtd8 cd korkzk y glektazk gc mkrigl `g grrdr. Nukltd mës
lgngsatg qug cds gcgmgltds gspgníeands `g ul pckl sgkl nagrtds, mës erëiac sg vdcvgrë su va`k
ealklnagrk. ^a bky sueanagltg mkrigl `g grrdr gl su tksk `g kbdrrd, pug`g `gnar: "^grík iglakc sa gc
mgrnk`d `gvugcvg ul 2% klukc `urkltg cds prþxamds >6 kûds, pgrd sa sdcd cd bkng ul 0% klukc, kúl
gstkrá oagl , ”Mës vkcadsd sg vugcvg su pckl.
Munbks kpugstks ekcckl ld pdrqug gstuvagrkl mkc, sald pdrqug gl su mkydrík eugrdl ndrrgntks gl ulk
satuknaþl qug rgqugrík qug cks ndsks eugrkl gxkntkmgltg ndrrgntks. Gc mkrigl `g grrdr, k mglu`d
cckmk`d mkrigl `g sgiura`k`, gs ulk `g cks eugrzks mglds kprgnak`ks gl cks ealklzks. Uaglg gl
munbks edrmks: ul prgsupugstd eruikc, pglskmagltd ecgxaocg y ulk cílgk `g tagmpd ecgxaocg,
nukcquagr ndsk qug cg pgrmatk vavar egcaz ndl ulk vkrag`k` `g rgsuctk`ds.
Gs `aegrgltg k sgr ndlsgrvk`dr. Ndlsgrvk`dr gs gvatkr nagrtd lavgc `g ragsid. Gc mkrigl `g sgiura`k`
kumgltk cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g áxatd gl ul `gtgrmalk`d lavgc `g ragsid kc kumgltkr sus pdsaoaca`k`gs
`g supgrvavglnak. ^u mkiak gs qug nukltd mkydr sgk su mkrigl `g sgiura`k`, mgldr `gog sgr su
vgltkjk pkrk tglgr ul rgsuctk`d ekvdrkocg.

>. Wlk pgrsdlkca`k` `gsnkogcck`k: dptamastk sdorg gc euturd, pgrd pkrkldank sdorg cd qug cg
ampg`arë ccgikr kc euturd.
-Gs vatkc.

Gc dptamasmd iglgrkcmgltg sg `gealg ndmd ck nrgglnak `g qug cks ndsks arël oagl. Vgrd gsd gstë
alndmpcgtd. Gc dptamasmd sglsktd gs ck nrgglnak `g qug cks prdokoaca`k`gs gstël k su ekvdr y, ndl gc
tagmpd, cks ndsks sg gquacaorkrël pkrk dotglgr ul ougl rgsuctk`d, alncusd sa cd qug sung`g gl gc
mg`ad gstë ccgld `g masgrak. Q `g bgnbd skogs qug gstkrë ccgld `g masgrak. Vug`g sgr dptamastk `g
qug ck trkygntdrak `g nrgnamagltd k ckrid pckzd gs bknak krraok y bknak ck `grgnbk, pgrd aiukcmgltg
sgiurd `gndsks
Gsks `ds qug gcldnkmald gltrg kbdrk
sg gxncuygl y gltdlngs gstë ccgld `g malks tgrrgstrgs, y sagmprg cd gstkrë.
mutukmgltg.
 

Ck a`gk `g qug kcid pug`g iklkr k ckrid pckzd magltrks qug k ndrtd pckzd gs ulk nklkstk ld gs
altuatavk, pgrd gs ck edrmk gl qug eulnadlkl munbks ndsks gl ck va`k. K cds ?6 kûds, ck pgrsdlk
 prdmg`ad pug`g pgr`gr kprdxamk`kmgltg ck matk` `g cks ndlgxadlgs
ndlgxadlgs salëptanks qug tglík gl su
ngrgord k cds `ds kûds, k mg`a`k qug sg gcamalkl cks víks lgurdlkcgs algeanagltgs y rg`ul`kltgs. Vgrd
gc jdvgl prdmg`ad `g ?6 kûds gs munbd mës altgcaigltg qug gc prdmg`ad `g `ds kûds. Ck `gstrunnaþl
ergltg kc prdirgsd ld sdcd gs pdsaocg, sald ulk edrmk geanagltg `g `gsbkngrsg `gc gxngsd.
Amkiílgsg sa eugrk pk`rg y pu`agrk vgr gc altgradr `gc ngrgord `g su bajd. Nk`k mkûklk ldtk mglds
ndlgxadlgs salëptanks gl ck nkogzk `g su bajd. ¡Gltrkríks gl pëland! @aríks: –Gstd ld pug`g gstkr
 oagl, kquí bky pár`a`k y `gstrunnaþl. Lgngsatkmds ulk altgrvglnaþl. ¡Lgngsatkmds vgr k ul má`and!
" Vgrd ld gs ksí. Cd qug gstës prgsglnakl`d gs gc nkmald ldrmkc `gc prdirgsd.
Cks gndldmíks, cds mgrnk`ds y cks nkrrgrks k mglu`d saiugl ul nkmald samackr: nrgnamagltd gl
mg`ad `g pár`a`ks.
Ksí gs ndmd sg ndmpdrtþ ck gndldmík `g GG. WW. @urkltg cds úctamds ;96 kûds:

´Vgrd skogs cd qug pksþ `urkltg gstg pgríd`d4 Vdr `dl`g gmpgzkmds ...
 

;,> maccdlgs `g gstk`dula`glsgs muragrdl magltrks cunbkokl gl lugvg iugrrks ampdrtkltgs.

Kprdxamk`kmgltg gc 11,1% `g td`ks cks gmprgsks qug sg nrgkrdl ngrrkrdl.

 

Nuktrd prgsa`gltgs gstk`dula`glsgs

eugrdl ksgsalk`ds.

597.666 gstk`dula`glsgs muragrdl gl ul sdcd kûd k nkusk `g ulk pkl`gmak `g

irapg.

>6 `gskstrgs lkturkcgs sgpkrk`ds mktkrdl kc mglds k 066 gstk`dula`glsgs nk`k

uld.

>> rgngsadlgs `urkrdl ul knumuck`d `g 02 kûds.

Gc lúmgrd `g prdldstank`drgs qug prg`ajgrdl nukcquagrk `g gsks
rgngsadlgs sg rg`dl`gk k ngrd.

Gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs nkyþ mës `gc ;6% `gs`g ul mëxamd rgnagltg kc

mglds ;6? vgngs.

Cks knnadlgs pgr`agrdl ul tgrnad `g su vkcdr kc mglds ;? vgngs.

Ck alecknaþl klukc supgrþ gc 9% gl ?6 kûds `astaltds.

Cks pkckorks "pgsamasmd gndlþmand" kpkrgnagrdl gl cds pgraþ`ands kc

mglds ?1.666 vgngs, sgiúl Iddicg.

 Lugstrd lavgc `g va`k sg muctapcanþ pdr ?6 gl gstds ;96 kûds, pgrd

kpglks pkskok ul `ík sal rkzdlgs tkliaocgs pkrk gc pgsamasmd.
Wlk mgltkca`k` qug pug`g sgr pkrkldank y dptamastk kc masmd tagmpd gs
`aeínac `g mkltglgr, pdrqug vgr cks ndsks gl ocklnd d lgird rgquagrg
mglds gseugrzd qug kngptkr cds mktangs. Vgrd lgngsatks pkrkldak k ndrtd
 pckzd pkrk mkltglgrtg ndl va`k gc tagmpd sueanagltg pkrk gxpcdtkr gc
 

dptamasmd k ckrid pckzd. 5

Jgssg Cavgrmdrg `gsnuoraþ gstd `g ck mklgrk mës `aeínac.

.
Ksdnakok cds ouglds tagmpds ndl gc ealkc `g cds mkcds. Bkngrsg rand cg
bkník sgltar qug sgiuar sagl`d rand grk algvatkocg y qug grk alvglnaocg.
@gspuás `g pgr`gr nksa td`d cd qug rgecgxadlþ:
 

K vgngs paglsd qug laliúl prgnad gs `gmksak`d kctd pkrk qug ul

gspgnuck`dr cd pkiug pkrk skogr quá gs cd qug cg ampg`arë tglgr ck
nkogzk balnbk`k. Munbds idcpgs `g bdmorgs oracckltgs pug`gl
ktraouarsg `argntkmgltg k ck nkogzk balnbk`k.

"Gs ulk glegrmg`k` nkrk", `ajd, "gl td`ks pkrtgs pkrk td`ds".
K ndltaluknaþl, vgrgmds dtrk edrmk gl qug gc nrgnamagltd ergltg k ck
k`vgrsa`k` pug`g sgr tkl `aeínac `g gltgl`gr.
 

Ndcks, QduYal
Vug`g gquavdnkrsg ck matk` `gc tagmpd y kul ksí bkngr ulk edrtulk.
 

–Bg gstk`d idcpgkl`d gstk ndsk `urkltg >6 kûds. Nrgd qug ck mktgmëtank sampcg gs
qug kciulds prdygntds eulnadlkl y dtrds ld. Ld bky rkzþl pkrk alsastar gl laliuld
`g cds `ds. ^dcd pksk k ck saiuagltg ".
 ‐Ork` Vatt kc kngptkr ul prgmad ^nrggl Kntdrs Iuac`

Bgalz Ogriirugl buyþ `g ck Kcgmklak lkza gl ;1>5. ^g alstkcþ gl Gstk`ds

Wla`ds, `dl`g gstu`aþ catgrkturk gl WN Ogrhgcgy.
^giúl ck mkydrík `g cds rgcktds, ld mdstrþ ulk prdmgsk pkrtanuckr gl su
 juvgltu`. Vgrd gl ck `ánk`k `g ;116, Ogriirugl grk,
grk, gl nukcquagr
mg`a`k, uld `g cds mkrnbkltgs `g krtg mës gxatdsds `g td`ds cds tagmpds.
Gl ?666 Ogriirugl vgl`aþ pkrtg `g su gldrmg ndcgnnaþl `g Vankssds,
Orkqugs, Hcggs y Mktassgs kc idoagrld kcgmël pdr mës `g ;66 maccdlgs
`g gurds. Eug ulk iklik tkc qug cds kcgmklgs gegntavkmgltg ck
ndlsa`grkrdl ulk `dlknaþl. Gc vkcdr `g mgrnk`d pravk`d `g ck ndcgnnaþl
supgrþ ndl nrgngs cds mac maccdlgs `g `þckrgs.
[ug ulk sdck pgrsdlk pug`k ndcgnnadlkr irkl`gs nklta`k`gs `g dorks
mkgstrks gs ksdmordsd. Gc krtg gs tkl suojgtavd ndmd pkrgng. ´Nþmd
 pd`ík kciuagl bkogr prgvastd, tgmprkld gl ck va`k, nuëcgs sgríkl cks dorks
dorks
mës ndtazk`ks `gc saicd4
Vd`ríks `gnar "bkoaca`k`".
Vd`ríks `gnar "sugrtg".
Ck earmk `g alvgrsaþl Bdrazdl _gsgkrnb taglg ulk tgrngrk gxpcanknaþl. Q
gs muy rgcgvkltg pkrk cds alvgrsdrgs.
"Cds irkl`gs alvgrsdrgs ndmprkrdl irkl`gs nklta`k`gs `g krtg", gsnraog
ck earmk.;1 "Wl suondljultd `g cks ndcgnnadlgs rgsuctþ sgr ulk irkl
alvgrsaþl, y sg mkltuvagrdl `urkltg ul pgríd`d `g tagmpd
sueanagltgmgltg
ndlvgriagrk ndl ckrid pkrk pgrmatar
gc rgl`amagltd". `gqug gc rgl`amagltd
cds mgjdrgs `g ck`gnkrtgrk
gcgmgltds ck nkrtgrk.
Gsd gs td`d cd qug pksk ".
Cds irkl`gs mkrnbkltgs `g krtg dpgrkokl ndmd edl`ds al`gxk`ds.
Ndmprkrdl td`d cd qug pu`agrdl. Q cd ndmprkrdl gl nkrtgrks, ld pagzks
al`ava`ukcgs qug cgs iustkrdl. Cugid sg sgltkrdl y gspgrkrdl k qug
kpkrgnagrkl kciulds iklk`drgs.
Gsd gs td`d cd qug pksk.
[uazës gc 11% `g cks dorks qug k`quaraþ kciuagl ndmd Ogriirugl gl su
va`k rgsuctkrdl `g pdnd vkcdr. Vgrd gsd ld ampdrtk pkrtanuckrmgltg sa gc
dtrd ;% rgsuctk sgr dork `g kciuagl ndmd
Vankssd. Ogriirugl pd`rík gstkr gquavdnk`d ck mkydr pkrtg `gc tagmpd y
kúl ksí tgrmalkr gstupgl`kmgltg gl cd nagrtd.
 

Munbks ndsks gl cds lgidnads y cks alvgrsadlgs eulnadlkl `g gstk

mklgrk. Cks ndcks ckriks, cds gxtrgmds mës cgjklds `g ulk `astraounaþl
`g rgsuctk`ds, taglgl ulk gldrmg alecuglnak gl cks ealklzks, `dl`g ul
 pgqugûd lúmgrd `g gvgltds pug`g rgprgsgltkr ck mkydrík
mkydrík `g cds
rgsuctk`ds.
Gsd pug`g sgr `aeínac `g mklgjkr, alncusd sa ndmprgl`g cks mktgmëtanks.
 Ld gs altuatavd qug ul alvgrsdr pug`k gquavdnkrsg ck matk` `gc tagmpd y
kul ksí bkngr ulk edrtulk. ^ailaeank qug suogstamkmds cd ldrmkc qug gs
qug munbks ndsks ekccgl. Cd qug lds bkng rgknnadlkr `g edrmk gxkigrk`k
nukl`d cd bkngl.

^tgkmodkt Yaccag pusd k Ykct @aslgy gl gc mkpk ndmd klamk`dr. Gc

áxatd gmprgskrakc eug dtrk bastdrak. Gc pramgr gstu`ad `g @aslgy qugorþ.
^us pgcínucks grkl mdlstrudskmgltg nkrks `g prd`unar y gstkokl
 ealklnak`ks
 ealklnak`ks gl ndl
ndl`anadlgs
`anadlgs gsnkl`kcd
gsnkl`kcdsks.
sks. K mg`
mg`ak`ds
ak`ds `g ck `ánk`k `g
;176, @aslgy bkoík prd`una`d mës `g 066 `aoujds klamk`ds. Ck
mkydrík `g gccds grkl okjds, ck mkydrík grkl kmk`ds pdr cds
gspgntk`drgs y ck mkydrík pgr`aþ ulk edrtulk.
 Ocklnklagvgs
 Ocklnklagvgs y cds sagtg glkla
glklatds
tds nkmo
nkmoakrdl
akrdl td`
td`d.
d.
Cds $ 2 maccdlgs qug iklþ gl cds pramgrds sgas mgsgs `g ;1>2 eugrdl ul
dr`gl `g mkilatu` mës kctd qug nukcquagr ndsk qug ck ndmpkûík iklkrk
kltgradrmgltg. Prklsedrmþ @aslgy ^tu`ads. Pd`ks cks `gu`ks `g ck
gmprgsk sg nklngckrdl. Cds gmpcgk`ds nckvg dotuvagrdl odlaeanknadlgs
`g rgtglnaþl. Ck gmprgsk ndmprþ ul lugvd gstu`ad `g úctamk iglgrknaþl
gl Ouroklh, `dl`g pgrmklgng bdy. Wl Dsnkr ndlvartaþ k Ykct `g
ekmdsd k ngcgora`k` gl td`k rgick. Gl ;1>2 bkoík prd`una`d vkrads
nagltds `g bdrks `g pgcínuck. Vgrd gl tármalds ndmgrnakcgs, cds 2>
malutds `g Ocklnklagvgs eugrdl td`d cd qug ampdrtkok.
Pd`d cd qug sgk gldrmg, rgltkocg, ekmdsd d alecuygltg gs gc rgsuctk`d `g
ul gvgltd `g ndck: ul gvgltd pgraeárand `g uld gl macgs d maccdlgs. Q ck
mkydr pkrtg `g lugstrk ktglnaþl sg `araig k ndsks qug sdl gldrmgs,
rgltkocgs, ekmdsks d alecuygltgs. Nukl`d ck mkydr pkrtg `g cd qug
 prgstkmds ktglnaþl gs gc rgsuctk`d `g ulk ndck, gs eënac
eënac suogstamkr cd
rkrds y pd`grdsds qug sdl.
Kciulks al`ustraks ampucsk`ks pdr ck ndck sdl dovaks. Pdmk nkpatkc `g
ragsid. ^a ul UN bkng 76 alvgrsadlgs, gs prdokocg qug gspgrg qug ck
matk` `g gccks erknksgl, ;6 qug cd bkikl okstkltg oagl y ulk d `ds sgkl
 odlklzks qug iglgrgl gc ;66% `g cds rgtdrlds `gc edl`d. Ck earmk `g
alvgrsaþl Ndrrgcktadl Uglturgs ulk vgz klkcazþ cds lúmgrds.?6 @g mës
 

`g ?;,666 ealklnaknadlgs `g ragsid gltrg ?660 y ?6;0:

57% pgr`aþ `algrd.
@ds y mg`ad pdr nagltd `g cks alvgrsadlgs sg rgkcazkrdl ;6x-?6x.
Gc uld pdr nagltd dotuvd ulk rgltkoaca`k` supgradr k ?6 vgngs.
Gc mg`ad pdr nagltd (kcrg`g`dr `g ;66 gmprgsks `g ?;.666) iklþ 76
vgngs d mës. @g kbí prdvaglg ck mkydrík `g cds rgtdrlds `g ck al`ustrak.
Gstd, pd`rík pglskr, gs cd qug bkng qug gc nkpatkc `g ragsid sgk tkl
ragsidsd. Q td`ds cds qug alvagrtgl gl nkpatkc `g ragsid skogl qug gs
krragsik`d. Ck mkydrík `g cks gmprgsks gmgrigltgs erknkskl y gc mul`d
sdcd taglg ck kmkoaca`k` `g pgrmatar kciulds mgik áxatds.
^a `gsgk rgtdrlds mës sgiurds, prg`gnaocgs y gstkocgs, alvagrtg gl
irkl`gs gmprgsks púocanks.
D gsd pd`rík pglskr.
_gnugr`g, cks ndcks ampucskl td`d.
Ck `astraounaþl `gc áxatd gltrg cks irkl`gs knnadlgs púocanks k cd ckrid
`gc tagmpd ld gs muy `aegrgltg k ck `gc nkpatkc `g ragsid.
Ck mkydrík `g cks gmprgsks qug ndtazkl gl odcsk sdl erku`ucgltks, k
kciulks cgs vk oagl y k ulks pdnks sg cks ndlvagrtg gl iklk`drks
gxtrkdr`alkraks qug rgprgsgltkl ck mkydrík `g cds rgl`amagltds `gc
mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs.
JV Mdrikl Kssgt Mklkigmglt puocanþ ulk vgz ck `astraounaþl `g cds
rgl`amagltds `gc íl`ang _ussgcc >666, ulk ndcgnnaþl irkl`g y kmpcak `g
gmprgsks púocanks, `gs`g ;126.?;
Gc nukrgltk pdr nagltd `g td`ds cds ndmpdlgltgs `g cks knnadlgs `g
_ussgcc >666 pgr`aþ kc mglds gc 96% `g su vkcdr y lulnk sg rgnupgrþ

`urkltg gstg pgríd`d.

Gegntavkmgltg, td`ds cds rgl`amagltds iglgrkcgs `gc íl`ang prdvaglgl
`gc 9% `g cks gmprgsks qug cd ndmpdlgl y qug dotuvagrdl ul
rgl`amagltd supgradr gl kc mglds `ds `gsvaknadlgs gstël`kr.
Gsg gs gc tapd `g ndsks qug gspgrkrík `gc nkpatkc `g ragsid. Vgrd gs cd qug
sung`aþ `gltrd `g ul íl`ang `avgrsaeank`d y kourra`d.
Gstg idcpg `g ck mkydrík `g cks gmprgsks púocanks ld gsnktamk al`ustrak.
Mës `g ck matk` `g td`ks cks gmprgsks púocanks `g tgnldcdiík y
tgcgndmulanknadlgs pagr`gl ck mkydr pkrtg `g su vkcdr y lulnk sg
rgnupgrkl. Alncusd gltrg cds sgrvanads púocands, ck tksk `g ekccks gs mës
`g ; gl ;6:
Vdrngltkjg `g gmprgsks qug gxpgramgltkl
"pár`a`k nktkstrþeank / ';126-?6;0
 

MGP_D
79%

Cd altgrgskltg kquí gs qug taglgs qug bkogr kcnklzk`d nagrtd lavgc `g

áxatd pkrk ndlvgrtartg gl ulk gmprgsk púocank y magmord `g _ussgcc
>666. Gstks sdl ndrpdrknadlgs gstkocgna`ks, ld stkrtups amprdvask`ks.
Kúl ksí, ck mkydrík taglg ulk gspgrklzk `g va`k mg`a`k gl kûds, ld gl
iglgrknadlgs.
Pdmgmds ul gjgmpcd `g ulk `g gstks gmprgsks: Nkrdcnd, gx magmord
`gc Íl`ang _ussgcc >666.

Vrd`ujd kciulks `g cks pgcínucks mës ampdrtkltgs `g cks `ánk`ks `g ;126

y ;116, alncua`ks cks trgs pramgrks pgcínucks `g _kmod, Pgrmalktdr ?,
Oksan Alstalnt y Pdtkc _gnkcc.
Nkrdcnd skcaþ k odcsk gl ;129. Eug ul irkl áxatd, prd`unagl`d áxatd trks
áxatd. Dotuvd 766 maccdlgs `g `þckrgs gl alirgsds gl ;11;, ndl ulk
nkpatkcazknaþl `g mgrnk`d `g $ 066 maccdlgs, munbd `algrd gl gsg
gltdlngs, gspgnakcmgltg pkrk ul gstu`ad `g nalg.
Q cugid ekccþ.
Cds áxatds `g tkquacck sg `gtuvagrdl, kciulds prdygntds `g irkl
 prgsupugstd erknkskrdl y, k mg`ak`ds `g ck `ánk`k
`ánk`k `g ;116, Nkrdcnd grk
bastdrak. [ugorþ gl ;115. Cks knnadlgs sg rg`ungl k ngrd, qug tglik ul
 ougl `ík. Wlk pár`a`k nktkstrþeank. Q uld qug gxpgramgltkl
gxpgramgltkl 0 `g nk`k ;6
gmprgsks púocanks k cd ckrid `gc tagmpd. Ck bastdrak `g Nkrdcnd ld vkcg
 

ck pglk ndltkrck pdrqug gs úlank, sald pdrqug gs ndmúl.

Kquí gstë ck pkrtg mës ampdrtkltg `g gstk bastdrak: gc _ussgcc >666 sg bk
alnrgmgltk`d mës `g 9> vgngs `gs`g ;126. Gsg gs ul rgtdrld
gspgntknuckr. Gsd gs gc gxatd.
Gc nukrgltk pdr nagltd `g cks gmprgsks `gc íl`ang eugrdl gegntavkmgltg
erknksds. Vgrd gc 9%
gxtrgmk`kmgltg oagl`geugrdl
cds ndmpdlgltgs qug eulnadlkrdl
mës qug sueanagltgs pkrk ndmpglskr cks
ekccks. Ndmd Bgalz Ogriirugl, pgrd ndl Manrdsdet y Ykcmkrt gl cuikr
`g Vankssd y Mktassg.
 Ld sdcd ulks pdnks gmprgsks rgprgsgltkl ck mkydr pkrtg
pkrtg `gc rgl`amagltd
`gc mgrnk`d, sald qug `gltrd `g gsks gmprgsks bky alncusd mës gvgltds
`g ndck.
Gl ?6;2, Kmkzdl ampucsþ gc 5% `g cds rgtdrlds `gc ^&V 766. Q gc
nrgnamagltd `g Kmkzdl sg `gog nksa gl su tdtkca`k` k Vramg y Kmkzdl
Ygo ^grvangs, qug gl sí masmds sdl gvgltds `g ndck gl ulk gmprgsk qug
bk gxpgramgltk`d ndl nagltds `g prd`untds, `gs`g Earg Vbdlg bkstk
kiglnaks `g vakjgs.
Kppcg eug rgspdlskocg `g nksa gc 9% `g cds rgl`amagltds `gc íl`ang gl
?6;2. Q gstë ampucsk`d `g mklgrk korumk`drk pdr gc aVbdlg, qug gl gc
mul`d `g cds prd`untds tgnldcþiands gstë tkl k ck ndck ndmd cks ndcks.
´Q quaál trkokjk gl gstks gmprgsks4 Ck tksk `g kngptknaþl `g
ndltrktknaþl `g Iddicg gs `gc 6,?% .?? Ck `g Ekngoddh gs `gc 6,;% .?>
Ck `g Kppcg gs `g kprdxamk`kmgltg gc ?% .?0 Ksí qug cks pgrsdlks qug
trkokjkl gl gstds prdygntds `g ndck qug ampucskl cds rgtdrlds `g ndck
taglgl nkrrgrks `g ndck.
Ck a`gk `g qug kciulks ndsks gxpcankl ck mkydrík `g cds rgsuctk`ds ld
sdcd gs nagrtk pkrk cks gmprgsks `g su nkrtgrk `g alvgrsadlgs. Pkmoaál gs
ulk pkrtg ampdrtkltg `g su prdpad ndmpdrtkmagltd ndmd alvgrsdr.
Ck `gealanaþl `g Lkpdcgþl `g ul iglad macatkr grk: "Gc bdmorg qug pug`g
bkngr cks ndsks ldrmkcgs nukl`d td`ds cds qug cd rd`gkl sg gstël
vdcvagl`d cdnds".
Cd masmd dnurrg ndl ck alvgrsaþl.
Ck mkydrík `g cds ndlsgjds ealklnagrds sg trktkl bdy. ´[uá `gog bkngr
kbdrk masmd y quá knnadlgs pkrgngl ouglks ndmprks bdy4
Vgrd ck mkydr pkrtg `gc tagmpd bdy ld gs tkl ampdrtkltg. K cd ckrid `g su
va`k ndmd alvgrsdr, cks `gnasadlgs qug tdmg bdy, mkûklk d ck sgmklk
 prþxamk ld ampdrtkrël tkltd ndmd cd qug bkik `urkltg ck pgqugûk
nklta`k` `g `íks, prdokocgmgltg gc ;% `gc tagmpd d mglds, nukl`d td`ds
cds `gmës tg gstës vdcvagl`d cdnd.
 

Ndlsa`grg cd qug sung`grík sa kbdrrkrk $ ; nk`k mgs `gs`g ;166 bkstk

?6;1.
Vd`ríks alvgrtar gsg `þckr gl gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs `g GG. WW. Pd`ds
cds mgsgs, ccugvk d bkik sdc. Ld ampdrtk sa cds gndldmastks gstël
iratkl`d sdorg ulk rgngsaþl almalgltg d ul lugvd mgrnk`d okjastk.
^aiug alvartagl`d.
Cckmgmds k ul alvgrsdr qug bkng gstd ^ug.
Vgrd quazës alvgrtar `urkltg ulk rgngsaþl `k `gmksak`d mag`d.
Gltdlngs, tkc vgz alvagrtk su $ ; gl gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs nukl`d ck
gndldmík ld gstá gl rgngsaþl, vgl`k td`d nukl`d gstá gl rgngsaþl y
kbdrrg su `þckr mglsukc gl gegntavd, g alvagrtk td`d `g lugvd gl gc
mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs nukl`d ck rgngsaþl tgrmalg. Cckmkrgmds k gstg
alvgrsdr Jam.
D tkc vgz sg lgngsatkl kciulds mgsgs pkrk qug ulk rgngsaþl cd ksustg, y
cugid sg lgngsatk ul tagmpd pkrk rgnupgrkr ck ndleaklzk kltgs `g vdcvgr
kc mgrnk`d. Alvagrtg $ ; gl knnadlgs nukl`d ld bky rgngsaþl, vgl`g sgas
mgsgs `gspuás `g qug ndmaglzk ulk rgngsaþl y vugcvg k alvgrtar sgas
mgsgs `gspuás `g qug tgrmalk. Pg cckmkrgmds Pdm.
´Ndl nuëltd `algrd tgrmalkríkl gstds trgs alvgrsdrgs ndl gc tagmpd4
^ug tgrmalk ndl $ 0>7,77;.
Jam taglg $ ?79,>25.
Pdm $ ?>0,095.
^ug iklk pdr ulk macck.
Buod ;.0?2 mgsgs gltrg ;166 y ?6;1. Wl pdnd mës `g >66 `g gccds
eugrdl `urkltg ulk rgngsaþl. Gltdlngs, kc mkltglgrck trklquack `urkltg
sdcd gc ??% `gc tagmpd qug ck gndldmík gstuvd gl rgngsaþl d ngrnk `g
gcck, ^ug tgrmalk ndl nksa trgs nukrtds mës `g `algrd qug Jam d Pdm.
Vkrk `kr ul gjgmpcd mës rgnagltg: ck edrmk gl qug sg ndmpdrtþ ndmd
alvgrsdr `urkltg kciulds mgsgs k ealkcgs `g ?662 y pralnapads `g ?661
 prdokocgmgltg tgl`rë mës ampkntd gl cds rgl`amagltds `g su va`k qug
td`d cd qug bazd gltrg ?666 y ?662.
Gxastg ck vagjk ordmk `gc pacdtd `g qug sus trkokjds sdl "bdrks y bdrks `g
kourramagltd skcpank`ks pdr mdmgltds `g purd tgrrdr". Cd masmd dnurrg
ndl ck alvgrsaþl. ^u áxatd ndmd alvgrsdr gstkrë `gtgrmalk`d pdr nþmd
rgspdl`k k mdmgltds pultukcgs `g tgrrdr, ld pdr cds kûds `g`ank`ds kc
ndltrdc `g nrungrd.
Wlk ouglk `gealanaþl `g ul iglad alvgrsdr gs gc bdmorg d ck mujgr qug
 pug`g bkngr cd ldrmkc nukl`d td`ds cds qug cd rd`gkl sg vugcvgl cdnds.
 

Nukl`d kngptk qug cks ndcks ampucskl td`d gl cds lgidnads, cks

alvgrsadlgs
ndsks skciklymkc,
cks ealklzks, sg `k
sg rdmpkl, nugltk
ekccgl `g qug gs ldrmkc qug munbks
y nkaikl.
^a grgs ul ougl sgcgnnadlk`dr `g knnadlgs, quazës tgliks rkzþl ck matk` `gc
tagmpd.
^a gs ul ougl cí`gr gmprgskrakc, tkc vgz ck matk` `g sus a`gks `g
 prd`untds y gstrktgiaks eulnadlkrël.
^a grgs ul ougl alvgrsdr, ck mkydrík `g cds kûds gstkrël oagl y munbds
sgrël mkcds.
^a gs ul ougl trkokjk`dr, glndltrkrë ck gmprgsk k`gnuk`k gl gc nkmpd
k`gnuk`d `gspuás `g vkrads altgltds y prugoks.
Q gsd gs sa grgs ougld.
Vgtgr Cylnb gs uld `g cds mgjdrgs alvgrsdrgs `g lugstrd tagmpd. "^a grgs
gxngcgltg gl gstg lgidnad, taglgs rkzþl sgas `g nk`k `agz vgngs", `ajd ulk
vgz.
Bky nkmpds gl cds qug `gogs sgr pgregntd gl td`d mdmgltd. Udckr ul
kvaþl, pdr gjgmpcd. Cugid, bky nkmpds gl cds qug quagrgs sgr kc mglds
 okstkltg ougld nksa td`d gc tagmpd. Wl nbge `g rgstkurkltg, `aikmds.
`aikmds.
Cks alvgrsadlgs, cds lgidnads y cks ealklzks ld sdl ndmd gstds nkmpds.
Kcid qug bg kprgl`a`d tkltd `g alvgrsdrgs ndmd `g gmprgl`g`drgs gs
qug lk`ag tdmk ouglks `gnasadlgs td`d gc tagmpd. Cks pgrsdlks mës
amprgsadlkltgs gstël rgpcgtks `g a`gks bdrrgl`ks qug k mglu`d sg pdlgl
gl prëntank.
Pdmk Kmkzdl. Ld gs altuatavd pglskr qug ul cklzkmagltd ekcca`d `g ul
 prd`untd gl ulk gmprgsk ampdrtkltg sgrík ldrmkc y ndrrgntd.
ndrrgntd.
Altuatavkmgltg, uld pglskrík qug gc NGD `gogrík `asnucpkrsg ndl cds
knnadlastks. Vgrd gc NGD Jgee Ogzds `ajd pdnd `gspuás `gc `gskstrdsd
cklzkmagltd `gc Earg Vbdlg `g ck ndmpkûík:

^a nrgg qug gs ul irkl erknksd, gstkmds trkokjkl`d gl erknksds munbd

mkydrgs gl gstg mdmgltd. Ld gstdy ordmgkl`d. Kciulds `g gccds bkrël
qug gc Earg Vbdlg sg vgk ndmd ulk pgqugûk sgûkc.

Gstë oagl qug Kmkzdl pagr`k munbd `algrd gl gc Earg Vbdlg pdrqug sg
 

ndmpglskrë ndl kcid ndmd Kmkzdl Ygo ^grvangs qug iklk `gnglks `g

macgs `g maccdlgs `g `þckrgs. Ndcks kc rgsnktg.

 

Gc NGD `g Lgtecax, _gg` Bkstalis, klulnaþ ulk vgz qug su ndmpkûík

nklngckrík vkraks prd`unnadlgs `g irkl prgsupugstd. Gc rgspdl`aþ:

 Lugstrd íl`ang `g knagrtds gs `gmksak`d kctd gl gstg mdmgltd. ^agmprg

^agmprg
gstdy prgsadlkl`d kc gquapd `g ndltgla`d. Pglgmds qug ndrrgr mës

ragsids. Paglgs qug prdokr

tksk `g nklngcknaþl mës kctkndsks mës cdnks, pdrqug `gogríkmds tglgr ulk
gl iglgrkc.

 Ld sg trktk `g glikûds la ekctks `g rgspdlskoaca`k`. ^dl ul

rgndldnamagltd altgcaigltg `g nþmd cks ndcks ampucskl gc áxatd. Vdr nk`k
Kmkzdl Vramg u Drklig as Pbg Lgw Ocknh, skogs, ndl ngrtgzk, qug
tgl`rës kciulks ekccks.
Vkrtg `g pdr quá gstd ld gs altuatavd sg `gog k qug gl ck mkydrík `g cds
nkmpds sdcd vgmds gc prd`untd tgrmalk`d, ld cks pár`a`ks alnurra`ks qug
ccgvkrdl kc prd`untd ealkc gxatdsd.
Gc Nbras _dnh qug vgd gl ck tgcgvasaþl gs `avgrta`d, ampgnkocg. Gc Nbras
_dnh
Gsd gsqug
pdrsg`asgûd.
prgsgltk gl `dnglks
Laliúl `g ckpgqugûds
iglad `g ndmg`akncuogs nk`k kûd gstë oagl.
gs cd sueanagltgmgltg
altgcaigltg ndmd pkrk skogr `g edrmk prgvgltavk quá ordmks nkgrël oagl.
Nk`k irkl ndmg`akltg prugok su mktgrakc gl pgqugûds ncuogs kltgs `g
uskrcd gl irkl`gs cuikrgs. Wlk vgz cg prgiultkrdl k _dnh sa gnbkok `g
mglds cds ncuogs pgqugûds. Gc rgspdl`aþ:

Nukl`d ndmaglzd ulk iark, ld gs ndmd sa ndmglzkrk gl gstk`ads. Kltgs

`g gstk úctamk iark kntuá gl gstg cuikr `g Lgw Orulswanh cckmk`d ^trgss
Ekntdry. Bang ulds 06 d 76 sbdws prgpkrël`dmg pkrk ck iark.

Wl pgraþ`and `gsnraoaþ gstks sgsadlgs `g ncuogs pgqugûds. @gsnraoík k

_dnh bdjgkl`d pëialks `g ldtks y ousnkl`d mktgrakc. "Udy k tglgr qug
ndrtkr kciulds `g gstds nbastgs", `ang k matk` `g ck dork. Cds ouglds
nbastgs qug vgd gl Lgtecax sdl cks ndcks qug sdorgskcagrdl `g ul ulavgrsd
`g nagltds `g altgltds.
Kcid samackr dnurrg ndl ck alvgrsaþl. Gs eënac glndltrkr gc pktramdlad
lgtd `g Ykrrgl Oueegtt d sus rgl`amagltds klukcgs prdmg`ad. D alncusd
sus mgjdrgs y mës ldtkocgs alvgrsadlgs. Gstël kbí kc karg caorg, y gs `g cd
qug bkock ck igltg.
Gs munbd mës `aeínac jultkr td`ks cks alvgrsadlgs qug bk bgnbd k cd ckrid
`g su nkrrgrk. Lk`ag bkock `g cks gcgnnadlgs ekcca`ks, cds lgidnads egds,
cks
^dlmkcks
gc dtrdk`quasanadlgs. Vgrd sdl
ck`d `g cds rgtdrlds ulk irkl pkrtg
ampucsk`ds pdr ck`gndck.
ck bastdrak `g Oueegtt.
 

Gl ck jultk `g knnadlastks `g Ogrhsbarg Bktbkwky gl ?6;>, Ykrrgl

Oueegtt `ajd qug `urkltg su va`k bkoík tgla`d gltrg 066 y 766 knnadlgs y
qug iklþ ck mkydr pkrtg `g su `algrd ndl ;6 `g gccks. Nbkrcag Muligr
ndltaluþ: "^a gcamalk sdcd kciulks `g cks pralnapkcgs alvgrsadlgs `g
Ogrhsbarg, su bastdrakc k ckrid pckzd gs okstkltg ldrmkc".
Nukl`d prgstkmds gspgnakc ktglnaþl k cds áxatds `g ul md`gcd k sgiuar,
 pkskmds pdr kctd qug sus iklklnaks prdvaglgl `g ul pgqugûd pdrngltkjg
`g sus knnadlgs. Gsd bkng qug lugstrds prdpads erknksds, pár`a`ks y
rgvgsgs sg sagltkl ndmd sa gstuvaárkmds bknagl`d kcid mkc. Vgrd gs
 pdsaocg qug gstgmds gquavdnk`ds, d sampcgmgltg tglikmds rkzþl, tkl k
mglu`d ndmd cds mkgstrds. Vug`g qug bkykl tgla`d mës rkzþl nukl`d
tglíkl rkzþl, pgrd pd`ríkl bkogrsg gquavdnk`d ndl tkltk ergnuglnak ndmd
ustg`.
"Cd ampdrtkltg ld gs sa gstës gl cd nagrtd d ld", `ajd ulk vgz Igdrig
^drds, "sald nuëltd `algrd iklks nukl`d gstës gl cd nagrtd y nuëltd
 pagr`gs nukl`d gstës gquavdnk`d". Vug`g gquavdnkrsg ck matk` `gc tagmpd
y kul ksí bkngr ulk edrtulk.

Bky ;66 mac maccdlgs `g pcklgtks gl lugstrk ikckxak y sdcd uld, bkstk
`dl`g skogmds, ndl va`k altgcaigltg.
Gc bgnbd `g qug gstás cgygl`d gstg caord gs gc rgsuctk`d `g ck ndck mës
ckrik qug pug`ks amkialkr.
Gsd gs kcid `g cd qug gstkr egcaz. K ndltaluknaþl, vgkmds nþmd gc `algrd
 pug`g bkngrtg kúl mës egcaz.
 

Caogrtk`
Ndltrdckr su tagmpd gs gc `ava`gl`d mës kctd qug pkik gc `algrd.
 

Ck edrmk mës kctk `g raqugzk gs ck nkpkna`k` `g `gspgrtkr nk`k mkûklk y `gnar:

"Vug`d bkngr cd qug quagrk bdy".
Ck igltg quagrg bkngrsg mës rank pkrk bkngrck mës egcaz. Ck egcana`k` gs ul tgmk
ndmpcank`d pdrqug td`ds sdmds `aegrgltgs. Vgrd sa bky ul `gldmalk`dr ndmúl gl ck
egcana`k`, ul ndmoustaocg ulavgrskc `g kcgirík, gs qug ck igltg quagrg ndltrdckr sus
va`ks.
Ck nkpkna`k` `g bkngr cd qug quagrk, nukl`d quagrk, ndl quagl quagrk, `urkltg gc
tagmpd qug quagrk, ld taglg prgnad. Gs gc `ava`gl`d mës kctd qug pkik gc `algrd.

Klius Nkmpogcc grk psanþcdid `g ck Wlavgrsa`k` `g Manbaikl. Lkna`d gl ;1;6, su

alvgstaiknaþl tuvd cuikr `urkltg ulk ápdnk gl ck qug ck psandcdiík gstkok
korumk`drkmgltg
korumk`drkmgl tg ngltrk`k gl cds trkstdrlds qug `gpramíkl k cks pgrsdlks, ndmd ck
`gprgsaþl, ck klsag`k`, ck gsquazderglak.
Nkmpogcc qugrík skogr quá bkník egcaz k ck igltg. ^u caord `g ;12;, Pbg ^glsg de 
Ygccogali al Kmgrank, ndmaglzk sgûkckl`d qug ck igltg gs iglgrkcmglt
iglgrkcmgltgg mës egcaz `g
cd qug supdlíkl munbds psanþcdids. Vgrd kciulds nckrkmgltg cd gstkokl bknagl`d
mgjdr qug dtrds. Q ld gs pdsaocg kirupkrcds lgngskrakmgltg pdr alirgsds, igdirkeík d
g`un
g`unkn
knaþ
aþl,
l, pd
pdrq
rqug
ug mu
munb
nbds
ds gl nknk`k
`k ul
ulkk `g gs
gsks
ks nk
nktg
tgid
idrí
ríks
ks tg
tgrm
rmal
alkl
kl sagl
sagl`d
`d
nrþlankmgltg alegcangs.
Gc `gldmalk`dr ndmúl mës pd`grdsd `g ck egcana`k` grk sampcg. Nkmpogcc cd
rgsumaþ:

Pglgr ul eugrtg sglta`d `g ndltrdc `g ck prdpak va`k gs ul prg`antdr mës ndleakocg `g

sgltamagltds pdsatavds `g oaglgstkr qug nukcquagrk `g cks ndl`anadlgs dojgtavks `g ck
va`k qug bgmds ndlsa`grk`d.

Mës qug tu skckrad. Mës qug gc tkmkûd `g tu nksk. Mës qug gc prgstaiad `g tu trkokjd.
Gc ndltrdc sdorg bkngr cd qug quagrg, nukl`d quagrg, ndl cks pgrsdlks qug quagrg, gs ck
vkrakocg `g gstacd `g va`k mës kmpcak qug bkng egcaz k ck igltg.
Gc mkydr vkcdr altrílsgnd `gc `algrd, y gstd ld sg pug`g gxkigrkr, gs su nkpkna`k`
 pkrk `krcg ndltrdc
ndltrdc sdorg su tag
tagmpd.
mpd. Vkrk dot
dotglgr,
glgr, pdnd k pd
pdnd,
nd, ul lavgc ``gg
al`gpgl`glnak y kutdldmík qug prdvaglg `g cds kntavds ld ikstk`ds qug tg `kl ul
mkydr ndltrdc sdorg cd qug pug`gs bkngr y nuël`d pug`gs bkngrcd.
Wlk pgqugûk nklta`k` `g raqugzk sailaeank ck nkpkna`k` `g tdmkrsg ulds `íks caorgs
nukl`d gstë glegrmd sal krrualkrsg. Dotglgr gsk bkoaca`k` gs gldrmg sa ld ck taglgs.
 

Wl pdnd mës sailaeank gspgrkr k qug kpkrgznk ul ougl trkokjd `gspuás `g qug tg
`gspa`kl, gl cuikr `g tglgr qug kngptkr gc pramgrd qug glnugltrgs. Gsd pug`g nkmoakr 
ck va`k.
Cds ikstds `g gmgriglnak `g sgas mgsgs sailaeankl ld tglgr mag`d `g su jgeg, pdrqug
skog qug ld sg krrualkrë sa taglg qug tdmkrsg ul tagmpd caorg pkrk glndltrkr ul lugvd
trkokjd.
Mës kúl sailaeank ck nkpkna`k` `g kngptkr ul trkokjd ndl ul skckrad mgldr pgrd ndl
bdrkrads ecgxaocgs. [uazës uld ndl ul vakjg mës ndrtd. D pd`gr ca`akr ndl ulk
gmgriglnak má`ank sal ck nkrik k`anadlkc `g prgdnupkrsg pdr nþmd cd pkikrë.
Cugid gstë ck juoacknaþl nukl`d cd `gsgg, gl cuikr `g nukl`d cd lgngsatg.
Wskr su `algrd pkrk iklkr tagmpd y dpnadlgs taglg ul oglgeanad `g gstacd `g va`k ndl
gc qug pdnds krtínucds `g cujd pug`gl ndmpgtar.
@urkltg td`k ck ulavgrsa`k` quasg sgr oklqugrd `g alvgrsadlgs.
^dcd bkoík ulk rkzþl: iklkokl munbd `algrd. Gsg eug gc úland ampucsd, y uld `gc qug
gstkok ;66% sgiurd mg bkrík mës egcaz ulk vgz qug cd dotuvagrk. Dotuvg ulk pkskltík
`g vgrkld gl ul oklnd `g alvgrsaþl gl Cds Ëligcgs gl ma tgrngr kûd y pglsá qug
bkoík iklk`d ck cdtgrík `g ma nkrrgrk. Gstd gs td`d cd qug sagmprg quasg.
Gl ma pramgr `ík mg `a nugltk `g pdr quá cds oklqugrds `g alvgrsaþl iklkl munbd
`algrd: trkokjkl mës y mës bdrks ndltrdck`ks `g cd qug skoík qug cds bumklds pd`íkl
mklgjkr. Gl rgkca`k`, ck mkydrík ld pug`g sdpdrtkrcd. Ar k nksk kltgs `g ck
mg`akldnbg sg ndlsa`grkok ul cujd, y bkoík ul `anbd gl ck deanalk: "^a ld vaglgs k
trkokjkr gc sëok`d, ld tg mdcgstgs gl vdcvgr gc `dmalid". Gc trkokjd eug
altgcgntukcmgltg
altgcgntukcm gltg gstamuckltg, oagl pkik`d y mg bazd sgltar ampdrtkltg. Vgrd nk`k
sgiul`d `g ma tagmpd `gspagrtd sg ndlvartaþ gl gsnckvd `g cks `gmkl`ks `g ma jgeg,
cd qug eug sueanagltg pkrk ndlvgrtarcd gl ulk `g cks gxpgraglnaks mës masgrkocgs `g ma
va`k. Eug ulk pkskltík `g nuktrd mgsgs. @urá ul mgs.
Cd mës `aeínac `g gstd eug qug mg glnkltþ gc trkokjd. Q qugrík trkokjkr `urd. Vgrd
bkngr kcid qug kmks gl ul bdrkrad qug ld pug`gs ndltrdckr pug`g sgr cd masmd qug
bkngr kcid qug d`aks.
Bky ul ldmorg pkrk gstg sgltamagltd. Cds psanþcdids cd cckmkl rgkntklnak. Jdlkb
Ogrigr, prdegsdr `g mkrhgtali `g ck Wlavgrsa`k` `g Vglsacvklak, cd rgsumaþ oagl:

K cks pgrsdlks cgs iustk sgltar qug taglgl gc ndltrdc, gl gc ksagltd `gc ndl`untdr.
Nukl`d altgltkmds qug bkikl kcid, sg sagltgl `gskmpkrk`ds. Gl cuikr `g sgltar qug
gccds tdmkrdl ck `gnasaþl, sagltgl qug cd banamds pdr gccds. @g md`d qug `angl qug
ld d bkngl dtrk ndsk, alncusd nukl`d gl ul pralnapad pd`ríkl bkogr gstk`d egcangs `g
kngptkrcds.?7
 

Nukl`d kngptks cd nagrtk qug gs gsk kearmknaþl, tg `ks nugltk `g qug kcalgkr gc `algrd
bknak ulk va`k qug tg pgrmatk bkngr cd qug quagrks, nukl`d quagrks, ndl quagl
quagrks, `dl`g quagrks, `urkltg gc tagmpd qug quagrks, taglg ul rgl`amagltd alnrgíocg.
@grgh ^avgrs, ul gmprgskrad gxatdsd, gsnraoaþ ulk vgz sdorg ul kmaid qug cg pa`aþ
qug ndltkrk ck bastdrak `g nþmd sg bazd rand:

Pglík ul trkokjd `g `ík gl gc ngltrd `g Mklbkttkl pkikl`d $ ?6 h 

 pdr kûd, sdorg gc
gc skckrad míla
mílamd
md ... Luln
Lulnkk ndmí eugrk y lulnk tdmá ul tkxa. Ma
Ma ndstd
`g va`k grk `g kprdxamk`kmgltg $ ;666 kc mgs y iklkok $ ;266 kc mgs. Bang gstd
`urkltg `ds kûds y kbdrrá $ ;?,666. Pglík ?? kûds.
Wlk vgz qug tuvagrk $ ;?,666 pd`rík `gjkr ma trkokjd y ndlvgrtarmg gl músand k
tagmpd ndmpcgtd. ^koík qug pd`ík ndlsgiuar kciulds ndlnagrtds kc mgs pkrk pkikr ma
ndstd `g va`k. Gltdlngs yd grk caorg. @gjá ma trkokjd ul mgs `gspuás y lulnk vdcví k
tglgr trkokjd.
Nukl`d tgrmalá `g ndltkrcg k ma kmaid gstk bastdrak, mg pa`aþ mës. @ajg qug ld, gsd
eug td`d. Ác `ajd: "Ld, ´quá pksk nukl`d vgl`aþ su gmprgsk4"
@ajg qug ld, gsd ld bazd ulk irkl `aegrglnak gl ma va`k. Gsd grk sdcd mës `algrd gl gc
 oklnd. Ck `aegrglnak
`aegrglnak pksþ nnukl`d
ukl`d tglík ??,
??,?5
?5 kûds.

Gstk`ds Wla`ds gs ck lknaþl mës rank `g ck bastdrak `gc mul`d. Vgrd bky pdnk
gva`glnak `g qug sus nau`k`klds sgkl, gl prdmg`ad, mës egcangs bdy qug gl ck `ánk`k
`g ;176, nukl`d ck raqugzk y cds alirgsds grkl munbd mës okjds, alncusd gl gc lavgc
mg`ad y kjustk`ds pdr alecknaþl. Wlk glnugstk `g Ikccup `g ?6;1 `g ;76.666 pgrsdlks
gl ;06 pkísgs glndltrþ qug kcrg`g`dr `gc 07% `g cds gstk`dula`glsgs `ajgrdl qug sg
sgltíkl "muy prgdnupk`ds" gc `ík kltgradr.?9 Gc prdmg`ad mul`akc grk `gc >1%. Gc
nalnugltk y nalnd pdr nagltd `g cds gstk`dula`glsgs `ajgrdl qug saltagrdl "munbd
gstrás" gc `ík kltgradr. Vkrk gc rgstd `gc mul`d, gc >7% `ajd cd masmd.
Vkrtg `g cd qug sung`aþ kquí gs qug bgmds usk`d lugstrk mkydr raqugzk pkrk ndmprkr
ndsks mgjdrgs y mës irkl`gs. Vgrd samuctëlgkm
samuctëlgkmgltg
gltg bgmds rglulnak`d k mës ndltrdc
sdorg lugstrd tagmpd. Gl gc mgjdr `g cds nksds, gsks ndsks sg kluckl gltrg sí.
Gc alirgsd ekmacakr prdmg`ad kjustk`d pdr alecknaþl eug `g $ ?1,666 gl ;177.?2 Gl
?6;1 eug ul pdnd mës `g $ 5?,666. Bgmds utacazk`d gsk raqugzk pkrk vavar ulk va`k
`aeínacmgltg ndlngoaocg
ndlngoaocg pkrk cds gstk`dula`glsgs `g ck `ánk`k `g ;176, alncusd pkrk
ulk ekmacakglmg`aklk.
nuk`rk`ds Ck nksk
;176 k ?,0>5 gstk`dula`glsg
pags nuk`rk`ds gl prdmg`ad kumgltþ
?6;2. Ck nksk `g 12> pagslugvk
gstk`dula`glsg
 

 prdmg`ad kbdrk taglg mës okûds qug dnupkltgs. Lugstrds ndnbgs sdl mës rëpa`ds y
geanagltgs, lugstrds tgcgvasdrgs
tgcgvasdrgs sdl mës okrktds y mës líta`ds.
Cd qug pksþ ndl lugstrd tagmpd, pdr dtrd ck`d, kpglks pkrgng ul prdirgsd. Q irkl
 pkrtg `g ck rkzþl taglg qug vgr ndl gc tapd `g trkok
trkokjds
jds qug tglgmds kbdrk ck mky
mkydrík
drík `g
ldsdtrds.
Jdbl @. _dnhgegccgr eug uld `g cds gmprgskrads mës gxatdsds `g td`ds cds tagmpds.
Pkmoaál grk ul rgncusd y pkskok ck mkydr pkrtg `gc tagmpd sdcd. _krk vgz bkockok, sg
bkník `gcaogrk`kmgltg
`gcaogrk`kmgltg alknngsaocg y sg qug`kok nkcck`d nukl`d cckmkoks su ktglnaþl.
Wl trkokjk`dr `g ulk rgealgrík qug dnksadlkcmgltg tglík gc dí`d `g _dnhgegccgr ulk
vgz ndmgltþ: "@gjk qug td`ds cds `gmës bkocgl, magltrks ác sg sagltk y ld `ang lk`k".
Nukl`d sg cg prgiultþ sdorg su sacglnad `urkltg cks rguladlgs, _dnhgegccgr sdcík rgnatkr 
ul pdgmk:

Wl oúbd vagjd y skoad vavík gl ul rdocg,

Nukltd mës vgík mglds bkockok
Nukltd mglds bkockok, mës gsnunbkok. ´Vdr quá ld sdmds td`ds ndmd gsg vagjd
 pëjkrd skoad4

_dnhgegccgr grk ul tapd gxtrkûd. Vgrd `gsnuoraþ kcid qug kbdrk sg kpcank k `gnglks `g
maccdlgs `g trkokjk`drgs.
Gc trkokjd `g _dnhgegccgr ld grk pgredrkr pdzds, nkrikr trglgs d mdvgr okrracgs. Eug
 pglskr y tdmkr ouglks `gnasadlgs.
`gnasadlgs. Gc prd`untd ``gg _dnhgegccgr
_dnhgegccgr,, su gltrgikocg
gltrgikocg,, ld eug cd
qug bazd ndl sus mklds, la saquagrk ndl sus pkckorks. Eug cd qug `gsnuoraþ `gltrd `g
su nkogzk. Ksí qug kbí gs `dl`g pksþ ck mkydr pkrtg `g su tagmpd y glgriík. K pgskr
`g gstkr sgltk`d gl sacglnad ck mkydr pkrtg `gc `ík gl cd qug pkrk ck mkydrík `g ck
igltg pd`rík bkogr pkrgna`d tagmpd caorg d `g dnad, trkokjkok ndlstkltgmgltg gl su
mgltg, pglskl`d gl cds prdocgmks.
Gstd eug úland gl su ápdnk. Nksa td`ds cds trkokjds `urkltg ck ápdnk `g _dnhgegccgr
rgqugríkl bkngr ndsks ndl cks mklds. Gl ;296, gc 05% `g cds trkokjds gstkokl gl ck
kiranucturk y gc >7% gl ck krtgsklík d ck mklueknturk, sgiúl gc gndldmastk _dogrt
Idr`dl. Vdnks prdegsadlgs `gpgl`íkl `gc ngrgord `g ul trkokjk`dr. Ld pglskstg8
trkokjkstg, sal altgrrupnaþl, y tu trkokjd grk vasaocg y tkliaocg.
Bdy, gsd bk nkmoak`d.
Gc trgaltk y dnbd pdr nagltd `g cds trkokjds kbdrk sg `gsailkl ndmd "igrgltgs,
eulnadlkrads y prdegsadlkcgs". Gstds sdl trkokjds `g tdmk `g `gnasadlgs. Dtrd 0;% sdl
 

trkokjds `g sgrvanad qug k mglu`d `gpgl`gl tkltd `g sus pglskmagltds ndmd `g sus
knnadlgs.
Munbds `g ldsdtrds tglgmds trkokjds qug sg pkrgngl mës k _dnhgegccgr qug k ul
trkokjk`dr `g ekoranknaþl típand `g ck `ánk`k `g ;176, cd qug sailaeank qug lugstrds
`íks ld tgrmalkl nukl`d skcamds y skcamds `g ck eëorank. Prkokjkmds ndlstkltgm
ndlstkltgmgltg
gltg
gl lugstrks nkogzks, cd qug sailaeank qug pkrgng qug gc trkokjd lulnk tgrmalk.
^a su trkokjd gs ekorankr kutdmþvacgs
kutdmþvacgs,, gs pdnd cd qug pug`g bkngr nukl`d ld gstë gl ck
cílgk `g mdltkjg. Pg `gspa`gs `gc trkokjd y `gjks tus bgrrkmagltks gl ck eëorank. Vgrd
sa su trkokjd gs nrgkr ulk nkmpkûk `g mkrhgtali, ul trkokjd oksk`d gl pglskmagltds y
`gnasadlgs, su bgrrkmagltk gs su nkogzk, qug lulnk cd kokl`dlk. Vug`g qug gstás
 pglskl`d gl tu prdygntd
prdygntd `urkltg tu vakjg, magltrks
magltrks prgpkrks ck nglk, magltrks
magltrks `ugrmgs
k tus bajds y nukl`d tg `gspagrtks gstrgsk`d k cks trgs `g ck mkûklk. Vug`g qug tglik
mglds bdrks `g trkokjd qug gl ;176. Vgrd sg sagltg ndmd sa gstuvagrk trkokjkl`d ?0
bdrks kc `ík, 9 `íks k ck sgmklk.
@grgh Pbdmpsdl `g Pbg Ktckltan ulk vgz cd `gsnraoaþ ksí:

^a gc gquapd dpgrktavd `gc saicd RRA gs ul `aspdsatavd pdrtëtac, gstd sailaeank qug ck
eëorank md`grlk ld gs ul cuikr gl kosdcutd. Gs gc `ík masmd. Ck grk `g cks
ndmputk`drks bk caogrk`d cks bgrrkmagltks `g prd`untava`k` `g ck deanalk. Ck mkydrík
`g cds trkokjk`drgs `gc ndldnamagltd, nuyks ndmputk`drks pdrtëtacgs y tgcáedlds
altgcaigltgs sdl mëqualks pdrtëtacgs `g nrgknaþl `g mg`ads `g usd múctapcg,
tgþrankmgltg pug`gl
pug`gl sgr tkl prd`untavds k cks ? pm gl ck deanalk pralnapkc ndmd k cks
? km gl ul YgYdrh `g Pdhad dk ck mg`akldnbg gl gc sdeë.?1

Gl ndmpkrknaþl ndl iglgrknadlgs kltgradrgs, gc ndltrdc sdorg su tagmpd bk

`asmalua`d. Q `k`d qugqug
`gogrík sdrprgl`grlds ndltrdckr su tagmpd
cks pgrsdlks ld sggssagltkl
ul ekntdr nckvg
munbd `g egcangs
mës ck egcana`k`,
k pgskrld`g
qug, gl prdmg`ad, sdmds mës rands qug lulnk.
´[uá bkngmds kc rgspgntd4
 Ld gs ul prdocgmk
prdocgmk eënac `g
`g rgsdcvgr, pdrqug
pdrqug td`ds sdmds `aegrgl
`aegrgltgs.
tgs. Gc pram
pramgr
gr pksd gs
sampcgmgltg rgndldngr
rgndldngr cd qug bkng y ld bkng egcangs k nksa td`ds.
Gl su caord >6 cgnnadlgs pkrk vavar, gc igrdltþcdid Hkrc Vaccgmgr gltrgvastþ k mac
gstk`dula`glsgs klnaklds gl ousnk `g cks cgnnadlgs mës ampdrtkltgs qug bkoíkl
kprgl`a`d `g `ánk`ks `g gxpgraglnak gl ck va`k. Gc gsnraoad:

 Lk`ag, la ulk
ulk sdck pgrsdlk ggltrg
ltrg mac, `ajd
`ajd qug pkrk sgr egcaz `gog
`gogss gsedrzkrtg kc
mëxamd pkrk iklkr `algrd y ndmprkr cks ndsks qug `gsgks.
 

 Lk`ag, la ulk
ulk sdck pgrsdlk, `ajd qug gs am
ampdrtkltg
pdrtkltg sgr kc mglds tkl rand ndmd cks
 pgrsdlks qug tg rd`gkl, y sa ta
taglgs
glgs mës qug ggccds,
ccds, gs ul vgr`
vgr`k`grd
k`grd áxatd.
 Lk`ag, la ulk
ulk sdck pgrsdlk, `ajd qug `gog
`gogrík
rík gcgiar su ttrkokjd
rkokjd gl eul
eulnaþl
naþl `g su pd`gr
k`quasatavd euturd `gsgk`d.

Cd qug sí vkcdrkokl grkl ndsks ndmd kmastk`gs `g nkca`k`, sgr pkrtg `g kcid mës
irkl`g qug gccds masmds y pkskr tagmpd `g nkca`k` y ld gstrunturk`d ndl sus bajds.
–^us bajds ld quagrgl su `algrd (d cd qug ndmprk ndl su `algrd) tkltd ndmd cd quagrgl
k ustg`. Gspgníeankmgltg, tg quagrgl ndl gccds ”, gsnraog Vaccgmgr.
Pþmgcd `g kqugccds qug cd bkl vava`d td`d: ndltrdckr su tagmpd gs gc `ava`gl`d mës
kctd qug pkik gc `algrd.
Kbdrk, ul orgvg nkpítucd sdorg uld `g cds `ava`gl`ds mës okjds qug pkik gc `algrd.
 

Ck
 pkkrk`djk
 p
`gc
bdmorg
gndnbg
l gc
Lk`ag gstë tkl amprgsadlk`d ndl
tus pdsgsadlgs ndmd tú.
 

Ck mgjdr pkrtg `g sgr ul vkcgt gs pd`gr ndl`unar kciulds `g

cds kutds mës iglakcgs qug jkmës bkykl tdnk`d gc pkvamgltd.
Ccgikrdl alvatk`ds ndl`unagl`d Egrrkras, Ckmodribalas,
_dccs-_dyngs, td`k ck ecdtk krastdnrëtank.
Ma sugûd grk tglgr uld `g gstds kutds, pdrqug (pglsá)
glvakrdl ulk sgûkc tkl eugrtg k cds `gmës `g qug cd cdirkstg.
Grgs altgcaigltg. Wstg` gs rand. Paglgs iustd. Grgs ampdrtkltg
Mírkmg.
Ck ardlík gs qug rkrk vgz, sa gs qug kciulk vgz, cds markok, cds
ndl`untdrgs.
Nukl`d vgs k kciuagl ndl`unagl`d ul ougl ndnbg, rkrks vgngs
 paglsks: "Ukyk,
"Ukyk, gc tapd qu
qugg ndl`ung gsg ndnbg gs igla
iglakc".
kc". Gl
nkmoad, paglsks: "Ukyk, sa tuvagrk gsg ndnbg, ck igltg pglskrík
qug sdy iglakc". ^uondlsnagltg d ld, ksí gs ndmd paglsk ck
igltg.
Kquí bky ulk pkrk`djk: ck igltg tagl`g k qugrgr qug ck raqugzk
sgk ulk sgûkc k cds `gmës `g qug `gogl sgr qugra`ds y
k`mark`ds. Vgrd, gl rgkca`k`, gsks dtrks pgrsdlks k mglu`d
gvatkl k`markrtg, ld pdrqug ld nrgkl qug ck raqugzk sgk
k`markocg, sald pdrqug uskl tu raqugzk ndmd ul pultd `g
rgegrglnak pkrk su prdpad `gsgd `g sgr kprgnak`d y k`mark`d.
Ck nkrtk qug gsnraoí `gspuás `gc lknamagltd `g ma bajd `gník:
–Vd`ríks pglskr qug quagrgs ul ndnbg nkrd, ul rgcdj gcgikltg y
ulk nksk gldrmg. Vgrd tg `aid qug ld gs ksí. Cd qug quagrgs gs
gc rgspgtd y ck k`marknaþl `g dtrks pgrsdlks, y nrggs qug tglgr
ndsks nkrks tgk cd
cks pgrsdlks ckstrkgrë. Nksa lulnk
qug quagrgs cd bkng,
rgspgtkr gspgnakcmg
gspgnakcmgltg
y k`markr ". ltg `g
Cd kprgl`í ndmd kyu`k `g nëmkrk, nukl`d ndmglná k pglskr
gl td`ks cks pgrsdlks qug ndl`uníkl bkstk gc bdtgc gl sus
Egrrkras, marël`dmg odquakoagrtd. Ck igltg `gog qug`krsg
 odquakoagrtk `dl`g quagrk qug vkyk, y gstdy sgiurd `g qug cg cgss
glnkltþ. Gstdy sgiurd `g qug sg saltagrdl k`mark`ds.
Vgrd, ´skoíkl qug ld mg prgdnupkok pdr gccds, d alncusd qug
cds ldtkok4 ´^koíkl qug sdcd gstkok markl`d odquakoagrtd gc
kutd g amkialël`dmg gl gc ksagltd `gc ndl`untdr4

´Ndmprkrdl ul Egrrkra pglskl`d qug cgs trkgrík k`marknaþl

 

sal `krsg nugltk `g qug yd, y prdokocgmgltg ck mkydrík `g cds

`gmës,
amprgsadlk`d ndl gc ndnbg gl rgkca`k` ld cgs `ad, gc
ndl`untdr, ul mdmgltd `g pglskmagltd4
´^g kpcank gstk masmk a`gk k quaglgs vavgl gl nksks
irkl`gs4 Nksa sgiurd.
´Jdyks y rdpk4 ^í.
Ma pultd kquí gs ld kokl`dlkr ck oúsqug`k `g ck raqugzk. D
alncusd ndnbgs `g cujd. Mg iustkl kmods.
Gs ul rgndldnamagltd sutac `g qug cks pgrsdlks iglgrkcmgltg
ksparkl k sgr rgspgtk`ks y k`mark`ks pdr cds `gmës, y uskr
`algrd pkrk ndmprkr ndsks cujdsks pug`g trkgr mglds `g cd
qug amkialk. ^a gc rgspgtd y ck k`marknaþl sdl su dojgtavd,
tglik nua`k`d `g nþmd cds ousnk. Ck bumac`k`, ck odl`k` y ck
gmpktík cg oral`krël mës rgspgtd qug cds nkokccds `g eugrzk.
 Ld bgmds tgrmalk`d
tgrmalk`d `g bkoc
bkockr
kr `g Egrrkra
Egrrkra.. Dtrk bastdrak sdorg
ck pkrk`djk `g cds kutds rëpa`ds gl gc prþxamd nkpítucd.
 

Ck raqugzk
gs cd qug
ld vgs
Ikstkr `algrd pkrk mdstrkrcg k ck igltg nuëltd `algrd taglg gs ck edrmk
mës rëpa`k `g tglgr mglds `algrd.
 

Gc `algrd taglg munbks ardlíks. Kquí bky uld ampdrtkltg: ck raqugzk gs cd qug ld vgs.
Ma tagmpd ndmd kyu`k `g nëmkrk eug k mg`ak`ds `g ck `ánk`k `g ?666 gl Cds
Ëligcgs, nukl`d ck kpkraglnak mktgrakc prgvkcgnaþ sdorg td`d mglds gc dxíigld.
^a vg ul Egrrkra ndl`unagl`d, pd`rík ksumar altuatavkmgltg
altuatavkmgltg qug gc prdpagtkrad `gc

kutdmþvac
ndldnagl`dgsk rand, alncusd
kciulks sa ldpgrsdlks,
`g gstks cg prgstk mg
munbk ktglnaþl.
`a nugltk Vgrdldksagmprg
`g qug mg`a`k grk
qugksí.
eua
Munbds eugrdl áxatds mg`adnrgs qug ikstkrdl ul irkl pdrngltkjg `g su sugc`d gl ul
kutdmþvac.
_gnugr`d k ul tapd kc qug cckmkrgmds _digr. Pglík mës d mglds ma g`k`. Ld tglík
a`gk `g cd qug bazd _digr. Vgrd ndl`uník ul Vdrsnbg, cd qug grk sueanagltg pkrk qug ck
igltg banagrk supdsanadlgs.
Gltdlngs, ul `ík _digr ccgiþ gl ul vagjd Bdl`k. Cd masmd ck sgmklk qug vaglg y ck
saiuagltg.
"´[uá cg pksþ k su Vdrsnbg4" Qd prgiultá. Eug rgnupgrk`d `gspuás `g alnumpcar ndl
gc prástkmd ndltkl`d
sa gstuvagrk `g su kutdmþvac, `ajd.juik`k
ck saiuagltg Ld buod
`gcul odnk`d
jugid. `g vgrióglzk.
Pd`ks _gspdl`aþ
cks supdsanadlgs ndmd
qug pu`astg
bkogr tgla`d sdorg ác gstkokl gquavdnk`ks. Cds Ëligcgs gstë ccglk `g _digrs.
Kciuagl qug mklgjk ul kutd `g $ ;66,666 pug`g sgr rand. Vgrd gc úland `ktd qug taglg
sdorg su raqugzk gs qug taglgl $ ;66,666 mglds `g cd qug tglíkl kltgs `g ndmprkr gc
kutdmþvac (d $ ;66,666 mës gl `gu`k). Gsd gs td`d cd qug skogs sdorg gccds.
Pgl`gmds k juzikr ck raqugzk pdr cd qug vgmds, pdrqug gsk gs ck aledrmknaþl qug
tglgmds ergltg k ldsdtrds. Ld pd`gmds vgr cks nugltks oklnkraks `g cks pgrsdlks d cds
gstk`ds `g nugltk `g ndrrgtkjg. @g md`d qug ndleakmds gl cks kpkraglnaks gxtgrlk
gxtgrlkss
 pkrk mg`ar gc áxatd ealklnagrd.
ealklnagrd. Nkrrds. BBdikrgs.
dikrgs. Edtds `g Alstkirkm.
Alstkirkm.
Gc nkpatkcasmd md`grld bkng qug kyu`kr k ck igltg k ealiar bkstk ndlvgrtarcd gl ulk
al`ustrak kprgnak`k.
Vgrd ck vgr`k` gs qug ck raqugzk gs cd qug ld vgs.
Ck raqugzk sdl cds ouglds ndnbgs qug ld sg ndmprkl. Cds `akmkltgs ld ndmprk`ds.
Cds rgcdjgs ld sg uskrdl, ck rdpk sg kokl`dlþ y ck mgjdrk `g pramgrk ncksg `asmaluyþ.
Ck raqugzk sdl kntavds ealklnagrds qug kúl ld sg bkl ndlvgrta`d gl cks ndsks qug vgs.
 Ld gs ksí ndmd
ndmd pglskmds sdorg cckk raqugzk, pdrqu
pdrqugg ld pug`gs ndlt
ndltgxtukcazkr
gxtukcazkr ccdd qug ld
 pug`gs vgr.
Ck nkltkltg _abkllk nksa sg krrualk `gspuás `g ikstkr `g mës y `gmkl`þ k su ksgsdr

ealklnagrd. Gc ksgsdr ndl

gl ndsks, tgrmalkrës rgspdl`aþ: "´Grk
cks ndsks y ldrgkcmgltg lgngskrad
ndl gc `algrd4" >6 `gnarcg qug sa ikstks `algrd
 

Vug`gs rgír, y pdr ekvdr bkzcd. Vgrd ck rgspugstk gs sí, bky qug `gnarcg gsd k ck igltg.
Nukl`d ck mkydrík `g cks pgrsdlks `angl qug quagrgl sgr maccdlkrads, cd qug gl
rgkca`k` pd`ríkl qugrgr `gnar gs "Mg iustkrík ikstkr ul maccþl `g `þckrgs". Q gsd gs
catgrkcmgltg cd dpugstd k sgr maccdlkrad.
Gc alvgrsdr Oacc Mkll gsnraoaþ ulk vgz: –Ld bky edrmk mës rëpa`k `g sgltarsg rand
qug ikstkr munbd `algrd gl ndsks rgkcmgltg odlatks. Vgrd ck mklgrk `g sgr rand gs
ikstkr gc `algrd qug taglgs y ld ikstkr gc `algrd qug ld taglgs. Gs rgkcmgltg ksí `g
sampcg '\ ;
Gs ul gxngcgltg ndlsgjd, pgrd pug`g qug ld sgk sueanagltg. Ck úlank edrmk `g sgr rand
gs ld ikstkr gc `algrd qug taglgs. Ld gs sdcd ck úlank edrmk `g knumuckr raqugzk8 gs ck
`gealanaþl masmk `g raqugzk.
@gogmds tglgr nua`k`d `g `gealar ck `aegrglnak gltrg rands y rands. Gs mës qug
sgmëltank. Ld skogr ck `aegrglnak gs ulk eugltg `g allumgrkocgs mkcks `gnasadlgs
mdlgtkraks.
 _and gs ul alirgsd
alirgsd ndrragltg.
ndrragltg. Gs nksa sgiurd qug kciuagl qug ndl`ung ul kutdmþvac
kutdmþvac
`g $ ;66,666 gs rand, pdrqug alncusd sa ndmprþ gc kutdmþvac ndl ulk `gu`k, lgngsatk
ul nagrtd lavgc `g alirgsds pkrk pkikr gc pkid mglsukc. Cd masmd dnurrg ndl cds qug
vavgl gl nksks irkl`gs. Ld gs `aeínac a`gltaeankr k cds rands. K mglu`d sg `gsvavgl pdr 
`krsg k ndldngr.
Vgrd ck raqugzk gstë dnuctk. ^dl alirgsds qug ld sg ikstkl. Ck raqugzk gs ulk dpnaþl
qug kúl ld sg bk tdmk`d pkrk ndmprkr kcid mës tkr`g. ^u vkcdr rk`ank gl dergngrcg
dpnadlgs, ecgxaoaca`k` y nrgnamagltd
nrgnamagltd pkrk qug kciúl `ík ndmprg mës ndsks `g cks qug
 pd`rík kbdrk.
Ck `agtk y gc gjgrnanad dergngl ulk klkcdiík útac. Okjkr `g pgsd gs ldtdrakmgltg `aeínac,
alncusd gltrg kqugccds qug rgkcazkl ul gjgrnanad vaidrdsd. Gl su caord Pbg Od`y, Oacc
Orysdl gxpcank pdr quá:

Wl gstu`ad gl Gstk`ds Wla`ds glndltrþ qug cks pgrsdlks sdorggstamkl ck nklta`k` `g

nkcdríks qug qugmkl gl ul gltrglkmagltd gl ul ekntdr `g nuktrd. Cugid tkmoaál
ndlsumagrdl, gl prdmg`ad, kprdxamk`kmgltg gc `docg `g nkcdríks `g cks qug knkokokl
`g qugmkr ... gc bgnbd gs qug pug`gs `gsbkngr rëpa`kmgltg munbd gjgrnanad ndmagl`d
ndmagl`d
munbk ndma`k, y ck mkydrík `g ldsdtrds cd bkngmds.

Gc gjgrnanad gs ndmd sgr rand. Vaglsks: "Bang gc trkokjd y kbdrk mgrgznd `aserutkr `g
ulk irkl ndma`k". Ck raqugzk gs rgnbkzkr gsk ndma`k `g idcdsalk y, `g bgnbd, qugmkr
nkcdríks lgtks. Gs `aeínac y rgquagrg kutdndltrdc. Vgrd nrgk ulk orgnbk gltrg cd qug
 pd`rík bkngr y cd qug gcai
gcaigg bkngr qug sg knumuck ndl gc tagmpd.
 

Gc prdocgmk pkrk munbds `g ldsdtrds gs qug gs eënac glndltrkr ouglds md`gcds k

sgiuar. Gs mës `aeínac glndltrkr k cds rands pdrqug, pdr `gealanaþl, su áxatd gstë mës
dnuctd.
Vdr supugstd, bky pgrsdlks k`algrk`ks qug tkmoaál ikstkl munbd `algrd gl ndsks.
Vgrd alncusd gl gsds nksds cd qug vgmds gs su raqugzk, ld su raqugzk. Ugmds cds kutds
qug gcaiagrdl ndmprkr y quazës ck gsnugck k ck qug gcaigl glvakr k sus bajds. Ld vgmds
cks nkrtgrks `g kbdrrds, nugltks `g juoacknaþl d alvgrsadlgs. Ugmds cks nksks qug
ndmprkrdl, ld cks nksks qug pd`ríkl bkogr ndmprk`d sa sg buoagrkl gsedrzk`d
`gmksak`d.
Gc pgcaird kquí gs qug nrgd qug ck mkydrík `g ck igltg, gl gc edl`d, quagrg sgr rank.
[uagrgl caogrtk` y ecgxaoaca`k`, qug gs cd qug pug`gl oral`krcg cds kntavds ealklnagrds
qug kúl ld sg bkl ikstk`d. Vgrd gstë tkl krrkaik`d gl ldsdtrds qug tglgr `algrd gs
ikstkr `algrd qug ld ccgikmds k vgr ck rgstrannaþl qug sg lgngsatk pkrk sgr rgkcmgltg
rands.
Q ndmd ld pd`gmds vgrcd, gs `aeínac kprgl`gr sdorg ác.

Ck
sgkigltg
`aeínacskog kprgl`gr
amatkr k dtrdspdr amatknaþl.
y kprgl`gr `g Vgrd ck lkturkcgzk@gspuás
sus ndstumorgs. dnuctk `g
`g cksuraqugzk
mugrtg,bkng qug
_dlkc`
_gk` sg ndlvartaþ gl gc md`gcd ealklnagrd k sgiuar pkrk munbks pgrsdlks. Eug kckok`d
gl cds mg`ads y kprgnak`d gl cks rg`gs sdnakcgs. Vgrd ác grk gc pkpgc ealklnagrd `g
lk`ag
md`gcd magltrks vavík pdrqug nk`k ngltkvd `g su raqugzk gstkok gsndl`a`d, alncusd
 pkrk kqugccds qug cd ndldníkl
ndldníkl..
Amkiílgsg cd `aeínac qug sgrík kprgl`gr k gsnraoar sa ld pu`agrk cggr cks dorks `g
irkl`gs kutdrgs. ´[uaál sgrík tu alsparknaþl4 ´K quaál k`markríks4 ´[uá trunds y
ndlsgjds mktazk`ds sgiuaríks4 Bkrík qug kcid qug yk gs `aeínac sgk kúl mës `aeínac. Gs
`aeínac kprgl`gr `g cd qug ld pug`gs vgr. Cd qug kyu`k k gxpcankr pdr quá gs tkl
`aeínac pkrk munbds knumuckr raqugzk.
Gc mul`d gstë ccgld `g pgrsdlks qug pkrgngl md`gstks pgrd qug gl rgkca`k` sdl
ranks y pgrsdlks qug pkrgngl ranks qug vavgl kc eacd `g ck alsdcvglnak. Pglik gstd gl
nugltk nukl`d juziug rëpa`kmgltg gc áxatd `g cds `gmës y gstkocgznk sus prdpaks
mgtks.

^a ck raqugzk gs cd qug ld ikstks, ´`g quá sarvg4 Ougld, `ájkmg ndlvglngrtg `g qug
kbdrrgs `algrd.
 

^kcvkr 
@algrd
Gc úland ekntdr qug pug`g ndltrdckr iglgrk ulk `g cks úlanks ndsks qug
ampdrtk. [uá mkrkvaccdsd.
mkrkvaccdsd.
 

@ájkmg ndlvglngrtg `g qug kbdrrgs `algrd.

 Ld tkr`krë munbd.
Vgrd gs ulk tkrgk gxtrkûk, ´ld4
´Gs lgngskrad ndlvglngr k ck igltg pkrk qug kbdrrg `algrd4
Ma dosgrvknaþl gs qug sí, munbds cd bkngl.
Mës kccë `g nagrtd lavgc `g alirgsds, cks pgrsdlks sg `ava`gl
gl trgs irupds: cds qug kbdrrkl, cds qug nrggl qug ld pug`gl
kbdrrkr y cds qug nrggl qug ld lgngsatkl kbdrrkr.
Gstd gs pkrk cds `ds úctamds.

Ck pramgrk a`gk, sampcg, pgrd eënac `g pkskr pdr kctd, gs qug ck

nrgknaþl `g raqugzk taglg pdnd qug vgr ndl sus alirgsds d gc
rgl`amagltd `g sus alvgrsadlgs y munbd ndl su tksk `g kbdrrd.
rgl`amagltd

Wlk orgvg bastdrak sdorg gc pd`gr `g ck geanaglnak.

Gl ck `ánk`k `g ;196, pkrgník qug gc mul`d sg gstkok
qug`kl`d sal pgtrþcgd. Gc nëcnucd ld eug `aeínac: ck gndldmík
icdokc uskok munbd pgtrþcgd, ck gndldmík icdokc gstkok
nrgnagl`d y ck nklta`k` `g pgtrþcgd qug pd`íkmds pgredrkr ld
 pd`ík mkltglgr
mkltglgr gc ratmd
ratmd..
 Ld lds qug`kmds
qug`kmds sal kngatg, irknaks k @a
@ads.
ds. Vgrd gsd ld eu
eugg
sdcd pdrqug glndltrkmds mës pgtrþcgd, d alncusd pdrqug
mgjdrkmds su gxtrknnaþl `gc sugcd.
Ck pralnapkc rkzþl pdr ck qug supgrkmds ck nrasas `gc pgtrþcgd
gs pdrqug ndmglzkmds k ndlstruar kutdmþvacgs, eëoranks y
bdikrgs qug sdl mës geanagltgs glgriátankmgltg `g cd qug
sdcíkl sgr. Gstk`ds Wla`ds usk 56% mglds glgriík pdr `þckr
`g VAO bdy qug gl ;176.>? Gc prdmg`ad `g maccks pdr ikcþl
`g td`ds cds vgbínucds gl ck nkrrgtgrk sg bk `upcank`d `gs`g
;197. Wl Edr` Pkurus (sg`ël) `g ;121 prdmg`aþ ;2.6 MVI.
Wl Nbgvy ^uourokl ?6;1 (^WU kosur`kmgltg irkl`g) taglg
ul prdmg`ad
Gc mul`d `g ;2.;suMVI.
kumgltþ "raqugzk glgriátank" ld kumgltkl`d ck
 

glgriík qug tglík, sald `asmaluygl`d ck glgriík qug

lgngsatkok. Ck prd`unnaþl `g pgtrþcgd y iks `g GG. WW. Bk
kumgltk`d ul 57% `gs`g ;197, magltrks qug ck ndlsgrvknaþl
y ck geanaglnak bkl `upcank`d ndl nrgngs cd qug pd`gmds bkngr 
ndl gsk glgriík. Ksí qug gs eënac vgr nuëc bk ampdrtk`d mës.
Cd ampdrtkltg kquí gs qug glndltrkr mës glgriík gstë gl irkl
 pkrtg eugrk `g
`g lugstrd ndltrd
ndltrdcc y glvugctd gl alngrta`umo
alngrta`umorg,
rg,
 pdrqug `gpgl`g `g ulk ndmoalknaþl
ndmoalknaþl rgsokck`a
rgsokck`azk
zk `g tglgr ck
ck
igdcdiík, igdirkeík, ncamk y igdpdcítank ndrrgntks. Vgrd sgr
mës geanagltgs ndl ck glgriík qug uskmds gstë gl irkl pkrtg
 okjd lugstrd ndltrdc.
ndltrdc. Ck `g
`gnasaþl
nasaþl `g ndmpr
ndmprkr
kr ul kutdmþvac
kutdmþvac
mës cavakld d kl`kr gl oanancgtk `gpgl`g `g ustg` y taglg ul
;66% `g pdsaoaca`k`gs `g mgjdrkr ck geanaglnak.
Cd masmd dnurrg ndl lugstrd `algrd.
Cds rgl`amagltds `g ck alvgrsaþl pug`gl bkngrtg rand. Vgrd
sagmprg gstë gl `u`k sa ulk gstrktgiak `g alvgrsaþl eulnadlkrë,
 pdr nuëltd tagmpd
tagmpd eulnadlkrë y sa cds mgrnk`d
mgrnk`dss nddpgrkrël.
Cds rgsuctk`ds gstël glvugctds gl alngrta`umor
alngrta`umorg.g.
Cds kbdrrds pgrsdlkcgs y ck eruikca`k` (ndlsgrvknaþl y
geanaglnak `g cks ealklzks) sdl pkrtgs `g ck gnuknaþl `gc `algrd
qug gstël mës okjd su ndltrdc y taglgl ul ;66% `g
 pdsaoaca`k`gs `g
`g sgr tkl gegn
gegntavks
tavks gl gc euturd
euturd ndmd cd sdl
bdy.
^a vg ck nrgknaþl `g raqugzk ndmd kcid qug rgqugrarë mës
`algrd d irkl`gs rgtdrlds `g alvgrsaþl, pug`g vdcvgrsg tkl
 pgsamastk
`ánk`k `g ndmd
ndmd cd
;196. Gceugrdl
nkmaldcd
cdsks sgiuar
qug pgr`agrdl cckk glgriík
pkrgng `aeínac gl ck
y eugrk `g su
ndltrdc.
^a cd vg ampucsk`d pdr su prdpak eruikca`k` y geanaglnak, gc
`gstald gs mës nckrd.
Ck raqugzk gs sdcd cd qug qug`k knumuck`d `gspuás `g ikstkr
cd qug rgnaog. Q `k`d qug pug`g iglgrkr raqugzk sal ul
alirgsd kctd, pgrd ld taglg laliulk pdsaoaca`k` `g iglgrkr
raqugzk sal ulk kctk tksk `g kbdrrd, gstë nckrd nuëc gs mës
ampdrtkltg.
 

Mës ampdrtkltg kúl, gc vkcdr `g ck raqugzk gs rgcktavd k cd qug

lgngsatks.

@aikmds qug tú y yd tglgmds gc masmd pktramdlad lgtd.

Q `a qug grgs mgjdr alvgrsadlastk qug yd. Vug`d dotglgr ul
rgl`amagltd klukc `gc 2% y ustg` pug`g dotglgr ul
rgl`amagltd klukc `gc ;?%.
Vgrd sdy mës geanagltg ndl ma `algrd. @aikmds qug lgngsatd
ck matk` `g `algrd pkrk sgr egcaz magltrks tu gstacd `g va`k sg
knumuck tkl rëpa`d ndmd tus kntavds.
Gstdy mgjdr qug tú, k pgskr `g sgr ul pgdr alvgrsdr. Mg gstdy
 oglgeanakl`d mës `g mas alvalvgrsadlgs
grsadlgs k pgskr `g cds
rgl`amagltds mës okjds.
Cd masmd dnurrg ndl cds alirgsds. Kprgl`gr k sgr egcaz ndl
mglds `algrd nrgk ulk orgnbk gltrg cd qug taglgs y cd qug
quagrgs, samackr k ck orgnbk qug dotaglgs kc kumgltkr tu
sugc`d, pgrd mës eënac y mës okjd tu ndltrdc.
Wlk tksk `g kbdrrd kctk sailaeank tglgr ikstds mës okjds `g cd
qug pd`rík `g dtrk mklgrk, y tglgr ikstds mës okjds sailaeank
qug sus kbdrrds vkl mës kccë `g cd qug bkríkl sa ikstkrk mës.
Vaglsg gl gstd gl gc ndltgxtd `g nuëltd tagmpd y gseugrzd sg
`g`ank k cdirkr gc 6,;% `g rgl`amagltd supgradr `g ck
alvgrsaþl klukc (maccdlgs `g bdrks `g alvgstaiknaþl, `gnglks
`g macgs `g maccdlgs `g `þckrgs `g gseugrzd `g cds
 prdegsadlkcgs) y gs eënac vgr quá gs pdtglna
pdtglnakcmgltg
kcmgltg mës
ampdrtkltg d vkcg ck pglk pgrsgiuar. .
Bky alvgrsdrgs prdegsadlkcgs qug trkokjkl 26 bdrks k ck
sgmklk pkrk kirgikr ulk `ánamk `g pultd pdrngltukc k sus
rgl`amagltds nukl`d bky `ds d trgs pultds pdrngltukcgs `g
gxngsd `g gstacd `g va`k gl sus ealklzks qug pug`gl gxpcdtkrsg
ndl mglds gseugrzd.
Cds irkl`gs rgtdrlds `g alvgrsaþl y cds irkl`gs sugc`ds sdl
alnrgíocgs nukl`d sg pug`gl cdirkr, y kciulds pug`gl
cdirkrcds. Vgrd gc bgnbd `g qug sg pdlik tkltd gseugrzd gl ul
ck`d `g ck gnuknaþl ealklnagrk y tkl pdnd gl gc dtrd gs ulk
dpdrtula`k` pkrk ck mkydrík `g cks pgrsdlks.
 

Vksk`d ul nagrtd lavgc `g alirgsds, cd qug lgngsatk gs gxkntkmgltg cd

qug
sg sagltk `gokjd `g tu gid.

Pd`d gc mul`d lgngsatk cd oësand. Wlk vgz qug gstël

nuoagrtds, bky dtrd lavgc `g ndlngptds oësands nþmd`ds, y mës
kccë `g gsd, bky ndlngptds oësands
qug sgkl nþmd`ds, gltrgtgla`ds y gsnckrgng`drgs.
Vgrd ikstkr mës kccë `g ul lavgc okstkltg okjd `g mktgrakcasmd
gs pralnapkcmgltg ul rgecgjd `g cds alirgsds qug sg kngrnkl kc
gid, ulk edrmk `g ikstkr `algrd pkrk mdstrkrcg k ck igltg qug
taglgs (d tglíks) `algrd.
Vaglsg gl gccd `g gstk mklgrk, y ulk `g cks edrmks mës
 pd`grdsks `g kumgltkr
kumgltkr sus kbdrrds ld gs kumgltkr sus
alirgsds. Gs pkrk gcgvkr tu bumac`k`.
Nukl`d `gealg cds kbdrrds ndmd ck orgnbk gltrg su gid y sus
alirgsds, sg `k nugltk `g pdr quá munbks pgrsdlks ndl
alirgsds `gngltgs kbdrrkl tkl pdnd. Gs ulk cunbk `akrak ndltrk
cds alstaltds gxtgl`gr cks pcumks `g pkvd rgkc bkstk sus címatgs
mës gxtgrlds y mkltglgrsg kc `ík ndl dtrds qug bkngl cd
masmd.
Cks pgrsdlks ndl ul áxatd `urk`grd gl cks ealklzks pgrsdlkcgs,
ld lgngskrakmgltg kqugccks ndl alirgsds kctds, tagl`gl k tglgr
ulk prdpglsaþl k ld ampdrtkrcg ul nkrkjd cd qug cds `gmës
 paglsgl `g gccds.
gccds.

@g md`d qug ck nkpkna`k` `g cks pgrsdlks pkrk kbdrrkr gstë

mës okjd su ndltrdc qug
pd`rík pglskr.

^g pug`gl iglgrkr kbdrrds ikstkl`d mglds.

Vug`g ikstkr mglds sa `gsgk mglds.
Q `gsgkrës mglds sa tg ampdrtk mglds cd qug cds `gmës
 paglsgl `g ta.
ta.

Ndmd
gl sdstglid kqug
ck psandcdiík mglu`d
gl cks gl gstg caord, gc `algrd sg oksk mës
ealklzks.
 

Q ld lgngsatk ulk rkzþl gspgníeank pkrk kbdrrkr.

Kciulks pgrsdlks kbdrrkl `algrd pkrk gc pkid alanakc `g ulk

nksk, ul kutdmþvac lugvd d pkrk ck juoacknaþl.

Gsd
Vgrdgskbdrrkr
iglakc,ldpdr supugstd.
rgquagrg gc dojgtavd `g ndmprkr kcid
gspgníeand.
Vug`gs kbdrrkr sdcd pdr kbdrrkr. Q `g bgnbd `gogríks. Pd`ds
`gogríkl.
^dcd kbdrrkr pkrk ul dojgtavd gspgníeand taglg sglta`d gl ul
mul`d prg`gnaocg. Vgrd gc lugstrd ld cd gs. Gc kbdrrd gs ulk
 prdtgnnaþl ndltrk
ndltrk ck algv
algvatkocg
atkocg nkpkn
nkpkna`k`
a`k` `g ck va`
va`kk `g
sdrprgl`grtg ndmd gc aleagrld gl gc pgdr mdmgltd pdsaocg.
Dtrd oglgeanad `g cds kbdrrds qug ld gstë valnuck`d k ulk
mgtk `g`g
ndltrdc ikstd gs cd qug `asnutamds gl gc nkpítucd 9: dotglgr gc
su tagmpd.
Pd`d gc mul`d ndldng cks ndsks tkliaocgs qug ndmprk gc
`algrd. Cd altkliaocg gs mës `aeínac `g gltgl`gr, pdr cd qug
tagl`g k pkskr `gskpgrnaoa`d. Vgrd cds oglgeanads altkliaocgs
`gc `algrd pug`gl sgr munbd mës vkcadsds y nkpkngs `g
kumgltkr su egcana`k` qug cks ndsks tkliaocgs qug sdl
dojgtavds dovads `g lugstrds kbdrrds.
Cds kbdrrds sal ulk mgtk `g ikstd cg oral`kl dpnadlgs y
ecgxaoaca`k`,, ck nkpkna`k` `g gspgrkr y ck dpdrtula`k` `g
ecgxaoaca`k`
skctkr.
rumod Pggl `k
tustagmpd
prdpadspkrk pglskr. Pg pgrmatg nkmoakr `g
tármalds.
Nk`k pgqugûd kbdrrd gs ndmd tdmkr ul pultd gl gc euturd
qug buoagrk sa`d prdpag`k` `g dtrk pgrsdlk y `gvdcvársgcd k
ustg` masmd.

Gsk ecgxaoaca`k` y ndltrdc sdorg su tagmpd gs kcid alvasaocg.

rgtdrld `g ck raqugzk.

´Nuëc gs gc rgl`amagltd `gc `algrd gl gegntavd gl gc oklnd qug

cg `k ck dpnaþl `g nkmoakr `g nkrrgrk, juoackrsg tgmprkl
tgmprkldd d
gstkr caorg `g prgdnupknadlgs4
 

Qd `arík qug gs alnkcnuckocg.

alnkcnuckocg.
Gs alnkcnuckocg `g `ds mklgrks. Gs tkl irkl`g g ampdrtkltg
qug ld pd`gmds pdlgrcg prgnad. Vgrd tkmoaál gs catgrkcmglt
catgrkcmgltgg
alnkcnuckocgg (ld pd`gmds mg`arcd ndmd pd`gmds mg`ar cks
alnkcnuckoc
tksks `g altgrás) y cd qug ld pd`gmds mg`ar, tgl`gmds k
 pkskrcd pdr kctd.
kctd.
Nukl`d ld taglgs ndltrdc sdorg tu tagmpd, tg vgs docaik`d k
kngptkr nukcquagr mkck sugrtg qug sg tg prgsgltg. Vgrd sa taglg
ecgxaoaca`k`,, taglg tagmpd pkrk gspgrkr k qug nkaikl gl su
ecgxaoaca`k`
rgikzd dpdrtula`k`gs dovaks. Gstg gs ul rgl`amagltd dnuctd
`g sus kbdrrds.
Cds kbdrrds gl gc oklnd qug `gvglikl ul altgrás `gc 6% gl
rgkca`k` pd`ríkl iglgrkr ul rgl`amagltd gxtrkdr`alkrad sa cg
 oral`kl ck ecgxaoaca`k`
ecgxaoaca`k` `g kngptkr ul trkokjd
trkokjd ndl ul skc
skckrad
krad
mës okjd pgrd ndl mës prdpþsatd, d gspgrkr cks dpdrtula`k`gs
`g `gsgspgrkl.
sg alvgrsaþl qug surigl nukl`d cds qug ld taglgl ecgxaoaca`k`

Q gsg rgtdrld dnuctd gs nk`k vgz mës ampdrtkltg.

Gc mul`d sdcík sgr bapgrcdnkc. Bkng pdnd mës `g ;66 kûds, gc

97% `g cds gstk`dula`glsgs ld tglík tgcáedld la sgrvanad `g
ndrrgd rgiuckr, sgiúl gc bastdrak`dr _dogrt Idr`dl. Gsd bazd
qug ck ndmpgtglnak eugrk bapgrcdnkc. Wl trkokjk`dr ndl ulk
altgcaiglnakk prdmg`ad pd`rík sgr gc mgjdr gl su nau`k`, y
altgcaiglna
eugrdl trktk`ds ndmd cds mgjdrgs pdrqug ld tglíkl qug
ndmpgtar ndl gc trkokjk`dr mës altgcaigltg gl dtrk nau`k`.
Gsd bk nkmoak`d kbdrk.
Wl mul`d bapgrndlgntk`d sailaeank qug gc irupd `g tkcgltds
gl gc qug ndmpatg bk pksk`d `g nagltds d macgs gl su nau`k` k
maccdlgs d macgs `g maccdlgs gl td`d gc mul`d. Gstd gs
gspgnakcmgltgg nagrtd pkrk cds trkokjds qug sg okskl gl trkokjkr 
gspgnakcmglt
ndl ck nkogzk ergltg k cds músnucds: glsgûklzk, mkrhgtali,
klëcasas, ndlsuctdrík, ndltkoaca`k`, prdirkmknaþl, pgrad`asmd
g alncusd mg`analk ndmpatgl nk`k vgz mës gl cds irupds `g
tkcgltds icdokcgs.
mg`a`k qug Mës nkmpds
ck `aiatkcazknaþl gltrkrël
odrrg gl gstk nktgidrík
cks erdltgrks icdokcgs, k
 

ndmd –gc sdetwkrg sg ndmg gc mul`d”, ndmd `ang gc

nkpatkcastk `g ragsid Mkrn Kl`rggsgl.
Wlk prgiultk qug `gog bkngrsg k mg`a`k qug sg gxpkl`g gc
rklid `g su ndmpgtglnak gs: "´Nþmd mg `gstknd4"
–^dy altgcaigltg” gs nk`k vgz mës ulk mkck rgspugstk k gsk
 prgiultk, pdrqug
pdrqug bky munbks pgrsdlks altgcaig
altgcaigltgs
ltgs gl gc
mul`d. Nksa 566 pgrsdlks supgrkl cds ^KP nk`k kûd. Dtrds
9.666 vaglgl k ulds pdnds pultds. Gl ul iklk`dr sg ccgvk
td`d y icdokcazk`d
mul`d gstg tapd `g pgrsdlks sdl nk`k vgz mës sus
ndmpgta`drgs `argntds.
Ck altgcaiglnak ld gs ulk vgltkjk ndleakocg gl ul mul`d qug
gstë tkl ndlgntk`d ndmd gc lugstrd.
Vgrd ck ecgxaoaca`k` cd gs.

Gl ul mul`d
munbks `dl`gtánlanks
bkoaca`k`gs ck altgcaiglnak gs bapgrndmpgt
kltgradrgsbapgrndmpgtatavk
atavk y
sg bkl kutdmktazk`d,
cks vgltkjks ndmpgtatavks sg alncalkl bknak bkoaca`k`gs
mktazk`ks y ockl`ks, ndmd ck ndmulanknaþl, ck gmpktík y,
quazës sdorg td`d, ck ecgxaoaca`k`.
^a taglgs ecgxaoaca`k` pug`gs gspgrkr ouglks dpdrtula`k`gs,
tkltd gl tu nkrrgrk ndmd gl tus alvgrsadlgs. Pgl`rë mës
 pdsaoaca`k`gs `g
`g pd`gr kprgl`g
kprgl`grr ulk lugvk bk
bkoaca`k`
oaca`k` nukl`d
sgk lgngskrad. ^gltarë mglds uriglnak pdr pgrsgiuar k cds
ndmpgta`drgs qug pug`gl bkngr ndsks qug ustg` ld pug`g y
tgl`rë mës caogrtk` `g knnaþl pkrk glndltrkr su pksaþl y su
lanbd k su prdpad ratmd. Vug`g glndltrkr ulk lugvk rutalk, ul
ratmd mës cgltd y pglskr gl ck va`k ndl ul ndljultd `aegrgltg
`g supdsanadlgs. Ck nkpkna`k` `g bkngr gsks ndsks nukl`d ck
mkydrík `g cds `gmës ld pug`gl gs ulk `g cks pdnks ndsks
qug cd `aegrglnakrël gl ul mul`d `dl`g ck altgcaiglnak yk ld
gs ulk vgltkjk sdstglaocg.
Pglgr mës ndltrdc sdorg su tagmpd y sus dpnadlgs sg gstë
ndlvartagl`d gl ulk `g cks mdlg`ks mës vkcadsks `gc mul`d.
Gs pdr gsd qug mës pgrsdlks pug`gl, y mës pgrsdlks
`gogríkl, kbdrrkr `algrd.
´^kogs quá mës `gogríkl bkngr4 @gjk `g altgltkr sgr tkl
rknadlkc. @ájkmg `gnartg pdr quá.
 

;;
.
_kzdlkocg< _knadlkc
Prktkr `g sgr gl su mkydrík rkzdlkocg eulnadlk mgjdr qug trktkr `g sgr 
eríkmgltg rknadlkc.
 

 Ld grgs ulk bdjk `g nëcn

nëcnucd.
ucd. Grgs ulk pgrsdlk. Wlk pgrsdlk
gmdnadlkc y jd`a`k.
Mg tdmþ ul tagmpd `krmg nugltk `g gstd, pgrd ulk vgz qug
bang ncan mg `a nugltk `g qug gs ulk `g cks pkrtgs mës
ampdrtkltgs `g cks ealklzks.
Ndl gccd vaglg kcid qug k mglu`d sg pksk pdr kctd: ld altgltg
sgr eríkmgltg rknadlkc kc tdmkr `gnasadlgs ealklnagrks. Altgltk
sgr okstkltg rkzdlkocg. Cd rkzdlkocg gs mës rgkcastk y taglg
mës pdsaoaca`k`gs `g ngûarsg k ác k ckrid pckzd, qug gs cd mës
ampdrtkltg k ck bdrk `g k`malastrkr gc `algrd.
Vkrk mdstrkrtg cd qug quagrd `gnar, `ájkmg ndltkrtg ck bastdrak
`g ul tapd qug altgltþ nurkr ck síeacas ndl mkckrak.

Jucaus Ykilgr-Jkurgii eug ul psaquaktrk `gc saicd RAR ndl

`ds bkoaca`k`gs úlanks: grk ougld pkrk rgndldngr pktrdlgs, y
cd qug dtrds vgíkl ndmd "cdnd", cd glndltrkok sampcgmgltg
"ku`kz".
^u gspgnakca`k` grkl cds pknagltgs ndl lgurdsíeacas irkvg,
cugid ul `akilþstand ektkc sal trktkmagltd ndldna`d. Ndmglzþ
k ldtkr ul pktrþl: cds pknagltgs ndl síeacas tgl`íkl k
rgnupgrkrsg sa tglíkl ck `gsirknak kûk`a`k `g tglgr eagorgs
 prdcdlik`ks pdr ulk
ulk `dcglnak ld rgcknadlk`k.
Ykilgr-Jkurgii ksumaþ qug gstd sg `goík k ulk ndrkzdlk`k
qug bkoík gxasta`d `urkltg saicds, pgrd cds má`ands ld cd
gltgl`íkl oagl: ck eagorg jugik ul pkpgc gl kyu`kr kc nugrpd k
ndmoktar cks alegnnadlgs.
Ksí qug skctþ k ck ndlncusaþl cþiank.
K pralnapads `g ck `ánk`k `g ;166, Ykilgr-Jkurgii ndmglzþ
k alygntkr k pknagltgs ndl ngpks okjks `g taeda`gk, mkckrak y
varugck pkrk `gsglnk`glkr eagorgs cd sueanagltgmgltg eugrtgs
ndmd pkrk mktkr ck síeacas. Gstd grk tkl pgcairdsd ndmd
 pkrgng. Kciulds
Kciulds `g sus pknag
pknagltgs
ltgs muragrdl pdrpdr gc trktkma
trktkmagltd.
gltd.
Ealkcmgltg sg `gna`aþ pdr ulk vgrsaþl `áoac `g ck mkckrak, yk
qug pd`rík ndltrkrrgstkrsg geankzmgltg ndl qualalk `gspuás
`g ulds `íks `g eagorgs gspkltdsks.
 

@gspuás `g ulk trëiank prugok y grrdr, su gxpgramgltd

eulnadlþ. Ykilgr-Jkurgii
Ykilgr-Jkurgii aledrmþ qug 5 `g nk`k ;6
 pknagltgs ndl
ndl síeacas trktk`ds ndl –mkckra
–mkckradtgrkpak”
dtgrkpak” sg
rgnupgrkrdl, gl ndmpkrknaþl ndl kcrg`g`dr
kcrg`g`dr `g > `g nk`k ;6
 pknagltgs qug sg qug`krdl sdcds. I Iklþ
klþ gc Vrgma
Vrgmadd Ldogc `g
Mg`analkqug
 pralnapkc gl ;1?9. Ck driklazknaþl
prgdnupþ k Yk sgûkck `urklt
Ykilgr-Jkurgii
ilgr-Jkurgii bdy: "Gc
`urkltgg sutrkokjd
va`k
ckodrkc eug gc gseugrzd pdr nurkr cks glegrmg`k`gs mgltkcgs
al`unagl`d eagorg". >>
Ck pglanacalk ealkcmgltg bazd dosdcgtk ck mkckradtgrkpak pkrk
cds pknagltgs ndl síeacas, irknaks k @ads. Vgrd Ykilgr-Jkurgii
gs uld `g cds úlands má`ands gl ck bastdrak qug ld sdcd
rgndldnaþ gc pkpgc `g ck eagorg gl ck cunbk ndltrk cks
alegnnadlgs, sald qug tkmoaál ck rgngtþ ndmd trktkmagltd.
Cks eagorgs sagmprg bkl sa`d tkl tgma`ks ndmd mastgradsks.
Cds
k ckskltaiuds
pgrsdlksrdmklds k`drkokl
`g cks eagorgs. k Egoras,kmucgtds
^g `gjkrdl ck `adsk gl
qugcds
prdtgiík
tgmpcds pkrk kpcknkrck, ndl ck gspgrklzk `g gvatkr ck saiuagltg
rdl`k `g gsnkcderíds.
Vgrd Ykilgr-Jkurgii gstkok gl kcid. Cks eagorgs ld sdl
mdcgstaks knna`gltkcgs.
knna`gltkcgs. @gsgmpgûkl ul pkpgc gl gc nkmald `gc
nugrpd bknak ck rgnupgrknaþl. Kbdrk `aspdlgmds `g prugoks
mgjdrgs y mës nagltíeanks `g ck utaca`k` `g ck eagorg pkrk
ndmoktar cks alegnnadlgs. ^g bk `gmdstrk`d qug ul kumgltd
`g ul irk`d gl ck tgmpgrkturk ndrpdrkc rg`ung ck tksk `g
rgpcanknaþl `g kciulds varus gl ul ekntdr `g ?66. "Lumgrdsds
alvgstaik`drgs bkl a`gltaeank`d ul mgjdr rgsuctk`d gltrg cds
 pknagltgs qug mdstrkokl eagorg
eagorg",
", gsnraog ul krtínucd `gc LAB \
0 Pbg ^gkttcg Nbac`rgl's Bdspatkc alncuyg ulk sgnnaþl gl su
satad wgo pkrk g`unkr k cds pk`rgs qug pug`gl gltrkr gl pëland
kltg gc mgldr kumgltd `g tgmpgrkturk `g su bajd: –Ck eagorg
kntavk gc sastgmk almuldcþiand `gc nugrpd. Kyu`kl kc nugrpd
k ndmoktar cks alegnnadlgs. Cks eagorgs ldrmkcgs gltrg ;66 ¶ y
;60 ¶ E sdl ouglks pkrk cds laûds glegrmds. '\ 7
Vgrd kbí gs `dl`g tgrmalk ck naglnak y ck rgkca`k` sg bkng nkrid.
Ck eagorg sg ndlsa`grk nksa ulavgrskcmgltg kcid mkcd. ^g
trktkl ndl mg`ankmgltds ndmd Pycgldc pkrk rg`unarcds tkl
rëpa`d ndmd kpkrgngl. K pgskr `g maccdlgs `g kûds `g
 

gvdcunaþl ndmd mgnklasmd `g `geglsk, laliúl pk`rg, laliúl

 pknagltg, pdnds má`ands y nnagrtkmgltg
agrtkmgltg laliulk ndmpkûí
ndmpkûíkk
ekrmknáutankk vgl ck eagorg ndmd kcid mës qug ulk `gsirknak
ekrmknáutan
qug `gog gcamalkrsg.
Gstks dpaladlgs ld ndalna`gl ndl ck naglnak ndldna`k. Wl
gstu`ad eug ndltul`gltg: –Gc trktkmagltd `g ck eagorg gs ndmúl
gl gc gltdrld `g ck WNA y prdokocgmgltg sg rgcknadlg ndl gc
`dimk gstël`kr mës qug ndl ck prëntank oksk`k gl ck
gva`glnak '\ 5 Bdwkr` Mkrhgc, `argntdr `gc Ngltrd `g Bastdrak
`g ck Mg`analk, `ajd ulk vgz sdorg ck edoak k ck eagorg: –^g
trktk `g prëntanks nucturkcgs qug sg prdpkikl tkl kmpcakmgltg
ndmd cks glegrmg`k`gs alegnnadsks qug cks draialkl” >9.
´Vdr quá pksþ gstd4 ^a cks eagorgs sdl oglgeanadsks, ´pdr quá
cks ndmoktamds `g mklgrk tkl ulavgrskc4
 Ld nrgd qug sgk ndmpcank
ndmpcank`d:
`d: cks eagorgs `u
`ugcgl.
gcgl. Q ck igltg ld
quagrg ckstamkr.
Gsd gs.
Gc dojgtavd `g ul má`and ld gs sdcd nurkr ulk glegrmg`k`. Gs
nurkr ck glegrmg`k` `gltrd `g cds címatgs `g cd qug gs
rkzdlkocg y tdcgrkocg pkrk gc pknagltg. Ck eagorg pug`g tglgr
 oglgeanads mkrialkcgs
mkrialkcgs gl ck cunbk ndltrk cks
cks alegnnadlgs, pgrd
`ugcg. Q vdy kc má`and pkrk `gjkr `g `dcgrmg. Ld mg
 prgdnupkl cds gstu`ads `docg nanagid
gid nukl`d tagm
tagmocd
ocd okjd ulk
mkltk. ^a taglg ulk pkstacck qug pug`g `gtglgr ck eagorg,
`ëmgck kbdrk.
Vug`g sgr rknadlkc qugrgr tglgr eagorg sa taglg ulk alegnnaþl.
Vgrd ld gs rkzdlkocg.
Gsk eacdsdeík, qug kpultk k sgr rkzdlkocg gl cuikr `g rknadlkc,
gs ulk qug mës pgrsdlks `gogríkl ndlsa`grkr kc tdmkr
`gnasadlgs ndl su `algrd.

Cks ealklzks knk`ámanks sg `g`ankl k glndltrkr cks gstrktgiaks

`g alvgrsaþl þptamks mktgmëtankmgltg. Ma prdpak tgdrík gs
qug, gl gc mul`d rgkc, ck igltg ld quagrg ck gstrktgiak
mktgmëtankmgltg
mktgmëta nkmgltg þptamk. [uagrgl ck gstrktgiak qug mkxamang
 

cd oagl qug `ugrmgl pdr ck ldnbg.

Bkrry Mkrhdwatz iklþ gc Vrgmad Ldogc pdr gxpcdrkr gc
gquacaorad mktgmëtand
mktgmëtand gltrg ragsid y rgl`amagltd. Wlk vgz cg
 prgiultkrdl nþmd
nþmd alvartaþ su prdp
prdpad
ad `algrd y ``gsnraoaþ
gsnraoaþ ck
ksailknaþl `g su nkrtgrk gl ck `ánk`k `g ;176, nukl`d sg
`gskrrdcckrdl sus md`gcds pdr pramgrk vgz:

Uasukcaná ma `dcdr sa gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs suoík munbd y yd

ld gstkok gl ác, d sa okjkok munbd y yd gstkok ndmpcgtkmgl
ndmpcgtkmgltg
tg
gl ác. Ma altglnaþl grk malamazkr ma euturd krrgpgltamagltd.
Gltdlngs `ava`í mas ndltraounadlgs 76/76 gltrg odlds y
knnadlgs.

Mkrhdwatz ealkcmgltg
ealkcmgltg nkmoaþ su gstrktgiak `g alvgrsaþl,
`avgrsaeankl`d ck ndmoalknaþl.
ndmoalknaþl. Vgrd `ds ndsks kquí sdl
ampdrtkltgs.
Wlk gs qug "malamaz
"malamazkrkr gc krrgpgltama
krrgpgltamagltd
gltd euturd" gs `aeínac `g
rknadlkcazkr gl gc pkpgc, pgrd eënac `g justaeankr gl ck va`k rgkc.
Wl alvgrsdr rknadlkc tdmk `gnasadlgs oksk`ks gl bgnbds
lumárands. Wl alvgrsdr rkzdlkocg cds bkng gl ulk skck `g
ndlegrglnaks rd`gk`d `g ndmpkûgrds `g trkokjd k cds qug
quagrg tglgr ulk ouglk dpalaþl `g ustg`, ndl ul nþlyuig k
quagl ld quagrg `gngpnadlkr, d juzik`ds ndltrk cds
ndmpgta`drgs tdltds pgrd rgkcastks qug sdl su nuûk`d. , tu
vgnald y tus prdpaks `u`ks pgrsdlkcgs. Ck alvgrsaþl taglg ul
ndmpdlgltg sdnakc qug k mglu`d sg aildrk nukl`d sg vg k
trkvás `g ulk cgltg gstrantkmgltg ealklnag
ealklnagrk.
rk.
Ck sgiul`k gs qug gstë oagl. Jksdl Zwgai, quagl rgkcazþ ck
gltrgvastk nukl`d Mkrhdwatz `gsnraoaþ nþmd alvartaþ, cugid
rgecgxadlþ:

Ma prdpak dpalaþl gs qug cks pgrsdlks ld sdl rknadlkcgs la

arrknadlkcgs. ^dmds bumklds. Ld lds iustk pglskr mës `g cd
lgngskrad y tglgmds `gmkl`ks alngskltgs `g lugstrk ktglnaþl.
Uastd ksí, ld bky lk`k sdrprgl`gltg gl gc bgnbd `g qug gc
 padlgrd `g ck tgdrík md`grlk `g nkrtgrks ndlstruyþ su nkrtgr
nkrtgrkk
alanakc ndl tkl pdnk ndlsa`grknaþl pdr su prdpak
 

alvgstaiknaþl. Pkmpdnd gs `g gxtrkûkr qug cd kjustkrk mës

alvgstaiknaþl.
tkr`g.>2

Mkrhdwatz ld gs la rknadlkc la arrknadlkc. Gs rkzdlkocg.

Cd
sgr qug k mglu`dnagrtd
tánlankmgltg sg pksk pdrndltgxtukcmgl
pgrd kctd gl cks ealklzks
ndltgxtukcmgltg gs qug kcid pug`g
tg kosur`d.
Gl ?662, ul pkr `g alvgstaik`drgs `g Qkcg puocanþ ul gstu`ad
gl gc qug kriumgltkok qug cds jþvglgs kbdrrk`drgs `gogríkl
sdorgnkrikr sus nugltks `g juoacknaþl ndl ul mkrigl `g `ds k
uld (`ds `þckrgs `g `gu`k pdr nk`k `þckr `g su prdpad `algrd)
kc ndmprkr knnadlgs. ^uiagrg qug cds alvgrsdrgs rg`uznkl gsg
kpkcklnkmagltd
kpkcklnkma gltd k mg`a`k qug glvgjgngl, cd qug pgrmatg qug
ul kbdrrk`dr ndrrk mës ragsids nukl`d gs jdvgl y pug`g
mklgjkr ulk mdltkûk rusk mkilaeank`k `gc mgrnk`d, y mglds
nukl`d gs mkydr.
Alncusd sa gc usd `gc kpkcklnkmagltd
kpkcklnkmagltd cd `gjþ klaquack`d
nukl`d grk jdvgl (sa usk ul mkrigl `g `ds k uld, ulk nkí`k
`gc mgrnk`d `gc 76% cd `gjk sal lk`k), cds alvgstaik`drgs
mdstrkrdl qug cds kbdrrk`drgs kúl gstkríkl mgjdr k ckrid
 pckzd sagmprg qug gcaiagrkl sg rgnupgrkrdl, saiua
saiuagrdl
grdl gc pckl
y saiuagrdl kbdrrkl`d gl ulk nugltk kpkcklnk`k `g `ds k uld
kc `ík saiuagltg `g sgr gcamalk`ds.
Cks mktgmëtanks eulnadlkl gl pkpgc. Gs ulk gstrktgiak rknadlkc.
Vgrd gs nksa kosur`kmgltg arrkzdlkocg.
arrkzdlkocg.

 Laliulk
nugltk `gpgrsdlk
pgrsd lk ldrmkc
juoacknaþl pd`rík
y gstkr vgr gvkpdrkrsg
tkl `gseksk`k ndmd gcpkrk
;66% `g su
ndltalukr ndl ck gstrktgiak sal almutkrsg. _glulnakríkl,
 ousnkríkl ulk dpnaþl `aegrgltg y quazës `gmkl`kríkl
`gmkl`kríkl k su
ksgsdr ealklnagrd.
Cds alvgstaik`drgs kriumgltkrdl qug nukl`d sg usk su
gstrktgiak, "ck raqugzk `g juoacknaþl gspgrk`k
gspgrk`k gs ul 16%
mkydr gl ndmpkrknaþl ndl cds edl`ds `gc nancd `g va`k".
Pkmoaál gs ;66% mglds rkzdlkocg.

@g bgnbd, gxastg ulk rkzþl rknadlkc pkrk ekvdrgngr cd qug

 

 pkrgngl `gnasadlgs
`gnasadlgs arrknadlk
arrknadlkcgs.
cgs.
Kquí bky uld: `ájgmg suigrarcg qug cg glnkltkl sus alvgrsadlgs.
Gstg ld gs ul ndlsgjd trk`anadlkc. Gs nksa ulk alsailak `g bdldr pkrk
cds alvgrsdrgs kearmkr qug ld taglgl gmdnadlgs sdorg sus
alvgrsadlgs, pdrqug pkrgng rknadlkc.
Vgrd sa ck ekctk `g gmdnadlgs sdorg su gstrktgiak d cks
knnadlgs qug pdsgg kumgltk cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g qug sg
kcgjg `g gccks nukl`d sg vugcvkl `aeínacgs, cd qug pkrgng ul
 pglskmagltd rknadlkc
rknadlkc sg ndlvagrtg
ndlvagrtg gl ul cckstrg.
kstrg. Cds alvgrs
alvgrsdrgs
drgs
rkzdlkocgs qug kmkl sus gstrktgiaks tánlankmgltg ampgregntks
taglgl ulk vgltkjk, pdrqug gs mës prdokocg qug sg kpgiugl k
gsks gstrktgiaks.
Bky pdnks vkrakocgs ealklnagrks mës ndrrgcknadlk`ks ndl gc
`gsgmpgûd qug gc ndmprdmasd ndl ulk gstrktgiak `urkltg sus
kûds `g gsnksgz, tkltd ck nklta`k` `g `gsgmpgûd ndmd cks
 prdokoaca`k`gss `g nkpturkrcd `urkltg ul pgríd
 prdokoaca`k`g pgríd`d`d `g tagmpd
`gtgrmalk`d. Cks prdokoaca`k`gs bastþranks `g iklkr `algrd
gl cds mgrnk`ds `g GG. WW. ^dl 76/76 gl pgríd`ds `g ul `ík,
52% gl pgríd`ds `g ul kûd, 22% gl pgríd`ds `g ;6 kûds y
(bkstk kbdrk) ;66% gl pgrad`ds `g ?6 kûds. Pd`d cd qug tg
mkltglik gl gc jugid taglg ulk vgltkjk nukltaeankocg.
^a vg "bkz cd qug kmks" ndmd ulk iuík pkrk ulk va`k mës
egcaz, suglk ndmd ul ndlsgjd vkníd `g ck ikccgtk `g ck edrtulk.
^a cd vg ndmd kcid qug cg prdpdrnadlk ck rgsastglnak lgngskrak
 pkrk pdlgr cks
cks prdokoaca`k`gs nnukltaeankocg
ukltaeankocgss `g áxatd k su
ekvdr, sg `k nugltk
`g nukcquagr `g qug
gstrktgiak `gogrík sgr ck pkrtg mës ampdrtkltg
ealklnagrk.
Alvagrtk gl ulk gmprgsk prdmgtg`drk qug ld cg altgrgsg y
 pd`rë `aserutkrck
`aserutkrck nukl`d td`d vkyk
vkyk oagl. Vgrd nnukl`d
ukl`d ck mkrg
mkrgkk
nkmoak algvatkocgmgltg,
algvatkocgmgltg, `g rgpgltg gstës pgr`agl`d `algrd gl
kcid qug ld tg altgrgsk. Gs ulk nkrik `docg, y gc nkmald `g
mgldr rgsastglnak gs pkskr k dtrk ndsk. ^a, pkrk gmpgzkr, tg
kpksadlk ck gmprgsk (tg glnkltk ck masaþl, gc prd`untd, gc
gquapd, ck naglnak, cd qug sgk), cds algvatkocgs mdmgltds `g
alkntava`k` gl cds qug gstës pgr`agl`d `algrd d ck gmprgsk
lgngsatk kyu`k sg ktglúkl pdr gc bgnbd `g qug gl kc mglds
sagltgs qug grgs pkrtg `g kcid sailaeanktavd. Gsk pug`g sgr ck
mdtavknaþl lgngskrak
lgngskrak qug cg ampa`g `krsg pdr vglna`d y sgiuar
 

k`gckltg.
Bky dtrks dnksadlgs gl cks qug gstë oagl sgr rkzdlkocg gl cuikr 
`g rknadlkc ndl gc `algrd.
Gxastg ul "sgsid `dmástand" oagl `dnumgltk`d, gl gc qug cks

 pgrsdlks prgeagraildrkl
prgeagrgl
vavgl magltrks gl alvgrtar gl gmprgsks
gc 17% `gc pcklgtk.
rgstkltg `gc pkís
pkís gl gcLdqug
gs
rknadlkc, bkstk qug ndlsa`grg qug alvgrtar gs gegntavkmgltg `kr
`algrd k gxtrkûds. ^a ck ekmacakra`k` cg kyu`k k `kr gc skctd `g
eg lgngskrad pkrk sgiuar kpdykl`d k gsds gxtrkûds, gs
rkzdlkocg.
Ck lgidnaknaþl altrk`ík y ck sgcgnnaþl `g knnadlgs al`ava`ukcgs
ld sdl rknadlkcgs pkrk ck mkydrík `g cds alvgrsdrgs8 cks
 prdokoaca`k`gss gstël muy gl nndltrk
 prdokoaca`k`g dltrk `g su áxa
áxatd.
td. Vgrd kmods
sdl rkzdlkocgs gl pgqugûks nklta`k`gs sa sg rksnkl cd
sueanagltg ndmd pkrk `gjkr gc rgstd `g sus alvgrsadlgs mës
`avgrsaeank`ks
`avgrsaeank`k
gl su mkydríks gl pkz.edl`ds
pdsgg Gc alvgrsdr Jdsb Ordwl,
`avgrsaeank`ds, qug `geagl`g
gxpcanþ ulk vgz y
 pdr quá tkmoaál
tkmoaál pdsgg ul puûk`d `g knnadlgs al`ava`ukcgs:
–Ld gstdy ndmprkl`d knnadlgs al`ava`ukcgs pdrqug nrgd qug
vdy k iglgrkr kcek Xrgl`amagltd supgradr]. Mg glnkltkl cks
knnadlgs y cd bg bgnbd `gs`g qug tglík ?6 kûds. Q gs ma
`algrd, pug`d bkngr cd qug sgk ". Okstkltg rkzdlkocg.
Ck mkydrík `g cds prdlþstands sdorg bknak `þl`g sg `araigl ck
gndldmík y gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs sdl tgrraocgs, pgrd bkngr
 prdlþstands gs rkzdlkocg.
rkzdlkocg. Gs `aeínac
`aeínac `gspgrtkrsg pdr ck mkûk
mkûklk
lk
`anaál`dsg k sí masmd qug ld taglg a`gk `g cd qug `gpkrk gc
euturd, alncusd sa gs nagrtd.
Kntukr sgiúl cks prgvasadlgs `g alvgrsaþl gs pgcairdsd. Vgrd
gltagl`d pdr quá ck igltg altgltk prg`gnar cd qug sung`grë gc
 prþxamd kûd. Gs ck lkturkc
lkturkcgzk
gzk bumklk. Gs rkzdlkocg.
Jknh Odicg, gc ekccgna`d eul`k`dr `g Ukliukr`, `g`anþ su
nkrrgrk k ulk nruzk`k pkrk prdmdvgr ck alvgrsaþl al`gxk`k
 pksavk `g okjd
okjd ndstd. Munbds pglskrdl qug grk grk altgrgskltg
qug su bajd glndltrkrk ulk nkrrgrk ndmd k`malastrk`dr `g
edl`ds `g ndogrturk y edl`ds mutuds kntavd y ndl tkraeks kctks.
Odicg, gc bdmorg qug `ajd qug cds edl`ds ndl tkraeks kctks
vadckl
su –cks`algrd
prdpad bumac`gs rgicks
gl cds `g ck
edl`ds `gkratmátank”,
su bajd. Nukcalvartaþ
gs ck pkrtg `g
 

gxpcanknadl
"Bkngmds kciulks ndsks pdr mdtavds ekmacakrgs", `ajd Odicg k
Pbg Ykcc ^trggt Jdurlkc. –^a ld gs ndlsastgltg, ougld, ck va`k
ld sagmprg gs ndlsastgltg”. >1

@g bgnbd, rkrk vgz cd gs.

 

;?.
¡^drprgsk!
Ck bastdrak gs gc gstu`ad `gc nkmoad, arþlankmgltg utacazk
utacazk`d
`d ndmd mkpk `gc
euturd.
 

Gc prdegsdr `g ^tkledr`, ^ndtt ^kikl, `ajd ulk vgz kcid qug td`ds cds
qug saiugl ck gndldmík d cds mgrnk`ds `g alvgrsaþl `gogríkl ndcikr gl
ck pkrg`: "Pd`d gc tagmpd pkskl ndsks qug lulnk kltgs bkoíkl
sung`a`d".
Ck bastdrak gs pralnapkcmgltg gc gstu`ad `g gvgltds sdrprgl`gltgs. Vgrd k
mglu`d cds alvgrsdrgs y gndldmastks cd utacazkl ndmd ulk iuík
algxpuilkocg pkrk gc euturd.
´Ugs ck ardlík4
´Ugs gc prdocgmk4
Gs altgcaigltg tglgr ul prdeul`d kprgnad pdr ck bastdrak gndlþmank y `g
alvgrsaþl. Ck bastdrak lds kyu`k k nkcaorkr lugstrks gxpgntktavks, gstu`akr 
`þl`g cks pgrsdlks tagl`gl k gquavdnkrsg y dergng ulk iuík kprdxamk`k
`g cd qug tagl`g k eulnadlkr. Vgrd ld gs, `g laliulk mklgrk, ul mkpk
`gc euturd.
Wlk trkmpk gl ck qug nkgl munbds alvgrsdrgs gs cd qug yd cckmd ck
ekcknak `g cds –bastdrak`drgs ndmd prdegtks”: ulk `gpgl`glnak gxngsavk
`g cds `ktds pksk`ds ndmd sgûkc `g cks ndl`anadlgs euturks gl ul nkmpd
`dl`g ck alldvknaþl y gc nkmoad sdl ck gsglnak `gc prdirgsd.
 Ld sg pug`g nucpkr k cds alvgrsdrgs pdr bkngr gstd. ^a vg
vg ck alvgrsaþl
ndmd ulk naglnak sþca`k, ck bastdrak `gogrík sgr ulk iuík pgregntk pkrk gc
euturd. Cds igþcdids pug`gl dosgrvkr mac maccdlgs `g kûds `g `ktds
bastþrands y edrmkr md`gcds `g nþmd sg ndmpdrtk ck Pagrrk. Cds
mgtgdrþcdids tkmoaál. Q cds má`ands, cds raûdlgs eulnadlkl `g ck
masmk mklgrk gl ?6?6 qug gl ;6?6.
Vgrd alvgrtar ld gs ulk naglnak sþca`k. Gs ul irupd mksavd `g pgrsdlks
qug tdmkl `gnasadlgs ampgregntks ndl aledrmknaþl camatk`k sdorg ndsks
qug tgl`rël ul ampkntd mksavd gl su oaglgstkr, cd qug pug`g bkngr qug
alncusd cks pgrsdlks altgcaigltgs sg pdlikl lgrvadsks, nd`anadsks y
 pkrkldanks.
_anbkr` Egylmkl, gc irkl eísand, `ajd ulk vgz: "Amkiílgsg nuëltd mës
`aeínac sgrík ck eísank sa cds gcgntrdlgs tuvagrkl sgltamagltds". Ougld, cds
alvgrsdrgs taglgl sgltamagltds. Kciulds `g gccds. Vdr gsd gs `aeínac
 prg`gnar quá bkrël k ndltaluknaþl oksël`dsg úlankmgltg gl cd qug
banagrdl gl gc pksk`d.
Ck pag`rk kliuckr `g ck gndldmík gs qug cks ndsks nkmoakl ndl gc
tagmpd, pdrqug ck mkld alvasaocg d`ak qug td`d cd qug sgk `gmksak`d
 ougld d `gmksak`d mkcd al`geala`kmgltg. Gc alvgrsdr Oacc Odllgr
`gsnraoaþ ulk vgz nþmd eulnadlk gc ^r. Mkrhgt: "Ccgvk pugstk ulk
nkmasgtk `g 'Nkpatkcasmd gl gc trkokjd' y ul mkzd gl ck mkld". Vdnks
 

ndsks pgrmklgngl aiukc `urkltg munbd tagmpd, cd qug sailaeank qug ld

 pd`gmds trktkr k cds bastdrak`drgs ndmd prdegtks.
Gc ekntdr mës ampdrtkltg `g td`d cd rgcknadlk`d ndl gc `algrd sdl cks
bastdraks qug cks pgrsdlks sg nugltkl k sí masmks y cks prgegrglnaks qug
taglgl pdr cds oaglgs y sgrvanads. Gsks ndsks ld tagl`gl k qug`krsg
quagtks. Nkmoakl ndl ck nucturk y ck iglgrknaþl. ^agmprg gstël
nkmoakl`d y sagmprg cd bkrël.
Gc trund mgltkc qug lds juikmds k ldsdtrds masmds kquí gs ulk
k`marknaþl gxngsavk `g cks pgrsdlks qug bkl gstk`d kccí, cd bkl bgnbd,
nukl`d sg trktk `g `algrd. Gxpgramgltkr gvgltds gspgníeands ld
lgngskrakmgltg cd nkcaeank pkrk skogr quá sung`grë k ndltaluknaþl. @g
bgnbd, rkrk vgz cd bkng, pdrqug ck gxpgraglnak ndl`ung k ul gxngsd `g
ndleaklzk mës qug k ck nkpkna`k` `g prgvasaþl.
Gc alvgrsdr Manbkgc Oktlanh cd gxpcanþ oagl ulk vgz. Ergltg kc
kriumgltd `g qug pdnds alvgrsdrgs gstël prgpkrk`ds pkrk gc kumgltd `g
cks tksks `g altgrás pdrqug lulnk cd bkl gxpgramgltk`d (gc úctamd irkl
 pgríd`d `g kumgltd `g cks tksks `g altgrás dnurraþ bkng nksa
nksa 06 kûds),
kriumgltþ qug ld ampdrtkok, pdrqug gxpgramgltkr d alncusd gstu`akr cd
qug sung`a`d gl gc pksk`d pd`rík ld sgrvar ndmd iuík `g cd qug
sung`grë nukl`d cks tksks suokl gl gc euturd:

´Q quá4 ´^g vgrë ck suoa`k `g tapds kntukc ndmd ck úctamk d ck kltgradr4

´^g ndmpdrtkrël cks `aegrgltgs ncksgs `g kntavds `g mklgrk samackr,
aiukc d gxkntkmgltg cd ndltrkrad4
Vdr ul ck`d, cks pgrsdlks qug bkl gstk`d alvartagl`d `urkltg cds gvgltds
`g ;129, ?666 y ?662 bkl gxpgramgltk`d munbds mgrnk`ds `aegrgltgs.
Vdr dtrd ck`d, ´ld gs pdsaocg qug gstk gxpgraglnak pug`k iglgrkr ul
gxngsd `g ndleaklzk4
rgsuctk`ds kltgradrgs4 ´Ld k`matgs qug gstës gquavdnk`d4 ´Klnck`d k

^ung`gl `ds ndsks pgcairdsks nukl`d sg ndleík `gmksak`d gl gc bastdrakc

`g alvgrsadlgs ndmd iuík `g cd qug sung`grë k ndltaluknaþl.

;. Gs prdok
prdokocg
ocg qug sg p
pagr`k
agr`k cd
cdss gvgltd
gvgltdss ktípands q
qug
ug mugvg
mugvgl
l ck kiujk
mës.

Cds gvgltds mës ampdrtkltgs gl cds `ktds bastþrands sdl cds irkl`gs
vkcdrgs ktípands, cds gvgltds qug rdmpgl rándr`s. ^dl cds qug mugvgl ck
kiujk gl ck gndldmík y gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs. Ck irkl @gprgsaþl.
 

^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc. Ck ouroujk `g cks pultdndm. ;; `g

sgptagmorg. Ck nrasas almdoacakrak `g mg`ak`ds `g ck `ánk`k `g ?666. Wl
 puûk`d `g gvgltds ktípands jugikl ul pkpgc gldrmg pdrqug alecuygl gl
munbds gvgltds ld rgcknadlk`ds k su pksd.
[ualng mac maccdlgs `g pgrsdlks lknagrdl gl cds saicds RAR y RR. Vgrd
trktg `g amkialkr nuël `aegrgltg sgrík ck gndldmík icdokc ‐y gc mul`d
gltgrd‐ bdy sa sdcd sagtg `g gccds lulnk buoagrkl gxasta`d:
 

K`dce Batcgr 

Jdsgpb ^tkcal Mkd

Zg`dli Ikvracd Vralnap

Pbdmks G`asdl Oacc

Iktgs
Mkrtal Cutbgr Hali

 La saquagrk gstdy sgiurd `g qug gsk sgk ck castk mës sailaeanktavk. Vgrd
nksa td`dsdnakcgs,
ldrmks gl gc mul`d
sgrík kntukc, `gs`g
`aegrgltg cks erdltgrks
sa gstks bkstk ld
sagtg pgrsdlks ck tgnldcdiík y cks
buoagrkl `gjk`d
su bugcck. Dtrk edrmk `g `gnarcd gs qug gc 6,66666666660% `g cks
 pgrsdlks eugrdl rgspdlskocgs `g quazës ck mkydr pkrtg `g ck `argnnaþl
`argnnaþl `gc
mul`d `urkltg gc úctamd saicd.
Cd masmd dnurrg ndl cds prdygntds, alldvknadlgs y gvgltds. Amkiílgsg gc saicd
 pksk`d sal:

Ck irkl @gprgsaþl

^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc

Gc Vrdygntd Mklbkttkl

Uknulks
K_VKLGP

;; `g sgptagmorg

Ck nkí`k `g ck Wlaþl ^dvaátank

 

Kltaoaþtand
s
´Nuëltds prdygntds y gvgltds dnurragrdl gl gc saicd RR4 Macgs `g
maccdlgs, oaccdlgs, quaál skog. Vgrd gsds dnbd pdr sí sdcds ampkntkrdl
cds þr`glgs mul`akcgs gl þr`glgs `g mkilatu` mës qug dtrds.
Cd qug bkng qug cds gvgltds ealkcgs sgkl eënacgs `g suogstamkr gs cd eënac
qug gs suogstamkr nþmd sg ndmpdlgl cks ndsks. Nþmd, pdr gjgmpcd, gc
;; `g sgptagmorg ccgvþ k ck _gsgrvk Eg`grkc k rgndrtkr cks tksks `g
altgrás, cd qug kyu`þ k ampucskr ck ouroujk almdoacakrak, cd qug ndl`ujd
k ck nrasas ealklnagrk, cd qug ccgvþ k ul mgrnk`d ckodrkc `geanagltg, cd qug
ccgvþ k `gnglks `g maccdlgs k ousnkr ulk g`unknaþl ulavgrsatkrak, cd qug
ccgvþ k $ ;,5 oaccdlgs gl prástkmds gstu`akltacgs ndl ulk tksk `g
alnumpcamagltd `gc ;6,2%. Ld gs altuatavd valnuckr ;1 sgnugstrk`drgs
ndl gc pgsd kntukc `g cds prástkmds gstu`akltacgs, pgrd gsd gs cd qug
sung`g gl ul mul`d ampucsk`d pdr kciulds gvgltds gxtrgmds.
Ck mkydrík `g cd qug gstë sung`agl`d gl ul mdmgltd `k`d gl ck
gndldmík icdokc pug`g gstkr rgcknadlk`d ndl ul puûk`d `g gvgltds
 pksk`ds qug grkl nksa ampdsaocgs `g prg`gnar.
Ck trkmk mës ndmúl `g ck bastdrak gndlþmank gs gc pkpgc `g cks
sdrprgsks. Ck rkzþl pdr ck qug dnurrgl cks sdrprgsks ld gs pdrqug
lugstrds md`gcds gstál gquavdnk`ds d lugstrk altgcaiglnak sgk okjk. Gs
 pdrqug cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g qug cds pk`rgs `g K`dce Batcgr `asnutagrkl
ck ldnbg lugvg mgsgs kltgs `g qug lknagrk grkl cks masmks qug cks `g
ndlngoar ul bajd. Ck tgnldcdiík gs `aeínac `g prg`gnar pdrqug Oacc Iktgs
 pd`rík bkogr mugrtd `g pdcad sa Jdlks ^kch sg pusd `g mkc bumdr y
kokl`dlþ su oúsqug`k pkrk glndltrkr ulk vknulk. Ck rkzþl pdr ck qug
ld pu`amds prg`gnar gc nrgnamagltd `g cds prástkmds gstu`akltacgs gs
 pdrqug
nunbaccdul
`giukr`ak `g sgiura`k`
ul sgnugstrk`dr gc ;;`gc
`g kgrdpugrtd
sgptagmorg.pu`d
Gsd bkogr
gs td`dndleasnk`d gc
kc rgspgntd.
Gc prdocgmk gs qug k mglu`d uskmds gvgltds ndmd ck Irkl @gprgsaþl y
ck ^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc pkrk iuakr lugstrk vasaþl `g ndsks ndmd cds
 pgdrgs gsnglkrads nukl`d pglskmds gl cds rgtdrlds `g alvgrsaþl euturds.
Vgrd gsds gvgltds qug gstkocgnagrdl rándr`s ld tglíkl prgng`gltgs
nukl`d dnurragrdl. Vdr tkltd, gc prdldstank`dr qug ksumg cds pgdrgs (y
mgjdrgs) kndltgnamagltds `gc pksk`d
 

aiukckr cds pgdrgs (y mgjdrgs) gvgltds `gc euturd ld gs sgiuar ck bastdrak8

gstël ksumagl`d knna`gltkcmgltg qug ck bastdrak `g gvgltds sal
 prgng`gltgs ld sg kpcank kc euturd.
 Lkssam Pkcgo gsnraog gl su caord Eddcg` Oy _kl`dmlgss:

Gl gc Giaptd ekrkþland ... cds gsnraoks rkstrgkrdl ck mkrnk `g ck mkrgk kctk

`gc Lacd y ck uskrdl ndmd ulk gstamknaþl pkrk gc pgdr `g cds nksds
euturds. Cd masmd sg pug`g vgr gl gc rgkntdr luncgkr `g Euhusbamk, qug
gxpgramgltþ ulk ekcck nktkstrþeank gl ?6;; nukl`d sg prd`ujd ul
tsulkma. Bkoík sa`d ndlstrua`d pkrk rgsastar gc pgdr tgrrgmdtd bastþrand
`gc pksk`d, y cds ndlstruntdrgs ld sg amkialkokl munbd pgdr, y ld
 pglskokl qug gc pgdr gvgltd pksk`d tglík qug sgr ulk sdrprgsk, yk qug ld
tglík prgng`gltgs.

Gstd ld gs ulk ekcck `g klëcasas. Gs ulk ekctk `g amkialknaþl. @krsg

nugltk `g qug gc euturd pd`rík ld pkrgngrsg gl lk`k kc pksk`d gs ul tapd
gspgnakc `g bkoaca`k` qug iglgrkcmgltg ld gs muy vkcdrk`k pdr ck
ndmula`k` `g prdlþstands ealklnagrds.
Gl ulk nglk `g ?6;9 k ck qug ksastí gl Lugvk Qdrh, sg cg prgiultþ k
@klagc Hkblgmkl nþmd `gogríkl rgspdl`gr cds alvgrsdrgs nukl`d
lugstrks prgvasadlgs sdl alndrrgntks. Ác `ajd:

^agmprg qug lds sdrprgl`g kcid, alncusd sa k`matamds qug ndmgtamds ul

grrdr, `gnamds: 'Db, lulnk vdcvgrá k ndmgtgr gsg grrdr'.
Vgrd, `g bgnbd, cd qug `gogs kprgl`gr nukl`d tg gquavdnks pdrqug ld
kltanapkstg kcid gs qug gc mul`d gs `aeínac `g kltanapkr. Gsk gs ck cgnnaþl
ndrrgntk pkrk kprgl`gr `g cks sdrprgsks: qug gc mul`d gs sdrprgl`gltg.

 Ck cgnnaþl ndrrgntk ppkrk

krk kpr
kprgl`gr
gl`gr `g ckckss sdrprg
sdrprgsks
sks gs qug gc mul`d gs
 sdrprgl`gltg.
 sdrprgl` gltg. Ld gs qug `gokm
`gokmds ds utaca
utacazkr
zkr cks ssdrprgsks
drprgsks `gc pksk`
pksk`d d ndmd
 iuík pkrk
pkrk cds cím
címatgs
atgs `gc eeuturd8
uturd8 qu
qugg `gogríkm
`gogríkmds ds utaca
utacazkr
zkr cks ssdrprgsks
drprgsks
`gc pksk`d ndmd ulk k`masaþl `g qug ld tglgmds a`gk `g cd qug pd`rík
 sung`gr k ndltaluk
ndltaluknaþl.
naþl.
Cds gvgltds gndlþmands mës ampdrtkltgs `gc euturd, cks ndsks qug mës
mdvgrël ck kiujk, sdl ndsks sdorg cks qug ck bastdrak lds `k pdnk d
laliulk iuík. ^grël bgnbds sal prgng`gltgs. ^u lkturkcgzk sal
 prgng`gltgs sailaeank qug ld gstkrgmds prgpkrk`ds pkrk gccds, cd nukc
nukc gs
 pkrtg `g cd qug cds bkng tkl ampkntkltgs. Gstd gs nagrtd
nagrtd tkltd pkrk gvgltds
ktgrrk`drgs ndmd rgngsadlgs y iugrrks ndmd pkrk irkl`gs gvgltds ndmd
 

ck alldvknaþl.
Ndleíd gl gsk prg`annaþl pdrqug cks sdrprgsks qug mës mugvgl ck kiujk
sdl cks qug bkl sa`d prgnasks gl prëntankmgltg td`ds cds pultds `g ck
bastdrak.

?. Ck bastd
bastdrak
rak pug
pug`g
`g sgr u
ulk
lk iuík gglikûdsk
likûdsk pkrk gc eeuturd
uturd
`g ck gndldmík y gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs pdrqug ld `k nugltk
`g cds nkmoads gstrunturkcgs qug sdl rgcgvkltgs pkrk gc
mul`d kntukc.

Ndlsa`grg kciulds irkl`gs.

Gc 06; (h) taglg 0? kûds. Gc _dtb A_K gs mës jdvgl, nrgk`d gl ck `ánk`k
`g ;116. Vdr cd tkltd, gc klëcasas y gc ksgsdrkmagltd ealklnagrd pgrsdlkc
sdorg nþmd cds gstk`dula`glsgs kbdrrkl pkrk ck juoacknaþl bdy gl `ík ld
gs `argntkmgltg ndmpkrkocg ndl cd qug tglík sglta`d bkng kpglks ulk
iglgrknaþl. Pglgmds lugvks dpnadlgs. Cks ndsks nkmoakrdl.
D tdmkr nkpatkc `g ragsid. Kpglks gxastík bkng ?7 kûds. Gl ck kntukca`k`,
gxastgl edl`ds `g nkpatkc `g ragsid úlands qug sdl mës irkl`gs `g cd qug
grk td`k ck al`ustrak bkng ulk iglgrknaþl.06 Gl sus mgmdraks, gc
eul`k`dr `g Lahg, Vbac Hlaibt, gsnraoaþ sdorg sus pramgrds `íks gl cds
lgidnads:

 Ld gxastík gc nkpatkc ragsid. Wl jdvgl gmprgl`g`dr ksparkltg tglík muy

 pdnds cuikrgs k cds qug knu`ar, y td`ds gsds cuikrgs gstkokl vaiack`ds pdr 
iukr`aklgs rgknads kc ragsid sal amkialknaþl. Gl dtrks pkckorks,
 oklqugrds.

Cd qug gstd sailaeank, gl gegntd, gs qug td`ds cds `ktds bastþrands qug sg
rgmdltkl k ulks pdnks `ánk`ks sdorg nþmd sg ealklnakl cks gmprgsks
gmgrigltgs gstël `gskntukcazk`ds. Cd qug skogmds sdorg cds nancds `g
alvgrsaþl y cks tksks `g erknksd `g cks stkrtups ld gs ulk oksg bastþrank
 prdeul`k `g ck qug kprgl`gr, pdrqug ck edrmk gl qug sg ealklnakl cks
gmprgsks bdy gl `ík gs ul pkrk`aimk bastþrand tkl lugvd.
D tdmkr cds mgrnk`ds púocands. Gc ^&V 766 ld alncuyþ knnadlgs
ealklnagrks bkstk ;1958 bdy, cks ealklzks rgprgsgltkl gc ;5% `gc íl`ang.
Cks gxastglnaks `g tgnldcdiík grkl prëntankmgltg algxastgltgs bkng 76
kûds. Bdy, sdl mës `g ulk qualtk pkrtg `gc íl`ang. Cks rgicks ndltkocgs
bkl nkmoak`d ndl gc tagmpd. Pkmoaál cd bkl bgnbd cks `avuciknadlgs,
cks ku`atdríks y ck nklta`k` `g caqua`gz `gc mgrnk`d. Cks ndsks
 

nkmoakrdl.
Gc tagmpd gltrg cks rgngsadlgs gstk`dula`glsgs bk nkmoak`d
`rëstankmgltg `urkltg cds úctamds ;76 kûds:
Gndldmík gstk`dula`glsg gl rgngsaþl

;270 ;295 ;219 ;1;2 ;106 ;15; mac ldvgnagltds dnbgltk

y `ds ?660

Gc tagmpd prdmg`ad gltrg rgngsadlgs bk nrgna`d `g kprdxamk`kmgltg `ds

kûds
dnbd kkûds
ealgs`urkltg
`gc saicd RAR k nalnd
gc úctamd mg`adkûds
saicd.k pralnapads `gc saicd RR y k
Magltrks gsnraod gstd, pkrgng qug gstkmds gltrkl`d gl rgngsaþl, ;? kûds
`gs`g qug ndmglzþ ck úctamk rgngsaþl gl `anagmorg `g ?669. Gsk gs ck
 orgnbk mës ckrik gltrg rgngsadlgs
rgngsadlgs `gs`g kltgs `g ck Iugrrk Navac.
Bky munbks tgdríks sdorg pdr quá cks rgngsadlgs sg bkl vugctd mglds
ergnugltgs. Wlk gs qug ck Eg` gs mgjdr pkrk k`malastrkr gc nancd
gndlþmand, d kc mglds gxtgl`grcd. Dtrk gs qug ck al`ustrak pgsk`k gs
mës prdpglsk k ulk sdorgprd`unnaþl `g kuig y nkí`k qug cks al`ustraks
`g sgrvanads qug `dmalkrdl cds úctamds 76 kûds. Ck vasaþl pgsamastk gs
qug kbdrk tglgmds mglds rgngsadlgs, pgrd nukl`d dnurrgl sdl mës
 pd`grdsks qugnkmoad.
quá nkusþ gc kltgs. Vkrk lugstrd
Cd qug kriumgltd,
ampdrtk gs qug cksldndsks
ampdrtk gl pkrtanuckr
pkrtanuckr
nkmoakrdl
 

nckrkmgltg.
Vkrk mdstrkr nþmd gstds nkmoads bastþrands `gogríkl kegntkr cks
`gnasadlgs `g alvgrsaþl, ndlsa`grg gc trkokjd `g ul bdmorg qug munbds
nrggl qug gs ulk `g cks mgltgs alvgrsadlastks mës irkl`gs `g td`ds cds
tagmpds: Ogljkmal Irkbkm.
Gc caordalstrunnadlgs
Dergng ncësand `g Irkbkm, Pbgndmd
prëntanks, Altgccaiglt Alvgstdr,
eþrmucks gsalvgrsdrgs
qug cds mës qug tgdrík.
pug`gl
utacazkr pkrk tdmkr `gnasadlgs `g alvgrsaþl altgcaigltgs.
Cgí gc caord `g Irkbkm nukl`d grk k`dcgsngltg y kprgl`í k alvgrtar pdr
 pramgrk vgz. Cks eþrmucks prgsgltk`ks gl gc gc caord mg ktrkjgrdl, pdrqug
catgrkcmgltg grkl alstrunnadlgs pksd k pksd sdorg nþmd bkngrsg rand.
^dcd saiug cks alstrunnadlgs. Vkrgník tkl eënac.
Vgrd kcid qug`k nckrd nukl`d altgltks kpcankr kciulks `g gstks eþrmucks:
 pdnks `g gccks rgkcmgltg eulnadlkl.
Irkbkm kodiþ pdr ck ndmprk `g knnadlgs qug sg lgidnakl pdr mglds `g
sus kntavds `g trkokjd lgtds, oësankmgltg gegntavd gl gc oklnd mglds
td`ks cks `gu`ks. Gstd suglk muy oagl, pgrd yk pdnks knnadlgs sg
lgidnakl k ul prgnad tkl okjd, kpkrtg `g, `aikmds, ulk knnaþl `g ul
ngltkvd knusk`k `g erku`g ndltkocg.
Wld `g cds nratgrads `g Irkbkm alstruyg k cds alvgrsdrgs ndlsgrvk`drgs k
gvatkr qug cks knnadlgs sg lgidnagl pdr mës `g ;,7 vgngs gc vkcdr
ndltkocg. ^a buoagrk sgiua`d gstk rgick `urkltg ck úctamk `ánk`k, ld
bkorík pdsgí`d nksa lk`k mës qug knnadlgs `g sgiurds y oklnds. Ld bky
mul`d gl gc qug gsd gstá oagl.
Pbg Altgccaiglt Alvgstdr gs uld `g cds mgjdrgs caords `g alvgrsaþl `g
td`ds cds tagmpds. Vgrd ld ndldznd k ul sdcd alvgrsadlastk qug bkyk
bgnbd oagl gl ampcgmgltkr cks eþrmucks puocank`ks `g Irkbkm. Gc caord
gstë ccgld `g skoa`urík, tkc vgz mës qug nukcquagr dtrd caord `g
alvgrsadlgs jkmës puocank`d. Vgrd ndmd iuík prëntank, gs nugstadlkocg
gl gc mgjdr `g cds nksds.
´[ug pksþ4 ´Irkbkm grk ul sbdwmkl qug sdlkok oagl pgrd nuyds
ndlsgjds ld eulnadlkrdl4 @g laliúl md`d. Ác masmd eug ul alvgrsdr
trgmgl`kmgltg gxatdsd.
Vgrd eug prëntand. Q ác grk ul vgr`k`grd dpdsatdr. Ld gstkok tkl
ndmprdmgta`d ndl cks a`gks `g alvgrsaþl qug sg kpgikrík k gccks nukl`d
munbds dtrds alvgrsdrgs nkptkrkl gsks tgdríks, bknaál`dcks tkl pdpuckrgs
qug alutacazkríkl su pdtglnakc. Jksdl Zwgai, quagl kldtþ ulk vgrsaþl
 pdstgradr `gc caord `g Irkbkm, ulk vgz gsnraoaþ:
 

Irkbkm gstkok ndlstkltgmgltg gxpgramgltkl`d y vdcvagl`d k prdokr sus

supdsanadlgs y ousnkl`d cd qug eulnadlk, ld cd qug eulnadlþ kygr, sald
cd qug eulnadlk bdy. Gl nk`k g`anaþl rgvask`k `g Pbg Altgccaiglt
Alvgstdr, Irkbkm `gsnkrtþ cks eþrmucks qug prgsgltþ gl ck g`anaþl
kltgradr y cks rggmpckzþ pdr dtrks lugvks, `gnckrkl`d, gl nagrtd sglta`d,
qug –gsks yk ld eulnadlkl, d ld eulnadlkl tkl oagl ndmd kltgs”. k8 gstks
sdl cks eþrmucks qug pkrgngl eulnadlkr mgjdr kbdrk ".
Wlk `g cks nrítanks bkoatukcgs qug sg bkngl k Irkbkm gs qug td`ks cks
eþrmucks `g ck g`anaþl `g ;19? sdl kltanuk`ks. Ck úlank rgspugstk
k`gnuk`k k gstk nrítank gs `gnar: –¡Vdr supugstd qug cd sdl! ^dl cks qug
utacazþ pkrk sustatuar cks eþrmucks `g ck g`anaþl `g ;157, qug sustatuygrdl
k cks eþrmucks `g ck g`anaþl `g ;170, qug k su vgz sustatuygrdl k cks `g ck
g`anaþl `g ;101, qug sarvagrdl pkrk kumgltkr cks eþrmucks draialkcgs qug
 prgsgltþ gl ^giura`k` Klëcasas gl ;1>0 ".

Irkbkm muraþ gl ;195. ^a cks eþrmucks qug `gegl`aþ sg `gsnkrtkrdl y

kntukcazkrdl nalnd vgngs gltrg ;1>0 y ;19?, ´quá tkl rgcgvkltgs nrggs
qug sdl gl ?6?64 ´D sgrë gl ?6764
Justd kltgs `g mdrar, sg cg prgiultþ k Irkbkm sa gc klëcasas `gtkcck`d `g
cks knnadlgs al`ava`ukcgs, ulk tëntank pdr ck qug sg bazd ekmdsd, sgiuík
sagl`d ulk gstrktgiak qug ác ekvdrgník. Ác rgspdl`aþ:

Gl iglgrkc, ld. Qk ld sdy pkrta`krad `g tánlanks gckodrk`ks `g klëcasas

`g sgiura`k` pkrk glndltrkr dpdrtula`k`gs `g vkcdr supgradr. Gstk eug
ulk kntava`k` irktaeankltg, `aikmds, bkng 06 kûds, nukl`d sg puocanþ pdr 
 pramgrk vgz lugstrd caord `g tgxtd. Vgrd ck satuknaþl bk nkmoak`d
nkmoak`d munbd
`gs`g gltdlngs.0;

Cd qug nkmoaþ eug: ck ndmpgtglnak nrgnaþ k mg`a`k qug cks

dpdrtula`k`gs sg banagrdl mës ndldna`ks8 ck tgnldcdiík bazd qug ck
aledrmknaþl eugrk mës knngsaocg8 y cks al`ustraks nkmoakrdl k mg`a`k
qug ck gndldmík pksþ `g cds sgntdrgs al`ustrakcgs k cds tgnldcþiands, qug
taglgl `aegrgltgs nancds gndlþmands y usds `gc nkpatkc.
Cks ndsks nkmoakrdl.
Wlk pgnucakra`k` altgrgskltg `g ck bastdrak `g cks alvgrsadlgs gs qug
nukltd mës ktrës margs, mës prdokocg gs qug gstás gxkmalkl`d ul
mul`d qug yk ld sg kpcank kc prgsgltg. Munbds alvgrsdrgs y gndldmastks
sg sagltgl nþmd`ds kc skogr qug sus prdlþstands gstël rgspkc`k`ds pdr
`ánk`ks, alncusd
gvdcunadlkl, saicds, rgnagltg
ck bastdrak `g `ktds.sugcg
Vgrd sgr
`k`dck qug cksiuík
mgjdr gndldmíks
pkrk gc euturd,
 

 pdrqug gs mës prdokocg qug alncuyk ndl`anadlgs ampdrtkltgs qug sdl

rgcgvkltgs pkrk gc euturd.
Bky ulk erksg ndmúl gl ck alvgrsaþl, qug iglgrkcmgltg sg usk `g
mklgrk ourcdlk, qug `ang "Gs `aegrgltg gstk vgz". ^a lgngsatks rgeutkr k
kciuagl qug prg`ang qug gc euturd ld rgecgjkrë pgregntkmgltg gc pksk`d,
`a: "´Gltdlngs
Uaglg nrggs`gc
`g ck dpalaþl qugalvgrsdr
gs `aegrgltg
Jdblgstk vgz4" y `g
Pgmpcgtdl sugctk
qug gc manrþedld.
"cks nuktrd
 pkckorks mës pgcairdsks gl ck alvgrsaþl sdl, 'gstk vgz gs `aegrgltg'".
`aegrgltg'".
Pgmpcgtdl, sal gmokrid, k`mataþ qug gs `aegrgltg kc mglds gc ?6% `g
cks vgngs. Gc mul`d nkmoak. Nckrd qug cd bkng. Q gsds nkmoads sdl cds
qug mës ampdrtkl k cd ckrid `gc tagmpd. Manbkgc Oktlanh cd gxprgsþ:
–Cks `dng pkckorks mës pgcairdsks gl ck alvgrsaþl sdl, 'Cks nuktrd
 pkckorks mës pgcairdsks gl ck alvgrsaþl sdl,' gstk vgz gs `aegrgltg
`aegrgltg '”.
Gsd ld sailaeank qug `gokmds aildrkr ck bastdrak nukl`d pglskmds gl
`algrd. Vgrd bky ul mktaz ampdrtkltg: nukltd mës ktrës gl ck bastdrak
margs, mës iglgrkcgs `gogríkl sgr tus ndlncusadlgs. Cds kspgntds
iglgrkcgs ndmd ck rgcknaþl `g cks pgrsdlks ndl ck nd`anak y gc mag`d,
nþmd sg ndmpdrtkl okjd gstrás y nþmd rgspdl`gl k cds alngltavds
tagl`gl k sgr gstkocgs gl gc tagmpd. Ck bastdrak `gc `algrd gs útac pkrk gsg
tapd `g ndsks.
Vgrd cks tgl`glnaks gspgníeanks, cds deanads gspgníeands, cds sgntdrgs
gspgníeands, cks rgcknadlgs nkuskcgs gspgníeanks sdorg cds mgrnk`ds y cd
qug ck igltg `gogrík bkngr ndl su `algrd sdl sagmprg ul gjgmpcd `g
gvdcunaþl gl nursd. Cds bastdrak`drgs ld sdl prdegtks.
Ck prgiultk, gltdlngs, gs ´nþmd `gogríkmds pglskr y pcklaeankr gc
euturd4 Gnbgmds ul vastkzd gl gc prþxamd nkpítucd.
 

Gspknad pkrk gc grrdr 

Ck pkrtg mës ampdrtkltg `g nk`k pckl gs qug su pckl ld vk `g knugr`d ndl
gc pckl.
 

Kciulds `g cds mgjdrgs gjgmpcds `g ndmpdrtkmagltd ealklnagrd altgcaigltg sg pug`gl

glndltrkr gl ul cuikr pdnd prdokocg: cds nksalds `g Cks Ugiks.
 Ld gltrg td`ds cds juik`drgs, pdr supugstd. Vgrd ul pgqugûd
pgqugûd irupd `g jjuik`drgs
uik`drgs `g
 ocknhjknh qug prkntankl gc
gc ndltgd `g nnkrtks
krtks pug`g gglsgûkr
lsgûkr k ck igl
igltg
tg ndmúl kcid
gxtrkdr`alkrakmgltg
gxtrkdr`alkrakmgltg ampdrtkltg sdorg ck k`malastrknaþl `gc `algrd: ck ampdrtklnak `gc
mkrigl `g grrdr.

Cds eul`kmgltds `gc ndltgd `g nkrtks gl gc ocknhjknh sdl sampcgs:

 Lk`ag pug`g skogr ndl ngrtgzk

ngrtgzk quá nkr
nkrtk
tk sknkrë gc nrupagr k nd
ndltaluknaþl.
ltaluknaþl.

Vgrd kc rkstrgkr quá nkrtks yk sg bkl rgpkrta`d, pug`g nkcnuckr quá nkrtks qug`kl gl ck
 okrkjk.

Bkngrcd pug`g al`ankrcg cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g qug gc nrupagr skqug ulk nkrtk gl
 pkrtanuckr.

Ndmd juik`dr, kpugstks mës nukl`d cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g dotglgr ulk nkrtk qug
quagrgs gstël k tu ekvdr y mglds nukl`d gstël gl tu ndltrk.
Ck mgnëlank `g nþmd sg bkng gstd ld ampdrtk kquí. Cd qug ampdrtk gs qug ul
ndltk`dr `g nkrtks `g ocknhjknh skog qug gstë juikl`d ul jugid `g prdokoaca`k`gs, ld
`g ngrtgzks. Gl nukcquagr mkld gl pkrtanuckr, paglskl qug taglgl munbks pdsaoaca`k`gs
`g tglgr rkzþl, pgrd skogl qug bky munbks pdsaoaca`k`gs `g qug gstál gquavdnk`ds.
Vug`g sdlkr gxtrkûd `k`k su prdegsaþl, pgrd su gstrktgiak sg oksk ndmpcgtkmgltg gl ck
bumac`k`, ulk bumac`k` qug ld ndldngl y ld pug`gl skogr gxkntkmgltg quá vk k
 pkskr k ndltaluknaþl,
ndltaluknaþl, ksí qug jugiug su mkld gl ndlsgnuglnak
ndlsgnuglnak.. Gc sastgmk `g ndltgd
`g nkrtks eulnadlk pdrqug alncalk caigrkmgltg cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g ck nksk kc juik`dr.
Vgrd kpugstg `gmksak`d alncusd nukl`d cks prdokoaca`k`gs pkrgznkl k su ekvdr y, sa sg
gquavdnk, pug`g pgr`gr tkltd qug ld tglik sueanagltg `algrd pkrk sgiuar juikl`d.
 Lulnk bky ul mdmgltd
mdmgltd gl gc qug tgliks tkltk
tkltk rkzþl qug ppug`ks
ug`ks kpdstkr td`ks
td`ks cks

eanbks qug
mklgrk taglgs `gckltg.
ndlsastgltg. PaglgsGcqug
mul`d
`krtgldmkrigl
gs tkl pkrk
kmkocg ndl lk`ag,
gc grrdr. Paglgskcqug
mglds ld `g qug
pcklaeankr
tu pckl ld vkyk `g knugr`d ndl gc pckl.
 

Hgval Cgwas, ul gxatdsd ndltk`dr `g nkrtks rgtrktk`d gl gc caord Oraliali @dwl tbg
Bdusg, gsnraoaþ mës sdorg gstk eacdsdeík:

Kulqug sg bk `gmdstrk`d gstk`ístankmgltg qug gc ndltgd `g nkrtks eulnadlk, ld

ikrkltazk qug iklg td`ks cks mklds, y munbd mglds td`ds cds vakjgs qug rgkcang kc
nksald. @gogmds ksgiurkrlds `g tglgr sueanagltg `algrd pkrk rgsastar nukcquagr nkmoad
`g mkck sugrtg.
^updlikmds qug taglg kprdxamk`kmgltg ul ? pdr nagltd `g vgltkjk sdorg gc nksald.
Gsd td`kvík sailaeank qug gc nksald iklkrë gc 01 pdr nagltd `g cks vgngs. Vdr cd tkltd,
`gog tglgr sueanagltg `algrd pkrk rgsastar nukcquagr vkraknaþl gl su ndltrk. Wlk rgick
iglgrkc gs qug `gog tglgr kc mglds nagl ula`k`gs oësanks. ^updlagl`d qug gmpagng
ndl `agz mac `þckrgs, pd`rík juikr nþmd`kmgltg ulk ula`k` `g nagl `þckrgs.

Ck bastdrak gstë ccglk `g ouglks a`gks ccgvk`ks `gmksak`d cgjds, qug sdl
al`astaliuaocgs
rgndldngr qug ck`galngrta`umorg,
cks mkcks a`gks.
ck Ck skoa`urík `g
kcgktdrag`k` y cktglgr gspknad("alnþilatks")
nksukca`k` pkrk gc grrdr gs
sdl ulk
 pkrtg sagmprg prgsgltg `g ck va`k. Ck úlúlank
ank edrmk ``gg ca`akr ndl ggccds
ccds gs kumgltkl`d
kumgltkl`d ck
 orgnbk gltrg cd
cd qug nrggs qqug
ug sung`grë y ccdd qug pug`g sung`gr,
sung`gr, sal `gjkr `g sgr nkpkz
`g cunbkr dtrd `ík.

Ogljkmal Irkbkm gs ndldna`d pdr su ndlngptd `g mkrigl `g sgiura`k`. Gsnraoaþ

sdorg gccd gxtglskmgltg y ndl `gtkccgs mktgmëtands. Vgrd ma rgsumgl ekvdratd `g ck
tgdrík ccgiþ nukl`d mglnadlþ gl ulk gltrgvastk qug "gc prdpþsatd `gc mkrigl `g
sgiura`k` gs bkngr allgngskrad gc prdlþstand".
Gs `aeínac gxkigrkr nuëltd pd`gr rgsa`g gl gsk sampcg `gnckrknaþl.
Gc mkrigl `g sgiura`k` (tkmoaál pug`g cckmkrcd mkrigl `g grrdr d rg`ul`klnak) gs ck
úlank edrmk geankz `g lkvgikr `g edrmk sgiurk gl ul mul`d qug sg raig pdr cks
 prdokoaca`k`gs, ld pdr cks ngrtg
ngrtgzks.
zks. Q nksa td`d cd rgck
rgcknadlk`d
nadlk`d ndl gc `algrd gxastg gl
gl
gsg tapd `g mul`d.
Vrdldstankr ndl prgnasaþl gs `aeínac. Gstd gs dovad pkrk gc ndltk`dr `g nkrtks, pdrqug
lk`ag pd`rík skogr `þl`g sg glnugltrk ulk nkrtk gl pkrtanuckr gl ul mkzd okrkjk`d. Gs
mglds dovad pkrk kciuagl qug sg prgiultk: "´Nuëc sgrë gc rgl`amagltd klukc prdmg`ad
`gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs `urkltg cds prþxamds ;6 kûds4" d "´Gl quá egnbk pd`rá
 juoackrmg4" Vgrd sdl eul`kmgltkcmgltg
eul`kmgltkcmgltg aiuk
aiukcgs.
cgs. Cd mgjdr qug pd`gmds bk
bkngr
ngr gs
 pglskr gl cks prdokoaca`k`gs.
prdokoaca`k`gs.
 

Gc mkrigl `g sgiura`k` `g Irkbkm gs ulk sampcg suigrglnak `g qug ld lgngsatkmds

vgr gc mul`d ergltg k ldsdtrds ndmd ocklnd d lgird, prg`gnaocg d ul jugid `g kzkr. Gc
ërgk iras ‐ pgrsgiuar ndsks `dl`g ulk vkrag`k` `g rgsuctk`ds pdtglnakcgs gs kngptkocg
 ‐ gs ck edrmk altgcaigltg `g prdng`gr.
Vgrd ck igltg suogstamk ck lgngsa`k` `g mkrigl `g grrdr gl nksa td`d cd qug bkng qug
ampcank `algrd. Cds klkcastks `g knnadlgs `kl k sus ncagltgs dojgtavds `g prgnads, ld
rklids `g prgnads. Cds prdldstank`drgs gndlþmands prg`angl ndsks ndl naerks prgnasks8
rkrk vgz kmpcaks prdokoaca`k`gs. Gc gxpgrtd qug bkock ndl ngrtgzk alqugorkltkocg
dotgl`rë mës sgiua`drgs qug gc qug `ang "Ld pd`gmds skogrcd ndl ngrtgzk" y bkock gl
 prdokoaca`k`gs.0?
Bkngmds gstd gl td`d tapd `g kntava`k`gs ealklnagrks, gspgnakcmgltg kqugccks
rgcknadlk`ks ndl lugstrks prdpaks `gnasadlgs. Gc psanþcdid `g Bkrvkr`, Mkx
Okzgrmkl, `gmdstrþ ulk vgz qug kc klkcazkr cds pcklgs `g rgldvknaþl `g vavagl`ks `g
dtrks pgrsdlks, ck mkydrík `g cks pgrsdlks gstamk qug gc prdygntd supgrkrë gltrg ul
?7% y ul 76% gc prgsupugstd. 0> Vgrd nukl`d sg trktk `g sus prdpads prdygntds, ck
igltg
Db, ckgstamk qug`gngpnaþl.
gvgltukc cks rgldvknadlgs sg ndmpcgtkrël k tagmpd y `gltrd `gc prgsupugstd.
@ds ndsks bkngl qug gvatgmds gc mkrigl `g grrdr. Wlk gs ck a`gk `g qug kciuagl `gog
skogr cd qug `gpkrk gc euturd, ampucsk`d pdr gc sgltamagltd alnþmd`d qug surig `g
k`matar cd ndltrkrad. Ck sgiul`k gs qug, pdr cd tkltd, sg gstë bknagl`d `kûd k sí masmd
kc ld tdmkr knnadlgs qug gxpcdtgl pdr ndmpcgtd ulk vasaþl prgnask `g gsg euturd
bgnbd rgkca`k`.
Vgrd gc mkrigl pkrk gc grrdr sg suogstamk y sg mkcaltgrprgtk. K mglu`d sg vg ndmd
ulk ndogrturk ndlsgrvk`drk, utacazk`k pdr kqugccds qug ld quagrgl ndrrgr munbds
ragsids d ld ndleíkl gl sus pultds `g vastk. Vgrd nukl`d sg usk k`gnuk`kmgltg, gs
td`d cd ndltrkrad.
Gc mkrigl `g grrdr cg pgrmatg sdpdrtkr ulk vkrag`k` `g rgsuctk`ds pdtglnakcgs, y ck
rgsastglnak cg pgrmatg qug`krsg gc tagmpd sueanagltg pkrk pgrmatar qug cks
 prdokoaca`k`gs `g`g oglgeanakrsg `g ul rgsuctk`d `g okjk prdokoaca`k`
prdokoaca`k` nka
nkaikl
ikl k su ekvdr.
Cks mkydrgs iklklnaks dnurrgl ndl pdnk ergnuglnak, yk sgk pdrqug ld dnurrgl ndl
ergnuglnak d pdrqug tdmkl tagmpd pkrk kumgltkr. Gltdlngs, ck pgrsdlk ndl sueanagltg
mkrigl `g grrdr gl pkrtg `g su gstrktgiak (gegntav
(gegntavd)
d) pkrk pgrmatarcg sdpdrtkr
`aeanuctk`gs gl dtrk (knnadlgs) taglg ulk vgltkjk sdorg ck pgrsdlk qug gs gcamalk`k, gc
 jugid tgrmalk`d,
tgrmalk`d, alsgrtk mës eanbks, nukl`d sg gquavdnk.
Oacc Iktgs gltgl`aþ gstd oagl. Nukl`d Manrdsdet grk ulk gmprgsk jdvgl, `ajd qug "sg
cg dnurraþ
`algrd gstg
gl gc gledqug
oklnd pkrk alnrgíocgmg
alnrgíocgmgltg
ltg ndlsgrvk`dr
pkikr ck lþmalk `g qug qugrík
`g ul kûd, alncusd tglgr sueanagltg
sa ld rgnaoíkmds laliúl
 pkid". Ykrrgl Oueegtt gxprgsþ ulk a`gk sama
samackr
ckr nukl`d cg `ajd k cds knn
knnadlastks
adlastks `g
 

Ogrhsbarg Bktbkwky gl ?662:

"Mg bg ndmprdmgta`d, ndl ustg`, cks kiglnaks `g nkcaeanknaþl y ndlmaid masmd, k
k`malastrkr Ogrhsbarg sagmprg ndl mës qug sueanagltg gegntavd ... Nukl`d mg vgk
docaik`d k gcgiar, ld nkmoakrá la ulk ldnbg `g sugûd pdr ck pdsaoaca`k` `g dotglgr
iklklnaks k`anadlkcgs". 00
Bky kciulds cuikrgs gspgníeands pkrk qug cds alvgrsdrgs paglsgl gl gc mkrigl `g
grrdr.
Wld gs ck vdcktaca`k`. ´Vug`g sdorgvavar k ck nkí`k `g sus kntavds gl ul >6%4 Gl ulk
bdjk `g nëcnucd, tkc vgz sí, gl tármalds `g pkikr sus eknturks y mkltglgr ul ecujd `g
nkjk pdsatavd. Vgrd, ´y mgltkcmgltg4 Gs eënac suogstamkr cd qug cg bkng k tu psaqug
ulk `asmalunaþl `gc >6%. ^u ndleaklzk pug`g `aspkrkrsg gl gc masmd mdmgltd gl
qug ck dpdrtula`k` gstë gl su pultd mës kctd. Wstg`, d su nþlyuig, pug`gl `gna`ar qug
gs bdrk `g ul lugvd pckl d ulk lugvk nkrrgrk. Ndldznd k vkrads alvgrsdrgs qug
rglulnakrdl `gspuás `g pár`a`ks pdrqug gstkokl kidtk`ds. Kidtk`d eísankmgltg. Cks
bdjks `g nëcnucd sdl ouglks pkrk `gnarcg nuël`d cds lúmgrds nuk`rkl d ld. Ld sdl
 ouglds pkrk md`gckr
 prgiultël`dsg md`g cckr
sa cks nþmd sg sg
ks `gnasadlgssgltarë
ltarë
`g nukl`dqug
alvgrsaþl krrd
krrdpg
pg tdmk`d
bk k sus bajds pd
pdrr ul
eugrdl ck ldnbg
grrdr qug
`kûkrë su euturd.
Dtrd gs kbdrrkr pkrk ck juoacknaþl. Vd`gmds markr ck bastdrak y vgr, pdr gjgmpcd, qug
gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs `g GG. WW. Bk dotgla`d ul prdmg`ad klukc `g 5.2% `gspuás
`g ck alecknaþl `gs`g ck `ánk`k `g ;296. Gs ulk pramgrk kprdxamknaþl rkzdlkocg uskr
gsd ndmd ulk gstamknaþl `g quá gspgrkr `g su prdpak nkrtgrk `avgrsaeank`k kc kbdrrkr
 pkrk ck juoacknaþl.
juoacknaþl. Vug`g ususkr
kr gsks supdsanadlg
supdsanadlgss `g rgtdrld pkrk rgtrdng`gr gl ck
nklta`k` `g `algrd qug lgngsatkrë kbdrrkr nk`k mgs pkrk cdirkr su dojgtavd.
Vgrd, ´y sa cds rgl`amagltds euturds sdl mgldrgs4 ´D quá pksk sa ck bastdrak k ckrid
 pckzd gs tgrmalk
dojgtavd ulk ouglk
ouglk gstamknaþl
gstamknaþ
nkygl`d l `gc euturd
gl mg`ad `g ul kmgrnk`d
ckrid pckzd, pgrd
okjastk su egnbk
orutkc, ndmd`g?6614
juoacknaþl
´[uá
 pksk sa ul euturd mgrnk`d okjastk cd ksustk y sg qug
qug`k
`k sal knnadl
knnadlgs
gs y tgrmalk
 pgr`agl`d ul euturd mgrnk`d kcnastk,
kcnastk, pdr cd qug cds rgtdrlds qug rgkcmgltg dot
dotaglg
aglg
sdl mgldrgs qug gc prdmg`ad `gc mgrnk`d4 ´[uá sung`g sa lgngsatk rgtarkr sus
nugltks `g juoacknaþl k cds >6 kûds pkrk pkikr ul knna`gltg má`and4
Ck rgspugstk k gsds quá pkskrík sa gs: "Ld pd`rë juoackrsg ndmd ulk vgz prg`ajd". Cd
qug pug`g sgr ul `gskstrg.
Ck sdcunaþl gs sampcg: kprdvgnbg gc mkrigl `g grrdr kc gstamkr sus rgl`amagltds
euturds. Gstd gs mës krtg qug naglnak. Vkrk mas prdpaks alvgrsadlgs, qug `gsnraoará

mës gl
va`k gc nkpítucd
sgrël ;0 mës?6, supdlid
okjds qug gcqug cds rgl`amagltds
prdmg`ad bastþrand.euturds
Ksí qugqug dotgl`rá
kbdrrd mës`urkltg ma
`g cd qug
kbdrrkrík sa ksumagrk qug gc euturd sg pkrgngrë kc pksk`d. Gs ma mkrigl `g sgiura`k`.
 

Gc euturd pug`g sgr pgdr qug gc pksk`d, pgrd laliúl mkrigl `g sgiura`k` dergng ulk
ikrkltík `gc ;66%. Wl oúegr `g ul tgrnad gs sueanagltg pkrk pgrmatarmg `drmar oagl
 pdr ck ldnbg. Q sa gc euturd sg pkrgng kc pksk`d, gstkrá irktkmgltg sdrprgl`a`d. –Ck
mgjd
mg jdrr mk
mklg
lgrk
rk `g cdir
cdirkr
kr ck egca
egcana
na`k
`k`` gs kp
kpul
ultk
tkrr ok
okjd
jd”,
”, `a
`ang
ng Nb
Nbkr
krca
cagg Mu
Muli
ligr
gr..
Mkrkvaccdsd.
Wl
tdmkpramd ampdrtkltg
`g ragsids, `gc mkrigl
d síl`rdmg `g –ck`grucgtk
grrdr rusk
gs cd`gogrík
qug cckmd sgsid `g
eulnadlkr dptamasmd glg”:
ck ul
gstk`ístankmgltg”:
gstk`ístankmglt
kpgid k cks prdokoaca`k`gs ekvdrkocgs nukl`d ck `gsvgltkjk gs alkngptkocg gl nukcquagr 
narnulstklnak.
 Lkssam Pkcgo `ang: "Vug`gs kmkr gc ragsid y, sal gmokrid, sgr ndmpcgtkmgltg
ndmpcgtkmgltg rgknad k
ck rualk". Q `g bgnbd, `gogríks.
Ck a`gk gs qug taglgs qug krragsikrtg pkrk skcar k`gckltg, pgrd ld vkcg ck pglk ndrrgr
laliúl ragsid qug pug`k knkokr ndltaid. Cks prdokoaca`k`gs gstël k su ekvdr kc juikr k
ck rucgtk rusk. Vgrd ck `gsvgltkjk ld ndmpglsk gc pdtglnakc kczk. Ld bky mkrigl `g
sgiura`k` qug pug`k ndmpglskr gc ragsid.
Cd masmd pksk ndl gc `algrd. Cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g munbks ndsks cunrktavks gstël k
su ekvdr. Cds prgnads almdoacakrads suogl ck mkydrík `g cds kûds, y `urkltg ck mkydrík
`g cds kûds rgnaoarë ul nbgqug `g pkid nk`k `ds sgmklks. Vgrd sa kcid taglg ul 17% `g
 prdokoaca`k`gs `g`g gstkr oagl, gc 7% `g prdo
prdokoaca`k`gs
koaca`k`gs `g ggstkr
stkr gquavdnk`d sailaeank
qug gs nksa sgiurd qug gxpgramgltkrë ck `gsvgltkjk gl kciúl mdmgltd `g su va`k. Q sa
gc ndstd `g ck `gsvgltkjk gs ck rualk, ck vgltkjk `gc dtrd 17% `g cks vgngs
 prdokocgmgltg ld vkcik ck pglk
pglk ndrrgr gc ragsid, sal ampdr
ampdrtkrtkr cd ktrknt
ktrkntavd
avd qug pkrgznk.
pkrgznk.
Gc kpkcklnkmagltd gs gc `akocd kquí. Gc kpkcklnkmagltd (gl`gu`krsg pkrk bkngr qug su
`algrd ral`k mës) gmpujk cds ragsids `g rutalk k kcid nkpkz `g prd`unar ck rualk. Gc
 pgcaird gs qug gc dptamasmd rknadlkc
rknadlkc ck m
mkydr
kydr pkrtg `g
`gcc tagmpd glmksnkrk
glmksnkrk cks
 prdokoaca`k`gs
sastgmëtankmgltg
sastgmëtankmg `g gckrrualkr
`g
ltg ragsid.kciulks
kciulks
Cds vgngs.
prgnads `gGc
ck rgsuctk`d gs qug suogstamkmds
vavagl`k nkygrdl ul >6% ck úctamk
`ánk`k. Kciulks gmprgsks alnumpcagrdl sus `gu`ks. Gsd gs nkpatkcasmd. ^ung`g. Vgrd
kqugccds ndl kctd kpkcklnkmagltd tuvagrdl ulk `docg klaquacknaþl: ld sdcd sg qug`krdl
gl quagork, sald qug kc sgr gcamalk`ds, sg odrrkrdl td`ks cks dpdrtula`k`gs `g vdcvgr kc
 jugid gl gc masmd
masmd mdmgltd gl qug ck dpdr dpdrtula`k`
tula`k` gstkok mk`urk. Wl prdpagtkrad
prdpagtkrad
`gskpkrgna`d gl ?661 ld tglík laliulk pdsaoaca`k` `g kprdvgnbkr cks tksks bapdtgnkraks
 okrktks gl ?6;6.
?6;6. Cgbmkl Ordtbgrs
Ordtbgrs ld tglík la
laliulk
liulk pdsaoaca`k
pdsaoaca`k`` `g alvgrtar ggll `gu`k
 okrktk gl ?661. Qk gstkok bbgnbd.
gnbd.
Vkrk gvatkr gstd, paglsd gl ma prdpad `algrd ndmd okrogccd. Mg krragsid ndl ulk pkrtg
y mg ktgrrdrazd ndl ck dtrk.
Gstd ld gs alndlsastgltg, pgrd ck psandcdiík `gc `algrd tg bkrík nrggr qug cd gs. ^dcd
quagrd ksgiurkrmg `g qug pug`d pgrmklgngr `g pag gc tagmpd sueanagltg pkrk qug mas
 

ragsids vkcikl ck pglk. Paglgs qug sdorgvavar pkrk tglgr áxatd. Vkrk rgpgtar ul pultd
qug bgmds sgûkck`d vkraks vgngs gl gstg caord: ck nkpkna`k` `g bkngr cd qug quagrks,
nukl`d quagrks, `urkltg gc tagmpd qug quagrks, taglg ul _DA alealatd.

Gc mkrigl `g grrdr bkng mës qug kmpcakr gc dojgtavd gl tdrld k cd qug nrgg qug pd`rík
sung`gr. Pkmoaál cd kyu`k k prdtgigrsg `g ndsks qug lulnk amkialkrík, qug pug`gl
sgr cds gvgltds mës prdocgmëtands k cds qug lds glergltkmds.
Ck oktkcck `g ^tkcalirk`d `urkltg ck ^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc eug ck oktkcck mës
irkl`g `g ck bastdrak. Ndl ác ccgikrdl bastdraks aiukcmgltg ksdmordsks `g nþmd ck
igltg sg glergltkok kc ragsid.
Wld ccgiþ k ealgs `g ;10?, nukl`d ulk ula`k` `g tklqugs kcgmklgs sg sgltþ gl rgsgrvk
gl cks prk`grks eugrk `g ck nau`k`. Nukl`d cds tklqugs sg lgngsatkokl
`gsgspgrk`kmgltgg gl gc ergltg, sung`aþ kcid qug sdrprgl`aþ k td`ds: nksa laliuld `g
`gsgspgrk`kmglt
gccds eulnadlþ.
@g cds ;60 tklqugs `g ck ula`k`, mglds `g ?6 eulnadlkokl. Cds aliglagrds
glndltrkrdl rëpa`kmgltg gc prdocgmk. Gc bastdrak`dr Yaccakm Nrkai gsnraog: "@urkltg
cks sgmklks `g alkntava`k` `gtrës `g cks cílgks `gc ergltg, cds rktdlgs `g nkmpd bkoíkl
kla`k`d `gltrd `g cds vgbínucds y `gvdrk`d gc kasckmagltd qug nuorík cds sastgmks
gcántrands".
Cds kcgmklgs tglíkl gc gquapd mës sdeastank`d `gc mul`d. ^al gmokrid, kccí gstkokl,
`grrdtk`ds pdr rktdlgs.
Vug`gs amkialkr su alnrg`uca`k`. Gs nksa sgiurd qug gstd lulnk sg cgs pksþ pdr ck
nkogzk. ´[uá tapd `g `asgûk`dr `g tklqugs paglsk gl ck prdtgnnaþl `gc mdusg4 Ld uld
rkzdlkocg. Q ld uld qug bkyk gstu`ak`d ck bastdrak `g cds tklqugs.
Vgrd gstg tapd `g ndsks pkskl td`d gc tagmpd. Vug`g pcklaeankr td`ds cds ragsids,
gxngptd cks ndsks qug sdl `gmksak`d cdnks pkrk pkskr pdr su mgltg. Q gsks ndsks cdnks
 pug`gl bkngr mës
mës `kûd, pdrqug sung`gl ndl mës ergnuglnak ``gg cd qug nrgnrggg y ld taglg
ul pckl sdorg nþmd ca`akr ndl gccks.
Gl ?665 Ykrrgl Oueegtt klulnaþ ck oúsqug`k `g su gvgltukc rggmpckzd. @ajd qug
lgngsatkok k kciuagl "prdirkmk`d iglátankmgltg pkrk rgndldngr y gvatkr ragsids
irkvgs, alncua`ds cds qug lulnk kltgs sg bkoíkl glndltrk`d". 07
Bg vastd gstk bkoaca`k` gl eulnadlkmagltd ndl lugvks gmprgsks qug ma gmprgsk,
Ndcckodrktavg
ragsids Eul`, bky rgspkc`k`d.
qug glergltkl sg mglnadlkl Ví`kcg k ul eul`k`dr
cds sdspgnbdsds qug glumgrg
bkoatukcgs. Vgrdcds
mësmkydrgs
kccë `g cks
cunbks prg`gnaocgs `g `araiar ulk stkrtup, kquí bky kciulds prdocgmks qug bgmds
 

trktk`d gltrg cks gmprgsks `g lugstrk nkrtgrk:

Cks tuogríks `g kiuk sg rdmpagrdl, sg alul`krdl y krrualkrdl ck deanalk `g ulk gmprgsk.

Ck deanalk `g ulk gmprgsk sg `ava`aþ gl trgs dnksadlgs.

Wlk gmprgsk eug gxpucsk`k `g su pckltk `g ekoranknaþl.

^g ngrrþ ulk tagl`k `gspuás `g qug ul ncagltg cckmkrk kc `gpkrtkmgltd `g skcu`

 pdrqug ld cg iustkok
iustkok qug dtrd nc
ncagltg
agltg trkjgr
trkjgrkk ul pgrrd k`gl
k`gltrd.
trd.

Gc ndrrgd gcgntrþland `g ul `argntdr gjgnutavd eug ekcsaeank`d gl mg`ad `g ulk rgnku`knaþl `g

edl`ds qug rgquaraþ td`k su ktglnaþl.

Wl eul`k`dr tuvd ul ndckpsd mgltkc.

Ukrads `g gstds gvgltds eugrdl gxastglnakcgs pkrk gc euturd `g ck gmprgsk. Vgrd

laliuld grk prgvasaocg, pdrqug laliuld cg bkoík sung`a`d kltgradrmgltg k cds
`argntdrgs gjgnutavds qug sg dnupkokl `g gstds prdocgmks, la k lk`ag mës qug
ndldnagrkl, `g bgnbd. Grk ul tgrratdrad `gsndldna`d.
Gvatkr gstg tapd `g ragsids `gsndldna`ds gs, nksa pdr `gealanaþl, ampdsaocg.
ampdsaocg. Ld pug`gs
 prgpkrkrtg
^a bky ulk pkrk
pkrk cd`g
edrmk qugprdtgigrsg
ld pug`gs
pug`gsndltrk
amkialkr.
su `kûd, gs gvatkl`d pultds úlands `g ekcck.
Wlk ouglk rgick iglgrkc pkrk munbks ndsks gl ck va`k gs qug td`d cd qug pug`k
rdmpgrsg gvgltukcmgltg
gvgltukcmgltg sg rdmpgrë. Gltdlngs, sa munbks ndsks `gpgl`gl `g qug ulk
sdck eulnadlg, y gsk ndsk sg rdmpg, gstës ndltkl`d cds `íks bkstk ck nktëstrdeg. Gsg gs
ul úland pultd `g ekcck.
Kciulks pgrsdlks sdl ldtkocgmgltg ouglks pkrk gvatkr pultds úlands `g ekcck. Ck
mkydrík `g cds sastgmks nrítands `g cds kvadlgs taglgl ndpaks `g sgiura`k` y cks ndpaks
`g sgiura`k` k mglu`d taglgl ndpaks `g sgiura`k`. Cds kvadlgs md`grlds taglgl
nuktrd sastgmks gcántrands rg`ul`kltgs. Vug`g vdckr ndl ul mdtdr y, tánlankmgltg,
tánlankmgltg,
ktgrrazkr sal laliuld,
erglds sdcds, yk qug
sal gmpujkr nk`k
bknak jgt`g
ktrës `gog
sussgr nkpkz `g
mdtdrgs. Cds`gtglgrsg gl ulk pastk
pugltgs ndcikltgs ndl sus
tkmoaál
  pug`gl pgr`gr munbds
munbds `g sus nkoc
nkocgs
gs sal nkgrsg.

Gc mkydr pultd `g ekcck ndl gc `algrd gs ck `gpgl`glnak gxncusavk `g ul nbgqug `g

 pkid pkrk ealklnakr
ealklnakr cks lgng
lgngsa`k`gs
sa`k`gs `g ikstds k ndrtd pckzd, sal kbdrrds qug nrggl
nrggl ulk
 orgnbk gltrg cd
cd qug nrgg qqug
ug sdl sus ikstds y cd qug pd`ríkl sgr gl gc euturd.
Gc trund qug k mglu`d sg pksk pdr kctd, alncusd pdr cds mës rands, gs cd qug vamds gl
gc nkpítucd ;6: `krsg nugltk `g qug ld sg lgngsatk ulk rkzþl gspgníeank pkrk kbdrrkr.
Gstë oagl kbdrrkr pkrk ul kutdmþvac, ulk nksk d pkrk ck juoacknaþl. Vgrd gs aiukcmgltg
ampdrtkltg kbdrrkr pkrk ndsks qug ld gs pdsaocg prg`gnar d alncusd ndmprgl`gr: gc
gquavkcgltg ealklnagrd `g cds rktdlgs `g nkmpd.
Vrg`gnar pkrk quá uskrë sus kbdrrds supdlg qug vavg gl ul mul`d gl gc qug skog
gxkntkmgltg nuëcgs
nuëcgs sgrël sus ikstds euturds, cd qug lk`ag skog. Kbdrrd munbd y ld
tglid a`gk `g pkrk quá uskrá cds kbdrrds gl gc euturd. Vdnds pcklgs ealklnagrds qug
sdcd sg prgpkrkl pkrk ragsids ndldna`ds taglgl sueanagltg mkrigl `g sgiura`k` pkrk
sdorgvavar gl gc mul`d rgkc.
@g bgnbd, ck pkrtg mës ampdrtkltg `g nk`k pckl gs pcklaeankr qug su pckl ld vkyk `g
knugr`d ndl gc pckl.
Kbdrk, `ájkmg mdstrkrtg nþmd gstd sg kpcank k ta.
 

;0.
Wstg`
Nkmoad
Ck pcklaeanknaþl k ckrid pckzd gs mës `aeínac `g cd qug pkrgng pdrqug cks
mgtks y cds `gsgds `g cks pgrsdlks nkmoakl ndl gc tagmpd.
 

Nrgní ndl ul kmaid qug ld prdvglík la `g pravacgiads la `g altgcgntd lkturkc, pgrd grk
gc tapd mës trkokjk`dr qug ndldník. Gstks pgrsdlks taglgl munbd qug glsgûkr pdrqug
taglgl ulk ndmprglsaþl sal eactrds `g nk`k ngltímgtrd `gc nkmald bknak gc áxatd.
Ck masaþl y gc sugûd `g su va`k nukl`d grk k`dcgsngltg grk sgr má`and. @gnar qug cks

 prdokoaca`k`gs
gsg mdmgltd cdgstkokl
gsndlsa`grkrík
tkokl gl su ulk
ndl
ndltrk
trk gs sgr nkra
nkratktavd.
pdsaoaca`k`. tktavd. Lali
Laliulk
ulk pgrsdlk rkzdlk
rkzdlkocg
ocg gl
Vgrd gmpujþ. Q, ulk `ánk`k mkydr qug sus ndmpkûgrds `g ncksg, ealkcmgltg sg
ndlvartaþ gl má`and.
´Nuëltk sktaseknnaþl prdvaglg `g ndmglzkr `g ck lk`k, korarsg nkmald bkstk ck namk
`g ck gsnugck `g mg`analk y cdirkr ulk `g cks prdegsadlgs mës ldocgs ndltrk td`d
 prdlþstand4
Bkocá ndl ác bkng ulds kûds. Ck ndlvgrsknaþl eug ksí:

Qd: –¡Nuëltd tagmpd sal bkockr! ´Nþmd gstës ...4

Ác: "Bdrraocg nkrrgrk".

Qd: "Jkjk, ougld ..."

Ác: "Bdrraocg nkrrgrk, bdmorg".

Gstd ndltaluþ `urkltg ;6 malutds. Gc gstrás y cks bdrks cd bkoíkl krrkstrk`d bkstk gc
sugcd.
`dl`g Vkrgník tkl `gngpnadlk`d
qugrík gstkr bkng ;7 kûds. `g `þl`g sg glnugltrk bdy ndmd ndl`una`d bknak
Wld `g cds packrgs `g ck psandcdiík gs qug cks pgrsdlks ld prg`angl su euturd.
Amkialkr ulk mgtk gs eënac y `avgrta`d. Amkialkr ulk mgtk gl gc ndltgxtd `g cks
tglsadlgs `g ck va`k rgkcastks qug nrgngl ndl kntava`k`gs ndmpgtatavks gs kcid
ndmpcgtkmgltg
ndmpcgtkmgl tg `aegrgltg.
Gstd taglg ul irkl ampkntd gl lugstrk nkpkna`k` pkrk pcklaeankr mgtks ealklnagrks
euturks.

Nk`k laûd `g nalnd kûds quagrg ndl`unar ul trkntdr nukl`d sgk mkydr. Vdnds trkokjds
 sg vgl mgjdr k cds djds `g ul laûd nuyk a`gk `g ul ougl trkokjd ndmaglzk y tgrmalk

ndl "Urddm vrddm, oap oap, trkntdr irkl`g, ¡kquí vdy!"

Cugid, munbds nrgngl y sg `kl nugltk `g qug ndl`unar ul trkntdr tkc vgz ld sgk ck
mgjdr nkrrgrk. [uazës quagrkl kcid mës prgstaiadsd d cunrktavd.
Gltdlngs, nukl`d grkl k`dcgsngltgs, sugûkl ndl sgr kodik`ds. Kbdrk paglskl, cd
skogl, qug su pckl gstë gstkocgna`d. Eknuctk` `g `grgnbd y sus ndstds, kquí vkmds.
Cugid, ndmd kodik`ds, glergltkl jdrlk`ks ckodrkcgs tkl ckriks qug rkrk vgz vgl k sus
ekmacaks.
Gltdlngs, tkc vgz kngptgl ul trkokjd ndl skckrads mës okjds y bdrkrads ecgxaocgs.
Cugid sg `kl nugltk `g qug gc nua`k`d `g cds laûds gs tkl nkrd qug ndlsumg ck mkydr
 pkrtg `g su sugc`d
sugc`d y dptkl pdr sg
sgrr pk`rgs qug sg qug`kl gl nksk
nksk.. Gstk, ndln
ndlncuygl,
cuygl, gs
ealkcmgltg ck gcgnnaþl ndrrgntk.
Cugid, k cds 96 kûds, sg `kl nugltk `g qug td`k ulk va`k qug`ël`dsg gl nksk sailaeank
qug ld gstël prgpkrk`ds pkrk pkikr ck juoacknaþl.
Munbds `g ldsdtrds pkskmds pdr ck va`k gl ulk trkygntdrak samackr. ^dcd gc ?9% `g
cds irk`uk`ds ulavgrsatkrads taglg ul trkokjd rgcknadlk`d ndl su gspgnakca`k`, sgiúl ck
_gsgrvk Eg`grkc.05 Gc ?1% `g cds pk`rgs qug sg qug`kl gl nksk taglgl ul títucd
ulavgrsatkrad \ 9 Gs prdokocg qug pdnds sg krrgpagltkl `g su g`unknaþl, pdr supugstd.
Vgrd `gogmds rgndldngr qug ul lugvd pk`rg `g >6 kûds pug`g pglskr gl cks mgtks `g
ck va`k `g ulk mklgrk qug sus mgtks prdegsadlkcgs `g ;2 kûds lulnk amkialkríkl.
Ck pcklaeanknaþl ealklnagrk k ckrid pckzd gs eul`kmgltkc. Vgrd cks ndsks nkmoakl,
tkltd gc mul`d qug tg rd`gk ndmd tus prdpaks mgtks y `gsgds. Wlk ndsk gs `gnar: "Ld
skogmds cd qug lds `gpkrk gc euturd". Dtrk gs k`matar qug ustg` masmd ld skog bdy
quá gs cd qug qugrrë gl gc euturd. Q ck vgr`k` gs qug pdnds cd bkngmds.
Gs `aeínac tdmkr `gnasadlgs `urk`grks k ckrid pckzd nukl`d gs prdokocg qug nkmoag su
vasaþl `g cd qug qugrrë gl gc euturd.
Ck acusaþl `gc eal `g ck bastdrak gs cd qug cds psanþcdids cckmkl ck tgl`glnak `g cks
 pgrsdlks k sgr muy ndlsnagltgs `g nuëltd bkl nk nkmoak`d
moak`d gl gc pksk`d, pgrd k
suogstamkr nuëltd pug`gl nkmoakr sus pgrsdlkca`k`gs, `gsgds y mgtks gl gc euturd.
Gc psanþcdid `g Bkrvkr` @klagc Iacogrt `ajd ulk vgz:

Gl nk`k gtkpk `g lugstrks va`ks tdmkmds `gnasadlgs qug alecuarël prdeul`kmgltg gl

cks va`ks `g cks pgrsdlks gl cks qug lds ndlvgrtargmds, y cugid, nukl`d lds
ndlvgrtamds gl gsks pgrsdlks, ld sagmprg gstkmds glnkltk`ds ndl cks `gnasadlgs qug
tdmkmds. Ksí qug cds jþvglgs pkikl ul ougl `algrd pkrk quatkrsg cds tktukjgs qug cds
k`dcgsngltgs pkikrdl pdr ndlsgiuarcds. Cks pgrsdlks `g mg`aklk g`k` sg kprgsurkrdl
k `avdrnakrsg `g cks pgrsdlks ndl cks qug cds k`uctds jþvglgs sg kprgsurkrdl k nkskrsg.
 

Cds k`uctds mkydrgs trkokjkl `urd pkrk pgr`gr cd qug cds k`uctds `g mg`aklk g`k` sg
gsedrzkrdl pdr iklkr. Wlk y dtrk vgz.02 –Pd`ds ldsdtrds”, `ajd, –gstkmds nkmalkl`d
ndl ulk acusaþl, ulk acusaþl `g qug ck bastdrak, lugstrk bastdrak pgrsdlkc, knkok `g
ccgikr k su eal, qug rgnagltgmgl
rgnagltgmgltg
tg lds bgmds ndlvgrta`d gl cks pgrsdlks qug sagmprg
gstuvamds `gstalk`ds k sgr y cd sgrël pdr gc rgstd `g lugstrks va`ks ". Pgl`gmds k
lulnk kprgl`gr gstk cgnnaþl.
Vug`g vgr nþmd gstd pug`g kegntkr ul pckl ealklnagrd k ckrid pckzd. Nbkrcag Muligr
`ang qug ck pramgrk rgick `g ck nkpatkcazknaþl
nkpatkcazknaþl gs lulnk altgrrumparck
allgngskrakmgltg.
allgngskrakmg ltg. Vgrd, ´nþmd ld altgrrumpg ul pckl `g `algrd (nkrrgrks,
alvgrsadlgs, ikstds, prgsupugstds, cd qug sgk) nukl`d cd qug quagrg `g ck va`k
nkmoak4 Gs `aeanac. Vkrtg `g ck rkzþl pdr ck qug pgrsdlks ndmd _dlkc` _gk`, gc
ndlsgrjg k`algrk`d qug ndldnamds kltgradrmgltg gl gc caord, y Ykrrgl Oueegtt, taglgl
tkltd áxatd gs pdrqug saiuagrdl bknagl`d cd masmd `urkltg `ánk`ks, `gjkl`d qug ck
nkpatkcazknaþl
nkpatkcazk naþl sg vdcvagrk cdnk. Vgrd munbds `g ldsdtrds gvdcunadlkmds tkltd k cd
ckrid `g ck va`k qug ld qugrgmds sgiuar bknagl`d cd masmd `urkltg `ánk`ks. D kcid
 pkrgna`d. Gltdlngs,
Gltdlngs, gl cuikr `g ulk va`k út útac
ac `g dnbgltk
dnbgltk y tkltds kûds, lugstrd `algrd
taglg quazës nuktrd ocdqugs `astaltds `g ?6 kûds.
Ndldznd k igltg jdvgl qug vavg ulk va`k kustgrk ndl gsnksds alirgsds y gstël
 pgregntkmgltg egcangs ndl gc gccd.
cd. Cugid gsgstël
tël kqugccds qug trkokjkl `urd ppkrk
krk pkikr ulk
ulk
va`k `g cujd, y gstël pgregntkmgl
pgregntkmgltg tg egcangs ndl gsd. Kmods taglgl ragsids: gc pramgrd
ndrrg gc ragsid `g ld gstkr prgpkrk`d pkrk edrmkr ulk ekmacak d ealklnakr ck juoacknaþl,
gc sgiul`d ndrrg gc ragsid `g ckmgltkr qug bkyk pksk`d sus kûds `g juvgltu` y skcu`
gl ul nuoínucd.
 Ld gxastg ulk sdcunaþl eënac pkrk gstg prdocgmk.
prdocgmk. @íi
@íikcg
kcg k ul laûd ``gg nalnd kûds qu
qugg
`gogrík sgr kodik`d gl cuikr `g ndl`untdr `g trkntdr y ld gstkrë `g knugr`d ndl nk`k
nácuck `g su nugrpd.
Vgrd bky `ds ndsks k tglgr gl nugltk kc tdmkr cd qug nrgg qug sdl `gnasadlgs k ckrid
 pckzd.
@gogmds gvatkr cds gxtrgmds gxtrgmds `g ck pcklaeanknaþl ealklnagrk. Ksumar qug
sgrë egcaz ndl ul alirgsd muy okjd, d qug gcajk trkokjkr altgrmalkocgs
altgrmalkocgs bdrks gl
ousnk `g uld kctd, kumgltk cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g qug kciúl `ík sg glnugltrg gl
ul pultd `g krrgpgltamagltd. Gc ndmoustaocg `g ck acusaþl `gc eal `g ck bastdrak gs
qug cks pgrsdlks sg k`kptkl k ck mkydrík `g cks narnulstklnaks, pdr cd qug cds
oglgeanads `g ul pckl gxtrgmd, ck sampcana`k` `g tglgr nksa lk`k d ck gmdnaþl `g
tglgr nksa td`d, `gskpkrgngl. Vgrd cks `gsvgltkjks `g gsds gxtrgmds ‐ld pd`gr
pkikr ck juoacknaþl d markr ktrës k ulk va`k `g`ank`k k pgrsgiuar `þckrgs‐
`þckrgs‐ sg
ndlvagrtgl gl krrgpgltamagltds `urk`grds. Cds krrgpgltamagltds
krrgpgltamagltds sdl
gspgnakcmgltg `dcdrdsds nukl`d kokl`dlks ul pckl kltgradr y sagltgs qug taglgs
gspgnakcmgltg
 qug ndrrgr gl ck dtrk `argnnaþl `ds vgngs mës rëpa`d pkrk rgnupgrkr gc tagmpd

pgr`a`d.
Ck nkpatkcazknaþl eulnadlk
eulnadlk mgjdr nukl`d pug`g `krcg k ul pckl kûds d `ánk`ks pkrk
qug nrgznk. Gstd gs nagrtd ld sdcd pkrk cds kbdrrds, sald tkmoaál pkrk cks nkrrgrks y cks
rgcknadlgs. Ck rgsastglnak gs nckvg. Q nukl`d ndlsa`grk lugstrk tgl`glnak k nkmoakr
quaálgs sdmds ndl gc tagmpd, gc gquacaorad gl nk`k pultd `g su va`k sg ndlvagrtg gl
ulk gstrktgiak pkrk gvatkr krrgpgltamagltds euturds y edmgltkr ck rgsastglnak.
Pglgr ndmd dojgtavd, gl nk`k mdmgltd `g su va`k ckodrkc, tglgr kbdrrds klukcgs
md`grk`ds, tagmpd caorg md`grk`d, ld mës qug ul vakjg `akrad md`grk`d y kc mglds
ul tagmpd md`grk`d ndl su ekmacak, kumgltk cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g pd`gr numpcar ndl
ul pckl y gvatkr gc krrgpgltamagl
krrgpgltamagltd
td qug sa kciulk `g gsks ndsks nkygrk gl cds gxtrgmds
`gc gspgntrd.
Pkmoaál `gogríkmds ccgikr k kngptkr ck rgkca`k` `g nkmoakr `g dpalaþl. Kciulds
`g cds trkokjk`drgs mës masgrkocgs qug bg ndldna`d sdl pgrsdlks qug sg
mkltaglgl cgkcgs k ulk nkrrgrk sdcd pdrqug gs gc nkmpd qug gcaiagrdl nukl`d sg
`gna`agrdl pdr ulk nkrrgrk ulavgrsatkrak k cds ;2 kûds. Nukl`d kngptks ck acusaþl
`gc eal `g ck bastdrak, tg `ks nugltk `g qug cks prdokoaca`k`gs
prdokoaca`k`gs `g gcgiar ul trkokjd
nukl`d ld taglg ck g`k` sueanagltg pkrk ogogr qug kúl `aserutkrë nukl`d tglik ck
g`k` sueanagltg pkrk nkcaeankr pkrk gc ^giurd ^dnakc gs okjd.
Gc trund ndlsastg gl kngptkr ck rgkca`k` `gc nkmoad y sgiuar k`gckltg cd kltgs pdsaocg.
Jksdl Zwgai, ndcumlastk `g alvgrsadlgs `gc Ykcc ^trggt Jdurlkc, trkokjþ ndl gc
 psanþcdid @klagc
@klagc Hkblgmkl ggll ck rg`knn
rg`knnaþl
aþl `gc caord Pbalhali, Ekst kkl`
l` ^cdw `g
Hkblgmkl. Zwgai ndltþ ulk vgz ulk bastdrak sdorg ulk pgnucakra`k` `g ck
 pgrsdlkca`k` `g Hkblgmkl qug ccgg rgsuctþ muy útac: –Lk`
–Lk`kk mg sdrprgl`aþ mmës
ës sdorg
@klly qug su nkpkna`k` pkrk `gtdlkr cd qug knkoëokmds `g bkngr”, gsnraoaþ Zwgai.
Ác y Hkblgmkl pd`ríkl trkokjkr sal ngskr gl ul nkpítucd, pgrd:

Cd saiuagltg qug skogs gs qug XHkblgmkl] glvík ulk vgrsaþl tkl ndmpcgtkmgltg
trklsedrmk`k qug gs arrgndldnaocg: ndmaglzk `g mklgrk `aegrgltg, tgrmalk `g mklgrk
`aegrgltg, alndrpdrk klán`dtks
klán`dtks y prugoks gl cks qug lulnk bkoríks pglsk`d, sg oksk gl
alvgstaiknadlgs qug lulnk bks gsnunbk`d. `g.

"Nukl`d cg prgiultá k @klly nþmd pd`ík gmpgzkr `g lugvd ndmd sa lulnk

buoaárkmds gsnratd ul odrrk`dr kltgradr", ndltaluþ Zwgai, "`ajd cks pkckorks qug
lulnk bg dcva`k`d: 'Ld tglid ndstds arrgnupgrkocgs'". 01
Cds ndstds bul`a`ds, qug klnckl cks `gnasadlgs k gseugrzds pksk`ds qug ld pug`gl
rggmodcskrsg, sdl ul `gmdlad gl ul mul`d `dl`g ck igltg nkmoak ndl gc tagmpd.
Bkngl qug lugstrd yd euturd sgk prasadlgrd `g lugstrd yd pksk`d, `aegrgltg. Gs gc
 

gquavkcgltg k qug ul gxtrkûd tdmg `gnasadlgs ampdrtkltgs gl su va`k.

Kngptkr ck a`gk `g qug cks mgtks ealklnagrks qug sg gstkocgnagrdl nukl`d grks ulk
 pgrsdlk `aegrgltg
`aegrgltg `gogl kokl`dlkrsg
kokl`dlkrsg sal pag`k` gl cuikr `g pdlgrsg ul sdpdrtg vatkc y
 prdcdlikrcks pug`g sgr ulk ouglk gstrktgiak pkr
pkrkk malamazkr gc krrgpgltamagltd
krrgpgltamagltd euturd.
Nukltd mës rëpa`d sg bkik, kltgs pd`rë vdcvgr k ck nkpatkcazknaþl.
K ndltaluknaþl, bkocgmds `gc prgnad `g k`masaþl ndmpugstd.
 

Pd`d taglg ul prgnad, y ck nckvg `g munbks ndsks ndl `algrd gs kvgraiukr 

nuëc gs gsg prgnad y gstkr `aspugstd k pkikrcd.
Gc prdocgmk gs qug gc prgnad `g munbks ndsks ld gs dovad bkstk qug cd
gxpgramgltks `g pramgrk mkld, nukl`d ck eknturk gstë vglna`k.

Iglgrkc Gcgntran grk ck gmprgsk mës irkl`g `gc mul`d gl ?660, ndl ul
vkcdr `g ul tgrnad `g oaccþl `g `þckrgs. Bkoík sa`d gc pramgrd d gc
sgiul`d nk`k kûd `urkltg ck `ánk`k kltgradr, gc oracckltg gjgmpcd `g
krastdnrknak ndrpdrktavk `gc nkpatkcasmd.
Gltdlngs td`d sg bazd kûands.
Ck nrasas ealklnagrk `g ?662 glvaþ kc nkds k ck `avasaþl ealklnagrk `g IG,
qug prdpdrnadlþ mës `g ck matk` `g cks iklklnaks `g ck gmprgsk.
Ealkcmgltg sg vgl`aþ ndmd nbktkrrk. Cks kpugstks suosaiuagltgs gl
 pgtrþcgd y glgriík eugrdl `gskstrgs, qug rgsuctkrdl gl macgs `g maccdlgs
maccdlgs
gl pár`a`ks. Cks knnadlgs `g IG nkygrdl `g $ 06 gl ?669 k $ 9 gl ?6;2.
Ck nucpk kc `argntdr gjgnutavd Jgee Ammgct, qug `araiík ck gmprgsk `gs`g
?66;, eug almg`aktk y `urk. Eug nratank`d pdr su ca`grkzid, sus
k`quasanadlgs, ck rg`unnaþl `g `ava`gl`ds, gc `gspa`d `g trkokjk`drgs y,
 pdr supugstd, ck nkí`k `gc prgnad `g cks knnadlgs. Ndl rkzþl:
rkzþl: cds
rgndmpglsk`ds ndl raqugzks `alëstanks nukl`d cds tagmpds sdl ouglds
taglgl gc pgsd `g ck rgspdlskoaca`k` nukl`d okjk ck mkrgk. _glulnaþ gl
?6;9.
Vgrd Ammgct `ajd kcid pgrspankz kc skcar.
Gl rgspugstk k cds nrítands qug `gníkl qug sus knnadlgs gstkokl mkc y qug
cd qug `gogrík bkogr bgnbd grk dovad, Ammgct cg `ajd k su sungsdr: "Pd`d
trkokjd pkrgng eënac nukl`d ld grgs tú quagl cd bkng".
Nk`k trkokjd pkrgng eënac nukl`d ld grgs tú quagl cd bkng pdrqug cds
`gskeíds qug glergltk kciuagl gl ck krglk k mglu`d sdl alvasaocgs pkrk
cds qug gstël gl ck muctatu`.
Ca`akr ndl cks `gmkl`ks ndlecantavks `g cds alvgrsdrgs k ndrtd pckzd, cds
sal`anktds y ck ourdnrknak krrkaik`k ld sdcd gs `aeínac `g bkngr, sald qug
alncusd gs `aeínac rgndldngr ck irkvg`k` `g cds prdocgmks bkstk qug ustg`
gs gc qug sg dnupk `g gccds. Gc sungsdr `g Ammgct, qug `urþ ;0 mgsgs,
tkmoaál sg gltgrþ.
Ck mkydrík `g cks ndsks sdl mës `aeínacgs gl ck prëntank qug gl ck tgdrík.
K vgngs gstd sg `gog k qug gstkmds `gmksak`d ndleak`ds. Ck mkydrík `g
cks vgngs sg `gog k qug ld sdmds ouglds pkrk a`gltaeankr nuëc gs gc
 

 prgnad `gc áxatd, cd qug lds ampa`g pd`gr pkikrcd.

Gc ^&V 766 sg muctapcanþ pdr ;;1 gl cds 76 kûds qug tgrmalkrdl gl

?6;2. Pd`d cd qug tglík qug bkngr grk sgltkrsg y `gjkr qug su `algrd sg
knumuckrk. Vgrd, pdr supugstd, alvgrtar ndl áxatd pkrgng eënac nukl`d ld
grgs tú quagl cd bkng.
"Mkltglik cks knnadlgs k ckrid pckzd", gsnunbkrë. Gs ul ougl ndlsgjd.
´Vgrd skog cd `aeínac qug gs mkltglgr ulk pgrspgntavk k ckrid pckzd
nukl`d cks knnadlgs gstël ndckpskl`d4
Ndmd td`d cd qug vkcg ck pglk, ck alvgrsaþl gxatdsk gxaig ul prgnad. Vgrd
su mdlg`k ld sdl `þckrgs y ngltkvds. Gs ck vdcktaca`k`, gc mag`d, ck
`u`k, ck alngrta`umorg y gc krrgpgltamagltd, td`ds cds nukcgs sdl eënacgs
`g pkskr pdr kctd bkstk qug sg trktk `g gccds gl tagmpd rgkc.

Ck alnkpkna`k`
tgltkrlds pkrkndlsgiuar
k altgltkr rgndldngrkcid
qug kalvgrtar
nkmoadtaglg ul prgnad
`g lk`k. pug`g
Cd nukc, ndmd gc
burtd, rkrk vgz tgrmalk oagl.
@a qug quagrgs ul kutd lugvd. Nugstk $ >6,666. Paglg trgs dpnadlgs: ;)
Vkikr $ >6,666 pdr ác, ?) glndltrkr uld usk`d mës okrktd d >) rdokrcd.
Gl gstg nksd, gc 11% `g cks pgrsdlks skog gvatkr ck tgrngrk dpnaþl,
 pdrqug cks ndlsgnuglnaks `g rdokr ul kutdmþvac supgrkl cks vgltkjks.
Vgrd `aikmds qug `gsgk dotglgr ul rgl`amagltd klukc `gc ;;% `urkltg
cds prþxamds >6 kûds pkrk pd`gr juoackrsg gl pkz. ´Gstk rgndmpglsk gs
irktas4 Vdr supugstd ld. Gc mul`d lulnk gs tkl odlatd. Bky ulk gtaqugtk
`g prgnad, ulk eknturk qug `gog pkikrsg. Gl gstg nksd, gs ulk ourck
altgrmalkocg
masmk rkpa`gz.`gcAlncuygl`d
mgrnk`d, qug `k irkl`gs
`ava`gl`ds, oglgeanadsAl`ustrakc
gc Vrdmg`ad y cds gcamalk
@dwndl ck
Jdlgs krrdjþ kcrg`g`dr `gc ;;% pdr kûd `gs`g ;176 bkstk ?6;1, cd nukc
gs iglakc. Vgrd gc prgnad `gc áxatd `urkltg gstg pgríd`d eug
trgmgl`kmgltg kctd. Cks cílgks sdmorgk`ks gl gc irëeand mugstrkl
nuël`d gstuvd kc mglds ul 7% pdr `gokjd `g su mëxamd bastþrand
kltgradr.
 

  ës `gc 7% pdr `gokjd `gc kltgradr mëxamd

bastþrand «\ Vrdmg`ad al`ustrakc @dw Jdlgs

>6666

?7666

?6
?6666
666 ;

7666

;6666

7666 6 *

Gstg gs gc
 prgnad `g
cds
rgtdrlds `gc mgrnk`d. Ck nudtk. Gs gc ndstd `g ck k`masaþl. Q `ugcg.
Ndmd ck mkydrík `g cds prd`untds, nukltd mkydr sgk ck rgltkoaca`k`, mkydr sgrë gc
 prgnad. Cks knnadlgs `g Lgtecax dotuvagrdl mës `gc >7,666% `g ?66? k ?6;2, pgrd
ndtazkrdl pdr `gokjd `g su mëxamd bastþrand kltgradr gl gc 10% `g cds `íks. Mdlstgr
Ogvgrkig dotuvd ul rgl`amagltd `gc >;1.666% gltrg ;117 y ?6;2, gltrg cds
rgl`amagltds mës kctds `g ck bastdrak, pgrd sg lgidnaþ pdr `gokjd `g su mëxamd
kltgradr gc 17% `gc tagmpd `urkltg gsg pgríd`d.
Kbdrk kquí gstë ck pkrtg ampdrtkltg. Kc aiukc qug gc kutdmþvac, taglg kciulks dpnadlgs:
 pug`g pkikr gstg prgnad, kngptkl`d ck vdcktaca`k` y ck kiatknaþl. D pug`g glndltrkr
glndltrkr ul
kntavd ndl mglds alngrta`umorg y ulk rgndmpglsk mgldr, gc gquavkcgltg k ul
kutdmþvac usk`d. D pug`g altgltkr gc gquavkcgltg k irkl`-tbget kutd: trktg `g dotglgr gc
rgl`amagltd gvatkl`d ck vdcktaca`k` qug cd kndmpkûk.
Munbk igltg kc alvgrtar gcaig ck tgrngrk dpnaþl. Ndmd ul ck`rþl `g ndnbgs, kulqug
 oagl altglnadlk`ds y rgspgtudsds `g ck cgy, nrgkl trunds y gstrktgiaks pkrk dotglgr gc
gc
rgl`amagltd sal pkikr gc prgnad. Gccds altgrnkmoakl
 

y eugrk. Altgltkl vgl`gr kltgs `g ck prþxamk rgngsaþl y ndmprkr kltgs `gc prþxamd
oddm. Ck mkydrík `g cds alvgrsdrgs ndl pdnk gxpgraglnak skogl qug ck vdcktaca`k` gs
rgkc y ndmúl. Munbds cugid `kl cd qug pkrgng sgr gc saiuagltg pksd cþiand: trktkr `g
gvatkrcd.
Vgrd cds @adsgs `gc @algrd ld markl muy oagl k quaglgs ousnkl ulk rgndmpglsk sal

 pkikr gc prgnad.
nkpturk`ds Kciulds ck`rdlgs `g ndnbgs sg skc`rël ndl ck suyk. Munbds mës sgrël
y nkstaik`ds.
Cd masmd dnurrg ndl ck alvgrsaþl.
Mdrlalistkr ulk vgz klkcazþ gc `gsgmpgûd `g cds edl`ds mutuds tëntands, nuyk
gstrktgiak gs nkmoakr gltrg knnadlgs y odlds gl gc mdmgltd dpdrtuld, nkpturkl`d
rgtdrlds `g mgrnk`d ndl mgldr ragsid k ck okjk.76 [uagrgl cds rgtdrlds sal pkikr gc
 prgnad. Gc gstu`ad sg ngltrþ gl gc pgríd`d `g mg`ak`ds `g ?6;6 k ealkcgs `g ?6;;,
nukl`d cds mgrnk`ds `g vkcdrgs `g GG. WW. ^g vdcvagrdl cdnds pdr cds tgmdrgs `g ulk
lugvk rgngsaþl y gc ^&V 766 `asmaluyþ mës `gc ?6%. Gstg gs gc tapd gxkntd `g
gltdrld gl gc qug sg supdlg qug `gogl trkokjkr cds edl`ds tëntands. Grk su mdmgltd `g
 oracckr.

Buod, sgiúl
 pgríd`d. ^dcdgclugvg
rgnugltd `g Mdrlalistkr,
tuvagrdl ;;? edl`dskjustk`ds
mgjdrgs rgl`amagltds mutuds tëntands
kc ragsid`urkltg
qug ulgstg
sampcg
edl`d `g odlds `g knnadlgs 56/06. Mglds `g ulk nukrtk pkrtg `g cds edl`ds tëntands
tglíkl rg`unnadlgs mëxamks mës pgqugûks qug gc íl`ang `g `gjkrcd sdcd. Mdrlalistkr
gsnraoaþ: –Ndl kciulks gxngpnadlgs, Xcds edl`ds tëntands] iklkrdl mglds, grkl mës
vdcëtacgs d gstkokl sujgtds k tkltd ragsid k ck okjk” ndmd gc edl`d `g mklds caorgs.
Cds alvgrsdrgs al`ava`ukcgs tkmoaál nkgl gl gstd nukl`d bkngl sus prdpaks
alvgrsadlgs. Gc alvgrsdr mg`ad gl edl`ds `g rgltk vkrakocg tuvd ul rgl`amagltd
alegradr kc `g cds edl`ds gl cds qug alvartaþ gl ul mg`ad pdr nagltd klukc, sgiúl
Mdrlalistkr, gc rgsuctk`d `g ndmprkr y vgl`gr nukl`d `gogríkl bkogr ndmprk`d y
mkltgla`d.
Ck ardlík gs qug kc altgltkr gvatkr gc prgnad, cds alvgrsdrgs tgrmalkl pkikl`d gc `docg.
@g vugctk k IG. Wlk `g sus munbks ekccks prdvaglg `g ulk grk okjd gc gx `argntdr
gjgnutavd Jknh Ygcnb. Ygcnb sg bazd ekmdsd pdr ksgiurkr qug cks iklklnaks
tramgstrkcgs pdr knnaþl supgrkrkl cks gstamknadlgs `g Ykcc ^trggt. Ác grk gc irkl
mkgstrd. ^a cds klkcastks `g Ykcc ^trggt gspgrkrkl $ 6.?7 pdr knnaþl, Jknh gltrgikrík $
6.?5 sal ampdrtkr gc gstk`d `g cds lgidnads d ck gndldmík. Cd bkrík mkskjgkl`d cds
lúmgrds, gsk `gsnrapnaþl gs nkratktavk, k mglu`d gxtrkygl`d iklklnaks `g cds
tramgstrgs euturds kc tramgstrg kntukc pkrk qug cds lúmgrds dog`agltgs skcu`gl k su
mkgstrd.
 Edrogs aledrmþ
aledrmþ ululd
d `g `dngl
`dnglks
ks `g gj
gjgmpcds:
gmpcds: "XI
"XIglgrkc
glgrkc Gc
Gcgntran]
gntran] `u
`urkltg
rkltg `ds k
kûds
ûds
 sgiua`ds 'vgl`aþ' cd
cdndmdtdrk
ndmdtdrkss k sdnads ealklnagr
ealklnagrds
ds ld a`gl
a`gltaeank`d
taeank`dss gl cuikr `g k
usukrads ealkcgs gl trklsknnadlgs qug `gjkokl ck mkydrík `g cds ragsids `g prdpag`k` 
gl IG". 7?
Ygcnb lulnk lgiþ gstg jugid. Gsnraoaþ gl su caord ^trkaibt Erdm tbg Iut:
 

Ck rgspugstk `g lugstrds cí`grgs gmprgskrakcgs k cks nrasas eug típank `g ck nucturk `g

IG. K pgskr `g qug cds caords sg bkoíkl ngrrk`d gl gc tramgstrg, munbds sg dergnagrdl
almg`aktkmgltg k ndckodrkr pkrk nuorar ck orgnbk X`g iklklnaks]. Kciulds `ajgrdl qug
 pd`ríkl glndltrkr $ ;6 maccdlgs, $ ?6 maccdlgs g alncusd $ >6 maccdlgs k`anadlkcgs `g
su lgidnad pkrk ndmpglskr ck sdrprgsk.

Gc rgsuctk`d eug qug okjd gc ca`grkzid `g Ygcnb, cds knnadlastks ld tuvagrdl qug pkikr
gc prgnad. Dotuvagrdl ndlsastglnak y prgvasaoaca`k`, ulk knnaþl qug kumgltþ kûd trks
kûd sal cks sdrprgsks `g ck alngrta`umorg. Cugid vglnaþ ck eknturk, ndmd sagmprg. Cds
knnadlastks `g IG bkl suera`d ulk `ánk`k `g pár`a`ks iaikltgsnks qug kltgs gstkokl
 prdtgia`ks pdr mkladorks ndltkocgs. Cks iklklnaks `g ul ngltkvd `g ck grk `g Ygcnb
sg ndlvartagrdl gl pár`a`ks `g ngltkvds bdy.
Gc gjgmpcd mës gxtrkûd `g gstd prdvaglg `g cds iaikltgs bapdtgnkrads ekcca`ds Erg``ag
Mkn y Ekllag Mkg, qug k pralnapads `g ck `ánk`k `g ?666 eugrdl sdrprgl`a`ds
rgpdrtkl`d iklklnaks kntukcgs pdr macgs `g maccdlgs `g `þckrgs ndl ck altglnaþl `g
`astraouar gsks iklklnaks gl pgríd`ds euturds pkrk `kr k cds alvgrsadlastks ck acusaþl `g
trklquaca`k`. y prgvasaoaca`k`. 7> Ck acusaþl `g ld tglgr qug pkikr gc prgnad.

Ck prgiultk gs: ´Vdr quá tkltks pgrsdlks qug gstël `aspugstks k pkikr gc prgnad `g cds
kutdmþvacgs, cks nksks, ck ndma`k y cks vknknadlgs sg gseugrzkl tkltd pdr gvatkr pkikr
gc prgnad `g cds ouglds rgl`amagltds `g cks alvgrsadlgs4
Ck rgspugstk gs sampcg: gc prgnad `gc áxatd `g ck alvgrsaþl ld gs almg`aktkmgltg dovad.
 Ld gs ulk gtaqugtk `g prgnad qug pug`k vgr, pdr cd qug nukl`d
nukl`d vglng ck eknturk ld sg
sagltg ndmd ulk tkraek pdr dotglgr kcid ougld.
^g sagltg oagl pdr bkngr kcid mkc. Q sa oagl cks pgrsdlks iglgrkcmgltg gstël oagl ndl
gc pkid `g tkraeks,
`gnasadlgs sg supdlg
prgvgltavks qugmuctks.
y gvatkr cks muctks `gogl gvatkrsg.
Cks muctks `g trëeand^gy supdlg qug`gc
cks muctks `gog
A_^tdmkr
sailaeankl qug bazd kcid mkc y mgrgng sgr nkstaik`d. Ck rgspugstk lkturkc pkrk
nukcquagrk qug dosgrvg nþmd su raqugzk `gncalk y vg gsk nkí`k ndmd ulk muctk gs
gvatkr euturks muctks.
^uglk travakc, pgrd pglskr gl ck vdcktaca`k` `gc mgrnk`d ndmd ulk tkraek gl cuikr `g
ulk muctk gs ulk pkrtg ampdrtkltg `gc `gskrrdccd `gc tapd `g mgltkca`k` qug cg pgrmatg
qug`krsg gc tagmpd sueanagltg pkrk qug cks iklklnaks `g alvgrsaþl eulnadlgl k su
ekvdr.
Vdnds alvgrsdrgs gstël `aspugstds k `gnar: "@g bgnbd, gstdy oagl sa pagr`d gc ?6% `g
ma `algrd". Gstd gs `docgmgltg nagrtd pkrk cds lugvds alvgrsdrgs qug lulnk bkl
gxpgramgltk`d ulk nkí`k `gc ?6%.
Vgrd sa vg ck vdcktaca`k` ndmd ulk tkraek, cks ndsks sg vgl `aegrgltgs.
 

Cds odcgtds pkrk @aslgyckl` nugstkl $ ;66. Vgrd taglgs ul `ík alnrgíocg ndl tus bajds
qug lulnk dcva`krës. Gc kûd pksk`d, mës `g ;2 maccdlgs `g pgrsdlks pglskrdl qug
vkcík ck pglk pkikr gsk tkraek. Vdnds saltagrdl qug cds $ ;66 grkl ul nkstaid d ulk
muctk. Ck ndmpglsknaþl `g tkraeks qug vkcg ck pglk gs dovak nukl`d gstë nckrd qug gstë
 pkikl`d ulk.
Cd masmd dnurrg ndl ck alvgrsaþl, `dl`g ck vdcktaca`k` gs nksa sagmprg ulk tkraek, ld
ulk muctk.
Cds rgtdrlds `gc mgrnk`d lulnk sdl irktuatds y lulnk cd sgrël. Gxaigl qug pkiugs ul
 prgnad, ndmd nukcquagr dtrd prd`untd. Ld gstë docaik`d k pkikr gstk tkraek, kc aiukc qug
ld gstë docaik`d k ar k @aslgyckl`. Vug`g ar k ck egrak cdnkc `gc ndl`k`d `dl`g cds
 odcgtds pug`gl ndstkr $ ;6 d qug`krsg gl nksk irktas. Gs pdsaocg qug td`kvík ck pksgs
 oagl. Vgrd ldrmkcmgltg dotgl`rë cd qug pkik. Cd masmd dnurrg ndl cds mgrnk`ds. Ck
tkraek `g vdcktaca`k` / alngrta`umorg, gc prgnad `g cds rgtdrlds, gs gc ndstd `g k`masaþl
 pkrk dotglgr rgtdrlds mkydrgs qug cds `g cds pkrqugs `g tkraeks
tkraeks okjks ndmd gegntavd y
 odlds.
Gc trund gs ndlvglngrsg k sí masmd `g qug ck tkraek `gc mgrnk`d vkcg ck pglk. Gsk gs ck
úlank mklgrk `g ca`akr k`gnuk`kmgltg ndl ck vdcktaca`k` y ck alngrta`umorg, ld sdcd
kiukltël`dcks, sald `ël`dsg nugltk `g qug gs ulk tkraek `g k`masaþl qug vkcg ck pglk
 pkikr.
 Ld bky ikrkltík `g qug ksí sgk. K vgngs
vgngs ccugvg gl @aslgyckl`.
Vgrd sa vg ck tkraek `g k`masaþl ndmd ulk muctk, lulnk `aserutkrë `g ck mkiak.
Glnugltrg gc prgnad y cugid pkiug.
 

Ck ampcdsaþl `g ck ouroujk `g cks pultdndm k pralnapads `g ck `ánk`k `g ?666 rg`ujd ck raqugzk `g

cds bdikrgs gl 5,? oaccdlgs `g `þckrgs.
Gc eal `g ck ouroujk almdoacakrak rgndrtþ mës `g $ 2 oaccdlgs.
Gs `aeínac gxkigrkr cd `gvkstk`drks qug pug`gl sgr cks ouroujks ealklnagrks `gs`g gc pultd `g vastk
sdnakc. Krrualkl va`ks.
Vdr quá sung`gl gstks ndsks4
´Q pdr quá saiugl sung`agl`d4
´Vdr quá ld pd`gmds kprgl`gr lugstrks cgnnadlgs4
Ck rgspugstk ndmúl kquí gs qug ck igltg gs nd`anadsk y ck nd`anak gs ulk nkrkntgrístank al`gcgocg
al`gcgocg `g
ck lkturkcgzk bumklk.
Gsd pug`g sgr nagrtd, y gs ulk rgspugstk sueanagltgmgltg ouglk pkrk ck mkydrík. Vgrd rgnugr`g `gc
nkpítucd ;: lk`ag gstë cdnd. Cks pgrsdlks tdmkl `gnasadlgs ealklnagrks `g cks qug sg krrgpagltgl y,
k mglu`d, cd bkngl ndl gsnksk aledrmknaþl y sal cþiank. Vgrd cks `gnasadlgs tglíkl sglta`d pkrk
gccds nukl`d
cgnnadlgs sg tdmkrdl.
ampdrtkltgs Gnbkrcg
sdorg nþmdcky nucpk `gckcksigltg
pdr quá ouroujks k ck nd`anak
rknadlkcazk y `gtglgrsg
cd qug, kbí pkskpkrgngl
gl rgtrdspgntavk, pdr kctd
`gnasadlgs nd`anadsks.
Vkrtg `g ck rkzþl pdr ck qug gs `aeínac kprgl`gr `g cks ouroujks gs qug ld sdl ndmd gc nëlngr, `dl`g
ulk oadpsak lds `k ulk k`vgrtglnak y ul `akilþstand nckrds. Gstël mës ngrnk `gc ksnglsd y nkí`k `g
ul pkrta`d pdcítand, `dl`g gc rgsuctk`d sg ndldng gl rgtrdspgntavk, pgrd ck nkusk y ck nucpk lulnk sg
knugr`kl.
Ck ndmpgtglnak pdr cds rgl`amagltds `g cks alvgrsadlgs gs egrdz y kciuagl taglg qug sgr `ugûd `g
td`ds cds kntavds gl td`d mdmgltd. Gsd sailaeank qug ck mgrk a`gk `g cks ouroujks sagmprg sgrë
ndltrdvgrta`k, pdrqug lk`ag quagrg pglskr qug pdsgg ul kntavd sdorgvkcdrk`d. Gl rgtrdspgntavk, gs
mës prdokocg qug sgûkcgmds ndl gc `g`d níland qug qug kprgl`kmds cgnnadlgs.
Ld nrgd qug kciulk vgz sgkmds nkpkngs `g gxpcankr ndmpcgtkm
ndmpcgtkmgltg
gltg pdr quá dnurrgl cks ouroujks.
Gs ndmd prgiultkr pdr quá dnurrgl cks iugrrks8 nksa sagmprg bky vkraks rkzdlgs, munbks `g gccks
ndltrk`antdraks, td`ks ndltrdvgrta`ks.
Gs ul tgmk `gmksak`d ndmpcank`d pkrk rgspugstks sampcgs.
Vgrd pgrmítklmg prdpdlgr ulk rkzþl pdr ck qug sung`gl qug kmods sg pkskl pdr kctd y sg kpcankl
k ustg` pgrsdlkcmgltg: cds alvgrsdrgs k mglu`d saiugl aldngltgmgltg cks sgûkcgs `g dtrds
alvgrsdrgs qug gstël juikl`d ul jugid `aegrgltg kc suyd.

Gxastg ulk a`gk gl cks ealklzks qug pkrgng aldngltg pgrd qug bk bgnbd ul `kûd alnkcnuckocg.
 

Gs ck ldnaþl `g qug cds kntavds taglgl ul prgnad rknadlkc gl ul mul`d `dl`g cds alvgrsdrgs taglgl
`aegrgltgs dojgtavds y bdrazdltgs tgmpdrkcgs.
Vrgiúltgsg: ´Nuëltd `gogrík pkikr bdy pdr cks knnadlgs `g Iddicg4
Ck rgspugstk `gpgl`g `g quaál gs "ustg`".
´Paglg ul bdrazdltg tgmpdrkc `g >6 kûds4 Gltdlngs, gc prgnad altgcaigltg k pkikr ampcank ul
klëcasas sdorad `g cds ecujds `g gegntavd `gsndltk`ds `g Iddicg `urkltg cds prþxamds >6 kûds.
´Gstë ousnkl`d ndorkr gl ul pckzd `g ;6 kûds4 Cugid, gc prgnad k pkikr sg pug`g `gtgrmalkr
mg`akltg ul klëcasas `gc pdtglnakc `g ck al`ustrak tgnldcþiank `urkltg ck prþxamk `ánk`k y sa ck
k`malastrknaþl `g Iddicg pug`g gjgnutkr su vasaþl.
´[uagrg vgl`gr `gltrd `g ul kûd4 Cugid, prgstg ktglnaþl k cds nancds kntukcgs `g vgltk `g
prd`untds `g Iddicg y sa tgl`rgmds ul mgrnk`d okjastk.
´Gs ustg` ul `ky trk`gr4 Gltdlngs, gc prgnad altgcaigltg k pkikr gs "´k quaál cg ampdrtk4" pdrqug
sdcd gstë trktkl`d `g sknkr ulds nukltds `þckrgs `g cd qug sung`k gltrg kbdrk y ck bdrk `gc
kcmugrzd, cd qug sg pug`g cdirkr k nukcquagr prgnad.
Nukl`d cds alvgrsadlastks taglgl `aegrgltgs dojgtavds y bdrazdltgs `g tagmpd, y cds taglgl gl nk`k
ncksg `g kntavds, cds prgnads qug pkrgngl ra`ínucds pkrk ulk pgrsdlk pug`gl tglgr sglta`d pkrk dtrk,
pdrqug cds ekntdrgs k cds qug gsds alvgrsadlastks prgstkl ktglnaþl sdl `aegrgltgs.
Pdmgmds ndmd gjgmpcd ck ouroujk `g cks pultdndm gl ck `ánk`k `g ;116.
Ck igltg pug`g markr Qkbdd! knnadlgs gl ;111 y `gnar –¡Gsd eug ulk cdnurk! ¡Wl oaccþl `g vgngs
cds alirgsds! ¡Ck vkcdrknaþl ld tglík sglta`d! "
Vgrd munbds alvgrsdrgs prdpagtkrads `g Qkbdd! Cks knnadlgs gl ;111 tglíkl bdrazdltgs `g tagmpd
tkl ndrtds qug tglík sglta`d qug pkikrkl ul prgnad ra`ínucd. Wl ndmgrnakltg `akrad
`akrad pd`rík cdirkr cd
qug lgngsatk sa Qkbdd! gstkok gl $ 7 pdr knnaþl d $ 766 pdr knnaþl, sagmprg y nukl`d sg mdvagrk
gl ck `argnnaþl ndrrgntk gsg `ík. Q ksí eug, `urkltg kûds.
Wlk rgick `g bagrrd `g cks ealklzks gs qug gc `algrd pgrsaiug rgl`amagltds gl ck mkydr mg`a`k
pdsaocg. ^a ul kntavd taglg ampucsd, sg bk gstk`d mdvagl`d ndlstkltgmgltg bknak
bknak krraok `urkltg ul
pgríd`d `g tagmpd, ld gs ulk cdnurk qug ul irupd `g dpgrk`drgs k ndrtd pckzd ksumk qug sgiuarë
suoagl`d. Ld al`geala`kmgltg8 sdcd pdr gc ndrtd pgríd`d `g tagmpd qug cd lgngsatkl. Mdmgltum
ktrkg k cds ndmgrnakltgs k ndrtd pckzd `g ulk mklgrk rkzdlkocg.
Cugid sg vk k cks nkrrgrks.
Cks ouroujks sg edrmkl nukl`d gc ampucsd `g cds rgl`amagltds k ndrtd pckzd ktrkg sueanagltg `algrd
qug ck ndmpdsanaþl `g cds alvgrsdrgs nkmoak `g pralnapkcmgltg
pralnapkcmgltg k ckrid pckzd k pralnapkcmgl
pralnapkcmgltgtg k
ndrtd pckzd.
Gsg prdngsd sg kcamgltk `g sí masmd. K mg`a`k qug cds dpgrk`drgs kumgltkl cds rgl`amagltds k
ndrtd pckzd, ktrkgl k mës dpgrk`drgs. Gl pdnd tagmpd, y k mglu`d ld tdmk munbd tagmpd, cds
`gtgrmalkltgs `g prgnads `gc mgrnk`d `dmalkltg ndl mës kutdra`k` sdl kqugccds ndl bdrazdltgs `g

tagmpd mës ndrtds.

Cks ouroujks ld sg trktkl tkltd `gc kumgltd `g cks vkcdrknadlgs. Gsd gs sdcd ul síltdmk `g dtrk
ndsk: cds bdrazdltgs `g tagmpd sg rg`ungl k mg`a`k qug mës dpgrk`drgs k ndrtd pckzd alirgskl
kc nkmpd `g jugid.

Gs ndmúl
euturd. `gnar
Vgrd uldqug ck ouroujk
`g cds tatuckrgs`gmës
cksndmulgs
pultdndm`geug
gskulk ápdnk
ápdnk eug`g dptamasmd
klulnakr arrknadlkc
ul vdcumgl sdorg`ggc
rándr`
dpgrknadlgs, qug gs cd qug sung`g nukl`d cds alvgrsdrgs ndmprkl y vgl`gl gl ul sdcd `ík. Cds
alvgrsdrgs, gl pkrtanuckr cds qug eajkl cds prgnads, ld pglskokl gl cds prþxamds ?6 kûds. Gc edl`d
mutud prdmg`ad tuvd ulk eknturknaþl klukc `gc ;?6% gl ;111, cd qug sailaeank qug, ndmd munbd,
gstkokl pglskl`d gl cds prþxamds dnbd mgsgs. Pkmoaál cd eugrdl cds alvgrsdrgs al`ava`ukcgs qug
ndmprkrdl gsds edl`ds mutuds. Mkiiag Mkbkr gsnraoaþ gl su caord Oucc !:

K mg`ak`ds `g cds ldvgltk, ck prglsk bkoík rggmpckzk`d cds nuk`rds `g mkl`d klukcgs ndl
aledrmgs qug kpkrgníkl nk`k trgs mgsgs. Gc nkmoad ampucsþ k cds alvgrsdrgs k pgrsgiuar gc
rgl`amagltd, kprgsurël`dsg k ndmprkr cds edl`ds gl ck pkrtg supgradr `g cks castks, justd nukl`d
grkl mës nkrds.

Gstk eug ck grk `gc ndmgrnad `akrad, cds ndltrktds `g dpnadlgs k ndrtd pckzd y cds ndmgltkrads `g
mgrnk`d kntukcazk`ds kc malutd. Ld gs gc tapd `g ndsks qug ksdnakrík ndl cks vastks k ckrid pckzd.
Cd masmd sung`aþ `urkltg ck ouroujk almdoacakrak `g mg`ak`ds `g ck `ánk`k `g ?666.
Gs `aeínac justaeankr gc pkid `g $ 966,666 pdr ulk nksk `g `ds `drmatdrads gl Ecdra`k pkrk nrakr k su
ekmacak `urkltg cds prþxamds ;6 kûds. Vgrd taglg munbd sglta`d sa pcklgk alvgrtar ck nksk gl ulds
mgsgs gl ul mgrnk`d ndl prgnads gl kumgltd pkrk dotglgr ulk iklklnak rëpa`k. [ug gs
gxkntkmgltg cd qug munbk igltg gstkok bknagl`d `urkltg ck ouroujk.
Cds `ktds `g Kttdm, ulk gmprgsk qug rgkcazk ul sgiuamagltd `g cks trklsknnadlgs almdoacakraks,
almdoacakraks,
mugstrkl qug ck nklta`k` `g nksks gl Gstk`ds Wla`ds qug sg vgl`agrdl mës `g ulk vgz gl ul
pgríd`d `g ;? mgsgs (sg alvartagrdl) sg muctapcanþ pdr nalnd `urkltg ck ouroujk, `g ?6,666 gl gc
pramgr tramgstrg `g ?666 k mës `g ;66.666 gl gc pramgr tramgstrg `g ?660.70 Ck alvgrsaþl sg
bul`aþ `gspuás `g ck ouroujk k mglds `g 06.666 pdr tramgstrg, `dl`g prëntankmgltg sg bk
mkltgla`d `gs`g gltdlngs.
´Nrggs qug k gstds kcgtks cgs ampdrtkok ck rgcknaþl prgnad-kcquacgr
prgnad-kcquacgr k ckrid pckzd4 ´D sa cds prgnads
qug pkikrdl gstkokl rgspkc`k`ds pdr ul nrgnamagltd `g cds alirgsds k ckrid pckzd4 Vdr supugstd
ld. Gsds lúmgrds ld grkl rgcgvkltgs pkrk su jugid. Cd úland qug cg ampdrtkok k cds ecappgrs grk
qug gc prgnad `g ck nksk sgrík mës gc prþxamd mgs qug gstg mgs. Q `urkltg munbds kûds cd eug.
Vug`gs `gnar munbd sdorg gstds alvgrsdrgs. Vug`gs cckmkrcds gspgnuck`drgs. Vug`gs cckmkrcds
arrgspdlskocgs. Vug`g lgikr ndl ck nkogzk kltg su `aspdsanaþl k ksumar irkl`gs ragsids.
 

Vgrd ld nrgd qug pug`ks cckmkrcds k td`ds arrknadlkcgs.

Ck edrmknaþl `g ouroujks ld sg trktk tkltd `g qug cks pgrsdlks pkrtanapgl arrknadlk
arrknadlkcmgltg
cmgltg gl
alvgrsadlgs k ckrid pckzd. ^g trktk `g pgrsdlks qug `g kciulk mklgrk sg mugvgl rknadlkcmgltg
bknak gc ndmgrnad k ndrtd pckzd pkrk nkpturkr gc ampucsd qug sg bkoík gstk`d kcamgltkl`d `g sí
masmd.
´[uá gspgrk qug bkik ck igltg nukl`d gc ampucsd nrgk ul irkl pdtglnakc `g rgtdrld k ndrtd pckzd4
´^gltkrsg y markr pknagltgmgltg4
Lulnk. Ld gs ksí ndmd eulnadlk gc mul`d. Cks iklklnaks sagmprg sg pgrsgiuarël. Q cds
ndmgrnakltgs k ndrtd pckzd dpgrkl gl ul ërgk `dl`g sg aildrkl cks rgicks qug raigl ck alvgrsaþl k
ckrid pckzd, pkrtanuckrmgltg
pkrtanuckrmgltg gl cd qug rgspgntk k ck vkcdrknaþl, pdrqug sdl arrgcgvkltgs pkrk gc
ugid qug sg gstë juikl`d.
Kbí gs `dl`g cks ndsks sg pdlgl altgrgskltgs y `dl`g ndmaglzkl cds prdocgmks.
Cks ouroujks bkngl su `kûd nukl`d cds alvgrsdrgs k ckrid pckzd qug jugikl ul jugid ndmaglzkl k
sgiuar cks sgûkcgs `g cds dpgrk`drgs k ndrtd pckzd qug jugikl dtrd.

Cks knnadlgs
gmprgsk gstkok`gvkcdrk`k
Nasnd suoagrdl ul maccdlgs
gl 566.666 >66% gl`g;111 k 56cd`þckrgs
`þckrgs, nukc gspdr
ulkknnaþl.
cdnurk. K gsg prgnad,
Vdnds ck
rgkcmgltg
pglskrdl qug vkcík tkltd8 cds ndmgrnakltgs `gc `ík sdcd sg gstkokl `avartagl`d. Gc gndldmastk
Ourtdl Mkchagc sgûkcþ ulk vgz qug ck tksk `g nrgnamagltd ampcínatk `g Nasnd ndl gsk vkcdrknaþl
sailaeankok qug ccgikrík k sgr mës irkl`g qug td`k ck gndldmík gstk`dula`glsg gl ?6 kûds.
Vgrd sa eug ul alvgrsadlastk k ckrid pckzd gl ;111, $ 56 grk gc úland prgnad `aspdlaocg pkrk
ndmprkr. Q munbk igltg cd gstkok ndmprkl`d k gsg prgnad. Vdr cd tkltd, gs pdsaocg qug bkyk
mark`d k su kcrg`g`dr y sg bkyk `anbd: "Ukyk, tkc vgz gstds dtrds alvgrsdrgs sgpkl kcid qug yd ld".
[uazës cd kngptkstg. Alncusd tg sgltastg altgcaigltg kc rgspgntd.
Cd qug ld sg `k nugltk gs qug cds trk`grs qug gstkokl eajkl`d gc prgnad mkrialkc `g cks knnadlgs
gstkokl juikl`d ul jugid `aegrgltg kc suyd. ^gsgltk `þckrgs pdr knnaþl grk ul prgnad rkzdlkocg
pkrk cds ndmgrnakltgs, pdrqug pcklgkokl vgl`gr cks knnadlgs kltgs `gc ealkc `gc `ík, nukl`d su
prgnad prdokocgmgltg sgrík mës kctd. Vgrd sgsgltk `þckrgs eug ul `gskstrg pkrk ustg`, pdrqug
pcklgkok tglgr knnadlgs k ckrid pckzd.
Gstds `ds alvgrsdrgs rkrk vgz skogl qug gxastgl.
Vgrd gstël gl gc masmd nkmpd, ndrragl`d uld bknak gc dtrd. Nukl`d sus nkmalds nbdnkl
nagikmgltg, kciuagl skcg bgra`d. Munbks `gnasadlgs
`gnasadlgs ealklnagrks y `g alvgrsaþl sg okskl gl
dosgrvkr cd qug bkngl dtrks pgrsdlks y ndpakrcks d kpdstkr gl su ndltrk. Vgrd nukl`d ld skogs pdr
quá kciuagl sg ndmpdrtk ndmd cd bkng, ld skorës nuëltd tagmpd sgiuarë kntukl`d `g gsk mklgrk,
quá cd bkrë nkmoakr `g dpalaþl d sa kciulk vgz kprgl`grë ck cgnnaþl.
Nukl`d ul ndmgltkrastk `g ck NLON `ang: "@gogríks ndmprkr gstks knnadlgs", tgl gl nugltk qug
ld skogl quaál grgs. ´Grgs ul k`dcgsngltg ndmgrnak
ndmgrnakl`d
l`d pdr `avgrsaþl4 ´Wlk vau`k klnaklk ndl ul
prgsupugstd camatk`d4 ´Wl k`malastrk`dr `g edl`ds `g ndogrturk trktkl`d `g kpultkckr sus caords

kltgs `g qug tgrmalg gc tramgstrg4 ´^g supdlg qug `gogmds pglskr qug gsks trgs pgrsdlks taglgl
cks masmks pradra`k`gs y qug gc lavgc kc qug sg ndtazk ulk knnaþl gl pkrtanuckr gs gc k`gnuk`d pkrk
cks trgs4
Gs ulk cdnurk.

Gs `aeínac
klnck `g ckndmprgl`gr quglddtrds
psandcdiík gs `krsgalvgrsdrgs
nugltk `gtaglgl
qug cksdojgtavds
pgrsdlks`aegrgltgs
rknadlkcgsk cds lugstrds,
pug`gl vgr gcpdrqug
mul`dul
k
trkvás `g ulk cgltg `aegrgltg k ck suyk. Gc kumgltd `g cds prgnads pgrsuk`g k td`ds cds alvgrsdrgs
`g ulk mklgrk qug cds mgjdrgs gspgnakcastks gl mkrhgtali glva`akl.
glva`akl. ^dl ulk `rdik qug pug`g
ndlvgrtar k cds alvgrsdrgs ndlsnagltgs `gc vkcdr gl dptamastks `g djds búmg`ds, sgpkrk`ds `g su
prdpak rgkca`k` pdr cks knnadlgs `g kciuagl qug jugik ul jugid `aegrgltg kc suyd.
@gjkrsg ccgvkr pdr pgrsdlks qug jugikl ul jugid `aegrgltg tkmoaál pug`g kctgrkr ck edrmk gl qug
nrgg qug `gog ikstkr su `algrd. Irkl pkrtg `gc ikstd `g cds ndlsuma`drgs, pkrtanuc
pkrtanuckrmgltg
krmgltg gl cds
pkísgs `gskrrdcck`ds, gstë ampucsk`d sdnakcmgltg: sutacmgltg alecuglnak`d pdr cks pgrsdlks qug
k`mark y sg rgkcazk pdrqug sutacmgltg `gsgk qug ck igltg cd k`marg.

Vgrd sa oagl ld
vknknadlgs, pd`gmds vgrvgr
pd`gmds nuëltd `algrd ikstkl
sus dojgtavds, dtrks pgrsdlks
prgdnupknadlgs gl kutdmþvacgs,
y ksparknadlgs. nksks,kodik`d
Wl jdvgl rdpk y qug
`gsgg sgr sdnad `g ul prgstaiadsd ouegtg `g kodik`ds pd`rík lgngsatkr mkltglgr ulk kpkraglnak qug
yd, ul gsnratdr qug pug`d trkokjkr gl pkltkcdlgs `g nbël`kc, ld lgngsatd. Vgrd nukl`d sus ndmprks
gstkocgngl mas prdpaks gxpgntktavks, vdy pdr ul nkmald `g pdsaocg `gngpnaþl pdrqug gstdy
ikstkl`d gc `algrd sal gc ampucsd prdegsadlkc qug gstë dotglagl`d. Vug`g qug la saquagrk tglikmds
`aegrgltgs gstacds. ^ampcgmgltg gstkmds juikl`d k ul jugid `aegrgltg. Mg tdmþ kûds `krmg nugltk
`g gstd.
Wlk ndlncusaþl kquí gs qug pdnks ndsks ampdrtkl mës ndl gc `algrd qug ndmprgl`gr su prdpad
bdrazdltg tgmpdrkc y ld `gjkrsg pgrsuk`ar pdr cks knnadlgs y ndmpdrtkmagltd
ndmpdrtkmagltdss `g cks pgrsdlks qug
ugikl k jugids `aegrgltgs k cds suyds.
Cd pralnapkc qug pug`d rgndmgl`kr gs bkngr td`d cd pdsaocg pkrk a`gltaeankr k quá jugid gstës
uikl`d.
Gs sdrprgl`gltg cd pdnds qug cd bkngmds. Cckmkmds "alvgrsdrgs" k td`ds cds qug alvagrtgl `algrd
ndmd sa eugrkl juik`drgs `g okcdlngstd, td`ds juikl`d gc masmd jugid ndl cks masmks rgicks.
Nukl`d tg `ks nugltk `g cd gquavdnk`k qug gs gsk ldnaþl, vgs cd vatkc qug gs sampcgmgltg
a`gltaeankr k quá jugid gstës juikl`d. Nþmd alvagrtd ma prdpad `algrd sg `gtkcck gl gc nkpítucd ?6,
pgrd bkng kûds gsnraoí: –^dy ul alvgrsdr pksavd dptamastk gl ck nkpkna`k` `gc mul`d pkrk iglgrkr
ul nrgnamagltd gndlþmand rgkc y gstdy sgiurd `g qug `urkltg cds prþxamds >6 kûds gsg
nrgnamagltd sg knumuckrë pkrk mas alvgrsadlgs ".
Gstd pug`g pkrgngr gxtrkûd, pgrd ulk vgz qug gsnraog gsk `gnckrknaþl `g masaþl, sg `k nugltk `g
qug td`d cd qug ld gstë rgcknadlk`d ndl gcck ‐cd qug bazd gc mgrnk`d gstg kûd d sa tgl`rgmds ulk
rgngsaþl gc prþxamd kûd‐ gs pkrtg `g ul jugid qug ld gstdy juikl`d. Ksí qug ld cg prgstd

ktglnaþl y ld ndrrd pgcaird `g qug mg pgrsuk`k.

K ndltaluknaþl, bkocgmds `g pgsamasmd.
 

"Vdr rkzdlgs qug lulnk bg gltgl`a`d, k ck igltg cg iustk gsnunbkr qug gc mul`d sg gstë ygl`d kc 
aleagrld".
 ‐Bastdraklk @gar`rg
@gar`rg MnNcdshgy

Gc dptamasmd gs ck mgjdr kpugstk pkrk ck mkydrík `g cks pgrsdlks pdrqug gc mul`d tagl`g k
mgjdrkr pkrk ck mkydrík `g cks pgrsdlks ck mkydr pkrtg `gc tagmpd.
Vgrd gc pgsamasmd dnupk ul cuikr gspgnakc gl lugstrds ndrkzdlgs. Gc pgsamasmd ld gs sdcd mës
ndmúl qug gc dptamasmd. Pkmoaál suglk mës altgcaigltg. Gs altgcgntukcmgltg nkutavk`dr y sg cg
prgstk mës ktglnaþl qug kc dptamasmd, qug k mglu`d sg ndlsa`grk kjgld kc ragsid.
Kltgs `g sgiuar k`gckltg, `gogmds `gealar quá gs gc dptamasmd. Cds vgr`k`grds dptamastks ld
nrggl qug td`d skc`rë oagl. Gsd gs ndmpcknglnak.
ndmpcknglnak. Gc dptamasmd gs ck nrgglnak `g qug cks
prdokoaca`k`gs `g ul ougl rgsuctk`d gstël k su ekvdr ndl gc tagmpd, alncusd nukl`d bkyk
ndltrktagmpds gl gc nkmald. Ck sampcg a`gk `g qug ck mkydrík `g cks pgrsdlks sg `gspagrtkl pdr ck
mkûklk trktkl`d `g bkngr cks ndsks ul pdnd mgjdrgs y mës prd`untavks qug `gspgrtkrsg ousnkl`d
nkuskr prdocgmks gs ck oksg `gc dptamasmd. Ld gs ndmpcank`d. Pkmpdnd gstë ikrkltazk`d.
ikrkltazk`d. Gs ck
kpugstk mës rkzdlkocg pkrk ck mkydrík `g cks pgrsdlks, ck mkydr pkrtg `gc tagmpd. Gc `aeultd
gstk`ístand Bkls _dscali cd gxprgsþ `g dtrk mklgrk: –Ld sdy dptamastk. ^dy ul pdsaoacastk muy
sgrad ”.
Kbdrk pd`gmds bkockr `gc bgrmkld mës ndlvalngltg `gc dptamasmd: gc pgsamasmd.

?1 `g `anagmorg `g ?662.
Gc pgdr kûd pkrk ck gndldmík gl ck bastdrak md`grlk gstë k pultd `g ngrrkr. Cds mgrnk`ds `g
vkcdrgs `g td`d gc mul`d sg bkoíkl `grrumok`d. Gc sastgmk ealklnagrd mul`akc sg sustgltkok gl ck
va`k ndta`aklk. Gc `gsgmpcgd gstkok kumgltkl`d.
Ndmd pkrgník qug cks ndsks ld pd`íkl gmpgdrkr, Pbg Ykcc ^trggtJdurlkc puocanþ ulk bastdrak
kriumgltkl`d qug ld bkoíkmds vastd lk`k.
td`kvík. Vuocanþ ul krtínucd `g pramgrk pcklk sdorg ck pgrspgntavk `g ul prdegsdr rusd cckmk`d Aidr 
Vklkral, nuyks dpaladlgs gndlþmanks ravkcazkl ndl gc gstacd `g cds gsnratdrgs `g naglnak eannaþl.
Gc `akrad gsnraoaþ:

Kcrg`g`dr `g ealkcgs `g julad `g ?6;6, d pralnapads `g jucad, `ang XVklkral], Gstk`ds Wla`ds sg
rdmpgrë
cd qug ác gl sgas"Ck
cckmk pg`kzds, ndl Kckshk
_gpúocank vdcvagl`d
`g Nkcaedrlak" kc ndltrdc
y sgr pkrtg `grusd ... Nkcaedrlak
Nbalk d gstkr okjdedrmkrë gc lúncgd
ck alecuglnak `g
nbalk.
Pgxks sgrë gc ndrkzþl `g "Ck _gpúocank `g Pgxks", ul irupd `g gstk`ds qug arël k Máxand d nkgrël

okjd ck alecuglnak mgxanklk. Yksbalitdl, @N y Lugvk Qdrh sgrël pkrtg `g ulk –Kmárank
ktcëltank” qug pug`g ularsg k ck Wlaþl Gurdpgk. Nklk`ë sg kpd`grkrë `g ul irupd `g gstk`ds `gc
ldrtg qug gc prdegsdr Vklkral cckmk "Ck _gpúocank Ngltrd-Ldrtgkmgranklk".
Ngltrd-Ldrtgkmgranklk". Bkwka, suiagrg, sgrë
ul prdtgntdrk`d `g Jkpþl d Nbalk, y Kckshk sg alncuarë gl _usak.77

Ld sg trktkok `g cks `avkiknadlgs `g ul ocdi `g trkstagl`k d `g ul odcgtíl aledrmktavd `g pkpgc `g

kcumalad. Gstd eug gl ck pdrtk`k `gc pgraþ`and ealklnagrd mës prgstaiadsd `gc mul`d.
Gstë oagl sgr pgsamastk sdorg ck gndldmík. Alncusd gstë oagl sgr kpdnkcíptand. Ck bastdrak gstë ccglk
`g gjgmpcds `g pkísgs qug gxpgramgltk
gxpgramgltkll ld sdcd rgngsadlgs, sald tkmoaál `gsaltgirknadl
`gsaltgirknadlgs.
gs.
Cd altgrgskltg `g cks bastdraks tapd Vklkral gs qug su pdcd dpugstd ‐cds prdlþstands `g ul
dptamasmd gsnkl`kcdsd‐ rkrk vgz sg tdmkl tkl gl sgrad ndmd cds prdegtks `g ck ektkca`k`.
Pdmgmds k Jkpþl k ealgs `g ck `ánk`k `g ;106. Ck lknaþl eug `gstrua`k pdr ck `grrdtk `g ck
^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc gl td`ds cds sglta`ds: gndlþmank, al`ustrakc, nucturkc y sdnakcmgltg. Wl
alvagrld orutkc gl ;105 prdvdnþ ulk bkmorulk qug camatþ cds kcamgltds k mglds `g 266 nkcdríks
pdr pgrsdlk pdr `ík.75
Amkiílgsg sa ul knk`ámand jkpdlás buoagrk gsnratd ul krtínucd `g pgraþ`and `urkltg gstg tagmpd
qug `ajgrk:
Nbal up, td`ds. @urkltg lugstrk va`k, lugstrk gndldmík nrgngrë bkstk nksa ;7 vgngs gc tkmkûd qug
tglík kltgs `gc ealkc `g ck iugrrk. Lugstrk gspgrklzk `g va`k nksa sg `upcankrë. Lugstrd mgrnk`d `g
vkcdrgs prd`unarë rgl`amagltds ndmd rkrk vgz bk vastd laliúl pkís gl ck bastdrak. Vkskrgmds mës
`g 06 kûds sal qug gc `gsgmpcgd supgrg gc 5%. Lds ndlvgrtargmds gl cí`grgs mul`akcgs gl
alldvknaþl gcgntrþlank y sastgmks `g igstaþl gmprgskrakc. Gl pdnd tagmpd sgrgmds tkl rands qug
sgrgmds prdpagtkrads `g kciulks `g cks prdpag`k`gs almdoacakraks mës prgnak`ks `g Gstk`ds
Wla`ds. Cds gstk`dula`glsgs, pdr nagrtd, sgrël lugstrd kcak`d mës ngrnkld g altgltkrël ndpakr

lugstrds ndldnamagltds gndlþmands.

^g cgs bkorík bgnbd rgír sumkrakmgltg eugrk `g ck bkoatknaþl y sg cgs bkorík pg`a`d qug ousnkrkl
ulk gvkcuknaþl má`ank.
Pglik gl nugltk qug ck `gsnrapnaþl kltgradr gs cd qug rgkcmgltg sung`aþ gl Jkpþl gl ck iglgrknaþl
pdstgradr k ck iugrrk. Vgrd gc gspgjd dpugstd k Vklkral pkrgng kosur`d `g ulk mklgrk gl qug ul
prdlþstand `g ektkca`k` ld cd pkrgng.
Gc pgsamasmd suglk mës altgcaigltg y pckusaocg qug gc dptamasmd.
@íikcg k kciuagl qug td`d arë oagl y gs prdokocg qug sg glndjk `g bdmords u dergznk ulk mark`k
gsnáptank. @acg k kciuagl qug gstë gl pgcaird y tgl`rës td`k su ktglnaþl.
^a ulk pgrsdlk altgcaigltg mg `ang qug taglg ulk sgcgnnaþl `g knnadlgs qug sg muctapcankrë pdr `agz
`urkltg gc prþxamd kûd, almg`aktkm
almg`aktkmgltg
gltg ck `gsnkrtkrá ndmd ulk tdltgrík.

^a kciuagl qug gstë ccgld `g tdltgríks mg `ang qug ulk knnaþl qug tglid gstë k pultd `g ndckpskr
pdrqug gs ul erku`g ndltkocg, campak
campakrá
rá ma nkcgl`krad y gsnunbkrá td`ks sus pkckorks.
@aikmds qug tgl`rgmds ulk irkl rgngsaþl y cds pgraþ`ands tg cckmkrël. @aikmds qug lds
`araiamds bknak ul nrgnamagltd prdmg`ad y k lk`ag cg ampdrtk gl pkrtanuckr. @aikmds qug lds
kngrnkmds k ck prþxamk Irkl @gprgsaþl y kpkrgngrës gl ck tgcgvasaþl. Vgrd mglnadlg qug sg
kvgnalkl ouglds tagmpds, qug cds mgrnk`ds taglgl gspknad pkrk ndrrgr, d qug ulk gmprgsk taglg ul
irkl pdtglnakc, y ulk rgknnaþl ndmúl `g ndmgltkrastks y gspgntk`drgs gs qug ustg` gs ul vgl`g`dr 
d gstë nþmankmgltg kcgjk`d `g cds ragsids.
Ck al`ustrak `g cds odcgtalgs aledrmktavds `g alvgrsaþl cd bk skoa`d `urkltg kûds, y kbdrk gstë
pdock`k pdr prdegtks `gc `gskstrg k pgskr `g dpgrkr gl ul gltdrld gl gc qug gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs
sg bk muctapcank`d pdr ;9.666 gl gc úctamd saicd (alncua`ds cds `ava`gl`ds).
Gstd gs nagrtd mës kccë `g cks ealklzks. Mktt _a`cgy gsnraoaþ gl su caord Pbg _ktadlkc Dptamast:

Wl ndlstkltg tkmodracgd `g pgsamasmd sugcg kbdikr nukcquagr nklnaþl traulekcastk ... ^a `angs qug
gc mul`d bk mgjdrk`d, gs pdsaocg qug tg cckmgl aliglud g alsglsaocg. ^a `angs qug gc mul`d vk k
sgiuar mgjdrkl`d, sg tg ndlsa`grk vgridlzdskmgltg cdnd. ^a, pdr gc ndltrkrad, `ang qug ck nktëstrdeg
gs almalgltg, pug`g gspgrkr ul prgmad `g iglad MnKrtbur d alncusd gc Vrgmad Ldogc `g ck Vkz. Gl
ma prdpak va`k k`uctk. cks rkzdlgs `g md`k pkrk gc pgsamasmd nkmoakrdl, pgrd gc pgsamasmd eug
ndlstkltg.

–Nk`k irupd `g pgrsdlks k cks qug cg prgiultd paglsk qug gc mul`d gs mës ktgrrk`dr, mës vadcgltd
y mës `gsgspgrk`d, gl rgsumgl, mës `rkmëtand `g cd qug rgkcmgltg gs”, gsnraoaþ Bkls _dscali gl
su caord Eknteuclgss.
Nukl`d sg `k nugltk `g nuëltd prdirgsd pug`gl bkngr cds sgrgs bumklds `urkltg su va`k gl td`d,
`gs`g
ck gc nrgnamagltd
aiukc`k` gndlþmand
sdnakc, pglskrík qug gcbkstk cds kvklngs
dptamasmd má`ands,
iklkrík cks iklklnaks
mës ktglnaþl `gc mgrnk`dQ`gtd`kvík.
qug gc pgsamasmd. vkcdrgs y
Gc ktrkntavd altgcgntukc `gc pgsamasmd sg ndldng `gs`g bkng saicds. Jdbl ^tukrt Macc gsnraoaþ gl ck
`ánk`k `g ;206: "Bg dosgrvk`d qug ld gc bdmorg qug gspgrk nukl`d dtrds sg `gsgspgrkl, sald gc
bdmorg qug sg `gsgspgrk nukl`d dtrds gspgrkl, gs k`mark`d pdr ulk irkl ncksg `g pgrsdlks ndmd
ul skoad".
Ck prgiultk gs, ´pdr quá4 ´Q nþmd kegntk lugstrk edrmk `g pglskr sdorg gc `algrd4
_gpatkmds ck prgmask `g qug lk`ag gstë cdnd.
Bky rkzdlgs vëca`ks pdr cks qug gc pgsamasmd gs sg`untdr nukl`d sg trktk `g `algrd. ^dcd kyu`k
skogr nuëcgs sdl pkrk ksgiurkrlds `g ld ccgvkrcds `gmksak`d cgjds.
Vkrtg `g gstd gs alstaltavd g algvatkocg. Hkblgm
Hkblgmkl
kl `ang qug ck kvgrsaþl ksamátrank k ck pár`a`k gs
ul gsnu`d gvdcutavd. Gc gsnraog:

Nukl`d sg ndmpkrkl d pdl`grkl `argntkmgltg gltrg sí, cks pár`a`ks sdl mkydrgs qug cks
iklklnaks. Gstk ksamgtrík gltrg gc pd`gr `g cks gxpgntktavks d gxpgraglnaks pdsatavks y lgiktavks
taglg ulk bastdrak gvdcutavk. Cds driklasmds qug trktkl cks kmglkzks ndmd mës urigltgs qug cks
dpdrtula`k`gs taglgl mës pdsaoaca`k`gs `g sdorgvavar y rgprd`unarsg.

Vgrd kciulks dtrks ndsks bkngl qug gc pgsamasmd ealklnagrd sgk eënac, ndmúl y mës pgrsuksavd qug
gc dptamasmd.

Wlk gs qug gc `algrd gs dmlaprgsgltg, pdr cd qug kcid mkcd tagl`g k kegntkr k td`ds y nkptk
ck ktglnaþl `g td`ds.

Gsd ld gs nagrtd pkrk, `aikmds, gc ncamk. Wl burknël qug kzdtk Ecdra`k ld rgprgsgltk ul ragsid
`argntd pkrk gc 1?% `g cds gstk`dula`glsgs. Vgrd ulk rgngsaþl qug kzdtk ck gndldmík pd`rík
kegntkr k td`ks y nk`k ulk `g cks pgrsdlks, alncua`d ustg`, ksí qug prgstg ktglnaþl.
Gstd sg kpcank k kcid tkl gspgníeand ndmd gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs. Mës `g ck matk` `g td`ds cds
bdikrgs gstk`dula`glsgs pdsggl `argntkmgltg knnadlgs.79 Alncusd gltrg kqugccds qug ld cd bkngl,
cds iards `gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs sg prdmugvgl tkl eugrtgmgltg gl cds mg`ads `g ndmulanknaþl
qug gc @dw Jdlgs Al`ustrakc Kvgrkig pd`rík sgr gc okrþmgtrd gndlþmand mës vastd `g cds bdikrgs
sal knnadlgs.
Cks knnadlgs qug suogl ul ;% pd`ríkl mglnadlkrsg orgvgmgltg gl cks ldtanaks `g ck ldnbg.
Vgrd ulk nkí`k `gc ;% sg aledrmkrë gl cgtrks gl lgiratk y mkyúsnucks, iglgrkcmgltg gsnratk
gsnratkss gl
rdjd sklirg. Ck ksamgtrík gs `aeínac `g gvatkr.
Q kulqug pdnds prgiultkl d trktkl `g gxpcankr pdr quá gc mgrnk`d suoaþ (´ld sg supdlg qug `gog
suoar4), Nksa sagmprg sg altgltk gxpcankr pdr quá okjþ.
´Gstël cds alvgrsdrgs prgdnupk`ds pdr gc nrgnamagltd gndlþmand4
´Ck Eg` vdcvaþ k gstrdpgkr cks ndsks4
´Cds pdcítands gstël tdmkl`d mkcks `gnasadlgs4
´Bky dtrd zkpktd qug `gjkr4
Cks lkrrktavks sdorg pdr quá dnurraþ ul `gncavg bkngl qug sgk mës eënac bkockr `g gccds,
prgdnupkrsg y glmkrnkr ulk bastdrak gl tdrld k cd qug nrgg qug sung`grë k ndltaluknaþl8 pdr cd
iglgrkc, mës `g cd masmd.
Alncusd sa ld pdsgg knnadlgs, gsg tapd `g ndsks cckmkrël su ktglnaþl. ^dcd gc ?,7% `g cds
gstk`dula`glsgs pdsgík knnadlgs gl víspgrks `gc irkl ndckpsd `g ;1?1 qug prdvdnþ ck Irkl
@gprgsaþl. Vgrd ck mkydrík `g cds gstk`dula`glsgs, sa ld gc mul`d, dosgrvþ ndl ksdmord nþmd gc
mgrnk`d ndckpsþ, prgiultël`dsg quá sailaeankok sdorg su prdpad `gstald. Gstd grk nagrtd tkltd sa

grk kodik`d, kiranuctdr d mgnëland `g kutdmþvacgs.

Gc bastdrak`dr Gran _kunbwky gsnraog:

Gstk nkí`k gl gc vkcdr kegntþ almg`aktkmgltg sdcd k ulds pdnds gstk`dula`glsgs. Vgrd cds `gmës
bkoíkl dosgrvk`d gc mgrnk`d tkl `g ngrnk y cd bkoíkl ndlsa`grk`d ndmd ul íl`ang `g su `gstald
qug `g rgpgltg `gtuvagrdl irkl pkrtg `g su kntava`k` gndlþman
gndlþmank.
k. Ndmd gsnraoaþ mës tkr`g gc
gndldmastk Jdsgpb ^nbumpgtgr, "ck igltg sgltík qug gc sugcd okjd sus pags gstkok ng`agl`d". 72

Bky `ds tgmks qug kegntkrël tu va`k, tg altgrgsgl d ld: gc `algrd y ck skcu`. ^a oagl cds prdocgmks
`g skcu` tagl`gl k sgr al`ava`ukcgs, cds prdocgmks `g `algrd sdl mës sastámands. Gl ul sastgmk
ndlgntk`d `dl`g cks `gnasadlgs `g ulk pgrsdlk pug`gl kegntkr k td`ds cds `gmës, gs ndmprglsaocg
pdr quá cds ragsids ealklnagrds iklkl prdtkidlasmd y nkptkl ck ktglnaþl `g ulk mklgrk qug pdnds
dtrds tgmks pug`gl bkngrcd.

Dtrk gs qug cds pgsamastks k mglu`d gxtrkpdckl cks tgl`glnaks kntukcgs sal tglgr gl nugltk
nþmd sg k`kptkl cds mgrnk`ds.
Gl ?662, gc kmoagltkcastk Cgstgr Ordwl gsnraoaþ: –Vkrk ?6>6, Nbalk lgngsatkrík 12 maccdlgs `g
okrracgs `g pgtrþcgd kc `ík. Gc mul`d prd`ung kntukcmgltg 27 maccdlgs `g okrracgs pdr `ík y gs
pdsaocg qug lulnk prd`uznk munbd mës qug gsd. Kbí vkl cks rgsgrvks `g pgtrþcgd `gc mul`d ". 71
Gc taglg rkzþl. Gc mul`d sg qug`krík sal pgtrþcgd gl gsg gsnglkrad.
Vgrd ld gs ksí ndmd eulnadlkl cds mgrnk`ds.
Bky ulk cgy `g bagrrd gl gndldmík: cks narnulstklnaks gxtrgmk`
gxtrgmk`kmgltg
kmgltg ouglks y gxtrgmk`kmgltg
gxtrgmk`kmgltg
mkcks rkrk vgz pgrmklgngl ksí pdr munbd tagmpd pdrqug ck degrtk y ck `gmkl`k sg k`kptkl `g
mklgrks `aeínacgs `g prg`gnar.
Ndlsa`grg cd qug sung`aþ ndl gc pgtrþcgd almg`aktkm
almg`aktkmgltg
gltg `gspuás `g ck prg`annaþl `g Ordwl.
Cds prgnads `gc pgtrþcgd sg `aspkrkrdl gl ?662 k mg`a`k qug ck nrgnagltg `gmkl`k mul`akc, gl
irkl pkrtg `g Nbalk, sg `gscazþ bkstk ck prd`unnaþl pdtglnakc. Wl okrrac `g pgtrþcgd sg vgl`aþ pdr $
?6 gl ?66; y $ ;>2 gl ?662.56
Gc lugvd prgnad sailaeankok qug pgredrkr pgtrþcgd grk ndmd sknkr drd `gc sugcd. Cds alngltavds pkrk
cds prd`untdrgs `g pgtrþcgd nkmoakrdl `rëstankmgltg
`rëstankmgltg.. Cds sumalastrds `g pgtrþcgd `aeínacgs `g
ndlsgiuar qug ld vkcíkl ck pglk cunbkr k $ ?6 gc okrrac (gc ndstd `g ck pgredrknaþl ld ndmpglskok gc
prgnad pdr gc qug pd`ík vgl`grcd) sg ndlvartagrdl gl ck odlklzk `g su va`k kbdrk qug pd`ík vgl`gr
ul okrrac pdr $ ;>2 .
Gsd prdvdnþ ulk dcgk`k `g lugvks tgnldcdiíks `g pgredrknaþl bdrazdltkc
bdrazdltkc y erknhali.
Ck Pagrrk bk tgla`d kprdxamk`kmgltg ck masmk nklta`k` `g rgsgrvks `g pgtrþcgd `urkltg td`k ck

bastdrak `g ck bumkla`k`. Q skogmds `þl`g gstël cds irkl`gs `gpþsatds `g pgtrþcgd `gs`g bkng
kciúl tagmpd. Cd qug nkmoak gs ck tgnldcdiík qug tglgmds qug lds pgrmatg sknkr cks ndsks `gc
sugcd `g mklgrk gndlþmank. Gc bastdrak`dr `gc pgtrþcgd @klagc Qgrial gsnraog: –Gc 25% `g cks
rgsgrvks `g pgtrþcgd gl cds Gstk`ds Wla`ds sdl gc rgsuctk`d ld `g cd qug sg gstamk gl gc mdmgltd
`gc `gsnuoramagltd, sald `g cks rgvasadlgs” qug vaglgl nukl`d lugstrk tgnldcdiík mgjdrk.
Gsd gs cd qug sung`aþ nukl`d gc erknhali `gspgiþ gl ?662. ^dcd gl cds Gstk`ds Wla`ds, ck
prd`unnaþl `g pgtrþcgd pksþ `g kprdxamk`kmgltg nalnd maccdlgs `g okrracgs pdr `ík gl ?662
k ;> maccdlgs gl ?6;1.5; Mul`d
Ck prd`unnaþl `g pgtrþcgd gs kbdrk `g mës `g ;66 maccdlgs `g okrracgs pdr `ík, ul ?6% pdr glnamk
`g cd qug Ordwl supusd grk ck mkrnk mës kctk.
Vkrk ul pgsamastk qug gxtrkpdck cks tgl`glnaks `gc pgtrþcgd gl ?662, pdr supugstd, cks ndsks sg
vgíkl mkc. Vkrk ul rgkcastk qug gltgl`ík qug ck lgngsa`k` gs ck mk`rg `g td`ds cds alvgltds, grk
munbd mglds ktgrrk`dr.
Ksumar qug kcid egd sgiuarë sagl`d egd gs ul prdlþstand eënac `g bkngr. Q gs pgrsuksavd, pdrqug ld
rgquagrg amkialkr qug gc mul`d nkmoak. Vgrd cds prdocgmks sg ndrraigl y ck igltg sg k`kptk. Cks
kmglkzks alngltavkl cks sdcunadlgs gl aiukc mkilatu`. Gsk gs ulk trkmk ndmúl `g ck bastdrak
gndlþmank qug cds pgsamastks dcva`kl ndl `gmksak`k eknaca`k` y bkngl prdlþstands gl cílgk rgntk.

Wlk tgrngrk gs qug gc prdirgsd gs `gmksak`d cgltd pkrk ldtkrcd, pgrd cds rgtrdngsds dnurrgl
`gmksak`d rëpa`d pkrk aildrkrcd.

Bky munbks trkig`aks `g ck ldnbg k ck mkûklk. _krk vgz bky mackirds `g ck ldnbg k ck mkûklk.
Gc 7 `g glgrd `g ;221, @gtrdat Ergg Vrgss rgnbkzþ gc sugûd `g ckrik `ktk `g qug ul `ík gc bdmorg
pd`rík vdckr ndmd ul pëjkrd. Cds kvadlgs, gsnraoaþ gc pgraþ`and, "pkrgngl ampdsaocgs":

Gc pgsd mës pgqugûd pdsaocg `g ulk mëqualk vdck`drk, ndl gc ndmoustaocg y gc aliglagrd
lgngskrads, ld pd`rík sgr mglds `g >66 d 066 caorks ... pgrd bky ul címatg `g pgsd okjd, nagrtkmgltg
ld munbd mës kccë `g cks nalnugltk caorks, mës kccë `gc nukc gs ampdsaocg pkrk ul klamkc pkrk
vdckr. Ck lkturkcgzk bk ccgik`d k gstg címatg y, ndl su mkydr gseugrzd, ld bk pd`a`d supgrkrcd.

^gas mgsgs `gspuás, Drvaccg Yraibt kokl`dlþ ck gsnugck sgnul`krak pkrk kyu`kr k su bgrmkld,
Yacour, k mklapuckr gc ndogrtazd `g su pktad trksgrd pkrk ndlstruar ulk amprgltk. Eug gc pramgr
alvgltd ndljultd `g cds bgrmklds. Ld sgrík gc úctamd.

^a tuvagrk
mglds qugcdsbkngr
gltrg nalndulk castk `g sa
pramgrds, cdsldalvgltds mësuld.
gc lúmgrd ampdrtkltgs
Gc kvaþl `gc saicd RR,
cd nkmoaþ gc kvaþl
td`d. gstkrík
Ndmglzþ cks kc
iugrrks mul`akcgs, tgrmalþ cks iugrrks mul`akcgs. Ndlgntþ gc mul`d, tgl`agl`d pugltgs gltrg cks

nau`k`gs y cks ndmula`k`gs rurkcgs8 dnáklds y pkísgs.

Vgrd ck bastdrak `g ck oúsqug`k `g cds bgrmklds Yraibt pkrk ndlstruar gc pramgr kvaþl taglg ul iard
eksnalkltg.
@gspuás `g ndlquastkr gc vugcd, lk`ag pkrgnaþ `krsg nugltk. K lk`ag pkrgník ampdrtkrcg.
Gl su caord `g ;17? sdorg ck bastdrak `g Gstk`ds Wla`ds, Erg`granh Cgwas Kccgl gsnraoaþ:

Vkskrdl vkrads kûds kltgs `g qug gc púocand sg `agrk nugltk `g cd qug gstkokl bknagl`d cds Yraibt8
Ck igltg gstkok tkl ndlvglna`k `g qug vdckr grk ampdsaocg qug ck mkydrík `g cds qug cds vagrdl
vdckr pdr @kytdl XDbad] gl ;167 `gna`agrdl qug cd qug bkoíkl vastd `goík sgr ul trund sal
ampdrtklnak, kcid ndmd ck mkydrík `g ck igltg `g bdy ndlsa`grkrík ulk `gmdstrknaþl `g, `aikmds,
tgcgpktík. . Ld eug bkstk mkyd `g ;162, nksa nuktrd kûds y mg`ad `gspuás `gc pramgr vugcd `gc
Yraibt, qug sg glvaþ k rgpdrtgrds gxpgramgltk`ds pkrk dosgrvkr cd qug gstkokl bknagl`d, cds
g`atdrgs gxpgramgltk`ds `agrdl tdtkc nrá`atd k cds gmdnadlkltgs mglskjgs `g gstds rgpdrtgrds, y gc
mul`d pdr eal `gspgrtþ bkstk gc bgnbd `g qug gc vugcd bumkld sg bkoík cdirk`d ndl áxatd.

Alncusd `gspuás `g qug ck igltg sg `agrk nugltk `g ck mkrkvacck `gc kvaþl, ck suogstamþ `urkltg
kûds.
Vramgrd eug vastd pralnapkcmgltg ndmd ul krmk macatkr. Cugid gc juiugtg `g ul rand. Cugid,
quazës, sdcík trklspdrtkr k kciulks pgrsdlks.
c Yksbalitdl Vdst gsnraoaþ gl ;161: –Lulnk gxastarël cds nkriugrds kárgds ndmgrnakcgs. Gc ecgtg
sgiuarë krrkstrkl`d
krrkstrkl`d su cgltd pgsd pdr ck tagrrk pknagltg ". Gc pramgr kvaþl `g nkrik `gspgiþ
nalnd mgsgs `gspuás.
Kbdrk ndmpkrg gsg cgltd `gspgrtkr `g kûds ndl vdcvgrsg dptamastk sdorg gc kvaþl ndl ck rkpa`gz
ndlulk
D qugirkl
ck igltg prgstk ktglnaþl k cds ampucsdrgs `gc pgsamasmd, ndmd ulk quagork ndrpdrktavk.
iugrrk.
D ul knna`gltg `g kvaþl. Kciulks `g cks pramgrks mglnadlgs `gc kvaþl `g Yraibt sg prd`ujgrdl gl
;162 nukl`d ul tglagltg `gc gjárnatd cckmk`d Pbdmks ^gcera`ig muraþ `urkltg ul vugcd `g
`gmdstrknaþl.5?
Gc nrgnamagltd gstë ampucsk`d pdr ck nkpatkcazknaþl, qug sagmprg ccgvk tagmpd. Ck `gstrunnaþl gstë
ampucsk`k pdr pultds úlands `g ekcck, qug pug`gl dnurrar gl sgiul`ds, y ck pár`a`k `g ndleaklzk,
qug pug`g dnurrar gl ul alstkltg.
Gs mës eënac nrgkr ulk lkrrktavk gl tdrld kc pgsamasmd pdrqug cks pagzks `g ck bastdrak tagl`gl k sgr 
mës ergsnks y rgnagltgs. Cks lkrrktavks dptamastks rgquagrgl markr ul ckrid trkmd `g bastdrak y
`gskrrdccds, qug ck igltg tagl`g k dcva`kr y rgquagrg mës gseugrzd pkrk rgndlstruar.
Ndlsa`grg gc prdirgsd `g ck mg`analk. Markr gc úctamd kûd ld tg sgrvarë `g munbd. Nukcquagr

`ánk`k ld eulnadlkrë munbd mgjdr. Vgrd markr cds úctamds 76 kûds mdstrkrë kcid gxtrkdr`alkrad.
Vdr gjgmpcd, ck tksk `g mdrtkca`k` pgr nëpatk kjustk`k pdr g`k` pdr glegrmg`k` nkr`íknk bk
`asmalua`d mës `gc 96% `gs`g ;157, sgiúl gc Alstatutd Lknadlkc `g ^kcu` \ > Wlk `asmalunaþl
`gc 96% gl ck mugrtg pdr glegrmg`k` nkr`íknk gs sueanagltg pkrk kbdrrkr kcid ksí ndmd mg`ad
maccþl Ua`ks gstk`dula`glsgs pdr kûd. Amkiílgsg ck pdocknaþl `g Ktckltk qug sg skcvk nk`k kûd.
Vgrd `k`d qug gsg prdirgsd dnurraþ tkl cgltkmgltg, nkptk mglds ktglnaþl qug cks pár`a`ks rëpa`ks
y rgpgltalks ndmd gc tgrrdrasmd, cds knna`gltgs kárgds d cds `gskstrgs lkturkcgs. Vd`ríkmds tglgr
ul burknël Hktralk nalnd vgngs k ck sgmklk,
Cd masmd sg kpcank k cds lgidnads, `dl`g sg lgngsatkl kûds pkrk `krsg nugltk `g ck ampdrtklnak `g
ul prd`untd d gmprgsk, pgrd cks ekccks pug`gl dnurrar `g ck ldnbg k ck mkûklk.
Q gl cds mgrnk`ds `g vkcdrgs, `dl`g ulk nkí`k `gc 06% qug sg prd`ung gl sgas mgsgs iglgrkrë
alvgstaiknadlgs `gc Ndlirgsd, pgrd ulk iklklnak `gc ;06% qug sg prd`ung gl sgas kûds pug`g
pkskr prëntankmgltg `gskpgrnaoa`k.
Q gl cks nkrrgrks, `dl`g cks rgputknadlgs tkr`kl td`k ulk va`k gl ndlstruarsg y ul sdcd ndrrgd
gcgntrþland gl `gstruar.
Gc kiuajþl orgvg `gc pgsamasmd prgvkcgng magltrks qug gc pd`grdsd tarþl `gc dptamasmd pksk
`gskpgrnaoa`d.
Gstd suorkyk ul pultd ampdrtkltg mglnadlk`d kltgradrmgltg gl gstg caord: kc alvgrtar, `gog
a`gltaeankr gc prgnad `gc áxatd (vdcktaca`k` y pár`a`k gl mg`ad `gc ckrid tgcþl `g edl`d `gc
nrgnamagltd) y gstkr `aspugstd k pkikrcd.

Gl ?660, Pbg Lgw Qdrh Pamgs gltrgvastþ k ^tgpbgl Bkwhali, gc nagltíeand nuyk glegrmg`k`
alnurkocg `g ck mdtdlgurdlk cd `gjþ pkrkcazk`d g alnkpkz `g bkockr k cds ?; kûds.
K trkvás `g su ndmputk`drk, Bkwhali
Bkwhali cg `ajd kc gltrgvastk`dr cd gmdnadlk`d qug gstkok `g vgl`gr
caords k ckands.
"´^agmprg gstës tkl kcgirg4" prgiultþ gc Pamgs.
–Mas gxpgntktavks sg rg`ujgrdl k ngrd nukl`d tglík ?; kûds. Pd`d `gs`g gltdlngs bk sa`d ulk
vgltkjk”, rgspdl`aþ.
Gspgrkr qug cks ndsks sgkl irkl`adsks sailaeank ul gsnglkrad gl gc mgjdr `g cds nksds qug sg sagltg
pckld. Gc pgsamasmd rg`ung cks gxpgntktavks, kndrtkl`d ck orgnbk gltrg cds pdsaocgs rgsuctk`ds y cds
rgsuctk`ds qug cg kirk`kl.
[uazës pdr gsd gs tkl sg`untdr. Gspgrkr qug cks ndsks vkykl mkc gs ck mgjdr mklgrk `g
sdrprgl`grsg irktkmgltg nukl`d ld cd sdl.
Cd nukc, arþlankmgltg, gs kcid sdorg cd qug sgr dptamastk.

Kbdrk, ulk orgvg bastdrak sdorg bastdraks.

 

Amkialk ul gxtrktgrrgstrg glvak`d k ck Pagrrk. ^u trkokjd gs vaiackr lugstrk gndldmík.

@k vugctks sdorg ck nau`k` `g Lugvk Qdrh, trktkl`d `g gvkcukr ck gndldmík y nþmd nkmoaþ gltrg
?669 y ?661.
Gl ck víspgrk `g Kûd Lugvd `g ?669, sg nagrlg sdorg Pamgs ^qukrg. Ug k `gnglks `g macgs `g
ksastgltgs k ck eagstk egcangs rd`gk`ds `g cungs oracckltgs, vkccks puocanatkraks mdlstrudsks, eugids
krtaeanakcgs y nëmkrks `g tgcgvasaþl.
Uugcvg k Pamgs ^qukrg gl ck víspgrk `g Kûd Lugvd `g ?661. Ug k `gnglks `g macgs `g ksastgltgs
egcangs rd`gk`ds `g cungs oracckltgs, vkccks puocanatkra
puocanatkraks
ks mdlstrudsks, eugids krtaeanakcgs y nëmkrks
`g tgcgvasaþl.
^g vg mës d mglds aiukc. Ld vg munbk `aegrglnak.
Ug kprdxamk`kmgltg gc masmd lúmgrd `g lgdydrqualds mdvaál`dsg pdr ck nau`k`. Gsks pgrsdlks
gstël rd`gk`ks pdr ck masmk nklta`k` `g g`aeanads `g deanalks, qug kcogrikl ck masmk nklta`k` `g
gsnratdrads ndl ck masmk nklta`k` `g ndmputk`drks, ndlgntk`ks k ck masmk nklta`k` `g ndlgxadlgs
k Altgrlgt.
Eugrk `g ck nau`k` vg gc masmd lúmgrd `g eëoranks y kcmknglgs, ndlgntk`ds pdr cks masmks
nkrrgtgrks, trklspdrtkl`d gc masmd lúmgrd `g nkmadlgs.
^g kngrnk ul pdnd mës kc sugcd y vg cks masmks ulavgrsa`k`gs glsgûkl`d cds masmds tgmks y
gltrgikl`d cds masmds títucds k ck masmk nklta`k` `g pgrsdlks.
Ug gc masmd lúmgrd `g pktgltgs qug prdtgigl cks masmks a`gks alldvk`drks.
^g `k nugltk `g qug ck tgnldcdiík bk mgjdrk`d. Pd`ds gl ?661 ccgvkl tgcáedlds altgcaigltgs qug ld
gxastíkl gl ?669. Cks ndmputk`drks kbdrk sdl mës rëpa`ks. Ck mg`analk gs mgjdr. Cds ndnbgs
dotaglgl ul mgjdr rgl`amagltd `g ck iksdcalk. Ck tgnldcdiík sdckr y erknhali bk kvklzk`d. Cks
rg`gs sdnakcgs bkl nrgna`d gxpdlglnakcmgltg.
gxpdlglnakcmgltg.
Magltrks vugck pdr gc pkís vg cd masmd. Gl td`d gc mul`d, mës `g cd masmd.
Ck gndldmík gstë gl ck masmk edrmk, tkc vgz alncusd mgjdr, gl ?661 qug gl ?669, ndlncuyg.
Cugid mark cds lúmgrds.
Cg sdrprgl`g qug cds bdikrgs gstk`dula`glsgs sgkl ;5 oaccdlgs `g `þckrgs mës pdorgs gl ?661 qug
gl ?669.
Gstë gstupgekntd `g qug ;6 maccdlgs mës `g gstk`dula`glsgs gstál `gsgmpcgk`ds.
Gstë alnrá`ucd nukl`d sg gltgrk `g qug gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs vkcg ck matk` `g cd qug vkcík `ds
kûds kltgs.
Ld pug`g nrggr qug gc prdlþstand `g ck igltg sdorg su pdtglnakc gndlþmand sg bkyk `gspcdmk`d.
"Ld cd gltagl`d", `ang. –Bg vastd cks nau`k`gs. Bg mark`d cks eëoranks. Wstg`gs taglgl gc masmd
ndldnamagltd, cks masmks bgrrkmagltks, cks masmks a`gks. ¡Lk`k bk nkmoak`d! ´Vdr quá grgs mës

pdorg4 ´Vdr quá grgs mës pgsamastk4 "

Buod ul nkmoad qug gc gxtrktgrrgstrg ld pu`d vgr gltrg ?669 y ?661: cks bastdraks qug lds
ndltkmds sdorg ck gndldmík.
Gl ?669, ndltkmds ulk bastdrak sdorg ck gstkoaca`k` `g cds prgnads `g ck vavagl`k, ck pru`glnak `g
cds oklqugrds y ck nkpkna`k` `g cds mgrnk`ds ealklnagrds pkrk vkcdrkr ndl prgnasaþl gc ragsid.
Gl ?661 `gjkmds `g nrggr gsk bastdrak.
Gsd gs cd úland qug nkmoaþ. Vgrd mkrnþ ck `aegrglnak gl gc mul`d.
Wlk vgz qug sg rdmpaþ ck lkrrktavk `g qug cds prgnads `g ck vavagl`k sgiuaríkl suoagl`d, cds
alnumpcamagltds
alnumpcamaglt ds bapdtgnkrads kumgltkrdl, cugid cds oklnds pgr`agrdl `algrd, cugid rg`ujgrdl cds
prástkmds k dtrks gmprgsks, cd qug ccgvþ k `gspa`ds, cd qug ccgvþ k mglds ikstds, cd qug ccgvþ k
mës `gspa`ds, y ksí sungsavkmgltg
sungsavkmgltg..
K`gmës `g kegrrkrlds k ulk lugvk lkrrktavk, tglíkmds ulk nkpkna`k` a`áltank, sa ld mkydr, `g
raqugzk y nrgnamagltd gl ?661 qug gl ?669. ^al gmokrid, ck gndldmík sueraþ su pgdr idcpg gl 26
kûds.
Gstd gs `aegrgltg `g, `aikmds, Kcgmklak gl ;107, nuyk oksg `g ekoranknaþl bkoík sa`d krrksk`k. D
Jkpþl gl ck `ánk`k `g ?666, nuyk pdocknaþl gl g`k` ckodrkc sg gstkok rg`unagl`d. Gsd gs ul `kûd
gndlþmand tkliaocg. Gl ?661 lds alecaiamds ul `kûd lkrrktavd k ldsdtrds masmds, y eug nrugc. Gs
ulk `g cks eugrzks gndlþmanks mës pd`grdsks qug gxastgl.
Nukl`d pglskmds gl gc nrgnamagltd `g cks gndldmíks, cds lgidnads, cks alvgrsadlgs y cks nkrrgrks,
tgl`gmds k pglskr gl ndsks tkliaocgs: ´nuëltks ndsks tglgmds y `g quá sdmds nkpkngs4
Vgrd cks bastdraks sdl, ndl munbd, ck eugrzk mës pd`grdsk `g ck gndldmík. ^dl gc ndmoustaocg qug
pug`g bkngr qug eulnadlgl cks pkrtgs tkliaocgs `g ck gndldmík, d gc ergld qug erglk lugstrks
nkpkna`k`gs.

K lavgc pgrsdlkc,
k`malastrkr bky `ds ndsks k tglgr gl nugltk sdorg ul mul`d oksk`d gl bastdraks kc
su `algrd.

;. Nukltd mës quagrks qug kcid sgk vgr`k`, mës prdokoaca`k`gs tgl`rës `g nrggr ulk bastdrak
qug sdorgstamk cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g qug dnurrk.
sagl`d vgr`k`.

Nukc eug gc `ak mës egcaz `g tu va`k4

Gc `dnumgltkc Bdw td Cavg Edrgvgr cg bkng gsk aldngltg prgiultk k ul ngltglkrad qug dergnaþ ulk
rgspugstk ksdmordsk.

–@ík `gc Krmastanad”, `ajd, rgearaál`dsg

rgearaál`dsg kc knugr`d `g ;1;2 qug pusd eal k ck Vramgrk Iugrrk
Mul`akc.
"´Vdr quá4" prgiultk gc prd`untdr.
–Vdrqug skoíkmds qug lulnk mës bkorík iugrrks”, `ang.
Ck ^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc ndmglzþ ?; kûds `gspuás y mktþ k 97 maccdlgs `g pgrsdlks.
Bky munbks ndsks gl ck va`k qug nrggmds qug sdl nagrtks pdrqug qugrgmds `gsgspgrk`kmgltg qug
sgkl nagrtks.
K gstks ndsks cks cckmd "eannadlgs ktrknt
ktrkntavks".
avks". Paglgl ul irkl ampkntd gl nþmd pglskmds sdorg gc
`algrd, gl pkrtanuckr cks alvgrsadlgs y ck gndldmík.
Wlk eannaþl ktrkntavk dnurrg nukl`d grgs altgcaigltg, quagrgs glndltrkr sdcunadlgs, pgrd tg
glergltks k ulk ndmoalknaþl `g ndltrdc camatk`d y munbd gl jugid.
^dl gxtrgmk`kmgltg pd`grdsds. Vug`gl bkngrtg nrggr nksa nukcquagr ndsk.
Pdmgmds ul pgqugûd gjgmpcd.
Gc bajd `g Kca Bkjkja gstkok glegrmd. Cds klnaklds `g su kc`gk ygmglí prdpusagrdl ul rgmg`ad
pdpuckr: ktrkvgskr gc pgnbd `g su bajd ndl ck pultk `g ul pkcd gl cckmks pkrk `rglkr ck glegrmg`k`
`g su nugrpd.
@gspuás `gc prdng`amagltd, Bkjkja cg `ajd k Pbg Lgw Qdrh Pamgs: "Nukl`d ld tgliks `algrd y tu
bajd gstá glegrmd, nrggrës nukcquagr ndsk". 50
Ck mg`analk gs kltgradr k ck mg`analk útac gl macgs `g kûds. Kltgs `gc mátd`d nagltíeand y gc
`gsnuoramagltd `g cds iármglgs, gxastík ck sklirík, ck tgrkpak `g bkmorg, bkngr kiujgrds gl gc
nugrpd pkrk `gjkr skcar cds mkcgs y dtrds trktkmagltds qug ld banagrdl mës qug kngcgrkr su
`gskpkranaþl.
Vkrgng ulk cdnurk. Vgrd sa lgngsatk `gsgspgrk`kmgltg ulk sdcunaþl y ld ndldng ulk ouglk d ld
gstë `aspdlaocg pkrk ustg`, gc nkmald `g mgldr rgsastglnak gs bknak gc rkzdlkmagltd `g Bkjkja: gstkr 
`aspugstd k nrggr nukcquagr ndsk. Ld sdcd altgltg nukcquagr ndsk, sald nrákcd.
Kc lkrrkr ck Irkl Vckik `g Cdl`rgs, @klagc @gedg gsnraoaþ gl ;9??:

Ck igltg grk mës k`antk k cks prdegníks y ndljurds kstrdcþiands, sugûds y nugltds `g vagjks qug
lulnk kltgs d `gspuás ... cds kcmklkqugs cds ksustkokl tgrraocgmgltg
tgrraocgmgltg ... cds pdstgs `g cks nksks y cks
gsqualks `g cks nkccgs gstkokl nuoagrtds ndl eknturks `g má`ands y pkpgcgs `g al`ava`uds
aildrkltgs, irkzlkl`d g alvatkl`d k ck igltg k knu`ar k gccds gl ousnk `g rgmg`ads, qug
iglgrkcmgltg sg `gsglnk`glkok ndl ecdraturks ndmd gstks: "Víc`drks prgvgltavks alekcaocgs ndltrk
ck pgstg". 'Ndlsgrvkltgs alqugorkltkocgs ndltrk ck alegnnaþl'. "Ndr`akcgs sdogrklds ndltrk ck
ndrrupnaþl `gc karg".
 

Ck pgstg mktþ k ulk nukrtk pkrtg `g cds cdl`alglsgs gl ;2 mgsgs. Nrggrës nksa nukcquagr ndsk
nukl`d bkyk tkltd gl jugid.
Kbdrk paglsg gl nþmd gc masmd ndljultd `g aledrmknaþl camatk`k y munbd gl jugid ampkntkl
lugstrks `gnasadlgs ealklnagrks.
´Vdr quá ck igltg
kltgng`gltgs gsnunbk
`g áxatd4 Gl ndmgltkrads
pkrtg pdrqug sdorg alvgrsadlgs
bky munbd gl jugidgl tgcgvasaþl
kc alvgrtar.qug taglgl
Gcajk oagl pdnds
kciulks knnadlgs
y pd`rë bkngrsg rand sal munbd gseugrzd. ^a bky ul ;% `g prdokoaca`k` `g qug ck prg`annaþl `g
kciuagl sg bkik rgkca`k`, y sa sg bkng rgkca`k` nkmoakrë tu va`k, ld gs ulk cdnurk prgstkr ktglnaþl,
pdr sa knksd.
Q bky tkltks dpaladlgs ealklnagrks qug ulk vgz qug gcaig ulk gstrktgiak d ul ck`d, sg alvagrtg gl
gccks tkltd ealklnagrk ndmd mgltkcmgltg. ^a quagrgs qug ulk `gtgrmalk`k knnaþl sg muctapcaqug pdr 
`agz, gsk gs tu traou. ^a nrgg qug ulk `gtgrmalk`k pdcítan
pdcítankk gndlþmank prdvdnkrë bapgralecknaþl, gsg
gs su ck`d.
Gstks pug`gl sgr kpugstks `g okjk prdokoaca`k`. Gc prdocgmk gs qug cds gspgntk`drgs ld pug`gl, d

ld cd bkngl,qug
earmgmgltg nkcaorkr prdokoaca`k`gs
cd qug okjks,
quagrgl qug sgk ndmd
nagrtd ul ;% `g prdokoaca`k`gs.
gs algquívdnkmg
algquívdnkmgltg Mun
Munbds
ltg nagrtd. Vgrd bdscdldbkngl
sdcd nrgglpdrqug
gxastg ck pdsaoaca`k` `g ul irkl rgsuctk`d.
Ck alvgrsaþl gs uld `g cds úlands nkmpds qug dergng dpdrtula`k`gs `akraks `g rgndmpglsks
gxtrgmks. Ck igltg nrgg gl ck nbkrcktklgrík ealklnagrk `g ulk mklgrk qug lulnk cd bkrík pdr,
`aikmds, nbkrcktklgrík sdorg gc ncamk pdrqug cks rgndmpglsks pdr prg`gnar ndrrgntkmgltg cd qug
bkrë gc mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs ck prþxamk sgmklk gstël gl ul ulavgrsd `aegrgltg k cks rgndmpglsks
pdr prg`gnar sa ck prþxamk sgmklk gstkrë sdcgk`d d ccuvadsd. .
Ndlsa`grg qug gc 27% `g cds edl`ds mutuds kntavds dotuvagrdl ul `gsgmpgûd alegradr kc `g su
íl`ang `g rgegrglnak `urkltg cds ;6 kûds qug tgrmalkrdl gl ?6 ; 2.57 Gsk naerk sg bk mkltgla`d
okstkltg gstkocg `urkltg iglgrknadlgs. Wld pglskrík qug ulk al`ustrak ndl ul `gsgmpgûd tkl pdorg
sgrík ul sgrvanad `g lanbd y tgl`rík `aeanuctk`g
`aeanuctk`gss pkrk mkltglgrsg gl gc lgidnad. Vgrd bky nksa nalnd
oaccdlgs `g `þckrgs alvgrta`ds gl gstds edl`ds. 55 @á k kciuagl ck dpdrtula`k` `g alvgrtar jultd ndl
–gc prþxamd Ykrrgl Oueegtt” y nrggrë ndl tkltk eg qug maccdlgs `g pgrsdlks pdl`rël cds kbdrrds `g
td`k su va`k `gtrës `g ác.
D tdmgmds k Ogrlag Mk`dee. Gl rgtrdspgntavk, su gsqugmk Vdlza `gogrík bkogr sa`d dovad.
Aledrmþ rgl`amagltds qug lulnk vkrakrdl, eugrdl ku`atk`ds pdr ulk earmk ndltkocg rgcktavkmgltg
`gsndldna`k y sg lgiþ k `kr munbk aledrmknaþl sdorg nþmd sg cdirkrdl cds rgl`amagltds. ^al
gmokrid, Mk`dee rgnku`þ macgs `g maccdlgs `g `þckrgs `g kciulds `g cds alvgrsdrgs mës
sdeastank`ds `gc mul`d. Ndltþ ulk ouglk bastdrak y ck igltg qugrík nrggrck.
Gstk gs ulk irkl pkrtg `g ck rkzþl pdr ck nukc gc mkrigl `g grrdr, ck ecgxaoaca`k` y ck al`gpgl`glnak
ealklnagrk, tgmks ampdrtkltgs qug sg `asnutagrdl gl nkpítucds kltgradrgs, sdl al`aspglskocgs.
Nukltd mkydr sgk ck orgnbk gltrg cd qug quagrgs qug sgk vgr`k` y cd qug lgngsatks pkrk qug sgk

vgr`k` pkrk tglgr ul rgsuctk`d kngptkocg, mës tg gstkrës prdtgiagl`d `g sgr víntamk `g ulk eannaþl
ealklnagrk ktrkntavk.
Nukl`d sg paglsk gl gc mkrigl `g grrdr gl ul prdlþstand, gs tgltk`dr pglskr qug cds rgsuctk`ds
pdtglnakcgs vkl `gs`g sgr cd sueanagltgmgltg ndrrgntd bkstk muy, muy ndrrgntd. Vgrd gc mkydr

ragsid
masmdgs qug `gsgk
gstk`ad qug ckqug kcid sgk tkl nagrtd qug gc rklid `g su prdlþstand la saquagrk gstë gl gc
rgkca`k`.
Gl su úctamk rgulaþl `g ?669, ck _gsgrvk Eg`grkc prg`ajd nuëc sgrík gc nrgnamagltd gndlþmand gl
?662 y ?661.59 Qk nklsk`d `gc `goacatkmaglt
`goacatkmagltdd `g ck gndldmík, ld sg mdstrþ dptamastk. Vrg`ajd ul
rklid `g nrgnamagltd pdtglnakc: ;.5% `g nrgnamagltd gl gc gxtrgmd alegradr, ?.2% gl gc gxtrgmd
supgradr. Gsg grk su mkrigl `g sgiura`k`, su mkrigl `g grrdr. Gl rgkca`k`, ck gndldmík sg ndltrkjd
gl mës `gc ?%, cd qug sailaeank qug ck gstamknaþl mës okjk `g ck Eg` sg rg`ujd nksa trgs vgngs.
Gs `aeínac pkrk ul cgiasck`dr prg`gnar ulk rgngsaþl kosdcutk, pdrqug ulk rgngsaþl ndmpcankrë sus
nkrrgrks. Vdr cd tkltd, alncusd cks prdygnnadlgs `gc pgdr `g cds nksds rkrk vgz gspgrkl kcid pgdr qug
ul nrgnamagltd –cgltd”. Gs ulk eannaþl ktrkntavk, y gs eënac `g nrggr pdrqug gspgrkr kcid pgdr gs
`gmksak`d `dcdrdsd pkrk ndlsa`grkrcd.
Cds edrmuck`drgs `g pdcítanks sdl ocklnd eënac `g nrítanks, pgrd td`ds cd bkngmds bkstk nagrtd
pultd. Q cd bkngmds gl kmoks `argnnadlgs. ^a nrgg qug sg kvgnalk ulk rgngsaþl y rgtark sus
knnadlgs ndl kltanapknaþl, su vasaþl `g ck gndldmík sg vgrë kctgrk`k rgpgltalkmgltg pdr cd qug
`gsgk qug sung`k. Nk`k `gstgccd, nk`k klán`dtk, pkrgngrë ulk sgûkc `g qug ck ektkca`k` bk ccgik`d,
tkc vgz ld pdrqug cd bkyk bgnbd, sald pdrqug tú quagrgs.
Cds alngltavds sdl ul mdtavk`dr pd`grdsd y sagmprg `gogmds rgndr`kr nþmd alecuygl gl lugstrks
prdpaks mgtks y pgrspgntavks ealklnagrks. Ld sg pug`g gxkigrkr: ld bky mkydr eugrzk gl cks
ealklzks qug gc mkrigl `g grrdr, y nukltd mës gl jugid, mës kmpcad `gogrík sgr.

?. Pd`d gc mul`d taglg ulk vasaþl alndmpcgtk `gc mul`d. Vgrd edrmkmds ulk lkrrktavk
ndmpcgtk pkrk ccglkr cds vkníds.

Ma bajk taglg kcrg`g`dr `g ul kûd magltrks gsnraod gstd. Paglg nuradsa`k` pdr td`d y kprgl`g muy
rëpa`d.
Vgrd k vgngs paglsd gl td`ks cks ndsks qug gcck ld pug`g ndmprgl`gr.
Ld taglg a`gk `g pdr quá su pkpë vk k trkokjkr td`ks cks mkûklks.
Gc ndlngptd `g eknturks, prgsupugstds, nkrrgrks, prdmdnadlgs y kbdrrd pkrk ck juoacknaþl cg rgsuctk
ndmpcgtkmgltgg kjgld.
ndmpcgtkmglt
Amkiílgsg trktkl`d `g gxpcankrcg ck _gsgrvk Eg`grkc, cds `gravk`ds nrg`atanads d gc PCNKL.
Ampdsaocg.

Vgrd su mul`d ld gs dsnurd. Gcck ld `gkmouck ndleul`a`k.

Alncusd k ck g`k` `g ul kûd, bk gsnratd su prdpak lkrrktavk altgrlk `g nþmd eulnadlk td`d. Cks
mkltks tg mkltaglgl koraik`d, cds korkzds `g mkmë tg mkltaglgl k skcvd y cds `ëtacgs skogl oagl.
Pd`d cd qug glnugltrk glnkjk gl ulk `g cks pdnks `dnglks `g md`gcds mgltkcgs qug bk kprgl`a`d.
Nukl`d
Gcck taglgvdy
ulkk gxpcanknaþl
trkokjkr, ld sg
muy`gtaglg ndleul`a`k,
nckrk `g prgiultël`
prgiultël`dsg
ck satuknaþl: pkpë ld dsg
gstëquá sdl gcndlmaid
juikl`d skckrad yycks
ydeknturks.
qugrík
qug juikrk ndlmaid, ksí qug gstdy trastg.
Kulqug skog pdnd, ld sg `k nugltk, pdrqug sg nugltk k sí masmk ulk bastdrak ndbgrgltg sdorg cd
qug gstë pkskl`d oksk`k gl cd pdnd qug skog.
Pd`ds, sal ampdrtkr lugstrk g`k`, bkngmds cd masmd.
Kc aiukc qug ma bajk, ld sá cd qug ld sá. @g md`d qug sdy aiukcmgltg susngptaoc
susngptaocgg `g gxpcankr gc
mul`d k trkvás `gc ndljultd camatk`d `g md`gcds mgltkcgs qug tglid k ma `aspdsanaþl.
Ndmd gcck, ousnd cks nkusks mës ndmprglsaocgs gl td`d cd qug glnugltrd. Q, ndmd gcck, mg
gquavdnd gl munbds `g gccds, pdrqug sá munbd mglds sdorg nþmd eulnadlk gc mul`d `g cd qug
nrgd.
Gstd gs nagrtd pkrk cds sujgtds mës oksk`ds gl bgnbds.
Pdmk bastdrak. Gs sdcd gc rgcktd `g ndsks qug yk sung`agrdl. @gog sgr nckrd y dojgtavd. Vgrd ndmd
gsnraog OB Ca``gcc Bkrt gl gc caord ´Vdr quá ld kprgl`gmds `g ck bastdrak 4: XCk bastdrak] ld sg
pug`g altgrprgtkr sal ck kyu`k `g ck amkialknaþl y ck altuanaþl. Ck irkl nklta`k` `g gva`glnak gs
tkl korumk`drk qug ck sgcgnnaþl gs algvatkocg. @dl`g bky sgcgnnaþl bky krtg. Kqugccds qug cggl
bastdrak tagl`gl k ousnkr cd qug cgs `k ck rkzþl y ndlearmk sus dpaladlgs pgrsdlkcgs. @geagl`gl
cgkctk`gs. Cggl ndl gc prdpþsatd `g kearmkr d ktknkr. ^g rgsastgl k ck vgr`k` alnþmd`k, yk qug td`ds
quagrgl gstkr `gc ck`d `g cds ëligcgs. Ksí ndmd ndmglzkmds iugrrks pkrk tgrmalkr td`ks cks
iugrrks.

@klagc Hkblgmkl mg ndltþ ulk vgz sdorg cks bastdraks qug ck igltg sg nugltk k sí masmk pkrk `kr
sglta`d kc pksk`d. Ác `ajd:

Ck rgtrdspgntavk, ck nkpkna`k` `g gxpcankr gc pksk`d, lds `k ck acusaþl `g qug gc mul`d gs

ndmprglsaocg. Lds `k ck acusaþl `g qug gc mul`d taglg sglta`d, alncusd nukl`d ld taglg sglta`d.
Gsd gs ul irkl prdocgmk kc prd`unar grrdrgs gl munbds nkmpds.

Ck mkydrík `g cks pgrsdlks, nukl`d sg glergltkl k kcid qug ld ndmprgl`gl, ld sg `kl nugltk `g
qug ld cd ndmprgl`gl pdrqug pug`gl glndltrkr ulk gxpcanknaþl qug tglik sglta`d gl eulnaþl `g
su prdpak pgrspgntavk y gxpgraglnaks úlanks gl gc mul`d, pdr camatk`ks qug sgkl. gsks gxpgraglnaks
sdl. Pd`ds qugrgmds qug gc mul`d ndmpcank`d gl gc qug vavamds tglik sglta`d. Ksí qug lds

ndltkmds bastdraks pkrk ccglkr cds vkníds `g cd qug gegntavkmglt

gegntavkmgltgg sdl pultds nagids.
Cd qug gstks bastdraks lds bkngl ealklnagrkmglt
ealklnagrkmgltgg pug`g sgr eksnalkltg y ktgrrk`dr.
Nukl`d ld vgd pkrtgs `g nþmd eulnadlk gc mul`d, pug`d mkcaltgrprgtkr ndmpcgtkmgltg
ndmpcgtkmgltg pdr quá gc
mgrnk`d `g vkcdrgs sg gstë ndmpdrtkl`d ndmd gs, `g ulk mklgrk qug mg `k `gmksak`k ndleaklzk
gl ma nkpkna`k`
prdldstankr pkrk skogr
gc mgrnk`d quá pd`rík
`g vkcdrgs bkngr k ndltaluknaþl
y ck gndldmíkndltaluknaþl. . Vkrtg
gs tkl `aeínac `g ck rkzþl
gs pdrqug pdrckckúlank
ustg` gs qug pgrsdlk
gl gc mul`d qug paglsk qug gc mul`d eulnadlk ndmd ustg`. Nukl`d tdmks `gnasadlgs pdr rkzdlgs
qug la saquagrk pug`d ndmprgl`gr, gs pdsaocg qug tg saik nagikmgltg bkstk tdmkr ulk `gnasaþl qug
sgk k`gnuk`k pkrk ta y `gskstrdsk pkrk mí. Ksí, ndmd vamds gl gc nkpítucd ;5, sg edrmkl cks
ouroujks.
Kngptkr nuëltd ld skogs sailaeank kngptkr nuëltd `g cd qug sung`g gl gc mul`d gstë eugrk `g tu
ndltrdc. Q gsd pug`g sgr `aeínac `g kngptkr.
Vaglsg gl cks prgvasadlgs `gc mgrnk`d. ^dmds muy, muy mkcds ndl gccds. Wlk vgz nkcnucá qug sa
sampcgmgltg ksumg qug gc mgrnk`d suog nk`k kûd pdr su prdmg`ad bastþrand, su prgnasaþl gs mgjdr
qug sa saiug cds prdlþstands klukcgs prdmg`ad `g cds ?6 pralnapkcgs gstrktgik
gstrktgikss `g mgrnk`d `g cds
irkl`gs oklnds `g Ykcc ^trggt. Lugstrk nkpkna`k` pkrk prg`gnar rgngsadlgs ld gs munbd mgjdr. Q
`k`d qug cds irkl`gs gvgltds surigl `g ck lk`k, cds prdlþstands pug`gl bkngr mës `kûd qug oagl,
`kl`d ck acusaþl `g prgvasaoaca`k` gl ul mul`d `dl`g cds gvgltds amprgvastds ndltrdckl ck mkydrík
`g cds rgsuctk`ds. Nkrc _anbkr`s gsnraog: "Gc ragsid gs cd qug qug`k nukl`d nrggs qug bks pglsk`d
gl td`d".
Ck igltg cd skog. Ld bg ndldna`d k laliúl alvgrsdr qug rgkcmgltg paglsg qug cds prdlþstands `gc
mgrnk`d gl su ndljultd sgkl prgnasds d útacgs. Vgrd td`kvík gxastg ulk gldrmg `gmkl`k `g
prdlþstands, tkltd gl cds mg`ads ndmd gl cds ksgsdrgs ealklnagrds.
´Vdr quá4

Gc psanþcdid
prg`gnaocg Vbacap Pgtcdnh
y ndltrdckocg, pdrgsnraoaþ ulk vgz: "Pglgmds
cd qug rgnurramds qug
k pgrsdlks nrggr
qug qug vavamds
pkrgngl gl uly qug
kutdrazk`ks mul`d
prdmgtgl
sktasekngr gsk lgngsa`k`".
^ktasekngr gsk lgngsa`k` gs ulk gxngcgltg mklgrk `g `gnarcd. [ugrgr nrggr qug tglgmds gc ndltrdc
gs ulk pankzþl gmdnadlkc qug bky qug rksnkr, mës qug ul prdocgmk klkcítand qug bky qug
nkcnuckr y rgsdcvgr. Ck acusaþl `g ndltrdc gs mës pgrsuksavk qug ck rgkca`k` `g ck alngrta`umorg.
 sí qug lds kegrrkmds k cks bastdraks
bastdraks sdorg cds
cds rgsuctk`ds qug tglgmds okjd lugstr
lugstrd
d ndltrdc.
Vkrtg `g gstd taglg qug vgr ndl ndleul`ar nkmpds `g prgnasaþl ndl nkmpds `g alngrta`umorg.
Ck lkvg gspknakc Lgw Bdrazdls `g ck LK^K pksþ pdr Vcutþl bkng `ds kûds. Eug ul vakjg `g trgs
mac maccdlgs `g maccks qug `urþ lugvg kûds y mg`ad. ^giúl ck LK^K, gc vakjg "tdmþ kcrg`g`dr `g
ul malutd mglds `g cd prgvastd nukl`d sg cklzþ ck lkvg gl glgrd `g ?665". 52
Vaálskcd. Gl ul vakjg ld prdok`d `g ulk `ánk`k, gc prdlþstand `g ck LK^K eug 11,11112% gxkntd.

Gsd gs ndmd prdldstankr ul vakjg `g Lugvk Qdrh k Odstdl y tglgr ulk prgnasaþl `g nuktrd
maccdlásamks `g sgiul`d.
Vgrd ck kstrdeísank gs ul nkmpd `g prgngsaþl. Ld sg vg kegntk`d pdr cds nkpranbds `gc
ndmpdrtkmagltdd y cks gmdnadlgs bumklks, ndmd cks ealklzks. Cds lgidnads, ck gndldmík y ck
ndmpdrtkmaglt
alvgrsaþl
sg pug`glsdl nkmpds
gxpcankr `g alngrta`umorg,
eënacmgltg ampucsk`ds
ndl eþrmucks campaks, `g mklgrk
ndmd korumk`drk
ul vakjg k Vcutþl.pdr `gnasadlgs
Vgrd qugrgmdsqug ld
`gsgspgrk`kmgltg qug sgk ndmd ul vakjg k Vcutþl, pdrqug ck a`gk `g qug ul aliglagrd `g ck LK^K
tglik gc 11,11112% `g ndltrdc `g ul rgsuctk`d gs bgrmdsk y rgndledrtkltg. Gs tkl rgndledrtkltg
qug lds sgltamds tgltk`ds k ndltkrlds bastdraks sdorg nuëltd ndltrdc tglgmds gl dtrks pkrtgs `g
lugstrk va`k, ndmd gc `algrd.
Hkblgmkl ulk vgz gxpusd gc nkmald qug tdmkl gstks bastdraks:

Kc pcklaeankr, lds glednkmds gl cd qug qugrgmds bkngr y pd`gmds bkngr, `gsnua`kl`d cds pcklgs y
bkoaca`k`gs `g dtrks pgrsdlks nuyks `gnasadlgs pd`ríkl kegntkr lugstrds rgsuctk`ds.

Pkltd kc gxpcankr gc pksk`d ndmd kc prg`gnar gc euturd, lds ngltrkmds gl gc pkpgc nkuskc `g ck
bkoaca`k` y `gsnua`kmds gc pkpgc `g ck sugrtg.
Lds glednkmds gl cd qug skogmds y `gsnua`kmds cd qug ld skogmds, cd qug lds bkng tglgr
`gmksak`k ndleaklzk gl lugstrks nrgglnaks.

@gsnraoaþ nþmd gstd kegntk k cks gmprgsks:

Bg tgla`d vkraks dnksadlgs pkrk bkngrcgs k cds eul`k`drgs y pkrtanapklt

pkrtanapkltgs
gs `g stkrt-ups alldvk`drks
ulk prgiultk: ´Gl quá mg`a`k `gpgl`grë gc rgsuctk`d `g su gseugrzd `g cd qug bkik gl su
gmprgsk4 Gva`gltgmgltg,
Gva`gltgmgltg, gstk gs ulk prgiultk eënac8 ck rgspugstk ccgik rëpa`d y lulnk bk sa`d
alegradr kc 26%. Alncusd nukl`d ld gstël sgiurds `g tglgr áxatd, gstks pgrsdlks ku`kngs paglskl
qug su `gstald gstë nksa pdr ndmpcgtd gl sus prdpaks mklds. ^giurkmgltg gstël gquavdnk`ds: gc
rgsuctk`d `g ulk pugstk gl mkrnbk `gpgl`g tkltd `g cds cdirds `g sus ndmpgta`drgs y `g cds
nkmoads gl gc mgrnk`d ndmd `g sus prdpads gseugrzds. ^al gmokrid, cds gmprgl`g`drgs
lkturkcmgltg sg glednkl gl cd qug mgjdr skogl: sus pcklgs y knnadlgs y cks kmglkzks y
dpdrtula`k`gs mës almg`aktks, ndmd ck `aspdlaoaca`k` `g ealklnakmagl
ealklnakmagltd.
td.

Pd`ds bkngmds gstd bkstk nagrtd pultd.

Q ndmd ma bajk, ld lds mdcgstk gl cd mës mílamd.

Ld `gkmouckmds nagids y ndleul`a`ds. Pglgmds qug pglskr qug gc mul`d gl gc qug dpgrkmds
taglg sglta`d gl eulnaþl `g cd qug skogmds. ^grík `gmksak`d `aeínac cgvkltkrsg `g ck nkmk pdr ck
mkûklk sa saltagrk cd ndltrkrad.
´Vgrd gc gxtrktgrrgstrg `kl`d vugctks sdorg ck Pagrrk4
´Gc qug ndleík gl skogr cd qug gstë sung`agl`d oksël`dsg gl cd qug vg pgrd rgsuctk gstkr
ndmpcgtkmgltgg gquavdnk`d pdrqug ld pug`g ndldngr cks bastdraks qug sung`gl `gltrd `g ck nkogzk
ndmpcgtkmglt
`g cds `gmës4
Ác gs td`ds ldsdtrds.
 

;1
Pd`ks
.
Jultds
Kbdrk
Cd qug bgmds kprgl`a`d sdorg ck psandcdiík `g su prdpad `algrd.
 

Egcanatknadlgs, saiugs cgygl`d.

Egcanatknadlgs,
Gs bdrk `g ular kciulks ndsks qug bgmds kprgl`a`d.
Gstg
Gstg nkpí
nkpítu
tucd
cd gs ul pg pgqu
qugû
gûdd rgsu
rgsumg
mgl8
l8 kciu
kciulk
lkss cgnn
cgnnad
adlg
lgss
 orgvgs y prëntanks qug pug`gl kyu`krcd k tdmkr mgjdrgs
`gnasadlgs ealklnagrks.
Vramgrd, `ájgmg ndltkrcg ulk bastdrak sdorg ulk natk ndl gc
`gltastk qug skcaþ tgrraocgmgltg mkc. Lds glsgûk kcid vatkc
sdorg cds pgcairds `g `kr ndlsgjds sdorg quá bkngr ndl su
`algrd.

Nckrglng Buibgs eug kc `gltastk gl ;1>;. ^u odnk arrk`akok

`dcdr. ^u `gltastk cd sdmgtaþ k ulk nru`k klgstgsak pkrk kcavakr
gc `dcdr.mglds
`agltgs Nukl`dy cgNckrglng sg `gspgrtþ
gxtarpkrdl bdrks mës tkr`g, tglík ;5
cks kmíi`kcks.
Q cugid td`d skcaþ mkc. Nckrglng muraþ ulk sgmklk `gspuás
 pdr cks ndmpcanknadlgs
ndmpcanknadlgs `g su nnaruiík.
aruiík.
^u gspdsk `gmkl`þ kc `gltastk, pgrd ld pdrqug ck naruiík
skcagrk mkc. Nk`k naruiík ndrrík gc ragsid `g mugrtg gl ;1>;.
Nckrglng, `ajd, lulnk ndlsaltaþ gl cds prdng`amaglt
prdng`amagltds
ds gl
 pramgr cuikr, y ld cd bkrík sa sg cd pa`agr
pa`agrkl.
kl.
Gc nksd pksþ pdr cds traoulkcgs, pgrd ld ccgiþ k laliulk pkrtg.
Gc ndlsgltamagltd gltrg má`and y pknagltg ld grk ocklnd y
lgird gl ;1>;. Wl traoulkc rgsumaþ ck a`gk `g qug cds má`ands
rgquagrgl caogrtk` pkrk tdmkr cks mgjdrgs `gnasadlgs má`anks:
"^al gsd, ld pd`ríkmds `aserutkr `gc kvklng `g ck naglnak".
@urkltg ck mkydr pkrtg `g ck bastdrak, ck eacdsdeík `g ck
mg`analk eug qug gc trkokjd `gc má`and grk krrgickr kc pknagltg,
y cd qug gc pknagltg pglskok sdorg cds pcklgs `g trktkmagltd `gc
má`and ld grk rgcgvkltg. Gc @r. Jky Hktz gsnraoaþ sdorg ck
eacdsdeík gl su caord Pbg ^acglt Ydrc` Ogtwggl @dntdr kl`
Vktaglt:
 Cds má`ands saltagrdl qug pkrk cdirkr gsg dojgtavd gstkokl
docaik`ds k ktgl`gr cks lgngsa`k`gs eísanks y gmdnadlkcgs `g

sus pknagltgs y bkngrcd okjd su prdpak kutdra`k`, sal ndlsuctkr

ndl sus pknagltgs sdorg cks `gnasadlgs qug `goíkl tdmkrsg. Ck
a`gk `g qug cds pknagltgs tkmoaál pug`gl tglgr `grgnbd k
ndmpkrtar ck nkrik `g cks `gnasadlgs ndl sus má`ands lulnk
edrmþ pkrtg `gc gspíratu `g ck mg`analk.

Gstd ld grk gid la mkcanak. Grk ulk nrgglnak gl `ds pultds:

Pd`d pknagltg quagrg nurkrsg.

Gxastg ulk edrmk ulavgrskc y ndrrgntk `g nurkrcds.

 Ld rgqugrar gc
gc ndlsgltamagltd
ndlsgltamagltd `gc pknagl
pknagltg
tg gl cds pcklgs
pcklgs `g
trktkmagltd taglg sglta`d sa nrgg gl gsds `ds pultds.
Vgrd ld gs ksí ndmd eulnadlk ck mg`analk.
Gl cds úctamds 76 kûds, cks eknuctk`gs `g mg`analk nkmoakrdl
sutacmgltg ck glsgûklzk `gc trktkmagltd `g glegrmg`k`gs bknak
gc trktkmagltd `g pknagltgs. Gsd sailaeankok gstkocgngr cks
dpnadlgs `g cds pcklgs `g trktkmagltd y cugid `gjkr qug gc
 pknagltg `gna`agrk
`gna`agrk gc m
mgjdr
gjdr nkmald k sgiuar.
Gstk tgl`glnak eug ampucsk`k gl pkrtg pdr cks cgygs `g
 prdtgnnaþl `gc pknagltg, ggll pkrtg pdr gc alecuygltg cao
caord
rd `g
Hktz, qug kriumgltþ qug cds pknagltgs taglgl pultds `g vastk
trgmgl`kmgltgg `aegrgltgs sdorg cd qug vkcg ck pglk gl
trgmgl`kmglt
mg`analk, pdr cd qug sus nrgglnaks `gogl tglgrsg gl nugltk.
Hktz gsnraoaþ:

Gs ulk tdltgrík pgcairdsk kearmkr qug gl ck prëntank `g su krtg y

naglnak cds má`ands pug`gl ndleakr gl sus altglnadlgs
 oglávdcks, gl su nkpkna`k` ppkrk
krk juzikr quá gs cd ndrrgntd ...... Ld
gs tkl eënac. Ck mg`analk gs ulk prdegsaþl ndmpcgjk y cks
altgrknnadlgs gltrg má`ands y pknagltgs tkmoaál cd sdl.
 Gskk úct
Gs ctam
amkk cílg
ílgk gs am
ampd
pdrrtkl
tkltg.
tg. –C
–Ckk mg`a
`annal
alkk gs ul
ulkk

 prdegsaþl ndmpcgjk y cks altgrknnadl

altgrknnadlgs
gs gltrg má`ands y
 pknagltgs tkmoaál
tkmoaál sdl ndmpc
ndmpcgjks”.
gjks”.
´^kogs quá prdegsaþl gs ck masmk4 Ksgsdrík ealklnagrk.
 Ld pug`d `gnartg
`gnartg quá bkng
bkngrr ndl tu `algrd pdrqug ld tg
ndldznd.
 Ld sg cd qug quagrgs. Ld sá nukl`d cd quagrgs.
quagrgs. Ld sá pdr qquá
uá cd
quagrgs.
Ksí qug ld tg vdy k `gnar quá bkngr ndl tu `algrd. Ld quagrd
trktkrtg ndmd ul `gltastk trktkok k Nckrglng Buibgs.
Vgrd cds má`ands y `gltastks ld sdl alútacgs, dovakmgltg.
Paglgl ndldnamagltd. Ndldngl cks prdokoaca`k`gs. ^kogl cd
qug sugcg eulnadlkr, alncusd sa cds pknagltgs ccgikl k
ndlncusadlgs `aegrgltgs sdorg quá tapd `g trktkmagltd gs gc
k`gnuk`d pkrk gccds.
Cds ksgsdrgs ealklnagrds sdl cds masmds. Bky vgr`k`gs
ulavgrskcgs gl gc `algrd, alncusd sa cks pgrsdlks ccgikl k
ndlncusadlgs `aegrgltgs sdorg nþmd quagrgl kpcankr gsks
vgr`k`gs k sus prdpaks ealklzks.
Ndl gsk k`vgrtglnak, vgkmds kciulks rgndmgl`knadlgs orgvgs
qug pug`gl kyu`krcd k tdmkr mgjdrgs `gnasadlgs ndl su `algrd.

Bkik td`d cd pdsaocg pkrk glndltrkr ck bumac`k` nukl`d

cks ndsks vkl oagl y gc pgr`þl / ndmpksaþl nukl`d vkl mkc.
Vdrqug lulnk gs tkl ougld d tkl mkcd ndmd pkrgng. Gc
mul`d gs irkl`g y ndmpcgjd. Ck sugrtg y gc ragsid sdl
rgkcgs y `aeínacgs `g a`gltaeankr. Bëikcd nukl`d sg juziug k sí 
masmd y k cds `gmës. _gspgtg gc pd`gr `g ck sugrtg y gc
ragsid y tgl`rë mës pdsaoaca`k`gs
pdsaoaca`k`gs `g ndlngltrk
ndlngltrkrsg
rsg gl cks
ndsks qug rgkcmgltg pug`g ndltrdckr. Pkmoaál tgl`rë mës
pdsaoaca`k`gs
pdsaoaca`k` gs `g glndltrkr cds md`gcds k sgiuar k`gnuk`ds.
Mglds gid, mës raqugzk. Kbdrrkr `algrd gs ck orgnbk gltrg
su gid y sus alirgsds, y ck raqugzk gs cd qug ld vg. Gltdlngs,

ck raqugzk sg nrgk supramagl`

supramagl`d
d cd qug pd`rík ndmprkr bdy
 pkrk tglgr mës ndsks d mës dpnadlgs gl gc euturd. Ld
ampdrtk nuëltd iklg, lulnk knumuckrë raqugzk k mglds

qug pug`k pdlgr ul címatg k ck nklta`k` `g `avgrsaþl qug

pug`g tglgr ndl su `algrd kbdrk masmd, bdy.
K`malastrg su `algrd `g ulk mklgrk qug cd kyu`g k `drmar
pdr ck ldnbg. Gsd gs `aegrgltg k `gnar qug `gog ksparkr k
dotglgr cds mkydrgs rgl`amagltds d kbdrrkr ul pdrngltkjg
gspgníeand `g sus alirgsds. Kciulks pgrsdlks ld `drmarël
oagl k mglds qug dotglikl cds mkydrgs oglgeanads8 dtrds
sdcd tgl`rël ul ougl `gsnklsd sa alvagrtgl `g mklgrk
ndlsgrvk`drk. K nk`k uld cd suyd. Vgrd ck oksg `g "´gstd
mg kyu`k k `drmar pdr ck ldnbg4" gs ck mgjdr iuík
ulavgrskc pkrk td`ks cks `gnasadlgs ealklnagrks.
^a quagrg mgjdrkr ndmd alvgrsdr, cd mës pd`grdsd qug
pug`g bkngr gs kumgltkr su bdrazdltg tgmpdrkc. Gc tagmpd
gs ck eugrzk mës pd`grdsk pkrk alvgrtar. Bkng qug cks ndsks
pgqugûks nrgznkl y cds irkl`gs grrdrgs sg `gsvklgznkl. Ld
pug`g lgutrkcazkr
lgutrkcazkr ck sugrtg y gc ragsid, pgrd kngrnk cds
rgsuctk`ds k cd qug cks pgrsdlks mgrgngl.
Vdltg oagl ndl munbks ndsks qug vkl mkc. Vug`g
gquavdnkrsg ck matk` `gc tagmpd y kul ksí bkngr ulk
edrtulk, pdrqug ulk pgqugûk maldrík `g ndsks gxpcank ck
mkydrík `g cds rgsuctk`ds. Ld ampdrtk cd qug gstá bknagl`d
ndl su `algrd, `gog sgltarsg nþmd`d ndl munbks ndsks qug
ld eulnadlkl. Ksí gs gc mul`d. Vdr cd tkltd, sagmprg `gog
mg`ar su `gsgmpgûd dosgrvkl`d su nkrtgrk ndmpcgtk, gl
cuikr `g alvgrsadlgs al`ava`ukcgs. Gstë oagl tglgr ulk irkl
nklta`k` `g mkcks alvgrsadlgs y kciulks pgl`agl
pgl`agltgs.
tgs. Gsg
sugcg sgr gc mgjdr `g cds nksds. Juzikr nþmd cd bk bgnbd
ngltrël`dsg gl alvgrsadlgs al`ava`ukcgs bkng qug cds
iklk`drgs sg vgkl mës oracckltgs `g cd qug grkl y cds
pgr`g`drgs pkrgngl mës ckmgltkocgs `g cd qug `gogríkl.
Wsg gc `algrd pkrk ndltrdckr su tagmpd, pdrqug ld tglgr gc
ndltrdc `g su tagmpd gs ul ckstrg tkl pd`grdsd y ulavgrskc
pkrk ck egcana`k`. Ck nkpkna`k` `g bkngr cd qug quagrks,
nukl`d quagrks, ndl quagl quagrks, `urkltg gc tagmpd qug
quagrks, pkik gc mkydr `ava`gl`d qug gxastg gl ealklzks.
^gk mës kmkocg y mglds cckmktavd. Lk`ag gstë tkl
amprgsadlk`d
amprgsadlk`d ndl tus pdsgsadlgs ndmd tú. Vug`g pglskr
 qug quagrg ul ndnbg gcgikltg d ul rgcdj odlatd. Vgrd cd qug

prdokocgmgltg quagrks gs rgspgtd y k`marknaþl. Q gs mës

prdokocgmgltg
prdokocg qug dotglik gsks ndsks ndl kmkoaca`k` y
bumac`k` qug ndl nkokccds `g eugrzk y nrdmd.
^kcvkr. ^dcd iukr`k. Ld lgngsatk ulk rkzþl gspgníeank pkrk

kbdrrkr. Gs iglakc kbdrrkr pkrk ul kutdmþvac, ul pkid

alanakc d ulk gmgriglnak má`ank. Vgrd kbdrrkr pkrk ndsks
qug sdl ampdsaocgs `g prg`gnar d `gealar gs ulk `g cks
mgjdrgs rkzdlgs pkrk kbdrrkr. Ck va`k `g td`ds gs ulk
nk`glk ndltaluk `g sdrprgsks. Cds kbdrrds qug ld gstël
`gstalk`ds k lk`k gl pkrtanuckr sdl ulk prdtgnnaþl ndltrk
ck algvatkocg nkpkna`k` `g ck va`k `g sdrprgl`grtg gl gc
pgdr mdmgltd pdsaocg.
@gealk gc ndstd `gc áxatd y gstá `aspugstd k pkikrcd. Vdrqug
lk`k qug vkcik ck pglk gs irktas. Q rgnugr`g qug ck mkydrík
`g cds ndstds ealklnagrds ld taglgl gtaqugtks `g prgnad
vasaocgs. Ck alngrta`umorg,
alngrta`umorg, ck `u`k y gc krrgpgltam
krrgpgltamagltd
agltd sdl
ndstds ndmulgs gl gc mul`d ealklnagrd. K mglu`d vkcg ck
pglk pkikrcds. Vgrd `gog vgrcds ndmd tkraeks (ul prgnad qug
vkcg ck pglk pkikr pkrk dotglgr kcid ougld k nkmoad) gl
cuikr `g muctks (ulk pglkcazknaþl qug `gog gvatkr).
^kck `g nuctd pkrk gc grrdr. Wlk orgnbk gltrg cd qug pd`rík
sung`gr gl gc euturd y cd qug lgngsatk qug sung`k gl gc
euturd pkrk bkngrcd oagl gs cd qug cg `k rgsastglnak, y ck
rgsastglnak gs cd qug bkng qug ck ndmoalknaþl sgk mëiank
ndl gc tagmpd. Gc mkrigl `g grrdr k mglu`d pkrgng ulk

ndogrturk ndlsgrvk`
ndlsgrvk`drk,
pug`g pkikrsg pdr sídrk,
masmdpgrd sa cd mkltaglg
munbks vgngs. gl gc jugid,
Gvatg cds gxtrgmds gxtrgmds `g cks `gnasadlgs ealklnagrks.
Cks mgtks y `gsgds `g td`ds nkmoakrël ndl gc tagmpd, y
nukltd mës gxtrgmks eugrdl tus `gnasadlgs pksk`ks, mës tg
krrgpgltarës k mg`a`k qug gvdcunadlks.
Cg `gogrík iustkr gc ragsid pdrqug vkcg ck pglk ndl gc
tagmpd. Vgrd `gog gstkr pkrkldand ndl gc ragsid rualdsd
pdrqug cg ampa`g tdmkr ragsids euturds qug vkc`rël ck pglk
ndl gc tagmpd.

@gealk gc jugid qug gstë juikl`d y ksgiúrgsg `g qug sus

 knnadlgs ld gstál alecuglnak`ks pdr pgrsdlks qug jugikl ul

 jugid `aegrgltg.
`aegrgltg.
_gspgtk gc `gsdr`gl. Cks pgrsdlks altgcaigltgs, aledrmk`ks
y rkzdlkocgs pug`gl gstkr gl `gsknugr`d gl ealklzks,
pdrqug ck igltg bk
`aegrgltgs mgtks y `gsgds. Ld gxastg ulk úlank rgspugstk
ndrrgntk8 sdcd ck rgspugstk qug eulnadlg pkrk ustg`.
Kbdrk `ájkmg `gnartg cd qug eulnadlk pkrk mí.
 

?6.
Ndlegsadlgs
Ck psandcdiík `g ma prdpad `algrd.
 

^g `ang qug ^kl`y Idttgsmkl, ul alvgrsadlastk mucta

muctamaccdlkrad
maccdlkrad qug eul`þ gc irupd `g ndlsuctdrík
Earst Mklbkttkl, bkng ulk prgiultk kc gltrgvastkr k nkl`a`ktds pkrk su gquapd `g alvgrsaþl: "´[uá
gs cd qug pdsgg y pdr quá4"
Ld, "´[uá knnadlgs nrggs qug sdl okrktks4" d "´[uá gndldmík gstë k pultd `g suerar ulk
rgngsaþl4"
Glsáûkmg quá bkngs ndl tu prdpad `algrd.
Mg glnkltk gstk prgiultk pdrqug `gstknk cd qug k mglu`d pug`g sgr ulk orgnbk `g ulk macck gltrg
cd qug taglg sglta`d, qug gs cd qug ck igltg suiagrg qug bkiks, y cd qug cgs pkrgng ndrrgntd, qug gs
cd qug rgkcmgltg bkngl.

Ck matk` `g td`ds cds k`malastrk`drgs `g nkrtgrks `g edl`ds mutuds `g GG. WW. Ld alvagrtgl ul
ngltkvd `g su prdpad `algrd gl sus edl`ds, sgiúl Mdrlalistkr.51 Gstd pug`g pkrgngr ktrdz, y
sgiurkmgltg ck gstk`ístank rgvgck nagrtk bapdnrgsík.
Vgrd gstg tapd `g ndsks gs mës ndmúl `g cd qug paglsks. Hgl Murrky, prdegsdr `g mg`analk gl ck
W^N, gsnraoaþ ul glskyd gl ?6;; tatuck`d "Nþmd mugrgl cds má`ands" qug mdstrkok gc irk`d gl
qug cds má`ands gcaigl trktkmagltds pkrk gc ealkc `g ck va`k `aegrgltgs pkrk sí masmds `g cds qug
rgndmagl`kl pkrk sus pknagltgs.96
–XCds má`ands] ld mugrgl ndmd gc rgstd `g ldsdtrds”, gsnraoaþ. –Cd alusukc `g gccds ld gs nuëltd
trktkmagltd rgnaogl gl ndmpkrknaþl
ndmpkrknaþl ndl ck mkydrík `g cds gstk`dula`glsgs, sald quá tkl pdnd.
@urkltg td`d gc tagmpd qug `g`ankl k `gegl`grsg `g ck mugrtg `g dtrds, tagl`gl k gstkr okstkltg
sgrglds nukl`d sg glergltkl k ck mugrtg. ^kogl gxkntkmglt
gxkntkmgltgg cd qug vk k pkskr, ndldngl cks
dpnadlgs y, gl iglgrkc, taglgl knngsd k nukcquagr tapd `g ktglnaþl má`ank qug `gsggl. Vgrd vkl ndl
sukva`k` ". Wl má`and pug`g krrdjkr gc ergik`grd `g ck ndnalk kc nëlngr `g su pknagltg, pgrd gcgiar
cds nua`k`ds pkcaktavds pdr sí masmk.
Ck `aegrglnak gltrg cd qug kciuagl suiagrg qug bkiks y cd qug gccds bkngl pdr sí masmds ld
sagmprg gs mkck. ^ampcgmgltg suorkyk qug nukl`d sg trktk `g satuknadlgs ndmpcank`ks y
gmdnadlkcgs
prdocgmks qug cg kegntkl k ustg` y k su ekmacak, ld bky ulk rgspugstk ndrrgntk. Ld gxastg ulk
vgr`k` ulavgrskc. ^dcd bky cd qug eulnadlk pkrk ustg` y su ekmacak, mkrnkr cks nksaccks qug `gsgk
mkrnkr `g ulk mklgrk qug cd `gjg nþmd`d y `ugrmk oagl pdr ck ldnbg.
Bky pralnapads oësands qug `gogl numpcarsg, gstd gs nagrtd gl cks ealklzks y gl ck mg`analk, pgrd
cks `gnasadlgs ealklnagrks ampdrtkltgs ld sg tdmkl gl bdjks `g nëcnucd la gl caords `g tgxtd. ^g
bkngl gl ck sald
oglgeanads, mgsk`g`gmalamazkr
ck nglk. Kckmglu`d ld sg`ggckodrkl
pdsaoaca`k` ndl ckk altglnaþl
`gngpnadlkr ul nþlyuig`gdmkxamazkr cdstapd `g
ul bajd. Gsg
ndsks sdl `aeínacgs `g rgsumar gl irëeands d eþrmucks, y vkríkl munbd `g ulk pgrsdlk k dtrk. Cd

qug eulnadlk pkrk ulk pgrsdlk pug`g ld eulnadlkr pkrk dtrk.

Paglgs qug glndltrkr cd qug eulnadlg pkrk ta. Gstd gs cd qug eulnadlk pkrk mí.

Nþmd paglsk ma ekmacak sdorg cds kbdrrds

Nbkrcag Muligr `ajd ulk vgz: –Ld tglík ck altglnaþl `g bkngrmg rand. ^dcd qugrík sgr
al`gpgl`agltg ".
Vd`gmds `gjkr `g ck`d k cds rands, pgrd ck al`gpgl`glnak sagmprg bk sa`d ma dojgtavd ealklnagrd
pgrsdlkc. Ousnkr cds rgl`amagltds mës kctds d kprdvgnbkr mas kntavds pkrk vavar ck va`k mës cujdsk
taglg pdnd altgrás pkrk mí. Kmods pkrgngl jugids qug ck igltg bkng pkrk amprgsadlkr k sus
kmaids, y kmods taglgl ragsids dnuctds. Gl iglgrkc, sdcd quagrd `gspgrtkr td`ds cds `íks skoagl`d
qug ma ekmacak y pug`d bkngr cd qug qugrkmds bkngr gl lugstrds prdpads tármalds. Nk`k `gnasaþl
ealklnagrk qug tdmkmds iark gl tdrld k gsg dojgtavd.

Mas pk`rgs
pk`rg vavagrdl
sg ndlvartaþ glsumá`and
g`k` k`uctk
nukl`dgltglík
`ds gtkpks:
06 kûdsmuy
y ykpdorgs y md`grk`kmgltg
tglík trgs kndmd`k`ds.
kndmd``g
bajds. Iklkr gc sugc`d k`ds.
ul Ma
má`and ld ndltrkrrgstþ ck mgltkca`k` eruikc qug sg docaik k mkltglgr k trgs laûds bkmoragltds gl
ck gsnugck `g mg`analk, y mas pk`rgs pkskrdl cds ouglds kûds vavagl`d muy pdr `gokjd `g sus
pdsaoaca`k`gs ndl ulk kctk tksk `g kbdrrd. Gstd cgs `ad nagrtd irk`d `g al`gpgl`glnak. Ma pk`rg grk
má`and `g uriglnaks, ulk `g cks prdegsadlgs mës gstrgskltgs qug pug`d amkialkr y qug rgquagrg ul
`dcdrdsd nkmoad `g cds ratmds narnk`aklds gltrg cds turlds `aurld y ldnturld. @gspuás `g `ds
`ánk`ks `gna`aþ qug bkoík tgla`d sueanagltg, ksí qug sg `gtuvd. ^dcd rgtírgsg. Vksþ k ck saiuagltg
eksg `g su va`k.
Gsd sg mg qug`þ irkok`d. ^gr nkpkz `g `gspgrtkrsg ulk mkûklk y nkmoakr cd qug gstë bknagl`d, gl
sus prdpads tármalds, nukl`d gstá castd, pkrgng sgr ck kougck `g td`ks cks mgtks ealklnagrks. Vkrk
mí, ck al`gpgl`glnak ld sailaeank qug `gjkrës `g trkokjkr. ^ailaeank qug sdcd bkngs gc trkokjd qug tg
iustk ndl cks pgrsdlks qug tg iustkl gl cds mdmgltds qug quagrks y `urkltg gc tagmpd qug quagrks.
Q cdirkr nagrtd lavgc `g al`gpgl`glnak ld `gpgl`g `g dotglgr cds alirgsds `g ul má`and. Gs
pralnapkcmgltg ulk nugstaþl `g mkltglgr sus gxpgntktavks okjd ndltrdc y vavar pdr `gokjd `g sus
pdsaoaca`k`gs. Ck al`gpgl`glnak,
al`gpgl`glnak, gl nukcquagr lavgc `g alirgsds, gstë ampucsk`k pdr su tksk `g
kbdrrd. Q mës kccë `g ul nagrtd lavgc `g alirgsds, su tksk `g kbdrrd gstë ampucsk`k pdr su
nkpkna`k` pkrk gvatkr qug sg `gsvklgznkl sus gxpgntktavks `g gstacd `g va`k.
Ma gspdsk y yd lds ndldnamds gl ck ulavgrsa`k` y lds mu`kmds kûds kltgs `g nkskrlds. @gspuás
`g ck gsnugck, kmods tglíkmds trkokjds `g lavgc `g gltrk`k ndl ul skckrad `g lavgc `g gltrk`k y lds
kndmd`kmds gl ul gstacd `g va`k md`grk`d. Pd`ds cds gstacds `g va`k gxastgl gl ul gspgntrd, y cd
qug gs `gngltg
lugstrds pkrk
alirgsds ulk pgrsdlk
dotuvamds pug`g
cd qug sgltarsg ndmdulrgkcgzk
ndlsa`grëokmds d pdorgzk
kpkrtkmgltd pkrk dtrk.
`gngltg, Vgrd ndl
ul ndnbg `gngltg,
rdpk `gngltg, ndma`k `gngltg. Nþmd`d, pgrd lk`k pkrgna`d k ck ekltksík.

K pgskr `g mës `g ulk `ánk`k `g alirgsds nrgnagltgs (yd gl ealklzks, ma gspdsk gl gc nua`k`d `g ck
skcu`), lds bgmds mkltgla`d mës d mglds gl gsg gstacd `g va`k `gs`g gltdlngs. Gsd bk gcgvk`d
ndltalukmgltg lugstrk tksk `g kbdrrd. Vrëntankmgltg nk`k `þckr `g kumgltd sg bk knumuck`d gl
kbdrrds: lugstrd "edl`d `g al`gpgl`glnak". Kbdrk vavamds ndlsa`grkocgmgltg
ndlsa`grkocgmgltg pdr `gokjd `g
lugstrds mg`ads, cd qug cg `ang pdnd sdorg lugstrds alirgsds y mës sdorg lugstrk `gnasaþl `g
mkltglgr ul gstacd `g va`k qug gstkocgnamds k cds ?6 kûds.
^a bky ulk pkrtg `g lugstrd pckl ealklnagrd ekmacakr `gc qug gstdy driuccdsd gs qug dotuvamds gc
dojgtavd `g cds `gsgds `g gstacd `g va`k pkrk `gjkr `g mdvgrlds k ulk g`k` tgmprklk. Lugstrk tksk
`g kbdrrd gs okstkltg kctk, pgrd rkrk vgz sgltamds qug sdmds eruikcmgltg rgprgsavds pdrqug
lugstrks ksparknadlgs pdr mës ndsks ld sg bkl mdva`d munbd. Ld gs qug lugstrks ksparknadlgs
sgkl algxastgltgs, lds iustkl cks ndsks odlatks y vavamds nþmd`kmgltg.
nþmd`kmgltg. Knkokmds `g bkngr qug gc
pdstg `g ck pdrtgrík `gjg `g mdvgrsg.
Gstd ld eulnadlkrík pkrk td`ds, y sdcd eulnadlk pkrk ldsdtrds pdrqug kmods cd kngptkmds pdr
aiukc, laliuld `g ldsdtrds sg ndmprdmgtg pdr gc dtrd. Ck mkydr pkrtg `g cd qug lds iustk (pksgkr,
cggr, pd`nksts) nugstk pdnd, pdr cd qug rkrk vgz sgltamds qug lds cd gstkmds pgr`agl`d. Gl ck rkrk
dnksaþl gl qug nugstadld lugstrk tksk `g kbdrrd, paglsd gl ck al`gpgl`glnak qug dotuvagrdl mas
pk`rgs trks kûds `g irkl`gs kbdrrds, y vugcvd rëpa`kmgltg. Ck al`gpgl`glnak gs lugstrd pralnapkc
dojgtavd. Wl oglgeanad sgnul`krad `g mkltglgr ul gstacd `g va`k pdr `gokjd `g cd qug pug`g pkikr
gs gvatkr ck rutalk psandcþiank `g mkltglgrsg kc `ík ndl cds Jdlgs. Uavar nþmd`kmgltg pdr `gokjd
`g cd qug pug`g pkikr, sal munbd `gsgd `g mës, gcamalk ulk trgmgl`k nklta`k` `g prgsaþl sdnakc k
ck qug sg sdmgtgl munbks pgrsdlks gl gc pramgr mul`d md`grld. Lkssam Pkcgo gxpcanþ: "Gc
vgr`k`grd áxatd gs skcar `g ulk nkrrgrk `g rktks pkrk md`uckr cks kntava`k`gs `g uld pkrk ck
trklquaca`k`". Mg iustk gsd.
Gstkmds tkl ndmprdmgta`ds ndl gc nkmpd `g ck al`gpgl`glnak qug bgmds bgnbd ndsks qug taglgl
pdnd sglta`d gl gc pkpgc. ^dmds `ugûds `g lugstrk nksk sal ulk bapdtgnk, qug gs ck pgdr `gnasaþl
ealklnagrk qug bgmds
altgrás bapdtgnkraks tdmk`d,
grkl pgrd ck mgjdr
kosur`kmgltg okjks`gnasaþl ealklnagrk qug
nukl`d ndmprkmds bgmds
lugstrk tdmk`d.
nksk. Cks tksks
Nukcquagr `g
ksgsdr
rknadlkc rgndmgl`krík kprdvgnbkr gc `algrd okrktd g alvgrtar kbdrrds k`anadlkcgs gl kntavds `g
mkydr rgl`amagltd, ndmd knnadlgs. Vgrd lugstrd dojgtavd ld gs sgr eríkmgltg rknadlkcgs8
psandcþiankmgltg
psandcþiankmgl tg rkzdlkocg.
Ck sglsknaþl `g al`gpgl`glnak qug tglid kc sgr `ugûd `g lugstrk nksk supgrk ndl nrgngs ck
iklklnak ealklnagrk ndldna`k qug dotgl`rík kc kprdvgnbkr lugstrds kntavds ndl ulk bapdtgnk okrktk.
Gcamalkr gc pkid mglsukc sg sagltg mgjdr qug mkxamazkr gc vkcdr k ckrid pckzd `g lugstrds kntavds.
Mg bkng sgltar al`gpgl`agltg
al`gpgl`agltg..
Ld trktd `g `gegl`gr gstk `gnasaþl kltg quaglgs sgûkckl sus ekccks, d quaglgs lulnk bkríkl cd
masmd. ^dorg gc pkpgc gstë al`geglsd. Vgrd eulnadlk pkrk ldsdtrds. Lds iustk. Gsd gs cd qug
ampdrtk. Cks ouglks `gnasadlgs ld sagmprg sdl rknadlkcgs. Gl kciúl mdmgltd taglgs qug gcgiar
gltrg sgr egcaz d tglgr "rkzþl".

Pkmoaál mkltglgmds ul pdrngltkjg mës kctd `g lugstrds kntavds gl gegntavd `g cd qug

rgndmgl`kríkl ck mkydrík `g cds ksgsdrgs ealklnagrds, kcid kcrg`g`dr `gc ?6% `g lugstrds kntavds
eugrk `gc vkcdr `g lugstrk nksk. Gstd tkmoaál gs nksa al`gegl`aocg gl pkpgc, y ld cd rgndmagl`d k
dtrds. Gs cd qug lds eulnadlk.

Cd bkngmds
lulnk pdrqug
qugrgmds gc gegntavd
vgrlds gs gck vgl`gr
docaik`ds dxíigldcks`gknnadlgs
ck al`gpgl`glnak y, cd qug
qug pdsggmds. gs mës ampdrtkltg,
[ugrgmds qug ck
prdokoaca`k` `g kerdltkr ul ikstd gldrmg y tglgr qug caqua`kr gxastglnaks
gxastglnaks pkrk nuorarcd sgk cd mës
ngrnklk pdsaocg k ngrd. [uazës sampcgmgltg tglgmds ulk tdcgrklnak kc ragsid mgldr qug dtrds.
Vgrd td`d cd qug bg kprgl`a`d kngrnk `g cks ealklzks pgrsdlkcgs mg `ang qug td`ds, sal gxngpnaþl,
gvgltukcmgltg glergltkrël
glergltkrël ul ikstd gldrmg qug ld gspgrkokl, y ld pcklgkl gsds ikstds
gspgníeankmgltgg pdrqug ld cds gspgrkokl. Cks pdnks pgrsdlks qug ndldngl cds `gtkccgs `g lugstrks
gspgníeankmglt
ealklzks prgiultkl: –´Vkrk quá gstës kbdrrkl`d4 ´Wlk nksk4 ´Wl okrnd4 ´Wl ndnbg lugvd4" Ld,
laliuld `g gsds. Gstdy kbdrrkl`d pkrk ul mul`d `dl`g cks nurvks sdl mës ndmulgs `g cd qug
gspgrkmds. Ld vgrlds docaik`ds k vgl`gr knnadlgs pkrk nuorar ul ikstd tkmoaál sailaeank qug
gstkmds kumgltkl`d cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g pgrmatar qug cks knnadlgs qug pdsggmds sg ndmpdlikl
`urkltg gc mkydr pgríd`d `g tagmpd. Nbkrcag Muligr cd gxprgsþ oagl: "Ck pramgrk rgick `g ck
nkpatkcazknaþl
nkpatkcazknaþl gs lulnk altgrrumparck allgngskrakmgltg".

´Nþmd paglsk ma ekmacak alvgrtar4

Ndmglná ma nkrrgrk ndmd sgcgnnadlk`dr `g knnadlgs. Gl gsg mdmgltd, sdcd tglíkmds knnadlgs
al`ava`ukcgs, gl su mkydrík irkl`gs gmprgsks ndmd Ogrhsbarg Bktbkwky y Vrdntgr & Ikmocg,
mgznck`ks ndl knnadlgs mës pgqugûks qug ndlsa`grá alvgrsadlgs `g irkl vkcdr. _girgsg k mas ?6 y
gl ul mdmgltd `k`d tglík kcid ksí ndmd ?7 knnadlgs al`ava`ukcgs.

Ldmkydrík
ck sá nþmd`gmgcdseug
qugndmd sgcgnnadlk`dr
cd altgltkl, `gulk
ld cdirá knnadlgs. ´Uglní kc mgrnk`d4
ouglk pultuknaþl.mgrnk`d4 Ld gstdy
@g nukcquagr sgiurd.
mklgrk, Ndmd
nkmoaá
mas pultds `g vastk y kbdrk nk`k knnaþl qug pdsggmds gs ul edl`d al`gxk`d `g okjd ndstd.
Ld tglid lk`k gl ndltrk `g ck sgcgnnaþl kntavk `g knnadlgs, yk sgk pdr su nugltk d `kl`d su `algrd
k ul k`malastrk`dr `g edl`ds kntavd. Nrgd qug kciulks pgrsdlks pug`gl supgrkr cds prdmg`ads `gc
mgrnk`d8 gs muy `aeínac y mës `aeínac `g cd qug ck mkydrík `g ck igltg paglsk.
^a tuvagrk qug rgsumar mas pultds `g vastk sdorg ck alvgrsaþl, sgrík gstd: nk`k alvgrsdr `gogrík
gcgiar ulk gstrktgiak qug tglik cks mkydrgs prdokoaca`k`gs `g kcnklzkr sus dojgtavds ndl áxatd. Q
nrgd qug pkrk ck mkydrík `g cds alvgrsdrgs, prdmg`akr gc ndstd gl `þckrgs gl ul edl`d al`gxk`d `g
okjd ndstd prdpdrnadlkrë cks mkydrgs prdokoaca`k`gs `g áxatd k ckrid pckzd.
Gsd ld sailaeank
ld sailaeank qugsgcgnnaþl
qug ck ck alvgrsaþl al`gxk`k
kntavk sagmprg
`g knnadlgs gstáeulnadlkrë.
ndl`glk`k Ld sailaeank
kc erknksd. Glqug sgk pkrk
iglgrkc, gstktd`ds. Q
al`ustrak sg bk krrkaik`d `gmksak`d gl ul ck`d d gl gc dtrd, gl pkrtanuckr kqugccds qug sg dpdlgl

vgbgmgltgmgltg k ck alvgrsaþl kntavk.

vgbgmgltgmgltg
Uglngr kc mgrnk`d `gogrík sgr `aeínac8 cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g áxatd `gogríkl sgr okjks. ^a ld cd
eugrkl, td`ds cd bkríkl, y sa td`ds cd banagrkl, ld bkorík dpdrtula`k`. Ksí qug lk`ag `gogrík
sdrprgl`grsg `g qug ck mkydrík `g cds qug altgltkl iklkrcg kc mgrnk`d ld cd bkikl. (Cks
gstk`ístanks
^&V mugstrkl
766 `urkltg qug gcqug
ck `ánk`k 27%tgrmalþ
`g cds igrgltgs
gl ?6;1).kntavds
9; `g irkl nkpatkcazknaþl ld supgrkrdl kc
Ndldznd pgrsdlks qug paglskl qug gs ulk cdnurk altgltkr iklkrcg kc mgrnk`d, pgrd kcagltkl k sus
bajds k kcnklzkr cks gstrgccks g altgltkr ndlvgrtarsg gl ktcgtks prdegsadlkcgs. K nk`k uld cd suyd. Ck
va`k sg trktk `g juikr ndl cks prdokoaca`k`gs, y td`ds pglskmds gl cks prdokoaca`k`gs `g mklgrk ul
pdnd `aegrgltg.
K cd ckrid `g cds kûds, ccgiuá k ck dpalaþl `g qug tgl`rgmds munbks pdsaoaca`k`gs `g numpcar ndl
td`ks cks mgtks ealklnagrks `g lugstrk ekmacak sa alvgrtamds `algrd ndlstkltgmgltg gl ul edl`d
al`gxk`d `g okjd ndstd `urkltg `ánk`ks, `gjkl`d gc `algrd sdcd pkrk nkpatkcazkr. Irkl pkrtg `g gstk
dpalaþl prdvaglg `g lugstrd gstacd `g va`k `g ikstd eruikc. ^a pug`g kcnklzkr td`ds sus dojgtavds
sal tglgr qug
altgltkrcd4 ndrrgrpgrmatarmg
Vug`d gc ragsid k`anadlkc
ld sgr gc `g altgltkr
mkydr supgrkr
alvgrsdr `gc kc mgrnk`d,
mul`d, pgrd´nuëc gs gc pultd
ld pug`d `g sgr
pgrmatarmg
ul mkc alvgrsdr. Nukl`d cd paglsd `g gsk mklgrk, ck `gnasaþl `g ndmprkr gc íl`ang y mkltglgrcd gs
ulk dovag`k` pkrk ldsdtrds. ^á qug ld td`ds gstkrël `g knugr`d ndl gsk cþiank, gspgnakcmgltg mas
kmaids, nuyd trkokjd gs iklkrcg kc mgrnk`d. _gspgtd cd qug bkngl. Vgrd gstd gs cd qug lds
eulnadlk.
Alvgrtamds gc `algrd `g nk`k nbgqug `g pkid gl gstds edl`ds al`gxk`ds, ulk ndmoalknaþl `g
knnadlgs gstk`dula`glsgs g altgrlknadlkcgs.
altgrlknadlkcgs. Ld bky ulk mgtk gstkocgna`k, gs sdcd cd qug qug`k
`gspuás `g ikstkr. Mkxamazkmds cks nugltks `g juoacknaþl ndl cds masmds edl`ds y ndltraouamds k
cds pcklgs `g kbdrrd ulavgrsatkrad 7?1 `g lugstrds bajds.
Q gsd gs td`d. Gegntavkmgl
Gegntavkmgltg,tg, td`d lugstrd pktramdlad lgtd gs ulk nksk, ulk nugltk ndrragltg y
kciulds edl`ds al`gxk`ds `g Ukliukr`.
Ld taglg pdr quá sgr mës ndmpcank`d pkrk ldsdtrds. Mg iustk cd sampcg. Wlk `g mas nrgglnaks `g
alvgrsaþl mës krrkaik`ks gs qug gxastg pdnk ndrrgcknaþl gltrg gc gseugrzd `g alvgrsaþl y cds
rgsuctk`ds `g ck alvgrsaþl. Ck rkzþl gs qug gc mul`d sg raig pdr cks ndcks: ulks pdnks vkrakocgs
gxpcankl ck mkydrík `g cds rgtdrlds. Ld ampdrtk nuëltd altgltg alvgrtar, ld cg arë oagl sa pagr`g cks
`ds d trgs ndsks qug mugvgl ck kiujk gl su gstrktgiak. Cd ndltrkrad gs nagrtd. Cks gstrktgiaks `g
alvgrsaþl sampcgs pug`gl eulnadlkr muy oagl sagmprg qug nkpturgl cks pdnks ndsks qug sdl
ampdrtkltgs pkrk gc áxatd `g gsk gstrktgiak. Ma gstrktgiak `g alvgrsaþl ld sg oksk gl gcgiar gc sgntdr
k`gnuk`d d gl gc mdmgltd `g ck prþxamk rgngsaþl. ^g oksk gl ulk kctk tksk `g kbdrrd, pknaglnak y
dptamasmd `g qug ck gndldmík icdokc nrgkrë vkcdr `urkltg cks prþxamks `ánk`ks.
Bg nkmoak`d ma gstrktgiak `g alvgrsaþl gl gc pksk`d. Gltdlngs, pdr supugstd, gxastg ck pdsaoaca`k`
`g qug cd nkmoag gl gc euturd.

Ld ampdrtk nþmd kbdrrgmds d alvartkmds, gstdy sgiurd `g qug sagmprg tgl`rgmds gc dojgtavd `g
ck al`gpgl`glnak y sagmprg bkrgmds cd qug sgk lgngskrad pkrk `drmar oagl pdr ck ldnbg.
Nrggmds qug gs gc dojgtavd ealkc8 gc `dmalad `g ck psandcdiík `gc `algrd.
Vgrd k nk`k uld cd suyd. Lk`ag gstk cdnd.
 

Vkrk ndmprgl`gr ck psandcdiík `gc ndlsuma`dr md`grld y ndmprgl`gr

bknak `þl`g sg `araiarël k ndltaluknaþl, `gog skogr nþmd ccgikrdl kquí.
Nþmd ccgikmds td`ds kquí.
^a sg `urmagrk gl ;107 y sg `gspgrtkrk gl ?6?6, ld rgndldngrík gc mul`d
qug cd rd`gk.
Ck nklta`k` `g nrgnamagltd gndlþmand qug tuvd cuikr `urkltg gsg
 pgríd`d gs prëntankmgltg sal prgng`gltgs. ^a vagrks gcgc lavgc `g raqugzk gl
 Lugvk Qdrh y ^kl Erklnasnd, tg sdrprgl`gríks. ^a cd ndmpkrks
ndmpkrks ndl ck
 pdorgzk `g @gtrdat, tg sdrprgl`gríks. ^a vagrks gc
gc prgnad `g cks nksks, ck
mktrínuck ulavgrsatkrak y ck ktglnaþl má`ank, tg sdrprgl`gríks. ^a vagrk
nþmd cds gstk`dula`glsgs prdmg`ad paglskl sdorg cds kbdrrds y gc ikstd
gl iglgrkc, sg sdrprgl`grík. Q sa altgltkrks pglskr gl ulk lkrrktavk
rkzdlkocg `g nþmd sung`aþ td`d, supdlid qug gstkríks tdtkcmgltg
gquavdnk`d. Vdrqug ld gs altuatavd y ld grk prgvasaocg.
 Cd qug sung`aþ gl Gstk`ds Wla`ds `gs`g gc ealkc `g ck ^giul`k Iugrrk
Mul`akc gs ck bastdrak `gc ndlsuma`dr gstk`dula`glsg. Gs ulk bastdrak
qug kyu`k k gxpcankr pdr quá

ck igltg paglsk gl gc `algrd ndmd cd bkng bdy.

Ck bastdrak ndrtk gs gstk: cks ndsks grkl muy alnagrtks, cugid eugrdl muy
 ouglks, cugid okstkltg mkcks, cugid muy ouglks, cugid muy mkcks, y
kbdrk kquí gstkmds. Q nrgd qug bky ulk lkrrktavk qug valnuck td`ds gsds
gvgltds. Ld gs ulk nugltk `gtkcck`k. Vgrd ulk bastdrak `g nþmd glnkjkl
cks ndsks.
@k`d qug gstg gs ul altgltd `g valnuckr cds irkl`gs gvgltds jultds,
dmatg munbds `gtkccgs `g cd qug sung`aþ `urkltg gstg pgríd`d. Gs
 prdokocg qug gstá `g knugr`d ndl nukcquagrk qug sgûkcg
sgûkcg cd qug mg bg
 pgr`a`d. Gc dojgtavd kquí ld gs `gsnraoar td`ks cks juik`ks8 gs vgr nþmd
ul jugid alecuyþ gl gc saiuagltg.
Ksí gs ndmd ccgiþ gc ndlsuma`dr md`grld.

;. Kidstd `g ;107. Ealkcazk ck ^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc.

Ck rgl`anaþl `g Jkpþl eug "Gc `ík mës egcaz gl ck bastdrak `g Gstk`ds

Wla`ds", gsnraoaþ Pbg Lgw Qdrh Pamgs.
Vgrd gstë gc `anbd: "Ck bastdrak gs ulk mkc`atk ndsk trks dtrk".
Ck kcgirík `gc ealkc `g ck iugrrk sg glndltrþ rëpa`kmgltg ndl ck prgiultk:
"´[uá pksk kbdrk4"
@agnasáas maccdlgs `g gstk`dula`glsgs, gc ;;% `g ck pdocknaþl, sarvagrdl
gl ck iugrrk. Ngrnk `g dnbd maccdlgs gstkokl gl gc gxtrkljgrd kc ealkc. ^u
g`k` prdmg`ad grk `g ?> kûds. Gl ;2 mgsgs, td`ds mglds ;,7 maccdlgs
gstkríkl gl nksk y sal ulaedrmg.

´Q gltdlngs qug4
´[uá aokl k bkngr k ndltaluknaþl4
´@þl`g aokl k trkokjkr4
´@þl`g aokl k vavar4
Gsks eugrdl cks prgiultks mës ampdrtkltgs `gc `ík, pdr `ds rkzdlgs. Wld,
lk`ag skoík cks rgspugstks. @ds, sa ld sg pd`íkl rgspdl`gr rëpa`kmgltg,
gc gsnglkrad mës prdokocg ‐k cds djds `g munbds gndldmastks‐ grk
qug ck gndldmík vdcvgrík k nkgr gl cks prdeul`a`k`gs `g ck Irkl
@gprgsaþl.
^g bkoíkl knumuck`d trgs eugrzks `urkltg ck iugrrk:
Ck ndlstrunnaþl `g vavagl`ks sg `gtuvd, yk qug prëntankmgltg td`k ck
 nkpkna`k` `g prd`unnaþl sg trksck`þ k ck ndlstrunnaþl `g sumalastrds `g
iugrrk. Gl ;10> sg ndlstruygrdl mglds `g ;?.666 vavagl`ks pdr mgs, cd
qug gquavkcg k mglds `g ulk vavagl`k lugvk pdr nau`k` gstk`dula`glsg.

Cds sdc`k`ds qug rgirgskokl sg glergltkokl k ulk irkvg gsnksgz `g

vavagl`ks.

Cds trkokjds gspgníeands nrgk`ds `urkltg ck iugrrk ‐ck ndlstrunnaþl `g

 okrnds, tklqugs y kvadlgs‐ `g rgpgltg ld eugrdl lgngskrads
lgngskrads `gspuás `g
gcck, `gtglaál`dsg ndl ulk vgcdna`k` y mkilatu` qug rkrk vgz sg vgl gl
cds lgidnads pravk`ds. Ld gstkok nckrd `þl`g pd`íkl trkokjkr cds
sdc`k`ds.

Ck tksk `g mktramdlads sg `aspkrþ `urkltg g almg`aktkmgltg `gspuás `g

ck iugrrk. Cds sdc`k`ds ld qugríkl rgirgskr kc sþtkld `g su mk`rg.
[ugríkl edrmkr ulk ekmacak, gl su prdpak nksk, ndl ul ougl trkokjd, `g
almg`aktd.

Gstd prgdnupþ k cds rgspdlskocgs `g ck edrmucknaþl `g pdcítanks,

gspgnakcmgltg pdrqug
rgnagltg, bkoagl`d ck Irklkpglks
tgrmalk`d @gprgsaþl
nalndgrkkûds
td`kvík
kltgs.ul rgnugr`d
Gl ;105, gc Ndlsgjd `g Ksgsdrgs Gndlþmands gltrgiþ ul aledrmg kc
 prgsa`gltg Prumkl k`vartagl`d `g "ulk `gprgsaþl k irkl gsnkck gl kciúl
mdmgltd gl cds prþxamds uld k nuktrd kûds".
Gsnraoagrdl gl ul mgmdrkl`d `g ;109 sgpkrk`d, rgsumagl`d ulk
rgulaþl ndl Prumkl:

Vd`ríkmds gstkr gl kciúl tapd `g pgríd`d `g rgngsaþl gl gc qug

`gogríkmds gstkr muy sgiurds `g lugstrd tgrrgld gl nukltd k sa cks
eugrzks rgngsavks pd`ríkl gstkr gl pgcaird `g skcarsg `g ndltrdc ... Bky
ulk pgrspgntavk
`gncavg sustklnakc
pug`g kumgltkr gc qug ld `gog
pgcaird pkskrsg
`g ulk gsparkcpdr kctd qug ulk
`gsngl`gltg lugvk gc
bknak
ndl`anadlgs `g `gprgsaþl.

Gstg tgmdr sg vad gxkngrok`d pdr gc bgnbd `g qug ld sg pd`ík ndleakr

almg`aktkmgltg gl cks gxpdrtknadlgs pkrk gc nrgnamagltd, yk qug `ds `g
cks gndldmíks mës irkl`gs, Gurdpk y Jkpþl, gstkokl gl rualks ca`akl`d
ndl nrasas bumklatkraks. Q Gstk`ds Wla`ds masmd gstkok gltgrrk`d gl
mës `gu`ks qug lulnk, cd qug camatk gc gstímucd `argntd `gc idoagrld.
Ksí qug banamds kcid kc rgspgntd.
?. Pksks `g altgrás okjks y gc lknamagltd altglnadlkc `gc gstk`dula`glsg
ndlsuma`dr.
 Cd pramgrd qug banamds pkrk mkltglgr ck gndldmík k ecdtg `gspuás `g ck

iugrrk eug mkltglgr okjks cks tksks `g altgrás. Gstk ld eug ulk `gnasaþl
eënac, pdrqug nukl`d cds sdc`k`ds rgirgskrdl k nksk ndl gsnksgz `g td`d,
`gs`g rdpk bkstk kutdmþvacgs, tgmpdrkcmgltg glvaþ ck alecknaþl k `ds
`íiatds.
Ck _gsgrvk Eg`grkc ld grk pdcítankmgltg al`gpgl`agltg kltgs `g ;17;.9?
Gc prgsa`gltg y ck _gsgrvk Eg`grkc pd`íkl nddr`alkr ck pdcítank. Gl ;10?,
ck Eg` klulnaþ qug mkltgl`rík cks tksks k ndrtd pckzd gl 6.>2% pkrk
kyu`kr k ealklnakr ck iugrrk. Cks tkraeks ld sg mdvagrdl la ul sdcd pultd
 oësand `urkltg cds saiuagltgs sagtg kûds. Cds rgl`amagltds `g cds odlds
`gc Pgsdrd k trgs mgsgs sg mkltuvagrdl pdr `gokjd `gc ?% bkstk
mg`ak`ds `g ck `ánk`k `g ;176.
Ck rkzþl gxpcínatk pkrk mkltglgr okjks cks tksks eug mkltglgr okjd gc
ndstd `g ealklnakmagltd gquavkcgltg k cds $ 5 oaccdlgs qug ikstkmds gl ck
iugrrk.
Vgrd cks tksks okjks tkmoaál banagrdl kcid mës pkrk td`ks cks AI qug
rgirgskrdl. Bazd qug cds prástkmds pkrk ndmprkr nksks, kutdmþvacgs,
kpkrktds y juiugtgs eugrkl rgkcmgltg okrktds.
Cd nukc, `gs`g ck pgrspgntavk `g ul pdcítand pkrkldand, eug iglakc. Gc
ndlsumd sg ndlvartaþ gl ulk gstrktgiak gndlþmank gxpcínatk gl cds kûds
 pdstgradrgs k ck ^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc.
Wlk grk `g edmgltd `gc kbdrrd y gc kbdrrd pkrk ealklnakr ck iugrrk sg
ndlvartaþ rëpa`kmgltg gl ulk grk `g prdmdnaþl kntavk `gc ikstd. Gc
bastdrak`dr `g Vralngtdl ^bgc`dl Ikrdl gsnraog:

@gspuás `g ;107, Gstk`ds Wla`ds vdcvaþ k `avgriar `g cds pktrdlgs `g

 prdmdnaþl `gc kbdrrd gl Gurdpk y Ksak dragltkc ... Vdcítands, gmprgskrads
y cí`grgs ckodrkcgs kcgltkrdl k cds gstk`dula`glsgs k ikstkr pkrk edmgltkr 
gc nrgnamagltd gndlþmand. 9>

@ds ndsks ampucskrdl gstg ampucsd.

Wld eug gc IA Oacc, qug dergník dpdrtula`k`gs bapdtgnkraks sal
 prgng`gltgs. @agnasáas maccdlgs `g vgtgrklds pd`íkl ndmprkr ulk nksk
nksk k
mglu`d sal pkid alanakc, sal altgrgsgs `urkltg gc pramgr kûd y tksks eajks
tkl okjks qug cds pkids mglsukcgs `g ck bapdtgnk pd`ríkl sgr mës okjds
qug ul kcquacgr.
Gc sgiul`d eug ulk gxpcdsaþl `gc nrá`atd kc ndlsumd, pdsaoacatk`k pdr ck
ecgxaoacazknaþl `g cks rgiucknadlgs `g ck grk `g ck @gprgsaþl. Ck pramgrk
 tkrjgtk `g nrá`atd sg altrd`ujd gl ;176. Nrá`atd gl tagl`ks, nrá`atd k
 pckzds, prástkmds pgrsdlkcgs,
 prástkmds `g lþmalk: td`d `gspgiþ. Q cds altgrgsgs `g td`ks cks

`gu`ks, alncua`ks cks tkrjgtks `g nrá`atd, grkl `g`unaocgs `g ampugstds

gl gsg mdmgltd.
^koík `gcanadsd. Ksí qug ndmamds munbd. Wlk bastdrak sampcg gl ulk
tkock sampcg:

Ck `gu`k `g cds bdikrgs gl ck `ánk`k `g ;176 nrgnaþ ;,7 vgngs mës

rëpa`d qug `urkltg gc `grrdnbg `g `gu`k `g ck `ánk`k `g ?666.

>. Ck `gm
`gmkl`k
kl`k rgrgprama
prama`k
`k `g p
prd`un
rd`untds
tds kca
kcamgltk
mgltk`k
`k pdr uul
l oddm
nrg`atanad y ul oddm `g prd`untava`k` dnuctd `g cds kûds >6
ndl`ujd k ul oddm gndlþmand.
 Ck `ánk`k
Gstk`ds `g ;1>6
Wla`ds. eugbuod
Vgrd ck `ánk`k gndlþmank
ul ck`d mëstkr`þ
pdsatavd qug `aeínac`ds
`g `ánk`ks
ck bastdrak
gl`g
`krsg nugltk: pdr lgngsa`k`, ck Irkl @gprgsaþl bkoík sdorgkcamgltk`d gc

aliglad, ck prd`untava`k` y ck alldvknaþl.

 Ld prgstkmds munbk ktglnaþl kc kuig `g ck prd`untava`k` gl cds kûds
>6, pdrqug td`d gc mul`d gstkok ndlngltrk`d gl cd mkc qug gstkok ck
gndldmík. Ld cg prgstkmds ktglnaþl gl cds kûds 06, pdrqug td`d gc
mul`d gstkok ndlngltrk`d gl ck iugrrk.
Cugid ccgiþ ck `ánk`k `g ;176 y `g rgpgltg lds `amds nugltk: –Ukyk,
tglgmds kciulds alvgltds lugvds g alnrgíocgs. Q sdmds muy ouglds
bknaál`dcds ".
Gcgntrd`dmástands, kutds, tgcáedlds, karg kndl`anadlk`d, gcgntrana`k`.
Eug nksa ampdsaocg ndmprkr munbds krtínucds pkrk gc bdikr `urkltg ck
iugrrk, pdrqug cks eëoranks sg ndlvartagrdl pkrk ekorankr krmks y okrnds.
Gsd iglgrþ ulk `gmkl`k rgprama`k `g cds sdc`k`ds gstk`dula`glsgs pdr
ndsks `gspuás `g qug tgrmalþ ck iugrrk. Nksk`ds, klsadsds pdr sgiuar
k`gckltg ndl su va`k y glvkcgltdlk`ds ndl ul lugvd nrá`atd kc ndlsumd
 okrktd, gmprgl`agrdl ulk jugrik `g ndmprks
ndmprks ndmd lulnk kltgs bkoík
vastd gc pkís.
Erg`granh Cgwas Kccgl gsnraog gl su caord Pbg Oai Nbklig:

@urkltg gstds kûds `g pdsiugrrk, gc kiranuctdr ndmprþ ul lugvd trkntdr,

ul rgndcgntdr `g mkíz, ulk dr`gûk`drk gcántrank8 `g bgnbd, ác y sus
vgnalds, gltrg gccds, glskmockrdl ulk edrma`kocg vkrag`k` `g
mkqualkrak kiríndck pkrk su usd ndljultd. Ck gspdsk `gc irkljgrd
ndlsaiuaþ gc rgcunagltg rgeraigrk`dr gcántrand ocklnd qug sagmprg bkoík
klbgck`d y qug lulnk `urkltg ck Irkl @gprgsaþl bkoík pd`a`d pkikr,
ulk ckvk`drk md`grlk y ulk ula`k` `g ndligcknaþl prdeul`k. Ck ekmacak
suouroklk alstkcþ ulk mëqualk ckvkpcktds g alvartaþ gl ulk ndrtk`drk `g
náspg` gcántrank. Ck ekmacak `g ck nau`k` sg ndlvartaþ gl ncagltg `g ulk
ckvkl`grík y k`quaraþ ul tgcgvasdr pkrk ck skck `g gstkr. Ck deanalk `gc
mkra`d tglík karg kndl`anadlk`d. Q ksí sungsavkmgltg.

Gs `aeínac gxkigrkr ck mkilatu` `g gstg kumgltd.

Ck ekoranknaþl `g kutdmþvacgs y nkmadlgs ndmgrnakcgs prëntankmgltg
ngsþ gltrg ;10? y ;107. Cugid, sg vgl`agrdl ?; maccdlgs `g kutdmþvacgs
gltrg ;107 y ;101. Dtrds >9 maccdlgs sg vgl`agrdl gl ;177.
^g ndlstruygrdl pdnd mglds `g `ds maccdlgs `g vavagl`ks gltrg ;106 y
;107. Cugid sg ndlstruygrdl sagtg maccdlgs gltrg ;107 y ;176. Dtrds
dnbd maccdlgs sg ndlstruygrdl gl ;177.
 Ck `gmkl`k knumuck`k `g ndsks y lugstrk lugvk nkpkna`k` pkrk
ekorankr ndsks nrgkrdl cds trkokjds qug vdcvagrdl k pdlgr gl
eulnadlkmagltd k cds sdc`k`ds qug rgirgskokl. Q tkmoaál grkl ouglds

trkokjds. Ndmoalg gsd ndl nrá`atd kc ndlsumd y ck nkpkna`k` `g ikstd `g

Gstk`ds Wla`ds sg `aspkrþ.
Ck _gsgrvk Eg`grkc gsnraoaþ kc prgsa`gltg Prumkl gl ;17;: "Vkrk ;176,
gc ikstd tdtkc `g cds ndlsuma`drgs, jultd ndl ck ndlstrunnaþl rgsa`glnakc,
ksngl`aþ k ulds ?6> mac maccdlgs `g `þckrgs, d gl gc vgnal`krad `gc 06
 pdr nagltd pdr glnamk `gc lavgc `g ;100" 90.
Ck rgspugstk k ck prgiultk: "´[uá vkl k bkngr td`ds gstds sdc`k`ds
`gspuás `g ck iugrrk4" kbdrk grk dovad. Aokl k ndmprkr ndsks, ndl gc
`algrd iklk`d `g sus trkokjds bknagl`d ndsks lugvks, kyu`k`ds pdr
`algrd prgstk`d okrktd pkrk ndmprkr kúl mës ndsks.

0. Ck
Ckss ik
iklk
lkln
lnak
akss sg nd
ndmp
mpkr
krtg
tgl
l `g mk
mklg
lgrk
rk më
mëss gq
gqua
uatk
tkta
tavk
vk qu
qugg
lulnk.

Ck nkrkntgrístank `gealatdrak `g ck gndldmík gl ck `ánk`k `g ;176 gs qug

gc pkís sg glraqugnaþ bknagl`d mglds pdorgs k cds pdorgs.
Cds skckrads prdmg`ad sg `upcankrdl `g ;106 k ;102, y cugid sg
`upcankrdl lugvkmgltg gl ;15>.
Q gsds cdirds sg ngltrkrdl gl kqugccds qug sg bkoíkl qug`k`d ktrës
`urkltg `ánk`ks. Ck orgnbk gltrg rands y pdorgs sg rg`ujd gl ulk
nklta`k` gxtrkdr`alkrak.
Cgwas Kccgl gsnraoaþ gl ;177:

Ck gldrmg vgltkjk `g cds rands gl ck nkrrgrk gndlþmank sg bk rg`una`d

ndlsa`grkocgmgltg.

^dl cds trkokjk`drgs al`ustrakcgs quaglgs, ndmd irupd, bkl dotgla`d

mgjdrgs rgsuctk`ds: pgrsdlks ndmd ck ekmacak `g ul trkokjk`dr
sa`grúriand qug sdcík vavar ndl $ ?,766 y kbdrk rgnaogl $ 0,766, d ck
ekmacak `gc dpgrk`dr `g mëqualks bgrrkmagltk kctkmgltg nkcaeank`d qug
sdcík tglgr $ >,666 y kbdrk pug`g ikstkr ul klukc $ 7,766 d mës.
Gl nukltd kc uld pdr nagltd mës rand, cds rgkcmgltg kndmd`k`ds y cds
rands, k quaglgs pd`ríkmds ncksaeankr `g mklgrk muy kprdxamk`k ndmd
gc irupd `g $ ;5,666 y mës, su pkrtanapknaþl gl gc alirgsd lknadlkc tdtkc,
`gspuás `g ampugstds, bkoík `asmalua`d gl ;107. `gc ;> kc 9 pdr nagltd.

Gstk ld eug ulk tgl`glnak k ndrtd pckzd. Gc alirgsd rgkc `gc ?6% alegradr `g cds
 kskckrak`ds nrgnaþ gl ulk nklta`k` nksa a`áltank k ck `gc 7% supgradr gltrg ;176
y ;126.

Ck aiukc`k` eug mës kccë `g cds skckrads.

Cks mujgrgs tglíkl trkokjds eugrk `gc bdikr gl nklta`k`gs rándr`. ^u tksk
`g pkrtanapknaþl gl ck eugrzk ckodrkc pksþ `gc >;% `gspuás `g ck iugrrk
kc >9% gl ;177 y kc 06% gl ;157.
Cks maldríks tkmoaál iklkrdl. @gspuás `g ck alkuiurknaþl `g ;107,
Gcgkldr _ddsgvgct gsnraoaþ sdorg ul rgpdrtgrd kerdkmgrankld qug cg `ajd:

´Pg `ks nugltk `g cd qug bkl bgnbd `dng kûds4 ^a gl ck rgngpnaþl `g

;1>> vkraks pgrsdlks `g ndcdr sg buoagrkl mgznck`d ndl td`ds cds `gmës
ndmd cd banagrdl bdy, td`ds cds pgraþ`ands `gc pkís cd bkoríkl
aledrmk`d. La saquagrk pglskmds qug sgk ldtanak y laliuld `g ldsdtrds
cd mglnadlkrë.

Cds `grgnbds `g cks mujgrgs y cks maldríks grkl td`kvík ulk erknnaþl `g
cd qug sdl bdy. Vgrd gc prdirgsd bknak ck aiukc`k` k ealkcgs `g cds kûds
nukrgltk y nalnugltk eug gxtrkdr`alkrad.
Ck lavgcknaþl `g ncksgs sailaeanþ ulk lavgcknaþl `g gstacds `g va`k. Ck
igltg ldrmkc ndl`uník Nbgvys. Cds rands ndl`uníkl Nk`acckns. Ck
tgcgvasaþl y ck rk`ad aiukckrdl gc gltrgtglamagltd y ck nucturk qug
`aserutkokl cks pgrsdlks al`gpgl`agltgmgltg `g su ncksg. Cds nktëcdids
`g pg`a`ds pdr ndrrgd aiukckrdl ck rdpk qug uskok ck igltg y cds
 prd`untds qug ndmprkokl sal ampdrtkr `þl`g vavagrkl. Bkrpgr's
Mkikzalg sgûkcþ gl ;179:

Gc rand eumk gc masmd tapd `g naikrraccds qug gc pdorg, sg kegatk ndl gc

masmd tapd `g lkvkjk, usk gc masmd tapd `g tgcáedld, kspark`drk, rk`ad y
tgcgvasdr, taglg gc masmd tapd `g gquapd `g acumalknaþl y nkcgeknnaþl gl
su nksk y ksí al`geala`kmgltg. Cks `aegrglnaks gltrg su kutdmþvac y gc `gc
 pdorg sdl mgldrgs. Gsglnakcmgltg taglgl mdtdrgs samackrgs, knngsdrads
knngsdrads
samackrgs. Gl cds pramgrds kûds `gc saicd gxastík ulk jgrkrquík `g
kutdmþvacgs.

Vkuc Irkbkm gsnraoaþ gl ?6;5 sdorg cd qug bazd kcid tkl sampcg ndmd
qug sdcd buoagrk trgs gstknadlgs `g tgcgvasaþl pkrk aiukckr ck nucturk:

Gs `aeínac `g amkialkr kbdrk, pgrd td`ks cks ldnbgs, `gnglks `g maccdlgs

 `g ekmacakskcsgmasmd
 prdirkmk, sgltkokl jultksqug
tagmpd, ergltg
sus kvgnalds
su tgcgvasdr
`g kc pkrk
ck`d.vgr
Cd gcqug
masmd
pksk
kbdrk ndl gc ^upgr Odwc sdcík pkskr td`ks cks ldnbgs. Gstëokmds
catgrkcmgltg salnrdlazk`ds 97

Gstd eug ampdrtkltg. Ck igltg ma`g su oaglgstkr ergltg k sus ndmpkûgrds.

Q `urkltg ck mkydr pkrtg `gc pgríd`d ;107-;126, cks pgrsdlks tglíkl
munbds `g cds qug pkrgníkl ndmpkûgrds ndl cds qug ndmpkrkrsg.
Munbks pgrsdlks, ck mkydrík `g cks pgrsdlks, vavíkl va`ks qug grkl
aiukcgs d kc mglds alsdl`kocgs k cks `g quaglgs cgs rd`gkokl. Ck a`gk `g
qug cksampdrtkltg
 pultd va`ks `g cks
`gpgrsdlks sg aiukckrdl
gstk bastdrak tkltd ndmd sus alirgsds gs ul
k ck qug vdcvgrgmds.

7. Ck `g
`gu`
u`k
k kukumg
mglt
ltþþ gl
gldr
drmg
mgmg
mglt
ltg.
g. Vg
Vgrd
rd tkmo
tkmoaá
aál
l cd bana
banagr
grdl
dl cds
cds
alirgsds, pdr cd qug gc ampkntd
ld eug ul irkl prdocgmk.

Ck `gu`k `g cds bdikrgs sg qualtupcanþ gltrg ;109 y ;179 `goa`d k ck

ndmoalknaþl `g ck lugvk nucturk `g ndlsumd, cds lugvds prd`untds `g
`gu`k y cks tksks `g altgrás suosa`ak`ks pdr prdirkmks iuogrlkmgltkcgs
y mkltgla`ks okjks pdr ck _gsgrvk Eg`grkc.
Vgrd gc nrgnamagltd `g cds alirgsds eug tkl eugrtg `urkltg gstg pgríd`d
qug gc ampkntd gl cds bdikrgs ld eug sgvgrd. Q ck `gu`k `g cds bdikrgs
grk tkl okjk kc pralnapad `gspuás `g ck iugrrk. Ck Irkl @gprgsaþl
gcamalþ irkl pkrtg `g gcck y gc ikstd `g cds bdikrgs sg rg`ujd tkltd
`urkltg ck iugrrk qug sg rgstraliaþ ck knumucknaþl `g `gu`k. @g md`d
qug gc nrgnamagltd `g ck rgcknaþl gltrg ck `gu`k y cds alirgsds `g cds
bdikrgs gltrg ;109 y ;179 eug mklgjkocg.
Gl ck kntukca`k`, ck rgcknaþl gltrg ck `gu`k y cds alirgsds `g cds bdikrgs
supgrk gc ;66%. Alncusd `gspuás `g suoar gl cks `ánk`ks `g ;176, ;156 y
;196, sg mkltuvd pdr `gokjd `gc 56%.
Irkl pkrtg `g gstg kuig `g ck `gu`k eug ul kumgltd gl ck prdpag`k` `g
vavagl`ks.
Ck tksk `g prdpag`k` `g vavagl`k gl ;166 grk `gc 09%. Vgrmklgnaþ kccí
`urkltg cks saiuagltgs nuktrd `ánk`ks. Cugid `gspgiþ, kcnklzkl`d gc
7>% gl ;107 y gc 5?% gl ;196. Wlk pkrtg sustklnakc `g ck pdocknaþl
kbdrk uskok `gu`ks k cks qug cks iglgrknadlgs kltgradrgs ld buoagrkl
tgla`d knngsd, la buoagrkl pd`a`d. Q gl su mkydrík gstkokl `g knugr`d
ndl gsd.
@kva` Bkcogrstkm gsnraog gl su caord Pbg Eaetags:

Pglíkl ndleaklzk gl sí masmds y gl su euturd `g ulk mklgrk qug

Xkqugccds] qug nrgníkl gl tagmpds mës `aeínacgs glndltrkrdl
sdrprgl`gltg. Ld tgmíkl k cks `gu`ks ndmd cd bkoíkl bgnbd sus
  pk`rgs ... ^g `aegrglnakokl `g sus pk`rgs ld sdcd gl nuëltd iklkokl y gl
cd qug pdsgíkl, sald gl su nrgglnak `g qug gc euturd yk bkoík ccgik`d.
Ndmd cds pramgrds prdpagtkrads `g sus ekmacaks, trkjgrdl ndlsaid ulk

lugvk gmdnaþl y driuccd k ck tagl`k kc ndmprkr mugocgs d

gcgntrd`dmástands8 gl dtrks dnksadlgs, cks pkrgjks jþvglgs pd`ríkl bkogr
mdstrk`d sgltamagltds ndmd sa ndmprkrkl rdpk pkrk su pramgr ogoá. Grk
ndmd sa gc mgrd cdird `g sgr prdpagtkrad `g ulk nksk rgecgjkrk ul kvklng
tkl almglsd qug lk`k grk `gmksak`d ougld pkrk ndmprkrcd.

Kbdrk gs ul ougl mdmgltd pkrk ndlgntkr kciulks ndsks, yk qug sgrël

nk`k vgz mës ampdrtkltgs:

Gstk`ds Wla`ds gstë gl kuig.

Gstë gl kuig jultds ndmd lulnk kltgs.

Gstë gl kuig ndl ck `gu`k qug ld gs ul irkl prdocgmk gl gsg mdmgltd

 pdrqug td`kvík gs okjk gl rgcknaþl ndl cds alirgsds y bky ulk kngptknaþl
nucturkc `g qug ck `gu`k ld gs kcid qug ksustk.

5. Cks nds
ndsks
ks ggmpa
mpagzk
gzkl
l k rdm
rdmpgr
pgrsg.
sg.

;19> eug gc pramgr kûd gl gc qug qug`þ nckrd qug ck gndldmík nkmalkok
 pdr ul lugvd nkmald.
Ck rgngsaþl qug ndmglzþ gsg kûd ccgvþ gc `gsgmpcgd k su lavgc mës kctd
`gs`g ck `ánk`k `g ;1>6.

Ck alecknaþl sg `aspkrþ. Vgrd k `aegrglnak `g cds pands `g pdsiugrrk, sg mkltuvd

kctd.
Cks tksks `g altgrás k ndrtd pckzd kcnklzkrdl gc 2% gl ;19>, ergltg kc
?,7% `g ck `ánk`k kltgradr.
Q bky qug pdlgr td`d gsd gl gc ndltgxtd `g nuëltd mag`d bkoík gltrg
Uagtlkm, cds `asturoads y cds ksgsalktds `g Mkrtal Cutbgr Hali, Jdbl y
Odooy Hgllg`y.
^g pusd sdmoríd.
Gstk`ds Wla`ds `dmalþ ck gndldmík mul`akc gl cks `ds `ánk`ks
 pdstgradrgs k ck iugrrk. Munbds `g cds pkísgs mës irkl`gs
irkl`gs vagrdl
rg`una`k su nkpkna`k` `g ekoranknaþl k gsndmords. Vgrd nukl`d suriaþ
 ck `ánk`k
Nbalk `g ;196,
sg gstkok gsd nkmoaþ.
koragl`d. Jkpþl
Dragltg gstkok
Mg`ad gl kuig.
gstkok Ck gndldmík
mdstrkl`d `g
sus músnucds
 pgtrdcgrds.
Wlk ndmoalknaþl `g vgltkjks gndlþmanks kedrtulk`ks y ulk nucturk

ndmpkrta`k pdr ck Iglgrknaþl Mës Irkl`g, gl`urgna`k pdr ck @gprgsaþl

y klnck`k gl ck nddpgrknaþl sastgmëtank `g ck iugrrk, nkmoaþ nukl`d cds
Okoy Oddmgrs ndmglzkrdl k kcnklzkr ck mkydrík `g g`k`. Wlk lugvk
iglgrknaþl qug tglík ulk vasaþl `aegrgltg `g cd qug gs ldrmkc idcpgþ kc
masmd tagmpd qug tgrmalkrdl munbds `g cds vagltds gndlþmands `g cks
`ds `ánk`ks kltgradrgs.
Pd`d gl ealklzks sdl `ktds `gltrd `gc ndltgxtd `g cks gxpgntktavks. Wld
`g cds nkmoads mës ampdrtkltgs `gc saicd pksk`d dnurraþ nukl`d cds
vagltds gndlþmands ndmglzkrdl k sdpckr gl ulk `argnnaþl `aegrgltg y
`gsaiukc, pgrd cks gxpgntktavks `g ck igltg kúl gstkokl krrkaik`ks gl ulk
nucturk `g aiukc`k` `g pdsiugrrk. Ld lgngskrakmgltg aiukc`k` `g
alirgsds, kulqug gxastík. Vgrd aiukc`k` gl gc gstacd `g va`k y cks
gxpgntktavks `g ndlsumd8 ck a`gk `g qug kciuagl ndl ul alirgsd `gc
 pgrngltac 76 ld `gogrík vavar ulk va`k `rkmëtankmgltg `aegrgltg k ck `g
kciuagl gl gc pgrngltac 26 d 16. Q qug kciuagl gl gc pgrngltac 11 vavaþ
ulk va`k mgjdr, pgrd kúl ksí ulk va`k qug kciuagl gl gc pgrngltac 76
 pd`rík ndmprgl`gr. Ksí gs ndmd eulnadlþ Gstk`ds Wla`ds `urkltg ck
mkydr pkrtg `gc pgríd`d ;107-;126. Ld ampdrtk sa nrgg qug gsd gs
mdrkcmgltg ndrrgntd d alndrrgntd. ^dcd ampdrtk qug sung`aþ.
Cks gxpgntktavks sagmprg sg mugvgl mës cgltkmgltg qug cds bgnbds. Q
cds bgnbds gndlþmands `g cds kûds ndmprgl`a`ds gltrg pralnapads `g ck
`ánk`k `g ;196 y pralnapads `g ck `g ?666 eugrdl qug gc nrgnamagltd
ndltaluþ, pgrd sg vdcvaþ mës `gsaiukc, pgrd cks gxpgntktavks `g cks
 pgrsdlks sdorg nþmd su gstacd `g va`k `gogrík ndmpkrkrsg ndl gcgc `g sus
 pkrgs ld nkmoakrdl.

9. Gc odd
oddm
m sg rg
rgklu`k,
klu`k, pgrd ggss `aeg
`aegrgltg
rgltg k klt
kltgs.
gs.

Gc klulnad `g _dlkc` _gkikl `g ;120 "Mdrlali al Kmgrank" `gnckrkok:

Gs `g mkûklk dtrk vgz gl Gstk`ds Wla`ds. Bdy, mës bdmorgs y mujgrgs

arël k trkokjkr qug lulnk gl ck bastdrak `g lugstrd pkís. Ndl tksks `g
altgrás gl kprdxamk`kmgltg ck matk` `g cds mëxamds bastþrands `g ;126,
nksa ?.666 ekmacaks ndmprkrël bdy nksks lugvks, mës qug gl nukcquagr
mdmgltd `g cds úctamds nuktrd kûds. Gstk tkr`g, 5.766 bdmorgs y
mujgrgs jþvglgs sg nkskrël y, ndl ck alecknaþl k mglds `g ck matk` `g cd
qug grk bkng kpglks nuktrd kûds, pug`gl markr bknak gc euturd ndl
ndleaklzk.
 Gsd ld eug ulk bapárodcg. Gc nrgnamagltd `gc VAO eug gc mës kctd `gs`g
ck `ánk`k `g ;176. Gl ;121 bkoík sgas maccdlgs mglds `g `gsgmpcgk`ds

Gstk`dula`glsgs qug sagtg kûds kltgs. Gc íl`ang ^&V 766 sg muctapcanþ

nksa pdr nuktrd gltrg ;12? y ;116. Gc nrgnamagltd `gc VAO rgkc tdtkc gl ck
`ánk`k `g ;116 eug kprdxamk`kmgltg aiukc kc `g ck `ánk`k `g ;176: 06%
ergltg k 0?%.
Gc prgsa`gltg Ncaltdl sg jkntþ gl su `asnursd sdorg gc gstk`d `g ck Wlaþl `g
?666:

Ndmglzkmds gc lugvd saicd ndl mës `g ?6 maccdlgs `g lugvds gmpcgds8

gc nrgnamagltd gndlþmand mës rëpa`d gl mës `g >6 kûds8 cks tksks `g
`gsgmpcgd mës okjks gl >6 kûds8 cks tksks `g pdorgzk mës okjks gl ?6
kûds8 cks tksks `g `gsgmpcgd kerdkmgranklks g baspklks mës okjks
rgiastrk`ks8 cds pramgrds supgrëvats ndlsgnutavds gl 0? kûds8 y gc
 prþxamd mgs, Gstk`ds Wla`ds cdirkrë gc pgríd`d `g nrgnamagltd
gndlþmand mës ckrid `g td`k lugstrk bastdrak. Bgmds ndlstrua`d ulk
lugvk gndldmík.

^u úctamk erksg eug ampdrtkltg. Eug ulk lugvk gndldmík. Ck mkydr

`aegrglnak gltrg ck gndldmík `gc pgríd`d ;107-;19> y ck `gc pgríd`d
;12?-?666 eug qug ck masmk nklta`k` `g nrgnamagltd sg koraþ nkmald gl
 odcsaccds tdtkcmgltg `aegrgltgs.
Vrdokocgmgltg bkyks gsnunbk`d gstds lúmgrds, pgrd vkcg ck pglk
rgpgtarcds. Pbg Ktckltan gsnraog:

Gltrg ;11> y ?6;?, gc ; pdr nagltd supgradr vad nrgngr sus alirgsds ul
25,; pdr nagltd, magltrks qug gc 11 pdr nagltd alegradr gxpgramgltþ ul
nrgnamagltd `g sdcd gc 5,5 pdr nagltd.

Jdsgpb ^taicatz gl ?6;;:

Magltrks qug gc ; pdr nagltd supgradr bk vastd kumgltkr sus alirgsds gl

ul ;2 pdr nagltd `urkltg ck úctamk `ánk`k, cds qug sg glnugltrkl gl gc
mg`ad bkl vastd nkgr sus alirgsds. Vkrk cds bdmorgs qug sdcd taglgl
títucds `g sgnul`krak, gc `gsnglsd bk sa`d vgrtaialdsd: ;? pdr nagltd sdcd
gl gc úctamd nukrtd `g saicd.

Eug nksa cd dpugstd kc kpcklkmagltd qug sg prd`ujd `gspuás `g ck iugrrk.

 Vdr quá sung`aþ
gndldmík, gstd sdcd
ndrdlk`d gs uld
pdr`ggccds `goktgs
`goktg mës
sdorg quá`gskirk`kocgs `g kc
`gogmds bkngr ck
rgspgntd. Vdr sugrtg pkrk gc prdpþsatd `g gstk `asnusaþl, laliuld `g cds
`ds ampdrtk.

Pd`d cd qug ampdrtk gs qug ck eugrtg `gsaiukc`k` sg ndlvartaþ gl ulk

eugrzk gl cds úctamds >7 kûds, y sung`aþ `urkltg ul pgríd`d gl gc qug,
nucturkcmgltg, cds gstk`dula`glsgs sg kegrrkrdl k `ds a`gks krrkaik`ks gl
ck gndldmík pdstgradr k ck ^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc: qug `gog vavar ul
gstacd `g va`k samackr kc `g ck mkydrík `g cds `gmës gstk`dula`glsgs. y
qug gl`gu`krsg pkrk ealklnakr gsg gstacd `g va`k gs kngptkocg.

2. Gc irkl
irkl tr
trkm
kmd.
d.

Gc kumgltd `g cds alirgsds gltrg ul pgqugûd irupd `g gstk`dula`glsgs ccgvþ k

gsg irupd k rdmpgr ndl su gstacd `g va`k.
Ndmprkrdl nksks mës irkl`gs, kutds mës odlatds, eugrdl k gsnugcks
nkrks y tdmkrdl vknknadlgs gcgikltgs.
Q td`ds cds `gmës gstkokl markl`d, ampucsk`ds pdr Mk`asdl Kvglug gl
cds kûds 26 y 16, g Altgrlgt `gspuás `g gsd.

Cds gstacds `g va`k

cgiítamkmgltg rands`galeckrdl
ulk pgqugûk pkrtg `g cds
cks ksparknadlgs `ggstk`dula`glsgs
ck mkydrík `g cds
gstk`dula`glsgs, nuyds alirgsds ld gstkokl kumgltkl`d.
Wlk nucturk `g aiukc`k` y ulaþl qug suriaþ `g cks `ánk`ks `g ;176 y
;196 sg trklsedrmk aldngltgmgltg gl ul gegntd Hggpali Wp Yatb Pbg
Jdlgsgs.
Kbdrk pug`gs vgr gc prdocgmk.
Jdg, ul oklqugrd `g alvgrsadlgs qug iklk $ 166,666 kc kûd, ndmprk ulk
nksk `g 0,666 pags nuk`rk`ds ndl `ds Mgrng`gs y glvík k trgs `g sus
bajds k Vgppgr`alg. ^g cd pug`g pgrmatar.
Vgtgr, ul igrgltg `g sunurskc oklnkrak qug iklk $ 26,666 kc kûd, vg k Jdg
y sagltg ul sglta`d suondlsnagltg `g `grgnbd k vavar ul gstacd `g va`k
samackr, pdrqug cds pk`rgs `g Vgtgr nrgíkl, y cg alnucnkrdl, qug cds gstacds
`g va`k `g cds gstk`dula`glsgs ld grkl tkl `aegrgltgs alncusd sa tglíkl
`aegrgltgs trkokjds. ^us pk`rgs tglíkl rkzþl `urkltg su ápdnk, pdrqug cds
alirgsds nkíkl gl ulk `astraounaþl kjustk`k. Vgrd gsd eug gltdlngs. Vgtgr
vavg gl ul mul`d `aegrgltg. Vgrd sus gxpgntktavks ld bkl nkmoak`d
munbd `g cks `g sus pk`rgs, alncusd sa cds bgnbds sí cd bkl bgnbd.
Gltdlngs, ´quá bkng Vgtgr4
^knk ulk bapdtgnk gldrmg. Paglg ulk `gu`k `g tkrjgtk `g nrá`atd `g $ 07,666.
Kcquack `ds ndnbgs. ^us bajds sg irk`ukrël ndl nukltadsds prástkmds
gstu`akltacgs. Ld pug`g pkikr cks ndsks qug Jdg pug`g, pgrd gstë docaik`d
 k gsedrzkrsg
Gstd cg bkoríkpdr ccgvkr gckosur`d
pkrgna`d masmdkgstacd `g gl
kciuagl va`k. Gs ul irkl
ck `ánk`k trkmd.Vgrd
`g ;1>6.
bgmds pksk`d 97 kûds `gs`g gc ealkc `g ck iugrrk edmgltkl`d ulk
kngptknaþl nucturkc `g ck `gu`k ekmacakr.

@urkltg ulk ápdnk gl ck qug cds skckrads mg`ads sg mkltuvagrdl gstkocgs,

gc lugvd bdikr gstk`dula`glsg mg`ad nrgnaþ ul 76% mës.

Gc bdikr gstk`dula`glsg lugvd prdmg`ad kbdrk taglg mës okûds qug

dnupkltgs. Nksa ck matk` taglg nuktrd d mës bkoatknadlgs, ergltg kc ;2%
gl ;12>.
Gc prástkmd `g kutdmþvac prdmg`ad kjustk`d pdr alecknaþl sg `upcanþ
ndl nrgngs gltrg ;197 y ?66>, `g $ ;?,>66 k $ ?9,166.
Q skogs cd qug pksþ ndl cds ndstds ulavgrsatkrads y cds prástkmds gstu`akltacgs.
Ck rgcknaþl gltrg ck `gu`k y cds alirgsds `g cds bdikrgs sg mkltuvd
gstkocg gltrg ;15> y ;19>. Cugid suoaþ y suoaþ y suoaþ `g kcrg`g`dr `gc
56% gl ;19> k mës `gc ;>6% gl ?669.
Alncusd nukl`d cks tksks `g altgrás sg `gspcdmkrdl `gs`g pralnapads `g ck
 `ánk`k `g ;126 bkstk ?6?6, gc pdrngltkjg `g alirgsds qug sg `gstalþ k cds
 pkids `gc sgrvanad `g ck `gu`k kumgltþ. Q sg alncalþ bknak cds irupds `g
mgldrgs alirgsds. Ck pkrtanapknaþl `g cds alirgsds qug sg `gstalk k cds

 pkids `g ck `gu`k y gc krrgl`kmagltd gs ul pdnd mës

mës `gc 2% pkrk cds
irupds `g alirgsds mës kctds, kqugccds ndl mkydrgs iklklnaks `g
alirgsds, pgrd mës `gc ?;% pkrk cds qug gstël pdr `gokjd `gc pgrngltac
76.
Ck `aegrglnak gltrg gstk `gu`k nrgnagltg y gc kumgltd `g ck `gu`k qug
tuvd cuikr `urkltg cks `ánk`ks `g ;176 y ;156 gs qug gc rgnagltg skctd
ndmglzþ `gs`g ulk oksg kctk.
Gc gndldmastk Bymkl Malshy `gsnraoaþ gc ndmaglzd `g cks nrasas `g
`gu`k: gc mdmgltd gl qug ck igltg ksumg mës `gu`k `g ck qug pug`g
 pkikr. Gs ul mdmgltd egd y `dcdrdsd. Gs ndmd Yacg G. Ndydtg markl`d
markl`d
bknak kokjd, `ël`dsg nugltk `g qug gstë jd`a`d y nkygl`d
 prgnapatk`kmgltg.
[ug, pdr supugstd, gs cd qug pksþ gl ?662.

1. Wl
Wlk
k vg
vgzz qu
qugg ul pkr
pkrk`
k`aim
aimk
k gstë
gstë gl su cui
cuikr
kr,, gs muy `ae
`aeín
ínac
ac `krc
`krcgg ck

vugctk.

^g gcamalþ ulk irkl nklta`k` `g `gu`k `gspuás `g ?662. Q cugid cks

tksks `g altgrás sg `gspcdmkrdl. Cds pkids `g ck `gu`k `g cds bdikrgs
ndmd pdrngltkjg `g cds alirgsds sg glnugltrkl kbdrk gl cds lavgcgs mës
 okjds gl >7 kûds.
Vgrd ck rgspugstk k ?662, pdr lgngskrak qug bkyk sa`d, pgrpgtuþ kciulks
`g cks tgl`glnaks qug lds trkjgrdl kquí.
Ck ecgxaoacazknaþl nukltatktavk gvatþ gc ndckpsd gndlþmand y kumgltþ cds
 prgnads `g cds kntavds, ulk ogl`anaþl pkrk quaglgs cds pdsgíkl, gl su
mkydrík rands.
Ck Eg` rgspkc`þ ck `gu`k ndrpdrktavk gl ?662. Gsd kyu`þ k quaglgs
 pdsgíkl gsk `gu`k, gl su mkydrík rands.
Cds rgndrtgs `g ampugstds gl cds úctamds ?6 kûds sg bkl `araia`d
 pralnapkcmgltg k kqugccds ndl alirgsds mës kctds. Cks pgrsdlks ndl
mkydrgs alirgsds glvíkl k sus bajds k cks mgjdrgs ulavgrsa`k`gs. Gsds
laûds pug`gl dotglgr alirgsds mës kctds g alvgrtar gl `gu`k ndrpdrktavk
qug sgrë rgspkc`k`k pdr ck Eg`, pdsggr knnadlgs qug sgrël rgspkc`k`ks
 pdr vkraks pdcítanks iuogrlkmgltkcgs, gtn.
 Laliulk `g gstks ndsks sdl ul prdocgmk gl sí masmks, pdr cd qug
 pgrmklgngl gl su cuikr.
 Vgrd sdl saltdmëtands `g cd mës ampdrtkltg qug bk sung`a`d `gs`g
 pralnapads `g ck `ánk`k `g ;126: ck gndldmík eulnadlk mgjdr pkrk
kciulks pgrsdlks qug pkrk dtrks. Gc áxatd ld gs tkl mgratdnrëtand ndmd

sdcík sgr y, nukl`d sg ndlng`g gc áxatd, sg rgndmpglsk ndl mkydrgs

iklklnaks qug gl ápdnks kltgradrgs.
 Ld taglgs qug pglskr qug gsd gs mdrkcmgltg ndrrgntd
ndrrgntd d alndrrgntd.
Q, lugvkmgltg, gl gstk bastdrak ld ampdrtk pdr quá sung`aþ.

^ampcgmgltg ampdrtk
cks gxpgntktavks qug sung`aþ,
`g ck igltg y nkusþ qug ck`gspuás
qug sg gstkocgnagrdl gndldmík
`g cksgiugrrk:
kcgjkrk `g
qug bky ulk kmpcak ncksg mg`ak sal `gsaiukc`k` sastgmëtank, `dl`g sus
vgnalds `g kc ck`d y k ulks pdnks maccks `g ck nkrrgtgrk vavgl va`k qug gs
 okstkltg samackr k ck tuyk.
Vkrtg `g ck rkzþl pdr ck qug gstks gxpgntktavks sg bkl mkltgla`d `urkltg
>7 kûds `gspuás `g qug sg kcgjkrdl `g ck rgkca`k` gs pdrqug sg saltagrdl
muy oagl pkrk tkltk igltg nukl`d grkl vëca`ks. Kcid tkl ougld, d kc
mglds ck amprgsaþl `g qug grk tkl ougld, ld gs eënac `g `gjkr.
Gltdlngs ck igltg ld cd bk sdctk`d. Cd quagrgl `g vugctk.

;6. Gc Pgk Vkrty, Dnnupy Ykcc ^trg

^trggt,
gt, Orgxat y @dlkc` Prump
rgprgsgltkl nk`k uld ul irupd qug iratk:
i ratk: "@gtál gc vakjg, quagrd
kpkik`d."

Cds `gtkccgs `g sus iratds sdl `aegrgltgs, pgrd td`ds iratkl, kc mglds gl
 pkrtg, pdrqug cks ndsks ld cgs gstël eulnadlkl`d `gltrd `gc ndltgxtd `g ck
gxpgntktavk `g pdsiugrrk `g qug cks ndsks `gogríkl eulnadlkr
kprdxamk`kmgltg aiukc pkrk nksa td`ds.
Vug`g ourckrsg `g valnuckr gc ksnglsd `g Prump sdcd k ck `gsaiukc`k` `g
alirgsds. Q `gogríks. Gstks ndsks sdl sagmprg nkpks prdeul`ks `g

ndmpcgja`k`.
–Ld vavd gl gcVgrd gs ulk
mul`d qugpkrtg nckvg Gsd
gspgrkok. `g cdmg
qugnkorgk.
ccgvk kKsí
ck igltg
qug kck`akocd
pglskr:
ndl gstd. ¡Q qug tg jd`kl! Udy k cunbkr pdr kcid tdtkcmgltg `aegrgltg,
 pdrqug gstd, sgk cd qug sgk, ld gstë eulnadlkl`d ".
Pdmg gsk mgltkca`k` y ccávgck kc pd`gr `g Ekngoddh, Alstkirkm y cks
ldtanaks pdr nkocg, `dl`g cks pgrsdlks sdl mës ndlsnagltgs qug lulnk `g
nþmd vavgl dtrks pgrsdlks. Gs iksdcalk gl ulk cckmk. Oglg`ant Gvkls
`ang: "Nukltd mës Altgrlgt gxpdlg k cks pgrsdlks k lugvds pultds `g
vastk, mës sg gldjk ck igltg ndl ck gxastglnak `g `aegrgltgs pultds `g
vastk". Gsg gs ul irkl nkmoad ndl rgspgntd k ck gndldmík `g ck
 pdsiugrrk, `dl`g gc rklid `g dpaladlgs gndlþmanks grk mës pgqugûd,
tkltd pdrqug gc rklid rgkc `g rgsuctk`ds grk mgldr ndmd pdrqug ld grk
 tkl eënac vgr y kprgl`gr cd qug dtrks pgrsdlks pglskokl y nþmd vavíkl.
 Ld sdy pgsamastk. Ck gndldmík gs ck bastdrak `g cds nancds. Cks ndsks
vaglgl, cks ndsks sg vkl.

Ck tksk `g `gsgmpcgd gs kbdrk ck mës okjk gl `ánk`ks. Cds skckrads kbdrk

gstël nrgnagl`d mës rëpa`d pkrk cds trkokjk`drgs `g okjds alirgsds qug
 pkrk cds rands.95 Cds ndstds ulavgrsatkrads gl iglgrkc `gjkrdl `g nrgngr
ulk vgz qug sg taglgl gl nugltk cks suovglnadlgs.99 ^a td`ds gstu`akrkl
cds kvklngs gl ktglnaþl má`ank, ndmulanknadlgs, trklspdrtg y `grgnbds
navacgs `gs`g ck icdradsk `ánk`k `g ;176, ^updlid qug ck mkydrík ld
qugrrík vdcvgr.
Vgrd ul tgmk ngltrkc `g gstk bastdrak gs qug cks gxpgntktavks sg mugvgl
mës cgltkmgltg qug ck rgkca`k` sdorg gc tgrrgld. Gsd eug nagrtd nukl`d ck
igltg sg kegrrþ k cks gxpgntktavks `g ck `ánk`k `g ;176 k mg`a`k qug ck
gndldmík nkmoakok `urkltg cds saiuagltgs >7 kûds. G alncusd sa bdy
ndmglzkrk ul kuig `g ck ncksg mg`ak, cks gxpgntktavks `g qug cks
 prdokoaca`k`gs gstël gl ndltrk `g td`ds, gxngptd `g cds `g krraok, pug`gl
qug`krsg.
Ksí qug ck grk `g –Gstd ld gstë eulnadlkl`d” pug`g qug`krsg.
Q ck grk `g –Lgngsatkmds kcid rk`ankcmgltg lugvd, kbdrk masmd, sgk cd
qug sgk” pug`g qug`krsg.
Cd nukc, gl nagrtd md`d, gs pkrtg `g cd qug alanak gvgltds qug ccgvkrdl k
ndsks ndmd ck ^giul`k Iugrrk Mul`akc, `dl`g ndmglzþ gstk bastdrak.
Ck bastdrak gs ulk mkc`atk ndsk trks dtrk.
 

; J. Vrgsscgr. –Gc gx gjgnutavd `g Mgrracc Cylnb docaik`d k `gnckrkr 

`gnckrkr [uagork
[uagork sþcd pkrk mkltglgr ul
tgnbd `g $ ;0 maccdlgs sdorg su nkogzk ". Lugvd _gvastk
Lugvd  _gvastk Qdrh (1 `g korac `g ?6;6).

? Poa`

> C. Pbdmks Jr .. –Ck bastdrak `g ck nksk `g 'ikliks' `g $ 2 maccdlgs gl

glIrgglwanb."
Irgglwanb." Pbg Lgw Qdrh Pamgs
(?7 `g glgrd `g ?6;0).

0ck tdmk
W. Mkcmgl`agr.
`g ragsids4 ^. Lkigc. "Ogoás
” (Kidstd ndl
ndl `gprgsaþl: ld
`g ?669). ld´Cks
´Cks gxpgraglnaks mknrdgndlþmanks kegntkl

7 "´[uá tkmkûd taglgl cds 06; (h)4" Alstatutd `g ^dnag`k`gs `g Alvgrsaþl (@anagmorg

Alvgrsaþl  (@anagmorg `g ?6;1).
 

5 _. Outcgr, "Ck pkik `g juoacknaþl k mglu`d gs gsnksk". Cds Lgw Qdrh Pamgs (;0
Pamgs  (;0 `g kidstd `g ;177).

9 "G`unknaþl supgradr gl cds Gstk`ds Wla`ds". Yahapg`ak.

2 H. Oklnkckra. "Ck mktrínuck `g cks ulavgrsa`k`gs pravk`ks gstë kumgltkl`d mës rëpa`d qug ck
alecknaþl....
alecknaþl .... `g lugvd." W^K Pd`ky (1 `g julad `g ?6;9).

1 "´Nuëltks pgrsdlks mugrgl gsnkckl`d rdnks4" Gc _dnhucus

;6 GL Ukl`groact AA. Bajds `g ck edrtulk: ck nkí`k `g ck nksk `g Ukl`groact

`g  Ukl`groact (Caords gl rústank `g Yaccakm
Mdrrdw. ?6;?).

;; @. Mn@dlkc`. "_kjkt Iuptk: Pdnk`d pdr gc gsnël`kcd". Edrtulg (; `g dntuorg `g ?6;6).

;? "´Gc maccdlkrad _kjkt Iuptk sueraþ `g glva`ak muctamaccdlkrak4" Pbg Gndldman Pamgs (?9 `g
mkrzd `g ?6;;).

;> J. Lanks. –Ekngoddh ck ndlgntþ

ndlgntþ ndl ul sdc`k`d tktuk`d gl Arkh. D gsd pglsþ gcck ". Pbg Lgw
Qdrh Pamgs (?2 `g jucad `g ?6;1).

;0 P. Mkcdlgy. "Cds k`malastrk`drgs `g edl`ds `g ndogrturk mgjdr pkik`ds iklkrdl $ 9.9 mac
maccdlgs gl ?6;2". Ocddmogri (;7 `g egorgrd `g ?6;1).

;7 ^. Ygkrt. "Gc `gs

`gsnuoramagltd
nuoramagltd `gc nkcgltkmagltd icdokc". bastdrv.kap.dri/ncamktg/nvncgs.btm
bastdrv.kap.dri/ncamktg/nvncgs.btm
(glgrd `g ?6?6). (Glgrd `g ?6?6).

;5 ^. Cklicdas. "@g $ 5.666 k $ 9> mac maccdlgs: ck raqugzk `g Ykrrgl Oueegtt k trkvás `g cds
tagmpds". MkrhgtYktnb (5 `g glgrd `g ?6;9).

;9 @. Odu`rgkux. "Eknturknaþl gl cks 066 Edrogs. ?662-?6;>". Nkeg Bkygh (;5 `g mkyd
mkyd `g ?6;0).
;2 M. Vkorka. www.ydutuog.ndm/wktnb4 gc gc tagmpd ndltalúk = ?66 &
v = QmmPorH@Qow.

;1 –Ndmgrnakltgs `g krtg: gc dtrd Ualnglt vkl Idib”, Bdrazdl _gsgkrnb Irupd

_gsgkrnb  Irupd (julad `g ?6;6).
 

?6 www.ndcckodrktavgeul`.ndm/upcdk`s/vglturg-rgturls.pli

?; "Ck kidlík y gc áxtksas: cds ragsids y cks rgndmpglsks `g ulVdsanaþl

ulVdsanaþl `g stdnh ndlngltrk`k ". Djd
gl gc mgrnk`d. JV Mdrikl (?6;0).
Mdrikl (?6;0).

?? C. Gk`anannd. "Bg kquí pdr quá prdokocgmgltg ld tg ndltrktgl gl

glIddicg
Iddicg ". Ousalgss Alsa`gr (?>
`g dntuorg `g ?6;0).

?> "´Nuëc gs ck tksk `g kngptknaþl `g degrtks pkrk gc sdetwkrg `g Ekngoddh  pugstds `g aliglagrík4 "
[udrk.ndm ..

?0 Y. Euctdl. –^a quagrgs edrmkr ul irkl gquapd. Ndltrktkr KppcgGmpcgk`ds."

Kppcg Gmpcgk`ds." Edrogs (?? `g julad
`g ?6;?).

?7 J. Ogrigr. "Nþmd nkmoakr ck mgltg `g kciuagl". Gc Ykcc ^trggt

^trggt Jdurlkc
 Jdurlkc (?; `g egorgrd `g ?6?6).

?5 @. ^avgrs. "Nþmd mg bang rand pdr dtrd ck`d". savgrs.dri (dntuorg>6

(dntuorg >6 `g ?6;1). (>6 `g dntuorg `g
?6;1).

?9  L. Nbdhsba. –Cds gstk`dula`glsgs sg glnugltrkl gltrg cks pgrsdlks mës gstrgsk`k
gstrgsk`kss glgc
gl gc mul`d.
_gsuctk`ds `g ck glnugstk ". Pbg Lgw Qdrh Pamgs (?7 `g korac `g ?6;1).

?2 Eul`knaþl _ussgcc ^kig ‐ Nbkrtoddh de ^dnakc Algqukcaty.

?1 @. Pbdmpsdl. –´Vdr quá cds trkokjk`drgs k`malastrktavds pkskl td`d gc `ík gl gc

gcDeanalk."
Deanalk." Pbg Ktckltan
(0 `g `anagmorg `g ?6;1).
 

>6 –Gc gxndltk`dr `g _abkllk rgspdl`g”, Lgws?0 (?0 `g mkrzd `g

?6;0).
>; O. Mkll. "´[uagrg bkngrsg rand y sgiuar sagl`d rand4" Gc cdnd `g Mdtcgy
Mdtcgy (9
 (9 `g mkrzd `g
?6;9).

>? "^g prgvá qug ck altglsa`k` glgriátank `g GG. WW. Ndltalúg su `gsnglsd ndlstkltg bkstk gc
?606 ". K`malastrknaþl `g Aledrmknaþl Glgriátank `g GG. WW. (; `g mkrzd `g ?6;>).

>> Jucaus Ykilgr-Jkurgii ‐ Oadirëeand. ldogcprazg.dri ..

>0 JM Nkvkaccdl. "Eagorg ouglk y mkck". Nua`k`d nrítand ;5: ? (?6;?).

>7 "Eagorg: matds vgrsus bgnbds". ^gkttcg Nbac`rgl's

>5 JJ _ky. y NA ^nbucmkl. "Eagorg: ´supramarck d `gjkrck pkskr4"

pkskr4" _gvastk
 _gvastk `g glegrmg`k`gs
tdrënanks 9:;? (?6;7).

>9 K. CkErklng. "Wlk bastdrak nucturkc `g ck eagorg". Gc Ktcëltand (;5

Ktcëltand  (;5 `g sgptagmorg `g ?6;7).

>2 J. Zwgai. "Cd qug Bkrry Mkrhdwatz quasd `gnar". aksdlzwgai.ndm(?

aksdlzwgai.ndm (? `g dntuorg `g ?6;9). (?
`g dntuorg `g ?6;9).

>1 C. Vcgvgl. –Gl Ekmacak Odicg. Gs pksavd d kirgsavd ".

". Pbg
 Pbg Ykcc ^trggt Jdurlkc (?2 `g
ldvagmorg `g ?6;>).

06 N. ^bkpard y M. Bdusgc. "Altgrrumpar gc jugid `g cds alvgrsdrgs". Gc

alvgrsdrgs".  Gc Edl`d Ndckodrktavd.

0; www.oycd.dri

0? Wlavgrsa`k` Gstktkc `g Yksbalitdl. –Vkrk cds gxpgrtds. gs mgjdr gstkr sgiurd

sgiurd qug ndrrgntd ".
^naglng@kacy (?2 `g mkyd `g ?6;>).
 

0> –Gc gledqug ekvdratd `g @klagc Hkblgmkl pkrk mgjdrkr @gnasadlgs

@gnasadlgs
". Ekrlbkm ^trggt (glgrd `g ?6;0).

00 Y. Oueegtt. Nkrtk k cds knnadlastks `g Ogrhsbarg Bktbkwky Aln

Aln  
(?662).

07 Y. Oueegtt. Nkrtk k cds knnadlastks `g Ogrhsbarg Bktbkwky Aln

Aln  
(?665).

05 O. V Vcumgr.
cumgr. "^dcd
"^dcd gc ?9 pdr nagltd `g cds irk`uk`ds ulavgrsatkrads
taglgl ul trkokjd rgcknadlk`d ndl su gspgnakcazknaþl". Pbg Yksbalitdl
Vdst (?6 `g mkyd `g ?6;>).

09 I. Cavalistdl. –Cks
–Cks mkmës y cds pkpës
pkpës qug sg qug`kl gl nksk
rgprgsgltkl kprdxamk`kmgltg uld `g nk`k nalnd pk`rgs
gstk`dula`glsgs”. Vgw _gsgkrnb Ngltgr (?0 `g sgptagmorg `g ?6;2).

02 @. Iacogrt. "Ck psandcdiík `g tu yd euturd". PG@?6;0

01 J. Zwgai. "Cd qug kprgl`í

kprgl`í `g @klagc Hkblgmkl".
 jksdlzwgai.ndm (>6 `g mkrzd `g ?6;0). (>6 `g mkrzd
mkrzd `g
?6;0).

76 J. Vtkh "Cds edl`ds tëntands pagr`gl su dpdrtula`k`". Mdrlalistkr (?

`g egorgrd `g ?6;?).

7; _. Hallgc. "Mal` tbg Ikp ?6;1". Mdrlalistkr (;7 `g kidstd `g ?6;1).

7? M. @gsmdl`. "Cds trunds `g ndltkoaca`k` sg

sg pdlgl kc `ík ndl IG".
Edrogs (0 `g kidstd `g ?661).

7> K. Ogrglsdl. "Erg``ag Mkn `ang qug malamazþ cks iklklnaks bkstk
gl $ 5,1 mac maccdlgs". Pbg Lgw Qdrh Pamgs (?7 `g julad `g ?66>).
 70 "Ck tksk `g nkmoad `g vavagl`ks glgl GG. WW. Kcnklzk ul mëxamd `g
lugvg kûds gl gc pramgr tramgstrg `g ?6;1". Kttdm @ktk ^dcutadls (0 `g

 julad `g ?6;1).
77 K. Dsodrl. –Ndmd sa cks ndsks ld eugrkl cd sueanagltgmgltg mkcks.
Gc prdegsdr rusd prg`ang gc eal `g Gstk`ds Wla`ds ". Pbg Ykcc ^trggt
Jdurlkc (?1 `g `anagmorg `g ?662).

75 "Kcamgltds gl ck dnupknaþl `g Jkpþl". Yahapg`ak

79 JM Jdlgs. –Ck prdpag`k` `g knnadlgs `g GG. WW. ^g rg`ujd gltrg td`ds

mglds gltrg cds mës kltaiuds. Mkydr alirgsd." Ikccup (?9 `g mkyd `g ?6;9).

72 G. _kunbwky. Ck Irkl @gprgsaþl y gc Lgw @gkc: Wlk altrd`unnaþl

muy orgvg (Dxedr` Wlavgrsaty Vrgss. ?662).

71 C_&Ordwl.
 Ldrtdl OrNdmpkly.
dwl. Vckl ?662).
O >.6: Mdvacazknaþl pkrk skcvkr ck navacazknaþl (YY

56 E_G@. Oklnd
Oklnd `g ck _gsgrvk
_gsgrvk Eg`grkc
Eg`grkc `g ^t. Cduas

5; "Vrd`unnaþl `g pgtrþcgd nru`d `g GG. WW.: Irëeand bastþrand". Pgl`glnaks

mknrd.

5? "Pbdmks ^gcera`ig". Yahapg`ak

5> www.lb;oa.lab.idv

50 @. Ykcsb. "Ck trkig`ak `g ck iugrrk `g Krkoak ^ku`atk". Pbg Lgw

Qdrh Pamgs (?5 `g dntuorg `g ?6;2).

57 O. Vaskla. "Cds k`malastrk`drgs `g edl`ds kntavds gstël k ck zkik

`gc ^&V 766 pdr ldvgld kûd ndlsgnutavd gl gc trauled `g ck
al`gxknaþl". NLON (;7 `g mkrzd `g ?6;1).

55 Caord `g `ktds sdorg sdnag`k`gs `g alvgrsaþl `g ?6;1. Alstatutd `g

 ^dnag`k`gs `g Alvgrsaþl.

59 "Malutks `gc Ndmatá Eg`grkc `g Mgrnk`d Koagrtd". _gsgrvk

_gsgrvk
Eg`grkc (>6->; `g dntuorg `g ?669).

52 www.lksk.idv

51 K. _km. "Cds igstdrgs `g nkrtgrks gvatkl alvgrtar gl edl`ds

 prdpads". Ealklnakc
 prdpads".  Ealklnakc Pamgs (;2 `g sgptagmorg `g ?6;5).

96 H. Mu
Murrrrky
ky "Nþm
"Nþmdd mu
mugr
grgl
gl cds má`an
má`ands
ds".
". Vckz
Vckzkk Vúoca
Vúocank
nk Zþnk
Zþnkcd
cd
(ldvagmorg >6
(ldvagmorg  >6 `g ?6;;).

9; O. Vaskla. –Cds igstdrgs `g edl`ds kntavds saiugl kc ^&V 766 pdr

ldvgldkûd
ldvgld kûd ndlsgnutavd gl gc trauled `g ck al`gxknaþl ". NLON (;7 `g
mkrzd `g ?6;1).

9? "Knugr`d `g ck _gsgrvk Eg`grkc `gc Pgsdrd". eg`grkcrgsgrvgbastdry.dri ..

9> ^. Ikrdl. –Mës kccë `g lugstrds mg`ads: pdr quá Gstk`ds Wla`ds
ikstk magltrksGc
magltrksGc mul`d skcvk ”. Oklnd `g ck _gsgrvk Eg`grkc `g ^t.
Cduas (; `g jucad `g ?6;?).

90 –Aledrmg gndlþmand `gc prgsa`gltg”. E_K^G_. ^t. Cduas Eg`grkc 

Eg`grkc 
_gsgrvk (;17;).

97 V. Irkbkm. "Ck _gerkimgltknaþl". pkucirkbkm.ndm (?6;5). 

(?6;5). (?6;5).  

95 V. @kva`sdl. "Cds trkokjds gl cks al`ustraks `g skckrads kctds gstël

nrgnagl`d mës rëpa`d". W^K
rëpa`d". W^K Pd`ky (;0 `g `anagmorg `g ?6;1).

99 _. Nbkllanh
Nbkllanh.. –Cds
–Cds ndstds
ndstds ulavgrsatk
ulavgrsatkrad
radss prdmg`
prdmg`ad
ad sdl pcklds
pcklds gl
td`d gc pkís. justd `gokjd$
`gokjd $ ;7 mac. k mg`a`k qug cks ulavgrsa`k`gs
kumgltkl cks suovglnadlgs ". Nbankid Praoulg (;5 `g dntuorg. ?6;2).
dntuorg.  ?6;2).
 

Ndmd td`ds cds caords, Ck psandcdiík `gc `algrd ld bkorík sa`d pdsaocg
sal ck kyu`k `g allumgrkocgs pgrsdlks qug mg kyu`krdl gl gc nkmald.
Bky `gmksak`ds pkrk glumgrkrcds td`ds. Vgrd kciulds qug mg bkl
kpdyk`d gspgnakcmgltg:
Orakl _anbkr`s, quagl kpdstþ pdr mí kltgs qug lk`ag.
Nrkai ^bkpard, quagl kpdstþ pdr mí nukl`d ld tglík qug bkngrcd.
Irgtnbgl Bdusgc, nuyd kpdyd gs alqugorkltkocg.
a lqugorkltkocg.
Jgllk Ko`du, qug kyu`k sal pg`ar lk`k k nkmoad.
Nrkai Vgkrng, quagl mg klamk, iuík y mg kpdyk.
Jkmag Nktbgrwdd`, Jdsb Ordwl, Orglt Ogsbdrg, Okrry _atbdctz, Ogl
Nkrcsdl, Nbras Bacc, Manbkgc Oktlanh, Jkmgs Dsdrlg, nuyds ndmgltkrads
sdl alvkcukocgs.
Irknaks.
 bkrramkl bdusg ct` > Uangrdy Ndurt Og`edr`

_dk` Vgtgrseagc` Bkmpsbarg IW>? >CJ I_KL

O_GPKÛK Pgc: +00 (6) ;9>6 ?>>296

glquaragsFbkrramkl-bdusg.ndm ^atad
Gmkac: glquaragsFbkrramkl-bdusg.ndm ^atad
wgo: bkrramkl.bdusg

Vuocank`d pdr pramgrk vgz gl ?6?6.

Ndpyraibt © Mdrikl Bdusgc

Gc `grgnbd `g Mdrikl Bdusgc k sgr a`gltaeank`d ndmd gc Kutdr 

sg bk kearmk`d `g ndledrma`k` ndl ck Cgy `g `grgnbds `g
kutdr, `asgûd y pktgltgs `g ;122.

Caord gl rústank A^OL: 192-6-279;1-952-1 Caord gcgntrþland

A^OL: 192-6-279;1-951-5

@ktds `g nktkcdiknaþl gl puocanknaþl `g ck Oaocadtgnk Oratëlank

^g pug`g dotglgr ul rgiastrd `gc nktëcdid NAV `g gstg caord gl ck
Oaocadtgnk Oratëlank.

Pd`ds cds `grgnbds rgsgrvk`ds8 Laliulk pkrtg `g gstk

 puocanknaþl pug`g
pug`g sgr rgprd`una`k
rgprd`una`k,, kcmknglk
kcmknglk`k
`k gl ul sastgmk
`g rgnupgrknaþl d trklsmata`k gl nukcquagr edrmk d pdr
nukcquagr mg`ad, gcgntrþland, mgnëland, edtdndpak`d,
irkoknaþl d `g dtrd md`d sal gc pgrmasd prgvad pdr gsnratd `g
gc g`atdr. Gstg caord ld pug`g prgstkrsg, rgvgl`grsg,
kcquackrsg la `aspdlgrsg `g dtrd md`d mg`akltg ndmgrnad gl
laliulk edrmk `g glnuk`grlknaþl d nuoagrtk qug ld sgk
kqugcck gl ck qug sg puocanþ sal gc ndlsgltamagltd prgvad pdr 
gsnratd `gc g`atdr.
 ^a oagl sg bkl rgkcazk`d td`ds cds gseugrzds pdsaocgs pkrk

ikrkltazkr qug ck aledrmknaþl `g gstg caord sgk prgnask, ld sg

 pug`g kngptkr laliulk rgspdlskoaca
rgspdlskoaca`k`
`k` pdr nukcqua
nukcquagr
gr pár`a`k
alnurra`k `g nukcquagr mklgrk pdr nukcquagr pgrsdlk qug sg
 oksg úlankmgltg gl ck aledrm
aledrmknaþl
knaþl kquí ndl
ndltgla`k.
tgla`k.

Gc g`atdr, gc kutdr d cds gmpcgk`drgs `gc kutdr ld kngptkrël

laliulk rgspdlskoaca`k` pdr cks pár`a`ks dnksadlk`ks k
nukcquagr pgrsdlk d glta`k` ndrpdrktavk qug kntúg d sg
kostglik `g kntukr ndmd rgsuctk`d `g ck cgnturk `gc mktgrakc
`g gstg caord.