Aa

a det. w (rHR< cg)

abbot n pDRoD'd.˜ oDcg'd.
abbreviation n w>uwdRtzk.I w>uwdRwzsX.vXyuGJ;tDRvXtzk.
t'd< (rh) ] rhwrh>
abdomen n [XzX
abduction n w>zD.ql.ySR< w>Ch>pdmql.ySR
abed v oq.xD.w>tXtcH< rRxGJw>tXtcH
abide v wD'D;w>tX.vDR< 'due.rRxGJw>od.w>oD
ability n w>ohw>b.I t'd<etd.'D;w>ohw>b.vXw>od.vdvHm
able a uJ˜ oh˜ vXttd.'D;*H>bg˜ wRv.vXurRw>t*D>
abolish v rR[;*DRuGHm˜ rRuwX>uGHm
abortion n [k;[;*DR˜ w>zdvDRvl;
about prep 1I C.C. 2I b.C;'D;
above prep 1I t'Dcd.˜ tzDcd. 2I (upDR)xD.xDe‹>'H;
abrasion n vDRobsL;
abroad adv xH*kRuD>*R˜ uD>csX
abrupt a owl>uvm
abscess n w>0h
absence n w>wtd.b.< tw[Jb.< twyX>xD.b.
absent a wtd.vX—b.I t'd< pDRvgySJRwtd.vX[H.b.
absolute a tvXtySJR< vXmvXmqhqh
absolutely adv vXmvXmqhqh< eD>eD>
absorb v pl>oH;
abstain v w[h.w>z;< [;qSJ;vXu[h.w>z;
absurd a vXtwClvdmo;'D;w>oh.nge>yX>< vXtwvDRemySRb.I
abundant a vXttgt*D>
abuse n w>rRw&Dwyg˜ w>rRtXrRoD< w>rRur.
v rRw&Dwyg˜ y,JG˜ rRtXrRoD< rRur.
academic a vXtb.C;'D;w>rRvdvHm'd.vJ>xD<
vXt'k;eJ.zsgw>oh.nge>yX>vX ([J) vXvHm{dRvJ>{dR
accelerate v cs›xD.< rRcs›xD.
acceleration n w>rRcs›xD.w>
accent n uvk>uwdRtoD.
accept v wl>vdm
access n 1I w>vJREkmb.< w>vJRqlttd.tcGJ;td. 2I w>rRM>tgxD.
w> 3I w>td.vXeupl;ugtDRt*D>
v 1I vJREkmb.< vJRqlttd.tcGJ;td. 2I rRM>tgxD.w>
3I td.vXw>upl;ugtDRt*D>

1
accessory n 1I ySRvXttd.ySdRrRpXRw>tXw>oD
2I w>tyD;tvDvXtrRpXRw>trd>yS>< yD;vDtbsJ.
accident n w>b.zk;I w>rRto;b.zk;b.ysD>
accidentally adv b.qX.b.wDR˜ b.twDR
accommodate v 1I rRb.vdmw>< rRClvdmzd;vdmto;'D;w>*R
2I uwDRM>w>td.w>qd;tvD>< [h.'k;td.
accompany v 1I vJRCkm'D; 2I ydmtcH
accomplish v rR0HRrRuJ< rRvXrRySJR
accord n w>Clvdmto;< w>vDRyvdmvdmto;< w>rRClrRzd;
v Clvdmto;< vDRyvdmvdmto;< rRClrRzd;
accordion n we>xk;pk
account n 1I t*h>tusdR 2I php&D
accountant n ySRzD.php&D
accurate a vXtvDRwH>vDRqJ;
accuse v qSd;< ymw>ur.vXySRvdR
accustom v 'k;rRnDEk> (to;)< 'k;uJxD.tvk>tv>
ache n wuHy0H< qg
achievement n w>rRM>˜ w>rR0HRw>
acid n 1I *mqH. 2I wRqH.
acid rain n *mqH.w>plRxH
acknowledge v tX.vDRtDvDRvXtoh.ng< tX.vDRvXt'd;M>vH< 'k;oh.ng
acquaintance n w>oh.ngvdmo;< ySRvXyoh.ngtDR< w>oh.ng
acquire v M>< rRM>< yS›RM>< CkrRM>
acrobat n ySRwcUcHwcU,D>
across prep (vJR)cD*m˜ (rR)'D.wlm
act v 1I eJ.'d 2I rR(w>)
action n 1I w>eJ.'d 2I w>rR(w>)
active a vXt[l;*JR
activity n w>[l;w>*JR˜ w>zH;w>rR
actor n cGg*JR'd
actress n rk.*JR'd
actual a eD>eD>˜ vXtrh>0JeD>eD>
acute a 1I w>qgvXe;'D;yX>xD.owl>uvm
2I w>wl>b.vXtqge;e;uvJm
adam's apple n udmwe‹o.< udm,l>wMo.
adapt v rRb.vdm< rRw>'fod;ub.bsd;b.'guhR
add v ymzSd.(w>)˜ ymzSd.'D;˜ rRtgxD.
addict n ySRvXtnDek>tDoH;< tDrdm< pJuoH.rlRbSD;
addicted a uJxD.tvk>tv>I t'd< nDEk>tDoH;
addition n w>ymzSd.˜ w>rRtgxD.
additional a vXw>*RtrJmng˜ toD(wrHR)

2
address n td.qd;vD>usJ˜ vD>td.vD>qd;
adequate a vXtvX0JvD.0JvXw>wrHRrHRt*D>
adhesive a vXtpJbl;˜ vXtyHm
adjacent a vXtbl;'D;
adjective n rHRu,X˜ eD>u,X
adjust v usJRvdR˜ usJRb.
administration n w>yXw>qSX
administrator n ySRyXqSXw>
admiral n xHok;rk>cd.usX>
admiration n w>ym'd.< w>ymzsgvXtrh>w>vDRpH;y-wXR
admire v b.ol.b.o;
admit v 1I wl>vdm 2I tX.vDR(w>vXtrR0J)
adolescent n ySRvd.bd
adopt v vk>zd
adore v tJ.vXo;'DzsX.
adult n ySR'd.wkm
adultery n w>tJ.bXrgtJ.bX0R
advance v vJRqlng˜ 'd.xD.xDxD.
advantage n w>b.bsK;
adventure n w>rRw>vXo;'l
adverb n 0D>u,X
adversity n w>wwX>weg< w>uDw>cJ< w>[J0HtX
advertise v 'k;[lxD.ogvDR< bd;b.oh.ng
advertisement n w>bd;b.oh.ng
advice n w>[h.ul.
advise v [h.ul.w>
advocate n ySRvXtwdpXRw>
v uwdRpXRw>< rRpXRw>'ftw>emtd.0Jtod;<
uwdRpXRw>'ftw>emtod;
adze n uGgwJ
aerial n uGJRvhvdRt'H;˜ uGJR[lzsgt'H;
aeroplane n ubD,lR
aestivation n q.zduD>zdtd.'k;zJw>ud>uwD>
affair n 1I w>trl;t&>< w>vXtrRto;< 2I w>vXtb.C;'D;ySR
(w*R) 3I w>tJ.bXrg0R< w>rHCkmvXwzsDto;
affect v rRb.'d
affection n w>tJ.
affiliate v w>&hvdmrRoud;w>< rRb.xGJvdmw>
afford v wl>w>tyS›R
afforestation n w>uwDRoh.yS>< w>ol.vDRoh.yS>
afloat a vXtxD.zD
3
afraid a ysHRw>
after prep 1I 0HRtvD>cH 2I tvD>cH
afternoon n rk>Ch>vDR˜ [gcD˜ [gvDRcD(tuwD>)
afterwards adv vXcH(e‹.)˜ vXcHvXvm˜ w>e‹.tvD>cH
again adv u'D;(wbsD)
against prep xD'g
age n o;teH.tvg
agency n 1I cX.p;w>rR 2I cX.p;u&X
agenda n 1I w>td.zSd.w>&J.vDR˜ w>td.zSd.w>*h>w>usdR
2I w>rR&J.usJRwuGD.
agent n ySRcX.p;
aggressive a vXtCkqdw>th.vdmqd;uhvdm< vXt'k;td.xD.qdw>'k;w>,R<
vXtrRql.w>
agile a vXtpkcs›cD.cs›˜ vXtyh>tcs›
ago adv ylRuGHm
agony n (vXtySJR'D;) w>ol.tlo;uJR< w>wl>b.e;e;uvJm
agree v o;vDRyvdm˜ tX.vDRwl>vdm
agriculture n w>ol.w>zs;˜ pHmySJRol.zs;
agroforestry n w>ol.CgCkmbk[kw>rk>w>bd
ahead prep vXng˜ rJmng
aid v rRpXR
n
w>[h.rRpXR
AIDS n w>qgth;(pf)
ailment n w>td.ql.td.cs›wtd.< w>ql;w>qgtD.<
w>ql;w>qgtD.qH;udm
aim n w>uG>pd˜ w>ynd.
v pl.bsX(usd)
air n uvHR
air-conditioner n uvHRck.'X
aircraft-carrier n ubDwDubD,lR
airforce n uvHRok;rk>
airforceman n uvHRok;zd
air-hostess n ubD,lRrk.wl>wrSHR
airplane n ubD,lR
airport n ubD,lRoe‹
aisle n bX.pXRusJ˜ usJbX.pXR< usJzdvXttd.vXw>cHrHRtbX.pXR
t'd< usJvXttd.vXvD>qh.eDRcHusdRtuql;vXo&dmylR
ajar a td.[dwpJ;< td;xD.to;wpJ;
alarm n w>rRzk;rRysD>˜ w>oD.yvD>
v [h.yvD>˜ rRyvD>w>
alarm clock n e.&H.qhvh
4
album n vHmymzSd.w>*DR
alcohol n oH;˜ oH;pDxH
alert a vXttd.oyS›RrJm˜ vXtpD.rJmpD.eg
algae n tHiJm< [D.qS;< eD.'d;qS;
alibi n w>uwdRylRzsJ;to;vXtpH;vXogtd.wylR'.zJw>uJxD.o;
tcg
alien n ySRwcDbDrk>zd< ySRvXttd.vXxHuD>t*Rwbh.<
w>vXttd.vXrlzsX.t*RwzsX.
a vXtb.C;'D;wcDxHwcDuD>< vXtvDRqD
alight a pH.vDR˜ ,k>vDR˜ pD>vDR
alike a / adv 'fod;vdmto;< vDR*mvdmto;< vDRyvdm
alive a vXtrl0J
all a cJvXm
allegation n yJRwcDwXR˜ w>ymxD.w>ur.
allergy n wzD;vdm< wb.vdm('D;oGH.xH) t'd< w>tD.w>tD
alley n usJzdusJq.
alliance n od.rSHR
alligator n wr.vXtcd.zk.wuvkm< w&h
allow v [h.tcGJ;˜ ysJ˜ ysJvDR
ally n w>ymzSd.xD.o;˜ od.rSHR
almost adv bl;wh>r;vX˜ C.C.
alms n (w>) [h.o;unDRw>
alone a xJw*R{dR
along adv (vXusJ)'Dbd˜ ydmxGJ
aloud adv oD.'d.< (ud;) 'd.'d.
alphabet n vHmrd>yS>
already adv (rR)wh>vH
also adv ph>uD;
altar n w>vk>vD>
alter v vJvdm
alteration n w>qDwvJbSDb.uhRw>˜ w>vJvdm
alternate v/a w*RwbsD< wcgwbsD< vXtrR,>cD,>cD
although conj b.q.˜ emouh˜ emuh˜ oemuh
altitude n w>upDRxD.
altogether adv ymCkmcJvXm< wylRCD
always adv xDbd
amateur n ySRvXtrRw>vXtw>o;pJ'.0J
amaze v rRurXur.
ambassador n rD>oD
amber a/n tbDyS>< tbDC;< vX>qSHbD
ambition n w>o;ql.˜ w>ol.ql.o;*JR< w>uG>pd< qXrRM>w>
5
ambulance n odvh.wDySRqg
ambush n w>cd;clol.'D;'k;ySR
v cd;clol.'k;ySR
amend v (w>) rR*hRxD.uhRw>< bSDb.uhRw>
amendment n w>bSDb.
amiss a w-uX;b.< ur.0J
ammunition n usdcsHySmo.
amnesty n w>ys>zsJ;(vXw>ur.)
among prep vXtusg˜ u'Ju'J
amount n w>ymzSd.w> (tM>) ySJRtHRySJREkR< ySJRxD.< xD.b;
amphibian n cdxHq.zduD>zd< q.zduD>zdvXttd.vXxH'D;cd t'd< 'h.
ample a vXvD.vXurRw>t*D>< vXySJR
amplifier n w>rR'd.xD.w>uvk>< pJ;rR'd.w>uvk>
amputate v ul;wJmuGHmI cD.rhwrh>pk'k.wDRrh>[;*DRyb.ul;wJmuGHmtDR
amulet n w>ypD>
amuse v rRrkm (ySRo;)˜ rRzSHySRo;
amusement n w>rRrkmrRck.ySRo;˜ w>rRzSHySRo;
amusing a vXtvDReHR
an det w (cg<rHR)
anaemia n oGH.*H>p>w>qg
anaesthetic n uoH.o;oyhR
anaesthetist n uoH.o;oyhRo&.
analyse v yJmxHeDRz;(w>)
analysis n w>yJmxHeDRz;
anarchy n vd.yRwtd.oEl
ancestor n ySRvXyvDRpXR
anchor n eD.ouhR
ancient a w>td.ymvXysXR
and conj 'D;
angel n rlcd.uvl;
anger n w>o;xD.˜ w>ol.'d.o;xD.
angle n (t)eX.˜ toeX.
angry v o;xD.˜ o;zsd;
animal n q.zduD>zd
animist n ySRrd>vk>y>v>zd˜ ySRbgoH;cd.rk>Cg
animosity n w>ol.[ho;[hvXtrRtd.xD.w>rRw>xD'gySR*R
ankle n cD.'hudm
annihilate v rRvDRwlmuGHm
anniversary n eH.qJ;qX˜ qXuhRtvD>
announce v bd;b.&RvDR˜ bd;b.oh.ng

6
annoy v rRthe‹˜ rRo;xD.˜ rRwHmwm (ySRo;)
annual a weH.wbsD
anonymous a ySRtrHRwzsgb.
anorexia n w>wtJ.'d;tD.w>rh>vXtJ.'d;CJRtCd< w>'k.CJRvDRo;
(vDRqD'.w>ydmrk.zdwz.)
another a t*Rw—˜ toDw—˜ u'D;w—
answer n w>pH;qX
v pH;qXw>
ant n wX>˜ wX>CH.
Antarctic n t.w.wh;
antelope n wRz;
anthem n w>o;0H.b.C;w>bl.w>bg< xHuD>< 'Duvkmw>o;0H.
anthill n bsX.
anticipate v 1I qdurd.qd< xH.pd 2I rRqdympXR
antimony n tJ.wH.rd.eH.
anus n cHylR
anvil n x;vm
anxiety n ol.ud>o;*DR
anxious a o;ud>uGH˜ o;ol*JR
any a w(rHR)*hRw(rHR)*hR˜ wrHRrHR*hR˜ wcgcg*hR
any longer pron vXRb.
anybody pron ySRw*Rv>v>
anymore pron vXRb.
anyone pron ySRw*Rv>v>
anything pron w>wrHRv>v>
anyway adv 'fvJ.*hR'fvJ.*hR
anywhere adv wylRv>v>
aorta n thtD>w.I oGH.usdRt'd.uwX>vXbl;'D;o;vXpkph.wcD
apart adv pDRpkR˜ w>td.vDRz;to;
apartment n [H.'X;zSd.
apathetic a vXto;wtd.b.
ape n wRtk;wuvkm t'd< uDR&H;v.˜ cFH>yJ.pH.
aphelion n w>vD>vX,HRuwX>'D;rk>
apologise v tX.vDR(w>ur.)˜ Chun;
apparent a vXttd.zsg0J
appeal v ywHouGHmun;˜ ywHChun;
n w>ywHChun;˜ w>ywHouGHmun;
appear v td.zsgxD.˜ [JzsgxD.˜ td.zsg
appearance n w>td.zsg
appendix n 1I ySHmz;'h 2I w>ydmxGJ

7
appetite n w>o;td.(w>tD.)˜ w>rd.tD.rd.tDo;< o;ChtD.w><
w>udmylR0H.
applaud v ud;yolpH;y-wXR
applause n w>ud;yolpH;y-wXR
apple n tJyX.o.˜ zDo.
apply v 1I ywHxD.w>rR 2I pl;ug 3I w>rRb.C; 4I zSLuoH.
appoint v [h.vDRrl'g˜ CkxXxD.vXrl'g
appointment n 1I w>CkxXxD.vXrl'g 2I w>oh.qXz;uwD>vXuxH.vdm
o;t*D>
appreciate v oh.ngw>bsK;w>zSd.< ymvk>'d.yS›R'd.< b.ol.b.o;
apprentice n rRvdoDw>rR< ySRvXtrRvdohto;vXySRw*RtpkylR
approach v ok;bl;o;˜ [Jbl;˜ bl;xD.
appropriate a -uX;0J˜ b.0J
approve v b.to;< tX.vDRtDvDRvXtb.
approximate a C.C.
v w,mw>
apricot n w±l;rDRwDRo.˜ w±l;xHrdRwdRo.
April n vgthjzh.< vgvGH>vgwvg
apron n ,.w'DI t'd< ySRzDrhRzduuR0Jt*D>
aquaculture n w>bk.xHq.zduD>zd< w>bk.q.zduD>zdvXttd.vXxHusg
aquifer n vX>pSH>xH
Arakanese n ySR&X.cX.zd
arch n yJ}wDcd.'DI w>uh.usDRvXyJ}wDtzDcd.
archaeology n w>rRvdb.C;w>Ckoh.ngcl.xk;xD.uhRw>zdw>vHRvXysXR
archipelago n uD;u±l>
architect n ySRohwhxD.bSDxD.w>
architecture n w>whzsgxD.w>ol.xD.uh>*DRtw>ohw>b.<
w>whzsgxD.w>ol.xD.uh>*DR
Arctic n t.wh;
are v rh>< td.
area n w>t'd.tvJ>˜ th&,>< vD>u0DR
argue v *h>vdmbSDvdm
argument n w>*h>vdmbSDvdm˜ w>uwdR*h>vdmw>
aricca nut n oJ;o.
arise v 1I [JyX>xD.< zsgxD. 2I *JRqXxX.
arithmetic n w>*H>w>'G;
arm n pk'k.wDR
armchair n c;wD.pk< vD>qh.eDRwD.pk
armour n oCd;uwDR
armpit n wHmvm
8
arms n w>pku0JR
army n cdok;rk>˜ cdok;
aroma n w>eXrleXqSD
around prep 1I 0;0;˜ 0;w&H;˜ vXtCXR0;0; 2I zJtHRzJe‹.
arrange v uwJmuwDR˜ &J.usJR
arrangement n w>uwJmuwDR˜ w>&J.vDRusJRvDR
arrest v zD.(vXtb.xGJyXRuD>zD.w>)
arrive v wkR˜ vJRwkR˜ [JwkR
arrogant a vXtym'd.ymxDto;< vXtymto;uzXvX
arrow n ys>
art n w>ohw>b.vXySRrR0J'fod;urRrkmb.ySRo;< 'GJvRul.oh
artery n oGH.vJRusdR
article n 1I w>uGJ;zk. (vXrJ;upH< w>y&Xwz.tylR)
2I vHmtqXzdvXoJp;w>bsXtylR
3I w>zdw>vHRwrHR
artificial a t,DR< vXtb.w>whtDRvXySRunD
artist n ySRwhw>*DR
arts n 'GJvRul.oh
as con/ 'fod;< tzXrk>< ow;'D;< wkR
prep
ascend v vJRxD.˜ xD. (qlx;cD< qlw>z;zD)
ASEAN n th±SX.rk>xD.uvHRxH;xHuD>u&X (t.pH.,.)
ash n z.qg< csg
ashamed a vXtvDRrJmqS;
ashtray n rdmth.'X
asia n th±SX.
aside adv qltuyR< vXtuyR
ask v oHuG>˜ rX˜ Chw>˜ rRvdm
asleep a td.rHoyhR˜ vXtrHb.to;
asparagus n [D.ql.ysd>< w>ysd>'k.
aspect n 1I w>td.zsg< tw>td.zsg<
2I w>xH.vX (w>uDw>cJw>td.o;wz.tuh>t*DR)
ass n 1I uoh.,DR 2I ySRtrX;
assassinate v ul.oH
assault n w>rRtXwysK>wysDRw>< w>'k;wysK>wysDRw>
v rRtXwysK>wysDRw>< 'k;wysK>wysDRw>< wD>zk;ySR*R
assemble v td.zSd.< ymzSd.< xXzSd.0mzSd.
asset n w>pkvD>cD.cd.< w>vk>'d.yS›R'd.vXtuH>tpD*hR
assign v (w>) eDRvDR< w>[h.vDRtd.'D;t*h>tusdR
n [h.eDRvDRCkm'D;w>ymyeD.

9
assimilate v 1I pl>pSD> 2I rRvDRysdmto;'D;ySRt*R<
w>'k;uJtDRwuvkmCD'D;ySR*R
assist v rRpXR
assistance n w>rRpXR˜ w>wdpXRrRpXR
assistant n ySRrRpXRw>
association n tzk< tu&X
assorted a vXttd.tuvkmuvkm
assume v emw>vXto;< qdurd.ymw>vXto;< qdurd.w,m
assurance n w>emeD>uD>w>< w>tk.uDR
asteriod n rlzsX.jyH
asthma n w>o;bH;˜ w>ogtH;
astonish v urXur.˜ 'k;vDRurXur.(ySRto;)˜ rRuwkR (ySRto;)
astonishment n w>'k;vDRurXur.˜ w>o;uwkR
astronaut n ySRrlysDzd
astronomer n ySRohrluydmyDng
astronomy n rluydmyDng
asylum n w>td.u'k˜ w>td.u'ktvD>< xH%l>uD>oJ;w>td.u'k
at prep vX< zJ
atheist n ySRvXtemvX,GRwtd.b.
athlete n ySRvdmuGJzd˜ ySRvXtvdmuGJw>Ch>w>pH.
athletics n w>vdmuGJw>Ch>w>pH.
atlas n vHm[D.cd.*DR (vHmvXtd.'D;xHuD>t*DRwz.)
atmosphere n uvHRuxX< uvHRvXttd.0;w&H;[D.cd.zsX.< uvHRu[k
atoll n uD;vX>zD (uD;vXttd.xD.cDzsdvX>zD)
atom n w>rd>yS>tqH;uwX>
attach v 'k;pJbl;˜ bs;pJ
attack v xD.('k;w>)˜ 'k;xD'g˜ 'k;w>
attempt v rRuG>˜ rRuG>uG>˜ *kmusJ;pX;rRw>
attend v 1I xD. 2I 'due.w>˜ ue.Ckm
attic n 'X;w'dvm< 'X;vXtzDcd.uwX>wuxX
attitude n w>ymol.ymo;
attract v xk;e‹>(ySRo;)˜ &J>e‹>w>
attractive a uG>*hR< vXtxk;M> (ySRo;)< vXt&J>M>w>
aubergine n wuDRuGJRo.˜ wuDRo.
auction n w>qgyS›RwRw>
audible a vXye>[loh
audience n ursX>vXt'due.w>˜ rl;ursX>
aunt n rk>*>
author n ySRuGJ;vHm
authority n w>e‹>pde‹>urDR< ySRM>pdM>urDR
automatic a '.w>˜ w>wrHRrHRvXt[l;0;'.w>
10
automatic n pJ;xk;xD.ph< th.xH>tJ. (rf) ATM
teller machine
autonomy n eD>up>w>yXvDRo;˜ w>yXvDRo;< w>pH.nD.yXvDRo;'.0J
autumn/fall n w>*d>xD.oDuwD> (w>ud>cg'D;w>*d>cgtbX.pXRw>uwD>)
available a vXw>rRe‹>tDRoh
avenue n usJvXttd.'D;oh.xl.zdcHuyRvXm
average n w>xd.Cl
avert v 1I w'DCmw> 2I 'k;CmuyRuGHmw>
avid a o;vDw>'d.'d.rk>rk>
avoid v [;qSJ;˜ y'h.
await v td.cd;vDRtcd.< td.cd;uG>v>
awake a zk;oHeD.xD.
award n w>[h.vRuyDR
v [h.vR[h.uyDR˜ [h.cd.z;
aware a vXtoh.ngb.˜ vXtoh.ng
away adv ([;)qlb;˜ ([;)qlC.CXR
awful a w*hRb.
awkward a vXtwb.vD>b.p;
awl n x;vlbd
axe n uGg
axis (of earth) n [D.cd.usH.
axle n y.bd˜ 0.&d

11
Bb

baby n zdo.tD.Ek>
baby bottle n zdo.w>Ek>xHud< zdo.w>Ek>xHyvD
baby sit v uG>xGJzdo.
bachelor n zd.o.cGg˜ ySRzd.o.cGg
back prep vXvD>cH
n ysd>˜ csXCH
backache n ysd>qg< csXCHqg
backbone n ysd>CH
background n 1I w>vXtrRwh>vHto;< w>vXtrRto;vXySRtcd.tCXR
2I w>vXttd.zsgvXtcsXwcD
3I w>uvk> rhwrh> w>'hvXee>[lw>tvD>cH
back-hoe n bDzs;˜ eD.zs;
backing n 1I rRpXR (vDRqD'.w>wd>ph)
2I w>'hw>tlwcgvXtrRrkmw>uvk>
3I w>uH;nmq;us;
backlash n w>[JuhRb.u'guhR
backlog n w>rRvXtd.wh>tbsJ.tpJ>< w>rRvXrRw0HR
back-up n 1I w>rRpXR 2I w>ulqJw>*h>w>usdRt&h'd.vXcD.zFLxX.tylR
backwards adv qlvD>cH˜ u'guhRqlcH
bacon n xd;n.ChubsH;
bacteria n w>qgtC>˜ bJ;xH&H,gI t'd< w>vlbSD;w>qgtC>
bad a 1I tX 2I e; 3I w*hRb.I
badge n w>yeD.
badger n zsH
badminton n w>'dqDql.
baffle v rRobH.bk.wHmrkmwHmwmw>
bag n xX.
baggage n w>bd.w>pSXR
baggy a vXtusD< vXtwCH;b.
baht n b; (uFD.wJ.ph)
bail n w>[h.tk.uDR
bail out v y;xD.uGHmxH˜ bsX.xD.uGHmxH˜ 0J;xD.uGHmxH
bait n wcGJq.< w>tq.vXy'd;w>zdw>vHRu[JtD.tDRt*D>
bake v uk>w>˜ bXw>
baker n ySRuk>ud.
baking powder n qD.'.< uoH.rRuzDud.
balance n 1I pDRyD>˜ pDR,GJR 2I php&DtylRphtd.wh>
v uXR(w>)
12
balcony n 'X;uok.˜ vD>uok.< w>tvD>vXytd.uok.t*D>zJ
[H.tcsXwpJ;zd
bald a vhR˜ usd˜ cd.vhR
ball n w>tzsX.˜ w>zsX.ovX.
ballet n w>*JRuvH. (bJvh)
balloon n w>tluzd
ballot n 1I p;cduhvXySRxXEkmvXw>zD.w>z;t*D>< w>z;vHmuh<
2I w>zD.w>z;tusJvXw>olp;cduh
balm n uoH.zSL
bamboo n 0.
ban v }wDw>˜ }wDCm
banal a vXtwvDRo;pJ< vXtwvDRol.yd>o;0;
banana n wuGHo.
band n 1I ySRtu±l> t'd< w>bs.u±l> 2I w>oHusHu±l>
3I w>tuGDR< w>tbd t'd< &XRbX.wbdI
bandage n ,.ys›bH
bandit n wrsm
bane n w>vXtrR[;*DRw>< w>vXtrRwwX>wegw>
bang v 'dw>˜ wD>w>˜ rRoD.w>vXpkql.ql.
n w>toD.ql.ql.
bangle n xHzSH.
banish v [DxD.uGHm˜ pH.nD.[DxD.uGHmvXxHuD>
banister n CDtpkzD.
bank n phwX;˜ ph&d.zD
banner n v.w,>˜ eD.w,>
banquet n w>tD.trl;z;'d.
banyan tree n csX.
baptize v 'd;bsXxH
bar n 1I w>qgoH;tvD>˜ w>tDoH;tvD>
2I tbd˜ tusD. t'd< x;wusD.
barbaric a vDR*mySR&X>ySRpX>< b.C;'D;ySRrHRpuk.zd
barbecue n x;u.w>n.
v u.w>n.
barbed-wire n ysHRx;q+.
barber n ySRwHmcd.ql.˜ ySRwHmcd.
bare a 1I bh.qh 2I td.vhRu'd
bargain v vdmw>tyS›R
n w>tyS›RqH;

13
barge v 1I ok;ql.ql.udRudR< b.xH;ql.ql.udRudR< EkmvDRrRwHmwm
w>zJySRwJw>tcg
n csHutdz;'d.
bark n oh.bh.˜ oh.zH;
v rDR
barley n bkrk,DR
barn n -uD>˜ bkzD
barometer n b.&d.rH.xX. (w>xd.uvHR tw>qD.oeH;yD;vD)
barracks n 'X;z;xD˜ ySRok;zdtd.t'X;z;xD
barrel n 1I usdyDR 2I xH'Xz;'d.
barren a vXtwtd.'D;txk;tpD˜ ([D.cd.)vXw>ol.w>rJw>rg
w[JxD.tvD>
barrier n w>vXt}wDCmw>˜ w>t'l.vXt}wDwHmwmw>˜
w>'DwH>Cmw>
barrow n vh.qD.zd
bartender n ySRvXuwJmuwDRoH; rhwrh> w>tDvXw>tD.us; rhwrh>
oH;us;wz.
basalt n vX>olC;vX[JuJxD.cDzsdupX>rh.tltxHck.vDRuhR˜
upX>rh.th.ol
base n 1I w>tcH';˜ w>tcD.xH; 2I w>vD>w>usJvXw>ol.
xD.tDR'fok;tvD>tusJ
basement n 'X;[D.vm
bash v 'J< ySD>ql.ql.ud>ud>
bashful a vXtrJmqS;oh< vXtymrJmymegwohb.
basic a vXtb.C;'D;w>tcD.xH;˜ *H>cD.xH;˜ b.xGJb.C;'D;w>
tcd.oh.xH;
a w>*h>cD.xH;
basin n 1I ovX< w>ylRw>vD>vXybsX.xH< w>vXyohw> vXtylR
basis n w>tcD.xH;cD.bd
basket n em˜ uk˜ pJm(ySR'XekmbktgtgvXtylR)˜ qDok;˜ ouGD.-wR˜
CR˜ wX
basketball n zsX.oG‹
bastard n ySR'XbXzd
bat n 1I bsg 2I eD.yR< w>tbdvXy'dvdmuGJzsX.yR
batch n w>vXyymtDRwylRCD< wzkI wu%l>< w'l.
t'd< [J[H;M>w>tD.wzk0HRwzkwuh>
bath n w>vk.xHusD;
bathe v vk.xH
bathroom n vk.xH'X;
baton n eD.0H>xg
battalion n ok;&h.
14
batter n uvJ;< ud.url.txHyHmyHmvXywhud.t*D>
batter v wD>0HRwD>uhRw>
battery n vDq.'X˜ vDth.
battle n w>'k;w>,R
battleship n ubD'k;ok;
bay n yD.}wDR< xHuh.usDRz;vJ>vXyD.vJ.tylR
bayonet n bD'D˜ usdte;
bazaar n zFg< w>qgw>yS›RtvD>
be v 1I td. 2I rh>
beach n yD.vJ.eHRrJ;ysD< yD.vJ.eHR
v [JuhRpdmw>vXxHusgqlyD.vJ.uX>eHR<
w>vXtd.vXyD.vJ.ylR'D;[JxD.qluX>eHR
bead n zJzsX.< zJo.zsX.
beak n xd.edm
beam n 1I w>wD˜ [H.tw>wDbdz;'d.˜ usdRz;'d.
2I w>qJ;ujyK>xD.
bean n wbh˜ wbhcsH˜ yxd;tuvkmuvkm
bean sprout n obhrJ< obhz;< obhpd;yh>
bear n wRol
v 1I 0H˜ pdm˜ yk˜ ,d; 2I wl>w> 3I bear flowers zDxD.˜
bear fruit o.xD.
beard n c.ql.
bearing n 1I w>td.w>qd;< ouJmy0;
2I w>vXtb.C;< w>b.xGJvdmo;
3I w>vD> (vXewkRzJeusJur.tcg)< w>vD> (rlxH;)
beast n 1I q.zduD>zdttX˜ w>rHRvmtXoD
2I ySRvXtvDRysHR˜ ySRrRtXw>zd
beat v 1I rReXRrRC. 2I wD>˜ 'd˜ vR˜ ySD>˜ ydm
3I rRuvJ< rRusJusD t'd< rRuvJqD'H.
beautiful a 1I CHvR˜ 'd.w>*hR 2I vXtrkm
beauty n w>CHw>vR
because conj tCd˜ t*h>'ftHR˜ rh>vX==tCd
become v uJxD.˜ uJxD.to;˜ vd.xD.
bed n vD>rH˜ vD>rHc;
bed bug n CDR (w>zdC>wuvkm)
bedrock n vX>cH'g
bedroom n rH'X;
bedsheet n vD>rH'g˜ vD>zl'g
bee n uGJ˜ ueJ
beef n *DRzH;n.˜ usD>n.
beehive n ueJ'X˜ uGJ'X
15
beer n bH,X.< oH;vXtp>wuvkm
beetle n pGHR˜ usL;˜ CJC>
befit v -uX;'D;
before adv vXng˜ vXtrJmng˜ qd˜ ympXR< wcsK;
beg v 1I Chun;< ouGHmun; 2I ChtD.w>
beggar n ySRChtD.w>zd
begin v p;xD.
beginning n w>p;xD.w>˜ w>rRoDw>
behave v ymo;˜ 'Dol.ymo;˜ rRto;
behaviour n w>ymol.ymo;˜ w>'Dol.ymo;
behind prep 1I vXvD>cH˜ vXtcsX 2I (td.wh>)vXcH
being n w>vXttd.rltd.*JR
belated a vXtpJRcHuJmqd;
belch v bSd;ud>
n w>bSd;ud>
belief n w>em˜ w>pl>w>em
believe v em˜ pl>w>emw>
bell n 'XvGJ˜ qhvh see also 'cow bell'
belly n [XzX
belong v 1I b.C;'D;˜ rh>tw>< b.C;'D;w>tu&X
t'd< t0Jb.C;'D;o;p>u&X 2I td.vXtvD>tusJ
belongings n w>zdw>vHR (b.C;'D;ySRw*R)
below prep vXtzDvm
belt n ,D>wud;˜ ,D>'huH>
bench n c;xD< vD>qh.eDRxD
bend v 1I uh.vDR˜ ouGHR 2I rRuh.˜ rRouGHRvDR 3I qk;vDR˜
ydmvDR
n uh.˜ uh.usDR
beneath prep vXtzDvm
benefit n w>tbsK;
v
rRe‹>tbsK;
berate v th.vdmql.ql.< u'l;w>ql.ql.
beri beri n w>qgubk< w>qgubX
berry n bJ.&H.o.< w>to.vXtcsH'D;txHtd.tg
berth n 1I ubDtvD>wu0DRzJubDoM 2I vD>rHvXubDrhwrh>
vh.rh.tltylR
beside prep vXtuyR˜ vXtCXR
besides adv / vXM.trJmng< tcd.wvdm
prep
besiege v u0DRCm ('k.'gtd.w>tvD>)
best a t*hRuwX>
best man n cGgvR< wv;rl;ydmcGgtoud;
16
bet v wRw>
n w>wRw>
betel leaf n obsK.v.
betel nut (aricca) n oJ;o.
betray v wwD'D;I [h.vDRuGHmw>vXusJtbs.˜ qgvDRtD.uGHm(ySR)
better a 1I *hRxD.˜ *hR'd.e‹> 2I udn>xD.uhR
between prep vXtbX.pXR˜ vXtuql;˜ vXtusg
beware v yvD>ol.yvD>o;I t'd< yvD>eo;vXySRvDw>zdwuh>
beyond prep 1I vXb;cD˜ rJmng 2I tge‹> (yw>ohw>b.)
biased a wcDwXR
bib n c.xH'D
bible n vHmpDqSH
bicker v th.vdmo;wvD>vD>
bicycle n vh.,D>
bid n 1I w>wD.xD.w>tyS›RuvHRphvDRvJvXurRw>wrHRrHRt*D>
2I w>[h.w>tyS›R (vXuyS›Rw>wrHRrHRzJySRqgwRw>tcg)
v 1I wD.xD.w>tyS›RuvHRphvDRvJvXurRw>wrHRrHRt*D>
2I [h.w>tyS›R (vXuyS›Rw>wrHRrHRzJySRqgw>wRw>tcg)
big a 'd.
big dipper n q.uqD
bigger a vXt'd.M>
bike n vh.,D>
bilingual a w>ohusdmcHusdm
bill n 1I u'GJp&D 2I xd.tedm
bin n w>t'XvXu'XEkmw>wrHRrHRt*D>
bind v pXCm˜ ChCm˜ bd.bH
binoculars n rJmuvRegyDR
biodiversity n w>rltuvkmuvkm
biology n w>rlyDng< w>Ckoh.ngrRvdw>o;orl
biosphere n w>rltw0X
bird n xd.
birth n w>td.zsJ.˜ w>qH;p>zd
birthday n eHRtd.zsJ.
biscuit n ud.bh;pfuh;< ud.pSd;Ch
bit n 1I w>tuhtcDqH;qH;zd 2I uoh.x;th.tbdvXySR'k;th.
xDCmtDR 3I wylue.
bite v th.˜ (*k>)zs;
bitter a c.
bitter-gourd n cDcgo.˜ oDcgo.
bizarre a vXtvDRqD< vXtwnDEk>rRto;
black a/n ol˜ tvGJ>ol
17
blackboard n oh.b.ol
black eye n rJmySRol
black market n zFgol< zFgolrk>0JRw>rR
blacksmith n wrmol˜ ySRydmx;ydmCJm˜ ySRydmw>zd
bladder n qH.'X
blade n 1I 'Due.˜ w>tue. 2I wyH>tv.
blame v ymw>ur.
bland a bsg< t&D>wtd.b.
blank a cDvD˜ cDvDvD˜ vXttd.uvD˜ td.vDR[dvDRzsJ.
blanket n ,.vk;
blare v oD.u}oD< oD.'fuGJRoD.tod;
n w>oD.u}oD< w>oD.'fuGJRoD.tod;
blast v rRzsd;w>owl>uvm˜ yd>z;
n 1I w>yd>z;xD. 2I (uvHR)tlwysKmwysDRw>
bleach v rR0gxD.˜ q+.0gxD.
n *mtD.0g
bleak a vXt*d>tck.< vhRysD< w>rk>v>wtd.< wrkmwck.
bleed v oGH.vDR˜ oGH.ykmxD.
blend v rRusJ.usDw>˜ CgCkmw>
bless v qd.*hRqd.0g˜ 'k;b.bsK;b.zSd.w>
blind a rJmbsD.
n w>eJ
blinds n w>eJ< w>rRo'Xrk>tw>ud>
blink v zs;qH;rJm
bliss n w>o;ckeD>eD>
blister n uzdxH
bloat v nd;xD.< uzdxD.
block v }wDwHmw>˜ rRwHmwXRCmw>˜ bsDw>
n w>tud>vd.˜ (oh.)tusD.z;'d.
blond a cd.ql.bDp>
blood n oGH.
blood clot n oGH.ud.vd.˜ oGH.'k;
blood group n oGH.u±l>
blood pressure n w>xd.oGH.*H>qD.
gauge
bloodshot a rJmcsH*DR
bloom v 1I bd.xD.z;xD. 2I vd.bDbdxD.
blossom v zDxD.˜ oH.xD.zDxD.
n w>tzD˜ oH.{dRzD{dR
blouse n qhuRbsD;˜ qhuRu0DRudm< qhuRbsD;vXydmrk.t*D>
blow v 1I (uvHR)tlw>˜ tlozSdw> 2I 'H0hR0DR

18
blue a/n vgtJ;˜ tvGJ>vgtJ;
bluff n w>ymrRto;'D;vDM>w>< uX>bHvDR
v ymvDRto;'D;vDM>w>
blunt a 1I vXtue.vlR 2I vXtuwdRw>vdRvdR
blur n w>urDS>urSm˜ w>urSHurSg˜ w>zsgu'k
v rRvDRu'kuGHmw>< rRzsgurSHurSg
blush v rJmxD.*DR
boar n 1I xd;wH> 2I xd;zgwH> 3I xd;zgM
board n oh.b.z;vJ>
v xD.ql (ubD rhwrh> ubD,lR)tvdR
boast v uwdR'd.tudm˜ uwdRw>uzXvX˜ uwdR*hRuwdRvRto;
boat n csH
body n w>trd>yS>
bodyguard n ySRyXRo;orl
bog n uysXR
boil v csDw>< csDuvmw>
n w>0h˜ w>0hw>usdR˜ w>0hw>usLR
bold a 'luJRrJm˜ 'lu0JR
bolt v 1I ,l>wusL˜ tD.w>tD.cs›cs› 2I Ch>zk;
n 1I eD.pJbd(w>*dmwH>yJ}wDt*D>)
2I x;0Hmbd< x;tbdvXttd.'D;tcd.0Hm
bomb n rh.yd>
v uGHmvDRrh.yd>˜ wh>vDRrh.yd>
bomber n rh.yd>ubD,lR
bond v pXCmvdmto;
n w>vXtpXCmw>< vHmw>tX.vDR
bone n w>CH˜ w>CHw>uGJ
bony a 1I 'd.CH< CJR 2I tCHtg
booby-trap n w>'d;rh.yd>
book n vHm
v yS›RqdM> (vHmysJuh)< rRvdmqd (vHmysJuh)
bookcase n vHmpD>cd.
bookshelves n vHmpD>
boost v qD.xD.tcH< qD.xGJySR*RvXu'd.xD.xDxD.t*D>< qD.xGJ
boot n cD.zH;bl;
border n 1I uD>qX 2I w>o&hR˜ tqX
bore v 1I rRbSH;rRvDRuX.(ySRo;) 2I ysHmzsd
borehole n xHylRz;,dm
boring a vXtvDRuX.
born v td.zsJ.xD.

19
borrow v [H;vd>˜ vd>e‹>w>< [H;M>u'GJ
boss n w>rRrl'gcd.˜ ySRtcd.
bossy a vXtvdmo&.to;
botany n w>ul.b.ul.ohb.C;w>rJw>rg< w>rJw>rgyDng
both a cHcgvdm˜ cHrHRvdm
bother v 1I ue.Ckmw> 2I rRwHmwm(ySR)
bottle n yvD
bottle-gourd n xHvlRo.
bottle opener n eD.cGJ;rD (yvD)
bottom n 1I w>tcH'; 2I cHuD>
boulder n vX>z;'d.˜ vX>cd.vh˜ vX>ud.vd.
bounce v pH.yDyk˜ pH.yxg
boundary n 1I uD>qX˜ uD>o&hR 2I w>vD>tqX˜ w>o&hR
bouquet n zDu'd.
bow [say 'cow'] n wDRvDR,l;,D.
bow [say 'toe'] n csH.
bowels n ySHm
bowl n vDcDzsX.
box n wvg
v rJRw>˜ xdw>
boxer n ySRrJRw>zd˜ ySRxdw>zd
boy n ydmcGgzdo.
boycott n 'l.csXxD'g
bra n qhuRzd˜ qhzsD.zd (qhuRzDvmvXySRydmrk.wz.uR0J)
brace v [H;Cmw>< yX>w>
n w>*XRCmyX>Cm< eD.yX>
bracelet n xHzSH.
bracket n 1I wdRuGDR 2I eD.uDRCmw>˜ eD.uDRbd
brag v uwdR'd.tudm˜ vdmohto;
brain n cd.Elm
brake n eD.zh.˜ eD.ywkm
v zh.Cm˜ ywkmCm
branch n t'ht-w>< t'h
brand v usL;yeD.Cmw>
n w>yeD.
brandy n oH;wuvkmtrHR
brass n wd>bD
brave a 'lCdR< o;'l
bravery n w>o;'l
brawl v th.vdmqd;uhvdmto;o-wK;
n w>th.vdmqd;uhvdmo;vXoD.o-wK;
20
breach v vk>oh.cgywm
n w>vk>oh.cgywmw>od.w>oD
bread n ud. (ud.wuvkmvXySRrRtDRvXbkuFL.)
breadth n tvJ>˜ tcX.
break v 1I rRu>˜ oh.z;˜ rRoh.z; 2I vk>oh.cgywm (w>od.w>oD)
n w>td.bSH;uok.
breakdown v rR[;*DR< bh.vDR (tvh.qH;qH;zd)< eDRz;vDR
n pJ;[;*DR
breakfast n *DRw>tD.
breast n Ek>
breastbone n o;egyS>tCH
breast-feed v 'k;tDEk>
breath v ogxD.ogvDR
breathe n uog˜ ogxD.ogvDR
breed v 1I bk. 2I zSHvDR< z;xD. (q.zduD>zd)
breeze n uvHRzdeJ
brew v 1I csDcDzH.< v;z;xH0HRpk.vDRtDRwpd>zd 2I zDbH,X.
3I ul.tXul.oD< 4I tX.xD.cH;,k>uvm
bribe v [h.cd.z;vmqSd;
n cd.z;vmqSd;
brick n 'X;cD˜ [D.uk>vd.
bricklayer n ySRusJR'X;cD
bride n wv;rl;ydmrk.
bridegroom n wv;rl;ydmcGg
bridesmaid n rk.vR< wv;rl;ydmrk.toud;
bridge n wdR
brief a vXtzk.˜ pSRbD˜ wpd>zd
briefcase n wvgbH.
bright a 1I uyDRqSH˜ ujyK> 2I zFJ;
brilliant a 1I uyDRqSH 2I tcd.Elmcs›
brim n 1I w>uElR 2I tcd.'lI t'd< xHcG;tcd.'l
bring v 1I [Jpdm 2I qSXw>
bring up v vk>'d.xD.< 'k;'d.xD.< od.vdrR,kR
brink n 1I vhcd.'l 2I w>tcd.'l˜ w>cd.'l˜ w>tuwX>
brisk a zSH˜ yh>cs›
brittle a pSd;
broad a vJ>
broccoli n ob.[h
brochure n vHmqH;qH;zdvXt[h.w>upD.
broken-hearted a o;tk;< o;b.zDS.

21
bronze n wd>ol˜ wd>*DR'D;ySm0gusJ.usD
broom n eD.cGJod.
brothel n CJoJ[H.
brother n 'Dyk>0J>cGg
brow n 1I cd.wdo. 2I rJmwl>cd.
brown a/n tvGJ>C;
browse v 1I td;xD.z;vHmwysHmwysm< uG>wysHmwysm<
2I [;tD.wlmeD.{dRrHR{dR
bruise n w>yElRxD.
brunette a/n cd.ql.olvk;
brush n vk.cGH˜ eD.cGH
brutal a vXt&X>tpX>< vXttXtoD< vXtrRotk;oySDRw>
brutality n w>rRtXotk;oySDR
bubble n (xH)tpH.ydvd
bucket n xHpJR
buckle n ,D>bs;˜ eD.bs;zd(vX,D>wud; rhwrh> cD.zH;tvdR)
bud n zDtbd.
buddhism n bl;';w>bg
budget n phwdmym
buffalo n ye>
bug v rRwHmwmrRthMw>
n CDR(w>zdvHRzdC>tuvkmuvkm)
build v whxD.˜ bSDxD.˜ rRtd.xD.˜ ol.xD.
builder n ySRol.xD.bSDxD.w>zd
building n w>ol.xD.bSDxD.
bulb n 1I w>wH>˜ w>'H. (w>rJw>rg) 2I vDrh.tlo.
bulge v uzDxD.˜ uzXxD.˜ urdmxD.˜ rdmulRxD.
n w>uzdxD.
bull n usD>zgxD'H.˜ *DRzH;zgxD'H.
bulldozer n bl.'d.p.˜ odvh.}wDmw>
bullet n usdcsH˜ usdo.
bully v rReXRrRC.
n ySRrReXRrRC.w>
bump v b.wd> t'd< odvh.b.wd>'D;oh.xl.
n 1I w>nd;vXtb.'db.xH; 2I w>b.wd>˜ w>b.xH;
bumper n odvh.o'D (x;bdvXttd.vXodvh.trJmng'D;vD>cH'fod;
u'Do'Xodvh.t*D>)
bun n 1I ud.(wuvkm) 2I cd.bd.˜ cd.uGm
bunch n w>tu'd.˜ w>tu-wL>
bundle n w>bd.w>pSXR˜ w>tu'd.
bungalow n [H.wu-xXqH;qH;zd
22
buoy n zsX.xD.zD
burden n w>0HCX
bureaucracy n bFL.&d.jch.pH.
bureaucrat n bFL.&d.jch.pH.oElzd˜ up>oElzd
burglar n wrsm˜ ySRbX.zsdw>
Burma n uD>y,DR
Burman adj/n ySRy,DRzd
Burmese adj/n ySRuD>y,DRzd
burn v (rh.tl)tD.w>˜ 'GJ.qSd(vXrh.tl)˜ ud>oG.
n w>ud>vDRbsL;
burrow n q.zduD>zdtylR(vX[D.cd.vm)
burst v yd>z;xD.
bury v cl.vDRuGHm˜ cl.vDRbsXvDR˜ u;bXCm
bus n bX;(pf)I odvh.y'X;ySRunD
bush n wySDm
business n rk>0JRw>rR˜ yeHmuRw>rR
businessman n ySRrRyeHmw>uR
bus station n bX;(pf)oM< odvh.oM
bus stop n bX;(pf)ywkmvD>
busy a vXtw>rRtg
but conj b.q.'D;< oemuh< rhwrh>b.'D;
butcher n ySRvXtqgw>zH;w>n.
butter n xDy;
butterfly n pd;uyhR
buttocks n cHuD>< cHud>
button n qhEk>o.˜ qhuRo.
buttonhole n qhEk>o.ylR< qhuRo.ylR
buy v yS›Rw>
by prep / bl;'D;< vXtod;< vXtvdR< vXtCXR< vX
adv

23
Cc

cab n 1I odvh.'d;ig 2I ySReD.vh.rh.tltvD>

cabbage n ob.bd.cd.< wb.bd.cd.
cabin n 1I 'J< [H.oh.qH;qH;zdvXw>bDStDRvXyS>v>usg
2I vD>rH'X;vXubDylR
cabinet n 1I y'd.tySRul.vdmw>wu&X 2I
bH.'d.vXty.Ckm'D;tu xXwz.
cable n x;oGJysHR
cactus n xd.'d.eJ;tuvkm
cadet n ySRo;p>vXtxD.ok;cd.zd rhwrh> yXRuD>w>rRvdwz.
caesarean n uGJ;td.zsJ.zd
section
café’ n us;qH;qH;zdvXtqgw>tD.w>tD
cage n (xd.)-wR˜ (xd.)}ud˜ uydR
cake n ud.ch;< ud.wuvkmvXySRrRtDR'D;bkuFL.< qD'H.<
tHo.qX
calculate v *H>'G;w>< 'G;w,mw>
calculator n pJ;'G;eD.*H>
calendar n vHmeH.vHmvg
calf n 1I *DRzH;zd< uqDzd˜ n.vlRcd.zd 2I cD.'k.o.
call v 1I ud;xD.˜ ud;yol 2I ud;(ySR)
calm a td.bS›.˜ td.Cduvm˜ td.*X>wyX>
v rRvDRu-wLm˜ rRvDRu,;(w>td.o;)
camel n uDRvRtl;
camera n w>'dw>*DR'X˜ cJr&>
camouflage v rRvDR*mvDRbXw> t'd< ok;zdwz.rRvDR*mvDRbXt
o;'D;oh.v.zJtvJRw>vXyS>usgtcg
camp n 'Ju0DR
campus n zF.pdrdRu&X>
can v uJ˜ oh
n x;0g'X
canal n 1I xHbD 2I xHusdR(vXySRcl.e‹>tDR)
canary n xd.uH.qSJ<
xd.uH.qH;qH;zdwuvkmvXtvGJ>bD'D;o;0H.w>oh
cancel v xl;oHuGHmw>< -wLm[gr>uGHmw>< rR[;*DRuGHmw><
qduwD>uGHmw>zH;w>rRvXurR0J
cancer n cJpX.(w>qg)
candle n yeJ0g˜ yeJ˜ yeJbd˜ yeJwX.
candlestick n yeJxl.
24
cane n *h>
cannibal n q.zduD>zd'D;ySRt&X>tpX>vXttD.oHupJmtn.u'Ju'J
cannon n rsdm
canoe n csHtzSHuwX>'D;xDwuvkm
canyon n w>}wd,dm
cap n cd.zsD.plcd.˜ cd.zsD.
capable a vXtoh
capacity n w>}wD> t'd< x;0g'Xtw>}wD>rh>0JxHpJRcHzsX.
2I w>vXyrRtDRohrRtDRM>
cape n 1I [D.egphR 2I w>uR rhwrh> w>uH;nmzdvXySRuRtDR
vXySRzHb.cd.vdR
capital n 1I 0h>cd. 2I tJuvH;vHmzsX.'d. 3I phrd>yS>
capitalism n usd.phup>oEl
capitalist n/a usd.phup>< ySRvXtJ.'d;uJusd.phup>
capsule n 1I uoH.zsX.td.'D;tzsD.
2I w>vD>vXySRrlysDzdwz.qh.eDR0JzJt'd;0JrlzsX.'dtcg
captain n 1I ok;cd.pd 2I ySRtcd. t'd< zsX.xlu&Xtcd. 3I ubDcd.
captive n 1I ySRb.w>pXCm˜ ySRvXw>zD.e‹>tDR 2I w>rHRvmvX
w>zD.e‹>tDR
capture v 1I zD.e‹>ySR 2I zD.e‹>w> 3I 'k;M>w>
car n odvh.
carbon dioxide n c.bd.'J.tD;pJ;
card n c;uh< p;cdwD.
cardamom n rmtH;o.
cardboard n p;cdwD.vXybSDwvgoh
cardigan n qhuRvXR
care v 1I tH;xGJuG>xGJ˜ tH;uG> 2I uG>xGJ
career n o;orltw>rR'DpdR
carefree a obs›vXrl'g< vXtol.obs›o;obs›
careful a yvD>o;˜ tH;uG>xGJw>*hR*hR
careless a wyvD>o;b.˜ wrRw>vDRwH>b.qJ;
caretaker n ySRtH;xGJuG>xGJw>˜ ySRuG>xGJw>
cargo n 1I w>y'X; 2I yeHm (vXw>y'X;tDR)
cargo ship n ubDy'X;w>
carnival n bl.o;zSH
carol n c&Hmtd.zsJ.w>o;0H.
car park n w>ymodvh.vD>
carpenter n ySRwhbSDw>
carpet n cD.,D>'g
carriage n 1I uoh.vh.u[. 2I vh.rh.tl (twGJ)
carrot n wb.bDwH>
25
carry v 0H˜ pdm˜ wD˜ yk˜ ,d;
cart n vh.qD.˜ vh.
cartographer n ySRwh[D.cd.*DRzd
cartography n w>wh[D.cd.*DRyDng
carton n ovgp;cd rhwrh> zs;pwH;< ovgvXw>bSDtDRvXp;cd rhwrhh>
zs;pwH;
cartoon n w>*DRrSH
carve v 1I ul;ugw>n. 2I 'D.˜ pd;ysR(oh.)
case n 1I w>ylRw>vD> 2I wvgpdmpk 3I oJp;tw>*h>
cash n usd.{dRph{dR˜ pheD>
cashew nut n wcd;bH.bhcsH˜ wcd;vD.csH< pJ;uvJ;csH
cashier n ySRzD.ph
cash register n pJ;*H>ph
cassette n uJ;pJ;uGDR
cassette player n uJ;pJ;'X
cast n w>vXySRodtDR0HR
v uGHmvDR˜ [k;vDR˜ odw>(bSDw>)
castle n wdmcX.oeX.˜ wdm
castor oil plant n cH.wHm˜ rmwd
castrate v 'hw>'H.
casual a vXtrR'.to;< b.M>twDR< zsgvXw>wymol.ym
o;tylR
cat n o.rH,DR
catalogue n vHmeJ.&d
catapult n eD.bsK;
catastrophe n w>*h>uDz;'d.vXyX>xD.owl>uvm< w>wwX>weg
t'd< xH'd.bXw>< [D.cd.[l;
catch v 1I zD. 2I rRe‹>w> 3I rRe‹>(w>qg) t'd< rRe‹>w>ck.b.
4I csK;(vh.rh.tl)
catch up v vlRcsK;
caterpillar n oHrd>yDR˜ oHrd>xh.
catfish n n.ud.
cathedral n &drJcJ;ovH;w>vk>[H.< w>bgvD>
cattle n *DRzH;tzk˜ usD>t*D>
cauldron n oyXRz;'d.˜ oyXRrd>[k
cauliflower n wb.zD
cause v 'k; (uJxD.)˜ 'k; (td.xD.)
n w>t*h>tusdR
caution n w>yvD>y'Do;< w>'k;yvD>y'DySRto;
cautious a vXtyvD>o;

26
cave n vhutdylR˜ vX>utdylR
cavern n vX>ylR'd.˜ vhylR'd.
cavity n 1I w>tdylR 2I rJutd
cease v ywkm˜ qdwh>
ceasefire n w>ywkmw>c;< w>ywkmw>'k;
ceaseless a wqduwD>eDwbsD
cedar n oh.qSdth&h;
ceiling n w'dvm'g˜ CD;vm'g
celebrate v rRvRuyDRw>
celebration n rl;o;zSH˜ w>rRvRuyDR
cell n 1I Cdm'X; 2I pJ(vf) rh>w>t,JRvXtymzSd.xD.to;'D;
uJxD.0Jn.xl.˜ zH;˜ CH˜ ol.˜ oGH.zsX.
cellar n 'X;vmzd< 'X;zdvXtd.vX[D.cd.vm
celsius n pJvfpH,X.pf< w>xd.w>ud>teD.*H>
cement n *mvX>url.
cemetery n w>oG.cd.
censorship n w>yJmxH-wLmoH
census n w>xXxHzduD>zdeD.*H>
cent n pJ(xf) trJ&uRphw'Dv.M.td.0Jwu,RpJ(xf)
centigrade n pJ;wH.u&h;I w>xd.w>ud>teD.*H>xH;
centimetre n pJ;xH.rHxX.I w>xd.w>tvJ>txDteD.*H>xH;
centipede n ';bD
centre n w>tcX.o;
century n eH.,RzSd.˜ pdRu,R˜ ,RzSd.eH.
cereal n w>cHstD.I w>rJw>rgtcsHvXw>tD.tDRohI t'd< bk˜ bkuFL.
ceremony n rl;˜ bl.
certain a 1I vDRwH> 2I (w>)wcgcg˜ (w>)wrHRrHR˜ (ySR)w*R*R
certificate n vHmtk.o;
cervix n 'XvD>cd.xd;
chain n 1I zJoGJ 2I x;oGJ
chain saw n pJ;vG;
chair n vD>qh.eDR˜ c;
chairman n ySRyXRvD>qh.eDR
chalk n [D.cd.0g
challenge v wRw>
chameleon n cGH.
champion n (ySR)pJ.eDR˜ ySRtzFJ;uwX> (vXw>jyX)
chance n w>b.twDR˜ w>tcX;*hR˜ w>tcGJ;t,m
a
w>vXtb.twDR˜ vXtrR'.to;

27
change v 1I vJvdm˜ qDwvJ˜ cDvJ 2I rRvDRqD˜ bSDuhR
n
3I uvHRuvJ
1I w>vJvdm 2I phvDRzSH.
channel n 1I xHtusdR 2I w>rRtusdRtuGm 3I uGJR[lzsgvDusdR
channel (of the n yD.vJ.xHusdR
sea)
chant n rRvk>tk.xg
chaos n w>obH.bk.
chap n ySRydmcGg
chapter n tqX'd.
character n 1I ouJmy0; 2I ySRvXw>uGJ;t*h>vXw>wJtylR
charcoal n oGJ.v;˜ oG.
charge v 1I [H;e‹>w>tyS›R< ymw>tyS›R 2I xD.qlng(ok;*h>0D)˜
n
wzdSxD.w> (ok;*h>0D) 3I ymzsgw>pH.nD.˜ pH.nD.ymzsg
in charge rl'gcd.
charity n w>[h.o;unDRw>u&X
charm n 1I w>&J> 2I w>orly,> 3I w>wrHRvXySRym'd.tDR
v
orly,>w>˜ &J>e‹>w>
chart n 1I vHmwdRzsg 2I [D.cd.*DRvXySRubDzdt*D>< [D.cd.*DRvX'k;
eJ.yD.vJ.xHusdR
chase v vlR˜ vlRxGJ(tcH)˜ vlRzD.(w>bs.)
chat v wJw>˜ yd.w>
chauffeur n ySReD.odvh.˜ ySRvXtvk>tD.to;orlvXw>eD.odvh.
cheap a tyS›Rb.< tyS›RqH;
cheat v vDtD.ySR˜ vDw>˜ rRclol.w>
check v uG>xHorHord;
checkpoint n ySRorHord;w>tvD>
cheek n bd;yR
cheeky a vXtouJmy0;wCHwvR
cheer v [h.*H>[h.bgrRzSHxD.
cheerful a ySJR'D;w>ol.zSHo;nD
cheese n w>Ek>xHvDRouR
chef n ySRzDw>tcd.< ySRzDw>pJ.eDR
chemical n *mw>zdw>vHR
chemical n *mpku0JR
weapon
chemist n ySRzD.uoH.
chemistry n w>rRvdCkoh.ngb.C;*mo0H<
w>txHted'D;w>ud.vd.wz.
cheque n cFJ;< p;cdvXySRuGJ;rRvdmphvXphwX;
cheque book n cFJ;u-wL>

28
cherry n ovhRo.
chest n 1I o;egyS> 2I wvgz;'d.
chew v th.bsJ;w>tD.(ySRunD)˜ *HmbsJ;w>tD.(q.zduD>zd)
chewing gum n w>yHmqX
chick n qDzd
chicken n qD˜ qDzd˜ qDn.
chickenpox n w>xD.xgw>qg< w>qgvX>xH
chickpeas n wbhpled;
chief n ySRt'd.uwX>
child n zdo.
children n zd'Hzdo.
chill v rRck.w>I t'd< rRck.w>n.vXw>ck.'XtylR
chilli n rd>[Jo.
chime v 'XvGJoD.< 'd'XvGJ< rRoD.w>uvk>
chimney n rh.vk>ysdm
chimpanzee n cFH.yJ;pH.< wR,k>wuvkmvXtrJ>wtd.
Chin n ySRcFDzd
chin n c.˜ c.pd;eg
China n uD>pH. (w±l;uD>)
china n vh>I t'd< vDcD rhwrh> cG;
chinese spinach n wrhRvD˜ rhRwvD'd;
chip n 1I t.vlqJ;od 2I w>tuhzdvXtydmuGHm
v
rRydmuGHm
chisel n x;ysR
chlorophyll n csd.&d.zhvf (w>vXrRvg[hxD.oh.v.)
chocolate n cFD;uvJ;
choice n w>CkxX
choir n w>o;0H.&d˜ ySRo;0H.w>wzk
choke v vDRuwHm˜ uwmI t'd=w>[;vD>tylRvDRuwHm'D;p;cd
cholera n w>vlbSd;
choose v CkxXxD.
chop v 1I 'D.vDR(w>n.) 2I ,JmvDR(w>n.) 3I qSDvDR˜ oGJ.vDR
4I zs;
chopping board n cl
chopsticks n eD.wHmbd
chorus n cd&XmI w>o;0H.tqXvXyo;0H.u'gtDRwqX0HRtvD>cH
Christian n/a ySRc&Hmzd
Christmas n c&Hmtd.zsJ.trl;
chronic a 1I w>qgxX˜ w>qg,HmxX 2I vk>v>tXvXuJxD.o;xDbd
chrysalis n oHrd>yDRt'X
chrysanthemum n zDujyK
29
church n w>bgtvD>˜ o&dm
cicada n CJC>˜ CJrd>yS>
cigar n rdmxlol˜ rdmvXw>xloltDR'.xJngol;tv.
cigarette n rdmxl0g˜ pHu&J;
cinema n w>*DRrl'X;
cinnamon n oh.u'g&RtzH;
circle n [ Ο ] 0;uGDR
circulation n 1I w>vJRw&H;to; 2I w>rRvJRw&H;to;
circumcise v w>ul;w&H;xh.zH;cd.xd;
circumstance n w>rRto;< w>*h>w>usdR< w>b.C;
circus n pX;cX;< w>'k;eJ.w>*JRwuvkm
citizen n uD>zd˜ ySRuD>zd
city n 0h>'d.˜ cl0h>
civilian n/a ursX>< ySRvXtrRw>vXok;ylR
civilize v rRqJ;rRvRxD.
civil service n ursX>w>zH;w>rRusdRuGm
civil war n xHvD>uD>ylRw>'k;
claim v 1I ChuhR 2I Chw>
clam n csd.wHm
clap v 'Jpk
clapper n eD.wD}uD>˜ 'J;bd;
clarify v ymzsg*hRxD.< rRzsgqSHxD.
clarinet n yHyDR
clash n 1I w>b.'db.xH;vdmto;< w>xD'gvdmto;<
v b.'db.xH;vdmto;< xD'gvdmto;vXw>qXuwD>zk.udm
clasp v pSDRwH>˜ pSDRCm˜ wHmCm
n uGDRpJ< uGDRvXt'k;pJbl;w>zdw>vHRcHcg
class n 1I twDR 2I ySRtwDRywD>
classic a/n w>uJxD.o;t*hRuwX>vXpdRwpdR0HRwpdR
(pdRud;pdR'J;b.o;tDR)
classification n w>eDRz;w>tuvkmtqX
classroom n wDR'X;
claw n pkrh.(q.zduD>zdtpkrh.)
clay n [D.ubk;< uyHm
clean a uqSD˜ zsguqSJuqSD
v rRuqSD(w>)
clear a vXtzsgysD˜ zsgqSH
v rRzsgqSH˜ rRysDuGHm
clerk n ySRuGJ;vHmzd˜ ySRuGJ;vHm< p&h
clever a zFJ;

30
click v oD.csJ;< oD.wJ;
n pH> (oD.csJ;)
cliff n vh˜ vX>rk>< vhubs.
climate n 1I w>uok.uoH;< w>uwD>< 2I w>td.o;
climb v xD.˜ vJRxD.
cling v zd;wH>˜ zd;Cm
clinic n w>[h.uoH.'X;
clint n vX>xl.vXupDRxD.˜ vX>xD;xH
clip v wHmuGHm
clitoris n vH>bh
clock n e.&H.< e.&H.vXw>'l.uyR
clockwise adv vJR'fe.&H.
close ['s'] a 1I bl; 2I vhRwk>vhRwDR
close ['z'] v u;wHm
closely adv bl;bl;
cloth n w>uH;nm
clothes n w>ulw>od;˜ w>ulw>uR
clothesline n ysHRvdvDRw>uH;nm˜ ysHRbs;vDRw>uH;nm
clothes peg n eD.wHm (w>uH;nm)
cloud n w>tX.
cloudy a w>tX.tk;
clove n zDcd.rD.< vhnhzD
clown n ySRuvH˜ ySR*JRvDReHRw>
club n 1I csX;(bf)˜ ySRw>u&Xu&d˜ u&X(wzk) 2I eD.vJm
clue n w>*h>tEGH˜ tEGHtxd;
clumsy a pDRusDR< ySRvXtwu'kvDRwH>
cluster n tulR˜ tcsH.I t'd< pyH;o.wulR
v &dzSd.to;I t'd< ySR&dzSd.ySRo;vXuFdrJmngtgr;
clutch v pSDR˜ pSDRCH;
coach n 1I bX;(pf)< y'X;ySRvJRw>t,HR 2I 'X;bs;< w>t'X;z;'d.vX
ySRvJRw>zdqh.eDR0J-wD>tg*RI t'd< vh.rh.tlt'X;bs;td.0J
tgr; 3I ySReJ.vdw>
v eJ.vdw>˜ [h.w>rRvd
coal n vX>oGJ.v;
coalition n u&XzSd.˜ y.wH.zSd.
coarse a CdCJ;< wbs›b.< vXtoGJ;
coast n yD.vJ.uX>eHR˜ yD.vJ.eHR< yD.vJ.uX>*h>
coat n qhuRcd;
cobbler n ySRbSDcD.zH;
cobweb n uyDRvkR˜ uyDR'X

31
cock n qDzg< qDzguD>
cockerel n qDzguD>
cockroach n pDvD
coconut n CDRo.
code n 1I w>uwdRclol.˜ 2I w>od.w>oD(vXw>ymvDR0J)
coffee n cDzH.
coffee pot n cDzH.oyXR
coffin n usKm< ySRoHwvg
coil n w>tuGDR
v uGDRxD.(ysHR)˜ 0HusDRxD.
coin n wd>(wbh.)
coincidence n 1I w>uJxD.o;wbsDCD< w>b.qX.b.wDR
2I w>b.vdmzd;'hvdmto;'D;w>*R
cold n w>ck.b.˜ w>b.wrkm
a ck.
cold war n w>'k;ck.<w>'k;vXySRwolw>pku0JRb.'D;xHuD>u'Ju'J'k;vdm
o;cDzsdxH%l>uD>oJ;oEl'D;rk>usdR0JRuGm t'd< w>'k;ck.vX (USA) 'D;
(USSR) tbX.pXR
collapse v 1I vDRySD> 2I vDRySDR
collar n udmv.< qhuRtudmv.vXudmbd
collarbone n [d;CH< [d;uh.CH
colleague n ySRrRoud;w>zd
collect v xXzSd.˜ ChzSd.Cm˜ ymzSd.˜ xXxD.[H;xD.
collection n w>xXzSd.˜ w>ymzSd.˜ w>vXySRymzSd.CmtDR
college n uFd'd.uFdxD˜ cDvh.udF
collide v b.wd>vdmo;˜ b.xH;vdmo;
collision n w>b.xH;vdmo;˜ w>b.wd>vdmo;
colon n ySHmyS>
colonel n ok;cd.'d.pd
colony n cd.vd.eH.w>yX< xHuD>vXw>yXtDRvXuD>*R< cDveH.w>yX
colossal a vXtz;'d.
colour n tvGJ>
colourful a tvGJ>ySJR˜ tvGJ>*hR< ySJR0J'D;tvGJ>tuvkmuvkm
column n 1I ubsH;yRusdR˜ w>tusdRwudsRvXvHmubsH;yRtylR (usdR
qXxX.) 2I wX.˜ xl.(vXw>bSDtDRvXx;§vX>§*mvX>)
coma n w>o;oyhR
comb n oH.
v cGH(tcd.)
combine v usJ.usDCkm˜ ymCkm˜ CgCkmw>˜ ymzSd.Ckm
come v 1I [J 2I come up [JxD.
comedian n ySRrRuvd>w>˜ ySRrRvDReHRw>
32
comedy n 1I w>rRuvdmw> (w>rRvDReHRw>) 2I yluvdm (ylvDReHR)
comet n q.rJ>xD.
comfort n 1I rRrkmySRto; 2I rRzSHxD.uhRySRto;<
v vXw>rRrkmySRo; w>rRzSHxD.ySRo;
comic n ylrSH< ylvXttd.'D;w>*DR'D;vDReHRvXzdo.uz;0Jt*D>
comma n [ , ] eD.w0H;
command v rX˜ rRvdm˜ [h.w>uvk>
n w>rX˜ w>rRvdm˜ w>[h.w>uvk>˜ w>yXb.
comment v ymzsgw>xH.
commerce n w>rRyeHmw>uR
committee n urH;wHm
common a vXtb.C;(ySR§w>)cJvXm˜ vXtrRnDEk>to;
communicate v qJ;usX˜ qJ;usd;
communication n w>qJ;usXqJ;usd;
communism n cD.rFLeH;oEl
community n ySRtw0X
commute v 1I vh>vdRrRw>vXw>'h.pXRt,HR
2I vJvdmrRnDxD.(w>pH.nD.)
comfortable a vXtrkm
companion n wHRoud;˜ ySRvXtvJRoud;˜ ySRrRoud;w>
company n 1I cDyeH.< yeHmw>uRtu&X 2I w>'DwHR'Doud; 3I tu&X
t'd< ySR*JRuvH.zdtu&X 4I ok;'h
compare v xd.o}wDR˜ ymo}wDR˜ uG>o}wDR
comparison n w>xd.o}wDR
compass n 'Dvh>*DR
compasses n eD.0H>w&H;
compel v rRql.< rXql.< rReXRrRC.
compete v jyXvdmo;˜ jyX
competition n w>jyX
competitor n ySRjyXw>
complain v ymw>ur.˜ qSd;˜ utkupGg
complement n w>vXtrRvXxD.ySJRxD.w>< rRySJRxD.ySJRxDw>
complete v rRvXySJR˜ rR0HR
a vXySJR˜ 0HR
completely adv vXvXySJRySJR
complicated a vXttd.obH.bk.vdmo;˜ vXtuDcJ
compliment n w>pH;y-wXR˜ w>pH;xD.y-wXR˜ w>pH;*hRpH;0gw>
compose v 1I usJRtd.xD.< usJRuhRw> 2I uGJ;w>o;0H. compose of
3I 'k;uJxD.< rRuJxD.< ymzSd.w>< 4I ymo;*X>*X>< yXRto;
composer n ySRuGJ;xg˜ ySRuGJ;w>o;0H.
33
composition n w>uGJ;ymzSd.˜ uh>*DRymzSd.
compulsory a vXySRb.rRpJCJR< vXtuJxD.vXw>rXql.tCd
computer n cD.zFLxX.
comrade n wHRoud;wH>eD>< od.'lod.rSHR
conceal v ymw'X˜ ymclol.
conceited a vXtym'd.to;˜ ymuzXo;˜ o;xD.xD
concentrate v 1I o;pX>qX 2I rRyHmxD.
concern v b.C;'D;
n w>b.C;˜ w>b.xGJ
concert n rl;o;zSH
concession n w>ysJrRw>˜ rRw>yXcGJ;,m< w>[h.w>tcGJ;
concessionaire n ySRe‹>cGJ;xk;xD.[D.cd.yeHm
conclude v 1I rRuwX>uGHm 2I pH.nD.wJm< pH;vXcHuwX>
concrete n *mvX>'g
condemn v 1I pH.nD.C.< tk.to;xD'gw>< 2I ymzsgySRtw>ur.<
[h.w>pH.nD. 3I w>ol.xD.vD>vHRvXy'd.}wDtDRvXySR
w-uX;td.
condensation n w>o0HysdmvJqlxH
condense v rRzSd.˜ rRwHR˜ rRzk.vDR
condition n w>td.to;˜ w>*h>w>usdR(vXtb.C;'D;w>tX.vDR)
condom n cGgw>zsD.˜ ydmcGgtxh.zsD.˜ cD>'D>I rh>'.&X;bX.blblwcg
vXydmcGgzsD.EkmtDRzJwcsK;rHCkm'D;ydmrk.tcg
conductor n 1I ySReJ.xg 2I ySRorHord;vHmtk.o; t'd< vXbX;(pf)
'D;vh.rh.tl
cone n 1I zsX.pl˜ w>tzsX.vXtcd.pl 2I qSdtcsH˜ qSdto.
conference n w>td.zSd.ul.vdm˜ w>xH.vdmwX.yD.
confess v tX.vDR
confidence n w>emM>w>< w>emw>eD>eD>< w>emM>vdmo;
confident a 1I vXteme‹>vDRo; 2I vXto;clwvh>td.
conflict n w>b.*Hm*lm
confluence n xHusdvDRqJ;
confuse v rRobH.obk.w>
congratulate v uwdR'd.y-wXR
conifer n oh.qSd
conjunction n 1I w>'k;pJbl;w>< w>td.to;wylRCD<
2I w>uwdRzsX.vXt'k;pJbl;vHmusdR
connect v rRb.xGJ˜ 'k;pJbl;
conquer v rReXR
conscience n o;vXteDRz;w>*hR'D;w>tXtqX< o;tw>oh.ng
conscious a 1I vXyoh.ngvXt*h>< vXto;oh.ngw> 2I to;yX>xD.

34
conscription n 1I w>xXql.ok;
consensus n ySRud;*Rb.o;
consent v tX.vDR[h.tcGJ;
consequence n w>uJxD.ydmxGJw>*RtcH< w>rRto;vXw>*RtCd
conservation n w>&J.oJuwDR< w>uwJmuwDRrR*hRuG>xGJuhR
consider v uG>qdurd.xHq;
considerate a vXtohqdurd.w>
consist v 1I [JvX (w>M.) tCd< y.Ckm
console v 'k;rkm'k;ck.xD.uhRySRto;
consonant n vHmrd>yS>vXw>oD.t'hwtd.
conspiracy n (w>) ul.xD.z;vDRoud;w>vXw>tXt*D>
(w>) rRoud;Ckmw>vXw>wrHRCDt*D>
constellation n q.u±l>
constipation n w>[XzXusXR
constitution n w>ol.xD.w>bsXoJp;cd.oh.
construct v whxD.bSDxD.˜ ol.xD.
consulate n rD>vg0JR'X;
consult n ul.oud;Ckmw>< Chw>[h.ul.< Ckw>[h.ul.[h.z;
consume v 1I rRvXm (w>qXuwD>< w>*H>w>bg) 2I tD.uGHm
3I rh.tltD.[;*DRuGHmw>
contact v 1I qJ;usd;< qJ;usX< 2I xd;b.
contain v ymCkm˜ }wD>
container n w>ylRw>vD>˜ w>'X
contamination n w>rRb.tX
contempt n w>vDRo;b.tX< w>vXyxH.qH;w>
content a 1I vXttd.rHol.rHo; 2I w>td.vXw>wcgcgtylR
contented a vXto;rHoh
contest n w>jyX
continent n uD>rd>yS>
continue v rRu'D;w>qlng
continuously adv uG‹>uG‹>
contraception n w>'Do'XvXw>td.zsJ.zd
contraceptive n w>'Do'X[k;
contract n tX.vDRtDvDRvdmto;*X>*X>usXRusXR< w>tX.vDR
contradict v wvDRyvdm˜ xD'gvdmo;
contrary a vXtxD'gvdmto;< vXtwvdRwCDRCkmw>b.
contrast v 1I xd.o}wDRtw>vDRqDvdmto;< eJ.zsgxD.tw>vDRqD<
vDRqDvdmo;
contribute v rRbl.< rRpXRoud;Ckmw>< wdpXRrRpXR
control v yXqSX&J.usJR
convene v ud;w>td.zSd.

35
convenience n w>(vXt) 'k;nDxD.w>(vXySRt*D>)< w>vXt-uX;tb.
vXyw>td.rkmt*D>
convenient a b.bsD;b.'g˜ td.nD
convention n c0h±SX.< w>td.zSd.z;'d.wuvkm
conversation n w>yd.w>wJ˜ w>wJCJRoud;
convict n ySRCdmzd
v pH.nD.vDR0J˜ pH.nD.vDRw>
convince v rRe‹>ySRto;˜ 'k;emySRvXw>
cook v zD(tD.w>)
n ySRzDw>zd
cooker n z.uGm'X
cool a ck.(ck.zJtrkm)
cooperate v rRoud;w>
cooperation n w>zH;oud;rRoud;w>˜ pkvDRCkmw>rR
copper n wd>*DR
copulate v 1I b.pD˜ b.vlRI q.zduD>zdrd>zgo.[ko.[J.vdmo;
wcsK;b.pD 2I rHCkmI rd>'D;zgrHCkmvdmto;
copy v 1I uGJ;'d(vHm)˜ uGJ;qJ 2I rRxGJ(ySR*RtcH)˜ rR'd;ySR˜ uJ'd;w>
n 1I w>uGJ;'d˜ w>uGJ;qJ 2I w>rR'd;w>
coral n vX>zD
cord n 1I ysHRzd 2I oh.rk.wyltxDtd. 8 cD.,D>< t'D.CDR 4 cD.,D><
tupDRxD. 4 cD.,D> 3I txl.tys>
core n w>tuH>˜ tuH>ylR˜ w>o;uH>
coriander n zDCJ˜ [kySdm
cork n 1I cd.u;< eD.qGHwHmCmw>< yvDcd.zsD. 2I zD;
cormorant n xd.pD>rD˜ xd.vJRol
corn n bkch˜ bkcho.
corner n w>oeX.˜ toeX.
coronation n w>'k;xD.pDRyRtrl;< w>'k;ukmxD.pDRyRvXcd.ovk;
Corporation n cD.y&h±SX.< cDyeH.z;'d.
corpse n ysKR˜ w>oHpd.(ySRunDtpd.)
corpuscle n oGH.tzsX.zd(oGH.0gzsX.§oGH.*DRzsX.)
correct v rRb.uhR˜ bSDb.
a vXtb.
correspond v 1I b.Ckmvdmto; 2I vDRyvdmCkm< b.xGJvdmto;
3I uGJ;wJb.vdmt*h>tusdR
corridor n bX.pXRusJ˜ usJbX.pXR
corrugated iron n x;0g< x;xHvh.
corruption n w>tD.ubsH;tD.ubs.
cosmetics n w>u,XyD;vD
cost n w>tyS‹R
36
costume n w>ulw>uR(vXw>ym'd.ymyeD.tDR)
cosy a rkm˜ b.*D>˜ b.';
cot n zdo.vD>rHc;< zdo.vD>rHpkm
cottage n [H.qH;qH;zd
cotton n bJ˜ bJtxl.
cotton wool n bJvd.
couch n c;uykm< vD>qh.eDRuykm
cough v ul;
n w>ul;
council n uD.u;< w>yXw>jy;tu&X
count v *H>'G;w>˜ *H>Ckm(tDR)˜ 'G;eD.w>
counterpart n ySRrRoud;w>
country n 1I xHuD> 2I cdcd.˜ 'lo0D< u0DR(td.,HR'D;cl0h>wz.)
countryside n cdcd.˜ 'lo0D˜ u0DR(td.,HR'D;cl0h>wz.)
coup n w>[H;ql.uD>w>pdurDR
couple n 1I cHcg˜ cHrHR˜ cH*R 2I 'Drd0R˜ 'Drd>zg
couplet n w>uwdR'Drd>zgI t'd< w>rJw>rg< w>xHw>ed< p&DywD>
courage n w>ol.'lo;'l
course n 1I usJusdR˜ tusdR 2I w>tuwD>(w>rRvdtuwD>)
court n 1I uGD>bsD. 2I vD>ypdmvm< w>tvD>zJpDRyR rhwrh> eD>yRrk.
td.'D;rRw>tvD> 3I ysD< w>vdmuGJtysDwcgv>v>
cousin n wcGg
cove n yD.vJ.uh.usDRzd
cover n 1I cd.uX>˜ cd.u; 2I (vHm)tuk
v rRbX˜ ymbX˜ u;bX
cow n 1I *DRzH;˜ usD> 2I *DRzH;rd>˜ usD>rd>
coward n ySRvXtok.˜ ySRvXtohysHRw>
cow bell n uEl;˜ eD.wd.usd.
cowboy n ySRuG>usD>˜ ySRuG>*DRzH;
crab n qGJ.
crack n w>wJRz;
v rRwJR
cracker n ud.bH;puH;vXtpSd;< ud.pSd;Ch
cradle n zdo.pkmvXw>bSDtDRvXoh.vXw>xd.0;tDRoh
craft n w>pkohcD.oh< w>ul.b.ul.oh< w>ohvH.ohvDw><
w>pkohcD.b.w>rR
craftsman n ySRpkoh
crafty a vXto;qSg˜ vXtqSg˜ vXtbl
crane n 1I xd.'d. 2I pJ;vXtxk;w>CXqltHRqlb;< pJ;pdmw>CX

37
crash v rRobSH;˜ vDRySD>jyLRuvm (cDzsdb.wd>b.xH;vdmo;)
n w>vDRwJmtoD.
crate n rD'X˜ CR (vXw>bSDtDRvX0.< oh.< zs;pwh;[d[d)
crater (of n upX>rh.tltysDxd;
volcano)
crawl v pGg
crazy a wyHwq;< ysK>< tcd.Elmwb.vdmb.p;
creak n w>oD.}uH;}uH;
cream n 1I w>Ek>xHcd.us; 2I uoH.zSL˜ w>wrHRrHRvXyzSLtDR
crease n uElRwdR˜ p;cd(rhwrh>)w>uH;nmcsH;to;˜ twdR˜ w>cHs;
tusdR
create v rRuJxD.˜ rRvd.xD.z;xD.˜ rRtd.xD.˜ 'k;td.xD.
creator n ySRrRuJxD.w>˜ w>whup>˜ ySRvXt'k;uJxD.w>
creature n w>b.wh< q.zduD>zd
credit n 1I w>emw>< w>pl>w>em 2I w>vRw>uyDR
3I w>[h.vXtu'GJ
credit card n u'GJc;uh
creep v pGgu,Du,D
cremate v uk>ySRoHpd.
crest n (qD rhwrh> xd.) tcd.oGH.
crevasse n xHvDRouRtwJRz;
crew n ySRubDzd˜ ySRubD,lRzd˜ ySRrRw>zdvXubD rhwrh> ubD
,lRwz.
cricket n 1I jch;cJ;< w>vdmuGJwuvkm 2I ouHR˜ wuHR
cricket n 1I ouHR 2I w>*JRvdmuGJw>zsX.ovX.vXySR'dtDR'D;uGHmtDR
crime n uGD>rh.˜ uGD>< w>rRur.oJp;
criminal n ySRwl>uGD>
cripple n ySRvXtcD.[;*DR< ySRvXt[;wohcDzsdteD>cduh>*DR[;*DR
crisis n 1I w>qge;uwX>tuwD> 2I
w>qXuwD>zJw>vJvdmz;'d.uwkR vDR< w>e;w>zSD.tuwD>
crisp a pSd;
n t.vlubHs;qJ;od
criterion n w>eD.xd.< eD.xd.w>
critic n ySRvXtnDEk>uG>eDRz;w>t-uX;'D;w-uX;w>*hR'D;w>w*hR
tqX
critical a 1I vXtpH.nD.w>< vXtyJmz;eDRz;w> 2I vXttd.vXw>
b.,d.b.bSDtylR< td.vXw>oH'D;w>rltbX.pXR
criticize v uwdR'k.'JG.
crochet n x;wbdw>cGJ;I t'd< xX.wzsX.vXw>cGJ;tDRvXx;wbd
crochet-hook n x;wuhR
crocodile n wr.˜ or.
38
crooked a vXtuh.tul
crop n ol.zs;wRo.< u,J>w>vXyol.vDRzs;vDRtDR
cross v cD*m˜ cD*mw>
n [ +, x, < ] *mwJm(w>tyeD.)˜ xl.pkng
cross-eyed a rJmwus›
cross-legged a (qh.eDR)u0DRuH.
crossroads n usJ*mwJm
crossword n 0D>*mwJm
crouch v qh.eDRwpDRcD.
crow n pd;0.C;
crowbar n eD.uXx;
crowd n ySR*D>rk>
crowded a uwHm
crown n pDRyRcd.ovk;
crude oil n usJwH;oHod
cruel a ol.tXo;oD
cruelly adv tXtXoDoD
crumble v vDRzSH.˜ vDRuvJ˜ vDRyvhR˜ vDRurl.˜ vDRbsJ;
crumple v rRqH;El;˜ rRu>csH;˜ rRpHRpGJR
crush v rRobSH;˜ ,D>obSH;˜ *HmbsJ;
crutch n eD.xd;}wHm< eD.xd;bdvXySRcD.u>xd;0Jwbd rhwrh> cHbd
cry v [D.˜ ud;yol
crystal n vX>zsguvR< vX>0gqSH
cub n (w>vDR*m'fch,k>) tzdI t'd< ch,k>zd< bD.od.zdI xGH.rHRzd
cube n eX.b.ClrJmo.ylR
cuckoo n xd.rd>{l
cucumber n 'Ho.
cuddle v zd;[k˜ zd;[kzd;Cm
cuff n w>q;csH;(qhuRtpkudm)
culprit n ySRb.w>ur.˜ ySRrRur.w>
cultivate v xlpHmxlySJR< zJ;ck;zJ;oH.< ol.w>zs;w>< rR'd.xD.tgxD.w>
culture n w>qJ;w>vR
cunning a vXtrRblrRqSgto;˜ vXtqSg< vXto;uh.
cup n cG;
cupboard n pdRqDxl.˜ bH.'d.
curb n 1I w>vXtxk;CmySR< w>vXt}wDCmw>
2I w>upDRxD.zdvXttd.vX usJrk>cd.'D;cD.usJtbX.pXR
cure v ,gbsg (w>qg)
curfew n w>uvk>}wDw>[;
curiosity n w>o;CH.Cl˜ w>o;tJ.'d;oh.ngw>

39
curious a 1I vXto;CH.Cl 2I vXtvDRqD
curl n wuH
v rRwuH< rRy0Hm< uGDRto;< rRuh.uGDR
curly a vXtwuH'H
currency n ph< phtrHR< phtuvkm
current n 1I xH,GRusdR 2I uvHR,GRusdR 3I vD,GRusdR
a vXtrRto;chcgcJtHR< vXtb.C;'D;chcgcJtHR
curriculum n w>rRvdrd>yS>
curry n uol
curry powder n rq.v.url.< w>eXrlurl.vXySRxXEkmvXuolylR
curse n w>qd.tXqd.oD
curtain n ,.bs;o'X
curve n w>uh.usDR˜ w>uh.y0Hm
cushion n w>uykm˜ cHuykm
custard apple n oh.,dR[D.o. (tDp.o.)
custom n tvk>tv>
customer n ySRyS‹Rw>zd
customs n w>vD>vXw>orHord;w>bd.w>pSXR< w>cdw>oGJ
customs tax n w>oGJ< w>cdw>oGJ
cut v 'D.wlm˜ ul;wJm˜ 'D.wJm
cutlery n eD.wXReD.qJ;'Dwz.< w>tyD;tvDvXySRoltDRzJySRtD.
w>tcg
cycling n w>'d;vh.,D>
cylinder n zsX.yDR
cymbals n pSX.pSH;

40
Dd

dad n yg< y>

daft a vXto;wq;˜ vXtwyH
dagger n 'D˜ 'Dud;< 'Dzk.zdvXtcd.plwuvkm
daily adv ud;rk>eHR˜ weHRb.weHR
adj vXtuJxD.to;ud;rk>eHR'J;
dairy n w>vD>zJySRxk;xD.w>Ek>xH
daisy n zD'hRpH.
dam n wrX.
damage n w>[;*DR˜ w>[;*lm[;*DR
v rR[;*DR
damp a pk.pD.˜ wkmpD.
dance v *JRuvH.
dandruff n cd.vDRo'H˜ cd.Cm˜ cd.obH
danger n w>b.,d.tvD>
dangerous a vDRb.,d.
dangle v vDRpJR
dare v rRw>bl.˜ bl.
dark a cH;˜ vDRu[k
darken v cH;vDR
dash n [ — ] wdRwkm
v ozSdCDR˜ bsd.CDR
data n w>*h>xXzSd.˜ w>*h>
date n 1I eHRoD 2I rDRodo. 3I rDRodxl. (pGefyvGH)
daughter n zdrk.
daughter-in-law n 'J.rk.
dawdle v vJRuX.ckuX.ck˜ vJRw>vXw>ol.wtd.o;wtd.
dawn n *DRxX.oX˜ w>td.xD.oD
v
rk>*DRxD.< rk>qh.xD.
day n rk>eHR˜ woD˜ rk>qg
daze v rRuwkRo;< rRrXr.ySRto;< rRw,lRySRtcd.
dazzle v qJ;ujyK>
dazzling a q+.rJmq+.eg
dead a oH˜ oHvH
deadline n qXuwD>vXw>ymyeD.vXm< w>oh.qXz;uwD>
deaf a e>wtX
deal n 1I w>rRuRw>< w>yS›Rw>qgw>
v 1I rRuRw>< yS›Rw>qgw> 2I eDR[h.w>I deal with uG>qX.rJm

41
dean n yDngcd. (vXzF.pdrdR)
dear a vXw>tJ.'d.tDR˜ o;bd
death n w>oH˜ w>oHw>yS>
debate n w>uwdR*h>vdmw>
debt n 'h.ur>˜ u'GJ
decay v [;*DRu,Du,D˜ us.˜ tk.
decayed a vD>vHRzDC;
deceit n w>vDe‹>vGJe‹>w>˜ w>ubsH;ubs.
deceive v vDe‹>w>˜ vJGe‹>
December n vg'H.pJbX.< vgtuwX>wvg
decent a 1I vXt-uX;0Jb.0J 2IvXtvDRymuJ'D;b.ol.b.o;
decide v pH.nD.ymvDR˜ ymvDRto;
decimal n w>bsJ.qH
decision n w>pH.nD.wJmw>˜ w>ymvDRo;
deck n 1I ubDtu-xX 2I (zJ) wu%l>
declare v bd;b.&RvDR˜ wJzsgxD.w>
decline v 1I w>tyS›RvDR 2I *h>vdm
decorate v u,XxD.w>˜ u,Xu,Jw>
decoy n wnD.I t'd< qDwnD.
(w>wrHRvXw>oltDRvXuvGJM>w>t*RwrHRt*D>)
decrease v vDRqH;vDRpSR˜ rRp>vDR˜ rRpSRvDR
dedicate v 1I wdmymM>w> 2I [h.vDRto;< bsXvDRto;
deed v 1I w>zH;w>rR 2I vHmrRwDrRrDw>
deep a ,dm
deer n wR[d˜ wR,k>˜ wRCDR˜ orD.˜ wcH(wus.cD.)
defaecate v th.qg
default n 1I w>wrRb.w>rR'fw>vDRb.tDRtod;b.< wrRw>'ft
w>tX.vDRtod; 2I w>wvXwySJR< rReXRw>vXw>jyXrhwrh>
w>vdmuGJcDzsdySRt*RwuyRwEkmvDRjyXw>tCd
defeat v rReXRrRC.
defect n w>vDRwlmvDRum
defective a td.'D;w>vDRwl>vDRum˜ td.'D;w>ur.
defence n w>}wDqX'Do'Xw>< w>u[ku,m*XRCmuhRw>
defend v }wDqX˜ u[ku,m˜ *XRCm
defiant a vXt'k;eJ.zsgxD.w>wb.to;ysDysDzsgzsg< vXtxD'gw>
deficiency n wvXySJRb.
define v 'k;eJ.zsgxD.w>tcDynD< 'k;eJ.zsgxD.w>tpX
definite a vDRwH>vDRqJ;
definition n w>(ymzsgxD.w>)tcDynD< w>eDRz;yJmz;w>t*h>tusdRtqX
deflation n 1I rRpSRvDRuvHRvX (rDxd.ty.) 2I phyS›RxD.˜ phvDRvJ

42
deflect v ('k;) vJRwpGRuGHm< bd;uyRuGHmw> (tusJ)
deforestation n w>rR[;*DRyS>< w>rR[;*DRoh.yS>
deformed a vXtuh>t*DR[;*DR
defy v wRw>˜ cD.qXw>˜ cD.&Dmw>
degrading a vXtol;toh.vDR< vXtrRqH;vDRpSRvDRtvRuyDR
degree n 1I wDR'd.wkmvHmtk.o; 2I 'H>u&H.I t'd< 'Dvh>*DRt'H>u&H.
dehydration n w>xHoH;edoH;
delay v rRpJRcHw>˜ rR,HmrReD>
delegate n cX.p;
delegation n cX.p;tzk˜ cX.p;tu&X
deliberate a '.w>
v ul.xD.z;vDRw>< uX.uD.uG>xHqdurd.w>,>cD,>cD
deliberately adv '.w>˜ wDwD
delicate a vXt[;*DRnD˜ vXtoh.z;nD
delicious a vXt0H.tbJ
delight v b.ol.b.o;˜ rkmvRo;ck˜ ol.rkmo;rkm
deliver v 1I pdmqSX 2I uwdRvDRw>
delivery n 1I w>pdmqSX˜ w>qSXxD.qSXvDR 2I w>td.zsJ.xD.
delta n xHx.pG‹
demand v 1I Che‹>w> 2I Chud>Ch*DRw>
demilitarize v rRpSRvDRok;*H>bg(zJw>'k;0HR)
democracy n 'H.rd.jch.pH.
demolish v rRvDRySD>uGHmw>
demon n w>0Hw>eg< w&Jwc;< w>wC.
demonstrate v 1I 'k;eJ.w> 2I ymzsgw>b.o;
demonstration n 1I w>'k;eJ.w> 2I w>ymzsgw>b.o;
demoralize v rR[;*DRto;< rR[;*DRw>tvk>*hRtv>0g
den n 1I (q.zduD>zd) w>td.o'DtvD>< w>td.clol.tvD> 2I 'X;qH;
dense a yHm˜ wHR ˜ wD.
dent n w>vDRqX.
v rRvDRqX.vDR,X.
dental adj b.C;'D;rJ
dentist n rJuoH.o&.˜ uoH.o&.,grJ
dentures n rJysdm
deny v orX˜ *h>vdm
depart v [;xD.
department n 0JRusdR
department n us;&d'X;
store
depend v oe‹RxD.to;

43
dependent n pJ (uoH.)< w>'d;oMR
a vXt'd;oMRto;
deport v [D[;xD.vXuD>
deposit n w>vXtb.w>ymvDR (vXtpkylR)< (xl< ph) ymzSd.xD.o;tvD><
v ymvDRqdph (pbD>)< ymvDR[h.vDRvX (tpkylR) 'XEkmphvXphwX;ylR
depreciate v 'k;vDRw>tyS›R(vXtuwD>,HmtCd)
depress v 1I qD.vDR 2I qD.wH>rReXR 3I rRo;tk;ySR
depressed a vXw>o;[;*DR
depression n 1I w>o;[;*DR 2I rk>usdR0JRuGmw>td.o;w*hRtuwD>
3I uvHRtw>qD.oeH;pSRtuwD>
depth n w>t,dm
deputy n 1I ySRtcX.p;< w>tcX.p;< 2I (ySRtcd.) cH*Rw*R
descend v 1I vJRvDR 2I vDRpXR
descent n 1I w>[JvDRpXR 2I pH.vDR< pD>vDR
describe v rRzsg˜ wJzsgxD.
description n w>wJzsgxD.< w>ymzsgxD.
desert n rJ;rk>cd.
v ymvDRwJm˜ ymwh>uGHm
deserve v -uX;0J'D;˜ -uX;0JvX˜ -uX;(rRe‹>w>)
design v whw>tuh>t*DRI t'd< t0Jwh,[H.t*DR*hRr;vDR
n w>tuh>t*DRvXw>whtDR
desire v o;vDw>˜ qXe‹>w>
desk n pD>eDRcd.
despair v o;[;*DR
desperate a vXtrRegpdRw>˜ vDRb.,d.˜ vXw>rk>v>wtd.
despise v o;b.tX˜ wo;vD0J˜ o;[h
despite prep oemuh
dessert n w>tD.wHRo;
destination n w>vD>vXw>uvJR0J˜ w>vJRtuwX>
destiny n tvD>vXw>b.wkRCDRpJCJR< w>[J0H[Jpdm
destroy v rR[;*DR
destruction n w>rR[;*DR˜ w>vDRySD>
detach v rRvDRzsJ.uGHm< xk;vDRzS.uGHm< rRvDRz;uGHm
detail n w>t*h>wz.tusgtqH;wrHR< w>*h>cJvXmcJqh
detective n ySRCdxHw>
detention n 1I w>zD.Cmu,m 2I w>'k;td.,HmxD.w>
determine v 1I ymvDRto;usXRrkq+ 2I Ckoh.ngw>
determined v ymvDRo;< ymvDRo;usXRrkq+
detest v o;[h
detour n usJvXtvJRouUR< w>vJRouURw>
devaluation n w>ok;vDR(phyS›R)< w>ok;vDRw>tvk>tyS›R
44
devastate v rR[;*lm[;*DRw>< rRtd.o,k>w>< rRtd.vDRCDw>
develop v vJRxD.vJRxD˜ *kRxD.yoDxD.
development n w>*kRxD.yoDxD.
device n 1I w>zdw>vHR (vXurRAbSDw>wrHRrHRt*D>)
2I w>ul.(tusJ)< w>wrHRrHRvXyul.'k;uJxD.tDR
devil n w>o&Joc;˜ rk.uDRvH>
devote v [h.vDRrl>[h.vDReD>to;
dew n ypDRxH
diabetes n w>qH.qXw>qg
diagnosis n w>oh.ngw>qg
diagonal n yed*meX.˜ yed*moeX.
a vXtvJRwpGR
diagram n w>uh>w>*DR˜ wuGD>'d
dial n rJmuGDReJ.< w>rJmo.u0DRvXtymzsgxD.eD.*H>'D;w>xd.w>
'G;'fe.&H.rJmo.tod;
v pH>vDRvDwJpdeD.*H>
dialect n w>uwdRtoD.
dialogue n w>wJusJR< ySRcHzkcHuyRwJoud;w>
diameter n uGDRwlmyed
diamond n w>rs>
diarrhoea n w>[XzXvl
diary n ud;eHRvHmuGJ;eD.
dice n vGH>bDusD< w>vGH>eX.tvd.vXttd.'D;trJmo.CkuyR'fod;
vdmto;'D;eD.*H>wuyRwrHRp;xD. 1 wkR 6
dictate v 1I ud;xD.w>vXySRuuGJ;vDRt*D> 2I wJw>'fySRtd.'D;tpdurDR
tod;
dictator n rDRpd&dR
dictatorship n rDRpd&dRoEl
dictionary n vHmcD,hR
die v oH
diesel n 'H>pJ>< od'GJ.tuvkm
diet n w>tD.vXtM>*H>M>bg
v tD.pSRw>tD.vXurRCJRvDRo;t*D>
difference n w>vDRqDvdmo;˜ tw>vDRqD
different a vXtvDRqDvdmo;
difficult a uD˜ uDcJ
difficulty n w>uDw>cJ
dig v cl.˜ zs;
digest v (uzk)*HmbsJ;(w>tD.)
digestion n w>rRbsJ;w>tD.

45
dignified a zsgu[kunD>˜ ySJR'D;tol;toh.
diligence n w>o;pGHuwkR
diligent a ckzH;rR
dilute v uvJrRp>vDRCkm'D;xH
dim a u'k˜ cH;vDR˜ zsgu'k
diminish v qH;vDRpSRvDR< vDRu,;< vDRoH;< vDRwlm
dimple n (bd;yR) vDRqX.
din n w>oD.oxlmb;vDuH>ElRuH>e>
dine v tD.[gtw>tD.
diningroom n tD.rhR'X;
dinner n [gw>tD.
dinosaur n 'J.edRpD< q.zduD>zdt'd.uwX>vXylRuGHmeH.tuuGJ>wz.
dip v 1I pk.vDR< bsXvDR(vXxHusg) 2I bHxD.bHvDR 3I bsX.xD.<
'X.xD.
diploma n wDR'd.vmvHmtk.o;< w>zsduFdtvHmtk.o;
dire a vXtvDRysHRb.ySR< vd.b.0J'd.'d.uvJm
direct a vdRvdR
v eJ.vdR
direction n tusdRvdR
directory n vHmeJ.I t'd< vDwJpd(xJvHzd)vHmeJ.
dirt n w>urSHR˜ w>b.tX˜ [D.url.
dirty a b.tX˜ wuqSJuqSD
disability n [l;*JRzH;rRw>woh*hR*hR< uh>*DRwusXRwr;<
uh>*DRw*hRwb.
disagree v wb.to;˜ o;wvDRyvdm
disappear v vDRr>
disappoint v rRo;[;*DR(ySR)o;
disappointed a o;[;*DR
disapprove v wymvXtb.b.< ymw>ur.vXtvdR< wb.to;b.I
disarmament n w>rRpSRvDRpku0JR
disaster n w>wwXmweg
disbelieve v wemb.
disc n w>bh.b.
discard v wXRuGHm< pl;uGHm< wolvXRb.
discharge v ysJuGHm˜ ys>uGHmvXrl'g˜ xk;xD.uGHmvXrl'g
disciple n ySRw>rXzd< ySRvXtydmw>bl.w>bgcd.e>tcH
discipline n w>wl>vdmw>od.CD.oDCD.< w>rRxGJ'fw>od.w>oD
discontented a vXtol.wrHo;wrH< vXto;w*X>wusXRb.
discount n w>tyS›RvXw>qgvDRM>tDR
v ChvDRw>tyS›R< vdmw>tyS›R< qgvDRw>tyS›R

46
discourage v wJ[;*DR(t)o;˜ rR[;*DR(t)o;
discouraged a vXw>o;[;*DR
discover v xH.e‹>˜ CkxH.e‹>˜ oh.ngb.
discovery n w>xH.e‹>˜ w>CkxH.e‹>
discreet a vXttd.'D;tul.tq;<
vXtw'k;xD.zsJ;egpdRw>td.vXto;ylRb.
discrimination n w>yJRz;w>˜ w>uG>rJm
discuss v uwdRwX.yD.
disease n w>ql;w>qg
disgraceful a vXtvDRrJmqS;
disguise v ysdmvJ˜ rRvDRqDto;
disgust n w>rRto;vDRo;b.tX
disgusted a zH;wuk.
disgusting a vXtvDRo;b.tX
dish n vDcD
dishcloth n w>uH;nmohvDcD
dishonest a wwDwvdR˜ wwDw-w>˜ vXto;wwD
disinfectant n w>txHtedvXttD.uGHmw>qgtC>oh
disinterest n w>ol.wtd.o;wtd.
dislike v wb.(t)o;˜ wtJ.'d;
dismal a 1I vXtrRto;tk;ousKm 2I vXtcH;vDRunD>
dismantle v bh.vDRzsJ.uGHmqltuhtcD
dismay n w>o;[;*DR
v rRo;[;*DR< rRtd.xD.w>ysHRw>zk;
dismiss v ysJuGHm˜ ys>uGHm˜ xk;xD.uGHmvXrl'g
dismount v ,k>vDR
disobey v w'due.w>< wpl>w>tuvk>
disorganized a vXtvDRjyHvDR_ygu'Hu'g
dispatch v rXvDRw>< qSXvDRw>
displace v rRySJRw>*RtvD>< wtd.vXtvD>tusJ< ok;vD>ok;usJ
display v 'k;eJ.w>˜ 'k;zsgxD.
n w>'k;eJ.˜ w>'k;zsgxD.
disposable a vXtrRvXmuGHmoh
dispute n w>*h>vdmbSDvdm< w>uwdRxD'k.'gw>
disrupt v rRywkmw>
dissatisfied a o;wrH
dissolve v rRySH>vDRvXxHusg
distance n w>'h.pXR
distant a ,HR˜ td.pDRpkR
distill v 1I zDM>w>tpDxH 2I zDoH;

47
distinct a 1I vDRqD˜ vXtvDRqD 2I vXt[l*hR˜ vXtzsgqSH
distinguish v Ckoh.ngeDRz; (tw>vDRqD)< rReD.w>vDRqDtqX<
rReD.vDRqDw>
distract v vXtxk;M>uGHmto;qlw>*R<
vXt'k;'H0hR0DRto;qltHRqlb;
distress n w>o;[;*DR˜ w>ol.ud>o;*DR
distribute v [h.eDR< eDRvDDR< &RvDR
district n 1I uD>&h. 2I w>tvD>tusJ˜ w>vD>u0DR
distrust v w>emM>tDRwoh
disturb v rRwHmwm
disturbance n w>rRwHmwm
ditch n xHusdR˜ w>usdR< w>tusdRvXt'k;vJRuGHmxHqlw>ysDylR
dive n ,lRvDRxH˜ ndvDR
divert n 1I C.uyRuGHm< bd;uyRuGHm<
2I qDwvJySRtw>qdurd.'D;rRrkmxD.to;
divide n 1I [÷] eDRz; 2I eDRz;˜ vDRz;
diving board n pD>nd<
oh.b.vXySRndvDRo;qlxHusgwz.qXxX.vXtvdR
division n w>eDRz;
divorce n w>xk;z;vdmo;˜ w>vDRzS.
v vDRz;
dizzy a cd.rlR˜ cd.w,lR
do v rR
dock n ubDuGH< ubDwkmxD.tvD>
doctor n uoH.o&.< uoH.o&.rk.
document n w>uGJ;eD.uGJ;Cg< vHmwDvHmrD
v uGJ;eD.uGJ;Cg< rReD.rRCg
dodge v w'DylRto;< bsH;ylRto;< rRylRto;< y'h.to;
dog n xGH.
dogfruit n we‹o.
doll n w>*DRzd
dollar n ph'Dv.˜ phwuvkm
dolphin n n.wDoG h
dome n csH;ukw>'k;cd.˜ w>'k;cd.z;'d.vXtvDR*m'D;csH;uk'DzsX.ng
domestic a 1I b.C;'D;[H.{dRCD{dR 2I xHvD>uD>ylR
donate v [h.rRpXRw>< [h.rRbl.w>
donkey n uoh.,DR
donor n ySRvXt[h.rRpXRw>
door n yJ}wD
doorbell n yJ}wDt'XvGJzd

48
dormitory n [H.'GJ
dose n uoH.wtDt*D>
dot n w>zsX.qH;zdwzsX.< zD;
double a cHp;
doubt n w>o;'h'D˜ w>wem
v o;'h'D˜ wem
doubtful a vDRo;'h'D˜ wvDRwH>b.
dough n ud.url.usJto;'D;xH
doughnut n ud.xHzSH.
dove n xd.vGH>
down prep qltzDvm˜ qlvmcD
doze v rHch˜ rHoyhR
dozen n 'Xph.˜ wqHcH(cg§rHR)
drab a vXtwxk;e‹>ySRo;˜ vXwzsgqJ;˜ vXtzsgwqJ;b.
draft n 1I w>uGJ;y}wDm 2I w>CkxXxD.ySRvXurRok;
3I uvHRtlw>tusdR
drag v wGH>˜ xk;-wLm˜ rdR-wLm
dragon n y,dR
dragonfly n uGJ>rd>bD˜ uGJ>vJ>bD
drain n xHusdR
v
xk;xD.uGHmxH< bdxk;xD.uGHmxHqlw>vD>t*R
drama n w>*JRyl< ylvXw>uGJ;tDRvXw>*JR'd'k;eJ.t*D>
draw v 1I wh(w>*DR) 2I draw water 'X.xH
n zS.xX.< ySRvdmuGJcHzkweXRvdmeDwcD
drawer n pDRusd;
dread v ysHRw>zk;w>
dreadful a vDRysHR˜ vDRysHRvDRzk;
dream v rHrD>
n w>rHrD>
dreary a tk;ousKm< vXto,k>w>
drench v b.pD.uvJ'J˜ b.pD.*hR*hR
dress v ulxD.uRxD.˜ ulxD.od;xD.
n qh˜ qhuR
dribble v 1I c.xH,GR< 2I pdmxD. (zsX.xl) t'd< pDR0grh>pdmxD.zsX.
xlySR*kme‹>vXtcD.ylRwnDb.
drift v 1I vDRxGH 2I xd.xGHvDR
drill n wyl˜ x;ysHm
v wylw>
drill bit n wylue.
drink v tD
49
drip v vDRpDR
drive v eD.(odvh.)
driver n ySReD.odvh.
driveway n odvh.tusdR
drizzle v (rlcd.)ozSH.vDR
droop v vDRpJR˜ cd.vDRbs;˜ tcd.vDRydm
drop v vDRwJm˜ wh>vDR
n w>vDRpDRI t'd< oGH.oXvDRpDRtd.vXp;cdtvdR< w>vDRwJm
drought n w>,DRCh
drown v vDRtk;oH
drowsy a vXtrHch˜ vXtrJmzH;CX
drug n uoH.zD.uoDzD.
v rRw,lRtcd.vXw>tDuoH.zD.uoDzD.
drum n 'X˜ usd.
drummer n ySR'd'X< ySRwD>'X< ySRySD>'X
drumstick n 1I 'Xbd 2I yxd;oh.o.
drunk a vXtrlRoH;
dry a vXtChxD
v
rRCh˜ rRChxD
duck n xd.'h.
v 1I qk;vDRylRtcd. 2I ,lRyX>xD.,lRyX>xD.vXxHusg
due a tqXuwD>b.˜ tqXuwD>wkR
prep vXtCd
dull a 1I wvDRxk;e‹>(t)o;b. 2I wuyDRqSH˜ wzsgqSH˜
wzsgujyK>b. 3I toD.wq;< w>oD.wxHwq;
dumb a tk;t;
dummy n 1I Ek>'d(w>Ek>cd.rD.) 2I uh>*DRt'd
dump n 1I w>urSHRw>wCmtvD> 2I w>ymzSd.w>tvD>(nDEk>,HR'D;
ySRtd.qd;w>vD>) t'd< od'GJ.tvD>< usdcsHrsdmo.
v ymvDRwJmuGHm˜ ymwh>uGHm
dune n rJ;w>vl>< rJ;vl>cd.
dung n (q.zduD>zdt)th.
dungeon n w>ylRvXySRcl.M>vX[D.cd.vmvXuymySRCdmzdt*D>
duplicate v rRuJxD.cHrHR'fod;od;< rRM>w>vXt'fod;od;vXngwrHR
duration n w>qXuwD>zJw>wrHRtd.0J< w>qXuwD>wuwD>zJw>
wrHRuJxD.to;tcg< w>t,HmtxX
durian n wd>&h.o.˜ wl>&h.o.
during prep tzXrk>˜ tcg
dusk n oH,D>,m< rk>vDREkmtqXuwD>
dust n z.url.

50
dustbin n w>wCm'X˜ w>urSHR'X
dustpan n eD.xg (wCm< w>urHSR)
duty n rl'g
dwarf n ySRtzk.
dwindle v vDRqH;vDRpSR˜ vDRu,;
dye v pk.w>tvGJ>
dynamite n bsgth.vXto[D.ql.
dysentery n w>[XzX0HmwuH

51
Ee

each a pkmpkm˜ wcgpkmpkm

eager a ol.ql.o;*JR˜ o;ql.
eagle n vHm}uD-u.
ear n e>
earache n e>ylRqg
ear canal n e>ylR
ear lobe n e>ysKR< e>pJR
early a 1I qd 2I *DR*DR(rk>*DRcD)
adv qdqd
earn v rRM>˜ M>b.
earnest a vXol.ql.o;ql.< vXtymuJw>vXto;<
vXtwuvdmuvmb.< vXtwrh>w>egpdRb.
earring n e>'H;
earth n 1I [D.cd. 2I [D.cd.n.
earthquake n [D.cd.[l;
earthworm n xd;uvJm
earwax n e>th.ol
ease n w>td.b.rkmrkmck.ck.< w>bD.w>nD< w>td.bSH;td.og<
w>ol.rkmo;rkm
v rRrkm< rRbD.rRnD< ok;u,Du,D
easel n ySRwhw>*DRw>zD.tpD>eDRcd.vXtymvDRw>*DRvXtzDcd. <
w>whw>*DRpD>eDRcd.
east n rk>xD.
easy a nD
eat v tD.
eaves n CD;rJ>cH˜ o'drJ>cH
eccentric a vXtrRvDRqDto;
echo n 1I w>oD.}oD< w>uvk>oD.u'guhR< w>uvk>oD.qXuhR
2I w>rRydmxGJw>tcH
eclipse n w>,l>rk>,l>vg
ecology n w>rlb.xGJyDng< w>rRvdb.C;w>rlw>rJ'D;MqX.cd.CXR
tw>b.xGJvdmo;t*h>
economics n rk>usdR0JRuGmw>ul.oh< w>rRvdb.C;rk>usdR0JRuGm
economy n rk>usdR0JRuGm
ecosystem n w>rlw0X
edge n w>xd;eg˜ w>uElR˜ w>ue.
edible a *hRtD.˜ vXySRtD.oh
edit v yJmxH(vHm)
52
editor n ySRyJmxHvHm˜ tJ;'H;xX.
educate v od.vdeJ.vdw>< od.vdrR,kRw>< 'k;ohxD.b.xD.
education n w>ul.b.ul.oh
eel n wHRwkR
effect n w>b.'d
v b.'d
effective n wkRvDRwDRvDR
effectiveness n w>wkRvDRwDRvDR
effeminate a (ydmcGg)vXtvk>tv>vDR*mydmrk.
efficient a vXtohw>vhRwkmvhRwDR<
vXwrRvXmusd.ph'D;w>qXuwD>'D;*H>bg
effort a w>xk;*H>xk;bg
egg a qD'H.˜ w>'H.
ego n w>xH.vDR(tup>)to;< w>qdurd.vDRo;
eight n eD.*H>Cd;
either a cHrHRtusgwrHRrHR
eject v 'k;[;xD.uGHmw>< zSd;(xH)
elaborate a vXt*JRvdmrRw>vDRwH>vDRqJ;wkRvXtqH;uwX>'.vJm<
v [h.w>*h>w>usdRvDRwH>vDRqJ;
elastic a vXt,lmxD.oh˜ vXt,Jmoh
elbow n pkeX.cH
elder a o;yS>M>
n cd.e>˜ ol.uho;yS>
elect v CkxX
election n w>CkxXtrl;
electric a vDrh.
electrician n ySRusJRvDzd
electricity n vD*H>
elegant a vXtzsgqJ;vR< vXt*hR
element n *mpD< w>trd>yS>
elementary a vXtrh>w>rRvdtcD.xH;
elephant n uqD
elevation n w>upDRxD.xD
eleven n eD.*H>wqHwX
elicit v xk;zsgxD.w>
eliminate v 'k;[;xD.uGHmw>< wrRCkmw>vXRb.< ymwh>uGHmw>
El Nino n tJvfeHed (rlcd.uvHRoD.*DRw b.vdmb.p;uJxD.o;zJypH;
zH;[D.u0DR)
elope v Ch>pdmvdmo;
else a t*R

53
elude a vXtnDEk>rRylRrRzsJ;to;< vXtnDEk>Ch>ylRto;<
vXtrRylRto;< vXty'h.[;qSJ;to;
embankment n xHwDbd (w>wDCmxHusduyR)
embargo n y'd.tw>}wDyeHmw>uR
embark v 1I xD.ubD 2I p;xD.rRw>wrHRrHR
embarrass v rRrJmqS;
embarrassed a rJmud>egud>
embassy n rD>oD0JR'X;
ember n rh.tlth.< rh.tluz;
embrace v zd;[k˜ zd;Cm
embroidery n w>q;uH.q;0hR˜ w>q;uH.q;bSJ
emerald n w>rs>vg[h
emergency n *h>*D>tl
emigrant n ySR[;xD.uD>
emigrate v EkmvDRqluD>
emit v [h.xD.< [h.vDR< 'k;[;xD.< xk;xD.
emotion n w>o;*JR
emperor n bDrk>pDRyR
emphasis n w>ym'd.w><
w>rRql.xD.w>uwdRwbDbDvXytJ.'d;ym'd.tDR
emphasize v rRql.xD.w>uwdRwbDbDvXytJ.'d;ym'd.tDR< ym'd.w><
w>rReD. (w>*h>w>usdRwrHRvX) w>ym'd.xD.tDR
empire n bDrk>< xHuD>tgbh.ymzSd.'fuD>z;'d.wbh.
employ v [h.vDRw>rR˜ 'd;vJ
employment n w>[h.zH;[h.rR˜ w>e‹>zH;e‹>rR
empress n eD>yRrk.
empty a cDvD˜ uvDvD˜ td.uvD˜ td.utd
enamel n (uoH.) zSLbs›uqS.w>< rJtbh.usR
enchant v rRrJmb.o;pD.w>< &J>M>w>< rRrkmySRo;'d.'d.uvJm
enclave n w>vD>vXuD>t*RyXb.tDR
enclose v u&XCmw>< 'XEkm (oud;'D;w>*R)
encourage v [h.*H>[h.bg
encyclopaedia n vHmxH;vHm,hR< vHmcD,hRvXtvXtySJR
end n tuwX>˜ w>tuwX>
v rRuwX>
endangered n w>tpXRbl;uvDRwlm
species
endeavour v usJ;pX;ql.ql.˜ *JRvdmql.ql.
endemic a w>qgvXtnDEk>td.xD.0JvXtvD>wylRylR
endure v wl>< cD.< 'd;b.w>< td.*X>td.usXR
enema n uoH.oh[XzX
54
enemy n 'k.'g
energetic a vXttd.'D;*H>bg˜ yJSR*H>ySJRbg
energy n *H>bg˜ w>*H>w>bg< *H>o[D.
engaged v 1I 'k;b.pXCmto;vXw>tX.vDRtDvDR<
ymyeD.tJ.wDvdmto;
2I w>rRtg< w>rRt*Rtd.< wcsK;
engine n pJ;cd.CH˜ pJ;
engineer n tH.uF‹e,X>< ySRvXtohb.C;pJ;zDu[.<
ySRvXtoh'D;e>yX>b.C;w>ol.xD.bSDxD.w>
English a vXtb.C;'D;tJuvH;< tJuvH;
enhance v rR'd.xD.tgxD.(w>tvk>tyS›R)
enjoy v rkmvR
enormous a 'd.'d.rk>rk>
enough a b.vH< vXySJR
enquire v oHuG>oH'd;vXw>t*h>
enter v vJREkm˜ [JEkm˜ EkmvDR
enterprise n 1I rk>usdR0JRuGmw>zH;w>rR 2I w>rRw>vXt'ltCdR<
w>rRw>vXw>ol.ql.o;*JR
entertain v wl>vdmrkm
entertainment n w>wl>vdmrkm
enthusiasm n w>o;*JR˜ w>ol.ql.o;ql.
enthusiastic a vXto;*JR˜ vXto;ql.
entice v uvH.M>vGJM>< rRuvkmxD.ySRto;< vGJM>uGJM>w>
entire a 'Dcg˜ 'DzsX.
entrance n usJpXR< usJRvJREkm
entrant n ySRvXtEkmjyXw>
entry n w>vJREkm˜ usJpXR
envelope n vHm'X
envious a o;ug˜ vXtol.uh.o;ugw>
environment n 1I cd.CXR0;w&H;< 2I cd.CXRw>td.o;
envy n w>o;ug
v ol.uh.o;ug
epicenter n [D.cd.[l;t*H>xH;
epidemic n w>qgo}wdm< w>qgoHo}wdm
epiglottis n uvHRusdRtcd.xd;
epilepsy n w>qgysK>xd;
equal a xJod;˜ ySJRod;
equality n w>xJod;wkRod;
equals n [ = ] ySJRod;
equation n w>ySJRod;xJod;I t'd< (12=5) š 70 ] 77

55
equator n [D.uGDRrk>˜ tH.cG‹xX.
equilibrium n w>t*H>ySJRod;
equinox n eHReRCluwD>
equipment n w>*DRu>˜ w>tyD;tvD
erase n -wLmuGHm˜ xl;oHuGHm
eraser n w>-wLmoH˜ w>xl;oH
erect a vXttd.xl.uvm
v
ydmqXxX.˜ qDxl.xD.˜ ol.xD.
erosion n w>tD.uvdR
errand n w>rXpkxH;cD.xH;
error n w>ur.
erupt v zsd;xD.
escalate v 'd.xD.e;xD. (w>tyS›RuvHR< w>obH.obk.)
escape v ylRzsJ;˜ Ch>ylRzsJ;
escort n ySRvXtvJR,kR'D;u[ku,mw>
v vJR,kR'D;u[ku,mw>
Eskimo n tJ;puHrd.< ySRtd.vXxHvDRouRu0DR
especially adv vDRqD'.w>
essay n vHmqD&J.
essence n w>toH;tum< w>t*h>rd>yS>< tpDtzD
essential a vXtvD>td.oyS>wX>
establish v rRuJxD.w>< 'k;td.xD.w>< ym*X>ymusXRw>
esteem n w>ymuJ< w>ymvk>'d.yS›R'd.
estimate n w>'G;w,m
v 'G;w,;˜ 'G;w,m
estuary n xHx.vJ>
etcetera [etc] adv 'D;w>t*R
eternal a tpdRpdRtC.C.< vDRxlvDR,dm
ethnic a vXtb.C;'D;uvkm'l.
eucalyptus n ,l.uJ;vH;wH;(pf)< oh.wuvkmvXtd.'D;tcsH'D;ySRoltDR'f
uoH.tod;
evacuate v rRtd.uvD< ([;xD.uGHm< ymvDRwJmuGHm) w>vD>
evaporate v o0HxD.
evaporation n w>o0HxD.uGHm
evapo- n oh.yS>uoGH
transpiration
eve n rk>eHRqdweHR< rk>weHRvXwcsK;w>rRCHvRw>trl;wkRCDR
rhwrh> eHRvDRqD
even a yXR
adv '.vJm
evening n [gvDRcD

56
even number n eD.*H>qdul
event n w>rRto;
eventually adv vXcHvXvm˜ vXcH
ever adv xDbd
every det ud;(rHR)˜ ud;(cg)
everybody pron ySRud;*R
everyone pron ySRud;*R
everything pron w>ud;rHR
everywhere adv w>vD>ud;ylR'J;
evidence n w>tk.o;
evil n w>tXw>oD
a vXtw*hRwb.< vXttXtoD
exact a b.wDwD˜ xHxHwDwD˜ xHxHq;q;
exaggerate v wJ'd.wJxD˜ wJvk˜ wJug
examination n 1I w>'d;pJ;˜ w>orHord; 2I w>rRuG> (w>ql;w>qg)
examine v 'd;pJ;˜ orHord;˜ rRuG>
example n w>t'd
excavate v rRM>tylR< rRvDRuvdm< rRvDRutdw>
exceed v (tg) M>wuh>< wvXuGHm< vk>udvk>uym
excellent a *hR*hRuvJm
except prep rhwrh>b.˜ xJ'.˜ xJvX
excerpt n vHmwqXvXtb.w>CkxXxD.'D;±l;tDRrhwrh>uGJ;tDR
excess n 1I w>tguJ.qd;I 2I w>td.bsJ.
exchange v qDwvJ˜ vJvdm
excite v rR*JRxD.˜ rRued;ol.ued;o;
excitement n w>ol.yd>o;0;
exclaim v ud;o}wDxD.
exclamation n [ ! ] ysD>yeD.
mark
exclude v ymuGHmw>< }wDuGHmw>< w'k;y.Ckmb.
exclusive a vXt*hRuJ.qd;< vXtywD>xDuJ.qd;< vXt}wDySR*R<
tyS›R'd.uJ.qd;vXySR,d,dzdwz.t*D>
excursion n w>[;uG>uDw>˜ w>[;qS.vdmuGJ
excuse ['s'] n uwdRbSg˜ w>uwdRylRzsJ;w>
excuse ['z'] v Chun;˜ ChylRzsJ;˜ Chys>˜ Ch0Ho;plR˜ 0Ho;plR˜ uwdR
ylRzsJ;o;
execute v [h.w>pH.nD.oH
executive n ySRtcd.< ySRvXttd.'D;tpdurDR
exempt a ysJylR
exercise v *JRvd
n
w>*JRvd
57
exercise book n vHmuGJ;eD.w>
exert v usJ;pX;rRvXmo;w>< xk;xD.*H>xk;xD.bg
exhaust n (odvh.t)rh.vk>
exhausted a vDRbSH;vDRwDR
exhaust pipe n (odvh.t)rh.vk>yDR
exhibition n w>eJ.zsg˜ w>ymzsg˜ w>&J.zsg
exile n 1I ySRb.td.,HR'D;uD> 2I w>b.td.,HR'D;uD>
exist v 1I td.0JeD>eD> 2I td.rleD>eD>
existence n 1I w>td.eD>eD> 2I w>td.rltd.*JReD>eD>
exit n usJpXR˜ usJ[;xD.qlcsX
expand v rRugxD.˜ rRvJ>xD.< ,lmxD.˜ td;ov.xD.
expect v qdrd.0J(vXurRto;)
expedition n w>[;eD>eD>˜ w>vJReD>eD>˜ w>vJRw>uhRvXttd.'D;
w>uG>pd
expel v qSXzsd;˜ [DxD.uGHm
expendable a vXtwvd.b.'D;w>uGHmwh>tDRoh
expenses n w>tvXm˜ w>vXmbl.vXmphR
expensive a vXtyS‹R'd.
experience n w>vJRcDzsd
v vJRcDzsdb.0J
experiment n w>rRuG>
v rRuG>
expert n ySRpJ.eDR
expire v (tqXuwD>) vXmuGHm
explain v wJe>yX>
explanation n w>wJe>yX>
explode v yd>z;xD.
exploit v olw>vXt*D>'.0J< rRM>w>bsK;vXttd.< tD.wlmtD.uvdR
explore v [;Ckoh.ngw>
explosion n w>yd>z;xD.
export n w>vXtb.w>qSX[;xD.tDRqluD>*R
v qSX[;xD. (yeHm)(qluD>*R)
expose v 1I ymtd.zsgxD.< ym[dymzsgxD. 2I ymvDRwJmvXcdysDvhRwhR
(vXw>b.,d.tvD>) 3I rRvdM>w>cDzdsw>vJRcDzsd< w>xH.
express a vXtzsJ.˜ vXtcs›I t'd< vh.rh.tlvXtcs›
v wJzsgxD.
expression n w>ymrJmymeg
exquisite a *hRvDRuD.vDRpd;< *hRvXmo;< rkmvXmo;
extend v rRxDxD.,HmxD.w>< rRvJ>xD.< tgxD.< rRxDxD.< ,lmxD.
(pk)

58
extension n w>rRvJ>xD.w>< w>rRxDxD.w>
extent n t[X(w>tvJ>t[X)< w>tvJ>txD
exterior n w>tcsX
a vXtcsX< vXcdwcD
exterminate v vXtrR[;*DRw>wkRtvXm
external a vXtcsX< vXcdwcD
extinct a pXRvDRwlm
extinguish v rRyHm(rh.tl)
extort v vXySRrRM>w>vXpkql.cD.wu;tylR< Chql.Chpd;w>
extra a vXttd.bsJ.˜ vXtbsJ.
extract n w>xk;uGHmw>< w>csDM>[XM>to0H< w>xk;xD.M>w>
v xk;xD.uGHm< csDM>txH< csD< [XM>to0H< xk;xD.M>w><
extradite v qSXuhRySRb.uGD>qluD>vXtrRur.0Jw>wbh.
extraordinary a vXtvDRqD
extravagant a vXttgM>tcX;< vXtwvXuGHmtcX;< vXtvXmtgwvXuGHm<
olvXm*DRuGHm
extreme a 1I wvXuGHm˜ wvXpd 2I vXt,HRuwX>˜ vXttd.,HR
uwX>
eye n 1I rJmcsH 2I x;rJ>cH
eyebrow n rJmwl>
eyelash n rJmql.
eyelid n rJmzH;
eye tooth n rJxGH.

59
Ff

fable n yl{dRvD{dR< w>wJ'd

fabric n w>uH;nm (tn.)
fabricate v 1I CJRvDw>< rRuJxD.w>
face n 1I rJmo. 2I w>trJmo.
v uG>qX.rJm˜ qXngvdmo;
facet n w>tuyRtguyRtusgwuyR< w>vlRydmpdRtw>td.o;
facilitate v rRnDxD.w>˜ rRb.vdm˜ rRb.*D>˜ bSgb.*D>xD.w>
fact n w>*h>
factory n pJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>˜ w>xk;xD.yeHmtvD>
fad n w>vXySRrRtgtgwpd>zd'D;ymwh>uGHm0J
fade v tvGJ>vDRp>˜ vDRu'k
faded a zsgC;˜ vDRC;
faeces n w>th.
Fahrenheit n zJ&H.[J;˜ w>xd.w>ud>teD.*H>xH;
fail v wxD.b;b.˜ wvXxD.ySJRxD.b.˜ vDRwJm(w>'d;pJ;)
failure n w>wxD.b;˜ w>vDRwJm(w>'d;pJ;)
faint a p>vDR˜ vDRp>˜ vDRbJ˜ ySJmvDR
v
rJmcH;ol˜ oHw,lm
fair a -uX;0Jb.0J
n
zFg˜ zFgvDRqD
fairly adv 1I wDwDvdRvdR 2I upD'D
faith n w>em
faithful a wD'D;˜ uvk>wD˜ o;wD
fake n w>vDw>ysD>˜ w>rRvDrRysD>˜ w>t,DRtbs.
a tvDtysD>
fall v vDRwJm˜ vDRySD>˜ vDRCHR
false a 1I vXtur. 2I vXtwb. 3I w>t'dI t'd< rJysdm
false leg n cD.t'd< cD.tysdm
false teeth n rJysdm< rJt,DR
fame n w>rHR[lo.zsg
familiar a vXtnDEk>
family n 'l.zdxXzd˜ [H.zdCDzd
famine n w>o.0HRvDR'd< w>0HRw>um
famous a vXtrHR[lo.zsg
fan n eD.0H>˜ eD.0H>uok.
fanatic n ySRvXt*JRysK>*JRqS;vXtw>emtylR

60
fancy a vXtb.w>u,XtDR˜ vXtb.w>rRCHrRvRtDR
v tJ.'d;˜ o;vD
fang n rJxD˜ *k>trJ< q.zduD>zdtrJvXtxD
fantastic a vDRwd>vDRqD< vDRurXur.
fantasy n w>vXySRxH.tDRxJvXto;tw>qdurd.'.0J< w>
qdurd.egpdRw>
far a vXt,HR
fare n w>tvJI t'd< odvh.vJ< csHvJ< ubD,lRvJ
farewell n w>qX*hRqX0gzJw>vDRz;tcgI t'd< rfeb.trkmwuh>
farm n w>rR0JRtvD>˜ w>bk.q.zduD>zdtvD>
farmer n ySRrRpHmzd˜ ySRxlpHmzd˜ ySRrR0JRzd
farther a ,HmM>'H;wuh>< ,HRM>wuh>
fascinating a vXtb.ol.b.o;
fascism n w>yXql.yXpd;oEl˜ zJ;qh;oEl
fashion n w>u,Xuh>*DRusJI t'd< pdRcJtHRtw>u,Xuh>*DRusJ
vDRqD'D;vXysXR'd.r;
fast a 1I zsJ.˜ cs› 2I CH;
adv zsJ.zsJ.˜ cs›cs›
v 'k.w>tD.
fasten v rRCH;xD.˜ uH>CH;xD.˜ pXCH;xD.˜ 'k;pJbl;
fat a bD.˜ xh.I t'd< zdo.w*Rxh.uykmvk;
n
w>tod˜ w>vXtodtg
fatal a vXtrRoHw>ohI t'd< w>qgth;(pf)rh>w>qgvXtrRoH
w>oh
fate n w>[J0H[Jpdm
father n y>
father-in-law n rHRyS>ydmcGg
fatigue n w>bSH;ol.wDRo;< w>ol.vDRbSH;o;vDRwDR
faucet n (xHyDR) teD.0Hm< xHyDRvXw>xk;xD.xH'Xz;'d.txH
fault n w>ur.
fauna n pdR[D.uGDRq.zduD>zd
favour n w>uG>rJm˜ w>o;td.
v uG>rJmw>˜ ol.td.o;td.w>˜ [h.bsK;[h.zSd.
favourite a vXytJ.vDRqD˜ vXyuG>rJm
fawn n wR,k>zd< wRCDRzd
fax n zJ;(pf)
fear v ysHRw>
n w>ysHRw>zk;
feasible a vXySRrRoh< vXtbsK;td.< vXt-uX;0Jb.0J< vXyrRnD
feast n w>tD.trl;
61
feather n xd.ql.
feature n 1I w>tuh>t*DR 2I w>t*h>rd>yS> 3I w>tvDRwd>vDRqD
February n vgzh.-bLRtg&HR< vgcHvgwvg
federation n 1I uD>pXzSd.˜ uD>pJ.tgbh.ymzSd.˜ uD>pJ.pXzSd. 2I u&Xpd˜
yeHmuRu&Xpd
fee n tvJ
feeble a p>˜ *H>bgp>
feed v 'k;tD.tq.˜ bk.vDRtq.˜ vk>tD.vk>tD
feel v 1I 'db.˜ wl>b.˜ cD.b.˜ uvX>w> 2I uvX>b.
feeling n w>wl>b.˜ w>ol.[l;o;*JR
fellow n ySRrRoud;w>w*R< ySRu&Xzdw*R< ySRydmcGg
felony n w>rRur.w>tXtXoDoD
female n w>trd>˜ ySRydmrk.
feminine a b.C;'D;ySRydmrk.
femur n uH.'k.CH
fence n wdm˜ u&X˜ w>'l.˜ *XR
ferry n csHusd;w>˜ ubDusd;w>
fertile a 1I vXtxk;tpD*hR˜ vXtodtcsg*hR 2I csHo.*hR (q.zduD>zd
rhwrh> ySRunD)
fertilizer n [D.pD< w>vXtrR*hRxD.[D.cd.n.
festival n bl.< rl;{dRyGJ{dR
fetch v rRe‹>w>˜ (vJR)[H;e‹>w>˜ 'X.(xH)
feud n w>rRu.qXvdmo;vX'l.qXcH'l.tylRvXw>ol.qgo;qg
vdmo;tCd<
v rRu.qXvdmo;vX'l.qXcH'l.tylRvXw>ol.qgo;qgvdm
o;tCd
feudalism n [D.cd.up>oEl
fever n w>vdRud>
few a pSR˜ wtgb.
fiance’ n ySRymyeD.tJ.wDvdmo; (ydmcGg)< ydmcGGgvXtb.w>tJ.wDym
fiancee n ySRymyeD.tJ.wDvdmo;(ydmrk.)< ydmrk.vXtb.w>tJ.wDym
fibre n 1I vk.t,JR 2I w>t,JRvXy.vXw>tD.w>tDtylRvXuzk
*HmbsJ;tDRwoh'fod;urRpXRvXuth.qgt*D>
fickle a vXtrRu'Hu'g˜ vXto;w*X>
fiction n w> (uGJ;) vXySRw,mvXo;trJm'D;uGJ;< w>CJRrkme>
fidget v o;CHCl˜ wtd.*X>< td.Cdtd.CJ;wrkmwuJ
field n ysD˜ w>ysD
fiend n w>0Hw>eg< w>eg< ySRtXySRoD
fierce a 'lpCJ;˜ vDRysHR˜ tXoD
fifteen n wqH,J>< eD.*H>wqH,J>

62
fifty n ,J>qH
fig n csX.'Xo.
fight v 'k;w>˜ th.vdmto;
figure n 1I eD.*H>zsX. 2I tuh>t*DRI t'd< ySRunD'd.w>tuh>t*DR
v w>'G;qdurd.w,mM>w>
file n 1I x;}uJ 2I vHm}wHm
v }uJw>vXx;}uJ
file cabinet n vHm-wHmpD>
fill v rRySJRw>
filling n w>rRySJRrJ< w>vXw>'XEkm< rRySJR< w>vD>vDR[d
film n 1I w>*DR,JR 2I w>*DRrl
film projector n pJ;'k;eJ.w>*DR
filter v ySH> (w>xHw>ed)
filthy a b.tXb.oD
fin n n.t±k ˜ n.t'H;
final a vXcHuwX>
finance n w>zD.wd>zD.ph< usd.{dRph{dR
v qD.xGJrRpXRvXusd.phwuyR
find v 1I uG>Ck˜ CkxH. 2I xH.e‹>uhR
fine a 1I vXtbs›uqS. 2I vXtuqSJuqSD(rlcd.uvHRoD.*DR)
3I vXt*hR˜ vXt-uX;0J
n w>pH.nD.tD.vd;
v pH.nD.tD.vd;w>
finger n pkeX˜ pkrk>
fingernail n pkrh.
fingerprint n pkw0H;yeD.
finish v rR0HR˜ rRuwX>w>
n w>0HR˜ w>uwX>
finished a 0HR
fire n rh.tl
v c;usd
fire alarm n rh.tl'XvGJ
fire engine n odvh.rRyHmrh.tl
fire escape n CDzsJ;rh.tl
fire extinguisher n w>_ydyHmrh.tl
firefly n egud.vH˜ egyH.vh
fire hydrant n xHyDR}wJR
fireman n ySRrRyHmrh.
fireplace n z.uylR˜ z.uGm
fire station n w>rRyHmrh.tloM

63
firewood n oh.rk.
firm a 1I vXtw[l;w0; 2I vXtvDRwH>
first a tcD.xH;˜ tqduwX>
first aid n w>rRpXRqd
fish n n.
v
zD.n.˜ rRn.˜ wcGJn.
fisherman n ySRrRn.zd
fishing line n wcGJysHR
fishing rod n wcGJbd
fish paste n n.tk.
fish trap n vR˜ bX (vXySR'd;tD.n.)
fissure n w>wJR˜ w>tJ;xD. ([D.cd.§vX>)
fist n pkcd.o.
fit v b.vdmto;I t'd< qhuRt0JtHRwb.,Rb.
a td.ql.td.cs›˜ vXt-uX;0J
n w>xD.(ySRunD) t'd< zdo.w*Rw>xD.tDRvDRI
five n eD.*H>,J>
fix v 1I bSD*hRxD.˜ rRb.uhR˜ bSDuhR 2I xDxD.w>< rRpJxD.uhR
3I rRvDRwH>< ym*X>ymusXR 4I uG>xHxHq;q;
t'd< xDxD.rh.tlo.vXw>'l.uyR
flag n eD.w,>
flagpole n eD.w,>txl.
flair n w>ohw>b.'D;w>ul.w>q;vXMqX.[h.vDR< wRv.<
w>ohw>b.vXttd.vXrd>t[XzXylR
flake n w>ubsH;'H;zd< tubsH;
flamboyant a vXtujyK>u_yDR< vXtu,Xto;ujyK>u_yDRvDRwd>vDRqD
flame n rh.tlv.
flamingo n xd.uD;xH (t*DR)
flap v 0>(t'H;qh)˜ xd.ykm(t'H;)˜ wysKm(t'H;)
flare v (rh.tl)uysDRxD.
flash v (rh.tl)ujyh>˜ (vD0>'H;)ujyh>
flask n xHud>'X
flat a bH.˜ yXR
n
[H.tuxX
flatten v rRvDRyXRw>˜ rRbH.ov.
flatter v y-wXRvk˜ y-wXRcd.cHI y-wXRw>vXol.wvdRo;wbsXtylR
t'd< pDR0gy-wXRvktoud;tCdtw>o;xD.tDRvDR
flatulence n [XzXxD.˜ th.eX˜ th.eD
flavour n w>t&D>˜ w>tbd.tbJ< w>t0H.tbJ
flaw n tw>vDRwd>< w>wvXwySJR

64
flea n usH (q.zduD>zdtusH)
flee v Ch>zsd;uGHm
fleet n 1I ubDwu±l>< ubD'Dzkwzk 2I odvh.rhwrh>ubD,lRwz.vX
tb.C;'D;ySRwu±l>
flesh n 1I w>tn.< w>zH;w>n. 2I w>olw>o.
flexible a 1I vXtp>,J>p>,dm 2I vXtvJvdmtw>ymol.ymo;ohnDnD<
vXw>bd;tDRM>,>cD,>cD
flicker v uyDRued;upkm< uyDRyHmvhyHmvh< uyDRu'ku,D>
flight n 1I w>vJRw>uhRvXubD,lR 2I CDwcd.˜ CDwpdR
3I w>Ch>zsd;uGHm
flimsy a vXtwusXRwElR< vXt[;*DRnD< vXtwusd;w>b.< bl< p>
fling v uGHmw>˜ bsK;w>(vXeD.bsK;)
flint n vX>rh.
flip v 1I C.u'g 2I td;xD.cs›cs› 3I yxguGHm< cs;(uGHmxD.)
flirt v rRvDRtJ.to;'fod;uvDM>w><
rRvDRtJ.to;'fod;uuGJM>vGJM>w>
float v 1I xD.zD(vXxH rhwrh> txHzDcd.) 2I 'H0hR0DR(vXuvHRusg)
flock n 1I odt'l. 2I xd.t'l.
flood n xH'd.cd.,GR
v
xH'd.bX˜ xHvk>bXw>
flood n xH'd.cd.,GR§xHvk>bXw>
floor n zk'gcd.˜ [H.'g
flop v pk;vDR(to;) t'd< zgwH>w>bSH;to;tCdpk;vDRto;vX
vD>qh.eDRzDcd.jyLRuvm
flora n pdR[D.uGDRw>rJw>rg
florist n ySRqgzD
flounder v 1I b.td.rluDuDcJcJ< zSD.zSD.,m,m 2I [l;0;qSJ;qSd;
flour n ud.url.< w>turl.wrHRv>v>vXy*Hmurl.e‹>tDR
vXw>tcsH
flourish v *kRxD.˜ *kRxD.yoDxD.˜ uJxD.'d.xD.
flow v (xH),GRvDR
flower n zD
flowerpot n zDoyXR
fluent a vXtuwdRw>bs›
fluid n w>txHted
fluke n w>0H*hRzk;uvR*hRzk;
flute n yHbd< yH
fly v ,lR
n o.bkvg
flying squirrel n ysHm (w>zdC>wuvkm)
foal n uoh.zd

65
foam n 1I w>tobSJ 2I w>uykmuzDvD
focus v rX(w>uyDRt,JRwz.< w>uvk>oD.t,HRwz.)
o*X>vdmto;wylRCD 2I o;pX>qX
foe n 'k.'g
foetus n zdtd.vX'XvD>tylR˜ zdvXwtd.zsJ.'H;b.
fog n bS›.rk>
foil v rR[;*DRuGHm ('k.'gtw>wdmym)
fold v csH;w>
foliage n oh.v.wz. (vXoh.txH;vdR)
follow v ydm(tcH)˜ ydmxGJ
fond a b.o;('d.r;)
font n vHmrJmzsX.tuh>t*DR(vXpJusH;vHmt*D>)
t'd< g g g g g
fontanelle n (zdo.td.zsJ.t)cd.xH
food n w>tD.w>tD
food chain n w>tD.x;oGJ
fool n ySRtrX;˜ ySR[;*DR˜ ySRw*dmwoD.
v vDM>w>< vGJM>w>< uvHmM>w>
foolish a rX;˜ [;*DR˜ w*dmwoD.˜ wxHwq;
foot n 1I cD.v. 2I cD.,D>(w>xd.w>wJm)
football n zsX.xl
foothill n upX>cD.xH;
footprint n cD.vD>
footsteps n cD.cgtoD.˜ cD.oD.
for prep t*D>˜ tCd
forbid v }wD
force v rRql.
n 1I ok;zd(w'l.)˜ ok;t'l. 2I w>to[D.
forceps n eD.wHmbH(uoH.o&.tyD;vD)
forearm n pk'k.
forecast v wJz;qdw>urRto;˜ xd.'G;qd˜ wJympXR
forehead n cd.wdo.
foreign a vXuD>t*R˜ vXwcDxHwcDuD>
foreigner n ySRwcDbDrk>zd˜ ySRwcDxHwcDuD>
foreleg n q.zduD>zdtpk
foreman n w>rRcd.
forest n oh.yS>
foretell v wJz;qdw>urRto;˜ xd.'G;qd˜ wJympXR
forever adv vDRxlvDR,dm< tpdRpdRtC.C.< wbd,l>CD
forge v 1I rRvDw>I t'd< [k.qJ;vDRySRtrHR 2I ydm (CJm< 'D)

66
forgery n w>vDw>ysD>
forget v o;yhReD.
forgetful a nDEk>o;yhReD.w>
forgive v ys> (tw>ur.)˜ ys>uGHm (w>ur.)
fork n 1I eD.qJ; 2I eD.qSd; 3I usJz;'h 4I oh.z;-w>
form n 1I w>tuh>t*DR 2I vHmt'dvXw>ub.rRySJRtDR
v rRtuh>t*DR˜ 'k;uJxD.˜ uJxD.˜ ol.xD.
formal a 'ftvk>tv>[J0Jtod;
former a vXngw(*R)
formula n tusdRtusJ< tvk>tv>< w>bsXtusJvXySRuol0Jt*D>
forth adv qlcd< qlng ([JyX>) xD.
fortify v vXt'k;M>*H>M>bg< rRusXRw>vXwdm{dRwm{dR
fortnight n cHEGHtuwD>
fortress n wdm
fortunate a vXtbl.*hRwD>b.˜ vXt0H*hRuvR*hR
fortune n 1I w>bl.w>wD> 2I phtgtg*D>*D>
forty n vGH>qH< eD.*H>vGH>qH
forward adv qlng
fossil n vX>vd.'d< oh. rhwrh> q.zduD>zdtuh>t*DRtd.vDRbsX
wh>vHteH.vXtuuGJ>tCdvd.xD.uhRto;'fvX>
foster-mother n rd>uG>uJ˜ rd>vXtvk>zdySRtzd
foul a vXtw*hR˜ vXtwwDwvdR
foundations n vX>cX.oeX.
fountain n xHrl< xHxD.yX>< xHzsd;xD.
four n eD.*H>vGH>
fourteen n wqHvGH>
fowl n xd.zdqDzd< xd.< qD
fox n xGH.[D.cd.
fraction n 1I eD.*H>tyl˜ eD.*H>ulm 2I w>t&h.t'h˜ w>weDR
fracture n CHwJR< w>oh.z;< w>obSH;
v rRwJR< rRoh.z;< rRobSH;
fragile a vXtoh.z;nD˜ pSd;˜ uFD;˜ pSd;rJ;cJ;
fragment n w>tvh.t'h˜ w>tuhtcD
frail a CJR< *H>wtd.bgwtd.< CJRoHCJRusd
frame n w>usDR< w>twuGD.
frank a vXtwymclol.w>vXtw>uwdRtylReDwpJ;<
vXtwJzsgxD.w>vXto;ylRcJvXmwDwD
frantic a rRw>cs›cs›uvJm< ypkmywhR< u&Du';
fraud n 1I w>vDw>0hR˜ w>vDe‹>ysHm0hR 2I ySRvDw>zd˜ ySRvDe‹>
ysHm0hRw>

67
frayed a zsKxD.< ,mzV
freckle n rJ.*DRCJ;
free a 1I vXttd.obs› 2I vXtuvD 3I csK;˜ td.uvD
v ysJvDR˜ ys>zsJ;˜ ys>zsJ;uGHm
freedom n w>obhs
freeze v vDRouR˜ ck.vDRouR˜ rRvDRouR
freezer n 'X;rRck.ouR
freight n w>y'X; (vXySRqSXvXubD< vh.rh.tl)<
vh.rh.tlvXtqSXw>y'X;
French fries n t.vlqJ;od
French horn n jz.ph.yH< jz.ph.tyHwuvkm
frenzy n w>o;xD.wysK>wysDR< w>o;'d.e;e;uvJm'ftysK>tod;<
w>ol.yd>o;0;
frequently adv cJtHRcJtHR
fresh a vXtuqSD˜ vXt*hR˜ vXtqSH
fret v o;the‹˜ u'l;u'h.
friction n 1I w>b.-wL>vdmto;< w>b.*Hm*lmvdmo; 2I w>xD'g
vdmo;< w>vXt}wDw>vJRzJw>cHrHRb.-wLmvdmo;tcg
Friday n rk>zDz;
fridge n w>ck.'X
friend n wHRoud;
fright n w>rRysHRrRzk;
frighten v rRysHRrRzk;
frightening a vDRysHR˜ vDRysHRvDRzk;
frill n w>'D.< w>q;uH.q;0hRwuvkmvXydmrk.qhuRwz.rh>*hR
w>u,Xrh>*hRt*D>
fringe n 1I w>q;vDRpJRw>tEHGvXqhtcD.xH;< tEGH 2I w>vD>tqX
frisky a pH.vdmuGJ ('fq.zduD>zdqH;qH;zdwz.)
frog n 'h.
from prep vX
front n 1I w>trJmng˜ trJmng 2I u&Xpd
front tooth n rJ'd˜ rJeHR
frontier n xHqXuD>qX< w>vD>vXySRwtd.eDwbsD
frost n ypDRxHvDRouR˜ ypDRzD< eg0mzD
froth n w>obSJ
frown v uG>[h˜ uG>usd.˜ uG>vXrJmu'kvm
fruit n wRolwRo.
fry v qJ;odtD.w>
frying-pan n rDc.

68
fuel n 1I rh.tlq.I t'd< oh.rk.˜ oG. 2I od'GJ.I t'd< usJwH;
[';qH.]˜ 'H>pJ> 3I rh.q.
fugitive n ySRvXtCh>ylRzsJ;to;vXw>ur.
full a vXtySJR
full moon n vgySJR
full stop n [ . ] ywkm
fun a vXtol.zSHo;nD< vXtvDReHRvDRth
function n w>rRvXtvDRb.w>< w>zH;w>rR< w>tusdRtusJ
fund n phymzSd.˜ phrd>yS>
fundamental a b.C;'D;(w>tcD.xH;< w>trd>yS>)
funeral n w>cl.vDRySRoH
fungus n 1I ukR 2I ukRvXtuJxD.w>qgoh (vXyzH;bh.vdR)
funnel n 1I rh.vk>ysdm 2I w>cd.vD< w>tcd.vJ>tcHplvXySRvlvDR
(xH rhwrh> od)t*D>
funny a 1I vXtvDReHR 2I vXtvDRqD
fur n w>tql.uykmvkm
furious a o;zsd;˜ ol.'d.o;zsd;
furnish v (rRM>< [h.) tDRw>vXtd.0J< (rRM>< [h.) tDR[H.CDtyD;tvD
furniture n [H.yD;vD
furrow n tusdR˜ t*h>< w>ol.vDRzs;vDRw>tusdR˜ xJ.usdR
further a ,HRxD.
fury n w>o;'d.wysKmwysDR< w>o;zsD;
fuse n 1I vDoGJ 2I rh.yd>oGJ
fuss v ud>w>*DRw>vXtwvDRud>*DR˜
CkxH.w>ur.vXtugw'd.
fussy a vXttJ.w>vDRwH>uJ.qd;< vXtu'l;u'h.w>ql.
future n cgqlng

69
Gg

gadget n w>yD;w>vDqH;qH;zdvXtuJbsK;
gag n w>o;uvJR< w>qGHwH>CmudmylR'fod;uwdRw>okwohw*hR
v o;uvJR< qGHwH>CmudmylR'fod;uwdRw>okwohw*hR
gain v rReXR˜ rRe‹>tbsK;˜ e‹>bsK;˜ e‹>tgxD.w>
galaxy n q.tu±l>wz.I t'd< q.bkrk>
gale n uvHRql.
gallant a vXto;'l< vXtvdmo;CHCHvRvR
gall bladder n o'H
gallery n w>ol.xD.z;'d.vXw>ymw>*DRw>zD.wz.tvD>
gallon n wugv.< w>xd.w>'G;w>txHted< wu.v.M.td. 4I5
vHxX.
gallop v (uoh.)Ch>pH.˜ Ch>pH.ulRulR
gallows n w>pXoHw>tvD>
galore a tgtg*D>*D>
gamble v vdmuGJusd.ph˜ wRusd.wRph
game n w>vdmuGJ
gang n ySR'Dzk< ySRtzkI t'd< wrsmwzk
gangrene n w>n.tk.oH< w>n.us. (w>qg)
gangster n ySRtXySRoDtzku&X
gap n w>vDR,dm< w>ylR< w>vDRzsd< [D.cd.wJRz;
garage n odvh.}uD>< w>ymodvh.tvD>
garden n u&X>
gardener n ySRuG>wRo.vD>
gargle v ohoySXRudm,l>
garland n zDuGDR
garlic n yoX0g
garment n w>ulw>uRwrHRrHR
gas n 1I *mo0H 2I w>o0H
gash n w>ylRvD>z;vJ>z;,dm< w>b.ul;
v b.ul;
gasp v ogqJ;zSd;˜ ogtDc.
gate n }wJR˜ u&X>}wJR
gather v ymzSd.˜ xXzSd.˜ td.zSd.
gauge n w>vXyxd.eD.wJmeD.w>vXtDR< eD.xd.< eD.CD.
v
xd.eD.wJmeD.< cHuG>pDRuG>
gauze n uD;(pf)˜ w>uHRn.t[d< w>uH;n.blblzd

70
gay a 1I vXto;ySJRqX.uvm'D;w>ol.zSHo;nD
2I vXttJ.yuXRw>
gaze v uG>pl.˜ uG>xHuG>usd.
gear n 'd.uGHR
gecko n wdwJm
gem n w>vk>'d.y›SR'd.˜ vX>vk>'d.yS›R'd.
gender n rk.§cGg
general a xD&DR˜ nDEk>(rRto;)˜ tg'.wuh>
n ok;cd.usX>
generation n pdR one generation ySRwpdR
generator n rh.tlpJ;˜ vDrh.tlpJ;
generous a ol.vJ>o;vJ>˜ ol.b.o;oh˜ o;nD
genetic a vDRpXR
genitals n rk.§cGguh>*DR
genius n tw>ohw>b.w>ul.b.ul.oh[J'.0JvXtrd>[XzXylR
genocide n w>rRoHvDRwlmuvkm
gentle a 1I uykmvk;˜ upk'k˜ uzDvD˜ ck.ck.rkmrkm 2I ol.*hRo;0g˜
onL;oyS>
gentleman n ySRydmcGg˜ ySRwl>'d.uDR'd.
genuine a vXtrh>twD˜ eD>eD>
geography n vHm[D.cd.
geology n [D.'GJyDng< w>rRvdb.C;[D.cd.[D.vm
geometry n uFDr-xH.< w>xd.w>'G;
germ n w>qgtC>
germinate v (w>csH)rJxD.oD
gesture n w>eJ.pkeJ.cD.< eJ.pkeJ.cD.< w>vXerR'D;wJtDR
v eJ.pkeJ.cD.
get v rRe‹>˜ e‹>b.
ghost n w>wC.˜ wJ_yJ>˜ yDRwC.
giant n 'd;wug
a vXtrd>yS>'d.rhwrh>t*H>ql.< vXt'd.trk>
gibbon n u,kRz.˜ u,lRz.˜ u,lRyS>
gift n w>[h.ueXR˜ w>[h.
gigantic a vXt'd.vDRqD˜ vXt'd.trk>
giggle v eHRCJ;CD;˜ eHRcH;cH;
gill n n.tc.oH.
gin n 1I oH;wuvkm 2I xk
ginger n oth˜ wth
giraffe n uoh.xDudm
girl n ydmrk.zd
71
give v [h.
give birth v td.zsJ.xD.˜ qH;p>(tzd)˜ zSHvDR (q.zduD>zd)
glacier n xHouRusdR˜ xHvDRouRusd< xHouRud.vd.z;'d.
glad a o;ck
glance v uG>us›w>˜ uG>us›w>wbs;
gland n w>tcsH (vXyrd>yS>)
glare v uG>[h
glaring a ujyK>
glass n 1I rJmxHuvR 2I vDcDqSH
glasses n rJmxHuvR˜ rJm'd;
gleam v uyDRvh>vh>< qJ;uyDR
glide v 1I vJR'.tw>bs›bs›qSDqSD< bsd.< 'd;uvHR(xd.)
glider n ubD,lRbds.
glimmer v uyDRyH.vhyH.vh
glimpse v uG>wzsJ;< xH.wzsJ;
glisten v qJ;u-wh.˜ qJ;uyDR
glitter v uyDRrs>rs>˜ uyDRqJ;ujyK>xD.
globe n 1I [D.cd.*DRzsX. 2I [D.cd.zsX.
gloomy a 1I vXtcH;vDR˜ vXtu'ku,D> 2I vXtzsgvDRo;tk;˜
zsgol.wzSHo;wnD
glory n w>vRuyDR
glossary n w>vXtymzsgxD.w>uwdRwbD'D;wbDtcDynD
glossy a zsgbs›uqS.
glove n pkzsD.
glow v uJRuyDR
n w>uyDRt{l>
glucose n uvlcd;pf
glue n w>pJ
glut n w>td.tgwvX< w>td.tgM>w>vd.b.
glutton n ySRtD.vkmudw>˜ ySRtD.q.ql.
gnat n C;ol
gnaw v th.Chw>
go v vJR
goal n 1I wX.zsd 2I w>rk>v>uG>pd˜ w>ynd.zDwX.
goat n rJmwJ;vJ;
gobble v tD.,l>˜ tD.'lusL˜ ,l>wusL
God n up>,GR
godown n yeHm'X;
goggles n rJmxHuvRvXw>'d;tDR'fod;u'Do'XrJmcsHt*D>
goitre n w>udm'd.(w>qg)

72
gold n 1I xl 2I xltvGJ>
goldfish n n.xl
goldleaf n xlubsH;
golf n zsX.'d
good a *hR
goodbye n vJRrkmrkm
goose n xd.wR
gorge n w>}wd< w>}wDRtH.vXupX>uql;
v tD.wkRvXtD.bsJwpk< tD.,l> ('lwusK)w>
gorgeous a CHvRu,J>u,lm< tvGJ>ujyK>u_yDR
gorilla n uDR&Hv.< wRtk;z;'d.wuvkm
gossip v CJRySR*h>˜ wJySR*h>˜ oD.0HoJuvR
gourd n xHvlRo.
govern v yXw>jy;w>
government n uD>y'd.
grab v zh.xk;0mxk;˜ pSDRxk;
grace n 1I w>bsK;w>zSd. 2I w>bgxkuz.vXtD.rhRqXuwD>
3I w>[h.tgxk;xDxD.w>qXuwD> 4I ouJmy0;*hR
grade n r;ywD>< wDR< w>bHvDR
v usJRvDRtwDR
gradual a u,Du,D< wqDwkmwqD
gradually adv u,Du,D
graduate n ySRzsduFd'd.uFdxD
v zsduFd'd.uFdxD
grain n 1I bk(bktzsX.) 2I w>tzsX.jyH
3I w>tusdRjyHvXoh.b.tvdR
gram n [g] }uJ.(rf)< t}uJ.(rf) (1000) ] (1)uHvd}uJ.(rf)
grammar n j*.r>˜ usdm*H>xH;< usdmtw>od.w>oD
grand a vXt'd.trk>< vXtvDRu[kunD>
grandchild n vHRzd
granddaughter n vHRrk.
grandfather n zk
grandmother n zH
grandparent n zHzk
grandson n vHRcGg
granite n vX>}uJeX;˜ vX>'D.ph
grant v [h.vDR˜ [h.w>tcGJ;
grape n pyH;o.
graph n vHmwdRjyH
graphite n pX>ol

73
grasp v zD.Cm˜ pSDRCm
grass n wyH>˜ eD.
grasshopper n 'GJ.
grassland n eD.oDxd
grassroots a *H>cD.xH;ursX>
grate v 0mI t'd< 0mtD.CDRo.
n rh.th.w'D˜ rh.tlth.w'D
grateful a vXtohpH;bsK;w>˜ vXtoh.ngqXw>bsK;
grater n eD.0mI t'd< eD.0mCDRo.
gratitude n w>oh.ngqXw>bsK;
grave n w>oG.cd.
a
vXte;˜ vXt'd.trk>I t'd< w>[;*DRt'd.trk>
gravel n vX>zdjyH
gravity n w>xk;CX
gray / grey a/n 0gC;< w>tvGJ>0gC;
graze v 1I (q.zduD>zd)tD.wyH>˜ 2I ydm˜ ydmCh
grease n odCD;
great a vXt'd.
greed n w>o;uGH
greedy a o;uGHw>
green a/n vg˜ tvGJ>vg
greenhouse n [H.vXySRbSDvXrJmxHuvR (vXuol.w>t*D>)
greet v [H;pkuG>rJm
grenade n pkrh.yd>
grey a/n 0gC;˜ tvGJ>0gC;
grid n yedvXw>oltDRzJw>wh[D.cd.*DR
grief n w>ol.wrkmo;wrkm˜ w>ol.tk;o;tk;
grill v u.(w>n.)
grille n Ch(x;oGJCh)< x;tbdzdwz.w>xh0J'fChtod;
grim a zsgw*hR˜ tol.to;zsgw*hR
grin v eHRurSH
grind v *Hmurl.w>
grip v pSDRwH>
groan v utkupGg
grocery n yeHm&dus;
groin n uH.uRxH;
groom n wv;rl;ydmcGg
groove n tyElm˜ tusdR
grope v CkuvX>w>
ground n 1I [D.cd.n. 2I [D.cd.

74
groundnut n obh[D.vm
groundwater n xH[D.vm
group n u±l>˜ t'l.
grow v 1I 'd.xD. 2I ol.w>
growl v unDR
growth n w>'d.xD.
grubby a vX.xD.b.tXb.oD
grudge n w>o;uh.˜ w>o;ug
grumble v u'l;u'h.
grunt v (xd;)rRoD.tuvk>-uLR-uLR
guarantee n vHmtk.uDR
v tk.uDR
guard n ySRvXtyXRcd.e>to;orl˜ ySRyXRw>zd
v yXRw>˜ td.cd;'Dw'X
guardian n ySRuG>xGJw>˜ ySRu[ku,mw>
guava n eD.ugo.˜ oh.0gvDo.
guess v qdurd.w,mw>˜ w,mw>˜ w,mqdurd.˜ w,mqdym
guest n ySRwrSHR
guide v eJ.usJ˜ [H;pkeJ.usJ˜ qSXw>wGRw>
n ySRqSXw>wGRw>˜ ySReJ.usJ
guidebook n vHmeJ.usJ
guilt n w>ur.
guilty a vXtw>ur.td.
guitar n uxg< ySRuD>rk>Ekmtwe>cGJ;pkwuvkm
gulf n yD.usDR
gulp v ,l>wusL
gum n rJulR
gun n usd
gunpowder n bsgth.
gust n uvHRwysDR< uvHR[JvXtql.owl>uvm< w>o;'d.zk;
v o;'d.zk;
gutter n xHrd>usdR< xH,GRvDRtusdR
guy n ySRydmcGg
gymnastics n w>*JR*hRuh>*DR
gynaecology n w>ul.b.ul.ohb.C;ydmrk.ydmrXRw>qg

75
Hh

habit n tvk>tv>˜ vk>v>

hack v 1I usDw> 2I EkmvDRrR[;*DRySRtcD.zFLxX.
hacker n ySRvXtEkmvDRrR[;*DRySRtcD.zFLxX.
hacksaw n x;tvG;< vG;wuvkmbl;x;oh
hag n ydmrk.o;yS>vXto;tX'D;vmtX< w>egrk.
hail n ol. (vXt[JvDRvXrlcd.plRxHtusg)
hair n 1I cd.ol 2I cd.ql.
hairbrush n oH.vk.cGH (oH.cGHcd.wuvkm)
hairclip n cd.qSd;˜ eD.wHmcd.
haircurlers n eD.rRwuHcd.yD;vD< w>rRwuHcd.yD;vD
hairdresser n ySRu,Xcd.ol
hairdryer n w>rRChxDcd.ql.
hairpin n cd.qJ;< cd.qSd;
half n 1I [ ½ ] cHylwyl 2I w0m˜ z;zD
half-brother n 'Dyk>0J>cGg'l.csX˜ 'Dyk>0J>cGgcd.csX
half-caste n u;_yg
half-sister n 'Dyk>0J>rk.'l.csX˜ 'Dyk>0J>rk.cd.csX
halfway adv w>vJRusJw0m
hall n bsD.
hallucinate v xH.rSHw>< w>vXwtd.b.M.xH.rSH0JvXttd.
t'd< ySRtDoH;zd 'D;ySRrlRuoH.rlRbSD;wz.xH.rSHw>
halt v td.ywkm
halve v eDRz;w>cHcDySJRod;˜ eDRz;vDRw>cHcD
ham n xd;uH.'k.Ch
hamburger n ud.w>n.
hammer n cH.cl.
hammock n pkm
hamster n ,k>wl>rJ>
hand n pkv.˜ pk
handbag n xX.pdmpk
handcuffs n x;usDRpk
handful n wpSDR
hand grenade n pkrh.yd>
handicapped a vXtrd>yS>[;*DRI t'd< tcD.[;*DR
handkerchief n w>0gzd˜ w>pSXRzd
handle n pkzD.˜ w>twd>I t'd< CJmwd>˜ uGgwd>
v [H;w>zD.w>
handlebars n vh.,D>tpkzD.
76
handrail n CDpkzD.< eD.pk[H;
handshake n [H;pkuG>rJm
handsome a vXt'd.w>*hR
handwriting n pkvD>
handy a vXtbsK;td.< vXtrRw>pkohw>rRoh
hang v bs;vDR˜ vDRpJR˜ pXvDRpJR˜ xd.vDRpJR˜ pX>oH
hangar n w>ymubD,lR}uD>
hanger n eD.bs;qh
happen v uJxD.˜ uJxD.to;˜ rRto;
happiness n w>o;ck
happy a o;zSH
harass v rRthM< rRwHmwmySRxDbd
harbour n ubDoe‹
hard a 1I uD 2I udR˜ usR 3I (vXtrRw>)ql.
harden v rRudRxD.˜ rRusRxD.
hard of hearing a e>CX
hardly adv uDuDcJcJ˜ e;e;usHRusHR
hardware shop n us;yeHmusR
hardwood n oh.r;˜ oh.udR
harm v rRtX˜ rR[;*DR˜ rRb.'d
harmony n 1I w>td.ySJR'D;w>tJ.w>uGHvXw>rkmw>ck.tylR
2I w>'htoD.vXtClvdmzd;vdmto;
harp n we>˜ we>uh.usDR˜ we>ulR
harsh a vXtql.tudR˜ vXtwrkmwvR
harvest n w>*>zSd.
v xk;zSd.0mzSd.˜ ul;(bk)
hassle n w>wHmwm
v th.vdmqd;uh< rRwHmwmySR
haste n cs›cs›< cs›'H;cs›'l;< cs›o'H;
hat n cd.ovk;˜ cd.zsD.˜ cd.ukm
hatch n ubD< ubD,lRtyJ}wD
v z;xD. (vXt'H.) t'd< qDzd< xd.zdz;xD.
hatchet n uGgqH;qH;zd
hate v o;[h˜ o;qg
haul v wGH>(w>vXtCX'd.'d.) t'd< uqDwGH>oh.zl
haunt v rRysHRrRysD>< rRysHRrRzk;
have v 1I td.'D;˜ td. 2I rRe‹>w>
haven n 1I w>td.w'XtvD> 2I ubDoM
havoc n w>[;*lm[;*DRz;'d.< w>wHmwmz;'d.
hawk n vHmC; (xd.uvkm)

77
hay n wyH>Ch˜ vD>bd˜ eD.Ch
hazard n w>vXtvDRb.,d.
haze n bS›.< xHo0H< rh.tlvk>td.wh>urSHurSHvXuvHRusg
he pro t0JydmcGg
head n cd.
headache n cd.qg
headband n cd.usDR
headland n [D.cd.tedmxd;
headlights n (odvh.)trJmngrh.tl
headline n w>*h>cd.wD
headmaster n o&.uFdcd.
headmistress n o&.rk.uFdcd.
headphones n ue.'X
headquarters n vD>cX.o;
headwaters n xHcH
heal v rRbsguhR˜ ,gbsg
health n w>td.ql.td.cs›
healthy a td.ql.td.cs›
heap n tyl˜ tyl.
hear v e>[l
heart n o;zsX.
heartbeat n w>o;pH.
hearth n z.uGmxH;
heat n w>ud>
v rRud>xD.
heave v pdmxD.˜ pdmuzDxD.
heaven n rlcd.
heavy a CX
heavy-hearted a vXto;CX
hectare n [J;xX.< w>xd.w>'G;[D.cd.tvJ>vXrJ;x&h;tusJoEl
(1 [J;xX. = 10<000 puGJ,grHxX.)
hectic a 1I vXtw>zH;w>rRtg< b.[l;b.*JRxDbd
hedge n wySDm*XR< wySDmol.vDRto;vXw> (tqX)
heed v ymol.ymo;< yvD>ol.yvD>o;< ue.Ckm
heel n cD.eX.cH
height n 1I txD˜ tupDR 2I eD>txD
heir n ySRe‹>ogw>
helicopter n [J.vH.cD;ywX.
helium n [H.vH.,.*mo0H(rh>*mvXtzSHe‹>uvHR< rh.tltD.woh)
hell n v&m

78
helmet n cd.ukmusR
help v rRpXR˜ wdpXRrRpXR
helper n ySRrRpXRw>
helpless a vXw>rRpXRtDRwoh
hem n w>tuElRcsH;to;˜ qhxd;
hemisphere n 1I [D.cD 2I w>zsX.ovX.w0m
hen n qDrd>
hence a vXw>M.tCd< p;xD.zJtHR< p;xD.cJtHR< wkRtHRqlng
hepatitis n ol.w>qg
her pro t0Jydmrk.
herb n 1I oh.*H>0.pJ 2I w>eXrleXqSD˜ w>eXrl
herd n 'Dzk˜ 'Du±l>˜ t'l.
here prep zJtHR
hereditary a w>vXt[JvDRpXRvXrd>y>
heritage n w>M>og< vk>v>w>qJ;w>vRtw>M>og
hermit n thoh;˜ wv;thoh;
hernia n ySHmvDRusDw>qg
hero n ySR'lySRCdR
heroin n yHR0g
heroine n ySR'lySRCdRrk.˜ rk.'lrk.CdR
heron n xd.vJR0g
hers pron t0Jydmrk.tw>
herself pron teD>up>(rk.)< t0Jydmrk.tup>'.0J
hesitate v ,kmto;˜ rR,HmrReD>to;
hibernate n q.zduD>zdtd.'k;zJw>*d>uwD>
hiccup v ogwuk;
hide v ymclol.˜ ymvDRclol.˜ td.clol.
high a xD.xD˜ vXtz;xD
highlands n upX>usg
highway n usJrk>z;'d.<
usJrk>z;'d.vXw>oltDRvXw>vJRw>'h.pXR,HRt*D>
hike v w>vJRz;xDvXupX>usg< w>(xD.)upX>
hill n w>vl>
him pron t0JydmcGg
himself pron teD>up>(cGg)
hinder v rRwHmwm
Hindu n ySR[h.'l>zd
Hinduism n [h.'l>w>bgoEl(w>od.w>oD)
hinge n oH.usDR< w>oH.usDR

79
hint n w>eJ.pd
v eJ.pd
hip n ,D>wJmcd.
hippopotamus n wR'd.xH
hire v 'd;vJ
his pro t0JydmcGgtw>
hiss v ±SLR±SLR< rRoD.tuvk>±HSR±SHR±SLR±SLR
history n w>pH.pdRwJpdR
hit v 1I wD> 2I b.xH;< b.wd>< b. 3I b.'d
hitchhike v Ch'd;ydmySRodvh.tcH<
*JRqXxX.vXusJuyR'D;Ch'd;ydmySRodvh.tcH
hoard v ymzSd.ymwHR
hoarse a uvk>bH;< udm,l>bdoG;
hoax n (w>) vHmM>vDM>w>
hobble v [;wusJ>wusJ>˜ [;wDRusJ>wDRusJ>
hobby n w>o;pJ
hoe n bD}wDm< bDzs;
hog n xd;< xd;zg'h'H.
hoist n w>zdw>vHRvXw>oltDRvXw>xk;xD.w>
v xk;xD.w>vXysHR< pdmuzDxD.<
hold v 1I zD.˜ zD.Cm˜ [H;Cm 2I rR(w>td.zSd.) 3I }wD>ubD[XzX
hole n w>ylR
holiday n eHRobs›˜ eHRtd.ovhR
hollow a vXtvDRutd˜ vXtylRtd.
holster n usd'X
holy a pDqSH
homage n w>,l;,D.ymuJ
home n vD>td.vD>qd;˜ [H.
homesick a o;o,k>[H.
homework n [H.w>rR
homicide n w>rRoHySRunD< w>rRoHySR*R
homosexual a tJ.yuXR
homosexuality n w>tJ.yuXR
honest a wDvdR
honestly adv wDwDvdRvdR
honey n ueJpD˜ uGJpD
honeycomb n ueJcd.xH
honeymoon n ySRxD.yS>oDtw>[;vdmuGJ
honk n odvh.tuvk> (t[D) oD. t'd< yHyHyDyD
v rRoD.odvh.tuvk> (t[D)< rRoD.w>tuvk>

80
honour n w>vRuyDR˜ w>rHR*hRo.*hR
hood n qhuRtw>usX>bXcd.< w>uH;nmzsD.cd.
hoodlum n ySRrRur.w>od.w>oD
hoof n cD.rh.< q.zduD>zdvXtcD.td.vGH>cDtcD.rh.
hook n eD.uG;˜ x;uG;˜ wcGJue.
hookworm n xd;uvJmwcGJ
hoop n x;uGDRCmw>
hoot v 1I 'dutdud; 2I rRoD.yDRtl±lR˜ rRoD.yHyDR
hop v pH.< pH.wusJ>
hope v rk>v>
hopeless a vXw>rk>v>wtd.
hopscotch n w>pH.ubD,lR< zdo.tw>pH.vdmuGJwuvkm
horizon n rlxH;
horizontal a vXttd.rHeDR,k>uvm˜ vXtrHeDR˜ vXt'gvDRto;
horn n 1I w>eXR˜ uGJR 2I yHyDR˜ yDRtl±lR
hornbill n xd.ud;˜ xd.udRuk˜ xd.ol˜ xd.ch
hornet n xGH.zgusH
horrible a vXtwrkmwvR˜ vXtvDRysHRvDRzk;˜ vXtvDRzH;wuk.
cDwuk.
horse n uoh.
hose / hosepipe n xHzSd;bd
hospitable a tJ.wl>wHRwl>wrSHR
hospital n w>qg[H.
host n [H.up>ydmcGg< (ySR)vXtwl>vdmcD.qXw>
v wl>vdm
hostage n ySRb.zD.urJ
Hostess n [H.up>rk.
hostile a vXtxD'k.xD'gvdmto;< vXtCkw>th.vdmqd;uh
hot a ud>
hotel n [H.'GJ
hound n xGH.rDRpJ< xGH.wuvkmvXySRoltDRvXuvlRtD.w>rHRvm
v rRwHmwm< rRql.< vlRtDRwtd.'D;w>o;unDR
hour n e.&H.I t'd< cHe.&H.b.vH
house n [H.˜ 'X;
household n [H.zdCDzd˜ ySR'l.zdxXzd
hover v uXRuvHR< td.*X>wyX>'D;uXRCmto;vXuvHRusg
t'd< [J.vH.cDywX.wbh.uXRuvHRvXyzDcd.
how adv 'fvJ.I how many qH;tgvJ.I how big qH;'d.vJ.I
how long qH;,HmvJ.I
howdah n uqD*DRu>

81
howl n uvHRrk> (tlw>)
v xGH.td.,lR
hub n y.cd.< vh.y.tcX.o;w>urDmvXtylRtd.0J
huddle v zd;wH>I t'd< yvJRcD*mw>oG.cd.tcgeD>qH;qH;zdwH>Cm
,RCH;r;vDR
hue n w>tvGJ>< tvGJ>
hug v 1I zd;[kCm 2I vJRbl;'D;xHeHR< w>to&hR
huge a z;'d.˜ 'd.'d.rk>rk>
hull n ubDtrd>yS>
hum v 1I oD.urXR 2I tuvk>oD.'fueJ,lR
human n ySRunD< ySR[D.cd.zd
a (vXtb.C;'D;) ySRunD
human being a ySR[D.cd.zd˜ vXtb.xGJ'D;ySRunD
humanitarian n 1I ySRto;pJvXySR*h>0Dw>vd. 2I ySR*h>0Db.xGJtw>vd.
human rights n [D.cd.zdcGJ;,m˜ ySRcGJ;,m
humble a vXtqD.vDRto;
humidity n w>pk.pD.
humorous a vXtvDReHR
humour n w>vDReHR
hump n 1I (usD>t)uyDm˜ (usD>t)bkpd
humus n [D.usmcsg
hunched a ysd>oul;
hundred n wu,R
hunger n w>o.0HRo.phR
hungry a o.0HR˜ o.0HRo.phR
hunt v 1I [;c;w>˜ [;vdmuGJyS> 2I uG>CkuhR(w>vDRr>)
hurl v uGHm
hurricane n [.&H.uhuvHRrk>z;'d.< uvHRrk>
hurry v u&D˜ rRu&D˜ rRypkmywhR< rRcs›cs›
hurt v rRqg
hurtful a vXtrRqgySRo;
husband n 0R
husk n zhbh.yS>
husky a vXt'd.'D;td.'D;*H>bg< vXt'd.'d.xDxD< w>uvk>vDR
hustle v u&DySR*RI t'd< eD>0gu&Dt0RvXuvJRql0h>ylRcs›cs›t*D>
hut n 'J< [H.zdpDR
hyacinth n ydmvDrh.
hydroelectricity n vD*H>xH
hymn n xgo;0H.up>,GR
hyphen n [ - ] wdRwJm

82
hypnotize v w>rRo;oyhRySR
hysterectomy n w>uGJ;xk;xD.'XvD>

83
Ii

I pron ,
ice n xHvDRouR< xHck.ud.vd.
Ice Age n xHvDRouRpdR
iceberg n xHvDRouRud.vd.z;'d.
ice cap n [D.pd;vD>
ice cream n ud.xHck.zD
icon n 1I w>yeD.tw>*DRzdvXcD.zFLxX.tylR
2I ySRw*RvXtrHRtd.'D;ySR*RymuJtDRvDRqDcDzsdt0Jtw>
zH;w>rRtCd< ySRrHR[lo.zsgvXb.w>ymuJtDR
idea n w>qdurd.˜ w>xH.
ideal a t*hRuwX> (vXySRw*Rt*D>)˜ vXtxD.b;
identical a 'fod;od;˜ vDRyvdmwDwD˜ vDR*mwrHRCD
identify v 'k;eJ.zsgxD.
identity n ymzsgxD.vXtrh>rwR< tuJrwR
ideology n w>qdrd.qdr;˜ o;oEl
idiom n w>uwdR'dvXySRwuvkm'k;td.xD.0J'D;olnDEk>0Jb.q.tcD
ynDvDRqDM>tup>'.0JtcDynD
idiot n ySRvXtw>o;q;wtd.˜ ySRtrX;
idle a td.uvDuvD˜ td.uX.td.usL
idol n w>*DRw>zD.< w>*DRw>zD.vXySRbgtDR
if conj rhrh>
igloo n tH;uvl< ySRtJpuHrd.zdwz.t[H.
ignite v vXtp;xD.tltD.w>< 'GJ.xD.< qdSuJRxD.
ignorant a vXtwoh.nge>yX>w>
ignore v wue.Ckm
iguana n wcl;
ill a qd;uh
illegal a vXtwzd;oJp;
illegitimate a 1I vXt,DR 2I illegitimate baby 'XbXzd˜ 'Xorlzd
illicit a vXtw>wzd;oJp;
illiterate a z;vHmuGJ;vHmwohb.< vXtwohuGJ;ohz;
illness n w>ql;w>qg
illumination n w>uyDRtvGJ>tuvkmuvkmvXtu,XxD.w>
illusion n w>td.zsgvXyrJmngvXtvDM>ySR< w>vDM>yrJm
illustration n w>*DR< w>*DRvXtd.vXvHmylRvJ>ylR
imaginary a vXtqdurd.rSHtDR˜ w>w,mqdrd.e‹>tDR
imagination n w>qdurd.rSH˜ w>w,mqdrd.

84
imagine v qdurd.rSHw>˜ qdurd.w,;w>
imitate v rR'd;w>˜ rRvDR*mw>˜ rR'd;ySR˜ uJ'd;w>
imitation n w>rR'd;w>
a vXtrR'd;w>
immaculate a vXtuqSD< vXtw>ur.wtd.< vXtb.
immediate a wbsDCD
immediately adv wuD>cg˜ wbsDCD
immense a z;'d.˜ 'd.'d.rk>rk>
immerse v pkmvDRbsXvDRw>
immigrant n ySREkmvDRuD>
immortal a w>vXoHwohb.
immunity n *H>}wDqXw>qg
impact n 1I w>b.'d 2I w>b.wd>b.xH;vdmo;vXto[D.ql.ql.
v 1I b.'d< b.xH;vdmto;vXto[D.ql.ql. 2I qGHEkmvDR
impair v rR[;*DR< rRp>vDR< rRpSRvDR
impartial a vXwuG>rJmw>
impatient a vXw>0Ho;plRwtd.b.˜ o;wplR
impediment n w>vXt}wDw>< w>vXtrRwHmwmw><
impertinent a wqJ;wvR< &X>pX>
implicate v wJw>vXySR*Rtd.'D;w>ur.'D;wJzsgCkm0J'D;t*h>tusdRymzsg
Ckm0Jt*h>tusdR
imply v ymzsgxD.tcDynDvXwtd.zsgb.
impolite a vXwqJ;wvRb.
import n yeHm[JEkmvXuD>csX
v qSXEkmvDR(yeHm) (qluD>ylR)
important a vXtug'd.
impose v 1I rXql.ySR*R'fod;uvlRydmrRxGJw>od.w>oD< ymvDRw>
od.w>oD 2I w>rRwHmwmrRql.ySR
impossible a uJxD.woh
impostor n ySRvXtrRto;'fod;ySR*R< ySRvXtvdmuJto;'fod;ySR*R
('fod;uvDM>ySR*R)
impound v [H;M>uGHmw>vXtb.vdm'D;w>bsXoJp;
impregnate v 'k;'XxD.zd
impression n w>qdurd.vXo;ylR< w>vXtd.xD.vXySRw>qdurd.tylR
impressive a zsgu[kunD>< vXt'k;td.xD.w>o;*JRoh
imprison v 'XekmvDRqlCdmylR
impromptu adv / a vXwtd.'D;w>uwJmuwDRympXRto;
improve v 1I *hRxD. 2I rR*hRxD.
impulse n w>o;*JRvXt[JxD.zk;
in prep tylR< vXtylR
85
inability n w>vXyrRwoh< w>wohwb.
inaccurate a vXtwvDRwH>vDRqJ;
inadequate a vXtwvXwySJR
incense n w>qSd;uJReXrl< wX.eXrlwz.vXw>'GJ.xD.tDRzJw>bl.xD.
bgxD.'D;vk>xD.ymxD.w>tcg
inch n pkrk>'d. (w>xd.w>wJm)
incident n w>uJxD.o;
incision n ul;uGJ; (uoH.o&.)
incisor n rJeHR
incite v xd.*JRxD.ySRo;< oq.xD.ySRtcHvXurRw>tX
inclined a rR'hcH< rRwph
include v ymCkm˜ 'k;ymCkm(tDR)
income n w>[JEkm< ph[JEkm
inconvenience n w>wrkmwvR< w>wnDwbGg
incorrect a vXtwb.˜ vXtur.
increase v 1I tgxD.˜ 'd.xD. 2I rRtgxD.
n
w>rRtgxD.
incredible a vXyemM>tDRwoh< vXtwvDRem
incurable a (w>qg)vXrRbsguhRwoh
indecent a (uwdRw>< ymol.ymo;) vXtw*hR< w-uX;wb.<
wCHwvR
indeed adv eD>eD>< oyS>uwX>
indefinite a vXtwvDRwH>< vXtwzsgvDRwH>
indefinitely adv (w>qXuwD>vX) w>ymyeD.tDRwtd.
indent v rRvDR[dw> (zJyuGJ;vHm)< rRvDRqX.w>
independent a vXttd.obs›< vXtw'd;oMRto;vXySRt*R
index n vHm&J.xH;
indicate v 'k;eJ.w>< eJ.zsgw>
indigenous a xlvHR< vXttd.xltd.vHR
indigestion n w>[XzXqg (cDzsduzk*Hmw>tD.wbsJ;tCd)
indignant a o;'d.xD. (vXtvRuyDRb.'dtCd)
indigo n eD.CD>vGJ> (rJeJ.)
indirectly adv wvdRvdRb.˜ wpX>qXb.˜ uh.uh.ulul
individual n ySRw*R
a ySRw*Rpkmpkm
indoors adv vX[H.ylR< vXw>ol.xD.tylR
induce v 1I uGJM>vGJM>ySR*R 2I 'k;td.zsJ.qdw>
indulge v ySRvlRto;< ySRwuDRto;
industrialization n w>rR'd.xD.xDxD.pJ;zDu[.
industry n pJ;zDu[.w>rR

86
inedible a w*hRtD.b.˜ vXySRtD.wohb.
inexpensive a tyS›Rb.< tyS›Rw'd.b.
infant n zdo.tD.Ek>< zdo.qH;
infection n w>b.*m
infectious a b.*mw>oh
inference n w>qdurd.'k;b.xGJuhRw>
inferior a vXtw*hR'fw>*Rtod;b.< (zk.< p>) M>w>t*R
infest v (vXt[J*D>rk>*D>yRtCd) rRwHmwmySRo;
infidelity n w>wrRwDtuvk>b.< w>tJ.bXrgtJ.bX0R
infinite a 1I vXwtd.'D;w>ymyeD.< vXtuwX>wtd.<
vXySRxd.tDRwoh
inflammation n w>nd;
inflation n 1I phod.oGH< tluzdxD.
inflict v 'k;wl>(b.) ySRw*RvXw>uDw>cJ< w>e;w>zSD.
influence n vk>bXpdurDR
inform v 'k;oh.ng
informal a vXtwvJRto;'ftvk>tv>td.0Jtod;
information n w>upD.˜ w>*h>w>usdR
infra-red n w>uyDRtvGJ>*DRvXySRuG>tDRwzsg
infringe v rRw&Dwygw>tX.vDR˜ EkmvDR[H;e‹>ySR*Rtw>cGJ;w>,m
rhwrh> w>pdw>urDR˜ rRur.w>od.w>oD
infuriate v rRo;'d.xD.w>
ingenious a vXtul.w>oh
ingredient n w>wrHRvXtCgCkmto;'D;w>tgrHR'D;uJxD.w>wrHRCD
inhabit v td.qd;
inhabitable a (w>vD>) vXySRtd.qd;oh
inhale v uogEkmuvHR< ogEkmuvHR
inherit v [h. (w>) M>og< [h.ogw>M>og
inhibition n (w>wl>b.vX) t}wD (w>vXeurR)
inhuman a vXtwo;unDRw>'fySRunDtod;b.<
vXtw>o;unDRwtd.
initial n vHmrJmzsX.tcD.xH;wzsX.vXw>uwdRwbDtylR
a vXtb.C;'D;w>tcD.xH;wrHR<
injection n w>qJ;uoH.
injure v b.'d˜ b.uh
injury n w>b.'db.xH;
ink n rJ.xH˜ xd.'H;bdxH
inmate n ySRCdmzd< ySRtysK>vXttd.vXw>ysK>w>qg[H.
inn n [H.'GJvXtqH;wuvkm
innocent a w>'J;b; (w>ur.) wtd.

87
inquire v oHuG>w>upD.
inquiry n w>oHuG>oH'd;˜ w>Ckoh.ng
inquisitive a o;CHCl˜ oHuG>w>uql;uwhR
insane a ysK>< o;wb.vdmb.p;< cd.Elmwb.vdmb.p;
insect n w>zdC>
insecticide n uoH.rRoHw>zdC>
insert v xXEkm< rRySJRvDRvXtuql;<
w>vXtb.w>zXEkmtDRvXw>t(usg)ylR
inside prep vXtylR
insight n w>e>yX>w>vDRwH>vDRqJ;< w>xH.w>vXo;trJm
insignificant a t&hw'd.b.< vXtw'd.wrkmb.< vXtcDynDwtd.b.<
vXyw-uX;ymuJtDR
insipid a t&D>bsg
insist v bkpCk< ymto;qXql.qXreR
insolent a vXt&X>tpX>˜ vXtrRw&DwygySR
insoluble a vXtySH>vDRvXxHusgwohb.
inspect v CkuG>orHord;w>
inspector n ySRorHord;vHmtk.o;
inspire v 'k;td.xD.w>pdw>urDRvXtxd.*JRySRo;
install v qDvDRymvDR< xDxD.
instalment n 1I wulmwulm 2I w>vXw>b.[h.uhRwbsDwpJ;I
t'd< w>[h.uhR'h.ur>
instant n wpd>zd< rDudm< wbs;zd
a vXtuJxD.to;wbsDCD<
instantly adv wbsDCD
instead adv vXtvD>
instinct n w>oh.ngvXMqX.[h.tDR< w>ohvXt[Jy.vXrd>[XzXylR
institute n w>u&Xu&d< uFd< w>ol.xD.
instruction n w>eJ.vDR
instructor n ySReJ.w>
instrument n w>pku0JRyD;vD (vXw>rRt*D>)
insult v uwdRw&Dwyg
insure v 1I rRvDRwH>w> 2I tk.uDRto;
insurgent n ySRylxD.w>
insurrection n w>ylxD.vDxD.
intact a vXtw[;*lm[;*DReDwpJ;b.< vXttd.'ftvD>vD>
integrate v 1I EkmvDRymzSd.vdmo;wylRCD
2I td.qd;Ckm< ymCkmw>wrHRCD
intelligence n w>ul.oh< w>ol.yh>o;qSg
intelligent a vXtol.yh>o;qSg˜ vXtohoh.ngw>

88
intend v ymvDRto;< wdmym
intense a vXto[D.ql.r;˜ vXtpdql.r;I t'd< uoH.0JtHRtpd
ql.r;
intentional a CgreR< vXw>ymvDRpJCJRo;tylR
intercourse n rd>'D;zgrHCkmvdmto;
interest n 1I w>o;pJ˜ w>o;*JR˜ w>o;td. 2I phtth.
interfere v rRwHmwm˜ EkmvDR*dmpk*dmcD.
interior n tylR
a vXtylR
intermediate a vXtbX.pXR< vXttd.vXw>cHrHRtbX.pXR
international a [D.cd.bDrk>
interpret v wJusd;uhR< uwdRusd;w>
interrogate v orHord;
interrogation n w>orHord;
interrupt v EkmvDRrRwHmwmw>vXw>bX.pXR
interval n w>qXuwD>td.uvDvXw>cHrHRtbX.pXR
interview v oHuG>rReD.
n w>oHuG>rReD.˜ w>oHuG>pH;qX
intestine n ySHm
intimate a vXtnDEk>td.bl;< vXtnDEk>&hvdmto;
into prep EkmvDRvXtylR
intoxicated a vXt'k;rlRySR
intricate a vXw>e>yX>tDRuDuDcJcJ< vXtbHblvdmo;
introduce v 'k;oh.ngySRvXySRt*R
introduction n w>uwdRvXng
intrude v 1I qGHEkmql.to;vXw>tusg
2I vJREkmqlw>vD>zJwM>b.tcGJ;
invade v EkmvDRql.
invalid n ySRqg˜ ySRqd;uh˜ ySRvXtuhtuGJ.
a vXtbsK;wtd.vXR
invent v rRtd.xD.w>toD˜ 'k;td.xD.w>toD
inventor n ySRrRuJxD.w>˜ ySRvXt'k;uJxD.w>
invest v bsXvDR(phrd>yS>)
investigate v orHord;w>˜ CdxHoh.ngw>
investigation n w>CdxHoh.ng< w>orHord;w>
investment n w>bsXvDRphrd>yS>˜ w>bsXvDRph
invigorate v vXtrRql.xD.t*H>tbg
invisible a vXw>xH.tDRwoh
invitation n w>uGJrkm
invite v uGJrkm
invoice n p&DvXyqSXoud;'D;w>zdw>vHR
89
involve v 'k;y.CkmySRvXw>tusg
inward/s a vXtylRwcD< vXttdylR
iodine n tJtdR'H(ef)< uoH.xHwuvkm
irate a vXto;'d.xD.
iris n rJmySR
iron n 1I x;ud> 2I x;
v xl;x;ud>
Ironing board n x;ud>pD>
ironwood n zO< oh.wuvkm
irrigate v rRb.pD. ([D.cd.)vXxHbDusdR˜ ysJEkmxHqlw>ol.w>zs;vD>
irritable a o;the‹nD
irritate v rRthe‹˜ o;the‹
Islam n tH;pv.w>bg
island n uD;
isle n uD;
islet n uD;qH;zd
isobar n uvHRoeH;ySJRod;yed (t.pd.bg)
isohyets n rlcd.xHySJRod;yed
isolate v ymvDRzsD.< ymtd.vDRz;'D;t*R
isolated a td.vDRzsD.< td.vDRz;'D;t*R
issue n 1I w>xk;xD. 2I w>*h>w>usdR 3I w>y&X<
rJ;upHtu±l>vX w>xk;xD.tDR
v [h.vDRw>< [h.eDRvDRw>
isthmus n [D.cd.'d.phR
it pron w> (t0JM.)
itch n w>o;˜ w>o;*Hmo;uGJ
v o;*Hm
item n w>wrHRvXw>tgrHRtusg
itself pron tup>'.0J
ivory n uqDrJ
ivy n w>rk>zdwuvkmvXtpGgvXw>'l.uyR'D;zsgvg[hxDbd

90
Jj

jab v qJ;wd>˜ qJ;cGJ;˜ qJ;wed.

jacaranda n zDrd>rk>eHR
jack n csH.uX˜ uFJ;< w>yD;w>vDvXtok;xD.ok;vDRw>tCX
jacket n qhzDcd.˜ qhuFJ;uJ;
jackfruit n yEGJ>o.
jackpot n phtgtg*D>*D>vXw>rRM>tDRzJw>vdmuGJtcg
jade n vX>vg
jagged a uElRth.&Jmto;˜ ue.th.&Jmto;
jaggery n wu.oH˜ eD.0h
jail n Cdm
jam n 1I wRo.Ch. 2I w>ySJRuwHm 3I traffic jam usJuwHm
v rRuwHm˜ td.uwHmCmw>
jammed a uwHm˜ CH;
January n vg,ElRtg&H.< vgtcD.xH;uwX>wvg
jar n ud˜ uwHR˜ w&H>˜ zs;
jargon n w>uwdRvXySRwzkwu&Xol0J'D;nDEk>ySRvXt*Rwz.we>
yX>< w>uwdRvXtuD
jasmine n zDuFJ;prH˜ (pyJ>)
jaundice n w>qgbD
jaunt n w>vJRzk.< w>[;vdmuGJwpd>wvD>
jaw n c.˜ c.CH
jealous a ol.uh.o;ug
jealousy n w>o;ug
jeans n zsD.cHuFH(ef)
jeep n odvh.uFH;
jeer v uwdRqg˜ eHRb.z.vJ
jelly n ud.uvluvJ
jellyfish n cl.
jencol bean n we‹o.
jeopardize v rRw>vXtvDRb.,d.
jerk v zk;
jersey n w>*JRvdmuGJqhuR< qhzsD.vXR
jest v rRvDReHRw>
jet n ubD,lRuFJ;
jetty n ubDoM< csHoM
Jew n ySR,l'Rzd
jewel n vX>vk>'d.yS›R'd.˜ w>vk>'d.yS›R'd.
91
jewellery n w>u,Xvk>yS›R'd.
Jew's harp n oChR< wCHR
jigsaw puzzle n uF‹;pD< w>*JRvdmuGJwuvkmvXw>xDb.uhRw>*DR rhwrh>
vHm zsX.wz.
jingle v rRoD.-uh-uh}uD}uD
job n w>zH;w>rR
jockey n ySR'd;uoh.jyX< ySR'd;uoh.zdvXw>jyXuoh.tylR
jog v 1I wed.ySR 2I [;ql.cD.< Ch>u,Du,D
join v 1I 'k;pJbl;˜ rRpJbl; 2I EkmvDRrRCkm˜ ymCkm
joint n w>tqX
joist n usL
joke v wJvdmuGJ˜ wJuvdmw>
jolly a ol.zSHo;nD
jolt v w±kR˜ qJ;xlqJ;ysR
joss stick n wX.eXrlwz.vXw>'GJ.xD.tDRzJw>bl.xD.bgxD.w>cg<
w>qSd;uJReXrl
jot v uGJ;eD.w>vXtcs›
journal n uFXeX.
journey n w>vJRw>uhR
joy n w>ol.zSHo;nD
jubilee n ,lRbvH< w>rRvRuyDRw>rRySJRxD. 25 eH.< 50 eH.
Judaism n ,l'Rw>bl.w>bg
judge n ySRpH.nD.uGD>
v
pH.nD.w>
judo n uFL'd>< ySR,y.zdtw>*JRvdmuGJ'Do'XvDRo;
jug n xHtD'X
juggle v rRw>vXw>pkzsJ.cD.zsJ.tylR< (*JRvdmuGJw>zsX.ovX.)
'fod;uvDM>w>
juice n w>txH˜ w>tpD
juicy a vXtxHtd.tg
July n vg,lRvH< vgEGHvgwvg
jumbo a vXt'd.
jump v pH.˜ wcG‹˜ zk
jumper n qhzsD.vXR
junction n usJz;'h˜ usJo*X>
June n vg,lR< vgCkvgwvg
jungle n yS>rk>ueX< yS>'d.,dm
junior a o;p>
junk n 1I w>vXtbsK;wtd.< w>vXywvd.b. 2I w±l;csH,>zd
v uGHmwh>< pl;uGHm

92
junta n ok;yXw>u±ll>˜ ok;rDRpd&dR
Jupiter n uFL.zH.xX.< rlzsX.pl
jury n pH.nD.uGD>u&X
just a wD˜ wD-w>
adv xJ=={dRI t'd< ,[H;e‹>oh'.xJwcg{dRvDR
justice n w>wDw>-w>
juvenile n ySRw'd.wkmcd.ySJR< ySRzdo.
a vXtrRto;'fzdo.tod;

93
Kk

Kachin n ySRucF‹.zd
kangaroo n wRzXzd
kapok n bJCd˜ Cd
karate n c&.wh< ,y.w>'Do'XvDRo;w>vdmuGJwuvkm
Karen n ySRunDzd< unDuvkm
Karenni n ySRu&h.eH.zd
keel n ubDtysd>CH˜ csHtysd>CH
keen a o;pJ˜ o;ql.
keep v 1I ymCm˜ yXRCm 2I uwDR 3I bk.(q.zduD>zd)
keg n xH'XqH;qH;zd
kerb n usJpDRuElR
kerosene n &h.eD.od
ketchup n wuDRqH.o.Ch.
kettle n xHcsDoyXR
key n 1I eD.0HmcH 2I eD.qD.cH(td.vXpkySD>vDRtvD>) 3I cH< w>oHusH
tcH
keyboard n pkySD>vDRtvD>I t'd< vXcD.zFLxX.§pJ;uGJ;vHm§zH.tJed.
keyhole n eD.0Hm'XylR
key ring n eD.0HmcHtuGDR
kick v xl˜ usm˜ xlwusm
kid n rJmwJ;vJ;zd< zdo.
kidnap v zD.urJw>
kidney n uvh>
kill v rRoH
kilogram n [kg] uHvd}uJ>(rf)
kilometre n [km] uHvdrHxX.
kin n [H.zdCDzd'D;bl;wH>< 'Dbl;'DwH>
kind a vXtol.*hRo;0g
n tuvkm
kindergarten n wDRzdo.
king n pDRyR
kingdom n bDrk>< xHuD>bDrk>vXttd.'D;pDRvd.pDRyR
kingfisher n xd.'D.
kiss v eXrlw>
kit n 1I w>yD;w>vDwpl.vXw>rRt*D>
2I w>zdw>vHR'D;w>ulw>uRwpl.vXw>oltDRvXw>[l;w>
*JRwrHRrHRt*D>
kitchen n w>zDtD.rhRvD>
94
kite n vHmxd.
kitten n o.rH,DRzd
knee n cD.vh>cd.
kneecap n cD.vh>cd.rDuJ˜ cD.rDuJ
kneel v wDRuDRvh>˜ csH;vDRcD.˜ csH;cD.wDRvDR
knife n 'D
knit v cGJ;vk.
knob n turdm˜ w>urdm
knock v 'dwusdm
knoll n w>vl>zd
knot n 1I w>urdm 2I oh.urdm
know v oh.ng
knowledge n w>oh.ng
knuckle n pkurdm
koala n cd.tgv.wRolwuvkm< wRoltrJ>zk.wuvkmvX
uD>tD;p-whv,gtylR
Koran n cd&J>(ef)< rl;pvh.tvHmpDqSH
kung fu n cd.zl< w±l;w>'Do'Xw>*JRvdmuGJwuvkm

95
Ll

label n vHmrHRyeD.< p;cdzdwcDvXtrReD.w>trHRto.

laboratory n 'X;rRuG>< 'X;vXySRCkoh.ngrRuG> (w>) vXtylR
labour n w>rR˜ pkw>rR˜ w>rRtCX
labourer n ySRrRuvd< ySRrRw>rRtCX
lace n 1I w>q;uH.q;0hR 2I cD.zH;ysHR
lack v wtd.b.˜ wvXySJRb.
lacquer n oh.oltxk;< CHRxH
lad n ySRydmcGgvd.bdzd
ladder n CD
ladle n eD.bsX.˜ xHbsX.˜ eD.wXRz;'d.bsX.uol
lady n 1I ySRydmrk. 2I ySRwl>'d.uDR'd.rk.
lag v td.pJRcH˜ td.vDRwJm˜ td.wh>vXcH
lagoon n uGHyD.vJ.< yD.vJ.tu0DRzdvXuD;td.0;w&H;tDR
lair n q.zduD>zdvD>rH< q.zduD>zdtylR
lake n ed.
lamb n odzd
lame a tcD.[;*DR˜ vXtcD.u>
lamp n rh.tl'X
lamp-post n rh.tlxl.
lampshade n rh.usX>'D
land n [D.cd.
v pD>vDR˜ pH.vDR˜ ,D>vDR[D.cd.
landlady n [D.cd.up>rk.< [H.up>rk.
landlord n [D.cd.up>cGg˜ [H.up>cGg
landmine n rh.yd>cd< [D.vmrh.yd>
landscape n [D.rJmo.uh>*DR
landslide n [D.cd.vDRvm˜ upX>vDRvm
lane n usJzd
language n usdm
lantern n rh.tl'Xpdmpk
lap n 1I uH.'k.cd. 2I w>Ch>w&H;0;w0D˜ w>Ch>u0DRw>w0D
v vh. (tD.w>)
lapel n qhudmv.
lapse n 1I w>qXuwD>zk.udmzJw>wymol.ymo;
2I w>qXuwD>td. uvDzJw>cHrHRtbX.pXR
3I w>rRw>wuJxD.vd.xD.
large a 'd.˜ z;'d.

96
larynx n udmoe‹
laser n vhpX><
w>zdw>vHRvXtxk;xD.w>uyDRt,JRvXtql.wz.
lash v 1I zs›w> 2I bHwH>Cm< pXwHmCm
3I wJw>vXw>uwdRtql.tud>
lasso n ysHRuGDRrl
last a vXcHuwX>
lastly adv ,Hm0J
latch n w>uG;Cmw>< w>bs;Cmw>
lately adv pJRcH
late a 1I vXtzsH;˜ vXtpJRcH 2I zJ(eHR§vg§eH.)uwX>
3I (ySR)vXtoH0J
later adv vXvD>cH
laterite n vX>bSJ.cd.§vX>*DRCJ;
latex n &X;bX.txk;
lather n q;yF.tobSJ< csgodtobSJ< w>tobSJ
latitude n [D.uGDR'g
latrine n w>[;vD>
latter a vXcHwrHR< vXcHuwX>wrHR
laugh v eHR
laughter n w>eHR˜ w>eHRw>th
launch v 1I wGH>vDR 2I c;xD. t'd< &X±S.c;xD.rlzsX.'d
n
ubDwuvkm˜ pJ;csH
laundry n 1I w>q+. 2I w>q+.tw>rRvD>˜ ySRq+.w>tvD>
lava n vX>xHud>
lavender n zDwuvkmvXtvGJ>wuDRo.tvGJ>p>'D;eXrl0J< wuDRvGJ>p>
lavish a 1I vXt[h.w>nD< vXtwvDRuDw>b.
2I vXt'd.'d.rk>rk>< uJ'd.
law n oJp;
lawn n wyH>*XR˜ eD.ysD
lawnmower n pJ;yJmeD.˜ pJ;ul;wyH>
lawsuit n qSd;uGD>
lawyer n yD>&D
laxative n uoH.vl
lay v 1I (qD)'H.vDR 2I ymvDR 3I usJRvDR(pD>eDRcd.)
layer n tuxX
lazy a uX.˜ td.uX.td.usL
lead [say '-ed'] n ySm˜ pX>
lead [say '-eed'] v 1I qSX˜ eJ.usJ˜ wDcd.&d.rJ˜ vJRvXng 2I uJcd.uJe>˜
yXqSX&J.usJR

97
leader n ySRvXtqSXw>˜ ySRvXtvJRvXng˜ ySRuJcd.uJe>˜ ySRtcd.
leaf n tv.˜ oh.v.
league n 1I w>rRoud;vXtd.'D;w>tX.vDRtDvDR 2I tzktu&X
t'd< w>vdmuGJu&X
leak v ,GRvDR˜ pSH>xD.˜ vDRpDR˜ xHEkm(vXcsHylR)
lean v oe‹R˜ 'hcHvDR˜ ydmoe‹RxD.
a vXtodtySD>wtd.˜ CJR
leap v pH.˜ pH.xD.
leap year n eH.'Dypdm˜ eH.'d.
learn v rRvd
learner n ySRrRvdw>zd
lease n vHmvd>vDRw>˜
vHmw>tX.vDRvXtb.C;'D;w>igvDRw>wrHR
least a vXtpSRuwX>
leather n w>zH;
leave v 1I ymvDRwJm 2I [;xD. 3I [;z; 4I leave behind ymwh>
lecturer n o&.pH.wJR< o&.'d.pd< cDvh.uFdo&.
ledge n w>vDRywD>zdvXvhuyR< w>vDRywD>zdvXwX;z;xDuyR
leech n ol;˜ wvHR
left a tph.
left-handed a vXtrRw>vXpkph.˜ wph.pk
leg n cD.
legacy n w>[h.og
legal a vXtzd;oJp;
legend n 1I [D.cd.*DRw>yeD. 2I w>wJpdR
legislate v 'k;td.xD.w>od.w>oD
legitimate a zd;oJp;
leisure n w>td.bSH;td.uvD˜ w>td.bSH;td.uok.
lemon n o.oGHqH.
lemon grass n [D.0D.wyd>˜ eD.0DRwyd>˜ 0J>yX>
lend v [h.vd>
length n txD˜ t,HR
lengthen v rRxDxD.
lens n vgeg
leopard n chbS›
leprosy n w>qgtX
less a pSRe‹>
lessen v rRpSRvDR˜ rRqH;vDR˜ rRp>vDR
lesson n w>rRvd
let v 1I ysJ 2I 'd;igvDR

98
lethal a vXtrRoHw>oh
letter n 1I vHmy&X 2I vHmrJmzsX.
letterbox n vHmy&X'X (ySRymvDRtDRvX[H.rJmngvXuxXEkmvDRvHmy&X
t*D>)
lettuce n ob.oGH;
level a vXtyXR˜ yXR
lever n eD.wuX
liable a 1I vXtrRto;oh˜ vXtuuJxD.˜ vXtnDEk>rRto;
2I vXttd.'D;rl'gvXw>wrHRrHRtzDcd.
liaison n w>qJ;usd;qJ;usX
liar n ySRvDw>zd
liberty n w>obhs< w>}wDtDRwtd.
librarian n vHm&d'X;cd.
library n vHm&d'X;
lice n cd.ol.
licence n vHmysJ< vHm[h.w>tcGJ;
lick v vh. (tD.w>)
lid n cd.usX>˜ cd.cG;
lie v 1I vDw> 2I rHvDR˜ rHeDR
n w>vDw>0hR
life n o;orl˜ w>rl˜ w>td.rltd.*JR
lifeboat n csHrlzd
life jacket n qhrl
lift v pdmuzDxD.˜ rdmxD.(cd.)
n pJ;pdmw>CX
light a 1I zSH 2I uyDR
v 'JG.xD.˜ rRuJRxD.
n w>uyDR
lighten v 1I rRuyDRxD. 2I rRzSHxD.
lighter n rh.'GH;
lighthouse n rh.tlxl.
lightning n vD0>'H;
lignite n vX>oGJ.v;*DRCJ;
like v 1I tJ.˜ tJ.'d; 2I b.to;
prep vDR*m˜ 'fod;
likely a vXtrRto;oh˜ vXtrh>oh
lily n zDvhvh.˜ zD'h.ng
limb n pkcD.
limbo n 1I uGHmwh> 2I w>td.o;wvDRwH>vDRqJ;
2I c&HbH,X.w>*JRuvH.wuvkm
99
lime n 1I yeDusJo.˜ oDbsDo. 2I xl.
limestone n vX>xl.
limit n w>ymyeD.˜ tqX˜ w>t,HRuwX>
v ymyeD.
limp v [;wusJ>wusJ>
a uykmvDR˜ wuGHRvDR
line n tusdR˜ yed
linen n w>ulw>uR< w>uH;nmvXb.w>rRtDRvXqSD.
link v rRpJbl;˜ rRbs;pJ˜ 'k;bs;pJ
n 1I x;tuGDR˜ x;oGJtuGDRwuGDR 2I w>bs;pJvdmo;
lion n ch,k>
lip n x;cd.ysKR˜ ed;zH;
lipstick n w>rR*DRysKR˜ w>rR*DRed;zH;
liquid n w>txHted
a 1I vXtuJw>txH 2I zsgvXttd.'D;xH
list n p&Duh˜ p&D
v uGJ;&J.vDR
listen v ue.˜ 'due.
literal a 'fw>uwdRtcDynD[J0JvdRvdRtod;
literate a z;vHmuGJ;vHmoh< vXtohuGJ;ohz;
literature n (ySRwuvkm) tvHm{dRvJ>{dR< w>ohvHm{dRvJ>{dR
litre n [ l ] vH;xX. (1)vH;xX. ] 1000 c.c.
litter n 1I w>urSHRurSdm 2I zdwoGH˜ zdwxX (w>vXtz;xD.w
oGHCDwxXCD)
little a 1I pSR˜ wpJ;zd˜ zdeJuJ. 2I qH;
Little Dipper n q.'Xrk>
live v td.rl˜ td.qd;
a vXtrl
lively adv yJSR*H>ySJRbg˜ vXt[l;t*JR˜ vXtxd.[l;xd.*JRyo;
liver n ol.
living room n 'X;td.oud;wrSHR< wrSHR'X;
lizard n wcl;˜ w&h˜ cGH.'d˜ cGH.,JR˜ 'Dvh>
load n w>0Hw>,d;˜ w>CX˜ w>y'X;
v 1I y'X;xD. 2I qJxD.(usd)˜ 'XEkm (usdcsH)
loaf n ud.wzsX.
loan n w>'k;vd>w>
loathe v o;b.tX< o;[h
lobster n o'D.udR
local a [D.u0DRylRb.xGJ
location n tvD>tusJ
100
lock n eD.0HmwHm˜ eD.0Hm'X
v 0HmwHm˜ od;wH>
locker n pdRx;qDxl.
locksmith n ySRbSDeD.0Hm'D;eD.0HcH
locomotive n vh.rh.tltpJ;
locust n 'GJ.z;'d.˜ 'GJ.ySd>
lodge v 'd;vJtd.qd;
lodging n w>td.w>qd;vD>< 'X;uok.< 'X;wl>vdm'k;td.rDudm
log n oh.zl
logging n w>ulmoh.w>rR
logic n w>ul.ohb.C;w>qdurd.w>
loiter v vJR0hR0DRuvDuvD˜ [;,JR,DR
lonely a td.o,k>owGR
long a 1I ,Hm 2I ,HR 3I xD
v qXM>b.< rd.M>b.
longbeans n yxd;z;xD
longevity n w>o;orltxD
longitude n [D.uGDRxl.
longsighted a xH.w>ohxJt,HR
longyi n xJul˜ ,.ul
look v 1I uG> 2I zsg˜ td.zsg
look up v us›xD.rJm
loom n pJ;xgx.˜ x.
loop n tuGDR
loose ['-s'] a 1I vDRCh. 2I usD˜ usDovd;˜ vDRu-wL>
loosen v Ch.vDR˜ rRvDRusD
loot v *kme‹>ql.w>
lord n up>
lorry n odvh.y'X;
lose n 1I C.uGHm (w>vdmuGJ) 2I [gr>< vDRr>uGHm 3I [;zsdusJ
lose ['-z'] v 1I vDRr>˜ [gr> 2I C. (w>vdmuGJ)
lot n 1I w>[J0H[Jpdm< 2I tgtg*D>*D>< 3I [D.cd.wu0DR< 4I w>z;
lotion n w>zlzH;bh.< w>zlvdR
lottery n xH.˜ bl.wD>eD.*H>
loud a vXtoD.'d.
loudspeaker n oD.'d.'X
lounge n 1I w>td.uX.td.usL< 2I w>td.bSH;td.ogtvD>
v [;rHeDRvXw>uX.w>usLtCd
louse n ol.< w>zdC>td.vXySRtcd.ql.usg

101
love n w>tJ.
v tJ.
lovely a vDRtJ.
low a zk.
lowland n w>vD>zk.
loyal a o;wD
lubricate v zlvXod< rRbs›
luck n w>[J0H˜ bl.wD>
lucky a w>[J0H*hRuvR*hR˜ 0H*hRuvRb.
luffa gourd n whvhwuho.˜ 'h&hRo.
luggage n w>bd.w>pSXR
lull v rRrH
lullaby n w>o;0H.rHzdo.
lump n 1I w>nd;xD. 2I tvd.˜ w>ud>vd.
lunatic n ySRtysK>
lunch n rk>xl.w>tD.
lung n yod.
lure v uGJM>vDM>w>
lurk v cd;clol.
lust n w>ol.uwXo;uwX< w>o;uGHw>
v ol.uwXo;uwX< o;uGHw>
luxury n w>yS›R'd.uvHR'd.˜ w>vXtrRrkmyo;vXtyS›R'd.
lyric n vk>zdxgzd

102
Mm

machete n CJm
machine n pJ;
machine gun n pJ;usd
mad a 1I ysK> 2I vXto;'d.
madam n w>ud;ySRydmrk.wz.vXw>o!l;oyS>tylR
magazine n rJ;upH
maggot n vX.
magic n w>rRu'grJm
magician n ySRrRu'grJm
magma n vX>xHud>vXupX>rh.tlylR
magnet n x;eg
magnetism n x;egto[D.
magnificent a vXvDRbDvDRrk>< vXtvDRurXur.
magnify v rR'd.xD.vJ>xD.
mahogany n eD.bDuDm< oh.wuvkmvXtusR
mahout n uqDuGg
maid n ySRuG>xGJ[H.
mail n vHmy&Xwz.˜ w>qSXvHmqSXvJ>
main a vXtrh>w>tug'd.˜ vXtrh>w>trd>yS>
maintain v 1I tH;uhRuG>uhR< uwDR 2I ym*X>ymusXR
maize n bkcho.
major a 1I vXtgwuh> 2I vXtug'd.
n ok;cd.'d.zd
majority n w>tgwuh>< tgwuh>
make v rR˜ rRuJxD.˜ 'k;uJxD.˜ 'k;td.xD.
make-up n w>u,XyD;vD
malaria n w>n.*d> (w>qg)
male n w>tzg˜ ySRydmcGg
malice n w>o;uh.< w>qXtXqXoDySR*R< w>tJ.'d;rRtXrRoDySR*R
malnutrition n w>tD.vDR-xK;(w>qg)
mammal n q.zduD>zdvXt'k;tD.Ek>tzd
man n ySRydmcGg
manage v 1I &J.usJR˜ wDcd.&d.rJw>rR˜ ok;usJR˜ yXqSX&J.usJR
2I *JRvdm˜ *JRysK>*JRqS;
management n w>yXqSX&J.usJR
manager n w>rRrl'gcd.
mandate n w>e‹>pde‹>urDR

103
mandatory a w>[h.w>uvk>'D;w>pdurDRvXwrRb.wohb.
mandolin n we>cGJ;wusJm˜ rJ'vh
mane n tudm±k˜ tudmql.uzl.
manganese n rJ;ueH;
mango n wcd;o.
mangosteen n rmul;o.
mangrove n 1I vrl;xl.˜ wrl;xl.< 2I vrl;yS>< w&gusg
manipulate v rRw>td.'D;w>ul.w>q;< oh[H;ohzD.w><
rRw>ohohb.b.
manner n 1I vk>v>vXtCHvR 2I tusJuylR 3I vk>v>
mansion n [H.'d.usdRoGg
manual a vXyzH;yrRvXypk
n vHmwbh.vXt'k;eJ.w>vXyub.rR
manufacture v whxk;xD.(yeHm)˜ rRuJxD.
manure n w>th.w>qH.vXtrR*hRxD.[D.cd.tn.< w>th.[D.pD
many a tg˜ wbsK;˜ tgtg*D>*D>˜ &;
map n [D.cd.*DR
marble n 1I vX>csHo. 2I vX>rgbX.vf
march v [;'fod;ok;zd
March n vgrm±S;< vgoXvgwvg
mare n uoh.rd>
marijuana n ngzD˜ ngol;zD
marine a vXtb.C;'D;yD.vJ.
mark n 1I w>yeD. 2I r;ywD>
v rReD.< wd>eD.
market n zFg
marrow n (w>CHt)ElmuH>
marry v 1I 'd;wh'd;zsDto;< qD[H.qDCD 2I zsDCkmw>
Mars n rg(pf)< rlzsX.vXtbl;uwX>'D;[D.cd.zsX.
marvellous a vXtvDRurXur.
masculine a b.C;'D;ySRydmcGg
mash v rRbsJ;w>< wd>bsJ;
mask n eD>[X>bX
mason n ySRohrRw>vXtDuwJ
mass n w>*D>rk>*D>yR˜ w>tgtg*D>*D>˜ w>ud>vd.
massacre v rRoHySR'D'l.˜ rRoHql.oH*D>
massage v pH>(ySRtn.xl.)
masses n xHzduD>zd˜ ursX>˜ ySR*D>rk>
massive a vXttgt*D>˜ vXt'd.trk>
mass media n ursX>w>upD.tw0X

104
mast n ubD,>xl.
master n 1I w>rRcd.< up>< o&. 2I w>rRw>oh*hR*hR
3I vHmtcD.xH;cD.bd
v rRw>oh*hR*hR
masterpiece n w>pkvD>cD.vD>vXt*hRuwX> (t'd< w>whw>*DR)
mat n 1I eD.-wLmcD.˜ w>xGgcD. 2I csD.
match n 1I rh.'GH; 2I w>vdmuGJ(vXySRcHzkjyXvdmo;) 3I w>jyXvdmo;
v b.vdmto;˜ -uX;0J'D;˜ *hR0J-uX;0J'D;
mate v b.pD˜ b.vlR
material n 1I w>zdw>vHR˜ w>tyD;tvD 2I w>uH;nm
mathematics n w>*H>w>'G;
matter n 1I w>toH;tum 2I w>*h>w>yD>˜ w>*h>w>usdR
mattock n bDzs;˜ eD.zs;
mattress n vD>zl˜ vD>cl
mature a 1I vXtymto;o!l;oyS>< vXtw>qdurd.xD.b;<
w>'d.wkmcd.ySJR 2I vXtqXuwD>b.vXw>utD.t*D>
v ymo;o!l;oyS>< 'd.wkmcd.ySJR
maximum n w>tguwX>
may v 1I oh 2I b.oh.oh.
May n vgrhR< vg,J>vgwvg
maybe a b.oh.oh.
mayor n 0h>'d.tcd.˜ yXR0h>cd.
me pron ,R
meal n w>tD. (wbsD)
mean a ol.woho;wb.˜ vXtol.uh.o;ugw>
v 1I tcDynDtd.zsg 2I ymvDRto;˜ o;td.rR
meaning n tcDynD
meanwhile adv tzXrk>˜ zJwuwD>CDe‹.
measles n orl;zd˜ w>qgzd
measure v xd.wJm˜ xd.eD.˜ xd.Cg
n eD.CD.˜ eD.xd.
measurement n w>xd.w>wJm˜ w>xd.eD.wJmeD.
meat n w>n.
mechanic n ySRbSDpJ;
mechanical a vXtb.xGJ'D;pJ;zDu[.
medal n w>yeD.< w>rRvRuyDRyeD.
meddle v rRed;w>˜ rRwHmwmw>˜ *JRwHmwmw>
mediation n w>usJRb.vdm
medicine n uoH.uoD
mediocre a b.';< zJt-uX;tb.
105
medium a w'd.wqH;˜ vXtb.b.˜ t*D>rm
meet v xH.vdmo;˜ b.o*X>vdmo;
meeting n w>td.zSd.˜ w>xH.vdmo;˜ w>o*X>vdmo;
megaphone n pJ;rRoD.'d.xD.w>uvk>
melody n w>oD.vXtrkm
melon n 'Hrk.o.
melt v ySH>vDR˜ 'k;ySH>vDR˜ rRySH>vDR
member n u&Xzd
memorize v wd>eD.zH;Cm< oh.eD.< rReD.
memory n w>oh.eD.xD.w>< w>vXySRoh.eD.< w>wd>eD.zH;Cm
menace n w>rRysHRrRzk;
mend v bSD*hR˜ bSDuhR˜ bSD*hRxD.˜ rR*hRxD.˜ q;us;(w>ulw>uR)
menopause n ydmrk.vk>v>ywkm
menstruation n (ydmrk.)vk>v>[J˜ oGH.[J
mention v ,XRxD.˜ pH;b.wJb.˜ wJb.w>
menu n w>tD.rHR&J.(vXw>tD.us;)
merchant n ySRuRw>zd
mercury n rX.cFL.&H. [y'g] w>txHtedtd.vXorDrHxX.tylR
Mercury n rX.cFL.&H.rlzsX.< ySm,lR= ySmvXttd.vXorDrHxX.tylR
mercy n w>o;unDR
mere a xJ'.
merge v ymzSd.
meridian n rk>xl.yed
merit n yg&rH< bl.{dRwD>{dR< w>*hRw>0g
v (w>vXy) -uX;'d;M><
mermaid n ySRxHvmrk.
merry a vXtol.zSHo;nD
mess n w>b.tXb.oD˜ w>wuqSJuqSD
message n w>upD.
messenger n ySRqSXw>upD.˜ ySRpdmw>rRvdm
metal n pX>x;
meteor n q.,lR
meteorite n rlzsX.tuhtcDvXtvDRwJm<
vXtzsd;uGHmqlrlzsX.t*RwzsX. tvdR
meteorology n w>xd.'G;rlcd.uvHRyDng
meter n eD.xd.˜ rHxX.
methane n rH;oh*mo0H
method n w>rRtusJ
metre n [ m ] rHxX.< (1000)rHxX. = (1)uHvdrHxX.
microphone n uvk>'X

106
microscope n rJ;_cd.pud;< w>yD;w>vDvXtrRzsg'd.xD.w>qH;qH;zd
midday n rk>xl.
middle n tcX.o;˜ tz;zD
midget n 1I ySRvXtzk.tqH;< 2I w>zdw>vHRtqH;uwX>
midnight n z;zDrk>
midwife n ySRuG>ySR[k;
might v b.oh.oh.
migraine n cd.qgqJ;
migration n w>ok;vD>ok;usJqlw>vD>t*R
mild a vXtuykm< vXtwql.b.
mildew n w>bD.td;
mile n rH;vm
military a b.C;ok;
milk n w>Ek>xH
milk shake n w>Ek>xHusJ.usD
Milky Way n q.bkrk>
mill n pJ;*Hm
v *Hm< wD>vDRw>*DRvXwJugvdR
millet n yh>
millibar n rH>vH.bR
milligram [mg] n rHRvHR}uJ>(rf) 1000rHRvHR}uJ>rf ] 1 }uJ>rf
million n wuuGJ>
millionaire n oJxHz;'d.
millipede n oH0D>'h
millitre n rHvH.vHxX.
millstone n qX.*lmvX>
mimic v rR'd;(w>)˜ uJ'd; (w>)
mimosa n eD.rH (0g§*DR)˜ eD.rHq+. (0g§*DR)
mince n w>n.,Jm˜ w>,JmoH
v ,Jmw>n.
mind n o;˜ o;tw>qdurd.
v 1I uG>xGJ˜ ymol.ymo; 2 o;tk;˜ b.,d.
mine n 1I w>tvD>vXw>cl.[D.vmyeHmI 2I rh.yd>
pron ,w>
miner n ySRcl.[D.vmyeHm˜ ySRrRw>vXw>cl.[D.vmyeHm
mineral n [D.vmyeHm
mingle v usJ.usDCgCkm
miniature a vXySRuGJ;'d0JqH;M>trd>yS>
n w>vXySRrR'dtDRvXqH;M>trd>yS>eD>uD>
minimum n w>vXtpSRuwX>< qH;uwX>
107
mining n w>cl.[D.vmyeHm
minister n 1I udwdm 2I w>td.zSd.o&.
minor a 1I vXtpSRwuh> 2I vXtugw'd.
minority n w>vXtpSRwuh>
mint n uzsD.˜ [D.0DRoh˜ eD.0DRoh
minus n [ − ] w>xk;uGHm
minute [say '-it'] n rH;eH;
minute [say -oot'] a jyHu'Hzd
minutes n w>td.zSd.w>uGJ;eD.
miracle n w>vDRv;
mirror n rJmxHuvR
misbehave v rRwCHwvR˜ rRwvdRrRwb.
miscellaneous a vXttd.tuvkmuvkm
mischief n w>rRw>w*hRw0g˜ w>rRvHusdw>
mischievous a rRwHmwmw>˜ e>uh.˜ vHusd
miscount v *H>ur.w>˜ 'G;ur.w>
miser n ySRvXtyHmtuD˜ ySRyH'H˜ ySRpkuD
miserable a vDRb.rd.b.r;˜ vDRol.tk;o;tk;
miserly a yHm
misery n w>b.rd.b.r;
miss v 1I wcsK;e‹>˜ wysmuGHm˜ 2I o;o,k>
Miss n 1I w>ud;ydmrk.vXt0Rwtd.'H;b.
missile n rsdmo.
mission n ySR'd;rXto;wzk< ySRrRw>wzkvXw>*h>t&hwrHRt*D><
w>o;ckupD.w>rRvD>
missionary n ySRvXt'd;rXto; (ySRpdmw>o;ckupD.)
mist n bS›.˜ ypDR
mistake n w>ur.
mistress n rgzdo.˜ oH.rg
misunderstand v e>yX>ur.
mix v CgCkm˜ usJ.usD
mixture n w>usJxH˜ w>td.usJ.usDCkmto;< *musD.
moan v 1I utk 2I u'l;u'h.
moat n xHbDw&H;< xHusdRvXtvJRw&H;wdm{dRwm{dR
mob n ySRtd.zSd.wXxD.wXvDR'D;rRtXrRoDw>
mobile a vXtvJvdmto;nDu'.< vXtok;tvD>nDu'.oh
mock v 'k.'GJ.˜ eHRb.z.vJw>
a tvDtysD>
model n w>t'd
moderate a zJtb.b.˜ vXtb.b.˜ b.';

108
modern a pdRwkR˜ csK;pdR< vXtb.vdmo;'D;chcgqXuwD>
modest a vXtu'kvDRwH>< vXtymto;o!l;oyS>
modify v bSDuhRw>< vJvdmuhRw>wpJ;
moist a b.pD.
molar tooth n rJcD˜ rJwD
mole n 1I 0HR (q.zduD>zdwuvkm) 2I rJ.
moment n tuwD>zd˜ w>tuwD>zk.zk.˜ zJwpd>zdtwD>ylR
Mon n rd.uvkm'l.
monarchy n vd.yRw>yXw>jy;
monastery n oDcgzF.
Monday n rk>q.
money n ph˜ wd>
monitor n 1I ySRuJcd.uJe>< 2I cD.zFLxX.trDeHxX.
v tH;xGJuG>xGJ
monitor lizard n w&h
monk n pDRoD˜ oDcg
monkey n wRtk;
monopoly n w>e‹>yXpd&dRrRw>
monsoon n rdRplw>qXuwD>
monster n w>rk>C>
month n vg
monthly a wvgwbsD
monument n w>oh.eD.xD.tvX>xl.
mood n w>ymol.ymo;
moon n vg
moonlight n vguyDR
mop n eD.-wLm
moraine n vX>td.xD˜ vX>yl. (vXttd.wh>zJxHvDRouRusd,GRvDR
tcg)
moral n w>vXymzsgxD.w>b.'D;w>wb.tqX< w>rRvdvXy'd;M>
vXyl{dRueg{dR
a vXt*hR0J-uX;0J
more a tge‹>
moreover adv vXM.trJmng< xJM.wu;b.
morgue n w>vD>vXySRymySRoHwkRvXcl.vDRbsXvDR
morning n *DRcD
morning glory n uD.ph'd;
mortality n w>oHw>yS>t,lm
mortar n 1I qX.wd>˜ qX.˜ qX.,D> 2I rDx. (rsdmwuvkm)

109
mortgage n w>yD.vDRw>tvHmCH;Cm< w>ymuDRw>tvHmCH;Cm
v yD.vDRw>< ymuDRw>
mosque n rD;(pf)˜ rl.pvh.o&dm
mosquito n ypdR
mosquito net n yh>yDR
moss n eD.'d;qS;< xHCH.
most a 1I vXttguwX> 2I 'd.r;˜ tgr;
mostly adv tgwuh>
moth n pDRuyhRrk>eR
mother n rd>
mother-in-law n rHRyS>ydmrk.
motion n 1I w>[l;w>*JR 2I w>uwdR[h.ul. 3I w>uGJtDR<
rXtDRvXpk
motive n w>*h>w>usdR< w>qdurd.
motor n pJ;
motorbike n odvh.,D>
motorcycle n odvh.,D>
motorway n odvh.usJrk>z;'d.
mould n 1I w>od'X< w>t'XvXySRodw>ySRwhud. 2I ukRC>
w>vXt[JxD.vXw>tD.w>tDteXqH.bDtzDcd.
moult v 1I (q.zduD>zd)rRvDRq+uGHmtql.
2I (*k>)ovJmvDRuGHmto'H.
mound n w>tyl< [D.cd.xD.pd< bsX.
mount v xD.(qluoh.tvdR)
mountain n upX>
mountain pass n upX>'hphR
mountain range n upX>wl>&J.
mourn v [D.w>,XRw>vXw>oHtCd< o;tk;
mouse n ,k>
moustache n ed;ql.
mouth n 1I udmylR˜ x;cd. 2I river mouth xHx.
mouthful n wrD (w>tD.)
move v 1I ok;to; 2I ok;upDR˜ ok;tvD>
movie n w>*DRrl
mow v yJmeD.˜ ul;wyH>
much a tg˜ tgr;˜ oJ.
mucus n 1I egth. 2I u[; 3I w>vXtbsd.bs›
mud n uyHm
muddle n w>bHblq;CR˜ w>obH.bk.

110
mug n xHcG;vXtd.'D;tpkzD.
v *kmql.w>
mulberry n rd>'d;xl.< w>tv.vXowd>tD.
mule n uoh.vR
multiply v 1I [ x ] *H>tg˜ 2I rRtgxD.
mumble v uwdRw>wqSHwzsg
mummy n w>oHpd.vXw>pk.tDR'D;uoH.
mumps n 'h.bd;w>qg< w>'d.bd;
murder v rRoHySRunD
murderer n ySRrRoHySRunD
murmur v uwdRuoGHw>˜ uwdRw>uwl>uwl>
muscle n n.xl.
muscular a t'k.t'h*hR
museum n w>ymuG>uDvD>˜ w>ymuG>uD'X;
mushroom n ukR
music n w>oHusH
musical n w>oHusHyD;vD
instrument
musician n ySRoHusHzd
Muslim n ySRrl;pvH.zd
must v ub.
mustard n ob.
mutiny v ylxD.vDxD.w>< *JRqXxX.xD'gw>
mutter v u'l;w>uwl>uwl>
mutton n odn.
mutual a u'Ju'J< oud;oud;
my pron , (w>)
Myanmar n uD>y,DR
myna bird n xd.uFXbDe>
myself pron 1I ,eD>up> 2I ,up>'.,J˜ '.,J
mysterious a vXtvDRurXur.
mystery n w>vDRurXur.
myth n 1I w>pH.CJRwJCJRb.C;ySRvXysXRtup>,GRtw>em'D;
tcD.xH;cD.bd 2I w>CJRrkme>

111
Nn

nag v rRthe‹ySRto; (cDzsdrXql.tDR)< (th.vdm) tDRcJtHRcJtHR

nail n 1I x;yeJmzdI 2I pkrh.˜ cD.rh.
nail clippers n w>wHmpkrh.
nail polish n w>rR*DRpkrh.< w>cJ.bVpkrh.
naked a td.bh.qh
name n rHR
v ,k>e‹>w>trHR< ,k>M>ySRtrHR
nanny n ySRydmrk.uG>xGJzdo.
nap n w>rHw,lm< w>rHwpd>zd
napkin n w>xGgpk˜ w>-wLmpk˜ pkxGg
nappy n zdo.oGH˜ 'gvm
narrate v wJyl< wJw>*h>w>usdR
narrow a tH.
narrow-minded a vXtol.tH.o;tH.
nasty a 1I wrkmwvR˜ w*hRw0gI 2I b.tXb.oDI
3I ol.w*hRo;w0g
nation n 1I xHzduD>zd 2I xHuD>
nationalisation n w>[H;yXursX>tw>
nationalism n uvkm*h>0DoEl
nationality n xHzduD>zd˜ xHuD>ySRuvkm
nationwide a uD>'Dbh.
native n 1I ySRxlvHRzd 2I w>rJw>rg§q.zduD>zdvX(uD>§vD>wu0DR)
tylR
natural a 1I 'fe‹qX.tod;< e‹qX. 2I ywD>rk>
natural gas n e‹qX.*mo0H
nature n 1I e‹qX. 2I o;tvk>tv>
naughty a vXte>uh.
nauseous a o;uvJR
navel n 'h˜ 'hylR
navigable a vXcsHubDvJRxD.vJRvDRoh
navigate v 1I 'k;eJ.tusJ 2I 'k;eJ.ubDtusJ˜ &dmoe‹
navigator n ySReJ.usJ (ubD§ubD,lR)
navy n xHok;
near prep bl;
nearly adv bl;˜ C.C.
neat a vXtuqSJuqSD˜ td.vXtvD>tusJ
necessary a vXtvd.0J
112
neck n udm˜ udmbd
necklace n zJ
nectar n zDtpD
need v vd.b.
needle n 1I x; 2I x;qJ; 3I x;q;w>
needlework n w>q;w>pkohcD.b.
neem n urgc.
negative (result) a 1I w ( ) b. 2I vXtwtX.vDRtDvDRw>< vXtorXw>
3I w>xk;uGHmeD.*H>vXtpSRM> 0
neglect v wue.Ckm
negotiate v wX.yD.w>'D;ySR*RvXurRM>w>tX.vDRt*D>< wJusJR
neighbour n ySRvXyCXR
neighbourhood n w>vD>vXtbl;'D;ySR
neither pron wrh>=='D;wrh>==ph>uD;b.
nephew n zd'd.cGg
Neptune n eJ;ywFL.< rlzsX.tusgwzsX.
nerve n xl.ys>eXm˜ eXmbd
nervous a 1I vXtysHRw>oh˜ vXto;w*X> 2I b.xGJ'D;xl.ys>eXm
nest n xd.oGH
net n 1I ySm 2I pR
a 1I (w>M>bsK;< trF;) vXttd.vDRwJm 2I
w>zdw>vHRtw,X> vXwy.Ckm'D;t'X 3I
w>pH;qXvXcHuwX>
nettle n v;qgtrk>
network n ySmbs;pJ<
v w>wrHRvXtb.bs;vdmto;'D;rRoud;w>wylRCD
'k;bs;pJ< qJ;usXrRoud;w>
neutral a vXtbX.pXR
neutral (country) a (xHuD>) vXttd.vXw>bX.pXR
never adv eDwbsD
new a toD
news n w>upD.
newspaper n w>y&X
next a qlng (wcg)˜ qlng (wbsD)˜ cJudm
NGO n ursX>obs›u&X
nib n xd.'H;bdtrJ
nibble v th.Chw>< th.pd>th.ChuGHmw>
nice a *hR˜ rkm
nickel n eH;uX.vf
nickname n rHRvdmuGJ

113
niece n zd'd.rk.
night n rk>eRcD
nightdress n qhrk>eR
nightmare n w>rHrD>ysD>oDtX˜ egxDySR
nil n w>wtd.eDwrHRb.
nimble a zsJ.˜ yh>cs›
nine n eD.*H>cGH
nip v yH>˜ pd>
nipple n 1I Ek>cd.rD. 2I w>Ek>cd.rD.
nitrates n eJ;-xh;
nitrogen n eJ;}xd.uF‹.
no det wrh>b.< w>uwdR*h>vdmw>< vXtorXw>
noble a vXtwl>'d.uDR'd.< vXtb.xGJ'D;pDRvd.pdRyRt'l.txX
nobody pron eDw*Rb.
nod v usX>usm(cd.)
noise n w>oD.w>oJ
nomad n ySR[;0hR0DRzd
none pron eDw(rHR)
non- n ursX>obs›u&X
governmental
organisation
(NGO)
nonsense n w>tcDynDwtd.
noodles n cDeD
noon n rk>xl.
noose n ysHRouGDR
nor conj wrh> === ph>uD;b.I
normal a ywD>rk>˜ 'ftnDEk>
north n uvHRpd;
north-east n uvHRpd;rk>xD.< rk>xD.uvHRpd;
north-west n uvHRpd;rk>Ekm< rk>EkmuvHRpd;
nose n egphR˜ eg'h
nostril n egphRylR˜ eg'hylR
nosy a vXtJ.'d;oh.ngb.C;ySR*h>ySRusdR
not adv wrh>b.
note n 1I w>rReD.˜ w>uGJ;eD.tzk. 2I ed; (w>oHusHtyeD.)
notebook n vHmuGJ;eD.w>
nothing pron eDwrHRb.
notice n vHmbd;b.oh.ng
v ymol.ymo;
notion n w>qdurd.< w>oh.nge>yX>< w>pl>w>em

114
notorious a vXtrHR[lo.zsg (vXttX)
nought n w>wtd.eDwrHR< eD.*H> 0
noun n eD> (u,J>w>trHRto.)
novel n w>CJRyl< w>uGJ;z;xD
novelist n ySRuGJ;yl< ySRuGJ;w>uGJ;z;xD
novelty n w>toD˜ w>wnDEk>
November n vged.0hbX.< vgwqHwXwvg
novice n wyGJzd˜ wyGJ
now adv cJtHR
nowadays adv cgcJtHR
nowhere n eDwylRb.
nozzle n xHzSd;ed;< yDRbdcd.xd;
nuclear power n e,lcsH,g*H>o[D.< ElusHm*H>o[D.
nuclear weapon n e,lcsH,gpku0JR< ElusHmw>pku0JR
nude a td.bh.qh
nudge v oeH;< qD.u,Du,D< weX.ySRvXpkeX.cHuzDvD
nuisance n w>vDRo;the‹
numb a oH.˜ y0H˜ pkoH.cD.oH.
number n eD.*H>
numerous a tg˜ wbsK;
nun n zH0g
nurse n o&. (rk.) uG>ySRqg
nursery n uwDRqdwDRzk.uFd
nut n 1I w>csHw>o.vXtukudRueH 2I x;0Hmcd.
nutrition n w>tD.w>tD
nutritious a vXte‹>*H>e‹>bgySR
nylon n eJ.vd.

115
Oo

oak n ohxd;z.xH;
oar n wiX< eD.0>vXtbdxD
oasis n td.thph;˜ rJ;ysDxHxD.yX>vD>< rJ;ysDxHuysXR
oath n w>qd.vDRo;
oats n bkuFL.wuvkm< bkuFL.toGJ;wuvkm
obedient a oh'due.w>
obese a bD.wvX
obey v 'due.w>
object ['object'] n w>vXyxH.tDRzD.tDRoh
object ['object'] v *h>vdm
objective a vXtwy.Ckm'D;eD>up>tw>qdurd.<
vXw>td.o;'fttd.ymwh>tod;
n w>wdmym< w>wdmymtvD>
obligation n w>rRvXtvDRb.ySR< w>rRw>vXtrlt'gvDRb.tCd<
w>vXyb.rR
oblige v rRw>vXtvDRb.ySR< rRw>vXySRrXtDR
oblong a [ ] eX.b.cHuElRClvdmto;
obscene a b.tXb.oD
observation n w>uG>xHuG>q;< w>uG>eD.uG>Cg
observe v uG>xHuG>q;< xD.'due.Ckm
obsess v vXw>pJbl;xDCmvXto;< vXto;ySJR'D;w>wrHRrHR
obstacle n w>ed;w>bs;˜ w>}wDrRwHmwm
obstinate a tcd.udR
obstruct v td.wHmwm˜ td.ed;w>˜ }wDrRwHmwm
obtain v rRe‹>
obvious a zsg-wX>uvm˜ zsgysDysD
occasion n w>rRto;tuwD>
occasionally adv wbsDwbsD˜ wbsDwcD.˜ wbsDbsD
occupation n w>zH;w>rR
occupied a vXwtd.uvD
occupy v yXb.˜ [H;e‹>yXb.w>
occur v uJxD.to;˜ td.xD.
ocean n r;orH;˜ yD.vJ.rd>yS>
o'clock adv e.&H.
October n vgtD;uxdbX.< vgwqHvgwvg
octopus n y0J>
odd a 1I vXtuJxD.oD˜ vXtvDRqD 2I wb.*D>b.zd;
odd number n eD.*H>qdwul
116
odds n 1I w>tcGJ;t,mvXuuJxD.to;oh 2I w>wClwzd; 3I w>M>
bsK;vXySR*RtzDcd.
odour n w>eXw>EGg
oesophagus n w>tD.usdR
of prep t< vX< b.C;'D;< vXtusg< vXt*h>< vXtb.C;'D;
off adv vDRbh.˜ vDRwtD;
offend v rRqg˜ rRwrkmySRo;
offensive a vXtrRo;xD.ySR˜ vXtrRvDRqgo;ySR
offer v 1I [h.(vXw>o;td.ylR) 2I vkmw>ymw>
n 'd;rXvDRo;˜ [h.w>tyS›R
office n 0JR'X;
officer n y'd.
official a vXtzd;oJp;
n ySRM>pdM>urDR
often adv cJtHRcJtHR
oil n od
ointment n uoH.zSL
okra n bsd.bs›o.˜ usD>eXRo.
old a vD>vHR˜ (ySR)o;yS>
old age n o;yS>tcg
older a o;yS>M>
old-fashioned a cgpJRcH˜ chcgpJRcH˜ pdRwvX
omelette n qD'H.cGJ.od
omen n w>yeD.zsgympXR
omit v ymvDRwJm
on adv vX< zJ< qlng
prep vXtzDcd.< vXtvdR< b.C;'D;< vXto&hR
once adv 1I wbsD 2I vXysXR
one n wX
onion n yoX*DR
only a xJ˜ {dR
onto prep vXtzDcd.
ooze v pSH>˜ xHpSH>˜ jyHmxD.
open v td;xD.
a td;xD.to;
operation n w>zH;w>rR (w>) w>ul;w>uGJ;w>
operator n 1I ySRvXtpH;qXvDwJpd
2I ySRvXtrRw>'D;pJ;zDu[.wrHRrHR
opinion n w>qdurd.qdur;˜ w>xH.
opium n yHR
117
opponent n ySRvXtxD'gw>
opportunity n w>cGJ;*hR,mb.˜ w>tcGJ;t,m
oppose v xD'gw>< uG>qX.rJmvdmto;
opposite a 1I uG>qXngvdmo;˜ td.uG>qX.rJmvdmo; 2I 0>b;cD
oppress v rRe;rRzSD.w>< rRud>rR*DR
optical a b.C;'D;rJmcsH
optician n ySRvXtrRuG>rJmcsH'D;qgrJm'd;wz.
option n w>CkxX
or conj rhwrh>˜ rh>*hR
oral a vXw>uwdR< w>vXtb.C;'D;x;cd.
orange n pl>0H.o.˜ wCh.o.
a bD*DR˜ pl>0H.o.vGJ>
orbit n rlzsX.tusdR
orchard n wRo.vD>
orchestra n yHuGJRoHusHu&X
orchid n zDoh.cH
ordeal n w>tuDtcJ˜ w>rRuG>vXtuD
order v 1I [h.vDRw>uvk> 2I rRvdm
n
w>rX˜ w>rRvdm˜ w>[h.w>uvk>
orderly a td.'D;t*h>tusdR˜ vXtb.vdmb.p;˜ vXtvD>tvD>'.0J
ordinary a ywD>rk>˜ 'ftnDek>tod;
ore n yeHmCDRCR< [D.vmw>xl;w>wDRCDRCR
organ n 1I we>,D>ySD> 2I uh>*DR'GJ
organic a tD*m< 'fMqX.tod;
organisation n w>u&Xu&d
organism n w>vXto;orltd.
organize v ok;usJR˜ &J.usJR˜ u&Xu&dxD.
organizer n ySR&dzSd.w>
oriental a vXtb.C;'D;uD>rk>xD. (rk>xD.'D;rk>xD.uvHRxH;th±SX.)
origin n w>tcD.xH;
original a tcD.xH;˜ *H>cD.xH;˜ vXtuJxD.qd
originally adv vX*H>vXeD>< vXttd.qd;vXtcD.xH;< vXtuJxD.oD
ornament n w>tCHtvR˜ w>u,Xu,J
orphan n zd.CJ
ostrich n xd.uDRvRtl;
other a t*R˜ t*kRt*R
otherwise adv rhwrh>b.e‹.˜ rhwrh>oXysXR˜ rhwrh>b.'fe‹.'D;˜
rhwrh>b.'D;
otter n qSD
ought v -uX;

118
ounce n tD.p;< w>pDRw>tCX (wyD.M.td.0J 16 tD.p; 28I35gm)
our pron y (w>)
ours pron yw>
ourselves pron yeD>up>'.y0J˜ yup>'.y0J
oust v [DxD.uGHm< eD.xD.uGHm
out a 1I vXtcsX˜ vXw>csX 2I vDRyHm
outcast a ySRvXtb.w>[DxD.˜ ySRb.w>ymvDRzsD.
outline n w>*h>wuGD>
outside adv vXcdwcD˜ vXw>csX
oval n y,GJR˜ vXty,GJR'fqD'H.
ovary n (ydmrk.t)'H.vD>
oven n z.uGm
over a 1I 0HRvH 2I tge‹>˜ vXttgM> 3I wvXuGHm
prep tzDcd.
overall a vXw>cJvXmtzDcd.˜ ymCkmw>ud;rHR'J;
overcome v 1I rReXRw>e;w>zSD. 2I qD.vDRuGHm
overflow v ykmvDR,GRvDR˜ ySJRvkmuGHm
overhear v e>[lxGJ
overtake v vJRbsDtrJmng˜ vJRwvXuGHm
overturn v vDRwusX>˜ qD.vDRwusX>˜ rRvDRwusX>
owe v ur>xD.˜ ur>td.
owl n 'dutd
own v yXb.˜ td.'D;
pron '.0J˜ '.,J
owner n tup>< ySRtd.'D;tw>< ySRyXb.w>tup>
ox n usD>zg< *DRzH;zg
oxygen n tD;pH.uF‹.
oyster n wuH.uk
ozone n td.pd< tD;pH.uF‹.*mo0Hwuvkm

119
Pp

pace n 1I (cD.) ug 2I tw,lmI t'd< pDR0gvJRw>tw,lme‹.w

cs›uJmqd;b.
pack v bd.xD.pSXRxD.
n 1I w>bd.w>pSXR 2I (q.zduD>zd)t'l.
package n w>bd.
packet n w>bd.˜ w>bd.w>pSXR
pact n w>rRoud;w>tX.vDRtDvDR< w>o;vDRyvdm
pad n 1I cd.ocX.uykmvk; 2I w>ubs.wbh.vXtd.'D;vHmubsH;
uvDwz. 3I q.zduD>zdtpkv.cD.v.vXtuykm 4I cD.vD>
oD.uzDvD
paddle n eD.0>˜ wiX
paddy n bk
paddy field n pHm˜ pHmysD
padlock n eD.0HmwHm˜ eD.0Hm'X˜ eD.0Hm'XvXy[H;e‹>pdmtDRoh
page n vHmubsH;yR
pagoda n Cd.
pail n xHpJR< (xH)t'X
pain n qg< qgth.pl>th.xk;
paint n uoH.cJ.
v cJ.w>
paintbrush n eD.cJ.bd
painter n 1I ySRcJ.w> 2I ySRwhw>*DR
painting n w>*DRcJ.˜ w>*DRvXySRcJ.tDR
pair n 1I wcd.˜ wpl.˜ wqd 2I 'Drg0R˜ 'Drd>zg
palace n El>pDR˜ eD
pale a vDR0g˜ (rJm)vDRoyS>
palm n 1I pkngo; 2I xD(oh.xH;)
palpitation n w>o;ued;< w>o;pH.cs›
pamper v vlRb.ySRto;˜ rR'fod;ySRurkmvR
pan n oyXRbH.ov.
pancreas n uyDR
panda n wRol0grJm (yxH.b.vXuD>pH.tylR)
pane n rJmxHuvRzdwbh.I t'd< yJ}wDzdtrJmxHuvR
panel n 1I *DRyRzdwbh.vXw>'l.tvdR2I ySRul.b.ul.ohwzkvX[h.
ul.w>'D;pH.nD.w> 3I w>vJRw>uhRvX (csH< ubD) tvJ
pangolin n ,dR[D.
panic v ysHRegpdRw>˜ ysHRw>vXt*h>tusdRwtd.
pant v og[DR[JR˜ ogqJ;zSd;˜ ogtDc.

120
panties n ydmrk.zsD.cHzd
pants n zsD.cH˜ zsD.cHzk.˜ zsD.cHzd
papaya n uGHpHo.˜ rmo.˜ wuGHoh.o.
paper n p;cd
paperclip n eD.wHmp;cd
parable n w>uwdR'd˜ w>wJ'd
parachute n o'Xrk>I t'd< td.vXubD,lR'D;pH.vDRo'Xrk>
parade n ok;w>*JRvd
paradise n w>rkmw>yXRtvD>< yR&'Hpl;
paraffin n &h.eD.od (oh.) (vX>oGJ.v;) tpDvXtvDR*m'D;ueJCd;
paragraph n vHmtqX˜ vHmwqX
parallel a oCJRvdmo;˜ vJRoCJR
paralysed a vXtoHwcDyR˜ vXtvDRbs›
paranoid a vXtqdurd.M>w>'D;ysHR0JvXySR*RurRqgtDR
parasite n w>vXtrlvXw>*RtvdR
parcel n w>bd.w>pSXR
pardon v ys>w>ur.
parent n rd>rhwrh>y>
parents n rd>y>
park n zDu&X>
v 1I ymywkmodvh.vXw>ymyeD.tvD> 2I ym (w>wrHRrHR)
vXw>vD>wwDRwDR
parking meter n ywkmeD.xd.
parliament n bsD.'d.
parrot n xd.uH.
part n tuh˜ tulm
partially blind a rJmcH;˜ rJm,km
participant n ySRvXtEkmjyXw>< ySRvXtEkmvDRrRoud;w>
particle n w>urSHzd˜ w>tzsX.jyH
particular a vXtvDRqD
particularly adv vDRqD'.w>
partner n oud;˜ ySRvXtrRoud;w>
party n 1I rl; 2I y.wH.
pass v 1I qSXcD 2I cDzsd˜ vJRcDzsd 3I zsd(w>'d;pJ;)
n w>'h˜ upX>'hphR˜ upX>uql;
passage n 1I usJ< w>usdRvXw>tuql; 2I
vHmusdRzk.vXyxk;xD.M>tDR vXvHm'D;xgwz.tylR
passenger n ySRvJRw>zd
passion n w>o;'d.wysKmwysDR< w>o;uwX< w>ol.yd>o;0;
passive n vXtw}wDqXw>b.

121
passport n vHm[;uD>
password n w>uwdRclol.< vHmzsX.clol.
past adv wvXuGHm
n cgylRuGHm
paste n 1I w>pJ (ud.)< w>txHyHm
v us;pJbl;w>
pastel n 1I pX>bdvXtd.'D;tvGJ> 2I w>tvGJ>p>
pastime n w>o;pJ
pasture n (q.zduD>zd)tD.q.vD>
pat v 'Jw>uzDvD t'd< eD>zD'J,ysd>vXtpkngo;
patch n 1I w>q;us; 2I usD;˜ [D.cd.tu0DRzd
patella n cD.vh.cd.rDuJ˜ cD.rDuJ
path n usJ˜ usJzd
pathetic a 1I vXtvDRo;unDR< vXtxd.*JRxD.w>o;td.<
vXtrRwHmwmo;tk;w>
patience n w>0Ho;plR
patient n ySRqg
a o;plR
patriotic a o;vXttJ.tySRuvkm
patriotism n tJ.uvkmoEl
patrol n w>vJRw&H;u0DRcd;w>
v ySR[;0hR0DRcd;w>
pattern n 1I w>t'd 2I w>ulw>uRt'd
pause v td.ywkmwpd>zd
pavement n usJysJm˜ usJupDR
paw n q.zduD>zdtpkngcD.ng
pawn v yD.vDRw>< [h.uDRw>< ymvDRw>
pay v [h.(w>tyS›R)
pea n bDb.o.
peace n 1I w>rkmw>ck. 2I w>bS›.w>bSD.
peaceful a rkmrkmck.ck.˜ vXtrkmtck.
peace talks n w>wJusJRw>rkmw>ck.
peacock n xd.ySm˜ xd.ySmzg
peak n w>cd.pd;< w>'Dcd.< upX>'Dcd.˜ w>pdcd.
peanut n obh[D.vm
pearl n yvJ˜ csd.vhR
peasant n ySRrRuvd˜ ySRrR0JRzd
pebble n vX>zd'H.< vX>zdjyHvXxHusdylR
peck v (xd.)zs;˜ (xd.)pd;w>
peculiar a vDRwd>vDRqD˜ vXtvDRqD
122
pedal n 1I cD.,D>v.< w>wrHRvXt[l;0;rhwrh>rR[l;0;w>I
t'd< vh.,D>t,D>v. 2I cD.ydmI t'd< x.tcD.ydm
pedestrian n ySR[;vXcD.
pedestrian n cD.usJcD
crossing
peek v uG>[k.clol.w>
peel v oGJ.uGHm˜ tk.uGHmtzH;
peep v uG>clol.w>
peer v uG>wH>˜ uG>xH
peg n 1I eD.pJ< eD.bs;vDRqhuR< oh.ulRvmvXw>cl.vDRtDR
vX[D. cd.vm'fod;uzD.wH>CmysHRt*D>
pelican n xd.'d.zk.cD.
pelt n q.zduD>zdtoHtzH;bh.
pen n xd.'H;bd
penalty n w>[h.w>ur.
pencil n pX>bd
pencil sharpener n w>oGJ.pX>bd
pending a (vXtcd;w>) tzXrk>< vXw>wqXwJmtDR'H;
penetrate v ekmzsd˜ bX.zsd
penguin n xd.yJuG‹< xd.wuvkm,lRwohb.˜ td.vXt.w.wh;
peninsula n [D.ursdR
peninsular a vXtb.C;'D;[D.ursdR
penis n 'H.bd˜ xh.
penknife n 'DcsH;< 'DqH;qH;zdvXw>csH;tDRoh
penny n zJeH.phtbh.vX (uD>trJ&uR'D;uD>tJuvH;)
pennywort n eD.u0DRusDR'd;˜ uoh.cD.rh.'d;
pension n w>[h.rRpXRuhRySRrRw>zdvXttd.bSH;td.oguhRzJto;yS>
xD.tcg
people n ySR
pepper n rd>*Hmzd
peppermint n uzsD.˜ [D.0DRoG‹
per prep wcgpkmpkm< w*Rpkmpkm
perceive v (xH.) oh.ng< (xd;b.) oh.ng< (e>[l) oh.ng
percentage n ( µ) rs;u,R
perch v pD>vDR< xd.pD>vDR (vXoh.'hvdR)< w>vD>xDxD
perfect a vDRwH>˜ vXySJR˜ ylRzsJ;'D;w>ur.
perform v 1I rRw>&J.w>usJR 2I rRw>vXursX>trJmng
performance n w>rRvXursX>trJmng
perfume n xHeXrl˜ w>eXrl
perhaps a b.wb.˜ b.oh.oh.
peril n w>b.,d.b.bSDz;'d.
123
perimeter n uElR0;0;
period n 1I w>tqXuwD> 2I w>qXuwD>wuwD> 3I zd;ywkm
4I ydmrk.tvk>tv>[JtqXuwD>
perish v 1I [;*lm[;*DRuGHm˜ oH< 2I us.
permanent a td.pH.td.usXR˜ td.*X>qd;usXR˜ xDbd
permeable a w>pSH>EkmqltylRoh
permission n w>[h.cGJ;˜ w>ysJ
permit v [h.tcGJ;˜ ysJ
persecution n w>rRtXrRoD
persist v rR'.qlng˜ wywkmb.
person n ySRw*R˜ ySR
perspiration n uyXRu0g< w>uyXRxD.
persuade v uGJe‹>vGJe‹>˜ vGJe‹>
pest n 1I w>zdC>vXtrRthe‹w>I t'd< o.bkvgwz.
2I ySRrRthe‹w>˜ ySRrRwHmwmw>
pester v rRthe‹w>˜ rRwHmwm
pesticide n uoH.rRoHw>C>
pestle n qX.wd>bd˜ usH.
pet n q.zduD>zdvXySRbk.uG>uD
petal n zDubsH;
petrol n usJwH;˜ ';qH.
petty a vXt&hw'd.b.< vXtwrh>w>t'd.txDb.
pH n zH.th;(cFf)
phantom n w>xH.rSHw>< w>u'kuvR< w>tuvR
pharmacist n ySRzD.uoH.
pharmacy n uoH.us;
phase n 1I (vg) tuh>t*DRvXttd.zsg0J 2I w>ywD>vXw>rRylR
philosophy n w>CkrRvdw>td.rltw>uJxD.vd.xD.0Jt*h>tusdR
phone n vDwJpd
phosphate n zDpfzh;
photocopier n pJ;uGJ;'d
photograph n w>*DRvXySR'dM>0J
photography n w>'dw>*DR
phrase n vHmusdRulm˜ 0D>ulm
physical a b.C;eD>cdeD>cD< b.C;'D;uh>*DR
physics n w>ul.ohb.C;w>Ckoh.ngrRvdMqX.vXtwrh>w>rlw>
rJwz.t*h>I t'd< w>uyDRt*h>< w>ud>t*h>'D;t*Rwz.
physiotherapist n [l;*JR,gbsgo&.
piano n we>ySD>pk˜ zH.tJed.
pick v 1I pick up xXxD.˜ [H;xD. 2I 'J; 3I CkxXxD.

124
pickaxe n x;zs;pl
pickle n w>'d;qH.˜ w>rRqH.
pickpocket n ySRvXt[k.w>vXySRt*RtxX.ylR
picnic n w>[;tD.rkm
picture n w>*DR
pie n ud.wuvkmvXw>xXEkmw>olw>o.rhwrh>w>n.vXtylR
'D;bXrHtDR
piece n t&h.t'h˜ tulmtusD˜ w>ul;vHmul;vm˜ wzsX.˜ wbh.˜
wbd˜ wcg˜ tuh
pier n ubDwdR
pierce v ysHmzsd˜ rRzsd˜ wk>zsd< qJ;zsd
pig n xd;
pigeon n xd.u;uh.
piglet n xd;zd
pigsty n xd;u&X˜ xd;uydR
pile n w>tyl.
piles n th.uD>(w>qg)
pill n uoH.zsX.
pillar n w>xl.˜ yX>< vX>xl.
pillow n cd.ocX.
pillowcase n cd.ocX.'X
pilot n 1I ySRqSXubD 2I ySReD.ubD,lR
pimp n CJoJcd.˜ ydmrk.[;*DRtcd.
pimple n zd.oGH˜ rJmzsX.oGH
pin n x;urdmcH< eD.bs;Cmw>< x;bs;
pinch v 1I yH>< yH>ySRtzH;vXtpkpd;eg˜ pd>< pd>w>vXpkrh. 2I [k.w>
pine n oh.qSd
pineapple n eJ;o.
pink a/n *DRp>˜ tvGJ>*DRp>
pint n yJ;< wu.v.Cd;ylwyl
pioneer n ySRvXt'k;eJ.usJ< ySRvXttd.qd;vXw>vD>oDtqduwX>
pip n w>tcsH (vXwRol.wRo.) t'd< pl>0H.o.tcsH
pipe n 1I yDRbd˜ usdbd 2I rdmusd˜ rdmoh.cd.
pirate n yD.vJ.wrsm
pistol n usdzk.zd˜ usdw&H;zd
pit n [D.cd.tylR< w>ylR
pitch n w>vdmuGJysD< oh.qSdtxk;
pity v o;unDRw>
pivot n x;tpd;egvXw>w&H;o;vXtvdR< w>vD>cX.o;
v ymw>vXtcX.o;

125
place n w>vD>w>usJ
v ymvDRtvD>tusJ˜ ymvDRw>
placebo n uoH.o;rH
placenta n [H.vD>< uh>*DR'GJvXt[Jy.CkmzJySRtd.zsJ.ySRzdtcg
plain n w>yXRcd.
a 1I vXtwtd.'D;w>eDwrHR˜ ,d,d 2I vXtnD'D;ye>yX>nD
plaintiff n ySRvdmuGD>< ySRvXtvdmuDG>ySRt*R
plait v oH.(cd.ol˜odql.'D;w>tuvkmuvkm)< ydR (cd.ol'D;w>t
uvkmuvkm)
n cd.oH.
plan v wdmusJR˜ ul.xD.z;vDR
n w>wdmusJR
plane n 1I x;xl;bs›˜ x;w&Dmbs› 2I ubD,lR
planet n rlzsX.
plank n oh.b.
plankton n w>rlw>rJvXttd.xD.zDvXxHzDcd.
plant n w>rk>w>bd˜ w>rJw>rg
v ol.vDRw>
plantain n ,mrHR
plantation n usD;< usd;I t'd< oh.y[H.usD;§cDzH.usD;< w>ol.w>zs;tvD>
plasma n oGH.xHqSH
plaster n 1I w>us;pJ˜ w>us;rlRvD> 2I *mvX>usJ.usD
plastic n zs;pwH;
plate n vDcD˜ vDcDubs.
plateau n w>yXRcd.xD.xD
platform n 1I ysJ>pD> 2I usJpD>
play v 1I vdmuGJ 2I 'h§tl§ydm (w>oHusHyD;vD)
n yl'd˜ w>*JR'dyl
playground n w>vdmuGJysD
playing cards n zJ (vXw>*JRvdmuGJtDR)
plead v Chun;˜ un;w>˜ ouGH>un;
pleasant a rkm
please v rRrkmySRo;
intj Ch0Ho;plR˜ 0Ho;plR
pleasure n w>ol.rkmo;rkm˜ w>rkmvR˜ w>b.to;
pledge n w>tX.vDRtDvDR
v tX.vDRtDvDR
plenty pron tgtg*D>*D>˜ tg˜ oJ.
pliable a vXtp>˜ vXtrRuh.oh
pliers n x;wHmxJ;
126
plight n w>td.o;vXtw*hR
plot v ul.clol.
n [D.cd.tu0DRzd˜ usD;
plough n xJ.˜ xJ.zl
v xJ.w>˜ xlpHm
pluck v 1I 'J;(wRo.§zD) 2I xJ;(qDql.) 3I cGJ;(we>ysHR)
plug n 1I yDRcd.zsD. 2I eD.qSd;
plum n xHrd>wdRo.˜ rD>wDRo.˜ xHrdR}wdRo.
plumber n ySRusJRe‹>xH
plump a bD.0Jod0J
plunge v 1I pH.zlvDR (qlxHusg) 2I bsK;Ekm (qlxHusg)
plural a ttg
plus prep [ + ] ymzSd.
Pluto n yvl.wd. (rlzsX.vXt,HRuwX>vX[D.cd.)
plywood n oh.b.ubs.
pneumonia n yod.w>ck.b.
poach v c;tD.clol.q.zduD>zd (vXwzd;oJp;)
poaching n w>zD.tD.c;tD.w>vXwzd;oJp;
pocket n qhuRxX.< zsD.cHxX.
pod n tzH;tuk˜ w>csHtzH;tuk
poem n xgtzsX.˜ xg
poet n ySRrRxg˜ ySRuGJ;xg
poetry n w>uGJ;xg
point v eJ.˜ ,lm
n 1I tcd.xd;˜ txd;eg 2I zD; 3I tr; (vXw>jyXtcg)
pointed a vXtcd.pl˜ vXtpl
pointless a tbsK;wtd.˜ uvDuvD
poise n w>td.'D;ol;oh.vRuyDR< w>ymo;*X>*X>usXRusXR
poison n w>tpk.
poisonous a vXttd.'D;tpk.˜ vXtpk.td.
poke v qJ;wd>
polar a [D.pd;vD>u0DR§uvHRpd;uvHRxH;[D.eD.xd;
polar bear n wRol0g
pole n 1I (0.§oh.) tbd 2I [D.pd;< [D.cd.0;&dtpd;eg
3I x;egtpd;
police n yXRuD>
police officer n yXRuD>cd.
policeman/ n yXRuD>cGgAyXRuD>rk.
woman
policy n oEl˜ usJoEl
polio n w>qgvDRbs›
127
polish v xl;bs›˜ xl;uyDR
polite a oH.pl;< qJ;vR
political a b.C;'D;xH*h>uD>*h>
politician n ySR*JRxH±l>uD>oJ;
politics n xH±l>uD>oJ;
pollen n zDurl.˜ zDtjyK;
pollute v rRb.tXb.oD
pollution n w>b.tXb.oD˜ w>wuqSJuqSD
pomegranate n ovJo.
pomelo n oDutd˜ r.td
pond n urgzd˜ ed.zd< &h.uD.zd
pool n xHuvdmzd˜ vl˜ uGH
poor a 1I zSD. 2I w*hRwb.
pope n yRyR
poppy n yHRzD
popular a vXw>oh.ngtDRtg˜ vXw>oh.ngym'd.tDRtg
population n ySRteD.*H>˜ ySRxHzduD>zdteD.*H>
porch n yJ}wDtcd.'D
porcupine n ol. (q.zduD>zdwuvkm)
pore n uyXRylRzd< ylRqH;qH;zdwz.vXyzH;ylR
pork n xd;n.
porridge n w>uydmI t'd< rhRcsD
port n ubDoe‹
portable a vXw>pdmtDRnD
porter n ySR0Hw>zd
portion n wulm˜ w>weDR
portrait n ySRt*DR˜ ySRunDt*DRvXw>whtDR
pose v 1I ymto;orSJ'J< ymrJmymeg 2I 'k;uJxD.w>uDw>cJ< rRobH.
bk.ySRto; 3I qXxX.ymrJmymegvX (u'dw>*DR) t*D>
4I oHuG>w>vDRwH>vDRqJ; 5I ymrRto;'f (ySR*R)tod;
position n tvD>tusJ˜ w>tvD>
positive a vXtuJxD.oh˜ vXtvXxD.ySJRxD.oh˜ eD>uD>
possess v yXb.˜ td.'D;
possible a vXtrh>oh˜ vXtuJxD.oh˜ oh
post v qSXvHmy&X
n w>xl.
postcard n zd;(pf)c;
postcode n vHmwX;u0DReD.*H>
poster n vHmw,>˜ zd;pxX.
postman n ySRqSXvHmzd

128
post office n vHmwX;˜ vHmbR
postpone v ok;eHRok;oD (vXw>oh.rk>eHRz;rk>oD)< ok;w>qXuwD>
pot n oyXR
potash n zd.xJ;&Sf
potato n t.vl
potato crisps n t.vlubsH;qJ;od
potential n w>vXyrRtDRM>< w>tuH>tpDvXttd.vXySRw*RtylR
adj vXyrRtDRoh
potion n w>xHvXtd.'D;w>&J>oH (uoH.xHvXw>utDtDRwcG;t*D>)
pottery n 1I w>uXoyXR 2I wX>oyXR
poultry n xd.zdqDzd
pounce v pH.ySDR
pound n 1I yD. (w>xd.w>'G;w>tw,X>CXyD.) 1 yD. ] 16 tD.p;
2I uD>}bH;wh.tph 1 yD. ] 100 zJeH;
v wd>˜ qk
pour v vlvDR˜ *>vDR˜ zSd. (xH)
poverty n w>zSD.w>,m
powder n w>turl.
power n w>pdurDR˜ w>to[D.˜ w>t*H>tbg˜ *H>o[D.
powerful a vXttd.'D;tpdurDR˜ vXttd.'D;to[D.
practical a 1I rRvXpkoh0J 2I vXtrRw>oh< vXtbsK;td.
practice n 1I w>*JRvdxHo; 2I w>tvk>tv>
practise v *JRvdxHo;˜ rRvdxHo;
praise v y-wXR˜ pH;xD.y-wXR
pray v bgxkuz.
prayer n w>xkuz.
praying-mantis n pd;bH.(w>zdC>wuvkm)
preach v pH.wJRwJvDRw>
precaution n w>yvD>y'DympXRto;
precede v [Jqdto;< rRqdto;
precious a vXtvk>'d.yS‹R'd.
precipice n vhvDRql˜ w>vDRql
precipitation n w>o0HvXt[JvDR'fw>plRxH˜ rlcd.zD˜ bS›.tod;wz.
precise a vXtvDRwH>vDRqJ;
precision n w>vDRwH>vDRqJ;
predecessor n w>vXttd.xD.qdM>w>*R< ySRw*RvXySR*RxD.b.tvD>
predict v xH.qdympXR< z;ympXRw>< w,mqdymw>
prediction n w>w,mqdymw>
prefer v tJ.'d;'d.e‹>wuh>˜ tJ.'d;0Jtge‹>wuh>
prefix n w>uwdRvXw>xDxD.tDRvXw>uwdRwzsX.trJmngvX'k;qDw
vJuGHm0JtcDynDI t'd< Happy-unhappy
129
pregnant a vXt'X0J˜ vXt[k;to;td.
prehistoric a vXysXRupXR˜ vXw>wuGJ;'H;tDRvXpdRyD>ylR
prejudice n w>o;uh.ymw>vXto;wcsK;vXte>yX>w>*hR*hRtcg<
w>o; uh.ympXRwcDwXR
v vXtrRb.'drR[;*DRw>
premature a vXtwkRqd˜ vXtuJxD.qd˜ vXwb.tqXuwD>˜ wcsK;
tcgb.
premier n udwdmcd.usX>
v vXt*hRuwX>< vXtcD.xH;uwX>
preparation n w>uwJmuwDR
prepare v uwJmuwDR
preposition n (vHm*H>xH;) w>uwdRvX'k;pJbl;w>*h>cHcg t'd< of, by
prescription n uoH.txHvJ
present n 1I w>[h. 2I cgcJtHR
v
1I [h. 2I [h.cd.z;
presently adv wuD>cg
preserve v 1I ymCm˜ ymuDR 2I rRChymCm (w>tD.)
president n uD>cd.˜ u&Xcd.
press n 1I pJ;pJusH;(vHm) 2I w>upD.tw0X
v qD.wH>˜ qD.oeH;
press-stud n qhEl>o.bH;
pressure n w>qD.oeH;˜ w>qD.wH>
presume v pH;'.uvdmvXtb.
pretend v ymrRto;
pretty a CHvR˜ 'd.w>*hR
prevail v vXtrReXRw>
prevent v 'Do'X˜ }wDw>
preventable a vXt'Do'Xoh˜ vXy}wDtDRoh
prevention n w>'Dw'X˜ w>}wDw>
previous a vXngwbsD˜ vXtylRuGHm
prey n q.zduD>zdvXw>zD.tD.tDR
prey on v vlRc;˜ vlR(q.zduD>zd)
price n tyS›R
priceless a tvk>tyS›R'd.wkRvXw>ymyeD.tyS›RwohvXR
prick v qJ;˜ b.qJ;
prickly a td.ySJR'D;tq+.
prickly heat n w>zSd.qg< w>zsX.qg
pride n w>ymuzXvXo;˜ w>ymxD.xDo;
priest n ySRvk>w>t'd.
primary school n wDRzk.uFd
130
prime minister n udwdmcd.usX>
prince n pDRyRzdcGg
princess n eD>yRrk.zd˜ pDRyRtzdrk.
principal a vXtrh>w>tug'd.˜ vXtrh>w>*h>rd>yS>˜ vXtrh>w>trd>yS>
n uFdcd.
principle n w>od.w>oD
print v pJusH;(vHm)
printer n 1I pJ;pJusH;vHm 2I ySRpJusH;vHm
prior a vXngcD< vXt*H>cd.
priority n w>(td.)(rRto;)(uJxD.)qdwuh>< w>rRqdto;vXng
prison n Cdm
prisoner n ySRCdmzd
private a vXtb.C;ySRw*R
n ok;zd˜ od.'l
privilege n (w>tcGJ;) (obs›) vDRqD'.w>
prize n cd.z;
probability n w>vXtvDR*murRto;
probable a vXtrh>oh˜ vXtuJxD.oh˜ rRto;oh
problem n w>*h>uD
procedure n w>rRtusdRtuGm˜ w>zH;w>rRtusJtuylR
proceed v rRu'D;w>qlng˜ vJR'H;qlng
process n w>tusdRtusJ< usJuylR< w>rRtusJ
v rRw>vXtusJ{dRuylR{dR
procession n ySRvJRw>w*h>z;xDzJySRrRrl;tcg
prod v qJ;wd>
produce v xk;xD.˜ rRuJxD.˜ 'k;td.xD.
product n yeHm
production n w>rRuJxD.w>< w>vXtb.w>rRuJxD.tDR<
w>xk;xD.yeHm
profession n w>zH;w>rR< w>zH;w>rRb.C;w>ul.w>q;< w>vk>tD.o;
orlw>rR
professor n o&.'d.pd
profile n 1I rJmtuh>t*DRvXw>uG>tDRvXtwpGR 2I w>t*h>tusdR
zk.udm 3I b.w>oh.ngtDRt*h>
profit n txd;eg
profound a vXt'd.0J,dm0J< vXte>yX>w>t'd.t,dm
programme n w>&J.vDRusJRvDR˜ w>&J.w>usJR
progress v 'd.xD.xDxD.˜ *kRxD.yoDxD.
n w>vJRxD.vJRxD
prohibit v }wDCm
131
project n w>wdmusJR
projector n pJ;'k;eJ.w>*DR
prolong v rR,HmrReD>
prominent a 1I vXttd.zsg'd.< vXtzsgvDRqD2I vXyxH.tDRohnD
3I vXw>oh.ngtDRtg
promise v tX.vDR
n w>tX.vDR
promote v 1I ok;xDxD.ySRtvD>tvR 2I 'k;oh.ng&RvDRw>t*h>tusdR
prompt a 1I (tqXuwD>) wDwD 2I wbsDCD
pronounce v z;oD.˜ ud;zsgxD.w>uwdRtoD.
proof n w>tk.xHo;˜ w>tk.o;
prop n wX.yX>˜ eD.yX>
v yX>Cm˜ wd>Cmw>
propaganda n w>&RvDRoEl
propeller n eD>0>w&H;
proper a b.0J˜ b.*D>
property n w>pkvD>cd.cd.< w>tol;toh.
prophecy n w>pH;ym
prophet n 0H{dRrD>{dR
prophylactic a (uoH.) vXt}wDw>qgt*D>
prophylaxis n w>'Dw'Xqdw>qg
proportion n 1I (w>) uXuD.oCDRvdmo;< w>xd.o}wDRw>tw>b.xGJ
propose v 1I ymzsgxD.w>vXurR 2I wvd>I oHuG>ydmrk.vXtu
uJtrg
prosecute v vdmbXvdmuGD>
prosper v uJxD.vd.xD.˜ bD.xD.nDxD.˜ uJxD.uJxD
prosthesis n uh>*DRtysD>I t'd< pkysD>< cD.ysD>
prostitute n CJoJ
prostitution n CJoJw>rR
protect v u[ku,m
protection n w>u[ku,m
protein n z&d.xH(ef)< w>tD.tpDwcgvXw>xH.e‹>tDRvXw>zH;w>
n.˜ w>t'H.˜ n.'D;yxd;wz.tusg
protest v xD'g˜ ylxD.
proud a 1I vXto;xD.xD˜ vXtymxD.xDo; 2I vXtymuzXvX
to;
prove v tk.o;˜ eJ.zsgw>trh>twD
proverb n w>uwdR'd
provide v rRe‹>
province n uD>&h.

132
provoke v 'k;o;xD.w>< Ckw>th.vdm
prowl v pGgclol.
prune v yJm[duqSD
n xHrdRwdRo.Ch
pry v Ckoh.ngw>vXwb.C;tDR
psalm n xgpH;xD.y-wXR
puberty n w>vd.bdxD.
public n ursX>
a 1I vXursX>trJmng 2I vXursX>t*D>
pudding n w>0hR[X
puddle n xHuvdm˜ vlylR
puff n 1I uvHRuoGH 2I rh.vk>˜ rdmtvk>
v zX (rdm)˜ (uvHR)tluoGHw>
pull v xJ;˜ xk;
pulley n y.&H;o.I w>ty.vXyxk;w&H;vXysHR'D;pdmxD.w>CX
pullover n qhzsD.vXR
pulse n yxd;csHwz.˜ yxd;tuvkmuvkmtcsH 2I oGH.pH.
pump n pJ;zSd;˜ pJ;xk;xD.xH
v zSd;EkmuvHR˜ xk;xD.xH
pumpkin n vl>cho.
pun n (w>uwdR) us›RqS›< w>uwdRvXttd.'D;tcDynDcHrHR
punch v xdw>
punctual a vXtb.qXb.uwD>
punctuation n vHmyeD.< w>yeD.vXyoltDRvXw>uGJ;vHm t'd=, . : ? !
puncture n w>xl.zsdylR< w>ylRvXw>qJ;zsdtDRvXw>cd.pl
pungent a vXteXCJ˜ vXteXCg< vXteXrSJ
punish v pH.nD.˜ od.CD.
punishment n w>pH.nD.˜ w>od.CD.
pupil n 1I rJmySRol 2I uFdzd˜ ySRrRvdw>zd
puppet n w>*DR*JRuvH.
puppy n xGH.zd
purchase v yS›Rw>
pure a uqSD
purple a/n *DRvk;˜ tvGJ>*DRvk;
purpose n w>ynd.
purse n wd>xX.˜ xX.u,X
pursue v vlRw>˜ Cd>w>˜ vlRxGJtcH
pursuit n w>vlRcsK;M>w>< w>vlRydmw>tcH
pus n w>tzH
push v qD.˜ qD.oeH;˜ wd>uGHm
133
put v ym˜ ymvDR
puzzle n w>ySdRySD>
Pwo n ySd>< ySRunDtuvkm'l.
pyjamas n qhuRrH (w>ulw>uRvXySRrHuRtDR)
pylon n rh.tlxl.z;'d.
pyramid n 1I yh;&rH; < tJ;ulywl;pDRyRtoG.cd.vXysXR 2I w>tuh>t
*DRvDR*myh;&rH;
python n *k>uvDR˜ zk'd.

134
Qq

quail n xd.y0H˜ xd.bSX.

quake v ([D.cd.)[l;˜ ued;upkm˜ [l;0;
qualification n w>ohw>b.vXt'k;-uX;tDR'D;w>rRwrHRrHR< w>tuH>tpD
quality n tuH>tpD
quantity n w>teD.*H>eD.'G;
quarrel n w>th.vdmqd;uhvdm
v th.vdmto;˜ th.vdmqd;uhvdm
quarry n w>cl.vX>tvD>
quart n w>CD.eD.vXtySJRxHcG;cHbh.< wu.v.vGH>ylwyl
quarter n [ ¼ ] vGH>ylwyl
quay n ubDwdR< ubDwd>xD.tvD>
queen n eD>yRrk.
queer a vDRqD
quench v 1I rR[gr> (w>olto;vXxH) 2I rRoH (rh.tl)< rRvDRyHm
query n w>oHuG>vDRwH>w>
question n w>oHuG>
questionnaire n w>oHuG>t&J.
queue n ySR&J.vDRo;tusdR
quick a cs›˜ yh>cs›˜ zsJ.
quiet a upk'k˜ td.bS›.
quilt n ,.vk;bJ
quinine n uGHeH.
quit v qduwD>< [;xD.uGHm< ymvDRwJm
quite adv upD'D
quiz n w>oHuG>pH;qX
quotation mark n 'k;eJ.zsgxD.w>uGJ;to;
quote v 1I wJ'd;ySR*Rtw>uwdR 2I (w>) wJb.ySRw>tyS‹R

135
Rr

rabbit n y'J
rabies n w>qgxGH.ysK>
race n w>jyX˜ w>Ch>jyX
racism n tJ.uvkm'GJoEl
rack n (w>y&X)pD>< ouGD.-wR< w>ymvHmvD>< w>bs;w>ulw>od;
vD>
racket n eD.yR< eD.'d (vX'dqD'H; rhwrh> zsX.yRt*D>)
radar n &h.'>< w>oltDRvXw>uCkw>wrHRrHR t'd< ubD,lRtd.
w>tvD>
radiate v qJ;uyDRvDR˜ (rk>)ud>vDRb.
radical a 1I b.C;'D;w>rd>yS>< 2I wvXuGHmtcX;<
w>qDwvJvXmvXmqhqh
radio n uGJRvhvdR
radish n ob.0gwH>
radius n uGDRz;ulm
raft n xd
rafter n w'd˜ w'dbd
rag n w>uH;nmvD>vHRtuhtcD
rage n w>o;xD.z;'d.˜ o;zsd;< o;'d.xD.wysK>wysDR
raid v xD.'k;˜ EkmvDR'k;˜ *kmql.ysdql.
rail n 1I x;usdRcHbdvXx;ty.wz.vJR0JI t'd< vh.rh.tlusJ
2I CDtpkzD.˜ pkykm
railings n wdmx;I x;tbdwz.b.w>whtDR'fwdmvXyu&Xw>t*D>
railway n vh.rh.tlusJ
rain n w>plR
v w>[JplRvDR
rainbow n wX>uGJR
raincoat n qhuR}wDw>plRxH˜ qholxHI qhuRvXyuRtDR'fod;yokw
b.pD.'D;w>plRxH
rainfall n w>plR,lm
rainforest n w>ud>vD>u0DRw>plRoh.yS>
rainwater n xHCJ< w>plRxH
rainy a w>plR
raise v 1I pdmuzDxD. 2I 0H>qXxX.˜ ol.xD. 3I rRtgxD.
4I ymzSd.xD.usd.ph 5I vk>'d.xD.
raisin n pyH;o.Ch
rake n -u>
136
rally n w>'k;pl;zSd.&dzSd.uhRySRvXvD>wylRCDvXw>urRoud;w>vX
w>'d. xD.xDxD.t*D>
v EkmvDRrRoud;(rhwrh>) ymzSd.xD.to;vXw>'d.xD.xDxD.
t*D>
ram n odzg
v b.xH;vXto[D.ql.ql.
ramble v 1I [;vdmuGJqltHRqlEkR 2I uwdRw>qltHRqlb;
rambutan n o.uyXR
rampage v o;'d.w>wysKmwysDR< o;'d.ol.*JRz;cl< Ch>0hR0DRtd.'D;w>
o;'d.
ranch n w>bk.q.zduD>zdtvD>< q.zduD>zdt*XR
random a uqHuqGJ˜ vXtrR'.to;egpdR
range n upX>wl>&J.< w>tD.q.tvD>< w>zDrhRtvD>< w>ymyeD.
vXw>cHrHRtbX.pXR
range v 1I &J.vDRw*h>w*h>< 2I 'k;b.C;to;'D;ySRwzk< 3I [;0hR0DR
rank n vD>vR
ransack v 1I [;Ckw>oukRq;'; 2I *kme‹>ysdql.
ransom n w>yS‹RuhRw> t'd< ySRuJ'd.w*R[h.phwuuGJ>vXw>yS‹R
uhRtzdcGgvXwrsmtpkylRvDR
rape v rlRql.rlRpd;˜ zd;ql.rHCkm
rapid a cs›o'H;
n pSJR˜ uh
rapids n pSJRbdvdR˜ uh
rare a uR˜ wtd.tguJmqd;
rash n w>ujyK
rat n ,k>
rate n t,D.˜ t,lm
rather adv (tg)e‹>'H;˜ ('d.)e‹>'H; == CkxXw>wrHRrHRvXw>wrHR
rHRtvD>
ratio n w>csH;Ch
ration n (w>zdw>vHR) vXySRw*RM>b.vXweHR'D;weHRt*D>< w>eDR
vDR
v [h.eDRvDRw><
rational a vXttd.'D;w>oh.nge>yX>< vXtol.q;o;q;
rationale n w>*h>w>usdRtrd>yS>
rattan n *h>
rattle v 1I w±kRoD.w>wJRwJR}wJ;}wJ; 2I uwdRw>tgtg'D;cs›cs›
ravage v *kmql.ysdql.w>< rR[;*lm[;*DRw>
ravenous a o.0HR'd.'d.uvJm
ravine n w>}wd
137
raw a 1I CDRCR< w>wrHRrHRvXw>wrRbs›rR*hR'H;tDR
2I w>vXw>wzDrH'H;tDR˜ toHupJm˜ oHod
raw material n yeHmCDRCR
ray n w>uyDRt,JR
razor n 'DvlRql.
razor blade n 'DvlRql.ue.
reach v wkR˜ (zD.)wkR˜ (vJR)wkR˜ xD.b;˜ ,lmxD.to;
reaction n w>rRqXuhRw>
read v z;vHm
ready a td.uwDRo;
real a eD>eD>˜ eD>uD>
realize v oh.ngb.˜ e>yX>b.
really adv eD>eD>˜ eD>uD>
reap v ul;(bk)
rear n w>vD>cH
v 1I qXxX.wuD>xD. 2I bk.'d.xD.
reason n w>*h>w>yD>
reasonable a vXt*h>tyD>td.˜ vXt-uX;0J
rebel ['rebel'] v ylxD.
rebel ['rebel'] n ySRylxD.w>zd
rebound v [Jb.u'guhRw>
rebuild v bSDu'guhR˜ whxD.u'guhR˜ bSDxD.uhR
recall v oh.eD.xD.uhR
recede v 1I *kRcH< *kRcH,HRxD.,HRxD. 2I xH (vDR) 3I ok;uhRto;
qltvD>cH< uhRqltvD>cH
receipt n vHmwl>vdmph
receive v wl>vdm˜ 'd;e‹>˜ e‹>b.
recent a w,Hm'H;b.
reception n w>wl>vdm
receptionist n ySRwl>vdmw>
recipe n xHvJ (w>zDtD.zDtD)˜ w>whtD.ud.txHvJ
recite v yF.x;cd.˜ ±l;
reckless a vXw>ymuJwtd.
reckon v 1I 'G;w> 2I w,mw>
recline v 'hcHvDR< rHeDR< oMRvDR
recognise v rReD.b.˜ uG>eD.b.
recollection n w>oh.eD.xD.w>
recommend v tk.to;vXw>t*D>
reconciliation n w>rRClrRzd;uhRw>

138
record v 1I rReD.rRCg˜ ymuDR˜ uGJ;eD.uGJ;Cg 2I 'XEkmCm(w>uvk>)
recorder n 1I yDRtl 2I pJ;zD.w>uvk>
recoup v M>u'guhR
recover v rRe‹>uhR˜ bsguhR(vXw>qg)
recreation n w>vdmuGJ< w>rRrkmyo;
recruit n ok;zdtoD< (ySRrRw>zd) toD< w>xXok;zdtoD< w>CkySR
rRw>zdtoD
v xXok;zdtoD< CkySRrRw>zdtoD
rectangle n [ ] eX.b.cHuElRCl
rectify v bSD*hRuhRw>< rRb.uhRw>
rectum n th.usdR
recycle v olu'guhR< bSD'D;olu'guhRtDR
recycling n w>olu'guhR< w>bSD'D;olu'guhRtDR
red a/n *DR˜ tvGJ>*DR
redeem v 1I yS›RxD.uhRw>< &hxD.uhR< 2I w>rRtd.xD.u'guhRtrHR
vRo.uyDR 3I tk.uhRcD.uhR
reduce v rRpSRvDR˜ xk;pSRvDR
reed n 1I wyd>< (yH)tyVRzd
reef n vX>wl>&J.vXyD.vJ.ylR
reek v eXwrkmwvR˜ w>o0HeX˜ w>eXw>EGg
reel n 1I pdRuGDR< eD.b;< vk.xGHo.
2I ySRpuD;wv.zdtw>w>*JRuvH.wuvkm
refer v 1I rRe‹>w>t'd;oe‹R 2I uG>oCJR(vHm) t'd< yuG>o
CJRw>tcDynDtHRvXvHmcD,hRtylR
referee n zk'D.
referendum n w>[H;e‹>ursX>w>b.o;
refine v rRqSHxD.< rR*hRxD.< rRuqDSxD.
reflect v uyDRqJ;u'g
reflection n w>qJ;uyDR˜ w>tu'kzsg
reforestation n w>ol.u'guhRoh.yS>
reform v 1I rR*hRxD.uhR 2I bSDoDxD.uhR
refrain v yXRto;< wue.Ckm< uDRto;
refresh v rRuqSDrRoDxD.˜ rRql.xD.uhR*H>bg˜
rRoDxD.uhRw>oh.eD.< rR±SJxD.uhR(ySR)o;
refreshment n w>vk>tD.vk>tD
refrigerator n w>ck.'X
refugee n ySRb.uDb.cJ
refund n w>[h.uhRph
v [h.uhRph
refuse ['refuse'] v *h>vdm
139
refuse ['refuse'] n w>urSHR˜ w>wCm
regard v ym
regiment n ok;&h.
region n [D.u0DR˜ vD>u0DR
register n p&Dcd.oh.
v
uGJ;vDRtrHR
regret v o;tk;< o;wrkmvXw>*H>p>bgp>tzDcd.
regular a 1I vXtvJRto;wy,lmCD˜ b.qXb.uwD>
2I 'ftnDEk>tod;
rehabilitate n rR*hRxD.uhR'fttd.ympXRtod;< rR*hRxD.uhR (trHR)
rehearsal n w>*JR'd
rehearse v *JR'd
reign v yX
n
w>yX
reject n 1I pl;uGHm<2I wwl>vdmb.< wtX.vDRb.
rejoice v o;ck˜ ol.zSHo;nD
relapse n w>qgxD.u'guhR
v qgxD.u'guhR
relation n w>±l;xD.wJxD.u'gw>< w>'Dbl;'DwH>< w>&hvdmo;< w>b.
xGJvdmo;
relative n bl;wH>
a vXtb.C;'D;(w>)wrHR< vXtxd.o}wDRuhRw>
relax v xd.uqS.vDR(to;)
release v ys>uGHm˜ rRxl.zsJ;
relent v rRuykm˜ rRp>vDRuhRto;˜ vJvdmuhRtw>qdrd.
relevant a vXtb.C;'D;w>*h>cJtHR< vXt-uX;
reliable a vXeme‹>(tDR)oh˜ vXyoe‹Ryo;(vXtDR)oh
relief n rRpXR< rRudn>xD.< rRrkmxD.uhR< rRp>vDRuhR
relieve v rRySJRrl'gvXySRtvD>
religion n w>bl.w>bg
relocate v qSXqlw>vD>toD
reluctant a vXw>o;CX˜ vXw>o;ql.wtd.˜ vXt,kmto;
rely v oe‹Rto;
remain v td.wh>˜ td.vDRwJm
remainder n w>td.bsJ.˜ w>tbsJ.˜ w>tbsJ.tpJ>˜ w>td.vDRwJm˜
w>vXttd.vDRwJmwh>
remark v 1I uG>eD.< rReD.< ymol.ymo;< 2I wJ<
uwdRw>*h>vXtrReD.< ymol.ymo;0J
remark n w>rReD.w>t*h>wrHRrHR< w>rReD.ymol.ymo;
remarkable a vXtvDRwd>vDRqD˜ vXy-uX;wd>eD.xDCm

140
remedy n uoH.zD.˜ w>vXtrRbsgw>qg
remember v oh.eD.xD.
remembrance n w>oh.eD.xD.w>
remind v 'k;oh.eD.xD.uhR
remnant n w>tbsJ.tpJ>˜ w>tbsJ.
remote a vXt,HR
remove v 1I ok;uGHm˜ pdmuGHm 2I bh.vDR
renal a vXb.C;'D;uvh>
rent n tvJ
v 'd;vJ< [H;vJ˜ ig
repair v bSDuhR˜ bSD*hR˜ bSD*hRxD.
repatriation n w>qSXuhRySRqltuD>
repay v uhR[h.u'guhR
repeat v rRu'D;wbsD˜ pH;u'D;
repent v yD>,>vDRuhRto;
replace v 1I rRySJRw>vXtvD>˜ ymvDRw>vXtvD> 2I ymu'guhR
vXtvD>
replica n w>t'dcD.xH;< w>*DRvXw>rRuJxD.tDR'ft'dvXngtod;
reply v pH;qXuhR
report v ymzsgxD.˜ 'k;oh.nguhR
n
w>ymzsg˜ vHmymzsg
reporter n ySRuGJ;w>upD.
represent v 1I qXxX.cX.p;˜ rRcX.p;w>vXtvD> 2I ymvDRw>
t'd˜ [h.w>t'd
representative n ySRcX.p;
reproduce v 1I rRxD.uhRu'D;w>< 2I 'k;vDRpXRvDRoGJ.w>
reptile n q.zduD>zdvXtpGg'D;[kt'H.I t'd< wr.˜ csH;˜ *k>
republic n xHzdup>uD>< uD>vXySRxHzduD>zdCkxXxD.ySRw*RvXu
yXtDR
repulsive a vXt}wDCmw>< vXtvDRo;[h< w>vXteD.u'guhRw>
reputation n w>rR[lxD.ogvDR˜ w>rHR*hRo.*hR
request v Chun;˜ Chw>
require v vd.b.˜ o;vDw>
rescue v rRylRzsJ;
research v Cke>yX>< Ckoh.ngrRvd
resemble v vDR*m
resent v ol.'d.o;zsd;< ol.wrkmo;wrkmvXw>wrHRtCd< wl>w
M>cD.wuJ
reserve v ymzSd.ymwHR
n ySRvXw>ymyvD>tDR

141
reservoir n xHwdmuDR< xHvXw>wDCmtDRvXwrX.z;'d.§urgz;'d.
tylR
resettlement n w>qDvDRymvDRuhRvD>td.vD>qd;
residence n w>td.w>qd;tvD>
resident n ySRvXttd.0Jqd;0J
resign v [;xD.uGHm(vXtw>zH;w>rR)
resist v yX>qX˜ cD.qX˜ xD'g˜ }wDqX
resistance n w>}wDqXuhRw>
resolution n 1I w>pH.nD.wJm< w>qSXEkmvX (w>wl>vdmtDR)<
2I w>tX.vDRymvDRo;
resolve v ymvDRo;usXRusXR˜ pH.nD.wJm
resource n 1I w>ym*H>ymbg< w>vXySRoltDRoh< w>ul.w>z;<
2I w>pkvD>cD.cd.< w>vXt'k;uJxD.w>
respect v ymuJ˜ ym'd.ymxD˜ ,l;,D.
respiration n w>ogxD.ogvDR
respond v pH;qX< rRw>'fw>rXtDRtod;< uGJ;qX< [h.tyS›R
responsible a vXttd.'D;rl'g˜ vXtrl'gb.xGJ
rest v td.bSH;˜ qduwD>˜ td.*X>wyX>
restaurant n w>tD.us;
restore v rRuhR˜ bSDxD.uhR˜ rRbsguhR
restrain v 1I ywkm (ySR*R) vXurRtXw> 2I uDRto;< yXRto;
restrict v rRCH;xD.w>< }wDCmw>< ymyeD.w>
result n 1I w>tp> 2I w>vXtuJxD.to;
resume v p;xD.u'guhR
retain v [H;Cm
retire v td.bSH;vXrl'g
retreat v *kRuhRtcH˜ uhRu'guhR
return v 1I uhRu'g˜ C.u'g 2I qSXu'guhR 3I [h.u'guhR
reveal v rRzsgxD.˜ vD.zsgxD.˜ 'k;eJ.zsgxD.
revenge n w>[h.u.˜ w>rRu.
reverse n w>vXtcsXwuyR˜ w>vXtu'gwuyR
v ymcd.cH˜ C.cd.cH˜ &H;u'g
review n w>yJmxHeDRz;
v uG>u'guhR< bSDuhRu'D;
revise v 1I uG>u'guhRI uG>u'guhRvXtbSD*hRxD.uhRt*D>
2I uG>u'guhRvHm (wcsK;w>'d;pJ;)
revive v 1I 'k;o;yX>xD.uhR˜ 'k;e‹>uhRt*H>tbg 2I 'k;rlxD.uhR
revolt v ylxD.
revolting a vDRo;b.tX
revolution n w>yX>qX

142
reward n w>[h.vRuyDR˜ cd.z;
rhinoceros n wR'd.cD.˜ oH;'d.cD.
rhyme v oD.oCJR
rhythm n xgtoD.
rib n *kmCH
ribbon n ysHRys›I w>uH;nm rhwrh> owd>tys›z;xD
rice n bk˜ [k˜ rhR
rich a vXtuJ'd.˜ xl;wDR
rid v rR[;*DR< rR[gr>uGHm< rRvDRr>uGHm
riddle n w>ySdRySH˜ w>ySdRySD>˜ w>vXye>yX>uD
ride v 'd; (uoh.§vh.)
ridge n 1I o'Dpd 2I upX>ysd>cd.
ridicule v uwdRvDReHRb.z.vJw>
ridiculous a vXtvDReHRb.z.vJ
rifle n usdxDysdm˜ usd&J;zX.
right n 1I txGJ 2I cGJ;,m
a vXtb.˜ vXtwDtb.
right-handed a (ySR) vXtrRw>vXpkxGJ˜ wxGJpk
rim n tcd.'l˜ w>uElR˜ to&hR
ring n 1I yoH; 2I w>tuGDR
v 'd ('XvGJ)
ringworm n w>zSD
rinse v ohoySXR˜ vlpDuGHm(vXxH)
riot n w>wXxD.wXvDR˜ w>jyKxD.
rip v b.uG;,m˜ zSD,m
ripe a rH˜ rHxD. (w>olw>o.)
ripen v rRrH< ol.rH
ripple n vyDzdI vyDzdvXxHrJmzH;cd.zJuvHRtlw>uzDuzDtcgrhw
rh>zJw>rR[l;0;xD.xHtcg
rise v 1I *JRxX. 2I vJRxD.˜ ,lRxD.(qluvHRusg)˜ (rk>)[JxD.
risk v bsK;to;(vXw>vDRysHRw>b.,d.tvD>)< nduGHmto;'D;
rR0J
rival n ySRjyXvdmo;w>
river n xHusd
river bank n xHusduX>cd.
road n usJ
roam v [;0hR0DR
roar v tl-uKm˜ unDR
roast v bXI zDw>td.'D;odvXtxHvDRoH;0HRodxD.zD rhwrh>
ChxD.uGHm

143
rob v *kmql.ysdql.w>
robber n w>bs.˜ wrsm˜ ySR*kmql.ysdql.w>
robbery n w>[k.w>bs.˜ w>*kmql.ysdql.w>
robe n qhuRusX>I t'd< qhuRz;xD'fw>td.zSd.o&.'D;pH.nD.uGD>
wz.uR0J
robot n &dbD;I pJ;wzsX.vXtzH;w>zD.w>'fySRunDrRw>ohtod;
rock n vX>˜ vh˜ vX>{dRvh{dR
rock n vX>z;'d.
v xd.0;< xd.[l;,Dm,kR,Dm,HR< 0;usHmusKm
rocket n 1I &D;uJ;I vXw>oltDRzJw>vJRw>vXrlysDylRt*D>
2I rsdmo.,lR
rod n eD.wD> 2I w>tbdI t'd< wcGJbd
rogue n 1I ySRtXySRoD< 2I ySRvDM>w> 3I uqDvXttd.vDRz;'D;
tu%l>'D;tX0J
roll n w>txl
v xlxD.˜ usH;usKmto;< vDRwvh.
rolling pin n usH;bd
romance n w>uGJ;vXw>qdurd.M>tDRvXtb.C;w>tJ.vXtvDRu
rXur.< w>tJ.w>uGH
romantic a vXtymzsgw>vDRurXur.b.C;w>tJ.w>uGH
roof n w>tcd.'k;˜ CD;cd.
room n 'X;
root n (w>) t*H>
rope n ysHR
rosary n zJysHRI vXySRrReD.tw>bgxkuz.tbsD
rose n zDwRq+.
roselle n bJqH.'d;
rot v tk.˜ us.
rotate v w&H;to; (vX0.&dtvdR)< w&H;to;
rotor n eD.0H>< eD.0H>w&H;
rotten a vXttk.˜ vXtus.˜ vD>vHRzDC;
rough a oGJ;˜ wbs›b.
round a u0DR˜ u0DRusDR
adv vJRw&H;I round about C.C.
roundabout n usJo&d>uD;I w>vD>u0DRusDRzdwcgvXw>bSDtDRvXusJ
cX.o;vXodvh.tgtvD>'fod;odvh.vJRw&H;uoht*D>
a 0hR0DR˜ vJR0hRvJR0DR
roundworm n xd;uvJmuzsX.< xd;uvJmzsX.ovX.
rouse v xd.*JRxX.˜ 'k;zk;oh.eD.xD.
route n tusdR˜ usJ
144
routine n w>rRvXyrRnDEk>ud;bsDud;bsD
a vXyrRnDEk>
row [say '-oe'] v 0>(csH)
n 1I t*h> 2I ySR&J.o;tusdR
row [say '-ow'] n 1I w>*h>vdmbSDvdm˜ w>th.vdmqd;uhvdm 2I w>oD.w>oJ
royal a b.C;pDRvd.pDRyR
rub v xGgw>< xl;w>< -wLmw>< xl;oHuGHm
rubber n 1I &X;bX. 2I &X;bX.txH; 3I w>-wLmoH
rubber band n &X;bX.uGDR
rubbish n w>wCm˜ w>urSHR
ruby n w>rs>*DR
rudder n oe‹v.I csH§ubDtoe‹v.vXtuXRw>< eD.0HmcH
rude a vXt&X>tpX>
rug n ,.vk;< w>'gcd.tw>'g< cD.,D>'g
ruin v rR[;*DR˜ [;*DR
n w>[;*lm[;*DR(vXttd.vDRwJm)
rule v 1I yX(xHuD>) 2I xk;yed˜ wdRvDR(yed)
n w>od.w>oD˜ w>bsX
ruler n 1I yedbsX 2I ySRyXw>
rum n oH;wuvkm
rumble n w>tuvk>oD.±k>±k>&>&>('fvDoD.)
rumour n w>upD.vXt[lxD.ogvDRuvDuvD
run v Ch>
rung n CDoGg
runway n ubD,lRCh>usJ
rural a b.C;'D;cdcd.'lo0D
rush v rRu&Dw>˜ rRypk>ywhR˜ (Ch>)ozSd˜ (Ch>)obsd.˜ (Ch>)ozSJ;
rust v x;th.xD.˜ xD.th.
rut n w>tusdRvDRqX.I w>tusdRvXodvh.'D;vh.wz.vJRxD.
vJRvDR0J
ruthless a vXw>o;unDRwtd.

145
Ss

sabbath n rk>td.bSH;teHR< rk>eHR'd.< rk>eHRvXw>bl.w>bgt*D>

sabotage v rR[;*DRw>
sack n xX.oG‹
v xk;xD.(tDR)vXw>rR
sacred a pDqSH
sacrifice v 1I vk>xD.to;˜ [h.vDRto; 2I vk>xD.w>
n w>vk>w>ym
sad a o;tk;
saddle n *DRu>
safe a vXtylRzsJ;˜ vXtylRzsJ;'D;w>b.,d.
n ph'X;cX.˜ ovgwl>rh.
safety n w>ylRzsJ;
saffron n o,D see 'turmeric'
sag v vDRu-wL>˜ vDR,X.
sail v 1I eD.§eDubD˜ eD.§eDcsH,>˜ wdR 2I vJRvXubD 3I 'd;ubD
n ubD,>< csH,>
sailor n 1I xHok;zd 2I ySRubDzd
saint n ySRpDqSH
sake n vXtCd< t*D>
salad n ob.pH>Cg˜ w>'d;w>v.pH>Cg˜ w>olw>o.pH>Cg
salary n vgvJ< w>rRtbl;tvJvXyrRM>b.tDRwvgt*D>
sale n 1I w>qguGHm(w>zdw>vHR§yeHm) 2I w>qguGHmw>zdw>vHRvX
tvk>tyS›Rw*hRwz.< w>qgvDRw>zdw>vHRtyS›R
salesman n ySRqgw>zd
saline n tHo.xH
a vXttd.Ckm'D;tHo.˜ vXtrh>tHo.txH
salinization n [D.cd.[D
saliva n xl;ys›RxH˜ x;cd.xH
salt n tHo.
salute v [h.w>,l;,D.˜ ,l;,D.xD.
same a 'fod;od;
sample n w>t'd
v [H;M>w>t'd
sanction n w>zD.CH;
sand n rJ;
sandalwood n wvD˜ wvD0gI oh.eXrlwuvkm
sandbar n rJ;ysD˜ xHx.rJ;ysDvl>
146
sandpaper n p;cdrJ;
sandstone n vX>rJ;CJ;
sandwich n ud.}wHm< ud.tubsH;cHubsH;td.'D; (w>0H.od< w>n.)
vXtuql;
sane a to;xH˜ wysK>b.
sanitary a vXtb.C;'D;w>td.ql.tdd.cs›< w>uqSJuqDS
sanitary towel n ydmrk.w>y;cH
sap n oh.txk;˜ oh.txH
sapling n 1I oh.zdI oh.zdvXwcsK;uJxD.oh.'H;b.
sarcasm n w>uwdRtuh.vXtwrkmb.ySRe>< w>uwdRqJ;tJ;<
w>uwdRcd.cH
sarong n eH.˜ xJul˜ ,.ul
Satan n rk>uDRvH>
satellite n rlzsX.'d
satin n owd>
satisfactory a vDRo;rH˜ vDRusXRo;˜ usXRo;
satisfy v rHol.rHo;˜ rRo;rHySR
Saturday n rk>bl.eHR
Saturn n pJ;xX.
sauce n w>Ch.xHI w>o.toH;txHCgCkmyHmyHm
saucepan n rDxDpk
saucer n vDcD'g
sausage n xd;ySHmbdI xd;n.vXySR,JmbsJ;tDR'D;'XEkmuhRtDRqlxd;ySHmylR
savage a vXt'lt[h˜ vXt&X>tpX>
save v 1I rRylRzsJ; 2I ymzSd.ymwHR˜ ymCm
saw n vG;
v bl;(w>)< bl;'D;vG;
sawdust n vG;url.
sawmill n oh.pJ;
saxophone n yHwuGJ>< eD.xd.
say v pH;˜ wJ
saying n w>uwdR'd
scab n (w>ylRvD>)tud>Ch
scabies n w>o;Ch(w>qg)
scaffolding n *DRu>I t'd< *DRu>vXw>uwJmuwDRtDRzJw>wcsK;bSDxD.w>
ol.xD.tcg
scald v vDRwvdRI vDRbsL;vXxHcsDvlb.
scale n 1I n.to'H. 2I pDRyD>< w>xd.(puh)
v 1I }oJ;uGHmn.to'H. 2I xD.w>uyR
scales n 1I n.o'H.˜ n.obH 2I pDRyD>˜ ,GJ>

147
scallop n csd.q+.
scalp n cd.zH;I cd.zH;vXcd.ql.'d;xD.vXtzDcd.
scan v 1I uG> (vHm< w>*DR)cs›cs›wysHmwysm 2I uG>xHxHq;q;<
uG>vDRwH>vDRqJ;
scandal n w>cJ.olcJ.*DRySR*R'fod;tvRuyDRu[;*DR
scapegoat n ySRb.wl>w>ur.vXySR*RtCd
scar n 'd;bD.˜ w>pX>ys›RI w>ylRvD>bsguhRtvD>
scarce a uR˜ pSR˜ vXwtd.tgb.
scare v rRysHRrRzk;
scarecrow n eD.whRw>I w>*DRvXrRysHRxd.
scarf n udmbH
scary a vDRysHR˜ vDRysHRvDRzk;
scatter v vDRjyHvDR_yg˜ rRvDRjyHvDR_yg
scene n 1I w>rRto;tvD>˜ w>uJxD.o;tvD> 2I w>*JR'dtqX
scenery n 1I w>*DRuG>'d; 2I w>xH.vXttd.zsg˜ w>uG>uDtvD>
scent n 1I tpDxH˜ w>eXrl˜ xHeXrl 2I tpd(eX)
schedule n w>&J.vDRusJRvDRtp&D
scheme n w>ul.tusJ
v ul.xD.z;vDRclol.w>vXtw*hR
scholar n ySRul.ohul.b.˜ ySRohvHm
scholarship n ul.ohphqD.xGJ
school n uFd
science n pJth.
scientific a b.xGJ'D;pJth.
scientist n ySRpJth.zd
scissors n x;wHm˜ x;&H;
scoff v 'k.'JG.˜ eHRb.z.vJ
scold v uvmw>˜ 'lySRvdR˜ uwdRod.oDw>ql.ql.
scoop v bsX. (bsX.w>'D;eD.bsX.)
scorch v 1I ud>oG.˜ ud>CH.˜ ud>bD 2I (rk>)tD.w>
score v 1I oGDekm(wX.zsd) 2I e‹>tr;
n w>oGDEkm(w>rReXRvXw>vdmuGJ)
scorn v o;b.tXw>˜ wymuJb.
scorpion n ywhRcsJ;
scoundrel n ySRtXySRoD< ySR[;*DR
scout n ySRvXt[;uG>Ckoh.ngqdw>t*h>b.C;'D;'k.'g< ySRuG>[k.
v uG>pl.w>< uG>[k.uG>pl.w>
scowl v xd.'ltrJm˜ uG>w>vXtrJmu'kvm< uG>[hw>
scramble v yCmxD.˜ ySmxD.
scrambled egg n qD'H.usJ.usDcGJ.od

148
scrap n tuhzd
a vXtw*dmwoD.˜ vXyolwoh
scrape v uG;uGHm
scratch v 1I 0m 2I b.uG;
scrawl v wdRuGH;uG;w>˜ uGJ;egpdR
scream v ud;yol˜ uJ;yol˜ uJ;uysD>˜ uJ;uv;
scree n upX>cD.xH;vX>vDRzSH.
screen n 1I Ch˜ eD.bs;o'XI w>wrHRvXtrRo'Xw>vXw>xh
ChtDRvX0.rh>*hRx;oGJrh>*hR 2I eD.o'XI cD.zFLxX.< uGJR[lzsg
trJmo. t'd< uGJR[lzsg rhwrh> w>*DRrlteD.o'X
v bs;o'Xw>< ('k;) td.o'X< rRpDrRuqSD< *kRuqSD
screw n x;y0Hm
screwdriver n eD.0Hmx;
scribble v wdRuGJ;uG;˜ uGJ;egpdR
scrotum n 'H.o.
scrub v xl;uqSD˜ -wLmuqSD
scull v ol(csH)
sculpture n w>*DRvXySRpd;ysRM>0J< w>pd;ysRw>*DR
scythe n CJmuh.˜ x;*Jmz;xD˜ us.
sea n yD.vJ.
seagull n bs›.bsD.0g
seal n 1I yD.vJ.qDS 2I w>pJyeD.
sea level n yD.vJ.trJmzH;cd.
seam n tuElRcsH;to;˜ w>q;w>twdR
search v Cke‹>˜ CkxH.˜ uG>Ck
searchlight n rh.{l>
season n cg˜ w>tchtcg˜ w>tuwD>I t'd< w>ud>cg§w>plRcg
v 1I ymChxD(oh.)˜ vDoH(oh.) 2I rRqXrRbJ(w>tD.w>tD)
seat n vD>qh.eDR˜ c;qh.eDR
seat belt n vD>qh.eDR,D>wud;(vXubD,lR§odvh.tylR)
seaweed n yD.vJ.xHCH.
secession n w>xk;z;uGHmo;< rRvDRz;to;'D;w>*R
secluded a vXtbS›.bSD.< vXttd.,HR'D;ymvDRqDto;'D;w>t*R
second a cHrHRwrHR< cHcgwcg< cHbsDwbsD
n pJ;uDm
second-hand a vXySRt*RolvXng˜ wrh>toDb.
secret n w>clol.
secretary n eJ.±GJ.
section n 1I w>tu±l>˜ w>eDRz; 2I wqX˜ wwDR˜ wulm

149
secure a vXt*X>tusXR˜ vXtylRzsJ;'D;w>b.,d.
rRM>< rRylRzsJ;< td.ySdR< 'k;Cm< tk.cD.to;vXt*D>
sedate a vXto;td.*X>wyX>< vXto;rkmo;ck.upk'k< rR*X>ySRo;cDzsd
w>[h.uoH.
sediment n w>vDR';
see v 1I xH. 2I xH.vdm (o;)
seed n w>tcsH˜ w>csH
seek v Ckw>˜ CkM>˜ CkxH.˜ uG>Ck
seem v vDR*m˜ zsg
seep v pS›>xD.< pH>xD. (xH[JpSH>xD.)
seesaw n ,Jm,DR˜ pHpDvXySRzdo.vdmuGJ0J
segment n w>wuh< w>wcD< w>u0DRwcD
seismic a vXb.C;'D;[D.cd.[l;
seize v zD.M>w>˜ pSDRwH>˜ zD.Cm
seldom adv wtgbsDb.˜ wnDEk>rRto;
select v CkxX
self-confident a vXtemvDRto;'.0J
selfish a tJ.vDRto;
sell v qg (w>)
semen n 1I ydmcGgtcsHto.txH 2I w>tqSd;
semester n w>rRvdeH.tuwD> (nDEk>trJ&uRtcDvh.uFd<
tw>rRvdeH.tuwD>)
semicircle n uGDRwcD˜ uGDRw0m
senate n bsD.'d.x;
send v qSX˜ qSX[h.˜ rXvDRySR (w*R) vXuvJRrRw>wrHRrHR
senile a (vXt) vDRzdo.
senior a 1I vXt'd.M>˜ vXtvD>'d.vD>xDM> 2I vXtyS>M>
sensation n w>uvX>w> (vXo;)
sensational a vXtxd.[l;xd.*JRySRto;
sense n 1I ph.˜ (xH.˜uvX>˜ e>[l˜ vh.˜ eX) 2I w>oh.ngw>
sensible a vXttd.'D;o;w>oh.ng˜ vXtoh.ngw>˜ vXtohqdu
rd.w>˜ vXto;q;
sensitive a 1I vXtwohwl>w>˜ o;nD˜ rJmxHnD 2I vXtzH;tn.ySJm
sentence n 0D>usdR˜ vHmusdRySJR
v pH.nD.w>
sentry n ySRcd;w>zd˜ ySRyXRw>zd
separate a vXttd.vDRqD˜ vXtd.upDR˜ vDRz;
v rRvDRqD˜ rRvDRz;
September n vgpJ;ywhbX.< vgcGHvgwvg
sergeant n ok;puDR
serial a vXtydmxGJvdmtcH˜ vX&J.vDRto;wrHRb.wrHR
150
serious a 1I vXttd.oyS>yS>˜ orSHRoyS>˜ orSJuwD> 2I vDRb.,d.˜
e;˜ e;e;uvJm
serum n oGH.xHqSH
servant n w>chw>ySR˜ ysJ>
serve v 1I pdm[h.(w>tD.)< [h.vDRw>tD.
2I qSXxD.(zsX.ySD>§zsX.yR)
service n 1I w>chw>ySRtw>rR< 2I w>zH;w>rR< 3I w>bl.xlbg,GR<
4I vDcDwz.vXw>ymvDRtDRvXpD>eDRcd.vXw>tD.w>tDwbsD
t*D> 5I w>qSXxD.zsX.ySD>
serviette n w>xGgpk˜ w>-wLmpk˜ pkxGg
sesame n eH.od
set n wu±l>˜ wpl.
v 1I ymvDR˜ usJRvDR 2I ymusRxD.˜ rRusRxD.
settle v 1I xX.vDR0DvDR(w>td.w>qd;) 2I bSgb.uhR(w>*h>w>yD>)˜
rRb.vdmb.p;uhRw>˜ ymvDRto;˜ qDvDRvD>usJ
seven n EGH< eD.*H>EGH
several det tgM>'H;cHb.q.wtgxJM.wXb.< wbsK;
severe a 1I e;r; 2I vXtCH;(w>od.w>oD)
severely adv tXtXoDoD
sew v q;w>
sewer n xHb.tXusdR< w>eXtk.eXus.txHusdR
sex n 1I w>trd>tzg 2I to have sex rHCkm
Sgaw n pSDRI ySRunDtuvkm'l.
shabby a vXtwzsg*hRb.˜ wzsgCHzsgvRb.< vD>vHRzDC;
shack n 'JypD>˜ 'JzdpD>I w>ol.xD.wpd>wvD>vXw>rRtDRcs›cs›nDnD
shade n w>u'k
v vDRu'k
shadow n w>tu'k
shaft n 1I w>tbd 2I ys> 3I pku0JRtbd 4I usJzdttH.vXtvJREkm
qlw>ylR
shake v 1I ued;< [l;0;qSJ;qSd; 2I *HR*kR< w±kR
shall v u
shallow a (xH) 'D.
shame n w>rJmqS;
v 'k;rJmqS;< rRvDRtvRuyDR
shameful a vXt'k;rJmqS;w>˜ vDRrJmqS;
shampoo n w>ySHRcd.
Shan n ySR,dRzd
shape n w>tuh>t*DR

151
share v eDR[h.˜ eDRz;vDR
n w>tyl
shark n n.urD
sharp a 1I th.˜ vXtue.th.˜ vXtcd.pl 2I vXtol.yh>o;qSg˜
rJmzsJ.o;qSg˜ vXtrJmq;
shatter v rRvDRobSH;˜ rRoh.z;vDRuvJ
shave v vlRuGHm(ql.)
shawl n ,.uRzd
she pron t0J (ydmrk.)
shears n x;*Hmz;'d.< x;wHmz;'d.
sheath n t}wd;˜ ('D)t}wd;˜ (CJm)t}wd;
shed n 1I 'Jzd< wJul (w>ol.xD.tgwuh>td.xJtcd.'k;) 2I
v [h.vDR< *>vDR< ,GRvDR< vDRq+< vDRxJ;< rRpSRvDR
sheep n od (q.zduD>zdwuvkm)
sheer a 1I vXttd.xl.uvm 2I blovg
sheet n 1I vD>rH'g˜ vD>zl'g˜ ,.'g 2I tubsH; t'd< p;cdubsH;
shelf n pdRydmcd.˜ wyS>cd.
shell n 1I rdsmo. 2I tuk˜ csd.tuk 3I w>csHw>o.tuk
shelter n w>td.u'k˜ w>cd.'k;u'k˜ w>td.o'XtvD>˜ w>'Do'XtvD>
v u[ku,m˜ rRu'k˜ 'Do'X˜ 'DCmw>
shepherd n ySRuG>od
shield n uwDR (uwDRvXySRok;zdvXysXRwz.pdm0J)
shift v ok;upDR
shifting n ck;˜ Ck;
cultivation
shimmer v qJ;ujyh.jz;jz;˜ uyDRyH.vhyH.vh
shin n cD.vh>rd˜ cD.vdRrd>
shine v 1I qJ;uyDR˜ qJ;vDR 2I zsgujyK>u_yDR˜ zsguyDR
shiny a vXtujyK>u_yDR
ship n ubD
shirk v y'h.ylRzsJ;to;˜ Ch>ylRzsJ;˜ [;qSJ;rl'g
shirt n qhuR±SX;< qhuRvXySRydmcGguR0J
shiver v ued;upkm˜ ued;
shoal n n.w*D>˜ n.w'l.
shock n zk;˜ ysD>
shoe n cD.zH;
shoelace n cD.zH;ysHR
shoot v c;w>
n w>tysd.zd˜ (oh.)ysd.˜ (0.)bD.
shooting star n q.,lR
shop n us;
152
shopkeeper n ySRqgw>zd
shopping centre n us;&dvD>
shore n yD.vJ.eHR˜ xHuX>eHR< xHeHR
short a zk.
shortage n w>wvXwySJR˜ w>wtg
shorten v rRzk.vDR
shorts n zsD.cHzk.
short-sighted a xH.w>ohxJtbl;
should v -uX;
shoulder n zHb.cd.
shout v ud;yol˜ ud;Cg
shove v qD.˜ xG.uGHm˜ weH;uGHm
shovel n bDw&Dm˜ bD}wDm
show v 1I 'k;eJ. 2I ymzsgxD.
n w>'k;eJ.zsgxD.w>˜ w>*JRzsg (vXursX>trJmng)
shower n 1I w>vk.xHvD>vXxHqJ;wzSH.vXw>zDcd. 2I w>[JplRvDRzSH.
v to have a shower vk.xHvXw>vk.xHvD>vXxHqJ;wzSH.vDR
vXw>zDcd.
shred n w>tuhtcDzdI t'd< p;cdtuhtcD
shrill a vXtoD.CJ˜ vXtoD.pGH
shrimp n o'D.zd
shrine n w>vD>pDqSH
shrink v oH;vDR˜ oGH;vDR˜ qH;vDR
shrivel v oGH;vDR˜ oGH;uGHm˜ ChoGH;
shrub n wySDm˜ oh.wySDm
shudder v ued;upkmI cDzsdw>ysHR rhwrh> w>ck.w>ub;tCd
shuffle v 1I [;wGH>w±l>tcD.< 2I CgCkmobH.bk.w>< 3I qDwvJcd.e>
tvD>
shut v u;wHm
shutter n yJ}wDzd-oK;
shuttle n 1I vk.xGH 2I wJ;wh
shy a rJmqS;
sibling n 'Dyk>0J>
sick a vXtqd;uh˜ vXtwql.wcs›
v to be sick bSd;
side n tuyR˜ to&hR˜ tCXR
sideboard n pdRpDR'l.yRI vXw>ymtDRvXz.uylR'fod;uxXEkmvDcDwz.
t*D>
side effect n uoH.xD.< w>vXtuJxD.ydmxGJtcHvXuoH.tCd
sideways adv qltuyRwcD

153
siege n w>*XRwH>˜ w>0DRCmw>(w>'k;tylR)
sieve n zh*kR
sift v *kRvDR< uG>(xHuG>q;) (qdurd.) vDRwH>vDRqJ;
sigh v ogozSd(vXw>o;[;*DR'D;w>vDRbSH;)
sight n 1I w>xH.˜ rJmcsHtw>xH. 2I w>vXyxH.b.tDR˜ w>td.zsg
sign n w>yeD.
v qJ;pkyeD.
signal n 1I w>ymzsgyeD. 2I signal message vDysHR
signature n w>qJ;pkrHR
significant a vXtcDynDtd.vDRqD< vXt'd.trkm< vXtymzsgxD.w>wrHRrHR
silence n w>bS‹.w>bDS.
silent a bS›.bSD.
silk n owd>
silkworm n owd>trd>yS>
silly a rX;˜ [;*DR˜ egpdR
silo n zD< bkzD
silt n udwH;
silver n ph
similar a vDR*m˜ vDRyvdm
simple a 1I ywD>rk> 2I nD 3I ,d,d
sin n w>'J;b;< w>o±l;ur. (w>)vk>oh.cgywm,GRtw>rRvdm
v rRur.w>
since prep (vXe‹.)vHRvHR
conj rh>vX˜ tCd
sincere a vXto;wD'D;˜ vXo;'DzsX.
sing v o;0H.
singe v 1I (rh.tl)ys›RtD.I t'd< rh.tlys›RtD.,cd.ol 2I vJ;uGHm
(w>tql.)I t'd< vJ;uGHmxd.tql.vXrh.tl
single a 1I w*R{dR< wrHR{dR< wzsX.{dR 2I (rk.)obs›˜ (cGg)obs›
sink n -wm˜ obH.-wm
v vDRbsX˜ vDRbsX.
sink-hole n [D.vmvX>xl.,GRusd
sip v tD-oL;
sir n ySRydmcGgvXw>ym'd.ymuJtDR
siren n yDRtl±lR˜ rh.yvD>
sister n 'Dyk>0J>rk.
sister-in-law n yk>'hrk.< rg (rh) 0Rt'Dyk>0J>rk. 2I 'Dyk>0J>cGgtrg
3I 0R (rh) rg'Dyk>0J>cGgtrg
sit v qh.eDR
site n w>tvD>

154
situation n w>tcX;˜ w>td.to;˜ w>td.w>qd;tvD>
six n eD.*H>Ck
size n t'd.tvJ>˜ tuh>t*DR
skein n vk.yJ.
skeleton n CHwuGD.
sketch v whw>*DRwuGD.
n w>*DRwuGD.
ski v wvl.˜ puHI w>'d;oh.b.cDz;xDvXrlcd.zDtzDcd.
n eD.wvl.˜ puHI oh.b.cDz;xDwuhvXw>oltDRvXw>vdmuGJ
vXrlcd.zDtzDcd.
skid v vDRwvHm
skill n w>ohzH;ohrR˜ w>pkohcD.b.˜ w>e>yX>e>bSg
skin n tzH;˜ tbh.˜ tzH;bh.
skinny a vXtCJR< vXttd.xJtCH'D;tzH;< CJRoHusdoH
skip v 1I pH.(ysHR) 2I vJRywm˜ uG>uym˜ cDywm˜ vJRuymuGHm
skirt n puX;< w>ulw>uRwuvkmvXw>ultDRvX,D>'h'feH.tod;
vXydmrk.wz.
skull n cd.uk
sky n rluydmvdR
slab n w>'Dbh.< (oh.)(vX>) bh.b.< w>bh.b.vXtudR
t'd< vX>bh.b.
slack a 1I vXwrRw>vDRwH>vDRqJ;b. 2I vXtusDI
t'd< tcD.zH;usDvXtcD.tCdyS›Ru'D;0JvXtqH;wcd.
slam v u;wH>(w>)ql.ql.˜ qD.wysDR(w>)
slang n w>uwdRvXtwb.vDRwH>vDRqJ;'D;wCHwvRb.
slanting a 1I vXt'hcH 2I vXtvDRbH
slap v 'Jw>˜ vRw>
slash v (w>) zs›<wD><usD egpdRw>
slate n vX>oh.b.
slaughter v 1I rRoHw>tgtg 2I rRoHq.zduD>zd(vXw>tD.t*D>)
slave n uk>
sleep v rH
sleeve n qhuRpk
slender a CJR˜ wvJm'J;
slice v oGJ.ubsH;vDR˜ qDSvDR
slide v vDRwvHm˜ vDRozSL;˜ cD.wvHm
n 1I eD.wvl.I zdo.*JRvdmuGJwvl.vDRto;vXw>*JRvdmuGJ
ysDylR 2I w>*DR,JRbh.
slight a 1I vXtqH;tpSR˜ wpJ;zd˜ wqH;wuh> 2I vXtwvJm'J;zd
slim a CJR˜ wvJm'J;

155
sling n 1I ,.qhpkI w>uH;nmysHRbs;vDRpJRto;vXudmbd'fod;u
0HpkvXtb.'dt*D> 2I eD.bsK;
slip v cD.wvHm˜ vDRwvHm
slipper n cD.zH;(vXySRnDEk>'d;vX[H.)
slippery a bs›˜ bsd.bs›
slit n w>usdRtH.tH.zd
v zSJ;oh.z;˜ *JmxD.wJm˜ *Jmoh.z;˜ uhoh.z;
slogan n w>ud;o}wD
slope n w>vDRbH˜ w>vDRwpGR
slot n 1I w>usdRtH.tH.zd˜ w>wJRz;'D;w>oh.z;tusdR 2I w>xl.zsd
slouch v td.vDRbs;˜ qXxX.qh.eDRvDRplmvDRpJR
slow a wcs›b.
slowly adv u,Du,D˜ u'ku'k˜ CXCX
slum n vD>zSD.vD>,m˜ vD>td.vD>qd;vXtzSD.
sly a vXtursJ>upD.˜ ul.ohvXuvDtD.w>t*D>
smack v 'Jw>˜ vR
small a qH;
smart a 1I uG>*hR 2I vXtzFJ;˜ vXtyh>qSg˜ zsJ.qSg
smash v rR[;*DR˜ rRvDRySD>˜ rRvDRuvJ
smear v zSLb.tXw>< 'Ggb.tXw>
smell v eXb.˜ eXuG>
n teX˜ tpd
smile v eHRurSH
smoke n rh.tlvk>
v tD(rdm)
smooth a bs›˜ bs›uqS.
smother v ytXbXoHw>˜ rRtk;oHw>˜ ytX(x;cd.)
smoulder v rh.tltD.w>u,Du,D˜td.xJrh.tlvk>
smudge v b.tX(vXuoH.xH)˜ zSLb.tXw>< 'Ggb.tXw>
smuggle v pdmqgclol.w>˜ qg[k.w>
snack n w>tD.usXRo;I w>tD.vXySRtD.tDRvXwcsK;tD.w>tD.
rd>yS>tbX.pXR
snag n (oh.'h< oh.cd.qX.) vXxHzDvmvXtrh>w>ysHRw>zk;vXubD
'D;csHt*D>
snail n csd.yvhR˜ csd.o0H;
snake n *k>
snake gourd n wud*k>
snap v bd;u>uGHm˜ u>csJ;uem˜ rRwJmuGHm
snare n xk˜ 'H;˜ xk{dR'H;{dR
snatch v zD.xk;M>˜ xk;zk;w>˜ xJ;xD.w>jz;uem
156
sneak v EkmvDRclol.˜ rRclol.w>˜ vJRupDR(clol.)
sneer v 0Hmed;0Hmeg˜ uwdRqJ;tJ;w>˜ (uwdR)o&d.orJ.w>
sneeze v qJ (ySRw*RqgzJw>ck.b.tcg)
sniff v eXw>˜ -oK;(teg'h)
snip v wHmuGHmw>wpJ;zd
snob n ySRvXtym'd.ymuJxJ'.ySR'd.ySRyS>'D;ySRuJ'd.uJyS>
snore v rHuogoD.
snow n rlcd.zD
snub v o;b.tXySR˜ uwdRqJ;tJ;ySR
so adv 'fM.tod;< vXw>M.tCd< rf'fM.'D;
soak v 1I pk.vDRvXxHusg 2I rRb.pD.vXxH
soap n q;yF.
soap dish n q;yF.'X
soap powder n q;yF.url.
soar v bsd.xD.(qlx;cD)˜ ,lRxD.qlx;˜ ,lRvXrl'D
sob v [D.ogwuk;
sober a 1I vXtwrlRoH;b. 2I vXto!l;oyS>
soccer n zsX.xl
social a b.C;w>&hvdmrRoud;w>< vXt&hySRrkm< vXt&hvdmto;<
vXw>&htDRrkm
socialism n qd.±SJ.vh;oEl
society n ySRw>u&Xu&d
sock n cD.zsD.
socket [electric] n eD.zsD.I yv;pwH;tbh.vXttd.'D;tylR[dwz.vXw>oltDR
vXvDrh.tlt*D>
sofa n c;uykm< vD>qh.eDRuykm
soft a 1I uykmvk; 2I (t,k>tuG‹R)uzDvD˜ (toD.)uzDvD
soften v rRuykmvDR
soggy a b.pD.vXxH< b.pD.wysKm< pk.pD.
soil n [D.cd.˜ [D.cd.n.xh.
solar a vXtb.C;'D;rk>
solar system n rk>tu±l>
soldier n ok;zd
sole n 1I cD.ngo; 2I cD.zH;'g˜ cD.zH;'gvm
solemn a orSHRoyS>˜ o!l;oyS>
solid a w>ud.vd.< vXttd.'D;toH;tum
solidarity n w>&d.zSd.Clzd;
solitary a vXttd.xJw*R˜ td.vDRzsD.
solo a w*R{dR< vXtb.w>rRtDRvXySRw*R{dR
n
w>o;0H.qJwd.
solstice n w>tuwD>zJrk>td.,HRuwX>'D;[D.uGDRrk>
157
solution n 1I w>tpX˜ w>pH;qX˜ w>bSgb. (w>uDw>cJ) 2I w>usJxH
solve v Ch.vDR˜ bSgb.˜ 'G;w>˜ CkrRe‹>w>tpX
some a 1I weDR 2I wpJ;zd˜ wtgwpSR
somebody n ySRw*R*R
somehow adv vXusJwbdbd
somersault n w>0.vh.cd.o.˜ w>uGHmbsH;u'g˜ w>0.vlcd.
something n w>wrHRrHR
sometimes adv wbsDwbsD˜ wbsDwcD.˜ wbsDbsD
somewhere prep wylRylR
son n zdcGg
song n w>o;0H.
son-in-law n rm
soon adv w,HmwrD>˜ wpd>zd˜ rDudm
soot n oyS›Rrl.˜ yS‹Rurl.
soothe v rRrkmrRck.to;
sore a qg
sorrow n w>ol.tk;o;tk;< w>b.rd.b.r;
sorry a vDRo;tk;
sort n tuvkm
v &J.usJRvDR'ftuvkm'.0J
soul n eD>o;˜ o;
sound n w>oD.˜ w>tuvk>
soup n w>csDxH˜ uolxH
sour a qH.
source n 1I w>tcD.xH; 2I (xHpd;)cH
south n uvHRxH;
south-east n rk>xD.uvHRxH;
south-west n rk>EkmuvHRxH;
souvenir n w>oh.eD.tyeD.
sovereignty n w>pdurDRySJRwkm
sow [say '-oe'] v zSHvDR(w>csH)˜ bSJ.vDR(w>csH)
sow [say '-ow'] n xd;rd>
soya bean n xDeDmcsH˜ yxd;bD
space n 1I rlysD 2I w>vD>vDR[d˜ w>vDRysD
spacecraft n rlysDzsX.,lR
space shuttle n rlysDubD,lR
spacious a vXtuvhuvX
spade n bDw&Dm˜ bD}wDm
spank v 'J< vR

158
spanner n py.eX>˜ x;tDc.I x;tbh.vXtc.tDto;vXw>td;xD.
rhwrh> zD.CH;x;y0Hmtcd.
spare a bsJ.˜ vXtb.w>ymbsJ.tDR
v 1I y.bsJ.˜ [h.vd> 2I ys>zsJ;˜ ysJzsJ;
spark n rh.tltyh>˜ rh.tltzD
sparkle v qJ;ujyK>ujyK>˜ uyDRyH.vhyH.vh
sparrow n xd.zSH;zd
speak v uwdRw>˜ wJw>
spear n bD (bd)
special a vXtvDRqD
species n pXR˜ upXR< pXRoGJ.
specimen n w>wrHRrHRvXw>uuG>t'dt*D>
speck n w>urSHRtzsX.zd˜ w>b.tXqH;qH;zd
spectacles n rJmxHuvR˜ rJm'd;
spectacular a vXt'k;eJ.0J'fod;uvDRurXur.< vXtb.C;'D;w>
('k;eJ.w>) xH.
spectator n ySRuG>uDw>zd
speech n 1I w>uwdRw> 2I w>uwdR
speed n w>tcs›
spell v 1I u'd;(vHm) 2I w>tlw>orl˜ w>orly,>
spelling n vHmu'D;
spend v 1I ol(usd.ph) 2I ol(w>qXuwD>)
sperm n ydmcGgtcsHto.
sphere n w>zsX.ovX.
spice n w>eXrl (w>eXrlvXw>zDuol*D>)
spicy a [J (uolvXw>zDtDReXrleXqSD'D;t&D>[J)
spider n uyDR
spike n w>cd.pl˜ x;cd.pl
spill v vDRvJm˜ rRvDRvJm˜ vDRvlvDRqH.
spin v 1I 'k;w&H;˜ rRw&H; 2I vh>(vk.)
spinach n rhRwvD'd;
spinal cord n ysd>CH
spine n 1I ysd>CH 2I tq+.I t'd< ol.tq+.
spinning wheel n u[.
spinster n rk.ueDRI ydmrk.vXwzsDto;'H;b.
spiral n wdRuGDRo0H;˜ uGDRo0H;
spirit n 1I oH;o0H 2I o;(eD.o;) 3I w>wC.˜ wJ_yJ>˜ w>rk>C>
spirit level n eD.xd.xH
spit v xl;ySJm
spite n w>o;td.[h.u.qXw>tX< w>o;ugw>< w>o;uh.w>

159
spiteful a vXtol.uh.o;ugw>˜ vXto;tX˜ vXtol.w*hRo;w0g
splash v 1I zsd;xD. 2I yJb.tX'D;xH
spleen n urD
splendid a 1I vXtrkmol.rkmo; 2I zsgCHzsgvR˜ vDRbDvDRrk>
splint n w>zD.qSd.˜ w>zD.usXR (oh.cD0.cD< w>vXtzD.usXRpku>cD.
u>zJw>,gbsgtDRcg)
splinter n w>t&h.t'hurSH'H˜ oh.t&h.˜ 0.t&h.˜ w>t&h.t'hjyHu
'Hzd˜ w>tuhtcD
split v 1I rRvDRz; 2I wdoh.z;˜ usDoh.z;
spoil v 1I rR[;*DR 2I tk.˜ [;*DR
spoke n y.'hI t'd< vh.,D>ty.'h
spokesman n ySRe‹>yXuwdRw>
sponge n ukRyD.vJ.
sponsor n ySRvXt[h.rRpXRw>˜ ySR[h.rRbl.w>
spool n vk.cl.o.< vk.cl.tvJ
spoon n eD.wXR
sport n w>vdmcd.vdmuGJ
spot n 1I w>tzD;zd 2I w>vD>˜ [D.cd.vD> 3I w>zsX.zdI
t'd< w>qgorl;zdtzsX.zd
v rReD.rRCg˜ rReD.Cm
spotlight n rh.{l>
spouse n 'Drg0R
spout n ted;xd;eg˜ (xHcsD'X)tedmxd;eg
sprain v (cd.)csH;˜ (pk)csH;˜ xl.wvHm
spray v zSd.(xH)˜ _yd(xH)˜ zSHb.pD.
spread v ov.vDR˜ 'gvDR˜ 'k;[lxD.ogvDR
spring n 1I xHrl˜ rD 2I csH.uGDR
spring (season) n w>ud>xD.oDuwD> (w>*d>cg'D;w>ud>cgtbX.pXR)
spring (water) n xHrl< xHxD.yX>
spring onion n yusX
sprinkle v zSHb.pD.˜ zSHxH
sprocket n y.'d.uGHR
sprout v (wbh)rJxD.oD˜ [JrJxD.oD
spur n upX>t,GJ>
spurt v 1I (xH) [Jzsd;xD.˜ oGH._ydxD.zJw>b.ul;b.usDtcg
2I zSd;xD.to;˜ ozSdxD.
sputum n u[;
spy n w>rJmcsHI ySRuG>[k.w>vXtup>tbsK;t*D>
v uG>[k.w>
squabble v *h>vdmbSDvdm˜ wJtgw>

160
square n 1I [ † ] puGJ˜ eX.b.vGH>uElRCl 2I uxX
square root n [√ ] cHuxXxH;
squash v rRobSH;˜ qD.obSH;
squat v qh.eDRwpDRcd.
squawk v rRoD.tuvk>CJutJ;˜ (qDrd>)CD
squeak v oD.pGH;pGH;
squeal v oD.uG‹uG‹˜ oD.uGHuGH˜ utH.utl;
squeeze v bH;˜ pDSRwH>˜ bH;wH>˜ pH>wH>
squid n uhrd.
squint v bH.qH;trJm
squirm v yvHmuH;ul;to;< wvh.uH;ul;to;< bsd.to;
squirrel n vH.ytD
squirt v 1I qJ;zSd;xD.to; 2I zSd;(xH)
stab v qJ;(vX'D)
stable n uoh.t[H.
a vXt*X>tusXR< vXttd.*X>wyX>
stack v yl.xD.
stadium n w>uG>uDtysD
staff n 1I ySRrRw>zd 2I eD.xd;bd
stage n 1I ysJ>pD> 2I w>tywD>
stagger v [;uElRuyR˜ [;'hcH'huyR
stagnant a vXtw,GRvDR˜ vXttd.*X>I t'd< xHvXttd.*X>M.wu
qSDb.< xHvXttd.wX.wtX.
stain n w>b.tX
stairs n CD
stake n wX.
stalactite n vhysdmpJR
stalagmite n vhysdmxl.
stale a vXtwuqSD˜ eXqH.bD˜ xD.tk;˜ xD.C;
stalk n txl.
stall n us;uok.I w>qgw>wpd>wvD>
stammer v uwdRw>tk;t;uwmys›R
stamp n w>*DRcd.
v qJ;xltcD.
stand v qXxX.
standard n 1I tywD> 2I twDR
staple n eD.q;vHmtrJ
v q;pJbl;p;cd
stapler n eD.q;vHm
star n q.

161
stare v uG>tD&D>˜ uG>usd.
starfish n n.q.
starfruit n o.cH.cl>
start v p;xD.
startle v zk;b.to;˜ zk;oHysD>oH
starvation n w>vDR'doH˜ w>0HRoHvDR'd
starve v vDR'd
state n 1I xHuD> 2I uD>pJ. 3I w>td.to;
v wJzsgxD.
statement n vHmymzsg˜ w>ymzsg
station n oe‹˜ (vh.rh.tl) oe‹
stationary a vXt*X>˜ vXtw[l;w0;
n vHmuGJ;yD;vD
statistics n eD.*H>p&D
statue n w>*DRpd;ysR
stay v td.qd;˜ td.wh>
steady a wu'Hu'g˜ *X>
steak n w>n.ubs.
steal v [k.w>
steam n xHcsDo0H
steel n x;vJ
steep a vDRbH˜ bH
steer v 1I uXRCm 2I qSX(ubD)
steering wheel n y.uXR
stem n txl.rd>yS>
step n 1I CDwoGg 2I cD.ug
stepchild n zd,>
stepfather n y>,>
stepmother n rd>,>
steppe n pwJ;eD.ysD (w>xH.e‹>tDRvX uD>&X&S.)
sterile a vXtwtd.'D;tcsHto.b.< vXtw[h.xD.wRolwRo.
b.< wlmzd< vXtwtd.'D;tC>b.
stern a vXt (w>od.w>oD) CH;
n csH§ubDtcH
sternum n o;egyS>tCH
stethoscope n pwJ.od.pud;I (w>yD;w>vDvXuoH.o&.ol0J'fod;uue.
ySRqgto;pH.'D;ogxD.ogvDRt*D>)
stew n w>n.tuol
steward n ySRydmcGgvXttH;uhRuG>uhRw>tD.vX (ubD< ubD,lRtylR)
stewardess n ySRydmrk.vXttH;uhRuG>uhRw>tD.vX (ubD< ubD,lRtylR)
162
stick n eD.uh
v 1I us;pJbl; 2I qJ;zsd
stick insect n xGH.zgndRndR
sticky a vXtpJbl;˜ vXtyHm
sticky rice n ytH
stiff a qSd.˜ usRueR˜ yHmpGH
still a *X>˜ vXtw[l;w0;
adv 'H;'.w>˜ 'H;
stillborn a zdo.td.zsJ.vDRvXtoH
sting v (ueJ)ysHm˜ (ueJ)qJ;˜ (ywhRcsJ;)qJ;
stink n eXtk.˜ eXqH.bD
stir v cGJ;cG;
stitch n w>q;usdR
stock n yeHmymzSd.˜ yeHmvXw>uqgtDR
stockings n cD.zsD.z;xD
stomach n uzk
stomachache n [XzXqgI w>qgvXyuzktuydmuyR
stone n vX>
stool n 1I c;wl (vD>qh.eDRvXtcsXoMRwtd.) 2I w>th.
stoop v wul;vDR
stop v td.ywkm˜ ywkm˜ qduwD>˜ qdwh>
store n 1I yeHmymzSd. 2I us;
v ymCm˜ ymzSd.ymwHR
storey n ([H.)tuxX
stork n xd.xDudm
storm n uvHRrk>
story n w>CJRyl
stout a 1I qSd.< ql.< vXt*H>ql.< zk.'D;'d. 2I bH.,X>tol'D;to[D.
ql.wuvkm
stove n vX>qD
straight a bsX
straighten v rRvdRuhR˜ rRbsXuhR˜ pl.bsX˜ pl.vdR
strain v 1I xJ;*H>xJ;bg˜ rRvXmo; 2I (n.xl.)zh.qX
3I ySH>(xH)
strait n yD.vJ.xHtusdR< yD.vJ.'hphR
strange a vXtvDRqD
stranger n ySRpDp.< ySRvDRqD
strangle v 1I pH>oH< pXoH< ytX< 2I }wDw>'d.xD.vJRxD.
strap n ysHR˜ ysHRzdI t'd< qhuRzdtysHR§e.&H.tysHR
strategy n w>rR&J.usJRcd.oh.

163
stratosphere n uvHRvXttd.upDR,HR'D;[D.cd.rJmzH;cd.EGHrHRvm
straw n 1I bkvD>˜ vD>bd 2I w>bdvXytDxHck.
stray a 1I vXtwvdRCkm'D;w>t*Rb.< 2I wydmusJ< [;zsd;usJ<
[;0hR0DR
streak n tvGJ>wwdR< w>uyDRt,JRwbd
v rRwdRy›s
stream n xHusdzd
street n usJ˜ usJrk>
strength n w>*H>w>bg
stress n 1I w>uDw>cJ< w>CXw>pHm< w>'d.w>rkm 2I w>qDvDRymvDR
v rRql.xD.w>uwdRtoD.< uwdRw>t*h>wrHRql.ql.
stretch v 1I ,lmxD.to; 2I xJ;,lmxD.˜ xk;zh.qX
stretcher n pkmpdmySRqg
strict a vXtw>od.w>oDCH;˜ vXtvDRwH>
stride v [;usd.usd.˜ qJ;ug}wgcD.˜ ugcD.vJ>vJ>
strike v 1I wD>˜ 'd 2I 'GH;(rh.'GH;) 3I ymzsgw>wb.o;
n w>ymzsgw>wb.o;
string n ysHR
strip n tys›z;xD
stripe n twdRys›˜ tuGD
stroke v zl;vJ;
stroll v [;0hR0DRqltHRqlEkR< [;0hR0DRvd.uGJ
strong a *H>ql.˜ ql.˜ usXR
structure n 1I w>ol.xD.tusJuylR< 2I wX;< [H.< w>vXtb.w>ol.xD.<
3I w>ymzSd.qDvDRymvDRtDR
struggle v *JRvdm˜ *kmusJ;pX;oyS>yS>
stubble n bkvD>tcd.qX.˜ vD>cd.qX.
stubborn a vXtcd.udR˜ vXte>uh.e>pGH
student n uFdzd˜ ysJ>
studio n 'X;zD.w>uvk>< w>'dw>*DR'X;< w>rRw>*DRpd;ysRtvD>
study v 1I uG>vHmuG>vJ>˜ z;vHm˜ rRvdw>˜ rRvde>yX>to;
2I uG>qdz;qdvDRwH>vDRqJ;˜ uG>vDRwH>vDRqJ;
stuff v qGHEkm˜ oGDEkm
stumble v cD.b.wd>
stump n 1I oh.cd.qX. 2I w>tcd.qX.
stun v 1I rRw,lRtcd. 2I 'k;o;vDRuwkRtDR< rRzk;rRysD>tDR
stupid a vXto;wq;˜ wxHwq;˜ tD&H>tD&Dm˜ iDi;
sturdy a vXtusXR˜ vXtqSd.tr;˜ *H>ql.bgql.
stutter v uwdRw>bk;wm
sty n 1I rJmxd;vh˜ rJm0h 2I xd;uydR

164
style n 1I tvk>tv> 2I w>t'dtwJm 3Iw>'k;td.xD.w>t'dtwJm
subject n 1I vHmtuvkm˜ w>rRvdvHm 2I w>*h> 3I xHzduD>zdvXw>
yXtDR
submarine n ubD,lRxH
submit v tX.vDR'due.w>< [h.xD.vXw>uuG>qdurd.'D;pH.nD.
eDRz;0Jt*D>
subscribe v 1I qJ;vDRtrHR (vXurRpXRw>) 2I [h.w>rRpXRvXwEGHAw
vg*D> (yS›Rz;w>y&X) 3I w>tX.vDRwl>vdm
substance n w>toH;tum< w>trd>yS>
substitute n w>ymw>vXw>*Rt*D>< w>vJvdm< w>ymcX.p;w>vXw>*R
v tvD>ymw>vXw>*Rt*D>< vJvdm< ymcX.p;w>vXw>*RtvD>
subterranean a vXttd.vX[D.cd.tzDvm
subtle a 1I vXtvDRqDvdmto;qH;udmzd 2I (vXtol.q;o;q;)
vXtbl 3I vXtul.ohvXtuvDw>t*D>
subtract v xk;uGHm
subtraction n w>xk;uGHm
sub-tropical a vXtbl;'D;w>ud>vD>u0DR
suburb n w>vD>bl;'D;0h>< w>vD>vX0h>tcsX< 0h>tCXR< 0h>tuElR
subway n [D.cd.vmvh.rh.tlusJ
succeed v 1I rRe‹>˜ xD.b;˜ rRvXySJR˜ rRuJxD. 2I ydmxGJ
successful a vXtvXxD.ySJRxD.˜ vXtuJxD.vd.xD.
such a 'fM.tod;< 'fM.< 'ftHR
suck v pl>˜ ql;
sudden a vXtrRto;owl>uvm< vXtrRzk;to;
suddenly adv owl>uvm
sue v vdmbXvdmuGD>
suffer v wl>b.cD.b.
sufficient a vXtvX0JvD.0J
suffix n w>uwdRzsX.[JydmxD.to;vXtvD>cHwz.'fod;uqDwvJw>u
wdRwzsX.tcDynD t'd< careful = careless
suffocate v pH>oH˜ ytXoH
sugar n tHo.qX
sugarcane n xHydm˜ uxH
suggest v [h.ul.˜ 'k;td.xD.w>qdurd.
suicide n w>rRoHvDRo;
suit n qhulpl;˜ ulod;pl.
v b.vdmto;'D;˜ -uX;0J'D;
suitable a vXt-uX;0J˜ vXtb.vdmto;'D;
suitcase n wvgpdmpk
sulk v ymtrJmtk.oySDR

165
summary n w>t*h>vXw>uGJ;zSd.'D;rRzk.vDRuhRtDR< vXtzk.'D;tcDynD
zsg*hR
summer n w>ud>cg˜ w>,DRcg
summit n w>tpdcd.˜ w>t'Dcd.
summon v ud;ySR'fod;u[Jql±l< ud;ySRtd.'D;w>pdw>urDR'fod;u[JqltrJm
ng
sun n rk>
sunburn n rk>tD.zH;
Sunday n rk>'J;
sunflower n zD'Drk>
sunglasses n rJmxHuvR'd;ck.rJm˜ rJm'd;ck.rJm
sunny a rlcd.uqSD
sunrise n rk>[JxD.
sunset n rk>vDREkm
sunshine n rk>tw>uyDR
super a vXw>tzDcd.< vXttd.xD.xDvXw>*RtzDcd.
superior a vXtvD>xDwuh>< vXt*hRwuh><
vXtb.w>uDw>cJoemuh td.*X>td.usXRoh
supermarket n yeHm&dus;
superpower n pdurDRusX>rk>xHuD>
superstition n w>pl>ur.emur.w>< w>pl>w>emvXtw'd;oMRxD.to;
vXpJth.uJsuylR
supervisor n ySRvXttH;xGJuG>xGJw>< ySRvXtyXqSXtH;xGJuG>xGJw>
supper n [gw>tD.
supply v qSX[h.yeHm˜ qSX[h.w>˜ [h.
n w>qSX[h.˜ w>[h.˜ w>vk>tD.vk>tD
support v 1I yX>Cm 2I qD.xGJrRpXR 3I wdpXRrRpXR
supporter n ySRqD.xGJrRpXRw>
suppose v w,mqdurd.˜ w,mqdym˜ pH;'.uvdm
sure a vXtvDRwH>˜ vXtoh.ngw>oyS>wX>˜ emvXtvDRwH>
surf n w>'d;vyD
v 'd;vyD
surface n 1I w>trJmzH;cd. 2I w>tcsX
surge n vyDrk>'d.< w>[JxD.*D>rk>*D>yR< w>*D>rk>*D>yR
v xG.wvh.to;'fvyDtod;< xD.vDR'fvyDtod;
surgeon n ul;uGJ;o&.I uoH.o&.vXtul;uGJ;ySRqg
surgery n ul;uGJ;,gbsg
surname n rHRvDRpXR (rd>y>zHzk'l.zdxXzSd.trHRvXtvDRpXR)
surplus n w>td.bsJ.< w>vXttgM>w>vd.b.tDR< w>td.vDRwJm
vXyoltDR0HRtvD>cH

166
surprise n w>urXur.
surrender v wl>C.o;
surround v u0DRCm˜ td.0;w&H;
survey n 1I w>[;qS.uG>w>vD>w>usJ 2I w>uG>xHqdurd.t*h>
v 1I w>xd.w>< w>xd.[D.cd. 2I [;qS.uG>w>vD>w>usJ
3I uG>xHqdurd.t*h>
survive v ylRzsJ;vXw>oH< td.rlwh>'H;< ySR*RoHoemuhtd.rlvDRwJm'H;
suspect v qdurd.w,m˜ wemM>(tDR)˜ o;'h'D
suspend v xd.vDRpJR< bs;vDRpJR< }wDCmymrDudm< ymqduwD>'.uvdm<
suspicious a vXto;'h'Doh˜ vDRo;'h'D
sustain v pdm< 'k;rl< wl>w>< cD.M>< tX.vDRtDvDR (tw>Ch)< rRuU>uU>
swallow n xd.bs›.bsD.
v ,l>vDR˜ ,l>Ekm
swamp n uysXR
swampy a vXtrRto;uysXRuysK>< vDRbsX.
swan n xd.wRrHR
swap v cDvJvdm
swarm n w>(zdC>)tzkt*D>
sway v 0;,Jm,DR˜ 0;,Dm,kR
swear v 1I qd.vDRto;˜ tX.vDRto; 2I qd.w>xkw>
swear words n w>qd.
sweat n uyXR
v uyXRxD.
sweater n qhzsD.vXR
sweep v cGJod.˜ cGJ
sweet a 1I qX 2I (vXt,k>)rkm
n w>qXud.vd.
sweet potato n EGJ.pDRyRwH>˜ [l.uvmwH>˜ rD>CXmwH>
swell v nd;xD.
swelling n w>nd;
swerve v C.zk;I t'd< zJ,b.o*X>oh.cd.qX.e‹.,C.zk;,odvh.
tCdywb.wd>'D;oh.cd.qX.b.
swim v yD>xH
swimming pool n w>yD>xHurg
swindle v rRe‹>ubsH;ubs.w>˜ vDtD.tq.
swing n pkmy.˜ pkm˜ o.uH.}wDR
v xd.0;to;˜ 0;,Jm,DR˜ 0;,Dm,kR
switch v 1I vJvdmto; 2I switch off rRyHm 3I switch on td;xD.
n y'hI t'd< rh.y'h
switchboard n vDwJpdy'h
167
swollen a nd;xD.< uzdxD.
swoop v ,lRvDRpSDRM>˜ vDRzD.M>˜ xdvDRzD.M>w>
sword n e;
syllable n w>uwdRtoD.ySJRbDySJRbDvXw>uwdRwzsX.tylR<
w>uwdRwzsX.toD.tgbDtusgwbD
syllabus n w>rRvdrd>yS>t&J.tusJR
symbol n w>t'd< w>yeD.< w>wrHRrHRvXtuJw>*Rtw>yeD.rh>*hR<
t'dtwJmrh>*hR
sympathetic a vXto;unDRw>nD
sympathize v 'dol.'do;w>
symptom n w>yeD.(tw>qg)I w>vXttd.zsg0JySRunDtrd>yS>zJtqg
tcg
synagogue n bl.bsD.
syndrome n (w>qgt) w>yeD.ymzSd.
syringe n uoH.qJ;yDR
syrup n w>qXxHvXtyHm
system n 1I w>&J.w>usJRtw>rRusJ 2I w>vXttd.'fod;'D;b.xGJ
vdmo;

168
Tt

table n 1I pD>eDRcd. 2I w>wyX;

table tennis n zsX.csH;'H.
tablecloth n pD>eDRcd.'g
tablet n uoH.bh.zd˜ uoH.zsX.
taboo n w>'k.w>xk
a vXt'k.w>xkw>
tackle v 1I 'fod;w>*h>uDuvDRuqS.*D>zD.*X>Cm0J
2I w>rRvDRCHRySRvXw>vdmuGJylR
tact n w>oh'Dto;'D;rRrhwrh>wJ'fod;ySRue.rkm<
uwdRw>rRw>vXw>ul.oh
tactics n w>ul.w&H;
tadpole n bX.˜ bX.bD˜ bX.c.
tag n 1I w>oHuG>bs;pJtzk.< 2I p;cdwcDvXySRuGJ;vDReD.w>Ckm'D;
vHmbs;pJ
v 1I ymvDRp;cdwcDvXuGJ;eD.w>Ckm'D;vHmbs;pJ
2I oHuG>w>oHuG>bs;pJtzk.
tail n rJ>ud
tailor n ySRq;w>zd
take v 1I [H;e‹>˜ [H;xD.uGHm 2I [H;e‹>pdm˜ pdmuGHm 3I take a
photograph 'dw>*DR 4I take it/him/her qSX˜ qSX[h.
take off v bh.vDR
talcum powder n zD'X.
tale n w>CJR
talent n wRv.˜ w>ohw>b.
talisman n v.zGJvXt[JpdmCkmw>bl.*hRwD>b.< w>&J>
talk v uwdRw>˜ wJw>
talkative a vXtwJw>ql.˜ wJw>tg˜ w>uwdRtg
tall a xD
tamarind n rDRusD>o.˜ o.rDRus›Ro.
tambourine n yS›Ro.bd
tame a bSg
v rRbSg
tamper v rRwHmwmw>< *JRvdmuGJySR*Rtw>
tangled a cH.cl.b;vD˜ bHbl˜ bHblq;CR
tank n 1I xH'Xx;z;'d. 2I odvh.x;
tanker n 1I ubDy'X;w> (vXtqSXodvXt[XzXtylR) 2I odvh.y'X;
(vXtqSXusJwH; rhwrh> w>txHtedtuvkmuvkm)
tap n 1I xHyDRed;
169
tape n 1I p;cdpJ 2I uJ;pJ;uGDRtysHR˜ bH>'H>td.uGDRtysHR
tape measure n eD.xdd.ysHR
tapeworm n xD;uvJmubs.
tapioca n EGJ.oh.
tapir n wRuGD
tar n usJwH;th.
target n w>c;yeD.
tariff n w>tcdtoGJp&D
tarmac n uGJphe.
tarnish v 1I w>vXtrR[;*DRw>tvGJ> 2I w>vXtrR[;*DRvRuyDR
n 1I rR[;*DRw>tvGJ> 2I rR[;*DRtvRuyDR
tartar n rJpud;yS>˜ rJoCd;yS>
task n w>rRvXw>ub.rR0HRtDR
tassel n tEGHI t'd< ,.tEGH< xX.tEGH
taste v vh.uG>
n t&D>
tasty a bJ˜ 0H.
tattered a vXt,mrk>,mzs›
tattoo n w>qJ;uH.qJ;uGDo;< w>qJ;,D>
tax n cdoGJ
taxi n odvh.'d;vJ
tea n 1I eDrk>˜ v.z; 2I v.z;xH
teach v od.vd
teacher n o&.od.vdw>
teak n oh.y[H.
team n tu±l>˜ u&X˜ tzk˜ (ySR)tzk
teapot n eDrk>xHoyXR˜ v.z;xHoyXR
tear [say '-air'] v zSD,m˜ t,m˜ rR,m˜ zSDnm
tear [say '-ear'] n rJmxH
tease v rRthe‹˜ uwdRvdmvhw>
technical a vXtb.C;'D;w>ohw>b.wuvkm{dR< vXtb.C;'D;w>
ohw>b.wrHRrHR
technique n w>rRtusdRtuGm< w>rRtusdRtusJ
technology n pJ;zDu[.yDng
tedious a vXtrRbSH;yo;vXt,Hm0JtCd
teem v (rlcd.)plRz;'d.
teenager n ySRvd.bdI ySR (13) eH.wkRvX (19) eH.tuwX>
telephone n vDwJpd
v qJ;usX (vXvDwJpd)˜ qJ;usd; (vXvDwJpd)
telescope n rJmxHuvR,HR˜ xJvHpud;I rJmxHuvRvXySRuG>rl'D
170
television n uJGR[lzsg
tell v wJw>˜ wJzsg˜ pH;b.wJb.
temper n w>ymo;˜ o;tvk>tv>
temperature n w>ud>w>ck. (teD.*H>)
temple n 1I e>ouhRxH; 2I w>vk>[H.
tempo n w>ol.0H.o;qXw>'hw>tltxD.tvDRt,lm
temporary a wpd>wvD>
tempt v vhypD
temptation n w>vhypD
ten n eD.*H>wqH
tenant n ySRtd.vJ[H.˜ ySRvXtig[H.
tend v 1I nDEk> 2I tH;xGJuG>xGJ˜ tH;uhRuG>uhR
tendency n w>vXtrd.uJxD.o;
tender a 1I vXtubk; 2I vXtoh.ngw>qg˜ vXtzH;tn.ySJm
3I vXttJ.w>oh
tendon n xl.ys>
tennis n zsX.yR
tense a vXtzh.qX
tent n 'J˜ ,.'J
tentacle n (y0J><uhrd.) tpk[H;
tentative a vXw>rRuG>t*D>
tepid a vXR
term n 1I (uFdw>rRvd) uwD>˜ w>rRvdwqXuwD> 2I w>ud;˜
w>uwdRI t'd< pJth.tw>ud;
terminal n oMI t'd< ubD,lRoe‹
terminate v ('k;) qduwD>< (rR) uwX>0J
terminus n w>vJRtuwX>
termite n ytl;
terrace n w>yXRcd.vDRywD>wqDwqDvXupX>uyR< pHmCDoGg< [H.csX
terracing n pH.CDoGgw>ol.w>zs;
terrain n [D.cd.rJmzH;cd.vDRqDvD>u0DR
terrible a vXtvDRysHRvDRzk;
terrify v rRysHRrRzk;
territory n 1I (xHuD>) tvJ> 2I [D.cd.tvJ>vXySRw*RyX0J
terror n w>ysHRw>zk;
terrorist n ySRrRw>pkql.cD.wu;
test v rRuG>˜ 'd;pJ;
n w>rRuG>˜ w>'d;pJ;
testicle n 'H.csH
testify v tk.to;< pH;w>td.'D;w>qd.vDRo;

171
tetanus n c.th.wH> (w>qg)
tether v pXv. (*DRzH;)˜ pX'k;tD.q.zduD>zdtq.
textbook n uFdvHmz;
textile n w>uH;nm
texture n 1I w>uH;nmtn. t'd< w>tzH;bh.tbs›< tuqS.<
tuykm< tusRwz. 2I w>tD.t (uykm< toGJ;< tbV)
Thailand n uD>uFD.wJ.
than conj (tg§qH;§'d.) M>
thank v pH;bsK;
thank you n w>bsK;
thankful a pH;bsK;w>˜ oh.ngpH;bsK;w>
that pron (w>) t0Je‹.˜ w>e‹.
thatch n u[H
thaw v ySH>vDR
the det w>zdw>vHRwrHR< M.
theatre n bsD.rkm
theft n w>[k.w>bs.
their pron t0Joh.t
theirs pron t0Joh.tw>
them pron t0Joh.
theme n w>*h>rd>yS> (vXyuwdRw>vXt*h>)
themselves pron t0Joh.tup>'.0J
then adv 1I 0HR'D; 2I tcgzJe‹.
theory n w>qdurd.'D;w>emvXw>-uX;rRw>'fvJ.'fvJ.w>bsX
therapy n w>ulpg,gbsgw>ql;w>qg
there adv zJM.˜ qlM.˜ vXM.
therefore adv tCdM.
thermometer n orDrHxX.< w>zdw>vHRvXySRoltDRvXuxH.w>ud>t*D>
they pron t0Joh.
thick a 1I wD. 2I yHm
thickness n twD.
thief n w>bs.˜ wrsm˜ ySR*kmql.ysdql.w>
thigh n uH.'k.
thin a 1I CJR 2I bl
thing n w> (wrHR)
think v qdurd.
third a oXrHRwrHR< oXcgwcg< oXbsDwbsD
thirst n w>olo;vXxH
thirsty a o;olxH
this pron t0JtHR˜ w>tHR

172
thorn n tq+.˜ w>q+.
thorough a vhRwk>vhRwDR˜ vXtvXySJR˜ vXtvDRwH>vDRqJ;
thoroughly adv vXvXySJRySJR
though conj oemuh
thought n w>qdurd.
thoughtful a ySJR'D;w>qdurd.
thousand n wuxd
thrash v 1I zs› (w>) 2I ydmbk< zs›bk
thread n vk.
v wk>x;rJ>cH
threadworm n xd;uvJmzdjyH
threat n w>rRysHRrRzk;
threaten v rRysHRrRzk;
thresh v ydmbk˜ ,D>bk
thrifty a vXtolusd.olphoh
thrilling a vXtol.yd>o;0;˜ vXtued;ol.ued;o;
throat n udm,l>
throb v qJ;zSd;< pH. (oGH.pH.)< pl> (w>ylRvD>)
throne n vD>ypdm˜ pDRyRvD>ypdm
through prep zsd˜ zsdo*X>˜ (vJR)cD*m˜ (vJR)cDzsd
throughout adv 1I 'D (eHR§vg§bd) 2I oukRq;';
throw v uGHm˜ wXRuGHm
thrust v 1I qJ;zSd;< qJ;*dm 2I qGHEkm< qD.uGHm
n w>qJ;zSd;< w>qJ;*dm
thud n w>oD.wlmwlm
thumb n pkrk>'d.˜ pkrk>usX>
thump v xX.w>˜ wD>w> (vXpkcd.)
thunder n vDoD.
thunderstorm n vDuvHRrk>
Thursday n rk>vhR{dR
thus a 'ftHRtod;< vXw>tHRtCd
tic n xl.xk;CH;< xl.[l;ys>[l;< (rJm) wxk;
tick n 1I w>wdReD. (9)˜ 2I cH. 3I w>oD.wJ;wJ;
v e.&H.oD.wJ;wJ;
ticket n vHmysJuh
tickle v qJ;ud>uGH
tidal wave n yD.vJ.vyDz;'d.˜ xHxD.xHvDRvyDz;'d.vXtuJxD.cDzsd
[D.cd.[l;vXyD.vJ.zDvm
tide n (yD.vJ.t)xHxD.xHvDR
tidy a vXtuqSJuqSD˜ td.vXtvD>tusJ
173
tie v pXCm˜ bHCm˜ ChCm
n udmpX
tiger n bD.od.
tight a 1I CH; 2I zh.qX
tighten v 1I 0HmCH; 2I rRzh.qX
tightly adv usXRusXR˜ CH;CH;
tile n [D.cd.uk>rHto;vX[H.cd.'k; rhwrh> t'gt*D>
till conj wkRvX
tilt v (bd;) 'hcH˜ (ym) 'hcH˜ td.'hcH˜ ymwpGR
timber n oh.b.
timberline n [D.uGDR'gvD>u0DRvXoh.wrJxD.vXRb.
time n 1I w>qXuwD> 2I ySJR)e.&H.
timetable n w>qXuwD>wdRzsg< w>&J.vDRusJRvDRb.C;w>qXuwD>
timid a vXtw'lb.˜ ok.
tin n 1I x;0g 2I x;0g'X
tingle v ySH>pG;pG;˜ th.xk;th.pd>
tinkle n w>oD.&h&h˜ oD.&h&d.
tin opener n eD.cGJ;'XI t'd< w>zdw>vHRvXyutd;xD.n.'X< w>Ek>xH'X
tiny a qH;qH;zd˜ jyHu'H˜ qH;udmzd
tip n 1I ph[h.rkm˜ phzSH 2I w>txd;eg˜ w>tpd;eg 3I w>urSHR
w>wCmtvD>
v rRvDR*>˜ rRvDRvl˜ vDRwusX>
tip-off v [h.qdw>upD.
tiptoe v [;vXcD.xd;eg
tired a w>bSH;to;˜ vXtvDRbSH;
tissue paper n 1I p;cduykm
title n vHmtrHR
to adv ql< yX>vX
toad n 'h.ok.
toast n ud.u.Ch
v o.< u.w> 2I tDw>vXw>qX*hRqX0gt*D>
tobacco n ngol;
today n weHRtHR
toddler n zdo.vXt[;vdoD< zdo.vX[;wJ;wD;wJ;wD;
toddy fruit n xDo.˜ wgo.
toddy wine n xDxH
toe n cD.rk>
toenail n cD.rh.
toffee n xDzH. (w>qXud.vd.ySRrRtDRvXw>qX'D;w>tod)
together adv 1I oud; 2I wylRCD
174
toil v rRw>rRud>ud>*DR*DR
toilet n w>[;vD>
token n w>yeD.< w>yeD.vXw>oltDRvXphtvD><
adj vXw>oltDR'fw>yeD.tod;< vXw>oltDRvXw>*RtvD>
tolerate v 0Ho;plR< uDRtk;
toll n (usJ< wdR) tcdtoGJ< 'XvGJz;'d.toD.
death toll ySRoHvXw>b.'db.xH;< w>qgoHo}wdmwz.
tomato n wuDRqH.o.˜ pH>yd>jy;
tomb n w>oG.cd.
tomorrow n cJrk>qh.
ton n w.I tuHvd}uJ>rf (1000) = ( 1) w.
tone n uvk>toD.
tongs n eD.wHm
tongue n ys›R
tonight n weRtHR
tonne n w.< w>tCXxJod;'D; 1<000 uHvd-u> (rf)
tonsils n c.,JRxH;
too adv 1I ph>uD; 2I (tg) uJmqd;
tool n w>yD;w>vD
toolbox n yD;vDwvg
tooth n rJI (rJ'd§rJcD§rJxGH.)
toothache n rJqg
toothbrush n w>xl;rJbd
toothpaste n uoH.xl;rJ
top a vXtcd.pd;< vXt*hRuwX>< vXtxDuwX>
n 1I w>tcd.pd;< w>t*hRuwX>< w>txDuwX>
2I zdo.w>*JRvdmuGJvXtxk;tlw&H;0J (uF›.)
topic n w>*h>˜ w>*h>cd.wD
topography n w>ymzsgxD.w>vD>wwDRt[D.cd.rJmzH;cd.w>td.o;
topple v (rR)vDRCHR< rRvDRwulm< [H;uGHmw>pdw>urDRvXy'd.ttd.
torch n vDqSd˜ vDqSD
torment v rRe;rRzSD.
tornado n uvHRrk>w0H;
torpedo n xD.yH'd>˜ rsdmo.,lRxHI rsdmo.vXw>c;tDRvXxHusg
torrent n 1I xH,GRql. (tusd§tusdR) 2I rlcd.oD.*DRvDR
tortoise n csH;
torture v rRqgy,GJ˜ rRud>rR*DR˜ rRql;rRqg
toss v uGHmxD.˜ uGHmxD.qlw>z;zD
total n cJvXmymzSd.
touch v 1I xd;bl;˜ xd;vXpkeX˜ xd;b. 2I b.'d

175
tough a yHm˜ pGH˜ qSd.˜ wuykmb.˜ wp>b.
tour v [;0hR0DR˜ [;qS.w&H;˜ vJRw&H;tD.*DR
n w>[;0hR0DR
tourism n w>[;qS.uD>
tournament n ySRwzk'D;wzktw>jyXvdmto;
tourniquet n ysHR}wDoGH.
tow v xk;w>'D;ysHR˜ rdR (w>vXysHR)˜ wGH>
towards prep qlttd.˜ vdRql
towel n ,.uzkI w>uH;nmvXyxGgolyo;
tower n 1I (w>xD)tysdm˜ tysdm 2I w>xD.xDvXySRuG>pduG>wGRw>
town n 0h>˜ 0h>zd
township n uD>q.
toxic a vXttd.'D;tpk.< vXtrlRw>oh
toy n zd'Hzdo.w>vdmuGJ˜ w>vdmuGJzd
trace n wdRusdRI w>tusdRvXtzsgvDRwJmwh>
v whxGJ˜ wdRydmxGJ (w>*DR)
trachea n uvHRusdR
track n 1I vh.rh.tlusJ 2I usJzdqH;˜ usJtusdR
tractor n pJ;rRpHm˜ pJ;xlpHm
trade n yeHmuRw>rR˜ w>ulvJ>rRuR˜ w>qgw>yS›R
v ulvJ>rRuR˜ yS›Rw>qgw>
trader n ySRuRw>zd
trade wind n uvHRuRw>
traffic n odvh.ud;rHRtw>vJRw>uhR
traffic jam n usJuwHm
traffic light n rh.zD;
tragedy n w>b.rd.b.r;˜ w>ol.tk;o;tk
trail n usJpdqH;˜ usJtusdR
v wGH>-wLm
train n vh.rh.tl
v 1I od.vd˜ eJ.vd˜ rR,kR 2I *JRvdw>˜ rRohxD.to;
traitor n ySRvXtqgvDRtD.uGHmySR*R˜ ySRvXto;wwD'D;twHRoud;
tram n vDvh.
tramp n 1I ySR[;0hR0DRzdvXtChtD.w> 2I w>[;qJ;xlcD.toD.
3I ySRydmrk.vXt[;rHCkm'D;ySRydmcGgtg*R
trample v ,D>wH>˜ ,D>bs›.w>
tranquil a vXttd.bS›.td.bSD.< vXttd.Cduvm
transcript n 1I vHmuGJ;eD.< w>uGJ;eD.vXtvDRwH>vDRqJ; 2I uFd< cDvh.uFdt
vHmymzsgvHmvXw>rRvdtDR'D;tr;p&Dwz.
transfer v qSXcD˜ qSXvJ

176
transform v ysdmvJ˜ qDwvJuhR˜ vd.xD.to;
transfusion n w>oGDw>oGH.˜ w>,goGDoGH.
translate v uGJ;usdmuhR
transmission n w>b.ulb.*m< w>qSXw>upD.< w>pdmcD*mw>< w>vXtb.
C;'D;odvh.t'd.uGHRwz.
transparent a zsgqJ;zsd˜ uG>zsdtDRoh
transplant v xJ;ol.
transplantation n w>xJ;ol.oh.
transport v 0HpdmwDqSX
transportation n 0HpdmwDqSXw>rR
trap n xk
v qJvlR˜ qJ0.cD˜ 'd;vDRxk
trash n (w>AySR) vXtbsK;wtd.
trauma n (w>qgvXol.vXo; rhwrh> eD>cd)
vXw>rRM>tDRvXw>b.'db.xH;tCd
travel v vJRw>uhRw>
traveller n ySRvJRw>zd
tray n obH.˜ oDwhR
tread v ,D>I ,D>vDRtcD.
treason n w>ul.[;*DRxHuD>'.0J
treasure n w>xl;w>wDR˜ w>vk>'d.yS›R'd.
treasurer n ySRyXRph
treat n w>qXrR*hR
v 1I ulpg,gbsgw>< [h.bsK;uhRw>
treatment n 1I w>,gbsgtusJ 2I w>rRb.ySR*R
3I usJ{dRuylR{dRvXw>rRuqSD (w>)
treaty n vHmCH;Cm
tree n oh.
trek n w>vJRw>,HRvXcD.
v vJRw>,HRvXcD.
trellis n wySDR˜ t0RI t'd< yxd;t0RI 0.cHuhvXw>bSDtDR'fod;w>rk>
w>bdupGgxD.vXtvdRt*D>
tremble v ued;upkm˜ 0;qSJ;qSd
tremendous a vXt'd.0Jrk>0J˜ vXtvDRbDvDRrk>
trench n w>usdRz;xD˜ w>ylRvXw>td.u'kt*D>
trespass v cDywm˜ vk>oh.cDywm
trial n 1I usJRbXusJRuGD> 2I w>rRuG>
triangle n [ ∆ ] w>oXeX.
tribe n (ySR) tuvkm'l.
tributary n xHusdt'h

177
trick n w>ul.w&H;
v ul.w&H;
trickle v ,GRvDRpJ;&J;pJ;&J;< vDRpDRpdmpdm
tricycle n vh.,D>oXy.
trigger n rJmcGJ;I t'd< usdrJmcGJ;
trim v wHmClw>
trip n w>vJRwpd>˜ w>vJRtzk.
v (cD.) b.wd>
triple a rRtgxD.oXp;< oXbsD
triumphant a vXtrReXRw>
trivial a vXtbsK;wtd.tgtgb.< w'd.wrkmb.
trolley n 1I vh.qD.zd 2I vDvh.
troop n ok;wzk˜ ok;rk>oH.bd
trophy n w>rReXRw>tw>yeD.< w>rReXRw>tcd.z;
tropic n w>ud>vD>u0DR< w>ud>usDRwlm
tropical a b.xGJw>ud>vD>u0DR
trouble n w>uDw>cJ˜ w>e;w>zSD.
trough n (q.zduD>zd) w>tD.q.usD;
trousers n zDs.cHxDcD.
truancy n w>Ch>uFd˜ w>y'h.uFd
truce n w>tX.vDRvXw>td.uwD>vXw>'k;wpd>zd
truck n odvh.y'X;
true a eD>eD>˜ vXtvDRwH>˜ vXtwD
truly adv vDRwH>vDRqJ;˜ eD>eD>
trumpet n yHpH>I yHuGJRwuvkm
truncheon n yXRuD>eD.vJm
trunk n 1I (oh.) txH;rd>yS>˜ (oh.) txl.rd>yS> 2I wvgz;'d.
3I (uqD) wrsdR
trust v emM>
truth n w>rh>w>wD˜ w>o;wD˜ w>wDw>vdR
try v 1I usJ;pX; 2I rRuG>
tub n w&m< w>ylRw>vD>wuvkm
tube n usdbd
tuberculosis n w>yod.qg
tuck v qGHEkm
Tuesday n rk>,lm
tug n csHxk;w>
v xJ;˜ zh.xJ;
tuition n w>od.vd
tumble v cD.wvHmvDRwJm< vDRwvh.
178
tummy n [XzX
tune n xgtoD.˜ xgo;0H.toD.
tungsten n xJpfwJ
tunnel n [D.vmusJ˜ [D.vmw>usdR
turban n cd.zX.
turkey n qDuqD
turmeric n o,D
turn v C.w&H;˜ C.u'g˜ w&H;to;
n twDRt0DI t'd< cJrk>qh.,ub.zDrhRt0D
turn over v C.u'g˜ vDRwusX>˜ rRvDRwusX>
turn round v C.u'g
turret n pJ;usdw&H;
turtle n csH;p>˜ yD.vJ.csH;
tusk n 1I rJxD 2I uqDrJ˜ qSDuqDrJ˜ xd;rHRtrJxD
tutor n o&.vXtuG>xGJ'D;od.vdzdo.vX[H.<
o&.vXySR'd;vJtDRvX od.vdvDRqDvHm
v 'd;vJod.vdvDRqDvHm< uG>xGJod.vdzdo.vX[H.
tweezers n eD.wHmzd
twice adv cHbsD˜ cHp;
twig n oh.'hzdjyH
twilight n w>uyDRoH,D>,m< rk>vDREkmtqXuwD>
twinkle v uyDRyHmvhyHmvh
twins n oCHm˜ wCHm
twirl v xd.w&H;w>˜ w&H;to;cs›cs›
twist v 1I 0HmyuH 2I ysHm
twitch v xl.xk;ys>xk;I t'd< pkwxk;< cD.wxk;< rJmwxk;
two n eD>*H>cH
type v 'dpJ;uGJ;vHm
n tuvkm
typewriter n pJ;uGJ;vHm˜ pJ;'dvHm
typhoid n w>vdRud>ySHmnd;
typical a vXtvDRyvdm'D;t*dRrD.< 'fw>rRnDEk>tDR
typist n ySR'dvHmzd˜ ySRySD>vHmzd
tyrant n ySRvXtyXw>zJ'.to;
tyre n y.zH;˜ xg,X.

179
Uu

ugly a vmtX
ulcer n uzkylRvD>< w>ylRvD>
ultimate a 1I vXcHuwX>< 2I vXt (*hR< tX< e;< ,HR) uwX>
ultimatum n w>rRysHRrRzk;'D;[h.vDRw>uvk>vXcHuwX>vXySRwrRtd.w
oh
umbilical cord n 'hysHR
umbilicus n 'h˜ 'hylR
umbrella n o'Xrk>˜ o'X
unanimous a vXtymto;wzsX.CD
unarmed a wtd.'D;tpku0JRb.
uncle n zgwH>
uncomortable a wrkmwvR
unconscious a o;oyhR
under prep vXtzDvm
undergo v b.o*X>< xH.b.wl>b.
undergraduate n vXtwzsd'H;b.< vXtrRvdzF.pdrdRtzXrk><
vXtwrRM>rHRvRo.uyDRvXzF.pdrdR'H;b.I
underground a vX[D.cd.zDvm
underline v wdRvmI wdRe‹>vHmzsX.˜ wdRvHmusdRtzDvm
underneath prep vXtzDvm
underpants n zDs.cHzd (ydmcGg)
understand v e>yX>
undo v 1I Ch.vDR 2I bh.vDR 3I rRu'guhR'fttd.ympXRtod;<
'k;td.u'guhRvXtvD>
undress v bh.vDRuGHmw>ulw>uR
uneasy a vXtol.ud>o;*DR< ol.yd>o;0;< wrkmwvR
unemployed a vXtw>zH;w>rRwtd.
unemployment n vXw>[h.w>zH;w>rRwM>< vXw>zH;w>rRwtd.
uneven a wClb.˜ wyXRb.
unexpected a vXw>wrk>v>b.˜ vXw>wuG>v>b.
unfair a vXtwwDw-w>b.
unfaithful a vXto;wwDb.
ungrateful a vXtwoh.ngqXuhRw>tbsK;tzSd.b.
unhappy a wo;zSHb.
unhealthy a vXtwtd.ql.td.cs›
uniform n ,leHzD< w>ulw>uRvXt'fod;od;< t'd< uFdzdtw>ulw>uR
a vXt'fod;od;

180
unilateral a wcDyR
uninhabitable a (w>vD>) vXySRtd.qd;woh
uninteresting a vXtwxk;e‹>ySRo;˜ vXtvDRuX.
union n 1I w>pXzSd. (w>u&Xu&d§uD>) t'd< trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.
2I ySRrRw>zdu&X
unique a xJw (rHR){dR˜ xJwcg{dR
unit n 1I ,leH;I t'd< vH;xX.˜ rH;vm˜ 'H>u&H.
2I eD.*H> (1) → (9) eD.*H>vXwqHtzDvm
unite v ymzSd.oud;˜ ymzSd.xD.˜ ymzSd.o;
United Nations n bDrk>pXzSd.u&X
unity n w>Clw>zd;< w>wrHRCD
universal a 1I b.C;uD>ud;bh.'J; 2I b.C;'D;w>ud;rHR'J;
universe n rl[D.u,X< rk>˜ vg˜ q.wz.'D;rlzsX.wz.cJvXm
university n zF.pdrdR
unjust a wwDwvdRb.
unkind a vXw>o;unDRwtd.
unless conj rhwrh>b.vX
unlike a w'fod;b.˜ vDRqD
unload v 1I ymvDR (w>y'X;)˜ pdmvDR (w>y'X;) 2I xk;xD.uGHm (usdcsH)
unlock v 0Hmtd;xD.
unlucky a vXtbl.twD>w*hR
unnecessary a vXtwvd.b.
unoccupied a vXttd.uvD˜ vXttd.obs›
unofficial a vXtwzd;oJp;
unpleasant a vXtwrkmb.ySRb.˜ vXtwrkmwvR
unruly a e>uh.˜ vXtw'd;yXo;b.
untidy a wuqSJuqSD˜ wtd.vXtvD>tusJ
until prep wkR (vDR) vX
unusual a vXtwnDEk>˜ vXtvDRqD˜ vXwnDEk>rRto;
unwell a vXwtd.ql.td.cs›b.˜ qd;uh
unwrap v Ch.vDR (w>bd.)˜ bh.vDR (w>bd.)
up adv / qlw>zDcd. (ql) (vX) x;
prep
update v rR*hRxD.rRxDxD.'fod;uvlRxD.chcgqXuwD>
upgrade v rR*hRxD.< rRxDxD.ywD>< tuH>tpD
n w>rR*hRxD.rRxD.tywD>
upheaval n w>qDwvJ'd.'d.rk>rk>vX'k;td.xD.w>uDw>cJ<
w>qDwvJ'd.'d.rk>rk>
uphold v qD.xGJrRpXR< pdmxD.< vlRydmrRxGJ
upon prep tzDcd.

181
upper a tzDcd.wuxX˜ vXx;
upright a xl.uvm˜ vXtxD.xl.bsX,k>uvm
uproot v xJ;t*H>< 'k;[;xD.uGHm< rR[;*DRuGHmpDzhuvhR
upset a vXw>o;wrkm
v 1I rRvDRCHR˜ rRvDRqH. (vDRvJm) 2I rRthe‹ (ySRto;)˜
rR[;*DR (ySRto;)
upside down a cd.vDRvm< uX>cd.vDRvm
upstairs a vXx;cDwqD˜ vX'X;zDcd.< vXtzDcd.wuxX
upwards adv qlw>zDcd.˜ qlx;˜ (vJR)xD.
Uranus n ,l.&heX; (pf) rlzsX.
urban a b.C;'D;clylR0h>ylR
urbanization n w>'k;uJxD.ql0h>ywD>
urethra n qH.usdR
urge v oq.xD.tcH˜ rXe‹>qD.cH
n
w>o;ql.I w>rd.e‹>o;vDw>ql.ql.
urgent a b.uJxD.cs›cs›˜ vXb.rRcs›cs›
urinate v qH.qg
urine n qH. (ySRunDq.zduD>zd) tqH.
use v ol˜ pl;ug
useful a 1I vXtbsK;td.˜ vXtuJbsK; 2I vXyoloh
useless a 1I vXtbsK;wtd.b.˜ vXtwuJbsK; 2I vXyolwoh
usher n ySRqSXEkmwrSHR< qSXEkmwrSHR< p;xD.w>toDwrHR
usual a 'ftnDEk>tod;
usually adv nDEk>
utensil n obH.vDcD
uterus n 'XvD>
utilize v olvXtbsK;td.< oltDRohoh
utmost a tuwX>< xDuwX>< tguwX>
utter a vXmvXmqhqh< pDzhuvhR
v uwdR< pH;< tJ;xD.tx;cd.
uvula n ys›Rzd

182
Vv

vacant a vXtvDR[d
vacation n eHRobs›
vaccination n w>qJ;vX>I w>qJ;uoH.'Dw'Xw>qg
vaccine n uoH.qJ;'Do'Xw>qg
vacuum n w>vD>vDR[dvXw>wtd.eDwrHR'D;uvJR'.vJmwtd.
vacuum cleaner n pJ;eD.cGJ
vagina n vH>< ydmrk.uh>*DR
vague a 1I wvDRwH>vDRqJ;b. 2I wzsg*hR*hRb.
vain a 1I vXto;xD.xD˜ vXtymxD.xDo; 2I in vain
vXtbsK;wtd.˜ uvDuvD
valid a vXttd.'D;t*h>tusdR< vXtzd;vdmo;'D;oJp;
valley n w>}wDR
valuable a vXtvk>'d.yS›R'd.
value n w>tyS›R˜ w>tbsK;
valve n eD.}wDI w>tys›RvXttd;xD.'D;}wDxHrhwrh>uvHR rhwrh>
vD*H>
van n odvh.z;'d.vXySRuy'X;w>vXtylR
vandal n ySRvXtrR[;*DR (MqX.tw>CHw>vR<
'GJvRul.oh'D;ursX>w> zdw>vHRwz.)
vanish v [gr>uHGm˜ vDRr>uGHm
vaporize n 'k;uJxD.qlto0H< 'k;o0HxD.
vapour n w>to0H< xHo0H
variable a vXtvJvdmto;oh< vXtvDRqDoh< u'H u'g< w*X>wusXR
variety n w>tuvkmuvkm
various a vXttd.tuvkmuvkm˜ wbsK;rHRwbsK;uvkm
vary v rRvDRqD˜ rRtDRtuvkmuvkm˜ vJvdm
vase n zDud
vast a z;vJ>˜ z;'d.˜ z;'d.z;oH
vault n w>cd.'k;vXttd.uh.uGDRto;< 'X;wl>rh. (vXphwX;wz.t
ylR) w>pH.cDywm<
v pH.cDywm
veal n (*DRzH;zd<usD>zd) tn.
vegetable n w>'d;w>v.
vegetarian n ySRvXwtD.w>zH;w>n.
vegetation n w>rJw>rg
vehicle n vh.{dRvDR{dRI t'd< odvh.rhwrh>vh.tuvkmuvkmvXw>ol
tDRvX0HpdmwDqSXt*D>

183
veil n eD.usX>bXrJm
vein n oGH.uhRusdR
velocity n w>tcs›
vendor n ySRqgw>zd< ySR[;wDqgw>
vengeance n w>rRu.w>< rRu.w>tXqlw>tX
venom n *k>tc.xHvXttd.'D;tpk.˜ pk.xH
vent n w>ylR[dzdvXw>to0H[JEkm[;xD.oh
venture n w>ym'lo;'D;rRw>< w>rRw>vXttd.'D;w>b.,d.tvD>
v bH.rJmwJme>rRw>< rRw>vXw>o;'ltylR< rRw>vXttd.'D;
w>b.,d.
venue n w>xH.vdmtd.oud;o;tvD>< w>rRrl;tvD>
Venus n 0HeX;(pf)< wl>*DRwl>[g
verb n 0D>
verbal a w>ymzsgcDzsdw>uwdRtzsX.
verdict n w>pH.nD.
verge v wphvDR< 'hcHvDR< bl;xD.
verify v rRuG>rh>twDwwD
vermin n q.zduD>zd< w>zdC>vXt[h.w>uDw>cJ'D;rR[;*DRw>
verse n tqXzd˜ xg(tqX)
versus prep xD'gvdmo;< jyXvdmo;
vertical a xl.uvm
very adv (e;)r;˜ ('d.)r;
vessel n 1I ubD< csHz;'d. 2I w>ylRw>vD>vXw>'XxHoh< 3I oGH.usdR
vest n qhuR,lm
vet n q.zduD>zduoH.o&.
veterinarian n (see vet) uoH.o&.vXt,gbsgq.zduD>zd
veto n bH.wd.pdurDR
via prep cDzsd< wqD
vibrate v [l;0;< w%kRto;
vice n/ 1I w>vk>tXv>oD 2I pJ;zD.CH;w>< 3I tcX.p;
prep
vicinity n w>vD>vXw>tcd.tCXRtd.bl;td.wH>
vicious a tXoD˜ o;tX
victim n ySRwl>b.w>˜ ySRwl>w>
victory n w>rReXR
video camera n bH>'H>td.w>'dw>*DR'X;
video cassette n bH>'H>td.uJ;pJ;
video tape n bH>'H>td.uGDR
view n 1I w>uG>uD 2I w>xH.pd
v uG>uDw>< uG>qdurd.xHxH
vigilant a vXttd.'D;w>ol.ql.o;*JR< vXwrHchrHoyhRb.<vXtqd;oDw>
184
vigorous a *H>bgql.< w>o;ql.< ySJR'D;w>o;ql.
vile a vXttX˜ vXtw*hR
village n o0D˜ 'lo0D
villager n ySRo0Dzd˜ ySR'lo0Dzd
villain n ySRw*hRwb.˜ ySRwrl.weD>
vindictive a vXtnDEk>rRu.qXuhRw>
vine n 1I ysHRrk>˜ oh.CH>rk> 2I pyH;o.rk>
vinegar n wRqH.xH
violent a vXtql.tudR˜ vXtrRw>vXw>pkql.cD.wu;˜ vXt
rRw>tXtXoDoD
violin n oDwl>
virgin n rk.ueDRpDxHI ydmrk.vXwrHCkm'D;ydmcGg'H;b.
a 1I vXtb.C;'D;rk.ueDR 2I vXw>wolb.'H;tDReDwbsD
virtual a vXtrRto;'fw>eD>eD>tod;
virtue n w>*hRw>0g< w>wDw>vdR< yg&rH
virus n 1I bJ&X;pf< w>qgC> 2I w>wrHRvXw>xXekmclol.tDR
vXcD.zFLxX.ylR'fod;urR[;*DRw>
visa n bH.p.˜ vHmcDuD>
visible a vXtb.w>xH.tDRoh˜ vXtzsg
vision n 1I w>xH.vXng˜ w>xH.pdw> 2I w>xH.
visit v vJRtd.oud;
visitor n ySRvXt[Jtd.oud;w>˜ ySRwrSHR
vital a b.C;'D;w>rl< vXtvD>td.0J< vXtrh>w>trd>yS><
vXtrh>w>t'd.trk>
vitamin n bH.w.rH.I w>vXttd.vXw>tD.tusg'D;M>*H>M>bg'D;*hRvX
w>td.ql.td.cs›t*D>
vivid a vXttd.zsg*hRr;< vXttd.zsg-wX>uvm
vocabulary n 0D>}oJ
voice n w>uwdR˜ w>uvk>
void a vXw>wtd.eDwrHR< vXttd.vDR[d (uvD)
volcanic n upX>rh.tlyd>z;
eruption
volcano n upX>rh.tl
volleyball n zsX.ySD>
voltage n vDrh.tlo[D.
volume n 1I (vHm) u-wL> 2I w>toD.'d.oD.qH; 3I w>t}wD>˜
w>toH;tum
volunteer n 1I ySR[h.vDRto;vXw>rR˜ ySR[h.vDRto;'.0J
2I ySRrRuvDw>zd
vomit v bSd;

185
vote v [h.w>z;
n w>z;
voucher n vHmuhzSDwJmI vHmzSDwJmvXw>yS›Rw>uvHRt*D>
vow v qd.vDRto;
vowel n w>oD.rd>yS>I (=g =H =h =J => =k =l =d =D)
voyage n w>vJRw>uhRvXxHusg˜ xHw>vJR
vulgar a vXw-uX;wb.< wCHwvR< w*hRb.
vulnerable a vXtwtd.'D;w>'Dw'XtDR˜ vXw>rRqgtDRohnD
vulture n vDwm< vDuwm

186
Ww

Wa n ySR0;zd
wade v cDxH< [;vXtcD.vXxHusg
wag v 0H;0; (trJ>)˜ *HR*kR˜ zs›zsd
wager n w>wRw>< phvXywRtDR
v wRw>
wages n w>tbl;tvJ
wagon n vh.vXttd.'D;ty.vGH>y.vXw>y'X;w>CXt*D>
wail v [D.w>,XRw>
waist n ,D>'h
wait v td.cd;
waiter n ySRuG>w>tD.cGgI ySRydmcGgymvDRw>tD.vXw>tD.us;
waitress n ySRuG>w>tD.rk.I ySRydmrk.[JymvDRw>tD.vXw>tD.us;
wake v 1I rRyX>xD. 2I yX>xD.˜ xd.*JR˜ zk;oHeD.
walk v [;
walkie-talkie n pJ;uwdRw> (vDusdR)
walking stick n eD.xd;bd
wall n w>'l.yR˜ *DRyR
wallet n wd>xX.
walrus n qSDuqD
wander v [;0hR0DR
want v tJ.'d;˜ o;vD
war n w>'k;w>,R
ward n ySRqg'X;< ySRCdmzdt'X;
warden n ySRcd;w>zd
wardrobe n w>t'XvXySRbs;vDRw>ulw>od;
warehouse n yeHm'X;
warlord n w>zD.w>pku0JRvXtwDcd.&d.rJxHzduD>zdzJw>vD>wwDRwDRvX
w>'k;w>,RtqXuwD>
warm a vXR˜ uvXR
warn v wJyvD>˜ [h.yvD>
warning n w>wJyvD>˜ w>[h.yvD>
warp v vXt'k;uh.ul< wuHy0Hmw>< wb.vdmb.p;
warranty n w>tk.uDR
wart n xl;I w>urdmvXypkycD.yrd>yS>tvdR
was v td.< rh>< b.
wash v q+.w>˜ vk.xH˜ oh˜ ys>rJm)
washing n pJ;q+.w>
machine

187
wasp n zsX
waste n w>wCm< w>pl;uGHm
v rRvXm*DR
watch n e.&H.
v uG>[k.w>˜ yXRCm˜ tH;uG>< uG>
watchman n ySRyXRw>zd˜ ySRcd;w>zd
water n xH
water table n [D.vmxHrJmzH;cd.
waterfall n xHvDRql
water lily n zD'h.ngxH
watermelon n wJmwDo.
waterproof a w>vXt'DCmxH
watershed n w>vl>cd.vXteDRz;xHqX
waterway n xH,GRusdR
wave v 0H>0>˜ 0>tpk
n vyD
wavy a (cd.ol) wuH
wax n 1I (ueJ)Cd;˜ (uGJ)Cd; 2I earwax e>th.ol
way n usJ
we pron y
weak a vXt*H>p>
weaken v rRp>vDR˜ rRvDRp>
wealth n w>xl;w>wDR
wealthy a vXtxl;twDR˜ vXtuJ'd.
wean v zS.tEk>˜ zSgtEk>
weapon n w>pku0JR
wear v ulxD.od;xD.˜ ulxD.uRxD.˜ ulod;˜ 'd; (cD.zH;)˜ zsD.xD.
(cd.zsD.§cD.zsD.)
weary a vDRbSH;
weather n rlcd.uvHRoD.*DR
weave v xgw>˜ xhw>
web n uyDRvkR
wedding n w>zsD
wedge n usJ;˜ eD.pJI w>vXywD>EkmtDRvXoh.'D;rRoh.z;w>cHcD
Wednesday n rk>ysJR
weed n eD.{dRrHR{dR
week n wEGHI t'd< wEGHM.td.0JEGHoD
weekday n eHRoDvXwEGHtwD>ylR t'd< rk>q.wkRrk>zDz;
weekend n EGHtuwX>
weep v [D.uoGH'H< [D.

188
weigh v pDRw>
weight n w>tCX
weird a vXtvDRqD˜ vXwnDEk>rRto;
welcome v wl>vdmrkm
weld v wD>pJbl;x;cHbdtqXzJtud>tcgwkRtuJxD.w>wrHRCD<
qJ;w>tqX
welfare n w>td.ql.td.cs›< w>b.td.rkmtd.yXR< w>bD.w>nD
well n xHylR
wellingtons n cD.zH;bl;z;xDvXtwkRvXcD.vh.cd.
west n rk>Ekm
wet a b.pD.< b.pD.b.oh
wetland n [D.u0DRpk.pD.
whale n n.vlRcd.
what pron rEkRvJ.
whatever pron w>wrHR*hRwrHR*hR
wheat n bkuFL.
wheel n y.
wheelbarrow n vh.qD.
wheelchair n vD>qh.eDRy.˜ c;vh.
wheeze v og}uDm-um}uDm-um ('fySRb.w>ogtH;tod;)
when adv tcgzJvJ.
conj zJ—tcg
whenever adv wbsDv>v>˜ wbsD*hRwbsD*hR
where adv zJvJ.
wherever adv wylRv>v>
whether conj rh>*hR
which pron zJvJ.w (rHR§*R§cg)
while conj tzXrk>˜ zJ—tcg
whine v utH;utl;< [D.wcDcDu'l;u'h.w>wcDwcD
whip n eD.zs›
v 1I zs›w>vXeD.zs› 2I wD>obSJxD.
whirl v rRw&H;˜ 'k;w&H;
whirlpool n xHo0H;˜ xH0D>0H;
whisker n 1I bd;yRtql.˜ c.ql. 2I (q.zduD>zd) ted;ql.
whisky n 0H.puHm< oH;wuvkm
whisper v uwdRuoGHw>˜ wJuoGHw>
whistle v nd.uvHR˜ uG‹uvHR
n rDudvH
white a/n 0g˜ tvGJ>0g

189
whitewash n 1I rRvDRbXw>< wJvDRbXw> 2I xl.0gxHvXzSLw>ol.xD.
t*D>
who pron rwRvJ.˜ rwRw*RvJ.
whoever pron ySRw*Rv>v>
whole a 'Dcg
whom pron rwRvJ.
whose pron rwRt
why adv b.rEkRvJ.˜ vXrEkRtCdvJ.
wick n rh.ySHm˜ rh.tl'XtySHm˜ yeJtySHm
wicked a vXtol.tXo;oD
wickedness n w>o;uh.
wide a vJ>
widow n rk.urJ
widower n cGgurJ
width n tvJ>˜ tcX.
wife n rg
wig n cd.olv.˜ cd.olvD˜ cd.olysD>˜ cd.olypDR
wild a q.zduD>zdtrHR˜ rHRvm˜ vXt&X>tpX>˜ vXtwbSgb.
wildlife n w>rHRvm
will v u
n w>uGJ;ymw>e‹>ogI w>uGJ;vXySRoHymvDRwJmvXw>e‹>ogt*D>
willing a vXto;ql.˜ vXto;td.˜ o;eXR
willow n yH>ovD (oh.xH;)
wilt v vDR!GH;vDRbJ< vDRbD
win v rReXR˜ rReXR (w>vdmuGJ)
winch n pJ;xk;w>CX
wind [say 'kind'] v 0HmxD.˜ 0Hmw&H;˜ uGDRxD. (ysHR)˜ 0Hm (e.&H.)
wind [say 'win'] n 1I uvHR 2I uvHRtd.vX[XzXylR˜ [XzXxD.
windmill n uvHRy.u.˜ uvHRu[.
window n yJ}wDzd
windpipe n uvHRusdR
windy a uvHRql.
wine n pyH;xH
wing n t'H;˜ t'H;qh
wink v zs;wqH;rJm˜ zs;qH;trJm
winnow v CRbk˜ 0H>bk
winnowing tray n uD>vJ>
winter n w>*d>cg
wipe v xGguGHm
wire n ysHRx;˜ x;oGJjyH˜ vDysHR

190
wisdom n w>ul.oh˜ w>ul.w>q;
wise a ul.oh˜ vXtul.oh
wish v qXe‹>w>˜ qX*hRw>˜ rd.e‹>
witch n w>egrk.yS>
with prep 'D;
withdraw v xk; (uGHm) (uhR)< uhRu'guhR< *kRuhRtcH
wither v vDR!GH;vDRbJ
without prep wtd.b.˜ wtd.'D;< wy.Ckmb.
witness n ySRtk.to;
v tk.to;< uG>< xH.
witty a vXtrReHRrRthw>oh˜ vXtrRuvdmw>oh
wobble v vXtw*X>wusXR< wvDRwH>< u'Hu'g< [l;,J>,DR
wolf n xGH.rHR
woman n ySRydmrk.
womb n 'XvD>
wonder v urXur.
wonderful a vDRurXur.
wood n 1I oh.n. 2I yS>zd
woodpecker n xd.wvh˜ xd.'h*hR
woods n yS>zd
woodwork n w>whw>bSDvXoh.
woodworm n *X>< w>zdC>vXttD.[;*DRoh.0.
wool n odql.
word n 1I w>uwdR 2I vHmrJmzsX.
work n w>zH;w>rR˜ w>rR
v rRw>rR
workman n ySRrRw>zd
workshop n w>rRvD>
world n [D.cd.
worm n xd;uvJm
worry v 1I o;the‹ 2I o;ud>
worse a tXe‹>˜ e;e‹>wuh>
worship v bl.,GRbg,GR
worst a e;uwX>˜ tXuwX>
worth n w>tvk>tyS›R˜ -uX;tyS›R˜ -uX;'D;
worthless a vXtvk>tyS›Rwtd.
wound n w>ylRvD>
v b.'d< b.uh
wrap v bd.xD.˜ bd.bH
wreath n zDuGDR
191
wreck v rR[;*DR
wrench n wr.rJ
wrestle v ued
wriggle v bsd.˜ yuH;to;
wring v 0HmoH;txH˜ 0Hmw>
wrinkle n 1I zH;oGH; 2I qH;El;
wrist n pk'hudm
write v uGJ;
writhe v pGgtlvJm˜ 0HmyuH;to;
writing n w>uGJ;
wrong a ur.

Xx

X-ray n ,JRzsg˜ tJ;p&h

xylophone n yDRulR

192
Yy

yacht n ubD,>zd
yard n 1I u&X> 2I eD.xd.cHys>
yarn n 1I vk. 2I w>CJRrk>e>< w>CJRu;uD.
yawn v ouD˜ wuD
year n eH. (weH.td.0JwqHcHvg)
yearn v qXe‹>'d.'d.uvJm
yeast n ud.rH.
yell v ud;yolyoD˜ ud;Cg
yellow a/n bD˜ tvGJ>bD
yes adv rh>
yesterday n r[guXm˜ r[gweHR
yet adv 'H;< oemuh< vXM>trJmng
yield v [h.vDRto;˜ qD.vDRto;
n
w>[h.xD.tolto.
yoghurt n w>ek>xHqH.
yoke n eD.,d;bd
yolk n qD'H.touDRbD
you pron e˜ ok
young a p>˜ o;p>
your pron e (w>)˜ ok (w>)
yours pron ew>˜ okw>
yourself pron eeD>up>'.eJ
yourselves pron okeD>up>'.0J
youth n ySRo;p>˜ ySRol.bD.o;p>

193
Zz

zeal n w>o;ql.
zebra n uoh.uGD
zero n eD.*H> (0)˜ 0
zigzag n uh.uH>uh.udm
zinc n ySm0gvXtubk;wuvkm
zip n pH;(yf)
zipper n pH;(yf) (vXw>xDxD.tDRvXw>ulw>uRtvdR)
zone n [D.u0DR'd.
zoo n q.zduD>zdu&X>
zoology n w>ul.b.ul.ohb.C;q.zduD>zd< q.zduD>zdyDng

194
Greek and Latin Root Words

Root tcDynD Meaning Example

ambul [; to walk amble, ambulance

arch vXttd.vXysXRvXupXR ancient archetype, archive
arch t&h'd.uwX>< pH.nD.yXqSX chief, rule architech, anarchy
astro q. star astronomy, astronaut
athl jyXw>vXcd.z;t*D> compete for a athlete, decathlon
prize
audi e>[l hear audible, audience
bene *hR good, well benefit, benediction
bibl vHm book bible, bibliography
bio w>td.rl life biology, biography
brev 1Izk. 2I rDudm short abbreviation, brevity
cap w>tcd. head captain, capital
cede vJR< qD.vDRto; to go, to yield precede, concede
ceed vJR< qD.vDRto; to go, to yield proceed, succeed
cert to;w'h'Db. sure certify, ascertain
cess vJR< qD.vDRto; to go, to yield procession, concession
chloro vg[h green chlorophyll
chrono w>qXuwD> time chronology, chronic
cide rRoH to kill suicide, genocide
cis 1I usDwJm 2I 'D.wJm to cut incision, incisor
claus 1I u;wHm 2I yH;wHm to close claustrophobia, clause
clud 1I u;wHm 2I yH;wHm to close include, exclude
clus 1I u;wHm 2I yH;wHm to close exclusive, seclusion
cogn oh.ng know recognize, cognition
cosmo [D.cd.< w>t&J.tusJR world, order cosmopolitan, cosmos
cred vXtemM>w> to believe credit, credential
cur w>b.,d. care secure, accurate
dei up>,GR God deity, deicide
demo ySR people democracy, demography
derm zH;bh. skin dermatology, epidermis
dict uwdRw> speak dictionary, dictation
duc yXqSX lead introduce, deduce
duct yXqSX< xk; to lead, pull abduct, aqueduct
dyna *H>o[D. power dynamic, dynamite
ecto cdwcD< tcsXwcD outside, external ectomorph, ectoderm,
endo tudylR< twD>ylR inside, within endoscope, endotherm
equi 'fod;od; equal equilateral, equator
exter, extra vXtcsXwcD outside of external, extraordinary
fac, fec rR< 'k;td.xD. do, make factory, effective

195
Root tcDynD Meaning Example

fer pdm carry transfer, infer

fix 'k;pJbl; fasten affix, prefix
flect, flex rRuh. to bend flexible, deflect
flu, flux ,GRvDR flow influence, influx, fluid
fort 1I qSd. 2I usXR strong fortress, fortify
fort w>[J0H< bl.wD> luck, chance fortunate, comfort
frag, frac rRoh.z; break fragile, fracture
gen w>td.zsJ.< ySRuvkm< tuvkm birth, race, kind generation, gender
geo [D.cd.zsX. earth geography, geothermal
graph, uGJ;(vHm) to write autograph, telegram
gram
grat rRrkmySRo;< oh.ngpH;bsK;w> pleasing, gratitude, gratify
thankful
gress vJR go progress, congress
hale ogxD.ogvDR breath exhale, inhale
herb w>rk>w>bdoh.wz. plants herbicide, herbalist
homo 'fod;od; same homosexual,
homophone
hydr xH water dehydrate, hydrogen
ject 1I wXRuGHm 2I pl;uGHm to throw reject, eject, inject
jur/just w>od.w>oD< wD'D;-uX;b. law, right jury, justice
later 1I tuyR 2I tCXR side lateral, unilateral
loc w>vD>w>usJ place local, location
log/logue vHmzsX.< w>qdurd. word, thought dialogue, logic
luc w>uyDR light lucid, translucent
mal w*hRb.tX;e;r; bad, badly maladjusted, dismal,
mand rX(w>) command reprimand, mandate
mania w>ysK> madness maniac, egomania
manu pkv. hand manual, manuscript
mega vXt'd.ttg< wuuGJ> great, million megaphone, megabyte,
meta vXb;cD< vJvdm beyond, change metaphor, metaphysics
meter/metr xd.eD.xd.Cg measure thermometer,
micrometer
miss qSX to send missile, missionary
mit qSX to send transmit, emit
mob, mov, ok;to; move mobile, movement,
mot motivate
morph tuh>*DRvXtzsg shape, form polymorphic,
morphometry
neg w(rh>)b. no negative, renege
nov toD new innovative, novelty
nym rHR name synonym, homonym
op/oper 1I w>zH;w>rR 2I rRw>rR work operation, operator

196
Root tcDynD Meaning Example

para vXtuyR beside paramedic, paraphrase

para }wDqX defend parachute, parasol
path w>oh.ngw>vXo;'ftHR'fEkR< feeling, suffering sympathy, pathetic
w>wl>w>
ped zdo.< cD.v. child, foot pediatrics, pedal
pend bs;vDRpJR hang depend, pendant
phil w>tJ. love philosophy, audiophile
phoba w>ysHRw>zk; fear claustrophobia,
homophobia
phon w>tuvk>oD. sound telephone, microphone
phot w>uyDR light photograph, photocell
phys w>trd>yS>< MqX.tvk>tv> body/ nature physical, physician
poli 1I 0h> 2I cl0h> city police, cosmopolitan
port pdm to carry porter, portable, export
posit ymvDR< w>vD>w>usJ put or place deposit, opposite
proto tcD.xH; first prototype, protocol
pseudo vXtwwDb. false pseudonym,
pseudoscience
rupt rRoh.z; break rupture, erupt
sanct pDqSH holy sanctify, sanctuary
scrib uGJ;(vHm) write scribble, describe
script uGJ;(vHm) write transcript, postscript
sect 1I usDwJm 2I 'D.wJm cut dissect, intersection
semi w0m half semiconscious,
semicircle
seque w>vXtydmxGJxD.tcH follow sequence, consequence
sol xJw*R{dR alone solitary, solo
sol rk> sun solar, parasol
son w>tuvk>oD. sound sonic, sonnet
spect uG> to look inspect, spectator,
struct bSDxD. build construct, distruction
tact xd;b. touch contact, intact
techn w>pkohcD.b.< w>ohw>b. skill technique, technical
tele td.pDRpkR far off telephone, television
ten, tain zD.wH>Cm holding tenant, contain
ter/terr [D.cd.rlzsX.< [D.cd.n. earth territory, terrain
term tuwX>< 1I w>ymyeD.tqX end, limit terminate, terminal
2I w>t,HRuwX>
theo, the up>,GR God theology, polytheist
therm, w>ud> heat thermal, thermometer,
thermo
tract xk;-wLm to drag, draw attract, tractor, extract
vac td.uvD empty vacant, vacuum

197
Root tcDynD Meaning Example

veh, vect pdm to carry vehicle, convection

vene, vent [J< vJR come, go convention, convene
ver w>wDw>vdR truth verify, verdict
verb w>uwdR word verbal, verbose
vert, vers w&H;to; to turn convert, reverse
vid/vis xH. see video, vision
vita w>td.rl life vital, vitamins,

Greek and Latin Prefixes

Prefix Meaning tcDynD Example

a- in, on, at vXtylR< tzDcd.< vX aside, abroad

a- , an- not w(rh>)b. atheist, anarchy
ab- away from ([;)xD.uGHmvXIII abduction, absent
ad- to ql adventure, admit
ambi-,amphi- both, double cHcgvXm< cHp; ambivalent, amphibian
ante- before 1I vXtrJmng 2I qd anteroom, antedate
anti- against }wDC. antifreeze, antipathy
auto- self tup>'.0J autobiography,
automatic
by- secondary, vXtwrh>w>*h>rd>yS>b.< by-election, by-product
incidental b.M>twDR'D;rRto;
cent- hundred wu,R centimeter, century
circum- around vJRw&H; circumvent,
circumnavigate
co- with, together Ckm'D;< wylRCD copilot, cooperate
col- with, together Ckm'D;< wylRCD colleague, collide
com- with, together Ckm'D;< wylRCD combine, compress
com- with force td.'D;w>tpdturDR'D;rXM>qD.cH command, commit
con- with, together Ckm'D;< wylRCD conclude, convene
contra- against, opposite }wDC.< uG>qXngvdmo; contradict, contrary
counter- against, opposite }wDC.< uG>qXngvdmo; counteract, counterspy
de- from, down vX< tzDvm depart, depress
deci- ten wqH decimeter, decimal
dia- through, across, zsduGHm< cD*mvXtbX.pXR diameter, dialogue
between
dis- away, not ([;)xD.uGHm< w(rh>)b. dismiss, dislike
dys- away, not ([;)xD.uGHm< w(rh>)b. dysfunction, dysgenic
e-, ex- out, away, from ([;)xD.(uGHm)vXtcsX< vX emit, exhale, exit,
en- , em- in, on vXtylR< tzDcd. engulf, enrage

198
Prefix Meaning tcDynD Example

epi- on, above, tzDcd.< upDRxD.xDM>'H;< epilogue, epicenter

addition w>ymCkmtgxD.w>
exo- external, outside tcsXwcD< cdwcD exodus, exorcise
fore- in front of, vXySRw*R*RAw>wrHRrHRtrJmng< foreground, forefathers
preceding vJRA[JqdvXtrJmng
hemi- half w0m hemisphere
hetero- different vDRqDvdmo; heteronym, heterosexual
hyper- over wvXuGHm hyperactive, hyperreal
im- not w(rh>)b. impossible, impractical
in- in, into, within vXtylR< qltylR< tudylR influx, inward
in- not w(rh>)b. invalid, inaccurate
inter- between vXtbX.pXR international, interact
intra- within tudylR intramural, intravenous
intro- into qltylR introvert, introduce
lib- free rRylRzsJ; liberty, liberation
macro- large z;'d. macrophysics,
macroeconomic
micro- small qH; microbiologist,
microscope
milli- thousand wuxd millipede, millimeter
mis- bad, wrong w*hRb.tX< tur. mistreat, misuse
mono-, mon- single, one 1I w(*R){dR< wX monotheism, monarch
multi- many 1I tg 2I wbsK; multiply, multipurpose
neo- new toD neonatal, neophobia
non- not w(rh>)b. nondescript, nonsense
omni- all cJvXm omniscient, omnipresent
out surpassing rRtgM>'H; outperform, outdo
out- external, away tcsXwcD< ([;)xD.uGHm outlaw, outcast
from
over- excessively xD.b;vkmuGHm over-ambitious,
overactive
over- completely 1I vXmvXmqhqh 2I pDzhuvhR overjoyed, overhaul
over- upper, outer, extra tzDcd.wuxXAqD< vXtvD>xD overcoat, overhead
M>wuh>< tgM>wuh>
pan- all cJvXm pantheon, panorama
per- throughout, ouk;q;';< 1I vXmvXmqhqh pervade, perfect
completely 2I vXmpDzhuvhR
peri- all around 0;w&H;cJvXm periscope, perimeter
poly- many 1I tg 2I wbsK; polygon, polytechnic
post- after 0HRvXtvD>cH postpone, postscript
pre- before 1I vXtrJmng 2I qd precede, preview
pro- in favor of vXw>rRbsK;rRzSd.tylR pro-choice, pro-life
pro- forward qltrJmng progress, propel

199
Prefix Meaning tcDynD Example

re- again, away u'D;wbsD< ([;) xD.uGHm rewrite, restore, recede

retro- back vXtvD>cH retrogress, retrospect
se- apart, without wylR'.< wy.Ckmb. separate, secure
sen- old 1I o;yS> 2I vD>vHR senior, senile
sub- under vXtzDvm submarine, substandard
super- more than tgM>'d.e>h'H; supermarket,
supernatural
syl- , sym- together wylRCD syllable, sympathy
trans- across cD*m transmit, transport
ultra- extreme, beyond vXtpd;eg< vXb;cD ultraviolet, ultrasonic
un- not w(rh>)b. uncooked, unharmed
under- below vXtzDvm undercover, underfed
with- away ([;)xD.uGHm withdraw, withhold

Prefixes of Numbers

Prefix Meaning tcDynD Example

mono, one wX monologue, monotone

uni one wX uniform, unity
bi two cH biweekly, biannual
di two cH divide, diverge
tri three oX triangle, trilateral,
quad four vGH> quadrangle, quadruplets
quint five ,J> quintet, quintuplets
penta five ,J> pentagon, pentane
hex six Ck hexagon, hexameter
sex six Ck sextet, sextant
sept seven EGH septet, septennial
oct eight Cd; octagon, octave
non nine cGH nonagon, nonagenarian
dec ten wqH decimal, decade
cent hundred wu,R centennial, century, centipede
mill,kilo thousand wuxd millennium, kilobyte, kiloton
mega million wuuGJ> (1<000<000) megabyte, megaton, megawatt
giga billion wubD (1<000<000<000) gigabyte, gigawatt
tera trillion wu0; (1<000<000<000<000) terabyte, teraflop
milli thousandth 1I wuxd (zsX.)w(zsX.) 2I wuxdylwyl millisecond, milligram
micro millionth 1I wuuGJ> (zsX.)w(zsX.) 2IwuuGJ>ylwyl microgram, microvolt
nano billionth 1I wubD (zsX.)w(zsX.) 2I wubDylwyl nanosecond, nanobucks

200
Suffixes for Adjectives
Suffixes Meaning tcDynD Example

-able, -ible, - able to, tending to rRuJ< vDR*mvXw>urRto; noticeable,

ble considerable
-al relating to b.C;'D; final, minimal
-an relating to b.C;'D; American,
-ant tending to b.C;'D; defiant, redundant
-ar relating to b.C;'D; circular, solar
-ary relating to b.C;'D; honorary, secondary
-ate full of ySJR'D; passionate,
-cious full of ySJR'D; spacious, gracious
-en quality of, made vXtuH>tpDtd.< b.w>rRuJxD.vX wooden, stolen
of
-ern relating to b.C;'D; eastern, modern
-escent becoming vXu[JuJxD. adolescent,
convalescent
-fic causing w>vXt'k;td.xD.w> horrific, terrific
-ful full of ySJR'D; shameful, artful
-ic resembling (w>)vDR*mvdmto; dynamic, comic
-ical relating to b.C;'D; historical, biological
-ile resembling (w>)vDR*mvdmto; juvenile, senile
-ine relating to b.C;'D; feline, serpentine
-ish like vDR*m('fod;) childish, feverish
-ive having td.'D; creative, defective
-less without wy.Ckmb. childless, colorless
-like like vDR*m('fod;) manlike, lifelike
-ory relating to b.C;'D; compulsory, transitory
-ous quality, state w>vXtuH>tpDtd.<w>td.to;'ftHR'fEkR obvious, mountainous
-ular relating to b.C;'D; cellular, circular

Suffixes for Nouns

Suffixes Meaning tcDynD Example

-ade condition of, act of vXw>td.o;tCd< blockade, parade

vXtymzsgw>[l;w>*JR
-age act of vXtymzsgw>[l;w>*JR marriage, suffrage
-an one who ySRw*RvX American,
-ance, -ence act of vXtymzsgw>[l;w>*JR importance, confidence
-ant one who ySRw*RvX assistant, defendant
-ar one who ySRw*RvX liar, beggar
-ard one who ySRw*RvX drunkard, Spaniard

201
Suffixes Meaning tcDynD Example

-arium place of b.C;'D;w>tvD>tusJ aquarium, planetarium

-ate one who ySRw*RvX advocate, aliterate
-cy condition of vXw>td.o;tCd bankruptcy, infancy
-dom state of vXw>td.o;tCd freedom, kingdom
-ee one who is ySRw*RvXtb. employee, trainee
-eer one who ySRw*RvX engineer, profiteer
-ency state of vXw>td.o;tCd emergency, diplomacy
-ent one who ySRw*RvX superintendent,president
-er one who ySRw*RvX porter, employer
-ess one who ySRw*RvX actress, hostess
-hood state of vXw>td.o;tCd childhood, likelihood
-ian one who ySRw*RvX comedian, politician
-ism state of, act of vXw>td.o;tCd< Buddhism, criticism
vXtymzsgw>[l;w>*JR
-ist one who ySRw*RvX scientist, motorist
-ist one who practices ySRw*RvXtrRw>rR biologist, buddhist
-ite one who is ySRw*RvXtb. favorite, Israelite
-ity state of vXw>td.o;tCd capacity, community
ive one who is ySRw*RvXtb. detective, captive
-ment act of, state of vXtymzsgw>[l;w>*JR< enlargement, government
vXw>td.o;tCd
-ness state of vXw>td.o;tCd sadness, tiredness
-ology study of vXrRvdw>b.C;'D; biology, zoology
-or one who ySRw*RvX actor, operator
-or one who ySRw*RvX creator, traitor
-ship state of vXw>td.o;tCd friendship, hardship
-ster one who ySRw*RvX youngster, gangster
-tion, -sion state of vXw>td.o;tCd preservation,transmission
-tude condition of vXw>td.o;tCd servitude, gratitude
-ure act of vXtymzsgw>[l;w>*JR departure, venture
-y state of vXw>td.o;tCd liberty, misery
-yer one who ySRw*RvX lawyer, sawyer

Suffixes for Verbs

Suffixes Meaning tcDynD Example

-ate to make, to do w>rRuJxD. separate, indicate

-en to make, to do w>rRuJxD. harden, weaken
-fy to make, to do w>rRuJxD. simplify, magnify
-ise, -ize to make, to do w>rRuJxD. victimize, minimize

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