T HE

LAW OF HA MMU R A B I
A ND MO SES
A SK ETC H

TR A NSL A TED FR 0M THE GER MA N OF

HU B ER T G R I MME
P r of f u Sem it ic L a ngu ages in
essor o Me Un iversity of Fr ez b u rg Sw itz er l a n d

R W ITH T O G ETHE
A T A NSL A TI O N F O M T HE BAB LONIAN O F T HE LAW S
R R Y
DI SCUSS ED ND C HAPT E R S O N
,
A

T HE H I ST O R Y A ND AR CH AEO L O G Y O F T HE
H A MMURA B I A ND MO SA I C CO D ES
BY THE

R EV . W . T . FIL TER
MEMBE R OF T HE c o v n c n . O F T m : so c m r v O F B I B L IC A I. A R C HJEOLO GY
R R R R
'

;
FO ME LY EC T O O F G ED D I NG , SUFFO L K
R
SOMETI ME MI SSI O NA Y I N P A L EST I NE A ND SY I A . R

L O ND O N
SO C I ETY FO R P RO MO T I NG C HR I ST I A N KN OWL EDG E
NOR T H UM BERLAND AV EN UE , W . C.
( rvn xs R
m m UND E TH! DI R R
EC T I ON o r THE T A C T comm n m]
 P R E FA C E

T HI S sists o f t p ts rst a tra sl ti o

b o ok con wo ar : ,
n a n

o f a i m by P r f ss r H b t G ri mm
r oc re o e t hi ho u er e, o w c

I pp d
a env ersi fr m th B byl o i
a on f s h fo e a n an o uc o

th e l ws f H mm b i C d
a o a h dis ss s i
u ra

s o e as e cu e n

d t il ; d s e dly f s eri es o f h p t rs by
e a an ,
co n , o a C a e

mys lf e .

H mm b i a id is d m st r em i
ura

s s e: ,
an u a n, a co n

sp i l
cu o u s d m k i t
anh e hist ri lar d l g
n l st dy o ca an e a u

o f th O l d T st m t b t
e ef a I m w r
en , u ,
so ar as a a a e, n o

writ r x p t P r f ss r G ri mm h
e e ce o epp r d
o t e as a ea e o

dis ss this gr t m m t f th A br h mi g i
cu ea on u en o e a a c a e n

a m r t ll s tisf t ry t st d ts h b li v th e
an n e a a a ac o o u en w o e e e

O l d T st m t t o b e a th ti en d hist ori lly tr

e au en c an ca ue .

F s h p rs o s
or uc d i d d f
e n ll , r st mi d d
an ,
n ee , or a ea n e - n e

i q ir rs this sk t h f his pp rs t o m lik ly t b

n u e ,
e c o a ea e e o e

v ry h l p f l
e e trib ti
u ,
f v l
a con t th e d r
u on o a ue o un e

st di g b th f H mm b i d th M s i C o d s
an n o o a u ra

s an e o a c e ,

an d ls a f th o l ti o h ip th rwis b tw
e re a cn s , or o e e, e een

th m H
e . this tr sl ti o f P r o f ss r G imm
e n ce an a n o e o r e s

sk t h e c .

B t f u m y E glish r e d rs f rth r i f r m ti
or an n a e u e n o a on

app e r d t
a eo b r q ir d d s e m p o i
e ts
u t o e ll f,o an o e n ca r
6 P r efa ce
d l
e ve o p m en t d f o ill str tio fr om th e ci t
an r u a n an en

i s rib e d m
n c m ts h on uth s e o d p rt
en f this en ce e c n a o

v l me whi h m y s v
o u ,
c s i t p r ti l
a er e as a ucc n c , ac ca

i tr od ti t th r h l gy f th P t t h
n uc on o e a c aeo o o e en a eu c

fr m th p ri d f A br h m I its p g s I h v
o e e o o a a . n a e a e

s ght t t f rth bri y t h hist ry f th H m

ou o se o e e o o e a

m b i p ri d i B byl
ura e i o dh n it ff t d th
a on a an ow a ec e e

p tri r hs
a a c f I sr l ; t h o st t f lt r whi h ae e a e o cu u e c

s rr d d th H br ws fr m th d ys f A br h m
u o un e e e e o e a o a a

to M s s t h hist ry f H mm b i C d i l te

o e e o o a ura s o e n a r

B byla i d its i
on a , a n o th rwis p th n ue n c e, r o e e, u on e

l ws f I sr l ; d h t h p liti l d l g l th
a o ae an ow e o ca an e a ,
e

g gr phi l d hist ri ca l diti s dth i tit

eo a ca an o co n on ,
an e ns u

ti s b o th l g l d r m i l o f th e ti m s
on ,
e a an ce e on a ,
e ,
as

br ght b f r
ou by o t mp r ry m m ts
e o e us c n e o a on u en ,
a re

f ithf lly r t d i th p g s f th P t t h
a u e ec e n e a e o e e n a e uc .

My trib ti
co n l s s wi th t f rth er h pt rs
u on C o e w o u c a e

f th m p plyi g P r f ss r G im m m th d t
on e o e a n o e o r e s e o o

a s bj e t f P t t h l l whi h li s tsid th
u c o e n a euc a aw c e ou e e

s p i l s ti s h dis ss s d th o th er ill str ti g

ec a ec on e cu e ,
an e u a n

by
- i id t whi h
an nc fr sh i th mi ds f th
en c w as e n e n o e

p p eo l f G lil
e o d So tha Syri t t
ee a nh ti m e f m y u a a e o

s j r th r
o ou n s m y e rs g wh t w ld b
e e, n o w o e a a o a ou e

th ep r ti al waco rki g
c f s ti f H nm m b i o a ec on o a ura

s

C deo .

I s b mitti g th e a r h aeo l ogi l vid

n u n Ih v c t ca e e n c e, a e no

on ly s ght t giv th f ts f ithf lly p ssibl

ou o e e ac as a u as o e,

b t ls I h v e dd d q o t ti
u a o a s r fr a s t o th
e u a on or e e en c e e

s r s
o u ce th t v th
, so xp rt st d t m y b
a e en e n o n -e e u en a e

in b et t e r
a. siti t r is th st t m n t s m ad e e e
p o
pp o e a n o a a e
 P r efa ce 7
in this b ook a n d by o th r writ ers o n th e s bj ts e u ec

dis ss d A h
cu e . f rth it w o ld s ee m s r ly
s e n ce o u ca c e

l ik ly th t y riti l i tr d ti t th O l d Te st
e a an c ca n o uc on o e a

m t en m m t ry
o r co
y b o k f
en a t h P t t hon an o o e e n a e uc

ca n f il t r f r t H m m b i t l
a o e e d th r
o a ura

s s e a an o e

m on u m ts h r i en sid r d it is h p d th t this
e e n co n e e , o e a

littl w rk s ppli s s h i f r m ti
e o u e will b f uc n o a on as e o

r l
ea t
u se l rgy m o d th r p bli t e h rs
c e en a n d o e u c ac e an

t o w rki g st d
o nts u en .

I h v t th k P r f ss o r G ri mm f o ki dly p e
a e o an o e e r n r

m itti g his b
n t pp r i it p r s t f r m
r oc ur e o a ea n s e en o .

F or my tr sl ti o h han revis e d his o rigi l

a n e as na

thro gh t dd d th wh l f th p ss g
u ou ,
a e th e o e o e a a e on e

i t A r bi i s ri p ti s ( s bj t i whi h h is
a n c en a an n c on a u ec n c e

k w to b e s p i lly i t er st d) d
no n ec a F r w rd n e e , an a n ew o e o .

H is i
e y r s p
n no wa sibl f y d ditie s f m on
y e or a n a on o

ow n , whi h lw ys d it ly m rk d ff fr m his
c a re a a e n e a e o o

w rk by t l st s q r br k ts
o ,
a ea ,
s lly f ll w d
ua e ac e u ua o o e

by th tr t d w rd T RAN S F th T bl f
e co n ac e o . or e a e o

C t ts h r giv th divisi i t h p t rs th
o n en e e en , e on n o c a e ,
e

c h p t r h di gs d I d x I m ls r s p sibl
a e - ea n an n e ,
a a o e on e.

Th q t ti e s fr m th Bibl
uo a on giv s lly
o e e a re e n , u ua ,

fr m th e R vis e d V rsi
o e e on .

W T P I L T ER . . .

W EL BEC K L O D G E,
NO R T H F NC HL EY , I
w t Febr u a ry , 1 90 7 .
 T A B L E O F C O NT ENT S

PA R T I
THE L A W O F H AMM U R A BI A ND MO SES
BY P F SS H
RO E G R I MM
OR U BER I

E

FO REW R O EN I S H E I T I N
D To THE GL D O

CH APT ER I
I NTR OD UCTORY
H mm b i r rd
a ura

s dp reco l ityTh t l i rib d
s an e so n a e s e a n sc e
with hi l w Th b r l i f l p t r d p it
s a s e as - e e scu u e u on

CH A PTER I I
T HE IN S C RIP T ION ON THE C OLU M N

Ex t ten d an di ti f th t x t A l gi l t i v t t m t
co n on o e e - e s a e es a en
f H mm
o a bi l d g I t i g i
ura

s o f Th
a e s s n ca n ce o r us e
C d o mp r t i v ly l t d v l p m t f B byl i
e a co a a e a e e e o en o a on an
i vil iz ti I t i h
C a on l g t th B byl i
s t us an a o o us o e a on a n
l g g f th m p ri d H mm b i l gi l i
an ua e o e sa e e o a ura

s e s a t on ,
th r f r by m
e e o e, r pr t primitiv S m i i
no ea n s e e se n s e e t c
l gi l ti
e s a on

CH A P TER I I I
THE C ODE A ND I TS SC OPE

S mm ry f th
u a o t t f th
e H mm r b i C d I t
co n en s o e a u a o e
w as n o t y t m f l b t ll ti f l w Th
a s s e o aw u a co ec on o a s e

r i l l i byl i Ki h i p nd
,

f ou so c a f t B
c a sse s o a n c en a on a ns a

9
10 T a bl e o f C o n t en ts
f mi ly th m t i mp r t t
a e itTh os mi i o an un e eco n o c c r
cu m f B byl i
st a n ce s o h im f h C d a on a at t e t e o t e o e
H mm r b i l i m b h h l w
a u a dt h p r m l g i
C a s ot t e a s an e o u a t on
O f th m ehi as d t hi g d s ow n , an no s o s

C H A P TER I V
HE C HARA CT ER O F HE BAB LONIAN C ODE
T T Y

Th e t d en y f H mm b i C d Th t f d m l
en c o a u ra

s o e e w o un a en ta
id f h C d w r ( ) h pr rv i f th l
eas o t e o e e e I t e ese a t on o e c ass
of mm co fr m ( ) th p r t i
on ee f pr p r yen ; 2 e o ec t o n o o e t
I p ri i p l
n d dm i i t r i
nc e it di ff r d f r m O l d
an a n s a t on e e o

S mi i
e I did
t c- t r g iz
t l igi m i v no e co n e re o us ot e or
ti
sa n c h t th r f r i m igh t b impr v d
on , n or t a e ea te t e o e

CH A P T ER V

THE COUR S E O F H MMU N W A N THE S OUR C E S

A R A B IA LA D
ND C OUR S E O F LE G I SLA T ION A M ON G T HE HEBRE W S
,

H mm b i l gi l ti
a ura b m wid pr d d l ti g

s e s a on eca e es ea an as n

h d i li m i I d h P t i r h
,

b ut a ff ts b t ts t a e ct e t e a r a c s, u not

h t i f I r l hi h h d i
e n a t on o p i l s ae w c a ts o w n s ec c aw
wh l i m t r w r O l d S m i ti
,

o se u t a e o o ts e e e c.
Th O ld A r bi
e mp l w r h i p Th M i a an te e o s - e o sa c
l gi l ti
e s a on

CH A P T ER V I
DI D HA MMUR A S C ODE INFLUEN C E HE MO SAI C
BI

T
LE G I S LAT ION
S m th i g m r t h
o e n p ri ri ty
o e ddf th l gi l ti
an f o n ee e or e e s a on o

p p
one l ff eo h f
e th r
to S i la ir m ect t at o ano e oc a C cu

f I r l
s ta n ce s r pr t d i h M i L
O s ae as e es e n e n t e o sa c aw
v ry di ff r f r m th f H mm b i C d , ,

e e en t o o se o a u ra s o e, as

l r h
a so w e e mi di ti t e Th p i ri
e co n od c co n on s e s t an

d y f h C d g ly di ff r dTh M i
t en en c o ea c o e rea t e e e o sa c

l mp l ly i d p d nt f h f B byl
a w co e te n e en e o t at o a on
 Ta bl e o f C o n t en t s I I

CH AP T ER V I I
DE TAI L ED PROOF O F HE M O S AI C I NDEPENDEN C E T OF
HA M MURABI
PA GE

Th b gi
e i g f th M i C d i t h r t h l f f
e nn n s o e o sa c o e n e s a o

Th B k f h C v

e oo C p i o f h t e o en a n t - o rn a r so n o t ese ,
l by l
c a us e wi h H mm r b i W h t v r i
c a u se , t a u a a e e s
mm
co h C d i r
on to t bl t mm
e tw o o es s t a ce a e o a co on

O ld S m i i b e t c a se .
M r g r l pr f f M i i d p d
o e en e a f oo o o sa c n e en en c e o

H mm r b i h w by th
a u a b f B byl
s i o n e a se n c e o a on an

l rm fr m th H br w l gi l i
aw te s o e e e e s at on
l i
.

C o n c us o n

PA R T II

T HE H I ST O RY A ND A R C HZEO L O G Y O F
T HE H AMM U R A B I A ND MO SA I C C O D ES

B HE R W T FI T Y T EV . . . L ER

CH A P T ER I
HA MM URA BI A N HE HEBRE W PA T RIAR C H S D T

S m
o v t i h h i t ry f th H mm r b i p ri d d
e e en s n t e s o o e a u a e o an

h ir b ri g th h i ry f th H b r w P tri r h
,

t e ea n on e st o o e e e a a c s 8!

CH A P T ER I I
HE PA T RIAR C HAL A N MO S AI C L A W
T D

Th e di ff r e b tw th iv i l l
e n ce edr hi h th
ee n e c aw un e w c e
H br e P tri r h
ew l iv d d th t f th Si i i
a a c s e an a o e na t c
C OV C D a n t o
9 o
9 Q 0 0
9 Q
I2 Ta ble o f C o n t en ts
CH A P TER I I I
EARLY I S RAE L A ND C ULT URE
P A GE
O tl i
u f th h i t r y f
ne o lt r i d r d I r l
e s o o cu u e n an a o un s ae
f r m th P tri r h t M
,

o e a a c s o o se s 91
A pp di x O th Egyp ti
en p r
: l m i G xl i 45
n e an e so n a na es n en . .
96

CH A P T ER IV
T HE HA M MURABI C ODE A N LA T ER I S RAEL D

Th e hi t ry f H mm b i C d ft r h i p ri dHi
s o o a u ra

s o e a e s e o s
l gi l i
e ibl
s a t on h l g l di f I r l
a cce ss e to t e e a co e rs o s ae as

l d by th
o s tu a te m dr r i i i m b t t lly t c o ta
p e o e n c s u w as

g r d by th m
,

I no e e

CH A P TER V

M O SAI C RI T UAL
A R C Hl EO L O G Y A ND T HE

Th e C r m i l Le e f th P t t
on a h d m dr aw o e e n a e uc an o e n
ar h l gi l di v ry Th i ri p i
c aeo o ca f i t sco e e n sc t on s o a n c en

A r bi d th m
a m t f t h Si i ti P i
a an e l on u en s o e na c en n su a

CH A P TER V I
MOSE S N I S RAEL A D

Th e h i t ri l t r i g p i t f th M i p i
s o ca u n n - o n o e o sa c er o dTh e
p r l i
e so n a y f M A Dt iv i lom t i h o se s ne e e en n t e Mo sa i c
l gi l i
e i l l S ip t r
s a t on , a s n a cr u e

CH APT ER V I I
LEV IRAT E M ARRIA G E
Th e l aw f l v ir t m rri g
o e ddi ti
a el a a e : an a on a a
pp l i ti
ca on

f Pr f r G imm m th d
12 ?
o o esso r e s e o
4
 Ta bl e of C o n t en ts I 3

C H APT ER V I I I
HAMMURA BI L A W I N MODERN PALE ST INE
P A GE

p r t i l w rk i g f ti f H mm r b i C d
Th e ac ca o n o a sec on o a u a 5 o e
i ll tr d by th l f P l ti
us a te e aw o a es n e n ow

A T ANS AT I N fr m th B byl i f th l w f H m
R L O o e a o n an o o se a so a

m bi h i h P r f r G ri m m m p r i d t i l
ura w c o e sso e co a es n e a

wi th th M i l w f Th B k f h C v t
e o sa c a s o e oo o t e o e n an .

(B i g th f ll i g
e n e oti f th C d
ow n 6 7 8
sec 4 on s o e o e 1 , 2, , , ,
1 ,

2 1 . 24, 5 7 . 63 . 1 1 7 . 1 2 5 , 1 9 5 . 1 9 6. 1 9 7 . 1 9 9 . 2 00 . 2 0 6 .
2 0 7 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 3 , 2 5 0 , 25 1 , 2 5 2 , 2 6 3 , 2 6 6 , 2 6 7 , a n d
2 80 )

IN D E!
 PA R T I

THE L A W O F H AMM U R AB I A ND MO SES

BY D R . H UBER T G RIMME
1 8 The L a w Ha mmu r a bi
of

wa y T
. h i p i i s Ow ld
n onstill
our m i v lid if t y
e a n a a an

ti m m r th r gh i v stig ti sh ld yi ld
e o e o ou n e a on ou e as a

r s lt th t i A r bi
e u a n atiq ity ivil l f d
an an u C aw o un ex

p r ssi
e ionf r m s
n si moil r t th s a f Ho mm r
o e bi o a u a

an dM s s o e .

H U BER T G R I MM E .

Ma r ch ,
1 906 .
 C H AP T ER I

I NTRODUCTORY
H m m b i r rd
a u ra dp r

sl ityTh M l i rib d wi th
e co s an e so n a e e a n sc e
h i l w Th b r l i f lp t r d p it
s a s e a s- e e scu u e u on .

T HE B byl o i r l r me d H mm r bi h l g
a n an u e na a u a as on

b k w t A ssyri l gists H
e en no n o th ixt h o o . e w as e S
i th s ri e s f th First D y
n e e ty p f B byl
o whi h
e nas a on , c

w as S miti dy sty
a e d h c r l d f ty na ,
an e u e - ve o r,

a c co rdi g t th r s
n r f rty thr y rs T h
o ano e ou ce, o - ee ea . e
d t f his r ig
a e o t y t b d t r mi d wi th
e n ca n n o e e e e ne

ce r t i ty b t it m y b pl d b f r C
a n ,
u a e a ce e o e B. . 2 1 00.

Hith rt ly r rds f H mm b i tivity

e o o ur o n ec o o a u ra

s ac

as r lr h v b
a ue sh r t hr l gi l t b l t
a e een a o c on o o ca a e

a b t d z m i r i s rib d m m ts d
ou a o en no n c e on u en , an a

s ri s f fty l tt rs f t h ki g t Si iddi m
e e o - ve e e o e n o n- na ,

his v ss l o l d m rsh l 1 Fr m th s
a a r e m y - a a .

o e e we a

[ Th i v l bl t bl t s mp i l d i th r i g f A mmi d g
a ua e a e co e n e e n o za u a,

r h K i g f B byl i i i t H mm r bi i i
,

th f e ou t n o a on a n su cc e ss o n o a u a s n
h Bri i h M d i p bli h d i P r t
,

t e tm (B
s 9 5 9 u se u u. -
an s u s e n a
V I (p l
,

d ) f th
a t es 1 0 a n i i l C if m T t1 1 Ao e o c a un e or ex r , e t c.

r l i i giv by P r f S y i h P di g f h
.

t a n s a t on s en o a ce , n t e r ocee n s o t e
S i y f Bi bli l A r h l gy J ry 89 9 ; M K i g h
.

oc et o ca c aeo o a n ua 1 r. n as

p bl i h d th x t t r li r i d r l i i v l ii d
, ,

u s e e te an s te a t on a n t a ns at on n o s. an

i ii t i L i di h f ll i g T N ]
.
,

s m etters , e tc. , en t o n e n t e o ow n n o te . RA S

1 [ Th l d h r m f H mm r bi ih
. .

e se m
e tt e rs a n ot e on u e n ts o a u a w t
ddi i l r m i f h p i d h v b p bli h d i i
,

a t on a e a ns o t e er o a e e en u s e n cun e
f rm x li r i f th m i R m l t r d
,

o t e t , t ra n s t e a t on o e sa e n to o an e te s, a n

( th h ir d v l m )
In e t E gli h tr o u l ti by M L rd W
e an n s an s a on r. eo n a .

I9
20 T h e La w
H a mmu ra b i of

g th er th t h e s co q er r i b ttl e ith th e
a a wa n u o n a w
El mi t s t h r l r f
a e , p w erf l S m iti
u e ki gd mo a o e u e c n o

whi h h k it t g th r i B byl i
c e n oh d f whi h
e e n a on a , a s ea o c

h e b r th titl s
o e Ki g f B byl Ki g o f S m r
e e

n o a on , n u e
an dA d Ki g o f t h Fo r Q rt e rs t h y l
c ca ,
n e u ua e a so

h w him t h v e b
S o gr t b ild r h d e di t d
o a e en a ea u e ,
w o ca e

his po w rs t th r ti o f t empl s m ki g
e o e e ec ls n o e , a n ca n a ,

an d th r p o f l d rt ki g ; th y d p i t h im
e ea ce u un e a n s e e c as

an a d m i is tr t r h o h di his
n a o h ds th thr ds
w a n ow n an e ea

o f ll t h
a ff irs gr t e a d s m ll a f th p
, bli ea an a , o e u c

b si ss f B byl i M r v r p o ss s hy m
u ne o a on a. o eo e , w e es a n

i whi h h is ddr ss d i
n c e m is t k bl m
a e r e n an un a a e ann e

as a g d o t l , st or a m di t r b tw ea th g ds as a e a o e een e o
an d m N v rth l ss i s p it e f l l th s d ds
en . e e e e ,
n o a e e ee

an d ttrib t s h a did o t pp r t h v m h
u e , e n a ea o a e uc

a dv t g v r o th e r gr t m o f B byl i
an a e o e d ea en a on an an
A ssyri hi t ry an s o .

F th Bibl st d t H m m r bi h
or e e wk d u en a u a as a a en e

a gr t r i t r st th
ea e ll t h
n e e ki gs f th ld r an a e n o e o e

B byla i p h b s his m e p p r p erh p s

on an e oc e ca u e na a e a s, a ,

i t h Bibl (G
n e xiv ) d er th f r m A mr ph l
e en . . 1 un e o a e
h e is th s o uf t h f r ki gs f t h E t
ne o h e ou n o e as w o, o n

th si o f w rlik x p di ti g i st S th r
e o cc a n o a a e e e on a a n ou e n
P l sti
a e s ssf lly tt k d b y A br h m
n e, w a s ucc e u a ac e a a .

T h H mm r bi e f A syri l gy h w v r h
a u a i o s o o , o e e ,
as n

th el st y r t b m H mm r bi f i
a ea or wo e co e a a u a o un

v rs l his t ry d h v
e a o t r d t h list f t h
, an as e en en e e e o e

l di g m s f tiq i ty This h g h b
ea n na e o an u . c an e as een
br ght b t b y t h d i ph r m t f
ou a ou l m t
'

e ec e en o a co u n se

K i g f th Br i i h M
n o e m d r th t i l
t s Tl L t d
u seu un e e t e, ze e ter s an

h r v l
, ,

I i
n scr p i f tH mm
on s bi io t m a ( L d 8 9
u ra8 n ee o u es on on , 1
T NS ]
,

RA

[ Thi hy m whi h i rv d br k f bl k
.

s n t c s ca e on a o en s ta u e o ac

b l i h Br i i h M m i giv i t x
,

a sa t n ow n t e t lis u seu s en , n e t , t ra n s t e ra
i d r l i i M K g L tt t r f rr d i
,

t on , an t a n s a t on , n r. in s e er s , e c e e e to n

t h pr di g
.
,
e e cet T N ]
n n o e. - RA S.
 In tro du ct o r y 2I

up by him d dis v r d t w rds th e d o f t h e

an co e e o a e n
y r 9 by th Fr h x p diti i v stig ti g
ea 1 01 e en c e e on n e a n

th e r i s fSs
u n o th it
u a , on ce
p l f i e t E la m e ca a o an c n

an d l t r th t f P rsi
a e a o e a.
F t h p r mp t p bli ti
or e o f th t xt u f thisca on o e e o
co u l m n h v e t t h k th
we a t d e i p h r r th
o an e a cu e c e e ,
e

D o mi i f th r Vi
n ca n a t S h il h p blish d d
e ,
n cen c e , w o u e an

tr sl t d it i th f rth v l m f th Mm
an a e n e ou o u e o e

oz r es

P rsi d l g ti th t w rk r sts *
o f th e e an Up e e a on . on a o e ,

s bst ti lly ll th t h si
u an a , a pp e r ad p asH m n ce a a e u on a

m b i C d wh th r tr sl ti i t rpr t ti

u ra s o e, e e as an a on or n e e a on ,
by G rm E glish d Fr h s h l rs
e an , n ,
an en c c o a .

T h H mm r bi t l
e a l m
u a sists f bl o k
s e a o r co u n co n o a c

o f di rit tr s f t i h s h ight
o 5 m
e 2 2
[ 7 4 % e ]
e d
ee nc e In e an

m r tho e 5 anm tr s I
[ 4 f t0 i h
e s ]e r m ee 1 1 nc e In c i c u

fr
e en ce ; its pp r d
on l rg rvi g i r li f ;
u e en

15 a a e ca n n e e

un d r th t w ll
e a ,
as th b k f th t t th r
e a s on e ac o e s e a, e e Is a

l g t xt ritt i th O l d B byl i
on e w en n dg writi g
e a on an w e e- n .

Th r li f r pr s ts Ki g H mm r bi st di g
e e e e e en n a u a an n

b f r th B byl i
e o e e g
a d (S h m sh )
o n a n su n - o P r f ss r a a . o e o
S h il h
c e st rt d th th ry whi h hith rt h b
as a e e eo , c e o as e en
g r lly
en e a p t d th
a cce t t h g st er s ,
f t h a t g r s e e u e o e w o u e

i di t th t t h g d Sh m sh di t t d th l g l d
n ca e a e o a a c a e e e a co e
t o Ki g H mm r bi p r d r whi h w ld l d
n a u a , a oce u e c ou ea
us t o l k p th loo u d r ligi
on e f B bylaw an e on o a on as

h vi g i r ity d it h ls b d s rib d
a n an nne un ,
an as a o ee n e c e

as a c o t rp rt f th s
un e a f th givi g f t h L
o e c en e o e n o e aw

on M t Si i B t th r pr s t ti
o un na . u rv d i e e e en a on ca e n

no wa y sig i s l l nthis F e rst a f l l t h i

. ip or o a , e n scr

ti i ts lf d s t t b f r
on e oe Sh m sh
no se b i ghe o e us a a as e n e

[ P ri a9 Th i
s, 1 xp di i
0 2. t t by th Fr
s e e h t on w a s sen ou e en c
G v r m t
o e n end th v r l v l m f Mem
an e se e a th o u es o oz r es a re e

f i l p bl i i r rdi g h r l f th l b r th
,

o c a u ca t o n s e co n t e e su ts o e a ou s o e
dl g i
e e at on M V S h il i o n s. l pr f r t l l e e s a so o ess o a

co e
r i q
. .

p t a due H tes E t d T N ]
a u es - u es. RA S.
22 T he La w Ha m m u r a bi of

t wh m H m m r bi w d h i l
o o a I f mp h sis i t
u a o e s aw . e a s o
b l id p
e a t h w rd u onf th p il e g o ( V s C o e e o ue er so, o '

xxiv 8 4 A t t h mm d f Sh m sh th gr t
.
,
'

.

e co an o a a ,
e ea

j dg f h v
u e o d rth m y j t i
ea en a n g f r t
ea h t h ,
a us ce o o In e

l d it m s t l b
an ,

ti d th t i th p r l g
u a so e no ce a n e o o ue

( R d eC l v
o, 4 ff )
o M . r d h. 1 h , is ls
. m d
e o ac , w o a o na e

th g d f l e o ( R do C l i aw is sig i e d o, h o . . n e as e

w hO h d t H mm r bi t
a se n th l
a d t sh r
u a o c a u se e an o a e

i t h p r t ti
n e f lo ec d th t on o th r p l aw ,
d
an a ano e a ce , a n

i thn p ileg ( Ve C l
o ue xxv 5 ff ) p s
er s o, ks f o . . 2 , ,
ea o

H m m r bi
a h vi g pr r d r p t f t h w rd
u a as a n o cu e es e c or e o

o f M r d h N e o if
ac m st r f r th
. ow ,
f rm s f w e u e e e se o o ex

p r i
e ss o nt t h p r l i
o m i g f t he l i
oc a q s t i n o e aw n ue on ,

t h r li f w
e e ld i di t l t h wh t th i ri pti
e ou n ca e e ss an a e n sc on

i t lf y
se sa v s m thi g q i t di ff r t fr m it
s, o r e en o e n u e e en o .

Ki g H m m r bi i p i t r d lift i g p th righ t h d
n a u a s c u e n u e an

t h o v b t thi g st r i thi g ls t h
ea en , u s e u e ill s no n e e an an us

t tira f th
on s t m ry B byl i
o e cu x pr ssi
o a t /i a on an e e on s

g ti ( lift i g p f th t r y r wh

a n u p o ; e . e. a e e n ce

th e s t m W t h i p r s rv d t
cu o ,
s d y pf e e e o o ur o w n a , h

lift i g p n h d i t ki g ths Whil

u on e an n t th a n oa . e as o e

a t tit d f Sh m sh it is
u e o ly th t f g d thr d
a a , on a o a o en on e

i dig ity
n h n b rs r mly i h i right h d t h
,
w o ea n s an e

e m bl m s f h i p w r
e o m ly s p tr ( P f / )
s o e , na e , a ce e or a t us

and

x r r i r r i
I t is th e e a ct e p o du c t o n o f t h e ep e se n t a t o n f o un d in
l i r h byl i
t h e eel /a o f t h e t e m p e o f S p p a [ in No r t Ba kk on a or A a d]

i ri h li z h i iv
.

Fr e d c D e t sc , in h is B a de! a n d s el , p p 4 8 , 4 9 , g es
ill r i hi whi h r x ly
. .

u st a t o n s o f t s od c c o r e s o n d m o st e a c t in
g p
e x i i h h bi
pr e ss o n a n d m e n t o th e S a m a s o f t h e Ha m m u ra s tel a

l iv i r bi hr
.

He a so g e s, o n p a ge 9 , a p ct u e o f Ha m mu ra , w h o 1 5 t e e
u n a cc o m p a n e d i by h h x ly yi i
S a m a s , in e a ct t h e sa m e p ra n g a t t t ude
a s in th e r li
e e f o n t h e st el a o fl aw s I t I S th e m o re in c o m p re
h r r h li z h ii
.

h e n sib l e , t e e f o e, t a t D e t sc ( in B a be! a n d s d, p 26)

h l r r li v li vi
. .

s o u d e re se n t t h e f t h e t l a s d d e n ce t ha t
p e e o n s e a a e
bi l i iv l vi
Ha mmura c a med to g e to h is pe o p e D i n e l a w , w ch hi
 In tro d u ct o r y 23

i
S n ce t h e Ha mmu r a bi g th e r fr m c o l umn as w e a o
a l di g r m rk f th i s rip ti m fr m
co n c u n e a o e n c on ca e o

th et mp l f Sh m sh t Si pp r
e e o tha r pr s t
a a a ,
so e e e en a

ti on f t h ki g p r yi g b f r Sh m sh m y h v
o e n a n e o e a a a a e

b ee n hos i h c enr f th l rd f th t t mp l
n on ou o e o o a e e.
A th r x mp l f this t l whi h
no e e a e o rdi g t th s e a, c ,
a c co n o e
e p il g o m st
u e, h v st o ud i t h t m p
a l fe M r o d o h n e e e o e ac

i B byl
n a pp sit t on O st t o f H mm r bi will
o e o a a ue a u a , ,

p r se um bly h va h w ,
t h a ki g ie p r y
S o e r b fo r n e n n a e e
the g d M r d o h e o ac .

h d b
a r v l d t h im by Sh m h [ Th igi l f th
e en e ea e o a as e or na o e
rv d l b fr m h mp l f Si p p r i t b d d b t
.

ca e s a o t e te e o a s o e a te a ou B. C
8 7 ( h gh p rh p i r h l r
.

0 t ou p d f e m a f m s, co d d ) ed o on e o uc o e a te an

B byl i d A y i
, ,

m y ba ei hse en n t e R m a f h on an an ss r an oo o t e
Br i i h M
t s m T bl C u se u C it i h a P l t ! ! II
e a se f s s o w n on a e o

f i l G id i d fpr i h
.
,

t h e o c a Th
u m
e e sa e a t t tu e o e so n s n t e

p r e se n ce f fo h g d
one i by o m r
t er t h B o by s s no ea n s a e on e a

l i
on an an iq i i I i f d g i h r m i h Bri i h
t u t es t s o un e. n t e oo n t e t s
m j r f rr d i W ll C N 7 h r th g r
.
. , ,

M useu ust e e e to , n a a se o. 2, w e e e u e

i l
s a so su
pp d b h t
o se f H mm to r b i l i h B by
e t a o a u a a so n t e a

l i l
o n a n ste e, i
hr h n c a se 1 0 1 , w r mi l mbl m e e t e a st o n o ca e e s
on h t e top f h i gh t h d f h m m t
o t e r h an m o t e on u en a re t e sa e as
on h bl fr m Si pp r l i th i mp r
t e ta et o a i t yli d r a so n e o ta n t a n c en c n e
sea l f h r i g f U G K i g f U m hr
o t e e n o r- t ri
u r, n o r, so e t ee ce n u es
or b f r H mm b i im i h pr
so e o e a ura f Si ( h

s t e, n t e e se n ce o n t e
m g )d
oo n - o h i gr hi t li b
s i C
e e n sc D dist sea s to e s e en n a se an s
g r d Pl ! ! III f i l G id Ag i
,

u e on f h a te i ho t e o c a u e. a n n t e
h bl k l f A m el N r
.
,

sa m e N ca se , 3 i o. 12 n t e ac st o n e se a o - ann a
b f r h m gd i N 5 l h wi g h
,

e o e t e oo n- o d n o. 1 1 a re s t o n e se a s o n t e
g d A h r bv d r wi h t A yri k i g
, ,

o ss u a o e a sa c r e t ee , t w o ss an n s
w r h ippi g i hi ti d d D i vi
o s n n t s at d ; i N
tu e , a n ne a tte n an ts n o.

10 8 i m il r l f
a s a Ili t h i ;
sea d i N o 68on e l f -a u an n O. a se a o
d k gr h i hi h h w h w r hi p f Sh m h h i
, ,

ar e e n sc st , w c s o s t e o s o a as w o s
th d fr m h b dy r y f li gh
,

t d
se a e on a ro n e a n d o w o se o a s o t a sc e n
Th H mm r bi i h lp r d h h d f h i l
.

at a u a n t e sc e n e scu tu e at t e ea o s aw

i r pr t d m r ly w r h i p p r b f r th
,
-o
s e e se n e e e
g d as a o s e e o e e sun

( Sh m h ) a asP r f G ri m m as do d P r f S h il e co n t e n s, a n n ot , a s o c e
r r i v i L w fr m h t g d
. .
,

st gg su d e ste g t h C
as d f e ce n e o e o a s o t a o

s
h d i h b d ly vi d t ll fr m f r h r
,

an s t us a un an t e en as w e as o u t e co n
i d r ti hi h t t d b l w (p TRA NS ]
, ,

S e a o n s, w c a re s a e e o . .
 C H AP T ER II

IN SC RIP T ION O N HE C OLU M N

T HE T

Ex t d
en t di i
an f h t x tA l gi l iv t
co n t on om t f t e e e s at e est a en o

H mm b i a l d g I ura ig i
s o f Th C d
a e ts s n c a n ce o r us e o e a
m p r i v ly l t d v l p m
a at f B byl i i viliz i en t o a t on
I i h
co e a e e e o a on an C
t l g t h B byl i l g g f h
s t us a n a o o us o t e a on an an ua e o t e
m sap r i d e H m m eb i o l gi l i th r f r by
- a u ra

s e s a t on e e o e, no
r pr ri i iv i l gi l i
,

m ea n s p m e S m
e se n t s t e e it c e s a t on .

T HE if rm t xt whi h v rs th gr t r p rt f
c un e o e c co e e ea e a o
t h p ill r l i m s t h
e a hi f i t r t Th r
C a e Ci t e n e es e e a re s x e en

.

co ul m s f 6 5 7 5 li s h th fr t d tw ty
n o ne ea c on e on , an en

e ight l m s co u h f 95 n ,
sh rt li
ea c th b o k -1 00 o n e s, o n e ac

o f it d th s t r d i t
,
an e e s ri p t m k p
u ne t
n o o ur c a e u a no
i sig i t v l m
n n ca n o u e.
Th t xt h b
e e h d d d w t as e enlm t an e o n o us a os
i j r d x p t th t
un n u e , e cel m s th bv rs
a ve co u n on e o e e

hv ba e m p l t ly
ee n his ll d w y This
co e e c e e a a . te

m rk bl a r s r is p r b bly t b t trib t d t
a e e a u e o a o e a u e o an

El m it ki g m d Sh t k N h rri d *
a e n na t eh u ru - ac un e , w o ca e

o ff div rs tr p hi s fr m B byl
e o t hi e o
p i t l a on o s ow n ca a ,

an d th r f r ish d th m wi t h
e e u n ript i
e p e s t an In sc on o r o
s ri p t r f rri g t hi m s lf O t / w ld b tr t d
c e e n o e . ur r e a ou e ea e

i th s m
n e y a d t th
e wa t d p rt, o f
an t h s rf o a en a e u a ce

[ Sh t k N h t u ru K i g f El m b t
- ac un e w a s n o a a ou B C 1 1 00 .
t m i v (wh i h t i x t t f th H m m r b i
. .

I n o e h c co n a n s t e te e c. , o e a u a

th r v l m
. ,

f th M m d l D el g m e oz r er

l )
ste a di an n o e o u es o e e a e a tz en

F m th l i t r r y p r t f m f th tr p h i h r r f r d t i
,

e e e a a o so e o e o es e e e e re o s

p bl
u i h d
,

s eT N ] . RA S.
26 T h e La w
H a mm u ra bi of

for th A ssyri ki gd m ; fo t o ly is his m tt o

e an n o r no n o
l k f d m t l id th t th str o g sh o ld t
i e, un a en a ea a e n u no

i j r th w e k r p t d by l t r r l rs
n u e e ga by e ea e a e u e , a s, c .

S rga d by A ss rb i p l f A syri b t t h r h v
on a n u an a o s a, u e e a e

l b f d b th i th libr ry f th A ssyri
a so e en o un , o n e a o e an

ki g A ss rb i p l d i th r i s o f B byl
n u an a an n e u n a on ,
fr g m ts f l w whi h e
a en s e to b p rt f
o a s c ar n ow e n e a o
H m m b i l egisl ti
a u ra

s a on.

Th e vl a ue of is rstly
Ha mmura b i s
Co
f o r us d e , ,

th t a it h l p s
t ll p g
e o k w u a r ea t a
gp in o u r no

l dg f t h
e e o i t E st e ly
a n c en l k a , n ame , t h e ac of a

p r s rib
e c d st de rd f l an gr st s
a o aw f o r th e ea t a te of
N r r A si
ea e d f r th r th t it r p r s t s t
a, a n ,
u by e ,
a e e en o us

far th ld st itt d m t i th d v l pm t
e o e w r en o cu en n e e e o en

o f h m u l gi l ti ;
an ewhi h t i i p t t h
s a on on e c an c a es e
L aw f M s s by 6
o o ey r th t f M by 00 e a s, a o an u 1 000

y rs d th t f G ty [i C r t ] by 6 y rs
ea ,
an a o or na n e e 1 00 ea ,

an d th s m rits t h righ t f b i g t k
u e i t e o e n a en n o con

sid r ti i l l q sti s r l ti g t th d v l pm t
e a on n a ue on e a n o e e e o en
o f h m ul an N v rt h l ss
aw . m st t th e ts t
e e e ,
w e u a e ou e
r mly fr t t h x gg r t d x p t t i s wi th
con on e e a e a e e ec a on
whi h p rh p s m y gr t th C d f H mm r bi
c , e a ,
an ee e o e o a u a .

T h b gi e i gs f i iliz t i i B byl i
e nn n o l t
c v a on n a on a a re os
i t h m t h ry
n e os oa
tiq i ty N S m i ti i rigi an u . on e c n o n ,

it w as d p d d d v l p d p rh p s b t
t a o e an e e o e e a a ou B C

. .

4 ooo b y S m i t i i m m igr
e ts T h g c f H m an . e a e o a

m bi
u ra ld lr dy j y th ri p fr i ts f t hi
co u a ea en o e e u o s

d bly r t d l t r
ou oo e d th C d cu f H m u e, an e o e o a

m b i is
u ra rt i ly i p rt v ry l t ll ti
ce a n n f a a e a e co ec on o

l g l d isi s whi h h d b
e a ec on rriv d t l g c a e en a e a on

A lth gh th r f r its r l t iv ou g m , y t e e o e, e a e a e a a

[ S m y di ee i f h pp scuss o n o 3 b l w T N ] t ese , 1 0 2, 1 0 e o ~ - RA S.
v l m f hi Mm wh i h i Hm
. .

1 I h

t co n t a n s
'
n e o u e o s oz res c a

m bi l P r f V S h il h bl i h i ri i

ura s a w s,
p o d .
p t
. fc e as u s e an n sc on o
 T he I n s cri p t i o n on th e C o l u mn 2 7
rst i mpr s s y t its bs l t
e us, e tiq ity is by a o u e an u no

m s g r t d Highly d v l p d lt r is
e an ua a n e e . e e o e cu u e

a lw ys f r i g h s f id s ; by t th t whi h i
a a o c n - ou e or ea i a c n

p rim itiv ir m st
e c s hcu d r m i d
a n ce l g ti ma i t he a ne a on e n e
g r m is ft br ght t ri p ss
e o en ou v v r ri p ss
o en e , or e en o e - en e ,

wi th gi t strid s T h B byl i d v l pm t f
'

an e . e a on a n e e o en o
l g g sh ws si m il r f t r s t th B byl i
an ua e o a ea u e o e a on an
d v l pm t f l g g whi h i m r t h
e e o en o an ua e c , n o e an on e

p i
o n t h d , lr dya i tah t
ea hird m , ll ni m b ef r i en u e o e

C hrist m r t h r ghly , o e d p d w r w y it
o ou u se u an o n a a s
so u n ds th m y th r S m iti di l t whi h ly
an an o e e c a ec s c on
ca m t li t r ry bl ss m t h
e o e a d f y rs l t r
o o o u sa n s o ea a e ,
a s,

f or i st n th N r th A r bi Ethi p i
a n ce , e o d v a c, o c, an e en
t h A mh ri
e f a ti m s S h l g l i s t i t ti s
c o o ur o w n e . uc e a n u on

as m i t i t h O l d S m i ti st d p i t t thi d y i
a n a n e e c an o n o s a n

t h A r bi
e d s rt f m il s s th f B byl i
a an e e , a ew e ou o a on , n

B byl a i t lf f r t h s d y rs rli r h d b
on se ou ou a n ea ea e a e en

dr w i t t h str m f
a n n o elt r h d l t t h ir pri mi
ea o cu u e, a os e

ti v e n e ss, a n d r iv d mp
ece ti e pasr ti co lly e n sa on a ac ca

m di d f r m whi h
o e o mm d t d it lf t c a cc o m y o a e se o an

n ew di ti
con Th o n s. i m m di t ly fr m thu s w e ca n e a e , o e

p r gr
o ss f e B byl oi al t r wi t h
on an cu t f r t h r p ru e, f ou u e oo ,

dr w th a l i t h t H m m b i C d i th r
e co n c u s o n a a u ra

s o e ne e
r p r ts t
e e se n p ri m iot i v S
us m iti l gi l t i e e c e s a on n or

gr t ly l rg s
ea en a k wl dg f th p hist ori
e o ur no e e o e re - c
tim s ef l o aw .

t h p ri
e k i g f S K rib h Sh h i k h i h t j dg
e st - n o u sa a u s a us na w c o u e
r ig l h C d Th i r l r
, , ,

f m h
ro t e w it n ld is a t e a st a s o as t at o e. s u e

l l ik H m m r bi r f h im l f h h x r i d j t
,

a so , e a u a a sse ts o se t at e e e c se us

j dgm hi i y dh i v k
,

u en t i n s c t th an f ll h g d
e n o es e c u rse o a t e o s
u p on ev ry e h on e y w t r
o ca uses a n
g h i l on e to ans re ss s aw .

 C HA P TER I I I

T HE C O D E A ND I TS SC O P E

Su mm a ry f th t o t f h C d Th h w h it
e co n e n s o t e o e e se s o t at w as
n ot y m fl b a s ste ll i f l w Th f
o aw ut a co e ct o n o a s e o ur

il l i B byl i K i hi p d f mily
,

so c a f c a sse s o a n c en t a on a ns an a

th m e i mp r o st i Th mi oi r m f
ta n t u n t e e co n o c c cu st a n ce s o
B byl
a i h i m f th C d H m m r b i l im
on a at t e t e o e o e a u a c a s
b h h l
ot td t h pr m l g i
e a w s anf th m hi d e o u at on o e as s ow n, an

n ot h is go ds .

WE t r t th
u n n ow t ts f th C d b f r
o e co n e n o e o e e o e u s.
A sh rt o m r ti f t h l g l m t t rs d lt wi t h
en u e a on o e e a a e ea

m y giv
a id e f its
us a n mp r h siv ea ss th y
o co e en en e e

a re p rtlya ri m i l p rtly
c iv il snas d
,
a d id d c ca e ,
an a re ec e

i t h f ll wi g rd r
n e o o Th n ri mi lity f b
o e : d e c na o an an

w it h r ft wh
c c a mp l y d t t h i j ry f
en e th r
o e o e n u o an o e
r, th l t th e l m i ti
aw as f l g l o e ca u n a on o e a

wi t ss ne 3 4 )
es t t h p
,
d i s t as f o e er o us en e n ce s o

j dg s 5 ) p pr p ri ti f th p r p rty f th rs
u e a o a on o e o e o o e

6 4) s p dkid ppi g f sl v s 5 )
1 e ca e an na n o a e 1 20

r bb ry
o e f d l r l ti s t t h ki g
21 eu a e a on o e n

6 2 r l ti s b tw e a w r f l d don e e en o ne o an an

cu l t iv t r a o4

5 ) r s p sibility
2 with r2 f r t e on e e en ce o

th e b rsti g f d m s d i d t i s
u n o a 53

5 6 ) an n un a on

sh ph rds d p st ri g
e e an 5 7 a u rs n d , ow n e an

cu ltiv t rs f g rd s
a o o59 a H r f
en ll ws t h e e o o e
bl k s p i whi h th r i r m f b t t hir ty
an a ce n c e e s oo or a ou

e p r gr p hs s o me f whi h
v a a a rt i ly tr t d of
,
o c ce a n ea e

28
 T he C od e an d its Sco pe 29

th e hiri g f h o s s [Th i s ri pti is o

n o u e . e n c on n w c on
t i ed
nn th on bv rs f th k im] I t tr ts f
e o e e o e s ea o

r l ti s b etw ee b si ss m
e a on n ppu r ne tly m r h t en , a a en e c an

an d r t il r e a m iddl m
e or e an f 1 00 o in n

k pi g
ee n 8 1 0 pp p r ri ti f a s g m o ts a on o co n i n en

p r s ti f
o ec u d bt on 3 or de p sit 1 1 e o

o f r d bj ts f v l
co n an o ec o a uei s lti g 1 20 n u n

a w m o ith r d di t d t
an e e ge d ca e l wf l wif o a o or a a u e
m rri g l ws p rti l rly m tri m i l
a a e a , a cu a a on a

p pr o rty e l aww ll as diti e s f as m rri g co n on o re a a e

r p di ti f hildr e u a on o c en

p osit f
io n o hildr by
c d ff r tenwiv s d i f wid
e en ws e ,
an o o ,

with r s p t t i h rit e ec o n 7
e a n ce m rr g 1 0 a ia e
b twe fr p rs s id b d l v s
ee n ee e on ar 75 on s a e 1 ,

p r o vis s io n t t h as m o rri g e f re - wid w h

a vi g a e o a o a n

y g hildr
o un c en p si t i f f m l o on o a e a e

ds e c en d t ( s p i lly f
an e ec a m rri g b l t m pl
o a n on - a a ea e e e
virgi f t m pl d s tr t girl ) with r s p t t t h
n ,
o e e an ee s e ec o e

p t r
a e na l s t t e a e 7 8 f st 1 r hildr d o e -
c en an

a d pt i
o on 85 1 blig ti s f t r s o a on o w e -n u se

lgl e s q a s f
con e si g b dily i
u e n ce o ca u n o h

j ri s
u e 95 1 f s f t h high ree rd r fo e e o e o
d t rs d p lti s t whi h th y w r li bl
oc o an en a e o c e e e a e
215 3 ) -
t
22 h m with r e g rd
sa t de, t rs f e a o oc o o
an i f ri r rd r
n e o o 4 e h rg s p y bl t
22 c a e a a e o
h s b ild r
o u e- u d p
e s, lti s t whi h th y w r
an en a e o c e e e
li bl
a e 8 22 dit t wi t h r g rd t shi p o e a o
b ild r
u e s 3 4 2 f w
, rs hir rs o d th o ne , e , an e
m ann n i g f hi p o s 36 s f llisi s b tw
2 o co on e ee n
shi p s t h r q isi ti e d hiri g f d m sti
e u on an n o o e c

an im l a s 4 2 f b dily i j ry by g ri g
1 o o n u o n

o x en 5

5 )
2 0hiri 2 g tr 2 t i s i n ld l b r
a n sa c on n e a ou

5 32 r m p f e co i m p l m t
e n se f h or e en s o us

b dry st l
an o en 5 9 righ 2 t ,d d ti s f s an u e o
h rd m
e en 6 2 hir f b e ts f thre shi g
1 e o as or n
 3 0 T h e La w Ha mmur a bi of

68 2 hir f w gg s e o 7 ox - a on 2 1 ,

l b r t riff f l b r rs d r tis s
a ou a or a ou e 73 7 4)
an a an 2 ,
2

t ri ff f hir f shi p s
a or e o 75
77) f t h sl v tr d 2 2 o e a e - a e

7 8 - 8
2
) p 2ish m
1 t f r b lli
un s l v s
en o e e ou s a e

I nthis m l ti t d f s s u u m i s t h l di g
e o ca e w e s e ea n

thr d ea th t th wh l pr ts its lf t th m i d
, so a e o e e se n e o e n

m r o e a s a co ll ti f l ws th ec on o sy t m f l a a n as a s e o aw .

I n rd r t p t t i t th s pirit f th C d it
o e o en e ra e n o e o e o e
a pp rs
ea ss ry t
n e ce f r m a id fo t h o s i l d an ea o e oc a an

eco n o m i m d s f lif whi h l y t th b sis f it

c o e o e c a a e a o
an d diti d it vir m t
co n on e s en on en .

Th s i l rg iz ti
e oc a f B byl
o an is h w by th
a on o a on s o n e
C d o t e si t f f r l ss s ( ) th ki g wi th
o co n s o ou c a e : 1 e n ,

th e rt d pri sts ; ( ) th m ip t d ; (3 )
c ou an e 2 e e an c a e

o rdi ry fr m ; (4) sl v s
na ee en a e .

) 1W s k fre i t l ssly
ee i H m m u b i
e l g isl ti n a ura

s e a on
f or l ws g v r i g t h rst f th s l ss s hi y
a o e n n e o e e c a e , c e

b s th ki g
ec a u e e s r f th l
n , as st ds high
o u ce o e aw ,
an

a b v it i r l t i t h im v ry
o e n e a on ls is thi g
o ,
e e on e e e no n

m r th o e sl v an a I t is tr
a e H m m r bi ue a u a

gl ior hi ms lf
es g d ki g t e as a th oo h ph rd n , a o n ce e s e e
an d f th r f his p p l i th t
a e o h s p ks t h l
eo e, n a

e ea e aw

f th l d m k s k w t h d r f th l d

o e an ,
a e no n e e c ee o e an ,

p r r
oc u es t h w ll b i g f t h e e - try e n d s f f rs o e c o un , an u e

no t th s r f disq i t b t h is y t m r A
e cau e o u e u e e o e. s

divi ki g f th ity (f l l
ne n o l ) h j i s h im
e c

u s za r a i , e o n
s lf t t h g ds f t h l d d with t h m r iv s
e o e o o e an ,
an e e ce e

th d r ti f his s bj ts Th hy m t H mm r bi
e a o a on o u ec . e n o a u a

m ti en d b v (p ) th s rr s p ds t wh t
on e a o e . 20 u co e on o a

h h r s ys f hi m s lf
e e e a Ab
o t t h ki g e . iv r l ou e n ,
a s un e sa

p ri n ce, t h rt ( z
e e l ) rr
cou g s it lf ; a whil a an e se e, as a

s p irit l p w r h st ds i l s
ua o e , e an ti wi th th n c o e c o n n ec on e

p ri stly
e l ss O
c af t h l g. l r l ti s f e b t h e t h a e a on o o ese

g p s th C d b f r
ro u , e m k s
o e m ti
e o e us th t a e no en o n , so a

it is p r s m d th t i th B byl
e u e ai n l t th r e a on a n cu ur e e e
 T h e C o de an d i ts Sco p e 3 !

t g th r wi th this itiz s l b ok f rth r

w a s, o e e c en

aw - o ,
a u e
on e f th or bility d p ri sth o o d O C d
e no an e . ur o e

t i s l gl d e isi s o ly f er t i gr p s o
co n a n e a c on n or c a n ou c n

t d wit h th
n ec e rt d p ri sth o d d th s ote cou an e o an o e n
t d by b irth s h
co n n ec e rt p r m rs , uc as cou a a ou or

court s s e an rt sl v s ls o w me co u a e a o n

d v t d t th g ds
e o e o w ll t h s e t i
e o as e as o no n a

v t
co n en
) t m p l virgi s1 1od t m p l e p r o
,
sti e e n an e
t u te s
( ) 2 Th e Marb a n tr th o s e wh o m m
'

y d a reig w e a es
na et s
th e e co n d l ss ; th s P r f ss r S h il p
c a e e o e o c e su

p s
o e s to b e t h e n obility D H Wi kl r d th rs ,
r. . nc e an o e ,

with m r pr b bili ty t h fr d m o f th
o e o a rt ( d
, e ee en e co u an

i its s rvi e)
n e T h y p p r t h v e st d i
c . e l s a ea o a oo n c o e

r l ti t th
e a on o rt e whi h might b d t
co u c e ue o
t h ki g h vi g b
e n a m n th ir e m ip ti th ir
e co e, on e an c a on , e

p r t
o ec o t r I f .wh e th y s ff r d b dily i j ry t h e
n e u e e o n u

o d

en h d t
er p y
a th m o m y m p a s ti e on e co en a on
i st d f r ivi g r t li t ry p ish m t this
n ea o e ce n e a d a o un en , n ee

no t b tk
e a viden t h t th ir p siti
as e en ce a e o on w as

i f ri r t th t f th fr l ss s f t th r t f
n e o o a o e ee c a e , or a e oo o
th i s ex p ti l l m y b th id th t th tr s ry
ce on a aw a e e ea a e ea u
o f t h ki g sh ld dr w p r t fr m th e priv t e ff irs
e n ou a o o a a a
o f his p tg ro s.

(3 ) With t s p iou l p rivil g s d stri tly r str i d

ec a e e an c e a ne

by l g l blig ti s
e a o th
a gr t l ss f o rdi ry
on w as e ea c a o na

fr m ee en itiz s ( md f m
or c en Th C d a u, e . e o e
bri gs th m b f r
n e mp r ti ly
e o e u s a co mp t m ss a a ve co ac a
ne ev rth l ss th r e e , vid s th t it
e e a re e mp s d e n ce a w a s co o e ,

i m r
n i t d ys f s v r l s m ll r g i t
o e a n c en a , o e e a a e o r a n z a 1 o n s,
a s, ra a,g t h i e f t w sm
un o n
( )
l with
o t h e higho n en a u ,

o f i l (R h m )
c a a t its h

a
d this
z
p ra b bly f ea w as o a o

Th e rr p dco f H mm r b i
es o n d Si iddi m
e n ce o a u a an n- na
m en i R bi
t on s a f h a n usv r l i i Thi f pp r
o t e se e a c t es. s o ce a ea s
to hv b m b l
a e eco t l
e o g f t r t h ir ti m
so e te n o on a e e e.
 3 2 T he L a wHa mmu r a bi of

O l d S miti rigi ; th r
e c o ls th n i f
e e was a o e un on o
th s h dw lt i th s m distri t (pi/ mm
o e w o e n e a e c ,

A m g th h d w rk rs (m
on e an mm ) x p t p
- o e ar u za e ce er
h p s rtis t h h w v r d r O ri t l
a a s, w o, o edi ti se ,
un e en a co n on
r k d with th rtis s th r w r g ilds
an e e a an e e e e u .

Th m st i mp ort t
e o f ll s i l mbi ti s
an o a oc a co na on
a pp rs in H m m
ea , bi t h v b a th t f ki hi p
u ra , o a e ee n a o ns

an d f m ily a It t it is t r
. v ry vi d t h f
18 n o ,
ue , e e en ow ar

bl d r l ti ship m rri g f ity xt d d d

oo e a on or a a e a n e en e ,
an

a s a con sq it s m s t
e u en ce f lif i l rgso ee o us o e n a e
t w s th v l f f mi d r l ti shi p is t
o n , e a ue o a a r-ra e e a on no

m r pr mi
o e tly br ght f r rd ; b t m h th
o n en ou o wa u so uc e
m r s pi s d s H mmur bi s m ll r it f
o e co n cu o u oe a a 5 a e un o

th ef mily s t d t b for
a an I t his t h
ou f th r
e e u s. n e a e

p l ays t h r li g p ert t h u m th r
n m r s b rdi t
a ,
e o e a o e u o na e

r ry
"

p a t b ut, t f b
no j t i f
on e E m
o h
su ec on ve an w o

m rri d m d
a e h s f hi m s lf ; v ry girl h
a e a ou e or e e e w o was

m ri d l s t t h t f h
ar e o f th r d ld ly i it
a o er a e , an c ou on w n

a g i i x p ti l s s M rri g t k p l by
a n n e ce on a ca e . a a e oo a ce
gr m t b t w h sb d d th f th r i

a ee en th e een e u an an e a e -n

law M tri m y i B byl i it is m if t h d

. a on n a on a, an es , a

g r wo t f
n ou f r m f i
o g p ar h s o f t h o f t hw r - u c a e, or e a e

i l
n aw t v r g i s t m rri g p rt i (f i /t m)
se o e a a n a a a e o on r a

p aid t h im ot h d ry ( / g )
t e f h i d
ow g h t r ; s zer z u o s au e

p erh p av h g
s e v t hen t h em rri a g pe r t o t er e a a e o io n a

h er m rri g a a S ttl m t
e p r s m bly i e e e n s, e u a n

th f rm f m r i g gift s ( im ) wly
e o o r st - f
o n n t h n un n u o e ne

m rri d h b dt h is brid
-
by m s r r

a e us an o e , a re no ea n a e.

B byl a i m rri g on an s ti lly m g m i i

a a e w a s e se n a on o a c n

c h r tr b
a ac e ,
m ld b th h b d f
e ca us e a an cou e e us an o
5
on ly wif ( k /t m ls { m
on e e as s dia ) a ,
If a o r or r a l .
,

h w v r his wi f b r
o e e ,
h im ff pri g h m i gh t
e o e no o s n ,
e

l g wi th h h v
a on d ry wi f ( / gf ) b t
er a e a se c o n a e s zu u u

b id th / g
es es h b r th
e s z u ez u w hildr
'

s
o do e e c en , n o e co n

w as a ll w d h im o e Th s b rdi t wif vr e u o na e e ne e
34 T h e La w Ha mmu ra bi of

Th l ws f H mm r bi i f r m
e a o a u a f th n o mi l us o e ec on o ca

con di t i f his
on s o try i c o unm p r h siv m n a co r e en e ann e ,

so th t m y s p r t f t r s whi h h v p r vi ly
a an e a a e ea u e ,
c a e e o us

b m k w fr m
e co e no n tr ts f his
o co n ac d f o ow n an o a

l t r ti m
a e e, n o w a
pp r i f ll r ea d mn r a mu p l et an o e co e e

f r m T h p r s p rity f B byl i d p d d i
o . e o e o a on a e en e ,
n a

l rg m r p t h v ry th r gh l tiv ti f
a e e a su e , u on e e o ou cu a on o
th e s il d this
o an ly p ssiblw a s on l g tho e as on as e

l sy t m hi h d t d fr m pri m itiv ti m s
,

ca n a s e w c a e o e e
w as r g l rly k p t i rd r H
e u a e n o th egr t sig i
. e n ce e ea n

ca n c e f th o p lti p r s rib d by H mm r bi
e en a es e c e a u a

53 5 ) 6 f gl t
or n e f t h d mec s B o t th gh
e t h
a . u ou e
l d
an w a s so th r ghly l tiv t d th t littl m t i
o ou cu a e a e en on
is m d f w st l ds y t v ry di ff r t p rs s h d
a e o a e an , e e e en e on a

a sh r i th di ff r t p r p r ti s Th ki g hi m s lf
a e n e e en o e e . e n e

o w d l rg p rt f t h l d
ne a a e a o th r p rt e an th ano e a w as e
r
p p o rty e f t h o fr m e N t
ee hi g is
en id i t h o C d n sa n e o e
p rh p s th missi is id t l f th l d d
.

e a e o on a cc en a o e an e
r
p p o rty e f t h o t m p l s e T he gr e d b. l gi g et o un e on n o

t h ki g
e n
p rtly
w as sig a d f as d l t ne r (i l
on ) t eu a en u e u o

o i i l f
c a s, x m p l s ldi rs ( i ) f m l m t d
or e a e o e ra n , or e o u en ,
an

p a r tly f r m ad t ef x
ou d r t
or a(6 7 m ) O e t h r l en ds 1 . e an

b l g d t t h fr m
e on e o e f th ee ity en f th p l i
o e c or o e a n .

Th r e e a re m r s i di ti
nu e ou h w v r th t th
n ca o n s, o e e ,
a e
l d
an w asg tly i th p w r f t h iti s
rea n e o eth t o e c e , so a

fr q tly t h w rs w r t th ltiv t rs T h
e ue n e o ne e e no e cu a o . e

p pr o rty e f r m
w as d t
a t t h
e rs ith
ou r f o x
o d e ,
e e or a e

r t 45) f
en or rt i p rt f th p r d
o r a ce a n a o e o uc e

an d th r t t e s t t i fr q tly h d d v r th
en a n no n e uen an e o e e

ld t
e o b t
a su t Th w rki g x p s s whi h
- en an . e o n e en e , c

wr e e c o n n ec e t d i s p i l y wi t h th wid ly r m i
n a ec a w a e e a

f yi g syst m f
n e b l tti g w r
o su -e ft m t by l s
n ,
e e o en e oan ,

e vid tly fr m m y l d ers i th t w s Th gh

en o on e - en n e o n . ou

un d r th s
e e e di t i s p s t l ss
con on a bl t
ea a n c a w as a e o

m i t i its lf th r h d f
a n a n e , e e l g tim b a or a on e een no
 T he C o de an d i ts Sco p e 35
ro o m for i d pe d t sh eph erd l ss d s h
an n e n en c a , an uc

ca t tl e asw r k p t b l g ed hi y ith r t th ki g
e e e e on c e e e o e n

or t t w p e pl
o o n g g d i t h e t rpris
o e en ah e n en e e, w o
hir d t th ir i m ls 0 g v th em o v r t k p rs
e ou e an a 1 a e e o ee e
t p st r
o a u e .

T h gh th w l t h f th l
ou e d ea r is d by th o e an w as a e e
v ry th r gh ltiv ti
e o ou f th s il b y m
cu a ons f o e o ea n o

p l ou gh w t r, wh l a ed- w l l b k t
ee y t
, it an f d e - uc e e o un
it s wa
y f t h ,
m st
or p rt i t oe t h gr o t t w s a ,
n e ea o n .

T h r w r th gr t m r h t s (d mg )
e e e e e ea h h d e c an a ar , w o a
a b t th m m l tit d f m iddl m
ou e a u g ts t o
u e o e en or a en
wh m th y l t m y o h d d v r m r h dis e
o e en on e r an e o e e c an

for sl a e. Th e t o w s w r th t n f w ll e e e c en re o a e

d v l p d m y b si ss wh r eby sil r ( p )
e e o e on e u ne e ve as u

M
,

f r ish d th st d rd f v l
u n e e an y
a s p i olly a ue. on e , e ec a
a s ca p it l b r iag i t r st
ea p l y dn m o st
n e e i m p rt t ,
a e a o an

p rt
a i b si
n ss lif u A t
ne t h s m ti me. p y m t e a e e, a en

o ld b m de i p r o d r l ti f whi h t
-

c u e a th n uc e , e e a on o c o
m oney rdi g t th ki g s t ri ff
w as

a cco n o e n

a

in e x p ti l s s f x mp l i th e s ttl m t f
ce on a ca e ,
or e a e n e e en o
a d b t bj ts f v l h d t b
e , o ec o p t d
a ue i p y a o e a cc e e n a

m t en Th g i s
. f t w e lif is sh w ls by
en u o o n e o n a o
m y th r t k s
an o eT h s th r w r h
o en . s s whi h u ,
e e e e ou e c
wr lt f
e e e y rly orr t i a m y; b t
ea th en n on e u as e
a gr m ts w r li bl t b
ee en e e ll e d t y ti m
a e o e c a n ce a an e,
t h hir r f
e e h s o t h v b h ld i m h
a o u e ca n n o a e e en e n uc
e st m G r t st r h s s xist d
ee . ea o e ) wh ou e r i e e 1 20 e e n ,

f or d it p y m t i r
e n e a r e ls w r r iv d
en n c o n , ce a e e ec e e
for st r g o a P bli c h e . s s whi h w r rri d
u - ou e
,
c e e ca e on
by w m sh w o en t h r sid e
, o f t w lif ; t t h
an o e o o n e a e
s m ti m
a e is s p p s d th y w r s d l p
e, a s u o e , e e e u e as u a ar za
'

T h e w rk m s i s lr dy m ti d
o en un o n a ea en one

h d a rt i gr d s h s
ce a n d shi p b ild rs st d
a e : ou e an u e oo
high r th t h rd i ary r ft sm s h m s
e an e o n c a an , uc as a on ,

P 3 bv . 2, a o e.
3 6 T he La wHa mmur a bi '

of

p ott r a
e rp ,t r
c t il r v t ri
en e ry s rg
,
a d h o ce
, e e na - u eo n , a n en
r iv d th ir p ym t i th f r m f f (gi / t
ece e e a en n e o o a ee s z u,

8
22 ,
t i th t f w g no n 4 a o a es 22 ,

B t t w
u iviliz ti sh ws i ts lf p i lly i th
o n c a on o e es ec a n e
a ll p rv di g
- e st m
a n v cublig ti f p tti g
o or e en o a on o u n

i t writi g ll b si ss f p bli
n o n a d priv t lif
u ne o u c an a e e.

Th e dr wi g p f a wri tt d m t ( 1 1515
n u o a en ocu en 1 24 21 ,

k un u k ) p l y d u d it p t w ll i
a e a rts f
e n e ar as e n co u o
j ti
us ce d j di i l s t
an s i m y m tt s
u c a e n en c e as n on e a er

an d m m r i l d li gs i wills d w i s
co e c a ea dsi m il r
n , n , o r e ,
an a
tr s ti s
an ac on .

A s r t w e th s s p r t f t r s i th i
e ec on e e e a a e ea u e n e r
en tir ty e r g iz B byl ia s i ty
,
w e eco n e a on n oc e as an

o rg is m wh r i th gr t s t t vi ty d ti l
an e e n e ea e ac i an co n n ua

m v m t w r
o e en diti s f its b i g Th p rs it
e e con on o e n . e u u

o f g i a n str ggl f xi t
,
a u s h is i t rw v
e or e s en ce, uc as n e o en

wi t h th mi s f m d r
e ec o n o iviliz ti c s tit t d
o o e n c a on , con u e

e v th th hi f f t r i t h li f f m st f th
en en e c e ac o n e e o o o e
i t B byl i s W w d ri gly k rs lv s
a n c en a on an . e on e n as ou e e
wh th r th t whi h ts b f r th y s f m y p
e e a c oa e o e e e e o an er

s s th ir
on as p ti e f O ricon cet l lif m ly m
on o en a e, n a e ,
co

f t bl
or a j ym t
e en o t mpl tiv r p s tt i d
en or co n e a e e o e a a ne

by f r t t ir m st s wh th r th s w r l k
o un a e c cu a n ce e e e e e e ac

i g t
n th o t mp eri s f H mm r bi A l g
co n e o ra e o a u a . on
wi th m t ri l i ms w r th r t i t ll t l bj t s
a e a a ,
e e e e no n e e c ua o ec

a ls whi h p p r d w rth s ki g ? T h sw r t
o c a ea e o ee n e an e o
s h q sti s is t t b g t fr m H mm b i
uc ue on no o e o o a u ra

s

l ws Th p pl wh s ir m st s his C d
a . e eo e o e c cu a n ce o e w as
i t dd t rgl t
n en e o ly th gr t m ss h
e u a e w as on e ea a w o

sa w i b dily l b r
n o i b si ss t h ir p p i t d
a ou or n u ne e a o n e

l t
o . A th y h d s p rtie i p t i a i t h l ws
no m d a c a on n e a a e
for t h high r e l ss s th e tc a bility d p ri t
e e c o ur no an es

h d ith r h d th y y sh r i th s lf h
, ,

ne e a e an a e n e e -c o se n
oo ,

i t ll t l p rs its whi h s m t r l m g p r s
n e ec ua u u c ee na u a a on e so n

w h o,i th q i t ss f th t mp l e d i th
n e u e ne o e e an n e
 Th e C o d e an d its Sco p e 37

sh d w o f th e thr
a o remo v e d fro m th str i
o n e , a re e a n

o f d ily t o il
a T bt i . i sight i t t h t
o o a n an n n o e wo

f ld t r f B byl i l if th m t ri l d t h
o na u e o a on a n e e a e a an e

i t ll t l m st
n e e c ua s lt th er s o r s th
we u con u o u ce an

H mm b i l ws
a ura

s a .

A ft r th e b v s rv y o f th e pr ti l sid o f
e a o e u e ac ca e

H mm b i l gisl ti
a ura

s d rst di g f his
e a on , an un e an n o
o bj t i givi g th l ws d p ds hi e y
ec n n e oa e en c on a c n

sid r ti f th ir g r l drift
e a on o e en e a .

H mm r bi s ts th
a u a o p t i fe t h l o e c n ce on o e aw n a

p r
u ely h m b si u I t is
an tr h ll
a ws it
s. t pp r ue e a o o a ea

th t bstr t j sti ( E dt ) r sts with th g d

a a ac u ce n u e e o s,

s p i lly with Sh m sh th gr t j dg f h v
ec a a a ,

e ea u e o ea en

an d rth b t ft r Sh m sh h h d d v r t
ea u a e a a as an e o e o

h im gift th k wl dg f th t j sti ( R v rs
as a e no e e o a u ce e e e,

C l xxv 9 7 f h f ls hi m s lf t b j i t pr pr t r
o . .
,
. e ee e o e o n - o ie o

f it ki g f l d o sid rs th d isi s

o ,
as n o aw , an c n e e ec on
it p l s d h im t g v
ea e his p ro i s i bl
e as ow n

e c ou ,
no e
w rds (R v rs C ls xxiv 7 9 d xxv 4
o e e e, o . . an . 1 2 1 ,

as hi p riv t titl t r
s a ew Th e si o f th e en o n . e o cc a on o

p r l i
oc am i g f t h l n i lik o m r e r fawrr d , n e ann e , w as e e e 1

b k t
ac s p r t r l i mp ls ; it
o no u e na u a th gr u e w as e a ce

an d s li it d o f th ki g whi h h d
c u e o ll d t h le n c a ca e e aw

i t b i g d
n o e n his b t d r
,
an as
( id

en e cen e c ee r w
d mg ) a it d liv r d to his s bj ts
a u w s e e e u ec .
 C HA P T ER IV

T HE C HA R A C TER O F T HE BA B Y L O NI A N C O D E

y l il i
Th e te n den c o f Ha m mura b i s e g s a t o n I t s t w o f u n da m e n t a

l
deasi wr
e e ( 1 ) th e
p es e r rv i l
a t o n o f t h e c a ss o f c o m m o n f e e r
r i r y
m e n ; (2 ) th e p o t e ct o n o f p o p e r t I t a t t a c e d a h g hi h
vl
a ue to r y
p o pe r t , b u t a l o w a ue t o u m a n vl h
fe li
in t s, hi
as e w ll ii r i
a s in t h e a dm n st a t o n o f t h e l a w , it w a s e v ry
i r r ii
d ff e e n t f o m t h e O l d Se m t cTh e C o de do e s n o t e co gn e r iz
an r li i iv i h hr r
y e g o u s mo t e o r sa n ct o n , n o r t a t t e e a f t e it m g t ih
i rv
b e mp o e d.

A s to th e t d y o f his l ws H mm r bi hi ms lf
en en c a ,
a u a e
writ s d r th m [C ] 1 li s 5 9 ff ] th t th y
e un e e o . x . ne , . a e

w r giv
e e th t t h str g h rt t th w k th t
en

a e on u no e ea ,
a

o rph s d wid ws b s f
an an B t v if th C d
o e a e.

u e en e o e

t i s thi g whi h
con a n no t r di t t h dn l r ti c f co n a c s e ec a a on o
th eki g t h t hn th g rdi
a f s e h wr
w as e ua an o uc as e e
w rs t p l d
o m i lly
a ce d s i lly y t t k
e co n o ca an oc a ,
e , a en as

a wh l it i o e, y pp r n m if s
no w a t f t h a ea s a s a an e o or e

s f g rdi g f th h m
a e ua n i t r t I t is writt
o e u an e n e e s s. en

no t wi t h t h h r t b t with th h d Fr m m y
e ea ,
u e ea . o an

i ti m ti s it s m s t f ll w t h t th l wgiv r h d
n a on ee o o o a e a e a

in i w b f r l l t hi gs t disti t f d m t l
V e , e o e a n ,
w o nc , un a en a

id s m ly
ea ,
na f M ep f, f t
ca r e i l orf e r eserv a z on o
'

re c a ss o

com mon f r ee citiz en s a n d f ire p r otection of p r op er ty

, .

In t h e Ha m m u r a bi p e ri o d c a p it a l a n d b u si n e ss ,

un d rt ki gs w r b i g d v l p d
e a n e e e n e e o e on a n i r si gly
n c ea n

l a rge sc l e I ord er t
a ri h a
. n o en c f ew ma y h a d to
n

3 8
 Ch a r a ct er o f th e Ba byl o n i a n C o de 3 9
w rk th ir t m st d thr gh th p r i i s
o e u o ,
an , ou e e n c ou co n

s q
e s f this syst m th y w r i d g r f b i g
uen c e o e ,
e e e n an e o e n

r d d by i m p v ri h m t t sl v ry I rd r t
e u ce o e s en o a e . n o e o

p r v t t his H mm i s h y rd r d

e en ,
bi l a u ra s aw n uc a wa o e e

th e c ir m st cu s f v ry f m h w rk d th t
a n ce o e e r ee an w o o e ,
a

it l y i his p w r i th r t
a n o q ir p r p rty t
e e e o ac u e o e or o

r t i it H
e a n . is t b x pl i d th st t t ry
e n ce o e e a ne e a u o

r t s f hiri g d w g s p rh p s ls th
a e o n an a e m ,
e a a o e co

p a rat i l y r
ve r rr a e f
o ccu s d t h
e n ce t ki g o ne ,
an e a n

a c co u n t ff mj
o i
or ce rt i ir mst s f
a e ur e n ce a n c cu a n ce o

d b t I rd r t giv t t h fr b r w m
e . n o e o e o e ee - o n o an a
h s h ld p sit i i rd r t str gth p
ou e o o on , n o i rily
e o en en e cu n a

t h f mily whi h h h l p d t
e a c f d d it s ttl
s e e e o o un ,
a e n e e e
m t en m d t h
w as a m rri g
e o S er o n t m k a a e. o as o a e a
nu m r s p r g y f t h fr
e ou o en l ss o y hild e f t h ee c a ,
an c o e
i f fr m wi t h f m l sl v
un o n o a ee an f m l a e a e a e, or o a a e

sl v f th
a e o rt wi th fr w m
e co u r k dt
a ee o an , w as ec on e o

t h fr e l ss d d p ti
ee c a ,
an m d a o sy T h fr on w as a e ea . e ee

p ers h
on w h d t h m
o isf art t b e blig d to gi v un e
p o e o e o e u
hi ms lf e m mb r f his f m ily t sl v ry H m
or a e e o a o a e , a

m ura b i ll w d t b a o m fr
e ft r th xp ir ti f
o eco e ee a e e e a on o
a f y rs A d f v ry w m
ew ea . n h
or did t e e o an w o no

b m m rri d i rd r t s r h
ec o e a e ,
n o liv lih o d h
e o e cu e er a e o e

p r vid
o d f e h m or
p l y m t er
; it m e ight b o i t h en e n e
s rvi o f t m pl
e ce a th e b si ss f t v r e, o r e u ne o a a e n or

p ubli w mc wh o an l t th o set ti m rl k d
e w as a a e oo e
u p on as m h l ss disr
uc p t ble th it is e u a e an n ow .

B t with th p ri i p l
u e f s p p rti g t h e fr e l ss
nc e o u o n e c a

ano th r is i t m i gl d th t f m ki g p rs l
e n er n e , a o a n e on a

p pr o rty e s r Necu eg ds hir

. d to d oo
p sit d e ou or e o e
i th
n r
e w a
y p s rib d by l
e c o ld b e f r f it d ; l
awl c u e o e e a
d s m s t b p t lly p id x p t wh f
ue u e un c ua a , e ce en or ce

mj a eu r e i t rf r d ; st l p r p r ty f d i th
n e e e o en o e o un n e

p o ss ssi e f on o th r p rs ano i lel s s

e r st r d
on w as n a ca e e o e

to its rightful o w e r C a r e w a t ak e
n th a t s n
4 0 T he L a w Ha m m u r a bi of

m rri g p rti s
a a e o d p tri m i s sh ld
on an t om
a on e ou no c e
i tn o t h riz d h
un a u o ds ; h e f x mpl th
an en c e, or e a e, e

p riv t p pr
a e r t y f
o wif
e o t ll w d t b p r t ly
a e w as no a o e o e a

m rg d e ei t h th p r p rty f h h sb d til h
w e o e o er u an un s e
h db r a hildr ;
o ne c t en m rri d p s so , oo, a a e er o n w as
no t s ri ty f s h d b t s f his h p rt r
ec u or uc e o or er a ne as
wr e e co n tr t d b f r m rri gac e e o e dh hildr a a e an e n ce c en ,
un e l ss f lly titl d w r x l d d fr m th i h rit
u en e ,
e e e c u e o e n e
a n ce
T h high v l e t p a u e sell p r p rty giv s t h u hi f
on a o e e e c e
e xpl ti f th xtr rdi ry h rsh ss wi th whi h
an a on o e e ao na a ne c

th ft d r bb ry w r p ish d I th O ld S mi ti
e an o e e e un e . n e e c

l aw th gr t st p lty ssig bl th t f d th f
e ea e en a a na e, a o ea , or

th ft ppli d ly t s r d
e a e on d v t d pr p rty
o ac e or e o e o e

( J sh
o . b t wi t h H um m r bi it t h m st
a u a w as e o

co mm p on l t y f ena y f r m f th ft
o r ever r bb ry o o e or o e

[ see 6 ls
-1 0 a
,
d 5
o 21 ] d, t h r
2 2, an iv r 2 an e ece e
w as d lt wi t h i th s m y th thi f I f th
ea n e a e wa as e e . e
t hi g n s t l fr m
w as o en rt t mpl o m ip t d
cou ,
e e, o r e an c a e

p rs e onf t h o rt the cou it w ld, pp r t h

en , a s ou a ea , e

p un ish m t f end th o ld b ea m m t d by
cou e co u e an ex
t m l y l rg m
re e a y e on e ne

I striki g n tr st wi th th high v l pl d p
n co n a e a ue a ce u on

p pr rot y is
e t h s m ll v l e p l d a p t h lif
a ue f a ce u on e e o
th ei divid l I th C d gri v s p l ti s
n ua . n e o e, e ou en a e a re

th rd r f th d y I t s v rity it is tr s r ly
e o e o e a . s e e ,
ue , ca ce

w en t b y d th t f m d r
e on a ort m rti l i s h
a o e n cou - a a n uc

a ca se wh r it pr s rib d t h d th p lty t
as e e e c e e ea en a o

a p t
ca i (
a n
) r ca u st
bl orM i ) h
co n did a e ra w o

no t p rs e lly b y s mm s f th ki g d
on a o e a u on o e n an

59 2 d 6 an[ w h i h 2 0h y r i h cm i d f
as t e o cc u n t e st o

ti d v hf b hi ri g] pr b bly d l y
,

se c on s d e o te n ot to t e t, ut to n o a o n ot a

d w o h h h l w r wh l
n t at e w o sto e w ll b k t h ld
a a te - ee or a e - uc e s ou

m k a m d f
e a en it bys m
or y p l y b t h t h hir r f
a. on e en a t u t a t e e o

h bj m if h y w r t l p y m y i d m ity
,

t ese o e cts ust, t e e e s o en , a a on e n e n

t tho w r e o ne .
4 2 Th e L a w o f H a mm u r a b i
E v
d t r m y x p ri
en th e th p
oc o r a e e e n ce e o e a

ti on o f t his l rg d l l i id i m h
en a e a rdi g
o e a, n as uc a s, a c c o n

t H mm
o a bi l if
ura p r t

si t
awh ,
li m bs an o e a o n on e or

th e y e f fr m h d f il d t h d to r s g rs
e o a ee an a a e , e oc

n e

w r t b t ff
e e o e cu o
I t w ld li t tl ou gr with th s p irit f stri t
e a ee e o c con

sist y d mpr h siv if rm ity by whi h H m

en c an co e en e un o ,
c a

m b i l ws dis t i g ish d if t h O ld S mi ti

ura s a a re n u e ,
e e c

a d m i istr ti n f j sti
a on by th p pl wit h its
o u ce e eo e,
irr g l r d ft
e u a anr li bl x t h d r t i d
o en u n e a e e e cu io n , a e a ne
an y i mp rt i his j di i l sy t m
o a n ce n B t th r u c a s e . u e e a re
s p i l r s
ec a s f ea l di g th t H mm r bi
on or co n c u n a a u a ,
or

a pr di g p h h d wr t d fr m th p pl
ece n e oc ,
a ry es e o e eo e e ve

ti tl t t h ir
e o d m i i tr t i
e ow n f th l a I t isn s a on o e aw .

tr th t
ue a wh r t ld i p l i w rds th t t h
w e a re n o e e o n a n o a e

e x ti ecu f j sti
on r s t d wi th t h ki g s f r
o u ce e e e n

o c e s,

j st littl t h
u as t r ry ;
e as v rth l ss th f r m f
e c on a ne e e e ,
e o o
m y f th p
an o lti l d e t en a i f r th t th rry
es ea s us o n e a e ca

i g
n t f th m
ou o ld t h v b e s ig d t
co u no a e e en a s ne o an

a d mi is tr ti n f th la onby th p pl P lti s
o e aw e eo e . en a e

l k i mp l m t b r i g dr
1 e a e en i g tti g t t h
,
u n n ,
ow n n ,
cu n ou e
t g p l ki g t t h y s tti g ff th br st
on ue , uc n ou e e e ,
cu n o e ea s,

an d p bli s u rgi g p r s pp s tr i d x ti r
c co u n , e u o e a ne e ec u o n e s,

s huc ly t b f d i th s rvi
a s a re on o f e o un n e e ce o a

cen tr liz d j risdi ti

a e P l t i whi h w r
u c on . t en a es c e e no

ca rri d t f i lly pp r t h v b
e ou o c a ll w d
a ea o a e e en a o e

on ly i rt i ff n ce s f sl v s
a n o 8 p rh p s
e n ce o a e 2 2, e a

l
a so

W m ig h t g v
e f rth r d i m th t th wh l
o e en u e an a r a e o e

l g l p r d r t k pl i th ki g s m ;
e a oce u e oo a ce n e n

na e o n ce

8 ) th p l
1 is m d th p l
e a a ce f j di i l
na e as e a ce o u c a

i v t ig t i
n es da ff ir f s h
on , a n f m ily t r
an a a o uc a a na u e

as th ffe o f H mm r bi lik wis

e n ce o a so n 68 a u a e e 1 ,

1 69) s t b f r en th j dg s Th e o e h v t
e u e . en w e a e o

r g rd t h e e x mi i g m gistr t e
e a a s w ll
n n t h e p rs n a a ,
a e as e o
 C h a r a c t er o f the Ba byl o n i a n C o de 4 3
en tr st d with p r
u e i gs t r y l f i l
o n o un c n en e n c e , a s o a o c a s,

s b rdi t ag i t
u o na e high r a n rt p r b bly f t h
o a e co u , o a o e
ki g hi m s lf
n Tr e s f p p l r j risdi ti a ce o o u a u c on

a re i di t d i t h C d
n ca e ly by t h p r
n e o f e on e e se n c e o

( pp
a r tly )
a en ivili ss ss rs
c ( l b ) an l ws i
a t s e o s zz u 1n a u .

Wh r t h s l r (P r y l ) pp r t s f j sti
e e e e cu a o a a a a u o u ce

did t s ffi t l r p d b tf l s s H mm
no u ce o c ea u ou u ca e ,
a u

r bi C d r f rr d th m t t h g ds t b s ttl d by
a

s o e e e e e o e o , o e e e
th e j dgm t f G d d th Th j dgm t f
u en o o an oa . e u en o

G d p i ts m r ly t
o o n f r m f rd l b y w t r whi h
e e o a o o o ea a e , c

is sig i d by th x pr ssi
n e t v ry e l rly
e e on , no e c ea

d s ri pt iv f its t r t p l g i t h R iv r
e c e o na u e

o un e n e e

G d ( D ivi riv r d its bj t

o or ne e ,
2 an o ec

w as t giv to p rs se s p o at d f x r isi g r ry
e on u ec e o e e c n so ce

to th mm e h rt d t
co on sl d r d m rri d
u , an o a an e e a e

w m th m s f l ri g th m lv s M h
o an , e ea n o c ea n e se e . uc

m r o e u sua l pp rs t h v b t h th whi h t
a ea o a e e en e oa c , o
co n c u l d fr m th di ff r t xp r ssi s
e o e sp k e en e e on ,
w as o en

i div rs f r m s yb f r (p rh p s b f r

n e t o a s, o sa e o e e a ,
e o e

a g d 9
o d 8

) t l y l
an i m b f 2r t h 1 o a a c a e o e e

g d
o 3 2 t
,
bri
1 20,g b f r t h g d

o n e o e e o ,

on th p rt e f t h a s r o 6 e p rgi g
a cc u e 1 0 , u n

b f r th g d (5 6 6) d t t t r p r y r b f r
e o e e o

2 an

o u e a e e o e

t h g d by t h sd d 3 ) d l stly

e o e a cc u e 20 an 1 1 an ,
a ,

t h si m p l w ri g 6

e e s ea n 20 ,

I t p p rs t f ll
a ea t h t H m m r bi m d
o o ow vrt a a u a a e o e o
t h D ivi
e P w r t h l s t d isiv s
ne o e t i d bt
e a ec e en en ce n ou
f lu bs r s s b s
or o cu e ca e s id b v it is e ca u e , a s w e a a o e,
t h U p h ld r f t h id
e o e f l o ; b t with t h t e ds
ea o aw u a en
th t ki g f t h g d i t
e a n o sid r ti i t h C d
e o s n o co n e a on n e o e

es at bli h d by H mm r bi A t h r l s ly r l t d
s e a u a . no e c o e e a e
co n s q e H m m r bi p r p s ly v id d
ue n c e a u a m ly u o e a o e ,
na e ,

t r g rd t h g d
o e a r g rdi g f i thf l s t th l
e o s as e a n a u n es o e aw

an d si g p ish m t t f ll p tr sgr ss rs f
ca u n un en o a u on an e o o

it A s h e r eg rded th e la
. a his th a t is s a h m n w as , ,
a u a
44 Ha mmu r a bi
Th e L a w of

w rk h e l k d p th i fri g m t f it ly
o , so oo e u on e n n e en o on as

an i s lt t th ki g d th x ti f p ish m t
n u o e n ,
an e e e cu on o un en
t h ki gs vi di ti '
as e n n ca on .

T H m m r bi th r
o a s h thi g
u a e e w as n o uc n as a co n
ti d v l pm t f th l
n uo u s e e o H l l d s ith r t
en o e aw . e a u e ne e o
s t g s p r di g his l gisl ti
a e e ce whi h i
n
y s e a on , c n an ca e

m st b p r s p p s d
u e did h xp t it t b
e u o e , n or e e ec o e
i mp r v d p o e s p p l m t d i th f t r T h t
u on or u e en e n e u u e. a

whi h h h d tr d t s m d t h im p rf t
c e a a ce ou ee e o e ec

en ou gh t r m i oft rw rd d f v r i f r
e a n a e a s an or e e

n o ce .

A t l l v ts it
a e en t i th ,
m f t r l l
w as n o n e na e o e e na aw ,

b t i th t f his
u n a m j s t y th t h b s ght t h
o ow n a e ,
a e e ou e
ri h t bl ssi gs f th g ds s h f his s ss rs
c es e n o e o on uc o uc c e o

as dh r d l s ly t his d isi s d p t h
a e e c o e o ec on ,
an u on e

p ri s
n ce h sh ld
w d yo h g th
ou m h i v k d
en or c an e e e n o e

e v ry rs
e cu e.
 C HA P TER V

T HE C O U SE O F HA MMUR A BI N L A W A ND THE SO U C ES
R A ,
R

A N C O U SE O F L EG SL A
D R O N A MO NG THE HEB EW S I TI R

W id pr d d l t i g i
es ea an f H mmas b i l gi l ti
n n u e n ce o a u ra

s e s a on ,
b t i u ti v r lI t t d t h P ri r h b t t
w a s n o t un e sa a
'

ec e e at a c s, u no

th i f I r l wh i h h d i
e n a t on o p
s ae i l wh c a ts o w n s e c c aw o se
l im r r O l d S m i ti
, ,

u t a te o o ts w e e e c.
Th O l d A r b i
e t mp l w r hi p Th M
a an e i l gi l ti e o s e o sa c e s a on .

L KEI v ery gre t i t e ll ct l hi ev em t H m

e a n e ua ac en , a

b i l gisl ti o p tr t d wid re ; i p i te

m u ra s e a n en e a e a e a a n S

o f fr q e t h g s f th r y l dy sty it e st blish d
uen c an e o e o a na ,
a e
its lf i B byl i d A ssy i
e n a th x d st
on a an d rd r a as e e an a

o f l aw d it dr w B byl o i
, an lt re i its tr i
e a n an cu u n a n .

A th t
s lt r m v d hi y fr m st to w e t
a cu u e o e c e o ea s , so ,

w e m y v at r t p po s t h e p e p l e f M s o p
en u e o su e, o o e o
t mi S miti
a a, w ll
e o S m iti h d
c as e o mm as n n -
e c, a a c on

sh r i th l
a e n d t h t th y l l i d e d w o ld b
e aw ,
an a e a n e u e
a ff t d by t h
ec e lit r ry lif o f B byl o A t h
e e a e a n. s e
M dit rre e o a st m y b e r g rd d
a n ea n c th e xtr m a e a e as e e e
b d y f th i
o un ar o f H mm e b i C od
n ue n ce o a ura

s e,

C an aan sh ld h v b wi thi its s ph r

ou a e een n e e.

Ne v rth l ss it w o ld b e
e e e m ist k t
,
ll w u a a e o a o no

e x e p ti
c t o this r l
on s to th i e ssig d
u e as e n u n ce a ne

t B byl
o a t l
on st m y lr dy b pr o v ed th t
on e a ea a a ea e ,
a

is th M i l e os a c aw .

T h e b e gi i g of I sra elit e hist o ry th e ti me o f th e

nn n ,

45
4 6 T he La w Ha m mu r a bi of

P tri r hs f lls withi th h byl s gr t s

a a c ,
a p f B n te e oc o a on ea e
i t ll t l i
n e ec ua t h W st
n H mm b i
ue n ce o n e e . a u ra

s con

t m p r ry A br h m
e o a ,
f B byl a ia rigi ; his
,
w as o a on an o n

s u cce s os rs I s ,
dJ b h f lt th ms lv s t
a ac an a co , w o e e e e o
b e str g rs i C an e d th r f r
n bt i d f
an aa n , a n e e o e o a ne or

th m lv s wiv s f r m th
e se e st f th E p hr t s
e o e ea o e u a e ,

w ld r t i ly t h v b
ou ce a n ff t d by H m
no a e ee n un a ec e a

m b i l ws D i f f r t m rk d f t r s f th ir

u ra s a . e en a e ea u e o e
hist ry ff r th m lv s
o o e x mpl s f this F
e se e as e a e o . or
i st
n wh S r h b r
a n c e, en hildr t A br h m
a a o e no c en o a a ,

s h e h rs lf g v t h im h b d m id H g r
e e a e o er on a a a as
s e d ry wif ; this i
co n a ill s tr t i f
e 44 s an d u a on o 1 an

f H mm bi C d ; hild f this

1 46 o a d th
u ra s o e an e c o
sl v
a e w as l kd p oo l gi ti m t
e urr s p di g
on as e a e, co e on n

t o th p r evi i i o 4 6s on S r h r m in d l g 1 . a a e a ne a on

with H g r b t th hi f wif d wh H g r
a a ,
u as e c e e, a n en a a

w ld x l t h p siti b v th t f S r h h f
ou e a er o on a o e a o a a s e or
f it d h
e e rt righ t s f whi h H mm r bi
e r c o n so a ca e or c a u a

p r se cri b d s di
e g b k i t
en l v ryn ac S r h n o s a e a a

en d v r d t driv w y H g r t g th r with h
ea ou e o e a a a a , o e e er

so n , th t th

a f th b d m id h ld t i h rit
e so n o e on a s ou no n e
wi th h e r so nthis A b h m l k d p p i
ra lly a oo e u on a s S ec a
un u j st b t ly wi t h r s p t t th
, u on H mm r bi e ec o e so n . a u a

a sol 4 )
6 did
1 ll w t h hild t s
n ot af f r f t h
o e c o u e or e

m th r s p r s mp ti I Is s m rri d lif g i

o e e u on . n aa c a e e, a a n,

th e i n f H mm
ue n c e bi l o si mil rly p p rs
a ura

s aw a a ea .

R h l g v h m id B il h L h h m id Z ilp h
ac e a e er a a , ea er a a ,

t J
o b t wif i rd r t b g t l giti m t hildr
a co o e, n o e o e e e a e c en

by th m F r th r L h d R h l f lt bi tt rly th t
e . u e , ea an ac e e e a

th ir f th r h d mp l y d f hi ms lf th m rri g
e a e a e o e or e e a a e
s ttl m t whi h h d b p id f th m
e e en c a if t h y
ee n a or e as e

[ G x x
en i 5 Hx ( h ir f h
1 r ) h : h l d e d h h t e at e at so us a n at

l q i d v d m y h m gi l d i g f h
. .

a so u te e o u re o ur one t e ar na ren er n o t e
la st tw w rd i th R vi d V r i i h p ri p id f
o o s, n e e se e s on , s

t e ce a or

us.
TR A NS ] .
C o u rs e Ha mmura b ia n L egi s l a t io n 4 7
of

h d H mm bi l i mi d rdi g t whi h

a a ura s aw n n a cc o n o c
,

p r s m bly t h
e u m rria g s ttl ,
m t w e ld a a e e e en ou

b giv
e by th f th r t t h d ght r l g with th
en e a e o e au e a on e

d wry A d p ti f
o . o whi h
on o h r t ri ti
a so n , c w as a c a ac e s c

B byl
a i f t r
on an m y h v h d its i
ea u e a a e a n ue n ce

u p on J b wh
a co h d p t d t
en h t s
e a s b r o t e e wo on o n o

J s p h i Egyp t A d t h B byl i
o e n . n st m f e a on an cu o o

p ut ti g n v ry gr
e m e t i t
a wri t i
ee g m y p
en rh p s n o n a e a

b ple d a ce p r ll l
as at t h p r
a a si fr eq tly o e ex es on e ue n

u es d i t h O ld T st m t t m k (lit r lly t
n e e a en ,

o a e

e a , o
dig o r cut) v t (k t
a co en a n

a ra

Th th r
us t
e e ti g i m p rt t vid
a re no w an s n o an e e n ce

whi h l d t s rib str g B byl i

c ea us o a c l ri g
e a on a o n a n co o u n ,

in cu st ms d l t t h ti m s f th P tri r hs
o an aw , o e e o e a a c .

B t lth gh t h f r r
u a ou rs f th p p l f I sr l
e o e un n e o e eo e o ae

ca m ed r th j risdi ti
un e e f B b yl u y t Icsr lon o a on , e ae

its lf t h str g r it b m th m r it tgr w th

e , e on e ec a e, e o e ou e e

g rdi hip f its gr t i ghb r T h p ri d f

ua an s o ea ne ou . e e o o

th esj i Egy p t
o o ur n t r lly
n d v ry tr na u a f c a u se e e a ce o

B byl
a i i on an t b n l st d wh th ti
ue n ce o e o ,
an en e na on
e m rg d fr m N rth A r bi t t k p s ssi
e e o o af th a o a e o se on o e
ri h p l i s d iti f C
c a n an c; wh es t o i th an aan en o o, n e
m idst f i t r l o d xt r l
n e na i ts it
an bt i d
e e na con c , o a ne

p oli t i l i dp dca n i th
e en q r d distri t it
en ce n e co n ue e c s,

p r s rv d its
e e e di ti tiv h r t ri ti s i th ir
own s nc e c a ac e s c n e

f l ss d p rity T h h k ri g ft r wh t
u ne an u . e an e n a e a w as

f r ig b v l l th d sir t i m it t B byl i
o e n, a o e a , e e e o a e a on a n
w ys ly t r d i t th h rt f I r l wh
a , on en e e n o e ea o s ae en
D vid s s ss i d his p liti l kill s d

a uc ce n w ar an o ca s ca u e
th e id f ea bs l t m r hy t r mm d
o an a o u e on a c o e co en

i ts lf t th
e o f bl d trib s d wh S l m
e en ee e e ,
an en o o on

[T p pr i t th l i r l f r
o a ec a e f h i r m rk it h l d b
e te a o ce o t s e a s ou e
r m mb r d h r bi di g gr m wri i
,
e e e e t a t a co n t a c t o r n n a ee en t w a s t te n , n

i B byl i
a n c en t a l y bl h i h i i m i
on a, on a c a h d
ta et w c n ts o st s t a t e , a
th i rip i r h d i t i by y l
,

e n sc t on c ut o r sc a t c e n o t a st u s.
48 T he La w Ha mmu ra b i of

en d v rd i
ea ou e d s p ti s pirit d wi th t y
,
n a e o c an ou an
r g rd t l dp p l r rights t d v l p th i h rit
e a o o o u a , o e e o e n e a n ce
h h dr
e a iv d fr m his f th r Wh m r v r
ece e o a e . en , o eo e ,

D vida l g r f lt hi ms lf t b m r ly l d r f
no on e e e o e e e ea e o
th e rm y f I sr l b t s p r m mm d r ; wh
a o ae , u u e e co an e en
h t k i t his h d th s v r ig right f d l ri g
e oo n o an e o e e n o ec a n

th e l aw d ft r th t ki g f J r
,
an ,
a elm md e a n o e u sa e , a e
l i m t p ri stly dig ity f hi ms lf d h i s s ;
c a o e n or e an s on

wh S l m pp i t d i
en o o on v r th trib s f
a o n e o

ce rs o e e e o
I sr l ae d v r d m h p s ibl t bri g i t
, en ea ou e as uc as o s e o n n o

p r
em ta n en t i wi t h t h
c o n n ec rt d r m
ony t h e co u an a e
m r s b m issiv p p l r l m t s b t b rd
o e u e o d th
u a e e en , u u en e e
l s p li bl with mp ls ry rvi ; wh h s ri
es a e co u o se ce en e ac

d t h s tr gth f t h l d t his l v
ce e en o f b ildi g e an o o e o u n

an d p ssi af on
s pl d r b th th s ki gs m st
or en ou ,
o e e n ,
u

ce rt i ly h v h d p tt r s b f r th ir y s d
a n a e a a e n e o e e e e ,
an

a m g th m B byl i
on e d A ssyri w ld
a t
o n a an p y a ou no o c cu
th l e st i mp rt t pl
ea o an a ce .

N v rth l ss
e e e egh t t t v rr t th xt t
,
w e ou no o o e a e e e en

an d sig i n f this ff t ti
can ce o f f r ig st m s a ec a on o o e n cu o

whi h c t w rk wi t hi
w as a th I sr litish
o rt n e ae cou .

T h gh th v r ish f B byl
ou e a ni m d s l id
o a on a n o e w as a

thi kly c l l t h t m ight s rv t r pr s t r y lty

on a a e e o e e en o a

ou t w rdly it did
a ,
t p tr t d ply i t th s l no en e a e ee n o e ou

o f th p p l e f I sr l
eo T h ir d p r t h ghts
e o ae .d e ee e ou an

f li gs lr dy f d x pr ssi b f r t h t m f
ee n a ea oun e e on , e o e e i e o

t h ki gs i f r m s whi h w r
e n ,
n o rigi l t th m s lv s c e e o na o e e e

an d f d m t llyun a pp s d
en at i t r m i t r wi th
o o e o n e x u e

f r ig i v t s ; b v l l th r t d b f r
o e n nno a io n a o e a ,
e e oa e e o e
th m id f l t whi h B byl i l p r
e an ea o aw o c no a on an aw a a

gr ph ld h v ff r d y m p ris
a co u a e o T tr e e an co a on . o a ce

t his I sr li ti h l t its rigi is i d d th m s t

ae s aw o o n ,
n ee ,
e o

di f lt b t ls th m st i mp rt t p r bl m f th
cu u a o e o o an o e o e

O l d T st m t e a en .

It lti m t r o ts xt d
s u a e y os t t he O l d en , l n an c a e, 1 n o
0

e
5 0 The La w o f H a mmu r a b i
h w v r ly bl ks i s rt d i t gr t e d
o e e , on as oc n e e n o a ea r an
m r bl b ildi g d h v th r by b p r s rv d
o e no e u n ,
an a e e e e en e e e .

Th r tiv m i d whi h h p rp t t d its lf i thi

e c ea e n c as e e ua e e n s

b ildi g d giv t his p pl I sr l i h rit

u n ,
an en o eo e ae an n e an c e

whi h tl st d th ir h r dit y p ss ssi

c ou a f the e e e ar o e on o e
L d f P r mis
an oM s s his w rk o th T h e, w a s o e o w as e o ra
L aw .

No w , hv right t s p ak f M i
a e we th e o e o a osa c
L aw ? h Th s
e d th s p ll f th G r f
o e w o ar un er e e o e a

W l lh e i v stig ti s sw r i th
a use n n e g tiv
a on an e n e ne a e,
b s th y
eca u e vi d th t th Bibli l l is t
e a re c o n n ce a e ca aw no

wi thi th N rth A r bi sph r d d s t t i t

n e o a an e e an oe no n o

t h ti me f th w d ri gs f th trib s f I sr l b t
e o e an e n o e e o ae ,
u

th t it br th s lt g th r th sp irit f l t J d
a ea e a o e e e o a e u aea n

ti m s th p ri d f th d li
e e e f t h ki gd m
o o f e ec ne o e n o , o
t h Exile p rti lly v
e, f t ha ft ra E xili p rie d B
en o t e a e - c e o . u

a g i st this vi w t h st s h v b g t t stify th
a n e e on e a e e un o e , e
i s rib d st s f
n c e i t A r bi whi h t h
on e o a n c en a a, c ea c us

th t i th tim th t I sr l s j r d i N rth A r bi
a n e e a ae o ou n e n o a a
th t l d is i
a an y t b e sid
n no war d t h d m i o con e e as e o a n

of m d b rb ris m b t p rti l rly with r f r

no a e a a , e u ,
a cu a e e en c

t r ligi o s w shi p
o e uth s e t or f xtr rdi rily
,
as e a o an e ao na

r d l t r Fr m H dr m t t Y me
e ne cu u e. o d a a au o e n, an

f rth er p t No rth-W st A r bi th r w r
u u o rd e a a, e e e e , a c co
i g t
n th oi s ri pti s t mpl s whi h w r th
e n c on , e e c e e e
e tr e s
c n f th e l si sti l lif f t h st t ; wi th
o e cc e a ca e o e a e

whi h c b o d p g t pp r tus f s peri r d

w as un u a rea a a a o u o an
su b rdi t p ri sts f l vit s b d m sl v s e v
o na e e , o e e , on en , a e ,
en

fri ds o f th g ds
en d s o s f g ds
e o l g wi th

an

n o o a on

th s w r rr g me ts f s ri s i whi h bl d
e e e e a an e n or ac ce n c oo
w assh d d s ri s with t bl d tith trib t s
e an ac ce ou oo e u e

, ,

p i soui stit ti s
n v ws u d d di onti s
,
i sh rt
o , an e ca on ,
h o , a

f l e ss f p h
u n me
o f r ligi s w rshi p
en o s mbli g
na o e ou o re e n

th M s ic l
e o a d i d d s p i l ly t h e
aw , an P ri e stly n ee , ec a ,

C ode tha t al l ege d piece o f l a t est Bibl ica l l gisl a tio n

,
e .
C o u rs e of Ha m mu ra bia n L egi s l a t io n 5 1

A cc o rdi gly thi g m r st ds i th

n , no n y f ll w o e an n e wa o a o

in g t h e B ibli l r m i l l ws t h v rigi t d
ca ce e on a a o a e o na e

th r wh r th Bibl its lf r f rs th m i th M o s i
e e, e e e e e e e e ,
n e a c

p ri
e d o B t
. if u j sti d i we h ldi g t
a re h r u e n o n e ce e

m i l l ws t
on a b a i t h o m h m r th
o e a n c en , w uc o e e
B ibli l ri mi ca l d ivil l d isi s whi h e
c na an c aw ec on ,
c ar

e vide tly tr ry t o th sp irit f iviliz d C aa

n co n a e o c e an n

Y t t h Bibli l
e e r m i l l is ert i ly t
ca ce e on a aw c a n no a

m r e e st f O l d A r bi t mpl e l ws ; its str g

ca o a an e a on

m o o th isti
n e l o ri g sh ws th t d pl s it i
c co u n o a , an a ce n

sh rp ti th sis t th m W
a an e o s q
o tly om
e . e a re c n e uen c

p l
e l d t
e p st l t
o e l wgiv
o r f I
u a sr l h a m a
y h v e o ae w o a a e

p art lly
ia m d f t h
a e t m ep l rr
u se g mo ts f e e a an e en o

a n c eni t A r bi o t tiliz e th m a a, s f il f o
as o u e as a o r a

n ew d high D ivi
an s rvi T h r with h w v r ne e c e. e e ,
o e e ,

w e m dir tly t t h p w rf l g r
co e ec of M s s e o e u u e o a o e ,

as h is d p i t d i t h Bibl
e e c e h n i l f e e, w o , a s so n - n - a w o

J thr th Midi it high pri st h dh d d p i sight

e o, e an e e ,
a a ee n

i t th O ldA r bi t mp l r ligi
n o e a h
an ls eth e e on w o, a o, a s e

lib r t r f his p pl fr m th s rvit d f Egyp t

e a o o eo e o e e u e o , as

vi t ri s l d r f th h st d s pr m j dg
c o ou ea e o e o , an as u e e u e, w a s

tt d e , th r b f r
as n on e o fter h im t m k his
e e o e or a , o a e

d sig s his xp ri s d th D ivi r v l ti s

e n , e e e n ce , an e ne e e a on
whi h h db gr t d t h im i t l whi h sh ld
c a e en an e o ,
n o a aw c ou

b bi di g p
e n I sr l
n Th t f
u on this h m y h ve ae . a or e a a

m d a e f writi g is t o
u se o l d fr m th h igh
n , con c u e o e

p o siti o f oned ti o in No rth A r bi mo re th

uca n a a, an

p r ob bl a e.

With th e OldA bi i s ri pti o s i th e b kgr o d ra c n c n n ac un ,

we b li v e o rse lv s j sti d i s p ea ki g o f M i
e e u e u e n n a osa c
l gisl ti
e a on .
B t i s yi g this
u n e d
a tn ss ert th t th P t w o no a a e en a .
t h li e f li e o v ry d isi f th L is t
e uc ,
n or n ,
r e e ec on o e aw , o
b d ir tly r e dit d t M s e s
e ec c Th e f r m
e d styl e
o o . o an

of m y sectio s in dica t e revi sio n a n d subs e! e t

an n u n
5 2 T h e La w of H a m mu r a b i
r sti g th Bibl its lf mes J sh
e ca n e dS m l e e na o ua an a ue

as m ki g ddi t i o s t o t h L
a n a f G d (J sh xxiv n e aw o o o . .

2 6; S m x1 a A t l l v ts t h T
. . C mm d a e en , e en o an

m ts ( ven i th ir d p li t f r m Ex o d xx
e en n e 7 u ca e o 1-1

xxxiv 7 6 whi h p rh p s ll ws t
, . .

. 1 2 ,
c l d e a a o us o con c u e
th t th r
a a d e e w as
lis m i e s t ri d x t ri ua e. o e c an e o e c

m mb rso f th e I sr lit
.

e e mm i ty ) f rth r t h ae e co un u e e
so -ca ll d B k o f th C v
e t (Ex d xxi
oo e o en a n o . .

as a ls th gr t p rt f th C r m i l d M r l
o e ea a o e e e on a an o a

L aw f L e ti
o d N mb rs m igh t b cus a n ll w d u e , e a o e
t obr th th M o s i pirit ;
ea e th e th r h d a c S on e o e an ,

b hi d th D t r m i l (D t xii xxvi ) th r
e n e eu e o n o c aw eu . .
- . e e
st ds t pr tty l rly s m
an ou emm ti g c ea o e on e co en n on
M s s pr b bly S m l Af t r S m el th M s i
o e , o a a ue .
*
e a u e o a c
L aw i , l l it m r
n i mp rt t p rts
a s p r b bly
o e o an a , w as o a

l sd
c o e th t ith r th s o v r ig gr t ss o f
, so a ne e e e e n ea n e

a D vid a t h e p r v rbi l w isd m

n or f S l m l ft
o e a o o o o on e
b hi d it y tr s i th L
e n an f I sr l a ce M or n e aw o ae . e

p rs
e t d
e cu eth dh r d t o by t h lant e r ki a gs f e e e a n o
J d h d I sr l d m h f rg tt by th p pl
u a an ae , an uc o o en e eo e
w h od p t d th ms lv s t o C
a a e itish l ws d
e e e an aa n a an
cu st ms it s rviv d
o ,
v rth l ss u v r bl e , ne e e e , as a en e a e
wit ss f th p st th littl tri mp hs d gr wi g
ne o e a ,
e e u an o n

n ee d f th J wish ti i rd r th t wh
o e e ll na on , n o e a , en a

na ti l lif t tt r d b f r th A ssyri
on a e o d B by
e e e o e e an an a

l i on an q er rs it might b m th e m p ill r
co n u o , e co e r a ,

l i g
ea n n whi h ft r th l o ss f p ri s d
on c ,
a e e o n ce an

fr d m th p pl g th r ed t ge th r spirit lly d
ee o ,
e eo e a e o e ua an

b e a me a o mm ity f th L
c c un o e aw .

C f th rti l f F H mm l
e a c e oZ m D t von u e a uer,

u eu e ro n o
mi m vi [ Fr i b rg i Br i g
. .

u i B ioli St i
, n sc e ua en , . 1, 2 e u n e s a u,
 C HA P TER VI

n rn HA MMUR A B I

S C O D E I NFL U ENC E T HE MO SA I C
L EG I SLA T I O N ?

So met hi ngr th p i ri ty d df th l gi l ti f
mo e an r o n ee e or e e s a on o on e

p p eol e t h
to a f

ech r T h
t iat l iro m an ot e e so c a c cu st a n ces

o f I r l s aer pr t d i th M i L v ry di ff r t
as e ese n e n e o sa c aw e e en

f r m th r t di H mm b i C d ; w r h
, ,

o o se e ec e n a ura s o e so e e t e
e co n omi di i Th
c co n pi i d
t on s d y f hC d e s r t an t en en c o ea c o e
l g ly di ff r dTh M i L
a so re a t e e m pl ly i
e o sa c aw w a s co e te h
d p d t f th t f B byl
e en en o a o a on .

HOW EVER l d ll w th M s i l gisl ti t b

o we a o e o a c e a on o e,
th e l gisl ti
e f H mm r bi p r
a on o d d it by m y
a u a e ce e an

c en u t ri s B t th B byl i L m d its lf
e . u as e a on an aw a e e
f lt wh r s v r B byl i i
e e e oe e a f r d its y on an n ue n ce o ce wa ,

th e i mpo rt t q sti is r is d wh th r d h
an ue on a e , e e an ow
far th M s i Le o a c i its ri m i l aw d ivil p rti s
, n c na an c o on ,

m yh v b
a a e f d d p th t f H mm r bi ?
een o un e u on a o a u a

T o an sw r this q esti is th hi f bj t of th e
e u on e c e o ec
f ll o wi g i ve stig ti
o n n a on .
First f ll I d e y th t th e C o d e o f H mm r bi
o a ,
n a a u a ,

b c s it is ld r d p rtly it m y b m r m
e au e o e an a , a e, o e co

p l t
e e th th t
an f M o sae s m st
o h v i e d it , u a e n u n ce .

A ll i n i g d p ds p p rti l r
ue n c n e en diti s u on a cu a co n on .

A s a m h i l i mp ls e d s
ec a n ca t by y m
u s oe no , an ea n ,

m k a e an i mpre ssi e v ry bj t whi h it m ts

on on e o ec c ee ,

as on ly s bst s o f u rt i ki d
an c e d t th a ce a n n con uc e
e l e ctri sp k so ls o th str m o f lt re
c ar , a m et
e ea cu u ca n e

53
54 The La w Ha mmur a bi of

b th b d d g d
o a an d t rs oo its y A a co n uc o on wa . s
r l i i t ll t l m tt r ly l m ts f lik
u e, n n e ec ua a e s on e e en o a e
t r
n a u e a re bl t i a e h th r M r v r
o n uen ce ea c o e . o eo e ,

l ws
a ,
th asp li r f r
e m l f
ecu t h lif
a f op p l s
u ae o e e o eo e ,

ca n ly b i mp rt d wh r r l t d h bi t s f lif
on e o e e e e a e a o e,
si mil r s i l divisi s
a oc a d; lik mi
on ,
ff r t s
an e e co n o c e o

c o n cu r Th l . f B byl e aw vr o q r d th a on ne e con ue e e

B d ie u n h r g d p t t h g t s f B byl
w o an e u ; o e a e o a on a

w h l w rld f vi ws d diti s f lif s p r t d

o e o o e an co n on o e e a a e

th t e Si m il rly m st
w o. r g rd th r l ti shi p
a u w e e a e e a on

b t e w e en B byl d a i t I sr l I t is i i t
on an a n c en ae . su c en

to p i k c t f thou M s i o L t h e m t i m
o a cp rt t aw e os o an

o f s i l oc a d m i f rm s
an d mp r th m wi t h
e co n o c o an co a e e

th s f d i H m m b i C d i rd r t p
o e o un n a u ra

s o e, n o e o er

i
c e ve a s ri s f e tr sts whi h w ld t ll w f
e o con a c ou no a o o
a pp r xi m oti thr agh on m m l ou H if
a co on aw . e n c e, we
c on sid r th s p iri t whi h br t h s i th l gisl ti f
e e c ea e n e e a on o
I sr l ae d i th t f B byl
an n v th s t h mg whi h
a o a on , e en o e s c

hr e e d th r an pp r t e eb twa rdly r
ea l t d o e ou a e a e a re

s t b s p r t d by d p h s m
een o e e a a e a ee c a .

Th l ss rg iz t i
e c a f I r l
o an is t k f
a on o s ae , as a en or

gr t d by th M s i L
an e dis l s s
e o a c rt i b t aw ,
c o e a ce a n u

no t d p ly s ee t d d lis m wi g t th ti th sis f
ea e ua o n o e an e o

p ri sts
e d p ri sts ( )
anii W hil
n on - t h e z r . e e

o ld r l l v s it d b tf l wh th r th p ri sth d
e aw ea e ou u e e e e oo

r pr s ts thr gh t
e e en ,
h r dit ry dig i ty t h
ou ou ,
an e e a n , e

l t r sh ws p ri sth d wh s dig ity

a e o a e oo hi y o e n w as c e

b s d p m mb rshi p f p rti l r trib Th

a e u on e e o a a cu a e . e

H br w p ri st
e e disti g i h d fr m th l y m i
e , as n u s e o e a an, n

no y r
w a p r s t de l g lly
e en e
p rivil g d i a divid e l ; a e e n ua

b t his f
u br ght th j ym t f rt i d
o ce ou e en o en o ce a n a van

t g s
a e w ll
,
as blig ti s t r d r rt i s rvi s
e as o a on o en e ce a n e ce

whi h did t m k his ir mst s q it q l t

c no a e c cu a n ce u e e ua o
th s f th
o e o p ri t e n on - es .

Th l i t y h f r m d th gr t m ss f th p pl
e a , w o o e e ea a o e eo e,
 Ha mm ura b i s Co de
an d the Mo s a i c 5 5
w r divisibl in t o f r hi f l ss e s ( ) g i
e e e ou c e c a 1 en u n e
m mb s f th trib s ( ) li e ts ( g ) (3 )

e er o e e 2 c n er

s ttl rs (t l iio) ; (4) sl v s

e e os z a e

)
1 T h h r e c t ristia ac ef g m e trib l
c o m e m b e rshi
en u p a

c on sist d l wf lly b l gi g t
e in a u p rti
e on l rn tr b o a a cu a i e

(
s e o i it ) by r s o f ki
ea o nshi p d sh r n i p liti an l a e n o ca

p riv i l g es e E v. ry trib x
e m p li d s lf
e e g ve r m t e e -
o e n en
th r ti lly v ry m mb r f trib
eo e ca , e e e e titl d t
o a e w a s en e o
c o-O p r t
e a e i t h p n liti l lif
e y ot ca r l m e, r e ,
as a u e, o e
i mp rt t d isi s w r m t thr gh th ld rs
o an ec on e e co e o ou e e e

( o
z e erz im ) m ,
f x en o
p ri ed p o si
e t i Wi
e n ce a n t h t h m on . e ,

as a ls with th p ri s ( i) h w r e th d s d
o e n ce as ,
w o e e e c en
an ts f o p rti l r l d f m ily r st d th xt r l
o ne a cu a o a , e e e e e na
r p r es t ti f th t ib I t h e d mi istr ti o f
e en a on o e r e. n a n a n o
j sti v i s r ks o f ivil j dg s sh r d whil
u c e, a r ou an c u e a e , e
i n comp li t d ca e s s th e p ri ests ls o g v e j di i l
ca e a a u c a
d isi o s
ec n .

( ) 2 T h C l i e t sist
en s d f th
co n s e b l oe gi go t o o e n n

f r ig trib s p p l h h d q ir d t h l g l
o e n e or eo e w o a ac u e e e a

p r t
o ec ti on f trib
o ad ith r e t
ani d i t e e con n ue

n i s

m ids t tr si t rily s j r d
or an o ithi its g t s
o ou n e

w n a e .

T h ir l g a l p si t i
e e d v l p d its lf by th dv i g
o on e e o e e e a an c n
c en tr liz ti
a a f th on trib s
o f v r bly th t th y
e e so a ou a a e
gr d lly s
a ua d ed t q l rights with t h g i
ucce e o e ua e en u n e
m mb rs f th trib
e e o d m e t b e r g rd d
e e, a n ca eo e a e a s on

p peo l ( )
ae m with th m e .

3 ) T h S ttl e w r lik wis f r ig t o th trib

e er s e e e e o e n e e,
b i g p r b bly s bj t d trib s h h d s rr d r d
e n o a u ec e e w o a u en e e
th m s lv s t I sr l by p it l ti
e e e , o ae Th ca ld e r l
u a on . e o aw
k w th m l ss i th h r t r f p p l with t
ne e e n e c a ac e o eo e ou

p pr o rty
e th th
an s astsid t h l
o e ou t h gr e t r e aw , e ea e

p a rt o f wh m h o w
o v r
, p r b bly
e s e ,
bl d o d wi
a t h oon en e

th e trib s f I sr l d m d wi th th m h mo
e o ae an a e e a o

g en eou s p p l eo e.

( )
4 T h S l a ve r p r s e t d
es t h e l w e e st s o
n ec i l g r d e o a a e,
5 6 Ha mmu ra bi
T he L a w of

a d w r
n i th e e rst p l ndisti g ish d e th o se a ce n u e as
b ght with m y d th s b r i th h s
ou on e an o e o n n e ou e .
A l g with th s t
on l ss s whi h m pris d th s
e e wo c a e ,
c co e o e

w h w r sl v s f
o e e lif th r w r ls I sr lit s h
a e or e, e e e e a o ae e w o
h d l st th ir p r p r t y
a o dh db
e m t m p r rily
o e an a e co e e o a

r k d i th sl v l ss ; if th y w r r d m d
ec on e n e a e c a e e e e ee e or
r l s d th y h d th st di g f fr d m
e ea e e a e an n o ee en
b t r t i d th ir f r m r l rd
u e a ne p tr e o e o as a on .
I s p itn f th rigi l
e o ti whi h m st
e o na co n n ec on c u o n ce
h v xi t d b tw th s i l l ss s f B byl i
a e e s e e e en e oc a c a e o a on a
an d I sr l it strik s ae ,th t th diti i whi h e on e a e co n on n c we

d t h m hist ri lly t t h ti m
n e o f H m m r bi
ca ,
d a e e o a u a an

o f M s s r s p tiv ly sh ws s m f d m t l di f f r
o e e ec e ,
o o e un a en a e
e n ce A p rt fr m t h
. asl v l ss whi h r m i d
o e a e c a ,
c e a ne

si mil r i b th s s th r is r ly y r s m
a n o ca e , e e sca c e an e e

bl a n ce b tw th r ks f th t e e en mm iti s e an o e w o co un e .

I B byl n s i ty
a divid d i t t
on oc e pp sit w as e n o wo O o e
gr p s
ou m d , on e
p f t h ki g a rt d
e up ri th od e n ,
co u ,
an es oo ,

an d th th r f th g v r d wh s fr d m h
e o e o e o e ne , o e ee o ,
ow
e v r th ki g p r ti lly r g rd d sl v ry This
e , e n ac ca e a e as a e .

divi i did t xist i I sr l T h r th gr t m ss

s on no e n ae . e e e ea a
o f th p p l e th l ss f th f lly fr
eo e, e i th
c a o e u e e, w a s n e

p ss
o ssi e f ll rights
on o d m as f s lf g v r m t an ea n o e -
o e n en
an d , rdi gly h d s v r ig rights wh t it yi ld d
a c co n ,
a o e e n a e e
u p f its righ ts f
o v i t it tr st d m
,
or con e n e n ce , o s u e en ,
e v r f ll b k g i t it wh it d l r d th ir
e e ac a a n o en ec a e e
au th rity t b x p ir d
o o e e e .

I B byl n th a l ss s whi h m d p th s i l
on e c a e c a e u e oc a
o rg iz ti h d b m s ttl d th gh t d d
an a on a e co e e e ,
ou no e ne

by l aw I I sr l th r
. n i th p siti ae f li ts e e w a s, n e o on o c en

an d s ttl rs m h whi h
e e ,
still s ttl d
uc th t c w as un e e , so a

t h p r bl m f l ss rg
e o e iz ti o k p t i st t
c a o an a on w a s e n a a e

o f st t
c on rt i ty I B byl th id f th
an un ce a n . n a on e ea o e
St t m br
a e e d ll l ss s i m mm b d f
a ce a c a e n a r co on on o

u i n on , b t i I sr l it
u felt m r
n ae fett r w as o e as a e ,
5 8 T he L a w of Ha mmur a bi
f mily with r f r e e t o
a , e e th rity nc th e hildr h e c en r au o
w as e q l t th f th r s
ua o e a e

.

C mp ri g th s wi t h th
o a n l o go s ir mst es
e e e an a u c cu an c

o f B byl a i m st str k by th
o n a , w e a re l m st m o uc e a o co

pl t e e xti ti e f th trib l id
nc on i th t o t ry e a ea n a co un .

Th h vy s ri s whi h trib f I sr l m t
e ea ac ce c a e o ae us

m k a d r rt i ir m t s f th s b l g
e, u n e ce a n c cu s a n ce ,
or o e e on
i g t
n it st ds i
o tr st wi t h th r stri t d
an n con a e e c e

r s p sibility f B byl i distri t f p rs s

e on o a a o n an c or e on

i j r d i th ir t rrit ry Wi th r s p t l s t t h
n u e n e e o . e ec a o o e

m rri g t i m y thi gs pp r th rwis i B byl

a a e e, an n a ea o e e n a on ,

an dg r lly i f v r f t h wif I I sr l whil

en e a n a ou o e e . n ae , e
th wif
e l k d p by th h sb d
e w as oo e u on e u an as a

p r
u ch s i a e,B byl this id
n ld t b h ld
a on ea cou no e e ,

b s th w m
e ca u e m i t th m rri g wi t h
e o an ca e n o e a a e a
d wry d h
o ,
an ld p r s rv d r h
s e co u p e e e an ea n er o w n os

s ss s i th s m m rri d i
e io n n A m g th
e a e a e un o n . on e
I sr lit s th r
ae e o p r s rib d
e e w as nmb r f wiv s e c e nu e o e ,

b t i B byl
u n th ma g mi p i i ipl r l d d
on e on o a c r n c e u e an

cou ld ly b br k thr gh wh th rst m rri g

on e o en ou en e a a e
w as c hildl ss A g i t h i q l i ty i p siti
e .
*
f a n, e ne ua n o on o
th y e g r t th rstb r f th girls t th b ys
o un e o e o n, o e o e o ,

whi h is t bc ti d i th I sr lit
o e no ls i O ld ce n e ae e , as a o n

S m iti
e l th
c B byl aw i C d p p rs t h v
, e a on an o e a ea o a e

a lm t os ll d si it s ys thi g f th rights f
annu e ,
n ce a no n o e o
t h rstb r
e d v e ry girl r
o n , iv d p rti
an f h e ec e e a o on o er

f th r s bst
a e

s ux p t p rh p s f th l d d
a n ce , e ce e a o e an e

p r p rty
o e .

Th o mi
e ec ir m st no s f I sr l d p i t d
c c cu a n ce o ae ,
as e c e

by t h ld r p rts t M s i
e o f he L awhi h h v o e o a c aw c a e

i vi w t h lif
n e f I sr l i Midi
e e o th st f ae n an or o n e ea o

t h J rd
e o th s f m ds h h d j st
an a re o e o no a w o a u

B u t, l d f r m th m rri g f Elk h ( S m i
t o co n c u e o e a a e o ana 1 a

l l h d if k g r lly ly h
. .

i I
n sra e a so , t e s e co n w e w a s ta en , en e a on w en

h r wi f h i ldl
, ,

t e st e w as c ess.
Ha mmura b i s C o de
an d th e M o s a i c 5 9
b eco me s ettl ed iti es om
an d a gri lt r l cu u a co m mun , c

p r bl
a a t t h A
e r bi l o i o i h bit
e ts f as m ll an za oa r

r n a an o a

t w s
o n r wh s l ds th ir ki dr d th B d i
, n ea o e an e n e e e u n,

still m ds p it h th ir t ts
as no a Am g th
, c e en . on e

I sr lit s t h
ae hi f v l
e p t e p cth p e ss s a ue w a s u u on e o e

si on f gri lt r l l d whi h it
o a cu th b si ss
u a an ,
c w as e u ne

o f th w r d his sl v s t m g lth gh
e o ne an a e o ana e, a ou

a ls d p d ts d hir d s rv ts h w r p
o e en an an e e an , w o e e ro

b bly i mp v rish d f ll w trib s m w r dr w i t

a o e e e o -
e en , e e a n n o

t h w rke F rm m
o gm t
. ssit t d th k p
a an a e en n ece a e e ee

i g f
n ttl ; h
o th
ca i mp rt e t t h I sr en ce lit s e o a n ce o e ae e

o f x o ss s d sh p H s h o ld d g i l
en ,
a e , an ee . ou e an a r cu

t r l i m pl m
u a ts ls w r f v l t th em M y
e en ,
a o, e e o a ue o . on e ,

th t is silv r
a m s fp rh s d
e , as a d mp ea n o u c a e an a s re e

ti m y p l y d
on on e t i mp rt t ol b t t
,
a e a no un o an r e, u no

y t e w rki g i t r st b ri g p it l ; f tr di g
as o n , n e e - ea n ca a or a n

b th pp rt ity d d sir e w r w ti g A rtis

o o o un an e e e an n . n a an

l ss d s t m i t
c a oe sid r ti whil f th
no co e n o con e a on , e o e

a rts th h li g t hi y d s rv s m ti
e ea n ar d it c e e e e en on ,
an

w as p rtly i t h h a ds f th p ri s t s I priv t
n e an o e e . n a e

lif r ligi s w rshi p p l y d m if ld p rt ; th y

e e ou o a e a an o a e
r g rd d th d y f r st l br t d pp i t d f sts
e a e e a o e ,
ce e a e a o n e ea ,

o bs rv d th y r f r l s by p rf r m i g v ri s
e e e ea o e ea e e o n a ou

ac ts f r stit ti ; p id tith s t t h p ri st d
o e u on a e o e e an

o ff r de e t l st i p ri ip l th tl i g t J h ov h
,
a ea n nc e, e rs n o e a ,

an d ir m isi c cu th s l f r ligi s h m g i ty
c on w a s e ea o e ou o o en e .

B t i th u B k n f D t r my
e tioo o eu e o n o we no ce a

c h g f th p r p rti s f this p i t r I sr l
an e o e o o on o c u e. ae n ow

i h bits t w s w ll
n a o p n try ; tr d as d e as o en c o un a e an

l b si ss is t s m ll xt t dd d t gri lt r
oa n u ne , o a a e en , a e o a cu u e,

b t th g i s f it
u e e li mit e d
a n s ry is t k o ly
o ar , as u u a en n

fr m str g rs
o an e .

C mp ri g with this th
o a n mi ir mst s e e c on o c c cu a n ce
o f B byl a th t th y r s mbl d
o n , w e se e th r a e e e e on e a n o e

so f a th t th e e c
r o mi af d ti f b o th p on l es c o un a on o eo
p
60 T h e La w of Ha mmu r a bi
g i ltur B t i Ba byl it w as s ch to a
w a s a r cu e. u n on u
v ry gr t xt t whil e ly t o s ma ll xt t i
e ea e en , on a e en n

I sr l ; i th fo rm r th p r d e o f th e l d s ved
ae n e e e o uc an er
as m r h dis e c i th
an l tt r it
e, n th me s e f a e w as e an o
d ily s p p rt B byl o i gri lt r
a u o . a v ry m chn an a cu u e w as e u

r g l t d by m t ry rr g m ts b s th e lti
e u a e on e a a an e en , e ca u e cu
t
v a or m st ft u rst hi his l d ; b t t h e p e s t
o en re an u a an
i I sr l
n l tiv t d his
ae cu gr d Th f rth r
a e ow n o un . e u e
re us lts f o i g s h gr t i d stri s d
n an c n ,
uc as ea n u e an
stri tly rg iz d m
c o an l l b r s r ly ff te d
e a n ua a ou , ca c e a ec
I sr l whi h
ae ,
i this r s p t i th
c w a s, n mpl t st e ec , n e co e e
an tith sis t B byl ; o l y th s m ll st m s r
e o a on as n e a e ea u e
o f his p r d ts b o m t r di t m
uc e ca y th H br e u ne n o on e , e e ew
th s l k d th p ssibility f o mpe ti g i b si ss
u ac e e o o c n n u ne

wi th his g t ighb r Th m r r d p l s r s
re a ne ou . e o e e ne ea u e
o f lif th y w r
e, a s ltiv t d i th e t w s i ty
e e e cu a e n o n oc e
o f B byl ai st d i on a , tr st t p tri h l
oo n con a o a ar c a con

ten e t d T h t whi h l v t d
n e ss . a d b t i d t h e
c e e a e an ea u e
lif f I sr lit b v l l ls
e o an ae his sh r i th
e a o e a e e w as a e n e
s rvi es
e c t d with th e w rshi p f his G d
co n n e c e o o o .

Th f r g i g bri f s rv y f t h f rm s
e o e o n e d f t rs u e o e o an ac o

o f p bli lif whi h

u c r p r s t d i th l b ks
e, c a re e e en e n e aw - oo

o f H m m r bi a d M s s r s p t iv e ly m ight
u a an f
o e e ec , su ce

t r p l th
o e id o f th ir i
e e ea i g th r
e n ue n c n o n e an o e or

f M s m ki g f H mm b i C d ; whil

o o se a n u se o a u ra s o e e

th m r e sid r th t d y whi h is l rly

o e w e co n e e en en c ,
c so c e a

m if st i th L f M s s th m r p l i ly bs rd
'

an e , n e aw o o e , e o e a n a u

m st s h
u id b m
uc an ea eco e .

Th M s i C d
e o a c ts th id o f l
e c o n n ec e ea o aw , as
w ll l wf l livi g dir tly with G d A J hv h
e as a u n , ec o . s a e

p r mo lg t ud it a em id t h th d rap ls o f S i i i e un e -
ea na , n

lik m e r th D ivi e V i
ann e e ti lly s d d n o ce con n ua o un e
thro gh t its f rth r d v l p m t Th G d f
u ou u e e e o en . e o o

I r l is
s ae gr t M r l B i g th r f r Hi l g l m
a ea o a e n , e e o e s e a co

m dme t m st h v e m r a l t ne s o m ti mes l o ud er
an n s u a a o o
,
e
,
Ha mmura b i s C o de
and th e Mo sa i c 61

s m ti m s ge tl er b ut lw ays l ear e ough to b e

o e e n , a c n
h rd by tte tiv rs
ea a n e ea .

T h m r l id e is l st ti e bl e i th rst h lf o f
o a ea ea no c a n e a
th ll d B k t C v
e so -ca f h e t ( Ex d xxi xxii
i oo o e o en a n e.
. o . . .

W m ight s p p s th t p r ly s
e lrl u o e a u e e cu a aw w a s

h r p r p o d d b s v i th e l
e e o un e g i st
,
e ca u e e en n aw a a n

id l try th e Opp rt i ty t o m k e Ith v i f J hv h

o a o un a e o ce o a e

h rd is gl t e d B t i o rd r t v l e th e B k
ea ne ec . u n e o a u oo
o f th e C v t right e m st h v r g rd t its
o e n an a w u a e e a o

p l withi
a ce t h fr m w o rk o
n f t h e L e; b v e ll a e aw a o a ,

it d p d
s e enth Te en ceC mm d m ts p on e n o an en ro

l i m d i mm di t ly b fo r
c a e A ft r th D ivi
e a e st d e e. e e ne an

p i
o nt f t h l wgiv
o r d t h e m o r l b
a kgr d f e an e a ac oun o

a ll l h db aw mly l rly d disti tly l id

a een r , c ea , an nc a

d w i th s t h th
o n n st o m ry f rm o f th O l d
e e, en e cu a o e
S miti l g l styl
e c ld b et i d f s p r t e
e a e co u e r a ne or e a a
o rdi s with t pp e ri g t o b br ght d w to
n a n ce ou a a n e ou o n
t h e m r ly h m e e st d p o i t O ly if i t r l o
u an an n . n n e na c n

t di tio
ra cb twe e th thi s f th T C mm d
ns e n e e c o e en o an

m ts en d t h s pirit o f th B k f th e C v
an e t e oo o o en a n
w r d em str bl sh ld
e e on h v th right to r is
a e ou w e a e e a e
th q e sti f th f rm l
ue on o ti f b o th p rts f e o a c o n n ec on o a o
th L e b tI aw ot o ed th a t s
u h o tra di ti o s
ca n n c nc e uc c n c n

ri dri h D l itz h i hi B d! B io l p 6 rg
F e c e sc n s a e un a

e 11. 2 a ues
th rwi H x l im W ld y v t r t f rm
, , .
,
o e se . e e c a s : ou an on e en u e o a
th t th th ri h ly G d h i h Hi
a e ce g r gr v di th
o o w o w t s ow n n e s a e n e
T bl Th h l t t k ill m y i h
,

f St L ti /

a e o o n e, o rz a c z , ou s a no a n t e
m br hhv ti d th bl d v g w h i h b rd
, ,

sa e ea t a e sa n c on e e oo - en ea n ce c u en s
r th p pl f th E t t th i d y whil H m
,

as a cu se e eo e o e as un o s a e a
b i h d l m t b l i h d v ry r ir ly
,

m ura a a f it ?
os It a o s e e e t a ce o

en t e
e sca p P r f D l i tz h t h t
es o t ly M i h e i tE t
sc a no on o ses n t e a n c en as
l l f iv i l i z d t t f d m l
. ,

b t l
u i th p
a so n o w n e en a aw o o ur c e s a es , a un a en t a
di ff r i m d b tw
e en ce m rd r
s d th
a ef th w rd
e e en u e an e use o e s o
i l g l p i hm t
n e a Th un sv gi g f bl d whi h M
en e a en n o oo c oses
ti ly ll w d th m by h i h th p l ty f
.

sa n c d on e on a o e e ea n s w c e en a o
O ld S mi ti j ti e t k ff t c d r pp i t d tip l ti
us ce oo e ec , un e a o n e s u a ons
62 Th e L a w of H a m mu r a b i
If it
d f t i th m o r
w as a i t B k f th
e ec n e e a n c en oo o e

C v o t th t it did t ill str t ll th T C m

en a n a no u a e a e en o

m dm t an th f rth r d v l pm t f th L
e n s, e u e e e o en o e aw

s f i tly m d g d th t d f t T his l v s th
u c en a e oo a e ec . ea e e
con n ec ti f th L on i ov ry m i p i t withe aw , n e e a n o n ,

J hv h o l g r
a e n rt i v if th th I m
on e u n ce a n, e en e oa a

J hv h did t
a e l d m y f t h i j ti s
no co n c u e so an o e n un c on .

T h s th e t h p rp s
u ,
f G di givi g t h L
n , e u with
o e o o n n e aw ,

r f re t th w rki g f th t L i th s pirit l
e e n ce o e o n s o a aw n e ua
lif f th mm ity is m d l r by th p r p t
e o e co un ,
a e c ea e ece ,

B y h ly f I m h ly H it m s t h t

e e o , or a o . en ce co e a ,

p rti
a l rly i
cu a D t r m y t h
n i m f J h
eu e o n oh , e a o a ve

s

L aw t r g l t th s i l ir mst s f th
w as o e u a e e oc a c cu a n ce o e

co mm ity fr m b l un p w rds ; o f [ D t x 7
e ow u 8] a or eu . . 1 , 1

th L rd e th o gr t G d th mighty d th e ea o , e ,
an e

t rribl whi h r g rd th t p rs s
e e, c e t k th
a e no e on , n or a e

r w rd d t h x t th j dg m t f t h e f th rl ss
e a , o e e cu e e u en o a e e
an d wid d l v t h th s tr g r i givi g h im
ow ,
an o e e an e n n

f d d r im t T his t r it f l v f th w k
oo an a en .

a o o e or e ea
s o ft s th h rsh r j di i l s p ts f th ld r ti m
en e a e u c a a ec o e o e e.
Th xi g f p p i t d p lti s f th t r s
e n o a o n e en a e or e an

g i
r ess o n o f t h p r p ts f G d is v
e ry fte ce m itt d o o e o en o e .

T h i mp o rt
e i d d of x p i ti is mph siz d it
a n ce , n ee ,
e a on e a e
d s t h w v r pp r i it O ld S miti f rm
oe no , o e e ,
a ea n s e c o , as

a d t th
ue i j r d p rs
o eb t i th f rm f
n u e e on , u n e o o an

e xp i t ry ff ri g p r t e d to G d Fr m th
a o o e n es e n o . o e

an d f rm l i i o b t hi a mm d t d
t es um r d r b r d d th
s co an o o no u e an e e
tr g f h im h r
a e o d d t t h li f f hi
o ighb r
e ar no e e o s ne ou
g
ou w e

M r v r D l it h v i f bl d r v g r f
.

o eo e e z sc h s ew o oo - e en e as t e cu se o

h E t i di m ri lly p p d th v i w f J L B r kh r d
,

t e as s a et ca o o se to e e o u c a t,
h t m t mp j dg f B d i l if h r g iz d i h
. .

t a os co ete n t u e o e u n e, w o ec o n e n t e

bl d v goo - en f th A r b m
e a n ce o l ry rr g m t whi h e a sa o st sa u ta a an e en c

m r h h r ir h v r ib h l
,

o e y t a n anm m ot
y e c d cu d st a n ce a a e co n t ute to o

b k h w lik A r b ib f r m d r yi g
ac t e ar e a hr tr es o e st o n on e an ot e

kh rd B m k g il o di B m m m d W l by
.

' '

( C f B ur c a t s e er un er e ca n i a la

W i m r 8 3 pp 9 f )
. .

e a , 1 1, . 11 , .
Ha m mu ra bi s
C ode an d th e M o s a i c 63

c o mp e el t fr d m whi h m y m l f t rs h d i t h
ee o c an a e ac o a n e
f r m r ti m th M o s i L d v l p d s p r ti
o e e e a c aw e e o e e a a on

fr m s p irit l r l ti o shi p with J hv h d Hi

o ua e a n a e an s
s rv ts w ll th rit l m l di ti
e an as e as A r e q ir d
e ua a e c on u e
d with pr o mis th
.
,

d tyu t s ld m sw t
w as n o e o ee en e a e e
O pp sit o f t h
e o thr t f p ish
e m t tea th s ho o un en o o e w
ac et d f rm bly t th L
co n o a Th s o f th T e aw . u n on e o e en
C o mm d m ts an rri s with it thr t f p ish m t
en ca e a ea o un en ,

b t t h Fifth b rs wit h it a p r m is
u e ea Th l tt r o e . e a e
s f s t o i v lid t th p i i o l t ly p r p d d
u ce n a a e e o n n a e o o un e
th t th T C mm d me ts w ere ly p l l
a e en o an n on en a aw

p r op o siti o s t itlyn s p,p lyi g t

ach s ti f u
p ish n e an c on o un

m t whi h
en , c th t t h ff n d rs sh ld b p t t
w as a e o e e ou e u ou
o f th e wa
y by t h h d f t h v e g r Aan s h o e a en e . s uc a
vi d s t gr with th high m r l s p irit f th
ew oe no a ee e o a o e e

M si L o a c ith r si m il rly d s th d tri

aw , ne e , f a , oe e oc ne o

th e T l m d th t l l p r hibiti
a u as whi h a with t o on c a re ou
s tian c f p
on oish m t 3 6 5 i un mb r en t b ,
n nu e ,
a re o e

un d rst d s yi g th t t h tr gr ss r is t b
e oo as a n a e an s e o o e

co rr t d with f ty stri p s s v
ec e or B t i st d f e a e o n e. u n ea o
th s m ki g with th T l m d th p ish m t f
u a n , e a u , e un en or

e v ry tr sg ssi o f th L e q l
e an re n o ght p e e aw ua , we ou ,
r
h p s to frm th t th M s i L
a ,
a a l id d w f
e o a c aw, a s a o n or
m o r ls a ,
l g r l rly disti g ish e d b tw e
no on e c ea n u e en
gr t r d l ss er d ti e s A
ea e an e striki g x mpl e o f
u . s a n e a
this e m ight dd e t h e s o f t h f ll m t o f
,
w a uc ca e e u en
th e l awf l v o t p r ts whi h i
o e o es s a eni l ,
c n u en c oc a
c o mm iti e s m st d e p ly f it l s s wit h p ro mis e
un o e , or c o e

o f r w rd whi h p r mis e
e a , l m st x ctly r rs
c o ,
a o e a , ecu
wh th d ty is s p k
en e u f f ll o wi g t h m o th o en o o a n e er
bird , ght i th st with h yo g to y
ca u n e ne er un ,

B t with p rf t
u rt i ty m st a s rib t M s e s
e ec ce a n we u c e o o

By G rh r d F r t r D e a m i / St f
o s e , lt L i pz i g as

osa s c ie r a rec i . e ,
pp 6 7 if
dmm 6 7
19 00 ,
D t v 6
. .
,

eu . . 1T N ] , an . . . RA S.
64 . T he L a w Ha mmur a bi of

th e en d v r t h v q lly m t d t th me s r
ea ou o a e e ua e e ou e a u e
an d ki d f d ti s r q ir d f
n o u e h m mb r f t h
e u e o ea c e e o e
co mm ity un O l sh ll b t h im th t is h m

ne aw a e o a o e
b r o n, d an t th str g r th t s j r th m g
un o e an e a o ou n e a on

y ou .

With this q lity rr s p e ds t h
ua f t th tco e on e ac a

th M s i L
e o a c i its D t r aw , nmi l ri g d s eu e on o c co ou n , oe

no t b v b f r th th rity f ki g it r th r
ow , e en e o e e au o o a n a e

p r s
e c rib s t t h
e ki g oth t h e sh ll h nv t h d a l l his e a a e a an ,
a
lif thr gh th B k f th L
e ou , e f J h v h
oo o pi d e aw o e o a ,
Co e

fr mo i th
on e h rg f pri st I t l v s it is
n e c a e o a e . ea e ,

tr e th rg f j sti f th
u , e o an o li r ti m i p w r
u ce o e e ar e e n o e ,

b t f
u ,
thor d isi e f m r di ffi lt q sti s it
ec on o o e cu ue on ,

gr ts j di i l th rity t th p ri st L stly it
an u c a au o o e e . a ,

a ssig s t v ry m mb r f th mm ity th d ty
n o e e e e o e co un e u ,

d p di g
e en n ir m st s f mi g f rw rd
on c cu a n ce , o co n o a as

e x t r f p l j dgm ts
e cu o o en a u en .

A mp ris
co b twa on M s s d H mm r bie een o e an a u a ,

whi h t k s i t
c a e sid r ti
n o b v ll th i m i
co n e a on , a o e a , e r a n
ou tli s d t d i s will v r l d t m k
ne an en en c e ,
ne e ea us o a e
M s e s i th s thi gs p p il f H mm r bi B t
o n e e n a u O a u a . u we
ca n g f r t
o h r u d f e l l,
t h an d t ils whi o h a e e a c ar e

p ec ul i r t a t h l t
o r st g es f da ev l p m t a f t he o e e o en o e
M si L
o a c frm
aw , a mpl t i d p d co f B byl e e n e en en ce o a on ,

with t th r by r si g s ri s pp siti ; f th r
ou e e a ou n e ou o o on or e e
a re p rh p se a i t lno ws m r
an c en di ff r t fr m a o e e en o
one th r th
an o e th s f H mm r bi d
an a re o e o a u a an

D t r
eu e o n o my C mp ris . with th L

o f M s s
a on e aw o o e

o btr d s its lf v rywh r s ys D Wi kl r (D i

u e e e e e e,

a r. nc e e

G t H mm
ese z e a bi p ur a
pp r tly with
,
r .f r at a en e e e n ce o

th rst p rt f t h B
e a k f th C v
o e t (Ex d i
oo o e o en a n o . x x

xxii . I f th er e f r ,
mp is f this with
o e, a co ar on o
H mm r bi
a u a g tiv s D Wi kl ne a pi i
e it r. nc er s o

n on , ca n
no l ger b s p p s d th t M o s e t k o v r or
on e u o e a s oo e
w ork d p Ha mm ab i C d
e u ur

s o e .
66 T he La w Ha mmur a b i of

p o n i t of vi w M o s es sta ds with r f r e e
e ,
n e e nc to Ha m
mura b i w e will n o w se e .

rst l ws whi h
Th e giv i th B k f th
a c a re en n e oo o e
C v o en a n
t (Ex d xxi 6) tr t f p r h s d H br w o . . 2 ea o u c a e e e
sl v s h it is th r l id d w ft r six y rs
a e ,
w o, e e a o n, a e ea

s rvi sh ld b t fr g i
e ce ou d th ir wiv s wi t h e se ee a a n , an e e
th m ; x p t wh th ir wive s h d b
e e ce giv t en e a e en en o
th m by th ir m st rs Th sl v s m ight h w v r
e e a e . e a e , o e e ,

rmi
e s h with th eir m st rs b t i th t s
a n , as uc ,
a e u n a ca e
th y w r t b
e m rk d wi t h
e e porti l r m rk i t
e h a e a a cu a a n e

e a r. H m m r bi 8 ) ll
a d B byl i a s bj t
u a 2 0 a ow e a a on n u ec

w h h dbo b ght
a sl v i f r ig l d d
e en ou as a a e n a o e n an ,
an
a ft rw rds br ght b k i t th f th rl d t g t
e a ou ac n o e a e an ,
o o ou
fr dd id d
ee, a n 7 ) th t m mb rs f
ec fr f mily
e 1 1 a e e o a ee a

br ght i t
ou m t f d bt sh ld b t fr
n o con ne en or e ou e se ee

a ft r thr y s He r M s s d H mm r bi
e ee ea r . e, o e an a u a a re

on ly lik i this th t s bj t f th l d h h d
a e n ,
a a u ec o e an w o a

f ll i t l v ry h ld j y gr t r p rivil g s th
a en n o Sa e s ou en o ea e e e an

one b r i sl v ry B t t his is O l d S miti st m

o n n a e . u e c cu o ,

a s ce rt i ly f ll ws fr m th s m vi w b i g h ld i
a n o o o e a e e e n e n

th e l a w o f th e
x d xxi v rs s 7
E o . with r f r
.
, e t e - I r. L a w e e e n ce o
an I sr litish w mae h giv by h p r t s o an w o w as en er a en

i t sl v ry ; h
n o a e t t b rl sd[ s b d
e w as no o e e ea e as a on

m an ft r six y rs s rvi ]
w a s, a t
e b e s ld ea

e ce n or o o ,

b t h
u might b e r d em d
s e A wif h sh ld e e e . s e s e ou

en oj y ll th rights f m rri d w m
a e d b fr o a a e o an , an e ee
if y f th s w r d i d h e H mm r bi
an o e e e e en e r. a u a ,

i t h p ss g
n e b o v me ti o ed m k es o di ff r e
a a e a e n n ,
a n e n ce

W r r M ig e e ne di Sit/m m d R t
un z B g er, er e z a

os cc a cr
'
o us

W i t rth r
n e u 4 B r b dlv hv t h 0 :

o n o n -s a es a e no t e
righ t t b y th i r fr d m B d l v d d d f r m f r
,

o u e ee o o n -s a es, e sc e n e o ee
r h v ri h r h h ir r rm
.

p t
a en s, t h g t a t pe t f
e d m f o u c ase e ee o o
t h ir m t r

e a s e s.
 Mo s a ic In dep en den ce o f Ha mmur a b i 67

b twee b o d me a d b on dw o men o f B byl i a n

e n n n n a on

d es e t c n

.

V rs s e e 4 T
1 2 h d 1 th .
p e n a lty tt e h e d t o
ea - w as a ac
i t ti l h omi id ; th
n en on a i t ti l m sl y r
c e e un n e n on a an a e

might b e p r t t d by syl m (whi h o ec e p r b bly a

a u c w as o a

s t ry
a n c ua lt r o f J hv h )
or an a t a th i te a e ,
no so e n n

ti on a l m rd r r u I t is r m rk bl e th t H mm r bi
e e . e a a a a u a

d s t v me ti i t ti l h mi id e b t
oe no e en n on n en on a o c , u
on h o mi id whi h c e pr v d po c o th t
w as be o e u n a o un

p r m e dit et d h a el id fe h lf a m f
a m o y
ne o a a an a o ne

Th O l d S mi ti l e d mitt d di ff r e
e c aw a e no e n ce
b twe e eni t ti l d i t ti l h mi id e ;
n en on a an un n en on a o c
*

b t r o g iz ed
u ec nrt i h oly p l s ce syl ms f
a n a ce as a u or

m d ur l
ere rs M s s t k o v r d j sti d this o
'

o e oo e an u e c n

ce p t io r n, o g iz d
ec i t nti o l e h o m i idun n e n
e d f na c ,
an or
th t o ly ll d syl m H mm r bi h v r
a n a ow e a u . a u a , owe e ,

q it dis w d th O ld S miti st d p i t i
u e o ne e f e c an o n ,
n so ar

as h t k e ooi t ti l h m i id t b
u n n en m ist k
on a o c e o e a a e,

e x p i bl by light
a e a d p p r tly did n e, t an a a en no
r g iz p l s f r f g f m rd r rs
e co n e a ce o e u e or u e e .

V rs e s 5 7 H th t s m t w d d
e 1 ,
I . e rs e d
a o e, o un e ,
o r cu
f th r m th r sh ld b p t t d th H mm
a e or o e ou e u o ea . a u

r bi
a If s mit his f th r his g rs

a so n e a e , n e
sh ll ba te ff cu H mm r bi h r is m h l ss
o . a u a e e uc e
s v er th M s s d l
e e an o e g i e
, ano p ish m t
a so re co

n z s n un en
f
or t h e wr o g d th rity f th e moth r I this h
n e au o o e . n e
d vi t s f
e a e as p ssibl e fr m th e B d i
ar a s o i p o e u n, e. ,
. ro

b bly th e O l d S miti s g i whi h th e m th r

a ,
e c u a e, n c o e
st ds m h l s r t th e hildr e th th e f th r 1
an uc c o e o c n an a e .

V ers 6 H wh m y m
e 1 - e r st l a n I sr l t e
o an an n e o e ae i

R kt d B g [
ec er f t t o us pr v i seep g] 9
o o n o e on e o us a e , 1 2 a.

j C f O tt P k h U b di B l / b im i l m / u tra c z e

o ro c sc e er e e: r o or s a z sc i en

b m (L i p zi g 899 l p 44
.
,
A ra c e , 1 1 .

t Burckh a rdt, B emcr/E Beduin m m i d Wa a o

'
rmg m a t a ic y,
P 2 S4
68 Ha mmur a b i
T he L a w of

sh ld b p t t d th H mm r bi s ys
ou e u o ea If . a u a a
an y st l
on e t h y g ea f th r p e r h
o un so n o ano e e so n , e
sh ll b p t t d th ;
a e u d o I f p rs
ea s an

e on
a re st l th t w shi p d its R b i
o en , e o sh ll p y
n an a an u
*
a a

m f s ilv r t r l t iv s Wh t is h r
a ana th
o e o e e a e . a e e

co mm t th on t C d s is d riv d fr m t h O l d
o e wo o e e e o e
S m iti l
e Twh s rst p ri i pl is t h i vi l bility
c aw , o e nc e e n o a

o f th p r e e so n .

V rs s 8 9 I f i str ggl
e e I ,
1 m
.
-i j rs n a u e on e an n u e

ano th r wi t h st e his t a t s h im t
on e or s so as o ca u e o
k p his b d h h ll mp s t th m h h
ee e , e s a co en a e e an e as
s mi tt f l s f t i men or d p y th
os xp s f his
o e, a n a e e e n se o
ill ss H mm b i l
ne . a t his p i t u ra 6) i

s aw on o n 20 s,

If m one strik th r i q rr l d w d
an e ano e n a ua e an o un
him h h ll sw r I did t d it k wi gly d
, e s a ea ,
no o no n ,

an

sh ll p y f th d t r I p ri i pl th t
a a or e oc o s s .

n nc e, e w o ca e

h v li ttl i mm
a e e M s s l ys th str ss th
n co on . o e a e e on e
c ir mstcu th t m
a n ce s s ath r on e an ca u e an o e a n on

m rt l wo d wi th
a o un d g r s i str m t a n on- an e ou n u en , as a

st on e o r th st ; b t H m m r bi s ys e y u h a u a a ,
an on e w o
i j rs
n u e th r i an o str ggl th t is i t t i lly
e n a u e, a un n e n on a .

Th rd r f th ght i M s s i t h f rm l ti g f
e o e o ou n o e n e o u a n o

th s fl
e ca e O dp l ty is O l dS miti ; 1 t h mild
aw an en a e c e

ne ss f H mm b i o a p t i f i
uraj ry i i
t s d c o n ce on o n u n c e

with t pr m dit ti m y l m st b ll d m d r
ou e e a on a a o e ca e o e n .

V rs s e e T h d th f
20, 2 1 b dm .
- b d e ea o a on a n or on
w m o s d by th s mi t i g f t h m st r sh ll
a n , ca u e e n o e a e , a

[B t f u p 34 b l w
c n o te Th R b i h i
1 y e o e a a n u w as t e c t
v r r
. . .
,

S T N ] I RA
g o e no
p 3 ee S
Wh l ll
. . . .

88

1 Si R /tt er: B g ec i t 1 o so st ea s o r se

un a a er o os , s
a
p r f
e so nh l d m
o i t bl e d f d wi h h
an p r
co es n to oo eu t t at e so n s

f m i ly f ll dr h l f bl d v g

a d an so a s un e t e aw o oo en e a n ce .

Wh p r ih
,

I R i i B g d
ec/ t 5 t er o os , 20 o so w o u n s a e so n w t a

ik
st c or i h y h r i mpl m
st o n e , o r w f ir
t d
an ot e e en t not o on oes

f bl d v g b t i b
,

n o t co m g d h l e un er t e aw d o oo en e a n ce , u s o un to
co mp en sa t io n .

pay
 M o sa i c In dep en d en ce o f Ha mmu ra bi 69

be v g d l ss th s mitt
a en e ,
un e liv e s om d ys
e en on e e a
a ft r r e ivi g th bl ws H mm r bi
e ce n e o 99 3)
. a u a 1 , 21

a tt h d ly m o y p l ty t o th i j r g by
ac e on a ne en a e
.

n u in

bl ws th sl v f
o e t h r p rs
a e o Wit h M s s th
an o e e on . o e ,
e

O l d S mi t i id e th t sl v is p rs
c ea a ti tl d t
a a e a e on en e o

p r t
o ec ti t k son e ff t a
; ethis t
ec t h B g on a c c o un e o os

a ls o 4 6) ll w bl d r v g t f ll w his b i g
a o oo e en e o o o e n
kill d With H m m r bi i pp si t i t th O l d
e . a u a n o o on o e
S mi t i vi
e th id
c ew f sl v h d m t
e ea o a

a e

a co e o

h v t h e mm m i g f
a e co on b ght sl v ; ea n n o a

ou a e

th t is p i
a ,
af p r p r ty f his m st r
ece o o e o a e .

V rs s e 3 e I 2 2, 2 br wl i . whi h- w m
n a wi t h a n c a o an
c hild r ive d bl w ec e si g h t mis rry th
a o ca u n er o ca ,
e

s mit r sh ld p y
e ou m t b d by t h i j r d
a a su o e x e e n u e

w m s h sb d H mm r bi
o an

u an . If a y u a

an on e

s trik fr b o r w m
e a e e- th t h
n l s e h hild
o an so a s e o er c ,

h e sh ll p y t a h k ls f m y f h hild
a en S e e o on e or er c

( a cc ordi g t o n d 3 t h p y
21 1 m tan sh ld 21 , e a en ou
b e l ss f fr d b d m
e or ee d f m l on lv ) wo en an e a e S a es .

Th s i th t C d s
e ca es n e s ti lly diff r t
wo o e a re e se n a e en .

M s s s p ks f id t lly striki g w m H m
o e ea o a cc en a n a o an , a

m ura b i f i t ti o l bl ws ; m r v r
n en on a rdi g t o o eo e ,
a cc o n o

M s s th d i i o f th s e b l g d t th f mily
o e e ec s n o e ca e on e o e a

a cco rdi g t H mm r bi t th p bli trib l

n o a u a , o e u c un a .

e
V rs s 4 5 F v ry b dily i j ry (b r ght
e 2 , 2 . or e e o n u ou
a b t by d g r s i str m ts) t h e l t li i st p s
ou an e ou n u en ,
ex a on s e
'

n : Ey f
y e t t
or h f et th h d f h d
e, oo or oo ,
an or an ,

f t f f t b r i gf b r i g w df w d
oo or oo ,
u n n or u n n , o un or o un ,

s trip f stri p e or H m m r bi e.

9 6 97 a ) u a 1 ,
1 ,
200

a tt h d th l t li i t i j ry f y b
ac e e ess a on s o n u o e e, o n e, or

t th f th fr b r ; lik M s s h h r ll w d
ee o e e e- o n e o e , e e e a o e

th e o
p r ti f
e a t h O l
on od S m iti t li l e whi h h d e c a o aw c a

e v en t th t ti me
a i e d th e f r m l
a co n
y f y o u a

e e or e e .

R / dd B g ef 9 3 b F th A r b
o os, 1 mp r A h l dt or e a s, c o a e w ar

B d I G d 66 v
.
,
S mml gm l t
a un ai / a D i at
er a r a sc z cr c cr , an e .
, . 2.
7 0 H a mm u r a b i
Th e La w of

Wi h M s it sh w d i ts lf m r e stri tth t is
t o se o e e o c a ,

m r ri
o e
p mi t iv th wi t h H m m r bi e an a u a .

V rs s 6 7 Wh v r k ks o t th y
e e 2 , 2 . oe e n oc u e e e or
t th f his sl v e sh ld giv h im his fr d m
oo o a ou e ee o

in mp e s ti o
co H mm r bi h as o
n al go n. a u a n an a o us

law .

Vr s e se
28 32 Wh en
g ri g .kill d ( ) a o n ox e a a

str g r (o) sl v t h
an e or sh ld b st d i
a a e, e ox ou e on e n

ea c h s M r v r i ( ) if th w r k w f
ca e . o eo e n a ,
e o ne ne o

it d g r s h bit h
s an e ou hi ms lf ad l rd i , e e w as ec a e ,
n

p ri inc
p l t b g ilty
e, f d o t h whil
e i p ru t i o ea ,
e n ac ce a

m on eyr s m m m d d ; i (b) thir ty h k ls

an o w a s co en e n ,
S e e

w r t b p id t t h w r f t h sl v By H m
e e o e a o e o ne o e a e. a

m bi C d g r d

u ra s If o e it y

an ox on s wa o e

an y t d
on e t h lo i m i thi
ea s ,
h no ll b c a n s ca e s a e
a ll w d ;
o 5
e I f t h f
2 fr m
1 ,
is

giv t e ox o a ee an en o

t s i g th f
o s n lt h b p i t d t t th w r
, e au as e en o n e ou o e o ne ,

b t h h
u e t s d its h r s t b bl t d (P)
as no ca u e o n o e un e ,

an dh t p r vid d it with
as n o s ri g d t h
o e a n o e- n , an e ox
g r t d th fr b r p rs t h w r sh ll p y
o e o ea a e e- o n e on , e o ne a a

h lf m
a a f silv r ( ana o rdi g t 5 f e sl v

a c co n o 2 2, or a a e
it sh ld b o ou third f m ) M s s d H m
e n e- o a an a . o e an a

m b i l k ed
u ra p t
ooh p p r t ly u l g on s s e a a en ana o ou ca e
fr m q i t d ff t p i t s f i w M s s tr t d
o u e 1 e re n o n o v e . o e ea e
it rdi g t th id
a c co n f th l o t li i h e th
ea o e ex a on s , en ce e

r t t hi g is th t th
s n i t b kill d a d i t hi
e ox s o e e ,
an n s

h r pr s t d t h
e e m
e en e g th B g s e sa th t e u sa e as e o o a

i s, f t h O l d S mi t
o e g r lly ; H mm r bi e es en e a a u a con

s id d it e re ly f
a s on p r m di t t d a killi g
c a se 1 o un e e a e n ,

an d r g iz d e co f lt o f t h
n e b t no ly f it au e ox ,
u on o s

o w r ne .

V r s 3 5 3 6 T th l ws o f M s es h r giv
e se , . O e a o e e en ,

R /t d B g ec r 4 er Th b ll o os, th 20
y e u or e cow or an

an i m l whi h k ill p h ll b p t t d th
a c s a erso n s a e u o ea
"

b v p 68 T N ]
.

1 [S RA S.

ee a o e, . .
 Mo s a i c In dep en den ce Ha m mu r a b i 7 1 of

o f th s wh e
e ca e e kills n th r H mm r bi
on ox an o e , a u a
h as n o thi g rr s p di g ; j st h h
n co e on t hi g n u as e as no n

co rr sp di g t v rs s 3 3 d 3 4 whi h t b
e on n o e e an ,
c es a

li h th r s p sibility wh
s e e on t tl f ll i t en ca e a n o a
it r
c s e n ( p it
or ) whi h h b
ll w d t st y c as ee n a o e o a

O p en .
V rs 3 7 [ d
e e 3;
an E x d xx x x u. d 4 i t h o . 1 1. 1 an n e
E glish v r i ] F
n e s on t li g . t h thi f sh ll
o r s ea n an ox ,
e e a

p y a t h m e xi m m ap lty f
u x ; f sh
en a p o ve o en or a ee ,

o f f r sh p i
ou ee s t h st l
, n im lca e t b e o en an a ca n n o e
r v r d ; if it
e co e e r v r d th thi f g t ff by
w as ec o e e , e e o o
r st ri g it d p yi g th r
e o n an t m k
a n m ds ano e on e o a e a en

if th t hi f h d o m
e e a s [t m k r s tit ti ] h
n ea n o a e e u on ,
e
l st his fr d m H mm r bi
o ee o . 6 d f ll wi g)
a u a an o o n

a tt h d g er lly t th ft d t h b i g
ac e en a o ss ry e , an e e n a c ce o
t o th ft t h d th p lty whi h h o v r i s m
e ,
e ea - en a
,
c , we e ,
n o e

ca e s s 8 ) h mitig t d t th p ym t f thirt y e a e o e a en o a

f ldo v t f ld o mp s ti
or e en en o M s s d c en a on. o e an

H mm r a bi h d r di lly di ff r t id s b t th ft
a u a a ca e en ea a ou e .

M s s st o d
o e r to th O l d S miti st d p i t
o n ea e e c an o n ,

a c co rdi g t whi h th ft withi th trib

n o c ,
t il d e n e e en a e
on ly r stit ti oe d u n an b t wi t h H m u a

m urab i th ft e p it l ff
w as a ca r h a o e n ce as an en c oa c

m t p en u th righ t s f pr p rty whi h

on e t b
o o e ,
c w as o e

p r t
o ec et d d r ll ir
un m st
e s a c cu a n ce .

Exo d xxii .
( v rs s. 1d ,3 i 2 t h E glish
e e 2 an n e n

v ersi o ) Bl o d v g
n - o t ll w d t f ll
en ea n c e w a s n o a o e o o ow

t h e sl yi g f a r bb r ght br ki g i t h s
n o a o e ca u ea n n o a ou e
by ight b t it
n ,
ll w d if th thi f
u w as a ki ll d i
o e e e w as e n

d ylight ; whil H mm b i C d
a e a) s y I
ura f

s o e 21 a s,

an y on ebr k i t h
eao s h sh ll
n o ab p t t d th u e, e a e u o ea
b f r th br h d b ri d i it A rdi g t
e o e e ea c an u e n .

cc o n o

M s s th r bb r h d still d r rt i ir m
o e ,
e o e a , un e ce a n c cu

st an c e s pers o ,
lh r (whi h lls to mi d th l w
na on ou c ca n e a

R ec/it dcr B ogos, 1 73.

7 2 T he La w Ha mm u r a b i of

o f th B d ie e wi t h H mm r bi h
u n i fam s a u a ,
e w as n ou .

H e n ce, th t l wgiv rs rriv t di ff r t sti m t s

e wo a e a e a e en e a e

o f th p e ish m t d
un en u e.

V rs 4 ( E gh h v rsi v rs
e e n sWh i m ls
e on , e e en a n a

p t t
u f d i ld g rd i j r
o ee n a e ighb r s or a en n u e a ne ou

ld m p s ti sh ld b m d f th d m g ;
e ,
co en a on ou e a e or e a a e
if t h wh l ld f t h ighb r w r t p t h
e o e e o e ne ou e e ea e n u ,
e

o w r f t h ttl sh ld m k r s t it t i f h i b st
ne o e ca e ou a e e u on o s e .

H m m r bi d r s
a u a If
ec e e h ph rd ll w his
a S e e a o

sh p t p st r i t h ld f
ee o a u e t h r wi t h
n t p e e o an o e ou er
m i si s on f th ow r f th ld s h w r sh ll
e o ne o e e ,
uc o ne a

r p th sh ph rd s ld d th h p h rd h h
ea e e e

e ,
an e s e e w o as

a ll w d t h h p t p s t r wi th t
o e e s ee s t o a u e ou co n en on

t h r s ld sh ll f v ry t g ( r d ) p y

ano e e a , or e e en a r: o s ,
a

tw ty g ( m l l ds ) f r t t h w r f t h
en ar ca e - oa o co n o e o ne o e

ld M s s j dg d th
e . o e si g f th d m g t
u e e ca u n o e a a e o

t h ld t
e e b m s t k r p r bl by
o e a mp s ti
i a e; e a a e co en a on

b t H m m r bi
u a i it
u a p ish bl sa w r h m n t a un a e en c oa c en

on t h p r p r ty f th rs
e o e d th r f r b sid s
o o e m ,
an e e o e, e e co

p e n sat i f x d
on , a p l t y b ev t h v la f t h
en a a o e e a ue o e
no r m l pr d a f t h ld ( f
o uc e o e e c .

V rs 5 (E glish v rsi v rs
e e n C mp s t i e on , e e -
o en a on
f or t t i g ld
se n ; H mm r bi d
a e s t
on re a u a oe no
m ti en t his
on s ca e .
V r s 6 7 (7 d 8 i th E gli h Bibl ) Wh
e se , an n e n s e . en
d p si t d p r p r ty (m y g ds )
e o e o e s t l th on e or oo w as o en , e
d p i t ry
e os a t b w as d t m k r stit ti if h
no o un o a e e u on e
r l s d hi m s lf by th th thi f h dis v r d
e ea e e oa e e ,
w en co e e ,

B r kh rd B m k g
u c a t,b di B d i m p
e er
7 ( i
un en u cr e e u n 12 as n
th r p Th A r b r bb r r g rd hi p r f i
.
,
o e g )
a ssa es e a o e e a s s o e ss o n a s a n

h r bl
on o u a [B i
e on e. M p i f v iut hi gh r
s n ot o se s

o n t o ew a e on e
t h h f h B d i h r r f rr d i i (wh i l
an t at o t e e u n e e e e e to s t n ot at s a so
h O l d S mi i vi w ) h
t e e th l i f
t c f h r bb r i
e t f m rat e e o t e o e s o o e
i mp r o tan ce h g d ? O f r br ki g hr gh i
t an oo s a re co u se , ea n t ou n to
h d i g h h r f l p d d rk i m r

a m an s o u se ur n t e ou s o s ee an a n ess s o e
i
ser o us a n dm r i i t r th d yl igh t b h ry T N ]
o e s n s e an a to e . RA S.
74 Ha mm u r a bi
T h e La w o f
th e g di d ti uar f his o f an rdi g t his u es o ce a cc o n o
abili ty t ll d t
w as n o m k m p s ti ca f e on o a e co en a on or

l s b t th r l ss sh ph rd
o s, u I t is v ry p
e ca e e e e w as . e ro

b bl th r f r th t l d sh eph rd l w still p r t d
a e, e e o e, a o e a O e a e
hr e e.
"e

V rs s 3 4 ( E glish v rsi
e e 1 4
,

1 Th n e on , 1 , e

b rr w r f ttl whi h b e m i j r d m st m k
o o e o ca e c ca e n u e u a e

si mp l r mp s if h e eco bs t wh th i j ry en e e w as a en en e n u

w as d b t t if h
on e , p r s t ifu t h i
no m l e w as e en e an a w as

hir d th risk f i j ry
e , e r k d i th hir 1 o n u w as ec on e n e e .

H mm b i C d
a t i s
u ra o l s lik this d

s o e con a n n c au e e ,
an

th mi i
e o is t id t l b
ss o n s th l di g f no a cc en a , e ca u e e en n o

ca t tl s p i lly gr t i t sly w ld s r ly h v
e, e ec a a u ou , ou ca c e a e

a gr d with th e
ee mi ir mst s f his e co n o c c cu an c e o
t ime .
V rs s gli h v rsi
n t h e En If
e e 5 1 ,
1 6 (i s e on , 1 6,
a ma n h a d c on j g l i t r rs with
u a n e cou e anb t r th d
un e o e

y gwo un o ma n , h m t m rry h
e ; b
us a er t if h
u f th r er a e
w ld t giv h t h im t h m
ou no e er o , e an m ust p y h a er a
su m f m o y q iv l t t th e
on e e u a en o nu p ti l gift a H m . a

m bi d s
u ra t d l with this s
oe no ea ca e .

V rs 7 ( E glish v rsi
e e 1 8 ) A s r r e ss th t
n e on , 1 o ce a
is w m a h o e mp l y d m gi
an w l rts t i j r
o o e a ca a o n u e

t h rs sh o ld b
,

o e p t t du th H m m
e r bi u ) o ea . a u a 1

a t t h e d t h d t h p l ty t t h p r v d
ac e ea - en as ti o e un o e a cc u a on

o f h vi g p r t i d s r ry (P
a n ac t ) pse t h ro ce
; n er u u on an o e

on th e th r h d
o the s ti o f wi t h ry
an e a cc u a on c e

( p )
k i s tuo b d
w as id d by t h j dg me t f ecG d e e u en o o

( ord l by w
ea t r ) Wh t is h r
a e lik e i . t h l ws a e e a n e a

Wh W M i g ( 0 f i n S di p 3 8)
'

en un z n er sta n a n sc e tu en 1
b rv h t m g h B i A m r f A by i i h h ph rd i
. .
,

o se es t a a on t e en e o ss n a t e s e e s
n ot m d w bl f l t
a e ans l e ra l it i h r i h
e or os o r sto en c a t t e , s, a s e e, w t
h li m i t i hi d y

t e i ta h h on d n case e as on e s ut
R vi d V r i f hi xt m k th b rr w r
.

1 [O t te

ur e se e s on o s a es e o o e s
l i bili ty d p d
a h hr h
e en ( t h b rr w r )
on w et e t e ow n er no t e o o e w as

p t wh
re se n th i j y en d T e N ] n ur w as on e. - RA S.
 Mo s a c i In dep en den ce o f Ha m mu r a b i 75
of M s s d H mm r bi is x pl i d by tr i g
o e an a u a e a ne ac n

b th b k t t h O l d S m iti pr ti
o ac o e e c ac ce
*

A y
.

V rs 8 (E glish v rsi
e e 1 n m mit e on , n o n e co
ti g b sti li ty sh l l b p t t d th H mm b i
n e a a e u o ea . a ura

s

C d is sil t
o e t s h s en as o uc a ca e.

V rs 9 ( E gli h v r i
e e 1 ) Wh s s nri s s e s on , 20 o o ac ce

t id ls i t
o d f t t h L rd G d sh ll b b
o n s ea od] o e o o a e an n e

H m m r bi gr bly wi t h t h p r ly ivil h r t r
,

a u a ,
a e ea e u e c c a ac e

o f his l ws h t hi g l k this
a ,
as n o n i e .

Th f r g i g e mp ris o e f th t s t t t b ks
o n co a on o e wo a u e- o o

yi lds t h f ll wi g r s lt N m r s
e e o o s tr t d n e u s u e ou c a se ea e
i t h B k f th
n e C v t
oo bs t fr m H m
o e o en a n a re a en o a

m b i C d ; ft s m s s i b th

ura ths o e o en e a e ca e o ccu r n o

C d o b t th d isi o
e s, giv u p it is di ff r
e t ec n en u on e en .

Wh r t h s me s
e e rs f ll w d by t h s m
e a ca e o cc u o o e e a e
d isi th c mm s r
ec on , f b th xist d l
e o g on o u ce o o e e on
b f r H mm b i ti m i th O ldS m i t i s t m ry
e o e a ur a

s e n e e c cu o a

A y dir t i f H mm bi l

l
aw. n ec n ue n ce o a u ra s aw on

th eM s i p e l l is th er f r e to b e r g rd ed
o a c na aw ,
e o , e a as

ou t f th e q
o sti ue on .

A l rg
na a t
ume n M si
f o r th e o a c L a w , ta ken a s a
b i gi d
w /z ol e, e n d t lgl d
n e p e n e n o f Ha mm ura b i s e a C o e ,

dd d
m a y b e a u ce ; t h e u f ll d str tiv f r
e mo n a e o ce o f
w i h h w v r w ld ly
h c , o e e , ou on d vid t by
b e ma e e en a
il d x i i whi h w ld h r
de t a e e p o s t o n c ou l
e e b e o ut o f
p ce
a .

rg
T h e a u me n t is this :is h r t risti
It c a ac e v ry
c of e e

high e r lt r th t it f r s its o
cu u e f l g g a o ce wn use o an ua e

K nt d B g ee 9 A y er v i t d f h vi g by
o os , 1 2

n o n e co n c e o a n

evil rt t k h li f f
a s h r p r h ll b p t d h
a en t e e o a n ot e e so n s a e ut o ea t
d h i wh l f mily dri v t i t ry [ i b
,

an s h
o e a en ou n o t e c o un t e. e
b i h d fr m th mm i y i t th i h b i d p r
.

an s e o e co un t n o e un n a te a t s.
T N ]
RA S

1 [ Th H b r w w rd h r tri ly dv t d
.

'
e dm e e o e e use ea n s s ct

e o e

hi h h w v r rdi g t L xxvi i 9 d th r pl
, ,

ig v p t d h
w c o e e a cco n o ev . 2 an o e a ce s,
i q iv l t t
.
, , ,

s e u a en T N ]o en u o ea t .

RA S .
7 6 Th e La w H a m mu r a b i of

u p o m
n o r ea p ri m i t v e lt r whi h o m e s e i r it cu u e c c n a ,

wh ereby rst r s lt id s whi h h v b c m

, as a e u , ea c a e e o e

a s cu rr t o i i th hi gh r lt r b m tr
en c n n e e cu u e ec o e an s

f rr d to th l we r T his tr sf r e s p i lly
e e e o . an e en c e ec a

h lds g d wi th r p t to t h e f rm d x pr ssi
o oo es ec o an e e on

o f th mm e lco H d M o s s b o rr o w d fr m
on aw . a e e o

H mm b i C d
a ura B byl

s i wo rds w ld b
o e, a on a n ou e

f d i his vo b l ry ; b t f th s e thr gh t
o un n ca u a u or e ,
ou ou

his t rmi l gy e s k i v i N ith r fro m t h

no o , w e ee n a n . e e e

e x p re ssi f th B byl o i a la o f p bli lif f

on s or e a n n w u c e, or

e x mpl a th o s e f o wit ss p r h s s l hir d b t

e, r ne , u c a e, a e, e, e ,

ca p it l i ta r st , o t r
n e e t l g l d e
,
isi c; n t h ac , e a c on n or o se

f o th l
r r s p ti g th f mily g f h sb d
e aw e ec n e a ,
e . or u an ,

wi f o bi m rri ge s t tl m t m rri g p
e, c n cu n e, a a e e en , a a e or

ti i h ri t
on , n divo r d s th r p p r i th
e a n ce, ce , oe e e a ea n e

He br w l gisl ti e e y t r m whi
a h is
on d e m s
ant r bly e c on a

a B byl a i l w rd ; th re is thi g m r th
on a n oa n- o e no n o e an a

few w o rds xpr ssi g ge r l id ea s i j ri p r d

e e n ne a n u s u e n c e,

s h a s j dge
uc u j dg me t d p o si b ly l ws it u n , an s a u

( )
di n whi h
, p p r c lik e i ab o th C d
ea s d p ar v n o e , an o e,

a t t h m o st th t t h B byl
e , i a d th e Hebr w a
a e a on an n e re

b o th br h e s o f th pri mi tiv e Semiti l g g e

an c e c an ua .

In th e co u rs
i v stig ti it h b e of our n e a on as ee n
sh o w i v ri s w ys h t h
n n a oult r f B byl a ow e cu u e o a on

h as a ff t d I sr l ; t h hist ry
ec e f t h P tri r hs is
ae e o o e a a c

b ilt
u th f d ti
on f B byl
e i l
o un ad th on o a on a n aw , an e
ki gs o f I r l s tr v t
n s ae
py t h tw rd fo r m se f o co e ou a o o
its E st r ighb r B t s till th Bibl is b k
a e n ne ou . u e e a oo
in no w a y i s p ir d by th B byln i s pirit Wh r
e e a on a n . e e
th e i n f t h B byl i
u e n ce o s piri t p p rs t be a on a n a ea o e

p r s
e en t it is o ,d ty t o i v stig t urwh t h r it
u d t r n e a e e e e e

mi s ne bst o f rm
su L gis l ti
a n ce is lw ys r o . e a on a a one

o f th ss ti l f t r s i th p r tr it r f p p l ;
e e en a ea u e n e o a u e o a eo e
l gisl t ors w er h o re d i tiq ity a h er oe s t o
e a e on u n an u s ,
 Mo s a ic In d ep en den ce o f Ha m mu r a b i 7 7
u s th ey e l dm ks o f h m
ar an arlt r Fr m th e u a n cu u e. o
co mp ris o o f H mm r bi
a n d M o s e s t h l wgiv rs
a u a an ,
e a e

o f th e i e t E st it f ll ws th t e ch f th m
an c n a , o o a a o e

i mpre ss d his m rk p o his p eo pl h o b o th t

e a u n e, w r a

i mpr ss thr gh o t th e wh l e p ri d f th eir hist ry ;

e ou u o e o o o

b t b tw
u e th
e en fo r m r h i his C d
e e rri d
,
w o, n o e, ca e

o t th e s
u l riz ti
e cu a f th al with
on si s
o e aw co n c ou

p r
u p o s e ,d t h
an l tt r h e g id d
a t h e l e i
,
t w o u e aw n o

p t
a hs p r o di g
cee fr m G nd l e d by o G d d d o , a o ,
an a

va n c ni g th D ivi e i m d th r by p r p r d
ne n an ,
an e e e a e

th e wa y f t hor C hri ti e l i s t sm d m
an r lsaw n cu o s an o a
b tw e th s t
,

e e n l gisl t rs th r e xi t e d o y
e e wo e a o e e s n w a

o f co n n ec ti d th r
on ,
anver y tre e sf r ne w as an an e en c e

o f id s ea L ik e t
. m t i s i th f dist
wo oun a n , n e ar a n ce ,
th ye e p r o mi
ar t i th hist o ry o f tiq ity th
n en n e an u : e

h d f th
ea o eis v e rsh d w d by th l o ds
on e o a o e e c u ,

whil th o t rs o f its m ighty b s e whi h r s t s

e e c n ou a ,
c e

on th e p l i st d t i tr q il bright ss ; b t
a n, an ou n an u ne u

as r em v d fro m e rth d e ir l e d by
o e a an f nc c a n o cea n o

D ivi e light t h
n s mmit f t h e th r shi e s for th
, e u o o e n

a d w e ll
n igh bl en ds with th e i it eth er
-n n n e .
 P A R T II

T HE HI STO R Y A ND A R C H/EO L O G Y O F
T HE HA MM UR A BI A ND M O SA I C C O D ES

B Y THE R EV . W . T . FI L TER
82 Th e La wHa mmu ra bi of

m d e r st dy f th o ld e st d
o n u m ts f t h Bibl e
o e o cu en o e .

It m y be a w ell t o y t as th t b th th C d e sa a o n ce a o e o

an d t h e r h ae l o gy ff rd v ry str o g ir c ms t t i l
a c o a o e n c u an a

e vid o f th
en ce th e ti h r t er o f th e P e ta t e h
e au n c c a ac n uc

i b th it hi t ry
n o d its l gi l ti o
s s o an e s a n.

O rst ill ustr ti o o f this is th e f t whi h

ur a n ac c

,

P r f ss
o e o r G ri mm h l rly p r o v d ( pp 45 47
e as c e a e se e .
,

a b o v ) th t t h P tri r hs A br h m I s
e ,
a e a dJ ba c a a , aa c , a n a co

did t lly live d er d w r i th m i r l d

a c ua un an e e n e a n u e

by th e pr o visi s o f H mm b i C o de This is a on a u ra

s .

t sti m y t th histori l h r t er o f th p tri r h l

e on o e ca c a ac e a a c a

na rr tiv a striki g it is i mp h bl
e as n as un eac a e.

T h er is m h m o r e vid e o f th e s m s o rt if
uc e e en c a e ,

l ss striki g ff o rd d by th e m o m ts It is
e n ,
a e nu en .

c hi y c d t wi th th P t t h l hist o ry d
e con or an e e n a e uc a ,
an

n o t dir t This as to b expe te d B t f o

ec . w e c . u or c n

t emp o r ry r o rds o f di t t a ti q ity to b i

a ec a s an n u e n

a gr em t with tr diti a l lit er t re d li g wi t h th

e en a on a u ea n e

sa m r e mo t p e ri d is i its lf s tr o g
e e r m ti f
o n e n co n a on o

th etr stwo rthi ss f t h t lit er t e f h d it

u ne o a a ur or a

or g i t d i
na e m h l t nr ti m a if it d t
uc i g w r e a e e, o r s a n e

fr d l e t this w ld s o o b e b tr y d wh
au u n ,
ou n e a e en co n

fr t e d by wit ss es o f th e d t p o st l t d
on ne a e u a e .

T h e r m rk bl e p is d e a f G a xiv ff rd
e o e o en . . a o us a

g o d Oppo rt ity f t sti g th e Bibli l hist ry by t h

o un o e n ca o e

m m t s O th e p r e s m p t i o t h t th
on u en . n A mr p h l u n a e

a e ,

Ki g f Shi r th er s po k e f is m st A y i
n o na ,

e n o , as o ss r o

l gi t b li e v
o s s H mm r bi hi ms lf h ( l o g wi t h
e e, a u a e ,
e a n

A ri o h Ki g o f Ell s r d th o t h e r lli s ) m st
c ,
n a a ,
an e a e u

h a v ss i t e d hi ms elf with C h d o rl m r Ki g f
e a oc a e ao e ,
n o

El m f a th e r id i t
,
or So th E st r C a i th e
n o u - a e n an aan n

ea rly y ars o f H mm b i ki gshi p f o a t th t ti me

e a ura

s n r a

b tt r th ith r by I I t h l d h r b dd d th t th r
e e an e e l or t . S ou e e e a e a e e
i r b li vi g t h t th d t lly ig d t H mm
,

s e asonf or e e n a e a e usua a ss ne o a u
ra bi ( b t B C 2 ) will h v t b
a ou . . id r bly r d d
200 a e o e cons e a e uce .
 Ha mm ur a b i an d Heb r ew P a tr i a r ch s 8 3
th e p o wr e of Eam p l
r d o mi t d i B byl i A ft r e na e n a on a . e

w rds th t bl s w r t r d H mm r bi r p e t dly
a e a e e e u ne a u a e a e

w rr d g i st El m d did t r st til i th
a e a a n a an no e un n e
thirti th y r f his r ig h e h a d s bd d
e ea o
it N e
,

n, u ue .
ale
,

ow ,

wh G xiv en en . writt e it is vid t fr m th

. w as n, e en , o e

rst v rs th t th e m f A mr ph l (H mm r bi)
e e, a na e o a e a u a
h d m t o b t h mo st imp rt t o f t h f r lli d
a co e e e o an e ou a e
ki gs T he h p t r s bst ti lly i its p res t f r m
n . c a e , u an a n en o ,

m st th r f r
u , h v e b e writt s m y e rs ft r
e e o e, a e n en o e a a e
t h r id th o gh f r o m t h t
e a , u a d d t a ils o f it
,
t e on e n e ,
no

v ery l g ft r I t w o ld p p r th er f r th t
on a e . u a ea , e o e, a we
a re i d bt d t th p e o f s o me o t emp r ry f th
n e e o e n c n o a or e
o rigi l a r tive o f th e pi ode T whi h M o s s
na n r a e s ,
c e

Th i wh i h M K i g d ri b d (b f r th di
s c r. v r y f th n es c e e o e e sco e o e
C d t l )
o e s e a th h i f v t f H mm b i r ig f h i
as

e c e e en o a ura

s e n, or s

vi t ry f r d B byl f r m h m t p w rf l m y i f
c o ee a on o er os o e u en e s, o
r d ly t d i it p l i th B byl i C hr i l f
co u se , u no e n s a ce n e a on a n on c e o
h K i g f h Fi r t D y ty b t v ry i r i gr f r
t e n s o t e s n as u a e n t e e st n e e en ce
ir m f it pp r t b p r rv d t bl
,

to so m e c cu st a n ce s o a ea s o e ese e on a a et

e x v t d by P r f S h i l t Si pp r i 8 94 d
ca a e o i
e h e a a n 1 an n ow n t e

i pl I t i bri f b i lik l i t f
.
,

m use u m t C a o n sta n t n o e. s a e us n ess- e s o

mb r f g z ll (m ore ) w h i h m k rm t t l f
,

nu e so a e p th
es c a e u e en o o us o a o
ll d pp r ly fr m th di ff r t p r
,

co e ct e a m d
a en t o e e en e so n s n a e
h A d r t h y r th
, , ,

an di d t di h s a e 3 h dy f h m n t e 1 t a o t e on t a , In e ea e

a rm y t El m
w as a H r Th m Fri dri h i p bl i hi g hi
a 0
e r o as e c n u s n t s

t bl t (N
.
,

a e I ! i h i A l a by l i l
o. Uk d
n Sipp
s t a on sc z e r un en a us a ra

L i pzig r m rk th t th ir m t r rd dh p p d
.
,

e e a s a e c cu s a n ce s e co e a en e
h 3 h y r f H mm r bi h th r W th h
,

in t e ot ea o a u a w en e e w as w ar i t e
El mi t th g z ll m yh v b bt i d f h
,

a d e s, a n so e a e es a a e e en O a ne or t e

a l im t ti f h B byl i rmy i th l d Th i m
en a on o t e a on an a n e e s see s
lik ly x pl i
.

a e e an a t on .

1 P r f Fri tz H mm l i h i A i t H a T diti pp n s e rew ra on

'
o o e n c en
i i t th t it m t h v b w it d i h
.
.
, ,

1 9 2,ff ns s s a us a e een r te n ow n n t e
i f rm rip t v ry h rtly f r th v t i P l ti
.
,

c un e o sc e s do a te e e en s, n a es n e, a n

r b bly by r b l hiz k r y
,

p o a (p i f M d P f S a sc h e o e c e e o a ce as
q i l ly (i h E p i y Tim A g t 9 6) gi v
. . .

u te a te n t e x os tor es, u us 1 0 en a
r i g mm t y th h p t r fr m th t dp i t f
,

un n n co en ar on e c a e o e s an o n o a

cun e i f rm h l r o sc o a
Of q i t di ff r t h r t r f m th h i t ri l rr tiv f
.

u e a e en c a ac e ro e s o ca na a e o
84 Th e L a w Hamm ur a b i of

a ft rw rd d r s p i l D ivi l di g i orp or t ed
e a s, u n e ec a ne ea n , nc a
i th B k f G
n e oosis o en e .

Th f rt t h h p t r f G is th r f r
e ou e en c a e o en e s , e e o e,
e x t ly ts i t th p ri d
ac n o xt t B byl i e e o as e an a on an
m on um ts m k it k en t a T h t this is
e n ow n
'

o u s. a so ,

th t th P tri r hs f I r l w r s bj t t B b yl
a e a a c o s ae e e u ec o a o
i l whil th y liv d i C
n an aw e (p rtly
e b s e n a n aan a e ca u e
th y w r th ms lv s f B byl i
e e e e e rigi ed o a on a n o n, an

p ar t ly ls a sh ll r
o, as w e
p s t ly b s C a e en se e , eca u e a n aan

i t lf d ri g
se ,
u rly th wh l f th t p ri d
n n ea e o e o a e o ,
w as

s bj t t B byl ) d th f rth r
u ec o a on sid r ti, an e u e co n e a on

th t t h r is
a e e xt t m m t l vid no e an on u en a e en ce an
t g i ti t
a on s th his t ry f th B k f G sis
c o e o o e oo O en e ,

th s e e f ts t k t g th r f lly j stify i
ac ,
a en o p t e e , u u us n a cc e
i g th
n rr tiv f t h at b k ( t l st
e na a e o m h oo o r, a ea ,
so uc

o f it t i s th p t i r h l rr tiv )
as con a n f lly
e a r a c a na a e as u

G en x i v ih i r i g b m y h i l l g d f h
s t e n te est n m ut t ca e en o t e se sa e

hr k i g C h d rl m A ri h (E i k ) d Ti d l (T d
. .

t ee n s e o ao e r, oc r -a u an a u

h l ) d r i g h hri f B byl whi h i x

,

u a ese c a t n t e s ne o a on , c s e ta n t o n a

ta bl t f v ry l d (
e o e li r h h d f h P r i
a te a te n o t e ar e t a n t e en o t e e s an

p r
e i d o h 4 h t t r ye ) ti h S
ce n up l i C ll t i
B. Cf h n t e a r ta o ec on o t e
B ri i h M d r gi r d Sp 3 h
, .

t s m useu an Th e m ste e as 2. e t ree na es

rr p d b r f rm ht i h b
.
, .

a pp i
ea r n a co u t an o scu e o so t a t as ee n
q i d h hr myr dhm hr Pr f
,

u e st o n e w et e ll b
w e a ea t e t e e at a ut o

S y brill i d h r gh x mi i f h m r
.

a i
ce , n a an t an t o ou e a n at on o t e a tte

b f r h S i y f Bi bli l A r h l gy J
e o e t e oc et o 9 6 ( d ca c aeo o un e , 1 0 an

i p bli h d i h P di g f h S i y) giv
,
s n ce u s e n t e r ocee n s o t e oc et es a co n
l iv frm i v h q i
,

e us e a at e to t e ues t o n
hr h r bl f th m p ri d d f
.

I n tw o or t ee ot e ta e ts o e sa e e o an o a
imil r ki d (Sp 9 8 7 d Sp 5 8 S
,

n 2. an 1 2 on e o r
r Th x f m h
s a ;
m r m hr l
. . .

o e o f h t e sa m e t ee n a e s a so o c cu e te t o as uc
f h i pr rv d wi h r rip i f i i
.

o f ll a o t ese as s e se e t a t a n sc t on o t n to

l E gli h r l i pp r i h j ,
R m o an d e t t e rs a n an n l s t a n s a t on , a ea s n t e ou r n a

o f T re i f / V i
r a n sa ct o n s o i I it ( f J ty ze ctor a n st u te or a n ua r

l xxix N 3 fr m h p
,

vo o. 1 1 f D T G Fi h o t e en o r. nc es.
hrh d m p r ry l r f H mm r b i
.
.
, . .

O h n t e ot e an a co n te o a e t te o a u a to
Si iddi m whi h P f S h il h gh t i d h
,

n- na c ro m f c e t ou t co n a ne t e na e o

C h d rl m r rfr h i d f t by H m m r b i i
, .

e o d ao e an a e e en ce to s e ea a u a s
r lly h l d i i h r th m rfr
,

n ow g en e a e t o co n ta n n e t e at n a e n or e e e n ce .
 Ha mmu r a bi a n d Heb r ew P a tr i a rch s 8 5
an d tir ly tr stw rthy Th e rbitr ry s bj tiv
en e u o . a a u ec e

High r C riti is m
e rr t c p r d
n ow cu en ca n o uc e no
s h t sti m y i its f v r
uc e on n a ou .

Th r e rd of v ts i th lif f H mm r bi
eco e en n e e o a u a ,

fr m his rly d ys wh h
o ea t mp r ry
a , en e w as
.

in e o a
a lli a n ce with C h d rl m r til his el ho ao e , un ow n aw e

ca m th l e f C e aw v ry i mpl t This
o a n aa n , I s e n co e e.
is ill str t d by th hist ri l p rt (th p r l g
u a e e o ca a e o o ue ,

c hi y ) f th t l
e o t i i g his C d
e whi h i
s e a co n a n n o e, c s,

f or th hist ri
e d f tiv F x mp l it wh r
o an, e ec e. or e a e, no e e

c al i ms f H m m r bi y th rity i C
or a u a an au o n an aan ,
n or

d s it v r f r t th t l d
oe e en t
e e y f its iti
o s a an n or o an o c e

by m I t is f rth r t b bs rv d t h t
na e. u f e o e o e e a n on e o

his w rs a th r s p k f d
a re f his x p l its
e e o en o an n on e o e o ,

ou tsid M p t m i (i its l rg r xt t)
e e so o a v a n a e e en a re e en

m ti en d x p t i th m st g r l s r t f y
on e , e ce n e o en e a o o wa .

O ne pp r t a x pti t t his st t m t might

a en e ce on o a e en
a p p r i th m
ea ti f A l pp b t th xpl ti
n e en on o e o, u e e an a on
o f t h t i i t h r th t H m m r bi
a s e e dir t d thith ra a u a w as ec e e

by B byl ia r l
a b s it r f rs t his
on an o ac e or e ca u e e e o

x ti g th l ws f A l pp ; ith r ir m st
e ec u n e a o e o e e c cu a n ce
w ld bri g t h v t wi thi t h s p f th p
ou n e e en n e co e o e ro

l go u e. Ev El m w rs wi t h whi h
en pa i d h im,
a c o c cu e

m h d ri g th rst p rt f his r ig is
uc u n e t m h a o e n, no so uc

as r f rr d t Th s bj t f th p r l g is r lly
e e e o. e u ec o e o o ue ea
t h gl ri
e ti f H mm r bi r l r f B byl i
o ca on o a u a , as u e o a on a,

fr m th pri sts p i t f vi w f his w rk f p

o e e

o n o e ,
o o s o ea c e,
an d p i lly
,
S ec a f v r r f th t mp l s B t
, as a a ou e o e e e . u

this p i t f vi w ll ws h im t b d s rib d
o n o e a o o e e c e as

w rri r f D g his r t r
a o o d a D g an , c ea o ,
an , as a an w as

a C it g d th r i h r
an aa n e ll si t H m
o , e e s e e an a u on o a

m ura bi ti with th t l d d

s co n n ec on ti a an , an a co n n ec on

o f i mp rt o a n c e.
*

A t th m i m it m t
e sa t b f rg t
e h t diff r t
t e, us no e o o ten t a on e en
i l g b f r th i B byl i r l r h d i v d d
o cca s o n s, on e o e s, a on a n u e s a n a e
86 Ha mmura b i
T he L a w of

B t u th r f his m m ts st
an o e o l b i th e on u en ,
a on e S a n
British M s m t lls pl i ly f his s z r i ty f *
u eu ,
e us a n o u e a n o

C a n aa n i th w rds H m m [ b i] sh r M
n ese o : a -a - u-r a - a ar
th t is H m m r bi ki g l d
[ K I ] f h f

t u a t , a u a ,
n o e an o

M rt (i f th l d f th A m rit s C
a u . e. o e ) an o e o e , or an aa n .

A t h r i s ri p t i
no e p rn s rv cd i ti l m
on s m e e e n o ur n a ona u eu

m st b q t d 1 I t is l t b t pp r tly q it '

u e uo e . a a e u a a en a u e

r t py f
a ccu a e c o rigi l f A mmi s t ( A m
o an o na o - a an a 01
mi dt -
)
1 ana Ki g f B byl ,
i d t hird
n i s o ssi a on a , an n ucce on

to H mm r bi i whi h th ki g giv s
a u a , n f his c e n e as o n e o
i i l titl s Ki g f th l d f M rt T his

o c a e ,
n o e an o a u.

t bl t
a e writt w ll withi th lif ti m f I s
w as en e n e e e o a a c,

b t p rh p s ft r J
u e a b h d r t r d fr m P d
a e a co a e u ne o a an

a ar mt C o a n a an .

Fr m t h l t r d ys f A br h m
o e a e t il this ti m a o a a un e,

th r f r B byl w ld pp r t h v h d p r
e e o e, a on ou a ea o a e a a a

m o unt th rity i t h l d f th A m rit s T his

au o n e an o e o e .

l si is r m d d
co n c u on bj t f rth r ill s
con e ,
an o ur s u ec u e u

t t d by
ra e ,
f th i t t bl t s fr m Sipp
on e o e a n c en a e o a ra

r f rr d t i
e e e ot o pr di g p g
n a t bl t
n e on a ece n a e, a a e
whi h H rr F i d i h i ssig s t th igh t h y r f
c e r e r c a n o e e ea o
S m s il
a th
u - un a , d i m m di t s e ss r fso n an e a e ucc e o o

H m m r bi
a Th d
u a m t is . mm r i l e o cu en a co e c a co n
tr t by whi h o H bil k m hir s fr m
ac c ne th r a - u e o an o e

C an aa n , a n d t h a t so me tw o hr y r l i r th h d t
un d e d ea s ea r e an t e a e
o f Ha mm u a r bi on e of th e l l ki g p i g v r r f
o ca n s a a te r or o e no o
yr i w as

, ,

n a m ed I sh me -D a (t h e go d)

A ss a
g ,
a n D a ga n has
h ea rd

3 9
b r th r gi tr ti mb r 8
.

It ea s e e s a on n u e 0- 1 1 1 2, 2
h i w ll h l t m
.

f 8 85
0- 1 1 - 1 2 , 1
A p y f t f co o s, a s e as o t e as en
d t x t i Ygi by D H W i kl r i h i A l m l i /
.

ti
'

on e e S v en r. nc e n s t e nt a sc re
R ih i i L i pzig E gl i h
, .

F n g
or sc (E nn en rst e d e e, e an an n s

tr l ti f th l t r t x t by D P i h pp r i th
.
, ,

an s a on o e a te e r. nc es, a ea s n e
d ri l v pp
,

R d f t/ P
ecor s o re a st , s eco n
5 se es, v o 1 0 2-
bl t i N 3 f hi A lto oy l i nc U k d N
. . . .

1 Th e ta e s o. 2 o s a on sc r un en , o.

5 6 2i P rnf S h il l i
o t . c e

s s ,
 H a mm ur a bi Heb r ew P a tri a rch s 8 7
and

c itiz rri g f
e n a ca y r gr e s t p y t thirds
a e or a ea ,
a e o a w o-

o f silv r h k l f th hir
a e S d p ys d w
e e or e e, a n a o n on e
sixth th e r e st mo
as y b t d this is th
e a n ne u an e
h
,

f t re f p rti l r i t re st t
ea u o a j st
cu a n e o us u n ow e

en g g s t t t k th
a e no rri g t o th l d f
o a e e ca a e e an o
Ki tti m N Ki tti m mm ly m s th isl d
. ow , co on ea n e an

o f C y p r s b t th t u , s r ly h m t h r ; it
u a ca n ca c e e ea n e e
w ld r th r s m t b th e M dit rr
ou a e ee o st f e e e a n ea n c o a o

C anaan . Why H bil k m g g d t t g th r a - u en a e no o o e e

with th hir d v hi l e de t k w b tb
e c e we s o no no ,
u e ca u e

o f th i hibiti g l s i t h
e n tr t it f ll w
n c au e n e co n ac ,
o o s

th t t th t ti m p p l o ld d did visit th s
a , a a e, eo e c u an o e

p rts
a fr m B byl
o i d th y h
a d fr e d m
on a , a n d e a e o an

r s bl s e rity i d i g
ea o n a e cu T his fr d m A br n o n so . ee o a

h m x r is d wh
a e e c he w t d ow i t C
e en d en n n o an a a n , a n

no t o ly n b t h d his hildr e
so , u ft r h im
e an c n a e , as

we hv s a th e re lived d er th e pr visi s f
e e en , un o on o
H mm b i C d
a ura

s o e.

Th s xt t B byl i r rds p r ti lly

u e an a on a n e co , ac ca co n

t mp r ry with th v ts r rd d giv
e o a e es f i t en e co e , e us u c en
ligh t th p li ti l r l t i shi p f th t mp ir wi th
on e o ca e a on o a e e

C anaan t ss r o a th t t h hist ry f th H br
u e us a e o o e e ew
P tri r hs
a a c giv i th B k f G sis f ithf lly
,
as en n e oo o en e ,
a u

r ts th p liti l ir m st s o f th ti m N
e ec e o ca c cu a n ce e e . ow ,

for t h writ r f th t b
e k t h v d this with t
e o a oo o a e on e ,
ou
b tr yi g th l st sig th t h
e a n e ea si s f y n a e w a s co n c ou o an

o th e r p rp s th th t f r rdi g f ts b s f
u o e an a o ec o n ac e ca u e o
th ir r ligi s i mp o rt
e e ou f his p p l f f rds
a n ce or ow n eo e, a o ,

to my m i d striki g t sti m y t t h tr thf l e ss f

n , n e on o e u u n o
th rr tiv o t i ed i th a t b k
e na a e c n a n n oo .
 C HA P TER II

T HE P A T R I A R C HA L A ND MO SA I C L AW

i r
T h e d ff e en ce b tw th i vi l l e d r w h i h th H b r w
e en e c a w un e c e e e
r r h li v d d h f h Si i i C v t
P a t ia c s e an t at o t e na t c o en a n .

O UR i v e stig ti n o adv e s oth er st ge O

on n w a anc an a . n

an y th e ry t hoe P ,t i r hs f I sr l m
a r a c v d i s p h r o ae o e n a e e

o f l aw q i t di ff r t fr m th t i whi h t h
u e e en oti a n c e na on
S p r ung fr o m th e m m v d a t y p e ri d whil
o e it , an o , e
s j r d i th wild er ess d liv e d i th L d
o ou n e n e n an n e an

o f P r mi o M o r p i lly d m st ig i t is
se . e es ec a an o s n ca n

t h f t th t wh il th P t ri r hs liv d hi y
e ac a , e e ard a c e c e a cc o

i g t th p r o visi o s f H m m C d e t h l gis

n o e b n o a ura 1 s o , e e
l ti whi h p p o rts t o b e M o s i
a on c ur d whi h is a c, an c

e m b di d i t h f r l t r b ks o f t h P
o e n e ou t t a e h oo e e n a e uc ,

d s t h w si gl f t r
oe no s o a l s whi h
n e ea u e or c au e c ca n

b d i t ly s ig d t o H mm r b i
e e n e a s ne O th e a u a . n co n

fra ry P r f ss r G ri mme h as d m str t d i th

,
as o e o e on a e n e

ea rli r p rt f this b o k wh t d rli s th rst ivil

e a o o , a un e e e c

l gisl ti o f Si i i th e st m ry l
e a on na s f s m cu o a aw o a o e
wh t p ri m i tiv e Semiti p e pl h h v l t ly fo rs k
a c o e w o a e a e a en

t h e n m di o o diti o
a c f c t h e s ttl d lif
n f t w s
n or e e e o o n

an d vill g s a d wh s d om i ti g p ri i p l is t h e
e , an o e na n nc e

p r t
o ec t i fon t h e poe rs T h D t r m i l
on . e eu e o n o c aw

sh o ws th e s me h r te risti s b t d v l p d by f r ty
a c a ac c ,
u e e o e o

y rs x p ri
ea

e i th d
e en c e rt d ls by f rty y r
n e e se ,
an a o o ea s

h a ll o wi g f t h g e t l w giv r s lif d ffe t d

n o e r a a e ow n e an a c e
88
9 0 Th e La w Ha mmu ra bi of

f rm
o i , xist e i l o g fo rg tt e b k by
w as n e n ce n a n - o n oo a

p ti t i v stig t r
a en n d p r ti l st d t W r r
e a o an ac ca u en , e ne
M ig un z n H liv d f y rs m g t h B g s f
er. e e or ea a on e o o o
A byssi i S m iti p p l
n a, a e f h lf p ri m itiv h bits
c eo e o a - e a
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cu o , w o m di
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s ttl d lif i t w s d vill g s d h w r th r

e e e n o n an a e ,
an w o e e e e
f r i m h th s m
o e n uc di ti e f s i l rg iz
a e co n on o oc a o an a

ti on d iviliz ti
an c th H br ws i Si i with
a on as e e e n na ,

wh m th r f r t h ir s t m ry l m ight p r t bly
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b e mp r d
co M ig a e . w rk d s ri p t iv f th
un z n er s

o , e c e o e

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e c m d eo d givi g
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t f
an n a u a cc o u n o

th e st ms whi h w r th l ws f th trib
cu o c e e e a o e e, w a s

p bli
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un f
e m p t et s h
ca e l r o a co e en c o a ,

J .M Z i gl . r i 8
e 5 9 h
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l t
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k wl dg f th l g g s f his d pt d
no e e o e an ua try e o a o e c o un ,

no a t bly th B r d t h Tigr
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t o li g isti st d ts F th r dis v ry f th
n u c u en . or e e co e o e
tr tis ea the B g s on d the r g i ti
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t o P r f ss r G ri mmo e o H m y h v b e . l d t e a a e ee n e o

m k t his
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a, a s o e co on u o se ,
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t ol k f th rigi f S miti l g g d i s ti
oo or e o n o e c an ua e an n

t tiu )on s B t it is by
um s ss ry t sh r no ea n n ece a o a e

th t p i i i rd r t r g iz th
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e vid whi h th mm l f th B g s s ppli s
en ce c e co on aw o e o o u e

as t th o h r t r f O l d S miti l
e c a ac e o d th e c aw ,
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a p t ss ne f t h m po ris f it
e co with t h arli st ivil
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l gisl ti
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na ,
as eco e n oo o
Ex d s o u .

P r f G ri m m h o t f r h h i vi w e h i bj i
a s se o t s e s on t s su e ct n
x ll d w ll i ll r d li l v l m i l d Di
.

hi s e ce en t an e - u st a t e tt e o u e, en t t e e
i
.

W l g / i l li / B d
e t esc z c it c ze
g A b i M b m m
e eu t u n d ( M '

h ra en o a e un c
,
1 90 411
 C HA P TER I I I

EA R L Y
U LTU R E I SR A EL A ND C

O tl i
u f th
ne o f e h i t ry
l t r i d r d I r l f r m th
s o o cu u e n an a o un s ae o e
P tri r h t M
,

a a c s o o ses .

A p p dix O th Egy p ti
en
p rn l m i G xl i 45
e an e so n a na es n en . . .

BEI NG th u s ss r e d b o th o f t h e hist o ri c l
a u r cy f a a cc u a o
t h e p tri r h l a rr tiv e s giv e i th B o k f
a c a na a a n n e o o
G e e sis o t h o
n ,
h d d o t h e o th er o f th
n e ne an , an , n , e
co rr t s f th r e ti o f t h s o i l diti o f
ec n e s o e e c on e c a co n on
t h H br e ws i t h s e l
e e g s bs q e t d ys f whi h
n o on - u e u n a o c

t h e i s pir e d r c rd o f t h
n rli t ivil l gisl ti i
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na m y ea i t h e light f t h e mo t
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re c en t dis v e ry tt mp t b r o tli e f th hist ry

co , a e a a e u n o e o
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cu it ff t d th H br w p e pl i th
u e as a ec e e e e o e n e
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n e a n a a c a an e na c

p ri
e o ds A d si. e this ns r e
,
ly f lls wi
nc t hi t h ca c a n e
s o p o f th e P t te u h l r rds
c e en a l ft t i f r c a ec o ,
w e a re e o n e

wh t it p ro b bly
a fro m th e m me t l r em i s o f
a w as on u n a a n

the ighb rs f I sr el
ne ou o a .

Wh n th e hildre a n d gr d childre o f J cob l ft

e c n an n a e

C wh re H mmu b i l h d l o g r l ed d
a n aa n , e a ra

s aw a n u , an

m d e th e ir l o g s oj o r
a sh ep h rds d h erd m i
n u n as e an en n

G sh e
o t h e p st o r l
n, o rth st r fr ti r o f Egy pt
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th y th er e c m i t o o s t t
e a t t with p st r l
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no m d trib e s m o stly lik e th ms lv e s f S mi t i r

a , , e e , o e c a ce .

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ca u ti o with J o s ph th e c o n n ec n e ,
1
9
9 2 The L a w Ha mmu r a b i of

gr d vizi r f th l d d l g th
an e o e ty
an ,
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r m i d d r th r l f th Hyks s Sh ph rd
e a ne un e e u e o e o or e e

Ki gs thn ,
lt r f Egp yt w ld d btl ss h v
e cu u e o ou ou e a e
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n e ec ua ea ert i lit r y ou a n a n a ce a n e ar
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n e e ,
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f mily d trib l hist ry m y h v d s d d t
a an a o as a a e e ce n e o
th m fr m th ir f r f th rs A br h m I s
e o e d
o e a e , a a , aa c , an
J b h w r f M s p t mi rigi
a co ,
w o e e o e o o a an o n .

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e ce n b s pp s d t h t a e een u o e a

s h lt r
uc cu u ep r s rv d as m g thw asm w ld e e e a on e ou
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s p i lly
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uc ehildr d h s o ea c c en an ou e
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o a e d ls g l gi l l r ; b t
,
*
an a o e n ea o ca o e u o ur

n ew k wl dg f thno e l t r whi h xist d i th

e o e cu u e c e e n e
i t w rld gr tly m di s
a n c en o ea
p t i f t h o e o ur c o n ce on o e
i t E st i t h p ri d d r r vi w W
a n c en a n e e o un e e e . e a re

n ow w r th t th r
a a e gr t i t ll t l dli t r ry
a e e w as ea n e e c ua an e a

ac tivity i B byl i i th ti m f A br h m ; i
n a on a n e e o a a n

C an aa n ,to s m g r ti s l t r t sti d b t h
o, o e en e a on a e , as e e o
by th e if rm t bl ts f st t
cu n e o rr s p d a e o a e co e on en c e
b tw th di ff r t i ti s d st t s f C
e een e e en dc e an a e o a n aa n , a n

th ir Egyp ti s z r i whi h h v b
e an f d i
u e a n, c a e een o un n

th P h re i r hiv s f T ll l A m
a aon c a c T d bye o e e a rn a , an

si m il r t bl ts f th s m p ri d th gh writt
a a e o e a e e o , ou en
fr m di t p i t f vi w whi h v ry s s s
o a
'

e re n o n o e ,
c e e ea o n

e x v ti s
ca a on v ri g i P l sti its lf
a re n o w u n co e n n a e ne e .

A d n r m mb r th t th str m f lit r ry lt r
w e e e e a e ea o e a cu u e,

str g d f ll
on an wi g thr gh Egyp t wh il th
u ,
w as o n ou e e

G xv i i i 8 9
en . 1 1

1 T ll l A m r i i Mi ddl Egy p a t b k f th
. .
,

e e a na th s n e t, o n e e s an o e

Ni l mi dw y b tw
e, aB i h ed Si t een en -
asa n a n u .
 Ea r ly Isr a el an d C ul t u r e 93

dy sty r l d whi h co v er d th e Tell el A m r

na u e c e a na

p e ri d o d , ls and ri g t h e af ll wi og dy sty
u
( t h n o o n na e
i t e th ) d r whi h M s s hi ms lf lived T his
n ne e n ,
un e c o e e .

k wl dg ; m st f it q ir d by q it r
no e e o o t dis ac u e u e ece n
i
c o v e r e s, m st o id r bly u l rg c id s f th
ns e a en a e o ur ea o e
cu l t r whi h s rr d d d m st h v m d s m
u e c u o un e an u a e a e o e
i mp r ssi p th e on u i t H br ws on e a n c en e e .
*

B t u f rth r r t th t th T ll l A m r
w e u e e ec a e e e a na

p eri d f
o ll i t h el t r h lf
n f t h E ight e th
a e D y sty a o e een na

o f Egy p t wh th , hildr f I sr l w r s j
en e c r en o ae e e o ou n
i g i G sh
n n A t th t ti m
o en . th lit r ry lt r a e, a s e e a cu u e

th p r v l t i C
en e a en h d th B byl o i n i
a n aa n a e a n a n c un e

f r m s ri p t f it v hi l
o c d or p st l sm ss g e rs c e, an as o a e en e
wr e e co n ti lly p ssi g dr p ssi g b tw P l s
n ua a n an e a n e e en a e

ti e d Egyp t i by y o f th
n an st er p rt f th e

wa e ea n a o

Si h bv
n ce t e p d P r f Fli d r P tri h
a o e w as
p b en n e o n e s e e as u
i Si i i h f r h h p t r f whi h
.
,

l i h dh i R
s e l
s esea rc zes n na , n t e ou te en t c a e o c
di i f h Ex d i lly
,

on Th C e on t on s o
p pp 99t 6e o us, es ec a on 1 20
th t di i g i h d x p l r rri v t m h h m l i
.
,

a st n u s e e o re a es a uc t e sa e c o n c us o n
as h I h r tf h
t at e e se h li r ry l r f h hildr
o rt as to t e te a cu tu e o t e c en
o f I r l s ae d th i r ani ghb r h g m i d A imi l r
e ne ou s a t t e a e en t o n e s a
l i h l g b p r l im d by P r f S y
.

c o n c us o n as on een d oc a e o a ce , an
id d id
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,

n ee t b gi
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1 S hp l mm i i b tw th t tri
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ti n ue df m im or so f t r th T ll l A m r p ri d
e t e a ed l g e e e a na e o an as on
h p rt f C Egy p h d p l i i l i
,

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co n t or l A pr f f h i i f d i th f r gm t f r p r too o t s s o un n e a en o a e o t o
h i h Br g h B y l g i ll d tt i (i h i Hi y
.

w c u sc e on s n ce ca e a en t o n n s s t or

ii p P r f P ri h l t ly r mi d d (i h i Hi y
,

as o et e as a e e n e us n s s tor

iii h r r r i l
. . .

of ggpE t / T p f m E g y t i atf e o t w as o an an o c a
h Syr i f r ti r i h ird y r f M p th h h
.
,

on t e an h on e n t e t ea o ere n a t e
P h r h f h Ex d d h h i t dy h r w r
, ,
a ao o t e o u s, a n s ow s t at n en a s t e e e e

e i gh t imp rt t p pl p i g h f r ti r d v f i l
o an eo e ass n t e on e an se en o c a

di p t h i mplyi g m h i r r r th l g d f
,

s a c es, n uc n t e co u se a c o ss e on an or
bi dd d r i rv i g I
en e se t

p r b
n te bly i h en nv ry x t w as o a n t e e ne t,
l i th d y r f r h rpr wri t h t
.

or e se n e seco n ea a te t at e o t w as t en , t a
h Ex d f I r l t k pl ; b i th f th y r f
,

t e o us o s ae oo a ce e ca u se n e ea o
M p th h th t P h r h m t h L i by h t
eren a a d th ir ll i
a ao e t e an os s a n e a es,

w h h d i v d d h D lt
o a n a i b t tl e d ft r
t e gr t e d a, n a e, a n , a e a ea an
94 Ha mm u r a b i
The L a w of

D lt wh r t h H br ws liv d it is r s
e a, e e bl t
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su pp s th t th s ir m t d d th ir
o e a ,
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p r vie s hist
ou ry b i g wh t it s
o m t l st f e n a w a s, o e, a ea ,
o

th e ld rs f I sr l w ld b
e e o q i t d with th ae ou e ac ua n e e
B byl a i l g gon a n d s ri p t ; t his w ld x pl i
an ua e an c ou e a n

h ow it is th t rt i p ss g s i th Bo k o f G sis
a ce a n a a e n e o en e

w r d riv d pp r tly fr m
e e e e ,
iform s r s
a a en , o c un e ou ce .

A ft rw rds i t h
e a M o s i p ri d
,
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an o e a

ea rli r s h f th I sr lit s
e ,
uc w re ffi ers d
o e ae e as e o c an

d p ti s sp i lly s h th s h o k pt r rd f
e u e , e ec a uc as o e w e e co o
th e t l s f bri ks d liv r d t th st r s
a e o cd w o rks e e e o e o e an

o f t h P h r h m t h av
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us e e en a e ea an

writ e, w ll s p k b th th ir

as e l g g
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th ir O pp r ss ors M s e s hi ms lf th e d pt d
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. o e ,
as a o e so n
f t h P h r h s d ght r d i str t d i

o e a ao ll th au e , an

n uc e n a e
wisd om f th Egy pti s m st h v h d
o e d an

, u a e a an e uc a

ti f m on o no rd r ea n o e .

sa n g i y i t d f t d h m I t w ld m r
u nar co n c bl e ea e t e ou se e ea so n a e
h h Ex d d h gh p rh p
, .

to pp su o se t at t e o us w a s c o n n e cte t ou e a s
i dir ly wi h h t i v i d b l h y b i g p rt f
,

n e ct t t a n as o n an a tt e , t e e n a o

P r vi d i l p r i by wh i h h C h
,

th e o en t a R
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o

t e ou se o on a e.
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e o f ( n t im ) t ig ia n s a te

o cer s s o er s n es
ri r
w te s, p rh p b t r o r, r rd r f e t a s et e

e co e s o a cco un s ,

or
rib f l g l d m Th r w rd i
,

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th O ld T
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est a en t or

to e, or t a ta s e o e
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t e a n c en t a o n an n t e o e o a u a i, or

e x mpl ) / td ( h r f h H br t m) i th
a e s za rn t e oo t o t e e ew s o er t

s e cus
to m y w rd far wri ti g t l g l d m t
o or n ou e a o cu e n s.
A h
s to f l t i i H br w i i i t r ti g t
t e u se o i
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th i r t pp r d f q ly i Ex d v h r f t r
,

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t t ill N mb x i x i D r m y ( v ti m ) i
. .
,

no 6 u 1 ne t n e u te o n o se en es n

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, ,

os ua ve an m t e ea te f n o t un t w e co e to t e oo s o

Ch il h r it r im d i tr l d by
,

r o n c es , w e e o ccu s ve t e s, an s a n s a te

i o Th
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e o o e e t ce a ea s t a n s a te

di ff r ly ; h B k f P r v rb (v i wh r i i
, ,

e en t i o n ce n t e oo o o e s e e t s
r d r d v r r d i C h r i l (xxvi wh r
.

en e e o e see an o n ce n 2 o n c es e e
th A V giv r l r b t th R V f r
, .

e . . es u e , u e . . o ce .
 Ea r ly I sr a el
C u lt u r e 95 an d

W e t b s rpris d th er f r th t x t t
ca n n o e u e ,
e o e, a e an

wit ss e s o f s h ult am g th e rly H br ws

ne uc c ure on e a e e
s p k
eap l i ly i t h p g
a n s f th P
n e t t e h e T h ea e o e n a uc .

hist y f Jo s ph f x mpl
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,
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ea Th n u a n ce , n . e
ea rli r r o rds o f th Bibl its p tri r h l histo ry d
e ec e e, a a c a , an

a t l st s m f t h p ri mi t iv tr diti s pp r t
ea o e o e e a on ,
a ea o

h v b d riv e d fr m
a e een if rm s r s ; wh th r
e o c un e o o u ce e e
s h w r di tly s e d by M s es o h d b
uc e e r ec u tr s o ,
r a ee n an

l t d i t o th l g g o f th H brews b f r his
a e n e an ua e e e e o e
ti m is m tte r whi h d es t f ll withi th e li mits
e, a a c o no a n

o f this e ss y t dis ss a o cu .

S h I v t r t
uc , y is t h
en u e st ry f t h s rviv
o sa l , e o o e u a

o f lit r ry e alt r m g th hildr cu u e a f I sr el fr m on e c en o a o

th d ys f th ir P tri r hs t o th s e f M s s
e a o e a a c o o o e , as

m d r o dis o v y i di t s it t
e n c er f Y t t th t n ca e o u s.

e o a

cu lt r it w r e f ta l t f rg t s p i l D ivi ill mi
u e, e a o o e , ec a ne u na

ti on d g id an wr ued d e a n ce th B k f e e ne e re e oo o

G e sis 0
en y th e,
b oo k1 o anf th e P e t t
o h o ld
r n a e uc ,
c u

h v e b e writt e
a en n.

Th r t Egy pt l gy f th t h i t ry i
e a ccu a e d d by
o o o a s o s n ow co n ce e

a l l Egyp l gi t Th l to D o J K r ll f
s s. x mpl t th
e a te r. a or e a e, a e
I t r i l C gr f O ri li t h ld i V i
.
,

n e n a t ona on e ss o i 88 6 e n ta s s, e n en n a n 1

( V / dl g f h Egy p i
er z a n un A f ri o S t e i p 98 V i t an - ca n e ct o n , en n a ,
id h t v ry f r h i v ig ti h w d th rt
.
,

sa t a e e es n est a on s o e e a ccu a e
k wl dg f Egyp i ir m t
no e e o p d
t an cby t h Bi bl i l
cu s a n ce s o sse sse e ca

w ri r d t h t i l l
te an wh r h a n a h gh b i rr r ca ses e e e w as t ou t to e n e o

i h d pr v d t b m h m r t h i f i t k w l dg f th
, ,

t a o e o e uc o e e n su c en no e e o e
o bj t r ec o
Th di f l t y t th H b r f r m f th Egy p ti r l
.

e cu as o pe e ew o o e an e so n a
na m i G es xl i 4 5 i tr t d i
n en pp di x t th i s h pt r
ea e n an a en o s c a e

(p p 9 6 9 8 b l w )
. .

-
e o
h i l r l i g r d i I r l ti l th p ri d f th
. , .

1 H t tu e n e e on n s ae un e o
'
ow s cu e o e
J dgu i t
es w a s
p d t l g g by
o n e t h l L r d A
ou H r v
on y a o e a te o e e

Bi h p f B t h d W ll i h i I tr d ti t th B k f
.
,

s o o a an e s, n s n o uc on o e oo o
J dg i th Sp k C mm t y p 8
u es n e ea er s

o en a r , . 11 .
9 6 Th e La w of H a mmu ra b i
is p r ti lly rt i h w v er th t s h ltur
It ac ca ce a n, o e , a uc cu e

w ld b r stri t d t th f i I sr l A m hg th
ou e e c e o e ew n ae . o e
m ss o f t h e trib s
a th y r d d fr m C e ,
it
as e ec e e o an a a n e

i
n d th f v o r l f th Egy p ti
u e n ce, a n G v r m t
e a u o e an o e n en
w as s d d by ppr ssi t h ir o pp rt iti s f
u cc ee e o e on , e o un e o
cu lt r u ed i t r st i it m st h v gr w l s
an n e e d n u a e o n es an

l ss O th th er h d i G osh th y w ld b
e . n e o an ,
n en e ou e

un d r dir t d st t i t rc rs with m d
e ec an co n an n e ou e no a

p st
a r lists
o a f S m it r lik
o th m s lv
e s whi h e a ce , e e e e ,
c

m st u d i f t did gr t ly m ld th m
,
an ,
n ac , th t , ea ou e , so a ,

as th p g s e f this ba k eh w O ld
o S m i t i s i l oo S o , e c oc a
o rg iz ti
an d O l d S miti
a on st m ry l
an t th e c cu o a aw , a e

ti m f th Ex d s h d b m f lly th ir
e o e o u ,
B t a ec o e u e ow n . u

th gh th y h d th s m
ou e d r l w r fo rm f
a u co e un e a o e o

c iviliz ti th i th e p tri r h l peri d th y ld

a on an n a a c a o ,
e co u

no t h v q it f rg t t
a e th e ir d s t fr m A br h m
u e o o en e ce n o a a ,

an d s me str ds f his f ith

o d f his f ithf l e ss
an o a an o a u n

n ow , l s!b t f a a d p rh p su w k m ew st h van e a ea u a e

b e en t wi d i th e m r l o s i s ess o f th eir
en ne n o a c n c ou n
m r l rist r y
o a a oc ac .

S h uc th sto k d s h th e
w as e diti o f c an uc c on n o
cu lt re i t whi h
u n olif to b br th d by
c n ew e w as e ea e
M s es th e wo dr o sly e q ippe d s rv t of th e L rd
o , n u u e an o .

A P P END I ! : O N THE EG Y P TI A N P ER SO NA L
NA M ES I N G EN . ! LI .
45

T HE hi f di f l ty r i d by Egyp t l gi t t t h
c e cu a se o o s s o e

a cc ep t f t h
a n ce h i t r y of J p h eb i g i bs o o o se as e n n su

r r r
,

t
s an t i l ly it p
a t f m s f m t h p
e sen f o o e en o a co n

t m p r ry i t h t ll g d t h p r p r m
,

e o a i s a as s a e e e o e na es a s
l y h
,

i
, ,

g v eni G 1 n45 m
en . Zxp h1. t h p ,
na e ,

a en a -
a n ea ,

 T he L a w H a mmu r a b i of

h as not hi th r t b e ti o d i t h Egy p t i
ee n no m ce n e an on u
m t en s rl i r t h t h t i m f O k l I ( D y t y
ea e an e e o so r on nas

.

l l d r q i t ld
.

t h m e t e ef it m en s h o ar e uc o e u e o

gh i d d t h v b d by J p h l rd Th
en ou n ee o a e e e n u se o se s o . e

t h i th H b r w ( wi t h t h w ll k
, ,

s e co n d m A na e, sen a s e e e e e -
now n

r h i y i b r by
,

p os t t el p l )c o ef t h E g ip t S
o it e m an en a na e o ne a

q f t h Si x t h D y ty d r Dy ti
,

ue en o e d mm n as an co o n un e nas es
d! I I W h i l P t i p h h i t h Egy p t i
,

! I . an . e o - Pl t l er a s e an i o e i -r a

( R a n t p)
or -
e e l g t t h t f high p ri t f H li
an a o ous o a o a es o e o
l i h r r J h r
,

p o s( d t
an p d us a f p h
e f t
e c e sso i l ) o o se s a e - n- aw
dr S th r t P h r h f t h F rt h D y t y
,

un e f en e e ru , e s a ao o e ou n as

d wh t mb d t h t f h i wi f w ll kn w t
,

an o se o an a o s e , a re e o n a

d i t h Hyk ri
,

Mdf m Th r m m i f
e sa e na e p s d oun n e so s e o .

St i d r ff r g d t h t Z p h
.

D r. e n o a ueth p h p a a en a -
a n ea re re

se n t s Egy p t i
an Q t dd t an f a wi t h t h
~
n e e r -a n o r, e
t dr p p d d th r p h ti h g
,

s eco n d co n s o n a n o e an o e on e c c an es
l t t (t h C p t i ) f rm f t h l g g
,

f oun d i th n e a es e o c o o e an ua e,

p p -
t dZ
n u f a - m - i g i T h g d ea n np k d h e o S ea s an e

lv B t p l i ly t h i w rd w l d b m wh t
, ,

i e s. u a n s o ou e so e a

tr ly r ri b b y b r w
, ,

s an g t e d
a n sc t h H e ( ap l t/ p df )
S e e e zn a z a n

t

a g i
a n i t d f
n s ea th v g w rd f t h
o e a t ue p o s o e s e n e n ce , e
h ld h v x p t d th
,

t
n e er ( th e w e s ou a e e ec e e
na m e f o m p r ti l r Egy p t i
so e a g d
cu a h R an o su c as a.
Ev th m w l d l k p i l pp r pri t
,

en th en e na e ou ac s ec a a o a en e s s
t J
o o se
p h whi

h
s c a se , t h m pr p c d by P r f e na r e o o se o e sso
N il l p
av e i
o sse sse s mi t d gr n an e A th D
n en e ee . se n a r.

St i d r ff m k
e n o th q i v l t f N t B l gi g
a es e e u a en o es ~ n e e on n

N ith d P ti ph h f P dt p G i ft f t h

-

t o e an o e ra o r re o e

S un b th f w h i h o l l i k ly t h t h m r
o c a re e ss e an e o e
s i mp l d it b l d ri v ti
e an su a f Pr f
e e r N il l a ons o o e s so av e.
W e a re th r r d f t h t r th f th
us e a ssu e t mp
o e u o e co n e o ra
ne ity f p r o l m e so n a w ll f t h h i t ri l ir m
na e s, a s e as o e s o ca c cu
t
s a n ce s, a l i db f r i t h S ri p t r l rr t i v f J p h
e o e us n e c u a na a e o o se
I h l d dd t h t t h g gr p hy f Egyp t
.

s ou a a e eo
p a o a s re re

t d i th r t p g f th B k f Ex d x tly
,

sen e n e s a es o e oo o o u s, e ac
r t th
e ec s t m p r ry
e co n e di t i f th
o a D lt c on on o e e a as
i ll t r t d b y t h Egyp t i m m t T hi i h w
us a e e on onu en s. s s s o n

c on v i i gl y b y P r f r S y i t h i xt h h p t r f h i
nc n o e ss o a ce , n e s c a e o s
i t r t i g l i t tl w r k t i t l d M m t F t d
n e es n e o ,
en e on u en ac s an
High er C r itica l Fa n cz cs
'

.
 C HA P TER I V

T HE HA MM U R A BI C O D E A ND L A TER I SR A EL

Th e hi t ry f H mm b i C d f r h i p ri dHi l gi l
s o o a ura

s o e a te s e o s e s a

i t ibl th l g l di f I r l p t
o n w a s a cce ss e to e e a co e rs o s ae as os u

l t d by m d r ri i i m b t t t lly ig r d by th m
a e o e n c t c s , u w as o a no e e .

THE r e s lts o f o u i q iry o f h a v e sh w

ur n u th t s ar o n us a
th r e e s c lt r
w a e gh m o g t h e H br ws i
u u e n ou a n e e n

rti
a l r p
cu as ss e d by M
o seo s e s o f t h e p e ri d t o o ro
p p
d c lit r t r r di g t h ir o p st d rr t
u e a e a u e e co r n e w n a an cu en

c ir m s t s d ls
cu a n ce , e m y j sti bly i f r
an a o, a s w a u a n e

fro m t h e l g pr vi o s p r o m lg ti o f t h H m
on e u u a on e a

m ura b i C od d e m y
e, dd fr m t h e
an , w rr t a a , o cu en
l gisl ti o f Egy p t i th s d y t pr d uce l g l
e a on n o e a s, o o a e a

st t t e b o k T h lite r ry m t e ri l l y to M s e s
a u - o . e a a a a o

h d d d v el p d lit r ry d l g l for ms f or o py
an ,
an e o e e a an e a c

i g Th e
n . me th e o
n ca si o f o emp l yi g th m cc a n r o n e .

Th gr ea t n ti
e l p he v l wh er by th e wh o l e tw lv
a on a u a a , e e e

trib l ft th l d o f G o sh e ev e r t o r e t r t it
es e e an n, n u n o ,

b t to b e h e
u fo r rd i d ep d t p e p l e d
n ce w a an n en en o , an

no w to m k f t h e P r o mis e d L
a e or d th ir i h rit an as e n e

a n c e, this e m rge y writers f ll s ch o o ls a ll w

- e nc ,
as o a o ,

m st h v e n e e ssit t d th e p r o visi o f o th e m o f s m
u a c a e n r o e
b dy o f l aw wh r e by th y sh o ld b e go v r e d Th
o e e u e n . e

c ir cumst s c ll d f it th lt r e d th e l ea d er
a n ce a e or , e cu u an

S TI I
ee p tit: 4 M by
n scr z A l Aou G r d i r (L i i
p g , an . a ne e z ,
x go sh
t oo Th e La w H a mm u r a b i of

w e r e e q l to it d th es t did t coe xist g i

ua ,
an e wo no a a n,

i t h e s m s it bl m s r thr gh o t th e n ti o s

n a e u a e ea u e , ou u a n

hist y ; i d d t fr m t h e d ys o f J sh
or n ee ,
no t il o a o ua un

th s f th mo r hy co ld th e ir m st c s d
o e o e na c u c cu an e an

cu l t r f I sr l h v e p o ssibly o mbi e d o t
u e o ae a c n s as o

p r d
o t
uc eh lit r ry se bs t e o fe at h P t t h u anc e e n a euc .

B t u th as l b r to rs o f th p r v ili g High r
e e a o a e e a n

e

C ri t i is m c o f th O l d T e st m t w er e wr f a en e un a a e o

th e xi t e
e s f th n cestr g rr e t o f lit r ry d
o e on cu n e a an
l e g l lt r whi h o w d i t h Nea r e r E st fr m
a cu u e c e n e a o
th eti m o f A br h m t o M o s e s whil th r o rd f
e a a ,
e e ec o

I r l d ri g t h e p e ri d f th e J dg s
s ae u n s c rt i ly o o u e wa e a n

on e o f f si n dm h b rb rism th e el b r t rs
co n u o an uc a a , a o a o

o f th t ri t i i m i m gi d th t th e
a c c s ti l iviliz
a ne a na on a c a

ti on f t h H br ws
o e o t h ve b
e om i
e y yca n n a ec e n an w a

n o t w o rthy b fo r e t h
e m e rchy o th rly y rs f e on a r e ea ea o

t h divid e d ki gd m
e H n th ey ssig t h e rli st
o . e n c e, a n e a e

wri t t s r s f th e P t t h J d E t
en o u ce o e n a e uc

an

o

th t p ri o d A r h o l gi l dis o ve ry
a e . c ae hv o ca c , as we a e
s ee n , sh ws th t th ir gr t p o st l t o f b rb r o s
o a e ea u a e a a a u

wo rld d i p r ti l f b rb ro s e rly I sr l
,
an n a c u ar o a a a u a ae ,

is lt g th r wr g C t ff fr o m th t gr d d
a o e e on . u o a o un an

st rti g p i t th ere is l e ss w rr t th e v r f
a n - o n , a an an e or
th ehyp th sis th t th P t t h l C d s
o e a t
e e n a euc a o e a re no

M o s i b t a m d p f bl o ks f l egisl ti
*
a c, u re a e u o c o a on ,
n e rly l l o f a l t
a a fo r m s m e o f t h e m th tgr w ths
a e , o e ou o

o f ti o a l cust o m s om o f th em mer ely id e l

na n , e

a

W ll h e g y I tr th M i l ittl th
a usen , e. sa s,

n u o ses s as e e
rigi t r f th L L rd J C h ri t i th f dr f
.
, ,

o na o o e aw a s o ur o esus s s e o un e o
C h r h rd r f L w r H m i r d l i ty f

th e u c o e Th
o o e esse. e sa e nc e u o
M o ses th m i
as di e f th l w
a n f th Pco t t h er o e a s o e en a e u c
w as xpr d by
e e sse f h i f ll w r i G rm yon e o t th s o o e s n e an a e
v ry i m th t th t l f H mm r b i
e t e a e b i g di v r d
s e a o a u a w as e n sco e e
(see M d H mm
ore: a n bi by D J J r mi ( L p zig
a ur a r. e e as ei
h i r li y pr p r y f l l h
.
, ,

p B d
u t su c i h m m nc e u t s t e co on o e t o a t e
h l
.

W l lh e a usen sc oo .
102 Ha mmu ra bi
T he La w of

A ssyri d B byl i
a . an wh rdi g t th a on a, en , a cco n o e
hyp th sis f th e iti s th P ta t h
o e o b i g
cr c , e en euc w as e n
co mp s d o e .

Th r i th
e e a re D ily T l gr ph n d R e m a e e a an a ssa
co ll ti s f th Bri t ish M s m t br k t bl t
ec on o e u eu wo o en a e s
fr m th libr ry f A h h b ip l (Ki g f A yri
o e a o s s ur a u a n o ss a,

B C
. . 6 67 whi h i s rib d i if rm
c a re n c e ,
n c un e o ,

w ith rt i ce i t l ws N s m f th s l ws
a n a n c en a . ow , o e o e e a

are id ti l wi th s ti s f H m m b i C d
en ca ec on o a u ra

s o e,

na m ly wi t h t h s s ti s whi h p r
e ,
d o e d th ec on c e ce e an o se
whi h f ll w th r s d p rt i his wly dis v r d
c o o e e a e a n ne co e e
t l (
s a e: p se e
4 b v ) whil .t h r
2 m i ,
i a g s o t i e s ,
e e e a n n ec on

on th t bl t s
e i t rm di t ly p l d d m st
a e a re n e e a e a ce ,
an u

th r f r h v
e e o e rr d tha l m wh r
e o cc u e on e co u n e e w e

n ow th r s r I t is t b r m mb r d th t
se e e e a u e. o e e e e e a

b th th s t bl ts w r
o e e p i d i a th r y l s h ls
e e e co e n e o a c oo

o f A ssyri t th ti m th t M ss h
a a e ig i g e a an a e w a s re n n

i J d h t h v ry ti m wh
n u a ,
th
e m d r e riti e e n , so e o e n c cs

t ll th B k f D t r my
e u s, e oo b i gi v t do eu e o n o w as e n n en e

to f ist p th t i f I r l th w rk f M s s
o u on e na on o s ae as e o o o e .

T h t t h l ws f H mm r bi w r
a e a ti
o sly w ll
a u a e e co n n uo u e
k w t th s rib s f M s p t m i
no n o e c h v f rth r
e o e o o a a w e a e u e

p o si t iv vid i
e e br k if r
en cem t bl t n a i o e n c un e o a e ,
n ow n

th M s e m t B rli
u eu p whi h ls
a i s
e rib d
n, u on c a o ar e n c e a

s ri s f i t
e e o T h s i th s
a n c en d l m o e n e e co n co u n

a re th s m e 5 a 53 d 5 4 f th r
e as 1 t ly 2, 1 ,
an 1 o e e c en
dis v r d t / dth l m ds th s d pp m
co e e r e a, an e co u n en u : u u r .

k m [ m]
a fl i
m th t is
-n u
7 thu st bl
,
t ( f
-ru-u t h a ,

a e o e

h ir r gi t r mb r D T 8 d R m 7 7 I t i
T e e s e nu e s a re 1 an 2 s
r m k bl th t th t t bl t mp l m t r y t h th r
. . . .

e ar a e a e w o a e s a re co e en a o ea c o e

d b h h lp t r t r t i r d fr m h t l
,

an ot e th o es o e o us e sec t o n s e a se o t e r e a

r i r b r bl
.

f T h g t em e f t h t s e t i V A T h 99
nu S e o e a e s 1 ee
by i r
. . . .

m dm i B b Z m b m m m F E P
'

p
u s g t a p a / o a ern z, e se
l
. .

(C o h
.

t 3 3 ff C f f l m m bi G d n a so a u ra : er a
, vo
K h l r nd F PgP i r 9 4 V rr d
p
en , , . .

J . o e u . . e se , 1 0 , o e e.
 Ha mmur a bi Co de a n d L a t er Isr a el 1 0 3
s eri e s b gi i g) [ Ni] n u il [m] si m whi h w o rds
e nn n - u -ru-u
, c
a re , li t r lly th o p i g w rds f H mm b i t l
e a , e en n o o a u ra

s s ea .

T h s this t bl e t o f l t B byl
u a i a ti m s ( t e rli r
a e a on n e no a e

th th e ptivity f th e J ws i B byl o ) is tr
an ca o e n a n a ue
c o py o f s o m e o f t h l ws p r m lg t d o th e t l o f e a o u a e n s a e:
H mm r bi e rly t
a u a m ill
n a i m s pr vi o sly wo en n u e u .

A fr sh wit ss t e th k wl dg i th l t r
ne o e no e e, n e a e
A ssyri ri d H mm d
an
p o f e a o b , i C d t l ura s o e an s e a

h as j st b e m k o
u co I t ls is
e n br k e t bl t
wn . a o a o n a e
fr m A h h b ip l libr ry d o i th B ritish
o s s ur au a

s a , an n w n e
M s m Th l gibl p rti b gi s with
u eu .
*
e e e o on e n con

c ul di g l s e s ( 7 7 7 8 7 9) f th l w
n c au 2 ,
2 ,d is 2 o
-
e a s, an

th e br k n o ff Wh th t xt r m s i C l ii
en o . en e e e su e , n o . .
,

it is t th b gi i g f th Epil g o f th t l
a e e nn n o e o ue e s e a

( C l
o xxiv
. l 7 o. f , th . r e v1 rs ) ,whi h e o p i d e e ,
c w as c e
ri gh t t th e d f it T h
on o en l ph o f ll wi g
o . e co o n o o n

b gi s
e n 5,
l g l j dg m ets o faH m mu r bi en d ds a u a ,
an en

wi th th s l i m pri t f A h h b ip l (Ki g
e u ua

n

o s s ur au a n

f) A ssyri T h e tir e o py w ld ll b t ight

o a. e n c ou a ou e
t bl e ts d th s b e o f l rg r fo r m w ll
a ,
an u a rli r e ,
as e a s ea e

d t th th s ri e r p r s t d i t h B rli M s m
a e, an e e s e e en e n e e n u eu .

D m str b ly t h r f r
e on a t h e l ws
,
f H mm r bi
e e o e, a o a u a

w r k ow
e e n p i e d n , d s
co t di d by t
,
h an l r d u e e ea n e

l s s f B byl i
c a se o d A s yri ( d
a on a an f s a an , so ar as

w e k w wi th t i t rr p ti ) thr gh l l th s e
no ,
ou n e u on ou a o

cen u t ri e s b t rt i ly d this is th e i mp o r t t
u ce a n an an

,

p o i tn f o j st
r us t
u t h e v ry t i m
n ow wh a s e p ti l e e en c ca

c riti s w o ld h v
c u b liev t h t th pri sts d
a e us e e a e e an

p pr o h ts o
e f I sr e l w r c oac ti g p s
e ee d o M s
on c i n a u - o a c

l egisl ti o a n .

B 9 u. 9 1 p bl
- i h d i 22 1 ,
p l t 4 6
u d 47
s e n a es an
I h p h r ly
, ,

P t ! I II th C o if m T t e t un e or ex s, e c . o e s o t to
bl i h r ri i r l i x w h i h h i h r
. .
,

p u s a t
t a n sc
p d t f t h
on a n t a n s at on o e e t, c t e to
h v t b m d A t th mb ri g f th l
a e no een a e. s o f th
e nu e n o e c a uses o e
C d o
p 3
e, se e b l .w 1 2, e o .
 1 04 Ha mmu r a b i
T he L a w of

2.W h v e t ath t s h
e n ow t rs if o se e a uc co n c o c o ,

th y v r ist d m st h v h d p p rt iti s f
e e e ex e ,
u a e a o o un e o
a cc e ss t th s l ws A v ry bri f sk t h f th
o o e a . e e e c o e

p oliti l r lca ti shi p f

e a A syri ( whi
on h p r d m i t d o s a c e o na e
o v r B byl i m st f th tim fr m M s s til
e a on a o o e e o o e un

s m tw ty y rs b f r D i l d his mp tri ts
o e en ea e o e an e an co a o
w r rri d t B byl ) with P l sti (i its l rg r
e e ca e o a on a e ne n a e
e xt t th t is i l di g P h i i P hilisti t ) ill
en a ,
nc u n en c a , a, e c. w
en a bl et us th t th y m st h v h d s h
o se e a e u a e a uc

o p p rt iti
o s un e .

W will b gi with th tim

e e f A h h b ip l
n e e o s s ur au a ,

Up on wh s ti with P l sti
o e con n ec b m f on a e ne a ea o
light h j st b thr w as u e en o n.
I th n rs f x v t i g i
e cou e o mp r tiv ly l t e ca a n n a co a a e a e
str t m f th sit f i t G
a u o e r f t h P l sti
e o a n c en e z er,

or e a e ne
E p l r ti
x o a F d i on 9 4 Mr RunA S M list r
, n 1 0 , . . . . a ca e
un e a rth d e if r m t bl t whi h
a c un e i v ryo a e c w a s, n e e
e ss ti l r s p t th s m
en a e t bl ts whi h w r th
ec , e a e as a e c e e en
bi g md
e n d i s rib d i A ssyri i t s lf ;
a e an ly n c e n a e on a

skill d A syri l gist ld t ll th t it

e s o o r lly m d cou e a w as ea a e
an d ri t t w l lly th t is i P l sti
en o ca It t a ,
n a e n e. w as n o
on ly writt i A ssyri en if r m h r t rs b t i
n a n c un e o c a ac e ,
u n

th e A s yri s l g g s l d wi t h th s ls f it
an an ua e, ea e e ea o w

s s i th l g l A ssyri f rm d b r t h s l
n e se n e e a an o ,
an o e e u ua
A ssyri dt an whi h sh w d th t it
a a, wri tt c o e a w as en B. C .

649 Sh rt
. th d o m t is it
as t i s m r th
e ocu en ,
co n a n o e an

a d z p r p r m s m s t f th m g d B byl i
o en o e na e , o o e oo a on a n

or A s yri s m san n aI t i th r f r l r th t G z r t
e . s e e o e c ea a e e a

th t ti m
a e t l
w a s,st th t it ti d o r, a ea ,
a co n a n e , an

A ssyri l y It
a n c o on i f t .tp st f th w a s, n ac ,
an ou o o e

A h h b a ip l i th gh t t b r f rr d t i Ezr i v
s s ur n a s ou o e e e e o n a 1 0,
h gr t bl O p p r
.

as t e d ea an no e sn a a
J h xv i J dg i 9 Ki g i x 6 t Th
.

1 S ee os 10 ; u 2 ; 1 n s 1 e c. e
it f G z r l i b w J dJ r l m m igh t mi l
.
. . . . ,

s e o e e es et e en a a an e usa e so e e es
h l
,

so ut -east o f R a m eh .
1 06 T he L a w Ha m mur a bi of

Th s e m r
e e ar l ss ty p i l pr fs f th p liti l
o e or e ca oo o e o ca
i
n ue n c e f A syri o p t h s hildr a fu I sr on l e c en o ae
i c whi h m st h v rri d with it mm r i l
n ue n e c u a e ca e co e c a ,

s i l d lit ry i
oc a , an lik wis I this s m
e ra n ue n c e e e. n a e

p ri
e d o ,
has v s w e H m m a be i l ws w
ee n , r a ura

s a e e

k w d w r b i g pi d by th l r d l ss s
no n an e e e n co e e ea n e c a e
o f A s yri s d th r f r th r w ld s m t h v
a, an e e o e e e ou ee o a e
b ee n n o thi g t h v p r v t d s h f th H br w
n o a e e en e uc o e e e
s rib s d i ti l l ss s w r i t r st d i
c e an n ue n a c a e as e e n e e e n
s h m t t rs fr m b mi g q i t d wi th th m ;
uc a e o e co n ac ua n e e
es p i lly whec a J wish ki gs d l di g m w r
en e n an ea n en e e

p oliti llycal i g p A ssyri

ea n n B ubyl on H m a or a on. a

m b i C d m st r t i ly h v b k w t th

u ra s o e u ce a n a e een no n o e

P r ph t D i l h wh livi g i Sh h th
o e an e w o, en n n us an e

p l
a a ce , whi h
t h c i t h [
w as B byl i
en ]p r
vi n e a on an o n ce

f El m m st with h i y s h v ft lo k d

o a u ,
s ow n e e , a e o en o e
,

u p on this v ry t l f He m m b i
s e a o whi h tha u ra

s c w as en

st di g i th r p lis f Sh
an n n e ac o wh r th Fr h
o o u sa n , e e e en c

e x p di t i disi t r d it i D mb r 9
e on n er e d n ece e , 1 01 , an

J a n ua ry 9 , D btl ss
1 0 2. ls h m st ft h v ou e , a o, e u o en a e
se e n a n d h dl d p i
an s f t h el ws co f th C d i
e o e a o e o e n

hi s e ar li r y rs wh h liv d i B byl its lf d

e ea , en e e n a on e , an

w as a by m s bs r m mb r f its l r d
no ea n o cu e e e o ea n e
l ss s M r v r i t h g r l p tivity f his
c a e . o eo e ,
n e en e a ca o

p p eo l m e,y t h r J an wi h s ho l rs e b es f ths ir c o a , ec a u e o e
i ti m t mm r i l d th r r l ti s with t h B by
n a e co e c a an o e e a on e a

l i s m g wh m th y liv d w r rt i ly i th
on an a on o e e , e e ce a n n e

wa y f h
o ri g f th
ea t C n d H o str a g t h por b e. ow on e o a

b il ity is th t h a th s
s uc w as wh e c a e w e see en w e re

m mb r t h t m y B byl i
e e a l g l t bl ts f th t
an a on a n e a a e o a

p eri d o x ,
v t ed by t h
ca x p di
a e t i f t h U ive ersi t y f e on o e n e o

P en n sylv i d p blish d by D H V Hilp h t 1

an a an u e r. . . re c ,
'

Wh b kh o se r g B byl i t i g hi h m t
oo as a st o n a on an n e, w c os

m d o ri i v ry i d q ly r g iz
e rn c t cs e na e ua t e eco n e.

1 I
"
l ix f h
n vo f i l r p r ( S ri A )
. . o t e o c a e o ts e es .
 Ha mmu r a b i Co de a n d La t er Isr a el 1 0 7
t i m y J w ish m s This is p sitiv
co n a n an e i na e . o e ev
d e n ce th t th J ws w ra t e ly livi g d r b t
e e e no on n un e u

w r ls p rs lly i v lv d i l g l t r s ti s
e e a o e ona n o e n e a an ac on
wi th B byl i s h still w r i
a on a n , d by pi d
w o e e n ue n c e ,
co e ,

st di d d p r is d t h l ws f H mm r bi
u e , an a e , e a o a u a .

Th s f ts ll t d t sh w th t his l gisl ti
e e ac a en o o a e a o n w as
a cce ssibl t th l e d l ss s f I sr l t th
o e e a rn e c a e o ae a e
di ff r t p ri ds whi h th riti l s h l r f rr d t
e en e o c e c ca c oo e e e o
a ssig s t th
n mp si t i
o f th P
e co tt h d o on o e e n a eu c , an ,

h vi g b
a n th id ti
een ll d r whi h A br h m
e en ca a w un e c a a ,

Is dJ
a a c, a n b liv d w ld h v mm d d its lf
a co e , ou a e co en e e

to th J wi h t i p rti l rly t t h p i
e e s na on d , a cu a o e o u s, a n
th r f r t p ri s tly d p r ph t i writ rs h s ght
e e o e o e an o e c e w o ou
t i mp s
o p o e th ir u try m syst m s whi h t h y
on e c o un en e c e

p r t d
e en d w r M
e s i T he et l l th s sid r
o a c. a a e e con e a
ti s sh ld h v b
on ou ig r d d with t t h
a e ee n no e , an , ou e
slight st s gg s t i
e f x pl
u e ti i st d f H m
on o e an a on , n ea o a

m b i th r sh ld h v b
u ra e e d p t d M i by
ou a e e en a o e as o sa c ,

c iviliz d J ws f ki gd m b is f O ld S miti
e e o a n o ,
a as o e c

cu s t m ry l whi h
o a f d m t lly th l
aw c f w a s, un a en a , e aw o

d sp is d B d i m r d r i i th light f pr s t
e e ,
e u n a au e s , s, n e o e en

dy k
a wl dg i th high st d gr i mp r b bl
no e e, n e e e ee o a e,

i d di
n ee iv bl I f h w v r th P t t h i
n co n ce a e. , o e e , e e n a e uc s

a tr r rd f th his t ry d l gi l ti
ue eco o f th e o an e s a on o e

ea rly d ys f I sr l t h t r rd rri s it
a o ae pr p r
,
a eco ca e s ow n o e

e xpl ti wi th it
an a on .
 C HA P TER V

A R C HIEO L O GY A ND T HE MOSA I C R IT UA L
r il
Th e C e e mo n a L a w o f th e P e n ta te uc a n dmode n a h r r h l gi l c aeo o ca
d sco e i v ry
Th e n sc i ri i
p t o n s o f a n c en t A a i r b i d th a an e
m o n um e n ts o f th e S n a t c P en n sula i ii i .

TH US f h a v e s p ok e o ly f ivil l egisl ti
ar w e n n o c a on ,
whi h is ll wi th whi h H m m b i C o d d ls b t
c a c a ura

s e ea u

in a b k dis ssi g M s i L w s m thi g sh o ld b

oo cu n o a c a o e n u e
s id th r ligi s l gisl ti whi h b r th me
a on e e ou e a on c ea s e na
o f M s s whi h o e , pi s v ry o sid er bl p rt o f
c o c cu e a e c n a e a
th Pe t t h b t whi h th e pr ev ili g s h l o f
e n a e uc ,
u c a n c oo
m d er
o riti is m d l r s t b e f v ry di ff r e t
n c c ec a e o o e e n
o rigi d
n, ly t h wh o l e f it o f v ery di ff re t
an n e ar e o e n

d t fro m wh t t h Bibl i ts lf ssig s

a e, a e e e a n .

L ws r e s p e ti g t h r e ligi o s rdi
a c ce s c e r mo i l
n e u o n an , e n a ,

a d life
n f i t I sr el ; th b ildi g d f r i t r e
o a n c en a e u n an u n u

o f th e ti a l s t ry d th e a rr g me ts f
na on a n c ua an an e n or
ca rryi g th e s e wh e t h e trib e s w ere o th e m r h ;
n n n a c

th er ligi o s f sts f st o fferi gs d rit l ; t he

e u ea ,
a s, n ,
an ua

l ss s t p rt p ri sts d th ir h l p ers d th
c a e se a a as e an e e an e
r g l ti o s f b th th e s thi gs (whi h
,

e u a n or o ss rily
,
e n c n ec e a

f r m v ery l rge p a rt o f th M s i l egisl ti o si

o a a e o a c a n, n ce

th e nati l lif b g
on a d t b b ilt p o t h
e e an an w as o e u u n e
b sis o f r ligi o s o v e t) do t m p f
a a e u c n an no co e u or

d et il e d co mp ris o n i this b ook B t con cer i g

a a n . u n n
1 10 Th e L a w of H a mmur a bi
P en t t h e ls o fi d to s om ext t i th
a e uc , w a n , e en , n e ex
t t r m i s o f Egy pt d th r ighb rs o f I sr l
an e a n an o e ne ou ae .

B t wh
u r m mb r t h gr ss p lyth is m f
en w e e e e e o o e o

Egyp t th ,
m i ty whi h t h
e en pp r ss f t h r
c l rs e o e io n o e u e

o f th t l a d n d t gr w p b t
an ea r e it d I r l
o o u e w een an s ae ,

an d wh r m mb r th e th r h d th r f g
en w e e e e , on o e an ,
e e u e
an d h m whi h fo e f rty y s f his rly m h d
c or o e ar o ea an oo
M s s f d with J thro th p ri e st o f Midi h
o e o un e , e an ow

t h fri e dshi p b tw e
e n th m b th e r w d ft r
en e o w as en e e a e

t h Ex d s
e o dt h v ry
u sid r bl i
an e e whi h co n e a e n ue n ce c

M s s ll w d J thr t x r is
o e a o e ehis m gis t ri l
o o e e c e on a e a

a rr g m ts f th Tw lv Trib s 5 m r v r t h t
an e en or e e e e o eo e ,
a

t h fri
e dly d ighb rly i
en an ne f Midi ou
p n ue n c e o an u on

I sr l ae ti
w a s con d t s m e xt t thr gh H b b n ue ,
o o e en , ou o a ,

w h por b bly o Ma s e s br o th r i
w as l d ot h

e - n - aw , an e
K it T
en wh e s, I y e r m m
en , b r l l this
sa ,
w e e e a , w e

m ight r s bly x p t th t Midi itish it l w ld

ea on a e ec a an r ua ou

h v a sid r bl i
e co n e a t h M s i ; t h rit
e n uen c e o nl e o a c e ua ,

b t u t th e th
no l ogy f th H br w f ith me by
eo , or e e e a ca

D ivi r v el ti
ne e a on .

M d r r h l gica l i ve stig ti s eem s t

o e n a c aeo o n a on o co n
m t h t e xp t ti
r a i r m rk bl y P r f ss r
ec a on n a e a a e wa . o e o

G ri mm w ll
e, a s t h r s h l rs b li v s th t t h
e as o e c o a , e e e a e
m st i mpo rt t s r
o f t h r li gi s
an ou ce o rm il f e e ou ce e on a o
th P e t t h is i di t d i t h
e n a euc i t i ip
n ca e n e a n c en n sc r

ti s f A r bi whi h h v b
on o a a, bro ght to lightc a e e en u in

r t y rs I vi w f wh t P r f ss r G ri mm h
e ce n ea . n e o a o e o e as

writt ( p p 5 5 b v ) it m y b w ll f
en see . 0, 1 a o e ,
a e e , or

Ex d xv iiio I D t i 9 5 th pp n i t m t
eu f h -1 e a o n en o t e
b rdi m gi tr y d r M i p k f wi th
. . . .

su o n a te a s ac un e y o se s s S o en o o ut a n
r f r t J hr b t it
e e e n ce o et i i t fo ht u i d w as su

c en or t a o cca s o n , a n
m r b i g it t h t
o e e tt ly M
n d h p pl a onf I r l h o se s a n t e eo e o s ae w o

f lly J h r vi w r h r r r ibl
,

t d t d d t f
l f ith l d b m i d
a cc e e o s a p ce , an e e, e e o e, es on s e
u p e

for th r e esu ts o s ou e e n t on e

1 N mb x 9 3 d J dg i 6 Cf l J dg i v
.

u . . 2 - 2 an u 7 . . 1 . . a so u . . 11 1
an d 1 Sa m . x v. 6 .
 A r chaeo l o gy a n d th e M o sa i c R i t u a l 1 1 1

v ri s r e s s b t s p i lly b e s f its gr t
a ou a on ,
u e ec a ca u e o ea

i mp rt o f Bibli l ri t i is m t giv h r s m
a n ce or ca c c , o e e e o e

p rti
a l rs
cu a f th t o br h fa st dy n ew an c o u .

I s i p ti
n crs f oni t A r bi h v l o g b e
o a n c en a a a e n e n
k o w ; th y
n n f v ie s p ri ds d di l t s
a re o a r ou e o an a ec .

O ne f th s ri s t h
o e Nb t e e is o mp r tiv ly
, e a a ea n , c a a e
l t r gi g fr m f d d s B C to b t A
a e, an n o a ew e ca e . . a ou . D .

1 00 ; f th
on e N b t o r l rs wh o s i ip
e a a ea n u e e n scr

ti s h v m d w t
on a e co is th A r t s th ki g
e o n o us e e a e n

( A r t s
e aI V ) m ti .d i C en xi 3 B
on e t wi t h n 2 o r. . 2. u

t h s i s ri p t i
o e n s h v h r thi g t d Wh t
c on w e a e e e no n o o. a

P r f ss r G ri mm r f r t
o e o t s ri s f m h
e e e s o ar e wo e e o a uc

ea rli r d t fo rm rly ll d Himy riti b t

e a e, e ca e a c, u n ow

k w fr m th
no n, o i t A r bi ki gd m s th y
e a n c en a c n o e
r s p tiv ly r pr s t
e ec e th e Mi e en d S b , as e n ea n an a ea n .

Th e e di lon t th Mi a ec ,s p k i th e n ea u , w as o en n e
ki gd m o f M a
n o M i a d

l rg
n ormb r f a

n , an a a e nu e o
its ki gs n m ti

d i th i s ri pti s Th
a re en on e n e n c on . e
Mi f wh m Str b s p ks D Ed G l s r
n e a n s, o o a d o ea , r. . a e an
P r f ss r F H mm l b eli v t b t h M
o e o . o e it s f e e o e e a on e o
J dg x
u .
; whil
. 1 2th S p t gi t h e b e e ua n , as as e en

p i t
o n ed t d s rib
ou s J,
b s fri e c d Z h r e K i g o

en o a , as

n
f t h Mi (J b ii Th S b i ip

o e n ean s o . e a ean n scr

ti s pp r tly m l t r th th m st brilli t
on a a en co e a e an e o an

Mi p ri d t h
n ea u e rli st f th m
o t b pl d
e ea e o e can n o e a ce

b f r t h ighth
e o e e t ry B C Th S b
e cen u r l rs . . e a ea n u e

w r th pri st ki gs
e e en e - d th Q n f an e ue en o
Sh e b h o visit d S l m
a, w w ld b el g t p
e o o on, ou on o a re

ce di g n o f th e ra s m (S b ) pe p1 N th e a e a ea n 0 e. ow , e
i s rib d Mi e mo m ts
n c e n au D Gl s r d
nu en ,
as rs. a e an

H mm l S y a d G ri mm b li ev p r ec d d th e
o e , a ce n e e e, e e
S b a d it is l i m d th t th r ligi
ea n , a n c a s rg iz e a e e ou o an a

ti f th t empl s o f
on o e i t A r bi a r v l e d by
e a n c en a ,
as e ea

M r th th irty b t m f th
o e an m yh v b u so e o ese a a e een co n
t mp r ry ; mp r N mb xxx i 8
,

e o a co a e u . . .
 1 1 2 Th e L a w of Hamm u r a bi
th s i e e ri pti s m y h v b th s r o f m y
n sc on ,
a a e ee n e o u ce an
o f t h f r ms f th e e r m i l l
e o o o f th P tt h
c e on a aw e e n a eu c ,

as P r f ss r G ri mm i di t s i his tr e tis
o e o e n ca e n a e .

B t lth gh t h O p i i
u a ou f th high tiq i ty f
e n on o e an u o

th A r bi
e i s ri pti s h ld by P r f ss r G ri mm
a an n c on e o e o e

is sh red a h v s
,
as w e by t h r s h l rs f gr t
a e een , o e c o a o ea

l r i g d e xp ri
ea n n an i l di g s m h h v e e n ce, nc u n o e w o a e

th m st i ti m t rs t h d k wl dg
e o n a e f th i an no e e o e n

sc r ip ti i q sti
on s it is ly right t r g iz th t
n ue on , on o e co n e a

m y s h l rs i E gl d
an c o a d ls wh r e r g rd th s
, n n an an e e e ,
e a o e

i ri p ti s f m h l t r d te th is h r ss med
n sc on as o uc a e a an e e a u .

T h str g t h f t h ir rg m t li s i this th t wh r s
e en o e a u en e n ,
a e ea

t h high
e ti q ity f th i s ri pti s r sts p o p l
an u o e n c on e u n a aeo

gr phi
a d th r i f r
c an s th r
o e t o Mi n e e n ce , e e are w n ea u

i s ri p ti s whi h s m t dir tly

n c on c tr di t th see o ec co n a c o e

i fr s O
n e e n ce f th s i
. rip ti s is l g
ne o e e n sc on a on one

u p E
on a n gy p ti s r p h g s an i t h M s m
a co a u ,
n ow n e u eu

o f C ir a d t h d t it b rs is v ry l t i d d
o, a n e a e ea e a e n ee ,

viz i th ti m f
. n e f th rl i r P t l mi s p
e o on e o e ea e o e e ,
ro

b bly P t l my P hil d l ph s (B C 8 5
a o e aB t e u . . 2 u

this i s ri pti D H mm l p i ts t is vid tly

n c on , r. o e o n ou ,
e en

i l t
n Mi
a e styl ; m re v r its
n ea u t ts sh w
e o o e ,
co n e n o

th t its writ rs h d
a oe ti with y Mi e
a no c n n ec on an n au

ki gd o m b t w r
n ,
ly m mb rs f th trib
u e e on e e o e e or

l y i mm di t ly d er th p r t ti
co on e a e f Egy p t
un e o ec on o .

A l l th t thi i s ri pti
a s b f irly l i m d t p r v
n c o n ca n e a c a e o o e

wi th r g rd t d t is th r f r th t t t h ti m
e a o a e ,
e e o e, a a e e

m ti en d th re w r p e pl livi g h o wr t
on e e e e o e n w o e a

Mi di l e t
n ea u a c .

Th o th r Mi e i s crip ti r f rr ed t is m r
e n e au n on e e o a o e

i mp rt t wit ss F t h p liti l d g g ph i
o an ne . or e o ca an eo ra

ca l r f r s o t i d i th i s ri pti d s m
e e en ce c n a ne n e n c on o ee ,

Th i Mi s t x t wi t h r
n ea u li r i e d E gl i h tr t an s te a t on s a n n s an s

l i i gi v by P r f H mm l i h P
,

a t on , s en g f
o o e n t e r o oooa z n r o t e

l gy M r h
.
,

S i y f B io/f l A /
oc et o oa 8 94 eo o
rc zc , a c , 1 .
 1 14 T he La w Ha mm u r a b i of

o th r w d e p d bitt r H th
e ,
as e an t s h e .

ow , en , a uc a
ti m ld p ri stly r m rs f I sr l (s h th
e , co u e o a n ce o ae uc as e
c ri ti is m p r s pp s s ) h v g
c e u t o ti t st
o e k f a e on e ra oc or
th ir r ligi s r m i l ?
e e ou ce e on a
B t th u i t A bi t empl w o ship is d mitt d
e a n c en ra an e r a e
on a l l h ds t h v b an rishi g t l st by C
o a e ee n ou n a ea B . .

5 9 2 d
, it m
an st th h v h d hist y b hi d it
u en a e a a or e n .

O ne f t o thi gs h d h pp d ith r it
wo n a a en e e e w as
d v l p d fr m withi
e e o e o b t i d fr m with t n, or o a ne o ou .

I f t h l t t r it i e a et , r s bl t s pp s th t
s no un e a o n a e o u o e a
m y f its f r m s w r
an o bt i d fr m th H br ws ;
o e e o a ne o e e e
a p i
S ec al i di t i f
n it H br w d riv ti w ld
ca on o s e e e a on ou
a pp r i
ea th n m e o f e na giv t e t i en o a c r a n

El g W i h h t t l t et th ti f h m h a eas '
e se c on o t e w o
wr i ghb r t C h mi y i h fr m
.

e e n ear est n e ou s o a n a a n , suc en t s s ow n o

t h ei m f B l m il h y w r
t e o a aa rly x rmi d by
un t t e e e n ea e te n a te
G id (J dg viii
eo n u d th r f r p r i lly di pp r an e ea te a ct ca sa ea
f m hi i l i h I r l Wi h h M o h r
. .
'

ro sto r ca c o n ta ct w t s ae t t e oa z tes t e e
v gr r r g m h wi h Midi v f
.

w as an e en e a te es t a n e en t t an t an, sa e or

a f ew d d f f ri dli
e ca es o i h ly y r f D vid d h
en n e ss n t e ea r ea s o a an t e
t i m i mm di ly pr di g S l m i i r i r d d
e e a te e ce n o o on , t s t ue , n t o uce
w m i t h i n m d h ir w r hi p
.

so m e f i o ts o en n o s a ra an t e o s to
J r l m b h l t r b m i gm tiz d f v r
e usa e ut t e at e h e ca e st a e or e e as

t e
f M b ( K i g xi Th C r m i l L
,

a b mi o i na t on o oa 1 n s e e e on a aw

f h H br w i i pl i l d t f r D vi d rl i r
.

o t e e e s, t s a n, co u no , a te a s ea e
y r h v b m h ff d by M b
ea s , - a e e en uc a e cte oa
Th r l i f I r l A m l k h A mm i
.

e e a t on o s ae d Ed m
to a e t e on tes, a n o
m h h M b d th Mi di i
,

w as uc m t e sa e as to oa an e an tes
N d b d ri g p r t f S l m r ig h r w l d b
.

o ou t, u n a o o o on s e n, t e e ou e
cu rr d
en t s a n r rr f r l igi i
co u n t e -cu b w Ir le n ts o e o us n ue n ce et e en s ae
an di ighb r b h d
ts n e o u s, l d i h hyp th
ut t f
at a te w o u su t t e o e ses o
h
t e i i li l h rli r r di ti l p ri d m r v r i
cr t cs a s t t e as t e e a e t a on a e o o eo e t
ld r ly b di h hi ri f K i g dC hr i l
,

co u sca ce e t te n to t e st o es o n s an o n c e s,
an di h yt t as b h w
et h oh wri t r f h b k k w
e s o n t at t e e s o t o se oo s ne
l ess f th p ri d th y h r i l
o e e o h t h ir r rd
s e c on c e, or t a t e e co s a re
l r tw r hy h
e ss t us o t i h d tw i h t ry
t an a re n n e t een t an en t e t cen u re
m d ll i g f h i r h i t ri
,

o e n s o t e s o es

1 O h rwi h w rd m y h v h d m r
.

t e se , t e ho f h a a e a o e t e sen se o t e
l i l A r b i [ i d l m i g h h d r h rd hi p
c a ss ca a c f z z/ or

a a, ea n n e w o en u es a s
 A r ch aeo l o gy a n d th e Mo s a ic R it u a l 1 1 5
l ss tt h d t o th e O ld A r bi t mpl s B t th t
c a a ac e a an e e .

u a
d riv ti m s t h v b g l g b f r t
e a on u a te e un on e o e o a cc o un
for th sid r bl m di ti o s m d i A r bi
e co n e a e o ca n a e n a a
w e m ight s p p s it t o h v b g b t th tim f
u o e a e e un a ou e e o
t h e Q ee o f Sh b visit t Ki g S l m t whi h

u n e a s o n o o on, a c
ti m a ls o th I sr lit s h d
e e v l d pot t E i
ae e a a na a e a z on

gbr e e th
, on r th st h d o f th R d S
e no -
d ea ea e e ea , a n so
th r w o ld b m h o t t b tw
e e u e th m d th
uc c n ac e een e an e
S be s
a an I f t th t pe ri d t h P
. a t t h l yst m
a o e e n a e uc a s e
w as th r e g iz d rit l f I sr l ( d th Bibl
e co n e ua o ae an e e
t h s it ) th wh l hy p th is f th G r f
ea c e us w as , e o e o es o e a
W llh e s h l f iti s t m bl s t th gr d
a use n c oo o cr c u e o e o un .

B t if u th th r h d th O ld A r bi t mpl
, on e o e an , e a an e e
w rshi p
o i dige o it m st h v h d l g
w as n n us, u a e a a on

t d t p ri d f d v l p m t d r s h
a n ec e en e o o e e o en , an ea on as

y t t
e b o sh w why th fr m w rk f it m y t
e o n e a e o o a no
h ve xist d m g th Midi it S mi t s wh
a e e a on e an e e e en
J thr M s f th r i l
e o, o es

t h ir hi gh p ri
a t e - n - aw ,
w as e es .

T h i t rv l f ti m
e n e a t bo sid r d t gr t e ca n n o e co n e e oo ea

wh en w e r fl t th t th p ri d fr m J thr t t h
e ec a e e o o e o o e

d ys wh
a ll en ,ll th as O l d A r bi
a t m pl
a ow , e a an e e

w r hi p rish d
o s b t
ou fr ti e f th t whi h
,
w as u a ac on o a c

i t rv d b tw th l gi l ti f M t Si i d
n e en e e een e e s a on o o un na an

th r e rd by M i g f t h s t m ry l
ec o un z n f th er o e cu o a aw o e

B g s i A by si i whi h h
o o n s m hin a, mm wi th c a s so uc n co on

th ivil l
e c f th aw o l l d B k f th C e so -ca t T e oo o e o v en a n .

(as t h h rd m e l d m i l l b r f th t mpl
a an ua an i h en a a ou o e e e, o r n t e

f f )

se n se o a a zr

P r f G ri m m i f r m m th t th N A r bi m l
.

o e n o d s e a e a an a e an

f m l l vi h i ri pti pp r i
. .

e a e i e te s, nf El O l
t d e n sc ons o - a, o n ot a ea n

an y y w a p ri ly
as a l b t l
est y m d i l
c a ss, u a re a w a s na e n c o se c o n

i
n ec t o n wi h h p t w r d di d ( ta h ) t h
suc e rso n s as e e e ca t e s rc o t e

se rvi f t m pl S h y m t i h r i
ce o a e e. b o t e us n t e st n s t a n ce . e

r g rd d p l dg ( f th H b l t l wh i h h
,

e a e as e es d c e e a rv a ,

o en c t o se
d di dg v v r h t mp l
. .

e c a te a e o e to t e e e s.

r Th

f ll e i g r l i by P r f G ri mm (wh i h I
o ow n t a n s a t on o e c

r d r i t E gl i h f r m th
.

en e n o n s L tt t oZ it g e z er a n r - e un
 116 Th e L a w Ha mmur a bi of

Y t m r r e t r h l ogi l dis v ri s t wit

o e e ce n a c aeo ca co e e ,
o ,

th o se f P r f ss r W M Fli d rs P tri
o o e o i th . . n e e e n e

p i l
e n n su a o f S i i ( D m b r na
9 4 t M r h e ce e , 1 0 , o a c ,

i di t t
n ca e th t th P t t h b r vid
o us a e e n a e uc ea s e e n ce in
its p g s a e f s b str t m f O l d S mi ti ivil
as o a u a u o e c c

l a w , so a ls f O l d S m i t i r ligi s r m i l whi h
o o e c e ou ce e on a c

i
n d t h p tri r hs f I sr l d r t i d
ue n c e e a a c o ae an e a ne a

m di d p l
o e i th M a ce i C d ; whil n e tr l o sa c o e e a n ces a

su p rs t i
e t i d d gr di
on s a n g p r ti s whi
e h w r f
a n ac ce ,
c e e or
h idd by t h i s p ir d l wgiv r h d d p if s r t
en e n e a e , a a ee , ec e ,

h ld p th h r ts f m y i I sr l d th y
o u on e ea o an n ae , an e ,
as

w ll e id l tri s f ti s wi thi
as o a e di o i g
na on n an n uen c n

C an a an , a gi d g i a n ss rt d th ms lv s i th
an a a n a e e e e e n e
lif f th C h s R
e o e o en a ce .

P r f s r P tri s i v stig t i s i Si i dis l s

o e so e e n e a on n na c o e

th t th r w r i
a e e th r
e e t n ly u se rly th e e, n o on as e a as e

o f M y 9 6) f
a 1 d r 0 f o f th O l d A b i
a ec e e m pl o one o e ra an te es

will i p i f m b ri i b f i r i ll r i g
,

n s te o so e o sc u t es , e o n te e st a s ust a t n
m hi g f h h r r f h i ri p i hi
,

so et n o t e c a a ct e o t e se n sc t on s ; t s o ne,

Pr f o G i mm r hi k m y b l g e t n h p ri d
s, f ah e on to t e e o o t e
rly S b k i g I ip d by M H l evy H m
.

ea a ea n n s. t w a s co e a 1n a ra

mb r pp r ly i d f v
.
,

an dh e nu 5 I e s it 1 2. t a a en t c o n s s te o se e n te e n
li n es , s ix f wh i h
teen w ll pr rv d
o c a re e ese e

Wh

o sor h mp l pr i e n te s m
t e l y d te hi e e c n c ts u st a ow n s
w ea p f on s f r m ( h g d) H li f h
ar o t ki g h l r h m
e o a t en see n s e te e a

dr w r r i rd r b i r l Wh f
,

a n ea o r e n te n o e to o ta n an o ac e. en o rso o t
hi w p s ea di v r d d bl d g il i s i h i r i
o n s a re sco e e an oo u t n e s 18 n s t a n
h ll p y h h d f ( h mp l mm y f ) A r d
, ,

h e S a a to t e ea o t e te e co un it o t ta an
h p ri h i ili bl d g i l y h h ll p y
- u
t e es t s b
te n if h a ; ut e 15 n o t oo t e s a a

h i ili dri v w y f d lf

ve a If y an one f h es a a a a tte ca o ut o t e
m p l r di h ll ( lv ) f q l v l
.

te e h a us e s a co u n t o u t ve ca es o e ua a ue,
an d wh o so m r i
co n su
p ( f h es al f ) h ll p y b k o t on o t e ca s a a it ac 1n
f llu A m h p rl ian wf d fr m h o u mp l r di
o ns h ll oo o t e te e a us s a

m ll l r
.

co mp f
en sa te f h or o n e o df t m e s a ca t t e a n o x an or a e a su e
r ) f h mp l r di l rg r m r F w r d
,

( f o co n o t e te e a us a a e e asu e . or a te e

cu rdl d m ilk d mb h y d k h h ll d fr y h
e an co - on e an ca es e s a e a t e c o st
for a l l p pl ( f h eo mp l )
e o Th i t rd e te h ll b f f r e s o in a n c e s a e o o ce
y r b gi i g i h h m h D l m f h im f
.

for t en ea s, e nn n w t t e on t u s- o t e t e o
ri i l rv i f I l d v r r f H l i
,

h
t e sa c c a se ce o sa , o e see o a at.
 C HA P TER VI

MO SES A ND I SR A EL

Th e hi ri l t r ig p i t f th M i p ri dTh
st o ca u n n - o n o e osa c e o e erso n
li ty f M
a o A D iv i l m t i th M i gi l
o s es ne e e en n e o sa c e s a
i t on , i l l S ript r
as n a c u e.

T HU S f we h v
a r, s e th t mo d r dis v ry m k s
a e e n a e n co e a e

p r b
o bl at h e is t t t r
e co n s diti l d t e fent h C r a on a a o e e e

m i l L
on a d p r o v s t h hi t o ri l h r t r b t h
aw ,
an e e s ca c a ac e o

o f th ea rra tiv n d l f th e ivil l

an f th
a so o e c aw o e
P t t
e n a eu c h T o th f t rs i th e r v ry f th
. e ac o n eco e o e

t r l
na u a diti s d r whi h th P t t h l
co n on un e c e e n a eu c a

c o d s o rigi
e td m st
na e dd o t h r t o
w e u n ow a e w ,
on e

a t l east f whi h h b o m r th
c as r f rr d
e en o e an o n ce e e e

t o i th s
n p g s
e e ; t h y a M sees hi m s e lf d e t h a re o an e
t r i g p i t hist ry m whi h h pp red
u n n - o n in o c e a ea .

First th ,g e f M
e a s t h o
g f tr v il
o es w a s f e a e o a a o

a n ew n a ti t h t i f I sr l wh m rk o th
on , e na on o ae ,
o se a n e

su bs q e t his t ry f m ki d h b e v ry d p
e u n o o an n as e n e ee

an d l s ti g a ti o
n i d d whi h still p o w rf lly
a n a n ,
n ee , c e u

i
n s th mo d w o rl d i t ll t lly
ue n ce e e rn i lly ,
n e ec ua ,
nanc a ,

an d p li t i lly o N si gl r e h
ca . oto v n ll e ac a s, n e en a

o th r r e s p t t o g th r h v e m d e
e ac u trib ti s
e e a ,
a con u on so

gr t o d ri g o ff e tiv
ea , s en u d f
n , ps t e eti lity
c e, a n o a o n a

still t o ld to th e m r l d r eligi o s hi t ry f th
un , o a an u s o o e
w o rld a s th e ti o f I sr el h s m d na on d th a t a a a e, an

S b v pp 5 5 88 94 96 d99
ee a o e, . 0, 1, , , , an .

1 18
 Mo ses an d I sr a e l 1 19

ne v r e ld h ve be e b t f th
co u a ti l h m n u or e na on a o e
an d s h l whi h t h P r m is d L
c oo c d ff rd d it
e o e an a o e .

f it d liv r fr m Egy pt d p si g
'
l h e
g a e o s e e a n ce o an as n

i to t h t l d
n a th r f r
an t r i g p i t
w a s, e e o e, a u n n - o n in

h m st ry w ll i t h t f I sr l d
u an o as e as n a o ae ,
an on e
m rk d with th f ll m t f h ri h d p r m i s
a e e u en o c e s e o se
m d t th e f th rs
a e o a e .

A d n xt t
ne th , l d as f th t d liv r
o e ea er o a e e a n ce ,
M s s P ri ds f ri is
o e . e o ssi t t
o l drc s n ece a e a ea e ,
on e
w h sh ll b e b th t h
o a ff s p ri go f his ti m e o d th n o e an e
sh p r o f it hist ry ; h l b th g
a e s o d l d rs w 1 e o a es an ea e
a re p r p r d by G d
e a e A th M i g o . s e o sa c a e w as a
r i l p i t i his t ry
c uc a o n nM s s it p r p r d
o ,
so o e w as s e a e ,

co mp t t e en d f i t l d r
, an By D ivi
e c en p r vi ea e . ne o
d en c e h t t d f his li t r ry d d mi istr
e w as e or e a an a n a
tiv w rk by b i g d t d fr m i f y t t h
e o e n e uc a e , o n anc ,
a e

co u r t f P h r h t p ri d f ri p lt r h
o a ao a a e o o e cu u e e w as
vr d i
e se l si s t i l m t t rs f his
n e cc e a ca S mi ti a e , o ow n e c
typ d ri g th f rt y y rs h s rv d d by m
e, u n e o ea e e e an ar

i g b
r a e m e ca f t h f m ily f t h high p i st
e on e o e a o e r e

o f Midi ; d ri
an g th s s u m fn rty y r h o e a e o ea s e w as

b m i g p rs ll y di i p li d d
e co n e on a q iri g
sc ne , an w as ac u n

t h t i ti m t
a n p r t ia e l k wl dg aco f t h ca d s e rt d
no e e e e an

o f t h r q ir m ts f sh p h rdi g t h r whi h w
e e u e en o e ld e n e e, c ou
st d h im i s h g d st d d ri g his l d r hip
an n uc oo ea u n ea e s

o f his p p ow n l h eo ls o w r p
e, w st r lists o i th at e e a o a n a

s m wild r s Th f ll d m if ld pr p r ti
a e e n e s. e u an an o e a a on
th s D ivi ly a ll tt d t M s e s
u ne o m if s t ly id l
e o o w as an e ea
for th g r e t w rk f
ea whi h h o b i gor r
p p r d c e w as e n e a e

.

Hi s t r l
na u a t m p r m t e p tri ti e a i dig ten t a o c, n n an a

wr g o mp ssi t to th ppr s d y t p ti t
on c a on a e e O e se e a en

d m k o p r t d th s m
, ,

an ee c o e a e
y H t h s e a e wa . e w as u

a d v t d x p ri e d m
e o e , e f ff irs
e en c w ell a an o a a as as

c o mp t t m o f l tt e rs C o mp r bl e v ers ti lity
e en an e . a a in a

a d p o e t o H mm r bi t o
n w r a o n Ki g A lfr e d
u a , o ur w n
,
1 20 T h e La w o f H a mmu r a bi
to his l te r o trym n Ki g D vid yet his
ow n a c un a n a ,

m issi on gr t r t h w as
y f th irsea e P l d t an an o e . a ce ,
a
a p l i rly tryi g j ct r t th h d o f th trib s
ec u a n un u e, a e ea e e
o f his p p l r t t ff t th e ir d liv ry fr o m i
eo e, s o e ec e e n

t l r bl p pr ssi
o e a e O d t yr y th t l d th m
e on an an n , en o ea e
t oth s m wh t s v r b t s f
e o e diti s f th
a e e e u a e co n on o e

d s rt ; t b
e e f th r t t h m t h l giv r d
o e as a a e o e , e aw -
e an

o rg iz r f th ir r p r t lif d h r h d ri g
an e o e co o a e e an c u c u n

th l g y rs f dis ip li ry w d ri g til t h y
e on ea o c na an e n , un e

sh ld b p r p r d t t k
ou e d t e m k th e ir i
a e o a e an o a e n

h ri t
e i th L
a n ce d f P r mi ll this it g v
n e an o o se , a ,
as a e

M s s o e iq ss f p p rt ity st blish d l
a un u en e o O o un , e a e a so
th e iq un ss f his p si tiue n e d m d his m rk
o o on , an a e a
on his ti d na th w rld iq
on an d l s ti g
on e o un ue an a n

a ls H mm r bi
o. a th f d r f th B byl i
u a w as e o un e o e a on a n
e m p ir d r t
e di
an f B byl i l ; b t
s co er o a on a n aw u

his w rk d i o th y w r
an n v r i dp
ue n c e , a s e e e e e n e en

d t f w r v ry f from p r ll l with th o s f
en o , e e e ar a a e e o

M s os e .

A d th n th r s pr t rl lm t i
en e e w as a u e na u a e e en n

M s s lif d w rk whi h did t exist i H m

o e

e an o c no n a

m b i b t whi h m if st i th lif d w rk

u ra s, u c w as an e n e e an o

o f ll th writ rs
a f th O l d
e dN e T st m t o e an ew e a e n s.

F it m st sig i tly tr th t th ss t i l
or is o n ca n ue a e e en a

c h r t r disti tiv ss d v l
a ac e ,
f th M s i
nc en e , an a ue o e o a c

i stit ti s
n u ton f rs th t th y l k d t h
w as n o ,
o cou e, a e ac e e
s i l d l gi l tiv d v l pm t x mpli d i
oc a an e s a e e e o en e e e n

H mm b i C d
a u ra p sitiv
sly th t o th y m p ly
e , n o r, o e ,
a e a

r e co g iz d O l d S m iti
n e st m ry l d r ligi s
e c cu o a aw an e ou

rit l ; ua v th s it bili ty f th s i t t
n o, n or e en e u a o o e ns i u

ti s t th s i l d
on o e mi ir mst s f
oc a an eco n o c c cu a n ce o

t h T w lv e T rib s wh
e e o rg izi g f th P r m i d
e en an n or e o se

L d N t th o s thi gs b t it p w rf l r ligi s
an . o e n u s o e u e ou

d tri
oc th
ne h r t risti p
w as ll
e c f the
a ac e c, ar ex ce en ce, o

Mo s a i l gisla ti o a d r e o rd W o t e s m po i t s
c e n n c . e n o e n
 1 22 T h e La w of H a mmu r a bi
en tity ,
str g
a d m rv ll o s thi g whi h
t o t a lly an e an a e u n c

l d k wl dg st p opl
,

a pp ea et o no m nof t h e e , u se , o r c u o o e e e
t wh m it
o o giv S h f
w as k w vr en . uc ,
so ar as w e no ,
ne e
h as b G ds een y f w rki g o m

g m wa T h o o n a on en . e

S vi r f t h w rl d i t h d y o f Hi sh ta ght
a ou o e o ,
n e
a s s e ,
u

e v Hi l s st f ll wers j st th y w r bl t
en s c o e o o u as e e e a e o
b r it
ea d Hi s pe i l t
,
*
an s hi g t th m d t th c a eac n o e an o e
w rld st rt d fr m th mm thi gs r d th m
o a e o e co on n a o un e .

T h H br w p r ph ts s p k
e e e d t ght o th y w r e a e an au as e e e
m v d by t h H ly G h st
o e rt i ly b t y t
e o o ,

ce a n ,
u e

a cc o rdi g t th st ms d d rs t di g o f t h ir
n o e cu o an un e an n e

g r ti
en e a S t it
on . i t h C v n t l gi l
o, o o, w as n e o e an e s a

ti on f Si oi it st rt d fr m th l ss d l
na : a e o e c a an c an

o rg iz ti an f th T w lv T rib s fr m t h ir
a on o e e e e , o e ow n
cu s t ms d fr m th k wl dg f wh t
o ,
an o g i g e no e e o a w as o n
on r d th m s p i lly m g th wi th wh m
a o un e , e ec a a on o se o

th y h d symp thy d r l ti shi p Th w rds f

e a a an e a on . e o o
D r. W T th pr s t D
a ce , f C e t rb ry h v e en ea n o an e u ,
a e
h r e e p li
a r pp p i t
ecu a Th i s pir ti
a rO r a e n e ss . e n a on
f t h e D ivi giv r h s ys x td i
O L ne aw - e , e a ,

w as e er e , n
f t t i r ti g
ac ,
no tir ly
n c ea s i l rd r b tn a n en e n ew oc a o e , u
i ill m i ti g
n u d t na f rmi g by p sitiv D ivi
n an ra n s o n , o e ne

co mm ds t h st t an f lif whi h
, elr dy xist d a e o e c a ea e e .

N thi g mo r
o n s t wi th th m th ds f D ivi
e co n o n a n e e o o ne

i s pir ti
n a d d on ti e xhi bit d
an ie ltr uca on , as e n a e

his t ry o ld w ll b,
co u iv d e e co n c e e .

T h s whil t h li e f t h ght h r t k e is
u e e I
n o ou e e a n , as

b li v f lly
e e e, t r l th t is t y f lly i
u as

na u a a o sa , as u n

a cc o rd wi th mm x p ri o ur c or th r w ld I on e e en c e, a e ou

sa y with t h e l gy f G d s d li
ana o gs i his t ry o o

ea n n o - as

i t h e li e o f
s g m t t k e by t h R ti listi
n ar u en a n e a on a c

Jh i o n x v 1 2.
h Pr f wi h wh i h b h r d m by t ib ti
.

1 I t e
'
n e a ce t c e on ou e e co n r u n
to a l i tl b k h i h I tr l d fr m th G rm f P
t e oo w c a n s a te o e e an o ro
Edw rd Ko ig ti tl d Ta B ibl
a n ,d B by l
en e : e an a on
 M o s es an d Isr a e l 1 23

c riti l s h l it d s wh t th t
ca c oo , t d a m ly it
oe a a ca n n o o, n e ,

j s t i s i th m i th tr s t whi h t h C h r h f
u e ,
n e a n , e u c e u c o
G d o rth h
o n ea d m st h v i it lit r ry
a s, a n u a e, n s ow n e a
an d his t ri l s o r o b i g s p i lly giv by
ca u c es, a s e n ec a en
D ivi e i s p ir ti
n ;n th r b k h vi g b
a on th s no o e oo a n ee n u

giv en .Th p r v ili g ri ti l s h l d r mi s

e e a n c ca c oo un e ne

s h tr st B t whil
uc u . li f rg m t b s d
u e o ur ne o a u en ,
a e

on t h m st re t dv o i r l k wl dg giv s
e ce n a a n ces n ea no e e, e

s tisf t ry r s s f th C hri ti s t d t t
a ac o ea o n p t or e s an u en o a cc e

t he writi g S ri p t r
n f tr t h

or f lly
c u e o u ,

as u

au th ti d tr tw rthy d t m r ly id l
en c an us o ,
an no as e e

ea

i it st t m ts y t t h e it l v l
n s a e en f t h S ri p t r s
, e v a a ue o e c u e ,

th t whi h m k s th m r lly H ly Writ

a c a e d th e ea o an

e
W rd f G d t y l f m is f i th D ivi ly
o o o o an so u o an , a ,
ne

o rigi t d D ivi ly ill m i d d D ivi ly l d

na e ,
ne u ne , an ne e .

T his f,
rs li s wi th t th li mi t s f m r ly
o cou e, e ou e o e e

lit r ry riti is m o r h l gi l pr f b t it is th
e a c c r a c ae o o ca oo ,
u e

t ht
o uc d th s f g rd f C hris t i
s on e an k wl dg
e a e ua o an no e e

an d riti is m
c cm h it n owi A po t h as uc as was n s o c

d ys
a .

D x an . . 21.
 C HA P TER V II

L EV I R A TE MA R R IA G E

Th e l a w of rri g l v ir
e ddi i
a te l p p l i ti f
ma a e : an a t ona a ca on o

Pr f r G im m m h d
o e sso r e s et o

T HE mp ris co f th r i s t
a on o f P tt h l
an o e n a n ce o e n a eu c a

l gisl ti
e a whi h li s tsid th B k f th
on , o n e c e ou e e oo o e
C v o t d lt wi th by P r f ss r G ri mm with O l d
en a n ea o e o e,
S mi ti
e st m ry l
c cu o th a h d d O ld aw on e on e an an

B byla i o th th r m y b s f lly s bj i d ;
on a n n e o e ,
a e u e u u o ne
t h i st
e n is th t f l i t m rri g
a n ce a o ev t a e a a e.
Th t m t b t it is giv i D t xxv s if
e en ac en a ou en n eu . .
,

b t th t
u m di ti
a 13 a f st m ry l f I sr l
o ca on o a cu o a aw o ae

i t h p tri r h l p ri d ( G
n e a a c xxxvi i
a e Th
o en . i . e

s bsta
u f th l
n ce o i b o th pl es is th t wh
aw , n a ce ,
a en a
m an di d wi th t s e d his br th r sh ld m rry th
e ou e o e ou a e

wid w i rd r t r is p
o n o e p o st rity
o t t h a e u a e o e
d d
e c eas e .

N ow rdi g t th e t sti m y o f th m st r t
, a cc o n o e on e o ec e n
E glish tr v ll r
n h ais ls e e m st x p ri
,
w o d a o a o e e e n ce

s j r r m g t h A r b trib s f Si i Mr W E
o ou n e ,
a on e a e o na ,
. . .

J i
en n n gs Br m l y - A l
a t h gh e t h y (
:t h*
B d
i ) ou e e e u n

Th B d i f th Si i i P i l i Q

e e u n o e ly na t c e n n su a , n th e u a r t er

St t m
a e f t h P l
en t o i E p l e i F d J ly 9 5 p 8
a est n e x or a t on un u 1 0 21
M J i g Br ml y rly p rt f 9 6 pp i d
. .
, , ,

r. en n n is- h a e w as, n t e ea a o 1 0 a o n te
by h Egy p i G v r m di p r
,

t e t an b mm d
o e n en t to e co an an t an ns e c to ,

wi h f l l tr l v r h ff ir f h Si i i P i l
t u co n o

o e t e a a s o t e na t c en n su a .

1 24
1 26 T h e La w of Ha mmura bi
is hi e y
c sid er d con me s o f p r t ti g w o m n
e as a an o ec n a a
an d y y
an g hildr o un e h m
c y h v ; mn gs t h e a a e a on e

B g s l s d p ti g
o o c an a s ttl d li f it is l ok d p
o n a e e e o e u on

as ap riv il g d e t s
e, a n m xt , t r
o s p osibili t y e e en , a e on
o f i h rit
n e ; i I sr e l it
a n ce n d ty ( fr m whi h
a w as a u o c ,

h wvrh
o e e , x r t e d if h liv e d w y) f
e w a s e on e a e a a o a sur

i i gbr th e r (
v v n o th r xt f ki ) t th f mily m
or o e ne o n o e a na e
an d h rit g e b t whi h I wi l l
e a a ou y m r p r s
c tly ; sa o e e en
wh r s i th s ttl d d highly iviliz e d B byl i
e ea n e e e an c a on a

f H mm b i ti m t h s t m f l vir t m rri g

o a ura s e e cu o o e a e a a e

w as n o t r g iz d by th C ivil C d i y s rt f
e co n e e o e n an o o

w a y b ,
t u t h , th on r h d
e it o p r vid e d t h anwid w , o e e o
wi t h t l st s ttl m t d lif i t er e st i h
a ea a e e en an a e n n er
d e s d h sb d s st t
ce a e u an

e a e.

T h p e li r f t r s
e cu a f br th r i l
ea u e m rri g o o e - n - aw a a e

i th l
n e d
aw st m f I sr l ll f r m rk
an cu o o ae ca or e a .

T h t whi h is p
a c li r t th D t r m i l is
ec u a o e eu e o n o c aw

for th s m e vid t p r p s
a e e enth t th r u tm t
o e as a o e en a c en

o f t h s m p ri d
e a e m ly th l
e o ,
nab t d ght rs e , e aw a ou au e

s uc c e e di g t l d d s t t whi h
n o an e m d i th
e a e, c w as a e, n e
rst i st n f th
a n ce , d ght rs f Z l ph h d t
or e au e o e o e a ,
*
o

N mb u x x vn F th 1 l g l ig i
1 1 or f th i e e a s n ca n ce o s

v t r i l by M H M W i r J i h b rri t r i
. . .

e en se e a n a t c e r. en e a ew s a s e n
M y 9 6 A b k by h hr
. .
, , ,

Tn C / e l m zn re z an a 1 m
0 oo t e sa e a ut o

i l d St di i B ibli l L (L d h ld b
. .
, , ,

en t t e u es n ca aw on on s ou e
r f lly r d by y ri t d h i i mpr d by h
,

ca e u ea an se o us s u en t w o s esse t e
Hi gh r C ri i e p l ti bl
cs

lyz f
a us h M ic
e ana d d h es o t e o sa o es a n t e
r d en tti f d i
e te cff r on t r d
o ri g f h m
e en l den e n s o t e sa e aw an

fp M i
a p a

di ti r d i h m O h bj it
,

o o st- o sa c co n on s e e ct e n t e n t a t su e ct

m y h r h r l k l g l tr i i g
.

a ff
e e su i ce
y t t f tom sa f a o ac o e a a n n or
r h r l k r i r i r i
,

p e p f
a m s fo ac d o d t ca e i d
an g th co n s e a on n ea n e

te rm f P t h l
s o en t a e uc m t l w a f v ry diff r t p rp r t
e n a ct e n s, a s o e e en u o
a re f o ten f d d m
co n use i g i r d i t h m wh i h h y
an a ea n n s ea n to e c t e
w r t m t t b r M W i r h ppl m d h i
,

e e no ea n o ea r. en e a s su e en te s

b k by l t r trib ti t Tn C / nm h th t r f r d
.

oo a e co n u on s o e z u rc an t an a e er e

t bv
o a o e.
T h i i d t f Z l ph h d d gh t r it m y b b rv d
e nc en o e o e a s au e s, a e o se e ,
 Lev ir a t e M a rri a ge 1 27

w it t h e p r e s erv ti o
, of e h f mily s i h erita c
a n ac a
'
n n e .

Z l o p h e h a d h d di d with t o
e his da ght ers
a e ou s n, u
f rm lly i q ir e d whe th e r b e s f th t his me
o a n u , ca u e o a , na
sh o ld b e t ke w y fr m mo g his f mily ;
u a n a a o a n a

w ere n o t th ey e titl e d t p r s er v it dto r iv his n o e e an ece e

1 h e it
n c e wh
r ant h a ll o t m t o f th P ro mis d L d
en e en e e an
w as m d e ? Whil e a h t disti g ish e d th l evir t w a n u e a e
l o f I sr e l x r ss d b h k
aw
( e p a t i t h Bas
o o f e e o n e o
D e t er o m y
u d no r g iz e d by J b d his
an , as e co n a co an
s o s i th Bo o k f G sis ) fro m si mil r l g l
n , n e o en e a e a

cu st o m s a mo g o th e r p e o p l e s s t h e s p e i l o bj
n t w a c a ec

o f r isi g a p s e d ton d c s d br th r i o rd r
u e a e ea e o e , n e

th a t his me sh o ld o t b e m e e xti guish e d mo g

na u n co n a n
h is p e0 p1e .

T his disti tiv e bj t o f th e l

nc t o e p r o mp ts o ec aw a nc
th e n ui q iry Why th is p i l d v w d r i
,
S ec a an a o e ca e n

sr l
I a e f o r n a me ds d F my p rt I
an ee or ow n a , ca n
r g iz i it t k th t th p r t l d ir
n o t b ut e c o n e n a o en a e a en a es e
w as str gth d d q ir d h r di t ry f r i
en en e an ac u e e e a o ce n

I sr l b ae s f th p r m i m d t A br h m t h t
eca u e o e o se a e o a a a

i his s e d ll
n ti s f t h r th h ld b bl s d
e a na on o e ea s ou e es e ,

an d b s th pr t v g li m
e ca u e p r e rd o e an e u w as u on ec o

a m g th m th t t h s d f th w m
on e , sh ld br is
a e ee o e o an ou u e

t h s rp t s h d T h s t gr t d myst ri

e e en ea . e e wo ea an e o us

p r o m is e s w r e t h rst s o f t h
e i r di bl e beli f ca u e e ne a ca e e

su it w ll wi th th h i t ri ir m t
s e e f th C h
s o P plc c cu s a n ces o e o sen eo e

a b tt ou r p h L d f P r mi ; it d I hi k
o en te u on t e an o o se n ee s, t n

l i r v i r i l v l i v i
,

p e cu i a t i
s oni y p t
o se e n t an ac ca a ue a s a n n en t on

f J wi h rib (l b ll d P xil d i B byl Si mi l rly

o e s sc es a e e e e n a on . a

t h l vir t t xxv i t w l l h t m ry
,

e e tm t f D
a e en a c en o eu su s e t e e sta en ta
l gi l tiv C d mm ry f t h v r bl l wgiv r h
. .

e s a e o e o r su a o e en e a e a e e re e

p d
a ss e w y d
a h i p p
a l ant r d C s b t w h
eo t i i e en e e a n a an u a s ts
vl a ue o r m i h pr p h t i
ea n n f rm l ti
as

d dp
t e o e c re - o u a on an a a ta
t i t
on o n ew ( P r f D ri v r wi h p i l r f r
n ee s

as o e t s ec a e e en c e to
r mi x p l i h pri i p l i v lv d) f I r l
.
,

h Dt e e u te o n o st , e a ns t e nc e n o e o s ae

i th p ri d r xi m ly f h B by l i C i v i y ?
t t on an a t t
n e e pp o , a o p a e , o e a
1 28 Ha mm u ra bi
T he L a w of

o f I sr l th t it ae l t r a H m h w as an e ec a ce . ow uc ,

th d p d d p th f mily lif ! dh d ply

en , e en e u on e a e an ow ee
might m d w m en i I sr l i d lg t h h p
an o en n ae n u e e o e
th t thr gh th ir
a ou f mily lif th y m ight h v
e ow n a e e a e a
s p i l p rt i th f ll m t f th gr t pr mis s
ec a a n e u en o e ea o e
t o th ir ti ! F rth rm r th l vir t l
e na on f u e o e, e e a e aw o
m rri g a m g th l g l rr g m ts f I sr l
a e w as a on e e a a an e en o ae

whi h ll d fc r i r rdi g d p r s r v i g
ca e or ca e n eco n an e e n

f mily g l gi s ; i s m i mst s it might

a en ea o e n o e c rc u a n ce

e v h v th v l
en a f f m ily i s r
e e f whi h
a ue o a n u an c e , o c ,

i id t lly t h B k f R th s ppli s wi th
nc en a ,
e oo o u u e us a

s p i lly i t r sti g i st
ec a My r d rs will t
n e e n n a n ce . ea e no
t k it miss if I dd th t t h ri h st d rip s t fr i t
a e a a a e c e an e u

o f th r i p r rvi g f m ily g l gi s i I sr l
e ca e n e se n a e n ea o e n ae

is r h d t h r rd f L k i 4 5 v 3 ff
ea c e 111 e ec o o u e i. , . 2 ,
.
,

wh r by e e i w d rf l y th w rki g f
w e se e , n a on e u wa , e o n o

D ivi p r vid
ne i t h hist
o ry f t h C h s
en ce R ; n e o o e o en a ce

an d ls l rly th t it
se e a tho H ly Spirit f
c ea a w as e o o

t h Hi gh d H ly O h i h bi t t h t ity

e an o ne w o n a e e e rn ,

w h i s p ir d H br
o n l wgiv r d pr ph t thr g h
e e ew a e an o e , ou
wh m H wr ght t Hi gr t p p s s f m
o e ou ou s ea ur o e or an

ki d n .
1 3 0 Ha m mu r a bi
T he L a w of

o bt i s i P l sti still
a n n th
a e f ll wi g ill s tr tiv e
ne ,
as e o o n u a

i id t will h w
nc en S o .

J st ff th tr k thr gh th f r st f C rm l
u o e ac , ou e o e o a e ,

whi h c p rs s
on eg i g t u d fr m
ue N z r th
o n d its o an o a a e an

p rt d E gli h p st t w H if th r i t d
-
o an n s o p o n a a, e e w as o n e
ou t t m m r th
o e, d ri g th y r ( A p ril 3
o e a n o n ce u n e ea 0,

1 87 9 t My
, o 8 8 ) I r id da 1 t N z r th
,
1 0 es e a a a e ,
a

ce r t i l rg t r
a n a d r whi h s m y rs rli r
e ee un e c ,
o e ea ea e , a

y g E glish m h db f lly m rd r d H
o un n an a e en ou u e e . e w as

tr v lli g l
a e n d f t d i th m iddl
a on e a n f th
a oo ,
an n e e o e
m r i g o n n t d t sa r st d d h lt r fr m th
ow n o e an n S e e o e
h t f th
ea o d r t h tr s p k f Th sight
e su n u n e e ee o en o . e ,

p r bo bly af his g ld w
, ot h h i x it d
o t h p idi t ya c -c a n e c e e cu
o f rt i m f B li l h s t l b hi d h im whil
ce a n en o e a ,
w o o e e n e
h sl p t kill d h im with th ir bl dg
e e , e s d r bb d e u eo n ,
an o e

h im T hi
. t f vi l s ac f o rs s p dilyo e n ce w a s, o cou e, ee
dis v r d dco e e t ry r i d B t th r
an an ou c a se . u e e w as n o

littl tr bl t d d p ish th ri mi l ; t h
e ou e o n an un e c na s e

c hi f di f lty r lly b i g t h t th m rd r rs w r
e cu ea e n a e u e e e e

M h mm d
o a d th a vi t i m C hri t i
ans an B t e c a s an. u

th gh C hri ti h
ou a l s E gli h m
an e d w a s a so an n s a n , an

t h E gli h C
e n s l i By t s on m i i sisti g
u n e ro u w as r n n n

t h t th d
a rs f th ill d d sh ld b br gh t t
e oe o e ee ou e ou o

j s ti
u Y t h
ce . ld th y b si
e ow th y w r
co u e e n ce e e e

un k w ? Th T rkish l h g r lly ff tiv

no n e u aw as a en e a e ec e
w a y f di
o g t t hn ri mni ls iou s h s s by e c na n uc ca e a
l s st m y if t st t t ry whi h rr p ds
c au e cu o ar no a u o c co es on

t t h l ws j st q t d fr m H mm b i C d
o e a u uo e d o a u ra s o e, a n
whi h s ys th t th t w shi p wi thi wh s b rd rs
c a a e o n n o e o e
c ri m is mmitt d sh ll b h ld r s p sibl I t his
e co e a e e e on e . n

s b th th vill g s
ca e , o r st t th s
e a f the n ea e o e c en e o e
m rd r d i d th ir r s p sibility
u e en e Th dist
e e f on . e a n ce o

ea c h fr m th s p t o th r f r m s r d d th
e o w as e e o e ea u e , an e
vill g r lly th
a e ea rr ll d t p r d th
e n ea e w a s ca e on o o uce e

w r g d rs B t th e id th t th lif f y
on -
oe . u ea a e e o an
 H a mmura bi La w in P a l e st i n e 1 3 1

M h mm d n sh l d b f rf it d fo th l if o f
o a a a ou e o e e r e e a
C hristi id h i h i th s d ys t l st
a n w as a n ea w c , n o e a a ea ,
c o ld u t b no t t i d by y M h mm d
e en er a n e m an o a a an co
m ity i P l sti
un n It a e s q tly d l r d t
n e. w a s, c o n e u en , ec a e o
b i m p ssibl t d th
e o l prits if h w v er m ds
e o n e cu , o e , a en
m st b m d th e t w shi p
u e a e, r
p p r d t o
p y n w as e a e o a a
m y
on e B t t h E glish d m d th t th l
n e. u e n e an a e aw
sh ld b ff tiv r m i d m d
ou e e ec e E glis he a ne r , an an n

g b t h o r d ff Bey t Th n th v ill g i
un oa an c e o ro u . e e a e n
q e sti f d th imi l s
u on o un e cr na .

I t is th s s ee th t wh r l oc l l
u n h st g h ld
a e e a aw as a ro n o
th e ki g s writ m y pe t e b st thr gh th t Th

n a o ra e ou a . us

t h S lte u f T rk e y r l s t o da y
an o u d th s i s me u e -
,
an u , n o
m tt e rs H m m r bi x r is d
a , a th rity i B byl i
u a e e c e au o n a on a
f our th s d y rs g A t th t tim i s pit f
ou a n ea a o. a e, n e o
H mm b i i mp ri l g ve
a ura

s dhis dilig
e a o rn a n c e a n e n ce a s

a r l r l l o t w shi p l m st still h v h d
u e , o ca r o n aw u a e a

m h f r
uc fo b f r h
o ce, it d th m d er his
r, e o e e un e e un own
s v er ig ty B byl i h d l g o sist d f s v r l
o e n ,
a on a a on c n e o e e a

st t s
a e h with it p i t l ity a d th h d (ki g
, ea c s ca a c , n e ea n ,

p ri st
e g,
v r
or r ) f r to d
e no t h thor h d s on e an en a n o e a

o b t i d l di g j isdi ti i th l d I t
a ne ea n ur c on n e an . w as an

o ld r l th
u e, f l i d d p r b bly h d d
e re o reb a ru e, n ee o a an e

d w fr m p ri mitiv g s th t h l lity s t tl
,

o n o e a e a ea c o ca or e e

m t sh ld b h ld r s p o sibl e f
en ou e g od
e d t e n or o co n uc

withi its b rd rs
n o e .
A TR A NSL A T I ON FR O M T HE BA B Y L O NI A N OF S C U H
O F T HE LA WS OF HA MMU R A BI S
C ODE As ARE

C O MP A R ED BY P R O FESSO R G R I MME (pp . 6 675 ,

a b v
o e ) W I TH T HE LA WS O F T HE FI R ST P A R T
OF

T HE BO O K O F T HE C O V ENA NT ( Ex o d .

x x
i xxii
. .

NO TE Th e lw
in th e s e u e n c e in
a s a re hr e e gi v en q
whi h h y
c t e o c cu o n Ha m mura b i s stel a

r
T h e n um e n g b ri .

h
o f t e m is P o f r i
Sch le l s, w h o e st m a t e d t h a t t h e v e

.

r l
e a s e d c o u m n s,whi h l l w
c f o o ed n e t a ft ex r i
6 5 , co n t a n e d
35 l N
c a u se s . t h r t ly d i vow r d
,
t bl
e t ( e cen s co e e a e Se e

p .
310 b v
, ) a m t
o h w t
e h t t h
se e m f t
s h l
o S o a e su o e c a u se s

h d a 5 f it i t ( h ig f t h h dr d d
or s un t e s ns or e un e s an

t en sb i g b r k ff ) if t h t w r
e n o en th o right t t l
, a e e so , e o a

w l d pr b bly b 7 5
ou o a 85 q t l y th p r t
e 2 or 2 c o n se u en e e se n

nu m b ri g f th
e nl oft r w l d b i rr t
e c a u se s a e 1 00 ou e n co ec .

If a ma n "
has a ccu se d a n o t hr
e of h vi
a ng p r ti
ac se d

s r ry
o ce upo n bl i h d (t h
h im and he ha s n ot e st a s e e

ti
a c c u sa ) th on r h ll b p t t d th
,
e a cc u se S a e u o ea .

Th igi l w rd( il m l ) th r d r d hr gh t
e or na o aw u or a e u us en e e t ou ou
hi tr l i lly m m m b r f th l f rdi ry
,

t s a n s a t on u sua ea n s a e e o e c a ss o o na

fr f P r f G imm tr ti
,

m
ee S p 3
en . ee . 1 o o . r e s ea se .
I 34 Th e La w of H a mmu r a b i
fr d ee h l l mp
he s a co t
e n sa e up t t f l d ; if th o en - o e

t hi f h e as no t wh r wi t h t p e e o a y h sh ll b p t t d t h
, e a e u o ea .

If a man h a s st l o en th e y o u n g son o f an o t hr e ,
he S a h ll
b e put t o d th ea .

If a ma n h a s br k o en i t h
n o b f r t h br
a o u se , e o e e ea c h
h y h l k ill
t e s al h im ands h l l t hr t h im (i t it)
a us n o .

24

lif [ h b
If a e as ee n ta k en b y b ri g d T] th i ty an s e c and

G v r r ( K bi
o e no a ana ) on e m an a t f si lv r h ll p y t
o e s a a o h is

[ t h m i i g p rs
e ss n e on s

] e 0 1
p p e.

5 57
If h h rd h
a S ep d th h p t f d i h rb g
e a s ca u se e S ee o ee n e a e

[ t h tai p r b b l
s, y i gr wiog r a] wi t h t h ,
r f th
n o n co n , e ow n e o e

ld h h
e e t gr d d wi t h t ( t h
as no at f ) th ee ,
an ou e co n sen o e

o w r f t h ld t h h p h v t th l d
ne o e e e s ee a e e a en e e ,

th e r f th l d h ll r p h i ( th h ph rd )
ow n e o e e s a ea s e s e e

s

l d ( d) t h
e ,
an h ph r d h wi th t (the s t
e f) e w o, ou e c o n se n o

th e o w r f t h ld h
ne o d th h p t t th
e e , a s c a u se e s ee o ea e

Md t) r f r d mi i
an r f th or rt (Th w rd i
ee n st e o e co u e o s
th r i r d m iki whi h w ld m
, .

o e w se ea n s/
p m f n u, c ou ea n a oor an o
so m r ) S bv p3
e so t ee a o e, 1
livi g p r h b rri d ff th rigi l i
. . .

1 O If
"
r, a n e so n as ee n ca e o e o na s
o b r S b v p 68 l p 9
scu e . ee a o e, a so 12

1 Th r m n y i d i th d y b t p ym t
. , . .

e e w as n o o e co n e n o se a s, u a en s
w r m d i i lv r by w igh t m
e e a e n s 6 ehkl e , 1 a ns 0 S e e s.
 T r a n s l a tio n A 1 35
e l d h l l i ddi ti (f v ry) G A N (th
S a ,
n a on , or e e 10 us e a t e n )
pa y G UR T f
20 r t t h w r f th l d o co n o e o ne o e e .

If (h e i h a s ta k en o v r)e r l i m d ld h h l l
a n un ec a e e e s a

r r
p e f o m th e w rk o of th e e ld d (f an h) G A N ( f or ea c 10 o
l d
an ) he s a h ll m r
e a su e o ut 1 0 G UR f r f y r o co n or a ea .

d bt h
If iz d m
e d h i wi f h i
a s se hi e a a n, a n s e, s son o r s
d gh t r h h
au gi v f e th m , y i t bj t i
e as en or e on e , or n o su ec on

h h
e gi v t h m t hr
as y r f th h en f t h ir e ,
ee ea s or e o u se o e

p r h
u c r bj t t h y h ll w r k i t h f
a se o r surt h y r ec o r e s a o ,
n e ou ea
t h y h ll b r t r d t fr
e S a d m" e es o e o ee o .

If iv
a y t hi g f h i i tr t d wh r
ma n h a s g en a n n o s n us , an e e

h g v it i t h r b y b r k i g i
e a e li m b i g v r y
, e e ea n -n or c n o e ,
an

t hi g f h i
n t g t h r wi t h
o ythi g b l gi g t t h
s, o e e an n e on n o e

1 wr
G A N (a Sume a n d h r f r
o d, pri t d iri an t e e o e, n e n

pi t l l r i q l r
,

ca a e t t e s) is est ma te d t o e u a a c e s.

1
'
1 hi h
G UR ! 3 00 QA , w c , rdi g P r f R F a cc o n to o

H rp r w r q iv l b 5 lb v rd p i
. . .

a e e e e u a en t to a o ut 00 s. a oi u o s, or

8 5 b h l ( f wh w ld h r f r b q r r
,

us e s) O o ea t ; a ur ou t e e o e, e 20 ua te s ,
6 3 b h l ( f wh t ) q iv l rly
,

us e s A QA i o h ea f s t e e u a en t o n ea

li r v r 2p i l iq id m r 5 dr m
.

1 t e, or o e 1 lb n ts u ea su e , o r 2 s . 2 0 25 . 1 a s

n ea rly v ird p i w i gh
a o u o s e t.

I T h t i
,

ha p r d
s, i g i
as h w
t e m h h e ce n se ct o n s S o a an w o as

t k v r l d i rd r l iv t i b t h gl
,

a en o e an n o d t e to cu t a e t, u as n e e c te o

d o so .
I h th r h h l d h m f th m y t p y ff h i
e. w e e e a s so t e or e on e o a o s

db wh th r h h gi v h m i t l v ry w rk ff h
.

e t, o r e e e as en t e n o s a e to o o t e
d bte
h ir i h ll bl i h
.

ll L it t h t t .f t d d
e s a e o
p b d e n e en en ce s a e est a s e .
1 3 6 Ha m m ur a b i
T he L a w of

o w r f th h
ne o h b l t th w
e o use ,

as e en os , e o ne r of th e
h h
o u se h bw l k h ll m k g d
o as e en s ac s a a e oo an ythi ng

whi h c gi v h im
w as tr t d i l t th
en on us an s os ,
e o w r ne of

th g d h
e ooh ll mp t ; d th w
s e s a co en s a e an e o ne r of th e
h h l l dilig t ly r h f v ry thi g l t
o u se s a en se a c or e e n os ,
ands h lla

t k wh t v r i wi t h t h t hi f
a e a e e s e e .

If a so n s mi t s his f th r
e a e t h ey f sh ll a c ut o ff h is
rs
,
n ge .

1 96

If a m a n e st d r ys th o e ey e o f a ma n
s I so n , t e h y h ll s a

d tr y
es o h is e ye .

I 97

If he br ks ea a ma n

s b o n e, t e h y h ll br k h i b
S a ea s on e .

If h e d tr y
es o s t h e e ye o f a ma n
s s a lv br ke, or ea s th e
b on es of a m an
s s a lv e, he s h lla p a y h l f f h i
a o s (t h e
lv
s a es

) p ri ce .

If a k
k s t th t th f m his q l h i
ma n n oc ou e ee o a an, e ua , s

t t h h ll
ee s k kd t
a b e n oc e ou .

I th e h h ld r I e ouse r ly
o id r d r p t
e t w a s sca ce co n s e e es ec
bl i i t B byl i f r f th
. . .

a e n a n c en m a t t b th
on a or a an n o o e e ow ne o e
h h l iv d i
o use e e n.

f 1 t h j
e. d i i l et h ri t
u y c a au o
wi ll r b r x l i h
. .

I I t b m m d e e p e d i t h t
e e t tas e a ne n e n o e on 1, a

g tl m lv b t
,

th C d m

by m an e t o e ean s n o a en e an or a s a e, u an

o rdi ry fr m
na ee an .
1 3 8 T he La w of H a m m u r a bi

If a n ox go i n g a on g l r
t h e s t e e t go e s a r ma n a n d ca u se s

h is de a t h th, a t c a se has no p e n a t ly .

I f th e ox of a f ili g
ma n whi h g rc o es h a s h a d it s a n as a

g r r m d k
o e w dh ha e t bl
no t d it h r (
n an e as no un e s o ns and )
hi h h
s ox t p t e d r r t r i t ( d) t h t
as no u un e es a n an a ox h as
g r d
o e d k i ll d h
an h ll p y h lf m e f ilv r
, e s a a a a ana o S e .

If ( it h a s go e ) t h e rd lvs a e of a man , h e
h ll
S a a
p y
one -
t hird of a man a of silv r e .

If [a m a n ] h a s o st l an ox or a s h e ep whi h h b
c as ee n

g iv en l
e n t ] h im ( wit h) an ox li k e to th e oxh ,
a s e ep

li k e th e s h e e p, he sh ll mp
a co e n sa t e th e o w r ne .

I f in a f ld
o a v isit a t io n o f t h e go d h a s b f ll
e a li e n , or a on

has k i ll d t h h p h r d h ll
e , e s e e s a com e b f r th g d d
e o e e o an

l r him lf d th d m g t
c ea se an e a a e o th e f l d th w r f th
o e o ne o e

f l d sh ll me t
o a e .

Th w r e o ne o f th e o x .
 A T ra n sla tio n 1 39

If the s h ph rd i
e e l
s n e g e ct f u l a n d h a s ca u s e d a br ea c h
in th e fo ld th h
,
e s eph e rd
i j ry f r m t h
the n u o e br ea c h
whi h c he ha s c a u se d i th f l d h
n eh ll m k g d i
o e s a a e oo n

x
o en a n d sh e ep , an d h ll gi v t h m t t h ir w r
s a e e o e o ne .

If a f r ig l d h b gh t th m l
m an in a o e n an as ou e a e or

f m l l v f t h r m [ d] wh h h
e a e s a e o an o m b k e an, an en e a s co e ac

i t hi
n o l d th w r f t h m l f m l l v
s ow n an e o ne o e a e or e a e s a e

has r g iz d h i l v if t h m l d f m l l v
e co n e s s a e, o se a e an e a e s a es

hildr f th l d wit h t m y th y h l l b
a re c en o e an ,
ou on e e s a e

r t r d t fr d m
es o e o ee o .

W TP . . .
 1 4 2 I n dex
Ba byl i o n a, ~
soc ia l rg i ti
o an z a on Budge, D r E A . . . W a ll is , 1 13
o f, 30 , 5 6 Bu r kh d J
c ar t, . L .
, 67 n ., 72 n.

Ba byl i on a n C hr i l on c e, 83 Bu rgl y 7 ar , 1

c ivil i ti z a on , 2 6, 36 Bu r i gB h
n n us , th e , 1 2 1
m o n um en t s, 22 n . ,

83 n. C
Ba byl i w rd on an o s in Heb rw e ,
Ca iro, Museu m o f ,
1 12

7 6. I O9 C am by se s, 1 1 3

B dir u , 4 0 C a n a a n , 4 5 , 8 2 , 84 , 8 5 , 8 6, 8 7 ,
l
Ba a a m, 1 1 4 n. 9 1 1 9 21 9 3
B r l g
a ea an u a ge , 90 l
C a na s o f Ba byl i
o n a, 34

B di e7 u n, 2 , 62 n ., 6 7 , 7 2, 8 9 , i vi y J wi h
C a p t t , e s , 1 06
4 5
I2 1 I2 r l r
C a m e , f o est o f , 1 3 0
B rli M e n use u m, 1 0 2 , 1 0 3 Ca rri h iri
a ge - n
g in Babyl i on a , 87

B h l et e s,

11 7 C e e rm il l f h P on a aw o t e e n ta

Beyro ut , En g li h C l i
s o n su n, 1 30 t h 5 5
e uc 8 , 0, 1, 10 1 1 0, 1 1 3

gun o a o , 1 1 b t ff 3 1 1 7
B ibl e a n d B a by l on , Tb e, 1 2 2 11 . C h d rl m r 8 84 8 5
e o ao e , 2, ,

Bibl h e, t e, a ut h tien c an d t ru st Ci y tr hip f l d 34

ow ne s o an ,

w r hy o t , 1 23 C li t i I
en s l 55 56 n s ra e , ,

Bi l h 4 6 a ,
C o m m a n dme n t s, th e Te n , 5 2 ,
B il t u , 3 4 60 -6 3
ir
B d in n est , 6 3 C o m me ril c a p u su r it s of Ba by ~

l v
B oo d e n ge a n ce , 6 1 n . l i on a , 3 5 , 36
Bo go s: th e : 49 1 66 m 90 1
l

5 1
C o m me ril
c a pu r i su ts of Is r l
ae ,

1 25 , 1 26 59

Bo o k of th e Co v e n a n t,

5 2, 61, C o n s ta n t i n op e l Museum , 83 n .
,

6 2 . 6 4. 6 5 if . 75 86
ri
B ga n da ge in a n c e n t Ba i by C o n su l , En g is l h , of Beyr o ut, 1 30

l i
o n a a n din m ode n P a e st n e , r l i C oo k ,
Mr . S A . .
, 89
1 29 ff .
, 1 34 C o v en a n t , B oo k of th e , 5 2, 61,
ri i h M m t bl t
B t s u se u ,
a e s an d 62 , 6 4 , 6 5 , 7 5
hrm m
ot ie on u en ts n, 19 n C o v en a n t, B o o k o f th e , Mo sa i c ,

3
20 n 84 86 .
, 2 n .
, n .
, , 1 02 f . 1 30
Br h r i l
ot m r i ge - n -a w a r a e , 1 24 ff . C u tu l r r l
e a n d Is a e , 1
9 9- 6

Br g h (H ) B y 93
u sc . e ,
n. B byl i
a on a n , 7 6, 9 2
 I n d ex 1 43
l r
C u tu e, Egyp t i an , 94 B lac l , 30
hi gh r e , a c hr a r
a cte istic l
E a m, 20 , 2 1 , 2 4, 8 2, 8 3 , 8 5
o f, 75 f . lk h hr
E a n a , f a t e o f Sa mue , 5 8 l
C un e i r wri i
fo m t n g, 83 n ., 9 2, li h l
En g s C o n su in Be yro u t, 1 3 0
9 3 . 9 4, 9 5 1 I O3 gun b t oa o ff Be yro ut, 1 31
C un e f o mi r wri ti ng in P a l ti
es n e, Esa rh a ddo n , Ki n g, 1 0 4

hi i
Et o p a , 2 7 , 4 9
D vl i
E o u t o n o f th e Mo sa c sa c e d i r
D a gan , th e go d, 8 5
h ry
isto , 1 2 1

D a ia n , 7 6
x k
E o dus, B o o o f , 9 0 , 9 8

D a mga r 35
x
E o dus, th e , o f I s a e , 8 9 , 93 , r l
D a ms o f ca n a s, l 34
99 1 I I 9
br
Dan i l h pr ph t 3 5
e t e o e , 10 , 10 , 1 23
Ez io n -ge e , 1 15

Dau gh t r i h ri t
e s, by n e a n ce , 1 26
F
Da v id 4 7 5 4
, ,
2, 1 1
i ly ir
Fa m , des e f o r, in I s a e , 1 27 r l
De l i tz h P r f F i d 6
sc , o . r e . 1 n .

r i
Fa m n g in I s a e , 5 8 , 60 r l
De b t l v ry f 6 6 3 5
, s a e o r, ,
1
hr
Fa t e , th e , in B a byl i
De p i d
o s te r
p p r y 7 35 o e t , 2, 1
r
Fo rste , G , 6 3 11
on a , 32

D e u te r my B k d l
on o , oo an aw o f,
r l
.

r r i
F e e c a ss, p ese v a t o n o f , 3 8 ,
.

De vl e o p men t in t h e B ibl e, 1 3 1 if .
39
r h x p di ti
F en c e e on to Susa , 21,
D in , 7 6
1 06
Driv r r f S R
e , P o . . .
, 27 n .
F ri dri h Herr h
D li m i I r l 5
e c , T o ma s, 83, 86
ua s n s ae , 2, 54
B a pp u , 3 6
G
E Ga : 7 21 I34: 1 3 5
E
of th e High er C riti i m
c s , ri r l
Ga dn e , A a n A , 99 . n .

[ 00 z ll
G a e es, i a n c en t iv
n e n to ry o f,

Egyp t a n d A ss yri a , 1 04 83 n.

y i
Eg p t a n co o u l r fJ o o sep h
s h is G en e a l gio r
es, ca e o f , in I s r l
ae

t ry 9 5 96
,

98 1 28
-
o . .

Egyp ti i an n u e n ce o n Is r l
ae , 47 , i
G en es s, Bo o k o f, 20 , 8 2 , 8 3 , 8 4,
94 95 916 1 8 7 , 9 1 , 94 . 9 5
Eg pty i an sa r phco agus i rib
nsc ed G en es i
Eg p t
s, y i an a ccu a cr y of,

in Min ea n , 1 12 9 s. 9 6
 1 44 I n de x
r i
Ha mmu a b n a me o f 8 1 n
zr
, , .

Ge e , 1 04 Ha mm ura b i s C o de co n te n ts o f

i
, ,

G deo n ,4 1 1 n. 3 0 3 1 1 0 2 1 0 3 d sco v e y
2 8 , , , i r
Gl r D G
ase , r. .
, 1 1 1, 1 13 o f, 8 5 , 1 06 ; uma n as s
25, h b i
G d j dgm t
o ,
u en o f, 43 , 7 3, 74 o f, 3 7 ; i
mpe f ec t o n o f , 3 0 , r i
G ri g
o 7 n 0x , 0, 1 3 8 1 08 i
n u e n ce o f ,
4 5 , 5 3 , 60 ,
G o rtyn a, 26 1 00 , 1 0 1 ff , 1 0 5 , 1 0 6 o . e c ts bj
G os h en . 89 . 96 o f , 3 8 ; te n den c o f , 3 8, 6 4 ; y
G rfW
a - el lh a use n hyp th i o e s s, 5 0, vl f 6 a ue o , 2

H rp r P r f R F 34
a e , o . . 1 n.

ri h
G f t , Mr . F . H .
, 97 H r v y Bi h p A 9 5
e e , s o .
, n .

G ri mm e, P r of . H .
, 8 1 , 8 2, 8 8 , H z ki h Ki g
e e
5
a , n , 10

8 9 . 90 . 1 09 . 1 1 0, m . 1 1 3.
High r C ri i i m th
e t c s , e,

85,
1 1 5 n ., 1 0 1 - 1 03, 1 06 , 1 08 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 ,

il
G u ds, 3 2 1 2 3 , 1 2 6 11 .

G a l s 7 2 1 I 3 49
'
l 35 w r
High a y o bb e y 1 2 9 ff 1 34 r , .
,

Hil p re ch t P o f H V 1 0 6
, r . . .
,

i r i i ri i
H mya i t c n sc pt o n s 1 I 1 ,

Her tu , 3 2
'

Ha cl a r z 5 8

10 1 , 1 25
Hb bo a and Moses , 1 10

Hdr a a ma u t ,
,

50
i
Ho l n ess in l a w o f I s a el r ,
62
Ha ga 4 6 r i
Ho l n e ss l a w o f 5 2
, ,

Ha mmu a b
,

r i and C a n a an , 8 2 , ii
Ho m c de 6 7 1 37 , ,

84 86 - Ho mm el P o f F 8 3 n, r . .
, 1 1 1,

Ha mm ura b i a n dEl a m 1 1 2, 1 1 3 n
'

8 2 , 8 3, 8 5
,
.

h is m o n um en ts, {f oplz snz} 5 6

19 2 1 , 2 5, 30 , 3 1 n .
, 3 7, 8 1 ,
Ho use-b r ki g i
ea n n Ba byl i on a ,

8 3, 8 5 , 8 6, 105 711 I 34
Ha mm u a r bi and Mo ses co m
Ho use -o w n e r hi p i s n Ba byl i on a,

p r
a e d, 6 0 , 6 4, 6 5 6 7 , 8 8 , 8 9 , - 35 n
1 .

Hu m me l a u er , F . v on ,
52 11 .

r bi l i m hi C d
Ha m mu a c a s s o e as
H yk so s, 2
9 . 97
hi 3 7 43
s ow n . .

H mm b i l i m h i C d
a ura c a s s o e to
b p r f t 44
e e ec ,

Hmm r b i d t f 9 8
a u a , a e o , 1 , 2 n.
I 46 I n d ex
Ma n a sseh K i n g 1 0 2 1 05 , , ,

Ma n u l a w o f 2 6
,

Marb a n ti 3 1 1 3 3 11

, ,
,
i ri i
Na b a te a n n sc p t o n s 1 1 1
Na t , 5 5
.

Ma rria ge disso l u ti o n o f 3 3
,

in Ba byl i on a , 2 3
,
r
Na vil l e , P o f Ed 9 7 f . . .

Nils/i gdti ( Qa ti) , 2 2

in I r l 57
s ae
58
, ,
Nudu n n u , 3 2
l evit a te, 5 7 , 1 24- 1 28
se tt e men t s,l -
3 39
2

Meir u mmia 99 ,
O a th s, 43
Ma r tu l a n d o f (C a n a a n ) 86
, ,
O l d Se m t ii c la w a n d custo m ,
Medi ci n e p ra ctice o f 5 9
4 2. 4 9. 6 1 .
, ,
3 2 40 4 1
Me l ch i zedek 8 3 n
. . .

7 5 . 88 . 89 . 90 . 9 1 . 96 .
, .
1 07 .
Me rch an ts o f Ba byl o n i a 3 5 1 1
,
7 , 1 20
Mere n p tha h (t h e P ha ra o h o f th e r
O sn a p pa , 1 0 3
Ex d ) 93
o us , n .
O x go n g: ri l 3 8
Midi i tan 4 5 es, 1 1 n .
, 11
Midi i i h ri t l
an t s ua , 1 10
Mi i rip i
n ea n n sc t o n s, 1 1 1 - 1 1 3
Mi rri g l w f 3 7
sca a e, a s o , 1 P wri r f th High r
te o

e e

M bit
oa 4 es, 1 1 11 . C ri i i m
t c s 7 12 n.

M yo ne . 34 1 0 P l
a a ce ,B byl i a (Ek l ) 3 on a n a , 0,

M g my 5 8
ono a , I33
M m t vid P l ti

on u f
en s e en ce or th e a es n e, 10
4 5 , 10

P t t h 8
e n a e uc , 2 Exp l r ti F d 3 o a on un , 10

M i L
o sa c 6 45 aw . 2 . 5 3.
. m dr p i d
o i e n e so e n,

5 4 1 5 8: 60 1 6 3 1 64 1 6 5 1 8 8 6 0 1 29- 1 3 1

1 1 6, 1 1 7, 1 2 1 Pa r t l d ir i I r l
en a es e n s ae , 1 27

MOS6 5 , 5 0 1 5 4 s 6 3 1 64 1 94 1 9 5 1 Pa tri r h f I
a c s o l 46 8 sra e , , 1, 8 2,
9 6 , 99 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 9 , 1 20 8 4 . 86 . 8 7 . 88 . 9 2. 9 5
Moses an d Ha mmura b i co m Pat ri r h
a c s of Is r l ae , la w of, 46 ,
P r al-eds 77 7 6 , 8 2 , 8 8 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 6 , 1 2 4
M th r
o e , th e, in Ba byl i on a , 32 li r y
P ecu a it o f Mo sa c l egisl a o i
Mun z in ger W e , r r 49
ne , , 66 n ., i
t o n , 1 20

74 0 1 25 Pe i r
se , D r F. E ,
. . 1 02 n.

Mus/ibin u , 1 33 n . , 1 3 7 n .

Mutsri , ki ngdo ms o f , 1 1 3 n .
 In dex
P en ta teuch , the , 8 2 , 88 , 9 5 , R ecor ds o f t/re P a st 86 n.
1 00 , 1 0 7 , 1 08 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 R afa .
3 5
r r
P e t ie , P o f W M F n de s ,
. . . i r R ef uge f o r m u de r rr e s, 67
li i
R e g o us rdi l o n a n ce s o f I s ra e ,

1 08

R t l i ti
e a l 4 4a 69 on aw 1, 2,
l i i i
,

P o sta co m mun ca t o n , a n c en t , R id d mg 3 7
es a u,

93 R iv r g d rd l f 4 3
e - o
33 o ea o 1
ihrh
, , ,

P o t p e a , 9 7, 9 8 R bb ry 4
o e 0
ryr byl i
,

P a e t o Ba on an
god, 22, 23 R m
o Tw lv T bl
a n 65 e e a es ,
ri ly
P est C ode , 5 0 R th B k f
u 8 oo o 12
P ri t f I r l 54
, ,

es s o s ae ,

P r in ceton Tlzeol ogica l R ev iew ,

1 09 n .

P ro cksch , O , 6 7 n .
r i
P o m se in th e L a w , 6 3
.
Sa b ea n i rip ti
n sc o n s, 1 1 1 , 1 1 5 11 .

r i ki hr gh
P o m se s to m a n n d t ou
Sa mue e ol th p r p h
e t, 5 2

Sa msu-il un a , 8 6
I r l
ro e
7
s ae , 1 2

P p r ty p r t ti , f 38 3 9
o ec on o , , ,
rh
Sa a , 46
Sar go n , 2 6

P r t v g li m h
o e an 7
e u ,
t e, 1 2
y r
Sa ce , P o f A H , 1 9 . . . 83 n .
,

P m m ti h III
S h il P r f V
sa e 3 c us .
, 1 1

P l m y P hi l d lp h 5
c e , 3 o . .
, 21, 2 n, 2 n .,
to e a e us , 1 1 2
6 84
P bli h
2 83 n ., 86 n .
, n .
, 11 .

d ry wi f
u c - o u ses,
35
P r h i ll g l 3 3 S eco n 3 a e, 2

S m i ti l di i i
u c a se , e a , 1
e c aw an n st tu t o n s, 8 8,
89 9 9.6 0. .

S mi i
e rigi 9
t c o n s, 0

S h ri b 4
en n a c
5e , 10 n ., 1 0

S erab it l K h d m 7
e a e , 1 1

S tl r i I r l 5 5 5 6
et e s n s ae , ,

Sh m h th B byl i
a as , e a on an sun

go d,
2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3, 37
R a bia n u , 3 1 , 6 8 , 1 2 9 , 1 34 S hb e a, Q ueen o f , 1 1 1, 1 15

R a bitu , 3 2 Sb eb cit , 5 5
R ac h l 46
e ,
hkl
S e e , 1 34 n.

R e ceiv i g t l
n s o en go ods, 1 33 Sh ph rd l
e e c a ss, 35
 I n dex
S h p h rd r
e e esp o n s ib il i ty , 7 3 , 74, St e in do r , D r G 9 7 , 9 8
'

. .

I 34 , 1 3 8 3 I 39 Sto n es o f a n o n t n g, 1 1 6 i i
S h p h rdK i
e e n gs o f y
Eg p t, 9 2 Storh e35 o uses,

Sicer z gtu , 3 2 Str ggl f xi in i

'

u e or e st en ce a n c en t

S/iibu , 4 3 B byl i a
36 on a , , 38
h h kI
S is a .
, 97 S p r t r l
u e na u a l e e m en t in O ld
S/z ok r im o i ce rs 94 n. Testa me n t, 1 20

Sb ugctn , 3 2
S h hus an ( or Susa ) , 21 , 27 n .
,
T
1 0 5 , 1 06 Ta br l e n a c e of th e C o n grega t i on ,

Sh u t ruk -Na h un ti, 24 I O9

Silv r 3 5
e , , 5 9, 1 34 n . Ta l ia l a w , 4 1 , 42 , 6 9 , 7 0 , 1 36
Si i 6
na , 0, 88 , 8 9 , 90 , 9 1 , 1 1 5, l
Ta mud, th e , 6 3
1 16 T ri f th ki g 3 5

a e n s,

i i m i
,

S na o n um e n t s of a n c en t T ll l A m r
e e
9 93 a na, 2,

r li gi
e on, 1 1 61 1 7 T mp l
e B byl i tr ry
e, a on a , e a su o f,
Sin -iddin a m , 1 9 , 3 1 n .
, 84 n .
33 1
i r
S ppa , do cu m e n ts of , 23 n .
, T mp l
e B byl i pr p rty
e, a on a , o e o f,

83 n ., 86 I 3S

Sa lv e s in a n c en t i Ba byl i on a, 33 , Ten C o mma n dme n t s, 5 2, 60 63

66 . 6 9 . 1 3 3 . I 3 5 if . T e n t o f Me e t n g, 1 09 i
lv
S a es in a n c en t I s i r l ae 55 ,
r l y
Te m in o o g o f Ha mm ura b i a n d
M i L diff r
,

5 6. 5 9 o sa c aw e e n t, 76
Soc i yi
et n a n c en t i Ba byl o nia , 36 Th f t 4 e 33 , 0, 1

I r l 6 Ti d l k i g f a ti n o na o n s,

8 3 11
s ae
54 5 , , .

Ti gr l g g
, ,

60 ,
f 9 an ua e o , 0

So c e ti y ibl i l A r h l gy
of B ca c aeo o ,
Tir fea t u , 3 2
Tos/i cib, 5 5
'

91 84 n 97 n ., 1 12 n.
l if 3 5
.
, ,

S l m
o o K i g 4 7 48 5
on , n 2, 1 1 1 , To w n e,

T w hi p l
, , ,

o ns 68 9 3 aw 12 1 1
1 1
4 5 n 11 , , ,

T ri b l m mb r hip i I r l
.
,

S tr ik i g h i f th r
on s 36 n s a e , 1 a e e s n s ae , 5 5,
S r ry 7 4
o ce 3 1 2 5 7. 5 8
w lv bl
, ,

Sp t l i C llar a i i Briti h o e ct o n n s T e e Ta es o f R o ma n l a w , 6 5
M m 84
use u , 11 .

St t th i B byl i
U
a e, 56 e, n a o n a,

i I r l 56 n s ae , Un i on s o f w o rk m en , 3 2, 3 5
3 W i t-
10 1 1 0 16 CI 11 1: se cu r e

C h ur ch Hist o y in En gl a n d r .

From th e Ea rlie st T mes t o the P er od of the R e i i

forma tio n By th e R ev A R TH R MA R TI HI A U, MA
.

. . U . .

in c. k w
C h ur ch His t o y , Sk et ch e s o f r .

From th e First C en t ury to th e R ef orma tio n . By

the la te R ev C an o n R o s x x n o x W ith
. . Ma p .

Is 2
o
0
Da il y R e a din gs f o r a Y e a r .

By Em s m SP OONER C ro w n . m C lerk boa r ds

De v o tion a l (A ) L if e o f our L o rd .

B th e l a te R ev E L D D A uth or of
y
. . . .
,

ls
.

)
asto ra l C o un se &c

, . P ost 8vo . boa r ds
Fa ce of th e De e p (Th e ) .

v i
A D e o t o n a l C o mme n t a y o n th e A po ca r lyp se . By
t h e l a t e C HR I STI NA G R o ssz r rr, A uth o .
' '
r f
o Tun e
.

i
Fl es} De my 8m
,
M b
G o l de n Y ea r (Th e) .

t
Th ough s fo r eve ry Mon th , O r g n a l a n d Sel e cted ii
r
.

B y 2v 0 O R R , A uth o of T ho ught s f o r W ork

.

in ; D a ys
P rin ted in red an d b la ck
. P ost svc . .

Gos p el s , Th e Fo u r .

A rra n ge d in th e Fo m of an En g sh Ha mo n y, fro m r li r
th e Tex t o f t h e A uth o ise d V e s o n B y t h e la t e r ri .

R ev .M F LL ER , M A
J . . U
th A n a l yt 1 ca l Ta l e . . Wi b
of C o n te n t s an d Fo ur Ma ps boa r ds .

Gr e a t T ruth s L iv e sand Ho l y .

i
A Series of B b l e L esso n s, from A dven t to Trin
L AD Y HAm n c x . P o st 8 vo .

Hist o ry of th e En glis h C h ur ch .

In i r i l Sk t h
sh ort B og a ph ca e c es. By th e la te R ev .

L LO Y M A A t h r f k
S e t ch es of C h u ch r

D, . .
, u o o
i t ry i Scotl n d P t 8
s o n a .

os vo . boa r ds
 I OR
-
m a n or mo cun x s m xc m om m a
'

La n d o f Is r a e l , Th e .

A J o rn l f T l i P le
u a o ra ve n a stine , un derta ken w ith
m f it P h i ca l C h a ra cte r By th e
gv C o Tmsm w W i t
e t re eren ce o s .

. an n . wo Ma ps a n dn umerous
I ll tr t io
us L a ge P o t 8
a n s. r s v o.

r
L e ct u e s o n th e His t o r ic a l a n d Do gma tica l
P o s itio n o f th e C h u c h o f En gl a n d r .

By th e R ev . W . BA KER , D D . . P ost 8 vo . C l ot/l boa rd: 1 6

Ma r ty r s and Sa in ts of th e rs t Tw elv e C en
t ut ie s .

i fr
St ud e s o m th e L i es v of th e B l a ck -l e tt er Sa i t f n s o
lis
t h e En g h C a e n da r l . By th e l a te Mrs . R U ND L E
C HA R L ES C o n . rw boa r d: 5 0

P a l ey
'
a Ev ide n ce s .

A Ne w Ed t o n , th No es, A ppen dx ii wi t i ,
a n d P e f a ce. r
By th e R ev E A L l TTO N. P o st 8 vo
. . . . C l ot/t boa r ds 4 0

P a l ey
s Ho r a P a ulin a .

A Ne w Ed t ii o n , w it h No t es, A pp en dix, an d P efa ce. r

By th e R ev .
J . S . HO WSO N, D D . .
,
D ea n of C h e st e r .

P o st 8 VO o

r r ch a l P a l e s tin e
P a t ia .

By th e R ev P ro f esso r Sa ve s . . C r ow n sve . Wi th
Ma p boa r d: 4 0

P e a ce w it h G od .

A M an ua l f o r th e S ck i . By t h e R e v E B R BIDG E, . . U
MA 0 P o st 8 v 0 Q
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 QO C IOt boar d:
O O O O O O O OO O O 1

P l a in W o rds f o r C h is t r .

i ri
Be n g a Se es o f R ea d n gs fo r W o in g Men B i rk .

lt
t he a e R ev. R G B TTON. P os Svo. C l ot/l doo r . . U t I 0
! P U BL IC A TIONS OF THE SOC I ETY
R ea din gs o n t h e Fir s t L e s s o n s f o r Su n da y s 1. d.
a n d C h ie f Ho l y Da y s .

r i
A cco dn g t o t h e Ne w Ta bl e. By t h e R e v P ETER
rw
.

Y O NG U C o n 8 vo. . . I a t w o v ol umes 5

R eligio n f o r Ev e r y Da y .

r
L ectu e s f or Men . i
By t h e R gh t R ev A B A R R , . . Y
D D Fca p 8 v o
. . . . C l o t/z bo a r d: 1

R e v is ed V e s io n o f r th e Ho l y r re S c ip tu ,

r
A dd e sses on the . By th R i gh t R
e C J e v.
i f Gl t r Sm ll p t
. .

ELL I C OTT, D D . .
, B sh o p o o uces e . a os
2

See k an d Fin d .

bl ri
A D o u e Se es of S o t St ud es o f t h e Be n ed c te hr i ii .

By t h e la t e C HR I STI NA G R O SSETT I P o st 8 v o . . .

C l ot]; boa r ds 2 G

Se rv a n ts of S c ip tur re , Th e .

By t h e la te R ev .
] 0 HN W B U R G ON B D
.
, . . P o t 8vo s .

C l ot/t boa r d: I

r
Sp i itua l C o un s el s ; or Hel p s and Hin dra n ce s
t o Ho l y L iv in g .

B y th e la te R e v R G . D TTO N, . . U MA. . P o st 8 v o .

C lo t/Eb oa r ds 1

Sp irit ua l P ro gres s .

A B oo k f Y g C mm i t
or oun o un ca n s. B th e Ven .

G R . . WYNNE D D Sm ll P st 8
, . . a o vo . l ot/t boa r ds

Thin gs L o v e l y ; o r, Th e O rn a me n ts of th e
r
C h istia n C h a ra ct e r .

By t h e R e v C L EMENT O BLA KEL OC K ,

. . MA P o st
. .

8 VO Q0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H 0 0 0 0 .0 0 N .0 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C IOI boa rdf

6 P U BL IC A TIONS OF THE SOC IETY
NON HRI STI A N R ELI GI OUS S YS T EMS
-C .

and

D ee p 8 ve. l
c ot h b o ar ds , 23 6d e a ch

. . . .

U
B DDHISM BEING A SKETC H or TH E LIFE AND TEACHINGS OF
GAUTAMA, ms BUDDHA .

By T W R HY S D A V I DS, M A , P h D
. . W th Ma p . . . . i .

BUDDHISMIN C HINA . By th e l a te W ith Ma p

R ev S BEA L. . . .

CHRISTIANIT AND BUDDH Y

ISM . A COMPARISONANDA CONTRAST .

By th e R ev T STER L I NG BER R Y D D
. .
, . .

C ONFUCIANISM AND TAOUISM

r ri h M W ith Ma p
.

By P o f esso r R K D O UG LA S,
. . of th e B tis useum. .

HINDUISM By th e l a te Sir M MO NI ER W I LL I A MS MA D C L
h
. . . . .

Ma p
.
, .
,
W it .

ISLAMAND ITS FO UNDER By ] W . . . H . STO DA R T . W ith M p a .

ISLAMAS A MISSIONAR Y RELIGION HA I NES ( 2L ) . By C R . . .

STUDIES OF NON-CHRISTIAN R ELIGIONS By EL I O T HO W A R D .

THE CORAN
.

I TS COM P OSI TION AND TEAC HING, AND TH E TESTI

MONY IT BEARS TO THE HOLY SCRIP TURES .

By Sir W I LL I A M MUI R , K C S 1 L L D D C L P h D . . . .
,
. . . .
, . .

THE RELIGION OF THE C RESC ENT, OR ISLAM; I TS STRENGTH ,

ITS WEAKNESS, I TS ORIGIN, ITS INFLUENCE .

By th e R e v W ST C L A I R TI SDA L L , MA , C M 8
. . .
(41 ) . . . .

THE HEAT HEN WORLD AND S T . P A UL .

F ca p . 8 v o, c l o th b o a r ds , as. e ach .

PAUL IN DAM ASC US AND ARABIA

rb ry With Ma p
.

By R ev G R A W L I NSO N, MA , C an o n
. . . . of C an te u . .

U
PA L A T ROME
l ry R
.

By t h e a te Ve MER I V A L E D D D C L Wit h Map

e v. C . , . .
, . . . .

U
PA L IN ASIA MINOR AND AT THE SYRIAN ANTIOCH
E H P LUMPTR E D D With Ma p
.

By th e l a te R ev . . .
, . . .
 CONVERS I ON OFTHE WEST .

l '
oa p . M .
, sl o th b o a rds . 8 e . eaoh .

THE CELTS .

By the R ev G P . . . MA CLR AR , DD
. . With Tw o Maps .

THE ENGLISH .

By the a b ove A uth or . With Tw o Maps

THE NOR THMEN .

By the a b ove A uthor . With Ma p .

THE SLAYS .

By th e With Ma p
a b ove A uth or . .

THE CONTINENTAL TEU TONS

ry R
.

By th e l a te V e ev. Dean MER I VA LR . DD . .

, DC L. . .

A N CI EN T HI S T ORY FROMTHE MON UMENT S .

7 211: Ser ies of B ooks is ( Air/ Ty in ten dedto il l ustr a te t lu Sa cr ed Scr ipt ur es
by t b s resu lt s 4 r ecen t Mon u men ta l R esea r ches in t lu East .

P en n. s v e . cl o th b o ar ds , 2e ea ch . .

FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE FALL OFNINEVEH

l h
.

By th e a te G EO R G E SMI TH, Es! , o f th e Britis Museum A n ew

vi i r r
. .

an d re sed ed tio n b y th e R e v P o fesso SA Y C E . .

SINAI FROM TH
: E FOURTH EGYP TIAN DYNASTY TO THE P M .

SENT DA Y .

ny t h l t H
e a e 3 P u n Mj en r yR E ER A S With M P a or e
I OM
.
,
b y th t
.

d m i d dld SAY

A n ew an v se e on e .

SABYLONIA ( TH E HISTOR Y OF) .

By t h l
e t G a e SM TH E ! Ed
ross :it d d b g ht p t d t
I , s . e an rou u o a e

by th e R ev A . .H SA YC R . .

THE EAR LIEST P ERIOD TO THE ARAB CONQUEST .

By W S W V A ux , M A . A ne w a n d revised edition by
r
. . . .

the R ev P rof esso A H. SA Y C L

. .
8 P UBLIC ATI ONS 0 1" THE SOC I ET Y .

TH
EFATH
ERS F N
OR E GLISHRE
ADE
RS .
A Ser i s Q
e / t he Fa t/m u l at
ba n : cen t r es

Fca p av o cl o th b o ar d" a s . e a ch .
s o m a cs .

By t h e R e v. I G R EGO R Y SMI TH, MA

. . . ( I s 6d)
. .

C L EMENT O F A L E! A ND R I A .

By t h e R e v E R M Hrrc x co cx , ED
. . . . .
(33 )
L EO THE G R EA T
i
By t he R ght R ev C G O R E, D D
.

Yl
. . . .

G R EG O R T HE G R EA T .
By t he a t e R e v J BA R HBY , D O
. . . .

SA I NT A MBR O SE : h is L if e , T im es and Tea ch in g

.

By th e V en A rch dea con THOR NTO N,

. D .

SA INT A T HA NA SI US : h is L if e a n d Tim es
By t h e R ev R W
HEL ER Buss (3s 6d)
.

U U
. . . . .

SAI NT A G S TINE .

By t he l a t e R ev E L C UTTS, D O
. . . . .

SA I NT B A SIL T HE G R EA T .

By t he R ev R IC HA R D T Su n s , D D
. . . .

SA I NT B ER NA R D : A b b o t o f C l a ir v a ux , A D. I oox-n ss . .

By t h e R ev 8 J EA LES, MA , D C L (as
Y UR
. . . . . . . . .

SA I NT HIL A R O F P O IT IER S, A ND SA INT MA R TI N or T O

By t he R e v J G IBSON C as a n o a , D D
. . v . .

SA I NT JER O ME.
By t he la t e R e v EDW A R D L C C TTs, D D
U
. . . .

SA INT J O HN O F DA MA SC S .

By t h e R e v J H L UP I O N, MA
. . .

. .

SA INT P A TR I C K : h is L if e a n d T e a ch in g.
'

By t he R ev NEWELL , M A ( as 6d )
Y
. . . . .

SY NESIUS O F C R ENE, P h il o s o p h er a n d Bish o p .

B y A L IC E G A R DNER .
T HE A P O STO L I C FA T HER S .

By t h e R ev C a n o n SC OTT HO L L A ND
. .

THE DEFENDER S O F T HE FA ITH ; o r , Th e C h ristia n A p o l o gists

t h e S e co n d a n d Th ir d C e n tur ie s.
By th e R ev E . . W
A TSON, D D . .

THE V ENER A B LE B EDE .

By th e R ight R ev G F BR OW NE, D O
v

. . . . .

L O ND O N
s oa r n m sa m n a v e n ue . w e ; 43, om it V I C TOR IA su m , a c.
BR I G HTO N: n o, Noa m Su m .
 Gr i mme , Hub e r t
Th e l a w of Ha mmur a b i
G8 643 a nd M ose s

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