Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUPREME COURT
1960
Index prepared by-MR. K.. NGYI PEIK, B.A., B.L. (Advocate), Editor.
U MYINT SOE, M.A., .(Bar.-a~-Law), REPO.RTER.
[AIL_rights re~rvedJ
HON'BLE JUDGES OF THE suf:'kEME COURT OF THE
UNI0~...9F BURMA Dui:ING THE YEAR 1960 -
CHIEF JUSTICE
The Hon'ble Justice Agga Maha Thray Sithu U MYINT
THEIN, O.B.E., A.T.M., M.A., LL.B. (Cantab.), LL.D ..
(Ran.), Barrister-at-Law, Chief Justice of the Union.
PUISNE JUDGES
The Hon'ble Justice Thado Maha Thray Si_thu U CHAN.
HTOON, LL.B: (Lond.), Barrister-at Law.
The Hon'ble Justice Thado Maha Thray Sithu, Maha Thiri'
Thudhamma U Bo GYr, B.A., B.L., LL.D. (Ran.).
The Hon'ble Justice Maha Thray Sithu U AuNG THA GYAW..
B.A., B.L.
~~~
GoverJtment Advocate
vVzmna Kyaw Htin U Cl-HT, ~.A., B.L., High Court
Advocate.
vVunna Kyaw Htin u HLA MAUNG, High Court
Advocate.
U BA KYAW, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocat~.
U ToE MAVNG. B.A., B.L.. High Court Advocate.
U BA KYINE, B.Sc., B.L., High Court_Advocate.
U BA PE, B.A .. B.L., High Court Advocate.
U B.A.- PE, B.Sc., B.L*High Court Advocate.
2
Government Advocate-concld.
U MIN HAN, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U HLA THrN, B.A., B.L., High Court Adv.gcate.
U BA THIN, Barrister-at-Law.
U TrN MAUNG, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U TuN LwrN, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
MR. C. GANGOOLY, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
Wunna Kyaw Htin U TUN NYo, B.A., B.L., High Court
Advocate.
U KHIN Mi\UNG, High Court Advocate.
MR. S. K. GHOSH, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U MYo KHIN, M.A., Barrister-at-Law.
Assistant Government Advocate
U HNIT, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U KHrN SEIN, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U MYA SHEIN, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U TrN 0HN~ B.A. (Hons.), B.L., LLB. (Lond.), Barrister
at-Law.
Legal.:Qraftsman
..
Tliiri Pyanchi Sith.u 0 CHIT TuN, Banister-at-Law.
Wunna Kyaw Htin U (uN PE, B.A., B.L.
DAW AYE Kyr, B.A., B.L.
Assistant Legal Drafts~an
U HLA THAUNG, B.Sc., B.L.
u MAUNG MAUNG LWIN, B.A., B.L.
CORRIGENDUM
A~
At page 79, 19th and 2oth lines of the judgment :
For the words " lay a complaint for offences under
section I!)5 (r) (b) or (c) of the Penal Code." Read "lay a
complaint in respect of offences specified in section 195 (1)
{bfror {c) of the Criminal Procedure Code.''
LIST OF CASES REPORTED
SUPREME COURT.
PAGB
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LIST OF CASE5 ClTED
SUPREME COURT.
PAGB
ro,a:p);;.,o.:>e; , . . . . ...: . ,. 97
Danmal Parshotamdas v. Baburan1 Chht>telal, LL.R. 58.
All. 495 at 498, referred to ' 78
Daw Ngwe Nu v. Kalokwin Village Agricultural Board,
(1949) B.LR. (S.C.) 32 ... 160
Dr. R. C. Das v. The Controller of Rents, .Rangoon,
(1951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 225 ... 161
Kri~hnaswamy Ayyar v. Mohanlal Bingani and
another, I.L.R. (1949) Mad. 657 159
Vl LIST OF CASES CITED
P.\GE
approved
.
Maung Po Kyaw v. Ma Lay and others, 7 Ran. r8 .
262
Maxw~ll on the Interpretation of Statutes, 9th Ed.,
p. 404,~rerred to 77
Mighell v. The Sultan of j ohore, (1.894) I Q.B. 149,
referred to 55
Mohamed Haniff v. Flnancial Commissioner, Burma,
(1952) B.L.R. (S.C.) I I lAO
Mohamed Moosa v. Goolam Rasco!, (1923) 2 B.L.J. r6r
at p. r62 163 .
Narayaswami Pillai v. Emperor, A.I.R. (1932) Ma:l. 507 148.,
Narotamdas L. Shah v. Pathak Nathalal Sukhram and
another, A.I.R. (1935) Saurashtra 151, referred to 236.
Noor Mohamed v. Financial Commissioner, Burma,
(1951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 94 .. . 161 .
Oppenheim's International Law, pp. 791-86o, referred
to 61.
-------~---8th Edn. by Lauterpacht
at pp. 39-42; referred to 5T
Overseas of the Poor of Walsall v . L & N. W. Railway
Co .. L.R. (1879) 4 A.C. 30 159
Po Kin v. King-Emperor, 2 L.B.R. 320, approved 140"
Porte Alexandre, (1920) P.D. 30, referred to 56-
Queen-Empress v. Ramakka, (1885) I.L.R. 8 Mad. 5 147
Quilter v. Mapleson, {1882) 9 Q.D.B. 672, referred to 79
,.
R. v. A.B. (1941) I K.B. 454, referred to . . . 57
- v. Guerchy, I Win, BI. 545, referred to ... 57
- v. Taylor (1859) 1 F & F 511 148.
Rahmat Bibi v. Maung Po Sein and others, 14 Ran. 485,
referred to 6.
Ramachandra Nahar v. Emperor, A.I.R. (1944) Born. 14,
referred to . . . 236
Ramdas v. Gangasagar, A.l.R. (1924) Pat, 421, referred
ro 2~.
Vlll LIST OF CASES CITEI):
PAGB
PAGE
JJ
J9
JJ
SUPREME COURT
P.lOB
ACTs:
BURM.I. LAWS ACT.
CIVIL PROCEDURE Coo.
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNION OF BURMA.
CoNsTrru;rioN oF BunMA.
CoNTRACT AcT.
CRIMINAL LAW AMENDMENT AcT, .1951.
- - -- - -'TEMPOR.I.RY PROVISIONS A CT, 1958.
Cnt1>'l:INA.L PROCEDURE Cool!.
FoREIGN EXCHANGE REGULATION ACT.
GENERAL CLA.USf,S ACT.
LIABlLtTfES (WAR TIME ADJUSTMENT) ACT.
MuNICIPAL AcT .
PF.NAL CODE.
PuaLtc ORDER (PRESI!RVATlON) ACT.
SEA CUSTOMS AcT.
TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT.
URBAN RE."'T CoNTROL ACT.
ATTEMPT-Under s. x67-B-Sea Customs Act-and" preparation,.
under the P o!nal Co::l!--criminal conspiracy a basic ingredient in
"preparation" ... J.ol-2
ATTEMPT-D::finition of Attempt under Sea Customs Act, sr x67- B-
powers vested in the Customs Collector under that section seems
to be bo,;tndless, and does not seem to be i n consonance with the
provisionsofs. 15ooftheConstitution ... .. 142
BURMA LAWS AcT, s . 13 (z)- Omission-Ef/ect of-Gt"fts of immoveable
property among Mohamedans in Rangoon-Law applicable- Letters
Patent-Article 17. The effectofthe omi:;sion of s. 13 (z) from
the Burma Laws Act wou ld seem to make it clear that the law
governing 1\llahomed:m gifts has now become uniform throughout
the Union. The l aw applicable to gifts of immoveable property
among l\llohamedans in Rangoon is the ordinary law of the land
viz. s. 123 of the Transfer of Property Act. The e.xpression
"the laws which wou ld have been applied by the Chief Court of
Law!r B:.trm'l" occurring in Article 17 of the Letters Patent
would m!!lln just the law for the time being in force at present if
the ChiefCourtw~re stillin existence today.
MOHAMED FARO.CQ(a) MAUNG MAUNGAND ONE tl. SAHIB }AN
~D~U 4
Xll GENERAt: INPEX
l'AGE
BURMA LAWS AcT, s. 13 (J)-REcoqNISED PRINCIPLES OF INTER-
NATIONAL LAW MAY BE ACCEPTED jN.M...Kli.;G DECISIONS AS BEING
IN ACCORDANCE WITH" }USTICE, EQUITY AND GOOD CONSCIENCE" 51
PAGill
CONSTITUTION OF BURMA, s. 2II-ENSUnES THE ACCEPTANCE OF
RECOGNISED PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AS ITS RULE OF
CoNDUCT IN ITS RELATION WITH FoREIGN STATFS-BUT A RuLE
OF CON~O'C WHICH THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD FOLLOW IS NOT
NECESSARILY THE PROCEDURE THAT A BURJ\<IESE GOVRNMENT
MUST OBSERVE IN THE ABSENCE OF A SPECIFIC ENACTMENT WHICH
WOULD MA.K OBSERVANCE LEGAL 5I
CoNSTITUTION OF BuRMA, s. xzx-Power of Union Government to
exercise Exetut i ve Powers in the name ofthe President I 28
CONTRACT-ex-TJopperCONTRACT-PASSING OF TITLE 206
PACE
When one Magistrate succeeds another and acts under s. 350 {1)
of the Criminal Procedure Code, he must either take up the case
atthe point at which his predecessor ceased to exercise jurisdic-
tion or he may resummon the witnesses and recollU'Ilftil'ce the
enquiry or trial, and that in the latter event, whether done on
his own initiative or at tbei nstance ofthe accused, all the previous
proceedings, whether a charge has been framed or not, are to be
treated as non-existent. King-Emperor v. Nga Pe, z L.B.R. I7 ;
Tile Union of Burma v. U Saw Lu:in and others, B.L.R. (I9SZ)
(H.C.) 394-, approved. State through Ram Laut and others v.
Bansuandothers,A. I.R.( I 950) All.669, referred to. T. Sriramulu
and three others v. K. Veerasaliugam, I.L.R. 38 Mad. 585 ;
Sarkar v. Madorane, A.I.R. ( 1950) Rajasthan 34 ; State v.
Ambaram, A.LR. (r953) Manhya Bharat I, explained. The
initiative for adopting the alternative course provided ins. 350 (z)
of the Criminal Procedure Oode rests with the tr iallV!agistrate.
It would however be open to the Advocate for the accused to
ask the Court to decide which course of action it proposed to take
in compliance with this provision oflaw and if the new Magistrate
decides to act on the evidence recorded by his predecessor and
commences the proceedings from the stage at which the latter
ceased to exercisejurisdiction, the accused could then exercise his
right unders. 35o(r) (a) of the Criminal Procedure Code and ask
the Court to resummon all or any of the prosecution witnesses.
Thelanguage of the Code used ins. 350 (I) and its provisos does
notappearto warrant the division or separation ofthe proceedings
in a warrantcaseintotwoseparatestages of enquiry and trial. An
enquiry obviously is a proceeding where the Magistrate is
competent either to make an enquiry with a view to committing
the accused person to be uied by Court of Session or to m2ke an
enquiry in a miscellaneous proceeding of the char3 ctcr sancticned
under the Code. The word "trial" embraces the whole
proceedings in a trial of a warrant case from its very inception.
In other words the trial in a warrant case commences when the
accused appears or is brought before a Magistrate with the
prosecution witnesses ranged against him. Narotamdas L.Shah v.
Pathak Natlzalal Sukhram and another, A.I.R. (1935) Saurashtra
ISI ; Lubhsingv. Emperor, A.LR. (I934) Sind xo6 ; SaJ1ib Din v.
King-Emperor, A.I.R. (1922) Lah. 4-9; Gomer Sirda v. Queen-
Empress, zs Cal. 864; Ramachandra Nahar v. Emperor, A.I.R.
{ 19-1-4)Bom. 14,referred to-
P. KARAPAYAV. THE UNION OF BURMA 230
CRIMINAL PROCEDUHE CovE-Differences between Prcvent\ve
Measures in Criminal Procedure Code and that in Public Order
(Preservation) Act-in thelatterthe person is not allowed to show
causeagainstactionproposed ... ... ... 128
De-Nooo TRIAL-EFFECT OF 230
DIPLOMATIC lMMUNITY-ACCEPT.~NCE OF THE PRINCIPLE IN REGARD
TO CRIMINAL PROSECliT!ONS WOULD HE IN CONFLICT WITH s. 2
"OF THE PENAL CODE WHICH.-~PPLIES TO EVERY PERSON 5I
PAG!l
different in Burma. Even anin'ternational agreement, as such,is
not part of Burmese Municipal Laws save as may be determined
by Parliament (s. 214 of the Constitution). Nor is it included
in "existing law" which is deemed to remain in force ifttr the
change in Burma's Constitutional Status and which is defined in
s. 221 (1). Recognised principles of international law may be
accepted, not as such, but in accordance with s. 13 (3) of the
Burma Laws Act under which, in the absence of specific
enactments ,decisions are to be made in accordance with" justice,
equity and good conscience." S. 21 I ensures the aceeptance
by the Union of Burma of recognised principles of international
law as its rule ofconductin its relation with foreign States. But a
rule of conduct the Union Government should follow is not
necessarily the procedure that a Burmese Court must observe,
in the absence of a specific enactment which would make such
observance legal. To accept the principle of dip'lomatic
immunity in regard to criminal prosecution would be in conflict
with s. 2 of the Penal Code which applies to e\ery person.
Unlike the Code of Civil Procedure, the Penal Code makes
no reservations in regard to members of a foreign Mission. But
liability of such a person under criminallnw does not fetter
executive action in that a prosecution may be withdrawn on
grounds of public policy, so that it is unlikely that a member of
a foreign mission with diplomaticstatus would have to go through
a trial, there being other methods to deal with the situation.
Kraji11a v. Tass, (1949) (2) A.E.R. 274; BlackstoneBk. I Chap.
VII" of the Royal Prerogative ; Mighell v. The Sultan of:Johore,
(1894) IQ.B. 149; Statham v. Statham and Gackwar qf Baroda,
( 1912) P.D. 92 ; Compagnia !lifercantile Argentina v. The United
States Shipping B oard, 40 T.L.R. (1924) 6or ; Porte Alexandre,
(I 920) P.D. JO ; Holland's Diplomatic Immunity i11 English Law ;
Oppenhcims International Law; Report of Diplomatic Immu11ity
(Lord :Justice Somervell), referred to.
EvcoNI T. KoVTUNENKO v. U LAw YoNe 51
LEGISL..o.TORE--Supreme-can enact laws within the limits of the
Constitution 128
LETTERS PATENT-ARTICLE 17-MEANING OF 4
LTAUILTTIEs (WAR TIME ADJUSTMENT) AcT-APPLICATioN FOR
LEAVE TO EXECUTE UNDER-WHETHER STEP-1;:-;-A!D OF THE
EXECUTION OF THE DECREE ...
(
PACB
PIIGE
PAGE
reimburse their agent;. 'Vhere it is contended that certain
payments received from the appellants and appropriated by the
.respondents towards their commission should have been credited
toward~.h11 dee bills. Hdd ; That in the absence of any specific
direction, the respondents were enti tied unders. 6o of the Contract
Act to apply them towards any debt due and payable to them by
theBoard.
STATE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING BOARD v. MESSRS. THE
BURMESE AGENCIES LTD. 20 6
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,.) ~.:> .:;, ctJ .) ..J .;> ..) "~b 0 ~ .:> ,"1
, 1 ., " r rb "-~ 1 n
rocn
..J
OG~ro :c.a::cco cc:c.o:reB
,:). .10 o
o . ::>~-;: :P.ccc.uccros
o.,..j;.: .) .) .l o ..> .>
J ,cu::>Goro:o!:o::>
.;, o ,) .Jo eJ
rbec llt~ c~oc:al~~okcs :c.ec:oB~o:::l\.e IW:~;::JAC.co~c~cc :>c~~k
;J J l,; 0 .) .) :>o e.:::J .:J .} .) ~ 0
......
ucccc"o'1:
" 1 "0
:"'CCO~CCroJhl :hl:r.t> a.:Jc.ft"l
.:J o .,) .) :J o .J .) o eJ jo ..) o
.,:J :@ro'w:dfl:Js~ro r,)~hla;~cc:>t-:r.!CCCo
;.J ..) .
c. ~.?Jr"c.G
~!!XX X3<JNI ~V)!3N:ii~
xxiv. GENERAJ.:. INDEX
GJ?NERAL INDEX XXV
Jjj
00
00
3
XXVI GENERAL INDEX
ccr ~ I,;ro :h-l~okSc.co~~eec
LJ.> .) .> .>
'::>!-:bc~cc .)o~::c.ec~kcc
.)
~dko
.:JO
nfeecotoft ~
c.ufecr; c.a:~::>o:lrcoes ::>rogco c.a:ell.o2a:4b:lirc.uft rcca:J.b:]rc.u
.) .) .) 0 .) ..) .) ..)
'w'~ahl
0 .>:.:I c.cc~:c.oo:k5hl.) ~.)::>eo (C) L1:1c
;; <"ch .) c~o2wcc .,) .)c.oo~wc.co~
.)
eG :::>c~~coro::>o c.~wrees ca:~'WC20::t;fl @a:lkauc.cc e :::>Q:re
.> ~ .> .> .> .> o .> o ..> .>~o
:;,e>cc 'w: :ffl: 2~o lf.:a.;cb~:ctc ::>Coa:cc :-hi CDI'l~cnJ. F:):f>a.;c re C2a::c.ffl
o J S"J J J J~.:> Oo.:> :> .> .>o .>
\Jcbec4c.5c.oo~wc.w~es
0 .) .)
1C2fto~bco~~oo
.J .) .)
l:o')(ll'l:::>Q:::>tt~oo
:_j ,:::J., .J
:->eo
.)
(C)
&~:~c flGr)loteec 'w:c.rftnb:ccoll' c.a:eco~coa: col'l4cnJ. 'Ct: 'a:l:o riGaR
.J .J Lt o o .) .> .> :J oo.> o \ o S' .>::.:1
c.ccea: c.a:eb::>c.ce~:P-co~occocb;,cc IGo..:cbe:c.'Cc ::.'Coa:cc:hl co<'>~
l .) .. .) ~ .) ~.) .) ..) .)~ .J 0 0
enol- ~~:>:Bwr.ce
.) :;,- .) .) 0
c.~cccea: l
hl:::>c.h1eb~
:J .) ::::::1 11 PeeO..:H">::? roefto~ro c.flc.Jca:l)l
.) L. ..L ;.J
c.a:eeo;:;::Ja:Pwcocc:::>'C.oec rC2a:f:::oa.cc:hl cofl~cnJ. :l"la:rre rC2cc
3...... .) .) .) .) .>:.3 .) 0 0.) ..> .)Of. .;)
cbhc.cc~:re:P.cc IGa.:cb:!>:c"cc 'w:c.rP.:@go ':lCh1ea.:'Cow'Cc nfee~roB
. o ~ ~.> o .J .:> ~ .> o ot...
:c.fflc:b:c.wll' ca:ell.o :f'lwc:rec.oo~a.:c.wecc ::>eo (t;) L~c flc'O
.) ' ' .> .) o .J .) n .> 9
:J .l
uC2cdeebwfroa:cb~ c.osocco 6?1'lbeaucQhl besflf::o::b ::> C.O roeesfll'l
.) 0.) .) .) .:J .) .) :,j .) .) .) ..J,;. 0 0
1
.)c.uJ.::> ..) Jhlco
03 ..)os@cca:cbe .,) ..) Cc IO~CCC~CC
0 ..,1... l
P P. :crl'l~C/:o ICl>e<r{;Jccccccft
00 ~ 0 .> - .> 0
-:J , --:J ,. o n --:JO J '"
ro:<>..l~a:cccc .> o o J
a.:a:cc::>co .>
a;;:~coccceco:.FI'I :cJe.:a::onsow:..,c.cc::.a:
o .> 1 ::foo ..> :;, 3
rr n '~
ure~::::ll <":o cncocw~ cn10ero wc.ore
~11 n , n
~ ~::>c. :l
l~6~ 11a::c.oococ.Jro~ .l .JO .> ..) ..l ~ 0 0 ..)
:k~Rc~oa IG:::>tc6?co 'c.ocnrgees r~:dt~r:b:c.a.:ll' c.a:~::>croe :>eo~ co
:J ~ ~ .J .J 0 .> l.O :> .> ..) I_; .> .>
c~o2 11 PeelXO~<" 'w2cc:c.oo:H'CC2bF 0 ..) .,J .)
<'itccc(')
0 .)
'w:c.fe.&c.ccebwl;::::c.ce~
0 .) .j
:cb~o :>eoc.cc~cc ccceea:ro 'w:c.rt~:C28o4l:o ro:!a:abloo
.,) 3 ..) 0 .) .) ..) .:>:!..) " .) ~
:::::Q
:c.cooco ..)
cc~6(')wfe'l!Jb'e
\. 0 .) :.:1.> !.:>:df~c:bro
::> 0
cc.o~a.:c.a.;::e.c
..) .)
'w:dl'l:C28o
0 .,)
~w cccz~w~ro~ro ro~ c.~:::>c.c.o~ Jc./,:cPP.ob:cwll' ccce:C':J:bzro
.> '" a.> .> ..;..; .> .> o.::i
c.oees 0
1 co~cc:c.Pe.r:b:c.c.oG> c.cce::>cro~'Co..,d. 1[1) 1o:!cc:cco:*c3hl:::roes
.) .) ..l 1....) .) ~ .) ..) ~,)
oocc :>eo (C) 0l>lc flCo ceo2wc.c ~'hc.oec.oca.:eeccnco::o l:n@flb
0 .) .:J ,) .) .) .)
1 9 v 1or 'I:~c. ] IT.J .) 1 .)
ll'eoccc.uoo
:; .) 0
auc
.;J
o~ :>co IOeeG:I'lccceo:
..) ~ ! .)
~l:le 1::>rcoe:::c.o cc roe
.) '\..) 0 4..,;
c.cc~cchl:::>c.Q~be 'w:d<":CX!ao
3 :j .J ~ 0 .)
sw .)
ccbbl'lwre')(l: ( ~~.:~>:c.re.[cbcc c.c.o~
\ 0 ..) . ~..) ::s 0 .)
cue. wecc r<":Gcoccc~cc c.ccec.ro::hl:oc.~ebecnro ::o'ec:~c.oc
.) 6 l . ) : J . ) ~J .) .) 0 .)
re41:o~ 6
..)0 .) .)
II ucurecohl:beu u@o:~~ofe ~ :::>c.~~:.a::c,~fl,.Qcc&:b~eslbro
;) .) :J. ..) .) ~.) ~
( C) L1:1c ~
<"co c~oca.;cc c.c.o~coc.a.;ero :::>cn~corooo ,:,c.~~c.cce
..) ..> ~ .) .) ~.) ...) .) ::::J
:,:)Cl>Q .J
::J ..)::>roaxc:.hlc.o~~ro~ .):,j.J 00.:> .
c.cc::~b::>cree:Pco4ccc.o:de~cbec::::b
.) .) .) 0 ..)
IGahl
~.) ~
oeo::>hlcnro::>o
.) .):J.) ..l
c.cce:O~c.w Fflcrw~ .)
ob .>::>10(') 'e:fla:Cce~losb .) .JO .> ..l
c.~cb~e
cccz:re:Pcc e ~
w:c.PP.I;c:bes o
c.c.o~wc.a.;~ro , ::>hlec@ccbfl :oO!;a:l'ltl
.l .> .:> :.:1 ..l o .l :::Joo oo
1 ,, ~ r f\ r
~
c.o: ::., c.ro::cceecn 0 a:c.cc~cccoa:
0.) ~ l 0
eccce 3:
cc CCP.CC c.a: ~c.rofl::<.w~ :>
c.o'eo~cbcc:H:h:l~i>:')J;J 'ofc:bcewll' 1!!-row
~ .>
oc.co:> o'co:c.fl'l:o:!~otokec L o o o :.:::::J ' o:::J.> .;, ..>~
"' :> ."1,9'? , ~ ' J ,.
ccce)we~':>c.ree:wcooc.roes
j i> ,J .)
::>c.oc.uc.esea:ro
.) .)
~fl t'C.Ues erect-f cucc
~-0 0 .:> 0 .)0 0 0
r.: ~
:cooc.uc.rro~ <>C.OCCCDo ::>!Saw cccca.;c.roo OJC.U ooo
re -.. 11 n r ., c ::>ewt: 1I,cc
..) ~ .) .) 0 .) .) 0.) .) . .)
( C) Ll>lc :J
ftco.)
cso2a.;e.c ..) ,
c.c.o~a.;c.a:ilec
.)
::xEUle.rr.ro::-o
.> .:.:...1 .) J .:>
::>ro,J..-;ro~cc
r 1 n -.-. ,,, " r.: v
oc.cc~cccc sc.cow a::a:G tflC.CC!>CC cocc cc:c.oo<,t;c rc"e rwcocc
J ,:,o ..> .:. t e .l - ....r .>.
&:lccfl:ce:F.ccl!.C'be
.:J a e J o o
'w:dl'l:C28mkco:es .) .)0 .;
i!2cc:,cc:r.~Aea:c.a.;eec
.> .> .:>
c.cte
c.~c.ui~G<ll
~
TIAXX XRCINI :1~3N3~
X3GNI '1\"d3N3!)
GENERAL INDEX
cb
XXX ,
GENERAL INDEX
Gel
Ccf
CCC
lloc
c..*w- ~ccl!oc..ro~cc:o~~re_fc..o s-c:c..ibJo~~c.s~:jo .o::>[6f~;_r&c
a;l[fi .I CCCCC'u~:ccckco~ ::Jch-leb e:oewfe!::dilo <1-CI.:~4ftl'l I~c..h-le
s~ o.>~.J:::::I\ ..>.>:J..).) .)~
c..ccz;rowct:;Jol'lb:'G
.. ., .:>
'wttl'lco<w~ !G'F.'c: teesccce.~a:cbettrodt::l ~cc
:::::::1 "o .o o :J .:> ..> o 'S'o o L. o.> .J .,., ~
:h1~:cbcocoo.;,cb 'Cc.olPeesb ofro4o c.c:ool'lwfe!::c..Gb fbcoCI.:c.c; ll:l~c..cc
ELl ;, o .> \ ~ =
.> ...,J.' 'S'.J \
So .,
'- n 1~"fl:: :cccu:. -:J g ''co :=d:ole~e;,r.ewte:clil:e:~cocrcccc:oo::>cc
.J .> 0
o.> Ptees.,clli
I \ .-, d .> ..> =.1
,--- 1 \ .J ~ .> :Jn .:lo, "' .:> .>
~'Ccto:ob ::,~ccccoo::>~e l'l'axvce2cc:4o:2t2w~o~ ~4cS6 c..~:::>i:16:oe
..) 0 .) .J :::'1 .) 0 . 0 ..) ,) .) . .) .) ..) 0 '\. ~ ::J.
wPe~c..\ol'H': cob:4o:)c..P.e 'axcbcoe~esn nc.orecor::l:~u u:::>!:l:oo
.:> ~ ....Joo . .)~..J o .> .,:,-:1.. .:>~
1 1
.)ahles '$"~""
V' . fG;:;:Jcc 1; wwfe::c.Re ccco:F>ccr.&CC'cu4t::l Jecc&ccttl'l 1dccchl
0 .:> .J !j .) 0 .J .> ..) ~ L .) .J ~
1
cbroec..) :c0:..)2o .)co~co~;roo:coe .) < :ool'l 1:ooa;c .) lb:>ees0roesu u.)c.oreoc ,
t::le
;:;
tlcr .}c.5;r.1
o.::J.>~o:beccei:hl ..>
\ .> :J I .>SO:~CoeG :,-fl:P:f!
.:> e ~
(tee) ~:lWCD
.J o
II fe~~j'~l'l \:,ccceo2:cbco
cl'lw,e
r r. ~ :::-cl:olero ,.-, c.:cecncc:ccccnleCC
" -:J 1 ~ 1n1eP-occ1w:::cc:roc.cro ~ "
' <.:>cc:cro
:J :; =.1 ~ .J :J .> 0 .) .,) ,J :,-.
n: 1 , ':"') <1
WCICD~ ~C. ~fl1CO:::C CCC~COcc(')~COCOCC
] "~ . ] ::> l'l 6' : ~ :10:0 ::lCCOO::lCO
.> .> :> , o o 1u o .:t .J .;, .Jo.)
.-, I~ r p b _T_ ~- V 1 , , 1 ' 11
core ccro~
..) ) .} :J
~~:Clfl::) :=m~ c..cce()l~) cc.;c.c:occ:e coco:e :'>CC COl'l
.) ~ ""...) .) .) 0 .J 0 .) 0
l@cc~:c.cc:ocfco::. co:occvcro cb:::rea;cc uC2ccabiC2(') :ca>:c~:o'Cc
.) .) ..)O .)Q .) .> .J -J..> .l ~~ .>
~cc w~hcwcesl:o
.> .Jo o o .:.
lo@ccoa::tol'l :> o
,C2ccoesto
.J .J o .> .:>
::>nmwro .J~bcoPecclPe :J .. .:>
'eck ,:hl&!ccGtil@l'lb!; :ccorocc:cccees ccc~too'e Jbccceo2:cbco
0 o .>:j,_., .J:J.J 0 .> ..)O
.l
w'Coes~be~eJo~mfecolre acroec:cccwclb:>o :irocc:cP.zl5~:::hcvccc
_, .Jo.> .> .J .J .:> .:>o '
cb:::>CeCl.JCCII
.>o.:>
II re~(.co~::J~;Qe ::::>t;l:lre~l::l bhl;pa; IOa!i-t,cc:b C ro~e>
.:>o~ .>::I.> .J~.J:.l.Jo L.:\ .) .
1o~e o~tc 'oo;fla;::::ro t:cccb<t{)]hl:k~l:DCI.:C>cwces r:hcob c ro~eJ
.>' :..~ o .:> o ..) ->-OJ ., .) .J .>
,ofb o~~c tc.~~t>ro olreQ~:::frokcc~co~re bhi"Qs~ wb ~ rol::l~
,) ::; .} 0 ~" :::I .) ..) .) .J ~\ .) Q'J
I (j)~'h tJG~cll uwrec.ohl:kn nalccro~'JJm cc~re;P.ro ~Q:d(')wrc
.) :;, .) ~" .:> .J 0 .:> .:>o .lW .>
:l'lw:C2C>2cc()l :::>c.~~6JIJ('):::>I:I:ceclewro 'eccbb:c..l:lcr: ,cci;b~cbcc
.:J .J .:; .,) ~ :J .>::::1 l,;.) 0 :::J \ 0
~co~l'la;:,ecc a:>kS:t:;J~o ~::::>roescci'l~ro~ ~4k~b 1:::>cEU)ecoluJIJ
_,o J :> 0-::L.:> .::a .) oo..l 81 :> J .J __, .> o ~
"
oe::>cos~ 1 I '"'
l:le:oc ..-cos 'b rl'l~ :::cese>'>' t:ceccc:ccca:clroe>
.) .)O .;J
.l
e 0..cc,~.l.' 0 .J 0 .:> ..>
" .J . n:
,ber; (.,) _r.fer; ~ (e) w.G: l'l_fhc;~oaDes (Dfe_;:re5) (&.Del;:)
'::~c..@~:~c:cdco)
.) .) 0 .}0
:b~:chlcnoe51'&Ci:R
:_jO.) .)~J .) :J
l:h:kcccc::>re:hl
6JO .l .:> .l:J 0'w~l'les .) 0
ca::e:ccoccro ::~t)j;:l-~a;b rohl;. ~~~'e tlCcc 1ttcck~:h1 ~o:becc v
.) ..> - ' .> O'J ..) :> a:::~~ '
.:J ~J J .)
c ..)
C2~ ,ehwb CD~">~ 1<l>H ol:'lvc Jttccro~c:rC':b f.>:::~l:l@cccwccc .)@;b ~ .,) \ .) .) .:::b
cob c rol'le 10~~ o~2c Jcccc~P.es ccc~co~re ehwb ro0 := 1(])~e
..) ..) J .J .)0 ..J .,) .)
v :,~ .)
llG:vc ,:roc:c~:~ccwa:: c.c:cfl'lccon.~co c~:c:c:cces ~~crro .@ccroe
.>::J o ...J :J .:J e 6 .JO o .>
co~Pe~t'les
.J .:>o
c..wcc.;cecwcc:re
.J .l
S.b:::kJ~a:roa:ce1
.J .Jo .,) .J
:::d~1!.'1::Jccr::<!hlc:c~l:c
..J .l0~b -..)~
:cccc.ocfro~ I<'~Wlcd~;bwb f) roR:;, fCl>~C tlG2c I~t:;Jco ebwb oc
. _. .) ,o:::~ _, " etJ. j .) C>:::J .} .)
rol::l::>
~l "
l<l>~b aCne I ~Qco ehwb d roR:. I ()l-1e 0Cllc CO(..~!)Co I
.>o.::J . ..) .) eJ .) .) o
ecce
.)
. ) .)0 .;J .,)
co:) ccr,re~<"~er; cokS:r-1 S.c:be.o::cc 1:::1 1e~e<.c.; 6 b co<'~e 1.,)o.fe ::Jt~C2c
~.J . \ .) ~
s.,~co~oD
l]_ 1 .1. I"' ~::>c.. ~ e "r:ci'iloces~.h ,.,. J.~ 1:;..,ecocccco 1: re>~ sowsP J b 11
,:c..a;cc:cco
..J .)0 . ..) .. Q OJ,) . .) .)0 j 0 .,) :>
.)
r.ocJroo 1\,a; a;.C l'll~nG~ocwec (co~e:lce:lhl) (f..wc\;e;oJ>::W'>CC
_, .) .) .J .J:.J :J .> . .JO
:~cc) :bo:c.hlr.O()'lq(c@l::l
.J
..Jo ~Jo.J .)~1 .> !j
I.J<I>~e cC3c, II .JwreR::;cw~~&!cctu ;j .:> ~
c.fcort'lc..~
.)
m~x.x X3GNI 'JVH::IN39
1t .,. r )P r 1 1L _
"'occro c.ccecocccoo ::>l1o 1eo~:becoP.cocc cofl~cn~c.t'ls
~cc '. -<,ou.>
..:> ' .) ,) .) .J .) .) .) 00..) ,) .)
II @cc,Q:c.rtd::c-lu : of;l~"::.o2
.) .) .)::1~
'
c.cc~:c.cooa;;:o~ coceoce ~a;; ::>lroc.ccccse.o:u) c. l'l:CC<".oal:'\s::rro
1 r ' .I .1 '
. ..) ~
"' .) rr: ,) 70 3'"'"...3 .,) l. . .) ,) .) .;,
'co n@tc::>oto:2.ro:;:~P.Qceo2 ~cc::~ 'a.:cec:2e@::.cc 1bcc cc :~ecc
0 .) .) l, .) oo~::J:.3 .) .)00 -.! .)
Jcol'lc.cc:ol:l:~kghl
.,J ':j.) ~
:c.rl'lc::.r.2a.:cc .)
1be.:; C:.:J'r:cc
.lO
1J~ :~eeci:er.2e!;lea;;
.) ....J
1 . 9 o t - '!I r.m .,.., ,. 9 ( ( )
COsl'lC\JIO
J o t,; .l
::>COcnL-:ea;;
.J Go
~U:Cl:c.a:oc.ccecn:::elo;ceoca::ccclo ::>co
I r 1 '] I ::f.>r- l "< ~....J....J 1~ ..J 9 ot,; n.l I
cc l'lCc-,Ce(".c;;e
.J
~ ::>c. coeco IICCcco::e::c:ua.:a;; occcr.v..e<:i:~::c:o
.) .::.J o .) .:> .> .> L a :f .J
:c.coai c.cceln:@co:::~VIJc::n2 1:::~C2cc;c.rfl:::Woceo2:cfl'l:Cdo~~ &~
.) .)-s::J .) .) ' ..)~J ..) .) .)
o2:@~ co:2:2co~hwc.eo l2ccr:e.c'OO a.:cer:2a;e.cbo r:::beclcc:c.rll:::r=l
.J o e .lo .l .> ' ..J o .J .> .)~
I
:4c.'5h\;e02a.:cc
,:} \IJ .) :::'c.oa;;:crl'l:P.rol;:;::~
.)Q .) s- et?cct;r(l
,) Ql.,; .:)::)ecGeo2el:leec :::J
w~~>'o.:>
.) 0
ro uedcckl:c 'w:::l:l:k~hl 'co:i~l'l:l~~<:(Ger:2 ::hl:lP~:lP~ec;:@S. c.~@cc
l,; ~ o o o ., ~ .) :.:J o ~ l)' ..:> :J B' l!.' ., ..,
'ce :ok:11!lc~n2 u rr C2<'1ba.:l;::cc.e~ c.fp:C! ofroec; 'a;:~l:l:r:~wf<:@
o 'c .> ::J:.J tt .) .) ;, e~ o ., :::1 .l o
7
CoC.CC~ CC t'IW!;Oc,ce~t'l 'cc:::bJl-Clceod rbec; cr) ccf l'lCoceo2el:leec;
. 0.,) .) 0 :J-~ .) ~
1 1 ':'.1 o. 1 tc
bG!:GCOC.CC~co:ccco 11 -:J
oo1nreocc:cco()
.) .) ,) \
r w~ccc:
.) .J .) 0 .;) (( .)
:o~eeoc"' . oo;:r (( ::J
)1.J .,
:o!) cofe2oocccecc @ccll-l'lrolo .Ja.:tocc:be:G(ilc.oec;ea.:C\)
.> e ,, .,) ., e t.,; :_j.:> .>
'cocofe
o .,
@&,ccc~cc :ore:::>fe::cco~cchlrr
6 .) ., ,) .,) :.J
rr2ccro::~,(:~
.) ~ .,)0 coreecl&ccc~cc
.) 0
bee
(I) &:r ~chceo2e{;]ea;; bolreOO:::CClo"i> 1C2cc~~a::1o 'a.::::{;r;.Q@cocc
' .) .. -J .) ,) .) \ .) .;) 0 l.. 0 .>.:J~..:b
p " , -. 7 n rr J~eGI:I!CO11 1
0 l JOC.(ICOCCC!)CCCO lt'IC.CCO~::>OIOCOQC\:>eGWII!eG CCCel!I:OC
.:> o .J Lo .l .:> o.) ., 9
0
'co:o011Jc~2
..) ~:.:I .)c.dol'l:Cdcotc
.) 0 ICCCeb:J~b(li!,cen2 0 .J ~
c.cce:co:hl IIi)~ e'eo
~..J..; ) 0
(~)I .>o Ghen .l'o.f (f) I .>O chcc ::.ol!'ec.at>cccoccb:>
.J o
lcbkolfi!C.~~ccc~cc
o .>
a;fue.c:becnCco.:>
.) .) \
lree.c
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xxxvi GENERAL INDEX
HAXXX X3GNI '1Y~3N3~
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GENERAL INDEX XXXIX
4
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GENERAL INDEX xliii
J9J
xliv GF.NERAL INDEX
JO
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X30NI '1V1I3N3!>
xlvi GENERAL INDEX
GENI;:RA.I,. INDEX xlvii
roc
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BURMA LAW REPORTS.
SUPREME COURT.
fs.c
DAW NYEIN (APPLICANT) 196o _
v. Jaiz. 29.
u THET AND, ONE (RESPONDENTS).*
SUPR,EME COURT.
ts.c.
1!)60 MOHA..MED FAROOQ (a) MAUNG MK0NG AND ONE
jan. zs .
(APPELLANTS)
v.
SAHIB JAN AND ONE (RESPONDENTS).*
S.C.
wife also filed a cross suit for declaration that they were the rg6o
owners of the property by virtue of an oral gift made to MOHAMED
them by the said deceased Rahmat Bibi at the time of their FAnooQ {a)
MAUNG
marriage on the 25th February 1949. MAUNG AND
ONil
Two issues were framed by the trial Court, viz., (r) v.
SAHIB JAN
Whether or not the oral gift was valid under the law for the l).ND ONE.
time being in force, and (2) whether the Medical Hall
business belonged to the deceased or to the appellants. The
second issue was decided in favour of the appellants. The
first raises an important question of law in view of the
amendment effected to the Burma Laws Act by the Repeal-
ing and Amendment Act of 1945 (Burma Act No.2 of 1945).
Under the provisions of the said Act of 1945, section 13 (2)
of the Burma Laws was omitted. The trial Court held that
on account of this amendment the law applicable to
Mohamedan gifts of immovable property in Rangoon is not
the Mohamedan Law but the ordinary law of the land as
laid down in section 123 of the Transfer of Property Act.
On appeal by the appellants, the Appellate side of the
High Court referred the following question to a Full Bench :
"What is the law applicable when the validity or otherwise
of a gift of immovable property between Mohamedans is in
issue in a case before the Courts at Rangoon? "
The Full Bench of the High Court held that the law appli-
cable in determining the validity or otherwise of S!Jch a gift
is the law as laid down in section 123 of the Transfer of
Property Act.
The question involved in the appeal before us is the same
as that was referred to the Full Bench of the High Court. It
is settled law that the provisions in section 123 of the Trans-
fer of Property Act apply to gifts of immovable property
among Mohamedans in the places outside the ordinary ori-
ginal civil jurisdiction of the High Court. Vide Ma Asha
-and others v. B. K. Haldar (1); but in view of the provisions
(r) 14. Ran. 439
6 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
S.C. of section 13 (2) of the Burma Laws Act the law applicable
196o
MoH.~MED
to Mohamedan gifts in Rangoon was held to be the
FAROOQ'(a) Mohamedan Law. Vide Rahmat Bibi v. Maung Po Sr;in and
MAUNG
MAUNG AND others (1).
ONE
v. Section 13 (2) of the Burma Laws Act reads as follows:
ShHlB }AN
AND ONI!o "Subject to the provisions of sub-section (r) and of any
other enactment for the time being in force, all questions ari-
sing in civil cases instituted in the Courts of Rangoon shall be
dealt with and determined according to the law for the time
being administered by the High Court of Judicature at Fort
William in Bengal in the exercise of its ordinary original civil
jurisdiction. "
The law administered in such matters by the High Court of
Judicature at Fort William in Bengal was the Mohamedan
Law. The effect of the omission of this provision from the
Burma Laws Act would seem to make it clear that the law
governing Mohamedan _gifts has now become uniform
throughout the Union. However the appellants contended
at all stages of their case and before this Court that by virtue
of the provisions of Article 17 of the Letters Patent consti-
tuting the Hig}1 Court of Judicature at Rangoon and in view
of section 13 of the Union Judiciary Act, the law to be
administered by the Courts of Rangoon still must remain
the Mohamedan Law. Art. 17 of the Letters Patent reads :
''And we do further ordain that' with respect to the'law to
be applied to each case coming before the High Court of Judi-
cature at Rangoon in the exercise of its ordinary uriginal civil
jurisdiction, such law shall be the law which would have been
applied by the Chief Court of Lower Burma to such case if
these Letters Patent had not issued. "
(."
~c
J
c c c oc
G roc:ou:>CDUCDC0
T ~ t L Jt
BURMA LAW REPORTS.
10" BURMA LAW REPORTS.
BURMA LAW REPORTS. '11
~I 81 ~:;;o:> ( GCD~:>oSoo:>:~)
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BURMA LAW REPORTS . 15'
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BURMA LAW REPORTS.
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50 BURMA LAW REPORTS~
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 51
SUPREME COURT
Krajina v. Tass, (1949) (2) A.E.R. 274; Blackstone Bk. I Chap. VII "of
the Royal Prerogative; Miglzell v. The Sttltan of Johore, (1894) I.Q.B. 149 ;
Statham v. Statham & Gaekwar of Baroda, (1912) P.D. 92 ; Compagnia
S.C. J"Mercantile Argentina v. The United States Slzjpping Board, 40 T. L.R. (r924)
1960 6or ; Porte Alexandre, (I9ZO) P.D. 30; Holland's Diplomatic Immunity in
-,.... English Law ; Oppenheims International LatL' ; Report of Diplomatic Immunity
E VGONI .l . ll) f ,
KoVTUNENKO (Lord Justtce Somerve , re erred to.
l:'.
u LAw E Maung for the applicant.
Y,ONE;
Kyaw Min for the respondent.
Maung Maung (Assistant Attorney-General) as amicus
curiae,.
U MYINT THEIN, C.J .-In the " Tass " Bulletin of the
23rd April 1959. issued at Rangoon, an item of news
was published under. the date line " Delhi; April 2Ist."
the Editor.:.in-Chief of a leading English newspaper was
stated .to .have received a large sum of dollars from the
~0cal American Embassy. The suggestion was, the Editor
~ad..been paid this sum to agitate for a change in Burma's
policy and to bring her into the South East Asian Treaty
Organization.
The Editor naturally took grave exception to this and
therefore lodged a complaint against one Kovtunenko, the
loc~l representative of the "Tass" Agency, for criminal
defamation under section 500 of the Penal Code.
On the complainant's sworn statement, a warrant of
arrest bailable at K ro,ooo, was issued by the District
Magistrate, Rangoon. The accused took refuge in the
precincts of the Soviet .Embassy, and on approftch being
made by the officer executing the warrant, he was told
by a Secretary in 'the Embassy that the matter should
more fittingly be channelled t4rough the Foreign Office.
On the accused's failure to appear, the learned District
Magistrate enhanced the bail to one of K 25,000 (vide
Diary Order of the 8th May 1959). In the meantime,
it seems that representations were made by .the Embassy
to the Foreign Office and according to the information
contained in the Foreign Office's letter of the 23rd May
i959 addressed to the District Magistrate, the Embassy
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 53
S.C.
was informed that the accused should comply with the 1960
orders of the Court. EvGONl T.
Tqe applicant ultimately made his appearance in Court KoVTUNENKo
., 'V.
and deposited, the SUlJl of K 25,000, the amount of his U LAw
YONE,
baiL and claimed immunity from process. It is common
ground that his name is not among the list of diplomats
issued by the Foreign Office and the applicant does not
claim diplomatic status which would accord personal
immunity from process but maintains that the "Tass"
Agency, of which he is an official, is a department of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. He also filed a certi-
ficate to that effect, issued by the Charge d'Affaires of the
Soviet Embassy at Rangoon. He has thus claimed im-
munity of a Sovereign State, from process.
This averment that the "Tass" is a department of a
sovereign government will have to be accepted, coming
as it does from the Charge d'Affaires, though it would have
been more proper if such intimation had been conveyed
to us by our Foreign . Office. In this case, however, we
have not insisted upon this procedure since the aggrieved
party in his sworn statement had said : " The Tass is the
Telegraphic Agency of the Soviet Union " and we are
satisfied that it is.
Learned counsel for applicant Kovtunenko maintained
before the District Magistrate that the complaint .
in effect was against the "Tass" and that the
"Tass" ~ being part of a sovereign state, it
was not amenable to process of our Courts, unless of
course the Soviet Union voluntarily submits to the juris-
diction. Among the various authorities that he cited
before the District Magistrate, he relied greatly upon
Krajina v. The Tass Agency (r), a decision of the British
Court of Appeal in which it was held that the "Tass"
being a department of a foreign sovereign state was im-
mune from suit. The learned District Magistrate however
(x) (1949) (~) A.E.R. 274.
54 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
S.C. seemed to have thought that there would be a distinction
1960
between a civil suit and criminal proceedings. He pointed
EVGONI T.
KOVTUNENKO out that Krajina's case was a claim for damages for libel
v. ..
u LAW while the case before him was a criminaL complaint for
YON. defamation. He therefore decided to proceed with the
hearing of the case, giving his reasons thus :
"But the case before me is a criminal one, and though
legal principles generally must apply to civil and criminal
proceedings alike, there is no ruling to show that in a crimi-
nal case of defamation, where it is alleged that the accused
himself had defamed the complainant, he may plead his
employer's sovereignty."
now that states do things which they used not to do, the S.C.
1960
question arises whether there are limits to the immunity
which international courtesy gives as between sovereign inde- EVGONI T.
KOVJ'UNENI\
pendent state~ and their sovereigns." v.
U LAW
3ut, be that as it may, Krajina's case is still authority for YONE.
S.C. part of the law of the land. To that extent there is still
rg6o
valid in England the Common l!aw doctrine, to which Black-
stone gave expression in a striking passage that the Law of
Nations is part of the law of the land. It <.has been 1'epeatedly
acted upon by Courts. Apart from isolated obiter dicta it
has never been denied by Judges.
* * * *
In the United States the principle that International
Law is part of the law of the land has been adopted even
more clearly. Such customary International Law as is uni-
versally recognised or has at any rate received the assent of
the United States, and further all international conventions
ratified by the Unite::l States, are binding upon American
Courts even if in conflict with previous American statutory
law;"
..
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 65
SUPR~ME COURT.
.~AMSAVENI COMPANY l ts.c.
~1960
HAMSAVENI COMPANY }-(APPELLANTS)
G.RAMACHANDRA ) March 25
v.
THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).*
fi'oreign Exchange Regulation Act, s. 24-Conji!cation under-Wha -is liable
to-PI"operty in respect of which contravention may not be deemed to hava
taktm place-Criminal Law Amendment Act, s. 12 (x)-Fixation of amount
tmder-Computation of amount of benefit-What is not relevant in-
Embloyer-Liability of-For offences of employees-Duty of prosecution.
\Vhat is liable to confiscation under s. 24 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation
\ct is goods in re.~pect of which the contravention has taken place.
The mere fact that in the application Form A-7, the Bill of Lading was
eferred to, would not make the goods covered by the bill, "property in respect
,f which the contravention has taken place ".
In fixing the amount under s. 12 (r) of the Criminal L11w Amendment
'l.ct, 195 x, the figure must correspond to the benefit gained as a result of the
tffence committed. What the offenders had to spend on account of deposits
n. kyats in this country for the purpose of making the remittance in foreign
urrency has no relevance. \Vhat had accrued to them is the benefit gained.
S.C.
, No. 2 of 1959, tha confiscation order of K 77,057 1960
set aside and the amount which Government can recover HAMSAVI!NI
respect of the~offences committed in C.R.T. No. 24 of COMPANY;
HAMSAVENI
)54 is fixed at K 36,950. Similarly in respect of Appeal CoMPANY;
G. RAMA-
o. r of 1959, the confiscation order is set aside and the CHANDRA
nount recoverable is fixed at K 45,700. v.
THE 'CNION
oF BuRMA.
74 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
SUPREME COURT.
THE UNION OF BURMA (APPLICANT)
v.
MAUNG SHWE NI AND TWO }
THAKIN TIN MYA (RESPONDENTS) .
clause (b) of the Burma General Clauses Act and he can~ s.c
1960
vasses the case of Ram Singh v. The Crown (I) where a THE UoloM
ll Bench ,. of the East Punjab High Court held that a oF BuRMA
>sions Judge who was seized of a murder case under sec- MA~c;
n 37 (r) of the Punjab Public Safety Act at a time when sA~~\~~
:'!district had been declared by a Government notification
,
T
HAKIN
T
IN
be a dangerously disturbed area, could contmue with Mn.
:'! trial following the procedure provided by the said Act,
1ich was the procedure prescribed for trial of summons
ses, even after the notification had been withdrawn.
:is case, as the learned Government Advocate admits, is
ton all fours with the present cases in that we are here
.ly concerned with the admissibility in evidence of the
nfessions recorded under the Act which, in view of see-
m 1(1) must be regarded as having been repealed and,
rthermore, the other provisions of the Punjab Public
fety Act have not been brought to our notice.
The meaning of the expression " anything duly done "
:~.s considered by a Full Bench of our late High Court in
ng v. Thorpe and three othens (2) where the learned
tief Justice observed:
"All that means is that if a trial had reached finality, and
supposing for instance that a person had been convicted on
his confession and sent to prison and his appeal had been
dismissed, the subsequent passing of an Act which made in-
admissible a confession recorded in that particular manner
would not help him in the least. The reason for that is
that the whole matter would be res judicata."
" And decisions have always held that under the General
Clauses Act for matters of procedure a new Act must always
be followed in the 'legal proceedings or rem:edy ', but any
lx) I.L.R. 58 Ail. 495 at 498.
'
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 19
right, etc., which has already accrued under the Act which S.C.
1960
has been repealed will remain."
Tau UNroN
OF J3URMA
:ain, ia In reA Debtor (r), the Master of the Rolls, Lord v.
MAUNO
'right, was considering the effect of section 38 {2) of the SHWE Nt
AND TWO
terpretation Act and when counsel for the debtor referred
THAKIN.Tur
Quilter v. Mapleson (2) his Lordship observed: MYA.
"Counsel for the debtor relied on Quilter v. Mapleson.
That however was a 'case merely dealing with matters of
procedure or remedies to which a different rule applies. It
is not necessary to quote any authority for that distinction
save what was said by Jesse!, M. R., in In re Joseph Suche &
Co. (3): 'It is a general rule that where the Legislature alters
the rights of parties by taking away or conferring any right
of action, its enactments, unless in express terms they apply
to pending actions, do not affect them. It is said that there
is one exception to that rule, namely, that where enactments
merely affect procedure and do not extend to rights of action,
they have been held to apply to existing rights. . . . .. ' "
or<:!_
mjunc~
1der " tht
nssibility (.
hich are
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BURMA LAVf REPORTS:
J
BURMA LAW. REPORTS: 83
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~961] "SL'tlOdffii MV1 VMI09: OOl
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 101
102 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
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104 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 105
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128 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
SUPREME COURT.
LYAN HWAT (a) LIM SWAY GAUNG
LuVf
S.C. LIM KWIN KEE (a) HTWA KONG (a) HTWA TONG
1960
. (APPLICANTS)
..July 22.
v.
THE SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF HQME AFFAIRS
AND ONE t
THE .SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS
AND ONE :j:.
(RESPONDENTS).*
Public Order (Preservation) Act-Ancestry-Original aim of-Criminal
Procedure Code-Chapter VIII-Used in normal times-Difference between
-Peace and order-Preservation of-What cannot be connected with-
Legislature-Power of-Public Order Preservation Act, s. s-A-Exercise
of power under-Need jo1 exercise of care-Preventive measures-When
become fmud on statute.
The Public Order (Preservation) Act has its ancestry in the Defence of
13urma Act, which is the Burmese counterpart of the Defence of the Realm
Act promulgated for the successful prosecution of the war. In its origin it was
meant to cope with an abnormal situation which called for measures to be taken
against persons in order that they may be prevented from committing offences
which would adversely affect peace and order. In its original form the Act
was modest in its scope. Later amendments have added within its scope,
-offences against the Arms Act, Essential Supplies and Services Act, Opium
Act, etc.
In normal times use is made of the provisions in Chapter VIII of the
Criminal Procedure Code, under which people who are a danger to society,
such as habitual offenders, may be required to furnish security. But the
difference between these preventive measures and the Public Order (Pre-
servation) Act is that in the latter, the person is not allowed to show cause
against action proposed. There is seldom any proof, as one understands
the term judicially, but more often than not, action is takeh upon suspicion
based upon material which would not be evidence in a Court of Law. Another
difference is, under the Public Order (Preservation) Act, the order is by the
executive and not by the judiciary. And furthermore, detention under the
Public Order (Preservation) Act may be indefinite.
One can understand the relation of offences under the Arms Act to the
preservation of peace and order but it is difficult to connect the smuggling of
opium or iron scrap or an offence under the Foreign Exchange Regulations
with such preservation, but the legislature is supreme, within the limits of the
Constitution, to enact laws.
* Criminal Misc. Application T7Jo
t 20 f
rg 6o.
Prese11t: U MviNT THEIN, Chief Justice ofthe Union, U Bo Gvr and
u AUNG THA GYAW, JJ.
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 129
The power that is exercised under s. S-A of the Public Order (Preservation) S.C.
1960
Act is by the President or by some one to whom his powers are specifically
delegate<\, The President in person never deals with any case of this nature L!M LYAN
but it is the Union Government which exercises his executive powers under HWAT (alias)
s. 13 of the General Clauses Act and s. 121 of the Constitution. LIM SwAY
GAUNG .
In. respect of _a man suspected of smuggling opium, since it has hardly LIM KWlN
anything to do with the preservation of peace and order, greater care should KEE (alt'as)
be exercised in deciding upon the proper step that is necessary, so as to prevent HTWA KONG
him from pursuing his activities. (alias) HTWA
TONG
Preventive measures are not meant to be resorted to, by way of penalty, v.
and to invoke the Public Order (Preservation) Act as a punishment is a fraud THE
on the statute and an abuse of the powers exercisable under it. SECRETARY,
MINISTRY
oF HoME
Kyaw Myint and Hla Sein for the applicants. AH~:;,;AND
Q
130 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
S.C. '
196o any proof, as one understands the term judiciall:;-, but
more often than not, action is taken upon suspicion based
LIM LYAN ~
HwAT (alias) upon matenal wh1ch would not be evidence in a \...Ourt of
L~A~";Y Law. Another difference is, under the Public Order (Pre-
LIM Kwm servation) Act, the order is by the executive and not by the
KEE (alias) d" . A d f
HTwA KoNG JU 1c1ary. n urthermore, detention under the Public
(aliT~N~TwA Order (Preservation) Act may be indefinite.
ThE The Act has .its ancestry in the Defence of Burma Act,
SEcRETARY, which is the Burmese counterpart of the Defence of the
MINISTRY
oF Ho11m Realm Act, promulgated for the successful prosecution of
,...M., -AND t h e war. w1t11 t 11e termmat10n
AFFAIRS of t 11e war m Burma both
in point of fact and in law, the Act was repealed in 1947
but because of the continued turmoil in the country,
another Act, labelled the Public Order (Preservation) Act
(16 of 1947) was promulgated by the Governor on 3rd April
1947. Its preamble, which is still intact today, despite
the many amendments to the Act, reads :
"Whereas it is expedient to make provisions, for preser-
. ving peace and order in certain areas."
SUPREME COURT.
oFBURMA. eloped with her lover. The appellant believed that the
deceased had arranged the runaway match and labouring
under this imagined grievance, he sought a quarrel with
the deceased while the latter was chatting with his wife's
relation, Maung Tin Nyun (PW 1) and this latter's wife Ma
Hla (PW 2) under a tamarind tree in their compound. The
appellant commenced the fight by throwing a heavy iron
nut, an improvised fifty tical weight, at the deceased. The
weight first struck the tamarind tree and then bounced
back and hit the deceased on the temple. At this, the
deceased picked up a dab lying nearby and threw it at the
appellant and missed him. The appellant in turn threw
the dab back at the deceased. Despite Maung Tin Nyun's
intercession, the appellant chased the deceased with a dag-
ger in his hand and overtaking him at the fencing stabbed
him on the chest. The deceased turned to grapple with
the appellant but before he could overtake him, he fell
dead.
. On these facts, it is clear that at the time the dagger
attack was made, the deceased was unarmed and was run-
ning away from the scene of the sudden fight with the ap-
pellant. The 4th Exception to section 300 of the Pen~l
Code cannot possibly apply to a case where a p~rson armed
with a deadly weapon uses the same against an unarmed
. man .during a sudden fight, in the heat of passion, upon a
_sudaen quarred. A Bench of the Chief :Court of Lower
. .Burma in Po Kin v. King-Emperor (I}, had held
that . if two men were fighting and one of them
was unarmed while the other used a deadly wea-
pon, the one who used such a weapon must
be held to take an undue advantage and not to be entitled
(1) L.B.R. Vol. II, p. 320.
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 141
to the benefit of Exception 4 to section 300 Indian Penal S.C.
1960
Code. ~This state of the law has remained unchanged ever
since and we have no doubt that the Bench of the Chief MAUNGBA
SEIN
Court of Lower Burma had laid down the correct law on v.
. , . . . d b THE UNION
the subJect. M1t1gatmg crrcumstances are no ou t pre- oF BuRMA,
sent in this case but the Court has no power under the law
to impose any lesser sentence.
This. appeal will accordingly be dismissed.
142 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1960
SUPREME COURT.
PUN ZA CIN (a) P. KHUP ZA CIN (APPLICANT)
ts.c. v.
1960 T!:-IE FINANCIAL COMMISSIONER (COMMERCE)~
July IS. GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF BURMA AND TWO
OTHERS (RESPONDENTS).*
He even avers that there was another packet of currency BUNroN URMAAND
oF
notes amounting to K 1,420 which has not been accounted TwoJ.:oTHERs~
for by those who had made the search. We mention this
claim for K 1,420 to emphasise what complications may
arise from searches where requisite formalities are not
observed.
The envelope with the receipt and a covering letter had
been handed to a passenger, one Kham Sial Khup, and when
he was searched, the large sum of K 42,964 was found on
him. This was also seized.
The matter was dealt with by the Collector of Land
C:ustoms, Mandalay, who held that the despatch of the box
:ontaining gold and currency notes to Kalewa was an
' attempt " to export gold to India without a permit. He
:herefore ordered their confiscation under section 7 (r) of
:he Land Customs Act, section 9 (3) of the Foreign Exchange
~egulation Act and section I 67-B of the Sea Customs Act.
:..re was satisfi~d that the passenger was an innocent carrier
)f the freight receipt, and also that his possession of
( 42,964 was legitimate. The money was returned to him.
On appeal to the Commissioner of Customs at Rangoon,
:he order was confirmed. The Commissioner, relying up-
m a decision of a Financial Commissioner of pre-indepen-
lence days one Mr. B. 0. Binns, elaborated upon what he
:onsidered to be "attempt" under the Sea Customs Act.
t may be that he was not aware of our orders in Lal Singh's
:ase-C.M.A. No. II9 of 1957-but he endorsed Mr. Binn's
:ontentions that " attempt " as defined in section 51 r of the
144 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
10
146 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [19'60 <
t S.C.
1956
u LU GALE (APPLICANT)
Oct. 1.
v.
MAUNG THAUNG TIN AND THREE OTHERS
(RESPONDENTS).*
~-~6 Court of. Industrial Arbitration (r) where it was said that
~ the word "jurisdiction" in this narrow sense meant terri-
u L~. GALE torial or pecuniary jurisdiction while in its wider sense it
MAt.:No
THAUNG TIN
meant the authority to do things " according to law " a 7
with it even though this Court may not agree with the S.C
xgs6
tribunal on questions of either law or of fact. See Gwan
U Lu GALE
Kee v. Union of Burma (r); Noor Mohamed v. Financial v.
MA.L"NG
Commissioner, Burma (2). THAmwTrN
The cases above cited relate to want or excess of AND THREE
OTHERS.
jurisdiction. In regard to " speaking orders " a case in
point is the Burma Oil Co. v. The Court of Industrial Arbi-
tration (3) where an order was quashed on the ground tl}.,~t
the tribunal had not acted according to law inasmuch as it>
had allowed itself to be influenced by extraneous and irrele-
vant considerations, and that they had acted arbitrarily and
without jurisdiction in directing the investigation of the
possibility of transport of crude oil by river (when the
normal method was by pipe line) in order to consider if
retrenchment of employees for lack of work, could be pre-
vented. Similarly in Dr. R. C. Das v. The Controller of
Rents (4), the order of the latter was quashed as erroneous,
inasmuch as it was based upon a misconception of facts and
a wrong assumption of law. See also M. E. Bhaiyat & Sons
v. The Chief fudge of the Rangoon City Civil Court (5)
where the point in issue was, owing to a wrong interpreta-
tion of an enactment, the Chief .Judge had decided that he
was incompetent to entertain a certain matter. It was
held that certiorari lay.
The principles enunciated in the authorities referredto
are not ex~'l.austive but they provide a fairly clear picture
'0f the scope of proceedings in certiorari. Learned counsel
for the respondent, U Aye Maung, has no fault to find with
these principles but he contends, firstly that the question
of bona fides is a question of fact and that it should not be
re-opened here. He places reliance on K.edarnath Gupta
v. Nagendra'~Narayan Sinha (6). Secondly, he contends
that " motive '' is not an extraneous matter and that the
(r) (x949) B.L.R. (S.C.\ rsr at 153 (4) (195 I) B.L.R. (S.C.) 225-
(2) (x951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 94 (s) (1952) B.L.R. (S.C.) 40.
{3) (195i) B.L.R. (S.C.) 48. (6) A.I.R. (1954) Pat-,,97
'
162 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
~ ;6
-
9 Controller was justified in making it a ground for .!=oming
to the conclusion that the requirement of the landlord was
U Lu GALE
v. not bona fi de. He c1tes
. Basant Lal Saba v. P. C. Chakravarty
TH~~U:TIN (I) where it was observed that in considering " bona tide
AND THREE requirement" the Court was entitled to look to every rele-
oTHEns. .
vant fact or circumstances affecting the landlord and his
position. He relies also on C. Ah Foung v. K. Mohamat
Kaka (2) where it was held that the fact that the landlord
took proceedings out of spite was a factor to take into con.:.
sideration.
To these submissions, the cases of Dr. R. C. Das v. The
Controller of Rents, Rangoon (3) and M. E. Bhaiyat & Sons
v. The Chief Judge, Rangoon City Civil' Court (4), already
referred to, provide a complete answer. It is not our pur~
pose in these proceedings to reweigh or reassess the
evidence, which in this case is not in dispute, nor do we
propose to substitute our own views on the facts. In their
own orders both the Controller and the Subdivisional Judge
had embodied what they had taken into account, these be-
ing {I) that a forced removal of tenants who had been in
occupation for some seven or eight years would cause loss
to them, and (2) that the landlord had refused to allot a
particular portion demanded by the tenant in the building
to be erected. From these facts the deduction is made that
the landlord was not bona fide in his require111ent, a con-
clusion which is unjustified since " bona fide requirement r
in section r I (d) is restricted to " requirement to build ....
The true test therefore is whether the landlord, really in-
tends to build, and in the matter before us, the orders of the
Controller and the Subdivisional Judge clearly indicate that
the landlord intends to build and that he has the means to
build, and had even obtained the necessary permission to
build from the Municipal authorities.
(r) A.I.R. (1950) Cal. 249 at 251. (3) (r951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 225.
(2) (r()So) B.L.R. (H.C.) 346. (4) (1952) B.L.R. (SC.) 40.
BURMA LAW REPORTS~ 163
(l) (t923) 2 B.L.J. 161 nt. 162, (z) (1950) B.L.R. (H.C.) .346.
'
164 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
I9,60] BURMA LA.W REPORTS. 165
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1960 p. KARAPAy A (APPELLANT)
Nov. :~8. v.
THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).*
CriminalProc~dure Code, s. 350(1)-Course to be followed by succeeding Magis-
trate-Effect of "De novo" trial-Power of Magistrate and right Of
acctlUd under-Division of proceedings into two separate staget of enquiry
and trial n:~t warranted by.
When one Magistrate succeeds another and acts under s. 350(1) of the
Cri'Uinnl Procedure Cod'!, he mu~t either take up the ca!le at ~he point at
which his pred.~ce~nor cea3ed to exercisejudsdiction or he may resummon the
witnesses and recomm::nce the enquiry or trial, and that in the latter event,
whether do!le on his own initiative or at the instance of the accused, all the
p~eviou1 proce~dings; "whether a charge has been framed or not, arc to be
tre11ted as non-el:istent.
!Gng-Emp~ror v. Nga Pe, 2 L.B.R. !7 ; Tng Union of B:rma v. U Saw Lwin
and otlms, B.L.R. (1952) (H.C.) 394 1 appmved.
Stat11 through R!l1n L!lu! and others v. Bansu and others, A.LR. (t950) All.
669 , referred to.
T. Srira>n~lu and tlFu otllus v. K. Vurasali,;gam, I.L.R. 38 Mad. 585 ;
Sarliar v. J.fadorane, A.!.R. (1950) Rajasthan 34; State v. Ambaram, A.I.R.
(1953) Madhya Bharat r, explained.
The initiative for ndopting the nlt~mative courEe provided in s. 350(r)
of the Cdmin~:~l Procedure CodP. rests with the trial Magbtrate. It would
however be open to the Admcate for the accused to ask the Court to decide
which course of action it proposed to take in compliance with thi= provhion
of la~ and if the nevr Magistrate decides to act on the evidence recorded
by his predece!aor and commence:: the proceedings from the stage at which
the latter cenced to exercise jurisdiction, the accused could then exercise his
right under s. 350(z)(a) of the Criminal Procedure Code nnd a~k the Court to
re11ummon all or any of the prosecution witnesses.
The language of the Code used ins. 350(1) and ita provisos does not appear
to warrant the divbion or separation of the proceedings in a warrant case into
two aepau.te stages of enquiry and trial. An enquiry obviously is a proceeding
where the Magistrate is competent either to make an enquiry with 11 view to
committing the accused person to be tried by a Court of Sesalon or to make an
enquiry in n miscellaneous proceeding of the character sanctioned under the
Code. The word "trial" embraces the whole proceedings in a trial of a
warrant caae from its Yery inception. In other word; the trial in a warrant
case commences when the accused appears or is brought before a Magistrate
with the prosecution witnesses ranged against him.
When section 350 (r) of the Criminal Procedure Code THs oUNioN
s looked into, it would be found that the Magistrate oF BuRMA.
ucceeding another Magistrate who ceased to exercise
urisdiction may act on the evidence recorded by his pre
lecessor 6?,partly recorded by his predecessor and partly
ecorded by himself or he may resummon the witnesses
md recommence the enquiry or trial. Two alternatives
tre thus open to the Magistrate who succeeds another on
he latter's transfer to another jurisdiction. In the
anguage of this section, he may act on the evidence
ecorded by his predecessor or partly recorded by his
Jredecessor and partly recorded by himself or he may
esummon the witnesses and recommence the enquiry or
rial. This provision however is followed by two Provi
.os. First Proviso (a) reads: " In any trial the accused
nay, when the second Magistrate commences his proceed-
ngs, demand that the witnesses or any of them be resum-
noned and reheard;" and (b) "The High Court or in
:ases tried by Magistrates subordinate to the District
vfagistrate, the District Magistrate may, whether there be
m appeal OL ,not, set aside any conviction passed on
~vidence not ;,vholly recorded by the Magistrate before
;vhom the conviction was held, if such Court or District
vfagistrate is' of opinion that the accused has been
naterially prejudiced thereby, and may order a new
!nquiry or trial." Both these Provisos obviously have
eference to that part of section 350 '(r} where the succeed-
ng Magistrate pzoposes to act on the evidence recorded
)y his predecessor or partly recorded by his predecessor
md partly recorded by himself. Proviso (a) on which
:he appellant relies in support of his contention can not
)Ossibly refer to that part of section 350 (I) which deals
Nith the new Magistrate resummoning the witnesses and
'234 BURMA LAW REPORTS. (I96o
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240 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
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256 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
257
17
[1960
BURMA t:AW .REPORTS. 259