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PREFACE

book is the r sult of a co icti that if the L atin lan guage is

to
w ell learn d in th time u u lly d vo t ed to its s t udy in this
country i t is n cessary t hat the w hole subj ct should be im pli d and
tha t if possible th nu m ber of p t fac t s w hich hav to be remem
ber d should be diminished I t is t d ni d tha t many of t he grammars
and introduc tory exerci e books in gen al u contain su f cien tly full and
correct s t tem nts of t hese s para t e fac ts but it is beli v d that none
of them are t he facts classi d in the most scienti c w ay and that i
non is t he most j udicious method adop ted of pre sen ting t he m to the
youthful mind I t seems to be consid red t hat boys have plen ty of time
t o l arn rst the L a tin e quival nt for an E nglish w ord for one t hing
its mode of declension or conj uga tion for ano th r i t gend r for a third
and t he q uanti ty of its vo wels for f u th and t ha t i t is unnecessary to
t ry to pr s n t t he facts i such a w ay as that in recollec ting one t hey
shall recoll ct all I t seems again not t o have occur d to t he framers
o f t he books in use t h t the leng thy state ment of rul s of syn tax not
only renders the acq uisition of them by young people a w ork of enor
mous labor and of n arly in nite time bu t t hat t he same l ngthy
s t a tement al most cer tainly precludes the e f ci nt u of them w hen
ac quired F or w hat teacher even the most indefa tigable can call po
his pupils to give t he rules for the various cons t ruc tions of ouns and
v rbs w hich occur in a l sson w hen t he mere enunciation of them in
the mos t rapid and unthinking w ay involves as great an expendi ture
of t ime s can be devoted to the w hol recitation ? The conse q uence
of this w an t of condensa t ion i s b lieved to be in m ost ca ses tha t p c
tically the only analysis to w hich a lesson is subj ec te d is that w hich
is commonly called parsing ,
no more is in general attemp ted than
to ascertain w he ther the pupils kno w in w hat case tense or mood any
This though of course an absolutely essen tial
n oun or verb appears
element in the t rue grammatical analysis can only be regarded as
subsidiary to that higher insight w hich understands the logical nay the
almost mathematical necessi ty of the employment o f one form ra ther
than another B ut in order to at t ain this insigh t pupils mus t have
their atte ntion continually cal le d afresh to th illus t ration s of various
THIS
be

on

nv

se ara e

no

er

se

in

a o

e e

re

se

ra

iv

PRE FA CE

constructi on s as they occur i n their lessons ; d to e ect this it is

de nite and
n ecessary that they should be furnished w ith simple
conden sed phraseology w hich ca be applied w ithou t needless loss of
time as often as i t is req uired 5 as often as construc t io s to w h ich
it is applic ble occur in a lesso
T he aim of this book is then t wo fold rst to pres n t the facts o f
declension and conj uga t ion in their mos t dis tinc t and scien t i c asp c t ;
second to systemati e and cond ns the rul s of syntax applicable t o
simple and compound sen tences and to off r such a concise nom n
as may w i thout any more expendi ture of t ime than is usually
cl tu
devo ted to parsing admi t of the r ules being called for and given
until they are indelibly impressed on the unders t anding
I n this pr face will be given
( l ) A s tatemen t o f the principle upon w hich th is book is con
s truc ted
A brie f defence of this principle upon philological grounds
A sta tement of t he advan t ag s of teaching La t in in t his w ay
An s w ers to obj ections w hich may be made to t he adoption o f
thi s principle in practice
A s ta t em nt of o t her points in w hich this book differs from most
i n t roductory L a t in books w hich have preced d i t
Remarks upon the w ay in w hich the w ri t er hopes the book may
b e u sed
'

an

re,

PRIN C IP LE UPON WHI CH TH IS BOO K

OF THE

IS

C O NSTR U CT ED

ec ted w ords w hether substantives adj ectives

p ronouns or verbs are presen t d in that shape in w hich t hey may be
suppo sed to h ave existed before any ui x w ere app nded to them
to mark dis t inc tions of
t
&
This primary form w hich
p
is cal led the t m in t his book has been named in some G erman and
E nglish books th
d f m ; t ha t is th form in w hich the w ord ex
i ts before it is t ted t o take i t s place in t he spok n or w i tt en language ;
it is un t for use because it is des titu te of all means of sho w ing in w hat
rela tion it stands to o th r w ords w i t h w hich i t is connected in a sen
ten e I nstead th n of presen t ing to pupils the nominative case
singul ar as t he simpl st and primary form o f a noun or the rst person
singular of the present tense of the indicative mood as t he simplest
form of a verb in this book the t m of both are given as the form s
w hich must be carried in the mind as the simple representa tives of the
corresponding E nglish w ords F or example inst ad of t eaching pupils
to call to mind ultu as the simple e quivalent of the E nglis h noun

face or g as the simple equ ivalent of t he E nglish verb rul

this book tell s them to regard the stems ultu and g as the si mpl e
eq uivalen ts of the E nglish w ords ; and to look upon the formed w ords
ltu
as comprehending beside the simple meaning part icula r
g
i ndica tio ns of the p l ace in a sentence wh i ch each of th em is t ted to ll
I n this book all
,

in

case. e nse,

s e

es

erso n,

e cru

or

s e

re o

e,

re

vu

s, re o,

PR E F ACE

on THE

PHI LOLO GI C AL TRUTH

PR IN C IPLE

or ru n

This subj ect can o f c urse be b ut bri y to uch d upon i n this b ook
w hich aims only a t providing el me n tary instruc t ion in Latin for young
p upils I t must su f ce h re to say tha t i t is admit t d by all modern
philologers t hat all inected L atin or G re k w ords consis t of a b or
or end i g This fact w as brought
ud f
d uix
m or stem
prominently to notice by the introduction into mod rn E urop of a
kno w ledge of the S anscrit language and grammar No w in al l S an
scri t g rammars it is the practice to give rst the naked or unform d
d then the endings w hich w hen a t tach d to it in accordance
w ord
w i t h the compl x la w s of euphony w hich prevail in that lan guage
t it to ll a place in the spoken or w ritten language Prof ssor Key
of the London U ni versity w t he rst to pre pose ( in
t o apply
the same m thod to the classical lan g uages ; and he subse q uently
p ublished a L atin gra m mar arranged upon this principle
All inected w ords then having ste ms or crud for ms o f course these
stems must end either in a consonant or in one of t he e vo w els Of
subs t an t ives w e have in this w ay a compl te set of classe s ans werin g
to the ve declension s of ordi n ary grammars :
o

a se,

cr

or

an

es

an

as

Nou ns w ith stem s ending in

H
H

H
H

H
H
H
H

fall i to th e rst declen si on

H
H
H
0
H
H
H
u
H
H
H
I
H
H
H
i
H
H
nt
n

a conson a

l so for verb s w e h ave the s ame n atural distribution ; th ere

h o w ever any cl as s o f v erb s w i th s te ms en di ng i n o

So
no t,

is

Verb s w ith

H
H

stem s en di n g in a fall i nto th e rst co

H
H
H
e
second
H
H
H
H
i
fourth
H
H
u
H
u
H
a consona n t
l

j u gati on
H
H
H

i s th ough t that i n n e arly all the se cases the prese n ce o f th e ch ar

acte ri stic le t ter o f e ach declension a d conj ugation w ill be easily enough
detected by even a curso y examination Those w h o w ish to see the
grounds of these assumptions fully discu ss ed may co nsult 0 L S h a
ti ber die L
a teinische D e lination und Conj u g a t ion ; or o f more acces
sible book s D ld on V r o i us ch ap viii ; or A th o editi on of
Zump t s Gram ma r a pp endix V
or Key Latin G ra mma r a ppe n dix I
It

ve,

on a

a r n an

n s

lQ

PRE F A CE

vi

or ran

NTAGES

AD VA

or

TE ACHIN G

LATI

IN

THIS

W AY

Teachers w h o may adopt this method o f L atin instruction w ill nd

t h at i t p ossesses among o t hers the follo w ing advan tages
I t insures cer ta in ty as to t he d cl nsion or conj ugation o f each
w ord w hich abides in the memory of th pupil
I n a large maj ority of ins tances it in sures the same certainty in
regard to the gend r of subs tantives
I t brings promin n tly to noti ce the disti nction bet w een w hat
i s radical in an inected w ord and w hat is a merely formative an d
temporary addition to it
I t o ds much more cle rly than the old method can do an
insight into t he la w s o f deriva ti on and composition ; and parti cularly
so in t he case of those w ords w hich have passed into the modern lan
g nages
I t a dmits of a separate treatment o f the cases o f nouns and the
tenses and moods of verbs to a greater extent than is at le as t attempted
in books construc t ed on other methods
:

W e w ill spe k o f each o f these points s ep arately

T he experience o f all teachers must have sho wn them ho w liable
boys are to error in t he inec t ion o f nouns and v rbs U nless beside
the nominati ve case of a noun the pupil h in his mind the geni t ive
also there is no security that he w ill not i ect a noun o f the se cond
declension for example like the fourth A nd even if he recollect t he
ni
t
ive
case
he
may
yet
in
some
c
a
ses
cons
i
stently
w
ith
the
rules
of
e
g
F or instance a boy is taught by A ndre w s
h i grammar go w rong
and S todda rt that the words w hich make their geni t ive singu lar in i
are of the fth declension He may na t urally therefore w h n he see s
i t them like
i d i
I t is
th w ords l t u i D i p il i &
clear tha t i f upon the me thod adopt d in this book a boy by remem
bering
w ord ca be more cert ain o f d clini g a noun ri ghtly t han
h can upon the old me t hod by remembering tw the ne w sys tem mus t
be adj udged the palm of sup riori ty if economy of time and labor be
of any moment A s Professor K y s ys The w ords p u li t p t
only decei t ful guides to the declension until w e kno w some oth r
a
cas or cases w hereas the crude forms p u
Zint i p t
at once gi ve
a direction w hich cannot be mis taken A treacherous similarity exists
tu bet w een
bet w een quu i tu and
and b bet w ee n
e ; but t here is no chance of the pup il referring to the
an d p
di
same declensions aqu mm, and s atw or s
or di e
d a b
and p i t J
I t w ill be found that i f noun s be x ed in th e memory in the ir
s t m form they admi t o f being g ouped into class e s as to gender of a
much w ider exten t than if their nominative cases only be remembe red
If th e te acher w ill l ook at th e si mp le ge n e ral rul e s for g e n de r gi v e n in
a

as

a ve

c ne

ec

re

on e

o,

e r,

n er,

a er,

re

ero

a r

s, v r

an

es

s,

s,

servos

a r os,

ar e

sena

22

en

ervo

an

r os

PR E F A CE

vi i

i ntroducti on n d w ill th en cast his eye o ver th e voc ab ulary to this

book in w hich only those nouns have their gend r marked w hich can
not b determined by these g n ral rules he w il l se ho w gr a t an
abridgment of labor in this mat ter is effect d by ado pting the metho d
of this book
th e

A ll teachers w ill admit that the one thing ne dful for pupils w ho
s tudy th Latin or G reek languages is that they should arriv at a cer
tain and i n tuitive kno wledge that a n oun or v rb in one form h as an
absolut ly di ffer nt use and di ff rent prop rties from the same word i n
another form Su rely t hen that m thod w hich presen t s in the most
distinc t w ay t he formative and the radical parts of w ords must be e u
titled to th preference of all wh o really desire to accomplish perfectly
w hat they pro fes s to te ac h
e

The general doctrine of deri vation is much more clearly exhibite d

upon t he m thod of this book than on that of thos w hich proce ed upo

the old sys tem To q uote a gain Pro fessor K y F ro m th sub

t i bu w e more readily proceed to the adj ectives
t ti
s i d
i i li deli t i bl h t han w e can f om the nominatives i is ds
A gain th diminutives a i ula vi gu noula di ul i ula
t i bus
are w ith li ttle dif cul ty ref rred to th crude forms a l
l
r ti u
l
ti o 3
i g
di e
O u E nglish a dj ctives
g 2
i
l
t
1
are less easily ref rred to the
m
u
i
e
t
i
o
a
d
l
g
nomina t ive e em g du m m
tex n o t than to the crud forms
The same or nearly the
w hich pre sent themselves a t once to the eye
sam e is true o f the words l p id ary a vi y a g u i y alut y
e

s an

cv

ve

v c

v r on

a a

an

816
-

ra

ver

'

re a

n a

s tc

na

c v

noa a

c v
r

va

re

,
,

'

r s, r

ra

s,

as , ver

to ,

station a
-

ar

s n

n ar
-

ar

I t is

incidental but very great advan tage o f the method

adop te d in this b ok tha t it is
y to tr at of the cases and te nses
s eparately A ll the b s t books constructed upon the old system g iv
a declension and then short s nt nces in w hich the various cases are
i troduc d in order that by having to use th m the pupils may be made
to remember the for ms I n th is w ay they may get a vagu general
notion of the meaning of a ca e ; such for insta nc as tha t if E ng

lish noun is preced d by of it must be in the geni t ive case if by

to it must be in t he d ative case B ut in this book the forms of the

n ominative and accusative cases w hich stand in th
simplest rel tio n
to each other and the v rb are alone at rst i n t roduced ; and t he num
ber of exercises upon t hese is so gr at tha t pupils ca nnot fail w hile
learning the forms to acq uire an ind lible impression that each of these
is tt d for a certain peculiar o f ce in a sentence A nd so w hen th se
are fully understood sentences come w hich are rend red more c mple x
by the use of the geni t ive case and no other ; and thus th pupils fully
understanding the use o f the nomin a tive and ccusa tive are able to
direct all the ir thoughts to the m eaning and use of th s t range case
The same t hing hol ds w ith regard to the other cases the tenses of
an

n ecessa r

e,

e,

an

v iii

PR EFA CE

the verb an d i ts moods But enough

ti on of teache rs to t h is matter
,

h as

been said to

ca

ll th e

att n

r0

Anor

4 A NS WE
.

RS

ro

OBJ E CT I ON S W HI CH M AY an
T IO N or THIS m u o n

MAD

These possible obj ections resolve themselves in to tw o one h av in g

re fer nce t o teachers and t he o t her to pupils
I t may be said that before teachers can make use o f this book they
mus t learn t heir La tin o ver again This ho w ever is only a t sight and
sup r cial vi w A ny one w h o takes the l as t pains to und rstand the
p rinciples set forth in t he second s c t ion of this preface must see that
t he ordinary division in t o decl nsions and conj uga t ions i s not ign ored or
overthro w n in this book but t ha t t he system adopt d here and t ha t of the
grammars xac tly coincide as r gards the particular w ords w hich either
w ould class toge t h r The only di ere ce is t hat in this book the
division is based upon a clea r and posi tive principle in the gramma rs
i t is merely arbitrary and empirical I t is cer t ain that any one w ho
is compe t ently acq uainte d w i t h Latin acq uired u pon the old system
if he w ill take t he pa ns to w rite half a dozen exercises t k e a t ra
dom a t di ff r n t parts of the w ork l ooki g ou t al l the w ords in the
vocab ulary w ill be perfectly able to u se it as far as any peculiari ty
of its m t hod is concerned
T hen as to pupils it may be sai d : How if they are taught Latin
U pon this system w ill they be able to hold their o w n in col lege classes
the larger part of w hich t say t he le as t have been train ed to pa rse
w ords upon an enti rely different method 2 I n ans w r to this it may be
said tha t the obj ec t ion h as bee n refuted by abundan t experi nce Boys
w h o are taught as this book recommends t hat the should be are taught
to be e qually familiar w ith w ords in t he ir c ud f rm shape an d in the
form in w hich they are ordinaril y p resent d So that in th e w rit er s
xperience no boy has ever had t he le as t di cul ty in using an ordinary
dic tionary w hen i t has been placed in his hands I t is believed that
if t he di rec t ions as to t he use of t his book given in t h i s preface and in
th subse q uen t parts of it are adh ered to not only w ill no di i cu lty be
found in getti g boys to an alyze w ords i n the ordin a ry me t hod but t hat
tho e w h o are trained in this w ay w i ll be actu ally more ready at t hat
w ork tha n t hose wh o have been taught u pon the received syste m
,

rs

e e

or

s o me O THE R PO INTS w a nns m THIS

BO O K D F F

I E RS m os: n osr

PRE D E CESSO RS

or ri s

I n this b oo k the ten ses o f the verb have a double n ame gi ven

them w hich mark not o ly t he ti m they deno te but also th h a t

ti
w hether i mp rf t p f t or i t d d This chan ge
f th
cess i t t
t he i t oduction of no w n mes bu t merely a d istribu tion
o f the old ones ; and i t is sanction ed though not adop t ed by McCli to ck
n

e ac o n,

a es

ec

n en

er ec ,

ne

e c ar

c er
ne

re

ix

rook s by An dre ws a d Stoddard and i n e ff ct by al l th e modern

grammarians I t is strange that w hile so many have admitted the
truth so f w have s en that the adoption in practice o f te rms w hich
express it w ould be necessari ly a more compendious method of teach
ing it t han the systematic use of names w hich ig nore it N0 one w h
has not tri d the more complete ph ras ology can j ustly estimate the
degree to w hich the use of th e tenses particularly of those o f the sub
j unc t ive mood i s made si mple and e as y to the understan ding of young
p eop le
The cases are arranged in th tables in a di fferent order from
that ge erally adopted I t is b li ved t hat a glance at the tables as
given in this book w ill sa t isfy an unpr j udiced mind of th great
advantage o f thus p lacing in j uxta position cas s of identical or similar
forms B ut for those to w hom authority is every thing i t w ould seem
to be enough to say that the order us d in this book is t hat deliberately
p re ferred and adop ted by Professor Madvig of Copenhagen
an d

I t h as been attempted in th is book to condense rules of syntax

as

far as p ossible in to single w ords a d th us not only to ligh te the labor

of pupils b ut to render it possible to b i m e constan tly into practi ce
the knowle dge o f sy tactical principles wgich has been acq uired
n

or

rn

There have been h ardly any n ew ames introduced into this boo k
I t 8 thought that the term logica l applied to a class of pronouns and
l used to design ate pr positions w hen standing as th
obj ect or
n om i
subj ect of a verb w ill j ustify their admission by th ir conveni nce
The only w ord for w hich any apology seems necessary here is sub
j unction w hich has been adopted to denote those conj unc tions w hich
attach depend nt sent nc s to independent ones I t is believed to be
a very convenient and simple addition to the ordinary gramma tical
n om n clature ; but if it be still r garded by any as an e ce it may be
l ooked upon as only a syncopation for sub [ordina t ing con]j unctio ns
n

na

A noth er p eculiarity o f this book is that in it the lo g vo w el s

only have their q uanti ty marked the shor t q uantity being assumed i
all cas es as the normal condi t ion of a vo w el unless the long quan t i ty is
expressly a sserted to belong to it I t is thought tha t by the adoptio n
of t his m ethod the di ff rence o f the quan tity of the vo wels in a w ord i s
brough t out more strikingly than if every syllable h as some mark over
i t : and it i s quite possible to i ns ist on the pupils keeping the long
v o w els in their exercises al w ays m arked and to correct these ; w hil e
i t w ould be nearly impossible to scrutinize sui cie tly an e xe rcis e in
w hich all the v o w e ls w ere m arke d
n

PRE FACE

ON

THE M

E THOD

or U

SIN G THIS BO OK

There wi ll b found throughout this book constant suggestions to

teachers as to t he w y in w hich it is though t bes t t hat part icular points
should be made cl ar to the understanding of pupils B ut it may be
w ll her to sp ak more g n rally about the method in w hich the w ri ter
h Op s this book may be used
I t is not desig d that any thing in this book should be learned
by hear t exc p t the tables
w hich are specially men tioned as being
giv n to be commi tted to m mory I t is the prac t ice of som e t achers
lists of w ords or vocabularies are given to expect pupils to come
wh
to reci ta t io prepared to repeat those li s t s as w ll as w i t h t he ex e
cises w ri t ten and l arned I t is thought that such labor m ust be very
dis tas teful to pupils and it certainly is w holly us less I t is not i
j urions bu t rather pro t able for young peopl w hen they h ave to tran s
la t giv n exercise to have be fore their eyes a list of th principal n ew
A boy has suppose to translate a L a t in se
w ords contain d in it
tence He nds himself ignora t of t he meanings of t w o w ords in
it ; but h sees t hose w ords in the vocabulary p re xed to the lesson ;
and he l arns t heir meaning w hil his facul t ies are in their most ex
ci t d s ta t and are mos t likely to retai w hatever they take hold of
I t i ho w ever a good plan ft th l
h as been e d a d a a ly d
for t he teacher t o call upon the cla ss t o gi ve the L ati n fo the mos t i m
portant w ords tha t have occurred in it The expe rience of the w riter
prov s t ha t boys can acq uire the meanings of a umber of w ords in
t his w ay w ith e ase to themselves a d qui t e as rapidly as t h ey could
do if a large part of their time and labor w er expended in commit t ing
l is t s of w ords to me mory
Th
tables of the formation of the case s w hich occur in th e
early part of t he book should in no case b learn d by heart It i s
th ough t that a mature mind w il l at once perceive t heir im port B ut
young people may at rst n d a li t tle di f cul ty in und rstanding the
arrang ment The teacher should t herefore go over ach of these tab
ui r s ta t ements w ith his pupils a s they occur and should see that they
T h y a in t ended merely as a guide
k no w ho w they are to be read
for the pupil in w riti ng his exercises until by this p ractice they be
come fas t ned in his memory
A s this book teaches t he proper inection o f nouns and verb s
b y reference to th e letter in w hich the s t m ends it is considered of
th e last importance th at every means should be taken to see that p u
p ils kno w t he stems of the w ords in their readi ng e xercises I n order
to secure t his it is recommended that the read ing l sson should b u sed
i the follo w ing w ay : A fter any one sente ce h as been transla t ed by
one p upil th w hol of the class shoul d b called upo n to indicate (b y
seated) w h eth er th ey are pre
h o l di ng u p the h and or by re a
e

ne

en

e,

e a

e,

s,

er

r a

esson

ze

re

PRE FA CE

xi

p ared to give the stem (and the gender o f sub tantives) o f e ach i ected
W h n i t is thus a c r t ain d w ho prof s ac q uain t
w ord in th s ntence
ance w i t h t he subj ct (t he pupils w ho d cline t o b call d upon ei th r
standing up or no t holding up their hands) t he t ach r can rapidly c ll
upon
pupil aft r anoth r to giv t he stem (and gend r) of eac h
A n illustration may perh ps make
w ord in th sen t nce successiv ly
t his clearer S uppose t he sent nce to be th 4th of E x rcise 2 A fter
one boy h t l t d i t let t he teacher say N w w ho can read the
s tems and give th genders of the w ords i this s n tence ? Those boys
W hen the class i by this or any other
w h cannot w ill s t and up
m t hod divided into t w o sections the te ch r may call upon any one o f

the volun te rs thus S mi t h S mi t h is xpected to ans"w er F lio

masculine
B ro w n
Cani common
J on s
J ones ans w rs
B ro w n ans wers qu
The same method should then be pursued
i ex mining t he cla s as to t he cons t ruction of th w ords in t hat sen
t enc b for proc ding to the n xt A nd as soon as the pupils hav
le rned t he d clension of any one cl ass of nouns t hey should im m di
at ly after reading the stems be call d upo n to volunteer in the same
w y to d cline each w ord i
succes ion or as many as their present
c quir m n t enables them to go through ; and then the t acher should
sel c t some boy t d m to re pe a t th d clension and should see
t ha t all tho se w ho have prof ss d t h ir inabili ty to d the same have
page of th eir bo k open be fore th m on w hich t hat declensio
th
is found t hat t h y may follo w w i t h the y th decl nsion w hich
the ot h er pupil is repeating I f a sys te m of m arks is in use all the
pupils w h voluntee r to do any thing w hich is re q uired may be allo w ed
t o sc re one provid d i t prove tha t they w ere j usti d in their con
d
They may in nearly all cases be saf ly allo w d to keep this
e
r cord for t hems lves and to t ll a t th end of t he l sson ho w many
q u s t ions t hey have ans w er d or could have ans w ered i t being under
s tood t hat ach boy w ho volunte ers to ans w r and then fails or w ould
have failed if called u p n is to ub ff one of his prec ed ing marks I f
the teacher hims lf or
of his pupils for him keeps a record of the
to tal number of questions asked (counting each w ord d clined and
ach s t m re it d as a separa t q ues t ion ) th marks of ach pupil can
of course asily be reduced to any re q u r d s t andard Th above m
t hod of q u s tioning is reco m mend d the bes t w i t h w hich the w riter
i ac q uaint d for arres t ing
d sustaining the atten t ion of a large cla s
A nd for learning t he decl nsions he has no doubt tha t it a far bet ter
w ay to insis t that the boys w ho do not kno w should have th p age
w th the d clension open before th ir eyes w hile the ot her boys are
declining than merely to tell t he m to come be tter prepared to the n ext
lesson
s

e s

ra n s a e

as

ee

ae r

o ne

ra n o

enc

o ne

i e

as

an

18

W hen any grammatical prin i ple i s expla i ned the te cher should
make his pupils look at s veral of t he succe di g E nglish sen t nc s i
w hic h i t is involv d and t hen k q u s tions in r gard to i t in t he s m
w ay b for ex p cting them to t ranslat any sen t nc s For exam
c

as

n
e

PRE FA CE

ii

ple, at p ag e 8 5 n ote 2 d, t ere i s a sug g esti on m ade to en able p up ils

to de te rm i n e th e case o f th e rela ti v e p ro n o u n
Le t th e teac e r rst
m a k e o n e o f h is p u p ils re a d t a t p assa g e alo u d, an d t en g o o v e r
so m e h alf do z e n o f t h e n e x t
n g li s
sen te n ce s, an d call u p o n s e v e r l
boys i n su cce ss io n to a p p ly th e ru le i n t ose cases
is w ill, i t is be
li e v ed be fo u n d th e be st a n d a su i ci en t m et od i n th e cas e o f all th e
.

ot

he

r syn tacti cal

Th

ex p lai n e d

p rin cip les

m ay i n th e sam e w ay
call for th e e x e rcise o f so m e o n e boy at ra n do m , an d a v i n g e x a m i n e d
t is h e s oul d re a d alou d to th e class th e co rre ct a tin m e n ti o n i n g
An d h e s o uld
as w e ll a s e x p re ssi n g by h is vo i ce , * th e lo n g v o w e ls
t en re ui re e a c boy w h o h as a n y t i ng d ifferen t fro m th e w o rds a s
co rrectly re a d, to rise i n h is p la ce a n d re m ain stan di n g till th e te ac e r
h as h ad an O p po rtun ity o f g o in g ro u n d th e class, ca lli n g up o n e ac bo y
se p a ra te
to sta te h i s e rror, a n d e x p lai ni n g to h i m i n di vidually th e
O r h e m ay , p er a ps be tte r, ca ll u po n th e class i n g e n
g ro un ds o f i t
e ral to v o lun te er to e x lai n th e m i s tak e s
He s o uld by all m ean s
p
a lw ays ins ist o n h i s p up i ls m ark i n g all th e lo n g v o w e ls i n t ei r e x
In

co rre cti n g

e x ercises,

w ri tte n

th e tea c

er

h
L

A fte

r th e

re e ste m s o f

th e

v erbs are un dersto o d, a n d

th e i n

n i ti ve m oo d i s i n trodu ce d, i t w i ll b e w ell fo r th e p up i ls to be ready

us,
to g i v e th e p a rts o f th e ve rb i n di ffe re n t w ays o n alte rn a te days
o n o n e da
d
m
n t ey co m e to a v e rb say
w
i
a
l
u
t
h
s
t
e
e
i
o
s
n
r
e
a
d
n
e
,
y
g
am ato
a mavi t, t ey s o u ld b e m ade to g i ve i ts p arts t us, a m a a m av

Th

th at th e teach e r sh o u l b e ab le h i m se lf to m ark b y h i s v o i ce th e di f
fe re n ce o f th e qu a n ti t y o f v o w e ls, a n d to m a k e h i s u i ls do th e sam e i t i s b e li e t c d
t o be abso l u te ly e ss e n ti al t a t e ach v o w e l sh o u l a l w ay s b e m ad e IO b a x 0 t h e sa m e
th e co n ti n en ta l m e t h o
o ub t t h at w h a t i s ca lle
so u n
: an d, a s t h e re ca n b e n o
re v ai ls fo r th e m o s t
a rt h e re ,
o f so u n di n g th e m i s m o re co rre ct th an th at w h i ch
an d n e arly u n i v e rs a lly i n En g lan , i t 1 5 h e re re co m m e n e
th a t th at m e th o b e ,
as w e ll as m ay be, a o te

In

o r er

dp d

p p

d
dd

Th at i s,
a sh o ul

be

s ou n

dd
e

as a
a

i
i

i
ee

It also

h ar

An

re co m m e n

so un

d gi

dm i

ve n

dd
e

th e m ,

in
in
in
in
in
in
in

ha t
( 112
16 1
m u te
it
m ee t

f1

e so u n

dd
e

i n to m s
u
i n f u ll
o o i n fo o l
o u i n m o u se.
ay i n a y e
o i i n to i l

as o

cc

ae

th e
a n d th a t j
th at

db

an

on

sh o ul

co n son an ts c an d
s h o ul

a lw a y s

p
py

be

sh o ul

al w ay s

d
f
d

ro n o u n ce

av e

th e ir

as

R o m a n O rth o e
li t tl e b o o k , ca lle
b y Pro e sso r R ch ardso n ,
,
ro t, b e co n su l te
o f R och e s te r U n i v e rsi ty, m ay w i th g re a t
o n th i s s u bje c t
ro fess o r i s n o t, h o w e v e r, re s o n si ble fo r th e ch o i ce o f t h e En g li sh w o r s
Th e
u se
a b o v e to i ll u s t ra te t h e Lati n so un s an d h e w o u l
n o t sa n cti o n a l l o f th e m
Bu t th e a b o v e ta bl e i s b e li e v e t o p m se n t a s e ri e s h i ch a m i ts o f a ract i ca lly
o b se rv a bl e di e re u ce b e i n g m a e b c t w e e n t h e lo n g a n d s h o rt V O W B I
S : an d o n e o r
t w o sl i g h t i n a cc uraci e s m ay b e e xcus e i f th e. be th e cas e

rabl e

'

d
d

PRE F ACE
th e

an d on

h ey sh ould p a

n ex t

a m d vi , a m atum

rse

x iii

sam e v erb, sayi n g , a mo, a m are,

th e

L
h

a ti n rea di n g e x e rci ses ce ase at

It w ill b e ob se rve d t at th e
e ss o n Cll l
It i s i n ten de d, t a t w e n p up i ls a ve re ac e d t a t p o i n t
t e y s all, e x ce p t i n ca ses o f u n u su al p ro ci e n cy, b e g i n to rea d th e
Outlines of R om a n Histo ry, w ic w ill be fo u n d i m m e dia te ly be fo re th e
n al v o ca b ulary
e re i s co n stan t re fe re n ce t e re in m a de by n u m
b ers to th e g ra m m a tical p ri n cip le s e x p la in e d i n th e p re v i o u s p art o f th e
i ttle m o re , h o w
b o ok
i s m i g t ave b e e n do n e m u c m o re fully
isto ry
e v e r i s i n te n de d t an to s o w h o w t h e w ri te r w is e s t a t little
Th e re fe re n ce s w ill
to be u se d i n co n n e cti on w i t th e rest o f th e bo o k
se rve to k e e p fres
i n m i n d th e rule s o f sy n ta x b e fo re e x p lai n e d, w ile, a t
th e sa m e ti m e, t ey w i ll full th e best u se s o f n o tes, by e n abli n g p u p ils,
w i le m ak in g o ut t e i r lesso n s, to a sce rta i n th e co n structio n , a n d o fte n
As th e Lati n o f t at little
th e m e an in g , of th e p rases t ey m e e t w i t
isto ry is i n g e n e ral ve ry g o o d an d s im p le , i t i s be l ie ve d t a t i f a te a c e r
h as th e co u rag e to m ak e h is p up i ls lea rn th e w o le o f it by e a rt,
t oug
h e m ay t e reby sp e n d a li ttle m o re ti m e o v e r i t t a n o t e rs, h e
w ill ave do n e m o re to g i v e h is class a co rrect an d l i vi n g se n se o f th e
ro rese , t an i f
n i us o f th e lan u ag e, a n d to fa cili ta te t e i r fu rt e r
e
g
g
p g
h e m ade t e m co m m i t to m e m o ry th e w o le o f th e sy n ta x o f n dre w s
an d
ram m ar
to ddard s

L
h

Th

h h
h

h
h

h h

Th

L
h h
.

It i s b elieve d, t at i f t ese m e t ods be ado p te d, th e le sso n s g i ven i n

t is b o o k w ill seldo m b e fo u n d to o lo n g fo r a s i n g le reci ta ti o n by a
Bu t i f th e te ac e r n ds t e m so, h e m ay be st
class o f m o de rate s iz e
curta il th e w ri ti n g e x e rcise, n o t t a t fo r re a di n g ; fo r t is bo o k is no t
If h e a ve n o t ti m e to
in te n de d to tea c th e a rt o f atin co m p o si tio n
i
n g se n te n ce s, h e m a
m
k
o t ro u g
a
t
h
r
a
d
a
ll
e
e
e h i s class p rep a re th e
y
g
w o le , an d t e n ta k e u p as m a n y se n te n ce s a s h e h a s ti m e fo r i n a ny
It s ould, o f co u rse, alw ays b e u n de rs too d, t at th e o b e ct o f
o rde r
e ac le sson i s to i n su re a n d to g i v e e v ide n ce o f a co m p le te acqua i n ta n ce ,
all th e fac ts an d p ri n ci ple s t e re to fo re
o n th e p a rt o f th e p u p i ls, w i t
sp o k en o f
Th e udici o u s te a c e r w ill n o t a llo w i m se lf to be u n der
th e ty ra n n y o f an y boo k , b u t w i ll s o rte n or le n g t en th e p e rio d du ri n g
w ic a clas s is k e p t o ve r o n e le sson , acco rdi ng to th e p ro ci e n cy of
th e ave rag e o f th e m e mb e rs o f i t

h
h

h
h

h
h

h h

h od o f te h i g i g e e l d
f th i b k
h ut y d ig f di t ti g to
u
th
h
m
xp
i
m y h
i
d
d
m
i
h s wh
h
t
w
t
w hi h
t
p
Bu t th w i t is
mm
i u th t t th
th y d m b tt
w
h h w uld h
m t f hi
t
c
p t d w ith g t
f l b
m mb
He h
k
h stly
i d
y u h hi t
f u it w
t w h i le li ttl
th
ult b C u
it
d
tly p
ab ov e sug g e stio n s as

Th e

se

e ac

en

an

er

e an

oo

er

e a rn e s

a re

n care e r a s a

s o

e r e n ce

o se e

ee

'

n s.

en

to th e m et
fe re d w i t
of
av e

er

an

ro v

een re

o r no

es

ran ce

as

ra

c a

an

e an s

av e a ce

co n sc o

e ac e r

as

ac

re s

e co

e n ce

ra

or

on e

e a

se

PRE FACE

x iv

h
h

w a s n o t judiciously emp loy ed

He o pe s, t ere fore, t at th ose in to
w o se a n ds t is boo k m ay co m e, w ill a cce p t t e se sugg es tio n s as t ey
a re o f
fe re d ; t a t i s, n o t as be i n g ab so lu te ly th e be st, but a s be i n g
a g re a t de a l be tte r t an o t e rs w i c
th e w ri te r h as i n form e r times
a c te d upo n
.

h
h

h h

It i s o pe d t at th e le ng t o f t i s p re face w i ll n ot p re ven t i ts be in g
It see m e d n e ce ssary, i n p u ttin g fo rt a boo k w ic h as so m any
re ad
o in ts o f di f
f
n ce fro m i ts p re de ce sso rs, to S pe ak a t la rg e u po n t e se ,
e
r
e
p
m ay be m ade to i t
a n d to a n ti cip a te so m e o f th e o b e ctio n s w ic

h h

h h

It o n ly re m a in s fo r th e w ri te r to ex p re ss h is o blig a tio n s to p rev i ous

He is p articularly i n deb ted to Ro bson s

l abo re rs i n th e sam e e ld
x e rcise s ; an d h e h a s h ad co ns ta n tly i n h is
an ds
o ns tructi v e
a ti n
th e
a ti n G ra m m a rs o f Key, Kti h ncr, l t dvig Z ump t, a n d Bi ll ro th
He
h as besi de s to a ck n o w le dg e m u c a i d a n d m an y v alu able sugg esti o n s
A , an d M r
fro m h is frie n ds an d co ad uto rs, M r R
o lden ,
A
F e rriss,
.

Si

n ce

W M
.

larg e pa rt

of

th e p resen t w o rk w as

o b se rv ed an a n n o u n ce m e n t in o n e o f th e

W S

Lo

n do n

stere o typ e d,

p a pe rs o f a

th e w ri te r

fo rt

h co m i

ng

m i t , th e e di to r o f th e lassica l D ictio n a ri es & c ,

boo k by D r
As th e n am e
w i c i s to be a r th e sam e n a m e as th e p rese n t w o rk
c o se n fo r t is b oo k w as se le cte d beca use i t w as t ou g t to be re aso n
a bly e x p re ss ive o f i ts c a racte r, i t h as n o t be e n dee m e d e i t er n ecessa ry
o r e x p e die n t to c an g e i t
a ti n

h h
h

h
T R INI TY SCHOO L NEW YORK
.

D ec 3 , 1 85 9
.

TEN
TS
CON

PAG E

I NT R O D U CTION

I No m in ativ e
u
l
r
a
g

II

Ch an g e s

xx i

an d a cu s ati v e

Activ e

c ase s

e rso n e n di n

g
o f g uttu ral a n d den tal
p

si n

s
stem s

b efo re S
I V Ch an g e s o f lette rs in th e stem s b efo re
s llab i c e n di n s
y
g
V S te m s w h i ch do n o t tak e th e en din g
S to m ak e th e n o m i n ati v e sin g ular
V I Co m p o un d w o rds
L i st o f p re xe s
V II Co nj ug ati o n o f th e p resen t i mp erf ec t
te n se , i n di cati ve m o o d
V III Adjecti ves
D o c trin e o f Ag ree m en t
I X Pa s t i mp erf ect ten se
X No m i n ative an d a cc usati v e c ase s plu
ral
X II F o rm ati on an d u se o f a dverbs
X IV No m in ative an d a cc usativ e case s o f
.

n eu ter n o u n s

X V F u tu re i mp erf ect ten se

X I X Prep o s i ti o ns
L i st o f th o se
o v er n an accu sa ti ve
g
XX S tatem en t of th e ch ief u ses of
cu sa ti ve c ase
.

w h i ch
29
th e

ac

X X I G e n eral m ean in g
.

an d u se s o f

i ti ve case
F o rm ati o n of th e g en i ti v e
lar an d plural

3O

th e g en
32

c ase

sm g u

33

C ON T E N T S

x vi
LES

S ON

PAG E

X X IX G e n eral m eani n g
c ase
.

XXX V

an d u se s o f

th e da ti ve

41

F o rm ati o n o f th e dati v e c ase sm g ul ar

an d
l
u ral
p
G en eral m e ani n g an d u se s o f th e a bla
L i st o f p rep o s i ti on s w h i ch
ti ve case
o v ern th e a bla ti ve
g
F o rm ati o n o f t h e a blati v e cas e sin g u
la r an d p lu ral

43

XXX VI
X

XX VI II
XXX I X

X L II
X LIII

Voca ti ve

48

50
52

ca se

D e g re e s o f c o mp a ri so n
Adj e cti v es co m p are d i rreg ul arl y
Co m p ari so n o f a dv e rb s
Th e th re e i m p erfect t en se s in di cativ e
o f th e v e rb cs
G en itiv e an d dativ e o f th e p ossesso r
D ativ e o f th e en d
Co m p arati v e deg re e fo llo w e d b y g ua m
o r b y th e ab la t i v e
Perfect ten ses, p arti c ularly o f th e ao
t i v e v o i ce
Presen t p erfect o r o ri st S e co n d stem
m ade b y th e en di n g V
Co m p mm d se n te nce s
Co nju n c ti o n s
Pro n o u n s p arti c u larly th e p erson al
an d
o ss e ssi v e p ro n o u n s
p
S e c o n d st em m a de b y th e en din g 11
D e clen si o n
D em o n stra ti ve p ro n o un s
App o siti o n
o f 110
S e c o n d ste m m ade by th e e n din g 8
D e cle n si o n o f M o , an d i sto

th e latte r,
1 19 an d i llo u se d fo r

th e fo rm e r
S e c o n d stem m a de b y re du pli c ati on
Log i ca l p ro n o u n s D e clen si o n o f co
S e c o n d st e m m ade by len g th enin g th e
ro o t v o w el
D e clen si o n o f eo dem
S e c o n d stem th e sam e as th e rst

53
56

57
58

X LV

X LVI

X LVII

LI

LII

L111
LIV

LVI
LVII
LVIII

65
66

68
71

LIX
LX

61

X LVIII
X LIX

60

72
74

76
77
78
79
81
82

83

C O NT ENT S

vi i i

Lt mN

PAG E

X CX Vl l l

U se

of

th e g er
bli g a ti

ote o
X CIX Im p e rson al
n

un di ve

on

u se o f

w i th

to de
133

th e g e run di

ve

w ith
135

es

CI S up i n es
U se o f th e a ccu sa ti ve su
i
n
e
p
F u ture
CH U se o f th e ab lat i ve s up i n e
i n n i ti v e p assi v e
CIV G en eral u se an d fo rm s o f th e su bju n c
ti ve m oo d
CV T ab l e s ill u strati v e o f th e re lati o n s o f
v ari o u s so rt s o f se n ten ces, an d o f
th e u se of th e m oo ds
CVI Th e s u bj un c ti ve i n s ec o n da ry sen ten
F i n a l sen ten ces
ces
CVIII Co n sec uti ve sen ten ces
O X F utu re i n n iti v e e xp re sse d b y f o re u t
w i th th e s ubj u n c ti v e
C X I S ubj u n c ti v e aft er qu om i n u s, & c
C XI I S ubj u n ctiv e afte r g ui n
CXIV S ubj un c ti v e in a djec ti va l c o n sec u ti ve
.

137

138

1 4]

1 45

1 48
151

153
154
155

s en ten

CXVI

ces

156

S ubj un c ti v e i n des crip ti ve sen ten c es

C X V I I Ca u s a l sen ten c es (adj e c tiv al)
CX Vl II Cau sal se n ten c es ( a dv e rb i al)
C XI X Temp o ra l sen ten c es
C XX L atin e qui v alen ts fo r p arti c ip i al e x
.

158
158
159

1 60

CX X U

C XX I I I

CXXIV

C XX V

e ss i o n s
r
p
Ao m i n a l qu esti o ns
D i sj un c ti v e qu e sti o n s p n n CIp al an d
n o m i n al
Ao m i n al c o m m a n ds
S ubj u n c tiv e u se d fo r th e im p e rati v e
in p r i n c i p al co m m an ds
O th er u se s o f th e su bj un c ti v e l n p rm

C XX V I

ci

CXX V I I I

al se n t e n ce s

1 65

166
167

168
p
S ubju n c ti v e i n se c o n dary sen ten c es,
atta ch e d t o n o m i nal o n e s , & c
1 70
O f th e orati o o bllg u a
1 71
.

CXXIX

164

162

C O NT ENT S

xi x

LES S O N

PAG E

CX X X L T h e i rreg u la r v e rb s v o l n o l m al
CX X X ll T h e i rr e g ular v e r b f er
CX X X IH T h e i r re g ular v e r b s an d i
C XXX I V No m i n al que sti o n s o f th e rst an d
th i r d p e r s o n s
CXX X V I Th e i n di c ativ e m oo d i n se c o n dary se n
t e n oe s i n orati o o bli qu a
C XXX V I I I mp erso n a l v e r b s o f f eli n g
T h e i m p e r so n al v e rb s l i c e an d l i be
C X L Th e i m p e rso n al v e r b s dece an d op o rte
CX Ll T h e i m p ers o n al v e rb s i n teres
an d
'

1 74
1 76

1 78

1 79

1 81
1 82
1 84

1 85

1 86

CX Ll l I O f c o n d i ti o n a l p rop o s i ti o n s
C X LV I I I T h e i n de n i te p ro n o un qu o
C X L I X T h e o th e r in de n i te p ro n o u n s, p arti e
u larly qu o
ue
q
CL Th e i n de n ite p ro n o un s qu o vi s an d
u o li bet
q
C L I T h e i n de n i te p ro n o u n qu o da m
CLl l T h e i n de n ite p ro n o un a l i qu o
C L I I I Th e i n de n i te p ro n o un qu o g u a m
T ables o f d e clen si o n s
O utli n e s o f R o m an Hi sto ry
V o c ab ulary
S yn o p si s o f th e atin Co nj u g ati o n s,
.

1 88

1 92

1 93

1 95
1 96

l
l

1 98

2 00
2 09

235

282

TROD UCTION
IN
.

i nten de d in thi s i n tro du cti o n to g ive so m e si m ple

stat e m e n ts o n p o i n ts o f g en e r al g ram m ar a p erfe c t ao
ran t e d i n th i s b ook
n tan c e w i th w h i ch i s t ak en fo r
u
i
a
q
g
Th e r e are also i n clu de d i n i t r e m ark s o n so m e o f th e p e
culi ari ti e s o f th e L ati n lan u a e w h i ch a s b e i n g o f
en
g
g
g
e ral a
l
i
i
n i t h as b e e n t h o u h t d e si rable to i n se rt
c
o
a
t
g
pp
h e r e rath er th an to di sp e rse th e m thro ug h th e b ook
T h e state m en ts w hi ch are h e re m ade are i t w ill b e see n
v e ry b ri ef an d th e y are n o t e n fo rc e d b y e xam p les an d i llu s
t rati o n s : a s i t i s th o u g h t th at fo r m an y p u p ils w h o co m
m en c e th e stu dy o f L ati n su ch e lu c i dati o n o f th e se si m
l
e p ri n c i le s w o uld b e n ee dle ss ; w h i le fo r th e re st th e
p
p
j u di ci o u s te ach er w ill n d i n th e rst h alf do zen En g li sh
e xe rc i s es am le m ate ri al fo r h i s u se i n ill u strati n g w h at i s
p
h ere sai d Th e stu dy o f th e e u p h o n i c ch an g e s in L atin
c o n so n an ts an d v o w els m ay b e deferre d ti ll th e p up il h as
re a ch e d th e si xth lesso n
IT i s

A sen ten ce

is

h o ug h t

p re ssed in wo rds

ex

\Vo rds are o f v ari o u s k i n ds, o r m ay b e arran g e d in

differen t c lasses, acc o rdin g to th e p art s th ey are tte d to

p lay 111 a sen ten c e Th e se classes are c alle d p a rts of

sp eech
W e sh all o n ly m en ti o n th e th ree p rin cip al
c lasse s h ere
2

A n ou n

c alle d in
th i s b ook

Th i s i s
w o rd w h i ch n am e s so m eth i n g

b ut i s i n
th e g r am m ar s
a n o u n su b stan ti v e ,

c alle d a n o un , si m ply
is

I NT R O DU CT I O N

xxii
4

A ve rb i s

or

An

w h i ch
6

do

ass e rts s

o m ethi n g ;

or

whi ch

o r s uffer

djec ti ve i s a w o r d w h i ch descri b e s
te lls th e qu ali ty o f thi n g s

om ethi n g

Ap rop os i ti o n

ti o n

w o rd w h i ch

w h at thi n g s

tells
5

is

a sen ten

c e whi ch c o n tain s

an asser

7 Ev e ry p ro p o si ti o n
an d a p red i c a te
.

c on si sts

of

tw o

p arts

c
t
j

a su b e

su b ect

Th e

m ade

i s th at

b o u t w h i ch

as sert

An a c ti ve verb i s o n e wh i ch as serts th at th e
I run
d o e s an a c ti o n ; a s
.

su

A sta ti c v erb
s o m e st ate ; as

is

on e

w hi ch

a sserts

th e b o y sle ep s

th at th e

su

bj e ct

W i th all a ctiv e v erb s th e su bject

ter fro m w h i ch th e ac ti o n p ro c e e ds
12

bj e ct

i s in

is

as ser
t ed

10

11

i on

Th e p redi c a te i s all th at w h i ch i s

th e

m ark s the g u a r

13

Th e

o bject

i s th at tow ards

w h i ch

an

cti on

i s di

recte d

In En g li sh w e kn ow w h i ch n o u n i s to b e reg arde d
t
o f a s e n ten c e b y i t s p o si ti o n be ore th e ve rb ;
c
e
as th e su b
j
f
h i ch i s to b e reg arde d as th e o bject b y i ts p o siti o n
after th e verb
14

L atin w e kn o w w hi ch n o un i s to b e reg arded as

th e s ubjec t an d w h i ch a s th e o bjec t b y p a rt i c ul ar en d i n g s
atta ch e d to th e n o un s w h i ch are th us tte d fo r tak in g
e ach p lac e
15

In

NT R O D U CT I O N

xx ii i

A L ati n w o rd b efo re i t i s t to tak e a p lac e in a

an d i f th e wo r d b e a n o un i t
sen te n c e i s c alle d a s tem
i s c alle d a n o un stem
16

A n o un

17

p lac e
18

in

a se n te n

W h en

j c ti v e

o r ad e

ce

is

sai d

w h en i t i s

to b e i n a

to tak e i ts

tte d

c a se

o un

h as h ad th e en di n g attach e d to it
t
i
i
i
d
c
stan d a s th e su b
e
t
s
s
a
o
i
n th e
b
t
e
,
j

a n

w h i ch t s i t to
n o m i n a ti ve c a se

W h en

19

w h i ch ts i t to
a ccu sa ti ve c a se

o un

h as h ad th e en din g atta ch e d to i t
stan d a s th e o b ec t, i t i s sai d to b e in th e
j
n

Th e n o m i n a ti ve c a se, th en , wi th an a c ti v e
m ark s th e qu a rter fro m w h i ch th e a c ti o n p ro cw ds
20

v er

ccu sa ti ve c a se with an ac ti v e v erb

u a rter to w a rds w h i ch th e a c ti o n p r oc eeds
q
21

Th e

m ark s th e

Th e fo llo w i n g i llu strati o n m ay p erh ap s b e u seful i n

i m p ressin g th e se latter statem en ts o n th e m in ds o f th e
p up ils
Th e arrow den o tes th e a c ti o n o f a v erb
O bj e c t (acc u sati v e)
S ubj e ct (n o m i n ati v e)
.

T h e stem s o f n o un s an d v e rb s en d o f c o u rse eith er

i n o n e o f th e v e v o w els, a , e, i , o , u , o r i n a c o n so n a n t ;
c alle d in th i s b ook a stem s, e stem s,
an d stem s are
i stem s, o stem s, u stem s, o r c o n s o n a n t stem s, a cc o rdin g
t o th e le tte r i n wh i ch th ey en d
22

V e rb s are sai d to
o r th e th i rd p ers o n
23

b e in

ith e r th e rst

th e

se c n d,

If th e subj e c t o f th e v erb i s th e p erson sp ea k i n g,

if th e su bj e c t asse rts so m eth i n g ab o ut hi m self
an d i n En li sh
th e v e rb i s sai d to b e i n th e rst p ers o n
g
i s m ark e d by th e wo rd I o r w e b efo re i t
24

I NT R O D U CT I O N

xi v

If th e subj e c t o f th e v erb i s th e p erso n sp o k en to ,

v e rb i s sai d to b e i n th e s ec o n d p ers o n an d i n En g
i s m ark e d by th e w o r d th o u , o r y o u , o r ye, b efo re i t

25

th e

li s h

j c t o f th e v e r b i s n o t e ith er th e p e rso n
sp e ak i n
o r th e
e rs o n sp o k e n to th e v e r b i s sai d t o b e
g
p
i n th e th i rd p erso n ; an d i n En g li sh i s m ark e d b y th e
wo rd h e o r she o r i t o r th ey o r a n y n o u n b efo re i t
26

If th e

sub e

V erb s

27

are

p lu ral n u m ber

i d to

sa

be

i th er in

th e

s n g ul ar o r

th e

If th e subj e ct i s o n ly
i s sai d to b e in th e s i n g u la r
28

o n e p ers n o r
n um

th i n g , th e v e r

ber

If th e subj e c t i s m o re th a n o ne p ers on
v erb is sai d to b e i n th e
u
ral n u m ber
l
p
29

or

th i n g , th e

Ten ses are th o se fo rm s w h i ch v e rb s tak e i n

t o m ark th e di ffe rent tim e s, in refe ren c e to w hi ch
t i o n s are m ade

o rder

30

asser

If th e asse rti o n is m ade i n refere n c e t o p resen t ti m e

tod a y) , th e verb i s sai d to b e i n a p res ent tens e

31

as

If th e asserti o n i s m ade i n refe ren c e to p ast ti m e

t
rda
t
h
rb i s sai d to b e i n a
ns
es
e
v
e
as
t
t
e
e
e
,
p
y
y)

32

as

If th e asse rti o n i s m ade i n refe ren c e to f u tu re ti m e

to m orro w) , th e v e rb i s sai d to b e in a f u tu re ten se

33

as

34

i shed,

Acti o n s

i
n i sh ed,
f

un

If th e
sai d to b e i n
35

m ay b e de sc rib ed
i n ten ded

state s

or

as

eit e r

b asserts a n i sh ed ac ti o n
a p er
fec t ten s e
v er

o r state ,

it i s

If th e v e rb asse rts an u n n i sh ed
said t o b e i n an i mp er
fect ten se
36

is

or

c ti o n

o r state,

it

NT R O D U CT I O N

xxvi

p f

den o te s

im p
int

an

a ct on

un

i h e d at a
i s h ed
s

ast

t me

p ast p e

n ish e d

es en t

r
pr
pr

t me p
.

in te n de d

pf

un

i sh e d a t a futu r e ti me
i sh e d

i n ten de d

i nt
.

A den o tes

rf

esent p e

ect te ns e

i mp e rfw t te nse
esent i n te nded t
ens e

es ent

futur e p erfect tens e

futu r e i mp e rfect ten s e
futur e i n tended ten se
.

an act o n o ccu r
i ng a t so m e

Aorist tense

at p

i h

ect tens e

p a st i n tended tense

un n s e d

rf

i n te n ded

pf
i mp
in t

i n de n i te p oin t of p ast t m e

F de n o te s

an acti on occu

F u ture te ns e

rr i

n g a t so m e

i nde n i te p o

i n t o f future ti m e

B Pro fe sso r Key

.

i mp e fect te n se is

38

sa y s

re all v a

No un s are

lw

said

th at

ays a

to b e

at

is

futu r e

ca

ll ed i

i nde n i te

th is book th e futu e

hre e g en

to b e o f o n e o r o t er o f t

ders, m as c uli n e , fe m ini n e ,

39

wh

o r n e u te r.

If a n o un de n o te a th in g
o f th e m asc u li ne g en der

of

th e m a le

k in d

it i s

id

sa

If a n o un den o te a thi n g o f th e
sai d to b e o f th e f em i n i n e g en der
40

fem a le k in d

it i s

If a
fem ale

41
th e

den o te a th in g of n ei th er th e m ale
ki n d, i t i s sai d to b e o f th e n euter g en der
n

oun

n or

L atin th i s p ro p er an d n atural di stin cti o n i s n ot

M an y n o u n s are m asc ulin e o r
th o ro ug h ly ob serv e d
fe mi n i n e w h i ch de n o te n ei th er m ale n o r fem ale an i m als
An d so th e fo llo w i n g rules h ad b est be lea rn ed by h ea rt
at o n c e
42

In

I N T R OD UC TI O N
Th e fo llo wi n g
p art m a s cu l i n e
43

x x v ii

classe s o f n o un s

for th e m o st

are

m
o u s d en o tin
a le
N
g
( )
m o n th s
o u n s w h o se ste m s e
b
N
( )

a n i m a ls ,

ri vers ,

w i n ds,

(g

61

on

Th e fo llo win g
p art f e m i n i n e

t ar )

en erall

cl asses

44

in u

nd

of

(g

en e rall

tu ),

n o un s

for th e m o st

a re

u n s d en o tin
m
al e a n i m a ls
N
f
o
e
)
g
b) No un s W h o se stem s e n d i n a c
a

m m fri es, trees

m m, o n , u i ,
.

tzi t, t r l c
'

Th e fo llo wi n g
p art n e u te r
45

No u

46

fem i n i n e

fo r th e m o st

are

ns

No u

classes o f n o un s

w h o se

ns

stem s en d l n e n

w h i ch

are calle

are

co

fo un d

mm

u se

on

to ,

d bo th

en
as

c s, 0 5

m as cu li n e

an d

All n o un s w h o se g en d er i s n o t d ete rm in able by th e

m
ab o v e ru le s are m ark e d i n th e v o cab ulari es m
ascul i n e
(
)
n eute r
f
n
e m in i n e
(
)
)
f (
47

o un s

n u m e ro us

m e mo ry

w i th i

ste m s are

P f

ro e sso r

>

m
o
c

m ostly

Key g iv es th e

e m i n in e ,

b u t th e e x cep tio n s are

o llo w i n g a cro stic to a ssist th e

asculi n i

g en e ris cri n i
i
a xi
mni
ffm i
i ni
de n t(i)
ca lli
e n ti
colli
asci
usti
a uli
o lli
assi
v e n tri
tri
v e rm i
torri
en i
ca ss i
p osti
m
ni
b
ri
i
o n t i)
i
g
p sci
(
v ec ti
ont i
m
atali
nt i
o
)
(
()
m e n si
a
n
rbi
i
nsi
o
p
an g u i
an g ui
un g u i
corbi

s
E
S

M an y

Are

e en of

also

th e s e, as f i n i
g e n eri s fem i ni n i
.

IN T R O DU CTI O N

xx vi i i

Th e v o w els o f L ati n w o rd s
Thi s i s calle d th ei r
lo n g o r sh o rt
48

to

u a n ti t

A lo n g

sai

are

be

h er

ei t

w hi ch i s p ro n o u n ce d slo wly an d
fully an d i s co n si d ere d t o o ccu py t w i ce as m u ch tim e i n
p ro n un ci atio n as a sh o rt v o w e l d o e s
49

v o w el

is

on e

lo n g e x ce p t th e se all th e lo n g
v o w e ls i n th e L ati n w o rd s w h i ch o ccu r in th i s b o o k are
d i sti n g u ish e d b y th e m ark
o v e r th e m
50

All d iph th o n g s

are

A syll able

m ay b e lo n g fo r p u rp o se s o f versi cati o n ,
t h o u g h th e v o w el i t co n t ai n s b e sh o rt, if th e v o w el b e
fo llo w e d b y tw o co n so n an t s wh i ch are n o t so u n d e d to
u ch syllable s are sai d to b e lo n
h
er
i
t
i
n
S
e
t
b
os
o
g yp
g
b ut th e v o w els in th em are n o t m ark e d as lo n g in thi s
b o ok
51

Wh en stem s are i n e cte d o r diffe ren t p arts of

w o rd s are j o in e d to g e th e r to m ak e n e w w o rd s ( co m p o un d
v e ry o fte n th e lette rs o f o n e o r b o th
o r d e ri v ati ve w o rd s
)
p a rts e xp eri en ce so m e ch ang es As th e se ch an g es a re
m ad e wi th a v i e w o f re n d e ri n g th e w o rd m o re e a sy to
sa
a n d m o re p leas an t t o h e ar th e y are calle d eup h o n i c
y
rst o f th e
i
w
ch an e s
i
l
l
W
w
p
k

e
ell s o u n d i n g
e
s
ea
g
)
(
ch an g e s w h i ch t h e v o w els u n d e rg o
52

d e re d in reg ard to th e am o un t
o f ef o rt w h i ch i s m ad e t o so u n d th e m o r a s to th e qu a n
ti ty of s o u n d th e y re p re sen t i t w ill b e fo un d th at th e y
fo llo w o n e an o th e r in thi s o rd e r i e a o u th e rst o f
It i s
th e se b ei n g th e lig h t e st a n d th e la st th e h e a v i e st
o f co u rse h e re tak e n fo r g ran te d th at th e v o w els h av e th e
v en th e m w h i ch are re co m m en d e d i n th e p refa ce
i
so un d s
g
t o thi s b o o k an d are n o t p ro n o un ce d after th e ordin ary
En g li sh m an n er
53

If th e

vo wels are co n si

O n e v ery co mm on ch an g e
i n ecti o n o r de ri vation i s th e

54

in

wh i ch w o rd s e xp eri en ce
sub stituti o n

of a

li g h ter

I NT R O DU CTI O N

X X IX

fo r a h ea vi er vo w el, w h en th e add itio n o f a syllable

re n d e rs i t dii cult to g i v e th e d i sti n ct so u n d o f t h e o ri g
I n stan ce s o f th i s o ccu r i n th e 4th lesso n ,
i n al v o w el
w h ere i t i s s e en th at w h e n th e accu sati v e en di n g cm i s
a dd e d to su ch w o rd s as m i let th e e o f th e ste m i s ch an g e d
It w i ll b e felt at o n ce th at i t i s
t o th e li g h ter v o w el i
easi e r to say m i li tem th an m i letem , a n d th at i n p ro n o un ci n g
su ch w o rd s rap i dly th e v o i ce n atu rally g iv es th e li g h tes t
o
ss i ble so u n d to th e m i dd le syllab le
p
v o w el

55

Th i s

c an g e s o f v o

Th u s

w els

m ste ad

p ri n ciple wi ll

en e ral

acco un t

o f co n

i
( )

we

ac

h av e

m an y

i
()

i n cc em
p

cc

p
h o m o n em

( C

CC

co n

re s ti tw

re s ta tu
cc

v er

cc

fo r

ri n ci

cc

em

p
p
h o m i n em
cap i ta
teti g i t

cc

cc

cc

56

Bu t

h at

i f th e v o w el w h i ch i s to b e
i t u su ally p asse s i n to
b y th e lette r

o b se rv e

h an g e d i s fo llo w e d
6 i n ste ad o f i n to o f i
Th u s fo r p ep a r i t
c

we

h ave p ep eri t

n ot

co n sp a rg o

co n sp erg o ,

co n sp zrg o

An o th e r com m o n ch an g e of vo w els i s th e
ti on o f i fo r th e d ip h th o n g a e
fo r o cca edi t
Th us
w e n d ooci cli t
57

i ri t

ep

sub stitu

i lla edo
58

Th ere i s a fre qu en t in terch an g e

Th u s

fro m

co l

w e g et

robo r

59

cu lto
robu r

de rsto o d, th e table s g i ven

stud i e d

h an g es wh i ch con son an ts un d erg o are v ery

an d i m p o rtan t
In o rd e r th at th e y m ay b e n u

Th e

fre qu en t

o f o an d n

1 11

61

an d

6 8 m ust b e carefully

I NTR O D U CT I O N

x xx

Th e co n so n an ts are d i v i d e d i n to tw o m ain clas se s,

m a tes an d s e m i vo w els , th e m u te s b ei n g th o se w h i ch re
q ui re th e g reate st e x e rti o n o f th e vo cal o rg an s fo r th eir
arti culati o n
60

61

Th e m a tes

are classi

ed

in th e follo wi n g w ay :
O R D ER S

h ard
c (k

so ft.

G utturals
D en t als
L abi als

C LASS E S

p i rate d
h

as

Th e thre e cla sses are n am e d fro m th e p art o f th e

v o cal o r an s w h i ch i s p ri n ci p ally co n ce rn e d i n th e i r
ro
g
p
d ucti o n th e G uttu rals b e in g th ro a t lette rs, th e D en tals,
teeth le tte rs, an d th e L ab i als, li lette rs
62

Th e d iv i sio n i n t o or ders h as referen ce to th e

w h ich i s re q ui re d fo r th ei r p ro p er arti culati o n
63

effo rt

W e h av e rules wh i ch g o v e rn th e co m bi n ati o n
m ute s b ase d up o n e ach o f th e se classi cati o n s

of

64

65

M u te s o f diffe ren t cl a sses

to g e th e r

u n less

th e

seco n d

be

are

Th us

o h cid

l
a d ci c

to

stan

se co n

b eco m e s

we d

But w h e n i n
den ta l
a co m b in ati o n , th e rst

p o si ti o n th e re w o u ld b e su ch
m ute i s g en e rally ch an g e d i n to th e
co m

n o t allo

oc ci cl

a s ci cl

( C

s ub

r
e
g

L
(

a ol p la ucl

ap

ac
l

66

Wh en

l
a
u
c
l
p

m ute s

are

h us

allo

w ed

to

stan

d to g eth er

IN TR O DUC T I ON

xx x i

th e y m u st b e

of

th e

sam e

o rder

an d

wh en

also

so

l
abi al stan d s b efo re a d en tal ; th a t i s, bo th
g
m a tes m u s t be h a rd, bo th s oft, o r bo th a sp i ra ted
Th e
se cti o n are i n stan ce s o f th i s
e v am lcs i n th e p re ce d i n
p
g
T h e fo llo w i n g e xh i bit th e sam e law , b ut th e seco n d m u te
bei n g a den ta l le tte rs o f d i ffe ren t classe s m ay stan d to
u ttural

or

h er

e
t
g

tra h
a d

H
)
(
S
H
(
H
S

seri b to
-

b eco m es

a ttra h

t
o
p
rec to
-

to

nee

to

H
H
(
H
H
H
11
(
.

scri

reg to
v eh

p re x es su b an d o b w ere o rig in ally su bs o bs

an d w h en th e y a re p re x e d to w o rd s b eg i n n i n g w i th o n e
o f th e h a rd m utes th e lette r b i s g e n erally d ro pp e d
67

Th e

Th us

fo r

W e n d

s u b cip
-

o bs

s u s cip
-

ten d

su bs

ten d

os

en de

su s

6 8 T h e sem i vo w els m ay b e
clas se s an d o rd e rs
-

arran

en de

i n th e fo llo w in g

O R D E RS
Li qui d s

C LASS E S

G utturals
D cn tals
L ab i als

p i ran ts

l, n
m

T h e li qu i ds are so n am ed b ecau se th e y e asily o w

to g e th e r an d co m b i n e w i th th e m u te s to fo rm o n e so u n d
69

70 Th e sp i ran ts d e ri v e th ei r n am e fro m th e
o f brea th w ith w h i ch t h e y are s o u n d e d
.

co n tin ui t

7 1 S in ce n i s a den ta l so un d an d m
co m e s b efo re a labi al i t i s ch an g e d t o m

Th u s

fo r i n p ef
-

i n belli
-

we

h av e

la bi a l,

i m p et
i m bel l i
-

w h en

72

INTR O DU CTI O N

x x xii

72

i n to

B efo re an o th er li qu i d
th e sam e le tte r as th at
.

Th us

fo r

Thu s

leg

en e rall

we

with

h av e

b eco m e p
scrip si

lw ay s b eco m e

s a

we

h ave

75 Th e den ta l m u te s
assi m il ate d t o s

scribsi

fo r g reg s

h an g e d

li d

Th e g u ttu ra l m u te s

il "

Th e la bia l m u te s b efo re

Th u s
74

i m m i mi
co r r lp a
co l li d

W e n d

fo r i n m t mi
co n

73

i s assi m ilate d ( i
w h i ch fo ll o w s i t)
n

mn

rex

text

s are

h er dro pp ed

ei t

or

Thu s

fo r den ts
m i t so
-

we

h av e

den s
so
m i s
.

Th e fo re g o in g rem ark s u p o n th e ch an g e s o f v o w el s
an d co n so n an ts are o f co u rs e v e ry i n co m p le te
T h e m o st
th at i s de si g n e d i s t o g i v e th e p u p il an o pp o rtun i ty o f b e
co m i n
f
ani i li a r, a t th i s e arl y sta e o f h i s p ro re ss, w i th
g
g
g
ulle r
so m e o f th e co m m o n e st a n d m o st
F
e n e ral la w s
g
in form ati o n m u st b e so u g h t fo r i n sy stem ati c g ram m a rs
.

[1

LESSON I
l

L atin n o u n s are fo rm ed by attach i n g

Thu s, fo r th e
th e stem s o f th e n o un s

cases o f

Th e

v ari o u s e n

d i n g s to

add

n o m i n a ti ve,

S in g

th e

en

di n g

a ccu sa ti ve,

n 1 or c m

Thi s i s th e g en era l ru le for th ese cases : th e e x cep tion s

an d v ari ati o n s will b e p o i n te d o ut in th e fo ll o wi n g le sso ns
But i t m u st h ere b e n o te d th at
h
e en di n g c m i s u se d for co n so n a n t stem s o nl y
1
t
( )
u su ally b eco m es u i n th e
n o m an d ace si n g
h
at th e stem vo w el
2
t
( )
u su ally b e co m e s e l n th e
.

ace

Th u s from
,

th e

n om

o stem serv o
-

w e h av e

S tem

si n g .

si n g .

m
vultu m
n ev e m
hi em e m

n av i s ,

n av i

ace

serv u

v ultus ,

si n g .

serv u s ,

u stem vu ltu
-

h i em

hi em s ,
Th e p erso n s o f th e v erb are m ad e i n th e sam e w ay
2
b y attach in g en din g s to th e stem s o f th e v erb s
Th e
fo llo win g tab le g iv e s th e en di ng s o pp o si te to th e p erso n s
W hi ch th e y m ak e

conson a n ts

tem

Pers ons

S ing ular,

Plural,

1
2
3

I
th ou
.

h ey

it

u
o
y

is
it
im us
i ti s
un t
.

e or
y

ou

sh e, or

h e,
we

or

or

u s or

ti s
n t

As at pr esen t th e thi rd p erson sin g ul ar onl y will be

i ntro du ced in th e e x erci ses i t i s n ecessary to gi v e ex
,

LE SS O N

[2

h ere o f th at p erson o n ly ; b ut it m u st b e p arti c

u larl
o
b
se
rv
e
d at o n ce th at th e en din g i t is to b e used
y
on ly fo r co n so n a n t stem s an d u st em s
am

ples

Th u s, from

th e

3 d p ers o n
.

a stem a m a

we

h av e

e stem

m o n et
au di t
reg i t
mi n ui t

m on e
i stem a ud i
co ns ona n t stem reg
u
ste m m i n u
-

It

am at

si n g

b e st fo r th e p u p ils at o n ce to le arn by h eart

b o th th e co lum n s o f p ers on en din g s g i v en ab o ve ; an d
th e te ach e r w ill o b serv e th at th e m ark
p lace d b efo re
thr e e o f th e e n di n g s in th e r st colum n m ean s th at
th e a ddi ti on o f th o se en din s m ak e s th e v o w els a , e, an d
g
i lo n g
B efo re co mm en cin g th e follo wi n g e x ercis e, it m ust b e

will b e

un

d ersto o d th at
1
Th
re i s n o
e
( )

arti cle

in L atin
n eral th e o rd er o f w o rd s i n L atin sen ten ce s is
2
I
n
e
,
( )
g
di fferen t fro m th at u se d i n E n g li sh , th e verb co m m o n ly
s ta n di n
a t th e en d o
t
n ten ce
h
s
e
e
g
f
3
h
els in th e L atin w o rd s w hi ch fol
A
ll
l
n
v
o
w
t
e
o
( )
g
lo w h av e th e lo n g m a rk
o f qu an ti ty p lace d o v e r th em
All th e o th er vo wels a re to be p ro n o u nced sh ort
4
T
h
e v e rb s are p rin te d i n i ta li cs i n th e r st co lum n
( )
o f th e v o cab ul ari e s, an d i n R o m a n letters in th e se co n d
.

EXE R CI S E

2 Th e arm
con que rs th e state
1 Th e citi en sees th e h ouse
5
3 Th e h orse dri nk s th e w ate r
4 Th e dog rig h te n s th e m are
6 Th e so n culti vates rie n dsh ip
7 Th e
Th e oal goes to ( its) ri e n d
8 Th e h o rse p reserv es th e ug i ti v e
9 Th e
sl av e seek s fo r lo v e
1 0 Th e sto rm th row s do w n th e to w e r
atta ck ri g h te n s th e de serte r
1 2 Th e tow er co n n es th e p ri son er
1 1 Th e dog b ite s th e o al
ulture po li sh es th e so ul
15
14
1 3 Th e g arden le ases th e arm er
1 6 Th e ci ti e n ees from th e dog
Th e m essen g er tak es th e le tter

LE SS O N
arm

lette r, ep is tola
love, am a
love, amer
love r, a matbr
m are, equa
m essen g er, n an lia m
n m p h , n ymp h a

exerci tu

i mp etu
bi te, m o rde
c
ci ti en, ci vi
con ne, co erce
conquer, v i uc
culti va te, col
cultu re , cultu
dau g h te r, f i lia
deserter, p erfuga
do g , ca n i c
dri nk, b ib
farm er, agri co la
ee from , ug i

()
o al , ega n lo
m
ri e n d, a m i co
frien dsh ip , a m i ci ti a
n , te rre
h
t
e
r
i
g
f
fug i tive, fugi ti va , m
rden , h orto
m
a
g
attack ,

'

state, ci vi tdt
sto rm ,

h i em f
ta ke, cap ( i )
th row doum, dejic(i)
to w er, turri f

p et
h orse, equo
h ouse, dom u
g o to,
-

NOTa Th e

p lease, d lecta
p olish , p oli
p reserve, se rv a
p ri so n er, cap ti vo
see, v i de
seek for,
quaer
S la ve , servo
m
so n , f i li o
so ul, a n i m o
m

f
f

w ate r, aqua
w oo d, silva

i n th e v ocabulari es p ri n ted lik e cap (i) b elon g

artly to th e class o f i S te m s an d p artl to th at o f con son a n t ste m s ; th e i r
i
Th
i
ll
b
m
n ti on ed u rth e r o n
e p up ils h ad b est re ad
u
l
a
r
i
t
i
e
e
e
e
w
c
s
p
n eed atte n d to n o w i s th is
such stem s th us : cap o r cap i ; an d all th e
,
th at a ll the letters p ri n ted are to be used, unl ess p arti cul ar directi on s to
v erb s

th e

y are g ive

co n trar

EXE RCI S E
Hortus

h am delectat

n ymp

An imus

cultum am at

Turris
4
il iu s can em quaeri t
5 Ex ercitus aqu am vi de t
civ em se rv at
mp e tus ci vem te rret
7
6 Equulus equam p eti t
8
quus fi liam
mi cus can om ca i t
10
an i s am atore m m o rdet
9
dle ctat
11
un ti us h ortum coli t
1 2 F ugi ti vus sil vam p etit
1 3 Hiems p e rfu
i lius agri colam servat
14
15 E
m m a equam quaerit
g a m te rret
1 6 Cap ti vus equ am ca i t
1

I
p

LE S S O N

[a

LESSON II

Th ou g h th e g en eral rul e for th e fo rm ati on o f th e

v iz : th e
n o m i n a ti ve sin g ul ar i s th at g i v en i n L e sso n
a ddi ti o n to th e stem o f th e en din g 8 , i t m ust h ere b e n ote d

If s

be

added

to
to

g ) , w e m ust w rite x for c s or g s

den tal ste m ( d , t ) , w e m u st w ri te 5 for d s or ts

guttural ste m

(c

Th us
th e guttural

th e den tal

ste m

reg

becom es

inste ad

1093
r egs
la

of

rec
s

be co m es

'

lap zd

ste m

: )
3 i
p f x

of

in ste ad

N OTE I

followi

g v ocab ul aries som e n ouns are ri nte d th us :

th e m e an in g of th is w ill be exp lai n ed in a sub se quent lesson
co hort( i )
At res
M e anw h il e let th e u p ils read th em th u s : coh ort or cohorti
e n t onl th e cons ona nt stem i s to be u sed
n

th e

EXER CI S E

2 Th e soldier gov erns th e i slan d

3
1 Th e k in g love s th e state
5 Th e
4 Th e law rig h ten s th e th ief
Th e h o sta g e th ro w s a sto n e
7 Th e foo t
6 Th e g u ard h ea rs a sh o ut
ri e st reads th e le tte r
8
al or p reserv es
rai se ro uses v alo r
9
so ldi er p ush es th e e n e m y
10
e ace ch arms th e m an
1 1 Th e co h ort i s mak in g an
th e sta te
1 3 Th e ock lov e s th e sh ep
1 2 Th e state mak es th e law
attack
1 4 Th e h orse so ldier is leadin g th e i nh abi tant
1 5 Th e bri dge
h erd
o rts th e w ag on
su
.

pp

b ri dge , p on t( i) m
ch a rm , d lecta
f
co h o rt, cohort( i )
e n e m , h ostil , c
m
ock , gr g
e
foo t so ldi er, p edet
90m m reg :
g uard, custo d 0
g ui de, due , 0

m an ,

p e acea

praise
p ri e st

la ud

sacerdbt- C.

p ush. p ell
rea d, le g
roa d, vi a

rouse, e x ci ta

h ep h erd, p as tbr
sh o ut, cldmb r
sho w, m on stra
soldie r, m i let
sto n e, lap i d , m
supp o rt, sus ti n e
th i e f, n , c
th row, ac(i)
v alor, vi rtz
tt
W agon, carro m
S

c.
,

Pate" 1

h osta ge, obsed

i n h abitan t, rm
i slan d, i nsula

vi ro

lead, duc

'

C ustos

EXE R CI S E
2 G x po

n tem
lap i dem jacit
re
e ti t
3
e des am i cu m
5 R ex i n sulam vin ci t
4 D u x v i rtutem am at
6
i rtus
terret
7
8 Ca rrus p astore m
sacerdote m dle ctat
ques lap i dem dejici t
1 0 Hostis g reg e m d cit
susti n e t
9 M i le s i n sulam cap i t
1 1 Lx
1 2 F ax ci vi tatem
urem co e rect
oli t
1 3 Obses ci vem ex ci ta t
14
ervus domum vi det

'

LESSON III
4

'

It will be w ell for th e p up ils to b eg in

n ow

to le arn th e

din g s o f th e th i rd o r co n son a n t d e clen si o n o f n o un s

Th e se are g iven at p ag e 2 00 ; an d th e teach er sh o uld as
so o n as th e y can b e w e ll rep eate d in th ei r se p arate fo rm
m ake hi s p u p ils learn b y h e art th e e x am p le s o f co n so n a n t
n o un s en d i n
d
i
re n t lette rs w h i ch are
v en i mm e di
i
n
if
f
e
g
g
ately afte r th e en din s Th e sp eci al rul es fo r th e fo rm ati o n
g
o f th e sep arate case s w ill b e g i v en in sub se q u en t le sso n s
But as n o th in g can su pply th e p lace o f a p e rfe ct acq u ain t
an ce w i th th e case s arran e d tab ularly i t is b est to b e
g
i
n ce to le arn th em b
art w i th o ut w ai ti n
n
a
o
h
e
f
o
r
t
g
g
y
An d it i s o f th e u tm o st
th e p arti cu lar e xp lan ati o n s
i m p o rtan ce th at each n ou n decli n ed sh ould a lw a ys be
referred to i ts stem
en

EXE R CI S E
P

1
eace in creases h app i n ess
2 Th e udge se ts ree th e p rison er
3 Th e h e ir recei v es th e m one
4 Th e to rch illum i n ates th e cave
5 Th e te m p est alarm s th e sailor
6 R est re resh es th e w o rk m an
7 Th e sp i k e w oun ds th e h orse
8 Th e h un tress sla s th e stag
9
Th e bark p reserves th e boug h
ovelt ch a rm s th e w o m an
10
.

a larm ,

p erterre

b ark , cor tec 111

b oug h , ramo m
cav e, sp elunca
h ap p in e ss, feli ci tai
h eir hered
ho ld, ten e
h o pe , sp e
h un tress, vnatri e
.

1*

i llum i na te, illu stra

i ncrease, aug e
l dec
u dg e , j L
m o n ey, p ecun i a
na m e, n om i n a
n o ve l t , novi tdt
recei ve, accip (i)
refresh , recre a
rest, quiet

'

L E SS O N N

set ree,
-

torch ,

fac

w i n d,

ven to

li be ra

m id

sla y,

s
[

sp i k e, cusp

id

stag , cervo

EXE R CI S E

an is cer
2 J udex fu rem m on et
3
1 Obses cusp idem te n et
6
5 Pax reg em recreat
4 Te mpe stas n ave m qu ati t
vu m e x cita t
7 S p es vrrt te m aug e t
cap ti vum
R ex h rd e m n om i na t
8 011s
9
li be rat
e rvus p astorem ug i t
1 0 Ve n tus ram um quatit
.

alte re

is

In

som e

h en

a dde d

cases

an

to i t

en d i n g , con s i s ti n
g o

w h en

con s o na n t stem s :

of

th e letters

of

on e

th e

LESSON IV
5

en

din g

th e

wh o le

cm

is

is

stem

sylla ble,

dd e d

to

Th u s

h w o rd s as

e i n su c

on
( C

m i les , p ri n cep
ordo n

i s ch an g e d to i

in

F o r e x am ple
th e stem m i let

m ak es

m i letem
n o t p ri ncep em
n o t o rdo n em
o
n ot
sem

n ot

o rdo n

EXE R CI S E

3 Th e
Th e law forbi ds b ase n ess
5
n urse p luck s th e
ow e r
4 Th e h orse s o ldi e r dese rts ( h is) ran k
Th e co lon ist re tai ns th e cus to m
6 Th e k in g p ra ise s th e oo t so ldi er
8 Th e p riso n e r ears ( h is) com
7 Th e p ri est advi ses th e m ulti tu de
ani on
9 Th e h o s tag e k ills th e g uest
1 0 Th e gu ard h as a tree

Th e

soldi e r

love s th e ch i ef

b ut m i li tem
b u t p ri n cip em
b ut o rd i n em
b ut

LE SS O N

from th e stem

(1)
2
( )

(4)

i n sula i slan d,
co n sul
cons ul,
v i ator
tra veller,
s o wer,
o rdo n
ra nk ,

i n sul a
co n sul
v i ator
116 8
o rdo

re g 16 n

reg i o

(adj ecti ve)

son

vi ro

m an ,

acri

( j

lin tri

patr

nom sin g.

quick,

m asc ,

ce ler,

*
en
r
e
g

i n Za w,

ad ecti ve

ry,
co un t

g en era

ag ro

5
( )

[8

w e h av e th e

ce leri

3
( )

celeris,

fem

keen,
li n te r

wherry,

eld
fa ther,

ag e r

p ater

m am , m other,

Now It wi ll be w ell for teach ers to ex ercise th eir pupils upon oth er
e xamp le s of th e abo v e classes w i th th i s table be fore th eir ey es before
,

allow in g

th em to

comm en ce

th e ex erci ses

E XE R CISE

2 Th e fath er loves (h is) son

1 Th e uee n sen ds th e m esseh g er
3 Th e sun ch arm s th e sh ep h erd , 4 Th e th i e desp ise s th e law
5
6 Th e w o rk m an m ak es a W h err
Th e m ul ti tu de h e ars th e speech
8 Th e sh ower m oistens th e
7 Th e m o th er leads (h e r)
eld

l
r
i
g , p uella
m aste r, m ag istra
m oisten , h m ecta
m oth er, matr
lai n, ca mp a , m

ado rn, orna

boy, p uero
break , fran g
b ro th er, frdir
che a t, rauda
co ndem n, damn a
co n sul, consul
co u n try, reg in
m
cu p , cya tho
de sp ise, conte mn
dry, sicca
e arth , terra
ath er, p a tr

quee n, rg i na
sen d, mi tt
sh elter, te g
sh o w er, i m brzZ, m
sister, sorr

sun,

teach, doce

W h err

Th e oll o win g n ouns mak e th e

rul e, by addin g 8 : h esp era, h ume ro,

nom

si ng

mero,

nu

li n tri

acco rdi n

utero

f
.

g to th e g en eral

L E SS O N

VI

E XERCI S E

10

3 In sula
h osp ite m dle ctat
5 Rex O bside m dam n at
6
4 8 51 te rram siccat
reg em h ab e t
8 M ater p uellam
7
a te r
il i am p elli t
g e r ag ricolam dle ctat
1 0 S ace rdos virt te m re tin et
9 Nutri x p uerum dseri t
ornat
1

M agi ster p uerum docet

ratio
.

LESSON VI

W e h av e n o w g iv en all th e rul e s fo r th e fo rm ation o f th e

femi n in e
B efore p ro cee din g to treat O f adj ecti ves, an d th e
n o un s
o th e r p arts o f n o un s, w e sh all i n tro d u ce so m e e x e rci se s,
wi th th e v i e w o f g iving th e p u pils so m e in sig h t in to th e
m o d e i n w h i ch co m p o un d w o rd s are fo rm e d i n L atin , at
th e sam e tim e th at th e rul e s fo r th e fo rm ati o n o f th e 72 0 731
an d a cc ca ses are i m p re sse d m o re rm ly o n th e m e m o ry
no

an d a ccu s

ca ses s i n g u la r o f

m asculin e

an d

Ac o m

oun

d W

r d i s o n e fo rm e d b y th e u n i on

r
m
d
a
r
e
e
r
y
c
o
f
m
o
e
v
p e
f
A li st o f so m e o f th e p re x es i s g i ven
m o n i n L ati n
b elo w , wi th th e o rdin ary m ean i n g s w h i ch th e y b ear w h en
co m p o un d e d w i th ro o ts
It m u st b e u n d e rsto o d th at, as
m an y o f th e p re x es en d in co n so n an ts, w h en th ey are
j o i n e d to ro o ts w h i ch beg i n w ith co n so n an ts, th e y are
v e ry fre quen tly alte re d i n a cco rd an ce w i th th e law s o f
eup h o n y w h i ch are e x p lain e d i n th e i n tro d u cti o n
Th e
teach er sh o uld tak e th i s O pp o rtun ity o f seein g th at th e
p up i ls un de rstan d th es e , at least to so m e e x ten t But
i n o rd er to S im pli fy th e m atter, i n th e n e xt E n g li sh e xe r
ci se o n ly su ch v erb s will b e em p lo y e d as can b e tran slated
by co m p o un d L atin v e rb s w i th u n a ltered p re aces
An d
i n case an y dif culty i n tran slati n g b e fo un
th e p up ils
can lo o k o u t an y o f th e co m p o un d w o rd s u se d , i n th e
en
g
eral v o cab ulary at th e en d O f th e b oo k

a ro o t a n d a

Wo rd s

S O

a, ab , ab s,
ad,

to ,

an te,

from

a wa y

n ea r

ci rcum , a ro u n d

con

before,

in

front

d ,

)
down from
cum

LE SSO N

10

di , di s,

ec

VI

[9

b
e
f
or
f
or
t
h
e
,
p
p o st, after, beh i n d
p raeter, bey on d, besi de
sub , u n der
su p ra, a bo ve

ap a rt

ro ,

e x, e, o u t o

in , i n
i n t er, betw een ,
O b , to w a rds
e r, th ro u h
g
p
p rae , before

t ran s,

re ,

a cro ss.

ba ck

p upil m u st form fo r hi m self th e com p oun d w ord s

n e e d e d i n th e fo llo wi n g e x erci se j o in i n g th e p ro p er p re
x to th e ro o t ve rb s g iv en in thi s an d th e fo reg oin g
v o cab ulari es
It w ill b e o b serv e d th at i n m an y o f th e
co m p o u n d v erb s u se d i n thi s an d th e fo ll o wi n g l e sso n s
th e p re x d o e s n o t alway s b ear p reci sely th e m e an in g
a ssi n e d to i t i n th e ab o v e table ; an d i t w ill b e th e b u si
g
n ess o f th e tea ch e r to p o i n t o u t h o w th at d e ri v e d m e ani n
g
aris es o u t o f th e p ri mi ti v e o n e
Th e

EXERCI SE

11

Th e ki n g p u sh es o ut ( e x p els) th e in h ab i tan t
2 Th e farm er g oe s
across th e co un try
4 Th e
3 Th e ath er leads a w ay
so n
h
i
n
d
s)
n
se nator p u ts o rth ( h i s)
i
n
i
5
Th
t
r
a
ll
r
u
t
s
o
o
e
ve
e
w
(
p
6 Th e servan t p u ts b ack th e cup
cloak
7 Th e w h err carri es
9
across th e so ldier
8 Th e i n h abi tan t carri es O u t ( ex po rts) oo d
Th e con qu e ror carri es back glor
1 0 Th e g u ard lea ds roun d th e
1

y
f

arm

bo ar,

poet p oeta

ap ro

p ut, p On

p o rta
cloak , p aen ula
co n que ror, vi ctbr
ood, ci bo
m
g o, i
0 p mi o n , sen ten ti a
ca rry,

sen a to r, sendtbr

m i n is tra
trav ell e r, vidtbr
se rvan t,

111.

verse , versu

E XERCI S E

12

a ter cibum i m o rtat

2
3 CustOs
p
5
4 Ami cas ep isto lam tra nsm itti t
abe r dom u m
cap ti vum i mpe lli t
8
co n ci t
6 Po ta v ersum co m p On i t
7
rate r li n tre m re ci t
9 Can i s ap rum p rae vi det
1 0 S ervus eu
R ex se rvum ooll au dat
fug it
1 2 Puell a reg e m adit
uer lin tre m ap pellit
11

e x erci tum

D ux

expOn i t

LE SS ON

1 0,

VII

11

LESSON VII

It i s su p p o sed th at th e p u p ils are n o w fam ili ar w ith th e

In th e p res
t able o f p e rso n en di n g s g i v en i n L esso n I
e n t lesso n th e rs t an d seco n d p e rso n s S in g ular will
In o rd er th at th e se
b e i n tro du ce d as w ell as th e th i rd
m ay b e e asily le arn ed , an e x am ple o f th e p r e s e n t
i n l p e r f e c t t e n s e o f e ach o f th e co nj ug ati o n s i s
h ere g iv en , whi ch S h o ul d b e th o ro ug hly co m m itte d to
m e m o ry
Th e en din g s are g l v en h ere ag ain , wi th letters, etc ,
p rin te d o v er e ach co lum n , to S h o w to w h at classes o f
ve rb s an d t en se s e ach colum n i s in g en eral to b e at
tach e d :
F o r stem s en din g in
-

S in g

1
2
3

Plur

10
th e
en

1 st

stem

d s in
.

(D

,3

3"
'

l l
1
( )

i,

u or a co n s o n a n

it
im us
i ti s ,
.

u s,

ti s,
n t,

C onj

un t

2d

1 s,

t,

am a ,

e,

C o nj

4th

m o n e a dvi se
love
am of o r am ao , m o n e o ,
am as,
m o n es,
am at,
m o n et,
m o n em u s,
am am u s,
am ati s,
m o n eti s,
m o men t,
am an t,
.

3d

C onj

II o r 3
co n s o n a n

audi

he a r

dio
au di s
au dit
au

C onj
i

ru le.

re

g
re o
g
re i s
g
re i t
g
re im u s
g
reg i ti s
reg un t
.

au di m u s,

au di ti s,

au di un t ,

It m ust b e p arti cularly Ob serv e d th at

V erb s with a stem s, e stem s, an d i
stem s tak e th e
w

LE SS ON

12
en din g s

sp ects,

( )

i
ven in th e
g

h at

v11

[1 2

colu m n ,

rst

x cep t

in th ese

re

th e

rs t

si n g

ers o n

of

th e p resen t i mp

er ect

p
t en se o f all v erb s, t ak e s th e en di n g 0 fro m th e
seco n d co lum n , i n stea d o f m fro m th e rst
h
e th i rd p ers o n p lu r
o f v erb s wi th i stem s
b
t
( )
t ak es u n t fro m th e secon d colum n , i n ste ad o f n t
o m th e rst
h
e s eco n d co lu m n o f en di n g s i s u se d fo r v erb s
2
T
( )
w ith co n s o n a n t stem s an d u stem s (th e 3 d co nj ug ati o n )
h
b
efo re th e m m ak e
T
e e n di n g s w i t h thi s m ark
3
( )
th e stem v o w el lo n g ; an d th e sam e thi n g i s alw ay s i n di
cate d th ro u g h o u t th e b o o k b y thi s S i g n
V
rb s p ri n te d i n
h
e v o cab u lari e s, li k e cap i
4
e
t
()
( )
are co nj u g at e d fo r th e m o st p art li k e v e rb s o f th e 4th
co nj u g ati o n ; b u t th e v o w el i rem ain s sh ort thro u g h
o u t, an d th e y are reg ard e d as b elo n g i n g to th e 3 d co n
j ug ati o n
1 2 Th e en din g s 0 , - S ( i s ) , t ( i t) , in g en eral m ark th e
p erso n s o f th e v erb suf ci en tly, an d th erefo re th e w o rd s

h e,
sh e ,
it
I,
th o u ,
an d
m u st fo r th e m o st
p art n o t b e translate d
a

N OTE It w ill

j ugate

th e

w i th th e

v e rbs

e x am

be w ell
w h i ch

as soo n

occur

as

possible

i n th e

ples be fore th eir ey es

to m ak e th e
ex ercise s ; at rst, if

con

n e cessar

E XERCI SE

I k ill a

pupils

I p

13

lough a eld
2
3 Th e boy ears gre atly th e
4 Y ou h e ar th e noise
5 Th e girl teach es th e begg ar
multi tu de
7 Th e spe ech alarms th e asse m bly
bu rst th ro u g h th e ran k
6
9 Y ou adv ise
8 Th e co n sul leads to g e th er th e co m m on p e ople
0
l
1
ov e (m y) fa th er i n law
1
1
Y
o u call
r) so n i n law
u
o
(
1 2 He calls to g e th e r th e sen ate
1 3 I a dorn
do wn th e h ostag e
au g h te r
1
4
5
m
d
Y
ou en ter th e h o us e
1
H
rules th e
e
a
t
l
r
e
y
)
g
(
1 6 Catili n e ies O
state
1

a
o
g t

burs t th rough, p erm mp

atil i n e , Ca ti li na
call tog eth er, co n v oca
comm on p e o le, p leb f
-

p e rm ove
asse m bly, con ven tw ,
al a rm,

LE SS ON VIII

1 3,
en ter, subi

n oise, strep

g rea tly, pertimesc

ath e r i n law, s ocero
fly of , evola

p lough ,

ear

ara

i n law, genero
th i n g , re
undertake, suscip i
()
so n

ap ro
c
oa
t
,
g
-

i tu

senate , sendtu

lead tog ether,

13

con duc

E XE R C I SE

14

2 Fl ore m car is
3 La i dem jaci t
4 Ci vi tatem
5 M ulti t din em con vocas
6 M ag istru m ran dat
7
i de o
amo
8 Puellam te rres
9 F ratre m m o n e t
1 0 R e m suscipio
reg i One m
1 2 Clam Ore m au di t
1 3 Can is men di cum m or
11
oli s lap idem
16
ibum im ortas
1 5 Arc agrum
det
14 R em con cis

Hortum

0010

LESSON VIII

It i s n ow n ecessary to sp eak ab o ut adj ectiv es Th e

rst thi n g to b e n o te d i s th e a g reem en t o f L atin adj ectiv es
.

wi th th e n o un s wh ich th ey qu alify Thi s i s a m atter

w hi ch i s wh olly fo rei g n to th e E n g li sh lan g uag e Th e

adj e cti v e
m ay b e u se d to q u alify th e n o u n s
lar e

m an
m en
w o m an
w o m en
ro ck
ro ck s
w ith o ut an y ch an g e i n its fo rm th o ug h th ese n o un s di er
fro m each o th er i n n u m b e r an d g en d er
1 3 But i n L atin a dje c ti v e s a g r e e w i th th e i r
n o u n s i n c a s e , g e n d e r , a n d n u m b e r ; th at
i s th e y v ary th ei r form to co rresp o n d w i th th e n o un s
wh i ch th ey are used to qualify i n all th o se resp ects
F o r e x am p le :
If I w i sh to tran slate
I m ust w rite
.

'

g
a

14

reat

re at

m an ,

m a g n u s vi r
m a g n i v i ri
m a g n a m uli er
m ag n ae m uli eres
.

m en ,

re at

will
wi th

It

dj e ctive

reat

w om an

w om en
be

se en at o n ce ,

a n o un

do es

th at th e

n ot at all

ag re em en t Of an

im p ly th at th e

en d

LE SSO N VIII

14

[1 5

i n g o f th e adj ecti v e i s to be th e sam e as th at o f th e n o un ;

b ut o nl y th at, as yo u fo llo w certai n rules i n o rd er to m ak e
a n o u rvst em en di n
n a p arti cular letter i n t o an
i
as
c
e,
g
y
so , j u st th e sam e rul e s m u st b e fo llo w e d to m ak e t h e ad
e cti v e w hi ch i s to q u alify i t i n to th e sam e case
Th e
j
,
ru les
i
v
n
r
m
i
n
i
n
m
e
o
f
or
n
o
u
o
a
t
i
ns
i
n
t
t
n
ve a nd
o
h
e
g
g
f
a ccu sa ti ve ca ses, h o ld, i n a ll res ects exce t su ch a s w i ll be
,
p
p
h ereafter m ent i o n ed, f or a djecti ves w h o se stem s en d i n th e
s a m e letters
Th e o nl y th in g w hi ch i t i s h ere n e ce ssary
to say b e si d es i s, th at a ll a djecti ves w h i ch sh a ll be g i ven i n
th e voca bu la ri es w i th ste m s en di n g i n 0 , m u st be u n der
s to o d to h a ve a n o th er stem , w h i ch i s n o t ri n ted, en di n g i n
p
a , th e form er bei n g m a scul i n e, th e la tter bei n g fem i n i n e ;
th at i s, th e o stem i s to b e u se d if th e n o un b e m asculi n e ,
an d th e a stem if th e n o u n b e fem i n i n e
In th e follo w i n g E n g lish e x erci se, th e sen ten ce s are j u st
th e sam e as th o se g i v en i n L atin i n E x erci se 1 4
Th e
o nl y di eren ce i s, th at each n o u n i s n o w q u ali e d b y an
adj ecti v e ; an d each adj e cti v e m u st b e fo rm e d j u st as if
i t w ere a n o un , so th at i t sh all b e fo un d i n th e s a m e case,
n der, a n d n u m ber as th e n o un w hi ch follo w s i t
e
g
.

'

T
N
E
A dj ectives wi th i ste ms m ust
O
15
to 8 wh e th ey tak e th e accusati ve e di g m
-

E XE R C ISE

15

alwa ys h ave
.

S ee

th e i ch ang ed

2 You luck th e beautiful ow er

th e b arre n g arden
4
lo v e th e w ise state
5 Y ou call
3 He th ro w s th e g re at sto n e
6 He ch e ats th e ki n d m aste r
7
to g eth er th e foolish multi tude
8 Y ou rig h te n th e ti mi d g irl
9 He w arn s
se e th e fe lt i le co un tr
h
1
0
I
u n dertak e th e easy th in g
Y
ou
o li s h
h
k
d
b
r
o
t
er
1
1
w
i
c
e
i
s
( )
1 2 He h ears th e sav ag e sh out
1 3 Th e erce
th e v aluable sto n e
1 4 You n ish th e dif cul t thin g
15 I
do g bi tes th e p oo r be g g ar
lo ugh th e barren eld 1 6 You im ort th e v aluable food
1

cul tiv ate

ful p uwro
,

barre n, s teri li
'
dif cult, diicili

an d, cl

b ea uti

foo lis h , stulto

g re at, m a gno
ki nd, ben i gno

LE SSO N

16

IX

[1 7

will suf ce Fro m a ra

plo ug h w e
i m p erfect tense stem a raba an d th en
.

S in g

2
3

p ast

1
2
3

Plur

arabas,

h av e th e

arabat,

arab am us,

arab ati s,

ani

b an t

Th e follo win g e x am ple s will S h o w v ari ou s m o d e s o f

e xp re ssi o n w h i ch m ay i n En g lish b e use d to trans late
th e p ast i m p erfe ct ten se
.

an

am b ula

am b ul ab a

dole
do rmi

ll

stern u

do lb a
dorm i b a
ste rn u b a
trem b a

c o n s trem
.

curr

1 st ambulabam,
2 d dolebas ,
3 d do rmi bat,
l st stern u ba m,
2 d tre m eb as ,
3 d currba t,

I was walki ng
you used to grie ve
h e slep t
I sne ezed [bli ng
you w ere trem
he used to run

will b e ob serv e d from th ese e x am ples th at

th e p a s t i mp erfect in L atin i s n o t alw ay s re p re se n te d b y
In g en eral i t i s to b e em
th e sam e E n g li sh e xp re ssi on s
p lo y e d w h en yo u w i sh t o e xp ress th at a n a c t i o n
17

It

w a s g o i n g o n , w a s u n n i sh e d , o r w
h a b i t u a l l y p e r f o rm e d a t a p a s t t i m e

as

E XE R C I SE

17

praisin g h igh ly th e g en eral 2 You used to govern th e

4 A sw i ft
3 Th e b ra e arm y w as taki n g th e bea u ti ful i sla d
state
5 Y o u fea re d th e cold w i d
6 Th e m n
sh ip ca rri ed th e infa try
7 Th e w a lik e co h o rt w as m k in g
use d to p ra ise th e p o w e rful ch ie f
8 Th e tim i d h are dece i ved th e dog
9 All th e cou try
a bo ld attack
1 0 Th e sk ilful w ork man lesse ed
th e fe rtile p ro vin ce
to uch ed u po
1

I w as

all, om n i

bOld, a uddc(z)
b rav e, forti
cold. f g idr
decei ve, all

lessen, mi n u
m an (a h um an bei n g), homon
ro v i n ce p rbv i nci a
o w er ul p o ten t i
()
sh ip , n dvi
f

p
p

sk il ul , p eri to

sw i , velbc z

()

to uch up on, a tti ng

w arlik e , bellicbso
-

LESS O N X

17

EXER C I S E

18

1 Audax e ues stultum sen atum co n te m n ebat

2 S ap ien tem reg em
a
3 F e race m camp um h ab ebat bellicbsus e x
o eta p eri tu s delect ba t
e rcitus
4 S aev u s ap er i m p rob u m h om i n e m occi dbat
5
ate r
b en i g n us sap ien te m e p istolam scrib i t
6 Cap ti vus o m n e m dii cul tate m
7
rabas ferace m agrum
8 M in istrum i mp rob um
p e rrum p ebat
mon ebam
9 V lOcem lintrem imp ellbas
10
i ator g ravem ach u
lam dep n ebat

LESSON X

x p ected th at b y thi s tim e m asculin e an d fem in in e

n o u n s w i th co n s ona n t ste m s p re sen t n o d i f cul ty t o th e
p up il b ut th at h e can d eclin e an y on e thro ug h o ut with
p erfect read in e ss
It w ill b e w ell i f th i s i s th e case ( n o t o th erw i se) th at h e
co m m i t to m em o ry th e li st o f en din s for n o un s w i th
g
i S tem s g iv en at p ag e 2 03 ; an d as so o n as th e se are
learn e d th e e x am p le s o f m asculi n e an d femi n in e n o un s
whi ch fo llo w Th e sam e co u rse sh o uld b e follo w e d i n
thi s as i n th e case o f co n so n an t stem s : i e as so o n as th e
i
n e x am p les are le arn e d th e p u p ils sh o ul d b e e x erci se d
e
v
g
u p o n all n o un s o r adj ecti v e s w i th i ste m s w h i ch o ccur i n
th e e x erci se s
Th i s can v ery so o n b e d o n e if th e y are
allo w e d at rst to h ave th e p a e wi th th e e x am p le s O p en
g
b efo re th em
W e will n o w sp eak of th e fo rm ati on of th e n om i n ativ e
an d a ccu sativ e case s p lural :
add to m ak e th e plural
l 8 If th e stem
en d in
Ace
Nom
It i s

an y c o n s o n a n
or ll

t,

es,

d to

ch a n g e

Ex am ples
S tem

di es ,
g

n avi

2*

s.

ra

reg es .

s
e
,
g

du

'

re

ra

s,

Ace

reg

dus

ra

dus

n av es .

LE SS ON

18

Nom l st

[1 9

nom

p lur do n ot differ
i n orm ; an d th e re o re th ese case s can o n ly be distin gu ish ed ro m each
o th e r by th e m e an i n g of th e se n te n ces i n w h ich th ey o ccur
2 d Th e v o w el o f i ste m s i s occa sio n ally seen una ltered i n th e ace
a ti n auth ors
p lur , a n d thi s o rm w as p re e rre d by th e be st L
3d
m ust be con
o u n s p ri n te d i n th e v ocab ul a ri es, li k e m on t( i )
sidered to h av e th ei r p lural case s orm ed rom th e ste m mo n ti
.

Of all th ese

th e

n ou ns

an d ace

All
an d

p erson s o f

w o rd s w e

th e

th e

th e

wi ll

th ey

v e rb

e
y ,

b e i n tro d u ced ,

n ow

n ee

n ot

en erall

b e tran slate d

EXE R C IS E

19

2 Ye stre tch e d th e ligh t

1 W e w ere fe ari n g th e bo ld co n sp i racie s
4 W e p ra ise h ig hly th e
3
h ey h eard th e oo li sh spee ch
bo ws
6 Th e lyi n g th ieves
n o ble co n suls
5 Y e p luck th e g reen ru i ts
7 Th e b ase g uards dese rted th e g ate
se i e a larg e su m O f mo n e y
9 Th e o w e r ul k in g s enrol brave
8 Y e w ere selli n g th e e rtil e eld
armi es
1 0 Y o u sle w ( our) kin d fri e nd
.

an d,

*
n
e
c
li
t
i
u
e
c
q ,
.

n o ble , n bbili

b as e , turp i
b o w , a rou
dem a nd, p ose
enrol, conscri b

s ei e, ra p

( i)

sell, v e n d

in te rc( i)
s tretch, ten d
su m o f m o n e , p ec ni a
ti de , aestu

s la y,

g ate , p o rn
g ree n, vi ridi
lig h t, levi

E XE R C I S E

20

3 Ex
an es lep o res e xcitab an t
1
2 Exci tabz
i s om n es e qui tes
5
4 D i f cultas e x ci tat v irtute m
ci ti m us be lli edsam co h o rte m
6 S ap ie n tes m ores ci v i tates servan t
e stus e races re g iOn es attin g u n t
8
atres m atresqu e conj rati On es ti m e
mn es bres ca rpebatis
7
u lcra p u ell a am at res ju ve n s h abbat
1 0 M i tes n tri ces
b an t
9
m
ll
am qu e d cban t
e
r
u
u
e
u
p
p
.

Th e w o rd enclitic m ea n s lea n i ng back, an d is

a
w o rds w h i ch are n ev er use d at th e beginn ing
attach e d to so me o th er w ord

Of

app li e d

to so me li ttle

se n te n ce,

but

alwa s

L E SS ON x1

19

LESSON XI

W e h av e n o w only to m en tion th e m o d e o f fo rm in g th e
n o m i n at an d accu s p lural fo r a stem s an d o stem s
If th e stem
to m ak e th e plural
en d in
Acc
Nom
.

a dd 6

a,
0

ch a n g e

Ex am ple s
S tem
p

to

a dd

i,

Acc Plu r
p u elles

u ell a

u ellae,

v i r s

Vi ri ,

b e o b serv e d , o n co m p ari n g th i s rule w ith

th at g i v en i n th e last lesso n , th at all v o w el stem s m ak e
th e accu sativ e plu ral by a ddin g
5
Ob se rv e also , th at w h en a stem s tak e th e en di n g e ,
th ese tw o v o w els fo rm a d ip h th o n g

19

will

It

E XER C I SE

21

2 Th e allies
are ul h usb an dm en cultiv ate d th e b eauti ful islan ds
1
3 Th e h o rses w e re cro ssing th e b road
e mb ark o n th e sw i ft sh i ps
5 W e w ere
4 R e ce n t wron gs w e re u rg in g o u th e soldie rs
ri ve rs
th e old b ri dg es
cutti n g aw a
6 All th e bo ys an d g irls run tog e th e r
8 Ch an g es
7 Lo ty m ou n tai n s su rro u n d th e o rti ed citie s
qu ickly
sa y n e w th in g s) fri g h te n th e n oble an d th e ri ch
ur th e
m
n
9
b
e
(
)
(
u n o rtunate ci ti en s
1 0 You eel sh ar
ai n s
.

pp

old, vetes

p ain

b road ldto
bury, sep eli
care ul, di ligen t( i)
ci ty, urb(i )
f
cross, tran si
cut a wa y, re scin d
em ba rk on , co n sce n d
feel, se n ti
forti e d, m uni to
lo ty, cels o
,

m oun tain , m ont(i)

n e w, nove

dolbr
qu ick ly (adverb), celeri ter
re ce n t, recen t( i )
ri ch , di vet
ri ve r, a m n i
m
run together, co n curr
sh arp , acid o
surrou n d, ci n g
sw o rd g ladia , m
u n o rtun ate m i sero
urg e 0 n , i n ci ta
w ro n g ( n oun ), i nj uri es
,

LE SSO N

20

N OTE Th e verb i

0
2
2
1
,
[

XII

w i th all i ts com oun ds, such as tra ns i

On e
g a acro ss, u sed i n th i s e x ercise , is irre gula r i n se v eral oi nts
i s, th at in th e p ast i mp erfect ten se i t tak es th e en di n g - b a i n ste ad o f
ba
so tra ns i w i ll h av e i ts p as t i mp erfect te n se stem , tra nsi ba , an d
not tra ns ieba

2 0

go

E X E R C IS E
N auta fri g ides v en tOs tim et

22

prin cipes m o bzi mus

4 N ovus in cola ferace m
3 F ortes p edits m ul tOs h ostes re pe ll ban t
5 N o vi i n colae feraces a g ros am ab a t
6 A p pe llo
re g iO em am at
1

o ten tes

7 M uni ta e
Acuts gla di Os ten ebatis 1 0
mn es vias mi lites re ciun t
11
v elOce m

n eve

Acuti
.

o m n es

u rb es

i m p e tus

sustin en t

gladii mi se rOs ca p ti v es perte rren t

12
m n es vi ae n o vOs on tes be ben t

LESSON XII
.

In th e S i xth sen t en ce of E x 2 1 , an a dverb i s in tro du ced

Adverbs a re w ords used to m o dify th e m ea n i n g of verbs,
a djecti ves, o r o th er a dverbs b e si d e w hi ch th e y are p lace d
Al l su ch w o rd s ( whi ch , with pre p o siti o n s an d co njun c

ti o n s, are call e d p a r ti cles i n so m e g ramm ars)

in th e v o cab ulari e s wi th o ut th e hyph en
to in di cate th at th ei r form i s never ch a n g ed

p ri n te d
after th em
are

It i s b est
fo rm ati o n

now

to

atten

to

th e g en era l

G e n erall y,
2 I Adj ecti v e stem s

are

en

din g

in

bro a d,

su evi

ru

s w eet,

feli c h app y,

t e ir

h
a d di n g
addin
g

c an g in g 0

o,

c o n so n a n

r den t

of

fo rm e d i n to

i,

lato

rul e

ts ,

adv erb s

to e

te r
i te r

by

or e r

m ak es late, bro a dly

ruden ter,
r
u
d
en
t
l
p
y
p
su avi te r, sw eetly
fe li ci te r, h app i ly

den t,

It m u st b e rem em b ere d th at th e se are o nl y th e g en eral

Th ere are m an y w hi ch
rul es o f th e fo rm ati o n o f adv erb s
are n o t d eri v e d fro m adj e cti ves at all, an d o th e rs ag ai n
.

L E SS O NX II

whi ch are fo rm ed from adj ectiv es in a differen t w ay

But thi s will p resen t n o dif culty for w o rd s of thi s so rt
wi ll always b e g iven in th e vo cabularie s
.

E XE R CI S E

23

1 All th e ch arioteers imm e diatel u rged on th e h orses

2 M an
w o men h asten to th e same lace
3 Th e th oug h tle ss k i n g oolish ly
let g o th e h ostage s
4 Ye culti vate th e e rtil e
elds fa r an d w i de
5 Th e bold en e my ( p l )
6 Th e u n ortu n ate sailors
g h t b ravel
e ag erl
re p aired th e sh ip
7
soon assist th e w o un ded m a n
8 Th e
soldie rs tak e th e
o rti e d city wi th dif culty
9
dle m esseng ers
n ever m ak e h aste
1 0 Ye com ose verses b eautifully

j uva
bea uti fully

i dle, i gn dvo
let go, di m i tt

p ulcre

n ev e r, n unquam

soon , ci to

to th e sam e lace, codem

th oug h tle ss, i mp rdden di }
w i th dif culty, aegr
w oun ded, saucio
-

far an d wide , ldt

o olish ly, s tult
h as ten, p rOpe ra
i mm ediatel , stati m
-

b ravely, for ti ter

ch ari o te er a uri g a
,
-

assis t,

E XE R C I S E

24

2 Ign avi servi cu i de an fu

1 Velces cap ri lup Os aeg re fugi un t
D
4
oce o i g n ii v um p ue rum
am lin trem ci to rap im us
3
o
v
a
n
i
t

b
g
6 R es pe ri cuIOS ae di vi tes
5 AtrOcem i mp eratore m n un qu am ti m es
8 M ise rum
7 Clam or i mp r den tem ci vem pe rmo vet
stati m te rren t
ab e r sap ie n s fi li um fi liam que ae r
9
cap ti v um stulte m o u ch as
g
1 0 M ag n ae inj ri ae om n es vi atores terren t
docebat
.

NOTE It i s expected th at by th is time th e pupils are able to de

t ste m o r an i ste m
oun w ith a o
A d
cli e w i th f cility a y
th ey sh ould lso be bl to co j ug ate w i th out h esi tatio th e tw o tenses
Of th e verb hi th erto exp lai n ed from stems en di ng in any lette r
.

c nsona n

n,

LE SSON XIII

22

2
[ 1

LESSON XIII
Pupils sh o uld

n o w co m m i t

th e table

to m em or

of

th e

din g s o f n o un s w i th a
stem s th e rst d eclen si o n
an d
)
(
th e e x am p le g i v en o f i t at p ag e 2 05
an d th e y sh o ul d as
so o n as p o ssi ble b e m ad e to d ecli n e all n o u n s o f th i s class
w h i ch o ccur i n th e e x erci ses as w ell as tho se of th e
th i rd d e clen si o n
It sh o uld b e p o in te d o ut th at fem in in e
adj ecti ve s en di n in a h av e th e sam e d eclensi on p re cis ely
g
en

EXER C I SE

25

Th e w ear citi e n s lay asi de (th eir) gow n s

2 Th e acti ve m ai d
serv an ts draw w ate r
3 Th e sa vag e g u ards quick ly b in d th e u n
5
ortunate p riso n e r
4 W e w ere p ro p pi ng u p th e allin g h ouse
Ye men d th e O ld clo th es
6 All th e soldi ers leape d do wn at on ce
h
u n ortun ate co m m an de r
r
7
co m e to
a d th e ci ty
8
Y
o
u
u
t
e
b
( )
by n ig h t
9 Th e p riest gladly h ears th e wi se s e ech
1 0 Th e eagles
w ere yin g toge th er ro m all si des
1

a cti ve,
a t o n ce

fly together,

gndvo

co n v ola

t
h
r
s
i
u
l
t
o
e
m
e
,
g
(

g o wn , to ga
leap dow n desili
m aid serv an t, fa mula

bi nd, vi n ci
by n ig h t, noctd
cloth es, ves ti f
o
co mm an de r, p raefect
dra w (a s w a te r), h au ri
.

n o o n e, n em on

e ag le , aqui la

f lli

g , cad aco
from all si des,
a

u ndique

E XE R C I SE

26

fulci s
2
mo n ovam to gam resarcit
4 Coll au do o rte m
i v e s p astor be n ig n u m am i cu m se pe libat
3
a rea
6 Im p rob um cap ti vu m
l
n es agros
a
t
e
m
5
m
r
a
t
O
r
e
e
p
8
7 Tu rp s se n atOrs m i se ram multit di ne m fall un t
dam n abati s
Le po re m v elocem cap i t can is 9 R e ce n tes inj ri ae o rte m p rin cipcm
1
6
3 ca ducus do lore m e xci tabat
F
0
r
m
1
o
en
t
v
e
p
1

Yete rem turrim

cele rite r

LE SS O N xv

24

In th e

ne

xt

du ce d, e x c ept
ab o v e tabl e

e
su

x ercise

n eute

no

as en d in

ch

[2 3

w o r ds wi ll be in tr o

m aki n g

c lass

1 st in th e

EXE R C IS E
Th e forti

27

y k eeps o

ed town

easil

en em y

th e

(pl )

th e
an g erous con agra tion
3 You mix th e n e w w i n es
4 W e fear th e
6 Th e s arp m i ssi les
man y in g do m s
attle
5 Y e h ol
sav ag e
ep t ossession of th e min d
7
on g e n u ri n g joy
al arm th e soldiers
th e o dder
e rd i mm e iate ly dev oure
8 Th e blac

kh

see

b attle, p rocli a , n
lac , n igro
co n ag ratio n, i ncendi o
devour, v ora
e asily, fac ile
fodder, p d bub , 11
ho ld, te n e
joy, gaudio 11

keep
roh i e
keep p ossessi on of, o ti n s
k in gdo m, regno n
m i ss ile, tlo n
lo n g en duri ng , di turno
m i x, m isce

2 I

wi n e,

E XE R C ISE

28

vi na

2
ag num in cen
1 Acutu m telum au dacem au ri gam vulnerat
3 N o va g au ia ju v en em anim u m e x
di um m i se ras m ul ie res terret
ag n a
5
4 N igrum arm en tum ca m p um latum p ercu rrebat
citan t
arme n ta alo
6 Di f cilem re m ce le rite r co n ci o
7 Pate r be n i gn us
id
a i m erator et milites servaban t
u
P
a
O
ar
r
u
m
a
m
a
b
a
t
8
e
v
p
p
.

By l o okin g b ack to

t e n s e - s te i n i s m ade
b ri e y r ep r es en te d :
S tem s
in
en

th e

or a c o n so n a n

t,

2 d Th e

b
43

en dm g

Call thi s th e b
futu re
Call thi s th e e f utu re

Th e b future , as en in g in a con sonan t, of course tak es

e n i n g s g i ven i n th e secon d colum n i n Lesson VII
rst col
erson e n di n gs g iven in th e
e future tak es th e
-

NXV

person

i t w ill b e seen th at th e f u t u r e
in tw o w ays, w hi ch m ay b e th us

a, e,

NOTE 1 812

LESSO

th e

i, u,

LE SS O N xv

2 4,

25

Th e ten se en in g e i s c an g e d to a i n th e 1 st e rson sin g

2 4 Th e v erb i
g o , an d all i ts com p oun ds, ta es th e b u ture

e ep s th e v o w el s ort be ore a ll syl

2 5 Th e verb da
g i ve ,
la bie endi ngs
3d

k
h

E X AM PLES

2 d Conj

1 5 t 00nj
am a
I sh a ll,
am ab o ,
Thou wi lt, am abis,
He w i ll ; am a i t ;
We sh a ll, am abi m u s,
You w i ll, am abi tis,
Th ey w i ll am ab un t
.

Si

ng

1
2
3
1
2
3

Plur

m on e
m o n ebo,
m o n ebis,
m o n ebi t ;
m o n eb i m us,
m o n ebiti s,
m on ebu n t

3 d Conj
re g am ,

i b o,

au di es,

re g es,

au di e t ;

re g ct :

ib is,
i bi t ;
i bi m us,
i bi tis,
i bn u t

re g

au di m u s, re g m us,
au di etis,

re g etis,

au dien t

re g e n t

Conj
au di
a u di am ,

4i h

'

go,

Th e p up ils h ad b e st n o w c o m m i t to m em o r y th e en d
i n g s o f th e se c o n d de clen si o n ( o stem s) , an d th e e xam p le s
n th e r e w i th o n
2
0
6
h
v e n o w s o k en o f n e u
A
i
e
e
a
v
s
w
g
p
p
t e r n o u n s o f th i s de c len si o n , i t w i ll b e w ell to c all atten
ti o n to th e de c len si o n o f th e adje c ti v e at p ag e 2 06 , w h i c h
p r esen ts th e n eu ter fo rm s, as w ell a s th e m asculin e It i s
r e c o m m en ded th at, as a g en er al r u le, b o ys b e re qui r e d to
de clin e an ad e cti v e o n ly in th e g en de r in w h i c h i t i s u se d
at th e ti m e , t o u h th e
h
f
o
u
ld
o
c
o
u
r
e
e
s
s
b
a
bl
e
o
i
t
v
e
g
y
g
all th e fo r m s to eth e r
g
-

'

E XERCI S E

29

1 Th e k in d m aster w ill g ladly u n de rta e th e

usin ess
2 I w ill
n is
th e n e w b u ildi n g s
3 Y o u w ill sei z e th e w oode n s ield
4
W e w ill uic ly b uy up th e ri p e corn 5 Th e con u ered allie s w ill
e ar th e ad ve rse jav elin s 6 Y e w ill p re serve (you r) alli es an d th e for
ti e d to w n
7
w ill g iv e th e sig n a l, an d w ill lead up th e a ux iliar
8 G old an d silver w ill n o t ro cu re h ap p in ess
orces
.

b u ildi n g , a edi ci o
u si n e ss, n eg oi i o
buy up , co em

'

fram en to

quere d

vi cto

n.
n

l
(p )
.

javelin

p l lo n
lea d up , adduc

n ot, n on

p rocure, p ara
rip e , m amm
si g n al, si g n 0

11 .

s ilv e r, arg en lo
s

au x iliary o rce s, a uxi li a

g i ve, da
g old, a ura

adv erse, a dverse

con

co rn ,

hi

eld, scale

:1

w ooden, lign eo

LESS O N m

26

EXERCI S E
Atroces

[2 5

30

arm en tu m

2 D i v es rx op p i dum
p roh ibebun t
3 Adversa p roe lia i m p e ratore m p e rte rre n t
orn ab i t
4 Im p ro b u m
5 Prae ectus m ul ta au x ili a addii ce t
cap ti v um i n te r ciam
6 F rater
i g n avus n un qu am n eg oti um con ci et
7
i li tes essi scuta et i la
depon eban t
8 Grav es l ap ides p as to r dejicit

can es

L E S S O N X VI

In th e fo ll o w i n g e x erc i ses n eu ter n oun s w i th i stem s

wi ll b e in tr o du c e d, fo r m i n g th e se c on d o f th e classe s
i
v en i n L e sso n X IV
u
e r ad e cti v e s wi th c o n so n a n t
e
t
N
g
j
stem s w i ll b e also u se d : an d in r e g ar d t o th ese i t i s t o b e
p arti c ul arly n ote d th at th ey tak e th e en di n g 3 i n th e
-

an d ace

n om

m
a s do e s
g
j
As n o un s w i th c o n so n an t an d w ith i stem s h av e b een
alr ea dy l earn e d b
h
ar t, i t w ill b e w ell th at n o w th e
e
y
adje cti v e s g iv en at
a e 2 02 , a s e x am p le s o f th e co m
p g
l
n si o n o f th ese st em s sh o uld b e c o mmi tte d to
e
e
d
e
e
c
l
t
p
m em o ry
si n g

u st as

n eu ter,

th e

sin

E XERCI S E

31

2 Th e w i e sh eep folds
Th e th in n et w ill sh u t in all th e b irds
ardly
lle d th e cas
w ill co n n e th e s eep
3 Th e sw ee t w i n e
4
5 Th e calm
Th e wi se p lan w ill c a rm th e u n o rtun ate co m m o n p e o p le
6 A so t cou c w ill suppo rt th e
sea w ill a g a i n all ure th e trav ell e r

8 Th e
w e ary w o m a n
7 A g reat m ul ti tu de qui c ly lls all th e seats
messen g er u n derta es th e isg raceful busi n ess
1

f
k

p lan , cmzsi lia , n

re w ard, p raem i0
11
se a, m a ri
se at, 8 edi li
.

i
()

a llure, allic

bird, a vi
calm , p lacido~
m
cas , ca do
co u c , cubi li ,

h
h

e ep , ovi
ee

f
old
p

com p le

h ardly, sca rce ly,

m eado w , p ram,
t n
n et, ren
,

11

ovi

i n cl
similar, si m ili
so ft, m o lli
s w e e t, w avi
t i n, tenu i
sh ut i n ,

ll,

li

n.

LESS O N XVII

27

E XER C I S E

32

2 D if ci li a n eg tia con cieb am

F i delia con sil ia au dio
3
1 F e r x co n si li u m p rep on i s 5
vi le n ov um
S uavi a vi n a h auriam
7 Av is ten u e rete vi de t
im ile p rae m i u m co n tem n es
6
v e n debas
9 Ag ricola m aturum fr me n
8 Ac tu m p i l um i m p e tu m p roh ib eb at
11
1 0 Pre ti osa p rae m i a dab amu s
oll i a cubili a
tum h ab eba t
1 2 F eracia rata ci ves araban t
o rn ab atis

XVII

LESSON

In th e fo ll o w in g e x erc i se s, n e u te r n ou n s i n es or 0 8 , w ill
b e i n tro du c e d, w h i ch c o n sti tu te th e 3 d class in th e table
h
ei r co m le te de c le n si o n can n o w
T
v en i n L e sso n X IV
i
p
g
b e lear n ed as g iv en at p ag e 2 02
.

E XER C I S E

33

eas t o f bu r en
2 Th e lie ute n
1 Th e h eavy lo a will w e ary th e
aste n i ng th e w o r s
an ts an d co n turio n s w e re eag e rly
3 Th e old
4 Th e w aves soo n
w oun d ag ai n torm en ts th e u n o rtun ate b eg g ar
5 F o o d n ou ris e s th e b o dy
6 Th e
w ear aw ay th e so t sh o re
7 Th e ug e w eig t
h u n gr sa ilors w ill at o n ce te ar o ff th e ard ide s
8 F a i t ul ci tize n s al w ays e ep a trea ty
resses do wn th e lig t s ip
.

h
hf

h h

at on ce , sta ti m

d
o
w
n
d
i
e
r
,
p
p m
s o re , li te s
tea r o , drip (i)
to rm en t, crucia
trea ty, foedes
w av e , uctu
w ea r a wa y, atter
w eary, ati g a
w e ig t, p on des
w o r , Op es
w o un d, vulnes
ress

b east of bu rden , jamento

-

ce n tu rio n , een turi dn

h ard, dam
h as len, m atura
h i de, iergos
h ug e, i ng en t(i )
h un g ry. M ano
li eu ten an t, legato
load, on es
nourish , a1

h
k

EXER CI SE

34

2 D il ige ntes fab ri

J am entum g ravi a p on dera aeg r p ortab it
8 M ultae av es li tus p e te n t
4 Ve
mag n u m o pus ci to co n ci eb an t
5 F o rtes colon i n ovas terras stati m
tera foe dera i njuri am ve taban t
l

LESS ON m m

2s

[2 5

6 N emo mag num on us libe n te r portab it

7
ul ta te rg ora
8 R ex o m n e rum en tu m coe m et, e t ortes m ili tes con scri be t
9
ur e vuln us i g n av us m il e s accip i t
1 0 M ise ru m co rp us acutus
1 1 Im p r den s co n silium stultum cen turi n em
g la di us vul n e rabat
fall ba t
1 2 In g e n ti a on era v ix sustin bi mus

p etun t
coe m o

T p

XVIII

LESSON

In th e foll o w i n g e xerci se s n eu te r n o un s w ill b e in tr o

du ce d b elo n g i n g to th e 4th , 5 th an d 6 th classes, as g i v en
Th e
in L e sso n X IV
S e e also th e n o te s i n th at lesso n
de clen si o n o f th e o th e r n e ute r n o un s g iv en at p ag e 2 02
can n o w b e l e arn e d b
h
eart
y

EX ERCI SE

w ou n s th e si de
2 Th e h orse soldier lays asi e
3
W
i
n
h
sp urs
e w ill p ay all th e tax e v e ry year
4
Th
l
d
i
s
e
b
o
)
g
(
5 Th e ortun ate co n ue ro rs s all eat co rn
seiz e d th e v alu able ta x e s
o n ey
6 Th e ai t ul h e art cu lti vates on or
an d
7
e v e re p ai ns
8
will bu ry th e corpse in th e m o rning
w ere attac i n g th e n ees

Th e sh a rp

35

sp u r

f hf
.

h
S

i n th e m ornin g , mane

gen w ,

n ee,

11

p ay pe n d
ri v e r amen
se v e re , g ra vi
s ide, la tes
S p u r, caled r },
stre n g t , r6 bor
.

co rn ,

farr

co rp se , ca daver

ea t, cd

quo ta nnis
fortun ate , fence}
r
a
a
m
en
ss
r
,
g
g
h e art, co rd , n
h on ey, mell n

ev ery

ar,
e
y

n.

11.

tax,

n.

hfm
th resh ld

th i g

li men

w ar, belle

E XER C I SE

11

or

36

2 Ferox ellum i m
1 N i g rae ov es om n e g ram en celeri ter e den t
3
i
se ra e m ora rbur ami ttu n t
rator su scip i t
4 F eli x pe rfug a
e
p
5 G rav e v e cti g al aeg r pe n detis
v etus li m e n libe n te r tran sit
6
7
o lle cubi le
J ejun u m arm e n tu m v iride gram en cupid cdebat
8 In g ens um en o mn s o n tes deri p i t
fessum latus fulcit
9
uave
a n um
10
m el a es re ortan t
g
gaudi um co r a co mplebi t
.

M
.

L E SS O N

2 6,

x1x

29

LESSON XIX
Co m p ar e th e
1

sen ten

c es

Th e slav e ki lls th e m aste r

Th e slav e r u n s

S e r vu s do m in um
S e r v u s cu rri t

do

n ot

V erb s lik e th at i n th e

o cci di t

2 6

c
c e sin c e th ey
s e ak o f an a c ti o n as d i r ec ted tow a r ds a n o b
ec
t
j
p
n o t th e r e fo re a dm i t an a cc u sati v e c ase afte r th em
se o n d sen te n

do
,
a re c alle d I n tr a n s i ti v e v e rb s, w h ile v e rb s, li k e th at
i n th e rst sen ten c e , w h i ch h av e b e en alm o st w h o lly em
p lo yed h i th er to , are c alle d T r a n s i ti v e v erb s
If i n tran si ti v e v e rb s are c o n n e c te d w i th an acc u sati v e
c ase, i t m u st b e g en er ally by th e h elp of a p rep os i ti o n
2 7 Pre p o s i t i o n s are u n de clin e d w o r ds ( o r p ar
ti cles) , th e p ri m ar y u se o f w h i c h w as t o e xp r e ss th e rela
fo r e xam p le : i n th e
ti ve p osi ti o n s of th i n g s i n sp a ce
h e g o e s i n to
s e n te n c e s,
th e b i rd i s up o n th e b ran c h

th e w o r ds
th e b o y sleep s o n th e g r ass
th e w o o d
up o n , i n to , o n , are p r ep o si ti o n s
In L ati n , p r e p o si ti o n s are o n ly fo llo w e d b y n o u n s i n
At p r e sen t w e
ei th er th e a ccu sa ti ve o r a bla ti ve c a se
sh all o n ly g i ve th e p r i n c ip al o n e s w h i c h are fo llo w e d b y
an acc u sati v e c ase
an d

a d,

to

an te ,

ob

befo r e

ap u d, n ea r

th

a g a i n st

om e

of th ese

are

cc ou n t of

i n , i n to , a g a i n st
i n te r , between , a m on g

N ora l et

on a

ci rcum ro u nd
c o n tra (fa ci n g )
e rg a to w a r ds

r ds)

r
o ug h a cross
p
o st after
p
p ra eter besi de beyon d
sub u n der
su p ra a bo ve
tran s a cr oss
u ltr a be o n d
y
er,

tow a

th e sam e

as so m e o f

th e p re x e s

g iv e n i n esson VI
2 d It h as b e en sai d t at th e ab o v e p rep osi tio n s are ollo w e by an
"
aceusa t ve case : a n d i t m ay g e n e rally e asily b e se e n t at, w e n so u se d
th e a ccusati v e case h a s th e sa m e i n d o f m e a n i n g a s i t h a s al w ays h a d
i n th e p re ce di n g ex e rcises : viz , t a t o f be i ng th e object or en d of action
or mo ti on
.

k
h

LES S O N xx

30

[2

EXERCI S E

37

to th e city 2 Yo u g o aeros th e broad ri v er to th e fo rti e d

3 Th e b ase dese rte r ees a w ay i n to th e t ic w oo d
tow n
4 Th e
u n o rtu n ate b o y alls do w n i n to th e la e
5 W e w ill dig a de ep ditch
aro u n d th e ca m p
6 Y e w e re carryi n g th e fodder a cross th e w ide
lai n
7 Th e g en e ral se n ds th e co n u e re d en e m y p l ) u n der th e o e
8 Th e co mm an der led ( h is) a rm y b eyo n d th e m o un tain

co m e

h k

yk

cam p , castro

dee p a lto
dig o d(i)
di tc fossa
fall dow n, deci
la e, la cu

plur

run, curr

h k

t ic

f
h

y o ke jugo

E XERCI S E

I mp

dense

w ood, s ilva
w ide, latc

38

2 10 s
mili ts l n durum bellum daci t
i mpe tum
3 N ay em a d li tus ap pe llebam
co n tra de n sOs o rdi n es acrite r faci un t
5 Gn avus abe r dif cili a O pe ra ci to
4
im ida a xi s i n sil va m ev o la t
6 V elox e u us p e r ag ros cu rrit
7 Ac ta calcari a e quum
co n ci e t
8 M ag i strum i n vi am devoco
i n bostem in citan t

e rato r

all

th e p

r e c edin g

ccusa ti ve c as e s

LESSON XX
In

of

exe

rci ses th e

n o m i n a ti ve an d

th e

h av e b een th e o nl y o n e s
u se d
Th o se e xerci se s o u g h t to h av e tau g h t th e p up il s
di sti n c tly an d un m i stak ab ly th at
2 8 ( 1 ) Th e n o m i n a ti ve c ase w i th an activ e v e rb e x
p r e sses the do er of th e a cti o n descri bed by th e ver b i t i s
alw a s ei th er th e s ub ec t of th e s en ten ce th at ab o u t w h i ch
y
j
(
th e a s se rti o n i s m ade ) , o r s o m e w o r d i n a g r eem en t w i th
t
ec
th e su b
j
h
2
T
e a ccu sa ti ve c ase i s u sed i n g en er a l t o e xp r e ss
( )
th at w h i ch i s th e o bjec t of a n a c ti o n , o r th a t to w a r d
w h i ch s o m e m o ti o n i s di rected
Le t th e se t w o p rin c ip le s b e rm ly xe d i n th e m em o ry
efo re p ro c e e di n
u r th e r
f
an d u n de r stan di n
b
g
g
a

th e

n o un

L E SS ON

32

3
1
38
[

XX I

L E S S O N XXI
Th e
3 l

xt c ase

t o b e tr eate d

i s th e g en i tiv e
Th e g en i tiv e c a se i n i ts p rim ary m ean i n g app ears
to h av e de n o t e d th e s o u rce fr o m w h i ch s o m e th i n g c o m es
thi s n o ti o n i s v ery c o m m o n ly e xp re sse d i n En g li sh b y th e

p r ep o siti o n of , as i n th e w o r ds by o rder of th e k in g ,
w hi ch i m p li e s th at th e o r de r p r o c e e de d fro m th e k in g ;

so o ften e x re ss e s th e m ean in
an d th e w o rd
of
o f th e
g
p
n i ti v e c ase th at i t i s sai d i n m an
ramm ars to b e th e
e
g
y g
s i g n of th e g en i ti ve c a se
It w ill b e b e st, h o w ev e r, to
n i ti v e
et su ch a cl ear n o ti o n o f th e g en er a l u se o f th e
e
g
g
c ase as m ay en ab le u s to de ci de w h en i t i s p ro p er to em
p lo y i t, w i th o u t r eg ard to th e p arti c ul ar p r ep o si ti o n
w h i ch m ay h app en t o b e u se d i n th e En g li sh
Th e c o m m o n e st u se o f th e g e ni ti v e c ase i s t o
32
l i m i t t h e m e a n i n g o f a n o u n o r a dj e c
t i ve
F o r e x am p le , c o m p are th e fo llo w i n g sen t en c es :

Th e soldi e rs g h t b rav ely

Th e soldi ers of th e ten th

It i s clear th at th e w o rd so ldi e rs
leg i o n g h t b rav ely
i s u se d i n a n a r ro w er se n se , i s m o re li m i ted o r c o nfi ned
in i ts app li c ati o n , i n th e se c o n d sen ten c e th an i t i s in th e
r st
Th i s lim i tati o n i s g en er ally effe cte d b y m en ti o nin g
ne

of

33 1
34 2
35 3
36 4
37 5
38 6
.

Wh at is p roductive of th e limite d n oun

i nclus i ve o f
th e p ossessor o f
co n nected w i th
descrip ti ve of

in
p

f h

je c t i v e

n
e
g i ti ve

je c t i v e
c l u si v e

o sse ss i v e

co n

ju n

c ti v e

d e s c r i p ti v e
sen t en

Th e co m m an d of th e ki ng,
Th e lov e of vi r tue,
A p art of the n i gh t,
Th e boy s b oo ,

Caes a r s at er,
A man of virtue ,

su

th e object of

Th u s, in th e fo ll o w in g
1
2
3
4
5
6

c es w e

h av e

th e

sub ecti ve

th e

o b ecti ve

n
t
e
i
iv e
g

th e i n clusi ve
th e p ossessi ve
th e co njuncti ve

th e des crip ti ve

L E SS O N XXII

3 9,

33

Th e sub e ctiv e an d ob ective g en itiv es m ay b e m ost

3 9 NGTE
readily distin gu ish e d by s up p osi ng the li m i ted no un to be ch a n ged to th e
corresp on di n g ver b, an d th e n seei n g w h e th e r th e w o rd i n th e g e n i ti ve
w o uld s tan d as th e su bject o r as th e o bject of i t ; for e x am ple :
.

Th e com m an d o f th e k i n g

Th e l o v e o f v i rtue

40

Lati n

in

th u s, w e

vi r tah is

b e com e s
beco m es

k i ng co mm an ds

love v i rtue

th e

p articularl th at th e descrip ti ve g e n i ti v e
ca n n e ve r b e e m p lo ye d u n less a n adjecti ve i s joi n ed w i th i t;

h o m o vi rmtis, th o ug h w e can say h o mo m ag nae

can n o t say
o bse rv e d

It m ust b e

"

As

i t i s ve ry i mp o rtan t th at th is lesson sh ou ld b e w ell u n de rstoo d,

n o e x ercise w ill be h e re g i v en ; bu t i t i s re co m m e n de d th at th e
teach er sh ould a v ai l h im sel o f th e e x a m p les g i v e n i n th e sub se qu en t

E ng lish e x erci ses to i m p ress rm ly o n h i s p u p ils m i n ds th e g e n e ral use

o f th e g e n i ti ve case , a n d th e disti n ctio n s i n th e m o de i n w h i ch th e
i m e sp e n t o n th i s a n d o n still urth e r e n o rcin g
li m itati on i s e f e cte d
th e u n da m e n tal use s o f th e n o m i na ti ve a n d accu sa ti ve ca ses, as s ta te d
i n th e p rece din g lesso n , w il l, i t is rm ly believe d, be e m plo yed i n th e
cou rse i t is n o t i n te n de d th a t th e abo ve disti n o
b es t p ossible w ay
tio n s w ill m ee t every case , b ut o n ly th at i n m ost o f th e sen ten ces h e re
afte r g iven o n e o r o th e r of th e m will b e cle arl
app licable

Of

LESSO N XXII

fo r fo rm in g th e g en i ti ve case s i n g u la r an d
are p re se n te d h ere i n o n e Vi e w : b ut i t i s n o t n e
ce ssary th at th e y sh o u ld all b e le arn e d at o n ce, as e xer
cises w ill b e g i ven u p on th e m sep arately

Th e
l
u
ra l
p

rules

S tems en ding i n

D eclen sion as
g i ve n i n
g rammars
3d
3d
.

1
2
3
4
5

an y c o n s o n a

t,

'

6,
0

:1 ,

4th
5 th
2d
l st
.

to form th e g en itive

Plu al
a dd u m
H
H
u u

S i n gul ar
add
i s,

H
u

ch a ng e

a dd e ,

_s

08 8 6

i,
to i ,
m aki ng a
di
h
t
h
n
o
p
g]
[

ru

In th e p resen t le sson n o g en iti v e case s w ill b e i n tro

du ce d b u t th o se m ad e o n co n so n an t ste m s, w hi ch fo rm
th e rst o f th e classes g i ven in th e ab o ve table
-

LE SS O N

34

xxm

EXE R CIS E
frie

41

[4 0

th e po w e r ul ch i e w ere pe n ing th e gates o f th e

ci ty
2 Th e dea th o f th e b o ld soldie r w ill i n cre ase th e ear o f th e
3 Y o u w ill o v erco m e th e soldi e rs o f th e le g i o n
co n sul
4 Th e h o pe
5
o f libe rty w i ll at le n g th p re va il w i th th e m an s b ro th e r
w i ll bu r
th e co rp s e o f th e sco ut to m o rro w
6 Th e e ar o f de ath w ill n o t dete r
th e rob be rs ch ildre n
7 Th e p ain of th e w o u n d still to rm en ts th e

Th e

. .

of

n ds

w ork m an

sk il ul

We

len gth , ta n dem

m
ch il dre n, li bero
de ath , m o rt( i ) f
de ter, d te rre
at

love th e

co mm an der s

plur

'

so n

li be rty, li be rtat
op en , a e ri
overcom e, su era
r
p eva il w i th , pe rmove

w ise

ro b b e r,

la tron

h o p e, sp e
still, eti a m num

to m orro w,

leg io n , leg ion3 f

/

EXE R CI S E
Fidelis

42

eras

2
rbor s v e teris n e
pec ni am p as tori s servat
m o ris m ultas av es teg un t
3
o n dus o n eri s e quus v i x s usti n e t
M ulti mili tes au dacie coh ortis aeg r a ufug i un t 5 Lib e ri m ul ierum
m o n te m esce n db an t
6 M ors consulis o mn es i n colas u rbis te rre t
7
rig idus v en tus dolore m vuln e ri s aug bit
8 orati o p rin cip is an i
m os m ili tum ex ci tat

se rvus

LESSON

XX

III

In th e follo wi n g e x erci se s g en i tive case s will b e in tro

du ce d w hi ch fall u n d e r th e seco n d class in th e table g i v en
in Le sso n X X II , vi z , th o se m a d e o n i stem s
It i s assum e d th at th e p u p ils are n o w able to d e clin e
.

p erfectly th e rst th ree declen s i on s as w ell as th e th ree

i mp erfect ten ses o f th e activ e v erb ; le t th em n o w le arn
by h eart th e en din g s o f th e 4th o r u d e clen si o n as g i v e n
at p a e 2 0 7 an d th e e x am ple o f i t
an d let thi s as w e ll
g
as th e o th ers b e co n stan tly
on e o v er as e x am p le s of
g
th em o ccu r i n th e re adin g e x erci ses ; b u t alw ay s th e stem
o f th e w o rd sh o uld b e g i v en b efo re th e d eclen si o n i s p ro
-

L E S S O N XXI II

41,
ce

de d wi th th at
,

ste m

an d th e

co n n ecti o n

th e

letter m ay b eco m e ,

EXE R CI S E

35

b etw e en th e d e clen si on
a s i t w ere, in tui ti v e
.

43

1 Th e arri val of th e eet i m m e diately lessen s th e b oldne ss of th e

2 Th e e w n ess o f th e sh ip s alarms th e h eart of
fai th le ss m u lti tude
3 Th e e n rag ed w o m an tears th e g o w n o f th e citi e n
th e ch ie s
4
lls th e h ive
Th e m ulti tude o f bee s qui ck l
5 Th e bre adth o f th e
ri ve r do e s n o t de ter th e a ttack o f th e b old soldie rs
6 Th e sk ill o f th e
cu lt
7 Th e e rce bark i n g o f
ca re ul g en eral o v erco m es all th e di
th e do g do e s n ot i n cre ase th e b oldn ess o f th e robb e r
8 Th e w ise
sh ep h e rd de en ds th e h ealth o f (h is) sh e ep
.

N B

Th e follow i n g i ste m s om i t th e i b efore th e en din g u m

dog , juven t ,
o f th e gen i ti ve p lu ral : ca n i
outh , vati
p ro h et, strui

h eap , an d so m etim es a fe w o th e rs
h e re a re som e n oun s w i th i stem s w h ich m ak e th e i r n om si ng
42
uch w ords w ill h ave th e 7mm si ng
as i f ro m a stem e n di n g i n e
n i n th e v o cab ulari es
i
ve
g

41

an i m al, a n i mal

i
()

few n ess p auci tat

h ealth , sa i ll i
h eap , strn i f , n s straes
h i ve, alveari , n
es
o ffsp ri n g p roli , f , n s p rob
p rop h e t, vati e , n s vdts

a rri val, adventu

b ark in g , la tratu
b oldn ess, a udaci a
b rea dth , lati tit don

e n rag ed, i rate

sk i ll, p eri ti a

i n deli
eet, classi , f

tea r, disci n d
wa i tfor, ex

ai th less,

EXE R CI S E

p ecta

44

2
u daci a j uve
V eloci s n av i s p rae fe ctus i n sulam stati m cap it
3 V atu m oration s collaudo
4
n um m i se ru m ca p ti vu m i n ci tat
Mul titudo canum terg ora an i m alium cito drip ie t 5 S trus lap i dum
1

gi

In dlis p lbi s clam ores an i mu m con sulis p er

roles ducis o m n e m p atri s p e c n i am am itti t
8 F or
terrbun t
7
ti um i mp e ratorum li beri adven tum classis ex ectan t

cadave r r

te g it

L E S S ON XXIV

36

[4 2

LESSON
fo llo wi n g

x erci ses

XXIV

e ni tiv e cases

In th e
g
du ce d m ad e u p o n u ste m s, fo rm i ng th e thi r d
ven i n th e t able in L e sso n XX II
i
g
e

will

b e i n tro
o f th e classes

N OTE Th e tw

b oar, o r a sow ,
are decli n e d li k e th e co n so n an t or th i rd decle n sio n, a n d th ere ore m ak e
"

"
s
u
l
m
an
h
o
m
i
m
e
l
r
u
i
s
i
n
d
o
as
s
e
t
s
s
a
so
u
o
w
th e g en s i ng
,
,
,
g

an us
an ui s i n ste ad o f
.

o ste m s g rn

a cran e,

an d su

Let

d eclen si o n
b e n o w learn ed

2 07,

th e

o f a n euter n o u n

in

ven
i
g

i t,

at

p ag e

EXERCISE 45
w ou d d m
s w i ll carry th
.

e
n e
e n an d th e bag gag e o f th e
Th e w ag o n
2 Th e qui ck n ess o f th e disg race ul re
b rave arm y a t t h e sa m e ti m e
3
w as w a i tin g for th e result o f
trea t w e ari es th e h orse s a n d o x en
4 W e e ared th e g reatn e ss of th e w av es an d te m
th e bo ld att e m p t
6 Th e
5 Y o u gladly assis te d th e daug h ters o f th e m a g istra te
ests
7 Th e ch i e s
si e o f th e h o rn s o f t h e an i m al w ill a sto n i sh th e h un te r
o f th e se n ate , n o t ( be i n g) ig n o ran t o f th e re sult o f th e co n te st, e are d
8
secre tl o pe n all th e g ate s o f
th e tribun es o f th e co mm on e op le
th e h o use

(i)

as ton ish , stupe fac

cx,

i mp edi mento ql
ca v al ry equ i ta tu
atne ss, m ag n i tirdon
r
e
g
h a rbo r, p ortu
0

c, n s

prayer p res

atte m p t, cona tu

b ag g

bo w,

e,
,

h orn , co rn a n
h un te r, s en ator
i g n o ra n t, ig ndro
.

bos

resul t,

eventu
retre at, recep ta
secre tly, cla m
si e , a mp li tado n
te m pe st, te mp es td t
tri bun e, tri bz mo
w oun ded m an, vulnerd to
.

mag i strate , mag is tratu

EXE RCISE 46
ci ts S p e m f tis g i s

or
r
aug b at
2
mn es o rdi n es
1 Adv en tu s ex e r
i
m
3
i
m
m
i
t
a
b
m
a
t
O
n itudin e m aestuu m li to ra vi t bi s
t

s stat
t
a
di
e
g
p
a
re ces se n atus p o te n te m e qu i t tus p rae fe ctum vi x p e rm ov ebun t
4
6
o st m o rte m m ag is tni ti i s o m n es i n co ls e do m a m v atis pe tun t
5
Pauci tas p o rtuu m n avi g ati on e m i m pe di b at 7 Corn ua an im ali s v n ap
8 D ii cultzi s conatus li beros latron is deterrebat
torem vul n eran t
.

P
P

LE SSO N

XXV

37

LESSON XXV

In th e fo llo win g e x erci ses g en i tiv e case s m ade u p o n a

*
w ill b e i n tro d u ced , fo rm in g th e 4th o f th e classes
ste m s
i
v e n i n L e sso n XX II
i
l
n o w fo r
w
h
w
h
i
ll
o
r
e
I
w
b
e
t
t
g
th e p u p ils t o le arn b y h e art th e e n di ng s o f th e e de clen
si o n ( th e sth ) an d th e e x am p le o f i t, as
i
v en at p ag e 2 07
g
W h en thi s i s th o ro ug hly learn e d , all th e d e clen si o n s o f
n o u n s an d adj e cti v es sh o u ld b e k e p t i n co n stan t p ra cti ce ,
th at th e co n n e cti o n be tw ee n th e ste m le tter an d a p arti c
u lar m o d e o f d eclen si o n m a
p
rin te d i n d elibly o n th e
b
e
y
m em o ry
.

EXERCISE 47
th e f tu te m e ch a t w ill n ot Ob serve
Of th e th i g 2 Th e f r of d st ucti
.

Th e co m p an ions of
na
r
n
or
th orou g h l th e sim ilari ty
on
n
ea
e r

tak e s p ossession O f th e w o m a n s m i n d
3 Th e ap pe aran ce o f th e army
i h battle array alarm s th e b arbari ans
4
dle boys le t slip m uch o f
th e day
5 Li ttle o f h op e rem ain s (snp eres t)
6
sh all at le n g th re
ce iv e th e re w ard o f
deli ty
7 Th e w ise m an e xam in es care u lly th e
n ature of thi n g s
8
ela
of fe w da s de stro s th e mm of vi ctor
1

D y

Th e tw o w o
N OT E

rds r

sion

w h i ch

'

y used in

th e

th e on ly on es
g en i ti ve lural

48

W o rds

e ste m s

th is de cle n

Pernicii

pecies

of

R ei au dacia u x orem fratri s stupe facie t

clam o r m ul ti t din i s a ug e t
3 S im ilis rerum s
.

EXERCISE
1

an d th e are

are commonl

le t slip , o m i tt
li ttle, p a nlo n
m e rch an t m ercci tor
m u ch , m ulto n
n atu re , n atit ra
o bserve thoroughly, perS p ic i)
(
sim ila ri ty, si m ili tado n
take p ossession o o ccu a
vi cto r , victori a

d lity de

i n battle arra , aci e

b arba ri an , ba rbaro m
care ully, di li gen ter
day, die m , also , f in sing
delay, m o ra
des troy, p erd
destructi o n , p ern ici
exa m i ne, e x p lora
fe w, p a nco
-

app earan ce, sp eci e

a rmy

tim Orem
an i m um h o m i n is

h ave th e ste m v o w el m ark ed long

It is al
w ays lon g , e x cep t (p e rh ap s) i n th e ace si ng , an d so m eti m es i n th e g en

an d da t si ng of th e w ords s e
i
h
e
f
a
t
h
i
n
d
h
O
r

t
e
,

p
g
p ,

w ith

LE SSO N XXVI

38

[4 3

4 even
tus m ultOrum di erum tan dem persp icim us
5 Laudes
dei libe n te r di ca m
6 R Obur acii dil ig en te r ex p loras
7 M ul tb s
dies auxiliu m e t sa l te m cup ide ex pectam us
8 M e rcato r m ag mas sp es
alit

f llit
a

43
dies

NO TE I

se n te n ce

of

th is

ex ercise

d u ra ti o n o f t i m e
accusati ve ca se wi th ou t a p re osi tion

u se d to ex p ress

Of th e

use

th e 7th

Th is is a ve y co mm o
r

LESSON XXVI
In th e follo wi n g

x e rci ses th e g en itiv e

b e i n tro d u ce d , form i n g th e 5 th
t able in L esso n XX II

w e h av e m ultos

o f o stem s
-

of th e classe s

wi ll

i
e n i n th e
v
g

EX ERCISE
I

49

1
2 Th e
will gladl un dertak e o ur frien d s di i cult b usin ess
re m ai n in g n ati o n s of th e G auls e ared th e an ci e n t v alor o f th e Ro m an
3 Th e bo y s fa th er h as th e h O pe o f g reat re w ards
4
w as
p eo p le
leadi ng th e p rison er s ca use bo ldly
5 Th e alli es w ere th ere w ai tin g
fo r th e arri v al
th e g rea t kin g
6 Y ou se i e th e h ors es o f th e w an
l ik e chi ef
7 Th e i nh abita n ts o f th e Vill ag e be h o ld th e lig h t o f th e
8 Th e arch e rs an d sli ng ers w ill m ak e a be g in n ing of
co n ag rati on
th e battle
.

Of

o ur, nostro

be gi n n in g , i n itzb
beho ld, oo ns p ic( i)<

a
p e op lemom
p lea d, di c
re m ainin g reliquo
R o man, R omano
sli n g er, fu ndi tor
th ere ,

arch er, s ag i ttario

cause , ca usa

G aul, Ga llo , m
li gh t, lamen
nati on, g ent( i)
f
.

EXERCISE

50

po puli ROmani adven tum e xercits ibi expectabun t 2 D ucs

3 V ietae cOp iae sociOru m cele ri ter
co jrati On e m fac ie t
4 A u daces i nco lae m fm i tOrum O pp i dO um v ecti g ali a qu o
m
u
d
i
5
P
r
i
O
id
i
m
r
u
m
t
i
v
u
d
c
a
d
e
v
a
s
i
s
e
e
s
t
c
e
tan i s n O
p
p
p
p
7 Mi lites m gn am
6 Cl ss is R em a i populi p rae fectum i bi e x p e cta t
1 S ocii
GallOruIn
a u fug i un t

m ul ti t din em fugi ti vOrum

occi dban t

Cadum

suavi s vi ni accip io

LE SSO N

4o

xxvm

[4 3.

S O N xx v rr

LES

As thi s will b e th e las t le sso n i n whi ch th e onl y cases

i n tro d u ce d are th e n o m i n a ti ve th e a ccus ati ve an d th e
t
i
i
r
l
s
i
r
i
en
t
i
s
p
a
i
u
l
a
y
d
e
a
bl
e
h
a
t
e
h
h
d
a
r
ve
r
t
c
t
t
c
e
s
s
o
u
l
g
av ail th e m selv e s o f ev e ry m ean s o f ascert ain i n
w
h
e th e r
g
th ei r p u p ils th o ro u g hl y u n d e rstan d th e v ari o u s u se s o f
th e se ca se s h e reto fo re e xp lai n e d b efo re th e y allo w th e m
t o p ro ce e d to se n te n ces w h i ch are ren d ere d m o re co m p le x
by th e i n tro d ucti o n of an o th er cas e
,

EXERCISE
1

y to m

co u n tr

ci ti e n

scio us

C ice
4 Th e robbe rs carry h
w
tors
e o f g l ry ro uses o
rs
e ve r f
.

o rro

ab ili ty,

ch a ng e,

ra

ea

i ng en io

11

sk illed,

z
u
a
g

p eri to

slee ple ss,

si n g ular, si ng ulari

sh ap e,

i ns o mn i

()

su rp assi n g , excellen t i

p lrumque

th i rt

tri gi ntd,

i n decl

v igo ro us, acri

li e , vi ta
m is tress, dom i natri c
.

EXERCISE
O

pl
fte en qu i ndeci m , in decl
m , n s p es
oo t, p ed

g e nerall y,

i
r
ans
t
p
g
p u blic, p ublica
th e res t, reliquo
ri gh t, recto , n

m uta

as s,

a ngus tia

de le ,

co nscio u s, co nscio

ro s

ava ri ci o u s, a varo

dau g h te r w i ll g o to th e
o
th e ri ch es o f th e av aricio us
an d
6 A mi n d con
oe ts
'

5 Lo v
o f ri g h t n
.

th e con sul,
w as leadin g a large
art o f th e
2 An o rato r o f sin g ul a r eloque nce w ill p lead

th ro ug h th e de l e
cause O f th e w re tch e d p ri so n e rs

arm y

th e

Of

By order ( jussn)

53

54

mn ium ani malium orm am v in cit h o mi nis g ura 2 Vir ex cell en

1
3
tis i n g e n ii p u erOs regi s g ra mm ati ca m doce t
g ri cola sap iens , rei
o rtun a reru m do m i
4
ublicae p e ri tus, Rom an u m e x e rci tum se rv at
o m p eii
iliu s acre
m uta t
5
vi tas h o m i n um p lrum qu e
n atri x
6 R eliquu m n octi s
be llum co n tra i n i mi cOs p atri s fo rtite r ge reb at
7 Caesar Ae du Os ag itabat rume n tum
mi lites t ran sig eb an t i n so m n s
8 Mili tia decim ae legi On is fossa m qu in decim p e dum
tri g i n ta dieru m
ta n de m p e r cien t
.

A
F
P

LE SS O N XXIX

LE
We

n o w co m e

41

SON XXIX

d ativ e case
E n g li sh p rep o si ti on s

of

to tre at

th e

to an d
In m an y g ram m ars th e

But
fo r are sai d to b e th e s i g n s of th e da ti ve case
a s th ere are v ery m an y i n stan ces i n w h i ch i t i s p ro p e r
to em p lo y th o se w o rd s, w h e re th e E n g li sh co uld n o t b e
tran slate d b y th e d ati ve case i n L ati n , i t w i ll b e b est h ere ,
as w e di d w i th th e
e n i ti v e , t o a sce rt ain th e p ri m i ti v e
g
m ean i n g o f th e d ativ e case , an d th en t o e xhi bi t i ts com
m o n est u se s

44
g

ua

s
e
g

An e x am in ati o n of th e
S h o w s th at th e p rim ary

L atin

kin dre d lan

th e d ati v e case

an d

u se o f

xp ress r e s t a t a p lace o r n e a r n e s s to a
Thi s m ean in g i s app aren t in m an y i n stan ce s as
w ill b e seen b elo w Bu t th e d eri ve d m eani n g s are m u ch
Th e co n n e cti o n O f th ese d erive d
th e m o st co m m o n
m e an i n g s w i th th e p ri m itiv e o n e w ill b e clear fro m th e
co n si d e rati o n th at i n g e n e ral t h i n g s d o n o t a ffe c t
w as to
p lace

f o r g o o d o r i l l , u n l e s s th e y a r e
b r o u g h t , i n so m e s e n s e , i n t o n e a r c o n
W e n d acco rd in g ly th at n early
n e c t i o n W i th u s
al w ay s th i s n o ti o n o f b e i n g a ffe c t e d e i th e r f o r
resse d b
u
i
n
h
n o u n d emo t
xp
p
i
s
e
t
e
t
t
o
o
0
l
l
d
1
i
g
y
g
us

i n g th e p erso n o r th i n g so affe cted , i n to th e da ti ve case

Th e fo llo wi n g are i n stan ces i n w hi ch th e da ti ve case
w o uld b e p ro p er in L atin
.

I remai
I do g

R om e,
o o d to th e soldi er,
Th e wi n d h u rts th e tree,
g i ve th e m o n e to th e boy,
n at

49

Th

m aneo R 5mae *
m i li ti ben efacio
.

ven tas a rbori nocet

do p uero p ecz mi a m

at R em ao i s

h ere th e da tive o r lo ca ti ve i s adm i tted by th e b est

a uth o ri ties
S ee n th o n s editi o n o f Z u m p t s G ram m a r, p 2 8 7 ; An

dre w s an d S to ddard s Gram m ar

2 2 1 ; Key s G r m m ar

1 83 ;
o n aldso n s L
ati n G ram m ar, p 1 2 4 ; V a rro n i an us, p 2 8 2
Th e orm s Ta ren ti , Lesbi , e tc , are re ally re mn an ts o f an O ld dative
or locati ve, Taren toi , L
th e locati ve,
es boi
om are th e G reek use
.

4%

Of


4
5
49
[

LE S SO N XXIX

42

Th e foll o win g

th e se
45
46
47
48

n am e s are co n v en i e n t

to

xp ress

e ach o f

(1

Th e
Th e
Th e
Th e

dativ e o f place ,
o r d a ti v u s 1 0 0 1
dati v e
a dva n ta e ,
o r d a ti v n s c o m m o d i
g
da ti ve o f disa dv anta g e o r d a t i v u s i n c o n n n o d i
dativ e o f tran sm issio n , or d a ti v n s t r a n s m i ssi on i s
.

Of

Th e th re e last m ay p erh ap s b e e xp resse d su f ci en tly

b y calli n g e ach o f th em a n a ti v e o f i n te r e s t
As w as d o n e in tre ating o f th e g en i ti v e, e x e rci se s will
b e o m i tte d i n th i s le sso n , to gi v e th e te ach e r an O p p o r
tun i ty o f i m p ressi n g th e ab o v e p ri n ci ple s an d d i sti n cti o n s
i
u p o n th e u n d e rstan di n
f
h
u p i ls
Oh
p
o
s
I
ill
b
e
t
w
g
s erv e d ih th e thi rd o f th e ab o v e i n sta n ces t h at th e da ti ve
case i s o ften p ro p e r i n L ati n w h e re th e E n li sh i d i o m
g
u ses a re ular t ran si tiv e v e rb , an d th e refo re e m p lo y s n o
g
p re p o siti o n Th e v erb s w hi ch re qu i re a d a ti ve case in
L ati n , w hil e th e co rresp o n d in g E n g li s h o n e s tak e th e
accu sati v e , w ill b e m ark e d i n th e v o cab ul ari e s b y th e syl

lable
da t p ri n te d after th em
S o m eti m es, it wi ll b e
o b serv e d , L atin v erb s tak e a d ati ve an d an a ccu sati v e
cas e at th e sam e ti m e : th e se , o f co u rse , are all tran si ti v e
ct, as u su al, i n th e accu sati v e
v e rb s, w h i ch t ak e th e i r o b
e
j
ca se , b u t re q ui re a d ati v e case als o i n o n e o f th e sen ses
i
v e n ab o v e
g
It i s h o p e d th at te ach ers will u se th e e n suin g E zg li sh
e x e rci se s t o im p re ss th ese facts an d di sti n cti o n s o n th e
m i n d s o f th eir p u p il s, b efo re th e y h av e to w ri te an y sen
.

t en oes

w ith th e reg ul ar an d m o re rec e n t dati v e ,

W e n d, m oreo ver, Tyre, a t yre, in Vi rg Aen 1 V , 3 6 ( W agn e r),

An d i n th e
i n Li v V , 5 2
an d L
at L
i vi n io,
a v in i u m ,
3 d declen sio n th e re i s n o do ubt th at th e o rm s Ca rlh dg in i, Ti bu ri etc ,
h a ve Ti buri
a re p ro pe r, th o u g h th e
w e re sh o rte n ed by th e p oe ts
'
co u rse i n th e sam e w ay do m i ,
in Cic ad Att X V I , 3 , 1 , ( o bbe)
h um i , m i li tiae, r 22 7 7, belli , are locati ves ; an d as w e h a ve see n a bo v e th at
w e n d th e reg u la r da ti ve o rm fo r th e loca ti ve so g o od
g i ve
h e re
2 2,
th o ugh Ore l li re a ds do m i
use
al i en ae do mui in Cic
are m an y o th e r i nstan ces o f soc alled g eni ti ve s, w h i ch are b es t exp lain e d
as loca tives

o r,

at

h om e,

Of

We

M SS
T
.

LE SSO N

xxx

LESSON

43

XXX

Th e fo ll o win g table p re se n ts th e m o d e s o f fo rm in g
th e d ati v e case si n g ular an d p lu ral fo r n o un s o f v ari o u s
ste m s
.

F or S tem s
e n di n g i n

an y c o n so n a n

u
e

3 d leng th en i ,
2d
0 ,
Ist
a dd e , m a ki n g a
d
i
h
t
on g
h
p
[

5 th

ch a n ge

P
H

to i s

N OT E I

th e u

n class

th e

D e clen sion as g iv en to m ak e th e dativ e

i n th e Gram mars S i n g ular
lural
a dd i ,
a dd i b u s
3d
t,
4th
bus

bu

e n di n g

of

th e

stem

y ch

is g en erall

an g e d to

i be

fo

re

In th e fo llo wi n g
o f th e ab o ve table

x erci ses n o un s o f th e rst th r

ee classe s
w ill b e i n tro d uce d

EXERCISE

We we e

55

2
b re ad an d e g gs to th e trav eller
g ladl
3 Th e w ise m e r
g ran t th e rem ain i n g p a rt o f th e v illag e to th e army
4 Th e v i ole n ce o f th e storm i s inju rio us to
ch an t p e rs uade s th e k i n g
5 W e w ill se t o ver th e affai r th e sk il ul w ork m a n
th e ow e rs
6
Th e cru el con qu e ror of th e sta te di d n ot S p are th e m ulti tude
w o m en
a n d ch i ldre n
7 Th e ai th le ss de serte r w ill a vo r th e a ttem p ts o f th e
8 Th e o ul m ul titude g i ves th ank s to th e m erci ul m ag is
en e m
1

sellin g

j yf

Of

tra te

be i njuri ous to , n oce

b read p d 7l i m
cruel, crudeli

merci ful, clemen t(i)

dat

u
d
d
a
t
e
r
s
a
e
p
p
da t
set over, p rae c(i)
arc
da t
sp a re,
th ank s, grati a p lur
v i ole n ce, vi s ( i )
f n S vi s
In
V illag e , v i co
ersu a de,

e g g , 6vo

fa vor

th e

da t
gra n t, co n ced
g i ve (as th an k s),
,

av e

Of

ag

y th

Th e ste m
robabl
th i s w o rd i s
si n g ular i s i n fle cted as i f ro m vi

at

x
h
u
h
t
t
h
i
n
i
n
t
e
e
t
o
v
e
,
g
g

LE SSO N XXX I

44

[4 9

EXERCISE
1

te m

Feroci

v icteri

fav em us

n On

co n cedem us

56

M ulti tudi ni

cap ti v Orum

li be rta

S a p ien s p ri n ce p s se natui acile p e rsuadeb i t

4
V e te ri a rbo ri v en ti et i m bres n oceb an t
5 Exe rcitui soci ru m p an e m
e t v i n u m da bi m us
6 S ace rdetibu s g ratias ag eba m
7 F e rOcibu s
8
udaci e x p leratOri
g e n tibus rex m ag istratum stati m p rae ci t
3

arco

LESSON XXXI

In th e follo wi n g e x erci ses e x am ples o f th e d ati v e m ad e

u p o n i S tem s will b e i n tro d u ce d
Th e se fo rm th e 4th
n i n L esso n XXX
i
class
v
e
g
-

EXERCISE
Y ou

re siste d

bo ldl
2 Th e w i se i nh abitan ts
favore d th e u se ul th i n g
3 Ye w ill g i v e g re a t re w ards to th e b rave
ci ti e n
4 Th e p ru de n t co n sul care ully p ro v i des fo r a ll th e e ven ts
a lo n g w ar
5 O ur e n em ies crue lly be tray th e deserte r to th e po w e r
ful m ag i strate
6
w ill p u t o rt h a n e w p lan to th e ci ti e n
7
h i e ve s g en e ra lly p re e r n ig h ts to da s
8 Th e o ul g irl w ill g i ve
w ate r to th e bi rds
1

th e b rav e

57

ci ti e n

Of

j yf

pruden t

p r uden t( i )
res is t, re sist
da t
sad, tris ti
use ul, uti li

betra y, p red

i
()

n i g h t, noct

da t
p rosp ic(i)

re er, an te p On

p
p rovide for,

da t
.

EXERCISE

58

2
o rti coh o rti m olli a
i li us crudlis n On p ro sp ici t
1
ri sti p atri
3 Ho n estae m orti turp itudin e m n On a n te po
cubi lia i n co lae ste rn un t
5 D en su m ne m u s a v ibu s e m p la m
4 S ae vi lup i o vi libus n oce n t
n eb at
7 Cas
6 Classi R em an Oru m h i e m s v alde n oceb a t
do m u m p ra e be t
8 Ci vibus o m n ia frum e n ta v e n dim us
tra h ostibus tu rp i te r p redes
.

LE SSO N XXXII

45

LESSO N XXXI I

In th e follo wi n g e x erci se s d ativ e case s m ad e up o n a

ste m s will b e in tro d u ce d , fo rm in g th e 5 th o f th e classes
i
v en i n th e table in L esso n XXX
g
.

EXERCISE

59

2
w ill w illin gl sub m i t to th e R om an e ople
1
3 U n fortu
Th e g e n eral se ts th e b old so ldie r o ve r th e h o stile to w n
4 Y e w i ll n o t betray
n ate p ri so n e rs o ten p re e r de a th to sa d e x ile
5 Th e slo w n ess
th e e n e m
th e h osta g es to th e e n rag e d ba rba ri an s
6 Th e crue l k i n g w as stayi n g at
w ill b ri n g sa fe t to ou r allies
8 Th e
w i ll n o t trust to th e o olish g en e ral
7 Th e a rm
G ab i i
ce n turi o n s are selecti n g a p lace sui table for th e cam
.

Th e b rave n ation s

Of

to, stude da t
bri ng to, a e r da t
n
e x i le , exsi li o
ery , i g neo
lur
G ab i i, Ga bi o , m
h ostile, h osti li
a tten d

o fte n , saep e

p lace , loco m (also n i n pl )

p u t up on (i e ,
i m era do t
orde tomovide)
.

delig
set a ga i ns t,
p pon da t
slo w n e ss, tardi tat~
sta y, rema i n , m an e
subm i t, O bte m p e ra
suitable, i deneo
trus t to, beli eve, cr d dat
w ill in gl , ultre

s ele ct,

rep ort, n u n ti a

EXERCISE
Leg ibus

60

2 Improbi s ueri s magi ster

di ligen te r studeo
3 S pe m salutis e sse m i l iti adve n tus n avis affere
n un qu am credeb at
abulum h osti li o pp ido i m p e rabit
4
ra e e ctus mu ltum
5
b at
6 Lae tus ex plo rato r adve n tu m e x e rci
ulcro eri sol i g n eus n o ce t
7 Mi les li g n eu m scutu m teli s h ostium
tus m i se ri s ci vibus n un tiat
iem audaci cOn atui iden eam sta tim con stitu am
8
OppOn ebat
1

ci vi tatis
.

LE SS O N XXXI V

46

[4 9

LE

S O N XXXII I

In th e fo llo wi n g e x erci se s d ativ e s m ad e

will b e i n tro du ce d , fo rmi n g th e 6 th o f th e
i n L esso n XXX

p on

a ste m s
-

clas se s

v en
i
g

EXERCISE
You will buy cloth e s

61

for you r be auti ful daug h ter

2 Th e
arm y o f Han n ib al re m ai n e d at
ap ua m an y m o n th s
3 Th e co n que re d
a rm
4 Th e oo t soldie rs
w ill m ak e a dep arture lik e a ig h t
b ri ng ass ista n ce tO th e troo p s of h o rse so ldie rs
5
w il l im pose se v e re
labo rs o u th e slo th ul m aid servan ts
6 Th e co n sul re m a i n e d i n th e
co u n try (do t ) duri n g ( p er) th e w h o le asse m bly
7 Th e ge n e ral re m ai n e d
th e w h o le n i g h t a t h i s o wn h o use ( suae do mi )
8
ro mi se m an
beauti fu l th in g s to th e g irls
1

sui tab le
-

I p

asse m bly, com itio

as s istan ce, subsidio

ap u a.

Cap

month, m ens i

pl

de pa rtu re , p rofectio n
Han n i bal, Ha n n ibal , m
i mp ose, i m en da t

yo u

EXERCISE
F

p ro m ise p rem itt

R o me , R oma
slo th ul, p ig ro
troo p , ta rm a

I].

ua

62

r,

tuo

2 Cap u ae
1
essi legi On is mili tes turmi s e qui tum aegr res istun t
3
ra e fectu s fe raci bu s
mu ltes equ es e t multum rum en tu m coe m o
4
o te n tes p ri n cip es reg i n ae
i n suli s rum e n tum p abul um que i m pe ra t
6 S tul ti s
libe n te r p are nt
5
g n avi co n sules Rem ae m an eba nt
i n co li s n On acile p e rsuades
7
ie ti milites g ladi Os e t pi la leg ati s
tradu n t
8
9 Cons ul sua m
ri n cip es ci vi tatis ag ricult ra e stude n t
do m um v e n i t
1 0 Co n sul suae do mi mane t
1 1 Tarqui ni us Gabl es
ug i t
1 2 Tarqum i us Gabii s man ebat
.

f
P
.

LESSON XXXIV
All th e

h av e n o w b een treate d
o f an d th e te ach e r wi ll i t i s h o p e d b e care ful i n th e se
co n clu di n g e x e rci ses t o see th at hi s p u p il s h av e co m
etely m astere d th e p rin ci p les an d th e fo rm s al re ady
pl
,

i v en .

fo rm s

of

th e

d ativ e

cas e

LE SSO N XXX V

4s

[5 2 5 8
-

LESSO N XXXV

Th e last case to b e tre ate d o f i s th e a b l a

Th e n am e g i v en to th e case i m p li e s th at th e
ti v e
ramm ari an s su pp o se d th e ch ara cte ri sti c m e an i n
of it
g
g
t o b e co n n ecte d w ith th e a ct of rem o vi n g o r sep a ra ti n g
Thi s, i t w ill b e seen , i s O ften
o n e th i n g fro m a n o th er
But th ere are sev eral u ses o f
th e fo rce o f th e ablati v e
i t w h i ch can n o t b e exp lai n e d b y thi s n o ti o n , an d in w h i ch
thi s case i s clo sely alli e d to th e d ati v e , i n its p rO p e r
s en se , as d en o ti n g lo cal i ty o r res t i n a p la ce
An d, as
th e ablati v e h as al w a y s , i n L atin , th e sa m e fo rm a s th e
da ti ve i n th e p lu ra l, a n d n o t seldo m i n th e s i n g ula r, i t is
th o u g h t th at th e case , a s i t exi sts, m ay b e i n re ality th e
i n fo rm o f case s
resul t o f th e g ra d u al app ro xi m ati o n
th em selv es o ri g in all y di ffe ren t ; n am ely, th e da ti ve an d a
tr u e a bla ti ve ( o r rem o va l ca se) e x i stin g in th e o ld e st p e
Ho w ev er thi s m ay b e, i t i s o n ly
ri o d o f th e lan g u ag e
n e ce ssary h e re to stat e th e co m m o n e st u se s o f th e abla
ti v e , an d to i ll u strate th em b y e x am ples ; b y th e h elp o f
wh i ch , an d th e E n g li sh sen ten ces in th e en suin g e x or
ci se s, i t i s h o p e d th at a su f ci en tly clear co n cep ti o n
th e p rO p er m o d e o f em p lo yi n g thi s case m ay b e o btain e d ,
b efo re th e p u p ils p ro cee d an y furth er
Th e ablati v e case th en i s u se d to e x p re ss

52

53

Th e p lace wh ere

l o c a l i ty
The ti me when
54

thi n g i s don e,

calle d

th e

ablati ve

of

W HEN

th in g is don e,

calle d th e ablati ve o f T

IM E

55

The m anne r i n which

a n n er

56

th in g is don e, call e d th e

ablati ve o f

The

ci rcums ta n ces u nder

wh ich

th ing is don e,

i r c u m sta n c e s
Th e resp ect i n wh ich a n assertion ho lds true,
57
abla ti v e o f l i m i ta t i o n
Th e condi tion or qual i ty of a th i ng , ca lled th e
58
D E S CR I PT I O N

abl ati v e o f c

calle d

th e

calle d

th e

ablati ve o f

LE SSO N XX XV

49

The p oi n tfrom wh i ch a remo va l ta kes p lace, called th e ablative

a ra t i o n
Th e so urce or ca us e from wh i ch a th i ng a ri ses, calle d th e ab
lati v e of o r i g i n
Th e M eans or i ns tr um ent by wh ich a th i ng is done, called
61
th e ab la ti v e o f M E A S
Th e p ri ce a twh i ch a th i ng i s bough t or va lued, call ed th e ab
62
la tive of P R I C E *

59
se p
60
.

Of

V ery

fre qu en tly th e fo rce o f th e ablati v e i n th ese v a

ri o n s u se s i s ren d e re d m o re d i stin ct b y th e u se o f th e
p rep o siti o n s, w hi ch are g i v en b elo w Bu t i n th e ease
o f th o se w h i ch are p ri n te d i n cap i tals a p rep o si ti o n i s sel
do m , if e v e r, em p lo y e d
Th e p arti cular facts co n n e cte d
w i th thi s subj e ct m ust b e le arn e d fro m th e g ramm ars o r
But th e fo ll o win g rules are suf ci en tly
fro m O b se rv ati o n
cle ar t o d e se rv e m en ti o n h e re :
6 3 T h e a bla ti ve of loca li ty n e arly alw ay s re qui res a
p rep o siti o n un le ss an a djecti ve i s j o in e d wi th i t
6 4 Th e a bla ti ve of descrip ti o n a l w a y s r e q u i r e s
a n a dj e c ti v e wi th i t, w ith o u t a p rep o si ti o n ; cf th e
n o te o n th e descrip ti ve g en i ti ve i n
40
Th e follo wi n g m ay b e tak en as e x am p le s o f each of th e
ab o ve u ses :
Th e ablati v e o f
.

in

Lo c a l i t y

favora ble p la ce

O pportun o loco castra

He p i tched the ca mp

p osuit

T i m e w h en
ade m n octe te m lu m de ag rav it
The same
n i g h t the temp le was burn t
3 M an n er
S ilen tio cop ias eduxi t He led ou t th e troop s i n si lence
4 C i r c u m st a n c e s
Mag n o co m i tatu legati ven iu n t Th e a m
bassadors come wi th a g rea t comp a n y
5 Li m i t a t i o n
Le p Ore o m n i bus p raestiti t In wi t h e excelled a ll
6 D e sc r i p t i o n
R EX sta tura ui t h um ili
Th e ki ng was of
small sta ture
7 S e p a r a ti o n
ori n th o fug i t
He ed from Cori n th
8 O ri g i n
M ercurius J o v e n atu s M ercury born of J up i ter
9 M ea n s
auri cOrn ibus S e tutan tur
Bulls defend th emselves
wi th th ei r horns
1 0 Pri ce
Vi le est vi gi nti mini s It is ch eap a t twen ty m i nae
2

Th e rst si x o f th e above u ses a re su p p ose d to b elon g to th e ab

lati ve i n co n sequen ce
i ts relatio n to th e da ti ve Th e rest are th o ug h t
to be de ri ved rom th e n otio n o f sep aration or rem oval

Of

LESS ON

50

xxxvr

6
6
5
7
[

6 5 It h as b e en sai d th at th e ablati v e c ase i s v ery

o ften j o i n e d w i th p re p o si ti o n s i n s o m e o f th e fo re o in g
g
.

Th e p ri n c i p al p rep o si ti o n s th at are j o in e d w i th th e
ab lati v e are th e fo ll o w in g , w i th th e ann e x e d m e an i n g s :

u ses

e
abs

q ue

p rae ,

cum , alon g

w i th , w i th

de, do wzzfrom,

co ncerni ng

before
p ro, befo re, i ns tea d
si n e, wi tho ut

wi th ou t

or e x, o ut o

Th e fo ll o win g al so g o v ern th e a bla ti ve, w i th th e

ann e x e d m e an in g s,
W h e n th e y d o n o t i m p l y
O th e rwi s e th ey are u su ally fo llo w e d b y th e
m o ti o n

66

a cus a ti ve

in i n
,

subter, u nder

sub , under

S upe r, above

Thi s le sson

h as n o w e x ten de d to a c on si de rable len g th ;

b u t i t w as th o ug h t b est to p ut w h at w as to b e sai d in o n e
l
e
o e x e rc i s es w ill b e
v en h ere , th at t each e rs m a
N
a
c
i
p
y
g
h av e an o p p ortun i ty o f i m p ressin g th e se p arti c ul ars on th e
ds o f t h ei r p u p ils
Th e sen ten c e s in th e en sui n g En g
li sh e x erci ses w 111, i t i s h o p e d, sup p ly a sui ci en t n um b er
o f e x am p le s for thi s p u rp o se
.

LESSON XXXVI

6 7 Th e follo w in g table p resen ts in o n e v i ew th e m ode

o f fo rmi n g th e a bla ti ve c ase sin ular an d
ur al
l
g
p
.

to form th e

S tems

en din g

in

c o n so n a n

i,

,
a

t,

abl si ng

3d
3d

a bl

a dd

add e ,

i to e ,
4th leng then st e m
ch a ng e

u,
o

decl

5th
2d
l st

6
.

vo

e l,

u
H

p lur

i b n s,
bus

ch a ng e 0
( t

to i s

L ESS ON
68

N OTE Isl}

xxv

51

M an y w ords w ith i stem s, p articularly

-

n eu

te r

l l a d j e c t i v e s, m ak e th e ablative sin g ular by

len g th en in g th e stem vowel l ik e o t e r v o w el ste ms
d ecti ve s p ri nte d lik e ferac(i ) g en erally m ak e th e ablati ve sin
2d
n g t e n i n g th e i
l
a
b
l
u
r
e
y
g
3 d Th e abla tive p lu ral is al w ays th e sam e in fo rm as th e dative
plural
an d

n ou n s

Aj

In th e follo w m g e x e rc i se s w o rds w i th an y o f th e ab ove

stem s w ill b e in tro du c e d, a s th e re i s so m u c h si m ilari ty i n
th e m o de o f fo rm ati o n th at i t i s th o u g h t n o di f c ulty w ill
b e fo un d in th e ap pli c ati o n o f th e rule s
.

EXERCISE

65

d ch ild e out of th e
1 I w ill se d ll th e w om en
w i th
2 Th e b old h un t r w ill w u d th e w ild b o
p
ul l
ds u t (h is)
co u se of ( d) th e th i d w tch th e c
.

an

r n

ci ty

by n ig t
o n
ar
a s ear
e
3 In th e
r
a
ons
ea
o
arm y fro m th e
r
4 Th e stag ru n s do w n from th e m o un tai n w it g re at
u ick
cam p
art ag in i an s
d
ot
m
u
c
bl
5 Th e v icto ry w i ll co st th e
oo
d
n ess
)
(
6 Th e bold s e p erd p resse s th e sn ak e w i t ( h is)
a n d m an y w o u n ds
8 I s all escap e
7 He w as b uyi n g th e book s a t a sm all p rice
foo t
out of th e w ood al on g w i t th e gu ide
n

C h
h h

quick n ess

celeri tat

dom i , decu rr
sm all, p arvo
run

C h

bloo d, sangui n m n s sanguis

b ook , li bro m
art agi n i an , Poem , In
cost (p re p sta nd) , sta
escap e, e ug ( i)
lea d ou t, edno
p ri ce , p relio n
.

sp ear,

basta

t i rd, terti a
w atc , vi gi li a

EXERCISE

66

2 In li tore turri s
1 Ex amin e in silvam celerite r fugiem us
3 Celeri tate p eri culum effugi am
4 Cum custode e x ca rcere
stab at
5 Pi scei t rum ux res i n m o n te stabun t
6
ig ru m
clam e xi b is
ulti tudi n e teloru m
an g u e m sin e ti m ore ta n g bas
7
ostes p roh i
8
ostrae cop iae a li tore eras disceden t
b ebamus
.

L ESS ON

52

xxxvm

6
[ 8

L E S S O N X X X VIL
EXERCISE
We

67

2 At ae sar s co m in g in to
w i ll en cam p in a lev el place
3 I w ill easily p ersu ade th e
G aul , th e Aedu i eld th e c ief po w er
Y
4
ou w i ll soo n learn fro m th e b rav e
slav e b
h
op e o f li be rty
t
e
y
i n ab i ta n t co n ce rn in g th e dan g e r of th e lie u te n an t an d th e leg i o n
5
At th e t i rd o ur o f th e day w e inform th e co n sul o f (de) th e destruo
ti o n o f th e co ort
1

h
h

C
ch i

Cae sar

ae sar,

e f po w e r,
-

p ri ncip atu

h ora
i nform,
certior fac i ~
()
lea rn , co g n osc
le vel, aeguo

co m in g , adoen ta

destru ction , i n teri m

enca mp , oonsi d

EXERCISE

68

o ur,

2
1 Praefe ctum de a dven tu e x e rci t s ep istola ce rti orem fa ci o
ostes cum tertia
Mi l ites e x n av e i n m are a udacte r desil i un t 3
4
rude n s i m pe rator castra
p arte cop i aru m trans um en co n si deban t
5 D i cta cr dlium latron um m uli eres mag no dol re
a pe rto l oco p on et
e f cien t
.

L ES S O N XXXVIII
EXERCISE
1

Y e w ere
sam e

su rroun din g our

ti m e

foo t

69

soldi e rs

h
h h h

w ith

cav alry an d c ari ots

2
ea n w ile th e p ru de n t ce n turi o n su rro u n ds th e
a
ig ra m p a rt
3 Th e m esse n g er carri es
ca m p o n (ex) e v e ry si de w i t
th e repo rt o f ( d) o ur vi cto ry to th e city w i t i n cre dible u i ck n ess
4
m b assa do rs o fte n cam e fro m th e ci ti z en s to aesa r abo ut (d) p e ace
5 Th e s e p erds ge n e ral ly liv ed o u milk an d es , an d clo t ed (t eir)
bo di es w i t ski ns o f an im als
at

th e

h h
h

C
h

m ean w ile, i nterea

m ilk la ct n
ramp art, va lI
o
n a nd m

am b assa dor,

lgato
n
c ari o t, essedo
cloth e, v e sti

esh

ca ron

i
n
[
i ncredi bili
ce p t

i n credible ,

0 omi tte d ex

re p o rt
,

n om

a
a
m
f

p art0) , f
sk i n, p elli
f
side,

LESS O N XXXI X

53

EXERCISE
Aeduos

70

p raecipu o on ore sem p er h ab ebam , p ro an ti qu e e t con

2
om an um p o p ulum
e p e n ti n a re pe rterriti , p ri n ci p es
stan ti de i n
barb a r rum tran s latum ume n i n sues fi n s m ag n o cum p eri culo re
3
cede n t
ri m a luce castra e x acqu o lo co m ov ebit
4
om in es
co n stan ti de collaudo
5
ora diei circi ter te rtia laeti in colae de
Vi ctori a n ostra ex fug iti ve cog n oscen t
1

We

k en o f all th e c ases o f n o un s e xc ep t
th e voca ti ve o r th e c ase u se d i n sp eakin g to a p erso n ,
Thi s c ase i s in vari ably th e sam e as th e n o m in ativ e e xc ep t
stem s ; an d o f
i n th e si n g u la r of th e 2 d declen si o n ( o
)
w h i ch m ak e th ei r n o m s i n g
th e se th o se e n din g i n r 0
in e r h av e th e sam e fo rm fo r th e v o c ativ e an d th e
as h av e all n e ute r n o un s
O n th i s ac co un t
n o m i n ati v e
th e vo c ati ve c ase h as b een o m i tte d in th e tables o f de elen
It
si o n as c au sin g if i n se rte d th e re n ee dle ss rep eti ti o n
h av e

n ow s o
p

w ill h av e b een le arn e d fro m th e table o f th e 2 d de clen si o n ,

th at i n th e o n ly c ase w h ere th e v o c ati v e di ffe rs fro m th e
n o m in ati ve, i t i s m ade b y c h an g i n g o o f th e stem i n to e

so n ,
Pro p er n am es en di n g i n i o , an d th e w o rds li 0
.

an d

n
i
e
e
,
g

vo ati ve
n i e,
e
g

As

u ardi an sp i ri t,

i n to i ,

n
e
i
g

as

Vi rg i li o

c o n tract th e letters i e o f th e
m ak e s Vi rg i li f il i a f i li an d

i s li ttle p e c uli ari ty in th e u se o f th i s c ase, i t

i s n o t th o ug h t n e c essary to i n sert an y e x erci ses up o n it
th e re

LESSO N XXXIX
As adj e ctiv e s den ote qua li ti es as p ossessed by th e
.

69
th i n g s

n o uns, an d th o se
u ali ti e s are
b
o
s
y
q
p
p
se sse d i n dif eren t deg rees, i t i s n e c essary to h av e m o des
o f i n di c ati n g th i s : an d th ese fo rm s o r m o de s o f e x p re s

si o n are c alle d i n g ram m ar

d e g re e s o f co m p a r

W h at th ese are, an d th e m o de o f fo rm in g th em
i so n
i n En g li sh , w ill b e at o n ce seen fro m th e foll o w i ng sen
.

ten ces :
5

re

resen te d

LESS O N

54

Ch
Ch
Ch

arle s
arles
a rles

i s ta ll
i s taller, or mo re tall t an J o
is th e ta lles t of th e fa m ily

hn

0
7
73
[

P o si t i v e

deg ree
C o m p a r a t i v e deg ree
S u p e r l a ti v e deg ree

xxxrx

Of co u rse th e L ati n lan g u ag e m u st h av e m e an s o f e x

re ssi n
t
h
e s e sam e di s tin cti o n s
e m u st n o w S h o w
W
p
g
.

w h at th e se

70

a re :

Th e g en eral

If the stem

en d

in

in

rule

a vowel, om i t

Th e Comp a ra tive is m a de by
Th e S up erla ti ve

To th i s g en eral

71

ru e

L ati n

it,

an d

a ddi n g

i s thi s

en

th e

en di n g

i or
i ss i m

w e h av e th e fo llo w in g

xc ep tion s :

If th e stem en d in S , r , r 0 , r i , th e sup er
la ti ve en di n g i s r i m o an d if th e r i s n o t p re c e de d b y
e, an e m u st b e i n se rte d th ere ; n o te also , th at if th e stem
e n d i n s th e S i s c h an g e d t o r
'

72

F o r th e w o rds

s i m il i

73
d i eo

co

dissi m zli

th e

If th e stem
vo lo

sup er la ti ve e n din g

en d

in

o n e of

is li m o

th e

v erb al sui xes

Th e Co mp ara ti ve en ding i s e n t i o r
Th e S up erla ti ve en din g i s e n t i ssi m o

XAMPLES GENERAL

RU E

S
alti er

al ti ss i

h i gh er,
audaci or
bo lder,
l sr

p au pe r
acri

p oor,

k een ,
v e te s
o ld,
p ulcro fa i r,

EX CE

a
u
o
er
i
r
p p

a udaci S S

im

h igh est
boldest
o
.

PTI ON
.

p oorer,

keener,
older
v e te ri or
rer
l
i

a
u
cr
i
r
f
,
p
acri 6 1

up erlati ve

m
ace rr i m o

u pe rr i
a
p

p oores t

keenes t
o ldest
ve terr i n l o
p u lce rr i m o fa i res t
.

L E SS ON

66

P o si ti v e

Co m p

xx
.

a ra

6
7
[

ti v e

m as s

e rl a

ti v e

bono
m alo

m eli br

good,
bad ,

m e ]i s

Op ti m o

p ejOS

p e ssi m o
m ax i m o
p luri m o
m i n im o

m ag n o great,
m ajOr
m ul to m u ch , m a ny, p lur ( p lural) , p lUS
m in es
m in or
p arv o sm all,
,

76
th e

Th ere

c o m p arati v e

j c tiv es

ad e

so m e

are

an d su

erlati v e

in

w h i ch h av e

also

c o m m on u se

of

onl

th e se

th e p o siti v e i s e ith er an adv erb o r a p rep o siti o n , o r an a d

e cti v e us e d i n a
u
li
a
r sen se, o r as a n o u n
c
e
rin
T
h
e
p
j
p
.

ci p al o n es are

P o si ti v e
ci tra.

h ere g i v en
Co m p

:
a ra

ci te ri Or

p rep
e x tra, p rep
x
t
r
o
e
e
(
i n fra, p rep ( in fero
i n tra, p rep
r
o
e
e
r
,
p
p
p
p
p o st, p rep ( po ste ro
su p ra, p rep
( supe ro
u l tra, p rep
p ro, p rep
.

on

e x te ri or

p e r l a ti v e
ci ti mo
e x trem e
i n m o or i m o
i n ti m o or i m o
r
x
m
o
i
o
p

ti v e
th is side,
.

outer,

i n feri or, lo wer,

i n te ri or i n ner,
i
r
o
r
nea
O
rer,
p
p
poste rior la ter,
su p e rior
upp er,
ulte ri or fur ther,
p ri or former,

p o strem o
s up rem o
ultim o
p ri me

EXERCISE

73

or sum m o

ui ck ly g o acro ss th e bro ader ri v er

2 Th e
1 Th e be g gars w ill
3 Th e e av i er load w e ari es
t er an im als w ill ee ou t o f th e w ood
sw i t
4 Th e m o re rece n t w oun d w as torm en ti n g th e
th e be ast of b urden
5 Th e g reater dan g e r w ill fri g ten th e co mmon peop le
soldi er
.

EXERCISE

74

2 S ap ien tissim us
1 acri us certam en so cios et aux il i a fati gat
3
ra vi n s vuln us forti o r ce n turio
leg atus n obili us facin u s p e r cit
5
i nus armen tum
4 V elocius an im al can s vix cap ie nt
accip i t
ag ri co la v en de t
.

Th
[

m ade p u rp osely S orte r t an u sual, t at tim e

If
m ay be h ad fo r ex ercisin g th e p u p i ls t o ro u g ly i n t ese fo rm s
t ey are lea rn ed w ell o n ce t ey w ill p rese n t n o furt er di ffi culty ; an d
i t is reco m m e n de d t at i n fu ture , w e n th e ste m s o f th e ati n w o rds
a re re ad a lo u d, w e n e v er a co m p arati v e o r sup e rla ti ve de g ree occurs,
a ll the th ree deg rees be syste ma tically g i ven ]
e se

e x e rci ses are

LESS ON XLII

57

LESSON XLI
EXERCISE

75

trav elle r
1 Yo u w e re sellin g th e w orse
orse to th e foolis
2
3 Th e e n em y
i th be tte r fo rtun e w e w ill seiz e th e larg e r islan d
4
w ill se t ou re th e v illa g es nearest to t e ir (suo te rrito ries
n t e
rst days of th e w ar w e con ue r th e en e my w i t a very g reat slaug te r
5 Th e o rato r w ill p le ad th e cau se o f th e p ri so n er w i t ve ry m an y
sum mo
w o rds
6 Th e e n e my w ere
o ldin g th e to p o f
a dj
h
t
e
)
(
m o untain
.

EXERCISE
S umm a

76

2 Ul ti m a
di izcultate latrOn es m sp elunca cap imu s
.
ie mis p arte a esar pe r ci te ri Orem p rovi n cia m ite r fa ciebat, e t co nv e n
tfi s ag ebat
3
e ssi m o e x e m p lo i m p ro bi s p rodi tOribus p arcetis
4
M i ni ma sp e sal dtis m i ser cap ti v us e x carcere ad li tus fug i ebat 5 V i r
6 In e x trem e
su mm a vi rtute e t p ruden tia re m dii ciliOre m pe rti ci t
x trem a h ie m e Po m p eius be llum i ng e n s
7
p on te turri m co n s titui t
8
o n sul Op tim us mi li tes ex an g ustii s duci t
p arabat

'

LESS O N XLII

As adv erbs den o te th e p resen c e o f qu ali ti e s so w e w an t

to e x p ress di fferen t deg re es o f th o se qu ali ti e s
W e h ave
th erefo re c o m p arati v e an d sup e rlati v e deg ree s fo rm e d o n
adv erb s
T h ei r m o de o f fo rm ati o n i s g en e rally v ery
si m p le
Th e fo llo w in g rule s c o m p ri se n e arly all cas
,

c o mp a ra ti ve a dverb i s th e sam e i n fo rm
as th e n eu ter n o m i n a ti ve s i n g u la r o f th e c o m arati ve o f
p
th e a dj e cti v e fro m w h i ch i t i s de ri v e d an d ev en h as su c h
a fo rm w h e n i t i s n o t de ri v e d fro m an a dj e c ti v e
Th e sup erla ti ve a dverb i s fo rm ed by ch an g in g th e
e o f th e su e rlati v e adj e c ti v e i n to a an d ev en h as thi s
p
fo rm w h en th ere i s n o c o rresp on di n g adj e cti v e
7 7

Th e

LE SSO N XL III

58

XAMPLES

Adjecti ve

Posi ti ve a dverb Comp a ra ti ve

adverb

lato bread,
bo n o good,
keen,
acri
a udac i
( ) bold,

late,
bene ,
acrite r,
a udacte r,

up erla ti ve adverb

latissim
O p ti m e
ace rri m e
au daciss im e
saep issi m

lati ns,
m elius,
cri ns,
a udaci us,
sae p ius,

ften,

saepe , o

EXERCISE

77

h
ar
o
r
r
t
w
m
w
ill
ca
o
n
e
re
(
)
y
k ee n ly
3 Th e
2 Th e b ra v e r sco uts asce n d th e
ill m ore eag erly
o rse so ldie r w o u n ds th e co m m an de r m o re se v e re ly w i t
4
a spe ar
Th e fug i ti ve s e sca pe o u t o f th e p riso n i n to th e w ood m ore uick ly
5
s all m o re e asily o v e rco m e th e slo t ful c ie f
6 Y e w ere more
m e rcifully sp ari n g th e in abi tan ts o f th e con uered p rovi n ce
1

Th e

very

p o w erful

sup erl

nati o ns

I h

ge r
learn edly, docte
m erci fully, clementer

p riso n ,

ca rry on ,

ca rcer

se v erely,

gra vi ter
bo un tifully, la rg i ter

'

EXERCISE

78

in g en ii p u eru m docti us m on et
2 D i lig e n ti ors
3 Am pli re m ag ru m p au peri
p iscatOres rti a cu p idius oon trah u n t
ques feroci an im o i mpetum acriOrern facit
4
co lon o larg iss im e dds
5
6 S a p i en tior se n
agi ste r lon g iOre m li brum m ag n o studi o scri b it
7
ri m a luce m ise ram
te n ti a m a ore g au di o o m n es se n atOrs ai ci t
8
m ulti tndi ne m dux i m pro bus dese rit
ora di ei mi li tes ex
e rtia
o m n ibus castrOru m po rtis cum m ag n o clam Ore au daci us eru mp unt
1

Vir

ace rrimi

P
h

LESSO N XLIII

Th e th ree i m p erfe c t ten s e s o f th e activ e v erb h av e

b e,
b een, i t i s h o p e d, p erfe c tly le arn e d As th e v erb es
i s v e ry i rreg ul ar, th e th ree i m p erfe c t ten se s o f i t w ill b e
h ere g iv en t o b e c om mi tte d to m em ory

7 8

LE

P
1

Si

ng

P lu

2
3
1
2
3

re s

s um ,

I mp erf
I am

you a re, th ou
es t, h e is
su m us, w e are,
e sti s, ye a re,
sun t th ey a re

I mp e

rf

F u ture m p e rf
e m , I sh a ll be,

I w as,

e ri s,

you w ere,
e rat, h e was
e ram us, w e were,
e ri tis, ye were,
e ran t, th ey were
.

you w ill be,

e ri t, h e w ill be
e ri m u s, w e sh a ll be,
e ri tis, y e w i ll be,
e ru n t, the y wi ll be

a rt, e ras,

ast

e ra m ,

e s,

59

It i s cle ar th at th i s v erb diffe rs fro m all th e o n es

h i th erto u se d, i n th at i t do e s n o t ( o rdin arily) m ak e a co m
f
o r i n stan c e , i t w o uld b e
l
t
serti o n
e
e
a
s
o
u
l
b
v
i
o
s
;
p
y

Th e S lav e w as w i th o ut addi n g so m e
ab su rd t o say,
n o u n o r a dj e cti v e to sa
w
a t h e w as
T
hi
erb re u i re s
s
v
h
y
q

un le ss i t i s u se d i n th e se n se
al w ays,
e xi st ) so m e a d
(
e cti v e o r n o un w i th i t, w h i c h i s said to c o m
p l e te i ts
j
*
Th e w o rd so adde d i s alw ays i n th e sam e
m ea n i n g
c ase ( an d, i f p o ssible , i n th e sam e g en de r an d n um b er) , as
th e subje c t O f th e v e rb ; i n o th e r w o rds, th e v e r b
os
h a s th e s a m e ca s e a f te r i t a s b e f o r e i t

79
'

EXERCISE

79

2 O f all fri en ds you are

F ai th ful slaves are w ort y of p rai se
3
th e de arest
4 V i rg in ia w as
g rea te r e rd i s i n th e m ea do w
5
m on g th e
th e fai re st o f all g i rls
elve tii O rg e torix w as by far th e
6 Th e ca m p 1 s p la ce d o n th e
n oble st an d w e alt ie st ( m an)
ig er
7 Y o u are w i ck ed slav e s an d w o rt y O f all p un i s m en t
ri dg e
8
Th e udg e w ill be merci ful to th e o t e r p riso n e rs, b ut w ill v isi t th e de
serte rs wi t th e utm ost p u n is m e n ts

H
h h

'

Th e

p un i s m e n t, supp li ci o n
ri dg e , jugo
n
u tm o st, ulti mo
visi t, a ni c i)
(
Vi rgi n ia, Vi rg i ni a
eal t y, di vet co m
p di tter
supe rl di tissi mo
w ort y, digno ab]
.

re are m an y v e rbs b e si des es w ose m e an in g i s i n co m ple te ,

"

b e co m e,
as
see m,
be m ade,
be ele cte d,
b e t oug t,

& C , 850
does
es
v e rb s
.

h h

bu t, sed
by far, long e
de ar, care
m plur
el ve ti i , Helveti o
ig er, sup eri or
m e ado w , p rd to n
O rg e to ri x, 0rgeteri g m
o t e r, a li e
d
l
a
e
osi to
c
, p
p

suc

f
Th h
Th e e ve bs
ese

a ve , O
r

co urse

are

a co m ple ti n g ad e cti v e or n o un

calle d

ju

st as

by D r Ken n edy C o p u l a t i v e
.

L E SS ON

so

xmv

E XERCISE
1

E q uu

[8 0

81

80

s est o mn iu m an i m aliu m v eleci ss i m us

A m p li

ssi m i

erti

m i cus e ra rn Helv tii s, et summ e stu dio n es

di tissi rn i
3
4 In n ostra p atri a
o m i n es su n t li be ri , e t
so cieru m defe n deb am
5 V i te m pe statis n ev es e ra n t sau ciae
leg ih us v i rt tis ultro p are n t
6 V i ri m ag n ae v i rtutis a m p li s h o n Orib us su n t dig ui
7 V i ta b re vis
e st, a rs lo n g a
8 Ca p uae m al te e e ran t deliciae , e t mi li tes
ann i
b alis libe n te r ib i m an eban t
su n t reg is

LESSON XLIV

In th e 2 d sen ten c e o f th e p re c e din g e x e rc i se w e

h ad th e g en iti ve rg i s u se dp e ssess i vely w ith th e v e rb s u n t
Th e da ti ve also i s v e ry c o m m o nly u se d w i th os to e x
h
n , th e thi n
i
re ss th e
r o f an
o
ssesse d b ei n
o
ssess
t
o
p
y
g
g p
g
p
Bu t th e re i s a diffe ren c e i n th e
th e subj e c t o f th e v e rb
m ean i n g o f th e g en i ti ve an d da ti ve, u s e d i n th i s w ay :

80

If th e g en i ti ve b e u se d, th e n o ti on o f th e p ossesso r i s
m ade p ro mi n en t ;
If th e da ti ve b e u se d, th e n o ti o n o f th e thi n g p o ssesse d
i s m a de p ro min en t
.

An e x am ple
W e can say

w ill m ak e thi s

clear :

Hie h ortus

rs o n s
e
p

an d n o t some ot e r

h o rtus

t i ng s)

reg:

est

Th i s ga rden belongs to the ki ng

(as

w ell

as

W e m ay m en ti on h ere an o th er u se o f th e da ti ve
w h i ch c o uld n o t c o n v en i en tly b e i n tro du c e d b efo re

8 1

c ase

This garden ia th e king s

rg is est

Hie

o t er

Th e da ti ve i s
r e s u l t o f an

o ften

e m p lo y e d

a cti o n o r a state.

V i rtntes h em in ibus desert su n t

Hun c locum do micilio deligun t

to den o te

As

th e

en

or

Vi rtues a re a n h ono r to m en
Th ey ch oose t his p lace for a

res i dence

82

L E SS ON X LV

EXERCISE

to
co

81

Th e fa rm e r h ad six son s (sa y : t e re w e re si x so n s to th e farm er)

3 Th e g re e dy se a i s a des tructio n da t )
O u r so n h as m any b ook s
(
av e sm all re so u rces
4 Th e p oor
sa ilo rs
5
ae sar se n ds ve
6
i ce ro h a d a b ro t e r Q ui n tus
o rts as aid (da t) to th e le g io n

1
2

61

C
h

g ree dy, a vi do
o w n e r, dom i no , m
Q u in tus, Qui n to

an x i e ty, cura

de structio n , exi tie

di sg race, dedecos

EXERCIS E

82

D om u s amp la saep e do m in o dedecori es t

2 Q uartam leg ien em
3 Ig navi s h o m in ib us m ulta su n t curse
p rae si die ca stri s reli n qu am
5
m n i bus su n t m e m o ria e t am o r scien tiae
u eri s dili en tib us
4
g
6 Pi scateri bus eran t m ulta retia
era est em olu m en to
o m n is
1

LESSON XLV

i n th e p re c e din g e x erc i se s h av e
b e en i m p e rf e c t i n thi s re sp e ct, th at th e c o m p arati ve de
re e h as b e e n o ft en u se d, b u t th e o bj e c t w i th w h i c h th e
g
c o m p ari so n i s m ade h as n o t b een m en ti o n e d In En g li sh ,

th i s o bj e c t i s alw ays p re c e de d b y th e w o rd
th an
Th e sam e c o n n e cti o n i s e xp re sse d i n L atin in o n e o r o th er
o f tw o w ays

1 st Th e w o rd
th an i s e x p re sse d by
u am ,
82
q
an d th e seco n d n ou n i s p la ced i n th e sa m e c a se a s th e

Man y o f

th e

sen te n

c es

rs t

83

Th e w o rd th an i s u n tran slated,
i s p laced i n the a bla ti ve ca se

2d

e n d n ou n

an d

th e

se
e

XAMPLES

E urope is sm

aller

h an Asia

Europ a m i nor est quam

Europ a m i no r est Asi a

Asia

h an

Th e daug te r is fai re r t
m ot e r

NOTE Th e

rst

n o un

F Eli a estp ulcri or ua m m ater

F i li a es tp u lcri or m etre

th e

m ust n o t be used i n ste ad of quam,

n om or th e ace case

ablati v e

is in th e

un less

th e

L E SS ON XLVI

62

[8 4

EXERCISE

83

85

2 Th e eart i s sm aller t an th e
Th e sun i s larg er t an th e e art
su n
3 Th e s w a n i s la rge r t an th e goose
4 Th e g oo se i s sm a lle r
t an th e s w an
ta g s a re s w i fte r t an do g s
5
6 Th e u n fo rtu n ate
so ldie rs e m b ark e n th e s i p s m o re e ag e rly (t a n w as p rude n t)
7 Th e
b o ys rece i v e larg e r re w a rds ( t a n t ey de se rv e d)
8 Th e t i rd leg i o n
w ill asce n d th e ill m ore uickly (t an t ey oug t)
1

h
h

E
l
t
I th l st th
N
O
T
s
84
is
o bj ct w i th w h ich th e c m p
.

Se n te n ce s i t w ill be

ree

se e n

at

th e

i s m ade i s om i tted : a n d th e w ole

n g lis
n o ti on w o uld g e ne rally be e x p re sse d i n
by su bs ti tuti n g th e

In future , t e n , s uch exp ress ions as

w o rd
too fo r th e w o rd mo re

too e ag erly, a re to be exp ressed by the co mp a ra ti ve degree

ua m
w en u sed b efo re a s up erla ti ve deg ree,
8 5 2 d Th e w o rd

m ak es i t m ean as m uch as p ossible

us :
ua m di li g en tissi m m e an s

as ca re fully as po ssible
ua m g raviss im i la bors m eans
la bors as

se vere as possible
ar

on

Th

EXERCISE
Nostra p atri

84

2 G navus pu er m agi stro

pe ten ti e r est uam tu a
3 MajOra p rae m i a i g n avi m i li tes accip iu n t, u am n an tao
docti or e st
4 Lab eres uam g rav issi m os p i g ri s m i n istri s i m p on am
di lig e n tissimi
6 Pre bus m agi s
5 Q ua m p lurim as n ig ras e v es m ercato r coe m ebat
7
i il est a mabilius virtute
trate s a u daci latrOn e e rat p i g ri or
8
un t dom esti cae fo rti tudin es n en i nfe ri ores mi litaribus

Nh

LESSON

XLVI

We

h av e n o w gi v en th e p ri n c i p al rul e s in re g ard to
th e fo rm ati on an d u se s o f th e diffe ren t i n e c ti o n s o f sub
It i s h o p e d th at th e se w ill n o w
stan ti v e s an d adj e c ti v e s
re are d
re sen t n o dif c u lty, an d th at th e p u p ils are w e ll
p p
p
t o l e arn th e re m aini n g te n se s o f th e in di c ati ve m o o d
o f th e a c ti v e v e rb , an d al so th e p erso n al an d o th e r p ro
In fu ture, n o sp e c ial v o c ab ulari es w ill b e g i v en
n o un s
?
Th e w o rds th at o cc u r m u st b e lo o k e d
fo r th e e x erci ses
fo r in th e g e n eral v o cab ulary at th e en d o f th e b o o k,
w h i ch als o i n clu des all th e w o rds hi th erto em ploye d
.

LESS ON

64

LV I

[ss

89

x e rci se s th e differe n t
m o de s o f fo rm ati o n w ill b e e x p lai n e d ; an d th u s th e kn o w l
e d e a c ui re d i n fra m e n ts m a
ll
e
c
b
o
ec
e
d
u
n
t
d
er
en
g
q
y
g
g
w h en th e re

are su

ch

th o u g h i n th e

h e ads
Th e th re e fo rm s w ill
n al v o c ab ul ary
e ral

alw ay s

b e g i v en i n th e

88

ten s es ;
th e

We

oin

now

to

w h i ch m ay b e

v e rb ste m ,
-

of

h
t
e
e
g
g
p rfe t a ti ve
an d th e re fo re m u st rst m en ti o n th e 2 d fo rm o f
are

e
a
p

calle d

c o n d stem

th e se

an d

i s m ark e d 2 i n th e v o c ab ulary
M o st v erb s w i th a
ste m s an d i st em s ( form i n g th e 1 st an d 4th c o nj u ati o n s ,
g
)
m ak e th e se c o n d stem b y a ddi n g th e e n di n g - V
Th u s,

l st S tem
am a
a u di

2 d S tem

am av

lo ve,
h ea r,

a u di v

lik e th e p rese n t i m p erfe c t,

h as n o ten s e e n di n g , b ut h as a d i s ti n ct s et of p erso n en cl
i n g s attach ed di re c tly to th e 2 d stem

Th e p

r e se n

t p

e r f e c t,

atta ch e d
Th e p a s t p
t o th e 2 d st em , an d th en tak e s th e re g ula r p erso n en di n g s
v e n in th e rst c o lu m n i n L esso n VII
i
g

e r f e c t h as th e ten se en di n g era
-

Th e f u tu r e p e r f e c t h as th e e n di n g er attach ed to
th e 2 d stem , an d th en th e reg ular p e rso n en din g s g i v en i n
the sec o n d c o lu m n i n L e sso n VIL, e xc ep t th at th e 3 d p e r
so n p lur h as i n t in ste ad o f a n t
-

Th e follo w i n g table g iv e s th e se en di n g s uni te d to each

o th er ; a n y v e r b m ay b e co nju g ate d i n e i th er o f th e s e
t en se s, b y attach i n g th e en di n g s h ere g i v en to th e seco n d
s tem
s

89

Pre s

AU di V
Am av
1

3
1
2

S i ng

Plur

a.

h ea rd
lo ved

h e
th u h
I

i,

o
ast, or yo u
i sti,
h e h as
i t,
w e av e ,
i m u s,
av e ,
e
i st i s ,
y
er a n t , m er e , t ey av e
.

av

h
h

av e

Pr

iz :
gi s
:
e

X Le

L E SS ON

P a st

11

1
2
3

S in g

1
2

Plur

Audi v
Am av
m

e ra

1
2

S i ng

1
2
3

t
e r am

e ra

u s,

e ri

e ri

t,

you

h ad,

P a st

h e h ad
w e h ad,
a
d
e
h
,
y
t ey h ad

gg

h
I sh ll h e
th u w ilt h ve
h w ill h
e
w sh ll h
e
y e w ill h
th ey w ill h ve
.

av

t i s,
c r i n t,

tu re
p e rf e c t
te n se

av e

a s,

t,

e ri

No e x erci ses

e r i s,

e r at i s,

e ro

I h ad
th u h adst o
o

e r a s

e ra n

III P u t

65

av ,

av

i
e n i n thi s lesso n , as i t i s th o ug h t
v
g
th e p up i ls w ill h ave do n e w ell if th ey h av e m astere d th e
state m en ts an d table s g iv en ab o ve
are

LESSO N XLVII

In th e table g iv en i n th e last lesso n th e rst mn se

w as c alle d th e p re sen t p e rfe c t, an d th e p resen t ten se o f

h ave w as u se d to tran slate i t

But
th e En g li sh v e rb
th e sa m e f orm s are also u se d i n L ati n t o desc ribe an ao
ti o n as h avi n g o cc u rre d i n s o m e i n de n i te p o i n t of p a st

In thi s u se th e t en se i s c alle d a o r i s t , w h i c h
ti m e

Th e differen c e w i ll b e p erc ei v e d o n
m e an s i n de n ite
c o m p arin g th e tw o sen ten c es :
1 I h a ve co m e to p ay yo u th e m o n ey
Pr e s e n t
p e r fe c t
2 I c a m e to p ay th e m on ey
Ao r i s t
It i s clear th at th e se c o n d o f th ese e x p re ssi o n s w o uld
b e e qu all y c o rre c t i f th e ac tio n sp o k en o f o cc urre d ye s

90

te rday, la st w e ek , last m o n th , o r last year

fo rm e r can o n ly b e u sed if th e a c ti o n sp o k e n o f
.

to d

8 9,

th e

cc u rred

In L atin b o th th ese sen se s are e x p resse d by th e

fo rm , b y adding to th e 2 d stem th e e n din g s g i ven in

ay

sam e

But

LESS ON XLVIII

66

In th e fo llo w in g

9
[ 1

ect o r a or i s t

t en se

92

x erci se s e x am pl es o f th e p resen t p er
w ill b e in tro du c e d m a de fro m ste m s
,

in a an d i , w hi ch , as w as
m ak e th e se c o n d stem by

8 8 , fo r th e m o st p art
h
a ddi n
t
e e n di n g - V
g
sai d

in

EXERCISE
Ih

85

2 Yo u p raised
do w n th e soldie r from th e ramp art
3 Th e m o t e r h as a do rn e d (h e r) dau g ter
th e m an O f co n s ta n t deli ty
w i t th e m ost be au tiful clo t e s 4 W e av e bui lt th e n ew fo rti cati ons
w it th e g re a te st dilig e n ce
5 Yo
o use
6
as ten ed wi th in th e
ey
av e c an g e d t e i r Oldest cus to m s
l

av e calle d

Th

h
h

h
h

EXERCISE

86

2 Adven tu m e xe r
i vi m u s in u rb em cu m p rae fecto equ i tatus
3 M ae sti m i li tes ca davera so cior um i n
ci tus i m pe ratori n u n tiav i sti
lam ores la trOn um p rocul au
4
ag ro su b u m b rosi s fa g is se p e li v re
uam fo rti ssi m e O pp u g na
o ste ro die m uni tu m O pp idu m
5
di vim us
6 In colae m i se ra e p rov in ci ae R om an o p o p u lo m ui tos a n u os
v isti
u ae sto r p a rvo p re tio
7 Q ua m m ax i mam v i m frum en ti
se rvi v ru n t
i tus o m n e classibu s late Occupavis ti
8
co mparavi t
1

LESSON

XLVIII

F re qu en tly in th e p erfec t t en ses m ade by th e en d

i n g V , a sh o rten in g o r c o n tra cti o n tak e s p lac e , th e lette r 2)
b ei n g o m i tte d
As thi s i s n o t a m atter o f an y di f culty,
i t i s suf ci en t h e re to say th at o cc asi o n ally su ch fo rm s
w ill b e i n tro du c e d in to th e e x e rc i ses fo r re adi n g , th at th e
teac h e r m ay h av e an o p p o rtun i ty o f e x p lain i n g th em
But
th ey n ee d n ev e r b e e m p lo ye d in th e w ri tin g e x e rc i se s
Nearly all th e sen ten c e s u se d so far h av e b een
92
s i mp le , i e , th ey h av e c o n si ste d o f o n e subj e c t an d o n e
re di c at e
B
u t si m le se n ten ce s are o ft en c o m bi n e d t o
p
p
eth er t o m ak e w h at i s c alle d a c o m o u n d s en ten ce, an d
p
g
th e w o rds u se d to i n di c ate th i s c o m b in ati o n are c all e d
Th e sim p le sen ten ce s so c o m bi ne d
c o n ju n cti o n s

91

L
93

We

n oun s

m u st

ES
n ow

[9 &

SO NXLIX
k

sp e a

of

c alle d

th e w o rds

p ro

Pro n o un s,
g

xmx

L E SS ON

es

en erall

as

sai d

w o uld lead a s t o e x p e c t, are

w o rds u s ed i n s tea d of n o u n s, i n o rde r

th ei r

to b e

n am e

y
t o av o i d th e to o fre qu en t re p eti ti o n o f th e sam e n o un
Bu t u p o n th i s w e m ay rem ark th at
l st Th e fre qu en t rep e ti ti o n o f th e sam e p ro n ou n w it h
i
o ut o en ce , sh o w s th at m e re re etiti o n i s n o t a th in
n
p
g
i t self c o n si dere d o bj e c ti o n able
2 d It w ill b e fo un d e x trem ely di f cult, if n o t im p o s
sible , to rep re se n t, ev en b y c o m p le x c o m b in ati o n s o f
n o u n s, th e th o u g h ts an d re lati o n s w h i ch are e x p re ss ed
h
sim p ly an d n aturally b
t
e ai d o f th e w o rds c alle d p ro
y
.

n o un s

I n stead

h
a
h
o
e
o
f
w
c
,
th e w o rds so c all e d i s e n title d to th e n am e i n i ts li teral
se n se , w e sh all e n deav o r to p o i n t o u t th e m e an i n g o f eac h
sep arately ; b ut i t w ill b e se en th at th e y all h av e thi s i n
c o m m o n th ey al l den o te th a t th e n ou n s to w h i ch th ey re
er, or i n c o n necti o n w i th w h i c h th ey s ta n d, bea r s o m e
f
den ed rela ti on to th e sp ea k er, o r to th e th i n g s sp ok en
a bo u t
Pro n o un s are di vi ded in to 8 1 X classes :
th erefo re ,

o f attem p t in g

to

sh o w

Pe r s o n a l

rds w h i ch do
o
w
p
in de e d refer to n o un s ( o r at le ast to th in g s w h ic h h av e
m
l
h
at th e
i
n am e s ) b u t o n ly t o thi s e x ten t, th at th e
t
y
p y
refe r to are ei th e r
n o un s th e
y

ro n o u n s

are

k in g ; o r
2
sp o k en t o ; o r
(
o r th in g s s p o k en ab o u t
3
(
P o s s e ss i v e p r o n o u n s are a dj e ctive s an d
h
at th e n o un s w i th w h i c h th e y ag re e e i th e r
t
im m
y
1
(

Th e p erso n

or

e
rso n s s e a
p
p

b elo n g to th e p erso n

or

e rso n s sp e ak in g
s

ok en

or

o r,

t o ; o r,

th i n g s

o k en

p
ab o u t
[

L E SS ON XL IX

69

D
an d

e m o n s t r a ti

i m p ly th at th e

ve

n o un s

r o n o u n s are a d e ctiv es,

w i th w h i ch th e y

re e

a re

ei th e r
n e ar

th e p e rso n

or

erso n s

S p eaki n g

2
(

sp o k en

or

o r,

to ;

o r,

th i n g s sp o

k en

ab o u t

Lo g i c a l p r o n o u n s i m ply th at th e w o rds th ey
ei th e r a re

alre ady

k n o w n an d de n ite fro m h av
i n g b ee n m e n ti o n e d i n th e d i sco u rse, o r ( m o re rarely) are
t o b e i mm edi ately m en ti o n ed, an d so w ill b e re n dere d
de ni te

re f e r

to

te r r o g a ti v e p

th i n g s th e y
sp eak er,

re fe r

to

but th at h e

Hn d e

i m ply, th at th e
are n o t
e t de n itel
k
n
o
n
o
h
w
t
t
e
y
y
ask s fo r i n fo rm ati o n ab o ut th em
ro n o u n s

i te p

i m p ly, th at th e th i n g s
th ey refe r to are e ith e r n o t de n i te ly k n o w n to th e
sp e ak e r, o r th at h e so re p re sen ts th e m , b u t do n o t im p ly
th at h e desi re s m o re i n fo rm ati o n ab o ut th e m
It w ill b e o b serv e d, th at th e rst th re e classes corre
an d w e
sp o n d exa ctly w i th th e th ree p ers o n s of th e verb
h av e se en th at th e p erso n en din g s o f th e v erb c o n stan tly
su p p ly th e p lace o f th e p ers on a l p ro n o u n s
W e sh all rst i n tro du c e i n th e e x erci ses th e p erso n al
ro n o u n s
h
re sen ts
i
n
an d
o sse ssi v e
T
e
f
o
ll
o
a
l
e
t
b
w
p
p
g
p
th e stem s o f th e se :
n

ro n o u n s

F irst
p erson,

econ d

p e rson

Th i

rd

n
r
so
e
p

P
P
P

e rso n al,
ossessi ve ,
e rso n al,

m e 1;
m eo m y,
te thou,

ves tro ,

P
Po s e

h i mself, herself, i tself;

suo h is o wn, h er o wn , i ts own,

s ssi ve,

th y,

Vo stro ,

se
suO

our

you,

vo

tu o
se

n ostro

Possessw e,
erso n al,

we

no

youn

th em selves
h
t
ei r o wn
,

It m u st b e p arti cularly ob serv e d, th at th o ug h se

su o
are g i ve n h e re as p ro n o un s o f th e th i rd p e rso n , th e y
h
e n erall
e
w
n
are o n ly u se d i n a reflecti ve s en se ; i
y
g
th ey re fer to th e sam e p erso n as th e subj e ct o f th e v e rb
F o r th e th i rd p erso n al p ron o un , wh en n o t re ec ti ve, th e

94

LE SS ON XL IX

70

[9 4

lo g i c al p ro n o u n e0 w hi ch w ill b e g iv en in a sub se qu en t
le sson , i s g en e rally e m p lo ye d
Th e de cle n sio n o f t h e p e rso n al p ro n o un s in L atin b ein g
ver
i
rre ular, th e
i
v en at len th , to b e learn e d
a
re h e re
y
g
g
g
y
b y h e art
.

S i n gu la r

Nom

l st, m e
e g o,

Ace

me
m ei

D at
Abl

2 d, te
tu, th ou

se

tui
ti bi
te

me

l st,
n s,

se

2 d,

no

we

3 d,

vo

vos,

si bi

Pl u r a l
Ace

sui

se

Nam

3 d,

se

ye

se

n ostrum.
n ostri

D at
Abl

n obi s

v o strum

sm

v o stri

sibi

is

Se

NOTE l st

h as th e

sam e

fo rm s for sin gular an d p lural

h as n o n o m i n ative : sin ce, as i t is re ecti ve, th e subject of th e

i t occu rs m ay al w ay s b e re g arde d a s i ts n o mi n ative
se n te n ce i n w ic
case ; an d t is, o f co urse , w ill de te rm i n e i ts g e n der an d n um be r
3 d Th e no m i nat ive case s o f th e F i rs t an d S econ d p e rso nal p ro n ou n s
a re o nly use d w e n t e y a re e m p ati c ; si n ce t h e pe rso n e n di n g s o f th e
v e rb sup p ly t e ir p lace e xactly, an d suf cie n tly i n o rdi n ary circu m

2d

h h

stan ce s

66 1 th e p o sse ssiv e p ro n ou n s are de clin ed lik e adjectives i n 0 or

a, ex ce p t t at th e v oca ti v e si n g ula r o f m es is m t
5 th
o st m o de rn e di ti o n s o f
atin au t o rs, foll o w i n g th e late r
w rite rs, gi v e ves trum , ves tri , as th e g en i tive p lu ral o f th e 2 d perso n al
n ste ad o f th e m o re re ular vostru m , vos trt
n
u
n
r
o
o
i
,
g
p
4th

Th e g e n i ti v e p lural o f th e l st a n d 2 d pe rson al p ron oun s h as tw o

fo rms ; o f t ese th e o n e e n di n g i n u m is used as the i nclusi ve ge ni ti ve
th e fo rm in t fo r th e o t e r u se s
6 th

As

i n fo rm er c ases, n o e x erci ses are g i v en in th i s le sso n ,

th at th e w h o le ti m e o f th e p up ils m ay b e dev o te d to th e
stu dy o f th e di sti n cti o n s an d e x p lan ati o n s g i v en , an d to
th e le arn i n g o f th e table s o f th e p e rso n al p ro n o un s
.

L E SS ON LIL

72

9
[ 4

In th e follo w i n g e x erci ses, th e p ast p erf e ct w ill b e i n

tro du ce d a s w ell as th e p resen t p erfe ct o r ao ri st
S ee
.

89

EXERCISE

91

1 Y o u fri g ten ed th e w o m en an d c ildre n by your boldn ess

2
Th e w i se p iloso p e rs h ad ta ug t t e i r o wn c ildre n
3 Th e v e ry
b ase trai to r h ad o p e n ed th e g a tes o f th e ci ty to th e en e m y
4 Yo u

e ag e rly sn atc ed th e g ift o u t O f y o u r fat er s an ds

5 W e ave care
6 Th e soldi ers Of th e co ort le ap ed
fully culti v a te d o ur o w n elds
dow n from t eir o wn s ip i n to th e sea
.

h h

'

EXERCISE

92

Lex

2
e g ion es locum n on
turp issi mam rem om n i n o ve tuerat
3
o rtas a e ru i i n us,
te n u run t : se d i n p ro x im um co lle m s recip ie n t
p
n ton i o e x i i m u s
4
un i versi que e t o p p i dan i e t m i l ites ob vi am
em o
i nte r Lati n Os dil ig e n tiu s tu o p a tre ortos co lue ra t 5 Tem pestas h odi
6
n ostros i n ca stri s co n ti n ui t, e t b o ste m a p ug n a p ro h ibu it
o v um
7 M ag ma
co n silium am i ci s n ob ili u m ci v i um m a g n o p e re p lacuerat
8 F ortissimi
p ars n ostru m pe ri cula silvarum v e e m e n te r tim ue rat
leg i On arii sig num m edii s ex h osti b us rap u ere
1

LESSON
It w as
ti ve p
as

ro n ou n s

o sse ssi v e

g at e re d
state

seen

th e

LII

in L esson X L I X , th at in L atin dem on stra

fo llo w th e divisi o n o f th e p e rso n al p ro n o u n s,
ro n o un s do
h
i
r n am e i n di c ate s th at
T
e
p
.

But i t m ay be w o rth w il e
from th e v ocab ul ary
p ri n cipal m odes O f deri vin g i mp erfect stems from roots
.

R oo t

Th e inserti on
2

Th e
U

5
6
(

of

additi on of

u
.

t.

as
6

ta g
cub

l st stem
ta ng

touch

H lie

se p arate

leam
H
be n d

ea

ti

no

cem
t

to

h ere

p en

BO BS ON S

u
p s

La m

"

EX ER CIS ES

L E S S ON LH

73

th ey p oi n t to th e
an d

n g er

Th ere

de sc rib e

Ne ar th e p erson

w i th w h i ch th ey ag re e , a s w i th th e
its p o si ti o n b y rep re sen ti n g i t as

n o un

kin g ;
sp o k en to ;

sp e a

or

th erefo re i n

are

L atin

thi n g

sp o

k en

of

th ree dem on strative p ro

n o un s :

h o h a m ean in g , th i s n ea r m e
th a t n ea r y ou
i s to i s ta
th a t n ea r h i m ,
i llo i lla

or

th at yon der

Th e de clen si o n o f th ese b ein g i n sev eral resp e cts i r

reg u lar, h o i s h ere
i
en to b e learn ed b y h eart
h
v
T
e
g
th re e g en ders, as g i ven b elo w , h ad b e st b e le arn e d t o
eth er
g
.

HO

Nam
Ace

S ingular

this

h aec
ha c

h ic
h un c
h ujus

h ui c

D al
Abl

N orn Hujus

h orum

h ae c

h ae
h as
harum

h Orum

hi s

h ac

h oe

hi
h es

h oe

h ute

g enders

an d

h OC

h oug h

h i s, t

gi ven

onl y

on ce ,

are of all

In
n i ti v e
e
g

95
th e

it w as

32

sai d

th at th e

c ase

c om m on est

w as t o li m it th e m e an i n g of
en i tiv e c ase al w a s den o tes
g
y

u se o f

a n o un

or

j ctive Th e
so m eth i n g
d if eren t f ro m th e n ou n w h i ch i t li mi ts
But n ou n s som e
ti m e s are m o re e x actly den e d b y th e addi ti o n o f an o th er
ad e

w o rd den o ti n g th e sa m e p erso n o r th i n g as th e li m i te d
n o un
o un s so e m p lo ye d are
u t i n th e sa m e c a se, a n d,
p
if p ossi ble, i n th e sa m e g en der a n d n u m ber as th e lim i te d
n o un , an d are sai d to b e i n a
Th
e
t
o
t
t
i
o
s
i
i
n
o
pp
t w o fo llo win g sen ten c es w ill serv e to ill u strate w h at i s
h ere sai d :
.

S erv u s Caesari s, Ca esa r s s la ve Gen o f p o ssesso r

2 S ervu s Balb u s, Th e slave Ba lbus
am o f n o un i n
app os i ti o n
7
1

L E SS ON L111

74

E X E R CI S E

93

[9 6

Th
h j

1
w ill sell you t is slav e (o f m in e) for tw e n ty m i na e
2
is law
forbade all i n ustice
3 Th e law s h ad stri ctly forbidden t i s i n usti ce
4
h is w o m an h as tam e d m an y w il d beasts, an d h as sw ayed th e an ger
o f li on s
5
i t t ese sw ords w e k e p t o ff th e e n em y
6 Bal bus,
th e w i ck ed slave, ( be ing ) ala rm ed by th is evi den ce , k ep t sil en ce
.

W h h

EXERCISE
Caesar

94

im p eratpr D umn orig em, imp robum D i vi ti aci fratrem, h is

2
aec loca te n ue
va n de r m ul ti s an te tem pes tati bus
verbi s m o n ui t
amill a consuli v e em en te r placueran t
3
rat
aec co nsili a
4 Hi
u am p aru eran t
r
o
n
u
n
5
a
a
m
t
q
e sar co o rtes n ove m
i
a
i
O
t
i
m
o
s
er
p
g
p
s p u d 8 9 re ti n u i t, e t h i s cep ii s cas tra h osti um au daciss i me O p p ug n avi t
7 HOS
i li tes ex h ac nave in mare desiluerun t
ortos cum m ax
6
8 R un e i mp robum
omin em ut
i m a cura di l ig ens servus co luerat
bostem alli a aesar st eni t
1

L E S S O N L1 1 1
Th e 2 d

m an y v erb s, m o stly w i th
con so n an ts tem s, i s m ade b y attac hin g th e e n din g 8 ,
w hi ch c o m bin es w i th th e stem in th e w ays g i v en b elo w
t
h
e ste m en d i n a v ow el , th e vo wel i s om i tted be ore th e
If
f
S ee No te o n L e sso n L I
8

96

stem

o f v ery

G u ttu ral stem s

-

as,

c,

g h
,

m ak e x :

re x

mg
d uc
v eh

v ex

au

aux

1
1

e
g

a l stem s
D
en
t
h
d
t
w
i
t
,
,
(
)
( )
som etim e s c h an g e i t to 8

as,

wi th

Iaed
m i t(t)
ced
ri de
sen ti

s omi t th e

lacs

m is

ri s

sen s

c ess

or

L E SS O N LIV

'

76

[9 7

LESSON LIV
As
e

th e 2 d

x actly

ali

ke

d em o n strativ e p ron o un s are d e clin e d

o n ly o n e of th em i s h ere g i v en to b e le arn ed

an d
,

b y h e art
Istd , th a t

3d

ill o

u , an d
o
y

n ea r

th a t

Ace

G en
D at
Abl

N OTE l
l
y
i
e
g

i lla
ill arn

ill e
ill um
illi ns
illi
ill o

i lli
illos
i lldrum

ill u d

illa

Th

th a t

or

Plural

h im,

n ea r

S in g ul ar

Na m

i llae
ill as
illarum

ill a

i116rum

i116

th e geni t
sa m e o rm s

da t sin g an d da t an d a bl lur are

a re use d fo r all
o n ce , th e
v n on
g e n de rs

2 d Th e e m p a ti c a d ecti ve zp so
se l ,
ve r ,
i s declin ed lik e ill o
ex cep t t at th e ncut si ng no m an d ace is zpsum, an d n o t {p sud
st

ou g

EXE R CI S E

97

h (of yours)
3 I h
y u l tte bo ut
m ans p l as d m e
e w i te d f
h s by
l g tim e
4 Y e l d th e Ro m
m y ac ss
r y u)
th e ff irs (
y de i i to m e d ge us pl ce 5 W be h eld th e fo ce f
ut u p
ll th se h i lls (y d )
my d w
6 Th e a ri al of
th e
th at ee t ( f y ou ) h d greatly in c ease d our h ope of safety
1

g ave

os

no

th e b ook to t
e

Th
-

on

or

r a

an ar

ro

er

E XER CI S E

at sp e ec

ro

rs

av

on a

n o

on

an

or

ra

en e

bo y (y on der)

at

n ea

r r ver

on

'

an d

s o

98

Omn es h osti um nav es i n i116 p o rtu p raefectus combussit

2 In
illam p rovi n ciam i m e rator e x erci tum tran sduxi t, et be llum un o se
3 M axi m a m i sti u s vi ci p arte m tui s m i litibus
i ni v i t
cun do p roe li o
4 Illum m ise ru m ca p ti vu m tri n i s ca teni s v in ctu m o stes
co n cesse ras
5 D e is ti s rbu s m ulti co mm en ta ab surdis
i n uga s curn trax e ran t
6 S ubdolus ill e p rodito r n octu e x u rbe ev asi t
7
si rn a n x run t
8
m n es i lli n s re g ion i s ci v es n o v um pe ri cu lu rn m ature se nscrun t
M ul ta bella su pe ri ori bus an ni s li cite r g esse ratis
1

LESS O N Lv

9 s,

77

NOTE I

ave secum , fo r
t is e x ercise w e
Th e p repo si ti on cum i s p lace d after th e p erson a l p ron oun s,
Th e sam e order is also so m etimes adop te d w i th
i n ste ad o f be fore t e m
th e relativ e ron ou n qua
us w e
cum me
a ve m ecu m
in stea d o f
cum t
tecu m
cu m s
secu m
n obis cum
cum n obi s
cum v obi s
v obi scu m
uibus
som eti mes)
cum
(

98
cum se
.

sen ten ce

of

p
h

Th

LESSON LV

h o an d i ll0 b e si d es th eir p ro p er
u se to e x p re ss
o si ti o n in th i s o r th a t
l
ac e, are em p lo y e d
p
p
to e x p re ss th e la tter an d th e f o rm er o f tw o th i n g s sp o k en
ab o u t
As h o m ean s th i s n ea r m e i t stan d s fo r th e la tter,
si n ce th e thi n
l
a
s
t
m
n ti o n ed m ay b e c o n si de re d as th e
e
g
n ea rer to th e sp eak er
An d so i llo stan d s fo r th e f or
m er, o r th at W h i ch i s c on c ei v e d o f as f a rthe r f ro m th e
sp e ak er, as h avi n g b een m en ti o n ed p revi o u sly to so m eth in g
Wh i ch h as j u st b e en sp o k en o f In th e follo w i n g e xe r
ci se s th e se p ro n o un s w i ll b e u se d o ccasi o n all y i n th ese

Th ey m ay o ften b e tran slate d b y th e o n e,

sen se s

th e o th er

99

Th e

p ron oun s

NOTE Th ug h isto h as be e expl i ed to m th t a you

is ofte u d i c s s W h e e th is m e i g is o ly in di rectly app are
an d often to o W h e e i t can n ot b e observ e d at all
n

se

a e

e an

a n

an n

ne r

it

nt ;

E XER C I SE
O

99

Th e latter p i ni on le ases m e, th e former disp leases ( me) 2 Th e

3 I p rai se th e dilig en ce
latter b o y i s i n dustrio u s, th e orm er ( is) idle
i rtue i s w o rt y of
4
bla m e th e i dle n ess o f th e o t e r
o f th e o n e ,
o se soldie rs, o n
d
i
s
m
i
s
se
t
n
l
l
5
h
r
a
d
r
a
i
f
or
e
i
t
T
e
e
se
r
se
f
e
g
p
(p )
o uri s e d a
6
i
s sta te h a d
acco u n t o f th ei r disti n g uis e d val or
(
)
long tim e
1

7*

Th

LESS ON LVI

73

[ 1 00

EXERCI S E
1

101

1 00

ma

mem i nstruxerat i n

ae sar a

v alle

Host s

o m n ibus

ex

3 D uc s cup id
illi us sil vae p a rtib us i n un um locu m co n v o lav run t
4 E160 be llum p luri m as n o stra e
orum mi l i tu m co rcu run t
i tats
5
n te m tua m i n isti s s tudii s
u
i
t
u rbi s
a
b
s
m
s
e
e
s
p
p
p ro be e x e r
6
i li tes pe r tetu m illu m die m si ti ru n t
7 Illud i n ce n di u m
cuisti
8
a tri a n obi s cari o r e st
totam fe re u rbe m nna n octe absu mp s e rat
m ne an im al s ip sum di g i t
9
1 0 S aepe bom ini
quam n os i p si
uam sibi ip se
n ihil est in im i cius,
.

h
O

'

L E S S O N LV I

Th e 2 d stem o f m an y v e rb s i s m ad e w i th ou t the
T h e rst class o f th ese to b e
a dd it i on of a n y en d i n g
m en ti o n e d c o n si sts o f th o se w h i ch t ak e a p r e x calle d
Th i s syll able i s m ad e b y
a syllable o f r e d u p l i c a ti o n
th e rst co n so n an t o f th e ro o t, fo llo w e d eith e r b y th e letter
O ften th e v o w el in th e
e, o r b y th e fi rst vo wel o f th e ro o t
rin c i le s state d
ro o t i s ch an e d i n acco rd an ce wi th th e
p
g
p
i n th e i n tro d u cti o n
Th e fo llo wi n g e x am p les w ill m ak e
th is cle ar :
2 teten d
1 ten d stretch ,
2 ce ci d
l cad f a ll,
1 fall , dece i ve,
2 m o m o rd
1 m o rde bi te,

1 00

1 01

NOTE In

g en e rally, t ou g
tw ee n th e p re x

Thus :

th e

comp ou nd verbs,

W he

lost

n ot alw ays,

an d th e roo t

syllable o f re dup li cati on

retain e d,

i t is

it

comes

is

be

1
1

deci d

co n curr

2
2

decid
co n cucurr

or con curr

EXERCI S E 1 01
2 Th at ras h you g
1 W e h ave spar d th e i h b i t ts f th is ci ty
k w i th h s ge rs
3 W l
d
h d tou h ed th be u ti ful
m
u
4
B
l
d
b
tt
c
k
ld m
m y th i gs fro m th
y
y
)
y
(
ill
5
h
h
q ui k ly d
T
f
i
t
bb
o u t f th i
d
d
r
g
g
y
ug h y
d
l
i
t
6
Y
n
ib
e g v
th t
h o se
l
h
s qui kly
p
p
tes o f u ci ty
y
d
i
c
e to th e m g ist
d
f
ou ) g
(
.

ro v e

oo

as

ran a

rs

on

ro

os s

an

sn a

ose o

an

an

en

ra

a e

er

er a
e

on

ro

n e ar

e rs

e arn e

en e

L ESS O N

so

Lvn

[1 0 3

Plural

S in g ular

Nm
o

Ace

G en

Bat

Abl

e ae

e ds

e ds

eju s

e rum

e arum

ei

ii s

e um

e am

e 5.

1 04

ii

ea

cd

id

is

ea

e rum

or e i s

eo

Th e follo win g e x am ples m ay

thi s p ro n o un ri g h tly

assi st

p up il in

th e

usin

I h old h i s sw o rd
E
u
j s g la di u m ten co
Po m p ey h olds hi s sw ord (re ectiv e) Pomp ei u s su u m g la
i
u m ten et
d
[
Yo u h old h er g arlan d
co ro lla m te n ts
S h e h o lds h er g arlan d (re e ctiv e) su a m co ro lla m ten et
I h old th eir sp ears
eoru m h a s t s ten co
Th ey h old th eir sp ears (re ective) su ds h astds ten en t
,

Nora Th e
sam e

th e

g en an d da t case s sin g , an d t e dat

for all g en ders, t oug th e are onl sta te d
.

an d abl

on ce

in

p lur are
th e table
.

NOTE
Som etim es log ical p ro nou s do n ot refer to y
I
n th is case g e erall
ar w ord b u t to a w h ole st tem e t
a
c
u
l
r
t
i
p
y a
n o un is i n troduce d w i th w h i ch th e p ro n oun ag rees j ust lik e an ad
1 03

an

jectiv e

og ical p ron ouns ag ree w i th

th is be l earn ed by e art L
th ei r a n teceden ts i n g ender a n d n umber, but th eir cas e is determ i ned by th e
constructi on of th ei r own sentences

10 4

Let

EXE R CIS E

1 03

We

h ad p u t th e en emy to (i n) igh t, an d h ad S p ared very few of

2 Y e o verca m e th e consul a n d se n t h is army u n der th e yok e
th em
3 Th e trai to rs h ad de ce iv e d th e co m m an de r, an d h ad g i v e n h i m up to
a ul : n o o n e h a d e v er co n te n de d
erm an s
eld
4 Th e
th e en em y
5 Th e Belgae dw el t
w i th th a t n ati o n w i t ou t h is o w n destructio n
i n e : th es e ( pe o ple) h ad n ev er se n t am bassadors to Caesa r
n ear th e
6 Yo u g ot tog e t er ve ry m an s eep an d sh e are d
co n ce rni n g p e ace
them
1

G
h

Rh

y h

LESS ON LV III

E XERCI S E

81

1 04

Flum e n si n e p eri culo tran si veram ; sed m ag h am i mpe di men torum

ug n a di n duravrt, e t i n e a m ulti e x n o s
m
ram
2
ar
m
i
n
o
a
i
se
e
t
e
p
3 Ae du s su pe rave ram us e t li beros sace rd tum ab
tri s ce cid run t
l tu m um e n illum cam p um cin x i t ;
4
il s ob sid s re dux e ram us
i taque Po m p i us i n e 5 loco su a castra summ a di lig en tia m uni vi t
5
elv etii cum Ge rm ani s co n te n du n t, cosque sui s f i n i bus p ro iben t
6 In e a pu g n a e x esse di s a d p edes dsilu erun t
o stri a m i ci ab ros
8 Carth agi n i e nses p ace m p e te
v ocav ru n t, e t i i s p rae m i a de deru n t
ban t ; ea g en s in sig n es cal ami tat s
oman o p op ulo 6 11m m tulerat ( 1
1

h
f

LESSON LVIII
1 05

Th e 2 d stem o f m an y v erb s i s m ade eith er b

y
le n g th en in g th e ste m v o w el o r by c h an g in g i t in to
If
th e l st ste m en d i n a v o w el th at vo w el i s d ro pp e d
.

leg

rea d,

j ac (i)
1

1
1

fav e
v ide ,

th row ,

a vor,

see,

j u v a a ss i st
vi u c
( ) con quer
,

It is supp osed th at th e 2 d stem of

orm

leg
6
0
3

fa v
vi d
v
u
j
vi c

(
es
o
L
s
n
[

se e n o te* o n

LI

)
ally

such v e rbs

w as orig in
m ade by redu p lication, an d th at th e lo n v o w el w as roduce d b
g
p
y th e
co n traction o f th e s llable o f re du li catio n w i th th e ste
m syllable
p

EXER C I SE

1 05

Th e soldiers e asily b rok e th roug h th e lin e o f th e en em

y, an d p u t
them to (i n) igh t
2 Th e ba rbari an s ca tu re d th e ci t
p
; th a t lo ss th e
R o mans h ad sustai n ed by th e ault o f th e lie ute n ant
3 Ye h a d co n
ue re d th e co n sul, a n d h ad tak e n h i s ca m
4
ae sa r m a de
e ace
p
p
w ith th e Aedui ; th a t state h ad ca rrie d o u m an w ars w i t
th e n ea re s t
y
n atio n s
5 Yo u h a d collected a rea t ee t ro m ex
sia , a n d h a d se n t
g
(
)
i t i n to
reece
6 Y e h ad co llecte d all th e o rces of th e a llies a n
d h ad
,
led them in to th e w i nter uarte rs of th e ei
g t leg ion
1

f
f
hh

A
.

L ESS O N

82

LIX

E XE R C I S E

[1 05

1 06

bii cu m Caesars ami citi am sceran t, obs i dsque ci dederan t

1
2
Li be rtate m a m ajOrib us accep im us, a t ue i n ea se m pe r pe rm an bim us
3 J am p e r an g ustias v estras oOp iaS tra n sdux erati s, e t i n Ae duOrum
4
On dum ba rbaro
n es pe rvn eratis, eOrumque ag ree v as tabatis
corum o pp i da ob sidebam us
ru m co ns ili a cog n Ove ram us ; tam e h
5
Pri m e luce ad i n sula m p e rven is ti, ejusqu e in coli s ista tu a clem en tia
upe ri ore an n o leg atu m o p ido p rae fci e t le g iOn em
6
p e pe rcis ti
n terim n ostri mi lites i m p e tu m h os tium sus
7
octav am ci co mm i si
8
tin urunt, e t co m plur s e x ii s ceprun t
pe r in venatOrs ruit,
cOsque in g en ti tim bre ai ci t
.

LESSON LIX
By

th e

addi ti o n

of

syll able

th e

dem

to th e lo g i c al

the s a m e
i s fo rm e d
p ro n o un co th e adj ect iv e eo
dem
As th ere are so m e slig ht v ari ati on s in th e declensi on it i s
h ere g i ven at le n g th

Plural

Nom i d
.

Ace;
Gen

dem i dem
can d em

ii dem
eae dem
e asdem
e sde m
e Orun dem earun dem
i i sdem or ei sdem

ea

d em
ej us d e m
e un

e i dem

D at
Abl

em

ea em

e Odem

e dem

E XE R C I SE

eadem
eOrun

d
em
[

1 07

1
ae sar did th e
ext day t ey m oved t eir cam p from th a t place ;
3 Th e
sa m e ( thi n g )
2 Yo u p lea ded all cau se s i n th e sa m e m an n e r
g e n eral al w ays fav o re d th e w re tc ed p riso n e rs w i t th e sa m e clem en cy
4 Th e bo s h ad rea d th e sam e boo k s
5 All th e soldie rs e d by dif
feren t w ays in to th e same wood
6 You h ad collected all t ose sh i s
i nto th e sa me arbo r
.

LESS O N

s4

LX I

Pri me luce terrain

0
0
1
7
1
8
,
[

atti g i mus o m n esque

i n co lu m s
n av es p e rdux i m us
5 Le g iOn e m p assibu s duce n ti s a b h Oc tum ulo co n
stitui
6 Injus tus rex ci v es h ost sque ux ta m e tu i t
7
m n ibu s h is
reb u s p e rm Oti e ui tes do m um co n te n drun t
8
i li tes i n ma sax a
turris con vell erun t
te rg a

v erterun t

LESSON LXI
1 07

It w as

sai

92 , th at

in

p oun d sen ten c es

si m p le o n es ; an d

com

m a d e u p o f tw o o r m o re
th at th ese are so m e ti m es c o m bin e d co
o rd i n a tely
It i s
h o p e d th at th i s e xp ressi o n i s b y th i s tim e u n d ersto o d , as
i t n o w b e c o m e s n e c e ssary t o sp e ak o f cases, w h ere sim e
s en te n ces are co m bi n e d to fo rm co m p o un d o n es i n su ch
a w ay th at o n e o f th e m i s i n tro d u ce d su bo rd i n a tely to th e
Th e fo llo wi n g e x am p le s will m ak e th e m e anm g o f
o th e r
thi s cle ar :
are su c

as are

Th e m an wh o m we lo ved i s
He still li e s w h ere h e d i ed

d e ad

In th e 1 st o f th e se, th e sen ten ce w h o m we lo ve i s

j oin e d li k e an a djea i ve o r attri bute to th e n o un th e m an

w h ere h e di ed i s j o in e d li k e
In th e 2 d, th e se n ten ce

li e
an a dverb t o th e w o rd
In th i s b oo k th e se n ten ce w hi ch c on ta i ns th e m a i n as
serti o n , an d t o w hi ch th e o th er i s j o in e d , w ill b e calle d
th e p r i m a r y s e n t e n c e ; an d th e sen t en ce w h i c h i s
i n tro du ced i n exp la n a ti o n of th e m a i n a sserti o n , an d i n
su bo rd i n a ti o n t o i t, wi ll b e call e d th e s e c o n d a r y
As th e se te rm s wi ll in future b e u se d wi th
s e n te n c e
o u t fu rth er e xpl an ati o n , i t i s v ery i m p o rt an t th at th ei r
m ean i n g sh o ul d b e w ell un d e rsto o d at o n ce
1 0 8 W e sh all sp e ak at p re se n t o n ly ab o u t sec o n da ry
sen ten c e s, w h i ch c o n sti tu te th e 1 st o f th e cla sse s g i v e n
ab o v e , an d w h i ch m ay b e calle d a dj e c t i v e s e c o n d
a r y s e n t e n c e s , o r, m o re sh o rtl y , a dj e c t i v a l s e n
Adje c ti va l s e n te n c e s are j o in e d to
te n ce s
p rim ary sen ten c es b y m ean s o f a log i c a l p ron o un , w hi ch

L ESS O N
is

LX I

85

i n g ram m ar th e r e l a t i v e p r o n o u n
In
1 02 i t w as sai d th at a ll lo g i cal p ro n o un s refer to so m e
w o rd, g en e rally stated i n a p re v i o u s sen ten ce , w h i ch i s
calle d th ei r a n teceden t, an d th at th ey th erefo re n e arly
al w a y s are fo un d i n th e sa m e
n der a n d n u m ber a s th e i r
e
g
a n teceden t
But w h at h as b een o ften seen i n th e case o f
th e lo g i cal p ro n o un eo i s e q u ally t ru e wi th re g ard to th e
relati v e p ro n o u n , n am ely , th at th e cas e o
t
h
i
c
e
l
o
a
l
o
r
(
g
f
relati v e ) p ro n o u n dep en ds up o n th e co n s tructi o n o
t
h
e
f
w ords i n i ts o w n sen ten ce Th u s, i n th e 1 st e x am ple g iv en

ab o v e , th e a n teceden t,
th e m an ,
i s i n th e n o m i n ati v e

c ase, stan din g as th e subj ect o f th e v erb i s d ead 3 b u t

th e rela ti ve
i s i n th e acc u sati v e case , stan d i n g
w h om

as th e o bj e ct o f th e v e rb
T h e rela ti ve p ra
w e lo v e
n ou n in L atin i s
n d i t i s th u s de cli n e d :
u
a
o
q
calle

Plural

S ing ular

Nom

Acc

ui

q u em
c uju s

G en
D at
Abl

u
e
a
q

cu1

quam

uc
)

NOTE 1 st

u ae

q
q
u
O
s
q
u rum
u
r
O
u
m
q O
q
ui b u
q
fo r an g en ders

'

ua

q u ae
qu as
qu erum

ui

fo r all g en ders

u
O
q

o
u
q

It is m ost articularl to be Obse rved t at a relati ve p ro

n o un i n tro duce s a p erfe ct se n te n cd an d t ere fo re a ll th e words whi ch
a re con nected w i th i t i n construction m us t be kep t sep a ra te from th e words
w hi ch cons ti tute th e p ri m ary sentence
2 d If t ere b e an y do ub t as to w a t case o f th e relati ve p ron o un is
to b e e mp lo ye d, take i n i ts p lace i ts a n teceden t, an d o in i t w i t th e re
m ai n in g w o rds o f th e ad ectival sen te n ce ; an d i t w ill t u s b e m ade
cle a r i n w h at co n n ecti o n th e relati ve p ro n o u n sta n ds w i t
th e o t e r

us :
w o rds i n i ts se n ten ce
allust i s a w ri ter w hose boo k s
read

In w at case i s th e relativ e w h ose to b e m a de

w i t p le asu re
Th e

a n tece den t i s clearl

allu st
S ay n o w :
re a d th e b o o k s of S a l

lust w i t ple as u re
i n ce th e an te ce de n t n o w appe ars i n th e g en iti ve
case , t a t m ust b e th e case o f th e re lativ e p ro n o u n also
in ce th e se n te n ces w e are sp e ak in g O f are a dj ecti val sen tences,
3d
are u se d to qu ali
w ic
so m e n o u n s i n th e p ri m ary se n te n ce s, t ey
m ust as a g e ne ral ru le be i nse rted i m media tely after th e n ouns w i c
th e quali y
.

h h

h
h
S

fy

h
y S
S

Th

h
h h

L E SS O N m

86

E XE R C ISE

Sallust is e v ery elega

2 W h
m
bu i d th
w h ose ul is m ild
d ju t

[1 0 9
111

w ri te r, w ose book s I re ad wi th p le asu re

e
av e
3 W e obe y th e k i n g ,
re
e
an w o m ye k i lled
r
4 Th e k in g i s h a p py w o m all th e citizen s
an
s
e
lo v e
5 M en a re h ap p y, w h o di re ct ( t e i r) life by th e law s o f vi rtue
6 We will se n d o m e th e riso n e rs w om w e ave spared

nt

h
h

EXERCI S E

112

mn es res bo nae sun t

2
1 D e us fav et b omi ni qu i vi rtute m am at
ag na sun t be n e ci a,
3
u ibus
n os
u oti die
reavi t
e
u
s
c
D
e
u
s
u
a
s
q
rop te r v i rtute m e t p ro b i tate m e ti am e os dil ig im us quos
4
cum ulat
uos m i si sti , m e co n ven erunt
5
e rvi ,
6 Bri ta n
n un qua m vi di mus
n i a e st i n sula n atura tri ue tra, cu us n u m latus es t co n tra Galli am
8 D omus, uam
7 Multa, uae stulti e x pe tu n t, sa ie ntes spe rn unt
.

aedi cam us, est a d

j
p

mare

LESSON LXII

V ery often th e lo g i c al p ron o un eo i s used as th e an te

o r ag rees w i th i t
W h en eo
ce d en t o f th e relativ e quo
stan ds alo n e as th e an t e c e den t i t i s u se d as a n o un an d
.

th o se m en ,
th o se w o m en ,
or
th o se
m ean s e i th er

th i n g s, acco rdin g to its g en d er, j ust as i t w as sai d i n

97
th at adj e ctiv e s di d
.

S o m etim es, to o , th e relati ve p ro n o un d o es n ot

a ree in g en d e r an d n u m b er wi th i ts an te c eden t, b ut h as
g
an o th er n o un i n tro d u ce d al o n g wi th i t, w hi ch stan d s in
p lace o f th e tru e an te c eden t, w h eth er th at b e a sim ple
Th e p arti cul ar facts in co n
n o un o r a w h o le sen ten ce
n e cti o n w i th thi s subj ect can onl y b e fully stat e d in sy s
t e m ati c g ram m ars ; b ut i t i s h o ) e d th at w h en in stan c e s
e culi ari ti e s, th e
su c h
o ccu r in th e read i n g le sso n s o
p
te ac h er w ill tak e th e o p p o rtun ity th u s o ffe re d o f e xplai n
i ng to h i s p up ils w h erein th e v ariati o n fro m th e o rd in ary
rule co n si sts

1 09

LE SS O N

88

Lx1 v

E X ERCISE
Y e , w h o h ad bee n th e leade rs

[1 1 a

115

Gaul s

h
h h h
Th h

i n th e o rm e r w a r,
2
is w o m a n w as a m o n g th e p ri s
w ere th e c ie fs o f t at e m b assy
o n ers w h o m w e h ad ta k e n
3 Y o u w h o p re e r de ath to sl ave ry a v e
alw ays be en v e ry de a r to m e
4 Th e dif cul ty o f th at m arc , w ic
h ad bee n t ro ug w oo ds a n d m ars e s, w as ve ry g reat
5
e re
av e
be e n v e ry le a rn e d m e n i n t a t n a ti o n, w h o a v e disco v ere d m a n y u se
ful t i n g s
6 W e w e re i n th e ci ty be ore th e be g in n in g of th e wa r,
aul
aesar carri ed o n i n
w ic

of

th e

Th

h
h hC

E XERCI S E

116

1 GeOm e tn a i n sum m o o nore u it ap u d Graeco s, qui o m n ibus sci en ti i s

2 In e x e rci tu L S ull ae fue ram us, qui i n
m axi m e studeban t
s ia
3 Hujus consil ii p rin ci pes fu e ran t rg i s
m ax im u m bellu m co nfecit
n i ti o ju s be lli du x
f i lii, u os p ate r g rav iss i m o supplicio a ecit
4
om an i s res i st b at
G erm an Orum ui t ri o v i stus qui m ultOs me n ses
o n g n obili ssim us e t di ti ssi m us
H
l
O
s
l
u it O r e to ri x,
5
u
d
e
v
e
t
i
p
g
qui
am il lu s, qu i p ri m u m
co njuratien e m n ob ili tatis fe<
6
ictato r fui t
:it
os tes vi ci t aci e, de i n de e ti am u rbe m o b sedi t
um a, rex
7
om ae
u i de m be llu m
se cun dus, qui n ull um
n
u
ss
i
n
O
m
i
s ci vi tati quam
t
e
n
,
g
om ulus p rofuit ( 1 p redes)
8 Tarqu i n i us, qui p rop te r sup e rbiam
up e rbi cog n omen accp i t, se ti mus fui t at ue ul ti m us reg um
'

LESSON LXIV
be

x erci ses e x am ples o f th e f uturep erfect

i n tro du c e d
Th e c o nj ug ati on of thi s ten se

In th e follo w i n g

will

te n se

R
S

i s g i v en in
89
1 1 3 It i s n o w n e c essary to say so m ethi n g o f th e 2 d
cla ss o f seco n d ary sen ten ce s, w hi ch ( se e 1 0 7) m ay b e
c all e d a d ve r b i a l s e n t e n c e s Th e se are so c alle d
b e cau se th ei r m ean in g de n es th e asse rti o n m ad e i n th e
p rim ary sen ten c e i n th e sam e w ay as a n a d verb de n e s
th e m e an i n g o f a ve rb o r a dj e cti v e
Th e se sen ten ce s m ay
b e classi e d in th e fo llo w i n g w ay :
.

L ES S O N

1 1 4

Adv erbi al
1
2
3

4
5

sen ten

c es assert

Th e p la ce
Th e ti m e
T h e c on di ti on
Th e ca u se
Th e p u rp ose
Th e co n sequ en ce
Th e m a n n er

of

th e

p o k en

acti on s

th e

p rim ary

o f in

sen ten ce

Th e w ords w h i ch in tro du ce th ese adverbi al sen

ten oe s, are call ed in th e g ram m ars su bordi n a te co nju n c
ti o n s
As w e appro p ri ate d th e n am e c o n j u n c ti o n
ord i n a tely to th e
t o th o se w hi ch i n tro du c e d sen ten c e s co
rst sen ten ce , w e sh all v en tu re for sh o rtn e ss to n am e th e
o n e s w h i ch i n tro d u ce su bordi n at e sen ten ces s u b j u n c
ti o n s
Th e fo llo w in g n a m es an d exa mp les m ay b e tak en to
assi st th e p u p il to rem em b er an d u n d erstan d th e classi
cati o n
i
n o m ean s e x p e cte d
v en ab o v e : th o u h i t i s b
g
g
y
th at i t w ill b e fully co m p reh en d e d at p re sen t

1 14

Pri ma ry

Adverbi al

sen tence

sen tence

still

lies,

adv

w ere h e died
w h e n h e w as cured
1 1 6 ( 2 He w en t om e,
Yo u m ak e a mi stak e, i f yo u say t at
1 17
lov e yo u,
b ecau se yo u are k in d
l 1 8
W e m ust eat,
t at w e m ay li ve
1 19
1 2 0 ( 6 Th e k i n g w as so cruel, t at h e w as ate d
as h e t in k s
1 2 1 ( 7 He al ways sp eak s,

h
h

h
.

sen ten ce

Lo c a l

T e m p o ra l
Co n d i tio n a l
C a u sa l
Pi n a l
C o n se c u t i v e
M o da l
.

In th e foll o w in g e x erci ses ex am ples of th e r st th ree of

th ese classes w ill b e g i v en
1 2 2 It h as b e en o b serv e d that the f u tu re p erf ect i s
u se d w h en an acti o n i s sp o k en as n i sh ed a t a
u re ti m e
t
u
f
In th e c o m i n g e x erci se th o se v erb s w h i ch are to b e ren
d ere d by th e future p erfe ct ten se will h ave th e full m e an

in g o f th e ten se g iv en ( b y th e w o rd s sh all h av e ,
will
b ut g en erall y i n E n g li sh th e p re sen t im p erfect
o r p e rfe ct ten se i s u se d i n ste ad o f thi s fuller fo rm
.

8*

L E SS O N m

90

EXE R CIS E

[1 2 2

1 17

w ill return be fore I sh all h av e g on e aw a

2 W e sh all e asil
3 W e w i ll
p ay th is ta x w h en w e sh all h ave so l t he sh ee p an d ox en
e e in to th e w oods be o re th e a rm y sh all h ave co me
4 W h e n th e
o urth leg i o n sh all h a ve m o v ed i ts w i n te rq h arte rs, th e
rst le g i o n w ill
5
succee d i t
sh all h ave rece i ved in o rm ati o n abo u t th e w ar,
6
w i ll repo rt ( i t) to th e co n suls
w e sh all h ave erform ed all th ese
thin gs w e sh all revail u o n th e ur m en
1

ou

If
j y

If I

EXE R CI S E

118

Animi

quum e corporibus exce sserin t in coelum perven i en t

2 Q uum portas ape rueri tis, p roditors e x urbe qua m ce lerri m ug ie n t
3 S i p raeto r e x ercitu m e x pe ri culo ri pueri t, S e natus ei g ratias a g et
4 Q uum m esse m pe r ge riti s, rum e n tu m me rcatori v e n detis 5 S i a n te
m e diam n octe m adv en e ris li te ras scri bam
6 An tequ am p o rta m
7 D e Bamanorum adve n tu h ost s n on an te
ape rueris , rex a dve n i e t
co g n o sce n t quam i pse re m n un tiavero
8 Nostri p ri us im pe tum acien t
quam h osts um en tran sie rin t
1

N OTE In th e 7th

i u qua m
be fore

pr

pl

8 th

sen te n ces,

sub uncti on s antequa m an d

th e

; th e p a rts , a nte an d p ri us , be in g
th e p m ry sen ten ce, an d quam i ntroducin g th e seconda ry;

ace d

an d

in

are

se p arated

senten ce

LESSON LXV

In th e foll o wi ng ex erci ses e x am ples o f all th e im p erfect

an d p erfect tenses will b e i n tro du ce d
.

EXE R CI S E
Wh ile

119

th e ci ti zens w ere full of

2 How sh all h e ( eo g o v ern ( h is) ch il dren, w h o doe s n ot g o ve rn
fear
3
h i s o w n assions ?
you sh all cul ti va te v i rt ue, all g ood m e n w i ll
4
l o v e yo u
you sh all h ave adorn ed (your) m in d w i th vi rtu es, yo u
5 As soo n as
sh all h av e h e ard th e affai r,
w i ll al w a s b e h a p
w ill w ri te to y ou
6
e o re w ar h ad cons um e d (awn) th e reso urces o f

th e

soldiers

w e re

e nte ri ng

th e ci t

If

p y

If

B f
o ur ci ty (i t w as very po w erful
)
.

L E SS O N

92

Y ou w ill

EXERCISE

12 1

[1 2

to th e ci ty to m o rrow , i f you can ( fat )

2 Ye
w ere n o t a ble lo n ge r to be ar ( ferre) th e atta ck o f o ur so ldi ers, an d
tu rn e d (y o u r) ba ck s
3 G od i s n e ar all p la ces, an d directs all th i n g s by
h is o w n w ill
4 W e de sp ise th o se w h o a re p ro table to n o o n e
5
h o se w h o culti v ate v irtue a re p ro ta ble to th e mse lv es a n d to th e s ta te
6
ca n
w ill se n d th e p ri son e r ro m th e ca m p to m orro w , i f
7 Th e o f ce r, w h o h ad rece n tl co n quered th e e n em , w as o ver th e
1

co m e

larg e r

eet

EXERCISE

122

2 Quartae leg ion is

1 R ootes p rsun t furibu s m ag is qu am dies
3 D i cemus
h i be rn a abe ran t ab Ari ovis to m il li a passuum qui n de ci m
Lati n e, si po te rim us 4 I13 leg ion ibus, quas i n G a llia citericre Cae sar
5 Adfu it v i r p ra esta n ti eloque n tia,
ab i enus p rae fuit
co nscri pse ra t, L
6
i e ti h o stes i n
cjus orati o o m n i b us p rin cip ib us ta n de m p e rsu asi t
m on te m , qui p ro x i m e su be rat, qu am m ax i m a p o te ran t ce le ri tate s
7 Circite r m lllia h o m i n um ce n tu m tri g i n ta su pe rfu run t,
recepe nun t
8 L
i te ras Graecas n 6 n didi ci , qua e ad v i r
qui dom um re v erte ru n t
t te m doct ribus ni h il p rofurun t
.

LESSO N LXVII

Tra ns i ti ve verbs, as h as b een

a dm it an o bj e ct after th em i n th e

12 4

sai

h o se

are

accu sativ e cas e

whi ch
th e w o rd tra n s i ti ve d en o tes th at th e a cti o n w hi ch i s
assert e d o f th e su bj e ct p as ses a cro ss fro m th e subj e ct
A
l
m
st e v ery sen
ec
t
o
an d i n i ts e ffe cts reach e s a n o b
j
te n ce h ereto fo re g i v en in th e e x erci se s i s an e x am p le o f
V erb s w h en so u se d are sai d to b e in th e a c ti v e
thi s
w h en th e acti o n i s d escrib ed as p a s s i n g
i
v o i ce
f r o m th e s u b j e c t : an d i n thi s case th e su bject ( o r
d o er o f th e acti o n ) an d th e o bject ( o r su fferer of th e acti o n )
But as in p ro ce ss o f
are state d w i th equ a l p ro m i n en ce
ti m e i t b ecam e d e sirable t o h av e th e m ean s o f m ak i n g
t
t
i
n th e m o re p ro m i n en t n o ti o n b
o
h
e
ac
o
c
t
th e o b
e
j
f
y a
pe culi ar art i ce o f lan g u ag e th e o bject cam e to b e u se d
an d t h en o f co u rse i t w as
o
t
sen te n ce
h
t
as th e su b
ec
e
f
j
,

L E SS O N

as

y th at th e v erb sh o ul d d escrib e th e acti on

n ece ssar

g f ro m , b u t a s p

a ssi n

a s si n

g to t h

n ot as

e su b

e ct

Th u s : th e sen ten ce B rutu s kille d C aesar states th e do er

an d th e re cei v e r o f th e a cti o n w i th e qu al p ro m i n en ce
But th e sam e g en eral n o ti o n m ay b e th u s e x p re sse d :
C aesar w as kille d by B rutu s an d h ere th e s u bje c t
o f th e sen ten ce i s t h e s u ff e r e r n o t th e d o er o f th e
an d th e su
rer i s i n th i s w a
m
ad e th e m o re
acti o n
e
f
y
p ro m i n en t n o ti on Wh en th e v erb i s u se d in thi s w ay
i t i s sai d to b e in th e p a ssi v e v o i c e
In E n g li sh th e p a ssi ve vo i ce i s m ad e b y th e p ast p arti
ci p le o f th e v e rb i n co m b i n ati o n w i th th e differen t ten ses

of

th e

v e rb

to b e

In L atin th e p a ssi ve vo i ce i n th e i mp erfect ten ses

i s di sti n g u i sh e d fro m th e activ e o n ly by a di sti n ct set of
i
n al l cases th e sam e
rs
n en d i n g s, th e ten se stem s b ei n
o
e
p
g
b o th fo r th e p assiv e an d activ e v o i ce s Th ese p erso n en d
in g are h ere g iv en as th o se o f th e activ e vo i ce w ere state d
i n L esso n V II

12 5

F or stems
en di n g i n a , e , i

S ing

Plur

Th e

2
3
1
2
3

2
3

r i s or r e ,

e r i s or e r e .

t u r,

i tu r
im ar
i mini
u n tu r

n li n

u r,

i,

tu r,

love m on e
.

a mor,
a m an s,

o r

a c o n so n a n

u or

p resen t i m p erfe ct p assiv e i s th us conj ug ate d :

am a

l
2
3
1

For stem s i n

a m a re ,
am atu r ;
a m am ur,
am am n i ,

a m an tur

advi se

m on co r,
mo n ri s,
e
m o u e re,
m o n etu r ;
m on em u r,
m on emin i,

mon en tur

an di

h ea r

audio r,

re g

rule

re g or,

au d n s,

re g e n s,

au di re ,

re g e re,

au di tur ;

re g i tur ;

au di m u r,

re g i m ur,

au di mi ni ,

re g i m i n i ,

au diu n tur

regu n tur.

am ruled.

th ou

art

h e is
we a re
ye a re
th ey a/re

LE SS ON

94

Th e
1

m on ebar,

am ab ar,

m ab aris, m o n ebaris,
a mab are ,
m on ebare,
a m abatur,
m o ueb atur ;
am ab am ur, m o n ebamu r,
a m ab am ini , m o n eb am i n i ,
amab an tur m on eb an tur
a

2
3

1
2

p ast im p erfect p assive

'

Th e future im p erfect
1

a m ah o r,

am abe ris,

2
3
1
2

amabere,
a mabi tur ;

amabimu r,

am ab i m i ni ,

am abun tur

[1 2

is th us

co n ug ate

reg eb ar,

au di ebaris,

re g baris,

au dieb are ,

reg bafe ,

au dieb atur

re g bat ur

aw was
u

i s th us

con ug ate

m on ebo r,

au diar,

m o n eberis,
m o n be re,
m o n ebitu r ;
mo n eb imu r,
m on ebim i ni ,
m on ebun tur

re g ar,

aud

reg ns

NOTE l st

p assi ve

ruled

h e was
audi b am ur, re g eb amu r, w e were
a udi bam in L
re geb ami ni , ye w ere
audi ban turxe g ban tur t
h ey were
;

d:
I was

au di eb ar,

sv

au di ere,

re g ere,

I sha ll be ruled,

au di etur

re g etur ;

au di em ur,

reg m ur,

au di em in i , re g em i ni ,

audien tur reg en tur.

.

d:

tho u wd t be

he wi ll be
we sha ll be
you w i ll be
th ey will be

u
u

To save sp ace, th e n glish o f reg only is gi ven ; but th e

o th e r th ree e x am p les ca n, o f co u rse , be translate d by substi tu ti n g

advised ,
h eard, for rul ed, in th e abo ve
th e pa rticip les
lo ved ,
lace s
.

As

is th e en din g for all v erbs in th e 1 st pe rson of th e p res

i mp e r acti ve, so is o r for th e p ass i ve : an d verbs w i th i ste ms tak e
'
u n t u r ro m th e 2 d co lumn
2d

3 d Th e en ding
co n ugati o n
.

Of

wi th th e a

th e ste m of th e l st

4th
si n g

o r con tracts

Th e future tense

en din g e

is

ch an g e d

to a i n th e l st

person

All

passive imperfect person en dings contain

e x cep t th e 2 d pe rson p lur
5th

th e

th e le tte r

In th e fo llo wi ng e x erci se s, sen ten ce s are gi v en rst wi th

th e v erb s in th e acti v e v o i ce , an d are th en re p e ate d in th e
p assive fo rm ; b ut it m u st b e p arti cularly n o te d th at :
1 2 6 The su bject of th e acti ve verb, if a li vi n g a g ent,
i s exp res sed i n th e p a s s i ve co n s tr ucti o n by th e a bla ti ve
C all th is
th e p rep o s i ti o n a, o r ab
th e
ca s e w i th

a b l a ti v e o f t h e a g e n t
.

LE SSO N L X IX

96
et

[1 2

leg ati

Ae dui s v en ieb an t

ab

Om

n es

8, 1 2 9

am i ci con su lurn cO un tu r i n
g

se n atu m : e Orum v Ocibus e t co n cursu po testas

li be re dece rn en di p l rimi s
erip i tu r
4 Re i mil i tari s p e ri tissimi h ab em u r : at ue cu m e xp l rz
i t r
ib us p rae m i ttem u r
5
e e n sores o p p i do i don ei a n obi s delig un tur
6
o va le g i o i n G all ia ci te ri ore ab i m p e ratore co n scri b i tu r
7 HOru m
v ocibu s ac tim bre p aulati m e ti a m tu e rtu rbabari s
8
o ssae circum
p
u rbe m h octu a n obi s p e r ci en tu r
.

D f

LESSON LXIX
We

12 8

p eak

of

Pa rti cip le s

are v e

n ow co m e

to

a r ti c i p

rb a l

les

dje c t i v e s ; th at

i s, th ey a re a djecti ves form ed from verbs, w h i ch eap res s

th e acti on of th e verb as a p rop erty bel on g i n g to a p erson
or th i n g
.

lan g u ag es h av e m o re p arti ciple s th an o th ers

In
Lati n th ere a re o n ly th ree ; tw o b elo n g in g to th e activ e
v o i ce o f th e v e rb , an d o n e b elo n g i n g to th e p a ssi v e v o i ce
At p re sen t w e sh all o n ly sp eak of th e last : th e p e r f e c t
ss
i
l
e
ve
r
t
c
i
a
i
a
p
p
p
S

om e

Wh at h as b een hith erto learn ed as th e 3 d stem

o f th e v e rb i s really th e p erfect p a rti cip le p a ssi ve ; an d
as thi s i s alw ay s g i v e n in th e v o cab ulary n o thi n g m o re
will b e sai d ab o u t i ts fo rm ati on th an th at i t i s n early al
w ay s m ad e by addi n g to th e v e rb stem th e en din g so o r
t o an d th e adj e ctiv e th u s fo rm e d is d eclin e d lik e an y ad
e cti v e en din g i n 0
j
Th e p erfe ct p art p assiv e m ay b e tran slate d in E n g li sh
Th us fro m
acco rdi n g to ci rcum st an ce s in t hre e w ay s

lea d w e h av e 3 du eto
d i va
whi ch m ay b e tran slate d ( 1 ) h avi n g b een led
12 9

2
( )

( )
3

Th e rst,
form
.

h o w ev er

i s th e

b ei n g le d,

cc
le d

p rop er

full m ean i n g

of

th e

LE SSO N L XX

97

EXERCISE

12 7

de n arriv al o f th e arm , th e en em retire d

1 Bei ng ala rm ed by th e s
is village bei ng si tua ted in a v alley, is h e m
w ith in th e i r o rti catio ns
3 Th e soldie rs, h a vi ng
m e d i n o u every side by very lo fty m o u n tai n s
been dri ven back by th e m issi les of th e en e my, w e re e ein g i n all direc
tio n s 4 Havi n g been overco m e, ye w e re seek in g sa e ty i n ig h t
5 Th e
6 Th e avelin th rown down
to w n h a vi n g been ta ken w ill be se t o u ure
.

f om th e h ig h er
r

ram p arts

h
i
r
d
t
e
e
c
e
p

soldier s

EXERCISE

128

th i g h

dejecta de ure i n fossam , qu ae e rat an te o p p i dum , alti tu

2 M uller h uju s rei a m e ce rtio r
di n em ag g e ris p acu e a dae quav erun t
lte ra m ejus vi ci p arte m Galli s
3
acta, su b te ctu m p rOp e rave rat
4
co n cessi : a lte ra m ab i lli s v a cua m re lictam co h o rti b us a ttrib ui
5 S e rv us, sp e li be rtatis ad
u n di tores p e rte rri tOs i n fu g a m de distis
6
ductus, i n castra qua m ci tissi m e re di bit
av es, quae a v obi s
7
ae di caban tu r, tan de m p e rfe ctae ad n o v u m p o rtu m con ven ie n t
D i n e t acri te r p u g n avistis : ta n de m v uln e ribus co n fe cti terg a ve rtistis
8 S cuta lotu i lorum tra n s x a m an ibus emi simus
1

rm a

'

L E S S O N LX X
130
in

th e

W o rd

A v ery

co m m o n u se o f

co n stru cti o n calle

m ean s
a bso lu te

th e

p erf p arti e p ass

.

l a t i v e a b s o l u te

lo o se d fro m , an d w o rd s

ab

is
Th e
.

w h en th e y

are

m ay b e tak en o u t
Th us
o f a sen t en ce w i th o u t a ecti n g i ts co n stru cti o n
in th i s
a tu re bei n g o u r g u i de, w e can n ot g o w ro n g
sen te n ce th e w o rd s m ark e d b y i tali cs co uld b e o m i tte d
W i th o u t d am agi n g th e co n stru cti o n o f th e rem ain d e r
Let th e fo llo w i n g sen ten ces b e e x am in e d
Th i s ba ttle h a vi n g been fo u g h t, C aesar le d b ack h i s
arm y
Ih e ja veli n s bei n g h u rled, th ey b ro k e th ro ug h th e
e n em y
Th e ja veli n s bei n g th rown a wa y, th ey foug h t h an d
to an d
sai

to b e

u se

a bs o lu tely ,
'

LE SSO N LXX

93

[1 3 1

1 3a

It i s clear th at th e w o rd s m ark e d b y itali cs d en o te i n th e

l st sen ten ce th e ti m e W h e n th e m ai n acti o n
l 3 l
o ccu rre

132

2d

th e

sen ten ce

acti o n o ccu rr e

b y W h i ch

ea n s

th e m ain

1 3 3 3 d sen te n ce th e c i r c u m
W h i c h th e m ain acti o n o ccurre d
.

s ta n c e s

un

der

S u ch e xp re ssi o n s, den o ti n g th es e p a rti cu la rs ab o u t th e

m ain a cti o n , are i n L atin g en erally p ut i n th e ablati v e case ,
an d are sai d t o b e i n th e a b l a ti v e a b s o l u t e
A
i
5
4
5
1
refe ren ce to w h at h as b e e n sai d
n
6
ab o u t
6
,
,
)
(
th e u se s o f th e a blat i ve case in L atin , w ill S h o w th e m a
so n w h
t
referre d fo r th e ab so lut e co n st ru c
h
p
i
a
e
a
s
s
c
s
w
y
ti o n
In g en e ral th en : th e a b l a t i v e a b s o l u te i s th e
n am e u se d w h en th e a bla ti ve o
n o u n i s a cco mp a n i ed
a
f
by a n a djecti ve, o r a p a rti cip le, o r a n o th er n o u n , to den o te
t h e ti m e W h e n , t h e m e a n s b y w h i c h , o r
a n y a t t e n d i n g c i r c u m s ta n c e s u n der w h i ch th e
i
i
rn e d b
e art
r
a
nc
t
i
i
s
e
l
e
L
h
h
a
l
o
n
r
e
t
t
b
ac
o
cc
u
s
p
p
y
M o re p arti cular info rm ati o n ab o u t th e m att er w i ll b e
i
v en su b se qu en tly
at p resen t i t i s o n ly n e cessary t o sa
g
y
th at v e ry o ften in E n g li sh su bju n cti o n s are u se d i n tro du c
in g seco n d ary sen ten ce s, w h en th e ablative ab so lute w o ul d
b e em p lo y e d i n Latin
.

E XERCISE

1 29

Th e hosta ges ha vi ng been delivered up , aesa r h asten ed i nto th e

2 Caesa r, h i s a rm y h avi ng been la nded,
te rri tori es o f th e Ae du i
h as te n ed to w ards th e e n e m y
3 Caesar, th e h orses o f all h a vi n g
4 Th e soldi ers ( th e i r) ja veli ns
been removed o u t of si gh t, o in e d b attle
h a vi ng been h u rled ro m th e h i gh e r g rou n d, easily b ro k e th ro u g h th e
5 Th is ( p h alan x ) h a v ing been broken ap a rt,
p h al an x o f th e e n e my
6 Th e Hel
th ey m a de an a tta ck u po n th e m ( eo wi th dra wn s words
rst
v e tii, a p h a la nx h a vi ng been m a de, m o un ted up to m ee t s ub) o u r
(
lin e
1

N OT E I

th e se

th e li tera l n gl ish
te ach er sh ould b y

sen te n ces

Of th

Latin

ex p re ssio n s

all m e an s se e th a t h i s
Bu t th e
h as bee n gi v e n
n g li sh in e ach case
p up ils u n derstan d w h at w o uld be th e idi oma tic
;
.

LE SSO N LXXI

1 00

[1 3 5

Presen t p erfe ct

Past p erfect

or

F uture p er
fe ct

a o rist

m a sc

S in g

Plur

em

rectu s sum

re ct a e ram

re ctum e ro

re ctu s

rect a e ras

rectu m eri s

recta erat

re ctu m crit

re cti

rectae e ram u s

re cta e ri m u s

re cti e st s

recta e e rati s

re cta e ri ti s

recti su n t

re ctae eran t

re cta crun t

es

re ctu s e st

sum u s

N OTE Th E glish of th e
P se t pe f t ao rist
P t pe f t
F utu e pe fect
Th e t each er h ad b e st
n

re

r ec

as

I h a ve been, or I was, 65c

I had been & c
I sh all h a ve been,

is,
i s,
is,

or

r ec

m ak e th e p u p ils co nj ug ate th e
p erfe ct t en se s o f sev eral v erb s, in o rd er to i m p re ss th ese
m e ani n g s u p o n th ei r m i n d s, th at th e y m ay n o t translate

w as w ri tte n b y scrip tu m era t, cf:c , ( t o

.

EXERCISE
1

w as

By th i s

y th e w r of th e w h le
I h ld th e h i f po w

vi ctor

n ish e d

131

(m ari ti m a

o ver all

er

sea

th ose

j)

coast

states

en )
g
(

ad

h av e bee n co lle cted

3 W e, w h o h ad m ade a
4 You h ad be e n se n t (as) am
sa lly, w e re dri v e n b ack i n to th e to w n
h i th e r S p ai n
5
bas sa do rs to th o se sta te s w h ich are (a p art)
er
m an y se v e re w o un ds w ere rece i ve d by th o se w h o w ere de en din g th e
ri ta i n, o n w h ose arri val
6 L
ea de rs h a v e b ee n sen t fo r ro m
camp
th e co n te st w ill be carrie d o n ag ains t th e R oman s

ro m

w h ich th e

o rce s

Of

V y

EXERCISE

132

63 , qui n p e r i n G alliam tran spo rtati sum us, fi n es sociOrum v es

1
2 M ori n i, spe p ra eda e ad du cti, n os,
trOrum lon g e latequ e v astam u s
n av ib u s o n erarii s exp o si ti e ram u s, m ag n o sn oru m n um e ro ci r
x
u
i
e
q
3
m n i a qu ae i m pe rav eras a p ri n cip ibus di lig en ter ad
cu msteteru n t
4 Q uadrag i n ta n av es quae i n M eldi s factae e rant,
die m acta sun t
5 AdVe n tu P S u llae,
te m pe state reje ctae, cu rs u m n on te n u r un t
6
u a m qu am
astri s praef ce ram , acile re p u lsi e sti s
ri culos o
u
m
c
e
e
p
q
u e in i quo p re ss us e ra
l
o
li
i
s
t
a
m
h o m n ia
r
oe
e
a rati ssim o
n ere
e
,
p
p
g
7
e l lum quod Ca rth g i n i en s s cum
an i m o su sti n u e ras
p o pu lo R O
m an o g essere m ax i me m e m o rabi le est o m n iu m quae un qu am g esta
8 Mag n a p ars di ei co nsump ta e rat, n e que m un i ti Oni castrOrum
sun t
te mp us relin qu ebatur
.

'

L E SSO N LXXIII
S S

LE

ON LXXII

E X E R CIS E
We

1 01

1 33

2
wi ll n o t sleep b e o re your affai rs sh all h av e b een n i sh ed
Ye w ill n o t b e h ap py, u n less yo u r p assion s sh all h av e b een con ned by
4
u
n
m
o
3
h
n
d
f
h
e
Y
e
a
b
o
e
r
o
h
m
u
l
t
i
t
u
e
o
t
e
e
e
b
ve
e
v
c
e
t
e
y
y
y
h ad b ee n detai n e d by a v e r ri ch m erch a n t
5 Y e h a d b e en routed
by th e
rst attack
6 Ye w ill n o t be ri ch , u nless ri ch es sh all h ave
b e en desp ised by yo u
1

EXERCISE
Laetae

1 34

m ulieres de adven tu i li orum , qui i n ex silium Oli m abie

ran t, ce rti Ores fa ctae su n t
2 S im ulac castra m uni ta erun t, mi l ites S e
a d p ug nam e x e die n t
3 Log i c, cui p rae ectu s sum , ap u d
e rv i os
p
h i em abi t
4 Ib i turres cu m te rn i s tab ulati s re ctae, m ulti squ e to r
m e n ti s e t o m ni g e n e re telOrum co m p letae e ra n t
5 Hostes cum
fug ien tibus p ermi x ti , quos silv ae m o n tsque tex erun t, ab e qu i tatu i n
te rfe cti s un t
6 EOde m e re te m p ore classis a Ca rth ag i n e i n S a rdin i am
m issa ad ale ares i n sulas e ecta est
7 Proe liu m adve rsum eque stre
8 V OS , qui e x ve teribus leg i on ibu s
p auci s an te di ebus erat actum
cratis relicti p raesidio navib us, n aves con scen distis et a terra solvistis
1

LESSON LXXIII

m an y v erb s i n L ati n w h i ch , th ou g h
th ey h a ve a p a ss i ve fo rm , h a ve a n a cti ve m ea n i n g Th e se
v e rb s p ro b ably h ad a re ecti ve si n i cati o n o ri i n ally ;
g

g
i
th ey d escrib e d th e ag en t a s acti n g u p o n h i m self ; an d
m an y o f th e se retai n th at m ean in g th ro u g h o ut all p e ri o d s
o f th e lan u a e
l
i
m
e acti v e
u
m
h
m
h
e
a
s
p
f
v
B
t
o
s
o
a
t
t
e
g g
m ean i n g , tran sitiv e o r i n tran siti v e Th ese v e rb s are calle d
i n th e g ram m ars D e p o n e n ts fro m th e fa ct th a t th ey
,
la y a s i de th e p a ssi ve m ea n i n g , th oug h th ey reta i n th e
n o wn
a
ss
i
ve
n din s
e
b
e
e
p
n
l
y
s
k
D
o
n
a
w
a
r
e
e
m
a
t
v
s
b
p
g
y
i n th e v o cab ulari e s, by th ei r h a vi n g o n ly th e l st a n d 3 d
s tem s g i ven
fo r o f co u rse as th e d ep o n en t v erb s h av e th e
acti v e m e an i n
h
m
e
selv e s, th e y re q u i re n o acti v e v o i ce ,
t
g
m
an d th e refo re n o
r
n
d
t
e
e
2
h
r
f
o
o
s
t
e
a
n
d
e
e
i
ec
t
a
c
t
v
e
,
,
p rf

136

Th ere

are

9*

LE SSO N LXXIII

1 02

[1 3 6

w h i ch i s
v e rb s

u sed o n l
y

h erefo re

fect a cti ve ten s es

i
l
acta
v en th u s :
g

th e p er

w 1ll b e

la etd ta

or

D ep o n e n t
rej o i ce , 3
.

D ep on en t
l i k e p a s si v e

v e rb s a r e c o n
o n e s , e x ce

p t in

u g a te d e xa ctl y

th e

p e cts to

res

b e m en

h e re aft er
It i s p arti cul arly re co m m en d e d th at th e p u p il s b e tau g h t
t o reco ll ect w hi ch a re th e d ep o n en t v erb s b y th e fact
th at th e y h ave o n ly 1 st an d 3 d ste m s
In th e fo ll o wi n g e x e rci ses i m p erfect an d p erfe ct ten se s
o f d ep o n en t v e rb s will b e use d i n altern ate se n te n ces
ti o n e d

EXERCISE

135

1 Y e w ere w an derin g beyo n d your o wn te rri tori es

2 Th e i slan d
h ad u se d i ts o w n la w s
3 In th is m atte r yo u a re a v en gin g n o t o nly
i
h
v
u
b
l
b
u
r
i
a
r
o
n
4
Y
h
a
v
n
o
t
t
o
v
r
t
a
k
n
s
c
t
t
e
w
e
e
e
e
e
t
e m er
p
p
g
y
5 b e w il l en co u ra ge th e w eary so ldi e rs,
ch a n t w h o is w a i tin g fo r yo u
w h o w ill p re se n tly e a rn th e g re a t re w ard
th e i r l abo r
6
sh al l
h ave m eas u red o ut th e co rn to th e slav es be ore th e re turn
th e m es
h ave se n t to t h e to w n
se n g er w h o m
-

Of
f

Of

EXERCISE

1 36

2
Ex castri s eg redior, loco po tior, duas ibi leg i on es 00 11000
an de m a de x tro la te re su m m u m ju gu m n acti su m us, h os t squ e loco
3 In Afri ca m ex S i cil i a p ro ciscere , e t duas le g i on es, e x
dep ulim u s
1

quattu o r quas a n obi s acc p isti e t qu in g e n tbs e qu ites tran sp o rtabis

5 D e fratris m o rte que re ri s,
4 S i m ul ac sOl o rtu s e ri t, p ro cisc mu r
6 a m e facile ade p ti eratis,
co mm un e m qu e Galliae fo rtun a m m ise raris
s
u
a
u
ar
i
m
u
r
u
m
u
d
v
t
b
a
t
i
s
7
t
a
c
i
r
c
t
er
i
i
d
o
c
c
s
t
o
ib
il
a
e
e
e
e
u
q
p
g
8 In Carn utibus su mm o loco n atus e rat Ta sg e tius , cjus
co lloqu ar
maJOres i n su a ci vi tate re g n u m o b ti nu eran t
.

'

LE SSO N m m

1 04

LESS

LX X Y

0N

E X E R CIS E
At daybreak

[1 3 7

1 39

m e n h ad b een carri ed across an d th e lin e o f

th e en e my w as distin ctly see n ( i mp erf )
2 Lab ien us h av i n g e x h orte d
3 At th e
rst on se t, on a b
th e soldiers, g a ve th e sig n al o f b a ttle
( )
th e ri g h t side, w h e re th e se v e n th legi o n h ad ta k e n i ts stati o n , th e
4 Th e leader o f th e en e my h im se l w as n e a r h is
e n em y are be ate n
an d k ep t e x h ortin g
ow n
th em
5
h is bus in e ss
h av in g be en
ni s h e d, L
a bi e n us re tu rn e d ( p res i mp
A
d
t
o
c
i cu m,
g
)
w h ere th e b ag g ag e o f th e w h ole army h ad bee n le t
6 He h i m se l
h avi ng g o n e o u t a little a te r in sil en ce w i th th ree leg ion s w en t to
( p res i mp ) th at p lace
1

all o ur

f
T

EXERCISE

1 40

1 Ab h Oc con ci io R em i, Lin gon es Trev e ri ab fu erun t : illi , qu o d ami

ci tiam R em an rum se queban tur : Trev e ri qu o d a be ran t lo n g i us, e t a
2
l lo bro g es creb ri s a d Rh odan um disp osi ti s
G e rm an i s p rem eb an tur
m
n tia subs i n es tu e n tu r
r
i
m
a
n
u
u
r
a
d
i
li
e
n de m
ii
aes
d
a
c
c
e
t
3
a
s
,
g
g
p
a G erm an i s su mm u m ug u m n a cti s h ostes loco dep e llun tur
4 Cae sar,
i mpe di m e n ti s i n p ro x im um coll em deducti s, duab u s le g ibn ib us p raesidio
reli cti s, ci rci te r tri bus m ill ibus h ostium ex n o v issim o a g m i n e i n te rfe cti s,
5 D u x e x arce Alesiae
3 1e
di e ad Alsia m p rOg ressus castra ecit
subs co n sp icatus, ex o pp ido eg re di tur e t e as res, qu ae erup ti On i s causa
d
t
i
u
roe li o e qu ites ab te rg o h ostes
n
x
i
t
6
R
e
s
t
to
r
a
t
a
e
r
a
t
e
e
a
e
,
p
p
p
ad oriu n tu r
7 D e m edia n octe m i ssu s e qui tatus n ovi ssi mu m ag m en
co nsequi tur : m ag n us n um erus cap i tu r atqu e i n te r citur: re liqui in
8 Hi s rebus confecti s i n Ae duOs p ro cisci tur
ci vi tates discdun t
l

LE

S S

ON LXXVI

In th e 5 th an d 6th sen ten ces o f E x 1 3 9, an d i n

sev e ral i n E x 1 40, i t w ill b e o b se r e d th at th e p res i mp i s
Thi s i s a v ery
u se d in sp e aki n g o f acti o n s re ally p a st
co m m o n u sag e i n th e R o m an hi sto ri an s ; an d i s sai d t o
h av e ari sen fro m th e d e si re o f g i vin g to th eir n arrativ e a
kin d o f dram ati c liv elin ess But as th e i di o m o f th e En g
li sh lan g u ag e d o es n o t t o lerate so fre q u en t a u se o f th i s
in terch an g e o f ten se , i t i s b est to tran slate th e p re sen t in
F ro m i ts u se b y th e h i stori a ns,
su ch case s b y th e ao ri st
.

LE SSO N LXXVI

1 05

)
h
n
e
l
an d
e
e
s
i
s
a
l
d
t
r
r
h
e
t
c
e
s
e
s
e
n
t
t
h i to i c p
?
v e rb s w h i ch h av e to b e ren d ere d b y th i s ten se i n L ati n
w ill b e m ark e d th us ( p h ) i n th e E n g li sh e x erci ses
.

i t wa s sai d th at th e o bject o f an acti v e

ct o f a p a ssi ve v e rb
I
e
t
tran si ti v e v e rb b e co m e s th e s u b
j
follo w s fro m thi s th at if th e v e rb b e n o t tran si ti v e ( o r do
i
n n o t b e u se d with a
n o t a dm i t a n
c
t
a
f
r
i
t
t
ca
ob
e
t
e
j
)
s ubj e ct in th e p assi v e
But i t i s v ery co m m on i n L ati n
fo r i n tra n s i ti ve v erb s to b e u se d in th e p a ss i ve fo rm i m
i
o
n e w h i ch
s
r
y
n
r
r
A
s
o
n
a
l
l
m
e
so
n
a
l
v
e
e
i
b
p
p
m a k es a n a sserti o n li k e a n y o th er v erb, bu t do es n o t m a k e
Th e re are sev eral v erb s
i t of a n y p a rti cu la r su bject
wh i ch are o n ly u se d i n th i s w ay But at p re sen t w e sh all
o n ly sp e ak o f p a ss i ve fo rm s u s e d i m p erso n ally
Th e sub
h
e ct w i ll b est b e u n d e rsto o d b y e x am p les
T
e fo llo w in g
j
a cti ve e xp re ssi o n s b eco m e im p e rso n al i n th e p assi v e

13 8

In

Ac ti v e
F i li us mi h i resi stit

Pa s s i v e

My

m ih i a f i li o re si stitur
I a m resi sted by m y s on
tibi a f i li o p e rsu adetur [s o n
Yo u are p ersu a ded by y ou r
a m i li tib u s fo rtiter p u g n atum
.

me
F i li u s tibi p e rsu adet
You r s o n p ersu a des you
m i li tes fo rtite r p ug n av e
s o n res i s ts

r un t

est

Th e so ldi ers fo ug h t M a vely

th e b attle

wa s

fo ug h t

b
ra vel
b
t
h
e
y
y
[

s o ldi ers.

It w ill b e ob serv ed th at
Im p erso n al v erb s are alway s in th e 3 d p er
139
so n s i n g u la r, an d i f p o ssi ble in th e n eu ter
e n d er
g
Wh en th e d ativ e case follo w s th e a cti ve v erb, it
rem ain s w i th th e p a ssi ve i m p erso n al v e rb
Th e li vi n g subj ect o f th e a cti ve v e rb i s e x p re sse d
by d w i th th e ablativ e case wi th th e p a ssi ve co n stru cti o n
Th e ten se o f th e p assi v e i m p erso n al v erb i s th e
sam e as th at o f th e acti v e v erb
In th e fo llo wi n g e x e rci se s sen ten ce s will b e g iv en rst
with th e active con structio n , an d th en wi th th at o f th e
p assiv e
.

L ESS O N LXXV II

1 06

EXERCISE

ge

1 41

y g t f tu e 2 E y is felt ( li t i t is e
1 Me
m
3
Th
f
u
b
l wi ll
t
t
g
t
v i ed)
y
g
ll
t
li
t
w
4
M
y
i
b
e h w
i
t
ill
i
s
w
ll
t
h
t be
e
(
p
p
5
l
b
t
h
Th
u gh t
d
i
g
l
di
f
y
h
e
ll
t
t
o
y
p
p
)
6 Th b ttl w
f ug h t (li t i t w as
ti m in ll p l ces
b
ly to
f ugh t) v ry br v ly by th sol di ers t o e t im i h all p la ce
n

e rally
lly to g

e n e ra

are a

are

ne

e rc

e n era

E XERCISE

no

no

so

as

1 42

e n e ra

no

nv

en

ne

or

r so n ers

or

re a

o n ers

rave

rea

en v

ers

ve r

Mi li tes m axi m e ad superiores m i ti n s labora t 2 a mi li ti bus

m ax i m e ad s p e i ores m i ti s l b o atur 3 C aesar ad Brit n i am
e te m pore accessi t
4 a C aes re ad
o m i b u s nav i bus m e ri di a o f
5
Brita iam o m i bus av ibus m eri di a o fe e te m po re cce ssum e st
P inci pes ex co sili a co s u g uu t 6 a prin cip ibus e x co sil io consurgitur
8 a mi li tibus toti s castri s trep idatur
7 Mi li tes teti s cas t i s t re p ida t
1

nn

er

an

LESSON LXXV II

in
1 2 8 , th at th e Latin verb h as o nly th ree
n e o f th e se , th e
rti cip les
O
r
f
a
ect p a rti e p a ssi ve, h as
e
p
p
b een al re ady sp o k en o f
Th e o th er tw o b elo n g to th e ao
ti ve v o i ce
1 4 0 Th e i mp erfect p a r ti cip le a cti ve an sw ers to th e
E n gli sh p arti cip le en din g i n i ng , as fea ri ng , lovi ng
It i s
m ade b y ad

It w as

sai d
.

T h us

to

a stem s an d e stem s

to

all O

fro m

a ma

m one
audi
reg

th e

t h ers

en

NOTE l st

w e h ave th e imper pa rt

en di n

6:

()
m anent( i )
a udien t i
()

act a ma n t i

t(i )

lov i g

d ii g
h e ri g
u rulin g)

v s n

Th e v erb i
g o , an d all i ts compo un ds, m ak es
i ene, an d ta es cu nt i u all th e o t er case s
th e n om sin
2 d D ep onent verbs h a ve th is p a rticip le l e o r n ar act v e v e rbs
3d
o vern th e sam e case s as th e verbs
course t ese p art c p es
from w h ch th e are form ed

141

Of
i

ii l
.

ik

h
di

L ESS O N LXXVIII

1 08

143

[1 4 3

Th o ugh thi s p arti ciple i s calle d th e fu tu re p a rti c ,

i t do e s n o t so m u ch den o te fu tu ri ty as i n t e n t i o n an d
d e s t i n y , an d i t i s m o st co m m o n ly u se d i n co n n ecti o n
wi th th e t en ses o f es i n ju st th e sam e w ay as th e p erfect
i
a
r
t
c
ass
h
o
e
a
v
e
S
w
p
p
.

m o rit ru s sum,
casuri eram u s,

doo m ed to die
w e w ere des ti ned to fa ll
th ey w i ll be i n ten di ng to p loug h

As

be

gu

n an d no t

I
m
rfect
e
p
)
(

As

As

be

not

gu

an d

re

g arded in

ni sh ed,

n sh ed,

arat ri crun t,

Acti on s m ay b e

am

y e t b e u n , b ut
Intended

on

ly

w ays :

th ree

in p resen t

scri bo

i n p as t
in fu ture
i n p res ent
i n p as t
i n future
i n p resen t
i n p as t
i n fu ture

scri bebam

scri b am

'

scn psi

scri pseram

scri p sero

scri p turus sum

scri p turus era m

u

it

scrip t rus ero

As

w e h av e h i th erto called th e rst S i x t en se s b y a

do u ble n a m e as p resen t i mp erfect,
so i t i s re co mm en de d
th at th e last th re e b e calle d p resen t i n ten ded, & c
th o u gh
in so m e g ramm ars th ey are calle d th e p resen t d o of th e p eri
ra s ti c fu tu re
h
u t th ese can w i th n o m o re
B
ro ri et
b
e
p
y
p p
calle d p e ri p h rasti c e x re ssi ons , th an scrip tu s su m & c can
p
.

be

so call e d

N ora Th e i mp erf ct ten ses are m ade from

th e l st stem, th e p erfect
3 d stem

fro m th e 2 d stem,

th e i nten ded from th e

an d

EXERCISE

1 45

i
g i g
h
y g
h
di g h d
ii y
l i
i t di g
k
d
i
hi
y

1 Th e w ork m en to w h om th e affa r h as be en n tru ste d, are o n

to do n o t in g 2 Th e s p s on ( i n a ce ) w c th e o un m e n av e e m
3
w as n te n n to ol th e m l tar
b ar ed, are e st ne to pe r s
n
bo r n sta te
4
to
ese e g o n s w ere n e n
o f th e n e
co mm an
n to th e la e L
5 Yo u
o w s (i n u
e m au n u s
c
cross th e r v e r, w
6 Th e mo th ers w ll
w ere abo ut to lan th e so l e rs o n (i n) th e slan
ch th e
w ere bo rn
n te n d to eave th e r dau h ters i n th e c t i n w
.

d i d
ih
d
igh i g
i
hi h
d
di
l
i
g
-

hi

hi
i
Th

iy

L ESS O N LXXIX

1 09

EXERCISE
I mpe ratori

1 46

quem m ultOs ann oe se onti sumus, omn es res n ostras

2 NatiOn es, qu ae tra n s R h en um i n coleb an t
recte co m m issuri sa m u s
3 Nunti s a d
daturae erant, et m p erata tua facturae
o b sides t b
Po m p ei um m issuri eratis, a que lle reliqua p er s acturus e rat 4 F ru
m e n u m o m n e, p raete rqu am quo d secu m p o rtaturi eran t,
elv et i co m
b urn ut
5 D e m ei s i n v os m e ri ti s n On sum p ra edi caturus, qu ae sun t
a dh uc e t m ea v o un tate e t v e stra e xp ectatiOn e levi Ora
6 Et e x p ro
mi s h i be rn i s et a aesare sub s a co n ve n tura sun t
7
le an der
lle m a n us mp e r o tOti us orb s te rraru m po ti turus e rat
8
a us san e
est m ed cus, qui m orbi causam i g n Orans, m orbum p sum est curaturus
1

i i

i
i

i
i

g
i

idi

LE S S O N L X X I X
EXERCISE

As

A x
M l

147

i gi l
i
d
ii
i
i g
ii g
i g
i
M
h
i
gh
H l ii
ill g

th e eye, so th e m nd, ( th ou h ) n ot see n

tse f; see s oth er
2
th n s
c p o, w h en o n ce o u a t m e (a li quando) h e n te n ed to v s t
n n us th e po e t, w as n ot a m tte
by h i m
3 D ar us, k n
o f th e
h is fr en d, ( w h e n) adv s n th e be st th n s
e rs an s, p u t to
eath ( n eca
4
l n th e el er, n te n n to e am n e th e e ru p t on o f
oun t V esu
by th e sm o e a nd as es
5 D ar u s saw th e
v ns, w as o v e rw elm e
cam p o f
le an de r S n n w t
re at b ri
6 Th e
e ve t , i h
tn ess
te n in to seek n e w abodes, b urn t all th eir to w ns an d v a e s

i g
E i
P i
Pi y
i
.

i
d i d
d
i
d i
di g x i
h
d
k
A x
hi i g i h g
.

Si i
-

d g

EXERCISE

148

1 Praecep tor i n sch olam ven t discrp ul s erudi t rus, p uer atten te
au di turus
2 Bari u m ag itaban t p er so m n i a spe c es i m min en ti um
rerum
3 Bellovaci ad co n s l um n 6 n v n run t, quod suo n om n e
a que arb tr o cu m R em ani s b ellum
es uri e ran t
aesar i n
4
p rov n
c am re di turus e rat a que dele ctu m h abi turus
5 Pom p eius pe r i llam
reg iOn e m cu m leg i On i bus ter ac t, e t i n Hispan i am co n fe stim est v e n
turus
6 H60 sp ran s aesar tres le on es ex ca stri s ducti i rus e rat
7 NOn ae le g iOn i S mi l tes, te m ere i n se cuti lo n g i us fug ien tes, i n locum
i ni quum p rOg rediun tu r
8 Pugnatum est utrim qu e ort ss m e et ace r
.

ii

i i

t
i

ti

me

10

g t

f i

i
i

gi

f i i

L E S S O N Lxxx

1 10

[1 4 4

LESSONLXXX
We

1 45

Latin p arti ciple s

w h i ch w ere sai d to b e v e rb al adjectiv es W e m u st h ere
tre at O f th e i n n i t i v e m o o d
hi
w
ch i s reall
a
y
,
v e rb a l s u b s t an t i v e
1 4 4 Th e w o rd i n n i ti ve m e an s u n li m i ted an d th o se
fo rm s o f th e v erb are so call e d whi ch exp ress th e acti on
o f th e v erb w i th o ut an
e
r son en di ng s
yp
In Latin th e in ni ti v e m oo d also e xp re sse s th e acti on o f
th e v erb w i th o u t an y li m i tati o n as t o tim e th o u gh th e
n am es g i v e n i n th e g ram m ars t o th e fo rm s o f th i s m o o d
w o uld se em to i m p ly th e co ntrary But th e i n ni tiv e
h av e

n ow

sp o k en o f

th e th re e

m o o d h as di stin ct fo rm s o r m o d es o f e xp re ssi o n t o de n o te
w h eth er th e acti o n is u n n i s h e d , n i s h e d , o r
i n t e n d e d , an d w e n d th ere fo re i n Latin an i m p e r
f e c t , a p e rf e ct , an d a f utu re ( o r i n tended) in ni tiv e
i n th e activ e an d p assiv e v o i ce s
.

Th e i n n i tive i s, as w a s sai d, a verba l su bsta n ti ve,

an d i t i s u se d fo r th e m o st
art o nl y as th e o b j e ct o r
p
th e s u b j e ct o f an o th e r v erb , an d m u st b e re g arde d
th erefo re as in th e n o m i na ti ve o r th e a ccu sa ti ve case , th o ug h

145

u n d ecl i ned

We

h av e th en i n th e

activ e an d

assiv e v o i ce s
p

to g eth er

ni tiv e m o o d di
vi de d i n to th e th ree classes o f i m
p e rf e ct , p e rf e ct ,
an d f ut u r e
o r i n ten ded
e sh all rst gi ve th e fo rm s
W
(
)
s i x si mp le o r

co mp o u nd

form s

th e i n

of

of

th ese

Im p erfe ct
1

am a

2 am av
3 am a o
p a ss
m o n e act m o u re 2 m o n u
p a ss m o n et i 3 m o n i o
a ct
2 a udi v
au d
a u di re
p a s s a u di ri 3 an di o
a ct
2 re x
re g
reg e re
3 re c o
p a ss rcg i
cn ( i ) a ct
cap ere 2 c p
p p ass csp i
8 cap to
act

am

t
it
t

F uture

avi sse
3 am a o a ct am aturo e sso
p as s a m atum i ri
p a ss am a o e sse
a ct
m o n ui sse
3 m o n o a ct
m o n i t urO e sso
p ass m o n i u m i ri
p a ss m o n i o esse
a u di turo e sso
a ct
au di v i ss e
3 an di o~ a ct
p ass a u di t u m i ri
p a ss a u di to esse
a ct
a ct
re xi sse
3 re c o
rccl uro csse
p a ss re c um i ri
p ass re c o ess e
a ct
cap turo csse
a ct
c p x
sse
8 ca to
am

a ct

are
am ari

Perfe ct

a ss

cap to esse
c

L E SS O N LXXXI

1 12

[1 4 7

EXERCISE

We h

dete rm

1 49

y
l

R i

h ne
to le ad th e arm across th e
2
w as
n o t able to
sco v er po rts su tab le fo r a rg e r s
3 W e w ll e u
ps
deav o r to pe rsu a e th e oo l s w o m a n
4 You h ad be u n to dis trib u te
th e co rn to
5 Th e ba rb a r ans w ere no t able to b urst~ th ro ug h
e arm
th e forti ca t on
6
esire d to reach th e o wer p art of th e s an d
1

ad

di

th
i

n ed

f ih

We d

il

EXERCISE
C

hi

1 50

Hl

2
e v et i quam m a i mum n um erum
1
on atus sum re cere p o ntes
jum e ntOru m e t carrOru m coe m ere con sti tu erun t 3 Cum p roxi mi s
ci v i tatib us pace m e t ami citiam co n rmare d b m us
4 V en e i i n
Bri tan n iam n avibus transi re co n surun t 5 Per m e dics h os ts pe r
ru m pe re p o tuis tis, in co lum esque a d un um i n cas ra pe rv ni s tis o m n es
6
7 In
qu tes ap s tela que i n n ostros w njicere coe p eru n t
sc e n a e x ce llere p ul crum p utamus
8 In Galli am aesar co nte nde rs
i ns ti tui t
.

E i
i ti

l id

L ESSONLXXXI

W e h av e seen th at th ere are th r ee fo rm s ( or

te n ses ) o f th e i n n i ti v e m o o d th e i m p erfect p erfe ct an d
futu re Th e follo w in g rule s wi th reg ard to th e ch oi ce o f
147

of

th em to
ten ded to
on e

We

sui t e a
ch

cas e

m u st b e p arti cularly

at

m ust em p lo y

The i mp erfect i n n i ti ve for

The p erfect i nni ti ve
The future i n n i ti ve

act on s

nished

un

nished
i n tended

th e t m e de
by th e
n o te

at

i l ve b

p ri nc p a

will

b e se en , acco rdin gly, th at th e form o f th e i n n i

tiv e m o o d i s w h o lly i n dep en den t o f th e ten se o f th e p ri n
Th u s w e m ay u se wi th an y tense
ci p al v e rb
I Th e i mp erfect in ni tiv e, as

It

G au deo t videre
G audeh am te v idere
Gaudbo te vi dere
.

I a m gla d (to day) to see you

I was g la d (ye ste rd ay) to see you
I sha ll be glad ( to morro w) to see you
-

L E SS ON

1 4s ]
.

II Th e p erfect in n itiv e,

as

He h ea rs (to day) tha t you h ave gone

He heard (yeste rday) tha t you h ad g one
He w i ll h ear (to m orro w) th a t you h a ve

Au di t te i vi sse
Au dibat te i visse
Audiet te i visse

1
(
(2

III

Th e f u tu re i n ni ti v e,

gone

as

You hOp e (to day) th at I sh all come

S p eras m e ven tara m esse
You h op ed (yesterday) th a t ] should
S p erabas m e ven tarum esse
-

p erabis

me

You wi ll hop e (to morro w) th at I

ven taram esse.

sh all come

In th e follo win g
tiv e acti v e will b e
1 48

Nore Th e

x erci ses th e p erfect an d f u tu re inni

e m p lo ye d as w ell as th e i m p erfe ct
e

fo ur

follow i

are called sem i

v erbs

ng

b eca use th e i mp e fect lenses a re conjug a ted wi th th e

a n d th e p e fect tenses a re m ade li ke th e p assi ve
o nl
th e l st an d 3 d stem s

dep on ents,
a cti ve p erson endi n gs,
h ey h ave, th erefo re,
-

1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3

au de

fi d

g aude
sole

au so

f 18 0

re oi ce

gavi so
soli to

be

EXERCIS E
y

1 51

aceustoni ed

do n o t dare ( to da y) to oin battle

2 Th e h orse
1 Th e en em
3 Th e
soldi ers did n o t dare ( yes terda y) to le ap do w n fro m th ei r orses
co w ardly sai lo rs wi ll n o t dare ( to m arrow ) to sail , e ven ( vet) w i th a fav or
4 Th e o rato r i s accusto m ed to de en d th e cause s of th e
able w i n d
n ish all th i n s W i th th e
r
5
sar w as accusto m ed to
o
C
ae
o
g
p
g reatest
m
an re o i ced to n arrate v er lon
n ess
Th
l
d
o
u
i
k
6
e
c
q
y
g stori es
.

E X E R CISE

1 52

Helv etii

di cun tur om n ia sua aedi ci a i n cen disse

2 Helv etii
3 Helv etii di cun tu r om n i a
di cun tu r o m n ia s ua aedicia i n ce n de re
4 Hostes loci s sup eri ribu s occu p ati s
sua ae di cia i n cen s ri e sse
5 Narratur h ic p ag us rm s,
i ti n ere e xe rcitu m p ro h ibere conati su n t
m
a
n
m
e
or
m
t
u
m
os
t
r
o
r
u
m
i
a
o
e e x isse, e t cons u le m e x e rcitu m que
r
d
,
p
ejus i n te rfeci sse
6 Consueveru n t di immortales n on n ulli s secun di res
1

10

LESS ON IIXX X II

1 14

1
9
0
4
1
3
,
[

diuturn i orem i mp un i tatem con cedere

tri s exi re e t p roe lium co mm i tte re n on ausi sun t
8
an g ustis dese re re n On soli ti sumus

i n terdum

res et

Hosts ca s

Ami ces

reb us

LE S S
149

ON

LXXXII

We

h av e se en th at som e kin d s of com p o un d

sen te n ce s are m a d e b
secon da ry sen t en ce s t o
attachi n
y
g
ri m a ry o n es b
l
rela ti ve p ron o u n
h
h
p
h
t
e
e
o
f
t
e
a
d
p
y
i
u
b
u
t
v
e
n
s
nc
e
c
t
i
a
s
n
r
ns
a
l
l
t
e
ces
o
b
o
a
v
e
i
d
r
,
j
j
(
y
)
sen te n ce s ; se e
ut co m p o un d sen
an
1
3
1
1
0
8
d
B
)
t en ces m a y al so b e m a d e by jo i n i ng one p ri ma ry sen ten ce to
a n o th er a s i ts o b e c t or s u b e c t
i
e , o n e sen ten ce m ay
j
j
b e u se d as a n o u n to an o th er
S en t en ces so attach e d
in thi s b o o k w ill b e calle d n o m i n a l s e n te n c e s
1 5 0 E x ami n e th e fo ll o w i n g sen ten ce s
.

I fear to d i e
I h o p e th at Ca esa r w i ll con qu er h i s enem i es
To l i e i s di sg raceful
F o r a Ch ri s ti a n to li e i s di sg raceful
.

In th e 1 st

w e h av e th e i nni tive m o o d
s u b ect
ect an d
h
e
u se d by i tself to e x p re ss 1
e ob
3
h
t
t
j
j ,
( )
( )
o f th e p ri n ci p al v e rb , an d as i t w as sai d th at t h e i n ni ti v e
m o o d i s a n e uter n o u n , use d e i th er in th e n om in o r accu s
case , i t i s cle ar th at in
1
i
i
s in th e a ccu s case , an d in
t
( )
3
i
i
t
s i n th e n o m i n case
( )
It will b e o b serv e d also th at in sen ten ces ( 2 ) an d ( 4)
th e w o rd s m ark e d b y i tali cs stan d resp e cti v ely fo r th e o b
t
c
e
an
d
t
n d o n th e sam e
h
s
u
p
i
p
a
l
v
r
a
e
b
t
o
f
h
r
i
n
e
b
ec
t
e
c
j
j

p rin ci ple as b efo re th e v erb s will co n qu er an d to li e

m u st b e in th e in n m o o d
But i n th e se sen ten ces th e

ar,
i
n
sub
t
s o f th o se v erb s al so are
a
s
w
i
v
i
n
2
C
e
e
n
;
j
g
( )
4
a C h ri sti an
p
i
t
i
ari t
o f th e L atin lan
an
d
s
a
u
li
e
c
y
( )
an d

3d

sen t en ces

u ag e

l n

th

th at

th

e su

bj e ct i s i n

su ch

ca s e s

a de

e a c c u s . c a s e , ev en th o u g h th e s en ten ce in w h i ch

i t st an d s i s u se d as th e su bject o f th e o th er v erb
Th i s
m atter i s o f th e g re ate st i m p o rtan ce ; an d it i s h o p e d
.

LE S S ON m m

1 16

E X E RCI S E

[1 5 1

1 53

Th e co n sul p ro m ises (th at) h e w ill n o t fai l th e se nate an d co mmon

w eal th
2 Th e co n sul p ro m i se d ( th at) h e w o u ld n ot fai l th e se n ate
a n d th e co m m
o n w e alth
3
p erce i ve (th at) th e sh ip s are ap p ro ach i ng
th e e n tra n ce o f yo n de r h arbo r
4
p e rce ive ( th a t) th e sh i ps h av e ap
5 It i s a g re a t disas te r (th at) ye sh o u ld
p re ach e d th e n a rro w strai t
h av e th ro w n aw ay (yo u r) a rm s
6 It w as re po rte d to Caesar (th at)
t h e Helveti i w e re m arch i n g th rou g h th e terri to ri es of th e S e qua ni
1

'

E X E R CI S E

1 54

S en ti mus calere i g n em , n i vem esse albam, dulce m el

2 Caesar
re spo n dit, p acis causa se ae qu o an im o tulisse dtri m e n tum sui h o n oris
3 M ulie r di x i t, se po s te ro die O p u s e ss e co n fe ct ra m
4 Non n ullae
5 Ce rtio r tactus su m
g en tes S e an g ust s fi n es h ab re arbi traban tu r
v 6 8 co n tra i i oS co nj rare , e t i n te r v es O b sides dare
6 He lveti i m eri b us
s ui s O rg e to ri g e m
di ce re co g run t
ex v i n cul i s
cau sa m
7 H5 0
e p i sto la ce rti Ores fa cti su m us h o stes le g i On e m n o bi s aux ili o m i ssa m
re pp u lisse
8 Netu m est Hann ibale m a dversus R em an os acerrim e
p ug n avi sse
1

'

LE S S

ON

LXXXIII

EXERCISE
T

1 55

1
h ere v e ry few , h avi n g truste d to th eir stren g th ( p l ), strove to
th a t th e arm y
2 Th e
e lg ae w e re i n dig nan t (mo les tefer
sw im acro ss
R o m an pe o p le sh o u ld w in te r a n d beco m e rmly e stabli sh e d
o f th e
n veteras c
i
n G au l
3
T
h
i
e R e m i say th a t th ey i n tru st th e m se lv e s
(
f
h
a
n
t
i
n
o
an d th e i r p ro p e rty) to ( i n a ce
o
w
e
r
d
r
o
t
ec
o
th e R o ma n
t
e
p
p
(
)
t
n eque
a g re e d w i th th e re st O f th e
h
o
l
nd
t
a t th ey
h
a
d
no
e
e
a
,
p
p
(
(
)
)
4 Cae sa r le a rn s fro m th e sco u ts th at all th e rest o f th e
e lg ae
e lg ae
5 At le n g th , late i n th e day (m ulto di e),
w o ul d soo n be i n arm s
le arn e d th at th e en e m y h ad m o v ed th e i r ca m p , an d th at yo u w e re co m
6 Th e b arb arian s bo aste d th a t th ey h ad e n ga g e d w i th th e
in g to m e
Ro m an s in p itch ed battle ( aci e an d h ad co n quere d th em
.

EXERCISE
1
r
e
p

Ne gavim us
n ciam
r
e
i
v
p

m ere

n es

dare

e t e x e m p lo

1 56

R eman i p osse i ter ulli

Vi debam pe ri cul Os u m p o p u lo R emano esse
u
l
i
o
p
p

L E SS O N LXXXIV

1 an

117

3 Polliciti e stis
G e rm an os p aulati m con sue scere R h en u m tran si re
4 J rav isti te, n isi
rr s esse , e t i m p e rata n o stra factures
v oS O bsides datx
o n fessu s es sci re te illa esse v era
5
C
v i ctOre m , i n castra n on rev e rsnru m
,
7 Ape rte
6
i xi m e p rox i m a n o cte de quarta v i g ilia castra m oturum
8 S ap i en tis
6disse m ag is i n g e nui e st quam fro n te occultare sen ten ti am
e st con sili um explicare suum de m ax i mi s reb us
.

LESS O N LXXXIV

In th e last tw o sen ten ce s o f th e p rece din g e x

croi se th e re w e re in stan ce s o f a u se o f th e
n i ti v e ca s e ,
e
g
w h i ch co uld n o t b e co n v en i e n tly m en ti o n e d b e fo re th e
i n tro d u cti o n o f th e i n n itiv e m o o d ; th o ug h i t really falls
u n d e r th e h e a d o f th e p ossess i ve g en i ti v e ,
36
T h e g en iti v e i s u se d co n stan tly w i th th e v e rb es to de
n o te th at so m e p oi n t of ch a ra cter & c b elo n s to th e
r
e
p
g
I n ste ad O f th e g en i tive
so n re p resen te d b y th e g en i ti v e
o f p erso na l p ron ou n s, th e n eu ter s i ng n om
or a ce o f th e
i
osse
s
ve
r
n
co rre sp o n di n
p
o
u
n
i
u
d
s
o
s
s
s
e
p
g

152

EXERCISE

1 57

2 It is (th e
It is ( th e duty) o f a w ise m an n ot to fear adversity
3 It i s (a m ark ) o f a
p art) o f a just judg e to p reserve th e i n n oce n t
fo olish m an to p e rse ve re i n erro rs
4 It i s ( th e duty) o f a p rop h et to
see be foreh an d ( p ra evi de
5 It i s ( a m ark ) of a g en e rous
th e fu ture
s ou l to assist th e w retch e d
6 It i s (th e duty) of a g oo d k i n g to secure
th e p eace of th e state
1

EXERCISE
Barb arorum

i n diem

1 58

uum e st legi bus p atriae

2
3 Est b o ni Oratoris m ulta auribu s e ccep i ss e, m ulta vi disse
p arere
4 M ag ni an i mi e st di vi tias con tem nere
5
en meum e st rebus ad
v e rsi s p e rtu rbari
6 Pare n tum e st ale re li berOS ; li be ro rum , p aren ti bus
Ob edi re
7 Putan t se i d facere n On p osse si n e m ax i m o p eri culo 8
S tultOru m est al iOrum vi tia cern ere, su a n On cog n visse

e st

v i vere

L E SS ON LXXX VI

1 13

[1 5 2

LESSONLXXXV

In th e follo w in g e x e rci ses th e i m p erfe ct an d p erfect in

n i ti v e o f p assi v e an d d ep o n en t v erb s w ill b e i n tro d u ce d
F o r th e i r fo rm ati o n see th e table in L esso n L XXX

EXERCISE
1

T ow a ds (sub ace )
r

th e

ev e n i n g

1 59

2
to g o o u t fro m th e to w n
o f th e p lace an d by a rt, ca n n o t be

so ldi e rs

th e gates to be sh ut, an d
Th e to wn , fo rti ed by th e

o rde re d

storm ed

It is (a m ark )
ri to n s,
o f a co n sta n t m an, n o t to fe a r dan ge r or re p ro ach
4 Th e
h av i n g fo llo w ed close ly w i th all th e i r forces, w ere h in de ri n g ou r m e n
fro m g o i n g ou t (i n n ) from th e sh ip s
5 Th e b lin d beg g ar fee ls th at
h e h as be e n w oun de d
6 It is re p orted to Caesar th at th e sh ip s h ave
bee n set o u re
n ature

EXERCISE
1
g re di
.

T ertia fere vi g ilia solvisti

1 60

e qu itesqu e

ulte ri Orem

in

p ortu m

r
p o

2 Prin ci p es co gn Ove
te se qui jn ssisti
se n atus i n u rbe m co n v en i sse e t leg atOs a d

e t n av s co n sce n de re e t

m ag n am p a rt e m
Caesare m de p ace e t a mi ci tia m issOs
ru n t

Arbi trati

id be llum
ce le ri te r co n ci po sse
4 H60 ti bi p ersuasi , co n silium ab a m i cissim e
h om i n e, n On ab h o ste , datum esse
5 S tul ti est i n an ibus rebus com
m o v eri
6 An im ad ve rte ras o m n es o p p idi p a rtes p rae ru p ti ss i m i s sa xi s
esse m uni tas
7 Cae sa r su es e x o m n i bu s partibus v uln e rari v i debat
8
lli no stros re g re di n on p ati eban tur, quod timOre adducti locum re
lin quere v i deb an tu r
.

e sse

e stis

LE S S O N LXXXVI
EXERCISE
S o m e m en

1 61

by w an t o f co rn , h ad
h as te n e d i n to th e p ro v i n ce
2 Ca e sa r sa w th at th e battle w as
be in g

fo u g h t i n a di sadvan ta g e o us p lace , a n d th a t th e e n e my s fo rce s w e re

b e i n g au g me n te d
3 Ca e sar th o ug h t i t w as i n u ri o us to dep a rt fro m
th e w ar an d th e en e my
4 Th e ch ie f assu re d ( p h ) h is men, th at
th e R o m ans w o uld e i th e r no t en dure w an t (o f p ro visions) , o r w ith great
1

asserte d

th at Caesar,

co n stra i n e d

LESS O N m m

1 20

[1 5 4

1 57.

x ili ary as i n th e ab ov e e x am p l e But sin c e in

L atin th e subje c t o f th e v e rb w as o ft en o m i tte d (b e i n g
suf ci en tly in di cat e d b
rso n en di n
t
h
e
i
t
e
w as n e ce s
y
g)
p
s ary t o h av e so m e o th e r w a
f
p
o
i
n tin
u
r
c
o
o
h
t
t
d
i
f
f
e
n
e
e
e
y
g
b etw een an a sser ti o n an d a qu es ti o n
F o r in stan c e : th e
th re e w o r ds Br utu s Ca esa rem occi d i t th o u g h co mm on ly
plac e d in thi s o rd er m ay b e arran g e d in an y w ay with
o u t i ts b ein g i n di cate d by th ei r p osi ti o n th at a q u e sti o n
i s ask ed
In L ati n th e r efo re c e rt ain w o r ds c alle d i n ter
rog a ti ve p a r ti cles are u se d
th e p re sen c e o f w hi c h in a
afte

i ts

au

sen t en ce

th at

sh o w s

i
u
e
s
o
n
t
q

is

a sk ed,

an

'

not a

a ct

a sserted.

Th e in te rr o g ati v e

p arti cl es

u se

i n L ati n fo r

si mp le

u
es ti ons are :
q

155
em p h ati

N
e
( )
1

ten ce ,

u m p l ac e d
N
( )

w h en

th e

an sw er

o cci di t

app en ded,

to th e m ost
Cae sarem o cci di t ?
as
,

at th e

no

b eg inn in g

of

th e

sen

i s e xp e ct e d : as, Num
D i d B rutus k i ll Caesar ?

15 7

o
n ne place d
N
( )

ten c e , w h en th e

Br utu s Cae sarem

a s,

Brutus Caesarem
no

cli ti c :

Br tu sn e
k i lled Ca esa r ?

c w o rd :

i t B rutu s w h o

15 6

en

e
s
y

an sw e

o cci di t

th e b eg in n in g of th e sen

i
x
e c te d : a s, n on n e
es
s
e
y
p
at

? D i d n o t B rutus h i ll Cae sa r ?

O ften h o w ev er th e en cli tic me i s u se d w h en th e sen se

or
no
es
I
n
seem s n e c e ssar ily to r e qui r e th e an sw er
,
y
th e se in stan c es th e q u esti o n m ay b e su p p o se d t o b e state d
wi th th e tw o p o ssible alte rn atives, as : p o testn e vi rtus ser

In su ch c ase s
can o r can n o t vi rtu e b e a slav e ?
vi r e
i n th e e x erci ses n e will b e in se rte d in p ar en th e se s ; an d
th e e m p h ati c w o rd t o w h i ch n e i s t o b e ap p en de d w ill b e
m ark e d by i tali c s ; an d th e e xp ecte d an sw er will b e i n
sert ed w h en n u m o r n on ne m u st b e us e d
l

L ESS O N LXXXVIII

I sa

E XER C I S E

1 63

121

1 D oe s th e con course of all g o o d m en m o ve th ee not a i a ll (n ih i l)

3 Are w e
2 D o n o t p o e ts w ish to be celebrate d a te r de ath ? ( Yes)
o)
4 D oes (n ot)
able to c ang e th e p a s t ( p l n ) I (
ocrate s app ea r
5 D o you (n ot) see
to p lace a h appy li e i n vi rtue alo n e (n e) ?
6 D o th e re m a in i n g
th at th i s e v il i s ( on e) o f o pi n ion , n ot o f n ature
o)
e m o tio n s o f th e m i n d all u p o n (i n) th e w i se m an ? ( N
7 To th is
h
at m an ?
h
a ncci ne) li e w ill yo u call bac
t
8
S n ot a dog ve r li e
(
Y
es
a w ol
)
(
-

y k
-

E XER C I SE
1

Eg on e h as i n uri as diutiu s

ati ar

1 64

quam n ecesse

triu m p h atu m h o di de v obi s e sse ?

sen sistis

e st

Nu m

No

nn e

p otes p op u lari
h an c te rra m , qu ae te g e n u i t atqu e alu i t ? 4 Nu m i g n av issi m OS
o stes
m ag is ti m etis quam D e OS , p er qu s jurastis ? 5 V e rbi sn e i sti s, rate r,
a
m
di
s
u
m
h
6
m
u
r
u
a
u
r
u
e
s
cr
a
b
m
a
se
i liti b s pe s
e
?
ec v o i s o r
t
s
S n ae
7 D edi ti sn e vos u rbe m , ag ros, di vi na h um an aque
ci vi tatis v i detu r ?
8 Arbitrari sn e con sulem au t i n
em ani ?
o m n i a i n di tidn e m p op u li
te m p ore p u g n am i ni v i sse, au t rm asse subsidii s aciem, aut ullo on i
con sulis fun ctu m of ci o ?
3

'

h
f

LESSONLXXXVIII
15 8
th ey

assu m e

i nfo rm ati o n

o rd -

ch whil e
o f th e fact sp o k en o f d e m an d m o re
S u ch qu esti o n s are ask ed b y i n ter

r
a
e
t
o
s
e
hi
t
s
n
s
w
u
i
o
e
q

th e tru th
ab o ut

it

a dver s

b
p
1 5 9 In terrog a ti ve p ro n o u n s fo rm th e fth class S p ok en
o f i n L e sso n X L I X
Th e p rin cip al p ro n o u n o f th i s cl ass i n L atin i s qu o de
clin ed e x actly lik e th e relativ e p ro n o u n e x cep t in th e n om i
n a ti ve an d a ccu sa ti ve si ng u la r
Th e di fferen ce w ill b e ob
rog a ti ve

ro n o u n s o r

i n terrog a ti ve

'

serv e

at o n

ce

Nom

M a sc

u t.

q u ae
qu i d
quam
qui d
Acc
1 6 0 But i t i s to b e ob serv e d th at qu i an d qu ad are
also u se d w h en a n o un i s j o in e d w i th th e i n terro g ati v e ;
.

11

qu i s
qu em

R m

L E SS ON m

122

ui

6
1
1
[

qu i s an d qu i d are n ea rly a lwa ys u se d as substantiv es

an d q u o d as a dj ectiv es
Th us

W h o calls m e
W h at slave calls m e
W h at do yo u re ad ?
W h at son g do you re ad I

i s translate d by

qu is m e voca t ?

qu i servus m e voca t ?
ui d leg is
uad ca rme n legis

q
q

Of w h at k in d
dj e ctiv e s qu ali
q ua n to h o w g reat are u se d as in terro g ativ e s i n w ord

questi o n s ; an d S O al so th e fo ll o w in g adv erb s : u bi w h e re

ui n
h
u a n do
h
w
w
h
i
h
q
w
h
en
er
t
our
w
u
a
y
y q
q
an d so m e o th e r s
n ot
1 6 1 T h e i n t erro g ati v e qu o i s m ade m o re em p h ati c
b y th e addi ti o n o f th e syll able 4 2 a m to all i ts cases ; w e
also n d th e p re x e s cc and n u m u sed w i th i t : th u s

Besi de s qu o

th e

u i dn am ,

u aen am ,

u i sn am ,

&

q
q
e cqui s, ecqu ae ( o r e cqu a ) , ecqu i d, & c
n um ui s, n um u ae or n um u a , n um qu i d, &
q )
q
q
(

But
an s

th e last

l
i
k
e
(

n um

w er is e xp e cte d

is

o nl

u sed

w h en

a n eg a ti ve

EXERCI S E
W h o w rites th ese lette rs ?
W h ose n o te i s sw ee ter th an

1 65

2 By w h om are th ese le tte rs w ri tte n ?

3
th e n o te o f th e n ig h tin g ale
4 W h at
bird sin g s m ore sw e e tly t a n th e n i g h tin g ale ? 5 W h o u ttere d th a t
V
am o us o p in i o n ?
6 I h at p h iloso p h e r u tte red t at am o us p in i o n ?
7 W h o (qu is na m) p e rp etrate d th is cri m e ? 8 0 cou n tr (r us
wh en
sh all
be h old th ee
1

h f

EXERCI S E

1 66

ui s d re ta m clara dub itare p o te st ?

1
ue m v i rum carm i n e
2
celeb rabim u s ?
3 Q ui v ir a n ob i s ca rm i n e celeb rabi tur ?
4 S i m n es
ali en a i m pe ri a p e rfe ri m us, qu i sn a m li ber e st
u i s clari or i n G rae
5
cia ui t Th e m isto cl ?
6 Q ui can tus m o de rata OratiOn e est dulcior,
u i s ami ci or quam
7
quo d Ca rm en arti ciOsa con cl usi on e ap tiu s ?
frater tratri ? 8
ui s m o rtali um o mn i bus
eri s S ap i t
.

L E SS ON

1 24

[1 6 8

X CI

Th e d eclen sio n o f th r ee o f th ese w o rds i s

o n e o f th e th re e g e n d ers i n th e S in g

h ere

i
v en in
g

No m

Ace
.

u tri u s
u tri

Abl

ali u

al te ram

alt e ri u s.

alte ri

altera

u tro

ali o

u tru m

m)

alte ra

(f

alt e ra

u te r

G en
D at

m
as c
(

u tro

O b se rv e th at a li o h as a l i u d i n th e n eu t s i n g
Th e plur al o f all th e se w o r ds i s reg ular
an d a ce
.

n om

E XERCI S E

h h Of

1 69

th e se (tw o) i s m o re w o rth
o f p u n i sh m en t ?
1 W ic
2 To
3
e m os th e n es an d
w h ich O f u s (tw o) S h all th e n e w b oo be g i v en ?
4
ice ro w e re m o st e x ce lle n t o ra tors w h ich o f t em do yo u p re e r
Th e o t er ci tie s, b ei n g w o rn o u t by th e lo n g w ar, re ce i ve d th e arm
5 Th e o th er to wn , h av in g bee n p lu n dere d an d
w i t i n ( th ei r) w alls
6 On th e seco n d
b u rn t, w as n o th i n g p ro ta ble to th e w ea ry soldi e rs
day, th e arm cam e to a vill ag e aban don ed by th e e n em
.

E XERCI S E
Nun tii

AeduOrum

1 70

m issi tan dem ad castra

2 ( m a u rbs, po sita i n alti ss i m o m o n te o m n es adi tus dith
re v e rte ran t
3 Ce rtior a n Obi s a ctus u n ditores tran s po n te m
cilli m Os h ab b at
4
otae sociOru m cOp i ae p ulsa e
tran sd ci s, e t a d h ost s co n ten dis
5 Hi p rin ci pes, studio n o v arum reru m
su pe ratae qu e p assi m fug i u n t
6 Al te r corum G ra e cus
a dducti , i m pe ri u m tOti u s G all iae ap p e ti verun t
ui t, alte r R om an u s
7
ib i soli ex to t m illi b us ca p ti v Orum i m p e rato r
l te ra m reg iOn is p arte m , pe n i tus a mi li ti bus vastatam
8
p arce t
h o stibus re li n quo
l

ad alias

ci v i tates

a n obi s

L E S S O N X CI
163
m o o d,

We
or

h av e n o w to S p e ak o f th e i m p e ra ti v e
th e fo rm s O f th e v erb u sed in c om m a n di n g

L E SS ON

x01

125

n
d
a
n
t
ese
a
l
e
d
c
l
r
Of
p
fu tu r e th e u ses o f w h i ch w ill b e e xplain e d h ere after AS
u
o
t
i
t
n
i
t
s
r
e
l
e
a
i
l
eas
h
r
y
y
d
h
h
e
t
a
r
e
v
s
e
m
o
f
e
th e fo r s
g
w i th o ut c all
su f ci e n t t o p re s en t th e m h e re i n o n e Vi e w
i n g atte n ti o n p ar ti c u larly to th e fo rm ati o n
It w ill b e se en th at o f th e p r esen t i m p erati v e b o th a c
n
l
u
d
n
r
a
i
u
l
a
n
s
r
o
s
e
s
p
y
d
p
n
l
2
h
e
n
a
s
s
i
o
t
i
d
v
e
e
a
t v
p
g
r al are u se d ; w h i le o f th e fu tu r e i m p erati ve w e h av e l n
d
n
a
l
a
n
l
u
n
u
l
ar
a
d
i
n
s
r
S
r
n
e
s
o
a
d
3
d
d
v
h
2
i
h
a
e
t
e
e
c
t
t
g
p
p
i n th e p assi v e th e 2 d an d 3 d p erso n s si n g ular an d o n ly
th e 3 d p e rso n plu r al

th i s m o o d th ere

tw o ten se s,

are

m on e

am a

Ac t i v e
Pres

F ut

Sin g

2
lu r 2
S in g 2

Plu

am ato

2
3

am atote

am an to

2
i ng 2
3
lur 3
.

S in g 2

reg e
.

au di te

an di to

reg ite
reg ito

au di tOte

au diun to

ca p i to

regi tote

re g un to

cap i te

m on tote
m onen to

cap e

cap i tote

cap iu n to

F ut

c ap (i )

re

P lu

am ate

m on e
m o n ete
m o n eto

am a

P a ss i v e
.

res

di

au

am are

a mam i ni .

m on ere
mon m i ni
m o n to r

au di re

am ator.

au di m i ni

cap ere

reg i m i ni

audiun tor

cap i m in i

cap i to r

re g itor

a udi to r

mon en to r

am an tor.

re g ere

regu n tor

cap iu n tor

b e,
Th e v erb s d i c
lead , es
say,
due ,

m ak e, f er
fa c ( i )
carry,
do n o t t ak e th e en di n g e
In
i n th e 2 d p ers si n g O f th e p re sen t i m p er ati v e a ctiv e
th at p erso n th e y are th erefo re u n altere d
Th e i m p erativ e
o f es an d i ts co m p o u n d s i s th u s c o n u ate d
j g

164

Pre sen t

es

F uture

e ste

e sto

e sto

e stOte

sun t o

NO ex erci ses will b e g iv e

m ay b e

1 1*

d e v o te d

to

i n th i s le sson , th at th e tim e
le arn i n g th e ab o v e fo rm s
n

L E SS O N

1 26

x011

[1 6 5

L E S S O N X CI I

p r e s e n t i m p e ra ti v e
are u se d i n re q u e st s an d d i re ct i o n s o f an u nemp h a ti c c h ar
a cter, an d g e n e ral ly i n relati o n t o ti m e p resen t o r i m m e
d i ately s ucc eedi n g ; an d th u s it h as o n ly th e 2 d p erso n
It
i s h o w ev e r v ery rarely u se d in neg a ti ve d i rw ti on s (p ro
h i bi ti o n s ) , so m e fo rm s o f th e subjun c ti ve m o o d , to b e sp o
k en o f h e re after, b ein g u se d i n stea d of i t
It i s t o b e p arti cu larly O b serv e d th at in p ro h ibiti o n s
th e n eg ati v e a d v erb i s n ( n o t n o n )
Nve i s th e form
u se d in stead o f ci n

165

Th e fo rm s

of

th e

'

EXERCI S E
Ad

1 71

w ith a b rav e m in d, Lace daem on ian s ; to day, pe rh ap s,

2
w e sh a ll sup w i th ( ap ud ) th e g ods belo w
o t e r,
call up o n th ee ,
arise a n d b u ry ( th y) so n
3
e lie v e m e , (da t ) n o o n e o f yo u w il l ca tc
co n sequ de p ) m e , w h e n
h av e g o n e o rth ( excd fut p erf ) h e n ce 4 S ay,
(
0 strang e r, a t S p arta, t a t y o u h av e se en us lyi n g ere 5 L
e a p do w n ,
e llo w so ldie rs, u n less ye w ish ( vul tis) to be tray th e e ag le to th e e n em
6 All o w m e, 0 ri e n d, to e x p i re in thi s S laug h te r of my soldie rs
1

v an ce

I
h

An d Jup ite r

e rni

EXERCIS E
l

in

M h

mn n s

terre stres, vosque

coel e st s,
de ste ci v es, a des te co m mil i tOn es,
S i v obis ;

ui ri t s
4
deste di te stes o de ris, e t e xp e ti te
c
li que

v Osque ?

deb i tas si m u l v obis v io lati s n obi sque p e r v estru m n um e n de

5 O bse cro , ci v es, m i i m i sero a tque i n n oce n ti sub v e ni te
6
ce p ti s
'
a
a
f

x
n
i
n
ib
u
P
r
a
e
r
i
o
t
o
i
n
o
r
o
v
i
v
i
t
7
e
b
E
te v Os, O ci v es,
H ete
c
s, e t
e
8 ave rti te ab i ra p arum p er ad
i n re tam t re p i da p atri bu s b edie n tes
9 M ei po ti n s m i se r m in i , o ci ves,
co g n i ti On e m e t cOg i tati On e m a n im OS
1 0 S i do rm i s, e xp e rg isce re, S i stas, i n g re dere, si i n
fi liae qu e m eae
g re deris, curre, S i ca rris a dvola
'

n as,
o
e
p
.

L E SS O N

1 28

xcrv

6
6
1
7
9
1
,
[

LESSONX

CI

W e h av e seen th at Parti ci ple s are verba l a djecti ves an d

th at th e in n i ti v e m o o d i s a ver ba l su bsta n ti ve us e d in
th e n o m i n an d accu s c ase s o nl y
1 6 7 Th e re is b esi d es th ese v erb als an oth er p arti ci
p i al fo rm m ad e by addin g
,

to

a stem s an d e stem s

to

al l o t

h ers

NOTE Th e con n ectin g

Th u s from

do
en do
n

a ma

v ow el

is

m o ne
a udi

is

orm e d

so m eti m e s u,
a m ando

168

AS

cap iendo
u

Thi s p arti cip i al

gu

lo v in g

adv isi n g

h e a rin g

rulin g

ta k i n g

6
g o i ng

reg end0
u

do

a udien da

;
a

m ouen da

reg
.0

m ak i n g u

fo rm i s u sed
sen se
i
v en ab ov e ; b u t
g

i n th e
o n ly i n
th e n eu ter s i n g u la r, a n d n o t i n th e n o m i na t case, an d i s
th en c alle d th e G e r u n d

to be lo ved,
2 d As an a dj ecti v e i n th e sen se o f
& c,
an d i s th en call e d th e G e r u n d i v e
Th e G erun div e i s so m eti m es calle d th e f u tu re p a rti ci
e p a ssi ve; an d h as a t w o fo ld u se :
l
p
l st As a S i m ple adje c ti v e i n ag r e em en t wi th a n o un ,
lik e a p ar ti cip le
2 d In a p e c uli ar sen se in conn e cti o n wi th th e v e rb 63
W e S h all rst S p e ak o f th e G e r u n d
1 6 9 AS th e I n n i ti ve m o o d i s a n euter n o un , u se d
o nly in th e n o m i n a ti ve an d a ccu sa ti ve c ases, th e G e r u n d
is u se d as a n o un t o su pp ly th e p lac e o f th e i n n i tiv e f or
th e o th er c ases ; an d i t m ay stan d also i n th e accu sativ e
c ase, w h en f o llo wi ng a p rep osi tion , as th e in n iti v e i s v ery
r ar ely fo u n d S O g o v ern ed
Th e fo llo win g sen ten ce s are e x am p le s o f th e g eru n d
em p lo y e d as a n o un i n th e a ccu sati v e ,
en i ti v e , d ati v e
g
an d ab lati v e c ases
l st

a n o un

N O TE Th e

verb

g erun d,

from w h ich i t is

li

fo

ke th e in ni tive

rm ed

g ov ern s

th e

sam e case as

th e

L E SS O N

1 70

1 70

Th

xcv

1 29

a c c u s a ti v e

c a s e o f th e

run
e
g

i s fo r th e m o st p art u se d afte r th e p re p o si ti o n s a d an d i n
ter
Th e fo llo wi n g e x am p le s w ill S h o w i ts m ean i n g th en
.

M i tto lcg dtu m ad i n sp i ci en

d um

sen d a n a m ba ssa do r

or

th e

look i ng i n to ( th e

p
f
m a tter)
Th e 0 2: wa s m a def o rp loug h i ng
Yo u m u s t be ca ref u l wh i le
dri vi ng ( th e flock )
u rp ose o

BOS

a d a un dum n atu s est

I n ter ag en d um

caveto

H
e m plo y e d
E7

a rt o

Th

en

to li m it th e

bjecti vely

i ti v e

m e an i n g

Ti tus
tu s

Of a

n o un ,

un
e
r
g
or

is

th e m o st

se e

p cs p oti un di castri s m i lites

e xci tat

c a s e o f th e

Th e h op e of g a i n i ng th e ca mp
u rg es o n th e s o ldi ers
Ti tu s w a s sk i lled i n h orse
m a n sh ip

p er i

e qui tan di

e rat
.

Th

d a ti v e

r b
v e rb s
h
e
g
y
so m e ti m es u n de r sto o d

o v e rn e

eit

ca se

or a

of

th e g erun
is
th e latter b ein g

dj e cti v es

M ulti

re

n an

stu du run t

M a n y g a ve th ei r a tten ti on
reig n i ng

S Oli b o n i i dOn ei

u ste

i m p eran df)

173
u se d e i th e r

Th

in,

b,

ex,

ali i s

sun t

S um m a

a lo n e

vern o th ers
o
g

a b l a ti v e

as a bla ti ve o

m ea n s

ca s e
o r after

t
t
o

a re

u s tly

Of

th e g erun
is
th e p rep o siti o n s

V o lscu s stan dO et vig ili i s fe s

su s e rat

Th e g ood

to

Th e Vo lsci a n was w ea ry ( of
by s tan di ng a n d w a tch i n g
Th e g rea test p lea su re i s de
ri ved
rom lea rn i ng
f
Th e m a n ly vi rtu es a re seen
i n a cti on

p tas ex di scen dO

v olu

cap i tu r.

Vi rtutes cern un tur in ag en dO

No e x erci ses are gi v en

u se s O f

th e

p up ils h ave

i n th i s lesson , th at th e fo rm an d
ru n d m a
e
b
l
u
n d ersto o d , b e fo re th e
e
e
l
w
g
y
to tran slate an y sen ten c e s co n tain in g it
.

L E SS ON

130

xcvr

LESSON

EXERCI S E
W h ile ( i nter) gh tin g
teen ( w ere) sun k
2 All
reg a in i n g ( th e i r) libe rty
1

th i rty

[1 7 4

X CV
1 75

S h ip s

Of
d w i th

th e

e n em y

w ere ta e n , t ir
b urn e
a w on de r ul p a ss io n fo r gen )
(
3 G od m ade th e o x fo r th e p u rpose O f
4 F e w me n are t fo r spe ak in g
5 W alls serv e for
plo ug h i n g
de en di n g a g a in st th e v iole n ce of en em i es
6 Th e g ui de w en t orw ard
w i th h orse m en to e x ami n e
.

EXERCI S E
O m ni

2
ute n do aesar po ten s actus est
un
u
a
m
n e n iu m ide m ad res di versissim as ,
n
d
i
r
u m atque im p e ran dum ,
a
e
q
g
p
h ab i li us u i t
3 Han n ib al p ri ma l ure e qui tes, tran sg ressOs um en , o h
e qu i tare p o rti s ub e t, jaculan q ue i n stati On s eli ce re a d p u n am h ost s
g
4 Han n i bal adv o cata co n tien e, v ari e mi li tu m an i mOs ve rsat, casti g an do
a dh o rtan q
ue 5
mn es res satis co m p aratae su n t ad trajici e n dum qu am
occul tissi m
6 M i li ti bu s labOre a c p u gn an do fessi s qui s da ta e st

o ccas ion e

1 76

re cte

Ea d

quae n ece ss itate m p ug n an di i mp On i t, m ulta v obi s

8 Alii s ti m e r h o stiu m au daci am in g re
p rae m ia v i ctOri bus p rOp On it
dien di um en feci t, tran sg ressi que in cas tra pe rv n erun t
em

o rtun a,

L E S S O N X CV I
174

Wh en

th e G erun

d i s form ed from
n th e
i
e xp re ssed
(

tr an sitive

)
t h e g e r u n d i v e i s g en era lly emp loy ed i n stea d of i t wi th
th e fo ll o w i ng c h an g es o f co n stru cti o n
1 Th e accu sa ti ve ( th e o bject) ta k es th e ca se of th e g er u n d

v e rb ,

an d

h a s i ts

O b e ct

accu sati ve

Th e g eru nd i ve ag rees w i th th e
th e g erun d

n o un

wh i ch w as th e

o b ect

AS

y i m p o rtan t let th e follo win g e x am ples

b e carefull y stu di e d Th e sen ten ces in p are n th e ses g i v e
w h at w o u ld b e th e con stru cti on o f th e g erun d ; th e o th er s
th e c onstr u c ti on O f th e g erun di ve
th i s i s

v er

LESS ON XCVII

132

[1 7 7

EX ER IIS E

Co

1 78

i d esse m ax i m um v in culum socii s i n d con ti

a n n i bal di x i t s Ib ru m tra
n e n di s
2
jcisse ad dle n dum n om e n
i
R em an orum , i be ra n du m qu e o rb e rn te rraru m
3 B ee p ri m o p ro el io
facile ap p aru i t ca m pos p a te n t s quals su n t i n ter
adum Alp sque ,
om an i s ap tos n 6 n e ss e
h ello g e run do
4 Vi g in ti n aves ad depop u
la n d am cra m Ita liae a Ca rth ag in i en sibus m i ssae su n t
5
ruden ti a
est reru m app e te n daru m e t fug ie n dam m scie n ti a
6 Mag n as co es
m i s im us n 6 n a d tu e n d s tan tumm odo v ete rs so cios co n cilian ds que
n o v os, se d e ti am a d p e lle n du m
isp an i a Hasdrubale m
7
an n i b al
em ani ag ros
qui n g e n t s e u ites a d dp O p nlan doS soci rurn po p uli
m i tti t
8 O p ti mi a u ctores tradun t, bi duo v ix locum rate jun g en do
ami ni i n v e n tu m e ss e
1

n sul

cen seb at

N OTE It w ill be w
th e ab ove L ti se te
a

fo r teac ers to e x ercise t ei r pu p il s i n alteri n g

n ces i n to th e a cti v e g erun d con structi o n
(
)
ell

LE S

S O

x cv xr

Th e g er un div e is v ery o ften u se d in c onn e cti o n

Wi th v erb s den o ti n g to tra n sfer, to let o u t, to h i re, ( f an, i n
ect o f th o se v erb s i f th e
i
b
e
a
c
v
e
a reem e n t Wi th th e o b
t
,
j
y
g
re
ect if th e
v
r
i
v
u
h
e
b
s
a
S
b
e
ass
e
c
an d Wi th th ei r su b
j
y
p

nu
loca
let o u t at ren t, co n duc
h i re , su scip ( i )

In th i s c o n stru o
tak e c are , & c , & c
d ertak e , curd ,
ti on i t i s im p li e d, th at th e p u rp o se o f th e a cti o n i s, th a t
som eth i ng sh o u ld be don e to th e o b
ject or s u bject T hi s Will
b e clear fro m th e fo ll o w in g e x am ple s
Co lum n am co n du x erat faci en dam
Lit , h e h a d h ired a

177

ill
ar
i
ll
a r to be m a de i e , h e h a d co n tra cted to bu ild a
p
)
(p
Po n tem i n Arari faci en dum curat Lit , h e ta k es ca re of
h
e h a s a bridg e bu i l t over th e S a o n e
a bri dg e to be m a de, i
)
h
e ci ty was g i ven
rb s m i li tib u s di ri i en da dat a e st
T
p
to th e so ldi ers to be p l u ndered Li t , (a to be p lu ndered ci ty)
wa s g i ven to th e so ldi ers
It Will b e se en fro m th e ab ov e sen ten c es th at th e g e
run di v e , i n a re e m en t Wi th th e o bj e c t o r subj e c t, i s i n
g
reali ty n o th i n g m o re th an an a dj e c ti v e , an d fo rm s W i th
b
ect
e
c
t
o
r
s
u
th e n o un a co mp ou n d o b
j
j
.

L ESS O N

1 7 8,

xovm

EXERCISE
Th e R om

1 33

1 79

2 Th e
th e war to rassus to carry ou
1
3
on o n h a d (curd )
co n sul h a d (card ) th e deserter led ba ck to th e k i n g
w i t h im (da t )
ey con tracte d ( l0ca
th e wa lls o f t en s rep a i red 4
5 Th e g re at k i n g h a d (curd ) th e
to ma ke a monum en t o f m arble
n ti g on us g a ve
6
R om an ci ti zens i n all sia bu tch ered i n on e day
th e dead ch i ef to h is relati ons to bury
.

an

p eop le

g ave

Ah

Th

E XER C I S E

Post

1 80

p raeb en da locat 2 M er
3 Bo n us
cator tabulas ac statu as i n Itali a m p o rtan das con dux i t
p raecep to r i n g e n ioru m discri m i n a n otat coru m , u os eru dien dos susce
ar lo n gi s n avi bus e x e rci tu m tran sp o rtan dum curav e rat
4
a
i
e
s
t
p
5
aesar u a m p luri m as n av es b i e m e ae di can das v e teresqu e re ci e n
atura res do mesticas p rocnran das e t a dm i n istran das
das curat
6
ae sar cap tam u rb e m di rip ien dam mi li tibus co n
m uli e ri b us de di t
7
8
ueri s bon es libros leg en dos damus
ce ssit
1

ero

'

die p raetor

v e sti m en ta e x ercitui

L ESS O N XCVIII
It w as
u se

as a

u se d

in

17 8
o n ly

be

1 6 8 , th at th e g e ru n div e, b esi de s i ts
S i m ple adjccti v e ( o r a futu re p arti ciple) , w as
n n e ti o n w i th th e v e rb as
e u li ar sen se i n
o
p
sai d

in

Th e g eru n di ve b ei n g an adj e c ti ve , can

u se d to co mp lete th e m ea n i n g of es
se e
(

of

c o urse

7 9) a n d
w i th th e

m u s t th erefo re ag ree i n ca se, g en der, a n d n u m ber

ect of i t
i
su b
k
m
n
e
s to la es t
T
a
e
f
r
e
x
a
l
h
n
c
o
e
t
e
se
e
t
e
j
,
p
p

scri ben da :
a lette r i s to b e w ritten
Th i s b ei n g th e
li teral m e an i n g o f th e w o rds, fro m i t g rew n aturally th e

a lette r m u st b e W ri tten
s en se ,
1 7 9 Th e g e r u n d i v e , th en , w h en u sed to c om plete
th e m e an in g o f 6 3 alw ays i m p li e s th e n o ti o n o f d u t y
o r n e ce s s i t
h
T
i
n o ti on h o w ev er i s n o t to b e su
s
y
p
o
se
d
l
n
o
t
b
e
o
t
o
t
h
r
i
f
r
s
e
e
u
n
d
i
l
f
u
t
a
e
s
r
o
m
i
v
e
se
b
t
p
,
g
g
i ts c o n n e c ti o n w i th es
It w as seen i n
8 0, th at es
w h en fo llo w ed b y a da ti ve c ase , den o te d p o ssess i on : as,

es t m i h i li ber,
I h ave a b o ok
S o in thi s c ase th e full
.

12

LES S ON X CVIII

1 34

[1 8 0

h
rase w o u ld b e e i sto la es t m i h i seri ben da :
a
l
e
r
tt
e
p
p

i s to m e to b e w ritten , o r I h av e a le tt er to w ri te , o r

ag ai n ,
I m u st w ri te a le tter
T h e follo w in g e x am p le s w ill se rv e to ill u strate thi s m at
te r, an d t o S h o w s o m e o f th e m o des o f e x p res si o n w hi c h
m ay b e u se d in En g li sh in translatin g th i s c onstruc ti on o f
th e g e run di v e
.

Vi r tibi

n 6 n est con tem n en

du s

o ug h t n o t

dili g en ti s

n bbi s erat

si m e co len du s

Leg es p atri ae n bi s sun t o b

se rv an dae

O m n es

f (

c ru ci atus

r
e
p

fe re n di c ru n t
D i xi t o m n es v b i s c ru c i atus
ut
e
rfe ren d s fo re
p
(f
es
i
n o
f
f

Yo u

co u n try

our

w i ll h a ve to

en du re a ll

tor m en ts

v ob i s

to be de

by yo u
We ha d to cu lti va te the field
very ca re
fu lly
We sh ou ld o bser ve the la ws
sp i sed

Ag e r

The m a n

He

sa i d

to

th a t y o u w o u ld h a ve
en du re a ll torm en ts
.

I80
be

se en

l st

If th ese

x am p les

are

c arefully

stu di e d,

i t wi ll

th at

Th ey all im p ly du ty

e
s
i
t
li
a ti on o f so m e
nec
s
or
o
b
,
y,
g

Th e p erson on w h o m th e obli g ati o n rests i s p ut in

th e d a ti v e cas e
3 d Th e ti m e o f th e o blig ati o n i s e xp resse d b y th e
ro er ten se o f es
p p
Th o u g h in all th e ab o v e ex am ple s th e da ti ve c ase an d
th e v e rb es are e x p resse d, i n o rde r t o e x hi bi t th e fu ll
c o n stru cti on , i t w ill b e seen in th e fo llo w i n g e x erc i ses th at
l st Th e da ti ve i s o ften o m i tte d, w h en th e p erso n w h o
i s oblig e d, & c , i s suf c i en tly ap p aren t fro m o th er co n
si de rati o n s
2 d Th e v erb es is also n o t un fr e qu en tly o m i tte d, w h en
Th i s i s p a r
th e tim e o f th e o bli g ati o n i s cle arly k n o w n
ti cularly th e c ase w h en es w o uld b e i n th e in ni ti v e m o o d
as t h en th e tim e i s c o m m o n ly m ark e d b y th e p rin c ip al
v erb
2d

L E SS ON

1 36

[1 8 2

Pug n atum e st a ba ttle w as f ou g h t

Pug n an dum est m i hi a ba ttle m u s t be f o u g h t by
o r I m us t i g h t
f
,

me

1 82

Th i s n e uter n o m sin g o f th e g eru n di v e i s th e

sam e i n fo rm as th e
ru n d, an d lik e th e
e
r
u
n
e
d
rn
o
v
e
s
, g
g
g
th e sam e c ase as th e v e rb fro m w h i ch i t i s m ade
Let
th e fo llo w i n g e x am p le s b e c arefully stu di e d
.

Pro ci sen dum mi hi

h c

est

i p sf) di e
Tibi vi ribu s ten dum

Th i s
to

y da y I

ver

set o u t

Yo u

eri t

w i ll h a ve to

s treng

O bli vi scen dum v bi s inj uri a

rum e sse cen se o

e
t
g

EXERCISE
We

h t imm

th

1 83

u se

r
o
u
y

I th in k th a t you

a m o bli ed
g

i nju ri es

o ug h t to

or

2 Ye h ad a t
r
u
n d in th e w av e s, an d to g t w i t
o
u
r
o
th e sa m e tim e to sta n d
th e
g
y
v
3 It i s th e du ty o f all m en to resi st i n usti ce
4 I e S all
e nem y
5
ave re co u rse to (a d ) fo rce
be o b lig e d to
t i n k th at th e o rse
uick ly
soldie rs o ug t to a dva n ce fart e r an d to retreat m ore
6
0
o n e o u g t to fear w i t o u t ca use
1

ou g

e diate ly

ru n

ta m e et th e

en em y

to

j
I h

EXERCISE

1 84

uten dum est

2
m n es
3
i ce ro doce t
co n clam am us n m in i dub i tan dum e sse de v estra d
brat rib us disp u ta n dum ess e de o m ni re i n co n trari as p artes 4 M ise ri s
u am p ri m u m e x i n sul a fug ie n dum cri t
5 Hi s rbus
m u lie ribu s
6 Pu tav i m us n obi s
a dductus sta tui n On di utius e x pe cta n dum esse
7 Perm tus h o m in u m
co n i g e n dum fo re s ub o culi s i m p e ratori s
fam a, scri be n du m ad t e x i sti mavi
8
o nn ulli ce nsban t d te rtia

) am i cOru m
e cun dissi m i s rebu s co n silic
'

C
.

v i g ili a in cas tra a d

m are

re c den dum .

LESSON C

Th e fo llo w in g e x erc i se s c o n tai n e x am p le s o f th e sev

e ral u se s o f th e g erun d an d g e run di v e , as e x lain e d i n th e
p
re vi o us le sson s
p
.

EXERCISE

1 85

1
an n ib al o rde re d
p h ) th e o f ce r, by k in d w ords to en tice th e
2
Th e
o p e n ( t e ir g ate s, an d re ce i v e a g arriso n
to w n sm en to (ad
)
.

L E SS ON

1 83,
to R om e

CI

1 37

tak in g again (rep et ) th e

a usp i ces
3 Th e lieu ten an t w as sen t by th e con sul to (ad) receive th e
i cily 4 Th e con sul h ad (curd )
O ld arm y, an d co n duct ( it) t e n ce i n to
th e n e w leg i on tran sp orte d at th e ea rliest m o m en t ( p ri m uo ue tem
n ate o f all th e tribe s ca m e to get e r
5
h
e
r
n
ar
d
i
n
i
a
T
se
o
e
i
o
t
p
)
6
ey t ou g t t at th e
un ic
t i t e r to (a d) de lib erate i n co m m o n
allian ce an d frien ds ip o ug h t to b e de sire d b efore th e
om an

dictator h ad

n
o
e
g

fo r th e
-

of

sak e

h h

q q

Th

h h
R

EXERCISE 1 8 6
E p s co cilii vi cit qu e ih il
p ti m ec tem ere ag e dum co
2 C o ul i C m p a i m p f ctu s
dum qu de i te grO ce ui t
d p m ut dOs ex e i tu 3 S u mmu m gi t atus i t u da f u di
fui t q
m m u i di s c t i
u t u lli m il ita i
ti
4 P
p ri
.

1
sule n
.

e st a

ar

an

er

ns

rc

ra

ns

s r

ro e

n a

n s r en

ra

ua
n en
as r s a
os
r o e
i n ten o r
te rum diem sep e lie n db u tri mque caes s i n aci e co n su mp serun t 5 Ibi,
n u lle a d v a g a n du m sp ati o, co mm i n u s co n sertae sun t m an us
6 Pe
e nn ia in s ti p e n di u m , v e sti m en taqu e e t frum en tu m e x e rci tui desun t ;
a ec o m n i a a b R Om a v obi s m i tte n da su n t
7 Prode u n dum i n con
tiOn e m F u lvio p rae tori e st, e t p ublicae n ece ssi tates p op ulo i n dican da e
8 D uci t i m p e rator e x erci tum ad castra m ax i m a Opp ug n an da
su n t
uibus
asdru bal p ra eerat
.

LESSONCI
Th ere

m o re v erb al
Th i s i s a n o u n o cc u rrin g o n ly i n th e
calle d th e s u p i n e
a
a ccu sa ti ve an d a bla ti ve c ase s si n
m
I
m
b
e
o
t
re adil y
s
t
y
g
fo rm e d b y ch an g i n g th e 0 o f th e 3 d stem i n to u
Th u s fro m 3 a m ato w e g et th e su p i n e ste m a m dtw
An d from a m atu w e h ave a ce s i n g am atum
a bl s i n g am at u

1 83

rem ai n s

to b e tre ate d

o f on e

We

w ill sp e ak rst o f th e a c c u s a ti v e s u p i n e
1 8 4 Th e a c c u s a ti v e s u p i n e i s u sed o n ly af ter
h
a t mo
v erbs i mp lyi ng m o ti on , a n d exp resses th e p u rp o se o
t
f
ti on
.

EX

Ad

Cae sarem

tum

AMPLES

co n g ratul a

co n v en eru n t

uin qu e

c oh ort es frm en ta

t um m i si t

1 2*

Th ey

ca m e

to

Ca esar to

con

i
h
m
)
(
He sen t ve coh orts to g et corn
u
l
a te
r
a
t
g

L E SS ON

1 38

011

EXERCISE

6
1
8
5
8
1
,
[

1 87

1 W e ca m e to surrender o ur k in g do m an d ourselv es (nos met ip sos )

2 Th e soldie rs h ad advan ced fart e r fro m th e cam p to p rov ide fodde r
m b assa dors o f th e Ae dui cam e to comp la i n co n cern in g th e arro
3
ri o v is tu s
4 Th e stra n g e rs a re co m i n g i n to th e ci ty to
g an ce o f
w i tness th e g am es 5
w i ll n o t g o to be a sta ve to
re ci an m a trons
6
o rio lan us w e n t a w ay am o n g i n
th e Volsci to li ve i h exi le
(
.

EXERCISE
C amillus

1 88

m ulta i n p atri am m eri ta, judicio po p uli dam n atus,

2 Barb ari a d soci os legatu m m i ttun t, subsidi um
e x sulatum a bi it
3 Pleri qu e de m ore salutatu m i ban t co ns ule m
4 Ha e
ro g atu m
a v es cum sole cub i tum e u n t
5 D eu s et di l ig e n dus est e t ti m e n dus
6
7
ecte di ctu m e st, p a rce n du m e sse v icti s
On co rp o ri sOli sub
8 R e siste n du m
v e n i e n dum e st, se d m e n ti at ue a n i m O m u ltO m ag is
se n e ctuti e st, ejusque v i ti a dil ig e n tia co m pe n sa n da sun t
9 Is o pp o r
tan us s us est locus co mm un ien do p raesidi o
1

po st
.

LESSON

C1 1

1 8 5 The a b l a ti v e s u p i n e i s u sed a s a n a bla ti ve of

li mi ta ti on after some adjecti ves: ( S ee
.

HOc fact turp e

e st

Th i s i s ba se to do,

i
n th e
li
t
( ,
.

doi ng )
The ta lk of the wi se is p lea s
ar
h
e
n
t
h
e
a n t to h ea r
li
t
i
,
, (
i ng )
.

sap i e n tium

rati d

est au di t ii

j ucun da

A c om m on

a c c u sa t i

ve s u
i
o fo rm a f u t u r c i n n i ti v e p a s s i v e i n
s
t
n
e
i
p
c o n n e c tio n w ith i ri w h i ch i s th e i mp erfect i n n i ti ve p a

an d s o f c o u rse u se d i mp erson a lly ( se e

s i ve o f i
o
g
i
Th e followi ng are e x am p les o f i t
1 86

u se

of

th e

L E SS O N

1 40

cm

[1 8 6

LESSO NCIII

Th e fo ll o w in g e x e rc i ses w i ll c o n tai n e x am p le s o f th e
u se o f all th e v e rb al s, n o u n s a s w ell a s a dj e c ti v e s, an d
i t i s h o p e d th at th e te ach er w ill tak e th i s o p p o rt un i ty o f
seein g th at h i s p u p i ls th o ro ug h ly c o m reh en d th e fo rm a
p
ti o n an d u se o f e a c h , b y c o n stan t re fe re n c e t o w h at h as
b efo re b e en sai d i n tre atin g o f th em s ep arately
.

EXERCISE
N

1 91

li ttle from th e larger cam p ,

e n e my an oppo rtu n i ty o f g ti n g
2
e n h e un
g av e
derstoo d t at t ey w e re n o t e ve n t e n ( ne tum
uidem) co mi n g fo rt
( p rodi ) h e le d b ack h is a rm y i n to th e cam p 3 At sunse t rio
av i n g b ee n g i v e n
v istus le d b ack h is fo rce s, m an y w o u n ds
(i nter )
a n d re ce i v e d
4 In u dg in g, a ste i s to be a v o i de d
5 Th e w o m e n ,
an ds o u tsp re a d p assa
w eep in g , w i t
(
) en co u rag e d th e soldie rs se ttin g
o ut fo r i n
b
attle
6
w
all o w s w en ) abo u t to y aw a
( )
(
y in to Ot e r
lan ds , ta k e t e ir dep arture ( em 2grw ) in on e day
1

day,
th e

e xt

aesar

av in g adv an ce d a
-

Wh

hh

'

EXERCISE
Hos ts

1 92

q ue

p ri us fug ere desti terun t, u am ad

2 R e liqu Os om n es n os tri e qu i tatu co n
um e n R h ei i u m pe rv n ru nt
4
3 J ucun dus est a udi tn can tus luscin i ae
n te
se cnti i n te rfe ceru n t
h i em e m h i ru n din es e n o stri s te rri s em i g ra n t, alibi h ab i tatu rn 5 Cam lus
un
n on tan tu m a d p o rta n du m se d e ti a m ad e qu ita n du m i dcn e us e st 6 N
7 HOS v i rOS cOn an tes
tiatu rn e ra t cas tra po ste rO di e e x pu g n atu m i ri
8
m p erato r o pp i
ri o v i stus p ro h ib u i t e t i n caten as co njci t
di ce re
du m e xp ugn are con atu s, d fen de n tibus ci v ibu s om an i s m i li tibusque ,
ae sar, tri duu m m oratu s, p au ci s i n Opp ug
uos p ra esidii ca usa m i se rat
natiOn e am issi s, re i n fe cta i n de di scessit
1

te rg a

v erteru n t, n e
.

1 87

L E SS ON

c1 v

1 41

LESSO N CIV

It i s i nten ded th at p up ils w h o h av e

ced

to th i s
o i n t S h all n o w b e in to re ad so m e c on tin u o u s L atin
p
g
c
au th o r : ei th er th e easy R o m an h i sto r
h
i
h
i
s g i v en
w
y
i m m e di ately b efo re th e v o cab ulary at th e e n d o f th e
b o o k ; o r, if th ey are already quite fam ili ar w i th th e
fo rm s an d th ei r u se s hi th erto treate d o f, th e O o m m en
tari e s o f Ca esar
But, w h i c h e ver co u rse b e p ursu e d, i t
i s n e c essary th at th e fo rm s O f th e subj un c tive m o o d b e
rst learn e d
1 8 7 Th e s u b ju n c ti v e m o o d , as i ts n am e i m
li
es, i s i h
ri c tn e ss o n l
t
t
u
n ten c e s su b
s
o
b
e
se
d
i
n
e
s
p
y
o i n ed to
m
r
i
a
r
sen
t
n
i
c
e
s
:
i
n w h at h av e b een
e
e
,
j
p
y
c alle d seco n da ry sen ten ces Th e e xc ep tio n s to th i s an d
th e vari o u s u se s o f th e su bj un c ti ve m o o d w i ll b e e x p lain e d
i n sub se que n t le sso n s
But i t i s b e st th at th e ten ses o f
i t, w h i ch are v e ry easy, S h o uld b e le arn e d at o n c e
o
En g li sh m ean i n g s are assi g n e d to th e m , as th e p o ssible
o n es a re so v ari o u s th at i t i s th o u h t th e assum ti o n o f
g
p
o n e o r tw o fo r e a ch ten se w o ul d o n l
en d to ren der th e
t
y
furth er p ro g re ss o f th e p u p il m o re dif c ult
Th e s u bj u n c ti v e m o o d i n L atin h as
1 88
adv an

ou r

ten ses,

vi z

Th e i m p e r f e c t, p resen t an d p a st
Th e p e r f e c t, p resen t an d p a st

Th e foll o w in g are th e g en eral rul e s for th e fo rm ati on

o f th ese te n ses, w h i ch are
i
v
e
n
n th b elo w :
a
l
t
e
g
g
I F o r th e i m p e r f e c t ten ses a cti ve an d p a ssi ve w e
h av e as te n se en di n g s
.

L E SS ON

1 42

if th e
cc

ci v

[1 8 8

fo r th e p res en t,
1 st stem en ds in a , a ch an g e d to
cc
cc
a dde d
63 3
cc
cc
cc
cc
53

fo r th e p as t,
- re
adde d

cc

cc

cc

cc

CC

cc

an

u
,

cc

( C

c
n s on a n t
o
y

To th ese ten se fo rm s th e reg ular activ e an d p assiv e

rso n en di n s are attach e d
e
p
g
II F o r th e p e r f e c t ten ses activ e w e h av e as ten se
en d i n g s adde d to th e 2 d stem ,
-

fo r th e p resen t, j
e ri

for th e p ast,

i sse

III Th e p e r f e c t ten se s p assiv e are m ade by attach

in g th e p erf ect p a rti c ip le p a ss i ve to th e p resen t an d p as t
i mp erf ec t s u bju n c ti ve t en ses o f th e v e rb es in th e sam e
w ay a s th e co rre sp o n di n g ten se s o f th e i n di c ativ e m o o d
Th ese te n se s o f es are g i v en b elo w
are m a de
T h e fo ll o w i n g table e x h ib its at len g th th e subj un c tive
tens e s o f th e fo ur c o nj ug ati o n s
.

"

Im p

e r fe c t.

1
1
2
3
1
2

Pres

act

Pres

p as

Past act

m on a
m o n ea m
m o n eas
m on e at
m on eam us
m on eatis
m on ean t

am e m

a m es.
.

a m m us

reg am

an dias

re gas

audi at

re g a t

am eti s

au di

am e t

au di am

au diam us

re g am us

au diati s

re gi

au di a nt

re g a n t

ti s

l
2

a m er

audia r

reg ar

am eri s or

au diaris or

re g ari s or

am re

mo n care
m on eatur
m on eamur
m o n eam i n i
m on ean tu r

audi a re

a m etu r

3
1
2

am m i n i

ame n tur

am are m

a m em u r

m on rem
mo n res
m o n ere t

a m are t

amaren t

amaretis

au diam in i

au di rem

reg e re m

a udi rcs

re g eres

audi re t

re g e re t

re g an tur

m o n erem us
m o n ereti s
m on eren t

reg am i ni

audi an tur

amarem us

3
1
2

re g amu r

audiam u r

'

re g atur

au diatu r

am e n t

am a

audi rem us

re g e rem u s

au di retis

re g e retis

audi ren t

reg ere n t

LE SS O N

1 44

be

able,

of

sim

p o ssim ( for po t
p o ssi s
p ossit
m
s
i
o
us
s
p
po ssi tis
possin t

1
2
3
1
2
3

[1 8 9

th e i mp erfect tenses subjuncti ve

ow i n g th e p e rfe ct p ass i ve ten se s o f o t er v erb s
a con tracti on tak es p lace an d w e h av e

co n ugation

3 d Th e
abo ve, i n S

crv

of es

i s g i v en
From p otes

p ossem for p ot
p o sses
s et
o
s
p
m
ss
e
o
IIS
p

essem

p o ssen t

h out th e
h ave for

4th From v erbs lik e cap ( i ) th e p ast i mp erf subj is m ade wit
h us, we
i , an d t e refore th e co nn e cti n g v ow el is emp loyed
th e p ast i mp erf subjuncti ve
.

Acti ve

Passi ve

S
P

1
2
3
1
2
3

cap e re m

1
2
3
l
2
3

cap e rs

cap e re t

ca p e remus.
cap e retis

cap e rcu t

cape re r

cap e reris

cap e rtur

cape rem u r

cape rem ini .

cap e re n tur

5 th Th e p erfect tenses of es are m ade reg ul arly from th e stem fie

F ro m p o tes w e av e, as be fo re, th e 2 d stern p o tu
ese te n ses s o u ld n o w be t o rou g ly le arn ed ; an d to g iv e op po r
But i f i t is udg ed be st, a
tun i ty for t is n o ex e rcise is e re i n serte d
istory foun d at th e end
re adi n g le ss on m ay be assign ed from th e little
o f th e book
.

Th

h
.

h
h

L E S S ON

cv

L ESS O N CV

ctiv e m oo d
ro e rl
i
s e m p lo ye d o n ly i n se co n dary sen ten c e s ; i e
p p
y
i n sen ten ces a tta ch ed a s a dj e c t i v e s 0 r a d ve r b s to
B
ut a m o re c o m p lete statem en t o f
ri m a r
n ten ces
s
e
p
y
th e facts i s n o w desi rable
l 89

It w as

sai d

in

1 8 7, th at th e

sub un

All lan g u ag e c o n si sts i n

(
or

2
(

As s e r ti o n s

Q u e s ti o n s

ra l ei th er of
n
e
e
g

Th e sun shi n es
D o e s th e sun S h in e
S tan d still, 0 sun

as :

C o n n n a n d s,
Ad v e r b i a l o r a dje c ti ve
to

an y o n e o f

th e se

NOTE q t is cle
s
tio w ith th
o

da

se c o n

Se te
e ith e r
n

er

w i ch

1
( )
or

sen ten

c es attach ed

th e last class m ust alw ays b e used i n con n ec

e n te n ce s ; an d t ey a re t erefore calle d i n t is b oo k
ar

r y se n

n ces

at

te n

ce s

con tai n assertions,

questio ns

or commands

a lo ne an d i n dep en den tly,

2
d
ep enden tly
( )

may stan d

as ob ect or sub ect of an ot er verb.

In th e rst case t ey are called p r i n c i p a l sen ten ces ; i n th e

secon d t ey are called n o m i n a l se n ten ce s, as occupyi n g th e p lace
o f n o u n s to th e p ri n cip al ve rb

Th e table g iven

on

1 46 p re sen ts th ese rem ar s i n

1 4 7 i s a rep etiti o n o f th e sam e

p
o n e v i e w ; an d th at o n
p
i n its e ssen ti al fe atures, b ut w i th th e addi ti on o f a g en
e ral statem en t O f th e c ase s i n w h i ch th e differen t m o o ds
o f th e Lati n v erb sh o uld b e em lo e d
p y
.

13

LESSO N (W

1 4s

sn

o rers 0 F

[1 8 9

ar s

e it er

Pri n

ci

pa

ei th er a sse r t i o n s

i 6 a ctually sta n d
i n g i n depe n den tly
ese can be
.

or

qu

e su o n s

e ith er

Pri m

suc

stan d

Th

a ry,

as

or c o

mm

ds

an

ca n

i n depe n

Th ese

de n tly

No m i n a l

or

n ow

use d

as

e i th er a ss e r t i o n s

th e

ob ect o r sub ect o f

a v e rb

be

h
.

Th ese c

qu

e st i o n s,

an

or c o

ei t er

or

Ad je c t i v a l
i n trod uced

m m an ds

by
te n oes,

ec o n

ti e

su c

d a r y,
as can

stan d

n ot
.

p e n den tly

i n de

sen ten oes,

Th ese

or

Ad v e r b i a ]

i n trodu ce d by

som e

or

to

o t er

econ da ry

sen ten ces

L ESS ON

1 43

9
0
1
[

CVI

Wh
h

It i s n o t, o f co urse, ex pe cte d t at th e
ole m ean i n g o f th e ab o v e
ta bles ill be ful ly ap p re ci a te d a t on ce But t ey m ay be m ade so m e w at
fa m i lia r to th e p up i ls m i n ds e v e n n o w : an d t ey s oul d be co ns ta n tly
re fe rre d to du ri n g th e co u rse o f th e e n su in g lesso n s, i n
ic th e w o le
su b e ct w ill b e fu rt e r e l ucidate d
NO e x e rcise s are g i ven i n t is le s
so n , fo r th e sam e reaso n as t at fo r w ic
t ey ave e re tofore b een
occas iona lly o mi tte d
But o n e rem ark m o re is m ade ere

Wh h

h h h

Th e i n d i ca ti v e m oo d i s

f a c ts

u se d

statem en t o f

fo r th e

b j u n c ti v e m o o d i s u se d fo r th e statem en t of
th o u g h t s o r c o n c e p t i o n s
Th e

su

Th e fo ll o wi n g

se n ten

Alii s n o c en t u t in
Th ey i njure s o m e
,

Here

c e W ill

serv e

fo r

ali s

an

illustrati on

li b erales sin t
th a t th ey m a y be g en erou s to

of

o th ers

i s sp o k en o f as a f a c t
Th ei r b ein g
n e ro u s i s n o t sp o k en o
u t as th e t h o u g h t
e
a
s
a
t
b
a
c
,
g
f
f
o r c o n c e p t i o n W hi c h i s in th ei r mi n ds W h en th e
d
o
y
th eir a c ts o f i nj u sti c e
th e

L E S S O N CVI
We

sh all sp e a

dar y

s e co n

190

Th e

sen t en

su

rst o f th e

sub un

c es

ctive m oo d as used in

bju n

c ti

ve m

ood

is

u sed

in

a ll sec

c exp ress th e o bject o r p u rp ose of

Th ese a re c a ll ed n a l sen ten ces (S ee
a n a c ti o n
S u ch fi n a l sen ten c e s are i n tro du c e d

o n da ry sen ten es

wh i h

By th e

sub un

cti o n

in

u t,

n ,

th ere i s

c omp a ra ti ve i n

By th e

relati ve

in

o rde r

th at

n ot

O rde r th at

i n o rder th at,
n al sen ten ce

ro n o un

u
a
q

le st
wh en
.

u
q o,

th e

LE SSO N

N OTE Th e

cvr

1 49

u n til, are i n th e sa m e
temp ora l p article s, dum , donec,
w ay follo w ed b y th e su b un ctiv e m oo d, w en t ey im p ly t at th e ao
comp lish m en t of a p urp ose i s th e lim i t o f th e ti m e

XAMPLES

Edim u s

We ea t

ut v i vam u s

th a t w e m a y li ve

to li ve

In

aufug i t

silv am

He ed

or

i n to th e wood th a t h e
m ig h t n o t be ca ug h t ( o r
les t h e sh ou ld be ca ug h t)
Tru n k s of trees a re sh ea th ed
w i th ba r/c th a t th ey m a y be
sa er
ro m th e co ld
f f
Ca esa r sen t h orsem en before
h i m , w h o were to exa m i n e
th e roa d ( o r to exa m i n e

ne

cap eretur

c orti c e

O b ducu n tur

trun i , qu o S i n t a
ri b u s tuti Ores

fri g o

Cae sar
m i sit qu i

uites

q
vi am

rae

p
exp l ra

ren t

th e

NOTE I

roa d

ex amples

n g li s
l st an d 4th i t w ill b e Observ ed t at i n
But i t m u st
w e can ex p ress p urp ose by th e sim ple i n n i ti ve m oo d
b e p articularly re m e m b ered t at th is i s n ot th e case i n La ti n (ex cep t
so m e ti m es i n p oe try) , but a ll such na l sen ten ces m ust h ave th e sub
jun c
tive m ood

1 9 1 It
se q u e n ce
.

rem ai n s

of

t o state b ri e y th e

te n

se s,

w h i ch t ell

rul e s

fo r th e

h o w w e are to
u n c ti ve m oo d i s
su b
j
us

determ in e w h i ch of th e ten ses of th e

to b e em p lo ye d i n e ach c ase
As th ere are o n ly fo u r ten se s o f th e subj un ctiv e m o o d,
tw o i m p erfe ct an d tw o p erfe c t, th e p ro p er t en se to u se
can b e di sc ov ere d b
an sw eri n
u e sti o n s :
o
t
w
y
g
q
.

I M u st
.

or

th e

v e rb

ctiv e

be i m p

ctiv e

be p

sub un

e rf e c t ?

II M u st th e
.

i n th e

a st

In

v erb

i n th e

sub un

e r f e ct

r e se n

or

o rde r

to

an sw e r

th e se

m u st b e stri c tly h ee ded :

1 3*

u e sti on s

th e foll o w i n g

rul e s

LE SSO N m

1 50

192
o f th e

We

m u st

9
1
[ 2

im p

u se an

ve m

e r f e ct

1 97

te n

se

h
i
f
t
e ac ti o n s o k e n o f
p
j
i n th e se co n da ry sen t en ce b e reg arde d as u n n i sh e d
a t th e ti m e den o ted by th e verb i n th e p ri m a ry sen ten ce
W e m u st u se a p e r f e c t te n s e o f t h e
I9 3
s u b j u n c t i v e m o o d , if th e a cti o n sp o k e n O f in th e
sec o n da ry sen ten c e b e reg arde d as n i s h e d a t th e
ti m e den o ted by th e verb i n th e p ri m a ry s en tence
u n c ti

su b

ood

W e m u st u se a p r e s e n t te n se o f
t h e s u b j u n c ti v e m o o d w h en th e v erb i n th e p r i
n ce i s i n ei the r a p r e s e n t o r a f u t u r e
n
t
m ar
s
e
e
y
1 94

II

ten se

1 95
s u bj u n
.

sen ten

W e m u st
c ti v e n l o o d

ce i s

in

a st

w h en th e

te n

se

th

of

i n th e p ri m a ry

v e rb

a s t o r th e a o r i s t ten se

We

E9 6
p a st t e n

u se

i th

t or a
s e o f t h e s u b j u n c ti v e m o o d , w h en
t h e v e rb i n th e p ri m a ry sen te n c e i s i n th e h i s to r i ca l
s
n
t
r
e
e
p
.

m ay

u se e

er a

r e se n

NOTE So m

1 97
o r i st
.

afte r a

e ti m e s

as t te nse

in

th e p res e nt p erfect subjunctive is used

th e p ri ma ry sentence

as an

Th e p u p ils can o f c o u rse o n ly b e c om e famili ar w ith

Bu t i t i s re c o m m en de d th at th e
th e s e ru les b y p ra cti c e
t e a c h er sh o uld g o o v e r eac h o f th e sen ten c e s i n th e en su
i n g e x erci se w i th th em , an d p o in t o u t h o w th ey sh o ul d
ap p ly th e rul e s i n e ac h c ase , in o rder t o dete rm i n e th e
ro er m o o d an d t en se to b e em lo e d
O
cc as i o n all
p y
p p
y
i n th e e x e rc i se s th e v e rb s w h i c h are to b e in th e sub
j un cti v e m o o d will b e p ri n ted in i tali c s
.

EXERCISE
I sh ll e d y u t R o m i
f i dsh ip w i th th R m
pe p l
w y th h
f ll th t h m i gh t t k
l t u ch g
t
ti
ll dilig
1

s n

r en

an

es

e,

a e a

e n ce

re a

na

h t you m y u pe ce d
2 C
m
d b k th h
s
p of ig h t 3 C esa se t ou t w i th
h uld b u i t d
4 Y u h
t
i
d
th t ( qu ) y u m y
pl
)
5 W d w e i
t d t i di
t

n o rde r

1 93
t

a esar

on s s

ov e

ac

sec re

an

orse

a ve s a

i
n v a rio u s
a
a or er
ces
a
o
o
a
g
(
or s
n ve n e
o n
er
ca e
th e m o re e asily k eep of th e e n e m y
h
h
l
6
T
e g e n e ral w i ll p lace g u ards o ve r o u da t
t
e
w
il
t
r
e
l
i
w
)
y
(
( )
in Orde r th a t h e m ay be able to di sco ver yo ur p lo ts
ti o n e d ( dt8p 0N

arri so n s

'

L ESS O N

1 52

[1 99

ovrn

2 00 .

re th o u h t, in L atin th e sub un c
m
e
g
f
j
tiv e m o o d i s sti ll em p lo ye d, j u st as if th e sen ten c e con
It i s h o p e d
tai n e d th e statem en t o f a m e re p u rp o se
th at thi s e x p lan ati o n w ill b e m a de in telli g ible to th e
u il s b y th e t e ac h er ; at an y rat e th e
an n d n o dith
c
y
p p
c ulty in learn in g th e follo w i ng rule :

c
t
a nd
f
a

n ot o

199
m en t
ce s

In

All

secon da ry

all e d
c
(

a conse u en ce

h a ve th ei r
su

ch

con ta i n

n s e cu

ti v e

th e

se n

c es th e c on sequ en c e

i n tro du c e d b y u t
so th at

se o n dary sen ten

Po s i t i v e

Ne g a ti v e :

s ta te

te n
m ood

m the s u b j u n c ti v e

ver bs

w h i ch

sen ten ces

is

u t n on ,

so

th at n ot
-

XAM PLES

ei ci t,

8 61

omni a

ut

Th e

ore an t
Tum
b arn , u t

v eni re

fo rte aeg rota

ad tu as n u ti as
p
n on
o ssem
p

su n

ou ri sh

m akes

th i n g s

all

I h app en ed to be i ll, s o th a t
I co ul d n o t c o m e to y o u r

O TE o m eti m es, when th e nega ti ve conse uence h as been

2 00
a i med a t, a n d h as been c o n s c i o u s l y i n t e n d e d , i t i s i n troduced
by n, w ic is p ro pe rly u se d o nl y to i n tro du ce a neg ati ve p urp ose, as
n e m ori ar ef cere 11 611 p o te sti s, You ca n not bri ng i t a bo ut th a t I sh all not
die
.

h h

EXERCISE

1 95

1 Th e city h as been so ex cellen tly forti ed t at ye cann o t ta ke it

o m an pe o p le ,
is n ati on h as i n all ti m e so de serv e d o f (de) th e
2
3
h is to w n w as so
t at i t o u g t n ot to be le d aw ay i n to slav ery
w ell (si c) forti ed by th e n atu re of th e p lace , t at i t a o rded (da g reat
fo r
4 No o n e i s so m a d as to
m ean s
p rolon g in g th e w ar
5
a co mm o n v i ce in g re at an d fre e
i
ri eve by h is o w n w ill
u
t
s
i
s
g
)
(
6 Yo u are distan t so far
sta te s, t at e n vy i s th e a tten dan t o f g lo ry
fro m th e co m p l eti o n of th e g reatest w ork s, t at you ave n o t ye t lai d
.

Th

Th

L ESS O N
L

ES

ex

SO N CIX

EXERCISE
C

1 96

h I h

dem an de d t ese t in g s o f ( a) m e : rst, t at s o uld n ot

le ad a m u lti tude o f m e n across th e
a ul ; se co n dly t at
i n e i n to
s o uld g i ve back th e
2 S o g rea t fe ar su dde n ly
ostag es to th e Ae dui
se iz e d a ll th e a rm , t at it alarm e d i h n o slig t de g ree n on m edi o cri ter)
y
(
( )
th e m in ds o f a ll
3
o m e m en ), i n duced b y s am e , re m ai n e d, i h o rde r
(
t at t ey m i g t avo i d th e su sp icion o f fe a r
4 S o g re a t w a s th e u ick
n e ss o f t ese fo o t so ldie rs b
y p racti ce , t a t, ra isi n g t e m selves ( su blevati )
b y th e m an es o f th e
5
o rse s, t ey e ualle d ( t e i r) sp ee d (cu rsu
rio vistus se n t ab o u t si x tee n t o u san d m e n geni t ) u n i n cu m b e re d, w i th
(
all th e cav alr : w ic force s were to fri gh ten o u r m e n , a n d h i n der t e m
y
(
)
fro m fo rtifyi n g (m un i ti on
6 Th e e n e m y c a rg e d fo rw a rd so sudde nly
a n d u ick ly, t a t room fo r u rlin
en i t th e ave li n s ag ains t th e e n em
g
g (
j
y
)
w as n o t g i ve n
1

a e sar

Rh

h
S

h
h

h h

h
h

LESSONCX
2 01

We

saw

in

o f a re ularl
g
y

1 8 6 th at th e w an t

fo rm e d f u tu re
c
m
m
o nl
supp li e d b
a
o
a
s
s
v
s
i
e
w
y
p
y
th e i n n i ri w i th th e a ccu s a ti ve sup i n e
But w e n d
v e ry o ften th e f u t u r e i n n
bo th a c ti ve a n d p a ss i ve
exp ressed b th e c o l n b i n a ti o n o f
l
r
e ss co m
o
r
o
e
,
(
y
f
m o u ly, f a tu ru m esse) th e futu re i n n o f es W i th a n
i m p e r f e c t te n se o f th e s u b j u n c ti v e m o o d
dep en di n g up on a t ( c o n se c u tive ) : as,
.

Pe rsuasum

e st

ali qu an do

ut

S to i ci s fo re
om n is

h ic

m u n dus ardore de ag ret

Ex i sti m o e x h as re futurum
.

toti u s

G alli ae

esse ,

ut

an i m i

a m e av e rtan tu r

Th e S

to i

cs h a ve beli eved th a t

da y a ll th i s w orld
w i ll be bu rn t w i th
I th i n k th a t i n c o n sequ en ce
of th i s th i n g th e af ecti o n s
of th e w h o le of G a u l w i ll
be a verted f ro m m e
on e

In th e rst o f th ese e x am ple s th e n o m i n a l sen ten c e

m ig h t h av e b een o m n em h u n c m u n du m a rdore de
a g rd
turu m esse
In th e se c o n d i t m i g h t h av e b e en a n i m os
toti u s Ga lli ae a m e do ersa m i ri
But see 1 8 6
.

L ESS ON

1 54

2 02

Wh en

N OT E

futu re p artie acti ve

sari ly be emp loyed

th e

[2 0 2

2 03

m, an d conse uen tl y n o
circum lo cuti on m us t n eces

h as n o 3 d
sup in e , th i s

verb

an d n o

cxr
ste

It w i ll b e w ell fo r th e te ach er to m ak e hi s p up il s tran s

late th e futu re i n n i n b o th w ays w h ere i t i s p rac ti c ab le
.

EXERCISE
I

1 97

i n a s ort ti m e ( brevi ) h e w ill be to rn i n p iece s by

dog s
2 It h ad fo rme rly bee n fo re to ld to
e ro by a strolo g e rs, t at at
so m e ti m e ( qua ndoque) h e w o uld be ab an do n e d
3
o m e o f ( ex) th e
ner
m
ade t ei r w ay p erven i
auls, an d ass ure d demo lis h d
r
i
so
to th e
s
p
(
(
)
t e m ( da t ) t a t th e re m ain in g leg io n s w o uld no t da re to sta n d t e ir
4 Th e c i e fs o f th e sta te s t o ug t t at i n a
g ro un d a g ain st (t em)
fe w ye ars t ey w o uld all b e dri v en o ut o f aul an d all th e
erm an s
o pe t at t at di stin gu is e d fo rtun e m a
in e
5
w o uld cross th e
y
6
o p e t at you will soo n brevi
ap pe n (co mi ng ) to us
c
a
ll
u
r
e
)
(
t ese tro ubles
1

ass e rt

at

Rh

h
h

Ih
Ih

h
h

h h
G

LESSONCXI
After

h
ras e s w hi ch den o te h i n
p
ar a n c e , p r e ve n ti o n , r e s i s ta n c e , & c , th e act
w hi c h i s p rev e n te d i s i n th e s u bju ncti ve m o o d, i n tro du ce d
by th e w o rds qu om i n u s o r n : th e fo rm er i m p lyin g
m erely th e f ac t of th e p reven ti o n , th e latter, (fo r th e m o st
art) th i s b e si des, th a t th e p reven ti o n w a s a i m ed a t a n d
p
desi g ned
But q u om i n u s m ay b e alw ays u sed

2 03

v erb s

an d

R eb u s terrn i s m ulta e xte r

n a p o ssu n t o b si stere , qu o
mi n u s p e r ci an t ur
'

M any
ces

ou twa rd ci rcu m sta n

ca n

reven t

ea rth

ly th i n g s f ro m
be i n g
bro u g h t to p erf ecti o n
I a m p reven ted by i n di g
ro m sa i n g m ore
n a ti o n
y
f

ab o u t th i sp erso n s wretch
.

Im p edi o r dolore an im i 11 6
de h ujus mi seri a p lin a di
.

'

LE SS ON

1 56

cxrv

[2 0 5

2 06

3
do n o t doub t t at
from i n stan tly m ak i ng th e attack
can n o t
4 It i s n o t do ub tful t at h e w h o i s
a v o i d th e o e n ce O f n eg l i g e n ce
5
ca lle d g e n e ro u s an d k i n d fo llo w s duty, n o t p ro t
e re is n o t i n g
.

'

h
Th

di f cult bu t t a t i t can b e i n ves tig ate d by i n u i ry (ge ru n d)

6 No
for m y be in g ( ui n si m ) th e m ost w re tc ed
t i n g i s w an ti n g (a bes
so

of

m en )

LESSON CXIII

It i s to b e o b serv e d th at a qu esti on O ften

am o un ts in fac t t o a n eg ati v e ; an d th erefo re g a i n can b e
u se d afte r su ch sen ten c es a s if a n eg a ti ve
arti cle w ere
p
fo un d i n th em : as,

2 05

NO o

Q ui s dubitare p otest qui n in

virt ute

dou bt th a t ri ch es
a re o u nd i n v i r tu e
f

si n t

di viti ae

n e ca n

EXERCISE

2 00

2
1 W h o doubts t at adv an tage ca n n e v er con te n d w it h on or
W h o i s t e re , b ut ( ui n) sees disti nctly t at t ere is great p o w er i n th e
3
w i ll n o t o b e ct t at ( uom i n us) all m e n s o uld rea d m y
sen ses ?
4
w a s n o t a ble to m an ag e ( fad i)
n ot to decla re to yo u
w ri ti n g s
5 He t o ug t ( h e ) o ug t n o t tod e lay to ( u i n)
m y O p i n i o n an d c o ice
gh t i t out i n a battle 6 We can not ob ect t at (g ai n) ot er pe op l e
s ould disagree w i t
(a) us
.

h
q

LE S S
se en

h
h

It w as

in

ON

CXIV

1 90 th at th e p u rp ose

o f an acti on

w as

i n trodu c e d
b y qu o w i th i ts v e rb in th e subj un ctiv e
But a djecti va l
sen tences in m an
h
c
o
t
er
ases
e si de s h av e th ei r v erb s in
b
y
S o m e o f th e se w ill b e m en ti o n e d
th e subj un cti v e m o o d
so m etim e s e

x p resse d by

"

an

a d ecti va l sen ten

ce

2 06

th

en

ti v e

a d e c ti

xp resse s

va l

se n

te n

ce

is

fo l
lo w in g u p o n an d o w in g o u t o f th e c o n sti tu ti o n an d
ch arac ter of th e n o un w hi ch i t quali es, th e v erb is in
th e s u bj u n cti v e m o o d
c o n s e cu

n atu rall
u
ali t
y
q
y

L E SS O N

cxv

E X AM PLE S

1 57

Wi sdom

S ap i en ti a e st un a, qu ae m ae
sti ti am p ellat e x an i m i s

w h i ch

th i ng

on ly

th e

is

dr i ve a way sor
ro w fro m th e sou l
In n ocence i s su ch a con di ti on
i
of
th e m i n d a s
w
ch
h
)
(
h u rts n o on e

ca n

Inn o c en tia
am m i ,

tali s
n o ceat n m in i
'

a ecti o

e st

'

u
ae
q

NOTE Very ofte

&c ,

or

acco mp an ie d

is

n o un

th e p ron ouns

h c ses th e

in

an teceden t to th e relative p ro

ecti ves tali

ta n to
suc ,
so g re at,

suc

by th e a dj
i llo or 60 an d sim ilar exp ression s

EXERCISE
Wh o

2 01

be so av erse to ( a) th e tru t , as to ( quo deny t at all

2 Th e
t e se t i ngs are m an ag e d by th e p ow er o f th e im m ortal g ods ?
cer w as a m an O f vig or ( acri
of
a n d (o n e) w h o rep osed n O con den ce
n i h i l i n th e fa it
f
h
i
an s
n t su c
n sul, as ( qua
o
t
e
i
il
3
W
a
a
o
c
e
w
c
(
)
)
i m sel f fro m th e society of i mp iou s ci tiz en s
sep a ra tes
4
e re is n o
5
can n o t be o v ert ro w n by atred ( p l )
state so rm , as t at i t (qua
n o t to be set of by o rato ry
o t in g i s so roug , so u ncout , as quo
(
6 A g oo d m an w i ll n o t dare to do o r t i n k any t in g
w ich h e dares n ot men ti on alo ud
1

can

N h

Th

LES S O N C X V

EXERCISE

h ose th i gs (you sp e k Of
(
m
m
l
h
2
h
h
i
?
N
o
o
h
i
d
b
i
t
s
w
e
c
l
os
sh o uld m
g
)
)
(
(
f
f
k
a
m
i
d
b
l
h
m
d
h
d
so
e
a
t
t
h
t
d
u
w
s
e
s
b
( )
)
(
3 Th e e i
th i g s g
t
f m u i g t m ti m e ( li qu d )
4 Th
c
t
om p li h
is
d dif ult w h i ch th i m
g i f
5 Th m
t di m i i h
d soft
w h i h l g th f ti m does
(
tf
d th b ec u
d th h s n th i g (i
i t) w h i h i
w h do
h p py
d t p
ur
f h im lf g
t
cu i ty fo ( d )
t b e sh u dd
i
o
t
t
a
i
h
x
t
i
i
i
u
o
m
t
h
h
t
6 Th
b
e
w
e
v
li fe
q
)
y
pe
(
(
it w e (qu ) d
sh ould b op pose d i
g um t ( d g u ) w h
1

Who

so sen seless

is

o ve

ee n

so

es

no

ose

ea

14

or

eo

n ar

v o ted an d con secrate d

es

se

en

to x e d

en

re a

on

se

r a

an

o a re as

rea

no

re

an

er

s
t
t
i
n
d
o)
d
e
(

eo

m
i
n
r
d
t
er
ed
e
e
p

an e n

e re

no

an

ea

re ar

an d

e n

as no

re n

acc

se

n s

roc

an n o

no

rso n s

quo

an o

an

ear

ere

at

en

an e v e r,

rn n

an

as

2 02

as i

Op in i on s

L E SS ON

1 53

LE S S
2 97

W h en

cv

ON

j ctiv al

an ad e

2 07 , 2 08

CXVI

c e i s u sed to

des cri be
th e qu a li ti es of a c la ss , w h i ch i s o n ly i n de n i tely a lluded
to i n th e p ri m a ry sen ten ce, i t w i ll h av e i ts v e rb in th e
su b
ju ncti ve m o o d Thi s m ay b e c alle d a d e s c r i p ti ve
Th e p ri m ary sen ten c e th en o ften c o n si sts
s e n te n c e
o f a si n le verb, su c h as su n t, est, i n ven i u n tu r, & c
g
.

se n ten

EX AMPLE

Th ere a re so m e w h o th i n k
th a t dea th i s th e dep a rt
a re o
t
h
e
s
u
l
r
m
t
o
o
h
e
f
f
bo dy

S un t, qui di sce ssum an im i

aco rp o re p uten t e sse m or
tem
.

EXERCISE

2 03

1
ave be en foun d, w h o said ( p ast i mp ) t at
om e p i loso p ers
2
e re w ere (so m e) w h o be
p ai n w as th e g reatest (s um m a ) e vi l
lieved t at rassu s w as n o t i g n oran t o f th e co n sp iracy
3 In all ag e s,
fe w e r m e n av e be e n fo u n d w h o (co n u e re d) t ei r p assio ns, t an w h o
av e b e e n
co n uered
e re
( p ast i mp ) th e fo rces of th e e n emy 4
so m e, w h o p rai se d n o t i n g , e x cep t w a t t ey w ere co n de n t t at t ey
co uld i m i ta te
5
e re are so m e i n t is b ody (ordo n
w h o e it er do
n o t s ee t o se t i n gs w ic
are i m pe n di n g , o r d issem ble t ose t i n g s
6
w i c t ey do s e s
e re are p i loso p e rs w h o t ink
t at th e
w ole world (mundo is m an ag ed by th e mi n d an d reason of th e g ods
.

h C
h

Th

h h h
h

Th

h
.

h h
Th

Th

h
h

O ften

an

state th e ca u se o r
sen t en

LES S
2 08

ce

or

to

ON

j c tival

ad e

g ro u n d

of

C XVI I

i s in tro du c ed to
asserti on i n th e p ri m ary

sen ten

th e

ce

x p ress the li m i ta ti ons w i th wh i ch th e la tter

In su c h c ases th e relative p ro n o un quo i s

m u s t be ta k en
frequ en tly stren g th en e d b y th e u se o f th e adv e rb s u tp o te,
i
ve
u
n
c
t
h
u t, p ra eser ti m , q u ip p e, an d i s fo ll o w e d b
e su b
t
j
y
m ood
S u ch adj ecti val sen ten c es m ay b e c all ed ca u sa l
.

L E SS ON

1 60

N O TE O th e
qu
qu d q u i

cxrx

[2

10

p arti cles i n tro du ci n g c a u sa l s e n t e n c e s a re

a,
ua ndo
Th e v e rbs w i c follo w t e se p article s
a
o n ia m,
a re u s ually i n th e i nd ica ti ve u nl ess th e ca use i s g i ve n i n acco rda nce w i th
th e incurs of th ep erso n sp oken abo ut, a nd n ot w i th those of the sp eaker
r

h h

EXERCISE

Si

2 05

fri en ds is full of sn are s an d fear, reason e rse lf

2 Th e k in g , sin ce h e di d n o t da re
w arns (us) to p rocure frien ds ip s
to ta k e h i s sta n d ( co ns is t ) o n th e co m m o n p la tfo rm s, w as a ccusto me d
i n ce yo u a ve se t o u t t o
to aran g u e fro m a i g to w e r
3
t en s
as to a m a rt o f g oo d arts i t i s v e ry disg ra ce ful t at (y o u ) s o uld re tu rn
e m p ty
4 Yo u w e re o fte n, n o do u b t (credo) w e n (s in ce ) you w e re
a t Ath e n s, i n th e sc oo ls o f th e p ilo so p e rs
i n ce t e se
t in g s
an d o p in io n O f yo u rs
a re so , t a t w i s
p raise an d m ost e arn estly ap
r
n
h
a
i
n
a
u
n
i
i
n g i s m o re
o
d
a
ove
6
i
s
ve
o
u
l
t
w
c
n
o
t
ce
G
so
,
g
p
y
ex ce llen t n or m o re div i n e , w ill yo u so (si c) t ro w aw ay an d p ro s tra te
you rself, t at t ere m ay be n o di ere n ce (nih i l i ntersi t) be tw een you an d
a beas t ?
1

life w it

n ce

o ut

h h

h
h

LES S

'

ON

w hi ch

Ah
h

CXIX
cc eed

h h

in th e
c o urse O f an y ac ti o n , are b o u n d to g eth er b y a ch ai n o f
c au se an d effe c t, w h i ch c o nn e cti o n i s m o re o r less c ap able
o f b ei n
re c o n i z e d b
us
cc o rdin l , w h en a seri es
A
g
g
y
g y
o
e ven ts is bei ng na rra ted h i s torica lly i n L atin , th e sen te n c es
f
w hi ch m ark th e ti m e o f th e p rin c ip al a c ti o n are in tro
du ce d b y th e subj u n c ti o n gu u m , an d c o n tai n a p a st ten se
O f th e subj un cti v e m o o d ; e
g

2 10

Th e

e v e n ts

su

on e

an o th er

Q uum Cae sari id n un ti atum

e sset,

m aturat

ro ci sci

In th i s

ex

Af ter

u rb e

Ca esa r, h e h a s tened to

set o u t

c ase

to

th i s th i ng h a d been to ld

ro m

the

ci ty .

m
l
i
i
e d,
y
p

th at th e rep o rt o f th e e v e n t p rece de d Caesar s de p art u re

in ti m e , b u t th at i t i s also rep re sen te d as th e c a use o f hi s
dep art u re An d as th e m in d ap p reh en de d th i s c o n n e cti o n ,
h
t
e m o o d o f c o n c e p ti o n s ) i s
u n c ti ve m oo d
th e su b
j
(
ro er
ev en w h en th e c o nn e c ti o n o f th e an te c e den t
B
u
t
p p
.

we

can

er ei v e
p

th at i t i s

n o t o nl

L E SS ON C XI X

2 1 1,
ev en t

wi th

m an s

ften

th e

n ecti o n
ru le

th e p rin ci p al on e i s n o t so ap p aren t, th e R 0
em lo e d th e subj un cti v e m o o d, after th e sub
p y

if to i m ply th at, w h eth er th ey co u ld

li
e d th at su ch a co n
co n n e cti o n o r n o t, th e
b
e
ev
y
w as th e re re ally
W e h av e th erefo re th i s g en eral

u n cti o n

se e

1 61

u
q u m , as

fo r T e m p o r a l s e n t e n c e s

2 1 l

u b j u n ct i o n q a u m i n h i stori cal
fo llo wed by a p a s t t e n s e o f th e s u b

Th

n a rra ti o n ,

is
rb i n th e
m
w
h
t
h
n
n
c
u
n
ct
v
n
r
o
o
d
e
e
ve
i
c
i
a
l
n
t
e
s
e
e
i
e
,
p
j
p
i s i n th e a o r i s t , th e h i s t o r i c a l p r e s e n t , o r th e
i
t
h
a
t
i
n he con ti n u ed
h
e
c
o
I
n
t
es
e
a
s
t
m
ct
i
e
r
f
e
p
p
(f
cases qu a m b e fo re th e p a st i mp erfect can g e n erall
b
e
y

re n de re d
w h ile , an d b efo re th e p a st p erfect can b e

ren de re d
after
It m u st b e p arti cularly rem em b ere d th at qu a m ,
2 12
ju n cti on , cann ot b e fo llo w e d by th e sub
as a temp ora l s u b
un cti v e m o o d, excep t i n th e p a s t t e n s e s
I
f
h
o
er
t
j
t en se s are re qui re d th e in di cati ve m o o d m u st b e u se d
I f th e tem p o ral sen ten ce b e u sed m erely to giv e th e
d a t e a s i t w ere , o r th e exa ct ti m e o f th e p ri n cip al acti on ,
th e i n di ca ti ve m o o d i n any ten se m u st b e em p lo ye d
.

EX AM PLE

Q uum

acerri m e p u g n aretu r,
S ubi t su n t Ae du i v i si ab
latere n o stri s ap erto

Wh i le

i ng w i th th e g rea tes t sp i ri t,
th e Aeda i su dden ly ap
e
a red on th e ex osed
ank
p
p

EXERCISE
li

th e ba ttle wa s p roceed

ou r

men

2 06

y
i g hy
Wh P C
d

i g

h en th e n e of th e en em on (a) th e eft w n had been turned

1
t w n t e p re sse d ( p as t i mp ) o ur l n e by th e
t, o n th e r
to (i n)
2
rassus, a
m an , w h o w as
en
oun
m ul tu e o f t e r (m e n )
h ad ob se rve th at, h e sen t th e t r l n e as ai d (da t )
o v er th e cav alr
e r di f culty ( la bcra n i y)
3
r h e h ad
sp a c e
t
e
to ou r m en i n
d
l
ar es n to all p arts o f th e te rr tor es o f
d
t
t
er le
o n s o r au
i
m
i
e
(
)
an d re
Amb ioriX , an d h ad a w aste all t n s w t slau g e r
4
h e sen t ( p h ) Labien us w t tw o le on s a a n st th e Tre vi ri
le for som e t me th e batt e w e n t ou (di mi cd , p ass i mp ers ) w th
1 4*
.

igh
igh
ti d
h i
y
th i
i th
gi
l id
,

xi i i

W hi

ih
-

hi g

gi

ih

y g
hi d i
Af

gi

di t h d
i i

ht

L ESS O N

1 62

fd

cxx

[2

1 3, 2 1 4

the g reates t earn e stn ess, th e chi e

re w u p (p h ) a l n e , w h ch was to
be a p rotec o n (da t ) to h is o w n ca val r
aesar h ad co m e
5
en
n to th e co u n r , h e o r e re
( p h ) th e s a e s (dat ) (to p rov e) sol e rs,
a n d ba e p h
6
le
e
(
p lace
) ( e m) to co me o e t e r n to a
t e , a c rcle
av n
be e n m a e, w ere e en n
emse lv es, qu c l
abo u t six t o usan
m en ( gen ) ca m e to e er to th e sh ou n g
~

ti

hy

ty

y
Wh C
tt
id
t g h i
x d
d
d f di g t h
g th
ti
.

th
i
h i g
h
d
.

di
W hi
i ky

L E S S O N CXX

In th e last sen ten ce o f th e p rece din g exerci se ,

i t w o uld h av e b een b e tter E n gli sh to say, w h en th ey,

h a vi ng m a de a ci rcle , & c
But w e saw in tre atin g o f th e
rti ci le s,
1
2
8
h
h
atin an
re w a s n o fo rm i n L
a
t
a
t
t
e
,
p
p
s w e rin
o th e E n gli sh p erfect p a r ti cip le a ct i v e , e x ce t
t
g
p
i n th e case o f dep o n en t v e rb s whi ch h av e th e p a ssi ve
form s bu t acti ve m ea n ing s Th u s, w e h av e i n E n gli sh ,

2 13

m aki n g
tran slate d by fa ci en t( i )

fa ct0
h av in g b e en m ade

h avin g m ade
n o La t i n f o r m

2 14

It w as n e ce ssary th erefo re in o rder to e xp ress

th i s last m e an in g to h av e reco u rse to so m e di fferen t m o de
Wh en th e activ e p erfe ct p arti ciple i s
o f e xp re ssi o n
from a t r an s i t i v e v erb an d h as i ts object e xp ressed,
th e a bla ti ve a bso lu te co n stru cti o n w ith th e Lati n p erfect
arti ci le
assiv e can b e em lo e d, as i s do n e i n th e
p
p
p y
p
But if th e v erb b e i n t r an s i t i v e ,
ab o v e s en t en ce
an d th erefo re wi th o ut an accu sati ve o f th e o bje ct, n o
assi ve co ns tru cti o n o
i
a n be fo rm ed
t
c
n
su ch case s th e
I
f
p
i
t
s
b
u
n
c
t
ve s o k en o f in
e
u
c
j
u se o f quu m w ith th e p a s t p er
f
p
th e last le sso n i s t o b e e m p lo ye d, unl ess th e E n g li sh
atin dep o n en t v e rb ; i n
acti v e verb b e rep resen t e d b y a L
wh i ch case th e p erfect p arti ci p le m ay b e tran slate d ex
Bu t th e co n stru cti on wi th qu u m i s o ften e m plo ye d
actly
wh en o th er co m bin ati o n s w o uld b e p o ssible Th e fo llo w
in g table p resen ts so m e o f th e w ays in whi ch th e dif
fe re n t E n glish p arti cip ial exp re ssi ons m ay b e rep resen ted
in Latin :
.

L E SS ON cm

1 64

[2

LE S S O N CXXI
EXE RCISE

2 08

15

H i g
t i
d (4) th e w i h f th e ci ti e s w e wi ll t ut
h i g l d d (4) th my d h i g
b ut (de) m id igh t 2 (
mp h t
t d (4) ( p ( ) pl
d t th
s l
ui t bl f
my
3 Th
my h
i g t i d ( 5) li ttl w hi l (p li p )
th t w
d h
i g l id w t ( 5) th l d f th e lli ( d) h i g t u
l

4
l
h
i
ll
d
b
u
i
l
di
h
t
d
C
m
t
t
e
4
g
g
( )
p
h m w hi l t ti g ( 2 ) ( ip (i ) i t th
mp
O
l h
t (
u
my i f
t 5 Th g
i g ld
th
g i
m y h lt d
d p i t h d h i c mp l
th
t w
to
(4) th
t h t th f t h l g i w b i g
( juxta) th w ll 6 H i g
h d p
d (u g ) by th e e emy y u o de e d th t th e l gi
h uld
g d u lly joi th m el es
1

an

av n

ur

a ns

ar
e

ar

ra

en ,

resse

av n

es,

er

an

n,

ne

an

av n

e en e

n e ar

av n

a e sa r s

n o

e n e ra

an

c e

rec

se en

as

ro n

r e

au

s,

n ear

as e n e

e ar

s o

re re a

se

se

n,

en e

o r a ca
e

an

an

e s an

z n

av n

a rr e

as e

occ r

a ce s

av n

e v

o rse

a esa r

re

ca

e ene

e ec e

ascer a n e

av n

o ur

ca

ca

av n

on

ran

acro ss

c ose

as

o ns s

e n

LESSON CXXII

We

h av e n o w sp ok en o f th e p rin ci p al case s i n w hi ch
i e,
th e su bj un cti v e m o o d i s u se d i n seco n da ry sen ten ces
w h en i t i s requi re d b y th e sen se o f th e se co n dary sen te n ce
W e h av e n o w to treat o f th e u se o f th e subjun ctiv e in
t
h
l
s g i v en i n
4
1
7
ri m a ry sen t en ces
L
e
t
e
t
a
e
1
4
b
6
,
,
p
pp
b e ag ain carefull y e xam in e d
W e w ill S p eak rst o f qu esti on s u se d as th e obje ct o r
subj e ct o f a v erb ; i
e , w h at w e calle d n o m i na l
.

q u e sti o n s
2 1 5 Le t thi s

No m i na l

rul e

b e p erfe ctly

q u e sti o n s

rem em b ere d :

ta k e th ei r

verbs

i n th e

su b

m
o od
j
No m in al qu e sti o n s are i n tro du ce d b y th e sam e in ter
rin ci al
u esti o n s
se
e
ro g ativ e p ro n o un s o r arti cles a s
p q
p
p
(
u n cti ve

1 54

D e brum n e p r vi denti am un
dus

i
t
ur ?
g

re

I s th e w orld g overn e d by th e
9
ro vi den ce o
o
G
d
p
f
.

L E SS ON
m un d u s

i s g overn ed by th e p ro vi
den ce of G o d
Wh a tdi d y ou rf a th er wri te?
Tell (m e) wh a t y ou r fa th er
w ro te

t
a
ur
g

re

1 65

Letu s see wh eth er th e world

V i de am u s, D e erum n e p r
v i den ti a

oxxm

Q ui d p ater

scri si t
p

t au s
'

D i c qui d p ater tu u s
ri t

scrip se

wi ll b e

It

t ai n e d

th at in E n g li sh th e p o siti o n o f th e sub
v erb i n a p ri n cip a l qu esti o n i s n o t m ai n

seen

th e

fter

ect a

wh en

th e qu e sti o n i s u se d n o m i n a lly ;
an i n te rro ati v e
rd w h eth er,
o
g

si n ce

i n th e
i
s a lw a ys
(
suf ci en tly a u e sti o n fro m
q

latter case
w
e m p lo y e d, w h i ch di stin g ui sh e s
an asse rti o n
In th e fo llo w in g e xe rci se s th e qu e sti o n s addu ce d w ill
b e rst state d as p ri n cip a l an d th en as n o m i n a l
It w i ll b e o b se rv e d th at sen te n ce s wh i ch w o uld i n En g
li sh b e m ark e d rath er as e x clam ati o n s th an as qu esti o n s,
h av e , w h en u se d n o m i n a lly, th e sam e co n structi o n as
ue sti o n s
q
.

EXERCISE

2 09

x i ous a d u easy i s all l ove ! 2 I am n ot ig oran t h o w

a x i ou s
n d u easy all love i s
3 W h at i s th a t fo rce a d w h e ce i s
i ly u dersta d w h t th t fo ce i s a d w h ence (it)
(i t) ? 4 W e sh ll
i
5 W h t do th ose m e say w h at do ( t h ey) t hi k (
ti wh o re
f (a b) th t yste m ?
6 No o e ev e m o d e te ly (m di
i t qu i d m )
l ea e d i s ig ora t w h at th ose s y w h at (th ey) thi k w h o are of th at
s yst e m
1

How

an

rn

e as

ra

sen

er

ocr

LES

ON CXXII I

Th o se qu e sti o n s w h i ch i n v olv e o n e or m o re
altern ati v es are calle d d i sju n ct i v e : th ey are su ch as

Is h e de cei vi n g u s, o r i s h e h im self de cei v e d ?

thi s :
Th e rst m em b er o f su ch qu e sti o n s i s i n tro du ce d b y n e
en cliti c
n o n n e,
o r u tru m , an d th e o th er m e m b e r o r
)
(
m em b ers n early always b y a n
an d th e se p arti cle s are
S om e
u se d alik e i n p ri n cip a l a n d n o m i n a l qu esti o n s
tim es th e rst m em b er h as n o i n terro g ative p arti cle

2 16

L E SS ON

1 66

cxxrv

EXERCISE

[2

17

2 10

d y o h h u t (d ) ll thi gs t g th ? 2 I
d i to k w w h th y u t ud y h h u t (d ) ll t hi g t
g th
3 D id I
t uf i
tly u d t d y u h y u h g d
b
u l w h th
y
u )
i
i
4
I
t
i
d
u
tf
I did t uf i tly u d
o
p
(
t d y u w h th y u h
h g d (y u ) p i i o 5 I i t u e
u g h t ( xp l )
cc u t f i t
w w th o
cc u t of s m
( li
6 Th qu t i
i
i d (qu i tu ) w h th i tue i s
q m) p t
w ort h or o
so u g h t o u accou t of i ts o w
cco u t o f som e p o t
1

D o yo u stu
-

e s re

er

s an

no

so

ue

no

er

or

on a

ro

or

or

av e c

s o

on

or

v erb s

As

i n th e

man d s

u
ns
e
s
t
i
o
q

sub u n ctiv e
u
i
e
r
q

re

thei r

or

n a

er

s v r

an

c en

a er

er

a ve

LESSON CXXIV
2 17

r on a

s ra se
,

no

or

or

er

an

e rs an
e

es

c en

er

or

er v r

w h en

ask e d n o m i n a lly

m o o d,

so also

h av e th eir

n o m i na l

co

be i n th e s u bju n cti ve
u se d n o m i n ally i s i n t ro du ce d

verbs

to

Th e co m m an d w h en th u s
b y a t ( p o si ti v e ) an d b y n (n eg ati v e )
But a t i s O ften
As co m m an ds h av e re feren ce to th in g s n o t yet
o m i tte d
n i sh e d, o f co urse th e i mp erfect ten ses o f th e subjun cti ve
m u st b e em p lo ye d i n n o m i n a l com m a n ds
Th ere are m an y e xp ressi o n s whi ch fall m ost n aturall y
i nto thi s class o f n o m i n al sen te n ces, w h i ch yet are n o t
stri ctly sp e ak in g co m m a n ds : su ch as th o se w hi ch i m p ly
en trea ty, a dvice, p erm i ss i o n , & c
.

Ep i stolam le g e
R ex m i li ti i m p erat,

R ead th e letter
Th e k i ng co m m an ds th e sol
'
di i r to rea d th e letter
You m u st n o t erect sta tu es
to m e
Th e E mp eror forba de sta tues
to be erected to h i m
.

to lam l e

g at

Ne statu as

u t e is
p

m ih i p en i tOte

I m p erato r v etui t n statu ae

si bi

n eren tur
e
p

EXERCISE

2
D o n ot a ow (i mp erf subj ) th e to w n to be ta en by sto rm
aesar h ad ch ar ed manda
t
o
l
h
h
e
t
o
w
n
i
l
u
nan
n
o
t
a
l
o
w
t
t
o
s
e
t
e
t
)( )
(
1

ll

211

LESS O N

1 68

cxv

[2 2 0 2 2 3

LESSO N CXXVI

1 8 7) th at th e p rop er u se of th e
T h o ug h i t w as sai d
subj un c ti ve m o o d i s c o n n e d to sub o rdi n ate o r subj o in e d
se n ten c es w h eth er
rim ar
r
n dar
c
v e se e n
o
s
e
o
e
h
a
w
(
p
y
y)
,

i n th e last lesso n th at i t ap p e ars to b e u se d i n dep en den tly,

i n ste ad o f an im p erati v e , to supp ly th e p lac e o f th e
mi ssin g fo rm s o f th at m o o d
2 2 0 Th e re are o th er c ase s to o in w hi ch th e su bju n c
ti ve i s u sed i n sen ten c e s w h i ch stan d i n d e p e n d e n tl y
th o u g h i t i s p ro b able th at all m ay b e e x p lain e d by su p
o si n g th at th e tru e p ri n cip a l sen ten ce i s o m i tted, a n d th e
p
n cti ve m ood a llow ed to s ta n d a lo ne w i th th e orce w h i ch
su b
u
j
f
i t w o u ld h a ve deri ved f ro m th a t sen ten ce,
exp ressed
Th e c ases w e are n o w sp eakin g o f fo rm th ree m ai n
classes :
.

Th e p o t e n t i a l u se
o f th e
T h e o p t a t i v e u se
Th e d e l i b e r a t i v e u se

sub un

ctiv e m oo d

Th e subj un c tiv e m o o d i s sai d to b e u se d

2 2 1
h
en i t e x p resse s an asserti o n as do u bt
w
l
l
t
e
n
t
i
a
o
p
y
n so em lo e d
u l, p o ss i ble o r con di ti on a l
I
i
s v er
o
ft
e
t
f
y
p y
.

xp re ss a m odest o r p o li te reserva ti on o f a p o sitiv e state

Thi s i s p arti c ularly th e c ase w i th th e p resen t p er
m en t

to

ect

te

nse.

Th e subj un cti v e m o o d i s sai d to b e u sed

2 2 2
Th i s i s
o p ta ti v e l y w h en i t e x p resse s w i sh o r des i re
clo sely alli e d to th e u se o f th e subj un ctiv e fo r th e im p er
ati ve sp o k en o f in th e l ast l e sso n
2 2 3 Th e subj un c ti v e m o o d i s sai d to b e u se d d e
l i b e r a t i v e l y w h en an in qui ry i s m ade as to wh a t i s to
be do ne o r oug h t to h a ve been do n e It i s g en erally im i e d
i n th e se c ases th at th e c o rre c t thi n g ei th er c ann o t b e do n e
o r h as n o t b e e n do n e
.

Th e fo llowin g m ay b e tak en

as e

x am ples of th ese c ases

L ESS O N
Po te n ti a l
Eg o i p se

cu m

i n vi tu s

1 69

Platon e

e rrav e ri m

cxxvn

F or m yself I

n on

u n wi lli ng

0 p ta ti v e
co lum es,

e l i b e r a ti

ve

com m em o rem

m a y th ey
m ay th ey be h app y

Why

I m en ti on mo re

n eed

ca ses ?

If

2 13

Brutus, w ith your g oo d leave (p d c would I say

udg men t of

Th e

be
be

EXERCISE
1

ci ti zens

ro s ero u s,
p

Cur p lura

M a y m y fellow

m ei : sin t in
sin t b e ati

sa e,

Pla to

c i ves

V ale an t

be

no t

be m i sta ken

to

wi th

a long

sh ou ld

h
W

I
n t is w ay (i ta ) yo u ca n n d p raise
f
p
)
(
i t ou t e n vy, an d p rocure frie n ds
3
o uld t at (u tin am ) I were able
4
a s ta m) e as ily to n d th e true ( p l nea t ) as to re fute th e false ( p l )
(
Am I to gh t wi t th e te m p est ra t er t an subm i t to i t and obey (it) ?
5
is th i n g w it o ut an y e si ta tio n Lsh ould be i ncli ned to ai rm ( pe rf )
t at eloque nce is th e m o st dif cult t i n g of all
6 M ay th e g ods p re
serve to yo u t ese joys an d t is fa m e
er

(i t),

W h

ar

p re fer

to you rs

Th

h
h

LESSO N CXXVII
EXERCIS E
Ki ngs m ay k ee p (h abe

2 14

i
n g dom s fo r t em selves, th e ri ch
k
)
i
r) ri c e s
d
t
2
h
a
m
m
l
e
W
o
I
r
t
a
n
e
m
can
b
l
u
s
t
a
e
e
,
,
p y (
j y (jars) ?
(
)
3
at need I fear i f
am desti n e d to b e ( futuro
e i t e r n o t w re tc e d
afte r deat
or eve n
ap p y ?
4
at tter co m p an ion s to g e n e ro si ty
oa n I n a m e p erf ) t an
um an i ty an d cle m en cy ? 5 Y o u can se e m o re
(
w i t yo ur o w n eyes, t an w i t t ose o f o t ers ( ali no
6 Le t attery,
th e elp er of vices, b e removed far away
1

Wh

h
h

eir

t
(

h
h h
h

Wh

h h

15

LESS O N CXXVIII

1 70

[2

L E S S O N C X X V I II

W e h av e n o w sp ok en
In

it i s

kin ds

sev eral

re u ire d
q

se on dary

of

b y th e

sen ten

ce

th e

sub un

o f s e co n

n ature

an d

of

ctiv e m oo d as u sed

da ry

c es

w h en
b etw e en th e

sen ten

relati o n

th e

2 4

th e p rim ary o n e to w h i h i t i s

n om

i n a l q u e s ti o n s
n o n l i n a l co m m a n d s
hi
h
i
i
i
n
w
c
t
s
i
n
c
i
l
e
n
c
e
s
r
a
se
n
t
;
p
p
.

em p lo ye d,

( )
a

To

su pply

th e m issi n g fo rm s

of

th e p re sen t i mp era

ti ve

Po ten ti a lly

Op ta ti vely
D eli bera ti vely
.

We

h av e n o w to sp eak
tan t p ri n cip le o f L atin S yn ta x in
subj un c tiv e m o o d

2 2 4

im p or
u se o f th e

o f an o th er v ery
re

ard

to th e

Th e s u bju n cti ve m o od i s u sed i n a ll seco nda ry sen tences

wh i ch a re a tta ch ed a s a n i n teg ra l p a rt of the th oug h t,
To a n y n o m i na l sen ten ce
To a n y seconda ry sen tence wh i ch con ta i n s th e su b
u
ncti ve
j
To a ny p ri m a ry sen tence wh i ch co n ta i ns th e su bju nc
ti ve
.

Th is
th at i t

i s th e g enera l
on ly

rul e

Bu t i t m ust b e

h o lds g ood w h en th e

i n te g r a l p
to w h i ch i t i s

a rt o

f th

a tta ch ed.

li mi tati o ns w hi ch w ill b e

un dersto o d

seco n da r
y sen ten ce

th

ough

orms a n

exp r essed

Th ere are b e si des

state d h e reafte r
.

i n th a t

som e o th er

LESS ON

1 72

2 2 5

W h en

cxxrx

[2

k er are

sen tim en ts o f a sp ea

th e

2 5, 2 2 6

rte d,
o
p

re

i t i s p o ssible fo r th e rep o rt e r ei th er

l st To g iv e th e sp e ak er s exa c t w ords, p re cis ely as

th e y w e re u ttere d : thi s is c all ed o r ati o r e c ta ( di rect
.

ch ) ;

o r,

e
e
p

To g i ve th e
alte re d
Th i s i s
sp eech
)
2d

sen se o n ly,

c all e d

th e fo rm o f th e w ords b ein g

o r a ti o

o b l i qu a

i
n d i rect
(

Th e follo w i n g
l st

th ese

th e

O r at i o

statem en ts are

th at th o se

m o re p ai n

at

of

th em

ch i ef said th at h e kn ew

Th e

an d

w e re tru e ,

j ct b e

o r co m m a n ds, o r a ll
an

su b e

Th e sp e e ch m ay
tach e d to

ci rc u m stan c e

th e

l i qu a

st ate m en ts

If thi s
o b serv e d th at

2 2 6

th an

r at i o o b

Th
e chi ef sai d)
I
k
n o w th at
(
tru e , an d n o o n e fe els m ore p ain at

r e c ta

circ um stan c e

2d

x am ple w ill m ak e th i s di stin cti on clear :

th at

no

on e

felt

th an hi m self

ro

c on si st

erly

c on si dered it w ill

q u esti on s
sen ten c e s at

o f a sser ti on s, or

th ese, w i th

d
try
n

seco

__

be

If th e orati o rec ta b e em p lo ye d, th e v erb w h i ch i s

u se d t o i n tro du c e th e S p e e c h w ill ha v e n o effe c t u o n th e
p
c on stru cti o n of an y o f th e p art s of th e sp eech
.

If th e o rctti o o bli qu a b e em p lo ye d, th e v erb w h i ch

i s u se d to in tro du ce th e sp ee ch wi ll affe c t th e c o n stru c ti on
o f all th e p arts o f th e s ee ch
p
'

'

W h atev er

th e

m ay b e w h i ch in tro du c es th e
i n i t m ay b e co n si de re d as th e

v e rb

ch all th e a sserti o n s
say
o bj e c ts o f th e v e rb d i e
a sk
o bj e c ts o f th e v e rb rog a
a s th e o bj e c ts o f th e v e rb ju be
v erb s b e e x p re sse d o r h av e t o b e
sp ee

all

th e qu es ti o n s as th e
an d all th e c o m m a n ds

b i d, w h eth er th e se
un dersto o d

W e h av e th erefo re th e follo w in g
w h i ch th e sev e ral p arts o f a sp e e c h
is

rep o rte d o bli

ue

fo r th e ch an g es
w i ll un derg o , w h en i t

rules

L E SS ON

227

2 2 7
th e i n

( )
a

Th e

v erb s

cxxrx

1 73

a s se r ti o n s w ill

in

b e p ut i n

i t i v e m o o d, an d o f c o u rse th ei r subj e cts i n

1 49 1 5 1
S ee
th e acc u sati v e c ase
2 2 8 (b ) Th e v e rb s i n q u e s t i o n s w ill b e p ut in
2 15
th e s u b j u n c ti v e m o o d
S ee
Th e v erb s i n c o m m a n d s w ill b e p ut i n
2 2 9
th e s u b j u n c ti v e m o o d, an d o f c o urse in on e o f th e
i m p e r f e c t ten ses of i t S ee 2 1 7
2 3 0 ( d ) Th e v erb s i n se c o n d a r y sen ten c es w ill
224
b e p u t i n th e s u bj u n c ti v e m o o d
S ee
2 3 l ( e ) Th e verb s w h i ch are i n th e s u b ju n c ti v e
m o o d i n th e sp ee ch as deli vere d, w ill rem ain in th e s u b
t
u
n
c
i
v
e
j
S in c e th e sp ee ch i s n ot g iv en as sp o k en
2 32
di rectly by a n y o n e or to a n y o n e, all p r o n o u n s o f
th e r s t a n d s e c o n d p erso n ( m e n o te v o h o
i sto m eo tu o n o stro cesi ro a r e e xcl u d e d i n stri ct
n

n ess

fro m th e orati o

2 33

Of

bli qu a

th e p ro n o un s

co u rse

se

w ill p ro p

su o

i n stead o f m e m eo w h en th e sp eak er i s rep

resen te d as talk i n
o f h i m self
g
It i s h o p e d th at th e t each er w i ll b e sure th at h i s p up ils
u n de rstan d th at th e ru les g iv en ab o v e in reg ard to th e
v e rb s are n o t n ew r u les, an d w i ll th ere fo re m ak e th e m
re fe r to th e se c ti o n s i n di c ated
Th e rule (b) i n reg ard to
q u es ti on s, an d th at ( d) i n reg ard to seco n da ry sen ten c es
But i t i s re co m
w ill n ee d so m e li m i tati o n h e re afte r
m en de d th at a g re at de al o f p ain s b e tak e n to see th at
th e rul es a s th ey stan d are th o ro u g h ly m aste re d ; an d
th e
sev e ral o f th e fo llo w in g e x am p les are g i v en in b o th
fo rm s th at th ere m a b e th e m ean s at h an d fo r m akin g
y
th e requi si te c om p ari son
erly

be

u se d

EXERCISE
1

By th e rig h t o f w ar I tak e th e
-

tom ed (p erf ) to i m pose

1 5*
.

ou

th e c on

2 16

h h co que ors e
2 A io vi tus s y th

tribu te w ic

q uered

ar

accus

at

by

L E SS ON

1 74

cxxxr

[2 3 4

h h

th e rig t o f w ar b e tak es th e tribute w ic co n uerors are accusto med

to i m p ose u p on th e con ue re d 3
ose state s w i c disse n t fro m th e
re st o f th e
w ill u n i te ( to th e leag ue) by m y dil ig e n ce , an d
au ls
w ill
b rin g abo ut (ei c( i ) o n e (u n i te d) plan of th e w ole o f aul 4 Th e c ief
sa id t at t ose s ta tes w ic disse n te d fro m th e rest o f th e
auls h e w o uld
u n ite to th e le a ue b h i s dil ig en ce, a n d t at h e w o u ld brin
g
y
g abo ut o n e
u
h
o
l
f
u
l
n
i
f
w
e
o
a
5
t
t
e
d
l
a
o
e
is n atio n h as bee n u rg ed o n
n
(
)p
by i ts c i efs, w h o say t a t th e
edai,
a vi n g b ee n re du ce d b
y a esar
i n to slav ery, suffer all i n di g ni ties an d i n sults
6 He po i n ted ou t t at
t at n a tio n h ad be en u rg ed o n by i ts c iefs, w h o sa id t at th e Ae dui ,
h av i ng b ee n reduced by ae sa r i n to sla very, w ere sufferin g all i ndi g
ni ti es an d i nsul ts
-

Th

h h

h
Th

h h

LESSON CXXX

EXERCISE
I

co m e

h h
h

i n to t o se p arts o f aul w ic you p ossess,

n or can I, w i t out g re at e ffo rt an d e x pe n se , dra w to g e t er (m y) arm y
rio v istus re p lie d, t at h e n e i t er dare d to co me
2
i n to o n e p lace
ae sar p o sse ssed, n or co uld dra w to e t e r
i n to t o se p arts o f au l w ic
g
3
W
h
h
i
s) a rmy i n to o n e p lace w i t ou t g re at e ffo rt an d e x pe n se
y
(
ri o v istus w i ll so ras l
d
ar
e
sh o u ld a n y o n e (quisqua m ) judge t at
t
p
y
ri o v istus
fro m h is duty ? 4
ae sa r ask e d w h y an y o n e judged t at
5
up po si n g (st)
ri o vi stu s,
w o uld so ras ly dep a rt fro m h is duty
be i n g i m pe lled by fre nzy an d m adn ess, doe s bri n g (i nfer p res pe ri l)
6
ae sar sa id,
w a r, w a t I w an t to k n o w ( ta ndem ) do yo u dread ?
rio v is tus, b e i n g i m pe ll e d by fre n zy an d m adn ess, should
s u p po si n g
bri ng ( p ast p erf ) w ar, w at, h e w an te d to k n ow ( ta ndem), di d t ey
drea d ?
1

n ei t er

dare to

h hC
h

h A

h
h A
A

W h ile

o bliq u a ,

we

c o ntin u e

th e

w e m ay i n tro du ce

LESSO N CXXXI
2 34

ti o

x erci ses u p on th e o rd
th e p e c uli arly fo rm e d

L ESS O N CXXX II

1 76

2
6
3
5
2
3
,
[

Vol

h ave b esi des th e i mp erf ectp a rti cip le

ularly fo rm e d an d also th e g eru nd
an d n ot

re

N B It Sh o uld
.

b e p o in ted

th at th e i rreg ularity
an d th e i mp erf ect i n n i ti ve

of

o ut

i
u
nc
t
ve
th e p a s t i mp erfect su b
j
o f th e se v e rb s
o n si sts in th e o m i ssi o n

th e en di n g e r e ,

v o w el o f

ti on Of th e tw o li qui ds l

an d

an d r

h you

ab out

wi t

th e

c onn ec tin g

c on sequ en t

th e

assi m ila

EXERCISE
I w ish to tre

of

218

h ose th i

h h
q
h C

w ic b eg an (coep ta e
sun t) to b e tre ate d ( ab out) be tw e e n us , and w ere not (n e ue) co m p leted
aesar abo u t t o se
2 Th e c ie f said t at h e w is e d to treat w it
an d
t i n g s w i c h a d b egu n to be tre ate d (abo ut) b e tw e en t e m ( eo
3 If y ou do n o t (m i n us) w is
h ad n ot b een co m ple ted
to do t a t,
4
rio vi stus said i f h e did n o t w is
sen d an am b assador to m e
to do
5
a t do yo u w is
fo r
t at, h e m ig t se n d an am b assador to h im
m
i
n to m y p ossessio ns ?
l
h
d
o
o
u
co
e
6
ri o v istus
o
u
r
s
e
f
?
W
y
y
y
ask ed
aesar w a t h e w an te d fo r i m se lf, w h y h e ca m e in to h is p os
se ssi ons

at

h
h h

gs

h
h

Wh

NO TE I

th e last

p ron oun s ( se an d

an d
m y o f th e
are u sed
suo
ro pe rly th e re e x i ve s o uld o n ly refe r to the subject of
Orati o recta
But u sag e allow ed i t also to
the p rincip al verb (in t is case Ar i ovis tus)
refe r to th e sub e ct of a secon dary sen te n ce , wh en no a m bi g u i ty w as
is i s m o st com m on ly do n e i n th e case of th e ad e cti ve
ca us ed thereby
n er says, t at th e u se O f se w i t
re n ce
K
ii
h
u
u
o
s
re
f
e
o
i
ve
s
c
ssess
)
(p
is con n e d to cases w ere th ep rono un a nd th e verbform on ly one no ti on,
as i n th e ab ove cas e : quid ti bi vi s i s n o t in g m ore t an wh a t do you
want?

2 35

sen te n ce th e re e x iv e

to rep resen t b ot
th e
for yo u rself
n

j
Th

LESSO N CXXXII

Th e v erb f er
b ear i s i rreg ular in som e of
th e im p erfe c t t en se s, th e i rre g ulari ty c o n si stin g fo r th e
m o st p art i n th e o m i ssi o n o f c o n n e cti n g v o w els
Th ere are m an y c om p o un ds O f f er w h i ch are conju
ate d in th e sam e w ay as th e p rin cip al v e rb
g

2 36

L ES S O N
Th e i rreg u la r ten se s

cxxxn

ctive

an d

ACTIVE

1 77

assiv e are

PASS IVE

h ere g iv en

Presen t i mp erf ect i n di ca ti ve

fe ror
fe rri s or ferre
fertur
feri m u r
feri m i n i

fe ro
fe rs
fert
feri m us

'

ferun t

Pa st i mp erfect su bju n cti ve

i n n

ferrer
ferreri s o r ferrere
fe rretu r
ferrem ur

ferrem
ferr s
ferret
ferrem u s
fe rreti s
ferren t

fe rren tur

ferre

Presen t i mp era ti ve

ferre

fer
ferte

F u tu re i mp era ti ve
ferto
fe rtor
.

fert te
ferun tor

EXERCISE

2 19

1 Th e fren zy (p l ) o f th e tribun es ( tri bun icia , adj ) cann ot be bo rn e

2 Th e con suls den i ed t at th e fre nzy o f th e tri
any furt e r (ultra)
issile s are be i n g ca rrie d to g e t e r
b un es co u ld be bo rn e any furt er 3
ouse o f th e tra i to r, an d h e
o lds m e e ti n gs a t
o me
4
i n to th e
carrie d
Th e o f cer repo rts (refer to th e sen ate t at m issiles a re be in g
olds m ee ti n g s at
to g e t e r i n to th e ou se o f th e tra i to r, an d h e (eo
5 If th e co nsul c ooses (vol fut ) to se n d soldie rs w i t m e,
ome
w ill lead t e m by a n o t dif cult road (a di tu abo ve th e eads (si n g) o f
6 Th e sco ut said t at if th e co n sul c o se to sen d so ldie rs
th e e n emy
w it h im h e w oul d lead t em by a no t dif cul t ro ad abo re th e eads
Of th e en emy
-

'

h
.

h
h

L ESS O N

1 7s

cxxa

LESSON

[2

CXXXIII

3 7 , a3 s

m ak e i s n o t u sed i n the i mp er
ee t ten ses
a ssi ve
n
f
h
I
s
e
a
d
o
i
e
e
m
d
t
t
t
s
t
i
s
u
s
hi
c
h
e
w
f
p
,

i s c o nj ug ate d w i th th e a cti ve p erson en di ng s e xc ep t in th e

i n n iti v e
Th e fo llo win g table rep re sen ts th e c omm on fo rm s Of it :

2 37

Th e

v er

Pres
Pa st

f i o , fi s, t,
fi eb am , f i b as, duo
f i am f i es, & c
f i am f i as, 85 0
erem , er s, & c
eri

i mp erf i n di c ,
.

fi un t

'

F ut

Presi mp erf
.

su b

Pas t

N OTE

be fore er
2 d Th e g e n m di ve faci endo i s re g ularly fo rm ed from fac(i )
3 d Th e co m po un ds o ffac( i ) w i th verba l roo ts an d adverbs, lik e p ate
f
orm t e i r i m p e rfe ct te n ses pa ssi v e fro m as abo ve, bu t th e
i
c
a
f ( )
co m po un ds m ade wi th p rep ositi ons c an g e a o f th e stem i n to i (as
fro m fac ( i ) co m es p erc(i ) an d form th e passive te nse s reg ularly
4th F uturo m ay be reg arde d as th e futu re parti e O f in th e sense
U

it
ap pe n,
beco me
of
l st Th e vo w el i is

s ort

all i ts c om o un ds i s
i
o
t
h
Th e v erb i
w
g
p
M o st of th ese fo rm s
i rre g u lar i n th e i m p erfe c t ten se s
h av e b een g i v en b efore , bu t i t m ay b e w ell to rep eat th em
h ere alto g eth er

2 3 8

Pres
Pa st

i mp erf i n dic ,
.

it ; i m us, i tis,
i b am i b as, & c
i b o , i bi s, & c
cam , e as, & c
i rem i res, & c
cc , i s,

Fut

Pres i mp erf
Pa st
.

j
C

su b

i re

i
()
c un do

cun t

Geru nd

F u t p a r tie ,
Pres i mp era t ,
Fut
.

n om

si ng

i en s

cun t

S 2

i to , 3

2 i te,
.

i to

P
.

2 itOte, 3
.

eun to .

LESS O N C XXX V

1 80

[2 3 9

disg u ised asser ti on s, an d so , n ot di erin g m u ch ,

e x cep t in fo rm , fro m asserti o ns, are e x p re sse d in th e sam e
m ann er as n o m i n a l as serti o ns, th e i n terro g ativ e w o rd b e in g
re tain e d to sh o w th e di stin c ti o n ; w h il e
u e sti o n s in th e
q
2 d p erso n are p ro p o se d rath e r w i th a vi e w t o an an sw e r,
an d so retain th e p ro p er c o n stru c ti o n o f no m i n a l q u es ti on s

are

NGTE l st

It w ill be ob se rv ed abov e t at th e distin cti o n be tw ee n

th e l st an d 3 d pe rson s i n th e oratio obli qua i s m ark ed b y th e use o f
th e p ron o un se fo r th e 1 st p e rso n, a n d eo (o r 2110 fo r th e 3 d perso n
2 d It w a s sa id a bo ve t at p ri ma ry sen tences wh i ch h a ve th ei r verbs
i n th e su bju ncti ve m ood reta i n th a t m ood i n the oratio obli qua ; an d ao
co rdin g ly it w ill be fo un d t at w en
u e sti on s o f th e l st o r 3 d pe rso n s
i
n th e orati o recta are fo un d i n th e oratio o bli ua w i t
h
t
e subjuncti ve
)
(
m ood, th e sub u n cti ve w ould also ave be en us ed in th e oratio recta
.

It i s h op ed th at g reat c are will b e tak en to m ak e th e

u
il
rfe c tl
u
n derstan d th e se di sti n c ti on s
s
e
p p
p
y
.

EXERCISE
Wh y ( quid)

Wh y

221

w e counte d am on g (i n p a rte)
th e citi ze n s
2 Th e tri b un e ask ed, w h y did t ey li v e ? w h y
3
h at e nd do ye t in k t e re
w ere t ey co un ted amo n g th e citiz e n s
is o f co n ti n u ed m ili tary servi ce ? 4 Th e ce n turion ask ed, w at e n d
di d t ey t in k t ere w as o f con ti n u ed m ilitary se rv ice ? 5
at
b e tte r h Op e (g en i t ) is eld ou t ( p ortend ) to th e atins ? 6 Th e c i ef
atins ?
ask ed, w at be tter ope w as
eld out to th e

do w e li ve ?

are

LESS O N CXXXV
EXERCISE

222

Wh
h

l
n ds h av e suddenly,
b
e
i
ev
t
a
t
s
u
f
r
i
e
c
e
)
(
w i t ou t cause , bee n m ade e n em i es ? 2 Th e ambassadors ask ed, could
an y o n e beli eve t at su c
frien ds h ad su dden ly, w i t ou t cause , b ee n
3 W h y sh o uld th e en emy h o ld th e m ost fruitful lan d
m ade en em ies ?
n sul ask e d,
an
h
agro
a
f
r
t
t
e
v
i
t
o
r
i
o
u
s
r
m
Th
e
co
o
t
a
l
r
a
t
e
c
4
y
y
(
w h y s ou ld th e e n e m y o ld th e m o st fru i tful lan d o f taly rat e r t an
5 If c oose (vob) to forg e t old i n sul ts, am a ble
th e v icto rious army ?
ae sar ask e d,
N
o
6
also to lay as ide th e m e m o ry of re ce n t i n uri e s
)
(
suppo sin g h e c ose to fo rge t o ld in sul ts, w as h e able also to lay as ide
th e m em ory of recen t i nju ri es

Can

qu isqu am

an y on e

h
h
.

I h

L ESS O N

cxxxvr

1 31

LESSON CXXXVI

in
2 2 4, th at secon dary sen ten c es at
ta ch ed to n o m i na l sen ten c es, o r to p ri m a ry o r secon da ry
n cti ve m ood h ave th ei r
u
se n ten c e s wh i ch co n ta i n th e su b
,
j
n cti ve
v erb s i n th e su b
u
u
i
T
i
i
h
n
r
e
h
s
s
e
e
e
r
a
l
u
l
t
t
:
b
t
j
g
i s n ece ssa
n o w to m en ti on so m e li mi tati o n s o f i t
h e i ndi ca ti ve m ood m ay stan d in th ese se c o n
2 40
dary senten c e s w h en th ey c o ntain

It w as

stated

Th o ug h ts of
Th o ug h ts o f

1
2

th e

h
e sp ea /cer
t
f
an d also o th e s eak er
p
o r g e n e ral truth s

n a rra tor, n o t o

na rrato r

cc urs

ere fac ts,

S tatem en ts o f m
M
Perip h rasti c e xp ressi on s fo r simp le

It

th e

n o ti o n s.

th e in di

c ati ve

m ood
sh o w s th at th e se c o n dary sen ten c e i s to b e reg arde d a s
c o mi ng un der o n e o f th ese h eads, w h ile th e subj un c tiv e
w o uld h ave been e qually p rop er w i th a sli g h t differen c e
o f m e an in g
In th e fo llo w in g e x erc i se th e v erb s i n se c o n dary sen
t en oe s m u st b e tran slate d b y th e i n di c ati ve m o o d, u nl ess
th e subj un ctiv e i s i n di cate d b y i ta li cs ; an d th e te ac h er
Sh o uld h elp hi s p u p ils to see u n der w h i ch o f th e ab o v e
classes e ach c ase fall s It w ill b e o b serve d th at th ese
rem ark s ap ply n o t o n ly to sen ten c e s o cc urri n g i n fo rm al
orati o o bli qu a , b ut to all su ch as c o m e un der th e co n
di ti o n s stated at th e b eg i nni ng o f th i s lesson
o ften

u se o f

th at th e

EXERCISE
1

Wh o

he

be
w ic

can

h h
N
h
h
h h

so

ave rse

to

( )
a

223

th e tru t

t i n gs
w e se e are m an ag ed by th e
2
e ar t at ri ve r w i ch o w s i n to th e
g o ds ?
says (a i t) t at ce rtai n ( uaeda m ) li ttle an i m als
2 a m, de p ) w i c
li ve ( o n ly) o n e day
3 Th e

se

S u i th e
4 A sia is o

to (qua ) deny t at all

p o w e r o f th e i m m ortal
on tu s, th e p il osop e r
b
es tio la ) a re p ro duce d
(

as

sco u ts re p o rt

( f

re er

to

w o o d o f bo un dless si ze (a bl )
w ic is calle d Bacn i s
s ric (op i m d ) an d fe rtile t at i t e asily
surp asses all lan ds i n th e m ulti tude o f t ose t i n gs w ic are exp orte d
5 Th e force of elo uence ( elo quendo effe cts (t i s) t at (we can) learn
16
a esar

h h

a t am o n g

th e
.

ev

re

is

h
h

h h
h

L ESS ON

1 82

h
h

h h

oxxxvn

[2

41

2 42

h h se
qu i )
h h he

t ose t in g s w ic
w e do n ot k n o w , (i g nora ) an d can te ac t
t in g s w i c w e do k n o w
appe n (
6 It ca n
t at a m an (
m a y feel ri g tly, an d n ot be able elegan tly to ex p ress t at w ic
-

fee ls

h h
h

LESSON

CXXXVII

1 3 8 ) to b e
An i m p e r s o n a l v e r b w as den ed
o n e w hi c h li k e all o th e r v erb s m ak e s an asse rti o n b ut i s
n o t attri b ute d to an y su bj e c t : an d w e h av e se e n th at i t
i s c o m m o n to n d in tran siti v e ve rb s u se d im p erso n ally in
th e p assi v e
W e h ave n o w to spe ak o f i m p e r so n a l
v e r b s p r o p e r : i e th o se w hi ch are n early alw ays
,

i m p erso n all y : an d w e Sh all tre at o f th e m o st i m

o rtan t o f th e se i n se arate h e ad s a cc o rdin
h
ei r co n
o
t
t
p
p
g
str uc ti o n w i th th e rest o f th e sen te n c e
2 4 l Th e fo ll o w in g ve v e rb s den o te v ari o u s fe elin g s,
h
an d are u se d i n th e thi rd p erso n S i n
f
t
e i m p e rfe ct
o
g
t en se s, an d fo rm p erfe cts also o f th e acti ve o r p assiv e
form s as g iv en b elo w :
u se d

m i sere den o tin g p i ty,

r
i
c
t
r
i
t
o
e
m
se
e
p f
i
i
2 p ig e
i
O
u
relucta nce ,
r
t
o
p g
p g
rep e nta n ce,
3 p o e ni te
o eni tu
p
sh a m e,
4 p u de
d
i
u
d
u
u
t
or
o
p
p
w ea r i ness,
5 tae de
tae du or p ert ae so
1

242

W ith

th e se

v e rb s,

Th e p e r s o n f e e l i n g i s p ut in th e a c c u s a ti ve
Th e th i n g f e l t a b o u t
g e n i ti v e

S o m e tM

h o w ev er in ste ad of th e g en i ti ve w e n d an
i n n i ti ve m o o d, an d so m eti m e s a n eu ter p ro n o un , so m e
ti m e s a se c o n dary sen ten c e w i th quo d, an d so m e tim es a
n o mi n al qu esti o n ; eac h o f w hi c h m a
e reg arde d as th e
b
y
subj e ct of th e verb
es

LE SSO N

1 84

cxxxi x

[2

LESS O N CXXXIX

4 3, 2 4 4

Th e tw o im p erso n al v erb s li c e
b e allo w e d

b e p le asi n g ( p erfe c t
( p erfe ct li cu o r li ci to an d li be
li bu o r li bi to h av e fo r th e m o st p art th e fo llo w in g co n
stru c ti o n :
F o r th e p erson ,
F or th e th i ng ,
Th e D a ti v e c a se
a n e u te r p r o n o u n
a n i n n i ti v e m o o d

2 43

Li ce h as al so fre quen tly th e th i ng e x p ressed by th e

Th e p erson w i th b o th
s u b j u n c ti v e m o o d w i th o ut u t
.

is

o fte n o m i tte d

XAMPLES
ou
s ec
Y
p
E

li ceat v i s
Q
tare db tis
Nm in i li c et c on tra p atri am
duce re e x ercitum
F aci te qu o d v bi s li b et
N n libet m ihi deplrare
vi tam
F re m an t o m n es li cet, di cam
u o d sen ti o
q
NOn mihi li cuit esse p ig ro
uan tum

bou nd to

a re

h ow

see

m u ch i s a llow ed you
o o ne m a y lea d a n a rm y
ag a i n st h i s co u n try
D o wh a t i s p lea sin g to you

I do n t li k e to co mp la i n of

Let

the w o rld

h ow l, I w i ll
s ti ll sp ea k m y m i n d
I was no t a llo w ed to be la zy
.

N OTE l st It i f m th e u se of licet as sh w n in th e
bu t
to be u se d in th e se
e th t i t ca m
se te
e of a
i g
lth u g h
tion m
subju
li
i
th e l st s
te ce h s depe di g
2 4 5 2 d Wh
m d w hi h
i i ti
qu i
r
dj ecti e w i th i t t
n u
u
l
i
m
i
t
d
f
9
m
t
e
h
i
j
t
i
t
t
s
u
s
o
u
c
r
s
7
e
g
p
) be i
w hi h p
u
sam
th
d
c
th i i ti
i ts ubj ect
u de th ese ci cum tan
lly i th e d ti e
s ge e
2 44

on

n ce

nc

an

e an n

ve

a se a s

e no

as

ce

res

en

n o

EXE RCISE

ra

es

ve

re ce

n ora

s no

concess zve

re

ns

last

ce

oo

e an n

en

ro

ve as

it
co m
on

th e

6.

226

Th em istocles Was ll w d to b t l i u e (eti a m) 2 W h y d

d i ig i
t (t
i b ty w h m y
w
y p u u th is w tch d
3 L t P m p y ( o w th t h i ) d d b
ll w ed
be m t f tu t
f
f om (
h
im
d y u t
h
4 It h
t
t b f
g
pl
)
5 It sh ll b e
ll w d (y u) t b i h i
th i g
i m p l m to th
cattl
an d mu ch lan d
6 In th is subject (g
) I m y ot be eg
1

rs

os

or

re e

re

na e

n
.

li g en t

ns

e s

cr

oo

ea

en es

e a

e a se

as

en u

can

c ar e o

ca re

e se

an

no

e rc

LE SS ON

2 46,

cxn

LESSON CXL

1 86

Th e tw o i m p erson al v erb s dece

b e ttin ,

u
r
f
r
t
a
o
h
er
f
e
t
r
i
h
t
e
e
t
o
v
e
c
c
c
u
o
t
e
or
b
d
e
e
,
p
(p
p
g
(p
an a c c u s a i v e c a s e o f t h e p e r s o n , an d g en
u t op or te
B
erally an i n n i ti ve m o o d to e x re ss th e th i ng
p
u
n cti ve m o o d after i t w i th o u t u t to e x
o ften h as th e su b
j
,
re ss b o th
rso n an d th in
e
p
g
p
2 4 7 As w e saw in th e last le sson th at li ce can often
b e tran slate d b y m a y o r m ig h t, so op or te m ay fre qu en tly
But as th ese E ng li sh
b e b est ren dere d by o ug h t o r m u st
v erb s h av e n o fo rm s to e x p ress n i sh ed a cti o n s, w e are i n
o ur lan g uag e o bli g e d to den o te th e p a s t exi s ten ce of a p os
ect i n n i ti ve after
er
si bi li ty o r a n o blig a ti o n b
u
si n
e
t
h
f
p
g
y

I mi g h t h a ve seen hi m
I o ug h t to
th o se v e rb s ; e g ,

h a ve a tten ded to th e m atte r

But in L ati n th e co rre
sp o n di n g v erb s li ce an d op or te h av i n g all th e p ast an d
rfe c t ten ses, m u st b e fo ll o w e d b
t
h
e
e
i
m
e
r
f
e
c
t
p
p
y
i n n i ti ve , th e ti m e of th e p ossibi li ty or th e obliga ti on bei ng
s u i ci en tly exp ressed by th e ten se o f li ce
op or te
h
o
r
T
e

sam e rem ark ap li es t o th e u se o f th e p e rso n al v e rb s

p

an d
ab le
i
h
e d th at th e
o
debe
owe
es
I
s
o
t
b
e
t
p
p
t e a ch er w ill p ay p arti c ular atten ti o n to th i s p o in t, an d
m ak e h i s p u p ils fully c o m p reh en d th e di ffe ren c e o f th e
En g li sh an d L atin m odes o f e xp ressi on i n th e follo w in g
e x am p les

2 46

O p o rtet m e i re
O po rtu it m e i re
D ecet m e tac ere
D ecu it m e tac ere
L i c et tibi i re
Li cuit tibi i re
D eb e t p atri am defen dere
D eb ui t p atri am defen dere

I oug h t to g o
I oug h t to h a ve g one
I t i s tti ng I sh ou ld be si len t
I sh ou ld h a ve been silen t

'

Yo u m a y g o
Yo u m ig h t h a ve g on e

He oug h t to defend h i s cou n try

He oug h t to h a ve defen ded h i s
.

cou n try.

1 6*

LE SSO N CXLI

1 86

[2 4 8

EXERCISE

2 49

227

h h

1 Ye see t at all t at m o n ey o ut o f th e tre as ury, w ic ou g t to

av e be e n g i v e n fo r
( p ro) th e co rn to th e sta te s, h as b ee n ap p ro p ria te d
2 W e o ug t n o t to t in k t a t th e g oo d
( lucrifac( i ) by t at m an ( i sto
w il l o f th e ci tiz e ns is an i ns ig n i ca n t aid ( mediocre telu m) fo r
cai ryi n g o n a ffa i rs
3 Y ou o ug t to love m e m y se l f (ip so n ot my
4 It i s by n a m ean s (m i n i m e) be co mi n g fo r an o rato r
g oo ds
to b e a n g ry
u g t h e n o t to
5
av e s e d h is b lood fo r h is co u n tr ?
y
6 By h e r o w n ch arms virtue erse lf o ug t to a ttract (trah you to true
g lory (decos
.

O h

h
h

LESSON CXLI
2 48

Th e tw o im p erso n al v erb s i n teres an d ref er

h av e n early th e sam e m e ani n g ,

b e of im p o rtan c e
F o r th e c o n stru c ti o n o f th ese v erb s w e m u st n o ti c e th ree
arti c ulars
p
.

1 st

Th

by
or
or

th i n g W h i ch i s of im p ortan c e is e x p resse d
an i n n i ti v e m o o d,
an i n terro ati v e w o rd w ith th e subj un c ti v e ,
g
u t or n e w i th th e subj un c ti v e,

or

2d

Th

xp ressed

a n euter

e r so n

to W h

ro n o un

om

it i s

Of

im p ortan c e is

b y th e g en i ti ve c as e o f a n o u n but
th e a bla ti ve si ng u la r fem i n i ne o f th e p o sses
si v e p ro n o un s m eo tu o n os tro ves tro su o i s
u se d i n ste ad o f th e g eni ti ve c ases o f th e
ro n o un s
erso n al
p
p
.

3d

Th

d eg ree
th e

i m p ortan c e i s

xp resse d by

m u ltu m , m ag n op ere, & c

g en i ti ves of i ndefi n i te va lu e, m a g n i

a dv e rb s

by th e
'

of

a rvi ,

'

&

h h

6 2 , t at th e p r i c e a t w i c a t i n g w as
But i f it be o n ly sta te d
bo u g t w as e xp ressed by th e a b l a t i v e
i n g e n e r a l a n d i n d e f i n i t e t e r m s, t at th e v alu e i s la rg e,
sma ll, &c , a g e n i t i v e case is ordina ri ly e m p lo ye d, as : vi rtus v olu p
Virtue th i nks very li ttle of p leasu re
tate m mi n imi faci t

2 49

sai d

It w as

in

L ESS ON CXLIII

1 88
amb assadors

to

citi z en s abo ut

ES

2 5 0 W e h av e
s
n
s
o
i
t
i
o
o
r
p
p
.

h h h as

pe ace w i c

fug i ti ve slav es an d b ri g an ds ?
crim e w h ic a t yo ur in sti g atio n

[2 5 0 2 5 2

be en allow ed ev en to
6 W as th e yo un g m an so rry for th e
a uctcre) h e h ad comm i tte d ( ac z
t

(
f ()
,

S O N C X L III

n ow

to

ea
p

of

d i ti o n a l

co n

A c o n di ti on a l p rop osi ti on

i s o n e w h i ch do es n o t assert
a fac t ab so lutely, b ut asse rt s i ts de en de n c e u o n an o th e r
p
p

In th i s
fa c t ; e g , If w e are attack e d, w e w ill re si st
sen te n c e ( c alle d a c o n d i ti o n a l o r h yp o the ti c al p rop o s i
ti on ) n eith er o f th e fa c ts sp o k en ab o u t i s assert e d ab so
lu tely b u t i t i s o nl y sai d th a t th e secon d dep ends up o n th e
.

rst

Th e
ti o n
th e

rs t occu r th e seco n d w i ll
f
rst p art o f su ch a sen ten c e c o n t ai n in g th e subjun c

if i s c all e d th e con di ti on ; th e se c o n d p art i s c alle d

in

so

a r as

th i s, tha t

th e

a sser ti on

It m u st b e p e rfe ctly

u n de rsto o d

th at

n ei t er

a red
i
d
e
c
l
t
h
e
o
l
t
h
n
l
n
y
g
y;
f
con n ecti o n between th e two
is
It i s v e ry i m p o rtan t to u n derstan d th e m o de s i n w h i ch
c o n di ti o n al p ro p o sitio n s o f differen t so rt s are rep re sen te d
i n L atin : b ut i t i s n o t p o ssible i n thi s b o o k fully t o e x p lai n
th e m
W e sh all en deavo r o n ly to state th e rule fo r th e
th r e e m o st im p o rt an t fo rm s : an d i t i s h o p e d th at, if th ese
are c o m p letely c o m p reh en de d, o th e r y ari e ti e s as th e y o c
cu r i n re adi n g m ay b e e asily un de rsto o d
2 5 1 It h as b een state d th at a co n di ti o n a l p rop osi ti o n
decla res th e con n ecti on of th e c o n d i t i o n a n d th e a s
W h en thi s i s a l l th a t i s i mp lied, o f c o urse
s e r ti o n
th e sp e ak er do es n ot i n di c ate an y do ub t th at th e fa c t s
s o k en o f m ay b e re al : an d c o n se qu e n tl in L ati n , the i l l
y
( i ca ti v e m ood i s emp loyed bo th i n th e con di ti on a nd the
a sser ti on , w h e n a ll th a t i s decla red o r i m l ied i s th e f a c t
p
o f t h e c o n n e c t i o n between th e two

th ese p a rts i s ai rme d

th e fa ct th a t th ere i s a

a bso u te

N OTE So m

e tim es

i n p lace o f th e ass erti on

ve n , de p e n de n t u p o n th e co n di ti o n ; i n t is ca e , of
i
g
p era ti ve m oo d is emp loyed inste ad o f th e i ndica ti ve

2 52

co m m an d

co urse, th e

is

im

LESS O N C XLV

1 89

EXERCI S E

2 30

Th

2
e re i s
If w e leav e o ff w ar, w e s all n ev er e njoy pe ace
am destin e d to b e ( futuro
no t i n g w h ic I sho uld fea r i f afte r deat
ap
3 If se e y o u,
s all b re a t e
e i t e r n o t w re tc e d o r ev e n
py
a v e fut ) you,
4 If
s all n ot
clause s)
ag ai n ( fu t p erf i n b o t
sp e ak , i f
5
av e p e ri s e d u tterly p lan e)
w
i
l
l
see m to myself to
(
ati n L
a ti n e)
h
art, o r th e bloo d, or th e brai n,
6
I
f
t
e
e
can fu t ) in
(
is th e soul, i t w ill p e rish (i n teri alon g w i t th e body

h
h

hI

I
Ih

CX

LESSON

E XERCI S E

I h

I h

L IV

231

1
rove (exp ort ) i f you ca n , t at th e souls rem ai n afte r deat
2
If th e con sen t o f all m e n i s th e vo ice of n atu re, w e also o ug t to t i nk
3 If yo u do n o t see w at t i s is, a t least (a t) yo u see
th e sa m e t i n g
4 If
av e si n n e d at all
o f w a t k i n d ( uale) i t i s
( ui d) ag ai n st (i n)
I
ardo n m e
5
f
o u so b ear t ose t in g s w ic
o
u
a
a
ve
y
p
y
pp e n ed,
as
e ar (yo u do),
o u g t ra t er to con g ratula te you r vi rtue t an to
6 If w e are able fu t ) to be tog et e r (il u d) less
co n sole yo u r sorro w
t an w e w i s
fut ) w e s all n evert eless e njoy com mun ion o f soul
an d th e sa me p ursu its
l
u
r
p
)
(
.

Ih

I h

I
.

q
h hh

LESSON
We

h av e se en
em p lo ye d i n b o th
ti o n al p ro p o si ti o n

CX

LV

th at th e i n di ca ti ve m o o d i s re ularl
g
y
th e o n diti o n an d asserti on o f a o n di

w h en

n o th i n

m
ore i s i m li ed th a n th e
g
p
th e two cla u ses

t
h
e co n n ecti o n be tw een
f
f
2 5 3 Bu t i f i n additi o n to th i s th e sp ea k er i n ten ds to
i n di c a te th a t h e i s d i s t i n c tl y co n s c i o u s o f th e
t
h
h
a
t
t
l
e
a
c
s
o
t
s
s
b
i
i
t
s
k
o
i
en of m ay be f a l s e l
p
y
f
p
y
a s s u m e d , wh i le th ey m a y yet p o ss i bly be truly sta ted,
t h e s u b j u n c ti v e m oo d i n o n e of th e p r e s e n t
t e n s e s i s emp loyed i n bo th cla u ses
It w ill b e o bserved th at th e m e an i n g h ere assig n ed to
a ct o

LESS ON CXLV I

1 90

th e

t ten ses o f th e

r e se n

[2 5 4

sub un cti v e

is

su

ch

as

to im

h
l
at th e di eren ce b etw e en th e i m o rt o f a c o n di
t
,
p y
p
ti o n al p ro p o si ti o n w i th i ts v erb s i n th e p res ent ten se s o f
th e s ubj u n ctiv e , an d o n e w hi ch h as i ts v erb s in t h e i n di c
ati v e i s o ften v e r
sli h t
y
g
'

EXERCI S E

232

If your co un try w ere to spe ak w i t you t us (h aec) ough t (debe

2 If a m an ( u is) sho uld w is h to
sh e n o t to g ai n h e r p ray er (i mp etra
th e
re v ile p ilo so p y i n g e n e ral ( uri i versw ) h e wo uld be able to do i t w i t
3 If t a t m an , w h o h as dep os ited m o n ey
o p le o u h i s s ide (secu ndo
e
p
w i th (ap ud ) yo u, s o uld w ag e w ar u po n h is co u n try (da t ) y ou w o ul d
4 Th e da y w o uld fail m e i f
s o uld w is
n o t g i ve b ack th e de po sit
to e n u me ra te ( th e m e n ) to w o m ( t o ug ) g ood, (fo rtu n e) h as tu rn e d
5 If a m an (g ui s) s o uld av e dep osi ted a sw o rd
o u t ( even t ) ill ( m a le)
w it yo u ( w e n ) i n a so un d m i n d, an d s o uld ask i t aga in (rep et w e n
i n san e ( i n san ie n t i t w o ul d be a sin to g ive i t back , a ki n dn e ss n o t to
s o u ld be so rry if
o u g t t at a fte r
6
t
ack
i
t
b
ve
i
g
(ad ) ten
nati o n w o uld g ain posse ssio n o f o ur
t o usa n d ye ars (gen ) so m e (al iqua
ci ty
1

h
h

I h

I h

I h

LESSON CXLVI

We

h av e n o w to m en ti o n th e th i rd m a i n c la ss
of c o n di ti o n a l p rop o s i ti o n s
TVh en th e sp ea k er w i sh es n ot o n ly to af rm th e co n
n e cti o n b e tw e e n th e c o n diti o n an d th e asse rt i o n , b u t also
to i nd i ca te h i s k n o w l e d g e o r b e l i e f of th e f a l s e
h o o d o f th e a s su mp ti o n m a de, h e u ses th e p a s t te n s e s
o d i n bo th cla u ses : th e
m
o
a
v
t
i
m
s
e
h
e
r
t
n
c
t
i
e
b
s
u
u
p
p
of
j
ect, if th e assu m p ti o n h av e refe ren c e to p resen t ti m e ; th e
f
a st tim e
ect if i t h a v e re fe ren c e to
a s t p er
p
f ,
p

2 54

N OTE O fte
o si ti o n

is

co n di tio n

th e 2 d

e xp re sse d ;

is to be

alf o n ly

t
h
( e

asserti on

bu t i ts te n se will
sup p lied

o f a co n di ti onal

always

s ow

at

p ro p

k in d

of

Th e foll o w i n g table m ay p erh ap s b e u seful , in xin g in

th e p up il s mi n ds th e fo reg oi n g di stin cti o n s

.

LE SS ON

1 92

CX

LESSON

E XE R C ISE

Hann ibal

[2 5 5

02:12 a

LVII

2 56

2 34

h
h
h

w ere alive, w e s oul d already ave w ar wi t th e

om ans
2 If w e wis to ob tain a ap py li fe , attenti on m ust be gi ven
to v i rtue, w i t o u t w i c w e can rea c n e it er fri en ds i p n or an y t i ng
3 If th e pe ople w ere to m ee t (con
w ort see ki n g fo r (exp etendd )
g red( i ) w i t you, an d i f i t w ere able to S pe ak wi t o n e v oi ce , i t w o ul d
say a s follo w s (ha ec)
4 If h ad k nown t at you w ere t ere , I m yself
5 If yo ur fat er w ere alive, h e w o uld be
w o uld av e co m e to yo u
am on g (i n ) th e c i e f m en ( p ri ncep
o f th e sta te
6 If om pe y h ad
t en bee n des troye d, w o uld h e av e dep a rte d from good circum stan ces
o r fro m b ad o n es ? u n doub te dly cer te from w retc e d o n es ; fo r ( t en )
)
(
h e w o uld n o t ( nan en i m) ave ca rried o u w ar w i t ( h i s) fat er ih law ;
av e tak e n up arms ; h e
h e w ould n o t w i t ou t p re p arati on (i mp a rato
w ould n o t ave left (h is ) o m e ; h e w oul d n o t av e e d out o f taly ;
d i e w ould n o t, a fter avi n g los t (h is) army, ave fallen (i ncid defen ce
u po n ( i h ) th e sw o rd, an d i n to ) th e
an ds o f slav e s ; (h i s)
less
(
ave b e e n cru s e d dele
c ildren w o uld n o t
all h is fo rtun es w o uld
(
n o t ( n ow) be po ssesse d by th e co n ue rors
1

If

h
h h

h
h

h
h

L E S S O N CX L VIII

In th e classi c ati o n o f p ron o un s in

93 th ere w ere six
s o rts m e n ti o n e d
O f th ese w e h av e sp o k en o f all but
th e i n den i te , an d th e y m u st n o w b e tre ate d of
2 5 5 I n d e n i te p r o n o u n s refer t o O bj e c ts
w hi ch th e sp e ak e r ei th er c an n o t o r do e s n o t ch o o se to
S p e cify di stin ctly Th ere are sev eral of th ese in L atin ,
e sh all
e ac h w i th so m e di ffe ren c e o f m ean i n
r use
W
o
g
.

m en ti o n th e p rin cip al o n e s h ere

2 5 6 Th e S i m plest o f th e i n den ite p ro n o un s b o th i n
fo rm an d m ean i n g i s q u o w h i ch i s de cli n e d li k e th e rel
ati v e
ro n o un , e xc e t
rtl
a
n th e n o m i n ativ e an d a cc u
i
p
p p
y
sati v e sin g ul ar an d p lural, w h i c h are as fo ll o w s :
o nl y

S in g ular

Nom

Ace

m
ui s
q
u
e
m
q
.

u
a
q
u
am
q

u
i
d
q
ui d

m
ui

q
u s
q

Plural
f
.

u ae

q
u as
q

ua

q
ua
q

LE SS O N

cxmx

193

r
m
m
h
e
f
o
t
l
t
as
t
h
o
s
a
h
e
v
s
e
x
a
c
sa
e
e
w
e
,
y
of th e rela ti ve w h en th e i n de n i te p ro n o u n i s u se d a djec
l i vely : i e , i n ag re em en t w i th a n o u n
n
n
d
i
r
a
a
e
a
s
f
t
u o i s alw a s en c
t
c
i
a
l
a
s
s
t
d
s
i
w
l
i
e
,
y
Q
y
attach e d i n s o u n d to an o th e r w o rd : an d v e ry o ften aft er

th e rela ti ve p ro n ou n an d si , n i si , n , n u m
It g e n erally rep re sen ts su ch En g li sh e x p re ssi o n s as a

m an ,
an y thi n g
an y o n e,
w h en w h o lly un em ph ati c

B e si des th ese

EX AM PLES

Pro p ri um

e st

u
od
q

m ercatu s e st
Pedites, si quid
co n cu rrb an t

Wh a t

m a n h as boug h t
w i th m o n ey i s h i s o w n
Th e f oo t s o ldi ers w ou ld
ru n tog eth er if a n y th i n g
of m o re th a n ordi n ary
d iicu lty o ccu rred

u i s aere
q

e rat

duri us,

E XER C I S E

h
h

2 35

ave re ac e d an y e x cellen ce o f vi rtu e, abil ity, fortune ,

If t ey
2 No o n e o ug t to t in k ,
le t t em i m p art i t to t ei r o w n (frien ds)
t at i f o cra tes did o r sp ok e (ao r sub ) an y t i n g ag ain st th e custo m
abi t o f ci tiz en s ci vi li
a dj ) th e sam e t i n g i s allo w e d to h i m
3
an d
(
Le t n o t a m an disdai n as ( ta nquam ) sm all th e e le m en ts o f g ramm ar
4 D oes a m an fe el an g er (i rasc de p ) w i t b oys (da t ) w ose ag e k n o w s
n ovi t) n o t ye t th e diffe re n ce s O f t i n s ?
o
5
a
t
t
a
es
e
ve
i
b
y
g
(
( )
l ish ed (s anoto by th e la ws, i f a m an h as learned (accip ( i ) an y t i n g from
th e n e ig bo rs co n ce rn i n g p ublic affai rs (si n g ), by rumo r o r re po rt, t at
er
h
m
n
i
n
i
d
e
to a m ag istrate
u
t
i
e
e
t
o
t
6
en (ubi ) o n ce a m an
f
(
( )
h as forsw orn i mself (fut p erf ) h e oug t n ot afte rward to be believed
( i mp era )

h
N

Th

Wh

LESSON
2 57

W e h ave

CX

LIX

cli ti c

i s th e m o st
si m p le o f th e i n de n i te
ro n o u n s i n fo rm an d m e an in g
p
F ro m th i s are de ri v e d th e o th e rs o f w h i ch w e m u st n o w
sp e ak ; an d i t w i ll b e b e st to arran g e th ese i n o rder, w i th
th eir differen ce s state d g en erally, reservin g a fuller state
m en t o f each fo r sp e ci al e x erc i ses
.

sai d

th at th e

en

u
o
g

17

L E SS ON

1 94

qm

1
(

i mpli es t

ue

oxmx

at each on e o f a class
a n y one o f a class

qua da m

so m e

[2 5 8

is
is

re fe rre d
refe rre d

to
to ,

2 59

se a ra tely
p

as

you p lease

k now n to th e sp ea ker i s re
f
e rre d
[
kn ow n, is
so m e p articular on e, n o t n e cessa ri l
re fe rre d to ,
[
h a rdly a ny one, pe r ap s no t a si ng le o ne, ca n b e
refe rre d to
[

p a rti cu la r

one,

alzquo
'

qua qua m

F ro m thi s g en eral statem en t i t w ill b e se en th at th e

differe n c e o f th e se i n den i te
ro n o un s c o n si st s i n th e
l a ti tu d e o r r a n g e o f s e e e ti o n o f th e i n d i
v i d u a l s i n a c l a ss , w h i c h th e sp e ak er su g g e sts as
o ssi ble
n
e
i
v
a
b
ove
m
t
W
x
r
c
i
n
t
i
h
w
ill
e
e
e
s
e
s
o
h
e
e
p
g
o rde r
.

2 58

NO TE I
hw
t f

h h

w ords i t is th e quo w ic i s declin ed, th e

o t e r p ar o e ac
o rd w e t e r co m i n g be fo re o r afte r quo re m a in i n g
u n altere d
Th e sa m e rule olds ere w ic w a s g iv e n fo r quo v iz ,
t at th e fo rms ui s, qua , uid, are fo r th e m ost p a rt use d as n ouns, qui ,
quae, uod, as ad ecti ves
.

n all

2 59

e se

h h
h

h h

n
r
a
c
h
:
b
r
e
d
e
e
d
e
e
Q
y
b u t i t i s u se d in sev e ral i di o m ati c e x p re ssi o n s w hi ch w ill
b e st b e un dersto o d fro m e x am p l es

uo

que

n erall
e
g

can

l st

Q u am

art e m

ui s

q
q
h ac se

in

ue

Let ea ch m a n emerci se h i m
sel
n th e a rt wh i ch h e
i
f

n ri t

exer

ce at

k n ow s
Let ea ch m a n k eep w ha t h as
n to h i m
a
l
l
e
f
.

Q uod

i
t
g ,

o bti

cui qu e

ue
u
i
s
q q

t en eat

N O TE I

id

qu

i n rela ti ve s en tences , i t i s p articularly

to be o b serv e d t at qua que stan ds i n th e seco nda ry clause, an d n o t

as
e ac
does i n
n g lis ) i n th e p ri m ary on e , un le ss as i n th e sec
(
o n d ex am p le , i t is fo un d i n bo t
t i s u se

of

og ue

Hi s

2d

S uum cui qu e tri bu en

dum e st
S uum qui squ e n o scat in
en i u m
g
.

s i g n ed

N OTE Wh e

Let ea ch

quo

to

to

ea ch

m an

c ap a ci ty
use d w i th th
re x i

que is
al w ays stan ds i m m e di ately afte r i t
n

ou g ht

ow n

be

m an
lea rn h i s

as

o wn

ve

n o un,
r
o
p

it

n early

LES S ON CLI

1 96

ui vi s

p lea se a bo ut a n y on e
Ch o ose w h i ch of th e tw o
u
k
i
o
l
t
e
:
i
s
i
n
h
e
one
y
cred i ble, th e o th er m o n

s trou s

NGTE Th e forms wi th

61

An y m a n ca n p u t f orth a n y
di sgra cef ul rep o rt y ou

h o m o p o te st q u em
d
e
q
u oli b et
v i s tur em
p
roferr
rum ore m
p
U tru m lib e t elig e , alteru m
in credi bile e st, alterum
n efari um

[2

qui s an d qua do

E X E R CIS E

n ot occur

2 37

He w as accusto m ed to g et up ( ng an y abus e (p l ) ( you please)

Th
a g a i n st i n
2
e Ge rm an s dare
h
o w e ve r qua m vis ) fe w
an y on e
(
( )
t
o w ard an y n u m b e r y o u lik e o f h orse
t
h
e y m ay be ) to a dvan ce (a d i
(
)
(
adj
3 If an y e ven ( vet) th e least
so ldi e rs o n sad dles (ep h ip p i d log
th in g sh all be di sco v e red w e do n o t o bject th at ( gum) th e li fe o f th i s
4 He reso lv e d to
m an be surren de re d to th e lu st o f th ose pe rson s
a cco m p lish h is u n de rtak i n g b y an y m e an s (s i n g )
5 S o g re a t w as th e
vi o le n ce o f th e i njuri es th a t m e n p re fe rred (m at to e n du re an y th i n g
ra th e r) th an n o t to la m e n t an d co m p la i n b i tte rly a bo u t th e w i ck edn e ss
(
1

of

th a t m a n

n ess

from

an y

You w oul d be glad (ga ude

to

re ce i v e a

k in d

body

LE S S

O N CLI

Th e in d en i te p ro n o un ( l i l o d a m i m pli e s
th at th e ran g e o f s electi o n am o n g th e in di vi d u als o f th e
class referre d to i s n o t u n l i m i ted, b ut th at s o m e o n e o r
m o re i n di v i d uals k n o w n ( o r assu m e d to b e k n o w n ) to th e
It can o ft en b e ren d ere d in En g
sp e ak e r are i n ten d e d

li sh b y th e w o rd s a certain o n e , & c , an d w e so m eti m e s

It i s o ften us e d to m o d
certus qu i da m
n d i n L atin
ify so m e stro n g e p i th et o r m etap h o r

2 6 1

LE S S ON C L II
EX AMPLES

Non p ugn as
qui d am

qu o d He

n arrat,

1 97

do es

n ot

ta lk

his

ba ttles a s a certa i n p er
s on ( I cou ld n a m e) do es
He u sed to sa y th a t i n th ese
th ere w a s s o m eth i n g di
vi n e

facit

In

u
i
m
dd
a
q

h i s di vi n u m
esse di cb at
.

Nora Th e forms wi th

quis

an d

qua

E X E R CIS E

T h at

are n ot u se d.

238

m an h ad a k in d o f (qua da m) di vi ne m em ory of facts, a

certa i n o n e o f (er th e coun sello rs, a m an
2
f
ords
A
w
a
ne
o
t
e
r
o
r
e
)
g
( )
en do w ed w i th th e h ig h est v i rtue , sai d th at h e un de rstoo d th e w h o le
h e re w a s a certai n ti m e w h e n m en w an dered i n th e
3
m atter
th at th e re w as i n you som e disti n
4 I disco v ere d (cog nosc
elds
u
ri ous ab i li ty fo r a d) sp e ak in g gerun d
u
h
d
an
d
i
ll
s
t
i
s
e
(
g
(
) 5 I nsult h as
adj can w i th
a so rt of sti n g (i n i t) w h ich m e n o f resp ectab ili ty ( bono
)
h e re a re so m e p e rso n s so u n m u sical
6
th e g rea test di l cu lty b e ar
i n vo ice th at th ey can n ever co me i n to th e n u mbe r of orators
1

LESSON CLII

Al i q u o

i m pli e s th at so m e p a rti cula r i n di vi d

u al o f th e class referre d to m u st b e selecte d , th o u g h it
m ay n o t b e k n o w n w h i ch
It an sw ers fo r th e m o st p art

so m e
t o t h e E n g li sh
w h en u se d w i th em p h asi s, i n o p

p o si ti o n to m u ch ,
all,
in su ch p h rase s a s th e fo l
lo w i n g :
I f w e can n o t g ain m u ch , w e m ay at least e x p e ct

s o m e re w ard
Th e sam e g en eral m ean i n g i s fo un d
i n v ari o u s a d verb s co m p o un d e d w i th th e p arti cle a li

m u ch , & c , are
W h en th e w o rd s an sw erin g to all,
f
m
t
h
n
i
n o t e x p re sse d , a li u o o ften h as th e m e an i n
o
s
e
o
g
q
g
co n s i dera ble o r i mp orta n t

2 62

1 7*

LE S S ON CL III

1 93

iam

Q uo p
t
n earl
h
e
y
-

i n th e

is

an o th er

sam e as a li

sam e em

in

uo

p h ati c w ay

p ars

reli

ali

u os serv ari
q

f i dun t

s om eth i n g ,

Th i s i s

Yo u

t
t
n
o
e
y

m e to be

w i sh

bo dy

ce ci deri t,

n o t u se

en o ug h

u
a
q

esse ali qu em

2 64

w hi ch i s

th o u g h i t i s

se n se,

Est h oe ali qui d, tam etsi mi n

Vi s m e

pro n o un

i n den i te

EX AM PLES
est satis

[2 6 3

so m e

S upp ose so m e p a rt h as f a ll
en , y et th ey a re su re th e

at

p o sse con

res t ca n

EXERCISE

be

sa ved

239

articul ar
n
i
n
m
a
2
h
a
m
a
k
r
t
r
e
(
p
(
)
)
(
) o f yours
is so m e th i n g , but by n o me an s ( n equ qua m) are all th in gs ( i n clu ded) i n
h is fam e w ill b rin g to yo u so m e safe ty
3
4 I th i n k th at
i t ( is to
n o th in g h as b ee n p assed by b y m e , but th a t so m e th in g co n side rable
h as be e n k e p t back fo r (a d) th e las t pa rt of th e cause
5
is not
y o u r fa ult, if som e p eo ple fe are d yo u ; an d o n th e co n tra ry (con tra) ( i t
i s) th e h ig h est p rai se th at (quod ) m os t m e n ( p lri que) judg e d (cense
th a t yo u w e re by n a me an s (m i n i me) to be fea red 6 I us ed to de claim
w i th Pi so, o r wi th Pompe y, or w i th some on e e ve ry day (quo ti di e)
1

Nam e

som e o n e

'

It

LESSON CLIII
qua m

rdl
n
n
l
i
h
h
a
a
s
i
i
m
p
e
s
a
t
t
Q
y
y
g le
o n e, an d p e rh ap s n o n e a t a ll o f th e i n divi d u als of th e
class can b e fo un d to an sw er th e req ui rem en ts o f th e
It fo llo w s fro m thi s th at it is used
case spo k e n ab o u t
fo r th e m o st p art i n n eg a ti ve sen t en ce s o r in q u estio n s
t
h
u
i
n
e
a
m
n
u
e
d
a
u
i
s
o
t
s
w h i ch i m p ly a n eg ativ e
Q g
l
u
ra l , o r i n th e f em i n i ne of th e s i n g u la r, an d is a lw a ys
p
u s ed as a n ou n
2 6 4 Th e adj e cti v e u l l o is us e d in j ust th e sam e
sense as qu o g ua m

2 63

ua

T ABLES

I Ending s of th e th i rd declen si on for

.

No m

an d

Ac e
G

Ab l

G
I)

trabs
trabe m
trabis

Ab l

al us

Ab ]

p aludi

bus
6

fem in i n e

n o un s

sti rp es

sti rp s

trab um
trabibus

sti rp is

sti rp ibus

sti rp i

m on t(i)

u
d
a
l
es
p
aludu m

trab es

m a rsh

p
p alude m

um

trabe

p al ud
A

66

an d

of

bea m

an d

is
i

II Ex am p le s

o r n on e

cm

en

Bat

V00

co nsona n t stems.

p
p al di bus

m ou n ta i n

m on s
m o n tem
m on tis
m o n ti
m o n te

m on tes
m on ti u m
m on tibus

TAB L E S
g

an d

re

m erc(i )

S i ng
g re x
g reg e rn

g reg es

g reg is
g reg i

g reg um
g reg i bus

S i ng
m e rx
m erce m
m e rcis

m erces
m ercium
m ercibus

m erce

g reg e

m erch a n di se
.

Abl

o ck

2 01

soldi er

N an d V
.

Ab l

p rin ce p s
p ri n cip e m
p ri n cip is
p ri n cipi
p ri n cipe

h om on

p rincip es
p rin cipu m
n
i
i
r
i
c
bus
p
p

mi les
mi litem
mi li tis
mi liti

mi litum
m i l i tibus
u

m an

S erm dn

S ing
serm o

an d

Ab ]

h om o
h o m i n em
h o m i n is
b om i n i
h omin e

6S

an d

Ab l

os
brem
ori s
ori
ere

h o m in es

se rm on em

h o m in um
h o mi n ibus

se rm on i s

se rm on u m

sermon i

serm on ibu s

se rm on e

p atr f a th er

o wer.

ores

oru m
ori bus

labor la bor

p ater
p atre m

p atres
p atrum

p atri

e xsul

exi le

S i ng

an d

labor
lab orem

lab rs

Ab]

exsules

e x su le m

laborum
lab ori

e x su l
e x suli s

e x sulu m

ex suli

ex sulibus

exsule

TAB L E S

2 02

III Ex am ple s
.

of n e uter n o u n s

Ab l

S i ng
co rp us

on e ra
u

o n eru m

co rpo ri s

co rp oru m

o n eri

o n eri bus

corpo ri

co rpori bus

co rpo re

i
()

ri ver

calcar

S i ng
am en

S i ng

an d

Ab l

Nom Th e abl

umi n um
am in ibus

sin g

p ut

calcaria

calcari um

calcaris

calcaribus

is m ade from th e

fem or

h ea d

ca

sp u r

calcar

mi nis
m i ni
am in e

umi n a

6t

o n eri s

m en

co rp o ra

tt

o n ere

bo dy

co r o s

o n us

A
G

bu rden

o n es

S i ng

th i g h

Plur

an d

Ab l

femora

cap i tis

cap i tu m

cap i ti

cap iti bus

'

fem ur

cap i ta

cap ut

fem orum
fem ori bus

fe m ori s
femori

cap i te

Nom

'

Cap u t does

n ot o mi t

th e last le tte r i n th e

N an d A Sing
.

Ex am p les o f adj ectiv es, m asculi n e, femin in e,

n eute r, w ith cons on a n t stem s
IV

an d

fer c(i)

N an d V
.

Mass

an d

F em

Neut
,

Masc

an d

Neu t

Fem

fe rocia

feroce m
fe r ciu m
feroci bus
t

T AB LES

2 04

VII Ex am ple
.

th e

n e u ter

femini n e

en

o f an a

d er

dj ectiv e

w ell

as

as

j ecti ve

this ad

F em

an d

of

th e m a sculi n e

an d

declin ed lik e th e n euter of

M asc

leve

an d

F em

levi um
levibus

levi

Nea t

lev s

of

li g h t

Neat

le vi s
lev em

th o se

th e form s

Mass
an d

xh ibitin g

stems are

levi

Nora All n euter n ouns wi th

VII I Th e follo w i n g

x am ple

i s g i v en to e x h ibit th e
declensi o n o f th o se adj ecti ves w ith ri stem s, w hi ch h av e
di stin ct form s fo r th e th ree g en ders in th e n om si n g
e

CIi

'

Mass

S ing
F em

ace r

acris

an d

Neut

acres

acris

acre m

'

acri bus

Ab l
IX

D eclen si on

o f a com

acri or

p arativ e

acri os

ad ecti v e .

m ore keen

Neat

an d

seri ns

acrio r

acricres

acri ora

aeri al is
-

acri ori

Ab l

acri ore or acri ori

acri on bus

B LE S

TA

E n din g s
stems

of

th e

2 05

w ith

nd V
.

am

as

ac

ru m

is

Ab l

X I Ex am ple

th e rst declen si on

o f a n oun of

m en sa

an d

Aa l

men sae
m en sas
m en sarum

men sis
mensa

Th ese en dings i nclude the stem vowel

OTE

X II En din gs

of

th e secon d declen si on ,

or of n oun s

o stem s

w i th

M a sc

us

A
G
l)

ta ble

m en sa
men sam
men sae

ac

A
G
l)

Plu r

'

o r o f n oun s

i
rst de clen si on ,
f

rarel

OS

o r n on e

Neu t

M a sc

Nu t

m (rarely

om

GS
cr u m

i
6

is

Nora Th ese
18

o r F em .

( C

Ab l

F em

or

en din gs

i nclude the stem

vowel

TAB L E S

2 06

X III E x am ples

of

seco n

d d eclen si o n

m asculi n e

ag e r

se rvi

se rv e

se rv um

se rv os

se rvi

se rv orum

se rvo
H

servi s

th e

sla ve

S e rv us

n o un s o f

se rv o

fem in in e

or

ag rOrum
ag ro

ag ri s
66

Th e fo llo w i n g e x am ple s o f adj e cti ves wi th o stem s are

i
v e n , as e x hi bi tin g in o n e vi e w t h e m as culi n e an d n eu ter
g
Th e fem ini n e form s are also g i v en , th at th e com
fo rm s
l
et e de clen si o n o f w h at are call e d i n th e g ram m ars
p
m ay b e seen
a dj e cti v e s o f th ree term in ati o n s
-

g o od

b on o

bon um

bo n us
bo ne
bo n um

bo na

bo n orum
bo ni s

bo n ae

bea wiful

p ul cro
S ing
U
q

p ulcer

En din g s

pul cra

p ul cri

pul crds

p ulcrae

p ul crae
p ul cri s

X IV

p ul cra
p ulcram

p ulcri

Ab l

p ulcrum

p ul crum

G
I)

bo n ds

b ona m

boni
bon d

o f n o un s o f

p ul cri s
H

th e f o urth de clensi on, or of

TAB LES

2 08

D e clen si o n

A
G

of

dom u

or

do m o

do m us
dom u m

do m ui ,

Ab l

dom ds
dom uu m or dom orum
dom ibus
or

h ou se

or

domo, loca t domi

.

D eclen si on

()

o f vi s i

an d

D eo

G od

Plur

vi m

Ab ]

D
D

D ei , D i},

e us

or

Di

e um

D ei

viribus

vi

H
.

D eclen si on

tw o ,

ei s,

an d a m bo

am b o

D ii s

b oth

or

Di s

am b a

Hasc

M ass

am b o amba e

(111 65 or

du oru m
duobus

NOTE A11 th e
cli ned ; n0

duo
two,

ambas

duo
duarum
duab us

a m b orum

am barum

amb obus
H

a mbabus

fro m four to a h undr ed, are un de

h as th e g en i t an d dati ve, tus an d i for all ge n ders ;

on e,

i s g iven abo ve ; and tri

three, is reg ul ar
ca rdi na l n u m erals

ES
IN
OUTL

FR O M

THE

N HIS TORY
0F ROMA

E AR LI E S T

I M ES T O

THE

E M PER O RS

Nora

Th e n u m ber s i n serted i n p a ren th es es r efer to th e div i si on s i n th e

reced i n g book , as m a rk ed i n th e m a rg i n a n d a t th e h ea d of th e p ag es
p
.

LIBE R PR IM U S

S atur nu s i n Itali am
An ti qui ssim i s tem p oribus
Ibi h au d p ro cul a J an i cul arce m
v en i sse ( 1 4 6 ) di ci tur
Hi c I talos
co n di di t eam qu e S atu rn i am ( 7 9) ap p ell avi t
p ri m us ag ri cult ram ( 3 0) do cuit
1

Po ste d

L ati n u s i n i lli s regi on ib u s i m p eravit

S ub
Hi n c E n as, An ch i
h oc reg e T roj a in A si a v e rsa est
4
6
f
rru m
li
u s, cum m ulti s Trojan i s, q u i b u s
e
3

sae
7
( )
( )
G rae co rum p ep erce rat, aufu g it, e t i n Itali am ( 2 7) p erv n it
Ibi L ati n u s rex ci b en i g n e rece p to ( 1 2 8 ) li am Lav i n i am
E n eas u rb em co n didi t, q u am
i n m atrim on iu m d e d it
a
i
n i am a
4
n h o n orem co n u i s
3
L
e llav it
4
i
v
1
0
pp
j g ( )
( )
2

'

P o st

ZEn ae m o rtem , A scan i u s, ZEn ae

li u s,
lo cu m
Hi c S ed em reg ni i n ali u m
reg n u m acc p it
e am
t ran stuli t, u rb e m qu e co n di dit i n m o n te Alh em )
4
u
u s e st
am lo n am n u n cu av it
um
1
u
u
A
lb
B
0
se
t
e
q
g
p
) q
(
S ilvi u s, qui p o st E n eae m o rtem a L av i n i a g en i tu s erat
h
e
o
m
i
u
s p o ste ri
o m n es, u s q u e
d
am con
1
a
K
j
( yg
di tam , Albae ( 45 ) reg n av ru n t
3

R om ulu s S ilvi u s, 8 6
U n u s ( 1 6 2 ) h oru m reg u m
a
o
i
u um
o ve
3
m
j
re m
4
e
at, et,
1
1
5
1
J
8
e
sse
d
c
b
9
9
7
q
( )
( )
)
(
( )
to n aret, m i li tib us ( 5 0) i m p e rav i t, u t cli p e os b asti s ( 6 1 )
i ceb atqu e
d
h
ercuteren t 1
un c so n u m m ulto clari
p
(
ore m e sse ( 1 49) q u am to n i trum
F ulrn in e i ctus et i n
Alb an um lacum p raecip itatus est
4

1 8*

O U T LI NE S O F RO M AN HI S T O RY

2 10

S ilvi u s P ro cos, rex Alb an orum , d u os li os reli quit,

Num itorem ( 95 ) e t Am li um H oru m m in o r wi th
A m uli u s, fratri o p ti on e m d e d i t, u tru m re g n um h ab re
v e lle t
q u ae p ate r reli qu i sset
an b o n a
N u m i to r p atern a b o n a p raetuli t
Am uli u s reg n u m
o b tin ui t
5

rmi ssim p o ssid ret, Nu m ito

ri s f i li u m p e r i n si d i as in t er m i t, e t fi li am fratri s
R h eam S ilvi am , V e stalem v irg in em ( 7 9) f cit Nam h i s
V e stae sace rdotib u s ( 2 43 ) n on li cet vi ro ( 46 ) n ob ere
S e d h ae c a M arte g e m i n os f i li o s, R om ulum e t R em a m ,
e ri t
o
m
u
e
H
c
u
u
m
A
l
i
u
s co m e ri sset
a
m
t
r
m
e
p p
q
p
i n v i n cula co njeci t, p u e ros ( 1 5 0) au tem in T i b e ri m abji ci
4
1
u ssi t
9
(
)j
6

A m uli u s

u t re g n u m

F o rte T ib eri s aq u a ultra ri p am so e u derat et quum

u e ri i n v ad o e sse n t 2 1 1 p o si ti a q ua re u en s e os i n si cco
p
(
)
reli u i t
o
rum
Ad
c
v a i tu m lu p a accu rri t
9
7
q
g
(
cosq u e ub e rib u s 6 1
su i s alu i t
Q
uod
1
1
0
v i de n s F a u s
)
( )
(
t ulu s q ui d am p a sto r illi u s reg i on i s p u e ros su stuli t ( 1
to ll
au ren ti ae n utri e n dos
1
d
e t u x ori Accae L
e d it
7
7
(
)
8 S i c R om u lu s et R em u s p u eri ti am i n ter p a stores tran
7

s g ru n t

Q u um

a do l v i sse n t

et

fo rte

co m

q ui s ( 1 6 0 )

ri s
e
p

i p sorum av us, qu ae m ater fui sset

Am uli um i n terf c run t, et Nu m itori av o
An te
u m u rb e m co n di deru n t i n
T
re n um re sti tu erun t
g
m o n te Av en ti n o, q u am ( 1 04) R om ulu s a su o n om in e
75 3
H ae c quum m o en ib u s ci r
R om am ( 7 9) v o cav it
R em us o cci su s est, dum fratrem i rri den s
cu m daretu r
m o en i a tran si li eb at
sen t,

R om ulu s

atef ci t

u t ci v i um n um e ru m au g ret
ad

qu o d
S ed

a ccu rreru n t

m ulti

ex

as

ci v i tatib u s

n o v ae u rb i s ci v i b u s

sui s

4
7
( )

l
um
y
p ulsi

co n u g es

Ad
de ran t
F e stu m i taqu e Nep tun i et lud os i nstitui t
h os qu u m m u lti ex n i ti m i s p o p uli s cum m uli e ri bu s e t
R om an i , in ter i p sos l dos, sp e c
li b e ri s v en i ssen t
tan t s vi rg i n s rap u ru n t
.

10

P o p uli

illi ,

quorum ( 1 04)

v i rg in es

rap tae

eran t,

O UTLINES O F RO M A N HIS T O RY

212

M orb o

Eg eri ae , co njug i s su ae, ju ssii facere ( 1 49) di ceb at

decessit, qu adrag S M o te rt i o im p e rii an n o

14

Num ae ( 5 0)

su cce ssi t

T ullu s Ho sti li u s

cu u s

in b ello a d ve rsu s S abi n os fo rte m e t str

rae sti te rat
n u um v i ru m
R
e
x
re dtu s b el
c
6 73
9
7
p
( )
lum Alb ii n i s ( 4 7) in di xi t, i dqu e tri g em i n orum , Ho
rati oru m et Cu ri zi ti orum , cert am in e f i ni v i t
Alb am p ro p

Q ua m tri g inta du db us
t er p er di am M oti i S u eti i di rui t
*
an n i s
ulm in e i ctu s cu m de m o su a arsi t
re n asset
f
g
A

so

avu s

'

P o st h un c An cu s M arci u s Num ae ( 3 7) e x
f i li a n e p os su sc p i t i m p eri um
asc
Hi e vi r ae qui tii te
5
i
n os b e llo
4
e t reli g i on e av o
4
S
i
m
ili
L
a
s
t
7
( )
( )
i vi t e t n ov a ci ( 5 0) m o e n i a
do m ui t u rb em am p li z
Ad Tib eri s
Carce rem p ri m u s ae di eav it
ci rcum de di t
15

o sti a

O sti am qu e v o cavi t
V i e e si m o
q uarto an n o ( 5 4) i m p e rii m o rb o ( 6 1 ) o bii t

a rh em

co n di di t,

D ei n de reg n u m L uci u s Tarquin i u s Pri s cu s

i ae Cc
aec p i t, D om aroti li u s, qui tyr an n os p atr
6 16
5
f
u i en s i n Etr ri am v n erat
I
p
rin th i
se Ta r
9
( ) g
quin i n s, qui n om en ab u rb e Tarquin i i s ( 95 ) aee p it, ali
qu an d o R om am ( 2 9) p ro fe ctu s e rat Adv en i e n ti ( 5 1 )
a quil a p i le um ab stuli t, et, p o stquam alto ov o lei v e rat, re
H
i
n c T an aq u il co nj u x , m uli er au uri orum
4
o sui t
3
g
p
( )
p eri ta, reg n um ( 1 5 0) ci p o rten di i n tellexit
A C
.

16

Q u um R om ae ( 45 )

A
ci
n
)

i
s
g
(
fam ili ari tate m co n sequ tu s est, qui ( 1 04) e a m f i li oru m
i
ed i s
1
4

S
0
ill
s 51
3
4
su orum t ut orem reli qui t
(
) p p
( )
( )
en at orib u s, q u os R om ul u s cre av erat,
S
re n um i n te re p it
g
cen tum ali os ( 1 6 2 ) a ddi di t , qui m i n orum g en ti u m sun t
Plura b ell a foli ci ter g essi t, n e c p au cos ag ros,
app ell ati
h o stib u s ( 5 1 ) a dem tos, u rb is ( 3 6 ) t erri tori o adjun xi t
P ri m u s tri um p h an s ( 1 2 8 ) u rb em in travit C loacas fecit ;
C ap itoli um i n ch e swi t Tri c sirn o o ctav o im p erii ann o
5
1
re n um ori p u e rat, o cci
r An ei li os, q ui b u s
4
5
e
( ) g
( )p
17

co m m o rar tur ,

211

sus e st

Th e

ab lati v e case

is

used to

den ote th e ti me w i th i n wh i ch

an e v en t

O UT LI NE S O F RO M AN H IS T O RY

2 13

A e
h un c S erv i u s T ulli u s su sc p i t im p e
5
8
ri um ,
en i tu s e x n obili fem i n a, cap ti v a ( 95 ) tam ea
7
g
a
i
o
i
n
i
i
e
u
u
n
d
m
T
r
r
i
c
a
F
d
u
u
m
i
e
s
e
e t fam u la
Q
q
oe p ro
H
am m a i n oj u s cap i te v i sa
e st
2
1
1

retu r,
)
(
d ig i o ( 6 1 ) T an aq uil ci sum m am dig n itatem p o rt en di
rsu asi t, u t cu m si e u ti
4
4
n te lle xi t, et e o n u i
6
e
1
i
9
j g ( ) p
(
)
li b ero s su os ( 94) educaret
Q u um ado l v i sset, rex
i li am i n m atri ni on i u m d e d it
4
ci
8
f
( )
18

Po st

19

qu il

de

ce n s

uum
su

Pri scu s Tarquin i u s o cei su s esset, ( 2 1 1 ) Tan a

p eri ore p arte d o m us p o p u lum

rg em

u i dem ,

ra ve
g

sed

all o e uta

on ltd le

di

e st,

vu ln u s a cce

i
u
m
n
v
a
l
u
ss
t
d
c
o
e
p
p
( )
S ervi o Tu lli o ( 46 ) o bed i ret
S i c S e rv i u s reg
n e i m p e ri um
m
n i strav i t
1
4
e i t,
i
d
n are
6
co
se
d
b
e
a
p
)
(
Pri m u s o m n i um cen
M o n tes tr s u rb i ( 5 0) adjun xit
s u m o rdi n avi t
S ub e o R om a h ab u i t cap i tum ( 3 5 ) o cto
n ta tri a m illi a ci vi um R om an orum cum i i s
i
ui i n a ri s
g
q
g

i
sse
p

cu m

227

etere,

ut

op u lu s,
.

e ran t

Hi e

i n te rfe etu s e st seelere li ae Tulli ae

A
C
5
e t T ar u in i i S up e rbi , f i li i oj u s re i s 3 7 cu i
9
q
g
( )
( )
S erv i u s su cce sserat
Nam ab ( 1 2 6 ) i p so Tarq ui 5 3 4
uum do m u m
n i o do g ra dib u s C ori ae dejee tu s,
q
li
2
u
r
i
n
er
f
u
s
s
u
l
n
t
T
f
e
e
e
e
t
e
t
f
r
r
a
i
t
o
u
m
9
o
( ) g
p
rav i t e t p ri m a e o n u e m r e m ~( 7 9
al utavi t
e
s
u
u
m
Q
g
p
j g
)
d o m u m re di ret, au ri g am ( 1 5 0) su p er p atri s co rp u s, i n vi a
j acen s ( 1 2 8 ) earp en tum ag ere ( 1 49) juS S i t
20

rex

Tarqu in i us S u p erb u s co g n om en m oribu s m erui t

Bello ( 5 7) tam em stren uu s p l re s fi n itim oru m p o p ulorum
3
5
T
v i cit
e m plu m J o vi s i n C ap i toli o a e di cavi t
P
o
s
( )
t e a, dum Arde am o p p u g n ab at, u rb em Etruri ae
im
e ri um
e rdi dit
N
am
uu
m
i
o
e
j
f
l
i
u
r
o
u
n
s
L
u
i
a
s
c
t
e
bi
p
q
p
li ssi m ae fo rn i n ae , co nju g i Tarqui n ii Co llati n i , v i m foei sset,
h ae c so ( 94) i p sam o e ci dit in co n sp e ct m ari ti , p atri s et
am i corum , p o stquam e os o b testat a fu erat, ut h an e inj u
ri am ul ei see ren tur
21

22

H an e

ob

cau sam

Brutu s, Collati n us,

ali i

ue

O UT LINES O F RO M A N HIS T O RY

2 14

A C
.

in

n o n n ulli

l
o
u
u
e
p

5 10

'

e xi ti um

i
s
g

re

e rsu aseru n t, u t ci

( )
4
o rt as U rb i s
p
7
( )

u
rarun t,
c
j
p

34

e on

clau

p
d e re t Exe re itu s q u o q u e , qui ci v itatem Ardeam
cum r e O
u n ab at
F
i i t i ta u e
cum re li ui t
f
g
pp g
q
g
q
cu m u xore e t li b eri s su i s
Ita R om ae ( 4 5 ) re g n atum
e st
1
e
e
3
an n os
r
u ce n tos q u ad
8
e
p
m
r
4
3
d
s
se
t
e
)
,
p
(
g
( )
.

ra

i n ta

23
si

tres

Hi n e

co n sul es co ep ere

un u s m alu s

e sse t,

224

ro

un o reg e du o

alte r cu m co ercere t

cre ari , u t,

An n u um

i i s i m p e ri um trib utu m e st, n o ( 1 90) p er di uturn i tate m p o

te stati s i n so len ti or s ( 8 4) re ddere n tu r
F u erun t ig itur
an n o 5 4 p ri m o, e x ulsi s r i b u s
1
3
1
co n su i es L
J
u
( )
p
g
(
)
n i u s Brutu s, acerri mu s
i b e rtati s vi n d e x , e t T ar
l
1
7
( )
u i n i u s Co llati n u s, m ari tu s L
a

ll
i
u
r
i
e
d
C
o
n
o
c
t
ae
S
t
q
5
1
au lo p o st d i n i tas sub lata e st
p
l
acu e rat e n i m , n o
P
( )
g
q ui s ( 2 5 6 ) e x Tarqui n i orum fam ili a R om ae ( 45 ) m an ere t
E rg o cum o m n i p atrim on i o su o e x u rb e m i g rav i t, e t i n
oj u s 1 02 lo cum V aleri u s Publi e o la co n sul factu s e st
)
(
.

Co m m ovi t b ellum

24

ri l n a

p ug n a

i n v i ce m

s ese

Brutu s,

co m m

co n sul,

o e ci d run t

vi ctores re ce sserun t

u rb i

(
et

4 7)

Tarqu i n i u s
In
Tarqu i n i i li u s,

r x

Arun s

R om an i

tam e n

ex

ea

pu gn a

Brutum R om an ae m atron a e

q u asi

un e m p atrem p er an n u m lu x run t
ale ri u s Pub
Lu creti um , Lu creti ae p atre m , co llg am 7 9 sibi
S

li e o la p
fe cit ; qu i , qu um m o rb o e xsti n etu s
Pulv ill u m si bi co llg am sum sit Ita
co n sul s h ab ui t

e sset

211

H
o rati um
)
,

p ri m u s an n us q uin q ue

S e cun do q u o q u e an n o ( 5 4) i teru m T arq ui

A C
n i u s b e llum R om an i s
5
i
n tuli t, P o rsen a
0
( )
re e Etru scoru m , au xili um ci fe ren t e
n i llo b ell o
5 08
I
g
H o ratiu s C o cle s solu s p o n te m li g n e um d fen di t et
h o stes e o h i bu i t, d on ee p e n s a terg o rup tu s e sset
T um S e cum arm i s in Ti b erim eo njeeit e t ad s uos tran s
n av i t
25

D um P o rsen a u rb e m o b si db at
Q u M uci n s
S cae v o la, j uv eni s fo rti s an im i
i n castra h o sti s ( 3 6 )
u t r em o cci deret
S e co n tulit, e o co n sili o
g
26

O U T LI NE S

216

OF

RO M A N HIS T O RY

F abi o Co n sul e

pe

h
e st s vi
)
A C
ap u d
Cre m eram uv i um castra
ei ssen t
i
e
4 79
o su run t
e n t s, d o lo asi , e os i n i n si di as
I
b
V
j
p
ll
x
ru n t
ro eli o i b i e x o rto o m n es p eri o
e
e
o
I
n
p
p
run t ; on u s su e rfui t e x t an ta fam i li a,
ui p ro p t e r a eta
p
q
t e rn p u eri le m d ei n on p o tu erat a d p u g n am
Hi e g en u s
re a av i t ad Q u F abi u m
i
m
m
ill
um ,
M
x
H
a
u
u
i
a
nn i
,
p p g
q
b ale m p rud en ti ( 6 8 ) cun ctati on e debili tavit
1
3
3
(

Q uum

se e

30

An n o tre cen tesi m o et altero ab U rb e con di ta

D ecem ri cre ati su n t, qui ( 1 90) ei v i tati log os seri

45 1
b e ren t
Hi p ri m o an n o b en e ag erun t ; se cun
d o au te m do m in ati on e m e xe rc re co e p ru n t
S ed
uum an u s coru m ( 3 5
App
i
u
s C lau d i u s V i r i n i am , V i r
q
g
)
i
n i i Ce n turi on i s f i li am , co rru m
p
at e r
e re v e ll et
g
p
e arn o eci di t
Tum ad m i li tas p ro f g it, e osqu e a d sedi ti o
n em co m m ovi t
S u blata e st de e em vi ri s ( 5 1 ) p o testas,
i p si qu e o m n as au t m o rte au t e xili o p un i ti sun t
.

In b ello co n tra V ejen tan os F ori u s Cam ill u s

u rb em F aleri os 95 o b si db at
1
0
ob
I
n
u
a
3
A C
q
)
( )
(
3 95
di on e quu m l di li te rari i m ag i ster p rin cip u m fi li os
e x u rb e i n castra h o sti um du xi sset , C am illu s h oe
don u m n on acc pit, se d scelestu m h o m in em , m an i b u s
1
3
3
p
o
s
er u m v i n cti s, p u e ri s F ale ri os
2
re d e en
t
t
9
(
)
g
( )
dum ( 1 7 7) tradi di t ; v i rg asqu e i i s d e d i t, q ui bu s p rodi
torem in urb e m ag e ren t
31

32

Hac tan ta

an im i n ob ili tate comm oti

F ali sci

u rb em

C ami llo ( 4 7) au tem ap u d R om a

n os e ri m in i
1
d
atum
2
5
q
8
e st
u o d albi s e q u i s t ri
( )
( )
i v i si sset ; dam
u m p h asse t
e t p rae dam i n i q u a 2 1
d
( )
ul sus
n atu s u e o b e arn cau sam e t ci vi tate 5 9
x
e
q
( ) p
A C e st P aulo p o st G alli S en o n es ad U rb em v en e
ru n t
R om an os ap u d m en Alli am vi c run t et
3 90
R om an i s tradi d ru n t

U rb em eti am o ccup arun t

J am n ihi l p raeter Cap
i toli um d efen d i ( 1 4 6 ) p o tui t
S e d jam p raesi di u m fam e
lab orabat, et i n e o e ran t, u t p acem a G alli s au ro ( 6 2 ) em
u m C amill u s cu m m an m i li tum su e rve
u
e re n t
p
q
ni en s h o stes m ag n o p ro eli o sup eraret
.

O UT LINE S O F RO M AN H IS T O RY
S E CUND U S

LIBE R

A n n o ( 5 4)

trecen tesi m o n on ag esim o altero

o st U rb e m co n di tam G alli i te ru m a d U rb e m a o
1

2 17

q uarto

cess eran t, et

mil li ari o

tran s

An i n em

3 61

C o n tra e os m i ssu s e st T
uv i um co n sede ran t
Q uin eti us Ibi G allu s q ui d am , e x i m i a co rp o ri s m ag n i tii
dine
fo rti ssi m um R om an orum ( 3 5 ) a d certam e n S in
ulare
T
M
an li u s, n ob i li ssi m u s j u v e n i s,
ro
rov o e av i t
g
p
p
5
v o e ati on e m a ce i t, G allum o eci dit, e u m qu e to rq u e
9
p
( )
1
o rn atu s e rat
H
i
n e e t i p se e t
au re o S p o liav i t, quo
6
( )
p o ste ri oj u s To rquati ( 7 9) app ellati sun t G alli fug am
.

'

cap essi verun t

G alli s e x ort o, an n o U r
A C
b i s qu adri n g en tesi m o q u arto, i terum G allus p ro
i
5
n si n i s , e t p rov o
ce ssi t, rob o re a tq u e arm i s
4
3
7
9
g
( )
arm i s de
cav i t un um e x R om an i s, u t secu m
98
( )
T urn 5 % M V aleri us, trib un us m i litum , obtulit ;
ce rn ere t
u um
e t,
rocessi sset arm atu s, co rv u s ei
4
u p ra de x
s
6
q
p
( )
t rum b rach i um sedi t
M e x, co m m i ssa p u g n a, h i e co rv u s
ali s 6 1 e t un g ui b u s G alli o e uloS v e rb e rav i t
t
I
a factum
( )
e st, ut G allu s faci li n e g oti o a V ale ri o 1 2 6
i
n te r cer tur
( )
i
i
n c Co xVi n i n om en acc it
u
h
q
p
2

N o v o b ello ( 1 3 1 )

cu m

'

Po stea R om an i b ellum g esserun t cum S am n i

A C
tib u s ad q u o d L Pap i ri u s C u rso r cu m h o n ore di e
t at6 ri s p ro fectu s e st
Q ui quu m n eg otii cujusdam 3 2 4
raece it Q F ab i o
e au sa R om am 2 9 i v i sse t 2 1
p
p
( )
(
R ul li an o m ag i stro e qui tum q uem ( 1 04) ap u d e x erci ta m
reli qui t n o p u n am cum h o ste co m m i tte re t
S
e
d
g
i lle o ccasi on em n actu s foli ei ssi m e ( 7 7) di m i cav it et S am
*
n i tes del vi t
O b h an c rem a dictatore cap i ti s dam n at u s
At i lle in U rb em co n fu g i t et i n g e n ti fav ore ( 6 1 )
e st
m i li tum e t p o p uli li b eratus est ; i n Pap i ri um au tem tan ta
3

of

Ve rb s de n o tin g
'

th e o ence
19

or

th e p

accuse,

ena lty

co n de m n,

acqui t,

tak e

gen i ti ve

O U T LI NE S O F RO M AN H IS T O RY

13

e xo rt a e st S

editi o , u t

aen e

i p se i n ter e eretu r ( 2 3 7

n o te

D uob u s an n i s p o st T V e til ri us et S p u ri u s P o stu

m i u s Co n sules b ellu m a d v e rsu m S am n i tes g e r ban t
Hi
a P o n ti o Th e le si n o, d u ce h o sti u m , i n in si d i as i n ducti su n t
Nam ad F urculas Cau di n as R oi n i n os p elle xi t i n
A C an g u sti as, u n d e S s ( 2 3 5 ) e xp e di re n on p o te ran t
Ibi Po n ti us p atre m su u m ( 94) He ren n i um ro g i v i t,
32 1
q ui d f aci en d um ( 1 8 0) p utare t
I lle ai t, a ut
o m n s o cei d e n dos ( 1 7 8 ) e sse , u t R om an oru m v i r s fran g e
re n tu r
au t o m n es di m it te n dos, u t b en e ci o o bli g aren
P o n ti us u trum qu e co n sili u m i m p ro bav it, o m n squ e
t ur
S am h i tas den i qu e p o st b ellum u n d a
sub j ug u m m i si t
4
s up e rati su n t
ui n qu ag in ta an n oru m
0
q
( )
4

Taren ti n i s ( 5 0) b el
lum i n di ctu m e st, q u ia l g i ti s ( 4 7 ) R om an oru n i n
A C
i P rrh u m , E p i ri re g e m
ri am fe ci s sen t
H
a
281
y
j
co n tra R om an os a u x ili um 3 O)
o o s c run t IS
p p
(
m e x i n Itali am v n i t, t um qu e p ri m u m Ro m an i cu m tran s
M i ssu s est co n tra e u m co n
m ari n o h o ste p u g n av ru n t
Hi e, quu m e xp lorator s Pyrrh i
su l P V ale ri u s Lae v i n us
u ssi t e os p er cast ra d ci
o st e n di
c i sse t
p
j
o m n e m e xerci tu m , t u m qu e di m i tti , u t re n un ti are n t Pyrrh o
u aecu n qu e a R om an i s 1 2 6 a e re n tu r
q
( ) g
5 D vi cti s S
.

am n i tib u s

P ug n a co m m i ssa

P yrrh u s au xili o eleph antorum

N o x p ro eli o fi n e m de d i t

v i cit

Laevi n u s

ta m e n

er

fh g it
Pyrrh us R om an os m ille o ctin g en tos capit,
5
5
ractav i t
u u m e os,
ui i n
t
c osq u e su m m o h o n ore
Q
q
( )
5
5
ro e li o i nte rfe cti fu e ran t, o m n as a dv e rsi s v uln e i i b u s
( )
p
a c re vid re t, t uli sse
e t tru ci v u lt e ti am m o rt u os ( 1 2 8
) j
a d co elum m an ti s di ci t ur, cu m h ac V oce : E g o cu m tali ba s
v i rZs brevi o rbem terraru m s u bi g erem

n o etem

P o ste a Pyrrh u s R om ain ( 2 9)

f
e rro
p
i g n e qu e v astav it ; Cam p ani am dep o p ulat us e st, atq u e a d
P ra e n e ste v oni t m illi ari o ( 6 3 ) ab U rb e o ctav o d e ci m o
ui cum co n sule se u ob atu r, i n
M e x terrore e x e rcit as
q
q
7

e rre xi t

o m n ia

O UTLI N ES

2 20

O F RO M AN HIST O RY

Carth ag in i en ses vi cit, tri g in ta n av os o ccup avi t, q u atuo r

de ci m m e rsit, se p te m m illin h o sti um ( 3 5 ) cep i t, tri a m i lli a
o e ci dit
N ulla V i ctoria R om an i s g rati o r fui t D uillio
co n ce ss um e s t
u t, qu um a e o e n a re di ret
u eri
p
l n ali a g estau tes e t ti bi ce n cu m e o m i tare n tur
.

Pauci s an n i s i n terje cti s ( 1 3 1 )

b ellum i n Afri
A C cam t ran slatu m e st H am ilcar, Carth ag i n i en si um
d ux, p ug n a ( 6 1 ) n av ali su p eratur ; n am , p e rditi s
2 56
so re ce i t ; R o
s e xag i n ta q u atu o r n avib u s
p
Q a u m in Afri cam vn i s
m an i v i g in ti d u as am i serun t
se n t, Po e n o s i n pl orib u s p ro eli i s vi cerun t, m ag h am v i m
h o m i n u m cep erun t, sep tu ag in ta q uatu o r ci v i tates i n dem
T um v i eti Ca i th ag i n i e n S ES p ace m a R om ani s
a ccep erun t
1
l
e
l
e ti eru n t
Q
u am
1
u
u
m
M
A
i
i
u
R
u
u
s,
0
t
s
g
p
(
) q
R om an orum dux, d are ( 2 5 ) n ollet ( 2 3 4) n i si duri ssi m i s
5
arth a i n i e n ses a u x i li um
i
e
6
C
e
t
ru n t a
co n di ti dn ib u s
g
p
( )
Lace da em o n ii s Hi X an th ip p uni m i serun t, qui R om an um
ro eli o v i ci t
e
R
ul u s i p se cap t us e t i n
e xe rci tum m ag n o
p
g
v i n cul a co nje ctu s e st
11

'

12

Non

fa v i t

tum en

ub i

q ue fo rti ma

i
t
r
l
i
q
u
o
o
s v i e ti
e
Q
p
ro ci se eretu r
ut R om am
2
9
( )p
u um ali

v eru n t

Carth ag in i en sib u s ( 46 )
e ss en t, R eg ulum re g a
,

p acem

et

ca

p ti v o

an i s o bti n eret
o
m
I
l
l
uu m
R
e
q
p
R om ai n v en i sset, i n duetu s i n se n atum , d i x it, s t ( 1 5 1 de
s li e c ( 2 2 7) R om an u m ( 7 9) esse ea: i lla d i e, qu a ( 5 4) i n
T
um R om an i s su a
o tes tatem Po en o ru m ven i sset
p
illes
sit, n e p ace m cum Ca rth ag i n i e n si b u s face ren t
e n i m , t o t casi b u s frac t s, S
em n a ll am n i si i n p ace h ab ere
p
tan ti ( 2 4 9) n on e sse
u t t o t m i llis cap ti v o
ru m

ue

e rm utati on em

ro p ter
p
( )

ru m

35

p ti

ca

Se

un um

et

au cos,

ui

ex

H ae c sen ten ti a o bti n uit

Afri cam erodeli ssim i s supp li cii s ex

re dde re n tur.

essen t

R e g re ssus ig i tur in
stin e tus est

R om an i s
.

13

2 42

Co ss

T an dem C Lutatio C atulo A Po stum i o

.

b elli
n u m p ro eli um n av ale
b acum , p rom o n tori um
.

an n o

P n i ci

i m o t erti o, m ag
co m m i ssu m e st co n tra L i ly
ro eli o
5
i
e ili ae
I
n eo
S
9
p
( )
vi ces

O U TLI N ES O F RO M A N H IS T O RY

221

se

p tu ag in ta

tres Carth ag in i en si u m

n av os ca

t
a
e
,
p

q ui n q ue

cen tum

dm e rsae , tri g in ta du o m illi a h o sti um

S tati m Carth ag i n i
cap ta, tre de ci m m i lli a o cci sa su n t
a
rib ta e st
ci sq u e
x
cu ses p acem
cti eru n t
t
a
C
p
p
p
ui t e n eb an tur a Carth ag i n i en si b u s
ti v i R om an oru m
q
re dd i ti su n t
Po eni S i cili a
S ard in i a et cete ri s
i n su li s, q u ae i n ter Italiam Afri cam qu e j acen t, dee e ssoru n t,
o m n em u e Hi s an i am , q u a e ei tra Iberum e st, R om an i s
q
p
4
e rm i serun t
6
( )p
vi

i
n ti
g

LIBER

T E R TIU S

An n o q u in g en t si m o duo detri cesim o i n g en tes

A C
G allorum cop i ae A lp es tran si erun t
S ed p ro R o
1

m an i s tota I tali a co n sen sit : traditum qu e est, o cti n

225
e n ta m i lli a h o m i n u m a d i d b ellu m p arata
1
3
5
g
)
(
fui sse
R es p ro sp e re g e sta e st ap u d Cl osi um : qu ad ra
n ta m illi s h o m i n um i n te rfe cta su n t
A
q
i
l
i
u o t an ni s 5 4)
g
(
p o st p ug n atu m e st ( 1 3 9) co n tra G allos i n ag ro In sub ru m ,
f i n i tu m qu e e st b e llu m M C lau d i o M arcello, Cu C o rn eli o
S ci p i on e Co n sulib u s
T um M arcellu s rog e m G allo
ru m , V i ri do m aru m , m an o 6 1 ) su a o e ci di t, e t tri unip h an s
(
1
2
8
sp o li a G alli , sti p i ti ( 5 0 i m p o si t a, h um e ri s sui s
)
)
(
v e xi t
.

b ell um ren o v atum e st p er Han

n ib alem , Carth ag i n i e n si u m du cem , q u e m p ate r H a m ilcar,
o
5
4
n atum , ari s
d
m
3
0
v erat, u t o d i u m
a
n o v e m an u os
)
( )
H
i
e an n u m ag e n s
e rcn n e i n R om an os jarare t
p
V i cesi m um ae tati s, S ag un tum , Hi sp an i ac ci v iti t e m , R o
m an i s ( 4 6 ) am i cam , o pp ug n are ( 1 4 6 ) ag g re ssu s e st
H ui e ( 4 8 ) R om an i p e r leg S tOS den u n ti av o A C
r u n t, u t b e llo ab sti n ere t
Q ui ( 1 1 0) quu m 2 1 8
R om an i Carth ag i
leg at os adm i tte re n olle t
i serun t, u t m an daretu r
3
m
1
H
an n i b ali , n e
2
9
n em
9
)
(
( )
D ara
b ellu m co n t ra so ci os p o p uli R om an i g e re re t
S ag u n ti n i s i n te i e a
re s p o n sa a Ca rth ag i n i e n sib u s re dd i ta
R om an i Carth ag in i en sib u s ( 4 7 b ellum
f am e v i cti s
i n di xerun t
2

Paulo p o st P an i cum

1 9*

O UT LINE S O F RO M A N H IS T O RY

222

H an n ibal, fratre Hasdrub ale in H i sp ani a reli cto

Pyren ae u m e t Alli es tran sii t T ra di tu r i n Italiam
3

o ct o

n t a m i lli n
i
e t v i g i n ti m illi s e uit u m , se
i
d
um
e
t
q
g
p
p
In te re a m ulti
t o m e t tri g in ta e le p h an t os a ddu xi s se
L ig u res e t G a lli Han n i bali ( 5 0) se co njun xerun t
P ri m u s
ci o ccu rrit P C o rn eli u s S ci p i o , qui , p ro eli o a d T i ci n um
i n e as
co m m i s se, s u p e ratu s e st, e t, v uln e re acce p te
T um S e m p ron i u s G racch u s co n i xit ad T re
t ra re di it
Is q u o q u e vi n ci tu r
M ulti p o p uli s
b i am am u e m
Han n ibali dedideru n t I n d e i n Tu sciam p rog ressu s ( 2 1 3 )
F lam in i u m Co s ad T rasi m on u m lacu m su p e rat
I p se F lami n i us i n tere m tus, R om an orum v i g in ti q ui n q ue
m illia caesa sun t
.

'

'

Q uin g en t sim o et tri cesim o sep ti m o an n i p o st

A C U rb e m co n ditam L E m ili u s Pa ullus e t P T e re n
2 16
ti n s V a rro co n tra Han n i bale m m i ttun tu r
Q uam q u am i ntellectum e rat Han n ib alem n on a i
q uam m o ra Va rro tam en m o ra e
t er v i n ci p o ss e
a p u d v i ca m
i
m
ati en s
i
an n ae a
a
p
C
3
4
u
e
ll
r
i
n
t
u
)
(
q
pp
Ap uli i p ug n i v it ; am b o co n sules v i eti P a ullus in te re m tu s
4

In

i
n ti , se n i
g
i
li tu m ( 3 5 ) quadrag in t ]
m
t ores
;
In h i s
m i lli a ; e qui tum tri a m illi n e t quin g e n ti p crieru n t
t an ti s m ali s ( 9 7) n om o t am en p aci s m en ti on e m facere di g
S e rv i , q u o d n u m quam an te factum
n atu s e st
m an om i ssi et m i li tes ( 7 9) facti su n t

p ug n a co n su lares
t ri g i n ta cap ti a ut o cci si

e st

ea

an t

i
r
t
o
r
i
a
e
p

vi

P o st e arn p ug n am
m an i s ( 4 6 ) p aru e ran t
5

H an n ib al R oni i n i s
n s u m u e e st
o
p
q

re s

n e ce ss ari os,

m ultae Itali ae ci v i tates, q u ae R o

se ad Han n i b ale m t ran stul ru n t
,
o b tulit u t ca ti v os re di m e re n t
p

139

a S en at o,

ui arm ati ca i
q

o t ui sse n t

1
5
0
)
(

n on e s

Hos

o m n es

l
i
ci i s i n t e rfecit, e t t res m e di os a u re
p
oru m an n uloru m Ca rt h ag i n em ( 2 9) m i s it, q u os m an ib u s
s en at oru m ,
e
5
e ui tum R om an oru m ,
e t m i li t u m
d
9
( ) q
In te re a i n H i sp an i a frate r IIan n ib ali s, Hasd ru
t rax e rat
b al, qui i bi re m an se rat ch m m ag n o e xe rci t a, a du Ob u s
e rdi t u c i n p u n a t ri i n tz
S ci p i on ib u s v i n ci tu r
i
p
q
g
g
q ui n que m illi a h o mi n um

i lle

p o ste a v arii s

e os ci v es

sup

O UT LINES

2 24

i as i n ci dit,

et

stren u e

a utem ci vi tates,

R om

ni s S

or

RO M AN HIS T O RY

u g n an s

e st

o cei su s

Pluri m ae

q uae in Bruttii s ab Han ni b ale ten eb an tur

e tradi derun t

An n o d eci m o q u arto p o stqu am i n Itali am

H an n ib al v en erat S ci p i o co n sul cre L
i t u s e t i n Afri
10

A C
.

m i ssu s e st
Ibi co n tra Han n on em , duce m
Ca rth ag in i en si um , p ro sp e re p ug n at ( 1 3 7) totu m qu e
eju s e xe rci tu m d ele t
S ecu n d o p ro eli o u n de ci m m il li a
h o m in um o e ci di t, e t castra cep i t cum q u atu or m illib u s e t
u in en ti s m i li ti b u s
a
e
m
h
N
u
i
i
r
m
S
e
e
m
d
u
i
ae
e
,
,
q
g
yp
q
g
S e 94 cu m P o e n i s co n u n x e rat, cep i t, e u m u e cu m n obi
j
( )
q
li ssi mi s
u m idi s et i n f i n i ti s S
i
o li i s R om ai n
m
si t
2
9
p
( )
Q ua ( 1 1 0) re au d i ta, o m n i s fe re I tali a Han n ib ale m
A C dese ri t I p se a Carth ag ini e n sibu s i n Afri cam re
2 03
d i re jub etu r Ita an n o ( 5 4) d eci m o se xto I talia
ab Han n ib al e li b e rata e st
2 05

ca m

P o st

i
h
p

p u g n as et p acem
p u g n a a d Z a m am

*
s

l
s
m
e
e
l
p
A C fru stra ten tatam ,
co m m i tti tu r,
i n qu a p e ri ti ssim i d u e s cop i as su as ad b ellum
2 02
ed ceb an t
S ci p i o v i cto r re cedi t
H an ni bal
P o st h oe p ro eli u m p ax cum
cu m p au ci s e qui ti b u s ev adi t
S ci p i o , qu u m R om am rc
Carth ag i n i en si bu s facta e st
in g en ti g lori a ( 5 5 ) t ri um p h an t , atq u e Afri
di i sset
S i c f i n e m accep i t se cun d u m P on i
can n s ap p ellatu s e st
cum
b ellum p o st an n um duo dev i cesim um q u am co e
11

res

erat

f
LIBE R Q U AR T U S

A C
1 97

F i ni to Pon i co b ello

Ph i li p p u m

se qu tu m e st

M ace

u e ratu s e st
S
p
g
rex a T Q ui n cti o F li m i n i o a p u d Cyn o sce p h alas,
a
u e ci d ata e st hi s lo ib us
1
3
3
x
n G ra ec i a e
g
)
p
q
(
ra
n
t
n
e
d
e
ei v i tati bu s, g u as R am an i co n tra cu m de
f
.

do n i cum

co n tra

em

re

Afte r th e co m p ara ti ve adve rb s, p lus, m o re , a mp li as m o re , m i

th a n ,
m ay be e i th er i n serte d o r o m i tte d
less, th e w o rd qua m,
n us ,
i
an no duodevtcs i nto p ostqua m coep erat
f

O UT LINE S O F RO M A N H IST O RY

225

bellu m i nf erret ( 2 3 6 )

u t cap

ti vos,

et tra n s

ug as redderet

m
nis
R
a
a
g
cla ret 2 5
m
i
l
l
e ta len ta p ra es taret, et o bs i dem da ret f l l
( )
T Q ui n cti us e ti am Lace daem o n ii s i n
i m n D Em Etri u m
t ulit b ellu m , e t duce m corum N a bi n v i ci t
n in

u
l
u
m
o
d
i
n
t
a
s
g
g

h a beret

n av es

reli qu i i s
-

F i n i to b ello M ace d o n i co sequ atum

e st

b ellum

S yri acum co n tra An ti och u m reg e m , cum qu o ( 98 ) A C

1 91
H an n ibal S e ju n xe rat
M i ssu s e st co n tra e um L
C o rn eli us S ci p io Co s , cui frater ejus S ci p i o Afri ca
n us le atu s
H
e st a d ditu s
an n i b al n avali p ro eli o
9
7
g
( )
v i ctus, A n ti o ch u s a u te m ad M a n esi a m , A si ne ei v i tate m ,
g
a C o rn eli o S ci p i on e Co s i n g en ti p roeli o fasu s e st
Tum
x A n ti o ch u s p acem p eti t
D ata e st ci h ae leg e
u t ea: E u ro
t
s i a recederet, a tqu e i n tra Ta u
a
e
A
p
r u m 9 e co n ti n ere t, decem m i ll i a ta len toru m
3
5
t
n ti
i
v
i
e
g
( )
co n ci torem belli dederet
o bs i d es
r
b
II
n
n
i
l
m
r
t
a
e
e
a
b
a
e
e
,
,
p
S ci p io R em am ( 2 9) re dii t e t i n g e n ti g lori a ( 5 5 ) tri um p h a
Vi t
N om en et i p se ad i m i tati on em fratri s (3 4) A si ati ci
a cce i t
p
.

Philip p o

re

M ae e do n i ae , m o rtu o, f i li us ejus Per

g
ux R o
seu s reb ellay i t, i n e n tib u s c6 i i s
arati s
D
g
p
p
m an orum , P L i ci n i us C o n su l, co n tra cum m i ssu s, g rav i
ro eli o a re e v i ctu s e st
e
s m en p acem
e
b
a
R
x
t
t

t
p
g
p
Cui ( 1 1 0) R om an i e arn p rae stare n olu orun t, n i si h i s con
a
n i s dede ret
5
di ti on ib us
u t S e e t su os
2
3
o
m
R
)
(
M e x E m ili us P aullus Co s reg em ad Pydn am sup e
i
rav i t, e t v i i n ti m i lli a
di
u m oj u s
3
i
e
t
6
o
e
d
t
c
g
p
( )
Equi tatu s cum reg e fug it
U rb es M aee do n i ae c m
n es, q u as rex t e n u e ra t, R om an i s S e dedideru n t
1 68
I p se P e rse u s ab am i ci s dese rtus i n Paulli p o te sta
Hi e, m ulti s eti am alii s reb u s g esti s, cum i n
t em v en i t
e n ti
o m p a R Om am
i
i
i
n n av e Pe rsei , i n si tata e
p
r
e
d
t
g
m ag n i tudin i s
n am sedeci m ram orum ord i n es h ab
u i sse di e i tu r
Tri um p h av i t m ag n i ce n ti ssim e ( 7 3 ) i n
cu rr a u re o, du ob u s f i li i s
3
ad
1
3
3
u troqu e late re
6
)
( )
(
stan ti b u s
A n te e u rru m i n ter cap ti v os du o reg is fi lii e t
i p se P e rse u s du eti su n t
.

Terti um dein de b ell um

co n tra

Carth ag in em

su scep

O UT LINES O F RO M AN H IS T O R Y

226

tum

e st, s e
uin

an n o

q
b e llum

x cen t si m o q u arto an n o ab u rb e co n d ita

ui

esi rn o a lte ro,

g

i c um

t ran sact um

o st

ua m

s ecun du i n

L
M an li u s
C e n sori n u s et M M an li us C o ss i n Africam traje
cerun t et o
u n av e ru n t Ca rth a i n e m
M
u
l
a i bi p ra e
t
g
pp g
clare
e sta s u n t p e r S ci pi ii n e m , S ci i on i s Afri cam mcp o
p
g
H aj n s ap ud o m n es
te m , qui tri b n u s i n A fri ca m i li tabat
i n g e n s m e t us e t re v e re n ti s e rat, n e q u e quidqu am ( 2 6 3 )
m ag i s Carth ag in i e n si u m duc s v i ti b an t, q ua m co n tra cum
ro e li u m co m m i tte rs
p
1 49

e rat

Q ua m jam

m ag n um e sset S ci p i o n i s n om en , te rt i o
an n o p o st qu am R em an i i n Afri cam t rj ce ran t, C o n sul
e st cre at u s e t co n t ra Ca rth a i n e m m i ssu s
s h an e
I
g
a e i vi b us ace rri m e ( 7 1 ) d efe n sam , cep i t ac
u rb em
A C
di rui t In g e n s i bi p rae da fae t a p l ori m aqu e i n v en ta
1 46
s un t , q u ae m u ltaru m ci v i tfrtu m e xci dii s ( 6 1
ar
C
)
Hae e o m n ia S ci p i o ei vi tati b us I t alias ,
th ag o co lleg e rat
S i ci li a e, Afri cae re ddidi t, q u ae su a ( 2 3 5 ) re co g n o scebau t
Ita Ca rth ag e , se p ti n g e n t si m o an n o p o stqu a m co n d i ta
S ci p i o n om e n Afri cam J l O l l S a ccep i t
e rat, d eleta e st
5

I n te ri m i n M ace d o n i a q u i d am Pse u do p h ili pp us arm a

m ov it, e t P J u v e n ci u m , R om an orum du ce m , ad i n tern e
P o st cu m Q Cae cili us M e tellu s du x a R o
ci on e m vi ci t
m an i s co n tra Pse u dO p h i li p p u m m i ssu s e st , e t, v i g in ti
q uin q u e m illi b us e x m i li ti bu s ejus ( 3 6 ) o cei si s
M ace do n i am re c p it : i p sum e ti am Pse u dO p h i li p p u m i n
p o testate m su am re deg it Co ri n th ii s q uo q ue b ell um i n
d i ctu m e st, n obili ssim ae G ra e ciae ei vi t ati
p ro p
H an c
t e r i nj ri am R om an i s leg ati s ( 5 0) illatam
A C
T r s i g i tu r R
M um m i u s co n sul cepi t ac d i ra i t
1 46
m ae ( 45 ) si m ul celeb erri m i t ri um p h i fuerun t ; S ei p
i on i s e x A fri ca, an te cju s cu rra m d u ctu s est An dri scu s,
e x C o ri n th o,
ui e t Ps e u dO p hili p p u s di ci tur ; M u m m i i
q
an t e q u em S i g ma a en e a e t p i e t a s tab ula e e t ali a u rb i s cla
sim s e o rn am eu ta p raelat a su n t
6

'

7 A n n o se x ce n t si m o s ex to p o st U rb em co n d i
t am V i ri ath u s i n L usi tan i a b ellu m co n tra R om an os
Past o r p ri m o fui t, m cx latron um dux ;
e xci tav it
.

1 47

'

O U T LI N ES

2 28

bem
lum

o ccu p ren t

c o ntr a

OF

Erg o

Ci m b ros

et

M ar i u s

T e u to n b s

tertius

rotra cto

R OM AN HI S T O R Y

ei

et

c t e atus e i g ne bel
d ecr e tum est ; b elloqu e

Co s

co n su lt u s

d lt us
mill i n h o s

u
u
a
n
s
q

est I n du ob u s p ro elii s cu m Cim b ri s d ucent a

tium ( 3 5 ) oe ci di t o ct ogi n ta m illi a c e pit e oru m qu e r e gem
Th eu t o b o ch u m ; pr o pter q u o d meritum ab se n s q uint o
C o nsu l ( 7 9) cre tu s est In tere a C imbri et T ent o n i q uo
i n Itali am tr ansi e
r u m c o pi a a dh uc i n n i ta er at
I terum a C M a ri o et Q u C atul o co n
A C
runt
C en
1 01
tri eos di m i catu m est ( 1 3 9) a d V eron am
tum e t quadr g in t m i lli n au t i n p u gn a aut in fug a
c a es a sunt ; se xg i n t z mill i s c apt a Tria et tri g in t C im
br i s ( 5 1 ) sign a sublata sunt
.

'

'

S excent s i m o sexg sim f) tert io ann o ab Urb e

x in
Itali g ravi ssi m um b ell um e xarsi t
co n di te
2

Nam

M arsi Pelig n i qu e qui m ultos nu

4
3
p
o pulo
R
o
m
a
n
o
4
6

i
ran t
n Os
o
b
d
e
n
e ua
q
( )
( )
Pe rn i ci osu m
cu m il l i s j ra s i bi d ari ( 1 4 9) p o stulb an t
P R uti li us Co s in e6 o cei sus
a dm o dum h oe b ell um fuit
est ; p lur s e xercitus fu si fug ati qu e Tan d em L C o rn e
li us S ulla cum ali a e gregie ges it tum Clu en ti um h o sti um
Per biennium cum g ravi
ducem cum m ag n i s cb p ii s fu di t
i te h oc bellum tractu m est
u tr i us q ue p art i s calami t
Te r
tio dem u m anno L C o rne lius S u a ei imp o s ui t fi nem
R om an i tam en} i d q u o d prius n eg v eran t j u s ci vi tti s
s o cii s tri bu ru n t
b ell n i to
90

Pl cen tes

An n o Urbis con di tae sexcen t sIm o sex g esi

111 6 q uinto pr i mum R om a e ( 4 9) bellum c i v i l e ex o r
A C
tum est ; e odem anno eti am M ith ri dti cu m Ca u
88
M arius d e di t Nam q a um S ul
sam bello c i v i l i C
lae bell um a d versus M ith ri d tem r e gem P o nti d ecretum
esset
M arius OT ( 5 1 ) h un c h o no rem ri p e re con tu s
est
S e d S ull a qui adh uc cu m Ie g i n i bus sui s in
a
r
r
a
i
e
x
e
c
i
f
i
2
et ad
am

cum
t
R
m
venit
9
b
li
u
t
o
m
a
r
t
)
I
(
T um rebus R o
v e i s ri OS cu m i n te rf ci t tum fug v it
m ae ( 4 9) u tcu m qu e co m p o siti s in A si am p ro fectu s est
l
rib u s u e ro elii s M ith ri d tem co g it u t p acem 21 R 6
q p
p
3

'

O U T LI N E S

OF

R OM AN H I S T O R Y

229

m an i s p eteret, et Asi a, q u am ( 1 O4) i n v serat,

s ui fi n i bu s 6 1 ) co n te n tus esset
(
'

regni

reli cta,

d um 8 11113 in G ra eci a e t As i a M i th ri datem v i n

cit M arius q ui fug fztu s fu erat e t C o rnelius C inn a {mus ex
co n su li bu s bellu m in l tali i re arar un t ct ingress i R om ani
p
n ob ili ssi m os ex sen at u e t c o nsul are s vi ros i n te rf ceru n t ;
m ultos p ro scrip serun t ; i p si u s S a ll ae d o mo v e rsa
un iv ers us reli
f i lios e t ux orem ad fug um co m p uleru n t
q u a s sen atus ex Urbe fug i en s ad S ull am in G ra eci am v e
n i t orans u t p at ri ae
5
S
ull
a i n I t al
0
su b v e ni re t
( )
i am trajeci t h o sti u m e xe rcitus vi ci t m o x eti am U rb e m
i n g ressu s est q u am cae de ( 6 1 ) et s anguine ci v i um rep le
vit Q uittuo r m illi a ( 1 5 0) i n e rm ium qui s e ddide ran t
i n te r ci ( 2 3 7) ju ssi t ; d u o milli n e qui tu m e t se n atorum
u o h a ec
ro scri si t
T
um
d
e
M
it
h
ri d ate tri u m h av i t
D
p
p
p
bell a fan esti ssi m a Ita li cu m q u o d et so ci czle d ictum est
e t ci vl le co n s u m s ru n t ultr a centum e t
u i n u a i n t ft mil
q
q g
lia h o m i n um vir s c o nsul ar e s v i g i n ti q u atu o r p ra e t ri s
septem aedi li ci b s sexag in ta sen ator s fe r ducen t s
4

Sed

'

LIBE R

S EX T U S

Ann a Urb i s co n ditae sexcent s i mo sep tu a g s

i mo n ano L icinio L u cullo e t M A urelio C o tt a A C
C o ss m o rtuus est Ni co m d s r x Bi th yn i ae e t 74
test ament ?) p o li u lum R om anum fec i t h erede m
M it h ri d at s p ace rupt a A si am rursu s v o luit invad ere
Ad v ersus e um ambo Co n sul s missi v ari am h ab uere fo r
t u n am C o tt a apu d Ch alc do n e m victus p ro eli a a rege
eti am int ra o ppi d um o b sessu s est S e d qu um s e in d e
M it h ri d ates Cyz i cum ( 2 9) tran stuli sset
u t h ac u rb e
c apt i tot um A si am i n vade re t L u cull us ei alter c o nsul o c
a c d um M it h ri d at s i n o bsi d ione C z i ci co m
cu rri t
y
m o r atur i pse e um a tergo o b s dit fam equ e co n su m tu m
multi s p ro e lii s v i ci t Po str e mo B yzanti um
e u m fu
g avit ; n av al i q u o que p ro eli a ejus d uces o p p re ssit Ita
un h i e m e ct a e state a Lfi cullo centu m fo re mi lli a m i li tu m
reg i s e xsti n cta sunt
1

'

20

O U T LIN E S

2 30

R OM AN HI S T O R Y

OF

An n e Urbis sexcent simo o ctog simo n o vum

A C
i n Itali li bellum co m m tum est
S eptu agint a enim
n i tn o r
o
1
S
p
l
adi L
r s d u cib u s
3
3
art a co Cri xo
73
t
q
g
(
)
ct ( E n o m ao I nd e gl a d i at o rio
ui Ca p u a e
q
er at e ug ern n t e t per Itaii n n v ag an tl s p a e n e n on lev i n s
bellum q u a m Hannib al m ov run t Nam co n trax run t
e xe rci t u m fcr se x a i n t a mil lium
3
rm at oru m
8
a
g
( )
m ultosqn e d uces e t d uos R o m anos co n sul s v i cernn t
Ips i vieti sunt i n A p u li a a M L i cinio C r a sso ( 1 2 6 )
co n s ule
p o st mult as cala m i tat s Itali ae tert i o anno
et
5
4
i c be ll o f i nis est i m o si t us
h
u
( )
p
2

'

bell um M ith ri daticum perse

u ut n s, regnum M i th ri dat i s i n v asi t, i su m u e regem a pu d
q
p
q
G ah i ra ci xitate m q uo ingentes copi as ex o mn i regno ad
d uxe rat M i th ridt s, ingent i p ro e li o su p eratu m fug i wi t, e t
c astr a eju s di ri p ui t A rmeni a q u o q ue min o r, q u am tene
b at, e i d em ( 5 1 ) re p ta est
S u sce p tn s est M i t h ri dznt s a
T ig rj n e , Arm en i ae rege , qu i tum ingenti glo ri a ( 5 5 ) i m
e rab at ; se d h us q u o q u e regnum L u cullus est i n re ss u s
p
j
g
Tig ran o ce rta, n obi li ssi m am Arm en iae ci v itl te m ,
cepit ; ipsum regem , cum m agno e xe rci t v en i en tcm , i ta
Sed
V i ci t, u t robur m i lit a m Arm e n i oru m d l re t
suc
u u m L u cull us f i n e m bell a im ponere
araret
q
p
3

I nter i m

L L u cull us
.

'

'

cess o r

ci

missus est

Per ill a temp o r a pi rata e o mn i a m ar i a i n fe stab an t ita

u t R om an i s toto o rbe ( 6 3 ) t e rrarum vi ctori b u s s o la n av i
a
i
a n on esset
o
t
u
t
u
re i d bellum Cu P o mpe
i
t
Q
g
e
o
d

menses
cr tu m est q u o d int ra
a
u
c
s
i
redi
n
c
j
p
A C
bili f li ci tte ( 5 5 ) e t celeri tate co n fECit No x ei
66
delatu m b ellum c o ntr a regem M i th ri date m et T ig
r auem Q u o ( 1 1 0) su scep t o M ith ri dtem i n A r
m eni a minore n o cturno p ro eli i) v i ci t c astr a di rip n it ct
3
n ta m illi b u s e us
o cci si s v i i n ti t antum d
i
6
u adri
j ( )
g
g
q
M ith ri dt s
e xe rci t u suo p e rdidit e t du b s ce n t u ri on s
fag i t cum l ore e t du ob us co m iti b u s n e q ue m ulto p o st
Ph arn aci s f i lii sui sediti on e co actu s v enenum h an si t
fi nem h abuit M it h ri d at s vir i n g e n t i s in
Hun c vi t a e
4

O U TLI NE S

2 32

OF

R OM AN H I S T O RY

n omen q u id em R om an orum c o gnitum er at ; G erm an s

m g en ti b u s pr o e
q u o q ue tr an s R h n um ag g ressu s

li i s

v i cit

C irc a e ad em te m p o r a M L ic i nius C rassus c o nt ra

Parth os miss u s est Et qn um ci rc a C arr as c o ntr a o m in a
e t a uspici a p ro eli u m co m m i si sse t a S uren a O rodi s
regis d uce victus et interfect a s est cum fi li o Cl aris
A C
sim o e t p rae stan ti ssi m o ju v en e R eli q ui ae e xer
53
ci t us per C Cas si um qu ae storem se rv at ae sunt
8

Hi n c jam bellum c i vi l e successi f q uo ( 6 1 )

,

R am am nominis fo rti ma m ut at a est C a es ar enim

vict o r G alli a re di en s ab se n s co ep it p o sce re al te
49
rum co n sulzi tu m ; q uem ( 1 1 0) qu um ali qui ( 2 6 2 )
sin e dub i tation e d ferrent co n tradi ctum est ( 1 3 9) a P o mp
ej o et ali i s ju ssu squ e est di m i ssi s e xe rci tibu s in U rb em
re d i re Pr o pter h an c inj u ri am ab Arim in o ubi m i lites co n
a
]
re atos h a b eb at infest o e xerci tii
5
5
R
om
n
2
o
n
9
c
g g
( )
( )
ten d it Co n sul s cum Po m p jo sen atu squ e o m n i s at q ue
univers a n obi lit as ex urbe l g i t e t in G ra e ci am tra n sii t ;
d um sen at us bellum c o ntr a Cae sare m p arabat h ic
et
v acu a m urb e m in g re ssu s di ctat ore m s fecit
C

Hi sp an i as petit

P o mpej i l egione s
s u per avit ; tu m in G raeci a ad versum Po m p jum ipsum di
Pri mo p ro eli o victus est et fug at u s ; e v asi t ta
m i cav i t
m e n q ui a n o cte inter v eni ente Po m p ju s se qui n olui t ;
di xitqu e C a es ar n ec Po m p ju m ( 1 5 0) sc i re vincere
5
4
ui sse
2
4
su e rari
e t i 116 t a ntu m d ie
s
o
t
7
( )
p
) p
(
D e i n de in T h e s ali a a pu d Ph arsalum i n g en tib u s
A C
10

In d e

ibi qu e

i
i
un
co m m i ssi s di m i cav ru n t
N
s
p
q u am adh ii c R em an ae cep i ae m aj or s , n e q ue melio
Pug n atu m est ( 1 3 8 )
rib u s d u cib u s ( 1 3 3 ) co n v n eran t
i ngenti co n ten ti n e ( 5 5 ) vi ctu squ e ad p o str m um Po mp e
j us et c astra eju s di re p ta sunt I pse fug tu s Ale xan dri am
p etit , ut a rege E g ypt i , cui t u t o r a sen atil datu s fu erat,
l
i i c fo rt i mam m agis , q u a m
A
t
1
a uxili a
96
a cci p e re t
)
(
s e cil tn s, o e ci di t Po m e mn , c aput eju s e t
am i ci ti a m
p j
a
a
u
c
nsp
ecto
C
es
r
o
o
an n ulum Cae sa ri m i sit
Q
,

48

u t ri m qu e

co

O U T LI N E S

OF

lacrym as fu di sse di ci tur,

q u o n d am

sui

R OM AN HI S T O R Y

233

t anti v iri

i n tu en s

c aput

generi

et

e
i
n i sset 2 1 4 C aes a r Pto
n
r
m
um
d
l
a
v
d
a
A
e
a
x
Q
)
(
le m aeu s ei insi d i as p arzi re v o l a it qu a d c aus a r gi bel
l um illatum est
R ex v i ctus i n N116 e rii t i n v e n tum qu e
est c o rpus eju s cum lOri cZL aure a C
a es ar
A lex an d ri a
ro
T
um
in
d
e
o ti tu s regnum Cle o atrae d e d it
p
p
p
fe ot a s Po m p jan arum p arti a m reli q ui as est p e rsequ utu s
b elli squ e ci vi li bu s t t t e rrarum o rbe ( 6 3 ) co m p o si ti s
R em ai n re di it Ubi qu a m i n so len ti u s ( 8 4) agere
n uratum est
n e a rn a sexa i n ta v e l
co e i sset
c
1
3
i
9
o
g
p
j
( )
i t rib u s e qu i ti b usqu e R om an i s
Prae ci p ui
ampli a s se n
fuera n t i nter c o nj uratos B r ut i d u o ex genere i lli u s B r u t i
i
a
pr
mus
R
m
c
ui r g i bu s ex u lsi s
ae
4
5
o nsul fu
q
p
( )
er at C C a ssius e t S e rvi li us C asc a Ergo C a es ar
q u a m in c u ri am v en i sset vi g i n ti tribus v uln eri b us A C
44
co n fo ssu s est

11

I nter fecto C aes are , ann o Urb i s sept i ngent simo no

S en atus fa v ebat Cae sari s
n o, bell a ci v i li a rep arat a sunt
e rcu ssori b u s, A ntonius Co s a Cae sa ri s p a rtibus st ab at
p
A ntonius , mult i s scele rib u s
Ergo turb at a r e public a
F u sus fri g a
co m m i ssi s , a se n atu h o stis judi cat u s est
t usqn e A ntonius , am i sso e xe rcitu, co n fug i t a d Le p i dum ,
u i Ca esari
4
m
agister e u i tum fu e rat, e t tum gr a n d es
6
q
( )
q
copi as m i litu m h ab ebat ; a q u o su scep tus est M o x O c
t av i an u s cum A ntonio p acem fecit , e t q u asi v i n di cati uu s
1 43 ) p atris s ui m o rtem , a q u o per test amentum fue ra t
(
a do P
tat us, R om ani cum e xercit p ro fe ctus e xto rsi t, u t
3
sibi
1
uv e n i vi g i n ti an n oru m
o n sul atus dar t u r
8
c
9
9
j
)
( )
(
T um jun ctu s cum A nt o nio e t L epi d o rem p u bli cam
Per h as
a rm i s tenere co e pi t, sen atum qu e p ro scri p si t
eti am C icer o orat o r ( 95 ) o cei sus est m ulti que ah i n 6
b iles
12

In tere a

B r u tus

C a ssius

i n terfectores Caesari s,
i n g en s bellum m overun t
Pro fe cti c o ntr a eos C a es a r O c
t avi an u s, qui p o ste a A ugustus est ap p e llatu s, e t M A nto
c
n i us , apu d Ph ilip os, M ao edo n i a e u rb e m
o nt ra eos
p
13

et

2 0*

O U T LI N E S

234

R OM AN H I S T O R Y

OF

Pr
i
mo
ro cli o viet i s u n t An tcmi u s
p g
p
A C
e t C a es a r ;
e ri i t t um en d ux n ob i li tati s C a ssius
p
42
secun d o B ru tum et i n fi n i tam n ob ilitatem q u a e
cum illi s bellum su scep e rat vi ctam i n te rf ceru n t
T um v i ct Ores re m p u bli cam i ta inter s di r i s run t ut C c
t av i an u s C a es a r Il i sp i n i as G alli as Ita li am t e n re t ; An
t en i u s O rien t em Le 1 i du s Afri cam a cci p cre t
n av eru n t

s
1
C
a e sa
o ro re
3
3
p
)
(
r i s O ctaw n i Cle o p atram reg i n am E g ypt i ux o re m du xit
Ab h ac i n i tatu s in g e n s bell u m co m m Ov i t dum C le o p atr a
V ictus est
cup i di tat e muliebr i o p t at R em a e ( 4 9) regn are
ab A ugu sto n av ali j ug n a Cl ar a e t illustri a pu d Ao
A C
tium qui l o cus in Ep i ro est Hi n c fflg it i n E g yp
31
tu m e t d s p ri ti s r bus qu um o m n is a d A ugus
t umtr an si rent s ipse i n te rem i t
Cleo l atra qu o
q ue ap si dem sibi ( 5 0) adm i sit e t v eneno Eju s e xstin cta
est Ita bell i s t at o o rbe ( 6 3 ) co n fe cti s ( 1 3 3 ) O ctaxi i n u s
A ugustus R em ai n ( 2 9) re diit anno ( 5 4) d u o d ecimo q u am
c o n sul fu crat Ex e 6 in d e te m p o re re m p ublicam per
i
u a dni
n ta e t q u atu o r an u os solus o bti n u it
A
nte
enim
q
g
d uo de ci m ann i s cum An tan i o e t L epi d o te n u e rat
Ita ab
i nitio p rin cip atas ejus us q ue a d fi nem quin qug in tl sex
a nn i fu e re
14

P aulo p o st A ntoniu s
,

u di atz
i

re

'

V O CABUL AR Y

2 36

for declens
a lre a dy j a m
a lso , etia m
al w ays sem er
p
alon e, 8 610

1 62

see

165/air
a m o n g , ap ud, i nter
a m p le , a mp lo
a n cie n t, a nti qua , p ris ti no
a n g e r, E
ra
be a ng ry, i rasc 3 i ra o
a n i m a l, a n i md1 ( i )
n
An tig o n us, Antig one
a n xio us a mnion
a n y, a d , fo r de cle n s see
ap p ea r, v ide
3 vi so
a p pe a ran ce , sp eci e
app eas e, p laca
2 placav
.

V
U
3 juto
2
J
j
n
as sis ta n ce , S ubd i dl U
2 do cu 3 docto
a ss ure, do ce
ass zs t,

ur a

as to n is h ,

s tu

i
()

1 62

s tu pe facto

m a th em ati coy
Ath e n s, Ath en a p l
a t le n g th t an de m
a t o n ce ( to g e th e r) s zm ul
sta tim
t
a n tl
i
ns
,
(
y)
.

3 pla

Atticus Attical
,

p omo n
a p p ro ach , a d
ren al u
ap p ro ach , a p p ro p inqua
2
a pp ro p i n quav
3 a pp ro p i n qua
to a di 2 a di v 3 a di to
ap p rove, Co m p ro ba
2 co mp ro baV
3 co m p ro bato
a rch e r sag itta ri a
Ario v istus, Arzo vis to
a rise su rg
2 s u rre x 3 surrecto
o r( i)
3 o rto
a rm o f th e
o
d
y), bn i ch za , n
(
a rm s o f w a r), a rm a , n
(
pl
a rm y , exa cztw
( in a rray) aci e
aro u n d ci rcum a c e
(
)
a rri va l, a do e n ta
.

'

stupe lc

pe tac

'

as tro lo g e r

app le,

b ut

Cato

a m b a ss a do r,

s i on) ro ga
2
u
e
3
o
v
a
q
g
(
t o g a
asse m ly conven tu
2 amrm av 3 af
rm a
assert a t
ti rmz
i to
2
3 attri
ass i g n, a ttri bu

ask

i n v ad 2 i nvas 3 i nvaso
atta ck i mp eIu
a tte m p t, con atw
a tte nd to , s tude
2 stu du
a tte n da n t, co m et c
atte n tio n op era
a ugm en t au g e
2 au x 3 aucto
a U S IDi CQ , a usp iczo a n
au th o ri ty u np a i d , n
a u xi lia rie s, a uxil ia , n p l
a v a ri cio m , a ud i o
a veng e, u lcisc
3 ul to
a ttack,

'

a v e rse
a re rt,

ave rso

av e rt

a vo id, vi ta

2
2

( t

vi

3 av ersoa
3 vi tl to
.

tav

'

a rro g a n ce , a rrog a n tzam

()

'

a rt, a rt z
a s cend,

Bace n is, Ba cen i

esce n d

e scen

so

asce rt ai n,

co gn osc

co g n ov

00 g n i to

be ash a m e d

( i m p ers )
.

da , 3 p udn o
ash e s, om
en , m

p u de

nom

As ia As ia
ask ( fo r a th i ng ) pe t
.

pe ti to

s ci n i s

b
b b

2 pu

b a ck , terg a ,
bad m o ld
a g g a e zm edlmento
g ,
p
pl
Ba lbus, Ba lbo
a n d m a nu
f
a r a ria n ba t baTO
b a rk cu r led c
ba rk, la tra 2 la trav 3 latra o
ba rk i n g ( no u n ) [a i rma
barre n, s te rzli

pe ti v

V O C ABU L AR Y
-

b as e ly, turp i ter

b as e n e se, twrp i tzl don
b a ttle p ro eli a n
bea r, p e rfe r 2 p e rtul

g u is

3 pe rlztto
'

( i)

b eg i n n i n g , i n i ti o n
2
beh old
p e cto co m p ie( i)

a sp e x

b o ar ap ro
boas t, g loi ia 3 g lo ri ftt0
b o dy, corp os
b o ld a a d dcu)
b o ldly, a uda cter
b o ldn ess , a udacia
b o o k li bro m
b o o t , p ra eda
be born, n a sc 3 n ato
b o tto m (lo w e s t p a rt), 5m m, 11
b o ug , ramo m
b o un dles s 7377/ 2711t
b o u n tifully, ta rgeter
b o w , a rea
b oy, p um a
b ra in, cerebra , n
b ra ve fo rti
b ra ve ly, fo rti ter
b read p an el , m
b rea dt , lati mdona
brea k, fra ( n )g
2 frg 3 fracto
brea k ap a rt disjic(i) 2 disjc 3
d i CClO
brea k th roug h p erfrin g
2
pe r
freizg 3 p e rfracto
brea th e a ga i n, resp i ra 2 re S pi rav

co e p t6

sa n

no m

'

oh

y
q

a s so

p
be as t, uadrup ed,
o f b urde n , jam ento
3
bea t ( co n ue r), p ell 2 p ep ul
eo n
u
l
p
b e a u ti ful p ulcm a
b e a uti full , p ulcr
be cam e, ui a
b e e , op al , f
b e fo re
p rep ) mute,
be fo re, (subjun c) a n te/1 m m, p ri us
qua m
beg p e t 2 pe ti v 3 p e ti to
b e g g a r m en / li ed
begi n, i n ci pfi) 2 i n cep 3 i n ce p
2
3
n o l s t s te m)
coe p
to
(
p

ob strux

'

block up , obstru
S HU Cl O
bloo d, sa ngui n

turp i

base,

2 37

as

oo n sp ex

co n s pe cto

cr d

Be lg ae, B a
m , p1
r

crdid

crdi to

be lo ng, p e rti n e 2 pe rti uu

b e side, p ra eter (ace )
besi eg e o p p ug na 2 op pug n v

'

O p p ng n awa

respi rato

m
b ridg e,
b rig a n d p ra edbn
b ri g tn ess sp len dor
bri ng to a fl e r 2 a ttu1
Bri to n , Bri ta nno
b ro a d lalo
b ro t e r, frath
.

b e s t, op t/ mon
balm y, p rod

prodid

3 p rodi
.

'

to

b e tte r, mi d/26 7
b e tw e e n , i n ter
be yo n d, ultra
bi d, jn be 2 juss 3 jusso
bi nd, v i n ci 2 vi n x 3 vi ncto
b i rd, a vi ~, f
bi te, m o rde 2 m o m ord 3 mor
%

80

b la ck , n ig
bla m e re p re
re h e n so
p
b li nd, cae co
ro

allto u

Brutus, Bram

bu i ld, aedi ti ca
2 ae dicav
a e di c to
bu i ldi n g aedf cio n
b u rde n, 0 nes
burn, (set on re) i ncen d 2
3 i nce nso
burn, ( be h ot) arde 2 ars~, 3

he

nd

3 re
.

80

ar

2 38

i rrum p

burst i n,
-

i rr p

O C ABULA R Y
3

ir

ca rry

bura t o ul, eru mp

o

It

3 (am p

erap

a l i re
~

ea rn/ m u

3
n egoti a

sed

a utem

se n te n ce

be g in s

eX

'

po rtztv

co n fe r

co n tul

a rt

ag e

b y a, ab
b y far, lo ng a
by n ig h t, m eta

r a usa a
'

cele bra te

i nabili ta

n ob ili tav

n oh i ln atoa

co llato a

ca u se

e x po rtft to a

2 g e ss

Cu rth g om, f
ca s k cu d m m
a tili n e , Ca ta
l i na
ca ttle, p ew sa
ca v a lry, equ i ld tua
ca ve , sp rta uca

e x po rta

t,

m 7 I y ag e zer,

b ut th a t, g a i n
2 truci dS V
3
butch r, tm ci da
t 1 Cs 1 to
bu y e m 2 em 3 e m p to
buy up coe m 2 co i n , 3 coe m p
.

w a r), g e r

'

n e ve r

nu

ca rr y

n e ss

as

ab rip n

~to
e
g

to

f,

b i
b u t.

3 de

car ry 0

burs t Uzroug h pe rru m p 2 pe rru p ,

3 pe rrup tn
bu rg, se p e li 2 se pe li v 3 sep ul
us

do wn, defe r 2 detul

p :o

rn

ti

ce n tu rio n

cen turi na

ce rta i n ,
so m e

Ca ll

(
call

v oca

n a me

back

( 110

2 di x
.

re voca

v o cato

3 dicto

do wn, d voca 2 dey ocav 3

devo c wa
2 convo
co n v oca
ca ll tog e th er,
3 co m/ 0 0 5 m
2 ap pe llzxv 3
ca ll up o n a p pe lla
ap pe llato
calm , p luc ixloa
n pl
ca m p, ca s tra
-

ca n

u tea a

po tu

v
i
2
p(

cap ture ,

ca

Ga li n a

Cap ua

cC
p

cap to

c are ful

cu rry,

d i l igc u ter
,
o rtav
r
t
a
2
o
p
p

fu ll

ca re

va rd.

m uta
M

p rocu rr 2
3 p recursoa
.

ch a rg e, tn:i n da ~ ,

3 p orta
.

m an dav

m a n dal a
D
c a rio t 88 6 dO
c a ri o te e r a un a
c a rm , il/ec~ brw
cha rm dle cta
2 dlect v 3 de
lecta to ~
c hea t frauda
2 fraudav 3 frau
dam

c ie f p ri n cq
c ie f p o w e r, p ri ncv
p atw
c i ldre n Ill / (51 0 3 [ 11 p l
c o ice , volu i ztab
ice ro , Ci t era
m
ci rcle orbi
ci rcum s ta n ce , r
ci ti ze n , ci v 0
ci ty , urb z)

(
cle a r, p erop tcum
clea r ( s trip ) , n uda
2 madam 3
n dato a
.

h
h
h

'

h
h
h
h
C

'

'

ca rry across
-

tm nspo rta

tran s

n rt l to a
w
3
t
m
l
p
p
2 repo rtaV
ca rry back , re po rta
ui rtz

ns

3 Np O l Ci tO n
'

fm

'

or p rO n cu rr

re v o caton

ca ll

c a rg e , cri m e m

re vo cav

ch a rg e
v acan

du m
2 m atin

qua

m uta

ch a nge,

to

'

2 40

V
m
b
p
( p lo t

crus h,

N
ew

culti vate,

dlto
co l

co lu

cu lti va tio n , o ut ow
cultu re

dele

out ,

O C A BU LA RY
2 de~
.

3 cul to

2 , trii did

tra

de m a n d, postul a 2 pos tul aw

3
pos tman
dem a nd ba ck, repose
D e mos t e ne s, D em osthemg ( m m
.

cu p , cyatlto

de liver up , trad

'

cultu

m ede
i m p e rf te n se s)
Cus to m m os
m
cut a wa y, re sci n d
scisso

(depo n en t

cure,

only

n os

den y, n e g a 2
dep a rt, disced

resci d

n e g av

n e gate

discess

3 di s

te

de p artu re , p rofecti on
2 depo su
dep osi t, dep o n

3 de
.

s ita
o
p

de pos i t, dcp osi to n

dep ri ve, spo lia 2 spoliav 3 spe
listo
desert, dese r 2 dese ru 3 dese r

D aily, quo diano

dan g e r, p eri culo n

da n g e ro us, p m i culosoa
d are, au de 3 a uso (sem i dep )
D a ri us, D ari a
da ug te r, f i liam
a t da w n , p ri ma lace
da y ( Ili , m a lso f i n si n g
a r day b re a k , p ri mo? lace
de a d, m ortuo n
dea dl y, mo rttfero
de a r, card
de a t , mo rt( z) f
de cei ve, fall 2 fe fell 3 falso
de cla i m, dEClam a
2
dclam v
3 decki m am
decla re, e x pOn
2 exp osu 3 ex
p o s i to
dee p , a lto
2
defend, dfen d
3 de
fe n so
de fe n de r, defens ora
de le, a ng ustia p l
de la y, cu n cta 3 cunctato
de lay, m ora
deliberate, co n sulta 2 con sultav
3 co n sultato
2 oblectav
3
deli gh t, o blecta
.

'

to

dese rte r, p er lg a
deser ve, m e re 3 m e ri to
.

des i re, ca p( i) 2 cu pi v 3 cupi to

des i re before, p raeo p ta
(da t ) 2
o tft vu 3
r
a
e
p raeo p tato
p
p
desi ro us, cup zda
2 co n te mp s 3
desp ise, oo n te m n
co n te m p to
2 pe rdi d
3 per
de stroy, p e rd
2 ex stinx 3
di to
e x ts ti ngu
e xs ti n Cto
des tructio n, p ern ici e m m , It
3 de
2 d tin u
deta i n, deti n e
.

'

te n to

2 deterru , 3 de
dete r, dte rre
te rri to
2
de te rm i ne, con stitu
co nstitutoa
devote, addi c 2 addix 3 a ddio
o

to

de vour, vo ra 2 vo rav
dicta to r, dictato r
diffe re n ce , dzscrtmen
di ffe re nt, diverse
di f cul t, d1iczli
di f culty, dt cultab
w i t dif culty, aeg r
.

vo rato

Th is ve b is al so conjugated in th e acti ve voice

r

w it

2 men u
.

VOCABU L

AR Y

di g , fo di 2 fed, 3 fosso
d ig nied, g ra vi a
dilig e nce, di li gentza
di m i n ish , m in u
2
3 mi
m1 to
di rect reg 2 rex 3 recto di rig
2 di re x 3 d1re cto
i a all di rectio ns, p assi m
d ire cto r, rector
disa dv a n ta g e o us, i ni uo
disa gree, disse n ti
2 dissen s
3
disse n so
disas te r, i ncom mo do n
discover, i n ven i , 2 i n v en
3 in
v e n to
re p e ri
2 rep p er 3 re
.

dra w up , i ns tru

dra w (a s w o rd) dstrin g

2 des
tri n X
3 des tricto
draw n u p, i ns tructo
dread, v e re 3 v e ri to
dri n k, bi b 2
dri ve, p eIl 2 p e p ul 3 p ulso
dri ve back, rep ell 2 rep p ul 3 re
p ulso
dri ve o ut, exp ell
2 expul 3 ex
p ulso
a
dry, sicca 2 siccav , 3 si cc to
D u m no rix , D um no ri g
du ty, o cio n
dwell tu, i n co i 2 i n colu
.

3 ia

s tructo

'

2 in strux

2 41

p e rto

discussio n, di sp u tati on
disda i n, fas ti di 2 fas ti di V 3 fas
ti di to
diseas e, m o rbo m
d isg ra ce ful, turp i a
3 di
di sm i ss, d1m i tt 2 di mi s
m isso
2 displicu
disp lea se, disp lice
3
dis p licit0
2 dissim il
di ssem ble, dis si mu la
lav 3 dissi m ulato u
dissen t, disse n ti 2 dissen s 3 dis
.

se nso

be di s ta n t, ab e s 2 ab fu
dis ti ng uis e d, egreg i0 p raeclaro
2
dis tri bu te , distri bu
distrib to ~
di tc , fossa
di vi n e, d i vi n Om
D i vi ti acus, D i vi ti am n
do, ag 2 eg new fac(i) f6 c 3
-

que
e ag e rly, cup i de
L
e a g le , C
QZtl la
ea rn , m e re
2 m eru 3 m erito
e a rn es tly, m a g n op ere
m ost earn estly, veh em en ter
.

e a rn e s tn ess,

e a rt

terra

d
e asy, jaodi
2 ed
ea t, cd
educa e, educa
e as ily,

3 (3 8 0
2 educav
.

3 edu
.

ca t0

i
2
e c

()
e ffo rt, m oli m en toa
e

'

quo

E ach

t,

ec

e f c

e g g , 6120

h th
e ith e
e ig

'

e ectoi

octave

r, a u t

e lde r,

m ajor

()

e le g an t, elegan t i

dog , ca n i c
doubt, dubi ta
.

2 dubitaV
.

3 dubi
.

e le g an tly,

p oli te
e le me n t, elemen ta
elo ue n ce , eloquen ti a
elo ue n t, elo ue n t( i )
fo r decle n s see
else, a lio
2
em bark o n, con sce n d
.

do ub tfiul, dubi0
2 trax , 3 tracto
dra g, tra
2
auri
aus
dra w (as w ater) ,
3 h austo
dra w tog eth er, con trah 2 con traX

3 co n tracto
2l
.

q
q

co n sce nso
e mb assy,
e m o tio n ,

leg ati on
t
i
e
r
u
r
b
a
on
t
p

1 62
U

V O C ABU LA R Y

2 42
e m p i re,

i mp erio n
e m p ty, i nan i
enca mp , consi d 2

'

co n sed

f i ni

con

co h o rtato

m ra re ly fl
ende a vo r,
ma , 3 Con ato
e n do w e d, p ra edi to
2 su s ti n u
end u re, susti n e

i
()

3 sus
.

3 p e rp e sso
e n e m y (p ubli c) , h os ti
C
v a te , i n zm i co
r
i
m
)
(p
.

co n ix

co n

icto
e n g i n e, torm en to

execu te,

3 fm cto
.

fru

or

i to
n n i us, E nn i o
e n o ug , sa tis
e n ra g e d, i rate
2 con scrips
en rol, co n sc b
3
co n scrip to
2 subi v
3 s ubi to
en ter, sub i
3 i n g ress o
i n gre d( i)
2 p e llex 3 p el
en tice, p e llic( i)
le cto
en tra n ce , i n troitua
2 en umerav
e nu mera te, En u m e ra
3 en um e rato
d
n
en vy, i n v ide
at ) 2 in vi d
3
i
(
.

i re,

ex p lo it,

art,

ex sula

e x s ulav

e x sp e ctav

ex spi rav

e x po rtav

fa ci nas
2

e x p o rta

e x po rta to

jic(i)

exp ose, o b

jeC

ob

ob e c

to

eye,

e x pi ratO n

a daequav

co h o rtato

e xspi ra

exp ress

o rt

exp ect, e x sp e cta

exp

vi s o

adm in i s

e xp e n se , com m ed i a

e x s p e ctato

i n vidi a
equa l, ada c ua
a da e u
tO

a dm i n i s trato

li ve i n exi le,
e x s ulato

tr w

e x ile , exsi li o

adm i n is tra

exh or t, co

e n v y,

tato

fru

eng a g e, co n i

eloqu

,
acute

3 elocute
.

111 .

e rro r, error

ti on
2
e ffn g ( i)

e ru p tio n , erup
es ca p e,

e T
1g

p rgecip um
van de r, E va ndro
e ve n , eti a m
e ve n i n g , veSj
p ero [ 11
e sp e ci al,

e v ery

( )
a ch )
e
(
al l

day ,

om n i
,

qu

qua

qua

oti di e

o u e ve ry si de , un dique
-

h
h
h

em Oa
e v e rla s ti n g , semp i t

e ve ry,

e v e r, u n qua m

F ace , vultu
fa ct, r
facult faculta tn
fa il, dees (do t ) 2 defu
2 defee 3 defe cto
fai r, p ulcro
fa i t d e
fa i t ful, deli
fa i t less, i ndf li
f all dow n, dcad 2
falli n g Cd ddCO u
false , fals o

ev e n t, caste

r
e
p pe t

te n to

en co urag e, coh orta

sesso

en oy,

ye ar, quo ta n n i s
e v ide n ce , i n dzci o , n
e v i l, m a lo
n
exa m i n e, e x p l ra
2 e xp lorav 3
e x p lOrato
sp ecula
3 sp e en
lato
e x ce lle n ce, p ra es ta n ti a
e x ce lle n t, w etter/ qt) , 1w aes ta nt i)
(
e x celle n t ly, eg reg i e
e xce p t, n i s i
p ra eter, p re p ace
exch a ng e, c om m i tta
2 co ni m ntav
3 co m m it tato
exci te , ex ci ta
t , 2 ex ci tav
3 cx ci
e v e ry

e n d,

dec( i)

V O C A BULA R Y

2 44

f
f

o rt un ate,

f
fo rum f uro

fElzc( i)

g i ve up , p rod

'

fo ur, quatuor

re n

qua rto
li berm

fu7 6r
a mm

go a u a y, a bi

f rwa rd

'

go
3

ex

e xi

eg re sso

3 pe ti te

'

i vo

re ,

p rOg res

g o a t, cap r0
God dew
g ods be lo w , znfero m p 1
g o ld, a ura , 11
o o d, bo no
g
g o o ds, bo no n p l
g oo d w ill, bei zevole n tzw
g oo se , a ns er m
-

no

i ve ,

abi to

ex ce ss

eg re di

ua

er

2 e xi v 3 e xi to
o t
g o p e t , 2 pe ti v

f ui t f uct
f ui tful b
fug it fug i t
f ll p l
futu futa
r

i
()

e x c d

ce sso

abi v

p rog re d

go o ut,

ri to

frig h te n ed, terr i to

ro m , d ab
i ii ro n t, a dversa

t ra n s i to

fn e n d,
ri e n ds h i
p, a m zicztia
t
r
i
h
en, te rre
2 te rm
g
f

'

zy

o u rt h ,
re e ,

p rod

'

f
f
f

t
e
i
v
g
( h a n ks), ag 2 Eg 3 acto
g la dl , li ben ter
o ry g lOrza
l
g
go, i 2 i v 3 i to
2
3
tran si v
g o across tra n si

un d men to

o un da tio n ,

p rodid

i to

Z na/ n
OV tz

o rtu ne ,

and ta

ro

'

g o vern,

G ab ii, 0 01750
a in

p osS m S s
g
a bl ) 3 pri m e
ai t, i nces ~u
g
G a llic, Gl i llf 0
g a m e , IiIdO m
/y
a
d
n h u rt
m
r
e
g
,
,
'

gen

'

01

i mpe ri

re cto
v

g o w n , to g a
g ra dua lly, p a uld tzm
g ra m m a r g ra mm a tica
g ra n t, co n ced 2 co u cess

im
im

'

re x

p e ra
pe ri to

pl
n
f, po ti

11 1

re g

con

p r m e i dw ,

a rri s o n ,

g a te , p w la n
G a ul (co un try), Gall iw
G a ul ( p wp le), Ga llo

g e n e ra l, u np erci to ra
n
r
a ll , p ier u m que
e
e
g
g e n e ro s i ty, li be rdl ttdtu
s
n
r
o
li ber l
u
e
e
g
,
G e rm a n , Germano
m
r
a
a
2
h
e
r
c
o
e
t
e
t
t
o
g
,
p
g
3 co mp a rato
r v
g i t, d6 no n
rl, p ue llw
i
g
g 126, da 2 de d 3 data
2
reddi d
d
d
i
e ba ck
re
v
g
,
di to
'

com a

li tu

a mp

'

g ramen
ib
r
ea
t
m
n
u
,
g
/
g
g re a tly, vu ld
v e r g re a tly, ma xi m
g rea tn ess, m ag n i tado n
do n
G re ece , Graeczw
0
ree d , av ido
g
y
G ree k , G re cian, Gra io
g re e n , vi ri di
rie , dol r
g
g rieve, m a e re
g ro u n d h u mo f
r
ass
g
,

g ro ve,
u
a
rd
g
g ua rd,

red

nemos

Lc

cub /6 6

cus tbdi

custdi v

cus

V O C A BULA R Y

2 45

gu est,
g u ide,

h osp et m
duc

h erald p raecon
.

He rcule s, Hercu li

n o rm 8
.

h e rd, a rm en to
h e re h i e
h e si ta tio n , dubi td ti ow
h ide, terg os
h ig h , u lto
o h h ig h , su bli m e
h ig h e r, sup eri or
h ig h e st, su mm o
h i ll, coll m
h i n der, i m pe di 2 i mp e di v

Hercu

Hab it

h a lt

'

com u tttdon
'

co n s is t

co n sti t

con sti

130

Ha m ilca r Ha m i lcar

h a n d, m a nu f
Han n ibal, Ha nn i bal
h app en, accid 2
h a p p i n e ss, feli ci td t
h a p py, beato
h a ra ng ue, con tion a

co n ti na

130

h a rbo r, p artw
h a rd d am n
h a rdly, v ix
h a re, lep os m n s lep us
do h a rm to, n o ce (do t) , 2
3 n o ci t0
h aste , fe s t d ti ona
h as ten (go), co n te n d , 2
.

'

n ocu

Co n te n to

'

m a ke h as /e, p ro p era

p ro p crav

o
3 p ro pe raL
h as ten ( p rep a re qu ick ly), m atura
2 m atur&V 3 mam aw
h as tily, rap ti m
.

to

h o rn , comma , 11
h o rse , equo
h o rse so ldie r, equet
h os tag e , obsed c
h o sti le, h OS ti li

h a tre d, Odeo
h a ve, h abe 2 h abu 3 h abi t0
h e a d, eap ut
h e al th , 8 0 117 12
n o m s 3 0 1653
h e a p, s lru i
h ea r, a udi 2 a n dIV 3 a udi t0
h e a re r, a udi t w
h e a rt, co rd n
h e a rth , f oam m
h e a vy, g ra vi
h e ir, h rd 0
h elp , u va 2 juv 3 juto
h el pe r, a dy? tri c
He lve tii, Helvtio m p 1
2
h em i n, co n tin e
3
con tin u

h en ce, h i n c

h u n g ry, jej an o
h un t, v en a 3 V en ato
h u n te r, vn d trn
h u n tress, W h atrm
.

co n te n to

h o u r, h ora
hp use, dom u f i rreg
h o w , quom odo
h u g e, nger/ t0)
h um a n , h d m d n o
h um an i t , h am d m td t
h u mo r fes ti vi tei ta
h u ndred, cen tum

2 1*

p e di to
2 pro
h i n der ( p reven t) , p roh ibe
h ibu 3 p roh ib i to
h i th e r ( a dj ), ci teri ma
h i ve , alveari 11
3 ten to
2
h old, te n e
ten u
h abe 2 h abu 3 h ab i to
h o m e , dom u f i rreg
a t h o m e do m i
Ho m e r, Err/n erd
h o n ey, m ell
h o n o r, ( ch a ra cter) h on eshtk
(g lo ry) , dBCOS
h o n o ra b le , h onesto
h o pe, 8196
2 sp erav 3 sp ew
i
h op e, sp era

3 im

V O C ABULAR Y

2 46

co n

i nform , certi r ac( i)

f acto
i n h a bita n t, i nco la
i njure, n oce (da t) , 2

n ee
3
con
o
i
2
c
c
,

j }
jectoa m i t(t) 2 mis 3 m isso
h us ban dni an, ag ri cola

h url

f c

n ocu

no

Cl t0

i nju rio us, detri me ntow

i nj u r

I dl

'

i nert( t)
,
i ne rtia

'

e , zg n ava

znyurza

i njus tice i n iq u itd t

i nno ce n t, i n nocen t( i )
i nqui re, qua e r
2
3
quaesi v
quae si to
i n sta n tly, extemp lo
i nsult, co n tum eli w
i n to , i n
i n trust, co mm i tt , 2 co m mi s
3
co m tn i sso
pe rmi tt 2 pe rmi s ,
3 pe rm isso a
i nven t, i n ve n i 2 i n v m , 3 i n ve n
,

i dle n ess,
i f, 3 i
i g n o ran ce, ig norati nn
i g no ra n t, ig naro
bee ig n ora nt, ig n ora 2 i gn orav 3
i g n r to
i llu m i na te, illus tra 2 illus traV 3
i llus trato u
illustrio u s, Clara
v e ry illus trio us, p raeclara
Inui t/o m s i m ulacro n
i ma g e,
i m i ta te , i m i ta 3 i ll l i t L
O
i m m e dia te l , s ta ti m
i m m o rta l, i m mo rt altl
3
i mp a rt, i m pe rti 2 i mpe rti V
i m pe rti t o
i mp ede i m ped i 2 i mpe di v 3 i m
p e dIto
i mp el i m pe ll 2 i mp ul 3 i mpul
.

to

i n ve stig a te,

i n vesti

3 i n ve s ti g ato

v
a
g

i nv e s ti g a ,

J av elin , p i la

so

i mp e nd, i m m i ne
i m p io us, i mp zo
i mp ture, i m pl ra
2 i m p lorav 3
i m p l rat oa
i mp o rt i m p o x
2 i m o rtin g 3
ta
i tn po rtatw
2 im po sa
i mp o se i m p n
3 im
p o s i ta
in i n
i n crease, a ug e 2 au x 3 aucto
i n cre d ib le, i ncredi bili
i n de e d qu ide m
i ndi ca te, i n dica , 2 i n dic V 3 i n
d ic t0
i n dig n i ty i ndig ni td t
i n dw e, a ddi c 2 addnx
3 ad
ducto
i n d ustrio us i ndustrio
i n iin ny, i nfri m i a a
i n an tr , p editd tu
'

'

joi n co njung 2 conjun X 3 con

l C tO
l
jo i n ( ba ttle) co mm itt 2 co mmi s
,

co m m isso

oy ,

g a udto
ul, Iae to

j yf
o

judg e p ro etor judee

judg e judica 2 judi cav
,

j
j

dicato
u dg m e n t, judi cia
u ry m a n, judeca

ju

l
L
b iO
j
j
j as noe, justi tia

us t,

'

keep ,

co ns e rv a

co n se rva

co n se rvav

V O C A BULA R Y

2 48

li ve, vi v 2
load, o nes
lo t , celso

vi x

m atter (b usin e ss) re

m e ado w p ram, 11
m ean s, facul ta t
( m an ne r), m odo m
b y n o mean s, m i n i me
mean w h ile, i n terea
menso
m easure out, m eti
m ee ting , contion
m em o ry, m em oria
m en d, resarci 2 n on e, 3 resarto
m en ti on alo ud, p raedica 2 p ia e di

v ieto

fy

lo ng (of tame), dz turnoa

di u
lo n g
lo ng e r
(adv) , di uti us
3 so luto
loose, solv 2
lose, am i tt , 3 ami s 3 amisso
'

3 am5 to
love, a m a 2 am a
lig 2 di lex 3 di lecto
.

di

3 p ra e dicato
me rch an t, m ercator
m e rci ul, clem e nt( i )
cav

lov e, a mor
lo ve r, a mator
lo w e r, i nfei i rn
lust, lt do n f

f
ifully

clem en ter
m e rc
,
m essag e, na n tie m
m esse n g e r, n a n i to m
m idni g h t medi a h oot
m ild, m i ti
m ilitary co mm an d i mp eri a ,
m ili ta ry se rv ice, m i li ti a
m i lk , la ct n
m i na (su m o f m on e ) , m i nd
m i n d, m e nt( i ) f
.

M ad them endt)
m adn ess amen tia
.

m ag istra te , n wg zstrd tw
m aid se r an t, fa mula
2 f c 3 a cto
m ake,
m ake has te p ro p era 2 p rop e rav
3 p ro pe r to n
g
m an , h om on
vi ro
ma n (a s a sh ip ), co mple 2 co m
3 co m p lto
le
2 adm i nis
m a na ge, adm i n is tra
trav 3 admi n is trate
m an e, jubw
m an ne r, m os m , m odo m
m a ny, m ulta
m a rble, n aa rmoreon
o f
m arch , tuner , 11 n om an d acc

p y

S i ng

i te r
m a rch , i te r lac( i) 2 230 , 3 acto
m a rch i n, i n g red( i) 3 i n g re sso
m are , equa
mars h , p al m} , f
m art, m ercal urw
.

'

m arv ell o us, m i rtm

m as te r, do m i no
m as te r, (as teach er), mag istro
ma tron, mam
.

m i se rab le l i b m dbili
m iss ile , lelo n
m ix, m isce 2 m iscu 3 misto
m odesty, p udor
moi s ten , h um ecta
2 h umectav
3 h um ectate
m o n e , p ecun i a
m o n th , mens i m
m o n um en t, mo nu men to
m o re, p lzzs
m ag is
i n th e mo rn i n g , mane
m o th e r, m atr
m o ve, mo v e 2 m ow , 3 m oto
mo ve back, re m o ve 2 rem v 3
re m 6 t0
m o u n ta i n, m o nt( i ) m
mo un t up , succ d 2 su cce ss , 3

succesm .

m o urn, ng e , 2 lux 3 1ucto

m uch ( a dj) m ul ta
(ad v ) m ultum
multi tude, m uutd udom
.

V O C A BULA R Y
Na m e

n om ina

n om in av

di e

n otn i nato

dix

3
die

n a rra te, n arra

n arrav

i
( )

a de s

Of

n eg leX

n eg

Op
p
O pi i
O p p tu

ta men

o r,

ye t

lusci ni a

ap e ru

ap e rto

er to

i ni on

sen ten tia

i on
u be
2 juss 3 jusso
d
( a t ), 2 i m p erav 3

p e ra
p e rat
i n o rde r th at, u t
O rg e to ri x, 0rg etor ig
o th e r, a li o
see
1 62
o
w
t
o), a lter0
e
e
s
f
(
o th e rw ise, secus
.

im
im

i ta

neque

1 62

n on dum .

o ut O f, e, ex,
-

p rae es (da t ), 2 p rae fu

overcom e sup e ra
2 sup e rav
3
s upe rato
overta ke, co n s e qu
3 co n se cnto
o verth row, ev e rt
2
3 ev er
128

f
n o th i ng , n i h i l
.

n o urish , a l

n o w , n unc,

2 3 111
ja m

ali to

20

so

overwh elm, o p p ri m

Op p

n ym p h , n ymp h a

paru

3 pa
.

o p p ress

dbe 2 debu 3 debi to

be owi ng to, s ta 2 s te t 3 stato
o x, bo v n om s bos
-

re sso

owe,

'

pare (dat )

n u m be r, n u mero
n u rs e, at/

n o ve lty, n ovi ldta

ri to

y, facultd t
vel ; a ul ; a n

orde r,

n ullo

n o te , 21 6 0

O bey,

1 62

see

o ra to ry, or a

n o n e , n ullo

n it

or

n o ble , n 6bili

not

6 m en

op en , a p e ri

n o t, n on

o n se t, co ncu rsa

n o ise , s trep

roles

n o n , op

n o o n e, n m o n

s senex

fo r declen s
o n ly, solu m

i
08
W0
p

n o r, n ee

no m

o ra to r, or ator

( n o n e) ,

no

sen

o n e , an d

n e w , n ovo

n ig h ti ng a le ,

n ig h t,

n om

lh
O ld ag e, sen ectc

e n, a

n e ve rth e le ss,

o n ce , S em el

n e ve r, n u nqua m

n e x t,

'

o me n,

p roli
s a ep e

m a n,

O ld

Nron

reti

u e et tU

p/

O ld, velar

e n,

lecto
n e g lig e n ce, n eg li g en ti d
n e g li g e n t, n eg li g en t 1 )
(
n e ig h bo r, f i n i ti m o
n e ig h bo ri n g f i n i ti m o
n e i th e r n ee
neque
ero ,

Oft

n e g lig

n eg lect,

'

n e ck , cervi c

p erspi c(i)

th oroughly,

o s p ri n g ,

rop e, ace

a dfu

p ro xi ma

n eare s t,

ce r,

'

n e a r, ap ud, acc
,

n a v i g a tio n , n avi g ati on a

n ea r

re cu

3 p ersp e cto
o bta i n , a d i p isc
3 a dep to
O en ce , o m i on n

n a tu re , wal nu t

net

an i m adve rt

s ex
r
e
p
p

/
e
n
g

recusar

a n i m adve rso
-

n a tio n ,

sato

o bserve

n a rro w , a ngus to

n ar

rato

ob ect, recusa
o bserve,

to

be

2 49

V O C ABULA R Y

2 50

dolor
a
rdo n, i no sc
p
g

a in ,

d
at , 2 ig n Ov
( )
.

1 g n o t0

p a re n t, p a ren t( i)
p a rt, p a 2 t( i ) l
2
rae te r
p as s 11 y, p ra e te rm i tt
m i s 3 p r e te rm isso
ass io n, cup i di ta l
p
ast, p rae /er i to
p
a y,
nd
2
3
e n so
e nd
e
e
p
p
p
p
p
3 re
p a y ba ck, re pe n d 2
pe n so
e ace, p ac f
pe o p le , p op ulo m
p erce i ve, as p i c( i) 2 asp eX 3 as
3
i n te llig
2 i n te llex
p ecto
i n te llecto
erfo rm ,
2
3
e rtea
p
'

p e r e cto
rr t
h
a s
r
e
p
p asse
e rio d , te mp o s
p eris h , pe ri 2 p e ri v

r
r

h
a ra
l
o
u
2 a av 3 8 1 5 t
q
,
p
p luck, ca p 2 ca ps 3 ca rp to
p lu ndw , dIrip G
) 2 di rip u 3 di
.

rep to

p oe m, p om a t n
oet
o ta
,
p
p
p o in tw t, oste n d

p oli s h , po li 2 Do li v
Po m pe , Pom p i 0
Po n tus, Pon to m

os

3
2

ra

pe rito

pe rp e trav

l
i
o
p to

pe rpe tra td
p ersevere p e rse v era 2 pe rse ve
rav
3 pe rse v rtt to
Pe rsia n, PCIS a ( n o un), Persica ,
.

d
d

pe t

pe r

te n so n

erp etra te
,

p latfo m, s uggestu
l
ea d, ag
2
g
3 acto
( li e
2
p
icto
di x 3
p le a di ng , i cti on
san t
i
a
m
e
, j mund
p
e as e ,
l
l

e cta
2 delectav 3 da
p
lect o
w i th p le as u e, li ben ter
p le be i a n p lbzo
Pli n , l
io
p lo t, c10 10 m

r
r r

p o o , p a up e
o t
h
a bo , p o tn a
p
)
(
p ossess, p osside 2 p o ssed

3 p os

'

se ss o

p ossession ,
t
e
s
o
p

2 pe r
p ers uade , p e rsu ade (da t
s uas
3 p e rsuaso
p h ala n x, p h a la ng f
o so
h
i
l
p
p h e r, p h i lo sop h o m
p li i lOS O p h y, p h i losop h ia
3
2 transX
p uree, t ra n s l i g
.

a ve l i n,

P256 71

i so ,

r
r
r
r

p i l0

'

a is e

h i g h y,

co lla uda

2 mi

p lace, p en , 2 p o su
l
ace up o n, im p On
p
i mp o s itO
la ced, p os i to
la i n , ca n/p a , [11
c

p
p

ay e

fr

i n pl
3 p os i to
2 im pOs u

to

r
p

e se n t,

bee p
-

esen t, a

rese tly
n

co lle
m

127 60 , f
p r e e , an te p On (do t an d a m ) , 2
an te p o su
3 a n te po s i to~ p ae
fe r (do t an d a m) , 2 p rae tul
3 p ra elatoa
a ia , 3 p ara
ep a e, p a a
2
p
p

df w 3 co llau ato
r
a ise w o rtli y, la uded/ 121
p

p osito

3 lan d

'

pr

consi lia

r r
d

an

p i tch , pOn 2 p o su
i ty, m iseri cordid
ca us e p i ty, m ise re
3 mi se ritO
se ru
p lace , lo co m a lso

p lan ,

~t
o
e r i td t
p

p o w e , o tes tal
o t mt i
w
o
e
p
,
p
()
p actice , exerci muo nm
ae to , p a et07
p
f
p a ise , la u
p a ise, la uda 2 laudzi v

t ra n s x o

p ik e,

ri ty
rp
r ful

ossess i on

d es

m ax

adfa

V OC BU L

2 52

r ecover

recip

ce p to

ha ve

(i)

recep

i
()

2 con i g
2 re d g 3 re dacto
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V OCA BULARY

2 54

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V0 CABULARY

2 56

ten , decem
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VOCA BULARY

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VOCA BULARY

2 58

w h ile, dum
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2 60
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Auco

Ancus

ang u i

c s na ke

a il g us tia

Aui n

n a

se v

Lt
.

a u i m adveroo a

( i)

rm

722

a n im a

so u
.

a n uuo

ea

aca

o u t o

a n tej

o e

r r

msi w

a n tep osua

a n ti quo

cie

an

An ton io
,

bef o e th a t
p e fe ; 2
the

rt
p e rte

An tioc h i a

ap e

a u te qua m ,

ea

ri g
y r
y r/y
) bf r

a mu mlo

a n te ,

m
m

a n imo

rvrAi
b r e; 2

an i m l

m th e i

a n zma d ver t ,

rr

na

s t a i ts

pl

a n g us to

'

p a ty
alti l do n
h ei g h t
a lto
h igh
al v e z
i ri n beeh i e
ama
o e ; 2 m uc
h , 3 a m ato
a m ab i i
o e y
a m i tb r
ove
a m bo
both
a mi co
en dly
iemt ;
am i citia
ie ndsh ip
am id , lo se ; 2 a m is
3 6 772 2195 0
am m
m n e er
am o
lo ve
a mp lza
e n a ge ; 2
a mp liav
3
a mp lzaloa
am p lmxdo n
si ze
a m p li u s, m o e
a m p a , a ge
Am a ia , Am a tas
an a t
uck
An ch i sa Anch ises

Al

l r

'

p ay ( th a n k s) : 2 g 3 (1 6 t
ag g e
m mo u n d
a g gr e d z)
a ttack ; a p l
o n eself
p
(
to ; 3 a gg ressa
ag m e n
ma ch i ng line
ag i ta
h a a ss, ag i ta te ; 2 ag i tav

allecto

'

'

spe n d

3
3

oc

p l Alp s
alt, h tg h ty,
ee ly
p
a le 0
th e o th er ; th e

'

co ns ta ntly

a t icto

a ti ect ;
a tti xo

ca

e ss

l v
l lvl
l r

ec
'

men

a es t u

a llo qu

nea

even ne ss

leve ,

one

cop p e

ri v r r H m
ll ur ; 2 ll 3
dd r ; 3 ll at
e

Alp I f

w ho h as been

eneas

R o m a n cla n

ag

a e quo

a e qu i tat

cav

aedi

Aed ua n
wi th dziculty

a n e o

aes

bu ild i ng

on e

Ae m ilio
Ae na

All ia
a tlzc( i )

a dvo lav

cap

S y ia

nt

An ton y

O pe n

i ta

ly

op en

ap e u

ap e

rt

ou

V OC AB ULAR Y

r to

op en

ap e

f.bee

ap 1

ran

a p pd

s tock

app a e

r;

a u

ld

r c
r

d
Ap al i

apu

a qui a

ea

; 2

a c
m
'

Arde a

rg

be

fo r ; 2

l r

si ve

Ar g o n m
Ari m i no n
.

a rm l to

n ea

o n ~ re

e n to
,

ar

o me

a r3 0

baa

ar

so

l
ld

(i )

d r

aw a

y;

na

as

assig nato

a ucto

r l

c a n na me.
-

go

c io

ld

a us
p i ce.

or

but

li

he p

pl

riti

a uxi

v ri

ai d

a a

li ry tr

oop s

Av e n ti no Aven tine h ill

ave t ,

a wa

tu n

ce

y;

averso
av i

me

a vo

f bi rd
df
gr

avo a

an

a th er

a wa

y;

d volav

d vo lat0

fug

au

r f
ur

go d e n
Au io a R om a n
au i g a
ch a i otee
au i
ea r
eo

ava

d i dain
a p id
f v ip r
c ribe ;
as ig

ri

a lt

e ase

Arve rn o m p l a Ga ll i c tr ibe
Ascan io th e son of Aeneas
Asia As ia
asp ern a

a n s na
.

a u te m ,

in c

l
ur

; 2

ee

a u t, e i th e

i n uen e
a u dJ c( i)
bo d
au daci zm bo n ess
auda cte r, bo ld/y
a u e ( se m i de p
) a e 3 a uso
au i
h ea ; 2 a udi v 3 a n i to
du e
a
3 ab
a bstu l
o ff ; 2

a usp i

au th o

a uct ri tat

a ux i

a ttig

a u cto

; 2

up on

a ssig n

er

a ttri bu

r m ed

en o

a rcess

rm t h d
rm i l l r m l t
rm
rms
pl
rt(i) f t
rti ti
ti i
m
Arumt

a ttri v

a tta cto

ars

; 2 aux 3
a u g u io
n a ug ui y
Aug usto Aug ustus
Au o a R om a n st n a m e

i n p l A gos
a to wn i n Umb i a

ea

to uch

a tti n g

a ug e

rR

; 2

Arme n ia A rmen i a
a

to wn

a ttri lo

ru b,

a ca

a rcessi

r de

se n d

a TCt b S

a ato

ee

atte

a u ug

ee

v ly
w r w y;

a tte n te, a tten ti

os

e ce.

d
d
r
f r c rry
lat

th i n k ; 3 a rbi trato
n w i l , ch o i ce

a c

()

atIOC

rbitri
l
rb f tr
r
k p ff ; 2
r (i) f i t d l

a re

o ug h

a lta

a rbi tra
a

r
gl

wa te

aqua

ara

a m ong

Ap uli a

a ra

n ea

'

pp
n a me
ap p ella
; 2 ap p ellav 3 ap
rellawm
3 ap
ap p e l ,
i ve to ; 2 app a
/
it
p son
3 ap
ap p et see k fo r ; 2 app ello
e ti to
p
ap p royi i n qua y ap p o a h ; 2 app o
p i nquav 3 app op i nquato
ap o
w i b oa ,
o t
apL

dr

app

ry

a tque , an d

s to e

ppe a

d ri io a

sa n ctua

bu t

a t,

as

2 61

asp erna ta

Bac ill o

assign av

B l ari
b rbar
a e

sto

l r
r r

Ba ea i c
m ba ba i an
.

V OC AB ULAR Y

2 62

ll
l

rl

cap ( i )

b e icoso wa ike
be l o n w a r
.

Be llm
be l

'

l
p

Gallic tri b

cap to

'

cup

tato

bm ue ti cio n k i n ness
be n i g u , k n y
b e n ig n a k i n d
in k : 2
b1b

bi d u n n lu o a ys sp a ce

b ie n u iO n t wo yca rs sp a ce
Bi tluy m a p a i t q S i a Jl mor
bu m , g oo d
bo uo n p l goo s
( ow
bo w , c
b r c! : io n a r m
b re i s h o t
b e i , i n a sh ort ti m e
.

i dl

Cu

Ca p i l l

ca

Ca

ri t
ain

r i tons

p l th e Ca rn ts
esh

r ( )n f
r l e to

ca

rri

ag e

p l u ck ; 2
p l a ci ty

rp

co

ca r
p

ch astise

l e ro v e ,
p

1?n v

e.

cas ti g a

to

de a r

CJ l U

so n .

ru tus
Bruur
Bru tl io m p l a p a t of Ita y
Byza uLio n no w Co nsta n ti nop
,

son g

i ta t ; ci vi l ri gh ls

m pl

r an no

Ca r r a
of M esop o ta na a
ca m m u a g on
Ca rth g o n
Ca th ag e
Ca i tli g m ie usi Ca th a g i n i a n

r me

Lamp a ni a

a lp

j e cti on

ca 7p

n n ia

Ca

'

in

ea

Ca rn mi

y
h d
m p ri
ci t

c l il L e

12

ne

m p r i so

Ca te r

in

Ca p ua

fem ale p r iso ner

p u va

ca

dr

v
rv
B r ita
B it

tak e,

2 cep 3
Ca p i tOlio
Cap i to
cap ta g ca tch a t ; 2 cav

a CO

; 2

cas

ca st

cas i ng ,

o a u ri e n ce, vu i ~ o rtu n e

ch a i n

ca l n a

r tf

sh o

Ca bi n ,

11

v r
d f ll ;
c d
ca da e

ca

7n

ca d cw
cae

co

Ca u di n a

to wn

rp

se

78 0

be

l y;
.

cal

sp u

ca n i

s in

ca n

Ca un a
ca l

do g

m ,

ca p o

cap ess~ ,

pl

so n g

un

lm

ca

; 2

3 CHCUOn
cele br dv
3
.

qu

dd f

a m ous

i kn
c

e ss.

ce le ri te r, qu ickl y

ce l o lofty
c e be f
s

ceci n

v ill

r l
a

ce
ce
ce

censu

crev

ati o n

ly

crrto
'

ce rtam e
ce rti r

; 2

m , h un d e d
n tu io n
cen turi on
see
i stin ct ; 2
ca n

ca nto

f Ap uti a

o p i ni o n

r g i tr

ns u

n tu

de r tak e ;

725 0

ag e o

e ns

m g oa t

ce le ri ui L

g; 2

g e n it )
cav ,
3

6 t0

Ca rl i pau ia p a t of Ita y
m p a in
ca m po
.

l;

c ow

c el bri

ll

ce le bra te

Celc b1

be h o t ; 2 ca u
Ca m lm , c ca m el
Ca m i o a R o ma n gene
e

r
ifr

( i)

co n ce a

ce le b a

i o a R om a n
CA
s t n a me
Ca la m i tat
m s o tune
ca lc.1 r

cf lu

2 ecoi d , 3 caeso
ca e d s , s aug h te

Ca u lu

er i sh a

um

ca re

s a

au

eas o n
ws ui t
r
a
l
o r th e S u ite
t
e
(
a in s t
u
a
r
a
g
g
; 2

G di

caus l
c usa f

ce czd

f Pon tus

cask

le ll,

Ca e di

pl

Caio

or

cap es si a

f
ce r

co n test

i n fo m ;

jac( t)

acto

vo

sta g

fed

V OC ABULAR Y

2 64

p ut tog e th e ;
co mp osa

3 w m p osi ta

'

comp orta
p o r tau
co mp r h

se tt e ;

rry t

co ni p o / tat

o g e th e

rr

ea vo

co nced

consc

v r

w in o e ; 2
3 co nctl i ato
n a ssem b y
o n ci io

co nci ta

a o use

co nci tato

co n ci tor

concil i av

rrer up

conci tav

o un

l
di

ng

ct

consis t
s ti t

c0ndi to

co n e s

a e

b e tak e

esta b

rmato

co n

co

te

li

sh

; 2

con

rmav

co n

n fe ss

f
l

n ess0
3
c
o
;
e n g ag e i n b a t t e ; 2
co n tg
rx
3
n i ct
c
o
o
l
,
f
3
co nfodti }, s ta b ; 2 co n e

co n

co n

fd

ee for

cong

j tc( i )

co n

asse mb e

fug e ; 2

r g at
th r w ;

2
;

be

co nspire ;

ra

cons ervav

r r r
ese ve

'

en amp

; 2

con

m eeti ng ; wis

re

at

b e rm ; 2

st,

co n

cons ti to

si gh t

ld ;

r ive ;

be h o
pe

ce

rm

consp ex

co nsp i cato

pl c

; x ; reso ve ; 2
3 cons ti tuto
consues c~, b eco m e a cu sto m e d ;
2
consuev
3 o nsu eto

cons titu

a e

co n sul

co nsu

co n s ulari

consul

con

consurg

co n

co

co ngreg av

con sulto

ri

m i na
3

s pe n

tog e th e

po

ll ute ;

cont m n desp ise ;

e

d;

es

; 2

co n

r;
2

con tam i n ato

con su mp ta

se

n ta

consu

co n sum e
3

m easu

ta k e

consam

co n

w h o h a s been

(dat )

sump s
.

one

co nsulw ,

conjee

co n

con tend
2

cens ur

co n tam i

co ntemp s

j ecto

n av
co ng regd

co nsp ica

reserve ;

co n sp ect0

t
r
u
a
o
j

con nrav

co n

c o nj(mi nem

co nsp

ra y
c

r ch ; h

st e t

co n te n tion
con te n to

co n sen u

ea

n s

con r m a

e s

i
()

co nj

; 3 co nsecuto
tog e th e ; 2 cons er u

cons 8 0
n counsel ;

co n stan t

i
()

co nsp i c

re ;

ll
f tim i m m d i t ly
H
( i ) i h ; w r o ut ;

cons ens

ak e

do w n ;

sit

co n spe ctu

tak e
3
condux

hi

to g e th e ;
3 co e lo

conse r vam

do m

fo r ;

d c to
conf r carry

con sil io

r;

n tra

sed

co n u

rt

cons erto

conscrva

on

con tat

cons id

con

co

r;

co ncu so

d f u d ; 2 condid
co d itio c d i ti n
co du
l e d tog e th er ;
o

concou se

CO

con

conscrip s

co n se rv atri c

to g e th e

o r co ncucurr

con cu r u

conc amato

ru n

concu rr

sh o u t to g eth e

co n clusio u

r w old ;
re ; 2

jo in

co nse

clam avg

conseqw , o v e

sti

conclam w

g
ag

sens o

conci lia

con

r ll ;

cons n ti

co n

in ; 2

en o

cons en esc

cesso

rip t

con unc
e

rk

co ns c

co ncess

; 2

con sce ns o

e mba

cons ce nd

an t :

c
onsort

j a nelo

d
gr
en

com

com m

u ni te

co n ug
con ung

r;

d , a es t ; 2
co mp rehe nso
a tte m t : 3 con dto
6 7u1
p
en

ca

'

aste n

co n te n to

x r ti ;
ont t d ( bl )

con ten d ;

e e

en e

con tes t.

on

V OC ABULAR Y
con ne

k eep i n ; 2

con ti nw ,

ra

co n t

ly

assem b

co n tiOn

ace

a g a i nst : Opp os i te

ag a i n s t ;

spe a k

co n rac

tradix
co n tra h

con

cum,

co n tradicto

dra w t g e th er ; 2
tr x 3
t
o tr
tr ry
co trari
reg ai n h ealth ; 2
al
co
v lu
co v ll
p luck up ; 2
v l
i
c ome tog e th er ;
c
o

nv

c n

ac o

con

co n u so

co n ve n tu
co n

c ll

m eet

assi ze

fly tog e th e ; 2

con o a

l
fr
r

convoldv

r eli
c r u

o n

d
r

c o r pos

bo y
i mp o ve ; 2

co rri g

cap i to

r y

; 2

cause

rd

; 2

run

ri

cha

cucurr

cu so

ot

nn n

todi to
cyath o, m , cup
Cyn o sce ph ala
Th essa ly

cor

correx

cup i o

ru i g ; cour e
c uspid f p i k
cu tod
gu r d
custod i g u rd ; 2 cus todi o

Ro man c a n na me
ho n ; wi ng of a n a m
a

Co

lu t p assion
g r

cu su

G c

c upido ea e
c ura ca re
curd c are fo r; cure ;

cu rru

d la y

cu p i ditat

cu rr

r
y

C r
c r

3 co nvo ato
op i a p l o ces
a n d , n h ea t
Co ri n th io of Co i n th
a ci t of
Co i n th o
ree e
Co rio lo m , p l a town of La tium
.

3 cu ato
u i
m p l a S a bi ne town
u ia w a
; sena te h ouse
Curiatio a n A ban a m i l na me

convo

cumu a to

curav

r;

co nvocatoa

vl

co n ven to

to g e th e

cav

ly ;

assem b

oca

convn

cubi

on ven

h
nj both
i
o
w
t
)
h eap up, load ; 2
um u

cubu

a o ng

cup ( i ) desire ;
c up id e eagerly

con

w i th ; 2

; 2

r e.

cu n ctatiCn

es c

abl

couch

cultu

la v

'

cum u a

con

do w

lie

to
cubi li
cultu

r lly

crndlite r, c ue
cuba

co n ten to

2 65

cus

pl

vi lag e

in

r t
Cy ioo m a town i n Asi a M i or
c rrump corrup t ; 2 corr up 3
rrup t
c rrup to corrup t d
c rvo m r v
h rtf c o sul
i g
cos
D amna
do mnau
co demn ; 2
co sul p lur
3 d m at
c ss sh r tf
e as t morr w
d
g iv ; p ut ; 2 d d 3 d t
fr qu t
i
c b
k
i
D ari a
P
na m
g
f
re c eat ; elect ; 2 creav 3 dc ( bl ) dow fr m bout: con
r at
r i g g r bly t
cr d trust
e
beli e e ; 2
de i mp ovi e u xp t d l y
did 3 r d it
deb we ; 2 debu 3 debi m
C r mer a ri r i n Etruria
debi li t w e k e ; 2 debi li tav 3
c ri m
ha r g
debi li tat
cru i torture ; 2 crucidv 3 cru de ed dep rt ; die ; 2 decrees 3
ec o

ro ~,

s n

ve

cr d li

23

c uel.

ne

ec e
,

d e ce m t n
decem viro decemvi r
e

n s

eea

to m ent

a a

ers an

e o

cr

cru ci atu

ca

c i ato

en

ce n n

c e

en

or

or

a en

co

V OC AB U LAR Y

2 66

decern

c on vi n ce d ; decree ;

be

de re
n d i di

co nte n d ;

dece m e n da ,
ec
eci , fa
ow n ; 2
tenth
eci m o
decip ( i )
e ei e ; 2
.

ll d

d d
d

ng

decret

ress do w

dep ri m

derip ( i )

sn a tch a w a

descri b

ma r k

; 2

dcp reS

y;

2 d erip u
.

d c v

decay

3 de

o ut ;

rra

n ge

deser

Cej l t0

dec rr

a ba n

don ;

deserw , 3 de

s r ta
d own ; 2
or
de ucu
3 decu r so
desi li l eap dow ; 2 de lu 3
ded g i v e u p ; 2 d dia 3 dedi to
dedecos d i g r ce
desi n ce se ; 2 dest 3 de i t
ded itio surre der
de i t l e v e off ; 2 de h t 3 d s
d6d
l ead dow ; co n duct ; 2
dedux 3 deducto
de p e a despair ; 2 desp eravg 3
d s be w
ti g
da p ata
2 defu
d tecti
r v lt
dt r r e d eter ; 2 dt u 3 de
d f d de fe d ; w ard off ; 2
3 d f nsa
det h d raw d w ; te ar o il ; 2
dl t
d efe sor d f d r
3 de ac t
defer co fer ; 2 detah 3 dele te d etri m e to l ss
D o God
de i d next h er up n
l y w aste ; 2 devas tav
dej idi } th ro w do w n ; dri v e d o w n ; devast
3 dev stat
2 d fi ed 3 dej t
del b lo t o ut ; des troy ; 2 delta devi n co quer en ti rely ; 2 devi
run

rr

sz

'

s s

nc

an

'

e o

en

e en

e e

e en

ra

raar

e,

ec o

3 delete
ha m ; 2
delecta ,
e i gh t ;
tav 3 delectato
e y
dele ctu

dl

c r
o

d el ic ia

lv

delec

r
m r

e so

l d

r
l

dr v d
.

d r

d
d
l

; 2 devocav

3 de

Zl0
v0 lz

dex tra rig h t hand

d ex tro on th rig ht h d
d i dem t
d i ad m
spe k ; say ; p l ead ; call ;
di
dix 3 di t
d ictati n di tato r
d ictio p l di ng
d ct
w rd
die
al
i
sing
n
d
a
f
(
) y
.

ca

ea

i n

so

an

D em et i o a lIa cedo nia n p i nce

em o i to
em o i
e m o ish ; 3
demu m, a t eng th
den ique, at eng th
de nso , th ick
di n un tia , an n ou n e ; 2 dmzuntiavg
3 den un ti ata
ex pe ll ; 2 de
i e o wn
dep ella
e
u
l
sa
3
t
d
u
p
p
dep on p ut o w n ; e posit ; 2 de
ep os ita
p osu 3
dep op ula p i lag e ; 3 dep op ulatoa
3 de
se iz e ; 2
ep eh en

ll do w

devolv ro ll down ;

devocd , ca
devocato

p l p easu es
h oose ; 2 delay , 3 delecto
delig
b i n , fasten ; 2 delig av
delig a
3 delig ato
si n k ; 2
eme s
3 de
em e y

3 devicta

tr

dif cili diicult

di f cultat , dziculty
is t us t
di i d (se m i dep )
3 di t sa
ig i ta , m
nge
i
d
a
b
l
3
dig nd , ee m w o th
g
( )
.

d r

n ata

r y

d ig ni ty
rth y ( bl )

dig n i tatq
ig no wo
i ig
o ve

d
dl

l
2
d
i
ex
;
.

d lecto
i

V OCABULARY

2 68

c un d

u
o
p

out ;

ud

Etrtm a
'

cg rr d( i )
g l eg te,

ll l

slab

lip

e a bo

abo

co ed

ess os

reck ;
o

e s ca pe

era ga

sp e a

ed

E
jc

11c

r d
r r

call

2 e abo

ea n

50 6 90
4

3 eva gato
.

o ve th o w

wa

o ut ;

r esul t

voca

; 2

Ita l

cou n try o

ve utu

y ; 3 l p
r r estly ;

a wa

; w

ca st o u t

Eg

exce en t y

ijeclo

out ;

go

ij ic( i )

a n ymp

n am e o

the

e ti am n um , even now, stil

; 2

3 Eve

fo th ;

evocav

M id , y oh ;
3 evolu
Evold v
to
tak e re , b eak o ut ; 2
exa rdesc
.

ele p h a n tm ,

th ey)

h ant
out ; 2 (ali a e , 3 eli
elep

e n tice

Ct tO

loque n tia

cr eed

e oquence

b uy ; 2 i m 3 emp to
e pa t f o m
2 em i gravq
l l t i g l a
3 e mi g ato

em i tt , se n
emis
o u t, le t g o ; 2
3 m issm
em o u me n to p o t
e n i m fo r n e e
be g i ns a sen ten e
th i th e ; by so m uch
e ade m , to th e sa m e p ace
e n2

r r

d
r

v r

l pi r o ,

l tt r

e p is to la

e e

ri

e que t
equ i tu

exe rcc

equ i ta

GQl l l l lO

'

r d

es t end

l i mb

mount ; 2

ex

w eak en ; 2

exh a us t

ex

g o o ut ; 2 exi v 3 ex7to
dri ve o ut ; 2 exg 3 exac
exig
t0
exi le
e xilio
extra ordi na ry
ex im i o
th i n k , judg e ; 2
exi s
tl m cw 3 , cxis ti m d to
ex i tio , u rui
a mt , rise ; 3 a o rta
exom w , ado rn g reatly ; 2 arom a ,
.

d ise ngag e mak e ready ;

2
p edi v 3 exp edi to
u en umber d
e X pe di t
d ive o ut ; 2 ap ub 3 ex
exp lt

xp edi

es

c r
.

exp ei

gi sc

eagpe b ,

ere ,

'

w ar h a i ot
,
e t, a nd ; bo th
e tiam, a so ; even

e sse

f un

escensa

lly ; erup tion

nt

rm y

e x h aust,

sa

c de

re e
p

rup ub n
be ; 2
es

exci

e g o, th e e o
a ise ; 2
57 63
r ig
3 E ect0
cr ip ( 2 ) , s n a tch o u t, te a aw a : 2
erip u 3 ep to
c u e , in fo m, te a h ; 2
rudtv
3 cre di ts
trump , bu st o ut ; 2
crap , 3

exa mp e,

se

oo

r
f l
r f re

exci ton

ho

ex

6335

ca v alry

; 2

r cti e ;
a

h a us

equ o g

exh a ur b ,

r
rd

equ i tatu

e x e rci tu

quest i a n
h o s em an, kn i gh t
i e ; 2 equi td u , 3

e ques t

excellu ,

overt/n ow

o use

e x e mp a

re

ma

e qu a

tato

N W of Greece

sur
p ass i ng.

e ci ta

a country

rpass ;

su

e x ci dio

xc ss

(i )

fro m ; 2

aw

e x ce lle n t

to

ll

dr

excessa

exce

w i th

aw ak e

e x a ct,

; 3

cap errecto

demand ;

ld

xp

e nd ,

xl

li co u n fo ; 2 e p i ca an d ex
p licav 3 exp i i to and exp lica to

eap

lc

V O CABU LARY
erg/dorm,

e x amin e

exp lorato

e x p lorator

exp o l ta
exp o ;

scou t
.

exp osa

disemb ark ; 2

o ut,

e x po rt

exp ortdv

td to

by sto rm ; 2 exp ug
72 d , 3 exp ug n d to
e x si lio
n ban / sh m en t
exsp ecta
or ; 2
ex
e x p e ct, w a i t F
sp e ctd v
3 exsp ectd to
e x s pe ctatiOn
exp ecta tio n
exsti ug n
e x tin g ui s h , destro ; 2
exs ti nxg 3 exsttncw
n
exi le
e x s ul
be in ex ile ; 2 exsuld v 3
ec
osula
ersu ld lo
ex te m p lo, forth wi th
lea r g re a tly
exti m es c
2 exti m w
extors
extorque
e x to rt ; 2
3 ex
tak e

exp ug n u

exp os i to n

tire , w ear ; 2 fa ti gow

3 fa li g d to

F austulo a m an s n a me
2 form, 3 fauto
fave a vo r
l vor g oo d w i ll
eli , f
s i les, co t
fli cli)
h ap p y jil rtuna te
feli ci lat h app i ness
eli ci te r, h ap p i ly
emi n a fe m a le, wom an
e mo r
n th i g h
fer ca rry ; bear ; tell ; re ort ; 2
tul 3 Zak
'

p la ce

exp o/ u ,

fa ti g a

exp lord v

2 69

f
f
f

fe re,

f
f
f

a lm os t

e ro

(i)

e roc

e rro

ld
bold,
i ron

72

erce

s word.

'

e x trem o

e s to

fi

es ti va

beco me ; h ap pen ; 3

237

fa cto

see

de p ) trust ( da t ) 3 fi so
(
fa i th ; oredi t; p rotecti on ; sub
se m i

fid

outerm st.

last,

jecti on
deh f ai thfu l
.

di f p t m usi ca l stri n gs
g nra gure, sh ap e
i li a da ugh ter
.

R om a n clan nam e
a b ricio
a R om a n cla n na m e
a b ro
workm a n
fab ula ta le, story
ake
ac
z
m
f ()
; 2 fc 3 facto
a cile , eas i ly
a ci li
eas y
fa ci n o s a ctio n
acto
n de ed
beech tree
il m,
F a l l iu m p l a town i n D ra ma
l
a l isco
p th e p eop le of F a t r t?
l y/1
dece i ve ; 2 j rfclt , 3 fa ts o
f
fa ls o fa lse
Cum, f a m e, rep ort
un s, h unger
ta m i f n
l
a m i lia
a
m
i
f
y sect
fa mi liari tat i n ti m a cy
a m u la
h a n dm u id
com
arr

F ab io

F
f

'

f
f

f
f

f
f

2 3*

"

f
f i li

so n

f i ni

co n triv e ;

ng
,

rm}

cto

f i n i v 3 f i n i tm
ra rely f en d lim i t

n ish

m
m p l terr i tor i es
i n iti mo nei gh bor img
rm w , stre ng th en ; 2 rm d v 3
l m ota
rm e, rm ly
d g i ta de man d earn estl ; 2 ci
fi

ni

'

i
t
d
l
3 ag/ i talo a
y
ag i tios o i u t mous
lam i n io a R o m a n cla nm am e
a mma , m n e
a
e et
b
n
d
r
s
u
de ; 2 ex
e
e

; p

efl 0

'

tu w eep i n g
are n t( i) o urish i ng
os m ower
.

V O C ABUL ARY

2 70

g alli um, hen

ga ude (se m i dep

nctu wa ve
Gme u river
uv io m ri ver
.

f ( } , dig ; 2 fed , 3
fo e de s trea ty
fn e do , foul ; base
orm a
sh ap e ; bea uty
f ort f ch a nce, luck
u ri i
brave
fo rti te r bra vely
{O l tll ll do u , bra very
fo rt na fortune
od z

i
n
d
o
a
g

osso

3 gov:
.

twi n

son

i n law
,
ge nes , ra ce, ki n d, sart
n
i
n
a
e
t
c
l
)
f
g
t
; na tion
g e n u n knee
g e n i e l ria g eom etry

joy

n e ra
e
g

g e n ui no

g er

be a r ;

'

) rej oice ;

ca rr

on

; 2

gess

German o

gestap ,
b re ak ; 2

fru( n)g

ra ud

frg

deceit guile
ch e a t ;
2
.

ra u da

frock

ges to
g ign
3

ra udav

Germ a n

y;

2 gestan

ges tato
carri ed on ; p erformed
be g et ; brin g o rth ; 2 genu
carr

g ladiator g la di ator
g ladiat a , gla di atorial
g ladio m sword
g lori a , g lory
.

fri g i do

fo

( i)

r nt

cold

ff
fru it

orehe ad ;

ront ;

fructn
p ro t
fr m e n t w , rela ti ng to
fr m e nto
corn, gra i n
rustra, i n va in
.

ace.

com

g ra du

f
f un
l

ig h t

ug w ,

ug

g ram e n grass
g ra mmatica , gra mma r
g ra n di grea t
g ral ia p l th a nks
g ran , p leas i ng
v i , we i g h t
r
a
y ; serio us
g
g ra vi te r, h o mily severely
h el d
g reg a
.

p ut to

ug ato

step

ig h t ;

ugav

o
.

i
( }, ee ,

a vo id

; 2

fi1g

g zto

eei n g

'

fug iti v o fug i ti ve

ttci p ro p up ; 2 fuls 3 fulto
u lme n
th un derbolt
f n ali
co rd ; t
o rch
fu (n)d po ur ; sh e d ; rout ; 2 fiat ,

Habe

h av e, h old ;

h abw , 3 h abi o
h a l viliq h a ndy ; su i ta ble
li abi l w , dw ell ; 2 mom , 3 h ab

fundi tb n sti nger

3 functo
j ung disch a rg e
flm es u, dea dly
mm, c th i ef
{u ncula fo rk ; n a rrow p ass
F f mo a R om an cla n na me
fu t ro a bo u t to be
G ab io m p l a to wn of La ti um
G a la tia a country of Asi a M i nor
G a llup . Ga ul ( th e co u n tr )
G al lo Ga ul (th e peo le)

con sider ;

'

h ae re

'

y
.

to ; 2 h aes
.

h ueso
Ham i lca r , a Ca rth ag i ni a n general
Han n ibal a Ca rth a gi n i an gene ral
h aste, sp ea r
h an d, n o t
h au n l , dra w (w ater, 8 w) ; sw al
lo w ; 2 h a us 3 ha us to

cli n g

stick ,

VO C ABULARY

2 72

i nchou beg in ; 2 i nchodu , 3 i n

cho uto
all in
3
h
2
i netd
i
t
w
;
)
(
.

i njfrria wrong, i njury

i njusto unjus t
i n n oce n t( i) h a rm less
i n o p ia wa n t, i n dig e nce
i nseqw , ollo w u po n ; 3 i nsecuto
i n si dia p l a m bu sh ; p lots
i n sig n i disti ng u ish ed
i n si p ie n t( i) u n wise
i n so le n t( i) a rrogant
i nsole n te r, arrog a n tly
i nso m nin w i th ou t sle ep , sleep less
h
i ns ti tw , re so lve ; ap po in t ; 2
.

t ucuso

i ncita

urg e on

3 in

; 2 i nci tav

ci tato

i n ci tato urg ed o n
i nd uct , sh u t in ; 2 i nclus
cluso
i ncol dw ell i n
2 i neolu
i n co la i n h abi ta nt
i ncolum i safe
loss
i n co mm odo
i n credibili i ncredi ble
i n de , th en ce
i n di e , declare ; 2 i ndin ,
dicta
i ndi cw , disclose ; 2 i n d
diod io
i n dies, da i ly
i nd uc le ad i n , i n troduce ;
dux 3 i nducto
i n dustria a cti vity
i n e rm i u na rm ed
i n fa m i i nfa mous
i n a n t( i) i nfa nt
i n fe cto , un n ish ed
i nft , b ri n g in ; 2 i ntub , 3
i n e rior lo wer
i n e rn o lo w, i nfern a l
i n est ; 2 i nfestav
i nfes ta

tu

3 i ns ti tuto
i ns tru arra nge ; co ntri ve ;
s truc
t} , 3 i n structs

de i n teg ro, a new

i ntellig
un de rstan d ; 2 i ntellex
3 i n tellecto
i n ten to ~, atten ti ve
i nte r, (ace ) between, a mong
i n teri ip ( i )
i n te rce p t ; ca rr
3 i n tercep to
2 i n tercrp
i n te rdn m , som eti mes
i n te re a m ea n wh i le
i n ter ector murderer
3 in
i n ter c( i)
sla ; 2 i n terf c
.

in

f
f

illato

i n esto hos ti le
i n deli fa i thless
i n m o lowes t
i n i ni to i m m ense
i n i n i to n i m mense qua n ti ty
i nfr i ng
b re ak ; e n eeble ; 2

tu

in te rim , me a nwh i le
destro ; 2
i n ter i m

i n term

i n te rjecto i n terp osed

i n term i ll i n terrup t, om it ; 2 i n
term i s 3 i n term issa
i n te rn ecion exte rm i na ti on
i n te rre g no
i n terreg n um
3
ask
2
i
n
o
a
v
t
e
r
i n terrog a
r
g
;
.

f
f

3 i nfracto

in

ch a racter.

h uge
free born

h onorable
e n ter ; a dvan ce ; 3
-

in

disadvantag eo us

i n te rr og atoa
i n te rv en e} , co m e betw een occur ;
2 i n te rvn 3 i n terven to
i n tra, w i th i n (ace )
i n tza e n te r ; 2 i n tron , 3 i n trato
i n tue be h old 3 i n tu i t0
i n usitato u n usu al
i nvad g o i n to ; i n vade ; 2 i nvas
3 i n vaso
.

gresso
i n i g o i n to ; 2 i ni v 3 i n i to
i n im i co h os ti le ; en em y
i n i que, unequal ly, u nj us tly
unequal ;

i n g e n io
i n g e n t( i)
i n g en u o
i ng re d( i )

i ni quo

frey

3 in

in

Insu bria n

Insub r

V O C A BULA R Y
discover, nd ; 2

i n ven t

2 73

juva ai d ; 2 ji m 3 juto
juv e n i youn g ; a youth

i nvn

3 i n ven to
i n v ice m, m utually

J nve ncio

j ux ta

in v i so h a ted
i pso , self, very

near

Rom a n general
to (a ce ) equa lly

i ra

a ng er

n an,

a ng ry

i rri de

laug h

2 i rri s

at ;

i rri

L sh ortfor Lucio
.

lat sli p, all ; 3 lap so

Labiano one of Caesa r s oicers

lab r la bo r
la bora
la bo r ; be af icte d ; 2
la bo rd v 3 laborato n
Lace dae mo n io La cedaemoni an
lacrym a tea r
lact n m i lk
lacu m la ke
lae to joyful
la p id m s ton e
1a rg i te r, i n abun da nce
l t, w i de ly
la te s s ide
La ti n , i n a La ti n w a y
,

i sto th a t ( nea r you)

i ta, th us so
ta lia
It aly
ta lico
Ita li an (adj )
talo
Ita lia n, ( n o un)
i taque, th erefore
i ti ne r n road, m arch
.

I
I
I

and

s.

i te rum,

a second

ti me

ere

lie ; 2

ja c( i )

jaci lo
j rcg 3 jacto

jacu

th ro w ; 2

j a cu la h url ; 3
Ja m, n ow

La ri uo La tin ; La ti n us
La tio n p art of Ita ly

ja culato

J an iculo
n a h ill on th e west si de
of R o m e
an o
h ungry
jj
u co
a ls o n i n
l
oke, jes t
m
j
j
(
p )
J o v J up i ter n s J up i te r
jube b id ; 2 ju ss
jacun do p leasa n t
J adae a J udea
adee ju ry m a n ; judge
j udi ca udg e ; 2 judi cav 3 judi
.

Catt

j udici
j ug

judg men t

yoke

to
J Cmio

3 lecto
leg i tioIi emba ssy
leg ato li eu te na n t;
.

a mbassador.

le g ion leg i o n
le g ib n z
i rio leg i on a ry
le p o s m n o m s lep u s, h are
letali dea dly
le v i li gh t ; i nsi gn ican t
l i be n te r, w i lli ng ly
li bera se t re e ; 2 li bera v 3 li
berato
.

R om a n

cla n n a m e
-

m yo ung er

n io
a
j

s w ea r ;
.

2 jurav
n ri g h t la w
u
s
j
a ss u, by order
us to just, up righ t

j
j

um i dia
J ug u rth a a k in g of N
a st of burden
b
m
e n to
e

j
ng
o i n , un i te ; 2 junn , 3 junc
u
j

j ura

lati tudo n brea dth

lato broad
la tratu a ba rki ng
la tron robber
lan d f p ra ise
la uda p ra ise ; 2 laq
3 lau
ddto
laudabi li p ra iseworth y

Lavi n ia , a wom a n s n a me
Lavi n ia , n a town of La ti um
leg f la w ; con di ti o n
leg g a th er ; sele ct ; read ; 2 leg
.

jil rd ta

V O C A BULAR Y

2 74

greatn ss

m agn it do n

gre

2 liew ,

od
o
w
,
f
Lig usg Lig uria n
Li l vh aeo a n th e western p romontory
~

a oi l y ( 3

l ig n e o

! Asi a Mi nor
m ag n i cm m ag n icent
M ag n s ia

as
a s

m ag istro , m ter
m ag is tr tu , m g i trate

li be r , freely
li be ro free
li be ro m p l ch ildren
li be rtata liberty
li b VO m book
lice , be a llo w ed ;
o

at

e ee
g ae

m a g n o pe re , xc di n ly
re t r
m aj r
m j( r m p l unrestors
m aIe dic0 s cu ri lo u
m alo g bad
m a lo ,
a n 81711
ma d ,
2 m
jo i
.

li m e n th re sh old
i ng o n p l a Gallic tribe
lin g u a to ngue
l i n tri
wherry
li te rari o li tera ry
li te ra , p l a lctter ; l i tera ture
li tos sho re
loca
g i ve o ut a con tract for : 2
locav 3 locata
1000 m ( also n ia ) p lace ; sta

n
n a en n
andav
3 m n dal
m nd t
n di r ti n
m an e i th m
ing
m n e re m i n ; 2 m ns 3 m
o

o- g

ec o

or

an

tio n

R om a n cla n n a m e
man u , f h a n d ; ba n d
m a n um i tt , e m a n cipa te ; 2 ma n u
m i s 3 m a nam i s s o
M arce lla , a Ro m a n fa m i ly na m e
Marco a Ro m a n rst n a me
m a ri n sea
M a ri a , 0 Rom a n clan n ame
m a ri t i ma m a ri ti me
m a ri to h usba nd
M a rso , a m ou n ta i n tri be of Italy
M art Ma rs, god of w ar
m in e ria timber
m ath , m oth er
m atri m on io n m arri ag e
m atron a m a tro n
m atura h as ten ; 2 mai lman , 3
a

lo n g e fa r
lo ng , lon g
lori cai , breastp late
lig h t
16 0
Li mit a Ro m a n rst na m e

Lucretia , a wom a n s n a me
Lfrcullm , a R o ma n g eneral
h l do m g a m e ; sch ool
log o , m o u rn ; 2 law , 3 lucto
l um e n lig h t
l u pa sh e wolf
l u po w o lf
l us ci n i a n igh ti n gale
Ldsitan ia Por tug al
lus tra , re v ie w ; 2 lus trav 3 las
.

M an lio

trato

m amaate
-

mature, sp eedily
maturo r ip e ; sp eedy
m edico m p h ys icia n
m e dirr , m iddle
.

Lu tatio

R om a n cla n

na me

Neldo

M sh ortfor M am
(1
M acedo n ia
country
Greece
M a ce do nico Macedoni an
m ae ror s orrow
m ae sto sorrowful
.

p 1 t he Hei di
m e li r be tter
m e ll , n ho ney
me m b ro n li m b
me m o r m i ndful
m mn or w , m e n tion ; 2 memordv
.

north

mag is, more

mem orabili

m emo rable

V O C AB UL AR Y

2 76

n on dum , n ot

g e t ; n d ; 3 nacto
te ll ;
na rrav

n a nci sc

110 8 0

na rrati ve.

be bo rn ; 3

n atura

no ta

n ow

n av i cu la

Numa

voyage.

lest, tha t

refuse

; 2

neg an

Na

n eg ti o

j a i r, busi ness

'

n o one

n e m os

grove
n e p ot
g ra ndson
e tune
ep t n o ,
o th e
, g od f
p
n e que, nei the r, no r
i oo m di
ki ng of Bith yn ia,

ki ng of R om e
ci ty i n S p a i n
p] th e p eop le of

second

divi ni ty
n u m ero , m n um ber
Num i tor Numito r
Num ida Numi dia n
Num idia a m i di d
n un c, n ow
n am e ; 2
n un cup a
.

n egato

n m o n

t he

n um e n

n ece ssity

de ny,

neg a

Num an ti no
.

no ne

Kum an tia

no t.

n ecesse , n ecessary

notav

n ullo

n e cess itat

boa t

n av ig ation

; 2

n a val.

s h ip

observe

n av al}

n o te

sa ilo r

n a u ta

kno wn
n o v e m , n i ne
n ov issim a , rea rmost
n o vo
new
v e il ; m arry a h usban d
(
)

na tu re

o ur

noto

n a ti o n.

mai n, i n bi rth

n avi

n ostra

tion

n e,

n arration

n a rra

to

yet
n 6 nn u llo
some
n on o , n i n th

n u n qua m , n ever

sea.

n a nli a

bla ck
n ih il, no t
h i ng
Ni lo the ri ver Ni le
n im ium, too m uch
n i s i, un less
n i v f nom s n i x, snow
n 6 bi li
no ble
n ob il itatg no bility
h arm
noce
2 w ow , 3

re port ;

n untiav

1mm

n u n tio

n i g ro

nuncup dv

n upe r,

ma rt ,

m messeng er ; messag e
la te ly
n atri a , 3
mi
n o uri sh ; 2
.

n i i tri c

n ymp h s

nu rse
,

mp h

ny

( i) f n ig ht
n octu, by n ig ht
n octu rn o
n ig htly
nob, b e un w illi n g ; 2
n oct

Ob, on
obEdi

f (ace )

acco unt o
obey

o cdi v

n 6 m en

stam i na

n olw .

o bequi td

nam e

tau , 3

n am e

obedi ent

i
()

o b d ie n t

nom inav

ride to w ards

o to w a rds ;
, g
2 obi n 3 obito

obliga

obequi

obegu i tato

ob i

; 2

e nco un ter ;

di e ;

bi n d do w n ;

oblig e

; 2

ob

V OC A

(gen )

forg et ;

obli vi sc

obli to

O pi m o n

forgetful
o bli vion forg etfu ln ess
o b li to

o ve rw h elm

; 2

ob

to wnsm a n
n town
se t a g a i n s t
O
3 OP
OS
H
P

o p p ido

b eseech ; 2

obsecrdv

o bsecra to

o b se d

h os ta g e
block a de ; 2
.

p
o p p o rtun o
op p or tu ne, su i ta ble
Opp ri m
o ve rw h elm ; 2
op p ress

obsed

co m ply

mp erd v

o bte

co n ure

w i th

o btemp erato

; 3

o bte s tato
.

desi re ; 2
o p ti x
n0
best
o p tion
ch o ice
ora

coas t

ora

p ray ; 2

ocea n

Octavidn o

Rom a n

em

ei gh th

o ctZwo

a rra n

o rdin ata

o rdo n

octo, ei g h t

or i

oc tOg in ta, eigh ty

rto
3
o
;
m th e Eas t

a do rn ;

orn an

orn ato

p o in t

os te ns o
a

orna m en t

o u t, sh o w

2
;

o r osten / o

l o wn

th e m ou th

at

Ti ber
o stio
n en tra nce ; m ou th
eti oso disen g aged, i dle
0 v i f sh eep
o v il i
n sh eepfold
6 vo n egg
.

h a te
n h a tred
3 oblato
offer
o ffe r ; 2 o btul
o f cio
n du ty
oli m , i n yon der ti me ; form erly
6 m e n om en
2 om i s , 3 om is
om i tt le a v e
.

eye.

Helveti a n ch i ef

ei g h ti eth

o ctog si m o

so

P s h ortfor Publio
a
b
u
l
n fo dder
o
p
p ac f p ea ce
Pa do th e ri ver Po
v

a ll

o mn i

o m n i n o,

o n e rari o

w h o lly

tfor burden

p o wer

24

burden

o ne s

p ae ne, alm ost

a e n ula
clo a k
p
pag o m ca n ton, dis tri ct
p an i m brea d
Pap i ri o a R oman clan n ame
.

; i n pl ur wea lth
.

o rnam e n to

ordi n av

row, ra n k

a rise

O rie to

ge ; 2

O rg e to rig

O stia

ordi n a

h undred

m world

o rbi

ei gh t

octi n g e n to

op ta to

3 braid

orav

sp eech

ostend

p eror
-

or n a

rst

th e

op tav

ocea n o

storm i ng

O pp ug n ation

Grater , ora to r

opp ugn av

op p ugn ato

b ration

; 2

; g a i n ; p re va il ; 2
3 o blen to
o bti n u
ob v ia m , i n th e w a y
occas i on, fi t occas i on
3 occi s o
k ill ; 2
o cci d
occultav
co n cea l ; 2
3
occultu
o ccu ltato
occulte, s crelly
se iz e ; tak e p osse ssion o f
occup a
2 occup av 3 OCCtlp l n
occur
ru n to m ee t, m e e t
2
o r occucurr 3 occurso

op

as sault

op ta

re ta i n

obti ne

2 od
o dio

ob

s i eg e

oblemp era

ocu lo

'

op p ug n a

o btes ta

op

sess o

ob s i dion

o bs ide

osu

op p on

obs ecra

o p p idan o

obru

i n i on

op

V O CAB UL AR Y

2 78

p ara

p re pare ; p rovi de ; 2 p a rav

W e ig h ; pay ; 2 p a ene .
p end
3 p enso
p ene tra , p e n etrate ; 2 p enetrou ,

2 p a rd ith

pa t ia r, p rep a red
rc
s a re
a
p
p

read y

a rci tu

are

orj

ltl 7 8 0

p ep erc

'

o bey

'

d)

2 p ara

3 p ar
.

p a ren t
bring fo rth ; 2 p ep er

p a rta
a rie t~ , m wall
p

of a

no m

h ou se),

m assassi n

ss o
r
u
e
c
p

p errudz)

p a n es

a rt
t
s
id
e
a
r
l
p
;
y
O}
; p p
p a rti m , p a r tly
pa ru m pe r, a little wh ile

strik e

p ercuss

little
p ass im , i n vari ous p laces
s su
a
p a ce
p
o
r s h e h erd
a
s
t
p
p
l
a
be o pe n, be pla i n ; 2
p e

p a rvo

de stroy ; lose ; 2 p erdi d

3 p erdi ta
p erdue le ad th ro ug h ; 2 p erdun ,
3 p erduc to
pe re n n i cons ta nt
3
r
t
u
l
e
n
2
er
erfer
d
e
u
r
e
,
p
p
p
;
la to
3
r c i )
erfec
er

n
h
2
e
i
s
p
(
p
p

p eril

p ap

tu

IM

p ene trata
s t horo u h l
n
i
t
u
e
,
g y
p
p e r, t hroug h (a ce )
ca rry th ro u g h , co m plete ;
p e ra g
2 p ereg 3 p era ctt
u
h
rr
u
n
t
h
r
o
er
c
u
r
g
; 2
p
o r p ercucurr
3 p e rcu rso
3

(i }

th ro w

a te fu c

2 p atefe
c

o pe n

a th erly

p a te rn o

p a t( i ) su ffe r ; 3 p asso
o t her ; sen a t
t
r
or
a
p
p a tn a m i ti ve coun try
l
i
a
r
rn oi i id , n p a tri mony
p
p ai ru li m cous i n
: uuci t i t
fewn ess
p

treach ery

rlug a
e
p

de serter
o n ; 2 p erren

e
p ar,

go

p erim

'

3 p erree
.

fe ar g reatly ; 2 p er

esc

pe rish ; 2

p eri

t
l
a
i m, by degrees
p
p a ulo , n a li ttle
.

p eri

da ng er
p e culsa , da ng erous
p e ri ti a ski ll
pe ri to skilled
p erm a ne re main ; 2 p erm ane

p e ri culo
au

p eri v

to

au

to

:a
t
i
d
r
e
p

r
r
oo
e
p
p
p
pa u pe rtat p overty
a v r
nic
a
p
p
p ec u ia a sum of money

116 777161 0 803

i
sc
e , m ix to g e th er
e
r
m
p
; 2 p er
m i scu 3 p erm u ta ,
p erm i tt pe rm it ; g ive up ; 2 p er
m is 3 p m ni ssa
a la rm ed
r
m

t
o
e
p
p ern : m2e p rev a il upon ; a la rm : 2
t
3
m
o
er m ov
e
o
r
p
p
p erm uta e x ch a n ge ; 2 p erm utav ,
3 p m n utato
pe rm utation ch ange
t
i
on
rn i ci
e
d
es
r
u
c
t
p
pe rn ici oso des tructi ve
~

pe d
pede t

no m

foo t

pes,

'

oo tso la ier

pe di tatu

i nfa n try

Pelig n o p l

p l t , p us h
e

trib e i n Italy

dri ve ; 2 p ep ul
.

3 p ul
.

so

pe l lin f
p elli c( i )

shi n

a llure

; 2 p ellex
.

3 p el
.

Pelopo n n eso

the

Morea

BUL ARY

V OC A

2 80
'

raecip ztw , ca st
cip

itav

3 p
.

h e adlon g ; 2 1m m

p itato

l, ch ief:
p m eclar, excellen tly
p ra e da , booty
d
ae
a
e
d
a
w
e cla re alo ud :
r
r
2
,
p
p
d le au 3 p raedie d ta
rae es
b
o ve r
w
e
ae
2
r
j
p
p
p n re t ct& , co m m a u der
p raejer be a r i n fro n t ; re e r ; 2
p rae tul 3 mm
p la cxa o ve r

be, w ell
p m bi tav, i ? tegri ty
rig h t
m
b
o
u
p
p
p i e ced , g o tb rw ard ; 2 p rocess
o

p f

3
n

praefecW
re wa rd
.

p rae

o rt

p rae lw , sh o w ; urn ish ; 2 p rae

b li , 3
p ru es tlta
a e s ta n l i
r
( ) excelle n t
p
ra e te r be yo nd,
p rae ter i pass by ; 2 p raemi a , 3
s

TU t

j ectlr

ay ; 2 p rof g

a
w
i
ee
(

)
\ a n ce
a
r
a
d
f
d
: bgred i )
o
o
r
w
,
;
g
(
p

p ro

tg

l tO

p ra e te rqua m, excep

p
p rae to r, j udg e
l ae tGrio
of p ra etor ia n ra nk
p
p raevide see be fo re h an d ; 2 prae
vi d
3 p ra evlson
ram , n mea do w
rav o , de
p
p a ved
.

p re c f p ra yer
m
a
r
,
p
p re ss ; 2
.

k
e e p O ff ; ch eck ; 2 p ro
p
b
h ibu 3 p roh iI/ lto
roli f no w 8 p l ol s, osp r i n g
3
rom is
m
t
l
ro m ise ; 2
r

i
p
p
p
p ro mised
m
o n tb ri m n h ea dla nd
r

p
p ro ag ate ; e x ten d ; 2
p rop ag a
rolu

ra etor

2
p ra ePOn
p la ce o ve r
p ru epos w , 3 p raep os iar
p ra e rup to abrup t
rae s idiw , 11
p
p ro tection ; garr iso n ;

rone
, p
p
o n s u l p rocons ul
r
o
c
p
p rocul, at a dis tu nce
p rocara a tte nd to ; 2 p rocarav
3 p rbczlr dta
p r6d g i ve up , be tra ; 2 p rodid
3 p rdvtOn
able to
d
e
s
r
o
G
b
e
t
2
r
p
p
p ro r
l
f
rodi a , 3
r
o
r
a
r
d
2
o
o
c
w
u
g
p
p
;
p rdi ton
n p rodig
ro dig io
y
p rodi tor , tra i to r
d
i
to , le a d o rth
r
b
w , 3
r
o
d
2
p
p
;
l l uClO
7
5
p
OG liU
l
n ba ttle
p
se t o ut, march ; 3 p m
o
d
s
c
r
i
f
p
'

p ra emil t se nd be fo re ; 2
m i 3 p raern is o
p rae pa r tio n p rep a ra tion
,

'

ra e ec

rOclIv i

a e m ia
r
p

on account

pr

f,

raee r

esp ecia

p raecip uo

before, i ns tead

p ro,

'

res

rop erw ,

h aste n ; 2 p rop erav

.

rop eratOu

se t fo rth ,

p ro

3 p rep os zto

pose ;

2 p ro
.

f (ace
p roscmpa ,

o n accou n t o

(3 1.(

p roacrzb p roscribe ; 3
3 p rm crip to
p resequ p urs ue, ollo w ; 3 p rose

p ri va te

3 p rop ag ate

q ua m p ri m u s", as soon
p ri uce p ch ief
p ri ucip tu e stp lace
p ri us, befo re
p ri usqua m sooner th a n
,

ag av

o te r, ne a r
r
p p

pri vate

rop

p osw ,

p rp cm

p re tio a p rice
p re ti so val ua ble
p ri m o rst
p ri m u m , rs tly

p
ress

ea

uh

p rosp erous ly
e
r
a
p iqi } p ro v i de for
p
3
s
t
o
r
r
ec
o
o
,
p
p
p w
ros pe re,

V OC ABU L ARY

2 81

protract

o
t
r
a
h
r
p

defer ; 2

quan to h o wgreat; as
qui re, wh erefore
qua rto fourth
quasi, as if
sh ak e ; 2
n on e ; 3
qua t( i )

p ro

3 p rotracto
p r v i ncia p rovince
tra x

e ed
o
r
c
p

ch a lle n g e

v
r
2
o
ocav
;
p

3 p ro cocd to a
rov o cation
a ch al len ge

so

p ro x imo

i
r
u
d
en t
)
p
(
r
n
t
e n tl
d
r

d
e
e
r
u
, p
y
p
p rdde n tia p rudence
b
u
lico p ublic
p

rop
Publicola a ma n s na me

l
e
o
p p e s frieri d
Pn blio a R om a n rst na me
2
ca use sh am e
e
;
p udu 3 p udi to
l
l
a
i
rl
u
e
g
p
boy ish
ue ri li
u
h
oo
o
d
e
r
i
i
a
b
t
y
p
p ue ro boy
t
na
a
t
l
e
u
b
g
p
p ug na
g h t ; 2 p ag nau 3 p ug
.

u
l
p cro

p un t ,

bea utifully
bea utiful
u n is h ; 2 p un i v

3 p uni

Pa i o
p ap ill

Carth agi n i a n

n c

to

u ta

n d to .
,

p ulc e

deci m, fourteen
q l
que (encli t ) a n d
quer co m p lai n ; 3 questo
a use
a
b
e
u
i
c
,
q
quide m, i n deed
qu iet f res t
qu ieto qu i et
Q uinctio a Rom an clan nam e
qui ndeci m, fteen
qui ng en t si mo ve h un dredth
qui ng en tm , ve h un dred
qu inquag si mo fti eth
qui n quag i n ta , fty
qu i n que, ve
qui n to fth
ui n to
a R om a n rst n am e
qui n to, for th e fifth ti me
ui ri t( i)
m R om a n
qu , wh i ther ; by h ow m uch
quo wh o, wh a t
qu cu mque, whi th ersoever
quo d, beca use
quo da m , ce rta i n ; so me
w h i ch ?
quo n a m , w h o
que qua m, a n y si ngle one
quom o do , h ow
quo n da m, for merly
quo que each
quo que , a lso
quo t, h ow m a n y
,

ou r.

ri ttuo r

quatuo r,

neares t, n ext

p r de n t

quas

w a rd

s upp ose

3 p utti

; 2 pq

to

Py dn a a ci ty i n Macedon i a
PyrEn aed m p l th e Pyrenees
Pyrrh o a ki ng of Ep irus

Q ui

sh ort or

n ton

quadrag esi mo jbrtieth

qu adrag in ta fo rty
a dri ng e n tesi m o four h undredth
u
q
quaer s e k ; 2 quaes i v 3 quae
.

quo ta n ni s, every year

quo ti die, da i ly
quum, wh en ; si nce
.

qu aestor qua estor

h
u
l
o
w
a t ki nd, as
i
a
f
q
qua m, how ; as th a n
a mdi u, a s lon g as
u
q
quan qn a m, alth ough
2 4*
.

R am , m boug h
se i e ; 2
rap ( i )
rap i d
rap ido
rap tim , h as tily
.

rap u

rap to

V O CAB UL AR Y

2 82

rem une

boa t

ra ti

th i n g, ci rcum sta n ce

;
re n e w w a r ; 2

rebella

re be l/a

recd

re ti re

rece n t

(i )

recess

fresh

creato

re n e w

renova

g i ve back ; ren der ; 2 red

did , 3 redd i ta
red , re turn ; 3 redi v , 3 redi ta
redig
reduce ; 2 redeg , 3 redac
to
buy back ; 2 redent , 3
red im
.

lea d ba ck ; 2

redw

re

ducto
b ri n g ba ck ; requi te ; re
f
p o rt ; 2 r etul 3 relato u
rep a i r ; 2 refc
re ( i)
3 refer)

re er

o w b ack ; 2

ne

re

a
e n
i

k
r
ee
b
2
c
f ()
;
f g
reg
ru le ; 2 rec
s , 3 71 :6 t
reg , ki ng
reg i na
queen
roya l
reg i o
re g ion
cou n try ; dis tri ct
regna , re ig n ; 2 reynav
3

re ug

re

rep ulse

repe n ti no
rep te

j o}
ri j ecto
,

relig ion
reli nqu

reli quia

rep ul

sudden

l vq 3 rep leta
p ut back ; 2 rep os u 3

rep o n

rep

yb

a ck

carr

rep orta to

; 2

re

rep ortav

de m a n d back
the s ta te
r p ub lica
rq radza , d i v o rce ; 2
,

'

rep ud iav

k i ng do m ;

rei g n

ba ck ;

b reak do w n

res ci s s a

t, 3

reg na

res p on se

resa r

resci d

resist

r es ti to

answ e r

res

resp o nson

12

a ns wer

re sto r
e

; 2

resti

tJ to

; 3

R om a n general
t h ro w b ack ; 2
re
jc
a

m da ,
p on d

re tire

dri ven ba ck
m e n d ; 2 n one, 3

res a rci

re

r ti

n et

reti na

re i e

till ; 2

res ti tu

resp

to

R eg ula

res ti

ste p

rep a rato

(i)

resi st , sta n d s till

reg red

re e n te, sudden ly

th rus t ba ck ;

to
resci n d

re

re pu lso

to

ren ova v

rep os e

; 2

'

b ri n g w o rd b a ck ; 2 re
v untiav
3 ren untiato
rcp ara
re p ai r, re t ; re n e w ; 2

rep orta

re g i m

re

ren un ti a

rap ed

n ovd tU

rep a rad

rect, ri gh tly

re

a k e ba ck
k
a
t
e ; re
i
t
b
e
;
( )
3 recep lo
ce iv e ; 2 reci p
ca ll t o m i n d ; 2 recog~
recog n osr
n ov
3 reco g n i to
3 re
recred , re re sh ; 2 recreav

red ue

recip

re dd

re trea t

re

recesso

; 2

be h ind :

re bellav

re ma in

m a ns 3 ren i a nsa
R e m , b1 oth er of R o mul us
R oma , p t a pe o le o f Ga ul
rn oa r
rem o
re move , re m o ve ; 2 rem ov
3
,
m eta

even t

recen t,

re ce p tu

rem a i n i ng

re liquo

robber.

rap tor

h o ld back , k eep ; 2

retina

co m e

reven i

back ; 2

reven

reven to

relig ion

re v e re n tia

le a ve be h in d ; 2

pl

mna nt

re

reli ga

r everence.

rever t , re tu rn

R h en a

; 2

R h ine

rever

V O C ABUL ARY

2 84

spolio

six ty
sexag in ta
,

se xce u t s i mo

si x

h undredth

sp a n de

p oil

p romise ; 2

e n g a g e,

on

sp onso

s ta n d

;
,
; 2 aid , 3
stati m , i m m edia te ly
s ta uu n g ou /p o g t, gua rd
se t up ; re so lve
sta Iu
; 2

std

sp o

co s t

slaton

d ry

si c/:a

up ;

siccdo

S iCCd t

S ic ilia
S iculo
si cu ti

S
S

ci ly

d ca n

zc

ca g

'

'

'

stray

8 t7 d t0

ba rren
stre w , sp read ; 2

s tem ,

s te riln

i n ti mate ; 2 sign icd v

3 s i g n i d ta
72 s ig n
sta n dard
sig no
n oud
si l va
S i m i li
like
like ness
s i m ill t do n
si m ul, a t th e sa me ti me
S i m a la c, as soo n as
si n e , w t lho ut
s i n g ulari
si ng le ; extraordi na ry
u nlucky
o n th e left h a nd
s in is tm
S i re n f S i ren, n s S i r n
be th i rs ty ; 2 s i t
3 siti to
s iti
aw
so ce ro zwr zn Z
s oci al
social i
S U Cie li l t a ll ia nce
all y
soc i0
8 6 1 m th e s un
m
i
a
m
se
d
e
cc
t
o
ed ;
u
s
so le
b
e
p ),
(
3 sali t
alone
sclu m , onl y
loo se ; se t sail ; 2
3
solv
solzl t
o
drea m
so m n ia ,

si g n

s ta tue

sta tua

st as
u
j

s latiIIo

s a ke,

p ole
12
sti pe n dio
p a y for service
stra n g le
stra ng ula
; 2 s tra nguldw,
3 s tra ng ulawa
stren ue. acti vely
str um , acti ve
no ise
stre p i ta
stri de , roa r, creak ; 2 stri d
stru i f n om s s trus, h eap
be e ag e r ; p ay a tte n tio n to
stude
( tin t ) ; 2 st
zeal, s tudy
studio
S tu lt , fo oli sh ly
S l u ll ( )
fo o li sh
stup efadz} , asto n d ; 2
stup efec
sti pe t

a dvise

sud de

suds

su v i

sweet

s ub, u nder

s u bdo lo

cra

w ith draw ; 2

subdac

subdue

so n o
so

wn , sis te r

Sp

[vlu m

s pa

so und

be

n e a r;

subi

go

u n de r,

sh o rt or

pe

S pu ri0 a Roma n first

sp ace ; cou rse

subes

hi p s

s ul/ i ll

fw

sub

e n te r ;

subi v

s ubdue

2
;

subey

a cton

subig

ie w a pp eara nce
pec i
sp a wn , be a s pe cta tor o f ; 2 sp ec
td v 3 sp ectato u
S p lu uczb , ca ve
2 sp ra v 3 sp erato
sp erm h o pe
sp er m , de s p ise ; 2 sp rv 3 S p rlo
3
sp o lia
p lun der ; 2 sp o li av
S

sub s idia
S

MIUCII i
3

succo r

s ucco r

'

subvn

sw cessor

succe e d to

ces s

succu m b

S ULCd S On

g i v e w ay ; 2
3 $ UCCUb tO
.

S ubve n to n

su cce ssor
sue e i

suc

V O C ABU L AR Y

2 85

R oma n general
s tu n , ta k e ; 2 su mp s
3 sump to
s um mo
h i gh es t
s un , h is ( her, i ts, thei r) o wn
s u p e r, above, a cc or a bl
s up e rbia p ri de
su pe rb o p ro ud
h ig h er ; for mer
s upe ri6 1
o ve rco m e
s up era
2
n
3
s
u
e
r
a
,
p
,
;

S ulla

s up erato

be

abo ve
.

s up erven to

su p plicio

p ut

p un ish m en t
be ne a th ; 2
.

u n de rta k e

sus cep

sup p osa

rece i ve

; 2

s us cep to

s usta i n

s us ti n e

(i )

; re m ain ; sur
v i ve
2 sup erfu
s up ersti tio n
sup e rs ti tion
s up e rven i
co m e u po n ; 2
sup er

suscip

'

s up p on

teg co ve r ; 2 ten , 3 tecto

t lo n m issi le
te m e re , rash ly
te m p es tat time ; age ; storm
te m p lo n te mp le
te m p o s ti m e
tend stre tch ; 2 tetend 3 tenta
o r tens0
tene h o ld ; 2 tenu 3 ten t0
te n e ro
ten de r
try ; e xami n e ; 2 tentd v
tenta
3 ten tat0
te n u i th i n
Te re n tio a R oma n clan na me
te rg a , n ba ck
te rg o s h i de
te rm i n o m bounda ry ; end
te rn o th ree ap iece
te rra ea rth ; la n d
terre frig h te n ; 2 term , 3 terri
.

vn

sup e res

in

range

mountai n

Asi a M inor
te cto n roof

T auro

sus tin u

s us ten to

um i di a
S yp lnac a ki ng of N
S y rac s a p l S yracuse
S yriaco S yri a n

t0

te rre stri ea rth ly

te rri torio n ter ri tory
te rrGr fear, ala rm
te rtio , th i rd
te stam e n to a w ill
te s ti c w i tness
TIne ssab a a p a rt of north ern Greece
Te u to no p l a tri be of Germa n s
ibe ri the ri ver Ti ber
ti bi ce n m ute p la yer
th e ri ver Tici no
i ci n o
Tig ran i a ki ng of Armen ia n s

T ito

sh ort or

tab ula p la nk ; p icture

ta bulata , n oor

ta le n to

tali

such

ta m ,

so

talen t

grea t, so m uch
ta n tu m, on ly,
tan tum zn o do, o n ly
tardi tat slow ness
of Ta ren tum
a re n ti n o
Ta re n to n a ci ty i n th e S
so

n s

ti m e , fe ar ; 2 timu
tim ido ti m i d
ti m or fea r
ito a R om an rst na me

ta m di u, so lon g a ti m e
ta me n, awoerth eless, yet
ta nde m, a t leng th
ta( n)g , to uch ; 2 teti g 3 tact0
ta n to

f Italy

Ta rp i a a wom a n s na me
Ta rp io mo n t th e h i ll of th e Cap i tol
a rqui ni o , t he na me of two R oma n
.

ki ngs

to lt raise 11 p ; 2 sustul 3 sublet

to
to na th u n der ; 2 te n ue 3 lon tio
t0nde sh ea r ; 2 to tond 3 tonso
to n i tru m th un der
tormen ta , mili ta ry engi ne
.

V O CA

BU L AR Y

2 86
to rqui

c colla r
.

trib uto n tri bute

tri ces imo th i rti eth
tri duo n sp a ce of th ree da ys
tn g e m i n a t h ree bo rn a t a bi r th
t l i g i n tzt, th i r ty

man y
tots, whole
tm b fl be a m
to t,

so

tra cta

; 2

tre at

3 tw o

tractav

tri m

deli v er up ; rela te ; 2 tra

trad
did 3 tl d di tU
trad ed , lead across ; p ass ; 2 tra
dust , 3 tt d dw to n
tra h
d ra w ; p ro tract ; 2 tro n , 3
.

'

'

'

trique tro
t ris ti

f th ree

in

sets o

tri a ngular

sa d

tri u mp h a tri u mp h ; 2 tri ump ha u

3 l l i u mp h ato n
tri um p h o
m tri ump h
'
l rcja TI oy
Te m , Troja n

traj iqi }, tra ns p o rt ;

jec 3 trajecta
trams across (a cc )

cro ss ;

tra

tra nsfer
3

tra y/ staid

; 2 tra ns tul

ca rry across

tra n <
fig

tra ns p

fug i n c de serter
tra n sgred( i )
g o acro ss ; 3 tra ns
rew
g
3
tra ns i
g o across ; 2 tra n s
trans

bi ll
ullio~ ,

t1 CUIS ItO
3

pe n d, nish ; 2 tra ns eg
.

th y, yo u r

c on fuse , alarm

turbos ,

; 2 turban
.

3 turbato
tra p
tu rma
turp i ug ly ; disgra ceful
t m pi l c r ba se ly
t u rp i t dn n
dis grace
tu rri f tozaer
'
l uscia Etruri a
T us culo n a town of La ti um
t to safe
tutor g ua rdi a n
tyran n o tyra nt
.

le ap across ; 2 tra nsi lw ,

o r tra ns iti v
tra ns m a ri n o beyon d sea
tra ns m i ti , se n d a cross ; 2 tra ns
tra ns iti

sw

tra n sna

im

acro ss

; 2

trans

3 tra nsn ato

n av

tran sp o rta n C arry a cross ; 2 tra ns

p o rtav 3 tra nsp ortata
Italy
Tras i m en o , m a take i n
'
Ita ly
in
l re bi a a 7 l
S lmO th ree h u n dredth
tFGCPIl L

N
.

tNCt

l l ttk

T re

vin
o

tri

trep idaa

trep idato

tre p ido

full of ala rm
pl

breast ; fertili ty
n b i, whe n
wh ere
U bic p t a Gallic tri be
u bi que , everywh ere
ulcisc a v e n g e ; p un ish ; 3 alto
n i lo ; a n y si n g le
u lte li o r f urth er
u lth m , furth es t, las t
ul na, br yon d ( a ce )
n l tro, beyo nd ; sp mzta neous ly
be r

th ree h undred

tre deci m , th irteen

h wzda , be ala rm ed ; 2

German tri be

th ree

i r iba , besto w ; 2
to
tri b un o m tribune
.

3 triba
.

or

Rom a n cla n na me
th e secon d ki n g nf Rome
tu m , the n ; co n a n d also
tu m u lo n m ou n d ; tom b
tu m u ltu up roa r
a

tra n sac to

T
T ullo

t no

tra ns i g

; de fe n d ; 3 tui to

at

p ie rce ;

lo o k

tue

V OC ABULAR Y

2 88

vi nd ica

aven g e

;
3

vi n dicou

vi n o

vi o la

wi ne
v io late,

La ti n

a
d
r
oc
ee
p
gainst ;

V o lsco

vi n dica to

bi rd

Vo lu m n ia , a wom a n s n ame
v o lu n tav, wi ll ; ch oice
v o lup tat p lea su re
devo u r ; 2 corda 3 vorato
vora
3
vul nerw , w o u n d ; 2

p1

v o lucri

'

tribe

o utrag e

; 2

vio la ,

v i ri di

g reen
tw ig , rod
v i rg a
V i rg in ia , a Roma n cla n name
v i rg o n
vi rg in
man
v i ro
m a nli ness vi rtue
v i rtnt
s i s( it , f ( res ) fm ce ; strength ;
la rge qua n ti ty
lzfe
vi ta
vi ta , a vo id ; 2 vi
3 vi tato
n fa ult, vi ce
v itic
li v e ; 2 visa, 3 012:t
vi v
li ving
vi v o

v u ln es

vulto

wound

face

V tIC

voca
vol

voice

call

; 2

vocav ,

wish, be willi n g ; 2

vocato
voter

Z ama

f Numidia

a vi llag e o

C OR R I G E ND A
.

b
o tto m ; fo r 1 5 rea d 1 6
p
OI de riv e w a d de l i ve r
4
7
f
p
p
ro m bo tto m ; fo r 2 06 r ea d
4
[
w
e
p
ur
u Om u dO I ea d
se n t 7 0 1 ex
3
3
[
f
q
qu mod o
p
s u n s e t w a d s u n se t
u
1
f
1
r
o
x
1
9
4
0
1
1
4
e
1
1
9
,
f
p
Lus t 110 9 0 1 e x 1 9 1 fo r i n m ne duy Te d d i l l o n e da y
o m bo tto m : fa r 2 d a n d 3 d rw d [ S Lan d
4
3
7
1
m
r
l
e
p
l
r ri s m a d fe rr ris
m
f
r
r
e
7
2
m
o
1
7
l
n
1
r
o
i
e
f
p;
p
1 93 , lin e 6 rom mp ; fur nisi rea d 11 13 1

lin e 1 1

ro m

'

'

25

O F T HE F O U R

S Y N O PS I S
T E N S ES

D IPERFECT

I ND ICATIV E

M 00 1)

Active

S lem

g a l iu n

T
S

S i ng

N
-

Pl u r

L
0 11 )

3
1.

am a

am b a

m o ne

mo m

a u di

a ud i ba

o
c
I

N
w

ha

a ma

a m

m o ne

n m u b

a n db

a u d ie

reg

reg e

f
f

M oo n

tio n

1
2
4

Te

V erb

s te m

am e

mf me

m o n ea
a ud ia

reg

re g a

1
2

am a

am at e

m o n reo

au di re

(t

au di
re g

A o f th e

1 The e
an d p u s i ve

i ris
-

ti3

6
4

is

it

i m us

i tis

t6

m us
6

ti 3
6

Acti

person en di

'

o ne

m us

u nt

n gs

n se

ama

a n di

s te m.

i m us
-

tis

reg ba

UBJ UNC I VE

it

reg

is

ve

Conju

4 11 113

reg

mo ne
a ud i

h
g

e nse

a nm

pe rso n e n din g s

reg e re

u
u
u
u
u
u
u

u
u
u
u
u
u
u

1
'

m IS

is
L

nt

ll

It

i s los t i n t h e rs p c rsn n s si n g b e fu ro th e e n d i n g s o a n d o r
o f th is te nse s te m i s ch a n g e d to a i n th e rs t p cmo n si n g u lar, acti v e
s te m

S YN O PSIS

2 92

TH E

OF

O R

F U

A cti

ve

pe rso n e n
-

di

ng s

Co nju

g ti
a

o n.

S te i n

te

2
4
3

F4

11 10 118
au

di

reg

a ma

l
2
4

itc

to

to

n to

m u ne
au

di

u n to

i to

re g

PERF EC T T E N SES

A cti

ve :

ma

e n se

s em

i t te

M oor)

2 d ste m

i to

amav

fro m th e 2 d stem

Plur

i ti

it

i m us

i s tis

m
or

PAS T

amzi v

H
T h e das h

1 T h e se

is

it

en

amav e r

a m av e ri

a m v i sse

1 m e a n s

di n g s do

th a t t h e

n ot a

em

vm vol

l wa y s m a k e th e

m us

is m a d e i o

mt

tisr

l bi s

nt

n s.

lu n g i n

e
( w

nt

i m us i ti s

ut

e n se .

COKJ U GATIONS

RE GUL A R LA T IN
P
S in g

ass ve

n
n
e
r
s
o
e
p
-

di gs
n

i i
H
u
imi i

u
H
e re

tor

to r

n to r

u
6

i tor

i te r

NOTE Th p f ct
e x mp le w i ll suf ce
e

ere

te n ses

u ntot

o f all verb s

l ik e

bein g m ade

a si n

gl e

P
2
sum

si m

6 8 98 11 1

20

ass ve :

m ade w th th e 3 d ste m

t is

93

e st

sum us

es

eras

e rat

eramus

e ratis

eran t

e ri s

e ri t

e ri mus

eri tis

erun t

si s

si t

e sset

si mu s

essmus

su n t

s nt

SYN O PSIS

2 94

ama

2
4
3

um n e

F UR

re g

am av

amate

1
2

l
1

am a

an

1
1

re

1
1

PAR TICIPLES

PERF ECT

TH E

OF

e re

( i)

nt

1110 11 8

di

en

t (i )

re g

P ERFECT
lly mad e by ch a gi g

usu a

S UFIX ES
A CCUS ATIVE

ma

a of

th e 3 d stem to rm

d e by ch gi g th
an

e o of

th e 3 d stem to um

1
l
1

am a

n do

i n o ne

an

di

en do

or un do