Elster, J., Nuts & Bolts For The Social Sciences

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Nuts and Bolts

for the Social Sciences
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jrclb :Ioctuitl,. br :F.t.'Q"!lr~ri;nle.m,:p:i;oyers tn ,give job tenure to a;~I, wb(1i bad, 'been. ,enTplolred. for' rnlQ[Ie" ~ban\t,saY'I' 1;wo Jt;i8ir:s;,Th,e causal :meebalwsrn, is .r,3'unllal adarpta,tiolD 'tlJ' t~h,e'~g~slatlon. 'by e=mph:rfY·'·' l ers, 'who Ind i:l 1.0 dlle',iir' Ill!t,er.-es!t 'to d'ism'iiSs worke~ jUSit 'be;[OIl@' 'die explra:tiloll. gf'm,e t;w,o""y'tifr ~perioo.. :S'ta,i:ements 'iliart, :,urpod. t,o ,ex,p:la;i!ll,an: f.V€.Dl must be c.a;re:tbn.y'
diitiIl!luisbed, from a :Dummer lOll anb~r.types of :sta,t~meJlt,. Fln;t"

::";'-'-12'<1 , :::.~--,~;I'-'"I:l'-·/!'J l"l:~, !"l:i["',"--' [It...,flfi':-"·r;",;1 ''1'' t:"'n..... fF~:-I-"'"IC"'I"-:' ~1 ~="Om true causa eXptt-BO_aIUOlmS muSil, ILK u_,_stl~,IW's~~~
ml~m!it~., ~-=r_~~-~iI.!w
~i'iI~Ii' l.dl_.}~_a.'''l
T~· ~~
:t"~~J~ ~;~~ ~ ... ~ l~~~
~~iW~!tli, 1I!r._~l~,~
'l!'!, nii"il~''~Ilii"iII"i'I.~.rlh,(: ~~ l""l~~L~l""ly~~~
:c;-: I"'"'~] Stale ca,uiI_ '~"i'-".~"" ~IJ,.~,;If':!':li1~'!I~al 'nl~c""ain~S~I, 114t~~ !I!r.,gl~.f:J=

l"'·h=~.'~~-~_~~
!I!IJI_~
dil~""~;>' ~'""' r~,,~·.IIi/U:~J! ~::'i'~~fll~1i". ~

[_.l _ ...• 1 l.
,nIIf ~l"l ii' lIf~-,Q_~l5.. ~ ''''"J il~,;:;"i'!,'i: '!f!u-'-',fiii~~;f;\P""'; y"tlJ, ~_~~[~l-.'b·U

_
.l 1. __ ~ __ Hr ..• ,,_. l J.._ -
...
.~:~ 1II..;;:·!tr~.1 ..(1.0,]:, 1I_l.UI. ~iP:'i"Vt ~A,,,"V ',Z' ...
II_DI_IJ.IJ.
'11"":ofil_
_
j'n mml ]llSIOE'h~'a:1vmt~iD~$, and 'in 'rnarnv soda] :sde:-IlJ'~6!c' J __ anal,lCs~, ·tb,e mec'hanj;sm. ls uat 'e'xp:~i,ti.'tty· dt~d,.blstead". iJl~ is ~ ~ ~
oU81'e",,I! 0'" -1.'."
[I._"
_J •• ],~._ l.
~iU-U~~Ii,~U ~}'
;e- - ~
~_t\ii:li·.-II1k- ~ ''""jh;;i:!i
ll.l[!k;.'
"ii~""-'~ "iii~'I)..,':.,.:'" I,ll'··'~'il' .• "'n, ;t.k '~~iQyU~~~,U!_~U:t e cause

.;., ,c,
' :.-[':
.~-o_...:.!_:,
~,'~~;.jili.Ml~J~
I;::
~~ d'
">i:i;e;~liI..''''d' , ~~!ty..-~~ -~i!"'i, "" n- - ,1~"'l!I!~ -
,:",::" 11"> ,.:~~ c;!:Ve;f~,., II l' 'If..... (~: ':':.".-.I';II-,.. ... ~ t:aJ!I], ~ , lJIi~~)I)~,,In
(, .j",': ' ':. >,";' maJny "W,al.fK ..'~'Il' nar.raJLI,v;e ...:.':H,P lana .. DS,r.' lIn..:I~ I " ,:t:'"" ::":," :,iIi.:.:" ~'.:: [1"·':;'1 "" "IJD
'm: EVeBt, are ....,e

_~. __ I __ .",_ J.,_
'J._!l
ir L_- r'a.dd~'I"""'l:·'·!·'~;;]...::.[...:..'rllf'-·''''':'··-''''':'~· 'miil11 i:s ~'''':'~_:::-~'~--.ll 'p"l('elUli'ino;soo

':~":;::':]:-'-'--:'"I:'::,fd U!i!i
~ _.
I,
'"(::-, lO .L.~nu.r
·'id):--c·t~rrf1i<;;' It, J'f i-";-Id] llli·- .. ~,~~.." di-d'''- a ',> =, t;Q~, mar iii pelS.on~~, as ,-. .. ;;~
_J~ •• _ ._'. _---,_1 ._"-_.I '_
i _ ", __ ~. __
lOom"" ,causaUu ':":"'!!'.x

._-,_...:.~I_._I_'JJ!'
re'tewal1lr' I_._~.:_l~...=.)~~,_, feal!l1~ '·-3 _~' ..

~"'1._!1
,af
J_.
'_''' .. '
I\es;l.d~ bt . ,rino' lesteD '[1Jt~en 'fil[)d" 'we' 8;lsurme '~:ha!i''dle' meeha~f' J_, __ ",,[ _"'_ ""_"
__
m"~1ji"jIi '!liili~~;~ ~oo' ~II!I.~. "'I'~,~ !ll,~.
~I 'Iri('ii,;i'!l"oriln' ,Ijn~ Q'. •• 'iJ!'. U' ,t"" .... ~;1I!y
,1LIi.1!l/Y',I. "I.m."
~,~
'~J.n:1Id-: t~,...t·
.ili.L,....
'~,~ di-l)'01"!1 "!iI,'li"JU,
lI;iI;1J!
~f!l!',.~
;W,
i ,iD;i!Ji;iII~hjliiQ~ .1,,,,",;I!u,I!II, ""', ..... ~Jlu,~

'1i~J!!!:']Ii:-'~'
~fl
'fboo,
whi~b. he was allergic, we assume that the' mechanism was ,~nl,anle1~ic .[-eaaion .., :Su..,~(,)se' :[I;.ow 'ilia'l: :lIle ,a,(itllaUU' dJed ~'ID .vr.' III
'GDI ~:a,1!!IS~
"~~.i';<!'.;--c.';.-:-:.-, [pl}.~.,onlll,l" 'I!.."'''[" au
'j-'L.,-if.
'Ik........ :-,:-,-.::.. ~.~ ,irr:...·.,..·4 101. ,1;\lPUt.iI,
!li.uaJlI,., ,'~
he w-'''-':-' aiso ,a'I~.erlu: ~O,t'L,::: .-,'I;-:~~.-'I[~:::.:--.;-,·:c , .. .. as, !li.U,e

'~,C"
'fQoo, in ,lllestio[iJ" lobste;r,. 1}o 'Sft'Y' 'dlai: he dj,ed. because be I'~e :(000, ~ .~
'~\(), 'wkEch be had am ,ameflfW w1.luld be tme, bUlt. ml.slea;d:ing~ I'm e-lill" D 'w{ulb:~,s;trIgfst 'i'h,e WI\D:ll\i eansai :meeh!arBiism,. '[[0 Sal,' thaJt: b~ di,e{l.
""'~"'''','lii~1~ci!Ii' lite'.' ,";j~'~ ~!!IiI!~"""" !til,. ~!Ili.'!i.
l-:A,b-i1!:1i'~1( W"l'!"i"~J~ be true, ,~v" k'!I:!i'!i.,.,I, ." lIUI'l!I.iI_..!}Y, 1U't: !1l.~,~'!i.,..~
b '~'·I~m'i'lt~'lHf'I,~;ti~Vfi'. :i"~~'. ~~I\;!!'I,U,RilJ,I,. ~,. ~·tt. ,I."

" Iy!', I~I
lshh 'ildI lk1,V-e ' 8iU1SI:~, )tmr-een. iUl;e' '(t:W'O :iDterpretan,o:ns\p 'we' W,trUII;; L.... 'U)
;0;,.... , -" ' -.' I
~~~_I'~'~:: and ~L! __'~ lL!L~, :5'1l£e ~~~,:ff'P'n'i['Il;-; S,ll_~~~g 'i"r~,?~~, Q_,_ ~ ,'i:il~\er' the lL!o"CJ!utf~
,m~a ..,
dJ~,v~,r""A'" __ ....... ~
~,.r~ ~
lI~re' is
,Ii.
D, :lOlOU'
:complex: fX31mple'~ ,mY' far,Yori't'e'

~~IiPi-~~-~
e:xalD;plle'~, in
11.)!'t;1I;,w-eeJJ.
t-~~~~~
facti' of'ilDris, :lcirnd of amjy~luitf., In, lkm~4r:J iTil ,AnrmciI';r ,J\Jexis;de' .... ~ ~,~, ~ ''''I'l~ A'~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~'iI"--~ ~'III~~~d'l ~~~~ ~'I [I--- ... OCq,iUieY,ILiC! ul'SlCiUisses· tne auege 'CiIJ:USaL, 'C;'Otmrn;~;"i;;.t~OjN
ma:n:yiJl(g 'ftu love and :haJwng an Tu;ooa:ppy' ma'ma.ge" :e,e pl(Olts,
,;"1i;iI]':it '~;""I,'!Ij:t" ~il-..,::iI!' if"I!iI't'Ii'If'Ii,~'i:ii"IiIl['Iil ul - ill 11.1Llg~ildlura. ~,UI,n".I=.~,UU,IU
~ ~ ~. -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~
•. UUIlOI· , . d ul_U
~ _ .. . _
~'lF:1i'~m:" 'Ii['
I
~_1;J"':'[1"1[11~;~~li:~~ ¢ ' I 'I~I, du.~I}~""I!li-_"~-1iJi

_ ~j _ _-
'iin 'i1iilli~'Ii;.'i:i"!'1f-1 ~lr~"'"','I;;.,~, ,llLlIl "fi)fi'llJ_IJ-.Ai.=I=IJ, !lJ1~",-~I_lI

_ _ _ _
-~ ~ ~.~-_...~, - ~,~ ~,~~~ ~~""~;t!i-j'~::O'-, ,'!Ij'....aII m_a.wAlI~~ 31'-e ,.;1)..' .... ,.",J:Ili.,.,pU:.~j, ~~U 'ti-""n"i!I!~A ii'Ii"IIi!!i'M,~,ii.'I~ ,!:U:~ ·'L.d ':.U",," '1iI1~' ~l'~~e'~ :stuibbO-fD_ '~n'le wUI ~O a;~:a~m;~ CI.'nenl. and. ,two 01'1]"':;,D_Iy ,,', , I b ," ltbe' ," ,~_~'" ,===~~, , ~ ,_ ~ '"
;!:i'li"i,;I
~',~g~~"41~
,~.~~~.~~~''''''~,
lEiU_
,lr.
1 ,r-l!il!'~,~~t"
~ , __
~f"
,_
'tJulbborn, peBU:ft~ ,aIr;e:nat In ad)d~ltjo~, :pe~ple'who

~f\1 1iJ.!1·
'j-'lkl~iir-' ~_~Jlj~I_'
m 'O~'I1'''''' ;if"O\'1Iin~n:nn~;e4' 'nP~~

.; I" .·.tIL,..
~~,lll_I}Ut
II,
Ulte.l,y to :ba,v~' . very' :barppy' ma'mast.,l a :s~31B8jj__rult~the' 'Cll1rrenlt,s·r.-e''heated hadl.,

ifi~'i'~~inD ___:__.~U~'_"~LD'
'''''~ilf-fi-;!im;i;RE W~IIP.L~~~i=-~_~
_lll_I~"'!IP. ,r-'!ir.~~l~t"J
·a'n~mii:"il~
"~_~W'
~. - V~!\r.,
uMa:ppiness., 'OiF: 'dlese ,aj[gumenlts;~, the' first ,[ICS:ts, Oft la m@:IlC'IIU!Sa)~ crJ;rre'~atl~.),J], rt~eltweeln maNJi_OI fo,[' love' aInG uoo~ppj:nes~\.. ''Ihe
secon ~'",u .J! Uiv~a ,g, IA~iI!' ·n.olm'",' ,r-!4I' I, 'I,'" _!L
'~\O.,I UJ IU _ '~I
'~l"i"II"'A' causaa. U, IilIIL iii-! ,
,;iI 1i"''''';1fIii~'~]:'O-,D~; ...:] iFiIi;fiwili. LL_I~I~I UIl_I"-', "a.~~ ifl'!,.;.; ~'rjIi~ _I."-~U\.l_U~"t~~I_ UI_ll~ .•,~.
t . _
I!J
I~
,lllrU~
thal1t,'the ',d1tta of IOVlt ,marrimg'es, to 'wham 1"ooqlllJevUI,e add~d

Z :Rere' lhJ!' '''''lthiJrd, fu;(1:ot;· i~~t ~,
:::.:iii:Jla',i!:;'-X!ti'.... m.
i;i,..""C;'iirl""","~""'~ !LllII;,><;"1Iiilltll(~."'!L""'[
eve!lt~,but: ~ ldi!l~i'~ ~-a.~t; :~n!ib:~,

~
-~'I!' ....
~irI~~i' "...-:- ..... ~l" 'P.',!ocI;,. ~ 'W'-I!IIII~L;" U,u'n ....
~~~~Il.;l ,'U, n,,,,,,'!',,," 'i~ 'l'I'ili~ l.\oI> !Ii"-i!' 'Io!' ""

cn''!U!'!UI '~~l!UIi ,'IO,~.
To
'~I':'l'~1 ",,~,m
1~',a~I!Ii~~~ ~~,...,I'I.!o;iIi&
~.ia'IJ' le~l]ts. '&i.l' :i~l~ruateS ~

~'CI1!~, ~
raet~,~i~
~iQt,
eadi~~:,h!1lt tll~ :Illfilg[jlf ,of t

~
U~tlmilll'~}:f" .~llal~I,'f, ~ ~[
!c;:: ,J'
:h'~s,a~rgume:__rnt.bad, fun 'mirld" M,a;nyi;ng, for :Ioye; causes uDhaJppi;" ness IOlli.y' Jn D,Ci)(fIto't wDerlt1' 't'bjs 'pli.toiltt:, is ex:ceptional. :BitO:~O~ gI_j!t!; oft'e'D refer tn :5;ll])cl1,efFects; as "~fr[et]uem:cr decpen.die'n;t. ~ I dis, C'lI~'S'tbi~ ~,~lj,Qfl" :in ,cb~p~e1:"-1:, Tirtr[t(t, ,(;'8'0581, pliUIlf)iU,IlIDS[ must be d:~sUrnl,uish,oo,from assera Il'i,orns;,a'tHJ:tU necesslitatinn" TiDI ex.p];lhl an €Vl!-nt: i~s; to gi,ve an. ICt:(JUFllt of 'wfur,y' i'Eh8~penoed as it :hap,pt!nedj" The' fact: 'ma;t, l't nriin'~lnaim have~ ===,V:t'", ban;t)ened :hl some.... ~--.~~~ ~~~~ - ~ ,~. =~ ~ ~m other' w,ajil:~ ~ '~'Oulld 'b-~:':;=' =f~,and .... ,-~,-,=,,a,Vif: h._B!ppened,hl some [ather: 'w[a,y i.f it :bad not happened in '~h,e'w,a,r ;t~1I1~fI,~ jI'[Ii;il!!oit':-h:.)~'r.' here '~~'il" '~,"'e'IjIoe. C-iO'; ,[.f.u,u,... .... ~I '~~"'J"'1fIi1 'I":e (Flifil!'~i;ll!l;li!-; ,·",~'t'o'.; _IJi"".._,o1I iI)" UIi,U,i" ,_., lilU,:}li .... r.- .... T'!!",ILI _ ~U,'~~I"i;", 'f-rom an i,ltruraibl[e fOJtltli. [or ,cao__e'efjl' 'w'lJl'~dl,:Lscena'~rnto [ld~1rn'im,
=~, ~~ ,=~, = ~ ..
11,,,,,,,",11, '.... , '!Ii,. ... "'", ,iIi.I,"'-'!'.lI, I........ iii! LL..::J!.... ,I.I, ,;;t,
,.~lIiif'lfof~iiii' ~i"i'i.t:ii ~~ lllli-_~I_~_ UIJII~ ..ILll
vear H :""", LI:a.,. ,J -~W· J,,-~ ~[~~

.'i .. ,
''fo,ii''!iiI\lli'"~''r~I!''' 'll~li'II~~d· OJ ~'w". '~11~ 'lr1!'~ l'" ~-,.IL;.. .1'1.. ,_IJ}~ '. ~'FIi ;91 r,I!Ji'[' .. Llllll
a~,~;Dnl~' :T':"'"'", L~_",'U}~

=
_''\!._.J
_' ~
[t:~J~';11' hw be dj,i,ed.w,~t'h~hl eertain time ~e=mod~ is ~(Jilljt'[ess w~ ' ,8 h: [~. tFJj;F ~ '~O sa 't11)8:'t he had',to' di,e' In, U~aJt. m.'oo because he had cancer, 1f' p
all
'Wi~ k_uolw'aba!l1~'llie
CI5C is the' onset 'af cancer, 'H1Je Umited tire

~"""",~ -~_ ~~,~~~ ,'OJ --
~palll of permFlIs 'i~!~I.~lb. typ~ of eaneer and, 'dt,e dJea,tb. .o:f d~,c tha,t~ 'li'ie:nDn , :it, ~:s,Ip:la:lJl~s~b:le i'[1![er 'dlillit be di,ed be(ar~~ of 'n'l~e,~ ~~,= to anc .I"'~~~ ~.JIL" ~= -~ c~ceF~ ~ 'W:e' 'barv''f the' fa_dier event £1'11.:1, a ,C'ausa~ me;e__h,loh;:m" :!)uRicieIil!t: to bri;ng aooru:l: dle' ,~a,te:r.~"'te.Di:", ,But~'the m.ec'na'nilsm j[S not, neeeSls!IIl'::
~~~J' ~~
~~i"~_-~~~ ~"-
be ~pree=m!p~ed, another" Lr:o find ou.t, ·wbat ad:UlaJIIy 'br ha~peD~d.;) we rn~,oo,mO'[t' finely grained :know:led;I~' The' Qjlllest :f1I,t!y,er rends,;; :ri.gbJt 'u.:p u) ~h,e lest s£OOnd~ ;mmethirnl else oould pregm,~ '(h,e ,c-arlu:e.r'" Y[el: the mare 'wte know ~'h.e:more' <:-onfidrent.
:~t~ 'Goul,d,
II!
W,J:i'
~ e- ~
~ifp;
~
,tih:t'if~:~P "r:""VP'
~---=i~l!l;. _"~ ~
~~l'w ~
the naiil"1'irt' :p,vn)~'Ifi,'Qi1i·iAin.l JiL'"

•
~.~,~~~J~.
~Alr=~::IL'~l"~U~l""l~'
The 't\¥O pm'blems, w,e ba:'te just discussed ,add up to' ,8 weak.'" !mas ,~n "'!he best-known theory' ,o:f :SI(':~e._Q!tilf:ijc' ,a,p]ana;tiollf. tbat
:pmposed. by [CaJd H:e:mpel He-,iu:lues, 'IDI't e!(,,~ana~lon, ,a'm01!l~~S, "0 IogiGit1 deductjOll, of the event 'to be ,e-l.'Cplained~, 'w:~t:b Itmer,a] ~~a,ws;and. star'e:meIllJtsI of [mJtial condilto,ns as, 'th,€ plle'1lI!Wse,s., Oue , ,obje(ti~n,is that 'dte ,Sie=nef'al, :la,w5 :mjsht [Ieflect conelanon, lrnJ)l IC'.a,iUS~uio:n" Another ~s''t'h a t. the l.a,W~;b, ven :if:' lenl!dll.ely' ,c:ausat, e
'6
:!':";~ilj.t e p~ . m,~ ...m~~'!I} be C-::f:iee~:I-flp:t'ed ..y other- :mecb~lliw;smS\" 'rhiJs,~ is w.h~'[ have~ ~---- - - ~.. ~. .~ .. ~ ,l'.. ~
~C'
pl~ced the eQlpbas:~s, here on ..mechanisms,!, :o,o:t n :la'ws., l'hlS IS o not a.deepl :phUosup:bic;w dl~reem:e'nt., .A causal IDN-banlsDl h;a.;,s
a firnite' number af Itnks, ~;a.c-b mi:fI'ilt: w.iU have to 'be G,eK1ibed b,' [a,
tha.t sense 'by [;I ,jli"blac'k 'bt)X"j about 'wbose bl!ltemals,ears, and. 'wheels, 'w,e remain '~guota;nt, Y:ft: 'for :p:rattica'l ~C:', OifeS .....the n;- i'mGSe5! of the... 'Wlorr1ldn~' soc~a'~sc:lentislt - tthe ,~.I PU:rp .. pU_..p ...... - ..~,., . , p~a~ of emphasts is :rmp-c)tI1aJDJt :B, (;O;nGell,'traJt~_[lg, ,fio, meciila,"',
g~n;,e:ral.la,w'", and
I. ..d.
.~Il,
~~~~~iC;I!'
_ .• ~~~,,~
~ ~~~~~~~~~
~~~~
nisms, one captures the d,y.namLc aspe«~of' sc~,enrt~i6c' ex,1ma,·'

tio .c:" .lon.
r'~::- U_IJ:!!:..0 '~,~ 'F.,-:d. ·.In;r;o~ ~x;-p.·'I~I!Il_~"'jI'~~ .. ~ ~\t'er. · llone 'I"" '[~' - '~[::;; ,P",'O .iIll","""" 'I!o,,;; _ ~ ~.~~'!Oi!! ~Ii~n:s,[0,f ~. _ ~ ..
finer ~ ..__ ~."
:a~lldrn," ,~_ ~_ ~~
FOiUrth~, causal explanations must be dJ~s)ti;IDlgU'~8.!hm. :fro.m,:s~ory''"'' '~~mFin ..~= :11:, ~~u~ ·~~,V=~~="~ ~~A e~lb~g '~enc-"~ne [e~l'l]ana'l:lfJ:n.,a(icounts :£nr 'wmalt, :haJn:nelil.ed ,i.I:S ~~ ,,~~ ~~-~,,~ ~ ~." . ~~ ~,,~ ~""VF ~. ~~
~"i!' ".~
:i'~na:ppt;ned., 'T'o '~dI [a,storY' ,IS lD il~u.n.t: 'ICH:' 'w:ila:i: barppeli,etl ,a~i;l m 5iI,ilL' have 'baW."~;n_ed ~and 1"""= = ~I_'" - = ---~,li"'iI"'."...~ = --_.. - J"'Ia:st ~ ,WII~ '~t ., ..11 , .... lr·,t."·...~ ... , I!I.. -=. ~ nerhans . did hannen ~/' F have '".~- ~
~l,
argued that s;e~ldnc 'e'x,p:lau.ar~l.ons,dill~ir' 'from ,acco:~u:Us[ ~f wIlla!~ had. to happen. [ a:w, nor\iV ·sair~n_I: '~haJ~. t'he'¥ a;~so diller from
p~~y~~.~j'~1
,'!i;"'''''~I'i[.~'lhi.''
~f-~'r-" lI,~,g, "m·~r'V,·"have ~,·,~L."!i;t·, 0 -~'.l· "~ ~~~ _

,I 1
y.' ~
'L.'~'nnan· 11l..J.: ,1.ll~rF""'··
·,;;:]j·d.: !1j"\...~ ·n;n'm'·'· '1I'ft·.. lU," ~~m·[·· IIII ,I, JJli~ r,-Y-' "~' ,1_Io_N,1 iIJ!-"'~~ ... ·11
I. 9:.1
=
!
·":'"':l;~'F:'ll' C~ln:::~ 'W'tr':: tri[v:ta_~ 0", sra~~,e~.. ==y
'~~[:i"ld~.-n,~:'t'OC~.ewa~Jt.to come 'mr~WiJ1b ,Iii .. Q:U~~ · i1!IL~y-~-- .. -,,~-- ~- - ~~-~- -I-' .. __ ~_.~
ltil1l:y
pur~ly' ronjec:tiUra~, account of an f,'Yle:nt:'"?' [s there

science
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.mar have'
iPredi___(jtjCVIt!l pOWf!l' witbllU[. ex.-p~~arllal''''

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.-~.,.. U,I)", t, ere I'S ,P..D neel, t.o ,JOtU!t a 'JY,I~UL~es~~,".",".sb ,I,~ ,. ~~,-', '-'b"~'" i' '.' ,~~ need ,-,~'f\~'-~~~'~ h~~~~'-'l~i~-[;" iiitO'!lJ!t
'nl~~]; pt. ,':I,..,:SJ;';:' '1I;i;!o~1ir~:n.(':" o!lIi (!II""~~ f"1~., ,""~\ -,Ui~,!!; ,I~ _ ,;iI<~ 'V. ,POI, o,'V'~,
'!I'II'~'~I~1(')i1
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'bt.'harvilor,. Wbateyer the' sp:dugs, g,f in.d:i:",j]dUJa;~ ,a,cti()u F-a:tio=aat,I[adi:fjj(ln_a~or s;tm(pl,r 'f~lnd,oml '"""', can p.r-ed~c~: :peo,,, t we '~:t]a:i: iIi~ IV 'I[~l!i', ~~ ([:00"':'·' hev ~~1I, 'I!"nU ~. '1 11;".""1. llJj,1!1I;o, 1'.1;.1'1 P" "~\!';II'~'II '~'u' ,[~;...,~ ,~.'I:...~ ,Ci' ~. dJ:"] """l·'mI ··· nilv' b~.... t.. if"ISI...:Ii ~,,~,"'"" 'II~~ of ~t" Blere[ 'tbJer'f' are seve;r.al mocb~Ul~~sms are (vrns!t(~a;it~,edte t'bat
OOllS<l.iUllt:r
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c c '.c, ~., o.'!Ii'I['I,il".,;;'1!' c!lO;,.!!I"i ... ·!I;,J' .... ,." _-' ""'~. ,i5;H'~rl"~
,1;).1. ,~II;.,."~;;J;
il,~ad,tu 'the same au~co,mc'~w that Cur. pred'tcrhv1! PUqJO'SCS there ifs 'DO need. to decide a~mong:them" 'Y:et 'fOif ~"'.p~~aL~_ali[o;rr' :~').;1fr:pO~S, the metbanis:m i~s Wh~ift mauer-Q,. :I:'~ Pffivjld,es u[f:lde1Sta~Il.(nnA'"
,r.!II~""'" . ,A~~$o!!, p~edjc~~v'e Far 'pg~S' the disil:methJtn [~mo;n~~~[R~Il'·' f.~nll~n.oc~ss;iilaitioD. and 9.p]ana.thl(1l b~mes :po:~:ri:i;tess.]f tJh,er~':is, a, larw:~,ik,e :re-B,ll1larilty' 'be~Wiee~. ne' type ,of: eVe'D't and al~l~(iher'~ o ~jt does Got m_cu~ef whetb,er :1:1:i,s; due [t~ I cau.sall :r.-e~at'I,O,D. belt-we,en.
W'~I~~~I~ _ ',' ~~~'I\,;.J~""
'niFPdr]~~']'[O~'[Il-;c ,~'~' 'm~~Fj"'!ii!~' ,is 11.11/."'.,, ,"'" !!:'I,IIi, [" .• }!'.!"'""'~' ~~~iF';;' ul.l,y,.;Jo ...,or;"iif1Il~'I£",'1 '!o.,!U'.lIl~IJ_,
'!;.!'\ ,.,
'th~m [0;[ tn' their bei:IlI [Q~FlUn,OI]. ,elet1ts, of;a '~him 1(~a:~;~',. el.tJ:~;er 1m
[case' 'we [ca...n use' 'dte [DO::U.J:I.ence '0:1' the' t1XSIt. t.ype (If event to :Ij:redl~t tme lotm:ne.nce of the 's~m,rnd,;, Ndbody beUeY'es ~~ba~ he ~ :Int :s"m:p1:oms, [af,3 deadly' (Usease cause dle latEr deadl~'yet: ,t'taJey tiel r-e,lula.r1I" used '~Ol :pcr-ediiot d1iaJt eY~ll!t :Silm'i1ad'Y"I' i~ dees 'ft(J[
'''''.'I''!Ii,;j;;t.~r' """,,,:,,,~lik[=i'~'.~l\Q; [~.., t"1IJ4li1l;.,.~ ~"'I!'" 1 1 p[!IC~i'm~~; ,1,iI.I:!lI,~[V",.o, Ji~,Ii, iIr~' ;U1!I,.... "..J, L,
"'11;.,.
'!liOll~r-h.·Ia;1I,1...'£Ii·r' g '1jIi'£lii"'~!E">~~it'!P.Iif~lii"':i.t)! "IiI ,~,~!I;.,."'1I;o,.4Ii~!I!["g~~~,!I!~, " ... ,' lI;.,.'U,Ii1;,.~
meeha.t~,~~""=,,,g.
ni~. milbt be p[ee~pted by' amoUler. :KD!(Jwt~1 that a, penon

mas, ,ifl~l)];r,a.bl,e' 'C!)Jl'tcer. aDows 'til'S ttl' pr.ed'k~ whedler or nat he bll l"a;C1 ,d~es, f"ir-o[:m,cancer,
that he wiU diif'~
'. P~\~ITf" ,¥-'"_o, •• ~JIL t. T
wo
11
:und~vlduSJU5m, is :~nmy riew' m,vifdl" true;, ,Man,' 'diiJuk, d.iB'er.'"" fotl"" hO'w~ter", and some' '01 '~ID.i_£,ir ~lUmel1ts; w~n ,addr-essoo, be :~D.chapter XV,. Here :1'w,aul '~O stress ~'b:ajt :~ud'li,vid'ual[scttODs are 'lhemselves, :in need of' 'e'xp:~a'DaJlj,o,fl.i,.~ ,A~:s~~p:lf' :;scb,e_meIUJ' explai.nioJ: ,1;1), aOlion is to 'see it as 'rile [!!:]'ld resu'~t: of t.WO sueeesslve :fUlte~tD(1,~pen[ttons.,'W[e bqm 'with, a
ad;~~n,widdu, the '.. ~ __ ~ 11.11,11"'" ~~~~~,....~~
win ,a""";T,an~~ ' ''''<limAd' ~,~'~t,01 1;"' ...,'!!.,..,lJ[_Y .~... V.U,!!;. '"_,', mls eXlpo"d~i,O[l, the :main, :mflcbalni'sms, to be' [co:ns:idued [are ('8,.;' UO!mal. chotce (c:ba:pt;cil" 111) and md.al. norms (cba:,ter' ,XU) ;;2 Her-e' I shall 'Clu\llce.F.l'U'au~'(lll, choi,c-e\"',I,enem~ed mec'bant~ms~main1r [0['
[ryn;::-~~LTni;i:::-,:: set , __ 'I;Y,rP'l!.ll'~I,IU__="y ~"
U"!; 'I!.i!lill~=,.,,,"i,~
ease [of[eK,positlioa
1
'b1Jl\ also 'because
[ beUe¥e mer are m,aR iloilo .. ,
meillital, tha'n, DOftD'-',genclC'a!l'ed enes,

~.~ th~'U: [a~ 'i~Ludes (V ',-,f, ',-_ ,~:,~:_ ,.~}~: ~:, ,ll:a.." !I~;ilinS,'01180' _emm.ems",~ 't, unsee (u3p.1'm '","'Ui'_fIi ~' -' ," "\i'-', , _',,-. ',- ,'~: i'D, "':1:",~" ,~O:~~aid!' ,..:Ii,-." ifn m_a~,~ts., y«.5~= ,n,T",,. 2: One' rig'h~: ~e' ~~t1!~d,dii!l~:.ocl:B!l :M~ ~~ ~n~; '~ ~Q;nstf.3iinul'filciq s ~~ io,~n [eml!i~
,t"
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'm~~~, ,~r:i~i,v.idJi!i!81tr"w.m, be
!aIm'lndilvid~al [tmd It 'I"ru};(t' iUis~di.~1n ~' " 0f),~JijstN])nls,_ as ,cmawd' ,il Mill~ I ,I~ .' " _ "_",' .' _ ,_ ' _ __ '_ . ~___ ,~~_' ~~ ~~ di&1iij"ruon '~~~'n w'I,;,'~~' ~-, ,iI!:",-il;,t'"nA 'w'llr,;.t 115 ,,~;;'Ij'_ ,m, ':'.-, "'I n1~'h~,," ,peDOJI, ca~l, C-,-,,:,!Ii' _~~!"!lli!!~_~~~ ,~,wee~ .~ ,u_iit~ itS d!.a_nw~e a__H.Y'.H_ !I!~~, 'Ol!l!~d hi~~~ '$US~ :gf~,rity ~1 ~rc at '~, ~ 'dh1n, [e'i'ectiO:Ii ,~~""~ ~'I'1i' ,Ilb.] [~,.,. ,~e;,],~•...,.he -r..,. !Ii,;-!'iU~.J t~_Ij_I,,.,.._ IV.lj"I~._~ •. ,ao~~'']':;[tC~[ n'~ '~"'~~il1\'iIJI ~'M"'~ "'ili-11'~; ~i""" ~ ... ....... :-.e n UUb,I·I~r. W"lIIrl , -o-.U.lJta 1iI,IJ!!I.I!'!iJfp.II~.1 H_~ iJJOJ!l U~I '!G'J!-!l!li.L' ~'l'Iii1ll 1
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,or:'~~Plu'ml [I~UI.I! ~'~r' L--~'LI'~;''';jf1ir'

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'twe;rlity- d~UaH :ID, :m,y pocket

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~n~enr1ocQ :~pe:[i)d,'Lilem, 't[o

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:maro,¥'[onmlli:Ita,tions, af goods, :1 (:3[1, eome ~ruJJt wi:rD,;, 'Wh;tcD of ~ii... '.' ~ I'r ifc": ~. mese l' 'l"i'1ff .,i'I~_~ .' --c--1I1 1'1-'" ~-'-~cc"~i: c 'd:l;-,- - -ld,:-l ;'10\0~l m,T 'w '-,-['t. ,~ 8!!1.[LiUa.JIJY iUiP[ luUl,t_D,g,epens efiu ,,_,~·a[i,hS,., ,,~-e'ler~
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e:mc;esJ.'destees, Crimh1!a'l b eLha'vi 0[' lr '~imv~,des mare c"Omp~h!xxa, e , a.mpl~',.']h,e tffe(;~ of legal cn'Dstraintls I;~ o'€il b,~mali;:,e crim~nal, a~l""'I::IS l"I'Ilin""'tEtf!-ib- ;:-I~ but to ma top '~~~ b iI';I!JPTm";-' "'flS~~V' '_',_._IUt .... .. 1U!1~1'. _ ~=~~ ~V:__l--~;r'~ 'Wlr'ko:tii ~~'t' ~i1t~~~ ~mi[~~-lI\'i!!Iiir~i"c , ,1J.ll_a_._IJ~a_a "Ih, eft ~1Ii~"l)iil"~:]'~ e ~ ... ~ u , '~U' ~lr:Iil'~"i"'-rt',':n-I~'" '1ji,,;~,!,:II~"'i!i' b _I~I~_~ ·~·~~IU_ iU. lLK: ~n-'~ :ii""(' nes, 'Give:::Q'lite c-on~H-aiDts'I' m,),' [clloic-e is, Itij!tw~en ri~j(Jess ]afw"
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n-:"('t~'t!!' ·jlWr~;to.[ •. ,"~:~~n;i:ir~,;!I;~;f'II"VI,I, 'l"H~ "o!;I!\l'i.'.l [~!l!l,,,,,,,-U!, i1.!Ii. U''':;-,f''!!i,.c;jIJlU.a
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delayed, ,Sllli) tUl.ceJ1:a~;nj [Drnm,l" time p.l-eife<n!oces; [(dll,:pter 'Vl aDd :mY,I'ttiltJUde low[ar-d rls~k.," Mu,~h ~i:,~d :s-(,;~,e-n(e !(;"'Qnsisifs, '0:£ '~lil(U~"~~r' e]aib-o~ate 'vfiHa't;io:us. [url1 fh,~' th~!li'l[is.>,[o:r ,t1iififVJl;~~'ilfi'ii~ie':--~ , [~Fi,-1, c [~-lfP·I. 11" tL ~ih~n 'fW '~'[fi,jhnnnc,~' Ir~" wlme SW(IUf(; on 'this beml,d,eriu,l, 'v'ari.e~:yof :p.r.a,{'itlc:~s,.[r.h~s,w~U ,aJIOI ,11[ow me 'todism~s some (J,f'the rea so DJ;, ,~ l-u{~d arllQ DO~,so
_ l""l~
'PO~1:~ble lossers aIswdalt,ed w~~h,the altem~u~,v"esnd, smce a :g:a'i'n, :ftom 'lheft: Is li;mmedia~i;e and certain 'whill,e lh,e :h~s's1$1
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,trPJOftll1D'ities
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,hard, tnaJt 'there :is:111.0 lroo;m,b!ft:fo:[ ~~U~tio:Etd 6ltn ~ ~,.. ~ "' ......... A d [.0 a SllD.hl€ aa~O'D" ~ t.o O,era1ll! :~rnI"U;e 0ppoDlulny H~,rs iiw'Uce,~~ .."
~~ _ ~,L ~~ _" _~ cf;"' ..... !Ii.. ~ !Ii.. Il-_~!Ii.. _ ,Ii"!If'V~,[1;
iD 'the' e-xpla:malj),QU 011 'w'hi,c;h ehetees ([0([ :m:OmlS j ba,~~ DO' :wlC".t1 'r~he ~'dl end the ~7'r' fdlk,~ harv~ '~;hOi!' otn~~Jljrd~::,~'~',~ Y"L O'I:' _~~~[~y1,:.,.11' :!i:"rn~~). unfl~if ~~!Ii,.,!!!;.,p =w~
3< :1]], ,i1dd~Ut}lll.ilm.t~Is.i~
ilil."'Ilr"'~ '."i"! 'm,"", [~~_~I;'Iiii, _~ ,U_'!ol!'
~i1~
,..... ,1\0,~.t;~I"!'i\""-'i"'Iijli".":"" ,.. II"~1'!;. '!<l!'.I, ~1I.-~)~ilul,ll!fg
:il0ff1l$ :m-i,ght '$~O:P f~m :Mf; ,iill':j·~IIffl..""":'"~"JM,.~~~,"i' it".UJI'I"':iir:II'I'I_"'I'IJ~_"
:$t~'I~n,8c:v,e.o, 'w~ell
,4 'ftoef:t a~ :$(~ool~ ~f ~~ d"\IeQQ'.. !(XitLllI ldmed t'1!l ~!l, '~JLf\!Ul)~-a;I~501~" w\hJjt·b, Mid lu[ ,an ,apl!a.f:iallOH o:f k~,WQl' 'uk~,dli!is,:f~nn. aJOO~t5:'Ofi~il, ,a~~e" :f~r: M ~nsta~ ~lhiil_~: 'wo-it-r;rsare :fooom. b~'~~K1ILI'm'Sl-alnc~ ~Ul *~i~]" (to IlaM': 1)0 C'afifml~ I r ~~ ;ji1lJi~t a~~be'~ue;[ ~~ !fOf~: b,y com]llcti!lJIofl. to [~plo:i!1: W0lkl.e:J's:" ''F.~ see llh.@'
:m~w :m, t-"he

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:j_~, ro:ooe~ '~O be
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the bridgt$ in :Pans.;. 'but: die :PQfir:ma.y' have no ~ther opp~rru-=d.,~

ties,"~ Also,_ t 'Itate[,e' are_ cases;_ :in whii""h ,.;~,~ nature ~If' ~17-=---;::-j __ _ _ . _ . _ ___ . _ _ _. _="'== y"'.... =~~iU!~'!;". v., ILUe seOODu
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.t:i,l'~',;i!iiFoesn't J,lll~~'1 the ~luv ..,,"v..1 ~I. a;~ '0'_~~~ I in [;F!li-.l''!Ii'·nter,·'~ ,,"J;..;j]i' .!Fljii;'":'l' .A L~ll-,L""~ d J_It~ ryili'II:t;o"i'~m,CJl!!!'_ , ltlil~'~d' ~.~.lg"F!1L~";= WLI-~ "IrU~lL, that peO'p,~,e(:~nthe' ,a~B8,'t'e'" 'bur less, al' a G~oo when Ilts p:rlc-e' l;oe5; u:p can be ex,plaJned :rnd)epc.nde'nt'~y'o:f wlhaj~m»tii,YI!~es pea .. , ~ ( a "d-·· '.~ 'II " p~e•. s m-1JV1uU!;l..JS",\ to b or-not to 'k ]'f' i"hietr. "mecme remams ,~u.y ,ullly. ,I, '11-.. •
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same, 'tiler wtll bu.y less of the 8 ,ood ~mplr boca use they' can afford less of' it.
the
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Scbo,:la;[S, ,d~sagme'on. the [i(~:~al~ve ~m.!p(}:ttatl1u:e o:f: p:reft![-ern...£:e.!;
and QPP'On~un~tiesn e"'llrdn.i:~1 beha,viol, :SomJe ec01DOmilst'ti i argue' diJat, ,a]l. peo:-p,le' have ,eme-nda]l,y tbe same JP:r.e~e['ent1es, and desires i onlJy' Olppo:rtuni,ti~ d~f{'e~'", '~d~,QUBh sua'~I,r(sta'~'n:cb, A u deit . ..:111 ff ,. k ,. !1.. I A, ..;J :!I,euQers o:~:f'anona 1-cnetee 'thI eory, t~Jley' ~u:e. "eu~ :par,aill.{.lu(,8 '1111 'Ilt~ :!iIi-'nlJ!,~~'~~.' ::1.(1- ~'hl' ~,'il;("'.·:-,\p. alm th .. ~ do .. esn't .. 'm'..'. because g;l!~',l·~,d '~.'~~.·\"!i_r~ !!!._. :ia:,Uons, ill. 'be'ba.vio:r must be exnla'i'ned. blO 'v,Uiation~)in (.'F!~O([", 1'" [! orr' ,." 'Most :s+ocla~. _ _,'iii ~u:jientlsts\;,,1:-I,QW¢'Ver"" 'II.. '~I'" .' 'h ,o,.'L 'm ..:1. r. tumnes c;~, I!)re~l,ey'~ [U~lt poop,~e ul'I"~ :Fe:r'in. 'dlel!J' desires as, wei. as, in their o(p,o:nlllni.ties,~, and this, ~if:i~" tn m"~-'p jf';~ii:r~ryU·I¢·'lv'", "OJ.,.'liit ~"" ·~,~,t· te ·~.aO'~I~'i;it'[a; f·":Ii'i,ri;Ii..._ 'I:-In, '0 l'i!>U~ -ail '~'Y"'it~~"'" ",:YltIJ.Ji,I,~
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el',""
~le[~rnse",
of s~a:v~n1 :~rn.c-lassical ,an[io'U!lr~~- in. the' A:m'~lc"'I:,'~'-ll .. Oll.'l'b-~"a,ve .'/: ~ - - - -- - " -- "it----}' 00l" ~~encan :$:::- - have s,u8!e s,ted 'two d~ffere_IIt.. e~,p'la;na;Uoos of the :tow' rate or: :Invest.~, ment 'i~, these sodeties. Some :baive argued that 'the' s[a,veown..e:rs lackM . 'Oi~lpon'urn.il:~es '-'_.'.- ..~----.=-.... ===~ves;sIT:':-: [:i~·~t~d,. ~1r. 'f@r'invesitm;e'fl'tThe' , ... . ,t" ,"' "''-"-' I real :e . 'nb::"', eoels 'so badly' •Uld. 'Irn'Vlehat ·iijlili ml ·~~'h:· r"'I"I'Od·r-}~'II.... not ,~11, :~i.v~ option, Others have ,ar~lU,edthat tne ,8UCl!VeoWDe.~
=-~ ..__ .. = c
_-'~ .• :_:. -_" .:__.:__. _' .. -=-.·:__:________,Z
~!"!l,_,· ••
'Yet. Hl PS.J'tiicLda:r cases there ls :sUH rooen !fOil' d,(d)ar~e'" :H:'~.slorlans
!IJ.I;~lll!~lil~~
if'iti"fl'i'll'P'ifilj~'
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t'!lli~''!i;;u
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,~l\':Iil""k,~d.'-~ lJi. ~__ ~~I_IIIiW"_I,~ll" the':m~.II~~L~iv!!i[it~.niFii :'";:"111 .1_Jl"!f~ ·~R't!!iJl!!!S··c,t-· b.:· , ~g~-~~.~ Il~ . ill :~illXiUJrinill1S,
'~'0~'~ID" ~ ,IL"" lUi . r.JUI,
."_~~,1~,~
JIi!!:'t'~I[I'jI;'!t'~'
';t'~l~ 'O'II\".,.it;D"i"e:dJ_ ~~ '11~,tt,l1 t"iI~ ~~=~~!l ~\Ii'~I~~'~._ .. JiJL'J~ ,UtI!_, S"\I:;']:- :-1' . II WI ItIr
-•
m:"'.:'~"~' 'i.'l;('j;~-·l'r"~·!I"'1'gy~,: ....'.__ 'il"i\j"i'9l'~'~rylj'1l_-: IOC, iti-rr.... c~lI;_~!I;,;",~"'" _. ,F:"~ed.. 'D 'U'J!.
. '-~ " ;
and- c.onslll!icu(Ju~,·=~~==,r_I'~," --1"'"- --- --- censumnnen.

,,,,,,,,'!!.,!I;II,IIl-_~U,I.ii,. , - ... _
I_,
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m ,I 'tlIl\l\o,·!r1b.iMI·':_'
-
deb ~ ~s are . ,ea Iii ::'·:,-11 - ;:,

1", '1"1'"'., - .... - -'~-~ ~I!I.!I, •
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class fil/mUles d:F1.'ln out 'D'r 'schoo'~ etu:,'I\!" because thee':' ICanmat..!la_ .-f-, ~~ ~.-~~. --~.. ~ -.~~ ... ~ .. _ ~,l ... Y -__-~c_ •
'5 lbe!'~ :~1

-,~ e-e
Und:ef. tbe' ~Qf1n~, s: >q;~i!l:e~e'(;a~~:the o;PpGftl1mly ~. F~rt~f ~)edlyces WI ~te;[,~ ~ 3!1ID~'OIlC' nh_""""icail onri~[l -_,I:..!' __ "[Ft_III!~,~~.r=-·'=
t __
~tin it mo:ntm,vial !bE
,(;h(lli(e
as lo wbj\(jh bridge ~1lb:e S'HU S'l~ Plot'
ri'1I1
11'11,
,o:"~,iIiI~,
...
';iL,~ ,At"f1IIiI'Y~'I.t~"~·l,;D~!!'ill·d'.c 1IiI!ll!.... ,~, [i-', U' il"'\O" ';Ii"Ii'!I!'I:;~~n·I''I''Ii[p.' lliP ,f 'L~" ,ILIiJ!i.dj,I!I~,"",,_I,~, ~U!"" ~~,",~,U',iII""U,' '" '¥' ,II
~
ence"",~,. 11;,.'"
'V~~· 11;11,11,,,,",, g).it ~ iII,iL.a!lj' ,;o,;,~'d; I. ",""II!. l
o:ft~n but ~~~'~'~~~=~'"'\iIi:i!~Y" stated ,- m.ethOOtl'l,o;0t::-KllUfSmi;:; . _.O!lL. !'IS,=- misleaili1!lOi'~C-::, ~~',~,., = as ~~~--=-~-~-,R~(-aJ (il.~
~ ~~~~~i!'
'iF'iirmfi~Iii"ii'U-I"lI"[Iihlilei? V rrUtl, '_I},D~.-,..,a

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'mc'AiIf'.iEii' '.... r'!ilci,... ,'

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co !
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,~~ . ·,I_..I,~ "~
1I,l~,;JI~~~'1[!J
lI'I';;Iien~'~
th,aU'
~- "
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are ,eaS']e:r ~:o ,o'ltJserv~"D,OI just by the :sociia'l 'sdeGJtist: bl!1~also by' odieI' :indi~'Y',id1uats: ~et-::-7. . ln, nrrlU[aMf :s.tf:[a'llP--C:·.~ a ba:~ic d!!'ot· 'I J' ''is,. ~~~~~ ~~~~ '"~~~-- ~ir!i~...~.". =~=~=~ /1-=,~lr. ~.~~ y .._5~_t .JJUD"I 't'l1]ail\orne' dltn:d:d :maik,e Olllf!"S !plans on the' basis ~f the oppo(l.i1ent~'~s 1(~ve'rUliaJble~,cap~a'IJUji:lies" net O!ll furlS, (l.Jlr:l!.ye:ri~6alll.e') blr_telt1i;tlJO(IlS" Of~ 'i:e!mJ' am,ounts so ptannlml,g (tiD a wo:r:Sf-,ca'Se' Iss'Umpticnl: '~'be '~bls ""='-'.' OliOl--"'m - .-1- - ~,. u --'Il-. .. ,:. b;ll~ opponml, 'Wrn h-( _-,''(' Ic~ 'ne-~-,Ci1U)IUlJO so. '~"'- ea;cu '~lue'"~I- - on ,,:Ii-. : ~Jun. u_s' r.PiJaiDS,
I'
'",jj1'
-;!~I
nff 1,"lI;", ""'i~.'.Ir~I!.i!',~U~!I!'''''i'!I' 'Y' ~ iII;J:l'1". other ii:'"i4a, ~'I;..Q' i!"'a·'If'i;,§~III'ir.I";i::r~~di." ~f·i' II''Ilo.,Q, 'Y'.I.I,~,~~ ""~y,,,,,,,;!! st-1l'-' ." :4. 'd,:li'liIl[C-' ~i'r- ,-,'--C--.-, -"-1~-'--:11 sme 1."0' ee '!}~ me ,5'a..1Be..,~;I-.-·ii[, aaua:~, Il-_~,Iet!_[
[I-r·a-<tof)c
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'~'M'~ 'll.'I~~ii\i"i'~ 1~,Ll-' "-e' , :'~iIi'iII..,~i!" '1!;H!~\.lI!, ,1\."!'~1V "" 'I,!,I:~""' t!I'~l1,h •.]' "if
,--:-,-.~ifI.- ..
-;c~-. ,p'~o,e!Hl!nas.
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,malV ,Iillor
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m~UI)@r rnu,~h.,
m~~ht·~JI"'·,t"...a~ m{_~", 'fiI"~',,· a~~""~'F'~:;-i'Ji[-e ,til_Ii] . dJlJoo,e;nJtal, than, d,esb:es has '~o d,o' w~:th'~'be ~ss'jrbil'ijty of td~nUe=QC\~' bill 'belha.v,ior,' •.:lJt :is u$llIaUy Ie:as;ile:[ ~ba:~le':people"s crrQJ:mstaIlc,es 'to and op-poftll'nIJties than to Icbafi~;e theiF .ml-mds,,~ iuis :is a ICrJI[:'bend,t: aqtum,e.DJt ,a'OOlu't: 'Ole (I,oUa:r. em'ect~¥eIlL~S's of [al~emaU,vc'
't'hat.Ofi"inO'n:1!lj[1jhj[~; _=,~" --r,'!f'""""'" ~.=" --~
~ ~:Il;I!= ,
S.'ull anodler reasoa --.= ~~~,-", = ~, ,~---~= =
'OOil,';'~~;;!iI;~..::JI ...., '1I'Ii.Ai1' ,t"',.....J.lI;,.c~,.... I ,[,1,'1.;1',
an lIiiIi,
·.i9;rvu"m;I' '~'n' I~: ,'!iJiil-r:~~'lr~ ·1j'~ll.a:;t~J'i!',S!;' ~-',b _. -, '...... IlI!U'Ii"O!'ull, .1.i!l..I;uJU:If'L ~
1~"'\t'Ii!'I(:!!Ii'IfIiI<!llir'tIO g' ,it-V "'If "'_,Ii. ••Ir'I.!!' ifliiAI''''~~''' "'A,t'·,h,LII.I:,O!!W ,,..
lBven,t tne :ID¥emment baJS a load. the~ry~w\lti~h,aJUolw8, fotr bath IfJ'-td,jul:s:ttan. ,and Il11~~d~otl,on~, :ma:y' ,no:t ,al1(}w ·fJllr.:nul:Ch. IQo([l't;rol. :rt The' '(aanD, [mal [ar-eunder ,lovem~m,eDt.,control are no~ ,a]w[ars'~be
,"""r!iIi~.iIi>C!'iIi:III.·~,' ~-IJ-~~~r~,!I,!lf.Q ~l". ,~~~~ "~.I~?~I',;r ii,l\tiIiiljii;iflrIl'.;jh~:n.ll: ~,~o!li~~l!l __
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')~l!!I!:I,\ ~"-"~'lj'Iq(1i!'m, J~ iIjii~-fio: ,,~. "1 1· ~ ltr~I~,[! !Ij'_'~~-~ ~~·V~iIJ=~~, - -
m_al'le,€::can be traced, ba;c_k~ to dsik"',Bverse blilsine~sme..Q and

~t~,Q Iabor _=_~v.~~_ ~ ~-~:Y'~-F)' ~=~ ~ ~ l.nl~~fii;S.,
~ca, ~'ct~~
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Qny\;JI.m~an't ej~ . ~.~-~~~~~
:If\1''a~'be ~~~-~l - II!r.-
:f~1:~I,'U.l':;"O;n\if~rn:~~
~~~~. ~~ ~~. ~-~-~~
i'5; 'tne :mfii[\e' bmpO'n:an,t: ca.U;H' 8 .rnd 're1: be uim8ihl.e' '~o do all'f[bb~BaOO1un: ~:t, mnt[ast~.Ul:IilO\lIl!S mJll ,By' t
n~at:Lli1l~':me.D!tal,aii;~~tIild,e [
J
'0:[ :m.an,i;gt,[S
to --
some
----'-=,_.'I;;!' !liEU.
e~['fn't 'be' . 1tl!J_ ..

~!"!l~ ••
Cfl1il'u-nUed ,_ bv ~inCiJm:e'no:Udes., - It"~_~ .. -f

_-!"!l~ .. -~-~ l~~-~.,--
)J'ei;¥j II·'~ ""'.,. S~~I'~~'Ij ~' ,1I.1I~:"""!I;e '~ ....~ri" .'!Iil['U:UI' :~'n.· ,.I!, ,d··· :JI'I!~:I·'Ij'~i!", and !I;.l!',lt-,t''''''',., 11, l'r.i'!I!'~~;Q!' c; lJI, ~~o"""n"I:'I'~I~t·iQ"", 'Il",a are IJ,'tf!n, bldepmdlellidy' of each. o:t~er [and can V'lfY· md~pende!1;t]I,· -Ii each 'Ill!'!Il.- • .··;e-r', m ·ii.iI'1II ·liII!!,''rI.~;!f>.11;,. ~'f'"rt.l.. '!Ii'~ 'I·Ol.,-.IU,' ' U' ,~!liJll1, ;ij1>~' h~ ,., '~'n~IIi"'~' rn '.... .111,11, ",,,·,I.III!!iJJ;!I,
~"!o,.c!U. I;J!. '~ ,I ,
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,il ,I, Y"lfil'
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iII';ijii;, if"~""'~C il-,'IU' !!i..,UaJ'Ii,.,a,
!IIJ'U'l;J.!I. U,I.!!i..
"
qi~~'I:"Ihf~~flll ....,lh,lLi~
'by a third fa:aof't and then to cases,:in.'wl,fi,ch. '~'hef'cau l'IlOue:n.ce earb ,aUle.r d:ill@ctty' ('see, :F"ig. u:., 1) ,;,
,I
:P~r'Ubll~sfEa:tillD5, ,ar case A .in pjj,l~[T" I I :6~t tum to 'T:o(:1Ijue..

'~ay' I!~ chi1n:H~' th£~f:mi~'S ,rn~.y~,'l'4l) ts a ~p.a_rarl~' 3irgiUlw'C:ul.
,6 11m. a~~tt[fin'l' as [~_fg;-'I)I;~ !i~lta:"~~, ~;t, ,t~l:unll,H~' fln~~1:c;i~t:~m~ta~'ll'S,,,:Otlij, thls [
''Y',~lle',.~ccraty' , j:n: ,Ammc-a a'ibOil;J:l:td's 'w.~jtb :~D:sla;m:.ti!8, :rll wbl('h d.es:irfS aDd [olppo;rt1.ulitl,fS, are 'tI~lC-ed'back t~ a, 'COilil'lllBon, eause, .'.....t. ,', -~. S'" .",~/i . - iLiIi:IJe! to, ,~o,met~meSI '.,W'O a,~,:, .' conDe: - m'-' .it,h-(·-]- :T'--- r--·-:ii'III-- T-- :~,_a_'"" m . -..-., - . -. I..• [: us, .' [ocqjlil!'eVilIiLe says\!' -'~ err :m;otQ:nI" prevents whi't~, men. :fmm malltmg ~ht:i['furt:ume'r »1)],t --.--- ..:).'-- !f~-"- -- .-- a Ii-I'R' .;it eriea ,.; ..... ev·en 'U__jVre~ IJJI[efll JLrog -iOl""" [,s' wt-~~-~~~ [Ii~ AiI'i; Ul-1;,.'T~!I:"'~~'
,;t'~.
1-'" I....
,f!, - - -- -
i!"il.,r·_1IP'
it.i:'!ii;
'I! .4'; -,., '....1' ' .0: .-, never ,e.(~ct,men 0'f",' ul'SUnCltI,O'flI, '1"'[ :P'l!lIIj~_lC m'-I~ce~, a_Bly 'L.. ....."" p .~ eecsuse 'they' have no O.ppo1dumly' to' do, so (:rnleD of distlncttoDi do[ DOl. want to go iDto poU~'ia)1and. pa'rtly' because mer 'wuuld not diesire' t~ ,e]ed: Swrperl.03t ,carndJid!a;tl€s, w1er.-e· ,tbey tn appeal'" In. other cases. 'TocqueviUe aflu~.~, ,{"lea on d,esiF.es ,~ul.d,'dl.e [effect ,an the opportunUles, wlo;rl'. i.n IOlppo~~e'it_ret1fioms. luer-e' is· no if1Iw@; :im d
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t"r~~'r' ~:ii'~' ~ 1,lt,..c_ilj_ lI_ILI.~~, he _
[;i"';~:i!lliI~[m:I"c" ,'I&~~~ 'W,'... IJJJ_~I"__ _, i!IIi,' .... LuB•. , _a~
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,01:'
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ib""':,ll- iLl" 1LKJ.! ~l~l
iiljlroiQ· U1IJ'-
~;Qc~tf'll'~~ l}"'~II_IIJI:!Id_~i'!llr
and the l'lldina'uocn, 'b] stud"~~,wbent"c' 'the a'bse.noe 'Qf 'wtll'

ed.u.caJt:ed, ,A..meri("-am., ]'n .AmeT\i,ca~,r.-ei1s;i,o;n,·- ~~(\~e]'f e;1Ie:a~ of ;aD, demoer :i!Ii'ry'.' 'l"Ilfftm·· the.. : 14e·.":,.'.U·~ l'i~ "lI-,,'bI'i!IIi,t-:- deme ..... 'd'-ln r~;fV Y~L-~'_-~'_:'~II!ir.· : ,_ UI !IJt ·5I1o.:·a .~~Tl!',~=~~ ~~ Ul'. :-~,~V~~[gt~',l ,..1ril"i1ii~
,J
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';·0·.. ·. 'l"~ln'·,"""',... :"l".liII~'Q """,J. ·I'O"'!'. "f1i/U if'iir' I,i.; .111.111.' . i!iJ!IW_1I,;: !!io-Y!'
rebel .,,~ .::~~
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arpaC_~tJ or ,oppon,u;T:liit.,' t;o, (1,0' sa, :tcl;()!wever." '~Sl :ljOrwe-s~:'wben rhe tb,e~lau in ·Ue..':-hJt ircumstances, lD_~trvll!tiGn. :r-ej}i, itd·r-es. :r-eSCllll![t:'fS",. c L!' ~~ ~. 'tIme.,. 'C01sd~''bliy,~stmellts wI·dl. ·30 d,e~a'~'ed, uacereatn ~~a.~oO and. ,I ~ F' s 't)U'I: thj_s, is; H;arC'tW.y· wha.t 6J[[1181 om. the Itulnk o:f'bankmrptcy aJlmIo:t~ ,aJlord, :Pr.-o~per-()ttts It'a!n ,dolr-d .~~mnovla:te~· 'l;ut ~heymar 6~
'n,~ry~' '''''';';f·iIt~i'''·~;~fll~!!"Of';.:l!'i,;.!', •. .I,I,U~, W'Ud.I,'!I,...JII, 'I!o,w U,'Ii,;!'
P a;~'~""'l·n'!li'ii·j;Ii'1O'Ij1i.'1 ~.'Ij'Ii.',;t'!"'1i!'~~~if'!~"r~Ie' .. 1I;,.'Ii"O!'.I!I,""" ....

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,aJb~Uty·to take t.ilme'flB' from dIrectly productive

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·t'b~ :LiS e:x}l,dl;f wbaJt the' :impoiVerished ·wor.ker. or P'C'8ISaolt''1Dnot ;. lam'-~I~ 1'11:- c:I:;-r·~~I·~' 'c~ ~ ::-1~'~I'i~,;-_'. :?~I4-:lc, __ U}~]i cu,Ia'S m_aD_a\l~u U]i ~Oll! y~ .~ .~=e m_bJ'Jj,JI!_....e .peilHSaJ11IJI.a!ntU t..ilUie W (Jlc~..ei[ wl"'r;:; 'l-o'~'''~)C-l':-''ifc-:=,4I i~'iJ
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or
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1'8.''10([ ~b,e ,~ffOCl~ tn ,qtH,:;"'Sl=j/(J.nl,. Marx. I tr,8ll1e'd.that d.~[~jz'a[ion. ar.''()"~· In.
t.b,e· 'tiem\per~a:~;e' znna 'boc-a;llJ:S€ oillly' '~:h)e:r-€ tb,€ meed :[-0[' :i;mp[\olve ..· did.
menr meet 'w~lth oP.pO'rt:!J:rori.tits

iiilOO'~'1 ~I<!IiII!~~'-r1 !It .~.. IJU I!!;,,_IJII rt;~ ;i[]jili~' ',I_.;I! 1~_I;II!I5-,Il~ Ii"?',
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'i'fjI;'fji; ,L.L~~U.J~ .~.I~~
't"Ii,~,l~ . and "liIJ!;l;~iI'lon; ·j;c ten sean ,t''ll' tL~lIj ~. "-!f J:I,~ __ , ~ (lj"i~. ,'~ ~-jY"J! a-~~- , I' ~jl'~/~
F'O,[' :i[npl,f·'O'¥~ment,. Wne:re
N,aJr!Jn"~' is
'~'~I"""W"'Ii"i'Qi' ~_~.~~~ ~__jtl~ ~
'Chap~e'r I toucbied
=
'0.11.
oji£f~~'fil~'.~Ji"i1"i!~" ;!:iJtf,~}~'!I.'I. UI'!;"J\ ,1,'...."",•. ..

~,_
peeple r.!!;"""" ..
~sO!m,cW'IYS, :iu 'w:bi,ch. OIPpo(litJu'ni~l,es can. '

~.j,
Im~l'SiiW '!I;.,I.I~_. 'U', d '","c-:'."lIi,.I!lI.I.~, "m; n ,IV'"",'. "'Jq'llr"3I~'~:L~U' ,~:lj"il ,~.11;1,.1:' OIi'jI'jI;fi] iI'lIip~' _!'!;",,,z ~ijl'1li~' ' . 'fii~:j;· 'r,' ~.~!IiiI!I'. 'l_I.llt...... '!;,",I.U,I! ~,'!I;., c" . lI'
'Pl!I· ~"A,(JBin we c .II,I .. ~. ou ote T'i"'iiOfliue~ine'OIn •. ; ::, ~., 'lUaU' iI.!'''"''S:~81!i,;i1erv'" .. ~ .. ,.~, I ·c,"1!,.I I.,_,.I.I.
,81 $OIR IOf. dep:'[8V,M ta5'tt! fOJ
"_.',
:tF.l(1 God~ Of' I{)ll

~l
"Is}.I ~ta bless.. .. ::c~,;.>1 II], ~.aSit. mf)jl,ediction~ ~bh~ dj~~pusi'lionof the ·sou~ 'thaIt
.j."~ • "_'"_,__; "'_" _;;]"_ " __ __ '
'._I"~ [, "
([i!jv~sl'men
•• ;;].,., ,,~;;]Il"_
'~hf cause 0'f' ·~be.ir·mlh::·· a

__ '"~ ~"_ ~ .~ ".,.
L~ __
~"~"
"~
~"
O' , ;'AI '[l[i!t,,~r-en('fS,,~lpponUrnJ:II;es amiIJ d ~ ::est~ j~,intl, ,a;r.c·'dlU~''p,[l1o(~:jma'~~ ~a.u;~es aJ(l~.Q'n..,but. ,a.lt a :fl!l.nh~{'re()'1' m(}ve finl" ,o,ponunidt,S :ma;'i:t;-er since they' aJlso shap~' d!e~r[eSli ''f.b~s'war.y' of' 'SUl!fhrl!,1 'toe matlt~tr Is tOOl s'l:l'Onl~ h()we~le;r" The ;\~'~'O'1Jtf
I
_. J" tU~Fi!~tj,e.s ~mn(fe'b · 'i.UliUl ~aSl;C '1i.....J}
.It.ape_s'-'~' :meebsoils_m lensures·
thalt
there is ne 'l?ptio(l1 o1U.ttid,c' ·the
,crp;pcrrtuDi.t:y set. '~'fu!aints pre[~n1fdl t~ the ~DU)S:t.preJerr-ed, 'OI);tltO]],

"7 :'i"I"r ~ Vt
lifo
W"ri'll ....~I, ·I!liii'!\ ......... f"".,.'!'IlJ'. '~i;..""fi: l, _ A!.I~LL ~ ~-:.IJa'\:;o_ 'l.i! L~!I!'I;ID!l
~~~!U!' O~~· 1~_W_l~il ,"'''''I-:"J'1'''i'''['': p'''Ii,;;IILIl Ii..-_Q_."I!.IHI!I!.!
'I'8 ..
[1.-,'
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:n"'i[!'l,,.o;:it', IKrW;U. ,o\'!ii.,..J' !I;~l
~!tJI"iI,~jUi'i(51I~~~,';.'!iF'
Lf.'1!r-lffi!i'-'~IKi'lI!=J.JIJ~~-~
Im~U1a'nt, 'but 'tbeoreticaiU, 'tdvi.al, desire :tooexpand [one's ~ppO\f'~uru,tyset, bUJt the :mOR ptlzzUng: cases in wIbl.ch people Dud :~~ :rrn,
iIi'~!iOlii[~'
1~~=~"'=I_~
'iIH;tDr~;t 'toi"'i;, ,"~=~,~=~ ~y ~~~~.
reduce ,~,~.~. _.UJ~~
,~;b';D ;i:lii1' ef 's' V ~..IL1L~ _.~

~l
~n:1:'iO' '1i"Ii,il" ,1J.f~

~~!~ __:
[~.!I'~,
~~l"!Jil·'ll'i!Ii:li...ile, 'it,n, ,~_I;iIl~li~~, l~V UI~~; __ t.J
'~"L""m, 'II _
,Jj.
shall diiscu:S8, ,two reasons

Umi.t"in,g
0,['
'F~-c'--:Ii'_ ru.~te~;'!O. U, ,r,iI[S',...
people
m_igbt: ,elllaJ,I!J.ie in s'ut.h se~f;'
se~f~'bind'rrnl: eha'y,hl[';, b
i"';lr:~, \",:,:;-~'Ii.;.-..-:- ess of wUl. ~ ,",I!~'-~C"I'-IIi:'!~, wea_l'i;;n'!;,,~ 0'. ~_~.. u_s. U~-.;!I '~;'hl~, ~~ .. ~~=M.II'"""" Q)' UL~ 'lrn;henOmfl'll~nar ,t."'==..
mOIre l[e'09th ~n ('ha,pt:er:s I.V and V ~ but ]it :lS ,also ret",amt he[~'~ As 'nuS!tf~at~dby the 'stary ~)f l,tists, and, tb,e; :~[I~rnS~,p~ople do mot O ,a'bv,3,YS tms[t. themselves 'to be:h.~ve r,ajti,Gnal~.I,J·.U the,Y' ca.m,,anttCi,·· :pate t~e :kind. of situa;t.iolls, 'm w'bj~h mey :nti~'t lose 'weir' :bead.. 'fb~ can, act :s[ra,t~git-aUf to 'prevtIILtt tht ~pportJUmJty' :['0:[' d!o.~n,1Ol S 'f.r~m,an~~DI;'E:ma,l ,dedd,e' :n;ot ,{,O' :so,'~O me 'offic'e parity if I ,a;m ,afr;ili:id.I: 'w,iU d,Q' sametbi:D,g [fio:~ish,., OD JaJfiJuary' l 1: :ma,y' ,ask de.nJUstto b:~11 e :in, t!Idl. :i'" on .I[a;[Ullary 20 :1: eancel my arppo~rnJt:,. m .
CP'
m,,'
:m;-D!~' ,J(:1f.1r~.'"'-,=::' .1l.~ ~ ~ ,iI,~ e~~ "",==~ =="---1!!:>~~~~_~~ ~ _ .. ~ ~I';I!~_'LO~v= ~~,trc:-l,~:f ~=re~="" '(:-:'1" a_~uia~ _ = A ;~01'l-:-mm~rl!t li:itEoibt hand ~fV1e-r' ~o~ _ __ ~
:f-ifla'l1C~a'~, pCl~i,cr'~Othe' 1~Dtemaltlonal ,M,oneta:ry
:F-u.nd. ~o pr[cVell!l,
;nn~'.i;ifl"niil?, J!!::_,1m' ,.,LQj, 'l,JIt"~I!,'If"iI',. ~ L_I 114~,~
:il{'seH[liOm. IfvJDg tn to PovuJM' demand!S! '(or W,lIl't' inCJ-eaRS,. N'e.XJt" 'tb,en.~·:is, :str.a,t;e,gi,c·lnt~[,attiO:D., One tan, '8O:Iii,etim,~5 Jm:
'"'[:0'--,..~ ,r' . :~I!\Ji:Ii'
[0" ,C
In' ',;iI'Ii,r',~. 'i"'i:~ ~T-\Jf".Jf'""m,iii'i· Ii;:.;.;i) 'l;;I' 1,lII,!--,,",'l;,J',' .. ~

-,
'~:W ~'~h:""'jI;h''lil~';-~'ril''l';e~'"Pii.",,'i'~ ~l !llii'ilu!!I.iI,.u!J:""~I.II'O. "",,~!l ~:u,

jI _
fro
onn.tlnTI~i't..~ set,_'To . see how', cO:Il~~Jde.l"_ '1!'I!'~im:e'betW'e!J 'lw~~, a ll:I"""_" !t.",I"' .....~u~~, .. . r.. .. = __ ~5~. . . . _~ ,D, _~n
alt!fl'ti or :p:ta,Y1u.s\!t ~: and II [Fig;. :IL2"" In rbi's :Iam,e", I morves, first, H:e 'C~OC1I,ejJtl'ileOC' 't~n.~l!~~U!he BI'me by' ~m~Ying I.elt~ ill t
WIIt:l' ~~lJ I~I: "",,'Ii..
~"'e.P&,
,"",~'Ii~'
'~""",t-)L 'D!'@~ W'1.Jrlll. ~~1~
[... ,
-5Ii
'I!"Al"'~'~'illl ,n!!', .1,""" T'!I!'I ... :ILU ~\I. J
if.
0-[' U.,
'I'1YjI;All"'~' ,~~LIlJ, 'm"·, ~!~.j,"",,'1![n'D'~'t- I - It '!I!-!lf,lI~I~.L,,~I_1 Il_lIJIIrU'!If ~

,j. I
Htlil'iNI..n:w
jf4:fLf
.A"";'~·oi1IiM lliMIr [11 .ftlr:I ~,!W"'I',I!
:I~I)I,II~.::
.-
......
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/
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. .-.,-,''-':':':''
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11~,"l
~t~I,e" In duilt ~a~e'tI wUI, knorw' ·t~at.tbe outcome I))f laiinM, riEJllia wi[1 'be' (1. ~ I)" Tn aV{)itd malt, :he gue,s leA :intt~/8JEt ,M,ore' ,c,o.o."" aet:eI,Yt, snp]l(lx' that I: ,and :I[ afe ,t.W10<OllPOs:iDg, aun~es,., r":s 'Hrst.
mow' oo~ponds; to 'the [d'iJoi,Cf' 'be,t;w'een Ope..Il'IQ: n~ioda;tlo;rnrs and aJttac-JdD~., If 1: ,chooses, to, ,a:tta,ck, :~l:b.e:-n has ~'be choice t b~it .-' - - if', ~,~·'-,·.ill a '~3!r ~iIo,\!y';een. ,-it W!li.reaJI~n,~ [ally, ,t:,-'iI'"':t~'-'Q B;~"'~fI]r-li.'!.o,_...~jI_.,., 'W(1!i[dd be' SiJ} ,~~I~iIi)~n:~" ;:::j .~.'.~ ~..~.,
"."Ir.'''''Q!~~''''' "~l~~,
dimtmmv-;e, ~t w1)uld then be :in. ,~rs In-f,er[es1: ~o :re.trea:l., :8,~w" eve_1!j u: :mtalJ use the classial straitage.m [afb-um-~g bi;1 't)\li,di,Ies!... bm;'S :rnaking retreat ph,si,caUy' i.mpmsJible and~ as a. (onse-' 't1,efU:€'~ bringiog '[ to 'the neB.oUart~,urn.ta·lb~,~.:~' Sl't.rn,w,' s.pea:kbl(l·j rbeen:: ]s, 50me,1fiJbll, ,~n(:Q:n___gro~us,,~bouJt I~X'" 11da;mnJ; an [amero, bll *C:ll1USi ofoppar.t:I!l:m,tie:s and d;esb:'-e~~Oppor, . ;, I' t, 'L'· . . UlO~t~,e.s· O'[!,:J:bi:;i:~vei' [ex~em:aj '~"O,[I persen, -lj"" " are 'II-..."~,.' ~eSJres aire':su~Jecd,Ye
1 1
t"
;j;"
a!ndJ'blitemat 'W:e :haly,e :n:o :,u)bt~m.n '!ll[n,d)erstafldlng bOiw' [ec"te}r~' i 011, obj;eos ca;n act 'D,pa-D. [each [other (0 plwd:uoe' 81m ~UJi,e;o:m,e "lll01' .. in I.,. r: ~ the' :I1,otian of r."~ 'Q'ratll"!~D,!D! jIl1i'~T-e:'~f~:~' '~,vch'h::'~.aJus,anty", It :~s' ~lea.f' Jless, " IF'~ b0'~'~':'0b'e,a;~we' _~~ ml:ri~ ed'h1'{e [elemell'~s can, :inlte:IrB,d:. t-O p-:.r.odfu,[t _ 6W iiJ. ~~. . .. L .. [iUld ~ ~~ m adian~ .In fl[a, 'w:bl! txPLai[is; -n'b,eaaiOll :is, the peU'On'~'s desires, '~osem,t['mlh. 'his [Hlifft, alball1:t the [~piPortu~mld,es" Because
J; . ~ .=. ~
l
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~ .~_
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'.
I,
t~dvia:~;, 'r~l€ :per:so;n 'Dhl,' :fatil '~O be a,w'are at: certaln a,portw:pj'ties and, 'ther.-ei,~;r:enot ,cb@OM!' the' best [(lv[a~i_[alblemesns of' :r-eailzin,1 :his dl~si(it~,. IC10:D.'"
'beil;efs carl], be :m'is:tate:-a, 'the
d_iS:~lnctlOIfl :~s' et n
'v,eBely~, i'f' be' w-rongm,y' beU,ey,@'$(_~rtaln U['ijr;eas~ble o:ptions '1\0 be '[eas'ilble" the ,a[ct~OliJ, :ma.y' have di;'Sa$troU$ results. :It 'would, be
1
,8 n!'l,ytI'M 'H'dgh~:abo h~fiiiI,hi'S bn(l.gts lif ,lie. ,illnrUt:ipa~~ '[balt: 'W:tltness, , 'i,.="'"i" I'iTj[ "'"1" :H·....... ~'llniOiIIF It-"" iIf,.",,,, ,;];I~.-.:Ih-:"' W.jJ~ [rIut. Htilty ~"i"''i' IF'.'~·. !Ii 1,~I;I;~_~ ••~ !iiI, Ill,,,,"" I;I_"",-", -,if __ ~.
~[-i~:' ,~<U~, ,ll.Il.I'I. iIJ.U !I. ~"'V~'!o.~ .~
[0:(
'Wilill
~I
"0:
••
1
:
:na'f.v·eto thlD_k" :for imtan~ell" ·thalt pl1bU\t· po.ticy' can IDe ,exl':la'~nm 'b " 'L. ~~ 'b [D:oa~~'S[ u;O've;mmeillt any 'uie on~nUDI,ti'@s[ 't:~arli' 'II-..~ .. [Olifijee, bV' tne -b 'II 61: 0 It rlr-IIY!' J
,.;I ...
'ii~ii::r,e'I:U,,efiN'i!~I~'~' '·:·:'Iil"lil u'''' ~.r'~QlI'dJl.~ ,~.:~_J
~-I;:r
[~~
::!!i'Pe'
i1i'1"1'iP-
beliefs, ,_ in :fad~ lrl,th~,y'«iontrovenia'l. 'moories ..... ' ,ab~l.1!l,what ·a!r-@[

"1'e'3~j:ar,J',Q, ""'i(j;~Iifi,ryifiri'i~:i"! JJ.,~~_,z~t.J.
t~
."0' v.r'~-~~ I ~l·t·'

li.,,_· :_...
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'D;j[(j,'jhar
11;\g~I~~I[~J
'illri"ll'.;~~;n·.IAI\'!Ii~' 'llU~.11.. ~v.u.l_i~J I:_'~ :L~_ [U~L ',"'If ,11U._~1
1m-"I~\~~"~t"_J.al;'''~1
.~·,n.'lt~""'; ~,~ .r~tl,I~_"}~.;}}.'
,ll
.' m;!'
1 • _.
'" lIl, .._ .'... .... A_:,-···· ·C·/ ' . R A':'-'-"T'~.:':r[0-..---.:."N::··'· .. .:,,-."'-'L.i- ....._,':_B''= . '0"':,1 I
1 ,,' ,,-, " • r,
1 I.•
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~,'.r,;g~'!]jP V.'!ldb!lil.... Vt ~ }'!ii.rll'l It,• lIIlU;Lt.;:.2i UJ~~"'fE-lldl,'~'" A~:~·r·FiA'-m:-·-·p'. ~;~'~~I~~;t~v,l'i!\'I'·,: 1:;' v. or' ~lM_1t
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"
~dllll ~I~\..,L~
'1:~'iI!"l]'lj, ...
~ll:'
iIl"."~;p-:1Jl!i' senrenee i3t r'-.

~1l!:ldl-l "1 ,
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~iI'~'l'1'"lIrlOfli·.!!lIi:r;i'?'e~ ;]IIU!:lll....l.lli!:IJIL-1 .. L.. I_~ I

=
illbe th~,ni til of~ ~

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,~aJ~i,O,Tjiil11"'hOlil'\fi .. ~[._~~- - ~~_~l , - - ~~ - ~ ~-
In th ~- --~llr- ~ I(',a'lf'li'd,the_. nexn-J='_]' 'I --~~ ~. =~ ehantee . ~ - Ul ~~""'"
attempt 'i:O' ·con~er the :Ia.wt'or·of tile' ()I)mp~,e:xities, hi,dd~m'behind

~Ik~\!il'~"""-::-'1~~,'ij,!'i ~"';-:~:c II.lt~l~ ,"'vJlDJlh:ul"lon,.
RaJ1lorna]: chcriJ.ce' :is ~illts:tru~men'tal:i~is l--u~ded by ·d'te Gtu~.ca:::m.£f' o actb:1lu. A(t~.o:nsare ya~ued.and. chosen net :['O'f' themselves. but~as
im-,.n'r.'~
•j !
Vlll..~
[n.rIi' 1~;fi~: ~~:;i"!~~n[': Uti. IljJ,.i;~~ ~1l_1::1~_1I;~1I111.
mean
1 ...
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• _i:l!l Il-rU '1.'~' .. t' ~
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~,"'1" [~Ib~'IIi~'t~'i"' ~ Illu!lll~111/~,~ u U/._1 [@D'~
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al.
'~~m'c-rn'lle ;il:>;V".l!iflm-'--·in'I,@' ;~tl~ 1...-;A

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~!I"'I 'II'",~~ '!Ir.1"IJ"~" '!I.,.~tl. ~I._"i'_~;I~'1l' el9'i~I-":.~.·~,n-Il',Q:n.·. U_ll ~_;I. 11l._1",1~
'''!I!I~.'~~. yo,., .~.Io'u
"i!':,g;'IfII_'r~'F."!I.}V ,~,··.i!I;,,,,,,'ii'I4H,'r~"l!.iI;i! 11n'1'Ii"i~t'_ !WLIU~ -~ 'j"!i., ~~ljll)H_~_'_li~lhIBI_~ ~ r111u,t_lIJ!lIr.
"1'--=:0'.'; H-"-=---iIl.l_I~J l'!'-!IM;~I~i(Ji!~l'.:,h.··:

I..
ae
·tbl~'e'nd~,be mre(1U:ll., c1iJn~den; whlcl1 prod.ucts; 'to -Q\ffer~ ~w b :Dl:I11c'h, [0:[ them to :plr-oduc'eland baw' [~ prednee 'Vhle.m A mere .. r(l()!m~~~e_x, mple' i's ~hI,e esa .1,e_lleraJ 'w~ho bllS, 'beeD, ~n:~dto deFea;t tbe - a:DiY' C08 -' to 'h"IlmS€,II[ ,', ,~,e;{nr.-e' ne can y,e.p\lOr ,1;~~81 '11'[" 'D ~ ~I 'I '..... , 1!l1I1emry anl~t' a~: t ,I;
1
I",
t;,I!'G1i;~1fU::
U,!!O"i!'''''''',t''t- ......' La [~"" J~~~. ,U!I;,
'm'II'~i!!lt' 4\;i!'!io'~ ,g.~<!Ii, [;i"'illilll·'!If1iI~~Jn··· t'iL..~. Q"~m,.'\ll!'t~ nlans ~., '~~.~ '!Ii'1f!' !I;;f,lf'·ii.ilill,'Y'" ~f~ !l'~.I!,,~~<~, 'I!.!!'[_, I~!I,!I,,,,,, ",11.11,,,,,, .!. X r,J~, ,!l.~,II, "!I;fl1d"
i;I
I~'~_~.~
'ii,.,
'tiJaa~ he mu~.n 'tttltf' steps

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t,C)
,1~Ve' ·t·he elltem:y
WfRl~S '~d)e'aabout
,(lli~n''ri<i~'-rl~·il~. ,Sf~II'~~""'W;:;>
"Y' ...."~L
'nla~.·'1o'IiiiC'
,17~=~,!I!~'. ~ ,~,~,~~
s~~,'.II·rliJf"~' a, !L,.jl'!ll;i"'iI!l'IIOi? ~}i...~,;, ,;"ii..'illi; ~~. !tit~ ~J.~'Y'''!lfl!!'~' Yl~·",
~u~
<Df':IIoannv
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~,~.tlil
~~./ 11,1 O\IJ,mese Ca. ICUJI.ilUo,nS". a,w:arif (J~'~;~':,"·.~·,.·~'I··.-Ir.I~i-;C'i'"
~111~ 11£1:. ';i, [.~.C'., '~I::II'II'0 ~iIt'-I"(lllr ·:'\l-r:l ... any I""·I.~' ,t_n~;ala ,s;'OmB 'L1I~f-.oUllt~" .Slm~
laJ r-msoDhl(B the::-n~lv!@s\r'he 'mus~, Lry to 'OU~llJJ!esls,and c)'utsmaH ilb~m.,,A, mare eontr6'Ye;[sial [exa_'_mpi,f' is tb.a~,(ft 'th~ aJ1jr>t WllO is
~yn~ij'ii'ij']FfliAI'"fI;:t~'IfiI!C'i ~ilIi.,r~'1L11~11Ill~I'IJ"~I~I~I,itt!1
~ .~."!"!J_-~~ .••
''''~~~i~i''t1~.J'e:r~lFfIit·'sketehes ~;;]l ~'~'I1I·~·ii~ ·i'.!!e~~I~ ·di ~..:.; ~i~!lL~ ~'" Ill-i.111 '. _1::Ulj!li;~ll ~Ilil. 'l!-. _ .,.~!L""-:::: IU!lllll::I~,IJI/~
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b~oorrujideri~'Q'aJ~ema'th/"'f eans ~tl the sameend t"he'::~[-ea!fei(}''-I:f m D----.iI a .. ~._I .n o.u a wnr:k. d'la:i: bas aesthettc va:~iIlef! :reJreding: :[nos~ 0;[' dlle:r:n !lDd, 'fina[IJy' a~~pUrnl~ 'Q:D;e'.,
!l.~.= ... ~~.~.~~ ..
~l!l~ •• ••••
t!f ..
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...
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Sometimes, the di:stillaiou b~tween mesns aad
tBd SKiIll's;
:p.lmtl~'$., .rf~ 'wh,e;n ,off~red the ,cb.oice between, an. 'fitaifil,~ aod. [(10. apple, I take't'lle oran.I'f it is not because of any OWJlcome 'dlJa!t.]: 'w'atOlt,to brl'QS ,about .. [,~.tS nilt as, i'f I tak'e the' ,jJram~e to [c_rea!~ea ce:mlin. s.ensa.tj!on. 1:11 my' taste 'buds,,2 :1:take :it. 'be,cause :1:'would '~~-I!t'jk. -~~, Ik-vp-'~-'t,l..-'n, 'Wh-~- '1' u£a!J~' t';k -'it ~I-' :ral'~l[il,er.ua.,:'Ij;. [aD ora~nb'~ _ ._u;a~;~m [a,p.Il~,~',.',_,,_, ,.;~m ~ Ai -~\.4- I~JI;ila)I' would rerber spe:nJd ti:m:e with a frn,end ~baril sta :~a~f'arl, ~lhe' ()ffi:t~·;!' there need net 'be' ,a:ny i(iOmnt;On Bna:~ to w'hic'h bot!h, ae'lions; aIle ,aJil:eJna.'t~,v~ eans, n :lS". le~ us aJssume'1 Siml~]u m.ore' m F',' :i:wipo;rtallt: '([0 :me tv 'be' wi:th my frieod ·~·harn, 'fi[Oi'5b :my 'wade., to A'~dJoUJGb. dlese choioes d,o, _JiJ,otfill ~il1lltO'the' means-to-en ..e-.nd
t
_~-(-'!I!]i;;i!i;
''''il~--'-~];j!i
r.
:[aJ~i,Gnai~", There '~s,a wa'"':, however,~~ bv w"b~'d1 .. " lc'hO'ices . can b::--~~S:ii'-I~'" ~r,c'b = '" ~. ~ .,. _',.j = .. _"" . . Y -. ckJJ. ".,l.t ,,\1.. ~n e as lOll], lated to :i'~s;trum,e:l1!Ita~,aetien, B.y ,aikin,S 'tbe :rnd~,ri(h]at 10[, 'by ;:'b'-~':wifli~' tK;~m_ ,.to=,~, __ e CiEL~ ''+-lt~: hi ,::_ ,_,~~~,c'I~--:, reM,t! op O. Sf= ~=~, .Ii,l!_..._~ 1;-<~'i!rlvi-:{r w: [::-11 fin~-:Ii'~'OUIl, '''''r~:W~ '~,J! an~s rbe ,<l'~C.", ~=,",'Il..l ,li,LlO_ E ttous;,,~ A person m1,dl~,p're-ref' dlr[ef' or,a;nl\es, 'to lou]' a,pp]es\,-, 'bun choose :H,v\e a,:ppJ,fs, over three Qlrau,g,a., Ii, :~iSi:of 'suCh :piI~nY,ise cu--mpa;ri!SQIlS, :i~, [ciidled the' pe~o:m's, ,prtJ'fIt-tttc--e fJ'rdltt'in,I" 'Using; a m:a,'thema:ttca1~. trick" the pr.e[~.lie'nce' [Mde:riDlS (-aJB 'be cnn:.YifJlted, into, a u,tlll~!I!runCl:iott 'wDich :is[ 3J wa of ,a[s;s~g[![iD:8: U'lilJn'ha':s '~QI
[U)I[,
ca~~egDry', 'i'his
:~S[:I1'o reason
'lio;r sa,yiog: tiler are
options so 'lha~,the more :~nuen-ed O:-Ptlocas recetve mliler nnm'bers ,,4' 'W'e, can then '53;y' dla'~the' :p«s:oo. acts so as In :maDm'ize' uJtnr~,r;!'as lO!llJ ,atSwe k[eep 1n mind, tbar dUs :Ls p~tbtllll but,a, ,co([l,Yen;ieun w,a" ,of sa".~,Dg 'i:baii: he does, 'wh~!l'( he :mull}st :pre(er:s~ There ~s, ~~ :irm:~UCili{1,Q[[i -of :hed.of:li~·m., In [liU:t. b':,~:'rue;Ditd~~~'"', ~ _ .~ no -'-=l."""l[V~~··_ww-,~~~ ~~ ~~. 1"""'l1_~S IP", ~ .. up
'~"~=~~~.W ~ 1." ••
~.J
~I!
11.
,_.
,2: Bow,rv~[. my' (h~~~ ,of .

" Th~e' ~y 4, Thl!i step[
['en"'>l>~ ,;:1("""",'.
_ H',"Ii.-a
~_
~.__ ..'~ii' _,',' .'., "i· e ,3~l.er. ~e_I1_S!l~'OJ1S", a'S :we"'11 iL[~, see 'lua, ,'Ill" te I IX s
die c~,a.e cbwou:smy' t~mf$~in'fj'w[ d'0 wl6 has,
'la~t-e
'!;I.M;.,
be ,Bibl"""o [~~(~ t ,at!'''' t.WO !i:!t1"'io:ti~ans, 'Mth :Aa~ ~ih"-li:. 'Ui':"", In\1"r'''4!' ~~t~I}'i::_ll IIL~jJ,,,] ~F~ .. ~i'i:-.~ ==~Jr ~. - - -lr--~-- ~.0:0""'. or- iiffI~f,;iilr ~"ir'''' o'ji~il!l''''~ "'1:' ":h~"'jIl.. ·t·b.~ inrl: _'(.""~' ;k=: v,~~~~ "_I~b.~_I~ll~1i~"'IIII''''' iD'.1'"'1'.:i ,1"!~1'i'r'l~-;>i '" .~~U!g_~_ t~J .W.ll_lI_IIYi ~ OOfl'Sli.lIilC:itt. :iiii, hlils !p]eferen~: i:r he :prd'e.fS ,awru 'O:f~OgC' 'l'O [~m,~p:pl.e' .atJJd i!1~ ,a_'Ppl~ to iii :pen_j";.be m)UI~t a~so iP'tref'e:Ii'~ih~ o;~a~~' l~n the ~a~'. f3" Tl1,~ ,~~H .ml1l~t\"
1iI1I!l!I'"'l
_t."'!=~i:I' ~ ~~ _-_ ~~~-l~~-~~ ~=-!!l
'be' ~;P:M:'OJlS, w,ijrnl~ ~p,~nuni~,r' S€i1~,,all" -out'Sldc il~';, b-ls[ :Efo.~, p]'~I~~~ ~CI~1~IWt}' :f(j~W~JlS,:15, :p0$5~~I!C ~tilf' iE( ~_heprefb\,,' e'I'1 '1IN.U_a,~~A .~. l1l'i1l.iIJ'~'" "'",'!.l!~lWiI! ,~lV,Uil!'..... M,.·,~ i.., ~ ~,'I<·'.I·'t"I_''''''I;~'i~'''-_-'''''_'~ J~,·,ii'i~t. .~UU~IIL~~ ' 'If-=.-=' r-, 1.1 ~- ~. ...__ -: ~,C,l ~ I, ~ T, ~.u~
'''''~~', '~~',.
"';!Il ..
!li:i~.
-bi>lll~;3!' ~..
,1iI~U~l.
r-~,l!il··~~cll ... ~ll
'RP_
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~_.--"'.,
~i~l!t!-L_
Y!lo'_~-~J~~
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~~~
V'-=
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,_
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a:]!frCi' lu' I~--adc (.if '\I'alg,~ ,a~i~~l each O'ilef'. [() e.l!:,lJatn drl!il [oo,HUl0J1b., n Js ea~ie4t lO' ~~ ,aIm, '~ilimll'-lte Yiolaiti~, ~t~ ~l~ w~bo.,~iinlk!il,'the (-anGJ_ldates, ,ole'ly [a
~;a:-@;rd&nl ~~~ketr ~i~~ m~ tax p!'Ji,q ~(~-,[ when ~hq' hii~ ~~I 'barv,~' 'tb~ same ~tio~ 'on thUi~:iis!5Ye", ~IJ. whtch case he :rarn~s·l:hem, a()~mdiJ~-S,~O fh.t;:lr ' v:i~w-s 00, d'i~alQIUim¢mIDt.
23
[Concern, 'with
,~~,"!.i'
[0'1;; '!Ii,'I!"_
OU!IC]Jlmes
can 'be 'Se:~f~,defeath'B.',Altllall,;b ra:S(tJ'lle
'UoDal Idian. ~.s:imstmme'D't;a],

,af'il(- 'fIi,'IIi::''''~'''','~-~iir 'tlLl1 -'lr~-U~IL~,
UJ;ll~
:fonlls
Il
[O\F: hlstmmental [(J,eUlOfl

~':'~!!.\~efiJ-ng
~'i;'~ -
...iIl;At~iliifntn'i!tJi~'IiI' '.;ii·...'''!Ii'iIi~;n.,.~[~ Ins __~i'ri!:I" ' 1ily,'''''';J=~'__;~lIJI)" .~~~-'~~'Ii.1.!!.~g~ c:,;.:,;~y.~.Ii~~g" .•..
".._ntl!"'~~'~- ,i:Ulg, ~.~~...l h;~~~It.;.,,,-e~~"e
ii'i;·.-~~J'
~.. ~
,;iffIi!ml~' '~~i,~~ '~""",'I [de :,I'li; [t',~;::'iTiI,' ·~:h-:-·jiiil".D·['!lI'b~_',~,il'ill~. ·i>'I,k.·""'T]I'11,_ 1i._IJ,I~ I"U ~ ~~"~.!Ir,.~·!L_ _IHI~I~J !lWl. ~yUI" LLI~~I~.Lr.
'[,h;'pv ,
l
I ~~.
~ljrI~ aHl'~
:m-Ofe Ilkle]y' ·~o ItI[ aTW,af:Y :11'(line (ea;sa t6 'think. aJboot. dl;e'~ ,- but. 'dllt :~s[ ut $Om,edih],S 'lhat Ican. 'be' 'the oru.tc-ome gf an aaj,gm .. m
J ~~~~I'
~r''¥'
;:'~DC"-J:t'a~I!i'iii~'I-'JitV 'iI"~:I'~ [ii!!!,'I)~'ilfll""" 'lJIilJl i,II'E' Ii. _illlr'in l"l.~· ~'!I!'I:: ::1.1Ii.!~ jIWU!\.
J
i·~"~~tP ~nI' '~·.iFIi[·lio.e·~;-:iilI"~ ~ 11::1.'''''''~. 11. ,1' ~U ... U~JIUILY 'r.'
!L'Inryll'il~"!!iill'i}~'II'~!f':'I:v_ !P. ~r.'U,I~"}lt!lil_I~I~~U. U~ 1,1J'
'W,::,"':e . _' ~
camrn~~ 'belicv~ 8,t:"'UI, M' :FOl"lflt. ·aln'wtl,. ait. lea:sc not :~n,~:be ' sense i:n.
'wWcb lOne' can ti~kJe' ,auf"·' :Sf:I.~s~. Sllu:prise our:selvtes or d~~ijbe-;:t-arle:~,· (ijur$e:fYes~ ,ul~b :foo.l. .• ,a[~ w·em;lb~. wi1~to·..W'e may wisb ·~o ,e~tee;_Qlednd ,adm~fetll), 'Del a nt;b~'·016'- but 'Ui~l~_~v.=lt~ ilnfil[~ "a"t w'e" ""'!I" o... b,~ undertake 'fr;"II[' .t;L!..le'" "'n~J!i; .. hers v,,___:_~~~ ."·-~L Vb ,_u,~ iJJ._~'i_~' ~V~_..~
:r,a!ISC' C8mlOt
"'-iH ....
'th'" ;,' '.=_;:~:.
'aile's, a 'riD]. at ·W:IU.,\'V[e'
'~'-._: ..'
·~.lIJl~,.'·
~__!'i=UJ",-"~I~~----=----._~~
:iiJ'
IS, la.
'bypmdfuau; ..iJt :mlllls!t. m:r.si: be iakl~n,seriously as a
:[Oilf.l
[of
~"1'1" l~"""
ID~V~ifiri(l:--r .iI\H'i.'~. ~ oJl!.!!! ~' ""'-~,c~c~m~,jlll!li,", 'D,...~;i,O'••:li"Iilo!li.~ [.... ~IU;A;.I~_I. 1I;,<~.iI.'Y' !I".II;,.
hetee
~.,;J!
:i1il" ["'0' ~.~,~""11!;0 ... \~.~ "l!I~~rlftr [F!Ii,1:i:lliila[ ';:-r,~ UI4'!'I; m, ,,Q"llililJ!'''''' .·~'~~ml ~-U. 'I",-IJ,U. ,1!bI:UJl_I.~.~. "u.!;,. ,Lt.l!!"'.~ ., ~~I,I.;;t 7 II;.,.:}
gh~,fll e[Ul~k :1:-1: :is,al wa., of adaptl;ng optima'my ro the' ,dK1Ums~anoes,. ·

IO~tlma] ,ada]~ita(hJtn'C-aD a:'iS(J' be brtJu~ilji't,aooot. b~ me(-ban'ijsm~ .. p r ~,~ _;r' !I{'h,er. ·ft{.ul.:ra:~imllal, cho:tce ..Tb,ese ·3J[[It' considered :ro, [cD8!,rJers 'V.11l: ~ .and IX" .MIere 'Wie~s.llould. _rn,Qte d:~,at.r.a[i.Q,n,a1 dh,~i,eej~~ an :imaUi,·, : :~()'t
l
'~'., .s " Ra~ , ,, 1: C'::h:" V.·I,~~ _~ :~rI\i1I"":..;!i, :' _',',.I'I!',;(\<lI i'.,~,J[.~M~

J • _"
ble mechanism, slnee the' ratkmal person, c-a;ncheese om", 'w:baJt he btlj'wes '~[O the 'be~,t.me'8JDS., ,As, ex.-[p:~aJnedalt'dt.e t=nd aL{,cl1~"lN be II" '[his beUefmay 'Wlel'~ erroneous, He' ma,':m'~ss, Qm~ OpPOBU'be S ~it·]·[e''Iii: , [n;.,. ;[o:t,l'jlm};h'~~ bv 'mi'r~~:t'~~k"", ~ ;ry~', :O'/FIi'I)~, '~i;[o, ~~: hu'mel'!irji'ili ~-u ,pll"'l'"~' ~t,'iI'ir;I'~V ~..,tIJ...,_, .. J" even be ,ratiot1aJ~to do SO~ :~f,a~~, evidence ,happell1is; te ~potll!t:~m t'he
~I~._l. 1L1,1!U~, !IJII:'~ __
l .J. ~
JLiQi~_
~!I
1~:~U~
L~Ii!:_~,l
L~~
~}'
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__ ~l
_~~
'~',Iii[
~I.llil!lll
~Ib'~ 1::1£ ...... 11·
'((be'w,rQrng dir[eaill~" In the next [c(bal!p~e'rI d~SOO~lS:~oime'wa,,", :in

'wh~cb bt!U,e:f formetioa can :r:ai'n to be :r.aJti,o,iIlaL ,B~e're :m,y' po;Llnlt :1.5; 'sImply' tbat the process can be ratiDDBl and ,faU to' :r.-eac'b. 'the'
'[ru,d}",Tr.tl'~'h is a relatien
between
,3,
be~.i,ef and 'whaJ~,the' bel~efhl :

i,
ret
[ajbolUil~Wh.en [01ll~fl,o beU€Vt@s that, Desde-m,oDa i:s d,oc~i,rin,ihim and, :we isn't, be' is en,tena;lnbll~ a fa~5e 'tle,Ue[ :By' cODJtr;a-it r,ati0;0 al.. , :it~ is it reJJa:tion between ,8 belef' and, 'tile' ,pt[-ou_nds '0:0 wb)jch i:l :is, II held, :In, :Ught of 'fih~ ~v1i.d,f:llc~resented to him by' Eag;Q,. athena/s, p beUe[ :mJgh~,we~lbe' Iadona]., ' Yet, this example 'suI!tesi;s ill~ need to g;o :f.u:nbe.r'r because' 'woe'
I@
I""!'
do :Il!()~ ream:,~;'th~nl~, Othello's 'beUef' was, r-a't~ocm;al,AJt: ,t'be ve~ 'that ~l! least, he should, have found, OU~ morM about wbat~ :D:~etn,o:na had do:ne., MO'[f' ,g,eneraUY',I''we' muslt lequjre nat ool,r thaJt 'be~ciefs, L~, [:~'~iiry~:i9I~ 1I 1'l'i;t·; resp ~;i"!~: ....: ... the '~I'Ii"~I~J~ evidence but i;:I!l~ '~:'~I,~,j;l eble u, u,"'" """,,, ~~,~L '~I~"'"'0' .... ~ the arneunt ~f [~:f~dd'Ili"iU [i"in;'m~i"i~'''''~ I'll some sense ~~t~j([~-:I·,[urn] be f.)G the iFI"'!lfiilift ha i"'iiid:'-, th ;.-.;;:,..,.:1,,:, "f1"'f'," ~-Jf'i;,]~'II~cj'I:"Ii[ii'Ji ';d;('i;.if'" little ~~,'\A~t"'ri,;r~ L'iPL,o:l< U!Ii;,n o ,11;;!1' !I,.II~, ~, !!l;,,'Y' ol!~!!l;,,~~o.!,~ ~Y!li,;l' ,~~U,I-,· 1I;o,.~,lu,""~o~"',~ .IUiJ"""
llJl'(: ~
U.
illI !I;.l!',U_iU! I, 't'll" J, .11 ~. __ w-=~
'iit""', ,iIi,!b"" ~ ,"-,!bill!l1V
.. 'Ib
U '!!" ~I
tull,III,I, .... "" 'I' ~~
~O~~~
~.
~~.
~!f.~ !Ir·~·t ~!Ir~~~L!Ir
!lrLV~_~~.'~~~
.~~,
~~L
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~~~'~~_l~
"""U,,,,",
,1 I~u
ail".iJl ,~;c _.Io!' 1_"~III,.;.1;,"'"
.is
'Ii,,!',I"
doctnr ,mns!t ,exantiine' his 'padent bdfire':he operaJl~eS;j'lest ,!h,e(.lI,t ~ ~

in ~h~w-fiO'[=n'p[
=i~~ ~_,_~ •• '.'~ .••. ~~
ing too much evidence, U [Ihf' doctor's ~x'amriJ:rna'Jtion, ,IS too exha,u:su'ye;"the pa.'tle=at may die',. :L,etme ema'jbnra~eUnt, 't'he second af' these d '9.U. "g":e'l"'i!" l~~.~,.,.... ..... ..... Oilier. thi'R~~,being, equa], a dedlsion b~'Uke~~,y 'be 'beuer thf to
JUl· '" '!i..!L ill, •
nt<'iiFiP, [r~Q;,,-·~w,
On tne [O~~'b;F:iT hand '~;iIf~fe~' Jl"~..... J.l'P____:___.=U'JI' ""JI.~~= .. "'J~'~

.-.'=~ iU~~
loi~
,9 ,~,~'~ Yl
~I~_::~l
~,f'[An'I'~~'" V.l "-'Vt::I~'_1r.
most., Less d,[am.aJd,caI~" .., the' costs (Jlf d,e~~berarltmg leXC'f:m, 'tile :mar,y' benefits, Clofll!~est1fd child cu:'St'Od.y cases :p:rov1ti,e' a i'Ood ~mlgstt[a ~ tion.~ In mest 'W:est[em,cou.nuies '~odailtdlese' are ,diedd),ed, 'b" the
"best In
11J!~[.z!i.
il
gather ,aud the ~.O'ng'e.[, d!elifbe![',a.te', but W'e other th'rngs, are not: alw,a,ys equal, By the time 'we' hevereaehed a dedsJ,on~, the' occaSlO,D, te act may liia,ve' passed, us 'by',. The '~ltiel1t may be dead, 'dle:tii..rm sone '=~~~-,~=~,p-qQ~ d'F battle tnto barnkmc:IJ~~ :;:1' ~n.e~,aJje ,t'''''''''-' - -~--';I .. ~ ~~
W"e'
~-'-'~~~~i ~~.~ ~~~~-~',~~'~-
more evidence
"
"~'II:I!;p,;g.iI!';:'iI!' ·~'-'''',~'::''"iaJ!
0,'
.:_: ..
If:'
,;;:~,;jI:!o I!.jl.t~,,-"
'*-_..
ph~·'j;~d::"I'I>!'~, '~:~'~[liIi' ,j'iI!'"
'''_~t-- ~
~IIUILIIiIJ!II. ,Ial!,
l"'II'I>iI!'lt',4'~'l1'
~!r.:oiluJ!lL-rU'U'
1:"
lIi.3i
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["I, y'
,(J;ii~r,~Ii'Ii' ~lbJ
t'\if'i;,
j~
,~,'I;..Q'
perent
w,bom '~he'court :finJJ.s, mJ)s!t
fjit:
tn take care
[0;[
me' chi;~d"
U-ll~J
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aSSiumlC'i!'the :nltJlcr paJre:tlt is sc·lect-ed .. 'Yelt. [rus1t.oor UJt~l~ti.on, :im... poses Iilea,t emoi-iooal, darma1l~'U~. ·the [cbi'I:Lti' [a;rs,uaib:ly' mere tha.n ·w'hart. 'w-o;uJd res;uJt :iif rus~oo,rWft-e' IjjY~1l '~O[ ['tu~ less 6lt pallieJlt:., a,De ~ho;uld. a:s:twbe~her 'ill is :~nthe' 'bes;t.:i.Dt:trfs,t: 'af the' [~bRd to ~"".;' :C~'~'--;'-"'-'-'d': ~C"I~,~j~":, ~1""~' "i~~\~~~~--;~,,"" tu.e c:'Ii-.';i~d' me 41'~:c~~'· i~l ~ ~f:tIW'SlUl I~~',L;'O.1I10W ll..ll,ll}f: 1~1 ,~nJt:e.r.-esIS,6)1, ,~:~,~,C.U:~~,'."i "'II'!\l..~. 1!JIleCilSllo\D Y dUlll~ 'w auld. ha,~e been. best :rf' :ftJumd, :hlSllarnJta.n,eal!!l;s~~y' an.d cost.Ie-ssl., mil'y' :Il~t" ,a.~I,t!klrlgS c;ons;id,e.red; '00 dIe' 'bes~ :~f'(l(Jsts 0-1' d;e.dsio:n. mati.ng ,a·r.~' t'aK,{!n. :illtto a.c-oouDJl.6. The' place ,of' be~ief'~J1 .tltlOtlail, cbo~(iel:requ.ir-es·8] mnre c.i1:e[u1 dli$cuSiiur:lL, SUI :fm:[~,: he,ve' 8'IJ,ued as :rfbeUe·Fs, ,a.r-e 3J :m8Jt~er orb:~a{'k I [QlE. 'w'hjte~ eil1her 'we 'Del]ih!v e' tbar~. ~meudOCilB :i[s't'ne [C!Tt~·~r' \\V"e o 'be:m,ey,~'tbSJt: :i,t :irs:n'~'t, [o:~te.ll.'W'e dio make 'up our mtnds :~:n.dus 7' W~J.: and, oftelll, i~'~ WOiUtel 'be pedJ_a~uicto do O~llawi_K',. 'Yet iIO, l1(riIDc~ple; aU :fad;u.ild. 'be;I'le:f'Sl rll:I~ a. ma:[:[;er.' of :p;mlullbiU.de-s,. :P'or:' all 'n:raC1:tcB'1 'ii1CI~es·,.... 'I' cam C--o:-it1!t- om no~. beiLllIo ~=... tv'? it ._ ,e .... f ,t",",,~, ~~ ..~~ ,~_.u_...t."'''''''''' It .. ~.... ~~ .. ,b 'hit y .~ meteor w!h;i'le 'w-ri:Ung: t1Il'1js, ch_~p:t~r~, , ,arlld "~ then:' b~ a 'small chance Lh~t. :ilt ~;'i'~:li~ ,,:!lll:IfiIV [;i"llit 'I"o'J' "'-~ ~lt~:iI~'3Ii't~;1'l,iII ·I')-.r~'b:·-ii;If-;;'II~~_]· ~';;:'I!Ii'ft'~ ~~ .fi!1il~'E .t""1. . e~, lUI.1I;I! I~~ 1\11, 'ljo,'5ii'n,~~,. ,1::llIII',t-'·,t""""'~' '~"Ij'i; m ,il~ ,. 'l;..IIJI,u do,.. .IIiIL~.hl!l.'l i,.. bel.... taken ~~ 1f1erot :serirrIUS~W., - ~.Il_,~= [Coh@Mino amana: croes mrnner:s ~~ -~. ~. "",iI' -~--- ~ '~,l' ~ W.h en . ~~ -- -. -,1-,,·\1" -=~= ... ,. :h.il~e'to i(~o;lls~d,er' :~I'keJitlood.oif ~a:r:ly'fIitlSi: ~:nthe [8]~~,0If:too ~;h.!' ' l:iUle .r,li~n. 'du! s;pri'rli_J and of' t,~o .mu~h in the $['u.:mmer,. O'ie=1l :~n
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'hI. the ~(!Jmg: run, the fa.uuef 'win earn more' 'wrm, ,([[op, .A than crop B, since, it has a h~gibe['aJveragf 'y1reld., :1'[1, bad y,eaR :b;,ow,,, , w'·.!'i]~·I~~·'~.. ..". H'!I\O·It"i:!~, o.···I'f¥""'I!!.·,i,~; .... A·.····· th It.. W·'' 1'··UU], '..';.,..... [·, lr· '~'1:..,0!11i"" [[IIio. Siif1i;[·'"",,,' ,I=I~, '.... [ [A'!I'iI\.·~r' 'h~[, .1, JllI. '''''Ir-~U=I, ,,', _~·~iLlhJ ,Jr-~·· U_I_III~
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'liIl__e_crme' Is $120,000 with. a co:rresp~odlmi8 'WJIU~tylev€~~f [50,. A V,efC1jI(!' o utfni,ty :~s;3 5[" CQit[espondin8~'1~ 'llDe u.dUtJ of' the' ,a¥er~!e'ifiW~' OOm ' C[0J' B is 45,1' 'whUe' the a.ver"aB'e utility is ,43.. ''Fhe 8'Y e'Fa(se mt10me [(a;nd,hence tbe' u.nUt}' of the ,a;vter-a!ge iD,co;me') :is[bigber 'wi)U),,A~
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C(lll]\espoodhlj8 u:tiUty' lev-el arr[~' :Fe:aizd~ The' farnne:[" [ca'oo~t.[i¥e off. :bis ,8'Ye'lag:e IHco:me'i! l~[ anymolre -th__an be can have an ,8v,ua(g;e ril!mJi~,y of 2;,.2 cb.ildren., What counts is me' average' of m,e, re~'~i:2led,
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tl1~ coops also ~d, ,l1:i,gih:~1" \\',\ari.aill.t~'" tli1~ ~is.tmoo nUltn, ,h.arvti'~Jl, ~f'"' :f~~' :r~li'-J~aJl, :~·OH~' ~:Q,~ld. d,~ .~~~, ,~i'eQ~" ill':he ~,ved Wa 'lbC!1 gQQd y,e8~. 11'[ ....... --: I'i'~a"-"_" '"M"i...rht J·'I·:"~'~~aW"'!' 'W ~""'iiL.,""I'i" :~~J,.:"'It~,""'''~ ,a·",'1~, .. ~_~U,J~_~, [~1'11d'~ 'nAt' [E"_ ~I~""d'"..."'!' ,. [I , ~,I::~ .... u~~, ~.ua-li;.U.l_I_ -~1ill' ~ g.... U:I~ 'farmer ~lSCI ~D tai~e' aoc-O'uflIIt 0:[ the diff:e:re.M'e' 'betwee~l ~ibie'lJ~i!Jity'lev,e'l~ ~n, :g~. arnd ~ad "fe~~. B~ll:S~' ~e' '~oogn ~!:I~1!~r bere i!5, d~~ '~ :~. [ii w\a,}" ail~ady' ~W;O£POr~l~ il!~~tud~l~~ :11$'1(" :~ ~,po~l W(lliJl~1
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'them:seJJvl!s 'lba-'..Il they' ,cou'~dha,y~ dlone~ T,bi:s :~R·,d,gbt. ]:s penbaps, the :m.aiu. :,.r.a£tka'~ ,a;chleve:mreI1l.t: car gtlrn)e ,!:h~'Ory'.. [(If't'ne
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T.he reward of eaeh :pla"er depe_£I,d!.s on m,e' choi,ces,made by aU others, :m;ato.nly on his JjJ[w.n. d,e('j$h)n~ 'Th,e :plaj}'~.r5are assumed to make' their €hoices, i:'H'ti:Cp.end-;'n't'fI' [0[1 --_:.~.cc1foo1;;;frn~:-c the .-~ ealC'.1t.1oJ=lt~r", .. "i;CC 'iIi'~~ sense '~'b'~I~', ,~JJ~ iIl-JU".;. ~~=~ LIlli.)! cannot make b:~nl~!irn~~~ _ ~ Ui ~, a.. _,e!rl:e"e'.' mellts tt:J' (f)ordtinat',C· their doo'!1i'o[}s., :I:n arnO'i:b,er sense, :o,o:wtev-e:r!' 8~Il~ra.t~s, set a
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Rea!OD cannot d'rCla!~e'~()'l~le pa;ss~,[).rnsl'w'hat tiheir. ol)j:c:ds, smould 'be" :HumJ! WGuld, ,c[ertainl, have conceded[ that :mason CalD, be .b.e~~pmIn, filimiuaJti.ng ,lo,gJ,caU!.y'into:bereDJt dJes~[ies~, as want .. i s!uon, inl, t,O :halY1! one's [ca~te' eat :~t,~'O{)i,j'bUJt oim__e--nN'de' 'me passions and are :o'(lt s;'trI:Qjm 'l[O :r,a.tional assessmens. One' 'ma,r d[s'Ili.~e a d:eli!re'~ :perbaps drink :~Ii~ :i!mmo([at" bUilt :~!~ makes no sense' tD dec.:.ry :ilt~as '~rr.a,tiio[na'[~ [tbb; view is ails~)to,e dOIDiJnant ene :iD. [oOtltemporary
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putand,nm. Later, I shaJl, (lu.esdo([l 'this 'w,ew., F,~n,l>! s.ll.aU ex__pbd'n..how' ra'tiana'~,,~thoiice 'theory' ,CJaln, :faU I th..J:-orugb ifnd:et'ei'iildnaCYe, In ge.ne!al., me~e'are two :fatlllS! of:iude .. 'te_[jjrd]lalql'~ 'There m~Y' 'be' sffl,ra~l acnons dla,t are equaU" [and, oplLiJmaE~,¥Ioo~t Or there may be ,nf ,aion 'diat :1$ at least as B~od, ,
as,aU,othen~
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rn,ot, :mdllie:rt:4ce., A simpl,e rest aU,.,ws us ~,od~s,till(81)]~!b 'bei:wee:n the 't\!VU" ,AS§'lllm,f' that, 'two optj;o;DS ,x and y., I" have :Iill() pre[e.r" enee :fo;[' elther, E[ ~:am :~rn.dH(~~Djt 'betW~~D ,tb~'m". I s!h~uld. aI.'·, 'wa. prefe'r X' '~OI'tI1her wi,th an, e~tFa, d,o,Uaf Over' ", 'If h~weve~'~, 1" ,do 001 :pLRIe:r x;.. ;I;!Jlsr'"a:",d,o,l~a;F. over ", :it'sb,(}'ws that x and ,r are p :ID(;'Qnuneo5il;rable'" l1m:~Fitanl~c ;, d".!ec~slnlnJi onen :~nV10,~ye '~n'COLmDlen-s;u;_[:alli!itle O:JflllO(lLH;" ~.....;' 'I' " 'L'II '. Tn(!' ,(;Il~Jce'~, sar,,~between, ,SiOi.n;g 'to hl'W' :$;CJtool: Ott" to a :~c:ho()I,oll :ru:restIt"Y'~,al~6>tfI,minl '~ba1t. bo:tb ,l'Ufad: me ~S'tf.{)fliJlJr is a c_hO'i~e' of ~ career a:lild ,IU~'st"le., If l~ .bad tri~d both [faF. ,a, ,H(~~imt":~sh'~ ~: 'be'
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justify a ,judgmf:nlt a'lbou~ the' U~eU[~lood, the -vari('nlis .of

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Co~lder [a,Ill£l;1I,"':s dedsion about bOiW much to b]y,~t i.n research and, d,€Y'~lo:pm,e:r:;!Jt.To d.edld,e :r.aJtionaUy'", t:rn~ :fill:1W, :m'~;sm estimate' 'the proba'O:~eGut:come' aFthe :i;raJ,ve.s~melW't.~ 'how l~kel'f ~t: 1'St'ba~,its roo.o'V'a.il,Vte' [a,Cliw,des 'w,mll.ead tn a 'proG,tabl,f; i'[IDo~a.''' ti,on ,= as 'wle:I'~. the jj,nv1-estmeullS, made 'by Q'dt~r :fi'mo~s, ~nd l;he' as, p[();bab~e [1Xl!1l'COme' of dlo~e' ifive~tment51" N'ow t'be 'ou~(jo\m~' ef Inlll(}Vali~e [~lct~vi:tt.es;ls :inherellJdy' ullceltain., [The Flirm(;8ooot 'iiQ.re;see'wid], ancr pred.st(1fl, w,ltiJelher i'n win. 11it. the ja_£~po~ [0([ come eu I~' ""°r-~""h" ~m-·;p.· h'~i.u!...__ ,.'O~!""J.';:t" the 'b'''''lIi'c'll~eit'O'fM'n'd'~ 'Il.!!'b gJ ~,v,~~, :t"u . iands ~" A"o~;!iil"ll~' I~~.~,c" _:;~_ tlii.0!l.t:..' ~ ..,L_:_~ if1o'f~':'!Ii[ ;i("-.If!Ii~,~ -'1. standV' {"han,6~nQ[ '~,&h~,O:~o~lJ' records are not MI .. - ,Ill~ .1C uast ·-;-;:ood, '"ffedl~;~\oo;, , ',1~"" ,'0 .,~ ~ - -, ", - ,-,~..!l'~ I"'~~~- ~ - ~
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'd]iak'it I~vand" A'Umou-Ib we :bJ;ow mflllCh. ,ab(}~~'the '(;lY'Q!flJia,,~n 'dl.e parslaQ, GuJf~ there i'S no 'w'a,y' in "bk~fut 'W~' can p~,e~c''~os;et'he[ ,0111" informaJtiop, t-O c-ome "Up w:r~l1J.I re~iaibte~s~bjecl1:'i.ve : pr.i)lhabUiilty'
[of [a,W[D'r lrr-eak~ng out 'tiletween Iran, [8;0,(1,Illie''Umted s.tates w[ttdm, t 'dle :Ilel.t'sb[ maml!tttts ..'e: 'Q,o-wm,ed:ge' about the second decimal in a K :llium'bel' is, taken. by' :rJtself;. s!tn,rnly UI'~'IJess." 'Iniss. is not to den diJa.t sucm pmba;b~~i,'ti[es[can, be' eHcited. ,_ IO\nJI" to ,deB,' tbat: they are ~~Iajb~e and 'tlla:t ~iti~ ra [1i 0[!IJ3!I, to use 'the-ro, as ,a, bSlSj:s :['0([ ,I;Ctj,OU., WI~' can crffe:r. a p~;rnon. a Ich:o:tCe; betwu:ll; t,w,obets" One bet says that J~f'tner-e' is,it w[a'F be win get, al 'fll!'crUrSlnd d0U!~lr$ iQ11u.~'m'irse no~h'iiQS" The ,o:t'he.r bet ,~a;r_s; ll1ba~,he' .. ewin g'f1t a, dlf;Jusand doll a_n, 'wi~h a proha,bUit.y' of , perceo1t. and :m.othitDg: 'w,ith a Jli\obabi~h,y'oE I [00 ~ ,P per.-cenlt. 'Tn,evalue of',P 'for 'w'b:ic..b he b~ "iIl(URer-eut be[~'teenthe' two 'bets ,~s' h,e'S'~)ibj:ea[ve' ~
i
prro:b:a;bU.ity b~ SiJt!\ac;bfes. ,to the war~ I[~ turns
gill!~, b.owt]'v-e['~
thallI:
34,
tb'i~,.",~I["'," d),e,pen.5; betF~':~V me' moeedure usm 'for , ,ejLici,tb;uli hi ;~,~ d:~ "Vl~,i'-'~~-.'~~: ,on ,IS 'vane" F'~- ~~~.~--~ ~_~.~"._ .. '~'_..,,\o, '~f~'~ , ,', .'..... '!I!II~;i"'1r '~I '1,~'I'!IIl' I)... ,...... 0",:11'." u ad ,m·.~,~'t'l:1Ii~.I;:i!, "uil'IiJ'j!< '~"t,~ ~~,a'lliIi'!Ii~' '~ ,. an " 'iiC!, Jl,1" ""''''"', begi~"."~"1fIi1 1'!'~~IL!til, .u" "'"'~iIP~~W::'7""~" Il-_U.!i.. 'l'lLa';~iIi'IIi~' '!.IiI ... mueh low:e;r 'iban. it, 'Wt(Juld 'be' if W~ be,gall, wiltb, ,8bigll '\Value' ,o:f',~'
__j!~
g ,~~,,~'~' ~
P'
_~)!I;,iII!"" ,I~
I';~,::~,: ~ dt"il:~~r<d't~':,Mit ..... a;numQV~~~vW'~dW~.~,~" y'et 'ilf'we ,,~,~, ",_,

,'~' 'I~'~
:in the penan.~':s nIitmd

0"
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",::1::dloo ,Ot 'meaS:-"I"fmen't, ,:;If ,_ .. \iI_, ,me,

".~,_,~
'm,e
are llndu' 'mEYasudo(il!' 'sometbitt:iWD' , ,. ·,r "., "'-l:!i"'" ,-, '-"~'"'D'
resu_IJt:sb.0'UJd, not: depend

~" ~~,~ "~,, ~~.~
stnce :i,t, does,

,,~~,,~
,otDaa, of the' procedure.

~~~-1i.i'~~';jJi
't..'~Ii!ii!!,
'me 'n.mbabi'li.l'u
,t"" ~ _ ~~~ ~~ "'~'
,~~
ocn the'
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'["f';' ~"",," " '"i~',,:,;
mueh ~I~..ii~~>;",.a DeCiliYU1.~, !I'rf ,!,~~u~"" ~T;I!Yt~!t!l~,~ ,U!!..
,t\J0;
,,"v '1".'1;# ;~~"'I!lo
:'"Inl~'~-..-.ii' """~r~ 'I;.,~!lUI!,
be
1 ""1I:ri;J"' ....,...
t'rri\;i!"!~"".
'S~)tuadon Is lJiigllli,y' st~(t(~otyped!,as a :medJi,cal diaIIlDSIS; i~~we

~o_~~ ~_'
'Im·,,· ...,pt~ ,y W " 1he costs ,_=~ "ow ",~"I'~U~' ~jen ", c ,', and 'benefits of' aJdditJoma1 l'mflml8'· " .. ~ "~ ~ ~~~_ 9 't~«Il., In ~~tu.i1!ti\Q!ns, ma,'t are untque, :n;ovLe~ ,and urgt:mt~,Iklt iSmt:,.. 'iog a baUJ,e' 'CU' hfdpiIrlg: 'lhe v],aim, of a 'Calr' a.c,ddellif bod), costs ~.~ II... ~ ~~ ~" ~~~t..,., _'i'---]' ," ~~iI''" " ~'k:o..! "', an:d ilJtIDE'llI,ts~ are nl,glui ' C,Y' 1JJIlUdalilli nere "'i JS, ,a, nS'...._::;"if'" ,aClt'lQg,.,," too soon" on too Utde 'I.munnatioll. - and, s, risk of' d,elaylFlll!liDtill, :~":is, ,~,c, 'II'~I~'::. 'f'f' 'We krn::w m~Ii::, .. "', 'iOO ,Ia",e_, ,it, ',0'.:: =ile ~. _=il(Le" w~ eeuld tell Wlhlch rislit 'was 'dle lalj-e-r - 'but, we' ba,v(!' no 8ro'onds, :[Of rO)fj,onalty' d,et"td~ng: w.bedteJ: ~ "'I'r "", that k ~d' '"h' nave to a,Q1~, . .m()re to ns ...acqumng mar i(u)riN'~ie':;le'" 'T':i-.. Vi·e ,~U~'5I~ , : nus
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less ,Itbi,trariilv',. :[0. between 'w,eH' tw~ [extremes, lalil. mom; J ,cbnice sitlua)tio,ns or 'fVle::rydar,y':U(~,.If I: am CJUlI t"Ji ,gatnel' .um ..
(}:£
I
kno ' r"oo,'·"_'m·,'il" t ,E\. ___:_:.

:_.':_:' =_=_!;I!, _ ,~
!~.r!' ~ '!f!f ,..
""cL'ZY~'t:'I",~ 'iI!'nP~~ l~I=I~~IU, ...;I!,F.'~~_.&lJI, ,en:n1Ii~ .~"JJ,~_lL"",
tl'h"rjli;e ~Oc ,k1L~~ ~'lt";!"'I!IJi l"iUJ~JL"'l It.-.. u
!I"~'ii' lI]Vtl1
,'!li
Ul
,a,no-l! ~V-V.Ul
'p:~aoe alse tilil!.aJ~,:~lwould be. pnilltfes'!j and '

I~~'_:
should ,t~'r then ,...j~TNi liil'iin'It,;::",'a IW_J.Ul ~_l~~, ~~tfi.U_~ 'bei~l]'ga,thm;ll(g~ where "a 'w:tdle~~' c(jtl;.dd be ,amr:yd1m~bet.1!eR
Oint'·· U~~'~~I ,~"Ii[~"'"
'I[ '~~~'iih.' .t\:ll\·, g. ~'l!!,i"''':;~;g; ,5D",;I ,<'!i; .I ,~_~.tvl~,..!.~.~ ~~11!3.'~ ,..,,,-l_U~,~,, ~1.r;U.
~l,u,r'
il!jjili'l'~
to, go on
loo1drng: 'Illnlil it
~en .m'i.mll'~~,and, a ,c(J!lJ![ple of: houra, 'Wiltbim 'nbls :range'" 'nb.em is
inde~eu.IJiiinacr" Since' I canno~,h!o:pe' 'to ma~e an ,optimall, d.«i,'" : sl.orn~,I: vril~,have to de witb one tlurt is j\~'good ,eno1l_gb.,~'" When ~a'ti.o,Il.aJ choice ,i5, ,ind,e~e~t'e',. ~some ,other m~ha" .. ~'Il ~'!'IJ~, ~ ""ifr' msm must tal!iJe up IlU~' S,lac.:., LIL. ~~ COli;'" b....'me ~ ~~~ ."nar ~- ~~]d' lue t'l!..," pnD£'iI,:pJifi!' 6:1
, .~ '~~ iii.....~
_';;~;Il"'
"~"sads6.dl1(St~~ af'moMing
oomething
~la:naj~Q[f burden, :is 'm_£ll, sihlfted t-O'

'9 ''''tip d~m. ~l1!ta~nal~.irtiC~f:.;ii, has ~.cmit
~1l~X~Il~,~
'me notion
dia:t is 1'000, e.noWiP,. The

oj"am,~U;,pjjrailiGm
s.erJ~; of IiL~: ,;,u:e' ~1OCa:11~'_'
al
~ml
'~O_~,
~f the :Ill'fl '~,WO['t~ RO-~., ~ da~~' W-f ,~adl.of th~ !last(ijo'Wf t~~ ~ det~", nUIne dit~ ~~: nt, d~tortimS; a cil:i~ of ,cafiC~F' ~not ~ ~,rm,g It~~ ~ls, a-~ lliic' d~~!~red to M :~4i~1J 5'0 S46'·5,l.t· S4·1Z_4··,6~5.~ ;$f.7'~i'7~i14" iir'ld ~hf(Xy''''~P'.,M,enzet ,Ml3it:ai;' '~M\!, MOT4~' [Ch(:ficn~ Ntw Ha~., C(!nm.~'Yial~ UI!rl,V:e~tJ ft~'1 1,'83'1 ,6),. :p.
co, I;' ,~,
sillm,pl,e l~\IL, '" w:tt~, !(.aJ'ICUJ!1'~i

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35
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:more' ts
[~:"'~,6'n ~fU.li~.'!i.!I'\.',l!! '!V\I
d!t!tr'illlliines, ·w:h.art COll0;;S ,IS .sood enoU\sh" UlD'f_i~. .k:llow::-o, aboru:n why people;:s [a'sp\i;r.aJti,o'fl :le¥f!.\I;s diJ1'er,. the
C':!d~~'~,"",iijl"li~'
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M[·.···-;o.,··,~ ~,,~l'"'r: S!l!..I!"'!I;o,.~.gJ_~,.:r ~

J.'II;., :c~~·;El,' ..
we do II»!, ha;'v\e ·8,tb,enry' of 'wbalt people' do ·when. '~bef 'w\ot:lld Uke' 'tOI a;tt~[,a:tiiolla.u, but raj~ioi[[i.al.cho~(1f' .~s,~.ndetel.u:riin~Jite'., One : ... '~=,.~ ";h"'C' - .. - - - ,-,,,- - - - d' 1- ;,- .-.- ...:I L 'h' ..l -.- . ,;,. n" ' ll-ilJ1U11 ~_I~eJsO'me!lun,eS·r o :~;S. [0 1lJI,~n.rt ae UtUif(~~mBna~' ...1.'urnan ·bf.~:mls:baJV:€ a, v erry st~"lIj8 desire -;'0' haJv,~ reasons :['0,[' wba:t :they' dtl and 'Ind i.nd,@lt€.l.nu;nacy· 1:uu~d t~ aCiCl~pl., The,' lend. t~ ·s'h.Y' y'!li'~.-", . AiJI'.JJ '. ", g'",,'g., .~To.if'L.~ .c:.~!.:c~i n.IriI1l' 1 'O'.-,n, rP,..,t(.II·illfi~:, (!"lI1;O:'P:ii!i!C'it;!'!i~ ·~::,,·v.": Ind I~t~~~'i" h "'-fiJI. lU l'
c . .
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.......... UjUJ.11~1Ili
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..
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eli ~ll~~.,Il_LlJI.,!.IIJ_I.-"Ui~I'.!!II
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au'!;,:""
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·iIi·lIip one's m"inflll .~!W ..·, U! !!ift'l

,;;l). .1 _.1 I,~I_I
,~.'L'iiII! '1locep ~.'~ ~ ~ ~""
"f'i;.f' ...,.4
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.~;It-~, ~~~~'.1 cn:II'jI~'. ma:~\!".I'~i!l, '~:'~I~lr''tr~S~. :~n fli~t't-ii~ili~. ~1'~i'"r:;;~;r;ttV1=' !loU"":J y~""",,~ !r.N"I, =~ '!~'i.,.d,~v~~ ~UI~Jle...,.","" .p\['()1jQ)1J!1i11 ... es. .. r e ·'·':"-[·'::·~"·i:~·I~i·n/,::.· 10>,.' as in tJiie' cb~ld 'Qllstndiy' case di~s~d. in chii.p:telrHI ..th~y',S:oun. 'unrr~1 ,'I' :filDd '~'b~ dedsion I,ual, w:;;li'-II~ Jua!. "'- been op!I;.lma, .~!I. th~ - - - .. ~~ Ur"", ... ~",,_~......, ~''r:~... 0'iU!_..,'IU! ~'~IV~ .. eeiIJ. eotfmal ';If' '~;;:-cirnfll "'!rn:-=:+'~ [Cj~',"'fIi' [,-, ::,-,·,'I!,'. v.r I~U,er I~-·nd-'~' il JJ.OU~U ,L~5;WiI.nlli!lil.Et.OOl!l!il.y aiillu (l05'1",'] jest.51,IJY,. ifli,[' i"'r_.:' i,II,en e on ~,iIt me
_. !OJ """
::''''''1.1
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b,a~is, f'dle second declmal. al:~'''''nu~b~ii'n;'r-nl-: .!~·bc::;:li··I~ cc::: l?·;C)i"·. o U.ll_ UI-= ,g~O,""CL~ a OUI!!,. ,e ,illI'S,.
~ _~ ~ _ _ _ _ "' __ ~'~ ~~ ~_\I --~
tho.=.
''''i'1:-'~!:l'ii:i!' 11"11.1,,,.,_,
p' r"[g~i\iif'~~. I...
liIili.!Ii. ..,,,,_."".... .iI.~1r.J.·
'l";Qin;JI~l~l!'Ij~: .... ,;J''''',u1!o
,ai'lf!il
~i'n ..-111. ~iil'jl',\a.. ·f~i;if1i.·IFI"~I~~-,:""ll'i·Q!.;€ .!Ii..··:·. I~h!l,el

.11"' . 11.. . ",IJ'I;"O!',Ii.ill;Iiil.
'~~""':;iJi.iI:'riIA~~~ Ull,;. !FlY' W~
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I'a!tton~il[,t,", The' :ftr'mt task olf' a ~_b,eiJlY mf f[adoii1ial ,c.b'olI,u is[ ·~O[be d~u about :~ts, wn~~ .~hllU\si..Som~t:h:rnes- [a'sPascal·sa:ld. 'llo,tibtm('il I~S -~.. -- .-" ~" o ~~,-." -.~, ._.II! .~ ·,··,,8 I.; more :r.,a:U,onal. 'tha,n '£hie abdica.tiolo ~f rlea~on-, 1-- .1,YiI!_-_- ,":r ,rm,s ,"~'n" 1!6'.,.;,a~O:~.la_..,],~f dlc.a,leu -.'. ..~ev~;s O:·1...er fn--,t 'Ot~ i' Ill"' can '[ee '11- -- - A at vanous '~I ..II." :1:11 FlB.· :1'1':I•..So.ID,etimfS[ :people :£3Jil tID choose 'what th,ey believe' to .. be the_ 'best means ~o _ =_ ~·h.elf dUlles,. If ~t hs ~--['. .:;bi ~ ._ . _ _". . __ ~ ~_ rea'~lze ~ .~ ~ ~_ _ _ .. iiI,ppellS .. ¥
'i!' , .. I~
COl--
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= ...._
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Dth;mll;:,e ~ 'by' pu.~ng the w.rull1B bllllt~lln.- jlt~:is not inalti,QfiJall. If ·dtey kO()tW.IIljI·ly' .a!nd del:tb~ef,a:te:I., ct ,a_;gahlsrt theIr d,tsire~~ 1~,. a :iit
,aoc-e~t.The' mJ~,nthere' ls wealcness ·ar'mn~ lrr - the
S·uppose[ l a.m, mffer-ed a ci,garfl@,tlt€ when I am. ·i.£f.rDg 'lo qUIilt smoklfil,. On, 'ha]arnct~ :my des_b~s· ten me tv :retlJ:ge'" a~d y:Clt, :1 may
v1i~n~lraib:i~itw 1." to ,d,e;sires_ '~baltI _ .1 - ~-- !!i'I!~~_V •. ~'I!r..'YII'l!r.· """" W,j:ii~;~l;,~i" ~'i'l-;ICC ·t·"'.:, I~=:'~:'·:," •. __ " _ "" _~" _ m:v1i;j]llr~,i'"kf[l('iiwi~.cI:~~·~s, ~a_fI;,.....,.,[J_uaitl, !l;.U,f: u.es.~.res .• 'l'na,t: pCdDt: hi. the [opp0 site d)~rlectlolO., When the' 'weaker' de,csi~ 'w'j'Q 60t,· i'n mJlI:-S;I: 'be' 'be,rnU:5lf' they' are :~([I,sa.m,e stns~ stI\Qim;g~iI," _,
b;u~. ·Sitfiflf.1(Q,'ef as :sheer' :p:cSriCm,e tum'l~." lence ..III 'Lne :n€~.t.cha.p1:e:l' :1' disrus:s a special case' of' weakness· ,~f w.iU tha,t is C!1.'lllsoo. by Idle greater ~mm,ed~al¥ 'the pr-eseD!t a~nd. of
:1101. S!tIl(llD,8e:1r
as
reaSO(IlS,
l'rrartiOll_ai be.'_barvi,or can. also ·s~em. :mo.m :~.[[,ationalbe~j.dS:i'M,lijslt , ICilns~jialOuS!]V- 'beUd~it can be 'su)bveft[ed tbe··Ir-···--·!"!l-··~~··,l·-~·· are 'nassion:s: ilhe~' _"_ '~r'~"- ~ --'1""';"] .. 'SI!l!n:n-Ased_._ serve_II!!I 'W'~shf:ld 'dlinkilno ~ me' tendencv 'liO beUev-e to ~.~ - '-"-~- ._. - - -~ - --0 I-"-~r\v'~'-'-'--' . .. - .. \-I~,l .. _.. -_ .... that the [adS. are as [ollie w-Q1tdd 'fJ'kethem to be..... ·a 't"iiP.·~[al~~le[ '~S,
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I·MW.I~t.] dr~u:'~ ~t.bocl1~~·,. !J .moo~at~ly· v,arn.~Qn.., I: IIhiH :ii. ~s:m~~ nn;-~ ... l~ke as ti(f1t to :rcma iili1J sUm." .BU!1:1: w.is!tiru I 'w,a~J I.ess· ·vari~. [~B,~t do .~·th~nk. ,I'h;t~:omy'
m: liiik1e' ilt..
w;t~e:n wisb 1
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eat cate:?)
,~ . lit :is. R'G!'t a ·qu~'fon of d~ljI1mralt~Iyado:pilq tb.¢ ~l~f tbill)t~h~:[aas· ,!i'iw~ as 1 .2 . w<i}'i!li~dI~~.~m. M be, A'S ~:~id .m. Cb3~~' lit 011~' ramlot,df\dd~' n ~l~ : c ~ 3JI:f:y motiC' dlla_n ()!~ [~____n ded.d'e eo farget. lailbe~'•.~ me~ha~5m o~~~ p~n~.Qu.~". 't1:~lrlnd.mY'~Jack,,~~ ru.3 "&15, d.M'S;:Il~, ~xp:laJjn the 'LlClld:O:Il.C.1r'0f *e 1n:~ailll'J.edin1iii~1 ~ to be'lli!ev:e' ~I .ings; are ,as·h;e, 'wQ:,wd. ~i[(:e .em. ~~~ to· be, .~ ,a~og\(t.c efc thii!s~-~ mem!lm~m. ls; t~Dd~~·. m_Uon¢(i, in. (\~P~~1"t ~o whal; ~jH ,caoo~t ~t. jOcS! bocallS(';' [tlo.e [("sonO'l. geL h. :1 d~ .1"I.0t; knQ·w' 0f [a'o,Y' 5aJ1ili~["tdlO:I:l' e:x.plaIla)ti~n:of these sel!f~des~l:Ujlv,e'mpeD:!iii;ties~ ,
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hl itseJf., t~o:met~mes
Il)Q '~[ol'€!lthe_rwi'm, o;the~ thJap 'mil 'we would, :I]ot 'w:lsh to lose
A diilil'n:ressbl;i!Ii mu..!llirnol!1 '!It~m ~.t'W'"i(;~""-=:'il'~:::11 :-;:-"~~,. ~L.-~"~.'I:-.,::. lllul, ,~. I' I... c;'~:; t-~~:·v~IAe , ·~[~-w~· '"b ~¥"k" ~a_ ,PS-'('c..'~o'"'0lf Ui~'~_Ua", !Il-I!,.,e ,~u!ll
'~\Ii\f'h,:''f:ii; ,lIh ..:",., iIr.a;~~Sj,,":"",~ 'Ii-~~it,J'.'IllI.JIg:Ii'n;i'liml·.'I-' c' ,_ '1''1'',. iii., ~"";~'"'~-U!v'"""'!I,, •. ~
u'."'"
[bel ,B'~Ytey ii:-,-:: IIUre 1': '11'il~~ ~ ,plDllrC,ptL£ ,u~~..1i IUy _:_--.~ [ead~,y '--;-~\-:;-::-"'ic'll:Jr.
~j"',
'I~""r",: ~~,"'" ..,!t-~~"'~. l~·e.··.. '~:'h~:-a··'iI'llc~~,II!"." 't;'i'1";ijiio!l'"~.' 'lIi;It-' :~,'lIl: ,!!,"",I!.I~ ~U'~~,I' ~~~\I,
,'~Ir';llli'
J
~.;'"110
~,rimdp'le'..... ,dmi,caUu'I [dc]iIli'rasoo, ' liJi'\t ~ lli

~;:::I I:":'.I-::~~~ ::.'I~",~ ,""O\D,ye,r:sel,l~
~~-~
l~'~
:ra[~ile.[ r"f--C' 1"' b.::., ',::11 ::.:~ II'::" 'LJJ,!lan 'LIUie ,pllf~:a5[Wre '~Ol)'lic',. Tk~ 8l'e1:sadder", 'blU't
-~ -11'~~~~C'
1
l~ ~l~'
'.' ,'~ I, ,"' re W,~.~,Q[.'. ' a Irneilther'manic oor =,r de-n:ressed .....t,e:-ndl '~O [o-ve~finta~,-:-, tb-=-;':c ,~Ib,·ll'· ' ,,~, ,,' ., ~."L,I:,elr ~,., ai(lll, ~ 'li,es amd: 10 beli,eve' other '~nle tbint, D1.0lie bi~:~[t~' 'them F'~'~~' U5'~ " of 'man, dlley :11),'fad: ,(fo., Jf 'we' are ~;o a(;.hireve arlI,rdun,g: a.; aIU~ we :mu;s~1ireUev-e'we' cam do mare tban we I~n.. , ., c ~ A d ,egifi. ,0:, r :'.!~,,~ I., '[acl'~[].~, "
~=~~=~~
w~~=-~' e'~~Imr"
','.' -~, ,'II "il '., .' ',:,'. ,i.I '~,~..li["1 J co,> ,sUU:e peOptLe.~ ,~n [a n~llDa!l, ...·~ ,u~,Q,D1C I.-j' •. ' ' _,
'ma!~,
=
~=~.~. ~~ .
J~
__
__
__.
.."__ ,~,
_.. ~~
~. __ . __, ~~.
H,'
""
',iii"i!'.·i!Ji;-";lf'liIfi,[ \,m;;II~ '1'.. iI'II .• 'r ;iFilr4?I~,11 :;I'f"II.·: ~_~,lIlWl~IIVtl~._w_l., !f1!·ll_~_ll_Il]~JI_1 th-:;,iij"""'Il.... _ ,1_lI_U'II.Dj~~,.,
:h.
,",~Q' ll!l~t~ nn'Iiif]<D.· -
lir'" ~~
]1'!
",.'.11\ [.<illil
"11!'~
'~iU.' ,~~'.I·
,r~~ J;UI!,
'~;-h,'~ 1!"ii'~_I~.. '~,., ~- ,_~ ',~-~,~[v·_,!I!,~g,

r-~~I,.~,
0
Ervla). 'by ,caring SUI:mlllclJ, 'for' some' 'tb~:~IStma,t: 'WIt' lose ouI' :heads about: 'LIlt-w. I: :blve :moFC' '10 S81}" alboU't th,e' enUJinOflSi in. ,c:hap~er
V[[,'
the [rb·~1i~'I·i,~~F;e;, I_~ll~. ,A_ ]",~:If-'II'1O-111Ia:~, I ?:~u'~lr~' ;if!Ii;fl]~'ir~n[Q:~, ]1i-_lll,.v~l'!_I!1J u _]'ii)a,~'E'~~~n~Iij!', .. ~ u Mlay lie' badly' seRlw, 'by' m.e' 'bellers they gerne_m,t~~ are beuleI' 'we'
'ru;<:'ID ILV ,D'U ~~u~=~'~ ~,~
!U'tl_ ] ~~"~;~,"I 11Jl]~t Lp'~·ll]t_I!I] . IUILa-.1 _:I",I~"~
t.
1 ,~_
on
_.;.1!
Belief :(um.l8'tz0f1, ft~·~- paS;S;tO:DS1. '"'i'"-' nom ILUie' _. ~~;, - ~~ ~
ean ,also, s~ 'w,rOD._J 'wi'tlu:nl!~ ~nly'Dud.ging

~:S.~'CJibil,y 'W,': ,en' e;~lI!lng'MI':. snlJU'SllC'aJ1J matt .. ,
1
'E!I-~~ - -'-'Ir~~ -
'h-.~~.d".~-'Ii'· :
~---""'b- - -.~--" : .--"~.:'11-
- .•. --
'tefS\_, our :m'~nds,8j'r-e:su'bj;m to c-o,gm't]y'e Ulll__;osiJOrlS, land, 'raUaci~ , 'IDat, :balvt 'been 'cbanfJd, in, raSOOa;tiftl d,elta~lllJvter.'the past '~e'n~r
'ye.,s~Ms_n,)" were :fiitst. ~m»rt$tta~ed, in lexpeDmt!lltB land! d :I,'e-rf«OMni~~d,~nreal ..,life sitl!lll1[jl"jrtS" ,A lcommon [~rro;f' :lS to
:6IJtem,
artii<'''';::h .~'~L:Q-.. 1~)('\@;i:!'liI'iv;t'!,~ "-A-~~-~"·,·
'il'm~: lIVli'l'1''!!lIljrfliiP.,Q, .I_:: ;r-~',IJI~_"'I~~

,I
11'0'[ '~re~n'i!IIl~ ~_ ,. ,r"!lilll] aUtl=I_lIiiltl,
.Q!,v~~lii!i!'n'ii'"\e-: ~lr-~ll."!!ir....I"."l
'~'II"-~ ~W_I.''',",,~.d''L~ .. '!W_oI"IoU] [;i"!II'IIi""':iIIi'i'ti'
eveol5\r. ,a,1:w,e ,eKpense '
[Qf'
iimpersoDaJl, sources ,aDd past
eyte_n1~Sl,"
b~':'the '::-l~'~:''"' , Y ,.It!. cur rent, :pe;rfbll'lia.D()e ,of :tl.ntIS land bliSuffi(iC!D!tl,r by' tbeir pS!s,~reeortis., )'0 'me' ).",2 ~ 'p.l7e'si,d.ellitlia1 am~iO'n tt-aimed~ ,r~l1:e~,- ~ ,'L[-e ,~, ') ·~~.·I - ~~ .. ~ - ~ - '" ~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ c ~~~~~~~,r""'"'e'~~'" ~~-~ ... ~""'tIi"'-"" dfiJaeti, tbat: ,Mic,G0¥e;m a:ndd nO:1; :IO;se 'h, :mDR' '[harD. ten :po,m't'S"
'OInCft-, ,F' - ~ ~
,S~ock ~ ~ ~ ~~
101"~~~~~-~~,~ ~~~ ~-~~~. ~~ --" =,_!lUD ., ~t' ~~~ :iR:o~run:uJe,are.. [9CteiD\!''elU" 'lod-'ie,""Iced ~
~ 3':8':
..
::.~.:
Whm: Rati;(J!na,lity' ""ils
Teller knew he 'w,a;s'uaiil!m.8 by' tvtemty

L._...:II, "t·'L, 1~:U :reen, 'Wl):I,
= ~,
:m,'die po]is ,and, 'mIt, in twmty ..,:f{)11J[[' '}I€a:r.s ot a, sin.e major :pol, had, been, 'w,rans: 'by' n mOK man. 3 pereenr, but 'the' wildllf' enditlsjls tic: a~wds;difY
'PO;i)DIf;S,
- . ~- ---~ ~ -_~ ~--il'~d'-I t~ ,awo, e,yes,c:oun~~' ·i1 V\['more, if Ollry[)!!Ij'lrN,,\~l!!Iiil-r-~u' ,~lleme-iFfIi:t:;ij;ii"'iJ,:: 'nt""';:r:I~n~, ,~f s;taJosiflkal mr~rcmce' Jl;~ wJIJ.Jlv- rr~, ~. -,F'~J~=-~-~lF'~~~ ,j"L ~" IUle-U'
I ~;&!'!ir!r'~
WI~""'_~'
"'-~I~IJ~-~,l
y~
~ -~---~ -~ ~-~-" ~~-. ~ . _-.-_ ~ .~
i~s,arrl!od'llf'!common
1-'[
[cul:pFi:t The' ~sr[ae6 ~b~ force CI!~, Olle d~' nosed ,thait" wh-en ·p:UrJtts 'were cri,ucizm, [alter' 3, bad ped:nrmallm,f
m=-,-' usua :yl, ktlwf:r the 'next ,-~-, d"d ,ey "-Tl::-IU':;' "r. ~~= 'Um.e, 'When, ,t.:"'- ~~-- ~ ~- [ftr,a, ,i!l!Ii'- - ~ - - -- --~ 'I'i:raised - ~- P<;QOO
=
:siol)" [TUe' ]:Ds,tnu::tnn, oo\llldluded 'mi~, mti'Cism is [ele'w,v-c' in, 'train ... • : 'I: . 'L,'I! 'I!.. "&-' '. ~ 1l...' , ,, h lID\S puou~ :presuma~\lIy' li'Y :I!OI:QD,g taem to (lomce[[litr:aJ~r", w~el-eas ~:~~;:-t-;::- has ' pmlse .",. '-'the' [crnnOS~l-e' eHoo' 'nres:lmui!b]v b,u' ;soo:i]iD~' dlf!m., ",t"":r" lr~'~~~ ... "'~' ',I ~,I <t'"""" "I!!!i' '.' 'Tmev we;rl~' net ,a,wa;re of tb-e' :!ilmo:fe staltlsitltcaJ, ,~\ ~ '1h_Bi1, a 'i'rlind~le I ,r
L
pe:nD:r.miI8'D~'t
they t~,d)ed, not
[;0
da
,BtS,we'll 0.R 'm__e'D'C'Xt
ecea ..
,,.L,,
.-.~~
:good :perFnnuancf' Ie:nds so 'be :fblluwed by' ,I poorer ooer whii~ea bad peliouumce lSi on 'the' avt,rJarge' [u:l:lO \1¥,m " [Ill 'better one. Base'ba~l,:players 'w:bo, ,aJfb~r'an ou.gmdj;~B'l.y :I,ood seasollz. OJ) not do as, wen ~iDth,e next are oft~n u~jm[stl!y'eri1it'i2im, by'
Vl@iJ'
I
i.-'·---
--- - -~, .. - ~ ';:'11.('1(11-..1 rrasners OF ~-~~ as, '1I..-... laJUS, u.:;1~,~~ ~,r"';'~!Ii~,
["tr'ihD
'....~
~~,R;:I~ ~l~'iIi'W' :';irniOi' 'iii'~;'" '" U.U!!l .!;o,lY! ':'l ,~~~U~Ii,,~",(il.la." • I!!..~, !li.U,~
~;:['i" ,11,0;.,
understand
~,;;
netio III, ~f,:'randomness ~"'r't~ n' JUII"",I

''l;I'Ut.
'IU', 1"gla.U"Uilil']I:'U~~~~
uJl ~~\.'\.'",",~"
"''iI'll;i''lii''l_-.iI:':
A-
;;'-..:Jj.~~i!'
'1llen
'r:'WII"",Iil'lJ;lj
,f""v,fl~'
'h~' '.;:ailllr_
'-'~~'''~
~"@~41 ~ "~,u,u~
.;'~~}it, ,::-,~'., .. r.I~ I[lSUillDC)e~
,.,,0 -1;'CI.,JI~F~tit'~~~~,~ lilnU~"-!;!II.!Y!~I''''''
~h~' amOlllr!llt of d,Us'lerirw'Q' itn, ILit'''", _~~ ~ _~_ ~" ~_ ~ _ _

"'~l'
tal,
~_
ra_ndom process" ,Lnn.d,oners, durifns: the' bUtz :notk!l!d 'marl 'oombs,

.r=-'II~:·:~[~I[C'Ji,USII!~J..i.1!a,Hu, "'n-",".71~,..A, Icbl~vt!,~",",,~~U',I;o, '.''Il--la'~' ,1I,e,lIl.ll. :'~; :;.-::,~,~,~~,~,A ,11,U~J]~.... ,~ I u r":J"\if'iI~~,1:" !.'I!.I:_l!i, there
_~!Ii;;~!Ii;;,n_;1,!I
'~a!ll!,,.;:aID 'iD+''"'!n~,
QLd
'_~[~"=d
tional paJuem. in the

'r::'('II-;',:-'D' II',~,
(kmliUl
:'C:,:-'~~I~n
c',mal .
Y~' O1ur '~~~,~=-:,C'~ ,gv ,lIVes: ('.all.

['~~I-(-'
j
bam1bing., bad'1::-,-:- ,tN-III" 'il'iii~ bee "II,Y il!v\li,

'g
""i:."!I'
~"Q[,,",,~!!I...
'!':Iilil'111~4li l'
cnfliili''''
'!w!" ..... J!. U'!i.o~Ii_ll,~,",' .
.,-Il~h:·~
[Q_II,,,-
.;:all:"-D,
:irraluonaL :5b:t.ce 'tht: 'v,cry' :noti,gn of :r,a;liii,gll!a;~, lind :iu[il):uul'N)] de'"' sires is c{JttEli!,ested 'I: be,llfl wiJtb~,an [examp'le thalt, :is re'iall,ve-l,,'
'U~1II'I'~~li"ilili"·.;n,~,,:.Q;~:i,~c·l_Jj, ,I.I,HI. ~ U~=all ...~,a ~ ~:fc'~1?'1I1~1~!!' : .1=5,,"V.\IU.~L'Jj'!I! ~_lJ.,.;;;I~=IJ!P.
'iI;,t.. ..... t, 11' >
ltU\r.;:I..
me' l~nl: run. t~l [this [example' 'suggests a, [ttelnitl(r,o of' Faid on a],
desi "" - ,..~L·, aIle 'Ujes.~[es,',' " ,..I-"i ' ,es.lfleS~ "I;ILey
tl'0'..'n_-:,~ l~~'Dr~' ',"\A;'l'itili'i1i'H'-,g;~· ~-~[.: Q ....,...OIilll ,~t~~lIjUj ~ __
,,"liull '-I, W!!o;.I, ~
Uld,J.
e"-' - ~ -e" ,"_, -~Dg:a.I,' ,In llivn
I~'ArliID nii'~>r'II'l!"Iiiiii'no' .lY:~.~~,"'II!::_.~r~!i!t iIr-",g~~:~~~~-", ,~,,~~~
'.e'~
,-'II..
~~""I~
_iiJi
~;e~~~~~' ;:"!Ii~ .IJl_'_'!IIIJ·"'" I_Ill/ ~"lll
'ii'~'@ IJJU.-,..
'n~~~-nl~, ,r.l'_~!!tIiP.,__ l~ ~,,. \i!<f1;1

'fil" 'i'!'~_~;_!!I;,c~,
l' ,~,~u!5.-~o",,~ 101F1i; DU' iI,::t_QI'w ... ~'

~'·I,[,-,
"IA['
'ID"'
~I_,
make' us. as ,ha,pp¥ as, possible',.

g~IU,i1,~eII1!
f!a:u:Ji,I_I";il,,, Ii.,;.e=b O!ll~
t-:h,t'·i~-n
~ c~,PitiI'i'D'iif;-'OPPo.~~~~~es\;' wey
'i"~--,.
:FOf a. person with an :im-Il, COllmtu,·, ,~,n,.:Ii"& ,ajA~"" la-'W1l1'~r--, 'n• IPlll,lJ..U,I_! ~~~U ,I' "iP.·T·t·~ '" F'.J~~=I~I]J.~_:~tl,~~!.I_&~UJ IU~,~.Ii..IIi~,a'
.QC'~nlfi' AI~~~'FiI;tD.4.,,:iIItW!~~.~ = ~~~ "." ~~ f
~,~'~ -;-::,~'~],' ,r Id be :-=,'?,'~'i~~:~~" '~:U.'~'. ~ II4'v~ 'wilth, '~(eF O'n:n~nl!mit;~sl 1l.1. ~"" ·~O'([~1:r~'UIi' -" ~" ,r,I"'....,'~~_DI4,"~ ~me' coneem far 'th,e iiu.t1;l:rt' :is,meed:oo~ 'BUlt om .refl,eaiom tb:e'
,!II,,;!
iii iii! ~' !!!,
Ti,' ''''~' F4":'_~,~",~.. ....--~ ~,~ .. ~'"t'-p [ ifc,~3ill~1 _",;iI;,"" '. . ~"'I' _lI!i'iII!M!llIi'iI'i;IO ul, ~.u ,nil! .... @m ,~~ !I:R-emlil8, ~~" ....
l......
'~......
,I, 1MIlnlIi
"'~
[·iiII~ljA[.",-.,:I....,~11 '''''-n!J!!'' ,Ii _, ~.~o:Jla,j'n" ""lil,~ ,~'II1! ~~~U'
lin, 'lhti' :tmXI:>dha~.,
*'t;M
can be '~u'l~
·WilhO~l 'wt~
[ot·wiU,
~.."" ,~t)'il..ii~" '~'Oi~'~UlIgl~'!tI~nl ~ _glUlt~li' 1J_1G_.)gJ_[lg-~
'1m
:[-;,j!j~im~~,. If
!"!l~b--!"!l='-~~~
there ~is,~rn, l'~_~~.__ hl'temai,

g-=-_
~l""! __
~=-
__
-_
o;-Pl'~f!J'tinn
-1-:,r·~·~~I;~-l""ll""!
of diintdgIDIts~ th·Cf 'wHI, tend ~~'be ulIDa,PPY',. Tlle-iI' ,g"I~'arjt,~t~ dcs_~rle

".''':,~~", 'OO~'il~'~~'!Ii11 l _.li llJo'~Ull ,~~I_llld.~JIiiI_11 JI::IL'!u~tV~
'''i:-e~~iif'i'm"
I~ ~~!~'i(""~ ,~ ',.." 1111l_.\r.-JIJll [I_~ liI1I,~:gFl~"II'U" '~1:!'i'b~r~','~:~}~' ~~Ali~r'~l!1.i-_I" .~-, . .t._1_1M1~ \i-~t'-",l
"i!!'
1"'~'l!'Ir~'ry~' ,p~~'~[116 ~~~~~~~ 9"'1E-~r.
,'-'~=T-:-~d_, d)el1l[l!~ti:f'C :s<.'unewba~ 'bw d~SnnD'Disbin~ ame.n. the' =_" ~,~u:n ,-"~~, .-~ ~\~ , ,J'~~ -~ ..iEi! 'betwee:::q, tw~ meooJlr:1i'is-ms Ithat haee m,O!l"il:' Olf less 'the SOim.c out,,·, ... ,'L, 'h.:ll ~ L ,;,. 'Ib, ',.ill ~~ ,;, '(:om.e. '~:D,p~~,~ one ,i~l3!nU t'l:ilei.\e' lSi, l~ie 1Ul.oOI:n;~IJO'UJS,!Ila,l};la~lGI], a O ,'-rnd' :-,(r~ns;tm~mrt~c;, 'dlJ! oni)fiH~']llilt.'U' 'set tb.at, is nl,u;sn~Slltgd:in the_ a____~ a~IU_JeEl!,.o ' _. . !It'F .... '""~\.iL]illL~~ ~~ ~~~~_~ .. ~ ~~.... _~_... ~ ..~ f:aible lof tOne 'i'o;x and. 'dIe sour gra:pes,. This ,ta~k€~ ~'he rf()ml~,,typi'·' ,canV~',noit, ot" up;T.-adiDi 'wbat ~jfjU~ cam, :g'elt~:sU!cb as, the :SWRltn,e:ss, ,nt~ ~t;r,i!lr~\II~",''i-~m''!~'s' 'lle;m;ifjl;ji'fIi""}I. Ib~'·I~ ;d' 'ArqiitFi,p'if.til..o[i'iiiFJiiilil!! wl'lr ""i~ ;ii"fIIirn~ 'C:-, ~or ;ffIIi[ !!I'D"" nan ,I,et, Whe'D, Ui\Ui' 'm'imd~ ,tplaiy' ffui~, ind, of tri.€:ik on, 'us" :lIltwould. k '~~~:t.~'ifIi,'~I~;~ '~~la~l~ '~:iIt~'ii'jj!i!i!!"'i'jli,'I!ii'iiji'[li,~'d :""'~"([~:iI"!~1 Ic~~~~1iiFi,'fii;I~, t<'.;f!I,J ~~r't!!' ~_~~~_ ~JILlf~ •• ,'tifiii'~' ',......;;i!CU'~1i"~,~ u~ l-:U ~~,.~r _ lllllr';','
'W,'~~~'I!l ,-e C4L,
I " ~~~~~~I
Conver,se:~y',~, ~m~ar:i,'Ileople w1'M 'De' :re'latfV1ely c-omteolL because ] ~'I'ley ,e:ll!tt:I1'atn. DO die sire' for' :freoo,mm and :fi~nd,a'm,sorts of :Laull:S with ~elue:;, that loHler. itt, It woold 'be' ab~IIrd~ F th'ifDk.. to Ia,Y' tbl!t~ d1ti@':[0[U11;r are :rna,doo8.1, and ,the la,tit:e.r r~ad"Qf~ul~~" A'~w.J)u,IIm w_l,eu of '~lJt;a'li~ta_riBn felimes axe' 'wnot Hl loc~k u.p d:~ssid~m!lS lnl iLif'i;"in'~''-II;~-,!l': ~r-h"ry.I'.,~flll 'n,o":'" ;!I;£i~Qn~' 'ii['b:~i[r"d l~:a.p~'i'IOiI?~\~. 1f~,l'!lj,;._U~gIL~~'~ .~.lt"!.l'g\Ii""!I!j~~;~~ .. "'~ r,1I(J.~'Y!'IYi~u ,~,~~ ~ '~,1;.,.II;,.l!l;eif"!!lo Ill- ,~,~.! 1r1(it"''Mli',r~~r~~iI'1'':;~
'!liill~\Q' ,.II~,~~'iIi!!"'!\"'I!.;l!\.
UtI!,
1!J='_
,arr1!'~,"k
"~'1.'
~~
I}
_~l' ~ I~,I~I_
":.,,!,!I
glW,-. Y.l
". IUI"~~II-:.o-~,~W_I_~I~D'
_.._ l..lIdl~
U=--=r~
". !IrI~=
.;:;1~~-1.I;&_IJI,
"' ~
1,,1
I.L~ d ·u_IJI.!;_IHI.LI'l!Ii1
riJl; _
~;]!
!IIIll. '-"
~11}1._lfUllll}~_
l!ll
III
W_Ii,~~
if' anYifJ}idfiJl~' iualtional On 'die o~ngr .band~ 'we' can dleUber.ajt~ILy' [cl!lJ~lth~ajt-e good sitd,e' oil' w'hat 'we' can, barye and uy '[0 reduce ~~he
'ii;~<;il
!JJi~"'!I..
~1i"'Ii'liIi\i:li'i'[i'iIil!."~t'Y' ~~'!i..!ti!_~J"l;
of:' v~ _ ~
our \.lI"';:!IU, ~ destre
,~,'I;..JI!I!,"",
,t~ii"
'~li.i~'h~.' ','!III't' ~,",
~\IU\i!l"
'r.",.."
"",g~,~ Ie' ~ ,'",
~,i!II'lI'1II'n'
iot
,~""I,,,.'II
o,,;:>;:t'
,..iIi.Ii!.,~
~I~>!":
101)
~~
..rL..e IUl\".
:m,etbod, ~f 1';~U~,Qna) ~baJ'[,a(:teit':plaunhl\8 il~hr,~~,tedin ,Bll)dd'bis_m~ '1;,...;;:., ,"'iI'-: 1.7' • n nus ICoIls,,_ma~ ~-f ':It'j':Ji.i11 uy me ~,fi'c"~·""" an i 'If..,~" ,~pl,nOt'Z:~L .O~'I::' i~'It":~'-C"""-:~~-~'.;,l ~;;n:Olit'S --~-d' uy !f"~"'~-I (L ~aj,~Ojt81~
C:.'~_~
desires\~, W---e' 'Wt(Juld not be' co:wpeUed to
~baj[ su:p;po;n~r.s IOJ 't'tlLtaBta_riall feliimces: are raltioiuJ" 'W'e' w3uJd s,t~lft,,t!i.otwe'vw", heve
S8!y'
'to' sa,),'that dissidents ar~e:im:aJt~,anat ,,;a.r:~!Jtr,a1Y ];lliltull,tiVoe',;. to rrrea;n."
,!Uytica] "tio~ of wh.a,'t n

]i,
--~if' '11i---~'il~-' 'F'~'----~' 'il1I"~el~Mii"'II'~',~ n~'ii;1' '~"m· :no" ,1\1ilOW uOi~y 'f ~ ,~--~,iI'il~;i!i lI;Ik-"~ ""i"ii'i;"i,r-r-ndILO [es.uI,Vl!;,' IJ_iUll'~ ~~',!i~U'_!tl~!l,.~~~., ,!£MiJlli:i1i' ~I:_;"l~:s.~Yled,esjrec;5, {-am :p]a:osi'bl,'f be' said '1;01be :~R,alio(m1I'l:r 'because th,ey if! self~de;reaitifJI;,·By 'y:iddm--l to ~pontanei,'t'r' t.ocla,y'~,I :red'l!lloe' '~'he 1i'.II'~
:i,t :15, t1J'
be :I:~liocna.l,!,
'IillO
Lilnl'i'rMI
40
concerns ['Or the :f1ll!~UJ[f,t•. Also,,," 'dtere :~Sl· IlJUiii' an :m~UE ~.yiDI, maiJt desires ~~at~ [ur 'Qom,e bllltt(t 'bein,s: by d'~s_r'~ultable ,causa] :m,e,cbatdsms~ (,'peralili.(g behind tbe 'b,a,ek~f ,;11persfiD, in : B. w'ar.y' ·tna:t he wo:uld. baJVt~ 'been aibanll~d mfbad. he' been. a.W,IR of'it" ·K-f' irr-ationaL i,8! cTnesee~a~m.pJe~s DOt. ·amgU_ht. '~OI, cile:fini,,, do nonsponteneoes
tion, but dl;~' do sl!l.gg~S)t that the place o:f reason a.JiI1hJ. mOR be'
i.m_D~o_.·RalTi=,_t~;h_:.,.:a~.Q · ,~, ~ -It' --- -~
l, ~ _ _
n'~··f 'f:i~'!!Ii,,;tlifi[i: .~ .g·~. ="'~~ ~~-~u~- ~
il7'ilif 1~:I:'i:'i'm~~~, ~1~til'i'11.4 v~ =~~~~, ~ ,'!!:In~~nl:'m~~I~. ~1IIt_LUl ~r!).t~-.=..:::l~.~-,.
lndlcate.
41
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'I'-'~NC "'i'r.illi'
I ~'~
l!;!tlt",
'iC'~"~iili\1Q; 'ii!'!!l.'g~~
,~f-;'"'~~~iI.'~ . "'" !!i"I"II,. :' ~ ,...,~, nature , .... 'i6!;i!"it~t-:l·'O~·.1!l.,e

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r"
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.~
p:bflJasophen and :samew:h.slJt WtmJ-rl'lscf,ll!t, ,of tite' :isl!and, :(0, 'WI:.. ·~iam.Goldi;Il(I~S;,Le,ra' if!/' tht Flia ,_ :peo;ple'Iive i'n the' 'pr.eseroJi1 and ax o1llJy' ,abeu,t tbe'R1seJ,ves,. As a feS'1!l;lt", dieil U~Vles,,~, :H,obbe~ts lQ
l_c,
i'
:,00'(', :nI!Sty'~ 't)m.tbdl.. ,aJudi '~I"'I\io ,.l :~'han;",j"~1 'k[i.i,o,~,p, s~c~,eUesare ~lil,:d'le' 'i-:k NI!) ,~I.ieLJ~ajt, :L.;;:. Oil U:ll1na_a,r 'T':10.. 11.0 r" ne as d,ncribed 'by a, :Slociia;~ il!_[1jtrnl-OPO]0g15t, who ~ta,y~, w.~d:!l, Ib~m 'i~~',iI);ii"il~_loiIli -';iIli;. are "rl'o·-·~.~Jj,l ,~ie ,""~iifi'~;g; t'lf'Iilr:'te :~~,Ci'i;'oiEi!' 'O:--'~nature ,.' '~I'!'mr- g_.~ lIr'- .•~,'i!il,"~l~, !I!IJ.~ ,-"I~~a~ as '~Iii?W IL:111~ tlL g~
~ "
.~~~ ,~~,~, ~~_~~jll 'JU ~~Ul~~ .. LlaQl'l~~ g~~lfi'
:me:-moTalllt.::' phli1se'~ are '~~oon~a!ry
even they' displa., ,m~.nimal,:fnitf:ll;s ,af. :scU-R'Sttaint'.l, ,A, mLsj'o:r task. of 't'he :mdJ~d scimces, 'is, '~O e:~,;Uarin 'w'm, we are DOt: In, tbr'@' :sta,ne' 101: 'Ra!Ulre.,:2 :s,e=re I: -shall (l'ODsi,d,er JOlflslsi'i' - me- ab~nt,y'~,O'De' monhr8Jtoo,by :~,onl;,.tenn,consequences of aC[i,[Ul ,_ ,I)S,I p~ss~ble' x pla;nad 00, ofself~:[-est~,tdnt, e Other ex__,la:",
:Il!uman,gr.DiUP'
:IlIUQIliS Ire
>(;'0,:I:-eoont, but
dismssed.
lalter,,;" wittin
I
outwme
oF: a,ctioDS" n, l's 'oft'en \l!sdu1 tQ thi'FIt ,air:an 8.,mO B ,IS lI~ncr.a;,tlflS ~n tnd!tnniJte' ,'Stua.'in' of' I(:wtended ,~,[ expett-ed.) eutcomes; or consequ,enc-es,.;iI,Suppose tD.a!t: ,aJfter' ()otalnli1J1g: ,8:rolle,le d~pee :ln~ e,Qonomja, an i'Dd~,"'id:ua~, the (':hgitce between S,tl1l,O.¥"" has :iqs, ('0;[" a :pn.,DI" ,aJlld 'tta't~rng: job in ,8, barmt., :Elach Cilltion has a
I, I '~l\(,; ff,rQ:m, bi:s: ,a'C~llnl: I'D.rclllu!' :Ilf'.xl elli,1U+ ,2: Dds, ~ld, 'm-'=aiD,l.WQ .'i~J'S" fbt :i~'Wle' ~;o:rQ!!lt: ~~~ ' afiQ~l~,)' ~'-e~' were lilt Itu!' :sta.J-.;:'of' ~11a:li~_j"~" , ,~' did, 'we ;~: Q,;oo~ of U7 :~M. 'wl1al: prevent'S ~'S) -1~..a;·--~ .~ -.~ .- (-~ Ii." .. ,-t.- 1"",,-,-' 'i-)",' ...... , ~I·:t . 'b' ""ill, ,,, .. '...__ ..... Ai ria :~H1i :snw,s: :g(J~Q' Jln I 101" 1!li!',,",lJI!., :~dlQ ' ~,.I. J.n~ nfS' q;Ue.~"-IDIll ~s:.li1Ieu~ ~I!~~ m ,....ijj;!i'iI~., -,~~ ~~t' . . -,: 'I",~!I!:t.~. ~C,'F .,..,."!, :of'!i,,.,I'"f' f~I'lI!, 'ill!, :"1"":" ~i~~ "'--'0: _,_u_, [I' )1., ~~~, I~li!!~, 1!l!I.n. ~~iI.GO!!Il, !I~'IlIiII ,ill """1,1, llilIiK ~ ... " 'rr:- ..~,_ ~ ~-- -,,*-,~~ -,.. ~ 'I: ~I' ......,a,11, ,3i1Jtm.lml ,aili~ Mmlilil:llf,- n'O:l1iie_~s.:I!!~~,!l!!!",a!llo!i!Jmi',,-,... ..1 .• ~,-- -' .. ,_."11 ,~- ,'11.. " .", -,,-·-'1£:--'10. _~~" -'liiii'-~',J!' ,~~, ~~ iIiICiU ~1i~pIU J! 100.,., ai..J;ru
j!L_-CI.' .. _ i .. . "" ~I
I :sa'fd in, ,(-ba:P1~[' :III, that :F.a,tiloll!a'~ ehniee is, eoneemed
'dle
-r~' ,A_I-'I"""I'II.t!;' M-nQ"n-on ;ii'fl.;f ~~J!jii ""_ ,"''!Ii. ~ =--~ 'nA'~" !mi, ,C-:b:.1Fit~f' ,I~n 'ilu'i: ~-E"" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ _.~ '.',; 0+... :c -,,'I·· ··iliF.···,·,,· If-n 'orihili' iI~"''''''''''''' In_a nji~o;oi'!' 'IiImfim, ~-:--:;-~IIIlO:I1L. Va:I;!ru'IiI'S ~.a:rnaJll.!N'JIS aiR "'~O'u~»:, """~,,,~~~, ~~ ~ ~i!I~~"" .~. __ .X!,y .... of. Umn~ ~:Q~'\iIe~; ,af~~ ~ ,of',,,'h:a,,m' X.
1,.... ,!!II, !Io;.-I;I"pm' ,-,. .. , Ail:I, ,i"Ii~' ,;o!~~ IU, U]"" ,
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assooa'~ed,'w,iJth it [ill, ,profile of eairIlin;p oy'e.r 'tbne",,~[and 'eacfl, Ic¥el o:f ~a;mjno~, has a.smcia'tftl 'with, ~Jt a tCe1!itlilj~n level [af 'Ilidl~'or ~ ~'ll' 'wetfaJie ~F'ii;' V'iii~' 'We' ,a'!5SUml~;~,fot slmrpJlt('.~,ty~ tm.a!t: '[be m()Jirvi!d ..' ')"'~, nal ~s ,MOUY,alted, 'SQieib~' in(:~me', so tha;t :lfa,dfJu.a~e s:1Jtldi,' olerl 'br na :illltl"li:nslc' :l:Iewar-ds[ tbaJt: ,c[ou~d. olfset" at ll!ast, :pania'[l,~ [Lhe low
,inw,m~',. n U- der 'ii'~I~p~ ._!IJ!I.Ur'\.; 1l._~~IL"_,~
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II!-
Cl~'aj(ly',. :~It, de;pends Ion hOtw' much ,im,ponl'nce he (:P~li.I)tl1,) anaches '~o w'~:~fa;[e' diBerenit, 'Hrnes. K :he is ~uml,rp;resmi'''' ,at lolli,ernltect, be will, lake 'we Job in, 'the 'bant,., S'ludyi~l;or a, :'h,,'D~ [ 'IS an indii[t!a: :stra,tqY'~' ,o:f ~b~'£u:rnl ~"'One :step[ bae'k,w,'1rd~,'h\rO' Iteps
:rumra.miJ.,~" Il :r-equircs, :SlUD.e' albU~t,', '~o ,poistpone ,sr,a;titfitaititiD., A:t the' other fr.xtr.-eme, Jell. us' :s;un~'....""'... that 'he attaches; I~i~~l'-;I"(-'I~G'~~:'" 'it"',t." ,"1!,ua ,Impo:[
-,_c,,~ ,~'" _, c_
aU ,eam in, his :1U:~.,7 ,might: then a:ppeat as, :if :ne sb,c;uld It opt for the' Ph.,n., since ,jlt, :1ii,Yesbim, srea,t'el" to~aJ we~faIe'(FVB th€, "eriod ft-om, t,w'elllt;:-: to s)xr':'..~ -- 1]h--.e m__a~ 'is; that: he '~:l;;[n:lfilt net ,ti,ve~ ~~ " ".0' Jr-~ ~ --~-y ",,~~y ,1Jlt.~ BD,
'tal\iU
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be dWsI.' OJUlmtect, 'rihere[bre,. 'by the :pl-o'l:~aJbiUty' of betas d.ead~se :if' 'me.F.e'
OlLUS:t: 5 J\:SSUlnK.. :f0'l :s:imp~ir~ty'. 'thalt d~' :s'_y';;:Iii,v~'~ i$ ~ dUt!~;n~ bmv,~ IrhC' ..... ~~""'.,..,.,'W~ ,,,,~I;F_"" ,,-.;..... r,,~ ,.~,-'" iii' 'I~... ["1"""" 'Ai'ir4ib']~ ~\if!< ~ ... ~~:-: ...... jI"-~~.~'iL _ !II_it~ !II"'-'IOI'_lll0n0i lil[~", ,." Ill_lU'~ ,,,..~iI!:tu _, ... . iUU_~'~'!<l!1W .- ~,- ['i----:F ,;I!.~~-(~--, ;iJ,8ji1i1iIl'", ,"YI~-~
l~v,'eto be slxlt.;t~6,l'\e',. W:e]fau :i!l], sucress.i,\1'e' ,COt'l'r:s
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'="0 ~f-cmn ",...chance of'be':r:lQ' dead b~ :!i'ixr?:~ ,'Ir'i s""" i~" .. J."eo: I 1Y........ , ,""Lb·,·· ',1 ,1"" .. 'nlf :~~;re"C:ml' P~'I:'~,:'~;:;f _, 'w~I'J[rle ,lit srxtr itS only' 'gO peK:C!n~,of the] 'we.Ua[1e he 'wiD e:rpe=ri~' lerna' if he I'~ves be :S~Jd",., 'TbJe. (10U@Ci: :PEOO~,lut 'wrtn,dd. then 'no ~e:-lli, tUI 'be dl,e' f(dl,olwlill,I,. :P~r'edCll]lctpt.liO(t:1 and :10.[' e'Clcb year' :i.n, the' 'WJitU['f',I' calculate the' present value of' '~he 'welfaif~1 r shan have 'U'odter 'Ihalt I(JPti!On. in :thaJ~ real'" ,NexJt~, lor leach optlDn add~ U1Ji :p~lU: va]ues, :[()([ aU 'years :r[l, the' 'fil:JJtnre., ,F~o3JU", ,clloose me' o.ptlon, wlitb. 'die bu:t~st:pr1:senlt"valuf S,lUtl. I,
1
,AduaJ 'betlaviu['l'S:~~me'whe.re etween 'mae' esteemes, People b dlism;tu1!t, 'tbe :F:utul'e WD:(fe hell,vity' dlaH ,cam 'be,j'1!15t1fi,ed. !lln, '~'he 'basis, Of'wDEtalLiJt.y 'YJbks\< ah~h!,ougb;they cenalniUy' ,aint3;C'b some 'w'flg~!t: bID , ilt" I :bel~e' dli~l ,a:tljjtjt~d,e' m:a't:i;cU1J1t 1'Q' di5coun't thief flmtu(le 5:1'1:0" i,
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mu ~, ,~;~\: "Re ,ex,pense of pas1t: [000:r.(I8: ,. Tb,e :m~i"u;re;!' Ukie' tD,@' past, l'S:Il,li't:here, ,and dtait is, wllry' :~tICDunts [or las ma:n,:iit ~hocu~d"a,vilml, too Utt]e t"oJr: S ,on~1 old ~Ie is 6f~en a :[e'Suit:I~fII [aJ'U'u[le ,af :iLma.gm.althJn. Fn ,aLber' IQa~~, 'dle :pr~em[t 0Y"'f~be~ms, us: by o:Rerirns: ~e:m,ptart~,o:ns,~!hJajt e w
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11,~n~;~al't' ~",=,",e.'e..}CC....,. ~'"' ~ e '~m'F'lt)i~''''IIlrn~~ ana ''''ih~s', ~C=":C~S··:::\i'''Y\~ =t,""....,,~ !!l;A_ _ ~~ l!.!til All'"
't!I;.!..':':1 cu_ Iff~Elit' ~V:~U~~:-it. 'O . . = '!r.==L "" ~
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.,f Ra'lld 'wbi~b tilk,es mbre- eske, ItjlLl't,~Jt.does 8'0 with no a8~isrtan(ie d' ~'t}"I~" ',' .. eS:'" __ .", ~ _ d "mk' e·__. .~.~ '0' ,.[[\0,., ,me._: ~ ~r~, ,m..Qf'~:"C)IJ "Ua,'Un,g'3 ,I .eas: ,aJ~~ ".01,1 .1l1;gl' qgae~~~ Dlo:kiliJJ!II' dm. addtimocn~ ad!ul't\f.ry ,a;l1dsam'ttUf.i!;I. 'In mapter .X[~~·
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cOil1nt-ed, fu1l"'b~v'the :same ,mecbanJsm. A 'peno:n, Who is

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iifr"f,';' [d'·.nl··~Ii.1i'" ,I~~'!!;, s,~'U'"'" I l.:l.!,ut~D';;I! "\II"'~I'~'I~' ' "i'i··;:'~}6"" ,~'Y!I,I~~ '1
[co;n:8i.de:r~d'i' be 'Wt(~llld, rather not
when
do,
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a. C~""'~i!Ii~" !2,F""'","l!!g~,
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·~n,~1 ·iI..." .... fr!O:~iif'L. JiV,!!,lI;.l!!Jli!' ~!t
",w...
:preY,ellJ('Sus from no:tding: c~)m!iislt:e~JU.y to :pa!Sf. dleoi.sifimr!j~ :Su.P~' rhar, on Ja;nIJuCllry ~,~,r ma'IJ::e' an, a,ppointmf',IlJt. W.1)th:.,Y' :
d,enit!ist :£0[' r1aJrnua:ry 2,I not '[because' I: baJ"'~ ,I '~ooihac'he lnlJt because I ·t'bibli: it IS a lood idea to, dl.ecl~, my ·Ieetb. :r'€11L1ilad,,',. I
,I' a"",ne;('!I'
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'me
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lOI:ng~'i;erul bean~h,'b-enefits ?riU

Q:'~_gJ!~,'Yl~",iIi ,~,~, J~''''''III'I''~'In1 ~Or _.~,~.
;iI'am'iliioOr'~.'nJ!' ;e:11'1':n:-lil!'n·'~e I~~, I,V";!'" '''''.'l ,;[t!I!,.LiI,~,~ ,1~.iI'O,.
,th,e de'm.tis,t ttl cancel ,the [a,ppo:iD.tmell'r~, fur DUI ~th~r I-e(I;~O(n 't'baD. that it Is D(}iW more '~mm;in,eIl!Jtthan when, 1: :madi@' i'l., (I :prol>8IbE,y'tell .e' de1l!tis,t,r' '1h(JU!gh~ that I have ttl' ,1.0 to a 'fill-' ne-rat) Whart happened 'to ma'ke' :m€[cbang~ 'mf' dod.? di~~ COm'idar ano;4' her eK~mnle'·, ~ M,'W '(nt~,iUunoi!'"l[iD; l'to'iiliie"xi~e·,' ~l'"'~ fU'~~ .. l""!J' ~'~'~~ U_j' ;,~,~ I... ......., ,U ... ,~I, ""'", af.iIl~11 Iea ,-,;!I' ,II... !L.... u! ,U.uIIll, ..... d,r.1ii'"lii,"Ilars •. I d~..,.., touse \.lo!!li'lliii,i ;ifri;","f,',:"l:·,j;· 11,1.,~ Il)!I,..,iCIi' I .I 11,,,=, 'LI,II,,., '"
I call
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:re:marinirn,l: :$500,~,IOOO,. A'fte:r ,tt:u~[end, of the' nrs!t '¥''eaI'" mind,. E now dJecjdeto spend $,2:50 ,(tOO [(lIJl a somEwba~tsma'rle.f' spree in, 'the seeend ,e's.r [and keep 'ibe' rest m~ 'ba_rlkFor' a Fa!b:1" 'tb,e da,r., ,Am the end ef the second fe'ar, I ~ha'fl1g:e' :mim:d. lajn~ ,lind :my' a
J
the I: ,chans,e In.y'
until ~l'_~, _~ ~!I!....lIJ_ ,~f the =='=~~~ __ ~-~~~~'. Wh~~' li~tl,~~if:: 't.:li&, y~ tob~rltar:!i;t"'~~ .. =:I~y 'w[a~: ~1'in'!I;~ll~' I = u~W!~e t:.,t"i: l~v ,,'" 1.., ' A ,, •• ') S~~,CI\: '0 m,r' u,egs~,orns~' [ llbtese are exam:p:~es of wea:tnes5 ,of 'wiU" I diocid,e U) do som,e;o]' '[bIng" lru~.whe:n. 'mel 'flme c-omes, '~Ol [e'Xieru:lle' 'the' dJec.iish):D, :1 diO :mmeth~n~ else.. Tbl'S :phemnme.n.on cannot be reduced to ,11: ten, so
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nmlenftt,y'" 'The eXIlI!a__najtiom of' 'thi~ :hl.CJGnsistent: behavior :is, ~bJ1t, '~ ~ the 'fluiliure does mot Ideea,),' ,_ 't'b,at ~i~, 'its, va.ba:e,~, lose :fmm 'mel [paint -'Ir',~,~",-~,-,~, ,~,,,,,-~,,-, '''"",' [b we.w I[);I, me ,ptrese,[I!t, ,11:l it, ,c't),nS'lCllD,l, [,a,nE! u ,_'""",\!!,as moves ,awa,y lI,mm, 'me ilKS IIL~ R-1!b:-'er, ':~t,'0-'1 I,ecays; very '-~-"cidl::-:': a_D_ 'ID:':;- mo,r~ -::-i;--e::;-£ d,=~-'-'-c:' "a ~), E'a;pl -=f --:::-td nen
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d' 1~~,t'r!"Iiili"lit-'
9 'wbii,cb dhiJef become' ,8v,aJUalble',the liowcr :18 'tne.i:[' preseo!t 'yail,'lu~',.
Tt:t:e '~mO'n.;ii'i p·,:r""'~r-e~~e!i,In a e.~. ~~ r~im~aJfD1 d~~rv;ed. IfiWiI~ ~, , 'ilfir\f.~n, _~-~~~ ~-~~ ~~~.~. __~
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Cllm,pa:r.iSOn,of 'die present 'vahlC!S of 'the ~p1riOIlS'I)t that; 'time: me' pJ.iue;m t:he enethar has tbe' lallesi preseln.t: va11ll;e'. :HIS, hl!t;ern:.,
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and Fafls:llJ,·ht:·
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·tio:na.t ·[b.at t:rm~'abeut w:hJa·t tn, choose later i~ based [0(0 that :p;£-et\':lIt:noe':: be :1tends n~'w' to do th:m 'wna,'n be now prel~"l n
mO:i.'!t' ·.JI~L=~
t. '_
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\1'~due.[~fa dolla:f' t((Jda.,

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~~.
:present va~u.e of: ,a do:I!la:[''IOI1l000rW 'nreS'ent 'V'amill!le' of a dtoUa:r da,v IF" Z
·tio~.:is·~'hat if one option IS prlefecued ·~oan.o~bcF.,a'n some' time '

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im otbler' Wl(lF.-dS.;. [be' person wlU not chami"e his m"indi ,111:S ~;hetitm£ 'no oon~l;:lm:malte '~h.e 'dh.(.'J~.cc' aJp:p:IrQaJches"J.\JUlo'~,Rb. h.e lbelba,~-es, ~im-,'- ~1~l·VI~;I'f is n o It' ,ei'i'~llb{i:._.,.t· .~,.~,;i;!o.a,'I'·i·l".ee~'0' 'f" J",,~i'I'I' ':l'i1iIu lf1 ,d:~'~a))lii!',~m ~'Ih"'e-' 'fil'ii~'I'II~ '6'~·· deeavs f.;'ll(~~' 9Ind;11 ·=_1" ·B~.· ,~~,~~,,_~~gy~ Q:~~II then m01Fe
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'v'a!luf' 0:" cald:ollar lodary >, 'p:[\:es.e~l!t .. 0:' ,a dollar 'O:IDOm:(l~ 'v,a~!I h~· p;r:tSJeIlit. value 'iJf a ,d)oltarr :llKf;\~$~Qil 'v,ail:~e f I~: do'liar da,' ,@'
lOIDo@Ll'r,UW
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Here the present C-OU'I1Its :(ur ,mOore re~a~hre'to, dl,e near :~ut.u:re dIan does th.e [teall:' if)utur.'f' :r-e'~ati.vle'to the' dlsta;n:t: future, Because ~f
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:m'os~'t}!(.efer.redo:p~i.oil1 and A beetns 'to look MJt'Fe' al[:r,a~::f~-l:--, _- ~~~~ [I¥"~'~ __ Lt, _Jr_J._r,~,_~Yre,r. :[.igh~ up t,o ~'h,etime' uf choiee, This is 'wea'l<ness of wi,m, ,_ the 'ina'bi,~lt,to do whatp: aU tbJings, [Clo[:[lis~d)er-edi'one '~Uev~s ,on,e should do~
'[~ .. -~' ~~ "~-~~L~ ~,I , ~~~'~-'
andU. '1f:Iiii:(l\;;:O:-:'l"~"'" ,_ !IJ"!!f'!' th iI'·hr.i."Ii'\J.'~'I·,~.ii"\"-"·I!1' n:t·, th,e' L,Y,~'.". ~Jitll '1Ii;~,~ '~ii!W~[V' reoresenredt' "'L,..~ ~. [llIlliJ~~r:a_[Ij]1 '1'~IIiI'''i'i'l!''e' [l !IJ,~J["" [r ~,I~~ :U:i It ~;O There ~;$evidence, ,a~~b[.)iugn less, (;uir.i.it:l.u;s~yw:~, human tihat.
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have a pfob~em" Go()d, ~nt,ell1i;~OnS, lese fbei:r :,ow,'eF. to ,mIQ:tl.yaJlt~ as
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:iirr:a.t'.tona~.,anil knJ(Jwins i1:':isa. '~~B im,prot\7lement( over hO!i'i,..... C!IIDrd1!'le'~v ,8!nd '1~ll1dlinkiin[ol~l~' ~ ::Hjj'fIO~ai~·]~r~' ,,",,Cj:"-;"FJ~'..ra.:l1o'tna·y '~~=. ~,I!-' .. u~~_ =-"'b,l' L=,.~_, .. ,'1 c'O,p\luS '-,'~f·7:'--J-U~: 'W~JtJI mv' kln:orwn 'n'r.-()iOe.:DS:~Ij;~' to behave i'Ii'Fa(jonan~~'.' I:r·a',:· do ,t"'"' = . ,I! - . r 'I m.. 'f _.,.0 Det,ttJ' :[or m.yse~f U13.Di .~ can as file :,aS5;[V,e v,i(;l~m.o;f t;na;t;p.r.o<pcn.'·' The '~eChrnjques,,of' ,copinl; are nat (;nstm~s" h~W€VEr,.,(Jjll1d. ~~~QI";'I[iI!f'i;jp!l", .;I);~rem ..1v ~~ '''1!I~;ryl!''C-.iJi'lbIJ=I_UJILJI, the .~~~e_jJjl'!liI""~ ,u~,-~ __ ~~ U_~_~g~~.,!J One wa,f locF 'C~pw--l: is l'l¥ aClti;ng 0(1 ~.be'lop.lpo;nu;o:~.I·y set;" as Bei:.
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imm,edia,te' pleasure, :howflwer Oliff 'tile' ,I,omg:,~tt.nn oomeQ],ueooes~ WisJrlllJ tbink.i'n,~~ msta.Qce', 'u,i,eht~,'~jwedul shon,;.lenu'iIl'iT;aiti16,,,, . '0 ftlr II lr-~ ~L~ cati,oD, tbart can ',F{JrVe' :i[1les]sUlble., Th'is, amum.e!min hss im;nliCI'liolls, ~0'7 ns,~~cllotbe-::- ,$i ,~:.~.;:c-,;::., ~::,~:~, .. ~. ~ ~'''',D ~~-_~ _--~ ~ _~ ~-_;Ji""~ - -~_tl:' rl" I - IraIPf·iUp,~ m_A!t, a, c~bUd,'w:b,ose 'paJiletlim quairrel, frei],uently 'be~i [:0 act. s,tr,;I'Ii1IO"ielv., ['I is not ~ luureasonable' to tbriDk that: 'ilie Tlmha~'C~";' 'I ;::'JI"" . ......"'\0· 1:' '.~. _. . .~. ~... ~.~ '~~ '.. --_~ .. ' ~.~ .... ,-~~_' _ .__ .. u__ ,.. PPf ,em s~D,m the :famiil.y has s!l)methiog: 't:o dOl with 'ihe ,ru~d~Si in, Pli!':b ..,
=
L. _.
Iems, A
~ ~
I. : ~_.
~ =_
th·:__ "","=QI.~~.. ,~.15'I,II,. . '~ln'~''''~''I:'1 .. . ·;iJOF';?'pj~t·, Ar1uiIIli,l.

th:
m·.,'~r,i~t, e
he c~rFl-:~~"~ ,as ,mu~.. :-~~ I·-,:::if~ ~ul \lI, ~ 'i"r-~1r,.,.':":tiC".~,~ l~l~,VlOr.
v,~1'tedby an unconseloas 'a"D~~]'1f11 ;i\~L~',f'~' il'I' ,i;,1;-.'Pv""U"·, " .1.' .I. ~~,,, . bILJj~1:' '
::Ihl~ g,.,.g.f' ,1J.1
desire 10 'brlmg
~'.,.... l~ :.
'U'~tn;m'·Qflli!!ll'I~AtU' me ''!Ii'n''d:' ,to' Iii, if',' U ~Jr. f~y, gll1-u __ ~

~_i=clIjp. [~~c."~ ~
me' llaife1'1'I'S;t.ogel1tre;r·
.• '
11teD't' .;:!i·b~::·l:"iIIuj. .:~,D'iLL [gt.".U . I,-
'ilbeir ow,n, :pn:"blems/~ BtU if' E arm right!' 'the thempiBI, would. :baJy,e to, 'be' 'wl\ong., Th,e u.nCUn50,Q;US wuld never behave' in tb:lS, :Stt8Ite ..,
,["i·... ";!a.!ih!!a.!Uill,." I ...-''!Iilil'1ll'li'lii8i ~1.,;
I"~.
'!"Fl...
,"',!lil!_: 'lIi.j-,~'c.. ~ ~J:'~~l,V,[ljj!ci
e· .,..'hi~~:~dl'~'
ii:'v~nioi:"iliR'i~
'Ifftjj;"'j-~'
~~~i!.Q)y W~'c.c.':
'--'~Al"11 1:.. -. cau~··: ue '-'-'-'~'-"-dC'
~~ ,i;,'Il.., ~, U' lUi I!l.ie
-IJiJlI u!r,:t'" ,IiI .' !liiea~\t '~:.I'II~ n', ·~t··, v 'U L. U~'''1''I'r'~nn:jrD~~eil!'. II)!!I!,I!~, ' v~· 1
~'1j"IJ 'I ~'IiI'''''O'II'!IIII11~n!l'~;iIl' ,,J~1.'I!"..;lI, :t';If'ii 'r:n'iiOiMi'~ '~Ii·I, ~.!.II;"Y.I.~~ .... 1!,YW~ y."","~\Y!.~ 1,"!JI' ~~.'!i.;~",iU,
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VI
[SIE'iLI ~=IS~I',.·.l-:-.,lIl ",' [SI[SI A~"N:<:' DI' A··~····LII R~·'U"'I'I:S·~·M·····'·····[' [TI' 1:>'.,J.........:;.rl·,· .. LJfNllE='
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nebod '!Ii ;o'"~IiRi'f: a:-I"r-:Mo{iii'.' other neeele f,i'i!"1"I'.'i 11._.1.A1 ~1r_1,1i\..= - - .·-il·-. .' -. -, 'woe rake :na~leil;f;;; - en not ~,'io;- - ,;.~, ~ikl- I:l'sma ·s~art[el.someumeswe I-,.'.L~[_ we ..:1div;e In IU~.IS·'d"~' .,~ '.',',' 'C'm" 'l1im ..... [aiOCOU_'-(jJt other pe~p'l:e~'s success ,and '"dl-·'be~.nl: are wln~ng [aF: ,and ·t1O sacrifice :som.e of <nu: O'WD, ':for' t!beb sak[ti I. 0;[ so Ii appearrs .. Bun :per:haJ,s [,dlu.u:is'tic be.'avior' :[l!aUy 'spo_ngs lfom~:selF-interest POE. ~mstlnlcel'I'i'sn'i'l :iJt lim my lo:n.I,,·,tEr.lln se:~f·,:i.nill~'Ies:~ :fu:,e:~po~b,er:s.i' :SO in dl(J'i"[ ·calrn'rec:eiv~' lhe~T'l1n [,'etum w!hern 'I :~~ed It? ]·~O~~. I the' ~a.'tr.~tm llt =~~ ltt'~~w~-. . [of a ,cbjJ_rit~.mo:tivalted by' his r()lwn pl~sUg;e Ialth!eil~·nUliD, '1:.,, the [Ii' ~.. ~'. needs oif-[be ibe.r:!!,!'!ldariies.? 'Wh_ail mJ31uem to h~m.is that his dona'.~ilo"i!if'll:~, be V1S~11U~I~ !~U '~'If"..'i lIf'lu1l'.IL i()[ti~'1"f;lil:~,'""'!IO]"~d' no It TLr.·.~UlL~ ~"",..,.efi···ii'~. ~. UY~o~S _.~ c::';·ilrl'L;.I'i~· Q ~1~ii1I '~:r'",","~ ·t·'lFi~11'J'"iI; ~,., : [,:_, '1· r'li ,i'tt'''-I;[ '[,,-. '=-':~it'J~-I= n~ tbar ;~~p.',~o',!i iil'o,mf: .m~I)I,I, a;r:lue I'('~=-::" Ic"aiP[,~1r =,==@I. p~'IU' - -.... .i3llr:e' ;1)1.WaJiV!j, and , '-'1 )1!i~ ~,h, -- - --- .. --,Z - -----'~'I' t-:~;;(:i!,'~~"SilI~i~ JI],' _J_lt~ d~_IIIJ~~
-1
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evervwhere mo,tiv[lt'ed 'b~ sel."~~·nJlie'usit and. ~halt dl:lere:r:t,ces :f[l. ~ ,I I! beba'riol' are due owy' ·t(~ d:iffe.r,encfs; in UJi,fll ~pponnJldtfes" Ci'V~'"
I!I"!'
',IZ-e . mCJj~",y!, em ti"hcc-'i~, c'~'[::''il;'': _ [.,!Ip;~;c,.cl,j,'l l';i~:' -de.C\~:;" :.,'i':.i. """-1m,, ,I~ V],ew.,. Y}l!;"peaui.?
make ,;,t· "il': ~~.i!_a_,'!;;, b, .In

I
[~n 'ba.vinOl ""'1'= ~~ __ "
==.iL";iI
,ii'fSiiji:t~;~iiO,l(lj'malt .. "~ Ie. " .. !'; _ ""I. _ _ __
~?n·~I~;ii~·''i'~t"l~!i''iill'j'l~:~ '1]'-'~_'l'~II4i:~Ij':oet' S.iF!I;,;U. se .n.~I~,,,,.I!.'!I,;...;I',",~';:-ri; I)~.alk< ,t"' ... '!l.'I'.It.. ,~,'Ii;,. .'JI ~~IL.~v~~g:I. ~_~: ',"""",
'~:-r@tru
1Il1!.1,..:;. ·I:t:.... ~ ·'I,,:~~.r.1 , "'Ui" .i&'I;;,"''!;,.,..t"''
!llheir :plromjse~ and. be:rp ·OIther.:5 -,

]1 '-'A1iil'·'\lv···g'lill'l~·I~nln··'E' me !ol ..~I.._iIL",.' Yll_I.UI .. ~ilI~l
not urn. pOO!l"~'e"S, :ba,v,~1!Jl:,giood
I: 'oom:i~e' l'his· argum~t11 Is :p:~ablwrong., and I s'hj]U exp[a hl.
wh, in ,3 :m'oM,e:nlt. Let: us D.r:st.hQiweva.~ ~.et I few ~bjllis out: of

~l"'~' ~·.~ftl lLilt'\r.. 1!'!If'
g,~'!!1
T·:It-'~·nr··IO~i:':i"i.iryi'i"'~"1f-I'~liIi''.JI~I~"': ~i9;'I'f'"iI'Ji;>'IiI,1 I~·~·II.... , :'l".ll1~d).1 = JI!I!ir.. ,~'= ·.. ·l~·~·~"~~u,~O~, l-.JLlL~l~ !Z'~~lf,::',~·n:·~iJi:l!~iF'~. ~il!llJ. .I~;'; J}U"ll[ljiJIU_J11~~ill!I!U-:~_1J ~~U'l.\JI_I~.
,1~Lll~~~ '~1i'~'FIi
[__ ~[~J~r.~r[Ij-~_~
A:iri' .J!AI~~;;';'j'i;i''' S'"",~rG;_;"~..,,,M,;;o[~,,,·~W ,n~'_IIiI"
[M,!IJ_iI."llr.lI·
'be und!erstuod in t.wo 'w'ars other 'Ul,~l'n 'd1a;t,just ~t
i(Jlut:.,~U, i(~1)iU'fd,
m~~a'D, 'U:UJlt ".:II. a,ct1.o~,b; Ulnm.alte~iy':pern;tH,J'ued ~m the sa~e' [01 '~lle
q'ent,"'s pleasiure ~lr'tba'i srlf.,mlerest has a t-enai1l. meth()doloB):'-' cal :priorli.t,., Tbe first, '\',i,ew, ,~ga.i1D" i~ plain w,liong;., 'The stot)(nrl. 'IS
'it [.', lirtlle" 'Lr't·:."""Ib.,·'ll~'~'I'", eur unne Jp:u.u, as, a "",(A~,j-"·'ln.:a~~·<':i;n.:llh]C""lb'~li:C'v.inrF ,gULlil.:.ile I~'O U.b,",ye~~~~!OiU_I. Jig,a=iI.=!I;.f~
'.
rCiocnside:r:n'l"5)t: the' 'view'

t;-lfi,=:c:tea ~n, ,es,
'mAt,
,aU ra!tiornaJ
8CFlOill
'mJJ'ti,\'lU[edj, , 'be'>-'~l'~se' is ~1~ilti~_ateIL,~, "--~ ., cau -''t, ,[ u~_=_~y I, =--
:mu:st be' ;seil~ b~'the ',F!Oi-~~ e 'lit, t'iJ eaSl!1iil' = ,'I ----
'b\liing~ U~ the a,g}emrl., ,An Ul.uS[[[i),tioln muJld, 'be love~ IOlfien, dlefiined,
!\\Staikitnl
,e_ll!t to
ple.a~u:re':iociJ. alJl!O'm,e'1' :pers~n,~'$ :ple-a~n;II~"H:I BJ,~ a pres~rnelofie' I lOVif',1 8f_m E ,flI»t ~impl,y IOlSmg W8!~.:pen~n, as; [I
C
means tD' :my own s.8ltisfaalO n ?, ,~s:ajifJSt:tbiSI view'", :it, l'S :suilldmt , ~Ol~jjn~ [Olil'~.mat~not all. altnJ'islti,c ad"ions ,DC done o~~,sF love,. ' Somt:' are done O[UI,t [of a sense lof duty 8Bd need 1l00t: pmv~de'amy klad or p:le~.Sll1re'" ,A,:pe:non, 'w:hQ :i$, mOII.valle(!, by' tb~ W,amJ. ,11,~w 'nha:tcomes :troM haVing: done one's d~oly:its not. aaims: IQUlt rCrl duty" but en;pgi.Dg hl narossistic role :p:~aprn,l~ nd in an,' C3Jse'i' A
l
,~:Ii....iii!' 'm··.,:i!;'!!IiD,i!',=ii!'!'riI;Al ",Jc('!;. "~,'!I.~--"l=,,,,~~,~.U

,e''!Ii't~'!l'~'''' ~,""'~I-:r 'ii[~i~..... !ll;;,!'il!l.!I,....~ !li.iIi.~,
,"-i
,it'hen;.....,I' nir ... ~nvp 'liIl' hla,- deeuate I' ;r'hn~!t",tI1 IJ--'b V. .... ...... Y ,.,y',.: .... _O!I' ",_,,!=,,-Ur:."'iI::~-~~"'" '""...
",~;!! ,..~_ .. "
~~;;iI
IL!tt ... ,p-__j,L,
,mi~' ~'O ",v
,ciim- nlv .... 1~~_~J-ll1'~'II:'
~i"'iL.~r'eerson's Id~i!"l'~ .. u .,.1JI, and F,,"J!.~·,·.;II. ,.... 'i!--~~d:" '-u'-' ' ' ~''. I@ ~ 1: IV~·Y·~·~~~_~1
.;II\IIJ.. .... ~ .:JI'-..~ ~
',. ' m
:",1:, I,;
,oc:qIlrn~· 'i!"'"ilI~';ii!!'rt~#~;fjo'~ '=ii!!', ,n,.I. il!U!u!aJl.u,,,,"il!lIILl!',I,lI, ,Iil!
[r~FPif-e ,Ill! Y I ~ , ,jJll~~I.",",. 'ii!!!',
sense
-(;]~'i1
'~'~Pi~~I'.laik '~iri W:':::llt']'ffo''r1 ,~~'I:''''~'ii~~[PF;;:!;;?t' 'ijTjii;lfjli~..j:!I '~'i'~'n~~,,,, !II._IJ,ILUly~jlIJ~'1 ,I_JJJJ ,' .. IJI~ tlir.-=111 (;J~~Il_ll 11_~=-.I~-\.IL.~Q! .. 'i,~ 11~IJlrU,IJ'_ ,1.~~IlIIU_a lli~
mental than.
'D,e' :Slate' 01: :llar~!U[[e.!', lithougb, ,I tbo:o,sblt a fX{perimen1t" ~IS,s, :IOI1ca'O., cohier.-ernlt, s~tlla!t~((q~ :B[IU!~,'ftfie CiUU1'O;t(D'" beren:i'lly' :imagine a. ~nr:td In, 'w:bb:b, ,ever,Olle' :bad eH:d.l!I~i,\i\e~" altriUi~[i,(;':[n~ti.valtiQns"'The' goal, [oie the arl;ru'is~.is. to :pn"w,dt; lo1h,e~
,a1tmj.'SJll"
w~lb.6I.n[occasLo:n (fir 5ell_~tl :p:fea'S,Ui;[-eS~',,...., ,p:~east1lf.-e re'aclill,l, [a, [ the [(}(f book 0([" drinking a. botrle o.f 'w,~rn.e has 'I\eceived. as a. ,Irtftl:.,[~l ,[E' one'
:Ilobod., had &mi:"'O,rt'ler'" s;elfisb pl;c'as"Uoos .. :m;obOO.,' (()uldJ :hJlJ"'1!: :hi her 'rf:'~r ,B_limuU!!itU: ~mot~v,es -;f'i--- 'r" d~R~e._-""O~dJ!I~ ·.'t,~~-:,-·,~-f.IJu:IJe.r"aome 01' me t":X~5sa 0':
~'~~_~l;il;ii..---I}-.'I:-. - ---.
die ChhlBe cultl.H,a1 rrev olil1uaD. ilihJSllilte 'me ,abSil'(-d~r:~ r~~I[r~~~er .. _____ ~~_~_~ ~ _._~_. __ . ~ .... ~,_ ,~~~,~, ~,_~,. ,~~ .. "_.,.u~ .~L.JO ,,,,U_,.I'V', sa~altruism"" AU [Ctunese ddzens: were 'told. 'iO A,al'ice' tnei'r' selfish :in1!e:r-eSlS,'fO:F.'the tll!,~~r-es;ts,,of the' poop~e~ as, if '[he people 'w~rle mmeUm:ioQ' O'\{12' and iJbowe dle' '~()tal'ij~' [of 'Cb"'rn,e,-Se ,dU~v~ )7:_'~ " e _ .. ~'~~-D< ~ .. . ='"' . '.. - _ ...,l .. ~. ~. I~ · ._z.:'t".us;. 1h~' pormt: :i.sl jU$t ,atogitai~, ae. U: :some'a~ '~Q'be' IltFldst[~~oth~f.S;m]['St. o : 'be' ~'llm~ Ilt: ~le,a~5t s(lmlf' of-tbe 'tiule", 'i::nll evel1ibodly' [~o.'ii:'dbe :R~flsb. aU tim~',.The issumption. 'mal,t ,adl.beb_l,v.tQiFb; KJ_l1h is 'me mJlSI ' panl~mnDiaus we C1I,n mak!e~, and, 8!D);en,tist'ij, alw3.ys .U;te tn t:xJplam. much. 'W.iltb. :little., But wte ,t;-at_lUlot ,c;O'ndude'" :n:.dd:ter 'in l'emeral nor
l 1
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•
:CifiFllV 'D~iii:P,~1li ._~_Il~· ~~I'Y ~~ ••Jll
n~9i~'l"O~:ifii_ ;i;.'lfol'a~r~ '!!!,Q'II~~I't'''f'''~~ __:,.I"I~' u!~- ~ lJ!-~~I_I_I_~lU~I~

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'ii~ 1l!J~I/~ .',m-(ATi'e '['!'lri,~,.:.;s-n~!!Ii'~ ~i'"r-~ " . ~JLJ.lI<\lt"'" ~',rtl!.~p.UJ

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r'ik~, 'iIl!""",~'II.J1 1.5, c-m:-',;w:~~· ~i""~,iI]]U~!h,-c--I-:-~;iILIU~ 'n"u,r"IIU, r '-'11.;11 auu pa[S~=

1,1, !!;'';:''';,or ILUJ~
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'i1d1~i9i 'I-'~~~' '1l'@'II(·;":iijl'iii'i·.Q~E:~ wgi!k'l~,~'~.e J~\IfiO[·-'I.."J ~? •• 1i._~~I_ .. ' ILl]

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'b:" ,8 :(ew lamiUar!' faa's" ~SQ'm~' :€uuus of hel:,l'Il(B behavtor

1.I1i.J"'-:I:yll'~''''l!lj.j1:U
'IU:-e' mOlt
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~>if!i
~U_Il,Ii_Ili.I;ul ..,
,;:"!~'~lr.'fI;;:"jWit '~~ ~'¥1'IiI],'!!ii'i:~~~ 1111M ~~F r!lla-_IlJlll;"_',U,
't...,v' 11~.I1.~ u.1, 'lii'l"wIfli'O'",'~'~~ l:'-kll~£IJI..
'~~l"~~
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:rn~~rt'!s:ti ':.en~8 have a. :selfts.b :~[iJ!te:r-es't :rn.[l:iu;~J;p!i;ll1g 'd:t.eir' ,cbUdrell", ,it~~Um!lnldla;~ ('~bndlf-en will care '[or pa.J:-emu, to 'nheK' o;ld. ~Ie ,'"""', but ilt :is :not :10 'ih,e 'sel6sn ,jmr~erestoF: cfl'i.ldrem. to pm~,i1de' 'Ulch, care"i And :stiU ,ma:Il,Y' do. :Som;(!',ctw.DuiJk'lllt,t'rB tn ,C'ilalhti,fS I~\)t\e
- - ev~[' 'k"~I-d b' a. 'q:tJ!l,a;'::np"e.gf,C',." ,:iJ)om. a _. - ,lJe, , I~t - ~- -d·-'LI'~'I ·F----c if'-;i:I!!t~t;'m-'r~'IIiI!~iIl'j;@~ :n;r;;!ii'li"Iilr~' ,~rh\"'" """'!Y'.;J!'~, ~f~' l"iI:'!il ~~,rI!i;t"~o"ln"''!Ii'i11 ,~~:I' !LJ=!!il"",~."",!'!'~~Y, ,11"'''''''!I!.~.~~.v,~. ""~~~,, "'" _!I"Y"""~.~t,Ii ~~luJ" .~.Id .~--- B' ~ :11,0;_'11" '[I,I£miil .,'un. - ~'oocl'
'Wr3'Si
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'by p=re~t~I',e ..IIO : ,Snme' [o.t,l:ns Dr bl.ca.m~' :r.edlsldbu.tto:n ai!l)@' ,er:ba:ps In, 'fbe :iJoJt:e.res't of 'the :ric b.. :['f' they' do!ll."I~ gi:V1C t'O, the :poor'~ the :po@,(' :mJlilb't kill,
IftOllf,moll;sl,y 'Cl1MCt![; .moll'j:"a.'t'ed
c ~'~i\@!I!lU
.j'
,a.mdhence
be
!!lo [_~
~~.eit
'I!I';Pi"'~'Ij'Ii}OI
',lI!.[!o.'~
"lII
,ezmb~Jco,i~ :m,u}cb. I~tr.t~[·'lila/Ii, tlliJe' 'e~aed beEl1efiJt.
:1:
:rsmght: ~l:tM:a
.. ' 'WF UiX ]:;. 1mB. (l.·fe. ~, .. 'Ii-. .. - ~-- ed 'UIO11- --- "'f' -''"'''n.;il,··.A~ .. . ...;.'1,.. . iii lew ,IiIU;Ilu[-e'" A - ]'.lif[:S u mlJ [ca___';_:'.d!i.ll,a1le·~~.,J'lS;,~, 'i!o.'t' } 11)·111·,
:01" 'yu~ewill. be dedsi,ve"- muc'o. :smaller' tb.an the'

·'II~Ie' -k'·'-I'~' ., a, '-WI.I!I, "b' ,lieu, A :ILU, car
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c-hUdxeD.'s; :[a1io.na~, self:':imte([[e-st ,to :help 'dlei.r :pmre:[lIts~ beta,uK' if

'd1'@y d~dD,~t thel[' frii,ellds WIQildd ai'£Ic1ze SJrnd pe!ltta,ps, d,elftt '~''r~;:;-:I, It:·j'~ '~~G~·hJ·C':t~:' U;li"'W,. ~~!!I;.,~~S~ Y li-'!'ii~~I~f!i~] to vote, '~,=~JL!I!;;. ,~f'O.~' di(hl"~', one '''lIi;.,~ I!-- .... C.··-a~I'-IS~ WO'uld '00' 'lih~ tars,et of iimllr.mal, '$()(;~.3JI, 'sainCMb)[1S'j: ,r;'iD:I\limg: l[tom :Fal~d efeb[D~ '~O :sooai, ~1:Fad~~fiit. reply- 'to 'fhe:se' claims, :iEl I cha.pter' ,XII., Here :I: 'w{);u.ld. :s.i.m,l,y' U~e to make' two' 'poi-nits,; It i~s, :Ilat ,cleaf' tluu: it is in, tile f,adollal se:rf~:~nten:s't: ntb,er' people m [of :impose 'these :sa.n.mons" And, in, any case Ole ,a'l'l!lun.cDI. does DO,t [ap:~I.ytn, 'beba,v] 0[' tbat: eannot be ol)serv"oo 'b, [otheH~ A.ft()m, .., 'n<iI;qiIJ'I"" ......... trih il~,"IJ~,U"" n iIi't';:ii'1io'IfliIC ,~~,~-111 1·'1fIi1 ,.,.l,..,:,,,,, Ji"".eIi~~flIIO·j'lI"'Q'. does '!I'l'~~~n' Im '[iIlJI' 1·'Fj!; ,II!L !l"',;!' I ,1i~1I.1!,...... , luU ..", "",~I~""'i~' ~, l'~' ~." .: ~." !ll;;!'IU.,. I"" ·u, '~~~',l
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our :b,~p", W'~ have to, rif" ,O:mt some n,!1f~,Ol~, ,o~ooivte iintu,est,. foE and, usua'~~,rhat is; not too d'ifficub,. :Ua:_r-a, cases·,a_rl~Sie' t willen penple's expressed interest ,differs fru.m w:hai~, ifh,e do:norsl! 'beUi,~v~ Wtt... to 'be' tbteb r.-ea:~, lnte:~est:., Tt],€ expressed imr,t-e;r.esf. mi,gbm, :reilea: ,am ex£essl,,,,e ·p~ .:reoccunanon widli tbe ~p·r''eB1ernt· wherea~·we, tne do" nors, want t'0 ~mpru\i'\Ctheir life as a. w~h.ol~., Such, ':(j.t.tmalum~ is rela:tiY1!~Yea:s¥, to jtustU, wheT;). the re~at~om Ui~e:raU,that of pair" is, e~t to' (:bUd",but. harder 'when the' recipients are adules Wllth 'fun
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mode of' traJnsF:e:[£', :~t;would be an unto'biect~,!lJna'b:le :forDl 0:[ :fie:lr~ .,.a:tem_al:rsm as, dci',-~cu}~ed, the' --::[eced~n~' cha:t,er "una ~~u]o. ",.-'~t r", ~, -~,~-~,~~-~_, ~-='"' [p= .. -~~g,. =~-P- ~,_bl'II'~'[h~t,t~: ~~~ -,~ ~JL 'i"n _~S bow 'llhese decisions are-made, The"y' are made by' 'me 'weJfair.:e'
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the
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'IQ ~lf-'OO;~myemeII'n" PO~ anonh:r:", 'there ~s'·a .-eSUIDntio,D. 'U1i8!t .r' .r" :people ,I[lt itlbe'best judles, ot: their' own. :inlt:ef,f;S;l •. F.['Oim. d:te 'pamt: [cclf ~~~~P,";.~-(11, a 1'111' 4ifl~,::.,,,,-'II,.---;-" .~,,~,:.'II"··[~::, O\lijtil:CUI.~ '}r,: val nes ::'II"'~ . ,-" ['•. c·, .,r, .. : I" Ctl .~. ,IJf:W !ID.b,)I\:.n,:e ctass We.IiI:ilR! c:~i'CI':_]' fUJC! Vil .. :".-: arnu .p.nO'E.!l
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ties '()If 'the :P()(YF may seem ICr,D." bu:t: '(Ila:t i~ :[l,0t.reat~.y·all¥' of :bls busmess;, B'is[ Uf~' sityle pf,oDab:~:i' arppea·r.s the S81me 'w[a:, (til 'lE:em.
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,aIrea,dy' b=n .1J·ve~",SQ:meG:me.~,quite. 'U!~ask'edll' :ga.y :h~' a!IUJ;th«;~ :6~ldlin :t~j~ aib~~~~'," .o.~' ~bu~ld bi~, ilootad~ o:r. : S [~r ,,(1.,_ tth~!t [oo:I~[I,d.(;,~sril"c .--- , . if .. .,~_=,,!J.!IL~ __I,,1 J't,jn[ :in the b~I,~ldr:n~[a '~o,-:-~c::· ... ~L_ ,.~~y be d()~e' b~'c t'~e'
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mlIan and :h.wsw~(e' a~,o:ne •. AII (l£!l.e· 'twm,e' :1: hil~eseen ·iIilia.DiV· :m.en. ·matdlj.J]!~. :roo:€ 'ii;h;a~:tfu~, 'wh(]il~ r.<I!Of 'wa'S, :~n.:ser:i(l:'Yr5. d!aJ.D." a [~r' of ·';OU:a:~c/n,c;·.and 'Ehl,l; :nIl'i(Wt·esitSof ~;h:'" owner ~~:e:r.e'or ,lIiIO· e-~ C .. r:1r-.J.P_I, _ J lFt .. 1] W. .. [li/y,aiW", The' 'w'Ork don:e: W·DS !31 de'll[( ~niC,urr~,. It; 'wa'5, ,wl'ilome'!' ra~ .. - re--a5CYJl 'l1It:'ooi[~ilt 'wa'~' of O'D~"i!) 1:ii~le~ffi:lbul'S-~ ~'O'e nantWlaiF 1 D"' ~ .. -_.. Il~ '10. _ .. -. .. .. ~,.. -. r __ . .. _1[ _
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of :lIroPI!OCi,'t:y U;[iless, 'it :had. a, ,grip oil :peo.p:~ef. :S:tnCf' oifhe_rwise 'ilic(-e' would be n01DI'fl(B to ma,[iJi:pi[.d,au~., J'Um1)il~I'II:~':saemunt ,demon,·, strates b~th,the :fragiUty' of altru:ism, and :llts, :nlbustnes$,. Se~i6_shness, has a. 'bad. name, but oompa;r.-ed wUh, some' lotller ,mo;th~[a'tiaD~'can 'seem, 'PQsiitJi,v1ely 'benevQlenJt ·Wnen. people' Ire' i.' i ~ dlb [. d ieal mo;tl,v~lt'fC. ,~}ffD:VY'!i"spite' ,all: Ilea I'OUiry~ ,.,iI.. 'b ILUJ~y',I;a:::vcean ,_ ImtlmfiJ.V'~ ~n, fed!l·~ce.'IJmer' npon'~e~s. welfaJre..,.. ~ ThJ! h_l!jrd Wit,..~lol do~no bettaer ~.. -ill .. ...~~ = ,1'-...... iI""'" ,. . ~ .. ~.~ ~ ~ ~ ~'~ ~ .. =f ~_~~~ ~~,iEI' ._ .. "~ .. ~ 'thaD. (Jtn.ers Js '~Oilnp(f.t)·ve one's ()'Wll. :perfoIllftam:.ce., Thee[,eas[, weal,' is, to 'tri, ·U.PI the[ OOmpe'tiifion. taki'~B,:p:lea~tl1[-en, otb.er :pwp:lgi',s, i
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of a chUd - ca___nnot. 'be divided. between 'tile claiman'f;1.,. [one ee..

sponse :i,SI ~~If ,can"·t have :i~.,n{)ood.y shall," A d!epress~rn,S: [a.u F ,a;b()ut'manlY peasant 'sodeue s :i~;dl_Blt peopLe 'who ·do beuoer man [omen, are anum. accused of.·MJtclhaafi. and. 1rbusprtdled. down, '~Ol~.
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have .,em; rather, we are in 'their',g1rirp., Our Stro.~Ii,es,temouens kr'ee.p'us' awake at m\g'h~\i" I,o(}!jen our bowels lend s;upemaJtural, ''!Ii''''I!1' 'I'j'ltV '1L' ... !Ill.'Il;;.!I,.,o!lt' ,,,,1,,,,, ~I~.nn o;ll..,.o-!~ it..,. l;i"ili nP'1"'P-'e:-p,' :'t'i,;i"iln"'. ' i?lif~'the '~iIi~!Jf1i;"';lldl_~'!Ii'iffid,~I1),..i]j;'i'p--" y"", ,g!~.~-'--" 1!1~'1 I~~ lIr.... ""Y ,I,!l~,.:_, .l!1~iI;;: aehteve wuncJ"ers, w'h,en. tbey do not l,e'aive us; paJ~a'tped:" Other
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emotions I fie' m,ore ~s:u'bde"I' :~,e.ss 'vio;J,e11'tl" y,et. no, less, c-e.ntt,-al'~O'nul' ~lf'e., ope and surprise, d'isarp:p~)lntm.e_nJt and regret, wiSif:filJ'lness, H and lOrngi:~,8~I]i,vy and.:maUc,\;!, prid,e and ,conte~ltm~'ltt: are ~ ilh~' 'the' hues of ,~eryda'y :~ife".An :dlectj,vel,y neunal 'e'~peri,efice~ if we ,can,en~8C1;g~' at .a~t;,'wt[)'uld be' pemtless, Creatutt.s 'W,iEb,(}IDII :~Jt emotions w'ol!1l,dhave DO' :reas.o:n. :£'0[' Uyjns~ nor, :f:o,[' malt, ,m,ailler,I'
:ij~F 1""O--:fIl'riljir'1;'ii'~~i~Jn'DI':!?~I'lll'· _ e, cld lJ.u.= \.J .. ~~~~lt~I~Li-_~Allel ilIl~ t'l!.~ll.
t~ ~
The imparlance' ()f emetlons ill. ~buman,l~f~ii$ matched Q:nl,'Y' 'by the- nes~,e(~,they harve ~~u'8'er.:edt, the hands, of"p:bUoi5O:Pbe:r,s arnd a :ood.al.:S\C:ii®IIII~sts!. The :naJ~ule, causes snd IcuItSe(['U,e-nees: of ;h__e .. emttltjO:~5, ,are',amoRg, 'the l,e'8!s~,WVl!U understood ,aJ~peCioi bu_man, ' ,oJ bebal'viot" ma~[[hed ,ooly by OlU poor uDi~l,eF.Standinl: of $;0 cia I, norms (chapt~ J.tJ])l to w'hh:h, ~Iley' (;'~,~s~lf' a]~~ ~~nk,,~,. 'The~ b!1s been more ~speclll11a,tiQ!n aiOOut tlhan caretul aJUlfntioV1 'to tnese p:lleaQrn~ll!a",Emnt~(}ns, hav'€ been ,exp,lai;ned :~n,terms ,of: th~j'[ a~i,eO"\ed benefles ,fOff: 'blo:~o---::rca'~, - --~. _. ~-~ "" ... ~ ,:()1iu;'~7101];-;:r' pe.= ... siuMv:al soc.ia'~ O."~~ ..5~ .. ~~ Q~ ""::-1!': ~,D-~" ~ ~ ~ ~- -- - - ~---,~".~"scroaJ ,ad,VitDlCle'jnot stud,ted io. tll,e~[' ~'Dme.,(Ua:~e' v,~,wdne~5.,Orji ' aJttenJUon, is focused on the' 'cogO-llti,ve' ,aspect of 'fue' emn(}tiiOIl!S\!' onoe ,agai'D a,t, 'dle expeD!se '01 'meir ~a!W ,mot'j,viuiorn..BJ, p6,wer"
j,
emotions are seen m;;"!iiI'j~n--:-'llu' as n;f·' v·· 'ii"'!lii"~nT[li':!JIIU'tv ·!li.-l as QbSUld,es to a WteU.-~rdered Ute", di:freg'allUQS !the'fact ,Wait a l~_fe'
.O'·;~f~i['Il .:: JiJ,~~~!f.
~~L~llt. _.-,: J ... [ .. -_~
U::IL!II.r
-~'-J._J.
'.1~
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'. _'.:oJ'
.'~O~~I'i'~~ .:]1.," IU::I'~ia
ll_l.,ioU,lLltUJIJIJI:.I_
,'!Ii",~ !I;iIlL_1-U.
6]
,
M't'bGUit, e:moti('IIlS would be 'w()od~n,aDd" as I :sa;id~ :polindes~'k Tn
'Illllde:rstang, d},e fm,ot~,(lmj [olle must '[lll1m, ,not, 'to the' sod ail, enees bu.t '~o'\¥lcrdd i'ite:rs.tll're ,~,,or '~O "~;[tes:el['
Hw
S'1n;d 'iir.b~ Dm';Ait'loIfliiMiiI:" [Il~l:': _~~lLU, ~_I~~IL~''-~ =~~~It~i~!,
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l shall 'barv· 'mlJj' ~O 5=y ·'~..,.~~,t, '4011-..· '--'l~¥:-Jii~ 'b' -.',-~ ,.~.~ -. raruo.na.I,'" ), :~.,.._~'.""~,~~~:e'"~J<l..',e' 'r; ";iirc- ,ai!iJI'!Vru~ , Ute' ll!'~it,u)(lO[etwe;e:n . - :-"!.~ ',:- ~
,~~ ~ .. ~
'iliili't' ~" •••• ".., ~
I_Q:~~
~,~Ii!"i;D--' g, b-I~~(:' ~: l"l'1'~~~jU,i,Y
~~t~.~
~-~~r m, olruer,~ w~
'il'i:'ijd'ii~~ 'Il.-...,.
",-~~~-Al
CertaIn emtoticlmal fXpeJ1,f,nces, are :uooe'rellilUy :p.l.easlll(,aibl,e' and desirr,a:bJle'" Tb,eu' anse_ ' from the' fll.'iQt\)tmernt of bea~lti'nd dl~'t:!iF.~"~~~~~,~, .~, '~'~. " ~ .. ~ ~"~=~='"'~~"1:~==!IJ," .. ".. ,1!1,_, .•. r5\~I, s" mslts ,tliDd. :mdnds~'ffJom.:t(jvt <ind, fri,endship,~ from, m,e use' and. developm.emrt, [cd one's PC'WHS [and abilrtilf.s;' :fr.-o,m, ,the recolniit~,~11
J
,a;chieve.me:rnt:s bu' [ijo:m~n[e.n!n odiien" TIt~,"mOI0\08 ::;'-,"(, tj:' :ct': ~ ~, ,~,~-._ ..~'~~ - ,1i~~ ~~-,Fr"""~" ~ ~ '~'a~:ii'l:~ 'i9i '~~i~;;i!'!' .• nera .I~IJ ~_. I.~ m~~~'~" 'III and IJI_, ·~,r~~Jlot~ '1fI;,fi!~~'I"'Ii~'11 'iii JcUU:QU. 'C'iiilO"'ll'.·c·"iiiili'.r~ 'i'F~~U' J'~-~~IIJJ dleri,ve' firam [mJ etr:]lerie.liJces~, :Dot, '(['Om, those' of [O'lh('.[' :peop:~,e., ,MOfCO'Vef~, fh,gy :[da!~e to ,m:-V' CUrfltn:t e~p€.rienc€S!~nOl: 'to,:m" :'~lS;t: [or:wwre enes, :Fi[lany~, the, d,e-n,Ye' :From m,y' [Qau,a} ex:pe:riien'Oes:",
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:n"",~ m'~v :b!fifV~'~!f~ii~'~dc~l1Wl~'-" =1"~t\Jt_ I fIi-:!iiV:iI'!" 'h; ad. __ v-~ :fmm. ~ii:-~~ l =~.J' ~ _~ _ "!in, ~_
l~iv~
t=
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'W,.'[p, [1llI~1-1IiI,1' t":Ii-o'~irr'l'~.,. . . ~ ~ '~:jII't!'.;' __ I;.I_I.IJU\.. uJl
(motions, wUb, m,6f;' ,uaUd,e~,a~,c'Or:e [fmf?liolf!f$" AtdlOQRb I ba!~e

ctloo ow,' ilihe iirmat.uJtly 'p()si,tivte ;Oole [em,On~1US~. 'til,ere [il'r.~' al,m, 'ii~~~:rlill"o;:'il~;-I'V' '~'I'n,1~"iii"',\~ 1!.-i] ,""''''e·c· [A'ii~~I'I~t··. t;'~"Ii,-,= !ma, x;" '<~'''II'' ,~a, aJrn~,tus.~:~,. . ~11'I;;_:i".~'~, ,1'.~.I.iI~", U.l!",~,U":l' H:~D.FL!'hate s.u~m"",;o
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Q 'UI." lJIi~;'~liI, g,t} }~ lU',I.iI,. ~:zI!.
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Anaer _ ,~~~._-_.
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InIO"', "~=~D-~
tn ,_V
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~mcryIT'~[;('iiIi1!S, '1i'-11:'i't' '1!l~'~;If-.~ ,'n"" 'h, . ,~,=,~ IJ~ ... 'is"· ~.. ~~~UI!\..= 1~~v.YU~~_,
u ~[
Old, pJea;sura'b~f no:r urlpJ:eas1!lr,a,bl.e',.

T~';iII! .... ~ ll,!,l,l~~ ...,=~~"'"""L'I;.!O'~~~ ,~Ilr~ ,[I.,u !QJ~"'"
o~ir-~r [oI:l'Dlf";t'inln~,
in '\r\':lid,IIj"fii~'~~g" ~ ·p~IIi"~!!"f~."~ W~cU'i1l, ~,""'~L~d = "~~y'~~' '"

I~
,t:i'/1f'Ii1'~;IJ'o.;- pqi'd' ! !·t'"~ .. !!i..V['!;.
~Ji..,e
,e;moti,oDS., They' ,a.-rise from, the ,euDlt;e:mp,m.'iioll. of eal£~i,e:r":[u.'ttJ're'

,([f'
poss'iJble' [oocaslloDs, f.or 't'be' core [em,(Jtions~. {110lD, '~'he11QSS r' l,;,tk. o '(Jr' ~U1ch[occasions or f«l:m the' e.xperle:::nces at Othe::f people',. The e.l~tl,oDS of amt;icip8tion ,and hope ,ue' direct'fd l.owaId
'm" [·'I!':'t·"","n 01" po5~1~,",e 'itU~j'1J__me'jIaee tnose . .':.'~eQe~,~_j~~~- -~ ~ ~ ~"10.'1as

:Ili<,,-~ - -- ~ ~ ~ ~..
..' .... ~ ~ ~
~ ". or'f' d'·.l:\eaQ a'n.u ,&'DXlet,y", •• -AI - - .AI-I ~
Slmii~ar [emoti[ons, are <Ur.ea:edi toward

'~~iiiFi'D: ~,J-"-~B [Pfl~'IIii!'iit 'ij'~iij:i;~e ~,l!WIM_Io,. ~_I::Ir'!ti.J~!!I.m~
the' pa;st, Olite:r ~]ltm;ls,

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1'"r:'~·~"~W9'.~,,,, IU'WI~.'. W_IlUl
,'~i~~ ;ij~·rw',.',,:·a· ,..;fll.. ,~iiflI,'0i'}~·~liFiI'~· ~.m[ Y_I~U Jl~ _i&,tIj 1~~JiJj_I~I,~J '!tw~
=
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:bl¥,e 1lie same' s~Qn,as, the'

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u
• I
c'mono:ns ~o 'which t.be"Y make :r-cfftern:le~ it, memory' of a. 'bad eAperie.-rtoe Is a. bad :m@mo;r.y.,
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[;i"'ilr~ 3'
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able
faJEhe;r' b3J~e' than not ha.yt:,,, Sometimes\" however" (J1h_£1' tb'inls, ,I'I:-f' :nat eq,ual., one
eXp€':riencl'",
:sometbin;J
'W~' 'WtQuld.
~ m~~!:i.l·: '~'ifii ,......... 11.1:"1.
~'T'~ '.,_.: .... 1:.I!1:1;. ~;J'~, ~,i·
'~"I"Q'DI.·~h,: ~~,f,~I·~'lji!ll;n: ~ ,!!I., 1.1 ,,·,t":: ~n. ,lI",II.,... 1;,.. , Ji.'~.~u~II,lU,~.
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w,tlnd~~u]
Ie'xpe-rie;n,ce"
to
be [c'b;e,nsl:illed:~D,me-mory
6"2'' '
: \ .. ",
lUI'
a h)tO.l:
'rrnme" ~ Bu~,t ma.y also :ha.v@ i

-=-,.=~ ~,U_, __ [IA.' u\lil
the effect 'of de va hdng: :~I~e'r meals

""--=;D~~... , ~in"I;
~in.dece:::nt: =~,~~~~ ~,~lIL,_~, f.[-ench re'SbrC:r:iU'l!ts br' :setJti'n~ a. n~w
eompet.: rison It .
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'[- - \'~I,,...q\i"i~' - - - .l!lLlKlI'- - '''i'Ii--\~'I''!" : V":·:,UUUi - ..meal ,.;('.'r-.i:!II'1fIi1fll'li,- iilUilJu1:.'u!- '~;if1Or'.ililU.l:lil!l.iL---- - •. - - - -I .. LU·, .lil . ~.I!Ii.lui..i'11
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1'[[.' ~r:"~iU1C. ;, ion ~.~.~''"'1~'~'~"'ltt~1[' ,j~ '\.,{lll.l!ilJl" III _~ ~ILIL~~I,
'~'O",h-! ~'I"~' ]r-ln~~~,~l 1 and 'II,,,,,,,,,~~', ~-.. [Q] ~ ~ .IU·"'';'U Q_LLJJlJ IIY~li-,~
I
than Ul~,iI,
i')iiPV~~'i!>'r"'~,A 'iIl-;j;J:.r~, :1'Rii~.ro..fI1 ,::1;:1" ~~~, ~JIi, "'" ,1=1_1IiiI,'~~ IV!p.·I~, .)"1 '"i'lh·"
all1_''''''
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J',~~.".: ,~. ~ v,I_UJ, ·D.l;ry~I!F;i.@'iil',

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"'''_iL~1~
1~~1ts; less gJ_ief to be :lb1J'~,'d18f1 to haJye been
'il~~k'. -. .
~·~.;!Ib' . -.~' ,u8i.,.-pelilleu. [I.!'ut 'd'"~...~ 1," ,·,,!uey ,~n\'iI.uUe· = ..'i!~. "f~' = .. · . '.~l~ ~A .. wufU. 'CO!Jl~U"1J '~[,laive t... II! r-.' ~'.' A k~,-' [.··lull t, "I-lk' ,f;f,II,e,,~ ,re..
···Iii ·CC[ji· ,~'-
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",
m(,!A" !lJ.Ii~
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,~iI\" ····,·.·,j'·it O(1)ln,,:e~.!Ja"["j~31 .'. : .. ,t~·., .', ,anSlns, ,~U!", ["'~ ~WOd.QDS" ,,-'! Ot
Gret,
msdu'~ness, and 'lihe Hke. 'They
,8150
3,.... CSUllo:;.uC C,[RO' 'u.oS\j;. u~n.~'IbU. U.Um.Ule' 'VI,C"a:nOUSi .
.. :- ..• :- ., [expe.nm'C'f' [O\li. ~. readiIl(g a, [lorVel, or' wa.OC"hilrng:a pIa" .. [G:i,V€ll the intimty· i(lS thilns:s' thalt could ha.1'\e ,happentd~. ,hulw d,o 'W'e smn:ll,e [O'u't ame· of' 'fueDl s
, .b 'Ji;.'I:..;;;d~" . ,it;......
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'U' .,...... ,.
inc:~ud,emaln.y' of die'
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·9'~u··IIl·:··""""'f~~ili:i,a·11 [~'m'I'-lryTl~~? ,_ LLlI.I. ..... LIL!lLlJYIJ. ~ _ rUUU,IUI~.[.

=
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.~'iI"r~ ~;i'""J~l~~;i~-n:' _ . ~1"lm·:.·,:~. ~,UJ~
up'en . a ehanee ,evenn I '"" [.!. DO'n~1 _",.,J,- ~.' '::'~,' bv 'me '~!!is!i:";I· am distl!ldtJoo ~',l I..:_._..,. ,E""''''!'--__;~'_'I!I'' · .~.."._., ',' ",' ",' . :;". ~ ... :;; '.,,', ':'~.:' .. ~·,t]~~-: ],ila, .,F.an{'u,~, c { WDl". IUS: it\iIt:<t' brar ..'lFl""'-1'-'I~ 011.11. Ie, me ,r.eCe,nIL. paSL, -i;,'If-.:-.; ,"I . If 'ij-'I[-,c-,;:., 'i['lf-l-'~ m ~ik.;:., . ,·,=.,·>;:,-,'1:1' ;~'cit· Ulan. b',,:: UIU~ UJ:iIl .. CUll1ld have 'beoillD onlv i'l] ,;;,'L'e d~c:'ta'··'Rt.· I.~.' '.. ':',!I>.I_,c;...; """,-c.:__,~ ,,,L_· W. ,,_,I__I_'I;. 'nA~t~ ]" '~iii' 'liP\i!'JiIi'I'i'lNJIit'i .g). 'VPnl!' ,r~~!.. ___I ~!J, '"' ""'"I,I~lIi;,c,"" '-"_";r
II ~ _",.:;
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'l'iIil
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lmnf.;j"j;·k .... I-'i;I]·e' t'n'in"C'id:I~-,:-- ]i.), ,-,'~~ '1IoIi!!i;-'~~ ·-III "''''[ ::--,-:e ..... ~,v:__,",CI.!Ij"l1c·ei!'· ~ am ,~!Ij,;~S '·-"-:---'=-,~~~I C~lnc'e,m~u.[L!I.iI8n ,II", CI.Dl
l,r-I!r
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don.~ 'VI ,
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p:laIusibl,c' 'st(J!"W alba-ut. :how it ml;obt. have hap:'~ned., tf'dle OOt81'"' ~ ~[li' D 81,00 ,oould, barye come' ,ab~u.t by my ,mtervtnrd,o~. :m, :feelDIS ,of regret are mere pung~llit: tban, :if there was no;mi'ng ]: could. :baJYle
= ~ .Qi, :~'~~:1:'I'~'
I ~_:_~1F"~~-
~ ue ,.~ '··Ir'-,--::. .~~,~. -C-li' '),1 [4-~~.:-;iI"-' experiences--::-iC.-~ nunU'-!l.to\lla.:,om... .~ee~ul!g,s :-'-"I~i~': -",,-;~ g:ene:ra~eu,[u'¥ me I(h 'eTS, mdude I :s~~lt,e·€D'VV.. ,17".,1_,.,. .and ~.!'''''''~,r-' - 1.'.1 Th~' ,iCJ"~ .~.. ~ "_. bad '~rnaltb", · ,. - - ,_ ,_ ~. ,r' - "~ ' \ - 1'~ 'O:~~' . - -" .~. O;oodor ~"-'~ exrwo·:e.ft;F';esDiE: ether neeele ran m~'kJe' ~~~:'r~l .(I~A fa.,,: U~L:~ .F·~·¥~'_t.'~ ~vVu .nr. ..... v.[~, IiJ ,l':li;AI \u:~: g_r\l 'reDlectiioll, there 'is also mere [cownle'x ·fee]i~·a· f: el']l~O'uiiJi)!D!' o ,I' '~-~ other 'n.fIiO'n·~efs. ellVU of o:lleseU 1i. .,~~~gJ,.~_ ....,. 'lhes:e' ,emo:lio:ns can be AO\":li;i'n ,.~~~~J [de"lomp~~at. :ijo;U)' ~ndo·wnlef:i.t[elloou, and [C'CiD'tlaslt ~O:ecu"I :ma.y be t~_U~,-~~ :_. ild;~nl-,v' ~-,,,,u' 'w'll.."'!Ii:j;, ~,'L_II'!E: .ll~.,..-~ '11"[' 1f./W ,·,1l..,a .~.~UlIL~_~:~~~_~ a'~~Q(d' jLi""''II'''_ d'; ;,ftPiAnan';f'l\iD; ~ 'J' IU.l '_. ·l,J{-Q~ ~p.=(~~~~ U I. l\.Il~:
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Am. ,imPOirt~Jl'~ e'j,emecmlt

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jjn
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m~l!a__mce~;'(Jl (~ther,.odenJted
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l":"II,".i~~' ,U';i~:!Il;,.'Y'!!;lIIU. u~~ ....II.)h,."b-~.~, '~;~I~I~: ,I!!!o~1'liili"l.J 1't~'Of~' ~~,'~'"1" '"f'i'i"~, ~ !!!o1.1I~1~,
I!~I!,
"-'" ;Ii.~.lt"'-!t,.
'~1r-,p:i"e' ~Si!'ln, \... "iJl
o~b!e:r'wnrdls, a CO:UlD~eTfaiCtual, ei,eme,[1i,t, ill the' enrulfi,OD$, trig8:,tE-ed,

~~
I""'r ~~.~.!t",t lIr.... ~jr,.t'"':~

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'~~'''p ,"-',,~~, [L(Ii! ~ ~,,,~,it it,", :er:tmleIDlJL,
ha,vc' an ,emO'tiOioal :iDllpaa~ 'One

ft'iIr;i:i' ~,'ilrPP' 'nP~'I!"Ii,,, l,,_t_lI~ Ut._lIll~ll .lP-"II.~IIJI"_.1
llJt.ltv~~
mUSl
not be 'too diKel\e'fi't ~from,

a
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:w,oJr,;dl,r wroniS;: seClDlrnd" it has 'been bro~S'hjt, abU!!lI~iD~'e'n:ti(oc[la]l,y,~, ,-10.,1 'not' as; tbe' ,()'VI:),r6dJurt ofnatlllr:a'1 ,t3iusaIU~'o_r 'tbe h]JvjS'jble hand of
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"It is; semeene's '(~'IJ: ,t'1.. at _. ~i!LC', '"I't'iI~' J~' Ul~., ~t' !IJ, _~ .. ~~ ~dl!erw.i'!j~~ and "It could 'be' 'made '10 he G[be:rvri~e',~"n add]~iO:\Il i I~ ;I£Le' ': ~,-~n;t;liir;t;ll ~"1;-' !"i;('iiiiI~lirn't'~4~~'i1i~11 1!;,.,1U'~,iIL~'''_'UIlt , I!;,.J(JuJILU 'If,.,~'yy:-, lL1Cen .':,",vl!J~,c.lt,iIi.a!l;,.'L U,QI! '''''i1II'"I''',''lld'~i~'I,.,'i;11"It IrI-::fil:-'~lfll ,uiilL t: '-r~:~:1 thO'l!lJI.
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hl 'mi1I!tWJal.illze and 'wJi!t'n ,a~ ~1l,.leilsallll: :5l1:airJe o:f ,a!1fa!i~()tia~, Il~~blaiIn.th~ :;r--~~' w~ '·'Treli.~r"'cmm tj\e~ ,al. B,}!,' Qant.~st", 'lTIe'our:respo:lluUIlI em'Oti.Ol1s, with, ~ 'lo' ~tili"¢' ,c"(!re ,emQtiQli~ '~emaUr ,di!t~nllWls'hed as ak
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'h:,a~:-"'ii'i('~ '~~:~~I-IC' 'b,':7 d~ ,~fi]ul ,d"um " e.r '. 'U'\;..,uuf '~I't':r~ ~'~V=~I~: ,:;:~~ IIi,Uil!,1i.,II!o:UJe~ l:S;
e,
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no p~~sib[UtJ' of 'CaL~,(e[:~ her mood fOlr a, w;h.ile turns ell.ll:phori,~ before she returns '~lJ an affea;i,ve~" neutral sta,'te'~Conversel,,; 'tbtl inteml:p'~i(l~,ora, glOod'se:xual'ex,-pe.rie=nce can create [llctJjte' 'fru'sitra,,.
[~on, be£o:r,e'~, once a,grlIIl"
the per"son returns

~'i
'~[Ol ,i :n:etural :ftate~

[
The reneated = ~~~ ~~

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~~r,ril;;"F,p'i:'i"P iif':,J":~~U·I""'~~ O!:"li,pnC'i't-il' ~~!!ir.l~.ll ·!!i.nlllllj~l!!i.n V~l ~ . !!ir.~WJl. , ~ l !Ita
ean
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trast: ,eiIect. Drug ,ad,di,diou" Jor instance, is char,ac~erizedDry' de(reasi.ng 'bene1i,ts'S[rom actu,a] [ClnnSll~,ti(lD,and :hlcre.asblg sey'er'" :iJt~t(!if Wj,tbdra.w'al :sy,m:prtoms,. PeopJ,c' 'w:h,O bl'"e been :mamoo :Ior ,8 Iron, dme ma :DO:1: 'fee~~, ",:err s!tr(~fI1g'~Y ,a:boUl(~a~h (;lilier ,8Jl!"
l
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;i?'n""'1'i'lIiii:O'~"'~',~_lI, ,~t~~_ '!liifli!fi:~~l~ ~rU'UI~
feel
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nrRi;:1.i:'\~;0i~~~~"4 [10'::1 "'t/ 'Iii"~';-,,'~. r~utu~~bl"",'~ LI_ll fIi..111£
other dles, Convf~jrseTY'l; :p.aE.a,ch,'I!I~e' jumpers :liepcnt tbalt oY'er. tlme k ('I) 'ik, di tne 'Ii.. t, tre!l}M)r'e-jlum:p' a-=r:tx~ety~Im~m~iles [",a.lit~iO:U,ILI,:~~,Ilievel' ,.c'~sarp : .. pears e.I]fJU:rei,Y)1 'w:fuJi!mas,the eupb,o!li,c' ,a;R:e:r.e.mrects increase 'In ~ :~~~,elllS:~lty,.slmci'~.ar:psnem oibtaj_ms if 'we compare' 't'ne :p:~eaJsllJr~s A of censumpnon and the ~ ~ p:~ea~$lJj:re~, ~e'~f~,:[~aUytlo,[t Fioe,. (.If III ~ ~ 'VIL~, the :p:tea:sun~s and pa:~n.sreq,ui'r.ed :from single ep~SiOdesl o;f COnSU_jDfJf~Otl, a.l1id :sel'r,.reaULlat~o.D.are s::tlovm as d,epellld~ni on time 'w,~Jlhinepisodes and, ,ac:rtlS8, [episodes"
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dk~i,y~' 'DeIM,vio,[';o 'trut wj,th some' varlB.tlons '~~, :[fiurnd, qurlu,e g;e:I1.'.' i's
a-"i'~~'lfv~or.e.·:-Ht·""~inl< ~i'tji;!; pC""~l·'t·i[~'J\.~ leasares 'ill, .:'~ p.' ,..,. 'alU!:L ~"""JL,,l ~ '!i,.;; ,ii, 1UI.1i1 ',f' " Ili.iI,iI,~ ,.'. 'IL!'<l'!Ii..r y. ~ .'
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'~~' of C' ~ ~ ~ fade~ over 'I;iime Lf.bt,l\ , nattem ::f :~<~f,'~'~,~~,~i~li\:'~~r~,,: '... ,I,t'.... . eoed "~~ ~. ~~ ~.."- ~~~ ~ - ~ !t:-~ ~ ..... o~ Sell, '£-ea_ililzaJIi.I~n. "i', ,~5 '(uu~nd,~m 'bundiag a,boat 'wrltil1l: ,~U1, riilcle' 0[' maohl{g ,3 book., a Thie' 'be,gi.rm!ing carp~DIl~r finds his '~OIDk bQ'r,~rl(Q and, dc~Him'lt" and I~v'en:[urthe 8!(co~pUshed crafts.man the' :~n.i,da'~, ,of[oonrenJt[,I,[act
I;.-,,""~ ~~
etIort, Por m.army 's.(;'ho:~.ar:s; 'wdti'Il,1 1fij~n ,~cle 'W'alS, injt'~llscly' ump',easant\~, m~ti'P~'oo, [dy' bf the IDe:lid Ul,ey rICh o w'h~n it 'was 3,ecep'~ed fur :pubUca'f_iaJl~ u'£er, w,ey' :m.a.y COtmE;,to
tit(};otait:es,
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not be
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gets :iDtu' tll,e' bab~t [011:readin~ nevels, And, ~h,e':l1imt :Ptll',e$ 'al M'.QtJim_if ["illa:r~ aee '~r.Dbab]w' ha:r.d eveD ,,~._ 'ye~erilrn 'readers B ,J,: _-'"_ r"""- - - _' '1 '----'- "_. _ '[o.r' _._.~ ..
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:know her,
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o,tbna'l set [af [emotional dispositiQlDS mtalt earn. be a,Chl"oo. by [cholce' or :mJllck,' If' 'm,He' ]'S,~ :il: cannot 'bel '"n'd"': ~,~~.;.~,~UL~;I~ hi; ~'fc'mv l'lit:e ~~"'U''~-~Ul ~g_IJl!J.-.r.l and '~'~f:.'."\i!Ii 1~1;1i-eeendenr 10\1] ~,.JKJ"~\~;IIL•.u_ll '\"_I~r!lj_U::I_J~w'LQI_:L~~~j\1i JJ_~ ~ I~ Ii:' lI~J'.' 11J.1r:i::~
:iUl
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d1ere'~. s, ~ijt.were, a
,~oes,'wel], ,3 Stoic a{b~nnw'to endure ,3;lhi'{enit,., not oru"rris '~o]ntless, ~ III Ii'! Il'J F'
'~ill:-'~ ~Uli.
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'~"~'~'V_ lfi·...... \li;i!' 'it'~I,a~ iJ!I·!r.·I~ILI',1:·" 11£"U~ ~I::I_ fli ~

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emsliJ1Jms. it la cane
l"I,U~_1.-.Ji
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.~." '~;fir:t "'JLu ,I,~UI"J
abUity to 'love' wi'tbOUlt be~n~ 'Vulnerable to stief' :~s[ ,ask :('01' the' '~O moon .:. __ is the desire, to e:miov' 'the eup~:horla of bo~' 'wiidtoWJt ~ia.~, as ~_ :J.. '.1' . L·..1.·, ;. _ 'r~'
I ~" ."
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more ~,meranll!"i!' that emotional dis~5i·, II IF-~ '.'''sry'' ~J.L1.I..,[" .~~d! .. i(jI,~' ~!IIiII~~I.l ,.ry't'~'@iI"~, 1;:"[11 ,.,.1\1 ft't'i.\'1f ~l~~' .... ~~,~:Q;p.: 1~1ii"liy.' uJl :~'Il~, I~ l[u.. IUil~ ,"
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sure, ~~:i;t':s in the' .miJnd\/" but: th,e mind is, ,a'l,
:n,()1!
~ikle ,I :swilK'h.'"
'boa/lid 'with one i,witch far' each ,emotion" BfC'a!use mere' DR ,c(Jup,iiqs between the' emonens, a Stoic ammde comes alt the cos~ 'QF :Oa,Uer ,em0tlonallife' ar~,ound, ,I r The' ·couplings, OOClur within the 5elt ~(' CiJre emo1tio:m, 'be~,weell ':---:'F~'~fi~ '~:;"I-I'~':I~:-'~[~I~~;~"~f~I~'~' .~ ~.~.~ WlL"JlL= ~ .• l-~' core ana noneore emouons any, '~'7'7'i~'j":·in,~, '~':''j't··r~~ me =a,!l,Le~[-r;::-'~[:i,~lfll:-;= ~ "WUD!!LueJ: ",L-'1UIl, r-O!II'I;n11~'n'il:L': 'll!~',ii;,'Ii..'m'~'' "'~'D. ....If'iirliA ]Q.~i!!l~'.ifu\D and n_O.:Ii+i,ll,ii!l; ,;i!Ii--.ifr"ii;'-~q~" '~'nJ, '~;~d l UI~ .~·~-~u, . !I4-"!IJ ... ~t~.1~
'~'~,r-·,IJII' "~~ "-,~UJlI ,I. I ~~I
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,I I ~[~,uy.·~,
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,II
,care, are' cle'8[l, (iO;r.rdc1![,aj, wi,to. eaiC'b. ,other" The' prOrpellsiJtI.eS, 'teO feel pride ,aud :sbame ~r' enphena ,a'nd d,epresslom ·~~nd. 'W,O ·~o
,~!.~c_
and
"\II1I"~''I'!ii;D
relatlo ",.,g.~·lIi"'" it'i"O\a, ..her '.'7 [ip~'m[;:::ll'~;~' ·__;~;U.L:___,~.~.;!I' I~Y,t>""U"~ c.;t,~~~.JU;~~,.~
;1!'Ii,,,"
iI'",~n' [O-'b~:'~'~'.i~ between ~g~.~ ·c· c.~:"'"''

~~~_j!~~.
lI!-,-i~c__;,--
1",,"6~v
a'm',-
'c;i"i;~
'n~G!lS,[Otltsl.d.e the core ,=. for example" between hope and dread ,O[ between. en~' [I and. ma]ic-f'" ThJs [c'ammoDse'DS'K-aJl, :~d!ea" th~u , '.'
",OU 'CSInont:
nav''€ emononal ~ig'bs, w\i,mo.1Lll a'~so ex,pMin,S 'Yt'01!.lIr~' :SfU to ,emotional :low:sr a1&+0 D,ts tile :u;ud!clbis[t notiroD, of' cM:raaer :pltu.mg., For' 'the' :B;ud!dhis~, the' B;oal is 'to 'be' rid 'af all e'Lm@iionS\t'
nat jiust -rJle u[lplea.~n~ ,Q:n,eSL. ro·.·.··n~;r-:id.~ next ~--iI"i;l1i ;i!lii[ ~'p;JiiriiG~ e.~ b iIf.~\lI""~~~ U
'-' .. ~ ~~'= .
~!\r.= ~~-'ir.-caJL
!l!i.fU~.;
. tt~~l ~~
~Ilr;i!li, ~'J.·~"Ir._jll::~l Ult,-" [
cere ··~'11",11 the. U!1r

lIir.Y~l. U_Il~LUl
~i'Ij'i""';"'~""'Tji~ "JIUi_Ji_UIUtUI._~
outside it, Y:oucannot feel bcrpe' at. the 'tbOUPlt of X :if' ,(lIlli, d,QI),[r\t [@@Il j;oy ,a;llh,e rMl!llty 10';1 X~ nor omad, ,x 'if 'you n~ver' f:~eli~mpd5b in :its·pre sence, ,At~ least, '.j~ u'SuaJlI,r j;s ease, :111, 1l.OElistandard
m,e
'~f! '
II',
.... '~' ' ' O;-'fli"i~1 -'''IialI1H '1;"':'i'1i-~, ill iii, Y!Ii:, _.. 'lii.cil'1I'.I~' "'"02t ,II~"" !Ii~.liIU;U."_ ",,-iil~~p ..-'J'~"'--. C""!'i',O>;~, .. ,.... ~.... iJI.'!Ii:, ....... ,.I,I'-I:iI' iii._-, YO>;Il'[:' . .IJHJILL,"iIi~!IiIO :,,'~":'"'"pi'ii!;li""""il:1;'i""'" l~., ~.. 1lI1i1.""lIiti iL-Vcl,l.u ,~,'!I """-~, ' ,l~li\i""",,c'
_ ~ ,~ [l
,Many' ~ns,
wh.o are ]loone'~;o:f«1[o:gs; Oc1::s_me' w,arely :feelproud. 0f -,~~ms:.
,"'~II~ [~~p:"""""''':&;~""",,,,'
,cases" a person, roigb;t hepe :fur a cenatn event to [OCClJ_1:", nllJt 'be' ,a'b:lletO enj;oJ :iJt: w'bm :~~, ba,ppens>o :ev~n In 'dlese' cases" 'buw-, ever, 't'he bape 'w'Q:1.ddibe' lOlic~dl,y :parasi,dc ,on "the [oare ,em,0U6o~, Shlt-t i:~s ,1·Oil'l. would sitUI, b~ d:a,e 'OCWrIDmc.e'of the :1;ajUef~ J: c,a.n'l h ,'Y!',f:"'''''' '~~ir" x=~:i:~ I: '!I!iIIi~\Aln,' en ,',j:o••"'"' /,(,
I
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'nun any' (t)tn~~~V'ed, loy'C nn '00' streng)ttu~,lled cynl:y :if [-eq,~in€d, '-r:~""=:~ri~'~:' '~~lf-I:' ~,~~'II[::;"1' ~:l:-;= l ~~autSe ,",u,if: ,[gU\lilI 0.11, "OiV,..,;f I'~ ·'O[!U't: ]o:wp,.;l] '~~ retusn. ]'n Ra~1'n" e's 'Llle ~.~ ~.... ~U ~,lt
CCI""~~~
t;.~~~ .~~£-'II~cA [:~,·el.,alll C'~:~'Pf'~"'~. :1LU,mliS, Ow ,LiOY~
'~'II~'iI'i·~t'ii"'~I'IIi';<li ~:,~V",!C,..li::!i!l!P_._l~~~~:_ ~~c_; 't;~~ ])1i1,~J~·nil;;:Qllii!;.[ 1J._~Jl~
nonstand
ard iI";!III:5e' A'~,';.";t,~,~~;~L:radi '"

,,".;!I'
Anar;o.,tn'a'qJl,e H'eUJfiiorn,e
inooR'SNJl!I"
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me ,r:he~odcalq,iU.es.tiiorn,
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.. ~ .. ~
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UJe' 'n~81i[maJis,
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's,wer :is tma;t her lorve' 'wo::oJg,[hem have
Ia M". '~irr- ,~,1'r~flPe ~t" ,1«' 'Ht1Ii'r Of the ,Darr,ra;t~r!s, ' [~laJtiIO:::ijj 'tD A~berdne''1m A, l:a' r;-ecniertlz't, iiu~ ,femp.~p(!rd'U~lis :~i'k,~a :seeslw: 'when. one' Js hilh~ ,oilier i$lo:w~ :Iove :requ'iled lSi love, 'm,e
'rrii~~''':.;10
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[em 'wd~e~ ,~ften Ij,"qle'

M'•.....•.. :a;t~'T(~:l~~,\...rIAI.lll ,(I; 'P ~I:tr.lll._IJII_I_ljUt'1in.
'ooen even. :stro1ng'e['", ,Mod,,·, 'the OPp()s~Jteansw.er'" JU:~lenSorel~s,r1!la'"" :

i~~lillo',l' ~1;Ul'!LI.HI1~11L!~~ ~U_~,~ ~~ __
l.!~-~~_ ~ __ -_~ ~_.~ ~~ __
[e'X;UD,Bldsb,ed,. :H:a.te ,offers
,a simita;[' palrad,o[:x~ 'bearuti'f1.dly ,c"S!,un:ed in J[o.b~n
can become so..~utr:al, 'bOI a 'p·.e~o(n's, :~if~mat, :~t, ':'~:Of=bj lose 'a~~ me"Uljno: jjf'the ob1ect of hate 'W'e.![IE' .. · .. ·,1'·'" 1'h e Wl .. U~'~="_"'_"_' .._'~~.~.,_~' ~~'~ '~,.~'~ ~'''''~~'~'~'' .. ,J,e ..... , ,'." dJe.s:tro,ved ,,,Oil :[anlltl,(sl: ,iulLtirommun~s;t n~d~ c()mmu.'nis~s '~Ofeced bis, h~tel) ~ri1!'i'Il:"'~ill1i1'~"""(~or'~~Ltll. ~~: ~I4IL-~~ ~ The' riho:ke- o:f:' "1.'[et)ar~C'F:ta bOiU'Ire~O'i,·, f:lo-:~ll,.'iM'tt'~' - ~ - - - - _1"Lr~U J,;~I_II,'_'Jjll he =!"!l_ - ~ ~ ~ _' -~ ~ ~ ~ .'Of ~ ~
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re
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~'H'e""""- ~il..._-·~~· ·ff man
any 'inIJllaltio:n [oQuld ev1e'.f be,

A, (loonal, ,d,l!iI;st[et (1(£ eJn,(JiUfiDS,
• '0 ..L,,,,,,
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t"iti" '''''~.JU~:if.Qi ~!U!~'''~
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takl!' s~tock:of ourselves, 'ili,e, first bnpulH' is, tD :took at ~dlers,; [he L
""_II\"Q;nitcy·-·" .:H..c1i.'!I...!l!u.. L.
-~ ~ ~:i
~ P,ride.'l sname'",,envy' ,...., rr~lajtW. Js [0" :!lliIJin·· \~'I •.• "nill' :..1rI'- "n''''''',\!' p.". W:"7h-,a;n-, ._._,~~, ,__ '''UI''~~J!~~ ~v
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a.
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aJ.
hap" Withou~ «~o~adn;s, O'urselV\@$; w.i,tb oth,ee[ is

rage'"
Caire',.
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mmpa:ri-so:n, ~s unfaJvg,r,a,ble'~'we :(~e1 a pa'D,g [of [envy,
:O!eeuns,
The' :&r.st lUlf [Olr [envy is not ~y~: 'want wbaJ.t he' bas/," bl!l't ~¥oI:'warolt him.. O'r 'bo'.ha,vf! 'w'hat he has, because it makes me feel 'fua!t I ,am, n Iess," Th~iI'u.are ["'i:ffP'f~.flI!t, :i!dnd.,~ ~~::::-:',.A. w~~k ff'lL'-[::-C;-: _.~'; .w~;~"~ ~if =~ ~-~'~='I!r.'~~' v~ vy ~ ,~~ .~ ~vlJJtlJl~ ~IJIJ II
~_~. ~ =-~~-~ ~
_~=-. ~-~
~-=
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[an mmeflTIl~ns;. 1 TItO'taJ :maJ'h: n~l ~m~e\1e' th.Q-u ,31rt as :good. as 'we', :3 Th~U!:.iI1t n:e;t. ~I~~~' thou ~rt mOil~wise '~a~l 'Wit :~. Tli:otw
.A._II ":Ir
'mamt: 1101bem~.eve'mOll
~,.u:f 5 'I'hou ::!fh~tlt.fiO~ beill~ev'e' 'mOil kfio-w-e..s'l tmm:tJema!(l, 'W!:'. 6 Thou :shalt ,n(J~beffii:eYe 'tlb.QU art; ,gr-e$'lter than 'Wf'"
"I'I1..')I!"~1
1,IUuUi
:~IL.l<li;h.~,-'!'i'li' ,t:":IiI~~'•. ,~}L.~.:~~lf,c~"'!l-~~ i[-;~\'!i;I~. "J.I:'-'I.I' Ui'U'~ ,l.!iIi~,I" W ,]I!j",':J . iI!JC~/!i",I,lb .. iIl
·.';'d' !n"~.
" Thou :sihall..nO;t bemi:ev,e ,ti",u: amoum~es[; to[ anytimn.g.

'I'ihUtlJ ;~diiia]lt ut 'be~iyevle n
,8, 1b:QiU! :s_brdir._~lO~ la:U(8th iU U$ ..

[9'
mam:,~nyfifie
.~s;[~fiF!lremedw,ittffil. [r12t:l;"
U$'
lO 'Thou :shalt. :ID,O~beltev;e. thou m~~t.t'e'a.ob

(A" Sasndle:mose;, ,A.. Fu.,iHrrJe
[a!~.~itfl~;. Cr:-o.s;s~' Mii,' ~rff.f.~;}t:New '¥~I-k.':
KnO:Pf;, 19i36~ lIP. '1?-',~
These i.nJrensely sod.al. [em,odons, [Ill3!.y· a. :m.aJjo;rmme :im rth~ -opeFa.''' :

tiiOirn
._ •• :.l
w{n'il'il':l '~.',,:V~=---':-UJ
d ltlle ...(I, fear that in. 'tum". S:~id,e:smperee_,tibl., blllO the em('.lU,ons, I of 'sba'me' and ,8illf1t that are ·the maim. :suppO'rts af: :sod:al DO:nns,
'n-ii'n,ij~lh,[p ,~n-[~'V'ii' 'f-'t..,~
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o:r social 'nfinn~ ~chante:r'xu:)[. When

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a 'ViiQ'~in:ion of' a nor.m .=

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because
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beliJefs, ,about ~tbef' peopl;f,~s ~p;imons
I~, :irw~,co,u'fd somell,~w 'ins!ulat)f' OUt:paSSf,(U1S, fmm.'()il!1'[':reaso:n,,:i!op'~;er:s:· ,and ,tu 'some ,e;xten~ we can, :So:me 1'"" ",t"~ la'~I~-:-''II('1i=' neoele .. £~ q,ulif: ~~',!Ii!Ii',t""""~ lood, ,art co:mpairtm~nta1Jizb1,1: their lemotij,~ns;. Oft:e~l~'bawe·yer:" they' d,on~t,ma:V'~ ¥~. Sltto11..t; emonjorn~ tltt!' ml"st: plaa" 'De,' lOaf' :~n a,~' ~.IJI_aJLJ U31~~11 bu'~: tLrav teI,v ''n.'ry~:'t\lll"~r~lt ~~~f"U' '11:'1 iii'iii 'i"'1l..: 1~'If~'if'ij·f:i~n,·~ "'t~'- '!i;jj'1'ilr:5it ,~;"",~, w".'.'~'n.I:"~~ 1~_lUl~.1" :~~, - U~ ''Y~~l'' II 51Upre:-W1€' :Impon:a;n,ce tDI m,lmtW,ve :r.a,tio:r-l!a)~i~;rs ,a,eme¥ed ItJ,t~ thre i
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t..,.
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n, 'would
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,co:s:i:of :rnOl havm;"" mue..D '~h.~' want to be r._,l .. ~-.-, ..~ -~.~~~ =~ .. '~=-Ii .~ ..~" ... ,. tc;a!f~imDal,a.hut,. C;':~IC'I"" '(}D 'yefR;l~ =.~ ..'~ of're3JU:Lm about, our ab~~Uttes, ,~, about the' ,PI :per 'lack, .. ~ ~-. and ._ u ..,. '~,:r,!-:;~:' '~=~~,JP' ~= _... . -,. L~li •. n :mearos: :[()(F &,c-fuii,trin,S: OiW ends ,roaiy' be 'm,e price most of as :pay ~f.'O.r'
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'We
'tne S'wa,y of'~~rt)ng em.oti,ons~ 'Wif' leasi'm,y hld:l!Jlgt in wilshfill"l. 'dJinlk .. :iln:I~' :such.as the belief 'Walt: ,aU :Iood 't'hh1lIS giQi ~D,getJhie.rand that
'"h"'!Ii~~iiIliuJ:~ ,..,L';i]i , ::Ig,,,I~l
'Ule:re. is :n,~need 'to :ma}:;c' ha;rd. cboices., 'The beJi,ef' 'lhaJ~ (ilne (aD
l
m' - 'AlI'~'~,~,~~ci_o' l'\R~~~iOlF" t"illfi I~V~I,V'!:ll!)I;J:~· ,~./,J,.iW!lO.j.£ 'y.,Jj, '11Ibl
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u~!!JIodQ~~~ Wll!J!lO'ul~, l.lu;,;~r . ulS'Uu:ldDg:'
ww.er is; ]j[Se~r,W,:~nstS!ote' lof-the' SlIme':fa11:aty'" IimottaDs p([Dv,idJea

from, g:ODlg: :S1ie.adUy' :~n 'Wit Idjr,edillnJ.,
m;Cnlln- andseru ·.,"j(:',4c~'r';-\C"~1 'j'':, 'i1~i"~'',.ut 'i~'::'~I'~];"C" (JiI:\'eve'oJ['Ius' ( ~.L_ea_;~'·iII L",y, sense 6," yJ~ectlon,~o d~le", b"~'\ tu.ey aiso ':::I'~~"',~·~·~'~
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TI:h· '~-;-::-~.it"ii, -m,,'~'h!o!':Iilni~'m;l:': lur~ ~na ml'~'·ii'1:~.a;r·' :-~~O!I' Ii,W-v ... d 'v~ o"Iif , ,_
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ways.,
:Rational. ('h,o~,(-e' CD'D,~med with dl~ m~end,ed. [01!l'~Clolmes lor is

~~,,[ii"'iIl\'!Ii, 1~~,,,jV~~~1
[C'e'I:a.;rti;ifiIIlf'Iii
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if'!i;;i!!'
'm' . ~'\r.~~a~- 1~--iWL iI~Ij;,;i ..!;I!-."~ill':'ii~,eft.'lll;ill~ nT'l-rs' '1'j!;Ii ,;i;:i:..1·[0Ai11'1:0i'h1 .-.itIIH!Ii:il [AiII'l[Iii;';i'""!O-~~' _I, I~~~_~ Y~'II!r'~"~~f~~ ~JJI~~~~L~'I~~~~~I.IIb'~~_~ ..__: dj_~~~1!1
1,'!Ij •
In ~-.... .... ,t;;ol"I." . .. ,-iin~" !I1iI: :_11 ~d, ',h' '~'!"'," ~,~£1i;' ~ ~!t~, ~~~~."'~,~II;.,iI'.~.~~'~,J:, o·l~~'m","'m-, _ ·1'".Ii.'t b~_,..,I,[.l.... "II,'4II' u -""r'
l _-'o.,
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'""1",,,!I.',....
l~II'1Ii~'~II'1I;, ... i!I.!L;I< 'L,-' i!Ii'u]a,-, ,~t-' ,.it~o, I'1Ii~~ ,lI.lI.'~,.,..1I,1I1~!IIJ!j ,Ug",,",, 'IiI1_,
mimIlm.al 'place", aetual ouitoo,m~s :.ost be. :mostaf'die [exp:lama'~oryurden, It is more (lOftl£-.orv€:nlaJ wlllich Me,chamsm'is b
best
,I
'fu.emost ,~mparta_n~, 1'11, 'the sw.d!,,¥' humam, am,on. of

As e:xpla;~ned
,--;:y~::-~~~'C
~uc-c[ess.,'F-"'dl ,£iI.ce,
:im Qha,llw:r' n"t, rat iO.na 1:IJty':15, :0,0 gtrla.rao!tee' [a[ +,jf--:-·jrr'~\-; doeters 8;;f'IjjiiD':r:altL 'Wb.u, a set ,0,1, sym,pl,oms ''--~'''O_'S are_'!i;.,!!I;IL,-:I~_jl,!,t(l ...
,",--c~"'t'I.;[ ..•. ~.' lt
,naiy when they' use' 'w:nal, 'they' ,~,ye' ,~gamed :~Dmeclli,~-,al, ~-hQ~l '~O diap~' and 'UC3ilt 'theu. pati!~fiU., Jf a disease is a, m,ov~lone'~,
mno" .LTheir'rm'sU';a'~ed '~ltieDb; ma'~' weJ!i1nrm ., .LD" = =--~,,,r""'-~--~' ---,Ii' to quadcs ..who[ choose th~lI''u-ealtmen't'S :more or less I~;[,a;n:dom,. One ,0£ '[hem :ma,y ac[dd.e.ntat1y' hil upon a 'tt-esltmemt 'fua'f 'wor.-lcs,. ,E1veotuaU,y' ,a]I, :patients 'wi'I, :recely,e 'tball, '~reaJtme;nt~,ell'Del be[ cause the iucK.y-q)uack 'ta'keg ove.r-tihe m8ir:iC,elt [(tiF. 'btt.u~' [otmeI'S1
.,,1.
'nb~,~ -,:-= be q_u,l._ "-J" can, .. oune
-~=
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'/i'" a. ',Imnaung sltan, "r ,"'i;~' (i:";-,,
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'If,' I ,::_iJi~"'r~t'.~'-I~~ t .Ii.De~ll..!t!l,e= case

[~Io~"
~il..~_, 'Llle
~m:--::- :~'C~~(.:[ m.e' 'tIDeilltm.eat . S_()'Qess~~, ~____~.~~~

!IiiII1~L,,",_I..U~I£IL".
[O,.II!!'i!iI'e' 'R'n';j;;L;'m"" "(Ii 'i~'_". '~,U~~IV _' JtUl'~I;' < . .""-!(II!ir.-;!;'~i="'UoiL_:~!i- i'·O- I 'ri!lllit;n((O- ..ill~hl!'
and
~Y~lLl!".IL.ilU_I;~
.iI::i!'·T.e-~!Pit1fiI~""'D' '.,n l"Iv.
"lii;li"\"';;l~~ifil~
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selecnon
~" :~_~}!l.r.II!..,Ut...
I~J!!l
71
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'W<l1'lk [O'n"]" the rigbt. ,acddellJt: does-n"[,happen, IQ[:r happens at '~tu~

mary' be :f:a:r :fr.om o,timal., lle:r.e ra'IiOioa1 c l;Juce'J!S, ltl"--,~' ~II-~-d 'WJi] ~,- , -~~~'k~ ~ e --'aiEe'[e'l: _.'-- ' _J:___~~~ mii ,1'fUeE' p,; .clce'l">~' I; ;e11; ]', ma}e' [a"d!~r'oo-' ~ -'b'JiJlC~~,,I', can sU:rveY,3 ];a'l}g<!'l~)\~,m:lber10[ ,a]~erna:tiv,eS;j' ]nc~:ud'lgJ' oo,y' aem 'IDle'
I [~II_
wr-o.JlI:time~
tlons
_~ _ ~~
,outcume
'fb~i~', ~ "'" 'If"~~I;<!iFif been 'fTj,:i:fll'-r-Y~'-:C~"'J':-I'il@_, I .luiill! T!!l,., h~vp, ,~,~'!I..~ I!;.c!J. lli,l!!"'",,"iI,~ ,,[liI!;.U U 1 alJ'u,n~. ,il ~'~I~;~ _~g!!l, ~~~,
[~ ,1!,~aJl [c'~l~rll;_: ijjJ, Cili.lian(:~
'if~~,ll
of h:itt~n"[ [lJI:rw'li1il 'the best a]te:madw-e' 'In tbe w'll<ll- tli:':;s~b~'~~~::1~ ~~~~'"a ,I""""'~~-~ - ~ ~~-~-~~-~ ~, =~ =~e ~~",Oole ,lea! JJ ,e ~ ,. :Sel~aliompreeesses, by ("!o:mttr,a;st are :rr~tr.lct~d 'I~) [aJ~emalti,¥Y~; dJj,f' mal aee tb.mW1l up 'br' chance. IOften" ~h,esed[ier ,0:01",in deta:ll, :from, the status 'eua, ~ I'rl~an [~'f~',~m~~ . I., bene l~iI.ilAOil.1l, the sranrs ~ 'l'\"Ji'~~ve,'i~~;u lu.e~" ~Jlr,~::: 'I,I~ SrlaJ.,iI];S: '11 ~v. ~, !1;U''''''~,,~~Il-_1
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~.~.., _ _ !iQ,1;~~ Q__..,~
i'"
~t~-s:sele-a:ed; :if not~.i;n is reteeted, SO~iIl,e,r.' 0'[ laU!F,lth,eprocess ;J! 'wiill [c'Q"me '~o a :oaiJl" at, a :,ai'lu: where aJny further ,'Sima~llchang;e 'woidd, 'be' hamU'lt1t, bllJlt, tha!~.point rna 'be' :faf' m[eli,{lf' eo ~he 'best [aJ'lf'mc.luiv;efn tb,e' :£ea:si,b:le set, as UI.1.il'S;na.t~d; in Pi,I,' 'V1U", I", Let: U;S$]ll:ppose 'we are' d,eaUrnl, 'with. sonle' ,entil, _, an ,a'niW_i1I., a ~JOO' ,!~ '-I~lji'IIPt,;!];,-,--:-:,,- "1-II'if':11 I ,.' ,,'If-i-[:~-~ ,pe.!l,I!Oml3D(ie ,d': :"," ;"', -: I a, :~:Ut!l'Hlr.y unh, or -, a ,:U.Dn, - 'w,uose "'~...f. ~iPenuS on some mea~snra'bh!' f-ea,fl!lIr1l!of' l.ts Struict~l!JJl:\e',0;[ 'behaVl,or',. The -~~-~.--~~~-- ~~,~--'""" ~,~ ~~~,"-,-~ -,~ ",_ ,I" ."".t"' .. I.. ,.,[I,E!S 0.[ P-eoor.m..am.c:e 'itJellf j~s measured in 'IlnHrtu- adan'tati'oG-, m, f1ioc;-::::sc[
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'72
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uee '~;~}e, UI. '. sneed, ~,~·~~U~ '[f the.. Uti

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In 'i'Ii\lljwii,ii'I,a 'Ii~n;r;rlj"",' ,1.lbILI\&""lL 'will be relected,~__ J !lieu ~.e~=~- cinac.a!~F'win 'be ~e~eaed 'Sii1I'i)Pc~ A'[f:.:'~::;d:n!Jta:~ ~ ~e~,e -.--- - .,- --~ ,- -~~ - -"lIi"''''' as ." , ,. ~ej,e = 'I '. 'II "'k '~.....A f! ,.iii '[1[0[:[ t~ 'bu;': 2.,;i;emaJttv~s',r'as ,1,fiIlJS as 'We ftma;~D, m me ,(,CIJL, '01:' n,
'Ii,m-J .~uJ!I, :·'t~,,~.'III,~'V' 'U!l1'I".. il-"L " 1Ii,lI',1,,JlI'9I,",''Ii' ~ ry~ ,1']'1' "-,U,c1. 1 oX;I' ;i'L~
=",;
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Once ,A. is reached, b(Jw~yert, :1];0 Jul1Jb~r C'yoluu,orn. b,' -small 'stlC,PS [can take place, iro I-eac_b the' I~o'bal maxhmum, at [C~ 'thJ! K~ection precess w'Q:uld, bl1v,'e '~()I psss 'illi[\Orlllh ',h,e :miubDum at B' -, 'but: tbJs, i:s; :~m~ssibl,~' since [Q n1ly' c-banges :(df' 'the be1!t:eF carD, be se1
leeted, Se~octiun,is stuck in. a OI'loca't maJx1wluD, 'tl'ii!P,~ w:ber.eaS) :Fa~i,onal,('bulce ,can, :B~' straight :rU(f the' gJ.o'baJ QlIaJ[iLmum"
~f.'
'tb~ '5iifl'\ifill'Ii'i¥iiii91:r]litt· _1
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a-
D'"""~'~~i!I;11 ~ ~~II::.~:!IiiIJ_11
because :~~, intended to IDe vaUd fO',[,,8 nru_m;ber,of selectioco mechais
:m:isms;, n, a pp:1I.e s, '~O the bi,o'[O,8i,CiJl, '{h,oory' of na,turai~, :se~,et~lO'n~ w'herf' it :n::-FSt arese. but a;~oo· 'me 'th.eory' Cl[ economic' 'ClO~pe~i,.. ~o tion, the .~o:ryof 'unoow~ioru:s mOith~,a,ti[o([},alnd. 'the 'th~~rr [ol: oompUlt:e:r' ehess pOC'og.rams~ Befbre I eOOC!tsid,er the mn~, h)), mO'r-e l, 'tw'o
detaj'[" E :sbaJilll digr-ess.
fOll
a m,o;menJt and sa a,:few' wo\rd~s[aibatl:t tl'u~,

'1i!\A~'!'!Ii~ [~"'_I'wIJ
iJ!~~lt"'''.''~'''-IIiw:-..:li.'
'i\P'I:~'iil'ltlI~n~: ·If-"'~Oiii": ~ii!'!'F]l1 lr~.;f'II·~iii"'IID'V''!l;I!llc,fI if-'.... ,fI'!!, ~ lll'!!ImI.!Wl"_ Vt l ~!li:-rrY1iw'!lw .. i,,~, U.ll,U.jJJV,~,1 y_ .. U, '!l.l1"l I
!Il''''~"""FiI:'''lfl'!!;,fi~~
2: '1'0 ~rd[QnlMF.. ,. :ai" ~ ~ .. _";I1'~wL~Jr_ ..
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:rij!]].o~ fw~~ w~t. 'wa~ ~~id. t 'th~~ ~ ,o:f e~ptU v ~~t,. ~g~' ,of :ils, obejS3!lltt '~OdUl: plCl'aSllirltli !I'i1iIiRtip.l~ dl.Cl:'II~nscio:u'S -wi'fl alwa~,sb~ [$r,C'~ [10 aJ 11_ __ ~'I -I ~1ocall,:f;Ig~A!Im, T~ pm'blg],Mth 'oo.mpUlle'J:'chess :p-~i1ms ~~H[east, 'in ~. '
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~rti{rn~ W: '··s~e,p~ 'ba~;c'kwMd,"" 'flJer' ,c-Qu[\d tite+
Was 'I!biii~;a :s:ood, :~~ ,c~'l:dl alIWll}i'5' ,~~l()~1:dmlf' ~ IQf~ lib;.;' [~u_ [t'I!:!Ii~'n 10..~'-'~'~~'" ~Jl;.oIIi""" 'III'~.c!' ['iiliil!lil I!II~' 1i1I;~~IJ·"""'"~~_~ ~ ~~_i'i' ...... . :1..", ~_-'-1 " ,,-_iii.. [IJ_I_...::_Io~ 'I!'I!"'u,liJi :~_iil ru~r-" lIl_IJltlllJJlo ~_~'
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7''')' ;I'
Far: a.lomg ilbD..e·~ma.rn.' v:e:hem.enUy' ~la:lmed thltl'i: [~he'l\edludl.OI1, of : biology' ·~o,hemiis:1fy' could n~t.',ogsibny wode ....... h: d:i(t MaD:, but arrgu:e tha;~ :soch)lolY (4U)l10,1. :pMsib:il",·or ·arm. :~.easm not [ooa,r." be fed-'iced ('0' ~"':.:h~i::oC!-;-'~., :Sh'lc~e'I In'Slst dl:a't tbe~ ~---- --_._ ~ --~~--~ hld,tYid.tud.b.ul!l'iiatrii ~, .JI1_ '" ,t""""c~~e 0!D:r,~~ ~~--- .~--. -
action. .i.$ tHe 'basic unElt 'Clfell(~:dana.:t1an:ro.·the mcial
m:eRC'fS~. I: 81m
'Clo;.nl~j'ttedl·'.o, recb.ll:cclon,:4. A t!!lJ_fthe~ ~L~p:iis,the' reduooon of' 'm:(s, ·dl.e md.a1 S('lell()es ,- c{:un@.ml.a." mt~!{)lOI,Y and ps,ychotoS,y· .....o' t ,evob!lrt~.ornarr ~bJlo"" The tUSCI,pUJile tbat. tries 'llU .a!oc.n-mipUiosh mh~ .r~udOiD 15G!lUedslJd(1:h.;1i.l~,. I shall ha.Y~· ('lMetbi'~1 'Ll)i ~.'" S .laJ.I," ,a:oouJt: 'du~ scope and :Iiod~s. Ib1rs d)sc.ip:lbl'f' .. of: 'B;N!;-:iCf'o:O is ,Bit. tbe' heSln. ~f 'nr-OQ!C[ieBcS 'lD science', A'll!allitl(J~ 15, a .Ut.~. _I. ,_
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The sodaJ sciences,,-, In pa~mmlal!'I''were la!~ettanen

ct· I rd5Q' '~Ueve. ~I!!S'ti,-, 'Iib:u
(",a~'
because •. er·
m UJ' to'
:i~:,00!1.It, 11Q, .~1ld1 ·th~·Int~-adi~(i. ,~nq aJ u [ • :~,. '(fa :p~b.t~l~.hu ~O[ ~u[~a~b ~ :b ,!,), Ilnl 'K!r~~' .a'J~ mdi,v.isi~J.,~' apnl" a ItlhOllgh. l'Bi ,dm!if"~I1S; am !Ran,:,~[1fI~'(f'-I.oaml:!' ~r[OO'm~l~x ~'ll~l!ma'i ... - _.. -" 'l"lfOC~ ,,' " -, .,-.1)-- .' . ". f --.'.u_ . - - .. , .. '~."\Y' - _. F'
~1!iJ ggJl¥' C.1~
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~p't~11bl~ ~aqJ~' 1l~
[P~Slt'oo 0'I .1 - .. I
'was.t'!' 'o:f'tbne 'rm d]:scussji(l~' 1tKlPadlonm'blems~,6 less n~a:DS"a;[m1tu ;~lbSUiM and ~ "'-1 "
p'se1ud.meY'inlanaruons!l!
.____:' •.•. I. I. _.". __ ~~ _ ,_ L_I.~. .~
and led
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Ni'ext, :it~ :r,tqui'r'es D,,mecha.rusm, '~O select Old

'ti,QRS
'~~':i-; l'-ilOn
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'"i:f."'ib e '·:-[-r--~.',:c .. -~r,-,,'[~.,,In ','"j_.':b~I"c."h :"t-: '~,~c,,~ ',<-, "'~~",:" call (, 'I;..~ :e~"'!IiIJ;U, ,I , Il-_ , o.!l':ganls,m ;:, w, .U:'u, 1 uaJS OCWJ,!['!Ii:'U, .., mi: :__,- I~~..;,fli
few' ,mula .., tha,t happen '~Obe' '!llsefbl",'~' Na/lural, 'selection renaiins, [a,ml!l!ts,..' retain.
'tile!
'i,'[,
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lea¥e' more [o:fF~fJriggduln. [odle" ~f' dle' same ~ped~s and in the
:s
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r":•
'm~ ~~by com~lili1Jg taae __ _!5_~

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-'I
-,',.~,-"
Ith~ dteba~~' whCillbcf' 'tile ~vid~!l~ [(Xi'" 'the' r~¥' :Ls ~' :5Od;d alI'Ia1IQ,I~_i~' M 'lh~,~lill" '1 1m, the sb.-qn: i[il)J1ll" ""arI.'t IS a~9i)<~Il,~~u.'ml by' th~ :rlid'!dD.g _ Fn~,:~ ('~h [O'f ~' twa :pamilts. ,8 '~' :i.Wlri$~b':~ti~i\I,:~ ~~ruI,Y' [',l1i~t~' P:~5C" ~.kI~ ~ ~~~~n~ af-C ~~ 1m, 'dIe ptOC'fti <of' (jop-fi~: 8,~m.~('miV~~Hi1t '$> Su~ a ~:k <lOl1:ui'ns,:!ilO:m£' O'u~da;ted stalisli;es, and tb:at !al I,~'l!iq ,.1",
6 f~ b~C~'1'
n.r.m ~J'aUd
tgl ,ifrt~d~;!,
~te ,!lj~dd,mtaml~~r 'll'l.em 'up to .~e';. [[;Ha.e' b' a-nalo'ilr S~D.PS,;'dru:r~' '~.P ~~ ~ ~ ~oom~m, by' w:h!im th~ :f-oJl'iJ~~ ~d~ 'wptd :~~ 'tbersal~o:f
.... -"'! .... "", •• :1... ~ !laJl~ ~ .. ~,
[75
'Y
"f" I,'
" 'tIIVtC!
" a 'b'·'1;, 0(.' tu,e [o~r.t:an'~sms". ~'IIa ~~!~~t.rf' '11-., U~irnJttlJ
l' 1 "' .liOC,~L maxlm,um
nas
iI... """.., '~, ...
~LD~
m!!f, horwey,e[:~, :rult be a ,Im,o'bal mar(]:m.'u'm4 for. reasom 'n~,Us[r,a:~edn d;iagr.a;ms A" and :0, ,(iff P~g"'VIll, 3,~ i '1be :~Bllfe ~IFUJs;tf;c;Ul::S 'r;a,ct that, :fro,ro ~',B~j,ven, e'ne t'i.c sltalte_, ttu~' B :1101: U other s!laJtes[can, 'be' reath,eel: by' a sJn.gl,e mutaUoll" since a
:r.eachetl.,
,[It
,jI,;1roii;li~ g~''!i.. 1o!IJt.~~~''!i.. :i'!il~
.r-.if'Oiffi~t~.;oj;'iii"i"·~ ...... 'IU!~~;,;,,_~;p~~
oii"i"i" U~~
W'h'''I~', ""-,,, U_)!.i~ as i:'i,o,",'-c-n~'i,';, .. =~[I, R~
a _.
r~h.iu·[all1i~' ,,",'IU!=~,,",~'~='"
Oi,',·,;amtJitjoii'" In !C';I!,~.,;,",[I,~,,", _=
..,
;t'ru,ctio:n,.1~2'U:iIllblocked, ,8iUO'WS, :rndlic3Jt;e feas:i;bl,!' ene ..,s,tep' m,ov@'$,!, b~ock~d ,a-a-nrws 'l:h,eUJ:J'[~3!si;ble' ones. Superior s'tateB are located
~'O[11U~,~nl~(~ a~d [th~,~~c-OOJQgOm,~~~ :
iI;.~ ~-iIiiII-.llr-~"-.1'"'[ "_Ill,,- [oi'l!!l;fr:t'1iii'!'i' ,
'~i~i~,[~'~'~ii~~'~O •• _iiIJa,~
._~_"'U'-'i"JII_~
a ~'(11-11!p1,¢ ofimpo~nt:
[~!~~'" lI_lIill_IiI~\J [T;ro ~_iJl..
:f.aU'l'$ ii)Fnd~F
~C'IolI;'H'rift:iillll 1 ll~.~".. ' '~~ l~ll_'iiil_IIII.~I~_IJ!WII_
~ ~I~ IJ_L'j2i '!I._~_I~.,
.. ,;,;, lll.o!II_"'l J-~_~J!IiiI_~jI 'Ii'i'j>;U'lijll~111 ~
[~j>;I'~~~" 1I.o:1'II.-! ~_H-~_Il J
'l!I~m;t :N~Il!tiriaW[mll~31iom:~real.::' the ~sstb!il~l.'r' f~r ,[:8!ndt]grn,9fn't:ri( drift Sec· c ,{ultd~even ,[ii, ~'~'1l11:Mllta:dollil [mI,PIt net k ~ela~ned" i~riuts lint. beaJW' h-a)5; tb~
bad
~)Il,C]',of
being :kiHed,klute' i~;alil irefu:-OOill;Of;, Fot c
l~d().~es$
11 Un.[~$ m~, 'wbj~,_.rbr.t. :'51,
[that det~~,
,~a~:o-f th~ _1IDtit~[~D,-d~~!m;d:s on 'ih~':Djl!)jm~ 'o:f -fir"am$m~ ~n ,--~i~ ,~~ caRl'" w~ :mi,g'lli~ ~a,¥~ tb~ [~ld,and. ~'~'E new fO:fmJ that
w;idle~cb -Ol~~r,. :10,
~~rrett~e:[U~J',~(t~ll~e:ll~; etqll~l[brirllm,'"
~D aill.otb:er"
~Ot,~~Jy'm dl~ :pr~'l.!JctiQ~,gr~~taU~~, b:illit,at~ L~ the' p~ wh,etbcw wliIlI ~ :r~l:aill~d Of :mj~~(L
theK rea'Q!1~\!, th~e'
iJS
~e~v
81:atil,;¥~X~Sli~:
(see aW!iO d]arple~' XI)"
1,2~Co:o.tl_de:I"th,e :faimUy I;aJ~ 'Of 1,01'llg fftnm, OJlC w~nl
ene' Iml'ft ,11:a li~' ,l_~dleq~iri.n:g,an ~n:~~_ial'e

i'O'!J.t
{RllgiOI
ollIDr'
80m I'_A'IR~ :U~_N.,,A~~ r ~_ '~Q'

'~",",'~ ''''''':'~l ~\i;1': L~lr~~' ,1I:"JI_1J1J ,~lnJ_A~'Ln, l~
,caq :8;;Q' oom HAJR

'iUi.".:II!I!'
'~Q
H~AIt,in o~e' s.~e,p,;,b'Yit '~IJ ~oOOdJ :fO:~f' '~~
i'~
'~OM; Ilf~
w(J:I1\d'~"
:~iriy'i~il~c'i!U: :"'0 liIu~bc~' of:~~~, wil, ,take' .
to I,;Q'
i(. Uili"~IIi.i': '-Ji~Jj~;l', ,~ifi-- il!1i'i': ",p~li!~;~l..." lljlHL~ lI~~~~I=I_'.l11 "i'~~ .;jj1~~:oi"i<r;,::IiTijoi ~1;1:,l"'l;f,1li;.~ ~ilHLI_Ili;i~~ f¥~J .Dt~ ~UJ~._l~
lil!
illOOye
illilltiaUy
:imeriof
ones,
I'n dialfam A,
suppose
'd:t~l[QlJrga:ms'ms ,IR
,Z. 'brut::0,011~'he ·
alt:,X., ']he,},' can reach tJle loca], mokniurm
L ~41i ii..~' ''11 ee ' ".wI1 'wbich tual Ulniavnr.a;u\i,f' :mJUt'aJIIIOfiloecurs 'W!J 'Il..... Wi,~Y 0U!~~~ 'O(f,~
~ r.
g~,0'bal,maximlum, 'W~clue' air-ea, pI., :from X 'to 'Wls blO('t,oo. 'The ' indirect path, '~hrou,I'h Y is umeasible;j! slnoe alllI,y' Ol;gmli.sms :im
(lI'1''!Ii,'ft_ __ ~~ '.;~_ ''".Iil~ ~-P!fi...~ ;rro-~_, '.. ;~f'm:l_'~' UJIL(lJI~l ;lh.-a, ~\IJlt~ ~~.=11II~
'~>. .
rtjk,"":t ,COUlI,U. 'l"~'~'" - .' .;'e ,1,:LlI;~JL:er - __ ~~.l i giL~' ;t.,~.acbj!C ILI:fa'IL, ••
"1'"P,OJIi'm·'·'iIl',-n~~ 'i!II'(1'I1'I!' '~,";ii:t~:~'D',ojjt': IIH. 'r ~,It~ .. _., ~~I,.j_~ !liIHI'- ,1i&_B~I_.r. ~J.
th -
[~~~~r'ii~;oo.oI"'b:~iJI",<!!Ii'Il'~ "iJI,,~~11 t~~~r' ~~A.iJI·'·I:aI=I,U, 1!·'·,I_~_1

it,"\i'" -
'1fI';f.1i:1I' '1'''''''i!IIl''~~ ,1~tVll ll~,yy.·'~,
d'" .
1~~D_~4''!!Ii1f'I1i~: IJ~_JJIL~_~
~~~!. _
·r·: ,Ii&;~, l"~,, fPil"i"m". ..

~J
IL:~YO
~h~rn"" to'" ~ -~a' =-.11 -]''i''i' .,I'~ -::i;O-a' ~ :ii!l\;ri) 'li\fW'[1'-u~ ,'c'_;_'- [!JIQbj[;.Ii:I~' D '.;1-...'~'.j!' Ui,e
I:.
"\IIi~'~'Q'~
Tl!l!·,I,I",JJ.~1
,.,1..,."",1" !\o1~_10 1l!11:~,rJ [f"i~Ti
,I~,..,~
1',0 ,~i[I~'lf"clIM' ~IJUtl~_.a,
'~'fl[ 'ij'lf"cQ
~'U Utl~
[-err [U'" at w:!hlcll the''''; 'wlin 'be' :StltC-t:, Of' ito the' 0Ic:1.001 ~~~ "~~'"'--- ~---f "~~~- ~ ~~-_~"""'~ ~- ~-"-~~- - ~= -, ma;:~dm,Urm:a![, 'V~ If 'lIte mU!lartioJ] to fJ o ClCU n, firnt" the 0IPf1il!SgS, 'c3'oont "'iw,a'ilt"!' [o:r' the' :m(rj~e:fa,volrallle mJuJta!ti,[rio 1'0 'V;, :NiUllll'ral selection, operates ~n the' present, Ui_:-o'~lkeatiJ)ll81~I,,ctu).~m~ F whic~b
];::a'l :rn..aXiii: ,-I ~QC_ ~~~_~P_W_,.
,;i""!''!Ii'~11"1\- ~._ ,~_- j~ ~II ~1;iI,lol,
be sufd
I~l
bv I_~. '" the
,f"'lIiit'jIi'~' li~;'l.... ,IJ'~lr.
~'~
:N[(J,'tllr::alselecnon imploves, ~Ille'1\ilIJtRess,~Ji'...-., :re'p:rtldnalvf. capa,dttiJ-\1' ,-, o:f ttu~' ~ndiY,i,di(l.al Q(f8:afJ~ltnt~,.(AQ, e~tl~jptio;g, Js d~s/cussed :ilD ,the next p~JJ"[alta:p:b,.)/ 1:i: caD, 'very wen :h,a,ve diy~tro'UlS
res,td~s £at the populartion
[BiS
a 'wb6le" Consider ~S'Chooltlll'iin
'fi~b",t'imat :18, 'Ullfl.f '~end£ncrto ~~PNim, COnl\paa, [OUU;lI;tlOIlS., ' :[[), S;IJI,pO~e thet 1JIliiUa]]y' the :f;bib 'SW,iIEl, 1;0 a, raore sca;tt'f,[ied 'W3iy' but fhaJ~ a, :mut.,t~,Q:rn. '~I!1r:s that I,eads, it'S; be:a:rer. t~o seek the'
center
·'n I. ~ . ~;, red ~ A d WI. ;, rece[ve ,g[-ear~,e-Fpr ate,al,O[1i, 11 :f.llm, Jf:~:' a~m:n., ;,c';) m,(lr-e' [am;,
1
'Or '~'he Irou:p., Th'lS

beh"'!Ii1!~'" in . ·'-··l ,,·l,- ... "
I_iii.
is a, 'Useftd
,~J
ml\l!ta'tiO:D~
Dn~e'~'hat :Hs'b.
~-['~I:"i'Ii~ 1~,,""V.\I,Ii_.L~ '-~I:".,Q, l.j_~=~,u\Ij.~
'Il'niiflilr:l'!i' ~",,'L.. ,1J_1~1I,V.~,1.J 1"1_a.JolJ, .
.,IL1.;["" Il!,Io~J..~
'1\III~'a,"
!J.l1!,. '~:
,~,J...'iiIII! "''i'liI~I'!Ii'~;II'iifliln; ~IUj~ ltU,I,.&lIolli&!I.\.iIJ~\·,

L~ .,..
'n,,,i/I'~]C rr1!·,IJ_~·
J
and more <C\Omlnwac~"since' eVi~I· fish 'wnl, ~1!V'~o be If~,

09~.I'.I~t"~ A,~ a .... ~~~_ll.i"
i~
!WI]
1 ..
.,'....)""" 'Ojli~~I-:fiIii[,,,",,'F' Ull~ lr.--JI.l~g~UtlJ,h).
,t'."'iIil:'I/~ T'''',I_I~· !LQj~l'I...
't\'!I~i~'l e m b '~l"'~~
.~ ~ ~ _lQtU~~
alt, 'ilie]
"l·~·
~a'iE'~i;g.,.~ ~!III~3It~I".
M·<:ry~,~~:'~ ~Utl,~ IIJ_J_JJ_1
,(tenter'.,
wiU let (-arulht~,as; a

Z!~ ~ - ~ .lJ,., ,.~-
d 'L:~ ~'I if!: ~'b'~~~"" ~ ~,..Jl, ".",L. ·~,L~ "~ ~ , ~~.~ t ~.r~·tt.' ~ "'b' ~,', ~ lU,[ esen Ul ~.lVWl!liLJ!Jt~1 :, ,CJ!J~"Q:rlu: 'W"It!r1l' tne p'~tDp,m'Sc'rl' ll1t;rI,l6rJ' '( [ li),l: laeked~ me mJ'I.:t'i!!i;,~C~[~n"i,~'__ ~l' [~O-.Ii~U~'~ ~~~u_~_ ~i'~me~i~1l-~ ~'il'~;o;, Wh~~', U '~!Il ![l~f~)r.lr:;~il ~,~.. c\t! _~~ U~l~~_~_ _ __
~,l •
R$l!dlt.
of a, :muta,don
I~~ ~~
'dl,ta;t
r-edw;oed th~ !lis'k

\"~_L~~~~
lllL~~gl
:~ iN'o~e'.howev:er:. '[hal '3 [0 'iille'

~-~ ~._._._!!l _-_-~ '_ ~
~4, No~~' 'thal~:llti~:~5 ~~DOt th~,:~PlC' [!lB, : ad.~~ion ~ ~n,~J'~~t, '~Q The' lalil~'., , , '....... .JIi ~- .. ,.,. ,. -~, "... i"-' [ex¥'.F' .-..iIi ~I'~;j;!'· .- -'~' •.l.~U,.'u.e. ~Il., . ,'-'" 'w···' 'I '1'u '~~, ,maillJlllllili.l~ .:Ij ~' . "... i,-,~_.jl '1..'" ,as,me!iitSlt~"h ,Il~f. U1Sta'lilC!e'" [ll.!Iy ,_)fl>1!I ""y Ihlrvmg no QH'~pii_nS aJt, [ali., iSitloe'the fJea_ti__!t];._g [of ¥(nl~~ t:eqp__ites, tero~;iJt'fi
ll.
ilmlwtect 'Sllt.1!ioAt!i!its m itutawli 'flenu~liI~ ocmm~oD silua,i0Ja:..~, A'mfttd. ,It'" 'ilo:r-r~n, b,~ ~~i~~ninmm, 'L~ :Ii~m, ibead [Q:f i,ti; p'~. [a~, If.l;1; ,:IIm.oo~t~ b a "~,iIl· dj~Ila'CeJJlaJt'l. Qf 6e' In1IDv.i[ng: l:arrget.
_~~_ ..•-.
naiwur[-al :selectionl [oo-uld, pm,~ilil!ll, aiD.of;glilimsm lio '~ra~1Of

c' _- _'..-.~ ~ ... ~._-. _-_ .._',~ _ ..•. '-.~~~' .. ..._....__ ..~ ..,.,"_ ,.!!!
",ll f.
I. __ ,
~"·'_'l~'
II
l~
t'har1: tbti' ~rtmrs cnnlld biii,V~ i;i~flt [0.0 tb~~,Vi~. ~ ~ 1,1_ ,. ]' tb~ .a~', to IFact in a f1r.iSC~r"5 Dhlti"mmil
"_ ....
ae
ill!
'
__ ,
_I!I
,.
_,.
.,
...
..
_,
,_.
!II
77'
·ti.Y~·S!ilca8~·,....,·l],ot '
aJb50~.u·~e'5U~5~L 1'her-e ii'S p:lmqt ,oJ:srop~' For' :

i"'t'A/"'i,.
.c1l!,'.
:~riI:td\d 'be:ba:v),o:r,.
=8.1.':1I:t' tfl!oo'A.·~:Ij"~' .alLillV .·:_.·. II. '!;.n... <I~'"~!lil, '~\i:'!i;.r~· , ..WIL,. _L,L~cli,"', li:~,,t.:1J~""' liill ,II."", ~~'tlj"ll~'ii~i'~ !lillliI,.1i. IliiU;;J\,LU,
,1~tji;~~~oi:"~~I~h~l!'."~.--"". .o!l". _,!Il,'!i... _UI~iI,iI, "~ . ~""U""ll-_iIi""gU,'f; UdI_~', d>~'[_i!iiD··~~~.I··'~
ir
cin (I()I .c!ifttie onesel'f:, B~rds.~ hl!sta:nce so:metlimes :Bi~"e'wam,.. :[UI[

'i1no L~' ~. ,'~~
~_ 0
crtes '~;~a:b-, ... iI,1I'\ ,t' ~~~IL.~ J,l

,I
"", .. i1,...OIi(t'C -:_)\~-ll~· yl~"~~.;:JJ
,~~~
6;A'~' D' ·.'~iI!il'.~U. [~'!I'.i:Ii;n 1"11;.. A!11'j,niL., ,~;L~ [~_"~-"g,~,"J ~',,~. ," IU_If~~"ILIl, Uo't~
b-~~[1i!"1I11 [~·.~~.Y
[~~t· ',_ ~!Il_lI.lIJI'~l
saaiifti,ce' onet's own ]iiife if 0:11ecan save .mUle than

,;i(nJil:II[--'
I]~g ~,
~:W'1)broW_f'Bt
h', ··~.~~ .. b:, 1il~t~ILI~iII.J[~ U ' ~lI~_IJ~ ""'f' ""'][iAI:h.-i'~' '~ ...... j. ["'0' :ll~'C;.n:.~.:JI.J Ui; ,!!" Ql~: ~ JI'i~;i;:Ifo"",~ ,11-.i'~"1 ,,-.{.~!I!JI:~jl'"
=
The tb,!ory' "jJ: ulu:r.~a'n :se:loct:ron. bas, been very' ~llIjOCl~S(F1JI'~ :in, e:xplalmi~1 d;etaiiis[ oif anlimail. [and :b.umaD~phrf:siilJllol,Y'~, :ifUiCh as :pro.., 'lcefjjVl~ coloring or the' ·pu.zding :per:s~steD[e'Of: ,1,em'elti!('a~I." based. arneJBiI., Tb,e:[[e has heell, some :sm;ocess :~Df:x_plaiiBiimg limiima:~'00'" baWIOlct 'but lii~tb~so' 'far' in ,a;ocO'un.tin,g. For·:bJumBJD. behia,v:~of·.,L[he
'i"i'i[~:iriR V~~~!QII":_!IIi; ;ii"]II'~;ii~·'t'Ii,p'I-'e ~~ ~IIIU~IL~~"_j l'~
;c~flb~~~V:."
:i;f!l,I~ ~V.~~Bl·
:ili] t'·h~i~· - ,F·-~ [.-jon;l\1' ·b@hav\Q I'n ~~ . -=~~ '~€!J'nl~ UJ _ [F-~ _-==-= - ~ ~
~-=
l!l,. -
'~'~@,
I~lrj;:
,rirjd~~trefOO.t-yped ·W:8'y' fha,1[ mest arrnhnals d,o,. They' d!()in.f~. ,haJ.ye

bard ,,:w;r[\ed. :i.o~o 'thell ,gEn,efj iD8;tructllons fo[' wbat 't'01 do lOll €tl,c_h oCCas,ioD 'th~y' see lik[e1!y' to f'ntiOlurntclt., .H:ilJiTlI,e['" 'w:bI1~.they' ,dJo re' sul,Ui oom Ime ti,c :predJISiposi;tr,QIl8[ in~[e,ra(i[blfcl wlitb. 'th,e ern,V;ir,-Ofl:'" :~elI!t. ,if)) wa:p th.at we da :D~t. 'gnder:5g~r.td '"ce!r.Y' '~eIL We'diOl"l'"t1; :knoiw' 'wbart Urm.ts", if ,8JlI·Y'" ~!'h;umann8lt!Ur~"~' 100. the destee' of set"S :pea:C"f!!ru:l:D,es8.~. a·~nru~'Smr m,mno,ga:my tbart call: be :Fos~~e:r-ed y B(P'"" o b JlI"(}prilt~' SOtial ,1'l'Iisti,tUlti,ODS~ ,Also, much, MKiobinlioBlcal tluliLlghi,t.
1
,Or ::."'"il~,~~, '~' ~ma~",=~;e', ::.]':-:~' ;~I:;-:; :-'~"- nlli ,~~~ · n~.}I;''''''[L'' a ::r _,-:e-~;t"i'Vl J'Y ~mpocU!a~~!Il,. f~'l':I~e- 'IU!= 'h[II'I:1:;-:~till ,1I1'1,;..all,iU!_ ~"iU
CIe;jj'ti)vi't'P 0[' ,J'
'f'"f' man be ~T'i[a~~" ,~;Ij..·~i',-:' IiJ u,I"",K ~.;e.ner:a;~. ildl~ IF' (ap~' til fOl' ulobJ,em ;so:lvi'Il1O.I,I, A'ni,~'~1"l1ici(lla~1[. D .D.I~
d"J-b""'"
II
:k't""If:o'''~~,~ .lll·[~i""'~· [~:I
.,i!II:M!.;J
Y;f[~~;
~-ihA~~'
t"I'~~i'Ii'':.' 1-l:Ir.[.~-L:I~,!I.jI"'·[" ('!.D,~ ~;~.';\'iI;M ..
need to concern
m,emselves W\i:th~Sod,o'biio]ogi:oSil do ,DOt 'llfte:r: la;

.. ._
'Inus, arr'~ fMO'arto adliuslt and ,adartt. ,(}~ttman~ to 'OleicI'" enri~iJn'" r,r-'!Ir. r lr' IIJ'
'm'"iil;liOlitc, [O:':'n"~"~,~ ether Uol,..... ~,, -' ': ;~!",I'tI=IIHl_.;iJh. . -." ,..
u
one, IJd'llough evOI:Ulio:rnlry' bio:togy off~r5 an e~~laDJitiD,D,[nf:I~"ti;'"' mal be:hilV~O::[,., i,t does; :ID;(Jt re[t:[' to, ,,1]]1,1" :inrentiom 'to opiimi~~I,. 'Iibi'S 'made '~t:seem a g{lad! mooel lor K:dv~rnl:13 pFil'blem, 'mJJ!t, OOORtl'" :miSfS encoonter' irn. 'tbei.r' :stud,y of 'm,e '[finn" 0,[1, the' one' ,band",
I.I!
'li.,
ri~:a'i e~C'nlana!ti~til, ... a s.~,t",t"UI ., .. -,_....... ( ~,.v,. ,:N:"l"u", , ,. 1, ,I lr!!l!t,-, ~-T:w-n]eme-(l!taw '1;
J.
b."''Ii"Ii~, ~~lb:iI,JJ.cC tJI~~J ;i""IIii'"i"eQ,,.,'U· .. ,---JJt~ ll!'"
'n ',lfr' [-. !Ii:
stu 'di:.··,~ iiflWif·' ~n:n '1!..@'lf-l'!li'i~:A'ii' v.~. U,.,JJ

- IIir. ~ 111- ,I ~ ,',
.Ii.1iI1 'P'l.'utl,
:sh(}w' '~i,tdf'evidence
that 'they are 'oo,mscioum'y' 't.rr~rnB. '~O m.Jl'1J{j;",

;-U,ia ,.,,.
:pm6t~,.Ita,t)he:r.", 'they'u~e wUlb,~and:-re~d,y :rules oftbfu.l~lb',..... '~""ryij\i;i!n aeddents [t'i4f [t[L.i.iIl 1...';i~;t""'ii'lj', [fi,ii' iQlBij',,:".;i'FI~, :,i!i!, ;:'!r~'''ji'''':'''~~m:.~·~ Irttr ~'~I~'~ml'91~ ,1J~l _a_I] b!l'rlam~ng ~p.F.ocesses., tw~ fiDd~gs I(l~dl!be' ([tmrndiled jf eeo'The' ' :~'
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p~O'Ce5~i. OIn]1J:~Si ,A.
c.ttal:t1Lcl~d~ed ,8 set. of roudn.es,r.' just as an ,(rrg8lIlis:-m, h~ :~Jm, by 'b, genes, Firms.· that ba,pp~n. t;o use' pl\oit~,.ma'xUnUiI~g :ro:ut"mes (fo .
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bette.., th.(!Ij'1Ii'"II1 others

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we mii~bt.'~~' 'to: explifin

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At on.e I,eve:~j',(I] 611U~SJ '~etbDique is; la, '[iOiEI,'~iO,e" A,l la, bilh,er'le",e:l, firms :ba'v!e roU(jl'lles fO:i' h·tnolv'a~bl;g _' :[U{' chamgiQI t~c'bmqu~s~ .s'UPpliS-e' that :iniitiaUy a, :600, :15,d.olng [l1.u:l~e' we:lt. S:ln~e i.~:()beys, the hi,Sb,,~ l[e'vrel, ~IQ!!lJtb'te' !jN,~ter dtIJ!Ln,g:,e w,bm~nB: 'tea'm/''-' ,ilt. h!l~ no ,a, inoe:ut;i'y,'e bf;) C:ha:ug,e mchntquesli' .sl!l,dd;e,n~y...:profits, dro:p 'be,~,o:w a critical [eve~~efined by' the :fiJJ311,"'S 1!);Spir8JtiJoLIl~evtel .or concept of d ,;i'I'''\III~ilil'i'in~.'ii~!i!!I!'" .A·:···.,~ '1I"j:!!'!",U: :'I!t', ~*'~~~~i.:il~: to '~-rr-O:;'I:~"ft.!..., '~~~~' ,o!ii'IfI'"jI more .,a ,I), v. 1\.. _I~.UJ _
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s[rearm ,0:£ "mutations" :is s;wl.t('bed om and ,oft' as neeG.oo,.
'Tn.e :P'l"OOeii (1)ldd also lead to s, 'ChlQle in hi.ldl,'~'[ev1!']

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tiing: 'it ,right" ,,,,aJjlthou;gb, 'the' ,a:PPRciaJtioflJ of otbers may' enter j'l'lto an explanation 0(£ ~dlestrength (~:[tb.aJ[,moti,vaJtbQn,,:~' 'Tb,e :retnfllrcioQ' ev'enl, ,_ :it mJa'lO be a rew,gd, 'Q:Fa, '~!!I'~hm,eDt ,_, ,F' is more Uk-e~,yto 'shape 'beDa,vior the SOOnet' :ilt. ,oerots" ,t'h,e m(lre
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ti1om,o,f tlUrst 'b, d.riDkmg is Ummedilarit, «-dun ,i'lld fretUml, and hence capa'ble of sItS,plIo,S:'beiha,vij,o;r :~n me m,(j)$t,dil\ltt 'w,air :rOlaS'ill!aDlle,. 'Geuing ca.nCf'J: of' '~he pa--=ncJ:-easfr:um drinkhll mfie,e I'S a, comeQjIll!e'l'tc,e that i:s very' 'IDJrdikely '~o reitruar«' bebavior., 1'(' oae gets cancer from {loJlee'.i '~le,~eis[ a, dela" of several decadces:; 001., ii, 'few' B,et :i,t; and 'they Jive o:ll1I,y once, ,A:s a, less extreme lexample~ consider the ris'k ,of lerum,g: p1regna'ot. 'Qr:tJ,f :in, the p"sl~:6iftr yle~n[ nf' '~'~I~, i~t·,'UC'!l.,I1I, known that ,~'i'f~grealliJ;,S. chanee of '[I'r-~',",1]"i~[~r"ill;.' ~."'~~1 ~n.u """ ~,~'~j!!I-·t, v~ lLll,ilaiJL, cuane.e o. l~~ullinl[ pl~nam!t, is,during 'me' 'lime between 't;wo:mefls1;m,a,tio:--ns,. :I'f'[every'
il:!!'V
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the ': "m,'iO"'~ "-ir'-Aq'. "u~'arl1,,·'~;I:y" ~~'t' ' ..-: O.··..-...;""Ii:ili'lr~:, 'l'"'i!'-'e·'. ~:~:+~[~'~-r,,, ~ju.~I.iCiII"'-, ..
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th'i.s, insigh't could ba:v.e emefled~ ear~!iier'., Siimila_'r;~~y'", might have' ,e:-meqed, ea.d~,er':~f'the urst, sips oS: :it,
iil'tet(l)ursf;'
led
'~O pre,I.DaDCf',
'pre,Bnaney' oc"Curred, 'w,i,tbim one hour of ,m--nce;p:tiocQor I'r every' 'wOlman. became pre,grnant hundreds 01"thousands[ of'dmn :10 her
.IU-etime.,
M,os,t: sodal siltua,t10Il5[ are of this, :kiind~They have' roo liiu[e ,rqjlda:ri!ty .. ,and too mucb noise, for' ~r.-ei.Dfo(li'c'f.me.llJt: to sibape be-
hawo[r in a :tine"'liluled 'w,a,y~The :IJl1QjO([ excep.ti,oJ], :is[ the emotional ,gr[a:t~6,ca,tton,or d,e,p;r.ivaJli,on m;u people 'who ~J.ve'doser,' toe:e.fue:rcan,~, ''_:~["""' ".g.,.,'L~ [v:,:..', __ ·p'"-li'[PDiii\C shaee 'i;,.j,~~~,1.II",'!IO;,Ii.Ii, 1,.....chl~'i~jnr-rl ;~~,A1i'Dn;!i~' ~:.: D,::.:,i_I,--.':~, ""',:_;__ oftar each other M~iIr,;.' ~ .g;'"""I,U,,
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'~la'Usible'mechantsrn, Iut'euded, conseouences ma!~' l~ llJJ

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but lfu:t1Ja~,00 nsequenees are :nort sum~i:e1l'tJ)r' ~BUJ~iU 'ill) :f~ed 'ha;ck: on be:haJvirO([,. B~~atitllfii1~ =_X _'" .=y 'bn'w'conseouences can fJe.in[OIFO;! mQ~i,y'arj,om 'W:ttbO'"I~,t iiR'J1nS, paiR I~f :rlt,is,somewbat m,ysteri(nl's,~ but the' :[j;(;n ruSI'ilia'c 'they ean, ,Ailbnal 'bebalYlnr :il not a:Il'(ma:ii@dl by' con:sciO'I!l;s jDtlmtjorns, ..~' , b~~lt,'~:~, cen :(nlfii1~ '~is, lY:~' In fa:cn, almost lid~, 'dlaJt _UL,~ ,~_ (J ,3L,_"f 'blldJed"," C-O'l1~Pt'lue:-ntJes., =_= ~ __ g~, ~I'OJ==~_ :is In'DMnl albaut~ n?rnforteme:oll, COInes f[1om, the :StOiay of in~ma~, l~~-~~'"'-~- d'~d-- ~-,~-~,~, me -~t ,\~, "'·'!fl~'i1'--~ctr--J -t';'n a_._!~~, .~,-~ -b~ res" l51 ~., ,ea,mlD.1 ann a a,pulluOfil, mall,w._J ex,' Siptll!!B.l0,.JJ"m.ilI
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,ea~h of :sever,al, [~n:YiFOrnm,en.ts., 'Tht' task :15,'~Ollex;p]:a:~n:11.0.:mucb 'dle anjuma:~[e~lqes, bl, the orne' Oir the' ,ai'h:,€:F. TWtcailly ~ lead),
a ~'-li-_".",.L~llr.l' ,~';if\liIT~ 'ri!lfin>l'1:iiiiit"h\1 . F'~'~iji'~'tC-J]'c Ij \
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:mJ!'mory'",so'tha't each, unrewarded response :~ncr.e,a:se-sfbe pw'ba:biUr,u't'ba![,the next resoonse 'will be ·rewarde.d~ III o;['a;ctrca]tenns, ..,_ l., ._ _ .__ _ _
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to ,maike' fooo, a,vail.alli~ie., Once' ~.tha.s 'bee:n, made ,8Jv,ajl;~lb:le:it 'staJ:s, a,vanable" ,Mer' the' ftf:~st enod, let, liS assume, there is; a ,20[ p percernlt: ehanee 'dJiait, the 'f:ood :~51a,vaUlblte,;~after the 'seco;nd a "
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mast make ,11,", ,'5iIlnn~t'lfn~,j;~~ the ''''"'r ILljIjiIJU,,. reseonse 'liF-~- - - the"l~~a'r ,~r lr,""'"'~~ the :kJav)".=~ ....""'-~ mske '~,W!i"'",:~O.·:··~?'; ~nil'e.SlS M_. ~"''''~~ It can ~~ - -,r''''''"~ v_ neck
"f;nifli ,IJI,....,u,
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~f eDom,;; res.pond beF'O,R the :flQod :~s',made a,vaji~ajbl~' ,and nan resp00d when i,t :15,a,v,aUable'" The' ,cenJtr:al, ,qmesl1an hl :rein{u!l',oem,e1lJt 'theall' IS wb,elher '~lIli'1~ ""-i'm ..... - - if ~ [~h respcnses 0\p.,1m alll'Y'ue~,:"een, [-'L ~ iii--wo - ,al,;_;~;l'V,~:~ -,-~~ - ~- ~~~~ - ~ nf 'Ik ~h",~ ~ ~ . "'""';' ,. mats 'Q,-,,",~(a!l,,e meir .;'u;t'!' .
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'Ulms, tOll't, that 'r'be answer,I' deaends [:'~IC-Itbe ,f, air , '~':I-'C~h(I·-l"TIIJ~~, ,cew'~ild ,mecam'SiR18 ~~~_ .... " ,,' .o ,Wi . -,t-'.oS on,.. ,a'S\soc.ia:~ed,widl '!!be 'tWiO aaiviti,es" :[f 'both reward mec'tl!ani$.1111SI
are of
tbe oBe'_3rt,I:U~d".band'ilt .
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'Ib~no~ ,~t··~~n[·'ilft!i'DI the a:~~V:'i:r,::-.:' '!Il,o_U,e!!i ~"c~~-~-'"'e< land ,alIO·oii'"~t~~n ~'~e····.]-~,= ---[l.lI,lirn g,J,,'I!;.,.., ..1U,~,~,1.y '~·~·-::;iii'1'r W,~JLiU, the Ulot'! :hiljh,est. pr,o'babili-ty ,af :rew,ard." Somelimes"" naw-e'v'er:" d1eJ [00:-1"0;"' mit the ~~,a:a;mlbler's,fa'~]at"V'''''' of , di'Si.nDlll'tin.o' the stakes in "TfO'lilOr~]' [b"-" .. ,.\ .t~l ... .. _ ... tion to the_ odds,_ If bolD ~.~~~.,.,.~~.~.~~~_=~_ v~ rhe ~u~er ~jDjUJ.p.l ~ ~~;~, ~ __ _. _ ~~ ~'~ ~ ~ ~_ m.t,liif'b8J~i~~ are ~f' _,~~~, -:-~,= 'I~'i\: -;ill ~~.~ ~ ~~~
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as, :in Pia'" lX.l 8Jmma]s, 'lUlsuaUu' .o nat ot:i;timlle'" o II d fll,e aJ:lJma:~. ,a'Uoca.tE bet,w~e:1l. 0 and lOO p~ruDltof its ti'lim,e [can to the uvo aCith1'~(i,es" ne' ~~s ewarded 'by ,8 V,I, [(v,mable"'[,Bliio) O r mechan'_s.-m:: tb:ls lSI tbe' o;D,e""a.r.rnt~d. fI),i3ind!it TIl,e oth.er is ['ew,arrd,ed 'by a V:I (va:ri.a!ble, ..,blfJ1!e:lVa11) mecJlillDis.m,:; t'bl$ is the] methamsm,
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'.,i.th m,emQ\Ff., Tile '''1:[ [curve

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'ratlif'li~~IIJ;i[]i '~~~F!I!.!I"~~-~ decreases y.~~L ~~-!I!r.=~~
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's'bape fdeot:s: th,e' Fact 'iliart the ,expected. :r-eward, :from ,each ,cxUa,
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'VI", ,A'Sless a_nd less is ~spen~on 'VI~more a_rnd ,mo(FC :ijs, SCpe'ot [0(0 ''1,1",'The' expect:ed, rew,a;r.d :fib(f dl~s ,at'ct~v1,t,lSI :s~mp]Jl"pmpoftiollal,
eo 'nnJe 'nnmoo
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A. l~:glldltV.llJllI_~_1. _jll~__ La] ~!'Iil~]~.n;ij~l~'il,al~l'~.~'11:~~~:(il~l :~np;r'i,~ I,,~I.U_I ~-ll~tUU_~u iJ.i,t,J'-~-~J1tUJ
m't:'L:~~', 0,1' 'i~'~'~imcal 'w~\rl~'ino: .. ~iJI.i.~ ~_~~ _ ~ v.~ ~_~

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tb$t bl) 'OO:~lfCil~rmy :rewa.rd tlIiaJt, :11li\8'ht ba,v~',come due ,a;fie.t' :its,,Ias't a ~'""s[·t ~'l ,,,I; lIS: j;,-~[~~"t[Lr. ~ ~~ VI",t 'eo n I:., 1b'"- In )11~ ~I'"'~ ,p, )iiUlJE:t~_)e mea can 'be ":' J I'~ [c~}~re.=,'=] ~~r-~fbJ] "'d ~a c ~ <. sta~ed =~ ~~ mJOI'
preclse1Jy' wUh, the heip Ql"P~I;' :nt 1 'Cle'ld,'Y'~,'t'he ,~ul~ma'~,'~':s :irn,teres1~

i'~ [lUI [h~'
I, pr.t)'lKJimtiUI], that 'wUl :maIdml:z;e tbe
S:iUl],
of the VI
and tbe 'V,R '[-ew,a.rf:id~.,'l"hts ()OCUfS, wlle:::n=iOl"'~,I"'· ... l!,~.~"p,t"· .... .. ,~~"o""~.s ~_ ,~~. ~~~=. ~.. _=. __s:~ ='"'~_,_~..... _= .. ~ =. It' :si'f'¥'ilnds; ,~: 'n.pKle'mlt [:;If '~t~; =
time on 'v] and the rtJSt. (Wi 'VR, An, ,abe:ma[tiv1e W,j\W of e~1:'i:res:lifn" the same idea is duJ,t 'lh,e 3[dmal shortdd ,cb,Q~' a, 'VI-VIR, rnlix. in, whicb 'ooth ,Iwrities :tllv1e fu.e same mlrg~nalvllae,. (i S'\1,Jlposel~ fur concreteness, that, 'the a.NlIyl, ,~ponds I ~,rQOOum~ '~oVE ,a'll.d
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,2~~OO() 'times;'~oYR" ~Il!e 'ma'rgioal value of 'VI ~ tltait :is, mil!' val,I1le
-. 'fe'- -- - ~-tt-0'1, ,Binexrra it L
'[h~ [ga'in. e:.x:ooeils[ du~ loss,. tne ,a;mrim~:its, :n~t ~ptimizfnl:: ilt: (1()uld d,o 'ibeluer by cballl~ng: ~lts, re5llQI1Se :mi'x., C:onverselLy'~,an 'o;prti'llllzing aromal uses a, respol1x' :mix 'dI!aJf, mR'· not be :iim:Il.{n)tv~d.'~rPon"
2~OOt) tlmes
'~O VR., If
--- --- - -- c ..Ic~'nt.: rf:'~ .. 'iI..""icWl . n ,.,ii... 're_,~ar!...u response m VI' '....... ~,'1.. . 1~_J!U~f'~ft~(::e v, is me ~!I,~,~'eeJJ ILlI~e' WI [.;II to 1/00'1 responses and, the :r;ew,ardto 1~,'OOO:res,polHf,S" AJ~bt$t mis 111in" w'e mJil.ist, set the' loes (tlf' Ie~pontUnl 1,9'9' ,imtead ,of'
(Jut~,ho.eVte]:,I' tba'~animals oO:lrn"",t betJa,ve o~Umal1!V'" r II 1;ru;1~ad, of .s.pel1ld.in,B, the [op;ti;ma~,, PHCe.Il!Jt. OlD, 'V~~" bey s.pe;rnd. q[ t peroen:t" Insit'elad, ,aF [eQuaUZlDg 'the maJlibl:8J valu[e1), of du~) '''''0 att~vl.iides.\" ,t'hey' a!J.uaU2i€ to,€,; ,~lV\l!ra,I;,eva'~ua,,7''1be,a,~er.e' -vabll,e' ,ar 'W 'is, onstant ,(t'Dd ,equal '~Olits lnaljhlaJ val,uf',. TIle' B!Ye'tS(le' value e ,of D,:pa:rticular leY~I. of V I: is :ghr,el1.'by tbe' sl,o,e' ~f'ifihe:Iint,:u.o:m wJt ,ohn @,m VI curve '~O me ()lil~n., Wil1h 'the [a,ah~f~tJmix; cone .. tbe . s,p.Jcndi'1l1l8 to ql the' ,Ivera(g:e value' of V,I equals ·t'ha!~f' VI. When ~ ,~uli~mClds, equalize .a,vifT:~le values, 'lhey [o.r'le~j a's it wC'.rof', [bat m,Osl, 'ar'the V.I ,r-e'war;ti}s eeme fr,QIIDl, a £~ ,r:esp()use;s and, 'dtaJ'~i,'~il'o't, '[-eail~, n.lJ'iJtab[e' to go[ on pa"mg 8[lt,mt]on '~O[ tbis aal,v],'lY., Thief p ,d'nR""t' t-"blion,'ii'the [[[~""i!'a·'I'\AI!lilu each 'P-l'~ii!'!;~ "il" a-~l·'I~:t¥,,' ,4~pe:',':.:Rd)I~, &.!L iif!rf·-"V·.·· 1!L.!'!..1I. &.u """ .'!io..~U! ._t ,""""'' ' ' """,I, 1.1I,·.il! 0,: ."
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11'1Ii
'dle['~o:tal,a~mloUJllrt, of' '~hj;5aotb(~~"mit.y' ale e.o.pglns ln.

1:t: is not: C~~F. whether this d,ey.i.a!Jt~'orn,£mm o,~rmaU~y :[~uud, : ,1$ :rn bumaJ'n, behaJ,v~,o([,. Cion·[rol'UOO, 'e'xperimgn'~s w~;tb.:humm subje,as are dJml:c.ult. Also,,. tbe blun.ao, ,ca:pad'ty for Cilmscto:U1 chloia and, 'ih,e oo~p],e:li:j,ty of hum au, ,a~ffaiin '~end.to reduce 'dle :im:po['''' tarn,ce [0[[ :p:ure:~y' 'mcchani,cal, :[e~m:o:r.«mC'fit. 'y'eti tn Idle e:g~e'n't Ul.~1Jt, human bellljlv,l,or· is S:h!aped try' :r-eimfirce,mt'I1i.t~, as, s1liu;estted ·b, seme ea·dieil" eXaJmp:les,. s~m'mar e:mect"s ma,'r 'be expedied,.
l
6[ 'In the dJa:gram" 'VR ~_t!i, [orm!ita~l: ~ rg'iwJ 'v~J1.!ie" he 'm:a~.il[atv,alE ~f 'VI ~s T
ali p(Ii~1:,1 [BGI ~(nT:~pq_:s to th~ ~l~~ of'tb~'ti!l~f:U: '~Q ~ V1~~ ~t 'lbaj~: f.Q1inl., ·W1liLem,*e' ,!lII.mtiima'l [Optl-mrl~ dil,c smOJle eq,'!lJlail'S ~h~l: -tb~[ ViR l~llc'", ~f '1 !F.hi~i pmodiPJe' :is,C1jWled,tile "maitCtliing [iaw,,:,ji
0.
mo~
o,~
1 ,/
It,eiUroro~mie\ll;t ~~perimenJts,
a'born fhne (nS(Olun'l:~rn--l;'

,~it iiil\eiil~'
,also, 'Vb.!~dl:impo([lUli[~iJt:~;llIffi,~::-tlltaJti,o~, :So:,.pose IbaJt: ~f ,pigeutD [pecks,a red k'e}' a

1t'Ofri; ~..,.~~
II,."...
,!Ill"
,~""""';:!!'1'~il!]rirn'li":!~;l'!Iiti'SIo"" ~~j[\C ,~!"!I!.~,~~~-uit:g, ....

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l~lm, >f';i9ii1i JiY',!
,,,"i >1I!"""""l;;JI ,. ''llIr,;!t. ,!l , .II!!-
",~~.,Aln'·~~ ]f'f,} 'I'~'1!II1~j[Ii~'o!!Ii'i'r'n' ,(:rlii"'it~ · ii:': J;! y~it!l!,

~I~,;J!~UII .' r~
pedkiDl~'~JtD(U; ,(J;cctSS ~OF4, se('ODds,~, but 'w,itb a.dela olf 3 secondis,.

l~l'l~un,'i"i~ '~I~ ~ ~ ""-'V.!li~;:J.
W8J-d,"
t!',..~ ..... ~_I! ....,.·~1·
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"'~IU_]~Ul _.~~.
~ln1i
ir.n'C''V':tiI~ ~iI-r'~u'',r._!:\_'J~"~1 ~if.~:i'i'~;'F ~~ ~MLJJ~/l
SU~pose'~ ho~ev~r" lrelure IJ1:~s,due.' to lllhJt: 'up red, ,8y' pecki'l'll 'lb:e Il'ftn key' ~tu:' pt"wrn, can, prev(C!mrt it f.,om, ,~is'hJUng: 'IlJ!P [ied~ '~'b.us[climilnaltlD~the [1J;,pOn;\linU" '~,O'00' Iweedly',. SOlm,e :pige.nns, take' this ,~pt;i.an"'rn,e,
'~,'n~ ~r,l''lIi~I~;1 thaJ~,th,e' kif" :lIbt.~ ,II-ee:::O seconds up [,2

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e'~'If"I:i)~1i' ~ "I.,f!l/ol~.U~'JI'"
~~IJ1Ill_~I_ }~.Il
,;!Ii;.,. 'II"~\,", Ill'\;
evaluaJ~e 'ilie 'fut;Ul'r-e' as ,in d ~~srarm B m. FI~" V ,.2 ~:~l precomm.i'~: and
them U;J~· .-L-~-~-"'---J
,1Ii'~'~"'~\Di.iE', y.-~~
't10'[ [;J~- ~l .lI,,~~:..-;rf'" 1~-r~"·~~tV· ~-=~).:..: it'li (1;0;1" id~l ~ _'Y6 itiDn'liilil!l··'.~t·"l·'O· ~~.I.1 ~,.:__:" ~-g.
,IQliiIii'
DO
~l" oJ," -B" S" 'II-.. d~ :es~Bn.""";~ contem-poralY", ~_.am :""'m~~ki.·IDe;l,errelri,to, an "'·:~n,VJ;~~.';. l'S 'b~e.h.and,,'1! that shapes bU;Qhl.1)l, a:ffam., H1df,a, c-en'tlll'FY :~a'ne'l'~ :qt;1 H
,;iii. ,~
0,
eccur uniD'tent:io:~~U\ll" l :I'n,Ad~m Fe~lU~:Qn.t~me'rn,orra'" bJe p'b£'~r5ie',;,'~"HJS;tD;ry'is the resurt (.if human acn,[OCrn~, of human not
" ", ,~tl'~S
~,r;i! ,f,! ~ ~_" ...
11 --"HI:~NrG'S don't
,a]waJYs,'tu_m, ,Gut as 'we' ,e.x,pea, them to" Man,
"1"'lfif"ji,t"fI;'ll"'e~~11'~:r+-l;i;> ""'IF"I],I,n'l"il'j;n"'p "Ii,II'!i"U,1'i;;1 ,Uj lIi.U,,,,", ....JU!.!U.lJJiili",,~
.,.",f'" 'ILI',
'1f'i';iE:!;~,;t~i'1ii1i""ll ,I" ,n,~u,.n;II',I!.!\!, . ,~u:
and I
;i;.'''_''~im;r' 'U;<III;~'rc~''''-'~1!'' l.Uili,""I~'l c{ ~-g~"", gjll....,~, ~-, itWJ,b
'iim
Ma:rx,_""" _"" a'OOrl1t people's talked _"~ _~",I: ~lli""-" "

~,WtO' ce.[I],tY'a]~, ~.v~~~~~~~12.... ...".,jAi~m~~
. _ ~~ ~~I_~ V~l
oi\l.',a'liefii;;U--::,f]!i"cl" "~'~' 'tlb:-'~r'l~i .. '1 /~d;':': .. ,["ciJ _~,",,~JlI~O~~ ~rnm, et, own. it "U}:ll
'ji~he j"im, 1li-_~iL~
~Ul _I'_'iIiJ.~~I_"I~~
'tbe theme o:f U'Dln~endcd c"onsetJllIellce! o:f' ac{i,(ln was, one' of

~tf'
.""'",;'11110' ~\i"'i"""',i!II11 ,,,,,~i;;IIii"", ;~Ji!!, [.2-'U~I:W_1J [a'1i.._IJ~:J.~I:'--t'~-riJl! ~fi~l"'i.~~F,~ .11.101. 1~_lIJIlI~
the "- other. be-ina: dIe viiston, of~sooet~~--" an O~'~CI-t,~, u"r;lrr;;,,~ " .. - - - ""-"'0 "-" - " - -- ~- "" ~ ~",," ""y" as "_,, ,,,.,It!!aJDI'c .. 1]11'.'1:' Theie' two Jima,s}tsare sdH 'w,hh us, On tJh~'Ont hand, ther'e t~ the' idiea, (1):(' :~ndi,v,~dual ,ij,(:lio,rns; i'n'!l.eneri[!l;ll w,iJ'b ea~h oither' tn :llr-odltlCe '~ri,od. ,It-..., "~
an untmended (lutwme'. IOn the' other :barnd~'m,ere' is the' :Idea -, :mOI!E!. £uII" di:S'Cll1ssed fn the nC'Kt cha:pt-er _, 01 mutua_I, adj'us'tmj!Dt
,amo,Rg: :~ndiv,idiual :plans~aU,offil1g: all to be carried ,a~~,Wilth01JIt: ' di:st(ldi'o,n" " :Befo;~~' :1 consider the" u.ninteflided c-ornseqrl!le:::nces, (bait anse
from sodal iDl,e:ra,uion. and 'iD~erf~n,c~, w\(.nlld .like to' p.o:rnt I

out~some
m,ecbamsms, d1:3't operaee witbhl '~Jlenll:nd~ As ex,ad:~.o~,is, the :res!uFt :
plaIDed, '€ilH:Uf(r~ an
of d!es~lieS arnd oPPQftuni",

in,
ii,es" B,'I!]~,a,m'all, can also sll!a,pe desires ,a:on o,po,rtu;n]i,ttestl'

unintended 'ways (Fig.,
x I )"
In addjd,on 'to the intended euteeme of an. adl,~m,., th~re is sometimes an urd.nten(l,e;d, one':: a ,chang~ of d,es~re., AcldlcrltlfD ];.5 ,(1 simpic' example, What I ,desb:-e' :ma,r 'be another dlrink" bu.'t 'w:ha't
l ~
~.;d' ,D~~
L~~I~lr!rI1I.
'~9y
be
.. ~
'~h~,flljPIl'n.~i'~~' g, ~~- _.,IUJI~··~ .. ~,t" 1j 1;..,"'"'~1 k:CI)-;;'~"~: l~_IJI'~1 u_~~ [_ [~ilhrill-(I .. AiIiI!'~' .i!II '!l"~'rIO··!'i"lae',',r" d,r-l~~ir~ ~,', I, I~U, ~»ft!1lii' ~ ~~~I.~~
:miO'1hijE. not_ have taken ~I!" "."_~ ,,"~_" ""'" '~~~"""==
me
'II' til
II,lU.JU,u_ll'i;;"
d·.·I~iT"i'Il..~ ","~I ... ca.n l,lIS0 'D~c,,""~'ifeS':·~~;:1 -'IL:~ ,.
be ~
.~~!;c"~ ....~ i';" a!U}eCIL~, m
'the oppodt~
'""af',,' 'by
,8,
d~",~ {Q[' :n~Yellt.y'" In n., C,. Ande-IR.Il:'·S!
'~O\IJ'
"'~'Wbart. F'alhe.r D:oes,[s, .Always Rj~b~~# a :ml'me'rs~es; to 'the

·to s;eU lOr:
l
DllrkJet: lin '~,e' mo.mlng

!L\;~l""l!l!r.~~~_~.,~
·exdhamge :bl:s hO(FSe,;,Prrst"

~-~~~~~_~'-JI'_~V~~-~t~ "'-!V". _
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meets a m_an w,~tb a [e,trw;; 'wlllc'n he Uk[es so :w,UtC't.]1 that he eXfil ~ba'~IQ,~ 'r~.r';lh~herse, In Ii1'I'iIi,~"'~i'v;a. ~r:,'tIifll!""aJ"1i,00if:1S, the ,('\~w I~ ~~-=~n~r~ :iit ~~~ ' ~~ =~ ~:~~~~~~~ ~ 14~., then e;;xt.tuln-s~d 'far a, sh;ee-pl~,'~'he 's.hrecp fo:r a SDllse'~,the BC)o&e' f111: a. :lle,O. [liuld~'6nt]l.f~' 'dle hem Co.r' a :s3,ck: ,o.f .~Olt~t:e:O. ,a,pple~" th.e
~"~-I~:I~#iL'!1 hJ ,L'a_ "~,il
H . _
,I.
1f~'!lid;: IL"",, iL [!,jIll_I.I. lieD,F-' _ aI. 'i~~if:"" DiIli-r'r''''I_",;!I;" '~!"'"ml .Pi'iii't_~), va. I ~,;if[II1jFiI'~~:if:'i ~,~ '~lf.~~ l!''' ~,L_I"l '1i'~'PmI"P~!E;"'"1_, ~~fi~nl~~e~,Cm,CI: _ .if.".~.1U '!I" ;""11,11, 'l1!'.
. =. =.~=~=..
Bach 'ltim.ethe
_~.~~ ~~~
faUllil'fr
'benev e.; mm;se,\lr t.t, be beuer oft' 'IlT'~ the I'J __.... _.~_._
.
1 .. ~= __
. c.~
=.... =~
..
~=
.. ,
.=,1.
eJ~,c;ba:.e'~'but the net :res;u:~Jt. of aU ,ex·eha.nges, 1$ disa$oo;us,;~

W\::?~l~i~'. _ IILlu~ ,~~~
,fl[II~I~~ 1L~~L~~
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'l"'i!'-r~IIf'Iii.l' ~!J'II.UII~II~
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'ffia'i~ lllllt,",,~-'"
,~b1~"'~' iIt~· acr,,~~lJlt l.lI~

~ .. 1I.1i..
~lit"i ~
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:~w
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'ff' be ~~~tU ·it-~iDin:,!\':II;~;iial '~'if'il,,,,,;.,.-t11jf'1'"" = ~~ had U~L~~ A~~!\r ~v ~~'J"_'J,..~l
:pa,t~' ~bre'si~~ppeF.J lop~~ be' :m'igbt uo~, b~.v~' stan~d !l)mi:t .Al.., 5
·t'Iil~r-i~h tile' 's~O'~ d'oes[[r;"~tm~' so, ,,~ ',_"Il~k,e'l~' til 1.e 'far: mer WOi i'td ~.~UtD~'" .--,."'~ ,,~t.',:r .... ~,',' .. ~'''l ,IL '~'s . .I_~ =.1! '~'hat "_,~_" ._ ~1.[)_", .hlve :rrreil[soo, 't'O [e'x(,Ra'fl1le hls horse :[ur a. :S£I,(k. 0:(' renen 8IPples:,., [CuEi,()S;~ty' and '~b,edliirtt: :[ur :1l()ve:11F.f' arm: '[ri!lle:r~d.by' oplions, tna,t are n~~the·,··r' '~imna~lr' ~~_ '~'O~) :t~;:, 'lilt"ii, nor [(Us~'~nna~r' frtUin the [t"'l1!1rr:iD'nc"'~' ~v. Uti _
c.~.~"
,_,.·._1. __
I
~'\r.'
~~~
__
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l""'!
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='~
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~_j
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~~~
III
A;ttlOIlS, ean ail50' l:ta,V1e' an 'Un~~JteDded, tWlpact ["n [O'P~pOR1Ji~Q_~ .. des" I 'trn:~lY '(bat. d'rinkhl(l, ,a!m~o.,smy purse, T~rlll'that i~lone' 'ller ~_h,e t
~ ,ArnJ'ij,liliIDI¥:H :is,HlJ'[ min~d~,
[~~' ~II ,·:Il..;O;l'I ,ll_I_a! '~l~~~ 'w 'i!I{~ 'L...." U~l_iliilr 'l;.iiJl[i ·!I!'!J.'lI_l~ .. .. lI_loll ~
:state"
(J_.~~,,_.,~.
~o1II!iS~' ii,
pair ,of :~D:Btub ~D'iiirrnsl~~kl~· ,il.md [IQ~' [~,

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l~_~~
""fnliJ;l'IIl.!' '~~1~:t;L..,I:;'I'J~ ~ ~ .IJ~ILIi, .IIb.:;! ~,U~_lll~~ I ~_~_ilJ "l"l', ~!IiiII'-_&;;' "~l~t:'" !il..;o;... I\o t'I!!'!I!·l~. '~!I!'~. lJI rll __ l]l
~i\'-I. ,""iIi1ifri!l_, ,~ 1I~~Jr'!L=:a_. .
~ ,M,o;re :f-amui'l'f" :lm.a;$l'Uc' a :pe~.IlJ w~o :rq:I.!I~lar:l.y ,(.abb.o~p: n:ol: [ooo~iousmt" ~j~ts bi~ d.Ui__f~ ~ ~!in: .!fu;e:prefen, :mOrt ~~Qn.gly llIiIe' ~~~QdfuL" 'Q.fwlLki~ be' ~1U;~m.Mybs, lft5. :S!!!i~ : h~' ~s' Pl~, ~ mo'[Ih~'fbllw'Nffill,g ~Jn~(~' ,o:f'two", oo:mmndllJ' b:l.!ldl1l'S; [~, ,t~ t)~~i~ ttt¢ill" :if'~u:a rgh!"elll;Um.t" b.@' ~.s ..(\~, ~,) ~tY.IiI~u-min:1btmdl.e n [ici :~tlmce m.r;u:1:(~l the ·nul. :period is ~jf:ered ~U ,eili~ 'bet~ifI bQ~I~ ,~ ,~~ '~~ndje'~! + 1~. e 'wIDl~ h a'IW~li'j, ~b~ the 1!1J1lle1' .. WhicD [Q~, mort o:lth¢ [~it'f olWillrl(fi he h~s,(;~.uwm~my' I:u~i5~ ~OS" ~ ~~~ ~nvrt~ 't~,:~OOli' ~(':~ :S:l~.pw.i~:lm_~lO~efi~ [pa~ ~' l~
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Elster, J., Nuts & Bolts For The Social Sciences

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Elster, J., Nuts & Bolts For The Social Sciences

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Copy rig hted m ateri al

Nuts and Bolts

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