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Introduo
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2 Dimenses Universais da Linguagem
1 Linguagem
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NAKAL9<=;=JAEfFA99G<AR=J9G<GFG<9;9K9x#GB==KLYIM=FL=y
HG<=L=J9AFL=F^]G<=IM=J=J<AR=Jx+GJ>9NGJ9:J99B9F=D9y
IM=_GN=J<9<=AJGxK=FLA<Gy<9KM9HJAE=AJ9>J9K= ,M9F<G<AR=
EGK9ME9H=KKG9H=D9E9F@]xGE<A9yF]GIM=J=EGK<AR=J
D@=IM=G<A9=KLY9?J9<YN=DE9KL]GKGE=FL=;MEHJAE=FLYD9
=KK=_GxK=FLA<Gy<9>J9K= +G<=9L_GL=EHG=KL9J;@MNGKGGM
9E=9^9<GJHGJ_E_9KKAEIM=LJ9<A;AGF9DE=FL=9FGKK9
;GEMFA<9<=K9h<99D?M_EH=D9E9F@] *K=FLA<GHGJL9FLGK=
E9FA>=KL9FGHD9FGAF<ANA<M9D<G<AK;MJKG
KKAE ;GEG G KA?FA>A;9<G HG<= ;GAF;A<AJ ;GE 9 <=KA?F9^]G ;GEG
G;GJJ= F9 DAF?M9?=E L_;FA;9 GF<= LM<G G IM= =PAKL= F9 LJ9<A^]G DAF
?MbKLA;9 ;GF;=JF=FL= 9 =D9 _ xFGE=F;D9LMJ9y Z E=<A<9 IM= N9A 9D_E <G
K9:=J DAF?MbKLA;G = AEHDA;9 ME K9:=J J=D9LANG ZK ;GAK9K E=KE9K 9KKAE
L9E:_E G K=FLA<G HG<= ;GAF;A<AJ ;GE G KA?FA>A;9<G IM9F<G G L=PLG _ Ke
AF>GJE9LANG = F]G 9JLbKLA;G GM DAL=JYJAG xKAE:eDA;Gy (=KEG =E <=
L=JEAF9<9K >GJE9K <= xDAL=J9LMJ9y GK >9LGK <=KA?F9<GK = KA?FA>A;9<GK K]G
AF>GJE9LANGK ;GEG G;GJJ= F9 FGN=D9 HGDA;A9D IM= Ke EMALG =P;=H;AGF9D
E=FL=K=9D^9ZDAL=J9LMJ99JLbKLA;96 K
7
*IM9<JG9K=?MAJKAFL=LAR9LM<GGIM=NAEGK9L_9IMA
1 Lngua Histrica
,M9F<G FGK J=>=JAEGK 9 @[B;I5 DCFHI;I9G5 @[B;I5 9GD5B<C@5 @[B
;I5 5@9AV GM @[B;I5 @5H=B5 >9R=EGK 9DMK]G 9 ME9 DbF?M9 ;GEG HJG<MLG
;MDLMJ9D @AKLeJA;G ;GFKLALMb<9 ;GEG MFA<9<= A<=9D J=;GF@=;A<9 H=DGK
>9D9FL=K F9LANGK GM HGJ >9D9FL=K <= GMLJ9K DbF?M9K = HJ9LA;9<9 HGJ LG<9K 9K
;GEMFA<9<=K AFL=?J9FL=K <=KK= <GEbFAG DAF?MbKLA;G FL=F<A<G 9KKAE
=KK= HJG<MLG ;MDLMJ9D J=;=:= G FGE= <= @[B;I5 <=GH_F=75 KK= 9EHDG = <A
N=JKA>A;9<G =KH9^G ;MDLMJ9D @AKLGJA;9E=FL= J=D9;AGF9<G =KLY HJ=K=FL= F9
>J9K=<=!=JF9F<G+=KKG9 '=B<5DRHF=5X5@[B;I5DCFHI;I9G5
2 Lngua Funcional
W :=E N=J<9<= IM= FME <AK;MJKG = L=PLG HG<= 9H9J=;=J E9AK <=
ME9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D HJAF;AH9DE=FL= K= K= EM<9E 9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K =
>9LGJ=K <=KLAF9LYJAG G:B=LG KALM9^]G /G<G >9D9FL= <= ME9 DbF?M9
@AKLeJA;9 _ HDMJADbF?M= HGJIM= <GEAF9 9LAN9 GM H9KKAN9E=FL= E9AK <=
ME9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D =E:GJ9 F]G ;GFKA?9 FMF;9 K9:=J LG<9 9 =PL=FK]G
<= ME9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 = G KM;=KKG <9 =<M;9^]G DAF?MbKLA;9 _
LJ9FK>GJEYDG FME xHGDA?DGL9y <=FLJG <= KM9 HJeHJA9 DbF?M9 F9;AGF9D (9K
F9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <G <AK;MJKG = <G L=PLG @Y K=EHJ= IA5 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D
IM= K= KG:J=Hg= ZK <=E9AK (=KEG ME9 DbF?M9 ;GEME G E9AK HGKKbN=D
)G HD9FG <G K9:=J @AKLeJA;G F]G ;GFL9EGK KGE=FL= ;GE >9LGK DAF
?MbKLA;GK E9K L9E:_E ;GE GMLJ9K LJ9<A^g=K DA?9<9K 9 x;GAK9Ky GM 9G
EMF<G =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;G KKAE HGJ =P=EHDG <A9FL= <= >J9K=K <G LAHG
x(9;9;G N=D@G F]G E=L= 9 E]G =E ;ME:M;9y GM <= =PHJ=KK]G ;GEG
xE9;9;G N=D@Gy F]G K= HG<= <AR=J IM= A5757C GM A5757C J9@<C =NG;9
=E HGJLM?MaK 9 A<=A9 <= zHJM<aF;A9{ zK9?9;A<9<={ -=D9LAN9E=FL= Z DbF
?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 A5757C =KLY J=D9;AGF9<G 9 GMLJGK 9FAE9AK ;GEG A=7C
7<=AD5BNX =L; H=D9 =NG;9^]G 9 zHJM<aF;A9{ F]G _ J=KHGFKYN=D 9 DbF?M9
HGJLM?M=K9 9L_ HGJIM= =E EMAL9K ;GEMFA<9<=K DMKe>GF9K G 9FAE9D
A5757C F]G =KLY J=D9;AGF9<G ;GE =KK9 A<=A9 =NG;9^]G J=KMDL9 =P;DM
KAN9E=FL= <G ;GF@=;AE=FLG IM= L=EGK <G 9FAE9D <9 KM9 H9JLA;AH9^]G =E
@AKLeJA9K=KH=;A9DE=FL=<G>GD;DGJ=:J9KAD=AJG
3 Estrutura e Arquitetura
GHFIHIF5 _ 9 <=K;JA^]G <9K GHGKA^g=K >MF;AGF9AK F9 =PHJ=KK]G = FG
;GFL=h<G <= E=KE9 L_;FA;9 A<AGEYLA;9 AKLG _ 9 @GEG?=F=A<9<= <= ME9
DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D FEI=H9HIF5 _ G J=?AKLJG <9 <AN=JKA<9<= AFL=JF9 <= ME9
DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 GF<= ;G=PAKL=E H9J9 >MF^g=K 9FYDG?9K >GJE9K <AKLAFL9K =
NA;=N=JK9 AKLG _ <AN=JKA<9<= <= DbF?M9K >MF;AGF9AK +GJ =P=EHDG 9
<=K;JA^]G <G =EHJ=?G <GK HJGFGE=K C = @<9 FG HGJLM?MaK =P=EHD9J GM
H9<J]G _ ME >9LG <= 9GHFIHIF5 9 ;GEH9J9^]G <G =EHJ=?G <= C FG HGJ
LM?MaK H9<J]G = <G ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9@9 FG HGJLM?MaK HGHMD9J GM >9EADA9J GM
<G HJGFGE= @<9 F=KK9K EG<9DA<9<=K _ ME >9LG <= 5FEI=H9HIF5 <G HGJ
LM?MaK<GJ9KAD
+9J9 K= ;@=?9J ;GE ;G=JaF;A9 9G ;GF;=ALG <= DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D = Z
=KKaF;A9 <G G:B=LG HJeHJAG <9 <=K;JA^]G <= ME9 L_;FA;9 DAF?MbKLA;9 _ F=
;=KKYJAG >9R=J 9D_E <9 <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= =KLJMLMJ9 = 9JIMAL=LMJ9 ME9 K_JA=
<= GMLJ9K IM9K= K=EHJ= F]G D=N9<9K =E ;GFKA<=J9^]G F9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A
;AGF9D = =E 9D?ME9K DAF?MbKLA;9K EG<=JF9K ;GF@=;AE=FLG <9 DbF?M9 =
;GF@=;AE=FLG <9K x;GAK9Ky AF;DMb<GK 9b GK K=J=K NANGK
DAF?M9?=E =
E=L9DAF?M9?=E KAF;JGFA9 = <A9;JGFA9 L_;FA;9 DANJ= = x<AK;MJKG J=
H=LA<Gy6 K
7
5 Linguagem e Metalinguagem
E=L9DAF?M9?=E _ ME MKG DAF?MbKLA;G ;MBG G:B=LG _ L9E:_E ME9
DAF?M9?=E HGJ =P=EHDG IM9F<G K= >9D9 <= H9D9NJ9K = K=MK ;GEHGF=FL=K
GM <= GJ9^g=K x@=B;I5;9A X IA5 D5@5JF5 89F=J585 89 @[B;I5y x@=B
;I5;9A X IA GI6GH5BH=JC :9A=B=BC 9A DCFHI;IZG 9 A5G7I@=BC 9A 9GD5B
<C@ 9 :F5B7ZGy xWVC _ ME KM>APG >GJE9<GJ <= KM:KL9FLANGy x589=F5
H9A HFZG G[@565Gy =L; E=L9DAF?M9?=E F]G 9HJ=K=FL9 MFA<9<=K =KLJM
LMJ9AK F=E HG<= K=J =KLJMLMJ9<9 FG FbN=D <G K9:=J A<AGEYLA;G F=E HGJ
AKKGK=M=KLM<G<=AP9<=E=J=;=JG;MA<9<G<9;AaF;A9
DAF?M9?=E L9E:_E ;@9E9<9 @=B;I5;9A DF=ARF=5 F]G _ ME9
DAF?M9?=EIM=L=EHGJG:B=LGME9DAF?M9?=E
KL9 <AKLAF^]G L=E AEHGJL[F;A9 =KH=;A9D H9J9 9 ?J9EYLA;9 +GJ =P
=EHDG IM9DIM=J H9D9NJ9 ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K H9JL= <= H9D9NJ9K ME9 GJ
9^]G AFL=AJ9 LG<G ME L=PLG LGE9<G E9L=JA9DE=FL= F9 E=L9DAF?M9?=E
HG<= K=J ;GFKA<=J9<G ME9 xH9D9NJ9y ME KM:KL9FLANG E9K;MDAFG HGJ K=J
FGE= <= 9D?G xA9BH9 _ ME KM>APGy x@R E9J;9 <AKL[F;A9 <G >9D9FL=y
x/=JJbN=DH9D9NJ9_ME BVCyx(VCFCI65F _MEE9F<9E=FLG<ANAFGy
E=L9DAF?M9?=E HG<= E9FA>=KL9J ME9 L_;FA;9 ME K9:=J HJeHJAG
=E ME9 <=L=JEAF9<9 LJ9<A^]G DAF?MbKLA;9 +GJ =P=EHDG F9 E=L9DAF
?M9?=E =E HGJLM?MaK <ARK= K=E 9JLA?G x#GE=E _ ME <AKKbD9:Gy =F
IM9FLGF9DAF?M9?=EHJAEYJA9K=<AR;GE9JLA?Gx*@GE=ELJ9:9D@9y
6 Sincronia e Diacronia
*MLJ9 <AKLAF^]G =KK=F;A9D HGJ KAF9D 9 HJAE=AJ9 IM= K= <=N= >9R=J FG
=KLM<G <9K DbF?M9K _ 9 IM= K= =KL9:=D=;= =FLJ= G=B7FCB=5 = 8=57FCB=5 +GJ
G=B7FCB=5 =FL=F<=K= =E HJAF;bHAG 9 J=>=JaF;A9 Z DbF?M9 =E ME <9<G
EGE=FLG <G K=M H=J;MJKG @AKLeJA;G xKAF;JGFAR9<9y K=EHJ= ;GE K=MK
>9D9FL=K = ;GFKA<=J9<9 FG K=M >MF;AGF9E=FLG FG >9D9J ;GEG <=K;JA^]G
KAKL=EYLA;9 = =KLJMLMJ9D <= ME Ke KAKL=E9 DAF?MbKLA;G xDbF?M9 >MF;AGF9Dy
=FIM9FLG HGJ 8=57FCB=5 K= =FL=F<= 9 J=>=JaF;A9 Z DbF?M9 9LJ9N_K <G L=EHG
AKLG _ FG =KLM<G @AKLeJA;G <9K =KLJMLMJ9K <= ME KAKL=E9 x?J9EYLA;9
@AKLeJA;9y = ;GEG @AKLeJA9 <9 DbF?M9 /G<9NA9 F=KL= hDLAEG 9KH=;LG KAF
;JGFA9 = <A9;JGFA9 F]G K]G ;GJJ=D9LANGK HGAK K= K= D=N9J =E ;GFL9 G
;9JYL=J H9J;A9DE=FL= AFGN9<GJ <= LG<G 9LG DAF?MbKLA;G LG<9 DbF?M9 NAN9 =K
LY FME H=JH_LMG <=N=FAJ BY IM= G 9KH=;LG KAF;JfFA;G H9J9 ME9 DbF?M9
;GFKA<=J9<9 F9 KM9 LGL9DA<9<= E=LG<GDG?A;9E=FL= AEHGKLG = F=;=KKYJAG
_ 9H=F9K ME9 9:KLJ9^]G ;A=FLb>A;9 H9J9 =KLM<9J ;GEG 9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9 =
GK LJ9^GK IM= =FLJ= <GAK EGE=FLGK <G K=M <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG K= EGKLJ9E
;GFKL9FL=K L_ H9J9 >AFK HJYLA;GK F=;=KKAL9EGK ;GFKA<=J9J 9 DbF?M9 ;GEG
9D?G =KLYN=D = ;GFKL9FL= KKAE 9 <=K;JA^]G KAF;JfFA;9 HJ=K;AF<= <9
@AKLeJA9 FG K=FLA<G <= IM= F]G 9 9:9J;9 E9K 9 <A9;JGFA9 F]G HG<= HJ=
K;AF<AJ <9K KAF;JGFA9K +GJ >AE F]G K= HG<= H=J<=J <= NAKL9 IM= 9
<=K;JA^]G <9 DbF?M9 FME EGE=FLG <G K=M <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG _ ME9 H9JL=
<9 @AKLeJA9 <=KK9 DbF?M9 0E9 DbF?M9 NAN9 FMF;9 =KLY HD=F9E=FL= >=AL9
E9KK=>9R;GFLAFM9E=FL=?J9^9KZ9LANA<9<=DAF?MbKLA;9
t KAF;JGFA9 ;GJJ=KHGF<= F]G Ke 9 <=K;JA^]G <= KAKL=E9K MFALYJAGK
AKLG _ 9 <AK;AHDAF9 x?J9EYLA;9y =E KM9 9;=H^]G E9AK 9EHD9 9:9J;9F<G
9AF<9 9 >GFGDG?A9 = 9 K=E[FLA;9 D_PA;9 =KLJMLMJ9D GM D=P=EYLA;9 E9K
L9E:_E 9 <=K;JA^]G <GK LJaK LAHGK <= N9JA=<9<= BY NAKLGK >=AL9 HGJ LJaK GML
J9K <AK;AHDAF9K x<A9D=LGKy 8=5@9HC@C;=5 xFbN=AKy GC7=C@=B;I[GH=75 =
x=KLADGKy 9GH=@[GH=7585@[B;I5
>GJE9K K]G E9AK 9FLA?9K IM= GMLJ9K IM= 9D?ME9K BY F]G K= MK9E = IM=
GMLJ9K K]G J=;=FL=K /G<9NA9 =KK9 x<A9;JGFA9 <GK >9D9FL=Ky v IM= HG<= K=J
:=E <A>=J=FL= <9 <A9;JGFA9 <G @AKLGJA9<GJ v F]G AEHGJL9 =E J=D9^]G 9G
>MF;AGF9E=FLG <9 DbF?M9 HGJIM= LG<G >9LG <= x<A9;JGFA9y KM:B=LAN9 L=E
<= K=J <=K;JALG FG K=M >MF;AGF9E=FLG AKLG _ F9 KM9 HJeHJA9 KAF;JGFA9
6 K
7
t @AKLeJA9 <9 DbF?M9 ;GEH=L= L9E:_E J=>=JAJK= 9G 9KH=;LG KAF
;JfFA;G Z E=<A<9 IM= L=E <= KG;GJJ=JK= <GK NYJAGK x=KL9<GK <= DbF?M9y
KM;=KKANGK HGAK 9 x?J9EYLA;9 @AKLeJA;9y _ 9 ;GEH9J9^]G =FLJ= GK NYJAGK
KAKL=E9K =KLYLA;GK ;GEHJ==F<A<GK FGK DAEAL=K =KL9:=D=;A<GK H9J9 =KLM<G
)G ;9KG <= ME9 DbF?M9 JGE[FA;9 ;GEG G HGJLM?MaK HG<=K= ;GE=^9J
H=DGK <AN=JKGK KAKL=E9K <G D9LAE ;DYKKA;G NMD?9J =L; = ;GFLAFM9J H=DGK
KAKL=E9K KM;=KKANGK <G HGJLM?MaK GM >9K=K @AKLeJA;9K E=<A=N9D ;DYKKA;G
=L; GM =FL]G H9JLAJ <G HJeHJAG HGJLM?MaK ;GEG DbF?M9 BY =KL9:=D=;A<9 =
J=;GF@=;A<9 H=DGK K=MK >9D9FL=K = H=DGK >9D9FL=K <= GMLJ9K ;GEMFA<9<=K
DAF?MbKLA;9K
+=DG IM= NAEGK 9L_ 9IMA = H9J9 =NAL9J =IMbNG;GK IM= =D9K AEHDA;9E
K=JA9 E=D@GJ >M?AJ ZK <=FGEAF9^g=K @=B;I[GH=75 G=B7FaB=75 = @=B;I[GH=75
8=57FaB=75 = =E N=R <=D9K MK9J 89G7F=WVC = <=GH_F=5 85 @[B;I5 HGJIM=
9E:9K =KL]G ;GEHJ==F<A<9K FG FbN=D @AKLeJA;G <9 DAF?M9?=E = ;GFKLALM=E
BMFL9K 9 @=B;I[GH=75 <=GH_F=75 =KDA?9EK= <=KL9 E9F=AJ9 9K FG^g=K <=
KAF;JGFA9 = <A9;JGFA9 <9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G E=J9E=FL= L=EHGJ9D ;GEG 9K =F
L=F<A9 .9MKKMJ= =E ;MB9 DA^]G KAF;JGFA9 =KL9N9 ;AJ;MFK;JAL9 9 ME Ke EG
E=FLG=<A9;JGFA99NYJAGKEGE=FLGK6 K
7
<ALGy 9D?G BY >AP9<G FME <AK;MJKG = IM= HG<= K=J J=H=LA<G FGMLJG <AK
;MJKG ;GEG x=PHJ=KK]Gy x?AJGy xEG<AKEGy >J9K= GM DG;M^]G ;MBGK =D=
E=FLGK ;GFKLALMLANGK F]G K]G F=E KM:KLALMb<GK F=E 9;=AL9E K=J <AKHGKLGK
FGMLJ9 GJ<=E ;GF>GJE= H=JEAL=E 9K J=?J9K <= >MF;AGF9E=FLG <9 DbF?M9
>A;9F<G 9KKAE HGJ F]G K= KM:E=L=J=E 9 IM9DIM=J =KLJMLMJ9^]G v HGAK Ke
9 L_;FA;9 _ =KLJMLMJYN=D v >GJ9 <G G:B=LG <9 ?J9EYLA;9 = <9 D=PA;GDG?A9
KAF;JfFA;9K
KKAE 6CA DFC:9GGCF = 6C5 G9A5B5 H=JL=F;=E Z L_;FA;9 DANJ= <G
<AK;MJKG =FIM9FLG 6CA G5A5F=H5BC = 6CA 8=5 H9J9 9 K9M<9^]G E9LAF9D
K]G=P=EHDGK<=<AK;MJKGJ=H=LA<G
3 O Sistema
* G=GH9A5 ;GFL_E 9H=F9K 9K GHGKA^g=K >MF;AGF9AK AKLG _ ;GFL_E
MFA;9E=FL= GK LJ9^GK <AKLAFLANGK F=;=KKYJAGK = AF<AKH=FKYN=AK H9J9 IM=
ME9 MFA<9<= <9 DbF?M9 IM=J FG HD9FG <9 =PHJ=KK]G IM=J FG HD9FG <G
;GFL=h<GF]GK=;GF>MF<9;GEGMLJ9MFA<9<=
KKAE FG KAKL=E9 <GK J=D9LANGK =E HGJLM?MaK EI9 = C EI5@ K=
GHg=E 9E:GK 9 EI9A = 7I>C HGJ =P=EHDG E9K 9 FGJE9 MKM9D <9 DbF?M9
HJ=>=J= MFA;9E=FL= C EI5@ = F]G EI9 <=HGAK <= HJ=HGKA^]G ;GE E9AK <=
<M9KKbD9:9K
*K;9EAF@GK 89EI9 8CGEI5=GD@=>9D=A
E9K
1 Os Quatro Planos de Estruturao
0E9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D 9HJ=K=FL9 <AN=JKGK HD9FGK <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G
AKLAF?M=EK= IM9LJG HD9FGK <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G G :5@5F IM= _ G HD9FG <9
J=9DAR9^]G AKLG _ ME9 L_;FA;9 A<AGEYLA;9 =>=LAN9E=FL= J=9DAR9<9 = LJaK
HD9FGK <= L_;FA;9 GM <= K9:=J =FIM9FLG L9D 9 BCFA5 G G=GH9A5 = G H=DC
@=B;I[GH=7C IM= <AR=E J=KH=ALG =P;DMKAN9E=FL= Z =KLJMLMJ9^]G <= ME9
E=KE9 L_;FA;9 A<AGEYLA;9 =E GHGKA^]G Z 5FEI=H9HIF5 IM= ;GEG BY NA
EGK <AR J=KH=ALG Z <AN=JKA<9<= AFL=JF9 <9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 ;GE K=M ;GF
BMFLG <= DbF?M9K >MF;AGF9AK =E H9JL= ;GAF;A<=FL=K = =E H9JL= <A>=J=FL=K
ME9K<9KGMLJ9K
2 A Norma
BCFA5 ;GFL_E LM<G G IM= F9 DbF?M9 F]G _ >MF;AGF9D E9K IM= _
LJ9<A;AGF9D ;GEME = ;GFKL9FL= GM =E GMLJ9K H9D9NJ9K LM<G G IM= K= <AR
x9KKAE = F]G <= GMLJ9 E9F=AJ9y W G HD9FG <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G <G K9:=J
1 Os Estratos Gramaticais
E HGJLM?MaK GK =KLJ9LGK ?J9E9LA;9AK HGKKbN=AK K]G H=D9 GJ<=E 9K
;=F<=FL= G 9@9A9BHC A[B=AC GM ACB9A5 9 D5@5JF5 ?J9E9LA;9D G
;FIDC 89D5@5JF5G9 7@RIGI@59 CF5WVC =G H9LHC
4 O Tipo Lingustico
* H=DC @=B;I[GH=7C _ G E9AK 9DLG HD9FG IM= K= HG<= ;GEHJGN9J <9
L_;FA;9 <9 DbF?M9 W G ;GFBMFLG ;G=J=FL= <= ;9L=?GJA9K >MF;AGF9AK = <= LA
HGK <= HJG;=<AE=FLGK E9L=JA9AK IM= ;GF>A?MJ9E ME KAKL=E9 GM <A>=J=FL=K
KAKL=E9K ;GEHJ==F<= 9K ;9L=?GJA9K <= GHGKA^g=K <= =PHJ=KK]G = <= ;GF
L=h<G = GK LAHGK <= >MF^g=K FIM9FLG G KAKL=E9 _ KAKL=E9 <= HGKKA:ADA<
9<=K =E J=D9^]G Z FGJE9 G LAHG _ KAKL=E9 <= HGKKA:ADA<9<=K =E J=D9^]G 9G
KAKL=E9
)G HJG;=KKG @AKLeJA;G 9 FGJE9 HG<= EG<A>A;9JK= H=JE9F=;=F<G
AF9DL=JYN=D G KAKL=E9 :=E ;GEG G KAKL=E9 HG<= EG<A>A;9JK= ;GFK=J
N9F<G FG LAHG K=MK HJAF;bHAGK <= ;GF>A?MJ9^]G K FME=JGK9K
<hNA<9 <= ME9 H=J?MFL9 J=H=LA<9 GM HGJIM= <=HGAK <= ME9 HJAE=AJ9
H=J?MFL9 9?GJ9 K= IM=J K9:=J 9;=J;9 <G FGKKG AFL=JDG;MLGJ GM =FL]G
HGJIM= =KL= F]G ;GEHJ==F<=M 9 HJAE=AJ9 H=J?MFL9 KG:J= ;GEG H9KK9N9 <=
K9h<= GM <= KALM9^]G /J9L9K= 9IMA <= ME9 GHGKA^]G FG FbN=D <G <AK;MJKG
GM<GL=PLG=F]GFGFbN=D<9GJ9^]G
* FhE=JG <GK =KLJ9LGK ?J9E9LA;9AK F=E K=EHJ= _ A?M9D <= DbF?M9
H9J9 DbF?M9 .=?MF<G #9DDA<9Q ;AL9<G HGJ GK=JAM Ke <GAK =KLJ9LGK K]G
AEHJ=K;AF<bN=AKG<GEGF=E9=G<9GJ9^]G
3 Hipertaxe ou Superordenao
@AH=JL9P= _ 9 HJGHJA=<9<= H=D9 IM9D ME9 MFA<9<= <= ME =KLJ9LG
AF>=JAGJ HG<= >MF;AGF9J HGJ KA Ke v AKLG _ ;GE:AF9F<GK= ;GE R=JG v =E
=KLJ9LGK KMH=JAGJ=K HG<=F<G ;@=?9J 9L_ 9G =KLJ9LG <G L=PLG = 9b GHGJK= 9
MFA<9<=K HJeHJA9K <=KK= FGNG =KLJ9LG KKAE ME EGF=E9 HG<= =E
HJAF;bHAG >MF;AGF9J ;GEG H9D9NJ9 ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K
=9KKAEKM;=KKAN9E=FL=
4 Hipotaxe ou Subordinao
@AHGL9P= _ 9 HJGHJA=<9<= GHGKL9 Z @AH=JL9P= ;GFKAKL= F9 HGKKA:AD
A<9<= <= ME9 MFA<9<= ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL= 9 ME =KLJ9LG KMH=JAGJ HG<=J >MF
;AGF9J FME =KLJ9LG AF>=JAGJ GM =E =KLJ9LGK AF>=JAGJ=K W G ;9KG <= ME9 GJ
9^]G H9KK9J 9 >MF;AGF9J ;GEG xE=E:JGy <= GMLJ9 GJ9^]G H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=
EMALG ;GF@=;A<9 =E ?J9EYLA;9 * AEHGJL9FL= _ =FLJ=L9FLG N=JA>A;9J IM=
=KL= LAHG <= HJGHJA=<9<= F]G >A;9 Ke 9IMA E9K L=E ME9 9HDA;9^]G E9AK
=PL=FK9 E HJAF;bHAG LG<9 MFA<9<= KMH=JAGJ 9G =KLJ9LG <G EGF=E9 HG<=
K=J KM:GJ<AF9<9 0E L=PLG AFL=AJG HG<= >MF;AGF9J ;GEG ME9 GJ9^]G FME
GMLJG L=PLG ME9 GJ9^]G ;GEG ME9 ;DYMKMD9 GM ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K ME
?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K ;GEG ME9 H9D9NJ9 ?J9E9LA;9D = ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG ME
=D=E=FLGEbFAEG
E 09F8589=F5A9BH9 9@9 8=GG9 =GGC 9 ;DYMKMD9 ;GE=FLYJAG
J9F8589=F5A9BH9 HGJ @AH=JL9P= H9KK9 9 GJ9^]G _ N=J<9<= =FIM9FLG
L=EGK @AHGL9P= <9 ;DYMKMD9 ;GE=FL9<9 9@9 8=GG9 =GGC K H9D9NJ9K ;GE
HGKL9K <G LAHG <= D@5B5@HC = 9K H=Jb>J9K=K D=PA;9AK ;GEG DX 89 J5@G5
z=PbEAG <9F^9JAFG{ K]G <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 ?J9E9LA;9D KM:GJ<AF9^g=K GM
@AHGL9P=K <= ?JMHGK <= H9D9NJ9K FG FbN=D <9 H9D9NJ9 HGJ GMLJG D9<G
DG;M^g=K <G LAHG DCF A9=C 89 DCF 75IG5 89 >MF;AGF9E FG FbN=D <= =D=
E=FLGKEbFAEGK9HJGPAE9<9E=FL=;GEG 7CA DCF
1AKL9 H=DG HJAKE9 <9 @AHGL9P= H=J;=:=K= IM= 9 A<=A9 <= ;GF;=:=J
9K x;GFBMF^g=K KM:GJ<AF9LAN9Ky ;GEG =D=E=FLGK IM= xMF=Ey GJ9^g=K
F9K;= <G >9DKG H9J9D=DAKEG =FLJ= KM:GJ<AF9^]G @AHGL9P= = ;GGJ<=F9^]G
H9J9L9P= )9 J=9DA<9<= =E DbF?M9K ;GEG G HGJLM?MaK 9K ;GFBMF^g=K
KM:GJ<AF9LAN9K F]G K]G E9AK IM= EGJ>=E9K <= KM:GJ<AF9^]G GM 9AF<9 HJ=
HGKA^g=K ;GE:AF9<9K ;GE =KK=K EGJ>=E9K E HJAF;bHAG H9J9 KM:GJ<AF9J
GJ9^g=K GM ;DYMKMD9K <= =KLJMLMJ9 GJ9;AGF9D L=EGK F=;=KKA<9<= <= <GAK AF
KLJME=FLGK ME H9J9 E9J;9J 9 KM:GJ<AF9^]G AKLG _ H9J9 AF<A;9J IM= ME9
=KLJMLMJ9 GJ9;AGF9D <= N=J:G >D=PAGF9<G >MF;AGF9 ;GEG E=E:JG <= ME9
GJ9^]G = F]G ;GEG GJ9^]G AF<=H=F<=FL= = GMLJG AFKLJME=FLG H9J9 AF<A
;9J 9 >MF^]G IM= =KL9 =KLJMLMJ9 =P=J;= F9 GJ9^]G ;GEHD=P9 )G HGJLM?MaK
=KK9 E9J;9 <= KM:GJ<AF9^]G _ EI9 E K= LJ9L9F<G <= >MF^]G KAFL9?EYLA;9
F]G E9J;9<9 F9 GJ9^]G xKMB=ALGy x;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LGy Ke K= =EHJ=?9
=KL9 E9J;9 EI9 +G<=K= HJ=K;AF<AJ <=KL9 E9J;9 K= G KAFL9?E9 GJ9;AGF9D
KM:GJ<AF9<G BY K= 9;@9 AF<A;9<G HGJ ME HJGFGE= ME 9<N_J:AG AFL=JJG?
9LANG GM =P;D9E9LANG GM H=D9 ;GFBMF^]G G9 <9 AFL=JJG?9^]G ?=J9D W HJ=
;AKG EI9 J9B<5G D9 =KH=J9 EI9 J9B<5G D9 K9:= EI9A J9A *K 9DMFGK
F]G K9:=E EI5B8C G59A GK J=KMDL9<GK * HJG>=KKGJ F]G K9:= G9 <5J9FR
:9F=58CB9GH5G9A5B5
.= K= LJ9L9 <= >MF^]G KAFL9?EYLA;9 AFLJG<MRA<9 FG ;9KG <= ME9 H9
D9NJ9 GM <= ME ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K HGJ HJ=HGKA^]G 9 ;@9E9<9 ;GFBMF^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9 _ FGJE9DE=FL= ;GFKLALMb<9 HGJ =KK9 HJ=HGKA^]G ;GE EI9
D5F5 57565F
D5F5 EI9 57569 5BH9G 85 <= 9 ;I9FF5 7CA9W5F
5BH9G 89
EI95;I9FF57CA979=L;
+=DGK =P=EHDGK NaK= IM= HJAE=AJG K= KM:GJ<AF9 E=<A9FL= G AFKLJM
E=FLG <= KM:GJ<AF9^]G EI9 = <=HGAK K= AFLJG<MR G KAFL9?E9 KM:GJ
<AF9<GH=D9HJ=HGKA^]G;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=Z>MF^]GKAFL9?EYLA;9J=KH=;LAN9
5 Parataxe ou Coordenao
GFKAKL= 9 H9J9L9P= F9 HJGHJA=<9<= E=<A9FL= 9 IM9D <M9K GM E9AK
MFA<9<=K <= ME E=KEG =KLJ9LG >MF;AGF9D HG<=E ;GE:AF9JK= F=KK=
E=KEG FbN=D H9J9 ;GFKLALMAJ FG E=KEG =KLJ9LG ME9 FGN9 MFA<9<= KMK
;=LbN=D <= ;GFLJ9AJ J=D9^g=K KAFL9?EYLA;9K HJeHJA9K <9K MFA<9<=K KAEHD=K
<=KL= =KLJ9LG +GJL9FLG G IM= ;9J9;L=JAR9 9 H9J9L9P= _ 9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <=
IM= MFA<9<=K ;GE:AF9<9K K]G =IMAN9D=FL=K <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 ?J9E9LA;9D
AKLG _ ME9 F]G <=L=JEAF9 9 GMLJ9 <= EG<G IM= 9 MFA<9<= J=KMDL9FL= <9
;GE:AF9^]G _ L9E:_E ?J9E9LA;9DE=FL= =IMAN9D=FL= ZK MFA<9<=K ;GE:AF
9<9K )]G KG:=E 9 =KLJ9LG <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G KMH=JAGJ KKAE <M9K H9D9NJ9K
;GE:AF9<9K H=JKAKL=E FG FbN=D <9 H9D9NJ9 = F]G ;GFKLALM=E ME x?JMHG <=
H9D9NJ9Ky;GEGK=H9KK9KK=E9GFbN=DAE=<A9L9E=FL=KMH=JAGJ
+G<=EK= ;GGJ<=F9J GJ9^g=K IM= 9HJ=K=FL9E ME9 E=KE9 >MF^]G
L=PLM9D H9D9NJ9K = ?JMHGK <= H9D9NJ9K <= E=KE9K >MF^g=K L9AK ;GEG
KMB=ALG ;GEHD=E=FLG 9<BMFLG = 9L_ HJ=HGKA^g=K = ;GFBMF^g=K <G =KLJ9LG
<= EGF=E9K ;GEG 7CA = G9A 9 = CI hFA;9 ;GF<A^]G 9 K=J J=KH=AL9<9
_ IM= K= LJ9L= <= MFA<9<=K H=JL=F;=FL=K 9G E=KEG =KLJ9LG GM LJ9FKHGKL9K
9G E=KEG =KLJ9LG =E NAJLM<= <= @AH=JL9P= GM <= @AHGL9P= 9b IM= =KLJM
LMJ9K <G LAHG 6F=7CG <CA9BG7 9 AI@<9F9G
6F=7CG7 <CA9BG 9 AI@<9F9G ;GF
>GJE= 9 GJ<=E <= GH=J9^g=K D=N9<9K 9 ;9:G F9 =KLJMLMJ9^]G <9 =PHJ=KK]G
;GFKLALMA^]G <G ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K F=7CG <CA9BG = <=HGAK ;GGJ<=F9^]G
;GE AI@<9F9G GM 9G ;GFLJYJAG HJAE=AJG ;GGJ<=F9^]G <= <CA9BG 9 AI@
<9F9G FG FbN=D <9 H9D9NJ9 HGJ @AHGL9P= = =E K=?MA<9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <G
?JMHG<=H9D9NJ9KHGJE=AG<9<=L=JEAF9^]G;GE F=7CG
+G<=K= GMLJGKKAE ;GGJ<=F9J ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GE ME9 GJ9^]G IM=
>MF;AGF9 ;GEG E=E:JG <= GMLJ9 GJ9^]G <=K<= IM= =P=J^9E 9 E=KE9 >MF
^]G ;GEG =E D= 9?GJ9 K9:= 5 J9F8589 = EI9 9I BVC @<9 <5J=5 A9BH=8C
(9K H9J9 AKKG >GA F=;=KKYJAG IM= 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 H9KK9KK= 9G =KLJ9LG
<= ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K = <= H9D9NJ9 ?J9E9LA;9D HGJ E=AG <9 @AHGL9P= H9J9
=FL]GK=JHGKKbN=D9;GGJ<=F9^]GFGE=KEGFbN=D<9H9D9NJ9
/=E 9 H9J9L9P= KA<G NAKL9 9H=F9K =E J=D9^]G Z ;GGJ<=F9^]G <= GJ
9^g=K =KH=;A9DE=FL= 9 H9J9L9P= 9<ALAN9 ;GE ME Ke N=J:G >D=PAGF9<G
;GEG K= >GKK= G KGE9LeJAG ;GE 9H9?9E=FLG <GK =D=E=FLGK A<aFLA;GK F9K
GJ9^g=K ;GGJ<=F9<9K $KLG J=9DE=FL= G;GJJ= =E ;9KGK ;GEG $CVC 9 '5F=5
@99A IM= ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9 $CVC @Z = '5F=5 @Z E9K BY <MNA<GK9 =E $CVC 9
'5F=5 G9 75G5F5A = AEHGKKbN=D HGJ 9:KMJ<9 =E $CVC 9 '5F=5 G9 D5F9
79A IM= F]G N9D= HGJ $CVC X D5F97=8C '5F=5 X D5F97=85 )9 J=9DA<9<=
=E LG<GK =KL=K ;9KGK K= LJ9L9 9H=F9K <9 CF89A CD9F57=CB5@ K=?MA<9 F9
6 Antitaxe ou Substituio
W 9 HJGHJA=<9<= E=<A9FL= 9 IM9D ME9 MFA<9<= <= IM9DIM=J =KLJ9LG
?J9E9LA;9D BY HJ=K=FL= GM NAJLM9DE=FL= HJ=K=FL= xHJ=NAKL9y F9 ;9<=A9
>9D9<9 HG<= K=J J=HJ=K=FL9<9 v J=LGE9<9 GM 9FL=;AH9<9 v HGJ GMLJ9 MFA<
9<= <= GMLJG HGFLG <9 ;9<=A9 >9D9<9 IM=J FG <AK;MJKG AF<ANA<M9D IM=J FG
<AYDG?G HG<=F<G 9 MFA<9<= IM= KM:KLALMA K=J H9JL= <9 MFA<9<= KM:
KLALMb<9 ;GE A<aFLA;9 >MF^]G GM E=KEG R=JG W G >=FfE=FG EMALG ;GF
@=;A<G FG <GEbFAG <GK HJGFGE=K IM= xKM:KLALM=Ey xJ=HJ=K=FL9Ey
D=P=E9K H9D9NJ9K GM ?JMHGK <= H9D9NJ9K AF;DMKAN= D=P=E9K AF=PAKL=FL=K
;GEG L9AK F9 DbF?M9 ;GEG _ G ;9KG <GK HJGFGE=K xF=MLJGKy =GHC =GGC
2 O Exemplar e o Correto
#Y <= <AKLAF?MAJK= ;MA<9<GK9E=FL= G 9L9AD@5F <G 7CFF9HC HGJIM=
H=JL=F;=E 9 HD9FGK ;GF;=ALM9AK <A>=J=FL=K ,M9F<G K= >9D9 <G =P=EHD9J
>9D9K= <= ME9 >GJE9 =D=AL9 =FLJ= 9K NYJA9K >GJE9K <= >9D9J IM= ;GFKLALM=E
9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 J9R]G HGJ IM= G =D=ALG F]G _ F=E ;GJJ=LG F=E
AF;GJJ=LG
%Y IM9F<G K= >9D9 <G ;GJJ=LG IM= _ ME BMbRG <= N9DGJ >9D9K= <=
ME9 ;GF>GJEA<9<= ;GE L9D GM IM9D =KLJMLMJ9 <= ME9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D <=
IM9DIM=J N9JA=<9<= <A9LeHA;9 <A9KLJYLA;9 GM <A9>YKA;9 +GJ =D= K= <=K=B9
K9:=J K= L9D >9LG =KLY =E ;GF>GJEA<9<= ;GE ME EG<G <= >9D9J AKLG _ ;GE
9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D ;GE 9 LJ9<A^]G A<AGEYLA;9 <= ME9 ;GEMFA<9<= >9LG
IM=HG<=GMF]GK=JGEG<G=P=EHD9J<=ME9DbF?M9;GEMFALYJA9
* EG<G =P=EHD9J H=JL=F;= Z 9JIMAL=LMJ9 <9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 =F
IM9FLG G ;GJJ=LG GM AF;GJJ=LG K= KALM9 FG HD9FG <9 =KLJMLMJ9 <9 DbF?M9
>MF;AGF9D 9<9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D L=E KM9 HJeHJA9 ;GJJ=^]G Z E=<A<9 IM=
K=LJ9L9<=MEEG<G<=>9D9JIM==PAKL=@AKLGJA;9E=FL=
99<G^]G<=9D>9:=LG=KLJ9F@G;GEGGD9LAFGF=EK=EHJ=;9H9R
<=9L=F<=JZJ=HJ=K=FL9^]G<=>GF=E9K<9KFGN9KDbF?M9K
:EM<9F^99LJ9N_K<GL=EHG<=>GF=E9K<9KFGN9KDbF?M9K<=HGAK
<=9<GL9<GG9D>9:=LGD9LAFG
;H=JE9F=FL=AF<=;AK]G<9K;GFN=F^g=KGJLG?JY>A;9K=FLJ=9GH^]G
>GF_LA;G>GFGDe?A;9=9x=LAEGDe?A;9y=KL=H=DGHJ=KLb?AG<GK
@Y:ALGK<9=K;JAL9D9LAF9
4.3 Alfabeto fontico
+9J9 >AFK ;A=FLb>A;GK = H=<9?e?A;GK HJAF;AH9DE=FL= F9K ?J9EYLA;9K
= <A;AGFYJAGK <=KLAF9<GK 9 =KLJ9F?=AJGK MK9EK= 5@:569HCG :CBXH=7CG IM=
HJG;MJ9E F9 LJ9FK;JA^]G J=HJ=K=FL9J >A=DE=FL= ;9<9 MFA<9<= >fFA;9 HGJ
E=AG <= ME KAF9D ?JY>A;G =K;GD@A<G =FLJ= 9K D=LJ9K BY =PAKL=FL=K FG 9D>9
:=LG = E9AK KAF9AK =KH=;A9AK ;JA9<GK H9J9 9LAF?AJ 9 >A<=DA<9<= 9;hKLA;9
<=K=B9<9
4.4 Gramtica e Estilstica
?J9EYLA;9 HG<= =KLM<9J L9FLG G 9KH=;LG <9 HMJ9 ;GEMFA;9^]G
;@9E9<9 DAF?M9?=E =FMF;A9LAN9 GM AFL=D=;LAN9 IM9FLG G 9KH=;LG 9>=LANG
<==PL=JAGJAR9^]GHKbIMA;9=9H=DGDAF?M9?=E=EGLAN9
= EG<G ?=J9D 9HDA;9K= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 HJGHJA9E=FL= <AL9 9GK 9KH=;
LGK <9 DAF?M9?=E AFL=D=;LAN9 >A;9F<G 9 DAF?M9?=E =EGLAN9 H9J9 L9J=>9 <=
ME9<AK;AHDAF9;@9E9<9 9GH=@[GH=75<=IM=>9D9J=EGKE9AK9<A9FL=
4.5 Morfossintaxe
H9JL= ;=FLJ9D <9 ?J9EYLA;9 HMJ9 _ 9 EGJ>GKKAFL9P= L9E:_E ;GE
E=FGK JA?GJ =KLM<9<9 ;GEG <GAK <GEbFAGK J=D9LAN9E=FL= 9MLfFGEGK 9
ACF:C@C;=5 =KLM<G <9 H9D9NJ9 = KM9K x>GJE9Ky = 9 G=BH5L9 =KLM<G <9K
;GE:AF9^g=K E9L=JA9AK GM >MF^g=K KAFLYLA;9K *;GJJ= IM= 9 JA?GJ LM<G
F9 DbF?M9 K= J=>=J= K=EHJ= 9 ;GE:AF9^g=K <= x>GJE9Ky 9AF<9 IM= K=B9
;GE:AF9^]G ;GE R=JG GM 9MKaF;A9 <= x>GJE9y 9KKAE LG<9 =KK9 HMJ9
?J9EYLA;9 _ F9 J=9DA<9<= KAFL9P= BY IM= 9 HJeHJA9 GJ9^]G F]G <=AP9 <= K=J
ME9 x>GJE9yF9 DA^]G LJ9<A;AGF9D =D9 F]G H=JL=F;= 9G <GEbFAG <9 EGJ>G
DG?A9 (=D@GJ K=JA9 K= 9<GLYKK=EGK 9 HJGHGKL9 <= M?=FAG GK=JAM IM= BY
=KL9N9 HJ=K=FL= FME9 DA^]G <= "9:=D=FLR 9 ?J9EYLA;9 K= ;GEHGJA9 <= LJaK
K=^g=K 9 x;GFKLALM;AGF9Dy IM= <=K;J=N=JA9 9 ;GF>A?MJ9^]G E9L=JA9D <9
x>GJE9y ?J9E9LA;9D 9:J9F?=F<G HGJ >GJE9 L9E:_E G ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K
9 GJ9^]G = G H=JbG<G : x>MF;AGF9Dy IM= AFN=KLA?9 9K >MF^g=K <GK
< <=GH_F=5=BH9FB585@[B;I5=KLM<G<A9;JfFA;G<=ME9DbF?M9
@AKLeJA;9
AL=EK=E9AK9KK=?MAFL=K<AK;AHDAF9KDAF?MbKLA;9K
8=5@9HC@C;=5=KLM<G<9K<A>=J=F^9KJ=?AGF9AK<=ME9DbF?M9KM9
9HDA;9^]GE=<A9FL=E_LG<GH9JLA;MD9JH9J9;9<9ME9K=>9R;GE
<M9KKM:<AK;AHDAF9K ;9C;F5:=5@=B;I[GH=75 = D5@9CBHC@C;=5
@=B;I[GH=75
GC7=C@=B;I[GH=75=KLM<G<9N9JA=<9<==N9JA9^]G<9DAF?M9?=E
=EJ=D9^]G;GE9=KLJMLMJ9KG;A9D<9K;GEMFA<9<=K
9HBC@=B;I[GH=75=KLM<G<9N9JA=<9<==N9JA9^]G<9DAF?M9?=E=E
J=D9^]G;GE9;ANADAR9^]G=9;MDLMJ96 K
7
DG=7C@=B;I[GH=75=KLM<9G9KH=;LGHKbIMA;G<99LANA<9<=
DAF?MbKLA;9
L_ 9IMA 9K ?J9EYLA;9K = <AK;AHDAF9K IM= AFN=KLA?9E GK >9LGK <=
ME9 DbF?M9 GM <= DbF?M9K H9JLA;MD9J=K K]G <AK;AHDAF9K IM= K= 9HDA;9E 9G
HD9FGA<AGEYLA;G<9DAF?M9?=E
+GJ >AE ;9:= 9DM<AJ Z @=B;I[GH=75 8C H9LHC ;9EHG J=;=FL= <= =KLM<G
IM= NAK9 9 =P9EAF9J G K=FLA<G <G L=PLG ;GFKA<=J9<G ;GEG =FLA<9<=
9MLfFGE9 <9 DAF?M9?=E $FN=KLA?9 G HD9FG AF<ANA<M9D <9 DAF?M9?=E W G
=KLM<G <9 @=JE=FaMLA;9 <G K=FLA<G +9J9 GK=JAM =FIM9FLG 9K <AK;AHDAF9K
IM= =KLM<9E 9 DbF?M9 K= 9HDA;9E 9G =P9E= <9 =KLJMLMJ9 <G KA?FA>A;9FL= = Z
<=K;JA^]G <9 =KLJMLMJ9 <G KA?FA>A;9<G 9 HMJ9 DAF?MbKLA;9 <G L=PLG K= 9HDA;9
Z AFL=JHJ=L9^]G <G KA?FA>A;9FL= = <G KA?FA>A;9<G <9 DbF?M9 ;GEG =PHJ=KK]G
<GK=FLA<G6 K 7
GK=JAM6 K
K
7
I Fontica e Fonologia
$v!GF_LA;9=!GFGDG?A9
1 Fontica Descritiva
!GF=E9K
Aparelho Fonador
;9EAF@9<9 <GK ;9N9DGK E9K F]G GK MLADAR9EGK ;GEG KGFK <9 >9D9 =E
HGJLM?MaK
GEGK=HJG<MR=EGK>GF=E9K
Vogais Anteriores 2
Vogais Posteriores 3
Zonas de Articulao
A
)GL=K= G >=;@9E=FLG <G ;9F9D :M;9D F9 9JLA;
MD9^]G <G
M
= <G
A
;GE EGNAE=FLG <9 =HA?DGL=
= =D=N9^]G <9 DbF?M9 =E <AJ=^]G 9G H9D9LG 6 -
7
=
A
G
M
= LJaK NG?9AK J=<MRA<9K GJ9AK
9
A
M
/9E:_E K]G J=
<MRA<9K 9K NG?9AK YLGF9K F9K9AK 5FLA?G K9FL9J D=EH=R9 ;CE:9L=
>IF<9J
Observaes
p )]G L=EGK FG J9KAD G 5 >=;@9<G GJ9D LfFA;G <GK HGJLM?M=K=K ;GEG =E ;5<9
H5J9E5K
p )9 HJGFhF;A9 FGJE9D :J9KAD=AJ9 9K NG?9AK F9K9AK K]G >=;@9<9K GM J=<MRA<9K
=KL9KIM9F<GYLGF9K
G
M
= LJaK J=<MRA<9K
9
A
M
.]G F9K9AK 9K NG?9AK IM= =E KM9
HJG<M^]G F9GGC5A B5G :CGG5G B5G5=G #Y ;AF;G NG?9AK F9K9AK
]
g
D=N9^]G<9DbF?M9IMAFLG;JAL_JAGH9J9;D9KKA>A;9^]G<9KNG?9AK
Elevao da lngua: quinto critrio para classificao das vogais )GE=F;D9LMJ9 "J9E9LA;9D J9KAD=AJ9 F]G D=NGM =E ;GFL9 9 =D=N
9^]G ?J9<M9D <9 DbF?M9 G IM= <AKLAF?M= 9K NG?9AK =E v NG?9D :9AP9
9
v NG?9AK E_<A9K ;GE <GAK ?J9MK <= =D=N9^]G
_
e
=
a
f
v NG
?9AK 9DL9K
A
M
FLJ= 9K F9K9AK <=K9H9J=;=E GK <GAK ?J9MK <= =D=N9^]G
<9KNG?9AKE_<A9K
orais 6
A
M
DL9K
a
f
(_<A9K
_
e
(_<A9K
9
9AP9
nasais
DL9K
g
(_<A9K
]
9AP9
=
GIM=F]G_;GJJ=LG
quadro da classificao das vogais
.=EANG?9AK F;GFLJGKNG;YDA;GK<ALGF?GKLJALGF?GK=@A9LGK
969@5
*K<ALGF?GKHG<=EK=J
9;J=K;=FL=K=<=;J=K;=FL=K
:GJ9AK=F9K9AK
F9G79BH9 _ G <ALGF?G =E IM= 9 K=EANG?9D N=E 9FL=K <9 NG?9D
Y?I5;YJ=9EY?C5
97F9G79BH9 _ G <ALGF?G =E IM= 9 NG?9D N=E 9FL=K <9 K=EANG?9D
H5=EV9J9=
GEG 9K NG?9AK GK <ALGF?GK K]G CF5=G H5= Y?I5 ;YJ=9 EY?C5
J9=GM B5G5=G EV9
*K <ALGF?GK F9K9AK K]G K=EHJ= >=;@9<GK =FIM9FLG GK GJ9AK HG<=E
K=J 569FHCG H5=;XIJ_=A<9=9GM :97<58CG E9I<C=<GN9=9
)GK <ALGF?GK F9K9AK K]G F9K9AK 9 NG?9D = 9 K=EANG?9D E9K Ke K=
;GDG;9GLADKG:J=9NG?9DEV9
+JAF;AH9AK<ALGF?GK;J=K;=FL=K
)F5=G
Q9
?DeJ=5HYLJ=5<=5:GYJ95FbN95
Q=
QA;YJ=9;9DNb;=9
Q_
<=9L9
QG
NYJ=CE_<=CYMJ9CFbN9C
Qe
E9F<=C;9
Qf
H=CD@G
QM
E=d<G
O9
Y?I5II5K=<I5DEY?C5Fe<C5
OA
DAF?I=^9LaFI9
Oe
IMAHJGII_
Of
9IICKG
OG
IIG:DbIIC
Oa
;C9D@G
O_
=II9KLJ=?C9D9
Observao E EMALGK <=KL=K ;9KGK HG<= K=J <AK;MLbN=D 9 =PAKLaF;A9 <= <ALGF
?GK ;J=K;=FL=K xHGJ K=J AF<=;AK9 = N9JAYN=D 9 KGFGJA<9<= IM= K= <Y 9G HJAE=AJG
>GF=E9 =JLG _ IM= L9AK <ALGF?GK K= G:K=JN9E E9AK >9;ADE=FL= F9 @G<A=JF9
HJGFhF;A9 DMKAL9F9 <G IM= F9 :J9KAD=AJ9 =E IM= 9 NG?9D K=EANG?9D =E:GJ9
>J9;9 ;GKLME9 ;GFK=JN9J KGFGJA<9<= :9KL9FL= K=FKbN=Dy 6.
7 = IM9DIM=J
E9F=AJ9 J=?AKLJ=K= G <=K;GEH9KKG =FLJ= 9 J=9DA<9<= >GF_LA;9 GJ9 @A9LG GJ9
<ALGF?G = 9 E9F=AJ9 AFN9JAYN=D <= ?J9>9J A=d8C ;GE 9;=FLG 9?M<G FG I IM=J K=B9
HJG>=JA<G ;GEG <AKKbD9:G = <ALGF?G HGJL9FLG GM ;GEG LJAKKbD9:G = @A9LG /9E
:_E H9D9NJ9K ;GEG GXF=9 ;@_F=5 IM= HG<=E K=J HJG>=JA<9K ;GEG <AKKbD9:9K E9AK
MKM9D GM LJAKKbD9:9K F]G LaE GK =F;GFLJGK NG;YDA;GK K=H9J9<GK F9 <ANAK]G
KADY:A;9 GXF=9 ;@_F=5=E9E:GKGK;9KGK<=HJGFhF;A9
)9K9AK
Q]
;J=5F^9
O]
II5F<G
Oa
>J=II9FL=IMAFIIZFAG<=HC9FL=
O
9J?I=F<GII=FIMaFAGEC=F@G
*KHJAF;AH9AK<ALGF?GK<=;J=K;=FL=KK]G
*J9AK
9Q
H5=:5=PGLJ5=<GJ
9Q
5 >=;@9<G=ZKN=R=KF9K9D9<G>5=F9H5=F9
9F<5=E=
9O
H5I;9;5IK 5C
_Q
JX=K;GJGFX=K
aQ
D9=B9=LG>AIM9=
_O
;XI;@9HXI
aO
D9I;GE=L9I
AO
N=IH9JL=I
eQ
@=J_=9FR_=K
fQ
:C=>C=;=
GO
NCIJCI:G=KLCIJG
MQ
>I=9RI=K
(5G5=G
]Q
9D=EV9K;V=:J9
]O
HVC9E9J5A 9EYJ]G
Q
:9A :AGFL9A GFLA
gQ
Hc9K=Fc9K
Q
EI= EAEI=LGEALG
Nota )GK <ALGF?GK F9K9AK <=;J=K;=FL=K
~M
VM
=
VK
6;> ..
GF<= JVG JAE9 ;GE AV9G7 9 K=EANG?9D HG<= F]G NAJ J=HJ=K=FL9<9 F9 =K;JAL9
K;J=N=EGK 9 AFL=JB=A^]G <9A GM <9=B K=F<G 9 JA?GJ 9 HJAE=AJ9 ?J9>A9 E9AK
J=;GE=F<YN=D
(5G5=G
O9Q
II5=GH9J9?I5=C
O]O
EbF?I5AK9?IVCIIVC
O=Q
=FP9?I9=9N=JA?I9=K
O~Q
<=DAFII9A=FPY?I9A
OAO
<=DAFII=I
OgQ
K9?Ic9K
OGO
9H9RA?ICI
Observaes
p )GK LJALGF?GK F9K9AK
O]O
=
O~Q
9 hDLAE9 K=EANG?9D HG<= F]G NAJ
J=HJ=K=FL9<9?J9>A;9E=FL=EbF?M9E=FPY?M=E
p FLJ= HGJLM?M=K=K HGJ F]G @9N=J G E9AGJ J=D=NG <9 HJAE=AJ9 NG?9D v
>9LG IM= K= G:K=JN9 =FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK v G ?JMHG <= NG?9D K=?MA<9 <= ME <ALGF?G
HG<=;GFKLALMAJK=FMELJALGF?G>=X=KHC9=J9H=VC
O
K=EANG?9D KbE:GDG ;@9E9<G I5I FGK =F;GFLJGK >GJE9<GK HGJ <ALGF?G <=
;J=K;=FL= K=?MA<G <= NG?9D >AF9D GM <ALGF?G YLGFG HJ9A9 HJ9AA9 ;@=A9 ;@=A
A9LMP9M9LMP9MM9?GA9:9?GAA9:9
p x)GK @A9LGK ;MB9 HJAE=AJ9 NG?9D >GJ I = ;MB9 K=?MF<9 NG?9D >GJ >AF9D <= NG
;Y:MDG K=?MA<9 GM F]G <= G ?JY>A;G G <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG <G I5I N9JA9JY <=
9;GJ<G ;GE 9K F=;=KKA<9<=K =PHJ=KKAGF9AK GM 9K H=;MDA9JA<9<=K AF<ANA<M9AKy
FM9FM9GMFMM9J=;M=J=;M=GMJ=;MM=9EMG9EMGGM9EMMG
p x*K =F;GFLJGK =5 =9 =C I5 I9 IC >AF9AK YLGFGK K=?MA<GK GM F]G <= G
;D9KKA>A;9EK= IM=J ;GEG <ALGF?GK IM=J ;GEG @A9LGK ME9 N=R IM= 9E:9K 9K
=EAKKg=K =PAKL=E FG <GEbFAG <9 'bF?M9 +GJLM?M=K9 @AKLeJA9 = @AKLeJA9 K_JA=
=K_JA=HYLAG=HYLAGYJ<M9=YJ<M9LaFM==LaFM=NY;MG=NY;MGy
p MLGJ=K @Y IM= L9E:_E ;GFKA<=J9E @A9LG IM9F<G K= LJ9L9 <= ME9 NG?9D =
ME9 K=EANG?9D ;GEG FG ;9KG <= ;C=565 >C=5 =L; *MLJGK ;GFKA<=J9E <GAK <ALGF
?GK ;C==565 >C==5
N
@=B;IC89BH5=G DbF?M9 ;GFLJ9 9J;9<9 <=FLYJA9 KMH=JAGJ
L
<
F
5@J9C@5F9G DbF?M9 =E <AJ=^]G GM ;GFLJ9 GK 9DN_GDGK
K
R
D
J
JJ
F@
J9@5F9G J9AR<9DbF?M9;GFLJ9GN_M<GH9D9<9J
C
?
Observaes
p *
D
AFA;A9D <9 KbD9:9 _ FALA<9E=FL= 9DN=GD9J =FIM9FLG G >AF9D _ HJG>=JA<G J=
D9P9<G IM9K= J9@5F E9K L=F<GK= G ;MA<9<G <= F]G >9RaDG A?M9D 9 I )9K DA?
9^g=K;GE9NG?9DAFA;A9D<=GMLJGNG;Y:MDGKG9;GEG9DN=GD9J
p *
JJ
5@J9C@5F HG<= K=J HJG>=JA<G ;GEG J9@5F ?J9^9K 9G E9AGJ J=;MG <9
DbF?M9
p K DAF?MG<=FL9AK
L
=
<
K=?MA<9K <= = HG<=E H9D9L9DAR9JK= H=BH5 = 8=;BC HG
<=EKG9J
LPAFL9
=
<BA?FG
NAL=K=G=P9?=JG<=KL9KH9D9L9DAR9^g=K
:H9>L9
DBHF=MHF=MEYLA;G
DGHKAM
DH9HLG
HAAKLEG
HB_LFA;G
=F]G
=F]G
=F]G
=F]G
=F]G
=F]G
=F]G
58=JC;58C GM 589JC;58C
56=GGC@IHC
58=A=F5F
R:=H5
F[H=AC
D=B9I
D9B9I
=B8[;I=BC
* <=K=BG <= ;GJJA?AJ G =F?9FG D=N9 EMAL9K N=R=K Z GEAKK]G <= NG?9D
<=;=JLGKNG;Y:MDGK
58=J=B<5F
=F]G
GI69BH9B89F =F]G
Letra diacrtica v W 9IM=D9 IM= K= BMFL9 9 GMLJ9 H9J9 D@= <9J N9DGJ
>GF_LA;G =KH=;A9D = ;GFKLALMAJ ME <b?J9>G E HGJLM?MaK 9K D=LJ9K <A9;JbL
A;9K K]G < F G 7 W I H9J9 GK <b?J9>GK ;GFKGF9FL9AK = A = B H9J9 GK <b?J9
>GKNG;YDA;GK;<Y;9JFGH9KGGII=JG;9AHGGB<9
Observao9bK=LAJ9E9KK=?MAFL=K;GF;DMKg=K9HDA;YN=AKZ9FYDAK=>GF_LA;9
p)]G@Y<ALGF?G=EII=JG
p ' = B F]G K]G 9IMA >GF=E9K ;GFKGF[FLA;GK F9K9AK =E ;9(HG G)<9 E9K @Y
9MLGJ=K IM= GK ;D9KKA>A;9E ;GEG ;GFKG9FL=K HGJ F]G 9;=AL9J=E 9 =PAKLaF;A9 <=
NG?9AKF9K9AK(9LLGKG[E9J9
p +I = ;I K=;D9KKA>A;9E;GEG
C
=
?
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
58J=B<5F
GI6H9B89F
b?J9>G
9DAL=J9^]G L9FLG HG<= K=JNAJ 9G =KLADG KGD=F= = ;MDLG ;GEG FGK =P
=EHDGK J=>=JA<GK ;GEG HG<= =KL9J HJ=K=FL= F9K E9FA>=KL9^g=K <= =K
HGFL[F=9 =PHJ=KKANA<9<= HGHMD9J ;GF>GJE= K= Na FGK HJGN_J:AGK F9K
>J9K=K >=AL9K FGK EG<GK <= <AR=J HGHMD9J=K GVC 9 G5@JC 75F5 CI 7CFC5
89 756C 5 F56C =L; * IM= AEHGJL9 9;=FLM9J _ IM= 9 9DAL=J9^]G E9AK
G;GJJ= F9 =PL=JAGJAR9^]G HKbIMA;9 = FG 9H=DG <G EI9 F9 ;GEMFA;9^]G
AFL=D=;LAN9
*FGE9LGH=A9
/9E:_E IM9K= K=EHJ= F]G K= =NAL9 9 ;GDAK]G <G LAHG <= BC BdA9FC
B5 B5J9 B5 BC=H9 B5 BCGG5 J=85 =L; +G<=K= K=E K=J G:JA?9LeJAG >M?AJ
Z ;GDAK]G E=<A9FL= KM:KLALMA^]G <= BC B5 BIA =L; HGJ 9A C 9A 5 9A
IA=L; 9AC FhE=JG 9A5 F9N=
Eco v W 9 J=H=LA^]G ;GE H=IM=FG AFL=JN9DG <= H9D9NJ9K IM= L=JEA
F9E<=EG<GA<aFLA;G
x KL9KH9D9NJ9KKM:GJ<AF9E>J9K=K=EIM=K==PHJAE=;GF<AWVC F=
;=KKYJA9ZJ=9DAR9^VC GMFVC J=9DAR9^VC <99^VC HJAF;AH9D y
1G;Y:MDG=PHJ=KKANG
apndice
x*J9N=B9;GAC9@5 =KLY=KL=F<=F<G9KE]GRAF@9KAF=PH=JA=FL=KH9J9
9;@9E9<9KN=D9K y6J
7
@=JeA 85B5WVCFGGGC<=BC:G7589@5FMF75EI99GLM<9
=N=K= =NAL9J L9FLG IM9FLG HGKKbN=D IM= ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GE=;= H=D9
E=KE9 KbD9:9 ;GE IM= 9 9FL=JAGJ 9;9:= HCFF9 F98CB85 DCF F5NVC DCF F9
GD9=HC DCI7575IH9@5 BIB7575G5J5A =;BCF5G9G9G9HF5H58=GGC
MA<9<G E9AGJ @Y <= K= L=J K= 9 BMF^]G D=E:J9 H9D9NJ9 HGM;G <=D
A;9<9 C /ABM75 ;5F@GM G BG?9<GJ E9J75 ;C@ L]G ;GEMFK F9 AEHJ=FK9
>9D9<9==K;JAL9
D=ALMJ9 <G L=PLG =E NGR 9DL9 9FL=K <= KM9 <ANMD?9^]G KMJ
HJ==F<=JYEMALGK;9KGK<=;9;e>9LGK
WGHGJLMF99DA^]G<=.9A<DA
x-=H9J9K= @GB= ;GE ;=JLG =P9?=JG F9 ;9;G>GFA9 J=KMDL9FL= <9
BMF^]G <9 KbD9:9 L=JEAF9D <= ME NG;Y:MDG ;GE 9 H9D9NJ9 GM H9JL= <9 H9
D9NJ9 AE=<A9L9 )]G K= DA?9 =FLJ=L9FLG E9AGJ AEHGJL[F;A9 Z ;9;G>GFA9
IM9F<G =KL9 K= 9;@9 <=FLJG <= ME E=KEG NG;Y:MDG K=F<G >GJE9<9 HGJ
9D?ME9K <9K KM9K KbD9:9K ;GEHGF=FL=K * E9D 9IMA _ AJJ=E=<AYN=D HGAK
IM= =PHJ=KKg=K F]G K= <AKH=FK9E F=E K= KM:KLALM=E (MAL9K N=R=K
H9J=;= 9 ;9;G>GFA9 E=FGK JA<b;MD9 <G IM= 9 NGFL9<= <= H=J;=:aD9 *
=KLM<9FL= =NAL= K=EHJ= IM= HM<=J K=E=D@9FL=K ;GE:AF9^g=K <= H9D9NJ9K
9KKAE ;GEG IM9AKIM=J GMLJ9K <= GF<= HGKK9E F9K;=J MFK DGF?=K <= ;9;G
>GFA9=F]GK=HJ=G;MH=;GE<=K;G:JADGKFGKGMLJGK y6. 7
B) Ortopia ou Ortoepia
)FHCXD=5 _ 9 H9JL= <9 ?J9EYLA;9 IM= LJ9L9 <9 ;GJJ=L9 HJGFhF;A9 <GK
>GF=E9K
+J=G;MH9K= F]G 9H=F9K ;GE G ;GF@=;AE=FLG =P9LG <GK N9DGJ=K
>GF_LA;GK <GK >GF=E9K IM= =FLJ9E F9 =KLJMLMJ9 <GK NG;Y:MDGK ;GFKA<
=J9<GK AKGD9<9E=FL= GM DA?9<GK F9 =FMF;A9^]G <9 GJ9^]G E9K 9AF<9 ;GE
GJALEG9=FLG9^]G==PHJ=KK]G;GFN=FA=FL=KZ:G9=DG;M^]G
1G?9AK
EA
EALG
8 .G9E A?M9DE=FL= G 5 9JLA?G 5 HJ=HGKA^]G 5 HJGFGE= = G S J=K
MDL9FL= <9 ;J9K= )]G K= 9DGF?9 G S xK9DNG EMALG =P;=H;AGF9DE=FL= K=
@GMN=J F=;=KKA<9<= AEH=J9LAN9 H9J9 9 AFL=DA?aF;A9 <9 >J9K= ;9KG =E IM=
G J=KMDL9FL= <9 ;J9K= HG<=JY K=J HJGFMF;A9<G ;GE ;=JL9 LGFA;A<9<= = aF
>9K=y(CFA5G
9 .]G J=<MRA<9K 9K NG?9AK 9 = C YLGF9K >AF9AK IM= KG9E
=
=
I
J=
KH=;LAN9E=FL=>J=FL9;9JJC
: .]G GK;AD9FL=K
=
A
~
G
M
g
J=<MRA<GK HJ=LfFA;GK
=E FME=JGKGK NG;Y:MDGK GK;AD9^]G IM= ;GJJ=KHGF<= x9 ME9 ?J9<9^]G <=
>J=IMaF;A9 <= E=AG ;MDLMJ9D <= FbN=D KG;A9D GM <= L=FK]G HKbIMA;9 <G AF<A
Nb<MG >9D9FL=y (CFA5G
H=<AJ
H=<AJ
GM
HA<AJ
=KLM<G
=KLM<M
GM
AKLM<M
K=FLAJ
K=FLAJ
GM
KAFLAJ
;GKLMJ9
;GKLMJ9
GM
;MKLMJ9
;GEH9<J=
;GEH9<J=
GM
;MEH9<J=
)=KL= ;9KG =KL]G 9K HJ=HGKA^g=K 7CA = DCF
IM= K9DNG F9K KALM9^g=K =F>YLA;9K <=N=E K=J HJGFMF;A9<9K
C
=
HMJ
!9R=E =P;=^]G EMALGK NG;Y:MDGK =JM<ALGK = GK ;GEHGKLGK <= 9BHF9 9A
6F=C;9B=5 <9B8[589 <9LR;CBC 9BHF9A9=C 6) 7
; E DAF?M9?=E ;MA<9<9 =NAL9K= 9 GK;AD9^]G <= IM= 9FL=JAGJ
E=FL= K= >9DGM IM9F<G L=E N9DGJ GHGKALANG AKLG _ K=JN= H9J9 <AKLAF?MAJ
H9D9NJ9K <= KA?FA>A;9<G <A>=J=FL= =EAF=FL=
AEAF=FL= =EA?J9J
AEA?J9J
<=K;JA^]G
<AK;JA^]G
< I <=HGAK <= ; GM E GJ9 _ NG?9D GM K=EANG?9D = 9b K= HJG>=J= GJ9
_;GEHGF=FL=<=<b?J9>G=9bF]GK=HJGFMF;A9
FLJ= GMLJ9K <=N= K=J HJG>=JA<G F9K K=?MAFL=K H9D9NJ9K <=HGAK <G ;
5;I9BH5F 5A6=;I=8589 5D5N=;I5F 5F;I=WVC 5F;I=F 6=@[B;I9 7CBG5B
;I[B9C 7CBH=;I=8589 9BG5B;I9BH58C 9L=;I=8589 @=B;I9H5 @=B;I=GH5
F985F;I=F G5;I= GM G5;I=A IB;I9BHC IB;I=:CFA9
)]G K= <=N= HJG>=JAJ G I <=HGAK <G ; =E 8=GH=B;I=F 9L5B;I9 9LH=B
;I=F @5B;I9 D=B;I9 ?GJ<G>_JLADJ=F<GKG
W >9;MDL9LANG HJGFMF;AYDG =E 5BH=;I=8589 G5B;I[B9C G5B
;I=BRF=C G5B;I=BCGC
+JG>=J=K= G I <=HGAK <G E =E 5EI[7C@5 7CBG9EIZB7=5 89@=BEIZB
7=5 89@=BEI=F 9EI9GHF9 9EI9JC 9EI=8=GH5BH9 9EI=BC ;9N9D9J 9EI=H5H
=JC 9EI=DC@9BH9 L9E:_E 9EI=DC@9BH9 :F9EIZB7=5 =B=EI=8589 @CEI9@5
C6@=EI=8589 EI9F7=B5 EI=B;9BHXG=AC EI=BEIZB=C EI=DFCEI_ G9EIZB
7=5 .5FEI[B=C HF5BEI=@C I6=EI=8589
)]G K= HJG>=J= G I <=HGAK <G E =E 58EI=F=F 5B=EI=@5F 5EI98IHC
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W >9;MDL9LANG HJGFMF;AYDG =E 5BH=EI[GG=AC 9EI=8589 9EI=J5@9BH9
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W >=;@9<G =E 579FJC L9E:_E 579FJC ;GE 9 9:=JLG 57<9;5 58
9>C 58F989 5@5A985 5AI@9HC 5B57CF9H5 5F569G7C 5G9@<5 6579@C 69
GH5 z9FAE9D <= ;9J?9{ 6=GG9LHC 6C:9H9 75A=B<CB9H5 79F969@C 75H9HC
79F85 89GHF5 89GHFC 89J9G5 89:9GC 8I9HC 9BHF9J9FC 9G75F5J9@<C
9:96C 9LHF5 :97<5F = KM9K >GJE9K :97<C :97<5G :97<9 =L; ;=B9H9 ;FI
A9H9 =B89:9GC =BH9F9GG9 K @98C @5AD9>C @565F985 A5;B9HC D5@
=ADG9GHC D5B:@9HC D9N EI=6969 F9G9G F9HF9H5 ,CEI9H9 GC69>C J9B9H5
J9F985 J=B<9H5 J9FG5@9H9 J9GD5 J989H5 J9F69H9 L9F9N L9D5 K 9MLGJ
A<9<=K J=;GE=F<9E G LAE:J= >=;@9<G =E D9G9 F9 =PHJ=KK]G 9A EI9 D9G9
5 79BHCD9=5 = 7C@A9=5 E9K 9 HJGFhF;A9 ;GE LAE:J= 9:=JLG _
:F5IH5 D@5BH5F
DF5BH5F=L;
)9 H9D9NJ9 GI6@=B<5F = <=JAN9<GK G @ <=N= K=J HJGFMF;A9<G K=H9J9
<9E=FL=<G 6 FLJ=HGJLM?M=K=KGMN=K=;GEG GI6@=A9
* F EhDLAHDG 9DN=GD9J HG<= K=J HJG>=JA<G ;GEG N=D9J ?J9^9K 9G
E9AGJ J=;MG <9 DbF?M9 = 9L_ ;GE 9JLA;MD9^]G <GJKGMNMD9J HGJL9FLG E9AK
;9JJ=?9<G 9AF<9 =E:GJ9 9K (CFA5G F]G 9 J=;GE=F<=E F9 HJGFhF;A9
;MA<9<9 A5F 5J9FA9@<5F )9K H9D9NJ9K 56FIDHC 56FC;5F 58FC;5F
GI6FC;5F = <=JAN9<GK G F <=N= K=J HJGFMF;A9<G EhDLAHDG = K=H9J9<G
AKLG_K=E>9R=J?JMHG;GE9;GFKG9FL=9FL=JAGJ
* A >AF9D HG<= ?M9J<9J KM9 AFL=?JA<9<= <= HJGFhF;A9 F]G F9K9DAR
9F<G G 9 9FL=JAGJ FG NG;Y:MDG HCH9A 9<EALAF<G 9 ?J9>A9 H_H9A9 E
69A5A58C = 69A5J9BHIF58C F9K9DAR9 G 9 9FL=JAGJ = F]G K= DA?9 9G 5
K=?MAFL= ARK= =B:@=;=F = F]G =B:@=B;=F E A5B7<9=5 9 KbD9:9 AFA;A9D
GMN=K=
E]
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E]
E GMLJGK ;9KGK
L=EGK>9;MDL9LAN99F9K9DAR9^]G ,CF5=A5 $5=A9 D5=B5
K DAF?MG<=FL9AK 8 = H K=?MA<9K <= = HG<=E H9D9LAR9JK= =NAL9F<G
K==FLJ=L9FLGG=P9?=JG9JLA;MD9^]G9>JA;9<9DAF?MGH9D9L9D 8=5 H=5
* G KG9 9HJGPAE9<9E=FL= ;GEG K= >GJ9 > E9K K=E =P9?=JG 9FL=K
<= 6 8 ; > @ A F = J 89G>9>IA 89G@=N5F 9GAC 5GBC 9G65FF5F 9G
8FdLI@C 9B;5G;5F 5GBC 89GF9;F5F 89GJVC GEG :=E 9;=FLM9 FL=FGJ
)9K;=FL=K 6)
7 =E GMLJGK HGFLGK <G H9bK G G F=KL=K ;9KGK KG9
9HJGPAE9<9E=FL=;GEG
R
FL=K <= 7 : D E H L = 9AF<9 FG >AE <= NG;Y:MDG IM= F]G K= DA?M=
9G K=?MAFL= G G L=E KGE HJePAEG <=
P
89G75AD58C 9G:F9;5F F9GD9=HC
9GEI=JC 89GH9 89GL58F9N5F E GMLJGK HGFLGK <G H9bK K=?MF<G G 9MLGJ
9FL=JAGJE=FL= ;AL9<G G G F=KL9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K _ KA:AD9FL= ;GEG F9 H9D9N
J9 G9@J5
/=E G KGE <=
R
=FLJ= NG?9AK FGK ;GEHGKLGK <G HJ=>APG HF5BG
HF5BG5H@TBH=7C HF5BG5WVC HF5BG=H=JC =L; = F9 H9D9NJ9 C6GXEI=C = <=
JAN9<GK E HF5BG9 IM= K= ?J9>9 L9E:_E HF5B79 GI6G[8=C GI6G=8=5F
GI6G=GH=F GI6G=GHZB7=5 = GMLJGK <9 E=KE9 >9EbDA9 G G HG<= KG9J ;GEG
KA:AD9FL= ;GEG =E G9@J5 GM ;GEG
R
.= G =D=E=FLG 9 IM= K= HJ=>AP9
HF5BG ;GE=^9 HGJ G F]G K= <MHDA;9 =KL9 ;GFKG9FL= IM= K=JY HJG>=JA<9
;GEG KA:AD9FL= .F5BG=@JTB=5 = <=JAN9<GK HF5BG=69F=5BC GE G HJ=>APG
C6 K=?MA<G 9 =D=E=FLG ;GE=^9<G HGJ G =KL= KG9 ;GEG KA:AD9FL= C6
G9GGVC C6G=8=5F =L; )G >AF9D G=AC <= J=;XG=AC HF=;XG=AC =L; KG9
;GEG
R
K;J=N=F<GK= 5F=HAXH=75 ;GE H _ E9AK MKM9D HJG>=JAJ =KL9
;GFKG9FL= +G<=K=9AF<9?J9>9J 5F=AXH=75
2 L=E IM9LJG N9DGJ=K >JA;9LANG H9D9L9D ;GEG =E L5FCD9
>JA;
9LANG 9DN=GD9J KGFGJG ;GEG =E 9L5A9 >JA;9LANG 9DN=GD9J KMJ<G KK
;GEG=E 5IL[@=CN9D=HGJ
CK
=
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2 KG9
R
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5B;I9 9L5F5F 9L5GD9F5F 9L5HC 9L5IHCF5F 9L97IH5F ZL98F5 9L9;9G9
9L9;9H5 9L9AD@C 9LXEI=5G 9L9EI[J9@ 9L9F79F 9L9F7[7=C 9LXF7=HC 9L
5IF=F 9L=6=F 9L=;=F 9L=@5F 9L[@=C 9L[A=C 9L=GH=F ZL=HC ZLC8C 9L_;9BC
9LCB9F5F 9LCF5F 9LCF6=H5F 9LCF7=GAC 9L_F8=C 9LCFB5F 9L_H=7C 9L
I69F5F 9LI69F5BH9 9LI@H5F 9LIA5F =B9LCFRJ9@
.G9 ;GEG
K
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.G9 ;GEG
CK
GM
CR
;GF>GJE= G ;9KG =E 5:@ILC 5B9LC 5L=@5
RL=G 5L=aA9HFC 7CAD@9LC 7CBJ9LC 7FI7=:=LC 8CLC@C;=5 :=LC :@9LVC
:@ILC <9LTA9HFC L9E:_E KG9 ;GEG
R
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KG9 ;GEG
R
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ARL=A9 aB=L CFHC8CLC _L=8C CL=ACFC DFC@=LC CL=;ZB=C D5F58CLC F9
:@9LC G9L5;9BRF=C G9L5;XG=AC G9LC G[@9L H_F5L H_L=7C
W HJG>=JA<G AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= ;GEG
CK
GM
K
=E 5DCD@9L=5 5L
=CA5 = 89:@ILC
:@IL
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K
FG >AF9D <= 7R@=L X@=L :ZB=L = F9 DG;M^]G 9<N=J:A9D 5
)=KL= ;9KG HG<= 9AF<9 G;GJJ=J 9 >MK]G ;J9K= <9K <M9K NG?9AK K=
>GJ=E A<aFLA;9K =KK9 >MK]G HJG<MR ;=JLG 9DGF?9E=FLG <9 NG?9D AF<A;9<9
9IMA H=DG EY;JGF GM 9 <ALGF?9^]G K= 9 NG?9D YLGF9 >AF9D >GJ = 9 GM I
C
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9
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I
Observaes
@9N=JY@A9LG<ALGF?GGM=DAK]GK=9NG?9DYLGF9>AF9D>GJ I GM
p HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5 HG<= J=<MRAJK= 9 DF5 = F]G H{J9 @GB= MK9<9 9L_ =FLJ=
DAL=J9LGK KL9 >GJE9 IM9F<G K=?MA<9 <G 9JLA?G C 5 CG 5G = ;GE =D= ;GE:AF9<9
_?J9>9<9J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= DFC DF5 H9J99 DFCG DF5G
p +=DG K= J=<MR 9 D@C E9AK ;GEME =E +GJLM?9D >GJE9 IM= ;GE:AF9<9 ;GE G
9JLA?G GM HJGFGE= C 5 CG 5G _ ?J9>9<9 D@C D@5 D@CG D@5G FLJ= HGJLM?M=K=K
GMN=K=9AF<9 DFC = DFCG ;GE C 9:=JLG
6 CBGC5BH9:=B5@89JC7R6I@C7CA:CB9A5=B=7=5@89JC7R6I@C
;GFKG9FL= >AF9D <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 K=?MA<9 <= NG?9D AFA;A9D GM
K=EANG?9D K=E H9MK9 AFL=JE=<AYJA9 <=N= K=J HJG>=JA<9 ;GEG K= >GKK=
AFL=JNG;YDA;9 AKLG _ DA?9K= 9 ME9 NG?9D G:=<=;=F<G ZK FGJE9K BY
=KL9:=D=;A<9K
x9IAG9BH=F5J9BHIF58Cy
xQH5@J9N5JCNA=ACG5y
x!9BH=@=B:5BH9 9B;F5W58Cy
x+I98RG<CBF59J5@CFy
;GFKG9FL= >AF9D 6 =E GC6 HGJ =P=EHDG K=?MA<9 <= GMLJ9 ;GF
KG9FL= AFA;A9D <=N= K=J HJG>=JA<9 K=E 9H9J=;AE=FLG <= ME = GM 9
AFL=JE_<AG
-C6@IN9G 8{9GD9F5BW5
-C6:dF=5
K;GFKG9FL=K L = N >AF9AKK]GLJ9L9<9K;GEG
K
>AF9DF9KDA?9^g=K
:5NA98C PB :5N75@CF RP
* B >AF9D <= NG;Y:MDGK ;GEG 7TBCB [CB 7[7@CHFCB <=N= K=J HJG
>=JA<G K=E F9K9DAR9J >GJL=E=FL= 9 NG?9D 9FL=JAGJ ;GF>GJE= NAEGK F9K
DA?9^g=K ;GE GMLJG NG;Y:MDG ?M9J<9 =KL= N9DGJ IM9F<G _ K=?MA<G <= ;GF
KG9FL= 7TBCB6[6@=7C
.=?MA<G <= NG?9D GM K=EANG?9D DA?9K= KAD9:A;9E=FL= 9 =KL9 ;GEG
K=>GKK=AFA;A9D<=KbD9:9 7TBCB 5BH=;C
* A >AF9D <= 69A5J9BHIF58C 69A5A58C = K=E=D@9FL=K F9K9DAR9 9
NG?9D9FL=JAGJF]GK=DA?9F<GZK=?MAFL=;GEGK=>GKK=AFA;A9D<=KbD9:9
,M9F<G G AF<=>AFA<G GM FME=J9D IA5 _ K=?MA<G <= NG;Y:MDG
;GE=^9<G HGJ A F]G K= <=N= HJG>=JAJ G A KG9F<G HGJL9FLG |5 >GJE9
;GEIM=ZKN=R=K9H9J=;=?J9>9<G=NAL=K=9>GJE9 In5
IA5A9BG5;9AIA5AVC
*JLG?J9>A9=*JLG_HA9
C) Prosdia
*FCG_8=5 _ 9 H9JL= <9 >GF_LA;9 IM= LJ9L9 <9 ;GJJ=L9 9;=FLM9^]G =
=FLGF9^]G<GK>GF=E9K
HJ=G;MH9^]G E9AGJ <9 HJGKe<A9 _ G ;GF@=;AE=FLG <9 KbD9:9 DF9
8CA=B5BH9;@9E9<9 HaB=75
.bD9:9
BX
E=<A9D
H=
E=<A9D
75
>AF9D
,M9FLA<9<=
DC
89
YLGF9
YLGF9
HJ=LfFA;9
HJ=LfFA;9
FC
LfFA;9
GC
YLGF9
HGKLfFA;9
AR=EGK IM= F9K KbD9:9K >GJL=K J=HGMK9 G 579BHC HaB=7C <G NG
;Y:MDG579BHC85D5@5JF5 GM 579BHCJC756I@5F
PAKL=E 9AF<9 9K KbD9:9K K=EA>GJL=K ;@9E9<9K GI6HaB=75G IM= HGJ
IM=KLg=K JbLEA;9K ;GEH=FK9E G K=M 9>9KL9E=FLG <9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9
>9R=F<G IM= K= <=K=FNGDN9 ME 9;=FLG <= E=FGJ AFL=FKA<9<= v 579BHC
G97IB8RF=C =D9KFGKG;MH9J=EGKE9AK9<A9FL=
+GKA^]G<G9;=FLGLfFA;G
*9;=FLG<=AFKAKLaF;A9HG<=;9AJFGMLJ9KbD9:9<A>=J=FL=<9LfFA;9
E9raNAD@GK9 forEA<YN=DAFteDA?=FL= miK=JYN=D
GEG :=E 9;=FLM9 -GM<=L 9 ;9MK9 =KK=F;A9D <G >=FfE=FG <G J=
;MG <G 9;=FLG xH9J=;= K=J 9 >9DL9 <= KAF;JGFAKEG =FLJ= 9 =EG^]G = KM9 =P
HJ=KK]G 9LJ9N_K <9 DAF?M9?=E =EG^]G K= 9<A9FL9 Z H9D9NJ9 = J=>GJ^9 9
NGR<=K<=IM=9K;GF<A^g=K>GF_LA;9KGH=JEAL=Ey6'-
7
KL= 9;=FLG <= AFKAKLaF;A9 F]G L=E 9H=F9K ;9JYL=J =EG;AGF9D 9<
IMAJ= N9DGJ AFL=D=;LM9D = G;GJJ= 9AF<9 H9J9 J=KK9DL9J ME9 <AKLAF^]G HJAF
;AH9DE=FL= ;GE H9D9NJ9K <=JAN9<9K HGJ HJ=>AP9^]G GM =PHJ=KKg=K ;GE
HJ=HGKA^g=K<=K=FLA<GKGHGKLGK
.]G>9LGK subB=LANGK=F]G obB=LANGK
*KHJG:D=E9K<= imHGJL9^]G=<= exHGJL9^]G
com <AF@=AJGGM sem <AF@=AJG
AR 9DDQ IM= 9 =FLG9^]G =PHJ=KKAN9 = 9 EbEA;9 K]G H9J9 IM=E >9D9
MEH=JE9F=FL=;GE=FLYJAG<=KM9KH9D9NJ9K
;=FLG<=AFL=FKA<9<=F9>J9K=
9@98=GG9
6CA@=JFC
89J99GH5F
AR=E=F;DbLA;GKK=NaE<=HGAK<GNG;Y:MDGLfFA;G
8=GG9A9
9=@C
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IA<CA9A
8C@=JFC
;=JLGKFME=J9AK IA@=JFC
HFZGJ9@5G
79A<CA9BG
HJGFGE=K9<BMFLGK9FL=HGKLGK<=EGFKLJ9LANGKHGKK=KKANGKAF
<=>AFA<GKAFL=JJG?9LANGK 9GH9@=JFC
A9I@=JFC
75858=5
EI9:5N9F
HJGFGE=KH=KKG9AK9FL=HGKLGK 9@9J9A
9I8=GG9
HJGFGE=KJ=D9LANGK
N=J:GK9MPADA9J=K
;=JLGK9<N_J:AGK >RJ= BVCDCGGC=L;
;=JL9KHJ=HGKA^g=K 5 89 9A 7CA DCF G9A GC6 D5F5
;=JL9K;GFBMF^g=K 9 B9A CI A5G EI9 G9 7CAC=L;
.]G =F;DbLA;9K 9K >GJE9K HJGFGEAF9AK A9 H9 G9 BCG JCG C 5 CG
5G @<9 @<9GIM9F<GHGKHGKL9K9GNG;Y:MDGLfFA;G
(MAL9K N=R=K ME9 H9D9NJ9 HG<= K=J YLGF9 GM LfFA;9 ;GF>GJE= KM9
HGKA^]G FG ?JMHG <= >GJ^9 9 IM= H=JL=F;= E C 5F7C 89G5D5F979 G KM:
KL9FLANG 5F7C _LfFA;G=E C5F7C[F=GH9KKGM9YLGFGHJG;DbLA;G
E ;F5B89 <CA9A 5@HC A5F GK 9<B=LANGK K]G YLGFGK =E <CA9A
;F5B89 A5F 5@HC BY K]G GK KM:KL9FLANGK IM= K= 9LGFAR9E E 9I @<9
8=GG9 GK <GAK HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK K]G YLGFGK HJG;DbLA;GK =E 8=GG9@<9 9I
G HJGFGE= 9I ;GFK=JN9 K=M 9;=FLG HJeHJAG /G<G =KL= ;GFBMFLG <= >9LGK
K]G<=NA<GK9>=FfE=FGK<= :CBXH=75G=BHRH=75
+9D9NJ9KIM=G>=J=;=E<hNA<9KIM9FLGZHGKA^]G<9KbD9:9LfFA;9
Palavras que oferecem dvidas quanto posio da slaba tnica v -=@56585 _ G =JJG <= HJGKe<A9 IM= ;GFKAKL= F9 <=KDG;9^]G <G 9;=FLG
LfFA;G <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 $?FGJ9J IM9D _ 9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 <AR
"GF^9DN=K1A9F9_>A;9JF9AEHGKKA:ADA<9<=<=HJG>=JAD9
)ME=JGK9K H9D9NJ9K =PAKL=E IM= G>=J=;=E <hNA<9K IM9FLG Z
HGKA^]G<9KbD9:9LfFA;9
.]G CL[HCB5G
9DG_K;9L=L=JAKL=J@9J_E"A:J9DL9J"MD:=FCA9FE9KK=L=J>9RK=
EAKL=JF=;=KKYJAG)G:=DFGN=DJ=;_EJ=>_EJMAEKMLADMJ=L=J
GFK=IMaF;A9<9HJe;DAK=
.]G D5FCL[HCB5G
9;eJ<]G[E:9J9E:JGKA99N9JG9RA9?G:9J:9JA9;[FGF;9J9;L=J=K
;9JLGE9F;A9;A;DGH==<ALGD=A<=;J=LG HA>9FA9 =P=?=K=>AD
9FLJGHG>DMA<GI= <ALGF?G>GJLMALGI= <ALGF?G?J9LMALGI=
<ALGF?GA:=JGAEHAG;JM=DAF9M<ALGDYL=PE9IMAF9JA9EAK9F
LJGHGF=;JGHKA9)GJE9F<A9GF9?JGL: fF9?JGGPAEGJGL: GP
AEeJGF+9F<GJ9+eDMPHM<A;GIMAJGE9F;A9KAEMD9;JG
+9D9NJ9KIM=9<EAL=E<MHD9HJGKe<A9
D) Ortografia
D>9:=LG
I Alfabeto
* 9D>9:=LG HGJLM?MaK ;GFKL9 >MF<9E=FL9DE=FL= <= NAFL= = K=AK D=
LJ9K 56789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
&24
II K, W, Y
EHJ=?9EK= =E 9:J=NA9LMJ9K = KbE:GDGK :=E ;GEG =E H9D9N
J9K =KLJ9F?=AJ9K <= MKG AFL=JF9;AGF9D % HGLYKKAG %F ;JAHLfFAG ?;
IMADG?J9E9 ?A IMADfE=LJG ?K IMADGO9LL ?K< IMADGO9LL@GJ9 1
G=KL= GM OGD>J[EAG LMF?KLaFAG K O9LL KG O9LLK=?MF<G 3 bLJAG
M8 B9J<9M5F8AF?DaK=L;
*K <=JAN9<GK HGJLM?M=K=K <= FGE=K HJeHJAGK =KLJ9F?=AJGK <=N=E
=K;J=N=JK= <= 9;GJ<G ;GE 9K >GJE9K HJAEALAN9K :F5B?@=B=5BC ?5BH=GAC
85FK=B=GAC K5;B9F=5BC NK=B;@=5B=GH5 6MFCB=5BC H5M@CF=GH5=L;
* ? _ KM:KLALMb<G HGJ EI 9FL=K <= 9 = = = HGJ 7 9FL=K <= GMLJ9
IM9DIM=JD=LJ9 6F9EI9 75EI= :5EI=F B[EI9@ 75I@=A=L;
* K KM:KLALMAK= =E H9D9NJ9K HGJLM?M=K9K GM 9HGJLM?M=K9<9K
HGJ I GM J ;GF>GJE= G K=M N9DGJ >GF_LA;G G5B8I[7<9 H5@J9;I9 J=G=;C8C
=L;
* ? _ ME9 ;GFKG9FL= L9D ;GEG G 7 9FL=K <= 5 C I = G <b?J9>G EI
<= EI9FC * K _ ME9 NG?9D GM K=EANG?9D HJGFMF;A9<G ;GEG
M
=E H9
D9NJ9K <= GJA?=E AF?D=K9 K5HH<CF5 K<=G?M K5::@9 15@@579 G<CK _
;GFKG9FL= ;GEG G FGKKG
N
=E H9D9NJ9K <= GJA?=E 9D=E] 15@H9F 15;B
9F K5;B9F=5BC )G FGE= <G ;_D=:J= F9LMJ9DAKL9 AF?DaK 5FK=B KG9 ;GEG
N
HJGFhF;A9 E9AK ?=J9D GM ;GEG
M
* M _ ME KGE NG;YDA;G HJGFMF
;A9<G ;GEG
A
;GE >MF^]G <= NG?9D GM K=EANG?9D M57<H ;=JLG LAHG <=
=E:9J;9^]G M5F8 B9J<9 M5?=ACBC ;=J[EA;9 B9HGF=K9 M9B
MFA<9<=EGF=LYJA9=EG=<9<G%9H]G M9B=H5 ;=JLGEAF=J9D
#
III H
KL9 D=LJ9 F]G _ HJGHJA9E=FL= ;GFKG9FL= E9K ME KbE:GDG IM=
=E J9R]G <9 =LAEGDG?A9 = <9 LJ9<A^]G =K;JAL9 <G FGKKG A<AGE9 K= ;GFK=JN9
FG HJAF;bHAG <= NYJA9K H9D9NJ9K FG >AE <= 9D?ME9K AFL=JB=A^g=K <5J9F
<X@=79 <=8FC;ZB=C <_GH=5 <IA=@8589 <V <9A DI< 5< =< C<=L;
Observao )]G K= =K;J=N= ;GE < >AF9D 9 AFL=JB=A^]G <= ;@9E9E=FLG GM 9H=DG
_ r$CGXJ9A5EI= r&5IF5D5F97CA=GGC
IV Consoantes mudas
)]G K= =K;J=N=E 9K ;GFKG9FL=K IM= K= F]G HJG>=J=E 5GA5
5GG=B5HIF5 7=ZB7=5 8=F9HCF ;=BRG=C =B=6=F =BCJ5WVC C:[7=C = F]G
5GH<A5 5GG=;B5HIF5 G7=9B7=5 8=F97HCF ;MAB5G=C =B<=6=F =BBCJ5WVC C:
:=7=C ;GFK=JN9EK= 9K ;GFKG9FL=K FGK ;9KGK =E IM= K]G AFN9JA9N=D
E=FL= HJG>=JA<9K F9K HJGFhF;A9K ;MDL9K <9 DbF?M9 ;GEH9;LG ;GFNA;^]G
>A;^]G9<=HLG9HLG=L;
V SC
DAEAF9K= G G <G ?JMHG AFA;A9D G7 79B5 79BC;F5:=5 7=ZB7=5
=L;
*K ;GEHGKLGK <=KK9 ;D9KK= <= NG;Y:MDGK IM9F<G K]G >GJE9<GK
=E FGKK9 DbF?M9 K]G =K;JALGK K=E G G 9FL=K <G 7 5BH=7=9BH[:=7C 7CBHF5
79B5F 9B79B5WVC =L; E9K IM9F<G NA=J9E BY >GJE9<GK H9J9 G N=J
FY;MDG ;GFK=JN9E G G 7CBG7=ZB7=5 7aBG7=C =ADF9G7=B8[J9@ DF9G7=B8=F
F9G7=B8=F F9G7=GVC=L;
'=LJ9K<G:J9<9K
VI Letras dobradas
K;J=N=EK= FF = GG IM9F<G =FLJ= NG?9AK J=HJ=K=FL9E GK KGFK
KAEHD=K <G F = G AFA;A9AK = 77 GM 7W IM9F<G G HJAE=AJG KG9 <AKLAFL9E=FL=
<GK=?MF<G 75FFC :5FF5 A5GG5 D5GGC 7CBJ=7WVC C77=D=H5@=L;
MHDA;9EK= G F = G G LG<9K 9K N=R=K IM= 9 ME =D=E=FLG <=
;GEHGKA^]G L=JEAF9<G =E NG?9D K= K=?M= K=E AFL=JHGKA^]G <G @b>=F H9
D9NJ9 ;GE=^9<9 HGJ ME9 <9IM=D9K D=LJ9K 5FF=HA=5 7CFFXI DF9FFC;5H=J5
DF9GG9BH=F F9GG9BH=A9BHC G57FCGG5BHC=L;
1G?9AKF9K9AK
VIII Ditongos
*K <ALGF?GK GJ9AK =K;J=N=EK= ;GE 9 KM:BMFLAN9 = GM I 5=DC
75= 75IHC 89;F5IG 89= :5N9=G =89=5 A5IGC@XI B9IFCG9 F9HCFEI=I F_=
GC=G GCI GCIHC I=JC IGI:FI==L;
Observao K;J=N=EK= ;GE = = F]G ;GE 9 9 >GJE9 N=J:9D :I= 9
p = p
H=KK <G KAF? <G HJ=K <G AF< = 9
p <G KAF? <G AEH=J <GK N=J:GK L=JEAF9<GK =E
I=F 5:@I= :FI=G F9HF=6I=G=L;
> * <ALGF?G F9K9D 9=G =K;J=N=K= 9A GM 9BG 9KKAE FGK EGFGKKbD9:GK ;GEG
FGK HGDAKKbD9:GK <= IM9DIM=J ;9L=?GJA9 ?J9E9LA;9D 69A 7CBJXA 7CBJXBG J=F;9A
J=F;9BG=L;
IX Hiatos
p
p p H=KK <G KAF? <G HJ=K <G KM:B = 9 p H=KK <G
KAF? <G AEH=J <GK N=J:GK =E C5F =K;J=N=EK= ;GE C9 = F]G C=
569BWC9 5A5@8=WC9G D9F8C9=L;
K LJaK H=KKG9K <G KAF? <G HJ=K <G KM:B = 9 p <G KAF? <G AE
H=J <GK N=J:GK =E I5F =K;J=N=EK= ;GE 9I = F]G I= 7I@HI9 <56=HI9G
=L;
+9JfFAEGK=NG;Y:MDGK<=?J9>A9<MHD9
Observao)]GK==EHJ=?9 W =EAFb;AG<=H9D9NJ9K
9 W KGFGJG G G <= C6GXEI=C = K=MK <=JAN9<GK :=E ;GEG G <G HJ=>APG HF5BG =E
K= D@= K=?MAF<G NG?9D IM9F<G HGJ_E 9 =KK= HJ=>APG K= K=?M= H9D9NJ9 AFA;A9<9
HGJ G Ke K= =K;J=N= ME IM= K= HJG>=J= ;GEG K= >GJ9 <G:J9<G C6G9EI=5F R=
HF5BGC79TB=7C RG HF5BG97I@5F K= HF5BGI6GH5B7=5WVC KM=L;
: )G >AF9D <= KbD9:9 YLGF9 K=B9 FG AFL=JAGJ K=B9 FG >AE <G NG;Y:MDG =EHJ=?9K=
G G =EDM?9J<G N 5GH975 9B89G A9GEI=H5=L;
)GE=KHJeHJAGK
XI Nomes prprios
*K FGE=K HJeHJAGK H=JKGF9LANGK DG;9LANGK = <= IM9DIM=J
F9LMJ=R9 K=F<G HGJLM?M=K=K GM 9HGJLM?M=K9<GK =KL]G KMB=ALGK ZK E=KE9K
J=?J9K=KL9:=D=;A<9KH9J9GKFGE=K;GEMFK
+9J9 K9DN9?M9J<9J <AJ=ALGK AF<ANA<M9AK IM=E G IMAK=J E9FL=JY
=E KM9 9KKAF9LMJ9 9 >GJE9 ;GFKM=LM<AFYJA9 +G<=JY L9E:_E K=J E9FLA<9 9
?J9>A9 GJA?AF9D <= IM9AKIM=J >AJE9K KG;A=<9<=K LbLMDGK = E9J;9K IM= K=
9;@=EAFK;JALGK=EJ=?AKLJGHh:DA;G
Observao )]G K=F<G G HJeHJAG IM= 9KKAF= G FGE= ;GE 9 ?J9>A9 = 9 9;=FLM
9^]G <G EG<G ;GEG >GA J=?AKLJ9<G 9 AF<A;9^]G <G K=M FGE= G:=<=;=JY ZK J=?J9K
=KL9:=D=;A<9K H=DG KAKL=E9 GJLG?JY>A;G NA?=FL= IB85WVC 5G5 89 ,I= 5F6CG5
GFGLYN=DBMJAKL9:9A9FG9KKAF9N9 ,IM
XIII Apstrofo
'AEAL9K=G=EHJ=?G<G9HeKLJG>G9GKK=?MAFL=K;9KGK
k$F<A;9J9KMHJ=KK]G<=ME9D=LJ9GMD=LJ9KFGN=JKGHGJ=PA?aF;A9<9
E=LJA>A;9^]G 7nFC5 9GDnF5BW5 C:nF979F nGH5F=L;
k-=HJG<MRAJ;=JL9KHJGFhF;A9KHGHMD9J=K nHR nH9J9=L;
k$F<A;9J9KMHJ=KK]G<9NG?9DBY;GFK9?J9<9H=DGMKG=E;=JL9KH9
D9NJ9K;GEHGKL9KDA?9<9KH=D9HJ=HGKA^]G 89 7CDC8nR;I5 HD9FL9
D9F;@= ;5@=B<58nR;I5 AV98nR;I5 D5I8nR;I5 YJNGJ=_:JAG
=L;
Observao -=KLJAF?AF<GK= G =EHJ=?G <G 9HeKLJG>G 9 =KK=K ;9KGK ;MEHJ= F]G
K=MK=<=D==EF=F@ME9GMLJ9@AHeL=K= KKAEF]GK=JY=EHJ=?9<G
9 F9K ;GFLJ9^g=K <9K HJ=HGKA^g=K 89 = 9A ;GE 9JLA?GK 9<B=LANGK GM HJGFGE=K
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK AF<=>AFA<GK H=KKG9AK = ;GE 9D?MFK 9<N_J:AGK 8IA 8IA5 9 H9J
<= 89 IA 89 IA5 BIA BIA5 9 H9J <= 9A IA 9A IA5 85@;IA 85@;IA5 9
H9J <= 89 5@;IA 89 5@;IA5 8CIHFC BCIHFC 9 H9J <= 89 CIHFC 9A CIHFC 89@9
89@5 B9@9 B9@5 89GH9 89GH5 B9GH9 B9GH5 85EI9@9 85EI9@5 B5EI9@9 B5EI9@5
8=GHC B=GHC 85EI=@C B5EI=@C 85EI= 85[ 857C@R 8CB89 85BH9G 89BHF9=L;
: F9K ;GE:AF9^g=K <GK HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK AC A5 ACG A5G HC H5 HCG H5G
@<C @<5 @<CG @<5G BC@C BC@CG BC@5 BC@5G JC@C JC@5 JC@CG JC@5G
; F9K =PHJ=KKg=K NG;9:MD9J=K IM= K= LGJF9J9E MFA<9<=K >GF_LA;9K = K=E[FLA;9K
89GG5FH9 89GH5FH9 <CA9GG5 H5FF9B9;C H9G7CB>IFC J=J5@A5=L;
< F9K =PHJ=KKg=K <= MKG ;GFKL9FL= = ?=J9D F9 DAF?M9?=E NMD?9J 7C 7C5 75 7CG
75G 7C5G ;GE G ;GE 9 ;GE GK ;GE 9K D@C D@5 D@CG D@5G H=DG H=D9
H=DGK H=D9K DF5 H9J9 DFC DF5 DFCG DF5G H9J9 G H9J9 9 H9J9 GK H9J9 9K
=L;
#b>=F
XIV Hfen
)GK;GEHGKLGK
q EHJ=?9K=G@b>=FFGK;GEHGKLGKK=E=D=E=FLG<=DA?9^]GIM9F<G
G qL=JEGHGJ=PL=FKGGMJ=<MRA<G=KLYJ=HJ=K=FL9<GHGJ>GJE9KM:
KL9FLAN99<B=LAN9FME=J9DGMN=J:9D 5BC@IN 5F7C[F=G 897F9HC@9=
XGGI9GH9 >CVCB=B;IXA AX8=7C7=FIF;=VC A9G5F98CB85 F5=B<5
7@RI8=5 H9B9BH97CFCB9@ H=C5Ja NXDCJ=B<C 5:FC5G=RH=7C 5:FC@IGC
6F5G=@9=FC 5NI@9G7IFC 5ACFD9F:9=HC 6C5:X :CFA5D=@CHC I5F85
BCHIFBC @IGC6F5G=@9=FC AR:X A5HC;FCGG9BG9 BCFH95A9F=75BC
G9IJ=N=B<C <=<G9F=D9J GC7=5@89AC7F57=5 GI@5:F=75BC J9F6C
BCA=B5@ DF=A9=FCA=B=GHFC G9;IB85:9=F5 7CBH5;CH5G :=B75DX
;I5F857<IJ5 J5;5@IA9 DCFH55J=c9G DCFH5F9HF5HC
Observaes
9 K >GJE9K =EHJ=?9<9K 9<B=LAN9E=FL= <G LAHG 5:FC 5B;@C 9IFC :F5B7C =B
8C @IGC G=BC = 9KK=E=D@9<9K ;GFLAFM9J]G 9 K=J ?J9>9<9K sem hfen =E =EHJ=
?GK =E IM= Ke @Y ME9 =LFA9 5:FC89G79B89BH9 5B;@C:5@5BH9 5B;@CA5B=5
q EHJ=?9K=G@b>=FFGK;GEHGKLGKK=E=D=E=FLG<=DA?9^]GIM9F<G
G q=D=E=FLG=KLYJ=HJ=K=FL9<GH=D9>GJE9 A5@ =G
q=D=E=FLG
;GE=^9HGJ JC;5@ < GM @ A5@5:CFHIB58CA5@9BH9B8=8CA5@9GH5F
A5@<IACF58CA5@=B:CFA58CA5@@=ADC +GJ_E A5@7F=58CA5@
;F58CA5@J=GHC=L;
Observao '5@ ;GE G KA?FA>A;9<G <= z<G=F^9{ ?J9>9K= ;GE @b>=F A5@75
8I7C =HAD=HKA9 A5@:F5B7ZG Kb>ADAK <=K<= IM= F]G @9B9 =D=E=FLG <= DA?
9^]G .=@GMN=JF]GK=MK9JY@b>=F A5@89@N<9=A9F
q EHJ=?9K=G@b>=FFGKFGE=K?=G?JY>A;GK;GEHGKLGKH=D9K>GJE9K
;FV ;FVCGMHGJ>GJE9N=J:9DGM9AF<9F9IM=D=KDA?9<GKHGJ9JLA?G
!FVF9H5B<5 6F95ADC *5GG5+I5HFC +I96F5CGH5G .F5;5
'CIFC 5[589.C8CGCG-5BHCG BHF9CG,=CG 'CBH9ACFC(CJC
.FRGCG'CBH9G
Observaes
9 *K GMLJGK FGE=K ?=G?JY>A;GK ;GEHGKLGK =K;J=N=EK= ;GE GK =D=E=FLGK K=H
9J9<GK K=E G @b>=F AXF=75 8C -I@ 9@C "CF=NCBH9 56C 09F89 5GH9@C
F5B7C F9=LC 89 GD585 S =BH5 =L; *K LGHfFAEGK !I=BX=GG5I = .=ACF
&9GH9 K]G;GFLM<G=P;=^g=K;GFK9?J9<9K
: .=J]G @A>=FAR9<GK GK 9<B=LANGK ?=FLbDA;GK GM K=B9 9<B=LANGK IM= K= J=>=J=E 9G
DM?9J GF<= K= F9K;= <=JAN9<GK <= FGE=K ?=G?JY>A;GK ;GEHGKLGK IM= ;GFL=F@9E
GM F]G =D=E=FLGK <= DA?9^]G 69@C<CF=NCBH=BC A5HC;FCGG9BG98CGI@ >I=N
:CF5BC7FIN9=F9BG98CGI@5@HCF=C8C79BG9
; K;J=N=K= ;GE @b>=F =B8C7<=BZG IM9F<G K= J=>=JAJ Z ~F<A9 = Z @AF9 GM 9GK
AF<A9FGK = ;@AF=K=K <A>=J=FL=E=FL= <= =B8C7<=BZG K=E @b>=F IM= K= J=>=J= Z
$F<G;@AF9
q EHJ=?9K=G@b>=FFGK;GEHGKLGKIM=<=KA?F9E=KH_;A=K:GL[FA;9K
HD9FL9=>JMLG=RGGDe?A;9K=KL=B9EGMF]GDA?9<9KHGJHJ=HGKA^]GGM
IM9DIM=JGMLJG=D=E=FLG 56_6CF5A9B=B5 5B8CF=B<58CA5F
5B8CF=B<5;F5B89 69AA9EI9F E9K A5@A9EI9F 69AH9J=
6ZBWVC8989IG 7C6F575D9@C 7CIJ9:@CF 89BH9897VC 9FJ58C79
9FJ58C7<R 9FJ=@<5897<9=FC :9=>VCJ9F89 :CFA=;56F5B75 >CVC
8965FFC @9GA5897CB7<=B<5
Observao *K ;GEHGKLGK IM= <=KA?F9E =KH_;A=K :GL[FA;9K = RGGDe?A;9K ?J9
>9<GK ;GE @b>=F H=D9 FGJE9 9;AE9 F]G K=J]G @A>=FAR9<GK IM9F<G LAN=J=E 9H
DA;9^]G <A>=J=FL= <=KK9K =KH_;A=K +GJ =P=EHDG 6C@589B9J9 ;GE @b>=F ;GE G
KA?FA>A;9<G <= z9J:MKLG =MJGH=M{ = 6C@5 89 B9J9 K=E @b>=F KA?FA>A;9F<G z9IMADG
IM= LGE9 NMDLG J9HA<9E=FL={ 6=7C89D5D5;5=C ;GE @b>=F J=>=JAF<GK= Z HD9FL9
= 6=7C 89 D5D5;5=C K=E @b>=F ;GE G KA?FA>A;9<G <= zF9JAR 9<MF;G{ A5H57C6F5
;GE @b>=F J=>=JAF<GK= 9 AFK=LG = A5H5 7C6F5 K=E @b>=F J=>=JAF<GK= 9 ;=JLG
LAHG <= :9KL]G BVCA9HCEI9G ;GE @b>=F IM9F<G K= J=>=J= 9 ;=JL9K =KH_;A=K <=
HD9FL9K= BVCA9HCEI9G K=E@b>=F;GEGKA?FA>A;9<G<=zE=DAF<J=K{
)9KDG;M^g=K
)]G K= =EHJ=?9 G @b>=F F9K DG;M^g=K K=B9E =D9K KM:KL9FLAN9K 9<
B=LAN9K HJGFGEAF9AK 9<N=J:A9AK HJ=HGKALAN9K GM ;GFBMF;AGF9AK K9DNG 9D
?ME9K =P;=^g=K BY ;GFK9?J9<9K H=DG MKG ;GEG _ G ;9KG <= R;I589
7C@aB=5 5F7C85J9@<5 7CF89FCG5 A5=GEI9D9F:9=HC DX89A9=5 5C
89IG85FR S EI9=A5FCID5 19D= D=E:J9J IM= K= F9 DG;M^]G @Y 9D?ME
=D=E=FLG IM= BY L=F@9 @b>=F K=JY ;GFK=JN9<G =KL= KAF9D S HFCIL9ACIL9
75F5 89 A5AVCA57<C 69AH9J= 89 =;F9>5 .AJN9E HGAK <= =P=EHDG <=
=EHJ=?G sem hfen 9K K=?MAFL=K DG;M^g=K 9 'G;M^g=K KM:KL9FLAN9K 7VC
89 ;I5F85 :=A 89 G9A5B5 :=A 89 GX7I@C G5@5 89 >5BH5F : 'G;M^g=K 9<
B=LAN9K 7CF 89 5W5:FVC 7CF 89 75:X 7CA @9=H9 7CF 89 J=B<C ; 'G;M^g=K
HJGFGEAF9AK 7585 IA 9@9 DF_DF=C B_G A9GACG EI9A EI9F EI9 G9>5 <
'G;M^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK S D5FH9 <A>=J=FL=E=FL= <G KM:KL9FLANG 5D5FH9 S
JCBH589 89 A5=G DG;M^]G IM= K= ;GFLJ9Hg= 9 89 A9BCG =K;J=N=K= BMFLG
89A5=G IM9F<G _ 9<N_J:AG GM HJGFGE= 89DC=G 89 5A5B<V 9A 7=A5 DCF
=GGC = 'G;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K 565=LC 89 579F75 89 57=A5 89 5 :=A 89
5 D5F 89 S D5FH9 89 5D9G5F 89 5EI5B8C 89 8965=LC 89 9BEI5BHC 5 DCF
65=LC 89 DCF 7=A5 89 EI5BHC 5 > 'G;M^g=K ;GFBMF;AGF9AK 5 :=A 89 EI9
5CD5GGCEI97CBH5BHCEI9@C;CEI9J=GHCEI9
Observaes
9 PHJ=KKg=K ;GE N9DGJ <= KM:KL9FLANG <G LAHG 89IG BCG 57I85 G5@J9G9 EI9A
DI89F IA :5N 89 7CBH5G IA 8=GG9 A9 8=GG9 IA A5F=5 J5= 7CA 5G CIHF5G 6IA65
A9I 6C= HCA5F5 EI9 75=5 5EI= 89@ F9= <=N=E K=J ?J9>9<9K K=E @b>=F 9 E=KE9
>GJE9 K=J]G MK9<9K K=E @b>=F DG;M^g=K ;GEG S HC5 9<B=LANG = 9<N_J:AG 8=5 5
8=5 KM:KL9FLANG = 9<N_J:AG 5F7C 9 :@97<5 75@75B<5F 89 5EI=@9G 7CAIA 89 8C=G
;9B9F5@898=J=GVC HVCGCA9BH9 DCBHC9J[F;I@5
: )]G K= =EHJ=?9 G @b>=F F9K DG;M^g=K D9LAF9K MK9<9K ;GEG L9AK F]G KM:KL9FL
AN9<9K GM 9HGJLM?M=K9<9K 56 =B=H=C 56 CJC 58 =AACFH5@=H5H9A 58 <C7 85H5 J9
B=5 89 7I>IG 75FD9 8=9A 75IG5 ACFH=G <5695G 7CFDIG =B C7H5JC D5F= D5GGI 9L
@=6F=G (9KG 9L@=6F=G G <5695G7CFDIG=BC=H5JC =L;
)9KK=IMaF;A9K<=H9D9NJ9K
)9K>GJE9^g=K;GEKM>APG
EHJ=?9K= @b>=F 9H=F9K F9K H9D9NJ9K L=JEAF9<9K HGJ KM>APGK <=
GJA?=E LMHA?M9J9FA IM= J=HJ=K=FL9E >GJE9K 9<B=LAN9K ;GEG 5WI
?J9F<= ;I5WI ?J9F<= A=F=A H=IM=FG IM9F<G G q =D=E=FLG
L=JEAF9 HGJ NG?9D 9;=FLM9<9 ?J9>A;9E=FL= GM IM9F<G 9 HJGFhF;A9 =PA?= 9
<AKLAF^]G ?JY>A;9 <GK <GAK =D=E=FLGK 5ACFX;I5WI 5B5>RA=F=A 5B8R
5WI75D=A5WI95FR'=F=A
* @b>=F FGK ;9KGK <= aF;DAK= E=Ke;DAK= LE=K= = ;GE G N=J:G
@9N=J
q EHJ=?9K=G@b>=FF9aF;DAK==F9E=Ke;DAK= 5AR@C8RG989=L5
CD5FH=F@<95AR@C9=9BJ=5F@<99ACG
q)]GK==EHJ=?9G@b>=FF9KDA?9^g=K<9HJ=HGKA^]G 89 ZK>GJE9K
EGFGKKADY:A;9K<GHJ=K=FL=<GAF<A;9LANG<GN=J:G <5J9F <9=89<RG
89<VC89=L;
Observaes
9 E:GJ9 =KL=B9E ;GFK9?J9<9K H=DG MKG 9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK EI9F = F9EI9F <GK
N=J:GK EI9F9F = F9EI9F9F 9G D9<G <= EI9F9 = F9EI9F9 =KL9K hDLAE9K >GJE9K
;GFK=JN9EK=FG=FL9FLGFGK;9KGK<=aF;DAK= EI9F9CGF9EI9F9CG
)=KL=K ;GFL=PLGK 9K >GJE9K D=?bLAE9K 9DAYK EIX@C = F9EIX@C K]G HGM;G
MK9<9K +I9F9 = F9EI9F9 K]G >GJE9K ;GJJ=FL=K =FLJ= HGJLM?M=K=K 9 HJAE=AJ9 9
H9JLAJ<=
: 0K9K= L9E:_E G @b>=F F9K DA?9^g=K <= >GJE9K HJGFGEAF9AK =F;DbLA;9K 9G 9<
N_J:AG 9=G 9=GA9 9=@C = 9AF<9 F9K ;GE:AF9^g=K <= >GJE9K HJGFGEAF9AK <G LAHG
BC@C FGK G BC@5G FGK 9K IM9F<G =E HJe;DAK= 9G N=J:G HGJ =P=EHDG
GD9F5ACGEI9BC@C7CADF9A
*LJ=E9
XV O trema
* LJ=E9 F]G _ MK9<G =E H9D9NJ9K HGJLM?M=K9K GM 9HGJLM?M=K9
<9K ;GEG 5;I9BH5F 5B;I=:CFA9 5F;I=F 6=@[B;I9 @=B;I9H5 @=B;I=GH5
@=B;I[GH=7C7=BEI9BH59EI9GHF9:F9EI9BH5FHF5BEI=@CI6=EI=8589
Observaes
9 * LJ=E9 G;GJJ= =E H9D9NJ9K <=JAN9<9K <= FGE=K HJeHJAGK =KLJ9F?=AJGK IM= G
HGKKM=E <f6B9F=5BC<= "f6B9F Af@@9F=5BC<= 'f@@9F=L;
: * LJ=E9 HG<=JY K=J MK9<G H9J9 AF<A;9J IM9F<G >GJ F=;=KKYJAG 9 HJGFhF;A9 <G
I =E NG;9:MDYJAGK GJLG?JY>A;GK = <A;AGFYJAGK @=B;I9H5 ?j @[EI=8C Ij GM IM
@=B;I=W5 ?j 9EI=8=GH5BH9 IjGMIM
q* G <GKHJ=>APGK 6=G 7=G 89G 8=G HF5BG =G L <GHJ=>APG 9L F]GK=
K=H9J9EIM9F<G9KbD9:9K=?MAFL=;GE=^9HGJ;GFKG9FL=E9KK=HJAF
;AHA9HGJNG?9D>GJE9EKbD9:9;GE=KL9=K=H9J9EK=<G=D=E=FLG
HJ=>AP9D 6=GB9HC 7=GD@5H=BC 89G@=;5F 8=GHF5WVC HF5BGDCFH5F
9LHF5=F 6=G5Ja 7=G5B8=BC 89G9GD9F5F 8=G9BHXF=7C HF5B
G5H@TBH=7C 9LXF7=HC=L;
qKNG?9AKA<aFLA;9K=9KD=LJ9K 77 7W FF = GG K=H9J9EK=>A;9F<GME9
F9KbD9:9IM=9KHJ=;=<==GMLJ9F9KbD9:9K=?MAFL= 755H=B;5 7CCF
89B5F =BH9@97WVC C77=D=H5@ DFCFFC;5F F9GGIF;=F=L;
Observao K NG?9AK <= @A9LGK 9AF<9 IM= <A>=J=FL=K ME9 <9 GMLJ9 L9E:_E K=
K=H9J9E 5H5d89 75[9=G 75=F 8I9@C :=9@ :@I=I :FI=F ;F5dB5 >9GI[
H5 @95@ A=d8C DC9=F5 F5=B<5 G5d89 J=J[9=G JC5F=L;
q)]GK=K=H9J9E9KNG?9AK<GK<ALGF?GKv;J=K;=FL=K=<=;J=K;=FL=Kv
F=E9K<GKLJALGF?GK 5=FCGC 5B=A5=G 5IFCF5 5J9F=;I9=G 75
=I 7FIX=G 9B>9=H5F :C;5FXI :I;=I ;@_F=5 ;I5=5F =;I5=G >5
q)9LJ9FKDAF=9^]GGMK=B9F9H9KK9?=EH9J99DAF@9K=?MAFL=IM9F<G
K==KLY=K;J=N=F<GMEL=PLG<=ME9H9D9NJ9;GEHGKL9GM<=ME9
;GE:AF9^]G<=H9D9NJ9K=EIM=@YME@b>=FGME9AKK=9H9JLA^]G
;GAF;A<=;GEG>AF9D<=ME<GK=D=E=FLGKGME=E:JGKHGJ;D9J=R9
?JY>A;9K=<=N=J=H=LAJG@b>=FFGAFb;AG<9DAF@9K=?MAFL=NA;=
9DEAJ9FL=
EHJ=?G<9KAFA;A9AKE9AhK;MD9K
q)GKKM:KL9FLANGKHJeHJAGK<=IM9DIM=J=KH_;A=v9FLJGHfFAEGK
LGHfFAFGKH9LJGFbEA;GK;G?FGE=K9D;MF@9KLJA:GK=;9KL9K<=KA?
F9^g=K<=;GEMFA<9<=KJ=DA?AGK9K=HGDbLA;9KFGE=KK9?J9<GK=J=D9L
ANGK9J=DA?Ag=K=FLA<9<=KEALGDe?A;9K=9KLJGFfEA;9K=L; $CGX
'5F=5 '5798C F9=H5G F5G=@ BHCB=BCG :CBG=B<CG CBEI=GH58CF
'5;BTB=AC CF5WVC89&9VC -9A*5JCF 9IG $9CJR @R GGIB
WVC ,9GGIF9=WVC $dD=H9F 57C XF69FC 0=5&R7H95 5BCDC 0ZBIG
=L;
Observaes
q)GKFGE=KHJeHJAGK<==J9K@AKLeJA;9K=_HG;9KFGLYN=AK "X>=F5
#8589'X8=5 +I=B<9BHCG GK_;MDG31$ -9=G79BHCG GK_;MDG31$$
=L;
Observao *K FGE=K <GK E=K=K <=N=E =K;J=N=JK= ;GE AFA;A9D EAFhK;MD9
>5B9=FC :9J9F9=FC A5FWC 56F=@ A5=C >IB<C >I@<C 5;CGHC G9H9A6FC CIHI6FC
BCJ9A6FC 89N9A6FC
q)GKFGE=KIM=<=KA?F9E9JL=K;AaF;A9KGM<AK;AHDAF9K:=E;GEG
FGKIM=KAFL=LAR9E=EK=FLA<G=D=N9<G9KE9FA>=KL9^g=K<G=F?=F@G
=<GK9:=J ;F=7I@HIF5 FEI=H9HIF5 =@C@C;=5*CFHI;I9G5 =F9=HC
'98=7=B5 '5H9ARH=75 *=BHIF5 FH9 =ZB7=5 I@HIF5=L;
Observao *K FGE=K =8=CA5 =8=CA5 DRHF=C @[B;I5 @[B;I5 DCFHI;I9G5 J9F
BR7I@C = GMLJGK 9FYDG?GK =K;J=N=EK= ;GE AFA;A9D E9AhK;MD9 IM9F<G =EHJ=?9<GK
;GE=KH=;A9DJ=D=NG
q)GKFGE=KIM=<=KA?F9E9DLGK;9J?GK<A?FA<9<=KGMHGKLGK *5D5
5F895@ F796=GDC =GDC *5HF=5F75 0=;RF=C 0=;RF=C!9F5@ *F9G=8
9BH985,9Dd6@=75 '=B=GHFC858I75WVC !CJ9FB58CF8CGH58C
A65=L58CF @A=F5BH58C -97F9HRF=C89GH58C=L;
q)GKFGE=K<=J=H9JLA^g=K;GJHGJ9^g=KGM9?J=EA9^g=K=<A>b;AGK=
=KL9:=D=;AE=FLGKHh:DA;GKGMH9JLA;MD9J=K =F9HCF=5!9F5@8CBG=BC
'=B=GHXF=C85G,9@5Wc9GLH9F=CF9G 7589A=5*5F5B59BG989&9HF5G
[F7I@C89GHI8CGl5B89=F5BH9Gm *F9G=8ZB7=585,9Dd6@=75 #BGH=
HIHCF5G=@9=FC89!9C;F5:=59GH5H[GH=75 .9GCIFC8CGH58C 9
D5FH5A9BHC8A=B=GHF5H=JC8C-9FJ=WC*d6@=7C 5B7C8CF5G=@ #A
DF9BG5(57=CB5@ .95HFC89-VC$CGX .=DC;F5:=5,C@5B8=5B5 'IG9I
89FH9'C89FB5=L;
q)GKLbLMDGK<=DANJGKBGJF9AKJ=NAKL9KHJG<M^g=K9JLbKLA;9KDAL=JYJA9K
=;A=FLb>A;9K #A=H5WVC89F=GHC "CF5G'5F=5B5G CFF9=C85'5B<V
,9J=GH5 =@C@_;=75 .F5BG:=;IF5WVC <=-9>9=D (CFA5 <==DDAFA )
!I5F5B= <=9JDGK"GE=K )GD[F=HC85G&9=G <=(GFL=KIMA=M
=L;
Observaes 9 )]G K= =K;J=N=E ;GE E9AhK;MD9 AFA;A9D 9K H9JLb;MD9K
EGFGKKADY:A;9K IM= K= 9;@9E FG AFL=JAGJ <= NG;Y:MDGK ;GEHGKLGK GM <= DG;M^g=K
GM =PHJ=KKg=K IM= LaE AFA;A9AK E9AhK;MD9K +I985 8C #ADXF=C ) F9DdG7I@C 8CG
9IG9G "=GH_F=5 G9A 5H5 'VC 9 5 &IJ5 9GH5G 9 .F58=Wc9G *CDI@5F9G 8C
F5G=@=L;
: )GK :A:DAfFAEGK 9HeK G HJAE=AJG =D=E=FLG IM= _ ;GE E9AhK;MD9 GK <=E9AK
NG;Y:MDGK HG<=E K=J =K;JALGK ;GE EAFhK;MD9 K9DNG FGK FGE=K HJeHJAGK F=D= ;GF
LA<GKLM<G=E?JA>G
q)GKFGE=K<=>9LGK@AKLeJA;GK=AEHGJL9FL=K<=9LGKKGD=F=K=<=
?J9F<=K=EHJ==F<AE=FLGKHh:DA;GK 9BH9BRF=C85#B89D9B8ZB7=58C
F5G=@ 9G7C6F=A9BHC85AXF=75 ,9:CFA5)FHC;FR:=75 7CF8C
&IGCF5G=@9=FC LDCG=WVC(57=CB5@ 9GH5G85G'V9G =58C'I
B=7[D=C !@CF=:=75WVC85&[B;I5*CFHI;I9G5=L;
Observao *K FGE=K <= >=KL9K H9?]K GM HGHMD9J=K =K;J=N=EK= ;GE AFA;A9D
EAFhK;MD9 75FB5J5@ 9BHFI8C G5HIFB5=G=L;
q)GKFGE=K<==K;GD9K<=IM9DIM=J=KH_;A=GM?J9M<==FKAFG
57I@858989 =@CGC:=5 G7C@5-ID9F=CF89CAXF7=C C@X;=C89
*98FC## #BGH=HIHC898I75WVC=L;
q)GKFGE=K;GEMFKIM9F<GH=JKGFA>A;9<GKGMAF<ANA<M9<GK=<=
K=J=KEGJ9AKGM>A;Lb;AGK 5D=H5@85,9Dd6@=75 5.F5BG6F5G=@=5B5
ACFCB55D=H5@ C(5H5@89$9GIG C*C9H5 9Eg=K 57=ZB7=585
BH=;I=8589GK <56=H5BH9G85*9B[BGI@5 5CB8589 CACF 5#F5 C
&C6C CCF89=FC 5=;5FF5 5 CFA=;5=L;
Observao $F;DM=EK= F=KL9 FGJE9 GK FGE=K IM= <=KA?F9E 9LGK <9K 9MLGJA<
9<=K <9 -=Hh:DA;9 IM9F<G =EHJ=?9<GK =E ;GJJ=KHGF<aF;A9 GM <G;ME=FLGK G>A
;A9AK &9= 89 89 A5=C C 97F9HC&9= B h
C 97F9HC&9= B h
5
*CFH5F=58989>IB<C C,9;I@5A9BHCB h C7_F8VC89895;CGHC=L;
q)GKFGE=K<GKHGFLGK;9J<=9AKIM9F<G<=KA?F9EJ=?Ag=K )GDCJ
CG8C)F=9BH9 C:5@5F8C(CFH9X8=:9F9BH98C:5@5F8C-I@ 5;I9FF58C
)7=89BH9=L;
Observao *K FGE=K <GK HGFLGK ;9J<=9AK =K;J=N=EK= ;GE AFA;A9AK EAFhK;M
D9K IM9F<G <=KA?F9E <AJ=^g=K GM DAEAL=K ?=G?JY>A;GK *9F7CFF= C D5[G 89 BCFH9 5
GI@989@9GH95C9GH9
q)GKFGE=K9<B=LANGKHJGFGE=K==PHJ=KKg=K<=LJ9L9E=FLGGMJ=
N=JaF;A9 GEGMGF9 -F .=F@GJ -F g .=F@GJ9 GM
=; AC A?FbKKAEG '' GM ' AC (=JALbKKAEG ,9J AC -=N=J
=F<bKKAEG 0 ,9J g 1GKK9-=N=JaF;A9 - .M9 EAFaF;A9 0 '
1GKK9(9B=KL9<= 0 1GKK9DL=R9 0 - g 1GKK9.=F@GJA9 0 L g
1GKK9 P;=DaF;A9 0 L g,9J A5 1GKK9 P;=DaF;A9-=N=J=F<bKKAE9
0 L 5G 1GKK9 P;=DaF;A9K=L;
Observao K >GJE9K IM= K= 9;@9E DA?9<9K 9 =KK9K =PHJ=KKg=K <= LJ9L9E=FLG
<=N=E K=J L9E:_E =K;JAL9K ;GE AFA;A9AK E9AhK;MD9K 6589 L A5 -F g =F9
HCF5 -F @A=F5BH9 -F 5D=HVC89'5F9!I9FF5 '' $I=N 89 =F9=HC L AC 9
,9J AC -F F796=GDC *F=A5N '5;B[:=7C ,9=HCF L79@9BH[GG=AC -9B<CF *F9G=8
9BH985,9Dd6@=75 A=B9BH[GG=AC-9B<CF5F895@ -I5@H9N5,95@=L;
q)9KH9D9NJ9KIM=FG=KLADG=HAKLGD9JK=<AJA?=E9ME9EA?G9ME
;GD=?99ME9H=KKG9J=KH=ALYN=D9KIM9AKHGJ<=>=JaF;A9;GFKA<=J
9^]GGMJ=KH=ALGK=IM=AJ9J=9D^9JHGJ=KL9E9F=AJ9 A9I6CAA=;C
75FCC@9;5 A9IDF9N58C'9GHF9 9GH=A58C*FC:9GGCF A9IEI9F=8C
*5= A=B<55ACFRJ9@'V9 A9I6CA*58F9 A=B<58=GH=BH5=F9HCF5
75FCF DF9N58C5D=HVC=L;
Observao +9J9 GK AL=FK q q q = q MK9K= GH;AGF9DE=FL= AFA;A9D EAFhK
;MD9=P;=LGH9J99K>GJE9K9:J=NA9<9K<GAL=E q
.AF9AK<=HGFLM9^]G
XX Sinais de pontuao
1=J *CBHI5WVC
-=?J9K<=9;=FLM9^]G
Regras de acentuao
A Monosslabos
'=N9E 9;=FLG 9?M<G GM ;AJ;MF>D=PG GK EGFGKKbD9:GK L=JEAF9<GK
=E
9
v9v9K
>R@RJRG
:
v=v=K
:X@ZDXG
;
vGvGK
D_8_D_GG_G
B Vocbulos de mais de uma slaba
Oxtonos GM9?M<GK
'=N9E9;=FLG9?M<GGM;AJ;MF>D=PGGKGPbLGFGKL=JEAF9<GK=E
9
v9v9K
75>RGJ5H5DR5B5BRG75F5>RG
:
v=v=K
JC7Z75:XDCBH5DXG
;
vGvGK
7=D_>=@_5Ja75F=>_G
<
v=Ev=FK
H5A6XAB=B;IXAJ=BHXBG5FA5NXBG
9bK=E9;=FLG 5EI=75EI=DCH=75>IIFI6IG
Paroxtonos GM?J9N=K
'=N9E9;=FLG9?M<GGM;AJ;MF>D=PGGKH9JGPbLGFGKL=JEAF9<GK=E
9
vAvAK
>dF=7REI=69F=6XF=@RD=GHZB=G
:
vMK
JZBIGJ[FIG6aBIG
Observao #Y HGM;GK H9JGPbLGFGK L=JEAF9<GK =E vI ME <=D=K =PAKL=FL= 9L_
@YHGM;G=J9 HF=6I IM=@GB=K==K;J=N=;GE C HF=6C HF=6CG
;
vJ
<
vD
=
vP
>
v F
9;=FLG
?
vMEvMFK
@
v]G]GK
A
v]v]K
B
vHK
C
vGFK
Proparoxtonos GM=K<JhPMDGK
'=N9E 9;=FLG 9?M<G GM ;AJ;MF>D=PG LG<GK GK HJGH9JGPbLGFGK
7R@=8C HXD=8C 7RH98F5 G_@=8C @[AD=8C 7aAC8C
Casos especiais
< )]G D=N9E 9;=FLG ?JY>A;G 9K H9D9NJ9K H9JGPbLGF9K IM= L=F<G J=
KH=;LAN9E=FL= NG?9D LfFA;9 9:=JL9 GM >=;@9<9 K]G @GEe?J9>9K <= 9JLA?GK
;GFLJ9^g=K HJ=HGKA^g=K = ;GFBMF^g=K YLGF9K KKAE F]G K= <AKLAF?M=E
H=DG 9;=FLG ?JY>A;G D5F5 Y 6>D=P]G <= D5F5F7 = D5F5 6HJ=HGKA^]G7
D9@5G _ 6KM:KL9FLANG = >D=P]G <= D9@5F7 = D9@5G 6;GE:AF9^]G <= D9F =
@5G7 D9@C _ 6>D=P]G <= D9@5F7 = D9@CG a 6KM:KL9FLANG = ;GE:AF9^]G
<= D9F = @CG7 D9F5 a 6KM:KL9FLANG7 = D9F5 _ 6HJ=HGKA^]G 9FLA?97
DC@CG e 6KM:KL9FLANG7 = DC@CG 6;GE:AF9^]G 9FLA?9 = HGHMD9J <= DCF =
@CG7=L;
Observao .=?MAF<G =KL9 J=?J9 L9E:_E H=J<= G 9;=FLG ?JY>A;G 9 >GJE9 D5F5
<G N=J:G D5F5F IM9F<G =FLJ9 FME ;GEHGKLG K=H9J9<G HGJ @b>=F D5F565@5G
D5F56F=G5G D5F57<CEI9G D5F5@5A5G=L;
> )]G D=N9 9;=FLG 9 NG?9D LfFA;9 <GK <ALGF?GK =I = I= 75=I F9
HF=6I=I H5:I=G D5I=G
? )]G K=J]G 9;=FLM9<9K 9K NG?9AK LfFA;9K i = u <9K H9D9NJ9K paroxtonas IM9F<G =KL9K NG?9AK =KLAN=J=E HJ=;=<A<9K <= <ALGF?G <=;J=K
;=FL= 65=I75 6C75=IJ5 6C=IBC 75I=@5 N9J 75I=F5 7<9==B<C <=
7<9=C :9==B<C <= :9=C :9=IF5 :9=I8C A5C=GAC A5C=GH5 G5==B<5 <=
G5=5 H5C=GACH5I=GAC
Observaes
q )9 H9D9NJ9 eopo <=FGEAF9^]G <GK HJAE=AJGK 9F;=KLJ9AK <GK ;9N9DGK 9
HJGFhF;A9FGJE9D9KKAF9D9@A9LG=GJ9R]GHGJIM=L=E9;=FLG?JY>A;G
q H9D9NJ9 H9JGPbLGF9 ;I5[65 F]G H=J<= G 9;=FLG 9?M<G HGJIM= 9 NG?9D LfFA;9
= =KLYHJ=;=<A<9<=<ALGF?G;J=K;=FL=
A pH=KKG9<=9D?MFKN=J:GKK=?J9>9<9K=?MAFL=E9F=AJ9
IM9F<GL=JEAF9=Ev 9A EGFGKKbD9:GK
pH=KK KAF?
pH=KK HD
v=E
vaE
9@9H9A
9@9GHZA
9@9J9A
9@9GJZA
IM9F<GL=JEAF9=Ev XA
pH=KK KAF?
pH=KK HD
v_E
vaE
9@97CBHXA
9@9G7CBHZA
9@97CBJXA
9@9G7CBJZA
IM9F<GL=JEAF9=Ev Z 7FZ 8Z @Z JZ =<=JAN9<GK
pH=KK KAF?
pH=KK HD
va
v==E
9@97FZ
9@9G7F99A
9@9F9JZ
9@9GF9J99A
:aFA5G5:CFA5 m
PLJ9b<G<= @9A9BHCG89&[B;I5*RHF=5 <=% (9LLGKG[E9J9%J 6( 7
PLJ9b<G<= @9A9BHCG89&[B;I5*RHF=5 <=% (9LLGKG[E9J9%J 6( 7
9bK=JHGKKbN=DME9EM<9F^9GJLG?JY>A;9<GLAHG EI5G= EI5G9 HF=6I HF=6C (M<GM
K=9D=LJ9E9KF]GG>GF=E9
)9J=9DA<9<=9K F98IN=85G F]G=KL]G;A=FLA>A;9E=FL=>GJEMD9<9KH=D9)"=GE=D@GJ
K=JA9:9FAD9K EEMALGK;9KGK<9K;@9E9<9KJ=<MRA<9KGIM=L=EGKF9J=9DA<9<=_
EM<9F^9GMLJG;9<=>GF=E9
% (9LLGKG[E9J9%J 6( $$
7
EDM?9J<= = GM I=E;=JLGK;9KGKK=HG<=?J9>9J9K=EANG?9D 9 GM CJ=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
=EG:K=JN[F;A9ZK;GFN=F^g=K<GFGKKGKAKL=E9GJLG?JY>A;GNA?=FL=K=?MF<G9KIM9AK9
K=EANG?9D<GK<ALGF?GKGJ9AK_J=HJ=K=FL9<9H=DG?J9>=E9 = =9<GK<ALGF?GKF9K9AKH=DG
?J9>=E9 9 D5=
AV9 8=GHF5=
8=GHF59A
)A=<=JE9FF *<CBXH=EI9 &5H=B9
(CFA5GD5F55&[B;I5 5@585BC.95HFC
(CA9B7@5HIF5!F5A5H=75@F5G=@9=F5
=KL9KhDLAE9KF]G;G?AL99)"
)9DbF?M9HGJLM?M=K9EG<=JF9HJ=<GEAF99K=IMaF;A9HJG?J=KKAN9IM=;GFKAKL==E9H
J=K=FL9J<=HJ=>=JaF;A99<=;D9J9^]GFG>AEGHJ=<A;9<GG<=L=JEAF9<G9FL=K<G<=
L=JEAF9FL=GIM=K=LGJF9;fEG<G9GKAFL=J=KK=K<=;GEHJ==FK]G<GAFL=JDG;MLGJ
+GJAKKGFGK;GEHGKLGKH9J9<=L=JEAF9^]G<9HGKA^]G<G9;=FLGLfFA;GD=N9K==E
;GFKA<=J9^]G9hDLAE9H9D9NJ9 =KL9JL=_GPbLGFG 7CIJ9:@CF =H9JGPbLGFG 5F7C[F=G
P=EHDGK=PLJ9b<GK<=6..
7
HA>9FA9>=KL9<GKJ=AKE9?GK
$$v"J9EYLA;9<=K;JALAN9=FGJE9LAN9
As Unidades no Enunciado
A) Formas e funes
Introduo
D9KK=K<=+9D9NJ9K=9L=?GJA9K"J9E9LA;9AK
9:KLJ9L9K HG<=E K=J ;GFKLALMb<9K 9 ;GEG HMJ9K x>GJE9Ky ! HGJ =P=E
HDG x9EGy =E HGJLM?MaK = KGE=FL= D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 KM9 >GJE9 HG<=K=
;D9KKA>A;9J 9H=F9K H=DG K=M D9<G E9L=JA9D _ ME9 H9D9NJ9 <AKKbD9:9 _ ME9
H9D9NJ9 H9JGPbLGF9 _ ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GE LJaK >GF=E9K =L; : ;GEG
x>GJE9K D_PA;9Ky GM xD=P=E9Ky !' HGJ =P=EHDG G HGJLM?MaK J9F89 AF
<=H=F<=FL=E=FL= <GK <A>=J=FL=K KA?FA>A;9<GK ;9L=?GJA9AK AKLG _ ;GEG 9<
B=LANG GM ;GEG KM:KL9FLANG ; ;GEG x>GJE9K ;9L=?GJA9AKy GM x;9L
=?GJ=E9Ky ! HGJ =P=EHDG EI58FC D5D9@ ;GEG KM:KL9FLANGK AF<=
H=F<=FL=E=FL= <GK <A>=J=FL=K KA?FA>A;9<GK D_PA;GK xEI58FC <= ME HAF
LGJy xEI58FC <= >ML=:GDy x>GD@9 <= D5D9@y xD5D9@ <= ME 9LGJy = <
;GEG H9D9NJ9K ;GE KA?FA>A;9<G D_PA;G = ;9L=?GJA9D !' HGJ =P=EHDG
=E HGJLM?MaK 5AC zK=F@GJ{ KM:KL9FLANG = 5AC zIM=JG :=E{ N=J:G .G
E=FL= 9K H9D9NJ9K 9:KLJ9L9K <GL9<9K ;GE ! GM ;GE !' HG<=E K=J ;D9K
KA>A;9<9K ;9L=?GJA9DE=FL= ?J9^9K 9G =D=E=FLG AKLG KA?FA>A;9 IM= ME9
E=KE9 H9D9NJ9 !' HG<=JY >A?MJ9J =E ;D9KK=K <AKLAFL9K K= 9HJ=K=FL9 <A>=J
=FL=K KA?FA>A;9<GK ;GEG >GA G ;9KG <= J9F89 9<B=LANG x>GD@9 J9F89y =
KM:KL9FLANG xG J9F89 <9 >GD@9y = 5AC KM:KL9FLANG = N=J:G E KME9
F]G HG<=EGK IM=J=J IM= 9 H9D9NJ9 J9F89 KM:KL9FLANG H=JL=F^9 Z ;D9KK=
<9 H9D9NJ9 J9F89 9<B=LANG 9H=F9K HGJIM= L=E G E=KEG KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;
9D AKLG _ 9H=D9F<G H9J9 ME LJ9^G IM= F9<9 L=E IM= N=J ;GE G ;JAL_JAG
;GEIM==KLY;GFKLALMb<99;D9KK=N=J:9D
.= LGE9JEGK HGJ ;JAL_JAG !' xN=J<=y K=JY ME9 Ke = E=KE9 H9D9NJ9
9KKAE ;GEG x9EGy K= 9K =KL9:=D=;=JEGK ;GEG !' xN=J<=y 9<B=LANG =
xN=J<=y KM:KL9FLANG K=J]G <M9K H9D9NJ9K <A>=J=FL=K 9KKAE ;GEG x9EGy
zK=F@GJ{ = x9EGy zIM=JG :=E{ G IM= L9E:_E N9D=JY H9J9 G AF?DaK H<9
:=F9 =HC :=F9AKLG_KM:KL9FLANG=N=J:G
G FGK J=>=JAJEGK 9G KA?FA>A;9<G =KLJMLMJ9D 9DM<AEGK BMFLG ;GE 9K
MFA<9<=K D=P=EYLA;9K D=P=E9K ZK MFA<9<=K ;9L=?GJ=EYLA;9K GK HJG
FGE=K IM= K]G x>GJE9K K=E KM:KL[F;A9y AKLG HGJIM= 9HJ=K=FL9E 9H=F9K
GM =E HJAE=AJG DM?9J ME KA?FA>A;9<G ;9L=?GJA9D K=E J=HJ=K=FL9J F=F
@ME9 E9L_JA9 =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;9 +GJ AKKG GK HJGFGE=K K]G KM:KL9FLANGK
9<B=LANGK 9<N_J:AGK = v =E 9D?ME9K DbF?M9K IM= F]G G HGJLM?MaK v 9L_
N=J:GK A>=J=E <GK D=P=E9K HGJIM= F]G HGKKM=E KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;9D GM
K= G 9HJ=K=FL9E LaE ME KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;9D ?=F_JA;G xH=KKG9y x;GAK9y
xDM?9Jy xL=EHGy xEG<9DA<9<=y =L; <9<G H=D9 KALM9^]G GM HGJ GMLJ9K
H9D9NJ9K<G;GFL=PLG
)9K E=KE9K ;GF<A^g=K <G HJGFGE= HG<=K= AF;DMAJ F9 ;D9KK= <9K
H9D9NJ9K;9L=?GJ=EYLA;9KG BIA9F5@
1 Substantivo
.M:KL9FLANG
5F5J5B5<=NA9B9FL=K
@5EI9HCF7=85<==KH=;L9<GJ=KH9J99HD9M<AJGMH9L=9J
@=9BH9@5 <=;DA=FL=K<=9<NG?9<GK<=E_<A;GK=L;
CA=H=J57CFH9>CGXEI=HC57CAD5B<5A9BHC<=H=KKG9KIM=9;GEH9F
@9EGMLJ9HGJ<=N=JGM;GJL=KA9
CAIB=85897CB:F5F=57CB;F9;5WVC=FA5B8589GJ<=E<=J=DA?AGKGK
CB7[@=C7CB7@5J97CBG=GH_F=CG[BC8C5GG9A6@X=5<=HYJG;GKGM<=
GMLJGKH9<J=K
CFC;GFBMFLG:9F<G<=H=KKG9KIM=;9FL9EBMFL9K
@9B7C<=9JLAKL9K<=ME9;GEH9F@A9H=^9GM>ADE=
EI=D5;9AA5F=B<5;9A7CAD5B<5A5FI>5HF=DI@5WVC<=
E9JAF@=AJGK
5@5B;9<=@=JeAK?M=JJ=AJGK=KHbJALGK
$IBH5<=;J=<GJ=K<=E_<A;GK
*9GGC5@<=ME9>Y:JA;9J=H9JLA^]GHh:DA;9GM=K;GD9DGB9
*@Z=589 GM D@Z=585<=HG=L9K9JLAKL9KL9D=FLGK
,CB85<=HGDA;A9AKIM=H=J;GJJ=E9KJM9KN=D9F<GH=D9GJ<=EHh:DA;9
.IFA5<==KLM<9FL=KLJ9:9D@9<GJ=KE_<A;GK
: Grupo de animais
@75H9=5<=DG:GKH9FL=J9KGMGMLJGK9FAE9AK>=JGR=K
5B8CF9JC585<=9N=KH9J<9AK
R:=@5<=;9E=DGK
5F8IA96C5B57CFGC fA5BH5<=H=AP=K
C@A9=59BL5A97CFH=WC<=9:=D@9K
CFF9=WVC7CF8VC<=>GJEA?9K
5HCJ=:9F@G<=;9:J9K
5IB5;GFBMFLG<=9FAE9AKHJeHJAGK<=ME9J=?A]G
!58C;GFBMFLG<=9FAE9AK;JA9<GKF9K>9R=F<9K
$IBH5C69G5B57=B;9@>I;C>I;585<=:GAK
&CH9<=:MJJGK?JMHGK<=:=KL9K<=;9J?9
'5@<585CJ=RF=CF965B<C<=GN=D@9K
'5B585<=;9N9DGK<=HGJ;GK_?M9K
'5H=@<5<=;]=K
(=B<585JG<9<9<=HAFLGK
(IJ9AA=F[589CB85DF5;5<=?9>9F@GLGKE9JAE:GF<GKH=J;=N=BGK
*=5F5J5F5<=HGJ;GK
,X7CJ5FX7I5<=;9N9D?9<MJ9K
,965B<C5FA9BHC5FA9BH=C;F9=A5FCA65<=:GAKGN=D@9K
; Grupo de coisas
79FJC7<CFF=@<C9B:=585<=9KF=AJ9KLGDA;=K 79FJC L9E:_EK=9HDA;9
9GK:=FKE9L=JA9AKW?J9F<=G 579FJC <9A:DAGL=;9)9;AGF9D
BHC@C;=55B5@97HC7F9GHCA5H=57C@9HTB95:@CF=@X;=CG9@9H5<=LJ=;@GK
DAL=JYJAGKGM;A=FLb>A;GK
D5F9@<C65=L9@5G9FJ=WC<=;@Y;9>_B9FL9J
FA5859GEI58F5:FCH5<=F9NAGK<=?M=JJ9
5H9F=5:=@9=F5<=H=^9K<=9JLAD@9JA9
F5W5856F5W58C6IEIZF5ACF5A5@<9H9 a :9GHVC<=>DGJ=K
57<C<=MN9K<=:9F9F9K
5B7=CB9=FC<=;9F^g=K W=JJG=EHJ=?9JGNG;Y:MDG;GEGKAFfFAEG<=
;9FLGJ=E=PHJ=KKg=K;GEG 75B7=CB9=FCGFCATBH=7CG
5FF585<=J9Rg=K
<IJ57<IJ9=FC;F5B=NCG5F5=J5G5F5=J585<=:9D9KH=<J9KK=L9K
C@9WVC<=K=DGKIM9<JGKE=<9D@9KEG=<9KDANJGK
CBGH9@5WVC<==KLJ=D9K
CF8=@<9=F57589=5GXF=9<=EGFL=KEGFL9F@9K
CF8C5@<57CF85A99BLRF7=5<=;9:GK<=MEF9NAG
9=L9@=CAC@<C_<=D=F@9;9HAE
=@5:=@9=F5@=B<5<=;9<=AJ9K
@CF5;GFBMFLG<=HD9FL9K<=ME9<=L=JEAF9<9J=?A]G
!5@9F=5<=IM9<JGK=KLYLM9K
!5J9@5 GM ;569@5D5J9=5>=AP=<==KHA?9K
"9F6RF=C;GD=^]G<=HD9FL9KH9J9=PHGKA^]GGM=KLM<G
"=BRF=C<=@AFGK
#BGHFIA9BH5@<=AFKLJME=FLGK<=GJIM=KLJ9<=IM9DIM=JG>b;AGE=;[FA;G
<=;AJMJ?A9
'C6[@=5AC6=@=RF=C<=EeN=AK
'CBH9ACBHVC<=H=<J9KH9D@9DAPG
*9B75<=:9F9F9KD9J9FB9K;@9N=K
*=@<5FIA5<=DANJGKE9D9KLY:M9K
,XGH=5<=;=:GD9K9D@GK
-9EIZB7=5K_JA=<=;9JL9K<GE=KEGF9AH=
.FC:XI<=:9F<=AJ9K
*bservao+9J9GMLJGK;GD=LANGK=FGE=K<=?JMHGK;GFKMDL=K=G<A;AGFYJAG
KLJMLMJ9AFL=JF9<GKM:KL9FLANG
=K;JAN]G =K;JAN]=K
;9H=D]G ;9H=D]=K
L9:=DA]G L9:=DA]=K
9D=E]G 9D=E]=K
H]G H]=K
;9HAL]G ;9HAL]=K
E9^9H]G E9^9H]=K
E9L9;]G E9L9;]=K
;9L9D]G ;9L9D]=K
HDMJ9D=E VCG
;@]G ;@]GK
AJE]G AJE]GK
;A<9<]G ;A<9<]GK
E]G E]GK
NAD]G
NAD]GK
NADg=K
NAD]=K
;JAKL]G ;JAKL]GK
H9?]G H9?]GK
NMD;]G
NMD;]GK
NMD;g=K
<=KN]G <=KN]GK
= GK H9JGPbLGFGK 9HGFL9<GK =E A
flexo de nmero dos substantivos 9
?J]G ?J]GK
(MALGKKM:KL9FLANGK9HJ=K=FL9E<GAK=9L_LJaKHDMJ9AK
9D<=]G
9D<=]GK
9D<=g=K
9D<=]=K
9F;A]G
9F;A]GK
9F;Ag=K
9F;A]=K
;@9JD9L]G
;@9JD9Lg=K
;@9JD9L]=K
;GJJAE]G
;GJJAE]GK
;GJJAEg=K
;GJL=K]G
;GJL=K]GK
;GJL=Kg=K
<=]G
<=]GK
<=g=K
<=]=K
=JEAL]G
=JEAL]GK
=JEALg=K
=JEAL]=K
>M]G
>M]GK
>Mg=K
?M9J<A]G
?M9J<Ag=K
?M9J<A]=K
J=>J]G
J=>J]GK
J=>J]=K
K9;JAKL]G
K9;JAKL]GK
K9;JAKL]=K
LJM]G
LJMg=K
LJM]=K
Observaes
p 7aBGI@ = A5@ >9R=E 7aBGI@9G = A5@9G
p 75@ = 5J5@ >9R=E 75@9G ;9FG = 75=G 5J5@9G E9AK ;GEME =E +GJLM?9D =
5J5=G
p F95@ >9R FX=G EG=<99FLA?9= F95=G EG=<9FGN9
9:JGD@G
>G?G
HGJ;G
9FLGD@G
>GJFG
HGJLG
;9JG^G
>GJG
HGKLG
;@G;G
>GKKG
HGNG
;GJ;GNG
AEHGKLG
J=>GJ^G
;GJG
BG?G
JG?G
;GJHG
EAGDG
KG:JGD@G
;GJNG
EAJGD@G
KG;GJJG
<=KHGBG
GD@G
LABGDG
<=KLJG^G
GKKG
LGJLG
Observao -=AD@9G >9R G=AD@979G GM G IM= _ E9AK ;GEME F]G N9JA9 _G
@5=G = :9FF56FRG K]G E9AK MK9<GK AFN9JAYN=AK E9K HGKKM=E G HDMJ9D 7CG9G @5=G9G =
:9FF56F5G9G
=K;GD@G
GNG
LJG;G
=K>GJ^G
HG^G
LJG^G
=K:G^G
DG?JG
9<GJFG
=KHGKG
EGJJG
9DEG^G
=KLGJNG
J=HGD@G
9DNGJG^G
>=JJGD@G
JGDG
9JJGLG
>G>G
KG?JG
:G<9
>GJJG
KGD<G
:GBG
?9>9F@GLG
KGHJG
:GDG
?DG:G
KGJG
:GDKG
?GJJG
LG;G
;9;@GJJG
?GKLG
LGD<G
;9GD@G
?GRG
LGHG
;G;G
@GJLG
LGJFG
;GFLGJFG
BGJJG
LJ9FKLGJFG
Observao GEG FG ;9KG <GK HDMJ9AK =E VC c9G V9G VCG 9 AF;DMK]G <9
H9D9NJ9 FG ?JMHG <GK E=L9>fFA;GK GM F]G E=L9>fFA;GK 9HJ=K=FL9 EMAL9K AF<=
;AKg=K * =K>GJ^G H9J9 <AJAEAJ <hNA<9K F=KL=K ;9KGK K= L=E J=?MD9<G H=D9 GJA?=E
<G LAE:J= <9 NG?9D LfFA;9 =E D9LAE = F9 >GJE9 H9J9D=D9 <9K ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=K =E
=KH9F@GD GF<= ;GEG J=?J9 <G LAE:J= >=;@9<G J=KMDL9 ME9 NG?9D KAEHD=K = <G
LAE:J= 9:=JLG ME9 <ALGF?9^]G ;CNC =KH v ?GRG HGJL v ?GRGK f :I9;C =KH
v >G?G HGJL v >G?GK e /9FLG 9 =LAEGDG?A9 <G D9LAE IM9FLG G H9J9D=DAKEG <G
=KH9F@GDF=EK=EHJ=LaE9:G9J=KHGKL9ZK<hNA<9K
)]GKG>J=E9DL=J9^]GGKFGE=KHJeHJAGK=GK<=>9EbDA9
GK =C;CGGK '=ACGCGGK ,5DCGCGGK *CFHCG
;9J9;L=J=K
=KH_;AE=F
=KH=;bE=F=K
BhFAGJ
BMFAGJ=K
%hHAL=J
%MHbL=J=K
'h;A>=J
'M;b>=J=K
KaFAGJ
K=FAGJ=K
=F<G=F^9K
9>9R=J=K
=P_IMA9K
9DNbKK9J9K
>_JA9KJ=HGMKG
9F9AK
FhH;A9K
9JJ=<GJ=K
LJ=N9K
9NeK9FL=H9KK9<GK
NbN=J=K
:=D9K9JL=K:=D9KD=LJ9K
FGE=K<=F9AH=K;GH9K
;GF>AFK
GMJGK=KH9<9KH9MK
/G<9NA9F]G_J9JGGMKG<GKAF?MD9JF9DbF?M9DAL=JYJA9
x*K:J9KAD=AJGK<GKMDGK CFF9=589-RH=J<A9EEMALG<G=F;9FLG
<=KK9KG:J9K y6" 5DI8 /.7
GK=?MF<GL=EGK=FLJ=GKD9LAFAKEGK
7IFF=7I@IA 7IFF=7I@5A9ACF5B8IA A9ACF5B85
7CFDIG 7CFDCF5=L;
IM= HG<=E K=J 9HGJLM?M=K9<GK FG KAF?MD9J =E 7IFF[7I@C A9ACF5B8C
7CFDC J9JG
75ADIG 75AD=C75ADIGCG75AD=
FLJ=GK?J=?GK;9:=;AL9J
H_DCG H_DC= @_;CG @_;C= _BCA5 CB_A5H5
FLJ=GK9F?DA;AKEGK
@58M @58=9G D9BBM D9BB=9G GM D9B79
85B8M 85B8=9G GDCFHA5B GDCFHA9B
FLJ=GK?=JE9FAKEGK
@=98
@=8
@=989F @9=HACH=J @9=HACH=J9B 6@=HN 6@=HN9B
/9E:_EK==JJ9MK9F<GK= @=989F ;GEGKAF?MD9J
*K =K;JALGJ=K HJG;MJ9E F9 E=<A<9 <G HGKKbN=D 9;=JL9J G H9KKG 9K
KAE _ IM= %GK_ 'AFK <G -=?G MKGM @=98G F=KL9 H9KK9?=E <= !CF8CG 9
'5;FCG
x"G=L@= A9 9G HGNG H9J9 K=FLAJ 9 >GJ^9 <GK @=98G 9
EhKA;9 IM= <GJE= F9 9DE9 HGHMD9J y E *C9G=5 9 0=85 BY K=
H9ML9N9 H=D9 FGJE9 9D=E] x=KLJMAF<G (GR9JL ME9 ?J9F<= D=E9F@9
<=K9H9J=;=JA9 9 D=E9F@9 <GK @=989F <GK NAGDAFGK ?=E=F<G HGJ <=:9APG
<9KE9;A=AJ9K=E>DGJ y
*K FGE=K AL9DA9FGK =E = BY =KL]G FG HDMJ9D IM9F<G >D=PAGF9<GK C
7CB:9HHC CG 7CB:9HH= E9K AKLG F]G AEH=<AM IM= ME =K;JALGJ ;GJJ=LG
;GEG '9LAFG G=D@G >AR=KK= G HDMJ9D ;GE 9;J_K;AEG <G G x+GJLM?9D F]G
HJAEGM F9K AFN=F^g=K 9<EAJYN=AK <9 ;AaF;A9 F]G L=N= )=OLGFK F=E
+D9Lg=K )]G E=F=GM ;GE ?9D@9J<G DMRAE=FLG G =K;GHJG GM G HAF;=D F]G
L=N= -9>9_AK F=E MGF9JGLLAK y 65DI8 ..
7 /9E:_E <= @RD=G@5Nd@=
L=EGK G HDMJ9D @RD=G@5Nd@=G HJ=N9D=;=J 9 FGJE9 <9 DbF?M9 =P=EHD9J
HG<=K= <AR=J IM= K= LJ9L9 <= ME =D=E=FLG >MF;AGF9D H=JL=F;=FL= 9G KAK
L=E9 HGJLM?MaK J=K=JN9<G 9GK HDMJ9AK =KLJ9F?=AJGK F]G 9KKAEAD9<GK
F9A8KbFH9F6 K F
7
G Plural dos nomes de letras v *K FGE=K <= D=LJ9K N]G FGJE9DE=FL= 9G
HDMJ9D<=9;GJ<G;GE9KFGJE9K?=J9AK
KL=HJG;=KKGG;GJJ==EEMAL9K9:J=NA9LMJ9K
/ / KL9<GK0FA<GKL9E:_EJ=HJ=K=FL9<GHGJ 0 KL9<GK
0FA<GK<9E_JA;99AF<90 .
E9K
H9RAF@9H9RAF@9
H9R=RAF@9K
/9AKH9D9NJ9KN]GFGJE9DE=FL=9GHDMJ9D
GK G=BG GK BVCG GK EIZG GK DF_G GK 7CBHF5G GK << 9?YK
9F9FY
9F9FYK
=AJeAJe
=AJeKAJeK
>A<9D?G
>A<9D?GK
>AD@e
>AD@eK
?AJ9KKGD
?AJ9KKeAK
AD@e
AD@eK
D=F?9D=F?9
D=F?9D=F?9K
DADY
DADYK
E9<J=KKADN9
E9<J=KKADN9K
HGFL9H_
HGFL9H_K
N9AN=E
N9AN=FK
RMERME
RMERMFK
FGK;GEHGKLGK;GE9K>GJE9K9<B=LAN9K ;FVC;FV969@
?J]GHJAGJ
?J]GHJAGJ=K
?J];JMR
?J];JMR=K
>=JJG<=9:JAJD9L9
>=JJGK<=9:JAJD9L9
:=DHJ9R=J
:=DHJ9R=J=K
EMD9K=E;9:=^9
EMD9KK=E;9:=^9
H_<=EGD=IM=
H_K<=EGD=IM=
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9E9J?Gv9E9JbKKAEG
E9?JGvE9;_JJAEG
9EA?Gv9EA;bKKAEG
E9D_<A;GvE9D=<A;=FLbKKAEG
9FLA?Gv9FLAIMbKKAEG
E9D_NGDGvE9D=NGD=FLbKKAEG
YKH=JGv9KH_JJAEG
E9D_>A;GvE9D=>A;=FLbKKAEG
:=F_>A;Gv:=F=>A;=FLbKKAEG
EbK=JGvEAK_JJAEG
:=F_NGDGv:=F=NGD=FLbKKAEG
EAh<GvEAFMLbKKAEG
;_D=:J=v;=D=:_JJAEG
F=?JGvFA?_JJAEG
;_D=J=v;=D_JJAEG
FG:J=vFG:ADbKKAEG
;JAKL]Gv;JAKLA9FbKKAEG
H9J;GvH9J;bKKAEG
;JM=Dv;JM<=DbKKAEG
H=KKG9DvH=JKGF9DbKKAEG
<A>b;ADv<A>A;bDAEG
HG:J=vH9MH_JJAEG
<G;=v<MD;bKKAEG
HJe<A?GvHJG<A?9DbKKAEG
>A=Dv>A<=DbKKAEG
Hh:DA;GvHM:DA;bKKAEG
>JAGv>JA?A<bKKAEG
HJGNYN=DvHJG:9:ADbKKAEG
?=J9Dv?=F=J9DbKKAEG
KY:AGvK9HA=FLbKKAEG
@GFGJb>A;Gv@GFGJA>A;=FLbKKAEG
K9?J9<GvK9;J9LbKKAEG
@MEAD<=v@MEbDAEG
K9DM:J=vK9DM:_JJAEG
AF;JbN=DvAF;J=<A:ADbKKAEG
KG:=J:GvKMH=J:bKKAEG
AFAEA?GvAFAEA;bKKAEG
KAEHD=KvKAEHDA;bKKAEG
bFL=?JGvAFL=?_JJAEG
L_LJA;GvL=L_JJAEG
DANJ=vDA:_JJAEG
G D9<G <G KMH=JD9LANG Z :9K= <G L=JEG D9LAFG HG<= ;AJ;MD9J G IM=
HJG;=<=<G9<B=LANG9;J=K;A<G<9L=JEAF9^]Gv[GG=AC
9?bDAEGv9?ADbKKAEG
@MEbDAEG
@MEADbKKAEG
@MEAD<bKKAEG
9FLAIMbKKAEGv9FLA?MbKKAEG
E9;_JJAEGvE9?JbKKAEG
;JM<=DbKKAEGv;JM=DbKKAEG
FA?_JJAEGvF=?JbKKAEG
<MD;bKKAEGv<G;bKKAEG
H9J;bKKAEGvH9JIMbKKAEG
>9;bDAEGv>9;ADbKKAEG
H9MH_JJAEGvHG:JbKKAEG
*CG=H=JC
CAD5F5H=JC89
GID9F=CF=8589
-ID9F@5H=JC
56GC@IHC
F9@5H=JC
:GE
E=D@GJ
eLAEG
GE=D@GJ
E9M
HAGJ
H_KKAEG
GHAGJ
?J9F<=
E9AGJ
EYPAEG
GE9AGJ
H=IM=FG
E=FGJ
EbFAEG
GE=FGJ
)]G K= <AR A5=G 6CA F=E A5=G ;F5B89 =E N=R <= A9@<CF = A5=CF
E9K HG<=E G;GJJ=J A5=G D9EI9BC C A5=G D9EI9BC A5=G A5I HGJ A9BCF
C A9BCF D=CF /9E:_E K= HG<=E =EHJ=?9J 6CA = ;F5B89 F9K =PHJ=KKg=K
A5=G CI A9BCG ;F5B89 A5=G CI A9BCG 6CA HGAK IM= GK L9AK 9<B=LANGK K=
J=?MD9EH=D9hDLAE9H9D9NJ9
x*KHG=E9K;GEHD=LGK<G<=KL=JJ9<G<G+GFLGLG<9K9KDAL=J9LMJ9K
=MJGH=A9KGK9E:A;AGF9N9E=GKE=L=J9E=EKA;GE A5=GCIA9BCG
6C5 E]Gy6 5DI8 (9
7
3 Artigo
JLA?G
:GKLME99H9J=;=J9GD9<G<=;=JLGKFGE=KHJeHJAGK?=G?JY>A;GKHJAF
;AH9DE=FL=GKIM=<=FGL9EH9bK=KG;=9FGKJAGKEGFL9F@9KAD@9K
5 .M_;A9 C LD[FLA;G C E9RGF9K CG F<=K 5 "JG=FD[F<A9
>AR=EK=;GE9JLA?GGKFGE=K<=LJ9:9D@GKDAL=JYJAGK=9JLbKLA;GKK=G
9JLA?GH=JL=F;=9GLbLMDG@Y<=K=J=K;JALGG:JA?9LGJA9E=FL=;GE
E9AhK;MD9
5 F=A<9 5 %=JMK9D_E'A:=JL9<9 )G 'MKb9<9K /=EH=KL9<=
AGKLME9K=GEALAJG9JLA?G;GE9H9D9NJ9 D5@R7=CIM9F<G<=K9;GE
H9F@9<9<=EG<A>A;9<GJ
x+=J?MFLGMGE=KLJ==K;GD99>GAL9E=FL=ZK=FLAF=D9<GH9^GK=GJ=H
J=K=FL9FL=F9;AGF9DEGJ?9<G<9?J9=KL9N9 9AD5@R7=Cy6J
7
BH9J=;=BMFLG9GL=JEG<=FGL9<GJ<9MFA<9<=IM9F<GK==PHJ=KK9G
N9DGJ<9K;GAK9K9IMAG9JLA?G9KKME=GN9DGJ<= 7585
(9^]K<=HGM;GK;JMR=AJGK C IMADG
CH9J=;=EF9K<=KA?F9^g=K<=L=EHG;GEGKFGE=K<9K=KL9^g=K<G
9FG
(5DF=A5J9F5 @Y>DGJ=K=E9:MF<[F;A9 x EME9L9J<=<G 9GH=CZ
@GJ9AF;=JL9=K9M<GK9 y6#
7
Observaes
p .= G FGE= <= =KL9^]G NA=J HJ=;=<A<G <= 89 KA?FA>A;9F<G DF_DF=C 89 G 9JLA?G
_<AKH=FK9<G)ME9E9F@] 89DF=A5J9F5
p .= 9 =PHJ=KK]G L=EHGJ9D ;GFLAN=J FGE= <= EaK <AKH=FK9 9AF<9 G 9JLA?G (=M
AJE]G>9R9FGK 9AA5FWC
J9H=JLG 89 ME9@GJ9
F)]GK=J=H=L=G9JLA?G=E>J9K=K;GEG
*@GE=EE9AKNAJLMGKG<GDM?9J
x=K<=9IM9<J9 5A5=G5BH=;5
=IM=J=R9EGKH=J?9EAF@GKy6!17
HH9D9NJ9 HC8CFGKAF?MD9JHG<=NAJGMF]GK=?MA<9<=9JLA?G;GEGK
KA?FA>A;9<GK<= =BH9=FC HCH5@ = 7585 EI5@EI9F
HJ=K=F^9 GM 9MKaF;A9 <G 9JLA?G <=H=F<= <= IM= G KM:KL9FLANG =P
AB9GMJ=HM<A=99FL=;AH9^]G<= C 5 CG 5G
)9 DbF?M9 EG<=JF9 HC8C C ;GJJ= E9AK FG K=FLA<G <= LGL9DA<9<= AF
L=AJ=R9 aF>9K= 9IMA HJAF;AH9DE=FL= ;GE GK L=JEGK IM= <=FGL9E K=FLA
E=FLG 89 HC8C C 7CF5WVC 7CA HC8C C ;CGHC 7CA HC8C C 5ACF 7CA HC8C
C75F=B<C=L;
/G<99>9EbDA9=KL9N9FGJ=;AFLG9>9EbDA9LG<9AFL=AJ9
.=GEALAJEGKGKM:KL9FLANGF]G@9N=JYDM?9JH9J9G9JLA?G
!AR=J9EE=K=AKH=J?MFL9K -=KHGF<A9;=JL9<9E=FL= 5HC85GG9=G
JAKH=FK9K=G9JLA?GFGKNG;9LANGKF9E9AGJA9<9K=P;D9E9^g=K=F9K
<9L9KIM=9HGEGK9GK=K;JALGK
x09@<=79 v A=;C<ARE=ME9EA?G
.9:=IM=9:G9A<9<=_9hDLAE9A<9<=y6AO7
-AG 89A5=C <=
KL9 <AKH=FK9 HG<= G;GJJ=J L9E:_E 9FL=K <G 9<N_J:AG HVC = ;=JL9K
DG;M^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK 7CA JCN GIF85 9FL=K <G KM:KL9FLANG IM= >MF;AGF9
;GEGHJ=<A;9LANG<GN=J:G G9F 0C7ZX<CA9A <=:=E
(G<=JF9E=FL= ;J=EGK IM= E9AK HGJ N9DGJAR9^]G =KLADbKLA;9 <G AF
<=>AFA<G IM= HGJ KAEHD=K = K=JNAD AEAL9^]G <G >J9F;aK IA 9H9J=;= =E
;9KGK IM= K= F]G HG<=E =PHDA;9J HGJ aF>9K= )=KL9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K L9AK
;9KGKK]G;=FKMJ9<GKH=D9?J9EYLA;9LJ9<A;AGF9D
= /A G;GJJ=;GEG;GJJ=D9LANG<= CIHFC =EK=FLA<G<AKLJA:MLANG
/A AJE]GA99GL=9LJG=G CIHFC9G;AF=E9
Observao 9D9F<GK= G KM:KL9FLANG L9E:_E BMFLG <= IA 9AF<9 <AKH=FK9EGK
9 9FL=HGKA^]G <G 9JLA?G <=>AFA<G 9G ;GFLJYJAG <G IM= >9RA9 G HGJLM?MaK 9FLA?G =
<GIM=>9R=EHGJ=P=EHDGG>J9F;aK=G=KH9F@GD
/A A99GL=9LJG= CCIHFC 9G;AF=E9CIA CCIHFCFGHGJLM?MaK
9FLA?G @nIB @n5IHF9 9@IBC 9@CHFC
>)GL=K=9=PHJ=KK]G IA7CAC=EHJ=?9<9FGK=FLA<G<=xME9;GAK9
;GEGyxMEK=J;GEGyxME9=KH_;A=<=yGF<= IA ;GF;GJ<9;GEG
KM:KL9FLANGK=?MAFL=
!=R IA7CAC <AK;MJKG +JG>=JAM IA57CAC HJYLA;9
:+JG;=<=FL=<=KM9>MF^]G;D9KKA>A;9<GJ9 IA HG<=9<IMAJAJKA?FA>A;9^]G
=F>YLA;9;@=?9F<G9L_9NAJ9;GEH9F@9<G<=GJ9^]G;GE EI9 <=N9DGJ
;GFK=;MLANG;GEGK=FG;GFL=PLG@GMN=KK= IAH5@
*AFKLJME=FLG_<= IA5 HJ=;AK]G9<EAJYN=D
D=_ IA @=JeA;GEH9J=;GE D=_@=JeA
!9DGM<= IA5 E9F=AJ9IM=HfKE=<GFGK;GJ9^g=K
;FL=K<=FME=J9D<=FGL99HJGPAE9^]G
KH=JGM IA5 E=A9@GJ99HJGPAE9<9E=FL=
4 Pronome
+JGFGE=
D9KKA>A;9^]G<GKHJGFGE=K
+=KKG9K<G<AK;MJKG
'9I = H9I K]G HJGFGE=K HGJIM= <]G A<=A9 <= HGKK= =E J=D9^]G Z
H=KKG9 <G <AK;MJKG A9I p H=KKG9 9 IM= >9D9 H9I
p H=KKG9 9 ;GE
IM= K= >9D9 E:GK GK HJGFGE=K =KL]G =E J=>=JaF;A9 9G KM:KL9FLANG @=JFC
IM= N=E =PHJ=KKG FG AFb;AG E9K K= ;9D9 FG >AE HGJ =KL9J H=J>=AL9E=FL=
;D9JG 9G >9D9FL= = GMNAFL= KL9 J=>=JaF;A9 9 KM:KL9FLANG ;9J9;L=JAR9 9 >MF
^]G 58>9H=J5 GM <= 58>IBHC <= ;=JLGK HJGFGE=K (MAL9K N=R=K K=E IM=
L=F@9 NAF<G =PHJ=KKG 9FL=JAGJE=FL= <AKH=FK9K= G KM:KL9FLANG ;GEG =E
,M=JG G A9I = F]G G G9I DANJG GF<= 9E:GK GK HJGFGE=K HGKK=KKANGK K]G
9<B=LANGK
%Y =E #GHC X A9@<CF EI9 5EI=@C GK HJGFGE=K =GHC = 5EI=@C F]G K=
J=>=J=E 9 F=F@ME KM:KL9FLANG <=L=JEAF9<G E9K >9R=E 9K N=R=K <=D=
.]GHGJAKKGHJGFGE=K 56GC@IHCG GM GI6GH5BH=JCG
#Y HJGFGE=K IM= K]G 9H=F9K 9:KGDMLGK GM 9<BMFLGK =FIM9FLG GML
JGKHG<=E9H9J=;=JF9K<M9K>MF^g=K
+JGFGE=KH=KKG9AK
K >GJE9K 9I HI 9@9 9@5 B_G J_G 9@9G 9@5G IM= >MF;AGF9E ;GEG
KMB=ALG K= <AR=E F9H5G ;9<9 ME <=KL=K HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK J=LGK ;GJJ=K
HGF<= ME HJGFGE= H=KKG9D G:DbIMG IM= >MF;AGF9 ;GEG ;GEHD=E=FLG =
HG<= 9HJ=K=FL9JK= =E >GJE9 YLGF9 GM >GJE9 LfFA;9 G ;GFLJYJAG <9K
>GJE9KYLGF9K 5GHaB=75GJZAG9ADF9DF9G5G5DF9DCG=WVC
pronomes pessoais retos
.AF?MD9J
+DMJ9D
LfFA;GK;
HJ=H
pH=KKG9 9I
A9
A=A
pH=KKG9 HI
H9
H=
@<9 C 5 G9
9@9 9@5 G=
pH=KKG9 B_G
BCG
B_G
pH=KKG9 J_G
JCG
J_G
9@9G 9@5G G=
P=EHDGK<=HJGFGE=KG:DbIMGKYLGFGK
x,M=AP9EGBCG <9>GJLMF9<=KLAFGH9J9<=K;MDH9J9FGKK9HJ=?MA^9y
6((7
xE=D@GJ;GEH9F@A99;@9G9 =EME9=K;GD@A<9DANJ9JA9y6((7
P=EHDGK<=HJGFGE=KG:DbIMGKLfFA;GK
x*KFGKKGKE9AGJ=KAFAEA?GK=PAKL=E<=FLJG 89 B_G E=KEGKK]GGK
FGKKGK=JJGKNb;AGK=H9APg=Ky6((7
xKNAJLM<=KK=@9JEGFAR9EGKNb;AGK<AK;GJ<9E 9BHF9G=y6((7
0CGG5'5;B=:=7ZB7=5 H9J9J=ALGJ=K<=MFAN=JKA<9<=
0CGG5'5>9GH589 1 ( H9J9J=AKAEH=J9<GJ=K
+lural
0CGG5'9F7Z 1 ( ;aH9J99KH=KKG9K<=LJ9L9E=FLG;=JAEGFAGKG
0CGG5)B=DCHZB7=5 H9J9=MKvF]GK=MK99:J=NA9<9E=FL=
0CGG5,9J9F9B8[GG=A5 1 -=N E9H9J9GKK9;=J<GL=K
0CGG5-9B<CF=5 1 . pH9J9G>A;A9AK9L_;GJGF=D>MF;AGFYJAGK
?J9<M9<GKH=KKG9K<=;=JAEfFA9
Observaes
p EHJ=?9K= 0CGG5 @H9N5 = <=E9AK IM9F<G
p H=KKG9 AKLG _ =E J=D9^]G 9
IM=E >9D9EGK =EHJ=?9K= -I5 @H9N5 = <=E9AK IM9F<G p H=KKG9 AKLG _ =E
J=D9^]GZ<=IM=E>9D9EGK
p 0K9K= <= CA 9:J=NA9<9E=FL= BMFLG 9G FGE= HJeHJAG >GFKG
#=FJAIM= M?aFAG ZK N=R=K 9H9J=;= =E 9MLGJ=K BMFLG 9 FGE= <= >9EbDA9 E9K
=KL9 HJYLA;9 <=N= K=J =NAL9<9 HGJ ;GFLJ9JA9J 9 LJ9<A^]G <9 DbF?M9 0K9K= 9AF<9
BMFLG9GMLJGLbLMDG +JAGJ :9<==L;
p 0C7Z @GB= MK9<G >9EADA9JE=FL= _ 9 J=<M^]G <9 >GJE9 <= J=N=JaF;A9 0CGG5
'9F7Z 9AF<G G HJGFGE= J_G =E <=KMKG Ke MK9<G F9K GJ9^g=K = =KLADG KGD=F=
=EHJ=?9K= JC7ZG ;GEGGHDMJ9D<= HI
p * KM:KL9FLANG ;9BH9 HJ=;=<A<G <G 9JLA?G 5 = =E J=>=JaF;A9 9 ME ?JMHG <=
H=KKG9K =E IM= K= AF;DMA 9 IM= >9D9 GM 9 =KL9 KGRAF@9 H9KK9 9 HJGFGE= = K=
=EHJ=?9 >GJ9 <9 DAF?M9?=E ;=JAEGFAGK9 E 9E:GK GK ;9KGK G N=J:G >A;9 F9 p
H=KKG9<GKAF?MD9J
xWN=J<9<=IM= 5;9BH9ZKN=R=K H9A ;Y9KKM9K:AJJ9Ky6# $$
7
pAF<9;GFLAFM9ENANGK=E+GJLM?9D J_G JCGGC
+JGFGE=KHGKK=KKANGK
pH=KKG9
A9I
A=B<5
A9IG
A=B<5G
pH=KKG9
H9I
HI5
H9IG
HI5G
pH=KKG9
G9I
GI5
G9IG
GI5G
pH=KKG9
BCGGC
BCGG5
BCGGCG
BCGG5G
pH=KKG9
JCGGC
JCGG5
JCGGCG
JCGG5G
pH=KKG9
G9I
GI5
G9IG
GI5G
+JGFGE=K<=EGFKLJ9LANGK
GH9 @=JFC _ G DANJG IM= =KLY H=JLG <9 H=KKG9 IM= >9D9 9GG9 @=JFC _ G
IM= =KLY DGF?= <9 H=KKG9 IM= >9D9 GM H=JLG <9 H=KKG9 ;GE IM=E K= >9D9
5EI9@9@=JFC _GIM=K=9;@9<AKL9FL=<9 p=<9
pH=KKG9
)=E K=EHJ= K= MK9E ;GE =KL= JA?GJ ?J9E9LA;9D GK HJGFGE=K
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK EMAL9K N=R=K AFL=J>=J=E KALM9^g=K =KH=;A9AK IM= =K;9H9E
Z<AK;AHDAF9<9?J9EYLA;9
.]G 9AF<9 HJGFGE=K <=EGFKLJ9LANGK C A9GAC DF_DF=C G9A9@<5BH9
= H5@
GFKA<=J9K= C HJGFGE= <=EGFKLJ9LANG <= =EHJ=?G 9:KGDMLG AF
N9JAYN=D FG E9K;MDAFG = KAF?MD9J IM9F<G >MF;AGF9 ;GE G N9DGJ x?JGKKG
EG<Gy<= =GHC =GGC 5EI=@C GM H5@
)]G C ;GFK=FLAJ=AB9E9AK
xJIMAL=LG<GEGKL=AJG<=. (9JA9BY C F]GKGMy6# 5DI8 !
7
x.=GKGD@GK;GJHGJ9AK=KL9N9EEGJLGKF]G C =KL9N9EGK<G=KHbJALGy
6# $
7
x J=KA<A9ME9NAhN9IM= C =J9<=ME>A<9D?G<9;9K9<=R=N=<Gy
6J 5DI8 (9 7
+G<=9DM<AJ9=PL=FKGK=FMF;A9<GK
+JGE=L=ME=IM=K9AJA9;GEA?GF9KHJePAE9K>_JA9KE9KF]G C >=R
+9J9 =KL=K ;JbLA;GK C A9GAC =L; <=N= K=J KM:KLALMb<G HGJ 9@9 =L;
/9DN=R HGJ AKKG !JA=AJG F9
p =<A^]G 9DL=JGM K=M L=PLG H9J9
xGKLME9K= =K;J=N=J <=FLJG <GK DANJGK F9 >GD@9 <= ?M9J<9 H9D9NJ9K 5
9@9G 9DMKAN9Ky
'9GAC = DF_DF=C 9H9J=;=E9AF<9J=>GJ^9F<GHJGFGE=KH=KKG9AK
D9 A9GA5 IMAKN=JGHJG:D=E9
)eK DF_DF=CG G<AKK=EGK
x/9D>9^G=MZE=<A<9IM=E=N9AD=E:J9F<G=;GFNAF<GZ;GF
KLJM^]GGMJ=;GFKLJM^]G<=EAE A9GACy6(
7
+JGFGE=KAF<=>AFA<GK
G/JGN9<GJ=K;MLGMy6"7
ARK= =BH9FFC;5WVC 8=F9H5 9 H=J?MFL9 IM= L=JEAF9 HGJ HGFLG <= AF
L=JJG?9^]G=K=;9J9;L=JAR9H=D9=FLG9^]G9K;=F<=FL=
,M=EN=AG9IMA
+JGFGE=KAFL=JJG?9LANGK
M KGM
Pronome pessoal
+JGFGE==L=JEGKGJ9;AGF9AK
:F9K=FME=J9^g=K=9HGKA^g=KL9E:_E;GE<AKL9F;A9E=FLG<GN=J:G=
;GEHD=E=FLG
=HGAK<=EMAL9<=DGF?9G<AJ=LGJ=K;GD@=M 9IG#=FJAIM==G
+9MDAF@G
==E;GGJ<=F9^g=K<=HJGFGE=KGM;GEMEKM:KL9FLANGAFLJG<MRA<GK
H=D9HJ=HGKA^]G 9BHF9=FLJ= 9I = HI HGJ=FLJ= A=A = H==FLJ= 9I =G
9DMFG=FLJ=%GK_= 9I
%Y @Y ;GF;=KKg=K <= 9D?MFK ?J9EYLA;GK IM9F<G G HJGFGE= 9I GM HI
N=E=EK=?MF<GDM?9J
FLJ= 9@9 = 9I FLJ=G%GK_= 9I
:IM9F<G;GEHGKLG
-=E=LADANJGK 59@9 =9GLAG
;IM9F<GJ=>GJ^9<G
*<AF@=AJG>GA=FLJ=?M= 59@9A9GAC
9J=A9KBGA9K G_59@5
<IM9F<GHD=GFYKLA;G
=NGDNA@<959@9 9KEYIMAF9K
=IM9F<G;GEHD=E=FLGJ=D9LANG
LAJGMK= 59@9 "GKLG 89@5
>IM9F<GG:B=LG<AJ=LGHJ=HGKA;AGF9<G
)=E=D==FL=F<= 5B_G F=EFeK 59@9 6%* 7
E;9KGK<=aF>9K=;GKLME9K=J=H=LAJ
9 G HJGFGE= YLGFG H=D9 KM9 J=KH=;LAN9 >GJE9 LfFA;9 HJ=;=<A<9 <=
HJ=HGKA^]G
x(9KIM9DK=JY9LM9KGJL=IM9F<GF9@GJ9>9L9DGK9D?GR=K:MK;9F<G
9KM9NbLAE9Ke H9 =F;GFLJ9J=E 5H=y6#
7
x =. P; pJ=KHGF<=J9<=;D9J9F<G9;=AL9JA9KG:9;GF<A^]G<=
9FMbJ=E C5FVC8C,=CF5B7C99Iy
D=;GEGG:B=LG<AJ=LG
*HJGFGE=K=F9;GFKLJM^]GJ=>D=P9
%YF9GJ9^]G
: $CVC9'5F=5G95A5A
G KA?FA>A;9<G <G N=J:G 5A5F = 9 FGKK9 =PH=JAaF;A9 <G EMF<G IM= =E
?=J9D LJ9L9F<G <= <M9K H=KKG9K KMHg=E G 9EGJ <= 9D?M_E <AJA?A<G 9
GMLJG 9D?M_E H=JEAL=EFGK <9J GMLJ9 9;=H^]G ;GFL=PLM9D 9G GJA
?AFYJAG KA?FA>A;9<G MFALYJAG <= xJ=>D=PANA<9<=y 9;J=<AL9EGK IM= 9 GJ9^]G
IM=J =PHJ=KK9J IM= x%G]G 9E9 (9JA9y = IM= x(9JA9 9E9 9G %G]Gy FL]G
F]G E9AK K= LJ9L9 <= xJ=>D=PANA<9<= HMJ9y E9K <= xJ=>D=PANA<9<=
J=;bHJG;9y
*:B=LGAF<AJ=LG
D9K=9JJG?9=KK9DA:=J<9<=
GEHD=E=FLGJ=D9LANG
D=KK=?GKL9E
~F<A;=<=AF<=L=JEAF9^]G<GKMB=ALG
1AN=K=:=E
'aK=HGM;G=FLJ=FeK
+J=;AK9K=<==EHJ=?9<GK
WK=>=DAR
*bservaes finais +=DGK =P=EHDGK 9;AE9 G G9 ;GEG bF<A;= <= AF<=L=JEAF
9^]G <= KMB=ALG v HJAEALAN9E=FL= =P;DMKANG =E ;GE:AF9^]G ;GE N=J:GK F]G
9;GEH9F@9<GK <= G:B=LG <AJ=LG v =KL=F<=M K=M H9H=D 9GK LJ9FKALANGK <AJ=LGK GF<=
9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G H9KKAN9 H9KK9 9 L=J ME9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G AEH=KKG9D 09B89AG9 75G5G
z9D?M_E L=E ;9K9 H9J9 N=F<=J{ = <= DA?9^]G QG9 :9@=N H9KK9?=E <=KL=
=EHJ=?G <9 H9KKAN9 Z AF<=L=JEAF9^]G D=NGM G >9D9FL= 9 F]G E9AK >9R=J ;GF;GJ<[F
;A9 HGAK G IM= =J9 KMB=ALG H9KKGM 9 K=J =FL=F<A<G ;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG >MF^]G IM=
F]GD=N99=PA?AJG9;GJ<G<GN=J:G
09B89AG975G5G z;9K9KK]GN=F<A<9K{ 09B89AG975G5G z9D
?M_EL=E;9K9H9J9N=F<=J{ 09B89G975G5G
x09B89G9 75G5G = :F=H5G9 CJCG K]G >J9K=K <= =EHJ=?G 9AF<9 9FLADAL=JYJAG
9H=K9J <9 BY EMDLAHDA;A<9<= <= =P=EHDGK ?=FMbF9 DAF?M9?=E DAL=JYJA9 J=IM=J=
J9B89AG9 :F=H5AG9 (9K 9E:9K 9K KAFL9P=K K]G ;GJJ=L9K = 9 HJAE=AJ9 F]G _ 9:
KGDML9E=FL= ;GEG >A;9 <=EGFKLJ9<G EG<A>A;9^]G <9 K=?MF<9 .]G 9H=F9K <GAK
=KLY?AGK <A>=J=FL=K <= =NGDM^]G !A;9 L9E:_E HJGN9<G G >9DKG L=KL=EMF@G IM= D=
N9FL9J9E Z KAFL9P= >J9F;=K9 IM= =E N=J<9<= F=F@ME9 AF>DMaF;A9 F=KL= H9JLA;MD9J
=P=J;=M=EFeK y6(?
7
+G<=9AF<9GHJGFGE= G9 BMFL9JK=9N=J:GKIM=AF<A;9E
KL9 FGNA<9<= <= KAFL9P= L=E ;GFLJ9 KA G >9LG <= ZK N=R=K >9R=J H=J
A?9J9AFL=JHJ=L9^]G<9GJ9^]GIM=KeK=J=KGDN=H=D99BM<9<G;GFL=PLG
%G]GD=NGMGDANJG D5F59@9
GE:AF9^]G<=HJGFGE=KYLGFGK
K=E=
K=FGK
K=FGK
K=L=
K=L=
K=NGK
K=NGK
K=D@=
K=D@=
K=D@=K
K=D@=K
9;9D9K=GHJGFGE=G:B=LANG<AJ=LG (VCG9EI9F
: KM:KLALMAK= G HJGFGE= C = >D=Pg=K H=DG KMB=ALG 9@9 = >D=Pg=K (VC G9 EI9F
9@9
$FN=B9K=9JAIM=R9E9KF]GGLJ9:9D@G;GEIM==D9K=?J9FB=A9
6((7
; K= BY =PAKL= F9 GJ9^]G G HJGFGE= H=KKG9D <= G:B=LG <AJ=LG C 5 CG 5G MK9K= G
HJGFGE=<=G:B=LGAF<AJ=LGF9>GJE9LfFA;9HJ=;=<A<9<9HJ=HGKA^]G 5 GM D5F5
xW1A=AJ9K=E;GFLJ9<A^]GE=KLJ=?M9HbKKAEG<=FGKK9DbF?M9=G
E=KEG=JF9J<=K9KKAEG;GF;=ALM9N9IM=HGJ_E 5G= C HJGHMK=KK=
;GEG=P=EHD9JF=EGAF<A;9F=E;GFKL9F=EK=HG<=;GEAF<M^]G
HD9MKbN=DKMKH=AL9Jy6 5DI8 (9 7
H=K9J <AKLG G;GJJ= =E :GFK =K;JALGJ=K ;GFKLJM^]G =E IM= K= BMFL9 G HJG
FGE= C =<AJ=LGK9N=J:GF9NGRJ=>D=PAN9
x/=EGIM= G9A9 9J?M9<=;GEH9J9^g=K=PLJ9GJ<AFYJA9KE9KG
9:AKEG<=+9K;9D_GIM=E9AKHJGFL9E=FL=N=E9G:A;G<9H=F9y
6(
5DI8 .. 7
x)]GK=<Y:9AP99GKGD<9<GIM9F<GBYF]GHG<=;GE9EADb;A9)]G
G9@<5 <Y9L_=EL=EHG<=?M=JJ9y6 $$ 5DI8 .. 7
p DbF?M9 H9<J]G 9<EAL= DC89G9 7CADa@C GM DC89G9 7CADCF IM9F<G F]G @Y
DG;M^]GN=J:9D
*C89G9 <=9D?MEEG<G @=;R@C 9.;@GH=F@9M=J 6%- 7
%hDAG(GJ=AJ96%( $$7<ARIM==E+GJLM?9D_E=FGK;GEME
<GIM=FGJ9KAD9HJAE=AJ9;GFKLJM^]G
p E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG :=@C G9BH5FG9 = L9E:_E ;GE GK N=J:GK 89=L5F A5B
85F J9F CIJ=F = KAFfFAEGK AKLG _ =E IM= <=HGAK <=KL=K N=J:GK ;GE HJGFGE=
G:B=LANG K= K=?M= G AF>AFALANG <= N=J:G J=>D=PANG HG<=K= <=AP9J ;D9JG =KL= hDLAEG
HJGFGE=GMGEALADG :=@CG9BH5F
!MF^]G<GHJGFGE=YLGFG=EGME=9GLJ9:9D@G
G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG A9 H9 G9 BCG JCG @<9 @<9G L=JEGK IM= F9 GJ9^]G >MF
;AGF9E;GEG9<BMFLGK9<N=J:A9AK6(9
7
+fKK= 8=5BH989@9
v
+fKK=@<9 <A9FL=
!A;9N9 89HFRG89@9
v
!A;9N9@<9 <=LJYK
=MME9:J9^G BCD5=
v
=M@<9 ME9:J9^G
9L=M B9@9
v
9L=M@<9
-9D@9J 7CA9@9
v
-9D@GM@<9
!M?AJ 89A=A
v
!M?AMA9
/M<G?AJGM 9AJC@H589@9
v
/M<G @<9 ?AJGM=ENGDL9
x D9LAF@9HGJ_EFGK=E:D9FL=ME9J<=E9B=KLGK9:GF<9<=IM=<A
>A;ADE=FL==KIM=;=JA9IM=E9D?ME9N=RK= @<9 @GMN=KK=9HJGPAE9<Gy
6' $
7
Pronome possessivo
.=M=<=D=H9J9=NAL9J;GF>MK]G
xGE=>=ALG(9J?9JA<9?GKL9N9AE=FKG<9HJ=K=F^9<GJ9H9RE9K
F]GH9J=;A9<9JD@=ME9AEHGJL[F;A9IM=DAKGFB=9KK=G;GJ9^]G 89@9y
6(
7
*K HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK YLGFGK A9 H9 G9 BCG JCG @<9 @<9G HG<=E
K=J MK9<GK ;GE K=FLA<G HGKK=KKANG EGJE=FL= =E =KLADG DAL=JYJAG
LGE9F<GK=G;MA<9<G<==NAL9JG9:MKG
/GEGMA9 G;@9H_M/GEGMGE=M;@9H_M
!G?=K=9AF<9Z;GF>MK]G=EHJ=?9F<GK= DF_DF=C
xF<J9<=;GFL=FLGMK=;GEG G9IDF_DF=C KM>JY?AGy6( 7
+GKA^]G<GHJGFGE=HGKK=KKANG
+GKK=KKANGH9J9AF<A;9JA<=A9<=9HJGPAE9^]G
)GL=EGKHGJ_EIM==E=PHJ=KKg=K<GLAHG
x,M9D;9FK9<9K G9I FLGFAF@Gy6'7
xF<= G9I <AHDGEYLA;G;GFLAFM=y6(7
x)]GK=AK=<AKK=IM=AKLGK=H9KK9N9=E;9K9<=ME9:9JGF=K9IM=
LAF@99EG<AKL99G DX89G=H9J9F]G9F<9J9LJYK<=D9y6(
7
+GKK=KKANG=PHJ=KKGHGJME9DG;M^]G
O possessivo em referncia a um possuidor de sentido indefinido v .= G HGKK=KKANG >9R J=>=JaF;A9 9 H=KKG9 <= K=FLA<G AF<=>AFA<G =P
HJ=KKG GM KM?=JA<G H=DG KA?FA>A;9<G <9 GJ9^]G =EHJ=?9K= G HJGFGE= <=
pH=KKG9
xWN=J<9<=IM= 5;9BH9ZKN=R=KL=E;Y9K GI5G :AJJ9Kv<AKK==D=
;GE;=JLG9JIM=IM=JA9K=J>AFG=K9b9H9JNGy6# $$7
)GL=K=9aF>9K==9GHGKA^]G=FLJ=GKHGKKMA<GJ=K9I = HI
x* H9I 9EGJ=J9;GEGGbJAK<G;_M=J99 A=B<5 H9R9 A=B<5 9D=?JA9
9 A=B<5 =KH=J9F^9y6# $7
x =FL=F<=J99DAKLG DeAIM=9HJM<aF;A9GE9F<9N9NAN=J=E'AK
:G9;GFKG9FL=GK;GKLME=K<='AK:G9=F9HJGNbF;A9K=?MF<GG G9I
;ZB=C = <R6=HCG 9D<=]GKy6J 7
Pronome demonstrativo
HGKA^]G AF<A;9<9 H=DG <=EGFKLJ9LANG HG<= J=>=JAJK= 9G =KH9^G
9G L=EHG <=EGFKLJ9LANGK <aA;LA;GK =KH9;A9AK = L=EHGJ9AK GM 9G <AK
;MJKG<=EGFKLJ9LANG9F9>eJA;G
=EGFKLJ9LANGKJ=>=JA<GKZFG^]G<==KH9^G
GG9 = >D=Pg=K 9HDA;9K= 9GK K=J=K IM= H=JL=F;=E GM =KL]G H=JLG <9
pH=KKG9AKLG_<9IM=D9;GEIM=EK=>9D9
GG9@=JFC _GDANJGIM=FGKKGAFL=JDG;MLGJLJ9R
GG575G5 _9;9K9GF<=K==F;GFLJ99H=KKG99IM=EE=<AJABG
/9D ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <=N= L=J ;GFLJA:Mb<G H9J9 G =EHJ=?G <= 9GH9 ;GEG
AF<A;9<GJ<=H=JKGF9?=FKIM=G=K;JALGJLJ9RZ:9AD9
xGH9 'GHG:9;@9J=D=E<AJ=ALG@GE=E<=LJAFL9=L9FLGK9FGK=
K9?9R9L_9HJGL_JNA9NANA9F9;GEH9F@A9<GAJE]GEGJ?9<G y
6J 7
+GJ GMLJG D9<G ;9:= 9 9GG9 9 EAKK]G <= 9>9KL9J <= FeK H=KKG9 GM
;GAK9IM=F9J=9DA<9<=K=9;@9EGMK=HG<=JA9E9;@9JHJePAE9K
x1aK}>JA;9<GK:=FK<GEMF<G9N9J9
*D@9 9GG5 L=JJ9LG<9IM=K=@9:AL9
9GG5 ?=FL=K=ED=AIM9K=AF>AFAL9y6' 3
5DI8 .7
D= @R <ARGIM=H=FK9
x*@;GMK9H9J9=KH9FL9J
,M=9E:GK9>=JA<9L=E
IA L9E9F@G=E IA DM?9Jy6' 5DI8 %(7
A _<GE=KEGL9E9F@G=FGE=KEGDM?9J
#GFJ9=HJGN=ALGF]G;9:=E BIA K9;G
9GH9
LAHG
+JGFGE=AF<=>AFA<G
Pronome indefinido
)=E K=EHJ= K= HG<= =KL9:=D=;=J ;D9J9E=FL= 9 <A>=J=F^9 =FLJ=
KAEHD=K AF<=>AFA<GK LJ9L9<GK F=KL= DM?9J <GK IM9FLAL9LANGK AF<=>AFA<GK
AKLGHGJIM=;=JLGKAF<=>AFA<GK9H9J=;=E9HDA;9<GKZIM9FLA<9<=AF;=JL9
EHJ=?GK=H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K<GKHJAF;AH9AKAF<=>AFA<GK
.G:J=GKHJAF;AH9AKHJGFGE=KAF<=>AFA<GK9;J=K;=FL9J=EGK
5@;IA
FL=HGKLG 9G KM:KL9FLANG L=E N9DGJ HGKALANG -=;=:=M 5@;IA J=
;9<GAEHGJL9FL=
+GKHGKLG 9G FGE= 9KKME= KA?FA>A;9^]G F=?9LAN9 HG<=F<G K=J KM:
KLALMb<G H=DG AF<=>AFA<G F=?9LANG B9B<IA -=KMDL9<G 5@;IA K9AM <G
AFIM_JALG
89FHC
W =P;DMKAN9E=FL= F9 DbF?M9 EG<=JF9 HJGFGE= AF<=>AFA<G IM9F<G
9FL=;=<=9GKM:KL9FLANG
xNA<9;=DA:9L9HG<A9L=J 79FH5G N9FL9?=FKHJeHJA9KE9KK=JA9E
LaFM=K=;GEHJ9<9K9LJG;G<9KGDA<]Gy6( 7
x*?=KLG:J9F<G;GEIM=ME9N=RHGKL9;GE=^GM9EGN=J9K9K9K
LAF@9 IA79FHC 9J=K;9JFAF@GIM=E=9:GJJ=;=MEMALGy6( 7
9(9B<IA
-=>GJ^9 9 F=?9LAN9 BVC HG<=F<G K=J KM:KLALMb<G H=DG AF<=>AFA<G
5@;IA
)]GLbF@9EGK B9B<IA5 <bNA<99L_9IM=D=EGE=FLG
:.C8Cj.I8C
GF;GJ<9 =E ?aF=JG = FhE=JG ;GE G KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE= 9
IM=K=JN=<=9<BMFLG9<FGEAF9D
,M9F<G FG KAF?MD9J =KLY 9FL=HGKLG 9 KM:KL9FLANG GM 9<B=LANG KM:
KL9FLAN9<G N9D= HGJ x;9<9y xIM9DIM=Jy GM xAFL=AJGy xLGL9Dy HG<=F<G NAJ
GM F]G 9;GEH9F@9<G <= 9JLA?G $KLG KA?FA>A;9 IM= FG KAF?MD9J HC8C HG<=
J=>=JAJK= L9FLG Z LGL9DA<9<= <AKLJA:MLAN9E=FL= <= ME ;GFBMFLG HDMJ9D
.C8C C <CA9A _ EGJL9D xLG<GK = ;9<9 ME <GK @GE=FKy v = F=KL= K=F
LA<G =IMAN9D= 9G D9LAE CAB=G v ;GEG Z LGL9DA<9<= AFL=?J9DA<9<= <= ME
AF<ANb<MG <= ME KAF?MD9J Todo C <CA9A GM ) <CA9A todo X D9758C 9
A=GXF=5 .F565@<5F todo C 8=5 GM C 8=5 todo v = BY F=KL= K=FLA<G N9D=
H=DGD9LAE HCHIG 6#N $$$F 7
AF<9 IM= HC8C HGKK9 KA?FA>A;9J xIM9DIM=Jy =D=K HG<=E ;GF;GJJ=J
BMFLGKF9=PHJ=KK]G HC8C HC85 9EI5@EI9F
x$FLJG<M^]G<= HC8C9EI5@EI9F ?aF=JG<=HJG<MLGy6- 5DI8 !
7
HC85 >9DL9<=N=;GJJ=KHGF<=JME;9KLA?G9<=IM9<GHC85 x;9<9y
HC855 >9DL9 HC85 x;9<9y
.C8C K=JE=J=;=;GFKA<=J9^]GHC8C xIM9DIM=Jy
.C8CC K=JE=J=;= HC8C xIM9DIM=Jy
*AF;aF<AG<=KLJMAM HC85 ;9K9HC85 xAFL=AJ9yxLGL9Dy
*AF;aF<AG<=KLJMAM HC855 ;9K9HC85 xAFL=AJ9yxLGL9Dy
.C8C HG:J=J=;=:=JY=KEGD9
.C8CC HG:J=J=;=:=JY=KEGD9
xEI5@EI9Fy = x=BH9=FCy
xHCH5@y MK9F<GK= IM9K= K=EHJ= HC8C K=?MA<G <=
9JLA?G .C8C C <CA9A X ACFH5@ FG J9KAD H9J9 G HJAE=AJG K=FLA<G
EG<=JF9E=FL= <AKH=FK9K= G 9JLA?G .C8C <CA9A X ACFH5@ = H9J9 G K=
?MF<GG9JLA?G_G:JA?9LeJAG.C85575G5D9;CI:C;C
KLY ;D9JG IM= 9 HJ=K=F^9 GM 9MKaF;A9 <G 9JLA?G =KLY AFA;A9DE=FL=
HJ=K9 9G >9LG <= G KM:KL9FLANG Fh;D=G <G KAFL9?E9 =PA?AJ GM F]G 9JLA?G
AF<=H=F<=FL=E=FL= <9 N9JA=<9<= K=E[FLA;9 9HGFL9<9 KKAE ;GEG K=
<AR FGK FGE=K <GK H9bK=K ;GE 9JLA?G C F5G=@ <AJK=Y HC8C C F5G=@
=E ;GFLJ9HGKA^]G Ke K= <AR K=E 9JLA?G *CFHI;5@ DG?G K= <AJY HC8C
*CFHI;5@
<AKLAF^]G =FLJ= x;9<9y
xIM9DIM=Jy = xAFL=AJGy
xLGL9Dy >A;9 HJ=BM
<A;9<9 =E NAJLM<= <9 G;GJJaF;A9 <9 >GF_LA;9 KAFLYLA;9 IM= >9;ADAL9 F9
HJGFhF;A9 ;GE J=>D=PG F9LMJ9D F9 =K;JAL9 9 >MK]G HGJ ;J9K= <9 NG?9D >A
F9D <= HC8C HC85 ;GE G 9JLA?G KAF?MD9J C
5 HC8C C HC8C HC85 5 HC85
9b EMAL9K N=R=K 9 AF<=;AK]G IM= K=FL=E 9K H=KKG9K F9 @GJ9 <= MK9J HC8C
= HC8CC HC85 = HC855
KKAE <ARK= =FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK K=E <AKLAF^]G <= K=FLA<G HC8C C
AIB8C HC85 5 J=85 HC8C C H9ADC HC85 5 <CF5 HC85 5 D5FH9 =L; 9G D9<G
<= HC8C AIB8C HC85 J=85 HC8C H9ADC HC85 <CF5 HC85 D5FH9 =L; N9;AD
9^]G IM= K= FGL9 FG HGJLM?MaK =MJGH=M DAL=JYJAG <= _HG;9K H9KK9<9K =E
9Eg=K HGJ =P=EHDG E HC8C C AIB8C HC85 5 ;9BH9 H=J;=:=K= F9
HJeHJA9KA?FA>A;9^]G<GKKM:KL9FLANGKGN9DGJ;GD=LANG<9=PHJ=KK]G
.C8C AF<A;9 9 LGL9DA<9<= FME_JA;9 AKLG _ IM9DIM=J AF<ANb<MG <9
;D9KK= IM9F<G K=?MA<G <= GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 KM:KL9FLAN9<9 H=DG C GM <G
HJGFGE= 5EI9@9 HC8C5EI9@9EI9
x .C8CCEI9 KG>J=
.C8CCEI9 =KH=J9=;Ja HC8CC IM=9DE=B9
+=JK;JML9JG>MLMJGK=;GDG;9
GD9<G<G.=F@GJy6!1 5DI8 .. l7
)9K =PHJ=KKg=K <= J=>GJ^G =F>YLA;G GM <= N9DGJ KMH=JD9LANG <G LAHG
<= HC8C C F9GHC HC85 5 GCA5 HC8C C A5=G KM:KL9FLAN9<G 5 HC85 5
DF9GG5 5 HC85 5 6F=85 5 HC8C C ;5@CD9 G 9JLA?G _ <= HJ=K=F^9 G:JA?9LeJA9
=FLJ=:J9KAD=AJGK
)G HDMJ9D HC8CG HC85G 9FL=HGKLGK GM HGKHGKLGK =PA?=E K=EHJ= 9
HJ=K=F^9 <G 9JLA?G <=K<= IM= G KM:KL9FLANG F]G =KL=B9 HJ=;=<A<G <= 9<
BMFLGIM=G=P;DM9
.C8CGCG 5@IBCG =FLJ=?9J9E9KHJGN9K9FL=K<GL=EHG
.C85G5GF9J=Gc9G K]GH9KKbN=AK<==F?9FGK
)G5@IBCGHC8CG <AKK=J9EKAE
.C8CG9GH9G75GCG >GJ9E=P9EAF9<GK
.C85G9@5G J=KHGF<=J9EZK;9JL9K
x'GF?=<=EAE9LJAKL=A<=A9<=E=AFLJGE=L=JF=KK9IM=KL]G HC8C
H9JLA;MD9Jy
6' $
7
*bservaes
pWE9AK;GEME9HJ=K=F^9<G9JLA?GIM9F<GGKM:KL9FLANG=KLY=PHJ=KKG
p E HC85G 9GH5G EI5HFC F5Nc9G 9 HJ=K=F^9 <= ME 9<BMFLG 9GH5G IM= =P;DMA G
9JLA?G=PHDA;99KM99MKaF;A9
Pronome relativo
0K9K= C EI5@ = >D=Pg=K =E DM?9J <= EI9 HJAF;AH9DE=FL= IM9F<G G
J=D9LANG K= 9;@9 9>9KL9<G <G K=M 9FL=;=<=FL= = G MKG <=KL= hDLAEG HGKK9
<9JE9J?=E9E9AK<=ME9AFL=JHJ=L9^]G
*?MA9<9LMJE9 CEI5@ FGKN=AGNAKAL9J@GB=HJGE=L=MFGKNGDL9J
<=HGAK;GEG=EHJ=?G<= EI9 GK=FLA<G>A;9JA99E:b?MG
+G<=K=9AF<9J=;GJJ=JZJ=H=LA^]G<GL=JEG
xJJ9KL9J9EGK9;GH9J9G D5=C@ =G D5=C@ >A;GM9<=AL9J>GJ9y6)
7
#GB=_E9AK;GEME;GFKLJMAJ
x=J=EAL9IM=<=AP9J9 NANA9yGMxNANA9MEHG:J==J=EAL9IM=
<=AP9J9 y
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7
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*MLJ9K N=R=K G J=D9LANG F]G K= J=>=J= HJGHJA9E=FL= 9G K=M 9FL=
;=<=FL=E9K9MEL=JEG9=D=J=D9;AGF9<G
+9J9 G =EHJ=?G ;GJJ=LG <= 7I>C 9D_E <G IM= BY <AKK=EGK 9FL=K
;GFN_E9L=FL9JH9J99KLJaKK=?MAFL=K;GFKLJM^g=KNA;AGK9K
9=EN=R<= 7I>C=EHJ=?9JMEJ=D9LANGEI9 EI9AHJ=;=<A<G<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89 H9J9J=>=JAJK=ZA<=A9<=HGKK=
)]GHGKKGLJ9:9D@9J;GEME9H=KKG9 89EI9A <AK;GJ<G<GKE_LG<GK
=N=JK=Y;GFKLJMAJ
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>MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 BY <=K=EH=F@9<9 H=DG J=D9LANG .]G =K;9KKGK GK =P=E
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;=EHJ=?9J9JLA?G<=>AFA<G<=HGAK<= 7I>C
%Y NAEGK IM= 7I>C ;GEG HJGFGE= J=D9LANG LJ9<MR 9 A<=A9 <= HGKK=
;GEGN9DGJ<= 89@9 89@5 8CEI5@ 85EI5@
*DANJG 7I>5G HY?AF9K 9KHY?AF9K 8CEI5@9KHY?AF9K 89@99K
GI5G HY?AF9K
GF>GJE= 9 >MF^]G <G Fh;D=G <G KAFL9?E9 FGEAF9D <G IM9D =KL=
HJGFGE=K=JN=<=9<BMFLG 7I>C HG<=NAJHJ=;=<A<G<=HJ=HGKA^]G
*HJGHJA=LYJAG 7I>575G5 9DM?M=A9;9K9 8CEI5@ 9DM?M=A
5 Numeral
)ME=J9D
+G<=E;GE:AF9JK=;GGJ<=F9LAN9E=FL=;GEGMLJGK9<B=LANGK
@GN=MEMALGFGK DF=A9=FCG 9 ;9@58CG <A9K<=KL=AFN=JFG
+G<=E9L_=KL9JIM9FLA>A;9<GKH=DGFME=J9DHJeHJAG
*K HFZGDF=A9=FCG E=K=K>GJ9E<=EMALG;9DGJ
*K 8C=GGZLHID@CG F9K;=J9EF9E=KE9;A<9<==E9FGK<A>=J=FL=K
G9IG DI@GCG H=DG J=>D=PANG G9 5A5A =L; )=E G D9LAE ;GF@=;A9 G <M9D
6 K #N $$$ 7 +GJL9FLG >A;9 H9J9 5A6CG ME9 <9K <M9K
;D9KKA>A;9^g=K E9AK ;GJJ=FL=K GM ME BIA9F5@ HDMJ9D 9G D9<G <= 8C=G E9K
<=D= <A>=J=FL= HGJ Ke K= J=>=JAJ 9 K=J=K BY HJ=NA9E=FL= AF<A;9<GK GM ;GF
@=;A<GK GM ME DFCBCA9 BMKL9E=FL= D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 =KK9 J=>=JaF;A9 <=
<aAPAK 9F9>eJA;9 A6CG 9<EAL= HGKA^]G 9FL=HGKL9 GM HGKHGKL9 9G FGE=
IM= EG<A>A;9 FGE= E=FGK G HJGFGE= F9LMJ9DE=FL= IM= HG<= NAJ GM
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A6CG GK>AD@GK
GM
GK>AD@GK 5A6CG
A6CG GKDANJGK
GM
GKDANJGK 5A6CG
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IM= =KLAN=KK= 9FL=HGKLG GM HGKHGKLG 9G KM:KL9FLANG %G]G = (9JA9 =J9E AJE]GK GK
8C=G5A6CG K]G=F?=F@=AJGK #GB=KeFG=KLADGKGD=F=G;GJJ=9;GFKLJM^]G
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+=<JG$+=<JG$$ %G]G1$+AG3'=]G3$$$%G]G33$$$
GE9HJ=HGKA^]G 5MK9K=GKM:KL9FLANGFGHDMJ9D
:F9;JGFGDG?A9<GKK_;MDGK
K_;MDG$K_;MDG1$K_;MDG3K_;MDG33$
;F9AF<A;9^]G<GK;9HbLMDGK<=DANJGK
;9HbLMDG$;9HbLMDG$$$;9HbLMDG$3;9HbLMDG333$$
+9J9 J=>=JAJK= 9G <A9 IM= AFA;A9 ;9<9 EaK HG<=EGK MK9J L9FLG G ;9J
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)G<A9 IA <=B9F=AJGF9K;=MD@=GK=?MF<G>AD@G
)G<A9 DF=A9=FC <=B9F=AJGF9K;=MD@=GK=?MF<G>AD@G
DR;=B5G
:C@<5G
Fracionrios v.]G9KH9D9NJ9KIM=AF<A;9E>J9^g=K<GKK=J=K
A9=C H9FWC EI5FHC EI=BHC G9LHC GXH=AC C=H5JC BCBC 8X7=AC
J=;XG=AC 79BHXG=AC A=@XG=AC A=@=CBXG=AC=EHJ=?9<GK;GEG=IMA
N9D=FL=K<= A9H589 H9FW5D5FH9 EI5FH5D5FH9=L;
*bservaes
p * >J9;AGFYJAG A9=C >MF;AGF9F<G ;GEG 9<BMFLG ;GF;GJ<9 ;GE K=M Fh;D=G
=PHDb;ALGGMF]GE=AG<A9= A9=5 6@GJ97<M9K= A9=5 6@GJ97
p E DM?9J <= IA A=@<VC 8C=G A=@<c9G =L; 9 A9=C HG<=K= E9AK J9J9E=FL=
=EHJ=?9J IA9A9=CA=@<VC 8C=G9A9=CA=@<c9G
x+9J99IMAD9L9J9AEHGJL[F;A9<GKLJGH=AJGK:9KL9D=E:J9JIM=G
J9KADL=E;=J;9<= C=HC9A9=CA=@<c9G <=IMADfE=LJGKIM9<J9<GK<=
KMH=J>b;A= y6J 5DI8 .. 7
HJAE=AJG
v ME
K=P9?_KAEG
v K=KK=FL9
K=?MF<G
v <GAK
K=HLM9?_KAEGGMK=LM9?_KAEG
v K=L=FL9
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v LJaK
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v IM9LJG
FGF9?_KAEG
v FGN=FL9
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v ;AF;G
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v ;=E
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v K=AK
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v IM9LJG;=FLGK
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v FGN=
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v K=AK;=FLGK
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v IM9LGJR=;9LGJR=
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v NAFL=
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v NAFL==ME
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v ;=EEAD
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6 Verbo
Consideraes gerais FL=F<=K= HGJ N=J:G 9 MFA<9<= <= KA?FA
>A;9<G ;9L=?GJA9D IM= K= ;9J9;L=JAR9 HGJ K=J ME EGD<= H=DG IM9D GJ?9FAR9
G>9D9JK=MKA?FA>A;9<GD=PA;9D
v A distino de verbos nocionais e relacionais
LJ9<A;AGF9D <AKLAF^]G <= <M9K KM:;D9KK=K =E N=J:GK BC7=CB5=G =
N=J:GK F9@57=CB5=G IM= =KLY F9 :9K= <9 <AKLAF^]G <= DF98=758C J9F65@ =
DF98=758C BCA=B5@ L=E KA<G HGKL9 =E IM=KLAGF9E=FLG HGJ FGLYN=AK DAF
?MAKL9K EG<=JFGK KL9 <AKLAF^]G _ NYDA<9 KG: ;=JLG 9KH=;LG K=E[FLA;G
E9K F]G FG IM= K= J=>=J= Z KAFL9P= G Fh;D=G <9 GJ9^]G _ K=EHJ= G N=J:G
9AF<9 IM= K= LJ9L= <= ME N=J:G <= KA?FA>A;9<G D_PA;G EMALG 9EHDG = N9?G
;GKLME9K= <AR=J xN9RAGy G IM= BMKLA>A;9 9 <=FGEAF9^]G LJ9<A;AGF9D <=
x;eHMD9y v E9J;9 ?J9E9LA;9D <= A<=FLA<9<= v = 9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G
xJ=D9;AGF9Dy <= .9A< DA * N=J:G G9F = G J=<MRA<G ?JMHG <= N=J:GK IM=
AFL=?J9E 9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <G ;@9E9<G HJ=<A;9<G FGEAF9D =E F9<9 <A>=J=E
<GK GMLJGK N=J:GK LG<GK HGKKM=E xGK EGJ>=E9K <= H=KKG9 = FhE=JG IM=
;GE G KMB=ALG ?J9E9LA;9D <]G >MF<9E=FLG Z GJ9^]Gy 6'
7
AR ;GE EMAL9 BMKL=R9 =FN=FAKL= IM= ME9 GJ9^]G <= N=J:G G9F x_ ME9
GJ9^]GN=J:9DH9J9D=D99LG<9K9KGJ9^g=KN=J:9AKy6 N 7
v Categorias verbais segundo Roman Jakobson
+9J9 =KL9 GJ?9FAR9^]G 9D_E <= K=J H=FK9<G ;GEG KA?FA>A;9<G
N=J:9D G N=J:G K= ;GE:AF9 =FLJ= GMLJGK ;GE AFKLJME=FLGK ?J9E9LA;9AK
EGJ>=E9K<=L=EHG<=EG<G<=H=KKG9<=FhE=JG
KKAE HF565@<5F = G HF565@<C K]G H9D9NJ9K IM= LaE G E=KEG KA?FA
>A;9<G D=PA;9D E9K <A>=J=FL=K EGD<=K <A>=J=FL=K KA?FA>A;9<GK ;9L=?GJA9AK
=E:GJ9 K= <=N9 L=J HJ=K=FL= IM= =KL= F]G _ G KAEHD=K HJG<MLG <9 ;GE:AF
9^]G <G KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;9D ;GE G KA?FA>A;9<G AFKLJME=FL9D +GJ AKKG
;GEG =FKAF9 GK=JAM ME D=P=E9 F]G _ N=J:G DCFEI9 K= ;GE:AF9 HGJ
Modo +
+! v KKAF9D9 9 HGKA^]G <G >9D9FL= ;GE J=KH=ALG Z
J=D9^]G =FLJ= 9 9^]G N=J:9D = K=M 9?=FL= GM >AE AKLG _ G IM= G >9D9FL=
H=FK9 <=KK9 J=D9^]G * >9D9FL= HG<= ;GFKA<=J9J 9 9^]G ;GEG 9D?G >=ALG
+J=K=FL=
H9B<C:9=HC
H=B<5:9=HC
fao
fazia
JCI:5N9F
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H=J9:9=HC
H=J9F5:9=HC
fiz
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fizera :CF5:5N9F
H9F9=:9=HC
H9F=5:9=HC
farei
faria
+9KK9<G
!MLMJG
=F9=:5N9F
=F=5:5N9F
PHDA;AL9F<G=KL9 J=GVC5B;I@5F
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;GAF;A<AJ =E ME AKLG _ HG<=E K=J HGFLGK <= ;GE=^G = L_JEAFG <=
9^]G G IM= F]G K= =PHJ=KK9 F9 >GJE9 <G N=J:G = <=N= K=J <ALG ;GEHD=
E=FL9JA9E=FL= 9GH=J9 @9B8C C 8=5 HC8C PHDA;AL9K= =E HGJLM?MaK ;GE
9GH5F ?=JhF<AG9GHCI:5N9B8CGM 9GH5F 5 AF>AFALANG9GHCI5:5N9F
0=GVC 7CA=H5H=J5 v /J9L9K= <G 9;GEH9F@9E=FLG <9 9^]G N=J:9D =E
<AN=JKGK EGE=FLGK <= K=M ;MJKG =FLJ= = = K= =PHJ=KK9 =E HGJLM?MaK
HGJ 5B85F ?=JhF<AG 5B8C :5N9B8C GM 5B85F 5 AF>AFALANG 5B8C 5
:5N9F
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H9JLA;bHAG;GEG=E 5B85F9B:9FAC 5B85F89G9GD9F58C
0=GVC DFCGD97H=J5 v IMA K= Na 9 9^]G =FLJ= G HGFLG = ME HGFLG
<AKL9FL= AF<=>AFA<G =E HGJLM?MaK @Y ME9 >GJE9 HJeHJA9 <= =PHJ=KK]G =F
?=JhF<AGJCI:5N9B8C
0=GVC F9HFCGD97H=J5 v IMA K= Na 9 9^]G 9 H9JLAJ <G HGFLG AF<=>AFA<G
9FL=JAGJE=FL= E=F;AGF9<G =E <AJ=^]G 9G HGFLG IM= ;GAF;A<= ;GE G
EGE=FLG <= G:K=JN9^]G <9 9^]G /9E:_E 9IMA 9 9^]G _ HJG?J=KKAN9 = K=
=PHJ=KK9=EHGJLM?MaKE=<A9FL= J=F ?=JhF<AGJ9B<C:5N9B8C
0=GVC 7CBH=BI5H=J5 v /J9L9K= <= ME9 ;GE:AF9^]G <= NAK]G J=LJG
KH=;LAN9 = HJGKH=;LAN9 IM= K= =PHJ=KK9 =E HGJLM?MaK H=D9K H=Jb>J9K=K
G9;I=F ?=JhF<AG G=;C :5N9B8C GM 7CBH=BI5F ?=JhF<AG 7CBH=BIC
:5N9B8C
0=GVC ;@C65@ v IMA K= 9;=FLM9 G ;GFBMFLG <9 9^]G = 9 9KKAF9D9 =P
HJ=KK9E=FL= ;GEG H9J;A9DAR9FL= JA?GJ L9D >MF^]G HG<=JA9 K=J <AKH=FK
9<9 BY IM= HG<= K=J <=K=EH=F@9<9 HGJ E=E:JGK F=MLJGK <9 GHGKA^]G
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9GHCI@9B8C
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5G9 DFC;F9GG=J5 j GFKA<=J9 9 9^]G =E K=M <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG
=PHJ=KK9K=E=<A9FL= =F ?=JhF<AGJCI8=N9B8C
5G9 7CBH=BI5H=J5 v GFKA<=J9 9 9^]G F9 RGF9 E=<A9D <= K=M
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D_PA;9K G=;C 9G7F9J9B8C 7CBH=BIC 5 GM ;GFBMFL9E=FL= ;GE 9 NAK]G 9G
HCI8=N9B8C
5G9 F9;F9GG=J5 9 7CB7@IG=J5 v GFKA<=J9 9 9^]G FG K=M L_JEAFG GM
=E KM9 >9K= >AF9D PHJ=KK9K= =P;DMKAN9E=FL= ;GE H=Jb>J9K=K N=J:9AK
K=E F=F@ME HJG;=<AE=FLG ?J9E9LA;9D =KH=;A9D H9FA=B5F 89 AF>AFALANG
H9FA=BC899G7F9J9F
5G9 9;F9GG=J5 v GFKA<=J9 9 9^]G 9HeK K=M L_JEAFG =PHJ=KK9K=
HGJ 57565F89 AF>AFALANG5756C899G7F9J9F
-=B7F9H=GAC J=GVC 9 :5G9 v +G<= G;GJJ=J KAF;J=LAKEG <= xNAK]Gy =
x>9K=y F9 >9K= HJG?J=KKAN9 IM9F<G G HJG?J=KKANG 9H9J=;= ;GEG <=L=JEAF
9^]G K=;MF<YJA9 <9 NAK]G ;GJJ=D9;AGF9K= ;GE 9 NAK]G ;GEAL9LAN9 G IM=
N9D= <AR=J <AF[EA;9 5B8C :5N9B8C ME HJG?J=KKANG J=LJGKH=;LANG J9B<C
:5N9B8C v <= 9D?ME L=EHG 9L_ 9?GJ9 ME HJG?J=KKANG HJGKH=;LANG JCI
:5N9B8C v <=K<= 9?GJ9 H9J9 G >MLMJG = ME HJG?J=KKANG L9FLG J=LJGKH=;L
ANGIM9FLGHJGKH=;LANGAKLG_ME9;GFLAFM9LAN9G=;C:5N9B8C
CB7@IGVC
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N=E K=J ;GFKA<=J9<9K FG =P9E= <G L=EHG = <G 9KH=;LG <G KAKL=E9 N=J:9D
HGJLM?MaK = JGE[FA;G D=N9F<GK= 9AF<9 =E ;GFL9 IM= =FLJ= =KL9K ;9L
=?GJA9K@Y<A>=J=F^9K>GJE9AKIM=9H9J=;=E=EGHGKA^g=K>MF;AGF9AK
mGFbN=DL=EHGJ9D
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m9NAK]G
m9>9K=
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m9<MJ9^]G
m9J=H=LA^]G
m 9 ;GF;DMK]G IM= F]G K]G E9AK <G IM= KA?FA>A;9^g=K D9L=J9AK <=
H=JKH=;LAN9 <9 NAK]G GM <9 >9K= 9D_E <= HG<=J=E K=J ;GFKL9FL=K ;GEG
FG;9KG<9;GF;DMK]GF9H=JKH=;LAN9K=;MF<YJA9
=KL9K ;9L=?GJA9K G B[J9@ 8C H9ADC = 9 D9FGD97H=J5 DF=ARF=5 <=N=E
K=J =PHJ=KK9K = F]G HG<=E >9DL9J =E ;9<9 >GJE9 N=J:9D HGJLM?M=K9 %Y 9K
GMLJ9K ;9L=?GJA9K HG<=E >9DL9J GM F]G K=J=E =PHJ=KK9K >A;9E 9KKAE xAF
<=L=JEAF9<9Ky xF=MLJ9AKy 9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK =E J=D9^]G 9 =KK9K ;9L=?GJA
9K GM HG<=E BMFL9JK= 9L_ <M9K W G IM= G;GJJ= ;GE 9GH=J9 :5N9B8C IM=
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; futuro v=EJ=>=JaF;A99>9LGK9AF<9F]GJ=9DAR9<GK=KM:
<ANA<A<G=E :IHIFC8CDF9G9BH9 = :IHIFC8CDF9HXF=HC
75BH5F9= >MLMJG<GHJ=K=FL= 75BH5F=5 >MLMJG<GHJ=L_JALG
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KH=KKG9K<GN=J:G
9I75BHC
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9@9G75BH5A
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KNGR=K<GN=J:G
H9KKAN9 _ >GJE9<9 ;GE ME <GK N=J:GK G9F 9GH5F :=75F K=?MA<G <=
D5FH=7[D=C
1GRH9KKAN9=H9KKANA<9<=
+GJL9FLGF=EK=EHJ=9H9KKANA<9<=;GJJ=KHGF<=ZNGRH9KKAN9
; Reflexiva >GJE9 N=J:9D IM= AF<A;9 IM= 9 9^]G N=J:9D F]G H9KK9
9 GMLJG K=J F=?9^]G <9 LJ9FKALANA<9<= HG<=F<G J=N=JL=JK= 9G HJeHJAG
9?=FL= K=FLA<G J=>D=PANG HJGHJA9E=FL= <ALG 9LM9J J=;AHJG;9E=FL= =FLJ=
E9AK <= ME 9?=FL= J=>D=PANG J=;bHJG;G K=FLA<G <= xH9KKANA<9<= ;GE K=y
= K=FLA<G <= AEH=KKG9DA<9<= ;GF>GJE= 9K AFL=JHJ=L9^g=K >9NGJ=;A<9K H=DG
;GFL=PLG >GJE9<9 <= N=J:G K=?MA<G <G HJGFGE= G:DbIMG <= H=KKG9 A?M9D
ZIM=GN=J:GK=J=>=J=
=M A9J=GHCLM H9:9F=GH9=D= G99B:9=H5
HG<= K=?MAJK= <= ME9 =PHJ=KK]G IM= <=FGL9 G 9?=FL= <9 H9KKAN9
=FIM9FLG9J=>D=PAN9FGHGJLM?MaK;GFL=EHGJ[F=G<AKH=FK9
M :I=J=G=H58C H=DGKH9J=FL=K
DM?9G9 9;9K9F]GK=<AR9DM?9K=9;9K9H=DGHJGHJA=LYJAG
*bservaes
p E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG 65H=N9=A9 7<5A5GH9 $CGX @Y HJG>=KKGJ=K IM= N==E
H9KKAN9 HJGFGEAF9D ;GE HJGFGE=K G:DbIMGK <= p =
p H=KKG9K *MLJGK HGJ_E
F]G H=FK9E 9KKAE = AFL=JHJ=L9E G >9LG ;GEG ME =EHJ=?G <9 NGR J=>D=PAN9 AF
<A;9F<G xME9 9LALM<= <= 9;=AL9^]G ;GFK;A=FL= <G FGE= <9<G GM <G :9LAKEG J=;=
:A<Gy6( 7
p E ?=J9D G HJGFGE= YLGFG IM= 9;GEH9F@9 9 NGR J=>D=PAN9 HJGHJA9E=FL= <AL9
>MF;AGF9 ;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG =E:GJ9 J9J9K N=R=K HGKK9 =P=J;=J 9 >MF^]G <=
AF<AJ=LG
p GE N=J:GK ;GEG 5HF9J9FG9 =B8=;B5FG9 EI9=L5FG9 I:5B5FG9 58A=F5FG9
F]G K= H=J;=:= E9AK 9 9^]G JA?GJGK9E=FL= J=>D=P9 E9K 9 AF<A;9^]G <= IM= 9 H=KK
G9 9 IM= G N=J:G K= J=>=J= =KLY NAN9E=FL= 9>=L9<9 GE GK N=J:GK <= EGNAE=FLG
GM 9LALM<=K <9 H=KKG9 x=E J=D9^]G 9G K=M HJeHJAG ;GJHGy ;GEG =FG9 D5FH=FG9 =
GMLJGK ;GEG G9FJ=FG9 GF<= G HJGFGE= G:DbIMG =EHJ=KL9 E9AGJ =PHJ=KKANA<9<= Z
GJ9^]G L9E:_E F]G K= =PHJ=KK9 9 9^]G J=>D=P9 D?MFK ?J9EYLA;GK ;@9E9E 9G
HJGFGE=G:DbIMGF=KL9KhDLAE9K;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K DFCBCA989F95@79
p (MALGK N=J:GK FGJE9DE=FL= F]G HJGFGEAF9AK K= 9;GEH9F@9E <= HJGFGE=
YLGFG H9J9 =PHJAEAJ=E 9KH=;LGK =KLADbKLA;GK ;GEG 9 EM<9F^9 D=FL9 <G =KL9<G GM
<=HJG;=KKGD=FLG
5;CB=N5FG9 89@=F5FG9 89GA5=5FG9 9GH5@5FG99BJ9@<979FG9
D5@D=H5FG9 D9F9;F=B5FG9 F9DCIG5FG9 HF9GBC=H5FG9 6+9 7
p $FN=JK9E=FL= =DAEAF9K= G HJGFGE= <= EMALGK N=J:GK IM= G =PA?=E F9 DbF
?M9H9<J]G
5EI979F 7<5A5F L=JFGE= AI85F LJ9FK>=JAJK= ;F=D5F A57<I75F
:CFA5F I:CFA9=9A'98=7=B5 7@5GG=:=75F @97@5GG=:=7CI9A h
@I;5F=L; *:K
!GJE9KFGEAF9AK<GN=J:G
#B:=B=HC:@9L=CB58C
9FL9J
9FL9J=M
9FL9J=KLM
9FL9J=D=
9FL9JEGKFeK
9FL9J<=KNeK
9FL9J=E=D=K
p;GFBM?9^]GvNG?9DL=EYLA;9 eL=EeJN=F<eJN9JJeJ
p;GFBM?9^]GvNG?9DL=EYLA;9 iH9JLiJ>=JiJK=JNiJ
*bservaes
p )]G =PAKL= 9 p ;GFBM?9^]G DaF _ ME N=J:G <9
p ;GFBM?9^]G ;MB9 NG?9D
L=EYLA;9 <=K9H9J=;=M FG AF>AFALANG E9K H=JE9F=;= =E GMLJ9K >GJE9K <G N=J:G
1=B9K=9;GJJ=KHGF<aF;A9 J9B89G
Dc9G
p )9 @AKLeJA9 <9 DbF?M9 N=J:GK @Y IM= EM<9J9E <= ;GFBM?9^]G E9K <=AP9J9E
N=KLb?AGK =E GMLJ9K >GJE9K F]G N=J:9AK 75=F 9FLA?G 759F ;GE N=KLb?AG FG 9<B=L
ANG 7589BH9 = F]G 758=BH9 ;GEG CIJ=BH9 D=F;9J MK9 F5B;=F HGJ F5B;9F = @GB=
J=;9F ;> J=;9BH9 L=E G ;GF;GJJ=FL= J=;=F IM= 9H=K9J <= EMALG MK9<G F]G _
9;=ALGF9FGJE9=P=EHD9J @9=89J9J=;=F HGJ J=;9F
1=J:GKJ=?MD9J=KAJJ=?MD9J=K=9FfE9DGK
IHIFC8C-I6>IBH=JC
.=FLAJ
.=FLAJ=K
.=FLAJ=K
.=FLAJ
.=FLAJ
.=FLAJEGK
.=FLAJEGK
.=FLAJ<=K
.=FLAJ<=K
.=FLAJ=E
.=FLAJ=E
IHIFC8C-I6>IBH=JC
9:=J
GM:=J
9:=J=K
GM:=J=K
9:=J=L;
GM:=J=L;
*bservao )]G =FLJ9E FG JGD <GK N=J:GK AJJ=?MD9J=K 9IM=D=K IM= H9J9 ;GFK=J
N9J9HJGFhF;A9LaE<=KG>J=JN9JA9^]G<=?J9>A9
;9JJ=g9Jv;9JJ=gu=v;9JJ=gu=Av;9JJ=gu=K
>Ac9Jv>AcGv>Aqu=Av>Aque
)]G@YHGJL9FLGGK =FF9;I@5F9G;FR:=7CG
BaA5@C _ G N=J:G AJJ=?MD9J IM= 9HJ=K=FL9 F9 KM9 ;GFBM?9^]G J9<
A;9AK HJAEYJAGK <A>=J=FL=K G9F J=hF= G ;GF;MJKG <= <GAK J9<A;9AK GK N=J:
GK D9LAFGK G98wF9 = xGG9 = =F J=hF= G ;GF;MJKG <= LJaK J9<A;9AK GK N=J:GK
D9LAFGK =F9 J58wF9 = xGG9
*MLJGK 9MLGJ=K ;GFKA<=J9E 9FfE9DG G N=J:G ;MBG J9<A;9D KG>J= 9D
L=J9^g=K IM= G F]G HG<=E =FIM9<J9J =E ;D9KKA>A;9^]G 9D?ME9 85F 9GH5F
H9F <5J9F G9F DC89F =F J=F J9F 7569F 8=N9F G569F DaF=L;
1=J:GK<=>=;LANGK=9:MF<9FL=K
;G>=J=;=EH9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K=KH=;A9AK
v DF975J9FG9= F95J9F )GHJ=K AF< KeLaE9K<M9KHJAE=AJ9K
H=KKG9K<GHDMJ9D DF975J9ACG DF975J9=G F95J9ACG F95J9=G
$EH=J9LANG DF975J9= F95J9=
: 7CBGHFI=F =K=M?JMHG
*F9G =B8 ;GFKLJMG ;GFKLJMAK GM ;GFKLJeAK ;GFKLJMA GM ;GFKLJeA ;GFKLJMbEGK
;GFKLJMbK;GFKLJM=EGM;GFKLJG=E
#AD9F 5:=FA ;GFKLJMALMGM;GFKLJeALM
*bservaes
p (MALGK N=J:GK 9HGFL9<GK GMLJGJ9 ;GEG <=>=;LANGK K]G @GB= ;GFBM?9<GK AFL=?
J9DE=FL= 5;=F 58J=F 7CAD9@=F 89GA98=FG9 8=G79FB=F 9A65=F 9A9F;=F =A9F;=F
:FI=F DC@=F DF5N9F GI6A9F;=F ,9GG5F7=F ;> : = F9:I@;=F IM= 9D?MFK ?J9EYLA;GK
Ke E9F<9E ;GFBM?9J F9K >GJE9K =E IM= G J9<A;9D _ K=?MA<G <= 9 GM = L=F<=E 9
K=J=EHJ=?9<GK;GEGN=J:GK;GEHD=LGK
; 9BHID=F = 89G9BHID=F
p *K N=J:GK IM= <=KA?F9E NGR=K <= 9FAE9AK ?=J9DE=FL= Ke 9H9J=;=E F9K L=J
;=AJ9K H=KK <G KAF? = HD =E NAJLM<= <= KM9 KA?FA>A;9^]G = K]G AF<=NA<9E=FL= 9J
JGD9<GK ;GEG <=>=;LANGK (=D@GJ ;@9EYDGK IM9F<G FG K=M KA?FA>A;9<G HJeHJAG
IB=D9GGC5=G
*bservao* C <9K>GJE9K9:MF<9FL=K_<=LAE:J=9:=JLG
*F9G =B8 =FLMHG =FLMH=K GM =FLGH=K =FLMH= GM =FLGH= =FLMHAEGK =FLMHAK
=FLMH=EGM=FLGH=E
#AD9F 5:=FA =FLMH=GM=FLGH==FLMHA
< <5J9F
*F9G =B8 @=A@YK@Y@9N=EGKGM@=EGK@9N=AKGM@=AK@]G
#AD9F 5:=FA @Y@9N=A
= =F
*F9G =B8 NGMN9AKN9AN9EGKGMAEGKA<=KAK_>GJE99FLA?9N]G
? J5@9F
*F9G =B8 N9D@GN9D=KN9D=GMN9DN9D=EGKN9D=AKN9D=E
05@ _>GJE99FLA?9=9AF<9@GB=;GJJ=FL=EYPAE==E+GJLM?9D
@AEH=J9LANG<GKN=J:GK=EN9FN=F
E9L9J
E9L9<G9
EGJLG9 H
H9?9J
H9?9<G9
H9?G9 H
H9KE9J
H9KE9<G9 H
H9KEG9
H=?9J
H=?9<G9 H
H=?G_GMa
K9DN9J
K9DN9<G9 H
K9DNG9 H
9;=F<=J
9;=F<A<G9 H
9;=KGH
9JJ=H=F<=J
9JJ=H=F<A<G9 H
J=H=KGHGJ9JJ=H=KG9 H
<=K=FNGDNA<G9 H
<=K=FNGDLG9 H
#B:=B=H=JC
*5FH=7[D=CF9;I@5F
*5FH=7[D=C=FF9;I@5F
<=K=FNGDN=J
9;=AL9J
9;=AL9<G9 H
9;=ALGH 9;=AL=H
=D=?=J
=D=?A<G9
=D=ALG9 H
9KK=FL9J
9KK=FL9<G9 H
9KK=FLGH 9KK=FL=H
=FNGDN=J
=FNGDNA<G9 H
=FNGDLG9 H
=FLJ=?9J
=FLJ=?9<G9 H
=FLJ=?M=H
HJ=F<=J
HJ=F<A<G9 H
HJ=KGH
=FPM?9J
=FPM?9<G9 H
=FPMLGH
J=NGDN=J
J=NGDNA<G9 H
J=NGDLG9
=PHJ=KK9J
=PHJ=KK9<G9 H
=PHJ=KKGH
KMKH=F<=J
KMKH=F<A<G9 H
KMKH=FKGH
=PHMDK9J
=PHMDK9<G9 H
=PHMDKGH
<=K9:JAJ
<=K9:JA<G
<=K9:=JLG
>9JL9J
>9JL9<G9 H
>9JLGH
=JA?AJ
=JA?A<G9 H
=J=;LGH
>AF<9J
>AF<9<G9 H
>AF<GH
=PHJAEAJ
=PHJAEA<G9 H
=PHJ=KKG9 H
?9F@9J
?9F@9<G9 H
?9F@G9 H
=PLAF?MAJ
=PLAF?MA<G9 H
=PLAFLGH
?9KL9J
?9KL9<G9
?9KLG9 H
>JA?AJ
>JA?A<G9
>JALG9 H
AK=FL9J
AK=FL9<G9
AK=FLGH
AEHJAEAJ
AEHJAEA<G9 H
AEHJ=KKG9 H
BMFL9J
BMFL9<G9 H
BMFLG9 H
AFK=JAJ
AFK=JA<G9 H
AFK=JLG9 H
DAEH9J
DAEH9<G9 H
DAEHG9 H
LAF?AJ
LAF?A<G9 H
LAFLGH
9 DF9HXF=HCD9F:9=HC7CADCGHCL=F@GGM@=A;9FL9<GN=F<A<GH9JLA<G
*bservaes
p E ?=J9D =EHJ=?9K= 9 >GJE9 J=?MD9J IM= >A;9 AFN9JAYN=D ;GE GK 9MPADA9J=K
H9F = <5J9F F9 NGR 9LAN9 = 9 >GJE9 AJJ=?MD9J IM= K= >D=PAGF9 =E ?aF=JG =
FhE=JG;GEGK9MPADA9J=K G9F 9GH5F = :=75FF9NGRH9KKAN9
)eKL=EGK 579=H58C GK<G;ME=FLGK
*K<G;ME=FLGKLaEKA<G 579=HCG HGJFeK
#Y GMLJGK H9JLA;bHAGK J=?MD9J=K GM AJJ=?MD9J=K IM= K= MK9E AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= F9
NGR 9LAN9 9MPADA9J=K H9F GM <5J9F GM H9KKAN9 9MPADA9J=K G9F 9GH5F :=75F ;GF
>GJE=K=9KKAF9DGM=FLJ=H9JaFL=K=K
p #Y MFK HGM;GK H9JLA;bHAGK AJJ=?MD9J=K L=JEAF9<GK =E 9 =E ?=J9D <= AF
LJG<M^]G J=;=FL= FG A<AGE9 9BHF9;I9 G E9AK 9FLA?G 579=H9 5GG9BH9 9ADF9;I9
=E+GJLM?9D
'G;M^]GN=J:9D 1=J:GK9MPADA9J=K
: DF9HXF=HCA5=GEI9D9F:9=HCLAF@9GM@9NA9;9FL9<GN=F<A<GH9JLA<G
; :IHIFC8CDF9G9BH97CADCGHCL=J=AGM@9N=J=A;9FL9<GN=F<A<GH9JLA<G
< :IHIFC8CDF9HXF=HC7CADCGHCL=JA9GM@9N=JA9;9FL9<GN=F<A<GH9JLA<G
*bservao DbF?M9 EG<=JF9 HfK <= D9<G 9 >GJE9 H=J9 75BH58C ;GJJ=FL= FG
+GJLM?MaK9FLA?G
-I6>IBH=JC
9 DF9HXF=HCD9F:9=HCL=F@9GM@9B9;9FL9<GN=F<A<GH9JLA<G
: DF9HXF=HC A5=GEI9D9F:9=HC LAN=KK= GM @GMN=KK= ;9FL9<G N=F<A<G
H9JLA<G
; :IHIFC7CADCGHCLAN=JGM@GMN=J;9FL9<GN=F<A<GH9JLA<G
CFA5GBCA=B5=G
9 =B:=B=H=JC7CADCGHCL=JGM@9N=J;9FL9<GN=F<A<GH9JLA<G
: ;9FdB8=C7CADCGHCL=F<GGM@9N=F<G;9FL9<GN=F<A<GH9JLA<G
*bservaes
p )G J9KAD HJ=>=J=K= 9 ;GFKLJM^]G ;GE ?=JhF<AG 9GH5F 9G7F9J9B8C =FIM9FLG
=E +GJLM?9D _ E9AK ;GEME G AF>AFALANG 9GH5F 5 9G7F9J9F F]G K=F<G =FLJ=L9FLG
9hFA;9>GJE9
p KLY E9AK <= 9;GJ<G ;GE G ?aFAG <9 FGKK9 DbF?M9 G MKG <G ?=JhF<AG ;GE 9MP
ADA9J 9GH5F GM AF>AFALANG ;GE 5 H9J9 LJ9<MRAJ 9LGK IM= K= J=9DAR9E H9MD9LAF9E=FL=
=E N=R <G MKG <= >GJE9 KAEHD=K <G N=J:G ;GEG >9R G >J9F;aK $95BB9 BCIG F9
;5F89
%G9F9=KLYFGKGD@9F<GGM 5BCGC@<5F 5DI8 (9
:HGKKA:ADA<9<=GM;9H9;A<9<= DC89F9G7F9J9F=L;
0=F 5 AF>AFALANG <= ;=JLGK N=J:GK L=E IM9K= G E=KEG K=FLA<G <G
N=J:G HJAF;AH9D =EHJ=?9<G KGRAF@G #GHC J9A 5 HF58IN=F 5 A9GA5 =89=5
AKLG HGJ >AE LJ9<MR 9 E=KE9 A<=A9 0=F 5 G9F HG<= 9AF<9 K=J KAFfFAEG <=
HCFB5FG9 @9J9=C5G9F:5ACGC
)ota final v )=E K=EHJ= 9 9HJGPAE9^]G <= <GAK GM E9AK N=J:GK ;GFKLALMA ME9
DG;M^]G N=J:9D 9 AFL=F^]G <9 H=KKG9 IM= >9D9 GM =K;J=N= _ IM= <=L=JEAF9JY 9 =P
AKLaF;A9 GM AF=PAKLaF;A9 <9 DG;M^]G x+GJ =P=EHDG F9 >J9K= EI9F[5ACG 7C@<9F FC
G5G GK N=J:GK EI9F[5ACG 7C@<9F ;GFKLALMAJ]G =PHJ=KK]G N=J:9D K= HJ=L=F<G <AR=J
IM= IM=Jb9EGK ;GD@=J FCG5G = F]G GMLJ9 >DGJ K=F<G FCG5G G G:B=LG <9 <=;D9J9^]G
.= HGJ_E HJ=L=F<G <AR=J IM= G IM= FeK IM=Jb9EGK =J9 7C@<9F FCG5G = F]G >9R=J
GMLJ9 ;GMK9 G G:B=LG <9 <=;D9J9^]G _ 7C@<9F FCG5G = 9 <=;D9J9^]G HJAF;AH9D K=
;GFL_EAF;GEHD=L9E=FL==E EI9F[5ACGy6%*
7
MPADA9J=K;9MK9LANGK=K=FKALANGK
9K >D=Pg=K <G N=J:G AF<A;9<GJ9K <9 D9GGC5 = BdA9FC <G H9ADC = AC8C
.=?MF<G (9LLGKG 9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <9 >GJE9 N=J:9D HGJLM?M=K9 _ t (r+vt)
+ d (dmt+dnp) =E IM= t L=E9 r J9<A;9D vt NG?9D L=EYLA;9 d
<=KAFaF;A9 dmt <=KAFaF;A9 EG<GL=EHGJ9D = dnp <=KAFaF;A9
FhE=JGH=KKG9D
@9E9K= JC;5@H9ARH=75 9IM=D9;D9KKA>A;9<GJ9<9;GFBM?9^]G
p;GFBM?9^]Gv 5;9FL5J
p;GFBM?9^]Gv 9N=F<9J
p;GFBM?9^]Gv =H9JL=J
NG?9DL=EYLA;9HJ=K99GJ9<A;9D;GFKLALMAG H9A5
75BH5J J9B89J D5FH=J
)=E LG<9K 9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK HGKKM=E 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 ;GEG HGJ
=P=EHDG 9 p H=KKG9 KAF?MD9J <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = <G KM:BMFLANG
K NG?9AK e = a =E ;9FLe N=F<a H9JLa K]G <=KAFaF;A9K L=EHGJ9AK N=B9
9:9APG *MLJ9K N=R=K 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 KG>J= N9JA9^]G G a H9KK9 9 e FG
HJ=L H=J> <G AF< <9 p ;GFB =E ;GFL9LG ;GE = = H9KK9 9 o =E ;GFL9LG
;GE I ;9FLaJ ;9FLeA ;9FLoM G e H9KK9 9 i FG HJ=L AEH=J> <G AF< =
H9JLA;bHAG <9
p ;GFBM?9^]G N=F<eJ N=F<i9 N=F<i<G NG?9D
L=EYLA;9 i <9 p ;GFBM?9^]G H9KK9 9 e IM9F<G YLGFG FG HJ=K AF<
p =
p KAF? = p HD = AEH=J
p KAF? H9JLeK H9JLe H9JLeE H9JLe K=
_ LfFA;G FGK E=KEGK ;9KGK >MF<=K= ;GE G i <9 <=KAFaF;A9 is <9
p
H=KKG9<GHDMJ9D D5FHis HGJ D5FHiis
* H9A5 _ 9 H9JL= <9 H9D9NJ9 HJGFL9 H9J9 J=;=:=J G KM>APG GM 9
<=KAFaF;A9
-I:=LC J9F65@ _ G IM= =FLJ9 F9 >GJE9^]G <GK N=J:GK <=JAN9<GK K9DL
AL9JJ=9DAR9J=L; ;> Afixos: prefixos e sufixos. Interfixos
K<=KAFaF;A9KEG<GL=EHGJ9AKK]G
+9J9G #B8=75H=JC
9oFGHJ=K=FL=
: J5 J9 ;9J9;L=JAR9 G HJ=L_JALG AEH=J>=ALG <9 p ;GFBM?9^]G
75BH5J5
; =5 =9 ;9J9;L=JAR9 G HJ=L_JALG AEH=J>=ALG <9
p = p ;GF
BM?9^g=K 89J=5 D5FH=5
< o H9J9 G HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG 9L_ 9
p H=KK <G HD = F5 H9J9 9 p
H=KK HD 75BH9= 75BH5F5A
K<=KAFaF;A9KFhE=JGH=KKG9AKK]G
H9JL=G
H9JLAJ=G
H9JLAGH9
H9JL=LM
N=F<=I
H9JLAI
pH=KKG9<GHDMJ9D9<=KAFaF;A9_K=EHJ=ACG
;9FL9ACG
N=F<=ACG
H9JLAACG
*LJ9N=KK]GAF<A;99MKaF;A9<=<=KAFaF;A9
MA<9<G =KH=;A9D @]G <= E=J=;=J =KL9K <=KAFaF;A9K GH9 KAF?MD9J = GH9G HDMJ9D H9J9
IM= HGJ >9DK9 9F9DG?A9 F]G H9KK=E 9 GH9G KAF?MD9J = GH9=G HDMJ9D LM 7CA9GH9G HGJ
7CA9GH9NeK 7CA9GH9=G HGJ 7CA9GH9G
)6G9FJ5Wc9GGC6F95G89G=BZB7=5GBdA9FCD9GGC5=G
p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J ?=J9DE=FL= >9DL9 9 <=KAFaF;A9 <= p H=KKG9
<G KAF?MD9J =P;=LG FG HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG GF<= 9H9J=;= 9 <=KAFaF;A9
C
;9FLC
N=F<C
H9JLC
N=F<=
H9JL=
;9FL9J==
N=F<=J==
H9JLAJ==
;9FL9J=G
;9FL9GH9
;9FL9LM
N=F<=G
N=F<=J=G
N=F<=GH9
N=F<=LM
N=F<==G
H9JL=G
;9FL9J89G
N=F<=J89G
H9JLAJ89G
;9FL9GH9G
N=F<=GH9G
H9JLAGH9G
;9FL9=
N=F<==
H9JL=
N=F<=A
H9JL=A
;9FL9J=A
N=F<=J=A
H9JLAJ=A
;9FL9J9A
N=F<=J9A
H9JLAJ9A
;9FL9FVC
N=F<=FVC
H9JLAFVC
/=EHGKHJAEALANGK=<=JAN9<GK
*F9G9BH98CGI6>IBH=JC
;9FL9J
;9FLG
;9FL=
N=F<=J
N=F<G
N=F<9
H9JLAJ
H9JLG
H9JL9
L79Wc9G
K=J
KGM
K=B9
<9J
<GM
<a
=KL9J
=KLGM
=KL=B9
@9N=J
@=A
@9B9
AJ
NGM
NY
IM=J=J
IM=JG
IM=AJ9
K9:=J
K=A
K9A:9
;9FL9J
;9FL9K
;9FL9AK
;9FL9
;9FL9A
N=F<=J
N=F<=K
N=F<=AK
N=F<=
N=F<=A
H9JLAJ
H9JL=K
H9JLAK
H9JL=
H9JLA
#AD9F5H=JCB9;5H=JC
w=M
w=M
;9FL9LM
F]G;9FL=KLM
;9FL=NG;aGK=F@GJ
F]G;9FL=NG;aGK=F@GJ
;9FL=EGKFeK
F]G;9FL=EGKFeK
;9FL9ANeK
F]G;9FL=AKNeK
;9FL=ENG;aKGKK=F@GJ=K
F]G;9FL=ENG;aKGKK=F@GJ=K
#AD9F: GI6>
IH GI6>
NAEGK
NAJ9
NAKK=
NAJ
NA=EGK
NA=J9
NA=KK=
NA=J
;GM:=EGK
;GM:=J9
;GM:=KK=
;GM:=J
HMK=EGK
HMK=J9
HMK=KK=
HMK=J
>GEGK
>GJ9
>GKK=
>GJ
;9FL9JY
;9FL9JA9
;9FL9J=EGK
;9FL9Jb9EGK
;9FL9J=AK
;9FL9Jb=AK
;9FL9J]G
;9FL9JA9E
P;=^g=K 8=N9F :5N9F HF5N9F IM= >9R=E 8=F9= :5F9= HF5F9= 8=F=5 :5F=5
HF5F=5
; AEH=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG ;GE G 9;J_K;AEG <= J5 J9 F9 p
;GFBM?9^]G==5 =9F9
p= p
;9FL9N9 ;9FL9N9K ;9FL9N9 ;9FLYN9EGK ;9FLYN=AK ;9FL9N9
E
N=F<A9N=F<A9KN=F<A9N=F<b9EGKN=F<b=AKN=F<A9E
H9JLA9H9JLA9KH9JLA9H9JLb9EGKH9JLb=AKH9JLA9E
tH9JL=L=EGK
9 G9F =J9=J9K=L;
: H9F LAF@9LAF@9K=L;
; J=F NAF@9NAF@9K=L;
< DaF HMF@9HMF@9K=L;
KbD9:9LfFA;9FGKN=J:GK>GJE9KJARGLfFA;9K=9JJARGLfFA;9K
vGAF>AFALANGF]G>D=PAGF9<GK=>GJE9E
9>MLMJG<GHJ=K=FL=;GEG9;J_K;AEG9GL=E9<=F5 F9LfFA;G
F9= FRG FR F9ACG F9=G FVC
:>MLMJG<GHJ=L_JALG;GEG9;J_K;AEG<=F=5 F=9
F=5 F=5GF=5F[5ACGF[9=GF=5A
#B:=B=H=JC
;9FL9J
IHIFC8CDF9G9BH9
IHIFC8CDF9HXF=HC
;9FL9J=A
;9FL9JA9
;9FL9JYK
;9FL9JA9K
DbF?M9HGJLM?M=K9_E9AKJA;9<=>GJE9KJARGLfFA;9K
.]G FGJE9DE=FL= JARGLfFA;9K 5 9K LJaK H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J = 9 p
<G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = <G KM:BMFLANG = 9K ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=K
<G AEH=J9LANG 6 GK H9JLA;bHAGK AJJ=?MD9J=K 7 9 p H=KKG9 = p <G KAF?M
D9J<GHJ=L_JALGH=J>=ALG<GKN=J:GKAJJ=?MD9J=K>GJL=K 7CI69 :=N :9N
)GKN=J:GK<=>=;LANGK=E?=J9D>9DL9E9K>GJE9KJARGLfFA;9K
E NAKL9 <G =PHGKLG 9K LJaK H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J = 9 p <G HDMJ9D <G
HJ=K <G AF<A; = KM:BMFLANG LaE K=EHJ= 9;=FLM9<9 9 H=FhDLAE9 KbD9:9 :FI
H=:=7C JC7=:9F5GG9BH9B7=5 HF5:9;5A
L79Wc9G
9 F9G:C@9;5F = HF9G:C@9;5F >9R=E F9G:_@9;C F9G:_@9;5G F9G:_@9;5
F9G:_@9;5A =L; PAKL=E 9AF<9 9K >GJE9K J=<MRA<9K F9G:C@;5F = HF9G:C@
;5F<=9;=FLM9^]GJ=?MD9J F9G:C@;C HF9G:C@;C=L;
: AC6=@=5F >9R AC6[@=C AC6[@=5G AC6[@=5 AC6=@=5ACG AC6=@=5=G
AC6[@=5A AC6[@=9 AC6[@=9G AC6[@=9 =L; PAKL=E 9AF<9 9K >GJE9K AC6=@
5F = AC6=@<5F IM= K= ;GFBM?9E <= 9;GJ<G ;GE 9 J=?J9 ?=J9D AC6=@C
AC6=@5G AC6=@<C AC6=@<5G=L;
'C6=@5F _ >GJE9 <= HGM;9 9;=AL9^]G =FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK x M NANA9 =F
;9FLGF9<9 F9 K9D9 <9 >J=FL= IM= A9 <= GAL]G 9 GMLJG ;GE NYJA9K K9;9<9K
H9J9 G D9J?G EG:ADA9<9 9L=F^]G J=NAKGJ F]G HGF@9 xEG:AD9<9y IM= _
H9D9NJ9 IM= =M <=L=KLG ;GE ME9 ;9E9 <= N=FLG ME9 ;9<=AJ9 = ME D9N
9LeJAG<=>=JJGy6( 7
:97<5F>=;@G>=;@9K>=;@9>=;@9EGK>=;@9AK>=;@9E
5D5F9@<5F9H9J=D@G9H9J=D@9K9H9J=D@99H9J=D@9EGK9H9J=D@9AK9H9J=D@9E
)9
p;GFBM?9^]G
5 9K NG?9AK LfFA;9K 9 = C KG9E ;GE LAE:J= 9:=JLG F9
p = p H=KK
G9 <G KAF?MD9J = F9 p <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K <G AF< = F9
p H=KK KAF? <G
AEH=J9LANG9>AJE9LANGK9DNGK=NA=J=EK=?MA<9K<= A B GM B<
89J9F<=NGa<=N=K_<=N=_<=N=EGK<=N=AK<=N=E_
DL=JF[F;A9NG;YDA;9GME=L9>GFA9
)9 p;GFBM?9^]G
5 9 NG?9D 5 F]G K=?MA<9 <= A B GM B< H9KK9 9 K=J HJG>=JA<9 :=E
9:=JL9
:5@5F >9DG>9D9K>9D9>9D9EGK>9D9AK>9D9E
7<5A5F;@9EG;@9E9K;@9E9;@9E9EGK;@9E9AK;@9E9E
FC9FJeAJG=Af
JC@J9FNGDNGfNGDN=KeNGDN=eNGDN=EGKNGDN=AKNGDN=Ee
H9A9FL=EGaL=E=KaL=E=aL=E=EGKL=E=AKL=E=E
7CA9F;GEGf;GE=Kf;GE=f=L;
v +9KK9 9 = F9K LJaK H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J = p <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K=FL=
<G AF<A;9LANG =E LG<G G HJ=K <G KM:B = AEH=J9LANG K9DNG F=KL= 9
p
H=KKG9<GHDMJ9D
9?J=<AJ ;=JRAJ <=F=?JAJ HJ=N=FAJ HJG?J=<AJ J=?J=<AJ LJ9FK?J=<AJ = J=EAJ =KL=
<=>=;LANG;> Verbos defectivos e abundantes
+GJ =KL= EG<=DG K= ;GFBM?9E 89GDC@=F = DC@=F ;> Verbos defectivos e abundantes FLA?9E=FL= K=?MA9E =KL= H9J9<A?E9 7CFH=F = CF8=F
@GB=?J9>9<GK 7IFH=F = IF8=F =<=;GFBM?9^]GJ=?MD9J
7 9 NG?9D I <9 H=FhDLAE9 KbD9:9 <G J9<A;9D H9KK9 9 C 9:=JLG F9
p =
p H=KK <G KAF?MD9J = p <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = F9
p
H=KKG9<GKAF?MD9J<GAEH=J9LANG9>AJE9LANG
57I8=F v
H=KKG9 <G KAF? <G HJ=K AF< 9BHIDC 9BHID9G GM 9BHCD9G 9BHID9 GM 9BHCD9
9BHID=ACG9BHID=G9BHID9A GM 9BHCD9A
p B;C@=F 9AF<9 IM= K= =K;J=N9 ;GE C K=?M= G H9J9<A?E9 <= 57I8=F H9J9 G
1G;9:MDYJAG <= FGKK9 ;9<=EA9 9B;I@C 9B;C@9G 9B;C@9 9B;I@=ACG 9B;I@=G 9B
;C@9A (=D@GJ >GJ9 HGJ_E ;GFBM?YDG ;GE C F9K <M9K HJAE=AJ9K H=KKG9K <G HDMJ
9D<GHJ=K <GAF<A;9LANG<=K>9R=F<GK=9AF;G=JaF;A9
7 '5;C5F;GFBM?9K=
IM9F<GAFL=?J9GK<ALGF?GK CI9=
8CIFC8CIF5G 7<9=FC7<9=F5G
FG<ALGF?G C= K=?MA<G<=;GFKG9FL=
D9FBC=HCD9FBC=H5G
IM9F<G9NG?9D_K=?MA<9<=;GFKG9FL=F9K9D
7CAC7CA9G
C5F
8 'C6=@=5F;GFBM?9K=
9 ,9G:C@9;5F ;GFBM?9K=
+J=K AF< J=K>eD=?GJ=K>eD=?9KJ=K>eD=?9J=K>GD=?9EGKJ=K>GD=?9AKJ=K>eD=?9E
+J=K KM:B J=K>eD=?M= J=K>eD=?M=K J=K>eD=?M= J=K>GD=?M=EGK J=K>GD=?M=AK
J=K>eD=?M=E
*bservaes
p >GJE9 ;GFLJ9L9 <= F9G:C@9;5F _ F9G:C@;5F IM= K= 9HJ=K=FL9 J=?MD9JE=FL=
J=K>GD?GJ=K>GD?9KJ=K>GD?9=L;
p*KM:KL9FLANG_ F9G:a@9;CHJGH9JGPbLGFG;GE C LfFA;G>=;@9<G
7<9;C7<9;5G 9BG96C9BG965G
*F9G9BH98C=B8=75H=JC
1=J:GKFGLYN=AKIM9FLGZHJGFhF;A9GM>D=P]G
AF<A?FGE=<b
G:KLGe
GHLGe
AEHM?FGh
JALEGb
AF<A?F9KL=<b
G:KL9Ke
GHL9Ke
AEHM?F9Kh
JALE9Kb
AF<A?F9K=<b
G:KL9e
GHL9e
AEHM?F9h
JALE9b
JGM:9
AFL=AJ9
AF<A?F9EGFGK
G:KL9EGK
GHL9EGK
AEHM?F9EGK
JALE9EGK
JGM:9EGK
AFL=AJ9EGK
AF<A?F9AKNGK
G:KL9AK
GHL9AK
AEHM?F9AK
JALE9AK
JGM:9AK
AFL=AJ9AK
AF<A?F9EK=<b
G:KL9Ee
GHL9Ee
AEHM?F9Eh
JALE9Eb
JGM:9E
AFL=AJ9E
F5DHC JY F5DH5G JY F5DH5 JY F5DH5ACG F5DH5=G F5DH5A JY
; )6J=5F ;GFBM?9K=
+J=K AF< G:NAGbG:NA9KbG:NA9bG:NA9EGKG:NA9AKG:NA9Eb
(9AK;=JLGK=JY;GFBM?9JEGKJ=?MD9JE=FL= ACG75F
+J=K AF< EGK;GEGK;9KEGK;9EGK;9EGKEGK;9AKEGK;9E= AIG75F
+J=K AF< EMK;GEMK;9KEMK;9EMK;9EGKEMK;9AKEMK;9E
;GJJ=^]G HGJ_E L9DN=R K=B9 E9AK <A>b;AD HGJ K=J=E EMALG HGM;G
MK9<GK ACG75F = AIG75F
=1=J:GK;GEGK<ALGF?GK>=;@9<GK CI = 9= FCI65F = =BH9=F5F
GFBM?9EK=F]GK=J=<MRAF<G9NG?9AK9:=JL9K C = 9J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
,CI65F
#BH9=F5F
JGM:G=F]G F_6C=L;
AFL=AJG=F]G =BHXFC=L;
JGM:9K
AFL=AJ9K
9A65=B<5F
5A=I85F
K9h<G
=E:9AF@G
9EAh<G
K9h<9K
=E:9AF@9K
9EAh<9K
K9h<9
=E:9AF@9
9EAh<9
K9M<9EGK
=E:9AF@9EGK
9EAM<9EGK
K9M<9AK
=E:9AF@9AK
9EAM<9AK
K9h<9E
=E:9AF@9E
9EAh<9E
*bservao FF5=;5F ;GE @A9LG H9KKGM <=K<= ;=<G 9 5FF5=;5F ;GE <ALGF?G
5FF5=;5F = <9b 9 5FF9=;5F K >GJE9K ;GE <ALGF?G K]G E9AK >J=IM=FL=K =E:GJ9
EG<=JF9E=FL= K= L=F@9 J=KL9:=D=;A<G 5FF5=;5F ;GE @A9LG -5I85F HJG>=JA<G ;GE
<ALGF?G G5I8C G5I85G =L; G;GJJ= 9IMA = 9DA FGK HG=L9K = K= >AP9 FG >9D9J ;GDG
IMA9D=HGHMD9J
1=J:GKL=JEAF9<GK=ER=JRAJLAHGK>9R=J=LJ9<MRAJ
*KN=J:GK=E=5F K]G;GFBM?9<GKJ=?MD9JE=FL=
*F9A=5F v HJ=K AF< HJ=EAGHJ=EA9KHJ=EA9HJ=EA9EGKHJ=EA9AKHJ=EA9E
HJ=K KM:B HJ=EA=HJ=EA=KHJ=EA==L;
AEH 9>AJE HJ=EA9HJ=EA=HJ=EA=EGKHJ=EA9AHJ=EA=E
19JA9^g=K?JY>A;9KF9;GFBM?9^]G
GM C
79;5F;=?G;=?M=K
F9GG5F7=F vJ=KK9J^G
vGKN=J:GKL=JEAF9<GK=EW5F H=J<=E9;=<AD@99FL=K<G 9
7CA9W5F v;GE=^G;GE=;=K
GM C
:I;=F v>MBG>G?=K
A98=5FE=<9=GE=<9=9KE=<9=9E=<A9EGKE=<A9AKE=<9=9E
5BG=5F9FK9=G9FK9=9K9FK9=99FKA9EGK9FKA9AK9FK9=9E
F9A98=5FJ=E=<9=GJ=E=<9=9KJ=E=<9=9J=E=<A9EGKJ=E=<A9AKJ=E=<9=9E
=B79B8=5FAF;=F<9=GAF;=F<9=9KAF;=F<9=9AF;=F<A9EGKAF;=F<A9AKAF;=F<9=9E
C8=5FG<9=GG<9=9KG<9=9G<A9EGKG<A9AKG<9=9E
*bservaes
p FIM9FLG FG J9KAD BY N9EGK ;GFBM?9F<G GK N=J:GK =E 95F = =5F H=DG IM=
9;9:9EGK <= =PHGJ =FLJ= GK HGJLM?M=K=K 9AF<9 K= FGL9E N9;AD9^g=K =E EMALGK
IM= ?J9>9<GK ;GE =5F <=N=JA9E K=?MAJ G EG<=DG <= DF9A=5F E9K K= 9;GKL9E 9G
<= BCA95F <9<9 9 @GEG>GFA9 <GK <GAK >AF9AK F9 >9D9 ;GJJ=FL= 9D_E <G HJeHJAG
DF9A=5F 5;9B7=5F 7CA9F7=5F @=79B7=5F B9;C7=5F D9B=H9B7=5F C6G9EI=5F DF9G
9B7=5F DFCJ=89B7=5F F9J9F9B7=5F G9BH9B7=5F J5B;@CF=5F J=HCF=5F 9J=89B7=5F
;@CF=:=75F 8=@=;9B7=5F =GMLJGK
p #GB= F]G >9R=EGK <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= 7F95F LAJ9J <G F9<9 <9J =PAKLaF;A9 = 7F=5F
=<M;9J ;MDLAN9J HJGEGN=J G <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG MK9F<G 9H=F9K 7F=5F H9J9 9E:GK
GK ;9KGK IM= K= ;GFBM?9 ;GEG DF9A=5F FLJ= =K;JALGJ=K EG<=JFGK HGJ_E HG
<=EG;GJJ=J=P=EHDGK<= 7F95F;GFBM?9<G;GEG BCA95F
p <A>=J=F^9 <= ;GFBM?9^]G LGJF9K= AEH=JAGK9 FGK H9JfFAEGK 5:95F = 5:=5F
5FF95F = 5FF=5F 9GHF95F = 9GHF=5F J5895F = J58=5F=L;
,M9F<G?J9>9J=9JGMA9J
H_v9H=9J
H9KK=AGvH9KK=9J
P;=^]G>_v>A9J
;=A9v;=9J
A<=A9vA<=9J
<=Db;A9v<=DA;A9J
HGDb;A9vHGDA;A9J
9KKGNAGv9KKGNA9J
6TBG=5ZB7=59BW5
<AKL[F;A9v<AKL9F;A9J
<ADA?aF;A9v<ADA?=F;A9J
HJ=K=F^9vHJ=K=F;A9J
K=FL=F^9vK=FL=F;A9J
: 09F =K=MK<=JAN9<GK
*FCJ9F F]GK=;GFBM?9;GEG J9F FG
DF9H D9F: =B8 HJGNAHJGN=KL=HJGN=MHJGN=EGKHJGN=KL=KHJGN=J9E
A E D9F: =B8 HJGN=J9HJGN=J9KHJGN=J9HJGNaJ9EGKHJGNaJ=AKHJGN=J9E
=AD9F: GI6> HJGN=KK=HJGN=KK=KHJGN=KK=HJGNaKK=EGKHJGNaKK=AKHJGN=KK=E
:IH GI6> HJGN=JHJGN=J=KHJGN=JHJGN=JEGKHJGN=J<=KHJGN=J=E
D5FH=7[D=CHJGNA<G
*>MLMJG<GKM:BMFLANG_ J=F
,M9F<G=MNA=JZ;A<9<== J=F GHGJLMFA<9<=<=;GEHJYDG=FL]GG
>9J=A=F]GN=J
;+J=;9N=JK=
W N=J:G <=>=;LANG IM= F9<9 L=E ;GE J9F GM J=F HGJ AKKG =NAL=K=
<AR=J
ME= DF975J9>C GM ME= DF975J9B<C
*F975J9>5AG9 GM *F975J9B<5AG9
@ "5J9FG9 = 5J=FG9
KL=K N=J:GK LaE =EHJ=?GK <A>=J=FL=K "5J9FG9 ;GE 9D?M_E
KA?FA>A;9
DFC7989F DCFH5FG9
x D=HGJ_E <CIJ9G9 ;GE9E9AGJ<=DA;9<=R9y6( 7
7CB7=@=5F
pv Part-i-r
modo indicativo
x.=9GKH9L=JFGK=JJGJ=K<=;GFLJ9KL=
ZEAF@9AF>DMA^]G CDCF NAJLM<=Ky6+ $$ 5DI8 .. 7
? GH5F =K=MK<=JAN9<GK
-C6F9GH5F _ <=JAN9<G <= 9GH5F = HGJ =D= K= ;GFBM?9 HGJ_E
;GKLME9K= N=J EG<=D9<G H=DG N=J:G H9F ;GEG K= >GKK= GC6F9GH9F KKAE
F]G=KLY;=JLGGK=?MAFL==P=EHDG<=D:=JLG<=*DAN=AJ9
pv Vend-e-r
Presente
9FLG
1=F<G
+9JLG
9FL9K
1=F<=K
+9JL=K
9FL9
1=F<=
+9JL=
9FL9EGK
1=F<=EGK
+9JLAEGK
9FL9AK
1=F<=AK
+9JLAK
9FL9E
1=F<=E
+9JL=E
Pretrito imperfeito
9FL9N9
1=F<A9
+9JLA9
9FL9N9K
1=F<A9K
+9JLA9K
9FL9N9
1=F<A9
+9JLA9
9FL9JYK
1=F<=JYK
+9JLAJYK
9FLYN9EGK
1=F<b9EGK
+9JLb9EGK
9FL9JY
1=F<=JY
+9JLAJY
9FLYN=AK
1=F<b=AK
+9JLb=AK
9FL9J=EGK
1=F<=J=EGK
+9JLAJ=EGK
9FL9N9E
1=F<A9E
+9JLA9E
9FL9J=AK
1=F<=J=AK
+9JLAJ=AK
9FL9J]G
1=F<=J]G
+9JLAJ]G
Pretrito perfeito
9FL=A
1=F<A
+9JLA
9FL9KL=
1=F<=KL=
+9JLAKL=
9FL9JA9
1=F<=JA9
+9JLAJA9
9FLGM
1=F<=M
+9JLAM
9FL9JA9K
1=F<=JA9K
+9JLAJA9K
9FL9EGK
1=F<=EGK
+9JLAEGK
9FL9JA9
1=F<=JA9
+9JLAJA9
9FL9KL=K
1=F<=KL=K
+9JLAKL=K
9FL9Jb9EGK
1=F<=Jb9EGK
+9JLAJb9EGK
9FL9J9E
1=F<=J9E
+9JLAJ9E
9FL9Jb=AK
1=F<=Jb=AK
+9JLAJb=AK
9FL9JA9E
1=F<=JA9E
+9JLAJA9E
Futuro do pretrito
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito
9FL9J9
1=F<=J9
+9JLAJ9
9FL9J9K
1=F<=J9K
+9JLAJ9K
9FL9J9
1=F<=J9
+9JLAJ9
9FLYJ9EGK
1=F<aJ9EGK
+9JLbJ9EGK
9FLYJ=AK
1=F<aJ=AK
+9JLbJ=AK
9FL9J9E
1=F<=J9E
+9JLAJ9E
Futuro do presente
9FL9J=A
1=F<=J=A
+9JLAJ=A
modo subjuntivo
Presente
9FL=
1=F<9
+9JL9
9FL=K
1=F<9K
+9JL9K
9FL=
1=F<9
+9JL9
9FL=EGK
1=F<9EGK
+9JL9EGK
9FL=AK
1=F<9AK
+9JL9AK
9FL=E
1=F<9E
+9JL9E
Pretrito Imperfeito
9FL9ANeK
1=F<=ANeK
+9JLANeK
9FL=ENG;aK
1=F<9ENG;aK
+9JL9ENG;aK
)]GN=F<9KLM
9FL9KK=
1=F<=KK=
+9JLAKK=
9FL9KK=K
1=F<=KK=K
+9JLAKK=K
9FL9KK=
1=F<=KK=
+9JLAKK=
)]G;9FL=KLM
Negativo
)]GH9JL9KLM
9FLYKK=EGK
1=F<aKK=EGK
+9JLbKK=EGK
)]G;9FL=NG;a
)]GN=F<9NG;a
)]GH9JL9NG;a
9FLYKK=AK
1=F<aKK=AK
+9JLbKK=AK
)]G
)]G
)]G
9FL9KK=E
1=F<=KK=E
+9JLAKK=E
9FL9J
1=F<=J
+9JLAJ
9FL9J=K
1=F<=J=K
+9JLAJ=K
9FL9J
1=F<=J
+9JLAJ
9FL9JEGK
1=F<=JEGK
+9JLAJEGK
9FL9J<=K
1=F<=J<=K
+9JLAJ<=K
Futuro
9FL9J=E
1=F<=J=E
+9JLAJ=E
FeK
;9FL=EGK
FeK
)]G;9FL=AKNeK
NG;aK
)]G
;9FL=E
N=F<9EGK
FeK
)]GN=F<9AKNeK
NG;aK
)]G
N=F<9E
H9JL9EGK
)]GH9JL9AKNeK
NG;aK
)]G
H9JL9E
formas nominais
Infinitivo
(VC:@9L=CB58C
9FL9J
1=F<=J
+9JLAJ
9FL9J
1=F<=J
+9JLAJ
9FL9J=K
1=F<=J=K
+9JLAJ=K
9FL9J
1=F<=J
+9JLAJ
@9L=CB58C
modo imperativo
Afirmativo
9FL9LM
1=F<=LM
+9JL=LM
9FL=NG;a
1=F<9NG;a
+9JL9NG;a
9FL=EGKFeK
1=F<9EGKFeK
+9JL9EGKFeK
9FL9JEGK
1=F<=JEGK
+9JLAJEGK
9FL9J<=K
1=F<=J<=K
+9JLAJ<=K
9FL9J=E
1=F<=J=E
+9JLAJ=E
/bF@=AK;9FL9<G
/bF@=AKN=F<A<G
/bF@=AKH9JLA<G
/AF@9E;9FL9<G
/AF@9EN=F<A<G
/AF@9EH9JLA<G
Gerndio
9FL9F<G
1=F<=F<G
+9JLAF<G
Particpio
9FL9<G
1=F<A<G
+9JLA<G
vGFBM?9^]G;GEHGKL9
modo indicativo
/=J=AN=F<A<G
/=J=AH9JLA<G
/=JYK;9FL9<G
/=JYKN=F<A<G
/=JYKH9JLA<G
/=JY;9FL9<G
/=JYN=F<A<G
/=JYH9JLA<G
/=J=EGK;9FL9<G
/=J=EGKN=F<A<G
/=J=EGKH9JLA<G
/=J=AK;9FL9<G
/=J=AKN=F<A<G
/=J=AKH9JLA<G
/=J]G;9FL9<G
/=J]GN=F<A<G
/=J]GH9JLA<G
/=F@GN=F<A<G
/=F@GH9JLA<G
/=FK;9FL9<G
/=FKN=F<A<G
/=FKH9JLA<G
/=E;9FL9<G
/=EN=F<A<G
/=EH9JLA<G
/=EGK;9FL9<G
/=EGKN=F<A<G
/=EGKH9JLA<G
/=F<=K;9FL9<G
/=F<=KN=F<A<G
/=F<=KH9JLA<G
/aE;9FL9<G
/aEN=F<A<G
/aEH9JLA<G
/=JA9N=F<A<G
/=JA9H9JLA<G
/=JA9K;9FL9<G
/=JA9KN=F<A<G
/=JA9KH9JLA<G
/=JA9;9FL9<G
/=JA9N=F<A<G
/=JA9H9JLA<G
/=Jb9EGK;9FL9<G
/=Jb9EGKN=F<A<G
/=Jb9EGKH9JLA<G
/=Jb=AK;9FL9<G
/=Jb=AKN=F<A<G
/=Jb=AKH9JLA<G
/=JA9E;9FL9<G
/=JA9EN=F<A<G
/=JA9EH9JLA<G
/AF@9N=F<A<G
/AF@9H9JLA<G
/AF@9K;9FL9<G
/AF@9KN=F<A<G
/AF@9KH9JLA<G
/AF@9;9FL9<G
/AF@9N=F<A<G
/AF@9H9JLA<G
/bF@9EGK;9FL9<G
/bF@9EGKN=F<A<G
/bF@9EGKH9JLA<G
modo subjuntivo
Pretrito perfeito
/=F@9;9FL9<G
/=F@9N=F<A<G
/=F@9H9JLA<G
/=F@9K;9FL9<G
/=F@9KN=F<A<G
/=F@9KH9JLA<G
/=F@9;9FL9<G
/=F@9N=F<A<G
/=F@9H9JLA<G
/=F@9EGK;9FL9<G
/=F@9EGKN=F<A<G
/=F@9EGKH9JLA<G
/=F@9AK;9FL9<G
/=F@9AKN=F<A<G
/=F@9AKH9JLA<G
/=F@9E;9FL9<G
/=F@9EN=F<A<G
/=F@9EH9JLA<G
formas nominais
Infinitivo
(VC:@9L=CB58C7CADCGHC
/=J;9FL9<G
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito
/AN=KK=N=F<A<G
/AN=KK=H9JLA<G
/AN=KK=K;9FL9<G
/AN=KK=KN=F<A<G
/AN=KK=KH9JLA<G
/AN=KK=;9FL9<G
/AN=KK=N=F<A<G
/AN=KK=H9JLA<G
/AN_KK=EGK
N=F<A<G
/=JH9JLA<G
@9L=CB58C7CADCGHC
/AN=KK=;9FL9<G
/AN_KK=EGK
;9FL9<G
/=JN=F<A<G
/=J;9FL9<G
/AN_KK=EGK
H9JLA<G
/AN_KK=AK;9FL9<G
/AN_KK=AKN=F<A<G
/AN_KK=AKH9JLA<G
/AN=KK=E;9FL9<G
/AN=KK=EN=F<A<G
/AN=KK=EH9JLA<G
/=JN=F<A<G
/=JH9JLA<G
/=J=K;9FL9<G
/=J=KN=F<A<G
/=J=KH9JLA<G
/=J;9FL9<G
/=JN=F<A<G
/=JH9JLA<G
/=JEGK;9FL9<G
/=JEGKN=F<A<G
/=JEGKH9JLA<G
/=J<=K;9FL9<G
/=J<=KN=F<A<G
/=J<=KH9JLA<G
/=J=E;9FL9<G
/=J=EN=F<A<G
/=J=EH9JLA<G
Gerndio composto
Futuro composto
/AN=J;9FL9<G
/AN=JN=F<A<G
/AN=JH9JLA<G
/AN=J=K;9FL9<G
/AN=J=KN=F<A<G
/AN=J=KH9JLA<G
/AN=J;9FL9<G
/AN=JN=F<A<G
/AN=JH9JLA<G
/AN=JEGK;9FL9<G
/AN=JEGKN=F<A<G
/AN=JEGKH9JLA<G
/AN=J<=K;9FL9<G
/AN=J<=KN=F<A<G
/AN=J<=KH9JLA<G
/AN=J=E;9FL9<G
/AN=J=EN=F<A<G
/AN=J=EH9JLA<G
/=F<G;9FL9<G
/=F<GN=F<A<G
/=F<GH9JLA<G
GFBM?9^]G<=N=J:GK9MPADA9J=KE9AK;GEMFKK=J=KL9JL=J@9N=J
Ser
Estar
Ter
modo indicativo
Haver
!GJ9E
KLAN=J9E
/AN=J9E
#GMN=J9E
Presente
.GM
KLGM
/=F@G
#=A
WK
KLYK
/=FK
#YK
!GJ9
KLAN=J9
/AN=J9
#GMN=J9
KLY
/=E
#Y
!GJ9K
KLAN=J9K
/AN=J9K
#GMN=J9K
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito
.GEGK
KL9EGK
/=EGK
#9N=EGK
!GJ9
KLAN=J9
/AN=J9
#GMN=J9
.GAK
KL9AK
/=F<=K
#9N=AK
!fJ9EGK
KLAN_J9EGK
/AN_J9EGK
#GMN_J9EGK
#]G
!fJ=AK
KLAN_J=AK
/AN_J=AK
#GMN_J=AK
!GJ9E
KLAN=J9E
/AN=J9E
#GMN=J9E
KL9J=A
.]G
KL]G
/aE
Pretrito Imperfeito
J9
KL9N9
/AF@9
#9NA9
J9K
KL9N9K
/AF@9K
#9NA9K
.=J=A
J9
Futuro do presente
/=J=A
#9N=J=A
KL9N9
/AF@9
#9NA9
.=JYK
KL9JYK
/=JYK
#9N=JYK
WJ9EGK
KLYN9EGK
/bF@9EGK
#9Nb9EGK
.=JY
KL9JY
/=JY
#9N=JY
WJ=AK
KLYN=AK
/bF@=AK
#9Nb=AK
.=J=EGK
KL9J=EGK
/=J=EGK
#9N=J=EGK
J9E
KL9N9E
/AF@9E
#9NA9E
.=J=AK
KL9J=AK
/=J=AK
#9N=J=AK
.=J]G
KL9J]G
/=J]G
#9N=J]G
Pretrito perfeito
!MA
KLAN=
/AN=
#GMN=
!GKL=
KLAN=KL=
/AN=KL=
#GMN=KL=
.=JA9
KL9JA9
/=JA9
#9N=JA9
KL9JA9K
/=JA9K
#9N=JA9K
Futuro do pretrito
!GA
KL=N=
/=N=
#GMN=
.=JA9K
!GEGK
KLAN=EGK
/AN=EGK
#GMN=EGK
.=JA9
KL9JA9
/=JA9
#9N=JA9
!GKL=K
KLAN=KL=K
/AN=KL=K
#GMN=KL=K
.=Jb9EGK
KL9Jb9EGK
/=Jb9EGK
#9N=Jb9EGK
.=Jb=AK
KL9Jb=AK
/=Jb=AK
#9N=Jb=AK
!GJ=K
KLAN=J=K
/AN=J=K
#GMN=J=K
.=JA9E
KL9JA9E
/=JA9E
#9N=JA9E
!GJ
KLAN=J
/AN=J
#GMN=J
!GJEGK
KLAN=JEGK
/AN=JEGK
#GMN=JEGK
!GJ<=K
KLAN=J<=K
/AN=J<=K
#GMN=J<=K
!GJ=E
KLAN=J=E
/AN=J=E
#GMN=J=E
modo subjuntivo
Presente
.=B9
KL=B9
/=F@9
#9B9
.=B9K
KL=B9K
/=F@9K
#9B9K
.=B9
KL=B9
/=F@9
#9B9
.=B9EGK
KL=B9EGK
/=F@9EGK
#9B9EGK
.aLM
KLYLM
/=ELM
#YLM
.=B9AK
KL=B9AK
/=F@9AK
#9B9AK
.=B9NG;a
KL=B9NG;a
/=F@9NG;a
#9B9NG;a
.=B9E
KL=B9E
/=F@9E
#9B9E
/=F@9EGK
#9B9EGKFeK
/=F<=NeK
#9N=ANeK
!GKK=
KLAN=KK=
/AN=KK=
#GMN=KK=
/=F@9E
#9B9ENG;aK
!GKK=K
KLAN=KK=K
/AN=KK=K
#GMN=KK=K
!GKK=
KLAN=KK=
/AN=KK=
#GMN=KK=
!fKK=EGK
KLAN_KK=EGK
/AN_KK=EGK
#GMN_KK=EGK
)]G L=F@9K
)]G@9B9KLM
!fKK=AK
KLAN_KK=AK
/AN_KK=AK
#GMN_KK=AK
!GKK=E
KLAN=KK=E
/AN=KK=E
#GMN=KK=E
modo imperativo
Afirmativo
FeK
Futuro
KLAN=J
/AN=J
FeK
.=<=NeK
Pretrito imperfeito
!GJ
.=B9EGK
#GMN=J
NG;aK
.=B9E
KL=B9EGK
FeK
KL9ANeK
NG;aK
KL=B9E
NG;aK
Negativo
LM
NG;a
)]G K=B9K
)]G K=B9
)]G
B9EGKFeK
K=
)]G
B9AKNeK
K=
LM
NG;a
)]G
=KL=B9K
)]G
=KL=B9
)]G
L=B9EGKFeK
NeK
LM
NG;a
)]G L=F@9
=K
)]G
@9EGKFeK
L=F
)]G =KL=B9AK
)]G
@9AKNeK
L=F
NG;a
FeK
NeK
)]G
@9B9
)]G @9B9EGK
)]G
@9B9AK
)]G
B9ENG;aK
K=
NG;aK
)]G =KL=B9E
)]G
@9ENG;aK
L=F
NG;aK
)]G
@9B9E
vGFBM?9^]G;GEHGKL9
modo indicativo
formas nominais
Infinitivo no flexionado
.=J
KL9J
/=J
#9N=J
.=J
KL9J
/=J
#9N=J
.=J=K
KL9J=K
/=J=K
#9N=J=K
.=J
KL9J
/=J
#9N=J
Infinitivo flexionado
.=JEGK
KL9JEGK
/=JEGK
#9N=JEGK
.=J<=K
KL9J<=K
/=J<=K
#9N=J<=K
.=J=E
KL9J=E
/=J=E
#9N=J=E
Gerndio
.=F<G
KL9F<G
.A<G
KL9<G
/=F<G
#9N=F<G
/A<G
#9NA<G
Particpio
* 0C756I@RF=C ):=7=5@ Ke 9<GL9 =KL9 >GJE9 HGJ_E FGK HG=L9K HG<= G;GJJ=J 9 HJGFhF;A9
;GEG <AKKbD9:G v H99A ;GEG <AR=E 7F99A 899A @99A J99A *;GJJ= G E=KEG ;GE JZA
<= J=F )GL=K= <= H9KK9?=E IM= GK <AKKbD9:GK 7F99A 899A @99A J99A K]G HJGFhF;A9K
J=D9LAN9E=FL=EG<=JF9K K>GJE9K9FLA?9K=J9E 7F9A 89A @9A J9A
GE A >AF9D=F]G;GE B
GFBM?9^]G;GEHGKL9
formas nominais
Infinitivo no flexionado composto
/=J
GM@9N=J
modo subjuntivo
KA<G=KL9<GLA<G@9NA<G
Pretrito perfeito
Gerndio
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito
/=F<G
GM@9N=F<G
KA<G=KL9<GLA<G@9NA<G
GFBM?9^]G<GN=J:GHfJ
Conjugao do verbo pr
vGFBM?9^]GKAEHD=K
modo indicativo
Futuro composto
Presente
Pretrito imperfeito
Pretrito perfeito
+GF@G
+MF@9
+MK
+g=K
+MF@9K
+MK=KL=
+g=
+MF@9
+fK
+GEGK
+hF@9EGK
+MK=EGK
+GF<=K
+hF@=AK
+MK=KL=K
+GF@9NG;a
)]GHGF@9NG;a
+g=E
+MF@9E
+MK=J9E
+GF@9EGKFeK
)]GHGF@9EGKFeK
+GF<=NeK
)]GHGF@9AKNeK
+GF@9ENG;aK
)]GHGF@9ENG;aK
Pretrito mais-que-perf.
Futuro do pretrito
Futuro do presente
+MK=J9
+GJA9
+GJ=A
+MK=J9K
+GJA9K
+GJYK
+MK=J9
+GJA9
+GJY
+MK_J9EGK
+GJb9EGK
+GJ=EGK
+MK_J=AK
+GJb=AK
+GJ=AK
+MK=J9E
+GJA9E
+GJ]G
formas nominais
Infinitivo no flexionado
+fJ
+fJ
+GJ=K
+fJ
+GJEGK
modo subjuntivo
Presente
Pretrito imperfeito
Futuro
+GJ<=K
+GJ=E
+GF@9
+MK=KK=
+MK=J
+GF@9K
+MK=KK=K
+MK=J=K
+GF@9
+MK=KK=
+MK=J
+GF@9EGK
+MK_KK=EGK
+MK=JEGK
+GF@9AK
+MK_KK=AK
+MK=J<=K
+GF@9E
+MK=KK=E
+MK=J=E
modo imperativo
Afirmativo
+g=LM
Negativo
)]GHGF@9KLM
Infinitivo flexionado
Gerndio
Particpio
+GF<G
+GKLG
GFBM?9^]G;GEHGKL9
modo indicativo
Pretrito perfeito composto
/=F@G
HGKLG
/AF@9
HGKLG
/=FK
HGKLG
/AF@9K
HGKLG
/=E
HGKLG
/AF@9
HGKLG
/=EGK
HGKLG
/bF@9EGK
HGKLG
/=F<=K
HGKLG
/bF@=AK
HGKLG
/aE
HGKLG
/AF@9E
HGKLG
/=JA9
HGKLG
/=JYK
HGKLG
/=JA9K
HGKLG
/=JY
HGKLG
/=JA9
HGKLG
/=J=EGK
HGKLG
/=Jb9EGK
HGKLG
/=J=AK
HGKLG
/=Jb=AK
HGKLG
HGKLG
formas nominais
Infinitivo no flexionado
/=J
Infinitivo flexionado
HGKLG
/=J=A
/=J]G
/=JA9E
/=J
HGKLG
/=J=K
HGKLG
/=J
HGKLG
/=JEGK
HGKLG
/=J<=K
HGKLG
/=J=E
HGKLG
Gerndio composto
/=F<G
HGKLG
HGKLG
GFBM?9^]G<=MEN=J:G;GEHGKLGF9NGRH9KKAN9K=J9E9<G
modo subjuntivo
Pretrito perfeito
Pretrito mais-que-perf.
modo indicativo
/=F@9
HGKLG
/AN=KK=
HGKLG
/AN=J
HGKLG
/=F@9K
HGKLG
/AN=KK=K
HGKLG
/AN=J=K
HGKLG
/=F@9
HGKLG
/AN=KK=
HGKLG
/AN=J
HGKLG
/=F@9EGK
HGKLG
/AN_KK=EGK
HGKLG
/AN=JEGK
HGKLG
/=F@9AK
HGKLG
/AN_KK=AK
HGKLG
/AN=J<=K
HGKLG
/=F@9E
HGKLG
/AN=KK=E
HGKLG
/AN=J=E
HGKLG
Presente
Pretrito imperfeito
.GM
9E9<G
J9
9E9<G
!MA
9E9<G
WK
9E9<G
J9K
9E9<G
!GKL=
9E9<G
9E9<G
J9
9E9<G
!GA
9E9<G
.GEGK
9E9<GK
WJ9EGK
9E9<GK
!GEGK
9E9<GK
.GAK
9E9<GK
WJ=AK
9E9<GK
!GKL=K
9E9<GK
.]G
9E9<GK
J9E
9E9<GK
!GJ9E
9E9<GK
/=J=AK
KA<G9E9<GK
.=Jb=AK
9E9<GK
/=J]G
KA<G9E9<GK
.=JA9E
9E9<GK
/=F@G
KA<G9E9<G
!GJ9
9E9<G
/=FK
KA<G9E9<G
!GJ9K
9E9<G
/=JA9
/=E
KA<G9E9<G
!GJ9
9E9<G
/=JA9K
KA<G9E9<G
/=EGK
KA<G9E9<GK
!fJ9EGK
9E9<GK
/=JA9
KA<G9E9<G
/=F<=K
KA<G9E9<GK
!fJ=AK
9E9<GK
/=Jb9EGK
KA<G9E9<GK
/aE
KA<G9E9<GK
!GJ9E
9E9<GK
/=Jb=AK
KA<G9E9<GK
/=JA9E
KA<G9E9<GK
KA<G9E9<G
/AF@9
KA<G9E9<G
.=J=A
9E9<G
/AF@9K
KA<G9E9<G
.=JYK
9E9<G
/AF@9
KA<G9E9<G
.=JY
9E9<G
/bF@9EGK
KA<G9E9<GK
.=J=EGK
9E9<GK
/bF@=AK
KA<G9E9<GK
.=J=AK
9E9<GK
/AF@9E
KA<G9E9<GK
.=J]G
9E9<GK
/=J=A
KA<G9E9<G
.=JA9
9E9<G
/=JYK
KA<G9E9<G
.=JA9K
9E9<G
/=JY
KA<G9E9<G
.=JA9
9E9<G
/=J=EGK
KA<G9E9<GK
.=Jb9EGK
9E9<GK
modo subjuntivo
Presente
Pretrito imperfeito
Pretrito perfeito
.=B9
9E9<G
!GKK=
9E9<G
/=F@9
KA<G
9E9<G
.=B9K
9E9<G
!GKK=K
9E9<G
/=F@9K
KA<G
9E9<G
.=B9
9E9<G
!GKK=
9E9<G
/=F@9
KA<G
9E9<G
.=B9EGK
9E9<GK
!fKK=EGK
9E9<GK
/=F@9EGK
KA<G
9E9<GK
.=B9AK
9E9<GK
!fKK=AK
9E9<GK
/=F@9AK
KA<G
9E9<GK
.=B9E
9E9<GK
!GKK=E
9E9<GK
/=F@9E
KA<G
9E9<GK
.=J=E
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito
/AN=KK=
Futuro
KA<G
9E9<G
!GJ
/AN=KK=K
KA<G
9E9<G
!GJ=K
9E9<G
/AN=J=K
KA<G
9E9<G
/AN=KK=
KA<G
9E9<G
!GJ
9E9<G
/AN=J
KA<G
9E9<G
/AN_KK=EGK
KA<G
9E9<GK
!GJEGK
9E9<GK
/AN=JEGK
KA<G
9E9<GK
/AN_KK=AK
KA<G
9E9<GK
!GJ<=K
9E9<GK
/AN=J<=K
KA<G
9E9<GK
/AN=KK=E
KA<G
9E9<GK
!GJ=E
9E9<GK
/AN=J=E
KA<G
9E9<GK
9E9<G
/AN=J
KA<G
9E9<G
formas nominais
Infinitivo no flexionado
.=J
9E9<G
9E9<GK
/=J=E
KA<G9E9<GK
Futuro composto
/=J
KA<G9E9<G
Infinitivo flexionado
.=J
9E9<G
/=J
KA<G9E9<G
.=J=K
9E9<G
/=J=K
KA<G9E9<G
.=J
9E9<G
/=J
KA<G9E9<G
.=JEGK
9E9<GK
/=JEGK
KA<G9E9<GK
.=J<=K
9E9<GK
/=J<=K
KA<G9E9<GK
Gerndio composto
/=F<G
KA<G9E9<G
*bservaes KG:J=9NGRH9KKAN9
p * H9JLA;bHAG F=KL= ;9KG 9H9J=;= F9 >GJE9 >=EAFAF9 K= 9 J=>=JaF;A9 _ >=AL9 9 K=J
<G?aF=JG>=EAFAFG
D=_ 5A58C D9_ 5A585
p/9E:_EF9KLJaKH=KKG9K<GHDMJ9DGH9JLA;bHAGN9A9GHDMJ9D
1GR9LAN9v D9L=E 9GHI858C D9KLaE 9GHI858C
1GRH9KKAN9v D9_ 5A585 D9KK]G 5A585G
p)9NGRH9KKAN9F]GK=MK9GAEH=J9LANG
GFBM?9^]G<=MEN=J:GHJGFGEAF9D9HA=<9JK=
Gerndio
.=F<G9E9<G
D=K G9 >GJ9E
IM=AP9K=
EI9=L5ACBCG
IM=AP9AKNGK
IM=AP9EK=
)9KGMLJ9KHGKA^g=KGN=J:G>A;9JYAFL9;LG
)eKFGKIM=AP9EGK ,M=AP9JFGK=EGK
Presente
BCG
H9ACBCG
5D=9858C
5D=98RF5ACBCG
L=F<=KNGK
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<YJ=AKNGK
LaEK=
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9J9EK=
Futuro do presente
LAF@9E=
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JE==A
Apiedar-se
LAF@9KL=
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JL=YK
modo indicativo
LAF@9K=
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JK=Y
H[B<5ACBCG
5D=9858C
9HA=<9JFGK=EGK
LbF@=AKNGK
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JNGK=AK
LAF@9EK=
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JK=]G
Pretrito
imperfeito
Pretrito perfeito
9HA=<GE=
9HA=<9N9E=
9HA=<=AE=
9HA=<9KL=
9HA=<9N9KL=
9HA=<9KL=L=
9HA=<9K=
9HA=<9N9K=
9HA=<GMK=
5D=985AC
5D=98RJ5ACBCG
5D=985ACBCG
9HA=<9AKNGK
9HA=<YN=AKNGK
9HA=<9EK=
9HA=<9N9EK=
Futuro do pretrito
L=JE==A
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JE=A9
L=JL=YK
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JL=A9K
9HA=<9KL=KNGK
L=JK=Y
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JK=A9
9HA=<9J9EK=
L=JFGK=EGK
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JFGKb9EGK
L=JNGK=AK
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JNGKb=AK
L=JK=]G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JK=A9E
Pretrito mais-queperfeito
L=F@GE=
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9J9E=
L=FKL=
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9J9KL=
L=EK=
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9J9K=
9HA=<9<G
L=JK=A9K
9HA=<9<G
L=JK=A9
9HA=<9<G
L=JFGKb9EGK
9HA=<9<G
L=JNGKb=AK
9HA=<9<G
L=JK=A9E
9HA=<9<G
LAN=KK=E=
LAN=KK=KL=
LAN=KK=K=
H=JXGG9AC
BCG
LAN_KK=AK
NGK
LAN=KK=EK=
)MF;9K=MK=HJGFGE=YLGFGHGKHGKLG9H9JLA;bHAG
)MF;9 K= MK= HJGFGE= YLGFG HGKHGKLG 9GK >MLMJGK <G HJ=K=FL= = <G HJ=L_JALG MK9JK=Y 9
9FL=HGKA^]GGM9AFL=JHGKA^]G;GEGN=J=EGK<=HGAK
modo subjuntivo
)ota -9J9E=FL= 9H9J=;= HJGFGE= HGKHGKLG 9 N=J:G F=KL= EG<G HGJ 9H9J=;=J
=E?=J9D=EGJ9^]GKM:GJ<AF9<9
Presente
Pretrito
imperfeito
9HA=<=E=
9HA=<=KL=
9HA=<=K=
5D=989AC
BCG
9HA=<=AK
NGK
9HA=<=EK=
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito
9HA=<9KK=E=
9HA=<9KK=KL=
9HA=<9KK=K=
5D=98RGG9AC
BCG
9HA=<YKK=AK
NGK
9HA=<9KK=E
K=
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
modo imperativo
Negativo
9HA=<9L=LM
9HA=<=K=NG;a
5D=989ACBCGB_G
9HA=<9ANGKNeK
9HA=<=EK=NG;aK
)]GK=MK9HJG
FGE=HGKHGKLG9
N=J:GF=KL9>GJE9
formas nominais
Infinitivo no
flexionado simples
Futuro composto
)]GK=MK9HJG
FGE=HGKHGKLG9
N=J:GF=KL9>GJE9
5D=9858C
Afirmativo
Pretrito perfeito
)]GK=MK9HJG
FGE=HGKHGKLG9
N=J:GF=KL9>GJE9
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9JE=
9HA=<9JL=
9HA=<9JK=
9HA=<9JFGK
9HA=<9JNGK
9HA=<9JK=
Infinito flexionado simples
9HA=<9JE=
9HA=<9J=K
L=
9HA=<9JK=
5D=985FAC
BCG
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
L=J=KL=
9HA=<9<G
L=JK=
9HA=<9<G
H9FACBCG
5D=9858C
9HA=<9J<=K
NGK
9HA=<9J=E
K=
Gerndio
simples
9HA=<9F<G
E=
9HA=<9F<G
L=
9HA=<9F<G
K=
9HA=<9F<G
FGK
9HA=<9F<G
NGK
9HA=<9F<G
K=
Particpio
L=J<=KNGK
9HA=<9<G
L=J=EK=
9HA=<9<G
7K=GN=J:GL=JEAF9JHGJKGEF9K9DA GMKbD9:9;GELADGKHJGFGE=K
9KKME=E9K>GJE9K BC B5 BCGB5G
Dc9CDc9BCJ=F5A5J=F5AB5
Gerndio composto
L=F<GE=
9HA=<9<G
L=F<GL=
9HA=<9<G
L=F<GK=
9HA=<9<G
L=F<GFGK
9HA=<9<G
L=F<GNGK
9HA=<9<G
L=F<GK=
9HA=<9<G
)]GK=MK9HJGFGE=HGKHGKLG9N=J:GF=KL9>GJE9
GFBM?9^]G<=MEN=J:G;GEHJGFGE=G:DbIMGYLGFGHfDG
D9 C ;@9E9
)ota .= GK HJGFGE=K NaE 9FL=K <G N=J:G F]G @Y F=F@ME9 9DL=J9^]G FGK HJG
FGE=K=FGN=J:G D= CDc9 9DA M C :=N
*bservao D?MFK 9MLGJ=K ;@9E9E DFCBCA=B5=G F9:@9LCG 9GK N=J:GK F9 NGR
J=>D=PAN9 = HJGFGEAF9AK AJJ=>D=PANGK GM F]G J=>D=PGK 9GK N=J:GK <=KL= H9JY?J9>G
Pretrito
imperfeito
Pretrito
perfeito
HGF@GG
HMF@9G
HMDG
Hg=DG
HMF@9DG
HMK=KL=G
Hg=FG
HMF@9G
HfDG
HGEGDG
HhF@9EGDG
HMK=EGDG
HGF<=DG
HhF@=ADG
HMK=KL=DG
Hg=EFG
HMF@9EFG
HMK=J9EFG
Pret. Maisque-perf.
futuro do
presente
Futuro do
pretrito
+MK=J9G
HfDG=A
HfDGA9
HMK=J9DG
HfDGYK
HfDGA9K
HMK=J9G
HfDGY
HfDGA9
Hg=FGLM
HMK_J9EGDG
HfDG=EGK
HfDGb9EGK
HMK_J=ADG
HfDG=AK
HfDGb=AK
HGF@9G
NG;a
HMK=J9EFG
HfDG]G
HfDGA9E
HGF@9EG
DGFeK
)GL=K= IM= FGK >MLMJGK <G HJ=K=FL= = <G HJ=L_JALG @Y >GJE9K N=J:9AK ;GE <GAK 9;=FLGK
?JY>A;GK
HGF<=G
NeK
HGF@9EFG
NG;aK
modo subjuntivo
)otaJ9J9E=FL=9H9J=;=HJGFGE=HGKHGKLG9N=J:GF=KL=EG<G
Presente
)]GK=MK9
HJGFGE=HGK
HGKLG9N=J:G
F=KL9>GJE9
Pretrito
imperfeito
Futuro
HGF@9G
HMK=KK=G
HGF@9DG
HMK=KK=DG
HGF@9G
HMK=KK=G
)]GK=MK9
HJGFGE=HGK
HGKLG9N=J:G
F=KL9>GJE9
HGF@9EG
DG
HMK_KK=EGDG
HGF@9ADG
HMK_KK=ADG
HGF@9EFG
HMK=KK=EFG
Formas Nominais
Infinitivo
Gerndio
Particpio
HfDG
HGF<GG
)]GK=MK9
;GEHJGFGE=
HGKHGKLG
-=;GJ<=K=IM=GK>AF9D<GHJ=K=FL=<GAF<A;9LANG<=K9H9J=;=FGAEH=J9LANG9>AJE9LANG
GFBM?9^]G<GKN=J:GKAJJ=?MD9J=K
modo imperativo
Afirmativo
p Conjugao
Negativo
Dar
*F9G =B8 <GM<YK<Y<9EGK<9AK<]G
*F9H D9F: =B8 <=A<=KL=<=M<=EGK<=KL=K<=J9E
' EI9*9F: =B8 <=J9<=J9K<=J9<_J9EGK<_J=AK<=J9E
*F9G GI6> <a<aK<a<=EGK<=AK<==E
*F9H =AD9F: GI6> <=KK=<=KK=K<=KK=<_KK=EGK<_KK=AK<=KK=E
IH GI6> <=J<=J=K<=J<=JEGK<=J<=K<=J=E
+GJ=KL=EG<=DG;GFBM?9K= 89G85F7=F7IB85F _HGJ_EJ=?MD9J
Estar
1=J9DAKL9<GKN=J:GK9MPADA9J=K
pGFBM?9^]G
p Conjugao
Caber
*F9G =B8 ;9A:G;9:=K;9:=;9:=EGK;9:=AK;9:=E
*F9H D9F: =B8 ;GM:=;GM:=KL=;GM:=;GM:=EGK;GM:=KL=K;GM:=J9E
IH GI6> <AKK=J<AKK=J=K<AKK=J<AKK=JEGK<AKK=J<=K<AKK=J=E
#AD9F5H=JC<AR=<AR=A
*5FH <ALG
+GJ =KL= K= ;GFBM?9E 69B8=N9F 7CB8=N9F 7CBHF58=N9F 89G8=N9F A5@8=N9F
DF98=N9F
Comprazer
1=J DF5N9F
Crer
Fazer
*F9G =B8 >9^G>9R=K>9R>9R=EGK>9R=AK>9R=E
*F9H D9F: =B8 >AR>AR=KL=>=R>AR=EGK>AR=KL=K>AR=J9E
' E D9F: =B8 >AR=J9>AR=J9K>AR=J9>AR_J9EGK>AR_J=AK>AR=J9E
IH DF9G >9J=A>9JYK>9JY>9J=EGK>9J=AK>9J]G
IH DF9H >9JA9>9JA9K>9JA9>9Jb9EGK>9Jb=AK>9JA9E
*F9G GI6> >9^9>9^9K>9^9>9^9EGK>9^9AK>9^9E
*F9H =AD GI6> >AR=KK=>AR=KK=K>AR=KK=>AR_KK=EGK>AR_KK=AK>AR=KK=E
IH GI6> >AR=J>AR=J=K>AR=J>AR=JEGK>AR=J<=K>AR=J=E
#AD9F5H=JC>9R=>9R=A
*5FH >=ALG
+GJ =KL= K= ;GFBM?9E 5:5N9F 7CBHF5:5N9F 89G:5N9F @=EI9:5N9F D9F:5N9F
F9:5N9F F5F9:5N9F G5H=G:5N9F
Haver
1=J9;GFBM?9^]G<GKN=J:GK9MPADA9J=K
#AD9F5H=JC;Ja;J=<=
*5FH ;JA<G
GE=KL=;GFBM?9K= 89G7F9F
Jazer
*F9H =B8 B9RGB9R=KB9RB9R=EGKB9R=AKB9R=E
Dizer
KGMLJ9K>GJE9KvHGAK_LGL9DE=FL=;GFBM?9<GvK]GJ=?MD9J=K
+GJ=KL=K=EG<=D9 58>5N9F
Ler
*F9G =B8 D=AGDaKDaD=EGKD=<=KD==E
*F9H D9F: =B8 DAD=KL=D=MD=EGKD=KL=KD=J9E
' E D9F: =B8 D=J9D=J9KD=J9DaJ9EGKDaJ=AKD=J9E
*F9G GI6> D=A9D=A9KD=A9D=A9EGKD=A9AKD=A9E
*F9H =AD GI6> D=KK=D=KK=KD=KK=DaKK=EGKDaKK=AKD=KK=E
IH GI6> D=JD=J=KD=JD=JEGKD=J<=KD=J=E
+GJ=KL=K=;GFBM?9E F9@9F = HF9G@9F
Perder
*F9G =B8 H=J;GaH=J<=KH=J<=H=J<=EGKH=J<=AKH=J<=E
*F9G GI6> H=J;9aH=J;9KaH=J;9aH=J;9EGKaH=J;9AKaH=J;9Ea
Poder
*F9G =B8 HGKKGHG<=KHG<=HG<=EGKHG<=AKHG<=E
*F9H D9F: =B8 HM<=HM<=KL=Hf<=HM<=EGKHM<=KL=KHM<=J9E
' E D9F: =B8 HM<=J9HM<=J9KHM<=J9HM<_J9EGKHM<_J=AKHM<=J9E
Querer
*F9G =B8 IM=JGIM=J=KIM=JIM=J=EGKIM=J=AKIM=J=E
*F9H *9F: =B8 IMAKIMAK=KL=IMAKIMAK=EGKIMAK=KL=KIMAK=J9E
' E D9F: =B8 IMAK=J9IMAK=J9KIMAK=J9IMAK_J9EGKIMAK_J=AKIMAK=J9E
*F9G GI6> IM=AJ9IM=AJ9KIM=AJ9IM=AJ9EGKIM=AJ9AKIM=AJ9E
*F9H =AD GI6> IMAK=KK= IMAK=KK=K IMAK=KK= IMAK_KK=EGK IMAK_KK=AK
IMAK=KK=E
IH GI6> IMAK=JIMAK=J=KIMAK=JIMAK=JEGKIMAK=J<=KIMAK=J=E
*5FH IM=JA<G9>GJE9IMAKLGKeK=MK9=E 69BEI=GHC = A5@EI=GHC
EG<=JF9 >GJE9 EI9F9 p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J =E DM?9J <= EI9F Ke _
MK9<9 H=DGK HGJLM?M=K=K )GJE9DE=FL= F]G K= MK9 G N=J:G EI9F9F FG AEH=J9LANG
@Y =P=EHDGK <= EI9F9= FGK -9FAc9G <G += FLfFAG 1A=AJ9 ,M9F<G K= MK9 HJG
FGE= YLGFG C 5 CG 5G HGKHGKLG Z p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J <G HJ=K=FL= <G
AF<A;9LANG=EHJ=?9K= EIX@C GM EI9F9C x,M_DGGL=MHGNGy6# 7
=KMK9<G EG<=JF9E=FL= FG AEH=J9LANG 9H9J=;= FG GHL9LANG IM= LJ9<MR
ME <=K=BG <= J=9DAR9^]G <= ME >9LG =PHJ=KKG H=DG AF>AFALANG K=?MAFL= +I9=F5
579=H5FA9IG7IADF=A9BHCG
Prazer
+GM;GMK9<GF9 p=
pH=KKG9
*F9G =B8 HJ9RHJ9R=E
*F9H D9F: =B8 HJGMN=HJGMN=J9E
' E D9F: =B8 HJGMN=J9HJGMN=J9E
*F9H =AD GI6> HJGMN=KK=HJGMN=KK=E
IH GI6> HJGMN=JHJGMN=J=E
+GJ =KL= K= ;GFBM?9E 5DF5N9F 89GDF5N9F 89G5DF5N9F N=J:GK IM= K= 9H
J=K=FL9E =E LG<9K 9K H=KKG9K CADF5N9F = 89G7CADF5N9F GVC N=J:GK ;GEHD=LGK
Requerer
*F9G =B8 J=IM=AJG J=IM=J=K J=IM=J GM J=IM=J= J=IM=J=EGK J=IM=J=AK
J=IM=J=E
*F9H *9F: =B8 J=IM=JA J=IM=J=KL= J=IM=J=M J=IM=J=EGK J=IM=J=KL=K
J=IM=J=J9E
' E D9F: =B8 J=IM=J=J9 J=IM=J=J9K J=IM=J=J9 J=IM=JaJ9EGK J=IM=JaJ=AK
J=IM=J=J9E
*F9G GI6> J=IM=AJ9 J=IM=AJ9KJ=IM=AJ9J=IM=AJ9EGKJ=IM=AJ9AKJ=IM=AJ9E
*F9H =AD GI6> J=IM=J=KK= J=IM=J=KK=K J=IM=J=KK= J=IM=JaKK=EGK J=IM=JaKK=AK
J=IM=J=KK=E
IH GI6> J=IM=J=JJ=IM=J=J=KJ=IM=J=JJ=IM=J=JEGKJ=IM=J=J<=KJ=IM=J=J=E
#AD9F5H=JCJ=IM=J=J=IM=J=A
*5FH J=IM=JA<G
Saber
*F9G =B8 K=AK9:=KK9:=K9:=EGKK9:=AKK9:=E
*F9H D9F: =B8 KGM:=KGM:=KL=KGM:=KGM:=EGKKGM:=KL=KKGM:=J9E
' E D9F: AF< KGM:=J9KGM:=J9KKGM:=J9KGM:_J9EGKKGM:_J=AKKGM:=J9E
*F9G GI6> K9A:9K9A:9KK9A:9K9A:9EGKK9A:9AKK9A:9E
*F9H =AD GI6> KGM:=KK= KGM:=KK=K KGM:=KK= KGM:_KK=EGK KGM:_KK=AK
KGM:=KK=E
IH GI6> KGM:=JKGM:=J=KKGM:=JKGM:=JEGKKGM:=J<=KKGM:=J=E
Ser
1=B99;GFBM?9^]G<GKN=J:GK9MPADA9J=K
Ver
*F9G =B8 N=BGNaKNaN=EGKN=<=KN==E
*F9H =AD =B8 NA9NA9KNA9Nb9EGKNb=AKNA9E
*F9H D9F: =B8 NANAKL=NAMNAEGKNAKL=KNAJ9E
' E D9F: =B8 NAJ9NAJ9KNAJ9NbJ9EGKNbJ=AKNAJ9E
*F9G GI6> N=B9N=B9KN=B9N=B9EGKN=B9AKN=B9E
*F9H =AD GI6> NAKK=NAKK=KNAKK=NbKK=EGKNbKK=AKNAKK=E
IH GI6> NAJNAJ=KNAJNAJEGKNAJ<=KNAJ=E
*5FH NAKLG
KKAE K= ;GFBM?9E 5BH9J9F 9BHF9J9F DF9J9F = F9J9F *FCJ9F = 89GDFCJ9F
EG<=D9EK= HGJ J9F =P;=LG FG HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG = <=JAN9<GK = H9J
LA;bHAGIM9F<GK=;GFBM?9EJ=?MD9JE=FL=
*F9H *9F: =B8 HJGNAHJGN=KL=HJGN=MHJGN=EGKHJGN=KL=KHJGN=J9E
' E D9F: =B8 HJGN=J9HJGN=J9KHJGN=J9HJGN_J9EGKHJGNaJ=AKHJGN=J9E
IH GI6> HJGN=JHJGN=J=KHJGN=JHJGN=JEGKHJGN=J<=KHJGN=J=E
Ter
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Emprego de tempos e modos
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apndice
passagem da voz ativa passiva e vice-versa
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*KH=;9<GJ=K<=N=EK=J D9F8C58CG
*K:AD@=L=KK=JA9E F9GDCB8=8CG @GB=
)9H9KK9?=E<99LAN9H9J99H9KKAN9K=?M=K=G=KIM=E9
qGKMB=ALG<99LAN9K=@GMN=JH9KK999?=FL=<9H9KKAN9
qGG:B=LG<AJ=LG<99LAN9K=@GMN=JH9KK99KMB=ALG<9H9KKAN9
q G N=J:G <9 NGR 9LAN9 H9KK9 H9J9 9 NGR H9KKAN9 ;GFK=JN9F<GK= G
E=KEGL=EHG=EG<G
qF]GKG>J=E9DL=J9^]GGKGMLJGKL=JEGKGJ9;AGF9AKIM=9H9J=^9E
P=EHDG
H=J5
MDAGDANJG
*5GG=J5
*DANJG>GADA<GHGJEAE
7 Advrbio
<N_J:AG
9@=NA9BH9 %GK_;@=?GM9<N_J:AG=EJ=>=JaF;A99LG<99<=;D9J9^]G
%GK_;@=?GMG9<N_J:AG<=KL=LAHG?=J9DE=FL==PHJAE=MEBMbRG
H=KKG9D<=IM=E>9D9=;GFKLALMA9;DYMKMD9;GE=FLYJAG
<N_J:AG=HJ=HGKA^]G
GFKLJM^g=K;GEG
*NARAF@G=K;J=N=M 7CBHF5 G9J?ME=FLG
'G;M^]G9<N=J:A9D
FGK 9<GL9J 9 HJGHGKL9 <= D9J;GK 'DGJ9;@ FG K=FLA<G <= 9L=JK= G 9F9DAKL9
xZK J=D9^g=K IM= ;9<9 9<N_J:AG ;GFLJ9A <=FLJG <G =FMF;A9<G IM=J FG K=M
H9H=D HJAEYJAG <= 9<B9;=FL= ;AJ;MFKL9F;A9D IM=J HGJ KM9 ;GE:AF9^]G ;GE
GMLJ9KMFA<9<=KFGAFL=JAGJ<=ME?JMHGFGEAF9DMFALYJAGy6' l7
)9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G <G 9<N_J:AG GJ9 K= H9ML9 H=DGK N9DGJ=K D_PA;GK
K=E[FLA;GK <9K MFA<9<=K IM= G ;GFKLALM=E GJ9 HGJ ;JAL_JAGK >MF;AGF9AK
)G HJAE=AJG ;9KG K]G GK 9<N_J:AGK ;D9KKA>A;9<GK ;GEG <=FGL9<GJ=K <=
H9ADC 5;CF5 5BH9G H5F89 =L; <= @I;5F 5EI= :CF5 =L; <= EI5B
H=8589 H5BHC AI=HC 65GH5BH9 =L; =L; +=DG K=?MF<G ;JAL_JAG L=J=EGK GK
89ACBGHF5H=JCG 5EI= 9BHVC 5;CF5 5[ =L; GK F9@5H=JCG CB89 7CAC
EI5B8C=L; = =BH9FFC;5H=JCG EI5B8C CB89 7CAC
K HJAF;AH9AK ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K =PHJ=KK9K HGJ 9<N_J:AG GM DG;M^]G 9<
N=J:A9DK]G
5GGIBHCGFN=JK9JKG:J=EhKA;9
75IG5(GJJ=J<=>GE=
7CAD5B<=5.9AJ;GEGK9EA?GK
7CB79GGVC1GDL9J9E9H=K9J<G=K;MJG
7CB8=WVC.e=FLJ9JY;GE9MLGJAR9^]G )]GK9AJYK=EDA;=F^9
7CB:CFA=8589!=R9;9K9;GF>GJE=9HD9FL9
8dJ=85/9DN=RE=D@GJ=GL=EHG ;9KG=F;GFLJGMGDANJG
:=A+J=H9JGMK=H9J9G:9AD=
=BGHFIA9BHC K;J=N=J;GEDYHAK
=BH9BG=8589F<GME9AK<=HJ=KK9
@I;5F KLM<99IMA !GADY +9KKGMH=D9;A<9<= 1=AG<9DA
AC8C!9DGM9KKAE F<9E9D .9AMZKHJ=KK9K
F9:9FZB7=5x*IM=FGKKG:J9 9A;@_F=5 <=GMK9<GK=N=FLMJGKGK
F9N=?9FL=KEbF?M9FGK 9A:5A5 <==F_J?A;GK=HJ=NA<=FL=K;GD
GFAR9<GJ=Ky6'G 5DI8 !
7
H9ADC1AKAL9J9EFGK@GB= FL]GF]G@9NA9J=;MJKGK .=EHJ=
FGK;MEHJAE=FL9J9E %9E9AKE=FLAM
B9;5WVC)]GD=JYK=Ee;MDGK
*bservao )GE=F;D9LMJ9 "J9E9LA;9D J9KAD=AJ9 Hg= GK <=FGL9<GJ=K <= =B
7@IGVC 9L7@IGVC G=HI5WVC F9H=:=75WVC 89G=;B5WVC F95@79 =L; Z H9JL= K=E 9
JA?GJ AF;DMbDGK =FLJ= GK 9<N_J:AGK E9K ;GFKLALMAF<G ME9 ;D9KK= GM ?JMHG @=L=JG
?aF=G ;@9E9<G 89BCH58CF9G IM= ;GAF;A<= =E H9JL= ;GE 9 HJGHGKL9 <= %GK_
*ALA;A;9 <9K D5@5JF5G 89BCH5H=J5G EMAL9K <9K IM9AK LaE H9H=D LJ9FK>JYKLA;G = E=D
@GJ 9L=F<=E 9 >9LGJ=K <= >MF^]G L=PLM9D =KLJ9F@GK ZK J=D9^g=K K=E[FLA;GKAFLYLA;
9KAF=J=FL=KZKGJ9^g=K=EIM=K=9;@9EAFK=JA<9K
v =B7@IGVCL9E:_E9L_E=KEG=L;
HX GHJG>=KKGJJAMK=
)AF?M_EN=AG A9GAC GAJE]G
v 9L7@IGVCKeKGE=FL=K9DNGK=F]G9H=F9K=L;
-_ =MK_AEGJL9D
D9B5G GDANJG>GAN=F<A<G
v G=HI5WVC
'5G IM=>=DA;A<9<=
BHVC <MNA<9IM=K=>9D9KK=D9LAE
*C=G F]G_IM==D=N=AG
v F9H=:=75WVC9DAYKE=D@GJAKLG_GM9FL=K=L;
GEHJ=A;AF;G 5@=RGK=AKDANJGK
GJJ=M =GHCXNGGM9L_FGKK9;9K9
v 89G=;B5WVC
=G G@GE=E
v F95@79
)eK XEI9 KGEGK:J9KAD=AJGK
v 9LD@9H=JCDYKeGJ9IM=
MK=A @R
1=B9E G_ IM=;GAK9
*@ +I9 K9M<9<= EI9 L=F@G
)F5 <=;A<9EGKDG?GGF=?e;AG
v 9LD@=75WVC9K9:=JHGJ=P=EHDGAKLG_=L;
J9ELJaKAJE]GK 5G569F+=<JGFLfFAG="AD:=JLG
*HD9FGxLJ9FK>JYKLA;Gy=GK9<N_J:AGK
<AK;MJKG HG<=J K=J J=LGE9<9 GM 9FL=;AH9<9 HGJ GMLJ9 MFA<9<= FME HGFLG
<G <AK;MJKG AF<ANA<M9D GM <A9DG?9<G 6 K
7 KM:KLALMA^]G GM J=
LGE9<9 BY NAF@9 K=F<G HGKL9 =E =NA<aF;A9 H=D9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D FG
;9KG <GK HJGFGE=K E9K 9 9^]G <9 9FLAL9P= _ E9AK 9EHD9 = N9A <=K=E
:G;9JFGH9H=DL=PLM9D<=9D?MFK9<N_J:AGK;GEGN=J=EGK9K=?MAJ
KKAE F]G K]G 9<N_J:AGK E9K KM:KLALMLGK <= GJ9^]G HJGGJ9^g=K
GM HJGL=PLGK G=A BVC H5@J9N H5A6XA IM9F<G J=LGE9E ;GEG J=KHGK
L9K=FMF;A9<GKL=PLM9AK
1G;aN9A9G;AF=E9v -=A
D9>=RGK=P=J;b;AGKv (VC
/MF]G>GKL==K;GD@A<G .5A6XA
9E:GKFGFbN=D<9GJ9^]G=<GL=PLGGM=E
9FH5A9BH9 =D9F]GNAJY@GB=
/G<GKK9bJ9EAD=KGK :9@=NA9BH9
(5HIF5@A9BH9 =D=F=?9JYGIM=<AKK=GFL=E
LG<GKFGFbN=D<9;DYMKMD9;GE=FLYJAG
+GJL9FLG 9 L9AK 9<N_J:AGK F]G K= @Y <= IM=J=J 9HDA;9J 9 K_JA= <= ;9
J9;L=JbKLA;9K ;9FfFA;9K <G 9<N_J:AG IM= K= 9;@9 =P;DMKAN9E=FL= HJ=KG ZK
J=>=JaF;A9K<GFh;D=GN=J:9D
/9E:_E E=J=;=E J=>=JaF;A9 =KH=;A9D GK 9<N_J:AGK IM= =KL]G FG
H9H=D <= <A>=J=F^9J 9K GJ9^g=K H=DG K=M xKA?FA>A;9<G fFLA;Gy AKLG _ G
N9DGJ <= =PAKLaF;A9 IM= K= 9LJA:MA 9G x=KL9<G <= ;GAK9Ky <=KA?F9<G H=D9 GJ
9^]G =PAKLaF;A9 ;=JL9 F=?9<9 <MNA<GK9 <=K=B9<9 =L;
W G ;9KG <GK
9<N_J:AGK<= B9;5WVC =<= 8dJ=85
D=N=AG
D= BVC N=AG
D9;@=?9
D9 H5@J9N ;@=?M=
<N_J:AGK<=:9K=FGEAF9D=HJGFGEAF9D
*bservaes
p .= G FGE= L=E >GJE9 H9J9 E9K;MDAFG = >=EAFAFG BMFL9K= G KM>APG 9G >=EAF
AFG !9R=E =P;=^]G 9D?MFK 9<B=LANGK L=JEAF9<GK =E ZG = CF IM= FG HGJLM?MaK 9F
LA?G Ke 9HJ=K=FL9N9E ME9 >GJE9 H9J9 9E:GK GK ?aF=JGK 9b <AR=JK= DCFHI;I9G
A9BH9 = F]G DCFHI;I9G5A9BH9 GID9F=CFA9BH9 = F]G GID9F=CF5A9BH9
A9@<CFA9BH9
p KL=K 9<N_J:AGK =E A9BH9 K= ;9J9;L=JAR9E HGJ ;GFK=JN9J G 9;=FLG NG;9:MD9J
<= ;9<9 =D=E=FLG ;GFKLALMLANG 9AF<9 IM= E9AK 9L=FM9<G G IM= D@=K H=JEAL=
FME9 K_JA= <= 9<N_J:AGK =E ?=J9D Ke 9HJ=K=FL9J 9 >GJE9 =E A9BH9 FG >AE
KLM<9 5H9BH5 = F9GC@IH5A9BH9 #9N=F<G aF>9K= HG<=K= J=H=LAJ G 9<N_J:AG F9
>GJE9HD=F9
x=HGAK 9AF<9 >9DGM ;F5J9A9BH9 = @CB;5A9BH9 KG:J= 9 HJGE=KK9 IM=
>AR=J9y6( 5DI8 .. l7
FLJ=GK DFCBCA=B5=GL=EGK
5 89ACBGHF5H=JCG9IMA9b9;GDYDY;Y
6 F9@5H=JCGGF<==EIM=IM9F<G=EIM=;GEGHGJIM=
7 =B89:=B=8CG9D?MJ=K9D@MJ=KEMALGHGM;GIM=
8 =BH9FFC;5H=JCGGF<=IM9F<G;GEGHGJIM=HGJIMa
*K 9<N_J:AGK J=D9LANGK ;GEG GK HJGFGE=K J=D9LANGK K=JN=E H9J9
J=>=JAJK= 9 MFA<9<=K IM= =KL]G HGKL9K F9 GJ9^]G 9FL=JAGJ )9K A<=A9K <=
DM?9J=EHJ=?9EGK CB89=EN=R<= 9AEI9 BCEI5@ =>D=Pg=K
;9K9 CB89 EGJ9_=P;=D=FL=
$FL=FKA>A;9^]G?J9<M9D<GK9<N_J:AGK
8 Preposio
+J=HGKA^]G
)G=P=EHDG
9BC=H9 LG<GKGK?9LGKK]GH9J<GK
L=EHGJ9D 89 BC=H9 = 9KKAE HGKK9 =P=J;=J 9 >MF^]G <= 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D
F9GJ9^]G9;AE9
)G=P=EHDGHJAE=AJG
D<=FGJ9?GKL9<==DG#GJARGFL=
HGAK IM= 9KKAE ;GEG K9:b9EGK G IM= KA?FA>A;9 :575 K9:=EGK G IM= _
,CG5 F]G K= LJ9L9 <= F=F@ME AFKLJME=FLG ;GJL9FL= ;9H9R <= >9LA9J G DVC
L=Jb9EGK F=KL= =P=EHDG ME9 9;=H^]G ;GFL=PLM9D K=FLA<G <= x9BM<9y
GM x;GEH9F@A9y HGJ =KL9 GM 9IM=D9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 =E IM= G DVC K=
9;@9N9 = IM= Ke G =FLGJFG GM KALM9^]G HG<=JA9 =PHDA;9J G ;GFL=h<G <9
GJ9^]G
KKAE F]G K= <=N= H=J<=J <= NAKL9 IM= F9 J=D9^]G <GK xKA?FA>A;9
<GKy <9K HJ=HGKA^g=K @Y K=EHJ= ME KA?FA>A;9<G MFALYJAG <= DbF?M9 IM= K=
<=K<G:J9 =E K=FLA<GK ;GFL=PLM9AK 9 IM= K= ;@=?9 H=DG ;GFL=PLG = H=D9
KALM9^]G
* KAKL=E9 HJ=HGKA;AGF9D <G HGJLM?MaK <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 K=E[FLA;G
=KLY <ANA<A<G =E <GAK ;9EHGK ;=FLJ9AK ME IM= K= ;9J9;L=JAR9 H=DG LJ9^G
x<AF9EA;A<9<=y >bKA;9 GM >A?MJ9<9 = GMLJG =E IM= GK LJ9^GK <= FG^g=K
x=KLYLA;9Ky = x<AF[EA;9Ky K]G AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= E9J;9<GK 9E:GK L9FLG
=EJ=>=JaF;A99G=KH9^GIM9FLG9GL=EHG
G HJAE=AJG ;9EHG H=JL=F;=E 5 7CBHF5 5HX D5F5 DCF 89 =
89G899GK=?MF<G 5BH9 HFRG GC6 GC6F9 7CA G9A 9A = 9BHF9
* HJAE=AJG ?JMHG 9<EAL= <ANAK]G =E <GAK KM:?JMHGK 5 EGNAE=FLG
<= 9HJGPAE9^]G 9G HGFLG <= ;@=?9<9 5 7CBHF5 5HX D5F5 6 EGNA
E=FLG <= 9>9KL9E=FLG 89 89G89 HJ=HGKA^]G DCF K= EGKLJ9 ;GE
H9LbN=D;GE9K<M9KFG^g=K9IMA9HGFL9<9K
* HJAE=AJG KM:?JMHG 9AF<9 K= HG<= <ANA<AJ =E <M9K GMLJ9K FG^g=K
KMHD=E=FL9J=K 5 x;@=?9<9 9G DAEAL=y 5 5HX 7CBHF5 K=F<G IM= 9 7CBHF5
'G;M^]GHJ=HGKALAN9
/J9L9K= 9IMA <= =PHJ=KKg=K H=LJA>A;9<9K IM= N9D=E HGJ ME9 MFA<9<= D_PA;9 5C DX
89 D9@5A5B<V=L; =;GEGL9AKHG<=E<=HGAKK=JHJ=;=<A<9K<=HJ=HGKA^]G
GE:AF9^]G=;GFLJ9^]G;GEGMLJ9KH9D9NJ9K
;GEGHJGFGE=<=EGFKLJ9LANG
99IM=D=ZIM=D=99IM=D=KZIM=D=K;J9K=
99IM=D9ZIM=D999IM=D9KZIM=D9K;J9K=
99IMADGZIMADG;J9K=
*bservaes
p (MAL9K N=R=K 9 DA?9^]G GM F]G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G Z H9D9NJ9 K=?MAFL= <=H=F<= <9
F=;=KKA<9<=<=?9J9FLAJ9;D9J=R9<9E=FK9?=E9EH9J9<9HGJ=FLG9^]G=KH=;A9D
x+9J9.9MKKMJ=9x;AaF;A9y<GKKA?FGK=J9H9J9K=JMEJ9EG<9HKA;G
DG?A9KG;A9D=9DAF?MbKLA;9ME9KM:=KH_;A=<=KL=J9EG 5D9G5F895
E9AKAEHGJL9FL=y6%=
7
( 9F<=AJ9 K=FLAM F=;=KKA<9<= <= F]G HJG;=<=J Z ;J9K= =E 5 5EI9@5 FG
=P=EHDG
x+9J9LM<GAKKGHGJ_E=PAKL=99<=K]G=EE9KK9 WGE9AGJE=<G<=
*KO9D<<=F<J9<= =>9LGF9<9J=KAKL= 55EI9@5 =KLJ9L_?A9H9J9
<GP9Dy6(
7
p )]G K= ;GE:AF9 G 9JLA?G IM9F<G =KL= _ H9JL= AFL=?J9FL= <G KAFL9?E9 FGEAF9D
;GEGFGK=?MAFL==P=EHDG
#YIM=E;GF@=^9GIM=K=<=;A<AM;@9E9J 89C 9GD[F=HC75F=C75
W H=D9 E=KE9 J9R]G <= ;GFK=JN9J 9 AFL=?JA<9<= IM= K= <=N= =NAL9J >9R=J 9 ;GE
:AF9^]G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G ;GE 9 H9D9NJ9 AFA;A9D <GK LbLMDGK <= DANJGK BGJF9AK = <=E9AK
H=JAe<A;GK
89 *K'MKb9<9K 9A *K.=JLg=K
/9E:_E _ HJ=>=JbN=D F]G K= MK9J 9HeKLJG>G 8n)G &IG[585G F=E 9 J=H=LA^]G <G
9JLA?G8CG)G&IG[585G
HJYLA;9<GK=K;JALGJ=KK=EGKLJ9EMALGAF<=;AK9F=KL=H9JLA;MD9J
6&
7
De
;GEG9JLA?G<=>AFA<GE9K;MDAFG=>=EAFAFG
<=G<G<=9<9<=GK<GK<=9K<9K
;GEG9JLA?GAF<=>AFA<GE=FGK>J=IM=FL=
=EME9FME9=EME9KFME9K
;GEGHJGFGE=<=EGFKLJ9LANG
=E9IM=D=F9IM=D==E9IM=D=KF9IM=D=K
=E9IM=D9F9IM=D9=E9IM=D9KF9IM=D9K
=E9IMADGF9IMADG
=E=KK=F=KK==E=KK=KF=KK=K=E=KL=F=KL==E=KL=KF=KL=K
=E=KK9F=KK9=E=KK9KF=KK9K=E=KL9F=KL9=E=KL9KF=KL9K
=EAKKGFAKKG=EAKLGFAKLG
;GEGHJGFGE=H=KKG9D
<=ME<ME<=MFK<MFK
<=ME9<ME9<=ME9K<ME9K
=E=D=F=D==E=D=KF=D=K
=E=D9F=D9=E=D9KF=D9K
;GEGHJGFGE=<=EGFKLJ9LANG
<=9IM=D=<9IM=D=<=9IM=D=K<9IM=D=K
<=9IM=D9<9IM=D9<=9IM=D9K<9IM=D9K
<=9IMADG<9IMADG
<==KK=<=KK=<==KK=K<=KK=K<==KL=<=KL=<==KL=K
<=KL=K
<==KK9<=KK9<==KK9K<=KK9K<==KL9<=KL9<==KL9K
<=KL9K
<=AKKG<AKKG<=AKLG<AKLG
;GEGHJGFGE=H=KKG9D
<==D=<=D=<==D=K<=D=K
<==D9<=D9<==D9K<=D9K
;GEGHJGFGE=AF<=>AFA<G
<=GMLJG<GMLJG<=GMLJGK<GMLJGK
<=GMLJ9<GMLJ9<=GMLJ9K<GMLJ9K
;GE9<N_J:AG
<=9IMA<9IMA<=9b<9b<=9DA<9DA=L;
Em
;GEG9JLA?G<=>AFA<G?J9^9KZJ=KKGF[F;A9<9F9K9D
=EGFG=EGKFGK=E9F9=E9KF9K
;GEG9JLA?GAF<=>AFA<G
=EMEFME=EMFKFMFK
Per v;GE9K>GJE9K9FLA?9K<G9JLA?G<=>AFA<G
H=JDGH=DGH=JDGKH=DGKH=JD9H=D9H=JD9KH=D9K
Para DF5v;GEG9JLA?G<=>AFA<G
H9J9 HJ9 G HJG H9J9 HJ9 GK HJGK H9J9 HJ9 9 HJ9 H9J9 HJ9 9K
HJ9K
,9G=GH=FEI9A<R89y6'"7
ZJG<9<=
=E;AE9<=
HGJ<A9FL=<=
9L_
=E>9NGJ<=
HGJE=AG<=
9L_9
=E>J=FL=<=
IM9FLG9=FIM9FLG9
9LJYK<=
=EDM?9J<=
K=?MF<G
9LJ9N_K<=
=EHJGD<=
K=E
;GE
=EJ9R]G<=
K=E=E:9J?G<=
;GEG
=ELJG;G<=
KG:
;GF>GJE=
=EN=R<=
KG:J=
;GFKG9FL=
=FLJ=
LJYK
+JAF;AH9AKHJ=HGKA^g=K=DG;M^g=KHJ=HGKALAN9K
<=
=P;=LG
9:9APG<=
<=9;GJ<G;GE
>GJ9<=
9;=J;9<=;=J;9<=
<=:9APG<=
BMFLG9
9;AE9<=
<=;AE9<=
BMFLG<=
9>AE<=
<=;GF>GJEA<9<=;GE
E=<A9FL=
Z>J=FL=<=
<=>JGFL=<=
F9;GFL9<=
9FL=
<=FLJ=
F]GG:KL9FL=
9FL=K<=
<=FLJG
H9J9
9GD9<G<=
<=FLJG<=
H9J9;GE
9GDGF?G<=
<=FLJG=E
H=J
;GFLJ9
EHJ=?G<9HJ=HGKA^]G
9GJ=<GJ<=
<=K<=<aK
HGJ
9H9J;GE
<=LJYK<=
HGJ:9APG<=
9H=K9J<=
<A9FL=<=
HGJ;AE9<=
9HeK
<MJ9FL=
HGJ<=>JGFL=<=
9HeK<=
=E
HGJ<=FLJG<=
9J=KH=ALG<=
=E:9APG<=
HGJ<=LJYK<=
Emprego da preposio
A
KL9HJ=HGKA^]G9H9J=;=FGKK=?MAFL=KHJAF;AH9AK=EHJ=?GK
5 $FLJG<MR ;GEHD=E=FLGK N=J:9AK G:B=LGK AF<AJ=LGK = FGEAF9AK J=HJ=K
=FL9<GKHGJFGE=KGMHJGFGE=KG:DbIMGKLfFA;GK
x+=J<G9EGKE9AKN=R=K 5CGBCGGCG=B=A=;CG HGJ>J9IM=R9IM=HGJ
NAJLM<=y6((7
x*FGKKG9EGJHJeHJAG_EMAL9KN=R=K;GFLJYJAG 5CGBCGGCG
=BH9F9GG9Gy
x>GJ^9_@GKLAD 5G=DF_DF=5IM9F<G9AFL=DA?aF;A99F]G<AJA?=y
6((7
6$FLJG<MRG:B=LGK<AJ=LGK
x*EMF<GAFL=D=;LM9D<=D=AL9 5DCI7CGGE9L=JA9D9?J9<9 5HC8CGy
6((7
x*@GE=EIM=F]G_AF<MD?=FL=;GEGKGMLJGK9AF<9K=F]G;GF@=;=
5G=DF_DF=Cy6((7
7+J=F<=AF>AFALANGK9;=JLGKN=J:GKIM=GMKG=FKAF9JY
x*K@GE=FK<AR=F<G=E;=JLGK;9KGKIM=N]G>9D9J;GE>J9FIM=R9
H9J=;=E 85F59BH9B89F IM=G>9R=EHGJ=P;=^]G<=J=?J9y6((7
E=AGAFKLJME=FLG=EG<G
E9L9JZ>GE=>=;@9JZ;@9N=N=F<=J9<AF@=AJG>9D9J9GK?JALGK=K
;J=N=J9DYHAKNAN=J9>JML9K9F<9J9;9N9DG
K=E=D@9F^9;GF>GJEA<9<=
x)]GK9A 5B_GIM=?GKL9EGK<9H9R y6( 5DI8 .. 7
x=KL9N=R>9DGM 5CAC8C6[6@=7Cy6( 5DI8 .. 7
,M=EHMP9 5CGG9IG F]G<=?=F=J9
<AKLJA:MA^]GHJGHGJ;AGF9D?J9<9^]G
9$FLJG<MRAF>AFALANG<=KA?F9F<G;GF<A^]G@AHeL=K=;GF;=KK]G=P;=^]G
G9F N=J<9<=GIM=<AR=KHJ=>AJGF]G;GD9:GJ9J
x>AD@9=KL9N9;GEIM9LGJR=9FGKE9K=J9EMALG>J9IMAF@9=F]G
>9RA9F9<9 5BVCG9F F9EGJ9JGK;9H9<e;AGKIM=D@=JGF<9N9E9
JeLMD9y6(
7
HJ=^G
;GEG=KL]G9KE9^]K MEJ=9DGIMADG
HGKK=
;$FLJG<MRFME=JGK9K;AJ;MFKL[F;A9KL9AK;GEG
L=JEG<=EGNAE=FLGGM=PL=FK]G
/GEGMGHMDKG 5C <G=FL=<G<G=FL=
>GJE9FME=JGK9KDG;M^g=K9<N=J:A9AK
x)=KK=E=KEG<A9D=N=AGK 5C5B7C8CF5G=@y6( 7
*bservao GE GK 9<N_J:AGK 5EI= @R 7R = K=E=D@9FL=K F]G K= =EHJ=?9
HJ=HGKA^]G
x1=E 7R M?aFA9<AKK==D9 y6( 7
L=EHG=EIM=ME9;GAK9KM;=<=
x$F<9?M=A<G?M9J<9<AKK=E=IM==>=LAN9E=FL=x=KK=KMB=ALGyA9HGJ
9DAZKN=R=K v IM=@GJ9Ky6(
7
>AEGM<=KLAFG
ZHJ=KK9ZKHJ=KK9KZK;D9J9KZKG;MDL9KZK;=?9K9?J9F=D9JG<G
=L;
EHJ=?G<GZ9;=FLM9<G
!MA S ;A<9<=
*bservaes
p * FGE= IM= KGRAF@G <AKH=FK9 9JLA?G HG<= LaDG IM9F<G 9;GEH9F@9<G <= 9<
B=LANGGMDG;M^]G9<B=LAN9
Z>GJ^9ZEbF?M9Z:9D9Z>9;9Z=KH9<9Z>GE=ZK=<=ZHJ=KK9Z
FGAL=ZL9J<==L; 6.
-
ll=.'
7
*bservaes
p F5G9 _ ME >=FfE=FG >GF_LA;G IM= K= =KL=F<= 9 LG<9 >MK]G <= NG?9AK A?M9AK =
F]GKe9G 5 9;=FLM9<G
KKAEK=<AR$J=A S ;9K9H9L=JF9
p .= >GJ >9;MDL9LANG F9K ;GF<A^g=K 9;AE9 G =EHJ=?G <= 89 GM 85 9A GM B5
DCF GM D9@5K=JYL9E:_E>9;MDL9LANGG=EHJ=?G<G 5 9;=FLM9<G
p )]G @Y J9R]G H9J9 ;GF<=F9JK= G N=J:G 7F5G95F H9J9 KA?FA>A;9J xHfJ G 9;=FLG
?J9N=AF<A;9LANG<9;J9K=y *IM=K=F]G<=N=_;@9E9J 7F5G9 9G9;=FLG?J9N=
xD=F;9J 7F5G95J5 9HJ=HGKA^]GKAEHD=K 5y6%*
7
)7CFF957F5G9BCGG9;I=BH9G75GCGDF=B7=D5=G
5<A9FL=<=H9D9NJ9>=EAFAF9;D9J9GMG;MDL9IM=F]GJ=H=D=9JLA?G
!MA S ;A<9<=
AJA?A9K= S 9@A9=<=HGAK 5 +9JAK
7<A9FL=<=HGKK=KKANG=EJ=>=JaF;A99KM:KL9FLANGG;MDLG
AJA?AMK=ZIM=D9;9K9=F]G S KM9
(VCC7CFF957F5G9BCGG9;I=BH9G75GCGDF=B7=D5=G
5<A9FL=<=H9D9NJ9<=K=FLA<GAF<=>AFA<G
*bservao#Y9;=FLG9FL=K<GFME=J9D IA5$J=ANaD9ZME9@GJ9
7 9FL=K <9 H9D9NJ9 75G5 IM9F<G 9;GEH9F@9<9 <= =PHJ=KK]G IM= <=
FGL9G<GFGGMEGJ9<GJGMIM9DIM=JIM9DA>A;9^]G
KLY9b9H=KKG9 5 IM=>AR=KL=9DMK]G
*9MLGJ 5 ;MB9G:J99;JbLA;9K=J=>=JAM_EMALGHGM;G;GF@=;A<G
DAN9A9;JA9F^9 5 IM=E<AKK=KL=9FGLb;A9
7<A9FL=<=N=J:GFGAF>AFALANG
!A;GM 5 N=JF9NAGK
'ANJG 5 K9AJ=E:J=N=
*bservaes
p W HJ=;AKG F]G A<=FLA>A;9J 7F5G9 = 7F5G958C ;GE 9;=FLG = 9;=FLM9<G E L=E
HGK H9KK9<GK HJAF;AH9DE=FL= =FLJ= GK JGE[FLA;GK 9 HJ=HGKA^]G HMJ9 5 =J9 =E
?=J9D 9;=FLM9<9 9AF<9 <A9FL= <= E9K;MDAFG K=E IM= AKKG IMAK=KK= AF<A;9J 5
;J9K=9<G 9b GK >9DKGK =JJGK IM= K= 9HGFL9E =E =K;JALGJ=K <=KK9 _HG;9 EGJ
E=FL==E% <=D=F;9J
p =N=K= MK9J 8CFA=F 5 G9GH5 = F]G 8CFA=F S G9GH5 @9JR@C 5 6F975 = F]G
@9JR@CS6F975 HI8C9GHR=B8C56F975 9@9H9F=5@9J58C56F975
L_
At
KL9 HJ=HGKA^]G AF<A;9 G DAEAL= G L=JEG <= EGNAE=FLG = 9;GE
H9F@9F<G KM:KL9FLANG ;GE 9JLA?G <=>AFA<G GM AF<=>AFA<G HG<= NAJ GM
F]GK=?MA<9<9HJ=HGKA^]G 5
7F5G9X:57I@H5H=J5BCGG9;I=BH9G75GCGDF=B7=D5=G
59FL=K<=HJGFGE=HGKK=KKANG;GEKM:KL9FLANG>=EAFAFG;D9JG
x*MNA<GAKLGG<=K=E:9J?9<GJ;GEGN=MK= 5HXSG DY?JAE9K=<AKK=
;GEEMA=FLJ9F@9<G9>=LGy6J 7
Com
H9J=;= F9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K <= ;GEH9F@A9 9BMFL9E=FLG KAEMDL9F
=A<9<= EG<G E9F=AJ9 E=AG AFKLJME=FLG ;9MK9 ;GF;=KK]G HJAF;AH9D
E=FL=K=?MA<9<=AF>AFALANGGHGKA^]G
x,M9F<GGK:GFK;9HALMD9E 7CA GKE9MKK9F;AGF9E9HJeHJA9JMbF9y
6((7
x)MF;99?J9<=;=EGK 7CA L9FLG>=JNGJ;GEGIM9F<G=KH=J9EGKME
FGNG>9NGJy6((7
x=;GFGEA9 7CA GLJ9:9D@G_ME9HJ=;AGK9EAF9<=GMJGy6((7
x.GEGK9LD=L9KF9NA<9DML9EGK 7CA 9KH9APg=K<GKGMLJGK@GE=FK=
7CA 9KFGKK9Ky6((7
x,M=J=EGK?GN=JFGKH=J>=ALGK 7CA @GE=FKAEH=J>=ALGK<AKH9J9L=y
6((7
x*KADaF;AG 7CA K=JEM<GF]G<=AP9<=K=JHGJN=R=KME?J9F<=AE
HGKLGJy6((7
xKG;A=<9<=HGDbLA;9F9K;=M<9>9EbDA9E9K9>9EbDA9F]G9;9:GM
7CA L=EHGJ9D9=PAKLaF;A9<9KG;A=<9<=y6#
7
Contra
=FGL9GHGKA^]G<AJ=^]G;GFLJYJA9@GKLADA<9<=
De
5 $FLJG<MR ;GEHD=E=FLG <= N=J:GK ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG =
FGE=K;GEHD=E=FLGFGEAF9DIM=GMKG=FKAF9JY
x*KKY:AGKNAN=EGJ<AF9JA9E=FL=KGDALYJAGKJ=;=A9EK= 8CG J9@<57CG
=F]GHG<=ELGD=J9JGKLGDGKy6((7
x*L=EGJ 85 ACFH9 _9K=FLAF=D9<9NA<9y6((7
8$F<A;99E9L_JA9<=IM=ME9;GAK9_>=AL9
x =D9KeD@=9;=AL9N9K=EJ=DML[F;A9GKEAEGK 89 =K;9KKGHJ=^G
;GEG9;JMR 89 GMJGIM=D@=<=MME9N=R<=>=KL9Ky6( 7
9$F<A;99J9R]GGM9;9MK9HGJIM=ME9;GAK9KM;=<=
x*DMPG;GEGG>G?G<=NGJ9LM<G=H=J=;= 89 >9EAFLGy6((7
9FL9J<=9D=?JA9EGJJ=J 89 E=<G
:$F<A;9G9KKMFLGGMGG:B=LG<=IM=K=LJ9L9
xAR=JK= 89 ME@GE=EIM=L=EBMbRG_GE9AGJ=DG?AGIM=K=D@=
HG<=>9R=Jy6((7
<$F<A;99;GEH9J9^]G@GB=HJAF;AH9DE=FL=F9=PHJ=KK]G 8CEI9
.]GE9AK 89 LJaK@GJ9K
=$F<A;99HGKA^]GGDM?9J
x.M;=<=>J=IM=FL=KN=R=K9<EAJ9JEGK 89 DGF?=GIM= 89 H=JLG<=
KHJ=R9EGKy6((7
>$F<A;9E=<A<9
GHG 89 D=AL=GD=AL=F9E=<A<9<G;GHG;GHG 8{Y?M9?9JJ9>9 89
NAF@G
*bservao +G<=K= <AR=J L9E:_E 7CDC 7CA @9=H9 7CA R;I5 E9K 9b F]G K=
NAK9ZE=<A<9E9K9G;GFL=h<G
x*@GE=E 89 BMbRG9HJGN=AL9GLGDG<=K9HJGN=AL99=PH=JAaF;A9HJe
HJA9y6((7
-M9 8C *MNA<GJ
*bservaes
p )9K <=FGEAF9^g=K <= JM9K =K;GD9K L=9LJGK EGFME=FLGK =<A>b;AGK >=KL9K J=
DA?AGK9K = ;9K9K ;GE=J;A9AK = =E ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K IM= L9AK K= ;GKLME9 GEALAJ 9 HJ=
HGKA^]G K=E IM= @9B9 J=?J9 >AP9 H9J9 L9D ;JAL_JAG N=FA<9 -AG J9F;G GD_?AG
+=<JG$$E9K-M9 8C *MNA<GJ+J9^9 85 -=Hh:DA;9
p 0K9K= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 F9K <9L9K
89 >=N=J=AJG )]G _ HJ9P= <9 DbF?M9
GEALAD9 F=KL9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K G E=KEG EG<G <ARK= C 5BC 89
=E:GJ9
9IMAK=HGKK9L9E:_E=EHJ=?9J C5BC
C$F<A;9GLG<G<=HGAK<=H9D9NJ9KIM=KA?FA>A;9EH9JL=
E9AGJA9 8CG @GE=FKMEL=J^G 8CG KGD<9<GKMEHMF@9<G 89 :J9
NGKMEHGM;GGMME9HGM;9 89 Y?M9
*bservao =HGAK <GK ;GEH9J9LANGK A5=CF A9BCF =L; HG<= K=J KM:KLALMb<G
HGJ 9BHF9*E9AGJ 89 LG<GK 9BHF9 LG<GK
F+G<==IMAN9D=J9 89G89
#9NA9E=AGK_;MDG 85 89G895<=K;G:=JL9
*bservaes
@$F<A;9G>AEHJAF;AH9DE=FL=;GEAF>AFALANG
YE= 89 :=:=JME;GHG<{Y?M9
A$F<A;9GL=EHG
9 FGAL=LG<GKGK?9LGKK]GH9J<GK
(VCC7CFF99GH5DF9DCG=WVCBCGG9;I=BH9GDF=B7=D5=G75GCG
9=E;GFKLJM^g=K<=LAHG
HJAE=AJ9;GAK9IM=>AR>GANAJ9(9<JA=F]G :C=89J=F
;<=HGAK<GN=J:G 7CBG=GH=F
HJGN9;GFKAKL==E<M9KHY?AF9KEAE=G?J9>9<9K= BVC7CBG=GH989
8I5G
)ota *K HMJAKL9K K=E E9AGJ=K =P9E=K LaE L9;@9<G <= ?9DA;AKEG 9 =PHJ=KK]G
89 F9GHC IM9FLG 9G E9AK D_E <= MK9<9 HGJ ?J9F<=K =K;JALGJ=K L=E J9bR=K FG
D9LAE 89F9@=EIC
E
Em
=FGL9
9DM?9JGF<=KALM9^]G=EK=FLA<GHJeHJAGGM>A?MJ9<G
x!GJE9EK=E9AKL=EH=KL9<=K 9A FeKE=KEGKIM= BC 9J B5 L=JJ9=
BCG E9J=Ky6((7
*bservao GE 9D?MFK N=J:GK H9J9 K= =PHJAEAJ =KL9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 K=
=EHJ=?9MEHJGFGE=G:DbIMGYLGFG=EDM?9J<9=PHJ=KK]GAFLJG<MRA<9HGJ 9A
x+MDK9@<9 F=D=9IM=D=9>=LGN=J<9<=AJGy6(7
)]G A9 LGIM= 9L=MBCG (=P=M@<9
:L=EHG<MJ9^]GHJ9RG
x*K@GE=FK 9A LG<GKGKL=EHGKKG:J=GIM=F]G;GEHJ==F<=J9E
>9:MD9J9Ey6((7
*bservaes
p +J=;=<=F<G ME ?=JhF<AG 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9A 9H9J=;= F9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K <=
L=EHG;GF<A^]GGM@AHeL=K=
;EG<GE=AG
!GA 9A D9GGC5 J=;=:=JGK;GFNA<9<GK
+9?9N9 9A7<9EI9 LM<GGIM=;GEHJ9N9
=HJ=^G9N9DA9^]G
;9K9>GA9N9DA9<9 9A EAD@9J=K<=J=9AK
>>AE<=KLAF9^]G
1AJ 9A 9MPbDAG /GE9J 9A H=F@GJ +=<AJ 9A ;9K9E=FLG
?=KL9<GIM9DA<9<=GME9L_JA9
"=F=J9D 9A ;@=>= !=JJG 9A :J9K9 $E9?=E 9A :9JJG "J9NMJ9 9A
9^G
*bservao /=EK= K=E E9AGJ =P9E= ;GF<=F9<G =KL= =EHJ=?G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G
9A ;GEG ?9DA;AKEG /=EK= L9E:_E IM=JA<G =NAL9J 9 =PHJ=KK]G 9A EI9GHVC HGJ
K= L=J AFKHAJ9<G =E EG<G <= >9D9J >J9F;aK E9K _ DAF?M9?=E @GB= ;GEMFbKKAE9 =
;GJJ=FL=F9KHJAF;AH9AKDbF?M9KDAL=JYJA9KEG<=JF9K
@;9MK9EGLANG?=J9DE=FL=9FL=K<GAF>AFALANG
x#YHGNGKIM=K]G>=DAR=K 9A F]GL=JE9AKIM=MEKeLAJ9FGy6((7
B>GJE9K=E=D@9F^9KA?FA>A;9^]G<=ME?=KLGGM9^]G
x-=KGDML9=KL=F<=MGK:J9^GKBMFL9F<G9KE]GK 9A L9D@9<=AJ9=
9JJGBGMK=<{9DLGE=J?MD@9F<G y6) 5DI8 .. l7
=L=JEG<=EGNAE=FLG<AJ=^]GH9J9MEDM?9J;GE9A<=A9
9;=KKeJA9<=<=EGJ9GM<=KLAFG
!GA D5F5 MJGH9
FLJ=
Entre
=FGL9 HGKA^]G AFL=JE=<AYJA9 FG =KH9^G GM FG L=EHG =E K=FLA<G
HJeHJAGGM>A?MJ9<G
>L=EHG9IM=K=<=KLAF9MEG:B=LGGM9^]GGMH9J9IM9F<G9D
?ME9;GAK9K=J=K=JN9
xBHF9 GIM=ABG=G;9>_<=EGFKLJGME=,MAF;9KGJ:9IM=GKAK
L=E9=J99<=KLJMA^]G<9<GJy6( 7
Para
=FGL9
99H=KKG9GM;GAK9=EHJGN=ALGGMHJ=BMbRG<=IM=EME99^]G_
HJ9LA;9<9G:B=LGAF<AJ=LG;GEHD=E=FLGJ=D9LANGGM;GEHD=
E=FLGFGEAF9D
x:GJJ=;=EGKG9:KGDMLAKEGFGKGMLJGKHGJIM=G;G:A^9EGK D5F5
FeKE=KEGKy6((7
xHJ=?MA^9FGKE9MK_K9DML9J D5F5 GK:GFKy6((7
:9H=KKG99IM=K=9LJA:MAME9GHAFA]G<9LANGDANJ=
x*H=<AJ D5F5 IM=EF]GL=EN=J?GF@9_E=FGKH=FGKGIM=LJ9:9D
@9Jy6((7
;>AE<=KLAF9^]G
x>AD@9<=ME=J=;GE=F<9^g=K D5F5 9HALM= D5F5 EAF@9E]=y
6( 5DI8 .. :7
<>AE
D= =KLY
+GJ=H=J
Por = per
=FGL9
9DM?9JHGJGF<==EK=FLA<GHJeHJAGGM>A?MJ9<G
x/9AK=J9E9KJ=>D=Pg=KIM==MNAF@9>9R=F<G DCF 9IM=D=19DGF?G
>GJ9DG?G<=HGAK<=N=J=9BMKL9J9;9K9y6( 7
:E=AG
+MP9J D9@C H9D=LeJ=R9J D9@C DANJGK=?MJ9J D9@CG ;9:=DGKD=N9J D9@5
E]GD=J D9@C J9K;MF@G;GFL9J D9@CG <=<GK=FNA9J D9@C ;GJJ=AG
;EG<G
-=H=LAJ DCF GJ<=E=KLM<9J DCF NGFL9<=
x'GMN9EGK DCF ?JGKKGE9K;=FKMJ9EGK DCF EAh<Gy6((7
<<AKLJA:MA^]G
1YJA9KN=R=K DCF <A9
=<ANAK]GAF<A;9F<G9H=KKG9GM;GAK9IM=J=;=:=GIMAF@]G
AKLJA:MAJ D9@CG HG:J=KJ=H9JLAJ D9@CG 9EA?GK<ANA<AJ DCF LJaK9
@=J9F^9
>KM:KLALMA^]GLJG;9N9DGJA?M9DHJ=^G
GE=J?9LG DCF D=:J=
x*:9J]G<ARA9GFL=EFGK=M;9E9JGL=IM=ME9KeAL9DA9F9N9D= DCF
;AF;G:J9KAD=AJ9Ky6( 7
?;9MK9EGLANG
@FGKBMJ9E=FLGK=H=LA^g=K<=KA?F9F<G9H=KKG9GM;GAK9AFNG
;9<9H9J9>AJE9JGBMJ9E=FLG=H9J9AFL=J;=<=J
BMJ9J D9@5 KM9@GFJ9H=<AJ D9@5 K9h<=<=9D?M_E6 l:7
A=E>9NGJ<==EHJGD<=
(GJJ=J D9@5 HYLJA9DML9J D9@5 DA:=J<9<=
BL=EHG<MJ9^]G
x,M9D_9IM=D=IM=9KK=FL9<G DCF FGAL=<=DM9J=K=J=F9KG:J=ME9
>J9?9E9JAF@9F]GK=FL=AJ=EK=D@=GKGD@GK y6#
7
D9?=FL=<9H9KKAN9
xKEMD@=J=KK]GE=D@GJ<AJA?A<9K D9@C K=M;GJ9^]G<GIM=GK@G
E=FK D9@5 J9R]Gy6((7
E<=HGAK<GKFGE=KIM==PHJAE=E<AKHGKA^]GGME9FA>=KL9^]G<=
<AKHGKA^]G<=[FAEGH9J9;GE9D?ME9;GAK9
xH9AP]G D9@C BG?GHJ=KKMHg=GJ<AF9JA9E=FL=HGM;G9EGJ D9@5G D=
LJ9Ky6((7
*bservao )]G HJG;=<= E9AK G L=JK= ;GEG =JJfF=9 9 ;GFKLJM^]G ;GE DCF
F=KL=K ;9KGK HGJIM= FG HGJLM?MaK ;GFL=EHGJ[F=G G MKG <= 89 K= =KH=;A9DARGM
FG K=FLA<G <= ?=FALANG G:B=LANG )G HGJLM?MaK <= GMLJGK L=EHGK 5ACF 89 9IG
=J9 L9FLG G IM= ;GFK9?J9EGK 9 =D= ?=FALANG G:B=LANG GM G IM= =D= L=E G IM= FGK
;GFK9?J9 ?=FALANG KM:B=LANG E DM?9J <= 5ACF D9@5G @9HF5G <ARK= L9E:_E ;GJ
J=L9E=FL= 5ACF SG @9HF5G ,M9F<G FGK ;9KGK <= ?=FALANG G:B=LANG HG<= G;GJJ=J
9E:A?MA<9<= ;GE G =EHJ=?G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 ;GKLME9K= KM:KLALMAJ =KL9 HJ=
HGKA^]G HGJ 7CBHF5 K= G FGE= <=KA?F9 K=FLAE=FLG @GKLAD GM D5F5 7CA K= G K=F
LAE=FLG_:=F_NGDG"M=JJ9 7CBHF5 GKAFAEA?GK=J=KH=ALG D5F57CA LG<GK
F>AE=EN=R<= D5F5
x!GJ;=B9N9 DCF G:L=JD@=9:=F=NGDaF;A9<=HGAK9;GF>A9F^9y6(
7
GAFLJG<MRAF<GGHJ=<A;9LANG<GG:B=LG<AJ=LG<=FGL9IM9DA<9<=
=KL9<GGM;GF;=ALG=EIM=K=L=EME9H=KKG9GM;GAK9
/=J9D?M_E DCF KY:AG FNA9J9D?M_E DCF =E:9AP9<GJ /=F@G DCF
;=JLGIM==D=NAJY
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10 Interjeio
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Palavra e morfema
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ANGK GM <AEAFMLANGK 9GK FGE=K <= 9?=FL= <= 9^]G <= AFKLJME=FLG 9GK
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p ;GFBM?9^g=K @5J5ACG [ HJ=K=FL=
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7
2 Formao de Palavras
do Ponto de Vista Constitucional
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ME9 =KH=;A>A;9^]G <G HJAE=AJG 9GD585 F]G _ ME9 KM:;D9KK= <= D9=L9 F=E
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<A>=J=FL=K
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9=FC:J9KAD=AJG
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H9JLA;MD9J=K
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p )9 AF<hKLJA9 EG<=JF9 GK HJG<MLGK FGNGK K]G E9J;9<GK ;GE >AF9AK 5L 9L
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*bservaes
p )=E K=EHJ= AF<A;9E J=H=LA^]G <9 9^]G EMAL9K N=R=K K=JN=E H9J9 =PHJAEAJ 9
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ZDbF?M9;GE G7 GM<=NA<9KZ9F9DG?A9
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E=FL==FGJE=E=FL=HJAE=AJ9E=FL=
7CBHF585BW5 F]G G;GJJ= G HJ=>APG 7CBHF5 G NG;Y:MDG FGK N=AG <G >J9F;aK
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D9J L9DN=R <=NA<9 9G >9LG <= GK H9J=K K= <=>JGFL9J=E MFK ;GE GK GMLJGK <9b
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89 EGNAE=FLG H9J9 :9APG K=H9J9^]G AFL=FKA<9<= F=?9^]G <=H=F9J <=;GE
HGJ tKN=R=K9DL=JF9;GE 89G8975=Fk89G75=F
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*bservao tK N=R=K 9DL=JF9K= ;GE 89G 8=G =K;9EH9<G v <=K;9EH9<G =P
L=FKG v <AKL=FKG =K?M=<=D@9J v <=K?M=<=D@9J =KE9A9J v <=KE9A9J =KLJAH9J =
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7
9A 9B 9 =B EGNAE=FLG H9J9 <=FLJG H9KK9?=E H9J9 ME =KL9<G GM >GJE9
?M9JF=;AE=FLGJ=N=KLAE=FLG=E:=:=J=FL=JJ9J=F=NG9JAF?=JAJ
*bservao tK N=R=K 9DL=JF9K= 9 >GJE9 HJ=>AP9<9 ;GE G K=M HJ=>APG 7CIF5W5F
= 9B7CIF5W5F 75J5@;5F = 9B75J5@;5F HF5>5F = 9BHF5>5F J=IJ5F = 9BJ=IJ5F 65=B
<5F = 9A65=B<5F 6(9
7
9LHF5 >GJ9 <= 9D_E <= KMH=JAGJA<9<= G 5 >AF9D H9KK9 ZK N=R=K 9 C =PLJ9<A^]G
=PLJ9D=?9D=PLJ9>AFG=PLJGN=JL=J
=B =A = K=FLA<G ;GFLJYJAG F=?9^]G HJAN9^]G AEH=FAL=FL= AF;GJJA?bN=D AD=?
9DA?FGJ[F;A9
*bservaes
p tK N=R=K H9J=;= 9LJA:MAJ 9G <=JAN9<G G E=KEG N9DGJ K=E[FLA;G <9 >GJE9 <=
:9K= =B7FI9BHC=B7FI9@8589
p D?ME9K N=R=K AF<A;9 FG IM= 9D?ME9 ;GAK9 K= LJ9FK>GJE9 AKLG _ EM<9F^9 <=
=KL9<G =B7=B9F5F zJ=<MRAJ 9 ;AFR9K{ =B:@5ARJ9@ zIM= K= LJ9FK>GJE9 =E ;@9E9{
zIM=K=LJ9FK>GJE9=E>G?G{=L;
p x*K HJ=>APGK F=?9LANGK E9AK ;GEMFK K]G =B = 89G GM 89 .]G HGM;9K 9K H9D9N
J9K N=J<9<=AJ9E=FL= 9FLA?9K >GJE9<9K ;GE G HJ=>APG =B IM= Ke K= LGJF9E >J=
IM=FL=K HGJ AEAL9^]G DAL=JYJA9 <G D9LAE <GK IMAF@=FLAKL9K H9J9 ;Y 9 <=JAN9^]G
HGHMD9J _ K=EHJ= >=AL9 ;GE G HJ=>APG 89G GM 89 89G:5N9F 89G7CG9F 89G5B85F 89
G5ACF 89G=;I5@ =L; D?MFK LAN=J9E 9 >GJE9 =B ;GEG =B>IGH=W5 E9K 9AF<9 =E
L9D ;9KG K=EHJ= 9FLA?9E=FL= K= HJ=>=JAM <AR=J 9 G9A>IGH=W5 = <AR=J ;GMK9 G9A
BCA9 9;GMK9 =BCA=B585 GMIM=B9F<9K=PHJ=KKg=Ky6%- F
7
=B:F5 9:9APGAF>J99KKAF9<G
=BH9F9BHF9 HGKA^]GFGE=AGJ=;AHJG;A<9<==FLJ=L=JAFL=JHGJAFL=J;[E:AG
=BHFC <=FLJGAFLJG<MRAJ
=BHF5 HGKA^]G AFL=JAGJ EGNAE=FLG H9J9 <=FLJG G 5 >AF9D H9KK9 ZK N=R=K 9 C AF
LJ9EMK;MD9JAFLJGN=JL=JAFLJG<MRAJ
C6C HGKA^]G=E>J=FL=G:KL9JGHGJ
D9F 9LJ9N_K <= ;GAK9 GM 9^]G ;GEHD=L9 AFL=FKA<9<= H=J;GJJ=J H=J>9R=J H=J
<MJ9JH=JK=FLAJK=FLAJHJG>MF<9E=FL=
D@IF= EMALGHDMJA;=DMD9J
DCGDCGH HGKA^]GHGKL=JAGJFGL=EHG=FG=KH9^GHGKLfFA;GHeK=K;JALG
DF59H9F HJ=L=JHJ=L=JAJ
DF=AI HJAE=AJGHJAEG?aFALG
DF9 DF59 9FL=JAGJE=FL= 9FL=;=<aF;A9 KMH=JAGJA<9<= HJ=>Y;AG HJ=N=J
HJ=<GEbFAG
DFC EGNAE=FLGH9J9>J=FL==EDM?9J<==EHJGN=ALG<=HJG?J=<AJHJGB=^]G
F9 EGNAE=FLG H9J9 LJYK J=H=LA^]G J=;AHJG;A<9<= AFL=FKA<9<= J=?J=<AJ J=>9R=J
J=KK9M<9JK9M<9JEMLM9E=FL=J=KK9DL9JJ=K;9D<9J=K;9D<9JEMALG
F9HFC H9J9LJYKJ=LJG;=<=JJ=LJG9?AJ
G5H=G KM>A;A=FL=K9LAK>9R=J
G9A= E=L9<= <= IM9K= IM= >9R 9K N=R=K <= K=EA;bJ;MDG K=EA:YJ:9JG
K=EANG?9D
GC GC6 GI6 GIG =E :9APG <= AE=<A9L9E=FL= 9:9APG FME ;9J?G GM >MF^]G
AF>=JAGJA<9<= 9^]G HGM;G AFL=FK9 KGL=JJ9J KG:=KL9J KM:E9JAFG KMKL=FL9J
KMHGJ
GC6F9 F9K >GJE9^g=K N=JFY;MD9K GID9F GIDF5 F9K >GJE9^g=K =JM<AL9K
HGKA^]G KMH=JAGJ K9DAaF;A9 H9JL= >AF9D <= ME 9LG GM >=FfE=FG =E K=?MA<9
=P;=KKGKG:J=KL9JKMH=J>b;A=KMHJ9;AL9<GKMH=JDGL9<G
GCHC GCH5 HGKA^]G AF>=JAGJ AF>=JAGJA<9<= DG?G 9HeK KGLGHfJ KGLGE=KLJ=
KGL9NG?9
HF5BG HF5G HF9G HF5 HF9 9D_E <= 9LJ9N_K <= H9KK9J <= ME DM?9J 9 GMLJG AF
L=FKA<9<= LJ9FKHGJL9J LJ9<MRAJ LJ9FKD9<9J LJ=KDGM;9J LJ=KE9D@9J LJ=KFGAL9J
LJ=KH9KK9JLJ=KD=JLJ=K?9KL9J
*bservaes
p )]G K= @Y <= ;GF>MF<AJ HFZG FME=J9D ;GE HF9G <= HF5BG LJ=K<G:J9J
LJAHDA;9J
9D[ KG:J==E;AE9<==HA<=JE==HALY>AG
<9A= E=L9<=<ANAK]G<=<M9KH9JL=K@=EA;A;DG@=EAK>_JAG
9I =P;=DaF;A9H=J>=A^]G:GF<9<==M>GFA9=M>GJA9=M>=EAKEG
<=DXF =P;=KKG@AH_J:GDG@AH_J:9LG
<=D_ HGKA^]GAF>=JAGJ@AHG;JAKA9@AHeL=K=@AHGL=;9
A9HR EM<9F^9KM;=KK]GE=L9EGJ>GK=E=LY>GJ9E=LGFbEA9
D5FR HJGPAEA<9<= K=E=D@9F^9
H9J9<A?E9H9J9D=D9H9J9EF_KA9
<=>=ALG
Nb;AG
AFL=FKA<9<=
D9F[ =ELGJFG<=H=JbE=LJGH=JbG<GH=JAK;eHAG
DF_ 9FL=JAGJA<9<=HJeDG?GHJG?FeKLA;GHJG>=L9
DF_G 9<BMF^]G=E9<A^]G9HJGK_DALGHJGKe<A9
DFCHC AFb;AG;GE=^G9FL=JAGJA<9<=HJGLeLAHGHJGLG@AKLeJA9HJGLGEYJLAJ
DC@[ EMDLAHDA;A<9<=HGDAKKbD9:GHGDAL=bKEG
GtBGtAGt ;GFBMFLGKAEMDL9F=A<9<=KAF9?G?9KAFGHK=KAEH9LA9KADG?=M
H9@9 <AKL[F;A9 9>9KL9E=FLG ;GFLJGD= >=ALG Z <AKL[F;A9 L=D_?J9>G L=D=H9LA9
L=D=?MA9<G
GJJ=KHGF<aF;A9=FLJ=HJ=>APGK==D=E=FLGKD9LAFGK=?J=?GK
"J=?GK
89G=B <=KD=9DAF>=DAR
55B9EGJ9D9F=EA9
75HR EGNAE=FLGH9J9:9APG;9L9;ME:9;9L9J9L9;9LeDA;G
7CBHF5;GFLJ9HGJ
5BH[9FLAH9LA9
8=R8= 9LJ9N_K<=<AYDG?G<A9?J9E9
5A6=9E:A?MA<9<=
5B:[9F>A:GDG?A9
569:MKG
5D_9HG?=M
8=G <A>A;MD<9<=<AKH=HKA9<AK=FL=JA9
6=G:AD9:A9D
8=<AKKbD9:G
8= <MHDA;A<9<=AFL=FKA<9<=<AD=E9<AKKbD9:G<ALGF?G
97 9L 9LC 97HC =PL=JAGJA<9<= EGNAE=FLG H9J9 >GJ9 K=H9J9^]G =;R=E9 =P
=?=K=aPG<G=Pe?=FG=;LG<=JE9
9B9A9 AFL=JAGJA<9<==F;fEAG=F;b;DA;9=F;A;DGH_<A9=E:D=E9=DAHK=
9B8C EGNAE=FLG=E<AJ=^]GH9J9<=FLJG=F<G;9JHG=F<GN=FGK9
9BHC AFL=JAGJ=FLe>ALGHD9FL9IM=NAN=<=FLJG<=GMLJ9
H9JY:GD9
HF5BG
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8=R
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KMHJ9DAF?M9DKMH=JDGL9J
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<=DXF
69B9:=F=>b;AG
9I=M>GFA9
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GI6KM:L=JJ[F=G
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589<B=LANG
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7=F7IA;AJ;MF>=JaF;A9
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5J5F9N5
:=@5F;=F=5
:5JTB=C
NX:=FC
*MLJGKHJG;=KKGK<=>GJE9^]G<=H9D9NJ9K
89<=H=F9J
75HR;9L9J9L9
7IA;GEHGKA^]G
GtBKbFL=K=
* HJ=>APG =B DAL=JYJAG = =JM<ALG 9G ;GFLJYJAG <= 89G HGHMD9J ?9F@GM HGJ AKKG ;=JL9
;GJL=KA9 = HGDA<=R = ;GFKLALMA =E F=GDG?AKEGK ME J=;MJKG <= =M>=EAKEGK IM= ;9<9 N=R
E9AK K= ?=F=J9DAR9 =BJ9F8589 HGJ A9BH=F5 =B9L5HC =B89@=758C =B8CBHC =ADC@=8C =BJ9F
[8=7C=A9F97=8C=B5H=JC
"J=?GK
569798RF=C
5@:569HC
:@CF=@X;=C
5BHC@C;=5
GI8CF[:=7C
8=5:CFXH=7C
IB=7_FB=C
ACBC79FCBH9
FCIL=BC@
:=@CA9@5
5F75F7<_G ;@=>=IM=;GE9F<9EGF9J;9
5F=HA_G5F=H<A_G FhE=JG9JALE_LA;9DG?9JALEG
RF7HCG MJKG YJLA;G 9FLYJLA;G xG FGE= RFH=7C J=>=J=K= ZK ;GF
KL=D9^g=K "J9F<= 0JKG = +=IM=F9 0JK9 =E ME9 <9K IM9AK K= 9;@9
9 KLJ=D9+GD9Jy6.
7
5GHXF5GHXFCG =KLJ=D99KL=JeA<=9KLJGFGEA9
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6CF=G6CFtG6RFCG H=K9<G?J9N=:9JbLGFG:9JfE=LJG
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9F9;JGFAKEG
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;@aGG5 GM ;@aHH5 DbF?M9?DGKKYJAG?DGLGDG?A9=HA?DGL=
;CB[5 [F?MDGHGDb?GFG<A9?GF9D
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4 Formao de Palavras
do Ponto de Vista do Contedo
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=E K=?MA<9 K=JA9 <=L=JEAF9<9 HGJ xK=J :=DG
:=D9y E9K KAE ME BCA9
H9J9 9 KM:KL9FLAN9^]G =>=LM9<9 F=KL9 >GJE9^]G <G E=KEG EG<G xK=Jy _
FGE= <9 zHJ=<A;9LANA<9<= <= K=J{ AKLG _ <9 HJ=<A;9^]G 9LJA:Mb<9 = x:=DG
X 69@C E9K L]G KGE=FL= 9 ME9 >MF^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 ?=F_JA;9 <= 7<9;5F =
69@CG 69@5G
KKAE L9E:_E =E D5D9@9=F5 =KLY AEHDA;9<9 ME9 x>MF^]G HJ=HGKA
;AGF9Dy E9K F]G ME9 <=L=JEAF9<9 HJ=HGKA^]G H =P xD5F5yD5DX=G =
89GD9FH58CF AEHDA;9 ME =D=E=FLG HJGFGEAF9D ?=F_JA;G x9D?M_E GM 9D?Gy
IM=<=GMLJGEG<GF]GL=EJ=9DAR9^]G=EHGJLM?MaK
*KLJaKLAHGK>MF<9E=FL9AK<=>GJE9^]G<=H9D9NJ9K
KLY F=KL= JGD <= ;GE:AF9^]G <GK LAHGK >MF<9E=FL9AK <= >GJE9^]G
<= H9D9NJ9K G <AK;MLA<bKKAEG LAHG <= ;GEHGKLGK ;GEG H=F5H9=A5
;I5F85FCID5 =E IM= =FLJ9 ME L=E9 N=J:9D HMJG K=?MA<G =E ?=J9D <=
KM:KL9FLANG E9K F]G F=;=KK9JA9E=FL= HGAK HG<= 9H9J=;=J GMLJ9 ;D9KK=
;GEG ME 9<N_J:AG ;5B<5DCI7C D=G5A5BG=B<C ME FME=J9D
A5H5G9H9 ,M9FLG Z >MF^]G GJ9;AGF9D AEHDb;AL9 F=KK= K=?MF<G =D=
E=FLG L=EGK =E ?=J9D ME G:B=LG <AJ=LG E9K HG<=EGK L=J ME HJ=<A;9LANG
9GD5BH57C=_ ME ;AJ;MFKL9F;A9D D=G5A5BG=B<C ;5B<5DCI7C
G5@H=BJVC
#Y L9E:_E H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K >GJE9AK F9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <=KK=K ;GE
HGKLGK F9 >9K= <9 ;GEHGKA^]G D=P=EYLA;9K G ;GEHGKLG HJGD=P=EYLA;G K=
J=<MR H=D9 KMHJ=KK]G <= HGKKbN=AK KM>APGK GM H=D9K HJ=HGKA^g=K IM= FGJ
E9DE=FL= K=JA9E =EHJ=?9<9K F9 ;GFKLJM^]G <= ME ;GEHGKLG HJGD=P
=EYLA;G KM:KL9FLANG ;GE GMLJG KM:KL9FLANG <YK= 9 KMHJ=KK]G J=?MD9J
E=FL= IM9F<G G K=?MF<G =D=E=FLG ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9 ME9 >MF^]G GJ9;AGF9D
;GE 9 IM9D G N=J:G AEHDA;9<G F9 ;GEHGKA^]G HJGD=P=EYLA;9 K= ;GFKLJeA
5 Alteraes Semnticas
vGL=EHGGMGDM?9JH=DGKK=J=KIM=K=9;@9EFGL=EHGGMDM?9J
5 posteridade A _ 5GD9GGC5G8C:IHIFC 5 nao A _ CG7CADCB
9BH9G85B5WVC
vG;GFLAF=FL=H=DG;GFL=h<GGMNA;=N=JK9
D5GG9A95 farinha A _9>9JAF@=AJ9 7CA= dois pratos A _ 5DCFWVC
857CA=85EI98C=GDF5HCG7CBH=B<5A
vGLG<GH=D9H9JL=GMNA;=N=JK9
v9E9L_JA9H=DGG:B=LG
IA nquel A _ AC98589B[EI9@ IA5 prata A _ AC98589DF5H5
vGDM?9JH=DGHJG<MLGGM;9J9;L=JbKLA;9KGMNA;=N=JK9
jrsei H97=8C857=8589$9FG9M gaza H97=8C857=858989
!5N5 havana 7<5FIHCG857=858989"5J5B5 greve 5GF9
IB=c9G:9=H5GB5*@57989@5!FYJ9
vG9:KLJ9LGH=DG;GF;J=LG
virtude J9B79C crime AKLG_ 5GD9GGC5GJ=FHICG5GJ9B79ACG7F=A
=BCGCG DF5H=75F5 caridade 5HCG8975F=8589
vGKAF9DH=D9;GAK9KA?FA>A;9<9GMNA;=N=JK9
C trono CF9= C rei 5F95@9N5
9I:9A=GAC vLJ9FKD9^]G<=K=FLA<GH=D9KM9NAR9^]G<9A<=A9
vH9J99EGJL=
:=B5FG9:5@979F9BHF9;5F55@A559IG85FCd@H=ACGIGD=FC DAL=J
YJAGKH9KK9J<=KL99 A9@<CF=FD5F557=85898CGDXG>IBHCG8=N9F
589IG5CAIB8C9GH=75F5G75B9@5G89GC7ID5FC697C65H9F5G
6CH5G9H7 9GH9G HGHMD9J=K
vH9J99:=:A<9
56F=89=F5 R;I5EI9;5HC D5GG5F=B<C BVC6969 >5BIRF=5
v Plenitude do significado
HGDAKK=EA9_HGJL9FLGME>9LG<=DbF?M9
W HJ=;AKG F]G ;GF>MF<AJ 9 HGDAKK=EA9 D_PA;9 GM <CAC:CB=5 ;GE
N9JA9^]G K=E[FLA;9 GM HGDAN9DaF;A9 FG >9D9J >9LG <= >9D9 IM= ;GFKAKL= F9
<AN=JKA<9<= <= 9;=H^g=K K=FLA<GK <= ME E=KEG KA?FA>A;9<G <9 DbF?M9
K=?MF<G GK N9DGJ=K ;GFL=PLM9AK GM H=D9 <=KA?F9^]G AKLG _ ?J9^9K 9G ;GF
@=;AE=FLG<GKx=KL9<GK<=;GAK9Ky=PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;GK
@=69FH=BC 9G7F5JC@=69FHCD5GGCI5=B8=75FC=B8=J[8IC89J5GGCG9ADI8CF
DA:A<AFGKGIM=K=?M=K=M;9HJA;@GKA?FA>A;9@GB=G<AKKGDMLG
N9D=LM<AFYJAG<=:G9GMEYK9h<=GM;GEHD=A^]GKA?FA>A;9@GB=KeZEYH9JL=
F>J9IM=;AE=FLG<GKA?FA>A;9<G
*K@GE=FK<=K=B9E9H9R
D9F]GLJ9:9D@99GKKY:9<GK
(MAL9K;JA9F^9KNAJ9EGKHYKK9JGK
=:=D?GKL9<G;GD_?AG
*;@=>=<9JYGHGJLMFA<9<=K9GKBGN=FK
*KGD_ME9KLJGDMEAFGKG
@GN=EMALGFGN=J]G
-=D9EH=B9
,M=9;@GMNG;a<9>=KL9
D=K9AF<9F]G;@=?9J9E
1AN9EGK;9EH=g=K
,M=;9DGJ
=HJ=KK9
(9AK9<A9FL=LJ9L9J=EGK<=KK=LAHG<==FMF;A9<G;GEE9AK9L=F^]G
*F98=758C
=KLM<9
F]G=KLM<9
GEH9J=EGK9?GJ99KK=?MAFL=KHGKKA:ADA<9<=K
M=KLM<GHGJLM?MaKZKK=?MF<9K>=AJ9KFG@GJYJAG<9E9F@]
M=KLM<GHGJLM?MaKZKK=?MF<9K>=AJ9K
M=KLM<GHGJLM?MaK
M=KLM<G
KLM<G
*F98=758C
*K@GE=FK
M
(MAL9K;JA9F^9K
*:GE>AD@G
*KGD
<=K=B9E9H9R
LJ9:9D@G;GEGHJG>=KKGJ
NAJ9EGKHYKK9JGK
;GEHJ==F<=G=K>GJ^G<GKH9AK
_ME9KLJGDMEAFGKG
GF@=;=F<GE=D@GJGKMB=ALGFh;D=G=<=L=JEAF9FL=K
I98C=G=FAVCG :JAF;9EGKFG;DM:=
1aK= =FL]G IM= F]G K= HG<= >9D9J 9 JA?GJ <= =DAHK= <G KMB=ALG
IM9F<G 9H9J=;= 9H=F9K G Fh;D=G N=J:9D <9 GJ9^]G GHI8C F=B75ACG BY
IM= =D= 9H9J=;= K=EHJ= HJ=K=FL= F9 >GJE9 N=J:9D >D=PAGF9<9 FG EGJ>=E9
IM= J=HJ=K=FL9 G KMB=ALG ?J9E9LA;9D p
p = p H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J GM
HDMJ9D /J9L9K= H=DG ;GFLJYJAG <9 KM9 =PH9FK]G GM F]G E=<A9FL= G
KMB=ALG =PHDb;ALG >9LG IM= F]G =KLY E9AK F9 =PA?aF;A9 <9 ?J9EYLA;9
IM9F<G @Y _ ;D9JG J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 J=>=JA<9 E9K <G L=PLG H9J9 9
LJ9FKEAKK]G=>=LAN9=;D9J9<9E=FK9?=E
-I>9=HC _ ME9 FG^]G ?J9E9LA;9D = F]G K=E[FLA;9 AKLG _ ME9 J=>=J
aF;A9 Z J=9DA<9<= <=KA?F9<9 ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE 9K FG^g=K <= 5;9BH9 = D5
7=9BH9 KKAE G KMB=ALG F]G _ F=;=KK9JA9E=FL= G 9?=FL= <G HJG;=KKG <=K
A?F9<GH=DGFh;D=GN=J:9D;GEGK=H9L=FL=A9=E
(9;@9<G<=KKAK=K;J=N=M=PLJ9GJ<AFYJAGKJGE9F;=K
*KMB=ALGHG<=J=HJ=K=FL9JGH9;A=FL=<=KK=HJG;=KKG
PLJ9GJ<AFYJAGKJGE9F;=K>GJ9E=K;JALGKHGJ(9;@9<G<=KKAK
9;GEH9F@9J <= <=L=JEAF9FL=K IM= LaE HGJ H9H=D =PHJ=KKANG 8=N9F 5@;C
579F75 89 5@;C 7CA G=;BCG 85 @[B;I5 AKLG _ ;GE AFKLJME=FLGK N=J:9AK <9
DbF?M9 KKAE H9J9 >A;9JEGK Ke FGK DAEAL=K <G ?JMHG F9LMJ9D J=HJ=K=FL9<G
H=DG KMB=ALG <= =FMF;A9<GK GK <=L=JEAF9FL=K <GK Fh;D=GK KM:KL9FLANGK
K]G CG @GE=FK AI=H5G ;JA9F^9K C = 6CA >AD@G C KGD
=L=JEAF9FL=KHJ_<=L=JEAF9FL=K=HeK<=L=JEAF9FL=K
FGK Hg= <A9FL= <9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= =KL9J G Fh;D=G KM:KL9FLANG IM= >MF
;AGF9 ;GEG KMB=ALG =PHDb;ALG 9;GEH9F@9<G <= E9AK <= ME <=L=JEAF9FL=
C = 6CA )=KL=K ;9KGK 9 DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 ;GF@=;= <=L=JEAF9FL=K IM=
HG<=E >A?MJ9J 9FL=K <= GMLJG <=L=JEAF9FL= GK HJ_<=L=JEAF9FL=K = GK
IM=HG<=E>A?MJ9J<=HGAK<=GMLJG<=L=JEAF9FL=GKHeK<=L=JEAF9FL=K
*K <=L=JEAF9FL=K =KL]G =E ?=J9D J=HJ=K=FL9<GK H=D9K K=?MAFL=K
;D9KK=K <= H9D9NJ9K 58>9H=JC 5FH=;C = DFCBCA9 89ACBGHF5H=JC GM =IMAN9D
=FL=K<=9<B=LANGK=KL=KN=J=EGKE9AK9<A9FL=
)GAL=K 7@5F5G HJ=FMF;A9E:GEL=EHG
) DANJG=KLY=K?GL9<G
GH5 E9F@]HJGE=LA9;@MN9
9D_E <= !F57=@=5BC = :5@CI IM= K]G Fh;D=GK <G KMB=ALG = <G HJ=<A;9<G
L=EGK GK L=JEGK 89 H9A5G IB=J9FG5=G = 9A G9IG FCA5B79G IM= K= <AR=E
BI7@95F9G <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 KAFLYLA;GK=E[FLA;G HGJIM= =KL]G AFLAE9
E=FL= J=>=JA<GK Z J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 BY IM= 89 H9A5G IB=J9FG5=G =PHDA;AL9
9IMADG <= IM= >9D9E GK JGE9F;=K <= "J9;ADA9FG -9EGK =FIM9FLG 9A G9IG
FCA5B79G >9R 9DMK]G 9G LAHG <= =K;JALGK FGK IM9AK G 9MLGJ >9D9 <=KK=K
L=E9K
%Y=E
=JL9E=FL="J9;ADA9FGNAN=M=PH=JAaF;A9K9E9J?9K<MJ9FL=KM9
NA<9
FLfFAGK9AM;=<GE9KFLfFAGF]G?GKLGM<9A<=A9
/9E:_E =E J9R]G <G FGKKG K9:=J KG:J= 9K ;GAK9K <G EMF<G =PLJ9
DAF?MbKLA;G _ IM= HG<=EGK >9R=J G ;@9E9<G x=EHJ=?G 9:KGDMLGy <= NYJAGK
N=J:GK <=K9;GEH9F@9<GK <= K=MK 9J?ME=FLGK GM ;GEHD=E=FLGK AEHDb;A
LGK F9 9^]G <=KA?F9<9 H=DG N=J:G E9K IM= 9 FGKK9 =PH=JAaF;A9 J=;MH=J9
+G<=EGK K=J =FL=F<A<GK = 9 GJ9^]G x>9R=J K=FLA<Gy ;GE =FMF;A9<GK <G
LAHG
#GB=F]G 9G7F9J= 6K9:=K=IM=K=LJ9L9<=MEL=PLGIM9DIM=J7
B7<= G;GHG6K9:=K=IM=K=LJ9L9<=MEDbIMA<GY?M9KM;G=L; 7
/=JEGKGH;AGF9AK=F]GGH;AGF9AK
IM=K=JA9
GF@=;=F<GE=D@GJGHJ=<A;9<GFh;D=G=<=L=JEAF9FL=K
BY IM= G KA?FG D=PA;9D <G ;GEHD=E=FLG F]G HG<= K=J HJ==F;@A<G HGJ ME
KA?FG D_PA;G 9:J9F?=FL= ME 9JIMAD=P=E9 ;GEG G;GJJ=M FGK =P=EHDGK
9FL=JAGJ=K
=JLGK N=J:GK FGJE9DE=FL= LJ9FKALANGK IM9F<G =EHJ=?9<GK AF
LJ9FKALAN9E=FL=HG<=E9<IMAJAJ=KH=;A9DE9LARK=E[FLA;G
D=F]G JZ
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69H9KK9?=E<9GJ9^]GF9;@9E9<9NGR9LAN9H9J99GJ9^]G<=NGR
H9KKAN9E=<A9FL=9IM9DGKMB=ALG<99LAN9K=LJ9FK>GJE9=E
9?=FL=<9H9KKAN9AFLJG<MRA<GH=D9HJ=HGKA^]G DCF F9;GE:AF
9^]G D9F=FIM9FLGG;GEHD=E=FLG<AJ=LG<99LAN9H9KK99
KMB=ALG<9H9KKAN9
)GJ=N=B<CG F]GNAJ9E C=B7ZB8=C
)=B7ZB8=C F]G>GANAKLG D9@CG
J=N=B<CG
)]G=F;GFLJ9EGK CGF9GDCBGRJ9=G
)GF9GDCBGRJ9=G F]G>GJ9E=F
;GFLJ9<GK DCFB_G
)D5= ;GEHJGM BCJ575G5
(CJ575G5 >GA;GEHJ9<9 D9@CD5=
79KM:KLALMA^]G<G;GEHD=E=FLG<AJ=LGH=DGKHJGFGE=KAFL=JJG?9L
ANGK EI9A 6_IM=7H9J9H=KKG9K=6G7 EI9 6_IM=7 9FL=K<9K=
IMaF;A9KMB=ALGN=J:GGM9FL=K<GKN=J:GK :5N9F GM 57CBH979F
*;9^9<GJNAM C 7CAD5B<9=FC
,M=E_IM=G;9^9<GJNAMv C7CAD5B<9=FC ;GEHD=E=FLG<AJ=LG
*;9^9<GJNAM C@C6C
,M=_IM=G;9^9<GJNAMv C@C6C ;GEHD=E=FLG<AJ=LG
8>AF9DE=FL=9LJ9FKHGKA^]GLGHA;9DAR9^]G<G;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LGH9J99=KIM=J<9<GN=J:GGH=J9^]GIM=H=JEAL=9
HJ=K=F^9<=MEHJGFGE=H=KKG9DG:B=LANGFGDG;9DNARAF@G9G
N=J:GGF<=<=N=JA9=KL9JG;GEHD=E=FLG<AJ=LG
6HGJGMLJGD9<G;=JLGKHJ=<A;9<GK;GEHD=PGK<=DAEAL9<GKHGJKA
?FGD_PA;GF]G;GFKLALMb<G;GE;GEHD=E=FLG<AJ=LGL9E:_E9<
EAL=E9LJ9FK>GJE9^]G<=GJ9^]G<=NGR9LAN9=EGJ9^]G<=NGR
H9KKAN9
GG=GH=ACGSA=GG5 A=GG5:C=5GG=GH=85DCFB_G
)DFCDF=9HRF=CD5;CI5CGCD9FRF=CG )GCD9FRF=CG:CF5AD5;CG
D9@CDFCDF=9HRF=C
)8=F9HCFD9F8C5FR5CG5@IBCG )G5@IBCGG9FVCD9F8C58CGD9@C
8=F9HCF
)G7=858VCGC698979AS@9= @9=XC69897=85D9@CG7=858VCG
.C8CGF9GDCB89F5A5C5BdB7=C )5BdB7=C:C=F9GDCB8=8CDCF
HC8CG
D9@5F5A85G9BH9BW5 G9BH9BW5:C=5D9@585
(VC5@I8=F5A59GG5GF5Nc9G GG5GF5Nc9GBVC:CF5A5@I8=85G
7F]GK]GF9LMJ9AK=E:GJ9?J9E9LA;9DE=FL=HGKKbN=AK9KH=J?MF
L9K;GE EI9A EI9F9K>J9K=K;MBGKHJ=<A;9<GK;GEHD=PGK;GF
LaEN=J:GKIM=KA?FA>A;9EE=<A<9H=KGHJ=^G=L=EHG
)7CFF98CFA9897=B7CA9HFCG
)5H@9H5D9G5G9GG9BH5EI=@CG
)BCJC75FFC7IGHCIHF=BH5A=@F95=G
):=@A98IFCIHFZG<CF5G
8L9E:_EF]GK]G>J=IM=FL=K=E:GJ9?J9E9LA;9DE=FL=HGKKbN=AK
9KHJGFGEAF9DAR9^g=K;GEGKN=J:GK<9F9LMJ=R9K=E[FLA;9
J=>=JA<9FGAL=E9FL=JAGJ
)7CFF98CFA989CG
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GME9FA>=KL9^g=K<=K=FLAE=FLGK=<=K=B9=F;9J=;=J9H=KKG9GM
K=JH=JKGFA>A;9<G9IM=E99^]GN=J:9DK=<AJA?=GM>9NGJ=;=
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HJ=R9N99DAKLG;GEG 5:=@<Cy6J 7
*bservao .=E HJ=HGKA^]G HG<=JK=A9 AFL=JHJ=L9J :=@<C ;GEG KMB=ALG 7CAC
:=@<C DF9N5 LG<9NA9 G MKG <9 HJ=HGKA^]G F=KL= ;9KG F]G _ ?J9E9LA;9DE=FL=
G:JA?9LeJAG
9;GEGHJGFGE=J=D9LANG EI9A
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GK= 5CG@95=Gy6#
7
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6-':
7
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GG=GH=F5CG75F9BH9G
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E=FLGK <G HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG IM= LaE HGJ Fh;D=G N=J:GK IM= KA?FA>A;9E E=
<A<9 H=KG HJ=^G = L=EHG N=J<9<= _ IM= KA?FA>A;9<GK ?J9E9LA;9AK 6x9?=FL=y
xH9;A=FL=y xDG;9LANGy x<AJ=^]Gy =L; 7 K= E9FA>=KL9E E=<A9FL= =KIM=E9K KAFLYLA
;GK EMALG N9JA9<GK -=H9J=K= IM= FME9 GJ9^]G ;GEG ) DC@=7=5@ 57CAD5B<CI C
=8CGC 5C 65B7C B5 <CF5 8C HIAI@HC G L=JEG AF<A;9LANG <G DM?9J 5C 65B7C _ AF
=J=FL= 9G HJ=<A;9<G = HGJL9FLG F]G HG<= K=J <AKH=FK9<G ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE B5
<CF58CHIAI@HC 6 +9AN9=KK 7
1A
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A9BHC GM C6>9HC =B8=F9HC 6#
7 = 9HJ=K=FL9 9K K=?MAFL=K ;9J9;L=J
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;GFLAFM9JH=J>=AL99GJ9^]G9FL=JAGJ
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89FFCH5
*bservao ;=J;9 <9 KM:KLALMA^]G <= 89 AC8C EI9 89 A5B9=F5 EI9 N=J:G
>D=PAGF9<G HGJ 89 AC8C 5 89 A5B9=F5 5 AF>AFALANG 89 AC8C 5 :5N9F =L; ;>
DAFC
W >Y;AD G:K=JN9J IM= 9K <M9K GJ9^g=K <G HJAE=AJG =P=EHDG K]G KAFL
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HCG @=JFCG N=JA>A;9EGK IM= HGKKMA LG<GK GK L=JEGK KAFLYLA;GK HJ=NAKLGK F9
J=D9^]GHJ=<A;9LAN99G;GFLJYJAG<9GJ9^]G;GEHD=P9;GF>GJE=NAEGK
.MB=ALG 'RF=C
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*:B=LG<AJ=LG AI=HCG@=JFCG
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(YJAGDaEMALGKDANJGK=9HJ=F<=HGM;G
G HGFLG <= NAKL9 KAFLYLA;G BY NAEGK IM= 9IMA L9E:_E =KL9EGK <A
9FL=<=GJ9^g=KAF<=H=F<=FL=K=IM=HG<=E>A?MJ9JAKGD9<9E=FL=
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W H9JLAF<G <=KK= FGKKG K9:=J KG:J= 9K ;GAK9K <G EMF<G = <GK KA?FA
>A;9<GK <GK D=P=E9K MLADAR9<GK IM= AFL=JHJ=L9EGK 9
p GJ9^]G ;GEG G
;GFLJYJAG <G IM= =KLYN9EGK =KH=J9F<G H=DG >9LG <= (YJAG D=J EMALGK
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p GJ9^]G G ;9JYL=J <= 7CCF89B585 58=H=J5 F=E H=JEAL= IM= K= ;D9KKA>AIM=
G 9 <A>=J=FL=E=FL= <= ME9 ;GFBMF^]G 9<ALAN9 W G L=PLG ;GE KM9K MFA<
9<=K D_PA;9K = F]G 9 ?J9EYLA;9 IM= E9FA>=KL9 G K=FLA<G 9<N=JK9LANG IM=
;D9J9E=FL= =PHJ=KK9 9
p GJ9^]G =E >9;= <G ;GFL=h<G IM= K= =FMF;AGM F9
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HDGK <= ;GGJ<=F9^]G FG FbN=D <9 GJ9^]G = <= KM:GJ<AF9^]G FG FbN=D <G
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9:= L9E:_E 9KKAF9D9J IM= 9K GJ9^g=K ;GF=;L9<9K HGJ 9 F]G E9FA
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L9:=D=;= ME9 <AKHGKA^]G F9LMJ9D <GK ;GFL=h<GK <= H=FK9E=FLG <=KA?F9
<GK .]G F=KL= hDLAEG ;9KG IM=KLg=K J=D9LAN9K 9G FGKKG K9:=J =DG;MLANG =
F]G9GK9:=JA<AGEYLA;G=P;DMKAN9E=FL=
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KLM<9N9<=FGAL==LJ9:9D@9N9<=<A9
(9K@YGJ<=E>AP9=E
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9HJGPAE9E H=D9 AF<=H=F<aF;A9 KAFLYLA;9 = =KLJ=ALG J=D9;AGF9E=FLG
K=E[FLA;G <9 H9J9L9P= GM ;GGJ<=F9^]G .=M =>=ALG H9J9 G <AK;MJKG _ N9JA
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7
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7IFJ5GF5G;5J5CD5D9@5B85J5SHC57CACIA565F5H5 <GA<9K=
E=9F<G:GJJg=K6"J- 7
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7
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7
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*bservaes
p GFLAFM9EGK 9 AFKAKLAJ FG L=JEG B979GGRF=5 DF9DCG=WVC B979GGRF=5 HGJIM=
=D9 HG<= 9H9J=;=J =KHGJ9<A;9E=FL= =E DM?9J=K IM= 9 F]G =PA?=E ;GEG GEALAJ
K= GF<= K=JA9 =KH=J9<9 KKAE HG<=K= HJ=K;AF<AJ <9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= AFA;A9 ME9
GJ9^]GG:B=LAN9AF<AJ=L9GM;GEHD=LAN9FGEAF9D
x EGAE:J9J=;=:=MGAF>9FL==KL9LJAKL=FGN9HGJME9;9JL9<9
J9AF@9KM9>AD@9=EIM=G9NAK9N9IM= 9A7CBG9@<CG9897=8=F5EI9C
:CGG9A79F75F y6#
7
=GHCX9AEI9C5J=G5J5EI9 =KLYHGJ 9AEI9C5J=G5J5 de que
p+G<=G;GJJ=J9GEAKK]GL9FLG<9HJ=HGKA^]GIM9FLG<GLJ9FKHGKALGJ
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:=9L9=;9JGD9=ENGRL]G9DL9IM=LAN=E=<G :CGG9 GMNA<9GKH9AK
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AKLG_LAN=E=<G 89EI9 >GKK=GMNA<9
/9E:_E K= HG<= HJ=;=<=J <= HJ=HGKA^]G ME9 GJ9^]G KM:B=LAN9 GM G:B=LAN9 <AJ=L9
KKAE HGJ AF>DMaF;A9 <9 ;GFKLJM^]G :5N9F 7CA 5@;IXA ;GFK=?MAJ <=KL= 9D
?M_E EI9 J=9GG9 H9KK9EGK 9 =EHJ=?9J :5N9F 7CA EI9 9G D9<G <= :5N9F EI9 =E GJ
9^g=KG:B=LAN9K<AJ=L9K<GLAHG
x >AR=J9EGK;GJL=K]GK 7CAEI9G9F9H=F5GG9D5F5-=BHF5 y6#
7
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9;GFL=^9y
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7y
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6((7
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MEHJ= EI9:5W5ACG7CA7I=858CHC8CGCG9L9F7[7=CG
;GFL=;= EI9HC8CG>R:CF5ADIB=8CG
*bservaes
p )]G K= H9ML9E H=D9 LJ9<A^]G DAL=JYJA9 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K =E IM= K= H=JKGF9DAR9 G
N=J:G D9G5F KA?FA>A;9F<G9JJ=H=F<AE=FLGGM<GJ<GLAHG<=
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:G9 ;GFKLJM^]G _ <9JD@= G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG <= H=KKG9 = ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG <=
;GAK9AFLJG<MRA<9H=D9HJ=HGKA^]G 89=F9>GJE9<= pH=KKG9<GKAF?MD9J
*9G5A98CG8=GG56CF9G IM=D@=;9MK=A
p * +JG> .GMK9 'AE9 6.' l 7 9;@9 IM= Ke K= HG<=JY ;GFKA<=J9J DF98=7
5H=J5 9 GJ9^]G IM= ;GFLAN=J G N=J:G D5F979F ;GF;GJ<9F<G x;GE GMLJG KMB=ALG IM=
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GD9F5ACGHCA9A =KLYHGJ=GD9F5ACGEI9HCA9A
AF<9 IM= F]G @9B9 9;hEMDG <= EIZG ;GFKLALMA D=N=R9 9 GEAKK]G <9
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x!J=IM=FL=KN=R=KE= 8=GG99GD9F5J5 D@=9FMD9KK=EFGKMHJ=EG
LJA:MF9DGHJG;=KKGy6J 7
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9 +I9 vF]GHJ=;=<A<G<=HJ=HGKA^]GF=;=KKYJA9vHG<==P=J;=J9K>MF
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: +I9 vHJ=;=<A<G<=HJ=HGKA^]GF=;=KKYJA9vHG<==P=J;=J9K>MF^g=K
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85D5GG=J5
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KL=_G=K;JALGJ DCFEI9 >GA=K;JALGGDANJG5;9BH985D5GG=J5
*bservao GFKLALMA AEHJGHJA=<9<= G =EHJ=?G <G HJGFGE= J=D9LANG HJ=;=
<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G 89 ;GEG 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D =E DM?9J <= 7I>C KKAE K= =NAL9
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GK =P=EHDGK =E :GFK =K;JALGJ=K * 9F9JIMAKL9 E9D<AR <= LG<GK GK ?GN=JFGK 89
EI9 F]G ;GEH9JLAD@9 9K N9FL9?=FK 6((7 +9J9 ;=JL9 ;D9KK= <= ?=FL= 9 ;GFK;AaF
;A9 _ ME9 ?9N=L9 >=;@9<9 89 EI9 K= H=J<=M 9 ;@9N= 6-
7 AKLG _ 89 7I>5G
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K==EHJ=?9HJ=;=<A<G<=HJ=HGKA^]G==P=J;=9KK=?MAFL=K>MF^g=K
KAFLYLA;9K
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x*HJAE=AJGK=F@GJ<=*JEMR<=IM=L=EGKFGLb;A9>GA(9D=9=R C
EI5@@9:AL9F<GF9AD@9<=9=R<GEAF9N9LG<9K9KAD@9K<9IM=D==K
LJ=ALGy6#
7
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HGKA^]G HJAF;AH9DE=FL= <=HGAK <= HJ=HGKA^]G GM DG;M^]G HJ=HGKALAN9 <=
<M9K GM E9AK KbD9:9K AR=EGK AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= 89 EI9 GM 8C EI5@ 7CA
EI9 GM 7CA C EI5@ 5 EI9 GM 5C EI5@ G9A EI9 GM G9A C EI5@ E9K Ke
G;GJJ=E 5D9G5F 8C EI5@ 7CB:CFA9 C EI5@ G9;IB8C C EI5@ 9BHF9 C EI5@
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LfFA;G;GEGG EI5@=F]GYLGFG;GEG EI9
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LAN=JE9AKK9:=Jy6#+7
+GJ >AE ;MEHJ= 9KKAF9D9J IM= G;GJJ= 9AF<9 9 AFN=JK]G <= ME L=JEG
<9GJ9^]G9<B=LAN9H9J99FL=K<GJ=D9LANG;GEGFG=P=EHDG<=1A=AJ9
x*H9<J=!J9F;AK;G"GF^9DN=K DFCJ=B7=5@ IM=9;9:GM<=K=J6=E
DM?9J<= EI95756CI89G9FDFCJ=B7=5@7<9HJGNbF;A9<GJ9KAD y
61 5DI8 !
7
G HJGFGE= J=D9LANG EI9 AFA;A9 9K GJ9^g=K EI9 9I D9BG9= EI9 BVC EI9F9G
<9F<GD@=K G ;9JYL=J <= 9<B=LAN9K E9K F]G =P=J;= F=D9K >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9
H=JL=F;= AKLG KAE ZK GJ9^g=K KM:KL9FLAN9K EI9 H=J9GG9 89G5D5F97=8C GM
EI9 H9 :5W5A <9K IM9AK _ G KMB=ALG F9 p = G:B=LG <AJ=LG F9
p MA<
9<G =KH=;A9D @Y <= L=JK= FG IM= LG;9 Z ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 HGAK G =K;JALGJ AF=P
H=JA=FL= DG?G GHL9 HGJ >D=PAGF9J G N=J:G <AKLAF^]G 9<A9<9 G=B9 8=9 HGJ
EGLANGKIM=F]G J9A =F]G JZA FGHDMJ9D9H=DG<=;D9J9J6' 7
KL9 ;GFKLJM^]G _ ;GJJ=L9 = ;G=J=FL= = J=KAKL= 9 ME =FIM9<J9E=FLG
FGKHJG;=KKGKFGJE9AK<=9FYDAK=KAFLYLA;9
+G<=K= =NAL9J 9 J=H=LA^]G <GK EIZG KM:KLALMAF<GK= G N=J:G <9 GJ
9^]GKM:KL9FLAN9HGJMEAF>AFALANG
DA=KLYG@GE=EIM==MH=FK=AL=J<=K9H9J=;A<G
FYDAK=<GKMB=ALGGJ9;AGF9D
.MB=ALG CGEI9
+J=<A;9<G F97@5A5AA5=G@=69F8589
*:B <AJ=LG A5=G@=69F8589
FYDAK=<GHJ=<A;9LANGGJ9;AGF9D
.MB=ALG CGEI9
+J=<A;9<G A9BCG5A9F979A
*:B <AJ=LG 5
E
%GK_H9JLAMGIM=<=APGM9;9K9LJAKL=
p !G?= <G HD9FG <= AFL=JHJ=L9^]G KAFLYLA;9 G =FL=F<=JK= C EI9 9 =GHC ;GEG
IM=J=E9D?MFK?J9EYLA;GK 1=B9K=6+ l7
p E DM?9J <= C EI9 L9E:_E HG<= G;GJJ=J 9H=F9K EI9 ;GFKLJM^]G IM= N9A
;9AF<G =E <=KMKG x <=HGAK 9 <= 9?GKLG <= 9;9:GM <= =PHAJ9J EI9 G
IM= >GA ;GEG :=E HG<=EGK HJ=KMEAJ NG9J <G ;YJ;=J= ;9JJ=?9<G ;GE 9K H9DE9K
<= ;GF>=KKGJ = EYJLAJ H9J9 9 HYLJA9 GF<= GK >JMLGK K= ;GD@=E <G IM= F9 L=JJ9 K=
;MDLANGMy6
5DI8 (9 > 9AF<9(9
7
GE C EI9 5 EI9 CG EI9 5G EI9 HG<= G;GJJ=J ME9 HJ=HGKA^]G J=
?=F<GLG<99GJ9^]GKM:KL9FLAN9<9GJ=D9LANGGM9E:GK
9"GKL=A 8CEI98=GG9GH9
:*HJG>=KKGJ<AKK=JLGM GC6F9C 89EI9 GFL=E;GFN=JKYN9EGK
GE >J=IMaF;A9 9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= <=N=JA9 9;GEH9F@9J G J=D9LANG
=EA?J9H9J9G9JLA?GIM=AFLJG<MR9GJ9^]GKM:KL9FLAN9<9
)]GK=A BCEI9 H=FK9KHGJ C 9AEI9
x?GJ9BYK9:=9>A<9D?9 BCEI9 =D==KLJ9?9<AF@=AJGy6J 7
W ;D9JG IM= K= G 5 9FL=K <= EI9 >GJ 9H=F9K HJ=HGKA^]G F]G D=N9JY
9;=FLG ?J9N= AF<A;9LANG <= ;J9K= = F]G E9AK K= LJ9L9JY <= 9<B=LAN9 KM:
KL9FLAN9<9E9KL]GKGE=FL=9<B=LAN9
H=KKG9 5EI9 L=J=>=J=KF]GN=AG@GB=
Relativo universal
!J=IM=FL=K N=R=K 9 DAF?M9?=E ;GDGIMA9D = 9 HGHMD9J <=KH=E G J=D9L
ANG <= IM9DIM=J >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 LGE9F<GG HGJ KAEHD=K =D=E=FLG LJ9FK
HGKALGJ GJ9;AGF9D >MF^]G IM= <=N=JA9 K=J =P=J;A<9 H=DG J=D9LANG N=E
E9AK 9<A9FL= =PHJ=KK9 HGJ KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE= =KL= J=D9LANG
;@9E9EGK IB=J9FG5@
*@GE=E,0 =M>9D=A*( '
=EN=R<=
*@GE=E*(,0 (GM*(,0 =M>9D=A
9EAR9<=_;GAK9,0 F=EK=EHJ=K9:=EGK. 0.$")$!$*
=EN=R<=
9EAR9<=_;GAK90%*.$")$!$*F=EK=EHJ=K9:=EGK
+I9A@<98_=5:5N9B85 5EI9A8_=5:5N9B85
x)9LMJ=R9F=?9F<GD@=9GJ<AFYJA9J9^]G<=GMLJGK?GKLGKK=FL=G
=9EM9K=;GEGE=FAFG EI9@<9 H=F5A5A9F9B85y60RF=CG.F5H58CG
$$ 5DI8 (9
7
IM= <AR x,M9F<G D=AG =KL= LJ=;@G KAFLG ;GEG 9FL=;=<=FL= <G EI9 KM:DAF
@9<G 9 A<=A9 <= B_G =F;=JJ9<9 FG 9<B=LANG BCGG5 KK= EI9 F]G K= E=
9>A?MJ9 ;GFBMF^]G ;9MK9Dy %MD?G H=J>=AL9E=FL= ;9:bN=D 9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G <G
E=KLJ= = ;GFKLALMA HJYLA;9 <= DAF?M9?=E ;GJJ=FL= FG D9LAE x09GHF5 EI=
7IA GIAA5 =BH9;F=H5H9 J=L=GH=G <C7 A5L=A9 =BH9F9GHy 6b;=JG HJG .9DD
5DI8 %(9 l97
*MLJ9KH9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K<9KGJ9^g=K9<N=J:A9AK
v comparativasIM9F<G9KM:GJ<AF9<9=PHJAE=GK=J;GEIM=K=
;GEH9J9GMLJGK=J<9GJ9^]GHJAF;AH9D ;GEH9J9^]G_ 5GG=A=@5H=J5
IM9F<Gx;GFKAKL==E9KKAEAD9JME9;GAK9H=KKG9IM9DA<9<=GM>9LG9
GMLJ9E9AKAEHJ=KKAGF9FL=GME9AK;GF@=;A<9y6( $$7
W AFLJG<MRA<9 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 ;GEH9J9LAN9 <=KL9 =KH_;A= HGJ
7CAC GM EI5@ HG<=F<G 9AF<9 =KL9J=E =E ;GJJ=D9^]G ;GE 5GG=A GM H5@
HGKLGKF9GJ9^]GHJAF;AH9D
x*KAEHGJLMFGKK]G 7CAC5GACG75G IM==FPGL9<9KJ=N=JL=EDG?Gy
6((7
*;GJJ=9HJ=K=F^9<GN=J:G=E
x)]GL=FKAFAEA?GE9AKHG<=JGKGE9AK9KLMLGE9AK=EH=JJ9<G=
E9AK<GE_KLA;G 8CEI9XH9I 9EGJHJeHJAGy6(=
7
x*9J;GEGIM= 9F5 ;GJL9<G<=J=D[EH9?GKK=FKM9AKK=FLA9EK=H9K
K9JDM>9<9K<=L_HA<9NGDhHA9y6%-A 7
E DM?9J <= A5=G 6CA A5=G ;F5B89 A5=G A5I A5=G D9EI9BC
A5=G 69A = A5=G A5@ <AR=EGK FGJE9DE=FL= A9@<CF A5=CF D=CF A9BCF
A9@<CF = D=CF K= 9HDA;9E L9FLG H9J9 GK 9<B=LANGK ;GEG H9J9 GK
9<N_J:AGK
x*KN=D@9;GKLaE<=GJ<AFYJAGE9AKL9D=FLGHGJ_E A9BCF BMbRG<G
IM=GK@GE=FKHJG:GKy6((7
x)]G@Y=K;J9NA<]G D=CF <GIM=9<GKNb;AGK=H9APg=Ky6((7
x)]G@Y A5=CF F=E D=CF LAJ9FA9IM=9<GKE9MK@Y:ALGKAFN=L=J9<GKy
6((7
x]GK=GK;GFK=D@GK;GE A9@<CF NGFL9<=<GIM=?=J9DE=FL=K=
9;=AL9Ey6((7
)*/w/9E:_E9IMAF]GK=L=EGJ9^]G;GEH9J9LAN9
)GL=K= IM= 9 KAEHD=K KM:KLALMA^]G <= 8C EI9 HGJ 5 F]G K=JA9 A<=9D
H=D99HJGPAE9^]G<GK<GAK 55
*bservao AKLAF?9K= 9 ;GFKLJM^]G =JJ9<9 <= DF9:9F=F <9 K=IMaF;A9 5BH9G
DF9:9F=F <G K=?MAFL= =P=EHDG <G (9JIMaK <= (9JA;Y =E IM= D=N= H9MK9 9H9J=;=
<=HGAK<= 5BH9G 6(( 7
x)AF?M_EIM=JH9KK9JHGJLGDG 5BH9GDF9:9F9 H9J=;=JN=D@9;Gy
6((7
$KLG_9;@MN9F]GK=JYG:KLY;MDGL9DIM=E=AEH=<AJY<=K9AJ
x=B85EI9 H=J<G=EGK9GKE9MK9GJ<=EEGJ9DF]GD@=KH=J<G9=
;9KLA?99FGKK9AF<MD?aF;A9y6((7
:>9D9F<GK=<GH9KK9<G
-99I:CGG95D@=758C G:L=JA9GHJaEAG
GM
-99IH=J9GG9G=8C5D@=758CL=JA9G:LA<GGHJaEAG
AF<=H=F<aF;A9 KAFLYLA;9 <9K <M9K GJ9^g=K F=KL= ;9KG HG<= NAJ AF
<A;9<9 HGJ ME9 H9MK9 E9AGJ AKLG _ HGJ HGFLG = NbJ?MD9 GM HGJ HGFLG
N9D=F<G 9KKAE 9 MFA<9<= HGJ ME 9<N_J:AG <= GJ9^]G H9J9 9NAN9J 9G GM
NAFL= G H=FK9E=FLG 9FL=JAGJ ;GE G K=FLA<G 9HJGPAE9<G <= DCF 7CB
G9;I=BH97CBG9EI9BH9A9BH985[
K9D=?JA9K<9NA<9IM9K=K=EHJ=K]GJYHA<9K=>M?A<A9K9AF<9IM=
<AKLGF]GLGE=EGK;GF@=;AE=FLG 9AC8CEI9 =D9K<=N=EK=J9HJG
N=AL9<9KAFL=DA?=FL=E=FL=
+GJ LM<G AKLG K= Na IM= F=E K=EHJ= HG<=EGK <=DAEAL9J FG FbN=D <G
L=PLG GK ;9EHGK <GK N9DGJ=K ;GFK=;MLANG = ;GF;DMKANG 9;J=K;=FL9F<GK=
9AF<9 IM= @Y NARAF@9F^9K <=KL=K N9DGJ=K ;GE GMLJGK ;GEG HGJ =P=EHDG
9A<=A9<=>AF9DA<9<=GIM==KLM<9J=EGKE9AK9<A9FL=
MEHJ= =NAL9J ME =JJG >J=IM=FL= ;GE 9 =PHJ=KK]G <G H=FK9E=FLG
;GFK=;MLANG = ;GF;DMKANG HfJ FG HDMJ9D G KM:KL9FLANG F9K DG;M^g=K 89
A5B9=F5EI989AC8CEI9 =L; <AR=F<GK=AF;GJJ=L9E=FL=
.9AMJ9HA<9E=FL= 89A5B9=F5GEI9 F]GHM<=NaDG
KLM<GM 89:CFA5GEI9 ;GFK=?MAM9HJ=F<=J
v modais:
x9IAF9@5B79 D=MF9>AKAGFGEA9<GE9F;=:GK=EIM=KM9KHMHAD9K
=KLYLA;9KK=EGN=KK=EF9KeJ:AL9Ky6% 7
v proporcionais: IM9F<G9KM:GJ<AF9<9=PHJAE=ME>9LGIM=
9ME=FL9GM<AEAFMAF9E=KE9HJGHGJ^]G<G>9LGIM=K=<=;D9J9F9
HJAF;AH9Dv SA98=85EI9SDFCDCFWVCEI95CD5GGCEI9H5BHCA5=G
EI5BHCA5=GH5BHCA5=G EI5BHCA9BCGH5BHCA9BCG EI5BHCA5=G
=L;
iA98=85EI9 9A<9<=;@=?99FGKK9=PH=JAaF;A99ME=FL9
HJ=F<A9 SDFCDCFWVCEI9 DA9GDANJG
ME=FL9N9GK=MNG;9:MDYJAG 5CD5GGCEI9 ;GFKMDL9N9GKE=KLJ=K<9
DbF?M9
*bservao MFA<9<= 5C D5GGC EI9 HG<= K=J =EHJ=?9<9 K=E A<=A9 HJGHGJ
;AGF9D H9J9 AF<A;9J IM= ME >9LG F]G K= <=M GM F]G L=E 9K ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K <= GMLJG
BY =FMF;A9<G x KMJ<=R @9:ALM9D <9<9 9 EMDLAHDA;9^]G <9K G:J9K = <GK ;MA<9<GK
<G AF<ANb<MG L=F<=JA9 9 =E:GL9J GK K=FLA<GK = 9 J=L9J<9J GK K=PGK 5C D5GGC EI9 G
N=KLMYJAG F=?9;=9F<G 9 F9LMJ=R9 9?M^9 = 9LJ9A 9K NGFL9<=K 9LAN99K J=HJG<MD9K
=;GFK=?MAFL=E=FL=>9R9F<9J9;ANADAR9^]Gy6(
7
D=>GA9G;AF=E9 5CD5GGCEI9 =MJ=KGDNAAJZHJ9A9
v temporais: IM9F<G9GJ9^]GKM:GJ<AF9<9<=FGL9GL=EHG<9J=9DAR
9^]G<G>9LG=PHJ=KKGF9HJAF;AH9D
K HJAF;AH9AK ;@9E9<9K ;GFBMF^g=K = xDG;M^g=Ky ;GFBMFLAN9K =
L=EHGJ9AKK]G
9H9J9GL=EHG9FL=JAGJ 5BH9GEI9DF=A9=FCEI9 J9JG
.9AM 5BH9GEI9 =MD@=<=KK=GJ=;9<G
x)AF?M_EK=F@GJ=KE=MKIM==EHJ==F<9ME9BGJF9<9=P
LJ9GJ<AFYJA9 DF=A9=FCEI9 E=L9GH_F9=KLJ9<9K==KIM=;=JY<==F
LJ9J=E;GFL9;GE9KKM9K>GJ^9K y6-7
:H9J9GL=EHGHGKL=JAGJ<=EG<GN9?G 89DC=GEI9EI5B8C
.9AM 89DC=GEI9 =D=;@=?GM
p BHF9H5BHC GM BC 9BHF9H5BHC K]G 9<N_J:AGK <= L=EHG ;GE G K=FLA<G <= B9GH9
[BH9F=A B9GH9 =BH9FJ5@C 89 H9ADC B9GH9 A9=C H9ADC (9AK EG<=JF9E=FL= 9B
HF9H5BHC H9KKGM 9 N9D=J HGJ ME9 MFA<9<= <= N9DGJ 9<N=JK9LAN9 = HGJ AF>DMaF;A9 <G
9<N_J:AG L=E KA<G =EHJ=?9<G HJ=;=<A<G <9 ;GE:AF9^]G BC BC 9BHF9H5BHC (MA
LGKHMJAKL9KF]G9HJGN9E=KL9hDLAE9;GFKLJM^]G
p JA?GJ 9K x;GFBMF^g=Ky HJGHGJ;AGF9AK L9E:_E AF<A;9E L=EHG ;GF;GEAL
9FL= HGJ AKKG MFK 9MLGJ=K F]G <AKLAF?M=E 9K H9ADCF5=G <9K 7CB7CA=H5BH9G
>9R=F<G <=KL9K ;D9KK=K Z H9JL= <9K H9ADCF5=G (CA9B7@5HIF5 !F5A5H=75@
F5G=@9=F5 F]G>9D9=E 7CB7CA=H5BH9
p NAL=K= G =EHJ=?G A5=G A9BCG A5=G A9BCG =E DM?9J <= EI5BHC A5=G
A9BCG H5BHC A5=G A9BCG =E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG +I5BHC A5=G =KLM<9EGK
H5BHC A5=G 9ME=FL9E FGKK9K HGKKA:ADA<9<=K <= NALeJA9 = F]G '5=G =KLM<9EGK =
A5=G N=F;=EGK
+G<=K=GEALAJG H5BHC FGK=?MF<GL=JEG +I5BHCA5=K=KLM<9EGK A5=G
>H9J9GL=EHGDAEAL=L=JEAF9D 5HXEI9
JAF;GM 5HXEI9:CGG9 J=HJ==F<A<G
F9DAK9F<G<AKH=FK9K=G EI9
=HGAK <GK N=J:GK <5J9F = :5N9F ;GE K=FLA<G L=EHGJ9D <R 8=5G
EI9 :5N 8=5G EI9 G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 H9J=;= L=J KA<G F=KL= ;9KG HJAEAL
AN9E=FL= AFL=?J9FL=
9<IMAJAM HGJ ;GFL9LG 9 A<=A9 <= L=EHG ;GE N9D
GJ9HJGPAE9<G<= 89G89EI9
#YIM9LJG<A9K EI9 F]GGN=BG
!9RA9IM9LJGE=K=K EI9 =KLAN=J9<G=FL=
#YEMALGL=EHGF]GGN=BG
)]GGN=BG@YEMALG
=@YEMALGF]GGN=BG
=K<=@YEMALGF]GGN=BG
L_@YHGM;G=MGNAHGJ9IMA
*bservaes
p <N_J:AGK = MFA<9<=K 9<N=J:A9DAR9<9K CBH9A <C>9 <R AI=HC <R DCI7C <R
H5BHCG 5BCG =L; HJ=;=<A<GK <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 K]G LJ9FKHGKLGK 9 9<B=LANGK 9<
BMFLGK9<FGEAF9AK
KFGLb;A9K 89<C>9
KD=E:J9F^9K 89CBH9A
0EL=KL9E=FLG 89 <R79A5BCG
(G<9K 89 <RHF=BH55BCG
(=FAFGK 89<RDCI7C 6
l
(9 7
p HJ=HGKA^]G BMFLG 9G N=J:G <5J9F =E 9 <R AI=HC BVC C J9>C 89G89 <R
AI=HC 5HX <R DCI7C 9KKAF9D9 E=D@GJ 9 A<=A9 L=EHGJ9D <GD>G G=D@G ;GFKA<=J9
K=E J9R]G NA;AGK9 = DAF?M9?=E 89 <R AI=HC IM= =PHDA;9 <=KL9 E9F=AJ9 x$F>DMaF
;A9 K=E=D@9FL= >9D9 <9 AF>DMaF;A9 HGJ 9F9DG?A9 K= FGL9 F9 =PHJ=KK]G >J=IM=FL=
E9K NA;AGK9 89 <R AI=HC HGJ <R AI=HC "R AI=HC >AP9K= ;GEG 9 AF<A;9^]G <ME
L=EHG H9KK9<G <R F]G _ 9H=J;=:A<G ;GEG N=J:G E9K 9FL=K ;GEG HJ=HGKA^]G 5
<9b G 9FL=JHGJK=D@= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 HGJ 9F9DG?A9 <= =PHJ=KKg=K ;GEG 89 9BHVC
D5F57R 5HX<C>9 89CBH9A89AI=HCm 6G
$
7
p E DM?9J <= EI5B8C :C= 5 J9N 89@9 <ARK= L9E:_E EI5B8C :C= 85 J9N 89@9 GM
9:J=NA9<9E=FL= EI5B8C 85 J9N 89@9 KL9K <M9K hDLAE9K ;GFKLJM^g=K K]G EG<
=JF9K = HA>[FAG A9K 9K ;GFKA<=J9 AF;GJJ=L9K <=NA<9K Z EY LJ9<M^]G <G >J9F;aK
@CFG 89 6
l
7 %hDAG (GJ=AJ9 6%( $$ 7 = ;GE =D= (YJAG 9JJ=LG
6(9
7 =PHDA;9E G >=FfE=FG HGJ ;JMR9E=FLG KAFLYLA;G <9K <M9K =P
HJ=KKg=K EI5B8C :C= 5 J9N 89@9 = 85 J9N 89@9 <= IM= J=KMDLGM ME9 L=J;=AJ9 EAKL9
EI5B8C :C= 85 J9N 89@9 *;GJJ= 9AF<9 5 EI5B8C 89 5 EI5B8C 85 J9N 89@9 GF<=
HA>[FAG A9K Na 9AF<9 AF>DMaF;A9 <G 5 <G >J9F;aK 5@CFG x;GE J=IMAFL= <= :9J:9J
AKEGy =6=8 +J=>=JAEGK 9 =PHDA;9^]G <= %MDAG (GJ=AJ9 HGJ F]G N=JEGK F9 ;GJ
J=KHGF<=FL=>J9F;=K99NAL9DA<9<=KM>A;A=FL=H9J9L9DJ=H=J;MKK]GFGHGJLM?MaK
p E EMALGK <AR=J=K <= K=FLA<G L=EHGJ9D x@Y L=F<aF;A9 :=E FGLeJA9 @GB= =E
<A9 H9J9 ;GF>MF<AJ EI9 ;GFBMF^]G ;GE EI9 HJGFGE= J=D9LANG = H9J9 9>AJE9J =KL=
;9JYL=J HJGFGEAF9D =E ;=JLGK ;9KGK @GB= K= HJ=>=J= 9A EI9 9G KAEHD=K EI9 <9 DAF
?M9?=E 9FLA?9y 6.
7 YK= ;GE >J=IMaF;A9 =KL9 9DL=JF[F;A9 <= EI9 = 9A
EI9 IM9F<G G KM:KL9FLANG IM= K= ;GFKA<=J9 9FL=;=<=FL= <G HJGFGE= J=D9LANG N=E
HJ=;=<A<G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9A +J=>=J=K= <AR=J 5C A9GAC H9ADC EI9 5 H9ADC EI9
5C H9ADC EI9 E9K BC H9ADC EI9 GM 9A EI9 BC 8=5 EI9 GM 9A EI9 =L; /=E
K= =KL=F<A<G K=E J9R]G F=E LJ9<A^]G FG A<AGE9 G =EHJ=?G <= 9A EI9 =E ;GF
KLJM^g=K GF<= Ke <=N= >A?MJ9J G EI9 ;GEG HC85G 5G J9N9G 9A EI9 +J=>AJ9K= HC85G
5GJ9N9GEI9 GM 9AHC85G5GJ9N9G9AEI9 GMKAEHD=KE=FL= EI9
p * N=J:G <5J9F "p 9 5 DF9DCG=WVC 9A G9BH=8C H9ADCF5@ L=FL=K= FG
=EHJ=?G ;GJJ=LG <=KL9K <M9K >GJE9K "R N=J:G J=>=J=K= 9 L=EHG <=;GJJA<G = 5
HJ=HGKA^]G9L=EHG>MLMJG
"R LJaK<A9KF]GGN=BG
%Y<=NA9L=JD@==K;JALG <R E9AKL=EHG
KL=HJG<MLG_>9EGKG <R E9AK<=E=AGK_;MDG
0K9K=9AF<99HJ=HGKA^]G 5 F9KAF<A;9^g=K<9<AKL[F;A9<=DM?9J
KL9EGK 5 ;AF;GIMADfE=LJGK<GKbLAG
MA<9<G =KH=;A9D @]G <= E=J=;=J L9E:_E 9K =PHJ=KKg=K 5 79F75 89 = <R 79F75 89
GF<= 9 DG;M^]G 79F75 89 9HJGPAE9<9E=FL= H=JLG <= E9AK GM E=FGK N=E HJ=
;=<A<9<9HJ=HGKA^]G 5 GM<9>GJE9N=J:9D <R
D=>9DGM 579F7589 EADGMNAFL=KH9J9;=J;9<=EADGMNAFL=K
"R79F7589 LJAFL9<A9K>GA>=AL9=KL9HJGHGKL9
/=EGK 9AF<9 9 DG;M^]G 579F75 89 IM= KA?FA>A;9 GC6F9 5 F9GD9=HC 89 9A F9@5WVC
5
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;GEGN=J:G <5J9FME9N=RIM==KL=BYAF<A;9L=EHG<=;GJJA<G
"RHFZG8=5G5HFRG
GM
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GM
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p )9K GJ9^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK HJ=;=<A<9K <= HJAF;AH9D IM= =F;=JJ9 9<N_J:AG <= N9DGJ
L=EHGJ9D5D9B5GA5@<=N=EGK=EHJ=?9J EI5B8C =F]G EI9
H=F9KLAF@9L=JEAF9<G9IM=KL]G EI5B8CCDFC:9GGCFF97C@<9I5DFCJ5
(9DK9b9<9=K;GD9 EI5B8CG9@9A6FCI85D5GH5
+G<=K=L9E:_EKMHJAEAJG EI5B8C
H=F9K +=DY?AG LJ9FKHfK G =K;MJG HGJL9D <9 ?JML9 MJA;G D=N9FLGMK= 6#
5DI8 (9
7
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9HJGPAE9F<GK=<9A<=A9<= AC8C KM:GJ<AF9<9EG<9D
FLJGM=E;9K9 G9AEI9HCA5GG9B9B<IA5@=A9BHC
-=LAJGMK= G9AEI97<5A5GG9G9IG7C@9;5G
E DM?9J <= G9A EI9 <=HGAK <= ME9 HJAF;AH9D <= N9DGJ F=?9LANG
MK9K= L9E:_E EI9 BVC H9J9 AF<A;9J IM= 9 ;GFK=IMaF;A9 K= <Y 9 LG<G G
+MJAKL9KLaE;GF<=F9<GL9AKEG<GK<=<AR=J
*J9^g=KBMKL9HGKL9K<=N9DGJ;GFL=PLM9D9<N=J:A9D
: 7CB8=7=CB5=GL=F<GGN=J:GFGL=EHGH9KK9<GE9AKIM=H=J
>=ALG<GAF<A;9LANGGMAEH=J>=ALG<GKM:BMFLANG9FL=HGKLG9G
KMB=ALG
.=J9GG9 =M<AF@=AJG;GF@=;=JA9GEMF<G
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xIEI=G9GG9Z>GJ^9@GB=E=KEG9-ALAF@9NAF@9;GEA?Gy6"-7
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1=F;=KK==M 9BVC E=<9JA9EGHJaEAG
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; H9ADCF5=G
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x9D9L=BYEAF@9>AD@9 B=B;IXAH9C=W5A5=G:5@5Fm 6"9 $$7
x(M<=EGKHGJ_E<=L=;D9 BVCJR 9D?M_EBMD?9JE=;9F<A<9LG9J=
NAKGJ<=?J9D@9Ky6! 5DI8 (
7
Composio do enunciado
* =FMF;A9<G GM H=JbG<G HG<= =F;=JJ9J 9G E=KEG L=EHG GJ9^g=K
AF<=H=F<=FL=K ;GGJ<=F9<9K = BMKL9HGKL9K = <=H=F<=FL=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K
9J=EGK =P=EHDGK <= 9FYDAK= <=HGAK <= K=J=E 9HGFL9<9K 9K GJ9^g=K
;GEHD=P9K=GK=FMF;A9<GKBMKL9HGKLGK
9 7CCF89B585 = GI6CF8=B585
x/G<GKK=LAF@9EHGKLG=EH_IM9F<G=DJ=A=J?M=J9==KH=J9N9E9F
KAGKGKGIM=<AJA9GN=D@GyD=P9F<J=#=J;MD9FG
pGJ9^]Gv GI6CF8=B58558J9F6=5@H9ADCF5@
IM9F<G=DJ=AK==J?M=J9
: >IGH5DCG=WVC = GI6CF8=B5WVC
x'=E:J9ANGKy;9N9D=AJGv<AKK==D=v<=IM=>9D9AK;GE %G]G$y
D=P9F<J=#=J;MD9FG
; 7CCF89B5WVC = >IGH5DCG=WVC
x DJ=AE9F<9FGKNANGK==MNGMEGJJ=Jv9L9D@GMG9F;A]G=ENGR
YKH=J9E9KKMEA<9y-=:=DG<9.ADN9
9L9D@GMG9F;A]G=ENGRYKH=J9E9KKMEA<9
Decorrncia de subordinadas
GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D _ 9IM=D9 IM= L=E ME <GK K=MK L=JEGK KG: >GJE9
<= GMLJ9 GJ9^]G *J9 FG H=JbG<G E9AK <= ME9 GJ9^]G v IM9DIM=J IM= K=B9
GK=MN9DGJKAFLYLA;GvHG<=9;GEH9F@9JK=<=GJ9^]GKM:GJ<AF9<9
)]GK=AK=%GK_<AKK=IM=NAJA9@GB=
IM=NAJA9@GB=
pGJ9^]Gv GI6CF8=B585GI6GH5BH=J5C6>9H=J58=F9H5
IM=NAJA9@GB=
)=KL=HGFLGHJ=;AK9EGK9KK=FL9J9D?ME9KFG^g=KAEHGJL9FL=K
9 BCD9F[C8CDC89<5J9FA5=G89IA5CF5WVCDF=B7=D5@
: 5 CF5WVC CI CF5Wc9G DF=B7=D5=G DC89A H9F C G9I J9F6C BC =B8=7
5H=JCCIGI6>IBH=JC
GD9FC IM=NY=E:GJ9AF<A;9LANG
GD9FC IM=E= 8=;5 K=N9A=E:GJ9AF<A;9LANG=KM:BMFLANG
$KLG_
: 58>9H=J5
*DANJGIM=DA 9EI9@<989JC@J= _eLAEG
; 58J9F6=5@
,M9F<G;@=?GM 9EI5B8CA98=GG9CC7CFF=8C F]G9;J=<AL=A
x+GAKN]GL9E:_E=KK9KIM=9b<=AP=A=E9AK9>A?MJ9<=/JAKL]G 5
EI9 ;MA<=A<9JE=A9<hRA9<=DAF@9K=D=NGM9E9AGJH9JL=<=D9Ky
6(
5DI8 (9
> 9AF<9
l;7
GM
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pGJ9^]Gv 7CCF89B58558J9FG5H=J5
E9KF]GGLJ9L9E9D
pGJ9^]Gv 7CCF89B58558=H=J59DF=B7=D5@
=;GFK=FL=KM:GJ<AF9<9
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IM=NY9;AE9
pGJ9^]Gv 9EI=DC@9BH9S g
IM=9KKAKL99G9DEG^GGM9GB9FL9J
: C6>9H=J58=F9H5
x ;GEGK==KLAN=KK=9AF<9FGNA?GJ<9EG;A<9<==;GFL9KK=;GEG
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; C6>9H=J5=B8=F9H5
p )]G _ J9JG NAJ HJ=;=<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G G AF>AFALANG <9K GJ9^g=K J=<MRA<9K
KM:B=LAN9K=G:B=LAN9K
x=K9AJ=J=9DK=JA9 89589=L5FG9ADFZA=Cy6"9
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85G y6#
7
xMKLGMD@=EMALG 5579=H5F575G5y6( 7
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SGHFZG<CF5Gy6J 7
x.=F@GJ'MbK<=(=DG=ML=F@GHGJHJAF;bHAG 89A9BVC=BHFCA9H
9F y6"9 5DI8 (9
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p=< 7
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<=9JLA?GEGJE=FL=K=9GJ9^]G>MF;AGF9;GEGKMB=ALGGMG:B=LG<AJ=LG
xC<5J9F89A5F7<5F =EMEH9bKAFAEA?GG;MH9<GHGJ?=FL=
:=DA;GK9=J9;GFKA<=J9<GEMALG?J9N= y6#
7
x9bF9K;= CHF565@<5F9A GKE9AKFGLYN=AK=K;JALGJ=K<9 MJGH9HGJ
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7
xME=FL9F<GGJ=A9K>GJLA>A;9^g=K<9AD@9LGJFGMAEHGKKbN=D9GK
HGJLM?M=K=K CF97CBEI=GHR@5y6#
7
x/M<GHGAK9;GFK=D@9N9GJ=A<=+GJLM?9D 5H9BH5FIA59LD98=WVC
D5F55EI9@9@58Cy6#
7
< 7CAD@9H=J5F9@5H=J5
x0EHGNGIM=K==E:=N=;=KK=F9#AKLeJA9IM=;MDLAN9KK=9LJ9<A^]G
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7
= DF98=75H=J5 <GKMB=ALGGM<GG:B=LG
x*HJAE=AJGbEH=LG<='MbK9>GA 5H=F5FG9@<95CG6F5WCG E9KF]GK=
9LJ=N=My6('= 5DI8 ! 7
x G9N=J:9J9 89BVCDCGGI=F5HF=6IHCG8958A=B=GHF58CFm
x*J=KMDL9<G>GA=M 5FFIA5F MFK;G;GL=KF9"=JE9F9==K>9IM=9J
%G]G!9?MF<=Ky6"J-
7
> 5DCG=H=J5
xGAKE=AGK@9NA9=EK=?MAJ=KL9=EHJ=K9 CI5H575F7CA55FA585
DCFA5FCIA5F7<5FC9LXF7=HCDCFH9FF59G=H=5F5EI9@57=8589y
6#
7
*bservaes
FG
*bservaes
p x'A?9J IM9DA>A;9LAN9E=FL= 9 KM:KL9FLANGK G AF>AFALANG HJ=;=<A<G <= 5 J ;
@=JFCG 5 7CBGI@H5F =E N=R <= ME9 GJ9^]G J=D9LAN9 J ; @=JFCG EI9 G9 <VC 89 7CB
GI@H5F GM <= ME AF>AFALANG HJ=;=<A<G <= D5F5 J ; FCID5 D5F5 7CBG9FH5F _ AE
AL9^]G EG<=JF9 <9 KAFL9P= >J9F;=K9 AEAL9^]G IM= Ke HGJ <=K;MA<G K= =F;GFLJ9 FGK
IM=E=D@GJ>9D9E9DbF?M9HYLJA9
l+I5@X5F9@5WVC5898IN=F89GH5G7CBG=89F5Wc9G989GH9G:5HCGy
6# $17 6
l7 6> (9 7
: ;9FdB8=C=B8=75B8C89IAGI6GH5BH=JCCIDFCBCA9
ME99LANA<9<=H9KK9?=AJ9
x;MBGK:J9<GKK=DN9?=FK<=?M=JJ9;GE=^9N9E9KG9J9GDGF?=;GEG
MELJGN]G F=6CA65B8CBCJ5@9y6#
=< <=7
x-=9DE=FL=F]GK=A;GEGD@=K<A?9IM=F]GE=K=FLAE9D9GH_<9
EG^9 HF5>5B8C ?9JJA<9E=FL=MEN=KLA<G>AFG y6(
7
GE>9R=JL=HGJIM=L=>AR=KL=K=EHJ=@ME9FG
: 9A
x EN=J<9<=:=EDGM;G<=N=K=J=KL=@GE=E 9A9GH5F5D@5BH5F
9?GJ9=KL9FG?M=AJ9;GEGK==KLAN=KK=9AF<9FGNA?GJ<9EG;A<9<=y
6'G 5DI8 %- 7
=E=KL9J9HD9FL9JHGJIM==KLY9HD9FL9J
; DCF
x _L]G<=K9AJGKG>9D9JME@GE=E9KM9DbF?M9E9DKG:GHJ=L=PLG
<=IM==D9_<A>b;AD;GEGLAJ9J9K:GL9KFMEK9D]G DCF@<98C9F9ACG
75@CGy6.- 7
< J=GHC
0=GHCG5=F89A5B<V69A798C F]G_EMALG;GF@=;A<GH=DGKNARAF
@GK
H9J99K 7CB79GG=J5G
9 7CA
CA:5N9FHC85G5GC6F=;5Wc9G7CFF9H5A9BH9 F]G;GFK=?MAMDANJ9JK=
<9>9DaF;A9
;GE>9R=J=E:GJ9>AR=KK=
: G9A F=?9F<G 9 ;9MK9 = 9 ;GFK=IMaF;A9 HG<= =PHJAEAJ 9
7CB79GGVC
x KL==J9>MF=KL9E=FL=GKAKL=E9;GDGFA9D9<GL9<GH=D9KF9^g=KIM=
;GHA9N9E G9AC9BH9B89F F=E>=;MF<9J;GEGGKJGE9FGKG?GN
=JFG<AK;JA;AGFYJAG<9KHJGNbF;A9K9N9KK9D9<GJ9Ky6'G 5DI8 !
7
; A5@;F58C
KLM<GM A5@;F58CH9FD9F8=8CC7589FBC
< BVCC6GH5BH9
.9bJ9E BVCC6GH5BH9H9F9ACIJ=8CCG7CBG9@<CG8CD5=
=DG;M^g=KHJ=HGKALAN9K 5D9G5F89G9A9A65F;C89
xD9G5FDCFXA8575G5G9FH=85 ;GEGAE9?=E<GKH=JA?GK=
HJAN9^g=K<9?M=JJ9 98C8IEI9<5J9F58EI=F=8C ;GE=D9?J9F<=<AK
HGKA^]G=JG:MKL=RG:K=JNGMK=<=HGAKIM=9K9JE9KG9LJ9b9EHGM
;Gy6-.
$17
H9J99K 7CB8=7=CB5=G9<=DCHXH=75G
9 5
x @GMN=IM=ENAKK=GM>AF?AKK=N=JMEFGLYN=DJ=>D=PGIM= 5G9F
J9F8589=FC <=NA9F9K;=J<9KEMAL9KDMR=KIM=HJGN9N=DE=FL==KL9JA
9E9;=K9Ky6#
7
)G K=?MAFL= LJ=;@G N9D= HGJ ME9 ;GEH9J9LAN9 @AHGL_LA;9 <G LAHG <=
7CACG9 GMEG<9D
x <=HGAKN=AG9EAEIM==KL9N9K=FL9<G<=ME=H9F;9<AF@9KF9
L=KL9;GEMEKe<=<G 5F9D9H=Fv$KLGAKLGv==MF]GLAN=J=E_<AG
K=F]GJAJL9E:_E=LM<G9;9:GM=E?9D@G>9y6(
7
*bservao 7CAC 9AF>AFALANG
: G9A
)]GK9AJY G9A5DF9G9BH5FCG9L9F7[7=CG
H9J99 7CBG97IH=J589
W>=AG 89A9H9FA98C
H9J99K :=B5=G
9 5
x(MALGKH=JKGF9?=FK=EAF=FL=K<G$EH_JAG=<AN=JK9K>9EbDA9KDA?9
<9KHGJ9HJGPAE9^]G<=9>=LGZ>9EbDA9AEH=JA9D9HJ=K=FL9J9EK= 5
:5@5F5C=AD9F58CF y6-+ 5DI8 ! 7
*bservaes
p * AF>AFALANG <9K GJ9^g=K >AF9AK HG<= 9H9J=;=J K=E HJ=HGKA^]G xARK= IM= =D=
=J9 ME <GK <GR= IM= >GJ9E 9 $F?D9L=JJ9 D9@9>5F H9J9 H=D=B9J =E <=K9?J9NG <9K
<9E9KAF?D=K9K>9LG9KK9R<MNA<GKG y6#
7
GFKLJM^g=K <=KL= LAHG 9HJGPAE9F<GK= G AF>AFALANG <G N=J:G HJAF;AH9D 9FL=JAGJ
:CF5A D9@9>5F H=JEALAJA9E ME AFb;AG <= DG;M^]G N=J:9D GF<= G q N=J:G H9K
K9JA9 9 K=J K=FLA<G ;GEG 9MPADA9J EG<9D <=FGL9<GJ <= EGNAE=FLG H9J9 J=9DAR9J ME
AFL=FLG >MLMJG KL= @AKLeJA;G AEHGJL9 H9J9 9 =PHDA;9^]G <G =EHJ=?G 9FLA?G <9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5 KMHD9FL9<G <=HGAK =FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK HJAF;AH9DE=FL= H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G
9A FG L=JEG 9<N=J:A9D <= DM?9J E ) F=C A5NCB5G J5= 89G5;I5F 5C H@TBH=7C
L=EGK 9AF<9 N=KLb?AG <9 >9K= =E IM= G K=FLAE=FLG DAF?MbKLA;G D=N9N9 =E ;GFKA<=J
9^]G G N=J:G <= EGNAE=FLG J5= 89G5;I5F H9J9 <=K9?M9J +=J<A<9 =KL9 FG^]G
<= EGNAE=FLG J5= 5C H@TBH=7C 89G5;I5F H9KKGM 9 K=J AFL=JHJ=L9<G ;GEG ME LG
<G HJ=N9D=;=F<G 9 J=?aF;A9 IM= ;GEH=LA9 9G N=J:G 89G5;I5F J5= 89G5;I5F BC
H@TBH=7C
E:9K 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K K]G ;GJJ=L9K L=F<G KA<G =KL9 hDLAE9 K=E J9R]G J=;JAEAF
9<9HGJ;=JLGK?J9EYLA;GK
x09=C 9A65F75FG9 %G]G 5 @89=5 !5@9;5 9GF<= G ?M9J<9N9E EMALGK
>A<9D?GK==;D=KAYKLA;GKy6-.
$17
xG GMLJG D9<G <9 HGNG9^]G ;GJJ= G H=IM=FG JAG IM= J9A 89G5;I5F BC
&I7IGy6#
7
x =FIM9FLG 9 >JGL9 G9 =5 7C@C75F B5 6C75 8C F=C 9 IM= <=M FGE= 9IM=D9
HGNG9^]Gy6#
7
p.G:J=9;GFKLJM^]G EI9GHVC5F9GC@J9F
: 89
9N99GKHG:J=K9D?G 897CA9FD9@5A5B<V
*bservao KL9K =PHJ=KKg=K 9DL=JF9E ;GE 9K <= HJ=HGKA^]G 5 9N9 9GK
HG:J=K 9D?G 5 7CA9F D9@5 A5B<V FLJ=L9FLG H9J=;= =FLJ=N=J 9IMA ME9 AEAL9^]G
<G >J9F;aK x HJ=HGKA^]G S =FLJ= 8CBB9F = AF>AFALANG =IMAN9D= 9 89 8CBB9F S
6C=F9 9H S A5B;9F 85F 89 7CA9F 9 6969F 8CBB9F S 8=B9F S EI9@EInIA 85F 89
>5BH5F 9@@9 @I= 8CBB5 S GCID9F 89I@<9 89 795F )=KK9K ;GFKLJM^g=K 85F 89
7CA9F 85F 89 5@ACW5F 85F 89 A5A5F D98=F 89 6969F D98=F 89 5@ACW5F ;5B<5F
89 7CA9F G ;GEHD=E=FLG >GJE9<G HGJ 89 = ME AF>AFALANG _ F9 KM9 GJA?=E <=
;9JYL=J 9<B=LANG ZA9 5@;C 5@;IA5 7C=G5 EI5@EI9F 7C=G5 89 7CA9F _ ;GEG K=
<AKK_J9EGK 5@;C 7CA[J9@ GM 7CA9GH[J9@ *EALA<G G KM:KL9FLANG KA?FA>A;9 HGJ KA Ke
9K ;GAK9K KG:J= IM= K= =P=J;= 9 9^]G <G AF>AFALANG 8ZA9 89 7CA9F <aE= ;GAK9
IM= ;GE=Jy 6(9
7 H=K9J <G NGLG <G ADMKLJ= E=KLJ= BMD?9EGK K=J AJJ=
HJGNYN=D 9 DAF?M9?=E 85F 5 7CA9F HA>[FAG A9K 6
l
9 7 F]G Na
?9DA;AKEGF9;GFKLJM^]G 85F55@;IXA5@;C56969F
; D5F5
x/M<GAKLG<ARGIM9<JG9IM=ELAN=JGD@GK D5F5J9F;GJ9^]G D5F5
G9BH=F =FL=F<AE=FLG D5F5D9F7969Fy6#
7
= 9A
x=HGJAKKGHGKLGIM=9$F?D9L=JJ9F]GHJ=;AK9KK=<=D9H9J9=KL=>AE
HF565@<CI9ADCGGI[@5 H9J9IM=GK@GD9F<=K=KF]GK=9HJGN=AL9KK=E
<9KN9FL9?=FKIM=9KM9KALM9^]GG>=J=;A9y6#
7
xGAKE=AGK@9NA9 9AG9;I=F9GH59ADF9G5y6#
7
: 89
x MF]GKGMEAF@9)AK=H=?MJ=AJG
,M=NAN9 89;I5F85F5@<9=C;58Cy6/" 7
H9J99K H9ADCF5=G
9L=EHG9FL=JAGJ 5BH9G89
x K=9E:GKEGJJ=JEGK 5BH9G899GH5F9A9A=8589 IM=K=HGKK9E
HGJKAE9FL=JL=J]GHGJH9A9IM=D=IM=EGJ9FGK;_MKy6 5DI8
%- 7
;L=EHGHGKL=JAGJ 89DC=G895D_G
x:GJ:GD=L9 89DC=G899GJC5W5F EMALG=ELGJFG<=EAEHGMKGM
E=F9L=KL9y6( 7
<L=EHG>MLMJGHJePAEG D9FHC89DF9GH9G5
x =Ke9:9F<GF9G;GE9F<9FL=GHGKLGIM9F<GNG9=EKG;GJJG<9
+9JF9b:9GM<G=DEGFL= DF9GH9G5GCWC65Fy6*MJG+J=LG 5DI8 ! D
7
=<MJ9^]G<=HJ9RG 5HX
x G.YDA9 9JJ9F;9N9GKH=F=<GK9DMb99KJ9bR=K<9KYJNGJ=KK=;M
D9J=K;9JJ=9N99KL=JJ9K=J=:J9EA9;GEKGEE=<GF@G 5HX7<9;5FSG
D@5B[7=9G y6#
7
*bservao final W AEHGJL9FL= F]G ;GF>MF<AJEGK = ZK N=R=K K= F]G HG<=E
LJ9^9J DAEAL=K JA?GJGKGK F=KL= 9KKMFLG HGJ K=J=E J9Rg=K =PLJ9b<9K <GK =D=E=FLGK
>GJF=;A<GK H=DG L=PLG = F]G H=D9 ?J9EYLA;9 =E ;=JL9K =PHJ=KKg=K G ;GFBMFLG HJ=
HGKA;AGF9D ;GE ME KM:KL9FLANG K=?MA<G <= K=M ;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D J=<MRA<G <=
AF>AFALANG GEG :=E =FKAF9 %GK_ *ALA;A;9 x=E ;=JL9K DG;M^g=K ;GEG DCF 75IG5
89 DCF ACH=JC 89 9A J=FHI89 89 9A J=GH5 89 =L; 9 GJ9^]G <= AF>AFALANG F]G <=N=
K=J LA<9 HGJ 7CAD@9A9BH5F L9AD@C x E NAKL9 <= D@= @9N=J=E >MJL9<G 9 ;@9N=
F]G Hf<= 9:JAJ G <=HeKALGy KL9 GJ9^]G <= AF>AFALANG K=JA9 7CAD@9A9BH5F K= G
;9FdB8=C =9b=IMAN9D=FL=9
ME9GJ9^]G 75IG5@
l09B8C9GH9CGG9IGA5@HF5H58CG E9F<GM<AKH9J9J9D?ME9K:GE
:9J<9K;GFLJ9GK=KHAF?9J<=AJGKy6#
7
J9B8C HGJIM=NAKK=
ME9GJ9^]G 7CBG97IH=J5
x$KLG9;=F<=MHGJL9DEG<GGK[FAEGK<GKKGD<9<GKIM=K=E
E9F<9<GF=EGJ<=E<=H=D=B9<=J9EFG9JJ9A9D<GAF>9FL=
FCAD9B8CCDCFAI=H5GD5FH9Gy6#
7
FCAD9B8CC =;GEG;GFK=IMaF;A9GJGEH=J9E
ME9GJ9^]G 7CB79GG=J5
.9B8CA5=G8CEI9=A5;=B5J5A F]GKG;GJJ=MGKAJE]GK
L=F<G=E:GJ9LAN=KK=
ME9GJ9^]G 7CB8=7=CB5@
.9B8C@=JF9G5GAVCG HG<=JA9>M?AJ<G;9LAN=AJG
L=F<G @=JF95GAVCGH=J9GG9@=JF9G5GAVCG
ME9GJ9^]GIM=<=FGL9 AC8CA9=C=BGHFIA9BHC
x0E@GE=E9?A?9FL9<G=<=>=J9;9L9<MJ9K9AM<9;@GMH9F9 AIF
AIF5B8CGCBG E9D9JLA;MD9<GKy6# 5DI8
l:7
x F]GGK<=KLAFGKHG<A9J=9DAR9JK=F]G 79=:5B8C7=8589G9A@I;5F
89:5FF5;=5=G99B:9=L5B8C7CAAVCFC6IGH5DCJCGy6 5DI8
7
ME9GJ9^]G H9ADCF5@
x DJ=AIM9F<GGE9F;=:GG;MEHJAE=FLGMH=D9hDLAE9N=RKGJJAM
K==<AKK= JC@H5B8CG9 +GJIM=NAJYG;GF<=IM9K=<=DMLGZ>=KL9y
6-. 5DI8 !
7
JC@H5B8CG9 =FIM9FLGK=NGDL9N9
)GK=?MAFL==P=EHDGK=9;@9J=>GJ^9<GHGJME9<N_J:AG<=L=EHG
x9GJ=5B8C <=HGAK9E]GIM=GKMKH=F<A9:9APGME9AK<GAK<=?J9MKy
6-. 5DI8 !
7
89GJ=5B8C <=HGAKIM=<=KNAGMFGEGE=FLG=EIM=<=KNAGM
*bservao * ?=JhF<AG HG<= 9H9J=;=J HJ=;=<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G 9A IM9F<G AF
<A;9 L=EHG ;GF<A^]G GM @AHeL=K= )=KL= ;9KG G HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG =PA?= IM= G
N=J:G <9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D <=FGL= 9;GFL=;AE=FLG >MLMJG GM 9^]G IM= ;GKLME9
9;GFL=;=J
x)AF?M_E <=K<= IM= =FLJGM 9A @<9 7<9;5B8C G LMJFG K= ;GFK=?MAJY
=N9<AJZK9b<9y6- 5DI8 !
7
IMA G ?=JhF<AG AF<A;9 L=EHG = G N=J:G <9 HJAF;AH9D =PHJAE= 9^]G >MLMJ9
7CBG9;I=FR
x E 1A=AJ9 EGJ9N9 G ?aFAG =E =JF9J<=K G 9EGJ IM= 9A G9B8C J9F
8589=FC _L9E:_E?aFAGy6 5DI8 ! 7
)=KL9 H9KK9?=E G ?=JhF<AG =PHJAE= ;GF<A^]G GM @AHeL=K= = G N=J:G <9 GJ9^]G
EI9 X H5A6XA ;ZB=C KM:GJ<AF9FL= <9 ;GF<A;AGF9D <=FGL9 ME 9;GFL=;AE=FLG IM=
;GKLME9G;GJJ=J
D5FH=7[D=C =9b=IMAN9D=9
ME9GJ9^]G 75IG5@
x#F58C GAF>9FL=;GE9KAFBhJA9KIM=D@=LAF@9E<ALGE9F<GM=F>GJ
;9JMFK=<=?GD9JGMLJGK y6#
7
ME9GJ9^]G 7CB8=7=CB5@
FLJ9EGK=EME9:9L9D@9GF<= J9B7=8CG GKAFAEA?GK@GFJ9J=EGK
FGKKGH9bK
J9B7=8CG K=>GJ=EN=F;A<GK
ME9GJ9^]G H9ADCF5@
x F=KL=K=FLA<G AI858CG GKFGE=K>=RME9;GEMFA;9^]GZKG
;A=<9<=;A=FLAKL9<GK9NA;MDLGJ=K<9AEH=JA9D;A<9<=<9(G?hF;A9y
6%-
7
*bservaes
p )=KL=K =EHJ=?GK <G H9JLA;bHAG G:K=JN9EK= 9K J=?J9K <= ;GF;GJ<[F;A9
=KLM<9<9KFG;9HbLMDG<9GF;GJ<[F;A9=FLJ=GN=J:G=GK=MKMB=ALG
p D?MFK H9JLA;bHAGK H9KK9J9E 9 L=J =EHJ=?G =IMAN9D=FL= 9 HJ=HGKA^g=K = 9<N_J
:AGK 9L79HC G5@JC A98=5BH9 BVC C6GH5BH9 H=F5BH9 =L; = ;GEG L9AK
:9KGJ9^g=KG:B=LAN9K<AJ=L9KIM=K=K=?M=E9N=J:GK;GEG
5;F58979FD9F8C5F =GAEH=KKG9D <5J9F F9=PHJ=KK]G BVC<R
J5@9F@<9 ==IMAN9D=FL=K=E;GFKLJM^g=K<GLAHG
x+=J<GGMD@=KG <5J9F9ABCGC:9B8=8Cy6 l
:7
x DYK=N]GF]G@YE9AK 7CBHZ@CGCI5@75BWR@CGy6
7
;9K<=K=FLA<G9<ALANG=F>YLA;G<GLAHGN=J:GFGAF>AFALANG
xD_E<=IM=9>ME9J9<9<G;@9JMLG GC6F9G9FDIF=:=75BH995BH=
DdHF=85 <9N99GK9DN_GDGKKGDA<=R=;GFKAKLaF;A99GK<=FL=Ky6J
7
<9KIM=<=FGL9EH=FK9E=FLGKH9J9;MB9=PHJ=KK]GF]G=PAKL=E
;GFBMF^g=KKM:GJ<AF9LAN9K;GEG9KIM=AF<A;9E
9L7@IGVC N=J:GFGAF>AFALANG
xAJ9N <ARA9E 8CGBCGGCGB5J=CG75FF9;5F9A5GA9F758CF=5G
85EI9@9GDCFHCGD5F5C89&=G6C5 K]G=E:9J;9^g=K=KLJ9F@9K9K
IM=@GB=<=E9F<9E9KAD@9K y6-.
$17
&CB;98989G5B=A5F7CACGC6GHR7I@CG J=9FAE9K=H9J9N=F;aDGK
9L79WVC N=J:GFGAF>AFALANG
x>AD@9=KL9N9;GEIM9LGJR=9FGKE9K=J9EMALG>J9IMAF@9=F]G
>9RA9F9<9 5BVCG9F F9EGJ9JGK;9H9<e;AGK y6(
7
:IM9F<G>9RH9JL=<=ME9GJ9^]GN=J:9D
.=B<5A897<9;5F ;=<G9GLJ9:9D@G
;IM9F<GHJ=;=<A<G<=HJ=HGKA^]G==EJ=>=JaF;A99KM:KL9FLANGG
AF>AFALANGL=EK=FLA<GIM9DA>A;9LANGGIM=G;GJJ=
IM9F<G=PHJAE=9<=KLAF9^]G
K9D9<=B9FL9J>=JJG<==F?GE9JLY:M9<=H9KK9J;JA9<G<=K=JNAJ
IM9F<G=IMAN9D=9ME9<B=LANGL=JEAF9<G=E J9@
W 899GD9F5F IM=LG<GKK=K9A9E:=E=KH=JYN=D
+9J=;A9EE=FGK 89 @CIJ5F DGMNYN=D
!GA;9KGEMALG 89F9795F J=;=YN=D
<IM9F<GHJ=;=<A<G<=HJ=HGKA^]G=<=HGAK<=;=JLGK9<B=LANGK8=
:[7=@:R7=@8IFC6CA =L; GAF>AFALANGL=EK=FLA<GDAEAL9LANG
;GE;=JL9AFL=JHJ=L9^]GH9KKAN9GM9LAN9
*KKG<MJG 89 FC9F 89G9FFC[8C GM 895@;IXAFC9F
+G=KA9>Y;AD 89897CF5F 89G9F897CF585 GM 895@;IXA897CF5F
>IM9F<GF9K=P;D9E9^g=KGAF>AFALANG=PHJAE==KLJ9F@=R9H=D9
J=9DAR9^]G<=ME9;GFL=;AE=FLG
x*aFA9 9EAEDY>GJ9v:J9<GM/=G<GJ9y6J 7
?IM9F<G=FLJ9=EGJ9^g=KAFL=JJG?9LAN9K<AJ=L9KGMAF<AJ=L9K
+I9:5N9F
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@IM9F<GK=LJ9L9<=MEAF>AFALANG<=F9JJ9^]GAKLG_9IM=D=IM=
FME9F9JJ9^]G9FAE9<9;GFKA<=J999^]G;GEGBYH9KK9<9=
F]GFGK=M<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG
x GKE_<A;GK 5=BG=GH=F9AEI9 G5[GG9 <='AK:G96%hDAGAFAK7
x D9 5JC@H5F5G7CGH5G=G F9=HCF5DaF G;@9H_MF9;9:=^9y6=8 7
x =D= 5F=FG9=D=9 F9;5@5FG9y6 ,7
x*K=F@GJ 58=N9F@<9 ME9H9D9NJ9==M 5 DFCJ5F@<9 IM= y6
l7
)*/ )]G =KL]G 9;GJ<=K GK 9MLGJ=K IM9FLG Z GJA?=E <G AF>AFALANG <= F9JJ9^]G 9
@AHeL=K= E9AK ;fEG<9 E9K F=E HGJ AKKG E9AK ;GFNAF;=FL= _ 9 <9 =DAHK= KKAE
H=FK9N9E ,MAFLADA9FG H9J9 G D9LAE = MJ?MQ 'ALLJ_ &9KLF=J +D9LLF=J 'M:C=J
=FLJ= GMLJGK H9J9 G >J9F;aK W 9 GHAFA]G IM= =PH=F<= ( 9JJ=LG H9J9 G HGJ
LM?MaK x)9 >J9K= v I :5@C 9 9@9G 5 F=F AKLG _ Hg=EK= 9 JAJ =KL]G 9 JAJK=
;GE=^9E 9 JAJ v L=EGK G IM= K= ;@9E9 =B:=B=H=JC <=GH_F=7C IM= 9KKAE K= <AR G
IM= F9 HJGHGKA^]G L=E N9DGJ <= NGR N=J:9D <= EG<G >AFALG HJGHGKA^]G IM= L=E
HGJ HJ=<A;9<G H=JA>JYKLA;G ME =D=E=FLG <G IM9D =KLY KM:=FL=F<A<Gy s@H=ACG
GHI8CG
GFLJ9 =KL9 E9F=AJ9 <= =PHDA;9J =KL]G A=R .;@MDR= 9JE=KL=L=J
.LJG@E=Q=J = JrF<9D K=?MF<9 @AHeL=K= _ 9 IM= G <=JAN9 <G AF>AFALANG <= GJ
<=E GM AF>AFALANG AEH=J9LANG GHAFA]G <= 29;C=JF9?=D H9J9 G D9LAE = (9J;GM
.HALR=J = '=J;@ H9J9 G >J9F;aK +9J9 'GE:9J< )D 7=H
G AF>AFALANG <= F9J
J9^]G _ GJA?AF9JA9E=FL= ME9 GJ9^]G FGEAF9D * HJG:D=E9 K= 9;@9 =P9MKLAN9E=FL=
LJ9L9<GF9KHY?AF9K
<G;AL9<GDANJG<GJGE9F;AKL9KM=;G
*bservao !G?= 9 ME9 9FYDAK= JA?GJGK9 9 K_JA= <= =PHJ=KKg=K <G LAHG H9A9F
BVC H9A9 ;GE IM= F9 DAF?M9?=E 9>=LAN9 =FMF;A9EGK J_HDA;9K = G:B=^g=K HA
>[FAG -=BH5L9 "=GH_F=5 *CFHI;I9G5 l *:K = =DDGM=JNG !F5ARH=75
5GH9@<5B5 l
= (CH5G H KMHg=E IM= K= LJ9L9 <= ME9 ;GFKLJM^]G
=DbHLA;9 KM:=FL=F<=F<GK= 9FL=K <G AF>AFALANG 9 =PHJ=KK]G EI5BHC 5 (=Q=J'j:
C= ;Ja IM= K= LJ9L9 <= ME =B:=B=H=JC 89 =BH9BG=8589 = =PHDA;9 9KKAE G F9K;AE=FLG
<G LGJF=AG <= >J9K= x)GMK <=NGFK HJ=F<J= ;GEE= HGAFL <= <_H9JL D9 IM=KLAGF =L
D9 J_HGFK= HJGFGF;_K KGMK D{=EHAJ= <= D{_EGLAGF AFKA HGMJ FGMK =F L=FAJ 9M
HJ=EA=J =P=EHD= GF J9;GFL= IM=DIM= ;@GK= IMA <= D{9NAK <M ;GFL=MJ HGMJJ9AL
HJGNGIM=J <= D9 ;J9AFL= ;@=R MF <=K 9M<AL=MJK GM ;@=R LGMK 0F <{=FLJ= =MP J=
HGMKK= ;=LL= H=FK_= =F <=E9F<9FL 9N=; AF<A?F9LAGF xJ9AF<J= %= F= ;J9AFK
H9Ky F ;GFK_IM=F;= Z D{GJA?AF= AD <=N9AL Q 9NGAJ MF= H9MK= =FLJ= D{AF>AFALA> =L D=
N=J:= H=JKGFF=D +DMK L9J< F9LMJ=DD=E=FL D9 >GJEMD= >AFAL H9J <=N=FAJ ;GEE= =P
HJ=KKAGF <= D{AFL=FKAL_ <{MF= 9;LAGF HDMK >AP= =L H9J ;GFK_IM=FL HDMK ?_F_J9D=y
!F5AA5=F9 $$$ l '=N9F<GK= =E ;GFL9 IM= K= <=N=E 9D?ME9K 9DL=J9^g=K
<= DAF?M9?=E 9 =KL9 9L=F^]G IM= G >9D9FL= <Y 9 ME Hh:DA;G J=9D GM AE9?AFYJAG 9
@AHeL=K= <G JGE9FAKL9 _ 9KK9R KM?=KLAN9 9H=K9J <= HA>[FAG 9;@9J xAEHJGNYN=D
IM= G AF>AFALANG K=F<G JA?GJGK9E=FL= AFL=JJG?9LANG NA=KK= 9 <=AP9J <= G K=Jy
=6=8 J=EGK IM= G HJG:D=E9 =KL9JA9 E=D@GJ J=KGDNA<G K= D=NYKK=EGK =E ;GFL9
GK FbN=AK <9 GJ9^]G = <G L=PLG ;GF>GJE= FGK =FKAF9 GK=JAM BY =K:G^9<G 9DAYK
F9 =PHDA;9^]G <= (=Q=J'j:C= E H9A9F BVC H9A9 =KL9EGK <A9FL= <= ME =FMF
;A9<G IM= FG FbN=D <G L=PLG = F]G <9 GJ9^]G HJ=KKMHg= ME9 <=;D9J9^]G J=H=LA<9
=E J=D9^]G 9G IM= HJG>=JAM FGKKG AFL=JDG;MLGJ = 9 IM= FGK J=>=JAEGK 9?GJ9 E=<A
9FL=G H9A9F=IM=KeFGFbN=D<GL=PLG<=N==F;GFLJ9J;9:9D=PHDA;9^]G
=E IM= 56F=F 5 DCFH5 = GCDF5F C J9BHC HG<=E K=J ;GEML9<GK H=DG HJG
FGE=9<N=J:9DYLGFG C
1=BGC *M^GC
1aK9:JAJ9HGJL91=BGC
*MN=KKG:J9JGN=FLG*M^GC
GM9AF<9
*HJG>=KKGJE9F<GMC C >9R=J
: PHJ=KK9JG;GEHD=E=FLG<GN=J:GJ=?=FL=KG:>GJE9<=G:B=LG
AF<AJ=LGK=;GFKLALMb<GHGJHJGFGE=9<N=J:9DYLGFG
*HJG>=KKGJE9F<GM@<9 >9R=JGK=P=J;b;AGK
*HJG>=KKGJE9F<GM@<9 >9RaDG
*HJG>=KKGJ @<9 GMNAM<AR=JIM=E=D@GJ9JA9K=M;GEHGJL9E=FLG
;GD=?9 @<9 <=APGMN=JKM9K:GF=;9K
*bservaes
G N=J:G D98=F =PA?= <GAK G:B=LGK G AF<AJ=LG @<9 = G <AJ=LG GJ9;AGF9D ;GE
HGKLG EI9:=75GG9EI99GEI979GG9
)GJE9DE=FL= =E L9AK ;9KGK F]G K= MK9 G G:B=LG <AJ=LG GJ9;AGF9D
KG:>GJE9J=<MRA<9 NAL9K=<AR=J *98=@<9:=75FD98=@<99GEI979F
E
xALGAKLG D9WC@=79BW5D5F5=F ME<A9<=KL=K=PHGJD@=MELJ9
:9D@G y6(
7
G N=J:G D98=F N=E 9;GEH9F@9<G 9H=F9K <G G:B=LG <AJ=LG @=79BW5 9 GJ
9^]G J=<MRA<9 <= AF>AFALANG D5F5 =F IA 8=5 89GH9G 9LDCF@<9 IA HF565@<C _
9<N=J:A9D<=>AE
+G<=K= GEALAJ G G:B=LG <AJ=LG = ;GFKLJMAJ G N=J:G D98=F 9KKAE
D9WC@<9D5F5=FIA8=589GH9G9LDCF@<9IAHF565@<C
GEG =KL]G HJePAE9K 9K A<=A9K <= D98=F EI9 5@;C 57CBH9W5 = HF5
65@<5F D5F5 EI9 5@;C 57CBH9W5 H9KKGMK= 9 MK9J 9 HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5 FG AF
b;AG <9 GJ9^]G IM= K=JA9 G:B=LG <AJ=LG <G N=J:G D98=F L=F<GK= =E EAJ9
AF<A;9J9>AF9DA<9<=<9;GAK9H=<A<9
*98=ID5F5EI9 +=<JG G5[GG9
GM
*98=ID5F5 +=<JG G5=F
G 5@IBC H=<A9DA;=F^9H9J9=D=E=KEGK9AJ
;GF>MK]G <GK <GAK =EHJ=?GK <G N=J:G D98=F LJ9R 9G =FMF;A9<G AF
;GFL=KL9N=DE=FL=<MHDA;A<9<=<=K=FLA<GHGAKIM==E
@9D98=5@<9D5F5G5=F
>A;9EGK =E <hNA<9 KG:J= 9 H=KKG9 IM= K9AJY +9J9 G ?J9EYLA;G Ke HG<= K=J
9 IM= >=R G H=<A<G = F9 J=9DA<9<= LG<GK GM IM9K= LG<GK GK =P=EHDGK
9:GF9<GK <GK :GFK =K;JALGJ=K LaE G E=KEG KMB=ALG H9J9 9 GJ9^]G <= D98=F
=H9J99GJ9^]GAFA;A9<9H=D9HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5
A construo dizer para
.=E=D@9FL=E=FL= 9G IM= G;GJJ= ;GE G N=J:G D98=F 9 DAF?M9?=E
;GDGIMA9D <=KHJ=G;MH9<9 ;GFKLJeA G N=J:G 8=N9F :5@5F = KAFfFAEGK
K=?MA<G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5 BMFLG 9G IM= FGJE9DE=FL= K=JA9 G K=M G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
=GG9D5F5EI99@9:CGG99A6CF5
GM
=GG9D5F59@9=F9A6CF5
#GHCDCGHCJ=KGDN=EGKNGDL9J
GM
*CGHC=GHCJ=KGDN=EGKNGDL9J
GM
QH9ADC&G5=F
/=JEAF9EGK =KL9 H=IM=F9 DAKL9 ;GE ME >9LG IM= F]G <=AP9 <hNA<9K
<= IM= GK =P=EHDGK 9<MRA<GK F]G K= =PHDA;9E HGJ <=K;MA<GK )9 HY?AF9
<G NGD $1 <9 KM9 =P;=D=FL=E=FL= =K;JAL9 "=GH_F=5 89 *CFHI;5@ ;GF
LJ9JA9F<G 9 KAFL9P= IM= D@= N=E F9LMJ9D = >J=IM=FL= -=:=DG <9 .ADN9 F]G
>9R9;GE:AF9^]G
x)=EGJ=AF=EGEAFAKLJG9HJ=;A9J9EGH=JA?GK=F]G 89DC=G899@9
897@5F58C9=FF9A98=RJ9@y
+GJ >AE ;9:=FGK 9KKAF9D9J IM= F=KL= 9KKMFLG <= ;GE:AF9^g=K <=
HJ=HGKA^]G G HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG <=KHJ=RGM ;=JLGK ?AJGK IM= v =E:GJ9
L9E:_E ;GFLJYJAGK Z De?A;9 <9 ?J9EYLA;9 v >GJ9E =KLAE9<GK <GK 9FLA?GK =
9AF<9 @GB= HMJAKL9K 9HD9M<=E $FL=J=KK9FGK 9?GJ9 9IM=D9 =E IM= K= ;GE
:AF9N9 9 HJ=HGKA^]G DCF 9FLA?G D9F ;GE GK HJGFGE=K C 5 CG 5G =E
>MF^]G<=G:B=LG<AJ=LG
K>GJ;=AE=H=DG;GFN=F;=J
@GB=<=K:9F;9<GHGJ
G:CF79=A9DCF7CBJ9B7Z@C GM D5F57CBJ9B7Z@CGM DCFC7CBJ9B
79F E9AKJ9JG=FLJ=GK:J9KAD=AJGK
H=K9J <= =P=EHDGK <= 9MLGJ=K EG<=JFGK -MA 9J:GK9 =FLJ= =D=K
= <G NGLG <= (YJAG 9JJ=LG 6(9 ;9H 1$$
7 ;GF;GJ<G ;GE G
H9J=;=J<=.9A<DA6. 7
x;GFKLJM^]G<= DCF =9FLA?G D9F ;GE9K>GJE9KHJGFGEAF9AK C5
CG5G H=JL=F;=9GFhE=JG<9K>GJE9K9J;9A;9K<=IM=K==F;GFLJ9E
9AF<9J=KLGKF9DAF?M9?=EHGHMD9J<=+GJLM?9D WAEHJeHJA9<9
DAF?M9?=E;MDL9<=@GB==K=G;GJJ=vGIM=_EMALbKKAEGJ9JGv=E
9D?ME=K;JALGJEG<=JFG<=AP9FGKDG?G9AEHJ=KK]G<=ME=KLADG
9>=L9<G )]GHJGN9E=P=EHDGK<=KK9=KH_;A=GMKG?=J9DF=EHG
<=EK=JNAJ<=FGJE9H9J9G>9D9J;GJJ=LGy
W =DM;A<9LANG =KL= H9KKG <= -=:=DG <9 .ADN9 GF<= G;GJJ=E GK <GAK
;9KGK9IMA=KLM<9<GK
x =EIM=GLJA:MF9DHJG>=JAM9K=FL=F^9E9F<9F<G=FLJ=?9J9K
>9R=F<9K9<]G9FK=Ke;AGKKG:>A9F^9 895G J=KLALMbJ=E BC75GC
8CGDCFHI;I9G9G <=FLJG<=K=AKE=K=K D5;5F9A5EI5BH=5 y6-.
7
5 Concordncia
GFKA<=J9^g=K?=J9AK
Concordncia nominal
A Concordncia de palavra para palavra
"RIA5G_D5@5JF589H9FA=B585
H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9FL= AJY H9J9 G ?aF=JG = FhE=JG <9 H9D9NJ9
<=L=JEAF9<9
x>DA?=FGK9?DeJA9 5@<9=57CBH9GH585 ;GE9 BCGG5 AFKA?FA>A;[F;A9y
6((7
x)G6CBG =P=EHDGK 8CG H9AKK]G 5GA9@<CF9G DA^g=K=9 A9@<CF @=J
9F^9H9J9 CG >AD@GKy6((7
x M9EG 5 FGAL= GC@=HRF=5 = AI85y6" $7
M=KLGM EI=H9 )eK=KL9EGK EI=H9G
*. -1Vu* *K FGE=K >=EAFAFGK ;GEG G9BH=B9@5 ;I5F85 ;I=5 = 9KK=E=D
@9<GK IM9F<G 9HDA;9<GK 9 H=KKG9K <G K=PG E9K;MDAFG E9FLaE G ?aF=JG >=EAF
AFG = D=N9E H9J9 =KL= ?aF=JG GK <=L=JEAF9FL=K 9 =D=K J=>=JA<GK 5 G9BH=B9@5
5J5BW585 x=HGAK <=KL9 <A?J=KK]G IM= 9;9:9AK <= >9R=J H=DG EMF<G ;GE L]G AR
;I=5 ;GEG =M NGDL=EGK 9 GMNAJ <= FGNG 9K NGKK9K H=<J9Ky 6?GKLAF@G <= 9E
HGK 5DI8 (9
7
"RA5=G89IA5D5@5JF589H9FA=B585
*:K=JN9JK=]GGKK=?MAFL=K;9KGK
q.=9KH9D9NJ9K<=L=JEAF9<9K>GJ=E<GE=KEG?aF=JG9H9D9NJ9<=
L=JEAF9FL=AJYH9J9GHDMJ9D=H9J9G?aF=JG;GEMEGMHG<=JY;GF
;GJ<9JHJAF;AH9DE=FL=K=NA=J9FL=HGKL9=E?aF=JG=FhE=JG;GE9
E9AKHJePAE9
DbF?M9=9DAL=J9LMJ9 DCFHI;I9G5G GMDbF?M9=9DAL=J9LMJ9
DCFHI;I9G5
xE9N9FG=KLJA:=AJGEGJ9KNAJLM<=K=9D=9D<9<=FMF;9
89GA9BH=85Gy
6-.
7
x*LGE=?=KLG 75F=7=CGC;GEIM==D9<ARA9AKLGF]GEGN=ME=<A9
F9E=FL=G=KHGKGy6J 7
x9CGBCGGCG 9KbDAG=MJ]G:=E9KKAEG.J (9?9D@]=K y6*(
7
*bservaes
9 .= 9K H9D9NJ9K <=L=JEAF9<9K K= J=>=JAJ=E 9 ME9 Ke H=KKG9 GM ;GAK9 AEHg=K=
GKAF?MD9J<G<=L=JEAF9FL=
G9I:=9@ 9EA?G=K=JNA<GJ
9 W AFBMKL9 9 ;JbLA;9 <G ?J9EYLA;G 9JDGK +=J=AJ9 6+ l
FGL97 9GK
K=?MAFL=K =P=EHDGK x 9 E]G =KIM=J<9 =FLJ= 7I>CG bF<A;= = HGD=?9J H=F<A9
G H=J?9EAF@G y 6# $$
7 = x H=D9K =PA?aF;A9K ;9<9 N=R E9AGJ=K <=K
L9K 89JCF58CF5G = =BG57=RJ9=G >GE==K=<=<=D=ALMJ9y6 7
9 +J=;=<=F<G ME KM:KL9FLANG LbLMDG GM HJ=FGE= G;GJJ= G HDMJ9D *K =FAVCG
+=<JG=+9MDG *K 5D_GHC@CG 9JF9:_=+9MDG
9 0E <=L=JEAF9FL= 9<B=LANG FG HDMJ9D HG<= =KL9J 9HGKLG 9 ME KMB=ALG <G KAF
?MD9J IM= N=F@9 ;GDG;9<G <=HGAK IM9F<G =KL= KMB=ALG _ 9D?ME <GK HJGFGE=K
7585 IA 7585 EI5@ B=B;IXA B9B<IA J=>=JA<GK 9 H=KKG9K GM ;GAK9K BY
E=F;AGF9<9K
GC6F9GG5@H58CG ;GE=KL9NAKL9HJG;MJ9N9 7585IA HfJK=9K9DNG
6 7
q.=9KH9D9NJ9K<=L=JEAF9<9K>GJ=E<=?aF=JGK<A>=J=FL=K9H9D9NJ9
<=L=JEAF9FL=AJYH9J9GHDMJ9DE9K;MDAFGGM;GF;GJ<9JY=E?aF=JG=
FhE=JG;GE9E9AKHJePAE9
x1AF@9LG<G;G:=JLG<=F=?JG B9;FCG G=DEG9;GMJ9^9=GK9AGy
6# 7
x;GEGK=ME?J9F<=AF;aF<AG<=NGJ9KK=9K:J=F@9K=GK;9JN9D@9AK
5BH=;CGy6# 7
x5@585 9F9LMJ=R99L=JJ9=GK@GE=FKy6" $7
;GE 6C5 ;GJ9?=E=R=DG;GE;GJ9?=E=R=DG 6CA GM 6CBG;GE
6CBG ;GJ9?=E=R=DG
HC85GI5 DML9=K9;JA>b;AGK
HC8CGG9IG K9;JA>b;AGK=DML9
*bservaes
9 +GJ ME9 IM=KL]G <= 9?J9<G 9M<ALANG =M>GFA9 HJ=>=J=K= IM= FME9 K_JA= <=
H9D9NJ9K <=L=JEAF9<9K <= ?aF=JGK <A>=J=FL=K K=?MA<9 <= H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9FL=
FGE9K;MDAFGHDMJ9DN=F@99<=L=JEAF9<9E9K;MDAF9=EhDLAEGDM?9J
9 .= F=KL= ;9KG K= LJ9L9J <= HJGFGE= HGKK=KKANG HGKHGKLG 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9
<=KL=K=>9JY;GEGhDLAEGKM:KL9FLANG
x KL=N=D@G<=KL=JJ9<GHGJ ;CGHC = 9@9=WVCGI5 y6-. 7
9 ,M9F<G @Y A<=A9 <= J=;AHJG;A<9<= LGJF9K= G:JA?9LeJAG G =EHJ=?G <G HDMJ9D
x D= =FLJGM HJ9R=FL=AJG = =F;GFLJGM H9<JAF@G = 9>AD@9<9 9AD9B<58CG =E
ME9<AK;MKK]GKG:J=9MLGJA<9<=y6'9 5DI8 .. l
G:K 7
"RIA5G_D5@5JF589H9FA=B5859A5=G89IA589H9FA=B5BH9
H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9<9 AJY H9J9 G HDMJ9D GM >A;9JY FG KAF?MD9J
K=F<G F=KL= hDLAEG ;9KG >9;MDL9LAN9 9 J=H=LA^]G <G 9JLA?G E ?=J9D AKLG
G;GJJ= ;GE 9<B=LANGK <= F9;AGF9DA<9<= G @=H9F5HIF5G :J9KAD=AJ9 = HGJ
LM?M=K9 GM @=H9F5HIF5 :J9KAD=AJ9 = HGJLM?M=K9 E9F=AJ9 <= <AR=J E=FGK
>J=IM=FL= = ;GE =P9?=JG <= De?A;9 ?J9E9LA;9D ;GFKA<=J9<9 =JJfF=9 HGJ
EMALGK9MLGJ=KGM @=H9F5HIF5 :J9KAD=AJ9= 5 HGJLM?M=K9
x=GK 7FCB=GH5GHI89BG99HC@985BC >9R=E9DML9<GK<GMKJ=AK<=HGAK
<9IM=D=;GFKeJ;AGy6# $$$7
x'AME9FhF;AG;GFNA<9F<GE=KLJ9<= @[B;I5G=B;@9G5 = :F5B79G5
H9J9G;GD_?AGy6J
7
x*H=IM=FGJ=AFGKM;=KKAN9E=FL=H=JDMKLJGM 5G7CGH5GC7=89BH5@9
CF=9BH5@ <9}>JA;9 y <='9=L$
5GGXF=9GEI5FH59EI=BH5
5EI5FH59EI=BH5GXF=9 GM GXF=9G
*bservao ,M9F<G K= BMFL9 ME 9<B=LANG 9 L9AK >GJE9K <= LJ9L9E=FLG L9D 9<B=L
ANG>A;9FG?aF=JG<9>GJE9<=LJ9L9E=FLG
.M9(9B=KL9<= :=89@[GG=A5 >GA;GFLJ9JA9<GH=DGKJ=HJ=K=FL9FL=K
<AHDGEYLA;GK
xD;=MEGJGKG'AE9 L=N=9:G9A<=A9<=;9J9;L=JAR9J=<A>=J
=F^9JG=FK9AG=9;JfFA;9<AR=F<GIM= IA9CIHFC ?aF=JGK=
9>AJE9EH=DG=KLADGy
x+9JGMMEEGE=FLG=GD@9F<GH9J9 IA9CIHFC@58C=F<AJ=ALGM9
;9JJ=AJ9 y6# 7
x(9K IA59CIHF57CIG58IF5F5A 9H=F9KJYHA<GAFKL9FL=y6#
7
)]GJ9JGHG<=9H9J=;=J9;GF;GJ<[F;A9;GEGL=JEGJ=>=JA<G
x NANA9G;9K9DN=FLMJGKG<=ME;=JLG$RJ9AEH=JK9D=LJ9<G=<9KM9
=KHGK9+JG>LYKA9IM= IA9CIHF5 ;MDLAN9N9EH9J9<=D=AL=<G=KHbJALG9
>ADGKG>A9?J=?9y6%-
7
(=KEGHJeHJAGKe
9<G=NAKLG
KL= hDLAEG K=FLA<G = E9AK G =EHJ=?G 9<N=J:A9D BMFLG <= 5EI= >R
5;CF5 9IMA E=KEG BY E=KEG 9?GJ9 E=KEG >9;ADAL9J9E G 9H9J=;AE=FLG
EG<=JFG <9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG 9<N_J:AG EG<G <= <AR=J IM= GK HMJAKL9K ;GF
<=F9EE9KIM=N=E?9F@9F<G9KAEH9LA9?=J9D
x N9A<GKGK<=K=MK9H=DA<GKE9KAFG>=FKANGK=NAJLMGKGK A9GAC
HGJN9A<9<=<=AEAL9J=EK=MK9NG=F?GKy6J
7
(=FGK=KGE=FGK
(=AG
/9D=IM9D
'=KG
*bservaes
9 EDM?9J<= H5@EI5@HG<=E9H9J=;=J H5@9EI5@ H5@CIEI5@
9 )]G ;GF>MF<AJ H5@ EI5@ >D=PAGFYN=AK ;GE H5@ EI5@ H5@ EI5@ 7CAC AFN9JAYN=AK
IM=N9D=Ex;GEGy
x=K;=JJ9MFKKGJJAKGK<AK;J=LGKK=EEGKLJ9JGK<=FL=K H5@EI5@
7CAC 9KAF?D=K9K<=HJAE=AJGK9F?M=y6J 5DI8 %
7
+GKKbN=D
KL]G=JJ9<9K;GF;GJ<[F;A9K;GEG
*5=G5;9BG5GA5=G69@5G possvel.
xK9DLMJ9K=G9:AKEGK]G9K>JGFL=AJ9K<=D=FGE=AG=KL]GLG<GKGK
MFAN=JKGK DCGG[J9=Gy6#
7
.G:LG<GKGKHGFLGK<=NAKL9 DCGG[J9=G
D?ME9;GAK9:G9GM9D?ME9;GAK9<=:GE
GD@GKNAKLGK
x,M=ELAN=KK=J=H9J9<G=E!J 19K;GH=J;=:=JA9>9;ADE=FL=IM=F9
KM99DE9K=H9KK9N9L9E:_E 5@;IA57CIG59LHF5CF8=BRF=5y6#
5DI8 (9 7
WF=;=KKYJAGH9;AaF;A9
E 5@;IA5
0EHGM;G<=DMR=ME9HGM;9<=DMR
x?=F=JGKA<9<=G=K>GJ^G=G9EGJ=FKAF9KL=CG LM=ELG<99KM9
KM:DAEA<9<=y6# 7
)eKHGJ=MNeKHGJLM
DL=JF[F;A9=FLJ=9<B=LANG=9<N_J:AG
+9JLA;bHAGKIM=H9KK9J9E9HJ=HGKA^]G=9<N_J:AGK
Concordncia verbal
A Concordncia de palavra para palavra
#YMEKeKMB=ALG
9 .= G KMB=ALG >GJ KAEHD=K = KAF?MD9J G N=J:G AJY H9J9 G KAF?MD9J
9AF<9IM=K=B9ME;GD=LANG
xNA<9 H9A ME9Ke=FLJ9<99K9b<9 X HGJ;=EHGJL9Ky6((7
x+GNGK=ED=9D<9<=F]G 5@75BW5 =KL9:ADA<9<=y6((7
:.=GKMB=ALG>GJKAEHD=K=HDMJ9DGN=J:GAJYH9J9GHDMJ9D
x*K:GFK;GFK=D@GK<=KHJ=R9<GK GVC ;GE<GJ;GE=EGJ9<GKy6((7
xNAJLM<=9JGE9LAR9=HMJA>A;9G9JGKNb;AGKG 7CFFCAD9Ay6((7
#YE9AK<=MEKMB=ALG
.= G KMB=ALG >GJ ;GEHGKLG G N=J:G AJY FGJE9DE=FL= H9J9 G HDMJ9D
IM9DIM=JIM=K=B99KM9HGKA^]G=EJ=D9^]G9GN=J:G
x GKe<AGK;ANAK9K9E:A^g=K9GMK9<A9<GK:9F<GK=9;GJJMH^]G
<GK;GKLME=K <5J=5A >=ALGAF;JbN=AKHJG?J=KKGKy6#
7
x-=H=LA9KHGJIM=K=E= C:9F97=5A NA<9=@GFJ9K9LJG;G<=H=JH_LM9
AF>[EA9y6# 7
*bservaes
p +G<= <9JK= 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 ;GE G Fh;D=G E9AK HJePAEG DF=B7=D5@A9BH9 G9 C
GI>9=HCJ9A89DC=G8CJ9F6C
x*JGE=AJG_DANJ=;GEG99N=<G;_M F9GD9=H5AFGG:=KL=AJG=G
@GE=E<{9JE9K<YD@=9:JA?GGNAD]GKG:J=GK=M;GDEGG9:9<=FG
K=MEGKL=AJGGFG:J=FGK=M;9KL=DGy6# 7
p ,M9F<G G Fh;D=G _ KAF?MD9J = K=?MA<G <= <GAK GM E9AK 9<BMFLGK HG<= G;GJJ=J
GN=J:GFGHDMJ9D;GEGK=LJ9L9KK=F9J=9DA<9<=<=KMB=ALG;GEHGKLG
x9AF<9IM9F<G 55IHCF=8589D5H9FB59A5H9FB5:CGG9A89@9;585K y
6"9
7
;GF;GJ<[F;A9<GN=J:GFGKAF?MD9J_9E9AK;GJJ=FL=F9DbF?M9H9<J]G
p )9K G:J9K ;GE E9AK <= ME 9MLGJ 9<GL9K= EG<=JF9E=FL= G @Y:ALG 9D=E]G <=
K= AF<A;9J 9 9MLGJA9 ;GE GK FGE=K K=H9J9<GK HGJ @b>=F ;9KG =E IM= G N=J:G
<9 GJ9^]G N9A 9G HDMJ9D GM 9G KAF?MD9J D=N9F<GK= F=KL= ;9KG 9H=F9K =E
;GFL9 9 G:J9 =E KA (=ADD=L JFGML 8=N9A GM 8=N FG K=M =7H=CBB5=F9 QHM
AC@C;=EI9 vIM=9GJA?=E_<MNA<GK9
p+G<=G;GJJ=JGN=J:GFGKAF?MD9J9AF<9FGK;9KGKK=?MAFL=K
9K=9KM;=KK]G<GKKM:KL9FLANGKAF<A;9J?J9<9^]G<=MEE=KEG>9LG
;=FKMJ999MLGJA<9<=GHG<=JHh:DA;GAF=PGJYN=D>JAG?J9N=;9D
;MD9<GDY 9GH5J5 6# 1$$7
:K=K=LJ9L9J<=KM:KL9FLANGKKAFfFAEGKGM9KKAE;GFKA<=J9<GK
*e<AG=9?M=JJ9IM=<=;D9J9EGK9GKGMLJGKFGK ;5GH5 = 7CBGCA9 9
FeKE=KEGK6((7
; K= G K=?MF<G KM:KL9FLANG =PHJAEAJ G J=KMDL9<G GM 9 ;GFK=IMaF;A9 <G
HJAE=AJG
<G=F^9=9EGJL=<=!ADAH=$$ :C= ;GEG9AE9?=E 6-.
$17
<K=GKKM:KL9FLANGK>GJE9EBMFLGKME9FG^]GhFA;9
*>DMPG=J=>DMPG<9KGF<9KFGK 9B75BH5
p ,M9F<G G N=J:G K= Hg= =FLJ= GK Fh;D=GK <G KMB=ALG ;GEG 9;GFL=;= ZK N=R=K
=E HG=KA9 = FG =KLADG KGD=F= 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 HG<= K=J >=AL9 ;GE G Fh;D=G
E9AKHJePAEGGM?J9E9LA;9DE=FL=;GE9LGL9DA<9<=<GKMB=ALG6-
7
+9J99;GF;GJ<[F;A9;GE =PHJ=KKg=K<=LJ9L9E=FLG
.MB=ALGDA?9<GHGJK_JA=9<ALAN9=F>YLA;9
.MB=ALGDA?9<GHGJF=E F=E
: F9H=:=75WVC89BdA9FC;F5A5H=75@
x9FL9J=K_GFGE=IM=G9MLGJ CI 9MLGJ=K<G9F;AGF=AJG;@9E9<G
<GGD_?AG<GK)G:J=K 8VC 9;9<9ME<GKHG=E=LGK y6# 7
.=AIM=9D?MJ=K=PAKL=99DE9GM9K9DE9KZKIM9AK=ME=<AJABG
6L
7
; =89BH=8589 GM 9EI=J5@ZB7=5
*HJG>=KKGJGMGFGKKGK=?MF<GH9A A9F979 GJ=KH=ALG<9HYLJA9
.MB=ALGJ=HJ=K=FL9<GHGJ;9<9ME<=HDMJ9D
;GF;GJ<[F;A9FGJE9D;GEGKMB=ALGG;GJJ=9H=K9J<=E9AKJ9J9
.I8CX 9D=?JA9K
:IM9F<GGKMB=ALG_;GFKLALMb<GH=DGKHJGFGE=KAFL=JJG?9LANGK
EI9A EI9 CEI9
)EI9GVC7CAX8=5G6J 7
+I9A9F5ACG7CBJ=858CG
)]GK=A EI9AGVCCGJ9B798CF9G
HJGNAK]G 9F5A5@;IBGEI=@CG895FFCN
(9K
%MKLA^9_LM<GBMKLA^9 X5GJ=FHI89GHC85G 6"9
7
)9 =PHJ=KK]G IM= AFLJG<MR F9JJ9^g=K <G LAHG <= 9F5 IA5 DF=B79G5
G N=J:G G9F _ AFLJ9FKALANG ;GE G KA?FA>A;9<G <= 9L=GH=F >MF;AGF9F<G
;GEGKMB=ALGGKM:KL9FLANGK=?MAFL=;GEGIM9D;GF;GJ<9
F5IA5DF=B79G5 EMALG>GJEGK9IM=NANA9FME;9KL=DG<=;JAKL9D
F5AEI5HFC=FAVGH5H=6=H5H9G =9E]=<=D9KLAF@9EMALG<=K?GKLG
;GE=KK=<=>=ALG6
7
GE 9 =PHJ=KK]G 9F5 IA5 J9N IA5 DF=B79G5 ;GFLAFM9 G N=J:G G9F
;GEG AFLJ9FKALANG = G KM:KL9FLANG K=?MAFL= ;GEG KMB=ALG LG<9NA9 ;GEG
<AR " &MJQ x9 9LJ9^]G >GJLbKKAE9 IM= =P=J;= G FME=J9D IA5 <9
DG;M^]G IA5 J9Ny D=N9 9 IM= G N=J:G >AIM= FG KAF?MD9J 9AF<9 IM9F<G G
KMB=ALGK=B9MEHDMJ9D
AKK=IM= 9F5IA5J9N <GAK ;GEH9<J=KMEJA;G=GMLJGHG:J=
6 7
F5IA5J9NHFZGACW5G EMALG:GFAL9K=LJ9:9D@9<=AJ9K6
7
;GF;GJ<[F;A9;GEE9AK<=ME
+G<=9AF<9G;GJJ=JGN=J:GF9 9 H=KKG9<=HDMJ9D
xEI5BHCG89BHF9J_G9GHI85A ;GFK;A=F;AGK9E=FL=GH9KK9<Gy6%
5DI8 .. l7
;GF;GJ<[F;A9;GEGKHJGFGE=KJ=D9LANGK
EI9@9EI9HF565@<557F98=H5 FME>MLMJGE=D@GJ
EI9@9GEI9HF565@<5A57F98=H5A FME>MLMJGE=D@GJ
*bservao
FLJ9F=KL=HJAF;bHAG9GJ9^]G9<B=LAN9IM=K=KM:KL9FLAN9E=<A9FL= C 5 CG 5G
)G EI9 DFCA9H9A >9R=J >=DAR=K GK HGNGK GVC GJ<AF9JA9E=FL= GK IM=
HJ=L=F<=EKaDGZ;MKL9<=D=K 6((7
,M9F<G HGJ KAD=HK= K= IM=J AF;DMAJ 9 H=KKG9 IM= >9D9 GM 9 IM= K= <AJA?= HG<=K=
HfJGN=J:G<9GJ9^]G9<B=LAN9F9 9 GM
9 H=KKG9<GHDMJ9D
+GJ IM= 9 N=J<9<= _ IM= KGEGK FeK CG EI9 :56F=75ACG GK HJeHJAGK 9KH=;LGK
<9F9LMJ=R9 6%-
7
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.=E9HJ=HGKA^]G=PHJAE=G:JA?9^]G;GE 89HJG:9:ADA<9<= P 0C7Z89J9H9F
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)GKA?FA>A;9<G<= DFC8IN=F 575FF9H5F _LJ9FKALANG<AJ=LG
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W;GDGIMA9DGMKG<9HJ=HGKA^]G 7CAAF>DM=F;A9<GL9DN=RH=D9J=?aF;A9<= 75G5F
)]GHG<=9;=AL9JG:B <AJ=LG<=H=KKG9+9?M=A CAX8=7CE9KKAE<=;GAK9H9?9
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^]G;GEH9J9LAN9 EI9 GM 8CEI9 =N=<AR=JK= DF9:=FC=GHCSEI=@C DF9:=FCCH95HFC5C
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III Pontuao
$$$v+GFLM9^]G
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IM9FL9HG<A9G:L=Jy6' $7
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IM9F<GHJG>=JA<9K;GEH9MK9
D=K9AJY<9IMADG?G CI9IA989G@=;5F9=8C;FIDC
*bservao1A?GJ9=KL9FGJE9IM9F<G CI =PHJAEAJJ=LA>A;9^]G
/=N=<M9K>9K=K9FGKK9H9AP]G CI DA?9^]G CI IM9DIM=JGMLJGFGE=
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7
.= <=FGL9 =IMAN9DaF;A9 F]G K= K=H9J9 HGJ NbJ?MD9 G CI HGKLG =FLJ= <GAK L=J
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HJeHJA9;9K9<=>=ALAGEG<=JFG y6(
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NYJA9=E?=J9DNbJ?MD9=F9J=<9^]GG>A;A9DMK9EK=<GAK
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xH=J?MFL9N99EAEE=KEGHGJIM=F]GK=JA9E=D@GJ<=HML9<G=E=D
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7
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HJAF;AH9D
x ME=KEG9L_=FL]GLAF@9NGK=EEY;GFL9 y6( 7
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;AG y6( 7
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;GFLAFM9^]G;GF;DMK]G;GF;=KK]G
x= BVCC6GH5BH9@9NA9;=JL9De?A;9;=JL9<=<M^]Gy6( 7
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6( 7
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D=K9A9?GJ9=MDG?GE9AK
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=K=AFL=J;9D9MEBMbRG<=N9DGJGMME9J=>D=P]GKM:KA<AYJA9
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AJJ=?MD9J<GKL=JEGK<9GJ9^]GK=H9J9K=HGJNbJ?MD99=PHJ=KK]G
<=KDG;9<9
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x)]G:J9<=A=MF]G@YK<==FLJ9J F]GIM=JG $99D9F^9JD@=9K
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:K=H9J99K9<N=JK9LAN9K=EIM=K=IM=JJ=KK9DL9JG;GFLJ9KL=
x)]GK=<AKK=E9AKF9<9E9K<=FGAL='G:G)=N=KAFKAKLAMFGHJG
B=LGy6(
7
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x =K==KL9:=D=;=ME9;GMK9IM=HG<=J=EGK;@9E9JvKGDA<9JA=<9<=
<G9:GJJ=;AE=FLG@ME9FGy6(
7
)=KL=;9KGHG<=GMF]G;GE:AF9JK=;GE9K9KH9K
Parnteses e colchetes v *K H9JaFL=K=K 9KKAF9D9E ME AKGD9E=FLG
KAFLYLA;G = K=E[FLA;G E9AK ;GEHD=LG <=FLJG <G =FMF;A9<G 9D_E <= =K
L9:=D=;=J E9AGJ AFLAEA<9<= =FLJ= G 9MLGJ = G K=M D=ALGJ E ?=J9D 9 AFK=J
^]G<GH9JaFL=K=_9KKAF9D9<9HGJME9=FLGF9^]G=KH=;A9D
,M9F<G ME9 H9MK9 ;GAF;A<= ;GE G AFb;AG <9 ;GFKLJM^]G H9J=FL_L
A;9 G J=KH=;LANG KAF9D <= HGFLM9^]G <=N= >A;9J <=HGAK <GK H9JaFL=K=K
E9K =KL9F<G 9 HJGHGKA^]G GM 9 >J9K= AFL=AJ9 =F;=JJ9<9 H=DGK H9JaFL=K=K
<=FLJG<=D=KK=Hg=9;GEH=L=FL=FGL9^]G
x)]G>AD@GKE=MK<=AP9AE==PH=JAE=FL9JME9N=RIM=K=B9;GF
NGK;G=KL=KM9NbKKAEGFGE=F]GG;GJ9^]GF]G_L]G>JbNGDGL]G
=PL=JAGJL]G;9JF9DIM9FLGK=;MA<9y6-7
xAEHJ=FK9IM=EG;GFL=KL9_GE9AKHG<=JGKGE=AGIM=K=L=E
AFN=FL9<GH9J99<ANMD?9^]G<GH=FK9E=FLGy 9JL9AFK=JL9FGK
F9AK<9A:DAGL=;9)9;AGF9DNGD $6Carlos de Laet7
D9L z5A5F{ HGJL tK N=R=K MK9K= F=KL9 9HDA;9^]G G KM:DAF@9<G ;9<9 N=R
E=FGK >J=IM=FL= FG L=PLG AEHJ=KKG GM G ALYDA;G K 9KH9K L9E:_E K]G
=EHJ=?9<9K H9J9 <9J 9 ;=JL9 =PHJ=KK]G K=FLA<G H9JLA;MD9J F9 DAF?M9?=E
>9D9<9 _ =E ?=J9D HJG>=JA<9 ;GE =FLG9^]G =KH=;A9D H9J9 J=KK9DL9J ME9 =P
HJ=KK]G <=FLJG <G ;GFL=PLG GM H9J9 9HGFL9J ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG =KLJ9F?=AJ
AKEGGM?bJA9
*bservao K;J=N=F<G J=KK9DL9EGK 9 =PHJ=KK]G L9E:_E ;GE G KM:DAF
@9<GGIM=FGKL=PLGKAEHJ=KKGK;GJJ=KHGF<=9G=EHJ=?G<=LAHG<A>=J=FL=
wx.AEE9KH=J;=:GG9?GJ9HGJIM=Ke9?GJ9FGKKMJ?AM9G;9KA]G
<==FJAIM=;=J !GAME9KGJL=?J9F<=IM==MKFGKE9F<GM
wx=MKy
w=MKKAE=NG;aGG>=F<=M9>9KL9F<G9;GEGH_y6('
7
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7
L=JJG?9^]GFGAFb;AG<9GJ9^]G;GEGKAF9DAFN=JLA<Gs*%GK_;@=?GMD?MFK=K;JALGJ=K
FGKKGK>AR=J9EMKG<=KL==PH=<A=FL=
AEHJ=FK9EG<=JF9MK9=9:MK9<GK<GAKHGFLGKH9J9J=KMEAJZKN=R=KFME9KbFL=K=
<=H=FK9E=FLG<A>b;AD<=K=J9;GEH9F@9<9;=JL9KFGLb;A9K 09FVC 7=858989GDFCH9;=85
85G7<IJ5G
GKLME9K=GMNAJ=KL=NG;Y:MDG<=LMJH9<GH9J9 5GH9F[GH=7C GH9F=G7C IM=J<AR=J 9G
HF9@=B<5FGE=<=NA<GZKM9>GJE9
IV Noes elementares de Estilstica
$1v)G^g=K=D=E=FL9J=K<= KLADbKLA;9
KLADbKLA;9
:GAEH=J>=ALGH9J9LJ9<MRAJH=<A<G
M EI9F=5 MEIMADG<=IM=ABG=EN=R<G;9L=?eJA;G=ZKN=R=K
9E=9^9<GJ EI9FC
CD@IF5@89AC8XGH=5G9MLGJ>9D9F<G<=KAE=KEGHG<=JY<AR=J
)eK9G=K;J=N=JEGK=KL=DANJGLAN=EGK=EEAJ9<9JFGNGK@GJA
RGFL=K9G=FKAFG<GA<AGE9
C9ADF9;C9LDF9GG=JC8CGGI:=LCG EGJE=FL=GK<=?J9<9^]G
H9ARAF@GE]=RAF@9HG=L9KLJGH9<J=;GHGDALA;9D@9
C9ADF9;C89H9ADCG9AC8CGJ9F65=G ;GEGHGJ=P=EHDG
9GHJ=K=FL=H=DG>MLMJGH9J9AF<A;9J<=K=BG>AJE=>9LG;9L=?eJA;G
FG=EHJ=?G=PHJ=KKANG<9K;@9E9<9K>A?MJ9K<=H9D9NJ9KGM HFC
DCG E=LY>GJ9E=LGFbEA9=L; =>A?MJ9K<=H=FK9E=FLG=K=FLA
E=FLG9FLbL=K==M>=EAKEG@AH_J:GD==L;
HaF<A;=
GAK=P=EHDGK<=9FYDAK==KLADbKLA;9
Apndice
dois exemplos de anlise estilstica
LbLMDG <= E=J9K KM?=KLg=K 9GK D=ALGJ=K 9AF<9 F]G >9EADA9JAR9<GK ;GE 9K L_;FA;9K
<9 9FYDAK= =KLADbKLA;9 L=EGK 9 K9LAK>9^]G <= LJ9FK;J=N=J 9IMA <GAK =P;=JLGK 9KKAF9
<GK ME HGJ =P;=D=FL= E=KLJ= :J9KAD=AJG % (9LLGKG [E9J9 %J = GMLJG H=DG F]G
E=FGK <AKLAFLG =KLM<AGKG HGJLM?MaK %9;AFLG <G +J9<G G=D@G *MLJ9K AFL=J=KK
9FL=K 9EGKLJ9K HG<= G D=ALGJ ;MJAGKG N=J FGK =KLM<GK <= M?MKLG (=Q=J *L@GF
(G9;QJ "9J;A9 = ME9 HDaA9<= <= H9LJb;AGK GF<= =KLY AF<A;9<9 >9JL9 :A:DAG?J9>A9
=KH=;A9DAR9<9
0EKGF=LG<=FLfFAG)G:J=
/AGCB9HC89BHaB=C(C6F9
* ;GE=FLYJAG <= HG=E9K K=JY 9AF<9 =E ?J9F<= H9JL= ;JA9^]G AF
N=FLAN9 ME9 K_JA= <= <=K<G:J9E=FLGK HKA;GDe?A;GK =NG;9^g=K 9KKG
;A9^g=K <= AE9?=FK IM= EGKLJ9E 9 H=JKGF9DA<9<= <G D=ALGJ 9 ;GD9:GJ9J
;GE KAEH9LA9 F9 G:J9 <G ;GE=FLYJAG NAK]G <= ;GFBMFLG GJA?AFYJA9 ADM
EAF9JY LG<G G ;GE=FLYJAG DAF?M9?=E K=JY =F;9J9<9 K=?MF<G IM=J
.HALR=J ;GEG >DGJ9^]G <9 KM:KL[F;A9 =KHAJALM9D <G HG=E9 <ANAK]G E=L
G<GDe?A;9 =E ;GE=FLYJAG A<=GDe?A;G = ;GE=FLYJAG <= >GJE9 F]G E=
H9J=;= BMKL9 * HG=E9 <=N= K=J GD@9<G ;GEG ME LG<G ;GFKA<=J9^]G
<9K >GJE9K DAF?MbKLA;9K ;GF<MRAJY 9G HKA;GDe?A;G = 9;GEH9F@9JY G
;GE=FLYJAG <9 KM:KL[F;A9 <G HJAF;bHAG 9G >AE * IM= K= HJ=L=F<= =E
HJAE=AJG DM?9J _ IM= G 9I <G D=ALGJ ;GEMF?M= FG =M <G HG=L9 = =J<A9=>>
EGKLJGM EMALG :=E 9 AEHGKKA:ADA<9<= <=KL9 ;GEMFA;9^]G HGJ E=AGK IM=
F]G K=B9E <= F9LMJ=R9 9>=LAN9 H=FK9J _ G:B=LAN9J _ K=H9J9J W ;D9JG IM=
K=E G:B=LAN9^]G F]G @Y ;JbLA;9 (9K FG ;GE=FLYJAG <= HG=E9K 9 ;JbLA;9
9GK HGJE=FGJ=K <=N= AF;DMAJK= FME =KL9<G <= 9<=K]G IM= H=JE9F=^9
<MJ9FL=G;GE=FLYJAG
/M<G AKLG =M K=A _ EMALG <A>b;AD FMF;9 ;GFK=?MA J=9DARYDG K9LAK>9L
GJA9E=FL= GM LG<9NA9 ;GE =P=EHDG G ;GE=FLYJAG <ME KGF=LG IM=
%MD?M=AIM=>GKK==L=JF99DMR<=KK99DNGJ9<9
IM==J9K=EHJ=<A9=FMF;9LAF@9>AE
KK9NAK]G<=DM9JIM=NANA9=F;9FL9<9
)ME;9KL=DGA<=9D;GELGJJ=K<=E9J>AE
(9K@GB=9KHGE:9K<=GAJG9N=K<9EAF@9AF>[F;A9
,M=E==F;@A9E<=DM9G;GJ9^]GGMLJGJ9
+9JLAJ9E=FG;_M=NG9EK=9<AKL[F;A9
=:9D<=;D9EG=;@GJG=J?M=F<G9GK;_MKE=MK9AK
1GDL9EF99K9<GN=FLGGK9AKIM=99DE9;@GJ9
D9KHGJ_E.=F@GJ=D9KF]GNGDL9EE9AK
)G:J= F]G J=F=?9 G .=F@GJ =E:GJ9 L=F@9 ;D9E9<G 9FL=K <= ;@GJ9J
J9HA<=R K9DLAL9FL= <G K=?MF<G N=JKG ;GEHGKLG HGJ H9D9NJ9K LG<9K EMALG
;MJL9K H9J=;= LJ9R=J G =;G <GK 9AK <G HG=L9 NAF<GK F9K 9K9K <G N=FLG
1GDL9E GK 9AK IM= J=<G:J9E 9 KM9 <GJ E9K F]G NGDL9E 9K HGE:9K <= GAJG
<9 KM9 AF>[F;A9 9D9<9 * hDLAEG N=JKG E9AK <= IM= 9 ;@9N= J9;AGF9D <G
KGF=LG Z E9F=AJ9 ;DYKKA;9 _ ME9 >J9K= K=FLAE=FL9D 9 HJAE=AJ9 H9JL= 9K
;=F<=FL= _ ME ?JALG <= 9DE9 x=D9K HGJ_E .=F@GJy 9 K=?MF<9 H9JL=
<=K;=F<=FL=_MEKMKHAJG<=9;=AL9^]Gx=D9KF]GNGDL9EE9AKy
FLfFAG )G:J= ;GF>GJEGMK= 9;9:GM HGJ 9E9J 9 KM9 ;JMR
GFK=?MAM LGJF9JK= ;JA9F^9 E=A?9 = G:=<A=FL= <= GD@GK EMALG 9:=JLGK
<= KGJJAKG L]G LJAKL= * KGJJAKG <= IM=E >9D9 <= AJ NA9B9J K=IMAF@G H9J9 G
KGDHGKLG G KGJJAKG <= IM=E H=<= IM= ;GEHGF@9E ;GE B=ALG G LJ9N=K
K=AJG<=EG<GIM=D@=>9^9:GE=F;GKLGFG;9AP]G
=EG<GIM=E=>9^9:GE=F;GKLG
*LJ9N=KK=AJG;GEHGJY;GEB=ALG
=ML]G>=DAR+GJF]G=KL9J9>=ALG
/AGCB9HC89'57<58C89GG=G
A Carolina
*=KLADGL=EME;MF@GFALA<9E=FL=IMAF@=FLAKL9
.M?=J=G 9 >GJEMD9^]G ?DG:9D DAF?MbKLA;9 = JbLEA;9 = KM:DAF@9EFG
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Abreviatura de Autores e Obras Citadas
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