Introduo

$FLJG<M^]G
Breve histria externa
da lngua portuguesa
xK 9JE9K = H9<Jg=K HGJLM?M=K=K HGKLGK =E
}>JA;9 = =E }KA9 = =E L9FL9K EAD AD@9K >GJ9 <9 J=
H9JLA^9E <9K LJaK H9JL=K <9 L=JJ9 E9L=JA9=K K9E =
HG<=9K G L=EHG ?9KL9J H=Je F] ?9KL9JY <GMLJAF9
;GKLME=K DAF?M9?=E IM= GK HGJLM?M=K=K F=KL9K
L=JJ9K
D=AP9J=E y
%G]G
<=
9JJGK =R@C;C
9A
&CIJCF
85
(CGG5
&=B;I5;9A

 DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 _ 9 ;GFLAFM9^]G AFAFL=JJMHL9 FG L=EHG = FG =K

H9^G <G D9LAE D=N9<G Z +=FbFKMD9 $:_JA;9 H=D9 =PH9FK]G <G AEH_JAG JG
E9FG FG AFb;AG <G K_; $$$ 9   H9JLA;MD9JE=FL= FG HJG;=KKG <= JGE9FAR
9^]G <GK HGNGK <G G=KL= = FGJG=KL= DMKAL9FGK = ?9D9A;GK HJG;=KKG IM=
=F;GFLJGM
L=F9R
J=KAKLaF;A9
<GK
@9:AL9FL=K
GJA?AFYJAGK
<=KK9K
J=?Ag=K
=HGAK <G HJG;=KKG <= JGE9FAR9^]G KG>J=M 9 +=FbFKMD9 9 AFN9K]G
<GK :YJ:9JGK ?=JE[FA;GK =E <AN=JKGK EGE=FLGK = ;GE <AN=JKA<9<= <=
AF>DMaF;A9K IM= EMALG ;GFLJA:MbJ9E H9J9 9 >J9?E=FL9^]G DAF?MbKLA;9 <9
#AKH[FA9 =E  >GA 9 N=R <GK 9D9FGK N[F<9DGK = KM=NGK =E  <GK
NAKA?G<GK =KL= ;GFL9;LG =F;GFLJ9EGK ;GEG J=KMDL9<G 9 NAKbN=D AF>DMaF
;A9
?=JE[FA;9
=KH=;A9DE=FL=
<GK
NAKA?G<GK
FG
D_PA;G
=
F9
GFGEYKLA;9
)G K_;MDG 1$$$ =E  NGDLGM 9 +=FbFKMD9 9 K=J AFN9<A<9 H=DGK
YJ9:=K ;GFKME9F<G 9 K_JA= <= >9LGJ=K =PL=JFGK IM= NAJA9E 9 =PHDA;9J 9
<A>=J=F;A9^]G DAF?MbKLA;9 <G HGJLM?MaK FG EGK9A;G <A9D=L9D IM= @GB=

;GF@=;=EGK 9H=K9J <G D9J?G ;GFLJA:MLG F9 ;MDLMJ9 = F9 DbF?M9 v =KH=;A9D

E=FL= FG D_PA;G v 9 H=JE9FaF;A9 EM^MDE9F9 F]G L=N= >GJ^9 KM>A;A=FL=
H9J9
9H9?9J
9K
AF<=D_N=AK
E9J;9K
<=
JGE9FA<9<=
<9K
DbF?M9K
H=FAFKMD9J=K
* DGF?G EGNAE=FLG <= -=;GFIMAKL9 9FLAAKD[EA;G ;GE=^9<G BY =E
 HJGDGF?GMK= HGJ K_;MDGK %Y FG K_;MDG 3 =KL= HJG;=KKG LAF@9 >9NGJ=
;A<G G F9K;AE=FLG <= Fh;D=GK ;JAKL]GK F9 H9JL= FGJL= = FGJG=KL= <9 +=FbF
KMD9 D9F^9F<G GK >MF<9E=FLGK <= ME9 <ANAK]G DAF?MbKLA;9 :=E HJePAE9
<9 <ANAK]G 9<EAFAKLJ9LAN9 v GF<9<G <9 "9DAR9 ?9D=?GHGJLM?MaK v
-=AFG <= '=]G = <9K KLhJA9K YKLMJGD=GFaK v GF<9<G <= 9KL=D9
;9KL=D@9FG v -=AFG <= )9N9JJ9 :9K;G = F9N9JJG9J9?GFaK v -=AFG
<=
J9?]G
=
GF<9<G
<=
9J;=DGK
;9L9D]G
E  >GFKG 1$ ;GF;=<= 9MLGFGEA9 Z +JGNbF;A9 +GJLM;9D=FK=
=
=E

>GFKG
#=FJAIM=K
K=
HJG;D9E9
G
HJAE=AJG
J=A
<=
+GJLM?9D
!GA =KL= >9D9J ;GEME Z "9DAR9 = 9G L=JJALeJAG HGJLM;9D=FK= IM= G
HJG;=KKG <= -=;GFIMAKL9 HJGH9?GM =E <AJ=^]G 9G KMD KG:J=HGF<GK= 9GK
<A9D=LGK EG^YJ9:=K 9b ;GJJ=FL=K %Y ;GE 9 9BM<9 <= ;JMR9<GK AF?D=K=K
9D=E]=K >J9F;=K=K = >D9E=F?GK = KG: 9 :9F<=AJ9 HGJLM?M=K9 HJGKK=?M= 9
J=;GFIMAKL9 <= FGN9K ;A<9<=K <G KMD LGE9<9K 9GK EM^MDE9FGK
.9FL9J_E =E E9J^G <=  = 'AK:G9 =E GMLM:JG <G E=KEG 9FG L_ G
K_; 31 K=?MF<G *JD9F<G -A:=AJG G (AF@G 9AF<9 F]G ;GFKLALMb9 DAEAL=
DAF?MbKLA;G
=FLJ=
G
?9D=?G
=
G
HGJLM?MaK
* HGJLM?MaK F9 KM9 >=A^]G GJA?AFYJA9 ?9D=?9 KMJ?AJY =FLJ= GK
K_;MDGK $33$$ E9K K=MK HJAE=AJGK <G;ME=FLGK <9L9<GK Ke 9H9J=;=J]G FG
K_;MDG 3$$$ G .9GH5A9BHC 89 :CBGC ## = 9 (CH[7=5 89 HCFHC MJA
GK9E=FL= 9 <=FGEAF9^]G xDbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9y H9J9 KM:KLALMAJ GK 9FLA?GK
LbLMDGK xJGE9F;=y xJGE9F^Gy xDAF?M9?=Ey Ke H9KK9 9 ;GJJ=J <MJ9FL= GK
=K;JALGJ=K <9 9K9 <= NAK ;GE  %G]G $ !GA  AFAK IM= G>A;A9DARGM G
HGJLM?MaK ;GEG DbF?M9 N=A;MD9J <GK <G;ME=FLGK 9<EAFAKLJ9LANGK KM:
KLALMAF<G
G
D9LAE
FLJ= GK K_;MDGK 31 = 31$ +GJLM?9D G;MH9 DM?9J <= J=D=NG FG ;A;DG
<9K ?J9F<=K F9N=?9^g=K = 9 DbF?M9 x;GEH9F@=AJ9 <G AEH_JAGy K= =KHJ9A9
H=D9K J=?Ag=K AF;e?FAL9K AF<G 9L_ G >AE <G EMF<G = F9 NGR <G +G=L9 xK=
E9AK
EMF<G
@GMN=J9
DY
;@=?9J9y
)G
&IG[585G
1$$

=HGAK <9 =PH9FK]G AFL=JF9 IM= DAL=JYJA9 = ;MDLMJ9DE=FL= =P=J;=
9^]G MFA>A;9<GJ9 F9 <AN=JKA<9<= <GK >9D9J=K J=?AGF9AK E9K IM= F]G =DAE
AF9 <= LG<G =KK9K <A>=J=F^9K J=>D=LA<9K FGK <A9D=LGK G HGJLM?MaK K= 9JJGB9
F9 H9D9NJ9 <= AF<fEALGK E9JAF@=AJGK H=DGK E9J=K FMF;9 <z9FL=K F9N=
?9<GK 9 >AE <= K=J G HGJL9NGR <9 >_ = <G AEH_JAG .]G H9KKGK <=KK9



 

?A?9FL=K;9 =PH9FK]G ;GDGFA9D = J=DA?AGK9 ;MBGK =>=ALGK 9D_E <9 9:=JLMJ9

<GK E9J=K =KH=;A9DE=FL= G LD[FLA;G = G ~F<A;G >GJ9E K=?MF<G 9>AJE
9^]G
<=
#ME:GD<L
ME9
<MHDA;9^]G
<G
?DG:G
L=JJ=KLJ=

<GL9J=EGK 9IMA 9 K=?MAFL= HJGHGKL9 AF;DMAF<G F9 HJAE=AJ9 >9K= 9

J=9DA<9<=
?9D=?GHGJLM?M=K9


v
=PH=<A^]G
9
=ML9
KG:
G
;GE9F<G
<G
HJeHJAG
-=A
 
v
(9<=AJ9
=
^GJ=K

v
9:G
1=J<=
;GE
AFb;AG
<=
HGNG9E=FLG
=E


v
"MAF_
 v F?GD9 HJAE=AJGK ;GFL9LGK = ;GDGFAR9^]G <= . /GE_ =
+JbF;AH=

v
19K;G
<9
"9E9
;@=?9
Z
~F<A9
=
H9KK9
HGJ
(G^9E:AIM=

v
J9KAD

v
(9D9;9
=
(9DM;9K

v
.9A]G
=
GJF_M

v
*JEMR

v
GDGE:G

v
9E]G

v
(9;9M
9D_E
<9K
AD@9K
<=
.9E9LJ9
%9N9
=
/AEGJ

: DCFHI;IZG 5F75=7C AX8=C  p E=L9<= <G K_; 31 Z  p E=L9<= <G

K_;
31$

/GE9<G G K_; 3$$$ ;GEG AFb;AG <9 >9K= 9 IM= '=AL= <= 19K;GF;=DGK
;@9EGM DCFHI;IZG <=GH_F=7C AKLG _ <G;ME=FL9<G @AKLGJA;9E=FL=
HG<=EGK <ANA<ADG =E H=JbG<GK DAF?MbKLA;GK ;MB9K <=DAEAL9^g=K F]G ;GF
K=?M=E =FLJ= GK =KLM<AGKGK ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 MF[FAE=  <A>A;MD<9<= <=
;GFK=FKG 9<N_E <= NYJAGK >9LGJ=K G L=J=E 9K HJGHGKL9K >MF<9E=FLG =E
L=PLGK =K;JALGK IM= ;GEG K9:=EGK E9K;9J9E 9 J=9DA<9<= = 9K EM<9F^9K
DAF?MbKLA;9K G F]G L=J=E GK >=FfE=FGK KM9 <9L9 <= F9K;AE=FLG = EGJL=
= >AF9DE=FL= ;GFKLALMA =D=E=FLG H=JLMJ:9<GJ F=KL9 GJ<=E <= =KLM<GK 9
AF>DMaF;A9 <= >9LGJ=K =KL_LA;GDAL=JYJAGK IM= ;GF>GJE= KM9 GJA=FL9^]G ;GF
K=JN9<GJ9 GM HJG?J=KKAKL9 9LJ9K9 GM 9;=D=J9 <=L=JEAF9<9K L=F<aF;A9K DAF
?MbKLA;9K !GA G IM= 9;GFL=;=M ;GE G ;@9E9<G D9LAE DAL=JYJAG KG: 9 AF
>DMaF;A9 ?J=?9 ;GE G HGJLM?MaK =MJGH=M KG: G AF>DMPG <G #ME9FAKEG =
-=F9K;AE=FLG = ;GE G HGJLM?MaK <G J9KAD KG: 9 9^]G A;GFG;D9KL9 AFA
;A9D
<G
(G<=JFAKEG

9 DCFHI;IZG
5F75=7C
K_;
3$$$
9G
>AF9D
<G
3$1

; DCFHI;IZG AC89FBC p E=L9<= <G K_; 31$ 9G >AF9D <G 31$$

HG<=F<GK=
=KL=F<=J
9GK
AFb;AGK
<G
K_;
31$$$
< DCFHI;IZG
7CBH9ADCFTB9C
K_;
31$$$
9GK
FGKKGK
<A9K
G HJAE=AJG H=JbG<G H=JL=F;=E 9D_E <GK L=PLGK 9<EAFAKLJ9LANGK <=
D=AK >GJ9AK = GJ<=F9^g=K 9 HG=KA9 H9D9;A9F9 =F;=JJ9<9 FGK 9F;AGF=AJGK
E=<A=N9AK BM<9 19LA;9F9 = A:DAGL=;9 )9;AGF9D 9FLA?G GDG;;A J9F
;MLA 9K 5BH=;5G 89 -5BH5 '5F=5 9D?ME9K NA<9K <= K9FLGK 9JD9]G =
%GK9>Y . D=APG =L;  LJ9<M^g=K =E ?=J9D <= L=PLGK D9LAFGK IM=
;@=?9J9E 9L_ FeK IM9K= K=EHJ= =E ;eHA9K E9AK EG<=JF9K G &=JFC 85G
J9G G 56I@RF=C 89 GCDC 9 9A5B85 8C -5BHC !F55@ CFH9 #AD9F=5@
=FLJ=
EMAL9K
G K=?MF<G H=JbG<G H=JL=F;=E G &=JFC 85 'CBH5F=5 <=  %G]G $
&95@ CBG9@<9=FC = &=JFC 85 BG=B5BW5 89 9A 5J5@;5F HC85 -9@5 <= 
M9JL= 9K ;JfFA;9K <= !=JF]G 'GH=K  $CVC #  *98FC  9FB5B8C
<= 5MJ9J9 FaB=75 8CG 9=HCG 85 !I=BX FaB=75 85 .CA585 89 9IH5
9 FaB=75 8CG F589G '9BCF9G 9K ;JfFA;9K <= -MA +AF9 =FLJ= EMAL9K
GMLJ9K
G:J9K
G L=J;=AJG H=JbG<G H=JL=F;=E 9K G:J9K @AKLeJA;9K <= %G]G <= 9J
JGK AG?G <G GMLG !=JF]G 'GH=K <= 9KL9F@=<9 9EA]G <= "eAK
"9KH9J GJJ=A9 G *5@A9=F=A 89 #B;@5H9FF5 <= !J9F;AK;G <= (GJ9AK 9
H=_D=5 )F=9BH5@ <= !J=A %G]G <GK .9FLGK 9 G:J9 DAL=JYJA9 <= .Y <= (AJ
9F<9 = G L=9LJG ;DYKKA;G <= FLfFAG !=JJ=AJ9 9 HJGK9 EbKLA;9 <9 #A5;9A
85 0=85 F=GHV <= #=ALGJ +AFLG GK =R@C;CG <= E9<GJ JJ9AK GK .F5
65@<CG 89 $9GIG <= /GE_ <= %=KMK = 9 CBGC@5WVC SG .F=6I@5Wc9G 89 #G
F59@ <= .9EM=D 0KIM= 9 *9F9;F=B5WVC <= !=JF]G (=F<=K +AFLG +=JG
(9?9D@]=K <= "9F<9NG E9K 9 LG<GK =P;=<= 'MbK <= 9Eg=K IM= F]G
K=F<G xHJGHJA9E=FL= G ;JA9<GJ <G HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG   DA:=JLGMG <=
9D?MFK 9J;9bKEGK = >GA ME 9JLAKL9 ;GFKME9<G = K=E JAN9D =E :MJAD9J 9
>J9K= HGJLM?M=K9 <=K;G:JAF<G = 9HJGN=AL9F<G LG<GK GK J=;MJKGK <= IM=
<AKHMF@9 G A<AGE9 H9J9 J=HJ=K=FL9J 9K A<=A9K <= EG<G =D=?9FL= =F_J?A;G




= =PHJ=KKANG -=;GF@=;A<9 9 KMH=JAGJA<9<= <9 DAF?M9?=E ;9EGFA9F9 9

KM9 AF>DMaF;A9 >=RK= K=FLAJ F9 DAL=J9LMJ9 <= =FL]G =E <A9FL= 9L_ GK FGKKGK
<A9Ky
6. 
7
GE EMAL9 J9R]G ;GF;=<= .9A< DA <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 DAF?MbKLA;G
ME DM?9J Z H9JL= F9 DAL=J9LMJ9 IMAF@=FLAKL9 ZK ;GE_<A9K 9MLGK = >9JK9K <G
;@9E9<G L=9LJG <= E=<A<9 N=D@9 IM= L=E =E "AD 1A;=FL= K=M HJAF;AH9D
J=HJ=K=FL9FL= HJG<M^g=K <= ?J9F<= AEHGJL[F;A9 H9J9 G ;GF@=;AE=FLG <9
N9JA=<9<= ;GDGIMA9D = HGHMD9J <9 _HG;9 +=JL=F;=E 9 =KL= ?aF=JG =KH=;A9D
GK IHCG <= FLfFAG +J=KL=K <= @A9<G <= %=JfFAEG -A:=AJG 9 I:FCG
=B5 = /@=GG=DC <= %GJ?= !=JJ=AJ9 <= 19K;GF;=DGK KG:J=D=N9F<GK= 9 LG<GK
=D=K 9K G:J9K <=KL= ?=FA9D HAFLGJ <9 KG;A=<9<= = <GK ;GKLME=K <G K_; 31$
=E
+GJLM?9D
IM=
>GA
"AD
1A;=FL=
)G K_; 31$$ 9KKAKLAEGK 9G 9H=J>=A^G9E=FLG <9 HJGK9 9JLbKLA;9 ;GE
!J=A 'MbK <= .GMK9 ;MB9 DAF?M9?=E J=HJ=K=FL9 ME9 >9K= <= LJ9FKA^]G
=FLJ= GK <GAK EGE=FLGK <G HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG W G H=JbG<G =E IM= J=K
K9DL9E GK -9FAc9G <G +9<J= FLfFAG 1A=AJ9 GK D_@C;CG =5@C;5=G <=
!J9F;AK;G (9FM=D <= (=DG 9 HJGK9 J=DA?AGK9 <G +9<J= (9FM=D =JF9J<=K
GK IM9<JGK :M;eDA;GK <= CFH9 B5 @89=5 <= -G<JA?M=K 'G:G 9D_E <GK
J=HJ=K=FL9FL=K
<9
@AKLGJAG?J9>A9
<=
D;G:9^9



* K_;MDG 31$$$ F]G _ Ke G K_;MDG <9K 9;9<=EA9K DAL=JYJA9K E9K <=

LG<G ME =K>GJ^G F9 J=FGN9^]G <9 ;MDLMJ9 = <9 AFKLJM^]G Hh:DA;9 KG: G AF
>DMPG <GK A<=9AK <G F=G;D9KKA;AKEG >J9F;aK IM= ;MDEAFGM F9 J=>GJE9
HGE:9DAF9 <9 0FAN=JKA<9<= =E  KKAKL=K= 9 ME J=>DGJ=K;AE=FLG <9
HG=KA9 ;GE +=<JG FLfFAG GJJ=A9 "9J^]G FLfFAG AFAK <9 JMR =
.ADN9 !ADAFLG DbKAG /GEYK FLfFAG "GFR9?9 = GK HG=L9K YJ;9<=K
:J9KAD=AJGK
=
9J:GK9
<M
G;9?=
G HGFLG <= NAKL9 DAF?MbKLA;G G HGJLM?MaK ;GFL=EHGJ[F=G >AP9<G
FG <=;GJJ=J <G K_; 31$$$ ;@=?9 9G K_;MDG K=?MAFL= KG: G AF>DMPG <=
FGN9K A<=A9K =KL_LA;9K E9K K=E KG>J=J EM<9F^9K FG KAKL=E9 ?J9E9LA;9D
IM=
D@=
?9J9FL9E
F=KL=
K=FLA<G
FGN9
>=A^]G
=
FGN9
>9K=
@AKLeJA;9
*K =K;JALGJ=K <GK K_;MDGK 3$3 = 33 <= LG<GK GK IM9<J9FL=K <9
'MKG>GFA9 KGM:=J9E ?9J9FLAJ =KL= H9LJAEfFAG DAF?MbKLA;G @=J<9<G <= L9FL9
LJ9<A^]G
DAL=JYJA9
E +GJLM?9D FG J9KAD =E F?GD9 9:G 1=J<= "MAF_AKK9M
(G^9E:AIM= .]G /GE_ = +JbF;AH= 9 DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 H9LJAEfFAG ;MD
LMJ9D <= LG<9K =KL9K F9^g=K L=E KA<G = =KH=J9EGK K=B9 HGJ EMALG L=EHG
=PHJ=KK]G <9 K=FKA:ADA<9<= = <9 J9R]G <G KGF@G = <9K ?J9F<=K
J=9DAR9^g=K
+9LJAEfFAG <= LG<GK = =DG >J9L=JFG <9 'MKG>GFA9 <= ;=J;9 <= 
EAD@g=K <= >9D9FL=K =KH9D@9<GK HGJ LG<GK GK ;GFLAF=FL=K ;GFLAFM=EGK 9
>GJEMD9J
GK
NGLGK
<=
FLfFAG
!=JJ=AJ9
FG
K_;
31$
Floresa, fale, cante, oua-se e viva
A portuguesa lngua, e j onde for,
Senhora v de si, soberba e altiva!

!A?

v
*
(MF<G
<9
'MKG>GFA9



Teoria Gramatical

A) Linguagem: suas dimenses universais

F=;=KK9JA9E=FL= KAKL=E9 = HG<=E KGRAF@GK = K=E F=F@ME9 GHGKA^]G

xKAE:GDAR9Jy  GHGKA^]G _ ME HJAF;bHAG >MF<9E=FL9D H9J9 9 <=L=JEAF
9^]G
<9
=PAKLaF;A9
<GK
KA?FGK
DAF?MbKLA;GK
;GEG
N=J=EGK
9<A9FL=
+GJ >AE =BH9F7CAIB=75WVC GC7=5@ HGJIM= 9 DAF?M9?=E _ K=EHJ= ME
=KL9J FG EMF<G ;GE GK GMLJGK F]G ;GEG ME AF<ANb<MG H9JLA;MD9J E9K
;GEG
H9JL=
<G
LG<G
KG;A9D
<=
ME9
;GEMFA<9<=

x<AR=J
9K
;GAK9K
;GEG
K]Gy
*@5HVC
2 Dimenses Universais da Linguagem

1 Linguagem
FL=F<=K= HGJ @=B;I5;9A IM9DIM=J KAKL=E9 <= KA?FGK KAE:eDA;GK
=EHJ=?9<GK F9 AFL=J;GEMFA;9^]G KG;A9D H9J9 =PHJ=KK9J = ;GEMFA;9J A<=A
9K
=
K=FLAE=FLGK
AKLG
_
;GFL=h<GK
<9
;GFK;AaF;A9
 DAF?M9?=E K= J=9DAR9 @AKLGJA;9E=FL= E=<A9FL= KAKL=E9K <= AKG
?DGKK9K ;GEHJGN9<GK FME9 ;GEMFA<9<= <= >9D9FL=K ;GF@=;A<GK ;GE G
FGE=
<= @[B;I5G
;GEG
N=J=EGK
9<A9FL=
/9D ;GF;=ALM9^]G =FNGDN= 9K FG^g=K HJ=DAEAF9J=K <G IM= K=B9 G=G
H9A5 G=;BC G[A6C@C = =BH9F7CAIB=75WVC
GC7=5@
-=GH9A5 _ LG<G ;GFBMFLG <= MFA<9<=K ;GF;J=L9K GM 9:KLJ9L9K J=9AK
GM AE9?AFYJA9K IM= K= =F;GFLJ9E GJ?9FAR9<9K = IM= K= GJ<=F9E H9J9 9
J=9DAR9^]G
<=
;=JL9
GM
<=
;=JL9K
>AF9DA<9<=K
6#N 
7
FL=F<=K= HGJ G=;BC GM G=B5@ 9 MFA<9<= ;GF;J=L9 GM 9:KLJ9L9 J=9D
GM AE9?AFYJA9 IM= ME9 N=R ;GF@=;A<9 D=N9 9G ;GF@=;AE=FLG <= 9D?G
<A>=J=FL= <=D= E=KEG 9K FMN=FK F=?J9K = <=FK9K FG ;_M A5B=:9GH5A GM
K]G G G=B5@ <= ;@MN9 AEAF=FL= G G >AF9D =E @=JFCG _ G KA?FG GM KAF9D <=
HDMJ9DAR9<GJ 9KKAE ;GEG =E 75BH5G _ G KA?FG <= p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J
+GJ AKKG E=KEG K= <AR IM= L9AK MFA<9<=K K]G G=A6_@=75G BY IM= K= =FL=F<=
=E ?=J9D HGJ G[A6C@C 9IMADG IM= HGJ ;GFN=F^]G E9FA>=KL9 GM D=N9 9G
;GF@=;AE=FLG <= GMLJ9 ;GAK9 9 IM9D KM:KLALMA KKAE G ;GJ<=AJG _ G xKbE
:GDGy <9 E9FKA<]G G E9;9;G <9 9KLh;A9 )G IM= LG;9 =KLJAL9E=FL= Z DAF
?M9?=E @ME9F9 HGAK Ke =D9 _ 9 DAF?M9?=E G:B=LG <9 &=B;I[GH=75 GK KA
?FGK DAF?MbKLA;GK <A>=J=E <GK KbE:GDGK HGJIM= =KL=K F]G ;GFKLALM=E

 DAF?M9?=E =FL=F<A<9 ;GEG 9LANA<9<= @ME9F9 <= >9D9J 9HJ=K=FL9

;AF;G <AE=FKg=K MFAN=JK9AK 7F=5H=J=8589 GM =F_J?=A9 A5H9F=5@=8589
G9A5BH=7=8589 5@H9F=8589 = <=GHCF=7=8589
F=5H=J=8589 HGJIM= 9 DAF?M9?=E >GJE9 <= ;MDLMJ9 IM= _ K= E9FA
>=KL9 ;GEG 9LANA<9<= DANJ= = ;JA9<GJ9 GM x<G =KHbJALGy AKLG _ ;GEG 9D?G
IM= N9A E9AK 9D_E <G 9HJ=F<A<G IM= F]G KAEHD=KE=FL= J=H=L= G IM= BY
>GA
HJG<MRA<G
'5H9F=5@=8589 HGJIM= 9 DAF?M9?=E _ HJAE=AJ9E=FL= ME9 9LANA<
9<= ;GF<A;AGF9<9 >AKAGDe?A;9 = HKAIMA;9E=FL= HGAK AEHDA;9 =E J=D9^]G
9G >9D9FL= 9 ;9H9;A<9<= <= MLADAR9J GK eJ?]GK <= >GF9^]G HJG<MRAF<G KA
?FGK >GF_LA;GK 9JLA;MD9<GK >GF=E9K ?J9>=E9K IM9F<G J=HJ=K=FL9<GK F9
=K;JAL9 =L;  ;GE IM= =KL9:=D=;= <A>=J=F^9K <= KA?FA>A;9<G HGJ =P=EHDG
*9D9 09D9 '9D9 .9D9 ,9D9 =L;  =FIM9FLG =E J=D9^]G 9G GMNAFL= AE
HDA;9 9 ;9H9;A<9<= <= H=J;=:=J L9AK >GF=E9K = AFL=JHJ=L9J G H=J;=:A<G
;GEG J=>=JaF;A9 9G ;GFL=h<G ;GF>A?MJ9<G H=DG >9D9FL= E=<A9FL= GK KA?FGK
>GF_LA;GK
9JLA;MD9<GK
W
G
FbN=D
:AGDe?A;G
<9
DAF?M9?=E
-9A5BH=7=8589 HGJIM= 9 ;9<9 >GJE9 ;GJJ=KHGF<= ME ;GFL=h<G KA?
FA>A;9LANG
BY
IM=
F9
DAF?M9?=E
LM<G
KA?FA>A;9
LM<G
_
K=E[FLA;G
@H9F=8589 HGJIM= G KA?FA>A;9J _ GJA?AF9JA9E=FL= = K=EHJ= ME xK=J
;GE GMLJGKy HJeHJAG <9 F9LMJ=R9 HGDbLA;GKG;A9D <G @GE=E <= AF<ANb<M
GK IM= K]G @GE=FK BMFLGK 9 GMLJGK = HGJ =P=EHDG ;GEG >9D9FL=K = GM
NAFL=K
K]G
K=EHJ=
;G>9D9FL=K
=
;GGMNAFL=K
"=GHCF=7=8589 HGJIM= 9 DAF?M9?=E K= 9HJ=K=FL9 K=EHJ= KG: 9 >GJE9
<= @[B;I5 AKLG _ <= LJ9<A^]G DAF?MbKLA;9 <= ME9 ;GEMFA<9<= @AKLeJA;9
)]G =PAKL= @[B;I5 <=K9;GEH9F@9<9 <= KM9 J=>=JaF;A9 @AKLeJA;9 Ke @Y



@[B;I5 DCFHI;I9G5 @[B;I5 :F5B79G5 @[B;I5 =B;@9G5 @[B;I5 9GD5B<C@5

@[B;I5
@5H=B5
=L;
"=J9DE=FL= K= GMN= IM= 9 DbF?M9 _ AEHGKL9 9G @GE=E HGJIM= =KL=
_
G:JA?9<G
9
<AR=J
IM=
<=L=JEAF9<G
G:B=LG
;GF@=;A<G
HGJ
KM9
;GEMFA<9<=
;GEG DANJG _ @=JFC = F]G @RD=G GM A9G5 /9D >9LG F]G ;GFKLALMA ME9 DAEAL
9^]G GM F=?9^]G <9 DA:=J<9<= <G >9D9FL= _ KAE 9 <AE=FK]G @AKLeJA;9 <9
DAF?M9?=E IM= ;GAF;A<= ;GE 9 HJeHJA9 @AKLGJA;A<9<= <G @GE=E /J9L9K=
<= ME9 G:JA?9^]G 9;=AL9 DANJ=E=FL= = F]G <= ME9 AEHGKA^]G KL= _ G
KA?FA>A;9<G GJA?AF9D <9 H9D9NJ9 D9LAF9 C6@=;5H=C 6 K  7  DbF?M9 F]G
_ xAEHGKL9y 9G @GE=E =KL= x<AKHg=y <=D9 H9J9 E9FA>=KL9J KM9 DA:=J<9<=
=PHJ=KKAN9 K 9LANA<9<=K DANJ=K AEHDA;9E ME HJeHJAG x<=N=J K=Jy AKLG _
ME9
K_JA=
<=
FGJE9K
AFLJbFK=;9K
=KL9K ;AF;G <AE=FKg=K 9 ;JA9LANA<9<= = 9 E9L=JA9DA<9<= K]G MFA
N=JK9AK <= LG<9K 9K >GJE9K <9 ;MDLMJ9 HGAK K]G LG<9K 9LANA<9<=K ;JA9<GJ9K
IM= K= J=9DAR9E FG EMF<G <= >GJE9 E9L=JA9D K=E G IM= F]G HG<=JA9E
=PAKLAJ F=E H9KK9J 9G ;GF@=;AE=FLG <GK GMLJGK E=E:JGK <9 ;GEMFA<9<=
 K=E9FLA;A<9<= _ 9 x8=::9F9BH=5 GD97=:=75y <9 DAF?M9?=E =E J=D9^]G ZK
GMLJ9K >GJE9K <= ;MDLMJ9  9DL=JA<9<= _ G LJ9^G <AKLAFLANG <G KA?FA>A;9J
DAF?MbKLA;G =E J=D9^]G 9GK GMLJGK LAHGK <= x;GFL=h<Gy <9K >GJE9K <= =P
HJ=KK]G = _ HGJ KM9 N=R >MF<9E=FLG <9 @AKLGJA;A<9<= <9 DAF?M9?=E
6 K 
7
+GJ >AE @Y <= K= D=N9J =E ;GFL9 F9 ;9H9;A<9<= ?=J9D <= =PHJ=KK]G
9 =P=;M^]G <= 9LANA<9<=K IM= 9;GEH9F@9E = ZK N=R=K 9L_ 9 KM:KLALM=E BY
IM= F]G >9D9EGK Ke ;GE 9K MFA<9<=K DAF?MbKLA;9K ;GE 9 DbF?M9 ;GF;J=L9
KL9K K]G >GJE9K <= =PHJ=KK]G =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;9K L9AK ;GEG 9 EbEA;9 9
=FLGF9^]G G JALEG 9K H9MK9K = KADaF;AGK GK ?=KLGK GK J=;MJKGK ?JY>A;GK =
GMLJGK * =EHJ=?G <9 E9AhK;MD9 K=JN= H9J9 =KL9:=D=;=J 9FLbL=K=K =FLJ= G
N=J<9<=AJG
=
:GE
=
G
E=FGK
:GE
=
N=J<9<=AJG
IM9F<G
<AR=EGK
D= _ ME *FC:9GGCF ;GE * E9AhK;MDG GM 9 J=>=JaF;A9 Z >GJE9
?JY>A;9
<AKLAF?M=
@GEfFAEGK
;GEG
=E
@=?9EGK
F9 <CF5
<

#Y EGE=FLGK =E IM= =PHJ=KKg=K Ke K]G AFL=DA?bN=AK K= 9;GEH9F@9

<9K
<=
<=L=JEAF9<G
?=KLG
x0E
9FBG
E=M
H9L=L9
ME
9FBG
K=E
9K9K
$E9?AF9
ME9
EG^9
9KKAE
89GH5
5@HIF5
NAN9
;GEG
ME
9RGM?M=
=
MFK
GD@GK y
6( 
 7

t EbEA;9 ;GJHGJ9D BMFL=K= 9 NG;9D 9 =FLG9^]G =KH=;A9D ;GE IM= K=

HJG>=J=E ;=JL9K H9D9NJ9K GM >J9K=K AFL=AJ9K IM= G =K;JALGJ HJG;MJ9 J=9N
AN9J
F9
=K;JAL9
;GE
9
MLADAR9^]G
<=
N9JA9<GK
J=;MJKGK
?JY>A;GK



x)]G
NGM
<9IMA
K=E
ME9
J=KHGKL9
<=>AFALAN9
<AKK=
E=M
H9A 9:=B=
H=J5
J=H=LAM
:9L=F<G
9K
KbD9:9K
;GE
G
<=<Gy
6( 
7
x*K
<GAK
?9JGLGK
HGJ_E
=KH=JF=A9E
;GE
9
EM<9F^9
<=
E]=
v
(=FLAJ9 '9BH====F5 '9BH===========F5 v
:=JJ9
;9<9
ME
H9J9
K=M
D9<Gy
6# 
 7

3 Atos Lingusticos
 DAF?M9?=E @ME9F9 9JLA;MD9<9 K= J=9DAR9 <= E9F=AJ9 ;GF;J=L9 HGJ
E=AG <= >GJE9K =KH=;b>A;9K ;@9E9<9K 5HCG @=B;I[GH=7CG IM= K= GJ?9FAR9E
=E G=GH9A5G 89 =GC;@CGG5G =GCG  A?M9D ;@CGG5  DbF?M9 <=FGEAF9<GK
LJ9<A;AGF9DE=FL= @[B;I5G E:GJ9 G 9LG DAF?MbKLA;G HGJ KM9 F9LMJ=R9 K=B9
AF<ANA<M9D =KLY NAF;MD9<G AF<AKKGDMN=DE=FL= 9 GMLJG AF<ANb<MG H=D9
F9LMJ=R9 >AF9DbKLA;9 <9 DAF?M9?=E IM= _ K=EHJ= ME >9D9J ;GE GK GMLJGK
;GFKG9FL=
9
<AE=FK]G 5@H9F=8589
9
IM=
9DM<AEGK
9FL=JAGJE=FL=
.e <= EG<G A<=9D K= H=FK9 =E DAF?M9?=E ;GEG ME Ke KAKL=E9 <=
KA?FGK F9 J=9DA<9<= @Y F9 DAF?M9?=E <AN=JKGK KAKL=E9K <= KA?FGK v AKLG
_ <= DbF?M9K v <AN=JKA<9<= IM= N9JA9 =FLJ= H9bK=K =FLJ= ;GEMFA<9<=K KG
;A9AK
GM
GMLJGK
?JMHGK
<=
>9D9FL=K
 J=9DA<9<= ;GF;J=L9 <9 DAF?M9?=E ;GEG <AKK=EGK _ G 9LG DAF
?MbKLA;G IM=J <AR=J _ ;9<9 MFA<9<= <= ;GEMFA;9^]G <9 DAF?M9?=E @M
E9F9 K=B9 ME9 H9D9NJ9 GM ME9 >J9K= *K 9LGK DAF?MbKLA;GK F]G K= J=9D
AR9E A<aFLA;GK <= >9D9FL= H9J9 >9D9FL= <= ME9 E=KE9 ;GEMFA<9<= DAF
?MbKLA;9 = 9L_ FME Ke >9D9FL= =E ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K <A>=J=FL=K KK9 <AN=J
KA<9<= F]G K= <Y KGE=FL= F9 >GJE9 E9L=JA9D <G 9LG DAF?MbKLA;G AKLG _ F9
KM9 9LDF9GGVC
E9K
L9E:_E
FG
K=M
KA?FA>A;9<G
AKLG
_
FG
K=M 7CBH9d8C
+9J9 IM= K= HJG;=<9 9 ME9 9FYDAK= ;G=J=FL= = MFA>GJE= <9 DAF
?M9?=E @ME9F9 L=EK= <= ;GFKA<=J9J A<=9DE=FL= IM= GK 9LGK DAF?MbKLA
;GK K]G E9AK GM E=FGK A<aFLA;GK F9 =PHJ=KK]G >GJE9 E9L=JA9D = FG ;GF
L=h<G KA?FA>A;9<G = _ AKLG IM= J=9DE=FL= G;GJJ= HGJIM= K= F]G
@GMN=KK= =KK9 9H9J=FL= A<=FLA<9<= F]G K=JA9 HGKKbN=D 9 ;GEMFA;9^]G
=FLJ= GK AF<ANb<MGK BY IM= 9 ;GEMFA;9^]G _ 9 >AF9DA<9<= >MF<9E=FL9D <9
DAF?M9?=E
* ;GFBMFLG KAKLaEA;G <= 9LGK DAF?MbKLA;GK ;GEMFK ;GFKA<=J9<GK
A<aFLA;GK J=9DAR9<GK FME9 ;GEMFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 = HGJ =D9 ;GEHJGN9<9
F9 ;GFK;AaF;A9 <= K=MK >9D9FL=K x=D= >9D9 ;GEG =My xG HGJLM?MaK <=D= _



<A>=J=FL= <G FGKKGy K= 9;@9 <=DAEAL9<G HGJ ME9 DAF@9 A<=9D AE9?AFYJA9
=GC;@CGG5 <= EG<G IM= K= HG<= <=>AFAJ @[B;I5 IA G=GH9A5 89 =GC;@CGG5G
7CADFCJ58C
BIA5
7CAIB=8589
@=B;I[GH=75
KK= KAKL=E9 <= AKG?DGKK9K HG<= K=J =PL=FKbKKAEG IM= 9:9JIM= ME9
DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 <= LG<GK GK >9D9FL=K <= ME9 D9J?9 ;GEMFA<9<= ;GFKA<
=J9<9 FG K=M ;GFBMFLG ?=G?JY>A;G KG;A9D = AF<ANA<M9D @[B;I5 DCFHI;I9G5
@[B;I5 9GD5B<C@5 @[B;I5 :F5B79G5 @[B;I5 @5H=B5 =L;  HG<= K=J E=FGK
=PL=FK9 HJAF;AH9DE=FL= IM9F<G 9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 _ >9D9<9 HGJ E9AK <=
ME H9bK @[B;I5 DCFHI;I9G5 85 AC85@=8589 9IFCD9=5 v xHGJLM?MaK <=
+GJLM?9Dy
@[B;I5 DCFHI;I9G5 85 AC85@=8589 5A9F=75B5 v xHGJLM?MaK <G
J9KADy :=E ;GEG @[B;I5 DCFHI;I9G5 85 p:F=75 @[B;I5 =B;@9G5 85
#B;@5H9FF5
@[B;I5 =B;@9G5 8CG GH58CG /B=8CG :F5B7ZG 85 F5BW5

:F5B7ZG 85 X@;=75
:F5B7ZG 8C 5B58R HG<= K=J 9AF<9 E=FGK =PL=FK9
<G HGFLG <= NAKL9 =KH9;A9D DCFHI;IZG 8C ,=C 89 $5B9=FC
DCFHI;IZG 89
&=G6C5 :F5B7ZG 89 *5F=G 5@9AVC 85 5J=9F5 HG<= K=J 9AF<9 E=FGK =P
L=FK9 =KH9;A9D KG;A9D = =KLADAKLA;9E=FL= DCFHI;IZG :@IA=B9BG9 FIF5@
DCF
HI;IZG D5I@=GH5 :5A=@=5F
DCFHI;IZG @=H9FRF=C 8C ,CA5BH=GAC 6F5G=@9=FC
HG<= 9:9J;9J ME Ke >9D9FL= DCFHI;IZG 89 '57<58C 89 GG=G
DCFHI;IZG
89
W5
89
+I9=F_G DCFHI;IZG
89
IA
5B5@:569HC
KKAE G ;GF;=ALG <= DbF?M9 ;GFKA<=J9<9 ;GEG ME KAKL=E9 <= AKG
?DGKK9K N9JA9 <= 9;GJ<G ;GE G =FL=F<AE=FLG E9AK D9J?G GM E9AK =KLJ=ALG
IM=
K=
9LJA:MA
Z
=PL=FK]G
<G
;GFBMFLG
<=
9LGK
DAF?MbKLA;GK
;GEMFK

B) Planos e nveis da linguagem como atividade cultural

1 Planos e Nveis da Linguagem

 DAF?M9?=E ;GEG 9LANA<9<= @ME9F9 MFAN=JK9D <G >9D9J IM= K=
J=9DAR9 AF<ANA<M9DE=FL= E9K K=EHJ= <= 9;GJ<G ;GE LJ9<A^g=K <=



;GEMFA<9<=K @AKLeJA;9K HG<= <A>=J=F;A9JK= =E LJaK HD9FGK J=D9LAN9E=FL=

9MLfFGEGK
9 /B=J9FG5@ GM
<G
>9D9J
=E
?=J9D
BY
IM=
K=
9HJ=K=FL9
;GEG
HJYLA;9
MFAN=JK9DAR9<9
F]G
<=L=JEAF9<9
@AKLGJA;9E=FL=
AKLG
_
LG<GK
GK
@GE=FK
9<MDLGK
=
FGJE9AK
>9D9E
W
9
J=>=JaF;A9
9G
HD9FG
<G
:5@5F
9A
;9F5@
=
9
=D=
K=
9DM<=
IM9F<G
K=
<AR
IM= 9GH5 7F=5BW5
5=B85
BVC
:5@5 FGL=K=
IM=
F]G
K=
IM=J
<AR=J
IM=
=D9
9AF<9
F]G
>9D9
HGJLM?MaK
GM
=KH9F@GD
HGJ
=P=EHDG
DM<=K=
9AF<9
9
=KL=
HD9FG
IM9F<G
K=
<=;D9J9
IM= CG
5B=A5=G
BVC
:5@5A
IMA
;GEG
FG
=P=EHDG
9FL=JAGJ
F]G
K=
J=>=J=
9
ME9
DbF?M9
;GF;J=L9
E9K
Z
;9H9;A<9<=
<=
>9D9J
*
HD9FG
MFAN=JK9D
9DM<=
ZIMADG
IM=
>9R
H9JL=
<=
LG<G
>9D9J
F]G
AEHGJL9
=E
IM=
DbF?M9
: "=GH_F=7C GM
<9
DbF?M9
;GF;J=L9
BY
IM=
9G
>9D9J
G
@GE=E
G
>9R
E=<A9FL=
ME9
DbF?M9
<=L=JEAF9<9 :5@5F
DCFHI;IZG :5@5F
9GD5B
<C@
=L;
GEG
BY
K=
<AKK=
F]G
@Y @[B;I5 K=E
9<B=LANG
Ke
@Y @[B
;I5
DCFHI;I9G5 @[B;I5
9GD5B<C@5
=L; 
GF<=
G
9<B=LANG
HYLJAG
9HGFL9
H9J9
ME9
LJ9<A^]G
@AKLeJA;9
<=L=JEAF9<9
L_
9K
DbF?M9K
AFN=FL9<9K
;GEG
G
=KH=J9FLG
K=
;GFKLJG=E
=
J=HJ=K=FL9E
ME9
FGN9
LJ9<A^]G
<G
>9D9J
KL=
_
G
HD9FG
<=
ME9
DbF?M9
;GF;J=L9
<=
L=JEAF9<9
*
>9D9FL=
L=E
;GFK;AaF;A9
<=KK=
K9:=J
9G
9>AJE9J
HGJ
=P=EHDG
IM=
9D?M_E
F]G
>9D9
:=E
G
HGJLM?MaK
; #B8=J=8I5@
BY
IM=
_
K=EHJ=
ME
AF<ANb<MG
IM=
>9D9
E=<A9FL=
ME9
DbF?M9
<=L=JEAF9<9
=
G
>9R
;9<9
N=R
K=?MF<G
ME9
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9
<=L=JEAF9<9

9LANA<9<=
<=
>9D9J
ME
AF<ANb<MG
K=?MF<G
9
;GF
N=FAaF;A9
<=
ME9
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9
<=L=JEAF9<9
;@9E9K= 8=G7IFGC
)]G
;GF>MF<AJ 8=G7IFGC
F=KK9
9HDA;9^]G
Z
9LANA<9<=
;GE H9LHC
IM=
K=JY
=FL=F<A<G
;GEG
HJG<MLG
<=KK9
9LANA<9<=
HJG<MLG
<G
<AK;MJKG
*
<AK;MJKG
v
9KKAE
G
L=PLG
;GEG
K=M
HJG<MLG
v
=KLY
<=
L=JEAF9<G
HGJ
IM9LJG
>9LGJ=K
G :5@5BH9
G 89GH=B5HRF=C
G C6>9HC
GM H9A5 <=
IM=
K=
>9D9
=
9 G=HI5WVC
GEG LG<9 9LANA<9<= ;MDLMJ9D 9 9LANA<9<= J=9D <= >9D9J HG<= K=J ;GF
KA<=J9<9
KG:
LJaK
HGFLGK
<=
NAKL9
<A>=J=FL=K
6 K 
7
9
GEG
9
HJeHJA9 5H=J=8589
;GEG
>9D9J
=
=FL=F<=J
AKLG
_
;GEG
9LANA<9<=
;JA9<GJ9
IM=
K=
K=JN=
<=
ME
K9:=J
BY
HJ=K=FL=
H9J9
<AR=J
9D?G
FGNG
=
;GE
;9H9;A<9<=
<=
;JA9J
ME
K9:=J
DAF?MbKLA;G
W
=KL=
G
K=FLA<G
HJeHJAG
<= 9BXF;9=5
0E9
DbF?M9
_
x>GJE9y
=
xHGLaF;A9y
<=
ME9 9BXF;9=5



:
GEG
G G569F IM=
=KLY
KM:B9;=FL=
Z
9LANA<9<=
AKLG
_
;GEG
9

7CAD9HZB7=5 GM
;GEG
G
IM=
JAKLeL=D=K
;@9E9N9 8tB5A=G
;
GEG
G DFC8IHC ;JA9<G
H=D9
9LANA<9<=
<G
>9D9J
AF<ANA<M9D
AKLG
_
;GEG
G:J9
GM XF;CB
G H9LHC
GEG LG<9 9LANA<9<= G >9D9J _ ME9 9LANA<9<= IM= J=N=D9 ME K9:=J
9KKAE 9 =KL=K LJaK FbN=AK ;GJJ=KHGF<=E LJaK HD9FGK GM LAHGK <= K9:=J
DAF?MbKLA;G
9
G
>9D9J
=E
?=J9D
E=<A9FL=
;9<9
DbF?M9
;GJJ=KHGF<=
G G569F
9@C7IH=JC
GM 7CAD9HZB7=5
@=B;I[GH=75
;9F5@
IM=
F]G
_
K9:=J
>9D9J
ME9
DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
E9K
9G
>9D9J
;GE
IM9DIM=J
DbF?M9
>9RaDG
K=?MF<G
GK
HJAF;bHAGK
<9 7CB;FIZB7=5 =E
J=D9^]G
9GK
H9<Jg=K
MFAN=JK9AK
<G
H=FK9E=FLG
=
9G
;GF@=;AE=FLG
?=J9D
IM=
G
@GE=E
L=E
<G
xEMF<Gy
<G
EMF<G
=EHbJA;G
)9
<AK;MLA<9
>J9K=
x
A9G5
EI58F585
X
F98CB85y
F]G
@Y
HJGHJA9E=FL=
<=K;GF@=;A
E=FLG
<=
DbF?M9
=
KAE
<=
>GJEMD9^]G
<G
H=FK9E=FLG
HGJ
<=K;GF@=;=J
9
J=9DA<9<=
<G
EMF<G
=EHbJA;G
ME9
N=R
IM=
xK=J
IM9<J9<Gy
_
<A>=J=FL=
<=
xK=J
J=<GF<Gy
:
G
>9D9J
=E
ME9
DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
;GJJ=KHGF<=
G
K9:=J
@AKLeJA;G
<=FGEAF9<G G569F
=8=CARH=7C
GM 7CAD9HZB7=5
@=B
;I[GH=75
D5FH=7I@5F
IM=
_
>9D9J
=E
ME9
DbF?M9
<=L=JEAF9<9
<=
9;GJ<G
;GE
9
LJ9<A^]G
DAF?MbKLA;9
@AKLGJA;9E=FL=
<=L=JEAF9<9
<=
ME9
;GEMFA<9<=
;
G
>9D9J
AF<ANA<M9D
=
J=D9;AGF9<G
;GE
9
E9F=AJ9
<=
=D9:GJ9J
L=P
LGK
K=?MF<G
KALM9^g=K
<=L=JEAF9<9K
;GJJ=KHGF<=
G
;@9E9<G
G569F
9LDF9GG=JC GM 7CAD9HZB7=5
H9LHI5@
_
ME
K9:=J
L_;FA;G
?J
HX7<Bw
AKLG
_
ME
K9:=J
IM=
K=
E9FA>=KL9
FG
HJeHJAG
>9R=J
ME
K9:=J
>9R=J
?J9E9LA;9D
IM=
K=
E9FA>=KL9
FME9
DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
=
IM=
HG<=
AJ
9D_E
<G
BY
;JA9<G
F=KK9
DbF?M9
 DAF?M9?=E K= J=9DAR9 HGJL9FLG <= 9;GJ<G ;GE ME K9:=J 9<
IMAJA<G = K= 9HJ=K=FL9 KG: >GJE9 <= >9LGK G:B=LANGK GM DFC8IHCG (9K
;GEG :=E ;9J9;L=JARGM #ME:GD<L =E L=JEGK 9JAKLGL_DA;GK 9 DAF?M9?=E
F]G _ F9 =KKaF;A9 XF;CB zHJG<MLG{ z;GAK9 >=AL9{ E9K 9BXF;9=5
z9LANA<9<={ 9LANA<9<= ;JA9<GJ9 AKLG _ IM= N9A 9D_E <9 L_;FA;9
x9HJ=F<A<9y
9D_E
<G
K=M
K9:=J
8tB5A=G

 

KKAE L9E:_E <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 <G HJG<MLG K= <AKLAF?M=E =KK=K
LJaK
HD9FGK
9
G
HJG<MLG
<G
>9D9J
=E
?=J9D
_
9
xLGL9DA<9<=
<=
LG<9K
9K
E9FA>=KL
9^g=Ky
=EHAJA;9E=FL=
AF>AFAL9 C >9D9<G
F]G
Ke
9
LGL9DA<9<=
<G
IM=
BY
>GA
<ALG
E9K
9AF<9
9
LGL9DA<9<=
<G
IM=
K=
HG<=
<AR=J
K=
;GFKA<=J9<9
K=EHJ=
;GEG
x;GAK9
>=AL9y
:
G
HJG<MLG
<G
>9D9J
=E
ME9
DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
_
9
DbF?M9
H9JLA;M
D9J 56GHF5H5
AKLG
_
9
DbF?M9
<=<MRA<9
<G
>9D9J
=
;GF;J=LAR9<9
=E
ME9
?J9EYLA;9
=
=E
ME
<A;AGFYJAG
GM
=E
GMLJ9K
H9D9NJ9K
G
IM=
FG
>9D9J
K=
J=;GF@=;=
;GEG
;GFKL9FL=
=
IM=
_
G:B=LG
<9
DAF
?MbKLA;9
<9K
DbF?M9K
;GEG
<=K;JA^]G
=
;GEG
@AKLeJA9
;
G
HJG<MLG
<G
>9D9J
AF<ANA<M9D
_
G H9LHC
L9D
;GEG
HG<=
K=J
9FGL9<G
GM
=K;JALG

2 Juzos de Valor
!J=IM=FL=E=FL= K= GMN= ME >9D9FL= F9LANG <AR=J IM= xAKKG F]G _
HGJLM?MaKy GM xAKKG F]G K= <AR 9KKAE =E HGJLM?MaKy GM xK=JA9 E=D@GJ
<AR=J 9KKAE =E HGJLM?MaKy G IM= <=EGFKLJ9 IM= GK 9KH=;LGK <= BMbRGK <=
N9DGJ <=N=E E=J=;=J =KH=;A9D 9L=F^]G <G >9D9FL= F9LANG :=E ;GEG <G
DAF?MAKL9 = <G ?J9EYLA;G FGJE9LANG $F>=DARE=FL= =E NAKL9 <= ;GF>MKg=K
IM= GK=JAM HJG;MJGM <=KDAF<9J G 9KKMFLG L=E KA<G E9D HGKLG =E <AK
;MKK]G = HGJ AKKG E9D J=KGDNA<G <= EG<G IM= 9K AF;G=JaF;A9K = GK <=K
=F;GFLJGK K]G J=KHGFKYN=AK H=D9 A<=A9 EMALG <A>MF<A<9 E9K =JJ9<9 <=
IM= G L=E9 F]G _ ;A=FLb>A;G = >A;9 KMB=ALG 9G ;9HJA;@G <= H=KKG9K <=KHJ=
H9J9<9K
=
AFLJ9FKA?=FL=K
AKLAF?M=EK= LJaK LAHGK <= BMbRGK <= N9DGJ J=>=J=FL=K ZK ;GF>GJEA<
9<=K
<G
>9D9J
;GE
G
J=KH=;LANG
K9:=J
DAF?MbKLA;G
9
G
K9:=J
=DG;MLANG
;GJJ=KHGF<=
9 BCFA5
85
7CB;FIZB7=5
AKLG
_
GK
HJG;=<AE=FLGK
=E
;GFKGF[F;A9
;GE
GK
HJAF;bHAGK
<G
H=FK9J
9MLfFGEGK
GM
AF<=H=F<=FL=K
<GK
BMbRGK
IM=
K=
J=>=J=E
Z
DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
=
9G
L=PLG
)=KL=
HD9FG
<G
>9D9J
=E
?=J9D
L=EGK
F]G
Ke
9
FGJE9
<9
;GF?JMaF;A9
=
<9
;G=JaF;A9
E9K
9AF<9
9
FGJE9
<=
;GF<ML9
<9
LGD=J[F;A9
BY
IM=
EMAL9K
N=R=K
<A9FL=
<=
>J9K=K
x<=K;GF=P9Ky
9
AF;GF?JMaF;A9
HG<=
K=J
9FMD9<9
H=D9
LJ9<A^]G
<9




DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
=
H=D9
AFL=F^]G
<G
<AK;MJKG
KKAE
IM9F<G
9
;9F^]G
<AR
IM=
x.I8C
9A
JC@H5
9GHR
89G9FHC
HI8C
79FHC


.I8C
79FHC
7CAC
8C=G
9
8C=G
GVC
7=B7Cy
F]G
K=
AFL=JHJ=L9
;GEG
>9D9J
AF;GF?JM=FL=
HGJ
;GF@=;=J=E
GK
>9D9FL=K
G
HJG;=<AE=FLG
<9
9F
MD9^]G
E=L9>eJA;9
G
IM=
9
;9F^]G
IM=J
<AR=J
E=L9>GJA;9E=FL=
_
IM=
F9<9
N9A
:=E
=FLJ=
GK
L9AK
F9EGJ9<GK
;GEG
9
KGE9
<=
<GAK
E9AK
<GAK
A?M9D
9
;AF;G
F]G
=KLY
:=E
:
G
K9:=J
A<AGEYLA;G
;GJJ=KHGF<=
9 BCFA5
85
7CFF9WVC
AKLG
_
9
;GF>GJEA<9<=
<=
>9D9J
=E
ME9
DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
K=?MF<G
9K
FGJE9K
<=
>9D9J
@AKLGJA;9E=FL=
<=L=JEAF9<G
=
;GJJ=FL=
F9
;GEMFA<9<=
IM=
9
HJ9LA;9
.=F<G
ME9
DbF?M9
@AKLeJA;9
LG<G
G
HGJLM?MaK
ME
;GFBMFLG
<=
NYJA9K
DbF?M9K
;GEMFALYJA9K
@9N=JY
E9AK
<=
ME9
FGJE9
<=
;GJJ=^]G
G
HGJLM?MaK
<G
J9KAD
G
HGJ
LM?MaK
<=
+GJLM?9D
G
HGJLM?MaK
=P=EHD9J
G
HGJLM?MaK
;GEME
G
HGJLM?MaK
>9EADA9J
G
HGJLM?MaK
HGHMD9J
=L; 
+GJ
>9DL9
<9K
<AK
LAF^g=K
9L_
9IMA
=KL9:=D=;A<9K
LaEK=
9LJA:Mb<G
Z
DbF?M9
H9JLA;M
D9J
GM
9G
K9:=J
A<AGEYLA;G
IM9DA<9<=K
=
9LJA:MLGK
IM=
9FL=K
H=J
L=F;=E
9G
HD9FG
<G
>9D9J
=E
?=J9D
GM
K9:=J
=DG;MLANG
x;G=JaF;A9y
x=>A;Y;A9y
x;GF;AK]Gy
x;D9J=R9y
x@9JEGFA9y
=L; 
GM
9G
HD9FG
AF<ANA<M9D
GM
K9:=J
=PHJ=KKANG
x9<=IM9<Gy
x9HJG
HJA9<Gy
x=D=?9FL=y
x=PHJ=KKANGy
=L; 
*
BMbRG
<=
N9DGJ
;GF
;=JF=FL=
Z 7CFF9WVC _
BMbRG
<=
xKM>A;AaF;A9y
GM
x;GF>GJEA<9<=y
KGE=FL=
;GE
G
K9:=J
A<AGEYLA;G
@AKLGJA;9E=FL=
<=L=JEAF9<G
H9J9
ME9
;GEMFA<9<=
;
G
K9:=J
=PHJ=KKANG
;GJJ=KHGF<=
9 BCFA5
89
589EI5WVC Z
;GF
KLALMA^]G
<=
L=PLGK
D=N9F<G
=E
;GFL9
G
>9D9FL=
G
<=KLAF9LYJAG
G
G:B=LG
GM
9
KALM9^]G
;JAL_JAG
E9AK
;GEHD=PG
=
AF<=H=F<=FL=
<G
;JAL_JAG
<=
;GJJ=^]G
=E
J=D9^]G
Z
DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
=
<G
;JAL_JAG
<=
;GF?JMaF;A9
=E
J=D9^]G
9G
>9D9J
=E
?=J9D

9<=IM9^]G
9G
<AK;MJKG
=
Z
;GFKLALMA^]G
<=
L=PLGK
HG<=
D=N9J
=E
;GFL9
G
G:B=LG
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
GM
G
L=E9
=
9b
K=JY
;GFKA<=J9<9 589EI585 GM =B58
9EI585
G
<=KLAF9LYJAG
=FL]G
K=JY
;GFKA<=J9<9 5DFCDF=585 GM
=B5DFCDF=585
GM
9
KALM9^]G
GM
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K
=
9b
K=JY
;GFKA<
=J9<9 CDCFHIB5 GM =BCDCFHIB5
 ;GEH=LaF;A9 GM K9:=J F]G K= E9FA>=KL9 A?M9DE=FL= =E LG<GK GK
HD9FGK <G DAF?MbKLA;G )9 DbF?M9 H9JLA;MD9J =D= G;GJJ= ;GE E9AK >J=IMaF
;A9 FGK GMLJGK HD9FGK v FG K9:=J =DG;MLANG = HJAF;AH9DE=FL= FG K9:=J =P
HJ=KKANG v G <GEbFAG <9 ;GEH=LaF;A9 Ke K= 9D;9F^9 <=HGAK <= ;MA<9<9



=<M;9^]G DAF?MbKLA;9 (MAL9K N=R=K K= <AR IM= x9D?M_E =K;J=N= E9D G HGJ
LM?MaKy IM9F<G F9 J=9DA<9<= K= IM=J >9R=J J=>=JaF;A9 9G K9:=J =DG;MLANG
GM 9G =PHJ=KKANG HGJIM= =K;J=N= K=E ;GF?JMaF;A9 GM K=E ;G=JaF;A9 GM
9AF<9 ;GE HGM;9 ;D9J=R9 ,M9F<G K= <AR IM= xG >J9F;aKy _ ME9 DbF?M9
;D9J9y 9 JA?GJ F]G K= IM=J >9R=J J=>=JaF;A9 9 ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K <9 DbF?M9
>J9F;=K9 E9K Z ;9H9;A<9<= <= =KLJMLMJ9J G H=FK9E=FLG G <AK;MJKG GM G
L=PLG ;GE ;D9J=R9 = DG?A;A<9<= E9AK <G IM= G FGJE9D =E NAJLM<= <= ME9
D9J?9 LJ9<A^]G <G >9D9J F=KK9 ;GEMFA<9<= LJ9<A^]G IM= ;GE=^9 FG =FKAFG
=K;GD9J
>J9F;aK
=
IM=
<=N=Jb9EGK
;MDLAN9J
=FLJ=
FeK
9:= 9AF<9 D=E:J9J G IM= >GA 9IMA 9FL=K =K:G^9<G ;GF>GJE= 9 AF
L=F^]G <G >9D9FL= 9 9<=IM9^]G J=D9LAN9 9 ME <AK;MJKG GM 9 ME L=PLG HG<=
9FMD9J 9 AF;GJJ=^]G A<AGEYLA;9 =FIM9FLG 9 9<=IM9^]G J=D9LAN9 Z ;GJJ=^]G
A<AGEYLA;9 HG<= 9FMD9J 9 AF;GF?JMaF;A9 GM AF;G=JaF;A9 <G K9:=J
=DG;MLANG

3 Trs Tipos de Contedo Lingustico

GK LJaK HD9FGK DAF?MbKLA;GK ;GJJ=KHGF<=E 9AF<9 LJaK LAHGK <A>=J
=FL=K
<=
;GFL=h<G
DAF?MbKLA;G
9
G
HD9FG
DAF?MbKLA;G
?=J9D
;GJJ=KHGF<=
9 89G=;B5WVC GM F9:9FZB
7=5
AKLG
_
9
J=>=JaF;A9
9
ME9
xJ=9DA<9<=y
=PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;9
9
ME
=KL9<G
<=
;GAK9K
=PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;G
KKAE
=E 
DCFH5
9GHR
:97<585
= 
DCFH5
BVC
9GHR
569FH5 >9RK=
J=>=JaF;A9
Z
E=KE9
J=9DA<9<=
=PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;9
K
GJ9^g=K
F]G
K]G G=BaB=A5G
K]G 9EI=J5@9BH9G
F9
J=>=JaF;A9
Z
<=KA?F9^]G
:
G
HD9FG
DAF?MbKLA;G
H9JLA;MD9J
;GJJ=KHGF<=
G G=;B=:=758C
AKLG
_
G
;GFL=h<G
<9<G
DAF?MAKLA;9E=FL=
=E
ME9
DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
GM
=E
GMLJ9K
H9D9NJ9K
9
=KH=;A9D
;GF>A?MJ9^]G
<9
<=KA?F9^]G
FME9
DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
;
G
HD9FG
<G
<AK;MJKG
;GJJ=KHGF<=
G G9BH=8C
IM=
_
G
x<ALGy
HGJ
E=AG
<G
L=PLG
AKLG
_
G
=KH=;A9D
;GFL=h<G
DAF?MbKLA;G
IM=
K=
=P
HJ=KK9
E=<A9FL=
9
<=KA?F9^]G
=
G
KA?FA>A;9<G
K=FLA<G
IM=
FME
<AK;MJKG
AF<ANA<M9D
N9A
9D_E
<=KK=K
GMLJGK
;GFL=h<GK
=
IM=
;GJ
J=KHGF<=
ZK
9LALM<=K
AFL=F^g=K
GM
KMHGKA^g=K
<G
>9D9FL=
+GJ
=P
=EHDG
F9K
=PHJ=KKg=K 85F
7CA
CG
6IFFCG
BnR;I5 GM HCF79F
C
B5F=N G
K=FLA<G
_
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
xL=J
AFKM;=KKGy
=
xJ=B=AL9Jy





)ME9
9F=<GL9
E=<A9FL=
9
<=KA?F9^]G
=
G
KA?FA>A;9<G
9LAF?=K=
G G9BH=8C IM9F<G
K=
xH=?9y
G
;@9E9<G
x=KHbJALG
<9
;GAK9y
0E9
NAKAL9
<=
;=JAEfFA9
9G
<AR=J
9G
<GFG
<9
;9K9
x#GB=
=KLY
IM=FL=y
HG<=
L=J
9
AFL=F^]G
<=
IM=J=J
<AR=J
x+GJ
>9NGJ
9:J9
9
B9F=D9y
IM=
_
G
N=J<9<=AJG
xK=FLA<Gy
<9
KM9
HJAE=AJ9
>J9K=
,M9F<G
<AR=
EGK
9
ME9
H=KKG9
H=D9
E9F@]
xGE
<A9y
F]G
IM=J=EGK
<AR=J
D@=
IM=
G
<A9
=KLY
9?J9<YN=D
E9K
L]G
KGE=FL=
;MEHJAE=FLYD9
=KK=
_
G
xK=FLA<Gy
<9
>J9K=
+G<=
9L_
G
L=EHG
=KL9J
;@MNGKG
GM
9E=9^9<GJ
HGJ_E
_
9KKAE
IM=
LJ9<A;AGF9DE=FL=
9
FGKK9
;GEMFA<9<=
K9h<9
9D?M_E
H=D9
E9F@]
*
K=FLA<G
HGJL9FLG
K=
E9FA>=KL9
FG
HD9FG
AF<ANA<M9D
<G
<AK;MJKG
KKAE ;GEG G KA?FA>A;9<G HG<= ;GAF;A<AJ ;GE 9 <=KA?F9^]G ;GEG
G;GJJ= F9 DAF?M9?=E L_;FA;9 GF<= LM<G G IM= =PAKL= F9 LJ9<A^]G DAF
?MbKLA;9 ;GF;=JF=FL= 9 =D9 _ xFGE=F;D9LMJ9y Z E=<A<9 IM= N9A 9D_E <G
K9:=J DAF?MbKLA;G = AEHDA;9 ME K9:=J J=D9LANG ZK ;GAK9K E=KE9K 9KKAE
L9E:_E G K=FLA<G HG<= ;GAF;A<AJ ;GE G KA?FA>A;9<G IM9F<G G L=PLG _ Ke
AF>GJE9LANG = F]G 9JLbKLA;G GM DAL=JYJAG xKAE:eDA;Gy (=KEG =E <=
L=JEAF9<9K >GJE9K <= xDAL=J9LMJ9y GK >9LGK <=KA?F9<GK = KA?FA>A;9<GK K]G
AF>GJE9LANGK ;GEG G;GJJ= F9 FGN=D9 HGDA;A9D IM= Ke EMALG =P;=H;AGF9D
E=FL=
K=
9D^9
Z
DAL=J9LMJ9
9JLbKLA;9
6 K 
  7
*
IM9<JG
9
K=?MAJ
KAFL=LAR9
LM<G
G
IM=
NAEGK
9L_
9IMA

C) Lngua histrica e lngua funcional

1 Lngua Histrica
,M9F<G FGK J=>=JAEGK 9 @[B;I5 DCFHI;I9G5 @[B;I5 9GD5B<C@5 @[B
;I5 5@9AV GM @[B;I5 @5H=B5 >9R=EGK 9DMK]G 9 ME9 DbF?M9 ;GEG HJG<MLG
;MDLMJ9D @AKLeJA;G ;GFKLALMb<9 ;GEG MFA<9<= A<=9D J=;GF@=;A<9 H=DGK
>9D9FL=K F9LANGK GM HGJ >9D9FL=K <= GMLJ9K DbF?M9K = HJ9LA;9<9 HGJ LG<9K 9K
;GEMFA<9<=K AFL=?J9FL=K <=KK= <GEbFAG DAF?MbKLA;G FL=F<A<G 9KKAE
=KK= HJG<MLG ;MDLMJ9D J=;=:= G FGE= <= @[B;I5 <=GH_F=75 KK= 9EHDG = <A
N=JKA>A;9<G =KH9^G ;MDLMJ9D @AKLGJA;9E=FL= J=D9;AGF9<G =KLY HJ=K=FL= F9
>J9K=
<=
!=JF9F<G
+=KKG9 '=B<5
DRHF=5
X
5
@[B;I5
DCFHI;I9G5



!Y;AD _ ;GF;DMAJ IM= ME9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 =F;=JJ9 =E KA NYJA9K

LJ9<A^g=K DAF?MbKLA;9K <= =PL=FK]G = DAEAL= N9JAYN=AK =E H9JL= 9FYDG?9K =
=E H9JL= <AN=J?=FL=K E9K @AKLGJA;9E=FL= J=D9;AGF9<9K .]G 9F9DG?A9K =
<AN=J?aF;A9K >GF_LA;9K ?J9E9LA;9AK = D_PA;9K HGJ AKKG K= <AR IM= ME9 DbF
?M9
@AKLeJA;9
FMF;9
_
ME
KAKL=E9
hFA;G
E9K
ME
;GFBMFLG
<=
KAKL=E9K
*K KAKL=E9K IM= AFL=?J9E 9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 9HJ=K=FL9E LJaK 9KH=;
LGK
>MF<9E=FL9AK
<=
<A>=J=F^9K
AFL=JF9K
9
)G
=KH9^G
?=G?JY>A;G
;GFKLALMAF<G
GK
<A>=J=FL=K 8=5@9HCG
KK9
<AN=JKA<9<=
FG
=KH9^G
K=
<AR 8=5H_D=75 <G
?J=?G 8=R z9LJ9N_K
<={ H_DCG zDM?9J{
=FIM9FLG
9
J=D9LAN9
MFA>GJEA<9<=
FG
=KH9^G
K=
<AR G=BH_D=75 <G
?J=?G GtB zJ=MFA]G{
:
)G
FbN=D
KG;AG;MDLMJ9D
;GFKLALMAF<G
GK
<A>=J=FL=K B[J9=G <=
DbF
?M9
=
=KLJ9LGK
GM
;9E9<9K
KG;AG;MDLMJ9AK
KK9
<A>=J=F^9
FG
=K
LJ9LG
KG;AG;MDLMJ9D
K=
<AR 8=5GHFRH=75 <G
D9LAE GHF5HIA z=KLJ9LG{
z;9E9<9{
=FIM9FLG
9
J=D9LAN9
MFA>GJEA<9<=
;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=
K=
<AR G=B9GHFRH=75 GM G=BGHFRH=75
L9E:_E
;GF@=;A<9
HGJ 8=5@9HC
GC7=5@
;
)G
=KLADG
GM
9KH=;LG
=PHJ=KKANG
AKLG
_
=E
J=D9^]G
9
<A>=J=FL=K
KALM9^g=K
<G
>9D9J
=
=KLADGK
<=
DbF?M9
KK9
<A>=J=F^9
K=
<AR 8=
5:RG=75 <G
?J=?G :RG=G z=PHJ=KK]G{
=FIM9FLG
9
J=D9LAN9
MFA>GJ
EA<9<=
;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=
K=
<AR G=B:RG=75 GM
@GEG?=F=A<9<=
=KLADbKLA;9
K <A>=J=F^9K <A9LeHA;9K GM GK <A9D=LGK K=EHJ= E=J=;=J9E 9K
9L=F^g=K <GK =KLM<AGKGK G IM= F=E K=EHJ= G;GJJ=M ;GE 9K <A>=J=F^9K <=
FbN=AK <A9KLJYLA;9K = <= =KLADGK <= DbF?M9 <A9>YKA;9K )=E LG<9K 9K DbF
?M9K @AKLeJA;9K LaE EMALG E9J;9<9K 9K <A>=J=F^9K <A9D=L9AK ;GEG G;GJJ=
HGJ =P=EHDG F9 $LYDA9 )G HGJLM?MaK =KK9K <A>=J=F^9K K]G EMALG E=FGK
HJG>MF<9K <G IM= FG AL9DA9FG D?MFK DAF?MAKL9K ;@=?9E FG ;9KG <G HGJ
LM?MaK
9
HJ=>=JAJ :5@5F9G 9 8=5@9HCG
K <A>=J=F^9K <A9KLJYLA;9K K]G E9AK E9J;9<9K =E ;GEMFA<9<=K GF<=
GK =KLJ9LGK KG;A9AK K= 9HJ=K=FL9E EMALG <AKL9F;A9<GK ;GEG F9 9FLA?9 ~F
<A9 GM GF<= 9 J=<= =K;GD9J K= =F;GFLJ9 >J9?ADAR9<9 GM AF=PAKL=FL= =FLJ= 9K
;9E9<9K HGHMD9J=K )9K ;GEMFA<9<=K EG<=JF9K =PAKL=E <A>=J=F^9K <A9
KLJYLA;9K F9 <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= G FbN=D HGHMD9J ;GEG G;GJJ= FG >J9F;aK =
AF?DaK :=E 9>9KL9<G <9K >GJE9K x;MDL9Ky GM =P=EHD9J=K <=KL9K DbF?M9K
GM ;GE E=FGK AFL=FKA<9<= FG =KH9F@GD = FG AL9DA9FG HGHMD9J=K (=FGK



AFL=FK9 _ 9AF<9 9 <AKL[F;A9 =FLJ= G ;@9E9<G HGJLM?MaK HGHMD9J = G H9<J]G

GM
;MDLG
K <A>=J=F^9K <A9>YKA;9K K= E9FA>=KL9E IM9F<G K= ;GEH9J9E DbF?M9
>9D9<9 = DbF?M9 =K;JAL9 DbF?M9 MKM9D = DbF?M9 DAL=JYJA9 DbF?M9 ;GJJ=FL= =
DbF?M9 :MJG;JYLA;9 GM G>A;A9D =L; )=F@ME9 <=KK9K N9JA=<9<=K <A9>YKA;9K
K= 9HJ=K=FL9 @GEG?=F=9E=FL= 9L_ 9 DbF?M9 DAL=JYJA9 9;MK9 ?J9<9^g=K ZK
N=R=K :=E FbLA<9K ;GEG _ G ;9KG <9K <AN=J?aF;A9K =FLJ= 9 HJGK9 = 9
HG=KA9
=E
N=JKG
=FLJ=
9
HG=KA9
_HA;9
=
9
DbJA;9
=L;
$F;DM=EK= F9K <A>=J=F^9K <A9>YKA;9K 9K IM= G;GJJ=E FME E=KEG
=KLJ9LG KG;AG;MDLMJ9D =FLJ= ?JMHGK x:AGDe?A;GKy @GE=FK EMD@=J=K
BGN=FK
;JA9F^9K
=
HJG>AKKAGF9AK
0E9 DbF?M9 IM= 9HJ=K=FL9 Ke ME =KLADG BY F]G _ ME9 DbF?M9 NAN9 9
IM= 9HJ=K=FL9 ME GM HGM;GK =KLADGK _ ME9 DbF?M9 EGJL9 = >MF;AGF9 ;GEG
N=b;MDG <= ;GEMFA;9^]G H9J9 ;GEMFA<9<=K <=L=JEAF9<9K IM= LaE KM9
HJeHJA9 DbF?M9 = K= <=KLAF9 9 >AF9DA<9<=K ;MDLMJ9AK = HJG>AKKAGF9AK ;GEG
L=E KA<G G ;9KG <G D9LAE F9 $?J=B9 = <=K<= 9 $<9<= (_<A9 F9 >ADGKG>A9 F9
>ADGDG?A9 F9 E=<A;AF9 = GMLJGK <GEbFAGK <9K ;AaF;A9K = <= =KH=;A9AK
HJ9P=K 9;9<aEA;9K MFAN=JKALYJA9K =E ;=JAEfFA9K F9 GMLGJ?9 <G LbLMDG <=
<GMLGJ <CBCF=G
75IG5
HGJ
=P=EHDG
9 @5I85H=C
#Y ;GFLM<G ME9 J=9DA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 A<=9DE=FL= @GEG?aF=9 =
MFALYJA9 AKLG _ IM= K= 9HJ=K=FL9 KAFLeHA;9 KAFKLJYLA;9 = KAF>YKA;9 =E GML
J9K H9D9NJ9K ME9 DbF?M9 MFALYJA9 IM9FLG 9G <A9D=LG 9G FbN=D = 9G =KLADG _
9 @[B;I5
:IB7=CB5@
9KKAE
;@9E9<9
HGJIM=
_
9
EG<9DA<9<=
IM=
<=
E9F=AJ9
AE=<A9L9
=
=>=LAN9
>MF;AGF9
FGK
<AK;MJKGK
=
L=PLGK

2 Lngua Funcional
W :=E N=J<9<= IM= FME <AK;MJKG = L=PLG HG<= 9H9J=;=J E9AK <=
ME9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D HJAF;AH9DE=FL= K= K= EM<9E 9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K =
>9LGJ=K <=KLAF9LYJAG G:B=LG KALM9^]G /G<G >9D9FL= <= ME9 DbF?M9
@AKLeJA;9 _ HDMJADbF?M= HGJIM= <GEAF9 9LAN9 GM H9KKAN9E=FL= E9AK <=
ME9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D =E:GJ9 F]G ;GFKA?9 FMF;9 K9:=J LG<9 9 =PL=FK]G
<= ME9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 = G KM;=KKG <9 =<M;9^]G DAF?MbKLA;9 _
LJ9FK>GJEYDG FME xHGDA?DGL9y <=FLJG <= KM9 HJeHJA9 DbF?M9 F9;AGF9D (9K
F9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <G <AK;MJKG = <G L=PLG @Y K=EHJ= IA5 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D
IM= K= KG:J=Hg= ZK <=E9AK (=KEG ME9 DbF?M9 ;GEME G E9AK HGKKbN=D



MFA>A;9<9 = ;G<A>A;9<9 ;GE EMAL9 JA?A<=R ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE G >J9F;aK

xG>A;A9Dy F]G ;GJJ=KHGF<= =P9L9E=FL= 9 =KK9 J=9DA<9<= <= DbF?M9 >MF;AGF
9D
=E
>9;=
<9K
<A>=J=F^9K
=KLADbKLA;9K
F=D=
=PAKL=FL=K
GEG HGJ =PA?aF;A9 E=LG<GDe?A;9 = <= ;G=JaF;A9 AFL=JF9 Ke K=
HG<= <=K;J=N=J ME9 J=9DA<9<= @GEG?aF=9 = MFALYJA9 _ 9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D
G G:B=LG HJeHJAG <9 <=K;JA^]G =KLJMLMJ9D = >MF;AGF9D 0E9 ?J9EYLA;9 ;GEG
HJG<MLG <=KL9 <=K;JA^]G FMF;9 _ G =KH=D@G <9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 _ 9H=F9K 9
<=K;JA^]G <= IA5 <9K KM9K DbF?M9K >MF;AGF9AK +GJ AKKG F]G K= @Y <= =PA?AJ
<=KL9 ?J9EYLA;9 G J=?AKLJG <= >9LGK IM= H=JL=F^9E 9 DbF?M9K >MF;AGF9AK
<A>=J=FL=K
FAKLG
;GFKAKL=
9
<A>=J=F^9
=FLJ=
=KLJMLMJ9
=
9JIMAL=LMJ9



)G HD9FG <G K9:=J @AKLeJA;G F]G ;GFL9EGK KGE=FL= ;GE >9LGK DAF
?MbKLA;GK E9K L9E:_E ;GE GMLJ9K LJ9<A^g=K DA?9<9K 9 x;GAK9Ky GM 9G
EMF<G =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;G KKAE HGJ =P=EHDG <A9FL= <= >J9K=K <G LAHG
x(9;9;G N=D@G F]G E=L= 9 E]G =E ;ME:M;9y GM <= =PHJ=KK]G ;GEG
xE9;9;G N=D@Gy F]G K= HG<= <AR=J IM= A5757C GM A5757C J9@<C =NG;9
=E HGJLM?MaK 9 A<=A9 <= zHJM<aF;A9{ zK9?9;A<9<={ -=D9LAN9E=FL= Z DbF
?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 A5757C =KLY J=D9;AGF9<G 9 GMLJGK 9FAE9AK ;GEG A=7C
7<=AD5BNX =L;  H=D9 =NG;9^]G 9 zHJM<aF;A9{ F]G _ J=KHGFKYN=D 9 DbF?M9
HGJLM?M=K9 9L_ HGJIM= =E EMAL9K ;GEMFA<9<=K DMKe>GF9K G 9FAE9D
A5757C F]G =KLY J=D9;AGF9<G ;GE =KK9 A<=A9  =NG;9^]G J=KMDL9 =P;DM
KAN9E=FL= <G ;GF@=;AE=FLG IM= L=EGK <G 9FAE9D <9 KM9 H9JLA;AH9^]G =E
@AKLeJA9K
=KH=;A9DE=FL=
<G
>GD;DGJ=
:J9KAD=AJG

3 Estrutura e Arquitetura
GHFIHIF5 _ 9 <=K;JA^]G <9K GHGKA^g=K >MF;AGF9AK F9 =PHJ=KK]G = FG
;GFL=h<G <= E=KE9 L_;FA;9 A<AGEYLA;9 AKLG _ 9 @GEG?=F=A<9<= <= ME9
DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D FEI=H9HIF5 _ G J=?AKLJG <9 <AN=JKA<9<= AFL=JF9 <= ME9
DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 GF<= ;G=PAKL=E H9J9 >MF^g=K 9FYDG?9K >GJE9K <AKLAFL9K =
NA;=N=JK9 AKLG _ <AN=JKA<9<= <= DbF?M9K >MF;AGF9AK +GJ =P=EHDG 9
<=K;JA^]G <G =EHJ=?G <GK HJGFGE=K C = @<9 FG HGJLM?MaK =P=EHD9J GM
H9<J]G _ ME >9LG <= 9GHFIHIF5 9 ;GEH9J9^]G <G =EHJ=?G <= C FG HGJ
LM?MaK H9<J]G = <G ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9@9 FG HGJLM?MaK HGHMD9J GM >9EADA9J GM
<G HJGFGE= @<9 F=KK9K EG<9DA<9<=K _ ME >9LG <= 5FEI=H9HIF5 <G HGJ
LM?MaK
<G
J9KAD
+9J9 K= ;@=?9J ;GE ;G=JaF;A9 9G ;GF;=ALG <= DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D = Z
=KKaF;A9 <G G:B=LG HJeHJAG <9 <=K;JA^]G <= ME9 L_;FA;9 DAF?MbKLA;9 _ F=
;=KKYJAG >9R=J 9D_E <9 <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= =KLJMLMJ9 = 9JIMAL=LMJ9 ME9 K_JA=
<= GMLJ9K IM9K= K=EHJ= F]G D=N9<9K =E ;GFKA<=J9^]G F9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A
;AGF9D = =E 9D?ME9K DAF?MbKLA;9K EG<=JF9K  ;GF@=;AE=FLG <9 DbF?M9 =
;GF@=;AE=FLG <9K x;GAK9Ky AF;DMb<GK 9b GK K=J=K NANGK  DAF?M9?=E =
E=L9DAF?M9?=E  KAF;JGFA9 = <A9;JGFA9  L_;FA;9 DANJ= = x<AK;MJKG J=
H=LA<Gy6 K 
7

4 Conhecimento da Lngua e Conhecimento das coisas

5 Linguagem e Metalinguagem
 E=L9DAF?M9?=E _ ME MKG DAF?MbKLA;G ;MBG G:B=LG _ L9E:_E ME9
DAF?M9?=E HGJ =P=EHDG IM9F<G K= >9D9 <= H9D9NJ9K = K=MK ;GEHGF=FL=K
GM <= GJ9^g=K x@=B;I5;9A X IA5 D5@5JF5 89F=J585 89 @[B;I5y x@=B
;I5;9A X IA GI6GH5BH=JC :9A=B=BC 9A DCFHI;IZG 9 A5G7I@=BC 9A 9GD5B
<C@ 9 :F5B7ZGy xWVC _ ME KM>APG >GJE9<GJ <= KM:KL9FLANGy x589=F5
H9A HFZG G[@565Gy =L;  E=L9DAF?M9?=E F]G 9HJ=K=FL9 MFA<9<=K =KLJM
LMJ9AK F=E HG<= K=J =KLJMLMJ9<9 FG FbN=D <G K9:=J A<AGEYLA;G F=E HGJ
AKKG
K=M
=KLM<G
<=AP9
<=
E=J=;=J
G
;MA<9<G
<9
;AaF;A9
 DAF?M9?=E L9E:_E ;@9E9<9 @=B;I5;9A DF=ARF=5 F]G _ ME9
DAF?M9?=E
IM=
L=E
HGJ
G:B=LG
ME9
DAF?M9?=E
KL9 <AKLAF^]G L=E AEHGJL[F;A9 =KH=;A9D H9J9 9 ?J9EYLA;9 +GJ =P
=EHDG IM9DIM=J H9D9NJ9 ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K H9JL= <= H9D9NJ9K ME9 GJ
9^]G AFL=AJ9 LG<G ME L=PLG LGE9<G E9L=JA9DE=FL= F9 E=L9DAF?M9?=E
HG<= K=J ;GFKA<=J9<G ME9 xH9D9NJ9y ME KM:KL9FLANG E9K;MDAFG HGJ K=J
FGE= <= 9D?G xA9BH9 _ ME KM>APGy x@R E9J;9 <AKL[F;A9 <G >9D9FL=y
x/=JJbN=D
H9D9NJ9
_
ME BVCy
x(VC
FCI65F _
ME
E9F<9E=FLG
<ANAFGy
 E=L9DAF?M9?=E HG<= E9FA>=KL9J ME9 L_;FA;9 ME K9:=J HJeHJAG
=E ME9 <=L=JEAF9<9 LJ9<A^]G DAF?MbKLA;9 +GJ =P=EHDG F9 E=L9DAF
?M9?=E =E HGJLM?MaK <ARK= K=E 9JLA?G x#GE=E _ ME <AKKbD9:Gy =F
IM9FLG
F9
DAF?M9?=E
HJAEYJA9
K=
<AR
;GE
9JLA?G
x*
@GE=E
LJ9:9D@9y



6 Sincronia e Diacronia
*MLJ9 <AKLAF^]G =KK=F;A9D HGJ KAF9D 9 HJAE=AJ9 IM= K= <=N= >9R=J FG
=KLM<G <9K DbF?M9K _ 9 IM= K= =KL9:=D=;= =FLJ= G=B7FCB=5 = 8=57FCB=5 +GJ
G=B7FCB=5 =FL=F<=K= =E HJAF;bHAG 9 J=>=JaF;A9 Z DbF?M9 =E ME <9<G
EGE=FLG <G K=M H=J;MJKG @AKLeJA;G xKAF;JGFAR9<9y K=EHJ= ;GE K=MK
>9D9FL=K = ;GFKA<=J9<9 FG K=M >MF;AGF9E=FLG FG >9D9J ;GEG <=K;JA^]G
KAKL=EYLA;9 = =KLJMLMJ9D <= ME Ke KAKL=E9 DAF?MbKLA;G xDbF?M9 >MF;AGF9Dy
=FIM9FLG HGJ 8=57FCB=5 K= =FL=F<= 9 J=>=JaF;A9 Z DbF?M9 9LJ9N_K <G L=EHG
AKLG _ FG =KLM<G @AKLeJA;G <9K =KLJMLMJ9K <= ME KAKL=E9 x?J9EYLA;9
@AKLeJA;9y = ;GEG @AKLeJA9 <9 DbF?M9 /G<9NA9 F=KL= hDLAEG 9KH=;LG KAF
;JGFA9 = <A9;JGFA9 F]G K]G ;GJJ=D9LANGK HGAK K= K= D=N9J =E ;GFL9 G
;9JYL=J H9J;A9DE=FL= AFGN9<GJ <= LG<G 9LG DAF?MbKLA;G LG<9 DbF?M9 NAN9 =K
LY FME H=JH_LMG <=N=FAJ BY IM= G 9KH=;LG KAF;JfFA;G H9J9 ME9 DbF?M9
;GFKA<=J9<9 F9 KM9 LGL9DA<9<= E=LG<GDG?A;9E=FL= AEHGKLG = F=;=KKYJAG
_ 9H=F9K ME9 9:KLJ9^]G ;A=FLb>A;9 H9J9 =KLM<9J ;GEG 9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9 =
GK LJ9^GK IM= =FLJ= <GAK EGE=FLGK <G K=M <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG K= EGKLJ9E
;GFKL9FL=K L_ H9J9 >AFK HJYLA;GK F=;=KKAL9EGK ;GFKA<=J9J 9 DbF?M9 ;GEG
9D?G =KLYN=D = ;GFKL9FL= KKAE 9 <=K;JA^]G KAF;JfFA;9 HJ=K;AF<= <9
@AKLeJA9 FG K=FLA<G <= IM= F]G 9 9:9J;9 E9K 9 <A9;JGFA9 F]G HG<= HJ=
K;AF<AJ <9K KAF;JGFA9K +GJ >AE F]G K= HG<= H=J<=J <= NAKL9 IM= 9
<=K;JA^]G <9 DbF?M9 FME EGE=FLG <G K=M <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG _ ME9 H9JL=
<9 @AKLeJA9 <=KK9 DbF?M9 0E9 DbF?M9 NAN9 FMF;9 =KLY HD=F9E=FL= >=AL9
E9K
K=
>9R
;GFLAFM9E=FL=
?J9^9K
Z
9LANA<9<=
DAF?MbKLA;9
t KAF;JGFA9 ;GJJ=KHGF<= F]G Ke 9 <=K;JA^]G <= KAKL=E9K MFALYJAGK
AKLG _ 9 <AK;AHDAF9 x?J9EYLA;9y =E KM9 9;=H^]G E9AK 9EHD9 9:9J;9F<G
9AF<9 9 >GFGDG?A9 = 9 K=E[FLA;9 D_PA;9 =KLJMLMJ9D GM D=P=EYLA;9 E9K
L9E:_E 9 <=K;JA^]G <GK LJaK LAHGK <= N9JA=<9<= BY NAKLGK >=AL9 HGJ LJaK GML
J9K <AK;AHDAF9K x<A9D=LGKy 8=5@9HC@C;=5 xFbN=AKy GC7=C@=B;I[GH=75 =
x=KLADGKy 9GH=@[GH=75
85
@[B;I5

7 Estado da Lngua Real e Sincronia

GFN_E <AKLAF?MAJ =FLJ= 9GH58C 89 @[B;I5 F95@ = G=B7FCB=5 ;GFKA<
=J9<9 <= EG<G 9:KGDMLG )G =KL9<G <= DbF?M9 L9E:_E =KLY AEHDb;AL9 ME9
<AE=FK]G <A9;JfFA;9 BY IM= GK >9D9FL=K HJAF;AH9DE=FL= <= ;GEMFA<9<=K
;GE D9J?9 LJ9<A^]G <= DbF?M9 =K;JAL9 LaE ;GFK;AaF;A9 <= IM= ;=JL9K

 

>GJE9K K]G E9AK 9FLA?9K IM= GMLJ9K IM= 9D?ME9K BY F]G K= MK9E = IM=
GMLJ9K K]G J=;=FL=K /G<9NA9 =KK9 x<A9;JGFA9 <GK >9D9FL=Ky v IM= HG<= K=J
:=E <A>=J=FL= <9 <A9;JGFA9 <G @AKLGJA9<GJ v F]G AEHGJL9 =E J=D9^]G 9G
>MF;AGF9E=FLG <9 DbF?M9 HGJIM= LG<G >9LG <= x<A9;JGFA9y KM:B=LAN9 L=E
<= K=J <=K;JALG FG K=M >MF;AGF9E=FLG AKLG _ F9 KM9 HJeHJA9 KAF;JGFA9
6 K 
7
t @AKLeJA9 <9 DbF?M9 ;GEH=L= L9E:_E J=>=JAJK= 9G 9KH=;LG KAF
;JfFA;G Z E=<A<9 IM= L=E <= KG;GJJ=JK= <GK NYJAGK x=KL9<GK <= DbF?M9y
KM;=KKANGK HGAK 9 x?J9EYLA;9 @AKLeJA;9y _ 9 ;GEH9J9^]G =FLJ= GK NYJAGK
KAKL=E9K =KLYLA;GK ;GEHJ==F<A<GK FGK DAEAL=K =KL9:=D=;A<GK H9J9 =KLM<G
)G ;9KG <= ME9 DbF?M9 JGE[FA;9 ;GEG G HGJLM?MaK HG<=K= ;GE=^9J
H=DGK <AN=JKGK KAKL=E9K <G D9LAE ;DYKKA;G NMD?9J =L;  = ;GFLAFM9J H=DGK
KAKL=E9K KM;=KKANGK <G HGJLM?MaK GM >9K=K @AKLeJA;9K E=<A=N9D ;DYKKA;G
=L;  GM =FL]G H9JLAJ <G HJeHJAG HGJLM?MaK ;GEG DbF?M9 BY =KL9:=D=;A<9 =
J=;GF@=;A<9 H=DGK K=MK >9D9FL=K = H=DGK >9D9FL=K <= GMLJ9K ;GEMFA<9<=K
DAF?MbKLA;9K
+=DG IM= NAEGK 9L_ 9IMA = H9J9 =NAL9J =IMbNG;GK IM= =D9K AEHDA;9E
K=JA9 E=D@GJ >M?AJ ZK <=FGEAF9^g=K @=B;I[GH=75 G=B7FaB=75 = @=B;I[GH=75
8=57FaB=75 = =E N=R <=D9K MK9J 89G7F=WVC = <=GH_F=5 85 @[B;I5 HGJIM=
9E:9K =KL]G ;GEHJ==F<A<9K FG FbN=D @AKLeJA;G <9 DAF?M9?=E = ;GFKLALM=E
BMFL9K 9 @=B;I[GH=75 <=GH_F=75 =KDA?9EK= <=KL9 E9F=AJ9 9K FG^g=K <=
KAF;JGFA9 = <A9;JGFA9 <9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G E=J9E=FL= L=EHGJ9D ;GEG 9K =F
L=F<A9 .9MKKMJ= =E ;MB9 DA^]G KAF;JGFA9 =KL9N9 ;AJ;MFK;JAL9 9 ME Ke EG
E=FLG
=
<A9;JGFA9
9
NYJAGK
EGE=FLGK
6 K 
7

8 Tcnica Livre do Discurso e Discurso Repetido

*MLJ9 <AKLAF^]G F=;=KKYJA9 FG =KLM<G xKAF;JfFA;Gy <= DbF?M9 _ 9 IM=
K= >9R =FLJ= HX7B=75 @=JF9 8C 8=G7IFGC = 8=G7IFGC F9D9H=8C HGJIM= 9K
LJ9<A^g=K DAF?MbKLA;9K F]G Ke ;GFLaE L_;FA;9 H9J9 >9D9J E9K 9AF<9 DAF
?M9?=E
BY
>9D9<9
 L_;FA;9 DANJ= 9:9J;9 GK =D=E=FLGK ;GFKLALMLANGK <9 DbF?M9 = 9K J=
?J9K x9LM9AKy J=D9LAN9K Z KM9 EG<A>A;9^]G = ;GE:AF9^]G AKLG _ 9:9J;9 9K
xH9D9NJ9Ky
=
GK
AFKLJME=FLGK
=
HJG;=<AE=FLGK
D_PA;GK
=
?J9E9LA;9AK
* <AK;MJKG J=H=LA<G 9:9J;9 LM<G 9IMADG IM= FG >9D9J <= ME9
;GEMFA<9<= K= J=H=L= E9AK GM E=FGK MFA>GJE=E=FL= ;GEG 9D?G xBY




<ALGy 9D?G BY >AP9<G FME <AK;MJKG = IM= HG<= K=J J=H=LA<G FGMLJG <AK
;MJKG ;GEG x=PHJ=KK]Gy x?AJGy xEG<AKEGy >J9K= GM DG;M^]G ;MBGK =D=
E=FLGK ;GFKLALMLANGK F]G K]G F=E KM:KLALMb<GK F=E 9;=AL9E K=J <AKHGKLGK
FGMLJ9 GJ<=E ;GF>GJE= H=JEAL=E 9K J=?J9K <= >MF;AGF9E=FLG <9 DbF?M9
>A;9F<G 9KKAE HGJ F]G K= KM:E=L=J=E 9 IM9DIM=J =KLJMLMJ9^]G v HGAK Ke
9 L_;FA;9 _ =KLJMLMJYN=D v >GJ9 <G G:B=LG <9 ?J9EYLA;9 = <9 D=PA;GDG?A9
KAF;JfFA;9K
KKAE 6CA DFC:9GGCF = 6C5 G9A5B5 H=JL=F;=E Z L_;FA;9 DANJ= <G
<AK;MJKG =FIM9FLG 6CA G5A5F=H5BC = 6CA 8=5 H9J9 9 K9M<9^]G E9LAF9D
K]G
=P=EHDGK
<=
<AK;MJKG
J=H=LA<G

D) Sistema, norma, fala e tipo lingustico



A<AGEYLA;G IM= =KLY E9AK HJePAEG <9K J=9DAR9^g=K ;GF;J=L9K * KAKL=E9 =

9
FGJE9
<=
ME9
DbF?M9
>MF;AGF9D
J=>D=L=E
9
KM9
=KLJMLMJ9

3 O Sistema
* G=GH9A5 ;GFL_E 9H=F9K 9K GHGKA^g=K >MF;AGF9AK AKLG _ ;GFL_E
MFA;9E=FL= GK LJ9^GK <AKLAFLANGK F=;=KKYJAGK = AF<AKH=FKYN=AK H9J9 IM=
ME9 MFA<9<= <9 DbF?M9 IM=J FG HD9FG <9 =PHJ=KK]G IM=J FG HD9FG <G
;GFL=h<G
F]G
K=
;GF>MF<9
;GE
GMLJ9
MFA<9<=
KKAE FG KAKL=E9 <GK J=D9LANGK =E HGJLM?MaK EI9 = C EI5@ K=
GHg=E 9E:GK 9 EI9A = 7I>C HGJ =P=EHDG E9K 9 FGJE9 MKM9D <9 DbF?M9
HJ=>=J= MFA;9E=FL= C EI5@ = F]G EI9 <=HGAK <= HJ=HGKA^]G ;GE E9AK <=
<M9K
KbD9:9K
*K
;9EAF@GK 89
EI9 8CG
EI5=G
D@=
>9D=A

E9K
1 Os Quatro Planos de Estruturao
0E9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D 9HJ=K=FL9 <AN=JKGK HD9FGK <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G
AKLAF?M=EK= IM9LJG HD9FGK <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G G :5@5F IM= _ G HD9FG <9
J=9DAR9^]G AKLG _ ME9 L_;FA;9 A<AGEYLA;9 =>=LAN9E=FL= J=9DAR9<9 = LJaK
HD9FGK <= L_;FA;9 GM <= K9:=J =FIM9FLG L9D 9 BCFA5 G G=GH9A5 = G H=DC
@=B;I[GH=7C IM= <AR=E J=KH=ALG =P;DMKAN9E=FL= Z =KLJMLMJ9^]G <= ME9
E=KE9 L_;FA;9 A<AGEYLA;9 =E GHGKA^]G Z 5FEI=H9HIF5 IM= ;GEG BY NA
EGK <AR J=KH=ALG Z <AN=JKA<9<= AFL=JF9 <9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 ;GE K=M ;GF
BMFLG <= DbF?M9K >MF;AGF9AK =E H9JL= ;GAF;A<=FL=K = =E H9JL= <A>=J=FL=K
ME9K
<9K
GMLJ9K

2 A Norma
 BCFA5 ;GFL_E LM<G G IM= F9 DbF?M9 F]G _ >MF;AGF9D E9K IM= _
LJ9<A;AGF9D ;GEME = ;GFKL9FL= GM =E GMLJ9K H9D9NJ9K LM<G G IM= K= <AR
x9KKAE = F]G <= GMLJ9 E9F=AJ9y W G HD9FG <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G <G K9:=J

K
J9Rg=K G9;IB8C
5G
EI5=G =
F]G G9;IB8C
EI9

* KAKL=E9 N=J:9D HGJLM?MaK E9J;9 9  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J <G

HJ=K=FL=
<G
AF<A;9LANG
;GE
G
EGJ>=E9
C
=M
;9FLC
N=F<C
H9JLC
JA9F^9K = 9<MDLGK IM= MK9E AF;GJJ=L9E=FL= 9 >GJE9 N=J:9D G9=C
HGJ G9= K]G D=N9<GK 9 >9RaDG HGJ >GJ^9 <G KAKL=E9 E9K <=K;GF@=;=E 9
FGJE9
* KAKL=E9 <G HGJLM?MaK ;GFL9 9D_E <= GMLJGK ;GE G KM>APG WVC
H9J9 >GJE9J KM:KL9FLANGK =E ?=J9D <=FGL9<GJ=K <= 9^]G GJAMF<GK <=
N=J:GK 7CFC5F 7CFC5WVC 7C@C75F 7C@C75WVC
/G<9NA9 9 FGJE9 HJ=>=J= 75G5A9BHC 9 75G5WVC @=JF5A9BHC 9 @=J
F5WVC HCA585 9 HCA5WVC GM HCA5A9BHC =L; *MLJ9K N=R=K 9 FGJE9
9?9K9D@9
9E:9K
9K
>GJE9K
HGKKA:ADAL9<9K
H=DG
KAKL=E9
)G <GEbFAG <9 KAFL9P= L9E:_E K= ;GEHJGN9 9 <AKLAF^]G =FLJ=
FGJE9 = KAKL=E9 *K ;@9E9<GK ;GEHD=E=FLGK N=J:9AK IM9F<G ;GFKLALMb
<GK HGJ KM:KL9FLANGK FGJE9DE=FL= K= <AKHg=E F9 GJ<=E 8=F9HC  =B8=F9HC
=A IA @=JFC 5C DF=AC E9K IM9F<G 9H9J=;= FME9 <=KK9K >MF^g=K GM
F9K <M9K HJGFGE= H=KKG9D 9 FGJE9 _ NAJ HJAE=AJG G AF<AJ=LG =A@<9
IA
@=JFC


=A@<C D@=

G



* >9D9FL= <GEAF9 G KAKL=E9 <= ME9 DbF?M9 IM9F<G =KLY =E ;GF

<A^g=K <= ;JA9J F=D9 -=D9LAN9E=FL= Z FGJE9 G K=M <GEbFAG _ EMALG E9AK
;GEHD=PG
=
=PA?=
<G
>9D9FL=
ME9
9HJ=F<AR9?=E
HGJ
LG<9
9
NA<9
 FGJE9 HG<= ;GAF;A<AJ ;GE G KAKL=E9 IM9F<G =KL= G>=J=;= ME9 Ke
HGKKA:ADA<9<=
<=
J=9DAR9^]G
* <AKL9F;A9E=FLG =FLJ= KAKL=E9 = FGJE9 <= J=9DAR9^]G K= E9FA>=KL9
IM9F<G 9 xFGNA<9<=y ;JA9<9 Z DMR <G KAKL=E9 AF=PAKL= F9 FGJE9 F9
LJ9<A^]G BY J=9DAR9<9 = HGJ AKKG E=KEG F]G K= =F;GFLJ9 J=?AKLJ9<9 FGK <A
;AGFYJAGK = F9K ?J9EYLA;9K !GA G ;9KG =FLJ= FeK <= =A9L[J9@ F9K;A<G
;GE HJG;=<AE=FLGK <G KAKL=E9 <G E=KEG EG<G IM= =BHC7RJ9@ =B:5@[J9@
=L;  E9K F]G 9AF<9 J=9DAR9<G F9 FGJE9 KIM=;=J9EK= GK ;JbLA;GK <= IM=
ME9 DbF?M9 NAN9 F]G =KLY >=AL9 AKLG _ IM= F]G Ke =KLJMLMJ9 K=MK 9LGK HGJ
EG<=DGK HJ=;=<=FL=K E9K >9RK= = J=>9RK= ;GFKL9FL=E=FL= =F;=JJ9
>GJE9K >=AL9K = L=E HGL=F;A9DA<9<= H9J9 ;JA9J >GJE9K FGN9K = =KLY K=EHJ=
9 K=JNA^G <9K F=;=KKA<9<=K =PHJ=KKAN9K <= IM9DIM=J >9D9FL= W FAKLG IM=
;GFKAKL=
9
<AE=FK]G
;JA9LANA<9<=
BY
9DM<A<9
9IMA
9FL=JAGJE=FL=
GEG L9E:_E HG<= ;GFL=J LJ9^GK F]G H=JLAF=FL=K <G HGFLG <= NAKL9
<= GHGKA^]G >MF;AGF9D 9 FGJE9 =E ;=JLG K=FLA<G L=E E9AGJ 9EHDALM<=
IM= G KAKL=E9 BY IM= =KL= Ke ;GFL_E LJ9^GK <AKLAFLANGK F=;=KKYJAGK = AF
<AKH=FKYN=AK H9J9 IM= ME9 MFA<9<= <9 DbF?M9 K= <A>=J=F;A= <= GMLJ9 MFA<
9<= +GJ GMLJG D9<G G KAKL=E9 _ E9AK 9EHDG <G IM= 9 FGJE9 HGJIM=
HJGHA;A9 L9E:_E HGKKA:ADA<9<=K AF_<AL9K F]G J=9DAR9<9K F9 FGJE9 <9
DbF?M9



K=E=D@9F^9K IM= K= HG<=E 9HGFL9J F9K DbF?M9K JGE[FA;9K F]G K= =P

HDA;9E KGE=FL= H=D9 GJA?=E ;GEME = AF>DMaF;A9K J=;bHJG;9K E9K L9E
:_E HGJIM= ;GE =P;=^]G <G >J9F;aK K= ;GF>A?MJ9J9E =E NYJAGK HGFLGK
HGJ
HJAF;bHAGK
>MF;AGF9AK
9FYDG?GK
<=
LAHG
DAF?MbKLA;G
6 K 
7
+GJ >AE ;9:= =K;D9J=;=J IM= 9 LAHGDG?A9 DAF?MbKLA;9 =KLY FGK K=MK
;GE=^GK 9D?MFK =KLM<GK IM= K= LaE J=9DAR9<G ;GE K=M FGE= F9<9 E9AK
K]G <G IM= ?J9EYLA;9 ;GFLJ9KLAN9 FG FbN=D <GK KAKL=E9K = ;D9KKA>A;9^]G <=
HJG;=<AE=FLGK
A<AGEYLA;GK
)G LG;9FL= ZK J=D9^g=K ;GF;=ALM9AK <= >9D9 FGJE9 KAKL=E9 = LAHG
DAF?MbKLA;G FG IM9<JG L=eJA;G <= GK=JAM = <= ! <= .9MKKMJ= >9D9 ;GJ
J=KHGF<= E9AK GM E=FGK Z D5FC@9 9 FGJE9 = G KAKL=E9 <9 DbF?M9 ;GJJ=K
HGF<=E FG K=M ;GFBMFLG E9AK GM E=FGK Z @5B;I9 =FIM9FLG G LAHG DAF
?MbKLA;G
F]G
>GA
A<=FLA>A;9<G
;GEG
L9D
H=DG
DAF?MAKL9
?=F=:JAFG

E) Propriedades dos estratos de estruturao gramatical 1

1 Os Estratos Gramaticais
E HGJLM?MaK GK =KLJ9LGK ?J9E9LA;9AK HGKKbN=AK K]G H=D9 GJ<=E 9K
;=F<=FL= G 9@9A9BHC A[B=AC GM ACB9A5 9 D5@5JF5 ?J9E9LA;9D G
;FIDC 89
D5@5JF5G
9 7@RIGI@5
9 CF5WVC =
G H9LHC

4 O Tipo Lingustico
* H=DC @=B;I[GH=7C _ G E9AK 9DLG HD9FG IM= K= HG<= ;GEHJGN9J <9
L_;FA;9 <9 DbF?M9 W G ;GFBMFLG ;G=J=FL= <= ;9L=?GJA9K >MF;AGF9AK = <= LA
HGK <= HJG;=<AE=FLGK E9L=JA9AK IM= ;GF>A?MJ9E ME KAKL=E9 GM <A>=J=FL=K
KAKL=E9K ;GEHJ==F<= 9K ;9L=?GJA9K <= GHGKA^g=K <= =PHJ=KK]G = <= ;GF
L=h<G = GK LAHGK <= >MF^g=K FIM9FLG G KAKL=E9 _ KAKL=E9 <= HGKKA:ADA<
9<=K =E J=D9^]G Z FGJE9 G LAHG _ KAKL=E9 <= HGKKA:ADA<9<=K =E J=D9^]G 9G
KAKL=E9
)G HJG;=KKG @AKLeJA;G 9 FGJE9 HG<= EG<A>A;9JK= H=JE9F=;=F<G
AF9DL=JYN=D G KAKL=E9 :=E ;GEG G KAKL=E9 HG<= EG<A>A;9JK= ;GFK=J
N9F<G FG LAHG K=MK HJAF;bHAGK <= ;GF>A?MJ9^]G K FME=JGK9K

G HGFLG <= NAKL9 <= KM9 >MF^]G ?J9E9LA;9D 75G5 = G K]G

xEGF=E9Ky BY 75G5G F9 GHGKA^]G 75G5
75G5G _ ME9 xH9D9NJ9 ?J9E9LA;
9Dy ;GE KM9 >MF^]G xHDMJ9Dy ME9 N=R IM= G _ G xHDMJ9DAR9<GJy = 75G5 G



xHDMJ9DAR9<Gy = G KAFL9?E9 AFL=AJG 75G5G _ G xHDMJ9Dy E HGJLM?MaK 9

x=PHDA;9^]Gy = 9 x=KH=;A>A;9^]Gy K]G >MF^g=K <G FbN=D <G ?JMHG <= H9D9N
J9K = K= =PHJ=KK9E E=<A9FL= 9 HGKA^]G <G 9<B=LANG )G ?JMHG KM:KL9FLANG
 9<B=LANG C A5BGC 6C= C J5GHC C795BC G 9<B=LANG _ =PHDA;9LANG BY IM=
F]G K=H9J9 ;D9KK=K E=FGJ=K <=FLJG <9K ;D9KK=K x:GAy = xG;=9FGy 9H=F9K
=PHJ=KK9 HJGHJA=<9<=K AF=J=FL=K 9 =KL9K ;D9KK=K FG =FL9FLG =E C 6C=
A5BGC G 9<B=LANG _ x=KH=;A>A;9LANGy HGJIM= K=JN= H9J9 GHGJ ME :GA
E9FKG 9 GMLJGK :GAK F]G E9FKGK GEG FG =P=EHDG 9FL=JAGJ A5BGC _
x=PHDA;9<GJy= 6C= G L=JEG x=PHDA;9<Gy = G KAFL9?E9 AFL=AJG C A5BGC 6C=
_
ME
x=PHDA;9LANGy
 GHGKA^]G ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL= ZK >MF^g=K x;GE=FLYJAGy = x;GE=FL9<Gy
G;GJJ= FG =KLJ9LG >MF;AGF9D 9 IM= GK=JAM <Y G FGE= ;GFN=F;AGF9D ;DYM
KMD9 IM= _ G =KLJ9LG IM= FG AFL=JAGJ <= ME9 Ke = E=KE9 GJ9^]G =K
L9:=D=;= 9 J=>=JA<9 GHGKA^]G * ;@9E9<G x9<N_J:AG <= GJ9^]Gy IM= F]G
H9KK9 <= ME9 ;DYMKMD9 x;GE=FLYJAGy G;GJJ= F=KK= FbN=D <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G
E I G9= 79FHC Ke L=EGK ME9 GJ9^]G K=E F=F@ME ;GE=FLYJAG HGJIM=
KA?FA>A;9 KAEHD=KE=FL= z=M K=A ;GE K=?MJ9F^9{ z;GE ;=JL=R9{ %Y F9 GJ
9^]G =E 9FH5A9BH9 9I G9= @Y <M9K ;DYMKMD9K 9 ;DYMKMD9 ;GE=FLYJAG
79FH5A9BH9 = 9 ;DYMKMD9 9I G9= = G ;GFL=h<G <G =FMF;A9<G GJ9;AGF9D _
=IMAN9D=FL= 9 z;=JL9E=FL= =M G K=A{ z_ ;=JLG IM= =M G K=A{ z=M G K=A =
=KL= >9LG _ ;=JLG{ KKAE 79FH5A9BH9 F]G <=L=JEAF9 G N9DGJ D=PA;9D <= 9I
G9=
E9K
9KK=?MJ9
9
J=9DA<9<=
E=KE9
<G
>9LG
<=
K9:=J
* =KLJ9LG ?J9E9LA;9D <9 GJ9^]G _ ;9J9;L=JAR9<G H=D9 >MF^]G xHJ=<A;
9LAN9y )=D9 G xKMB=ALGy = G xHJ=<A;9<Gy K]G >MF^g=K KAFL9?EYLA;9K =
HMJ9E=FL= J=D9;AGF9AK G HJ=<A;9<G _ G L=JEG xJ=>=JA<Gy = G KMB=ALG G
L=JEG xJ=>=J=FL=y 9 >MF^]G KAFL9?EYLA;9 _ 9 <= xJ=>=JaF;A9y = 9 MFA<9<=
J=KMDL9FL= _ 9 xHJ=<A;9^]G J=>=JA<9y IM= K= GHg= F=KL= FbN=D Z xHJ=
<A;9^]G F]G J=>=JA<9y E ) 5@IBC 9GHI85 L=EGK ME9 HJ=<A;9^]G
J=>=JA<9 =E <CJ9 5N 75@CF ME9 HJ=<A;9^]G F]G J=>=JA<9 -=?AKLJ=K=
9IMA <= H9KK9?=E IM= 9 GJ9^]G <AL9 ;GEHD=P9 F]G ;GFKLALMA ME =KLJ9LG
KMH=JAGJ <9 GJ9^]G * =KLJ9LG KMH=JAGJ <9 GJ9^]G v KAEHD=K GM ;GEHD=P9 v
_
G
L=PLG
)G =KLJ9LG <G L=PLG ;GEG =KLJ9LG ?J9E9LA;9D A<AGEYLA;G v = F]G
;GEG GMLJ9K =KLJMLMJ9K HGJ =P=EHDG G xKGF=LGy 9 x;JfFA;9y 9
xFGN=D9y HG<=EGK L=J ;9KGK ;GEG 9 GHGKA^]G =FLJ= xH=J?MFL9 F]G J=
H=LA<9y = xH=J?MFL9 J=H=LA<9y .= K= H=J?MFL9 0C7Z J5= 69A FG FbN=D <G
L=PLG AKLG KA?FA>A;9 IM= K= >9R 9 H=J?MFL9 H=D9 HJAE=AJ9 N=R GM H=D9 IM9D
F]G K= E9FA>=KL9 K= =D9 K= <AR H=D9 HJAE=AJ9 N=R GM F]G (9K BY =E  JC
7Z 7CAC J5= GM  JC7Z J5= 69A GM +I9 JC7Z J5= 69A LJ9L9K= K=E



<hNA<9 <= ME9 H=J?MFL9 J=H=LA<9 GM HGJIM= <=HGAK <= ME9 HJAE=AJ9
H=J?MFL9 9?GJ9 K= IM=J K9:=J 9;=J;9 <G FGKKG AFL=JDG;MLGJ GM =FL]G
HGJIM= =KL= F]G ;GEHJ==F<=M 9 HJAE=AJ9 H=J?MFL9 KG:J= ;GEG H9KK9N9 <=
K9h<= GM <= KALM9^]G /J9L9K= 9IMA <= ME9 GHGKA^]G FG FbN=D <G <AK;MJKG
GM
<G
L=PLG
=
F]G
FG
FbN=D
<9
GJ9^]G
* FhE=JG <GK =KLJ9LGK ?J9E9LA;9AK F=E K=EHJ= _ A?M9D <= DbF?M9
H9J9 DbF?M9 .=?MF<G #9DDA<9Q ;AL9<G HGJ GK=JAM Ke <GAK =KLJ9LGK K]G
AEHJ=K;AF<bN=AK
G
<G
EGF=E9
=
G
<9
GJ9^]G

2 Propriedades dos Estratos de Estruturao Gramatical

.]G IM9LJG =KL9K HJGHJA=<9<=K 9 GID9FCF89B5WVC GM <=D9FH5L9 9
GI6CF8=B5WVC GM <=DCH5L9 9 7CCF89B5WVC GM D5F5H5L9 = 9 GI6GH=HI
=WVC GM 5BH=H5L9
/9AK
HJGHJA=<9<=K
HG<=E
K=J
9KKAE
J=HJ=K=FL9<9K
?J9>A;9E=FL=

3 Hipertaxe ou Superordenao
 @AH=JL9P= _ 9 HJGHJA=<9<= H=D9 IM9D ME9 MFA<9<= <= ME =KLJ9LG
AF>=JAGJ HG<= >MF;AGF9J HGJ KA Ke v AKLG _ ;GE:AF9F<GK= ;GE R=JG v =E
=KLJ9LGK KMH=JAGJ=K HG<=F<G ;@=?9J 9L_ 9G =KLJ9LG <G L=PLG = 9b GHGJK= 9
MFA<9<=K HJeHJA9K <=KK= FGNG =KLJ9LG KKAE ME EGF=E9 HG<= =E
HJAF;bHAG >MF;AGF9J ;GEG H9D9NJ9 ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K
=
9KKAE
KM;=KKAN9E=FL=



/GE9F<G G =P=EHDG 75G5 v 75G5G G =D=E=FLG EbFAEG 75G5 >MF

;AGF9 ;GEG xKAF?MD9Jy FG FbN=D <9 H9D9NJ9 ?J9E9LA;9D HGJ GHGKA^]G 9 75
G5G HGJ =KL9J x;GE:AF9<Gy ;GE R=JG E 75G5 v 5 75G5 9 H9D9NJ9 75G5
BY <=L=JEAF9<9 ;GEG xKAF?MD9Jy >MF;AGF9 FG FbN=D <G ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K
;GEG xNAJLM9D AF9LM9Dy v =E GHGKA^]G 9G x9LM9Dy 5 75G5 E 9FH5A9BH9
@5FC =KL9EGK <A9FL= <= ME9 KMH=JGJ<=F9^]G <9 H9D9NJ9 FG FbN=D <9
;DYMKMD9
=
<=KL9
9G
FbN=D
<9
GJ9^]G
=
<G
L=PLG
K DbF?M9K ;GF@=;=E J=KLJA^g=K F9 E9FA>=KL9^]G <=KK9 HJGHJA=<9<=
HGJ =P=EHDG 9 KMH=JGJ<=F9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K GM ?JMHGK <= H9D9NJ9K FG
FbN=D <G L=PLG _ E9AK J=<MRA<9 F9K H=J?MFL9K <G IM= F9K J=KHGKL9K 0E9
J=KHGKL9 ;GEG #G569@ _ EMALG FGJE9D <A9FL= <9 H=J?MFL9 +I9A 5756CI
89 G5=F +GJ GMLJG D9<G ME9 H=J?MFL9 ;GEG  #G569@ W ;=JL9E=FL=
HGKKbN=D E9K =PA?= ME ;GFL=PLG =KH=;A9D .9DNG FME ;9KG <= ME9 J=
LGE9<9 <= <AK;MJKG 9FL=JAGJ GM <= =EHJ=?G E=L9DAF?MbKLA;G 9K H9D9NJ9K
EGJ>=EYLA;9K AKLG _ <= KA?FA>A;9<G HMJ9E=FL= AFKLJME=FL9D 9JLA?GK HJ=
HGKA^g=K ;GFBMF^g=K =KL]G =E ?=J9D AEHGKKA:ADAL9<9K <= K= KMH=JGJ<=F
9J =E FbN=D <= L=PLG FLJ=L9FLG F9K J=LGE9<9K <= <AK;MJKG 9FL=JAGJ = F9
E=L9DAF?M9?=E HG<=K= KMH=JGJ<=F9J FG FbN=D <9 GJ9^]G = <G L=PLG ME
EGF=E9 ME9 H9D9NJ9 EGJ>=EYLA;9 GM 9L_ ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG HGJ =P=E
HDG G;GJJ= ;GE G9A F9 J=KHGKL9 Z H=J?MFL9 <G LAHG 0=5>5FRG 7CA CI G9A
H9IG D5=G v -9A *M =FL]G G KM>APG WVC F9 J=KHGKL9 <A9FL= <9 <hNA<9 Q
7CB89B5WVC
CI
7CB89B5A9BHC
v PVC
)9 E9AGJA9 <GK ;9KGK J=9AK <9 ;@9E9<9 9@=DG9 G IM= K= L=E F9 N=J
<9<= _ ME9 >GJE9 <= KMH=JGJ<=F9^]G IM9K= K=EHJ= ;GE:AF9<9 ;GE
ME9
KM:KLALMA^]G
HGJ
J=LGE9<9

4 Hipotaxe ou Subordinao
 @AHGL9P= _ 9 HJGHJA=<9<= GHGKL9 Z @AH=JL9P= ;GFKAKL= F9 HGKKA:AD
A<9<= <= ME9 MFA<9<= ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL= 9 ME =KLJ9LG KMH=JAGJ HG<=J >MF
;AGF9J FME =KLJ9LG AF>=JAGJ GM =E =KLJ9LGK AF>=JAGJ=K W G ;9KG <= ME9 GJ
9^]G H9KK9J 9 >MF;AGF9J ;GEG xE=E:JGy <= GMLJ9 GJ9^]G H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=
EMALG ;GF@=;A<9 =E ?J9EYLA;9 * AEHGJL9FL= _ =FLJ=L9FLG N=JA>A;9J IM=
=KL= LAHG <= HJGHJA=<9<= F]G >A;9 Ke 9IMA E9K L=E ME9 9HDA;9^]G E9AK
=PL=FK9 E HJAF;bHAG LG<9 MFA<9<= KMH=JAGJ 9G =KLJ9LG <G EGF=E9 HG<=
K=J KM:GJ<AF9<9 0E L=PLG AFL=AJG HG<= >MF;AGF9J ;GEG ME9 GJ9^]G FME



GMLJG L=PLG ME9 GJ9^]G ;GEG ME9 ;DYMKMD9 GM ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K ME
?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K ;GEG ME9 H9D9NJ9 ?J9E9LA;9D = ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG ME
=D=E=FLG
EbFAEG
E 09F8589=F5A9BH9 9@9 8=GG9 =GGC 9 ;DYMKMD9 ;GE=FLYJAG
J9F8589=F5A9BH9 HGJ @AH=JL9P= H9KK9 9 GJ9^]G _ N=J<9<= =FIM9FLG
L=EGK @AHGL9P= <9 ;DYMKMD9 ;GE=FL9<9 9@9 8=GG9 =GGC K H9D9NJ9K ;GE
HGKL9K <G LAHG <= D@5B5@HC = 9K H=Jb>J9K=K D=PA;9AK ;GEG DX 89 J5@G5
z=PbEAG <9F^9JAFG{ K]G <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 ?J9E9LA;9D KM:GJ<AF9^g=K GM
@AHGL9P=K <= ?JMHGK <= H9D9NJ9K FG FbN=D <9 H9D9NJ9 HGJ GMLJG D9<G
DG;M^g=K <G LAHG DCF A9=C 89 DCF 75IG5 89 >MF;AGF9E FG FbN=D <= =D=
E=FLGK
EbFAEGK
9HJGPAE9<9E=FL=
;GEG 7CA DCF
1AKL9 H=DG HJAKE9 <9 @AHGL9P= H=J;=:=K= IM= 9 A<=A9 <= ;GF;=:=J
9K x;GFBMF^g=K KM:GJ<AF9LAN9Ky ;GEG =D=E=FLGK IM= xMF=Ey GJ9^g=K
F9K;= <G >9DKG H9J9D=DAKEG =FLJ= KM:GJ<AF9^]G @AHGL9P= = ;GGJ<=F9^]G
H9J9L9P= )9 J=9DA<9<= =E DbF?M9K ;GEG G HGJLM?MaK 9K ;GFBMF^g=K
KM:GJ<AF9LAN9K F]G K]G E9AK IM= EGJ>=E9K <= KM:GJ<AF9^]G GM 9AF<9 HJ=
HGKA^g=K ;GE:AF9<9K ;GE =KK=K EGJ>=E9K E HJAF;bHAG H9J9 KM:GJ<AF9J
GJ9^g=K GM ;DYMKMD9K <= =KLJMLMJ9 GJ9;AGF9D L=EGK F=;=KKA<9<= <= <GAK AF
KLJME=FLGK ME H9J9 E9J;9J 9 KM:GJ<AF9^]G AKLG _ H9J9 AF<A;9J IM= ME9
=KLJMLMJ9 GJ9;AGF9D <= N=J:G >D=PAGF9<G >MF;AGF9 ;GEG E=E:JG <= ME9
GJ9^]G = F]G ;GEG GJ9^]G AF<=H=F<=FL= = GMLJG AFKLJME=FLG H9J9 AF<A
;9J 9 >MF^]G IM= =KL9 =KLJMLMJ9 =P=J;= F9 GJ9^]G ;GEHD=P9 )G HGJLM?MaK
=KK9 E9J;9 <= KM:GJ<AF9^]G _ EI9 E K= LJ9L9F<G <= >MF^]G KAFL9?EYLA;9
F]G E9J;9<9 F9 GJ9^]G xKMB=ALGy x;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LGy Ke K= =EHJ=?9
=KL9 E9J;9 EI9 +G<=K= HJ=K;AF<AJ <=KL9 E9J;9 K= G KAFL9?E9 GJ9;AGF9D
KM:GJ<AF9<G BY K= 9;@9 AF<A;9<G HGJ ME HJGFGE= ME 9<N_J:AG AFL=JJG?
9LANG GM =P;D9E9LANG GM H=D9 ;GFBMF^]G G9 <9 AFL=JJG?9^]G ?=J9D W HJ=
;AKG EI9 J9B<5G D9 =KH=J9 EI9 J9B<5G D9 K9:= EI9A J9A *K 9DMFGK
F]G K9:=E EI5B8C G59A GK J=KMDL9<GK * HJG>=KKGJ F]G K9:= G9 <5J9FR
:9F=58C
B9GH5
G9A5B5
.= K= LJ9L9 <= >MF^]G KAFL9?EYLA;9 AFLJG<MRA<9 FG ;9KG <= ME9 H9
D9NJ9 GM <= ME ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K HGJ HJ=HGKA^]G 9 ;@9E9<9 ;GFBMF^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9 _ FGJE9DE=FL= ;GFKLALMb<9 HGJ =KK9 HJ=HGKA^]G ;GE EI9
D5F5 57565F
D5F5 EI9 57569 5BH9G 85 <= 9 ;I9FF5 7CA9W5F
5BH9G 89
EI9
5
;I9FF5
7CA979
=L;
+=DGK =P=EHDGK NaK= IM= HJAE=AJG K= KM:GJ<AF9 E=<A9FL= G AFKLJM
E=FLG <= KM:GJ<AF9^]G EI9 = <=HGAK K= AFLJG<MR G KAFL9?E9 KM:GJ
<AF9<G
H=D9
HJ=HGKA^]G
;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=
Z
>MF^]G
KAFL9?EYLA;9
J=KH=;LAN9



5 Parataxe ou Coordenao
GFKAKL= 9 H9J9L9P= F9 HJGHJA=<9<= E=<A9FL= 9 IM9D <M9K GM E9AK
MFA<9<=K <= ME E=KEG =KLJ9LG >MF;AGF9D HG<=E ;GE:AF9JK= F=KK=
E=KEG FbN=D H9J9 ;GFKLALMAJ FG E=KEG =KLJ9LG ME9 FGN9 MFA<9<= KMK
;=LbN=D <= ;GFLJ9AJ J=D9^g=K KAFL9?EYLA;9K HJeHJA9K <9K MFA<9<=K KAEHD=K
<=KL= =KLJ9LG +GJL9FLG G IM= ;9J9;L=JAR9 9 H9J9L9P= _ 9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <=
IM= MFA<9<=K ;GE:AF9<9K K]G =IMAN9D=FL=K <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 ?J9E9LA;9D
AKLG _ ME9 F]G <=L=JEAF9 9 GMLJ9 <= EG<G IM= 9 MFA<9<= J=KMDL9FL= <9
;GE:AF9^]G _ L9E:_E ?J9E9LA;9DE=FL= =IMAN9D=FL= ZK MFA<9<=K ;GE:AF
9<9K )]G KG:=E 9 =KLJ9LG <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G KMH=JAGJ KKAE <M9K H9D9NJ9K
;GE:AF9<9K H=JKAKL=E FG FbN=D <9 H9D9NJ9 = F]G ;GFKLALM=E ME x?JMHG <=
H9D9NJ9Ky
;GEG
K=
H9KK9KK=E
9G
FbN=D
AE=<A9L9E=FL=
KMH=JAGJ
+G<=EK= ;GGJ<=F9J GJ9^g=K IM= 9HJ=K=FL9E ME9 E=KE9 >MF^]G
L=PLM9D H9D9NJ9K = ?JMHGK <= H9D9NJ9K <= E=KE9K >MF^g=K L9AK ;GEG
KMB=ALG ;GEHD=E=FLG 9<BMFLG = 9L_ HJ=HGKA^g=K = ;GFBMF^g=K <G =KLJ9LG
<= EGF=E9K ;GEG 7CA = G9A 9 = CI  hFA;9 ;GF<A^]G 9 K=J J=KH=AL9<9
_ IM= K= LJ9L= <= MFA<9<=K H=JL=F;=FL=K 9G E=KEG =KLJ9LG GM LJ9FKHGKL9K
9G E=KEG =KLJ9LG =E NAJLM<= <= @AH=JL9P= GM <= @AHGL9P= 9b IM= =KLJM
LMJ9K <G LAHG 6F=7CG <CA9BG7 9 AI@<9F9G
6F=7CG7 <CA9BG 9 AI@<9F9G ;GF
>GJE= 9 GJ<=E <= GH=J9^g=K D=N9<9K 9 ;9:G F9 =KLJMLMJ9^]G <9 =PHJ=KK]G
;GFKLALMA^]G <G ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K F=7CG <CA9BG = <=HGAK ;GGJ<=F9^]G
;GE AI@<9F9G GM 9G ;GFLJYJAG HJAE=AJG ;GGJ<=F9^]G <= <CA9BG 9 AI@
<9F9G FG FbN=D <9 H9D9NJ9 HGJ @AHGL9P= = =E K=?MA<9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <G
?JMHG
<=
H9D9NJ9K
HGJ
E=AG
<9
<=L=JEAF9^]G
;GE F=7CG
+G<=K= GMLJGKKAE ;GGJ<=F9J ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GE ME9 GJ9^]G IM=
>MF;AGF9 ;GEG E=E:JG <= GMLJ9 GJ9^]G <=K<= IM= =P=J^9E 9 E=KE9 >MF
^]G ;GEG =E D= 9?GJ9 K9:= 5 J9F8589 = EI9 9I BVC @<9 <5J=5 A9BH=8C
(9K H9J9 AKKG >GA F=;=KKYJAG IM= 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 H9KK9KK= 9G =KLJ9LG
<= ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K = <= H9D9NJ9 ?J9E9LA;9D HGJ E=AG <9 @AHGL9P= H9J9
=FL]G
K=J
HGKKbN=D
9
;GGJ<=F9^]G
FG
E=KEG
FbN=D
<9
H9D9NJ9
/=E 9 H9J9L9P= KA<G NAKL9 9H=F9K =E J=D9^]G Z ;GGJ<=F9^]G <= GJ
9^g=K =KH=;A9DE=FL= 9 H9J9L9P= 9<ALAN9 ;GE ME Ke N=J:G >D=PAGF9<G
;GEG K= >GKK= G KGE9LeJAG ;GE 9H9?9E=FLG <GK =D=E=FLGK A<aFLA;GK F9K
GJ9^g=K ;GGJ<=F9<9K $KLG J=9DE=FL= G;GJJ= =E ;9KGK ;GEG $CVC 9 '5F=5
@99A IM= ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9 $CVC @Z = '5F=5 @Z E9K BY <MNA<GK9 =E $CVC 9
'5F=5 G9 75G5F5A = AEHGKKbN=D HGJ 9:KMJ<9 =E $CVC 9 '5F=5 G9 D5F9
79A IM= F]G N9D= HGJ $CVC X D5F97=8C  '5F=5 X D5F97=85 )9 J=9DA<9<=
=E LG<GK =KL=K ;9KGK K= LJ9L9 9H=F9K <9 CF89A CD9F57=CB5@ K=?MA<9 F9

 

;GFKLALMA^]G <9 =PHJ=KK]G GJ<=E IM= F9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G <=N= K=J J=>=AL9 ZK

9N=KK9K KKAE L=EK= AFA;A9DE=FL= 9 ;GGJ<=F9^]G $CVC 9 '5F=5 = <=
HGAK
9
HJ=<A;9^]G
;GFKLALMLAN9
<9
GJ9^]G
*MLJG HGFLG IM= @Y <= E=J=;=J 9 FGKK9 9L=F^]G _ G >9LG <= IM=
H9JLAF<G <GK LJaK LAHGK >MF<9E=FL9AK = GHGKALANGK <= ;GGJ<=F9^]G =E HGJ
LM?MaK 9 9<ALAN9 9<N=JK9LAN9 = 9 9DL=JF9LAN9 =KL9K ;GFKLJM^g=K HG<=E
9AF<9 =PHJAEAJ J=D9^g=K AFL=JF9K <= x<=H=F<aF;A9y G IM= Z HJAE=AJ9
NAKL9 H9J=;= H9J9<GP9D HGJIM= _ G E=KEG IM= <AR=J IM= x9 H9J9L9P= AF
;DMA 9 @AHGL9P=y GM IM= x9 H9J9L9P= L9E:_E _ @AHGL9P=y )9 J=9DA<9<= G
IM= L=EGK F=KK=K ;9KGK _ 9 ME9 Ke N=R H9J9L9P= = @AHGL9P= E9K F]G FG
E=KEG FbN=D <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D )G FbN=D <9 GJ9^]G L9AK ;GF
KLJM^g=K K]G H9J9LYLA;9K E9K =PHJAE=E 9G E=KEG L=EHG J=D9^g=K AF
L=JF9K <= <=H=F<aF;A9 FG IM= <AR 9G G9BH=8C 8C 8=G7IFGC = HGJ AKKG
E9FA>=KL9E >MF^g=K KAFL9?EYLA;9K FG FbN=D <G L=PLG GK K=?MF<GK =D=
E=FLGK <=KK9K ;GFKLJM^g=K K= 9;@9E ;GGJ<=F9<GK FG FbN=D <9 GJ9^]G
E9K K]G KM:GJ<AF9<GK 9GK HJAE=AJGK =D=E=FLGK =FIM9FLG IB=8589G H9L
HI5=G W G E=KEG ;9KG IM= G;GJJ= ;GE 9K GJ9^g=K AFLJG<MRA<9K HGJ DC=G
DCFEI5BHC DCF =GGC DCF 7CBG9;I=BH9 @C;C 9 IM= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D
= =K;GD9J ;@9E9 GJ9^g=K x;GF;DMKAN9Ky = x;9MK9AK=PHDA;9LAN9Ky E:GJ9
=PHJAEAF<G =KL9<GK <= ;GAK9K ;GEH9JYN=AK 9GK <9K GJ9^g=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K
K]G ;GFKA<=J9<9K F]G K=E J9R]G GJ9^g=K xHJAF;AH9AKy GM
xAF<=H=F<=FL=Ky )9 J=9DA<9<= K]G AF<=H=F<=FL=K FG FbN=D <9 GJ9^]G
E9K K]G =D=E=FLGK KM:GJ<AF9<GK <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 <= MFA<9<=K <= ;GF
L=h<G
FG
FbN=D
KMH=JAGJ
<G
L=PLG

6 Antitaxe ou Substituio
W 9 HJGHJA=<9<= E=<A9FL= 9 IM9D ME9 MFA<9<= <= IM9DIM=J =KLJ9LG
?J9E9LA;9D BY HJ=K=FL= GM NAJLM9DE=FL= HJ=K=FL= xHJ=NAKL9y F9 ;9<=A9
>9D9<9 HG<= K=J J=HJ=K=FL9<9 v J=LGE9<9 GM 9FL=;AH9<9 v HGJ GMLJ9 MFA<
9<= <= GMLJG HGFLG <9 ;9<=A9 >9D9<9 IM=J FG <AK;MJKG AF<ANA<M9D IM=J FG
<AYDG?G HG<=F<G 9 MFA<9<= IM= KM:KLALMA K=J H9JL= <9 MFA<9<= KM:
KLALMb<9 ;GE A<aFLA;9 >MF^]G GM E=KEG R=JG W G >=FfE=FG EMALG ;GF
@=;A<G FG <GEbFAG <GK HJGFGE=K IM= xKM:KLALM=Ey  xJ=HJ=K=FL9Ey
D=P=E9K H9D9NJ9K GM ?JMHGK <= H9D9NJ9K AF;DMKAN= D=P=E9K AF=PAKL=FL=K
;GEG L9AK F9 DbF?M9 ;GEG _ G ;9KG <GK HJGFGE=K xF=MLJGKy =GHC =GGC




5EI=@C IM= HG<=E J=>=JAJK= 9 ME >9LG 9 ME9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 GM 9 ME9

KALM9^]G
* >=FfE=FG <9 9FLAL9P= =FLJ=L9FLG _ ME9 J=9DA<9<= <= EMALG
E9AGJ 9EHDALM<= = <AR J=KH=ALG =E HJAF;bHAG 9 LG<GK GK =KLJ9LGK ?J9E9LA
;9AK KKAE 9 J=LGE9<9 E=<A9FL= G=A BVC <AR J=KH=ALG 9GK FbN=AK <9 GJ
9^]G = <G L=PLG = 9 F]G J=H=LA^]G J=LGE9<9 HGJ R=JG <= ME9 HJ=HGKA^]G
F9 ;GGJ<=F9^]G <GK ;GEHD=E=FLGK GM <G HJGFGE= KMB=ALG F9 ;GGJ<=
F9^]G <= <GAK GM E9AK N=J:GK <AR J=KH=ALG 9G =KLJ9LG <= =D=E=FLGK
EbFAEGK
)G AFL=JAGJ <9 9FLAL9P= HG<=EGK <AKLAF?MAJ <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 ;GF
KLALM;AGF9D ;>  9 9FL=;AH9^]G = 9 J=LGE9<9 GM x9FY>GJ9y x;9LY>GJ9y
AKLG _ 9 J=HJ=K=FL9^]G x9FL=Ky = x<=HGAKy K=F<G =KL9 NYDA<9 9L_ H9J9 9
J=HJ=K=FL9^]G
R=JG
G HGFLG <= NAKL9 >MF;AGF9D _ HJ=;AKG <AKLAF?MAJ 9 9FLAL9P= HMJ9
E=FL= E9L=JA9D =E IM= 9 MFA<9<= IM= KM:KLALMA 9D_E <= J=HJ=K=FL9J 9
MFA<9<= KM:KLALMb<9 L=E L9E:_E ME9 >MF^]G H9JLA;MD9J HJeHJA9 9G
<GEbFAG <9 KM:KLALMA^]G KKAE FG HGJLM?MaK 7@5F5 9 8IF5A9BH9 L=EGK
ME9 9FLAL9P= HMJ9E=FL= E9L=JA9D G R=JG 9FL=;AH9<GJ <= 7@5F5 L=E =P9L9
E=FL= 9 E=KE9 >MF^]G IM= A9BH9 =E 8IF5A9BH9 =FIM9FLG F9 J=LGE9<9
HGJ E=AG <= G=A BVC =KL9EGK <A9FL= <= ME9 9FLAL9P= >MF;AGF9D BY IM=
L9AK MFA<9<=K 9D_E <= J=HJ=K=FL9J G IM= >GA <ALG H=DG AFL=JDG;MLGJ ;GF
KLALMAF<G HGJ AKKG xHJGGJ9^g=Ky GM xHJGL=PLGKy = F]G E=J9E=FL= 9<N_J
:AGK =PHJAE=E L9E:_E ME9 LGE9<9 <= HGKA^]G HGJ H9JL= <G >9D9FL= 9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9 GM 9 <AK;GJ<[F;A9 ;GE G ;GFL=h<G <= ;GFK;AaF;A9 E9FA>=KL
9<G
H=DG
AFL=JDG;MLGJ
 JA?GJ 9 9FLAL9P= _ ME >=FfE=FG xLJ9FK>JYKA;Gy ME >=FfE=FG <G
HD9FG <G x<AK;MJKGy GM <G xL=PLGy ME9 H9JL= HGJIM= ;GF;=JF= Z ;GFKLALM
A^]G <G <AK;MJKG ;GEG L9D Z =KLJMLMJ9^]G E9L=JA9D = >MF;AGF9D <9 ;9<=A9
>9D9<9 ;GF>GJE= 9K J=D9^g=K HJ=K=FL=K F9 HJeHJA9 ;9<=A9 = HGJ GMLJ9
H9JL= HGJIM= =D9 A?FGJ9 9K >JGFL=AJ9K =FLJ= 9K GJ9^g=K >MF;AGF9F<G AF<=
H=F<=FL=E=FL= <=KK9K >JGFL=AJ9K L]G :=E FME9 Ke = E=KE9 GJ9^]G ;GEG
=E NYJA9K GJ9^g=K 9G E=KEG L=EHG = IM9K= K=EHJ= 9D_E <GK DAEAL=K
=FLJ= 9K GJ9^g=K 9b =KL= >=FfE=FG H=JL=F;=J 9G <GEbFAG <9 DAF?MbKLA;9
<G L=PLG FLJ=L9FLG <=N= 9 9FLAL9P= K=J L9E:_E =KLM<9<9 = <=K;JAL9 F9
?J9EYLA;9 <9K DbF?M9K E=KEG FME9 xH@J9K=?J9EE9Jy HGJIM= 9 =P
HJ=KK]G KM:KLALMb<9 9HJ=K=FL9 HJG;=<AE=FLGK E9L=JA9AK = >MF^g=K IM= D@=
K]G HJeHJA9K = HGJIM= 9K DbF?M9K ;GEG KAKL=E9K H9J9<A?EYLA;GK 9H
J=K=FL9E
ME9
?J9F<=
<AN=JKA<9<=
9
=KL=
J=KH=ALG



F) Dialeto Lngua comum Lngua exemplar. Correo e

exemplaridade. Gramticas cientficas e gramtica normativa.
Divises da gramtica e disciplinas afins. Lingustica do texto

1 Lngua Comum e Dialeto

%Y NAEGK IM= ME9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 ;GEG G HGJLM?MaK =KLY ;GF
KLALMb<9 <= NYJA9K xDbF?M9Ky E9AK GM E=FGK HJePAE9K =FLJ= KA E9AK GM
E=FGK <A>=J=F;A9<9K E9K IM= F]G ;@=?9E 9 H=J<=J 9 ;GF>A?MJ9^]G <=
IM= K= LJ9L9 x<G HGJLM?MaKy = F]G <G ?9D=?G GM <G =KH9F@GD GM <G
>J9F;aK =L;  IM=J F9 ;GFNA;^]G <= K=MK >9D9FL=K F9LANGK IM=J F9 ;GF
NA;^]G <GK >9D9FL=K <= GMLJGK A<AGE9K #Y ME9 8=J9FG=8589 F9 IB=8589 =
ME9 IB=8589 F9 8=J9FG=8589
*K >9D9FL=K <=KK9K <AN=JKA<9<=K HGJ EGLAN9^g=K <= GJ<=E HGDbLA;9 =
;MDLMJ9D L=F<=E 9 HJG;MJ9J ?J9^9K 9 ME D9J?G H=JbG<G @AKLeJA;G ME
N=b;MDG ;GEME <= ;GEMFA;9^]G IM= E9FA>=KL= 9 MFA<9<= IM= =FNGDN= =
K=<AE=FL9 9K NYJA9K ;GEMFA<9<=K =E IM=KL]G "=J9DE=FL= F=KK9K ;GF
<A^g=K K= =D=N9 ME <A9D=LG v =E ?=J9D G IM= 9HJ=K=FL9 E=D@GJ=K ;GF
<A^g=K HGDbLA;9K = ;MDLMJ9AK v ;GEG N=b;MDG <= =PHJ=KK]G = ;GEMFA;9^]G
IM= H9AJ= KG:J= 9K N9JA=<9<=K J=?AGF9AK = K= 9HJ=K=FL= ;GEG =KH=D@G <9
MFA<9<=
IM=
<=K=B9
J=>D=LAJ
G
:DG;G
<9K
;GEMFA<9<=K
AJE9F9<9K
KL9 MFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 A<=9D v IM= F=E K=EHJ= ;9D9 G HJ=KLb?AG <=
GMLJGK <A9D=LGK F=E 9>G?9 DG;9DAKEGK DAF?MbKLA;GK v ;@9E9K= @[B;I5
7CAIA
)G ;9KG <= +GJLM?9D G <A9D=LG >9D9<G F9 J=?A]G FLJ= GMJG =
(AF@G <A9D=LG AFL=J9EF=FK= v K=<= <G ?GN=JFG = <9 AFKLJM^]G KMH=JAGJ v
9D^GM Z ;GF<A^]G <= DbF?M9 ;GEME GEG 9 DbF?M9 ;GEME J=;=:= =E
?=J9D G FGE= <9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 AKLG _ <9IM=D9 IM= =F?DG:9 9K N9J
A=<9<=K
<A9D=L9AK
<=
IM=
NAEGK
>9D9F<G
=E
FGKKG
;9KG
H9JLA;MD9J
9
DbF?M9
;GEME _ <=FGEAF9<9 @[B;I5 DCFHI;I9G5 GM KAEHD=KE=FL= DCFHI;IZG
$KLG G;GJJ= HGJ LG<9 9 H9JL= 9KKAE _ IM= G <A9D=LG <= +9JAK >J9F;A9FG
H9KKGM 9 <=FGEAF9JK= :F5B7ZG G <= !DGJ=F^9 LGK;9FG >DGJ=FLAFG =H5@=
5BC G <= 9KL=D9 75GH9@<5BC GM 9GD5B<C@ +GJ AKKG _ IM= K= <AR IM= =FLJ=
@[B;I5 = 8=5@9HC F]G
@Y
<A>=J=F^9
<=
F9LMJ=R9
=
KAE
<=
HJ=KLb?AG
HGDbLA;G
=
;MDLMJ9D 9D_E <G >9LG <9 E9AGJ =PL=FK]G ?=G?JY>A;9 <9 DbF?M9 ;GEME



D?ME9K N=R=K 9 DbF?M9 ;GEME <=K:9F;9 GK HJAEALANGK <A9D=LGK ;GEG

G;GJJ=M
;GE
9 ?C=BX ?J=?9
+GJ EGLAN9^g=K <= GJ<=E ;MDLMJ9D = H9J9 ;GFL=J F9 E=<A<9 <G HGK
KbN=D = <G J9RGYN=D 9 >GJ^9 <A>=J=F;A9<GJ9 ;=FLJb>M?9 IM= ;9J9;L=JAR9 G
H=JH_LMG <=N=FAJ <9K DbF?M9K HG<=K= <=K=FNGDN=J <=FLJG <9 DbF?M9
;GEME ME LAHG <= GMLJ9 DbF?M9 ;GEME E9AK <AK;AHDAF9<9 FGJE9LAR9<9
A<=9DE=FL= E=<A9FL= 9 =D=A^]G <= MKGK >GF_LA;G>GFGDe?A;GK ?J9E9LA;9AK
= D_PA;GK ;GEG H9<Jg=K =P=EHD9J=K 9 LG<9 9 ;GEMFA<9<= = 9 LG<9 9 F9^]G
9 K=J=E HJ9LA;9<GK =E <=L=JEAF9<9K KALM9^g=K KG;A9AK ;MDLMJ9AK = 9<EAF
AKLJ9LAN9K <G AFL=J;[E:AG KMH=JAGJ W 9 EG<9DA<9<= 9 IM= GK=JAM ;@9E9
DbF?M9 =P=EHD9J E9AK J=D9LAN9E=FL= MFA>GJE= <G IM= 9 DbF?M9 ;GEME
HGJIM= =KLY FGJE9LAR9<9 AFL=F;AGF9DE=FL= 6 K  7 KL9 MFA>GJ
EA<9<= J=D9LAN9 _ E9AK >J=IM=FL= IM9F<G 9 DbF?M9 ;GEME _ MK9<9 =E
H9bK=K <A>=J=FL=K W G IM= 9;GFL=;= =FLJ= FeK GF<= K= J=?AKLJ9 ME9 =P=E
HD9JA<9<= <G HGJLM?MaK <G J9KAD 9G D9<G <= ME9 =P=EHD9JA<9<= <G HGJ
LM?MaK <= +GJLM?9D =E ?J9F<= H9JL= <= <=DAF=9^]G ;GEHD=P9 HGJIM= 9
=P=EHD9JA<9<= <G HGJLM?MaK v = F]G >9LG =P;DMKANG <G FGKKG <GEbFAG v
F]G =KLY ;D9J9E=FL= >AP9<9 =E KM9K >GJE9K ;GFL=h<GK = HJG;=<AE=FLGK
6 K 
7

2 O Exemplar e o Correto
#Y <= <AKLAF?MAJK= ;MA<9<GK9E=FL= G 9L9AD@5F <G 7CFF9HC HGJIM=
H=JL=F;=E 9 HD9FGK ;GF;=ALM9AK <A>=J=FL=K ,M9F<G K= >9D9 <G =P=EHD9J
>9D9K= <= ME9 >GJE9 =D=AL9 =FLJ= 9K NYJA9K >GJE9K <= >9D9J IM= ;GFKLALM=E
9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 J9R]G HGJ IM= G =D=ALG F]G _ F=E ;GJJ=LG F=E
AF;GJJ=LG
%Y IM9F<G K= >9D9 <G ;GJJ=LG IM= _ ME BMbRG <= N9DGJ >9D9K= <=
ME9 ;GF>GJEA<9<= ;GE L9D GM IM9D =KLJMLMJ9 <= ME9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D <=
IM9DIM=J N9JA=<9<= <A9LeHA;9 <A9KLJYLA;9 GM <A9>YKA;9 +GJ =D= K= <=K=B9
K9:=J K= L9D >9LG =KLY =E ;GF>GJEA<9<= ;GE ME EG<G <= >9D9J AKLG _ ;GE
9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D ;GE 9 LJ9<A^]G A<AGEYLA;9 <= ME9 ;GEMFA<9<= >9LG
IM=
HG<=
GM
F]G
K=J
G
EG<G
=P=EHD9J
<=
ME9
DbF?M9
;GEMFALYJA9
* EG<G =P=EHD9J H=JL=F;= Z 9JIMAL=LMJ9 <9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 =F
IM9FLG G ;GJJ=LG GM AF;GJJ=LG K= KALM9 FG HD9FG <9 =KLJMLMJ9 <9 DbF?M9



>MF;AGF9D 9<9 DbF?M9 >MF;AGF9D L=E KM9 HJeHJA9 ;GJJ=^]G Z E=<A<9 IM=
K=
LJ9L9
<=
ME
EG<G
<=
>9D9J
IM=
=PAKL=
@AKLGJA;9E=FL=

3 Gramtica Descritiva e Gramtica Normativa

9b _ >Y;AD ;GF;DMAJ IM= F]G <=N=EGK ;GF>MF<AJ <GAK LAHGK <=
?J9EYLA;9
9 89G7F=H=J5 =
9 BCFA5H=J5
 ?J9EYLA;9 <=K;JALAN9 _ ME9 <AK;AHDAF9 ;A=FLb>A;9 IM= J=?AKLJ9 =
<=K;J=N= <9b G K=J 89G7F=H=J5 HGJ AKKG F]G D@= ;9:= <=>AFAJ ME KAKL=E9
DAF?MbKLA;G =E LG<GK GK K=MK 9KH=;LGK >GF_LA;G>GFGDe?A;G EGJ>GKK
AFLYLA;G
=
D_PA;G
9:= L]G KGE=FL= Z ?J9EYLA;9 <=K;JALAN9 J=?AKLJ9J ;GEG K= <AR
FME9
DbF?M9
>MF;AGF9D
+GJ K=J <= F9LMJ=R9 ;A=FLb>A;9 F]G =KLY HJ=G;MH9<9 =E =KL9:=D=;=J G
IM= _ ;=JLG GM =JJ9<G FG FbN=D <G K9:=J =DG;MLANG <G K9:=J A<AGEYLA;G =
<G
K9:=J
=PHJ=KKANG
 ?J9EYLA;9 <=K;JALAN9 K= J=N=KL= <= NYJA9K >GJE9K K=?MF<G G IM=
=P9EAF9 E=<A9FL= ME9 E=LG<GDG?A9 =EHJ=?9<9 >GJE9K IM= F]G ;9:=
9IMA =PHDA;AL9J E9K L]G KGE=FL= =FME=J9J 9GHFIHIF5@ :IB7=CB5@ 9GHFI
HIF5@ 9 :IB7=CB5@ 7CBGHF5GH=J5 8=GHF=6I7=CB5@ ;9F5H=J5 HF5BG:CFA57=CB
5@ 9GHF5H=:=757=CB5@ 89 89D9B8ZB7=5G 89 J5@ZB7=5G 89 IGCG =L; 
?J9EYLA;9 =KLJMLMJ9D >MF;AGF9D ;GF;=:A<9 HGJ GK=JAM 9HDA;9K= Z <=
HJ==FK]G = <=K;JA^]G <GK H9J9<A?E9K <G KA?FA>A;9<G ?J9E9LA;9D <9K =KLJM
LMJ9K
?J9E9LA;9AK
<=
ME9
DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
9:= Z ;F5ARH=75 BCFA5H=J5 IM= F]G _ ME9 <AK;AHDAF9 ;GE >AF9DA<
9<= ;A=FLb>A;9 = KAE H=<9?e?A;9 =D=F;9J GK >9LGK J=;GE=F<9<GK ;GEG
EG<=D9J=K <9 =P=EHD9JA<9<= A<AGEYLA;9 H9J9 K=J=E MLADAR9<GK =E ;AJ;MF
KL[F;A9K
=KH=;A9AK
<G
;GFNbNAG
KG;A9D
 ?J9EYLA;9 FGJE9LAN9 J=;GE=F<9 ;GEG K= <=N= >9D9J = =K;J=N=J
K=?MF<G G MKG = 9 9MLGJA<9<= <GK =K;JALGJ=K ;GJJ=LGK = <GK ?J9EYLA;GK =
<A;AGF9JAKL9K
=K;D9J=;A<GK



4 mbitos de Estudo da Gramtica

GEG NAEGK 9 ?J9EYLA;9 <=K;JALAN9 J=?AKLJ9 = <=K;J=N= LG<GK GK 9K
H=;LGK <= ME9 DbF?M9 H9JLA;MD9J @GEG?aF=9 = MFALYJA9 +GJ AKKG 9H9J=;=
<AN=JKA>A;9<9 FGK ;9HbLMDGK H=DGK IM9AK ;GKLME9 K=J 9HJ=K=FL9<9 :CBXH=75
= :CBC@C;=5 ACF:C@C;=5 = G=BH5L9 E=D@GJ ACF:CGG=BH5L9 G9ATBH=75
9GH=@[GH=75
4.1 Fontica e Fonologia
 >GF_LA;9 = 9 >GFGDG?A9 =KLM<9E G 9KH=;LG >bKA;G>AKAGDe?A;G AKLG
_ G 9KH=;LG >fFA;G  >GF_LA;9 K= G;MH9 <G 9KH=;LG 9;hKLA;G = >AKAGDe?A;G
<GK KGFK J=9AK = ;GF;J=LGK <GK 9LGK DAF?MbKLA;GK KM9 HJG<M^]G 9JLA;MD9^]G
=
N9JA=<9<=K
%Y H9J9 9 >GFGDG?A9 9 MFA<9<= :YKA;9 F]G _ G KGE E9K G :CB9A5
NAKLG ;GEG MFA<9<= 9;hKLA;9 IM= <=K=EH=F@9 >MF^]G DAF?MbKLA;9 <AK
LAFLAN9 <= MFA<9<=K DAF?MbKLA;9K KMH=JAGJ=K <GL9<9K <= KA?FA>A;9<G KKAE
=E H=BH5 9 >GF_LA;9 D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 9 J=9DA<9<= 9;hKLA;9 F9 HJGFhF;A9
;9JAG;9 <AKLAF?M= <GAK KGFK <A>=J=FL=K <= H =FIM9FLG 9 >GFGDG?A9 ;GFKA<
=J9 >MF;AGF9DE=FL= ME Ke H HGAK 9H=K9J <= 9JLA;MD9<G <A>=J=FL=E=FL= F9K
NYJA9K J=9DAR9^g=K G >9D9FL= K= ;GFKA<=J9 <A9FL= <= ME9 E=KE9 H9D9NJ9
H=BH5
4.2 Sistema grfico
)9K DbF?M9K =E IM= 9G D9<G <9 J=9DA<9<= CF5@ =PAKL= 9 J=HJ=K
=FL9^]G =K;JAL9 <= ME KAKL=E9 ;GFN=F;AGF9D <=KK9 GJ9DA<9<= ;@9E9<G G=G
H9A5 ;FR:=7C GM CFHC;F5:=5 =KL= KAKL=E9 K= J=?MD9 =E ?=J9D GJ9 H=D9
>GF_LA;9 GJ9 H=D9 >GFGDG?A9 G IM= ;GF<MR 9 ME9 HJAE=AJ9 <A>A;MD<9<=
H9J9 K= ;@=?9J 9 ME KAKL=E9 A<=9D IM= =PA?AJA9 ME9 Ke MFA<9<= ?JY>A;9
H9J9 ME Ke N9DGJ >fFA;G )=KL= H9JLA;MD9J LGJFGMK= F=;=KKYJAG F]G K=
;GF>MF<AJ @9HF5 ;GE GCA <9 >9D9 D=LJ9 _ 9 J=HJ=K=FL9^]G ?JY>A;9 ;GE IM=
K= HJG;MJ9 J=HJG<MRAJ F9 =K;JAL9 G KGE G IM= F]G KA?FA>A;9 A<=FLA>A;YDGK
* FGKKG KAKL=E9 >GFGDe?A;G L=E K=L= >GF=E9K NG;9AK GJ9AK LfFA;GK H9J9
;MB9 J=HJ=K=FL9^]G L=EGK 9H=F9K ;AF;G D=LJ9K a v e v i v o v u GKLME9
K=
@GB=
;@9E9J ;F5:9A5 Z
MFA<9<=
?JY>A;9
D=LJ9
<9
=K;JAL9
E K= LJ9L9F<G <= DbF?M9K EG<=JF9K IM= 9<GL9J9E ME KAKL=E9
?JY>A;G 9HJGN=AL9F<G G 9D>9:=LG D9LAFG ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE 9 E9AGJA9 <GK
A<AGE9K EG<=JFGK LJaK >9LGJ=K ;GFLJA:M=E H9J9 IM= F]G K= 9D;9F;= ME9
GJLG?J9>A9 A<=9D 9H=K9J <= =FLJ9J=E =E K=M KG;GJJG J=;MJKGK <= D=LJ9K =
KAF9AK
<A9;JbLA;GK
F]G
=PAKL=FL=K
=E
D9LAE



9
9<G^]G
<=
9D>9:=LG
=KLJ9F@G
;GEG
G
D9LAFG
F=E
K=EHJ=
;9H9R
<=
9L=F<=J
Z
J=HJ=K=FL9^]G
<=
>GF=E9K
<9K
FGN9K
DbF?M9K
:
EM<9F^9
9LJ9N_K
<G
L=EHG
<=
>GF=E9K
<9K
FGN9K
DbF?M9K
<=HGAK
<=
9<GL9<G
G
9D>9:=LG
D9LAFG
;
H=JE9F=FL=
AF<=;AK]G
<9K
;GFN=F^g=K
GJLG?JY>A;9K
=FLJ=
9
GH^]G
>GF_LA;G>GFGDe?A;9
=
9
x=LAEGDe?A;9y
=KL=
H=DG
HJ=KLb?AG
<GK
@Y:ALGK
<9
=K;JAL9
D9LAF9
4.3 Alfabeto fontico
+9J9 >AFK ;A=FLb>A;GK = H=<9?e?A;GK HJAF;AH9DE=FL= F9K ?J9EYLA;9K
= <A;AGFYJAGK <=KLAF9<GK 9 =KLJ9F?=AJGK MK9EK= 5@:569HCG :CBXH=7CG IM=
HJG;MJ9E F9 LJ9FK;JA^]G J=HJ=K=FL9J >A=DE=FL= ;9<9 MFA<9<= >fFA;9 HGJ
E=AG <= ME KAF9D ?JY>A;G =K;GD@A<G =FLJ= 9K D=LJ9K BY =PAKL=FL=K FG 9D>9
:=LG = E9AK KAF9AK =KH=;A9AK ;JA9<GK H9J9 9LAF?AJ 9 >A<=DA<9<= 9;hKLA;9
<=K=B9<9
4.4 Gramtica e Estilstica
 ?J9EYLA;9 HG<= =KLM<9J L9FLG G 9KH=;LG <9 HMJ9 ;GEMFA;9^]G
;@9E9<9 DAF?M9?=E =FMF;A9LAN9 GM AFL=D=;LAN9 IM9FLG G 9KH=;LG 9>=LANG
<=
=PL=JAGJAR9^]G
HKbIMA;9
=
9H=DG
DAF?M9?=E
=EGLAN9
= EG<G ?=J9D 9HDA;9K= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 HJGHJA9E=FL= <AL9 9GK 9KH=;
LGK <9 DAF?M9?=E AFL=D=;LAN9 >A;9F<G 9 DAF?M9?=E =EGLAN9 H9J9 L9J=>9 <=
ME9
<AK;AHDAF9
;@9E9<9 9GH=@[GH=75
<=
IM=
>9D9J=EGK
E9AK
9<A9FL=
4.5 Morfossintaxe
 H9JL= ;=FLJ9D <9 ?J9EYLA;9 HMJ9 _ 9 EGJ>GKKAFL9P= L9E:_E ;GE
E=FGK JA?GJ =KLM<9<9 ;GEG <GAK <GEbFAGK J=D9LAN9E=FL= 9MLfFGEGK 9
ACF:C@C;=5 =KLM<G <9 H9D9NJ9 = KM9K x>GJE9Ky = 9 G=BH5L9 =KLM<G <9K
;GE:AF9^g=K E9L=JA9AK GM >MF^g=K KAFLYLA;9K *;GJJ= IM= 9 JA?GJ LM<G
F9 DbF?M9 K= J=>=J= K=EHJ= 9 ;GE:AF9^g=K <= x>GJE9Ky 9AF<9 IM= K=B9
;GE:AF9^]G ;GE R=JG GM 9MKaF;A9 <= x>GJE9y 9KKAE LG<9 =KK9 HMJ9
?J9EYLA;9 _ F9 J=9DA<9<= KAFL9P= BY IM= 9 HJeHJA9 GJ9^]G F]G <=AP9 <= K=J
ME9 x>GJE9yF9 DA^]G LJ9<A;AGF9D =D9 F]G H=JL=F;= 9G <GEbFAG <9 EGJ>G
DG?A9 (=D@GJ K=JA9 K= 9<GLYKK=EGK 9 HJGHGKL9 <= M?=FAG GK=JAM IM= BY
=KL9N9 HJ=K=FL= FME9 DA^]G <= "9:=D=FLR 9 ?J9EYLA;9 K= ;GEHGJA9 <= LJaK
K=^g=K 9 x;GFKLALM;AGF9Dy IM= <=K;J=N=JA9 9 ;GF>A?MJ9^]G E9L=JA9D <9
x>GJE9y ?J9E9LA;9D 9:J9F?=F<G HGJ >GJE9 L9E:_E G ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K
9 GJ9^]G = G H=JbG<G : x>MF;AGF9Dy IM= AFN=KLA?9 9K >MF^g=K <GK



<A>=J=FL=K =KLJ9LGK <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D ;GEHJGN9F<G GK H9J9<A?

E9K IM= >MF;AGF9E =E ;9<9 =KLJ9LG ; xJ=D9;AGF9Dy IM= =KLM<9 9K J=
D9^g=K =FLJ= GK <A>=J=FL=K H9J9<A?E9K H=DGK IM9AK K= =PHJ=KK9E >MF^g=K
<=KA?F9LAN9K
9FYDG?9K
6 K 
  7
4.6 Lexicologia
*MLJG <GEbFAG <GK =KLM<GK ?J9E9LA;9AK IM= H=D9 KM9 =KH=;A>A;A<9<=
=
=PL=FK]G
L9E:_E
;GFKLALMA
ME9
<AK;AHDAF9
9MLfFGE9
_
9 @9L=7C@C;=5
W L9J=>9 <9 D=PA;GDG?A9 G =KLM<G <GK @9L9A5G KM9K =KLJMLMJ9K = N9J
A=<9<=K = KM9K J=D9^g=K ;GE GK KA?FA>A;9FL=K FL=F<=K= HGJ D=P=E9 9
MFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 <GL9<9 <= G=;B=:=758C @XL=7C AKLG _ 9IM=D= KA?FA>A;9<G
IM= 9HGFL9 H9J9 G IM= K= 9HJ==F<= <G EMF<G =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;G E=<A9FL= 9
DAF?M9?=E KKAE =E 5ACF 5A5BH9 5A5F 5A5J9@A9BH9 G KA?FA>A;9<G
D_PA;G
_
;GEME
9
LG<9K
9K
H9D9NJ9K
<9
K_JA=
'=N9F<GK= =E ;GFL9 G HD9FG <9 =PHJ=KK]G KA?FA>A;9FL= = G HD9FG
<G ;GFL=h<G KA?FA>A;9<G 9 D=PA;GDG?A9 9:9J;9JY IM9LJG <AK;AHDAF9K KM:
KA<AYJA9K
6 K  
7
9 @9L=7C@C;=5
85
9LDF9GGVC
=KLM<G
<9K
J=D9^g=K
=FLJ=
GK
NYJAGK
KA?
FA>A;9FL=K
D_PA;GK
=FIM9FLG
L9AK
HGJ
=P=EHDG 5A5F 5A5BH9
:5@5F :5@5BH9 9G
D9<G
<= G5@H5F G5@H58CF
: @9L=7C@C;=5
8C
7CBH9d8C
=KLM<G
<9K
J=D9^g=K
=FLJ=
GK
KA?FA>A;9
<GK
D_PA;GK
=FIM9FLG
L9AK G5@RF=C CF89B58C DFCJ9BHC <CB
CFRF=C GC@8C A9G585
GM G5=F P 7<9;5F
=L;
KAFfFAEGK
9FLfFAEGK
; G9A5G=C@C;=5
=KLM<G
<9
J=D9^]G
=FLJ=
GK
<GAK
HD9FGK
H9JLAF<G
<9
=PHJ=KK]G
H9J9
G
;GFL=h<G
G
KA?FA>A;9FL= <_GD989 ;GE
GK
KA?FA
>A;9<GK
<=
z9IM=D=
IM=
<Y
9
@GKH=<9?=E{
=
z9IM=D=
IM=
J=;=:=
9
@GKH=<9?=E{ BCF5 z=KHGK9
<=
>AD@G
=E
J=D9^]G
9GK
H9AK
<=D={
=
BCF5 z9H9J=D@G
H9J9
LAJ9J
Y?M9
<=
HG^G
;AKL=JF9{
/J9<A;AGF9DE=FL=
_
=KL=
=KLM<G
IM=
K=
J=;GF@=;=
=E
?=J9D
;GEG
9
<AK;AHDAF9
K=E[FLA;9
GM
K=E[FLA;9
D=PA;9D
< CBCA5G=C@C;=5
=KLM<G
<9
J=D9^]G
<GK
<GAK
HD9FGK
H9JLAF<G
<G
;GFL=h<G
H9J9
G
KA?FA>A;9<G
z<AF@=AJG{
@Y
GK
KA?FA>A;9FL=K DF5H5
A5GG5 9FJ5 75F5A=B;IR 5F5A9 A5B;C IM9K=
LG<GK
HGHMD9J=K
GM
>9EADA9J=K



#Y <AK;AHDAF9K D=PA;GDe?A;9K HJ=G;MH9<9K ;GE 9 GJA?=E <GK H9D9N

J9K b L=EGK 9 9H=AC@C;=5 =KLM<G <9 GJA?=E <=D9K 9 CBCARGH=75
=KLM<G @AKLeJA;G <GK FGE=K HJeHJAGK <ANA<A<9 =E 5BHFCDCB[A=5 v
@AKLeJA9 <GK FGE=K <= H=KKG9 v = HCDCB[A=5 v @AKLeJA9 <GK FGE=K <=
DM?9J=K
4.7 Outra vez a Estilstica
 K=?MAJ L=EGK 9 =KLADbKLA;9 9 IM9D ;GF>GJE= <AKK=EGK 9FL=JAGJ
E=FL= _ G =KLM<G <GK 9KH=;LGK 9>=LANGK IM= =FNGDN=E = ;9J9;L=JAR9E 9
DAF?M9?=E =EGLAN9 IM= H=JH9KK9 LG<GK GK >9LGK <= DbF?M9 +G<= L9FLG
9HDA;9JK= ZIM=D=K MKGK <9 =K>=J9 9>=LAN9 = =EGLAN9 ?=F=J9DAR9<GK F9 DbF
?M9 HGJ =P=EHDG GK <AEAFMLANGK GK 9ME=FL9LANGK 9K @AH_J:GD=K =L; 9
;@9E9<9 9GH=@[GH=75 85 @[B;I5 <= @9JD=K 9DDQ GM =FL]G ZK ;JA9^g=K =K
L_LA;9K GJA?AF9AK = AF_<AL9K <= ME 9MLGJ GM <= ME9 G:J9 9 ;@9E9<9 9G
H=@[GH=75 85 :5@5 <9 =K;GD9 A<=9DAKL9 9D=E] <= &9JD 1GKKD=J '=G .HALR=J =
K=?MA<GJ=K
4.8 Outros tipos de Gramtica
D_E <9 ?J9EYLA;9 <=K;JALAN9 K]G L9E:_E ?J9EYLA;9K ;A=FLb>A;9K
AKLG _ K=E >AF9DA<9<= HJ=K;JALAN9 GM FGJE9LAN9 = ;GE G:B=LG = E=LG<GDG
?A9
HJeHJAGK
9 ;F5ARH=75
;9F5@ E9AK
AEHJGHJA9E=FL=
;@9E9<9 ;F5ARH=75
IB=
J9FG5@
=KLM<G
<GK
>MF<9E=FLGK
L=eJA;GK
<GK
;GF;=ALGK
?J9E9LA
;9AK
=
HGJ
AKKG
E=KEG
D@=
;9:=
9
<=>AFA^]G
<=KK=K
;GF;=ALGK
GM
FGMLJG
K=FLA<G
HJG;MJ9
GK
>9LGK
?J9E9LA;9AK
;GEMFK
=
?=J9AK
9
NYJAGK
KAKL=E9K
DAF?MbKLA;GK
/9E:_E
_
<=FGEAF9<9 H9CF=5
;F5A5H=75@
KL9
?J9EYLA;9
AFN=KLA?9
G
HD9FG
MFAN=JK9D
<9
DAF
?M9?=E
=
HGJ
AKKG
F]G
L=E
;GEG
G:B=LG
ME9
DbF?M9
H9JLA;MD9J
;GEG
9K
?J9EYLA;9K
K=?MAFL=K
IM=
AFN=KLA?9E
G
HD9FG
@AKLeJA;G
<9
DAF?M9?=E
ME9
N=R
IM=
=KLM<9E
DbF?M9K
@AKLeJA;9K
AKLG
_
L_;FA;9K
K9:=J=K
@AKLGJA;9E=FL=
<=L=JEAF9<9K
: ;F5ARH=75
7CAD5F585
=KLM<G
;GEH9J9<G
<=
DbF?M9K
H=JL=F;=F
L=K
9
ME
LJGF;G
GM
x>9EbDA9y
HJG;=<=FL=
<=
ME9
>GFL=
;GEME
HJAEALAN9
;GE
NAKL9
9
=KL9:=D=;=J
GK
>9LGK
E9FA>=KL9<GK
H=D9
J=
D9^]G
<=
xH9J=FL=K;Gy
; ;F5ARH=75
<=GH_F=75 ;GFKA<=J9<9
=E
K=FLA<G
=KLJALG
=KLM<G
<A9;JfFA;G
<=
ME
Ke
KAKL=E9
A<=9DE=FL=
@GEG?aF=G



< <=GH_F=5
=BH9FB5
85
@[B;I5
=KLM<G
<A9;JfFA;G
<=
ME9
DbF?M9
@AKLeJA;9
AL=EK=
E9AK
9K
K=?MAFL=K
<AK;AHDAF9K
DAF?MbKLA;9K
 8=5@9HC@C;=5
=KLM<G
<9K
<A>=J=F^9K
J=?AGF9AK
<=
ME9
DbF?M9
KM9
9HDA;9^]G
E=<A9FL=
E_LG<G
H9JLA;MD9J
H9J9
;9<9
ME9
K=
>9R
;GE
<M9K
KM:<AK;AHDAF9K ;9C;F5:=5
@=B;I[GH=75 = D5@9CBHC@C;=5
@=B;I[GH=75
 GC7=C@=B;I[GH=75
=KLM<G
<9
N9JA=<9<=
=
N9JA9^]G
<9
DAF?M9?=E
=E
J=D9^]G
;GE
9
=KLJMLMJ9
KG;A9D
<9K
;GEMFA<9<=K
 9HBC@=B;I[GH=75
=KLM<G
<9
N9JA=<9<=
=
N9JA9^]G
<9
DAF?M9?=E
=E
J=D9^]G
;GE
9
;ANADAR9^]G
=
9
;MDLMJ9
6 K 
7
 DG=7C@=B;I[GH=75
=KLM<9
G
9KH=;LG
HKbIMA;G
<9
9LANA<9<=
DAF?MbKLA;9
L_ 9IMA 9K ?J9EYLA;9K = <AK;AHDAF9K IM= AFN=KLA?9E GK >9LGK <=
ME9 DbF?M9 GM <= DbF?M9K H9JLA;MD9J=K K]G <AK;AHDAF9K IM= K= 9HDA;9E 9G
HD9FG
A<AGEYLA;G
<9
DAF?M9?=E
+GJ >AE ;9:= 9DM<AJ Z @=B;I[GH=75 8C H9LHC ;9EHG J=;=FL= <= =KLM<G
IM= NAK9 9 =P9EAF9J G K=FLA<G <G L=PLG ;GFKA<=J9<G ;GEG =FLA<9<=
9MLfFGE9 <9 DAF?M9?=E $FN=KLA?9 G HD9FG AF<ANA<M9D <9 DAF?M9?=E W G
=KLM<G <9 @=JE=FaMLA;9 <G K=FLA<G +9J9 GK=JAM =FIM9FLG 9K <AK;AHDAF9K
IM= =KLM<9E 9 DbF?M9 K= 9HDA;9E 9G =P9E= <9 =KLJMLMJ9 <G KA?FA>A;9FL= = Z
<=K;JA^]G <9 =KLJMLMJ9 <G KA?FA>A;9<G 9 HMJ9 DAF?MbKLA;9 <G L=PLG K= 9HDA;9
Z AFL=JHJ=L9^]G <G KA?FA>A;9FL= = <G KA?FA>A;9<G <9 DbF?M9 ;GEG =PHJ=KK]G
<G
K=FLA<G
6 K 7

GK=JAM
6 K 

K 
 7

I Fontica e Fonologia

$
v
!GF_LA;9
=
!GFGDG?A9

A) Produo dos sons e classificao dos fonemas

1 Fontica Descritiva
!GF=E9K

Fonemas v @9E9EK= >GF=E9K GK KGFK =D=E=FL9J=K = <AKLAFLANGK

IM= G @GE=E HJG<MR IM9F<G H=D9 NGR =PHJAE= K=MK H=FK9E=FLGK =
=EG^g=K
!GF=E9K
F]G
K]G
D=LJ9K

Fonemas no so letras v =K<= DG?G ME9 <AKLAF^]G K= AEHg= F]G

K= @Y <= ;GF>MF<AJ :CB9A5 ;GE @9HF5 CB9A5 _ ME9 J=9DA<9<= 9;hKLA;9
J=9DA<9<= IM= FGKKG GMNA<G J=?AKLJ9 =FIM9FLG @9HF5 _ G KAF9D =EHJ=?9<G
H9J9 J=HJ=K=FL9J F9 =K;JAL9 G KAKL=E9 KGFGJG <= ME9 DbF?M9 )]G @Y A<=F
LA<9<= H=J>=AL9 EMAL9K N=R=K =FLJ= GK >GF=E9K = 9 E9F=AJ9 <= J=HJ=K=FLY
DGK F9 =K;JAL9 G IM= FGK D=N9 >9;ADE=FL= 9 H=J;=:=J 9 AEHGKKA:ADA<9<= <=
ME9 CFHC;F5:=5 A<=9D /=EGK ;GEG N=J=EGK E9AK 9<A9FL= G9H9 NG?9AK
GJ9AK LfFA;9K E9K 9H=F9K 7=B7C KbE:GDGK ?JY>A;GK D=LJ9K 5 9 = C I
,M9F<G IM=J=EGK <AKLAF?MAJ ME 9 LfFA;G 9:=JLG <= ME 9 LfFA;G >=;@9<G v
HGAK K]G <GAK >GF=E9K <AKLAFLGK v ?=J9DE=FL= MLADAR9EGK KAF9AK KM:KA<AYJA
GK G 9;=FLG 9?M<G :X GM G ;AJ;MF>D=PG JZ #Y D=LJ9K IM= K= =K;J=N=E
HGJ NYJA9K J9Rg=K E9K IM= F]G K= HJGFMF;A9E = HGJL9FLG F]G J=HJ=K
=FL9E 9 N=KLAE=FL9 ?JY>A;9 <G >GF=E9 _ G ;9KG <G < =E <CA9A GM C<
+GJ GMLJG D9<G @Y >GF=E9K IM= K= GMN=E = IM= F]G K= 9;@9E J=?AKLJ9<GK
F9 =K;JAL9 9KKAE FG >AF9D <= 75BH5J5A GMNAEGK ME <ALGF?G =E 5A ;MB9
K=EANG?9D F]G N=E 9KKAF9D9<9
9EYN]O
 =K;JAL9 ?J9^9K 9G K=M






;GFN=F;AGF9DAKEG LJ9<A;AGF9D F=E K=EHJ= =KH=D@9 9 =NGDM^]G >GF_LA;9

)=KL= DANJG <A>=J=F^9EGK 9 D=LJ9 <G >GF=E9 HGF<G =KL= =FLJ= :9JJ9K <=K
K9JL=
AF<A;9J=EGK
G 9 9:=JLG
= 9 >=;@9<G
<9
K=?MAFL=
E9F=AJ9

X


Z

!GF_LA;9
=
!GFGDG?A9

Fontica e Fonologia )9 9LANA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 G AEHGJL9FL= H9J9

GK >9D9FL=K _ G >GF=E9 = F]G 9 K_JA= <= EGNAE=FLGK 9JLA;MD9LeJAGK IM= G
<=L=JEAF9 KKAE K=F<G =FIM9FLG 9 9FYDAK= >GF_LA;9 K= HJ=G;MH9 L]G
KGE=FL= ;GE 9 9JLA;MD9^]G 9 >GFaEA;9 9L=FL9 9H=F9K H9J9 G >GF=E9 IM=
J=MFAF<G ME >=AP= <= LJ9^GK IM= G <AKLAF?M= <= GMLJG >GF=E9 H=JEAL= 9
;GEMFA;9^]G DAF?MbKLA;9  >GF_LA;9 HG<= J=;GF@=;=J = J=9DE=FL= G >9R
<AN=JK9K J=9DAR9^g=K H9J9 G
H
<9 K_JA= H5H9H=HCHI 9 >GFaEA;9 F]G D=N9
=E ;GFL9 9K J5F=5Wc9G IM= K= ;@9E9E 5@C:CB9G HGJIM= <=D9K F]G
LGE9E ;GF@=;AE=FLG GK >9D9FL=K <= DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 0E >GF=E9 9<
EAL= ME9 ?9E9 N9JA9<9 <= J=9DAR9^g=K >GF_LA;9K IM= N9A 9L_ 9 ;GFK=J
N9^]G <9 AFL=?JA<9<= <G NG;Y:MDG IM9F<G AKLG F]G G;GJJ= <ARK= IM=
@GMN= EM<9F^9 <= >GF=E9 *
@
9<EAL= NYJA9K J=9DAR9^g=K FG J9KAD <=
FGJL= 9 KMD = =KL9K N9JA9FL=K F]G AFL=J=KK9E Z 9FYDAK= >GFaEA;9 9FYDAK=
IM= <=N=JA9 L=J HJAE9RA9 =E FGKKG =KLM<G <= DbF?M9 E9K @9N=JY
EM<9F^9 <= >GF=E9K IM9F<G K= F]G HM<=J >9R=J 9 GHGKA^]G A5@
A5I
GEG :=E =FKAF9 (9LLGKG [E9J9 xG >GF=E9 =FL=F<A<G ;GEG ME >=AP=
<= LJ9^GK <AKLAFLANGK AF<ANA<M9DAR9K= = ?9F@9 J=9DA<9<= ?J9E9LA;9D H=DG
K=M ;GFLJ9KL= ;GE GMLJGK >=AP=K =E A<aFLA;GK 9E:A=FL=K >GF_LA;GK )]G _
HGAK 9 <A>=J=F^9 9JLA;MD9LeJA9 = 9;hKLA;9 IM= <AKLAF?M= HJAE9JA9E=FL= <GAK
>GF=E9K K=F]G 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= <=L=JEAF9J=E KA?FA>A;9^g=K <AKLAFL9K
FME9 E=KE9 KALM9^]G >GF_LA;9 GEHJ==F<=K= 9KKAE IM= ME E=KEG
>GF=E9 HGKK9 N9JA9J 9EHD9E=FL= F9 KM9 J=9DAR9^]G ;GF>GJE= G 9E:A=FL=
>GF_LA;G
GM
9K
H=;MDA9JA<9<=K
<G
KMB=ALG
>9D9FL=y
6( 
7
!GFGDG?A9 F]G K= GHg= 9 >GF_LA;9 9 HJAE=AJ9 =KLM<9 G FhE=JG <=
GHGKA^g=K MLADAR9<9K = KM9K J=D9^g=K EhLM9K =FIM9FLG 9 >GF_LA;9 =PH=JA
E=FL9D <=L=JEAF9 9 F9LMJ=R9 >bKA;9 = >AKAGDe?A;9 <9K <AKLAF^g=K G:K=JN9<9K
6(  7 E:9K <AK;AHDAF9K H=JL=F;=E 9G FbN=D :AGDe?A;G <G >9D9J
;GF<A;AGF9<G
HKA;G>AKA;9E=FL=
H9J=D@G
!GF9<GJ

Aparelho Fonador

Aparelho fonador )eK F]G L=EGK ME 9H9J=D@G =KH=;A9D H9J9 9

>9D9 HJG<MRAEGK GK >GF=E9K K=JNAF<GFGK <= eJ?]G <G 9H9J=D@G J=KHAJ
9LeJAG = <9 H9JL= KMH=JAGJ <G 9H9J=D@G <A?=KLANG IM= Ke K=;MF<9JA9E=FL=
K= 9<9HL9J9E ZK =PA?aF;A9K <9 ;GEMFA;9^]G FME9 9IMAKA^]G D=FL9 <G
@GE=E  =KK=K eJ?]GK <9 >9D9 ;GFKLALMLANGK <G 9H9J=D@G >GF9<GJ H=J
L=F;=E 9D_E <= EhK;MDGK = F=JNGK GK 6FaBEI=CG 9 HF5EI9=5 9 @5F=B;9
;GE 9K ;GJ<9K NG;9AK 9 :5F=B;9 9K :CGG5G B5G5=G = 9 6C75 ;GE 9 @[B;I5
<ANA<A<9 =E YHA;= <GJKG = J9AR 9K 6C7<97<5G G D5@5HC 8IFC GM ;_M <9
:G;9 G D5@5HC AC@9 GM N_M H9D9LAFG ;GE 9 dJI@5 GM 75AD5=B<5 GK
89BH9G EGJE=FL=
GK
9FL=JAGJ=K
;GE
GK 5@JXC@CG
=
GK @R6=CG
E HGJLM?MaK ;GEG F9 E9AGJA9 <GK A<AGE9K GK >GF=E9K K]G
HJG<MRA<GK ?J9^9K Z EG<A>A;9^]G IM= =KK=K eJ?]GK <9 >9D9 AEHg=E Z 7CF
F9BH9 89 5F EI9 G5= 8CG DI@Ac9G 'bF?M9K @Y =FLJ=L9FLG IM= K= K=JN=E <9
;GJJ=FL= AFKHAJ9LeJA9 =FLJ9F<G G 9J FGK HMDEg=K H9J9 HJG<MRAJ >GF=E9K
IM= K]G ;GF@=;A<GK H=DG FGE= <= 7@=EI9G +JG<MRAEGK ;DAIM=K IM9F<G
>9R=EGK GK EGNAE=FLGK :M;9AK 9;GEH9F@9<GK <9 KM;^]G <= 9J F9 :G;9
H9J9 G :=ABG G EMPGPG = ;=JLGK =KL9DA<GK ;GEG G IM= K=JN= H9J9 9FAE9J 9



;9EAF@9<9 <GK ;9N9DGK E9K F]G GK MLADAR9EGK ;GEG KGFK <9 >9D9 =E
HGJLM?MaK
GEG
K=
HJG<MR=E
GK
>GF=E9K

Como se produzem os fonemas  ;GJJ=FL= <= 9J IM= N=E <GK

HMDEg=K H9KK9 H=D9 HF5EI9=5 = ;@=?9 Z KM9 H9JL= KMH=JAGJ IM= K= ;@9E9
@5F=B;9 ;GF@=;A<9 NMD?9JE=FL= ;GEG DCAC 89 58VC )9 D9JAF?= 9 H9JL=
E9AK N9DAGK9 = E9AK ;GEHD=P9 <G 9H9J=D@G >GF9<GJ K= 9;@9E @GJARGFL9D
E=FL= <M9K E=E:J9F9K EM;GK9K =DYKLA;9K Z E9F=AJ9 <= DY:AGK 9K 7CF
85G JC75=G HGJ ;MBG =KLJ=ALG AFL=JN9DG <=FGEAF9<G ;@CH9 9 ;GJJ=FL= <= 9J
L=E <= H9KK9J H9J9 ?9F@9J 9 :5F=B;9 = <9b GM LGL9DE=FL= H=D9 6C75
:CB9A5G CF5=G GM H9JL= H=D9 :G;9 = H9JL= H=D9K >GKK9K F9K9AK :CB9A5G
B5G5=G ;@=?9J Z 9LEGK>=J9 W =KL9 ;GJJ=FL= =PHAJ9LeJA9 IM= EG<A>A;9<9
H=DGK
eJ?]GK
<9
>9D9
_
J=KHGFKYN=D
H=D9
HJG<M^]G
<GK
>GF=E9K
K <A>=J=F^9K IM= K= FGL9E =FLJ= NGR=K <AN=JK9K <GK K=PGK <9K A<
9<=K
=
<9K
H=KKG9K
:9K=A9EK=
=E
?=J9D
F9K
<AE=FKg=K
<9
D9JAF?=
!GF=E9K
KMJ<GK
=
KGFGJGK

Fonemas surdos e sonoros ,M9F<G 9 ;GJJ=FL= <= 9J K= <AJA?= Z

?DGL= =KL9 HG<= =F;GFLJ9JK= 9:=JL9 >=;@9<9 GM IM9K= >=;@9<9 )G
HJAE=AJG ;9KG 9 ;GJJ=FL= <= 9J H9KK9 DANJ=E=FL= K=E HJGNG;9J 9 NA:J9^]G
<9K ;GJ<9K NG;9AK * >GF=E9 IM= F=KL9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K K= HJG<MR _ ;@9
E9<G GIF8C
K

>

P

L

C
 =L; .= 9 ?DGL= =KLY >=;@9<9 GM IM9K=
>=;@9<9 9 ;GJJ=FL= <= 9J 9G >GJ^9J 9 H9KK9?=E HJGNG;9 9 NA:J9^]G <9K
;GJ<9K NG;9AK HJG<MRAF<G GK >GF=E9K KGFGJGK .]G KGFGJ9K LG<9K 9K NG
?9AK
=
;=JL9K
;GFKG9FL=K
;GEG

R


N


B


<


?

=L;
E EMALGK ;9KGK HG<=EGK H=J;=:=J 9 NA:J9^]G <9K ;GJ<9K NG;9AK
HGF<G <= D=N= 9 HGFL9 <G <=<G FG HGEG <= 9<]G = HJG>=JAF<G ME >GF=E9
KGFGJG ;GEG
R

N

B
 L=F<G G ;MA<9<G <= F]G 9;GEH9F@YDG <= NG?9D
.=FLAEGK FALA<9E=FL= ME LJ=EMD9J IM= <=FGL9 9 NA:J9^]G <9K ;GJ<9K NG
;9AK .= HJG>=JAEGK ME >GF=E9 KMJ<G ;GEG
K

>

P
 ;GE G ;MA<9<G
9HGFL9<G 9;AE9 F]G K=FLAEGK G LJ=EMD9J +G<=EGK 9AF<9 J=H=LAJ 9 =PH=J
AaF;A9 L9H9F<G GK GMNA<GK .e ;GE GK >GF=E9K KGFGJGK GMNAEGK ME
RME:A<G
;9J9;L=JbKLA;G
<9
NA:J9^]G
<9K
;GJ<9K
NG;9AK
1G?9AK
=
;GFKG9FL=K

Vogais e consoantes v  NGR @ME9F9 K= ;GEHg= <= HCBG KGFK EM

KA;9AK = FI[8CG IM= G FGKKG GMNA<G <AKLAF?M= ;GE H=J>=A^]G
9J9;L=JAR9EK= GK LGFK IM9FLG ZK ;GF<A^g=K 9;hKLA;9K HGJ KM9K



NA:J9^g=K H=JAe<A;9K KL9 <ANAK]G ;GJJ=KHGF<= =E KM9K DAF@9K ?=J9AK ZK

NG?9AK  LGFK = ZK ;GFKG9FL=K  JMb<GK K ;GFKG9FL=K HG<=E K=J JMb
<GK HMJGK AKLG _ K=E NA:J9^g=K J=?MD9J=K ;GJJ=KHGF<=E ZK ;GFKG9FL=K
KMJ<9K GM JMb<GK ;GE:AF9<GK ;GE ME LGE D9JbF?=G ;GFKG9FL=K KGFGJ
9K
6( 
7
,M9FLG ZK ;GF<A^g=K >AKAGDe?A;9K <= HJG<M^]G 9K NG?9AK K]G
>GF=E9K <MJ9FL= ;MB9 9JLA;MD9^]G 9 ;9NA<9<= :M;9D K= 9;@9 ;GEHD=L9
E=FL= DANJ= H9J9 9 H9KK9?=E <G 9J K ;GFKG9FL=K K]G >GF=E9K <MJ9FL=
;MB9 HJG<M^]G 9 ;9NA<9<= :M;9D =KLY LGL9D GM H9J;A9DE=FL= >=;@9<9 ;GF
KLALMAF<G 9KKAE FME HGFLG IM9DIM=J ME G:KLY;MDG Z K9b<9 <9 ;GJJ=FL=
=PHAJ9LeJA9
Observao .e HGJ KM9K ;GF<A^g=K 9;hKLA;9K = >AKAGDe?A;9K <=
HJG<M^]G _ IM= K= <AKLAF?M=E 9K NG?9AK <9K ;GFKG9FL=K +GJ AEAL9^]G <GK
?J=?GK GK 9FLA?GK ?J9EYLA;GK <=>AFA9E 9 NG?9D H=D9 KM9 >MF^]G F9 KbD9:9
=D=E=FLG F=;=KKYJAG = KM>A;A=FL= H9J9 >GJE9J ME9 KbD9:9 <9b ;@=?9N9E
Z ;GF;=ALM9^]G <=>A;A=FL= <= ;GFKG9FL= >GF=E9 K=E =PAKLaF;A9 AF<=H=F<
=FL= IM= Ke K= HJG>=J= ;GE ME9 NG?9D .9:=EGK <= A<AGE9K =E IM= @Y
KbD9:9K ;GFKLALMb<9K 9H=F9K <= ;GFKG9FL=K = =E IM= ME9 ;GFKG9FL= HG<=
>9R=J
9K
N=R=K
<=
NG?9D
6'- 
7
)9 DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 9 65G9 85 G[@565 GM G 9@9A9BHC G=@R6=7C _ 9
NG?9D GK =D=E=FLGK 5GG=@R6=7CG K]G 9 ;GFKG9FL= = 9 K=EANG?9D IM=
=KLM<9J=EGK
E9AK
9<A9FL=
D9KKA>A;9^]G
<9K
NG?9AK

Classificao das vogais v D9KKA>A;9EK= 9K NG?9AK K=?MF<G 9

(CA9B7@5HIF5
!F5A5H=75@
F5G=@9=F5
<=
9;GJ<G
;GE
IM9LJG
;JAL_JAGK
9
IM9FLG
Z
RGF9
<=
9JLA;MD9^]G
:
IM9FLG
Z
AFL=FKA<9<=
;
IM9FLG
9G
LAE:J=
<
IM9FLG
9G
H9H=D
<9K
;9NA<9<=K
:M;9D
=
F9K9D
5 ,M9FLG Z zona de articulao 9K NG?9AK HG<=E K=J AX8=5
5BH9F=CF9G = DCGH9F=CF9G
GE 9 :G;9 DA?=AJ9E=FL= 9:=JL9 = 9 DbF?M9 F9 HGKA^]G IM9K= <= J=
HGMKG HJG>=JAEGK G >GF=E9
9
 IM= _ G IM= =PA?= E=FGJ =K>GJ^G = ;GF
KLALMA 9 NG?9D AX8=5 .= <9b H9KK9JEGK Z K_JA=
_
v
a
v
A
 FGL9J=EGK IM=
9 HGFL9 <9 DbF?M9 K= =D=N9 9N9F^9F<G =E <AJ=^]G 9G H9D9LG <MJG G IM=
<=L=JEAF9 ME9 <AEAFMA^]G <9 9:=JLMJ9 :M;9D = ME 9ME=FLG <9 9:=JLMJ9

 



<9 >9JAF?=  K_JA=

_
v
a
v
A
;GFKLALMA 9K NG?9AK 5BH9F=CF9G .= H9KK9J
EGK <9 NG?9D E_<A9
9
H9J9 9 K_JA=
e
v
f
v
M
 FGL9J=EGK IM= G <GJKG
<9 DbF?M9 K= =D=N9 J=;M9F<G =E <AJ=^]G 9G N_M <G H9D9<9J G IM= HJGNG;9
ME9 <AEAFMA^]G <9 9:=JLMJ9 :M;9D = ME 9JJ=<GF<9E=FLG HJG?J=KKANG <GK
DY:AGK

K_JA=

e

v

f

v

M

>GJE9
9K
NG?9AK DCGH9F=CF9G

Vogais Anteriores 2

Vogais Posteriores 3

 



6 ,M9FLG Z intensidade 9K NG?9AK HG<=E K=J HaB=75G GM RHCB5G

1G?9D LfFA;9 _ 9IM=D9 =E IM= J=;9A G 9;=FLG LfFA;G <9 H9D9NJ9 9N_ H5?9
L[EA<G
1G?9D YLGF9 _ 9 AF9;=FLM9<9 5Ne H9?5 LbE=<G K NG?9AK YLGF9K
HG<=E =KL9J 9FL=K <9 LfFA;9 HJ=LfFA;9K 5Ne H5?9J GM <=HGAK HGKLfF
A;9K
LbE=<C
)GK NG;Y:MDGK <= E9AGJ =PL=FK]G >GF_LA;9 EGJE=FL= FGK <=JAN9
<GK = FGK N=J:GK K=?MA<GK <= HJGFGE= YLGFG HG<= 9H9J=;=J 9D_E <9 LfF
A;9 ME9 NG?9D <= ?J9F<= AFL=FKA<9<= 9 IM9D J=;=:= G FGE= <= NG?9D GI6
HaB=75
HGD=<9E=FL=
;9?9E=FL=
DGMN5JL==A
7 IM9FLG 9G timbre 9K NG?9AK HG<=E K=J 569FH5G :97<585G = F9
8IN=85G .=A6F9 _ G =>=ALG 9;hKLA;G J=KMDL9FL= <9 <AKL[F;A9 =FLJ= G <GJKG
<9 DbF?M9 = G N_M <G H9D9<9J >MF;AGF9F<G 9 ;9NA<9<= :M;9D ;GEG ;9AP9
<= J=KKGF[F;A9 * LAE:J= _ G LJ9^G <AKLAFLANG <9K NG?9AK )9 NG?9D <=
LAE:J= 9:=JLG 9 DbF?M9 K= 9;@9 :9AP9
9

_

e
)9 NG?9D <= LAE:J=
>=;@9<G 9 DbF?M9 K= =D=N9
a

f

A

M  NG?9D <= LAE:J= J=<MRA<G _
HJG>=JA<9 <=:ADAL9<9 9FMD9F<GK= 9 GHGKA^]G =FLJ= 9:=JL9 = >=;@9<9 
<AKLAF^]G =FLJ= 9:=JL9K = >=;@9<9K Ke K= <Y F9K NG?9AK LfFA;9K = KM:LfF
A;9K F9K YLGF9K <=K9H9J=;= 9 <A>=J=F^9 =FLJ=
e
=
f

_
=
a
 = G
9
J=
<MRA<G _ HJG>=JA<G ;GE E=FGK FALA<=R ;GEG K= HG<= <=HJ==F<=J
;GEH9J9F<GK= GK <GAK LAHGK =E 75G5 =E IM= G HJAE=AJG _ 9:=JLG = G K=
?MF<G
J=<MRA<G

Zonas de Articulao

 



Observao )9 HJGFhF;A9 FGJE9D :J9KAD=AJ9 KG9E IM9K= K=EHJ= ;GEG F9K9AK

9K NG?9AK K=?MA<9K <= A B = HJAF;AH9DE=FL= B< ;5E9 ;5F9 :5F@9 ;9F9 >=F9
@CE=E FLaFAG dEA<G IF@9 KKAE F]G <AKLAF?MAEGK 9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK L=J
EAF9<9K =E 5ACG = 9ACG <G HJ=K=FL= = <G HJ=L_JALG <G AF<A;9LANG 5;CF5 75B
H5ACG CBH9A 75BH5ACG 5;CF5 @9ACG CBH9A
@9ACG

 ?J9NMJ9 EGKLJ9 9 HGKA^]G <9K NG?9AK

9

M
=

A
)GL=K= G >=;@9E=FLG <G ;9F9D :M;9D F9 9JLA;
MD9^]G <G
M
= <G
A
;GE EGNAE=FLG <9 =HA?DGL=
= =D=N9^]G <9 DbF?M9 =E <AJ=^]G 9G H9D9LG 6 - 
7

,M9K= K=EHJ= FG >AE <9K H9D9NJ9K 9K NG?9AK YLGF9K 9 = C K= =F

>J9IM=;=E = KG9E J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
A
=
M
 KKAE L=EGK K=L= NG?9AK
LfFA;9K GJ9AK 
9

_

a

A

e

f

M
 ;AF;G NG?9AK YLGF9K GJ9AK 
9


=

A

G

M
 = LJaK NG?9AK J=<MRA<9K GJ9AK 
9

A

M
 /9E:_E K]G J=
<MRA<9K 9K NG?9AK YLGF9K F9K9AK 5FLA?G K9FL9J D=EH=R9 ;CE:9L=
>IF<9J 
Observaes
 p )]G L=EGK FG J9KAD G 5 >=;@9<G GJ9D LfFA;G <GK HGJLM?M=K=K ;GEG =E ;5<9
H5J9
E5K
p )9 HJGFhF;A9 FGJE9D :J9KAD=AJ9 9K NG?9AK F9K9AK K]G >=;@9<9K GM J=<MRA<9K
=KL9K
IM9F<G
YLGF9K

8 IM9FLG 9G H9H=D <9K cavidades bucal = nasal 9K NG?9AK HG

<=E K=J CF5=G = B5G5=G .]G GJ9AK 9IM=D9K 7I>5 F9GGCBTB7=5 G9 DFC8IN B5
6C75 #Y K=L= NG?9AK GJ9AK LfFA;9K 
Y

_

a

A

e

f

M
 ;AF;G GJ9AK
YLGF9K HGJ F]G @9N=J 9IMA <AKLAF^]G =FLJ=
_
=
a

e
=
f

9

=

A


G

M
 = LJaK J=<MRA<9K 
9

A

M
 .]G F9K9AK 9K NG?9AK IM= =E KM9
HJG<M^]G F9GGC5A B5G :CGG5G B5G5=G #Y ;AF;G NG?9AK F9K9AK 
]


g


 DV ;5FLG ;5EHAF9 N9FLG N9FL9FA9 D[EHA<G NAR=F@9F^9 ;CF<=

;CF<=KK9 LIF<9 HJGFIF;A9EGK W G >=FfE=FG <9 J=KKGF[F;A9 = F]G <9
K9b<9
<G
9J
G
IM=
GHg=
GK
>GF=E9K
GJ9AK
9GK
F9K9AK
,M9FLG 9G LAE:J= 9K F9K9AK LfFA;9K = KM:LfFA;9K K]G >=;@9<9K = 9K
YLGF9K
J=<MRA<9K

D=N9^]G
<9
DbF?M9
IMAFLG
;JAL_JAG
H9J9
;D9KKA>A;9^]G
<9K
NG?9AK

Elevao da lngua: quinto critrio para classificao das vogais  )GE=F;D9LMJ9 "J9E9LA;9D J9KAD=AJ9 F]G D=NGM =E ;GFL9 9 =D=N
9^]G ?J9<M9D <9 DbF?M9 G IM= <AKLAF?M= 9K NG?9AK =E  v NG?9D :9AP9
9

v NG?9AK E_<A9K ;GE <GAK ?J9MK <= =D=N9^]G
_

e
=
a

f
  v NG
?9AK 9DL9K
A

M
FLJ= 9K F9K9AK <=K9H9J=;=E GK <GAK ?J9MK <= =D=N9^]G
<9K
NG?9AK
E_<A9K
orais 6

A

M

DL9K

a

f

(_<A9K

_

e

(_<A9K

9

9AP9




nasais

DL9K

g

(_<A9K

]

9AP9

.= F]G =KL9:=D=;=JEGK =KL= IMAFLG ;JAL_JAG H9J9 9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G <9K

NG?9AK L=J=EGK <= HfJ FME E=KEG HD9FG >GF=E9K <A>=J=FL=K ;GEG
g
=



=


G
IM=
F]G
_
;GJJ=LG
quadro da classificao das vogais

.=EANG?9AK
F;GFLJGK
NG;YDA;GK
<ALGF?GK
LJALGF?GK
=
@A9LGK

Semivogais. Encontros voclicos: ditongos, tritongos e hiatos v

@9E9EK= G9A=JC;5=G 9K NG?9AK = = I GJ9AK GM F9K9AK IM9F<G
9KKADY:A;9K 9K IM9AK 9;GEH9F@9E 9 NG?9D FME9 E=KE9 KbD9:9 *K



=F;GFLJGK NG;YDA;GK <]G GJA?=E 9GK 8=HCB;CG HF=HCB;CG = <=5HCG -=HJ=K

=FL9EGK
9K
K=EANG?9AK = 9
HGJ

Q

= I C
HGJ

O

Ditongo _ G =F;GFLJG <= ME9 NG?9D = <= ME9 K=EANG?9D GM NA;=
N=JK9
F9
E=KE9
KAD9:9
H5=
EV9
Y?I5
;YJ=9
EY?C5
J9=
.=F<G 9 NG?9D 9 :9K= <9 KbD9:9 GM G =D=E=FLG KADY:A;G _ =D9 G KGE
NG;YDA;G IM= FG <ALGF?G K= GMN= E9AK <AKLAFL9E=FL= )GK =P=EHDGK <9
<GK
K]G
NG?9AK
HAA
E=
Y?MA
;YJAE
EY?GA
JEA
Observao *K <ALGF?GK ;GEG GK <=E9AK =F;GFLJGK NG;YDA;GK HG<=E G;GJJ=J
FG AFL=JAGJ <9 H9D9NJ9 <AR=EK= =BHF5J9F65=G D5= J5=8589 GM H=D9 9HJGPAE9^]G
HGJ >GF_LA;9 KAFLYLA;9 <= <M9K GM E9AK H9D9NJ9K <AR=EK= =BH9FJ9F65=G 79FH5
=8589 =B7I@H5

9
69@5

*K
<ALGF?GK
HG<=E
K=J
9
;J=K;=FL=K
=
<=;J=K;=FL=K
:
GJ9AK
=
F9K9AK
F9G79BH9 _ G <ALGF?G =E IM= 9 K=EANG?9D N=E 9FL=K <9 NG?9D
Y?I5
;YJ=9
EY?C5
97F9G79BH9 _ G <ALGF?G =E IM= 9 NG?9D N=E 9FL=K <9 K=EANG?9D
H5=
EV9
J9=
GEG 9K NG?9AK GK <ALGF?GK K]G CF5=G H5= Y?I5 ;YJ=9 EY?C5
J9=
GM B5G5=G EV9
*K <ALGF?GK F9K9AK K]G K=EHJ= >=;@9<GK =FIM9FLG GK GJ9AK HG<=E
K=J 569FHCG H5=
;XI
J_=
A<9=9
GM :97<58CG E9I
<C=<G
N9=9
)GK <ALGF?GK F9K9AK K]G F9K9AK 9 NG?9D = 9 K=EANG?9D E9K Ke K=
;GDG;9
G
LAD
KG:J=
9
NG?9D
EV9
+JAF;AH9AK
<ALGF?GK
;J=K;=FL=K
)F5=G


Q9

?DeJ=5
HYLJ=5
<=5:G
YJ95
FbN95


Q=


QA
;YJ=9
;9DNb;=9


Q_

<=9L9


QG

NYJ=C
E_<=C
YMJ9C
FbN9C


Qe

E9F<=C;9


Qf

H=CD@G

 



QM

E=d<G


O9

Y?I5
II5K=
<I5D
EY?C5
Fe<C5


OA

DAF?I=^9
LaFI9


Oe

IMAHJGII_


Of

9IICKG
 

OG


 II
G:DbIIC


Oa

;C9D@G


O_

=II9KLJ=
?C9D9
Observao E EMALGK <=KL=K ;9KGK HG<= K=J <AK;MLbN=D 9 =PAKLaF;A9 <= <ALGF
?GK ;J=K;=FL=K xHGJ K=J AF<=;AK9 = N9JAYN=D 9 KGFGJA<9<= IM= K= <Y 9G HJAE=AJG
>GF=E9 =JLG _ IM= L9AK <ALGF?GK K= G:K=JN9E E9AK >9;ADE=FL= F9 @G<A=JF9
HJGFhF;A9 DMKAL9F9 <G IM= F9 :J9KAD=AJ9 =E IM= 9 NG?9D  K=EANG?9D =E:GJ9
>J9;9 ;GKLME9 ;GFK=JN9J KGFGJA<9<= :9KL9FL= K=FKbN=Dy 6. 7 = IM9DIM=J
E9F=AJ9 J=?AKLJ=K= G <=K;GEH9KKG =FLJ= 9 J=9DA<9<= >GF_LA;9 GJ9 @A9LG GJ9
<ALGF?G = 9 E9F=AJ9 AFN9JAYN=D <= ?J9>9J A=d8C ;GE 9;=FLG 9?M<G FG I IM=J K=B9
HJG>=JA<G ;GEG <AKKbD9:G = <ALGF?G HGJL9FLG GM ;GEG LJAKKbD9:G = @A9LG /9E
:_E H9D9NJ9K ;GEG GXF=9 ;@_F=5 IM= HG<=E K=J HJG>=JA<9K ;GEG <AKKbD9:9K E9AK
MKM9D GM LJAKKbD9:9K F]G LaE GK =F;GFLJGK NG;YDA;GK K=H9J9<GK F9 <ANAK]G
KADY:A;9 GXF=9 ;@_F=5
=E
9E:GK
GK
;9KGK
<=
HJGFhF;A9

)9K9AK


Q]

;J=5F^9


O]

II5F<G


Oa

>J=II9FL=
IMAFIIZFAG
<=HC9FL=


O

9J?I=F<G
II=FIMaFAG
EC=F@G
*K
HJAF;AH9AK
<ALGF?GK
<=;J=K;=FL=K
K]G
*J9AK


9Q

H5=
:5=PG
LJ5=<GJ


9Q

5 >=;@9<G
=
ZK
N=R=K
F9K9D9<G
>5=F9
H5=F9
9F<5=E=


9O

H5I
;9;5IK 5C


_Q

JX=K
;GJGFX=K


aQ

D9=
B9=LG
>AIM9=


_O

;XI
;@9HXI


aO

D9I
;GE=L9I


AO

N=I
H9JL=I





eQ

@=J_=
9FR_=K


fQ

:C=
>C=;=


GO

NCI
JCI:G
=KLCIJG
 

MQ

>I=
9RI=K
(5G5=G


]Q

9D=EV9K
;V=:J9


]O

HVC
9E9J5A 
9EYJ]G


Q

:9A 
:A
GFL9A 
GFLA


gQ

Hc9
K=Fc9K


Q

EI= 
EA
EI=LG

EALG
Nota )GK <ALGF?GK F9K9AK <=;J=K;=FL=K
~M

VM
=
VK
6;> ..    
GF<= JVG JAE9 ;GE AV9G7 9 K=EANG?9D HG<= F]G NAJ J=HJ=K=FL9<9 F9 =K;JAL9
K;J=N=EGK 9 AFL=JB=A^]G <9A GM <9=B K=F<G 9 JA?GJ 9 HJAE=AJ9 ?J9>A9 E9AK
J=;GE=F<YN=D

Tritongo _ G =F;GFLJG <= ME9 NG?9D =FLJ= <M9K K=EANG?9AK FME9

E=KE9
KbD9:9
*K
LJALGF?GK
HG<=E
K=J CF5=G = B5G5=G
)F5=G

(5G5=G



O9Q

II5=G
H9J9?I5=C



O]O

EbF?I5A
K9?IVC
IIVC



O=Q

=FP9?I9=
9N=JA?I9=K



O~Q

<=DAFII9A
=FPY?I9A



OAO

<=DAFII=I



OgQ

K9?Ic9K



OGO

9H9RA?ICI
Observaes
 p )GK LJALGF?GK F9K9AK
O]O
=
O~Q
9 hDLAE9 K=EANG?9D HG<= F]G NAJ
J=HJ=K=FL9<9
?J9>A;9E=FL=
EbF?M9E
=FPY?M=E
p FLJ= HGJLM?M=K=K HGJ F]G @9N=J G E9AGJ J=D=NG <9 HJAE=AJ9 NG?9D v
>9LG IM= K= G:K=JN9 =FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK v G ?JMHG <= NG?9D K=?MA<9 <= ME <ALGF?G
HG<=
;GFKLALMAJK=
FME
LJALGF?G
>=X=K
HC9=J9
H=VC

Hiato _ G =F;GFLJG <= <M9K NG?9AK =E KbD9:9K <A>=J=FL=K HGJ

?M9J<9J=E KM9 AF<ANA<M9DA<9<= >GF_LA;9 K5[<9 ;55LAF?9 EC=F@G $KLG K=




<Y HGJIM= 9 H9KK9?=E <9 HJAE=AJ9 H9J9 9 K=?MF<9 K= >9R E=<A9FL= ME

EGNAE=FLG
:JMK;G
;GE
AFL=JJMH^]G
<9
NGR 
E HGJLM?MaK ;GEG =E EMAL9K GMLJ9K DbF?M9K FGL9K= ME9 L=F<aF
;A9
H9J9
=NAL9J
G
@A9LG
9LJ9N_K
<9
<ALGF?9^]G
GM
<9
;J9K=
Observaes 
 p =K=FNGDN=EK= ME
Q
K=EANG?9D KbE:GDG ;@9E9<G =E ?J9EYLA;9 =C89 GM

O
K=EANG?9D KbE:GDG ;@9E9<G I5I FGK =F;GFLJGK >GJE9<GK HGJ <ALGF?G <=
;J=K;=FL= K=?MA<G <= NG?9D >AF9D GM <ALGF?G YLGFG HJ9A9  HJ9AA9 ;@=A9  ;@=A
A9
LMP9M9

LMP9MM9
?GA9:9

?GAA9:9
p x)GK @A9LGK ;MB9 HJAE=AJ9 NG?9D >GJ I = ;MB9 K=?MF<9 NG?9D >GJ >AF9D <= NG
;Y:MDG K=?MA<9 GM F]G <= G ?JY>A;G G <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG <G I5I N9JA9JY <=
9;GJ<G ;GE 9K F=;=KKA<9<=K =PHJ=KKAGF9AK GM 9K H=;MDA9JA<9<=K AF<ANA<M9AKy 
FM9

FM9
GM
FMM9
J=;M=

J=;M=
GM
J=;MM=
9EMG

9EMG
GM
9EMMG
 p x*K =F;GFLJGK =5 =9 =C I5 I9 IC >AF9AK YLGFGK K=?MA<GK GM F]G <= G
;D9KKA>A;9EK= IM=J ;GEG <ALGF?GK IM=J ;GEG @A9LGK ME9 N=R IM= 9E:9K 9K
=EAKKg=K =PAKL=E FG <GEbFAG <9 'bF?M9 +GJLM?M=K9 @AKLeJA9 = @AKLeJA9 K_JA=
=
K_JA=
HYLAG
=
HYLAG
YJ<M9
=
YJ<M9
LaFM=
=
LaFM=
NY;MG
=
NY;MGy 
 p MLGJ=K @Y IM= L9E:_E ;GFKA<=J9E @A9LG IM9F<G K= LJ9L9 <= ME9 NG?9D =
ME9 K=EANG?9D ;GEG FG ;9KG <= ;C=565 >C=5 =L; *MLJGK ;GFKA<=J9E <GAK <ALGF
?GK ;C==565 >C==5

)GK =F;GFLJGK NG;YDA;GK ;GKLME9E G;GJJ=J <GAK >=FfE=FGK 9

8=XF9G9 =
9 G=BXF9G9
@9E9K= direse Z H9KK9?=E <= K=EANG?9D 9 NG?9D LJ9FK>GJE
9F<G 9KKAE G <ALGF?G FME @A9LG HF5=WVC  HF5=WVC J5=8589 
J5=8589 75=  75=
@9E9K= sinrese Z H9KK9?=E <= <M9K NG?9AK <= ME @A9LG 9 ME
<ALGF?G
;J=K;=FL= GI5J9  GI5J9 D=98CGC  D=98CGC @I5F  @I5F
 KAF_J=K= _ >=FfE=FG :=E E9AK >J=IM=FL= IM= 9 <A_J=K=  HG=KA9
9FLA?9 <9N9 HJ=>=JaF;A9 9G @A9LAKEG =FIM9FLG 9 H9JLAJ <G K_;MDG 31$ K=
FGL9 9;=FLM9<9 HJ=<GEAF[F;A9 <G <ALGF?MAKEG KAF_J=K= W ;D9JG IM= GK
HG=L9K EG<=JFGK ;GFLAFM9J9E 9 MK9J 9 <A_J=K= EGJE=FL= ;GEG =>=ALG
=KLADbKLA;G>fFA;G H9J9 9 aF>9K= 9 A<=A9 <= ?J9F<=R9 =L; * ;GF@=;A<G
N=JKG <= (9;@9<G <= KKAK 5IFXC@5 ;GE IM9LJG KbD9:9K 9;=FLM9 G
L9E9F@G <=K;GEMF9D J=KK9DL9<G H=D9 D=ALMJ9 D=FL9 x+=K9E= =KL9 :JAD
@9FL= 5IFXC@5 <=
FME= y
D9KKA>A;9^]G
<9K
;GFKG9FL=K



Classificao das consoantes v = 9;GJ<G ;GE 9 (CA9B7@5HIF5

!F5A5H=75@ F5G=@9=F5 ;D9KKA>A;9EK= 9K ;GFKG9FL=K <= 9;GJ<G ;GE
IM9LJG
;JAL_JAGK
5
IM9FLG
9G
EG<G
<=
9JLA;MD9^]G
6
IM9FLG
Z
RGF9
<=
9JLA;MD9^]G
7
IM9FLG
9G
H9H=D
<9K
;GJ<9K
NG;9AK
8
IM9FLG
9G
H9H=D
<9K
;9NA<9<=K
:M;9D
=
F9K9D
5 IM9FLG 9G modo de articulao 9K ;GFKG9FL=K HG<=E K=J
C7@IG=J5G = 7CBGHF=H=J5G = =KL9K K= KM:<ANA<=E =E :F=75H=J5G @5H9F5=G J=
6F5BH9G = B5G5=G * G:KLY;MDG IM= F9 ;9NA<9<= :M;9D GK eJ?]GK AEHg=E
Z ;GJJ=FL= =PHAJ9LeJA9 HG<= K=J <= <GAK LAHGK GM GK eJ?]GK <9 :G;9 =KL]G
<AKHGKLGK <= L9D EG<G IM= AEH=<=E 7CAD@9H5A9BH9 9 K9b<9 <G 9J GM H=J
EAL=E D5F7=5@A9BH9 IM= 9 ;GJJ=FL= =PHAJ9LeJA9 ;@=?M= Z 9LEGK>=J9 )G
HJAE=AJG ;9KG <AR=EGK IM= 9K ;GFKG9FL=K K]G C7@IG=J5G FG K=?MF<G
7CBGHF=H=J5G K ;GFKLJALAN9K K]G >JA;9LAN9K IM9F<G 9 ;GJJ=FL= =PHAJ9LeJA9
H9KK9F<G HGJ =FLJ= GK eJ?]GK IM= >GJE9E G G:KLY;MDG H9J;A9D HJG<MR ME
9LJALG Z E9F=AJ9 <= >JA;^]G
>

N

K

R

P

B
.]G ;GFKLJALAN9K D9L=J9AK
IM9F<G 9 H9KK9?=E <9 ;GJJ=FL= =PHAJ9LeJA9 G:KLJMb<9 H=D9 9HJGPAE9^]G
<G YHA;= GM <GJKG <9 DbF?M9 9GK 9DN_GDGK <9 9J;9<9 <=FLYJA9 KMH=JAGJ GM
9G H9D9LG =K;9H9 H=DGK D9<GK <9 ;9NA<9<= :M;9D
D

D@
.]G ;GFKLJALAN9K
NA:J9FL=K IM9F<G G YHA;= <9 DbF?M9 ;GFLJ9 GK 9DN_GDGK GM 9 J9AR <9 DbF?M9
;GFLJ9 G N_M <G H9D9<9J =P=;ML9 EGNAE=FLG NA:J9LeJAG JYHA<G 9:JAF<G =
>=;@9F<G 9 H9KK9?=E Z ;GJJ=FL= =PHAJ9LeJA9
J
KAEHD=K =
JJ
EhDLAHD9
.]G ;GFKLJALAN9K F9K9AK IM9F<G H=DG 9:9AP9E=FLG <G N_M H9D9LAFG = ME
9:JAE=FLG <G F9K9D 9K ;GFKG9FL=K J=KKG9E F9K >GKK9K F9K9AK /=EGK LJaK
;GFKG9FL=K
F9K9AK
9
:AD9:A9D

E

9
DAF?MG<=FL9D

F

=
9
H9D9L9D

F@

6
IM9FLG
Z zona de articulao
9K
;GFKG9FL=K
HG<=E
K=J
 6=@56=5=G DY:AG
;GFLJ9
DY:AG

H


:


E

 @56=C89BH5=G DY:AG AF>=JAGJ = 9J;9<9 <=FLYJA9 KMH=JAGJ
>


N

 @=B;IC89BH5=G DbF?M9 ;GFLJ9 9J;9<9 <=FLYJA9 KMH=JAGJ
L


<


F

 5@J9C@5F9G DbF?M9 =E <AJ=^]G GM ;GFLJ9 GK 9DN_GDGK
K


R


D


J


JJ






 D5@5H5=G <GJKG <9 DbF?M9 ;GFLJ9 G ;_M <9 :G;9

P

B

D@


F@

 J9@5F9G J9AR
<9
DbF?M9
;GFLJ9
G
N_M
<G
H9D9<9J

C


?

Observaes
 p *
D
AFA;A9D <9 KbD9:9 _ FALA<9E=FL= 9DN=GD9J =FIM9FLG G >AF9D _ HJG>=JA<G J=
D9P9<G IM9K= J9@5F E9K L=F<GK= G ;MA<9<G <= F]G >9RaDG A?M9D 9 I )9K DA?
9^g=K
;GE
9
NG?9D
AFA;A9D
<=
GMLJG
NG;Y:MDG
KG9
;GEG
9DN=GD9J
p *
JJ
5@J9C@5F HG<= K=J HJG>=JA<G ;GEG J9@5F ?J9^9K 9G E9AGJ J=;MG <9
DbF?M9
 p K DAF?MG<=FL9AK
L
=
<
K=?MA<9K <= = HG<=E H9D9L9DAR9JK= H=BH5 = 8=;BC HG
<=E
KG9J

LPAFL9

=

<BA?FG

NAL=K=
G
=P9?=JG
<=KL9K
H9D9L9DAR9^g=K

7 IM9FLG 9G H9H=D <9K cordas vocais 9K ;GFKG9FL=K HG<=E K=J

KMJ<9K
=
KGFGJ9K
-IF85G

H


>


L


K


P


C

-CBCF5G

:


N


<


R


B


?


E


F


F@


D


D@


J


JJ

.]G
KGFGJ9K
9K
;GFKG9FL=K J=6F5BH9G B5G5=G =
G

D

D9L=J9D
8 IM9FLG 9G H9H=D <9K cavidades bucal = nasal 9K ;GFKG9FL=K
HG<=E
K=J CF5=G = B5G5=G
.]G
F9K9AK

E


F


F@

K
GMLJ9K
K]G
GJ9AK
quadro da classificao das consoantes

 +9J9 >M?AJ 9 ME9 GHGKA^]G =JJfF=9 GIF85

GCBCF5
B5G5@ HJ=>=JAEGK 9AF<9 ;GE 9 9IMA
=K;aF;A9 <9 )" ;GDG;9J 9K B5G5=G =FLJ= 9K ;GFKLJALAN9K #Y 9MLGJ=K IM= >9R=E <9K B5G5=G
ME9
;D9KK=
Z
H9JL=
GM
9K
Hg=E
=FLJ=
9K
G;DMKAN9K
;JAL_JAGK
L9E:_E
<=>=FKYN=AK
F;GFLJG
;GFKGF9FL9D




Encontro consonantal v KKAE K= ;@9E9 G K=?MAE=FLG AE=<A9LG

<= <M9K GM E9AK ;GFKG9FL=K <= ME E=KEG NG;Y:MDG #Y =F;GFLJGK ;GF
KGF[FLA;GK H=JL=F;=FL=K 9 ME9 KbD9:9 GM 9 KbD9:9K <A>=J=FL=K *K HJAE=AJ
GK L=JEAF9E HGJ @ GM F DAJFG 6@MK9 DFGK9 7@9EGJ JAHAG H97HG 9:
H9
98AALAJ
* =F;GFLJG ;GFKGF9FL9D
;K
_ J=HJ=K=FL9<G ?J9>A;9E=FL= H=D9 D=LJ9
L
9F=PG
>APG
.]G E9AK J9JGK =E FGKK9 DbF?M9 GK K=?MAFL=K =F;GFLJGK ;GFKGF[FLA
;GK =F;GFLJYN=AK =E NG;Y:MDGK =JM<ALGK KL=K =F;GFLJGK K]G K=H9JYN=AK
K9DNG
GK
IM=
9H9J=;=E
FG
AFb;AG
<=
NG;Y:MDGK
68
D9E:<9
6G
9:KGDMLG
7W
K=;^]G
8A
9<EALAJ
;B
<A?FG
AB
EF=EfFA;G

:H
9>L9
DB
HF=M
HF=MEYLA;G
DG
HKAM
DH
9HLG
HA
AKLEG
HB
_LFA;G

/9AK =F;GFLJGK E=J=;=E =KH=;A9D ;MA<9<G HGJIM= F9 HJGFhF;A9 <=

KHJ=G;MH9<9 L=F<=E 9 ;GFKLALMAJ <M9K KbD9:9K H=D9 AFL=J;9D9^]G <= ME9
NG?9D
58JC;58C
56GC@IHC
58A=F5F
5:H5
F=HAC
DB9I
=B8=;BC

=
F]G
=
F]G
=
F]G
=
F]G
=
F]G
=
F]G
=
F]G

58=JC;58C GM 589JC;58C
56=GGC@IHC
58=A=F5F
R:=H5
F[H=AC
D=B9I
D9B9I
=B8[;I=BC

* <=K=BG <= ;GJJA?AJ G =F?9FG D=N9 EMAL9K N=R=K Z GEAKK]G <= NG?9D
<=
;=JLGK
NG;Y:MDGK
58=J=B<5F
=
F]G
GI69BH9B89F =
F]G



#Y <b?J9>GK H9J9 J=HJ=K=FL9J ;GFKG9FL=K = NG?9AK F9K9AK  *K <b

?J9>GK H9J9 ;GFKG9FL=K K]G GK K=?MAFL=K LG<GK AFK=H9JYN=AK ;GE =P;=^]G
<= FF = GG G7 GW L7
7< ;@Y
LG =PKM<9J
zLJ9FKHAJ9J{
@< E9D@9
FF ;9JJG
B< :9F@9
GG H9KKG
G7 F9K;=J
EI IM=JG
GW F9K^9
;I ?M=JJ9
L7 =P;=LG
+9J9
9K
NG?9AK
F9K9AK
5A GM 5B
;9EHG
;9FLG
9A GM 9B
L=EHG
N=FLG
=A GM =B
DAE:G
DAF<G
CA GM CB
GE:JG
GF<9
IA GM IB
LME:9
LMF<9
'=LJ9
<A9;JbLA;9

Letra diacrtica v W 9IM=D9 IM= K= BMFL9 9 GMLJ9 H9J9 D@= <9J N9DGJ
>GF_LA;G =KH=;A9D = ;GFKLALMAJ ME <b?J9>G E HGJLM?MaK 9K D=LJ9K <A9;JbL
A;9K K]G < F G 7 W I H9J9 GK <b?J9>GK ;GFKGF9FL9AK = A = B H9J9 GK <b?J9
>GK
NG;YDA;GK
;<Y
;9JFG
H9KGG
II=JG
;9AHG
GB<9
Observao
9b
K=
LAJ9E
9K
K=?MAFL=K
;GF;DMKg=K
9HDA;YN=AK
Z
9FYDAK=
>GF_LA;9
 p
)]G
@Y
<ALGF?G
=E
II=JG
p ' = B F]G K]G 9IMA >GF=E9K ;GFKGF[FLA;GK F9K9AK =E ;9(HG G)<9 E9K @Y
9MLGJ=K IM= GK ;D9KKA>A;9E ;GEG ;GFKG9FL=K HGJ F]G 9;=AL9J=E 9 =PAKLaF;A9 <=
NG?9AK
F9K9AK
(9LLGKG
[E9J9
 p +I = ;I K=
;D9KKA>A;9E
;GEG

C

=

?

J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=

58J=B<5F
GI6H9B89F

b?J9>G

Dgrafo v )]G K= @Y <= ;GF>MF<AJ 8[;F5:C GM 8=;F5A5 ;GE =F;GF

LJG ;GFKGF9FL9D [;F5:C _ G =EHJ=?G <= <M9K D=LJ9K H9J9 9 J=HJ=K=FL9^]G
?JY>A;9 <= ME Ke >GF=E9 H9GGG ;> H9^G 7<Y ;> PY E9B<] H9@<9
9BNA9J
E5B<9J

2 Fontica Expressiva ou Fonoestilstica

*K
>GF=E9K
;GE
G:B=LANGK
KAE:eDA;GK

Os fonemas com objetivos simblicos (MAL9K N=R=K MLADAR9EGK

GK
>GF=E9K
H9J9
E=D@GJ
=NG;9J
;=JL9K
J=HJ=K=FL9^g=K



W <=KL= =EHJ=?G IM= KMJ?=E 9K 5@=H9F5Wc9G 9K CBCA5HCD9=5G = GK

JC7R6I@CG
9LDF9GG=JCG
DAL=J9^]G

Aliterao v W 9 J=H=LA^]G <= >GF=E9 NG;YDA;G GM ;GFKGF[FLA;G

A?M9D GM H9J=;A<G H9J9 <=K;J=N=J GM KM?=JAJ 9;MKLA;9E=FL= G IM= L=EGK
=E E=FL= = =PHJ=KK9J IM=J HGJ E=AG <= ME9 Ke H9D9NJ9 IM=J HGJ MFA<
9<=K
E9AK
=PL=FK9K
* KGKK=?G <G N=FLG GM G :9JMD@G =FKMJ<=;=<GJ <G E9J ?9F@9E
E9AGJ
NAN9;A<9<=
9LJ9N_K
<9
9DAL=J9^]G
<GK
K=?MAFL=K
N=JKGK
xK
9K9K
9G
K=J=FG
=
KGKK=?9<G
N=FLGy
MLADAR9^]G
<G
>GF=E9
>JA;9L
ANG
9DN=GD9J
KGFGJG
=
KMJ<G
xJ9EAF<G
G
F=?JG
E9J
<=
DGF?=
:J9<9y
MLADAR9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
<GK
>GF=E9K 6 F = 8

 9DAL=J9^]G L9FLG HG<= K=JNAJ 9G =KLADG KGD=F= = ;MDLG ;GEG FGK =P
=EHDGK J=>=JA<GK ;GEG HG<= =KL9J HJ=K=FL= F9K E9FA>=KL9^g=K <= =K
HGFL[F=9 =PHJ=KKANA<9<= HGHMD9J ;GF>GJE= K= Na FGK HJGN_J:AGK F9K
>J9K=K >=AL9K FGK EG<GK <= <AR=J HGHMD9J=K GVC 9 G5@JC 75F5 CI 7CFC5
89 756C 5 F56C =L; * IM= AEHGJL9 9;=FLM9J _ IM= 9 9DAL=J9^]G E9AK
G;GJJ= F9 =PL=JAGJAR9^]G HKbIMA;9 = FG 9H=DG <G EI9 F9 ;GEMFA;9^]G
AFL=D=;LAN9
*FGE9LGH=A9

Onomatopeia v W G =EHJ=?G <= >GF=E9 =E NG;Y:MDG H9J9 <=K;J=

N=J
9;MKLA;9E=FL=
ME
G:B=LG
H=D9
9^]G
IM=
=PHJAE=
.]G >J=IM=FL=K 9K GFGE9LGH=A9K IM= LJ9<MR=E 9K NGR=K <GK 9FAE9AK
=
GK
KGFK
<9K
;GAK9K
* H=EI9H5EI9 <G
J=De?AG
G A5FI@<C <9K
GF<9K
G NIBNIB5F <9
9:=D@9
G 5FFI@<5F <GK
HGE:GK



Encontros de fonemas que produzem efeito desagradvel ao

ouvido v (MAL9K N=R=K ;=JLGK =F;GFLJGK <= >GF=E9K HJG<MR=E =>=ALG <=
K9?J9<YN=D IM= J=HM?F9 G GMNA<G = HGJ AKKG ;MEHJ= =NAL9J K=EHJ= IM=
HGKKbN=D KK=K <=>=ALGK K]G E9AK H=J;=HLbN=AK FGK L=PLGK =K;JALGK HGJIM= 9
H=KKG9 IM= GK Da F=E K=EHJ= >9R 9K H9MK9K = 9K =FLGF9^g=K IM= G 9MLGJ
MLADARGM ;GE 9K IM9AK <AEAFMA GM 9L_ 9FMD9 GK =F;GFLJGK <= >GF=E9 IM=
?=J9E
KGFK
<=K9?J9<YN=AK
FLJ= GK =>=ALGK 9;hKLA;GK ;GF<=F9<GK =KL]G 9 7C@=GVC G 97C G <=
5HC =
9 757C:CB=5
Coliso v W G =F;GFLJG <= ;GFKG9FL=K IM= HJG<MR <=K9?J9<YN=D
=>=ALG
9;hKLA;G
x-9
9I
H9B<C
89
ACFF9F
B5
:@CF
8CG
5BCG
'9I
9IG
BVC
G9>5
>Ry
6 
7

tK N=R=K 9 GEAKK]G <= ME KM:KL9FLANG 9HJGPAE9 <M9K HJ=HGKA^g=K

<=
IM=
J=KMDL9
;GDAK]G
>9LG
IM=
GK
=K;JALGJ=K
F]G
K=
=K>GJ^9E
HGJ
=NAL9J
x/=F@G
9DA
F9
H9J=<=
G
J=LJ9LG
<=D9
9G
D9<G 8C
8C E9JA<G
L9AK
IM9AK
F9
GMLJ9
;9K9y
6( 
7
x
NGR
<9
FGN9
E=KLJ9
=J9
<G;=
F]G
<9IM=D9
<G^MJ9 85 89 KM9
E]=
ME
;9FLG
<=
HYKK9JG
E9AK
IM=
ME9
NGR
@ME9F9y
6%' 
7

/9E:_E IM9K= K=EHJ= F]G K= =NAL9 9 ;GDAK]G <G LAHG <= BC BdA9FC
B5 B5J9 B5 BC=H9 B5 BCGG5 J=85 =L; +G<=K= K=E K=J G:JA?9LeJAG >M?AJ
Z ;GDAK]G E=<A9FL= KM:KLALMA^]G <= BC B5 BIA =L; HGJ 9A C 9A 5 9A
IA
=L;  9A
C FhE=JG 9A
5 F9N=
Eco v W 9 J=H=LA^]G ;GE H=IM=FG AFL=JN9DG <= H9D9NJ9K IM= L=JEA
F9E
<=
EG<G
A<aFLA;G
x KL9K
H9D9NJ9K
KM:GJ<AF9E
>J9K=K
=E
IM=
K=
=PHJAE=
;GF<AWVC F=
;=KKYJA9
Z
J=9DAR9^VC GM
FVC J=9DAR9^VC <9
9^VC HJAF;AH9D y

1G;Y:MDG
=PHJ=KKANG

Vocbulo expressivo v W G IM= F]G AEAL9 ME JMb<G E9K KM?=J= 9

A<=A9 <G K=J IM= K= IM=J <=KA?F9J ;GE 9 9BM<9 <G N9DGJ HKA;GDe?A;G <=
K=MK >GF=E9K FCAD9F H5;5F9@5F HF9A9@IN=F >IFIFI N=F=;I=8IA
6CFC;C8_
HaF<A;=
F;GFLJGK
<=
>GF=E9K
IM=
HJG<MR=E
=>=ALG
<=K9?J9<YN=D
9G
GMNA<G
;GDAK]G
=;G
@A9LG
=
;9;G>GFA9

apndice

Hiato v * @A9LG <= NG?9AK LfFA;9K LGJF9K= <=K9?J9<YN=D HJAF;AH9D

E=FL=
IM9F<G
>GJE9<G
H=D9
KM;=KK]G
<=
H9D9NJ9K
"C>9
<R
5I@5

Cacofonia GM cacfato v W G =F;GFLJG <= KbD9:9K <= <M9K GM E9AK

H9D9NJ9K IM= >GJE9 ME FGNG L=JEG <= K=FLA<G AF;GFN=FA=FL= GM JA<b;MDG
=E
J=D9^]G
9G
;GFL=PLG




x*J9
N=B9
;GAC
9@5 =KLY
=KL=F<=F<G
9K
E]GRAF@9K
AF=PH=JA=FL=K
H9J9
9
;@9E9
<9K
N=D9K y
6J 
 7
@=JeA 85
B5WVC
FGGGC
<=BC
:G75
89@5
FMF75
EI9
9GLM<9

=N=K= =NAL9J L9FLG IM9FLG HGKKbN=D IM= ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GE=;= H=D9
E=KE9 KbD9:9 ;GE IM= 9 9FL=JAGJ 9;9:= HCFF9 F98CB85 DCF F5NVC DCF F9
GD9=HC DCI75
75IH9@5 BIB75
75G5J5A =;BCF5G9
G9
G9
HF5H5
8=GGC
MA<9<G E9AGJ @Y <= K= L=J K= 9 BMF^]G D=E:J9 H9D9NJ9 HGM;G <=D
A;9<9 C /ABM75 ;5F@GM G BG?9<GJ E9J75 ;C@ L]G ;GEMFK F9 AEHJ=FK9
>9D9<9
=
=K;JAL9
 D=ALMJ9 <G L=PLG =E NGR 9DL9 9FL=K <= KM9 <ANMD?9^]G KMJ
HJ==F<=JY
EMALGK
;9KGK
<=
;9;e>9LGK
W
GHGJLMF9
9
DA^]G
<=
.9A<
DA
x-=H9J9K= @GB= ;GE ;=JLG =P9?=JG F9 ;9;G>GFA9 J=KMDL9FL= <9
BMF^]G <9 KbD9:9 L=JEAF9D <= ME NG;Y:MDG ;GE 9 H9D9NJ9 GM H9JL= <9 H9
D9NJ9 AE=<A9L9 )]G K= DA?9 =FLJ=L9FLG E9AGJ AEHGJL[F;A9 Z ;9;G>GFA9
IM9F<G =KL9 K= 9;@9 <=FLJG <= ME E=KEG NG;Y:MDG K=F<G >GJE9<9 HGJ
9D?ME9K <9K KM9K KbD9:9K ;GEHGF=FL=K * E9D 9IMA _ AJJ=E=<AYN=D HGAK
IM= =PHJ=KKg=K F]G K= <AKH=FK9E F=E K= KM:KLALM=E (MAL9K N=R=K
H9J=;= 9 ;9;G>GFA9 E=FGK JA<b;MD9 <G IM= 9 NGFL9<= <= H=J;=:aD9 *
=KLM<9FL= =NAL= K=EHJ= IM= HM<=J K=E=D@9FL=K ;GE:AF9^g=K <= H9D9NJ9K
9KKAE ;GEG IM9AKIM=J GMLJ9K <= GF<= HGKK9E F9K;=J MFK DGF?=K <= ;9;G
>GFA9
=
F]G
K=
HJ=G;MH=
;GE
<=K;G:JADGK
FGK
GMLJGK y
6. 
7

B) Ortopia ou Ortoepia
)FHCXD=5 _ 9 H9JL= <9 ?J9EYLA;9 IM= LJ9L9 <9 ;GJJ=L9 HJGFhF;A9 <GK
>GF=E9K
+J=G;MH9K= F]G 9H=F9K ;GE G ;GF@=;AE=FLG =P9LG <GK N9DGJ=K
>GF_LA;GK <GK >GF=E9K IM= =FLJ9E F9 =KLJMLMJ9 <GK NG;Y:MDGK ;GFKA<
=J9<GK AKGD9<9E=FL= GM DA?9<GK F9 =FMF;A9^]G <9 GJ9^]G E9K 9AF<9 ;GE
G
JALEG
9
=FLG9^]G
=
=PHJ=KK]G
;GFN=FA=FL=K
Z
:G9
=DG;M^]G
1G?9AK



Vogais v ,M9FLG Z =EAKK]G <9K NG?9AK F9 HJGFhF;A9 FGJE9D

:J9KAD=AJ9
G:K=JN=EGK
IM=
5 .]G >=;@9<9K 9K NG?9AK F9K9AK HGJ AKKG F]G <AKLAF?MAEGK 9K
>GJE9K N=J:9AK L=JEAF9<9K =E 5ACG = 9ACG <G HJ=K = HJ=L H=J> <G AF
<A;9LANG <9  p = p ;GFBM?9^g=K *FL=E LJ9:9D@5ACG = 9?GJ9 LJ9
:9D@5ACG
6 .G9E EMAL9K N=R=K ;GEG F9K9AK 9K NG?9AK K=?MA<9K <= A B =
HJAF;AH9DE=FL= B<
;5E9
;5F9
:5F@9
;9F9
>=F9
FLaFAG IF@9
Observao .=E F9K9DA<9<= HJG>=J=EK= 9K NG?9AK <=KK=K = <=
NYJAGK GMLJGK NG;Y:MDGK 9A=H=F 9A=GGRF=C 9A=B9BH9 9B9F;=5 9B5@H979F
B5@8C
=L;
7 .G9E IM9K= K=EHJ= ;GEG GJ9AK 9K NG?9AK HJ=;=<A<9K <= A B GM
B< E5L9 F5L9 ;CEH9F@A9 E=D@G KKAE F]G L=E J9R]G DAF?MbKLA;9 9
HJGFhF;A9 F9K9D9<9 <G A5G
E]K
FLJ=L9FLG AI= = AI=HC K= HJG>=J=E

EA


EALG

8 .G9E A?M9DE=FL= G 5 9JLA?G 5 HJ=HGKA^]G 5 HJGFGE= = G S J=K
MDL9FL= <9 ;J9K= )]G K= 9DGF?9 G S xK9DNG EMALG =P;=H;AGF9DE=FL= K=
@GMN=J F=;=KKA<9<= AEH=J9LAN9 H9J9 9 AFL=DA?aF;A9 <9 >J9K= ;9KG =E IM=
G J=KMDL9FL= <9 ;J9K= HG<=JY K=J HJGFMF;A9<G ;GE ;=JL9 LGFA;A<9<= = aF
>9K=y
(CFA5G

9 .]G J=<MRA<9K 9K NG?9AK 9 = C YLGF9K >AF9AK IM= KG9E
=
=
I
 J=
KH=;LAN9E=FL=
>J=FL9
;9JJC
: .]G GK;AD9FL=K
=

A

~



G

M

g


 J=<MRA<GK HJ=LfFA;GK
=E FME=JGKGK NG;Y:MDGK GK;AD9^]G IM= ;GJJ=KHGF<= x9 ME9 ?J9<9^]G <=
>J=IMaF;A9 <= E=AG ;MDLMJ9D <= FbN=D KG;A9D GM <= L=FK]G HKbIMA;9 <G AF<A
Nb<MG >9D9FL=y (CFA5G   H=<AJ
H=<AJ
GM
HA<AJ
 =KLM<G
=KLM<M
GM

AKLM<M
 K=FLAJ
K=FLAJ
GM
KAFLAJ
 ;GKLMJ9
;GKLMJ9
GM
;MKLMJ9
 ;GEH9<J=

;GEH9<J=
GM
;MEH9<J=
)=KL= ;9KG =KL]G 9K HJ=HGKA^g=K 7CA = DCF
IM= K9DNG F9K KALM9^g=K =F>YLA;9K <=N=E K=J HJGFMF;A9<9K
C
=
HMJ

!9R=E =P;=^]G EMALGK NG;Y:MDGK =JM<ALGK = GK ;GEHGKLGK <= 9BHF9 9A
6F=C;9B=5 <9B8[589 <9LR;CBC 9BHF9A9=C 6) 
7
; E DAF?M9?=E ;MA<9<9 =NAL9K= 9 GK;AD9^]G <= IM= 9FL=JAGJ
E=FL= K= >9DGM IM9F<G L=E N9DGJ GHGKALANG AKLG _ K=JN= H9J9 <AKLAF?MAJ
H9D9NJ9K <= KA?FA>A;9<G <A>=J=FL= =EAF=FL=
AEAF=FL= =EA?J9J
AEA?J9J
<=K;JA^]G


<AK;JA^]G
< I <=HGAK <= ; GM E GJ9 _ NG?9D GM K=EANG?9D = 9b K= HJG>=J= GJ9
_
;GEHGF=FL=
<=
<b?J9>G
=
9b
F]G
K=
HJGFMF;A9



FLJ= GMLJ9K <=N= K=J HJG>=JA<G F9K K=?MAFL=K H9D9NJ9K <=HGAK <G ;
5;I9BH5F 5A6=;I=8589 5D5N=;I5F 5F;I=WVC 5F;I=F 6=@[B;I9 7CBG5B
;I[B9C 7CBH=;I=8589 9BG5B;I9BH58C 9L=;I=8589 @=B;I9H5 @=B;I=GH5
F985F;I=F G5;I= GM G5;I=A IB;I9BHC IB;I=:CFA9
)]G K= <=N= HJG>=JAJ G I <=HGAK <G ; =E 8=GH=B;I=F 9L5B;I9 9LH=B
;I=F @5B;I9 D=B;I9 
?GJ<G
>_JLAD
J=F<GKG
W >9;MDL9LANG HJGFMF;AYDG =E 5BH=;I=8589 G5B;I[B9C G5B
;I=BRF=C G5B;I=BCGC
+JG>=J=K= G I <=HGAK <G E =E 5EI[7C@5 7CBG9EIZB7=5 89@=BEIZB
7=5 89@=BEI=F 9EI9GHF9 9EI9JC 9EI=8=GH5BH9 9EI=BC  ;9N9D9J 9EI=H5H
=JC 9EI=DC@9BH9 L9E:_E 9EI=DC@9BH9 :F9EIZB7=5 =B=EI=8589 @CEI9@5
C6@=EI=8589 EI9F7=B5 EI=B;9BHXG=AC EI=BEIZB=C EI=DFCEI_ G9EIZB
7=5 .5FEI[B=C HF5BEI=@C I6=EI=8589
)]G K= HJG>=J= G I <=HGAK <G E =E 58EI=F=F 5B=EI=@5F 5EI98IHC
9EI=@[6F=C 9EI=B_7=C 9EI=D5F 9EI=D5F5F 9EI=H5WVC 9EI[JC7C 9LHCFEI=F
=BEIXF=HC =BEI=F=F G9EI=CGC EIXFI@C EI9GHVC EI=6969
W >9;MDL9LANG HJGFMF;AYDG =E 5BH=EI[GG=AC 9EI=8589 9EI=J5@9BH9
9EI=J5@9F @=EI=85WVC @=EI=85F @[EI=8C @=EI=8=:=758CF F9HCFEI=F
ARK= EI5HCFN9 GM 75HCFN9 K=F<G 9 HJAE=AJ9 E9AK ?=F=J9DAR9<9
=FLJ=
:J9KAD=AJGK
= E EMALGK NG;Y:MDGK @Y <hNA<9K IM9FLG 9G LAE:J= <9K NG?9AK
-=;GE=F<9EGK LAE:J= 9:=JLG H9J9 G 9 =E 579F6C I@9H9 5B9@C 6589>C
69B9GG9 6@9:9 75H9FJ5 798FC 79F8C 79HFC 79FB9 79FJC 7C9GC 7C9JC
7C@9H5 7C;IA9@C 7CB:9GGC 7CF69@<9 8I9@C 9GD97HFC 9EI9JC :@5;9@C
=@9GC L9E:_E =@9GC ;GE 9 >=;@9<G =B89:9GGC 69GH5 z9JE9{ 8C9GHC
@9F8C A98=9JC 9@AC C6GC@9HC D5F98FC DF9@C DF=A9JC F9@<C G9DHC
G9FJC .9>C H9FGC
W >=;@9<G =E 579FJC L9E:_E 579FJC ;GE 9 9:=JLG 57<9;5 58
9>C 58F989 5@5A985 5AI@9HC 5B57CF9H5 5F569G7C 5G9@<5 6579@C 69
GH5 z9FAE9D <= ;9J?9{ 6=GG9LHC 6C:9H9 75A=B<CB9H5 79F969@C 75H9HC
79F85 89GHF5 89GHFC 89J9G5 89:9GC 8I9HC 9BHF9J9FC 9G75F5J9@<C
9:96C 9LHF5 :97<5F = KM9K >GJE9K :97<C :97<5G :97<9 =L;  ;=B9H9 ;FI
A9H9 =B89:9GC =BH9F9GG9 K  @98C @5AD9>C @565F985 A5;B9HC D5@
=ADG9GHC D5B:@9HC D9N EI=6969 F9G9G F9HF9H5 ,CEI9H9 GC69>C J9B9H5
J9F985 J=B<9H5 J9FG5@9H9 J9GD5 J989H5 J9F69H9 L9F9N L9D5 K 9MLGJ
A<9<=K J=;GE=F<9E G LAE:J= >=;@9<G =E D9G9 F9 =PHJ=KK]G 9A EI9 D9G9
5 79BHCD9=5 = 7C@A9=5 E9K 9 HJGFhF;A9 ;GE LAE:J= 9:=JLG _



?=F=J9DAR9<9 =FLJ= FeK ARK= HCD9H9 ;GE 9 9:=JLG GM >=;@9<G J989H9 _

E9AK
HJG>=JA<G
;GE 9 9:=JLG
FG
J9KAD
/=E LAE:J= 9:=JLG G C LfFA;G <= 5ACF:C 75BCFC <= 9BJC@H5
8C@C :CFIA <=GGCD9 =ACHC =BC8CFC A5BCD@5 A9H9CFC AC@<C z>=AP={
BCHC zN=FLG KMD{ CD5 z;9H9{ D=@CFC DFC6C G=B5;C;5 GICF HFCWC
z;GAK9{ HFCA6CG9 HFCDC
/=E LAE:J= >=;@9<G G C LfFA;G <= 56C=C 5@7CJ5 5DC8C 5@:CF>9
5@;CN 6C85 6C85G 7C7<=7<C@C 7<CD9 757<CD5 7<C@8F5 7=7@CD9 L9E
:_E 9:=JLG 7CFW5 89GDCFHC :=@5BHFCDC :CFC zBMJAK<A^]G{ @C5 @C;FC
@CFD5 @CHC zBG?G{ L9E:_E 9:=JLG '5IGC@C A5@C;FC A=FC@<C A=G5B
HFCDC AC@CGGC C8F9 G9Fa8=C H9CF HCFD9 HCFGC HCFJC HF5BG6CF8C HFCWC
zH9JL={ HFC@<5 JC@JC N5FC@<C NCFFC
> ,M9FLG 9GK <ALGF?GK ;MEHJ= FGL9J 5= 9= = CI <=N=E ?M9J<9J F9
HJGFhF;A9 ;MDLAN9<9 KM9 AFL=?JA<9<= F]G K= =P9?=J9F<G G N9DGJ <G = GM I
F=E GK =DAEAF9F<G ;GEG G >9R 9 EG<9DA<9<= <AKL=FK9 75=L5 EI9=>C
CIFC
.G9
;GEG
<ALGF?G
F9K9D VC 9
KbD9:9
YLGF9
>AF9D
5A 5A5A
.G9E ;GEG <ALGF?G F9K9D ~= 5K KbD9:9K 9A XA 9B 9BG <= EMA
LGK NG;Y:MDGK 69A J9A J=BHXA B=B;IXA J9BG <CA9BG 5FA5NXBG
D5F56XBG
)GJE9DE=FL= <ALGF?9EGK H=DG 9;J_K;AEG <= ME = 9K NG?9AK LfF
A;9K >AF9AK K=?MA<9K <= N GM G KKAE F]G >9R=EGK 9 <A>=J=F^9 =FLJ= DRG
D5N = D5=G ARG = A5=G F5D5N = >5A5=G JVG = AV9G *K HG=L9K :J9KAD=AJGK
FGK
<]G
:GFK
=P=EHDGK
<=KL9K
<ALGF?9^g=K
.e HGJ AEAL9^]G <GK HG=L9K DMKAL9FGK HGJIM= <AR=E HVM =FLJ= GK
:J9KAD=AJGK 9 JAE9 H9A = AV9 9H9J=;= ZK N=R=K ;GEG =E 9KAEAJG <=
:J=M
x)
D5[G
9GHF5B;9=FC
A5=G
69@9N5G
C
EI9
5
DRHF=5 BVC
H9A

9GH9
AIB8C
BVC
J5@
IA
G_
8CG
69=>CG
.VC
8C79G
8IA5
AV9 y
6.. 
7

.G9E ;GEG <ALGF?G = F]G ;GEG @A9LG ;F5HI=HC :@I=8C :CFHI=HC

5FF5=;5F
=FLJ=
GMLJGK
@ ,M9FLG 9GK @A9LGK G:K=JN=EGK IM= K= <=K=FNGDN= ME = GM I
K=EANG?9AK FGK =F;GFLJGK >GJE9<GK HGJ <ALGF?G <=;J=K;=FL= K=?MA<G <=
NG?9D >AF9D GM <ALGF?G YLGFG DF5=5 DF5==5 HIL5I5 HIL5II5 ;C=565
;C==565 6C=9A 6C==9A ;> (CFA5G




* E=KEG <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG <9K J=>=JA<9K K=EANG?9AK FGK @A9LGK

;MB9 HJAE=AJ9 NG?9D K=B9 = GM I LfFA;GK = ;MB9 K=?MF<9 NG?9D K=B9 >AF9D <=
NG;Y:MDG xN9JA9JY <= 9;GJ<G ;GE 9K F=;=KKA<9<=K =PHJ=KKAGF9AK GM 9K H=
;MDA9JA<9<=K AF<ANA<M9AKy (CFA5G  NA9 J=5 GM J==5 DM9 @I5 GM
@II5
GFKG9FL=K

Consoantes v .G9E D=N=E=FL= 9K ;GFKG9FL=K 6 7 8 : ; G H

IM9F<G >AF9AK <= NG;Y:MDGK GC6 'C56 #G557 =8 /: !C; :_F79DG
!5FF9HH &59H
)GK NG;Y:MDGK =JM<ALGK 9K L=JEAF9^g=K YLGF9K 5F 9F 9B 9L CB
<=N=E ?M9J<9J KM9 AFL=?JA<9<= =E HJGFhF;A9 5@>a:5F 79FHTA9B L9E:_E
79FH5A9 9G:[B7H9F [B89L 7_@CB BdA9B L9E:_E BIA9 F9;[A9B L9E
:_E F9;=A9
* @ >AF9D <= KbD9:9 _ HJG>=JA<G J=D9P9<G IM9K= N=D9J E9K L=F<GK= G
;MA<9<G <= F]G >9RaDG A?M9D 9 I B57=CB5@ )9 DbF?M9 DAL=JYJA9 <GK
JGE[FLA;GK E9AK =E HG=KA9 J=?AKLJ9K= 9 LJG;9 <G @ HGJ F FGK ?JMHGK 6@
7@ :@ D@ <= 9D?ME9K H9D9NJ9K B96@=B5
B96F=B5 7@=B5
7F=B5 :@5IH5

:F5IH5 D@5BH5F


DF5BH5F
=L;
)9 H9D9NJ9 GI6@=B<5F = <=JAN9<GK G @ <=N= K=J HJGFMF;A9<G K=H9J9
<9E=FL=
<G 6
FLJ=
HGJLM?M=K=K
GMN=K=
;GEG GI6@=A9
* F EhDLAHDG 9DN=GD9J HG<= K=J HJG>=JA<G ;GEG N=D9J ?J9^9K 9G
E9AGJ J=;MG <9 DbF?M9 = 9L_ ;GE 9JLA;MD9^]G <GJKGMNMD9J HGJL9FLG E9AK
;9JJ=?9<G 9AF<9 =E:GJ9 9K (CFA5G F]G 9 J=;GE=F<=E F9 HJGFhF;A9
;MA<9<9 A5F 5J9FA9@<5F )9K H9D9NJ9K 56FIDHC 56FC;5F 58FC;5F
GI6FC;5F = <=JAN9<GK G F <=N= K=J HJGFMF;A9<G EhDLAHDG = K=H9J9<G
AKLG
_
K=E
>9R=J
?JMHG
;GE
9
;GFKG9FL=
9FL=JAGJ
* A >AF9D HG<= ?M9J<9J KM9 AFL=?JA<9<= <= HJGFhF;A9 F]G F9K9DAR
9F<G G 9 9FL=JAGJ FG NG;Y:MDG HCH9A 9<EALAF<G 9 ?J9>A9 H_H9A9 E
69A5A58C = 69A5J9BHIF58C F9K9DAR9 G 9 9FL=JAGJ = F]G K= DA?9 9G 5
K=?MAFL= ARK= =B:@=;=F = F]G =B:@=B;=F E A5B7<9=5 9 KbD9:9 AFA;A9D
GMN=K=
E]
 =E AVC7<9=5 GMN= F9LMJ9DE=FL=
E]
E GMLJGK ;9KGK
L=EGK
>9;MDL9LAN9
9
F9K9DAR9^]G ,CF5=A5 $5=A9 D5=B5
K DAF?MG<=FL9AK 8 = H K=?MA<9K <= = HG<=E H9D9LAR9JK= =NAL9F<G
K=
=FLJ=L9FLG
G
=P9?=JG
9JLA;MD9^]G
9>JA;9<9
DAF?MGH9D9L9D 8=5 H=5
* G KG9 9HJGPAE9<9E=FL= ;GEG K= >GJ9 > E9K K=E =P9?=JG 9FL=K
<= 6 8 ; > @ A F = J 89G>9>IA 89G@=N5F 9GAC 5GBC 9G65FF5F 9G
8FdLI@C 9B;5G;5F 5GBC 89GF9;F5F 89GJVC GEG :=E 9;=FLM9 FL=FGJ



)9K;=FL=K 6)  7 =E GMLJGK HGFLGK <G H9bK G G F=KL=K ;9KGK KG9
9HJGPAE9<9E=FL=
;GEG

R

FL=K <= 7 : D E H L = 9AF<9 FG >AE <= NG;Y:MDG IM= F]G K= DA?M=
9G K=?MAFL= G G L=E KGE HJePAEG <=
P
 89G75AD58C 9G:F9;5F F9GD9=HC
9GEI=JC 89GH9 89GL58F9N5F E GMLJGK HGFLGK <G H9bK K=?MF<G G 9MLGJ
9FL=JAGJE=FL= ;AL9<G G G F=KL9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K _ KA:AD9FL= ;GEG F9 H9D9N
J9 G9@J5
/=E G KGE <=
R
=FLJ= NG?9AK FGK ;GEHGKLGK <G HJ=>APG HF5BG
HF5BG5H@TBH=7C HF5BG5WVC HF5BG=H=JC =L;  = F9 H9D9NJ9 C6GXEI=C = <=
JAN9<GK E HF5BG9 IM= K= ?J9>9 L9E:_E HF5B79 GI6G[8=C GI6G=8=5F
GI6G=GH=F GI6G=GHZB7=5 = GMLJGK <9 E=KE9 >9EbDA9 G G HG<= KG9J ;GEG
KA:AD9FL= ;GEG =E G9@J5 GM ;GEG
R
.= G =D=E=FLG 9 IM= K= HJ=>AP9
HF5BG ;GE=^9 HGJ G F]G K= <MHDA;9 =KL9 ;GFKG9FL= IM= K=JY HJG>=JA<9
;GEG KA:AD9FL= .F5BG=@JTB=5 = <=JAN9<GK HF5BG=69F=5BC GE G HJ=>APG
C6 K=?MA<G 9 =D=E=FLG ;GE=^9<G HGJ G =KL= KG9 ;GEG KA:AD9FL= C6
G9GGVC C6G=8=5F =L; )G >AF9D G=AC <= J=;XG=AC HF=;XG=AC =L;  KG9
;GEG

R

K;J=N=F<GK= 5F=HAXH=75 ;GE H _ E9AK MKM9D HJG>=JAJ =KL9
;GFKG9FL=
+G<=K=
9AF<9
?J9>9J 5F=AXH=75
2 L=E IM9LJG N9DGJ=K  >JA;9LANG H9D9L9D ;GEG =E L5FCD9  >JA;
9LANG 9DN=GD9J KGFGJG ;GEG =E 9L5A9  >JA;9LANG 9DN=GD9J KMJ<G  KK
;GEG
=E 5IL[@=C

N9D=
HGJ

CK

=

CR

;GEG
=E 5B9LC = <9LTA9HFC
2 KG9
R
F9K H9D9NJ9K 9L5WVC 9L5;9FC 9L5@5F 9L5@H5F 9L5A9 9L
5B;I9 9L5F5F 9L5GD9F5F 9L5HC 9L5IHCF5F 9L97IH5F ZL98F5 9L9;9G9
9L9;9H5 9L9AD@C 9LXEI=5G 9L9EI[J9@ 9L9F79F 9L9F7[7=C 9LXF7=HC 9L
5IF=F 9L=6=F 9L=;=F 9L=@5F 9L[@=C 9L[A=C 9L=GH=F ZL=HC ZLC8C 9L_;9BC
9LCB9F5F 9LCF5F 9LCF6=H5F 9LCF7=GAC 9L_F8=C 9LCFB5F 9L_H=7C 9L
I69F5F 9LI69F5BH9 9LI@H5F 9LIA5F =B9LCFRJ9@
.G9 ;GEG
K
=E 5IL[@=C ARL=A5 '5L=A=@=5BC '5L=A=BC ARL
=AC DF_L=AC G=BH5L9 HFCIL9 HFCIL9F5 HFCIL9F
.G9 ;GEG
CK
GM
CR
 ;GF>GJE= G ;9KG =E 5:@ILC 5B9LC 5L=@5
RL=G 5L=aA9HFC 7CAD@9LC 7CBJ9LC 7FI7=:=LC 8CLC@C;=5 :=LC :@9LVC
:@ILC <9LTA9HFC L9E:_E KG9 ;GEG
R
 <9L598FC <9LR;CBC L9E:_E
KG9 ;GEG
R
 <9L5GG[@56C [B89L =BHCL=75F @XL=7C A5L=@5F B9LC
ARL=A9 aB=L CFHC8CLC _L=8C CL=ACFC DFC@=LC CL=;ZB=C D5F58CLC F9
:@9LC G9L5;9BRF=C G9L5;XG=AC G9LC G[@9L H_F5L H_L=7C
W HJG>=JA<G AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= ;GEG
CK
GM
K
=E 5DCD@9L=5 5L
=CA5 = 89:@ILC



:@IL

19D= HGJ
K
FG >AF9D <= 7R@=L X@=L :ZB=L = F9 DG;M^]G 9<N=J:A9D 5

* N =E >AE <= H9D9NJ9 IM= F]G K= DA?M= Z K=?MAFL= KG9 D=N=E=FL=

;@A9<G @IN 7CB8IN
FLJ=
GK
;9KGK
H9JLA;MD9J=K
K]G
<=
FGL9J
v
G 7< =E B7<=9H5 =
<=JAN9<GK
KG9
;@A9<G
v G 7N <= 7N5F IM= L9E:_E HG<= K= =K;J=N=J HN5F <=N= K=J HJG
>=JA<G ;GEG
LK
 G @< <= @<5A6F5 F]G ;GFKLALMA <b?J9>G ;GEG =E
A5@<5
<=N=K=
HJG>=JAJ
G
NG;Y:MDG
;GEG
K=
F]G
@GMN=KK=
G <
v G K <G FGE= 5FK=B = <GK <=JAN9<GK 85FK=B=GAC 85FK=B=GH5
=L; 
KG9
;GEG

M

-7 = L7 KG9E ;GEG
K
=E H9D9NJ9K ;GEG B5G79F 89G79F 7F9G79F
9L79@ZB7=5 9L79HC 9L79@GC 9L7[8=C 9L7=GVC 9L7=H5
*K =F;GFLJGK ;GFKGF[FLA;GK <=N=E K=J HJGFMF;A9<GK ;GE N9DGJ=K
>GF_LA;GK HJeHJAGK K=E AFL=J;9D9^]G <= 9 GM = DG9I8aB=AC DB9IARH=7C
AB9AaB=7C 5DHC 9@=DG9 56GC@IHC 58A=GGVC 58>9H=JC F=HAC 5:H5 =B
8=;BC F979DWVC 58JC;58C 5779GG[J9@ 9G D9<G <= 579GG[J9@ G97WVC 9G
D9<G
<= G9WVC G5AB=H5 GI6@=B<5F :DA GI6@=A=B5F :DA

 

)=KL= ;9KG HG<= 9AF<9 G;GJJ=J 9 >MK]G ;J9K= <9K <M9K NG?9AK K=
>GJ=E A<aFLA;9K =KK9 >MK]G HJG<MR ;=JLG 9DGF?9E=FLG <9 NG?9D AF<A;9<9
9IMA H=DG EY;JGF  GM 9 <ALGF?9^]G K= 9 NG?9D YLGF9 >AF9D >GJ = 9 GM I
C
H9FF5
RF=85
L=J


J9


Y


JA<9
9GG9
5BC
=K


K=


9


FG

GM
GM

L=J


J


JA


<9
=K


K=9


FG

Observao
@9E9K= 7F5G9 9
>MK]G
<=
<GAK
GM
E9AK
KGFK
A?M9AK
FME
Ke

.= 9 NG?9D >AF9D = 9 AFA;A9D <G NG;Y:MDG K=?MAFL= K]G YLGF9K HG<=

G;GJJ=J
@A9LG
<ALGF?G
;J9K=
GM
=DAK]G
Observao @=GVC _ G <=K9H9J=;AE=FLG <= ME9 NG?9D >AF9D YLGF9 =E NAJLM<=
<G
;GFL9LG
;GE
9
NG?9D
AFA;A9D
<G
NG;Y:MDG
K=?MAFL=

 @9N=JY @A9LG >MK]G GM =DAK]G K= 9 NG?9D YLGF9 >AF9D >GJ 5 = 9 AFA

;A9D
>GJ 5 GM V

'A?9^]G
<GK
NG;Y:MDGK

Ligao dos vocbulos v MA<9<G =KH=;A9D E=J=;= 9 :G9 9JLA;M

D9^]G <GK >GF=E9K EGJE=FL= >AF9AK = AFA;A9AK F9 K=IMaF;A9 <GK NG;Y:M
DGK
<=K<=
IM=
ME9
H9MK9
F]G
GK
K=H9J=
5 0C;5=G CI 8=HCB;CG :=B5=G 89 JC7R6I@C 7CA JC;5=G CI 8=HCB;CG
=B=7=5=G
89
JC7R6I@C
,M9F<G 9 H9D9NJ9 L=JEAF9 HGJ NG?9D LfFA;9 = G NG;Y:MDG K=?MAFL=
;GE=^9 ;GE NG?9D GM <ALGF?G LfFA;GK FGJE9DE=FL= K= J=KH=AL9 G @A9LG
AFL=JN=J:9D 5@=
<R @R
<CIJ9 @=
CBH9A
.= 9 NG?9D >AF9D _ LfFA;9 = G NG;Y:MDG K=?MAFL= ;GE=^9 HGJ NG?9D GM
<ALGF?G YLGFGK HJG>=JAEGK FGJE9DE=FL= G @A9LG E9K HG<= G;GJJ=J
EMAL9K
N=R=K
9
<ALGF?9^]G
K=
9
NG?9D
YLGF9
>GJ = GM 9 GM I GM C
G9;I=
5EI9@5 >R
CIJ= @R
=FCB=N9= JZ
IA98979F
Observao NAL9K= 9 <ALGF?9^]G IM9F<G <9b J=KMDL9J ME9 K=IMaF;A9 <= KbD9
:9K
LfFA;9K 6CBX
IG58C @R
=F9ACG

.= 9 NG?9D >AF9D _ YLGF9 = G NG;Y:MDG K=?MAFL= ;GE=^9 HGJ NG?9D

LfFA;9
FGJE9DE=FL=
K=
J=KH=AL9
G
@A9LG 9GG5
<CF5 H9FF9BC
RF=8C

 @9N=JY @A9LG GM =DAK]G K= 9 NG?9D YLGF9 >AF9D >GJ 5 = 9 NG?9D AFA

;A9D 9 ~ C c






 @9N=JY @A9LG <ALGF?G GM =DAK]G K= 9 NG?9D YLGF9 >AF9D >GJ 5 = 9

AFA;A9D = 9 y ~ I C | c

I

 @9N=JY @A9LG ;J9K= GM =DAK]G K= 9 NG?9D >AF9D >GJ I C = 9 AFA;A9D

 @9N=JY @A9LG GM <ALGF?G K= 9 NG?9D YLGF9 >AF9D >GJ = 9 = 9 AFA;A9D

IM9DIM=J
ME9
=P;=LG = 9

Observaes

 @9N=JY @A9LG ;J9K= GM =DAK]G K= 9 NG?9D YLGF9 >AF9D >GJ = 9 = 9

AFA;A9D = 9
GM y ~


@9N=JY
@A9LG
<ALGF?G
GM
=DAK]G
K=
9
NG?9D
YLGF9
>AF9D
>GJ I G
M

 p *;GJJ=E GK >=FfE=FGK 9;AE9 9HGFL9<GK ;GE GK NG;Y:MDGK AFA;A9<GK HGJ

<ALGF?GK <=;J=K;=FL=K HGJ AFA;A9J HGJ NG?9D E N=R <= <ALGF?G L=J=EGK
LJALGF?G

p  HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5 HG<= J=<MRAJK= 9 DF5 = F]G H{J9 @GB= MK9<9 9L_ =FLJ=
DAL=J9LGK KL9 >GJE9 IM9F<G K=?MA<9 <G 9JLA?G C 5 CG 5G = ;GE =D= ;GE:AF9<9
_
?J9>9<9
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= DFC DF5 H9J9
9 DFCG DF5G
 p +=DG K= J=<MR 9 D@C E9AK ;GEME =E +GJLM?9D >GJE9 IM= ;GE:AF9<9 ;GE G
9JLA?G GM HJGFGE= C 5 CG 5G _ ?J9>9<9 D@C D@5 D@CG D@5G FLJ= HGJLM?M=K=K
GMN=K=
9AF<9 DFC = DFCG ;GE C 9:=JLG



 p  HJ=HGKA^]G 7CA HG<= L=J 9 F9K9DA<9<= =F>J9IM=;A<9 = ;GE:AF9JK= ;GE C

5 CG 5G <9F<G GJA?=E ZK >GJE9K 7C 75 7CG 75G =EHJ=?9<9K E9AK ;GE >J=IMaF
;A9
F9
DAF?M9?=E
>9EADA9J
=
NMD?9J
<=
+GJLM?9D
W
G
IM=
K=
;@9E9 97H@=DG9

6 CBGC5BH9
:=B5@
89
JC7R6I@C
7CA
:CB9A5
=B=7=5@
89
JC7R6I@C
 ;GFKG9FL= >AF9D <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 K=?MA<9 <= NG?9D AFA;A9D GM
K=EANG?9D K=E H9MK9 AFL=JE=<AYJA9 <=N= K=J HJG>=JA<9 ;GEG K= >GKK=
AFL=JNG;YDA;9 AKLG _ DA?9K= 9 ME9 NG?9D G:=<=;=F<G ZK FGJE9K BY
=KL9:=D=;A<9K
x9
IA
G9BH=F
5J9BHIF58Cy
xQ
H5@J9N
5
JCN
A=ACG5y

x!9BH=@
=B:5BH9 9B;F5W58Cy
x+I9
8RG
<CBF5
9
J5@CFy

 ;GFKG9FL= >AF9D 6 =E GC6 HGJ =P=EHDG K=?MA<9 <= GMLJ9 ;GF
KG9FL= AFA;A9D <=N= K=J HJG>=JA<9 K=E 9H9J=;AE=FLG <= ME = GM 9
AFL=JE_<AG
-C6
@IN9G 8{9GD9F5BW5
-C6
:dF=5

.= G NG;Y:MDG K=?MAFL= ;GE=^9 HGJ NG?9D GM K=EANG?9D HG<= G 6

>AF9D DA?9JK= KAD9:A;9E=FL= 9 =D9 GM <AJ=L9 GM ;GE 9HGAG <= = GM 9 J=<MR
A<G
G
IM=
_
E9AK
;GEME
=FLJ=
FeK
-C6
CG
7XIG KG:GK;_MK
GM
KG:AGK;_MK

,M9F<G 9 ;GFKG9FL= IM= L=JEAF9 G NG;Y:MDG _ A?M9D Z IM= AFA;A9 G

NG;Y:MDG
K=?MAFL=
G
IM=
G;GJJ=
;GE @ GM F
GMN=EK=
GK
<GAK
>GF=E9K
#B7F[J9@
@R6=5 AF;JAN=DDY:A9
.9ACF
F9D9BH=BC L=EGJJ=H=FLAFG



K
;GFKG9FL=K L = N >AF9AK
K]G
LJ9L9<9K
;GEG

K

>AF9D
F9K
DA?9^g=K
:5N
A98C P

B :5N
75@CF R

P

* B >AF9D <= NG;Y:MDGK ;GEG 7TBCB [CB 7[7@CHFCB <=N= K=J HJG
>=JA<G K=E F9K9DAR9J >GJL=E=FL= 9 NG?9D 9FL=JAGJ ;GF>GJE= NAEGK F9K
DA?9^g=K ;GE GMLJG NG;Y:MDG ?M9J<9 =KL= N9DGJ IM9F<G _ K=?MA<G <= ;GF
KG9FL= 7TBCB
6[6@=7C
.=?MA<G <= NG?9D GM K=EANG?9D DA?9K= KAD9:A;9E=FL= 9 =KL9 ;GEG
K=
>GKK=
AFA;A9D
<=
KbD9:9 7TBCB 5BH=;C
* A >AF9D <= 69A5J9BHIF58C 69A5A58C = K=E=D@9FL=K F9K9DAR9 9
NG?9D
9FL=JAGJ
F]G
K=
DA?9F<G
Z
K=?MAFL=
;GEG
K=
>GKK=
AFA;A9D
<=
KbD9:9
,M9F<G G AF<=>AFA<G GM FME=J9D IA5 _ K=?MA<G <= NG;Y:MDG
;GE=^9<G HGJ A F]G K= <=N= HJG>=JAJ G A KG9F<G HGJL9FLG |5 >GJE9
;GE
IM=
ZK
N=R=K
9H9J=;=
?J9>9<G
=NAL=K=
9
>GJE9 In5
IA5
A9BG5;9A
IA5
AVC
*JLG?J9>A9
=
*JLG_HA9

Ortografia e Ortopia v =JLGK @Y:ALGK <= ?J9>A9 L=F<=FL=K 9 HJ=

K=JN9J D=LJ9K ?J=?9K = D9LAF9K IM= F]G ;GFKLALM=E >GF=E9K =E HGJLM?MaK
9;9:9J9E D=N9F<G 9 IM= L9AK D=LJ9K H9KK9KK=E 9 K=J =JJ9<9E=FL= HJG>=JA
<9K %Y NAEGK G ;9KG <G <b?J9>G G7 <= F9K;=J HAK;AF9 =L; W G IM= G;GJJ=
L9E:_E ;GE G D9LAE D<@9;A5 IM= H9KKGM 9G HGJLM?MaK :@9IA5 :@9=A5
+GJ EGLANG =LAEGDe?A;G H=JKAKL=E 9K ?J9>A9K =JJfF=9K :@9I;A5 :@9I;
ARH=7C
GF<=
G ; F]G
<=N=
K=J
HJG>=JA<G
E9K
G
_
HGJ
AF>DMaF;A9
<9
?J9>A9
*MLJ9K EYK KGDM^g=K <G KAKL=E9 ?JY>A;G >9NGJ=;=E =JJGK <= HJGFhF
;A9 ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE GI6@=B<5F :DA 56FC;5F 56FIDHC IM= BY K= GMN=E
;GEG
K=
9b
@GMN=KK=
?JMHG
;GFKGF9FL9D GI

6@=

B<5F

* G >AF9D KG9 9HJGPAE9<9E=FL= ;GEG K= >GJ9

B
 E9K K=E =P9?=JG
=E DA?9^]G ;GE NG;Y:MDG AFA;A9<G HGJ 6 8 ; > @ A B F J = N GMNAF<G
K=
GK
<GAK
>GF=E9K
*K
:J9^GK
GK
<=<GK
9K
?=F?AN9K
<GAK
B=ALGK
9K
DMR=K
GK
E=FAFGK
9K
FMN=FK
GK
J9LGK
GK
N=FLGK
GK
RME:A<GK

* G >AF9D KG9 9HJGPAE9<9E=FL= ;GEG K= >GJ9

P
 E9K K=E =P9?=JG
=E DA?9^]G ;GE NG;Y:MDG AFA;A9<G HGJ 7 : D E G H L = 7< GMNAF<GK= GK
<GAK
>GF=E9K
LJaK
;9<=JFGK
GK
>=DAR=K
9K
H=KKG9K
9K
IM=AP9K
9K
K=;9K
GK
L=EHGK
GK
P9JGH=K
GK
;@YK

C) Prosdia
*FCG_8=5 _ 9 H9JL= <9 >GF_LA;9 IM= LJ9L9 <9 ;GJJ=L9 9;=FLM9^]G =
=FLGF9^]G
<GK
>GF=E9K
 HJ=G;MH9^]G E9AGJ <9 HJGKe<A9 _ G ;GF@=;AE=FLG <9 KbD9:9 DF9
8CA=B5BH9
;@9E9<9 HaB=75
.bD9:9



Slaba v W ME >GF=E9 GM ?JMHG <= >GF=E9K =EALA<G FME Ke AE

HMDKG
=PHAJ9LeJAG
E
HGJLM?MaK
G
=D=E=FLG
=KK=F;A9D
<9
KbD9:9
_
9
NG?9D
,M9FLG Z KM9 7CBGH=HI=WVC 9 KbD9:9 HG<= K=J G=AD@9G GM 7CADCGH5 =
=KL9
hDLAE9 569FH5 GM @=JF9
GM :97<585 GM HF5J585
ARK= IM= 9 KbD9:9 _ G=AD@9G IM9F<G _ ;GFKLALMb<9 9H=F9K HGJ ME9
NG?9D 9 <R 5<
.bD9:9 ;GEHGKL9 _ 9 IM= =F;=JJ9 E9AK <= ME >GF=E9 5F NG?9D 
;GFKG9FL= @9= ;GFKG9FL=  NG?9D  K=EANG?9D J= ;GFKG9FL=  NG?9D
CI NG?9D

K=EANG?9D A5G ;GFKG9FL=

NG?9D

;GFKG9FL=
 KbD9:9 ;GEHGKL9 _ 9:=JL9 GM DANJ= K= L=JEAF9 =E NG?9D J= _
>=;@9<9 GM LJ9N9<9 =E ;9KG ;GFLJYJAG AF;DMAF<GK= 9 NG?9D F9K9D
HGJIM= 9 F9K9DA<9<= N9D= HGJ ME LJ9N9E=FLG <= KbD9:9 5F @9= CI A5G
IA
,M9FLG
9G
FhE=JG
<=
KbD9:9K
<ANA<=EK=
GK
NG;Y:MDGK
=E
5
ACBCGG[@56CG K=
LaE
ME9
KbD9:9 X <R A5F 89 8Z
6
8=GG[@56CG K=
LaE
<M9K
KbD9:9K 75G5 5ACF 85FRG JC7Z
7
HF=GG[@56CG K=
LaE
LJaK
KbD9:9K 7589=F5 RHCAC FRD=8C 7aAC8C
8 DC@=GG[@56CG K= LaE E9AK <= LJaK KbD9:9K :CBXH=75 G5H=G:9=HC 75
A5F585;9A =B7CJ9B=9BH9A9BH9
,M9FLG Z HGKA^]G 9 KbD9:9 HG<= K=J =B=7=5@ A98=5@ = :=B5@ ;GF
>GJE=
9H9J=^9
FG
AFb;AG
FG
AFL=JAGJ
GM
FG
>AF9D
<G
NG;Y:MDG
:C
AFA;A9D

BX
E=<A9D

H=
E=<A9D

75
>AF9D

,M9FLA<9<=

Quantidade v W 9 <MJ9^]G <9 NG?9D = <9 ;GFKG9FL= AKLAF?M=EK=

9K NG?9AK = ;GFKG9FL=K :J=N=K K= 9 HJGFhF;A9 _ JYHA<9 <9K NG?9AK = ;GF
KG9FL=K DGF?9K K= 9 HJGFhF;A9 _ <=EGJ9<9 KKAF9D9EGK 9 NG?9D :J=N=
;GE G KAF9D   IM= K= <=FGEAF9 6F5EI=5 GM 6FREI=5 = 9 NG?9D DGF?9
;GE
G
KAF9D



;@9E9<G AR7FCB u 5 :J=N= v 5 DGF?G
#Y DbF?M9 =E IM= 9 IM9FLA<9<= <=K=EH=F@9 AEHGJL9FL= H9H=D H9J9
<AKLAF?MAJ NG;Y:MDGK = >GJE9K ?J9E9LA;9AK ;GEG =E D9LAE =E AF?DaK GM
9D=E]G E D9LAE FCGu ;GE 5 6F9J9 F]G L=E 9 E=KE9 9HDA;9^]G



?J9E9LA;9D <= FCGv ;GE 5 @CB;C <AKLAF?MAF<GK= H=D9 IM9FLA<9<= G

FGEAF9LANG <G 9:D9LANG HGJ =P=EHDG x E AF?DaK PH = PH IM= K= =K;J=
N=E G<=D = G<99D KA?FA>A;9E J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= B5J=C = 75FB9=FCy 6. 
7 E D9LAE {G ;GE C :J=N= KA?FA>A;9 zGKKG{ ;GE C DGF?G zG KA?FA
>A;9
z:G;9{
E HGJLM?MaK 9 IM9FLA<9<= _ HGM;G K=FLA<9 = F]G =P=J;= FGLYN=D
H9H=D F9 ;9J9;L=JAR9^]G = <AKLAF^]G <GK NG;Y:MDGK = >GJE9K ?J9E9LA;9AK
E ?=J9D K]G E9AK JYHA<9K 9K NG?9AK K=?MA<9K <= ;GFKG9FL= KMJ<9 @5HC

@58C GM <= F NA:J9FL= EhDLAHD9 75FFC

75FC .e =P;=H;AGF9DE=FL=
9DGF?9EGK NG?9AK = ;GFKG9FL=K ;GEG J=;MJKGK =KLADbKLA;GK H9J9 AEHJAEAJ
aF>9K=
=
;GFKLALMA
ME
<GK
?J9F<=K
9MPADA9J=K
<9
GJ9LeJA9
x.=
HM<_KK=EGK
FeK
IM=
L=EGK
=PH=JAaF;A9
<9
NA<9
9:JAJ
GK
GD@GK
<=KK9K
E9JAHGKAF@9K
LGFL9K

(9K
_
AFhLAD
F;9KIM=L9K=D@=K
F9
;9:=^9
IM=
G 5ACF
G 5ACCF
G 5ACCCF _
LM<G
F9
NA<9
=
9<=MKy
6(' 
7
,65F=8589
;=FLM9^]G

Acentuao v _ G EG<G <= HJG>=JAJ ME KGE GM ?JMHG <= KGFK ;GE

E9AK
J=D=NG
<G
IM=
GMLJGK
KL= J=D=NG K= <=FGEAF9 579BHC ARK= IM= G 9;=FLG _ <= =BH9BG=8
589 9;=FLG <= >GJ^9 9;=FLG <AF[EA;G 9;=FLG =PHAJ9LeJAG GM A;LG
IM9F<G G J=D=NG ;GFKAKL= FG E9AGJ =K>GJ^G =PHAJ9LeJAG ARK= IM= G
9;=FLG _ AIG=75@ 9;=FLG <= 5@HIF5 GM HCA IM9F<G G J=D=NG ;GFKAKL= F9
=D=N9^]G
GM
E9AGJ
9DLMJ9
<9
NGR
* HGJLM?MaK = 9K <=E9AK DbF?M9K JGE[FA;9K G AF?DaK G 9D=E]G K]G
DbF?M9K <= 579BHC 89 =BH9BG=8589 G D9LAE = G ?J=?G HGJ GMLJG D9<G HGK
KM=E 579BHC
AIG=75@
* 9;=FLG <= AFL=FKA<9<= K= E9FA>=KL9 FG NG;Y:MDG ;GFKA<=J9<G AKGD
9<9E=FL= 9;=FLG NG;9:MD9J GM DA?9<G F9 =FMF;A9^]G <9 >J9K= 9;=FLG
>JYKA;G
;=FLG
<=
AFL=FKA<9<=

Acento de intensidade v )ME9 H9D9NJ9 F=E LG<9K 9K KbD9:9K K]G

HJG>=JA<9K ;GE 9 E=KE9 AFL=FKA<9<= = ;D9J=R9 E G_@=85 65FFC DC89F
CGC A5H9F=5@ @Y ME9 KbD9:9 IM= K= KG:J=KK9A ZK <=E9AK HGJ K=J HJG>=JA<9
;GE E9AK =K>GJ^G EMK;MD9J = E9AK FALA<=R = HGJ AKKG K= ;@9E9 HaB=75
sDA<9 baJJG HG<=roKG E9L=JAal K GMLJ9K KbD9:9K K= <AR=E RHCB5G = HG
<=E
=KL9J
9FL=K
HJ=LfFA;9K
GM
<=HGAK
HGKLfFA;9K
<9
LfFA;9



DC

89

YLGF9

YLGF9

HJ=LfFA;9

HJ=LfFA;9

FC
LfFA;9

GC
YLGF9
HGKLfFA;9

AR=EGK IM= F9K KbD9:9K >GJL=K J=HGMK9 G 579BHC HaB=7C <G NG
;Y:MDG
579BHC
85
D5@5JF5 GM 579BHC
JC756I@5F
PAKL=E 9AF<9 9K KbD9:9K K=EA>GJL=K ;@9E9<9K GI6HaB=75G IM= HGJ
IM=KLg=K JbLEA;9K ;GEH=FK9E G K=M 9>9KL9E=FLG <9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9
>9R=F<G IM= K= <=K=FNGDN9 ME 9;=FLG <= E=FGJ AFL=FKA<9<= v 579BHC
G97IB8RF=C
=D9K
FGK
G;MH9J=EGK
E9AK
9<A9FL=
+GKA^]G
<G
9;=FLG
LfFA;G

Posio do acento tnico v E HGJLM?MaK IM9FLG Z HGKA^]G <G

9;=FLG
LfFA;G
GK
NG;Y:MDGK
<=
<M9K
GM
E9AK
KbD9:9K
HG<=E
K=J
9 CL[HCBCG G 9;=FLG LfFA;G J=;9A F9 d@H=A5 KbD9:9 E9L=JAal
HJAF;Apal
;9f
: D5FCL[HCBCG G 9;=FLG J=;9A F9 D9Bd@H=A5 KbD9:9 baJJG HG<=roKG
Pe<JG
; DFCD5FCL[HCBCG G 9;=FLG LfFA;G J=;9A F9 5BH9D9Bd@H=A5 KbD9:9
sDA<9
>=DAcKKAEG
Observaes E 9GHI8RJ5AC@C G 9;=FLG LfFA;G 9H9J=;= F9 HJ_9FL=H=FhDLAE9
KbD9:9 HGJIM= GK EGFGKKbD9:GK YLGFGK >GJE9E ME LG<G ;GE G NG;Y:MDG 9 IM= K=
DA?9E >GF=LA;9E=FL= W HGJ AKKG IM= :R@C _ H9JGPbLGFG = 58A=F5GH9
HJGH9JGPbLGFG

E HGJLM?MaK ?=J9DE=FL= 9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 ;GAF;A<= ;GE 9 KbD9:9

LfFA;9
<9
H9D9NJ9
D9LAF9
<=
IM=
K=
GJA?AF9
#Y NG;Y:MDGK ;GEG GK IM= NAEGK 9L_ 9?GJ9 IM= LaE AF<ANA<M9DA<
9<= >GF_LA;9 = HGJL9FLG 9;=FLG HJeHJAG 9G D9<G <= GMLJGK K=E =KK9 AF<A
NA<M9DA<9<= G K=J=E HJG>=JA<GK 9;GKL9EK= GM 9G NG;Y:MDG IM= N=E
9FL=K GM 9G IM= GK K=?M= +GJ AKKG K]G ;@9E9<GK 7@[H=7CG IM= K= AF;DAF
9E = K=J]G DFC7@[H=7CG K= K= AF;DAF9E H9J9 G NG;Y:MDG K=?MAFL= C
@GE=E 9I K=A J5= N=J A5F 9DLG BVC NAM GM =F;DbLA;GK K= H9J9 G NG
;Y:MDG
9FL=JAGJ
N=BGA9
<GM5
>AR@<9



*K ;DbLA;GK K]G ?=J9DE=FL= EGFGKKADY:A;GK IM= HGJ F]G L=J=E

9;=FLG HJeHJAG L9E:_E K= <AR=E RHCBCG *K EGFGKKADY:A;GK <= AF<ANA<M
9DA<9<=
>GF_LA;9
K=
;@9E9E HaB=7CG
D?MFK <AKKbD9:GK HG<=E K=J L9E:_E ;DbLA;GK GM YLGFGK D5F5 J=
<MRA<G
9 DF5
N=J EI9FC ;J=J
IM=JG DCFEI9 IM=JG
 LGFA;A<9<= GM 9LGFA;A<9<= <= EGFGKKbD9:GK = <= 9D?MFK <AKKbD9:GK
89D9B89
G9ADF9
8C
579BHC
85
:F5G9
;=FLG
<=
AFL=FKA<9<=
=
KA?FA>A;9<G
<9
H9D9NJ9

Acento de intensidade e significado da palavra v * 9;=FLG <= AF

L=FKA<9<= <=K=EH=F@9 AEHGJL9FL= H9H=D DAF?MbKLA;G <=;AKANG H9J9 9 KA?FA
>A;9^]G <9 H9D9NJ9 KKAE GR6=5 _ 9<B=LANG KAFfFAEG <= 9FI8=H5 G56=5 _
>GJE9 <G HJ=L_JALG AEH=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG <G N=J:G G569F G56=R _ KM:
KL9FLANG
<=KA?F9LANG
<=
;GF@=;A<G
HYKK9JG
;=FLG
HJAF;AH9D
=
9;=FLG
K=;MF<YJAG

Acento principal e acento secundrio v E F5D=85A9BH9 9 KbD9:9

F5 HGKKMA ME 9;=FLG <= AFL=FKA<9<= E=FGK >GJL= IM= G <9 KbD9:9 A9B = K=
GMN= E9AK <AKLAFL9E=FL= <G IM= 9K RHCB5G =PAKL=FL=K F9K H9D9NJ9K AR=
EGK IM= 9 KbD9:9 A9B ;GFL_E G 579BHC DF=B7=D5@ = F5 G 579BHC G97IB8RF=C
<9 H9D9NJ9  KbD9:9 =E IM= J=;9A G 9;=FLG K=;MF<YJAG ;@9E9K= ;GEG
NAEGK GI6HaB=75
"=J9DE=FL= G;GJJ= G 9;=FLG K=;MF<YJAG F9 KbD9:9 J9<A;9D <GK NG
;Y:MDGK HGDAKKADY:A;GK <=JAN9<GK ;MBGK HJAEALANGK HGKKM9E 9;=FLG HJAF
;AH9D rHA<G v J9HA<9E=FL= #Y <= K= HJ=KL9J 9L=F^]G =E ;=JLGK =F?9FGK
<= HJGFhF;A9 <= NG;Y:MDGK ;GE 9;=FLG K=;MF<YJAG HGJ =P=EHDG
J=KH=AL9K= G @A9LG <= H5F8=5A9BH9 = F]G K= 9;=FLM= >GJL=E=FL= 9 KbD9:9
AFA;A9D HRF8=5A9BH9
;=FLG
<=
AFKAKLaF;A9
=
=EG;AGF9D

Acento de insistncia e emocional v * HGJLM?MaK L9E:_E >9R

=EHJ=?G <G 9;=FLG <= AFL=FKA<9<= H9J9 G:L=J ;GE G ;@9E9<G 9;=FLG <=
AFKAKLaF;A9 FGLYN=AK =>=ALGK FLJ9 =E BG?G 9AF<9 9 IM9FLA<9<= <9 NG?9D =
<9 ;GFKG9FL= HGAK IM9F<G K= IM=J =F>9LAR9J ME9 H9D9NJ9 AFKAKL=K= E9AK
<=EGJ9<9E=FL= F9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 *K =K;JALGJ=K ;GKLME9E AF<A;9J F9
?J9>A9
=KL=
9DGF?9E=FLG
=F>YLA;G
J=H=LAF<G
9
NG?9D
<9
KbD9:9
LfFA;9
x*K
<GAK
?9JGLGK
HGJ_E
=KH=JF=A9E
;GE
9
EM<9F^9
<=
E]=
v '9BH=F5 '9BH=====F5 '9BH==========F5
v
:=JJ9
;9<9
ME
H9J9
K=M
D9<Gy
6# 
 7



x=F;9KIM=L9K=D@=K
F9
;9:=^9
IM=
G 5ACF
G 5ACCF
G 5ACCCF _
LM<G

F9
NA<9
=
9<=MKy
6(' 
7

*
9;=FLG
<=
AFKAKLaF;A9
HG<=
;9AJ
FGMLJ9
KbD9:9
<A>=J=FL=
<9
LfFA;9
E9raNAD@GK9 forEA<YN=D
AFteDA?=FL= miK=JYN=D

GEG :=E 9;=FLM9 -GM<=L 9 ;9MK9 =KK=F;A9D <G >=FfE=FG <G J=
;MG <G 9;=FLG xH9J=;= K=J 9 >9DL9 <= KAF;JGFAKEG =FLJ= 9 =EG^]G = KM9 =P
HJ=KK]G 9LJ9N_K <9 DAF?M9?=E  =EG^]G K= 9<A9FL9 Z H9D9NJ9 = J=>GJ^9 9
NGR
<=K<=
IM=
9K
;GF<A^g=K
>GF_LA;9K
G
H=JEAL=Ey
6'- 
 7
KL= 9;=FLG <= AFKAKLaF;A9 F]G L=E 9H=F9K ;9JYL=J =EG;AGF9D 9<
IMAJ= N9DGJ AFL=D=;LM9D = G;GJJ= 9AF<9 H9J9 J=KK9DL9J ME9 <AKLAF^]G HJAF
;AH9DE=FL= ;GE H9D9NJ9K <=JAN9<9K HGJ HJ=>AP9^]G GM =PHJ=KKg=K ;GE
HJ=HGKA^g=K
<=
K=FLA<GK
GHGKLGK
.]G
>9LGK subB=LANGK
=
F]G obB=LANGK
*K
HJG:D=E9K
<= imHGJL9^]G
=
<= exHGJL9^]G
com <AF@=AJG
GM sem <AF@=AJG

AR 9DDQ IM= 9 =FLG9^]G =PHJ=KKAN9 = 9 EbEA;9 K]G H9J9 IM=E >9D9
ME
H=JE9F=FL=
;GE=FLYJAG
<=
KM9K
H9D9NJ9K
;=FLG
<=
AFL=FKA<9<=
F9
>J9K=

Acento de intensidade na frase v $KGD9<9K 9K H9D9NJ9K J=?MD9E

KM9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 H=D9 =LAEGDG?A9 AKLG _ H=D9 KM9 GJA?=E E9K F9 KM
;=KK]G <= NG;Y:MDGK <=AP9 <= HJ=N9D=;=J G 9;=FLG <9 H9D9NJ9 H9J9 =FLJ9J
=E
;=F9
G
9;=FLG
<9
>J9K=
GM :FRG=7C
H=JL=F;=FL=
9
;9<9 ;FIDC
89
:CFW5
@9E9K= ;FIDC 89 :CFW5 Z KM;=KK]G <= <GAK GM E9AK NG;Y:MDGK IM=
;GFKLALM=E ME ;GFBMFLG >GF_LA;G KM:GJ<AF9<G 9 ME 9;=FLG LfFA;G HJ=
<GEAF9FL=  75G5 89 *98FC
X AI=HC ;F5B89 )GL9EGK 9IMA F9LMJ9D
E=FL= <GAK ?JMHGK <= >GJ^9 IM= K= 9;@9E AF<A;9<GK HGJ :9JJ9 )G
HJAE=AJG 9K H9D9NJ9K 5 = 89 K= AF;GJHGJ9E 9 75G5 = *98FC >A;9F<G G ;GF
BMFLG KM:GJ<AF9<G 9 ME 9;=FLG HJAF;AH9D F9 KbD9:9 AFA;A9D <= *98FC = ME
9;=FLG K=;MF<YJAG F9 KbD9:9 AFA;A9D <= 75G5 )G K=?MF<G ?JMHG <= >GJ^9
9K H9D9NJ9K X = AI=HC K= AF;GJHGJ9E >GF=LA;9E=FL= 9 ;F5B89 >A;9F<G G
;GFBMFLG KM:GJ<AF9<G 9 ME 9;=FLG HJAF;AH9D F9 KbD9:9 AFA;A9D <= ;F5B89 =
GMLJG
K=;MF<YJAG
E9AK
>J9;G
F9
KbD9:9
AFA;A9D
<= AI=HC
W IM9K= K=EHJ= >Y;AD <=L=JEAF9J 9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 <= ;9<9 ?JMHG <=
>GJ^9 G <A>b;AD _ HJ=;AK9J =E ;=JLGK ;9KGK G HGFLG <= <ANAK]G =FLJ= <GAK
?JMHGK
KM;=KKANGK
6)/ 

F 7

 

 <AKLJA:MA^]G <GK ?JMHGK <= >GJ^9 = 9 9DL=JF[F;A9 <= KbD9:9K HJG

>=JA<9K E9AK JYHA<9K GM E9AK <=EGJ9<9K E9AK >J9;9K GM E9AK >GJL=K ;GF
>GJE= G IM= L=EGK =E E=FL= =PHJ=KK9J <=L=JEAF9E ;=JL9 ;9<aF;A9 <G
;GFL=PLG Z IM9D ;@9E9EGK F=HAC *FCG5 = J9FGC HGKKM=E JALEG )G
N=JKG G JALEG _ =KK=F;A9D = =KH=;b>A;G F9 HJGK9 9HJ=K=FL9K= DANJ= N9JA
9F<G
H=D9
AFA;A9LAN9
<=
IM=E
>9D9
GM
=K;J=N=
1G;Y:MDGK
LfFA;GK
=
YLGFGK
GK
;DbLA;GK

Vocbulos tnicos e tonos: os clticos v )=KL=K ?JMHGK <= >GJ^9

;=JLGK NG;Y:MDGK H=J<=E K=M 9;=FLG HJeHJAG H9J9 MFAJK= 9 GMLJG IM= GK
K=?M= GM IM= GK HJ=;=<= AR=EGK IM= L9AK NG;Y:MDGK K]G 7@[H=7CG IM= K=
AF;DAF9E GM RHCBCG HGJIM= K= 9;@9E <=KLALMb<GK <= K=M 9;=FLG NG;9:M
D9J IM=D= NG;Y:MDG IM= FG ?JMHG <= >GJ^9 E9FL_E KM9 AF<ANA<M9DA<
9<= >GF_LA;9 _ ;@9E9<G HaB=7C G ;GFBMFLG K= <Y G FGE= <= JC7R6I@C
:CBXH=7C C
F9=
MJJ=Q
 89J9
9GH5F
<=NAKL9J

*K ;DbLA;GK K= <AR=E DFC7@[H=7CG K= HJ=;=<=E G NG;Y:MDG LfFA;G 9
IM=
K=
AF;GJHGJ9E
H9J9
;GFKLALMAJ
G
?JMHG
<=
>GJ^9
C
F9=

9@9
8=GG9

6CA
@=JFC

89J9
9GH5F

AR=E
=F;DbLA;GK
K=
NaE
<=HGAK
<G
NG;Y:MDG
LfFA;G
8=GG9
A9

9=
@C

:5@5F
@<9

E HGJLM?MaK K]G ?=J9DE=FL= YLGF9K = HJG;DbLA;9K 9K K=?MAFL=K

;D9KK=K
<=
H9D9NJ9K

9JLA?GK
<=>AFA<GK
GM
AF<=>AFA<GK
;GE:AF9<GK
GM
F]G
;GE
HJ=
HGKA^]G C
<CA9A

IA
<CA9A

8C
@=JFC

;=JLGK
FME=J9AK IA
@=JFC

HFZG
J9@5G

79A
<CA9BG

HJGFGE=K
9<BMFLGK
9FL=HGKLGK
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK
HGKK=KKANGK
AF
<=>AFA<GK
AFL=JJG?9LANGK 9GH9
@=JFC

A9I
@=JFC

7585
8=5

EI9
:5N9F

HJGFGE=K
H=KKG9AK
9FL=HGKLGK 9@9
J9A

9I
8=GG9

HJGFGE=K
J=D9LANGK

N=J:GK
9MPADA9J=K

;=JLGK
9<N_J:AGK >R
J= BVC
DCGGC
=L;

;=JL9K
HJ=HGKA^g=K 5 89 9A 7CA DCF G9A GC6 D5F5

;=JL9K
;GFBMF^g=K 9 B9A CI A5G EI9 G9 7CAC
=L;
.]G =F;DbLA;9K 9K >GJE9K HJGFGEAF9AK A9 H9 G9 BCG JCG C 5 CG
5G @<9 @<9G
IM9F<G
HGKHGKL9K
9G
NG;Y:MDG
LfFA;G




(MAL9K N=R=K ME9 H9D9NJ9 HG<= K=J YLGF9 GM LfFA;9 ;GF>GJE= KM9
HGKA^]G FG ?JMHG <= >GJ^9 9 IM= H=JL=F;= E C 5F7C 89G5D5F979 G KM:
KL9FLANG 5F7C _
LfFA;G
=E C
5F7C[F=G
H9KKGM
9
YLGFG
HJG;DbLA;G
E ;F5B89 <CA9A 5@HC A5F GK 9<B=LANGK K]G YLGFGK =E <CA9A
;F5B89 A5F 5@HC BY K]G GK KM:KL9FLANGK IM= K= 9LGFAR9E E 9I @<9
8=GG9 GK <GAK HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK K]G YLGFGK HJG;DbLA;GK =E 8=GG9@<9 9I
G HJGFGE= 9I ;GFK=JN9 K=M 9;=FLG HJeHJAG /G<G =KL= ;GFBMFLG <= >9LGK
K]G
<=NA<GK
9
>=FfE=FGK
<= :CBXH=75
G=BHRH=75


+9D9NJ9K
IM=
G>=J=;=E
<hNA<9K
IM9FLG
Z
HGKA^]G
<9
KbD9:9
LfFA;9

Palavras que oferecem dvidas quanto posio da slaba tnica v -=@56585 _ G =JJG <= HJGKe<A9 IM= ;GFKAKL= F9 <=KDG;9^]G <G 9;=FLG
LfFA;G <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 $?FGJ9J IM9D _ 9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 <AR
"GF^9DN=K
1A9F9
_
>A;9J
F9
AEHGKKA:ADA<9<=
<=
HJG>=JAD9
)ME=JGK9K H9D9NJ9K =PAKL=E IM= G>=J=;=E <hNA<9K IM9FLG Z
HGKA^]G
<9
KbD9:9
LfFA;9
.]G CL[HCB5G
9DG_K
;9L=L=J
AKL=J
@9J_E
"A:J9DL9J
"MD:=FCA9F
E9KK=L=J
>9RK=
EAKL=J

F=;=KKYJAG
)G:=D
FGN=D
J=;_E
J=>_E
JMAE
KMLAD
MJ=L=J

GFK=IMaF;A9
<9
HJe;DAK=

Consequncia da prclise v *K NG;Y:MDGK YLGFGK HJG;DbLA;GK H=J

<=F<G K=M 9;=FLG HJeHJAG H9J9 K= KM:GJ<AF9J=E 9G <G LfFA;G K=?MAFL=
J=KAKL=E E=FGK Z HJ=KK9 ;GE IM= K]G HJG>=JA<GK = 9;9:9E HGJ KG>J=J J=
<M^g=K FG K=M NGDME= >GF_LA;G =FLJ= GK FME=JGKGK =P=EHDGK <=
HJe;DAK=
D=E:J9J=EGK
9IMA
9
9
H9KK9?=E
<=
@A9LG
9
<ALGF?G
=E
NAJLM<=
<=
ME9
NG?9D
H9KK9J
9
K=EANG?9D
KAF_J=K=
.I5G FGJE9DE=FL= <AKKADY:A;G L=E <= K=J HJG>=JA<G ;GE ME9
KbD9:9
FGK
K=?MAFL=K
N=JKGK
<=
"GF^9DN=K
A9K
?J9^9K
Z
HJe;DAK=
x
Z
FGAL=
IM9F<G
G
;_M
_
HMJG
=
DAEHG
/=M
;@]G
LAF?=K
<=
9RMD
v HI5G GF<9K
;GJJ=E y

.]G D5FCL[HCB5G
9;eJ<]G
[E:9J
9E:JGKA9
9N9JG
9RA9?G
:9J:9JA9
;[FGF
;9J9;L=J=K
;9JLGE9F;A9
;A;DGH=
=<ALG
D=A
<=;J=LG
HA>9FA9 
=P=?=K=
>AD
9FLJGHG
>DMA<G
I= <ALGF?G
>GJLMALG
I= <ALGF?G
?J9LMALG
I=
<ALGF?G
A:=JG
AEHAG
;JM=D
AF9M<ALG
DYL=P
E9IMAF9JA9
EAK9F
LJGHG
F=;JGHKA9
)GJE9F<A9
GF9?JG
L:
fF9?JG
GPAEGJG
L:
GP
AEeJGF
+9F<GJ9
+eDMP
HM<A;G
IMAJGE9F;A9
KAEMD9;JG

.]G DFCD5FCL[HCB5G AF;DMAF<GK= GK NG;Y:MDGK L=JEAF9<GK HGJ

<ALGF?G
;J=K;=FL=
9=Je<JGEG
9=JeDALG
YD;9DA
YD;GGD
9D;GeD9LJ9 5@=6= D9L 
9DNbKK9J9K
[E9?G
9EYD?9E9
9E:JeKA9
9FYL=E9
9F<Je?AFG
9FLb<GLG
9JIM_
LAHG
9MLe;LGF=
:9J:YJA=
:GaEA9
:J[E9F=
;Y>AD9
;GF<fEAFG
;JAK[FL=EG
<_;9<9
<bHL=JG
_;DG?9
_<ALG
GJ<=E
BM<A;A9D
W>=KG
aE:GDG
=HbL=LG
_HKADGF
=K;[F;9J9K
ZK
aPG<G
>9;KbEAD=
>b:MD9
A<eD9LJ9
bEHAG
K=E
>_
bEHJG:G
bF;DALG
AFbIMG
bFL=JAE
EYPAE=
GM
A5L=A9 D9L 
fE=?9
+_?9KG
+_JA;D=K
WKIMADG
H_JAHDG
HDaA9<=
9
HJGLeLAHG
/[EAK9
LJ[FK>M?9
N[F<9DG

C5 GM 6C5G =E HJe;DAK= LJ9FK>GJE9 9 NG?9D C =E K=EANG?9D

IM=
;@=?9
F9
DbF?M9
HGHMD9J
9
<=K9H9J=;=J
x*MLJGK
KM9K
L=JJ9K
=E 6C5 H9R
J=?=J9E
JE9F<G9K
;GE 6C5G D=AK
=
:GFK
HJ=;=ALGK y
6! 7
x65G FGAL=
F@GRAF@G y
6'
9J<GKG7 

: G <=K9H9J=;AE=FLG <9 NG?9D <9 HJAE=AJ9 KbD9:9 <= ME <AKKbD9:G H9J9 

HJ9
$KLG
_ DF5 EAE
;
G
<=K9H9J=;AE=FLG
<9
KbD9:9
>AF9D
<=
ME
<AKKbD9:G
 G5BHC  GVC <A9FL=
<GK
FGE=K
;GE=^9<GK
HGJ
;GFKG9FL= -VC
+9MDG -VC +=<JG
 79BHC  79A 79A HY?AF9K
 ;F5B89  ;FV ;FVC ;FVJ=L9F@9 ;FVCNARAJ
 H5BHC  HVC HVC ?J9F<=
 EI5BHC  EIVC EIVC :=DG
<
GMLJ9K
J=<M^g=K
;GEG G9B<CF  G9I G9I %G]G

+9D9NJ9K
IM=
9<EAL=E
<MHD9
HJGKe<A9

Palavras que admitem dupla prosdia

9;Je:9L9
GM
9;JG:9L9
9DeH9L9
GM
9DGH9L9
9E:JeKA9
GM
9E:JGKA9
;JAK[FL=EG
GM
;JAK9FL=EG
@A=Je?DA>G
GM
@A=JG?DA>G
F=>=Db:9L9
GM
F=
>=DA:9L9
*;=[FA9
GM
*;=9FA9
GJLG_HA9
GM
GJLG=HA9
HJGB_LAD
GM
HJG
B=LAD
J_HLAD
GM
J=HLAD
J=K=<9
a
GM
J=K=<Y
KeJGJ
GM
KGJGJ
@GEbDA9
GM
@GEADA9
?=G<_KA9
GM
?=G<=KA9
R[F?]G
GM
R9F?]G



D) Ortografia
D>9:=LG

I Alfabeto
 * 9D>9:=LG HGJLM?MaK ;GFKL9 >MF<9E=FL9DE=FL= <= NAFL= = K=AK D=
LJ9K 5
6
7
8
9
:
;
<
=
>
?
@
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
&
2
4

II K, W, Y
 EHJ=?9EK= =E 9:J=NA9LMJ9K = KbE:GDGK :=E ;GEG =E H9D9N
J9K =KLJ9F?=AJ9K <= MKG AFL=JF9;AGF9D %  HGLYKKAG %F  ;JAHLfFAG ?; 
IMADG?J9E9 ?A  IMADfE=LJG ?K  IMADGO9LL ?K<  IMADGO9LL@GJ9 1 
G=KL= GM OGD>J[EAG LMF?KLaFAG K  O9LL KG  O9LLK=?MF<G 3  bLJAG
M8 
B9J<9
M5F8
AF?DaK
=L;
 *K <=JAN9<GK HGJLM?M=K=K <= FGE=K HJeHJAGK =KLJ9F?=AJGK <=N=E
=K;J=N=JK= <= 9;GJ<G ;GE 9K >GJE9K HJAEALAN9K :F5B?@=B=5BC ?5BH=GAC
85FK=B=GAC K5;B9F=5BC NK=B;@=5B=GH5 6MFCB=5BC H5M@CF=GH5
=L;
 * ? _ KM:KLALMb<G HGJ EI 9FL=K <= 9 = = = HGJ 7 9FL=K <= GMLJ9
IM9DIM=J
D=LJ9 6F9EI9 75EI= :5EI=F B[EI9@ 75I@=A
=L;
 * K KM:KLALMAK= =E H9D9NJ9K HGJLM?M=K9K GM 9HGJLM?M=K9<9K
HGJ I GM J ;GF>GJE= G K=M N9DGJ >GF_LA;G G5B8I[7<9 H5@J9;I9 J=G=;C8C
=L;
 * ? _ ME9 ;GFKG9FL= L9D ;GEG G 7 9FL=K <= 5 C I = G <b?J9>G EI
<= EI9FC * K _ ME9 NG?9D GM K=EANG?9D HJGFMF;A9<G ;GEG
M
=E H9
D9NJ9K <= GJA?=E AF?D=K9 K5HH<CF5 K<=G?M K5::@9 15@@579 G<CK _
;GFKG9FL= ;GEG G FGKKG
N
=E H9D9NJ9K <= GJA?=E 9D=E] 15@H9F 15;B
9F K5;B9F=5BC )G FGE= <G ;_D=:J= F9LMJ9DAKL9 AF?DaK 5FK=B KG9 ;GEG

N
 HJGFhF;A9 E9AK ?=J9D GM ;GEG
M
* M _ ME KGE NG;YDA;G HJGFMF
;A9<G ;GEG
A
;GE >MF^]G <= NG?9D GM K=EANG?9D M57<H  ;=JLG LAHG <=
=E:9J;9^]G M5F8  B9J<9 M5?=ACBC  ;=J[EA;9 B9HGF=K9 M9B 
MFA<9<=
EGF=LYJA9
=
EG=<9
<G
%9H]G M9B=H5 
;=JLG
EAF=J9D
#

III H
 KL9 D=LJ9 F]G _ HJGHJA9E=FL= ;GFKG9FL= E9K ME KbE:GDG IM=
=E J9R]G <9 =LAEGDG?A9 = <9 LJ9<A^]G =K;JAL9 <G FGKKG A<AGE9 K= ;GFK=JN9
FG HJAF;bHAG <= NYJA9K H9D9NJ9K FG >AE <= 9D?ME9K AFL=JB=A^g=K <5J9F
<X@=79 <=8FC;ZB=C <_GH=5 <IA=@8589 <V <9A DI< 5< =< C<
=L;



Observao )]G K= =K;J=N= ;GE < >AF9D 9 AFL=JB=A^]G <= ;@9E9E=FLG GM 9H=DG
_ r
$CGX
J9A
5EI= r
&5IF5
D5F9
7CA
=GGC

 )G AFL=JAGJ <G NG;Y:MDG Ke K= =EHJ=?9 =E <GAK ;9KGK IM9F<G

>9R H9JL= <G 7< <G @< = <G B< IM= J=HJ=K=FL9E >GF=E9K H9D9L9AK = FGK
;GEHGKLGK =E IM= G K=?MF<G =D=E=FLG ;GE < AFA;A9D =LAEGDe?A;G K= MF=
9G HJAE=AJG HGJ E=AG <G @b>=F 7<5J9 A5@<C F965B<C 5BH=<=;=ZB=7C
7CBHF5<5GH9 DFX<=GH_F=7C GC6F9<IA5BC
=L;
Observaes 9 )GK ;GEHGKLGK K=E @b>=F =DAEAF9K= G < <G K=?MF<G =D=
E=FLG 5B5FAaB=7C 7C56=H5F 7CCB9GH5F 89G5FACB=5 9L5IGHC =B56=@=H5F @C6=
GCA9A F95J9F =L; : )GK ;9KGK =E IM= F]G @GMN=J H=J<9 <G KGE <9 NG?9D >AF9D
<G  q =D=E=FLG = G =D=E=FLG K=?MAFL= ;GE=^9J ;GE < K=J]G MK9<9K 9K <M9K
>GJE9K ?JY>A;9K 6=<968CA58RF=C = 6=968CA58RF=C 75F6C<=8F5HC =
75F6C=8F5HC NCC<9A5H=B5 = NCC9A5H=B5 ;9C<=GH_F=5 = ;9C=GH_F=5 %Y IM9F<G
@GMN=J H=J<9 <G KGE <9 NG?9D >AF9D <G  q =D=E=FLG ;GFKA<=J9J=EGK IM= 9 ?J9>A9
;GFK9?J9<9 <=N= K=J E9FLA<9 7@CF=8F5HC 7@CF=8F=5 7@CF[8F=7C EI=B=8FCB5 GI@:=8
F=@5 L=@5FAaB=75 L=@5FAaB=7C =N=E >A;9J ;GEG =KL]G 9K H9D9NJ9K IM= BY K]G <=
MKG ;GFK9?J9<G ;GEG F9=8F5H5F F9IA5B=N5F F956=HI5F F956=H5F F956=@=H5F =
F95J9F

 )G >MLMJG <G AF<A;9LANG = FG ;GF<A;AGF9D F]G K= MK9 G < FG hD

LAEG
=D=E=FLG
IM9F<G
@Y
HJGFGE=
AFL=J;9D9<G 5AR@C9= 8=FG9=5
=L;
 ,M9F<G 9 =LAEGDG?A9 G F]G BMKLA>A;9 F]G K= =EHJ=?9 5FD9>C
KM:KL9FLANG CA6FC CBH9A =L; E=KEG IM= G BMKLA>AIM= F]G K= =K
;J=N= FG >AE <= KM:KL9FLANGK F=E FG ;GE=^G <= 9D?MFK NG;Y:MDGK IM= G
MKG
;GFK9?JGM
K=E
=KL=
KbE:GDG 5B8CF=B<5 9FJ5 :9@R =BJ9FBC
=L;
 )]G K= =K;J=N= < <=HGAK <= 7 K9DNG G <AKHGKLG FG F q  F=E
<=HGAK <= D F = H G D< _ KM:KLALMb<G HGJ : G 7< ?MLMJ9D HGJ EI 9FL=K <= 9
GM = = HGJ 7 9FL=K <= GMLJ9 IM9DIM=J D=LJ9 7CFC;F5:=5 7F=GHVC EI9FI6=A
EI[A=75 :5FAR7=5 :_G:CFC F9H_F=75 FI=65F6C H95HFC HIF[6I@C
=L;
GFKG9FL=K
EM<9K

IV Consoantes mudas
  )]G K= =K;J=N=E 9K ;GFKG9FL=K IM= K= F]G HJG>=J=E 5GA5
5GG=B5HIF5 7=ZB7=5 8=F9HCF ;=BRG=C =B=6=F =BCJ5WVC C:[7=C = F]G
5GH<A5 5GG=;B5HIF5 G7=9B7=5 8=F97HCF ;MAB5G=C =B<=6=F =BBCJ5WVC C:
:=7=C ;GFK=JN9EK= 9K ;GFKG9FL=K FGK ;9KGK =E IM= K]G AFN9JA9N=D
E=FL= HJG>=JA<9K F9K HJGFhF;A9K ;MDL9K <9 DbF?M9 ;GEH9;LG ;GFNA;^]G
>A;^]G
9<=HLG
9HLG
=L;



Observao K;J=N=K= HGJ_E G G =E H9D9NJ9K ;GEG 89G79F :@CF9G79F B5G

79F =L;  = G L =E NG;Y:MDGK ;GEG 9L79HC 9L79FHC =L;  9H=K9J <= F=E K=EHJ= K=
HJGFMF;A9J=E
=KK9K
;GFKG9FL=K

 E K=F<G EM<G G D FG ?JMHG AD7 GM ADH =K;J=N=K= B7 GM BH

5GGIB7=CB=GH5 5GGIBHC DF9GIBWVC DFCBH=:=75F
=L;

E NG;Y:MDGK ;MB9K ;GFKG9FL=K >9;MDL9LAN9E=FL= K=
HJGFMF;A9E =K;J=N=K= HJ=>=J=F;A9DE=FL= G <= MKG E9AK ?=F=J9DAR9<G
KKAE K=J]G ;GFKA?F9<GK 9D_E <= GMLJGK =KL=K 5GD97HC = 5GD9HC 75F57
H9F[GH=7C = 75F5H9F[GH=7C 7=F7IBGD97HC = 7=F7IBGD9HC 7CBH57HC = 7CBH5HC
7CFFIDWVC = 7CFFIWVC 7CFFIDH9@5 = 7CFFIH9@5 857H=@C;F5:=5 = 85H=@C
;F5:=5 9LD97H5H=J5 = 9LD9H5H=J5 CDH=A=GAC = CH=A=GAC F9GD97H=JC = F9G
D9H=JC G97WVC = G9WVC G=B_DH=7C = G=B_H=7C GIADHICGC = GIBHICGC H57HC
= H5HC K;J=N=K= ;=HC E9K 9;[D7=C HGJ K=J F=KL= hDLAEG HJGFM;A9<G G
D
.

V SC
 DAEAF9K= G G <G ?JMHG AFA;A9D G7 79B5 79BC;F5:=5 7=ZB7=5
=L;
 *K ;GEHGKLGK <=KK9 ;D9KK= <= NG;Y:MDGK IM9F<G K]G >GJE9<GK
=E FGKK9 DbF?M9 K]G =K;JALGK K=E G G 9FL=K <G 7 5BH=7=9BH[:=7C 7CBHF5
79B5F 9B79B5WVC =L;  E9K IM9F<G NA=J9E BY >GJE9<GK H9J9 G N=J
FY;MDG ;GFK=JN9E G G 7CBG7=ZB7=5 7aBG7=C =ADF9G7=B8[J9@ DF9G7=B8=F
F9G7=B8=F F9G7=GVC
=L;
'=LJ9K
<G:J9<9K

VI Letras dobradas
 K;J=N=EK= FF = GG IM9F<G =FLJ= NG?9AK J=HJ=K=FL9E GK KGFK
KAEHD=K <G F = G AFA;A9AK = 77 GM 7W IM9F<G G HJAE=AJG KG9 <AKLAFL9E=FL=
<G
K=?MF<G 75FFC :5FF5 A5GG5 D5GGC 7CBJ=7WVC C77=D=H5@
=L;
 MHDA;9EK= G F = G G LG<9K 9K N=R=K IM= 9 ME =D=E=FLG <=
;GEHGKA^]G L=JEAF9<G =E NG?9D K= K=?M= K=E AFL=JHGKA^]G <G @b>=F H9
D9NJ9 ;GE=^9<9 HGJ ME9 <9IM=D9K D=LJ9K 5FF=HA=5 7CFFXI DF9FFC;5H=J5
DF9GG9BH=F F9GG9BH=A9BHC G57FCGG5BHC
=L;
1G?9AK
F9K9AK

VII Vogais nasais



 K NG?9AK F9K9AK K]G J=HJ=K=FL9<9K FG >AE <GK NG;Y:MDGK HGJ V

VG =A =BG CA CBG IA IBG 5:V 7VG :@5IH=A :C@<9H=BG G9A=HCA
HCBG HIHIA NIANIBG
=L;
 * V HG<= >A?MJ9J F9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 HJ=LfFA;9 GM YLGF9 V5HR
7F=GHVA9BH9 =FAVA9BH9 A5WV A5B<VN=B<5 _F:V FCAVN9=F5
=L;
 ,M9F<G 9IM=D9K NG?9AK K]G AFA;A9AK GM E=<A9AK 9 F9K9DA<9<= _
=PHJ=KK9 HGJ A 9FL=K <G 6 = D = HGJ B 9FL=K <= GMLJ9 IM9DIM=J ;GFKG9FL=
5A6CG 75ADC 7CBHI8C 9B:=A 9BEI5BHC <CA9BN=B<C BIJ9BN=B<5 J=B
H9BN=B<C
=L;
ALGF?GK

VIII Ditongos
 *K <ALGF?GK GJ9AK =K;J=N=EK= ;GE 9 KM:BMFLAN9 = GM I 5=DC
75= 75IHC 89;F5IG 89= :5N9=G =89=5 A5IGC@XI B9IFCG9 F9HCFEI=I F_=
GC=G GCI GCIHC I=JC IGI:FI=
=L;
Observao K;J=N=EK= ;GE = = F]G ;GE 9 9 >GJE9 N=J:9D :I= 9 p =  p
H=KK <G KAF? <G HJ=K <G AF< = 9 p <G KAF? <G AEH=J <GK N=J:GK L=JEAF9<GK =E
I=F 5:@I= :FI=G F9HF=6I=G
=L;

 * <ALGF?G CI 9DL=JF9 =E FME=JGKGK NG;Y:MDGK ;GE C=

65@CIW5F = 65@C=W5F 75@CIFC = 75@C=FC 8CIF5F = 8C=F5F =L; K;J=N=K=
HJ=>=J=F;A9DE=FL=
G
<=
MKG
E9AK
?=F=J9DAR9<G
 K;J=N=EK= 9KKAE GK <ALGF?GK F9K9AK V9 V= VC 5A 9A 9BG
c9 I= HJG>=JA<G |= AV9 DV9G 7V=6F5 57_F8VC =FAVC @9VCN=B<C
5A5A 69A 69BG 89J9A Dc9 F9Dc9G AI=HC
=L;
Observaes
9
AKH=FK9K=
G
LAD
<G
<ALGF?G
F9K9D I= =E AI= = AI=HC
: GE G <ALGF?G F9K9D VC K= =K;J=N=E GK EGFGKKbD9:GK LfFA;GK GM F]G = GK
HGDAKKbD9:GK
GPbLGFGK 7VC 8VC BVC EIVC 9BHVC =FAVC J=J9FVC
=L;
; /9E:_E K= =K;J=N=E ;GE G <ALGF?G VC GK KM:KL9FLANGK = 9<B=LANGK
H9JGPbLGFGK
9;=FLM9F<GK=
HGJ_E
9
KbD9:9
LfFA;9 _F:VC _F;VC G_HVC
=L;
< )9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK 9FGPbLGF9K K= =K;J=N= 5A 5A5F5A 89J9F5A D5FH=F5A
=L;
= GE G <ALGF?G F9K9D V9 K= =K;J=N=E GK NG;Y:MDGK GPbLGFGK = GK K=MK <=JAN9
<GK = GK 9FGPbLGFGK HJAEALANGK ?J9>9EK= ;GE G <ALGF?G V= 75D=HV9G AV9G
DV9N=B<CG 7V=6C NV=6C
=L;



> * <ALGF?G F9K9D 9=G =K;J=N=K= 9A GM 9BG 9KKAE FGK EGFGKKbD9:GK ;GEG
FGK HGDAKKbD9:GK <= IM9DIM=J ;9L=?GJA9 ?J9E9LA;9D 69A 7CBJXA 7CBJXBG J=F;9A
J=F;9BG
=L;

 *K =F;GFLJGK NG;YDA;GK YLGFGK = >AF9AK IM= HG<=E K=J HJGFMF

;A9<GK ;GEG <ALGF?GK ;J=K;=FL=K =K;J=N=EK= <9 K=?MAFL= >GJE9 95
YMJ=9 9C ;=LY;=G =5 ;GDfFA9 =9 =KH_;A= =C =PbEAG C5 Fe<G9
I5 ;GFLbFM9 I9 LaFM= IC LJb<MG
=L;
#A9LGK

IX Hiatos
   p p  p H=KK <G KAF? <G HJ=K <G KM:B = 9  p H=KK <G
KAF? <G AEH=J <GK N=J:GK =E C5F =K;J=N=EK= ;GE C9 = F]G C=
569BWC9 5A5@8=WC9G D9F8C9
=L;
 K LJaK H=KKG9K <G KAF? <G HJ=K <G KM:B = 9  p <G KAF? <G AE
H=J <GK N=J:GK =E I5F =K;J=N=EK= ;GE 9I = F]G I= 7I@HI9 <56=HI9G
=L;
+9JfFAEGK
=
NG;Y:MDGK
<=
?J9>A9
<MHD9

X Parnimos e vocbulos de grafia dupla

 =N=K= >9R=J 9 E9AK JA?GJGK9 <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= GK NG;Y:MDGK
H9JfFAEGK = GK <= ?J9>A9 <MHD9 IM= K= =K;J=N=E ;GE 9 GM ;GE = ;GE C
GM ;GE I ;GE 7 GM E ;GE 7< GM L ;GE ; GM > ;GE G GG GM 7 W ;GE G
GM L
;GE G GM N
=
;GE
GK
<AN=JKGK
N9DGJ=K
<G L
 k
;GE = GM
;GE 9 57F=5BC 75ACB=5BC HCFF=9BG9 =E
N=R
<9K
9FLA?9K
57F95BC 75ACB95BC HCFF99BG9 7CF95BC 85CA95BC ;I=B99BG9
k
;GE C GM
;GE I :FR;I5 @I;5F AR;C5 A5BI9@=BC DC@=F HF=6C
IF8=F J9=C N=J:G
GM
KM:KL9FLANG
=L;
 k
;GE 7 GM E EI5HCFN9 K=?MA<G
<= 75HCFN9 7=BEI9BH5 EIC7=9BH9
K=?MA<G
<G 7C7=9BH9
=L;
 k
;GE 7< GM L 5B9L=A 6I7<5 7<5FEI9 7<=A5FFVC :5L=B5 :@97<5
H57<5F 
FGL9J
;=FKMJ9J H5L5F 
<=L=JEAF9J
9
L9P9
J=?MD9J
=L;
 k
;GE ; GM > 9GHF5B;9=FC >9B=D5DC ;9B=H=JC ;[F=5 >9=F5 >9=HC >=6C=5
>=F5I @5F5B>9=F5 @C>=GH5 A5>9GH589 J=5;9A K >  J=5>9A <G
N=J:G
J=5>5F
=L;
 k
;GE G GG GM 7 W TBG=5 5BH=7XDH=7C 6CW5 
;9:G
<=
F9NAG 6CGG5

HJGLM:=J[F;A9
9HLA<]G 6C@W5F 
NGEAL9J 6C@G5F 
>9R=J
:GDKGK
75WI@5 79BGI5@ 
J=D9LANG
9
;=FKG G9BGI5@ 
D9K;ANG
=L;



Observao
)]G
K=
=EHJ=?9 W =E
AFb;AG
<=
H9D9NJ9K

 k
;GE G GM L 9GD97H58CF 
L=KL=EMF@9 9LD97H58CF 
H=KKG9
L=E
=K

H=J9F^9 9LD9FHC 
H=JALG
=PH=JAE=FL9<G 9GD9FHC 
9LANG
9;GJ<9<G 9GD@ZB8=8C 9GD@9B8CF 9LHF9ACGC :@IL 
F9
DG;M^]G 5
:@IL >IGH5:@IJ=5@ >IGH5DCF A=GHC
=L;
 k
;GE G GM N 5@5NVC 5@75WIN 
HD9FL9 5@=G5F 
LGJF9J
DAKG 5@=N5F
K E  5B9GH9G=5F 5IHCF=N5F 65N5F 7C@=G9I 7CA9N=B<C 7CFHZG 8=G
G9BGVC 9ADF9G5 9G:IN=5F 9GJ5N=5A9BHC :F9B9G= K=?MA<G
<= :F9B9G
=A ;I=NC K E  =F=G5F 
<9J
9K
;GJ=K
<G
bJAK
9 =F=N5F 
9L9;9J
6G
AJ
AR7
G
;9>=R=AJG B5F7=G5FG9 C6GXEI=C DF=CF9G5 F=NCHaB=7C G579F8CH
=G5 H5D=N HFTBG=HC L58F9N
=L;
Observaes

9 W KGFGJG G G <= C6GXEI=C = K=MK <=JAN9<GK :=E ;GEG G <G HJ=>APG HF5BG =E
K= D@= K=?MAF<G NG?9D IM9F<G HGJ_E 9 =KK= HJ=>APG K= K=?M= H9D9NJ9 AFA;A9<9
HGJ G Ke K= =K;J=N= ME IM= K= HJG>=J= ;GEG K= >GJ9 <G:J9<G C6G9EI=5F R=
HF5BGC79TB=7C RG HF5BG97I@5F K= HF5BGI6GH5B7=5WVC KM
=L;
: )G >AF9D <= KbD9:9 YLGF9 K=B9 FG AFL=JAGJ K=B9 FG >AE <G NG;Y:MDG =EHJ=?9K=
G G =E
DM?9J
<G N 5GH975 9B89G A9GEI=H5
=L;

 * L ;GFLAFM9 9 =K;J=N=JK= ;GE GK K=MK ;AF;G N9DGJ=K :=E

;GEG FGK ;9KGK =E IM= HG<= K=J EM<G ;GEG =E 9L79HC 9L79FHC =L;
/=E
HGAK
G
KGE
<=
 k 7<
FG
HJAF;bHAG
=
G
FG
AFL=JAGJ
<=
EMAL9K
H9D9NJ9K L9F=:9 L[75F5
5A9=L5 9BLCJ5@
=L;
k 7G
FG
E=AG
=
FG
>AE
<=
NYJA9K
H9D9NJ9K 5B9LC @RH9L H_F5L
=L;
 k N
IM9F<G
G;GJJ=
FG
HJ=>APG 9LC
GM 9L K=?MA<G
<=
NG?9D 9L5A9
ZL=HC ZLC8C 9LCGACG9 9LCHXFA=7C
=L;
 k GG 5DFCL=A5F 5IL=@=5F ARL=AC DFCL=A=8589 G=BH5L9
=L;
 k G >AF9D
<=
KbD9:9 7CBH9LHC :ZB=L DF9H9LH5F G9LHC H9LHI5@
=L;
 )G >AF9D <= KbD9:9K AFA;A9AK = AFL=JAGJ=K K= <=N= =EHJ=?9J G G =E
N=R <G L IM9F<G F]G G HJ=;=<= 9 NG?9D 9 >IGH5:@IJ=5@ >IGH5DCG=WVC
A=GHC G=GH=BC
=L;
 <GL9J=EGK 9 ?J9>A9 IM= K=B9 E9AK ;GF>GJE= Z =LAEGDG?A9 <G
NG;Y:MDG = Z KM9 @AKLeJA9 E9K IM= =KL=B9 =E @9JEGFA9 ;GE 9 HJGKe<A9
?=J9D <GK :J9KAD=AJGK F=E K=EHJ= A<aFLA;9 Z DMKAL9F9 + =P  >I8a FG J 
= >I8C =E +GJL  A9HFa FG J  = A9HFC =E +GJL  DaB9= FG J  =
D_B9= =E
+GJL 


)GE=K
HJeHJAGK

XI Nomes prprios
  *K FGE=K HJeHJAGK H=JKGF9LANGK DG;9LANGK = <= IM9DIM=J
F9LMJ=R9 K=F<G HGJLM?M=K=K GM 9HGJLM?M=K9<GK =KL]G KMB=ALGK ZK E=KE9K
J=?J9K
=KL9:=D=;A<9K
H9J9
GK
FGE=K
;GEMFK
 +9J9 K9DN9?M9J<9J <AJ=ALGK AF<ANA<M9AK IM=E G IMAK=J E9FL=JY
=E KM9 9KKAF9LMJ9 9 >GJE9 ;GFKM=LM<AFYJA9 +G<=JY L9E:_E K=J E9FLA<9 9
?J9>A9 GJA?AF9D <= IM9AKIM=J >AJE9K KG;A=<9<=K LbLMDGK = E9J;9K IM= K=
9;@=E
AFK;JALGK
=E
J=?AKLJG
Hh:DA;G
Observao )]G K=F<G G HJeHJAG IM= 9KKAF= G FGE= ;GE 9 ?J9>A9 = 9 9;=FLM
9^]G <G EG<G ;GEG >GA J=?AKLJ9<G 9 AF<A;9^]G <G K=M FGE= G:=<=;=JY ZK J=?J9K
=KL9:=D=;A<9K H=DG KAKL=E9 GJLG?JY>A;G NA?=FL= IB85WVC 5G5 89 ,I= 5F6CG5
G
FGLYN=D
BMJAKL9
:9A9FG
9KKAF9N9 ,IM

 *K LGHfFAEGK <= GJA?=E =KLJ9F?=AJ9 <=N=E K=J MK9<GK ;GE 9K

>GJE9K N=JFY;MD9K <= MKG NMD?9J = IM9F<G F]G LaE >GJE9K N=JFY;MD9K
LJ9FK;J=N=EK= ;GFKG9FL= 9K FGJE9K =KL9LMb<9K H=D9 GF>=JaF;A9 <= "=G
?J9>A9
<=
 
IM=
F]G
;GFLJ9JA9J=E
GK
HJAF;bHAGK
=KL9:=D=;A<GK
9IMA
 *K LGHfFAEGK <= LJ9<A^]G @AKLeJA;9 K=;MD9J F]G KG>J=E 9DL=J9^]G
9D?ME9 F9 KM9 ?J9>A9 IM9F<G BY =KL=B9 ;GFK9?J9<9 H=DG ;GFK=FKG <AMLMJFG
<GK :J9KAD=AJGK .AJN9 <= =P=EHDG G LGHfFAEG 5<=5 IM= ;GFK=JN9JY =KL9
>GJE9 IM9F<G K= 9HDA;9J =E J=>=JaF;A9 9G KL9<G = Z ;A<9<= IM= LaE =KK=
FGE=
Observao *K ;GEHGKLGK = <=JAN9<GK <=KK=K LGHfFAEGK G:=<=;=J]G ZK FGJ
E9K
?=J9AK
<G
NG;9:MDYJAG
;GEME
;=FLM9^]G
?JY>A;9

XII Acentuao grfica

1=J ,9;F5G
89
579BHI5WVC
HeKLJG>G

XIII Apstrofo

'AEAL9K=
G
=EHJ=?G
<G
9HeKLJG>G
9GK
K=?MAFL=K
;9KGK
 k
$F<A;9J
9
KMHJ=KK]G
<=
ME9
D=LJ9
GM
D=LJ9K
FG
N=JKG
HGJ
=PA?aF;A9
<9
E=LJA>A;9^]G 7nFC5 9GDnF5BW5 C:nF979F nGH5F
=L;
k
-=HJG<MRAJ
;=JL9K
HJGFhF;A9K
HGHMD9J=K nHR nH9J9
=L;

 

 k
$F<A;9J
9
KMHJ=KK]G
<9
NG?9D
BY
;GFK9?J9<9
H=DG
MKG
=E
;=JL9K
H9
D9NJ9K
;GEHGKL9K
DA?9<9K
H=D9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89 7CDC8nR;I5 
HD9FL9
D9F;@= ;5@=B<58nR;I5 AV98nR;I5 D5I8nR;I5 
YJNGJ=
_:JAG
=L;
Observao -=KLJAF?AF<GK= G =EHJ=?G <G 9HeKLJG>G 9 =KK=K ;9KGK ;MEHJ= F]G
K=
MK=
<=D=
=E
F=F@ME9
GMLJ9
@AHeL=K=
KKAE
F]G
K=JY
=EHJ=?9<G
9 F9K ;GFLJ9^g=K <9K HJ=HGKA^g=K 89 = 9A ;GE 9JLA?GK 9<B=LANGK GM HJGFGE=K
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK AF<=>AFA<GK H=KKG9AK = ;GE 9D?MFK 9<N_J:AGK 8IA 8IA5 9 H9J
<= 89 IA 89 IA5 BIA BIA5 9 H9J <= 9A IA 9A IA5 85@;IA 85@;IA5 9
H9J <= 89 5@;IA 89 5@;IA5 8CIHFC BCIHFC 9 H9J <= 89 CIHFC 9A CIHFC 89@9
89@5 B9@9 B9@5 89GH9 89GH5 B9GH9 B9GH5 85EI9@9 85EI9@5 B5EI9@9 B5EI9@5
8=GHC B=GHC 85EI=@C B5EI=@C 85EI= 85[ 857C@R 8CB89 85BH9G 89BHF9
=L;
: F9K ;GE:AF9^g=K <GK HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK AC A5 ACG A5G HC H5 HCG H5G
@<C @<5 @<CG @<5G BC@C BC@CG BC@5 BC@5G JC@C JC@5 JC@CG JC@5G
; F9K =PHJ=KKg=K NG;9:MD9J=K IM= K= LGJF9J9E MFA<9<=K >GF_LA;9K = K=E[FLA;9K
89GG5FH9 89GH5FH9 <CA9GG5 H5FF9B9;C H9G7CB>IFC J=J5@A5
=L;
< F9K =PHJ=KKg=K <= MKG ;GFKL9FL= = ?=J9D F9 DAF?M9?=E NMD?9J 7C 7C5 75 7CG
75G 7C5G  ;GE G ;GE 9 ;GE GK ;GE 9K D@C D@5 D@CG D@5G  H=DG H=D9
H=DGK H=D9K DF5  H9J9 DFC DF5 DFCG DF5G  H9J9 G H9J9 9 H9J9 GK H9J9 9K
=L;
#b>=F

XIV Hfen

)GK
;GEHGKLGK
 q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
FGK
;GEHGKLGK
K=E
=D=E=FLG
<=
DA?9^]G
IM9F<G
G
 q
L=JEG
HGJ
=PL=FKG
GM
J=<MRA<G
=KLY
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ
>GJE9
KM:
KL9FLAN9
9<B=LAN9
FME=J9D
GM
N=J:9D 5BC@IN 5F7C[F=G 897F9HC@9=
XGGI9GH9 >CVCB=B;IXA AX8=7C7=FIF;=VC A9G5F98CB85 F5=B<5
7@RI8=5 H9B9BH97CFCB9@ H=C5Ja NXDCJ=B<C 5:FC5G=RH=7C 5:FC@IGC
6F5G=@9=FC 5NI@9G7IFC 5ACFD9F:9=HC 6C5:X :CFA5D=@CHC I5F85
BCHIFBC @IGC6F5G=@9=FC AR:X A5HC;FCGG9BG9 BCFH95A9F=75BC
G9IJ=N=B<C <=<G
9F=D9J GC7=5@89AC7F57=5 GI@5:F=75BC J9F6C
BCA=B5@ DF=A9=FCA=B=GHFC G9;IB85:9=F5 7CBH5;CH5G :=B75DX
;I5F857<IJ5 J5;5@IA9 DCFH55J=c9G DCFH5F9HF5HC
Observaes
9 K >GJE9K =EHJ=?9<9K 9<B=LAN9E=FL= <G LAHG 5:FC 5B;@C 9IFC :F5B7C =B
8C @IGC G=BC = 9KK=E=D@9<9K ;GFLAFM9J]G 9 K=J ?J9>9<9K sem hfen =E =EHJ=
?GK =E IM= Ke @Y ME9 =LFA9 5:FC89G79B89BH9 5B;@C:5@5BH9 5B;@CA5B=5




9IFC7ZBHF=7C 9IFC89DIH58C @IGC:CB=5 G=BC@C;=5 =L; +GJ_E =K;J=N=K= ;GE

@b>=F IM9F<G @GMN=J E9AK <= ME9 =LFA9 5:FC6F5G=@9=FC 5B;@CG5LVC 9IFC5G
=RH=7C =L;
: GE G H9KK9J <G L=EHG 9D?MFK ;GEHGKLGK H=J<=J9E 9 FG^]G <= ;GEHGKA^]G =
H9KK9J9E 9 K= =K;J=N=J 9?DMLAF9<9E=FL= ;GEG _ G ;9KG <= ;=F5GGC@ A58F9GG=@J5
DCBH5DX =L; %Y K= =K;J=N=E 9?DMLAF9<GK D5F5EI985G D5F5EI98=GH5G = 9>AFK
D5F5EI98=GAC D5F5EI98[GH=7C
= A5B857<IJ5

*K GMLJGK ;GEHGKLGK ;GE 9 >GJE9 N=J:9D D5F5 K=?MAJ]G K=F<G K=H

9J9<GK HGJ @b>=F ;GF>GJE= 9 LJ9<A^]G D=PA;G?JY>A;9 D5F56F=G5G D5F5
7<CEI9
D5F5@5A5G
=L;
*K GMLJGK ;GEHGKLGK ;GE 9 >GJE9 N=J:9D A5B85 K=?MAJ]G K=F<G
K=H9J9<GK HGJ @b>=F ;GF>GJE= 9 LJ9<A^]G D=PA;G?JY>A;9 A5B85@I5
A5B85HI8C
 LJ9<A^]G GJLG?JY>A;9 L9E:_E MK9 G @b>=F =E GMLJ9K ;GE:AF9^g=K
NG;9:MD9J=K 565=LC5GG=B58C 5GG=A5GG=A 5BH9SFX 5J9A5F=5 G5@J9
F5=B<5
*K ;GEHGKLGK >GJE9<GK ;GE =D=E=FLGK J=H=LA<GK ;GE GM K=E 9D
L=JF[F;A9 NG;YDA;9 GM ;GFKGF[FLA;9 HGJ K=J=E ;GEHGKLGK J=HJ=K=FL9<GK
HGJ >GJE9K KM:KL9FLAN9K K=E =D=E=FLG <= DA?9^]G >A;9J]G 6@R6@R6@R
@9B;5@9B;5 F97CF97C H=7CH=7C NIANIANIA D=B;I9DCB;I9 H=EI9
H5EI9 HFCIL9ACIL9 L=EI9L=EI9  ;@G;9D@G ;> L=EI9L=EI9  HD9FL9
NRGHFRG N=;I9N5;I9 =L; *K <=JAN9<GK =FLJ=L9FLG F]G K=J]G @A>=F9<GK
@9B;5@9B;5F FCBFCB5F NIBNIB5F =L; )]G K= K=H9J9E HGJ @b>=F 9K H9D9N
J9K ;GE KbD9:9 J=<MHDA;9LAN9 GJAMF<9K <9 DAF?M9?=E AF>9FLAD 656R H=H=C
JCJ_ L=L= =L;
.=J]G =K;JALGK com hfen GK ;GEHGKLGK =FLJ= ;MBGK =D=E=FLGK @Y G
=EHJ=?G <G 9HeKLJG>G 7C6F58nR;I5 AV98nR;I5 A9GHF98n5FA5G
C@<C8nR;I5 =L;
q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
FGK
;GEHGKLGK
K=E
=D=E=FLG
<=
DA?9^]G
IM9F<G
G
 q
=D=E=FLG
=KLY
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
H=D9K
>GJE9K 5@XA
5EIXA
F97XA
69A = G9A 5@XAH@TBH=7C
5@XAA5F
5EIXA*=F9B9IG
F97XA
75G58C
F97XAB5G7=8C
69A9GH5F
69A<IACF58C
69A8=HC
69A
8=N9F
69AJ9GH=8C
69AJ=B8C
G9A79F=AaB=5
G9AJ9F;CB<5 G9A
H9FF5
Observao E EMALGK ;GEHGKLGK G 9<N_J:AG 69A 9H9J=;= 9?DMLAF9<G 9G K=
?MF<G =D=E=FLG IM=J =KL= L=F@9 GM F]G NA<9 Z H9JL= IM9F<G G KA?FA>A;9<G <GK L=J
EGK _ 9DL=J9<G 69B8=HC 9:=F^G9<G 69B:5N9>C 69B:9=HC 6KM:KL 7 :=F=>b;AG
;> 69A:9=HC 69<B 7  >=ALG ;GE ;9HJA;@G @9JEGFAGKG = 69A:9=HC 6AFL=JB 7



69B:9=HCF 69BEI9F9BW5 = 9>AFK 69B:5N9F 69B:9=HCF=5 69BEI9F9F 69BEI=GHC

69BEI=GH5F

 q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
FGK
;GEHGKLGK
K=E
=D=E=FLG
<=
DA?9^]G
IM9F<G
G
 q
=D=E=FLG
=KLY
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
H=D9
>GJE9 A5@ =
G
q
=D=E=FLG
;GE=^9
HGJ JC;5@ < GM @ A5@5:CFHIB58C
A5@9BH9B8=8C
A5@9GH5F
A5@<IACF58C
A5@=B:CFA58C
A5@@=ADC
+GJ_E A5@7F=58C
A5@
;F58C
A5@J=GHC
=L;
Observao '5@ ;GE G KA?FA>A;9<G <= z<G=F^9{ ?J9>9K= ;GE @b>=F A5@75
8I7C  =HAD=HKA9 A5@:F5B7ZG  Kb>ADAK <=K<= IM= F]G @9B9 =D=E=FLG <= DA?
9^]G
.=
@GMN=J
F]G
K=
MK9JY
@b>=F A5@
89
@N<9=A9F

 q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
FGK
FGE=K
?=G?JY>A;GK
;GEHGKLGK
H=D9K
>GJE9K
;FV ;FVC
GM
HGJ
>GJE9
N=J:9D
GM
9AF<9
F9IM=D=K
DA?9<GK
HGJ
9JLA?G
!FVF9H5B<5 6F95ADC *5GG5+I5HFC +I96F5CGH5G .F5;5
'CIFC 5[5
89
.C8CGCG-5BHCG BHF9CG,=CG 'CBH9ACFC(CJC
.FRGCG'CBH9G
Observaes
9 *K GMLJGK FGE=K ?=G?JY>A;GK ;GEHGKLGK =K;J=N=EK= ;GE GK =D=E=FLGK K=H
9J9<GK K=E G @b>=F AXF=75 8C -I@ 9@C "CF=NCBH9 56C 09F89 5GH9@C
F5B7C F9=LC 89 GD585 S =BH5 =L; *K LGHfFAEGK !I=BX=GG5I = .=ACF
&9GH9 K]G
;GFLM<G
=P;=^g=K
;GFK9?J9<9K
: .=J]G @A>=FAR9<GK GK 9<B=LANGK ?=FLbDA;GK GM K=B9 9<B=LANGK IM= K= J=>=J=E 9G
DM?9J GF<= K= F9K;= <=JAN9<GK <= FGE=K ?=G?JY>A;GK ;GEHGKLGK IM= ;GFL=F@9E
GM F]G =D=E=FLGK <= DA?9^]G 69@C<CF=NCBH=BC A5HC;FCGG9BG98CGI@ >I=N
:CF5BC
7FIN9=F9BG98CGI@
5@HCF=C8C79BG9
; K;J=N=K= ;GE @b>=F =B8C7<=BZG IM9F<G K= J=>=JAJ Z ~F<A9 = Z @AF9 GM 9GK
AF<A9FGK = ;@AF=K=K <A>=J=FL=E=FL= <= =B8C7<=BZG K=E @b>=F IM= K= J=>=J= Z
$F<G;@AF9

 q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
FGK
;GEHGKLGK
IM=
<=KA?F9E
=KH_;A=K
:GL[FA;9K
HD9FL9
=
>JMLG
=
RGGDe?A;9K
=KL=B9E
GM
F]G
DA?9<9K
HGJ
HJ=HGKA^]G
GM
IM9DIM=J
GMLJG
=D=E=FLG 56_6CF5A9B=B5 5B8CF=B<58CA5F
5B8CF=B<5;F5B89 69AA9EI9F E9K A5@A9EI9F 69AH9J=
6ZBWVC8989IG 7C6F575D9@C 7CIJ9:@CF 89BH9897VC 9FJ58C79
9FJ58C7<R 9FJ=@<5897<9=FC :9=>VCJ9F89 :CFA=;56F5B75 >CVC
8965FFC @9GA5897CB7<=B<5
Observao *K ;GEHGKLGK IM= <=KA?F9E =KH_;A=K :GL[FA;9K = RGGDe?A;9K ?J9
>9<GK ;GE @b>=F H=D9 FGJE9 9;AE9 F]G K=J]G @A>=FAR9<GK IM9F<G LAN=J=E 9H
DA;9^]G <A>=J=FL= <=KK9K =KH_;A=K +GJ =P=EHDG 6C@589B9J9 ;GE @b>=F ;GE G



KA?FA>A;9<G <= z9J:MKLG =MJGH=M{ = 6C@5 89 B9J9 K=E @b>=F KA?FA>A;9F<G z9IMADG
IM= LGE9 NMDLG J9HA<9E=FL={ 6=7C89D5D5;5=C ;GE @b>=F J=>=JAF<GK= Z HD9FL9
= 6=7C 89 D5D5;5=C K=E @b>=F ;GE G KA?FA>A;9<G <= zF9JAR 9<MF;G{ A5H57C6F5
;GE @b>=F J=>=JAF<GK= 9 AFK=LG = A5H5 7C6F5 K=E @b>=F J=>=JAF<GK= 9 ;=JLG
LAHG <= :9KL]G BVCA9HCEI9G ;GE @b>=F IM9F<G K= J=>=J= 9 ;=JL9K =KH_;A=K <=
HD9FL9K
= BVC
A9
HCEI9G K=E
@b>=F
;GE
G
KA?FA>A;9<G
<=
zE=DAF<J=K{


)9K
DG;M^g=K
)]G K= =EHJ=?9 G @b>=F F9K DG;M^g=K K=B9E =D9K KM:KL9FLAN9K 9<
B=LAN9K HJGFGEAF9AK 9<N=J:A9AK HJ=HGKALAN9K GM ;GFBMF;AGF9AK K9DNG 9D
?ME9K =P;=^g=K BY ;GFK9?J9<9K H=DG MKG ;GEG _ G ;9KG <= R;I589
7C@aB=5 5F7C85J9@<5 7CF89FCG5 A5=GEI9D9F:9=HC DX89A9=5 5C
89IG85FR S EI9=A5FCID5 19D= D=E:J9J IM= K= F9 DG;M^]G @Y 9D?ME
=D=E=FLG IM= BY L=F@9 @b>=F K=JY ;GFK=JN9<G =KL= KAF9D S HFCIL9ACIL9
75F5 89 A5AVCA57<C 69AH9J= 89 =;F9>5 .AJN9E HGAK <= =P=EHDG <=
=EHJ=?G sem hfen 9K K=?MAFL=K DG;M^g=K 9 'G;M^g=K KM:KL9FLAN9K 7VC
89 ;I5F85 :=A 89 G9A5B5 :=A 89 GX7I@C G5@5 89 >5BH5F : 'G;M^g=K 9<
B=LAN9K 7CF 89 5W5:FVC 7CF 89 75:X 7CA @9=H9 7CF 89 J=B<C ; 'G;M^g=K
HJGFGEAF9AK 7585 IA 9@9 DF_DF=C B_G A9GACG EI9A EI9F EI9 G9>5 <
'G;M^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK S D5FH9 <A>=J=FL=E=FL= <G KM:KL9FLANG 5D5FH9 S
JCBH589 89 A5=G DG;M^]G IM= K= ;GFLJ9Hg= 9 89 A9BCG =K;J=N=K= BMFLG
89A5=G IM9F<G _ 9<N_J:AG GM HJGFGE= 89DC=G 89 5A5B<V 9A 7=A5 DCF
=GGC = 'G;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K 565=LC 89 579F75 89 57=A5 89 5 :=A 89
5 D5F 89 S D5FH9 89 5D9G5F 89 5EI5B8C 89 8965=LC 89 9BEI5BHC 5 DCF
65=LC 89 DCF 7=A5 89 EI5BHC 5 > 'G;M^g=K ;GFBMF;AGF9AK 5 :=A 89 EI9
5C
D5GGC
EI9
7CBH5BHC
EI9
@C;C
EI9
J=GHC
EI9
Observaes
9 PHJ=KKg=K ;GE N9DGJ <= KM:KL9FLANG <G LAHG 89IG BCG 57I85 G5@J9G9 EI9A
DI89F IA :5N 89 7CBH5G IA 8=GG9 A9 8=GG9 IA A5F=5 J5= 7CA 5G CIHF5G 6IA65
A9I 6C= HCA5F5 EI9 75=5 5EI= 89@ F9= <=N=E K=J ?J9>9<9K K=E @b>=F 9 E=KE9
>GJE9 K=J]G MK9<9K K=E @b>=F DG;M^g=K ;GEG S HC5 9<B=LANG = 9<N_J:AG 8=5 5
8=5 KM:KL9FLANG = 9<N_J:AG 5F7C 9 :@97<5 75@75B<5F 89 5EI=@9G 7CAIA 89 8C=G
;9B9F5@
89
8=J=GVC HVC
GCA9BH9 DCBHC
9
J[F;I@5
: )]G K= =EHJ=?9 G @b>=F F9K DG;M^g=K D9LAF9K MK9<9K ;GEG L9AK F]G KM:KL9FL
AN9<9K GM 9HGJLM?M=K9<9K 56 =B=H=C 56 CJC 58 =AACFH5@=H5H9A 58 <C7 85H5 J9
B=5 89 7I>IG 75FD9 8=9A 75IG5 ACFH=G <5695G 7CFDIG =B C7H5JC D5F= D5GGI 9L
@=6F=G (9K
G 9L@=6F=G G <5695G7CFDIG
=BC=H5JC =L;


)9K
K=IMaF;A9K
<=
H9D9NJ9K



EHJ=?9K= G @b>=F H9J9 DA?9J <M9K GM E9AK H9D9NJ9K IM= G;9KAGF9D

E=FL= K= ;GE:AF9E >GJE9F<G F]G HJGHJA9E=FL= NG;Y:MDGK E9K =F
;9<=9E=FLGK NG;9:MD9J=K LAHG 9 <ANAK9 &=69F8589#;I5@8589 F5H9FB=8
589 9 HGFL= ,=C(=H9F_= G H=J;MJKG &=G6C5C=A6F5*CFHC 9 DA?9^]G
B;C@5'CW5A6=EI9 = F9K ;GE:AF9^g=K @AKLeJA;9K GM 9L_ E=KEG G;9
KAGF9AK <= LGHfFAEGK LAHG pIGHF=5"IB;F=5 @GR7=5&CF9B5 B;C@5
F5G=@
._EI=C,=C
89
$5B9=FC
=L;

)9K
>GJE9^g=K
;GE
HJ=>APGK
 q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
IM9F<G
G
 q
=D=E=FLG
L=JEAF9
HGJ
NG?9D
A?M9D
Z
IM=
AFA;A9
G
q
=D=E=FLG 5BH==B:977=CGC 5BH==B:@5A5H_F=C 7CBHF5
5@A=F5BH9 9@9HFC_H=75 9BHF99=LC =B:F55L=@5F A=7FCCB85 B9C
CFHC8CLC G9A==BH9FBC GC6F99@9J5F GC6F99GH58=5 GIDF55IF=7I@5F
Observaes
9 $F;DM=EK= F=KL= HJAF;bHAG ?=J9D LG<GK GK HJ=>APGK L=JEAF9<GK HGJ NG?9D 5;FC
 L=JJ9 5@6= 5@:5 5BH9 5BH= TBH9FC 5FEI= RI8=C 5IHC 6= 69H5 6=C
7CBHF5 9@9HFC 9IFC [B:9FC =B:F5 [BH9FC =GC A57FC A9;5 AI@H= DC@=
D_GH9FC
DG9I8C
GdD9FC
B9IFC
CFHC
G_7=C =L;
FL]G K= G q =D=E=FLG L=JEAF9J HGJ NG?9D <A>=J=FL= <9IM=D9 IM= AFA;A9 G q
=D=E=FLG =K;J=N=K= BMFLG K=E @b>=F 5BH95IFCF5 5BH=5XF9C 59FC9GD57=5@
5;FC=B8IGHF=5@ 5IHC5>I85 5IHC5DF9B8=N5;9A 5IHC9GHF585 7CBHF59G7F=HIF5 7CB
HF5=B8=75WVC 7CBHF5C:9BG=J5 9LHF59G7C@5F 9LHF5C:=7=5@ 9LHF5IH9F=BC
<=8FC9@XHF=7C =B:F59GHFIHIF5 =B:F5CF89A =BHF5IH9F=BC B9C5:F=75BC B9C=AD9F=
5@=GH5 D@IF=5BI5@ DFCHC5F=5BC DG9I8C5@I7=B5WVC DG9I8C9D[;F5:9 F9HFC5@=
A9BH5WVC G9A=RF=8C GC6F95EI979F GC7=C97CBaA=7C GIDF59GC:R;=7C GIDF5C7I
@5F I@HF59@9J58C
: * =F;GFLJG <= NG?9AK <A>=J=FL=K L=E >9;ADAL9<G 9 KMHJ=KK]G <9 NG?9D >AF9D <G  q
=D=E=FLG GM <9 NG?9D AFA;A9D <G q 9@9HFa7dGH=7C 9G D9<G <= 9@9HFoa7dGH=7C =
5FH9FioG7@9FCG9 -=;GE=F<9EGK IM= K= =NAL=E =KK9K KMHJ=KKg=K 9 F]G K=J FGK
;9KGK
BY
;GJJ=FL=K
GM
<A;AGF9JAR9<GK
; * =F;GFLJG <= NG?9AK A?M9AK L=E >9;ADAL9<G G 9H9J=;AE=FLG <= >GJE9K J=9AK GM
HGL=F;A9DE=FL= HGKKbN=AK ;GE 9 >MK]G <=KK9K NG?9AK <G LAHG <= 5@:5;@IH=B5WVC
9G D9<G <= 5@:55;@IH=B5WVC CJ58C6@CB;C 9G D9<G <= CJ58CC6@CB;C +9J9
9L=F<=J Z J=?J9 ?=J9D <= @A>=FAR9J G =F;GFLJG <= NG?9AK A?M9AK _ HJ=>=JbN=D =NAL9J
=KL9K >MKg=K FG MKG ;GJJ=FL= 9 F]G K=J FGK ;9KGK =E IM= =D9K K= EGKLJ9E F9LMJ9AK
= F]G >GJ^9<9K ;GEG G;GJJ= =E H9@9GD97H58CF = F]G H9@99GD97H58CF F58=CI
J=BH9 =
F]G FR8=CCIJ=BH9
< )9K >GJE9^g=K ;GE GK HJ=>APGK 7C DFC DF9 = F9 =KL=K MF=EK= 9G K=?MF<G
=D=E=FLG E=KEG IM9F<G AFA;A9<G HGJ C GM 9 7C56=H5F 7C5IHCF 7C98=WVC



7C9F89=FC 7CC6F=;5WVC 7CC7ID5BH9 7CCF89B5F 7CCD9F5WVC 7CCD9F5F 7C9A=H

9BH9 7C9BN=A5 7C:5HCF 7C;9F9BH9 7C;9GHVC 7C=FAVC 7CA5B85BH9 DFC5H=JC
DFC7aBGI@ DFCDCF DFC9A6F=VC DFC9A=B9BH9 DF99@9=HC GM DFX9@9=HC DF99A
6F=VC GM DFX9A6F=VC DF99A=BZB7=5 DF99B7<=8C DF99G7@9FCG9 GM DFX9G7@9F
CG9 DF99GH569@979F DF99L=GH=F F998=WVC F998=:=75F F998I75WVC F99@56CF5F
F99@9=WVC
F99BCJ9@5F
F99BHF5F
F99G7F=H5
F9:5N9F
F9A5F75F

q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
IM9F<G
G
 q
=D=E=FLG
L=JEAF9
HGJ
;GFKG9FL=

A?M9D
Z
IM=
AFA;A9
G
q
=D=E=FLG 588=;=H5@ =BH9FF57=5@ GI665G9
GID9FF9J=GH5
=L;
Observao !GJE9K ;GEG 5669J=@@=5BC 588=GCB=5BC 588=GCB=GAC 588=G
CB=GH5 K=
HJ=F<=E
9
FGE=K
HJeHJAGK
=KLJ9F?=AJGK 669J=@@9
88=GCB

 q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
IM9F<G
G
 q
=D=E=FLG
L=JEAF9
9;=FLM9<G

?J9>A;9E=FL= D_G DFX DF_ D_G;F58I5WVC
D_GHaB=7C DFX85H58C
DFX9G7C@5F
DFX<=GH_F=5
DFXB5H5@
DFXF9EI=G=HC DF_5:F=75BC
DF_
9IFCD9I
Observao +G<= @9N=J =E ;=JLGK MKGK 9DL=JF[F;A9 =FLJ= DF9 = DFX DCG =
D_G F=KL= hDLAEG ;9KG <=N=K= MK9J G @b>=F DF99G7@9F_H=7C GM DFX9G7@9F_H=7C
DCGHaB=7C GM D_GHaB=7C

 q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
IM9F<G
G
 q
=D=E=FLG
L=JEAF9
HGJ A GM B =
G
q

=D=E=FLG
;GE=^9
HGJ JC;5@ < A GM B
7=F7IA9G7C@5F 7=F7IA
<CGD=H5@5F 7=F7IAAIF58C 7=F7IAB5J9;5WVC D5B5:F=75BC D5B
5A9F=75BC D5B<5FAaB=7C D5B<=GDTB=7C D5BAR;=7C D5B
B9;F=HI89
 q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
IM9F<G
G
 q
=D=E=FLG
_
ME
<GK
HJ=>APGK 9L 9F
L=JAGJA<9<=
GM
;=KK9^]G GCH5 GCHC J=79 J=NC 9L5@A=F5BH9 9L
8=F9HCF 9LDF9G=89BH9 GCH55@A=F5BH9 GCH575D=HVC GCH5J9BHC GCHC
5@A=F5BH9 GCHCDaF E9K GC6F9DCF J=79DF9G=89BH9 J=79F9=HCF J=NC
F9=
Observao 1AEGK IM= G N=J:G DaF F]G H=J<= G 9;=FLG ?JY>A;G H9J9 K= <AKLAF
?MAJ <9 HJ=HGKA^]G DCF E=KEG =E >GJE9K ;GEHGKL9K ;GEG GCHCDaF =D= ;GF
LAFM9JY
9;=FLM9<G

 q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
IM9F<G
G
 q
=D=E=FLG
L=JEAF9
HGJ JC;5@ F GM 6

=
G
q
=D=E=FLG
K=
AFA;A9
HGJ < 589BC<=D_:=G9 568aA=BC
<=GH9FCHCA=5 5BH=<9F_= 5BH=<9ACFFR;=7C 5FEI=<=DXF6C@9 5IHC
<=DBCG9 69H5<9AC@[H=7C 6=<=8FCEI=BCB5 6=C<=GH_F=7C 7CBHF5<5GH9
8=<=6F=8=GAC 9BHF9<CGH=@ :CHC<9@=C;F5:=5 ;9C<=GH_F=5 ;=;5<9FHN
<XH9FC<9ACFF5;=5 <=D9F<=8FCG9 =B:F5<9DRH=7C =BH9F<9A=G:XF=7C



DC@=<[8F=7C G9A=<=GH_F=7C GC6F9<IA5BC GI6<9DRH=7C GI6

<IA5BC GID9F<CA9A HF=<[8F=7C
Observaes
9 )GK ;9KGK =E IM= F]G @GMN=J H=J<9 <G KGE <9 NG?9D >AF9D <G  q =D=E=FLG = G
=D=E=FLG K=?MAFL= ;GE=^9J ;GE < K=J]G MK9<9K 9K <M9K >GJE9K ?JY>A;9K 75F6C
<=8F5HC = 75F6C=8F5HC NCC<9A5H=B5 = NCC9A5H=B5 %Y IM9F<G @GMN=J H=J<9 <G
KGE <9 NG?9D >AF9D <G  q =D=E=FLG ;GFKA<=J9J=EGK IM= 9 ?J9>A9 ;GFK9?J9<9 <=N=
K=J E9FLA<9 7@CF=8F5HC 7@CF=8F=5 7@CF[8F=7C EI=B=8FCB5 GI@:=8F=@5 L=@5FAaB=75
L=@5FAaB=7C =N=E >A;9J ;GEG =KL]G 9K H9D9NJ9K IM= >M?AF<G 9 =KL= HJAF;bHAG BY
K]G <= MKG ;GFK9?J9<G ;GEG F9=8F5H5F F9IA5B=N5F F956=HI5F F956=H5F F956=@=H
5F = F95J9F
: )]G K= =EHJ=?9 G @b>=F ;GE HJ=>APGK 89G = =B IM9F<G G q =D=E=FLG H=J<= G
< AFA;A9D 89GIA5BC =BR6=@
=BIA5BC
9H7
; E:GJ9 F]G LJ9L9<G FG ;GJ<G HG<=K= AF;DMAJ F=KL= ;9KG G HJ=>APG 5B H =P 
5B=GH_F=7C 5B9DRH=7C 5B=8F=8C )9 KM9 >GJE9 J=<MRA<9 5 IM9F<G K=?MA<G <= <
9
LJ9<A^]G
E9F<9
@A>=FAR9J
=
;GFK=JN9J
G < H =P  5<=GH_F=7C
5<=GHCF=7=8589
< )]G K= =EHJ=?9 G @b>=F ;GE 9K H9D9NJ9K BVC = EI5G9 ;GE >MF^]G HJ=>AP9D BVC
5;F9GGVC BVC 69@=;9F5BH9 BVC :IA5BH9 EI5G9 89@=HC EI5G9 9EI=@[6F=C EI5G9
8CA=7[@=C =L;
= )]G @Y J9R]G HD9MKbN=D IM= <=>=F<9 9 ?J9>A9 6==8FCEI=BCB5 9G D9<G <= 6=
=C89HC HGJ =KL= F]G L=J < AFA;A9D !GA G E=KEG HJAF;bHAG IM= FGK >=R GHL9J HGJ
DC@=<[8F=7C =E
N=R
<= DC@=[8F=7C
= DC@=<=8F=H9 =E
N=R
<= DC@==8F=H9

 q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
IM9F<G
G
 q
=D=E=FLG
L=JEAF9
HGJ 6 56
C6

GC6
GI6
GM 8 58
=
G
q
=D=E=FLG
;GE=^9
HGJ F 56FIDHC
58
F9B5@ 58F9:9F9B85F
C6FC;5F
GC6FC85
GI6F9=HCF
GI6F9DH[7=C
GI6FC;5F
Observao 8F9B5@=B5 58F9B5@=H9 = 9>AFK BY K]G =P;=^g=K ;GFK9?J9<9K H=DG
MKG 6FIDHC _
HJ=>=JbN=D
9 56FIDHC

 q
,M9F<G
G
 q
=D=E=FLG
L=JEAF9
HGJ
NG?9D
=
G
q
=D=E=FLG
;GE=^9

HGJ F GM G
F]G
K=
MK9
@b>=F
=
=KL9K
;GFKG9FL=K
<=N=E
<MHDA;9JK=
HJYLA;9
BY
9<GL9<9
L9E:_E
=E
H9D9NJ9K
<=KL=
LAHG
H=JL=F;=FL=K
9GK
<GEbFAGK
;A=FLb>A;G
=
L_;FA;G 5BH9GG5@5 5BH=FF9@=;=CGC 5BH=GGC7=5@
5IHCFF9;I@5A9BH5WVC 6=CFF=HAC 6=CGG5HX@=H9 7CBHF5FF9;F5 7CB
HF5GG9B<5 7CGG9BC 9@9HFCGG=89FIF;=5 9LHF5FF9;I@5F =B:F5GGCA A57
FCFF9;=VC A=7FCGG=GH9A5 A=B=GG5=5 AI@H=GG9;A9BH58C B9CFFCA5BC
DFCHCGG5HX@=H9 DG9I8CGG=;@5 G9A=FF[;=8C GC6F9GG5=5 GIDF5FF9B5@
I@HF5GGCBC;F5:=5




)9K
>GJE9^g=K
;GE
KM>APG
EHJ=?9K= @b>=F 9H=F9K F9K H9D9NJ9K L=JEAF9<9K HGJ KM>APGK <=
GJA?=E LMHA?M9J9FA IM= J=HJ=K=FL9E >GJE9K 9<B=LAN9K ;GEG 5WI 
?J9F<= ;I5WI  ?J9F<= A=F=A  H=IM=FG IM9F<G G  q =D=E=FLG
L=JEAF9 HGJ NG?9D 9;=FLM9<9 ?J9>A;9E=FL= GM IM9F<G 9 HJGFhF;A9 =PA?= 9
<AKLAF^]G ?JY>A;9 <GK <GAK =D=E=FLGK 5ACFX;I5WI 5B5>RA=F=A 5B8R
5WI
75D=A5WI
95FR'=F=A
  * @b>=F FGK ;9KGK <= aF;DAK= E=Ke;DAK= LE=K= = ;GE G N=J:G
@9N=J
 q
EHJ=?9K=
G
@b>=F
F9
aF;DAK=
=
F9
E=Ke;DAK= 5AR@C
8RG9
89=L5
C
D5FH=F@<9
5AR@C9=
9BJ=5F@<99ACG
q
)]G
K=
=EHJ=?9
G
@b>=F
F9K
DA?9^g=K
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89 ZK
>GJE9K
EGFGKKADY:A;9K
<G
HJ=K=FL=
<G
AF<A;9LANG
<G
N=J:G <5J9F <9=
89
<RG
89
<VC
89
=L;
Observaes
9 E:GJ9 =KL=B9E ;GFK9?J9<9K H=DG MKG 9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK EI9F = F9EI9F <GK
N=J:GK EI9F9F = F9EI9F9F 9G D9<G <= EI9F9 = F9EI9F9 =KL9K hDLAE9K >GJE9K
;GFK=JN9EK=
FG
=FL9FLG
FGK
;9KGK
<=
aF;DAK= EI9F9CG
F9EI9F9CG
)=KL=K ;GFL=PLGK 9K >GJE9K D=?bLAE9K 9DAYK EIX@C = F9EIX@C K]G HGM;G
MK9<9K +I9F9 = F9EI9F9 K]G >GJE9K ;GJJ=FL=K =FLJ= HGJLM?M=K=K 9 HJAE=AJ9 9
H9JLAJ
<=

: 0K9K= L9E:_E G @b>=F F9K DA?9^g=K <= >GJE9K HJGFGEAF9AK =F;DbLA;9K 9G 9<
N_J:AG 9=G 9=GA9 9=@C = 9AF<9 F9K ;GE:AF9^g=K <= >GJE9K HJGFGEAF9AK <G LAHG
BC@C FGK  G BC@5G FGK  9K IM9F<G =E HJe;DAK= 9G N=J:G HGJ =P=EHDG
GD9F5ACG
EI9
BC@C
7CADF9A
*
LJ=E9

XV O trema
 * LJ=E9 F]G _ MK9<G =E H9D9NJ9K HGJLM?M=K9K GM 9HGJLM?M=K9
<9K ;GEG 5;I9BH5F 5B;I=:CFA9 5F;I=F 6=@[B;I9 @=B;I9H5 @=B;I=GH5
@=B;I[GH=7C
7=BEI9BH5
9EI9GHF9
:F9EI9BH5F
HF5BEI=@C
I6=EI=8589
Observaes
9 * LJ=E9 G;GJJ= =E H9D9NJ9K <=JAN9<9K <= FGE=K HJeHJAGK =KLJ9F?=AJGK IM= G
HGKKM=E <f6B9F=5BC
<= "f6B9F Af@@9F=5BC
<= 'f@@9F
=L;
: * LJ=E9 HG<=JY K=J MK9<G H9J9 AF<A;9J IM9F<G >GJ F=;=KKYJAG 9 HJGFhF;A9 <G
I =E NG;9:MDYJAGK GJLG?JY>A;GK = <A;AGFYJAGK @=B;I9H5 ?j @[EI=8C Ij GM IM
@=B;I=W5 ?j 9EI=8=GH5BH9 Ij
GM
IM



; GE G >AE <G LJ=E9 =E H9D9NJ9K HGJLM?M=K9K GM 9HGJLM?M=K9<9K F]G @GMN=

EG<A>A;9^]G
F9
HJGFhF;A9
<=KK9K
H9D9NJ9K
;=FLG
?J9N=

XVI Acento grave

 EHJ=?9K= G 9;=FLG ?J9N= FGK ;9KGK <= ;J9K= = 9IM=D=K AF<A;9
<GK
=E Emprego do acentuado
 q
)9
;GFLJ9^]G
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5 ;GE
9K
>GJE9K
>=EAFAF9K
<G
9JLA?G C
GM
HJGFGE=
<=EGFKLJ9LANG C S <= 55 SG <= 55G
q
)9
;GFLJ9^]G
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5 ;GE
G 5 AFA;A9D
<GK
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK
5EI9@9 5EI9@5 5EI9@9G 5EI9@5G
= 5EI=@C GM
9AF<9
<9
E=KE9
HJ=
HGKA^]G
;GE
;GEHGKLGK 5EI9@CIHFC =
KM9K
>D=Pg=K SEI9@9G
SEI9@5G SEI=@C SEI9@CIHFCG SEI9@CIHF5GG
 q
)9
;GFLJ9^]G
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5 ;GE
GK
HJGFGE=K
J=D9LANGK 5
EI5@ 5G
EI5=G S
EI5@ SG
EI5=G
.MHJ=KK]G
<GK
9;=FLGK
=E
H9D9NJ9K
<=JAN9<9K

XVII Supresso dos acentos em palavras derivadas


*;GJJ=
 q
)GK
9<N_J:AGK
=E A9BH9
GJAMF<GK
<=
9<B=LANGK
;GE
9;=FLG
9?M<G
GM
;AJ;MF>D=PG 5J=85A9BH9 <= RJ=8C 896=@A9BH9 <= 8X6=@ :57=@
A9BH9 <= :R7=@ <56=@A9BH9 <= <R6=@ @I7=85A9BH9 <= @d7=8C A5
A9BH9 <= AR GCA9BH9 <= G_ 75B8=85A9BH9 <= 7TB8=8C 7CFH9G
A9BH9 <= 7CFHZG DCFHI;I9G5A9BH9 <= DCFHI;IZG FCA5BH=75A9BH9
<= FCATBH=7C
q
)9K
H9D9NJ9K
IM=
LaE
KM>APGK
AF;A9<GK
HGJ N =
;MB9K
>GJE9K
<=
:9K=
9HJ=K=FL9E
NG?9D
LfFA;9
;GE
9;=FLG
9?M<G
GM
;AJ;MF>D=PG 5B9=N=B<CG
<= 5BX=G 5JCN=B<5 <= 5J_ 6969N=HC <= 696Z 75:9N585 <= 75:X
7<5D9IN=B<C <= 7<5DXI A5N=B<5 <= AR CF:VCN=B<C <= _F:VC
5JCN=B<C <= 5Ja 69BWVCN=B<5 <= 6ZBWVC @5AD585N=H5 <= @TA
D585 D9GG9;CN=HC <= DZGG9;C
ANAK]G
KADY:A;9

XVIII Diviso silbica

  <ANAK]G <= IM9DIM=J NG;Y:MDG 9KKAF9D9<9 H=DG @b>=F =E J=
?J9 K= >9R H=D9 KGD=LJ9^]G = F]G H=DGK K=MK =D=E=FLGK ;GFKLALMLANGK K=
?MF<G
9
=LAEGDG?A9



 !MF<9<9K F=KL= HJAF;bHAG ?=J9D ;MEHJ= J=KH=AL9J 9K K=?MAFL=K

FGJE9K
 q

;GFKG9FL=
AFA;A9D
F]G
K=?MA<9
<=
NG?9D
H=JE9F=;=
F9
KbD9:9
IM=
9
K=?M= 7B=8CG9 8N9H5 ;BCA5 AB9AaB=75 DB9IARH=7C
=L;
q
)G
AFL=JAGJ
<G
NG;Y:MDG
K=EHJ=
K=
;GFK=JN9
F9
KbD9:9
IM=
9
HJ=;=<=
9
;GFKG9FL=
F]G
K=?MA<9
<=
NG?9D 568=75F 57B9 XHB=7C BID7=5@
C6:=FA5F CDWVC G=;A5H=GAC GI6DCF GI6>I;5F
=L;
 q
)]G
K=
K=H9J9E
GK
=D=E=FLGK
<GK
?JMHGK
;GFKGF[FLA;GK
AFA;A9AK
<=
KbD9:9K
F=E
GK
<GK
<A?J9E9K 7< @< B< 56@IWVC 56F5G5F 57<9
;5F :=@<C A5B<V
=L;
Observao )=E K=EHJ= >GJE9E ?JMHGK 9JLA;MD9<GK 9K ;GFKGF[F;A9K 6@ = 6F
F9D?MFK ;9KGK G @ = G F K= HJGFMF;A9E K=H9J9<9E=FL= = 9 AKKG K= 9L=F<=JY F9
H9JLA^]G <G NG;Y:MDG = 9K ;GFKG9FL=K 8@ 9 F]G K=J FG L=JEG GFGE9LGH_A;G 8@=A
IM= =PHJAE= LGIM= <= ;9EH9AF@9 HJG>=J=EK= <=KDA?9<9E=FL= = F9 <ANAK]G
KADY:A;9 >A;9JY G @b>=F =FLJ= =KK9K <M9K D=LJ9K P  KI6@=B;I5@ GI6FC;5F 58@9
;5WVC
=L;

 q
* G7 FG
AFL=JAGJ
<G
NG;Y:MDG
:AH9JL=K=
>A;9F<G
G G FME9
KbD9:9
=
G

7 F9
KbD9:9
AE=<A9L9 58C@9G79BH9 89G79F DF9G7=B8=F F9G7=GVC
=L;
Observao !GJE9 KbD9:9 ;GE G HJ=>APG 9FL=;=<=FL= G G IM= HJ=;=<= ;GF
KG9FL=K 56GHF5=F 58G7F9J9F =BG7F=WVC =BGD9HCF =BGHFI=F =BH9FGH[7=C
D9FGD=75N GI6G7F9J9F GI6GH569@979F
=L;

 q
* G <GK
HJ=>APGK 6=G 7=G 89G 8=G HF5BG =
G L <G
HJ=>APG 9L F]G
K=
K=H9J9E
IM9F<G
9
KbD9:9
K=?MAFL=
;GE=^9
HGJ
;GFKG9FL=
E9K
K=
HJAF
;AHA9
HGJ
NG?9D
>GJE9E
KbD9:9
;GE
=KL9
=
K=H9J9EK=
<G
=D=E=FLG
HJ=>AP9D 6=GB9HC 7=GD@5H=BC 89G@=;5F 8=GHF5WVC HF5BGDCFH5F
9LHF5=F 6=G5Ja 7=G5B8=BC 89G9GD9F5F 8=G9BHXF=7C HF5B
G5H@TBH=7C 9LXF7=HC
=L;
 q
K
NG?9AK
A<aFLA;9K
=
9K
D=LJ9K 77 7W FF = GG K=H9J9EK=
>A;9F<G
ME9
F9
KbD9:9
IM=
9K
HJ=;=<=
=
GMLJ9
F9
KbD9:9
K=?MAFL= 755H=B;5 7CCF
89B5F =BH9@97WVC C77=D=H5@ DFCFFC;5F F9GGIF;=F
=L;
Observao K NG?9AK <= @A9LGK 9AF<9 IM= <A>=J=FL=K ME9 <9 GMLJ9 L9E:_E K=
K=H9J9E 5H5d89 75[9=G 75=F 8I9@C :=9@ :@I=I :FI=F ;F5dB5 >9GI[
H5 @95@ A=d8C DC9=F5 F5=B<5 G5d89 J=J[9=G JC5F
=L;

 q
)]G
K=
K=H9J9E
9K
NG?9AK
<GK
<ALGF?GK
v
;J=K;=FL=K
=
<=;J=K;=FL=K
v
F=E
9K
<GK
LJALGF?GK 5=FCGC 5B=A5=G 5IFCF5 5J9F=;I9=G 75
=I 7FIX=G 9B>9=H5F :C;5FXI :I;=I ;@_F=5 ;I5=5F =;I5=G >5

 

A5=G >C=5G _8=C EI5=G GR6=C G5;IVC G5;Ic9G GI6CFBCI H5

:I=G JRF=C
=L;
Observao )]G K= K=H9J9 <G I HJ=;=<A<G <= ; GM E 9 NG?9D IM= G K=?M=
9;GEH9F@9<9 GM F]G <= ;GFKG9FL= 5A6[;IC 9EI=J5@9F ;I9FF5 I6[EIC
=L;

 q
)9
LJ9FKDAF=9^]G
GM
K=B9
F9
H9KK9?=E
H9J9
9
DAF@9
K=?MAFL=
IM9F<G
K=
=KLY
=K;J=N=F<G
ME
L=PLG
<=
ME9
H9D9NJ9
;GEHGKL9
GM
<=
ME9
;GE:AF9^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9K
=E
IM=
@Y
ME
@b>=F
GM
E9AK
K=
9
H9JLA^]G
;GAF;A<=
;GE
G
>AF9D
<=
ME
<GK
=D=E=FLGK
GM
E=E:JGK
HGJ
;D9J=R9
?JY>A;9
K=
<=N=
J=H=LAJ
G
@b>=F
FG
AFb;AG
<9
DAF@9
K=?MAFL=
NA;=
9DEAJ9FL=
EHJ=?G
<9K
AFA;A9AK
E9AhK;MD9K

XIX Emprego das iniciais maisculas


EHJ=?9K=
D=LJ9
AFA;A9D
E9AhK;MD9
 q
)G
;GE=^G
<G
H=JbG<G
N=JKG
GM
;AL9^]G
<AJ=L9
AKK=
G
+9<J=
FLfFAG
1A=AJ9
x KL9J
;GE
JAKLG
=E
IM9DIM=J
DM?9J
9AF<9
IM=
K=B9
FG
$F>=JFG
_
=KL9J
FG
+9J9bKGy
xMJAN=J<=
H=F<]G
<=
EAF@9
L=JJ9
IM=
9
:JAK9
<G
J9KAD
:=AB9
=
:9D9F^9
KL9F<9JL=
IM=
Z
DMR
<G
KGD
=F;=JJ9
K
HJGE=KK9K
<ANAF9K
<9
KH=J9F^9 y
9KLJG
DN=K
Observao D?MFK HG=L9K MK9E Z =KH9F@GD9 9 EAFhK;MD9 FG HJAF;bHAG <=
;9<9
N=JKG
IM9F<G
9
HGFLM9^]G
G
H=JEAL=
;GEG
K=
Na
=E
9KLAD@G
xIMA
KAE
FG
E=M
;9FLAF@G
N=F<G
JAJE=
G
;9F<==AJG
?GRG
G
:=E
<=
=KL9J
KGRAF@G
=
=KIM=;=J
G
EMF<G
AFL=AJGy

q
)GK
KM:KL9FLANGK
HJeHJAGK
<=
IM9DIM=J
=KH_;A=
v
9FLJGHfFAEGK
LGHfFAFGK
H9LJGFbEA;GK
;G?FGE=K
9D;MF@9K
LJA:GK
=
;9KL9K
<=KA?
F9^g=K
<=
;GEMFA<9<=K
J=DA?AGK9K
=
HGDbLA;9K
FGE=K
K9?J9<GK
=
J=D9L
ANGK
9
J=DA?Ag=K
=FLA<9<=K
EALGDe?A;9K
=
9KLJGFfEA;9K
=L;  $CGX
'5F=5 '5798C F9=H5G F5G=@ BHCB=BCG :CBG=B<CG CBEI=GH58CF
'5;BTB=AC CF5WVC
89
&9VC -9A
*5JCF 9IG $9CJR @R GGIB
WVC ,9GGIF9=WVC $dD=H9F 57C XF69FC 0=5
&R7H95 5BCDC 0ZBIG
=L;
Observaes




9 K >GJE9K GFGEYKLA;9K IM= =FLJ9E F9 >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K <G NG;9:MDYJAG

;GEME =K;J=N=EK= ;GE AFA;A9D EAFhK;MD9 IM9F<G K= 9>9KL9E <= K=M KA?FA>A;9<G
HJAEALANG =P;=LM9F<GK= GK ;9KGK =E IM= =KK= 9>9KL9E=FLG F]G G;GJJ= R;I589
7C@aB=5 >CVC8965FFC 9FJ589G5BH5A5F=5 :C@<5 89 :@5B8F9G E9K 5@XA
F5G=@ 5EIXAH@TBH=7C 8C9BW5 89 <5;5G A5@ 89 @N<9=A9F G=GH9A5 =8CH
5B9@
89
-5HIFBC
: *K FGE=K <= HGNGK =K;J=N=EK= ;GE AFA;A9D EAFhK;MD9 F]G Ke IM9F<G <=KA?
F9E @9:AL9FL=K GM F9LMJ9AK <= ME =KL9<G HJGNbF;A9 ;A<9<= NAD9 GM <AKLJALG 9AF<9
IM9F<G J=HJ=K=FL9E ;GD=LAN9E=FL= ME9 F9^]G 5A5NCB9BG9G 65=5BCG 9GHF9A9B
<CG :@IA=B9BG9G D5I@=GH5G FCA9BCG FIGGCG GI[WCG IFI;I5=CG
=L;

 q
)GK
FGE=K
HJeHJAGK
<=
=J9K
@AKLeJA;9K
=
_HG;9K
FGLYN=AK "X>=F5
#8589
'X8=5 +I=B<9BHCG G
K_;MDG
31$ -9=G79BHCG G
K_;MDG
31$$
=L;
Observao *K FGE=K <GK E=K=K <=N=E =K;J=N=JK= ;GE AFA;A9D EAFhK;MD9
>5B9=FC :9J9F9=FC A5FWC 56F=@ A5=C >IB<C >I@<C 5;CGHC G9H9A6FC CIHI6FC
BCJ9A6FC 89N9A6FC

 q
)GK
FGE=K
<=
NA9K
=
DM?9J=K
Hh:DA;GK J9B=85
89
,=C
F5B7C 97C

8C
5FAC &5F;C
85
5F=C75 *F5=5
8C
@5A9B;C *F5W5
85
5B89=F5 .F5J9GG5
8C
CAXF7=C .dB9@
(C9@
,CG5
=L;
 q
)GK
FGE=K
IM=
<=KA?F9E
9DLGK
;GF;=ALGK
J=DA?AGKGK
HGDbLA;GK
GM
F9;AGF9DAKL9K #;F9>5 9LeDA;9
HGKLeDA;9
-GE9F9 (5WVC GH58C
*RHF=5 ,5W5
=L;
Observao KK=K FGE=K K= =K;J=N=E ;GE AFA;A9D EAFhK;MD9 IM9F<G K]G
=EHJ=?9<GK
=E
K=FLA<G
?=J9D
GM
AF<=L=JEAF9<G

 q
)GK
FGE=K
IM=
<=KA?F9E
9JL=K
;AaF;A9K
GM
<AK;AHDAF9K
:=E
;GEG
FGK
IM=
KAFL=LAR9E
=E
K=FLA<G
=D=N9<G
9K
E9FA>=KL9^g=K
<G
=F?=F@G
=
<G
K9:=J ;F=7I@HIF5 FEI=H9HIF5 =@C@C;=5
*CFHI;I9G5 =F9=HC
'98=7=B5 '5H9ARH=75 *=BHIF5 FH9 =ZB7=5 I@HIF5
=L;
Observao *K FGE=K =8=CA5 =8=CA5 DRHF=C @[B;I5 @[B;I5 DCFHI;I9G5 J9F
BR7I@C = GMLJGK 9FYDG?GK =K;J=N=EK= ;GE AFA;A9D E9AhK;MD9 IM9F<G =EHJ=?9<GK
;GE
=KH=;A9D
J=D=NG

 q
)GK
FGE=K
IM=
<=KA?F9E
9DLGK
;9J?GK
<A?FA<9<=K
GM
HGKLGK *5D5
5F895@ F796=GDC =GDC *5HF=5F75 0=;RF=C 0=;RF=C!9F5@ *F9G=8
9BH9
85
,9Dd6@=75 '=B=GHFC
85
8I75WVC !CJ9FB58CF
8C
GH58C
A65=L58CF @A=F5BH58C -97F9HRF=C
89
GH58C
=L;
 q
)GK
FGE=K
<=
J=H9JLA^g=K
;GJHGJ9^g=K
GM
9?J=EA9^g=K
=<A>b;AGK
=
=KL9:=D=;AE=FLGK
Hh:DA;GK
GM
H9JLA;MD9J=K =F9HCF=5
!9F5@
8C
BG=BC



'=B=GHXF=C
85G
,9@5Wc9G
LH9F=CF9G 7589A=5
*5F5B59BG9
89
&9HF5G
[F7I@C
89
GHI8CG
l5B89=F5BH9Gm *F9G=8ZB7=5
85
,9Dd6@=75 #BGH=
HIHC
F5G=@9=FC
89
!9C;F5:=5
9
GH5H[GH=75 .9GCIFC
8C
GH58C 9
D5FH5A9BHC
8A=B=GHF5H=JC
8C
-9FJ=WC
*d6@=7C 5B7C
8C
F5G=@ #A
DF9BG5
(57=CB5@ .95HFC
89
-VC
$CGX .=DC;F5:=5
,C@5B8=5B5 'IG9I
89
FH9
'C89FB5
=L;
 q
)GK
LbLMDGK
<=
DANJGK
BGJF9AK
J=NAKL9K
HJG<M^g=K
9JLbKLA;9K
DAL=JYJA9K
=
;A=FLb>A;9K #A=H5WVC
89
F=GHC "CF5G
'5F=5B5G CFF9=C
85
'5B<V
,9J=GH5
=@C@_;=75 .F5BG:=;IF5WVC <=
-9>9=D (CFA5 <=
=DDAFA )
!I5F5B= <=
9JDGK
"GE=K )
GD[F=HC
85G
&9=G <=
(GFL=KIMA=M
=L;
Observaes 9 )]G K= =K;J=N=E ;GE E9AhK;MD9 AFA;A9D 9K H9JLb;MD9K
EGFGKKADY:A;9K IM= K= 9;@9E FG AFL=JAGJ <= NG;Y:MDGK ;GEHGKLGK GM <= DG;M^g=K
GM =PHJ=KKg=K IM= LaE AFA;A9AK E9AhK;MD9K +I985 8C #ADXF=C ) F9DdG7I@C 8CG
9IG9G "=GH_F=5 G9A 5H5  'VC 9 5 &IJ5 9GH5G 9 .F58=Wc9G *CDI@5F9G 8C
F5G=@
=L;
: )GK :A:DAfFAEGK 9HeK G HJAE=AJG =D=E=FLG IM= _ ;GE E9AhK;MD9 GK <=E9AK
NG;Y:MDGK HG<=E K=J =K;JALGK ;GE EAFhK;MD9 K9DNG FGK FGE=K HJeHJAGK F=D= ;GF
LA<GK
LM<G
=E
?JA>G

 q
)GK
FGE=K
<=
>9LGK
@AKLeJA;GK
=
AEHGJL9FL=K
<=
9LGK
KGD=F=K
=
<=
?J9F<=K
=EHJ==F<AE=FLGK
Hh:DA;GK 9BH9BRF=C
85
#B89D9B8ZB7=5
8C
F5G=@ 9G7C6F=A9BHC
85
AXF=75 ,9:CFA5
)FHC;FR:=75 7CF8C
&IGCF5G=@9=FC LDCG=WVC
(57=CB5@ 9GH5G
85G
'V9G =5
8C
'I
B=7[D=C !@CF=:=75WVC
85
&[B;I5
*CFHI;I9G5
=L;
Observao *K FGE=K <= >=KL9K H9?]K GM HGHMD9J=K =K;J=N=EK= ;GE AFA;A9D
EAFhK;MD9 75FB5J5@ 9BHFI8C G5HIFB5=G
=L;

 q
)GK
FGE=K
<=
=K;GD9K
<=
IM9DIM=J
=KH_;A=
GM
?J9M
<=
=FKAFG
57I@8589
89
=@CGC:=5 G7C@5
-ID9F=CF
89
CAXF7=C C@X;=C
89
*98FC
## #BGH=HIHC
89
8I75WVC
=L;
 q
)GK
FGE=K
;GEMFK
IM9F<G
H=JKGFA>A;9<GK
GM
AF<ANA<M9<GK
=
<=
K=J=K
EGJ9AK
GM
>A;Lb;AGK 
5D=H5@
85
,9Dd6@=75 5
.F5BG6F5G=@=5B5
ACFC
B5
5D=H5@ C
(5H5@
89
$9GIG C
*C9H5 9Eg=K 5
7=ZB7=5
85
BH=;I=8589
GK <56=H5BH9G
85
*9B[BGI@5 5
CB8589 C
ACF 5
#F5 C
&C6C C
CF89=FC 5
=;5FF5 5
CFA=;5
=L;
Observao $F;DM=EK= F=KL9 FGJE9 GK FGE=K IM= <=KA?F9E 9LGK <9K 9MLGJA<
9<=K <9 -=Hh:DA;9 IM9F<G =EHJ=?9<GK =E ;GJJ=KHGF<aF;A9 GM <G;ME=FLGK G>A
;A9AK  &9= 89  89 A5=C C 97F9HC&9= B h   C 97F9HC&9= B h   5
*CFH5F=5
89

89
>IB<C C
,9;I@5A9BHC
B h
 C
7_F8VC
89

89
5;CGHC
=L;



 q
)GK
FGE=K
<GK
HGFLGK
;9J<=9AK
IM9F<G
<=KA?F9E
J=?Ag=K )G
DCJ
CG
8C
)F=9BH9 C
:5@5F
8C
(CFH9
X
8=:9F9BH9
8C
:5@5F
8C
-I@ 5
;I9FF5
8C
)7=89BH9
=L;
Observao *K FGE=K <GK HGFLGK ;9J<=9AK =K;J=N=EK= ;GE AFA;A9AK EAFhK;M
D9K IM9F<G <=KA?F9E <AJ=^g=K GM DAEAL=K ?=G?JY>A;GK *9F7CFF= C D5[G 89 BCFH9 5
GI@
9
89
@9GH9
5
C9GH9

 q
)GK
FGE=K
9<B=LANGK
HJGFGE=K
=
=PHJ=KKg=K
<=
LJ9L9E=FLG
GM
J=
N=JaF;A9 
GE
GM
GF9 -F
.=F@GJ -F g .=F@GJ9 
GM
=; AC A?FbKKAEG ''
GM ' AC (=JALbKKAEG ,9J AC -=N=J
=F<bKKAEG 0 ,9J g 1GKK9
-=N=JaF;A9 - 
.M9
EAFaF;A9 0 '
1GKK9
(9B=KL9<= 0 
1GKK9
DL=R9 0 - g 1GKK9
.=F@GJA9 0 L g
1GKK9
P;=DaF;A9 0 L g
,9J A5 1GKK9
P;=DaF;A9
-=N=J=F<bKKAE9
0 L 5G 1GKK9
P;=DaF;A9K
=L;
Observao K >GJE9K IM= K= 9;@9E DA?9<9K 9 =KK9K =PHJ=KKg=K <= LJ9L9E=FLG
<=N=E K=J L9E:_E =K;JAL9K ;GE AFA;A9AK E9AhK;MD9K  6589 L A5 -F g =F9
HCF5 -F @A=F5BH9 -F 5D=HVC89'5F9!I9FF5 '' $I=N 89 =F9=HC L AC 9
,9J AC -F F796=GDC *F=A5N '5;B[:=7C ,9=HCF L79@9BH[GG=AC -9B<CF *F9G=8
9BH9
85
,9Dd6@=75 A=B9BH[GG=AC
-9B<CF
5F895@ -I5
@H9N5
,95@
=L;

 q
)9K
H9D9NJ9K
IM=
FG
=KLADG
=HAKLGD9J
K=
<AJA?=E
9
ME
9EA?G
9
ME
;GD=?9
9
ME9
H=KKG9
J=KH=ALYN=D
9K
IM9AK
HGJ
<=>=JaF;A9
;GFKA<=J
9^]G
GM
J=KH=ALG
K=
IM=AJ9
J=9D^9J
HGJ
=KL9
E9F=AJ9 A9I
6CA
A=;C
75FC
C@9;5 A9I
DF9N58C
'9GHF9 9GH=A58C
*FC:9GGCF A9I
EI9F=8C
*5= A=B<5
5ACFRJ9@
'V9 A9I
6CA
*58F9 A=B<5
8=GH=BH5
=F9HCF5
75FC
F  DF9N58C
5D=HVC
=L;
Observao +9J9 GK AL=FK  q  q  q =  q MK9K= GH;AGF9DE=FL= AFA;A9D EAFhK
;MD9
=P;=LG
H9J9
9K
>GJE9K
9:J=NA9<9K
<G
AL=E
 q
.AF9AK
<=
HGFLM9^]G

XX Sinais de pontuao
1=J *CBHI5WVC
-=?J9K
<=
9;=FLM9^]G

Regras de acentuao
A Monosslabos
'=N9E 9;=FLG 9?M<G GM ;AJ;MF>D=PG GK EGFGKKbD9:GK L=JEAF9<GK
=E
9
v
9
v
9K
>R
@R
JRG



:
v
=
v
=K
:X
@Z
DXG
;
v
G
v
GK
D_
8_
D_G
G_G
B Vocbulos de mais de uma slaba
 Oxtonos GM
9?M<GK
'=N9E
9;=FLG
9?M<G
GM
;AJ;MF>D=PG
GK
GPbLGFGK
L=JEAF9<GK
=E
9
v
9
v
9K
75>RG
J5H5DR
5B5BRG
75F5>RG
:
v
=
v
=K
JC7Z
75:X
DCBH5DXG
;
v
G
v
GK
7=D_
>=@_
5Ja
75F=>_G
<
v
=E
v
=FK
H5A6XA
B=B;IXA
J=BHXBG
5FA5NXBG
9b
K=E
9;=FLG 5EI=
75EI=
DCH=
75>I
IFI6IG
 Paroxtonos GM
?J9N=K
'=N9E
9;=FLG
9?M<G
GM
;AJ;MF>D=PG
GK
H9JGPbLGFGK
L=JEAF9<GK
=E
9
v
A
v
AK
>dF=
7REI=
69F=6XF=
@RD=G
HZB=G
:
v
MK
JZBIG
J[FIG
6aBIG
Observao #Y HGM;GK H9JGPbLGFGK L=JEAF9<GK =E vI ME <=D=K =PAKL=FL= 9L_
@Y
HGM;G
=J9 HF=6I IM=
@GB=
K=
=K;J=N=
;GE C HF=6C HF=6CG

;
v
J
<
v
D
=
v
P
>
v F
9;=FLG
?
v
ME
v
MFK
@
v
]G
]GK
A
v
]
v
]K
B
v
HK
C
v
GFK

75FRH9F F9J_@J9F XH9F

dH=@ 5ARJ9@ B[J9@ HZLH=@ F]G HXLH=@
H_F5L :ZB=L aB=L
X89B <[:9B E9K 989BG <=:9BG K=E
R@6IA R@6IBG AX8=IA
_F;VC _F:VC _F;VCG _F:VCG
_F:V [AV _F:VG [AVG
6[79DG :_F79DG
FR8CB
FR8CBG

Observao =N=E K=J 9;=FLM9<GK GK FGE=K L_;FA;GK L=JEAF9<GK =E CA =TB

8CA FR8CA N9JA9FL=
<= FR8CB

 Proparoxtonos GM
=K<JhPMDGK
'=N9E 9;=FLG 9?M<G GM ;AJ;MF>D=PG LG<GK GK HJGH9JGPbLGFGK
7R@=8C HXD=8C 7RH98F5 G_@=8C @[AD=8C 7aAC8C
 Casos especiais



9 .]G K=EHJ= 9;=FLM9<9K 9K H9D9NJ9K GPbLGF9K ;GE GK <ALGF?GK

9:=JLGK ?J9>9<GK X=G XIG GM _=G 5BX=G 65HX=G :=X=G D5DX=G 7XIG
7<5DXIG =@<XIG JXIG 7CFF_=G >D=P]G <= 7CFFC9F <9F_=G F9
A_=G >D=P]G
<= F9AC9F G_=G >D=P]G
<= GC9F G_=G HD
<= GC@
: )]G K]G 9;=FLM9<9K 9K H9D9NJ9K H9JGPbLGF9K ;GE GK <ALGF?GK
9:=JLGK 9= = C= ME9 N=R IM= =PAKL= GK;AD9^]G =E EMALGK ;9KGK =FLJ= 9
HJGFhF;A9 9:=JL9 = >=;@9<9 5GG9A6@9=5 6C@9=5 =89=5 L9D ;GEG 5@89=5
65@9=5 7589=5 7<9=5 A9=5 7CF9=7C 9DCD9=7C CBCA5HCD9=7C DFCH9=7C
5@75@C=89 5DC=C <G N=J:G 5DC=5F L9D ;GEG 5DC=C KM:KL9FLANG NC=5
6C=5 6C=B5 7CA6C=C KM:KL9FLANG L9D ;GEG 7CA6C=C 7CA6C=5G =L; <G
N=J:G 7CA6C=5F 89NC=HC 9GHFC=B5 <9FC=7C =BHFC=HC >=6C=5 AC=B5 D5F5
BC=7C NC=B5
Observao -=;=:=JY 9;=FLG ?JY>A;G 9 H9D9NJ9 IM= E=KEG AF;DMb<9 F=KL= ;9KG
K= =FIM9<J9J =E J=?J9 ?=J9D <= 9;=FLM9^]G ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE 6@Z=N9F 7CBHZ=B9F
89GHF_=9F
;Z=G9F
'X=9F
=L; 
HGJIM=
K]G
H9JGPbLGF9K
L=JEAF9<9K
=E F

; )]G K= 9;=FLM9E GK =F;GFLJGK NG;YDA;GK >=;@9<GK D9GGC5

D5HFC5 7CFC5 6C5 75BC5 H9I >I89I 75A5:9I JCC 9B>CC D9F8CC
7CFCC
Observao .=JY 9;=FLM9<9 9 H9D9NJ9 IM= E=KEG AF;DMb<9 F=KL= ;9KG K= =F
IM9<J9J =E J=?J9 ?=J9D <= 9;=FLM9^]G ?JY>A;9 ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE <9FaCB J 

<9F_CB +GJL 
H9JGPbLGF9
L=JEAF9<9
=E B

< )]G D=N9E 9;=FLG ?JY>A;G 9K H9D9NJ9K H9JGPbLGF9K IM= L=F<G J=
KH=;LAN9E=FL= NG?9D LfFA;9 9:=JL9 GM >=;@9<9 K]G @GEe?J9>9K <= 9JLA?GK
;GFLJ9^g=K HJ=HGKA^g=K = ;GFBMF^g=K YLGF9K KKAE F]G K= <AKLAF?M=E
H=DG 9;=FLG ?JY>A;G D5F5 Y 6>D=P]G <= D5F5F7 = D5F5 6HJ=HGKA^]G7
D9@5G _ 6KM:KL9FLANG = >D=P]G <= D9@5F7 = D9@5G 6;GE:AF9^]G <= D9F =
@5G7 D9@C _ 6>D=P]G <= D9@5F7 = D9@CG a 6KM:KL9FLANG = ;GE:AF9^]G
<= D9F = @CG7 D9F5 a 6KM:KL9FLANG7 = D9F5 _ 6HJ=HGKA^]G 9FLA?97
DC@CG e 6KM:KL9FLANG7 = DC@CG 6;GE:AF9^]G 9FLA?9 = HGHMD9J <= DCF =
@CG7
=L;
Observao .=?MAF<G =KL9 J=?J9 L9E:_E H=J<= G 9;=FLG ?JY>A;G 9 >GJE9 D5F5
<G N=J:G D5F5F IM9F<G =FLJ9 FME ;GEHGKLG K=H9J9<G HGJ @b>=F D5F565@5G
D5F56F=G5G D5F57<CEI9G D5F5@5A5G
=L;

= '=N9E 9;=FLG 9?M<G G = = I IM9F<G J=HJ=K=FL9E 9 K=?MF<9

NG?9D LfFA;9 <= ME @A9LG <=K<= IM= F]G >GJE=E KbD9:9 ;GE F @ A B N
GM F]G =KL=B9E K=?MA<GK <= B< G5d89 J=dJ5 G5[85 75[8C :5[G75 5[
!F5>5d F5=N E9K F5[N9G D5I@ FI=A FI=BG F5=B<5 AC=B<C



> )]G D=N9 9;=FLG 9 NG?9D LfFA;9 <GK <ALGF?GK =I = I= 75=I F9
HF=6I=I H5:I=G D5I=G
? )]G K=J]G 9;=FLM9<9K 9K NG?9AK LfFA;9K i = u <9K H9D9NJ9K paroxtonas IM9F<G =KL9K NG?9AK =KLAN=J=E HJ=;=<A<9K <= <ALGF?G <=;J=K
;=FL= 65=I75 6C75=IJ5 6C=IBC 75I=@5 N9J 75I=F5 7<9==B<C <=
7<9=C :9==B<C <= :9=C :9=IF5 :9=I8C A5C=GAC A5C=GH5 G5==B<5 <=
G5=5 H5C=GAC
H5I=GAC
Observaes
 q )9 H9D9NJ9 eopo  <=FGEAF9^]G <GK HJAE=AJGK 9F;=KLJ9AK <GK ;9N9DGK 9
HJGFhF;A9
FGJE9D
9KKAF9D9
@A9LG
=G
J9R]G
HGJ
IM=
L=E
9;=FLG
?JY>A;G
q  H9D9NJ9 H9JGPbLGF9 ;I5[65 F]G H=J<= G 9;=FLG 9?M<G HGJIM= 9 NG?9D LfFA;9
= =KLY
HJ=;=<A<9
<=
<ALGF?G
;J=K;=FL=

@ .=J]G 9;=FLM9<9K 9K NG?9AK LfFA;9K i = u <9K H9D9NJ9K oxtonas

IM9F<G E=KEG HJ=;=<A<9K <= <ALGF?G <=;J=K;=FL= =KL]G =E HGKA^]G >AF9D
KGRAF@9K
F9
KbD9:9
GM
K=?MA<9K
<= G *=5I[
H9=d
H9=dG
HI=I=d
HI=I=dG
Observao .= F=KL= ;9KG 9 ;GFKG9FL= >AF9D >GJ <A>=J=FL= <= G L9AK NG?9AK no
sero acentuadas 75I=A
75I=BG

A

 p
H=KKG9
<=
9D?MFK
N=J:GK
K=
?J9>9
<9
K=?MAFL=
E9F=AJ9

IM9F<G
L=JEAF9
=E
v 9A EGFGKKbD9:GK
 p
H=KK
KAF?
 p
H=KK
HD
v
=E
v
aE
9@9
H9A
9@9G
HZA
9@9
J9A
9@9G
JZA

IM9F<G
L=JEAF9
=E
v XA
 p
H=KK
KAF?
 p
H=KK
HD
v
_E
v
aE
9@9
7CBHXA
9@9G
7CBHZA
9@9
7CBJXA
9@9G
7CBJZA

IM9F<G
L=JEAF9
=E
v Z 7FZ 8Z @Z JZ =
<=JAN9<GK
 p
H=KK
KAF?
 p
H=KK
HD
v
a
v
==E
9@9
7FZ
9@9G
7F99A
9@9
F9JZ
9@9G
F9J99A



B '=N9E 9;=FLG 9?M<G GM ;AJ;MF>D=PG GK NG;Y:MDGK L=JEAF9<GK HGJ

<ALGF?G GJ9D YLGFG IM=J <=;J=K;=FL= GM ;J=K;=FL= R;9=G 89JZF9=G >_EI9=
HdB9=G RF95 9GDCBHTB9C =;BCFTB7=5 =AIB8[7=9 @[F=C AR;C5 FX;I5
HZBI9
C '=N9 9;=FLG 9?M<G GM ;AJ;MF>D=PG 9 >GJE9 N=J:9D L=JEAF9<9 =E
5 9 C LfFA;GK K=?MA<9 <= @C @5 @CG @5G :R@C :R@CG ACJZ@C=5 G56Z
@C9ACG HFR@CRG
Observao +=DG hDLAEG =P=EHDG N=EGK IM= K= G N=J:G =KLAN=J FG >MLMJG
HG<=JY
@9N=J
<GAK
9;=FLGK 5AR@C[9=G Da@CRG :R@C[5ACG

D /9E:_E D=N9 9;=FLG 9?M<G 9 NG?9D LfFA;9 = <9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK

oxtonas L=JEAF9<9K =E 5=F = I=F IM9F<G K=?MA<9K <= @CG @5G
;9KG =E IM= H=J<=E G F >AF9D ;GEG =E 5HF5[@CG 6<= 5HF5=F@CG7
5HF5[@CG=5 6<= 5HF5=F@CG=57 DCGGI[@5G 6<= DCGGI=F@5G7 DCGGI[
@5G=5 6<= DCGGI=F@5G=57
E )]G D=N9E 9;=FLG GK HJ=>APGK H9JGPbLGFGK L=JEAF9<GK =E F = =
=BH9F<9@ZB=7C GID9F<CA9A G9A=<=GH_F=7C
F )]G D=N9 LJ=E9 G I <GK ?JMHGK ;I9 ;I= EI9 EI= E=KEG IM9F<G
>GJ HJGFMF;A9<G = YLGFG 5;I9BH5F 5F;I=WVC 9@CEIZB7=5 :F9EIZB7=5
HF5BEI=@C
Observaes
 q *K N=J:GK ,!/#, = ,,!/#, F]G D=N9E 9;=FLG 9?M<G F9 NG?9D LfFA;9
I F9K >GJE9K JARGLfFA;9K 9IM=D9K ;MB9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 =KLY FG J9<A;9D 5F;IC 5F
;I=G 5F;I= 5F;I9A 5F;I5
5F;I5G =L;
q *K N=J:GK <G LAHG <= !/, *(#!/, *4#!/,
*,)*#(+/, 0,#!/, -!/, (2!/, )&#+/,
&#(+/#, = 9>AFK HG<=E K=J ;GFBM?9<GK <= <M9K >GJE9K GM LaE 9K >GJE9K JA
RGLfFA;9K ;MB9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 J=;9A FG J9<A;9D ;GE G I <G J9<A;9D LfFA;G E9K K=E
9;=FLG 9?M<G GM LaE 9K >GJE9K JARGLfFA;9K ;GE 5 GM = <G J9<A;9D ;GE 9;=FLG
9?M<G 9N=JA?MG GM 9N=Jb?MG 9N=JA?M9K GM 9N=Jb?M9K 9N=JA?M9 GM 9N=Jb?M9
=L;  9N=JA?M= GM 9N=Jb?M= 9N=JA?M=K GM 9N=Jb?M=K =L;  <=DAFIMG GM <=DbF
IMG <=DAFIM=K GM <=DbFIM=K =L;  <=DAFIM9 GM <=DbFIM9 <=DAFIM9K GM <=DbF
IM9K
=L;
 q * N=J:G 89@=BEI=F LJ9<A;AGF9DE=FL= <9<G ;GEG <=>=;LANG GM K=B9 N=J:G IM=
F]G _ ;GFBM?9<G =E LG<9K 9K H=KKG9K _ LJ9L9<G ;GEG N=J:G IM= L=E LG<9K 9K
KM9K >GJE9K * ;GJ<G L9E:_E 9;=AL9 <M9K HGKKA:ADA<9<=K <= HJGFhF;A9 IM9F<G
9 LJ9<A^]G H9<J]G :J9KAD=AJ9 F9 ?J9EYLA;9 H9J9 =KL= N=J:G Ke 9;=AL9N9 KM9 ;GF
BM?9^]G
F9K
>GJE9K
9JJARGLfFA;9K



 q E ;GF=P]G ;GE GK ;9KGK ;AL9<GK 9;AE9 _ AEHGJL9FL= E=F;AGF9J IM= GK

N=J:GK =E =B;=F 5H=B;=F 7=B;=F 7CBGHF=B;=F =B:F=B;=F H=B;=F =L;  = GK N=J:GK
=E =B;I=F K=E 9 HJGFhF;A9 <G I 8=GH=B;I=F 9LH=B;I=F =L;  LaE ?J9>A9K 9:KGDML9
E=FL= J=?MD9J=K 5H=B>C 5H=B>5 5H=B;9 5H=B;=ACG =L;  8=GH=B;C 8=GH=B;5 8=G
H=B;I9 8=GH=B;I=ACG
=L; 

G '=N9 9;=FLG ;AJ;MF>D=PG <A>=J=F;A9D 9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 <9  p H=KK

KAF? <G HJ=L H=J> Da89 H9J9 <AKLAF?MAJK= <= DC89 >GJE9 <9 E=KE9
H=KK
<G
HJ=K
<G
AF<
H )]G K= MK9 9;=FLG ?JY>A;G H9J9 <AKLAF?MAJ 9K H9D9NJ9K GPbLGF9K
@GEe?J9>9K IM= HGKKM=E 9 E=KE9 ?J9>A9 E9K @=L=JG>fFA;9K HJGFMF
;A9<9K <= >GJE9K <A>=J=FL=K <G LAHG <= 7CF f KM:KL9FLANG = 7CF e
=D=E=FLG <9 DG;M^]G 89 7CF 7C@<9F a N=J:G = 7C@<9F _
KM:KL9FLANG
Observao  >GJE9 N=J:9D DaF ;GFLAFM9JY 9 K=J ?J9>9<9 ;GE 9;=FLG ;AJ;MF
>D=PG
H9J9
K=
<AKLAF?MAJ
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G
YLGF9 DCF

I )]G _ 9;=FLM9<9 F=E J=;=:= 9HeKLJG>G 9 >GJE9 EGFGKKADY:A;9

DF5
J=<M^]G
<= D5F5
*M
K=B9
K]G incorretas 9K
?J9>A9K DFR = DnF5
J +G<= K=J GM F]G 9;=FLM9<9 9 H9D9NJ9 :aFA5 KM:KL9FLANG <AKLAFL9
<= :CFA5 KM:KL9FLANG  p H=KK <G KAF? <G HJ=K <G AF< GM p H=KK <G
KAF? <G AEH=J <G N=J:G :CFA5F  ?J9>A9 :aFA5 7CA 579BHC ;FR:=7C
89J9 G9F IG585 5D9B5G BCG 75GCG 9A EI9 <CIJ9F 5A6=;I=8589 7CAC BCG
J9FGCG 8C DC9A5 l)G G5DCGm 89 '5BI9@ 5B89=F5 l,98IN= G9A 85BCG


:aFA5G
5
:CFA5 m
PLJ9b<G
<= @9A9BHCG
89
&[B;I5
*RHF=5 <=
%
(9LLGKG
[E9J9
%J
6( 7
 PLJ9b<G
<= @9A9BHCG
89
&[B;I5
*RHF=5 <=
%
(9LLGKG
[E9J9
%J
6( 7
 9b
K=J
HGKKbN=D
ME9
EM<9F^9
GJLG?JY>A;9
<G
LAHG EI5G= EI5G9 HF=6I HF=6C
(M<GM

K=
9
D=LJ9
E9K
F]G
G
>GF=E9
 )9
J=9DA<9<=
9K F98IN=85G F]G
=KL]G
;A=FLA>A;9E=FL=
>GJEMD9<9K
H=D9
)"
=
G
E=D@GJ
K=JA9
:9FAD9K
E
EMALGK
;9KGK
<9K
;@9E9<9K
J=<MRA<9K
G
IM=
L=EGK
F9
J=9DA<9<=
_
EM<9F^9
GM
LJG;9
<=
>GF=E9
 %
(9LLGKG
[E9J9
%J
6( 
$$
 7
 E
DM?9J
<= = GM I
=E
;=JLGK
;9KGK
K=
HG<=
?J9>9J
9
K=EANG?9D 9 GM C
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
=E
G:K=JN[F;A9
ZK
;GFN=F^g=K
<G
FGKKG
KAKL=E9
GJLG?JY>A;G
NA?=FL=
K=?MF<G
9K
IM9AK
9
K=EANG?9D
<GK
<ALGF?GK
GJ9AK
_
J=HJ=K=FL9<9
H=DG
?J9>=E9 = =
9
<GK
<ALGF?GK
F9K9AK
H=DG
?J9>=E9 9 D5=
AV9 8=GHF5=
8=GHF59A
 )A=<=JE9FF *<CBXH=EI9 &5H=B9

 (CFA5G
D5F5
5
&[B;I5
5@585
BC
.95HFC

 (CA9B7@5HIF5
!F5A5H=75@
F5G=@9=F5

 =KL9K
hDLAE9K
F]G
;G?AL9
9
)"


 )9
DbF?M9
HGJLM?M=K9
EG<=JF9
HJ=<GEAF9
9
K=IMaF;A9
HJG?J=KKAN9
IM=
;GFKAKL=
=E
9H

II Gramtica descritiva e normativa

J=K=FL9J
<=
HJ=>=JaF;A9
9
<=;D9J9^]G
FG
>AE
G
HJ=<A;9<G
G
<=L=JEAF9<G
9FL=K
<G
<=
L=JEAF9FL=
G
IM=
K=
LGJF9
;fEG<G
9GK
AFL=J=KK=K
<=
;GEHJ==FK]G
<G
AFL=JDG;MLGJ
 +GJ
AKKG
FGK
;GEHGKLGK
H9J9
<=L=JEAF9^]G
<9
HGKA^]G
<G
9;=FLG
LfFA;G
D=N9K=
=E
;GFKA<=J9^]G
9
hDLAE9
H9D9NJ9
=KL9JL=
_
GPbLGFG 7CIJ9:@CF =
H9JGPbLGFG 5F7C[F=G
 P=EHDGK
=PLJ9b<GK
<=
6.. 
7
 HA>9FA9

>=KL9
<GK
J=AK
E9?GK

$$
v
"J9EYLA;9
<=K;JALAN9
=
FGJE9LAN9
As Unidades no Enunciado

A) Formas e funes

Introduo
D9KK=K
<=
+9D9NJ9K
=
9L=?GJA9K
"J9E9LA;9AK

Classes de Palavras e Categorias Gramaticais

Os diversos significados ,M9K= K=EHJ= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 =F?DG:9
FME9 E=KE9 J=D9^]G H9D9NJ9K IM= H=JL=F;=E 9 ?JMHGK :=E <A>=J=FL=K
GI6GH5BH=JC 58>9H=JC 5FH=;C BIA9F5@ DFCBCA9 J9F6C 58JXF6=C DF9
DCG=WVC 7CB>IBWVC = =BH9F>9=WVC 0E =P9E= 9L=FLG >9;ADE=FL= FGK
EGKLJ9JY IM= 9 J=D9^]G BMFL9 H9D9NJ9K <= F9LMJ=R9 = >MF;AGF9DA<9<= :=E
<A>=J=FL=K ;GE :9K= =E ;JAL_JAGK ;9L=?GJA9AK EGJ>GDe?A;GK = KAFLYLA;GK
EAKLMJ9<GK G =D=E=FLG IM= 9K <A>=J=F;A9 K]G GK <AN=JKGK KA?FA>A;9<GK
IM= D@=K K]G HJeHJAGK +9J9 L9FLG <=N=EGK <AKLAF?MAJ GK K=?MAFL=K KA?FA
>A;9<GK
9 significado lexical IM= BY ;GF@=;=EGK 9FL=K _ G KA?FA>A;9<G
IM= ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9G EIZ <9 9HJ==FK]G <G EMF<G =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;G AKLG _ _
G IM= ;GJJ=KHGF<= Z GJ?9FAR9^]G <G EMF<G =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;G E=<A9FL= 9K
DbF?M9K GEG <AR :=E GK=JAM 9 DAF?M9?=E 7@5GG=:=75 9 J=9DA<9<= K=
?MF<G AFL=J=KK=K = 9LALM<=K @ME9F9K HGJ AKKG KM9K <AKLAF^g=K DC89A




;GAF;A<AJ ;GE J=9DA<9<=K = <=DAEAL9^g=K G:B=LAN9K E9K AKKG F]G _ F=

;=KKYJAG  DbF?M9 _ ME K9:=J 9;=J;9 <= EG<=DGK = =KIM=E9K DAF?MbKLA;GK
= F]G KG:J= GK G:B=LGK 9 J=KH=ALG <GK IM9AK AF>GJE9E FGKK9 =PH=JAaF;A9
G FGKKG K9:=J <G EMF<G = 9K ;AaF;A9K F]G DAF?MbKLA;9K 9KKAE IM= ME
NMD;]G K= ;@9E= *CDC75H9D9H@ = Ke @9B9 ME ;GE =KL= FGE= _ ME >9LG <9
?=G?J9>A9 = F]G ME :5HC 89 @[B;I5  W G KA?FA>A;9<G IM= _ ;GEME 9
;9<9 ME9 <9K K_JA=K <= H9D9NJ9K 5ACF j 5A5BH9 j 5A5F j 5A5J9@A9BH9
J9F8CF
j
J9F89
j
9BJ9F85F
=L;
: significado categorial _ G IM= ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9G 7CAC <9
9HJ==FK]G <G EMF<G =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;G 9 >GJE9 <9 AFLMA^]G <9 J=9DA<9<=
GM 9AF<9 G EG<G <= K=J <9K H9D9NJ9K FG <AK;MJKG = F]G ;D9KK=K D_PA;9K
>AP9K 5ACF IM9F<G =EHJ=?9<G ;GEG KM:KL9FLANG 5A5BH9 IM9F<G
=EHJ=?9<G ;GEG 9<B=LANG 5A5F IM9F<G =EHJ=?9<G ;GEG N=J:G
5A5J9@A9BH9 IM9F<G 9<N_J:AG )]G ;9:= Z ?J9EYLA;9 <=K;JALAN9 E9K
KAE Z ?J9EYLA;9 ?=J9D <=>AFAJ 9 ;9L=?GJA9 DAF?MbKLA;9 xKM:KL9FLANGy Z
?J9EYLA;9 <=K;JALAN9 ;9:= L]G KGE=FL= ;GEHJGN9J K= 9 DbF?M9 G:B=LG <9
<=K;JA^]G L=E GM F]G KM:KL9FLANGK = =E ;9KG 9>AJE9LANG IM9AK K]G GK
E=AGK E9L=JA9AK AKLG _ GK =KIM=E9K >GJE9AK H9J9 =PHJ=KK9J 9 ;9L=?GJA9
xKM:KL9FLANGy KKAE 9 ;9L=?GJA9 xKM:KL9FLANGy =PHJ=KK9 KM:KL9FLANGK HGJ
E=AG <= FGE=K ;GEG <CA9A @=JFC G5I8589 HGJ E=AG <= HJGFGE=K
;GEG =GHC =GGC 5EI=@C HGJ KAFL9?E9K ;GEG ,=C !F5B89 8C (CFH9 GM GJ
9^g=K 9K ;@9E9<9K KM:GJ<AF9<9K KM:KL9FLAN9K K H9D9NJ9K D=P=EYLA;9K
= ;9L=?GJ=EYLA;9K Ke =KL]G ;9L=?GJA9DE=FL= <=L=JEAF9<9K ;GEG KM:KL9FL
ANG 9<B=LANG N=J:G = 9<N_J:AG IM9F<G AFL=?J9<9K F9 GJ9^]G 9LM9DAR9<9K
FG <AK;MJKG )G EGE=FLG =E IM= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 ?=J9D <=>AF= G IM= _ x9<B=L
ANGy =KK9 <=>AFA^]G K= ;GJJ=L9 <=N=JY K=JNAJ 9 LG<9K 9K DbF?M9K IM= L=F
@9E 9<B=LANGK W =IMANG;9<G G IM=J=J <=>AFAJ xG 9<B=LANG =E HGJLM?MaKy
t
?J9EYLA;9
<=K;JALAN9
;9:=
<=K;J=NaDG BIA5 DbF?M9
GFKLALM=E G KM:KL9FLANG G 9<B=LANG G N=J:G = G 9<N_J:AG 9K
IM9LJG hFA;9K J=9AK x;9L=?GJA9K ?J9E9LA;9AKy <9 DbF?M9 ;GF>MK9E=FL=
EAKLMJ9<9K F9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D = IM= 9IMA ;@9E9J=EGK x;9L=?GJA9K
N=J:9AKy HGJIM= K]G 9K hFA;9K <GL9<9K <G KA?FA>A;9<G ;9L=?GJA9D <
EAL=E ;GEG BY =FKAF9 9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D KM:<ANAKg=K IM= K=J]G
=KLM<9<9K FG DM?9J HJeHJAG KM:KL9FLANGK HJeHJAGK = ;GEMFK =L;  9:=
D=E:J9J IM= G KA?FA>A;9<G ;9L=?GJA9D F]G ;9J9;L=JAR9 9H=F9K GK D=P=E9K
E9K 9AF<9 KAFL9?E9K = GJ9^g=K AFL=AJ9K /9E:_E G KA?FA>A;9<G ;9L=?GJA9D
=KLY K=EHJ= AEHDA;9<G ;GE ;=JL9K >MF^g=K =KH=;b>A;9K F9 =KLJMLMJ9^]G
?J9E9LA;9D HGJ AKKG Ke G xKM:KL9FLANGy J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ FGE=



HJGFGE= KAFL9?E9 FGEAF9D GJ9^]G FGEAF9DAR9<9 HG<= K=J G KMB=ALG <9

GJ9^]G 9KKAE ;GEG G N=J:G =P=J;= 9 >MF^]G <= HJ=<A;9<G  *K KA?FA>A;
9<GK ;9L=?GJA9AK K]G EG<GK <G ;GFL=h<G KA?FA>A;9LANG /G<9NA9 AKLG F]G
K=JN= <= <=>AFA^]G <= KM:KL9FLANG ME9 H9D9NJ9 F]G _ KM:KL9FLANG HGJIM=
>MF;AGF9 ;GEG KMB=ALG E9K 9G ;GFLJYJAG HG<= K=J KMB=ALG HGJIM= _ KM:
KL9FLANG
GM
HG<=
9H9J=;=J
;GEG
L9D
; significado instrumental _ G KA?FA>A;9<G <GK EGJ>=E9K AKLG
_ <GK =D=E=FLGK H=JL=F;=FL=K 9G MFAN=JKG <9 ?J9EYLA;9 = HG<=E
9HJ=K=FL9JK= ;GEG H9D9NJ9K EGJ>=EYLA;9K ;GEG GK 5FH=;CG = 9K DF9
DCG=Wc9G HGJ =P=EHDG GM ;GEG =D=E=FLGK <= H9D9NJ9K G G <= @=JFCG GM
<= HF565@<5G =L;  K]G GK ;@9E9<GK =F?DG:9<9E=FL= =BGHFIA9BHCG ;F5
A5H=75=G * 9JLA?G C =E C @=JFC L=E G KA?FA>A;9<G x9LM9DAR9<GJy = G G =E
@=JFCG L=E G KA?FA>A;9<G xHDMJ9DAR9<GJy $F;DM=EK= ;GEG <GL9<GK <=KK=
KA?FA>A;9<G AFKLJME=FL9D AKLG _ ;GEG xEGJ>=E9Ky F9K ;GE:AF9^g=K ?J9
E9LA;9AK GK HJ=>APGK GK KM>APGK 9K <=KAFaF;A9K G 9;=FLG G JALEG 9
=FLG9^]G 9 GJ<=E <9K H9D9NJ9K =L; *K KA?FA>A;9<GK AFKLJME=FL9AK K]G
EG<GK
<9
=PHJ=KK]G
E9L=JA9D
< significado estrutural ou sinttico =KL= 9IMA LGE9<G =E
K=FLA<G J=KLJALG _ G KA?FA>A;9<G IM= J=KMDL9 <9K ;GE:AF9^g=K <= MFA<9<=K
D=P=EYLA;9K GM ;9L=?GJ=EYLA;9K ;GE MFA<9<=K EGJ>=EYLA;9K = EGJ>=E9K
<=FLJG <9 GJ9^]G .]G KA?FA>A;9<GK =KLJMLMJ9AK xKAF?MD9Jy xHDMJ9Dy
x9LM9Dy xNAJLM9Dy x9LANGy xH9KKANGy xHJ=K=FL=y xH9KK9<Gy x>MLMJGy
xAF<A;9LANGy =L; KKAE G G <= @=JFCG L=E G KA?FA>A;9<G AFKLJME=FL9Dy
HDMJ9DAR9<GJy = F]G xHDMJ9Dy 9G D9<G <G HDMJ9DAR9<G @=JFC <9 ;GE:AF
9^]G
J=KMDL9
G
KA?FA>A;9<G
=KLJMLMJ9D
GM
KAFLYLA;G
xHDMJ9Dy
= significado ntico IM= Ke K= <Y FG HD9FG <9 GJ9^]G _ G IM=
;GJJ=KHGF<= 9G N9DGJ =PAKL=F;A9D IM= K= ;GEMFA;9 9G =KL9<G <= ;GAK9K
<=KA?F9<G F9 GJ9^]G x9>AJE9LANGy xF=?9LANGy xAFL=JJG?9LANGy xAEH=J9L
ANGy
=L;
D9KK=
<=
H9D9NJ9
=
;D9KK=
N=J:9D

Classe de palavra e classe verbal v /=EK= >=ALG ;GF>MK]G =FLJ=

7@5GG9 89 D5@5JF5 9 75H9;CF=5 GM ;D9KK= J9F65@ ;GF>MK]G IM= HG<= K=J
<=K>=AL9 ;GE =P=EHDGK KAEHD=K  KKAF9D9F<G ;GE ! 9 >GJE9 >bKA;9
;GE ' G KA?FA>A;9<G D_PA;G = ;GE  G KA?FA>A;9<G ;9L=?GJA9D 9K H9D9NJ9K



9:KLJ9L9K HG<=E K=J ;GFKLALMb<9K 9 ;GEG HMJ9K x>GJE9Ky ! HGJ =P=E
HDG x9EGy =E HGJLM?MaK = KGE=FL= D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 KM9 >GJE9 HG<=K=
;D9KKA>A;9J 9H=F9K H=DG K=M D9<G E9L=JA9D _ ME9 H9D9NJ9 <AKKbD9:9 _ ME9
H9D9NJ9 H9JGPbLGF9 _ ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GE LJaK >GF=E9K =L;  : ;GEG
x>GJE9K D_PA;9Ky GM xD=P=E9Ky !' HGJ =P=EHDG G HGJLM?MaK J9F89 AF
<=H=F<=FL=E=FL= <GK <A>=J=FL=K KA?FA>A;9<GK ;9L=?GJA9AK AKLG _ ;GEG 9<
B=LANG GM ;GEG KM:KL9FLANG ; ;GEG x>GJE9K ;9L=?GJA9AKy GM x;9L
=?GJ=E9Ky ! HGJ =P=EHDG EI58FC D5D9@ ;GEG KM:KL9FLANGK AF<=
H=F<=FL=E=FL= <GK <A>=J=FL=K KA?FA>A;9<GK D_PA;GK xEI58FC <= ME HAF
LGJy xEI58FC <= >ML=:GDy x>GD@9 <= D5D9@y xD5D9@ <= ME 9LGJy = <
;GEG H9D9NJ9K ;GE KA?FA>A;9<G D_PA;G = ;9L=?GJA9D !' HGJ =P=EHDG
=E HGJLM?MaK 5AC zK=F@GJ{ KM:KL9FLANG = 5AC zIM=JG :=E{ N=J:G .G
E=FL= 9K H9D9NJ9K 9:KLJ9L9K <GL9<9K ;GE ! GM ;GE !' HG<=E K=J ;D9K
KA>A;9<9K ;9L=?GJA9DE=FL= ?J9^9K 9G =D=E=FLG  AKLG KA?FA>A;9 IM= ME9
E=KE9 H9D9NJ9 !' HG<=JY >A?MJ9J =E ;D9KK=K <AKLAFL9K K= 9HJ=K=FL9 <A>=J
=FL=K KA?FA>A;9<GK  ;GEG >GA G ;9KG <= J9F89 9<B=LANG x>GD@9 J9F89y =
KM:KL9FLANG xG J9F89 <9 >GD@9y = 5AC KM:KL9FLANG = N=J:G E KME9
F]G HG<=EGK IM=J=J IM= 9 H9D9NJ9 J9F89 KM:KL9FLANG H=JL=F^9 Z ;D9KK=
<9 H9D9NJ9 J9F89 9<B=LANG 9H=F9K HGJIM= L=E G E=KEG KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;
9D AKLG _ 9H=D9F<G H9J9 ME LJ9^G IM= F9<9 L=E IM= N=J ;GE G ;JAL_JAG
;GE
IM=
=KLY
;GFKLALMb<9
9
;D9KK=
N=J:9D
.= LGE9JEGK HGJ ;JAL_JAG !' xN=J<=y K=JY ME9 Ke = E=KE9 H9D9NJ9
9KKAE ;GEG x9EGy K= 9K =KL9:=D=;=JEGK ;GEG !' xN=J<=y 9<B=LANG =
xN=J<=y KM:KL9FLANG K=J]G <M9K H9D9NJ9K <A>=J=FL=K 9KKAE ;GEG x9EGy
zK=F@GJ{ = x9EGy zIM=JG :=E{ G IM= L9E:_E N9D=JY H9J9 G AF?DaK H<9
:=F9 =
HC :=F9
AKLG
_
KM:KL9FLANG
=
N=J:G
G FGK J=>=JAJEGK 9G KA?FA>A;9<G =KLJMLMJ9D 9DM<AEGK BMFLG ;GE 9K
MFA<9<=K D=P=EYLA;9K D=P=E9K ZK MFA<9<=K ;9L=?GJ=EYLA;9K GK HJG
FGE=K IM= K]G x>GJE9K K=E KM:KL[F;A9y AKLG HGJIM= 9HJ=K=FL9E 9H=F9K
GM =E HJAE=AJG DM?9J ME KA?FA>A;9<G ;9L=?GJA9D K=E J=HJ=K=FL9J F=F
@ME9 E9L_JA9 =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;9 +GJ AKKG GK HJGFGE=K K]G KM:KL9FLANGK
9<B=LANGK 9<N_J:AGK = v =E 9D?ME9K DbF?M9K IM= F]G G HGJLM?MaK v 9L_
N=J:GK A>=J=E <GK D=P=E9K HGJIM= F]G HGKKM=E KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;9D GM
K= G 9HJ=K=FL9E LaE ME KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;9D ?=F_JA;G xH=KKG9y x;GAK9y
xDM?9Jy xL=EHGy xEG<9DA<9<=y =L;  <9<G H=D9 KALM9^]G GM HGJ GMLJ9K
H9D9NJ9K
<G
;GFL=PLG 
)9K E=KE9K ;GF<A^g=K <G HJGFGE= HG<=K= AF;DMAJ F9 ;D9KK= <9K
H9D9NJ9K
;9L=?GJ=EYLA;9K
G BIA9F5@ 



+GJ LM<G G IM= NAEGK 9L_ 9IMA GK KA?FA>A;9<GK D_PA;G ;9L=?GJA9D =

AFKLJME=FL9D FGK H=JEAL=E <ANA<AJ 9K H9D9NJ9K =E D=P=EYLA;9K KM:KL9FL
ANG 9<B=LANG N=J:G = 9<N_J:AG ;9L=?GJ=EYLA;9K HJGFGE= = FME=J9D =
EGJ>=EYLA;9K
9JLA?G
HJ=HGKA^]G
=
;GFBMF^]G
$KLG F]G AEH=<= IM= ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;9L=?GJ=EYLA;9 HGKK9 L9E:_E
9H9J=;=J ;GE KA?FA>A;9<G AFKLJME=FL9D ;GEG _ G ;9KG <= A9I @RD=G =E
IM= A9I L=E G KA?FA>A;9<G ;9L=?GJA9D x9<B=LANGy = G KA?FA>A;9<G AFKLJM
E=FL9D =E J=D9^]G 9G KM:KL9FLANG @RD=G <=L=JEAF9<G ;GEG KAF?MD9J = <G
?aF=JG E9K;MDAFG 1AEGK IM= 9K H9D9NJ9K D=P=EYLA;9K 9D_E <G KA?FA>A;
9<G D=PA;9D LaE =E HGJLM?MaK KA?FA>A;9<G ;9L=?GJA9D = HG<=E >MF;AGF9J
L9E:_E
;GEG
AFKLJME=FLGK
9 DAKL9 LJ9<A;AGF9D <9K ;D9KK=K <= H9D9NJ9K Ke FGK >9DL9 >9D9J <9 =B
H9F>9=WVC IM= 9 JA?GJ F=E _ HMJ9 D5@5JF5 E9K ME9 D5@5JF5CF5WVC IM=
Ke HGJ KA HG<= N9D=J HGJ ME ;GFL=h<G <= H=FK9E=FLG <9 DAF?M9?=E
=EG;AGF9D
AKLAF?MA<9K 9KKAE 9K ;D9KK=K <= H9D9NJ9K HG<=EGK 9?GJ9 ;9J9;L=J
AR9J
ME9
9
ME9

1 Substantivo
.M:KL9FLANG

Substantivo v _ 9 ;D9KK= <= D=P=E9 IM= K= ;9J9;L=JAR9 HGJ KA?FA>A;9J

G IM= ;GFN=F;AGF9DE=FL= ;@9E9EGK C6>9HCG GI6GH5BH=JCG AKLG _ =E
HJAE=AJG DM?9J KM:KL[F;A9K <CA9A 75G5 @=JFC = =E K=?MF<G DM?9J
IM9AKIM=J GMLJGK G:B=LGK E=FL9DE=FL= 9HJ==F<A<GK ;GEG KM:KL[F;A9K
IM9AK K=B9E IM9DA<9<=K 6CB8589 6F5B7IF5  =KL9<GK G5d89 8C9BW5
HJG;=KKGK
7<9;585
9BHF9;5
579=H5WVC
GF;J=LGK
=
9:KLJ9LGK

Concretos e abstratos v *K KM:KL9FLANGK K= <ANA<=E =E 7CB7F9HCG

= 56GHF5HCG
*K
;GF;J=LGK
K]G DF_DF=CG = 7CAIBG
Substantivo concreto _ G IM= <=KA?F9 K=J <= =PAKLaF;A9 AF<=
H=F<=FL= 75G5
A5F
GC@
5IHCA_J9@
:=@<C
AV9
Substantivo abstrato _ G IM= <=KA?F9 K=J <= =PAKLaF;A9 <=H=F<
=FL= DF5N9F
69=>C
HF565@<C
G5[85
69@9N5
75BG5WC



*K KM:KL9FLANGK ;GF;J=LGK FGE=A9E H=KKG9K DM?9J=K 9FAE9AK N=

?=L9AK
EAF=J9AK
=
;GAK9K
*K KM:KL9FLANGK 9:KLJ9LGK <=KA?F9E 9^g=K 69=>C HF565@<C G5[85
75BG5WC =KL9<G = IM9DA<9<= DF5N9F 69@9N5 ;GFKA<=J9<GK >GJ9 <GK
K=J=K
;GEG
K=
LAN=KK=E
=PAKLaF;A9
AF<ANA<M9D
+JeHJAGK
=
;GEMFK

Prprios e comuns v ANA<=EK= GK KM:KL9FLANGK =E DF_DF=CG =

7CAIBG
<ANAK]G
IM=
H=JL=F;=
9
HD9FGK
<A>=J=FL=K
Substantivo prprio _ G IM= K= 9HDA;9 9 ME G:B=LG GM 9 ME ;GF
BMFLG <= G:B=LGK E9K K=EHJ= AF<ANA<M9DE=FL= $KLG KA?FA>A;9 IM= G KM:
KL9FLANG HJeHJAG K= 9HDA;9 9 =KK= G:B=LG GM 9 =KK= ;GFBMFLG <= G:B=LGK
;GFKA<=J9F<GGK ;GEG AF<ANb<MGK KKAE ME FGE= ;GEG $CVC #G569@
GM WCF9G Ke 9;A<=FL9DE=FL= K= 9HDA;9JY 9 NYJA9K H=KKG9K GM AD@9K F]G
HGJIM= =KL9K 9HJ=K=FL9E ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K ;GEMFK IM= 9K A<=FLA>AIM=E
;GEG E=E:JG <= ME9 ;D9KK= GM ;GFBMFLG =KH=;b>A;G +GJ AKKG ;9<9 $CVC
;9<9 #G569@ = ;9<9 WCF9G _ ME9 H=KKG9 GM AD@9 ;GFKA<=J9<9 ;GEG AF<ANb
<MG AF;GF>MF<bN=D H9J9 9K <=E9AK H=KKG9K .]G E9L=JA9DE=FL= A<aFLA;GK
E9K K= 9HDA;9E 9 AF<ANb<MGK <A>=J=FL=K .= HGJ D5@5JF5 K= =FL=F<= KA?FA
>A;9FL= =PHJ=KK]G  KA?FA>A;9<G ;GFL=h<G <GAK GM E9AK FGE=K $CVC GM
#G569@ F]G
J=HJ=K=FL9E
9
JA?GJ
ME9
Ke
H9D9NJ9
*K KM:KL9FLANGK HJeHJAGK E9AK AEHGJL9FL=K K]G GK 5BHFCDaB=ACG =
GK HCDaB=ACG *K HJAE=AJGK K= 9HDA;9E ZK H=KKG9K IM= =E ?=J9D LaE
DF9BCA9 FGE= HJeHJAG AF<ANA<M9D = GC6F9BCA9 GM 5D9@=8C xIM= KALM9
E=D@GJ G AF<ANb<MG =E >MF^]G <9 KM9 HJGN=FAaF;A9 ?=G?JY>A;9 6!J=A #=F
JAIM= <= GAE:J97 <9 KM9 HJG>AKK]G 659=FC7 <9 KM9 >ADA9^]G H9L
JGFbEA;G 6-C5F9G >AD@G <= .G=AJG7 <= ME9 IM9DA<9<= >bKA;9 GM EGJ9D
6=C;C
VC7
<=
ME9
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9
<=
F9K;AE=FLG
6(9HC7y
*K
LGHfFAEGK
K=
9HDA;9E
9
DM?9J=K
=
9;A<=FL=K
?=G?JY>A;GK
Substantivo comum _ G IM= K= 9HDA;9 9 ME GM E9AK G:B=LGK H9J
LA;MD9J=K IM= J=hF=E ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K AF=J=FL=K 9 <9<9 ;D9KK= <CA9A
A9G5
@=JFC
757<CFFC
@I5
GC@
:9J9F9=FC
G9;IB85:9=F5
D5D5
*K ;AF;G hDLAEGK =P=EHDGK H9L=FL=A9E IM= @Y KM:KL9FLANGK ;GEMFK
IM= K]G FGE=K AF<ANA<M9DAR9<GK F]G ;GEG GK FGE=K HJeHJAGK E9K H=DG
;GFL=PLG =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;G = H=DG FGKKG K9:=J IM= FGK <AR IM= FG ;GFL=PLG
xF9LMJ9Dy FGKKG Ke @Y ME9 DM9 ME KGD ME EaK >=N=J=AJG = ME Ke <A9 <9
K=E9F9 K=?MF<9>=AJ9 = FG ;GFL=PLG x;MDLMJ9Dy Ke @Y ME H9H9 .= >GJ=E



=K;JALGK ;GE E9AhK;MD9 <=N=K= G >9LG Z HMJ9 ;GFN=F^]G GJLG?JY>A;9 =

F]G
HGJIM=
K]G
FGE=K
HJeHJAGK
)GE=K =EHJ=?9<GK FG HDMJ9D ;GE J=>=JaF;A9 9 ME9 HDMJ9DA<9<= <=
G:B=LGK IM= AF<ANA<M9DE=FL= LaE G E=KEG FGE= GK BHaB=CG 9K '5F=5G
9K ,CA5G GM K= 9HDA;9E 9G ;GFBMFLG <= E=E:JGK <= ME9 E=KE9
>9EbDA9 GM F9;AGF9DA<9<= GK N9J98CG GK '5=5G GM IM= KA?FA>A;9E
x=FL=K ;GEG y GK .=F589BH9G GK ,I=G GK *9@XG GK @8CF58CG GM
9AF<9 GK G:B=LGK <=KA?F9<GK H=DGK FGE=K <GK 9MLGJ=K >9:JA;9FL=K
HJG<MLGJ=K GK ,9A6F5B8HG GK '57<58CG 89 GG=G = GK CF8G K]G F9
J=9DA<9<=
FGE=K
<9
x;D9KK=y
=
HGJL9FLG
KM:KL9FLANGK
;GEMFK
+9KK9?=E
<=
FGE=K
HJeHJAGK
9
;GEMFK

Passagem de nomes prprios a comuns v )]G FGK HJ=F<=EGK

9H=F9K Z H=KKG9 GM ;GAK9 FGE=9<9 G:K=JN9EGKD@=K IM9DA<9<=K = <=>=A
LGK IM= K= HG<=E LJ9FK>=JAJ 9 ME ?JMHG E9AK FME=JGKG <= K=J=K *K H=J
KGF9?=FK @AKLeJA;GK 9JLbKLA;GK = DAL=JYJAGK H9?9E G LJA:MLG <= KM9 >9E9
;GE G <=K?9KL= <G N9DGJ AF<ANA<M9DAR9FL= <G K=M FGE= HJeHJAG IM= HGJ
AKKG H9KK9 9 ;GEME +GJ =KL9 E9F=AJ9 _ IM= 9HJ=F<=EGK 9 N=J FG $I85G
F]G Ke G FGE= <= ME <GK <GR= 9HeKLGDGK 9IM=D= IM= LJ9AM %=KMK _ L9E
:_E 9 =F;9JF9^]G E=KE9 <G HF5=8CF 8C 5A=;C :5@GC =E =PHJ=KKg=K <G
LAHG I@5BC
X
IA
>I85G
=KL9 9HDA;9^]G ?=J9D <= ME FGE= HJeHJAG L=EGK NYJAGK GMLJGK =P
=EHDGK 8CA>CVC  @GE=E >GJEGKG ?9D9FL=9<GJ AJJ=KAKLbN=D ZK EMD
@=J=K H5FHI:C  @GE=E @AHe;JAL9 <=NGLG >9DKG 7=79FCB9 ?MA9 <=
=KLJ9F?=AJGK <9F<GD@=K AF>GJE9^g=K IM= D@=K AFL=J=KK9E 69B>5A=A 
>AD@G HJ=<AD=LG ?=J9DE=FL= G E9AK EG^G G E9AK BGN=E E=E:JG <= ME9
9?J=EA9^]G HJ=F<=K= 9G H=JKGF9?=E :b:DA;G IM= >GA G hDLAEG = HJ=<AD=LG
>AD@G <= %9;e R:F=75  >9^9F@9 HJG=R9 J=NAN= 9K >9^9F@9K <GK 9FLA?GK
HGJLM?M=K=K
F=KK9K
L=JJ9K
+9KK9E 9 KM:KL9FLANGK ;GEMFK GK FGE=K HJeHJAGK <= >9:JA;9FL=K =
<= DM?9J=K GF<= K= >9R=E GM K= >9:JA;9E ;=JLGK HJG<MLGK 9GHF58=JRF=CG 
NAGDAFG <= .LJ9<ANYJAMK ;I=@<CH=B5 <= % $FY;AG "MAD@GLAF A57585A9
<G =F?=F@=AJG (9; <9E G5B8I[7<9 <G ;GF<= <= .9F<OA;@ <5J5B5
;@9JMLG =E +GJLM?9D <5J5BC 7<5AD5B<5 <9 J=?A]G >J9F;=K9 @9E
H9?F= 75A6F5=5 <9
;A<9<=
>J9F;=K9
<=
9E:J9Q
GFLYN=AK
=
F]G
;GFLYN=AK

Contveis e no contveis v *MLJ9 KM:;D9KK= <G KM:KL9FLANG J=

HGMK9 F9 N9JA=<9<= <9 KM9 =PL=FK]G IM= HG<= K=J <=K;GFLbFM9 = <AK;J=L9



GM ;GFLbFM9 )G HJAE=AJG ;9KG 9 ;D9KK= _ ;GFKLALMb<9 HGJ G:B=LGK IM= =P

AKL=E AKGD9<GK ;GEG H9JL=K AF<ANA<M9DE=FL= ;GFKA<=J9<9K = J=;=:=E G
FGE=
<= 7CBHRJ9=G <CA9A
AI@<9F
75G5
@=JFC =L;
)G K=?MF<G ;9KG J=>=J=K= 9 ;D9KK= 9 G:B=LGK ;GFLbFMGK F]G K=H
9J9<GK =E H9JL=K <AN=JK9K IM= HG<=E K=J E9KK9 GM E9L_JA9 GM 9AF<9
ME9 A<=A9 9:KLJ9L9 = J=;=:=E G FGE= <= BVC 7CBHRJ9=G C795BC J=B<C
6CB8589 69@9N5 KL=K F]G ;GFLYN=AK ;GFKLALM=E =E ?=J9D GK G=B;I@5F=5
H5BHIA
AKLG
_
@9:ALM9DE=FL=
Ke
K=
MK9E
FG
KAF?MD9J
t ;9L=?GJA9 <GK F]G ;GFLYN=AK H=JL=F;= G KM:KL9FLANG 7C@9H=JC IM=
F9 >GJE9 <= KAF?MD9J >9R J=>=JaF;A9 9 ME9 ;GD=^]G GM ;GFBMFLG <= G:B=
LGK 5FJCF98C :C@<5;9A 75G5F=C AKLAF?M=K= G ;GD=LANG <G HDMJ9D <= ME
KM:KL9FLANG ;GFLYN=D HGAK =KL= 9DM<= 9 ME9 ;GD=^]G <= G:B=LGK ;GFKA<
=J9<GK
AF<ANA<M9DE=FL= RFJCF9G
:C@<5G
75G5G
FLJ= GK ;GD=LANGK @Y GK IB=J9FG5=G DCJC D5GG5F585 75G5F=C = GK
D5FH=7I@5F9G 75B=W5@ J=B<98C @5F5B>5@ *K ;GD=LANGK MFAN=JK9AK F]G K]G
;GFLYN=AK = HGJ AKKG Ke K= HDMJ9DAR9E F9K ;GF<A^g=K =KH=;A9AK Z ;D9KK=
=FIM9FLG
GK
H9JLA;MD9J=K
K=
;GFL9E
=
HG<=E
K=J
HDMJ9DAR9<GK
)]G K= ;GF>MF<=E ;GE GK ;GD=LANGK GK ;@9E9<GK HGJ #=J;MD9FG <=
9JN9D@G BCA9G 89 ;FIDC 65B8C F965B<C 75F8IA9 =L;  =E:GJ9 9KKAE
G >9^9 9 ?J9EYLA;9 )9 J=9DA<9<= K]G FGE=K <= ;GFBMFLG <= G:B=LGK ;GF
LYN=AK IM= K= 9HDA;9E @9:ALM9DE=FL= GM 9 ME9 =KH_;A= <=>AFA<9
75F8IA9 5@75H9=5 9BL5A9 GM LGL9D GM H9J;A9DE=FL= AF<=>AFA<9 7CB
>IBHC ;FIDC 65B8C 65B8C 89 D9GGC5G 89 5J9G 89 5@IBCG G ;GFLJYJAG
<GK ;GD=LANGK GK FGE=K <= ?JMHGK HJAF;AH9DE=FL= <G q ?JMHG J=IM=J
=E <=L=JEAF9^]G =PHDb;AL9 <9 =KH_;A= <= G:B=LGK IM= ;GEHg=E G ;GF
BMFLG IA bando 89 D9GGC5G 89 58C@9G79BH9G =L;  IA cardume 89 65@9=
5G
89
G5F8=B<5G
=L;
%Y
F]G
K=JA9
HGKKbN=D IA
J=B<98C
89
J=B<CG
.]G
;GD=LANGK
=
FGE=K
<=
?JMHG
MKM9AK
9 Conjunto de pessoas
@75H9=5
65B8C
75H9FJ5
7CF>5
<CF85
:5FTB8I@5
A5@H5
EI58F=@<5
FX
7CJ5
Gd7=5
HIF65 <=
D9<Jg=K
<=KGJ<=AJGK
9KK9KKAFGK
E9D>=ALGJ=K
=
N9<AGK
GGC7=5WVC
7@I69
7CA[7=C
7CA=GGVC
7CB;F9GGC
7CBG9@<C
7CBJ9BWVC
7CFDCF5WVC
;FZA=C
GC7=98589
<=
H=KKG9K
J=MFA<9K
H9J9
>AE
;GEME
GG=GHZB7=5
5I8=H_F=C
7CB7CFFZB7=5
5;@CA9F5WVC
FC85
<=
9KKAKL=FL=K
GMNAFL=K
GM
=KH=;L9<GJ=K
56=8C
<=
;fF=?GK
<=
ME9
;9L=<J9D



5F5J5B5
<=
NA9B9FL=K
@5EI9
HCF7=85
<=
=KH=;L9<GJ=K
H9J9
9HD9M<AJ
GM
H9L=9J
@=9BH9@5 <=
;DA=FL=K
<=
9<NG?9<GK
<=
E_<A;GK
=L;
CA=H=J5
7CFH9>C
GXEI=HC
57CAD5B<5A9BHC
<=
H=KKG9K
IM=
9;GEH9F
@9E
GMLJ9
HGJ
<=N=J
GM
;GJL=KA9
CAIB=8589
7CB:F5F=5
7CB;F9;5WVC
=FA5B8589
GJ<=E
<=
J=DA?AGKGK
CB7[@=C
7CB7@5J9
7CBG=GH_F=C
G[BC8C
5GG9A6@X=5
<=
HYJG;GK
GM
<=
GMLJGK
H9<J=K
CFC
;GFBMFLG
:9F<G
<=
H=KKG9K
IM=
;9FL9E
BMFL9K
@9B7C
<=
9JLAKL9K
<=
ME9
;GEH9F@A9
H=^9
GM
>ADE=
EI=D5;9A
A5F=B<5;9A
7CAD5B<5
A5FI>5
HF=DI@5WVC
<=
E9JAF@=AJGK
5@5B;9
<=
@=JeAK
?M=JJ=AJGK
=KHbJALGK
$IBH5
<=
;J=<GJ=K
<=
E_<A;GK
*9GGC5@
<=
ME9
>Y:JA;9
J=H9JLA^]G
Hh:DA;9
GM
=K;GD9
DGB9
*@Z=589 GM D@Z=585
<=
HG=L9K
9JLAKL9K
L9D=FLGK
,CB85
<=
HGDA;A9AK
IM=
H=J;GJJ=E
9K
JM9K
N=D9F<G
H=D9
GJ<=E
Hh:DA;9
.IFA5
<=
=KLM<9FL=K
LJ9:9D@9<GJ=K
E_<A;GK
: Grupo de animais
@75H9=5
<=
DG:GK
H9FL=J9K
GM
GMLJGK
9FAE9AK
>=JGR=K
5B8C
F9JC585
<=
9N=K
H9J<9AK
R:=@5
<=
;9E=DGK
5F8IA9
6C5B5
7CFGC f
A5BH5
<=
H=AP=K
C@A9=5
9BL5A9
7CFH=WC
<=
9:=D@9K
CFF9=WVC
7CF8VC
<=
>GJEA?9K
5HC
J=:9F@G
<=
;9:J9K
5IB5
;GFBMFLG
<=
9FAE9AK
HJeHJAGK
<=
ME9
J=?A]G
!58C
;GFBMFLG
<=
9FAE9AK
;JA9<GK
F9K
>9R=F<9K
$IBH5
C69G5B5
7=B;9@
>I;C
>I;585
<=
:GAK
&CH9
<=
:MJJGK
?JMHGK
<=
:=KL9K
<=
;9J?9
'5@<585
CJ=RF=C
F965B<C
<=
GN=D@9K



'5B585
<=
;9N9DGK
<=
HGJ;GK
_?M9K
'5H=@<5
<=
;]=K
(=B<585
JG<9<9
<=
HAFLGK
(IJ9A
A=F[589
CB85
DF5;5
<=
?9>9F@GLGK
E9JAE:GF<GK
H=J;=N=BGK
*=5F5
J5F5
<=
HGJ;GK
,X7CJ5
FX7I5
<=
;9N9D?9<MJ9K
,965B<C
5FA9BHC
5FA9BH=C
;F9=
A5FCA65
<=
:GAK
GN=D@9K
; Grupo de coisas
79FJC
7<CFF=@<C
9B:=585
<=
9KF=AJ9K
LGDA;=K 79FJC L9E:_E
K=
9HDA;9
9GK
:=FK
E9L=JA9AK
W
?J9F<=
G 579FJC <9
A:DAGL=;9
)9;AGF9D
BHC@C;=5
5B5@97HC
7F9GHCA5H=5
7C@9HTB95
:@CF=@X;=C
G9@9H5
<=
LJ=;@GK
DAL=JYJAGK
GM
;A=FLb>A;GK
D5F9@<C
65=L9@5
G9FJ=WC
<=
;@Y
;9>_
B9FL9J
FA585
9GEI58F5
:FCH5
<=
F9NAGK
<=
?M=JJ9
5H9F=5
:=@9=F5
<=
H=^9K
<=
9JLAD@9JA9
F5W585
6F5W58C
6IEIZ
F5AC
F5A5@<9H9 a :9GHVC
<=
>DGJ=K
57<C
<=
MN9K
<=
:9F9F9K
5B7=CB9=FC
<=
;9F^g=K
W
=JJG
=EHJ=?9J
G
NG;Y:MDG
;GEG
KAFfFAEG
<=
;9FLGJ
=E
=PHJ=KKg=K
;GEG 75B7=CB9=FCG
FCATBH=7CG
5FF585
<=
J9Rg=K
<IJ5
7<IJ9=FC
;F5B=NC
G5F5=J5
G5F5=J585
<=
:9D9K
H=<J9K
K=L9K
C@9WVC
<=
K=DGK
IM9<JGK
E=<9D@9K
EG=<9K
DANJGK
CBGH9@5WVC
<=
=KLJ=D9K
CF8=@<9=F5
7589=5
GXF=9
<=
EGFL=K
EGFL9F@9K
CF8C5@<5
7CF85A9
9BLRF7=5
<=
;9:GK
<=
ME
F9NAG
9=L9
@=C
AC@<C
_
<=
D=F@9
;9HAE
=@5
:=@9=F5
@=B<5
<=
;9<=AJ9K
@CF5
;GFBMFLG
<=
HD9FL9K
<=
ME9
<=L=JEAF9<9
J=?A]G
!5@9F=5
<=
IM9<JGK
=KLYLM9K
!5J9@5 GM ;569@5
D5J9=5
>=AP=
<=
=KHA?9K
"9F6RF=C
;GD=^]G
<=
HD9FL9K
H9J9
=PHGKA^]G
GM
=KLM<G

 

"=BRF=C
<=
@AFGK
#BGHFIA9BH5@
<=
AFKLJME=FLGK
<=
GJIM=KLJ9
<=
IM9DIM=J
G>b;AG
E=;[FA;G
<=
;AJMJ?A9
'C6[@=5
AC6=@=RF=C
<=
EeN=AK
'CBH9
ACBHVC
<=
H=<J9K
H9D@9
DAPG
*9B75
<=
:9F9F9K
D9J9FB9K
;@9N=K
*=@<5
FIA5
<=
DANJGK
E9D9K
LY:M9K
,XGH=5
<=
;=:GD9K
9D@GK
-9EIZB7=5
K_JA=
<=
;9JL9K
<G
E=KEG
F9AH=
.FC:XI
<=
:9F<=AJ9K
*bservao
+9J9
GMLJGK
;GD=LANGK
=
FGE=K
<=
?JMHGK
;GFKMDL=K=
G
<A;AGFYJAG
KLJMLMJ9
AFL=JF9
<G
KM:KL9FLANG

Estrutura interna do substantivo v  =KLJMLMJ9 AFL=JF9 GM ;GF

KLALM;AGF9D <G KM:KL9FLANG AKLG _ KM9 EGJ>GDG?A9 ;GFKAKL= F9K DbF?M9K
>D=PAN9K ;GEG G HGJLM?MaK =E ?=J9D F9 ;GE:AF9^]G <= ME KA?FG D=PA;9D
=PHJ=KKG H=DG J9<A;9D ;GE KA?FGK EGJ>GDe?A;GK =PHJ=KKGK HGJ <=KAFaF;A9K
= 9DL=JF[F;A9K 9E:GK <=KLALMb<GK <= =PAKLaF;A9 HJeHJA9 >GJ9 <=KK9 ;GE
:AF9^]G FLJ= 9K <=KAFaF;A9K IM= F9 >D=P]G K= ;GE:AF9E ;GE G KM:
KL9FLANG =KLY 9 E9J;9 <= BdA9FC = F9K DbF?M9K IM= 9 HGKKM=E 9 E9J;9 <=
75GC FGEAF9LANG 9;MK9LANG =L;  ;GEG K= <Y HGJ =P=EHDG FG ?J=?G FG
D9LAE FG 9D=E]G * KM:KL9FLANG >GJ9 <9 >D=P]G HG<= K=J <GL9<G <9
E9J;9
<=
?aF=JG A9B=BC
A9B=B5
;5HC
;5H5 
)hE=JG

Nmero v W ME9 ;9L=?GJA9 ?J9E9LA;9D AF=J=FL= HJAE9JA9E=FL= 9G

KM:KL9FLANG IM= K= J=>=J= 9GK G:B=LGK KM:KL9FLANGK ;GFKA<=J9F<GGK F9
KM9 MFA<9<= <9 ;D9KK= 9 IM= H=JL=F;=E _ G FhE=JG G=B;I@5F GM FG K=M
;GFBMFLG <= <GAK GM E9AK G:B=LGK <9 E=KE9 ;D9KK= _ G FhE=JG D@IF5@
,M9F<G G KAF?MD9J <=KA?F9 NYJAGK G:B=LGK <= ME9 E=KE9 ;D9KK= ;GFKA<
=J9<GK FME LG<G L=EGK G 7C@9H=JC DFC:9GGCF58C 5@IB58C 75F5J5B5
75F8IA9
=L; 
 ;D9KK= <GK G:B=LGK KM:KL9FLANGK HG<= ;GFL=J MFA<9<=K <=K;GFLbFM
9K = <AK;J=L9K K]G GK G:B=LGK 7CBHRJ9=G <CA9A 75G5 7589=F5 =L;  9
;D9KK= HG<= L9E:_E K=J ;GFKLALMb<9 <= G:B=LGK <=KHJGNA<GK <= DAEAL=K AF
L=JFGK ;GEG K= >GKK=E G:B=LGK hFA;GK K]G GK BVC 7CBHRJ9=G KL=K




G:B=LGK hFA;GK GM K]G E9KK9 GM E9L_JA9 GM ;GF;=:A<GK ;GEG L9D CIFC

:9FFC
7XI
=L; 
GM
ME9
A<=A9
9:KLJ9L9
5ACF
G5I8589
F=EI9N5
=L; 
!9;ADE=FL= K= HDMJ9DAR9E GK KM:KL9FLANGK IM= H=JL=F;=E 9G ?JMHG
<GK ;GFLYN=AK <CA9A  <CA9BG 75G5  75G5G BY GK F]G ;GFLYN=AK =E
?=J9D K= MK9E FG KAF?MD9J G=B;I@5F=5 H5BHIA E 9D?MFK <=KK=K FGE=K
F]G ;GFLYN=AK G HDMJ9D 9DM<= 9 <A>=J=FL=K =KH_;A=K GM Z >J9?E=FL9^]G
J=B<CG G LAFLG G :J9F;G G JGK_ A5F9G = HGJ ;GFK=IMaF;A9 K= 9H
J=K=FL9E
;GE
N9JA9^]G
K=E[FLA;9
6#N 


. 
7
E HGJLM?MaK G KA?FA>A;9<G ?J9E9LA;9D HDMJ9D _ G:LA<G ;GE 9
HJ=K=F^9 <9 <=KAFaF;A9 HDMJ9DAR9<GJ9 G >GFGDG?A;9E=FL= ;GFKLALMb<9 H=D9
;GFKG9FL= KA:AD9FL= HeKNG;YDA;9 <A9FL= <= H9MK9  * KAF?MD9J K= ;9J9;
L=JAR9
H=D9
9MKaF;A9
<=KL9
<=KAFaF;A9
 >D=P]G <= FhE=JG =E HGJLM?MaK H=DG E=;9FAKEG <9 ;GF;GJ<[F
;A9 K= =KL=F<= 9G 9<B=LANG = <=E9AK 9<BMFLGK <G KM:KL9FLANG = 9G N=J:G
IM9F<G
=KL=
=FLJ9
=E
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
<=
FhE=JG
;GE
9
H=KKG9
<G
KMB=ALG

>D=P]G
<=
FhE=JG
<GK
KM:KL9FLANGK

A flexo de nmero dos substantivos

9 Formao do plural com acrscimo de -s
!GJE9K= G HDMJ9D <GK KM:KL9FLANGK ;GE G 9;J_K;AEG <G EGJ>=E9
HDMJ9DAR9<GJ <=KAFaF;A9 <G HDMJ9D G IM9F<G L=JEAF9<GK =PHDA;AL9E=FL=
HGJ

v
NG?9D
GM
<ALGF?G
GJ9D @=JFC @=JFCG
@9= @9=G
75>R 75>RG

v
NG?9D
F9K9D
LfFA;9
GM
YLGF9 [AV [AVG =FAV =FAVG 8CA 8CBG
?J9>9F<GK= BG R@6IA R@6IBG
HCH9A HCH9BG H9J9
G
HDMJ9D
H_H9A9G

v
<ALGF?GK
F9K9AK V9 LfFA;GK
GM
YLGFGK
= VC YLGFG AV9 AV9G
6ZBWVC 6ZBWVCG


: Formao do plural com acrscimo de -es

,M9F<G F]G =KLY =PHDb;AL9 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 KMHJAEA<9 FG KAF?MD9J
<=N=JY K=J J=KLALMb<9 H9J9 ;GFKLALMAJ 9 >GJE9 L=eJA;9 RG 5G9 5G9G =
<=HGAK K=J 9;J=K;A<9 9 <=KAFaF;A9 G $KLG G;GJJ= IM9F<G G KAF?MD9J L=J
EAF9
HGJ




v
G =E
KbD9:9
LfFA;9 RG 5G9G :F9;IZG :F9;I9G9G

_G K=JN=
H9J9
GK
<GAK
FhE=JGK
=
9AF<9
HGKKMA
G
HDMJ9D
J=<MHDA;9LANG
7CG9G
j N =E
KbD9:9
LfFA;9 @IN @IN9G ;=N ;=N9G 7=75HF=N 7=75HF=N9G

v
F 7CF 7CF9G 9@=L=F 9@=L=F9G F9J_@J9F F9J_@J9F9G
; Plural de nomes gregos em -n
)GK FGE=K <= GJA?=E ?J=?9 L=JEAF9<GK =E B HG<=K= G:L=J G
HDMJ9D ;GE G 9;J_K;AEG <9 <=KAFaF;A9 G GM J=;GJJ=J Z >GJE9 L=eJA;9 ;GE
9 J=;MH=J9^]G <G 9 568aA9B 568CA9B9 568aA9B9G (=D@GJ >GJ9
<9J 9 =KL=K KM:KL9FLANGK >=A^]G E9AK <= 9;GJ<G ;GE G KAKL=E9 >GFGDe?A;G
<G HGJLM?MaK =DAEAF9F<G G B >AF9D GM KM:KLALMAF<GG HGJ A =
HJG;=<=F<GK= Z >GJE9^]G <G HDMJ9D ;GE G Ke 9;J_K;AEG <G G 568CA9
568CA9G D_@9B DC@9A DC@9BG ?J9>9F<G BG
9:<fE=F 9:<GE=FK
GM
9:<fE=F=K
;=JL[E=F ;=JL9E=FK
GM
;=JL[E=F=K
<eDE=F
<GDE=E <GDE=FK
GM
<eDE=F=K
=KH_;AE=F =KH_;AE=FK
GM
=KH=;bE=F=K
?_JE=F ?=JE=FK
GM
?_JE=F=K
@b>=F @A>=FK
GM
@b>=F=K
HeD=F
HGD=E HGD=FK
GM
HeD=F=K
J=?bE=F J=?AE=FK
GM
J=?bE=F=K
Observaes
 p X89B E=D@GJ K=JA9 989A IM= G 0C756I@RF=C )FHC;FR:=7C F]G J=?AKLJ9 >9R
989BG
p TBCB E=D@GJ
?J9>9<G 7TBCB9
>9R 7TBCB9G
 p -=;GJ<=K= IM= K]G 9;=FLM9<GK GK H9JGPbLGFGK =E B = F]G GK =E 9BG 9b
<[:9B
E9K <=:9BG K=E
9;=FLG
?JY>A;G

< Plural dos nomes em -o tnico

*K FGE=K =E VC LfFA;G 9 JA?GJ H=JL=F;=E Z ;D9KK= <GK L=E9K =E C
GM =E 9 ;GF>GJE= G HDMJ9D J=KH=;LANG =FAVCG  AJE]G  K DV9G 
H]=  K @9c9G  D=g=  K +9J9 ME9 <=K;JA^]G ;G=J=FL= (9LLGKG
HJGHg= IM= K= H9JL9 <9K >GJE9K L=eJA;9K <G HDMJ9D H9J9 K= ;@=?9J 9G L=E9



KMHD=E=FL9<9K H=D9K J=?J9K EGJ>G>GFaEA;9K H=JLAF=FL=K FG HJG;=KKG <=

>GJE9^]G
<=
HDMJ9D
=KL9;9F<GK= 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 IM= H9KK9 9 K=EANG?9D <= <ALGF?G
=E ;GFL9;LG ;GE 9 NG?9D 9FL=JAGJ L=J=EGK G J9<A;9D =E c @9c = G J9<
A;9D
=E V =FAV
DV
 GK KM:KL9FLANGK =E c ;GE L=E9 =E 9 >9R=E G HDMJ9D ;GE 9;
J_K;AEG
<9
<=KAFaF;A9 G
@9VC  D=g

=

K @9c9G
7CF5WVC 
;GJ9^g

=

K 7CF5Wc9G
KKAE
L=EGK
GK
HDMJ9AK EI9GHc9G
A9@c9G
F5Nc9G =L;
KL= ?JMHG _ G E9AK FME=JGKG = HGJ AKKG E=KEG L=F<= FG MKG =K
HGFL[F=G 9 9KKAEAD9J GMLJ9K >GJE9K <= HDMJ9D IM= 9 DbF?M9 =P=EHD9J F]G
9<GL9 )=KL= ?JMHG =KL]G AF;DMb<GK LG<GK GK KM:KL9FLANGK 9:KLJ9LGK >GJE9
<GK ;GE GK KM>APGK WVC GVC = VC = ?J9F<= H9JL= <= KM:KL9FLANGK
;GF;J=LGK
7CACWVC 7CACWc9G 58CF5WVC 58CF5Wc9G
5DF99BGVC 5DF99BGc9G 7CADF99BGVC 7CADF99BGc9G
56IGVC 56IGc9G J=GVC J=Gc9G
75A=B<VC 75A=VC 75A=B<c9G 75A=c9G 65FF57VC
65FF57c9G
KL= J9<A;9D L=eJA;G =E c 9H9J=;= =NA<=FL= =E 9<B=LANGK = N=J:GK
<9 E=KE9 >9EbDA9 <G KM:KL9FLANG G IM= _ KAF9D <= IM= =KL= >9R G HDMJ9D
=E c9G
HGJ
=P=EHDG @9CB=BC <=FMF;A9
G
HDMJ9D
;GJJ=LG
<= @9VC @9c9G
 GK KM:KL9FLANGK =E V ;GE L=E9 =E C =FAVC >9R=E G HDMJ9D
;GE
G
9;J_K;AEG
<9
<=KAFaF;A9 G
=FAVC AJE]

G

K =FAVCG
7=858VC ;A<9<]

G

K 7=858VCG
KL= J9<A;9D L=eJA;G =E V 9H9J=;= =NA<=FL= =E 9<B=LANGK = N=J:GK
<9 E=KE9 >9EbDA9 <GK KM:KL9FLANGK =FAVC AJE5B9J = 7=858VC
;A<9<5BA9
 GK KM:KL9FLANGK =E V ;GE NG?9D L=EYLA;9 9 DV  9 <= DV9G
>9R=E
G
HDMJ9D
;GE
G
9;J_K;AEG
<9
<=KAFaF;A9 G
DVC H]

=

K DV9G
75D=HVC ;9HAL]

=

K 75D=HV9G



=K;JALG G HJG;=KKG <= >D=P]G ;9:= H=J?MFL9J ;GEG H9JLAF<G <9

>GJE9 L=eJA;9 <G HDMJ9D K= ;@=?9 ZK >GJE9K <G KAF?MD9J =E VC
=KL9;9F<GK= 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 ;GEG BY NAEGK G:L=EGK <M9K =KLJMLMJ9K
>GFGDe?A;9K H9J9 GK J9<A;9AK =E c D=g = =E V AJE] H] *K <= L=E9
=E C F]G KG>J=E 9DL=J9^]G =FAVC GK <= L=E9 =E 9 GM EM<9E 9 NG?9D
H9J9 C DVC GM K= 9 NG?9D <G J9<A;9D >GJ c 9HJ=K=FL9E <M9K EM<9F^9K
9
NG?9D
L=EYLA;9
H9KK9
<= 9 9 C =
9
NG?9D
<G
J9<A;9D
H9KK9
<= c 9 V @9VC
9<9 9 ;GF>DMaF;A9 <9K >GJE9K <G KAF?MD9J FME hFA;G >AF9D VC
<A>=J=F^9<9K FG HDMJ9D ;GEG 9;9:9EGK <= N=J KMJ?=E EMAL9K <hNA<9K
FG MKG <G HDMJ9D 9D_E <= 9DL=J9^g=K IM= K= <=J9E 9LJ9N_K <9 @AKLeJA9 <9
DbF?M9 9D?ME9K <9K IM9AK K= E9FLaE J=?AGF9D GM HGHMD9JE=FL= =E ?=J9D
9 >9NGJ <9 >GJE9 HDMJ9D c9G HGJ K=J 9 IM= =F;=JJ9 E9AGJ FhE=JG <=
J=HJ=K=FL9FL=K
x* =FKAFG =K;GD9J 6;GE=FL9 (9LLGKG7 K= =K>GJ^9 H9J9 E9FL=J GK LJaK
LAHGK <= HDMJ9D GJ9 9HGA9F<GK= F9 GJA?=E D9LAF9 GJ9 K= AFKHAJ9F<G FG =K
H9F@GD GF<= @Y <A>=J=F^9 FG KAF?MD9J j F5N_B F5NCB9G <9FA5BC
<9FA5BCG D5B D5B9G GJ9 9H=D9F<G H9J9 9K HJ=>=JaF;A9K K= :=E IM= ZK
N=R=K AF;GFKAKL=FL=K <= <=L=JEAF9<GK 9MLGJ=K F9 DbF?M9 DAL=JYJA9 ;GFKA<
=J9<GK
z;DYKKA;GK{6( 
 7
A9FL= <G =PHGKLG G>=J=;=EGK 9G D=ALGJ J=D9^]G EAFM;AGK9 <GK <GAK
?JMHGK <= KM:KL9FLANGK =E VC IM= F]G >9R=E G HDMJ9D E9AK >J=IM=FL= =E
c9G

HDMJ9D
=E V9G
;]G ;]=K

=K;JAN]G =K;JAN]=K

;9H=D]G ;9H=D]=K

L9:=DA]G L9:=DA]=K

9D=E]G 9D=E]=K

H]G H]=K

;9HAL]G ;9HAL]=K

E9^9H]G E9^9H]=K

E9L9;]G E9L9;]=K

;9L9D]G ;9L9D]=K


HDMJ9D
=E VCG
;@]G ;@]GK

AJE]G AJE]GK





;A<9<]G ;A<9<]GK

E]G E]GK

NAD]G

NAD]GK

NADg=K

NAD]=K

;JAKL]G ;JAKL]GK

H9?]G H9?]GK

NMD;]G

NMD;]GK

NMD;g=K

<=KN]G <=KN]GK

= GK H9JGPbLGFGK 9HGFL9<GK =E A
flexo de nmero dos substantivos 
9


?J]G ?J]GK
(MALGK
KM:KL9FLANGK
9HJ=K=FL9E
<GAK
=
9L_
LJaK
HDMJ9AK

= Plural dos nomes treminados em -l


v Plural dos nomes terminados em -al, -el, -ol, -ul
)GK FGE=K =E @ L=EGK <= H9JLAJ <9 >GJE9 L=eJA;9 ;GE J=KLALMA^]G
<9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 9 9;J_K;AEG <G HDMJ9DAR9<GJ G HGKL=JAGJ ZK J=?J9K
EGJ>G>GFaEA;9K IM=<9 <G @ AFL=JE=<AYJAG = H9KK9?=E <9 NG?9D L=EYL
A;9
9
K=EANG?9D
?J9>9<9 =
;9JF9N9D ;9JF9N9D= ;9JF9N9D=K ;9JF9N9=K ;9JF9N9AK
H9H=D H9H=D= H9H=D=K H9H==K H9H_AK
LfFA;G
D=F^GD D=F^GD= D=F^GD=K D=F^G=K D=F^eAK
FbN=D FAN=D= FAN=D=K FbN==K FbN=AK
YLGFG 
H9MD H9MD= H9MD=K H9M=K H9MAK

9D<=]G

9D<=]GK

9D<=g=K

9D<=]=K

9F;A]G

9F;A]GK

9F;Ag=K

9F;A]=K

;@9JD9L]G

;@9JD9Lg=K

;@9JD9L]=K

;GJJAE]G

;GJJAE]GK

;GJJAEg=K

;GJL=K]G

;GJL=K]GK

;GJL=Kg=K

<=]G

<=]GK

<=g=K

<=]=K

=JEAL]G

=JEAL]GK

=JEALg=K

=JEAL]=K

>M]G

>M]GK

>Mg=K

?M9J<A]G

?M9J<Ag=K

?M9J<A]=K

J=>J]G

J=>J]GK

J=>J]=K

K9;JAKL]G

K9;JAKL]GK

K9;JAKL]=K

Observao A[FH=@ >9R A[FH=@9G = A[FH9=G A_6=@ >9R A_6=@9G = A_69=G

LJM]G

LJMg=K

LJM]=K

,XDH=@ = DFC>XH=@ ;GEG H9JGPbLGFGK >9R=E FXDH9=G = DFC>XH9=G ;GEG

GPbLGFGK F9DH=@ = DFC>9H=@ >9R=E F9DH=G = DFC>9H=G

Observaes
 p 7aBGI@ = A5@ >9R=E 7aBGI@9G = A5@9G
p 75@ = 5J5@ >9R=E 75@9G   ;9FG = 75=G 5J5@9G E9AK ;GEME =E +GJLM?9D =
5J5=G
 p F95@ >9R FX=G EG=<9
9FLA?9
= F95=G EG=<9
FGN9

v Plural dos nomes terminados em -il

9 =@ =E NG?9D YLGF9 G;GJJ= 9 H9KK9?=E <G = 9 9 = HGKL=JAGJE=FL= G
E=KEG
IM=
G
;9KG
9FL=JAGJ
>eKKAD >eKKAD= >GKK=D= >GKK=D=K >GKK==K >eKK=AK
: =@ ;GE NG?9D LfFA;9 G;GJJ= G 9;J_K;AEG <G HDMJ9DAR9<GJ G =
HGKL=JAGJ KMHJ=KK]G <G @ BY IM= F]G _ F=;=KKYJAG J=;GJJ=J Z NG?9D L=EYL
A;9
HGJ
F]G
9H9J=;=J
FG
HDMJ9D
:IB=@ :IB=@G :IB=G 





9:JGD@G

>G?G

HGJ;G

9FLGD@G

>GJFG

HGJLG

;9JG^G

>GJG

HGKLG

? Palavras que no possuem marca de nmero

#Y KA?FA>A;9FL=K L=JEAF9<GK HGJ G =E KbD9:9 YLGF9 ;GEG @RD=G
D=F9G GM EGFGKKbD9:GK ;GEG 75=G L=G IM= F]G HGKKM=E E9J;9 <=
FhE=JG IM=J FG KAF?MD9J IM=J FG HDMJ9D HGAK K= EGKLJ9E 9D@=A9K Z ;D9KK=
?J9E9LA;9D <= FhE=JG J=EGK K=J 9 E=D@GJ DA^]G 9 <= #=J;MD9FG <= 9J
N9D@G K=?MF<G 9 IM9D F]G K= HG<= 9;=AL9J 9 <GMLJAF9 ;GJJ=FL= IM= Na F=K
K9K >GJE9K ME KAF?MD9J IM= H=JE9F=;= AFN9JAYN=D FG HDMJ9D W ME ;9KG <=
KAF;J=LAKEG = F]G <= F=MLJ9DAR9^]G 6#N   =  7  HDMJ9DA<
9<= _ E9J;9<9 H=DGK 9<BMFLGK 9JLA?G 9<B=LANG HJGFGE= FME=J9D C
@RD=G
CG
@RD=G
IA
D=F9G
8C=G
D=F9G
9GH9
L=G
9GH9G
L=G
KL]G
F=KL=
;9KG
GK
L=JEAF9<GK
=E
 G =E
KbD9:9
YLGF9
H9D9NJ9K
KA?EYLA;9K
C
D=F9G
CG
D=F9G
C
@RD=G
CG
@RD=G
5
7dH=G
5G
7dH=G

;@G;G

>GKKG

HGNG

;GJ;GNG

AEHGKLG

J=>GJ^G

;GJG

BG?G

JG?G

;GJHG

EAGDG

KG:JGD@G

;GJNG

EAJGD@G

KG;GJJG

<=KHGBG

GD@G

LABGDG

<=KLJG^G

GKKG

LGJLG

Observao -=AD@9G >9R G=AD@979G GM G IM= _ E9AK ;GEME F]G N9JA9 _G
@5=G = :9FF56FRG K]G E9AK MK9<GK AFN9JAYN=AK E9K HGKKM=E G HDMJ9D 7CG9G @5=G9G =
:9FF56F5G9G

=K;GD@G

GNG

LJG;G

=K>GJ^G

HG^G

LJG^G

> Plural dos nomes terminados em -x (= ce)

*K L=JEAF9<GK =E L ;GE G N9DGJ <= 79 >AF9D ;GE IM= HG<=E L9E
:_E
K=J
?J9>9<GK
>9R=E
G
HDMJ9D
FGJE9DE=FL=
=E 79G
7R@=L GM 7R@=79 7R@=79G
5DZB8=L GM 5DZB8=79 5DZB8=79G

 L ;GE
G
N9DGJ
<= 7G C
H_F5L
CG
H_F5L
C
aB=L
CG
aB=L

Observao D?MFK FGE=K ;GE L  7G HGKKM=E 9 N9JA9FL= =E 79 [B89L GM [B
8=79 RD9L GM RD=79 7_89L GM 7_8=79 .=MK HDMJ9AK K]G J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= [B8=79G
7_8=79G RD=79G DAYK K]G HJ=>=JbN=AK 9K ?J9>A9K [B8=79 7_8=79 = RD=79 FG
KAF?MD9J

@ Plurais com alterao de o fechado para o aberto (metafonia) 

(MAL9K H9D9NJ9K ;GE C >=;@9<G LfFA;G IM9F<G H9KK9E 9G HDMJ9D
EM<9E
=KL9
NG?9D
H9J9 C 9:=JLG
EAGDG
v
EAGDGK
=FLJ= 9K IM= 9HJ=K=FL9E =KL9 EM<9F^9 ;@9E9<9 E=L9>GFA9 F9
NG?9D
LfFA;9
D=E:J9J=EGK
9IMA
9K
E9AK
MKM9AK

KL9 9DL=JF[F;A9 ;GFKLALMA 9 hFA;9 E9J;9 <G >=EAFAFG =E 5Ja =

>GJE9K ;GE =D9 J=D9;AGF9<9K GF<= K= 9;@9 KMHJAEA<9 9 <=KAFaF;A9 5 5Ja
j 5J_  5JC5  D9L 5J=C@5 )GK ;9KGK <= E=L9>GFA9 G HDMJ9D _ E9J;9<G
H=DG
EGJ>=E9
HDMJ9DAR9<GJ G =
H=DG
EGJ>=E9
KMHJ9KK=?E=FL9D
GFLAFM9E
;GE C >=;@9<G
FG
HDMJ9D
9;GJ<G

=K:G^G

DG?JG

9<GJFG

=KHGKG

EGJJG

9DEG^G

=KLGJNG

J=HGD@G



9DNGJG^G

>=JJGD@G

JGDG

9JJGLG

>G>G

KG?JG

:G<9

>GJJG

KGD<G

:GBG

?9>9F@GLG

KGHJG

:GDG

?DG:G

KGJG

:GDKG

?GJJG

LG;G

;9;@GJJG

?GKLG

LGD<G

;9GD@G

?GRG

LGHG

;G;G

@GJLG

LGJFG

;GFLGJFG

BGJJG

LJ9FKLGJFG

Observao GEG FG ;9KG <GK HDMJ9AK =E VC c9G V9G VCG 9 AF;DMK]G <9
H9D9NJ9 FG ?JMHG <GK E=L9>fFA;GK GM F]G E=L9>fFA;GK 9HJ=K=FL9 EMAL9K AF<=
;AKg=K * =K>GJ^G H9J9 <AJAEAJ <hNA<9K F=KL=K ;9KGK K= L=E J=?MD9<G H=D9 GJA?=E
<G LAE:J= <9 NG?9D LfFA;9 =E D9LAE = F9 >GJE9 H9J9D=D9 <9K ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=K =E
=KH9F@GD GF<= ;GEG J=?J9 <G LAE:J= >=;@9<G J=KMDL9 ME9 NG?9D KAEHD=K = <G
LAE:J= 9:=JLG ME9 <ALGF?9^]G ;CNC =KH  v ?GRG HGJL  v ?GRGK f :I9;C =KH 
v >G?G HGJL  v >G?GK e /9FLG 9 =LAEGDG?A9 <G D9LAE IM9FLG G H9J9D=DAKEG <G
=KH9F@GD
F=E
K=EHJ=
LaE
9
:G9
J=KHGKL9
ZK
<hNA<9K

)]G
KG>J=E
9DL=J9^]G
GK
FGE=K
HJeHJAGK
=
GK
<=
>9EbDA9
GK =C;CG
GK '=ACGCG
GK ,5DCGCG
GK *CFHCG

A Plurais com deslocao do acento tnico v #Y H9D9NJ9K IM= FG HDMJ

9D
EM<9E
<=
KbD9:9
LfFA;9
;9JYL=J

;9J9;L=J=K

 

=KH_;AE=F

=KH=;bE=F=K

BhFAGJ

BMFAGJ=K

%hHAL=J

%MHbL=J=K

'h;A>=J

'M;b>=J=K

KaFAGJ

K=FAGJ=K

*
HDMJ9D GCFCF9G _
<= GCFCF
GPbLGFG
G
IM=
K=
=KL=F<=
9 G_FCF

B Variaes semnticas do significado entre o singular e o plural v
)GJE9DE=FL= G HDMJ9D ?M9J<9 G E=KEG KA?FA>A;9<G <G KAF?MD9J $KLG F]G
9;GFL=;= HGJ_E =E 9D?MFK ;9KGK HJAF;AH9DE=FL= K= K= LJ9L9 <= KM:KL9FL
ANGK
9:KLJ9LGK
=E
K=FLA<GK
;GFL=PLM9AK
69A G
IM=
_
:GE
v 69BG HJGHJA=<9<=K
:XF=5 HJG<MLG
<G
LJ9:9D@G
<AYJAG
v :XF=5G <A9K
<=
<=K;9FKG
x*F<=
F]G
K=
HJ=R9
9 <CBF5 K=
<=KHJ=R9E
9K <CBF5Gy
6((7

E FGE=K 9:KLJ9LGK ;GEG =B>IGH=W5G 7FI9@8589G ;9BH=@9N5G G HDMJ

9D <=FGL9 9LGK J=H=LA<GK GJ9 EMDLAHDA;A<9<= <GK E=KEGK 9LGK ;GE ;=JL9
;GFGL9^]G
9ME=FL9LAN9
6!J 
7
/9E:_E =E FGE=K ;GF;J=LGK HG<= G HDMJ9D 9;MK9J EM<9F^9 <= KA?
FA>A;9<G :9FFC E=L9D :9FFCG 9D?=E9K
6. 
7
KL]G
F=KL=K
;9KGK
GK
FGE=K
IM=
FG
HDMJ9D
AF<A;9E
G
;9K9D
CG
D5=G H9A
=
E]= CG
=FAVCG AJE]
=
AJE]G CG
F9=G J=A
=
J9AF@9
D Palavras s usadas no plural  D@IF5@=5
H5BHIA 
v
AK
9K
HJAF;AH9AK
9<=E9F=K

=F<G=F^9K




9>9R=J=K

=P_IMA9K

9DNbKK9J9K

>_JA9K

J=HGMKG

9F9AK

FhH;A9K

9JJ=<GJ=K

LJ=N9K

9NeK
9FL=H9KK9<GK

NbN=J=K

:=D9K9JL=K
:=D9KD=LJ9K

FGE=K
<=
F9AH=K
;GH9K

;GF>AFK

GMJGK
=KH9<9K
H9MK

E Plural de nomes prprios v *K FGE=K HJeHJAGK MK9<GK FG HDMJ9D

>9R=E G HDMJ9D G:=<=;=F<G ZK FGJE9K <GK FGE=K ;GEMFK = 9 DbF?M9
H9<J]G
J=;GE=F<9
K=
HGF@9E
FG
HDMJ9D
=
F]G
FG
KAF?MD9J
x*
>A<9D?G
<GK
1ALGK
D9J;g=K
LJ9LGM
<9
;9:=^9
F9
;9E9
MFK
IMAFR=
<A9Ky
6J 
7
x
 
K=JA9
ME
?9J>G
E=JALeJAG
<G
LJGF;G
<GK *5FA5G <{ ^9
9G
IM9D
=D=
-MA
<=
)=D9K
K=
?DGJA>A;9N9
<=
K=J
=KLJ9F@Gy
6J 
7

/G<9NA9
F]G
_
J9JG
G
MKG
<G
KAF?MD9J
F9
DbF?M9
DAL=JYJA9
x*K
:J9KAD=AJGK
<G
KMD
GK CFF9=5
89
-R
H=J<A9E
EMALG
<G
=F;9FLG
<=KK9K
G:J9K
 y
6" 5DI8 /.
7

F Plural dos nomes estrangeiros no assimilados v *K FGE=K =K

LJ9F?=AJGK IM= K= 9<9HL9J9E 9G KAKL=E9 >GFGDe?A;G <G HGJLM?MaK LaE G
K=M HDMJ9D ;GFKG9FL= 9K FGJE9K NA?=FL=K 7@I69 7@I69G 8_@5F
8_@5F9G F9D_FH9F F9D_FH9F9G 565>IF 565>IF9G I@H=A5HC I@H=A5
HCG
A9ACF5B8C A9ACF5B8CG
7CB:9H9 7CB:9H9G
*K F]G 9KKAEAD9<GK 9G FGKKG A<AGE9 LGE9E <M9K <AJ=^g=K 9 L=JEA
F9E ;GE G K=E HJ=L=F<=J ;GAF;A<AJ ;GE 9K J=?J9K <G HDMJ9D <9 DbF?M9
GJA?AFYJA9 GM : J=?MD9F<GK= H=D9K FGJE9K <9 DbF?M9 =KLJ9F?=AJ9 G IM=
=E ?=J9D _ G HJG;=<AE=FLG J=;GE=F<9<G F9 DbF?M9 H9<J]G = FGK L=PLGK
;A=FLb>A;GK
G
HJAE=AJG
;9KG
L=EGK
:=@AG
@9589FG
@58MG
85B8MG
@=98G
6@=HN9G



G
K=?MF<G
L=EGK
=FLJ=
GK
D9LAFAKEGK
7IFF=7I@IA 7IFF=7I@5
A9ACF5B8IA A9ACF5B85
7CFDIG 7CFDCF5
=L; 
IM= HG<=E K=J 9HGJLM?M=K9<GK FG KAF?MD9J =E 7IFF[7I@C A9ACF5B8C
7CFDC J9JG
75ADIG 75AD=
C
75ADIG
CG
75AD=
FLJ=
GK
?J=?GK
;9:=
;AL9J
H_DCG H_DC= @_;CG @_;C= _BCA5 CB_A5H5
FLJ=
GK
9F?DA;AKEGK
@58M @58=9G D9BBM D9BB=9G GM D9B79
85B8M 85B8=9G GDCFHA5B GDCFHA9B
FLJ=
GK
?=JE9FAKEGK
@=98 
@=8

 @=989F @9=HACH=J @9=HACH=J9B 6@=HN 6@=HN9B
/9E:_E
K=
=JJ9
MK9F<GK= @=989F ;GEG
KAF?MD9J
*K =K;JALGJ=K HJG;MJ9E F9 E=<A<9 <G HGKKbN=D 9;=JL9J G H9KKG 9K
KAE _ IM= %GK_ 'AFK <G -=?G MKGM @=98G F=KL9 H9KK9?=E <= !CF8CG 9
'5;FCG   x"G=L@= A9 9G HGNG H9J9 K=FLAJ 9 >GJ^9 <GK @=98G 9
EhKA;9 IM= <GJE= F9 9DE9 HGHMD9J y E *C9G=5 9 0=85  BY K=
H9ML9N9 H=D9 FGJE9 9D=E] x=KLJMAF<G (GR9JL ME9 ?J9F<= D=E9F@9
<=K9H9J=;=JA9 9 D=E9F@9 <GK @=989F <GK NAGDAFGK ?=E=F<G HGJ <=:9APG
<9K
E9;A=AJ9K
=E
>DGJ
 y
*K FGE=K AL9DA9FGK =E = BY =KL]G FG HDMJ9D IM9F<G >D=PAGF9<GK C
7CB:9HHC CG 7CB:9HH= E9K AKLG F]G AEH=<AM IM= ME =K;JALGJ ;GJJ=LG
;GEG '9LAFG G=D@G >AR=KK= G HDMJ9D ;GE 9;J_K;AEG <G G x+GJLM?9D F]G
HJAEGM F9K AFN=F^g=K 9<EAJYN=AK <9 ;AaF;A9 F]G L=N= )=OLGFK F=E
+D9Lg=K )]G E=F=GM ;GE ?9D@9J<G DMRAE=FLG G =K;GHJG GM G HAF;=D F]G
L=N= -9>9_AK F=E MGF9JGLLAK y 65DI8 ..  7 /9E:_E <= @RD=G@5Nd@=
L=EGK G HDMJ9D @RD=G@5Nd@=G  HJ=N9D=;=J 9 FGJE9 <9 DbF?M9 =P=EHD9J
HG<=K= <AR=J IM= K= LJ9L9 <= ME =D=E=FLG >MF;AGF9D H=JL=F;=FL= 9G KAK
L=E9 HGJLM?MaK J=K=JN9<G 9GK HDMJ9AK =KLJ9F?=AJGK F]G 9KKAEAD9<GK
 F9A8KbFH9F
6 K 

F  7
G Plural dos nomes de letras v *K FGE=K <= D=LJ9K N]G FGJE9DE=FL= 9G
HDMJ9D
<=
9;GJ<G
;GE
9K
FGJE9K
?=J9AK



K;J=N=
;GE
LG<GK
GK 9:9G = 9FF9G

GDGIM=EGK
GK
HAF?GK
FGK =G
)   2=G K=JN=
H9J9
KAF?MD9J
=
HDMJ9D
+G<=EGK
9AF<9
AF<A;9J
G
HDMJ9D
<9K
D=LJ9K
;GE
9
KM9
<MHDA;9^]G ::
FF
==

KL=
HJG;=KKG
G;GJJ=
=E
EMAL9K
9:J=NA9LMJ9K
  / /  KL9<GK
0FA<GK
L9E:_E
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ
0
KL9<GK
0FA<GK
<9
E_JA;9
9AF<9
0 .  

H Plural dos nomes com o sufixo -zinho v +g=EK= FG HDMJ9D GK <GAK

=D=E=FLGK = KMHJAE=K= G G <G KM:KL9FLANG ;GFKG9FL= 9 J=?J9 GJLG?JY>A;9
G>A;A9D
9FAE9DRAF@G

9FAE9D

RAF@G
9FAE9ARAF@GK
;GJ9^]GRAF@G

;GJ9^]G

RAF@G
;GJ9^g=RAF@GK
>DGJRAF@9

>DGJ

RAF@9
>DGJ=RAF@9K
H9H=DRAF@G

H9H=D

RAF@G
H9H=ARAF@GK
H9RAF@9

HY

RAF@9
H9RAF@9K

E9K
H9RAF@9

H9R

AF@9
H9R=RAF@9K

Nota ortogrfica *K KM>APGK <AEAFMLANGK =B<C =HC =L;  N=B<C 

N=HC =L;  LaE @GB= ME9 <AKLJA:MA^]G J=?MD9J ;GF>GJE= G >AF9D <9 H9D9NJ9
:YKA;9
9 K= L=JEAF9 HGJ NG?9D YLGF9 GM ;GFKG9FL= =P;=LG G = N 9
=K;GD@9 _ E9L=JA9DE=FL= AF<A>=J=FL= 9H=K9J <= 9H9J=;=J=E FM9F^9K <=
K=FLA<G ;GFL=PLM9AK ;GJHG 7CFD=B<C ;GE IM=<9 <9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9

7CFDCN=B<C 9 >GJE9 :YKA;9 AFL9;L9 :@CF :@CF=B<5

:@CFN=B<5 AI@<9F
AI@<9F=B<5


AI@<9FN=B<5
: K= L=JEAF9 HGJ NG?9D LfFA;9 F9K9D GM <ALGF?G _ <= =EHJ=?G
G:JA?9LeJAG N=B<C N=HC =L;  :GF_ :GF=RAF@G KAJA KAJARAF@G YD:ME



9D:MFRAF@G :=E :=FRAF@G J9AG J9AGRAF@G GE N=B<C =NAL9EK=

@A9LGK
<G
LAHG =FAV=B<5 F5=C=HC
=L; 
; K= L=JEAF9 =E G GM N G =EHJ=?G FGJE9D _ ;GE =B<C =HC =L; 
J=HM<A9F<GK= N=B<C N=HC =L;  >A;9F<G AFL9;L9 9 H9D9NJ9 :YKA;9 D9H
AKAF@G DYHAK  AF@G ;MK;MRAF@G ;MK;MR  AF@G J9H9RAF@G J9H9R 
AF@G ;9JL9RAF@G ;9JL9R  AF@G =P9L9E=FL= ;GEG =K;J=N=EGK @5D=G9=F5
@RD=G

9=F5
@5D=G5F
@RD=G

5F
@5D=G585
@RD=G

585
=L;
KL9:=D=;=EK= 9L_ GHGKA^g=K D_PA;9K = >GFGDe?A;9K BY IM= K= ?M9J
<9E GK 9;=FLGK <9K H9D9NJ9K :YKA;9K 75FH5N=B<C  ;9JLZR  AF@G
75FH5N=B<5  ;ZJL9  RAF@9 F5D5N=B<C  J9HZR  AF@G F5D5N=B<C 
JZH9  RAF@G A5G=B<C  E9K  AF@G A5N=B<5  EZ  RAF@9 6N=B9K=
G =P=EHDG <9<G HGJ *ALA;A;9 0C7Z 9G7F9J9I 5[ B5 D98F5 IA A5G=B<C EI9
B=B;IXA D9F7969 LJ9L9K= <9 ;GFBMF^]G A5G7 tK N=R=K @Y ;GFN=J?aF
;A9K ?JY>A;9K D5N=B<5 D5N  =B<5 = D5N=B<5 DR  N=B<5 IM= G ;GF
L=PLG
<AKKGDN=JY
.= =K;J=N=EGK G>A;A9DE=FL= @5D=G5F @5D=G9=F5 HGJ IM= G 0C756
I@RF=C G>A;A9D HJ=;=ALM9 @5D=N=B<C .=?MF<G BY HA>[FAG A9K 6   l 7
= %GK_ *ALA;A;9 G ;G=J=FL= K=JA9 BY IM= 9 J=?J9 _ >D=PAGF9J 9K <M9K MFA<
9<=K 5WVCN=B<5 FG KAF?MD9J 5Wc9G=B<5G FG HDMJ9D BY 9 :YKA;9 L=J
EAF9 =E G  J=?J9 IM= G:JA?9 G N = IM= =PHMK=EGK HGJ K=J 9 GJLG?J9>A9
G>A;A9D >GA >GJEMD9<9 HGJ "GF^9DN=K 1A9F9 )FHC;F5:=5   (YJAG
9JJ=LG EGKLJGMK= AF<=;AKG FG HD=ALG x9 J=?J9 <= HA>[FAG <=HJ==F<=
K= IM= FGK FGE=K =E VC GK KM>APGK =B<C 9 =HC K= HJ=;=<=E <= N
5WVCN=B<5 =K;J=N= G =JM<ALbKKAEG ?J9EYLA;G HGJLM?MaK = IM= FG HDMJ9D
H=J<=E G N LGE9F<G =KL9 >GJE9 FG L=E9 = FG KM>APG 5Wc9G=B<5G .=B9 DY
;GEG >GJ G IM= =KLY >GJ9 <= <hNA<9 _ IM= G HDMJ9D _ 5Wc9G=B<5G GM 5Wc9N
=B<5G 7CF5Wc9G=B<CG GM 7CF5Wc9N=B<CG = F]G 7CF5WVCN=B<CG 5WVCN=B
<5Gy
6(9 
 7
*ALA;A;9 6%*  7 9AF<9 9;@9 IM= G FGJE9D K=JA9 :@CF=B<5G :@CFN=B
<5G IM= 9 DbF?M9 H9<J]G =NAL9 E9K IM= LaE 9<G^g=K =N=FLM9AK =E :GFK
=K;JALGJ=K x;GFL9E GK K=MK 9EA?GK IM= IM9F<G F9 EG;A<9<= >J=IM=FL9N9
FGLMJF9E=FL=
GK 65FN=B<CG <9
'9H9 y
6( 
$$
7
 J9R]G <G =EHJ=?G <= >GJE9K HDMJ9AK 65FN=B<CG 7C@<9FN=B<5G K=
HJ=F<= 9G >9LG <= IM= ;GE KM>APGK GMLJGK F]G G;GJJ= G HDMJ9D <9K <M9K
MFA<9<=K :@CF=B<5 :@CF=B<5G
I Plural das palavras substantivadas v ,M9DIM=J H9D9NJ9 ?JMHG <= H9
D9NJ9K GJ9^]G GM L=PLG HG<= KM:KL9FLAN9JK= AKLG _ H9KK9J 9 KM:KL9FLANG



IM= LGE9<9K E9L=JA9DE=FL= AKLG _ ;GEG <=KA?F9^]G <= KM9 HJeHJA9

>GJE9
=PL=JF9
N9D=E
HGJ
ME
KM:KL9FLANG
E9K;MDAFG
=
KAF?MD9J
G G=A G BVC G EIZ G DF_ G 7CBHF5 G <
*9F5G _
>=EAFAFG
)G
<C
A9BG _
G
KMB=ALG
<9
GJ9^]G

/9AK
H9D9NJ9K
N]G
FGJE9DE=FL=
9G
HDMJ9D
GK G=BG GK BVCG GK EIZG GK DF_G GK 7CBHF5G GK << 9?YK

FIM9<J9EK= F=KL= ;9KG GK FGE=K IM= =PHJAE=E FhE=JG IM9F<G

9DM<=E
9GK
9D?9JAKEGK
)9
KM9
;9<=JF=L9
@Y
LJaK G9H9G =
<GAK C=HCG
/AJ=
9
HJGN9
<GK BCJ9G
#Y
<GAK EI5HFCG 9
E9AK
=
LJaK CBN9G 9
E=FGK
F=KK9K
H9J;=D9K

!9R=E =P;=^]G GK L=JEAF9<GK =E G 8C=G HFZG G9=G N 89N = A=@

IM=
K]G
AFN9JAYN=AK
,M9LJG G9=G =
;AF;G 89N

J Plural cumulativo v D?MFK FGE=K HGKKM=E <M9K >GJE9K ME9

:YKA;9 KAF?MD9J = GMLJ9 >D=PAGF9<9 =E HDMJ9D IM= H9KK9 9 N9D=J ;GEG K=
KAF?MD9J
>GJ9



K Plural nos etnnimos v LFfFAEG _ G FGE= IM= K= 9HDA;9 Z <=FGEAF

9^]G <GK HGNGK <9K LJA:GK <9K ;9KL9K GM <= 9?JMH9E=FLGK GMLJGK =E IM=
HJ=N9D=;= G ;GF;=ALG <= =LFA9 KL=K FGE=K MLADAR9<GK F9 DbF?M9 ;GEME
9<EAL=E 9 >GJE9 HDMJ9D ;GEG LG<GK GK GMLJGK CG 6F5G=@9=FCG CG DCF
HI;I9G9G
CG
9GD5B<_=G
CG
6CHC7I8CG
CG
HID=G
CG
H5AC=CG =L;
+GJ ;GFN=F^]G AFL=JF9;AGF9D <= =LFeDG?GK =KLY @Y 9FGK 9;=JL9<G
IM= =E LJ9:9D@GK ;A=FLb>A;GK GK =LFfFAEGK IM= F]G K=B9E <= GJA?=E N=J
FY;MD9 GM FGK IM9AK F]G @9B9 =D=E=FLGK N=JFY;MDGK F]G K]G 9DL=J9<GK F9
>GJE9 HDMJ9D K=F<G 9 >D=P]G AF<A;9<9 H=DG 9JLA?G HDMJ9D CG HID= CG B5A
6=EI5F5
CG
75=IR
CG
H5D=F5DX
CG
6TBHI
CG
GCAR@= =L;
L Plural dos nomes compostos v (=J=;= =KH=;A9D 9L=F^]G G HDMJ9D <GK
FGE=K ;GEHGKLGK ME9 N=R IM= 9K <hNA<9K = N9;AD9^g=K K]G >J=IM=FL=K 
IM=KL]G =FNGDN= <A>A;MD<9<=K <= GJ<=E GJLG?JY>A;9 MKG GM F]G <G @b>=F
= <= GJ<=E ?J9E9LA;9D /GJF9K= AEH=JAGK9 ME9 KAKL=E9LAR9^]G IM= N=F@9
HfJ KAEHDA>A;9^]G GM EAFGJ9J 9K <hNA<9K 9AF<9 =PAKL=FL=K E=KEG ;GE 9K
hDLAE9K HJGHGKL9K <G ;GJ<G *JLG?JY>A;G .=E HJ=L=F<=JEGK =K?GL9J G
9KKMFLG
9HJ=K=FL9EGK
GK
K=?MAFL=K
;JAL_JAGK
 v Somente o ltimo elemento varia

FGK
;GEHGKLGK
?J9>9<GK
DA?9<9E=FL=

9F9FY

9F9FYK

=AJe
AJe

=AJeK
AJeK

>A<9D?G

>A<9D?GK

>AD@e

>AD@eK

?AJ9KKGD

?AJ9KKeAK

AD@e

AD@eK

D=F?9D=F?9

D=F?9D=F?9K

DADY

DADYK

E9<J=KKADN9

E9<J=KKADN9K

HGFL9H_

HGFL9H_K

N9AN=E

N9AN=FK

RMERME

RMERMFK

C
5B5BR CG
5B5BRG C
@=@R CG
@=@RG

Observao _G >A;9
AFN9JAYN=D
GM
L=E
HDMJ9D
;MEMD9LANG 7CG9G

+9KK9F<G 9 >GJE9 HDMJ9D 9 K=J =EHJ=?9<9 ;GEG ME KAF?MD9J C

5B5BRG C @=@RG =L;  HGJ K=E=D@9F^9 <= KAF?MD9J=K =E _G F9HF_G HGJ
=P=EHDG 9<EAL= ME FGNG HDMJ9D ;@9E9<G ;MEMD9LANG HGJ =KIM=;A
E=FLG <9 =L9H9 <= HDMJ9DAR9^]G C 5B5BRG CG 5B5B5G9G C 9=F_G CG 9=F
CG9G
C
:=@<_G
CG
:=@<CG9G
C
=@<_G
CG
=@<CG9G
C
@=@RG
CG
@=@5G9G


FGK
;GEHGKLGK
;GE
9K
>GJE9K
9<B=LAN9K ;FVC
;FV
9
69@
?J]GHJAGJ

?J]GHJAGJ=K





?J];JMR

?J];JMR=K

>=JJG
<=
9:JAJ
D9L9

>=JJGK
<=
9:JAJ
D9L9

:=DHJ9R=J

:=DHJ9R=J=K

EMD9
K=E
;9:=^9

EMD9K
K=E
;9:=^9

H_
<=
EGD=IM=

H_K
<=
EGD=IM=


FGK
;GEHGKLGK
<=
L=E9
N=J:9D
GM
H9D9NJ9
AFN9JAYN=D
K=?MA<9
<=
KM:KL9FLANG
GM
9<B=LANG


FGK
;GEHGKLGK
<=
<GAK
KM:KL9FLANGK
GF<=
G
K=?MF<G
=PHJAE=
9
A<=A9
<= :=A
G9A9@<5BW5
GM
DAEAL9
9
KA?FA>A;9^]G
<G
HJAE=AJG

>MJL9;GJ

>MJL9;GJ=K

:=AB9>DGJ

:=AB9>DGJ=K

9^GDA?9

9^GKDA?9

9:9APG9KKAF9<G

9:9APG9KKAF9<GK

F9NAG=K;GD9

F9NAGK=K;GD9

H9J9
=K;GD9

9DLG>9D9FL=

9DLG>9D9FL=K

E9F?9JGK9

E9F?9KJGK9

K=E=D@9FL=
9
JGK9

NA;=J=A

NA;=J=AK

H=AP=:GA

H=AP=K:GA

=P<AJ=LGJ

=P<AJ=LGJ=K

K9DYJAG>9EbDA9

K9DYJAGK>9EbDA9

9N=E9JA9

9N=E9JA9K


FGK
;GEHGKLGK
<=
LJaK
GM
E9AK
=D=E=FLGK
F]G
K=F<G
G
q
=D=
E=FLG
ME9
HJ=HGKA^]G
:=EL=NA

:=EL=NAK


FGK
;GEHGKLGK
<=
=EHJ=?G
GFGE9LGH=A;G
=E
IM=
@Y
J=H=LA^]G
LGL9D
GM
H9J;A9D
<9
HJAE=AJ9
MFA<9<=

 v Ambos os elementos variam


FGK
;GEHGKLGK
<=
<GAK GI6GH5BH=JCG
<=
ME GI6GH5BH=JC =
ME 58
>9H=JC GM
<=
ME
9<B=LANG
=
ME GI6GH5BH=JC
9EGJH=J>=ALG

9EGJ=KH=J>=ALGK

;9:J9;=?9

;9:J9K;=?9K

;9JL9:AD@=L=

;9JL9K:AD@=L=K
<=;J=LGKD=AK

J=;GJ=;G

J=;GJ=;GK

<=;J=LGD=A

LAIM=L9IM=

LAIM=L9IM=K

?=FLAD@GE=E

?=FLAK@GE=FK

?M9J<9;ANAD

?M9J<9K;ANAK

 v Somente o primeiro elemento varia


FGK
;GEHGKLGK
GF<=
@9B9
HJ=HGKA^]G
;D9J9
GM
G;MDL9
;9N9DGN9HGJ

<=
9
N9HGJ

;9N9DGKN9HGJ

?M9J<9EGJ

?M9J<9KEGJ=K

DM?9J;GEME

DM?9J=K;GEMFK

K9DYJAGEbFAEG

K9DYJAGKEbFAEGK



K=?MF<9>=AJ9

K=?MF<9K>=AJ9K

 

 v Admitem mais de um plural, entre outros

Observao @I;5FH9B9BH9 >9R
G
HDMJ9D @I;5FH9B9BH9G


FGK
;GEHGKLGK
<=
L=E9K
N=J:9AK
J=H=LA<GK
;GJJ=;GJJ=

;GJJ=K;GJJ=K

JM?=JM?=

JM?=KJM?=K

Observao *K ;GEHGKLGK AF;DMb<GK F=KL= ;9KG L9E:_E 9<EAL=E 9 >D=P]G 9<

GL9<9
H=DGK
FGE=K
<= 
 7CFF97CFF9G
FI;9FI;9G

 v Ficam invariveis

9K
>J9K=K
KM:KL9FLAN9K

>JML9KH]G
>JML9H]=K

?M9J<9E9JAF@9

?M9J<9KE9JAF@9 GM ?M9J<9KE9JAF@9K


H9<J=FGKKG

H9<J=KFGKKGK
GM
H9<J=FGKKGK

JM?=JM?=

JM?=KJM?=K
GM
JM?=JM?=K

K9DNG;GF<MLG

K9DNGK;GF<MLGK
GM
K9DNG;GF<MLGK


-=B=AL9K=
K=E
J9R]G
G
HDMJ9D
?M9J<9E9JAF@9K
"aF=JG

9
=KLGM>J9;9
9N=

9K
=KLGM>J9;9

G
F]G
K=A
IM=
<A?9

GK
F]G
K=A
IM=
<A?9

G
<AKK=
E=
<AKK=

GK
<AKK=
E=
<AKK=

G
:ME:9
E=M
:GA

>JML9H]G

GK
:ME:9
E=M
:GA


GK
;GEHGKLGK
<=
L=E9
N=J:9D
=
H9D9NJ9
AFN9JAYN=D
G
?9F@9HGM;G

GK
?9F@9HGM;G

G
HAK9E9FKAF@G

GK
HAK9E9FKAF@G

G
;GD9LM<G

GK
;GD9LM<G


FGK
;GEHGKLGK
<=
<GAK
L=E9K
N=J:9AK
<=
KA?FA>A;9<G
GHGKLG
G
D=N9
=
LJ9R

GK
D=N9
=
LJ9R

G
N9ANGDL9

GK
N9ANGDL9

Gnero  FGKK9 DbF?M9 ;GF@=;= <GAK ?aF=JGK G A5G7I@=BC = G

:9A=B=BC
.]G
E9K;MDAFGK
GK
FGE=K
9
IM=
K=
HG<=
9FL=HGJ
G
9JLA?G o
G @=B<C
G GC@
G F5=C
G DF5N9F
G :=@<C
G 69=>C

.]G
>=EAFAFGK
GK
FGE=K
9
IM=
K=
HG<=
9FL=HGJ
G
9JLA?G a
9 :@CF
9 75G5
9 ACG75
9 BIJ9A
9 AV9

/G<G KM:KL9FLANG =KLY <GL9<G <= ?aF=JG IM= FG HGJLM?MaK K= <AK

LJA:MA =FLJ= G ?JMHG <G A5G7I@=BC = G ?JMHG <G :9A=B=BC .]G E9K;MDAFGK
GK FGE=K 9 IM= K= HG<= 9FL=HGJ G 9JLA?G C C @=B<C C GC@ C 7@=A5 C DC
9H5 C ;F5A5 C D9BH9 C F5=C C DF5N9F C :=@<C C 69=>C = K]G >=EAFAFGK
GK FGE=K 9 IM= K= HG<= 9FL=HGJ G 9JLA?G 5 5 @=B<5 5 @I5 5 ;F5A5 5
DCBH9 5 DC9H=G5 5 :=@<5 5 8CF .e IM= =KL9 <=L=JEAF9^]G ?=F_JA;9 F]G K=
E9FA>=KL9 FG KM:KL9FLANG <9 E=KE9 E9F=AJ9 IM= =KLY J=HJ=K=FL9<9 FG 9<
B=LANG GM FG HJGFGE= HGJ =P=EHDG AKLG _ H=DG HJG;=KKG <9 >D=P]G
H=K9J <= @9N=J KM:KL9FLANGK =E IM= 9H9J=FL=E=FL= K= E9FA>=KL= 9 <AK
LAF^]G ?=F_JA;9 H=D9 >D=P]G A9B=BC
A9B=B5 A9GHF9
A9GHF5 ;5HC

;5H5 9 N=J<9<= _ IM= 9 AF;DMK]G FME GM FGMLJG ?aF=JG <=H=F<= <AJ=L9 =

=KK=F;A9DE=FL= <9 ;D9KK= D_PA;9 <GK KM:KL9FLANGK = ;GEG <AR #=J;MD9FG
<= 9JN9D@G xF]G _ G >9LG <= =E HGJLM?MaK =PAKLAJ=E <M9K H9D9NJ9K <A>=J
=FL=K v <CA9A
AI@<9F D5=
AV9 6C=
J575 = 9AF<9 :=@<C
:=@<5 @C6C

@C65 <9K IM9AK =KL9K BVC GVC >GJE9K <= ME9 >D=P]G E9K H9D9NJ9K <A>=J
=FL=K H5BHC 7CAC 9IM=D9K v H9J9 KA?FA>A;9J G AF<ANb<MG E9;@G = G




AF<ANb<MG >aE=9 <M9K =KH_;A=K <G E=KEG x?aF=JGy =E K=FLA<G De?A;G

IM= H=JEAL= 9>AJE9J 9 =PAKLaF;A9 <9K ;D9KK=K <G E9K;MDAFG = <G >=EAFAFG
E9K KAE G >9LG <= G 9<B=LANG G 9JLA?G G HJGFGE= =L;  K= 9HJ=K=FL9J=E
KG: <M9K >GJE9K <AN=JK9K =PA?A<9K J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= HGJ ;9<9 ME <GK L=J
EGK <= 9IM=D=K H9J=K GHGKALANGK v x=KL9 @GE=E N=D@Cy
x=KL5 EMD@=J
N=D@5y xC >AD@G E9AK FaNCy
x5 >AD@9 E9AK F_N5y v >GJE9K IM= <= >9LG
;GFKLALM=E
ME9
>D=P]Gy
6#N 
N 
K N ;ZB9FC7
 9HJGPAE9^]G <9 >MF^]G ;MEMD9LAN9 <=JAN9LAN9 <= 5 ;GEG 9LM9D
AR9<GJ D_PA;G = EGJ>=E9 ;9L=?GJA9D K= E9FA>=KL9 L9FLG =E 65F75 <= 65F7C
G575 <= G57C :FIH5 <= :FIHC A5H5 <= A5HC F=69=F5 <= F=69=FC =L;  IM9FLG
=E ;5H5 <= ;5HC HGJIM= <Y x9G L=E9 <= IM= =FLJ9 9 >9R=J H9JL= 9 ;9H9;A<
9<= <= KA?FA>A;9J ME9 ;D9KK= <AKLAFL9 <= G:B=LGK IM= =E ?=J9D ;GFKLALM=E
ME9 =KH_;A= <G ?aF=JG <=KA?F9<G H=DG L=E9 HJAEYJAGy 6#N   F 
#N  7 W H9;b>A;9 E=KEG =FLJ= GK IM= 9<EAL=E G HJG;=KKG <=
>D=P]G =E 65F7C 65F75 = @C6C @C65 9 AF>GJE9^]G <= IM= 9 GHGKA^]G
E9K;MDAFG v >=EAFAFG >9R 9DMK]G 9 GMLJGK 9KH=;LGK <9 J=9DA<9<= <A>=J
=FL=K <9 <AN=JKA<9<= <= K=PG = K=JN= H9J9 <AKLAF?MAJ GK G:B=LGK KM:KL9FL
ANGK HGJ ;=JL9K IM9DA<9<=K K=E[FLA;9K H=D9K IM9AK G E9K;MDAFG _ ME9
>GJE9 ?=J9D F]G E9J;9<9 K=E9FLA;9E=FL= =FIM9FLG G >=EAFAFG =PHJ=KK9
ME9
=KH=;A9DAR9^]G
IM9DIM=J
65F7C
65F75 
:9J;G
?J9F<=
>5FFC
>5FF5 ME
LAHG
=KH=;A9D
<=
B9JJG
@C6C
@C65 9
>aE=9
<G
9FAE9D
;@9E9<G
DG:G

KL9 9HDA;9^]G K=E[FLA;9 >9R <GK H9J=K 65F7C

65F75 = J=KL9FL=K <9
K_JA= 9;AE9 F]G K=J=E ;GFKA<=J9<9K HJAE9JA9E=FL= >GJE9K <= ME9 >D=P]G
E9K H9D9NJ9K <A>=J=FL=K E9J;9<9K H=DG HJG;=KKG <= <=JAN9^]G KL9 >MF
^]G K=E[FLA;9 =KLY >GJ9 <G <GEbFAG <9 >D=P]G  9F9DG?A9 E9L=JA9D <9
>D=P]G <= ?aF=JG <G 9<B=LANG _ IM= D=NGM G ?J9EYLA;G 9 HfJ FG E=KEG
HD9FG 69@C
69@5 = A9B=BC
A9B=B5
KL= >9LG =PHDA;9 HGJ IM= F9 E9FA>=KL9^]G <G ?aF=JG FG KM:KL9FLANG
=FLJ= GMLJGK HJG;=KKGK =PAKL= 9 AF<A;9^]G HGJ E=AG <= KM>APG FGEAF9D
7CB89
7CB89GG5 ;5@C
;5@=B<5 5HCF
5HF=N 9A65=L58CF
9A65=L5HF=N
=L;
.=E K=J >MF^]G HJ=;bHM9 <9 EGJ>GDG?A9 <G KM:KL9FLANG 9 <A>=J=F^9
<G K=PG FGK K=J=K 9FAE9<GK HG<= E9FA>=KL9JK= GM F]G ;GE <A>=J=F^9K
>GJE9AK F=D=K KL9 E9FA>=KL9^]G K= J=9DAR9 GM H=D9 EM<9F^9 <= KM>APG
;GEG =E A9B=Bo
A9B=Ba ;5Ho
;5Ha v _ 9 ACWVC v GM H=DG J=;MJKG 9
H9D9NJ9K <A>=J=FL=K IM= 9HGFL9E H9J9 ;9<9 ME <GK K=PGK v _ 9



<9H9FCB[A=5 <CA9A
AI@<9F 6C=
J575 )9 HJAE=AJ9 K_JA= <= H9J=K
;GEG BY NAEGK F9 DA^]G <= #=J;MD9FG <= 9JN9D@G F]G L=EGK >GJE9K <=
ME9 >D=P]G E9K F=D9K ;GEG F9 K=?MF<9 K_JA= <= H9J=K =KL9EGK <A9FL=
<=
H9D9NJ9K
<A>=J=FL=K
,M9F<G F]G G;GJJ= F=F@ME <=KL=K <GAK LAHGK <= E9FA>=KL9^]G >GJE
9D GM G KM:KL9FLANG ;GE G K=M ?aF=JG ?J9E9LA;9D K= EGKLJ9 AF<A>=J=FL= Z
<=KA?F9^]G <G K=PG 5 7F=5BW5 5 D9GGC5 C 7aB>I;9 5 :CFA=;5 C H5HI
GM 9AF<9 AF<A>=J=FL= H=D9 >GJE9 K= 9;GEH9F@9 <= 9<BMFLGK 9JLA?GK 9<
B=LANGK HJGFGE=K FME=J9AK ;GE EG^]G <= ?aF=JG H9J9 AF<A;9J G K=PG
C
5FH=GH5 5
5FH=GH5 6CA
9GHI85BH9 6C5
9GHI85BH9
$F;GFKAKLaF;A9
<G
?aF=JG
?J9E9LA;9D

Inconsistncia do gnero gramatical  <AKLAF^]G <G ?aF=JG FGK

KM:KL9FLANGK F]G L=E >MF<9E=FLGK J9;AGF9AK =P;=LG 9 LJ9<A^]G >AP9<9
H=DG MKG = H=D9 FGJE9 F9<9 BMKLA>A;9 K=J=E =E HGJLM?MaK E9K;MDAFGK
@RD=G D5D9@ H=BH9=FC =
>=EAFAFGK 75B9H5 :C@<5 = H=BH5
 AF;GFKAKLaF;A9 <G ?aF=JG ?J9E9LA;9D >A;9 H9L=FL= IM9F<G K= ;GE
H9J9 9 <AKLJA:MA^]G <= ?aF=JG =E <M9K GM E9AK DbF?M9K = 9L_ FG [E:ALG <=
ME9 E=KE9 DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 F9 KM9 <AN=JKA<9<= L=EHGJ9D J=?AGF9D KG;A9D
= =KLADbKLA;9 KKAE _ IM= H9J9 FeK G GC@ _ E9K;MDAFG = H9J9 GK 9D=E]=K
_ >=EAFAFG 8=9 -CBB9 9 @I5 _ >=EAFAFG = H9J9 =D=K E9K;MDAFG 89F 'CB8
=FIM9FLG G HGJLM?MaK AI@<9F _ >=EAFAFG =E 9D=E]G _ F=MLJG 85G 19=6
-5@ = @9=H9 K]G E9K;MDAFGK =E HGJLM?MaK = >=EAFAFGK =E =KH9F@GD @5 G5@
= @5 @97<9 -5B;I9 _ E9K;MDAFG =E HGJLM?MaK = >J9F;aK = >=EAFAFG =E =K
H9F@GD @9
G5B; >J 
= @5
G5B;F9 =KH 
(=KEG FGK K=J=K 9FAE9<GK 9K >GJE9K <G E9K;MDAFG GM <G >=EAF
AFG HG<=E F]G <=L=JEAF9J 9 <AN=JKA<9<= <= K=PG ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE GK
KM:KL9FLANGK ;@9E9<GK 9D=79BCG 9HDA;9<GK 9 9FAE9AK AJJ9;AGF9AK ;MB9
>MF^]G K=E[FLA;9 _ Ke 9HGFL9J H9J9 9 =KH_;A= 5 7C6F5 5 @96F9 5 :CFA=;5
GM C H5HI C 7C@=6F= C >575FX GM GK KM:KL9FLANGK 9HDA;9<GK 9 H=KKG9K <=
FGEAF9<GK 7CAIBG 89 8C=G <AKLAF?MA<GK H=D9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 C
5
estudante 9GH9
9GH5 consorte F97CB<97=8C
F97CB<97=85 mrtir GM
9AF<9 GK KM:KL9FLANGK <= ME Ke ?aF=JG <=FGEAF9<GK GC6F97CAIBG 9HDA;
9<GK 9 H=KKG9K ;MB9 J=>=JaF;A9 9 @GE=E GM 9 EMD@=J Ke K= <=HJ==F<=
H=D9
J=>=JaF;A9
9F9>eJA;9
<G
;GFL=PLG C algoz C carrasco C cnjuge

EM<9F^9
<=
?aF=JG

A mudana de gnero v HJGPAE9^g=K K=E[FLA;9K =FLJ= H9D9NJ9K

KAFfFAEGK 9FLfFAEGK 9 AF>DMaF;A9 <9 L=JEAF9^]G G ;GFL=PLG D_PA;G =E



IM= 9 H9D9NJ9 >MF;AGF9 = 9 HJeHJA9 >9FL9KA9 IM= EGD<MJ9 G MFAN=JKG <G

>9D9FL= LM<G AKLG J=HJ=K=FL9 9D?MFK <GK >9LGJ=K IM= <=L=JEAF9E 9
EM<9F^9 <G ?aF=JG ?J9E9LA;9D <GK KM:KL9FLANGK )9 N9JA=<9<= L=EHGJ9D
<9 DbF?M9 <G HGJLM?MaK 9FLA?G 9G ;GFL=EHGJ[F=G EMALGK KM:KL9FLANGK
H9KK9J9E 9 L=J ?aF=JGK <A>=J=FL=K 9D?MFK K=E <=AP9J N=KLb?AGK GMLJGK
;GEG A5F @GB= E9K;MDAFG GF<= G 9FLA?G ?aF=JG ;GFLAFM9 HJ=K=FL= =E
DF95A5F DF95  D@9B5 7<9=5
= 65=L5A5F
%Y >GJ9E >=EAFAFGK :=A D@5B9H5 7CA9H5 A5D5 H=;F9 :5BH5GA5
=FLJ= EMALGK GMLJGK BY >GJ9E MK9<GK ;GEG E9K;MDAFGK RFJCF9 HF=6C
75HRGHFC:9 <=DXF6C@9 @=B;I5;9A @=B<5;9A 6. 
$

+G 7
*
?aF=JG
F9K
HJG>AKKg=K
>=EAFAF9K

O gnero nas profisses femininas v  HJ=K=F^9 ;9<9 N=R E9AK

BMKL9E=FL= 9;=FLM9<9 <9 EMD@=J F9K 9LANA<9<=K HJG>AKKAGF9AK IM= 9L_ :=E
HGM;G =J9E =P;DMKAN9K GM IM9K= =P;DMKAN9K <G @GE=E L=E =PA?A<G IM=
9K DbF?M9K v F]G Ke G HGJLM?MaK v 9<9HL=E G K=M KAKL=E9 ?J9E9LA;9D 9 =K
L9K FGN9K J=9DA<9<=K %Y ;GJJ=E NALGJAGKGK >9R EMALG L=EHG >=EAFAFGK
;GEG A9GHF5 DFC:9GGCF5 AX8=75 58JC;585 9B;9B<9=F5 DG=7_@C;5 :=@_
@C;5 >I[N5
=FLJ=
L9FLGK
GMLJGK
K ;GFN=F^g=K KG;A9AK = @A=JYJIMA;9K ;JA9J9E MKGK H9JLA;MD9J=K IM=
F=E K=EHJ= K]G MF9FAE=E=FL= 9<GL9<GK F9 DbF?M9 ;GEME /G<9NA9 BY
K= 9;=AL9 9 <AKLAF^]G HGJ =P=EHDG =FLJ= 9 aBGI@  K=F@GJ9 IM= <AJA?=
ME ;GFKMD9<G = 9 CBGI@9G5  =KHGK9 <G fFKMD 9 A65=L58CF5 
K=F@GJ9 IM= <AJA?= ME9 E:9AP9<9 = A65=L5HF=N  =KHGK9 <G E:9AP
9<GJ %Y H9J9 G9B58CF NA?GJ9E AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= 9K >GJE9K <= >=EAFAFG
G9B58CF5 = G9B5HF=N H9J9 9 EMD@=J IM= =P=J;= G ;9J?G HGDbLA;G GM H9J9 9
=KHGK9 <G K=F9<GJ J=?J9 IM= L9E:_E HGM;GK ?J9EYLA;GK = D=PA;e?J9>GK
=KL=F<=E
9 7CBGI@9G5 = 9A65=L5HF=N
)9 @A=J9JIMA9 EADAL9J 9 <=FGEAF9^]G H9J9 EMD@=J=K <9 HJG>AKK]G
H9J=;= F]G @9N=J ME9 J=?J9 ?=F=J9DAR9<9 GJJ=E ;GE E9AGJ >J=IMaF;A9
GK
=EHJ=?GK 

 

)GL=K= HGJ >AE IM= 9D?ME9K >GJE9K >=EAFAF9K HG<=E F]G NAF?9J
HGJ
K=
J=N=KLAJ=E
<=
K=FLA<G
H=BGJ9LANG 7<9:5 7565
HGJ
=P=EHDG
!GJE9^]G
<G
>=EAFAFG

Formao do feminino v *K KM:KL9FLANGK IM= <=KA?F9E H=KKG9K =

9FAE9AK E9FA>=KL9E G ?aF=JG = 9HJ=K=FL9E IM9K= K=EHJ= <M9K >GJE9K
<A>=J=FL=K ME9 H9J9 AF<A;9J GK K=J=K <G K=PG E9K;MDAFG = GMLJ9 H9J9 GK
K=J=K
<G
K=PG
>=EAFAFG
>AD@G

>AD@9

H9A

E]=

J9H9R

J9H9JA?9

+G<=EGK <AKLAF?MAJ F9 E9FA>=KL9^]G <G >=EAFAFG GK K=?MAFL=K

HJG;=KKGK
5 ;GE 9 EM<9F^9 GM 9;J_K;AEG 9G J9<A;9D KMHJAEAF<G 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9
:=@<C >AD@G

9 :=@<5
 v GK L=JEAF9<GK =E C EM<9E G C =E 5 HGJ 9F9DG?A9 ;GE 9
>D=P]G
<GK
9<B=LANGK
:A>GJE=K
>AD@G

>AD@9

E=FAFG

E=FAF9

9DMFG

9DMF9

?9LG

?9L9

v GK =E 9 MFK @Y IM= >A;9E AFN9JAYN=AK GMLJGK 9;J=K;=FL9E 5

<=HGAK
<=
KMHJAEAJ
9
NG?9D
L=EYLA;9 5@:5=5H9 9D>9A9L=

9 5@:5=5H5
)]G
N9JA9E
<=
>GJE9
Z
K=E=D@9F^9
<GK
9<B=LANGK
5A5BH9 7@=9BH9 7CBGH=HI=BH9 8C9BH9 <56=H5BH9
=BC79BH9 CIJ=BH9 G9FJ9BH9
=L;

C
756C KL=J
.ADN9 C
G5F;9BHC F<J=A9

)9 DAF?M9?=E BMJb<A;9 9K H=LA^g=K AFA;A9AK NaE ;GE G E9K;MDAFG

;GE N9DGJ ?=F=J9DAR9FL= <9<9 9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <= F]G K= K9:=J IM=E =P
9EAF9JY
G
HJG;=KKG
K=
BMAR
GM
BMbR9
'9F=H[GG=AC
-9B<CF
$I=N
L79@9BH[GG=AC
-9B<CF
9G9A65F;58CF

19JA9E

 

 

6F9HVC J9<A;9D
L=eJA;G 6F9Hc
;>
G
HDMJ9D 6F9Hc9G 6F9HCE

9

6F9HC5
6CA :GE

9 6C5

;
IM9F<G
VC _
KM>APG
<=JAN9;AGF9D
9ME=FL9LANG
9
F9K9DA<9<=
<=K=FNGDN=
G
>GF=E9
<=
LJ9FKA^]G

F


v
GK
=E
CF >GJE9E
?=J9DE=FL=
G
>=EAFAFG
;GE
9;J_K;AEG
<= 5
<GMLGJ
v
<GMLGJ9
HJG>=KKGJ
v
HJG>=KKGJ
Observao *MLJGK L=JEAF9<GK =E 9=F5 5FFIA589=F5 @5J589=F5 :5@589=F5 9
H9J
<= :5@58CF5

 v GK =E NG?9D 9L=EYLA;9 LfFA;9 G @ N 9;J=K;=FL9E 5 K=E

IM9DIM=J
9DL=J9^]G
EGJ>G>GFaEA;9
>J=?MaK

>J=?M=K9

R9?9D

R9?9D9

HGJLM?MaK

HGJLM?M=K9

G>A;A9D

G>A;A9D9

BMAR

BMbR9

?MJA

?MJA9

H=JM

H=JM9

 v GK =E VC <9<9 9 ;GF>DMaF;A9 FG KAF?MD9J = H=JE9FaF;A9 <=

>GJE9K <A>=J=F^9<9K FG HDMJ9D ;GEG BY NAEGK 9HJ=K=FL9E GK K=?MAFL=K
;9KGK
9
IM9F<G
=KL=
>AF9D
H=JL=F;=
9
FGE=K
<=
L=E9
=E
C LJ9FK>GJE9<G
=E
K=EANG?9D
<G
<ALGF?G
F9K9D
LaE
KMHJAEA<9
FGJE9DE=FL=
=K
L9
NG?9D
=
9;J=K;A<9
<=
5 =
HGKL=JAGJ
>MK]G
HGJ
;J9K=
=FAVC AJE]G

9 =FAV5 =FAV HGJ
;J9K=
5@9AVC 9D=E]G

9 5@9AV5 5@9AV 

:
IM9F<G
VC ;GJJ=KHGF<=
9
>GJE9
L=eJA;9
c
L9D
IM9D
G;GJJ=
;GE
G
HDMJ9D
@Y
<=KF9K9D9^]G
<9
NG?9D
L=EYLA;9
=
9;J_K;AEG
<=
5
IM=
>9NGJ=;=
G
9H9J=;AE=FLG
<=
@A9LG

J5@9BHVC J9<A;9D
L=eJA;G J5@9BHc
;>
HD J5@9BHc9G J5@9BHC  B  5

J5@9BHCB5

 v GK IM= LaE G KM>APG <=JAN9;AGF9D v9I KMHJAE=E 9 NG?9D L=EYL

A;9 9IMA KG: >GJE9 <= K=EANG?9D <G <ALGF?G 9;J=K;=FL9E v5 = 9G K=
G:L=J G @A9LG 95 <=K=FNGDN=E FGJE9DE=FL= G <ALGF?G
9M
= ;GF@=;=E
HGKL=JAGJ H9KK9?=E <G 9 >=;@9<G 9 9:=JLG
9M
H9KK9?=E IM= F]G K= <Y
=E LG<G G L=JJALeJAG GF<= K= >9D9 9 DbF?M9 ;GEG HGJ =P=EHDG =E +GJ
LM?9D 9IFCD9I 9IFCD9M
 5 9IFCD95 9IFCD9=5 9IFCD9=5
KKAE
HJG;=<=E 5H9I 9;9I :=@=GH9I ;=;5BH9I D=;A9I
!9R=E
=P;=^]G >I89I >I8=5 G5B89I G5B8=5
 v E9FA>=KL9E G >=EAFAFG HGJ E=AG <GK KM>APGK <=JAN9;AGF9AK 9G5
9GG5
=G5
HF=N
9N
9:9<=
v
9:9<=KK9

<MIM=
v
<MIM=K9

9D;9A<=
v
9D;9A<=KK9

=E:9AP9<GJ
v
=E:9AP9LJAR

GM
9D;9A<AF9

=E:9AP9<GJ9

:9J]G
v
:9JGF=K9

=LbGH=
v
=LAGHAK9

:AKHG
v
=HAK;GHAK9

AEH=J9<GJ
v
AEH=J9LJAR

;GF<=
v
;GF<=KK9

BG?J9D
v
BG?J9D=K9

;GF<9KLYN=D
v
;GF<9KL9:=D=K9

H9H9
v
H9HAK9

;fF=?G
v
;9FGFAK9

HbLGF
v
HALGFAK9

;fFKMD
v
;GFKMD=K9

HG=L9
v
HG=LAK9

<AY;GFG
v
<A9;GFAK9

HJbF;AH=
v
HJAF;=K9

 

<G?=
v
<G?=K9
<G?9J=K9

 

HJAGJ
v
HJAGJ9
HJAGJ=K9

;9N9D=AJG
v
9E9RGF9

E9JA<G
v
EMD@=J

HJG>=L9
v
HJG>=LAK9

;9N9D@=AJG
v
<9E9

H9<J9KLG
v
E9<J9KL9

<JMA<9
v
<JMA<=K9
<JMA<AK9

K9;=J<GL=
v
K9;=J<GLAK9

;GF>J9<=
v
;GF>J=AJ9

H9<J=
v
E9<J=

G;GJJ=
=E
*
AD9;

NAK;GF<=
v
NAK;GF<=KK9

;GEH9<J=
v
;GE9<J=

H9<JAF@G
v
E9<JAF@9

<G?9J=KK9


v
F]G
K=
=FIM9<J9E
FGK
;9KGK
HJ=;=<=FL=K
9LGJ
v
9LJAR

E9F<9JAE
v
E9F<9JAF9

9Nf
v
9Ne

E9=KLJG
v
E9=KLJAF9

;9HA9M
v
;9HAG9

L9E:_E A59GHF5

>J9<=
v
>J=AJ9

H9A
v
E]=

>J=A
v
KeJGJ
KGJGJ
KGJ

H9LJA9J;9
v
E9LJA9J;9

?=FJG
v
FGJ9

JA;G@GE=E
v
JA;9<GF9

@GE=E
v
EMD@=J

v
)GE=K
<=
9FAE9AK

;R9J

HJGF
L^9J


;R9JAF9


HA=JJf
v
HA=JJ=L=

<GE
v
<GF9

J9B9
GM
J9BY
v
J[FA
GM
J9FA

:G<=
v
;9:J9

;9JF=AJG
v
GN=D@9

>=DY
v
>=D9bF9

J9H9R
v
J9H9JA?9

:GA
v
N9;9

;9N9DG
v
_?M9

?9DG
v
?9DAF@9

J=A
v
J9AF@9

:MJJG
v
:=KL9

N=9<G
v
N=9<9
;=JN9
_

?JGM
v
?JM9

J_M
v
J_

;]G
v
;9<=D9

R9F?]G
R[F?]G
v
9:=D@9

@=JeA
v
@=JGbF9

KAD>G
v
KbD>A<=

AD@_M
v
AD@G9

KMDL]G
v
KMDL9F9

D9F<?J9N=
v
D9F<?J9NAF9

L9:9J_M
v
L9:9JG9

E9J9BY
v
E9J9FA

/9E:_E
?J9>9<G
LR9J
v
LR9JAF9

6
;GE
H9D9NJ9K
<A>=J=FL=K
H9J9
ME
=
GMLJG
K=PG
@=L=JfFAEGK

v
)GE=K
<=
H=KKG9K

7
>=EAFAFG
;GE
9MPbDAG
<=
GMLJ9
H9D9NJ9
#Y
KM:KL9FLANGK
IM=
LaE
ME9
Ke
>GJE9
H9J9
GK
<GAK
K=PGK
=KLM<9FL=
;GFKGJL=
EYJLAJ
9E9FM=FK=
;GFKLALMAFL=
=K;J=N=FL=
@=J=?=
AFL_JHJ=L=
=LbGH=
GMNAFL=
FA?JGE9FL=
K=JN=FL=
NA<=FL=
H=FAL=FL=

.]G HGJ AKKG ;@9E9<GK ;GEMFK <= GM 9 <GAK /9AK KM:KL9FLANGK
<AKLAF?M=E G K=PG H=D9 9FL=HGKA^]G <= C H9J9 G E9K;MDAFG = 5 H9J9 G
>=EAFAFG
G
=KLM<9FL=
v
9
=KLM<9FL=
G
;9E9J9<9
v
9
;9E9J9<9
G
EYJLAJ
v
9
EYJLAJ

$F;DM=EK=
F=KL=
?JMHG
GK
FGE=K
<=
>9EbDA9

 

x 
J=<9J?MAM
;GD_JA;9
9 *57<97C  y
6J 5DI8 ( 
7

*K FGE=K L=JEAF9<GK =E =GH5 = EMALGK L=JEAF9<GK =E 9 K]G

;GEMFK
<=
<GAK
G
;9HAL9DAKL9
v
9
;9HAL9DAKL9 G
<G=FL=
v
9
<G=FL=

 
(M<9F^9
<=
K=FLA<G
F9
EM<9F^9
<=
?aF=JG

Mudana de sentido na mudana de gnero v #Y KM:KL9FLANGK

IM= K]G E9K;MDAFGK GM >=EAFAFGK ;GF>GJE= G K=FLA<G ;GE IM= K= 9;@=E
=EHJ=?9<GK
5
5DC75@=DG9 v C
5DC75@=DG9
5
7569W5 H9JL=
<G
;GJHG
v C
7569W5 G
;@=>=
5
75D=H5@ ;A<9<=
HJAF;AH9D
v C
75D=H5@ <AF@=AJG
:=FK
5
;ZB9G=G v C
;ZB9G=G
5
@[B;I5 eJ?]G
EMK;MD9J
A<AGE9
v C
@[B;I5 G
AFL_JHJ=L=
5
@CH5WVC ;9H9;A<9<=
<=
ME
;9JJG
F9NAG
K9D9
=L; 
v C
@CH5WVC
>GJE9
9:J=NA9<9
<=
9MLGDGL9^]G
5
ACF5@ H9JL=
<9
>ADGKG>A9
EGJ9D
<=
ME
>9LG
;GF;DMK]G
v C
ACF5@
;GFBMFLG
<=
FGKK9K
>9;MD<9<=K
EGJ9AK
[FAEG
5
FR8=C 9
=KL9^]G
v C
FR8=C G
9H9J=D@G
5
JC;5 EG<9
HGHMD9JA<9<=
v C
JC;5 G
J=E9<GJ

/9E:_E FGE=K HJeHJAGK L=JEAF9<GK =E = 9FLA?9E=FL= 9AF<9 M

K]G
;GEMFK
L9FLG
9
@GE=FK
;GEG
9
EMD@=J=K
9J;A
%MJ9;A

FIM9<J9EK= F=KL= ?JMHG GK FGE=K <= 9FAE9AK H9J9 ;MB9 <AKLAF^]G

<=
K=PG
=EHJ=?9EGK
9K
H9D9NJ9K A57<C = :ZA95
;G:J9
E9;@G B9;9J_
>aE=9

+G<=EGK
9AF<9
K=JNAJFGK
<=
GMLJG
LGJF=AG
G
E9;@G
<9
;G:J9 9
>aE=9
<G
B9;9J_

KL=K
K=
;@9E9E 9D=79BCG
8
KG:J=;GEMFK
.]G FGE=K <= ME Ke ?aF=JG ?J9E9LA;9D IM= K= 9HDA;9E AF<AKLAFL9
E=FL=
9
@GE=FK
=
EMD@=J=K 
G
9D?GR
G
;9JJ9K;G
G
;fFBM?=
9
;JA9LMJ9
9
;JA9F^9
G
=FL=
G
AF<ANb
<MG
9
H=KKG9
G
K=J
9
L=KL=EMF@9
G
N=J<M?G
9
NbLAE9
"aF=JG
=KL9:=D=;A<G
HGJ
H9D9NJ9
G;MDL9

Gnero estabelecido por palavra oculta v .]G E9K;MDAFGK GK

FGE=K <= JAGK E9J=K EGFL=K N=FLGK D9?GK HGFLGK ;9J<=9AK E=K=K F9
NAGK
HGJ
KM:=FL=F<=JEGK
=KL9K
<=FGEAF9^g=K
) JAG A5NCB5G C G;=9FG H@TBH=7C C N=FLG 6_F95G C D9?G
&R8C;5 C EaK 56F=@ C HGJL99NA]G '=B5G
!9F5=G

+GJ
AKKG
K]G
FGJE9DE=FL=
>=EAFAFGK
GK
FGE=K
<=
;A<9<=
AD@9K

69@5 ;A<9<= *9HF_DC@=G 
ACJ=A9BH585 AD@9 !CJ9FB58CF

)9K <=FGEAF9^g=K <= F9NAGK <=H=F<= <G L=JEG KM:=FL=F<A<G C

LJ9FK9LD[FLA;G F;9BH=B5 5 ;GJN=L9 9@ACBH9 5 ;9F@GF=AJ9 .=>I75
=L; = EG<G ?=J9D GK ?J9F<=K LJ9FK9LD[FLA;GK K]G LG<GK E9K;MDAFGK =E
NAKL9 <=KL= KM:KL9FLANG G;MDLG =E:GJ9 EMALGK L=F@9E FGE=K >=EAFAFGK
x E:9J;GM BC
&IG=HTB=5 =
>GA
H9J9
'AK:G9y
6(9 
7
)GL=EK=
GK
K=?MAFL=K
?aF=JGK
) NAF@G 7<5AD5B<5 =
F]G 5
7<5AD5B<5 C NAF@G A589=F5 C
;@9JMLG <5J5B5 C ;9>_ AC75 C ?9LG 5B;CFR C ;]G H9FF5BCJ5

"aF=JG
<=
;GEHGKLGK

Gnero de compostos v *K ;GEHGKLGK K]G ME9 =KH_;A= <= ;GF

KLJM^]G KAFLYLA;9 9:J=NA9<9 <= EG<G IM= K= K]G ;GFKLALMb<GK HGJ KM:
KL9FLANGK N9JAYN=AK :A>GJE=K G <=L=JEAF9FL= 9 p MFA<9<= ;GF;GJ<9
;GE G ?aF=JG <G <=L=JEAF9<G = _ J=KHGFKYN=D H=DG ?aF=JG <G ;GEHGKLG
9 65H5H5F5=B<5 = F]G 9 65H5H5F9= 9 DCBH5G975 AFKLJME=FLG <= ;GJL=
6(? 

(? 
7
)GK ;GEHGKLGK <= MFA<9<=K MFA>GJE=K _ =NA<=FL= IM= F]G K= <Y 9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9 <G q =D=E=FLG E9K G ?aF=JG <G ;GEHGKLG ;GFLAFM9 K=
J=?MD9F<G
H=D9
 p
MFA<9<= 5
7C6F575D9@C C
D5ID5F5[65 5
:FIH5DVC
)=KL= hDLAEG ;9KG <YK= ;GE >J=IMaF;A9 9 H=J<9 <9 FG^]G <G ;GE
HGKLG LJ9L9<G ;GEG H9D9NJ9 :9K= G IM= >9;ADAL9 IM= G ?aF=JG <G ;GE
HGKLG K= J=?MD= H=D9 p MFA<9<= C DCBH5DX = 9 AF<=;AK]G =FLJ= G HGNG K= _
5
:FIH5DVC G
FGJE9D
K= C
:FIH5DVC ;GE
=KIM=;AE=FLG
<G
;GEHGKLG
.= G ;GEHGKLG =KLY ;GFKLALMb<G <= L=E9 N=J:9D = KM:KL9FLANG 9 J=
?J9 _ G ;GEHGKLG L=J G ?aF=JG E9K;MDAFG KAF?MD9J C H=F5H9=A5K C 5F
F5B75F56C C
HF5J5@[B;I5 C
HF5J57CBH5K
GFLJ9JA9E=FL= 9G ?aF=JG <9 DbF?M9 = HGJ AEAL9^]G AF?D=K9 H9KKGM
K= 9 MK9J <= ;GEHGKLGK =E IM= G <=L=JEAF9FL= AFN9JAYN=D G;MH9 G
HJAE=AJG DM?9J = G <=L=JEAF9<G G K=?MF<G >A;9F<G G ?aF=JG <G ;GE
HGKLG J=?MD9<G HGJ =KL= hDLAEG =D=E=FLG 5 :9FFCJ=5 5 59FCACW5




.=?MF<G (9JLAFR <= ?MA9J HGJ =KL9 HGJL9 _ IM= FGK ;@=?GM G E9K;MDAFG
<= C 7_@9F5ACF6C ACF6C D9LAFG _ E9K;MDAFG = F9 >GJE9 J=<MRA<9 C
7_@9F5 = F]G HGJ AF>DMaF;A9 >J9F;=K9  H9KK9?=E 9G @GB= E9AK MKM9D =
9;=ALG 5 7_@9F5ACF6C 5 7_@9F5 K= <=N=M Z 9F9DG?A9 ;GE G HJG;=KKG J=?
MD9J
FG
HGJLM?MaK

 

Observao K GJ9^g=K GK ?JMHGK <= H9D9NJ9K 9K H9D9NJ9K = KM9K H9JL=K LGE9

<9K E9L=JA9DE=FL= K]G ;GFKA<=J9<9K ;GEG <G FhE=JG KAF?MD9J = <G ?aF=JG E9K
;MDAFG
W
:GE EI9
9GHI89G C
G=A C
BVC C
F9
=L;
ME=FL9LANGK
=
<AEAFMLANGK

"aF=JGK
IM=
HG<=E
G>=J=;=J
<hNA<9

Gneros que podem oferecer dvida

9 -VC
A5G7I@=BCG
*K FGE=K <= D=LJ9 <= 9D>9:=LG ;D] ;@9EH9F@9 <e =;DAHK= >GJEA;A<9
?J9E9 MFA<9<= <= H=KG B[F?9D B[F?9D9 D9F^9H=J>ME= EAD@9J GJ:= HAB9E9
HJG;D9E9 K9;9JGD@9K K9F<Mb;@= KeKA9 L=D=>GF=E9 KGE9 G GJ?9FAKEG LGE9<G
;GEG
=PHJ=KK]G
E9L=JA9D
=E
GHGKA^]G
ZK
>MF^g=K
HKbIMA;9K

: -VC
:9A=B=BCG
?M9J<=FL= 9D>9;= 9D;MF@9 9D;bGF= 9FYDAK= 9F9;JMK= :9;9F9D >Y;A=K
>9E9 ;9D ;9L9HD9KE9 ;eD=J9 ;eD=J9EGJ:G ;GE9 ;9:=D=AJ9 = NbJ?MD9 <AF9EAL=
=;DAHK= >9JAF?= >aFAP >ADGP=J9 >JML9H]G ?=KL9  >9^9F@9 DA:A<G HGD_ HJ=Y
KbF<JGE= Lb:A9 N9JA9FL= = GK FGE=K L=JEAF9<GK =E ;9A =P;=^]G <= D9FGCB
5;9A IM=
HG<=
K=J
E9K;
GM
>=E 

7 -VC
=B8=:9F9BH9A9BH9
A5G7I@=BCG
CI
:9A=B=BCG
}?9H= 9N=KLJMR ;9M<9D ;GEHGF=FL= E9K; FG J = >=E =E +GJLM?9D
;JAKE9 <A9:=L= ?9E:Y @_DA;= bJAK BMJALA A?9JAL_ D9E9 GM D@9E9 D9JAF?= E9AK
MK9<G FG >=E  GJ<=F9F^9 H=JKGF9?=E J=FIM= K9:AY K=FLAF=D9 KGHJ9FG
KMYKLA;9
KM_L=J
L9H9
LJ9E9
AFLJA?9
NbKHGJ9

'5=G 89 IA :9A=B=BC v D_E <GK BY 9HGFL9<GK FG <=;GJJ=J <G

;9HbLMDG
D=E:J9J=EGK
9AF<9
GK
E9AK
MKM9AK
5@89VC v
9D<=]
9D<=G9

ACHCF v
EGLGJ9
EGLJAR
9<B 

89IG v
<=MK9
<=A9
HG_L 

D5F85@ v
H9J<G;9
H9J<9DG;9
H9J<9D=B9

8=56C v
<A9:9
<A9:J9
<AY:G9

D5FJC v
HYJNG9
H9JN9

9@9:5BH9 v
=D=>9FL9
=D=>G9
9DAY

DC@CBZG v
HGDGF=K9
HGD9;9

>5J5@= v
B9N9DAF9
?AJGF<9

J5FVC v
N9JG9
NAJ9?G
E9LJGF9

@58FVC v
D9<J9
D9<JGF9
D9<JG9

J=@VC v
NAD]
NADG9

A9@FC v
E_DJG9
E=DJ9

Aumentativos e diminutivos *K KM:KL9FLANGK 9HJ=K=FL9EK= ;GE

9 KM9 KA?FA>A;9^]G 9ME=FL9<9 GM <AEAFMb<9 9MPADA9<GK HGJ KM>APGK
<=JAN9;AGF9AK
@GE=E v @GE=FR9JJ]G v @GE=FRAF@G

 )" ;GF>MF<AF<G >D=P]G ;GE <=JAN9^]G =KL9:=D=;= <GAK ?J9MK

<=
KA?FA>A;9^]G
<G
KM:KL9FLANG
5 9ME=FL9LANG <CA9BN5FFVC
6 <AEAFMLANG  <CA9BN=B<C

 <=JAN9^]G ?J9<9LAN9 <G KM:KL9FLANG K= J=9DAR9 HGJ <GAK HJG;=KKGK

FME9 HJGN9 =NA<=FL= <= IM= =KL9EGK <A9FL= <= ME HJG;=KKG <= <=JAN9^]G
=
F]G
<=
>D=P]G
5 G=BHXH=7C v
;GFKAKL=
FG
9;J_K;AEG
<=
ME
>AF9D
=KH=;A9D
;@9E9<G GI:=LC
89F=J57=CB5@
5IA9BH5H=JC GM 8=A=BIH=JC
@GE=FR9JJ]G
@GE=FRAF@G
6 5B5@[H=7C v
;GFKAKL=
FG
=EHJ=?G
<=
ME9
H9D9NJ9
<=
9ME=FLG
GM
<A
EAFMA^]G
?J9F<=
=FGJE=
H=IM=FG
=L; 
BMFLG
9G
KM:KL9FLANG <CA9A
;F5B89 <CA9A
D9EI9BC
 >D=P]G K= HJG;=KK9 <= EG<G KAKL=EYLA;G ;G=J=FL= = G:JA?9LeJAG
=E LG<9 ME9 ;D9KK= @GEG?aF=9 >9LG IM= F]G G;GJJ= F9 <=JAN9^]G G IM=
BY D=N9J9 G ?J9EYLA;G = =JM<ALG JGE9FG 19JJ]G 9 ;GFKA<=JYD9 ME9 89F=J5
H=C
JC@IBH5F=5
ME=FL9LANGK
=
<AEAFMLANGK
9>=LANGK

Aumentativos e diminutivos afetivos  v !GJ9 <9 A<=A9 <=

L9E9F@G 9K >GJE9K 9ME=FL9LAN9K = <AEAFMLAN9K HG<=E LJ9<MRAJ G FGKKG
<=KHJ=RG 9 FGKK9 ;JbLA;9 G FGKKG HGM;G ;9KG H9J9 ;=JLGK G:B=LGK = H=KK
G9K K=EHJ= =E >MF^]G <9 KA?FA>A;9^]G D=PA;9D <9 :9K= 9MPADA9<GK HGJ
ME9 =FLG9^]G =KH=;A9D =M>eJA;9 ;JbLA;9 9<EAJ9LAN9 D9E=FL9LAN9 =L;  =
GK
=FLGJFGK
IM=
=FNGDN=E
>9D9FL=
=
GMNAFL=
DC9H5GHFC DC@=H=75@<C @=JF97C D58F97C 7C=G=B<5 =GGCN=B<C

AR=EGK
=FL]G
IM=
GK
KM:KL9FLANGK
=KL]G
=E
K=FLA<G
H=BGJ9LANG

 

 A<=A9 <= H=IM=F=R K= 9KKG;A9 >9;ADE=FL= Z <= ;9JAF@G IM= LJ9FK

H9J=;=
F9K
>GJE9K
<AEAFMLAN9K
<9K
K=?MAFL=K
:9K=K
D_PA;9K
H9ARAF@G
E]=RAF@9
IM=JA<AF@9
!MF^]G
KAFLYLA;9
<G
KM:KL9FLANG

Funo sinttica do substantivo v ,M9FLG Z >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 G

KM:KL9FLANG =P=J;= HGJ =P;=DaF;A9 9 >MF^]G <= KMB=ALG GM K=M Fh;D=G <9
GJ9^]G = FG <GEbFAG <9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <G HJ=<A;9<G 9K >MF^g=K <= G:B=LG
<AJ=LG ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG HJ=<A;9LANG 9<BMFLG 9<
FGEAF9D = 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D E ?=J9D F9 >MF^]G <= KMB=ALG = <= G:B=LG
<AJ=LG <AKH=FK9 G KM:KL9FLANG G ;GF;MJKG <= IM9DIM=J GMLJG =D=E=FLG F9K
GMLJ9K
9;GEH9F@9K=
<=
bF<A;=
>MF;AGF9D
/G<9 H9D9NJ9 H9JL= <9 H9D9NJ9 GM LG<9 MFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 <= E9AGJ
=PL=FK]G v 9 GJ9^]G = G L=PLG AF;DMKAN= v ;GFKA<=J9<9 E9L=JA9DE=FL=
;GEG xG:B=LGK KM:KL9FLANGKy N9D= HGJ ME KM:KL9FLANG F9 E=L9DAF?M9?=E
KKAE =E Joo X CL[HCBC reX IA DF9:=LC C hoje 9 C amanh G IM=
L=EGK K]G =D=E=FLGK KA?FA>A;9FL=K <9 DAF?M9?=E HJAEYJA9 AKLG _ 9 DAF
?M9?=E ;MBG G:B=LG _ 9 J=9DA<9<= F]G DAF?MbKLA;9 IM= K= HG<=E ;GFN=JL=J
=E FGE=K <= KA E=KEGK v = HGJL9FLG =E xKM:KL9FLANGKy v FG HD9FG <9
E=L9DAF?M9?=E <G <AK;MJKG AKLG _ 9 DAF?M9?=E ;MBG G:B=LG _ ME9 DAF
?M9?=E N9D= <AR=J FG =EHJ=?G E=L9DAF?MbKLA;G <9 DAF?M9?=E E C
no GM C ai! F]G L=EGK xKM:KL9FLAN9^g=Ky <= 9<N_J:AG GM <= AFL=JB=A^]G
E9K KM:KL9FLANGK E=L9D=PA;9DAR9<GK E ) dlim-dlo 8CG G=BCG 57CF8CI
A9 798C F]G L=EGK ME9 GFGE9LGH=A9 9 >MF;AGF9J ;GEG KMB=ALG FG =P
=EHDG 8@=A8@VC BY F]G _ ME9 GFGE9LGH=A9 J=H9J=K= IM= Ke G KM:KL9FL
ANG GM =IMAN9D=FL= >MF;AGF9 ;GEG KMB=ALG E9K G K=M FGE= =PHJ=KKG HGJ
KM:KL9FLANG <=KA?F9LANG <G KGE IM= G KAFG =EAL= W G IM= 9 =K;GDYKLA;9
;@9E9N9 GIDDCG=H=C
A5H9F=5@=G 6 K  

#N 
7




#Y GMLJGK IM= LJ9<A;AGF9DE=FL= K]G E9FLA<GK AFL9;LGK 1=@@=5A

-<5?9GD95F9 $C<5BB 1C@:;5B; JCB !C9H<9 !=CJ5BB= C77577=C
1C@:;5B;
A589IG
'CN5FH
+9JLA;MD9J 9L=F^]G E=J=;=E GK FGE=K D9LAFGK IM= HGJ AEAL9^]G
>J9F;=K9 9H9J=;=E ;GE 9 L=JEAF9^]G IG <G FGEAF9LANG IM9F<G <=N=JA
9E L=J C FIHC = F]G FIHIG $dB=C = F]G $IB=IG +I=BH[@=C = F]G
+I=BH=@=IG
6(9 


7
(9AGJ=K 9<=HLGK <G 9HGJLM?M=K9E=FLG =KH=;A9DE=FL= =E +GJLM?9D
9F?9JA9E GK LGHfFAEGK HJAF;AH9DE=FL= IM9F<G BY ;GJJ=J9E =FLJ= =K
;JALGJ=K <=K<= GK K_;MDGK 31 = 31$ KKAE _ H9;b>A;9 FGK <GAK H9bK=K BY
IM= GK H9bK=K AF<=H=F<=FL=K <= =PHJ=KK]G G>A;A9D HGJLM?M=K9 9;=JL9E G
H9KKG ;GE 9 DA^]G = HJYLA;9 <GK DMKAL9FGK 9 9;=AL9^]G <= &CB8F9G = F]G
&CB8CB 0=9B5 = F]G 1=9B @CF9BW5 = F]G =F9BN9 C@aB=5 = F]G
%b@B 'C;dB7=5 = F]G '5=BN GM '5M9B79 9G D9<G <= GMLJ9K <= <A>b;AD
9HGJLM?M=K9E=FLG ;GEG 15G<=B;HCB 1=B8GCF =J=HSJ977<=5 -H
H=9BB9
+9J9 :J9KAD=AJGK KG9E =KLJ9F@GK 9HGJLM?M=K9E=FLGK ;GEG 'CG7CJC
EI=G;F5BC APD9@9H=DD= GM 9;@=F CB5 GFF 0F5H=G@RJ=5
J=KD9M 5A6F[;=5 9E:JA<?= F5B7C:CFH9 !J9FC>MJL !@RG;I5
"D9K?GO =FLJ= GMLJGK =E:GJ9 NYJA9K HJGHGKL9K L=F@9E 9;=AL9^]G MF
[FAE= BHIXFD=5 H9J9 BJ9FG J=B<VC J=;BCB 5G=@9=5 T@9 CI
5G9@ 9FB5 9FB9 CFBI5@<5 CFBK5@@ F57_J=5 %F5?_K &9=85
&9M89B (=A9;5 (=>A9;9B (CJ5 #CFEI9 (9K 3CF? 4IF=EI9
4IF=7<

2 Adjetivo

"J9>A9
<GK
FGE=K
HJeHJAGK
=KLJ9F?=AJGK

Grafia dos nomes prprios estrangeiros v K ;AaF;A9K 9K 9JL=K 9

;MDLMJ9 =E ?=J9D = G ;GFL9LG AFL=FKG =FLJ= F9^g=K >9R=E ;AJ;MD9J ME9
EMDLAHDA;A<9<= <= FGE=K HJeHJAGK =KLJ9F?=AJGK IM=J 9FLJGHfFAEGK IM=J
LGHfFAEGK  LJ9<A^]G DAL=JYJA9 v E9AK DMKAL9F9 IM= :J9KAD=AJ9 v HJ=>=J=
IM9F<G HGKKbN=D 9HGJLM?M=K9J FGK 9FLJGHfFAEGK G HJ=FGE= <=AP9F<G
AFL9;LG G KG:J=FGE= A[@=C 4C@5 FB9GHC ,9B5B ,9B5HC 9G75FH9G
BHaB=C '9=@@9H F989F=7C =9N /G<9NA9 L9E:_E _ HGKKbN=D 9 E9
FML=F^]G AFL=?J9D <G FGE= =KLJ9F?=AJG BHC=B9 '9=@@9H $C<B '=@HCB
$I5B
89
'9B5

<B=LANG

Adjetivo v _ 9 ;D9KK= <= D=P=E9 IM= K= ;9J9;L=JAR9 HGJ ;GFKLALMAJ 9

89@=A=H5WVC AKLG _ HGJ ;9J9;L=JAR9J 9K HGKKA:ADA<9<=K <=KA?F9LAN9K <G KM:
KL9FLANG GJA=FL9F<G <=DAEAL9LAN9E=FL= 9 J=>=JaF;A9 9 ME9 D5FH9 GM 9 ME
5GD97HC <G
<=FGL9<G
* 9<B=LANG H=JL=F;= 9 ME AFN=FLYJAG 9:=JLG K=EHJ= KMK;=LbN=D <=
K=J 9ME=FL9<G  =KLJMLMJ9 AFL=JF9 GM ;GFKLALM;AGF9D <G 9<B=LANG ;GFKAKL=
F9K DbF?M9K >D=PAN9K F9 ;GE:AF9^]G <= ME KA?FG D=PA;9D =PHJ=KKG H=DG
J9<A;9D ;GE KA?FGK EGJ>GDe?A;GK =PHJ=KKGK HGJ <=KAFaF;A9K =




9DL=JF[F;A9K 9E:9K <=KLALMb<9K <= =PAKLaF;A9 HJeHJA9 >GJ9 <=KK9K ;GE:AF

9^g=K )G HGJLM?MaK =FLJ= 9K <=KAFaF;A9K =KLY 9 E9J;9 <= ?J9<9^]G AKLG
_ G ?J9M 9:KGDMLG GM J=D9LANG <9 H9JL= GM 9KH=;LG xIM9DA<9<=y KA?FA>A;
9<G FG J9<A;9D 69@C v 69@[GG=AC :=E ;GEG 9>APGK <= ?aF=JG = <=
FhE=JG  J=D9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D AFKL9MJ9<9 =FLJ= G KA?FG <=DAEAL9<GJ = G KA
?FG
<=DAEAL9<G
_
?=J9DE=FL=
=PHJ=KK9
H=D9
x;GF;GJ<[F;A9y
 <=DAEAL9^]G 9HJ=K=FL9 <AKLAF^g=K HG<= K=J 9LD@=75WVC 9GD97=5@=N
5WVC = 9GD97=:=75WVC =PHJ=KK9K HGJ AFKLJME=FLGK N=J:9AK ;GJJ=KHGF<
=FL=K GK 9LD@=758CF9G GK 9GD97=5@=N58CF9G = GK 9GD97=:=758CF9G *K =P
HDA;9<GJ=K <=KL9;9E = 9;=FLM9E ME9 ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9 AF=J=FL= <G FGE=9<G
GM <=FGL9<G *K =KH=;A9DAR9<GJ=K E9J;9E GK DAEAL=K =PL=FKANGK GM AF
L=FKANGK H=DGK IM9AK K= ;GFKA<=J9 G <=L=JEAF9<G K=E AKGDYDG F=E GHfDG
9 GMLJGK <=L=JEAFYN=AK ;9H9R=K <= ;9:=J F9 E=KE9 <=FGEAF9^]G *K =K
H=;A>A;9<GJ=K J=KLJAF?=E 9K HGKKA:ADA<9<=K <= J=>=JaF;A9 <= ME KA?FG
9BMFL9F<GD@=
FGL9K
IM=
F]G
K]G
AF=J=FL=K
9
K=M
KA?FA>A;9<G
%MFLG 9 NAJLM9AK GK =KH=;A>A;9<GJ=K <=DAEAL9E <=FLJG <9K ;D9KK=K
;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=K GMLJ9K ;D9KK=K E=FGK 9EHD9K H =P <CA9A
<CA9A
6F5B7C HDA;9<GK 9 9LM9AK 9HJ=K=FL9E GK G:B=LGK <=FGL9<GK ;GEG H=J
L=F;=FL=K 9 ;D9KK=K IM= HGJ KM9 N=R K= ;GFKA<=J9E AF;DMb<9K =E ;D9KK=K
E9AK =PL=FK9K ;> ME A9B=BC @CIFC H=JL=F;= Z ;D9KK= xE=FAFG DGMJGy
IM= _ E=E:JG <9 ;D9KK= xE=FAFGy KL= LAHG <= <=L=JEAF9^]G GK=JAM
;@9E9 9GD97=:=75WVC
8=GH=BH=J5
!GJE9DE=FL= 9FYDG?9 Z =KH=;A>A;9^]G <AKLAFLAN9 E9K EMALG <A>=J
=FL= FG IM= LG;9 9G >MF;AGF9D _ 9 9GD97=:=75WVC =B:CFA5H=J5 GM =89BH=
:=75WVC IM= _ ME LAHG 9MLfFGEG <= <=L=JEAF9^]G =PHJ=KKG H=DGK AFKLJM
E=FLGK =89BH=:=758CF9G GFKAKL= 9 A<=FLA>A;9^]G F9 =KH=;A>A;9^]G <G KA?
FA>A;9<G <= ME9 >GJE9 xEMDLbNG;9y H9J9 ?9J9FLAJ KM9 ;GEHJ==FK]G HGJ
H9JL= <G GMNAFL= 9LM9D GM =N=FLM9D )]G _ 9 A<=FLA>A;9^]G ME HJG;=KKG IM=
K= J=9DAR9 ;GE G=;B=:=758CG ;GEG 9 <=DAEAL9^]G E9K ;GE :CFA5G = ;GE
NAKL9 Z 5HF=6I=WVC 8C G=;B=:=758C AKLG _ _ ME HJG;=KKG H9J9 IM= 9K
>GJE9K
K=
LGJF=E =B9EI[JC75G 9G
GMNAFL=
$FKLJME=FLGK
?J9E9LA;9AK
<9
<=L=JEAF9^]G
FGEAF9D

Instrumentos gramaticais da determinao nominal v *K AFKLJM

E=FLGK N=J:9AK <9 <=L=JEAF9^]G FGEAF9D K]G =PHJ=KKGK HGJ H9D9NJ9K <GL
9<9K <= KA?FA>A;9<G ;9L=?GJA9D = D_PA;GK ;GEHJ==F<A<9K H=DGK 9<B=LANGK
DG;M^g=K 9<B=LAN9K GJ9^g=K 9<B=LAN9K = FGE=K =E 9HGKA^]G IM= K= 9H
DA;9E
L9FLG
9
FGE=K
NAJLM9AK
IM9FLG
9
9LM9AK
.]G
=P=EHDGK
<=




9 89@=A=H58CF9G
9LD@=758CF9G o vasto C795BC as lquidas @R;F=A5G

: 89@=A=H58CF9G
9GD97=5@=N58CF9G 5
J=85 inteira C
GC@ matutino C
8=5
no ocaso C
7XI austral C
<CA9A como sujeitos pensantes 5Ac9G
como poeta
; 89@=A=H58CF9G
9GD97=:=758CF9G =KH=;A>A;9^]G
<AKLAFLAN9 75GH9@C medieval A9B=BC louro 5J9G aquticas C
DF9G=89BH9 da Repblica C
AX8=7C de famlia
.]G =P=EHDGK <= <=L=JEAF9^]G =89BH=:=758CF5 :C@<5 de papel :C@<5
de zinco EI58FC de futebol EI58FC de parede @[B;I5idioma @[B
;I5rgo, C
F95@ moeda <CA9A homem =
F]G <CA9A K=J
@ME9FG
*K A<=FLA>A;9<GJ=K HG<=E K=J G;9KAGF9AK 9PA9K '5F5B<VC
MKM9AK .]G 'GMJ=F^G 8C -I@ GM ;GFKL9FL=K (CJ5 4GJC +GJLG @9;F9
*K A<=FLA>A;9<GJ=K MKM9AK = ;GFKL9FL=K ;GEG H9JL=K AFL=?J9FL=K <= ME KA
?FG ;GFKLALM=E ;GE K=MK <=L=JEAF9<GK N=J<9<=AJGK BCA9G 7CADCGHCG
=E:GJ9 FGJE9DE=FL= <AKKG;AYN=AK FG ;9KG <GK A<=FLA>A;9<GJ=K MKM9AK =E
NAJLM<=
<=
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K
<G
>9D9J
9
IM=
GK=JAM
;@9E9 9BHCFBCG
KKAE K= G >9D9FL= =KLAN=J FG (9J9F@]G =K;MK9JY <AR=J 5L=5G
'5F5B<VC E9K L]G KGE=FL= 5L=5G ;GEG G @9:AL9FL= <= -VC &CIF9BWC
8C
-I@ MK9JY
9H=F9K -VC
&CIF9BWC
<=FLJG
<G
E=KEG
=FLGJFG
Observao *MLJGK AFKLJME=FLGK N=J:9AK HG<=E KGRAF@GK GM 9;GEH9F@9<GK
<= 9<B=LANG =P=J;=J 9 >MF^]G <= <=DAEAL9<GJ=K FGEAF9AK FLJ=L9FLG ;GE GK 9<
B=LANGK HJGHJA9E=FL= <ALGK F]G K= ;GF>MF<=E HGJIM= F]G HGKKM=E KA?FA>A;9^]G
D=PA;9D GM ;GEG NAEGK 9LJYK IM9F<G 9 9HJ=K=FL9E LaE KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;9D
?=F_JA;G G IM= G;GJJ= ;GE ;=JLGK HJGFGE=K = AFL=?J9E ME AFN=FLYJAG >=;@9<G
K]G HJGFGE=K 9<BMFLGK 9 IM= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D ;@9E9N9 x9<B=LANGK <=
L=JEAF9LANGKy DCGG9GG=JCG 89ACBGHF5H=JCG =B89:=B=8CG = AFLAE9E=FL= J=D9;AGF
9<GK
;GE
=KL=K
hDLAEGK
GK BIA9F5=G
Nota de nomenclatura *K ?J9EYLA;GK 9FLA?GK ?J=?GK = D9LAFGK J=MFA9E KM:
KL9FLANGK = 9<B=LANGK FME9 Ke ;D9KK= 9 <GK BCA9G ;GEG 9AF<9 >9R=E 9D?MFK
?J9EYLA;GK <= DbF?M9K =KLJ9F?=AJ9K AF?D=K=K HGJ =P=EHDG .e F9 $<9<= (_<A9 K=
>=R 9 <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= FGE=K KM:KL9FLANGK = FGE=K 9<B=LANGK $KLG HGJIM= ME
E=KEG G:B=LG HG<= K=J 9HJ==F<A<G GM ;GEG G:B=LG 9:KGDMLG = AF<=H=F<=FL= AKLG
_ KM:KL[F;A9 9>=L9<9 HGJ ME 9;A<=FL= C :CFH9 amor GM ;GEG G:B=LG <=H=F<=FL=
AF=J=FL= 9 ME KMB=ALG C <CA9A amoroso 9b ;GE >J=IMaF;A9 HG<=J G E=KEG
KA?FA>A;9FL= G;GJJ=J ;GE ME GM GMLJG <=KK=K N9DGJ=K alto ACBH9 v o alto 8C
ACBH9 KKAE L9E:_E =PHJ=KKg=K AFL=AJ9K AF;DMKAN= GJ9^g=K HG<=E
xKM:KL9FLAN9JK=y N9D= <AR=J HG<=E H9KK9J 9 =P=J;=J >MF^g=K IM= GK KM:KL9FLANGK
=P=J;=E <9b 9K ;@9E9<9K GJ9^g=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K KM:KL9FLAN9K 9G9>C H9I




progresso
9G9>C que progridas 6 K   #1;    7 +GJ GMLJG
D9<G ME9 GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 F]G AFLJG<MRA<9 H=DGK ;GF=;LGJ=K 7I>C = C EI5@ HG<=
NGDL9J 9 KM:KL9FLAN9JK= E=<A9FL= 9 9FL=HGKA^]G <G 9JLA?G K= K= =DA<= G KM:KL9FL
ANG 9FL=;=<=FL= (VC G9= o que tem de verdade nisso GF<= 9 GJ9^]G LJ9FKHGKL9 <=
9<B=LANG H9KK9 9 KM:KL9FLANG H9J9 =P=J;=J 9 >MF^]G <= G:B=LG <AJ=LG =E J=D9^]G 9G
HJ=<A;9<G BVC G9= @9E9J 9G C 5 CG 5G HJGFGE= <=EGFKLJ9LANG _ E9K;9J9J 9
KM:KL9FLAN9^]G
'G;M^]G
9<B=LAN9

Locuo adjetiva v _ 9 =PHJ=KK]G >GJE9<9 <= HJ=HGKA^]G  KM:

KL9FLANG
GM
=IMAN9D=FL=
;GE
>MF^]G
<=
9<B=LANG
#GE=E
<= 7CF5;9A 
@GE=E 7CF5>CGC
'ANJG G9A
75D5 
DANJG 89G9B75D58C
x J9
ME9
FGAL=
E=<GF@9
-9A
9GHF9@5G G9A
@I5Fy
6"7
#GE=E 89
7CF
K;JALGJ=K 89
<C>9

)GL=K= IM= F=E K=EHJ= =F;GFLJ9EGK ME 9<B=LANG <= KA?FA>A;9<G

H=J>=AL9E=FL=
A<aFLA;G
9G
<=
DG;M^]G
9<B=LAN9
GD=?9
<=
LMJE9

 DbF?M9 HG_LA;9 _ E9AK J=;=HLAN9 9G =EHJ=?G <G 9<B=LANG IM=

=PHJAE=
E9L_JA9
=E
DM?9J
<9
DG;M^]G
9<B=LAN9
ureas 9GHRHI5G
v
BIJ9BG plmbeas
v
7C@IB5G marmreas v

9GHRHI5G de ouro
BIJ9BG de chumbo
7C@IB5G de mrmore

.M:KL9FLAN9^]G
<G
9<B=LANG

Substantivao do adjetivo v =JLGK 9<B=LANGK K]G =EHJ=?9<GK

K=E IM9DIM=J J=>=JaF;A9 9 FGE=K =PHJ=KKGK ;GEG N=J<9<=AJGK KM:KL9FL
ANGK  =KL9 H9KK9?=E <= 9<B=LANGK 9 KM:KL9FLANGK ;@9E9K=
KM:KL9FLAN9^]G
x
NA<9
_
;GE:9L=
IM=
GK :F57CG 9:9L=
IM=
GK :CFH9G
GK 6F5JCG
Ke
HG<=
=P9DL9Jy
6"7

)=KL9K KM:KL9FLAN9^g=K G 9<B=LANG HJ=K;AF<= <G KM:KL9FLANG IM= G

HG<A9 9;GEH9F@9J GM =FL]G _ LGE9<G =E K=FLA<G EMALG ?=J9D =




AF<=L=JEAF9<G F]G E9J;9<G ;9KG =E IM= K= MK9 G E9K;MDAFG Z E9F=AJ9

<G
F=MLJG
D9LAFG
E9K
F]G
<G
F=MLJG
=E
HGJLM?MaK
IM=
F]G
=PAKL=
) bom <9
@AKLeJA9
_
IM=
F]G
@GMN=
>AE
) engraado <9
9F=<GL9
H9KKGM
<=KH=J;=:A<G
) triste <G
=HAKe<AG
=KLY
=E
IM=
9
NA<9
_
9KKAE
!D=Pg=K
<G
9<B=LANG

Flexes do adjetivo v * 9<B=LANG K= ;GE:AF9 ;GE ;=JLGK KA?FGK

?J9E9LA;9AK H9J9 E9FA>=KL9J G BdA9FC G ;ZB9FC = G ;F5I * ?J9M =F
LJ=L9FLG F]G ;GFKLALMA FG HGJLM?MaK ME HJG;=KKG ?J9E9LA;9D = 9KKAE
<=N= K=J =P;DMb<G <9 FGKK9 <=K;JA^]G ;GEG L9D Z K=E=D@9F^9 <G IM= BY
>9R=E ?J9EYLA;9K <= GMLJ9K DbF?M9K JGE[FA;9K * ?J9M ;GE =KL9K J=K=J
N9K >A?MJ9 9IMA HGJ L=J KA<G 9AF<9 ;GFL=EHD9<G H=D9 )"  ?J9<9^]G
=E HGJLM?MaK L9FLG FG KM:KL9FLANG IM9FLG FG 9<B=LANG K= E9FA>=KL9 HGJ
HJG;=<AE=FLGK KAFLYLA;GK = F]G EGJ>GDe?A;GK ;GEG G =J9 =E D9LAE GM
HGJ
KM>APGK
<=JAN9;AGF9AK
)hE=JG
<G
9<B=LANG

Nmero do adjetivo v * 9<B=LANG 9;GEH9F@9 G FhE=JG <G KM:

KL9FLANG
9
IM=
K=
J=>=J= 5@IBC
9GHI8=CGC 5@IBCG
9GHI8=CGCG
* 9<B=LANG HGJL9FLG ;GF@=;= GK <GAK FhE=JGK IM= NAEGK FG KM:
KL9FLANG
G G=B;I@5F =
G D@IF5@
!GJE9^]G
<G
HDMJ9D
<GK
9<B=LANGK

Formao do plural dos adjetivos v GK 9<B=LANGK K= 9HDA;9E F9

E9AGJA9
<GK
;9KGK
9K
E=KE9K
J=?J9K
<=
HDMJ9D
<GK
KM:KL9FLANGK
D?MFK HGM;GK 9<B=LANGK ;GEG BY G;GJJ=M FGK KM:KL9FLANGK K=
EGKLJ9E AF<A>=J=FL=K Z E9J;9 <= FhE=JG K=JNAF<G AF<AKLAFL9E=FL= H9J9 9
AF<A;9^]G
<G
KAF?MD9J
GM
HDMJ9D G=AD@9G =G_G79@9G
9KKAE
;JAL_JAG G=AD@9G
KGDM^]G G=AD@9G
;9JYL=J 5GG=A
;GJ9?=E 5GG=A

,M9FLG 9GK 9<B=LANGK ;GEHGKLGK D=E:J9J=EGK IM= FGJE9DE=FL= Ke

G
hDLAEG
N9JA9
IM9F<G
>GJE9<GK
HGJ
<GAK
9<B=LANGK
9EAR9<=K
DMKG:J9KAD=AJ9K J=MFAg=K
DbL=JGEMKA;9AK
K9A9K
N=J<==K;MJ9K >GD@9K
9RMD;D9J9K

19JA9E 9E:GK GK =D=E=FLGK =FLJ= GMLJGK =P=EHDGK GIF8CAI8C

GIF8CGAI8CG




GE =P;=^]G <GK ;9KGK E9AK ?=J9AK F]G L=E @9NA<G MF9FAEA<9<=
<= MKG FG HDMJ9D <GK 9<B=LANGK ;GEHGKLGK IM=J F9 DbF?M9 DAL=JYJA9 IM=J F9
N9JA=<9<= =KHGFL[F=9 <9 DbF?M9  <A>A;MD<9<= >A;9 9AF<9 9;J=K;A<9 H=DG
>9LG <= ME9 E=KE9 >GJE9 HG<=J K=J =EHJ=?9<9 ;GEG 9<B=LANG GM ;GEG
KM:KL9FLANG = 9 ;9<9 ME9 <=KK9K >MF^g=K K]G 9LJA:Mb<GK HDMJ9AK <AKLAFLGK
=KH=;A9DE=FL= FGK <A;AGFYJAGK K <=FGEAF9^g=K <= ;GJ=K _ IM= E9AK
;@9E9E 9 FGKK9 9L=F^]G F=KL= H9JLA;MD9J KKAE H9J9 J9F897@5FC ;GEG
KM:KL9FLANG K= 9LJA:MA G HDMJ9D J9F89G7@5FCG = ;GEG 9<B=LANG
J9F897@5FCG BY J9F895NI@ KM:KL9FLANG GM 9<B=LANG _ 9KKAF9D9<G ;GE G
HDMJ9D J9F895NI=G
.= G q =D=E=FLG _ ME KM:KL9FLANG J9F8956575H9 J9F89R;I5 G
;GEHGKLG 9<EAL= <GAK HDMJ9AK J9F89G56575H9G = J9F89G56575H9
J9F89GR;I5G = J9F89GR;I5
* E=D@GJ F=KL=K ;9KGK K=JY 9H=D9J H9J9 9K FGKK9K LJ9<A;AGF9AK
E9F=AJ9K <= 9<B=LAN9J ;GE G 9MPbDAG <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 GM <9K DG;M^g=K 89
7CF 89 7CF 89 GM KAEHD=KE=FL= 7CF 89 6..  7 C@<CG 89 J9F89A5F
F5A5;9BG 89 7CF J9F89;5FF5:5 @IJ5G 89 7CF 89 D9@9 C@<CG 7CF 89 G5:=F5
C@<CG
J9F89G
85
7CF
8C
A5F
(YJAG 9JJ=LG D=E:J9F<G 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <9 =DAHK= <9 HJ=HGKA^]G
89 GM <9 DG;M^]G 7CF 89 J=;GE=F<9 9 AFN9JA9:ADA<9<= <G KM:KL9FLANG
=EHJ=?9<G 9<B=LAN9E=FL= =E :=H5G 7F9A9 @IJ5G 75:X AKLG _ >AL9K <= ;GJ
<= ;J=E= = J=B=AL9 :=H5G 7F9A9G @IJ5G 75:XG 6(9  7 FKAF9
9AF<9 IM= K=F<G >J=IM=FL= G =EHJ=?G <G FGE= <G G:B=LG ;GDGJA<G H9J9
=PHJ=KK9J 9 ;GJ <=KK= E=KEG G:B=LG C lil DR@=8C IA violeta 9G7IFC
9HDA;9F<GK= 9GK FGE=K @=@R J=C@9H5 G ?aF=JG E9K;MDAFG F9 9;=H^]G <9
;GJ x+J=>AJG G FCG5 9G J=C@9H5y =E N=R <= x+J=>AJG 5 JGK9 Z NAGD=L9y GJ
9^]G
IM=
HG<=
K=J
=FL=F<A<9
<=
E9F=AJ9
9E:b?M9
"aF=JG
<G
9<B=LANG

Gnero do adjetivo v * 9<B=LANG ;GF;GJ<9 L9E:_E =E ?aF=JG ;GE

G KM:KL9FLANG 9 IM= K= J=>=J= GF@=;= 9KKAE GK ?aF=JGK ;GEMFK 9G KM:
KL9FLANG A5G7I@=BC = :9A=B=BC /G<9NA9 =KL9 <AKLAF^]G =E ?aF=JG = =E
FhE=JG L=E <A>=J=FL= N9DGJ J=>=J=F;A9D FG KM:KL9FLANG = FG 9<B=LANG FG
KM:KL9FLANG G ?aF=JG = G FhE=JG EG<A>A;9E 9 J=>=JaF;A9 =FIM9FLG FG
9<B=LANG <=KA?F9E K=EHJ= 9 E=KE9 IM9DA<9<= = Ke K= =PHDA;9E ;GEG
KAEHD=K J=H=J;MKK]G <9 J=D9^]G KAFLYLA;9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 IM= K= AFKL9MJ9
=FLJ= G <=L=JEAF9<G = G <=L=JEAF9FL= F9<9 9;J=K;=FL9F<G K=E9FLA;9
E=FL= A>=J=FL= <= A9B=BC
A9B=B5 G 9<B=LANG 9GHI8=CGC
9GHI8=CG5




F]G 9KKAF9D9 A9B=BC ;GEG <9 ;D9KK= <GK E9;@GK F=E A9B=B5 <9 ;D9KK=
<9K
>aE=9K
!GJE9^]G
<G
>=EAFAFG
<GK
9<B=LANGK

Formao do feminino dos adjetivos v *K 9<B=LANGK IB=:CFA9G

K]G GK IM= 9HJ=K=FL9E ME9 Ke >GJE9 H9J9 9;GEH9F@9J KM:KL9FLANGK E9K
;MDAFGK = >=EAFAFGK "=J9DE=FL= =KL=K MFA>GJE=K L=JEAF9E =E 5 9 @
A
F
G =
N
HGNG @IG[585

F9^]G @IG[585

6F9J9 =P9E=

v 6F9J9 HJGN9

LJ9:9D@G dH=@

9^]G dH=@

G:B=LG FI=A

;GAK9 FI=A

=KL9:=D=;AE=FLG AC89@5F

=K;GD9 AC89@5F

@GE=E 5I85N

EMD@=J 5I85N

;GFLG G=AD@9G

@AKLeJA9 G=AD@9G

P;=^g=K HJAF;AH9AK 5B85@IN 5B85@IN5 6CA 6C5 7<=A 7<=B5 9G

D5B<C@ 9GD5B<C@5
,M9FLG 9GK 6=:CFA9G AKLG _ IM= LaE ME9 >GJE9 H9J9 G E9K;MDAFG =
GMLJ9 H9J9 G >=EAFAFG GK 9<B=LANGK K=?M=E <= H=JLG 9K E=KE9 J=?J9K IM=
9HGFL9EGK H9J9 GK KM:KL9FLANGK '=E:J9J=EGK 9IMA 9H=F9K GK ;9KGK
HJAF;AH9AK
9 *K L=JEAF9<GK =E vZG CF = vI 9;J=K;=FL9E FG >=EAFAFG ME 5 F9
E9AGJA9
<9K
N=R=K
7<=BZG 7<=B9G5 @IH58CF @IH58CF5 7FI 7FI5
Excees  7CFHZG 89G7CFHZG ACBHZG = D98FZG K]G AFN9JAYN=AK  =B7C@
CF AI@H=7CF G9BG56CF A5=CF A9@<CF A9BCF D=CF = GMLJGK K]G AFN9JAYN=AK
*MLJGK =E 8CF GM HCF 9HJ=K=FL9EK= =E HF=N ACHCF ACHF=N 9 H9J <= ACHCF5
;GF>GJE= NAEGK FGK KM:KL9FLANGK GMLJGK L=JEAF9E =E 9=F5 HF565@<58CF HF5
65@<589=F5 9 H9J <= HF565@<58CF5 -ID9F=CF5 <= ;GFN=FLG MK9K= ;GEG KM:
KL9FLANG
 <=B8I _
AFN9JAYN=D A5I >9R AR

:
*K
L=JEAF9<GK
=E
9I H9KK9E
FG
>=EAFAFG
9
9=5



9IFCD9I 9IFCD9=5 5H9I 5H9=5

Excees >I89I v >I8=5 G5B89I v G5B8=5
H565FXI v H565FC5 FXI v FX

; D?MFK 9<B=LANGK ;GEG BY G;GJJ=M FGK KM:KL9FLANGK 9HJ=K=FL9E ME9

>GJE9 L=eJA;9 :YKA;9 <G >=EAFAFG KAF?MD9J ;GE NG?9D 9:=JL9 IM= =KL9JY
HJ=K=FL= L9E:_E FG HDMJ9D FG E9K;MDAFG =KL9 NG?9D 9:=JL9 H9KK9 9
>=;@9<9
@56CF=CGC f @56CF=CG5 e 8=GDCGHC f 8=GDCGH5 e

KL= HJG;=<AE=FLG <= H9JLAJ <G LAE:J= <9 NG?9D LfFA;9 9:=JL9 <G
>=EAFAFG H9J9 G >=;@9E=FLG <9 NG?9D <G E9K;MDAFG = F]G G AFN=JKG
=PHDA;9K= H=DG >9LG <= IM= @Y 9<B=LANGK =E IM= 9 NG?9D LfFA;9 >=;@9<9 <G
E9K;MDAFG K= E9FL_E >=;@9<9 L9E:_E FG >=EAFAFG 9B75BH585 9B75BH5
8CF5 DCFHI;IZG DCFHI;I9G5
"J9<9^]G
<G
9<B=LANG

Gradao do adjetivo v #Y LJaK LAHGK <= ?J9<9^]G F9 IM9DA<9<= =P

HJ=KK9 H=DG 9<B=LANG DCG=H=JC 7CAD5F5H=JC = GID9F@5H=JC IM9F<G K= HJG
;=<= 9 =KL9:=D=;=J J=D9^g=K =FLJ= G IM= K]G GM K= EGKLJ9E <M9K GM E9AK
H=KKG9K GEG BY <AKK=EGK 9 ?J9<9^]G =E HGJLM?MaK K= =PHJ=KK9 HGJ
E=;9FAKEG
KAFLYLA;G
GM
<=JAN9;AGF9D
* Positivo IM= F]G K= ;GFKLALMA 9 JA?GJ FME9 ?J9<9^]G =FMF;A9
KAEHD=KE=FL=
9
IM9DA<9<=
*
J9H9R
_ 7I=858CGC

* Comparativo ;GEH9J9 IM9DA<9<= =FLJ= <GAK GM E9AK K=J=K

=KL9:=D=;=F<G
9
ME9 =;I5@8589
*
J9H9R
_ HVC
7I=858CGC
EI5BHC GM 7CAC CG
CIHFCG

:
ME9 GID9F=CF=8589
*
J9H9R
_ A5=G
7I=858CGC EI9 GM 8C
EI9 CG
CIHFCG

;
ME9 =B:9F=CF=8589
*
J9H9R
_ A9BCG
7I=858CGC EI9 GM 8C
EI9 CG
CIHFCG

* Superlativo HG<=
9 J=KK9DL9J ;GE N9FL9?=E GM <=KN9FL9?=E 9 IM9DA<9<= <G K=J =E J=
D9^]G
9
GMLJGK
K=J=K
*
J9H9R
_ C
A5=G
7I=858CGC
8CG GM 89BHF9
CG DF9H9B89BH9G
5C
9ADF9;C




*
J9H9R
_ C
A9BCG
7I=858CGC
8CG
DF9H9B89BH9G

: AF<A;9J IM= 9 IM9DA<9<= <G K=J MDLJ9H9KK9 9 FG^]G ;GEME IM= L=EGK
<=KK9
E=KE9
IM9DA<9<=
*
J9H9R
_ AI=HC
7I=858CGC
*
J9H9R
_ 7I=858CG[GG=AC

)G HJAE=AJG ;9KG 9 EI5@=8589 _ J=KK9DL9<9 =E J=D9^]G GM ;GE

H9J9^]G
;GE
GK
GMLJGK
HJ=L=F<=FL=K
ARK=
IM=
G GID9F@5H=JC _ F9@5H=JC
!GJE9K= G GID9F@5H=JC F9@5H=JC <G E=KEG EG<G IM= G ;GEH9J9L
ANG <= KMH=JAGJA<9<= GM AF>=JAGJA<9<= 9FL=;=<A<G K=EHJ= <G 9JLA?G <=>AF
A<G = K=?MA<G <= KAFL9?E9 HJ=HGKA;AGF9D AFA;A9<G HGJ 89 GM 89BHF9 C
A5=G 89 GM 89BHF9 C
A9BCG 89 GM 89BHF9
)G K=?MF<G ;9KG 9 KMH=JAGJA<9<= _ J=KK9DL9<9 K=E F=F@ME9 J=
D9^]G
;GE
GMLJGK
K=J=K
ARK=
IM=
G GID9F@5H=JC _ 56GC@IHC GM =BH9BG=JC
*
KMH=JD9LANG
9:KGDMLG
HG<=
K=J 5B5@[H=7C GM G=BHXH=7C
!GJE9K= G 9F9DbLA;G ;GE 9 9FL=HGKA^]G <= H9D9NJ9 AFL=FKAN9
AI=HC 9LHF9A5A9BH9 9LHF5CF8=B5F=5A9BH9 =L;  9G 9<B=LANG AI=HC 7I=8
58CGC )9 EG<9DA<9<= =KHGFL[F=9 E=KEG =E DAL=J9LMJ9 HG<=K= G:L=J 9
E9FA>=KL9^]G 9>=LAN9 <G KMH=JD9LANG E=<A9FL= 9 J=H=LA^]G <G 9<B=LANG @5
X
@=B85
@=B85
*M
<G
9<N_J:AG @5
X
AI=HC
AI=HC
@=B85
* G=BHXH=7C _ G:LA<G HGJ E=AG <G KM>APG <=JAN9;AGF9D [GG=AC GM
GMLJG <= N9DGJ AFL=FKANG 9;J=K;A<G 9G 9<B=LANG F9 >GJE9 HGKALAN9 ;GE 9
KMHJ=KK]G <9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 IM9F<G G =PA?AJ=E J=?J9K EGJ>G>GFaEA;9K
7I=858CG[GG=AC
,M9FLG 9G 9KH=;LG K=E[FLA;G 7I=858CG[GG=AC <AR E9AK _ E9AK 9B
:RH=7C <G IM= AI=HC 7I=858CGC * KM>APG [GG=AC _ J=;=FL= F9 DGF?9
@AKLeJA9 <G HGJLM?MaK = K= <=N= 9 ME =EHJ_KLAEG <G D9LAE <MJ9FL= G
-=F9K;AE=FLG ;GE G 9MPbDAG <G AL9DA9FG J=KHGFKYN=D H=D9 J=;MH=J9^]G
<G KM>APG )9 DAF?M9?=E ;GDGIMA9D K= <=K=B9EGK IM= G KMH=JD9LANG 9:KG
DMLG 9F9DbLA;G K=B9 E9AK =F>YLA;G ;GKLME9EGK J=H=LAJ 9 H9D9NJ9 AFL=FKAN9
@9 X AI=HC A5=G 7I=858CGC GM K= :MK;9E =>=ALGK =PHJ=KKANGK E=<A9FL= 9
9BM<9
<=
;JA9^g=K
KM>AP9AK
AEHJ=NAKL9K
;GEG
XG=AC
* E=AG L=JEG =FLJ= =KL=K <GAK KMH=JD9LANGK AI=HC 7I=858CGC v
7I=858CG[GG=AC _ G:LA<G ;GE 9 >eJEMD9 A5=G 8C EI9 7I=858CGC A9BCG
89
x KL9K
=
GMLJ9K
9J?MA^g=K
;GEHDA;9<9K
;GE
GK
HJG;=<AE=FLGK A5=G
8C
EI9
RGD9FCG <9
=PHMDK]G
<G
;GD=ALGJ
9KLJ9;9FA
=E

F]G




;GF;GJJ=J9E
HGM;G
H9J9
9DA=F9J
<=
LG<G
G
[FAEG
<9K
HGHMD9^g=K y
6-. 
$1
7
x/GEGM
G
=KLM<9FL=
ME9
;9K9 A9BCG
89 EG<=KL9
>GJ9
<=
HGJL9K
=E
.9FLG
FLfFAG
<GK
*DAN9AKy
6J 
7
DL=J9^g=K
?JY>A;9K
FG
KMH=JD9LANG
9:KGDMLG

Alteraes grficas no superlativo absoluto v G J=;=:=J G

KM>APG
AFL=FKANG
G
9<B=LANG
HG<=
KG>J=J
;=JL9K
EG<A>A;9^g=K
F9
KM9
>GJE9
9
GK
L=JEAF9<GK
=E
5
9
C H=J<=E
=KK9K
NG?9AK
;MA<9<GK9 v ;MA<9<GKbKKAE9
=D=?9FL=
v =D=?9FLbKKAEG
;MA<9<GKG v ;MA<9<GKbKKAEG

:
GK
L=JEAF9<GK
=E
J9@ EM<9E
=KL=
>AF9D
H9J9
6=@
L=JJbN=D
9EYN=D

v
v

L=JJA:ADbKKAEG
9E9:ADbKKAEG

;
GK
L=JEAF9<GK
=E
A =
VC H9KK9E
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
9
B =
5B

;GEME
K]G

v ;GEMFbKKAEG
v K9FbKKAEG

<
GK
L=JEAF9<GK
=E
N H9KK9E
=KL9
;GFKG9FL=
9 7

>=JGR
K9?9R

v >=JG;bKKAEG
v K9?9;bKKAEG

#Y 9<B=LANGK IM= F]G 9DL=J9E KM9 >GJE9 ;GEG _ G ;9KG <GK L=J
EAF9<GK
=E
I
@ =P;=LG
J9@
F
;JM
v
;JMbKKAEG >Y;AD
v
>9;bDAEG
v
>9;ADbKKAEG J=?MD9J
v
J=?MD9JbKKAEG

>GJ9 =KL=K ;9KGK GMLJGK @Y GF<= GK KMH=JD9LANGK K= HJ=F<=E ZK

>GJE9K
D9LAF9K
HGFL=EGK
GK
E9AK
>J=IM=FL=K
9;J=
v
9;_JJAEG

E9?Fb>A;G
v
E9?FA>A;=FLbKKAEG

9E9J?G
v
9E9JbKKAEG

E9?JG
v
E9;_JJAEG

9EA?G
v
9EA;bKKAEG

E9D_<A;G
v
E9D=<A;=FLbKKAEG

9FLA?G
v
9FLAIMbKKAEG

E9D_NGDG
v
E9D=NGD=FLbKKAEG



YKH=JG
v
9KH_JJAEG

E9D_>A;G
v
E9D=>A;=FLbKKAEG

:=F_>A;G
v
:=F=>A;=FLbKKAEG

EbK=JG
v
EAK_JJAEG

:=F_NGDG
v
:=F=NGD=FLbKKAEG

EAh<G
v
EAFMLbKKAEG

;_D=:J=
v
;=D=:_JJAEG

F=?JG
v
FA?_JJAEG

;_D=J=
v
;=D_JJAEG

FG:J=
v
FG:ADbKKAEG

;JAKL]G
v
;JAKLA9FbKKAEG

H9J;G
v
H9J;bKKAEG

;JM=D
v
;JM<=DbKKAEG

H=KKG9D
v
H=JKGF9DbKKAEG

<A>b;AD
v
<A>A;bDAEG

HG:J=
v
H9MH_JJAEG

<G;=
v
<MD;bKKAEG

HJe<A?G
v
HJG<A?9DbKKAEG

>A=D
v
>A<=DbKKAEG

Hh:DA;G
v
HM:DA;bKKAEG

>JAG
v
>JA?A<bKKAEG

HJGNYN=D
v
HJG:9:ADbKKAEG

?=J9D
v
?=F=J9DbKKAEG

KY:AG
v
K9HA=FLbKKAEG

@GFGJb>A;G
v
@GFGJA>A;=FLbKKAEG

K9?J9<G
v
K9;J9LbKKAEG

@MEAD<=
v
@MEbDAEG

K9DM:J=
v
K9DM:_JJAEG

AF;JbN=D
v
AF;J=<A:ADbKKAEG

KG:=J:G
v
KMH=J:bKKAEG

AFAEA?G
v
AFAEA;bKKAEG

KAEHD=K
v
KAEHDA;bKKAEG

bFL=?JG
v
AFL=?_JJAEG

L_LJA;G
v
L=L_JJAEG

DANJ=
v
DA:_JJAEG

G D9<G <G KMH=JD9LANG Z :9K= <G L=JEG D9LAFG HG<= ;AJ;MD9J G IM=
HJG;=<=
<G
9<B=LANG
9;J=K;A<G
<9
L=JEAF9^]G
v[GG=AC



9?bDAEG
v
9?ADbKKAEG

@MEbDAEG
@MEADbKKAEG

@MEAD<bKKAEG

9FLAIMbKKAEG
v
9FLA?MbKKAEG

E9;_JJAEG
v
E9?JbKKAEG

;JM<=DbKKAEG
v
;JM=DbKKAEG

FA?_JJAEG
v
F=?JbKKAEG

<MD;bKKAEG
v
<G;bKKAEG

H9J;bKKAEG
v
H9JIMbKKAEG

>9;bDAEG
v
>9;ADbKKAEG

H9MH_JJAEG
v
HG:JbKKAEG

Observao @9E9EGK 9 9L=F^]G H9J9 9K H9D9NJ9K L=JEAF9<9K =E =C IM= F9

>GJE9 KAFL_LA;9 9HJ=K=FL9E <GAK =G HGJ K=?MAJ=E 9 J=?J9 ?=J9D <9 IM=<9 <G C >A
F9D
H9J9
J=;=:=J
G
KM>APG
;@=AG ;@=AbKKAEG
;@=AAF@G
>=AG >=AbKKAEG
>=AAF@G
>JAG >JAbKKAEG
>JAAF@G
F=;=KKYJAG F=;=KK9JAbKKAEG
HJ=;YJAG HJ=;9JAbKKAEG
K_JAG K=JAbKKAEG
K=JAAF@G
KMEYJAG KME9JAbKKAEG
NYJAG N9JAbKKAEG
Observao  L=F<aF;A9 <9 DbF?M9 Z >M?9 9G @A9LG D=N9 9 IM= 9H9J=^9E >GJE9K
;GE >MK]G <GK <GAK AA =E:GJ9 FME GM FGMLJG 9<B=LANG 9 =M>GFA9 AEH=<= 9
EM<9F^9 :F[GG=AC J5F[GG=AC HGJ =P=EHDG =E:GJ9 A9K "GE=K K_; 31$$$
=K;J=N=KK= DFCDF[GG=AC AF<9 IM= =K;JALGJ=K MK=E >GJE9K ;GE ME Ke =
7<9[GG=AC 7<9=B<C :9[GG=AC G9F[GG=AC =L;  9 DbF?M9 H9<J]G AFKAKL= FG 9L=F<A
E=FLG
Z
E9FML=F^]G
<GK
<GAK
AA 
GEH9J9LANGK
=
KMH=JD9LANGK
AJJ=?MD9J=K

Comparativos e superlativos irregulares v >9KL9EK= <GK <=

E9AK F9 KM9 >GJE9^]G <= ;GEH9J9LANG = KMH=JD9LANG GK 9<B=LANGK
K=?MAFL=K

*CG=H=JC

CAD5F5H=JC
89
GID9F=CF=8589

-ID9F@5H=JC
56GC@IHC

F9@5H=JC



:GE

E=D@GJ

eLAEG

G
E=D@GJ

E9M

HAGJ

H_KKAEG

G
HAGJ

?J9F<=

E9AGJ

EYPAEG

G
E9AGJ

H=IM=FG

E=FGJ

EbFAEG

G
E=FGJ

)]G K= <AR A5=G 6CA F=E A5=G ;F5B89 =E N=R <= A9@<CF = A5=CF
E9K HG<=E G;GJJ=J A5=G D9EI9BC C A5=G D9EI9BC A5=G A5I HGJ A9BCF
C A9BCF D=CF /9E:_E K= HG<=E =EHJ=?9J 6CA = ;F5B89 F9K =PHJ=KKg=K
A5=G CI A9BCG ;F5B89 A5=G CI A9BCG 6CA HGAK IM= GK L9AK 9<B=LANGK K=
J=?MD9E
H=D9
hDLAE9
H9D9NJ9
x*K
HG=E9K
;GEHD=LGK
<G
<=KL=JJ9<G
<G
+GFLG
LG<9K
9K
DAL=J9LMJ9K
=MJGH=A9K
GK
9E:A;AGF9N9E
=
GK
E=L=J9E
=E
KA
;GE A5=G
CI
A9BCG
6C5 E]Gy
6 5DI8 (9 
7

)GL=K=
G
BG?G
<=
9DL=JF[F;A9
<= A5=G
D9EI9BC = A9BCF =E

x E
E9L_JA9
<=
9EGJHJeHJAG
G A5=G
D9EI9BC AFK=LG
F]G
G
L=E A9B
CF IM=
9
:9D=A9
GM
G
=D=>9FL=y
6(( 
7

W 9AF<9 GHGJLMFG D=E:J9J IM= ZK N=R=K 6CA = A5I ;GFKLALM=E ;GE

G KM:KL9FLANG K=?MAFL= ME9 Ke D=PA9 ME9 Ke MFA<9<= D_PA;9 <= EG<G IM=
F=KL9 KALM9^]G HG<=E K=J EG<A>A;9<GK H=DGK 9<N_J:AGK A5=G A9BCG A9@
<CF D=CF IM= H9KK9E 9 J=>=JAJK= 9 LG<9 9 =PHJ=KK]G <CA9A 89 A5=G
A5I75FRH9F D9GGC5
89
A9BCG
ARG
=BH9BWc9G D5@5JF5G
85
A9@<CF
6C5:X
x+G<=
K=J
IM=
=D=
9AF<9
N=F@9
H9J9
LA
;GE
G
;GJ9^]G
HMJA>A;9<G
=
G
LJA:MLG
<9
EG;A<9<=
9N9J9E=FL=
H9?G '5=G
6CA
A5F=8C K=JY
=FL]Gy
6J 5DI8 (9 
  7

G D9<G <GK KMH=JD9LANGK C A5=CF C A9BCF >A?MJ9E 9AF<9 C ARL

=AC = C A[B=AC IM= K= 9HDA;9E 9 A<=A9K 9:KLJ9L9K = 9H9J=;=E 9AF<9 =E
=PHJ=KKg=K ;A=FLb>A;9K ;GEG 5 H9AD9F5HIF5 ARL=A5 5 H9AD9F5HIF5 A[B
=A5 ARL=AC 8=J=GCF 7CAIA A[B=AC Ad@H=D@C 7CAIA BCH5 ARL=A5 BCH5
A[B=A5
E DM?9J <= A5=G 5@HC = A5=G 65=LC MK9EK= GK ;GEH9J9LANGK GI
D9F=CF = =B:9F=CF HGJ C A5=G 5@HC = C A5=G 65=LC HG<=EGK =EHJ=?9J GK
KMH=JD9LANGK C
GIDF9AC GM C
GIAC
= C
[B:=AC



GEH9J9F<GK= <M9K IM9DA<9<=K GM 9^g=K =EHJ=?9EK= A5=G 6CA

A5=G A5I A5=G ;F5B89 = A5=G D9EI9BC =E N=R <= A9@<CF D=CF A5=CF
A9BCF



)G =KLADG ;GDGIMA9D F]G _ J9JG G J=>GJ^G <=KL= =EHJ=?G <G <AEAF

MLANG
E=<A9FL=
9K
DG;M^g=K 85
-=@J5 85
CGH5 ;>
!
31$$

v



Q
A5=G
6CA
8C
EI9
A5I =
F]G X
A9@<CF
8C
EI9
A5I


9G7C@5
X
A5=G
;F5B89
8C
EI9
D9EI9B5
G7F9J9I
A5=G
69A
8C
EI9
A5@
@9
X
A5=G
6CA
8C
EI9
=BH9@=;9BH9

+GJ >AE 9KKAF9D=EGK IM= <=HGAK <GK ;GEH9J9LANGK =E CF

GID9F=CF =B:9F=CF 5BH9F=CF DCGH9F=CF I@H9F=CF
K=
MK9
9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5
-ID9F=CF a H= =B:9F=CF ao @=JFC 5BH9F=CF a B_G
-=H=LA^]G
<=
9<B=LANG
;GE
N9DGJ
KMH=JD9LANG

Repetio de adjetivo com valor superlativo v )9 DAF?M9?=E

;GDGIMA9D HG<=K= =EHJ=?9J =E N=R <G KMH=JD9LANG 9 J=H=LA^]G <G
E=KEG
9<B=LANG
*
<A9
=KLY 69@C
69@C 
:=DbKKAEG
D9
=J9 @=B85
@=B85 
DAF<bKKAE9

+JG>=JAF<GK= =KL9K GJ9^g=K <YK=D@=K ME LGE <= NGR =KH=;A9D H9J9

E=D@GJ LJ9<MRAJ 9 A<=A9 KMH=JD9LAN9 =PHJ=KK9 H=D9 J=H=LA^]G <G 9<B=LANG
"=J9DE=FL=
;GFKAKL=
F9
H9MK9
<=EGJ9<9
F9
NG?9D
<9
KbD9:9
LfFA;9
GEH9J9^g=K
=E
DM?9J
<G
KMH=JD9LANG

Comparaes em lugar do superlativo v +9J9 =PHJ=KK9JEGK E9AK

NAN9E=FL= G =D=N9<G ?J9M <= ME9 IM9DA<9<= <G K=J =EHJ=?9EGK 9AF<9
;GEH9J9^g=K
IM=
E=D@GJ
LJ9<MR=E
9
A<=A9
KMH=JD9LAN9
*C6F9 7CAC $_  H9MH_JJAEG :9=C 7CAC 5 B979GG=8589 >=AbKKAEG 7@5FC
7CAC
R;I5 9G7IFC
7CAC
6F9I 9GD9FHC
7CAC
9@9
G_ A5@5B8FC
7CAC
B=B;IXA

0K9EK= 9AF<9 ;=JL9K =PHJ=KKg=K F]G ;GEH9J9LAN9K DC8F9 89 F=7C

:9=C
5
A5=G
BVC
DC89F ;F5B89
5
J5@9F
<B=LANGK
<AEAFMLANGK

Adjetivos diminutivos v K >GJE9K <AEAFMLAN9K <= 9<B=LANGK HG

<=E HJ=;=<A<9K GM F]G <= AI=HC A5=G HVC 69A 9<IMAJAJ N9DGJ <=
KMH=JD9LANG
@IG5
5A5F9@=B<5 ;5FCHC
6CB=H=B<C
xW
:=E :9=CN=B<C
:=FR9G
=MK
G
L9D
L=M
9EA?Gy
6R7

3 Artigo
JLA?G

Artigo v @9E9EK= 5FH=;C 89:=B=8C GM KAEHD=KE=FL= 5FH=;C o a

os as IM= K= 9FL=Hg=E 9 KM:KL9FLANGK ;GE J=<MRA<G N9DGJ K=E[FLA;G
<=EGFKLJ9LANG
=
;GE
>MF^]G
HJ=;bHM9
<=
9<BMFLG
<=KK=K
KM:KL9FLANGK
 LJ9<A^]G ?J9E9LA;9D L=E 9HJGPAE9<G =KL= N=J<9<=AJG 9JLA?G <=
um uns uma umas ;@9E9<GK 5FH=;CG =B89:=B=8CG IM= K= 9KK=E=D@9E 9
o a os as H=D9 E=J9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <= L9E:_E >MF;AGF9J=E ;GEG 9<
BMFLG <= KM:KL9FLANG E9K IM= <G 9MLaFLA;G 9JLA?G <A>=J=E H=D9 GJA?=E
LGFA;A<9<= ;GEHGJL9E=FLG FG <AK;MJKG N9DGJ K=E[FLA;G = H9H_AK
?J9E9LA;9AK
+=D9 GJA?=E HGJIM= C 5 CG 5G K= HJ=F<=E 9 9FLA?G <=EGFKLJ9LANG
D9LAFG =@@IA =@@5 v G IM= D@=K ?9J9FL= G N9DGJ <= <=EGFKLJ9LANG 9L=FM9<G
v =FIM9FLG IA IA5 IBG IA5G J=HJ=K=FL9E =EHJ=?G =KH=;A9D <= ?=F=J
9DAR9^]G <G FME=J9D IA +=D9 LGFA;A<9<= HGJIM= K=F<G ME NG;Y:MDG =E
AF=FL=E=FL= YLGFG F]G HG<= >MF;AGF9J KGRAF@G F9 GJ9^]G ;GEG G >9R G
;@9E9<G 9JLA?G AF<=>AFA<G IM= F=KL= H9H=D Ke F]G K= ;GF>MF<= ;GE G
HJGFGE= AF<=>AFA<G H=DG 9MPbDAG IM= D@= =EHJ=KL9E GK =FLGJFGK DAF?MbKLA
;GK G HGFLG <= NAKL9 K=E[FLA;G = ;GFK=IM=FL=K J=KMDL9<GK F9K >MF^g=K
?J9E9LA;9AK =KLY G HJAEGJ<A9D N9DGJ 5HI5@=N58CF <G 9JLA?G <= IM= <=;GJJ
=E GK <=E9AK N9DGJ=K ;GFL=PLM9AK  G 9JLA?G <=>AFA<G A<=FLA>A;9 G G:B=LG
<=KA?F9<G H=DG FGE= 9 IM= K= DA?9 <=DAEAL9F<GG =PLJ9AF<GG <= =FLJ= GK
G:B=LGK <9 E=KE9 ;D9KK= ;GEG 9IM=D= IM= BY >GA GM K=JY AE=<A9L9E=FL=
;GF@=;A<G <G GMNAFL= v IM=J 9LJ9N_K <G <AK;MJKG IM= <=D= >9R E=F^]G
IM=J H=D9 x<aAPAKy IM= G EGKLJ9 GJ<=F9F<GG =KH9;A9D = L=EHGJ9DE=FL=
IM=J H=DG ;GFL=PLG A<AGEYLA;G FG IM9D 9 H9D9NJ9 _ IM9F<G F]G MDL=JAGJ
E=FL= <=L=JEAF9<9 FGE= <= ;GF;=ALG GM <= LG<9 ME9 ;D9KK= <= G:B=LGK
9KKAE xG @GE=E _ ME 9FAE9D J9;AGF9Dy =IMAN9D= 9 x9IMADG IM= ;GF
@=;=EGK
H=D9
H9D9NJ9 <CA9A y
6#N 

 7
=KL= N9DGJ 9LM9DAR9<GJ <=;GJJ= G >9LG KAFLYLA;G <= G 9JLA?G K=J <AK
H=FK9<G IM9F<G L9D N9DGJ BY N=E =PHJ=KKG HGJ GMLJG A<=FLA>A;9<GJ 9<FGE
AF9D K=B9 <=EGFKLJ9LANG 9GH9 <CA9A K=B9 HGKK=KKANG A9I @=JFC K=B9
HGJ =IMAN9D=FL= 9 =KL= N9DGJ GM 9FL=K <= ME FGE= HJeHJAG BY HGJ KA 9LM9D



= AF<ANA<M9D )G HGJLM?MaK =E IM= 9 HJ=K=F^9 <G 9JLA?G BMFLG 9G HGKK=KK

ANG 9<FGEAF9D L=E KA<G E9J;9<G HGJ ME HJG?J=KKANG =EHJ=?G <9 >9K= 9F
LA?9 Z EG<=JF9 G MKG <G 9JLA?G =E xo A9I @=JFCy _ J=<MF<9FL= = HG<=J
b9EGK J=H=LAJ 9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G <= ME N=D@G >ADeDG?G D=E:J9<G HGJ +9;@=;G
%hFAGJ
EMD=L9
?J9E9LA;9D
6+% 
7
*MLJ9 >MF^]G _ 9 <9 KM:KL9FLAN9^]G IM9DIM=J MFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9
<G L=PLG 9G EGJ>=E9 HG<= KM:KL9FLAN9JK= IM9F<G _ FGE= <= KA E=KE9
LGE9<9 E9L=JA9DE=FL= xo C _ 9JLA?Gy xo 9GH9 _ <AKKbD9:Gy xF]G K9:= o
7CAC
A9 5;F585Fy
xo D9F
_
ME
HJ=>APGy
KL= >9LG = 9 >GJ^9 A<=FLA>A;9<GJ9 ;GFLJA:M=E H9J9 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<=
<= ;9D9J G FGE= BY 9FL=K 9FMF;A9<G GM K= F]G 9FL=K 9FMF;A9<G FG <AK
;MJKG ;GF@=;A<G = A<=FLA>A;9<G H=DG >9D9FL= = H=DG GMNAFL= xo @=JFC 89
8I = o H9Iy xa 6@IG5 :J9F;9 = a 9RMDy xa 6@IG5 :J9F;9 = aquela 5NI@y
=L; /9D HGKKA:ADA<9<= ;JAGM 9 <A>=J=F^9 F9 FGE=F;D9LMJ9 ?J9E9LA;9D
=FLJ= C x9JLA?Gy = C xHJGFGE= <=EGFKLJ9LANGy :9K=9<9 =E <GAK >9LGK G
K=?MF<G C N9D= K=E9FLA;9E=FL= HGJ =GHC =GGC 5EI=@C = HGJ MK9J=E GMLJ9K
DbF?M9K F=KL9 KALM9^]G ME HJGFGE= 79 =E >J9F;aK EI9@@C =E AL9DA9FG
= F]G G 9JLA?G "ADA "9Q9 6"" 7 BY EGKLJGM IM= DbF?M9K @Y IM= HJ=>=J=E
F=KL9 KALM9^]G G 9JLA?G =FIM9FLG GMLJ9K HJ=>=J=E >GJE9K <=
<=EGFKLJ9LANG
*J9 AKLG FGK D=N9 9 9;GEH9F@9J GK 9MLGJ=K D9J;GK 'DGJ9;@ E9AK
J=;=FL=E=FL= IM= N==E ;GEG KM:KL9FLAN9^g=K <= GJ9^g=K HJ=NA9E=FL=
LJ9FKHGKL9K 9 KM:GJ<AF9<9K 9<B=LAN9K x)]G K=A C EI9 :5N9Gy G:B=LG <AJ=LG
<= BVC G9= GM 9<N=J:A9AK x"GKLGM <G EI5B8C C :=@<C G9 89:9B89Iy ;GE
HD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG
<= ;CGH5F
KL9 GEAKK]G <G 9FL=;=<=FL= <G J=D9LANG _ 9FYDG?9 Z IM= K= <Y =E
KM:GJ<AF9<9K <= EI9A 9:KGDMLG x+I9A HI8C EI9F LM<G H=J<=y = F9K AF
L=JJG?9LAN9K AF<AJ=L9K x)]G K=A EI9A J=FRy x)]G K=A EI5B8C J=FRy BY
;D9KKA>A;9<9K ;GEG <= N9DGJ KM:KL9FLANG <=K<= HA>[FAG A9K FG >AF9D <G
K_;MDG H9KK9<G = 9<GL9<9K <=HGAK =FLJ= GMLJGK HGJ .9A< DA = (YJAG
+=J=AJ9
<=
.GMK9
'AE9
+GJ >AE ;MEHJ= 9;J=K;=FL9J IM= K= ME9 GH=J9^]G <=L=JEAF9LAN9
H9KK9 9 KMH_J>DM9 GM K= J=9DAR9 AEHDA;AL9E=FL= ?J9^9K Z HJ=K=F^9 <= GML
JGK <=L=JEAF9<GJ=K GM H=DG ;GFL=PLG 9K MFA<9<=K =KH=;b>A;9K =EHJ=?9<9K
F9 GH=J9^]G HG<=E K=JNAJ H9J9 GMLJ9K >MF^g=K 6 K    7 GK=JAM
D=E:J9 IM= G 9JLA?G =EHJ=?9<G BMFLG ;GE ME IM9FLA>A;9<G L=E >MF^]G
AF<ANA<M9<GJ9 CG 8C=G <CA9BG = 9HDA;9<G 9 ME FGE= HJeHJAG v BY 9LM9D

 

= AF<ANA<M9D v HG<= =P=J;=J >MF^]G =KLADbKLA;9 '5F=5 9G D9<G <= 5

'5F=5
%MFLG <= FGE= F]G E9J;9<G HGJ ?aF=JG = FhE=JG HG<= G 9JLA?G K=J
J=KHGFKYN=D H=D9 AF<A;9^]G <=KK9K ;9L=?GJA9K ?J9E9LA;9AK o 5FH=GH5 a
9JLAKL9 o @RD=G os @RD=G
Emprego do Artigo Definido
EHJ=?G
<G
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G

Emprego do artigo definido v = D9J?G MKG FG A<AGE9 G 9JLA?G 9K

KME= K=FLA<GK =KH=;A9DbKKAEGK ?J9^9K 9GK ;GFLGJFGK N=J:9AK =
=PLJ9N=J:9AK
9
%MFLG
<GK
FGE=K
HJeHJAGK
<=FGL9
FGKK9
>9EADA9JA<9<=
F=KL=
E=KEG
;9KG
HG<=
G
9JLA?G
K=J
L9E:_E
GEALA<G
*
D=LG
L9DN=R
>9DL=
@GB=
*
FLfFAG
;GEMFA;GMK=
;GE
G
%G]G
Observao * MKG E9AK >J=IM=FL= F9 DAF?M9?=E ;MDL9 L=F<G =E NAKL9 G N9DGJ
BY <= KA AF<ANA<M9DAR9FL= <AKH=FK9 G 9JLA?G BMFLG 9 FGE=K HJeHJAGK <= H=KKG9K
;GE =P;=^]G <GK IM= K= 9;@9E FG HDMJ9D W LJ9<A^]G 9AF<9 Ke 9FL=HGJ 9JLA?G 9
9H=DA<GK C 9Eg=K C /9KKG C 1A=AJ9 (G<=JF9E=FL= L=EK= =KL=F<A<G 9
HJ=K=F^9 <G 9JLA?G 9FL=K <GK FGE=K <= =K;JALGJ=K 9JLAKL9K = H=JKGF9?=FK ;_D=:J=K
HJAF;AH9DE=FL= IM9F<G MK9<G =E K=FLA<G >A?MJ9<G C 9FL= C /GJIM9LG C -9>9=D
 G IM9<JG <= -9>9=D AR=EGK AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= F=GHC GM C F=GHC GM 9AF<9
C F=GHC
$9GIG

:
GKLME9
9H9J=;=J
9G
D9<G
<=
;=JLGK
FGE=K
HJeHJAGK
?=G?JY>A;GK
HJAF
;AH9DE=FL=
GK
IM=
<=FGL9E
H9bK=K
G;=9FGK
JAGK
EGFL9F@9K
AD@9K
5 .M_;A9 C LD[FLA;G C E9RGF9K CG F<=K 5 "JG=FD[F<A9

FLJ= FeK <AKH=FK9E 9JLA?G GK FGE=K <GK K=?MAFL=K KL9<GK @5

;C5G !C=RG '5HC !FCGGC '=B5G !9F5=G -5BH5 5H5F=B5 -VC *5I@C
*9FB5A6I7C = -9F;=D9
Nota )]G K= 9;GEH9F@9E <= 9JLA?G 9K <=FGEAF9^g=K ?=G?JY>A;9K >GJE9<9K
;GE
FGE=K
GM
9<B=LANGK -VC
*5I@C 9@C
"CF=NCBH9

,M9FLG ZK ;A<9<=K ?=J9DE=FL= HJ=K;AF<=E <= 9JLA?G #Y ;GFLM<G

=P;=^g=K <=NA<9K Z AF>DMaF;A9 <= K=M HJAEALANG N9DGJ <= KM:KL9FLANG
;GEME 5 9@A9 C -AG <= %9F=AJG C +GJLG =L; GFLAFM9F<G 9 HJYLA;9 <=
GMLJGK A<AGE9K IM= HGJ KM9 N=R K= AFKHAJ9E FG YJ9:= 9@%5<=F5 9
1ALGJAGK9
<AR=EGK
;GE
9JLA?G C
5=FC




,97=:9 K=EHJ= K= <AKK= 9;GEH9F@9<G <= 9JLA?G C ,97=:9 (G<=JF9

E=FL= HG<= <AKH=FKYDG F575>I ;9HAL9D <= .=J?AH= ;GF@=;= 9 E=KE9
DA:=J<9<=
;
FLJ9
=E
FME=JGK9K
9D;MF@9K
=
;G?FGE=K
$K9:=D 5
,989BHCF5

(9FM=D C
09BHIFCGC A5G F989F=7C
5F65FCL5
<
H9J=;=E
=E
;=JLGK
LbLMDGK C HJG>=KKGJ
%G]G
-A:=AJG C @AKLGJA9<GJ
/ALG
'bNAG C <GMLGJ
.GMK9
Observao W GEALA<G 9FL=K <GK GJ<AF9AK HGKHGKLGK 9GK LbLMDGK +=<JG $ #=F
JAIM=
1$$$
%G]G
1$

=
.]G
GEALA<GK
FGK
LbLMDGK
<= 0CGG5
@H9N5 0CGG5
'5>9GH589 0CGG5
-9B

<CF=5 =
GMLJ9K
<=FGEAF9^g=K
9D_E
<9K
>GJE9K
9:J=NA9<9K 8CA :F9=
GVC =
9K
<=
GJA?=E
=KLJ9F?=AJ9
;GEG &CF8 '585A9 -=F =
G
D9LAFAKEG
G_FCF GM GCFCF GPbLGFG 0CGG5
@H9N5
D5GG9=5 F9=
$C5EI=A
8C
ACF
=J=BC
5B975 B5G79I
9A
*9FB5A6I7C -CFCF GM -CF '5F=5B5
@
7C:CF58C
:C=
7X@96F9
9G7F=HCF5
DCFHI;I9G5
Observao FKAF9FGK Joo Ribeiro xW ME ?9DA;AKEG 9 AFL=J;9D9^]G <G
9JLA?G F9K >eJEMD9K -I5 L79@ZB7=5 o 89DIH58C -I5 @H9N5 o DF[B7=D9 -I5 -5B
H=8589 o *5D5 KL=K ?9DA;AKEGK >GJ9E 9<GL9<GK ?=J9DE=FL= F9 DbF?M9 H9J9 =NAL9J
>eJEMD9K E=FGK =D=?9FL=K ;GEG 5 =P;=DaF;A9 <G .J =HML9<G 5 9DL=R9 <G HJbF
;AH= ;GEG E9F<9JA9 <AR=J 9 N=JF9;MDA<9<=y 6%-  7  =E FGL9 LJ9FK;J=N=
=P=EHDGK IM= D@= >GJ9E 9HGFL9<GK H=DG ;GD9:GJ9<GJ Firminio Costa <GK IM9AK
D=E:J9EGK
x
;GEMFA;GM
9
;GAK9
Z
DL=R9
<=
=DJ=A
GE
%G]G
G
$$$y

>
AR=EK=
;GE
9JLA?G
GK
FGE=K
<=
LJ9:9D@GK
DAL=JYJAGK
=
9JLbKLA;GK
K=
G
9JLA?G
H=JL=F;=
9G
LbLMDG
@Y
<=
K=J
=K;JALG
G:JA?9LGJA9E=FL=
;GE
E9AhK;MD9
5 F=A<9 5 %=JMK9D_E
'A:=JL9<9 )G 'MKb9<9K  /=EH=KL9<=

(=KEG IM9F<G HJ=;=<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G >GJ9 <G LbLMDG <=N=K=

EG<=JF9E=FL= 9 LJ9<A^]G F]G HJG;=<A9 9KKAE HJ=K=JN9J 9 AFL=?JA<9<= <G
9JLA?G
AF;DMb<G
F9
<=FGEAF9^]G
(C
75GC
89 Os Lusadas
*5GG5B8C
CG
C@<CG
DCF As Cidades e as Serras



GH5ADCIG9
CBH9A
9A O Globo 5
BCH[7=5

tK N=R=K 9H9J=FL=E=FL= K= BMFL9E <GAK 9JLA?GK HGJIM= G HJAE=AJG

L=E KM:=FL=F<A<9 9 =KH_;A= <9 HM:DA;9^]G x0E 9JLA?G E=M HM:DA;9<G na
6J=NAKL97  p;I=5y 6!+ 5DI8 (?  7 xO 6DANJG7  *585F=5 GD=F=HI5@
=KLY
K=F<G
;9HJA;@GK9E=FL=
;GF>=;;AGF9<G y
6'( 5DI8 (? 7
 EY AFL=JHJ=L9^]G <=KL= >9LG ;9MKGM G =EHJ=?G =JJfF=G = HD=
GFYKLA;G <G 9JLA?G =E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG  BCH[7=5 G5=I pelas G
!F5B89G
(CJ=8589G
?
.]G
GEALA<GK
9FL=K
<9
H9D9NJ9 75G5
<=KA?F9F<G
J=KA<aF;A9
GM
>9EbDA9
F9K
=PHJ=KKg=K
<G
LAHG :I=
5
75G5 9GHCI
9A
75G5 J9B<C
89
75G5 D5G
G9=
DCF
75G5 HC8CG
89
75G5
Observao .=?MA<G <= FGE= <G HGKKMA<GJ GM <= ME 9<B=LANG GM =PHJ=KK]G
9<B=LAN9 HG<= G NG;Y:MDG 75G5 9;GEH9F@9JK= <= 9JLA?G 5 GM 89 ;9K9 <=
E=MK
H9AK

@
*EAL=K=
9AF<9
G
9JLA?G
BMFLG
9G
NG;Y:MDG H9FF5
=E
GHGKA^]G
9 6CF8C

IM=
L9E:_E
<AKH=FK9
9JLA?G
$9E
<=
:GJ<G 5 L=JJ9

A
GKLME9K=
GEALAJ
G
9JLA?G
;GE
9
H9D9NJ9 D5@R7=C
IM9F<G
<=K9;GE
H9F@9<9
<=
EG<A>A;9<GJ
x+=J?MFLGM
G
E=KLJ==K;GD9
9>GAL9E=FL=
Z
K=FLAF=D9
<G
H9^G
K=
G
J=H
J=K=FL9FL=
F9;AGF9D
EGJ?9<G
<9
?J9
=KL9N9 9A
D5@R7=Cy
6J 
7

B
H9J=;=
BMFLG
9G
L=JEG
<=FGL9<GJ
<9
MFA<9<=
IM9F<G
K=
=PHJ=KK9
G
N9DGJ
<9K
;GAK9K
9IMA
G
9JLA?G
9KKME=
G
N9DGJ
<= 7585
(9^]K
<=
HGM;GK
;JMR=AJGK C IMADG

C
H9J=;=E
F9K
<=KA?F9^g=K
<=
L=EHG
;GE
GK
FGE=K
<9K
=KL9^g=K
<G
9FG
(5
DF=A5J9F5 @Y
>DGJ=K
=E
9:MF<[F;A9
x E
ME9
L9J<=
<G 9GH=C
Z
@GJ9
AF;=JL9
=
K9M<GK9 y
6# 
7
Observaes



 p .= G FGE= <= =KL9^]G NA=J HJ=;=<A<G <= 89 KA?FA>A;9F<G DF_DF=C 89 G 9JLA?G
_
<AKH=FK9<G
)ME9
E9F@] 89
DF=A5J9F5
p .= 9 =PHJ=KK]G L=EHGJ9D ;GFLAN=J FGE= <= EaK <AKH=FK9 9AF<9 G 9JLA?G (=M
AJE]G
>9R
9FGK 9A
A5FWC

D
)9K
AF<A;9^g=K
<=
L=EHG
;GE
9
=PHJ=KK]G IA5
<CF5
KA?FA>A;9F<G IA5

9 DF=A9=F5
<CF5
G
=EHJ=?G
<G
9JLA?G
_
>9;MDL9LANG
J9
H=JLG 85 ME9
@GJ9 GM

J9
H=JLG 89 ME9
@GJ9

 HJAE=AJ9 ;GFKLJM^]G H9J=;= K=J E9AK <GK HGJLM?M=K=K 9 K=?MF<9

<GK :J9KAD=AJGK +GJ K=J E9AK 9FLA?9 F9 DbF?M9 >APGMK= G =EHJ=?G <G 5
9;=FLM9<G
=E
=PHJ=KKg=K
;GEG S
IA5
<CF5
=L;
E
W
F9
E9AGJA9
<GK
;9KGK
<=
=EHJ=?G
>9;MDL9LANG
BMFLG
9
HGKK=KKANGK
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
FGE=
=PHJ=KKG
(=M
DANJG GM C E=M
DANJG
Observao W G:JA?9LeJAG G 9JLA?G IM9F<G G HGKK=KKANG _ MK9<G K=E KM:KL9FL
ANG =E K=FLA<G HJeHJAG GM LJ9FKD9LG GFAL9 ;9K9 =J9 5 A=B<5 !9R=J 85G GI5G
x1aK H=J9DL9 W 9KKAE IM= ME EG^G <=N= R=D9J G FGE= 8CG G9IG +=FK9K IM= =M
= E=MK 9NeK ?9F@9EGK G <AF@=AJG =E ;9K9 <= BG?G GM 9 N9<A9J H=D9K JM9Ky
6( 
7

(9K K=E 9JLA?G <AR=EGK NYJA9K =PHJ=KKg=K ;GEG 89 A9I 89 G9I

B5HIF5@ DAF?M9?=FK ;GE IM= LJ9<MRAEGK xGK :=FK HJeHJAGK <= 9D?M_Ey v
9
HJAE=AJ9
v
=
xIM9DA<9<=K
F9LMJ9AKy
v
9
hDLAE9
)MF;9
LAN= 89
A9I
GMLJG
:=E
E9AGJ
x=JF9J<=K
=J9
;GEG
=KL9K
>GJEGK9K 89
G9I
B5HIF5@ IM=
K=
F]G
;9FK9E
;GE
9DAF<9E=FLGK
9
IM=E
LM<G
>A;9
:=Ey
67

AKH=FK9 9AF<9 9JLA?G G HGKK=KKANG IM= =FLJ9 =E =PHJ=KKg=K ;GE G

N9DGJ
<= 5@;IBG
*K
'MKb9<9K
LaE GI5G <A>A;MD<9<=K
<=
AFL=JHJ=L9^]G

!AF9DE=FL= F9 =PHJ=KK]G <= ME 9LG MKM9D IM= K= HJ9LA;9 ;GE >J=

IMaF;A9
G
HGKK=KKANG
N=E
FGJE9DE=FL=
K=E
9JLA?G
tK
GALG
LGE9 G9I ;9>_

F
)]G
K=
J=H=L=
G
9JLA?G
=E
>J9K=K
;GEG
*
@GE=E
E9AK
NAJLMGKG
<G
DM?9J



KL9JA9
=JJ9<G ) @GE=E C E9AK
NAJLMGKG
<G
DM?9J

Nota v W HJ=;AKG <AKLAF?MAJEGK ;MA<9<GK9E=FL= =KL= >=AG =JJG <= ME9 =PHJ=KK]G
LJ9<A;AGF9D = ;GJJ=LbKKAE9 IM= ;GFKAKL= =E 9;J=K;=FL9J <=HGAK <G KM:KL9FLANG <=
L=JEAF9<G HGJ 9<B=LANG G ;GFBMFLG C A5=G IM= AFLJG<MRAJY ME9 =PHDA;9^]G ME
9<=F<G ME9 J=KLJA^]G tK N=R=K =PHJAE=EK= L9AK A<=A9K ;GE aF>9K= ;9KG =E
IM= ;GKLME9E 9H9J=;=J 9FL=K <= C A5=G =D=E=FLGK <= N9DGJ ;GF;=KKANG ;GEG
5=B85 A9GAC 5HX DCGHC
EI9
 EY HGFLM9^]G <=N=JA9 @9N=J NbJ?MD9 9FL=K <G ;GFBMFLG AFA;A9<G HGJ C
A5=G 9HJGPAE9 GK <GAK LAHGK <= =PHJ=KK]G = ME9 9FYDAK= E=FGK ;MA<9<GK9 L=E
>=ALG
IM=
K=
=NAL=E
;GFKLJM^g=K
;GJJ=LbKKAE9K
Martinz de Aguiar 6(?   7 =KLM<GM ;GE EMAL9 H=JKHA;Y;A9 GK
<GAK
EG<GK
=
9KKAE
;GF;DMAM
9
KM9
DA^]G
x+9J9 IM= @9B9 HMJ=R9 <= DAF?M9?=E _ F=;=KKYJAG _ AEHJ=K;AF<bN=D IM= G
KM:KL9FLANG K=E G 9;J_K;AEG <= C A5=G ;GE:AF= ;GE GK GMLJGK L=JEGK <9 HJG
HGKA^]G FME K=FLA<G ;9:9D <= L9D E9F=AJ9 IM= HGKK9 J=H=LAJK= .=E AKKG =K
L9EGK AFADM<AN=DE=FL= Z NAKL9 <= ME =KLJ9F?=AJAKEG <= KAFL9P= GM <= ME9
;GFKLJM^]G 9FLAA<AGEYLA;9 IM=J K= LJ9L= <= C v C IM=J <= IA v C )]G _ HGAK
;GJJ=L9
=KL9
;GFKLJM^]G
<=
"GF^9DN=K
<=
(9?9D@]=K
.=M
JGKLG
<=
D=AL=
=
JGK9K
=
ME
;GFLGJFG
G
E9AK
H=J>=ALG
,CGHC
89
IA
7CBHCFBC
D9F:9=HC _
LM<G FCGHC
89
IA
7CBHCFBC F]G
_
F9<9y
6(? 
 7
KKAE =KL]G ;GJJ=L9K 9K K=?MAFL=K H9KK9?=FK FGL9F<GK= 9H=F9K 9 9MKaF
;A9 <= NbJ?MD9 9FL=K <= C A5=G =P=EHDGK =PLJ9b<GK <9 K_JA= 9HJ=K=FL9<9 HGJ
guiar
x
AFN=B9
L=
9KK9DLGM
=
9
IM=E
H=J<G9
KL=
EGFKLJG
G
E9AGJ
<G
=K;MJG
$F>=JFGy
6+= Agostinho de
Macedo7
x*
E_LG<G
IM= 5G
7=ZB7=5G
5G
A5=G
9L5H5G K=?M=E
F9K
KM9K
GH=J
9^g=Ky
6Jernimo Barbosa7
x* 5
=KL=
KGE
G
E9AK
;D9JG
<=
LG<GKy
6Castilho Antnio7

)GL=K= IM= FGK =P=EHDGK 9HGFL9<GK HG<=Jb9EGK ;GDG;9J NbJ?MD9 G

IM=
F]G
9;GFL=;=
;GE
GK
IM=
K=
K=?M=E
x/=FK
EAD
Y?M9K
;JAKL9DAF9K
G
:FIH5G
5G
A5=G
8=J=B5G
0E9
=KHGK9
<=
AFN=B9J
,M=
E9AK
HG<=K
<=K=B9Jy
6PA7



x=K<=
9
IM9<J9 5
A5=G
5BH=;5
=
IM=
J=R9E
GK
H=J?9EAF@GKy
6!17

*K HG=L9K IMAK=J9E 9H=F9K <AR=J 5G :FIH5G A5=G 8=J=B5G 5 EI58F5 A5=G

5BH=;5
* LAHG xR=JG <=L=JEAF9^]Gy 9FL=K <G KM:KL9FLANG K=?MA<G <= C A5=G
_ E=FGK =F>YLA;G <CA9A C A5=G 5@HC = K= N9DGJAR9 9LJ9N_K <= ME9 AF
N=JK]G
C
A5=G
5@HC
<CA9Ay
6>
(? 
 7
G
%MFLG
ZK
<=KA?F9^g=K
<=
H9JL=K
<G
;GJHG
=
FGE=K
<=
H9J=FL=K;G
GK
9JLA?GK
<=FGL9E
9
HGKK=
/J9R 5
7569W5 =E:J9FIMA^9<9
H=D9K
HJ=G;MH9^g=K
/=E C
FCGHC K=J=FG
E9K
9K
E]GK
LJaEMD9K

'9MJ9
>9D9F<G
Z
AJE]
x+GAK
F]G
IM=E
E=
HG<A9
9;GFK=D@9J
HJM<aF;A9
9
F]G
K=J
9
K=F@GJ9
9
>AD@9
KAF?MD9J
IM=
GMK9
<AKHGJ
<=
KA
<=FLJG
<G
HYLJAG
D9J
K=E
GMNAJ D5= F=E AV9
MA<9
IM=
9
KM9
=K;GD@9
:9KL9
K=E
IM=
HJAE=AJG 5 E]=
= C H9A
9
9;GD@9y
6 
7

H

H9D9NJ9 HC8C
FG
KAF?MD9J
HG<=
NAJ
GM
F]G
K=?MA<9
<=
9JLA?G
;GE
GK
KA?FA>A;9<GK
<= =BH9=FC HCH5@ = 7585 EI5@EI9F
 HJ=K=F^9 GM 9MKaF;A9 <G 9JLA?G <=H=F<= <= IM= G KM:KL9FLANG =P
AB9
GM
J=HM<A=
9
9FL=;AH9^]G
<= C 5 CG 5G
)9 DbF?M9 EG<=JF9 HC8C C ;GJJ= E9AK FG K=FLA<G <= LGL9DA<9<= AF
L=AJ=R9 aF>9K= 9IMA HJAF;AH9DE=FL= ;GE GK L=JEGK IM= <=FGL9E K=FLA
E=FLG 89 HC8C C 7CF5WVC 7CA HC8C C ;CGHC 7CA HC8C C 5ACF 7CA HC8C
C
75F=B<C
=L; 
/G<9
9
>9EbDA9
=KL9N9
FG
J=;AFLG

9
>9EbDA9
LG<9
AFL=AJ9

FLJ=L9FLG ;GEG LJ9^G <G K=M N9DGJ K=E[FLA;G AF<A>=J=F;A9<G

zIM9DIM=J{ GM zAFL=AJG{ 9AF<9 HG<= 9H9J=;=J FGK 9MLGJ=K EG<=JFGK HC8C
C 9G
D9<G
<= HC8C K=E
9JLA?G
H9J9
=PHJ=KK9J
9
A<=A9
<=
zIM9DIM=J{
*
;GJ9^]G
<= HC8C
C K=J
@ME9FG
!GA
;GF;=:A<G
H9J9
L=J
HA=<9<=
6. 7



)]G ;GKLME9 <AKH=FK9J 9JLA?G =FLJ= :GFK =K;JALGJ=K G 9<B=LANG KM:

KL9FLAN9<G EG<A>A;9<G HGJ HC8C 9AF<9 K=F<G =KL= hDLAEG =EHJ=?9<G ;GE
G
K=FLA<G
<= EI5@EI9F
.C8C
C
DF_L=AC L=E
<AJ=ALG
F9LMJ9D

tK N=R=K 9H9J=;=E F9 =K;JAL9 AF;=JL=R9K FG =EHJ=?G <= HC8C C

HC
8C HC85 5
HC85 =E NAJLM<= <G >=FfE=FG <= >GF_LA;9 KAFLYLA;9 IM= >MF<=
G
C
5 >AF9AK
;GE C 5 9JLA?G
GE 9K <=KA?F9^g=K ?=G?JY>A;9K G =EHJ=?G <= HC8C C = HC8C <=
H=F<=
<=
G
FGE=
=PA?AJ
GM
F]G
9
HJ=K=F^9
<G
9JLA?G
/G<G
G
J9KAD /G<G
+GJLM?9D

0K9EK= EG<=JF9E=FL= ;GE G 9JLA?G FME=JGK9K =PHJ=KKg=K =E

IM=
=FLJ9
9
H9D9NJ9 HC8C
LG<G G ?aF=JG LG<G G EMF<G 9 LG<9 9 H9JL= =E LG<9 9 H9JL= HGJ LG<9 9
H9JL= 9 LG<9 9 :JA<9 9 LG<G G ?9DGH= 9 LG<9 9 HJ=KK9 =E LG<G G ;9KG 9 LG<9 9
@GJ9
9
LG<G
G
AFKL9FL=
9
LG<G
G
EGE=FLG
9
LG<G
G
LJ9FK=
9
LG<G
G
;MKLG
=L;

)G HDMJ9D HC8CG F]G <AKH=FK9 9JLA?G K9DNG K= NA=J 9;GEH9F@9<G <=

H9D9NJ9
IM=
=P;DM9
=KL=
<=L=JEAF9FL=
.C85G
5G >9EbDA9K
LaE
:GFK
=
E9MK
;GEHGF=FL=K
.C85G
5G >9EbDA9K
=KL9N9E
FG
J=;AFLG
.C85G
9GH5G H=KKG9K
K]G
FGKK9K
;GF@=;A<9K

.= =PHJAEAEGK 9 LGL9DA<9<= FME_JA;9 HGJ FME=J9D HJ=;=<A<G <G =D=

E=FLG
J=>GJ^9LANG HC8CG
9H9J=;=JY
9JLA?G
K=
G
KM:KL9FLANG
NA=J
=PHJ=KKG
.C8CG
CG
8C=G
FCA5B79G K]G
<A?FGK
<=
D=ALMJ9
.C85G
5G
G9=G
F9GDCGH5G =KL9N9E
;=JL9K

.=
GEALAJEGK
G
KM:KL9FLANG
F]G
@9N=JY
DM?9J
H9J9
G
9JLA?G
!AR=J9EE=
K=AK
H=J?MFL9K
-=KHGF<A
9;=JL9<9E=FL= 5
HC85G
G9=G

I
H9J=;=
G
9JLA?G
F9K
=FME=J9^g=K
GF<=
@Y 7CBHF5GH9 GM ZB:5G9

!A;GM
=FLJ= 5
J=85 = 5
ACFH9
xK
NAJLM<=K
;ANAK
=
KG:J=LM<G
G
9EGJ
<9
HYLJA9
LAF@9E
F9K;A<G
H9J9
GK
?G<GK
IM=
>AP9F<G
G
K=M
<GEA;bDAG
F9K
KH9F@9K
HGKKMbJ9E
<=
H9AK
9
>AD@GK C ;9EHG
9?JA;MDL9<G C D9J
<GE_KLA;G C L=EHDG
<9
GJ
9^]G
= C ;=EAL_
JAG
<G
J=HGMKG
=
<9
K9M<9<=y
6# 
7
x)GL9J9E
LG<GK
IM= 5
H5F89 = 5
BC=H9 <9IM=D=
<A9
>GJ9E
9K
E9AK
LJAKL=K
@GJ9K
<=
9KAEAJG
F9
KM9
HJAK]G
<=
<GAK
E=K=Ky
6J 
7





/=JY IBG NAFL=
9FGK
<=
A<9<=

J
AKH=FK9K=
G
9JLA?G
FGK
NG;9LANGK
F9
E9AGJA9
<9K
=P;D9E9^g=K
=
F9K
<9L9K
IM=
9HGEGK
9GK
=K;JALGK

<
FL=K
<=
HJGFGE=
<=
K=FLA<G
AF<=>AFA<G
79FHC H5@ CIHFC
=L; 

<AKH=FK9K=
G
9JLA?G
AF<=>AFA<G
K9DNG
IM9F<G
G
=PA?AJ
9
aF>9K=

x09@<=79 v A=;C
<ARE=
ME
9EA?G
.9:=
IM=
9
:G9
A<9<=
_
9
hDLAE9
A<9<=y
6AO7
-AG 
89
A5=C <=


=HGAK
<= 79FH5 @GJ9
F]G
G
=F;GFLJ9EGK
=E
;9K9
=
F]G IA5
79FH5

<CF5
=NA9
HGAK
K=J
E=D9F;eDA;G
9D_E
<G
=PHJAEbN=D
G
IM=
9b
K=
H9KKGM
F=KK9
?J9<=
LJAKL=
=
<=K?J9^9<G
<AJ=A
9
BMD?YDG
H=D9K
;GFK=IMaF;A9K
IM=
K=
N]G
<=K;J=N=J
;GE IA
79FHC H=K9J
=E
IM=
=KH=J9EGK
LGE=E
GK
D=ALGJ=K
G
K=M
IMAF@]G
<=
H=F9
K=
F]G
LG<GK
9G
E=FGK
9IM=D=K
IM=
F]G
<]G
F9<9
H=D9
>=DA;A<9<=
<9
L=JJ9
IM9F<G
=D9
AEHDA;9
G>=FK9
9G
.=F@GJ
<G
;_My
6J 
7

K
GKLME9K=
<AKH=FK9J
G
9JLA?G
<=HGAK
<= 7<9=F5F
5 G569F
5 
L=J
G

?GKLG
<=
=
=PHJ=KKg=K
KAFfFAE9K
$KLG 7<9=F5
5 B9KEAE $KLG G569
5 NAF@G

L
E
>J9K=K
>=AL9K
9H9J=;=
G
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G
F9
KM9
9FLA?9
>GJE9 @C @5

x/=F@G
GMNA<G
GK
IMAF@=FLAKL9K
9
D9
EG<9
=
GK
?9DAH9JD9Ky
6J 
7

KKAE
=F;GFLJ9EGK 5
@5
:X 5
@5
D5F 5
@5
A5F
=L;

H9J=;= 9AF<9 9 >GJE9 9FLA?9 F9 =PHJ=KK]G 9@F9= IM= K= <=N= MK9J
K=E 9 9FL=HGKA^]G <= G 9H=K9J <= 9D?MFK J9JGK =P=EHDGK =E ;GFLJYJAG
=E
HY?AF9K
<=
9MLGJ=K
E9AK
9>9KL9<GK
<=
FeK
1=KLb?AG HJGNYN=D <9 _HG;9 =E IM= LAF@9 G 9JLA?G 9 >GJ^9 <aALA;9 <=
HJGFGE= <=EGFKLJ9LANG _ G K=M =EHJ=?G BMFLG 9 EI9 =E ;GFKLJM^g=K
;JAKL9DAR9<9K
;GEG D9@C
EI9 BC
EI9
8=N
F9GD9=HC
=L;
EHJ=?G
<G
9JLA?G
AF<=>AFA<G

Emprego do artigo indefinido v * 9JLA?G AF<=>AFA<G HG<= 9KKMEAJ

E9LAR=K N9JA9<bKKAEGK <= K=FLA<G J=?AKLJ9J=EGK 9K K=?MAFL=K
;GFKA<=J9^g=K
9
0K9K=
G
AF<=>AFA<G
H9J9
9;D9J9J
E=D@GJ
9K
;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K
<=
ME
KM:
KL9FLANG
=FMF;A9<G
9FL=JAGJE=FL=
;GE
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G
KL9EH9N9
FG
JGKLG
G
KGJJAKG IA KGJJAKG
<=
;JA9F^9

KL9 <AKH=FK9 HG<= G;GJJ=J L9E:_E 9FL=K <G 9<N_J:AG HVC = ;=JL9K
DG;M^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK 7CA JCN GIF85 9FL=K <G KM:KL9FLANG IM= >MF;AGF9
;GEG
HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
N=J:G G9F 0C7Z
X
<CA9A <=
:=E
(G<=JF9E=FL= ;J=EGK IM= E9AK HGJ N9DGJAR9^]G =KLADbKLA;9 <G AF
<=>AFA<G IM= HGJ KAEHD=K = K=JNAD AEAL9^]G <G >J9F;aK IA 9H9J=;= =E
;9KGK IM= K= F]G HG<=E =PHDA;9J HGJ aF>9K= )=KL9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K L9AK
;9KGK
K]G
;=FKMJ9<GK
H=D9
?J9EYLA;9
LJ9<A;AGF9D
= /A G;GJJ=
;GEG
;GJJ=D9LANG
<= CIHFC =E
K=FLA<G
<AKLJA:MLANG
/A AJE]G
A9
9G
L=9LJG
=
G CIHFC
9G
;AF=E9
Observao 9D9F<GK= G KM:KL9FLANG L9E:_E BMFLG <= IA 9AF<9 <AKH=FK9EGK
9 9FL=HGKA^]G <G 9JLA?G <=>AFA<G 9G ;GFLJYJAG <G IM= >9RA9 G HGJLM?MaK 9FLA?G =
<G
IM=
>9R=E
HGJ
=P=EHDG
G
>J9F;aK
=
G
=KH9F@GD
/A A9
9G
L=9LJG
= C
CIHFC 9G
;AF=E9
C
IA C
CIHFC
FG
HGJLM?MaK
9FLA?G @nIB @n5IHF9 9@
IBC 9@
CHFC

>
)GL=K=
9
=PHJ=KK]G IA
7CAC
=EHJ=?9<9
FG
K=FLA<G
<=
xME9
;GAK9
;GEGy
xME
K=J
;GEGy
xME9
=KH_;A=
<=y
GF<= IA ;GF;GJ<9
;GE
G
KM:KL9FLANG
K=?MAFL=
!=R IA
7CAC <AK;MJKG +JG>=JAM IA5
7CAC HJYLA;9

:
+JG;=<=FL=
<=
KM9
>MF^]G
;D9KKA>A;9<GJ9 IA HG<=
9<IMAJAJ
KA?FA>A;9^]G
=F>YLA;9
;@=?9F<G
9L_
9
NAJ
9;GEH9F@9<G
<=
GJ9^]G
;GE EI9 <=
N9DGJ
;GFK=;MLANG
;GEG
K=
FG
;GFL=PLG
@GMN=KK= IA
H5@
*
AFKLJME=FLG
_
<= IA5 HJ=;AK]G
9<EAJYN=D
D=
_ IA @=JeA
;GEH9J=
;GE
D=
_
@=JeA
!9DGM
<= IA5 E9F=AJ9
IM=
HfK
E=<G
FGK
;GJ9^g=K

;
FL=K
<=
FME=J9D
<=FGL9
9HJGPAE9^]G
KH=JGM IA5 E=A9
@GJ9
9HJGPAE9<9E=FL=


J=KH=ALG
<= IA5 HJGFMF;A9<G |5
N=B9K=
G
;9HbLMDG
<=
GJLG=HA9

*
9JLA?G
H9JLALANG

O artigo partitivo v  DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 <= GMLJGK L=EHGK

=EHJ=?9N9 8C 8CG 85 85G BMFLG 9 FGE=K ;GF;J=LGK H9J9 AF<A;9J IM= GK
E=KEGK FGE=K =J9E 9H=F9K ;GFKA<=J9<GK F9K KM9K H9JL=K GM FME9 IM9F
LA<9<=
GM
N9DGJ
AF<=L=JEAF9<G
AF<=>AFA<G
)]G
<A?9K 89GH5 Y?M9
F]G
:=:=J=A



W G IM= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 <=FGEAF9 5FH=;C D5FH=H=JC (G<=JF9E=FL= G

H9JLALANG F]G G;GJJ= ;GE 9 >J=IMaF;A9 <= GMLJGJ9 = HG<=K= <AR=J IM9K=
K= 9;@9 :9FA<G <G MKG ?=J9D K9DNG HGMIMbKKAE9K =PHJ=KKg=K =E IM= =D=
K=
E9FL=N=
EGJE=FL=
F9K
A<=A9K
<= 7CA9F = 6969F

4 Pronome

 

;GJJ=KHGF<= ZK N=R=K HG<= F=;=KKAL9J <= MDL=JAGJ=K =K;D9J=;AE=FLGK G9I

G9I
A9GAC G9I
DF_DF=C G9I
89@9 6 K 

F 7

 DG;9DAR9^]G HGKALAN9 <= 9@9 GM 5EI9@9 HG<= 9AF<9 <9JK= H=DGK
=FLGJFGK =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;GK GM H=DG ?=KLG IM= AF<A;9 9 8=F9WVC =E IM= G
G:B=LG
HG<=
9;@9JK= 
*K HJGFGE=K HG<=E 9HJ=K=FL9JK= ;GEG 56GC@IHCG v ;9H9R=K <=
>MF;AGF9J ;GEG Fh;D=G <= KAFL9?E9 FGEAF9D Z E9F=AJ9 <GK KM:KL9FLANGK
v GM ;GEG 58>IBHCG <G Fh;D=G Z E9F=AJ9 <GK 9<B=LANGK <GK 9JLA?GK = <GK
FME=J9AK
;GEG
N=J=EGK
9:9APG

+JGFGE=

Pronome v _ 9 ;D9KK= <= H9D9NJ9K ;9L=?GJ=EYLA;9K IM= J=hF= MFA<

9<=K =E FhE=JG DAEAL9<G = IM= K= J=>=J= 9 ME KA?FA>A;9<G D_PA;G H=D9
KALM9^]G
GM
HGJ
GMLJ9K
H9D9NJ9K
<G
;GFL=PLG
= EG<G ?=J9D =KL9 J=>=JaF;A9 _ >=AL9 9 ME G:B=LG KM:KL9FLANG
;GFKA<=J9F<GG
9H=F9K
;GEG
H=KKG9
DG;9DAR9<9
<G
<AK;MJKG

D9KKA>A;9^]G
<GK
HJGFGE=K

Classificao dos pronomes v *K HJGFGE=K HG<=E K=J D9GGC5=G

DCGG9GG=JCG 89ACBGHF5H=JCG 9:9J;9F<G G 9JLA?G <=>AFA<G =B89:=B=8CG
9:9J;9F<G
G
9JLA?G
AF<=>AFA<G
AFL=JJG?9LANGK
=
J=D9LANGK
+JGFGE=
KM:KL9FLANG
=
HJGFGE=
9<B=LANG

+=KKG9K
<G
<AK;MJKG

Pessoas do discurso v .]G <M9K 9K H=KKG9K <=L=JEAF9<9K <G <AK

;MJKG  p 9I 9 H=KKG9 ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL= 9G >9D9FL= = p HI ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=
9G GMNAFL=    p H=KKG9 AF<=L=JEAF9<9 9HGFL9 H9J9 GMLJ9 H=KKG9 =E
J=D9^]G
9GK
H9JLA;AH9FL=K
<9
J=D9^]G
;GEMFA;9LAN9
G HGFLG <= NAKL9 K=E[FLA;G GK HJGFGE=K =KL]G ;9J9;L=JAR9<GK
HGJIM= AF<A;9E 8Z=L=G xG 9HGFL9J H9J9y AKLG _ =KL]G @9:ADAL9<GK ;GEG
N=J<9<=AJGK ?=KLGK N=J:9AK ;GEG AF<A;9<GJ=K <=L=JEAF9<GK GM AF<=L=JE
AF9<GK GM <= ME9 <aAPAK ;GFL=PLM9D 9 ME =D=E=FLG AFK=JA<G FG ;GFL=PLG
;GEG _ G ;9KG HGJ =P=EHDG <GK HJGFGE=K J=D9LANGK GM <= ME9 <aAPAK
58 C7I@CG IM= 9HGFL9 GM AF<A;9 ME =D=E=FLG HJ=K=FL= 9G >9D9FL=  <aAP
AK K=JY 5B5:_F=75 K= 9HGFL9 H9J9 ME =D=E=FLG BY =FMF;A9<G GM ;GF;=:A<G
GM 75H5:_F=75 K= G =D=E=FLG 9AF<9 F]G >GA =FMF;A9<G GM F]G =KLY HJ=K=FL=
FG
<AK;MJKG 
 <aAPAK L9E:_E =FNGDN= ;GEG NAEGK G DM?9J <9  p H=KKG9 FG
<AK;MJKG Ke IM= <= E9F=AJ9 F=?9LAN9 =E J=D9^]G 9 9I = HI IM= L=E DG;9D
AR9^]G <=>AFA<9 +GJ AKKG _ IM= DbF?M9K @Y ;GEG G HGJLM?MaK IM= HG<=E
>9R=J IM9F<G AKLG K= AEHg= 9 <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= @C75@=N5WVC =B89H9FA=B585
= @C75@=N5WVC 89H9FA=B585 GM =A98=5H5A9BH9 89H9FA=BRJ9@ xG:B=LG IM=
K= =F;GFLJ9 Z NAKL9 <GK >9D9FL=Ky 5EI9@9
5EI9@9 5@= 5EI9@5 @R ;J=K
;=FL9 GK=JAM <= IM=E LGE9EGK 9 DA^]G IM= _ HGJ =KL= ;9JYL=J J=D9LAN9
E=FL= AF<=L=JEAF9<G <9  p H=KKG9 IM= 9 KALM9^]G HGKK=KKAN9 IM= D@=

Pronome substantivo = pronome adjetivo v * HJGFGE= HG<=

9H9J=;=J
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
KM:KL9FLANG
;D9JG
GM
G;MDLG
'9I DANJG
_
E=D@GJ
IM=
G H9I

'9I = H9I K]G HJGFGE=K HGJIM= <]G A<=A9 <= HGKK= =E J=D9^]G Z
H=KKG9 <G <AK;MJKG A9I  p H=KKG9 9 IM= >9D9 H9I  p H=KKG9 9 ;GE
IM= K= >9D9 E:GK GK HJGFGE=K =KL]G =E J=>=JaF;A9 9G KM:KL9FLANG @=JFC
IM= N=E =PHJ=KKG FG AFb;AG E9K K= ;9D9 FG >AE HGJ =KL9J H=J>=AL9E=FL=
;D9JG 9G >9D9FL= = GMNAFL= KL9 J=>=JaF;A9 9 KM:KL9FLANG ;9J9;L=JAR9 9 >MF
^]G 58>9H=J5 GM <= 58>IBHC <= ;=JLGK HJGFGE=K (MAL9K N=R=K K=E IM=
L=F@9 NAF<G =PHJ=KKG 9FL=JAGJE=FL= <AKH=FK9K= G KM:KL9FLANG ;GEG =E
,M=JG G A9I = F]G G G9I DANJG GF<= 9E:GK GK HJGFGE=K HGKK=KKANGK K]G
9<B=LANGK
%Y =E #GHC X A9@<CF EI9 5EI=@C GK HJGFGE=K =GHC = 5EI=@C F]G K=
J=>=J=E 9 F=F@ME KM:KL9FLANG <=L=JEAF9<G E9K >9R=E 9K N=R=K <=D=
.]G
HGJ
AKKG
HJGFGE=K 56GC@IHCG GM GI6GH5BH=JCG
#Y HJGFGE=K IM= K]G 9H=F9K 9:KGDMLGK GM 9<BMFLGK =FIM9FLG GML
JGK
HG<=E
9H9J=;=J
F9K
<M9K
>MF^g=K
+JGFGE=K
H=KKG9AK

Pronomes pessoais v *K HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK <=KA?F9E 9K <M9K

H=KKG9K <G <AK;MJKG = 9 F]G H=KKG9 F]G 9I F]G HI ;GFKA<=J9<9 H=D9
LJ9<A^]G
9
 p
H=KKG9




 p
H=KKG9 9I KAF?MD9J B_G HDMJ9D

p
H=KKG9 HI KAF?MD9J J_G HDMJ9D
=
 p
H=KKG9 9@9 9@5 KAF?MD9J 9@9G 9@5G HDMJ9D
* HDMJ9D B_G AF<A;9 9I E9AK GMLJ9 GM GMLJ9K H=KKG9K = F]G 9I  9I

K >GJE9K 9I HI 9@9 9@5 B_G J_G 9@9G 9@5G IM= >MF;AGF9E ;GEG
KMB=ALG K= <AR=E F9H5G  ;9<9 ME <=KL=K HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK J=LGK ;GJJ=K
HGF<= ME HJGFGE= H=KKG9D G:DbIMG IM= >MF;AGF9 ;GEG ;GEHD=E=FLG =
HG<= 9HJ=K=FL9JK= =E >GJE9 YLGF9 GM >GJE9 LfFA;9 G ;GFLJYJAG <9K
>GJE9K
YLGF9K 5G
HaB=75G
JZA
G9ADF9
DF9G5G
5
DF9DCG=WVC
pronomes pessoais retos

.AF?MD9J

+DMJ9D

pronomes pessoais oblquos

YLGFGK
K=E
HJ=H 

LfFA;GK
;
HJ=H 

 p
H=KKG9 9I

A9

A=A

p
H=KKG9 HI

H9

H=

 p
H=KKG9 9@9 9@5

@<9 C 5 G9

9@9 9@5 G=

 p
H=KKG9 B_G

BCG

B_G

p
H=KKG9 J_G

JCG

J_G

 p
H=KKG9 9@9G 9@5G

@<9G CG 5G G9

9@9G 9@5G G=

P=EHDGK
<=
HJGFGE=K
G:DbIMGK
YLGFGK
x,M=AP9EGBCG <9
>GJLMF9
<=KLAFG
H9J9
<=K;MDH9J
9
FGKK9
HJ=?MA^9y
6((7
x
E=D@GJ
;GEH9F@A9
9;@9G9 =E
ME9
=K;GD@A<9
DANJ9JA9y
6((7

P=EHDGK
<=
HJGFGE=K
G:DbIMGK
LfFA;GK
x*K
FGKKGK
E9AGJ=K
AFAEA?GK
=PAKL=E
<=FLJG 89 B_G E=KEGK
K]G
GK
FGKKGK
=JJGK
Nb;AGK
=
H9APg=Ky
6((7
xK
NAJLM<=K
K=
@9JEGFAR9E
GK
Nb;AGK
<AK;GJ<9E 9BHF9
G=y
6((7



.= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G _ 7CA <AR=EGK 7CA=;C 7CBH=;C 7CBG=;C 7CBCG7C

7CBJCG7C = F]G 7CA A= 7CA H= 7CA G= 7CA B_G 7CA J_G EHJ=?9E
K= =FLJ=L9FLG 7CA B_G = 7CA J_G 9G D9<G <= 7CBCG7C = 7CBJCG7C
IM9F<G =KL=K HJGFGE=K LfFA;GK NaE K=?MA<GK GM HJ=;=<A<GK <= A9GACG
DF_DF=CG HC8CG CIHFCG 5A6CG FME=J9D GM GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 9 >AE <=
=NA<=F;A9J
G
9FL=;=<=FL=
x#Y
ME
;_M
H9J9 B_G
CIHFCG F9
AEGJL9DA<9<=
<9K
FGKK9K
G:J9K
L=JJ=F
9Ky
6%- 
7
CA
J_G
HC8CG GM 7CA
HC8CG
J_G
CA
J_G
5A6CG GM 7CA
5A6CG
J_G

Pronome oblquo reflexivo v W G HJGFGE= G:DbIMG <9 E=KE9

H=KKG9
<G
HJGFGE=
J=LG
KA?FA>A;9F<G 5
A=A A9GAC 5
H=
A9GAC
=L; 
M A9 N=KLA
J9HA<9E=FL=
)eK BCG N=KLAEGK
D=K G9 N=KLAJ9E

Pronome oblquo recproco v W J=HJ=K=FL9<G H=DGK HJGFGE=K

BCG JCG G9 IM9F<G
LJ9<MR=E
9
A<=A9
<= IA
5C
CIHFC F97=DFC75A9BH9
)eK BCG ;MEHJAE=FL9EGK
ME
9G
GMLJG
D=K G9 9:J9^9J9E
ME
9G
GMLJG

Formas de tratamento v PAKL=E 9AF<9 >GJE9K KM:KL9FLAN9K <=

LJ9L9E=FLG AF<AJ=LG <= p H=KKG9 IM= D=N9E G N=J:G H9J9 9  p H=KKG9 .]G
9K ;@9E9<9K :CFA5G GI6GH5BH=J5G 89 HF5H5A9BHC GM :CFA5G DFCBCA=B5=G
89
HF5H5A9BHC 
NG;a
NG;aK
FG
LJ9L9E=FLG
>9EADA9J
G
.=F@GJ
9
.=F@GJ9
FG
LJ9L9E=FLG
;=JAEGFAGKG

 =KL=K HJGFGE=K <= LJ9L9E=FLG H=JL=F;=E 9K >GJE9K <= J=N=JaF;A9

IM= ;GFKAKL=E =E FGK <AJA?AJEGK ZK H=KKG9K H=DGK K=MK 9LJA:MLGK GM IM9D
A<9<=K
IM=
G;MH9E
0CGG5
@H9N5 1
 
H9J9
HJbF;AH=K
<MIM=K
0CGG5
A=BZB7=5 1
E p
H9J9
;9J<=9AK
0CGG5
L79@ZB7=5 1
P p
H9J9
9DL9K
H9L=FL=K
EADAL9J=K
EAFAKLJGK
+J=KA<=FL=
<9
-=Hh:DA;9
H=KKG9K
<=
9DL9
;9L=?GJA9
:AKHGK
=
9J;=:AKHGK



0CGG5
'5;B=:=7ZB7=5 H9J9
J=ALGJ=K
<=
MFAN=JKA<9<=
0CGG5
'5>9GH589 1
( 
H9J9
J=AK
AEH=J9<GJ=K



+lural

0CGG5
'9F7Z 1
( ;a
H9J9
9K
H=KKG9K
<=
LJ9L9E=FLG
;=JAEGFAGKG
0CGG5
)B=DCHZB7=5 H9J9
=MK
v
F]G
K=
MK9
9:J=NA9<9E=FL=
0CGG5
,9J9F9B8[GG=A5 1
-=N E9
H9J9
GK
K9;=J<GL=K
0CGG5
-9B<CF=5 1
. p
H9J9
G>A;A9AK
9L_
;GJGF=D
>MF;AGFYJAGK
?J9<M9<GK
H=KKG9K
<=
;=JAEfFA9
Observaes
 p EHJ=?9K= 0CGG5 @H9N5 = <=E9AK IM9F<G p H=KKG9 AKLG _ =E J=D9^]G 9
IM=E >9D9EGK =EHJ=?9K= -I5 @H9N5 = <=E9AK IM9F<G  p H=KKG9 AKLG _ =E
J=D9^]G
Z
<=
IM=E
>9D9EGK
p 0K9K= <= CA 9:J=NA9<9E=FL=   BMFLG 9G FGE= HJeHJAG  >GFKG 
#=FJAIM=  M?aFAG ZK N=R=K 9H9J=;= =E 9MLGJ=K BMFLG 9 FGE= <= >9EbDA9 E9K
=KL9 HJYLA;9 <=N= K=J =NAL9<9 HGJ ;GFLJ9JA9J 9 LJ9<A^]G <9 DbF?M9 0K9K= 9AF<9 
BMFLG
9
GMLJG
LbLMDG

+JAGJ

:9<=
=L;
 p 0C7Z @GB= MK9<G >9EADA9JE=FL= _ 9 J=<M^]G <9 >GJE9 <= J=N=JaF;A9 0CGG5
'9F7Z 9AF<G G HJGFGE= J_G =E <=KMKG Ke MK9<G F9K GJ9^g=K = =KLADG KGD=F=
=EHJ=?9K= JC7ZG ;GEG
G
HDMJ9D
<= HI
 p * KM:KL9FLANG ;9BH9 HJ=;=<A<G <G 9JLA?G 5 = =E J=>=JaF;A9 9 ME ?JMHG <=
H=KKG9K =E IM= K= AF;DMA 9 IM= >9D9 GM 9 =KL9 KGRAF@9 H9KK9 9 HJGFGE= = K=
=EHJ=?9 >GJ9 <9 DAF?M9?=E ;=JAEGFAGK9 E 9E:GK GK ;9KGK G N=J:G >A;9 F9  p
H=KKG9
<G
KAF?MD9J
xW
N=J<9<=
IM= 5
;9BH9
ZK
N=R=K H9A ;Y
9K
KM9K
:AJJ9Ky
6# 
$$
7
 p
AF<9
;GFLAFM9E
NANGK
=E
+GJLM?9D J_G JCGGC
+JGFGE=K
HGKK=KKANGK

Pronomes possessivos v .]G GK IM= AF<A;9E 9 HGKK= =E J=>=JaF;A9

ZK
LJaK
H=KKG9K
<G
<AK;MJKG
.ingular

 p
H=KKG9

A9I

A=B<5

A9IG

A=B<5G

p
H=KKG9

H9I

HI5

H9IG

HI5G

 p
H=KKG9

G9I

GI5

G9IG

GI5G

 p
H=KKG9

BCGGC

BCGG5

BCGGCG

BCGG5G

p
H=KKG9

JCGGC

JCGG5

JCGGCG

JCGG5G

 p
H=KKG9

G9I

GI5

G9IG

GI5G

+JGFGE=K
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK

Pronomes demonstrativos v .]G GK IM= AF<A;9E 9 HGKA^]G <GK

K=J=K
=E
J=D9^]G
ZK
LJaK
H=KKG9K
<G
<AK;MJKG
KL9
DG;9DAR9^]G
HG<=
K=J
FG H9ADC
FG 9GD5WC GM
FG 8=G7IFGC
 p
H=KKG9
=KL=
=KL9
AKLG 
p
H=KKG9
=KK=
=KK9
AKKG
 p
H=KKG9
9IM=D=
9IM=D9
9IMADG

GH9 @=JFC _ G DANJG IM= =KLY H=JLG <9 H=KKG9 IM= >9D9 9GG9 @=JFC _ G
IM= =KLY DGF?= <9 H=KKG9 IM= >9D9 GM H=JLG <9 H=KKG9 ;GE IM=E K= >9D9
5EI9@9
@=JFC _
G
IM=
K=
9;@9
<AKL9FL=
<9
 p
=
<9
p
H=KKG9
)=E K=EHJ= K= MK9E ;GE =KL= JA?GJ ?J9E9LA;9D GK HJGFGE=K
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK EMAL9K N=R=K AFL=J>=J=E KALM9^g=K =KH=;A9AK IM= =K;9H9E
Z
<AK;AHDAF9
<9
?J9EYLA;9
.]G 9AF<9 HJGFGE=K <=EGFKLJ9LANGK C A9GAC DF_DF=C G9A9@<5BH9
= H5@
GFKA<=J9K= C HJGFGE= <=EGFKLJ9LANG <= =EHJ=?G 9:KGDMLG AF
N9JAYN=D FG E9K;MDAFG = KAF?MD9J IM9F<G >MF;AGF9 ;GE G N9DGJ x?JGKKG
EG<Gy
<= =GHC =GGC 5EI=@C GM H5@
)]G C ;GFK=FLAJ=A
B9E9AK
xJIMAL=LG
<G
EGKL=AJG
<=
.
(9JA9
BY C F]G
KGMy
6# 5DI8 ! 
7
x.=
GK
GD@GK
;GJHGJ9AK
=KL9N9E
EGJLGK
F]G C =KL9N9E
GK
<G
=KHbJALGy
6# 
$
7
x 
J=KA<A9
ME9
NAhN9
IM= C =J9
<=
ME
>A<9D?G
<9
;9K9
<=
R=N=<Gy
6J 5DI8 (9 
7

+G<=
9DM<AJ
9
=PL=FKGK
=FMF;A9<GK
+JGE=L=ME=
IM=
K9AJA9
;GEA?G
F9K
HJePAE9K
>_JA9K
E9K
F]G C >=R

* HJGFGE= C H=J<A<G G K=M N9DGJ =KK=F;A9DE=FL= <=EGFKLJ9LANG =

HGKLG 9FL=K <= KM:KL9FLANG ;D9JG GM KM:=FL=F<A<G =PHJ=KK]G KM:KL9FL
AN9<9 AF;DMKAN= GJ9^]G v ;GEG 9<BMFLG J=;=:= G FGE= <= 9JLA?G



<=>AFA<G KKAE _ IM= FG =P=EHDG K=?MAFL= ;GFKA<=J9EGK G HJAE=AJG CG

=
G
K=?MF<G C 9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G
x)G @GE=FK
<=
=PLJ9GJ<AFYJAGK
L9D=FLGK
K]G
GJ<AF9JA9E=FL= CG <=
E=FGJ
BMbRGy
6((7

'9GAC DF_DF=C G9A9@<5BH9 = H5@ LaE N9DGJ <=EGFKLJ9LANG IM9F<G

<=FGL9E A<=FLA<9<=K GM K= J=>=J=E 9 K=J=K = A<=A9K BY =PHJ=KK9K 9FL=JAGJ
E=FL=
=
N9D=E
HGJ 9GG9 9GG5 5EI9@9 =GGC 5EI=@C
x=HGAK
;GEG
+Y<M9
>9D9KK=
9G
K9;JAKL]G
:9APAF@G
9HJGPAEGMK=
<=D=K
=M
>AR
9 A9GA5 ;GAK9y
6( 
7
x)]G
H9?M=A
MFK
F=E
GMLJGK
E9K
K9AF<G
<=
9DE9K
;[F<A<9K
=
N=J
<9<=AJ9K H5=G HJGE=KK9K
K]G
;GEG
9
EG=<9
>A<M;AYJA9 y
6( 
 7
W
HJGA:A<G
<AR=J=K G9A9@<5BH9G ;GAK9K

D?MFK =KLM<AGKGK HGJ E=J9 =K;GD@9 H=KKG9D LaEK= AFKMJ?A<G ;GF

LJ9 G =EHJ=?G 9F9>eJA;G <G <=EGFKLJ9LANG A9GAC KM:KL9FLAN9<G H=DG
9JLA?G HJ=;=<A<G GM F]G <= HJ=HGKA^]G H9J9 J=>=JAJK= 9 H9D9NJ9 GM <=
;D9J9^]G =PHJ=KK9 9FL=JAGJE=FL= )]G 9HJ=K=FL9E =FLJ=L9FLG 9K J9Rg=K
<9
;JbLA;9
x*K
<AJ=LGJ=K
HJ=KGK
LAN=J9E <5695G
7CFDIG
H9J=;=M
ME
J=D9LeJAG
;GFLJ9 CG
A9GACG
=
;GFLJ9
GMLJGK y
6( 5DI8 ((; 
7
xGKLME9K=
=K;J=N=J
<=FLJG
<GK
DANJGK
F9
>GD@9
<=
?M9J<9
H9D9NJ9K
9DMKAN9K 5CG
A9GACGy
6
!JA=AJG 5DI8 ((; 7

+9J9 =KL=K ;JbLA;GK C A9GAC =L;  <=N= K=J KM:KLALMb<G HGJ 9@9 =L;
/9DN=R HGJ AKKG !JA=AJG F9 p =<A^]G 9DL=JGM K=M L=PLG H9J9
xGKLME9K= =K;J=N=J <=FLJG <GK DANJGK F9 >GD@9 <= ?M9J<9 H9D9NJ9K 5
9@9G 9DMKAN9Ky
'9GAC = DF_DF=C 9H9J=;=E
9AF<9
J=>GJ^9F<G
HJGFGE=K
H=KKG9AK
D9 A9GA5 IMAK
N=J
G
HJG:D=E9
)eK DF_DF=CG G
<AKK=EGK
x/9D
>9^G
=M
Z
E=<A<9
IM=
E=
N9A
D=E:J9F<G
=
;GFNAF<G
Z
;GF
KLJM^]G
GM
J=;GFKLJM^]G
<=
EAE A9GACy
6( 
7
+JGFGE=K
AF<=>AFA<GK

Pronomes indefinidos v .]G GK IM= K= 9HDA;9E Z  p H=KKG9 IM9F<G

LaE
K=FLA<G
N9?G
GM
=PHJAE=E
IM9FLA<9<=
AF<=L=JEAF9<9
!MF;AGF9E ;GEG HJGFGE=K AF<=>AFA<GK KM:KL9FLANGK LG<GK AFN9JAY
N=AK 5@;IXA B=B;IXA HI8C B585 5@;C CIHF9A
x(=B;IXA E9AK
9
NGR
K=FLA<9



G
/JGN9<GJ
=K;MLGMy
6"7

.]G HJGFGE=K AF<=>AFA<GK 9<B=LANGK LG<GK N9JAYN=AK ;GE =P;=^]G

<= 7585 B9B<IA CIHFC L9E:_E AKGD9<G IA L9E:_E AKGD9<G 79FHC
EI5@EI9F Ke
N9JAYN=D
=E
FhE=JG EI5=GEI9F 5@;IA 7585
xK
LAJ9K
K9=ED@=
<9K
E]GK
9FAE9<9K
=
HGDA<9K @;IA5G LJ9R=E
HGM;9K
=E=F<9K
GM B9B<IA5Gy
6( 
7
x
NA<9
9 IBG
9
EGJL=
;GF>=J=
;=D=:JA<9<=K
9 CIHFCGy
6((7

HDA;9EK= 9 IM9FLA<9<=K AF<=L=JEAF9<9K GK AF<=>AFA<GK LG<GK N9J

AYN=AK ;GE =P;=^]G <= A5=G = A9BCG AI=HC A5=G A9BCG DCI7C HC8C
5@;IA H5BHC EI5BHC JRF=C 8=J9FGC
'5=G 9EGJ=K
= A9BCG ;GF>A9F^9
FMF;9 A9B5G
GE DCI7C <AF@=AJG
;GEHJ9J9E 8=J9FGCG HJ=K=FL=K
$KLG
_
G A9BCG IM=
K=
HG<=
=PA?AJ
'I=HC D@=
<=NG
JJ9KL=
HGJ DCI7C
+I5BHCG F]G
=JJ9J9E
F=KL=
;9KG
Observaes
 p * HJGFGE= AF<=>AFA<G IA HG<= K=J MK9<G ;GEG KM:KL9FLANG HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
F9K DG;M^g=K <G LAHG 7585 IA EI5@EI9F IA GEG 9<BMFLG J=;=:= G FGE= <=
5FH=;C
=B89:=B=8C
p /9E:_E GK HJGFGE=K AF<=>AFA<GK A5=G = A9BCG HG<=E KM:KL9FLAN9JK= =E
=PHJ=KKg=K <G LAHG C A5=G 8CG <CA9BG C A5=G 85G J9N9G C A5=G 89@9G C A9BCG
+GJ 9LJ9^]G C A5=G HG<= 9H9J=;=J FME ?AJG <=JAN9<G <9 ;GFKLJM^]G GJA?AF9D =
;GF;GJ<9J ;GE G ?aF=JG = FhE=JG <G KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE= H=KKG9D IM= =FLJ9
F9 =PHJ=KK]G C A5=G 8CG <CA9BG GM CG A5=G 8CG <CA9BG C A5=G 85G J9N9G GM 5G
A5=G
85G
J9N9G C
A5=G
89@9G GM CG
A5=G
89@9G
=L;

K <MHD9K EI9A EI9A EI5@ EI5@ 9GH9 9GH9 IA CIHFC ;GE

K=FLA<G
<AKLJA:MLANG
L9E:_E
K]G
HJGFGE=K
AF<=>AFA<GK
x+I5@ K=
9:AKE9
F9K
Df:J=?9K
LJAKL=R9K
+I5@ =E
KM9N=K
Bh:ADGK
<AK;GJJ=
GE
=KH=J9F^9K
EAD
F9K
A<=A9K
9;=K9Ky
6G7

$KLG
_ IA K=
9:AKE9 CIHFC <AK;GJJ=

Observao .G:J= G MKG <= IA 9 CIHFC IA 8C CIHFC =E J=>=JaF;A9 9 H=KKG9K
<=
K=PGK
<A>=J=FL=K



(MAL9K N=R=K 9 HGKA^]G <9 H9D9NJ9 9DL=J9 K=M K=FLA<G = KM9

;D9KKA>A;9^]G
9FH5G H=KKG9K
HJGF
AF<=> 
F]G
;@=?9E
F9
@GJ9 79FH5 9<B=LANG
E9K
=E 79FH5G @GJ9K
HJGF
AF<=> 
@;IA DANJG

;=JLG
DANJG
'ANJG 5@;IA 
F=F@ME
DANJG

E GMLJ9K _HG;9K 5@;IA HG<A9 L=J K=FLA<G 9>AJE9LANG GM F=?9LANG

AF<=H=F<=FL=
<=
KM9
HGKA^]G
x=KL9
?=FL=
J=>J=K;G 5@;IA LGE9EGKy
6' 
1
7
,9:F9G7C
5@;IA  5@;IA
F9:F9G7C
x1eK
9
IM=E
F]G
KGE=FL= 5@;IA H=JA?G
KLGJN9
;GFIMAKL9J
G
HGNG
AEMF<Gy
6' 
1$$
7
@;IA
D9F=;C  B9B<IA
D9F=;C

Locuo Pronominal Indefinida v W G ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K IM=

N9D= HGJ ME HJGFGE= AF<=>AFA<G AK 9K HJAF;AH9AK DG;M^g=K 7585 IA
7585 EI5@ 5@;IA5 7C=G5 EI5@EI9F IA EI9A EI9F EI9A EI9F EI9 C EI9
EI9F EI9 G9>5 EI9A :CF G9>5 EI5@ :CF EI5BHC EI9F EI9 C A5=G @GB=
E=FGK
>J=IM=FL=
IM= 5
A5=CF
D5FH9 5
A5=CF=5
xK
N=J<9<=K
F]G
H9J=;=E
9K
E=KE9K
9
LG<GK 7585
IA 9K
Na
=E
HGFLG
<AN=JKG
<=
H=JKH=;LAN9y
6((7



GM HJGFGE= 9<B=LANG ;GE G N9DGJ <= EI9 9GDX7=9  +I5@ = L9E:_E

EI9
AF<A;9<GJ=K
<=
K=D=^]G
FGJE9DE=FL=
K]G
HJGFGE=K
9<B=LANGK
E EI5@ DANJ9JA9
;GEHJ9J=EGK
G
HJ=K=FL=
E EI9 DANJ9JA9
;GEHJ9J=EGK
G
HJ=K=FL=

-=KK9DL9K= 9AF<9 9 K=D=^]G 9FL=HGF<G 9G KM:KL9FLANG FG HDMJ9D 9

=PHJ=KK]G EI5@
8CG EI5@
85G
E EI5@
8CG DANJGK
=F;GFLJ9KL=
G
=P=EHDG
Observao KL=K AFL=JJG?9LANGK K9=E FGJE9DE=FL= <GK HJGFGE=K AF<=>AFA<GK
= HGJ AKKG ;GKLME9E K=J ;@9E9<GK =B89:=B=8CG =BH9FFC;5H=JCG H9J=;=E 9AF<9
F9K
=P;D9E9^g=K
=
F=KL=
;9KG
G EI9 9<IMAJ=
K=FLA<G
>J9F;9E=FL=
AFL=FKANG
+I9 KMKLG
D=N=A GEH9J=K=
;GE EI9 ;9:=^9
K=F@GJ9

ARK= =BH9FFC;5WVC 8=F9H5 9 H=J?MFL9 IM= L=JEAF9 HGJ HGFLG <= AF
L=JJG?9^]G
=
K=
;9J9;L=JAR9
H=D9
=FLG9^]G
9K;=F<=FL=
,M=E
N=AG
9IMA

#BH9FFC;5WVC =B8=F9H5 _ 9 H=J?MFL9 IM= 5 K= >9R AF<AJ=L9E=FL= =

H9J9 9 IM9D F]G K= H=<= J=KHGKL9 AE=<A9L9 6 _ HJG>=JA<9 ;GE =FLG9^]G
FGJE9D <=K;=F<=FL= 7 F]G L=JEAF9 HGJ HGFLG <= AFL=JJG?9^]G 8 N=E
<=HGAK <= N=J:G IM= =PHJAE= AFL=JJG?9^]G GM AF;=JL=R9  D9F;IBH5F =B8
5;5F BVC
G569F =;BCF5F
=L; 
,M=JG
K9:=J
IM=E
N=AG
9IMA

+JGFGE=K
AFL=JJG?9LANGK

Pronomes interrogativos v .]G GK HJGFGE=K AF<=>AFA<GK EI9A

EI9 EI5@ = EI5BHC IM=
K=
=EHJ=?9E
F9K
H=J?MFL9K
<AJ=L9K
GM
AF<AJ=L9K
+I9A N=AG
9IMA
+I9 ;9:=^9
K=F@GJ9
+I9 ;GEHJ9KL=
+I5@ 9MLGJ
<=K;GF@=;=
+I5@ ;GFKA<=J9K
E=D@GJ
+I5BHCG NA=J9E
+I5BHCG 9FGK
L=FK

E
DM?9J
<= EI9 HG<=K=
MK9J
9
>GJE9
=F>YLA;9 C
EI9

x?GJ9
HGJ
AKKG C
EI9 K=JY
>=ALG
<=
>J=A
/AEeL=G
J9
F9IM=D=
L=EHG
ME
>J9<=
?M9HG
=
9D=FL9<G )
EI9 K=JY
>=ALG
<=D=y
6# 
$$
7

+I9A J=>=J=K= 9 H=KKG9K = _ HJGFGE= KM:KL9FLANG +I9 J=>=J=K= 9

H=KKG9K GM ;GAK9K = _ HJGFGE= KM:KL9FLANG ;GE G N9DGJ <= EI9 7C=G5

AK GMLJGK =P=EHDGK <= AFL=JJG?9^]G AF<AJ=L9 ;GE=^9<GK H=DGK HJG

FGE=K
AFL=JJG?9LANGK
BY
;AL9<GK
$?FGJG EI9 ;9:=^9
K=F@GJ9
$F<9?9J9EE= EI9 ;GEHJ9KL=
+=J?MFL=AL=
HGJ EI9 NA=KL=
9IMA
)]G
K=A EI5@ 9MLGJ
<=K;GF@=;=
=K;GF@=^G EI5@ ;GFKA<=J9K
E=D@GJ
$F<9?9J9E EI5BHCG NA=J9E
+JGFGE=K
J=D9LANGK

Pronomes relativos v .]G GK IM= FGJE9DE=FL= K= J=>=J=E 9 ME

L=JEG
9FL=JAGJ
;@9E9<G
9FL=;=<=FL=
M
KGM
G
>J=?MaK EI9 HGJ
hDLAEG
;GEHJ9
G
BGJF9D
* EI9 K=
J=>=J=
Z
H9D9NJ9 :F9;IZG

* HJGFGE= J=D9LANG EI9 <=K=EH=F@9 <GAK H9H_AK ?J9E9LA;9AK 9D_E

<= KM9 J=>=JaF;A9 9G 9FL=;=<=FL= ;GEG HJGFGE= >MF;AGF9 L9E:_E ;GEG



LJ9FKHGKALGJ <= GJ9^]G GJA?AF9JA9E=FL= AF<=H=F<=FL= 9 9<B=LANG = 9b =P=J

;=J >MF^]G <= 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D <=KL= E=KEG 9FL=;=<=FL= )G =P=EHDG
9 GJ9^]G ) :F9;IZG 7CADF5 DCF d@H=AC C >CFB5@ _ <=?J9<9 9 >MF^]G <= 9<
BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D F9 GJ9^]G ;GEHD=P9
HGJ
hDLAEG
;GEHJ9
G
BGJF9D7

 

+ronomes relativos sem antecedente v *K HJGFGE=K J=D9LANGK

EI9A = CB89 HG<=E 9H9J=;=J ;GE =EHJ=?G 9:KGDMLG K=E J=>=JaF;A9 9
9FL=;=<=FL=K
+I9A LM<G
IM=J
LM<G
H=J<=
AR=E=
;GE EI9A 9F<9K
=
=M
L=
<AJ=A EI9A _K
(GJG CB89 E9AK
E=
9?J9<9

M KGM

* LJ9FKHGKALGJ HJGFGE= J=D9LANG EI9 <A>=J= <G LJ9FKHGKALGJ ;GFBMF

^]G AFL=?J9FL= HGJIM= =KL= F]G =P=J;= >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 F9 GJ9^]G =E IM=
=KLY
AFK=JA<G
=FIM9FLG
G
J=D9LANG
=P=J;=
K=EHJ=
>MF^]G
KAFLYLA;9
*K HJGFGE=K J=D9LANGK K]G EI5@ C EI5@ 5 EI5@ CG EI5=G 5G
EI5=G 7I>C 7I>5 7I>CG 7I>5G EI9 EI5BHC EI5BH5 EI5BHCG EI5BH5G
CB89
+I9A K= J=>=J= 9 H=KKG9K GM ;GAK9K H=JKGFA>A;9<9K = K=EHJ= 9H9J=;=
HJ=;=<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G +I9 = C EI5@ K= J=>=J=E 9 H=KKG9K GM ;GAK9K
+I9 = EI9A >MF;AGF9E ;GEG HJGFGE=K KM:KL9FLANGK ) EI5@ 9H9J=;=
;GEG
KM:KL9FLANG
GM
9<B=LANG
K
H=KKG9K
<= EI9A >9D9K
F]G
NA=J9E
*
fFA:MK EI9 =KH=J9EGK
=KLY
9LJ9K9<G
)]G
K]G
HGM;9K
9K
9DMF9K EI9 >9DL9J9E
KL=
_
G
9KKMFLG
KG:J= C
EI5@ >9D9JY
G
HJG>=KKGJ
)]G
NA
G
E=FAFG C
EI5@ E=FAFG
GK
;GD=?9K
HJG;MJ9E

;9K9 CB89 EGJG
_
=KH9^GK9

I>C K=EHJ= ;GE >MF^]G 9<B=LAN9 J=;D9E9 =E ?=J9D 9FL=;=<=FL=

= ;GFK=IM=FL= =PHJ=KKGK = =PHJAE= IM= G 9FL=;=<=FL= _ HGKKMA<GJ <G K=J
AF<A;9<G
H=DG
KM:KL9FLANG
9
IM=
K=
J=>=J=
DA
N9A
G <CA9A cuja 75G5 ;GEHJ=A
9FL=;=<
;GFK=I
9
;9K9
<G
@GE=E
*bservao E 9MLGJ=K EG<=JFGK <= ?GKLG 9J;9AR9FL= <= N=R =E IM9F<G
G;GJJ= 7I>C K=E ;GFK=IM=FL= ;GEG =E x  9 G:J9 7I>C ;GE=FL9<GJ =M KGMy
=E
DM?9J
<=
x<=
IM=
KGM
;GE=FL9<GJy
GM
x;MBG
;GE=FL9<GJ
KGMy

+I5BHC L=E HGJ 9FL=;=<=FL= ME HJGFGE= AF<=>AFA<G HI8C HC8C

HC8CG HC85G H5BHC
KIM=^9K=
<=
LM<G EI5BHC D@=
<AKK=

+I9A 9KKAE =EHJ=?9<G _ ;GFKA<=J9<G ;GEG <G ?aF=JG E9K;MDAFG

=
<G
FhE=JG
KAF?MD9J
+I9A ;GE
>=JJG
>=J=
;GE
>=JJG
K=JY
>=JA<G
*bservao *K J=D9LANGK K=E 9FL=;=<=FL=K L9E:_E K= <AR=E F9@5H=JCG =B89:=B
=8CG (MALGK 9MLGJ=K HJ=>=J=E F=KL= ;9KG KM:=FL=F<=J ME 9FL=;=<=FL= 9<9HLYN=D
9G ;GFL=PLG $FL=JHJ=L9F<G EI9A ;GEG 5 D9GGC5 EI9 CB89 ;GEG C @I;5F 9A EI9
9KKAE
KM:KLALM=E
+I9A LM<G
IM=J
LM<G
H=J<=
 5
D9GGC5
EI9 LM<G
IM=J
LM<G
H=J<=
KL= <MHDG EG<G <= =F;9J9J G HJG:D=E9 L=E J=H=J;MKKg=K <A>=J=FL=K F9
;D9KKA>A;9^]G <9K GJ9^g=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K ;GF>GJE= N=J=EGK =E Oraes subordinadas resultantes de substantivao: as interrogativas e exclamativas
EHJ=?G
<GK
+JGFGE=K

Emprego dos Pronomes

+JGFGE=
H=KKG9D

Pronome pessoal
+JGFGE=
=
L=JEGK
GJ9;AGF9AK

*FCBCA9 9 H9FACG CF57=CB5=G v  JA?GJ G HJGFGE= H=KKG9D J=LG

>MF;AGF9 ;GEG KMB=ALG = HJ=<A;9LANG =FIM9FLG G G:DbIMG ;GEG
;GEHD=E=FLG
Eu G5=C Eu BVC
GCI ele I o J= (VC lhe F9GDCB89ACG

FLJ= GK G:DbIMGK 9 >GJE9 YLGF9 N=E <=KHJGNA<9 <= HJ=HGKA^]G =F

IM9FLG
9
LfFA;9
=PA?=
FG
HGJLM?MaK
EG<=JFG
=KL9
H9JLb;MD9
I o J= ,9:9F=IG9 a ti

9KGK @Y =FLJ=L9FLG =E IM= =KL9 FGJE9 HG<= K=J ;GFLJ9JA9<9

KKAE
_
IM=
HG<=
G;GJJ=J
9
>GJE9
J=L9
H=D9
G:DbIM9
9
IM9F<G
G
N=J:G
=
G
K=M
;GEHD=E=FLG
FGEAF9D
=KLAN=J=E
<AKL9F;A9<GK
K=H9J9<GK
HGJ
H9MK9
.M:AM

NAM
;GE
K=MK
GD@GK
@5 9
JAJK=
IM=
<9F^9N9
6"7




:
F9K
=FME=J9^g=K
=
9HGKA^g=K
L9E:_E
;GE
<AKL9F;A9E=FLG
<G
N=J:G
=
;GEHD=E=FLG
=HGAK
<=
EMAL9
<=DGF?9
G
<AJ=LGJ
=K;GD@=M 9I
G
#=FJAIM=
=
G
+9MDAF@G

;
HJ=;=<A<G
<= HC8C G_ =
E9AK
9D?MFK
9<BMFLGK
HG<=
9H9J=;=J 9@9 =

>D=Pg=K
HGJ C =
>D=Pg=K
;>
9<A9FL=
<
IM9F<G
<GL9<G
<=
9;=FLM9^]G
=F>YLA;9
FG
>AE
<=
?JMHG
<=
>GJ^9
*D@9 9@9
6 ,7

=
=E
;GGJ<=F9^g=K
<=
HJGFGE=K
GM
;GE
ME
KM:KL9FLANG
AFLJG<MRA<GK
H=D9
HJ=HGKA^]G 9BHF9
=FLJ= 9I = HI HGJ
=FLJ= A=A = H=
=FLJ= 9I =
G
9DMFG
=FLJ=
%GK_
= 9I
%Y @Y ;GF;=KKg=K <= 9D?MFK ?J9EYLA;GK IM9F<G G HJGFGE= 9I GM HI
N=E
=E
K=?MF<G
DM?9J
FLJ= 9@9 = 9I
FLJ=
G
%GK_
= 9I

 DbF?M9 =P=EHD9J AFKAKL= F9 DA^]G <G JA?GJ ?J9E9LA;9D J=

;GE=F<9F<G
F=KL=K
;9KGK
G
MKG
<GK
HJGFGE=K
G:DbIMGK
LfFA;GK
FLJ= A=A = H=
FLJ= 9@9 = A=A

0E =P=EHDG ;GEG BHF9 $CGX 9 A=A <A>A;ADE=FL= K9AJA9 @GB= <9

H=F9
<=
ME
=K;JALGJ
EG<=JFG
KL= <=KNAG <9 FGJE9 =F;GFLJ9 H9J9D=DG =E GMLJ9K DbF?M9K JGE[F
A;9K
;GEG
G
=KH9F@GD
=
G
AL9DA9FG
6('C 
$$$

=
7
/9E:_E <=HGAK <= =PHJ=KKg=K ;GEH9J9LAN9K = =P;=HLAN9K 9 DbF?M9
<=FMF;A9 ;=JL9 N9;AD9^]G FG =EHJ=?G <G HJGFGE= H=KKG9D @9N=F<G 9IMA
>GJL=
<ANeJ;AG
=FLJ=
9
DbF?M9
DAL=JYJA9
=
9
;GDGIMA9D
=K;JAL9
GM
>9D9<9
)]G
L=F@G
GMLJG
9EA?G
K=F]G HI )]G
KGM
;GEG HI
)]G
L=F@G
GMLJG
9EA?G
K=F]G 5
H= )]G
KGM
;GEG 5
H=
EHJ=?G
<=
HJGFGE=
LfFA;G
H=DG
YLGFG

Emprego de pronome tnico pelo tono v *K HJGFGE=K LfFA;GK

HJ=HGKA;AGF9<GK 5 9@9 5 9@5 5 A=A 5 H= 5 B_G 5 J_G HG<=E 9H9J=;=J F9
DbF?M9 =P=EHD9J FGK K=?MAFL=K ;9KGK =E N=R <9K >GJE9K YLGF9K @<9 A9
H9 BCG JCG
9
IM9FLG
9FL=HGKLG
9G
N=J:G

9@9 ;MEHJA9
=F;@=J
9K
?MA9K

:
IM9F<G
;GEHGKLG
-=E=LA
DANJGK 5
9@9 =
9G
LAG



;
IM9F<G
J=>GJ^9<G
*
<AF@=AJG
>GA
=FLJ=?M= 5
9@9
A9GAC
9J=A
9K
BGA9K G_
5
9@5

<
IM9F<G
HD=GFYKLA;G
=NGDNA@<9
5
9@9 9K
EYIMAF9K

=
IM9F<G
;GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG
LAJGMK= 5
9@9
"GKLG 89@5

>
IM9F<G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G
)=E
=D=
=FL=F<= 5
B_G F=E
FeK 5
9@9 6%* 
7

E ?=J9D G HGJLM?MaK GEAL= G HJGFGE= KMB=ALG IM9F<G ;GFKLALMb<G

HGJ 9I HI B_G = J_G
x)]G
E=
D=E:J9
G
IM=
D@=
<AKK=y
6( 
7

* 9H9J=;AE=FLG <G HJGFGE= KMB=ALG <= J=?J9 K= <Y IM9F<G @Y aF

>9K=
GM
GHGKA^]G
<=
H=KKG9K
?J9E9LA;9AK
xI _
IM=
>MJG
G
H9FG
NGM
9<A9FL=
HMP9F<G
HGJ
NG;a
IM=
N=E
9L
JYK
G:=<=;=F<G
9G
IM= 9I >9^G
=
E9F<G y
6( 
7
x#Y
=FLJ=
FeK
ME
9:AKEG HI G
9:JAKL= 9I HJ=;AHAL=AE=
F=D=y
6# 
7

KL9F<G H=J>=AL9E=FL= ;GF@=;A<G H=D9 KALM9^]G DAF?MbKLA;9 HG<=K=

;9D9J G HJGFGE= ;GEHD=E=FLG <G N=J:G =KL9 DAF?M9?=E _ ;GJJ=L9 9H=K9J
<9 ;=FKMJ9 IM= D@= >9RA9E GK ?J9EYLA;GK <= GMLJGJ9 (MAL9K N=R=K <=N=K=
G >=FfE=FG 9G IM= G =KLADAKL9 9D=E]G '=G .HALR=J ;@9EGM xDAF?M9?=E
=;Gy ;GFKLALMb<9 <= J=H=LA^]G <= ME9 H9JL= <9 GJ9^]G <=KLAF9<9 9 J=
>GJ^9J
9
HJeHJA9
<=;D9J9^]G
;GEG
FG
K=?MAFL=
LJ=;@G
<=

#=J;MD9FG
xAKK=
BY
IM=
LAF@9
<=
>9R=J
ME9
=PHDA;9^]G
9G
D=ALGJ .9B<C
=
_
AF
<AKH=FKYN=Dy
6# 
$$
7

E
;9KGK
<=
aF>9K=
;GKLME9K=
J=H=LAJ
9 G HJGFGE= YLGFG H=D9 KM9 J=KH=;LAN9 >GJE9 LfFA;9 HJ=;=<A<9 <=
HJ=HGKA^]G
x(9K
IM9D
K=JY
9
LM9
KGJL=
IM9F<G
F9
@GJ9
>9L9D
GK
9D?GR=K
:MK;9F<G
9
KM9
NbLAE9
Ke H9 =F;GFLJ9J=E 5
H=y
6# 
7

: G ;GEHD=E=FLG =PHJ=KKG HGJ ME FGE= H=DG HJGFGE= YLGFG ;GFN=FA

=FL=
GM
NA;=N=JK9
G 5J5F9BHC F9<9 @<9 H=^G





xAF<9
@GB=
=KL]G
=E
H_
E9K
FAF?M_E 5G @9:AL9 9GG5G ;@GMH9F9K

=P=;J9F<9K y
6J 
7

0K9K= G HJGFGE= C CG =E J=>=JaF;A9 9 FGE=K <= ?aF=JGK <A>=J

=FL=K
HGJ
F=MLJ9DAR9^]G
x
;9B9FCG=8589 C
9G:CFWC = C
5ACF
=FKAF9KL=CG LM
=E
LG<9
9
KM9
KM:DAEA<9<=y
6# 
7

x 
=
.
P; p
J=KHGF<=J9
<=;D9J9F<G
9;=AL9JA9
KG:
9
;GF<A^]G
<=
9FMbJ=E C
5FVC
8C
,=C
F5B7C
9
9Iy

 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 ?J9E9LA;9D H=D9 HJ=K=F^9 <= HJGFGE= <=  p H=KK

G9 =PA?AJA9 G N=J:G >D=PAGF9<G F9  p <G HDMJ9D 5BI=FACG /G<9NA9 =E
J9R]G <9 MJ:9FA<9<= 9 HGDA<=R K= J=>D=L= F]G Ke F9 GJ<=E <GK HJGFGE=K
E9K
9AF<9
F9
>D=P]G
N=J:9D

D=
;GEG
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG

Ele como objeto direto v * HJGFGE= 9@9 FG HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG

Ke 9H9J=;= ;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG IM9F<G HJ=;=<A<G <= HC8C GM G_ 9<B=LANG
GM
K=
<GL9<G
<=
9;=FLM9^]G
=F>YLA;9
=E
HJGK9
GM
N=JKG
x)G
D9LAE
=J9E
IM9LJG
GK
HJGFGE=K
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK .C8CG
9@9G ;GF
K=JN9
G
HGJLM?MaKy
6+' 
7
x.M:AM
v
=
NAM
;GE
K=MK
GD@GK
@5 9
JAJK=
IM=
<9F^9N9 y
6" 5DI8 ..7
x*D@9 9@9y
6 , 5DI8 ..7
*J<=E
<GK
HJGFGE=K
H=KKG9AK

Ordem dos pronomes pessoais v )9 K=IMaF;A9 <GK HJGFGE=K

H=KKG9AK KMB=ALGK G HGJLM?MaK FGJE9DE=FL= 9HJ=K=FL9 GJ<=E >9;MDL9LAN9
<=D=K 9I
9
HI HI
9
9I 9I
9
9@9 9@9
9
9I 9I
9
C
G9B<CF C
G9B<CF
9
9I
=L; 
v
+GJIM=
FeK
N9EGK
DY
B9FL9J
F9
K=?MF<9>=AJ9
v
)eK
)eK
IM=E
v
)eK I
9
HI HI
9
9I

;GF<=KK9
;GFNA<GME=
FG
;GE:GAG
6 , 
 7

W =NA<=FL= IM= F9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K =E IM= @Y F=;=KKA<9<= <= KMH=J

HGJ Z =PHJ=KK]G DAF?MbKLA;9 LJ9^GK <= HGDA<=R MJ:9FA<9<= GM FG HGDG
GHGKLG <G ;GFNbNAG KG;A9D EG<_KLA9 HG<= G >9D9FL= GM =K;JALGJ AFN=JL=J 9
GJ<=E <9F<G 9 HJAE9RA9 <9 HJAE=AJ9 J=>=JaF;A9 9G K=M AFL=JDG;MLGJ IM=J
E9FA>=KL9<G HGJ HJGFGE= IM=J HGJ KM:KL9FLANG KL9 _ HGJ =P=EHDG 9
HJYLA;9
<9
;GJL=KA9
=FLJ=
>J9F;=K=K
=
=KH9F@eAK
W G IM= K= H=J;=:= HGJ =P=EHDG F9 K=?MAFL= HJ=>=JaF;A9 <= 9EA
DG
FG
AFb;AG
<G
JGE9F;= )
-9B<CF
8C
*5WC
89
(=BV9G
KL9EGK
FG
(AF@G C @9=HCF
9
9I

* H9KKG <9 ;GJL=KA9 DAF?MbKLA;9 F]G H9J9 F9 GJ<=E <GK HJGFGE=K

AFN9<= G <GEbFAG <9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 ;GEG 9 J=9DARGM -MA 9J:GK9 F=KL=
;GF@=;A<G
LJ=;@G
<=
ME9
;9JL9

*
HJGFGE=
K=
F9
;GFKLJM^]G
J=>D=P9

O pronome se na construo reflexa  v AK 9IMA ME :GE =P=E

HDG H=DG IM9D K= H9L=FL=A9 IM= ME KA?FA>A;9<G ?J9E9LA;9D MFALYJAG KA?FA
>A;9<G <= DbF?M9 K= HG<= <=K<G:J9J =E GMLJ9K 9;=H^g=K ;GF>GJE= 9K
MFA<9<=K
DAF?MbKLA;9K
;GE
IM=
K=
9;@9
;GE:AF9<G
=
G
=FLGJFG
KALM9;AGF9D
 J=>D=PANA<9<= ;GFKAKL= F9 =KKaF;A9 F9 xAFN=JK]G GM F=?9^]G <9
LJ9FKALANA<9<= <9 9^]G N=J:9Dy E GMLJ9K H9D9NJ9K KA?FA>A;9 IM= 9 9^]G
<=FGL9<9 H=DG N=J:G F]G H9KK9 9 GMLJ9 H=KKG9 E9K J=N=JL=K= Z H=KKG9 <G
HJeHJAG
KMB=ALG
=D=
_
9G
E=KEG
L=EHG
9?=FL=
=
H9;A=FL=
 9 $CVC
G9
65B<5
 FGKK9 =PH=JAaF;A9 <G EMF<G 9<EAL= 9 @AHeL=K= <= %G]G :9F@9J 9
KA
E=KEG
GM
:9F@9J
ME9
GMLJ9
H=KKG9 $CVC
65B<5
C
:=@<C
D9@5
A5B<V
.e
IM=
F9
J=>D=PANA<9<=
xHJeHJA9y
G;GJJ=
9
HJAE=AJ9
@AHeL=K=

%Y
F9
GJ9^]G
 : $CVC
9
'5F=5
G9
5A5A
G KA?FA>A;9<G <G N=J:G 5A5F = 9 FGKK9 =PH=JAaF;A9 <G EMF<G IM= =E
?=J9D LJ9L9F<G <= <M9K H=KKG9K KMHg=E G 9EGJ <= 9D?M_E  <AJA?A<G 9
GMLJG 9D?M_E  H=JEAL=EFGK <9J GMLJ9 9;=H^]G ;GFL=PLM9D 9G GJA
?AFYJAG KA?FA>A;9<G MFALYJAG <= xJ=>D=PANA<9<=y 9;J=<AL9EGK IM= 9 GJ9^]G
IM=J =PHJ=KK9J IM= x%G]G 9E9 (9JA9y = IM= x(9JA9 9E9 9G %G]Gy FL]G
F]G E9AK K= LJ9L9 <= xJ=>D=PANA<9<= HMJ9y E9K <= xJ=>D=PANA<9<=
J=;bHJG;9y



 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G <= J=>D=PANG J=;bHJG;G F]G EM<9JY K= K= LJ9L9J <=

N=J:G LJ9FKALANG IM= K= ;GFKLJeA ;GE G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG GM ;GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG
$CVC
9
'5F=5
G9
9G7F9J9A
ME
=K;J=N=
9G
GMLJG
$CVC
9
'5F=5
G9
;CGH5A
ME
?GKL9
<G
GMLJG

K MFA<9<=K D_PA;9K ;GEHJGE=LA<9K F9 ;GFKLJM^]G <=L=JEAF9E 9

AFL=JHJ=L9^]G .= <AR=EGK $CVC 9 '5F=5 G9 A=F5A 9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G E9AK
F9LMJ9D K=JA9 9 <= ME J=>D=PANG J=;bHJG;G E9K K= 9;J=K;=FL9JEGK $CVC 9
'5F=5 G9 A=F5A BC 9GD9@<C E9AK F9LMJ9D FGK H9J=;=JY 9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G <=
J=>D=PANG xHJeHJAGy +GJL9FLG K]G AFL=JHJ=L9^g=K ;GFL=PLM9AK = F]G
N9DGJ=K
<=
DbF?M9
(M<9F<G 9K MFA<9<=K DAF?MbKLA;9K IM= K= ;GE:AF9E ;GE G HJG
FGE= G9
HG<=J=EGK
L=J
 )
65B7C
G_
G9
56F9
SG
89N
<CF5G
)G HJ=K=FL= =P=EHDG 65B7C _ ME KMB=ALG ;GFKLALMb<G HGJ KM:KL9FL
ANG IM= HGJ AF9FAE9<G F]G HG<= K=J 9?=FL= <9 9^]G N=J:9D HGJ AKKG 9
;GFKLJM^]G _ AFL=JHJ=L9<9 ;GEG xH9KKAN9y _ G IM= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 ;@9E9 NGR
xE_<A9y
GM
xH9KKAN9
;GE G9y

-=H9J=K= IM= 9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G <9 xH9KKAN9 ;GE G9y <=H=F<= Ke <G

D_PA;G AKLG _ <G KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;9D <G N=J:G  HJGN9 <AKLG _ IM= =KL9 AF
L=JHJ=L9^]G HJ=N9D=;= 9AF<9 F9K GJ9^g=K ;MBG KMB=ALG F]G _ AF9FAE9<G
HGJL9FLG H9KKbN=D <= =P=;ML9J 9 9^]G N=J:9D .e IM= @Y ;=JLGK N=J:GK IM=
<=FGL9E 9^g=K IM= 9 FGKK9 =PH=JAaF;A9 K9:= IM= F]G K]G HJ9LA;9<9K H=DG
L=JEG IM= D@= K=JN= <= KMB=ALG ;GEG G;GJJ= FGK N=J:GK 7<5A5F  L=J
FGE=
@9 se 7<5A5
$CVC

 hDLAE9 9;=H^]G 9 IM= HG<=J=EGK ;@=?9J F9K ;GFKLJM^g=K <G HJG

FGE= G9 _
9
<9
GJ9^]G
 6F9G9
SG
89N



/=EGK 9IMA ME G9 F9 ;GFKLJM^]G =E IM= F]G 9H9J=;= KM:KL9FLANG

;D9JG GM KM:=FL=F<A<G IM= >MF;AGF= ;GEG KMB=ALG <G ;GFL=h<G
HJ=<A;9LANG
$FL=JHJ=L9K=
9
;GFKLJM^]G
;GEG =AD9GGC5@
A9FL= <=KL9 =PHGKA^]G HG<=EGK <AR=J IM= G G9 F9K ;GFKLJM^g=K
=KLM<9<9K = 9KK=E=D@9<9K =P=J;= 9K K=?MAFL=K >MF^g=K KAFLYLA;9K =E >9;=
<9K
MFA<9<=K
D_PA;9K
IM=
;GE
G
HJGFGE=
;GF;GJJ=E

*:B=LG
<AJ=LG
D=
K=
>=JAM
D=K
K=
;MEHJAE=FL9J9E


*:B=LG
AF<AJ=LG
D9
K=
9JJG?9
=KK9
DA:=J<9<=


GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG
D=K
K=
?GKL9E


~F<A;=
<=
AF<=L=JEAF9^]G
<G
KMB=ALG
1AN=K=
:=E
'aK=
HGM;G
=FLJ=
FeK
+J=;AK9K=
<=
=EHJ=?9<GK
WK=
>=DAR
*bservaes finais +=DGK =P=EHDGK 9;AE9 G G9 ;GEG bF<A;= <= AF<=L=JEAF
9^]G <= KMB=ALG v HJAEALAN9E=FL= =P;DMKANG =E ;GE:AF9^]G ;GE N=J:GK F]G
9;GEH9F@9<GK <= G:B=LG <AJ=LG v =KL=F<=M K=M H9H=D 9GK LJ9FKALANGK <AJ=LGK GF<=
9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G H9KKAN9 H9KK9 9 L=J ME9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G AEH=KKG9D 09B89AG9 75G5G
 z9D?M_E L=E ;9K9 H9J9 N=F<=J{ = <= DA?9^]G QG9 :9@=N  H9KK9?=E <=KL=
=EHJ=?G <9 H9KKAN9 Z AF<=L=JEAF9^]G D=NGM G >9D9FL= 9 F]G E9AK >9R=J ;GF;GJ<[F
;A9 HGAK G IM= =J9 KMB=ALG H9KKGM 9 K=J =FL=F<A<G ;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG >MF^]G IM=
F]G
D=N9
9
=PA?AJ
G
9;GJ<G
<G
N=J:G
09B89AG9
75G5G 
z;9K9K
K]G
N=F<A<9K{ 09B89AG9
75G5G 
z9D
?M_E
L=E
;9K9
H9J9
N=F<=J{ 09B89G9
75G5G
x09B89G9 75G5G = :F=H5G9 CJCG K]G >J9K=K <= =EHJ=?G 9AF<9 9FLADAL=JYJAG
9H=K9J <9 BY EMDLAHDA;A<9<= <= =P=EHDGK  ?=FMbF9 DAF?M9?=E DAL=JYJA9 J=IM=J=
J9B89AG9 :F=H5AG9 (9K 9E:9K 9K KAFL9P=K K]G ;GJJ=L9K = 9 HJAE=AJ9 F]G _ 9:
KGDML9E=FL= ;GEG >A;9 <=EGFKLJ9<G EG<A>A;9^]G <9 K=?MF<9 .]G 9H=F9K <GAK
=KLY?AGK <A>=J=FL=K <= =NGDM^]G !A;9 L9E:_E HJGN9<G G >9DKG L=KL=EMF@G IM= D=
N9FL9J9E Z KAFL9P= >J9F;=K9 IM= =E N=J<9<= F=F@ME9 AF>DMaF;A9 F=KL= H9JLA;MD9J
=P=J;=M
=E
FeK y
6(? 
7

+G<=
9AF<9
G
HJGFGE= G9 BMFL9JK=
9
N=J:GK
IM=
AF<A;9E




K=FLAE=FLG =B8=;B5FG9 I:5B5FG9 5HF9J9FG9 58A=F5FG9

@9A6F5FG9 9GEI979FG9 CF;I@<5FG9 5FF9D9B89FG9 EI9=L5FG9

EGNAE=FLG
GM
9LALM<=K
<9
H=KKG9
=E
J=D9^]G
9G
K=M
HJeHJAG
;GJHG =FG9 D5FH=FG9 G9BH5FG9 GCFF=FG9
)G HJAE=AJG ;9KG F]G K= H=J;=:=F<G E9AK G K=FLA<G J=>D=PANG <9
;GFKLJM^]G ;GFKA<=J9K= G G9 ;GEG H9JL= AFL=?J9FL= <G N=J:G K=E ;D9KKA
>A;9^]G
=KH=;A9D
)G K=?MF<G ;GKLME9E GK 9MLGJ=K ;@9E9J 9G G9 DFCBCA9 89 F95@79
GM 9LD@9H=JC
GF;GJJaF;A9
<=
KA
=
=D=
F9
J=>D=PANA<9<=

Concorrncia de si e ele na reflexividade v  H9JLAJ <G HGJLM?MaK

;GFL=EHGJ[F=G K_; 31$$$ H9J9 ;Y F9K;=M 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= G HJG
FGE= LfFA;G G= F9K ;GFKLJM^g=K J=>D=P9K L=J 9 ;GF;GJJaF;A9 <G HJGFGE=
9@9
L9E:_E
HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G
=E
GJ9^g=K
<G
LAHG
x 
H=J?MFLGM
"D=F<9
K=FLAF<G
IM=
9
H=J?MFL9
F]G
=J9
<AJA?A<9
9H=F9K
9
+9:DG
E9K
L9E:_E 5
9@5
DF_DF=5y
6-F 
7
x69
9E9FL=7
NAM 8=5BH9
89@5 G
E=M
=M?aFA;G
9EA?Gy
6( 5DI8
-F 7 

 ;GFKLJM^]G F]G =F;GFLJ9 J=KH9D<G F9K FGKK9K E=D@GJ=K ?J9EYLA;

9K 9H=K9J <G =EHJ=?G D9J?G F9 DAL=J9LMJ9 EG<=JF9 :J9KAD=AJ9 9 H9JLAJ K=
?MF<G 9J:9<AF@G <= %GK_ <= D=F;9J )GK =P=EHDGK 9;AE9 9 FGJE9
?J9E9LA;9D H=<AJA9 5 G= DF_DF=5 8=5BH9 89 G= ;GEG J=R9E 9K H9KK9?=FK
GF<=
G
HJGFGE=
K=
J=>=J=
9G
KMB=ALG
<G
N=J:G
x.AE=]G DCF
G=
A9GAC =K;GD@=M
G
<=K=JLG
IM=
D@=
;GFNAF@9
  y
6%- 
7
x*
=KH=LY;MDG
<9
:=D=R9
_
:9KL9FL= DCF
G=
A9GAC y
6%- 
7
x=HGAK
EM<9N9K=
G
L=9LJG
=
NA9K= 5
G=
A9GAC   y
6%- 
7

)GL=K= 9 ;MJAGK9 ;GF;GJJaF;A9 <9K <M9K KAFL9P=K F=KL= =P=EHDG <=

"MAE9J]=K
-GK9
;AL9<G
HGJ
9J:9<AF@G
x
G
(=FAFG
=KL9N9
EMALG 89BHFC 89@9
A9GAC
=E
9D?ME
;9FLAF@G 89
G= y

KL9 FGNA<9<= <= KAFL9P= L=E ;GFLJ9 KA G >9LG <= ZK N=R=K >9R=J H=J
A?9J
9
AFL=JHJ=L9^]G
<9
GJ9^]G
IM=
Ke
K=
J=KGDN=
H=D9
9BM<9
<G
;GFL=PLG
%G]G
D=NGM
G
DANJG D5F5
9@9
GE:AF9^]G
<=
HJGFGE=K
YLGFGK



Combinao de pronomes tonos v *;GJJ=E =E HGJLM?MaK 9K

K=?MAFL=K ;GE:AF9^g=K <= HJGFGE=K YLGFGK FGL9F<GK= IM= G IM= >MF
;AGF9 ;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG N=E =E K=?MF<G DM?9J K >GJE9K C 5 CG 5G
HJG;=<=E
<9K
9FLA?9K @C @5 @CG @5G
AC 
E=

G A5 
E=

9 ACG 
E=

GK A5G 
E=

9K
HC 
L=

G H5 
L=

9 HCG 
L=

GK H5G 
L=

9K
@<C 
D@=

G @<5 
D@=

9 @<CG 
D@=

GK @<5G 
D@=

9K
BC@C  FGK  DG BC@5  FGK  D9 BC@CG  FGK  DGK BC@5G  FGK 
D9K
JC@C  NGK  DG JC@5  NGK  D9 JC@CG  NGK  DGK JC@5G  NGK 
D9K
@<C 
D@=K

G @<5 
D@=K

9 @<CG 
D@=K

GK @<5G 
D@=K

9K
K=
E=

K=E=

K=
FGK

K=FGK

K=
L=

K=L=

K=
NGK

K=NGK

K=
D@=

K=D@=

K=
D@=K

K=D@=K

x.=
<AR=AK
AKKG
H=D9
IM=
E=
<=KL=K
LAJ9AA5
IM=
F]G JC@5 H=<A
=M y

6# 
$
7
x
;GEG
9
HGM;G
=
HGM;G
K=
>GJ9E
=P9MJAF<G
GK
;9K;9D@GK
=
9>MF<9F<G
GK
N=D=AJGK
G
:9F<ALAKEG
>J9F;G
AEHfKG9@<9G ;GEG
<=
JAN9LANG
Z
NA<9
<=KE9F<9<9y
6  
7
Observaes
 p  JA?GJ F9 ;GE:AF9^]G Ke =FLJ9 9 >GJE9 @<9 IM= F9 DbF?M9 9FLA?9 K=JNA9
L9FLG
9G
KAF?MD9J
;GEG
9G
HDMJ9D
p )9K <=E9AK ;GE:AF9^g=K G HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG HJ=>=J= KM:KLALMAJ G HJGFGE=
YLGFG G:B=LANG AF<AJ=LG H=D9 >GJE9 LfFA;9 =IMAN9D=FL= HJ=;=<A<9 <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 5
FIM9FLG <AR=EGK @GB= 5 A=A H9 ACGHF5G GM H9 ACGHF5G 5 A=A 9 DbF?M9 <= GMLJGK
L=EHGK
;GFK=FLA9
=E
L9AK
<AR=J=K
x+GJIM=
9KKA H9
A9 EGKLJ9K
G<AGK9y
6%-  5DI8 .. 
l
7
 p  DbF?M9 H9<J]G J=B=AL9 9 ;GE:AF9^]G G9 C = >D=Pg=K 9H=K9J <= MFK HGM;GK
=P=EHDGK
F9
H=F9
<=
DAL=J9LGK
x+9J=;=
ME
JAG
IM9F<G G9
C Na
=K;GJJ=J
E9FK9E=FL=
HGJ
=FLJ=
9K
L=J
J9K
HJePAE9K y
6' 
 5DI8 .. 
F q

7
!G?=K=
9G
=JJG
<=
LJaK
E9F=AJ9K
<A>=J=FL=K



9
;9D9K=
G
HJGFGE=
G:B=LANG
<AJ=LG (VC
G9
EI9F
: KM:KLALMAK= G HJGFGE= C = >D=Pg=K H=DG KMB=ALG 9@9 = >D=Pg=K (VC G9 EI9F
9@9
$FN=B9K=
9
JAIM=R9
E9K
F]G
G
LJ9:9D@G
;GE
IM=
=D9
K=
?J9FB=A9
6((7
; K= BY =PAKL= F9 GJ9^]G G HJGFGE= H=KKG9D <= G:B=LG <AJ=LG C 5 CG 5G MK9K= G
HJGFGE=
<=
G:B=LG
AF<AJ=LG
F9
>GJE9
LfFA;9
HJ=;=<A<9
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5 GM D5F5
xW
1A=AJ9
K=E
;GFLJ9<A^]G
E=KLJ=
?M9HbKKAEG
<=
FGKK9
DbF?M9
=
G
E=KEG
=JF9J<=K
9KKAE
G
;GF;=ALM9N9
IM=
HGJ_E 5
G= C HJGHMK=KK=
;GEG
=P=EHD9J
F=E
G
AF<A;9
F=E
;GFKL9
F=E
K=
HG<=
;GE
AF<M^]G
HD9MKbN=D
KMKH=AL9Jy
6 5DI8 (9 
7
H=K9J <AKLG G;GJJ= =E :GFK =K;JALGJ=K ;GFKLJM^]G =E IM= K= BMFL9 G HJG
FGE= C =
<AJ=LGK
9
N=J:G
F9
NGR
J=>D=PAN9
x/=EG
IM= G9
A9 9J?M9
<=
;GEH9J9^g=K
=PLJ9GJ<AFYJA9K
E9K
G
9:AKEG
<=
+9K;9D
_
G
IM=
E9AK
HJGFL9E=FL=
N=E
9G
:A;G
<9
H=F9y
6( 
 5DI8 .. 7
x)]G
K=
<Y
:9AP9
9G
KGD<9<G
IM9F<G
BY
F]G
HG<=
;GE
9
EADb;A9
)]G
G9
@<5 <Y
9L_
=E
L=EHG
<=
?M=JJ9y
6 
$$
 5DI8 .. 7
 p  DbF?M9 H9<J]G 9<EAL= DC89G9 7CADa@C GM DC89G9 7CADCF IM9F<G F]G @Y
DG;M^]G
N=J:9D
*C89G9 <=
9D?ME
EG<G @=;R@C 9
.;@GH=F@9M=J
6%- 
7
%hDAG
(GJ=AJ9
6%( 
$$
7
<AR
IM=
=E
+GJLM?9D
_
E=FGK
;GEME
<G
IM=
FG
J9KAD
9
HJAE=AJ9
;GFKLJM^]G
 p E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG :=@C G9BH5FG9 = L9E:_E ;GE GK N=J:GK 89=L5F A5B
85F J9F CIJ=F = KAFfFAEGK AKLG _ =E IM= <=HGAK <=KL=K N=J:GK ;GE HJGFGE=
G:B=LANG K= K=?M= G AF>AFALANG <= N=J:G J=>D=PANG HG<=K= <=AP9J ;D9JG =KL= hDLAEG
HJGFGE=
GM
GEALADG :=@C
G9BH5F
!MF^]G
<G
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
=E
GME=
9G
LJ9:9D@G

Funo do pronome tono em Dou-me ao trabalho v E ?=J9D G

HJGFGE= YLGFG <9 >GJE9 N=J:9D J=>D=PAN9 HGJLM?M=K9 >MF;AGF9 ;GEG G:
B=LG
<AJ=LG 8CIA9 G:B
<AJ=LG 5C
HF565@<C G:B
AF<AJ=LG 89
:5N9F
E >J9F;aK = =KH9F@GD =KK= HJGFGE= 9H9J=;= ;GEG G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG
>9
A9
8CBB9
@5
D9=B9
89
@9
:5=F9 A9
8CM
9@
HF565>C
89
<579F@C
+JGFGE=
H=KKG9D
YLGFG
=
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D

Pronome pessoal tono e adjunto adverbial v +G<= G;GJJ=J 9

HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= KM:KLALMbJ=E GK HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK YLGFGK F9 >GJE9 <=

 

G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG A9 H9 G9 BCG JCG @<9 @<9G L=JEGK IM= F9 GJ9^]G >MF
;AGF9E
;GEG
9<BMFLGK
9<N=J:A9AK
6(9 
 7
+fKK= 8=5BH9
89@9
v
+fKK=@<9 <A9FL=
!A;9N9 89HFRG
89@9
v
!A;9N9@<9 <=LJYK
=M
ME
9:J9^G BC
D5=
v
=M@<9 ME
9:J9^G
9L=M B9@9
v
9L=M@<9
-9D@9J 7CA
9@9
v
-9D@GM@<9
!M?AJ 89
A=A
v
!M?AMA9
/M<G
?AJGM 9A
JC@H5
89@9
v
/M<G @<9 ?AJGM
=E
NGDL9
x D9
LAF@9
HGJ_E
FG
K=E:D9FL=
ME
9J
<=
E9B=KLGK9
:GF<9<=
IM=
<A
>A;ADE=FL=
=KIM=;=JA9
IM=E
9D?ME9
N=R
K= @<9 @GMN=KK=
9HJGPAE9<Gy
6' 
$
7

)=KL9K KM:KLALMA^g=K G HJGFGE= YLGFG >9R J=>=JaF;A9 Z H=KKG9 = 9

A<=A9 <9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 >A;9 HGJ ;GFL9 <G 9<N_J:AG GM KM:KL9FLANG 9<N=J:A
9DAR9<G
IM9F<G
K=
LJ9L9
<=
DG;M^]G
HJ=HGKALAN9
I;=5
89
A=A v >M?AME=
F]G
@Y
DG;M^]G
HJ=HGKALAN9
.I8C
;=FCI em volta dele v .I8C
@<9
;=FCI em volta @Y
DG;M^]G
HJ=HGKALAN9
+JGFGE=
HGKK=KKANG

Pronome possessivo
.=M
=
<=D=
H9J9
=NAL9J
;GF>MK]G

Seu e dele para evitar confuso v E 9D?ME9K G;9KAg=K G HGK

K=KKANG G9I HG<= <9J DM?9J 9 <hNA<9K 9 J=KH=ALG <G HGKKMA<GJ -=E=<=A9
K= G E9D ;GE 9 KM:KLALMA^]G <= G9I GI5 G9IG GI5G H=D9K >GJE9K 89@9
89@5 89@9G 89@5G 89
JC7Z 8C
G9B<CF
=L; 
;GF>GJE=
;GFNA=J
E
%GK_
+=<JG
D=NGM
G
K=M
;@9H_M

G NG;Y:MDG G9I F]G =K;D9J=;= IM=E J=9DE=FL= HGKKMA G ;@9H_M K= +=<JG

GM
%GK_
W N=J<9<= IM= 9 <AKHGKA^]G <GK L=JEGK FGK D=N9 9 ;GFKA<=J9J %GK_ G
<GFG <G ;@9H_M E9K 9 J=>=JaF;A9 9 +=<JG L9E:_E _ HGKKbN=D KKAE
K=F<G K=JN=K= G >9D9FL= <G KM:KLALMLG 89@9 K= G HGKK=KKANG H=JL=F;= 9
+=<JG
%GK_
+=<JG
D=NGM
G
;@9H_M 89@9




xGE
=>=ALG
(9J?9JA<9
?GKL9N9
AE=FKG
<9
HJ=K=F^9
<G
J9H9R
E9K
F]G
H9J=;A9
<9JD@=
ME9
AEHGJL[F;A9
IM=
DAKGFB=9KK=
G
;GJ9^]G 89@9y
6( 
7

.= G 9MLGJ MK9KK= G HGKK=KKANG G9I G ;GJ9^]G HG<=JA9 K=J L9FLG <=

(9J?9JA<9
IM9FLG
<G
J9H9R
+G<=K=
H9J9
E9AGJ
>GJ^9
<=
=PHJ=KK]G
BMFL9J 89@9 9 G9I



GFK=D@G A9I =D9
F]G
L=E
!AD@G A9I F]G
>9JA9
L9D

E ;=JL9K KALM9^g=K @Y FGLYN=D <A>=J=F^9 <= K=FLA<G ;GE 9 HGK

HGKA^]G
<G
HGKK=KKANG 
'=B<5G
G5I8589G K]G
K9M<9<=K
IM=
KAFLG
<=
9D?M_E -5I8589G
A=B
<5G K]G
K9M<9<=K
IM=
9D?M_E
K=FL=
<=
EAE
x+9J=;=
IM=
(AKK
eD9J
>A;GM
;GE
:G9K F97CF85Wc9G
GI5G
<AKK=

FLfFA9y
6( 

7

%GK_
+=<JG
D=NGM
G G9I ;@9H_M 89@9

x.=
<=D9A<=
G
9E9N9
;GEG
=
IM9FLG
9DAKLG
BY
HG<A9
<MNA<9J GI5
@GFJ9 89@9 =J9
HfJ
H=ALG
Z
<=>=K9
<G
GHJ=KK9 y
6J 
7

)GL9EGK
G
E=KEG
=E GI5G
75FH5G = 75FH5G
GI5G

,9796=
GI5G
75FH5G A
_
;9JL9K
IM=
E=
E9F<9J9E
GM
IM=
H=JL=F;=E
Z
H=KKG9
9
IM=E
E=
<AJABG
,9796=
75FH5G
GI5G A
_
=FNA9<9K
9
EAE
H=D9
H=KKG9

(=FGK MKM9D HGJ_E ;GJJ=L9 _ 9 MFA]G <GK <GAK HGKK=KKANGK ;GEG

FG
K=?MAFL=
=P=EHDG
<9
;AL9<9
G:J9
<=
9EADG
xW
;=JLG
.J
+J=KA<=FL=
IM=
9
>=EAF9
LG;9
G
J=IMAFL=
<9
<=HJ9N9^]G
=
;@=?9
9
=>=ALM9J
@GJJGJ=K
;MB9
F9JJ9^]G
_
<=
KA
H9J9
?=D9J
9J<aF;A9K
<G
K9F?M=
H9J9
AF>MF<AJ
H9NGJ
=E
H=ALGK
=IM[FAEGK
HGJ_E
G
Ee:AD
<GK
;JAE=K G9IG
89@5G _
GMLJGy
6J 
7

*K HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK YLGFGK A9 H9 G9 BCG JCG @<9 @<9G HG<=E
K=J MK9<GK ;GE K=FLA<G HGKK=KKANG EGJE=FL= =E =KLADG DAL=JYJAG
LGE9F<GK=
G
;MA<9<G
<=
=NAL9J
G
9:MKG 

$FN9JA9N=DE=FL= MK9EGK <= BCH[7=5G GI5G ;GEG FG K=?MAFL=

=P=EHDG
x+=^GD@=
IM=
E=
E9F<= BCH[7=5G
GI5Gy
6 7

!GJ9 <=KL9K ;GFKLJM^g=K 9 DbF?M9 EG<=JF9 =NAL9 L9D =EHJ=?G

G:B=LANG
x(GN9L=
9
HA=<9<= GI5 = A=B<5y
6' 
$$$
 7
FL=F<9K= 5
D=98589
89@5G <9K
;JA9F;AF@9K 9
89
A=A

/GEGMA9 G
;@9H_M

/GEGM
G
E=M
;@9H_M

AF<9
F=KL=
;9KG
_
HGKKbN=D
G;GJJ=J
9
J=H=LA^]G
=F>YLA;9 @<9 89@9

x
<=D9A<=
>A;GM
=E:9J9^9<9
.=JA9
9?J9N9J
9K
E=FAF9K
<=
<=RGALG
9FGK
=
=<M;9<9K
;GEG
9
>AD@9
<G
<=K=E:9J?9<GJ
=
9E9FL=K
;GEG
=D9K
<=
ME
;GEHJGE=LA<G
=KHGKG
=KL9J
=M
9IMA
9
<=>AFAJ
9
=FLJ9F@9<9
R9F?9
IM= @<9 >=R
FG
=KHbJALG 89@5 G
<=KHJGHeKALG
<=
9DAKLGy
6J 
7

!G?=K=
9AF<9
Z
;GF>MK]G
=EHJ=?9F<GK= DF_DF=C
xF<J9<=
;GFL=FLGMK=
;GE
G G9I
DF_DF=C KM>JY?AGy
6( 
7
+GKA^]G
<G
HJGFGE=
HGKK=KKANG

Posio do pronome possessivo v = EG<G ?=J9D G HGKK=KKANG

N=E
9FL=HGKLG
9G
FGE=
9
IM=
K=
J=>=J=
* A9I DANJG .I5G HJ=G;MH9^g=K (CGGCG <=N=J=K

 HGKHGKA^]G G;GJJ= FG =KLADG KGD=F= =E HJGK9 GM N=JKG = =E

FGE=
<=
H=KKG9K
GM
<=
?J9MK
<=
H9J=FL=K;G
HG<=
<=FGL9J
;9JAF@G
=MK
E=M
9BM<9AE=

 aF>9K= H=JEAL= L9E:_E 9 HGKHGKA^]G HJAF;AH9DE=FL= K= G KM:

KL9FLANG
N=E
<=K9;GEH9F@9<G
<G
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G

+GKK=KKANG
H9J9
AF<A;9J
A<=A9
<=
9HJGPAE9^]G

Possessivo para indicar ideia de aproximao v %MFLG 9 FhE=JGK

G
HGKK=KKANG
HG<=
<=FGL9J
ME9
IM9FLA<9<=
9HJGPAE9<9
)=KK9
_HG;9
LAF@9 A9IG IMAFR=
9FGK
9HJGPAE9<9E=FL=
J9
BY
@GE=E
<= G9IG IM9J=FL9
9FGK
Observao 19DGJAR9EGK L9E:_E ME9 FG^]G IM9FLAL9LAN9 HGJ E=AG <G 9<B=LANG
6CA
x*
E9AGJ
1AD=D9
G:K=JN9N9
ME
JA?GJGKG
J=?bE=F
IM=
D@=
A9
=FLJ=
L=F<G
9
NA<9
/AF@9
MFK 6CBG
G9GG9BH5
5BCGy
6( 
7
19DGJ=K
9>=LANGK
<G
HGKK=KKANG

Valores afetivos do possessivo v * HGKK=KKANG ;GEG L=EGK NAKLG

F]G K= DAEAL9 9 =PHJAEAJ 9H=F9K 9 A<=A9 <= HGKK= <IMAJ= N9JA9<GK E9L
AR=K
;GFL=PLM9AK
<=
K=FLA<G
EMAL9K
N=R=K
<=
<A>b;AD
<=DAEAL9^]G
KKAE G HGKK=KKANG HG<= 9H=F9K AF<A;9J 9 ;GAK9 IM= FGK AFL=J=KK9
HGJ FGK =KL9JEGK J=>=JAF<G ;GE =D= 9 ;9MK9 IM= FGK <AR J=KH=ALG GM HGJ
IM=
L=EGK
KAEH9LA9
* BCGGC @=JeA
>9D9F<GK=
<=
ME
H=JKGF9?=E
<=
@AKLeJA9K
F]G
KGM:=
IM=
>9R=J
/J9:9D@G
LG<G
<A9 A=B<5G GALG
@GJ9K
6;>
%- 
7





D_E <= =PHJAEAJ 9 FGKK9 KAEH9LA9 K=JN= L9E:_E G HGKK=KKANG

H9J9
LJ9<MRAJ
FGKKG
9>=LG
;GJL=KA9
<=>=JaF;A9
KM:EAKK]G
GM
AJGFA9
'9I HJ=R9<G
9EA?G '=B<5 K=F@GJ9
=KL9
_
9
E=J;9<GJA9
IM=
D@=
K=JN=
'9IG K=F@GJ=K
= A=B<5G K=F@GJ9K '9I HJ=KA<=FL=
LG<GK
G
=KH=J9E
'9I ;GJGF=D
GK
KGD<9<GK
=KL]G
HJGFLGK '9I LGDG
F]G
NaK
IM=
=K
LGM
:JAF;9F<G

)GL=EGK
HGJ_E
IM=
=E
=PHJ=KKg=K
<G
LAHG
x,M9D
;9FK9<9K G9I FLGFAF@Gy
6'7
xF<= G9I <AHDGEYLA;G
;GFLAFM=y
6(7

G9I F]G _ ;GEG H9J=;= 9 9D?MFK =KLM<AGKGK 9 >GJE9 HGKK=KKAN9 <=  p

H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J /J9L9K= 9IMA <= ME9 J=<M^]G >9EADA9J <G LJ9L9E=FLG
G9B<CF
A>=J= 9 >GJE9 G9I 9<EAL= 9AF<9 9K N9JA9FL=K G9C Ga <G L=JEG
FG:J= G9B<CF
HGJ
LJ9<MRAJ
FGKK9
>9EADA9JA<9<=
GM
<=HJ=;A9^]G
*;GJJ=F<G AKGD9<9E=FL= HJ=N9D=;= 9 >GJE9 HD=F9 G9B<CF ;GF>GJE=
FGK
EGKLJ9
G
K=?MAFL=
=P=EHDG
x=HJ=KK9
<=HJ=KK9
IM=
9
>AD@9
<G
'=EGK
N9A
;9FL9J
=
<=HGAK
_
G
G9B<CF
KLY
GMNAF<G G9I -A;9J<Gy
6' 
7

0E >AF?A<G J=KH=ALG GM ;GJL=KA9 v :=E =FL=F<A<GK 9DAYK H=DGK

HJ=K=FL=K
v
HG<=
<=L=JEAF9J
9
HJ=K=F^9
<9
>GJE9
HD=F9
xA?9 G9B<CF5 EGK;9EGJL9y
6# 
$$
7

+=D9
>GJE9
9:J=NA9<9 G9I EG<=DGMK=
G
>=EAFAFG GI5

x
JAK=
NG;a GI5 9LJ=NA<9
v
=P;D9EGM
G
EGD=AJG
NGDL9F<GK=
H9J9
+=JH_LM9
-GK9y
6# 
 7
EHJ=?G
<G
H=KKG9D
H=DG
HGKK=KKANG

Emprego do pessoal pelo possessivo v E:GJ9 <= HGM;9 >J=IMaF

;A9 HG<= 9H9J=;=J G HGKK=KKANG HGJ ME9 >GJE9 <= HJGFGE= H=KKG9D HJ=
;=<A<G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 )=KL= ;9KG =KLY 9 =PHJ=KK]G 5C DX 89  HJGFGE=
H=KKG9D
x1eK
GK
IM=
F]G
;J=<=K
=E
:JMP9K
F=E
=E
9DE9K
H=F9<9K
F=E
F9K
LJGH=DA9K
<=
.9L9FYK
9KK=FL9ANGK
9IMA
9G
D9J
:=E
BMFLGK
9G DX
89
A=A
=
;GFL9JNGK=A
9
@AKLeJA9
<=

AG?G
'GH=K
K=F@GJ
<=
AK
;9A9y
6# 
$$
7

x)]G
K=A
K=
<AKK=
IM=
AKLG
K=
H9KK9N9
=E
;9K9
<=
ME9
:9JGF=K9
IM=
LAF@9
9
EG<AKL9
9G DX
89
G=
H9J9
F]G
9F<9J
9LJYK
<=D9y
6( 
7
+GKK=KKANG
=PHJ=KKG
HGJ
ME9
DG;M^]G

Possessivo expresso por uma locuo v PHJ=KK9K= G HGKK=KKANG

9AF<9 HGJ E=AG <= ME9 H=Jb>J9K= =E IM= =FLJ9 G N=J:G H9F <5J9F GM
KAFfFAEG
*P9DY
GK
HJG:D=E9K EI9
H9ACG <MJ=E
HGM;G
GK
FGKKGK
HJG:D=E9K
*
HGKK=KKANG
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
ME
HGKKMA<GJ
<=
K=FLA<G
AF<=>AFA<G

O possessivo em referncia a um possuidor de sentido indefinido v .= G HGKK=KKANG >9R J=>=JaF;A9 9 H=KKG9 <= K=FLA<G AF<=>AFA<G =P
HJ=KKG GM KM?=JA<G H=DG KA?FA>A;9<G <9 GJ9^]G =EHJ=?9K= G HJGFGE= <=
 p
H=KKG9
xW
N=J<9<=
IM= 5
;9BH9
ZK
N=R=K
L=E
;Y
9K GI5G :AJJ9K
v
<AKK=
=D=
;GE
;=JLG
9J
IM=
IM=JA9
K=J
>AFG
=
K9b9
H9JNGy
6# 
$$
7

.= G >9D9FL= K= AF;DMA FG L=JEG GM =PHJ=KK]G AF<=>AFA<9 MK9JK=Y G

HGKK=KKANG
<=
 p
H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D

;9BH9 ;GEHJ==F<=
;GEG
=KL9K
;GMK9K
9;GFL=;=E
=E BCGG5G NA<9K
6;>
J 7
-=H=LA^]G
<G
HGKK=KKANG

Repetio do possessivo v )ME9 K_JA= <= KM:KL9FLANGK HG<=K=

MK9J G HGKK=KKANG ;GEG IM9DIM=J GMLJG <=L=JEAF9FL= <G FGE= 9H=F9K
BMFLG 9G HJAE=AJG FGE= K= F]G >GJ FGKKG HJGHeKALG =F>9LAR9J ;9<9 =D=
E=FLG
<9
K_JA=
x
HJGN9
<9 GI5
D9FGD=7R7=5 = 8=@=;ZB7=5 =KL9N9
=E
L=J
BY
FG
;9EAF@G
<9
>GJ;9
GK
<=K?J9^9<GK
;MB9
K=FL=F^9
NAF@9
LJ9R=J
Z
;GF>AJE9^]G
J=9Dy
6# 
$
7

)GL=K=
9
aF>9K=
=
9
GHGKA^]G
=FLJ=
GK
HGKKMA<GJ=K
9I = HI
x* H9I 9EGJ
=J9
;GEG
G
bJAK
<G
;_M
=J9
9 A=B<5 H9R
9 A=B<5 9D=?JA9
9 A=B<5 =KH=J9F^9y
6# 
$
7

.= G L=JEG N=E 9;GEH9F@9<G <= EG<A>A;9<GJ F]G K= ;GKLME9

GEALAJ
G
HGKK=KKANG
<9
K_JA=
x!GA
9 HI5 <A?FA<9<=
J=9D
9 HI5 BMKLA^9
G H9I FGE=
IM=
=M
IMAK
K9DN9J
<9 HI5 DF_DF=5 :J9F<MJ9y
6# 
$
7

*EAL=K= G HGKK=KKANG F9 K_JA= K=E aF>9K= 9AF<9 IM= GK KM:KL9FL

ANGK K=B9E <= ?aF=JG GM FhE=JG GM 9E:9K 9K ;GAK9K <A>=J=FL=  J=
H=LA^]G IM= F9<9 9;J=K;=FL9 =E aF>9K= Z =PHJ=KK]G _ ;GFKA<=J9<9 HGJ
EMALGK
=KLM<AGKGK
;GEG
AEAL9^]G
<9
KAFL9P=
>J9F;=K9
6(9 
 7



x
=FL=F<=J9
9DAKLG
DeA
IM=
9
HJM<aF;A9
G
E9F<9N9
NAN=J
=E
'AK
:G9
;GFKG9FL=
GK
;GKLME=K
<=
'AK:G9
=
F9
HJGNbF;A9
K=?MF<G
G G9I
;ZB=C = <R6=HCG 9D<=]GKy
6J 
7

.= K= LJ9L9 <= KM:KL9FLANG KAFfFAEG <AKH=FK9K= 9 J=H=LA^]G <G

HGKK=KKANG
/=M
>AD@G
<=
IMAFR=
9FGK
9H=F9K
_ H9I GJ?MD@G
=
M>9FA9

.= GK KM:KL9FLANGK >GJ=E <= KA?FA>A;9^]G GHGKL9 G HGKK=KKANG =E

J=?J9
F]G
_
<AKH=FK9<G
.9I H=J<]G
= H9I e<AG
F]G
;GF@=;=E
G
=IMADb:JAG
F=;=KKYJAG
Z
NA<9
.M:KLALMA^]G
<G
HGKK=KKANG
H=DG
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G

Substituio do possessivo pelo artigo definido v .=E K=J FGJE9

<= JA?GJ 9:KGDMLG HG<=K= KM:KLALMAJ G HGKK=KKANG H=DG 9JLA?G <=>AFA<G
IM9F<G 9 A<=A9 <= HGKK= K= H9L=FL=A9 H=DG ;GFL=PLG GM H=DG K=FLA<G LGL9D
<9 GJ9^]G GM 9AF<9 H=D9 9HDA;9^]G J=>D=PAN9 AKLG _ IM9F<G K= >9R J=>=J
aF;A9 Z HJeHJA9 H=KKG9 IM= >9D9 GM <= IM=E K= >9D9 KL= >9LG G;GJJ= HJAF
;AH9DE=FL= BMFLG <GK FGE=K <= H9JL=K <G ;GJHG <9K H=^9K <G N=KLMYJAG
>9;MD<9<=K
<G
=KHbJALG
=
;=JL9K
>J9K=K
>=AL9K
x
!=JF9F<G
9>9KLGM9
KM9N=E=FL=
<=
KA
=D9
9D=N9FLGM C
FCGHC
;=D=KL=
GJN9D@9<G
<=
HJ9FLG

'=GFGJ
=J?M=M 5G
AVCG KMHDA;9FL=K
;GE
ME
?=KLG
<=
HJG>MF<9
9F?hKLA9y
6# 
$
7
x
9IMA
H9JGM
9DAKLG
DeA
=
;JMR9F<G CG
6F5WCG
K=
=KL=N=
D9J?G
=KH9^G
IM=<G
=
>ALG
F9K
B9F=D9Ky
6J 
7
x
G
N=FLG
9KKG:A9N9
FG
NA?9E=FLG
<9
;9K9
=
F9K
GJ=D@9K
<=
9DAKLG
G
IM9D
D=N9<G
<G
AFKLAFLG
<9
;GFK=JN9^]G
D=N9FLGM
9
?GD9 8C
75DCH9
Z
9DLMJ9 85G
6CGG5G
D5F=9H5=G y
6J 7
D=
H=J<=M C
>I[NC
/=E 5
J=85 HGJ
ME
>AG
-=;MH=JGM 5
A9A_F=5
Observaes
 p H9J=;= G HGKK=KKANG FG ;9KG <= aF>9K= IM9F<G K= <=K=B9 AFKAKLAJ F9 H=JL=F^9
<G
AF<ANb<MG
x 
K= 5G
GI5G >9;=K
=J9E
?GJ<9K 5G
GI5G E]GK
;GFLAFM9N9E
E9?J9K
;GE
DGF?GK
<=<GK
>MKA>GJE=K
=
Y?=AKy
6' 
7
x
;9<9
D9NJ9<GJ
=FPM?9N9 CG
G9IG GD@GKy
6J 
7
p AKH=FK9K= G 9JLA?G <=>AFA<G F9K =PHJ=KKg=K (CGGC -9B<CF (CGG5 -9B<CF5
9KKAE ;GEG F9K >eJEMD9K <= LJ9L9E=FLG GF<= =FLJ9 ME HGKK=KKANG <G LAHG JCGG5
9L79@ZB7=5 JCGG5
F9J9F9B8[GG=A5 GI5
A5>9GH589
=L;
*
HGKK=KKANG
=
9K
=PHJ=KKg=K
<=
LJ9L9E=FLG
<G
LAHG
1GKK9
P;=DaF;A9



O possessivo e as expresses de tratamento do tipo Vossa

Excelncia v EHJ=?9F<GK= 9K =PHJ=KKg=K <= LJ9L9E=FLG <G LAHG <=
JCGG5 9L79@ZB7=5 JCGG5 F9J9F9B8[GG=A5 JCGG5 A5>9GH589 JCGG5 G9B<CF=5
GF<= 9H9J=;= 9 >GJE9 HGKK=KKAN9 <= p H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9D 9 J=>=JaF;A9 9G
HGKKMA<GJ K= >9R @GB= =E <A9 ;GE GK L=JEGK G9I GI5 AKLG _ ;GE HGKK=KK
ANG
<=
 p
H=KKG9
<G
KAF?MD9J
1GKK9
P;=DaF;A9
;GFK=?MAM
J=9DAR9J
LG<GK
GK G9IG HJGHeKALGK
=
F]G
LG<GK
GK JCGGCG HJGHeKALGK

/9AK LAHGK <= LbLMDGK @GFGJb>A;GK ;GE=^9J9E 9 9H9J=;=J FG HGJ

LM?MaK =FLJ= GK K_;MDGK 3$1 = 31 = 9b @9NA9 J=9DE=FL= ME9 HGKKA:ADA<9<=
<= 9DL=JF[F;A9 <= G9I GI5 JCGGC JCGG5  DML9 <MJGM 9L_ 9HJGPAE9<9
E=FL= G K_;MDG 31$$ IM9F<G 9K >GJE9K <=  p H=KKG9 K9bJ9E NALGJAGK9K
KKAE K=F<G EG<=JF9E=FL= Ke <=N= 9H9J=;=J G HGKK=KKANG ;GF>GJE= G
=P=EHDG <9<G -9J9K =P;=^g=K =E =K;JALGJ=K <G K_; 31$$$ H9J9 ;Y K]G
<=NA<9K 9 AEAL9^g=K DAL=JYJA9K BMKL9E=FL= J=HM<A9<9K ;GEG 9J;9A;9K GM
=FL]G HGJIM= G 9MLGJ =E JGE9F;= GM FGN=D9 @AKLeJA;9 H9J9 F]G ;9AJ =E
9F9;JGFAKEG
>9R
K=MK
H=JKGF9?=FK
>9D9J
9
DAF?M9?=E
<9
_HG;9
FLJ= GK =K;JALGJ=K 9 ;MB9 9MLGJA<9<= K= 9:JA?9E GK <=>=FKGJ=K <G
9J;9bKEG 9IMA ;AL9<G K= 9;@9 D=P9F<J= #=J;MD9FG }NA<G D=ALGJ = ;GF
KL9FL= @eKH=<= <GK EGFME=FLGK @AKLeJA;GK G 9MLGJ <9 "=GH_F=5 89 *CF
HI;5@ LJ9L9F<G <G H=JbG<G <=  %G]G $  FG 'CB;9 89 =GH9F
HJGFMF;A=K= =KL= hDLAEG FGE= ;GEG GPbLGFG L=N= GHGJLMFA<9<= <=
EGKLJ9J G IM9FLG K9:A9 <9 =NGDM^]G <= KM9 DbF?M9 ;GF@=;AE=FLG IM= G
>9R G E=D@GJ HJGK9<GJ GM ME <GK E=D@GJ=K IM= 9K D=LJ9K HGJLM?M=K9K
LAN=J9E KKAE H=FK9EGK IM= L9D KALM9^]G =KH=;A9DbKKAE9 <G HJG:G = H=J
KHA;9R
@AKLGJA9<GJ
F]G
9:J=
9
HGJL9
H9J9
9
HJYLA;9
<9
N=D@9
;GFKLJM^]G
+JGFGE=
<=EGFKLJ9LANG

Pronome demonstrativo
 HGKA^]G AF<A;9<9 H=DG <=EGFKLJ9LANG HG<= J=>=JAJK= 9G =KH9^G
9G L=EHG <=EGFKLJ9LANGK <aA;LA;GK =KH9;A9AK = L=EHGJ9AK  GM 9G <AK
;MJKG
<=EGFKLJ9LANG
9F9>eJA;G
=EGFKLJ9LANGK
J=>=JA<GK
Z
FG^]G
<=
=KH9^G

Demonstrativos referidos noo de espao v GH9 = >D=Pg=K

9HDA;9K= 9GK K=J=K IM= H=JL=F;=E GM =KL]G H=JLG <9  p H=KKG9 AKLG _
<9IM=D9
IM=
>9D9
GH9
@=JFC _
G
DANJG
IM=
HGKKMG
GM
L=F@G
=FLJ=
E]GK
GH5
75G5 _
9
;9K9
GF<=
E=
=F;GFLJG



GG9 = >D=Pg=K 9HDA;9K= 9GK K=J=K IM= H=JL=F;=E GM =KL]G H=JLG <9
p
H=KKG9
AKLG
_
<9IM=D9
;GE
IM=E
K=
>9D9
GG9
@=JFC _
G
DANJG
IM=
FGKKG
AFL=JDG;MLGJ
LJ9R
GG5
75G5 _
9
;9K9
GF<=
K=
=F;GFLJ9
9
H=KKG9
9
IM=E
E=
<AJABG

)9 ;GJJ=KHGF<aF;A9 9GH9 K= J=>=J= 9G DM?9J <GF<= K= =K;J=N= = 9GG9

<=FGL9 G DM?9J H9J9 GF<= 9 ;9JL9 K= <=KLAF9  J=>=JaF;A9 Z EAKKAN9 IM= =K
;J=N=EGK
K=
>9R
;GE 9GH9 9GH5
x(9F9MK

(=M
:GE
9EA?G
J
%GK_
1=JbKKAEG
v
=K;J=NGD@=
<AKK=FLAF<G
9:=J
L9E=FL=
<=
KM9
GHAFA]G
KG:J= 9GH9 KAF?MD9JbKKAEG
;DAE9
<9
E9RfFA9 y
6 7
K;J=NG 9GH5G DAF@9K
H9J9
<9JL=
FGLb;A9 89GH5 FGKK9
;A<9<=
=
H=<AJL=
9K
FGN9K 89GG5 J=?A]G
9GF<=
>GKL=
<=K;9FK9J

,M9F<G K= IM=J 9H=F9K AF<A;9J IM= G G:B=LG K= 9;@9 9>9KL9<G <9

H=KKG9
IM=
>9D9
K=E
F=F@ME9
J=>=JaF;A9
Z
p
H=KKG9
MK9K=
<= 9GG9
x,M=JG
N=J 9GG9 ;_M
<9
EAF@9
L=JJ9
/]G
DAF<G
=
L]G
9RMDy
67

)9 DAF?M9?=E 9FAE9<9 G AFL=J=KK= <G >9D9FL= HG<= >9NGJ=;=J ME9

9HJGPAE9^]G >A?MJ9<9 AE9?AFYJA9 <= H=KKG9 GM ;GAK9 IM= J=9DE=FL= K=
9;@9E
9>9KL9<9K
<GK
IM=
>9D9E
KL9
KALM9^]G
=PA?= 9GH9
xeAE=
9
;=JL=R9
<=
IM=
=KLGM
EGJJ=F<G
<=K<=
G
HJAE=AJG
<A9
<9
LM9
MFA]G
;GE 9GH9 @GE=E
9
;=JL=R9
<=
IM=
G
@YK
<=
9E9J
K=EHJ=
9AF<9
IM=
=D=
L=
<=KHJ=R=
;GEG
BY
L=
<=KHJ=RGMy
6J 
 7

/9D ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <=N= L=J ;GFLJA:Mb<G H9J9 G =EHJ=?G <= 9GH9 ;GEG
AF<A;9<GJ
<=
H=JKGF9?=FK
IM=
G
=K;JALGJ
LJ9R
Z
:9AD9
xGH9 'GHG
:9;@9J=D
=E
<AJ=ALG
@GE=E
<=
LJAFL9
=
L9FLGK
9FGK
=
K9?9R
9L_
9
HJGL_JNA9
NANA9
F9
;GEH9F@A9
<G
AJE]G
EGJ?9<G y
6J 
7

+GJ GMLJG D9<G ;9:= 9 9GG9 9 EAKK]G <= 9>9KL9J <= FeK H=KKG9 GM
;GAK9
IM=
F9
J=9DA<9<=
K=
9;@9E
GM
K=
HG<=JA9E
9;@9J
HJePAE9K
x1aK
}>JA;9
<GK
:=FK
<G
EMF<G
9N9J9

*D@9 9GG5 L=JJ9
LG<9
IM=
K=
@9:AL9
9GG5 ?=FL=
K=E
D=A
IM9K=
AF>AFAL9y
6' 
3
 5DI8 .7

KL9K =PHJ=KKg=K F]G K= K=H9J9E HGJ DAF@9K JA?GJGK9K <= <=E9J;

9^]G HGJ AKKG =P=EHDGK @Y <= :GFK =K;JALGJ=K IM= ;GFLJ9JA9E GK



HJAF;bHAGK 9IMA =P9EAF9<GK = F]G >9DL9E E=KEG ;=JL9K GJA=FL9^g=K EG

E=FL[F=9K
<G
=K;JALGJ
IM=
>G?=E
ZK
H=JK;JML9^g=K
<G
?J9EYLA;G
=EGFKLJ9LANGK
J=>=JA<GK
Z
FG^]G
<=
L=EHG

Demonstrativos referidos noo de tempo v )9 <=KA?F9^]G <=

L=EHG G <=EGFKLJ9LANG IM= <=FGL9 ME H=JbG<G E9AK GM E=FGK =PL=FKG
FG
IM9D
K=
AF;DMA
G
EGE=FLG
=E
IM=
K=
>9D9
_ 9GH9 =
>D=Pg=K
(9GH9
8=5 
FG
<A9
<=
@GB=
;=D=:J9EGK
9
FGKK9
AF<=H=F<aF;A9
GH9
AZG 
FG
EaK
;GJJ=FL=
F]G
@GMN=
FGNA<9<=K

HDA;9<G 9 L=EHG BY H9KK9<G G <=EGFKLJ9LANG MKM9D _ 9GG9 =

>D=Pg=K
(9GG5 XDC75 9LJ9N=KKYN9EGK
ME9
>9K=
<A>b;AD

.= G L=EHG H9KK9<G GM NAF<GMJG =KLY J=D9LAN9E=FL= HJePAEG <G

EGE=FLG =E IM= K= >9D9 HG<=K= >9R=J MKG <= 9GH9 =E 9D?ME9K
=PHJ=KKg=K
GH5 FGAL=

9
FGAL=
H9KK9<9
LAN=
ME
KGF@G
:=DbKKAEG

+GJ_E ;GE 9 E=KE9 DAF?M9?=E 9GH5 BC=H9 HG<=Jb9EGK AF<A;9J 9

FGAL=
NAF<GMJ9
*MLJG
=P=EHDG
x(=M
;9JG
9J:GK9
=N=K
L=J
9<EAJ9<G
G
E=M
KADaF;AG 89GH9G
EI=BN9
8=5G
KADaF;AG
H9J9
LA
=
KADaF;AG
H9J9
G
BGJF9Dy
6J 
7

 AF<A;9^]G L=EHGJ9D <= 9GH9 = 9GG9 <AKH=FK9 GMLJ9 =PHJ=KK]G 9<

N=J:A9D K= 9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <= L=EHG F]G K= 9HJ=K=FL9 9G >9D9FL= ;GEG =D=
E=FLG
HJAF;AH9D
<G
;GFBMFLG
x+9J9
G
BG?G
:9KL9N9 9GG9 EGNAE=FLG
<=
H=]Gy
6('7

GG9 ACJ=A9BHC N9D= HGJ C ACJ=A9BHC EI9 G9 :9N B5EI9@9

ACA9BHC
=EGFKLJ9LANGK
J=>=JA<GK
9
FGKK9K
HJeHJA9K
H9D9NJ9K

Demonstrativos referidos a nossas prprias palavras v )G <AK

;MJKG IM9F<G G >9D9FL= <=K=B9 >9R=J E=F^]G 9G IM= =D= 9;9:GM <= F9JJ9J
9FY>GJ9
GM
9G
IM=
N9A
F9JJ9J
;9LY>GJ9
=EHJ=?9 9GH9 =
>D=Pg=K
x FLJGM
9DAKLG
F9
K9D9
ME
HGM;G
E9AK
L9J<=
IM=
G
;GKLME=
HGJIM=
>GJ9
N=KLAJK=
<=
;9D^9
E9AK
;GJ<9L9
=E
;GJ
=
>=ALAG
)]G
E=
9;GAE=E
<=
9JIMANAKL9
<=
AFKA?FA>A;[F;A9K GH9 HGJE=FGJ
AKLG
_
G
HGJE=FGJ
9
IM=
>AR
J=>=JaF;A9
<9K
;9D^9K
HJ=F<=
EMA
AFLAE9E=FL=
;GE
G
;9L9;
DAKEG
IM=
H9KK9
FG
;GJ9^]G
<=
9J:M<9y
6J 
7



x.=
F]G
=PAKLAKK=
$>A?aFA9
9;M<AM
9DAKLG
%Y 9GH9 FGE=
A _ 
G
FGE=

IM=
HJG>=JA
E=
KG9N9
<G;=E=FL=
IM9F<G
F9
EAF@9
EG;A<9<=
H=D9
9F?hKLA9
<9
>AD@9
<=
J?9E=F]G
;MBG
K9;JA>b;AG
G
GJY;MDG
<=
}MDA<9
<=KE9F<9N9
v
@
L9E:_E
=M
;GF@=^G 9GG5G 9F?hKLA9K
A _ 
9IM=D9K
9
IM=
K=
J=>=J=
<9
LJ9?_<A9
<=
-9;AF=y
6J 
7
v
x
F]G
@Y
DAF?M9?=E
IM=
F]G
KG=
<ANAF9E=FL=
>9D9<9
HGJ
EAF@9
HJAE9
v
GG5G DAKGFB9K
v
NGDN=M
=D9
KGJJAF<G
v
9HJ=F<=M9K
FGK
K=MK
DANJGK
N=D@GK
HJAEG
9DAKLGy
6J 
7

+GJ =KL= hDLAEG =P=EHDG HG<=EGK N=JA>A;9J IM= K= 9 J=>=JaF;A9 _

>=AL9 ZK H9D9NJ9K <9 H=KKG9 ;GE IM=E K= >9D9 G <=EGFKLJ9LANG =EHJ=?9<G
_ 9GG9 = >D=Pg=K )G LJ=;@G 9GG5G @=GCB>5G K]G 9K IM= >9R 9DAKLG Z KM9
HJAE9
#Y KALM9^g=K =E:9J9^GK9K H9J9 G =EHJ=?G <G <=EGFKLJ9LANG
9F9>eJA;G AKLG _ 9IM=D= IM= K= J=>=J= 9 H9D9NJ9K <AL9K GM IM= K= N]G <AR=J
<=FLJG <G HJeHJAG <AK;MJKG ;9LY>GJ9 *;GJJ= G ;9KG HGJ =P=EHDG F9K
J=>=JaF;A9K 9 =FMF;A9<GK 9FL=JAGJ=K IM= =FNGDN=E 9>9KL9E=FLG <9  p
H=KKG9 GM 9G L=EHG =E IM= K= >9D9 )=KL=K ;9KGK ?=J9DE=FL= HJ=N9D=;= 9
HJ=>=JaF;A9 H9J9 FGKK9K HJeHJA9K H9D9NJ9K 9H9J=;=F<G 9KKAE G 9F9>eJA;G
9GH9 =
>D=Pg=K
=E
DM?9J
<G
<aA;LA;G 9GG9 =
>D=Pg=K
v
x FL]G
IM=
L=
<AKK=
=D=
v
,M=
LAF@9K
DY
GMLJ9
=
IM=
L=
NAM
H9KK=9J
;GE
=D9
v
1AME=
9
H9KK=9J
;GE
ME9
FGKK9
H9J=FL9
NAhN9
<=
ME
?=F=J9D
,M=E
<AKK=
9G
B9N9J<G
IM= 9GH5 9
IM=
E=
J=>AJG G9B<CF5 =J9
EAF@9
9E9FL=y
6J 
7

PHJ=KKG ME FGE= 9 IM= F9 ;GFKLJM^]G <G <AK;MJKG K= IM=J BMFL9J

ME9 =PHDA;9^]G ;GEH9J9^]G GM K= D@= IM=J 9HGFL9J ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9
K9DA=FL= ;GKLME9K= J=H=LAJ =KL= FGE= GM G IM= D@= K=JN= <= =PHDA;9^]G
;GEH9J9^]G GM ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9 9;GEH9F@9<G <G <=EGFKLJ9LANG 9GG9 =
>D=Pg=K
x*
GD@9J
<9
GHAFA]G 9GG9 GD@9J
9?M<G
=
BM<A;A9D
H=J<=
9
NAJLM<=
DG?G
IM=
HAK9EGK
G
L=JJALeJAG
<9
EGJL=y
6( 
 5DI8 ..7
xJ=AG
IM=
HGJ
=FL]G
_
IM=
;GE=^GM
9
<=K9:GLG9J
=E
EAE
9
@AHG
;GF<JA9 9GG5 >DGJ
9E9J=D9
KGDALYJA9
<=
ME
;@=AJG
AF=:JA9FL=
=
KMLADy
6( 
 5DI8 .. 
7

 

+GJ E=AG <G HJGFGE= AFN9JAYN=D C J=H=LAEGK HD=GF9KLA;9E=FL= 9 GJ

9^]G G:B=LAN9 IM= K= 9FL=;AH9 <= KM9 HGKA^]G FGJE9D GM =E K=FLA<G AF
N=JKG
9FL=;AH9
9
GJ9^]G
G:B=LAN9
<G
L=PLG
+I9
HC8CG
=5A
G5=F
798C
9I o 8=GG9
CBH9A
I o 8=GG9
CBH9A EI9
HC8CG
=5A
G5=F
798C
-=>GJ^GK
<=
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK

Reforos de demonstrativos v  F=;=KKA<9<= <= 9NAN9J 9 KALM9^]G

<GK G:B=LGK = H=KKG9K LJ9L9<GK H=DG >9D9FL= G D=N9 9 J=>GJ^9J GK <=EGF
KLJ9LANGK ;GE GK 9<N_J:AGK <aALA;GK 5EI= 5[ 5@= 57C@R 9GH9 5EI= 9GG9 5[
5EI9@9
5@= GM 57C@R
M 7R L=F@G
EAF@9K
<hNA<9K

D= @R <AR
G
IM=
H=FK9

/9E:_E <=K=EH=F@9E G H9H=D <= J=>GJ^G =F>YLA;G A9GAC =

DF_DF=C = >D=Pg=K HJ=KGK 9 KM:KL9FLANGK GM HJGFGE=K ;GE G N9DGJ <=
9A
D9GGC5 =E
K=FLA<G
HJeHJAG
GM
>A?MJ9<G
M DF_DF=C 9KKAKLA
Z
<=K9?J9<YN=D
;=F9
D9 A9GA5 >GA
N=JA>A;9J
G
>9LG

)=KL= K=FLA<G <= A<=FLA<9<= A9GAC = DF_DF=C =FLJ9E FG JGD <GK

<=EGFKLJ9LANGK
)G
K=?MAFL=
LJ=;@G
<=
(
<=
KKAK
9H9J=;= AI=HC
x1G;a
A?FGJ9
IM=
IM=E
GK
;GK=
KGM
=M
= AI=HC =My
6( 
7

#Y ;GFKLJM^g=K >AP9K IM= F=E K=EHJ= K= J=?MD9E H=D9K FGJE9K HJ=

;=<=FL=K
=FLJ=
=KL9K
=KL]G
5
=GHC
X =
FMF;9 =GGC
X
;GE
G
N9DGJ
<=
zIM=J
<AR=J{
GM
zKA?FA>A;9{
H9J9
AFLJG<MRAJ
=K;D9J=;AE=FLGK
6
DCF
=GGC B9A
DCF
=GGC 5@XA
8=GGC K]G
E9AK
>J=IM=FL=K
IM= DCF
=GHC B9A
DCF
=GHC 5@XA
8=GHC
;GEG
9
AFLJG<MRAJ
ME9
;GF;DMK]G
GM
9<MRAJ
ME
9J?ME=FLG
7
=GHC
89 =
F]G =GGC
89
;GE
G
N9DGJ
<=
zFG
IM=
LG;9{
zFG
IM=
<AR
J=KH=ALG
9{
6. 
7
*MLJGK
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK
=
K=MK
=EHJ=?GK

Outros demonstrativos e seus empregos v %Y NAEGK IM= A9GAC =

DF_DF=C <=FGL9F<G A<=FLA<9<=K = ;GE G N9DGJ <= x=E H=KKG9y K]G ;D9KKA
>A;9<GK
;GEG
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK
x/9D
>9^G
=M
Z
E=<A<9
IM=
E=
N9A
D=E:J9F<G
=
;GFNAF<G
Z
;GF
KLJM^]G
GM
J=;GFKLJM^]G
<=
EAE A9GACy
6( 
7






x=
J=KLG
F9IM=D= A9GAC L=EHG
K=FLA
L9D
GM
IM9D
F=;=KKA<9<=
<=

;GFL9J
9
9D?M_E
G
IM=
K=
H9KK9N9
=FLJ=
EAE
=
9HALMy
6( 
7
x1=B9
GK
9D?9JAKEGK
F]G
@Y
<GAK
IM=
>9^9E
G A9GAC G>b;AGy
6( 
7

x*@
;GMK9
H9J9
=KH9FL9J
,M=
9E:GK
9
>=JA<9
L=E
IA L9E9F@G
=E IA DM?9Jy
6' 5DI8 %(7
A
_
<G
E=KEG
L9E9F@G
=
FG
E=KEG
DM?9J
#GFJ9
=
HJGN=ALG
F]G
;9:=E BIA K9;G

+G<=
9AF<9
G
<=EGFKLJ9LANG A9GAC 9KKMEAJ
G
N9DGJ
<= DF_DF=C 5HX

x KL=K
=
GMLJGK
K=E=D@9FL=K
HJ=;=ALGK
F]G
@Y
<hNA<9
IM=
F]G
K]G
H=K9<GK
=
<A>A;MDLGKGK
=
HGJ
L9AK
GK
=KLAEGM
G A9GAC .=F@GJ
IM9F<G
D@=K
;@9EGM
JMR
FGKK9y
61

3$
7
x*K A9GACG 9FAE9AK
<=
;9J?9
K=
D@=
<=AL9E
LG<9
9
ME9
H9JL=
;9=E
;GE
=D9y
61 5DI8  
l

97

'9GAC G9A9@<5BH9 = H5@ LaE N9DGJ <= <=EGFKLJ9LANG 9F9>eJA;G AKLG

_
>9R=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
H=FK9E=FLGK
=PHJ=KKGK
9FL=JAGJE=FL=
x=HGAK
;GEG
+Y<M9
>9D9KK=
9G
K9;JAKL]G
:9APAF@G
9HJGPAEGMK=
<=D=K
=M
>AR
9 A9GA5 ;GMK9y
6( 
7
x)]G
H9?M=A
MFK
F=E
GMLJGK
E9K
K9AF<G
<=
9DE9K
;[F<A<9K
=
N=J
<9<=AJ9K H5=G HJGE=KK9K
K]G
;GEG
9
EG=<9
>A<M;AYJA9
v
9AF<9
IM=
G
<=N=<GJ
9K
F]G
H9?M=
N9D=E
9
KGE9
IM=
<AR=Ey
6( 
 
!/ 
7
!9D9KL=
=E
<GAK
:GFK
=KLM<9FL=K
E9K
F]G
=F;GFLJ=A G9A9@<5BH9G
HJ=F<9K
F9
K9D9
<=
9MD9

)G =KLADG >9EADA9J = 9FAE9<G =EHJ=?9K= G <=EGFKLJ9LANG ;GE G

N9DGJ
<=
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G
GG9 %G]G
_
<9K
9JY:A9K EI9@5 (9JA9
L=E
;9<9
A<=A9
6( 
7

-=?AKLJ=K= 9AF<9 G =EHJ=?G KM:KL9FLANG <= 5EI=@C =E ;GFKLJM^g=K

;GEG
x=
9H=F9K
;GEG
ME9
<9K
=PLJ9N9?[F;A9K
IM=
E9AK
J=IM=J=E
9FGL
9^]G
;AL9J=A 5EI=@C <9
H
y
6' 
$
7
+GKA^]G
<GK
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK

Posio dos demonstrativos v E KALM9^g=K FGJE9AK =E IM= F]G

AEH=J= 9 aF>9K= G <=EGFKLJ9LANG N=E 9FL=HGKLG 9G FGE= E ;9KG ;GF
LJYJAG HG<= G 9<B=LANG NAJ HGKHGKLG HJAF;AH9DE=FL= K= G <=EGFKLJ9LANG K=
J=>=JAJ
9G
H=FK9E=FLG
BY
=PHJ=KKG
x'G?G
<=HGAK
K=FLAE=
LJ9FK>GJE9<G
F9 -IAA5
.<9C@C;=75 <=
.
/GEYK
AEHJ=KK9
FME
NGDME=
=
=F;9<=JF9<9
=E
E9JJGIMAE
;GE
>=;@GK
<=
HJ9L9
=
=KL9EH9K
A<=A9 9GH5 IM=
E=
<=M
9G
;GJHG
9
E9AK
;GEHD=L9
AEG:ADA<9<= y
6( 5DI8
.. 
7
x
*K
K=MK
GD@GK
K=J=FGK
;GEG
G
;_M
IM=
AEAL9N9E
F9
;GJ
LG
E9J9E
9
L=JJbN=D
=PHJ=KK]G
IM=
=D=
;GKLME9N9
<9JD@=K
FG
J=NGDN=J
<GK
;GE:9L=K
GD@9J 9GG9 IM=
Ke
HGJ
KA
>9RA9
J=;M9J
GK
AFAEA?GKy
6# 5DI8 ..7

.5@ KGRAF@G GM J=H=LA<G = CIHFC K]G <=EGFKLJ9LANGK <= K=FLA<G AF

<=>AFA<G * HJAE=AJG 9H9J=;= BMFLG Z <=KA?F9^]G <= ME <A9 DM?9J GM ;AJ
;MFKL[F;A9K
J=9AK
IM=
F]G
IM=J=EGK
GM
F]G
HG<=EGK
HJ=;AK9J
x D=
;GE:AFGM
;GE
G
9KK9KKAFG
9KK9DL9J=E
9
;9K9
=E H5@ <A9
9 H5@
@GJ9
HGJ H5=G = H5=G E=AGKy
6%* 
7

)IHFC K= =EHJ=?9 ;GE G N9DGJ <= IA G9;IB8C A5=G IA FG K=FLA<G

<= 8=:9F9BH9
;GEG A9GAC FG
<= =;I5@
_
9<B=LANG
D=
E=
LJ9LGM
E9D
=
=M
>AR CIHFC L9FLG
H5BHC
N=J=EGK
E9AK
L9J<=
_
HJGFGE=
AF<=>AFA<G

/9AK 9;=H^g=K AEHJ=;AK9K D=N9E 9D?MFK =KLM<AGKGK 9 ;D9KKA>A;9J H5@ =

CIHFC ;GEG
AF<=>AFA<GK
GEG =D=E=FLG J=>GJ^9<GJ <GK IM= >GJ9E LJ9L9<GK 9FL=JAGJE=FL=
9H9J=;= A9GAC BMFLG 9GK 9<N_J:AGK HJGFGEAF9AK 5;CF5 A9GAC 5[
A9GAC 5EI=
A9GAC >R
A9GAC
=L;
Observao .G:J= G =EHJ=?G LA<G ;GEG =JJfF=G <= A9GAC ;GEG 9<N_J:AG
N=B9K=
E9AK
9<A9FL=
/A HG<=
L=J
=E
;=JL9K
=PHJ=KKg=K
G
N9DGJ
<= A9GAC

9GH9

)9K GJ9^g=K =P;D9E9LAN9K G;GJJ= L9E:_E 9 HGKHGKA^]G ,M= <A9

'9GAC HG<= ;GJJ=KHGF<=J 9 <GAK NG;Y:MDGK D9LAFGK =89A = =DG9 )G

HJAE=AJG ;9KG <=FGL9 A<=FLA<9<= = J=;D9E9 9 HJ=K=F^9 <G 9JLA?G GM <=
GMLJG
<=EGFKLJ9LANG
AKK=
9K A9GA5G ;GAK9K
-=>=JAMK=
9G A9GAC ;9K9D
!9DGM
9
=KL=
A9GAC @GE=E

$<aFLA;G 9 =DG9 =EHJ=?9K= BMFLG 9 KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE= = =IMA

N9D=
9 DF_DF=C 9A
D9GGC5 =E
K=FLA<G
HJeHJAG
GM
>A?MJ9<G
D9 A9GA5 K=
;GF<=FGM



E 9E:GK GK K=FLA<GK A9GAC HG<= 9H9J=;=J 9FL=K GM <=HGAK <G

KM:KL9FLANG )GL9K= 9H=F9K F9 DbF?M9 EG<=JF9 ;=JL9 HJ=>=JaF;A9 H9J9 9
9FL=HGKA^]G IM9F<G G <=EGFKLJ9LANG 9KKME= G N9DGJ <= =89A AKLG _ AF
<A;9
A<=FLA<9<=
W ;GKLME= ;9D9JK= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G F9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 IM= K= J=>
=J=
9
KM:KL9FLANG
9FL=;=<=FL=
IM=
L=E A9GAC ;GEG
9<BMFLG
F;GFLJ=AG
F9 A9GA5 G=HI5WVC em que =KL9N9
FG
9FG
H9KK9<G
.9AM
<G
LJ9:9D@G
FG A9GAC 8=5 em que >GJ9
HJGEGNA<G
x,M=JA9K
HGJN=FLMJ9
=FKAFYD9
9
<=KHJ=R9JE=
H=D9 A9GA5
F5NVC
por que LM
E=
<=KHJ=R9Ky
6J 5DI8 (9 
7



*;GJJ= ;GE E9AGJ >J=IMaF;A9 =KL= =EHJ=?G =E >J9K=K GF<= BY =P

AKL=E =PHJ=KKg=K F=?9LAN9K BVC B585 G9A B9A =E AFL=JJG?9^g=K
GJ9LeJA9K GM <=HGAK <= KM:KL9FLANG HJ=;=<A<G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G G9A x J9
H=KKG9 G9A =K;JhHMDG 5@;IAy
6  
l
7
6
@;C
KLY @GB= HJ9LA;9E=FL= <=K:9F;9<G H=D9 DG;M^]G KAFfFAE9 5@;IA5
7C=G5 
/=JYK 5@;C H9J9
;GFL9JE=
#Y 5@;C FGNG
FG
9J

LAHG

+JGFGE=
AF<=>AFA<G

Pronome indefinido
)=E K=EHJ= K= HG<= =KL9:=D=;=J ;D9J9E=FL= 9 <A>=J=F^9 =FLJ=
KAEHD=K AF<=>AFA<GK LJ9L9<GK F=KL= DM?9J <GK IM9FLAL9LANGK AF<=>AFA<GK
AKLG
HGJIM=
;=JLGK
AF<=>AFA<GK
9H9J=;=E
9HDA;9<GK
Z
IM9FLA<9<=
AF;=JL9

W E9AK >J=IM=FL= K=M =EHJ=?G ;GEG 9<N_J:AG =E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G


KALM9^]G
=KLY algo D9F=;CG5
DA
K=
H9KK9J9E
GK
EGE=FLGK algo =B9GEI97[J9=G

* E=KEG =EHJ=?G 9<N=J:A9D ;GF@=;= G K=M =IMAN9D=FL= 5@;IA5

7C=G5

D=ALMJ9
<=APGMD@=
AEHJ=KK]G alguma coisa 5;F58RJ9@

EHJ=?GK
=
H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K
<GK
HJAF;AH9AK
AF<=>AFA<GK

Empregos e particularidades dos principais indefinidos v * AF

<=>AFA<G HG<= =KL=F<=J 9 KM9 KA?FA>A;9^]G 9 LG<GK GK AF<ANb<MGK <= ME9
;D9KK=
.C8CG GK
@GE=FK
K]G
:GFK 585 DANJG
<=N=
=KL9J
FG
DM?9J
HJeHJAG
+I5@EI9F >9DL9
E=J=;=
K=J
HMFA<9
'ANJG 5@;IA K=JY
J=LAJ9<G
K=E
9MLGJAR9^]G (9B<IA =JJG
>GA
;GE=LA<G

 KA?FA>A;9^]G <G AF<=>AFA<G K= HG<= =KL=F<=J 9H=F9K 9 ME GM 9 9D

?MFK
AF<ANb<MGK
<=
ME9
;D9KK=
9FH5G >GD@9K
>A;9J9E
=E
:J9F;G
9b
KMJ?AJ]G CIHFCG =F?9FGK

.G:J=
GK
HJAF;AH9AK
HJGFGE=K
AF<=>AFA<GK
9;J=K;=FL9J=EGK
5
@;IA
FL=HGKLG 9G KM:KL9FLANG L=E N9DGJ HGKALANG -=;=:=M 5@;IA J=
;9<G
AEHGJL9FL=
+GKHGKLG 9G FGE= 9KKME= KA?FA>A;9^]G F=?9LAN9 HG<=F<G K=J KM:
KLALMb<G H=DG AF<=>AFA<G F=?9LANG B9B<IA -=KMDL9<G 5@;IA K9AM <G
AFIM_JALG

D?ME9K N=R=K G KA?FA>A;9<G IM9FLAL9LANG <= 5@;C = 5@;IA5 7C=G5

>9NGJ=;=
G
9H9J=;AE=FLG
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89 ;GE
N9DGJ
H9JLALANG
)]G
@Y algo de FGNG
!A;GMD@=
<G
=F;GFLJG alguma coisa de 9JJ=H=F<AE=FLG
Alguma coisa de FGNG
<=N=
9;GFL=;=J
@GB=

 HJ=K=F^9 <9 HJ=HGKA^]G BMFLG 9G 9<B=LANG G LJ9FKHg= Z ;D9KK= <G

KM:KL9FLANG = HGJ 9LJ9^]G =KL= HG<= ;GF;GJ<9J =E ?aF=JG = FhE=JG ;GE
G
FGE=
KMB=ALG
<G
N=J:G
HJ=K=FLGD@= 9GH5G
89G7I@D5G IM=
LaE algo de 9B;F5W585G
=
J=H=FL=
K9bJ9E IA5G
=89=5G alguma coisa de F=8[7I@5G

.=E J9R]G 9D?MFK 9MLGJ=K ;GFKA<=J9E ?9DA;AKEG 9 HJ=K=F^9 <9 HJ=

HGKA^]G 89 F=KL9K ;GFKLJM^g=K ;GE HJGFGE=K AF<=>AFA<GK LG<GK <= N9DGJ
FALA<9E=FL=
IM9FLAL9LANG
6(9 
7
7
585
%MFL9K= 9 KM:KL9FLANG KAF?MD9J 9 FME=J9D ;GD=LANG = =PHJ=KKg=K
>GJE9<9K
HGJ
FME=J9D
K=?MA<G
<=
KM:KL9FLANG
FG
HDMJ9D
x0E9
ADMK]G
?=EA9
=E 7585 ;9FLG
@GJ9N9
=E 7585 ;9FLG
ME9
K9M<9<=y
6'"7
585 K_;MDG
HGKKMA
K=MK
@GE=FK
AEHGJL9FL=K



!9R
HJGN9
=E 7585 LJAFL9
<A9K

0K9K=
;GE:AF9<G
9 7585
IA = 7585
EI5@

W ;GF<=F9<G G =EHJ=?G <= 7585 K=E KM:KL9FLANG =E DM?9J <= 7585
IA F9K J=>=JaF;A9K 9 FGE=K =PHJ=KKGK 9FL=JAGJE=FL= ;GFKA<=J9<G AEAL
9^]G
<9
DAF?M9?=E
;GE=J;A9D
>J9F;=K9
G
IM=
HGEGK
=E
<hNA<9
*K
DANJGK
;MKL9E
LJAFL9
;JMR=AJGK 7585 HGJ 7585
IA

585 F]G KG>J= N9JA9^]G E9K 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 <G N=J:G ;GE G

KMB=ALG
K=
HJG;=KK9
FGJE9DE=FL=
xGFN_E
FGL9J
G
LJb<MG
<9K
'=EhJA9K
)]G
;GJJ=
9
>DMP cada 8C=G
8=5G
@9J5A
=FLJ=
KA
ME
HJG>9FG
AFL=J;9D9<Gy
6 
$$$
 5DI8 ! 
7
Observao GE =P9?=JG BY K= ;GF<=FGM HGJ E9D KG9FL= 9 =PHJ=KK]G DCF
7585 IM= K=?MF<G 9 ;JbLA;9 D=E:J9JA9 DCF7585 N9J9 <= HGJ;GK -MA 9J:GK9
6- 
 7
<=>=F<=M
:JAD@9FL=E=FL=
G
>9DKG
;9;e>9LG
E9M
KGE

'=E:J9 .GMK9 <9 .ADN=AJ9 G N9DGJ AFL=FKANG <= 7585 ;GEG FG

K=?MAFL=
=P=EHDG
=KLY
;D9JG
IM=
HJG>=JA<G
;GE
=FLGF9^]G
=PHJ=KKAN9
x FL]G
_ 7585 L=EHGJ9D
IM=
9L_
H9J=;=
IM=
GK
EGFL=K
=KLJ=E=;=Ey
6 , 
 5DI8 .. 
l
7
GFL9 7585 @AKLeJA9

8
9FHC
W =P;DMKAN9E=FL= F9 DbF?M9 EG<=JF9 HJGFGE= AF<=>AFA<G IM9F<G
9FL=;=<=
9G
KM:KL9FLANG
x
NA<9
;=DA:9L9
HG<A9
L=J 79FH5G N9FL9?=FK
HJeHJA9K
E9K
K=JA9E
LaFM=K
=
;GEHJ9<9K
9
LJG;G
<9
KGDA<]Gy
6( 
7

#9N=F<G aF>9K= HG<=JY 9H9J=;=J IA 79FHC =PHJ=KK]G IM= L=E KA<G

;GE 9D?ME =P9?=JG J=;JAEAF9<9 H=DGK ?J9EYLA;GK D=P9F<J= #=J;MD9FG
FGLYN=D =K;JALGJ HGJLM?MaK L9DN=R AF>DM=F;A9<G H=D9K L=GJA9K ?J9E9LA;9AK
J=AF9FL=K 9:GDAM =E J=<9^g=K HGKL=JAGJ=K G 9JLA?G AF<=>AFA<G BMFLG GM
F]G 9 H9D9NJ9K AF<=>AFA<9K LAJ9F<G EMAL9 N=R G ;GDGJA<G =F>YLA;G <G
LJ=;@G
HJAEALANG
= IA
79FHC MKGM
=D=
FGK
K=?MAFL=K
H9KKGK
x!GJ^GKG
_
IM=
ME
HG=L9
;J=A9
FG
H=FK9E=FLG
IM=
G
9?AL9
=
FG
A<=9D
9GF<=
L=E
<=
AJ
:MK;9J IA
79FHC FhE=JG
<{=PAKLaF;A9 y
6# 
 7
x+9KK9<G
LG<G
=KL=
L=EHG
GK
=K;J9NGK
<= IA
79FHC <e;AG
IM=
@=J<
9J9
G
<GEbFAG
<9IM=D9
EGFL9F@9 y
6# 
7



x*
?=KLG
:J9F<G
;GE
IM=
ME9
N=R
HGKL9
;GE=^GM
9
EGN=J
9K
9K9K
LAF@9 IA
79FHC 9J
=K;9JFAF@G
IM=
E=
9:GJJ=;=M
EMALGy
6( 
7

+GKHGKLG 9G KM:KL9FLANG 79FHC >APGM G K=M =EHJ=?G <= 9<B=LANG

;GE G K=FLA<G <= x9;=JL9<Gy x9BMKL9<Gy x=P9LGy xN=J<9<=AJGy E:GK
GK K=FLA<GK AF<=>AFA<G = IM9DA>A;9LANG K]G 9HJGN=AL9<GK FGK K=?MAFL=K BG
?GK
<=
H9D9NJ9K
/=F@G 79FHCG 5A=;CG IM=
F]G
K]G 5A=;CG
79FHCG

)GL=K= ;GE G =7=CBRF=C CBH9ADCFTB9C IM= 79FHC 9L=FM9 G IM=

F9 KA?FA>A;9^]G <G KM:KL9FLANG @9B9 <= <=E9KA9<9E=FL= 9:KGDMLG IM9F<G
=KL= AF<=>AFA<G N=E 9FL=HGKLG 9 FGE= IM= =PHJAE= IM9DA<9<= HJG
HJA=<9<=
GM
EG<G
<=
K=J
"GR9
<= 79FH5 J=HML9^]G
<=
L9D=FLG

eH=J9
L=E
ME9 79FH5 FGNA<9<=

)=KL9 KA?FA>A;9^]G 9L=FM9LAN9 79FHC =IMAN9D=FL= 9 5@;IA =

>D=Pg=K
K=
9HJGPAE9
<GK
IM9FLAL9LANGK
AF<=>AFA<GK
Nota )G HGJLM?MaK <= GMLJ9K _HG;9K 9 >MF^]G <= 9<B=LANG G;GJJA9 GM HG<A9
G;GJJ=J
9AF<9
9FL=HGKLG
9G
FGE=
x=N=AK
<=
L=J
K9:A<G
;D9J9E=FL=
GEG
_
<GK
>9<GK
?J9F<=K 79FHC AFL=FLGy AKLG
_
AFL=FLG
;=JLG
6' 
$
7
x KL9
AD@9
H=IM=F9
IM=
@9:AL9EGK
W
=E
LG<9
=KL9
L=JJ9 79FH5 =K;9D9
AKLG
_
=K;9D9
;=JL9
=
LG<GK
GK
IM=
9K
GF<9K
F9N=?9EGKy
6' 
$
7
xL=FLG
=KL9N9
G
J=A
F9
K=?MJ9F^9
GE
IM=
HJGN9N9
G
"9E9
G
IM=
<ARA9
GF;=:=
<=D= 79FH5 ;GF>A9F^9
AKLG
_
;GF>A9F^9
K=?MJ9
J_<ALG
>AJE=
=E
IM9FLG
HJG>=JA9y
6' 
1$$$
7

9
(9B<IA
-=>GJ^9 9 F=?9LAN9 BVC HG<=F<G K=J KM:KLALMb<G H=DG AF<=>AFA<G
5@;IA
)]G
LbF@9EGK B9B<IA5 <bNA<9
9L_
9IM=D=
EGE=FLG

.=E aF>9K= B9B<IA N=E ?=J9DE=FL= 9FL=HGKLG 9G KM:KL9FLANG

@9N=F<G
<=K=BG
<=
9NAN9J
9
F=?9^]G
G
AF<=>AFA<G
9H9J=;=
HGKHGKLG



x,M=
_
DY
J=<9J?MA
F]G
;=<A 7CIG5 B9B<IA5
F=E
;=<Gy
6( 

7

-=>=JAF<GK=
G
FGE=
FG
HDMJ9D B9B<IA K=
>D=PAGF9

x(9K
K=
9F<9
FAKLG
EAKL_JAG
;GEG
IM=J
G
;GF<=KLYN=D
=KH=JG
IM=
F]G
K=J]G B9B<IBG :9=H=WCG y
6-. 
7

E ;=JL9K >J9K=K <= >GJE9 9>AJE9LAN9 B9B<IA HG<= 9<IMAJAJ N9DGJ

9>AJE9LANG
;GEG
KAFfFAEG
<= EI5@EI9F
(9AK
<G
IM= B9B<IA @GE=E
=D=
LJ9:9D@9N9
H9J9
9
LJ9FIMADA<9<=

FIM9FLG B9B<IA _ ME L=JEG IM= ?=F=J9DAR9 9 F=?9^]G B9A IA K=

J=>=J=
Z
MFA<9<=
)]G
L=F@G B9B<IA DANJG
)]G
L=F@G B9A
IA
@=JFC
IM9FLG
E9AK
<GAK

:
.C8C
j
.I8C 
GF;GJ<9 =E ?aF=JG = FhE=JG ;GE G KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE= 9
IM=
K=JN=
<=
9<BMFLG
9<FGEAF9D
,M9F<G FG KAF?MD9J =KLY 9FL=HGKLG 9 KM:KL9FLANG GM 9<B=LANG KM:
KL9FLAN9<G N9D= HGJ x;9<9y xIM9DIM=Jy GM xAFL=AJGy xLGL9Dy HG<=F<G NAJ
GM F]G 9;GEH9F@9<G <= 9JLA?G $KLG KA?FA>A;9 IM= FG KAF?MD9J HC8C HG<=
J=>=JAJK= L9FLG Z LGL9DA<9<= <AKLJA:MLAN9E=FL= <= ME ;GFBMFLG HDMJ9D
.C8C C <CA9A _ EGJL9D  xLG<GK = ;9<9 ME <GK @GE=FKy v = F=KL= K=F
LA<G =IMAN9D= 9G D9LAE CAB=G v ;GEG Z LGL9DA<9<= AFL=?J9DA<9<= <= ME
AF<ANb<MG <= ME KAF?MD9J Todo C <CA9A GM ) <CA9A todo X D9758C 9
A=GXF=5 .F565@<5F todo C 8=5 GM C 8=5 todo v = BY F=KL= K=FLA<G N9D=
H=DG
D9LAE HCHIG 6#N 
$$$

F 7
AF<9 IM= HC8C HGKK9 KA?FA>A;9J xIM9DIM=Jy =D=K HG<=E ;GF;GJJ=J
BMFLGK
F9
=PHJ=KK]G HC8C HC85 9
EI5@EI9F
x$FLJG<M^]G
<= HC8C
9
EI5@EI9F ?aF=JG
<=
HJG<MLGy
6- 5DI8 ! 
7
 HC85 >9DL9
<=N=
;GJJ=KHGF<=J
ME
;9KLA?G
9<=IM9<G
HC85 
x;9<9y
 HC85
5 >9DL9
HC85 
x;9<9y
.C8C K=J
E=J=;=
;GFKA<=J9^]G
HC8C 
xIM9DIM=Jy
.C8C
C K=J
E=J=;=
HC8C 
xIM9DIM=Jy
*
AF;aF<AG
<=KLJMAM HC85 ;9K9
HC85 
xAFL=AJ9y
xLGL9Dy
*
AF;aF<AG
<=KLJMAM HC85
5 ;9K9
HC85 
xAFL=AJ9y
xLGL9Dy
.C8C HG:J=
J=;=:=JY
=KEGD9
.C8C
C HG:J=
J=;=:=JY
=KEGD9



FIM9FLG =E +GJLM?9D F]G K= >9R 9 <AKLAF^]G >GJE9D =FLJ= x7585y

xEI5@EI9Fy = x=BH9=FCy
xHCH5@y MK9F<GK= IM9K= K=EHJ= HC8C K=?MA<G <=
9JLA?G .C8C C <CA9A X ACFH5@ FG J9KAD H9J9 G HJAE=AJG K=FLA<G
EG<=JF9E=FL= <AKH=FK9K= G 9JLA?G .C8C <CA9A X ACFH5@ = H9J9 G K=
?MF<G
G
9JLA?G
_
G:JA?9LeJAG
.C85
5
75G5
D9;CI
:C;C
KLY ;D9JG IM= 9 HJ=K=F^9 GM 9MKaF;A9 <G 9JLA?G =KLY AFA;A9DE=FL=
HJ=K9 9G >9LG <= G KM:KL9FLANG Fh;D=G <G KAFL9?E9 =PA?AJ GM F]G 9JLA?G
AF<=H=F<=FL=E=FL= <9 N9JA=<9<= K=E[FLA;9 9HGFL9<9 KKAE ;GEG K=
<AR FGK FGE=K <GK H9bK=K ;GE 9JLA?G C F5G=@ <AJK=Y HC8C C F5G=@
=E ;GFLJ9HGKA^]G Ke K= <AR K=E 9JLA?G *CFHI;5@ DG?G K= <AJY HC8C
*CFHI;5@
 <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= x;9<9y
xIM9DIM=Jy = xAFL=AJGy
xLGL9Dy >A;9 HJ=BM
<A;9<9 =E NAJLM<= <9 G;GJJaF;A9 <9 >GF_LA;9 KAFLYLA;9 IM= >9;ADAL9 F9
HJGFhF;A9 ;GE J=>D=PG F9LMJ9D F9 =K;JAL9 9 >MK]G HGJ ;J9K= <9 NG?9D >A
F9D <= HC8C HC85 ;GE G 9JLA?G KAF?MD9J C
5 HC8C C  HC8C HC85 5  HC85
9b EMAL9K N=R=K 9 AF<=;AK]G IM= K=FL=E 9K H=KKG9K F9 @GJ9 <= MK9J HC8C
= HC8C
C HC85 = HC85
5
KKAE <ARK= =FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK K=E <AKLAF^]G <= K=FLA<G HC8C C
AIB8C HC85 5 J=85 HC8C C H9ADC HC85 5 <CF5 HC85 5 D5FH9 =L;  9G D9<G
<= HC8C AIB8C HC85 J=85 HC8C H9ADC HC85 <CF5 HC85 D5FH9 =L;  N9;AD
9^]G IM= K= FGL9 FG HGJLM?MaK =MJGH=M DAL=JYJAG <= _HG;9K H9KK9<9K =E
9Eg=K HGJ =P=EHDG E HC8C C AIB8C HC85 5 ;9BH9 H=J;=:=K= F9
HJeHJA9
KA?FA>A;9^]G
<GK
KM:KL9FLANGK
G
N9DGJ
;GD=LANG
<9
=PHJ=KK]G
.C8C AF<A;9 9 LGL9DA<9<= FME_JA;9 AKLG _ IM9DIM=J AF<ANb<MG <9
;D9KK= IM9F<G K=?MA<G <= GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 KM:KL9FLAN9<9 H=DG C GM <G
HJGFGE= 5EI9@9 HC8C
5EI9@9
EI9
x  .C8C
C
EI9 KG>J=
.C8C
C
EI9 =KH=J9
=
;Ja HC8C
C IM=
9DE=B9
+=JK;JML9J
G
>MLMJG
K=
;GDG;9
G
D9<G
<G
.=F@GJy
6!1 5DI8 .. 
l
7

=K9H9J=;= F9LMJ9DE=FL= 9 N9;AD9^]G IM9F<G =E N=R <G 9JLA?G

<=>AFA<G 9H9J=;=J G AF<=>AFA<G IA HGAK 9b HC8C IA <=FGL9 xAFL=AJGy
xLGL9Dy HC8C IA 8=5 HC85 IA5 7=8589 ;GFKLJM^]G 9DAYK K=E J9R]G J=
B=AL9<9
HGJ
HMJAKL9K
AFLJ9FKA?=FL=K
.C8C FG KAF?MD9J = HGKHGKLG 9G KM:KL9FLANG =FLJ9 K=EHJ= F9 =P
HJ=KK]G <9 LGL9DA<9<= C <CA9A HC8C 5 75G5 HC85 C D5[G HC8C 5 G9A5B5
HC85 C
H9ADC
HC8C 5
:CFHIB5
HC85 C
AIB8C
HC8C IA5
7=8589
HC85



)9K =PHJ=KKg=K <= J=>GJ^G =F>YLA;G GM <= N9DGJ KMH=JD9LANG <G LAHG
<= HC8C C F9GHC HC85 5 GCA5 HC8C C A5=G KM:KL9FLAN9<G 5 HC85 5
DF9GG5 5 HC85 5 6F=85 5 HC8C C ;5@CD9 G 9JLA?G _ <= HJ=K=F^9 G:JA?9LeJA9
=FLJ=
:J9KAD=AJGK
)G HDMJ9D HC8CG HC85G 9FL=HGKLGK GM HGKHGKLGK =PA?=E K=EHJ= 9
HJ=K=F^9 <G 9JLA?G <=K<= IM= G KM:KL9FLANG F]G =KL=B9 HJ=;=<A<G <= 9<
BMFLG
IM=
G
=P;DM9
.C8CG
CG 5@IBCG =FLJ=?9J9E
9K
HJGN9K
9FL=K
<G
L=EHG
.C85G
5G
F9J=Gc9G K]G
H9KKbN=AK
<=
=F?9FGK
)G
5@IBCG
HC8CG <AKK=J9E
KAE
.C8CG
9GH9G
75GCG >GJ9E
=P9EAF9<GK
.C85G
9@5G J=KHGF<=J9E
ZK
;9JL9K

KL9F<G 9 LGL9DA<9<= FME_JA;9 <=>AFA<9 HGJ ME FME=J9D J=>=JA<G 9

KM:KL9FLANG =PHDb;ALG GM KM:=FL=F<A<G HC8CG HG<= K=J GM F]G 9;GEH9F
@9<G <= 9JLA?G HC8C IA HC8CG 8C=G GM HC8CG CG 8C=G HC8CG HFZG GM HC8CG
CG
HFZG
=L; 
x J9
:=DG
<=
N=J=EK= HC8CG
7=B7C =E
J=<GJ
<9
;JA9F^9
;GEG
K=
H9J9
GMLJG
>AE
K=
F]G
J=MFAKK=Ey
6J 
7
.C85G
5G
EI5HFC J9Rg=K
>GJ9E
<AK;MLA<9K

 

x'GF?=
<=
EAE
9
LJAKL=
A<=A9
<=
E=
AFLJGE=L=J
F=KK9
IM=KL]G HC8C
H9JLA;MD9Jy
6' 
$
7

.M9K GJA?=FK HJGFGEAF9AK >9;MDL9ED@= 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= HG<=J

HGJ
9LJ9^]G
;GF;GJ<9J
;GE
9
H9D9NJ9
9
IM=
K=
J=>=J=
)
DFC:9GGCF
X todo CIJ=8CG
@5
X toda CIJ=8CG
@9
9GHR todo DF9C7ID58C
@5
9GHR toda DF9C7ID585
7565ACG
89
J9F
5G
7F=5BW5G todas 7<CFCG5G 

.C8C =FLJ9 9AF<9 F9 ;GFKLJM^]G <= DG;M^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK 9A HC8C 89

HC8C 89
HC8C
9A
HC8C
=L;
Tudo v -=>=J=K= ZK ;GAK9K ;GFKA<=J9<9K =E KM9 LGL9DA<9<= GM ;GF
BMFLG = FGJE9DE=FL= K= 9HJ=K=FL9 ;GEG L=JEG 9:KGDMLG <=K9;GEH9F
@9<G
<=
<=L=JEAF9<G
)=E HI8C =KLY
H=J<A<G
+g=
9
=KH=J9F^9
=E HI8C

* K=M =EHJ=?G 9:KGDMLG 9HJ=K=FL9 <M9K =P;=^g=K IM9F<G K= ;GE

:AF9 ;GE GK <=EGFKLJ9LANGK =GHC =GGC 5EI=@C GM IM9F<G _ K=?MA<G <= GJ
9^]G
9<B=LAN9
KM:KL9FLAN9<9
H=DG
9JLA?G
.I8C
=GGC _
AEHGKKbN=D #GGC
HI8C _
AEHGKKbN=D
*F<=
NG;a
;GEHJGM HI8C
5EI=@C
=K;GF@=;=EGK HI8C
C
EI9
9@9G
8=GG9F5A

*bservaes
 p
W
E9AK
;GEME
9
HJ=K=F^9
<G
9JLA?G
IM9F<G
G
KM:KL9FLANG
=KLY
=PHJ=KKG
p E HC85G 9GH5G EI5HFC F5Nc9G 9 HJ=K=F^9 <= ME 9<BMFLG 9GH5G IM= =P;DMA G
9JLA?G
=PHDA;9
9
KM9
9MKaF;A9

"J9^9K Z KA?FA>A;9^]G <= ;=JLGK N=J:GK =E <=L=JEAF9<GK ;GFL=PLGK

HC8CG HG<= K=J AFL=JHJ=L9<G =E K=FLA<G <AKLJA:MLANG ;GE N9DGJ 9HJGPAE
9<G
<=
x;9<9y
;GEG
FG
=P=EHDG
xARA9
ME
.=;J=LYJAG
<=
KL9<G
E=M
9EA?G
IM=
H9J9
K=
J=H9JLAJ
;GE
A?M9D<9<=
G
E=D@GJ9E=FLG
<9K
JM9K
HGJ
LG<9
9
'AK:G9
<=NA9E
K=J
G:JA?9<GK
GK
EAFAKLJGK
9
EM<9J
<=
JM9
=
:9AJJG HC8CG
CG
HFZG
A9G9Gy
6"9 
7
AKLG
_
9
;9<9
LJaK
E=K=K
<=
LJaK
=E
LJaK
E=K=K
;GEG
AFL=JHJ=L9
 
l

9

.C8C HG<= K=J =EHJ=?9<G 9<N=J:A9DE=FL= ;GE N9DGJ <= xAFL=AJ9

E=FL=y
x=E
LG<9K
9K
KM9K
H9JL=Ky
x=K;MDH=E=
IM=
=M
=KLGM HC8C 9:KGJNA<G
H=D9
EAF@9
EY?G9y
6J 
7

E L9AK ;GFKLJM^g=K G <=EGFKLJ9LANG >MF;AGF9 ;GEG Fh;D=G <G

KAFL9?E9 FGEAF9D = G AF<=>AFA<G ;GEG K=M 9<BMFLG :=E ;GEG <9 GJ9^]G
9<B=LAN9
KM:KL9FLAN9<9
+JGFGE=
J=D9LANG

Pronome relativo
0K9K= C EI5@ = >D=Pg=K =E DM?9J <= EI9 HJAF;AH9DE=FL= IM9F<G G
J=D9LANG K= 9;@9 9>9KL9<G <G K=M 9FL=;=<=FL= = G MKG <=KL= hDLAEG HGKK9
<9J
E9J?=E
9
E9AK
<=
ME9
AFL=JHJ=L9^]G
*
?MA9
<9
LMJE9 C
EI5@ FGK
N=AG
NAKAL9J
@GB=
HJGE=L=MFGK
NGDL9J
<=HGAK
;GE
G
=EHJ=?G
<= EI9 G
K=FLA<G
>A;9JA9
9E:b?MG

+G<=K=
9AF<9
J=;GJJ=J
Z
J=H=LA^]G
<G
L=JEG
xJJ9KL9J9E
G
K9;G
H9J9
G D5=C@ =
G D5=C@ >A;GM
9
<=AL9J
>GJ9y
6) 
 7




YK= 9AF<9 G 9>9KL9E=FLG <G J=D9LANG =E J=D9^]G 9G K=M 9FL=

;=<=FL=
=E
=P=EHDGK
;GEG
G
K=?MAFL=
x)G
>MF<G
<=
ME
LJAKL=
N9D=
<GK
:JM?=K
L=JJ9
9F?MKLA9<9
=
KY>9J9
ME
HG:J=
=J=EAL9
NANA9 EI9 <=AP9J9
9K
9:GEAF9^g=K
<G
K_;MDG
H=D9
KGD=<9<=
<G
<=K=JLGy
6%- 

7

#GB=
_
E9AK
;GEME
;GFKLJMAJ
x=J=EAL9
IM=
<=AP9J9
NANA9y
GM
xNANA9
ME
HG:J=
=J=EAL9
IM=
<=AP9J9 y

=N=K= =NAL9J ;GE ;MA<9<G G ?J9F<= <AKL9F;A9E=FLG =FLJ= G 9FL=

;=<=FL= = G ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL= J=D9LANG HJAF;AH9DE=FL= K= =KL= =KLAN=J HJ=;=
<A<G <= <GAK FGE=K IM= HGKK9E 9KKMEAJ =KL9 J=>=JaF;A9 (YJAG 9JJ=LG
6(9  7 ;AL9 G LJ=;@G <= 9EADG =E IM= G =K;JALGJ =PHDA;AL9 =FLJ=
H9JaFL=K=
G
J=9D
9FL=;=<=FL=
x M
<=
EAE
K=
F]G
=KLAN=KK=
9EGJL9D@9<9
FG
KG:J=LM<G
<G
E=M
E9J
A<G EI9 NGM
=K;GN9J
G
KG:J=LM<G
=J9
<=D=
;GEG
9
:GJ:GD=L9
_
<9
;@9E9
 y
x'h;A9
<=K;=J9
;GE
9
EG^9
:GFAL9
<=
;9D^9K
;MJL9K EI9 ?MA9N9
G
;9JJGy
6%' 
7

(MAL9K N=R=K 9 HGFLM9^]G K9DN9 9 :G9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G <G L=PLG 9 NbJ

?MD9 HGKL9 =FLJ= ME KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE= = G J=D9LANG K=JN= H9J9 AF
<A;9J
IM=
=KL=
F]G
K=
=KLY
J=>=JAF<G
ZIM=D=
=
KAE
9G
E9AK
9>9KL9<G
xE9K
=D=
LAF@9
F=;=KKA<9<=
<9
K9F^]G
<=
9D?MFK EI9 AKLG
_
9
xK9F^]Gy
=
F]G
x9D?MFKy
D@=
;GF>AJE9KK=
G
9HD9MKG
<GK
GMLJGKy
6( 
7

E ?=J9D KM:KLALMAK= EI9 HGJ C 5 EI5@ <=HGAK <= HJ=HGKA^]G GM

DG;M^]G HJ=HGKALAN9 <= E9AK <= <M9K KbD9:9K EHJ=?9EGK G9A EI9 GM
G9A C EI5@ 5 EI9 GM 5C EI5@ 89 EI9 GM 8C EI5@ E9K <AR=EGK ;GE E9AK
>J=IMaF;A9 5D9G5F 8C EI5@ 7CB:CFA9 C EI5@ D9F5BH9 C EI5@ =L;  * EG
NAE=FLG JbLEA;G <9 >J9K= = 9 F=;=KKA<9<= =PHJ=KKAN9 =PA?=E F=KL=K ;9KGK
ME
NG;Y:MDG
LfFA;G
;GEG C
EI5@
=E
DM?9J
<=
ME
YLGFG
;GEG EI9
GE >J=IMaF;A9 9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= <=N=JA9 9;GEH9F@9J G J=D9LANG
=EA?J9
H9J9
G
9FL=;=<=FL=
<=KL=
J=D9LANG
x
:9JJ9
_
H=JA?GK9
;GEG
<AKK=EGK
HGJ_E
9
=FK=9<9
>=;@9<9
_
9F;GJ9<GMJG
K=?MJG D9@C
EI9 G
HGJIM=
J9R]G
HGJ
IM=
L=E
KA<G
K=EHJ=
;GMLG
<GK
;GJKYJAGK
<=
=J:_JA9y
6# 
7
x
9L_
G
AF<MRAJ=E
9
E9F<YDG
K9AJ
<9
;GJL= 5C
EI9 G
9
IM=

+=<JG
9L9D@GM
;GE
J=LAJ9JK=
9FL=K
IM=
D@=
GJ<=F9KK=Ey
6# 
7



x
F]G
L9J<GM
9
K=J
9LJ9N=KK9<G
H=DG
;GJ9^]G
;GE
ME9
K=L9
<G
IM=
G
<=
IM=
AE=<A9L9E=FL=
9;9:GMy
6# 
7

 ;GFKLJM^]G J=?MD9J K=E EA?J9^]G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G _ HGM;G MK9<9 =

K=
FGK
9HJ=K=FL9
;GEG
9JLA>A;A9D
xKKAE
E=
H=J<G=E
L9E:_E CG
5
EI9A L=F@G
9?J9N9<G CG
7CA
EI9A @GMN=J
KA<G
AFBMKLG
NAGD=FLG
AFLGD=J9FL= y
6- 
7

)G K=?MAFL= =P=EHDG <= -MA 9J:GK9 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9H9J=;= 9FL=

;AH9<9
=
<=HGAK
FG
DM?9J
<=NA<G
xW BC
9A IM=
=KK9
BMKLA>A;9^]G
K=
J=KME=y
6- 
7

*MLJ9K N=R=K GEAL=K= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= H=JL=F;= 9 JA?GJ 9G J=D9LANG

=E
NAJLM<=
<=
BY
L=J
G
K=M
9FL=;=<=FL=
9
E=KE9
HJ=HGKA^]G
1G;a
Ke
?GKL9 85G
7C=G5G
EI9 F]G
<=N=
HGJ 85G
7C=G5G
89
EI9
BVC
89J9
D=
>9DGM 8C
EI9 F]G
HG<A9
>9D9J
HGJ 89
EI9 BVC
DC8=5
:5@5F
-=D9LANG
MFAN=JK9D

Relativo universal v )9 DAF?M9?=E ;GDGIMA9D = F9 HGHMD9J HG<=

9H9J=;=J G HJGFGE= J=D9LANG <=KHA<G <= IM9DIM=J >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 ;GEG
KAEHD=K LJ9FKHGKALGJ GJ9;AGF9D  >MF^]G IM= <=N=JA9 K=J <=K=EH=F@9<9
H=DG J=D9LANG N=E E9AK 9<A9FL= =PHJ=KK9 HGJ ME KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE=
HJ=;=<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G W G ;@9E9<G F9@5H=JC IB=J9FG5@ IM= <=K>9R=F<G
ME9 ;GEHDA;9<9 ;GFL=PLMJ9 ?J9E9LA;9D K= LGJF9 ME x=D=E=FLG DAF?MbKLA;G
=PLJ=E9E=FL=
HJYLA;Gy
6&) 
1
7
DA
N9A
G
@GE=E EI9 =M
>9D=A
;GE 9@9
HGJ
DA
N9A
G
@GE=E 7CA
EI9A =M
>9D=A
F9;GDMLG
FG
J=D9LANG

Anacoluto no relativo v GKLME9K= =EHJ=?9J 9AF<9 EI9 GM EI9A

K=?MA<G <= HJGFGE= H=KKG9D G:DbIMG EI9 GM EI9A @<9 GF<= G JA?GJ
?J9E9LA;9D =KL9JA9 9 H=<AJ =KL= J=D9LANG HJ=;=<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G W HJYLA;9
9FLA?9
IM=
9AF<9
H=JKAKL=
FG
;GDeIMAG
EG<=JFG
x?GJ9
KAE
<AKK=
=FL]G
9IM=D9
;GLGNA9
9KLML9
9?GJ9
KAE
AJE]G
D=
N9FL=EGK
G
NGG
=
EM<=EGK
9
;9K9
IM=
N=E EI9A
@<9 <eA
9
>9R=F<9y

9IM=D=
9
IM=E
<eA
9
>9R=F<9
6(= 5DI8  
$
7
,M=E
9E9
G
>=AG
:GFALG @<9 H9J=;=

IM=E
9E9
G
>=AG
H9J=;=
:GFALG
,M=E
;GKH=
H9J9
G
;_M
F9
;9J9 @<9 ;9A





+G<= G;GJJ=J 9AF<9 IM= =E N=R <G HJGFGE= @<9 9H9J=^9 KM:KL9FL
ANG
GM
HJGFGE=
;GE
9
HJ=HGKA^]G
IM=
<=N=JA9
HJ=;=<=J
G
J=D9LANG
*MLJ9K N=R=K G J=D9LANG F]G K= J=>=J= HJGHJA9E=FL= 9G K=M 9FL=
;=<=FL=
E9K
9
ME
L=JEG
9
=D=
J=D9;AGF9<G

*K
H9AK 5
7I>CG
:=@<CG <9EGK
9MD9
9GK
>AD@GK 8CG
EI5=G

*K
H9AK 89
7I>CG :=@<CG KGEGK
HJG>=KKGJ=K
<GK
>AD@GK 8CG
EI5=G
*
;DM:= 9A
7I>5G
89D9B8ZB7=5G >9^G
?AFYKLA;9
F9K
<=H=F<aF;A9K 8C
EI5@

;A<9<= DCF
7I>5G
FI5G
F9
AF>[F;A9
9JJ9KLGM
K=MK
KGF@GK
H=D9K
JM9K
<9
IM9D

HJGN9 7CA
7I>5G
EI9GHc9G E=
9LJ9H9D@=A
;GE
9K
IM=KLg=K 85
EI5@

x=E
NaK
9K @IG=HTB=75G >9<A?9K

+I9 =M
BY
<=
EMALG
DGF?=
>9NGJ=^Gy
6' 
$$
7

* HJGFGE= J=D9LANG K= J=>=J= 9 @IG=H5BCG A<=A9 ;GFLA<9 FG 9<B=LANG

@IG=HTB=75G
x$KLG
IM=
H9J=;=
9:KMJ<G
GM
<=K?J9;AGKG
_
H=J>=AL9E=FL=
J9;AGF9D
=
:=DG
v
:=DG
Z BCGG5 E9F=AJ9 EI9 F]G
9F<9EGK
9
GMNAJ
F9
JM9
GK
J9HK
G<GK
J=;AL9F<G
GK
K=MK
N=JKGK
F=E
GK
GJ9<GJ=K
GK
K=MK
<AK;MJKGK
F=E
GK
>ADeKG>GK
9K
KM9K
>ADGKG>A9Ky
6( 5DI8 .. 
$
7
IMA
G
J=D9LANG
K=
J=>=J=
9G
HJGFGE=
H=KKG9D B_G IM=
K=
<=HJ==F<=
<G
HJG
FGE=
HGKK=KKANG BCGG5

+9J9 G =EHJ=?G ;GJJ=LG <= 7I>C 9D_E <G IM= BY <AKK=EGK 9FL=K
;GFN_E
9L=FL9J
H9J9
9K
LJaK
K=?MAFL=K
;GFKLJM^g=K
NA;AGK9K
9
=E
N=R
<= 7I>C
=EHJ=?9J
ME
J=D9LANG
EI9 EI9A
HJ=;=<A<G
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89 H9J9
J=>=JAJK=
Z
A<=A9
<=
HGKK=
)]G
HGKKG
LJ9:9D@9J
;GE
ME9
H=KKG9 89
EI9A <AK;GJ<G
<GK
E_LG<GK

=N=JK=Y
;GFKLJMAJ
)]G
HGKKG
LJ9:9D@9J
;GE
ME9
H=KKG9 89
7I>CG E_LG<GK
<AK;GJ<G
<G
E_LG<G 89@5
<G
E_LG<G 85
EI5@

)]G H=JL=F;= Z :G9 FGJE9 <9 DbF?M9 J=H=LAJ KG: >GJE9 HJGFGEAF9D 9
>MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 BY <=K=EH=F@9<9 H=DG J=D9LANG .]G =K;9KKGK GK =P=E
HDGK
;GEG
GK
K=?MAFL=K

:
L9E:_E
F]G
_
H9J9
AEAL9J
G
=EHJ=?G
<= 7I>C =
>D=Pg=K
KA?FA>A;

9F<G C
EI5@ =
>D=Pg=K
*K
=P=EHDGK
IM=
<=D=
K=
FGK
<=H9J9E
F9
H=F9
<=
ME
:GE
;GF@=;=<GJ
<G
A<AGE9
;GEG
!ADAFLG
DbKAG
K=
<=N=E
=PHDA;9J
;GEG
ME9
AFA;A9LAN9
<G
A<AGD=LG
<G
=K;JALGJ
E9K
IM=
F]G
?9F@GM
>GJGK
<=
;A<9<=

xFGE= EI9
HC <AKK=KK=
9
:JAK9
H=J>ME9<9

'9K;AN9
H=JH9KK9F<G
H=D9K
>DGJ=Ky
6 
=<
..
l
7
x
G
@GE=E
IM=
K=
<=KLAF9
GM EI9
C <=KLAFGM
K=M
F9K;AE=FLG
9
ME9
NG;9^]G
Hh:DA;9
F]G
HG<=
K=E
N=J?GF@9
A?FGJ9J
9K
:=D9KD=LJ9K
=
GK
;DYKKA;GKy
6"9 5DI8 .. 7

*
DANJG 7I>C =M
;GEHJ=A
GFL=E
_
=P;=D=FL=

;
=EHJ=?9J
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G
<=HGAK
<= 7I>C

W HJ=;AKG <AKLAF?MAJ ;MA<9<GK9E=FL= =KL= ;9KG <= GMLJG 9H9J=FL=

E=FL= A?M9D =E IM= F]G K= LJ9L9 <= EI9 HJGFGE= J=D9LANG E9K EI9 ;GF
BMF^]G
;9MK9D
GM
;GFK=;MLAN9
;GE
=DAHK=
<G
AFL=FKANG HVC H5@
x*
HGJLM?MaK
@G<A=JFG
F]G
_
F=E
9
DbF?M9
<=
KY:AGK
F=E
<=
>ADeKG>GK
=
H=FK9<GJ=K EI9 F]G CG @Y y
6%- 
 7
x/=F@G
GK
H_K EI9
CG F]G
KAFLG
<ARA9
=D=
9G
K=M
NARAF@Gy
6!? 
7
AKLG
_
L=F@G
GK
H_K 89
H5@
A5B9=F5
EI9 

%Y NAEGK IM= 7I>C ;GEG HJGFGE= J=D9LANG LJ9<MR 9 A<=A9 <= HGKK=
;GE
G
N9DGJ
<= 89@9 89@5 8C
EI5@ 85
EI5@
*
DANJG 7I>5G HY?AF9K

9K
HY?AF9K 8C
EI5@
9K
HY?AF9K 89@9
9K
GI5G HY?AF9K

GF>GJE= 9 >MF^]G <G Fh;D=G <G KAFL9?E9 FGEAF9D <G IM9D =KL=
HJGFGE=
K=JN=
<=
9<BMFLG 7I>C HG<=
NAJ
HJ=;=<A<G
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
*
HJGHJA=LYJAG 7I>5
75G5 9DM?M=A
9
;9K9 8C
EI5@ 9DM?M=A

*
H9A 7I>CG
CG >AD@GK
=KLM<9E
9IMA

5 Numeral
)ME=J9D

Numeral v _ 9 H9D9NJ9 <= >MF^]G IM9FLA>A;9<GJ9 IM= <=FGL9 N9DGJ

<=>AFA<G
x
NA<9
L=E IA5 Ke
=FLJ9<9
9
K9b<9
_
HGJ 79A HGJL9Ky
6((7

*K FME=J9AK HJGHJA9E=FL= <ALGK K]G GK 75F8=B5=G IA 8C=G HFZG

EI5HFC
=L; 
=
J=KHGF<=E
ZK
H=J?MFL9K EI5BHCG EI5BH5G
*bservaes



 p)]G K]G IM9FLA>A;9<GJ=K FME=J9AK 9AF<9 IM= L=F@9E G E=KEG KA?FA>A;9FL= GK

KM:KL9FLANGK IM= <=KA?F9E GK 9D?9JAKEGK = GK FhE=JGK AFL=AJGK HGKALANGK .]G
KM:KL9FLANGK = ;GEG L9AK 9<EAL=E ?aF=JG = HG<=E AJ 9G HDMJ9D C IA CG IBG C
8C=G CG 8C=G C EI5HFC CG EI5HFCG HJGN9 <GK BCJ9G * ?aF=JG E9K;MDAFG K= =P
HDA;9
H=D9
J=>=JaF;A9
Z
H9D9NJ9 BdA9FC
IM=
K=
KM:=FL=F<=
6' 
 7
p FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK HJAF;AH9DE=FL= =E J=>=JaF;A9 9 FhE=JGK <= L=D=>GF= MK9K=
A9=5
8dN=5 GM A9=5 H9J9
G
FhE=JG G9=G
)]G
N9D=
;GEG
FME=J9D

 LJ9<A^]G ?J9E9LA;9D D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 E9AK 9 KA?FA>A;9^]G <= ;=J

L9K H9D9NJ9K <=FGL9<GJ9K <9 IM9FLA<9<= = <9 GJ<=E <=>AFA<9K L=E AF
;DMb<G =FLJ= GK FME=J9AK HJeHJAGK v GK ;9J<AF9AK v 9AF<9 GK K=?MAFL=K GK
CF8=B5=G GK AI@H=D@=75H=JCG = GK :F57=CBRF=CG /9AK H9D9NJ9K F]G
=PHJAE=E ME9 IM9FLA<9<= <AJ=L9 <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 K=E[FLA;G = <G
HGFLG <= NAKL9 KAFLYLA;G K= ;GEHGJL9E =E ?=J9D ;GEG 9<B=LANGK IM=
>MF;AGF9E ;GEG 9<BMFLGK = HGJL9FLG H9KKbN=AK <= <=KDG;9E=FLGK <=FLJG
<G
KAFL9?E9
FGEAF9D
D=
=J9
G G9;IB8C AJE]G
=FLJ=
GK
@GE=FK
D=
=J9
G
AJE]G G9;IB8C =FLJ=
GK
@GE=FK

+G<=E
;GE:AF9JK=
;GGJ<=F9LAN9E=FL=
;GE
GMLJGK
9<B=LANGK
@GN=M
EMALG
FGK DF=A9=FCG 9 ;9@58CG <A9K
<=KL=
AFN=JFG

+G<=E
9L_
=KL9J
IM9FLA>A;9<GK
H=DG
FME=J9D
HJeHJAG
*K HFZG
DF=A9=FCG E=K=K
>GJ9E
<=
EMALG
;9DGJ
*K 8C=G
GZLHID@CG F9K;=J9E
F9
E=KE9
;A<9<=
=E
9FGK
<A>=J=FL=K

= EG<G IM= K=JA9 E9AK ;G=J=FL= AF;DMAJ GK GJ<AF9AK EMDLAHDA;9L

ANGK = >J9;AGFYJAGK ;GF>GJE= K= 9HJ=K=FL=E FG <AK;MJKG FG ?JMHG <GK
KM:KL9FLANGK 8C6FC A9H589 =L;  GM <GK 9<B=LANGK 8ID@C DF=A9=FC
=L;  ;GEG BY >AR=EGK ;GE d@H=AC D9Bd@H=AC 5BH9F=CF DCGH9F=CF
89FF589=FC G=AD@9G Ad@H=D@C =L;  IM= <=FGL9E GJ<=F9^]G GM HGKA^]G
<GK K=J=K FME9 K_JA= K=E AE=<A9L9 GM E=<A9L9 J=D9^]G ;GE 9 IM9FLA<9<=
E FGE= <9 LJ9<A^]G = H9J9 ;GEG<A<9<= <= ;GFKMDL9 <G D=ALGJ AF;DMAJ=
EGK
F=KL9
K=^]G
L9AK
H9D9NJ9K
K=E
;GFKA<=JYD9K
;GEG
FME=J9AK
/9E:_E 9 LJ9<A^]G ?J9E9LA;9D L=E HGKLG 5A6CG ;GEG FME=J9D
8I5@ ;GEG KM:;9L=?GJA9 <= FhE=JG KAF?MD9J
HDMJ9D HGJ K=EHJ= 9DM<AJ 9
<GAK K=J=K ;GF;J=LGK BY E=F;AGF9<GK FG <AK;MJKG (9K F]G L=EGK ;GEG
9D?MFK <A9D=LGK ?J=?GK =FLJ= GMLJ9K DbF?M9K MFA<9<=K DAF?MbKLA;9K H9J9 9
A<=A9 <9 <M9DA<9<= FGK FGE=K = FGK N=J:GK 6  $$ p H9JL=  %1 
 7 GF>GJE= 9K AF>GJE9^g=K <G ;GFL=PLG HG<=EGK AF<A;YD9 HGJ 8C=G
5A6CG H=DG HDMJ9D 5G 56CHC58IF5G GM HGKK=KKANG GI5G 56CHC58IF5G



G9IG DI@GCG H=DG J=>D=PANG G9 5A5A =L; )=E G D9LAE ;GF@=;A9 G <M9D
6 K   #N  $$$ 7 +GJL9FLG >A;9 H9J9 5A6CG ME9 <9K <M9K
;D9KKA>A;9^g=K E9AK ;GJJ=FL=K GM ME BIA9F5@ HDMJ9D 9G D9<G <= 8C=G E9K
<=D= <A>=J=FL= HGJ Ke K= J=>=JAJ 9 K=J=K BY HJ=NA9E=FL= AF<A;9<GK GM ;GF
@=;A<GK GM ME DFCBCA9 BMKL9E=FL= D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 =KK9 J=>=JaF;A9 <=
<aAPAK 9F9>eJA;9 A6CG 9<EAL= HGKA^]G 9FL=HGKL9 GM HGKHGKL9 9G FGE=
IM= EG<A>A;9 FGE= E=FGK G HJGFGE= F9LMJ9DE=FL= IM= HG<= NAJ GM
F]G
HJ=;=<A<G
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
=
HG<=
K=J
KM:KLALMb<G
HGJ IA
9
CIHFC
A6CG GK
>AD@GK
GM
GK
>AD@GK 5A6CG
A6CG GK
DANJGK
GM
GK
DANJGK 5A6CG
A65G 9K
J9Rg=K
v /A5
9
CIHF5 J9R]G
*bservao A6CG HG<A9 ;GE:AF9JK= ;GE 8C=G =E ;GFKLJM^g=K =F>YLA;9K =E
IM= =KLAN=KK= 9FL=HGKLG GM HGKHGKLG 9G KM:KL9FLANG %G]G = (9JA9 =J9E AJE]GK GK
8C=G
5A6CG K]G
=F?=F@=AJGK
#GB=
Ke
FG
=KLADG
KGD=F=
G;GJJ=
9
;GFKLJM^]G

G HGFLG <= NAKL9 E9L=JA9D =PAKL=E =E HGJLM?MaK GK FME=J9AK

KAEHD=K IA 8C=G HFZG J=BH9 HF=BH5 79A 6HJe;DAK= <= 79BHC7 GK ;GEHGK
LGK IM= AF<A;9E 9<A^]G DA?9<GK H=D9 ;GFBMF^]G 9 J=BH9 9 IA 89N9GG9=G
89N9GG9H9 79BHC 9 8C=G A=@ 9 BCJ9BH5 =L;  = GK BMKL9HGKLGK IM= AF<A;9E
EMDLAHDA;9^]G IM9F<G 9 HJAE=AJ9 MFA<9<= EMDLAHDA;9<GJ9 _ E=FGJ IM= 9
K=?MF<9 EI5HFC79BHCG  P 79A G9H979BHCG C=HC79BHCG = BCJ979BHCG
8C=G
A=@ 7=B7C
A=@
=L; 
)9 <=KA?F9^]G <GK FhE=JGK MK9K= 9 ;GFBMF^]G 9 =FLJ= 9K ;=FL=F
9K <=R=F9K = MFA<9<=K 8IN9BHCG 9 J=BH9 9 G9=G FLJ= GK EAD@9J=K = 9K
;=FL=F9K =EHJ=?9K= G 9 K= 9K ;=FL=F9K F]G >GJ=E K=?MA<9K <= GMLJG
FhE=JG 8C=G A=@ 9 8IN9BHCG =E ;9KG ;GFLJYJAG GEAL=K= 9 ;GFBMF^]G
8C=G A=@ 8IN9BHCG 9 J=BH9 9 G9=G +g=K= G 9 =FLJ= GK EAD@9J=K = 9K
<=R=F9K ;GEG L9E:_E =FLJ= GK EAD@9J=K = 9K MFA<9<=K 8C=G A=@ 9 J=BH9 9
G9=G 8C=G
A=@
9
G9=G
6.' 
7
)GK FhE=JGK EMALG =PL=FKGK GEAL=K= 9 ;GFBMF^]G =FLJ= 9K ;D9KK=K
AKLG _ =FLJ= GK ?JMHGK <= LJaK 9D?9JAKEGK      v HF9N9BHCG 9
J=BH9 9 EI5HFC 6=@<c9G HF9N9BHCG 9 8CN9 A=@<c9G BCJ9BH5 A=@ 8IN9BHCG 9
EI=BN9
/aE =EHJ=?G ;GEG KM:KL9FLANGK = =FLJ= =KL=K ?M9J<9E 9F9DG?A9
;GE GK ;GD=LANGK v E9K <=D=K <A>=J=E H=D9 AF<A;9^]G <= IM9FLA<9<= <=>AF
A<9 89N9B5 8X7585 8dN=5 79BH9B5 79BH9B5F 79BHC A=@<5F A=@<9=FC
A=@<VC 6=@<VC HF=@<VC
=L;
6. 
7



GEG 9AF<9 GK ;GD=LANGK HG<=E L=J 9<BMFLGK AFLJG<MRA<GK HGJ HJ=

HGKA^]G H9J9 AF<A;9J 9 =KH_;A= ME9 8dN=5 89 @5F5B>5G <M9K 8X7585G 89
J=85
LJaK 79BHCG
89
65B5B5G
ME A=@<VC
89
D9GGC5G
*bservaes
 p E DM?9J <= A=@<VC HG<= G;GJJ=J 7CBHC F9 9HDA;9^]G 9 <AF@=AJG =E 7CBHC 89
FX=G GM
KAEHD=KE=FL= 7CBHC
p +G<=E K=J ?J9>9<GK ;GE @< GM @= 6=@<VC
6=@=VC HF=@<VC
HF=@=VC EI5HF=@=VC
EI=BH=@=VC G9LH=@=VC G9H=@=VC C7H=@=VC
K
>GJE9K
;GE @< K]G
E9AK
MKM9AK



=HGAK <GK FME=J9AK ;GEHGKLGK ;GE IA HG<= <=AP9JK= G KM:KL9FL

ANG
FG
HDMJ9D HF=BH5
9
IA dias
;GFLJM^]G
E9AK
;GEME
)9 =PHJ=KK]G 9DMKAN9 9 ME FhE=JG F]G ;GF@=;A<G GM IM= F]G K=
IM=AJ9 =PHDA;AL9J C BdA9FC H5BHC HG<=K= L9E:_E MK9J G HDMJ9D C
BdA9FC
H5BHCG 5
:C@<5G
H5BH5G 5
DR;=B5G
H5BH5G
9:= 9AF<9 D=E:J9J IM= G FME=J9D ;9J<AF9D HG<= ZK N=R=K K=J
=EHJ=?9<G
H9J9
AF<A;9J
FhE=JG
AF<=L=JEAF9<G
+=^GD@= IA EAFMLG
<=
KM9
9L=F^]G  5@;IBG
DCI7CG
A=BIHCG
GFLGMD@=
G
>9LG
=E 8I5G H9D9NJ9K  DCI75G
D5@5JF5G
!
L=E A=@
9
IA <=>=ALGK HGJ AI=HCG
89:9=HCG
D9
9F<9
;GE A=@ H=J?MFL9K HGJ AI=H5G
D9F;IBH5G

*K ;9J<AF9AK >MF;AGF9E ;GEG 9<BMFLGK Z E9F=AJ9 <GK 9<B=LANGK =

HJGFGE=K 9<B=LANGK = HG<=E KM:KL9FLAN9JK= K= GK K=J=K >GJ=E ;GFK9
:A<GK
HJ=;=<A<GK
<=
9JLA?G
GM
GMLJG
<=L=JEAF9LANG
)G
8C=G 9;9:9J9E
;@=?9F<G
;=<G
GH9G
HFZG =KL]G
Z
KM9
=KH=J9

+G<=E BMFL9JK= 9 KM:KL9FLANG 9;GEH9F@9<G GM F]G <= 9<B=LANGK

9FL=HGKLGK
GM
HGKHGKLGK
9G
FME=J9D
*K 8C=G :GFK
EGE=FLGK
<9
NA<9
*K
E9J9NAD@GKGK HFZG <A9K
H9KK9<GK
F9
>9R=F<9

)G IM= LG;9 Z >D=P]G <= ?aF=JG GK FME=J9AK K]G AFN9JAYN=AK =P

;=^]G <= IA IA5 8C=G 8I5G = 5A6CG 5A65G GK >GJE9<GK ;GE IA
J=BH9 9 IA
J=BH9 9 IA5 = 9K ;=FL=F9K 9;AE9 <= 79A 8IN9BHCG
8IN9BH5G
HF9N9BHCG
HF9N9BH5G BCJ979BHCG
BCJ979BH5G
MEHJ= D=E:J9J IM= K= G KMB=ALG <9 GJ9^]G LAN=J HGJ Fh;D=G G KM:
KL9FLANG A=@<c9G 9;GEH9F@9<G <= 9<BMFLG HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G FG HDMJ9D ;MBG
Fh;D=G _ ME >=EAFAFG G H9JLA;bHAG GM G 9<B=LANG HG<= ;GF;GJ<9J FG E9K
;MDAFG ;GE K=M Fh;D=G GM FG >=EAFAFG ;GE G KM:KL9FLANG HJ=HGKA;AGF
9<G
<G
9<BMFLG
C=G
A=@<c9G
89
D9GGC5G >GJ9E
9HGK=FL9<GK
GM
9HGK=FL9<9K
F=KL=
9FG

*K 9<BMFLGK <= A=@<5F E9K;MDAFG <=N=E L9E:_E >A;9J FG

E9K;MDAFG
@;IBG
A=@<5F9G <=
H=KKG9K
K=
=PHg=E
H=JA?GK9E=FL=
9G
KGD
<G
E=AG<A9
)G
A=@<5F9G <=
H=KKG9K
IM=
=KLM<9E
DbF?M9K
=KLJ9F?=AJ9
F]G
<=N=E
=KIM=;=J
9
E9L=JF9

NAL=K= G =JJG @GB= ;GEME algumas A=@<5F9G 89 D9GGC5G as milhares 89
D9GGC5G

GEG NAEGK FG =EHJ=?G <= HC8C ZK N=R=K =PHJ=KKg=K ;GEG HC8CG

CG 8C=G 8=5G HC85G 5G HFZG G9A5B5G =L; HG<=E K=J =EHJ=?9<9K ;GE G
N9DGJ <= x<GAK =E <GAK <A9Ky GM x9 ;9<9 <GAK <A9Ky x<= LJaK =E LJaK K=E
9F9Ky
GM
x9
;9<9
LJaK
K=E9F9Ky
 J=D9^]G =FLJ= GK FGE=K FME=J9AK ;GEG <AR (9LLGKG [E9J9
6(  7 = 9 9JL= <= ;GFL9J D=N9 9 IM= F9 DbF?M9 =K;JAL9 K= MK=E GK
9D?9JAKEGK =E N=R <9K H9D9NJ9K ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=K HJYLA;9 NYDA<9 H9J9 GK
GJ<AF9AK  <= >=N=J=AJG J=MFA]G ZK  @GJ9K JM9 3  J=AFGM  9FGK
;9HbLMDG

K=^]G
 p
 q
DM?9J
=L;
xKKAE
GK
FME=J9AK
H9KK9E
9
K=J
AF<A;9<GK
F9
DbF?M9
=K;JAL9
HGJ
A<=G?J9E9Ky
6( 
7
*J<AF9AK

Ordinais v .]G 9K H9D9NJ9K IM= <=FGL9E G FhE=JG <= GJ<=E <GK

K=J=K
FME9
K_JA=
DF=A9=FC G9;IB8C H9F79=FC EI5FHC EI=BHC
=L;
*bservao s@H=AC D9Bd@H=AC 5BH9D9Bd@H=AC 5BH9F=CF DCGH9F=CF 89FF589=FC
5BH9FCDCGH9F=CF = GMLJGK L9AK 9AF<9 IM= =PHJAE9E HGKA^]G <G K=J F]G LaE ;GJJ=K
HGF<aF;A9 =FLJ= GK FME=J9AK = HGJ AKKG <=N=E K=J ;GFKA<=J9<GK E=JGK 9<B=LANGK


*J<AF9AK
=
;9J<AF9AK

Ordinais e cardinais v *K GJ<AF9AK LaE HGM;9 >J=IMaF;A9 F9 DbF?M9

;GEME =P;=LG GK ;9KGK ;GFK9?J9<GK H=D9 LJ9<A^]G = =E ?=J9D 9L_ G
FhE=JG 89N
 q
9F<9J
q
H9NAE=FLG
 p
K=^]G
 q
DM?9J
 q
9FAN=JKYJAG
<=
>MF<9^]G



/G<9NA9 FG =KLADG 9<EAFAKLJ9LANG = =E GMLJ9K N9JA=<9<=K <= =KLADG

G>A;A9D ;GJJ=E ;GE E9AK >J=IMaF;A9 GK GJ<AF9AK *K ;9KGK E9AK ;GEMFK
K]G GK K=?MAFL=K 9L_ <_;AEG IM9F<G K= MK9E L9E:_E GK 9D?9JAKEGK JG
E9FGK =KL=K N]G 9D_E <= <_;AEG  H9JLAJ <= <_;AEG GK ;9J<AF9AK KM:
KLALM=E
GK
GJ<AF9AK
;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=K
9
F9
K=JA9^]G
<GK
EGF9J;9K
=
H9H9K
<=
E=KEG
FGE=

 

75D[HI@C FG KAF?MD9J K=?MA<9 <G ;9J<AF9D K= >GJ KMH=JAGJ 9 <=R HG<=F<G

9L_
9b
MK9JK=
G
GJ<AF9D
9FL=HGKLG
GM
HGKHGKLG
(5
DR;=B5
 @Y
ME
=JJG
<=
J=NAK]G

B5
:C@<5

BC
75D[HI@C

(5
DR;=B5
8C=G >9DLGM
ME9
NbJ?MD9

B5
:C@<5

BC
75D[HI@C
8C=G
(5
DR;=B5
G9;IB85 GM B5
G9;IB85
DR;=B5
B5
:C@<5
G9;IB85
BC
75D[HI@C
G9;IB8C

+=<JG
$
+=<JG
$$

%G]G
1$
+AG
3
'=]G
3$$$
%G]G
33$$$

GE
9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5
MK9K=
G
KM:KL9FLANG
FG
HDMJ9D

:
F9
;JGFGDG?A9
<GK
K_;MDGK
K_;MDG
$
K_;MDG
1$
K_;MDG
3
K_;MDG
33$

;
F9
AF<A;9^]G
<GK
;9HbLMDGK
<=
DANJGK
;9HbLMDG
$
;9HbLMDG
$$$
;9HbLMDG
$3
;9HbLMDG
333$$

* ;9J<AF9D KM:KLALMA G GJ<AF9D F9 AF<A;9^]G <= @GJ9K = =E =P

HJ=KKg=K <=KA?F9LAN9K <9 A<9<= <= 9D?M_E F=KL= ;9KG K= G KM:KL9FLANG =K
LAN=J
FG
HDMJ9D
G
FhE=JG
L9E:_E
AJY
9G
HDMJ9D
W IA5
<CF5 
_
9
HJAE=AJ9
@GJ9
W IA5
<CF5
9
A9=5
.]G 8I5G
<CF5G 
_
9
K=?MF<9
@GJ9
9KLJG
DN=K
>9D=;=M
9GK

9FGK 
FG
NA?_KAEG
IM9JLG
9FG
<=
NA<9

/9E:_E G ;9J<AF9D KM:KLALMA G GJ<AF9D F9 <=KA?F9^]G <GK <A9K <G

EaK K= E=F;AGF9<G G KM:KL9FLANG 8=5 9FL=K <G 9D?9JAKEG >A;9 FG
KAF?MD9J
(C
8=5

89
89N9A6FC F9K;=M
+=<JG
$$
HGJ
FG
K=?MF<G
<A9
<=
<=R=E:JG

.= NA=J HGKHGKLG 9G 9D?9JAKEG DAF?M9?=E MK9<9 =E <G;ME=FLGK

G>A;A9AK
G
KM:KL9FLANG 8=5 K=JY
MK9<G
FG
HDMJ9D
GK HF9N9
8=5G <G
EaK
<=
B9F=AJG
F9K;=M
G
HJAEG?aFALG
GK 
8=5G <=
9?GKLG
<=

>GA
>MF<9<9
9
;9<=EA9
J9KAD=AJ9
<=
!ADGDG?A9

+9J9 J=>=JAJK= 9G <A9 IM= AFA;A9 ;9<9 EaK HG<=EGK MK9J L9FLG G ;9J
<AF9D
IM9FLG
G
GJ<AF9D
)G
<A9 IA <=
B9F=AJG
F9K;=MD@=
G
K=?MF<G
>AD@G
)G
<A9 DF=A9=FC <=
B9F=AJG
F9K;=MD@=
G
K=?MF<G
>AD@G

)9 J=>=JaF;A9 9 HY?AF9K GM ;9HbLMDGK <= DANJG MK9EK= 9K HJ=

HGKA^g=K 9A GM 5 GE 9A =EHJ=?9K= 9 H9D9NJ9 DR;=B5 :C@<5 GM


DR;=B5G 


:C@<5G


)GL=K= IM= K= HG<= <AR=J S DR;=B5 8C=G 5 DR;=B5G 8I5G 5 DR;=B5G

J=BH9 9 IA5 5 DR;=B5G H5BH5G B5 DR;=B5 8C=G B5 DR;=B5 J=BH9 9 IA B5
DR;=B5 J=;XG=A5 DF=A9=F5 E J=KMEG ;GE DR;=B5 FG KAF?MD9J G ;9J
<AF9D >A;9 AFN9JAYN=D ;GE DR;=B5G FG HDMJ9D G ;9J<AF9D K= >D=PAGF9 =E
?aF=JG * GJ<AF9D K= >D=PAGF9 K=EHJ= DR;=B5 DF=A9=F5 DR;=B5G J=;XG=A5
DF=A9=F5
(MDLAHDA;9LANGK

Multiplicativos v .]G 9K H9D9NJ9K IM= =PHJAE=E 9 EMDLAHDA;A<9<=

<GK
K=J=K
*K
E9AK
MK9<GK
K]G
8ID@C GM 8C6FC HF=D@C GM HF[D@=79 EIR8FID@C EI[BHID@C GZLHID@C
GXDHID@C _7HID@C BaBID@C 8X7ID@C 7ZBHID@C
!J9;AGFYJAGK

Fracionrios v
.]G
9K
H9D9NJ9K
IM=
AF<A;9E
>J9^g=K
<GK
K=J=K
A9=C H9FWC EI5FHC EI=BHC G9LHC GXH=AC C=H5JC BCBC 8X7=AC
J=;XG=AC 79BHXG=AC A=@XG=AC A=@=CBXG=AC
=EHJ=?9<GK
;GEG
=IMA
N9D=FL=K
<= A9H589 H9FW5
D5FH9 EI5FH5
D5FH9
=L;
*bservaes
 p * >J9;AGFYJAG A9=C >MF;AGF9F<G ;GEG 9<BMFLG ;GF;GJ<9 ;GE K=M Fh;D=G
=PHDb;ALG
GM
F]G
E=AG<A9
= A9=5 6@GJ97
<M9K
= A9=5 6@GJ97
p E DM?9J <= IA A=@<VC 8C=G A=@<c9G =L;  9 A9=C HG<=K= E9AK J9J9E=FL=
=EHJ=?9J IA
9
A9=C
A=@<VC 8C=G
9
A9=C
A=@<c9G
x+9J9
9IMAD9L9J
9
AEHGJL[F;A9
<GK
LJGH=AJGK
:9KL9
D=E:J9J
IM=
G
J9KAD
L=E
;=J;9
<= C=HC
9
A9=C
A=@<c9G <=
IMADfE=LJGK
IM9<J9<GK
<=
KMH=J>b;A=
 y
6J 5DI8 .. 
7

+9J9 EMALGK >J9;AGFYJAGK =EHJ=?9EGK G ;9J<AF9D K=?MA<G <9 H9D9NJ9

5JCG =PLJ9b<G <= C=H5JC ;GEG K= >GJ9 KM>APG +GJ @AH=JL9P= H9KK9 9 >MF
;AGF9J
;GEG
ME9
H9D9NJ9
GFR=
9NGK
LJ=R=
9NGK
IMAFR=
9NGK
=L;
'AKL9
<GK
HJAF;AH9AK
GJ<AF9AK
;GE
G
;9J<AF9D
;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=






HJAE=AJG

v ME

K=P9?_KAEG

v K=KK=FL9

K=?MF<G

v <GAK

K=HLM9?_KAEG
GM
K=LM9?_KAEG

v K=L=FL9

L=J;=AJG

v LJaK

G;LG?_KAEG

v GAL=FL9

IM9JLG

v IM9LJG

FGF9?_KAEG

v FGN=FL9

IMAFLG

v ;AF;G

;=FL_KAEG

v ;=E

K=PLG

v K=AK

<M;=FL_KAEG

v <MR=FLGK

K_LAEG

v K=L=

LJ=;=FL_KAEG
GM
LJA;=FL_KAEG

v LJ=R=FLGK

GAL9NG

v GALG

IM9<JAF?=FL_KAEG

v IM9LJG;=FLGK

FGFG

v FGN=

IMAF?=FL_KAEG

v IMAF@=FLGK

<_;AEG

v <=R

K=AK;=FL_KAEG
K=P;=FL_KAEG

v K=AK;=FLGK

MF<_;AEG
GM
<_;AEG
HJAE=AJG

v GFR=

K=HLAF?=FL_KAEG
K=LAF?=FL_KAEG

v K=L=;=FLGK

<MG<_;AEG
GM
<_;AEG
K=?MF<G

v <GR=
=
F]G
<GMR=

G;LAF?=FL_KAEG

v GALG;=FLGK

<_;AEG
L=J;=AJG

v LJ=R=

FGF?=FL_KAEG
FGFAF?=FL_KAEG

v FGN=;=FLGK

<_;AEG
IM9JLG

v IM9LGJR=
;9LGJR=

EAD_KAEG

v EAD

NA?_KAEG

v NAFL=

<=R
EAD_KAEGK

v <=R
EAD

NA?_KAEG
HJAE=AJG

v NAFL=
=
ME

;=E
EAD_KAEGK

v ;=E
EAD

LJA?_KAEG

v LJAFL9

EADAGF_KAEG

v ME
EAD@]G

IM9<J9?_KAEG

v IM9J=FL9

:ADAGF_KAEG

v ME
:AD@]G

IMAFIM9?_KAEG

v ;AFIM=FL9



*bservao  LJ9<A^]G <9 DbF?M9 =KL9:=D=;= IM= K= G GJ<AF9D _ <=  =E <A

9FL= G HJAE=AJG FME=J9D MK9<G _ ;9J<AF9D  p v <M9K EAD_KAE9 LJ=;=FL_KAE9
IM9<J9?_KAE9 IMAFL9  DbF?M9 EG<=JF9 =FLJ=L9FLG H9J=;= HJ=>=JAJ G HJAE=AJG
FME=J9D
;GEG
GJ<AF9D
K=
G
FhE=JG
_
J=<GF<G
<_;AEG
EAD_KAEG
9FAN=JKYJAG

6 Verbo
Consideraes gerais FL=F<=K= HGJ N=J:G 9 MFA<9<= <= KA?FA
>A;9<G ;9L=?GJA9D IM= K= ;9J9;L=JAR9 HGJ K=J ME EGD<= H=DG IM9D GJ?9FAR9
G
>9D9J
K=M
KA?FA>A;9<G
D=PA;9D

v A distino de verbos nocionais e relacionais
 LJ9<A;AGF9D <AKLAF^]G <= <M9K KM:;D9KK=K =E N=J:GK BC7=CB5=G =
N=J:GK F9@57=CB5=G IM= =KLY F9 :9K= <9 <AKLAF^]G <= DF98=758C J9F65@ =
DF98=758C BCA=B5@ L=E KA<G HGKL9 =E IM=KLAGF9E=FLG HGJ FGLYN=AK DAF
?MAKL9K EG<=JFGK KL9 <AKLAF^]G _ NYDA<9 KG: ;=JLG 9KH=;LG K=E[FLA;G
E9K F]G FG IM= K= J=>=J= Z KAFL9P= G Fh;D=G <9 GJ9^]G _ K=EHJ= G N=J:G
9AF<9 IM= K= LJ9L= <= ME N=J:G <= KA?FA>A;9<G D_PA;G EMALG 9EHDG = N9?G
;GKLME9K= <AR=J xN9RAGy G IM= BMKLA>A;9 9 <=FGEAF9^]G LJ9<A;AGF9D <=
x;eHMD9y v E9J;9 ?J9E9LA;9D <= A<=FLA<9<= v = 9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G
xJ=D9;AGF9Dy <= .9A< DA * N=J:G G9F = G J=<MRA<G ?JMHG <= N=J:GK IM=
AFL=?J9E 9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <G ;@9E9<G HJ=<A;9<G FGEAF9D =E F9<9 <A>=J=E
<GK GMLJGK N=J:GK LG<GK HGKKM=E xGK EGJ>=E9K <= H=KKG9 = FhE=JG IM=
;GE G KMB=ALG ?J9E9LA;9D <]G >MF<9E=FLG Z GJ9^]Gy 6'    7
AR ;GE EMAL9 BMKL=R9 =FN=FAKL= IM= ME9 GJ9^]G <= N=J:G G9F x_ ME9
GJ9^]G
N=J:9D
H9J9D=D9
9
LG<9K
9K
GJ9^g=K
N=J:9AKy
6 N 
7

v Categorias verbais segundo Roman Jakobson
+9J9 =KL9 GJ?9FAR9^]G 9D_E <= K=J H=FK9<G ;GEG KA?FA>A;9<G
N=J:9D G N=J:G K= ;GE:AF9 =FLJ= GMLJGK ;GE AFKLJME=FLGK ?J9E9LA;9AK
EGJ>=E9K
<=
L=EHG
<=
EG<G
<=
H=KKG9
<=
FhE=JG
KKAE HF565@<5F = G HF565@<C K]G H9D9NJ9K IM= LaE G E=KEG KA?FA
>A;9<G D=PA;9D E9K <A>=J=FL=K EGD<=K <A>=J=FL=K KA?FA>A;9<GK ;9L=?GJA9AK
=E:GJ9 K= <=N9 L=J HJ=K=FL= IM= =KL= F]G _ G KAEHD=K HJG<MLG <9 ;GE:AF
9^]G <G KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;9D ;GE G KA?FA>A;9<G AFKLJME=FL9D +GJ AKKG
;GEG =FKAF9 GK=JAM ME D=P=E9 F]G _ N=J:G DCFEI9 K= ;GE:AF9 HGJ



=P=EHDG ;GE ME EGJ>=E9 <= L=EHG = H=KKG9 E9K 9G ;GFLJYJAG

;GE:AF9K= ;GE =KK=K EGJ>=E9K D5F5 K=J N=J:G = HGJIM= =KLY H=FK9<G
;GE
KA?FA>A;9^]G
N=J:9D
6 K 
7
0E =KLM<G ;G=J=FL= <G N=J:G J=IM=J G =KL9:=D=;AE=FLG <G KAKL=E9
<= 75H9;CF=5G J9F65=G AKLG _ LAHGK GM >MF^g=K <9 >GJE9 D_PA;9K E=<A9FL=
9K
IM9AK
K=
=KL9:=D=;=E
9K
GHGKA^g=K
>MF;AGF9AK
FME9
DbF?M9
,M9F<G
K=
MK9E
=E
HGJLM?MaK
9K
>GJE9K
75BHC v 75BH5G v 75BH5
J9>C v JZG
v JZ
D5FHC j D5FH9G j D5FH9

=KL9:=D=;=EK= GHGKA^g=K <9 E=KE9 =KH_;A= IM= 9>=L9E G ;GF;=ALG <=

xH=KKG9y
,M9F<G
K=
MK9E
9K
>GJE9K
75BHC j 75BH5ACG

=KL9EGK <A9FL= <= ME9 E=KE9 H=KKG9 xHJAE=AJ9 H=KKG9y = 9 GHGKA^]G

9>=L9
GMLJG
;GF;=ALG
G
<=
xFhE=JGy

IM9F<G
K=
MK9E
9K
>GJE9K
75BHC j 75BH9

L=EGK 9 E=KE9 H=KKG9 = G E=KEG FhE=JG E9K F]G 9 E=KE9 ;9L=?GJA9

<=
xEG<Gy
K GHGKA^g=K HG<=E K=J G=AD@9G ;GEG 9K <GK =P=EHDGK 9L_ 9IMA
AKLG _ IM9F<G =E ;9<9 ;9KG Ke G;GJJ= ME9 Ke ;9L=?GJA9 ME Ke ;JAL_JAG
<=
<A>=J=F^9
<=
;GFL=h<G
GM 7CAD@9L5G
;GEG
75BHC j 75BH9=G

=E IM= 9 <A>=J=F;A9^]G <= ;GFL=h<G K= <Y =E LJaK ;9L=?GJA9K xH=KKG9y

 p = p xFhE=JGy KAF?MD9J = HDMJ9D = xEG<Gy AF<A;9LANG =
KM:BMFLANG
)G N=J:G HGJLM?MaK @Y ;9L=?GJA9K IM= K=EHJ= =KL]G DA?9<9K F]G K=
K=H9J9 9 xH=KKG9y <G xFhE=JGy F=E G xL=EHGy <G xEG<Gy AKLG G;GJJ=
=E ?J9F<= H9JL= K=F]G LGL9DE=FL= ;GE G xL=EHGy = G x9KH=;LGy ;GEG
N=J=EGK
<=HGAK
* DAF?MAKL9 -GE9F %9CG:KGF =D9:GJGM ME KAKL=E9 ?=J9D <9K ;9L
=?GJA9K N=J:9AK IM= _ ;GFKA<=J9<G G E9AK ;G=J=FL= = ;D9JG 9L_ 9?GJ9 9H
J=K=FL9<G .=JY 9IMA LGE9<G =E ;GFKA<=J9^]G 9AF<9 IM= F=E K=EHJ= K=
EGKLJ= 9<=IM9<G H9J9 9 9FYDAK= <G KAKL=E9 N=J:9D JGE[FA;G =E =KH=;A9D



H9J9 G HGJLM?MaK IM= H9J9 GK=JAM _ G E9AK JA;G = ;GEHD=PG =E ;GE

H9J9^]G
;GE
9K
DbF?M9K
<9
E=KE9
>9EbDA9
/GE9F<G =E ;GFKA<=J9^]G GK 9LGK <= >9D9 J=D9;AGF9<GK ;GE 9K >MF
^g=K
N=J:9AK
<AKLAF?M=
%9CG:KGF
9
G
9LG
<=
>9D9
=E
KA
E=KEG
!
:
G
;GFL=h<G
<G
9LG
<=
>9D9
AKLG
_
G
;GEMFA;9<G

; G 9;GFL=;AE=FLG AKLG _ L9FLG G 9LG <= >9D9 IM9FLG G ;GEMFA;9<G

<
GK
H9JLA;AH9FL=K
F=KL=
9;GFL=;AE=FLG
+
=KL9
J=D9^]G
K=
=PLJ9=E
IM9LJG
;GF;=ALGK
>MF<9E=FL9AK
9
ME
9;GFL=;AE=FLG
;GEMFA;9<G

:
G
HJeHJAG
9;GFL=;AE=FLG
<G
>9D9J
!
;
GK
H9JLA;AH9FL=K
FG
9;GFL=;AE=FLG
;GEMFA;9<G
+
<
GK
H9JLA;AH9FL=K
FG
9;GFL=;AE=FLG
<9
>9D9
+!
K ;9L=?GJA9K N=J:9AK HG<=E 9>=L9J ME Ke <GK =D=E=FLGK : = ; GM
J=>=JAJK= 9 E9AK <= ME =D=E=FLG FG HJAE=AJG ;9KG <AR=EK= 75F57H9F=N
58CF9G x89G=;B58CF9Gy F9 FGE=F;D9LMJ9 <= %9CG:KGF = FG K=?MF<G 89
H9FA=B5BH9G
89
F9@5WVC x7CB97HCF9Gy
H9J9
%9CG:KGF
KKAE 9 ;9L=?GJA9 <= FhE=JG _ ;9J9;L=JAR9<GJ9 HGJIM= 9>=L9 =P;DM
KAN9E=FL= G FhE=JG <= H9JLA;AH9FL=K FG 9;GFL=;AE=FLG ;GEMFA;9<G BY G
H9KKANG _ <=L=JEAF9FL= <= ME9 J=D9^]G HGJIM= =FIM9<J9 ME9 J=D9^]G
=FLJ= G 9;GFL=;AE=FLG ;GEMFA;9<G = GK H9JLA;AH9FL=K GCI 9G7IH58C =F
;=JJ9
9
J=D9^]G
=FLJ=
EAF@9
H=KKG9
=
G
9;GFL=;AE=FLG
<= 9G7IH5F
+GJ GMLJG D9<G 9K ;9L=?GJA9K ;9J9;L=JAR9<GJ9K HG<=E KaDG HGJ
EI5@=:=75WVC GM HGJ EI5BH=:=75WVC <GK =D=E=FLGK 9 <= ?aF=JG _ EI5@=:=7
58CF5
=
9
<=
FhE=JG EI5BH=:=758CF5
1AKL9K HGJ GMLJG HJAKE9 9K ;9L=?GJA9K HG<=E =KL9J 89H9FA=B585G
@=B;I=GH=75A9BH9 GM K=J 89H9FA=B585G D9@C 8=G7IFGC KKAE G HDMJ9D IM=
_ ME9 ;9L=?GJA9 <=L=JEAF9<9 H=D9 DbF?M9 HG<= K=J <=>AFA<G K=E F=F@ME9
J=D9^]G ;GE ME 9LG EGE=FL[F=G <9 >9D9 =FIM9FLG F]G HG<=EGK <=>AFAJ
<G E=KEG EG<G G x=My HGJIM= x=My _ K=EHJ= 9 H=KKG9 IM= >9D9 ME9
;9L=?GJA9
x<=>AFA<9
H=DG
<AK;MJKGy
GE :9K= F=KL9K AF>GJE9^g=K HG<=EGK 9HJGN=AL9J G K=?MAFL=
IM9<JG KAFeLA;G <9K ;9L=?GJA9K ?=J9AK <G KAKL=E9 N=J:9D 9HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ
GK=JAM



Explicao das categorias verbais

Gnero + v -=>=J=K= 9GK H9JLA;AH9FL=K FG 9;GFL=;AE=FLG
;GEMFA;9<G = <9b 9<IMAJ= ;9H9;A<9<= IM9DA>A;9<GJ9 E ?=J9D F]G F=;=K
KAL9 E9J;9 =KH=;A9D )G HGJLM?MaK 9H9J=;= 9H=F9K F9 NGR H9KKAN9 C @=JFC
:C= 9G7F=HC
5 BCJ9@5 :C= 9G7F=H5 %Y FG D9LAE _ ME EGJ>=E9 LbHA;G <G
H9JLA;bHAG L9E:_E K= E9FA>=KL9N9 =E ;GFKLJM^g=K ;GE G:B=LG <AJ=LG FG
HGJLM?MaK 9L_ =FLJ= GK K_;MDGK 31$$ = 31$$$ IM9F<G <=K9H9J=;=M <=>AFAL
AN9E=FL= x6$FaK <= 9KLJG7 H9A D=G585 5 5F9=5 5F89BH9 9Eg=K 1A?GJ9
9AF<9
@GB=
FG
>J9F;aK
=
FG
AL9DA9FG
>9
@n5=
X7F=H9 6@5
@9HHF97 @n<C
G7F=HH5
Nmero + v -=>=J=K= 9GK H9JLA;AH9FL=K FG 9;GFL=;AE=FLG
;GEMFA;9<G = <9b 9<IMAJ= ;9H9;A<9<= IM9FLA>A;9<GJ9 )G HGJLM?MaK = <=
E9AK DbF?M9K JGE[FA;9K =KLY K=EHJ= DA?9<9 Z H=KKG9 FG N=J:G >D=PAGF9<G
GM >AFALG = =E H9JL= L9E:_E F9 >GJE9 N=J:9D AF>AFAL9 HGJL C 8=NZ@C 9I
=KH 9@ 897=F@C MC v xG >9LG <= IM= =M G <A?9y H9J=;= K=E H=KKG9 9H=F
9K
=E
ME9
>GJE9
AF>AFAL9
FGN9E=FL=
G
H9JLA;bHAG
J=GHC v J=GHCG
Pessoa +
+! v =L=JEAF9 9 J=D9^]G <GK H9JLA;AH9FL=K FG 9;GFL=
;AE=FLG ;GEMFA;9<G ;GE GK H9JLA;AH9FL=K FG 9LG <= >9D9 +JAE=AJ9 H=KK
G9 ;GAF;A<aF;A9 <G H9JLA;AH9FL= FG 9;GFL=;AE=FLG ;GEMFA;9<G + ;GE
G >9D9FL= Ke =E H9JL= L9E:_E IM9F<G K= LJ9L9 <G HDMJ9D K=?MF<9 H=KK
G9 ;GAF;A<aF;A9 + ;GE G GMNAFL= L=J;=AJ9 H=KKG9 + F]G ;GAF;A<= ;GE
F=F@ME9
<9K
<M9K
H=KKG9K



Estado  v >=L9 9 IM9DA<9<= De?A;9 <G KM;=KKG ;GEMFA;9<G

5:=FA5H=JC B9;5H=JC =BH9FFC;5H=JC B9;5H=JC=BH9FFC;5H=JC )G HGJ
LM?MaK = <=E9AK DbF?M9K JGE[FA;9K G =KL9<G _ E9AK ME9 IM9DA<9<= <9 GJ
9^]G E9K ZK N=R=K =PA?= L9E:_E ME9 >GJE9 N=J:9D =KH=;A9D FG [E:ALG
<9 KAFL9P= AFN=JK]G GM L9E:_E FG [E:ALG <9 EGJ>GDG?A9 AEH=J9LANG v
AEH=J9LANG F=?9<G 75BH5
BVC 75BH5F 75BH5
BVC 75BH9G ?=JhF<AG v ?=J
hF<AG
F=?9<G
H9JLA;bHAG
v
H9JLA;bHAG
F=?9<G
Aspecto  v .=?MF<G %9CG:KGF 9KKAF9D9 9 9^]G D=N9<9 9L_ G
>AE AKLG _ ;GEG ;GF;DMK9 H=J>=AL9 GM AF;GF;DMK9 AEH=J>=AL9 =JL9K
=KH_;A=K <= 9^]G ;GEG 8IF5H=J5 =B7C5H=J5 =B;F9GG=J5 H9FA=B5H=J5 =H
9F5H=J5
=L; 
K]G
9H=F9K
KM:<ANAKg=K
<=KL9
;9L=?GJA9
Tempo GM nvel temporal 
! v KKAF9D9 9 J=D9^]G L=EHGJ9D
<G 9;GFL=;AE=FLG ;GEMFA;9<G ;GE G EGE=FLG <G 9LG <= >9D9 G HJ=K=FL=
=F;=JJ9 =KL= EGE=FLG G H9KK9<G _ 9FL=JAGJ = G >MLMJG G;GJJ=JY <=HGAK
<=KL=
EGE=FLG

Voz GM ditese +

 v =L=JEAF9 9 J=D9^]G =FLJ= G 9;GFL=;A
E=FLG ;GEMFA;9<G = K=MK H9JLA;AH9FL=K * HJAE=AJG H9JLA;AH9FL= De?A;G G
KMB=ALG HG<= K=J 9?=FL= <G 9;GFL=;AE=FLG JCN 5H=J5 GM G:B=LG <G
9;GFL=;=J JCN D5GG=J5 GM 9?=FL= = G:B=LG 9G E=KEG L=EHG JCN AX8=5
AF;DMb<G
G F9:@9L=JC

Modo +

+! v KKAF9D9 9 HGKA^]G <G >9D9FL= ;GE J=KH=ALG Z
J=D9^]G =FLJ= 9 9^]G N=J:9D = K=M 9?=FL= GM >AE AKLG _ G IM= G >9D9FL=
H=FK9 <=KK9 J=D9^]G * >9D9FL= HG<= ;GFKA<=J9J 9 9^]G ;GEG 9D?G >=ALG



;GEG N=JGKKbEAD v ;GEG ME >9LG AF;=JLG v ;GEG ;GF<A;AGF9<9 ;GEG

<=K=B9<9 H=DG 9?=FL= ;GEG ME 9LG IM= K= =PA?= <G 9?=FL= =L;  = 9KKAE
K= GJA?AF9E GK EG<GK AF<A;9LANG KM:BMFLANG ;GF<A;AGF9D GHL9LANG
AEH=J9LANG
Taxis 
 v KKAF9D9 9 HGKA^]G <= ME 9;GFL=;AE=FLG =E J=
D9^]G ;GE GMLJG K=E ;GFKA<=J9^]G <G 9LG <= >9D9 )9K DbF?M9K JGE[FA;9K
_ =F;GFLJ9<9 =E ;=JL9K ;GFKLJM^g=K AEH=KKG9AK ;GE G ?=JhF<AG ;GE G
AF>AFALANG GM ;GE G H9JLA;bHAG 7CA9F 75BH5B8C 7CA9F 89DC=G 89 H9F 75B
H58C =L;  )]G K= LJ9L9 9IMA <= FbN=AK L=EHGJ9AK E9K <= KAEHD=K K_JA= <=
9^g=K
BY
IM=
G
AF>AFALANG
F]G
=F;=JJ9
J=D9^]G
;GE
G
9LG
<=
>9D9
Evidncia 
!
! v KKAF9D9 IM= G >9D9FL= K= J=>=J= 9 GMLJG
9LG <= >9D9 v 9 ME9 AF>GJE9^]G AF<AJ=L9 v HGJ E=AG <G IM9D =D= =PH=JA
E=FL9 G 9;GFL=;AE=FLG ;GEG F]G NANA<G HGJ =D= E=KEG *98FC 89J9 H9F
:5@58C 7CA $CVC )G HGJLM?MaK = <=E9AK DbF?M9K JGE[FA;9K _ EMALG
=EHJ=?9<G F=KL=K ;9KGK G AC8IG 7CB8=H=CB5@=G H9F=5 D5FH=8C  =M F]G G
9KK=?MJG
GMNA
<=
GMLJ9
H=KKG9
=
ZK
N=R=K
G
>MLMJG
G9FVC
8I5G
<CF5G

v Tempo e aspecto segundo Eugenio Coseriu
GEG 9KKAF9D9EGK 9LJYK 9K ;9L=?GJA9K <= xL=EHGy = x9KH=;LGy ;GK
LME9E 9F<9J ?=J9DE=FL= DA?9<9K FG HGJLM?MaK = F9K <=E9AK DbF?M9K
JGE[FA;9K IM=J K= LJ9L= <= >GJE9K KAEHD=K IM=J <= >GJE9K H=JA>JYKLA;9K
L9E:_E ;@9E9<9K DG;M^g=K N=J:9AK  HMJ9 <=>AFA^]G L=EHGJ9D = G H9ADC
9DM<=E Z HGKA^]G <9 9^]G N=J:9D FG H=J;MJKG 9 <=L=JEAF9^]G 9KH=;LM9D
9DM<= Z E9F=AJ9 <= ;GFKA<=J9J 9 9^]G N=J:9D FG L=EHG GK=JAM 9HJ=K=FL9
ME9 ;D9J9 = ;G=J=FL= HJGHGKL9 H9J9 9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G <G N=J:G JGE[FA;G =E
J=D9^]G ;GE 9K ;9L=?GJA9K <= L=EHG = 9KH=;LG ;GE >MF<9E=FLG FG KAK
L=E9
<9K
KM:;9L=?GJA9K
N=J:9AK
+9J9
L9FLG
<AKLAF?M=
9K
K=?MAFL=K
KM:;9L=?GJA9K
 ([J9@ 89 H9ADC GM KAEHD=KE=FL= B[J9@ v #Y ME9 =KLJMLMJ9 L=E
HGJ9D <MHD9 FG N=J:G JGE[FA;G ME HD9FG IM= ;GAF;A<= ;GE 9 DAF@9 <G
L=EHG E=<A9FL= G HJ=K=FL= FbN=D 5HI5@ = GMLJ9 H9J9D=D9 GF<= K= KALM9E
9K 9^g=K IM= F]G <AR=E J=KH=ALG ;GE =KK9 DAF@9 <G L=EHG = IM= J=HJ=K
=FL9E GMLJ9 9^]G FbN=D =B5HI5@ * ;=FLJG <G FbN=D 9LM9D _ G DF9G9BH9 = <G
FbN=D
AF9LM9D
_
G =AD9F:9=HC
+J=K=FL=
FbN=D
9LM9D
$EH=J>=ALG
FbN=D
AF9LM9D
19D= D=E:J9J IM= F=E K=EHJ= ;GEG ?=J9DE=FL= K= KMHg= G AF9LM9D
;GE J=D9^]G 9G HJ=K=FL= _ AFL=JHJ=L9<G ;GEG H=JL=F;=FL= 9G H9KK9<G GM



IM= G AEH=J>=ALG K= =FIM9<J9 ;GEG 9D?G AFK=?MJG ;GF<A;AGF9<G ;GEG

9D?G <AKL9FL= <9 9^]G 9LM9D ;GEG F9K =PHJ=KKg=K <= HGDA<=R = =E GJ9^g=K
HJAF;AH9AK
HJ=K9K
9
;GF<A;AGF9AK
M
IM=JA9
H=<AJD@=
ME
>9NGJ
.=
KGM:=KK=
L=
<9N9
9
J=KHGKL9

 *9FGD97H=J5 DF=ARF=5 v FIM9<J9 9 HGKA^]G <G >9D9FL= =E J=

D9^]G ;GE 9 9^]G N=J:9D * >9D9FL= HG<= L=J 9 9^]G N=J:9D ;GEG
xH9J9D=D9y 9 KA E=KEG 9FL=K <=KL= HGFLG GM <=HGAK <=D= +GJ AKKG 9 H=J
KH=;LAN9 HJAEYJA9 HG<= K=J D5F5@9@5 F9HFCGD97H=J5 GM DFCGD97H=J5 K=
?MF<G
GK 9GD5WCG
89
H9ADC

 

+J=K=FL=
H9B<C
:9=HC
H=B<5
:9=HC

fao
fazia

JCI
:5N9F
=5
:5N9F

H=J9
:9=HC
H=J9F5
:9=HC

fiz
:I=
:5N9F
fizera :CF5
:5N9F

H9F9=
:9=HC
H9F=5
:9=HC

farei
faria

+9KK9<G

!MLMJG
=F9=
:5N9F
=F=5
:5N9F

 IF5WVC j KL9 ;9L=?GJA9 9>=L9 G D9HKG =E IM= K= <Y 9 9^]G

N=J:9D  9^]G HG<= K=J 8IF5H=J5 ACA9BHTB95 GM =BH9FA=H9BH9 EAKLMJ9
<=
9E:9K
AKLG
_
ME9
9^]G
>GJE9<9
HGJ
9LGK
:J=N=K

KL9 =KLJMLMJ9 =KLY ;GF>AJE9<9 H=D9K HGKKbN=AK F=MLJ9DAR9^g=K :5WC

HG<=
KM:KLALMAJ
9K
>GJE9K :=N = :5F9= :5N=5
9K
>GJE9K :=N9F5 = :5F=5
= ME9 Ke N=R 9 H=JKH=;LAN9 HJAEYJA9 <=>AF= <GAK 9KH=;LGK IM=
=E=J?=E
KMHD=E=FL9JE=FL=
;GEG
>MF^]G
9F=P9
<9
H=JKH=;LAN9
9
F9
H9J9D=D9
L=EK=
ME9
9^]G
=E
;MJKG 7IFG=J5
: F9 F]G H9J9D=D9 J=LJGKH=;LAN9 GM HJGKH=;LAN9 ME9 9^]G ;GEG
ME
LG<G
>GJ9
<=
;MJKG 7CAD@9L=J5
9b K= ;GF;DMA IM= G HJ=K=FL= = G AEH=J>=ALG K]G ;MJKANGK = IM= 9K
GMLJ9K
>GJE9K
K]G
;GEHD=PAN9K
GEG G ;MJKG 9<EAL= ;=JL9 <MJ9^]G GK N=J:GK HGFLM9AK AKLG _
9IM=D=K IM= K= ;9J9;L=JAR9E H=D9 9MKaF;A9 <9 <MJ9^]G FG <=K=FNGDNA
E=FLG <G HJG;=KKG ;GEG 9B7CBHF5F 7<9;5F =L;  9H9J=;=E FG HJ=K=FL=
;GEG >GJE9K <= F=MLJ9DAR9^]G <G H9KK9<G GM <G >MLMJG GM =FL]G KA?FA
>A;9E
ME9
9^]G
J=H=LA<9
9I
9B7CBHFC 9@9
7<9;5
5A5B<V
 *9FGD97H=J5 G97IB8RF=5 j GFKAKL= FG >9LG <= IM= ;9<9 =KH9^G
L=EHGJ9D <=DAEAL9<G H=D9 H=JKH=;LAN9 HJAEYJA9 HG<= K=J <AKHGKLG GMLJ9
N=R
K=?MF<G
G
E=KEG
HJAF;bHAG

E HGJLM?MaK = F9K <=E9AK DbF?M9K JGE[FA;9K F]G L=E =KL9 ;9L

=?GJA9 ME9 >GJE9 <= =PHJ=KK]G HJeHJA9 =KLY <=L=JEAF9<9 D=PA;9DE=FL= GM
9H9J=;=
;GEG
;9L=?GJA9
9F=P9
Z
H=JKH=;LAN9
 ,9D9H=WVC j $EHg=K= <AKLAF?MAJ 9 ;9L=?GJA9 <9 J=H=LA^]G <9 <=
<MJ9^]G 9 9^]G HG<= K=J hFA;9 K=E=D>Y;LAN9  GM 9^]G J=H=LA<9 >J=
IM=FL9LAN9
 KAF?MD9J GM J=H=LA^]G AF<=L=JEAF9<9 W =E
HGJLM?MaK ME9 ;9L=?GJA9 K=E >GJE9 <= =PHJ=KK]G HJeHJA9 .e 9 J=H=LA^]G
 <AKHg= <= H=Jb>J9K=K ;GEG JC@HC 5 8=N9F GM HJG;=<AE=FLGK
hFA;9 
<=
>GJE9^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9K
;GEG F98=N9F
 CB7@IGVC j 0E9 9^]G HG<= K=J ;GFKA<=J9<9 7CB7@IG5 =B7CB
7@IG5 GM G9A HF5WC 89 7CB7@IGVC * HGJLM?MaK F]G L=E F=KL= L=JJ=FG
;GEG L9E:_E KM9K AJE]K JGE[FA;9K F=F@ME 9KH=;LG ;GEG ;9L=?GJA9
/G<9NA9 FGMLJG K=FLA<G 9 ;GF;DMK]G HG<= K=J GI6>9H=J5 GM C6>9H=J5 F9
<=H=F<aF;A9 <= L=J G KMB=ALG D=N9<G 9 9^]G 9 ME >AF9D G:B=LANG GM F]G
GK=JAM ;@9E9 H9FA=B5H=J5 9 ;GF;DMK]G KM:B=LAN9 = 7CAD@9H=J5 9
G:B=LAN9




)G HGJLM?MaK Ke 9 ;GF;DMK]G KM:B=LAN9 _ =PHJ=KK9 HGJ >GJE9K

N=J:9AK 9 G:B=LAN9 >A;9 9KKAF9D9<9 H=DG ;GFL=PLG = ZK N=R=K HG<= K=J =P
HJ=KK9
BMFLG
Z
NGR
N=J:9D
 ,9GI@H58C j 0E9 9^]G HG<= K=J 9KKAF9D9<9 ;GEG x;GE J=K
MDL9<Gy F9GI@H5H=J5 GM ;GEG xK=E J=KMDL9<Gy BVC F9GI@H5H=J5 * J=K
MDL9<G HG<= K=J GI6>9H=JC K= 9>=L9 G KMB=ALG 69?=FL=7 = J=HJ=K=FL9 ME9
F95WVC 9:9H=J5 GM C6>9H=JC K= 9>=L9 G G:B=LG = J=HJ=K=FL9 ME HJG<MLG
DFC8IH=J5
)G HGJLM?MaK G J=KMDL9<G =>=LANG K= =PHJ=KK9 E=<A9FL= 9GH5F  H9J
LA;bHAG 9GHR 9G7F=HC G J=KMDL9<G HJG<MLANG HGJ H9F  H9JLA;bHAG =E ;GF
;GJ<[F;A9 ;GE G G:B=LG HGJIM= K= 9HDA;9 F9 H=JKH=;LAN9 K=;MF<YJA9 6D9F
:9=HC
7CADCGHC7 H9B<C
9G7F=HCG
8C=G
@=JFCG
 0=GVC j W 9 ;9L=?GJA9 K=?MF<G 9 IM9D G >9D9FL= HG<= ;GFKA<=J9J 9
9^]G N=J:9D =E K=M LG<G GM H9J;A9DE=FL= =E >J9?E=FLGK =FLJ= <GAK HGF
LGK
<=
K=M
;MJKG
)9 NAK]G H9J;A9DAR9FL= HG<=EK= <A>=J=F^9J <AN=JK9K
HGKKA:ADA<9<=K



PHDA;AL9F<G
=KL9 J=GVC
5B;I@5F
+=DG =KIM=E9 NaK= 9 9^]G =FLJ= <GAK HGFLGK  9E:GK HG<=E
;GAF;A<AJ =E ME  AKLG _ HG<=E K=J HGFLGK <= ;GE=^G = L_JEAFG <=
9^]G G IM= F]G K= =PHJ=KK9 F9 >GJE9 <G N=J:G = <=N= K=J <ALG ;GEHD=
E=FL9JA9E=FL= 9GH=J9 @9B8C C 8=5 HC8C PHDA;AL9K= =E HGJLM?MaK ;GE
9GH5F 
?=JhF<AG
9GHCI
:5N9B8C
GM 9GH5F 5 
AF>AFALANG
9GHCI
5
:5N9F
0=GVC 7CA=H5H=J5 v /J9L9K= <G 9;GEH9F@9E=FLG <9 9^]G N=J:9D =E
<AN=JKGK EGE=FLGK <= K=M ;MJKG =FLJ=  =  = K= =PHJ=KK9 =E HGJLM?MaK
HGJ 5B85F  ?=JhF<AG 5B8C :5N9B8C GM 5B85F 5  AF>AFALANG 5B8C 5
:5N9F
 =PHJ=KK]G HG<= K=J 9AF<9 9KKAF9D9<9 ;GE G 9MPbDAG <G 9<B=LANG =
H9JLA;bHAG
;GEG
=E 5B85F
9B:9FAC 5B85F
89G9GD9F58C
0=GVC DFCGD97H=J5 v IMA K= Na 9 9^]G =FLJ= G HGFLG  = ME HGFLG
<AKL9FL= AF<=>AFA<G =E HGJLM?MaK @Y ME9 >GJE9 HJeHJA9 <= =PHJ=KK]G =F

?=JhF<AG
JCI
:5N9B8C
0=GVC F9HFCGD97H=J5 v IMA K= Na 9 9^]G 9 H9JLAJ <G HGFLG AF<=>AFA<G
9FL=JAGJE=FL= E=F;AGF9<G =E <AJ=^]G 9G HGFLG  IM= ;GAF;A<= ;GE G
EGE=FLG <= G:K=JN9^]G <9 9^]G /9E:_E 9IMA 9 9^]G _ HJG?J=KKAN9 = K=
=PHJ=KK9
=E
HGJLM?MaK
E=<A9FL= J=F 
?=JhF<AG
J9B<C
:5N9B8C
0=GVC 7CBH=BI5H=J5 v /J9L9K= <= ME9 ;GE:AF9^]G <= NAK]G J=LJG
KH=;LAN9 = HJGKH=;LAN9 IM= K= =PHJ=KK9 =E HGJLM?MaK H=D9K H=Jb>J9K=K
G9;I=F  ?=JhF<AG G=;C :5N9B8C GM 7CBH=BI5F  ?=JhF<AG 7CBH=BIC
:5N9B8C
0=GVC ;@C65@ v IMA K= 9;=FLM9 G ;GFBMFLG <9 9^]G = 9 9KKAF9D9 =P
HJ=KK9E=FL= ;GEG H9J;A9DAR9FL=  JA?GJ L9D >MF^]G HG<=JA9 K=J <AKH=FK
9<9 BY IM= HG<= K=J <=K=EH=F@9<9 HGJ E=E:JGK F=MLJGK <9 GHGKA^]G
9b
>MF;AGF9J=E
9K
>GJE9K
KAEHD=K
;GEG
E=E:JGK
F=MLJ9AK
9GHCI
@9B8C
H9J;A9DAR9FL=

@9=C
F=MLJ9D
F]G
?DG:9D
H9J;A9DAR9FL=

/G<9NA9 @Y =PHJ=KKg=K H9J9 9;=FLM9J G ?DG:9D =E:GJ9 E=FGK >J=

IM=FL=K IM= 9K H9J;A9DAR9FL=K KL]G J=HJ=K=FL9<9K HGJ H=Jb>J9K=K 9<ALAN9K
;GE HCA5F D9;5F 5;5FF5F D9;C 9 9G7F9JC 5;5FFC 9 9G7F9JC HCAC 9
9G7F9JC



+9J9 9;=FLM9J 9 ?DG:9DA<9<= 9;GEH9F@9K= <= LG<9K 9K KA?FA

>A;9^g=K x=F>YLA;9Ky <G EG<G <= >9D9J ;GEG x<= >9LGy x;GE =>=ALGy
xJYHA<Gy xAF=KH=J9<Gy xKMJHJ==F<=FL=y x<=;A<A<Gy xL=JEAF9FL=E=FL=y
HGAK HG<= G;GJJ=J 9 <=L=JEAF9^]G =PHJ=KK9 ;GEG xF]G ;MJKAN9y GM 9AF<9
;GEG
xF]G
H9J;A9DAR9FL=y
;GEG
xJ=<MF<9FL=y
=
>GJE9
=KIM=EYLA;9
L=EGK

 5G9 j /J9L9K= 9IMA <9 J=D9^]G =FLJ= G EGE=FLG <9 G:K=JN9^]G

=
G
?J9M
<=
<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG
<9
9^]G
N=J:9D
G:K=JN9<9
E
HJAF;bHAG
HG<=EK=
<AKLAF?MAJ
9K
K=?MAFL=K
x>9K=Ky

5G9 =A=B9BH9 =B;F9GG=J5 v /J9L9K= <9 9^]G FG K=M ;GE=^G

$F<A;9K= ;GE H=Jb>J9K=K N=J:9AK =E ?=J9D ;GE G N=J:G 9GH5F 9GH5F D5F5
DCF

AF>AFALANG 9GHCI
D5F5 DCF 9G7F9J9F
5G9 =B79DH=J5 j (9J;9 G HGFLG AFA;A9D <9 9^]G D_E <9 ;GE:AF
9^]G D_PA;9 HMJ9 7CA9W5F 5 AF<A;9K= HGJ NYJA9K H=Jb>J9K=K N=J:9AK HGF<G
aF>9K=
GJ9
F9
N=DG;A<9<=
GJ9
FG
J=H=FLAFG
<9
9^]G

 

DaFG9
5 
AF>AFALANG DCB<CA9
5
9G7F9J9F

A9H9FG9
5 
AF>AFALANG A9HCA9
5
9G7F9J9F
D9;5F
5 89

AF>AFALANG D9;C
5 89 9G7F9J9F
G5=F 
?=JhF<AG G5=C
8=N9B8C

L9E:_E
;GE
;GFKLJM^g=K
9<ALAN9K 9@9
5;5FFCI
9
:C=G9
9A6CF5
KL9
>9K=
_
9
E9AK
JA;9
=E
>GJE9K
=
E9LAR=K
5G9 DFC;F9GG=J5 j GFKA<=J9 9 9^]G =E K=M <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG
=PHJ=KK9K=
E=<A9FL= =F 
?=JhF<AG
JCI
8=N9B8C
5G9 7CBH=BI5H=J5 v GFKA<=J9 9 9^]G F9 RGF9 E=<A9D <= K=M
<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG =PHJ=KK9K= HGJ G9;I=F  ?=JhF<AG GM HGJ ;GE:AF9^g=K
D_PA;9K G=;C 9G7F9J9B8C 7CBH=BIC 5 GM ;GFBMFL9E=FL= ;GE 9 NAK]G 9G
HCI
8=N9B8C
5G9 F9;F9GG=J5 9 7CB7@IG=J5 v GFKA<=J9 9 9^]G FG K=M L_JEAFG GM
=E KM9 >9K= >AF9D PHJ=KK9K= =P;DMKAN9E=FL= ;GE H=Jb>J9K=K N=J:9AK
K=E F=F@ME HJG;=<AE=FLG ?J9E9LA;9D =KH=;A9D H9FA=B5F 89  AF>AFALANG
H9FA=BC
89
9G7F9J9F
5G9 9;F9GG=J5 v GFKA<=J9 9 9^]G 9HeK K=M L_JEAFG =PHJ=KK9K=
HGJ 57565F
89 
AF>AFALANG
5756C
89
9G7F9J9F
-=B7F9H=GAC J=GVC 9 :5G9 v +G<= G;GJJ=J KAF;J=LAKEG <= xNAK]Gy =
x>9K=y F9 >9K= HJG?J=KKAN9 IM9F<G G HJG?J=KKANG 9H9J=;= ;GEG <=L=JEAF
9^]G K=;MF<YJA9 <9 NAK]G ;GJJ=D9;AGF9K= ;GE 9 NAK]G ;GEAL9LAN9 G IM=
N9D= <AR=J <AF[EA;9 5B8C :5N9B8C ME HJG?J=KKANG J=LJGKH=;LANG J9B<C
:5N9B8C v <= 9D?ME L=EHG 9L_ 9?GJ9 ME HJG?J=KKANG HJGKH=;LANG JCI
:5N9B8C v <=K<= 9?GJ9 H9J9 G >MLMJG = ME HJG?J=KKANG L9FLG J=LJGKH=;L
ANG
IM9FLG
HJGKH=;LANG
AKLG
_
ME9
;GFLAFM9LAN9
G=;C
:5N9B8C

 

CB7@IGVC
GF;DMAF<G H9J9 GK=JAM K]G 9K K=?MAFL=K 9K KM:;9L=?GJA9K IM= <=
N=E K=J ;GFKA<=J9<9K FG =P9E= <G L=EHG = <G 9KH=;LG <G KAKL=E9 N=J:9D
HGJLM?MaK = JGE[FA;G D=N9F<GK= 9AF<9 =E ;GFL9 IM= =FLJ= =KL9K ;9L
=?GJA9K
@Y
<A>=J=F^9K
>GJE9AK
IM=
9H9J=;=E
=E
GHGKA^g=K
>MF;AGF9AK
m
G
FbN=D
L=EHGJ9D
m
9
H=JKH=;LAN9
HJAEYJA9
=
K=;MF<YJA9
m
9
NAK]G
m
9
>9K=
m
G
J=KMDL9<G
H9J;A9D
E
J=D9^]G
;GE
GMLJ9K
;9L=?GJA9K
<=
K=FLA<G
;GF=PG
9H9J=;=E
m
9
<MJ9^]G
m
9
J=H=LA^]G
m 9 ;GF;DMK]G IM= F]G K]G E9AK <G IM= KA?FA>A;9^g=K D9L=J9AK <=
H=JKH=;LAN9 <9 NAK]G GM <9 >9K= 9D_E <= HG<=J=E K=J ;GFKL9FL=K ;GEG
FG
;9KG
<9
;GF;DMK]G
F9
H=JKH=;LAN9
K=;MF<YJA9
=KL9K ;9L=?GJA9K G B[J9@ 8C H9ADC = 9 D9FGD97H=J5 DF=ARF=5 <=N=E
K=J =PHJ=KK9K = F]G HG<=E >9DL9J =E ;9<9 >GJE9 N=J:9D HGJLM?M=K9 %Y 9K
GMLJ9K ;9L=?GJA9K HG<=E >9DL9J GM F]G K=J=E =PHJ=KK9K >A;9E 9KKAE xAF
<=L=JEAF9<9Ky xF=MLJ9AKy 9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK =E J=D9^]G 9 =KK9K ;9L=?GJA
9K GM HG<=E BMFL9JK= 9L_ <M9K W G IM= G;GJJ= ;GE 9GH=J9 :5N9B8C IM=
=PHJ=KK9 9D_E <G FbN=D <G L=EHG = <9 H=JKH=;LAN9 HJAEYJA9 L9E:_E 9

 

NAK]G .9B<C 9GH58C :5N9B8C =PHJ=KK9 FbN=D L=EHGJ9D H=JKH=;LAN9

HJAEYJA9 H=JKH=;LAN9 K=;MF<YJA9 = NAK]G %Y H9B<C 9GH58C J=B8C :5N9B8C
H=B<5G9 9GH58C DCB8C 5 :5N9F =E:GJ9 L=GJA;9E=FL= HGKKbN=AK F]G K]G
;GJJ=FL=K  hDLAE9 >GJE9 =PHJ=KK9JA9 >GJE9DE=FL= ;AF;G ;9L=?GJA9K
FbN=D L=EHGJ9D AF9LM9D H=JKH=;LAN9 HJAEYJA9 H9J9D=D9 HGJ ;9MK9 <9
>GJE9 H=B<5 H=JKH=;LAN9 K=;MF<YJA9 J=LJGKH=;LAN9 HGJ ;9MK9 <= H9F 
H9JLA;bHAG NAK]G H9J;A9D HGJ 9GH5F  ?=JhF<AG = >9K= AF;=HLAN9 HGJ DaF
G9
5 
AF>AFALANG
Exemplo para a descrio funcional +9J9 9 <=K;JA^]G >MF;AGF9D
<= ME9 >GJE9 N=J:9D IM= D=N= =E ;GFL9 KM9 HGKA^]G FG KAKL=E9 9 IM= H=J
L=F;= L=EGK <= =FIM9<JYD9 =E LG<9K =KL9K ;9L=?GJA9K KKAE =E J=D9^]G
Z
>GJE9
<G
HGJLM?MaK fiz HG<=Jb9EGK
<AR=J
<=D9
 ([J9@
89
H9ADC 9LM9D
 *9FGD97H=J5
HJAEYJA9
J=LJGKH=;LAN9
9KH=;LG
;GEHD=PANG
 0=GVC
?DG:9D
F=MLJ9D
 5G9
F=MLJ9D
 ,9GI@H58C
F]G
J=KMDL9LAN9
F=MLJ9D
 CB7@IGVC
AF<=>AFA<9
%Y
<= tinha estado fazendo
 ([J9@
89
H9ADC AF9LM9D
 *9FGD97H=J5
HJAEYJA9
H9J9D=D9
9KH=;LG
;MJKANG
K=;MF<YJA9
J=LJGKH=;LAN9
9KH=;LG
;GEHD=PANG
 0=GVC
H9J;A9D
 5G9
;GFLAFM9LAN9
 ,9GI@H58C
F]G
J=KMDL9LAN9
 CB7@IGVC
F]G
L=JEAF9LAN9
+=DG NAKLG HG<=K= ;GF;DMAJ IM= G KAKL=E9 N=J:9D <G HGJLM?MaK v =
JGE[FA;G v J=HJ=K=FL9 ME =<A>b;AG <= LJaK x9F<9J=Ky IM= K= DA?9E =FLJ=
KA HGJIM= _ AEHGJL9FL= >JAK9J ;9<9 >GJE9 N=J:9D IM= 9H9J=;= AFK=JA<9
FME9 <=>AFA^]G N9D= H9J9 LG<9K 9K GMLJ9K GHGKA^g=K ;GEG E=E:JG K=E
E9J;9
F=MLJ9D
=PL=FKANG
KL=K
LJaK
x9F<9J=Ky
9HJ=K=FL9E

 

9 FG HJAE=AJG L=EGK ME KAKL=E9 >MF<9E=FL9D IM= 9DM<= Z ;GF>A?

MJ9^]G <GK =KH9^GK <= L=EHG ZK ;9L=?GJA9K <= B[J9@ 89 H9ADC = <= D9F
GD97H=J5 DF=ARF=5 !GJE9DE=FL= ;GJJ=KHGF<=E 9 =KL= KAKL=E9 >MF<9E=FL
9D
9K
>GJE9K
KAEHD=K
<=
L=EHG
: FG K=?MF<G ME KAKL=E9 K=;MF<YJAG IM= 9DM<= Z <=L=JEAF9^]G <G
HGFLG L=EHGJ9D <=FLJG <GK =KH9^GK <= L=EHG Z ;9L=?GJA9 <9 D9FGD97H=J5
G97IB8RF=5  =KL= KAKL=E9 ;GJJ=KHGF<=E >GJE9DE=FL= 9K >GJE9K H=JA
>JYKLA;9K <= H9F <5J9F  H9JLA;bHAG = N=J:G 9MPADA9J <= HJ=>=JaF;A9 ;GE
=F

AF>AFALANG
; FG L=J;=AJG ME KAKL=E9 L=J;AYJAG IM= 9DM<= Z <=>AFA^]G <= N9DGJ=K
9KH=;LANGK =KH=;A9AK H9J9 ;9<9 HGFLG <= L=EHG ZK ;9L=?GJA9K <= J=GVC
:5G9 = =E H9JL= F9GI@H58C !GJE9DE=FL= =KL= KAKL=E9 ;GAF;A<= ;GE GML
J9K
<AN=JK9K
DG;M^g=K
N=J:9AK
5BH5F9ACG _ ME9 >GJE9 N=J:9D HGJIM= =PHJAE= ME9 9^]G GM HJG
;=KKG 9 <= ;9FL9J =P=J;A<9 J=>=JaF;A9 Z NGR H=D9  p H=KKG9 J=>=JaF;A9
Z H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9D J=>=JaF;A9 9G FhE=JG <G HJ=K=FL= J=>=JaF;A9 9G
L=EHG
<G
AF<A;9LANG
J=>=JaF;A9
9G
EG<G

 

; futuro v
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
>9LGK
9AF<9
F]G
J=9DAR9<GK
=
KM:
<ANA<A<G
=E :IHIFC
8C
DF9G9BH9 = :IHIFC
8C
DF9HXF=HC
75BH5F9= >MLMJG
<G
HJ=K=FL= 75BH5F=5 >MLMJG
<G
HJ=L_JALG
IM=
AEHDA;9
L9E:_E
9
EG<9DA<9<=
;GF<A;AGF9D
;>
9:9APG
*K
EG<GK
<G
N=J:G

Os modos do verbo v .]G ;GF>GJE= 9 HGKA^]G <G >9D9FL= =E >9;=

<9
J=D9^]G
=FLJ=
9
9^]G
N=J:9D
=
K=M
9?=FL=
9 indicativo v
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
>9LGK
;GEG
N=JGKKbE=AK
GM
LA<GK
;GEG
L9AK 75BHC 75BH9= 75BH5J5 75BH5F9=
: subjuntivo (conjuntivo) v
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
>9LGK
AF;=JLGK
L9DN=R 75BH9
K= 75BH5GG9
; condicional v
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
>9LGK
<=H=F<=FL=K
<=
;=JL9
;GF
<A^]G 75BH5F=5
< optativo v
=E
J=D9^]G
9
9^]G
;GEG
<=K=B9<9
H=DG
9?=FL=

J=J5
9I
7R
B5
H9FF5
G9ADF9
HF=GH9
= imperativo v
=E
J=D9^]G
9
ME
9LG
IM=
K=
=PA?=
<G
9?=FL=
75BH5=

K
H=KKG9K
<G
N=J:G

As pessoas do verbo v "=J9DE=FL= 9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK AF<A;9E 9K

LJaK
H=KKG9K
<G
<AK;MJKG
H9J9
G
KAF?MD9J
=
G
HDMJ9D
 p
H=KKG9
<G
KAF?MD9J
p
H=KKG9
<G
KAF?MD9J
 p
H=KKG9
<G
KAF?MD9J
 p
H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
p
H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
 p
H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D

9I
75BHC
HI
75BH5G
9@9
75BH5
B_G
75BH5ACG
J_G
75BH5=G
9@9G
75BH5A

*K
L=EHGK
<G
N=J:G

Os tempos do verbo v
.]G

9 presente v
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
>9LGK
IM=
K=
H9KK9E
GM
K=
=KL=F<=E
9G
EGE=FLG
=E
IM=
>9D9EGK 9I
75BHC
: pretrito v
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
>9LGK
9FL=JAGJ=K
9G
EGE=FLG
=E
IM=
>9D9EGK
=
KM:<ANA<A<G
=E =AD9F:9=HC D9F:9=HC = A5=GEI9
D9F:9=HC
75BH5J5 AEH=J>=ALG 75BH9= H=J>=ALG = 75BH5F5 E9AKIM=
H=J>=ALG

K
NGR=K
<G
N=J:G

As vozes do verbo v
.]G

9 tiva >GJE9 =E IM= G N=J:G K= 9HJ=K=FL9 H9J9 FGJE9DE=FL= AF
<A;9J IM= 9 H=KKG9 9 IM= K= J=>=J= _ G 5;9BH9 <9 9^]G  H=KKG9 <ARK=
F=KL=
;9KG 5;9BH9 <9
9^]G
N=J:9D
M 9G7F9JC 9
;9JL9
/M J=G=H5GH9 G
HJAEG
)eK D@5BH5F9ACG 9
YJNGJ=

: +assiva >GJE9 N=J:9D IM= AF<A;9 IM= 9 H=KKG9 _ G C6>9HC <9

9^]G
N=J:9D

H=KKG9
F=KL=
;9KG
<ARK= D57=9BH9 <9
9^]G
N=J:9D

;9JL9 X
9G7F=H5 HGJ
EAE
*
HJAEG :C=
J=G=H58C HGJ
LA

YJNGJ= G9FR
D@5BH585 HGJ
FeK

 H9KKAN9 _ >GJE9<9 ;GE ME <GK N=J:GK G9F 9GH5F :=75F K=?MA<G <=
D5FH=7[D=C
1GR
H9KKAN9
=
H9KKANA<9<=

 

Voz passiva e passividade v W HJ=;AKG F]G ;GF>MF<AJ NGR H9KKAN9 =

H9KKANA<9<= 0CN _ 9 >GJE9 =KH=;A9D =E IM= K= 9HJ=K=FL9 G N=J:G H9J9 AF
<A;9J
IM=
9
H=KKG9
J=;=:=
9
9^]G
D= :C=
J=G=H58C H=DGK
9EA?GK
@I;5AG9 :A;A;D=L9K

*5GG=J=8589 _ G >9LG <= 9 H=KKG9 J=;=:=J 9 9^]G N=J:9D  H9KKANA<

9<= HG<= LJ9<MRAJK= 9D_E <9 NGR H9KKAN9 H=D9 9LAN9 K= G N=J:G LAN=J
K=FLA<G
H9KKANG
*K
;JAEAFGKGK
J=;=:=E
G
E=J=;A<G
;9KLA?G

+GJL9FLG
F=E
K=EHJ=
9
H9KKANA<9<=
;GJJ=KHGF<=
Z
NGR
H9KKAN9
; Reflexiva >GJE9 N=J:9D IM= AF<A;9 IM= 9 9^]G N=J:9D F]G H9KK9
9 GMLJG K=J F=?9^]G <9 LJ9FKALANA<9<= HG<=F<G J=N=JL=JK= 9G HJeHJAG
9?=FL= K=FLA<G J=>D=PANG HJGHJA9E=FL= <ALG 9LM9J J=;AHJG;9E=FL= =FLJ=
E9AK <= ME 9?=FL= J=>D=PANG J=;bHJG;G K=FLA<G <= xH9KKANA<9<= ;GE K=y
= K=FLA<G <= AEH=KKG9DA<9<= ;GF>GJE= 9K AFL=JHJ=L9^g=K >9NGJ=;A<9K H=DG
;GFL=PLG >GJE9<9 <= N=J:G K=?MA<G <G HJGFGE= G:DbIMG <= H=KKG9 A?M9D
Z
IM=
G
N=J:G
K=
J=>=J=
=M A9
J=GHC
LM H9
:9F=GH9
=D= G9
9B:9=H5

* N=J:G =EHJ=?9<G F9 >GJE9 J=>D=PAN9 HJGHJA9E=FL= <AL9 <ARK=

DFCBCA=B5@
 NGR H9KKAN9 <A>=J= <9 J=>D=PAN9 <= K=FLA<G H9KKANG =E <GAK
9KH=;LGK

HG<=
9HJ=K=FL9J
G
N=J:G
=E
IM9DIM=J
H=KKG9
=FIM9FLG
9
J=
>D=PAN9
Ke
K=
;GFKLJeA
F9
 p
H=KKG9
;GE
G
HJGFGE= G9 ;GF
@=;A<G
L9E:_E
H=D9
<=FGEAF9^]G
<=
x9H9KKAN9<GJy
M :I=
J=G=H58C H=DGK
E=MK
H9J=FL=K
)eK :CACG
J=G=H58CG H=DGK
H9J=FL=K

 HG<= K=?MAJK= <= ME9 =PHJ=KK]G IM= <=FGL9 G 9?=FL= <9 H9KKAN9
=FIM9FLG
9
J=>D=PAN9
FG
HGJLM?MaK
;GFL=EHGJ[F=G
<AKH=FK9
M :I=
J=G=H58C H=DGK
H9J=FL=K
DM?9G9 9
;9K9
F]G
K=
<AR
9DM?9K=
9
;9K9
H=DG
HJGHJA=LYJAG

/G<9NA9 @Y ;9KGK =E IM= K= =PHDA;AL9 G 9?=FL= ;GEG FG K=?MAFL=

=P=EHDG
<=
JMEEGF<
)]G
K=A
K=
<=N=EGK
=P9DL9J
+=D_
HGJ
@9N=J
;GFK=?MA<G
L9FLG
GM
K=
FGKKG
DGMNGJ
<=N=
9FL=K
K=J
<AJA?A<G
9G
?GD
=E
KA EI9
G9
89=LCI
:5N9F
DCF
*9@X
J=;MK9F<GK=
9
L9FLGK
GMLJGK
69 
7

 

*bservaes
 p E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG 65H=N9=A9 7<5A5GH9 $CGX @Y HJG>=KKGJ=K IM= N==E
H9KKAN9 HJGFGEAF9D ;GE HJGFGE=K G:DbIMGK <=  p = p H=KKG9K *MLJGK HGJ_E
F]G H=FK9E 9KKAE = AFL=JHJ=L9E G >9LG ;GEG ME =EHJ=?G <9 NGR J=>D=PAN9 AF
<A;9F<G xME9 9LALM<= <= 9;=AL9^]G ;GFK;A=FL= <G FGE= <9<G GM <G :9LAKEG J=;=
:A<Gy
6( 
7
p E ?=J9D G HJGFGE= YLGFG IM= 9;GEH9F@9 9 NGR J=>D=PAN9 HJGHJA9E=FL= <AL9
>MF;AGF9 ;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG =E:GJ9 J9J9K N=R=K HGKK9 =P=J;=J 9 >MF^]G <=
AF<AJ=LG
 p GE N=J:GK ;GEG 5HF9J9FG9 =B8=;B5FG9 EI9=L5FG9 I:5B5FG9 58A=F5FG9
F]G K= H=J;=:= E9AK 9 9^]G JA?GJGK9E=FL= J=>D=P9 E9K 9 AF<A;9^]G <= IM= 9 H=KK
G9 9 IM= G N=J:G K= J=>=J= =KLY NAN9E=FL= 9>=L9<9 GE GK N=J:GK <= EGNAE=FLG
GM 9LALM<=K <9 H=KKG9 x=E J=D9^]G 9G K=M HJeHJAG ;GJHGy ;GEG =FG9 D5FH=FG9 =
GMLJGK ;GEG G9FJ=FG9 GF<= G HJGFGE= G:DbIMG =EHJ=KL9 E9AGJ =PHJ=KKANA<9<= Z
GJ9^]G L9E:_E F]G K= =PHJ=KK9 9 9^]G J=>D=P9 D?MFK ?J9EYLA;GK ;@9E9E 9G
HJGFGE=
G:DbIMG
F=KL9K
hDLAE9K
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K DFCBCA9
89
F95@79
 p (MALGK N=J:GK FGJE9DE=FL= F]G HJGFGEAF9AK K= 9;GEH9F@9E <= HJGFGE=
YLGFG H9J9 =PHJAEAJ=E 9KH=;LGK =KLADbKLA;GK ;GEG 9 EM<9F^9 D=FL9 <G =KL9<G GM
<=
HJG;=KKG
D=FLG
5;CB=N5FG9 89@=F5FG9 89GA5=5FG9 9GH5@5FG9
9BJ9@<979FG9
D5@D=H5FG9 D9F9;F=B5FG9 F9DCIG5FG9 HF9GBC=H5FG9
6+9 
7
 p $FN=JK9E=FL= =DAEAF9K= G HJGFGE= <= EMALGK N=J:GK IM= G =PA?=E F9 DbF
?M9
H9<J]G
5EI979F 7<5A5F L=J
FGE= AI85F LJ9FK>=JAJK= ;F=D5F A57<I75F
:CFA5F I
:CFA9=
9A
'98=7=B5 7@5GG=:=75F @9
7@5GG=:=7CI
9A
 h
@I;5F
=L;
 *:K 


!GJE9K
FGEAF9AK
<G
N=J:G

Formas nominais do verbo v KKAE K= ;@9E9E G =B:=B=H=JC G

D5FH=7[D=C = G ;9FdB8=C HGJIM= 9G D9<G <G K=M N9DGJ N=J:9D HG<=E
<=K=EH=F@9J >MF^]G <= FGE=K * AF>AFALANG HG<= L=J >MF^]G <= KM:KL9FL
ANG F97CF85F X J=J9F  9 J=;GJ<9^]G _ NA<9 G H9JLA;bHAG HG<= N9D=J HGJ
ME 9<B=LANG <CA9A G56=8C = G ?=JhF<AG HGJ ME 9<N_J:AG GM 9<B=LANG
5A5B<979B8C G5=F9ACG  DG?G H=D9 E9F@] K9AJ=EGK R;I5 :9FJ9B8C 
Y?M9 >=JN=FL= )=KL9 >MF^]G 9<B=LAN9 G ?=JhF<AG L=E KA<G 9HGFL9<G
;GEG ?9DA;AKEG HGJ_E _ 9FLA?G F9 DbF?M9 =KL= =EHJ=?G IM9F<G G;MHGM
G DM?9J N9?G <=AP9<G H=DG H9JLA;bHAG HJ=K=FL= IM= <=K9H9J=;=M <G IM9<JG
N=J:9D
HGJLM?MaK
H9J9
AF?J=KK9J
FG
IM9<JG
FGEAF9D




K >GJE9K FGEAF9AK <G N=J:G ;GE =P;=^]G <G AF>AFALANG F]G

<=>AF=E 9K H=KKG9K <G <AK;MJKG = HGJ AKKG K]G 9AF<9 ;GF@=;A<9K HGJ
:CFA5G =B:=B=H5G +GKKM=E IM9F<G HGKKbN=AK <=KAFaF;A9K FGEAF9AK
A<aFLA;9K
ZK
IM=
;9J9;L=JAR9E
9
>D=P]G
<GK
FGE=K
?aF=JG
=
FhE=JG
* AF>AFALANG HGJLM?MaK 9G D9<G <9 >GJE9 AF>AFAL9 AKLG _ K=E E9FA
>=KL9^]G
=PHDb;AL9
<9K
H=KKG9K
<G
<AK;MJKG
HGKKMA
GMLJ9
>D=PAGF9<9
#B:=B=HC
G9A
:@9LVC

#B:=B=HC
:@9L=CB58C

9FL9J

9FL9J
=M
9FL9J=K
LM
9FL9J
=D=
9FL9JEGK
FeK
9FL9J<=K
NeK
9FL9J=E
=D=K

K >GJE9K FGEAF9AK <G N=J:G K= <=JAN9E <G L=E9 J9<A;9D  NG?9D

L=EYLA;9
9;J=K;A<G
<9K
<=KAFaF;A9K
9
F
H9J9
G
AF>AFALANG
;9FL9F
N=F<=F
H9JLAF
: 8C GM HC GC H9J9 G H9JLA;bHAG ;9FL98C N=F<A8C H9JLA8C
9;=AHC J=NGDHC
;
B8C
H9J9
G
?=JhF<AG
;9FL9B8C
N=F<=B8C
H9JLAB8C
*bservao * N=J:G J=F = <=JAN9<GK >GJE9 L9E:_E G K=M H9JLA;bHAG ;GE 9
<=KAFaF;A9 8C E9K H=DG <=K9H9J=;AE=FLG <9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 = 9HJ=K=FL9K= A?M9D
9G
?=JhF<AG J=B8C HGJ
NAFA8C
= J=B8C NAB8C
GFBM?9J
ME
N=J:G

Conjugar um verbo v W <ARaDG <= 9;GJ<G ;GE ME KAKL=E9 <=

L=JEAF9<G ME H9J9<A?E9 =E LG<9K 9K KM9K >GJE9K F9K <AN=JK9K H=KKG9K
FhE=JGK
L=EHGK
EG<GK
=
NGR=K
E HGJLM?MaK L=EGK LJaK ;GFBM?9^g=K ;9J9;L=JAR9<9K H=D9 NG?9D
L=EYLA;9
 p
;GFBM?9^]G
v
NG?9D
L=EYLA;9 a
9EaJ
>9DaJ
LAJaJ

 

p
;GFBM?9^]G
v
NG?9D
L=EYLA;9 e
L=EeJ
N=F<eJ
N9JJeJ
 p
;GFBM?9^]G
v
NG?9D
L=EYLA;9 i
H9JLiJ
>=JiJ
K=JNiJ
*bservaes
 p )]G =PAKL= 9  p ;GFBM?9^]G DaF _ ME N=J:G <9 p ;GFBM?9^]G ;MB9 NG?9D
L=EYLA;9 <=K9H9J=;=M FG AF>AFALANG E9K H=JE9F=;= =E GMLJ9K >GJE9K <G N=J:G
1=B9K=
9
;GJJ=KHGF<aF;A9 J9B89G


Dc9G
p )9 @AKLeJA9 <9 DbF?M9 N=J:GK @Y IM= EM<9J9E <= ;GFBM?9^]G E9K <=AP9J9E
N=KLb?AGK =E GMLJ9K >GJE9K F]G N=J:9AK 75=F 9FLA?G 759F ;GE N=KLb?AG FG 9<B=L
ANG 7589BH9 = F]G 758=BH9 ;GEG CIJ=BH9 D=F;9J MK9 F5B;=F HGJ F5B;9F = @GB=
J=;9F ;> J=;9BH9 L=E G ;GF;GJJ=FL= J=;=F IM= 9H=K9J <= EMALG MK9<G F]G _
9;=ALG
F9
FGJE9
=P=EHD9J 
@9=
89J9
J=;=F HGJ J=;9F
1=J:GK
J=?MD9J=K
AJJ=?MD9J=K
=
9FfE9DGK

Verbos regulares, irregulares e anmalos v ARK= IM= ME N=J:G

_ J=?MD9J IM9F<G K= 9HJ=K=FL9 <= 9;GJ<G ;GE G EG<=DG <= KM9 ;GF
BM?9^]G 75BH5F J9B89F D5FH=F )G N=J:G J=?MD9J L9E:_E G J9<A;9D F]G
N9JA9 /=EK= G J9<A;9D <= ME N=J:G HJAN9F<GG FG AF>AFALG K=E >D=P]G
<9K
L=JEAF9^g=K
5F
9F
=F
9E9J
>9D9J
LAJ9J
L=E=J
N=F<=J
N9JJ=J
H9JLAJ
>=JAJ
K=JNAJ

$JJ=?MD9J _ G N=J:G IM= =E 9D?ME9K >GJE9K 9HJ=K=FL9 EG<A>A;9^]G

FG J9<A;9D GM F9 >D=P]G 9>9KL9F<GK= <G EG<=DG <9 ;GFBM?9^]G 9 IM=
H=JL=F;=
9
N9JA9^]G
FG
J9<A;9D
=E
;GEH9J9^]G
;GE
G
AF>AFALANG
CIJ=F v
GM^G 8=N9F v
<A?G D9F89F v
H=J;G

: N9JA9^]G F9 >D=P]G =E J=D9^]G 9G EG<=DG 9GHou N=B9K= 75BHo

9GHs N=B9K= 75BHas
ME
LfFA;G
=
GMLJG
YLGFG
*K AJJ=?MD9J=K K= <ANA<=E =E :F57CG = :CFH9G !J9;GK K]G 9IM=D=K
;MBG J9<A;9D <G AF>AFALANG F]G K= EG<A>A;9 FG HJ=L_JALG G9BH=FG9BH=
D9F89FD9F8=
!GJL=K K]G 9IM=D=K ;MBG J9<A;9D <G AF>AFALANG K= EG<A>A;9 FG
HJ=L_JALG
H=J>=ALG 7569F
j
7CI69 :5N9F
j
:=N
*K AJJ=?MD9J=K >J9;GK 9HJ=K=FL9E >GJE9K A?M9AK FG AF>AFALANG >D=P
AGF9<G
=
>MLMJG
<G
KM:BMFLANG
#B:=B=H=JC
.=FLAJ

IHIFC
8C
-I6>IBH=JC
.=FLAJ

 

.=FLAJ=K

.=FLAJ=K

.=FLAJ

.=FLAJ

.=FLAJEGK

.=FLAJEGK

.=FLAJ<=K

.=FLAJ<=K

.=FLAJ=E

.=FLAJ=E

*K AJJ=?MD9J=K >GJL=K F]G 9HJ=K=FL9E A<=FLA<9<= <= >GJE9K =FLJ= G

AF>AFALANG
>D=PAGF9<G
=
G
>MLMJG
<G
KM:BMFLANG
#B:=B=H=JC
:@9L=CB58C

IHIFC
8C
-I6>IBH=JC

9:=J

GM:=J

9:=J=K

GM:=J=K

9:=J
=L;

GM:=J
=L;

*bservao )]G =FLJ9E FG JGD <GK N=J:GK AJJ=?MD9J=K 9IM=D=K IM= H9J9 ;GFK=J
N9J
9
HJGFhF;A9
LaE
<=
KG>J=J
N9JA9^]G
<=
?J9>A9
;9JJ=g9J
v
;9JJ=gu=
v
;9JJ=gu=A
v
;9JJ=gu=K
>Ac9J
v
>AcG
v
>Aqu=A
v
>Aque

)]G
@Y
HGJL9FLG
GK =FF9;I@5F9G
;FR:=7CG
BaA5@C _ G N=J:G AJJ=?MD9J IM= 9HJ=K=FL9 F9 KM9 ;GFBM?9^]G J9<
A;9AK HJAEYJAGK <A>=J=FL=K G9F J=hF= G ;GF;MJKG <= <GAK J9<A;9AK GK N=J:
GK D9LAFGK G98wF9 = xGG9 = =F J=hF= G ;GF;MJKG <= LJaK J9<A;9AK GK N=J:GK
D9LAFGK =F9 J58wF9 = xGG9
*MLJGK 9MLGJ=K ;GFKA<=J9E 9FfE9DG G N=J:G ;MBG J9<A;9D KG>J= 9D
L=J9^g=K IM= G F]G HG<=E =FIM9<J9J =E ;D9KKA>A;9^]G 9D?ME9 85F 9GH5F
H9F <5J9F G9F DC89F =F J=F J9F 7569F 8=N9F G569F DaF
=L;
1=J:GK
<=>=;LANGK
=
9:MF<9FL=K

Verbos defectivos e abundantes v efectivo _ G N=J:G IM= F9

KM9 ;GFBM?9^]G F]G 9HJ=K=FL9 LG<9K 9K >GJE9K 7C@CF=F DF975J9FG9




F95J9F =L; W HJ=;AKG F]G ;GF>MF<ADG ;GE GK N=J:GK ;@9E9<GK AEH=KK

G9AK
=
MFAH=KKG9AK
IM=
;GEG
N=J=EGK
Ke
K=
MK9E
F9K
L=J;=AJ9K
H=KKG9K
 <=>=;LANA<9<= N=J:9D _ <=NA<9 9 NYJA9K J9Rg=K =FLJ= 9K IM9AK 9
=M>GFA9 = 9 KA?FA>A;9^]G FLJ=L9FLG 9 <=>=;LANA<9<= <= ;=JLGK N=J:GK F]G
K= 9KK=FL9 =E :9K=K EGJ>GDe?A;9K E9K =E J9Rg=K <G MKG = <9 FGJE9 NA
?=FL=K =E ;=JLGK EGE=FLGK <9 @AKLeJA9 <9 DbF?M9 9b ;=JL9 <AKH9JA<9<=
IM= HGJ N=R=K K= =F;GFLJ9 F9 J=D9^]G <9K ?J9EYLA;9K .= 9 LJ9<A^]G <9 DbF
?M9 <AKH=FK9 HGJ <AKKGF9FL= 9  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J <G N=J:G 7C@CF=F
7C@CFC F]G K= EGKLJ9 A?M9DE=FL= =PA?=FL= ;GE 9  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J
<G N=J:G 7C@CF5F +GJ GMLJG D9<G G ;JAL_JAG <= =M>GFA9 HG<= N9JA9J ;GE G
L=EHG = ;GE G ?GKLG <GK =K;JALGJ=K <9b 9H9J=;=J <= N=R =E IM9F<G ME9
>GJE9 N=J:9D IM= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 <AR F]G K=J MK9<9 W F9  p ;GFB IM= K= =F
;GFLJ9
9
E9AGJA9
<GK
N=J:GK
<=>=;LANGK
,M9K= K=EHJ= >9DL9E 9K >GJE9K JARGLfFA;9K <GK N=J:GK <=>=;LANGK
.MHJAEGK EI5B8C B979GGRF=C 9K D9;MF9K <= ME <=>=;LANG =EHJ=?9F<G
ME KAFfFAEG <=JAN9<G GM F]G <G <=>=;LANG M F97ID9FC H9J9 F95J9F
=M F98=AC H9J9 F9A=F
#Y
GK
K=?MAFL=K
?JMHGK
<=
N=J:GK
<=>=;LANGK
=E
HGJLM?MaK
9 GK IM= F]G K= ;GFBM?9E F9K H=KKG9K =E IM= <=HGAK <G J9<A;9D
9H9J=;=E 5 GM C
65B=F 6F5B8=F 75FD=F 7C@CF=F 89@=F 9LD@C8=F :F9A9F GM :F9A=F
<5IF=F FI=F 9L5IF=F 56C@=F 89AC@=F DI=F 89@=BEI=F :I@;=F :989F
5HIF8=F 6F5A=F >IB;=F 9G7I@D=F 9LHCFEI=F =AD=B;=F DI=F F9HCFEI=F
GC9F 9GD5F;=F

/9AK N=J:GK L9E:_E F]G K= =EHJ=?9E FG HJ=K <G KM:BMFLANG AE

H=J9LANG F=?9LANG = FG AEH=J9LANG 9>AJE9LANG Ke 9HJ=K=FL9E 9K K=?MF<9K
H=KKG9K
<G
KAF?MD9J
=
HDMJ9D
: GK IM= K= MK9E MFA;9E=FL= F9K >GJE9K =E IM= <=HGAK <G J9<A;9D
N=E =
58=F 5;I9FF=F 9AC@=F 9AD989FB=F 9G65:CF=F 9GD5JCF=F 9L=B5B=F :5
@=F :CFB=F F9A=F F9GG9EI=F F9J9@=F J5;=F :@CF=F F9B<=F ;5FF=F =B
5B=F F9GG5F7=F HF5BG=F 7CA65@=F 

;
G>=J=;=E
H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K
=KH=;A9AK

v DF975J9FG9
= F95J9F
)G
HJ=K
AF<
Ke
LaE
9K
<M9K
HJAE=AJ9K
H=KKG9K
<G
HDMJ9D DF975J9ACG DF975J9=G F95J9ACG F95J9=G
$EH=J9LANG DF975J9= F95J9=




!9DL9ED@=K G AEH=J9L F=? = HJ=K <G KM:B )G J=KL9FL= ;GFBM?9E

K=
FGJE9DE=FL=

v 589EI5F 5BH=EI5F
;9:=ED@=K
9K
E=KE9K
G:K=JN9^g=K
>=AL9K
9G
?JMHG
9FL=JAGJ

v ;F5GG5F = F9J9F 
<=KLAD9J
Ke
K=
MK9E
F9K
L=J;=AJ9K
H=KKG9K




: 7CBGHFI=F =
K=M
?JMHG
*F9G =B8  ;GFKLJMG ;GFKLJMAK GM ;GFKLJeAK ;GFKLJMA GM ;GFKLJeA ;GFKLJMbEGK
;GFKLJMbK
;GFKLJM=E
GM
;GFKLJG=E
#AD9F
5:=FA 
;GFKLJMA
LM
GM
;GFKLJeA
LM

KKAE
K=
;GFBM?9E 89G7CBGHFI=F 89GHFI=F 9GHFI=F F97CBGHFI=F

*bservaes
 p (MALGK N=J:GK 9HGFL9<GK GMLJGJ9 ;GEG <=>=;LANGK K]G @GB= ;GFBM?9<GK AFL=?
J9DE=FL= 5;=F 58J=F 7CAD9@=F 89GA98=FG9 8=G79FB=F 9A65=F 9A9F;=F =A9F;=F
:FI=F DC@=F DF5N9F GI6A9F;=F ,9GG5F7=F ;> : = F9:I@;=F IM= 9D?MFK ?J9EYLA;GK
Ke E9F<9E ;GFBM?9J F9K >GJE9K =E IM= G J9<A;9D _ K=?MA<G <= 9 GM = L=F<=E 9
K=J
=EHJ=?9<GK
;GEG
N=J:GK
;GEHD=LGK

; 9BHID=F = 89G9BHID=F

p *K N=J:GK IM= <=KA?F9E NGR=K <= 9FAE9AK ?=J9DE=FL= Ke 9H9J=;=E F9K L=J
;=AJ9K H=KK <G KAF? = HD  =E NAJLM<= <= KM9 KA?FA>A;9^]G = K]G AF<=NA<9E=FL= 9J
JGD9<GK ;GEG <=>=;LANGK (=D@GJ ;@9EYDGK IM9F<G FG K=M KA?FA>A;9<G HJeHJAG
IB=D9GGC5=G

*bservao
* C <9K
>GJE9K
9:MF<9FL=K
_
<=
LAE:J=
9:=JLG

 p /9E:_E K]G AF<=NA<9E=FL= ;GFKA<=J9<GK <=>=;LANGK GK N=J:GK =AD9GGC5=G

HGAK F]G K= J=>=J=E 9 KMB=ALG IM= Ke K]G =EHJ=?9<GK F9 L=J;=AJ9 H=KK KAF? 
<CJ9 EMALG ,9@5AD9>5 ,M9F<G =E K=FLA<G >A?MJ9<G GK N=J:GK <=KL9 G:K=J
N9^]G ;GEG GK <9 9FL=JAGJ ;GFBM?9EK= =E IM9AKIM=J H=KKG9K <CJ5A 5G
6ZBWVCG
8C
7XI

bundante _ G N=J:G IM= 9HJ=K=FL9 <M9K GM LJaK >GJE9K <= A?M9D

N9DGJ = >MF^]G <5J9ACG = <9ACG 7CBGHF_= = 7CBGHFI= D5;58C = D5;C
B5G7=8C B5HC B58C HGM;G
MK9<G
)GJE9DE=FL=
=KL9
9:MF<[F;A9
<=
>GJE9
G;GJJ=
FG
H9JLA;bHAG
*K HJAF;AH9AK N=J:GK IM= ?GR9E <=KL= HJANAD_?AG FG HGJLM?MaK
EG<=JFG
K]G
9 7CADF5N9F = 89G7CADF5N9F
*F9H D9F: =B8  ;GEHJ9RA ;GEHJ9R=KL= ;GEHJ9R=M =L; GM ;GEHJGMN= ;GE
HJGMN=KL=
;GEHJGMN=
=L;
' ED9F: =B8  ;GEHJ9R=J9 ;GEHJ9R=J9K ;GEHJ9R=J9 =L; GM ;GEHJGMN=J9
;GEHJGMN=J9K
;GEHJGMN=J9
=L;
#AD9F: GI6>  ;GEHJ9R=KK= ;GEHJ9R=KK=K ;GEHJ9R=KK= =L; GM ;GEHJGMN=KK=
;GEHJGMN=KK=K
;GEHJGMN=KK=
=L;
IH GI6>  ;GEHJ9R=J ;GEHJ9R=J=K ;GEHJ9R=J =L; GM ;GEHJGMN=J ;GE
HJGMN=J=K
;GEHJGMN=J
=L;

*F9G =B8  =FLMHG =FLMH=K GM =FLGH=K =FLMH= GM =FLGH= =FLMHAEGK =FLMHAK
=FLMH=E
GM
=FLGH=E
#AD9F
5:=FA 
=FLMH=
GM
=FLGH=
=FLMHA

< <5J9F
*F9G
=B8 
@=A
@YK
@Y
@9N=EGK
GM
@=EGK
@9N=AK
GM
@=AK
@]G
#AD9F
5:=FA 
@Y
@9N=A

= =F
*F9G
=B8 
NGM
N9AK
N9A
N9EGK
GM
AEGK
A<=K
AK
_
>GJE9
9FLA?9
N]G

> EI9F9F = F9EI9F9F

*F9G
=B8 
IM=JG
IM=J=K
IM=J
GM
IM=J=
IM=J=EGK
IM=J=AK
IM=J=E
J=IM=AJG
J=IM=J=K
J=IM=J
GM
J=IM=J=
J=IM=J=EGK
J=IM=J=AK
J=IM=J=E
+I9F9 = F9EI9F9 K]G >GJE9K IM= Ke LaE ;MJKG =E +GJLM?9D EI9F9 _ ;JA9^]G
J=;=FL= K_; 3$333 K=E 9<G^]G ?=J9D = F9EI9F9 _ >GJE9 BY 9FLA?9 F9 DbF?M9
K=F<G F9EI9F <=
<9L9
J=;=FL=

? J5@9F
*F9G
=B8 
N9D@G
N9D=K
N9D=
GM
N9D
N9D=EGK
N9D=AK
N9D=E
05@ _
>GJE9
9FLA?9
=
9AF<9
@GB=
;GJJ=FL=
EYPAE=
=E
+GJLM?9D

@
AEH=J9LANG
<GK
N=J:GK
=E
N9F
N=F




+G<=E H=J<=J G 9 F9 p H=KK KAF?  >9R= LM GM >9R LJ9<MR= LM GM

LJ9<MR .]G >J=IM=FLbKKAEGK GK =P=EHDGK DAL=JYJAGK ;GE GK N=J:GK 8=N9F
:5N9F HF5N9F = HF58IN=F
A
H9JLA;bHAG
<=
FME=JGKGK
N=J:GK
PAKL= ?J9F<= FhE=JG <= N=J:GK IM= 9<EAL=E <GAK = MFK HGM;GK
9L_ LJaK H9JLA;bHAGK ME F9;I@5F L=JEAF9<G =E 58C  p ;GFBM?9^]G GM
=8C  p =  p ;GFBM?9^g=K = GMLJG =FF9;I@5F HJGN=FA=FL= <G D9LAE GM <=
FGE= IM= H9KKGM 9 L=J 9HDA;9^]G ;GEG N=J:G L=JEAF9<G =E HC GC GM
;JA9<G HGJ 9F9DG?A9 ;GE EG<=DG HJ==PAKL=FL= AK ME9 J=D9^]G <=KK9K
>GJE9K <MHD9K <= H9JLA;bHAG AF<A;9F<GK= =FLJ= H9JaFL=K=K K= G;GJJ=E
;GE
9
NGR
9LAN9
GM
H9KKAN9
GM
;GE
9E:9K




E9L9J

E9L9<G
9 

EGJLG
9 
H 

H9?9J

H9?9<G
9 

H9?G
9 
H 

H9KE9J

H9KE9<G
9 
H 

H9KEG
9 

H=?9J

H=?9<G
9 
H 

H=?G
_
GM
a

K9DN9J

K9DN9<G
9 
H

K9DNG
9 
H 

9;=F<=J

9;=F<A<G
9 
H 

9;=KG
H 

9JJ=H=F<=J

9JJ=H=F<A<G
9 
H 

J=H=KG
HGJ
9JJ=H=KG
9 
H 

<=K=FNGDNA<G
9 
H 

<=K=FNGDLG
9 
H 

#B:=B=H=JC

*5FH=7[D=C
F9;I@5F

*5FH=7[D=C
=FF9;I@5F

<=K=FNGDN=J

9;=AL9J

9;=AL9<G
9 
H 

9;=ALG
H 
9;=AL=
H 

=D=?=J

=D=?A<G
9 

=D=ALG
9 
H 

9KK=FL9J

9KK=FL9<G
9 
H 

9KK=FLG
H 
9KK=FL=
H 

=FNGDN=J

=FNGDNA<G
9 
H 

=FNGDLG
9 
H 

=FLJ=?9J

=FLJ=?9<G
9 
H 

=FLJ=?M=
H 

HJ=F<=J

HJ=F<A<G
9 
H 

HJ=KG
H 

=FPM?9J

=FPM?9<G
9 
H 

=FPMLG
H 

J=NGDN=J

J=NGDNA<G
9 
H 

J=NGDLG
9 

=PHJ=KK9J

=PHJ=KK9<G
9 
H 

=PHJ=KKG
H 

KMKH=F<=J

KMKH=F<A<G
9 
H 

KMKH=FKG
H 

=PHMDK9J

=PHMDK9<G
9 
H 

=PHMDKG
H 

<=K9:JAJ

<=K9:JA<G

<=K9:=JLG

>9JL9J

>9JL9<G
9 
H 

>9JLG
H 

=JA?AJ

=JA?A<G
9 
H 

=J=;LG
H 

>AF<9J

>AF<9<G
9 
H 

>AF<G
H 

=PHJAEAJ

=PHJAEA<G

9 
H 

=PHJ=KKG
9 
H 

?9F@9J

?9F@9<G
9 
H 

?9F@G
9 
H 

=PLAF?MAJ

=PLAF?MA<G
9 
H 

=PLAFLG
H 

?9KL9J

?9KL9<G
9 

?9KLG
9 
H 

>JA?AJ

>JA?A<G
9 

>JALG
9 
H 

AK=FL9J

AK=FL9<G
9 

AK=FLG
H 

AEHJAEAJ

AEHJAEA<G
9 
H 

AEHJ=KKG
9 
H 

BMFL9J

BMFL9<G
9 
H 

BMFLG
9 
H 

AFK=JAJ

AFK=JA<G
9 
H 

AFK=JLG
9 
H 

DAEH9J

DAEH9<G
9 
H 

DAEHG
9 
H 

LAF?AJ

LAF?A<G
9 
H 

LAFLG
H 







9 DF9HXF=HC
D9F:9=HC
7CADCGHC
L=F@G
GM
@=A
;9FL9<G
N=F<A<G
H9JLA<G
*bservaes
 p E ?=J9D =EHJ=?9K= 9 >GJE9 J=?MD9J IM= >A;9 AFN9JAYN=D ;GE GK 9MPADA9J=K
H9F = <5J9F F9 NGR 9LAN9 = 9 >GJE9 AJJ=?MD9J IM= K= >D=PAGF9 =E ?aF=JG =
FhE=JG
;GE
GK
9MPADA9J=K G9F 9GH5F = :=75F
F9
NGR
H9KKAN9
)eK
L=EGK 579=H58C GK
<G;ME=FLGK
*K
<G;ME=FLGK
LaE
KA<G 579=HCG HGJ
FeK
#Y GMLJGK H9JLA;bHAGK J=?MD9J=K GM AJJ=?MD9J=K IM= K= MK9E AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= F9
NGR 9LAN9 9MPADA9J=K H9F GM <5J9F GM H9KKAN9 9MPADA9J=K G9F 9GH5F :=75F ;GF
>GJE=
K=
9KKAF9DGM
=FLJ=
H9JaFL=K=K
p #Y MFK HGM;GK H9JLA;bHAGK AJJ=?MD9J=K L=JEAF9<GK =E 9 =E ?=J9D <= AF
LJG<M^]G J=;=FL= FG A<AGE9 9BHF9;I9 G E9AK 9FLA?G 579=H9 5GG9BH9 9ADF9;I9
=E
+GJLM?9D
'G;M^]G
N=J:9D
1=J:GK
9MPADA9J=K

Locuo verbal. Verbos auxiliares v @9E9K= @C7IWVC J9F65@ 9

;GE:AF9^]G <9K <AN=JK9K >GJE9K <= ME N=J:G 9MPADA9J ;GE G AF>AFALANG
?=JhF<AG GM H9JLA;bHAG <= GMLJG N=J:G IM= K= ;@9E9 DF=B7=D5@ <9= 89
9GHI85F 9GHCI 9GHI85B8C H9B<C 9GHI858C (MAL9K N=R=K G 9MPADA9J
=EHJ=KL9 ME E9LAR K=E[FLA;G 9G N=J:G HJAF;AH9D <9F<G GJA?=E 9GK ;@9
E9<GK 5GD97HCG
8C
J9F6C
FLJ= G 9MPADA9J = G N=J:G HJAF;AH9D FG AF>AFALANG HG<= 9H9J=;=J GM
F]G ME9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 9A DCF 5 D5F5 )9 DG;M^]G N=J:9D _ KGE=FL=
G 9MPADA9J IM= J=;=:= 9K >D=Pg=K <= H=KKG9 FhE=JG L=EHG = EG<G
<5J9F9ACG 89 :5N9F 9GH5J5A DCF G5=F =5A HF565@<5B8C H=B<5A J=GHC 9
9J:ALJ9JA=<9<= <G MKG _ IM= <=H=F<= G =EHJ=?9JK= =E 9D?MFK ;9KGK 9
HJ=HGKA^]G = =E GMLJGK GEALAD9 /9E:_E HG<= G;GJJ=J =E NYJAGK ;9KGK
9
9DL=JF[F;A9
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G
7CA9W5F
5


89
:5N9F
1YJA9K K]G 9K 9HDA;9^g=K <GK N=J:GK 9MPADA9J=K <9 DbF?M9
HGJLM?M=K9
 v H9F <5J9F J9J9E=FL= = G9F E9AK J9J9E=FL= K= ;GE:AF9E ;GE
G H9JLA;bHAG <G N=J:G HJAF;AH9D H9J9 ;GFKLALMbJ=E FGNGK L=EHGK ;@9E9
<GK 7CADCGHCG IM= MFA<GK 9GK KAEHD=K >GJE9E G IM9<JG ;GEHD=LG <9
;GFBM?9^]G <9 NGR 9LAN9 KL9K ;GE:AF9^g=K =PHJAE=E IM= 9 9^]G N=J:9D
=KLY
;GF;DMb<9
/=EGK
FGN=
>GJE9K
;GEHGKL9K
#B8=75H=JC

: DF9HXF=HC
A5=GEI9D9F:9=HC
LAF@9
GM
@9NA9
;9FL9<G
N=F<A<G
H9JLA<G
; :IHIFC
8C
DF9G9BH9
7CADCGHC
L=J=A
GM
@9N=J=A
;9FL9<G
N=F<A<G
H9JLA<G
< :IHIFC
8C
DF9HXF=HC
7CADCGHC
L=JA9
GM
@9N=JA9
;9FL9<G
N=F<A<G
H9JLA<G
*bservao  DbF?M9 EG<=JF9 HfK <= D9<G 9 >GJE9 H=J9 75BH58C ;GJJ=FL= FG
+GJLM?MaK
9FLA?G

-I6>IBH=JC
9 DF9HXF=HC
D9F:9=HC
L=F@9
GM
@9B9
;9FL9<G
N=F<A<G
H9JLA<G
: DF9HXF=HC A5=GEI9D9F:9=HC LAN=KK= GM @GMN=KK= ;9FL9<G N=F<A<G
H9JLA<G
; :IHIFC
7CADCGHC
LAN=J
GM
@GMN=J
;9FL9<G
N=F<A<G
H9JLA<G

CFA5G
BCA=B5=G
9 =B:=B=H=JC
7CADCGHC
L=J
GM
@9N=J
;9FL9<G
N=F<A<G
H9JLA<G
: ;9FdB8=C
7CADCGHC
L=F<G
GM
@9N=F<G
;9FL9<G
N=F<A<G
H9JLA<G

* N=J:G G9F Ke 9H9J=;= =E ;GE:AF9^g=K IM= D=E:J9E GK <=HG=FL=K

D9LAFGK KG:J=LM<G ;GE N=J:GK IM= <=FGL9E EGNAE=FLG x*K ;9N9D=AJGK
9F5A D5FH=8CG ;9EAF@G <= 59EGJ9y 6  $ 7 F5 7<9;585 9
G;9KA]G
<9
>M?9 -VC
D5GG58CG LJaK
E=K=K
v G9F 9GH5F :=75F K= ;GE:AF9E ;GE G H9JLA;bHAG N9JAYN=D =E
?aF=JG = FhE=JG <G N=J:G HJAF;AH9D H9J9 ;GFKLALMAJ 9 NGR H9KKAN9 <=
9^]G <= =KL9<G = EM<9F^9 <= =KL9<G X 5A58C 9GHR DF9>I8=7585
:=75F5A
FC8958CG
 v GK 9MPADA9J=K 57IF5H=JCG K= ;GE:AF9E ;GE G AF>AFALANG GM ?=J
hF<AG <G N=J:G HJAF;AH9D H9J9 <=L=JEAF9J ;GE E9AK JA?GJ GK 9KH=;LGK <G
EGE=FLG <9 9^]G N=J:9D IM= F]G K= 9;@9E :=E <=>AFA<GK F9 <ANAK]G ?=J
9D
<=
L=EHG
HJ=K=FL=
H9KK9<G
=
>MLMJG
9
AFb;AG
<=
9^]G 7CA9W5F
5
9G7F9J9F DaFG9
5
9G7F9J9F
=L; 
:
AEAFaF;A9
<=
9^]G 9GH5F
D5F5 DCF 9G7F9J9F D9;5F
5 89 9G7F9
J9F
=L; 
;
;GFLAFMA<9<=
<9
9^]G 7CBH=BI5
9G7F9J9B8C 7CBH=BI5
5
9G7F9J9F
K=F<G
9
HJAE=AJ9
>GJE9
9
IM=
_
E9AK
9FLA?9
FG
A<AGE9






<
<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG
?J9<M9D
<9
9^]G
<MJ9^]G 9GH5F
5
9G7F9J9F 5B

85F
9G7F9J9B8C J=F
9G7F9J9B8C =F
9G7F9J9B8C
=L;

;
NGFL9<=
GM
<=K=BG EI9F9F
9G7F9J9F 89G9>5F
9G7F9J9F C8=5F
9G

7F9J9F 56CA=B5F
9G7F9J9F
=L;
<
L=FL9LAN9
GM
=K>GJ^G
ZK
N=R=K
;GE
G
K=FLA<G
K=;MF<YJAG
<=HJ==F
<A<G
H=DG
;GFL=PLG
<=
IM=
9
L=FL9LAN9
9;9:GM
=E
<=;=H^]G
:C=
6IG75F
@V
9
G5=I
HCGEI=58C 6IG75F
9G7F9J9F DF9H9B89F
9G7F9J9F
H9BH5F
9G7F9J9F CIG5F
9G7F9J9F 5HF9J9FG9
5
9G7F9J9F
=L;
=
;GFK=;M^]G 7CBG9;I=F
9G7F9J9F @C;F5F
9G7F9J9F
=L;
>
9H9JaF;A9
<hNA<9 D5F979F
9G7F9J9F
=L;
?
EGNAE=FLG
H9J9
J=9DAR9J
ME
AFL=FLG
>MLMJG
HJePAEG
GM
J=EGLG
=F
9G7F9J9F
=L;
@
J=KMDL9<G J=F
5
9G7F9J9F 7<9;5F
5
9G7F9J9F
=L;

*bservaes
 p )G J9KAD HJ=>=J=K= 9 ;GFKLJM^]G ;GE ?=JhF<AG 9GH5F 9G7F9J9B8C =FIM9FLG
=E +GJLM?9D _ E9AK ;GEME G AF>AFALANG 9GH5F 5 9G7F9J9F F]G K=F<G =FLJ=L9FLG
9
hFA;9
>GJE9
p KLY E9AK <= 9;GJ<G ;GE G ?aFAG <9 FGKK9 DbF?M9 G MKG <G ?=JhF<AG ;GE 9MP
ADA9J 9GH5F GM AF>AFALANG ;GE 5 H9J9 LJ9<MRAJ 9LGK IM= K= J=9DAR9E H9MD9LAF9E=FL=
=E N=R <G MKG <= >GJE9 KAEHD=K <G N=J:G ;GEG >9R G >J9F;aK $95BB9 BCIG F9
;5F89

%G9F9
=KLYFGK
GD@9F<G
GM 5
BCG
C@<5F 5DI8 (9 


=
J=H=LA^]G
<=
9^]G HCFB5F
5
9G7F9J9F 7CGHIA5F
9G7F9J9F J=

H=LA^]G
@9:ALM9D
=L; 
>
L_JEAFG
<=
9^]G 57565F
89
9G7F9J9F 79GG5F
89
9G7F9J9F 89=L5F
89
9G7F9J9F D5F5F
89
9G7F9J9F J=F
89
9G7F9J9F
=L;
0=F 89  AF>AFALANG _ ;GFKLJM^]G 9FLA?9 FG A<AGE9 = N9DA9 HGJ JC@H5F
89 GM 7<9;5F  AF>AFALANG x= 9EGJ <GK DMKAL9FGK =F;=F<A<9K
,M= JZA
89 89G7C6F=F G FGNG EMF<Gy 6'  $3 7 =HGAK H9KKGM 9 KA?FA>A;9J
57565F 89  AF>AFALANG = HGJIM= =E >J9F;aK G;GJJ= =EHJ=?G K=E=D@9FL=
H9KKGM 9 K=J F=KL= K=FLA<G ;GF<=F9<G ;GEG ?9DA;AKEG H=DGK ?J9EYLA;GK
x=M
9GK
<GR=
9FGK J=B<5
89
D9F89F E=M
H9Ay6J 5DI8 #" 
 7
 v GK 9MPADA9J=K AC85=G K= ;GE:AF9E ;GE G AF>AFALANG GM ?=JhF<AG
<G N=J:G HJAF;AH9D H9J9 <=L=JEAF9J ;GE E9AK JA?GJ G EG<G ;GEG K= J=9D
AR9
GM
K=
<=AP9
<=
J=9DAR9J
9
9^]G
N=J:9D
9 F=;=KKA<9<= G:JA?9^]G <=N=J <5J9F 89 9G7F9J9F H9F 89 9G7F9
J9F 89J9F
9G7F9J9F DF97=G5F 89 9G7F9J9F
=L;
*bservaes
 p E N=R <= H9F GM <5J9F 89  AF>AFALANG MK9K= 9AF<9 E9AK EG<=JF9E=FL= H9F
GM <5J9F EI9  AF>AFALANG H9B<C EI9 9GHI85F )=KL= ;9KG EI9 ;GEG bF<A;= <=
;GEHD=E=FLG <= F9LMJ=R9 FGEAF9D >MF;AGF9 ;GEG N=J<9<=AJ9 HJ=HGKA^]G )]G K=
;GF>MF<9 =KL= EI9 DF9DCG=WVC ;GE G EI9 DFCB F9@5H=JC =E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG
B585
H=B<5
EI9
8=N9F H9B<C
AI=HC
EI9
:5N9F
=L;
p (MAL9K N=R=K FG +GJLM?MaK ;GFL=EHGJ[F=G F]G _ AF<A>=J=FL= G K=FLA<G <9 =P
HJ=KK]G ;GE HJ=HGKA^]G GM K=E =D9 9J9 F9GI@H5F =PHJAE= ;=JL9 HJ=;AK]G <= J=K
MDL9<G 89J9
89
F9GI@H5F LJ9<MR
9
HJG:9:ADA<9<=
<G
J=KMDL9<G

:
HGKKA:ADA<9<=
GM
;9H9;A<9<= DC89F
9G7F9J9F
=L;

0=F 5  AF>AFALANG <= ;=JLGK N=J:GK L=E IM9K= G E=KEG K=FLA<G <G
N=J:G HJAF;AH9D =EHJ=?9<G KGRAF@G #GHC J9A 5 HF58IN=F 5 A9GA5 =89=5 
AKLG HGJ >AE LJ9<MR 9 E=KE9 A<=A9 0=F 5 G9F HG<= 9AF<9 K=J KAFfFAEG <=
HCFB5FG9 @9
J9=C
5
G9F
:5ACGC
)ota final v )=E K=EHJ= 9 9HJGPAE9^]G <= <GAK GM E9AK N=J:GK ;GFKLALMA ME9
DG;M^]G N=J:9D 9 AFL=F^]G <9 H=KKG9 IM= >9D9 GM =K;J=N= _ IM= <=L=JEAF9JY 9 =P
AKLaF;A9 GM AF=PAKLaF;A9 <9 DG;M^]G x+GJ =P=EHDG F9 >J9K= EI9F[5ACG 7C@<9F FC
G5G GK N=J:GK EI9F[5ACG 7C@<9F ;GFKLALMAJ]G =PHJ=KK]G N=J:9D K= HJ=L=F<G <AR=J
IM= IM=Jb9EGK ;GD@=J FCG5G = F]G GMLJ9 >DGJ K=F<G FCG5G G G:B=LG <9 <=;D9J9^]G
.= HGJ_E HJ=L=F<G <AR=J IM= G IM= FeK IM=Jb9EGK =J9 7C@<9F FCG5G = F]G >9R=J
GMLJ9 ;GMK9 G G:B=LG <9 <=;D9J9^]G _ 7C@<9F FCG5G = 9 <=;D9J9^]G HJAF;AH9D K=
;GFL_E
AF;GEHD=L9E=FL=
=E EI9F[5ACGy
6%* 
  7
MPADA9J=K
;9MK9LANGK
=
K=FKALANGK

Auxiliares causativos e sensitivos v KKAE K= ;@9E9E GK N=J:GK

89=L5F A5B85F :5N9F = KAFfFAEGK ;9MK9LANGK = J9F CIJ=F C@<5F G9BH=F
= KAFfFAEGK K=FKALANGK IM= BMFL9F<GK= 9 AF>AFALANG GM ?=JhF<AG F]G
>GJE9E DG;M^]G N=J:9D E9K EMAL9K N=R=K K= ;GEHGJL9E KAFL9LA;9E=FL=
;GEG L9D AKLG _ K=?MF<G 9K J=D9^g=K AFL=JF9K IM= K= =KL9:=D=;=E <=FLJG
<G ?JMHG =FLJ= G AF>AFALANG = GK L=JEGK IM= G 9;GEH9F@9E ;GEG
N=J=EGK
FG
DM?9J
HJeHJAG
D=E=FLGK
=KLJMLMJ9AK
<G
N=J:G
<=KAFaF;A9K
=
KM>APGK
N=J:9AK

Elementos estruturais do verbo: desinncias e sufixos verbais v

G J9<A;9D <G N=J:G IM= _ G =D=E=FLG IM= =F;=JJ9 G K=M KA?FA>A;9<G D=P
A;9D K= BMFL9E 9K >GJE9K EbFAE9K ;@9E9<9K 89G=BZB7=5G H9J9 ;GFKLALMAJ




9K >D=Pg=K <G N=J:G AF<A;9<GJ9K <9 D9GGC5 = BdA9FC <G H9ADC = AC8C
.=?MF<G (9LLGKG 9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <9 >GJE9 N=J:9D HGJLM?M=K9 _ t (r+vt)
+ d (dmt+dnp) =E IM= t  L=E9 r  J9<A;9D vt  NG?9D L=EYLA;9 d 
<=KAFaF;A9 dmt  <=KAFaF;A9 EG<GL=EHGJ9D = dnp  <=KAFaF;A9
FhE=JGH=KKG9D
@9E9K= JC;5@
H9ARH=75 9IM=D9
;D9KKA>A;9<GJ9
<9
;GFBM?9^]G
 p
;GFBM?9^]G
v 5
;9FL5J
p
;GFBM?9^]G
v 9
N=F<9J
 p
;GFBM?9^]G
v =
H9JL=J

NG?9D
L=EYLA;9
HJ=K9
9G
J9<A;9D
;GFKLALMA
G H9A5
75BH5J
 J9B89J D5FH=J
)=E LG<9K 9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK HGKKM=E 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 ;GEG HGJ
=P=EHDG 9  p H=KKG9 KAF?MD9J <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = <G KM:BMFLANG
K NG?9AK e = a =E ;9FLe N=F<a H9JLa K]G <=KAFaF;A9K L=EHGJ9AK N=B9
9:9APG *MLJ9K N=R=K 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 KG>J= N9JA9^]G G a H9KK9 9 e FG
HJ=L H=J> <G AF< <9  p ;GFB =E ;GFL9LG ;GE = = H9KK9 9 o =E ;GFL9LG
;GE I ;9FLaJ ;9FLeA ;9FLoM G e H9KK9 9 i FG HJ=L AEH=J> <G AF< =
H9JLA;bHAG <9 p ;GFBM?9^]G N=F<eJ N=F<i9 N=F<i<G  NG?9D
L=EYLA;9 i <9  p ;GFBM?9^]G H9KK9 9 e IM9F<G YLGFG FG HJ=K AF<  p =
 p KAF? =  p HD  = AEH=J  p KAF?  H9JLeK H9JLe  H9JLeE H9JLe K=
_ LfFA;G FGK E=KEGK ;9KGK >MF<=K= ;GE G i <9 <=KAFaF;A9 is <9 p
H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D D5FHis HGJ D5FHiis
* H9A5 _ 9 H9JL= <9 H9D9NJ9 HJGFL9 H9J9 J=;=:=J G KM>APG GM 9
<=KAFaF;A9
-I:=LC J9F65@ _ G IM= =FLJ9 F9 >GJE9^]G <GK N=J:GK <=JAN9<GK K9DL
AL9J
J=9DAR9J
=L;
;> Afixos: prefixos e sufixos. Interfixos
K
<=KAFaF;A9K
EG<GL=EHGJ9AK
K]G

+9J9
G #B8=75H=JC
9
o
FG
HJ=K=FL=
: J5 J9 ;9J9;L=JAR9 G HJ=L_JALG AEH=J>=ALG <9  p ;GFBM?9^]G
75BH5J5 
; =5 =9 ;9J9;L=JAR9 G HJ=L_JALG AEH=J>=ALG <9 p =  p ;GF
BM?9^g=K 89J=5 D5FH=5
< o H9J9 G HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG 9L_ 9 p H=KK <G HD = F5 H9J9 9  p
H=KK
HD  75BH9= 75BH5F5A



= F5 F9 YLGFG ;9J9;L=JAR9 G HJ=L_JALG E9AKIM=H=J>=ALG 75BH5

F5 J9B89F5 D5FH=F5 75BHRF9=G
> F5 F9 LfFA;G ;9J9;L=JAR9 G >MLMJG 75BH5F9= 75BH5FRG
75BH5FVC 89J9F9= D5FH=F9=
? F=5 F=9 ;9J9;L=JAR9 G >MLMJG <G HJ=L_JALG 75BH5F=5 89J9F=5
D5FH=F=5

+9J9
G -I6>IBH=JC
9
9
;9J9;L=JAR9
G
HJ=K=FL=
<9
 p
;GFBM?9^]G 75BH9
:
5
;9J9;L=JAR9
G
HJ=K=FL=
<9
p
=
 p
;GFBM?  J9B85 D5FH5
; GG9 ;9J9;L=JAR9 G HJ=L_JALG AEH=J>=ALG 75BH5GG9 J9B89GG9
D5FH=GG9
<
F
F9
;9J9;L=JAR9
G
>MLMJG 75BH5F J9B89F D5FH=F

+9J9
9K CFA5G
(CA=B5=G
9
B8C ;9J9;L=JAR9
G
?=JhF<AG 75BH5B8C J9B89B8C D5FH=B8C
: 8C ;9J9;L=JAR9
G
H9JLA;bHAG 75BH58C J9B8=8C D5FH=8C
; F ;9J9;L=JAR9
G
AF>AFALANG 75BH5F J9B89F D5FH=F
*bservaes
 p )=E LG<9K 9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK K= 9HJ=K=FL9E ;GE <=KAFaF;A9K = NG?9D
L=EYLA;9
p K ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K L=EHGJ9AK L=JEAF9<9K =E 5 AEH=J>  E I H=J> <G AF< =
>MLMJG 9HJ=K=FL9E =KL9 NG?9D 9DL=J9<9 =E 9 F9 p H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9D ?J9^9K 9G ;GF
L9LG ;GE 9 <=KAFaF;A9 H=KKG9D =G IM= HJGNG;9 9 <ALGF?9^]G 9=G =M 75BH5J5 NeK
75BHRJ9=G =M 89J=5 NeK 89J[9=G =M D5FH=5 NeK D5FH[9=G =M 75BH5F5 NeK 75BHRF9
=G =M 75BH5F=5 NeK 75BH5F[9=G * E=KEG G;GJJ= ;GE 9  p H=KK <G >ML <G
HJ=K=FL= 75BH5F9=
 p K <=KAFaF;A9K H=KKG9AK ;> 9:9APG <G HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG K=JN=E HGJ 9;MEM
D9^]G
H9J9
;9J9;L=JAR9J
G
L=EHG
=
EG<G
<G
N=J:G

K
<=KAFaF;A9K
FhE=JGH=KKG9AK
K]G





H9JL=G

H9JLAJ=G

H9JLAGH9

H9JL=
LM

 p
H=KKG9
<G
KAF?MD9J
?=J9DE=FL=
>9DL9
9
<=KAFaF;A9
<=
 p
H=KK
<G

KAF?MD9J
Ke
G
HJ=L_JALG
H=J>=ALG
<G
AF<A;9LANG
_
IM=
9HJ=K=FL9
I
;9FLGI

N=F<=I

H9JLAI

 p
H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
9
<=KAFaF;A9
_
K=EHJ=
ACG
;9FL9ACG

N=F<=ACG

H9JLAACG


*
LJ9N=KK]G
AF<A;9
9MKaF;A9
<=
<=KAFaF;A9
MA<9<G =KH=;A9D @]G <= E=J=;=J =KL9K <=KAFaF;A9K GH9 KAF?MD9J = GH9G HDMJ9D H9J9
IM= HGJ >9DK9 9F9DG?A9 F]G H9KK=E 9 GH9G KAF?MD9J = GH9=G HDMJ9D LM 7CA9GH9G HGJ
7CA9GH9
NeK 7CA9GH9=G HGJ 7CA9GH9G

)6G9FJ5Wc9G
GC6F9
5G
89G=BZB7=5G
BdA9FCD9GGC5=G
 p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J ?=J9DE=FL= >9DL9 9 <=KAFaF;A9 <=  p H=KKG9
<G KAF?MD9J =P;=LG FG HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG GF<= 9H9J=;= 9 <=KAFaF;A9
C
;9FLC

N=F<C

H9JLC

)G HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG = >MLMJG <G HJ=K=FL= 9H9J=;= 9

<=KAFaF;A9
=
;9FL==

N=F<=

H9JL=

;9FL9J==

N=F<=J==

H9JLAJ==

p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J 9 <=KAFaF;A9 ?=J9D _ G FG HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG

<G
AF<A;9LANG
GH9 o
FG
AEH=J9LANG
;9FL9G

;9FL9J=G

;9FL9GH9

;9FL9
LM

N=F<=G

N=F<=J=G

N=F<=GH9

N=F<=
LM

p H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9D 9 <=KAFaF;A9 _ =G 9H9J=;= 89G FG >MLMJG <G

KM:BMFLANG AF>AFALANG >D=P = FG HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG <= 9D?MFK N=J:GK
AJJ=?MD9J=K L=J NAJ HfJ N=J JAJ AJ G HJ=L H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG 9H
J=K=FL9 GH9G = G AEH=J9LANG = F9  p ;GFB @Y ;J9K= ;GE 9 NG?9D
L=EYLA;9
;9FL9=G

N=F<==G

H9JL=G

;9FL9J89G

N=F<=J89G

H9JLAJ89G

;9FL9GH9G

N=F<=GH9G

H9JLAGH9G

;9FL9=

N=F<==

H9JL=

 p H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9D 9 <=KAFaF;A9 _ A IM= F9K9DAR9 9 NG?9D

HJ=;=<=FL=
;9FL9A

N=F<=A

H9JL=A

;9FL9J=A

N=F<=J=A

H9JLAJ=A

;9FL9J9A

N=F<=J9A

H9JLAJ9A

*bservao )G >MLMJG <G HJ=K=FL= <YK= ME9 <ALGF?9^]G 9 F9K9DA<9<= _ AF

<A;9<9
HGJ
LAD
=
K=
KG:J=Hg=
Z
;9J9;L=JbKLA;9
L=EHGJ9D



;9FL9FVC

N=F<=FVC

H9JLAFVC

/=EHGK
HJAEALANGK
=
<=JAN9<GK

Tempos primitivos e derivados v )G =KLM<G <GK N=J:GK HJAF;AH9D

E=FL= <GK AJJ=?MD9J=K LGJF9K= N9FL9BGKG G ;GF@=;AE=FLG <9K >GJE9K
N=J:9AK
IM=
K=
<=JAN9E
<=
GMLJ9K
;@9E9<9K DF=A=H=J5G
 v +J9LA;9E=FL= <G J9<A;9D <9  p H=KKG9 <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG
K9A LG<G G HJ=K=FL= <G KM:BMFLANG :9KL9F<G IM= K= KM:KLALM9 9 NG?9D >AF9D
HGJ 9 FGK N=J:GK <9  p ;GFBM?9^]G = HGJ 5 FGK N=J:GK <9 p =  p
;GFBM?9^g=K
*F9G9BH9
8C
=B8=75H=JC

*F9G9BH9
8C
GI6>IBH=JC

;9FL9J

;9FLG

;9FL=

N=F<=J

N=F<G

N=F<9

H9JLAJ

H9JLG

H9JL9

L79Wc9G
K=J

KGM

K=B9

<9J

<GM

<a

=KL9J

=KLGM

=KL=B9

@9N=J

@=A

@9B9

AJ

NGM

NY

IM=J=J

IM=JG

IM=AJ9

K9:=J

K=A

K9A:9

v +J9LA;9E=FL= <9 p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J = HDMJ9D <G HJ=K=FL= <G

AF<A;9LANG K9=E 9K 9K H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J = HDMJ9D <G AEH=J9LANG
:9KL9F<G
KMHJAJ
G G >AF9D



;9FL9J

;9FL9K

;9FL9AK

;9FL9

;9FL9A

N=F<=J

N=F<=K

N=F<=AK

N=F<=

N=F<=A

H9JLAJ

H9JL=K

H9JLAK

H9JL=

H9JLA

L79WVC K=J GZ LM G989 NeK

*bservaes
 p *K N=J:GK =E N9F GM N=F HG<=E 9AF<9 H=J<=J F9 p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J G 9
>AF9D IM9F<G G N F]G _ HJ=;=<A<G <= ;GFKG9FL= :5N9 GM :5N LM HF58IN9 GM
HF58IN
LM
E9K 7=FN9 LM
;> Verbos defectivos e abundantes
@
p +9J9 =NAL9J GK AF;GFN=FA=FL=K <9 @GEGFbEA9 IM= H=D9 A<=FLA<9<= <= >GJE9K
HG<= HJGNG;9J 9E:A?MA<9<= ;GE GMLJ9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK =K;JALGJ=K HGJLM?M=K=K K=
K=JN=E
ZK
N=R=K
FGK
N=J:GK
<9
 p
;GFBMF?9^]G
<9
9FLA?9
<=KAFaF;A9
=89 HGJ
=
)GN9K L=F@G = ?J9F<=K FGN9K
EA?G H9J9 NGK <9J
/GE9A =KL9 ;@9N= =
56F=89 6"9 7
)IJ=899
=
>9R=A
G
IM=
D9
NGK
<AKK=J
6J 5DI8 (9 
7

* AEH=J9LANG =E HGJLM?MaK Ke L=E >GJE9K HJeHJA9K H9J9 9K K=?MF

<9K H=KKG9K 9K H=KKG9K IM= >9DL9E K]G KMHJA<9K H=DGK ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=K <G
HJ=K=FL= <G KM:BMFLANG )]G K= MK9 G AEH=J9LANG <=  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J
;GEG L9D E9K ;GE N9DGJ GHL9LANG +GJ AKLG =KL9JY 9KKAF9D9<9 FGK H9J9<A?
E9K <9K >GJE9K AEH=J9LAN9K K L=J;=AJ9K H=KKG9K <G AEH=J9LANG K= J=>=J
=E 9 JC7ZG = F]G 9 9@9G /9E:_E F]G K= MK9 G AEH=J9LANG F9K GJ9^g=K
F=?9LAN9K F=KL= ;9KG =EHJ=?9EK= 9K >GJE9K ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=K <G
HJ=K=FL=
<G
KM:BMFLANG
#AD9F5H=JC
5:=FA5H=JC

#AD9F5H=JC
B9;5H=JC

w
=M

w
=M

;9FL9
LM

F]G
;9FL=K
LM

;9FL=
NG;a
G
K=F@GJ

F]G
;9FL=
NG;a
G
K=F@GJ

;9FL=EGK
FeK

F]G
;9FL=EGK
FeK

;9FL9A
NeK

F]G
;9FL=AK
NeK



;9FL=E
NG;aK
GK
K=F@GJ=K

F]G
;9FL=E
NG;aK
GK
K=F@GJ=K

 v G L=E9 <G HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG IM= HJ9LA;9E=FL= K=

9;@9 KMHJAEAF<G 9 <=KAFaF;A9 H=KKG9D <9  p H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9D GM p <G
KAF?MD9J
K9=E
9
G
E9AKIM=H=J>=ALG
<G
AF<A;9LANG
;GE
G
9;J_K;AEG
<= F5 F9
F5 F5G F5 F5ACG F9=G F5A
:
G
AEH=J>=ALG
<G
KM:BMFLANG
;GE
G
9;J_K;AEG
<=
GG9
GG9 GG9G GG9 GG9ACG GG9A
;
G
>MLMJG
<G
KM:BMFLANG
;GE
G
9;J_K;AEG
<=
F F9
F F9G F FACG F89G F9A
.9A5
8C
DF9H
D9F:

 

'
E
D9F:
=B8

#AD9F:
GI6>

IH
GI6>

NA
EGK

NAJ9

NAKK=

NAJ

NA=
EGK

NA=J9

NA=KK=

NA=J

;GM:=
EGK

;GM:=J9

;GM:=KK=

;GM:=J

HMK=
EGK

HMK=J9

HMK=KK=

HMK=J

>G
EGK

>GJ9

>GKK=

>GJ

;9FL9JY

;9FL9JA9

;9FL9J=EGK

;9FL9Jb9EGK

;9FL9J=AK

;9FL9Jb=AK

;9FL9J]G

;9FL9JA9E

P;=^g=K 8=N9F :5N9F HF5N9F IM= >9R=E 8=F9= :5F9= HF5F9= 8=F=5 :5F=5
HF5F=5
; AEH=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG ;GE G 9;J_K;AEG <= J5 J9 F9  p
;GFBM?9^]G
=
=5 =9
F9
p
=
 p
;9FL9N9 ;9FL9N9K ;9FL9N9 ;9FLYN9EGK ;9FLYN=AK ;9FL9N9
E
N=F<A9
N=F<A9K
N=F<A9
N=F<b9EGK
N=F<b=AK
N=F<A9E
H9JLA9
H9JLA9K
H9JLA9
H9JLb9EGK
H9JLb=AK
H9JLA9E
t
H9JL=
L=EGK
9 G9F =J9
=J9K
=L; 
: H9F LAF@9
LAF@9K
=L;
; J=F NAF@9
NAF@9K
=L; 
< DaF HMF@9
HMF@9K
=L; 

KbD9:9
LfFA;9
FGK
N=J:GK
>GJE9K
JARGLfFA;9K
=
9JJARGLfFA;9K


v
G
AF>AFALANG
F]G
>D=PAGF9<G
K=
>GJE9E
9
>MLMJG
<G
HJ=K=FL=
;GE
G
9;J_K;AEG
9G
L=E9
<=
F5 F9
LfFA;G
F9= FRG FR F9ACG F9=G FVC
:
>MLMJG
<G
HJ=L_JALG
;GE
G
9;J_K;AEG
<=
F=5 F=9
F=5 F=5G
F=5
F[5ACG
F[9=G
F=5A
#B:=B=H=JC
;9FL9J

IHIFC
8C
DF9G9BH9

IHIFC
8C
DF9HXF=HC

;9FL9J=A

;9FL9JA9

;9FL9JYK

;9FL9JA9K

A slaba tnica nos verbos: formas rizotnicas e arrizotnicas v

-izotnica _ 9 >GJE9 N=J:9D ;MB9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 K= 9;@9 FME9 <9K KbD9:9K
<G
J9<A;9D
IM=JG
;9FLG
;9FL9
N=F<=E
>=ALG

rrizotnica _ 9 >GJE9 N=J:9D ;MB9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 K= 9;@9 >GJ9 <G

J9<A;9D
IM=J=EGK
;9FL9AK
<AJ=A
N=F<A<G


DbF?M9
HGJLM?M=K9
_
E9AK
JA;9
<=
>GJE9K
JARGLfFA;9K
.]G FGJE9DE=FL= JARGLfFA;9K 5 9K LJaK H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J = 9  p
<G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = <G KM:BMFLANG = 9K ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=K
<G AEH=J9LANG 6 GK H9JLA;bHAGK AJJ=?MD9J=K 7 9  p H=KKG9 =  p <G KAF?M
D9J
<G
HJ=L_JALG
H=J>=ALG
<GK
N=J:GK
AJJ=?MD9J=K
>GJL=K 7CI69 :=N :9N




)GK
N=J:GK
<=>=;LANGK
=E
?=J9D
>9DL9E
9K
>GJE9K
JARGLfFA;9K
E NAKL9 <G =PHGKLG 9K LJaK H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J = 9  p <G HDMJ9D <G
HJ=K <G AF<A; = KM:BMFLANG LaE K=EHJ= 9;=FLM9<9 9 H=FhDLAE9 KbD9:9 :FI
H=:=7C JC7=:9F5G
G9BH9B7=5 HF5:9;5A
L79Wc9G
9 F9G:C@9;5F = HF9G:C@9;5F >9R=E F9G:_@9;C F9G:_@9;5G F9G:_@9;5
F9G:_@9;5A =L; PAKL=E 9AF<9 9K >GJE9K J=<MRA<9K F9G:C@;5F = HF9G:C@
;5F
<=
9;=FLM9^]G
J=?MD9J F9G:C@;C HF9G:C@;C
=L;
: AC6=@=5F >9R AC6[@=C AC6[@=5G AC6[@=5 AC6=@=5ACG AC6=@=5=G
AC6[@=5A AC6[@=9 AC6[@=9G AC6[@=9 =L; PAKL=E 9AF<9 9K >GJE9K AC6=@
5F  = AC6=@<5F IM= K= ;GFBM?9E <= 9;GJ<G ;GE 9 J=?J9 ?=J9D AC6=@C
AC6=@5G AC6=@<C AC6=@<5G
=L;
'C6=@5F _ >GJE9 <= HGM;9 9;=AL9^]G =FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK x M NANA9 =F
;9FLGF9<9 F9 K9D9 <9 >J=FL= IM= A9 <= GAL]G 9 GMLJG ;GE NYJA9K K9;9<9K
H9J9 G D9J?G EG:ADA9<9 9L=F^]G J=NAKGJ F]G HGF@9 xEG:AD9<9y IM= _
H9D9NJ9 IM= =M <=L=KLG ;GE ME9 ;9E9 <= N=FLG ME9 ;9<=AJ9 = ME D9N
9LeJAG
<=
>=JJGy
6( 
7



:97<5F
>=;@G
>=;@9K
>=;@9
>=;@9EGK
>=;@9AK
>=;@9E
5D5F9@<5F
9H9J=D@G
9H9J=D@9K
9H9J=D@9
9H9J=D@9EGK
9H9J=D@9AK
9H9J=D@9E

L79Wc9G =BJ9>5F L=E 9 9:=JLG 7<9;5F 9BG965F F]G
KG>J=E
E=L9>GFA9

*9G5F FG K=FLA<G <= 75IG5F HF=GH9N5 89GDF9N5F _ 9JJGD9<G L9E:_E
;GEG =P;=^]G HGJ_E FG J9KAD G MKG E9AK ;GJJ=FL= _ ;GFBM?YDG ;GEG
@9J5F *K ?J9EYLA;GK J=;GE=F<9EFG ;GE 9 >=;@9<G D9G5 D9G5A D9G9
D9G9A
=L;
_
N=J:G
<=>=;LANG
Ke
MK9<G
F9K
L=J;=AJ9K
H=KKG9K
7 9 NG?9D C H9KK9 9 C 9:=JLG IM9F<G F]G K=?MA<9 <= A B B< GM G
N=J:G
F]G
L=JEAF9
HGJ
C5F
HC75F
LG;G
LG;9K
LG;9
LG;9EGK
LG;9AK
LG;9E
GCB<5F
KGF@G
KGF@9K
KGF@9
KGF@9EGK
KGF@9AK
KGF@9E
D9F8C5F
H=J<GG
H=J<G9K
H=J<G9
H=J<G9EGK
H=J<G9AK
H=J<G9E

)9
p
;GFBM?9^]G
5 9K NG?9AK LfFA;9K 9 = C KG9E ;GE LAE:J= 9:=JLG F9 p =  p H=KK
G9 <G KAF?MD9J = F9  p <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K <G AF< = F9 p H=KK KAF? <G
AEH=J9LANG
9>AJE9LANG
K9DNG
K=
NA=J=E
K=?MA<9K
<= A B GM B<
89J9F
<=NG
a
<=N=K
_
<=N=
_
<=N=EGK
<=N=AK
<=N=E
_

DL=JF[F;A9
NG;YDA;9
GM
E=L9>GFA9

Alternncia voclica ou metafonia v KKAE K= ;@9E9 9 EM<9F^9

<= LAE:J= IM= KG>J= 9 NG?9D <G J9<A;9D <= ME NG;Y:MDG F9 >GJE9 JARGLfF
A;9
(MALGK
N=J:GK
<9
DbF?M9
HGJLM?M=K9
9HJ=K=FL9E
=KL=
>=FfE=FG
:9FJ9F
>=JNG
>=JN=K
>=JN=
>=JN=EGK
>=JN=AK
>=JN=E
G 9 LfFA;G
_
>=;@9<G
F9
 p
H=KKG9
<G
KAF?
=
F9
 p
=
p
H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
F9K
GML
J9K
_
<=
LAE:J=
9:=JLG

)9
 p
;GFBM?9^]G
5 9 NG?9D 5 F]G K=?MA<9 <= A B GM B< H9KK9 9 K=J HJG>=JA<9 :=E
9:=JL9
:5@5F >9DG
>9D9K
>9D9
>9D9EGK
>9D9AK
>9D9E
7<5A5F
;@9EG
;@9E9K
;@9E9
;@9E9EGK
;@9E9AK
;@9E9E

6 9G 9 >=;@9<G ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9 9:=JLG =P;=LG IM9F<G F]G N=E

K=?MA<G
<= A B B< > L 7< @<
@9J5F
D=NG
D=N9K
D=N9
D=N9EGK
D=N9AK
D=N9E
F9A5F
J=EG
J=E9K
J=E9
J=E9EGK
J=E9AK
J=E9E
5@J9>5F
9DN=BG
9DN=B9K
9DN=B9
9DN=B9EGK
9DN=B9AK
9DN=B9E
DF9H9LH5F
HJ=L=PLG
HJ=L=PL9K
HJ=L=PL9
HJ=L=PL9EGK
HJ=L=PL9AK
HJ=L=PL9E

FC9F
JeA
JG=A
f
JC@J9F
NGDNG
f
NGDN=K
e
NGDN=
e
NGDN=EGK
NGDN=AK
NGDN=E
e
H9A9F
L=EG
a
L=E=K
a
L=E=
a
L=E=EGK
L=E=AK
L=E=E
7CA9F
;GEG
f
;GE=K
f
;GE=
f
=L;

L79Wc9G EI9F9F = DC89F LaE
9
NG?9D
LfFA;9
9:=JL9
F9
 p
H=KK
<G
KAF?

)9
 p
;GFBM?9^]G
5 9 NG?9D 9 hDLAE9 <G J9<A;9D KG>J= 9DL=JF[F;A9K <AN=JK9K IM9F<G
F=D9
J=;9A
G
9;=FLG
LfFA;G
 v +9KK9 9 = F9  p H=KK <G KAF? <G AF<A; = =E LG<G G HJ=K=FL= <G
KM:B = 9 9:=JLG F9 p =  p H=KK KAF? =  p <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K <G AF<A; =
p
H=KK
KAF?
<G
AEH=J9LANG
FGK
N=J:GK
9<=JAJ 9<N=JLAJ 9>=JAJ 9KK=FLAJ 9M>=JAJ ;GEH=DAJ ;GEH=LAJ ;GF;=JFAJ ;GF>=JAJ
;GFK=?MAJ ;GFK=FLAJ ;GFN=J?AJ <=>=JAJ <=K>=JAJ <=KE=FLAJ <=KHAJ <=KK=JNAJ
<A>=JAJ <A?=JAJ <AK;=JFAJ <AKK=FLAJ <AN=J?AJ <AN=JLAJ =PH=DAJ >=JAJ AEH=DAJ AF
?=JAJ E=FLAJ HJ=>=JAJ HJ=KK=FLAJ HJ=L=JAJ HJG>=JAJ HJGKK=?MAJ J=>=JAJ J=>D=LAJ J=
H=DAJ
J=H=LAJ
K=?MAJ
K=JNAJ
KM?=JAJ
LJ9FK>=JAJ
N=KLAJ
J9GH=F
NAKLG
N=KL=K
N=KL=
=L;



*bservao .= G 9 >GJ F9K9D E9FL_EK= AF9DL=JYN=D =P;=LG F9  p H=KK KAF?MD9J

<G HJ=K <G AF< = =E LG<G G HJ=K <G KM:B  GF<= H9KK9 9 = K=FLAJ G=BHC G9BH9G
G9BH9
=L;

v +9KK9 9 = F9K LJaK H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J =  p <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K=FL=
<G AF<A;9LANG =E LG<G G HJ=K <G KM:B = AEH=J9LANG K9DNG F=KL= 9 p
H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
9?J=<AJ ;=JRAJ <=F=?JAJ HJ=N=FAJ HJG?J=<AJ J=?J=<AJ LJ9FK?J=<AJ = J=EAJ =KL=
<=>=;LANG
;> Verbos defectivos e abundantes



+9J9 9 ;GFBM?9^]G <= 9B;C@=F = 89G9B;C@=F IM= 9 JA?GJ <=N=JA9E

K=?MAJ
=KL=
EG<=DG
N=B9K=
G
IM=
K=
<AR
E9AK
9<A9FL=
v +9KK9 9 I F9K LJaK H=KKG9K <G KAF? =  p <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K=FL= <G
AF<A;9LANG =E LG<G G HJ=K <G KM:BMFLANG = FG AEH=J9LANG 9>AJE9LANG =P
;=LG
F=KL=
9
p
H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
GCFH=F v

HJ=K
KM:B 
KMJL9
KMJL9K
KMJL9
=L;

AEH=J9L
9>AJE9 
KMJL=
KMJL9
KMJL9EGK
KGJLA
KMJL9E

+J=K
AF< 
9?JA<G
9?JA<=K
9?JA<=
9?J=<AEGK
9?J=<AK
9?JA<=E

+J=K
KM:B 
9?JA<9
9?JA<9K
9?JA<9
=L;
$EH=J
9>AJE 
9?JA<=
9?JA<9
9?JA<9EGK
9?J=<A
9?JA<9E

 v GK N=J:GK A98=F D98=F 89GD98=F =AD98=F = <=JAN9<GK LaE 9

9:=JLG F9K >GJE9K JARGLfFA;9K AKLG _ F9K LJaK H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J =  p <G
HDMJ9D <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = KM:BMFLANG = FG AEH=J9LANG 9>AJE9LANG
=P;=LG
F=KL=
F9
p
H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
A98=F v

HJ=K
AF< 
E=^G
E=<=K
E=<=
E=<AEGK
E=<AK
E=<=E

HJ=K
KM:B 
E=^9
E=^9K
E=^9
=L;
AEH=J
9>AJE 
E=<=
E=^9
E=^9EGK
E=<A
E=^9E

 v *K N=J:GK 5GD9F;=F 9A9F;=F =A9F;=F = GI6A9F;=F LaE 9 LfFA;G

>=;@9<G F9  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = >GJE9K IM=
<9b K= <=JAN9E LaE 9 9:=JLG F9 p =  p <G KAF?MD9J =  p <G HDMJ9D <G
HJ=K=FL=
<G
AF<A;9LANG
=
>GJE9K
IM=
<9b
K=
<=JAN9E
5GD9F;=F 9KH=JBG a 9KH=J?=K _ 9KH=J?= _ 9KH=J?AEGK 9KH=J?AK 9KH=J?=E
_

6 9 NG?9D C KG>J= L9E:_E 9DL=JF[F;A9K <A>=J=FL=K IM9F<G F=D9 J=

;9A
G
9;=FLG
LfFA;G
 v +9KK9 9 I F9  p H=KKG9 KAF? <G HJ=K AF<  =E LG<G G HJ=K <G
KM:B = FG AEH=J9LANG K9DNG F=KL= 9 p H=KK <G KAF?MD9J = HDMJ9D = H9KK9
9 C 9:=JLG F9 p =  p KAF? =  p <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K AF< = p <G KAF?MD9J <G
AEH=J9LANG
8CFA=F v HJ=K
AF< 
<MJEG
<GJE=K
<GJE=
<GJEAEGK
<GJEAK
<GJE=E
HJ=K
KM:B 
<MJE9
<MJE9K
<MJE9
=L;
AEH=J
9>AJE 
<GJE=
<MJE9
<MJE9EGK
<GJEA
<MJE9E

KKAE K= ;GFBM?9E 7C6F=F 89G7C6F=F 9B7C6F=F F97C6F=F HCGG=F

CFA=F = HCGG=F K]G
J=?MD9J=K
FG
H9JLA;bHAG 8CFA=8C HCGG=8C

HJ=K
AF< 
KMJLG
KMJL=K
KMJL=
KGJLAEGK
KGJLAK
KMJL=E

+GJ =KL= EG<=DG K= ;GFBM?9E 89GDC@=F = DC@=F ;> Verbos defectivos e abundantes FLA?9E=FL= K=?MA9E =KL= H9J9<A?E9 7CFH=F = CF8=F
@GB=
?J9>9<GK 7IFH=F = IF8=F =
<=
;GFBM?9^]G
J=?MD9J
7 9 NG?9D I <9 H=FhDLAE9 KbD9:9 <G J9<A;9D H9KK9 9 C 9:=JLG F9 p =
 p H=KK <G KAF?MD9J =  p <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = F9 p
H=KKG9
<G
KAF?MD9J
<G
AEH=J9LANG
9>AJE9LANG
57I8=F v

HJ=K
AF< 
9;M<G
9;G<=K
e
9;G<=
e
9;M<AEGK
9;M<AK
9;G<=E
e

HJ=K
KM:B 
9;M<9
9;M<9K
9;M<9
=L;
AEH=J
9>AJE 
9;G<=
e
9;M<9
9;M<9EGK
9;M<A
9;M<9E

KKAE K= ;GFBM?9E 6I@=F 7IGD=F 9G75DI@=F :I;=F G57I8=F CB

GIA=F = GIA=F LaE
G C >=;@9<G
HGJ
=KL9J
K=?MA<G
<= A
Observaes
 p GGIA=F DF9GIA=F F95GGIA=F F9GIA=F K]G J=?MD9J=K +J=K AF<  9KKMEG 9K
KME=K
9KKMEAEGK
9KKMEAK
9KKME=E
p GK N=J:GK =E I=F F]G 9HJ=K=FL9E 9DL=JF[F;A9K NG;YDA;9K FG J9<A;9D 9 p =  p
H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG LaE =G = = =E DM?9J <= 9G = 9 HGJ
@9N=J
<ALGF?G
GJ9D
7CBGH=HI=F HJ=K AF<  ;GFKLALMG ;GFKLALMAK ;GFKLALMA ;GFKLALMbEGK ;GFKLALMbK
;GFKLALM=E
KKAE K= ;GFBM?9E 5BI=F 5F;I=F 5HF=6I=F 7CBGH=HI=F 89GH=HI=F 8=@I=F 8=A=BI=F
9GH5HI=F =A6I=F =B:@I=F =BGH=HI=F =BGHFI=F DI=F <=>=;LANG F9GH=HI=F F985F;I=F
FI=F
 p CBGHFI=F 89G9BHID=F 89GHFI=F 9BHID=F = ;G?F9LGK K=?M=E =KL= EG<=DG GM
9AF<9 9<EAL=E 9DL=JF[F;A9 <G I =E C 9:=JLG F9 p =  p H=KKG9 <G KAF? =  p <G
HDMJ9D <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = F9 p H=KKG9 <G KAF? <G AEH=J9LANG 9>AJE9LANG
BHID=F = 89G9BHID=F Ke K= 9>9KL9E <G ?JMHG HGJIM= 9HJ=K=FL9E 9G = 9 F9 p =  p





H=KKG9 <G KAF? <G HJ=K AF<  9BHIDC 9BHID9G GM 9BHCD9G 9BHID9 GM 9BHCD9
9BHID=ACG
9BHID=G
9BHID9A GM 9BHCD9A

+J=K AF<  Y?MG Y?M9K Y?M9 9?M9EGK 9?M9AK Y?M9E

9?MG 9?M9K 9?M9
9?M9EGK
9?M9AK
9?M9E

7CBGHFIC 7CBGHFI=G GM 7CBGHF_=G 7CBGHFI= GM 7CBGHF_= 7CBGHFI[ACG 7CBGHFI[G

7CBGHFI9A GM 7CBGHFC9A

+J=K KM:B  Y?M= Y?M=K Y?M= 9?M=EGK 9?M=AK Y?M=E

9?M= 9?M=K 9?M= 9?M=
EGK
9?MAK
9?M=E

KL=K N=J:GK K]G HGJL9FLG 9:MF<9FL=K )6GHFI=F _ =FLJ=L9FLG ;GFBM?9<G 9H=F9K

;GEG 7CBGH=HI=F
>
G:K
p

6 5F;I=F = F985F;I=F F]G D=N9E 9;=FLG 9?M<G F9 NG?9D LfFA;9 I F9K

>GJE9K
JARGLfFA;9K

 p B;C@=F 9AF<9 IM= K= =K;J=N9 ;GE C K=?M= G H9J9<A?E9 <= 57I8=F H9J9 G
1G;9:MDYJAG <= FGKK9 ;9<=EA9 9B;I@C 9B;C@9G 9B;C@9 9B;I@=ACG 9B;I@=G 9B
;C@9A (=D@GJ >GJ9 HGJ_E ;GFBM?YDG ;GE C F9K <M9K HJAE=AJ9K H=KKG9K <G HDMJ
9D
<G
HJ=K
<G
AF<A;9LANG
<=K>9R=F<GK=
9
AF;G=JaF;A9

+J=K
AF< 
9J?MG
h
9J?MAK
h
9J?MA
h
9J?MbEGK
9J?MbK
9J?M=E
h

+J=K
KM:B 
9J?M9
h
9J?M9K
h
9J?M9
h
9J?M9EGK
9J?M9AK
9J?M9E
h

7 '5;C5F
;GFBM?9K=

8 9 NG?9D = <G J9<A;9D <G N=J:G :F=;=F H9KK9 9 9 9:=JLG F9 p =  p

H=KK KAF? = F9  p <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K <G AF<A;9LANG = F9 p H=KK KAF? <G
AEH=J9LANG
9>AJE9LANG

+J=K
AF< 
E9?GG
E9?G9K
E9?G9
E9?G9EGK
E9?G9AK
E9?G9E

+J=K
AF< 
>JABG
>J=?=K
>J=?=
>JA?AEGK
>JA?AK
>J=?=E

+J=K
AF< 
EG:bDAG
EG:bDA9K
EG:bDA9
EG:ADA9EGK
EG:ADA9AK
EG:bDA9E

$EH=J
9>AJE 
>J=?=
>JAB9
>JAB9EGK
>JA?A
>JAB9E

+J=K
KM:B 
EG:bDA=
EG:bDA=K
EG:bDA=
EG:ADA=EGK
EG:ADA=AK
EG:bDA=E

)]G @Y E=L9>GFA9 AKLG _ 9 NG?9D _ HJG>=JA<9 >=;@9<9 FGK K=?MAFL=K

;9KGK
6. 
7

IM9F<G
9
NG?9D
LfFA;9
K=
9;@9
FG
>AE
<G
J9<A;9D
7FZ
7FZG @Z
@ZG


IM9F<G
AFL=?J9
GK
<ALGF?GK CI
9=
8CIFC
8CIF5G 7<9=FC
7<9=F5G


FG
<ALGF?G C= K=?MA<G
<=
;GFKG9FL=
D9FBC=HC
D9FBC=H5G


IM9F<G
9
NG?9D
_
K=?MA<9
<=
;GFKG9FL=
F9K9D
7CAC
7CA9G

C5F

 FGK N=J:GK L=JEAF9<GK =E 95F 9@<5F 9>5F =P;=LG =BJ9>5F =

F979=C
F979=5G 5D5F9@<C
5D5F9@<5G 89G9>C
89G9>5G 7CFCC
7CFC5G


FGK
N=J:GK 7<9;5F = 9BG965F

+J=K
KM:B 
E9?G=
E9?G=K
E9?G=
E9?G=EGK
E9?G=AK
E9?G=E

8 'C6=@=5F
;GFBM?9K=

*bservao  N9JA9FL= AC6=@5F 9HJ=K=FL9K= J=?MD9JE=FL= EG:ADG EG:AD9K

EG:AD9
=L;

9 ,9G:C@9;5F ;GFBM?9K=
+J=K
AF< 
J=K>eD=?G
J=K>eD=?9K
J=K>eD=?9
J=K>GD=?9EGK
J=K>GD=?9AK
J=K>eD=?9E
+J=K KM:B  J=K>eD=?M= J=K>eD=?M=K J=K>eD=?M= J=K>GD=?M=EGK J=K>GD=?M=AK
J=K>eD=?M=E
*bservaes
 p  >GJE9 ;GFLJ9L9 <= F9G:C@9;5F _ F9G:C@;5F IM= K= 9HJ=K=FL9 J=?MD9JE=FL=
J=K>GD?G
J=K>GD?9K
J=K>GD?9
=L;
p
*
KM:KL9FLANG
_ F9G:a@9;C
HJGH9JGPbLGFG
;GE C LfFA;G
>=;@9<G

: =;B5FG9 =B8=;B5FG9 C6GH5F CDH5F 585DH5F DI;B5F =ADI;

B5F
F=HA5F
F5DH5F ;GFBM?9EK=

7<9;C
7<9;5G 9BG96C
9BG965G

*F9G9BH9
8C
=B8=75H=JC

1=J:GK
FGLYN=AK
IM9FLG
Z
HJGFhF;A9
GM
>D=P]G

Verbos notveis quanto pronncia ou flexo

5 5;I5F 89G5;I5F 5D5N=;I5F 9BL5;I5F 5DFCD=BEI5F 5J9F=;I5F
=
9>AFK
HG<=E
K=J
;GFBM?9<GK
<=
<M9K
>GJE9K

AF<A?FGE=
<b

G:KLG
e

GHLG
e

AEHM?FG
h

JALEG
b

AF<A?F9KL=
<b

G:KL9K
e

GHL9K
e

AEHM?F9K
h

JALE9K
b





AF<A?F9K=
<b

G:KL9
e

GHL9
e

AEHM?F9
h

JALE9
b

JGM:9

AFL=AJ9

AF<A?F9EGFGK

G:KL9EGK

GHL9EGK

AEHM?F9EGK

JALE9EGK

JGM:9EGK

AFL=AJ9EGK

AF<A?F9AKNGK

G:KL9AK

GHL9AK

AEHM?F9AK

JALE9AK

JGM:9AK

AFL=AJ9AK

AF<A?F9EK=
<b

G:KL9E
e

GHL9E
e

AEHM?F9E
h

JALE9E
b

JGM:9E

AFL=AJ9E

F5DHC JY F5DH5G JY F5DH5 JY F5DH5ACG F5DH5=G F5DH5A JY

; )6J=5F ;GFBM?9K=
+J=K
AF< 
G:NAG
b
G:NA9K
b
G:NA9
b
G:NA9EGK
G:NA9AK
G:NA9E
b

< D=985F = ACG75F ;GFBM?9EK=

5D=985F v
HJ=K
AF< 
9HA=<G
9HA=<9K
9HA=<9
9HA=<9EGK
9HA=<9AK
9HA=<9E

 DA^]G 9FLA?9 <= 9D?MFK ?J9EYLA;GK = GJLe?J9>GK ;GF>MF<A9 G 9J

;9A;G 5D=585F = 5D=985F FME9
Ke
;GFBM?9^]G
G
IM=
F]G
9;GFK=D@9EGK
+J=K AF<  9HA9<G 9HA9<9K 9HA9<9 9HA=<9EGK 9HA=<9AK 9HA9<9E AKLG _ 5 F9K
>GJE9K
JARGLfFA;9K
= 9 F9K
9JJARGLfFA;9K


E=KE9
;GF>MK]G
=PAKLA9
;GE ACG75F = AIG75F KMEAJK=

+J=K AF<  EMK;G EMK;9K EMK;9 EGK;9EGK EGK;9AK EMK;9E AKLG _ I F9K
>GJE9K
JARGLfFA;9K
= C F9K
9JJARGLfFA;9K

(9AK
;=JLG
K=JY
;GFBM?9JEGK
J=?MD9JE=FL= ACG75F
+J=K
AF< 
EGK;G
EGK;9K
EGK;9
EGK;9EGK
EGK;9AK
EGK;9E
= AIG75F
+J=K
AF< 
EMK;G
EMK;9K
EMK;9
EMK;9EGK
EMK;9AK
EMK;9E

 ;GJJ=^]G HGJ_E L9DN=R K=B9 E9AK <A>b;AD HGJ K=J=E EMALG HGM;G
MK9<GK ACG75F = AIG75F
=
1=J:GK
;GE
GK
<ALGF?GK
>=;@9<GK CI = 9= FCI65F = =BH9=F5F
GFBM?9EK=
F]G
K=
J=<MRAF<G
9
NG?9AK
9:=JL9K C = 9
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
,CI65F

#BH9=F5F

JGM:G
=
F]G F_6C
=L; 

AFL=AJG
=
F]G =BHXFC
=L; 

JGM:9K

AFL=AJ9K

> 1=J:GK ;GE GK <ALGF?GK >=;@9<GK 9I = C= LAHGK 9B89IG5F =

BC=J5F GFBM?9EK= E9FL=F<G G <ALGF?G K=E IM= G 9 GM G C H9KK=E 9
LAE:J=
9:=JLG 9B89IGC
9B89IG5G
9B89IG5 =L;  BC=JC
BC=J5G
BC=J5 =L;
*bservao * N=J:G 5DC=5F LAF@9 HJAEALAN9E=FL= >=;@9<G G <ALGF?G @GB= _
E9AK
;GJJ=FL=
HJG>=JADG
9:=JLG 5DC=C 5DC=5G
=L;

? 1=J:GK ;GE G @A9LG 5I 5= = =I LAHGK G5I85F 9A65=B<5F =

5A=I85F
GFBM?9EK=
E9FL=F<G
G
@A9LG
G5I85F

9A65=B<5F

5A=I85F

K9h<G

=E:9AF@G

9EAh<G

K9h<9K

=E:9AF@9K

9EAh<9K

K9h<9

=E:9AF@9

9EAh<9

K9M<9EGK

=E:9AF@9EGK

9EAM<9EGK

K9M<9AK

=E:9AF@9AK

9EAM<9AK

K9h<9E

=E:9AF@9E

9EAh<9E

*bservao FF5=;5F ;GE @A9LG H9KKGM <=K<= ;=<G 9 5FF5=;5F ;GE <ALGF?G
5FF5=;5F = <9b 9 5FF9=;5F K >GJE9K ;GE <ALGF?G K]G E9AK >J=IM=FL=K =E:GJ9
EG<=JF9E=FL= K= L=F@9 J=KL9:=D=;A<G 5FF5=;5F ;GE @A9LG -5I85F HJG>=JA<G ;GE
<ALGF?G G5I8C G5I85G =L;  G;GJJ= 9IMA = 9DA FGK HG=L9K = K= >AP9 FG >9D9J ;GDG
IMA9D
=
HGHMD9J
1=J:GK
L=JEAF9<GK
=E
R=J
RAJ
LAHGK
>9R=J
=
LJ9<MRAJ



Verbos terminados em -zer, -zir: tipos fazer e traduzir v +=J<=E

G 9 >AF9D F9  p H=KK KAF? <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = F9 p H=KK KAF? <G
AEH=J9LANG 9>AJE9LANG =KL= ;9KG F]G _ G:JA?9LeJAG = 9L_ ;GE =P9?=JG
N=E ;GF<=F9<G H=DGK ?J9EYLA;GK IM9F<G G N F]G _ HJ=;=<A<G <=
;GFKG9FL=

 

Verbos em -ear e -iar v *K N=J:GK =E 95F LJG;9E G 9 HGJ 9= F9K

>GJE9K
JARGLfFA;9K
(CA95F v HJ=K
AF< 
FGE9=G
FGE9=9K
FGE9=5
FGE99EGK
FGE99AK
FGE9=9E
HJ=K
KM:B 
FGE9==
FGE9==K
FGE9==
FGE9=EGK
FGE9=AK
FGE9==E
AEH
9>AJE 
FGE9=9
FGE9==
FGE9=EGK
FGE99A
FGE9==E

:5N9F
>9^G
>9R=K
>9R
=L; $EH
9>AJE 
>9R=
GM
>9R
LM

HF58IN=F
LJ9<MRG
LJ9<MR=K
LJ9<MR
=L; $EH
9>AJE 
LJ9<MR=
GM
LJ9<MR
LM
(9K 79FN=F
;AJRG
;AJR=K
;AJR=
=L;

*K
N=J:GK
=E
=5F K]G
;GFBM?9<GK
J=?MD9JE=FL=
*F9A=5F v HJ=K
AF< 
HJ=EAG
HJ=EA9K
HJ=EA9
HJ=EA9EGK
HJ=EA9AK
HJ=EA9E
HJ=K
KM:B 
HJ=EA=
HJ=EA=K
HJ=EA=
=L;
AEH
9>AJE 
HJ=EA9
HJ=EA=
HJ=EA=EGK
HJ=EA9A
HJ=EA=E

19JA9^g=K
?JY>A;9K
F9
;GFBM?9^]G

Variaes grficas na conjugao v (MAL9K N=R=K 9DL=J9K= 9

E9F=AJ9 <= J=HJ=K=FL9J F9 =K;JAL9 9 hDLAE9 ;GFKG9FL= <G J9<A;9D H9J9 ;GF
K=JN9J
G
E=KEG
KGE
 v GK N=J:GK L=JEAF9<GK =E 75F = ;5F EM<9E G 7 GM ; =E EI GM
;I
IM9F<G
L9AK
;GFKG9FL=K
K]G
K=?MA<9K
<= 9
D975F
H=;G
H=IM=K

GM C

79;5F
;=?G
;=?M=K

F9GG5F7=F v
J=KK9J^G


v
GK
N=J:GK
L=JEAF9<GK
=E
W5F H=J<=E
9
;=<AD@9
9FL=K
<G 9
7CA9W5F v
;GE=^G
;GE=;=K

 v GK N=J:GK L=JEAF9<GK =E ;9F GM ;=F EM<9E G ; =E > 9FL=K <=

5 GM C
9@9;9F v
=D=BG
=D=?=K

GM C

:I;=F v
>MBG
>G?=K

 v GK N=J:GK L=JEAF9<GK =E ;I9F GM ;I=F H=J<=E G I 9FL=K <= 5

9F;I9F v
=J?G
=J?M=K
=J?9
7CBG9;I=F v
;GFKA?G
;GFK=?M=K
;GFKA?9

 NG?9D 9 H9KK9 9 K=J ?J9>9<9 = IM9F<G =FLJ9 FME <ALGF?G CF5@

N=J:GK
=E
I=F
9LJA:MG
9LJA:M=G
9LJA:M=
GH5G J5F=5Wc9G ;FR:=75G BVC 7CBGH=HI9A =FF9;I@5F=8589G 89 7CB
>I;5WVC
BVC
<5J9B8C
DCF
=GGC
J9F6CG
=FF9;I@5F9G
;FR:=7CG
1=J:GK
=E
=9J
=
A9J

A98=5F
E=<9=G
E=<9=9K
E=<9=9
E=<A9EGK
E=<A9AK
E=<9=9E
5BG=5F
9FK9=G
9FK9=9K
9FK9=9
9FKA9EGK
9FKA9AK
9FK9=9E
F9A98=5F
J=E=<9=G
J=E=<9=9K
J=E=<9=9
J=E=<A9EGK
J=E=<A9AK
J=E=<9=9E

v GK N=J:GK L=JEAF9<GK =E 79F GM 7=F LaE 7 ;=<AD@9<G 9FL=K <= 5

7CB<979F v
;GF@=^G
;GF@=;=K
;GF@=;=
J=KK9J;=K

AF;G N=J:GK =E =5F K= ;GFBM?9E F9K >GJE9K JARGLfFA;9K ;GEG K=

L=JEAF9KK=E
=E
95F mario _
G
9F9?J9E9
IM=
<=D=K
K=
HG<=
>GJE9J

=B79B8=5F
AF;=F<9=G
AF;=F<9=9K
AF;=F<9=9
AF;=F<A9EGK
AF;=F<A9AK
AF;=F<9=9E
C8=5F
G<9=G
G<9=9K
G<9=9
G<A9EGK
G<A9AK
G<9=9E
*bservaes
 p FIM9FLG FG J9KAD BY N9EGK ;GFBM?9F<G GK N=J:GK =E 95F = =5F H=DG IM=
9;9:9EGK <= =PHGJ =FLJ= GK HGJLM?M=K=K 9AF<9 K= FGL9E N9;AD9^g=K =E EMALGK
IM= ?J9>9<GK ;GE =5F <=N=JA9E K=?MAJ G EG<=DG <= DF9A=5F E9K K= 9;GKL9E 9G
<= BCA95F <9<9 9 @GEG>GFA9 <GK <GAK >AF9AK F9 >9D9 ;GJJ=FL= 9D_E <G HJeHJAG
DF9A=5F 5;9B7=5F 7CA9F7=5F @=79B7=5F B9;C7=5F D9B=H9B7=5F C6G9EI=5F DF9G
9B7=5F DFCJ=89B7=5F F9J9F9B7=5F G9BH9B7=5F J5B;@CF=5F J=HCF=5F 9J=89B7=5F
;@CF=:=75F 8=@=;9B7=5F =
GMLJGK
p #GB= F]G >9R=EGK <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= 7F95F LAJ9J <G F9<9 <9J =PAKLaF;A9 = 7F=5F
=<M;9J ;MDLAN9J HJGEGN=J G <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG MK9F<G 9H=F9K 7F=5F H9J9 9E:GK
GK ;9KGK IM= K= ;GFBM?9 ;GEG DF9A=5F FLJ= =K;JALGJ=K EG<=JFGK HGJ_E HG
<=E
G;GJJ=J
=P=EHDGK
<= 7F95F
;GFBM?9<G
;GEG BCA95F
 p  <A>=J=F^9 <= ;GFBM?9^]G LGJF9K= AEH=JAGK9 FGK H9JfFAEGK 5:95F = 5:=5F
5FF95F = 5FF=5F 9GHF95F = 9GHF=5F J5895F = J58=5F
=L;
,M9F<G
?J9>9J
=9J
GM
A9J

Quando grafar -ear ou -iar v "J9>9EK= ;GE 95F GK N=J:GK IM=

HGKKM=E
>GJE9K
KM:KL9FLAN9K
GM
9<B=LAN9K
;G?F9L9K
L=JEAF9<9K
=E
9
X
9=C
9=5 X=5




H_
v
9H=9J
H9KK=AG
v
H9KK=9J
P;=^]G
>_
v
>A9J

;=A9
v
;=9J
A<=A9
v
A<=9J

: ;GFKG9FL= GM H=D9K NG?9AK YLGF9K 5 9 C HJ=;=<A<9K <=

;GFKG9FL=
E9J
v
E9J=9J H=FL=
v
H=FL=9J
;9K9
v
;9K=9J :J9F;G
v
:J9FIM=9J
P;=^g=K 9EHDG
v
9EHDA9J
DME=
v
9DMEA9J
:J=N=
v
9:J=NA9J
K=<=
v
K=<A9J
>AF9F^9
v
>AF9F;A9J aPL9K=
v
=PL9KA9J
?J9^9
v
9?J9;A9J

$F;DM=EK= =FLJ= GK N=J:GK =E 95F 5H95F 65A6C@95F 6FILI@95F

79795F 89FF95F :5JCB95F D5JCB95F G9A95F J5895F
"J9>9EK= ;GE =5F GK N=J:GK IM= HGKKM=E >GJE9K KM:KL9FLAN9K
;G?F9L9K
L=JEAF9<9K
=E
5
=C
=5
9DbNAG
v
9DANA9J
Ke;AG
v
9KKG;A9J
e:NAG
v
G:NA9J

<=Db;A9
v
<=DA;A9J
HGDb;A9
v
HGDA;A9J
9KKGNAG
v
9KKGNA9J

6
TBG=5
ZB7=5
9BW5
<AKL[F;A9
v
<AKL9F;A9J
<ADA?aF;A9
v
<ADA?=F;A9J

HJ=K=F^9
v
HJ=K=F;A9J
K=FL=F^9
v
K=FL=F;A9J

$F;DM=EK= FG JGD <GK N=J:GK =E =5F 5BIJ=5F 5DF97=5F 89DF97=5F

G57=5F
*bservao (MAL9K N=R=K G >AF9D 95F GM =5F K= HG<= 9DL=JF9J ;GE G KAEHD=K
5F 5NI@5F GM 5NI@95F 65>5F GM 65;95F HJG<MRAJ N9?=FK 8=:9F9B7=5F GM 8=:9F
9BW5F 65@5BW5F GM 65@5B795F <CA=7=85F GM <CA=7=8=5F
=L;
JJGK
>J=IM=FL=K
F9
;GFBM?9^]G
<=
9D?MFK
N=J:GK

Erros frequentes na conjugao de alguns verbos

9 0=F =
K=MK
<=JAN9<GK
)G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG L=EGK J9B<C J9BG J9A J=ACG = F]G
J=9ACG
J=B89G
JZA
)G HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG J=A J=9GH9 J9=C J=9ACG J=
9GH9G
J=9F5A



* ?=JhF<AG _ A?M9D 9G H9JLA;bHAG HGJIM= F=KL= <=K9H9J=;=M 9 NG?9D

L=EYLA;9 J=B8C NAF<G
= J=B8C NAFA<G
)GL=EK= =KL=K =F?9FGK ;GEMFK FGK <=JAN9<GK <= J=F FG HJ=L H=J>
AF< 
*K
?M9J<9K =BH9FJ=F5A F9
<AK;MKK]G
=E
DM?9J
<= =BH9FJ=9F5A

HJG>=KKGJ9 =BH9FJ=I FG
;9KG
=E
DM?9J
<= =BH9FJ9=C

*
>MLMJG
<G
KM:BMFLANG
_ J=9F
,M9F<G
=M J=9F
=
F]G J=F


AF;9H9R=K
<=
F=?9J
9
:=D=R9
 
9KK9DL9J9E
9
9N=
<=
%MFG
  =B
H9FJ=9F5A H9J9
AEHGJ
KADaF;AG
G
D=]G
=
G
LA?J=
6%- 
7
*
.=F@GJ
J9d9
Q
J9d9 7CBJ9=C =E
IM=
G
H9FGJ9E9
=J9
E9?FA>A
;=FL=
 
6%- 
7

: 09F =
K=MK
<=JAN9<GK
*FCJ9F F]G
K=
;GFBM?9
;GEG J9F FG
DF9H
D9F:
=B8 
HJGNA
HJGN=KL=
HJGN=M
HJGN=EGK
HJGN=KL=K
HJGN=J9E
A E D9F:
=B8 
HJGN=J9
HJGN=J9K
HJGN=J9
HJGNaJ9EGK
HJGNaJ=AK
HJGN=J9E
=AD9F:
GI6> 
HJGN=KK=
HJGN=KK=K
HJGN=KK=
HJGNaKK=EGK
HJGNaKK=AK
HJGN=KK=E
:IH
GI6> 
HJGN=J
HJGN=J=K
HJGN=J
HJGN=JEGK
HJGN=J<=K
HJGN=J=E
D5FH=7[D=C
HJGNA<G

,9J9F _
;GFBM?9<G
;GEG J9F
HGJ
AKKG
=KLY
=JJ9<9
9
>D=P]G
=E


9DMF9 F9J9I =E
N=R
<= F9J=I
9
HJGN9

BH9J9F _ ;GFBM?9<G ;GEG J9F = HGJ AKKG =F?9FGMK= G FGKKG

9KAEAJG
<=
:J=M
9G
=K;J=N=J
x,M=E 5BH9J9F5 ;GE 9
IM=
<ME
HGNG
9
JMbF9
+=DG
K=M
HJeHJAG
J=A
;9N9<9
>GKK=y
6.. 
7

*
>MLMJG
<G
KM:BMFLANG
_ J=F
,M9F<G
=M
NA=J
Z
;A<9<=
= J=F GHGJLMFA<9<=
<=
;GEHJYDG
=FL]G
G
>9J=A
=
F]G
N=J

;
+J=;9N=JK=
W N=J:G <=>=;LANG IM= F9<9 L=E ;GE J9F GM J=F HGJ AKKG =NAL=K=
<AR=J
M
E= DF975J9>C GM
M
E= DF975J9B<C
*F975J9>5AG9 GM *F975J9B<5AG9

+9J9
KM9
;GFBM?9^]G
N=B9K= Verbos defectivos e abundantes

< ,95J9F



W N=J:G <=>=;LANG <=JAN9<G <= <5J9F IM= Ke K= ;GFBM?9 F9K >GJE9K

=E
IM=
=KL=
HGKKMA
J
)]G
K=
<=N=
<AR=J M F95J9>C GM
M F95J9B<C
MA<9<G =KH=;A9D E=J=;= L9E:_E G HJ=L H=J>  F9CIJ9 F9CIJ9GH9
F9CIJ9 F9CIJ9ACG F9CIJ9GH9G F9CIJ9F5A
+GJ AKKG =NAL=EK= =EHJ=?GK ;GEG 9I F95J= 9@9 F95J9I =L; >
Verbos defectivos e abundantes
= .9F =
K=MK
<=JAN9<GK
9H9F <=JAN9<G <= H9F ;GFBM?9K= ;GEG =KL= 'G?G =KLY =JJ9<9 9
>J9K=
*
HGDA;A9D 89H9I HGJ 89H9J9
G
;JAEAFGKG
.AJN9
<=
=P=EHDG
G
;9KG
IM=
NGM
J=>=JAJ
K=?MF<G
G
L=PLG
9MLGJAR9<G
<=
ME
<GMLGJ
IM=
  9BHF9H9J9 ME
<AYDG?G
;GE
ME
<GK
hDLAEGK
?J=
?GK
6%- 
7

> *aF =
K=MK
<=JAN9<GK

)DCF _ <=JAN9<G <= DaF = HGJ =D= K= EG<=D9 F9 ;GFBM?9^]G KKAE
=F?9FGMK= G HG=L9 +GJLGD=?J= F=KL=K N=JKGK MK9F<G CDCF =E N=R <=
CDIG9F



J=FG9 _ KAFfFAEG <= <5J9FG9 FG K=FLA<G  AKLG _ KA?FA>A;9 9B

HF5F
9A
57CF8C
7CA 7CB7=@=5F
x'Y G9
5J9B<5A GK
KGJN=L=AJGK
;GE
GAD=9My
6! 
1
 5DI8
- 

FGL97

9G5J=FG9 _
G
;GFLJYJAG
<= 5J=FG9

*K
9EA?GK G9
89G5J=9F5A =
F]G G9
89GCIJ9F5A
HGJ
EMALG
HGM;G

JJ9K= >J=IM=FL=K N=R=K =EHJ=?9F<GK= F9K 9E=9^9K 5J=FG9 HGJ

<5J9FG9
D=
L=E
<= G9
5J=F ;GEA?G
=E
DM?9J
<= G9
<5J9F
+9J9<A?E9
<GK
N=J:GK
J=?MD9J=K
;9FL9J
N=F<=J
H9JLAJ

Paradigma dos verbos regulares

CA
89GH5EI9
8CG
9@9A9BHCG
9GHFIHIF5=G

v
GFBM?9^]G
KAEHD=K
 p
v Cant-a-r

x=AP9F<G
9
=F>=JE9 GC6F9GH9B<C G
H9KKGy
6* 5DI8 .. 7

@ "5J9FG9 = 5J=FG9
KL=K N=J:GK LaE =EHJ=?GK <A>=J=FL=K "5J9FG9 ;GE 9D?M_E
KA?FA>A;9
 DFC7989F DCFH5FG9
x D=
HGJ_E <CIJ9G9 ;GE
9
E9AGJ
<=DA;9<=R9y
6( 
7

 G9F 7<5A58C 5 CF89A 9BHF5F 9A 8=GDIH5 7CA 5@;IXA 7CB7=@=5F

=
9H9J=;=
F9K
9E=9^9K
D=
L=E
<= G9
<5J9F ;GEA?G
xIM=D=
IM=
KG:J=
LA
D9F^9J
NAKL9K
<=
9EGJ
GM
<=
;G:A^9
;GEA?G G9
<5J9FRy
6(+ 
 5DI8 .. 
7

 7CB7=@=5F

 p
v Part-i-r

modo indicativo

x.=
9GK
H9L=JFGK
=JJGJ=K
<=
;GFLJ9KL=

Z
EAF@9
AF>DMA^]G CDCF NAJLM<=Ky
6+ 
$$
 5DI8 .. 
7

? GH5F =
K=MK
<=JAN9<GK
-C6F9GH5F _ <=JAN9<G <= 9GH5F = HGJ =D= K= ;GFBM?9 HGJ_E
;GKLME9K= N=J EG<=D9<G H=DG N=J:G H9F ;GEG K= >GKK= GC6F9GH9F KKAE
F]G
=KLY
;=JLG
G
K=?MAFL=
=P=EHDG
<=
D:=JLG
<=
*DAN=AJ9

p
v Vend-e-r

Presente
9FLG

1=F<G

+9JLG

9FL9K

1=F<=K

+9JL=K

9FL9

1=F<=

+9JL=

9FL9EGK

1=F<=EGK

+9JLAEGK

9FL9AK

1=F<=AK

+9JLAK

9FL9E

1=F<=E

+9JL=E

Pretrito imperfeito
9FL9N9

1=F<A9

+9JLA9

9FL9N9K

1=F<A9K

+9JLA9K





9FL9N9

1=F<A9

+9JLA9

9FL9JYK

1=F<=JYK

+9JLAJYK

9FLYN9EGK

1=F<b9EGK

+9JLb9EGK

9FL9JY

1=F<=JY

+9JLAJY

9FLYN=AK

1=F<b=AK

+9JLb=AK

9FL9J=EGK

1=F<=J=EGK

+9JLAJ=EGK

9FL9N9E

1=F<A9E

+9JLA9E

9FL9J=AK

1=F<=J=AK

+9JLAJ=AK

9FL9J]G

1=F<=J]G

+9JLAJ]G

Pretrito perfeito
9FL=A

1=F<A

+9JLA

9FL9KL=

1=F<=KL=

+9JLAKL=

9FL9JA9

1=F<=JA9

+9JLAJA9

9FLGM

1=F<=M

+9JLAM

9FL9JA9K

1=F<=JA9K

+9JLAJA9K

9FL9EGK

1=F<=EGK

+9JLAEGK

9FL9JA9

1=F<=JA9

+9JLAJA9

9FL9KL=K

1=F<=KL=K

+9JLAKL=K

9FL9Jb9EGK

1=F<=Jb9EGK

+9JLAJb9EGK

9FL9J9E

1=F<=J9E

+9JLAJ9E

9FL9Jb=AK

1=F<=Jb=AK

+9JLAJb=AK

9FL9JA9E

1=F<=JA9E

+9JLAJA9E

Futuro do pretrito

Pretrito mais-que-perfeito
9FL9J9

1=F<=J9

+9JLAJ9

9FL9J9K

1=F<=J9K

+9JLAJ9K

9FL9J9

1=F<=J9

+9JLAJ9

9FLYJ9EGK

1=F<aJ9EGK

+9JLbJ9EGK

9FLYJ=AK

1=F<aJ=AK

+9JLbJ=AK

9FL9J9E

1=F<=J9E

+9JLAJ9E

Futuro do presente
9FL9J=A

1=F<=J=A

+9JLAJ=A

modo subjuntivo
Presente
9FL=

1=F<9

+9JL9

9FL=K

1=F<9K

+9JL9K

9FL=

1=F<9

+9JL9

9FL=EGK

1=F<9EGK

+9JL9EGK

9FL=AK

1=F<9AK

+9JL9AK

9FL=E

1=F<9E

+9JL9E





Pretrito Imperfeito

9FL9A
NeK

1=F<=A
NeK

+9JLA
NeK

9FL=E
NG;aK

1=F<9E
NG;aK

+9JL9E
NG;aK

)]G
N=F<9K
LM

9FL9KK=

1=F<=KK=

+9JLAKK=

9FL9KK=K

1=F<=KK=K

+9JLAKK=K

9FL9KK=

1=F<=KK=

+9JLAKK=

)]G
;9FL=K
LM

Negativo
)]G
H9JL9K
LM

9FLYKK=EGK

1=F<aKK=EGK

+9JLbKK=EGK

)]G
;9FL=
NG;a

)]G
N=F<9
NG;a

)]G
H9JL9
NG;a

9FLYKK=AK

1=F<aKK=AK

+9JLbKK=AK

)]G

)]G

)]G

9FL9KK=E

1=F<=KK=E

+9JLAKK=E

9FL9J

1=F<=J

+9JLAJ

9FL9J=K

1=F<=J=K

+9JLAJ=K

9FL9J

1=F<=J

+9JLAJ

9FL9JEGK

1=F<=JEGK

+9JLAJEGK

9FL9J<=K

1=F<=J<=K

+9JLAJ<=K

Futuro

9FL9J=E

1=F<=J=E

+9JLAJ=E

FeK

;9FL=EGK

FeK

)]G
;9FL=AK
NeK
NG;aK

)]G

;9FL=E

N=F<9EGK

FeK

)]G
N=F<9AK
NeK
NG;aK

)]G

N=F<9E

H9JL9EGK

)]G
H9JL9AK
NeK
NG;aK

)]G

H9JL9E

formas nominais
Infinitivo
(VC
:@9L=CB58C
9FL9J

1=F<=J

+9JLAJ

9FL9J

1=F<=J

+9JLAJ

9FL9J=K

1=F<=J=K

+9JLAJ=K

9FL9J

1=F<=J

+9JLAJ

@9L=CB58C

modo imperativo
Afirmativo
9FL9
LM

1=F<=
LM

+9JL=
LM

9FL=
NG;a

1=F<9
NG;a

+9JL9
NG;a

9FL=EGK
FeK

1=F<9EGK
FeK

+9JL9EGK
FeK

9FL9JEGK

1=F<=JEGK

+9JLAJEGK

9FL9J<=K

1=F<=J<=K

+9JLAJ<=K



9FL9J=E

1=F<=J=E

+9JLAJ=E

 

/bF@=AK
;9FL9<G

/bF@=AK
N=F<A<G

/bF@=AK
H9JLA<G

/AF@9E
;9FL9<G

/AF@9E
N=F<A<G

/AF@9E
H9JLA<G

Gerndio
9FL9F<G

1=F<=F<G

+9JLAF<G

Futuro do presente composto

/=J=A
;9FL9<G

Particpio
9FL9<G

1=F<A<G

+9JLA<G

v
GFBM?9^]G
;GEHGKL9
modo indicativo

/=J=A
N=F<A<G

/=J=A
H9JLA<G

/=JYK
;9FL9<G

/=JYK
N=F<A<G

/=JYK
H9JLA<G

/=JY
;9FL9<G

/=JY
N=F<A<G

/=JY
H9JLA<G

/=J=EGK
;9FL9<G

/=J=EGK
N=F<A<G

/=J=EGK
H9JLA<G

/=J=AK
;9FL9<G

/=J=AK
N=F<A<G

/=J=AK
H9JLA<G

/=J]G
;9FL9<G

/=J]G
N=F<A<G

/=J]G
H9JLA<G

Pretrito perfeito composto

/=F@G
;9FL9<G

/=F@G
N=F<A<G

/=F@G
H9JLA<G

/=FK
;9FL9<G

/=FK
N=F<A<G

/=FK
H9JLA<G

/=E
;9FL9<G

/=E
N=F<A<G

/=E
H9JLA<G

/=EGK
;9FL9<G

/=EGK
N=F<A<G

/=EGK
H9JLA<G

/=F<=K
;9FL9<G

/=F<=K
N=F<A<G

/=F<=K
H9JLA<G

/aE
;9FL9<G

/aE
N=F<A<G

/aE
H9JLA<G

Futuro do pretrito composto

/=JA9
;9FL9<G

/=JA9
N=F<A<G

/=JA9
H9JLA<G

/=JA9K
;9FL9<G

/=JA9K
N=F<A<G

/=JA9K
H9JLA<G

/=JA9
;9FL9<G

/=JA9
N=F<A<G

/=JA9
H9JLA<G

/=Jb9EGK
;9FL9<G

/=Jb9EGK
N=F<A<G

/=Jb9EGK
H9JLA<G

/=Jb=AK
;9FL9<G

/=Jb=AK
N=F<A<G

/=Jb=AK
H9JLA<G

/=JA9E
;9FL9<G

/=JA9E
N=F<A<G

/=JA9E
H9JLA<G

Pretrito mais-que-perfeito composto

/AF@9
;9FL9<G

/AF@9
N=F<A<G

/AF@9
H9JLA<G

/AF@9K
;9FL9<G

/AF@9K
N=F<A<G

/AF@9K
H9JLA<G

/AF@9
;9FL9<G

/AF@9
N=F<A<G

/AF@9
H9JLA<G

/bF@9EGK
;9FL9<G

/bF@9EGK
N=F<A<G

/bF@9EGK
H9JLA<G

modo subjuntivo
Pretrito perfeito
/=F@9
;9FL9<G

/=F@9
N=F<A<G

/=F@9
H9JLA<G




/=F@9K
;9FL9<G

/=F@9K
N=F<A<G

/=F@9K
H9JLA<G

/=F@9
;9FL9<G

/=F@9
N=F<A<G

/=F@9
H9JLA<G

/=F@9EGK
;9FL9<G

/=F@9EGK
N=F<A<G

/=F@9EGK
H9JLA<G

/=F@9AK
;9FL9<G

/=F@9AK
N=F<A<G

/=F@9AK
H9JLA<G

/=F@9E
;9FL9<G

/=F@9E
N=F<A<G

/=F@9E
H9JLA<G



formas nominais
Infinitivo
(VC
:@9L=CB58C
7CADCGHC
/=J
;9FL9<G

Pretrito mais-que-perfeito
/AN=KK=
N=F<A<G

/AN=KK=
H9JLA<G

/AN=KK=K
;9FL9<G

/AN=KK=K
N=F<A<G

/AN=KK=K
H9JLA<G

/AN=KK=
;9FL9<G

/AN=KK=
N=F<A<G

/AN=KK=
H9JLA<G

/AN_KK=EGK
N=F<A<G

/=J
H9JLA<G

@9L=CB58C
7CADCGHC

/AN=KK=
;9FL9<G

/AN_KK=EGK
;9FL9<G

/=J
N=F<A<G

/=J
;9FL9<G

/AN_KK=EGK
H9JLA<G

/AN_KK=AK
;9FL9<G

/AN_KK=AK
N=F<A<G

/AN_KK=AK
H9JLA<G

/AN=KK=E
;9FL9<G

/AN=KK=E
N=F<A<G

/AN=KK=E
H9JLA<G

/=J
N=F<A<G

/=J
H9JLA<G

/=J=K
;9FL9<G

/=J=K
N=F<A<G

/=J=K
H9JLA<G

/=J
;9FL9<G

/=J
N=F<A<G

/=J
H9JLA<G

/=JEGK
;9FL9<G

/=JEGK
N=F<A<G

/=JEGK
H9JLA<G

/=J<=K
;9FL9<G

/=J<=K
N=F<A<G

/=J<=K
H9JLA<G

/=J=E
;9FL9<G

/=J=E
N=F<A<G

/=J=E
H9JLA<G

Gerndio composto

Futuro composto
/AN=J
;9FL9<G

/AN=J
N=F<A<G

/AN=J
H9JLA<G

/AN=J=K
;9FL9<G

/AN=J=K
N=F<A<G

/AN=J=K
H9JLA<G

/AN=J
;9FL9<G

/AN=J
N=F<A<G

/AN=J
H9JLA<G

/AN=JEGK
;9FL9<G

/AN=JEGK
N=F<A<G

/AN=JEGK
H9JLA<G

/AN=J<=K
;9FL9<G

/AN=J<=K
N=F<A<G

/AN=J<=K
H9JLA<G

/AN=J=E
;9FL9<G

/AN=J=E
N=F<A<G

/AN=J=E
H9JLA<G

/=F<G
;9FL9<G

/=F<G
N=F<A<G

/=F<G
H9JLA<G

GFBM?9^]G
<=
N=J:GK
9MPADA9J=K
E9AK
;GEMFK
K=J
=KL9J
L=J
@9N=J

Conjugao de verbos auxiliares mais comuns


v
GFBM?9^]G
KAEHD=K
GFBM?9^]G
KAEHD=K

Ser

Estar

Ter

modo indicativo

Haver





!GJ9E

KLAN=J9E

/AN=J9E

#GMN=J9E

Presente
.GM

KLGM

/=F@G

#=A

WK

KLYK

/=FK

#YK

!GJ9

KLAN=J9

/AN=J9

#GMN=J9

KLY

/=E

#Y

!GJ9K

KLAN=J9K

/AN=J9K

#GMN=J9K

Pretrito mais-que-perfeito

.GEGK

KL9EGK

/=EGK

#9N=EGK

!GJ9

KLAN=J9

/AN=J9

#GMN=J9

.GAK

KL9AK

/=F<=K

#9N=AK

!fJ9EGK

KLAN_J9EGK

/AN_J9EGK

#GMN_J9EGK

#]G

!fJ=AK

KLAN_J=AK

/AN_J=AK

#GMN_J=AK

!GJ9E

KLAN=J9E

/AN=J9E

#GMN=J9E

KL9J=A

.]G

KL]G

/aE

Pretrito Imperfeito
J9

KL9N9

/AF@9

#9NA9

J9K

KL9N9K

/AF@9K

#9NA9K

.=J=A

J9

Futuro do presente
/=J=A

#9N=J=A

KL9N9

/AF@9

#9NA9

.=JYK

KL9JYK

/=JYK

#9N=JYK

WJ9EGK

KLYN9EGK

/bF@9EGK

#9Nb9EGK

.=JY

KL9JY

/=JY

#9N=JY

WJ=AK

KLYN=AK

/bF@=AK

#9Nb=AK

.=J=EGK

KL9J=EGK

/=J=EGK

#9N=J=EGK

J9E

KL9N9E

/AF@9E

#9NA9E

.=J=AK

KL9J=AK

/=J=AK

#9N=J=AK

.=J]G

KL9J]G

/=J]G

#9N=J]G

Pretrito perfeito
!MA

KLAN=

/AN=

#GMN=

!GKL=

KLAN=KL=

/AN=KL=

#GMN=KL=

.=JA9

KL9JA9

/=JA9

#9N=JA9

KL9JA9K

/=JA9K

#9N=JA9K

Futuro do pretrito

!GA

KL=N=

/=N=

#GMN=

.=JA9K

!GEGK

KLAN=EGK

/AN=EGK

#GMN=EGK

.=JA9

KL9JA9

/=JA9

#9N=JA9

!GKL=K

KLAN=KL=K

/AN=KL=K

#GMN=KL=K

.=Jb9EGK

KL9Jb9EGK

/=Jb9EGK

#9N=Jb9EGK





.=Jb=AK

KL9Jb=AK

/=Jb=AK

#9N=Jb=AK

!GJ=K

KLAN=J=K

/AN=J=K

#GMN=J=K

.=JA9E

KL9JA9E

/=JA9E

#9N=JA9E

!GJ

KLAN=J

/AN=J

#GMN=J

!GJEGK

KLAN=JEGK

/AN=JEGK

#GMN=JEGK

!GJ<=K

KLAN=J<=K

/AN=J<=K

#GMN=J<=K

!GJ=E

KLAN=J=E

/AN=J=E

#GMN=J=E

modo subjuntivo
Presente
.=B9

KL=B9

/=F@9

#9B9

.=B9K

KL=B9K

/=F@9K

#9B9K

.=B9

KL=B9

/=F@9

#9B9

.=B9EGK

KL=B9EGK

/=F@9EGK

#9B9EGK

.a
LM

KLY
LM

/=E
LM

#Y
LM

.=B9AK

KL=B9AK

/=F@9AK

#9B9AK

.=B9
NG;a

KL=B9
NG;a

/=F@9
NG;a

#9B9
NG;a

.=B9E

KL=B9E

/=F@9E

#9B9E

/=F@9EGK

#9B9EGK
FeK

/=F<=
NeK

#9N=A
NeK

!GKK=

KLAN=KK=

/AN=KK=

#GMN=KK=

/=F@9E

#9B9E
NG;aK

!GKK=K

KLAN=KK=K

/AN=KK=K

#GMN=KK=K

!GKK=

KLAN=KK=

/AN=KK=

#GMN=KK=

!fKK=EGK

KLAN_KK=EGK

/AN_KK=EGK

#GMN_KK=EGK

)]G L=F@9K

)]G
@9B9K
LM

!fKK=AK

KLAN_KK=AK

/AN_KK=AK

#GMN_KK=AK

!GKK=E

KLAN=KK=E

/AN=KK=E

#GMN=KK=E

modo imperativo
Afirmativo

FeK

Futuro
KLAN=J

/AN=J

FeK

.=<=
NeK

Pretrito imperfeito

!GJ

.=B9EGK

#GMN=J

NG;aK

.=B9E

KL=B9EGK

FeK

KL9A
NeK
NG;aK

KL=B9E

NG;aK

Negativo
LM
NG;a

)]G K=B9K
)]G K=B9

)]G
B9EGK
FeK

K=

)]G
B9AK
NeK

K=

LM
NG;a

)]G

=KL=B9K

)]G

=KL=B9

)]G
L=B9EGK
FeK
NeK

LM
NG;a

)]G L=F@9

=K

)]G
@9EGK
FeK

L=F

)]G =KL=B9AK

)]G
@9AK
NeK

L=F

NG;a
FeK
NeK

)]G

@9B9

)]G @9B9EGK
)]G

@9B9AK



)]G
B9E
NG;aK

K=

NG;aK

)]G =KL=B9E

)]G
@9E
NG;aK

L=F

NG;aK

)]G

@9B9E



v
GFBM?9^]G
;GEHGKL9
modo indicativo

formas nominais

Pretrito perfeito composto

Infinitivo no flexionado
.=J

KL9J

/=J

#9N=J

.=J

KL9J

/=J

#9N=J

.=J=K

KL9J=K

/=J=K

#9N=J=K

.=J

KL9J

/=J

#9N=J

Infinitivo flexionado

.=JEGK

KL9JEGK

/=JEGK

#9N=JEGK

.=J<=K

KL9J<=K

/=J<=K

#9N=J<=K

.=J=E

KL9J=E

/=J=E

#9N=J=E

Futuro do presente composto

Gerndio
.=F<G

KL9F<G

.A<G

KL9<G

Pretrito mais-que-perfeito composto

/=F<G

#9N=F<G

/A<G

#9NA<G

Particpio

 * 0C756I@RF=C ):=7=5@ Ke 9<GL9 =KL9 >GJE9 HGJ_E FGK HG=L9K HG<= G;GJJ=J 9 HJGFhF;A9
;GEG <AKKbD9:G v H99A ;GEG <AR=E 7F99A 899A @99A J99A *;GJJ= G E=KEG ;GE JZA
<= J=F )GL=K= <= H9KK9?=E IM= GK <AKKbD9:GK 7F99A 899A @99A J99A K]G HJGFhF;A9K
J=D9LAN9E=FL=
EG<=JF9K
K
>GJE9K
9FLA?9K
=J9E 7F9A 89A @9A J9A

GE A >AF9D
=
F]G
;GE B
GFBM?9^]G
;GEHGKL9

Futuro do Pretrito composto



 

formas nominais
Infinitivo no flexionado composto

/=J

GM
@9N=J

modo subjuntivo

KA<G
=KL9<G
LA<G
@9NA<G

Infinitivo flexionado composto

Pretrito perfeito

Gerndio
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito

/=F<G

GM
@9N=F<G

KA<G
=KL9<G
LA<G
@9NA<G

GFBM?9^]G
<G
N=J:G
HfJ

Conjugao do verbo pr

v
GFBM?9^]G
KAEHD=K
modo indicativo
Futuro composto

Presente

Pretrito imperfeito

Pretrito perfeito

+GF@G

+MF@9

+MK

+g=K

+MF@9K

+MK=KL=

+g=

+MF@9

+fK

+GEGK

+hF@9EGK

+MK=EGK






+GF<=K

+hF@=AK

+MK=KL=K

+GF@9
NG;a

)]G
HGF@9
NG;a

+g=E

+MF@9E

+MK=J9E

+GF@9EGK
FeK

)]G
HGF@9EGK
FeK

+GF<=
NeK

)]G
HGF@9AK
NeK

+GF@9E
NG;aK

)]G
HGF@9E
NG;aK

Pretrito mais-que-perf.

Futuro do pretrito

Futuro do presente

+MK=J9

+GJA9

+GJ=A

+MK=J9K

+GJA9K

+GJYK

+MK=J9

+GJA9

+GJY

+MK_J9EGK

+GJb9EGK

+GJ=EGK

+MK_J=AK

+GJb=AK

+GJ=AK

+MK=J9E

+GJA9E

+GJ]G

formas nominais
Infinitivo no flexionado
+fJ

+fJ
+GJ=K
+fJ
+GJEGK

modo subjuntivo
Presente

Pretrito imperfeito

Futuro

+GJ<=K
+GJ=E

+GF@9

+MK=KK=

+MK=J

+GF@9K

+MK=KK=K

+MK=J=K

+GF@9

+MK=KK=

+MK=J

+GF@9EGK

+MK_KK=EGK

+MK=JEGK

+GF@9AK

+MK_KK=AK

+MK=J<=K

+GF@9E

+MK=KK=E

+MK=J=E

modo imperativo
Afirmativo
+g=
LM

Negativo
)]G
HGF@9K
LM

Infinitivo flexionado

Gerndio

Particpio

+GF<G

+GKLG


GFBM?9^]G
;GEHGKL9
modo indicativo
Pretrito perfeito composto

Pretrito mais-que-perfeito composto

/=F@G

HGKLG

/AF@9

HGKLG

/=FK

HGKLG

/AF@9K

HGKLG



/=E

HGKLG

/AF@9

HGKLG

/=EGK

HGKLG

/bF@9EGK

HGKLG

/=F<=K

HGKLG

/bF@=AK

HGKLG

/aE

HGKLG

/AF@9E

HGKLG

Futuro do presente composto

HGKLG

/=JA9

HGKLG

/=JYK

HGKLG

/=JA9K

HGKLG

/=JY

HGKLG

/=JA9

HGKLG

/=J=EGK

HGKLG

/=Jb9EGK

HGKLG

/=J=AK

HGKLG

/=Jb=AK

HGKLG

HGKLG

formas nominais
Infinitivo no flexionado
/=J

Infinitivo flexionado

HGKLG

Futuro do pretrito composto

/=J=A

/=J]G



/=JA9E

/=J

HGKLG

/=J=K

HGKLG

/=J

HGKLG

/=JEGK

HGKLG

/=J<=K

HGKLG

/=J=E

HGKLG

Gerndio composto
/=F<G

HGKLG

HGKLG

GFBM?9^]G
<=
ME
N=J:G
;GEHGKLG
F9
NGR
H9KKAN9
K=J
9E9<G

modo subjuntivo
Pretrito perfeito

Pretrito mais-que-perf.

Conjugao de um verbo composto na voz passiva: ser amado

Futuro

modo indicativo

/=F@9

HGKLG

/AN=KK=

HGKLG

/AN=J

HGKLG

/=F@9K

HGKLG

/AN=KK=K

HGKLG

/AN=J=K

HGKLG

/=F@9

HGKLG

/AN=KK=

HGKLG

/AN=J

HGKLG

/=F@9EGK

HGKLG

/AN_KK=EGK

HGKLG

/AN=JEGK

HGKLG

/=F@9AK

HGKLG

/AN_KK=AK

HGKLG

/AN=J<=K

HGKLG

/=F@9E

HGKLG

/AN=KK=E

HGKLG

/AN=J=E

HGKLG

Presente

Pretrito imperfeito

Pretrito perf. simples

.GM

9E9<G

J9

9E9<G

!MA

9E9<G

WK

9E9<G

J9K

9E9<G

!GKL=

9E9<G

9E9<G

J9

9E9<G

!GA

9E9<G

.GEGK

9E9<GK

WJ9EGK

9E9<GK

!GEGK

9E9<GK

.GAK

9E9<GK

WJ=AK

9E9<GK

!GKL=K

9E9<GK



.]G

9E9<GK

J9E

Pretrito perfeito composto

9E9<GK

!GJ9E



9E9<GK

/=J=AK

KA<G
9E9<GK

.=Jb=AK

9E9<GK

/=J]G

KA<G
9E9<GK

.=JA9E

9E9<GK

Pretrito mais-que-perfeito simples

/=F@G

KA<G
9E9<G

!GJ9

9E9<G

/=FK

KA<G
9E9<G

!GJ9K

9E9<G

/=JA9

/=E

KA<G
9E9<G

!GJ9

9E9<G

/=JA9K

KA<G
9E9<G

/=EGK

KA<G
9E9<GK

!fJ9EGK

9E9<GK

/=JA9

KA<G
9E9<G

/=F<=K

KA<G
9E9<GK

!fJ=AK

9E9<GK

/=Jb9EGK

KA<G
9E9<GK

/aE

KA<G
9E9<GK

!GJ9E

9E9<GK

/=Jb=AK

KA<G
9E9<GK

/=JA9E

KA<G
9E9<GK

Pret. mais-que-perfeito composto

KA<G
9E9<G

Futuro do presente simples

/AF@9

KA<G
9E9<G

.=J=A

9E9<G

/AF@9K

KA<G
9E9<G

.=JYK

9E9<G

/AF@9

KA<G
9E9<G

.=JY

9E9<G

/bF@9EGK

KA<G
9E9<GK

.=J=EGK

9E9<GK

/bF@=AK

KA<G
9E9<GK

.=J=AK

9E9<GK

/AF@9E

KA<G
9E9<GK

.=J]G

9E9<GK

Futuro do presente composto

Futuro do pretrito composto

Futuro do pretrito simples

/=J=A

KA<G
9E9<G

.=JA9

9E9<G

/=JYK

KA<G
9E9<G

.=JA9K

9E9<G

/=JY

KA<G
9E9<G

.=JA9

9E9<G

/=J=EGK

KA<G
9E9<GK

.=Jb9EGK

9E9<GK

modo subjuntivo
Presente

Pretrito imperfeito

Pretrito perfeito

.=B9

9E9<G

!GKK=

9E9<G

/=F@9

KA<G
9E9<G

.=B9K

9E9<G

!GKK=K

9E9<G

/=F@9K

KA<G
9E9<G

.=B9

9E9<G

!GKK=

9E9<G

/=F@9

KA<G
9E9<G

.=B9EGK

9E9<GK

!fKK=EGK

9E9<GK

/=F@9EGK

KA<G
9E9<GK

.=B9AK

9E9<GK

!fKK=AK

9E9<GK

/=F@9AK

KA<G
9E9<GK

.=B9E

9E9<GK

!GKK=E

9E9<GK

/=F@9E

KA<G
9E9<GK





.=J=E

Pretrito mais-que-perfeito
/AN=KK=

Futuro

KA<G
9E9<G

!GJ

/AN=KK=K

KA<G
9E9<G

!GJ=K

9E9<G

/AN=J=K

KA<G
9E9<G

/AN=KK=

KA<G
9E9<G

!GJ

9E9<G

/AN=J

KA<G
9E9<G

/AN_KK=EGK

KA<G
9E9<GK

!GJEGK

9E9<GK

/AN=JEGK

KA<G
9E9<GK

/AN_KK=AK

KA<G
9E9<GK

!GJ<=K

9E9<GK

/AN=J<=K

KA<G
9E9<GK

/AN=KK=E

KA<G
9E9<GK

!GJ=E

9E9<GK

/AN=J=E

KA<G
9E9<GK

9E9<G

/AN=J

KA<G
9E9<G

formas nominais
Infinitivo no flexionado
.=J

9E9<G

9E9<GK

/=J=E

KA<G
9E9<GK

Futuro composto

/=J

KA<G
9E9<G

Infinitivo flexionado

.=J

9E9<G

/=J

KA<G
9E9<G

.=J=K

9E9<G

/=J=K

KA<G
9E9<G

.=J

9E9<G

/=J

KA<G
9E9<G

.=JEGK

9E9<GK

/=JEGK

KA<G
9E9<GK

.=J<=K

9E9<GK

/=J<=K

KA<G
9E9<GK

Gerndio composto
/=F<G

KA<G
9E9<G

*bservaes KG:J=
9
NGR
H9KKAN9
 p * H9JLA;bHAG F=KL= ;9KG 9H9J=;= F9 >GJE9 >=EAFAF9 K= 9 J=>=JaF;A9 _ >=AL9 9 K=J
<G
?aF=JG
>=EAFAFG
D=
_ 5A58C D9
_ 5A585
p
/9E:_E
F9K
LJaK
H=KKG9K
<G
HDMJ9D
G
H9JLA;bHAG
N9A
9G
HDMJ9D
1GR
9LAN9
v
D9
L=E 9GHI858C D9K
LaE 9GHI858C
1GR
H9KKAN9
v
D9
_ 5A585 D9K
K]G 5A585G
 p
)9
NGR
H9KKAN9
F]G
K=
MK9
G
AEH=J9LANG
GFBM?9^]G
<=
ME
N=J:G
HJGFGEAF9D
9HA=<9JK=

Conjugao de um verbo pronominal: apiedar-se v %Y NAEGK IM=

G N=J:G K= <AR HJGFGEAF9D IM9F<G G HJGFGE= G:DbIMG K= J=>=J= 9G HJG
FGE=
J=LG
M A9 NAKLG )eK BCG 9JJ=H=F<=EGK

Infinitivo no flexionado composto

Infinitivo flexionado composto

Gerndio
.=F<G
9E9<G

D=K G9 >GJ9E

* HJGFGE= YLGFG HG<= NAJ 9FL=K FG E=AG GM <=HGAK <G N=J:G GM

N=J:GK K= >GJ ME9 ;GFBM?9^]G ;GEHGKL9 <= 9;GJ<G ;GE ;=JLGK HJAF;bHA
GK
IM=
K=J]G
>MLMJ9E=FL=
=KLM<9<GK
9 DF_7@=G9 K= G NG;Y:MDG YLGFG N=E 9FL=K D= K= >=JAM HJGFGE=
YLGFG
HJG;DbLA;G
6 A9G_7@=G9 K= G NG;Y:MDG YLGFG N=E FG E=AG <GK >MLMJGK <G
HJ=K=FL= = <G HJ=L_JALG 1=KLAJK=Y K= HM<=J 1=KLAJFGKb9EGK K=
HM<_KK=EGK
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
E=KG;DbLA;G
7 ZB7@=G9 K= G NG;Y:MDG YLGFG N=E <=HGAK ,M=AP9EGFGK 9G <AJ=
LGJ
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
=F;DbLA;G
)ota importante v .= G HJGFGE= >GJ =F;DbLA;G F=KL=K ;9KGK Ke @9N=JY ME9 9D
L=J9^]G FG N=J:G 9 IM= H=JL=F;=J G HJGFGE= H=J<=JY G G >AF9D <9  p H=KKG9 <G
HDMJ9D
IM=APGE=
IM=AP9KL=



IM=AP9K=
EI9=L5ACBCG
IM=AP9AKNGK
IM=AP9EK=
)9K
GMLJ9K
HGKA^g=K
G
N=J:G
>A;9JY
AFL9;LG
)eK
FGK
IM=AP9EGK ,M=AP9JFGK=EGK

L=FL=K= H9J9 G K=?MAFL= EG<=DG = H9J9 9K G:K=JN9^g=K >=AL9K KG:J=

9
AEHGKKA:ADA<9<=
<9
HGKHGKA^]G
=E
9D?ME9K
>GJE9K

Presente

BCG

 

H9ACBCG

5D=9858C

5D=98RF5ACBCG

L=F<=KNGK

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<YJ=AKNGK

LaEK=

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9J9EK=

Pretrito mais-que-perfeito composto

Futuro do presente

LAF@9E=

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JE==A

Apiedar-se

LAF@9KL=

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JL=YK

modo indicativo

LAF@9K=

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JK=Y

H[B<5ACBCG

5D=9858C

9HA=<9JFGK=EGK

LbF@=AKNGK

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JNGK=AK

LAF@9EK=

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JK=]G

Pretrito
imperfeito

Pretrito perfeito

9HA=<GE=

9HA=<9N9E=

9HA=<=AE=

9HA=<9KL=

9HA=<9N9KL=

9HA=<9KL=L=

9HA=<9K=

9HA=<9N9K=

9HA=<GMK=

5D=985AC

5D=98RJ5ACBCG

5D=985ACBCG

9HA=<9AKNGK

9HA=<YN=AKNGK

9HA=<9EK=

9HA=<9N9EK=

Pretrito perfeito composto



Futuro do presente composto

Futuro do pretrito

L=JE==A

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JE=A9

L=JL=YK

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JL=A9K

9HA=<9KL=KNGK

L=JK=Y

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JK=A9

9HA=<9J9EK=

L=JFGK=EGK

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JFGKb9EGK

L=JNGK=AK

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JNGKb=AK

L=JK=]G

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JK=A9E

Pretrito mais-queperfeito

L=F@GE=

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9J9E=

L=FKL=

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9J9KL=

L=EK=

9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9J9K=

Futuro do pretrito composto

L=JE=A9

9HA=<9<G

L=JK=A9K

9HA=<9<G




L=JK=A9

9HA=<9<G

L=JFGKb9EGK

9HA=<9<G

L=JNGKb=AK

9HA=<9<G

L=JK=A9E

9HA=<9<G

LAN=KK=E=
LAN=KK=KL=
LAN=KK=K=
H=JXGG9AC
BCG
LAN_KK=AK
NGK
LAN=KK=EK=


)MF;9
K=
MK=
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
HGKHGKLG
9
H9JLA;bHAG
)MF;9 K= MK= HJGFGE= YLGFG HGKHGKLG 9GK >MLMJGK <G HJ=K=FL= = <G HJ=L_JALG MK9JK=Y 9
9FL=HGKA^]G
GM
9
AFL=JHGKA^]G
;GEG
N=J=EGK
<=HGAK

modo subjuntivo
)ota -9J9E=FL= 9H9J=;= HJGFGE= HGKHGKLG 9 N=J:G F=KL= EG<G HGJ 9H9J=;=J
=E
?=J9D
=E
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
Presente

Pretrito
imperfeito

9HA=<=E=
9HA=<=KL=
9HA=<=K=
5D=989AC
BCG
9HA=<=AK
NGK
9HA=<=EK=
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito

9HA=<9KK=E=
9HA=<9KK=KL=
9HA=<9KK=K=
5D=98RGG9AC
BCG
9HA=<YKK=AK
NGK
9HA=<9KK=E
K=



9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G

modo imperativo
Negativo

9HA=<9L=
LM
9HA=<=K=
NG;a
5D=989ACBCG
B_G
9HA=<9ANGK
NeK
9HA=<=EK=
NG;aK

)]G
K=
MK9
HJG
FGE=
HGKHGKLG
9
N=J:G
F=KL9
>GJE9

formas nominais
Infinitivo no
flexionado simples

Futuro composto

)]G
K=
MK9
HJG
FGE=
HGKHGKLG
9
N=J:G
F=KL9
>GJE9

5D=9858C

Afirmativo

Pretrito perfeito

)]G
K=
MK9
HJG
FGE=
HGKHGKLG
9
N=J:G
F=KL9
>GJE9

9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G

9HA=<9JE=
9HA=<9JL=
9HA=<9JK=
9HA=<9JFGK
9HA=<9JNGK
9HA=<9JK=
Infinito flexionado simples
9HA=<9JE=
9HA=<9J=K
L=
9HA=<9JK=
5D=985FAC
BCG

Infinitivo no flexionado composto

L=JE=
L=JL=
L=JK=
L=JFGK
L=JNGK
L=JK=

9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G
9HA=<9<G

Infinito flexionado composto

L=JE=

9HA=<9<G

L=J=KL=

9HA=<9<G

L=JK=

9HA=<9<G

H9FACBCG

5D=9858C



9HA=<9J<=K
NGK
9HA=<9J=E
K=
Gerndio
simples
9HA=<9F<G
E=
9HA=<9F<G
L=
9HA=<9F<G
K=
9HA=<9F<G
FGK
9HA=<9F<G
NGK
9HA=<9F<G
K=
Particpio

L=J<=KNGK

9HA=<9<G

L=J=EK=

9HA=<9<G

7
K=
G
N=J:G
L=JEAF9J
HGJ
KGE
F9K9D
A GM
KbD9:9
;GE
LAD
GK
HJGFGE=K
9KKME=E
9K
>GJE9K BC B5 BCG
B5G
Dc9

C

Dc9BC
J=F5A

5

J=F5AB5

Gerndio composto
L=F<GE=

9HA=<9<G

L=F<GL=

9HA=<9<G

L=F<GK=

9HA=<9<G

L=F<GFGK

9HA=<9<G

L=F<GNGK

9HA=<9<G

L=F<GK=

9HA=<9<G

)]G
K=
MK9
HJGFGE=
HGKHGKLG
9
N=J:G
F=KL9
>GJE9
GFBM?9^]G
<=
ME
N=J:G
;GE
HJGFGE=
G:DbIMG
YLGFG
HfDG

Conjugao de um verbo com pronome oblquo tono K=E K=J

HJGFGEAF9D LAHG p-lo v * N=J:G HG<= 9;GEH9F@9JK= <= ME HJGFGE=
G:DbIMG
YLGFG
IM=
F]G
K=
J=>AJ9
9G
HJGFGE=
J=LG
AKLG
_
9G
KMB=ALG
M C NA )eK H9 9<EAJ9EGK



p
.=
G
N=J:G
L=JEAF9
HGJ BG
G B H9KK9JY
9 A H9BG
@C

H9A@C

D9 C ;@9E9

,M9F<G GK HJGFGE=K G:DbIMGK YLGFGK C 5 CG 5G =KLAN=J=E <=HGAK

<G N=J:G GM FG E=AG EG<A>A;9EK= <= 9;GJ<G ;GE G >AF9D 9 IM= K= 9;@9E
HGKHGKLGK
5 K= G N=J:G L=JEAF9J HGJ NG?9D GM K=EANG?9D GJ9D GK HJGFGE=K
9H9J=;=E
AF9DL=J9<GK
HGF@GC
HGF@G5
HGF@GCG
HGF@G5G
6 K= G N=J:G L=JEAF9J HGJ F G GM N <=K9H9J=;=E =KL9K ;GFKG9FL=K =
GK
HJGFGE=K
9H9J=;=E
F9K
9FLA?9K
>GJE9K @C @5 @CG @5G
DaF
@C

Da@C
Dc9G
@C

Dc9@C
8=N
@C

8=@C
89=L5F
@C
=5

89=LR
@C=5
*bservaes
 p
-=;GJ<=K=
9
9;=FLM9^]G
<GK
GPbLGFGK
=KLM<9<9
=E Regras de acentuao

)ota .= GK HJGFGE=K NaE 9FL=K <G N=J:G F]G @Y F=F@ME9 9DL=J9^]G FGK HJG
FGE=K
=
FG
N=J:G
D= C
Dc9 9DA M C :=N
*bservao D?MFK 9MLGJ=K ;@9E9E DFCBCA=B5=G F9:@9LCG 9GK N=J:GK F9 NGR
J=>D=PAN9 = HJGFGEAF9AK AJJ=>D=PANGK GM F]G J=>D=PGK 9GK N=J:GK <=KL= H9JY?J9>G


L=FL=K= H9J9 G K=?MAFL= EG<=DG = H9J9 9K G:K=JN9^g=K >=AL9K KG:J=

9
AEHGKKA:ADA<9<=
<9
HGKHGKA^]G
=E
9D?ME9K
>GJE9K
P-lo
Ke
9
;GFBM?9^]G
KAEHD=K
modo indicativo
Presente

Pretrito
imperfeito

Pretrito
perfeito

HGF@GG

HMF@9G

HMDG

Hg=DG

HMF@9DG

HMK=KL=G

Hg=FG

HMF@9G

HfDG

HGEGDG

HhF@9EGDG

HMK=EGDG

HGF<=DG

HhF@=ADG

HMK=KL=DG

Hg=EFG

HMF@9EFG

HMK=J9EFG

Pret. Maisque-perf.

futuro do
presente

Futuro do
pretrito

+MK=J9G

HfDG=A 

HfDGA9

HMK=J9DG

HfDGYK

HfDGA9K





HMK=J9G

HfDGY

HfDGA9

Hg=FG
LM

HMK_J9EGDG

HfDG=EGK

HfDGb9EGK

HMK_J=ADG

HfDG=AK

HfDGb=AK

HGF@9G
NG;a

HMK=J9EFG

HfDG]G

HfDGA9E

HGF@9EG
DG
FeK

 )GL=K= IM= FGK >MLMJGK <G HJ=K=FL= = <G HJ=L_JALG @Y >GJE9K N=J:9AK ;GE <GAK 9;=FLGK
?JY>A;GK

HGF<=G
NeK
HGF@9EFG
NG;aK

modo subjuntivo
)ota
J9J9E=FL=
9H9J=;=
HJGFGE=
HGKHGKLG
9
N=J:G
F=KL=
EG<G
Presente

)]G
K=
MK9
HJGFGE=
HGK
HGKLG
9
N=J:G
F=KL9
>GJE9

Pretrito
imperfeito

Futuro

HGF@9G

HMK=KK=G

HGF@9DG

HMK=KK=DG

HGF@9G

HMK=KK=G

)]G
K=
MK9
HJGFGE=
HGK
HGKLG
9
N=J:G
F=KL9
>GJE9

HGF@9EG
DG

HMK_KK=EGDG

HGF@9ADG

HMK_KK=ADG

HGF@9EFG

HMK=KK=EFG

Formas Nominais
Infinitivo

Gerndio

Particpio

HfDG

HGF<GG

)]G
K=
MK9
;GE
HJGFGE=
HGKHGKLG

-=;GJ<=K=
IM=
G
K
>AF9D
<G
HJ=K=FL=
<G
AF<A;9LANG
<=K9H9J=;=
FG
AEH=J9LANG
9>AJE9LANG
GFBM?9^]G
<GK
N=J:GK
AJJ=?MD9J=K

Conjugao dos verbos irregulares v )9 K=?MAFL= J=D9^]G <=

N=J:GK 9HJ=K=FL9EGK 9D_E <9K >GJE9K AJJ=?MD9J=K 9D?ME9K J=?MD9J=K =E
IM= >J=IM=FL=E=FL= K= =JJ9 K >GJE9K IM= 9IMA >9DL9E = K= =EHJ=?9E
K]G
LG<9K
J=?MD9J=K
 p
GFBM?9^]G

modo imperativo
Afirmativo

 p Conjugao

Negativo

Dar
*F9G
=B8 
<GM
<YK
<Y
<9EGK
<9AK
<]G
*F9H
D9F:
=B8 
<=A
<=KL=
<=M
<=EGK
<=KL=K
<=J9E
' EI9*9F:
=B8 
<=J9
<=J9K
<=J9
<_J9EGK
<_J=AK
<=J9E
*F9G GI6> 
<a
<aK
<a
<=EGK
<=AK
<==E
*F9H
=AD9F:
GI6> 
<=KK=
<=KK=K
<=KK=
<_KK=EGK
<_KK=AK
<=KK=E



IH
GI6> 
<=J
<=J=K
<=J
<=JEGK
<=J<=K
<=J=E
+GJ
=KL=
EG<=DG
;GFBM?9K= 89G85F
7=F7IB85F _
HGJ_E
J=?MD9J

Estar

1=J
9
DAKL9
<GK
N=J:GK
9MPADA9J=K

+GJ =KL= ;GFBM?9EK= GC69GH5F = GC6F9GH5F .]G J=?MD9J=K GK K=MK <=JAN9

<GK 7CBGH5F
DF9GH5F
C6GH5F
=BGH5F
8=GH5F
F9GH5F =L;



*F9G
=B8 
<A?G
<AR=K
<AR
<AR=EGK
<AR=AK
<AR=E

*F9H
*9F:
=B8 
<AKK=
<AKK=KL=
<AKK=
<AKK=EGK
<AKK=KL=K
<AKK=J9E
' E D9F:
=B8 
<AKK=J9
<AKK=J9K
<AKK=J9
<AKK_J9EGK
<AKK_J=AK
<AKK=J9E
IH
DF9G 
<AJ=A
<AJYK
<AJY
<AJ=EGK
<AJ=AK
<AJ]G
IH
DF9H 
<AJA9
<AJA9K
<AJA9
<AJb9EGK
<AJb=AK
<AJA9E
*F9G
GI6> 
<A?9
<A?9K
<A?9
<A?9EGK
<A?9AK
<A?9E
*F9H =AD9F: GI6>  <AKK=KK= <AKK=KK=K <AKK=KK= <AKK_KK=EGK <AKK_KK=AK
<AKK=KK=E

p
GFBM?9^]G

p Conjugao
Caber
*F9G
=B8 
;9A:G
;9:=K
;9:=
;9:=EGK
;9:=AK
;9:=E
*F9H
D9F:
=B8 
;GM:=
;GM:=KL=
;GM:=
;GM:=EGK
;GM:=KL=K
;GM:=J9E

IH
GI6> 
<AKK=J
<AKK=J=K
<AKK=J
<AKK=JEGK
<AKK=J<=K
<AKK=J=E
#AD9F5H=JC
<AR=
<AR=A
*5FH 
<ALG
+GJ =KL= K= ;GFBM?9E 69B8=N9F 7CB8=N9F 7CBHF58=N9F 89G8=N9F A5@8=N9F
DF98=N9F

' E D9F:
=B8 
;GM:=J9
;GM:=J9K
;GM:=J9
;GM:_J9EGK
;GM:_J=AK
;GM:=J9E

*F9G
GI6> 
;9A:9
;9A:9K
;9A:9
;9A:9EGK
;9A:9AK
;9A:9E
*F9H =AD GI6>  ;GM:=KK= ;GM:=KK=K ;GM:=KK= ;GM:_KK=EGK ;GM:_KK=AK
;GM:=KK=E
IH
GI6> 
;GM:=F ;GM:=J=K
;GM:=J
;GM:=JEGK
;GM:=J<=K
;GM:=J=E

Comprazer
1=J DF5N9F
Crer

Fazer
*F9G
=B8 
>9^G
>9R=K
>9R
>9R=EGK
>9R=AK
>9R=E
*F9H
D9F:
=B8 
>AR
>AR=KL=
>=R
>AR=EGK
>AR=KL=K
>AR=J9E
' E D9F:
=B8 
>AR=J9
>AR=J9K
>AR=J9
>AR_J9EGK
>AR_J=AK
>AR=J9E
IH
DF9G 
>9J=A
>9JYK
>9JY
>9J=EGK
>9J=AK
>9J]G
IH
DF9H 
>9JA9
>9JA9K
>9JA9
>9Jb9EGK
>9Jb=AK
>9JA9E
*F9G
GI6> 
>9^9
>9^9K
>9^9
>9^9EGK
>9^9AK
>9^9E
*F9H
=AD
GI6> 
>AR=KK=
>AR=KK=K
>AR=KK=
>AR_KK=EGK
>AR_KK=AK
>AR=KK=E
IH
GI6> 
>AR=J
>AR=J=K
>AR=J
>AR=JEGK
>AR=J<=K
>AR=J=E

*F9G
=B8 
;J=AG
;JaK
;Ja
;J=EGK
;J=<=K
;J==E

#AD9F5H=JC
>9R=
>9R=A

*F9H
D9F:
=B8 
;JA
;J=KL=
;J=M
;J=EGK
;J=KL=K
;J=J9E

*5FH

>=ALG
+GJ =KL= K= ;GFBM?9E 5:5N9F 7CBHF5:5N9F 89G:5N9F @=EI9:5N9F D9F:5N9F
F9:5N9F F5F9:5N9F G5H=G:5N9F

*F9G
GI6> 
;J=A9
;J=A9K
;J=A9
;J=A9EGK
;J=A9AK
;J=A9E

*F9H
=AD5
GI6> 
;J=KK=
;J=KK=K
;J=KK=
;JaKK=EGK
;JaKK=AK
;J=KK=E
IH
GI6> 
;J=J
;J=J=K
;J=J
;J=JEGK
;J=J<=K
;J=J=E

Haver

1=J
9
;GFBM?9^]G
<GK
N=J:GK
9MPADA9J=K

#AD9F5H=JC
;Ja
;J=<=
*5FH 
;JA<G
GE
=KL=
;GFBM?9K= 89G7F9F

Jazer
*F9H
=B8 
B9RG
B9R=K
B9R
B9R=EGK
B9R=AK
B9R=E

Dizer

*F9H
*9F:
=B8 
B9RA
B9R=KL=
B9R=M
B9R=EGK
B9R=KL=K
B9R=J9E



K
GMLJ9K
>GJE9K
v
HGAK
_
LGL9DE=FL=
;GFBM?9<G
v
K]G
J=?MD9J=K
+GJ
=KL=
K=
EG<=D9 58>5N9F

 

= K= EG<=D9E HGJ DF5N9F FG HJ=L H=J>=ALG = E I H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG HJ=L

AEH=J>=ALG
=
>MLMJG
<G
KM:BMFLANG
HG<=E
9AF<9
K=J
;GFBM?9<GK
J=?MD9JE=FL=
 
G
HG=L9
 
F]G 5DF5N=5 9
ME9
;GEH9F@A9
GJLG<GP9
6%- 
7

Ler
*F9G
=B8 
D=AG
DaK
Da
D=EGK
D=<=K
D==E
*F9H
D9F:
=B8 
DA
D=KL=
D=M
D=EGK
D=KL=K
D=J9E
' E D9F:
=B8 
D=J9
D=J9K
D=J9
DaJ9EGK
DaJ=AK
D=J9E
*F9G
GI6> 
D=A9
D=A9K
D=A9
D=A9EGK
D=A9AK
D=A9E
*F9H
=AD
GI6> 
D=KK=
D=KK=K
D=KK=
DaKK=EGK
DaKK=AK
D=KK=E
IH
GI6> 
D=J
D=J=K
D=J
D=JEGK
D=J<=K
D=J=E
+GJ
=KL=
K=
;GFBM?9E F9@9F = HF9G@9F

Perder
*F9G
=B8 
H=J;G
a
H=J<=K
H=J<=
H=J<=EGK
H=J<=AK
H=J<=E
*F9G
GI6> 
H=J;9
a
H=J;9K
a
H=J;9
a
H=J;9EGK
a
H=J;9AK
a
H=J;9E
a

Poder
*F9G
=B8 
HGKKG
HG<=K
HG<=
HG<=EGK
HG<=AK
HG<=E
*F9H
D9F:
=B8 
HM<=
HM<=KL=
Hf<=
HM<=EGK
HM<=KL=K
HM<=J9E
' E D9F:
=B8 
HM<=J9
HM<=J9K
HM<=J9
HM<_J9EGK
HM<_J=AK
HM<=J9E

Querer
*F9G
=B8 
IM=JG
IM=J=K
IM=J
IM=J=EGK
IM=J=AK
IM=J=E
*F9H
*9F:
=B8 
IMAK
IMAK=KL=
IMAK
IMAK=EGK
IMAK=KL=K
IMAK=J9E
' E D9F:
=B8 
IMAK=J9
IMAK=J9K
IMAK=J9
IMAK_J9EGK
IMAK_J=AK
IMAK=J9E
*F9G
GI6>  IM=AJ9
IM=AJ9K
IM=AJ9
IM=AJ9EGK
IM=AJ9AK
IM=AJ9E
*F9H =AD GI6>  IMAK=KK= IMAK=KK=K IMAK=KK= IMAK_KK=EGK IMAK_KK=AK
IMAK=KK=E
IH
GI6> 
IMAK=J
IMAK=J=K
IMAK=J
IMAK=JEGK
IMAK=J<=K
IMAK=J=E
*5FH 
IM=JA<G
9
>GJE9
IMAKLG
Ke
K=
MK9
=E 69BEI=GHC = A5@EI=GHC
 EG<=JF9 >GJE9 EI9F9  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J =E DM?9J <= EI9F Ke _
MK9<9 H=DGK HGJLM?M=K=K )GJE9DE=FL= F]G K= MK9 G N=J:G EI9F9F FG AEH=J9LANG
@Y =P=EHDGK <= EI9F9= FGK -9FAc9G <G += FLfFAG 1A=AJ9 ,M9F<G K= MK9 HJG
FGE= YLGFG C 5 CG 5G HGKHGKLG Z  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J <G HJ=K=FL= <G
AF<A;9LANG
=EHJ=?9K= EIX@C GM EI9F9C x,M_DG
G
L=M
HGNGy
6# 

7
=KMK9<G EG<=JF9E=FL= FG AEH=J9LANG 9H9J=;= FG GHL9LANG IM= LJ9<MR
ME <=K=BG <= J=9DAR9^]G <= ME >9LG =PHJ=KKG H=DG AF>AFALANG K=?MAFL= +I9=F5
579=H5F
A9IG
7IADF=A9BHCG

*F9G
GI6> 
HGKK9
HGKK9K
HGKK9
HGKK9EGK
HGKK9AK
HGKK9E

*F9H
=AD 
HM<=KK=
HM<=KK=K
HM<=KK=
HM<_KK=EGK
HM<_KK=AK
HM<=KK=E
IH
GI6>  HM<=J
HM<=J=K
HM<=J
HM<=JEGK
HM<=J<=K
HM<=J=E
=KMK9<G
EG<=JF9E=FL=
FG
AEH=J9LANG

Prazer
+GM;G
MK9<G
F9
 p
=
p
H=KKG9
*F9G
=B8 
HJ9R
HJ9R=E
*F9H
D9F:
=B8 
HJGMN=
HJGMN=J9E
' E D9F:
=B8 
HJGMN=J9
HJGMN=J9E
*F9H
=AD
GI6> 
HJGMN=KK=
HJGMN=KK=E
IH
GI6> 
HJGMN=J
HJGMN=J=E
+GJ =KL= K= ;GFBM?9E 5DF5N9F 89GDF5N9F 89G5DF5N9F N=J:GK IM= K= 9H
J=K=FL9E =E LG<9K 9K H=KKG9K CADF5N9F = 89G7CADF5N9F GVC N=J:GK ;GEHD=LGK

Requerer
*F9G =B8  J=IM=AJG J=IM=J=K J=IM=J GM J=IM=J= J=IM=J=EGK J=IM=J=AK
J=IM=J=E
*F9H *9F: =B8  J=IM=JA J=IM=J=KL= J=IM=J=M J=IM=J=EGK J=IM=J=KL=K
J=IM=J=J9E
' E D9F: =B8  J=IM=J=J9 J=IM=J=J9K J=IM=J=J9 J=IM=JaJ9EGK J=IM=JaJ=AK
J=IM=J=J9E
*F9G
GI6> 
J=IM=AJ9 J=IM=AJ9K
J=IM=AJ9
J=IM=AJ9EGK
J=IM=AJ9AK
J=IM=AJ9E
*F9H =AD GI6>  J=IM=J=KK= J=IM=J=KK=K J=IM=J=KK= J=IM=JaKK=EGK J=IM=JaKK=AK
J=IM=J=KK=E
IH
GI6> 
J=IM=J=J
J=IM=J=J=K
J=IM=J=J
J=IM=J=JEGK
J=IM=J=J<=K
J=IM=J=J=E
#AD9F5H=JC
J=IM=J=
J=IM=J=A
*5FH 
J=IM=JA<G




  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG F9EI9F _ EG<=JF9E=FL=

E9AK
MK9<9
IM= F9EI9F9
=KL9
E9AK
DMKAL9F9

Saber
*F9G
=B8 
K=A
K9:=K
K9:=
K9:=EGK
K9:=AK
K9:=E
*F9H
D9F:
=B8 
KGM:=
KGM:=KL=
KGM:=
KGM:=EGK
KGM:=KL=K
KGM:=J9E
' E D9F: AF< 
KGM:=J9
KGM:=J9K
KGM:=J9
KGM:_J9EGK
KGM:_J=AK
KGM:=J9E
*F9G
GI6> 
K9A:9
K9A:9K
K9A:9
K9A:9EGK
K9A:9AK
K9A:9E
*F9H =AD GI6>  KGM:=KK= KGM:=KK=K KGM:=KK= KGM:_KK=EGK KGM:_KK=AK
KGM:=KK=E
IH
GI6> 
KGM:=J
KGM:=J=K
KGM:=J
KGM:=JEGK
KGM:=J<=K
KGM:=J=E

Ser
1=B9
9
;GFBM?9^]G
<GK
N=J:GK
9MPADA9J=K



Ver
*F9G
=B8 
N=BG
NaK
Na
N=EGK
N=<=K
N==E
*F9H
=AD
=B8 
NA9
NA9K
NA9
Nb9EGK
Nb=AK
NA9E
*F9H
D9F:
=B8 
NA
NAKL=
NAM
NAEGK
NAKL=K
NAJ9E
' E D9F:
=B8 
NAJ9
NAJ9K
NAJ9
NbJ9EGK
NbJ=AK
NAJ9E
*F9G
GI6> 
N=B9
N=B9K
N=B9
N=B9EGK
N=B9AK
N=B9E
*F9H
=AD
GI6> 
NAKK=
NAKK=K
NAKK=
NbKK=EGK
NbKK=AK
NAKK=E
IH
GI6> 
NAJ
NAJ=K
NAJ
NAJEGK
NAJ<=K
NAJ=E
*5FH 
NAKLG
KKAE K= ;GFBM?9E 5BH9J9F 9BHF9J9F DF9J9F = F9J9F *FCJ9F = 89GDFCJ9F
EG<=D9EK= HGJ J9F =P;=LG FG HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG = <=JAN9<GK = H9J
LA;bHAG
IM9F<G
K=
;GFBM?9E
J=?MD9JE=FL=
*F9H
*9F:
=B8 
HJGNA
HJGN=KL=
HJGN=M
HJGN=EGK
HJGN=KL=K
HJGN=J9E
' E D9F:
=B8 
HJGN=J9
HJGN=J9K
HJGN=J9
HJGN_J9EGK
HJGNaJ=AK
HJGN=J9E
IH
GI6> 
HJGN=J
HJGN=J=K
HJGN=J
HJGN=JEGK
HJGN=J<=K
HJGN=J=E

Ter
1=B9
9
;GFBM?9^]G
<GK
N=J:GK
9MPADA9J=K

Trazer
*F9G
=B8 
LJ9?G
LJ9R=K
LJ9R
LJ9R=EGK
LJ9R=AK
LJ9R=E
*F9H
D9F:
=B8 
LJGMP=
LJGMP=KL=
LJGMP=
LJGMP=EGK
LJGMP=KL=K
LJGMP=J9E
' E D9F: =B8  LJGMP=J9 LJGMP=J9K LJGMP=J9 LJGMP_J9EGK LJGMP_J=AK
LJGMP=J9E

*5FH 
HJGNA<G
 p
GFBM?9^]G

 p
onjugao
Acudir
*F9G
=B8 
9;M<G
9;G<=K
9;G<=
9;M<AEGK
9;M<AK
9;G<=E

IHIFC
8C
DF9G 
LJ9J=A
LJ9JYK
LJ9JY
LJ9J=EGK
LJ9J=AK
LJ9J]G

*F9H
*9F:
=B8 
9;M<A
9;M<AKL=
9;M<AM
9;M<AEGK
9;M<AKL=K
9;M<AJ=E

IH
8C
DF9H 
LJ9JA9
LJ9JA9K
LJ9JA9
LJ9Jb9EGK
LJ9Jb=AK
LJ9JA9E

*F9G
GI6= 
9;M<9
9;M<9K
9;M<9
9;M<9EGK
9;M<9AK
9;M<9E

*F9G
GI6> 
LJ9?9
LJ9?9K
LJ9?9
LJ9?9EGK
LJ9?9AK
LJ9?9E

*F9H =AD GI6>  LJGMP=KK= LJGMP=KK=K LJGMP=KK= LJGMP_KK=EGK LJGMP_KK=AK
LJGMP=KK=E
#AD9F5H=JC
LJ9R=
LJ9R=A

Valer
*F9G
=B8 
N9D@G
N9D=K
N9D=
GM
N9D
N9D=EGK
N9D=AK
N9D=E
*F9G
GI6> 
N9D@9
N9D@9K
N9D@9
N9D@9EGK
N9D@9AK
N9D@9E
05@
HGJ J5@9
_
>GJE9
;GJJ=FL=
=FLJ=
GK
HGJLM?M=K=K
GEG J5@9F ;GFBM?9EK= 89GJ5@9F = 9EI=J5@9F

*F9H =AD GI6>  9;M<AKK= 9;M<AKK=K 9;M<AKK= 9;M<bKK=EGK 9;M<bKK=AK

9;M<AKK=E
#AD9F5H=JC
9;G<=
9;M<A
KKAE K= ;GFBM?9E 6I@=F 7CBGHFI=F 7IGD=F 89GHFI=F 9B;C@=F  9BHID=F
9G75DI@=F
:I;=F  G57I8=F
GI6=F
GIA=F 
CBGHFI=F 89GHFI=F = 9BHID=F ;GEG N=J:GK 9:MF<9FL=K 9HJ=K=FL9E ;GEG
>GJE9K
E=FGK
MK9<9K 7CBGHFI=G
7CBGHFI=
89GHFI=
9BHID9G
9BHID9
*K
<=E9AK
N=J:GK
=E I8=F 5@I8=F 9@I8=F =@I8=F
K]G
J=?MD9J=K

Cair



*F9G
=B8 
;9AG
;9AK
;9A
;9bEGK
;9bK
;9=E

*F9H
=AD
=B8 
;9b9
;9b9K
;9b9
;9b9EGK
;9b=AK
;9b9E



IH
DF9G 
AJ=A
AJYK
AJY
AJ=EGK
AJ=AK
AJ]G
IH
*F9H 
AJA9
AJA9K
AJA9
AJb9EGK
AJb=AK
AJA9E

*F9H
D9F:
=B8  ;9AM
;9bKL=
;9AM
;9bEGK
;9bKL=K
;9bJ9E

*F9G
GI6> 
NY
NYK
NY
N9EGK
N9<=K
N]G

' E D9F:
=B8  ;9bJ9
;9bJ9K
;9bJ9
;9bJ9EGK
;9bJ=AK
;9bJ9E

*F9H
=AD
GI6> 
>GKK=
>GKK=K
>GKK=
>fKK=EGK
>fKK=AK
>GKK=E

IH
DF9G 
;9AJ=A
;9AJYK
;9AJY
;9AJ=EGK
;9AJ=AK
;9AJ]G
IH
DF9H 
;9AJA9
;9AJA9K
;9AJA9
;9AJb9EGK
;9AJb=AK
;9AJA9E

IH
GI6> 
>GJ
>GJ=K
>GJ
>GJEGK
>GJ<=K
>GJ=E
#AD9F5H=JC
N9A
NY
N9EGK
A<=
N]G

*F9G
GI6> 
;9A9
;9A9K
;9A9
;9A9EGK
;9A9AK
;9A9E

!9FdB8=C
AF<G

*F9H
=AD
GI6> 
;9bKK=
;9bKK=K
;9bKK=
;9bKK=EGK
;9bKK=AK
;9bKK=E

*5FH 
A<G

IH
GI6> 
;9AJ
;9bJ=K
;9AJ
;9AJEGK
;9AJ<=K
;9bJ=E
+GJ =KL= K= ;GFBM?9E 5HF5=F 7CBHF5=F 8=GHF5=F 9GJ5=F F9HF5=F
G5=F
GI6HF5=F
HF5=F
9A65=F
+9J9 9 :G9 9;=FLM9^]G <=KL= LAHG <= N=J:GK J=;GJ<=K= G IM= K=
<AKK=
=E Regras de acentuao

Medir
*F9G
=B8 
E=^G
E=<=K
E=<=
E=<AEGK
E=<AK
E=<=E
*F9G
GI6> 
E=^9
E=^9K
E=^9
E=^9EGK
E=^9AK
E=^9E
KKAE
K=
;GFBM?9E 89GA98=F
9
D98=F

Cobrir
*F9G
=B8 
;M:JG
;G:J=K
;G:J=
;G:JAEGK
;G:JAK
;G:J=E
*F9H
*9F:
=B8 
;G:JA
;G:JAKL=
;G:JAM
;G:JAEGK
;G:JAKL=K
;G:JAJ9E
*F9G
GI6> 
;M:J9
;M:J9K
;M:J9
;M:J9EGK
;M:J9AK
;M:J9E
#AD9F5H=JC
;G:J=
LM
;M:J9
NG;a
;M:J9EGK
FeK
;G:JA
NeK
;M:J9E
NG;aK
+GJ =KL= K= ;GFBM?9E 89G7C6F=F 8CFA=F J=?MD9J FG H9JL  <GJEA<G 9B
7C6F=F
F97C6F=F
9
HCGG=F J=?MD9J
FG
H9JL  HCGG=8C

Frigir

Mentir
*F9G
=B8 
EAFLG
E=FL=K
E=FL=
E=FLAEGK
E=FLAK
E=FL=E
*F9G
GI6> 
EAFL9
EAFL9K
EAFL9
EAFL9EGK
EAFL9AK
EAFL9E
+GJ =KL= N=J:G K= ;GFBM?9E 7CBG9BH=F 89GA9BH=F D9FG9BH=F K=FLAJ HJG>MF<9
E=FL= DF9GG9BH=F HJ=N=J F9GG9BH=F
G9BH=F

Ouvir
*F9G
=B8 
GM^G
GMN=K
GMN=
GMNAEGK
GMNAK
GMN=E

*F9G
=B8  >JABG
>J=?=K
>J=?=
>JA?AEGK
>JA?AK
>J=?=E

*F9G
GI6> 
GM^9
GM^9K
GM^9
GM^9EGK
GM^9AK
GM^9E

*F9G
GI6> 
>JAB9
>JAB9K
>JAB9
>JAB9EGK
>JAB9AK
>JAB9E

FLJ= HGJLM?M=K=K G;GJJ= 9 N9JA9FL= C=WC 9G D9<G <= CIWC /9E:_E FG HJ=K=FL=
<G
KM:BMFLANG C=W5
C=W5G
C=W5
C=W5ACG
C=W5=G
C=W5A

#AD9F5H=JC
>J=?=
>JAB9
>JAB9EGK
>JA?A
>JAB9E
*5FH 
>JA?A<G
=
>JALG
L=FL=K=
H9J9
9
LJG;9
<= ;
DCF
>
5BH9G <= 5 = C

Ir
*F9G
=B8 
NGM
N9AK
N9A
N9EGK
GM
AEGK
A<=K
N]G
*F9H
=AD
=B8 
A9
A9K
A9
b9EGK
b=AK
A9E
*F9H
*9F: 
>MA
>GKL=
>GA
>GEGK
>GKL=K
>GJ9E
A E D9F:
=B8 
>GJ9
>GJ9K
>GJ9
>fJ9EGK
>fJ=AK
>GJ9E

Pedir
*F9G
=B8 
H=^G
H=<=K
H=<=
=L;
*F9G
GI6> 
H=^9
H=^9K
H=^9
=L;
*98=F K=JN= @GB= <= EG<=DG H9J9 89G=AD98=F 89GD98=F 9LD98=F = =AD98=F IM=
F]G
K]G
<=JAN9<GK
<= D98=F

Parir



Polir  @IGHF5F 7=J=@=N5F



*F9G
GI6> 
KAJN9
KAJN9K
KAJN9
KAJN9EGK
KAJN9AK
KAJN9E

*F9G
=B8 
HMDG
HMD=K
HMD=
HGDAEGK
HGDAK
HMD=E

#AD9F5H=JC
K=JN=
KAJN9
KAJN9EGK
K=JNA
KAJN9E

*F9H
D9F: 
HGDA
HGDAKL=
HGDAM
HGDAEGK
HGDAKL=K
HGDAJ9E

+GJ =KL= N=J:G K= ;GFBM?9E 9<=JAJ 9<N=JLAJ 9>=JAJ ;GEH=DAJ ;GEH=LAJ ;GF;=JFAJ
;GF>=JAJ ;GFK=?MAJ ;GFN=J?AJ <=>=JAJ <=KHAJ <A?=JAJ <AN=JLAJ =PH=DAJ AEH=DAJ
AFK=JAJ
H=JK=?MAJ
HJ=>=JAJ
HJ=L=JAJ
J=H=DAJ
K=?MAJ
KM?=JAJ
N=KLAJ

*F9G
GI6> 
HMD9
HMD9K
HMD9
HMD9EGK
HMD9AK
HMD9E

#AD9F5H=JC
HMD=
HMD9
HMD9EGK
HGDA
HMD9E
+GJ =KL= N=J:G K= ;GFBM?9E 89GDC@=F = GCFH=F  9:9KL=;=J HJGN=J EAKLMJ9J ;GE
:AF9J -IFH=F ;GE I
_
J=?MD9J GIFHC
GIFH9G
GIFH9
GIFH=ACG
GIFH=G
GIFH9A
x =FIM9FLG
G
HJG?J=KKG
<9K
;AaF;A9K
=
<9K
9JL=K
HMD=
=
E=D@GJ9
=P
L=JAGJE=FL=
G
?aF=JG
@ME9FG
<=KLJMAJA9
G
AFLGD=JYN=D
=?GbKEG
IM=
<=KLJeA
GM
9>=A9
G
>GJEGKG
=<A>b;AG
<9
EG<=JF9
;ANADAR9^]Gy
6# 
 7

Progredir

Submergir
*F9G =B8  KM:E=JBG a KM:E=J?=K _ KM:E=J?= _ KM:E=J?AEGK KM:E=J?AK
KM:E=J?=E
_
*F9G GI6>  KM:E=JB9 a KM:E=JB9K a KM:E=JB9 a KM:E=JB9EGK KM:E=JB9AK
KM:E=JB9E
a
#AD9F5H=JC
KM:E=J?=
_
KM:E=JB9
a
KM:E=JB9EGK
KM:E=J?A
KM:E=JB9E
a
.=?M=E
=KL=
EG<=DG 5GD9F;=F
9A9F;=F
=A9F;=F

*F9G
=B8 
HJG?JA<G
HJG?JA<=K
HJG?JA<=
HJG?J=<AEGK
HJG?J=<AK
HJG?JA<=E

Vir

*F9H =AD =B8  HJG?J=<A9 HJG?J=<A9K HJG?J=<A9 HJG?J=<b9EGK HJG?J=<b=AK

HJG?J=<A9E

*F9G
=B8  N=F@G
N=FK
N=E
NAEGK
NAF<=K
NaE

*F9H D9F: =B8  HJG?J=<A HJG?J=<AKL= HJG?J=<AM HJG?J=<AEGK HJG?J=<AKL=K

HJG?J=<AJ9E

*F9H
*9F:
=B8 
NAE
NA=KL=
N=AG
NA=EGK
NA=KL=K
NA=J9E

*F9H
=AD9F:
=B8  NAF@9
NAF@9K
NAF@9
NbF@9EGK
NbF@=AK
NAF@9E

*F9G
GI6> 
HJG?JA<9
HJG?JA<9K
HJG?JA<9
HJG?JA<9EGK
HJG?JA<9AK
HJG?JA<9E

+GJ =KL= N=J:G K= ;GFBM?9E 5;F98=F 79FN=F 89B9;F=F DF9J9B=F F9;F98=F HF5BG
;F98=F ,9A=F @GB= E9AK MK9<G ;GEG <=>=;LANG ;> Verbos defectivos e abundantes K=?MA9 GMLJGJ9 G EG<=DG <= DFC;F98=F JAEG JAE=K JAE= J=EAEGK J=EAK
JAE=E
x+GJ

DA:J9K
9FM9AK
9
9D<=A9
<=
!9N9AGK
JAE=
LG<GK
GK
LJA:MLGK
=
G:
L_E
G
HJANAD_?AG
<=
FGE=9J
G
K=M
BMARy
6# 
7

Rir
*F9G
=B8 
JAG
JAK
JA
JAEGK
JA<=K
JA=E

IH
DF9G 
NAJ=A
NAJYK
NAJY
NAJ=EGK
NAJ=AK
NAJ]G
IH
DF9H 
NAJA9
NAJA9K
NAJA9
NAJb9EGK
NAJb=AK
NAJA9E
*F9G
GI6> 
N=F@9
N=F@9K
N=F@9
N=F@9EGK
N=F@9AK
N=F@9E
IH
GI6> 
NA=J
NA=J=K
NA=J
NA=JEGK
NA=J<=K
NA=J=E
#AD9F5H=JC
N=E
N=F@9
N=F@9EGK
NAF<=
N=F@9E
!9FdB8=C
NAF<G
*5FH 
NAF<G
+GJ =KL= EG<=DG K= ;GFBM?9E 9<NAJ 9NAJK= ;GFNAJ <=K9NAJ AFL=JNAJ
HJGNAJ
KG:J=NAJ

*F9H
=AD9F:
=B8 
JA9
JA9K
JA9
Jb9EGK
Jb=AK
JA9E

*F9H
D9F:
=B8 
JA
JAKL=
JAM
JAEGK
JAKL=K
JAJ9E
*5FH 
JA<G
.=?M=
=KL=
EG<=DG
G
N=J:G GCFF=F

EHJ=?G
<G
N=J:G
L=EHGK
=
EG<GK

Emprego do Verbo
Emprego de tempos e modos
$F<A;9LANG

Servir
*F9G
=B8 
KAJNG
K=JN=K
K=JN=
K=JNAEGK
K=JNAK
K=JN=E

 Indicativo v W G EG<G IM= FGJE9DE=FL= 9H9J=;= F9K GJ9^g=K AF

<=H=F<=FL=K = F9K <=H=F<=FL=K IM= =F;=JJ9E ME >9LG J=9D GM LA<G ;GEG
L9D



*F9G9BH9 v +9J9 :=E =FL=F<=J GK <AN=JKGK =EHJ=?GK HGJ IM= K= <=K

<G:J9 G HJ=K=FL= FG KAKL=E9 <= GHGKA^g=K =E IM= K= AFK=J= L=EGK <= ;GF
KA<=J9J
9
DA^]G
<=
GK=JAM
IM=
HJGHg=
G
K=?MAFL=
=KIM=E9
6 K 
7



5
H=DG DF9HXF=HC
=E
F9JJ9^g=K
9FAE9<9K
=
K=?MA<9K
HJ=K=FL=
@AKLeJA;G
;GEG
H9J9
<9J
9
>9LGK
H9KK9<GK
G
K9:GJ
<=
FGNA<9<=
<9K
;GAK9K
9LM9AK
x+=D9
E9F@] 65H9GD@=
Z
HGJL9
;@9E9F<GG
GEG
FAF?M_E
J=
KHGF<9 DFC7IF5G =FLJ9J
0E
H=KG
AEHJ=NAKLG 89HXA G
=K>GJ^G
<G
L=M
:J9^G #BG=GH9G BHF5G
F97I5G
GK
GD@GK
=K;9F;9J9<GK
G
JGKLG
LJ9FK>A?MJ9<G
H=D9
<GJ
=
H=DG
9KKGE:JG
G
;GJ9^]G
H9J9<G
FG
H=ALGy
6# 
7 

6
H=DG :IHIFC
8C
=B8=75H=JC H9J9
AF<A;9J
;GE
aF>9K=
ME9
<=;AK]G

E9F@]
=M JCI Z
;A<9<=

7
H=DG DF9HXF=HC
=AD9F:9=HC <G
KM:BMFLANG

.= F9GDCB8C E9D
=D=
K=
R9F?9JA9

8
H=DG :IHIFC
8C
GI6>IBH=JC
AF<9 L=Jb9EGK <= FG AFL=JAGJ <G H9KK9<G 9<EALAJ GMLJ9 N=R 9
GHGKA^]G HJ=K=FL=
H9KK9<G AKLG _ ME9 GHGKA^]G =FLJ= ME xHJ=K=FL= <G
H9KK9<Gy
75BH5J5 v 75BH9=
=
ME
xH9KK9<G
<G
H9KK9<Gy
75BH5F5
$KLG KA?FA>A;9 IM= G HJ=K=FL= 9 JA?GJ K= ;9J9;L=JAR9 H=DG LJ9^G xF=?
9LANGy GM xF=MLJ9Dy =E J=D9^]G 9G HJ=L_JALG H9KK9<G = 9G >MLMJG IM= K]G
L=JEGK xHGKALANGKy AKLG _ 9HDA;9<GK 9G G;GJJA<G G IM= D@= H=JEAL= 9G
HJ=K=FL= =EHJ=?9JK= =E <=L=JEAF9<GK ;GFL=PLGK x=E DM?9Jy <G H9K
K9<G = <G >MLMJG 6 K  7 )]G G;GJJ=F<G 9 F=MLJ9DAR9^]G L9AK KM:
KLALMA^g=K >A;9E AEH=<A<9K =E 5;CF5 9GH5F9= AI=HC 75BG58C K= =FL=F<=J
EGK x9?GJ9 E=KEGy = F]G x=E K=?MA<9y <=HGAK <G EGE=FLG =E IM=
>9DGy IM9F<G 9 ;GFKLJM^]G K=JY H=J>=AL9E=FL= HGKKbN=D F]G K=
=EHJ=?9JY
G
>MLMJG
H=DG
HJ=K=FL=
*
HJ=K=FL=
<=FGL9
ME9
<=;D9J9^]G
5
IM=
K=
N=JA>A;9
GM
IM=
K=
HJGDGF?9
9L_
G
EGE=FLG
=E
IM=
K=
>9D9
x*;GJJ=E=
ME9
J=>D=P]G
AEGJ9D
IM=
_
9G
E=KEG
L=EHG
ME9
;GJ
J=^]G
<=
=KLADGy
6( 
7

6
IM=
9;GFL=;=
@9:ALM9DE=FL=

/=JJ9
?AJ9
=E
LGJFG
<G
.GD

7
IM=
J=HJ=K=FL9
ME9
N=J<9<=
MFAN=JK9D
G
xHJ=K=FL=
=L=JFGy
x*
AFL=J=KK=
9<GL9
=
<=>=F<=
GHAFAg=K
IM=
9
;GFK;AaF;A9
J=HJGN9y
6((7

EHJ=?9K=
G
HJ=K=FL=

.= EI9F9G 9
H9R
HJ=H9J9L=
H9J9
9
?M=JJ9
*bservao +9J9 =PHJAEAJ 9^]G ;GE=^9<9 =EHJ=?9K= =E ?=J9D G N=J:G 9GH5F
K=?MA<G
<=
?=JhF<AG
GM
<=
AF>AFALANG
HJ=;=<A<G
<= 5 HJ=HGKA^]G

*F9HXF=HC =AD9F:9=HC v * AEH=J>=ALG ;GEG =FKAF9 GK=JAM 6 K 

7 _ ME E=E:JG F]G E9J;9<G =PL=FKANG <= ME9 GHGKA^]G IM= =F
;=JJ9 LJaK E=E:JGK <GAK <GK IM9AK K]G E9J;9<GK = AFL=FKANGK G E9AK
IM=H=J>=ALG
=
G
;@9E9<G
;GF<A;AGF9D
HJ=K=FL=
F9
>GJE9
KAEHD=K
)=KL9 GHGKA^]G G E9AKIM=H=J>=ALG KA?FA>A;9 ME x9FL=JAGJy =F
IM9FLG G ;GF<A;AGF9D HJ=K=FL= >MLMJG <G HJ=L_JALG ME x<=HGAKy 9b G
AEH=J>=ALG F]G KA?FA>A;9J F=E x9FL=Ky F=E x<=HGAKy = HGJ AKKG HG<=
G;MH9J LG<G G =KH9^G <9 GHGKA^]G $KLG AEHDA;9 IM= F]G K= HG<= 9 JA?GJ
9LJA:MAJ 9G AEH=J>=ALG 9 HMJ9 = KAEHD=K KA?FA>A;9^]G <= H9KK9<G 9 F]G K=J
IM= =D= K=B9 ;GFKA<=J9<G ME xHJ=K=FL=y <G H9KK9<G GEG ME K=?MF<G
xHJ=K=FL=y HG<= v ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE G HJ=K=FL= HJeHJAG IM= L=E K=M
HJ=L_JALG J=HJ=K=FL9<G H=DG H=J>=ALG KAEHD=K = G K=M >MLMJG J=HJ=K=FL9<G
H=DG >MLMJG KAEHD=K v L=J K=M HJeHJAG H9KK9<G G E9AKIM=H=J>=ALG = K=M
HJeHJAG >MLMJG G ;GF<A;AGF9D HJ=K=FL= +GJ AKKG G HJ=K=FL= HG<= KM:
KLALMAJ
G
HJ=L_JALG
H=J>=ALG
KAEHD=K
=
G
>MLMJG
E9K
G
AEH=J>=ALG
F]G
+G<=K= F=KL= ?JY>A;G J=HJ=K=FL9J G HJ=K=FL= = G AEH=J>=ALG FG KAK
L=E9 <GK L=EHGK =E HGJLM?MaK G AEH=J>=ALG K=F<G ME L=JEG F=MLJG <G



HD9FG xAF9LM9Dy HG<= K=J =EHJ=?9<G x=E DM?9Jy <G K=M HJ=L_JALG
H9KK9<G
=
<=
K=M
>MLMJG

 

 p AF<9 F9 J=>=JaF;A9 9G >MLMJG =FLJ9 G AEH=J>=ALG ;@9E9<G xHJ=Dh<A;Gy GM AE

H=J>=ALG <GK BG?GK 9BHVC 6F=KL= BG?G IM= N9EGK ;GE=^9J 9 BG?9J7 =M 9F5 G J=A = LM
9F5G 9 J9AF@9 6 .  7 x?GJ9 =M =J9 G @=JeA = G E=M ;9N9DG Ke >9D9N9
AF?DaKy
$CVC
9
'5F=5
<=
@A;G
M9JIM=
=
.ANM;9

*F9HXF=HC D9F:9=HC v x* HJ=L_JALG AEH=J>=ALG _ G L=EHG <9 9^]G HJG

DGF?9<9 GM J=H=LA<9 ;GE DAEAL=K AEHJ=;AKGK GM F]G FGK =K;D9J=;= KG:J= 9
G;9KA]G =E IM= 9 9^]G L=JEAF9JA9 GM F9<9 FGK AF>GJE9 IM9FLG 9G EG
E=FLG <G AFb;AG * HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG H=DG ;GFLJYJAG >AP9 = =FIM9<J9 9
9^]G
<=FLJG
<=
ME
=KH9^G
<=
L=EHG
<=L=JEAF9<Gy
6. 
$$
7
9b 9 N9JA=<9<= = 9E:AN9DaF;A9K <=KL=K <GAK L=EHGK F9 9LANA<9<= <G
<AK;MJKG ?=J9DE=FL= ME9 >GJE9 N=J:9D F]G =KLY HGJ GMLJ9 GM =E DM?9J <=
GMLJ9
E9K
KAE
FG
DM?9J
<= CIHF5 G=;B=:=75WVC 6 K 
7
EHJ=?9K= G HJ=L AEH=J>=ALG IM9F<G FGK LJ9FKHGJL9EGK E=FL9D
E=FL=
9
ME9
_HG;9
H9KK9<9
=
<=K;J=N=EGK
G
IM=
=FL]G
=J9
HJ=K=FL=
x M?aFA9 7CL95J5 ME
HGM;G
L]G
HGM;G
IM=
=M
;@=?M=A
9
H=J?MFL9J
D@=
K=
E9;@M;9J9
G
H_y
6( 
7

)GK H=<A<GK = KGDA;AL9^g=K GM <=FGL9 IM= <MNA<9EGK <9 J=9DAR9^]G

<G >9LG GM =PHJAE= ME <=K=BG >=ALG ;GE EG<_KLA9 GM ;GE G KAEHD=K
HJGHeKALG
x+I9F=5 NAN=J
H9J9
G
K=M
>AD@G
v
_
;GEG
=D=
=PHDA;9N9
G
<=K=BG
<9
NA<9y
6J 
7
.J
(9FM=D
=M 89G9>5J5 L=D=>GF9J

+G<= KM:KLALMAJ HJAF;AH9DE=FL= F9 ;GFN=JK9^]G G >MLMJG <G

HJ=L_JALG IM9F<G K= IM=J =PHJAEAJ >9LG ;9L=?eJA;G GM 9 K=?MJ9F^9 <G
>9D9FL=
x.=
E=
<=KHJ=R9KK=K
EGJJ=JA9 A5H5J5E=y
6J 
7
*bservaes
 p EHJ=?9K= G HJ=L_JALG AEH=J>=ALG <G N=J:G 89J9F >9R=J ME9 ;GAK9 =E DM?9J
<G
HJ=L_JALG
H=J>=ALG
D= 89J=5 =
F]G 89J9I
K=J
GM H9F
G=8C
GFL=E
E9AK
9L=F;AGKG
H9J9
;GFLA?G
6  
l

9
G:K7
p H9J=;= =E DM?9J <G >MLMJG <G HJ=L_JALG H9J9 <=FGL9J ME >9LG ;=JLG ;GEG
;GFK=IMaF;A9
<=
GMLJG
IM=
F]G
K=
<=M
M
K=
LAN=KK=
;J_<ALG
F9
HJ9^9 D98=5 GMLJG
=EHJ_KLAEG

x(9J;=D9 H9J9 HJAE=AJG
ME
KADaF;AG
AF<A?F9<G
<=HGAK :9N ME
?=KLG

E9?Fb>A;G H9BHCI 9LAJ9J
G
;GD9J
Z
JM9
M F9H=J9D@=
G
:J9^G D98=D@=
EMALG
IM=
F]G
E=
>AR=KK=
L9D
<=K>=AL9
IM=
>A;9KK=
;GE
9
BGA9 -CFF=I =
:=7CIy
6( 
7

)]G K= HG<= <AR=J ;GE=FL9 GK=JAM  IM= G H=J>=ALG KAEHD=K = G

AEH=J>=ALG K= ;GFLJ9Hg=E HGJ ME9 KAEHD=K GHGKA^]G )9 =KKaF;A9 G AE
H=J>=ALG =E HGJLM?MaK = FG JGE[FA;G NAKM9DAR9 9K 9^g=K ;GEG FME H9FG
<=
>MF<G
;GEG
K=
;GEHD=L9F<G
FME
FbN=D
K=;MF<YJAG
*
HJ=L_JALG
;GEHGKLG
H9B<C
HF565@<58C
=PHJAE=
5 J=H=LA^]G GM HJGDGF?9^]G <= ME >9LG 9L_ G EGE=FLG =E IM= K= >9D9 GM
>9LG
@9:ALM9D
x)]G
E= H9BG
8=HC F9<9
<9K
LM9K
G;MH9^g=K
F=KK9
;9K9y
6J 
$$
7

6
>9LG
;GFKME9<G
.9B<C
8=HC FG
>AE
<GK
<AK;MJKGK

*F9HXF=HC A5=GEI9D9F:9=HC KAEHD=K = ;GEHGKLG v =FGL9 ME9

9^]G
9FL=JAGJ
9
GMLJ9
BY
H9KK9<9
x)G
<A9
K=?MAFL=
9FL=K
<=
E=
J=;AL9J
F9<9
=PHDA;GME=
G
;9HAL]G
IM=
Ke
HGJ
EGLANGK
?J9N=K 56F5W5F5 9
HJG>AKK]G
E9JbLAE9 y
6( 
7
*bservao E ;=JL9K GJ9^g=K L=EHGJ9AK 9H9J=;= G HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG GF<= K=
=KH=J9JA9
G
E9AKIM=H=J>=ALG
x'G?G
IM=
K= F9H=FCI G
AFAEA?G
E9F<GM

%G]G
(9K;9J=F@9K
=FL=J
J9J
GK
EGJLGKy
6  
l
7
xG
J=N_K
=F;GFLJ9K=
=E
GJ9^g=K
KM:GJ<AF9<9K
G
E9AKIM=H=J>=ALG
;GJJ=KHGF<=F<G
9
ME
HJ=K=FL=
<9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
IM9F<G
=KL=




HJ=K=FL=
L=E
G
K=FLA<G
<=
ME
HJ=L_JALG
N ?
*K
9FLAIMYJAGK
<AR=E

<=AP9J9E
=K;JALG
IM=
=D= J=J9F5 F=KL=
J=AF9<Gy
6  7

EHJ=?9K= 9AF<9 G E9AKIM=H=J>=ALG KAEHD=K =E DM?9J <G >MLMJG

<G HJ=L_JALG <G AF<A;9LANG = <G HJ=L_JALG <G KM:BMFLANG G IM= K=JN= @GB=
;GEG
LJ9^G
=KLADbKLA;G
<=
DAF?M9?=E
KGD=F=
x<AR=F<G
(9AK G9FJ=F5 
K=JNAJA9
K=
F]G :CF5 
>GKK=
H9J9
L]G
DGF?G
9EGJ
L]G
;MJL9
9
NA<9y
6' 
7
x,M= :CF5 
K=JA9
9
NA<9
K=
F=D9
F]G <CIJ9F5 
@GMN=KK=
DY?JAE
9Ky
6# 
 7



5 IM= ME >9LG K= <9JY 9?GJ9 GM FG >MLMJG <=H=F<=F<G <= ;=JL9

;GF<A^]G
x
NA<9
@ME9F9 G9F=5 AF;GEHGJLYN=D
K=E
9K
ADMKg=K
=
HJ=KLb?AGK
IM=
9
;AJ;MF<9Ey
6((7
x.=
HM<_KK=EGK
;@=?9J
9
ME
;=JLG
?J9M
<=
K9:=<GJA9 ACFF9F[5ACG
LbKA;GK
<=
9EGJ
=
9<EAJ9^]G
HGJ
=MKy
6((7

6 9KK=N=J9^]G EG<=KL9 =E J=D9^]G 9G H9KK9<G 9<EAJ9^]G HGJ ME >9LG K=

L=J
J=9DAR9<G
M H9F=5 >A;9<G
K9LAK>=ALG
;GE
9K
LM9K
;9JL9K
6-17
)eK DF9H9B89F[5ACG K9:=J
9
N=J<9<=
-9F=5 AKKG
N=J<9<=AJG

IHIFC v * >MLMJG <G HJ=K=FL= = G <G HJ=L_JALG <=FGL9E ME9 9^]G

IM=
9AF<9
K=
N9A
J=9DAR9J
x*K
@GE=FK
FGK D5F979FVC K=EHJ=
AFBMKLGK
=FIM9FLG
G
>GJ=E
9K
HJ=
L=FKg=K
<G
FGKKG
9EGJHJeHJAGy
6((7
x.=E
9
;J=F^9
=E
ME9
NA<9
>MLMJ9
9
HJ=K=FL= G9F=5 AF=PHDA;YN=Dy
6((7

*
>MLMJG
<G
HJ=K=FL=
HG<=
9AF<9
=PHJAEAJ
5 =E DM?9J <G DF9G9BH9 AF;=JL=R9 GM A<=A9 9HJGPAE9<9 KAEHD=K HGKKA:AD
A<9<=
GM
9KK=N=J9^]G
EG<=KL9
x*
E9D
F]G G9FR 9
=KH=;A9JA9
<G
:=Ey
6((7
D= H9FR K=MK
NAFL=
9FGK

)G ;9KG <= K=J =EHJ=?9<G =E DAF?M9?=E HGDA<9 F9K AFL=JJG?

9^g=K G >MLMJG xF]G G:JA?9 G AFL=JDG;MLGJ 9 J=KHGF<=J ;GEG IM9F<G K=
=EHJ=?9
G
N=J:G
FG
HJ=K=FL=
GM
FG
HJ=L_JALGy
6. 
7
6 =E DM?9J <G =AD9F5H=JC ME9 GJ<=E GM J=;GE=F<9^]G HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
F9K
HJ=K;JA^g=K
=
J=;GE=F<9^g=K
EGJ9AK
9:9B89FRG GK
L=MK
<AJ=ALGK
)]G :IFH5FRG

x)9K GJ9^g=K ;GF<A;AGF9AK <= G9 F9K L=EHGJ9AK <= EI5B8C = 9B
EI5BHC F9K ;GF>GJE9LAN9K <= G9;IB8C = 7CB:CFA9 =L;  F9K 9<B=LAN9K
IM= <=FGL9E KAEHD=K ;GF;=H^]Gy G >MLMJG <G AF<A;9LANG _ KM:KLALMb<G
H=DG >MLMJG ;GFBMFLANG KM:BMFLANG v G IM9D Ke F=KL9K GJ9^g=K K= MK9 GM
L9E:_E =E ;=JLGK ;9KGK H=DG HJ=K=FL= ;GFBMFLANG 9KKAE <ARK= G9 J9>C
G9 J= E9K G9 J=F EI5B8C J9>C EI5B8C J= E9K EI5B8C J=F 5EI9@9 EI9
JZ 5EI9@9
EI9
J=I
E9K 5EI9@9
EI9
J=Fy
6  
l

9
G:K 7
*
>MLMJG
<G
HJ=L_JALG
K=
=EHJ=?9
9AF<9
H9J9
<=FGL9J

7
AF;=JL=R9
"5J9F=5 F9
>=KL9
ME9K
<GR=
H=KKG9K

EHJ=?9K= G 9MPADA9J H=J9F5 GM <CIJ9F5 F9 GJ9^]G ;GF<A;AGF9D

=E DM?9J <G E9AKIM=H=J>=ALG =E J=D9^]G 9 ME >MLMJG <G HJ=L_JALG HGKLG
F9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
KLM<9JA9
GM H9F=5
9GHI858C
K= H=J9F5  H=J9GG9 G56=8C <9
HJGN9
.M:BMFLANG

 Subjuntivo v * EG<G KM:BMFLANG G;GJJ= FGJE9DE=FL= F9K GJ

9^g=K AF<=H=F<=FL=K GHL9LAN9K F9K AEH=J9LAN9K F=?9LAN9K = 9>AJE9LAN9K
F=KL9K hDLAE9K ;GE =P;=^]G <9 p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J = HDMJ9D F9K <M
:AL9LAN9K ;GE G 9<N_J:AG H5@J9N = F9K KM:GJ<AF9<9K =E IM= G >9LG _ ;GF
KA<=J9<G
;GEG
AF;=JLG
<MNA<GKG
GM
AEHGKKbN=D
<=
K=
J=9DAR9J
GFK
N=FLGK
G @9J9A
x)]G 9ADF9GH9G
F]G 8=GDIH9G
F]G A5@8=;5G =
F]G
L=JYK
<=
9JJ=H=F<=JL=y
6((7
x)]G 89G9B;5B9ACG GK
LGDGK
K=
F]G
IM=J=EGK
L=J
AFME=JYN=AK
AFAEA
?GKy
6((7
x&CIJ9ACG 9
IM=E
FGK
DGMN9
H9J9
9:GF9JEGK
G
K=M
L=KL=EMF@Gy
6((7
x/9DN=R
9
=KL9K
@GJ9K 89G9>9A <AR=JL= D975J=
/9DN=R 7<CF9A ;GE
DY?JAE9K
<=
K9F?M=y
6# 
$
7
x!9DL9EFGK
E=EeJA9K
=
<G;ME=FLGK
;G=NGK
=E
IM= DCGG5ACG
=KLJA:9JFGK
H9J9
J=D9L9J
L9AK
KM;=KKGKy
6# 
$
7
*bservao tK N=R=K G;GJJ= G AF<A;9LANG ;GE H5@J9N x(9?AKLJ9<G GM ?M=JJ=AJG
<= BMKLG GM ?=F=JGKG K= ?9:9 v = 9K LMJ:9K L9DN=R G 5D@5I89A = 79@96F5A K=M



FGE=y 6#  7 +9J=;= IM= G AF<A;9LANG <=AP9 9FL=N=J E=D@GJ 9 ;=JL=R9 <=
IM=
G
<=
IM=
K=
<MNA<9
K=
HG<=
:=E
J=9DAR9J

)9K GJ9^g=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K KM:KL9FLAN9K G;GJJ= G KM:BMFLANG FGK

K=?MAFL=K
HJAF;AH9AK
;9KGK
5
<=HGAK
<=
=PHJ=KKg=K
N=J:GK
FGE=K
GM
DG;M^g=K
=IMAN9D=FL=K
IM=
<=FGL9E
GJ<=E
NGFL9<=
;GFK=FLAE=FLG
9HJGN9^]G
HJGA:A^]G
J=;=AG
9<EAJ9^]G
KMJHJ=K9
;GFL=FL9E=FLG
x+JGMN=J9
9
=MK
N=F=JYN=D
JAEAD<=
v
LGJFGM
G
IMAF?=FLYJAG
v
IM=
FGK :CGG9 Db;ALG
<=K9EH9J9J
=KL=K
EMJGKy
6# 
7
x+JGA:AL=
IM=
G F9J9@5GG9Gy
6# 
$
7
KH=JG
IM= 9GHI89G =
IM= G9>5G >=DAR

6
<=HGAK
<=
=PHJ=KKg=K
N=J:GK
GM
DG;M^g=K
>GJE9<9K
HGJ G9F 9GH5F

:=75F 
KM:KL9FLANG
GM
9<B=LANG
IM=
<=FGL9E
<=K=BG
HJG:9:ADA<9<=
NMD?9JA<9<=
BMKLA^9
F=;=KKA<9<=
MLADA<9<=
MEHJ=
IM= J9B<5G ;=<G
GFN_E
IM=
F]G
FGK 89ACF9ACG
W
:GE
IM= 7CADF99B85 DG?G
G
HJG:D=E9

7
<=HGAK
<GK
N=J:GK 8IJ=85F GIGD9=H5F 89G7CB:=5F =
FGE=K
;G?F9LGK

<hNA<9
<MNA<GKG
KMKH=AL9
<=K;GF>A9F^9
=L; 
IM9F<G
=EHJ=?9<GK
9>AJE9LAN9E=FL=
AKLG
_
IM9F<G
K=
LJ9L9
<=
<hNA<9
KMKH=AL9
GM
<=K;GF
>A9F^9
J=9AK
x
E=
NAF@9E
Z
E=FL= GIGD9=H5G <=
IM=
=D9 :CGG9 ME
9FBG
LJ9FKNA9<G
<G
;_M y
6# 
$$
 7
x
DMR
IM= GIGD9=HRJ5ACG DFC7989GG9 <=
D[EH9<9
=KIM=;A<9
HGJ
KGFGD=FLG
EG^G
<=
J=HGKL= y
6# 
7

.= G >9D9FL= L=E 9 KMKH=AL9 ;GEG ;GAK9 ;=JL9 GM F=D9 9;J=<AL9 G

FGJE9D
_
9H9J=;=J
G
AF<A;9LANG
x-IGD9=H5J5K=
IM=
=J9
9
9DE9
<9
N=D@9
JAL=K
IM=
9F<9N9
9DA
H=F9<9y
6# 
7

0K9K=
G
KM:BMFLANG
F9K
GJ9^g=K
9<B=LAN9K
IM=
=PHJAE=E
5
>AE
xF<G
Z
;9L9
<=
ME
;JA9<G
IM= G9>5 =;GFfEA;G
=
>A=Dy
6-7

6
;GFK=IMaF;A9
G
J=D9LANG
N=E
HJ=;=<A<G
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
?=J9DE=FL=
7CA
x9IMA
D=N9JYK
LM<G
L]G
KG:=BG
CA
EI9
:5W5G 
IM=
;GE
AKKG
G
>AE
9
L=M
<=K=BGy
6' 
$$
7



7
ME9
;GFB=;LMJ9
=
F]G
ME9
J=9DA<9<=
GEH9J=K=
*
;A<9<]G
IM= 5A5 KM9
HYLJA9
=F?J9F<=;=9
J=9DA<9<=
*
;A<9<]G
IM= 5A9 KM9
HYLJA9
=F?J9F<=;=9
;GFB=;LMJ9

8
<=HGAK
<=
ME
HJ=<A;9<G
F=?9LANG
GM
<=
ME9
AFL=JJG?9^]G
<=
K=FLA<G
F=?9LANG
IM9F<G
=FMF;A9E
ME9
IM9DA<9<=
IM=
<=L=JEAF=
=
J=KLJAFB9
9
A<=A9
=PHJ=KK9
HGJ
=KK=
HJ=<A;9<G
GM
AFL=JJG?9^]G
x)]G
@Y
@GE=E
9D?ME
IM= DCGG5 ?9:9JK=
<=
K=J
;GEHD=L9E=FL=
>=DAR
,M=E
@Y
9b
IM= G9>5 ;GEHD=L9E=FL=
>=DARy
6-1 
7

)9K
GJ9^g=K
9<N=J:A9AK
MK9K=
G
KM:BMFLANG
5
F9K
;9MK9AK
<= BVC
DCFEI9 BVC GM B9A
IM9F<G
K=
IM=J
<AR=J
IM=
9
J9R]G
9DM<A<9
F]G
_
N=J<9<=AJ9
x=AL=AE=
GFL=E
E9AK
;=<G
F]G
HGJIM= H=J9GG9 KGFG
E9K
HGJIM=
HJ=;AK9N9
<=
E=
D=N9FL9J
@GB=
<=
E9<JM?9<9y
6-1 
7

6
F9K
;GF;=KKAN9K
<= 5=B85
EI9 9A6CF5 7CBEI5BHC DCGHC
EI9 G9
69A

EI9 DCF
AI=HC
EI9 DCF
DCI7C
EI9 =
K=E=D@9FL=K
F]G
@9N=F<G
=F
LJ=L9FLG
;GEHD=LG
JA?GJ
9
J=KH=ALG
xAF<9
IM= D9F8C9ACG 9GK
E9MK
9
GJ<=E
EGJ9D
F]G
D@=K
H=J<G9
=
;9KLA?9
9
FGKK9
AF<MD?aF;A9y
6((7
x+GJ
E9AK
K9?9R
IM= G9>5 G
FGKKG
9EGJ
HJeHJAG
9
DAKGFB9
IM9K=
K=EHJ=
G
=F?9F9y
6((7

FLJ9E F=KL= JGD 9K 9DL=JF9LAN9K <= K=FLA<G ;GF;=KKANG GM GM

IM=J IM=J = 9K ;GF;=KKAN9K BMKL9HGKL9K <G LAHG <= :CGG9 9@9 C 7I@D58C
5=B85
5GG=A
@<9
D9F8C5F=5
7
F9K
;GF<A^g=K
<= G9 7CBH5BHC
EI9 G9A
EI9 5
BVC
G9F
EI9 GIDCGHC
EI9 75GC 858C
EI9
H9J9
=PHJAEAJ
@AHeL=K=
=
F]G
ME9
J=9DA<9<=
F
LJ9
9AF<9
F=KL=
?JMHG
9
;GEH9J9LAN9
@AHGL_LA;9 7CAC
G9
x.=
9K
NA9?=FK
KAEHD=KE=FL= =BGHFI[GG9A GK
@GE=FK
GK
E9JAF@=AJGK
K=JA9E
GK
E9AK
AFKLJMb<GKy
6((7
x
EGNA9E
GK
DY:AGK
;GEG
K= H9BH5GG9A >9D9Jy
6# 
7

.= K= LJ9L9J <= ;GAK9 J=9D GM LA<9 ;GEG L9D ?=J9DE=FL= 9H9J=;= G

AF<A;9LANG
x)]G
@Y
EGE=FLG
IM=
H=J<=J
K= EI9F9ACG K9DN9JFGKy
6# 
7

8
F9K
;GFK=;MLAN9K
IM9F<G
K=
=PHJAE=
ME9
KAEHD=K
;GF;=H^]G
=
F]G
ME
>9LG
J=9D



x=N=EGK
J=?MD9J
9
FGKK9
NA<9
<=
EG<G
IM= DCGG5ACG =KH=J9J
=
F]G

J=;=9J
<=HGAK
<=
FGKK9
EGJL=y
6((7
x)]G
KM:9AK
L]G
9DLG
IM=
9
IM=<9 G9>5 EGJL9Dy
6((7

9
F9K
>AF9AK
x*K
E9MK
K]G
=P9DL9<GK
H9J9
K=J=E
>=DAR=K
H9J9
IM= 75=5A <G
E9AK
9DLG
= G9>5A =KE9?9<GKy
6((7

:
F9K
L=EHGJ9AK
<= 5BH9G
EI9 5GG=A
EI9 5HX
EI9 9BEI5BHC 89DC=G
EI9

@C;C
EI9
IM9F<G
G;GJJ=E
F9K
F=?9^g=K
GM
F9K
AF<A;9^g=K
<=
KAEHD=K
;GF;=H^]G
=
F]G
ME9
J=9DA<9<=
;9KG
=E
IM=
9H9J=;=
G
AF<A;9LANG
xMEHJAJ=A
G
IM=
GJ<=F9K
HGJIM=
BMJ=A
G:=<=;=JL=
;=?9E=FL=
=F
IM9FLG
F]G G5@JRGG9ACG 9
AJE]
<=
+=DY?AGy
6# 
7

5GCG
D5FH=7I@5F9G
  GJ9^]G KM:KL9FLAN9 IM= ;GEHD=L9 9 =P;D9E9^]G <= KMJHJ=K9
EI9A
8=F=5 ;GFKLJeAK=
;GE
AF<A;9LANG
GM
KM:BMFLANG



+I9=F5
579=H5F E=MK
;MEHJAE=FLGK
*bservao *K ;9KGK 9IMA D=E:J9<GK =KL]G DGF?= <= =FIM9<J9J 9 LJ9E9 ;GEHD
=P9 <G =EHJ=?G <= L=EHGK = EG<GK =E HGJLM?MaK .]G NYJA9K 9K KALM9^g=K IM=
HG<=E >=JAF<G GK HJAF;bHAGK 9IMA =PHGKLGK D=N9J G >9D9FL= GM =K;JALGJ 9 :MK;9J
FGNGK E=AGK =PHJ=KKANGK .]G IM=KLg=K IM= >G?=E 9G [E:ALG <9 "J9EYLA;9 = ;GF
KLALM=E
HJ=G;MH9^]G
<9
KLADbKLA;9
EHJ=?G
<9K
>GJE9K
FGEAF9AK

Emprego das formas nominais v  J=KH=ALG <9K >GJE9K FGEAF9AK

;MEHJ=
9;J=K;=FL9J
9G
IM=
K=
<AKK=
F9K
HY?AF9K
9FL=JAGJ=K
$F>AFALANG
@AKLeJA;G

 v Infinitivo histrico v FL=F<=K= HGJ =B:=B=H=JC <=GH_F=7C GM 89 B5F

F5WVC 9IM=D= IM= FME9 F9JJ9^]G 9FAE9<9 ;GFKA<=J9 9 9^]G ;GEG BY H9K
K9<9
=
F]G
FG
K=M
<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG
x
GK
E_<A;GK
9 =BG=GH=F9A IM=
K9bKK=
<=
'AK:G9y
6%
AFAK7
x D9
9 JC@H5F 9K
;GKL9K
=
G
J=ALGJ
9
HfJ
G
;@9H_M
F9
;9:=^9y
6%
AFAK7
x
=D=
9 F=FK=
=D=
9 F9;5@5FK=y
6 ,7 

,M=E
<AJA9
IM=
=D= 9F5 ;9H9R
<AKKG

,M=E
<AJA9
IM=
=D= :CGG9 ;9H9R
<AKKG

 GE GK AF<=>AFA<GK <G LAHG C EI9 EI9F EI9 _ E9AK ;GEME G

=EHJ=?G
<G
KM:BMFLANG
.9AM
;GE
G
IM=
IM=J
IM= :CGG9

D=P9F<J= #=J;MD9FG N9;ADGM =FLJ= G =EHJ=?G <= :CGG9 =< <=


= 9F5 =<
<=

FG
K=?MAFL=
H9KKG
xGE
ME
GD@9J
<=
KAEH9LA9
=
;GEH9AP]G
EAKLMJ9<9
<G
IM=
IM=J
IM=
9F5 <=
9<EAJ9^]G
=
<=
L=JJGJ
AFNGDMFLYJAGy
6# 

=<
7

 /9E:_E LaE G N=J:G FG KM:BMFLANG 9K GJ9^g=K AFLJG<MRA<9K HGJ

EI9
IM9F<G
J=KLJAF?=E
9
?=F=J9DA<9<=
<=
ME
9KK=JLG
x)]G
@Y
IM=
=M G5=65
=PHJ=KK]G
E9AK
KM9N=y
6  
 7
$EH=J9LANG

 Imperativo v MEHJ= 9H=F9K 9;J=K;=FL9J 9G IM= <AKK=

9FL=JAGJE=FL=
5
IM=
G
AF>AFALANG
HG<=
KM:KLALMAJ
G
AEH=J9LANG
F9K
GJ<=FK
AFKL9FL=K
x/G<GK
K=
;@=?9N9E
H9J9
G
>=JAJ
K=E
IM=
9

}DN9JG
K=
GMNAKK=E
GMLJ9K
H9D9NJ9K
K=F]G
=KL9K 5FH5F
J9H9R=Ky
6# 
7

6 IM= K= MK9 G AEH=J9LANG <G N=J:G EI9F9F 9G D9<G <G KM:BMFLANG
HJ=K=FL=
K=?MA<G
<=
AF>AFALANG
H9J9
KM9NAR9J
ME9
GJ<=E

EHJ=?G
<G
AF>AFALANG
>D=PAGF9<G
=
K=E
>D=P]G


v Emprego do infinitivo >D=PAGF9<G
=
K=E
>D=P]G

 #B:=B=H=JC
D9FH9B79BH9
5
IA5
@C7IWVC
J9F65@
)]G K= >D=PAGF9 FGJE9DE=FL= G AF>AFALANG IM= >9R H9JL= <= ME9
DG;M^]G
N=J:9D
x
G
K=M
?=KLG
=J9
L]G
<=K?J9;AGKG
;GAL9<AF@G
IM=
LG<GK
Z
=P;=^]G
<=
.9FL9 DIG9F5AK= 5
F=Fy
6R 5DI8 ! 
7
x+GAK
K= CIG5=G
@9J5F 9
;9:G
NGKKG
<=K=F@G
=M
GJ<=FG
IM=
G
>9^9AKy
6# 5DI8 ! 
7
x=HGAK
EGKLJ9J9ED@=
ME
9
ME
GK
AFKLJME=FLGK
<9K
=P=;M^g=K
=
=PHDA;9J9ED@=
HGJ
EAh<G
;GEG <5J=5A
89
ACFF9F K=M
E9JA<G
K=MK
>AD@GK
=
G
E9JA<G
<=
KM9
>AD@9y
6J 5DI8 ! 
7

F;GFLJ9EK= =P=EHDGK IM= K= 9>9KL9E <=KL= ;JAL_JAG IM9F<G G;GJJ

=E
GK
K=?MAFL=K
;9KGK
5 G N=J:G HJAF;AH9D K= 9;@9 9>9KL9<G <G 9MPADA9J = K= <=K=B9 9NAN9J 9 H=KK
G9
9
IM=E
9
9^]G
K=
J=>=J=
x*CGG5G LM
<=K;=F<=FL=
E9D<ALG
=
ME9
LJA:G
<=
FG:J=K
?M=JJ=AJGK



$EHDGJ9F<G
;JM_AK
>GJ9KL=AJGK
-9F9G HJ=K9
<=
NAK
AEGJ_Ky
6" 
$$
7
x
<=FLJG
<GK
E=KEGK
DAEAL=K
9LM9AK DC89A 9K
;JAKL9F<9<=K B5G79F
9A GM 5BI@5F9AK= 7F9G79F9A GM 8=A=BI[F9A =E
;=JLGK
HGFLGK
<=KK=K
N9KLGK
L=JJALeJAGKy
6# 
7

6 G
N=J:G
9MPADA9J
=PHJ=KKG
9FL=JAGJE=FL=
;9D9K=
<=HGAK
x+I9F9G
G9F E9M
>AD@G 89=L5F9G ME9
Fe<G9
<{AF>[F;A9
F9
LM9
DAF
@9?=Ey
6# 
7

 #B:=B=H=JC
89D9B89BH9
8CG
J9F6CG
75IG5H=JCG
9
G9BG=H=JCG
GE GK ;9MK9LANGK 89=L5F A5B85F :5N9F = KAFfFAEGK 9 FGJE9 _
9H9J=;=J
G
AF>AFALANG
K=E
>D=P]G
IM9DIM=J
IM=
K=B9
G
K=M
9?=FL=
x.9F;@G
$$
<=MD@=
<=HGAK
HGJ
NYDA<9
9
;9JL9
= A5B8CID@=K 9F;I9F <=
FGNG
GK
E9J;GK
GF<=
=D=K
GK
@9NA9E
HGKLGy
6# 
7
x 5N9=GK D5F5Fy
6# 
7
x9=L5=
J=F 9
EAE
9K
;JA9F;AF@9Ky

(9K
>D=PAGF9<G
=E
x= 89=LCI
:I;=F9AD@=
<M9K
DY?JAE9K
H=D9K
>9;=Ky
6# 
7 
x)]G
K]G
HGM;9K
9K
<G=F^9K
H9J9
9K
IM9AK
HGJ
<=Kb<A9
N9EGK 89=L
5B8C
D9F89F9AK=
GK
FGE=K
N=D@GK
IM=
LaE
=E
HGJLM?MaKy
6(9 
7



x9=L9=G 9A6F9B<5F HGJ 9A6F9B<5FG9
=
LJ9FKHMK
G
JAG
9HeK
=D=y
6# 
7

x*
>9IMAJ 89=LCIG 5:5GH5F HGJ 5:5GH5FG9y
6# 7
x F;GFKL9F<GK= GMLJ9 N=R F9 KM9 <MJ9 B9RA<9 ?9K G9BH=I 5@CB;5FK= 9 =KLJMHA
9<9
<GK
;9N9D@=AJGK y
6# 
7
x G =J=EAL9 J=I9 9N= H=JF9DL9 = :J9F;9 65A6C@95FK= =E NGG AJ ;@=?9F<G
D5GG5FK=
H9J9
;AE9
<G
D=ALG 57CB7<9;5FK=
9G
HG:J=
@GE=E y
6%- 
 7
+GJ AKKG F]G ;9:= J9R]G 9 (YJAG 9JJ=LG 6(9  7 IM9F<G ;GF<=F9 F=KL=K
;9KGK
G
9H9J=;AE=FLG
<G
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
p
IMA
L9E:_E
G
AF>AFALANG
HG<=
9H9J=;=J
>D=PAGF9<G
HGJ
K=
;9D9J
G
9MPADA9J
xJ=I 5@J9>5F GK LMJ:9FL=K = <=HGAK GIF;=F9A JGKLGK LGKL9<GK = <=HGAK F9@IN=F9A
9JE9Ky
6# 
7

 #B:=B=H=JC
:CF5
85
@C7IWVC
J9F65@
!GJ9 <9 DG;M^]G N=J:9D x9 =K;GD@9 <9 >GJE9 AF>AFALAN9 <=H=F<= <=
;G?AL9JEGK KGE=FL= <9 9^]G GM <G AFLMALG GM F=;=KKA<9<= <= HGJEGK =E
=NA<aF;A9
G
9?=FL=
<G
N=J:Gy
6. 
7
* AF>AFALANG K=E >D=P]G J=N=D9 IM= 9 FGKK9 9L=F^]G K= NGDL9 ;GE =KH=
;A9D 9L=F^]G H9J9 9 9^]G N=J:9D G >D=PAGF9E=FLG K=JN= <= AFKAKLAJ F9 H=KK
G9
<G
KMB=ALG

GE GK K=FKALANGK J9F CIJ=F C@<5F G9BH=F = KAFfFAEGK G FGJE9D

_ =EHJ=?9JK= G AF>AFALANG K=E >D=P]G =E:GJ9 9IMA G ;JAL_JAG F]G K=B9 L]G
Jb?A<G
x*D@GM
H9J9
G
;_M
NAM
=KLJ=D9K
=K;MLGM CIJ=I
F5A5@<5F 9K
YJNGJ=Ky
6# 
7
x
G
L=JJGJ
>9RA9D@=K
;J=J
IM=
BY G9BH=5A
F5B;9F = 9GH5@5F 9K
NA?9K
<GK
KAEHD=K y
6# 
 7

*K
K=?MAFL=K
=P=EHDGK
9L=KL9E
G
=EHJ=?G
<G
AF>AFALANG
>D=PAGF9<G
x E
D;G=FLJ=
GK
?AF=L=K
=
;GJJ=<GJ=K
<G
=P_J;ALG
J=9D
NA=J9E
=K
;9J9EM^9J
;GE
GK
<G
AF>9FL=
=
=D=
HJeHJAG
GK CIJ=5
7<5A5F9AD@=
LJ9A<GJ
=
@AHe;JAL9y
6# 
7
xJ=AG
IM=
;GEA G9BH=
F9BCJ5F9AK=E=
9K
>GJ^9Ky
6# 
 7
*bservaes
 p GE GK ;9MK9LANGK = K=FKALANGK HG<= 9H9J=;=J GM F]G G HJGFGE= YLGFG IM=
H=JL=F;=
9G
AF>AFALANG
G:K
 p

xK
;JA9F^9K
K]G
9;9D=FL9<9K
HGJ 8CFA=F9A
=
GK
@GE=FK
=F?9F9<GK
H9J9 GCGG9;5F9Ay
6((7

*;GJJ=
G
AF>AFALANG
>D=PAGF9<G
FGK
K=?MAFL=K
;9KGK
HJAF;AH9AK
 q
xK=EHJ=
IM=
G
AF>AFALANG
=KLAN=J
9;GEH9F@9<G
<=
ME
FGEAF9LANG
KMB=ALG
FGE=
GM
HJGFGE=
IM=J
A?M9D
9G
<=
GMLJG
N=J:G
IM=J
<A>=J=FL=
q
K=EHJ=
IM=
K=
LGJF9J
F=;=KKYJAG
<=KL9;9J
G
9?=FL=
=
J=>=JAJ
9
9^]G
=K
H=;A9DE=FL=
9
ME
KMB=ALG
K=B9
H9J9
=NAL9J
;GF>MK]G
K=B9
H9J9
LGJF9J
E9AK
;D9JG
G
H=FK9E=FLG
*
AF>AFALANG
;GF;GJ<9JY
;GE
G
KMB=ALG
IM=
L=EGK
=E
E=FL=



 

 q
IM9F<G
G
9MLGJ
AFL=F;AGF9DE=FL=
Hg=
=E
J=D=NG
9
H=KKG9
9
IM=
G
N=J:G
K=
J=>=J=y
6. 
 7

P=EHDG

;GE
HJGFGE=
G:DbIMG
H=J5
)eK
G
9BM<9EGK
GFL=E

KLM<9EGK
H9J9
FeK J9B79FACG F9
NA<9

x=ABGNGK
9K
E]GK
K=F@GJ
J=A
HGJ
NGK @9A6F5F89G 9AF<9
<=
ME
N=D@G
@GE=E
<=
9JE9K
IM=
H9J9
F9<9
HJ=KL9
@GB=y
6# 5DI8 ! 
7
xW
H=JEALA<G
9GK
N=JKAKL9K DC9H5F9A =E
HJGK9y
6J 
7

P=EHDG

;GE
KMB=ALG
AF<=L=JEAF9<G
H=J5
F?9F9JE=]G

*5GG=J5
M
K=J=A
=F?9F9<G

P=EHDG

;GE
L=EHG
;GEHGKLG
H=J5
D=K
LaE
;GE=LA<G
=JJGK
=D=K

HaF<A;=
+9KK9?=E
<9
NGR
9LAN9
Z
H9KKAN9
=
NA;=N=JK9

apndice
passagem da voz ativa passiva e vice-versa
E ?=J9D Ke HG<= K=J ;GFKLJMb<G F9 NGR H9KKAN9 N=J:G IM= H=<= G:
B=LG <AJ=LG 9;GEH9F@9<G GM F]G <= GMLJG ;GEHD=E=FLG 9b 9 DbF?M9
H9<J]G
DML9J
;GFLJ9
DAF?M9?=FK
<G
LAHG

*5GG=J5
D=
GFL=E
>GA
9BM<9<G
HGJ
FeK

*5GG=J5
JJGK
LaE
KA<G
;GE=LA<GK
HGJ

P=EHDG  ;GE KMB=ALG AF<=L=JEAF9<G <= N=J:G IM= 9H9J=;=JY F9

H9KKAN9
HJGFGEAF9D
H=J5
1=F<=E
;9K9K
1=F<=E
=KL9
;9K9


A=GG5
:C=
5GG=GH=85
DCF
HC8CG

ME9 N=R IM= G N=J:G 5GG=GH=F F=KL9 9;=H^]G Ke K= ;GFKLJeA ;GE ;GEHD=
E=FLG
J=D9LANG

*5GG=J9
1=F<=EK=
;9K9K
1=F<=K=
=KL9
;9K9

.C8CG
5GG=GH=F5A
S
A=GG5

t
>GJ^9
<G
MKG
BY
K=
>9R=E
;GF;=KKg=K
9GK
N=J:GK
5D9@5F
5@I8=F
C698979F
D5;5F
D9F8C5F
F9GDCB89F


K=FL=F^9
F]G
>GA 5D9@585
/G<9K
9K
>9DL9K
>GJ9E 5@I8=85G
*K
J=?MD9E=FLGK
F]G
K]G C69897=8CG
K
H=FKAGFAKL9K
>GJ9E D5;5G GFL=E
*K
H=;9<GJ=K
<=N=E
K=J D9F8C58CG
*K
:AD@=L=K
K=JA9E F9GDCB8=8CG @GB=

)9
H9KK9?=E
<9
9LAN9
H9J9
9
H9KKAN9
K=?M=K=
G
=KIM=E9
 q
G
KMB=ALG
<9
9LAN9
K=
@GMN=J
H9KK9
9
9?=FL=
<9
H9KKAN9
q
G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
<9
9LAN9
K=
@GMN=J
H9KK9
9
KMB=ALG
<9
H9KKAN9
 q G N=J:G <9 NGR 9LAN9 H9KK9 H9J9 9 NGR H9KKAN9 ;GFK=JN9F<GK= G
E=KEG
L=EHG
=
EG<G
 q
F]G
KG>J=E
9DL=J9^]G
GK
GMLJGK
L=JEGK
GJ9;AGF9AK
IM=
9H9J=^9E
P=EHDG

H=J5
M
DA
G
DANJG

*5GG=J5
*
DANJG
>GA
DA<G
HGJ
EAE

7 Advrbio
<N_J:AG

Advrbio v W 9 =PHJ=KK]G EG<A>A;9<GJ9 IM= HGJ KA Ke <=FGL9 ME9

;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <= DM?9J <= L=EHG EG<G AFL=FKA<9<= ;GF<A^]G =L;  =
<=K=EH=F@9
F9
GJ9^]G
9
>MF^]G
<=
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
EI= LM<G
N9A 69A DM?9J
=
EG<G
"C>9 BVC AJ=A @R L=EHG
F=?9^]G
DM?9J
*
9DMFG H5@J9N BVC L=F@9
J=<A?A<G AI=HC
69A <hNA<9
F=?9^]G
AFL=F
KA<9<=
EG<G

* 58JXF6=C _ ;GFKLALMb<G HGJ H9D9NJ9 <= F9LMJ=R9 FGEAF9D GM HJG

FGEAF9D = K= J=>=J= ?=J9DE=FL= 9G N=J:G GM 9AF<9 <=FLJG <= ME ?JMHG
FGEAF9D MFALYJAG 9 ME 9<B=LANG = 9 ME 9<N_J:AG ;GEG AFL=FKA>A;9<GJ
GM
9
ME9
<=;D9J9^]G
AFL=AJ9
%GK_
=K;J=N= 69A 9<N_J:AG
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9G
N=J:G
%GK_
_ AI=HC :GE
=K;JALGJ
9<N_J:AG
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9G
9<B=LANG 6CA
%GK_
=K;J=N= AI=HC :=E
9<N_J:AG
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9G
9<N_J:AG 69A




9@=NA9BH9 %GK_
;@=?GM
9<N_J:AG
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
LG<9
9
<=;D9J9^]G
%GK_
;@=?GM
G
9<N_J:AG
<=KL=
LAHG
?=J9DE=FL=
=PHJAE=
ME
BMbRG
H=KKG9D
<=
IM=E
>9D9
=
;GFKLALMA
9
;DYMKMD9
;GE=FLYJAG

!MF<9E=FL9DE=FL= <AKLJA:M=EK= GK 9<N_J:AGK =E 9KKAF9D9J 9

HGKA^]G L=EHGJ9D GK <= L=EHG GM =KH9;A9D <G >9D9FL= GK <= DM?9J GM
9AF<9 G EG<G H=DG IM9D K= NAKM9DAR9 G x=KL9<G <= ;GAK9Ky <=KA?F9<G F9
GJ9^]G
=JLGK 9<N_J:AGK K]G 9KKAF9D9<GK =E >MF^]G <= EG<A>A;9<GJ <= KM:
KL9FLANG HJAF;AH9DE=FL= IM9F<G =KL= _ =FL=F<A<G F]G L9FLG =FIM9FLG KM:
KL[F;A9 E9K =FIM9FLG IM9DA<9<= IM= =KL9 KM:KL[F;A9 9HJ=K=FL9
!CBW5@J9G
=5G
X
J9F8589=F5A9BH9
DC9H5 6+' 5DI8 HGJ
E 
7



.9:b9EGK
IM=
=D=
=KL9N9
=JJ9<G G9ADF9
EI9 ?9?M=B9N9

=B85
EI9 =KLM<=
L=JY
<=
9H=J>=A^G9JK= 89DC=G
EI9 K=
?J9<M=
$R
EI9 F]G
E=
J=KHGF<=
KAFLGE=
<=KG:JA?9<G
<=
;GFNA<YDG
GG=A
EI9 ;@=?GM
;GE=^GM
9
LJ9:9D@9J
)G ;9HbLMDG <= ;GFBMF^]G L=J=EGK GHGJLMFA<9<= <= >9R=J J=>=JaF;A9
9 ;=JLGK 9<N_J:AGK IM= ?J9^9K Z KM9 EG:ADA<9<= HGKA;AGF9D K= ;GDG;9E v
IM9K= K=EHJ= FG AFb;AG v <= E9F=AJ9 L9D IM= LaE D=N9<G 9D?MFK ?J9EYLA
;GK 9 ;D9KKA>A;YDGK ;GEG ;GFBMF^]G ;GGJ<=F9LAN9 =PHDA;9LAN9 ;9MK9D
;GF;DMKAN9 =L; W G ;9KG <= 9<N_J:AGK ;GEG DC=G @C;C 9BHF9H5BHC 7CB
HI8C DCF
7CBG9;I=BH9
=E
;GFKLJM^g=K
<G
LAHG
6((9 
7
D9
K9AM
;=<G DCF
7CBG9;I=BH9 =F;GFLJGM
>9;ADA<9<=
<=
;GF<M^]G
/M<G
=KL9N9
HJ=H9J9<G @C;C K=
HG<=JA9
;GE=^9J
9
J=MFA]G

*9GGC5G assim F]G
E=J=;=E
FGKK9
9L=F^]G

/9E:_E ;=JLGK 9<N_J:AGK >MF;AGF9E ;GEG HJ=<A;9LANG Z E9F=AJ9

<GK
9<B=LANGK

J=85
X assim

GEG :=E <AR (9LLGKG [E9J9 6(   7 H=JLMJ:9 9 <=K;JA^]G

= 9 <=E9J;9^]G ;D9KKA>A;9LeJA9 x9 =PLJ=E9 EG:ADA<9<= K=E[FLA;9 = >MF
;AGF9D
IM=
;9J9;L=JAR9
GK
9<N_J:AGKy
GE:AF9^g=K
;GE
9<N_J:AGK

Combinaes com advrbios <N_J:AGK @Y <= H9ADC = @I;5F

IM= E9J;9E E=D@GJ KM9 >MF^]G GM <=KA?F9^]G E=<A9FL= G =EHJ=?G <=
ME9
HJ=HGKA^]G
6' 
l7
*CF
5;CF5
=KL]G
=F;=JJ9<GK
GK
LJ9:9D@GK
HX
9BHVC GK
L=D=>GF=K
F]G
>MF;AGF9N9E
9G89
798C BY
@9NA9
;GEHJ9<GJ=K
<=
AF?J=KKG
9
@CB;9 BY
K=
NA9E
9K
;@9E9K
*CF
5EI= K=
HG<=
=FLJ9J
F9
;A<9<=
K
;JA9F^9K 89
<C>9 ;GFL9E
;GE
E9AK
<AN=JLAE=FLGK
D=K
K=EHJ=
K=
9HJ=K=FL9E
;GE
9K
HJGE=KK9K 89
G9ADF9

D?MFK 9<N_J:AGK v ;GEG 9K HJ=HGKA^g=K IM= N=J=EGK 9G K=M L=EHG

v HJ=;=<=E G LJ9FKHGKALGJ que H9J9 E9J;9J 9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 >GJE9F<G G
IM= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D ;@9E9 <= @C7IWc9G 7CB>IBH=J5G 9<N=J:A9AK 
JA?GJ LJ9L9K= <= ME ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K IM= HGJ @AHGL9P= >MF;AGF9 ;GEG
;GFBMF^]G
;CF5
EI9 LM<G
K=J=FGM
HG<=EGK
J=LGJF9J

<N_J:AG
=
HJ=HGKA^]G

Advrbio e preposio %Y NAEGK IM= 9D?MFK 9<N_J:AGK K= ;GF

KLALM=E H=D9 MFA]G <= HJ=HGKA^]G 9 KM:KL9FLANGK 9<B=LANGK GM 9 HJeHJAG
9<N_J:AG 9HJ=K=FL9F<GK= ;GF>GJE= 9 GJLG?J9>A9 NA?=FL= GJ9 =K;JALGK
FME9 Ke H9D9NJ9 GJ9 K=H9J9<9E=FL= 0FA<G G ?JMHG 9 HJ=HGKA^g=K
L=J=EGK ME ;GFBMFLG IM= HGJ @AHGL9P= >MF;AGF9 ;GEG KAEHD=K HJ=
HGKA^]G 9 AFLJG<MRAJ ME 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D 5D9B5G 9A :F9BH9 9A 7=A5
89DF9GG5 8965=LC 9A
65=LC 9A65=LC 89HFRG
=L;
*K
DANJGK
>A;9E 8965=LC
85 E=K9
GC6 9
E=K9
*
;9JJG
=KL9;AGFGM 9A
:F9BH9
85 ;9K9

B9JJ9
J=HGMK9 9A
7=A5
85 E=K9
GC6F9 9
E=K9

GFKLJM^g=K
;GEG
*
NARAF@G
=K;J=N=M 7CBHF5 G
9J?ME=FLG

H=JEAL=E 9 H9KK9?=E <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9 9<N_J:AG H=D9 J=<M^]G <9 MFA<9<=

AFLJG<MRA<9 H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G ;GFKLJM^]G :J=N= E9K K=E ;AJ;MD9^]G >J=
IM=FL=
FG
A<AGE9
x/G<9
9
EAF@9
NA<9
;GD=?A9D
K=
<=K=F@9
FG
=KHbJALG
;GE
L]G
NAN9K
;GJ=K
IM=
H9J=;=E
>J=K;9K
<=
GFL=E
=
LG<9NA9
E9AK
<=
LJAFL9
9FGK
BY
D@=K
H9AJ9J9E GC6F9y
6% 
 7
*
NARAF@G
=K;J=N=M 7CBHF5
%Y
>9D=A 5
F9GD9=HC

* 9<N_J:AG =KL9:=D=;= 9 LJ9FKA^]G <GK NG;Y:MDGK N9JAYN=AK H9J9 GK

AFN9JAYN=AK 9 JA?GJ F]G L=E >D=P]G HJGHJA9E=FL= <AL9 E9K @Y MFK L9FLGK
9<N_J:AGK
IM=
9<EAL=E
?J9MK
<=
IM9DA<9<=
;GEG
GK
FGE=K
6-1 
7


'G;M^]G
9<N=J:A9D

Locuo adverbial v _ G ?JMHG ?=J9DE=FL= ;GFKLALMb<G <= HJ=

HGKA^]G  KM:KL9FLANG ;D9JG GM KM:=FL=F<A<G IM= L=E G N9DGJ = G
=EHJ=?G <= 9<N_J:AG  HJ=HGKA^]G >MF;AGF9F<G ;GEG LJ9FKHGKALGJ HJ=
H9J9 G KM:KL9FLANG H9J9 =P=J;=J ME9 >MF^]G IM= HJAE9JA9E=FL= F]G D@= _
HJeHJA9
7CA
9:9=HC 89
;F5W5 SG
J9N9G 9A
G=@ZB7=C DCF
DF5N9F G9A
8dJ=85
=L;

)9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <9K DG;M^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK G KM:KL9FLANG IM= F=D9K

=FLJ9 HG<= =KL9J FG E9K;MDAFG GM FG >=EAFAFG = FG KAF?MD9J GM FG HDMJ9D
K=?MF<G
9K
FGJE9K
>AP9<9K
H=D9
LJ9<A^]G
*MLJ9K N=R=K G KM:KL9FLANG N=E ;GE 9;GEH9F@9FL= = HG<= G;GJJ=J
9L_
9
GEAKK]G
<G
KM:KL9FLANG
=E
=PHJ=KKg=K
>AP9K
B5
J9F8589 89
B9B<IA
AC8C 9A
6F9J9 KM:=FL=F<=K= H9ADC S
8=F9=H5 9G
D9<G
<= S
AVC
8=F9=H5 S
:F5B79G5 KM:=FL=F<=K= S
AC85
=L;

!J=IM=FL=E=FL= K= ;9D9 9 HJ=HGKA^]G F9K DG;M^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK <=

L=EHG
=
EG<G
KL9
K=E9F9
HGJ B9GH5
G9A5B5
L=J=EGK
HJGN9
KHAF?9J<9
9G
GE:JG
HGJ 89
9GD=B;5F85
5C
CA6FC
BMFLGMK=
9G
?JMHG
<=
H=KKG9K
AJ;MFKL[F;A9K
9<N=J:A9AK

Circunstncias adverbiais v GFKLALMAF<G G 9<N_J:AG ME9 ;D9KK=

<= H9D9NJ9 EMALG @=L=JG?aF=9 LGJF9K= <A>b;AD 9LJA:MAJD@= ME9 ;D9KKA
>A;9^]G MFA>GJE= = ;G=J=FL= E ?=J9D K=M H9H=D F9 GJ9^]G K= HJ=F<= F]G
9H=F9K 9 ME Fh;D=G N=J:G E9K K= 9EHDA9 F9 =PL=FK]G =E IM= K= =KHJ9A9
G ;GFL=h<G E9FA>=KL9<G FG HJ=<A;9<G $KLG D@= H=JEAL= =E HJAE=AJG
DM?9J ;=JL9 >D=PA:ADA<9<= <= HGKA^]G F]G Ke FG =KH9^G =E IM= K= HJGDGF?9
G HJ=<A;9<G ;GE K=M Fh;D=G N=J:9D E9K K= =KL=F<= 9GK <GEbFAGK <G
KMB=ALG HG<=F<G 9FL=;=<aDG GM NAJD@= HGKHGKLG KL= H9H=D KAF?MD9J <G
9<N_J:AG D@= <Y L9E:_E ;=JL9 9MLGFGEA9 >GFGDe?A;9 <= ;GFLGJFG
=FLGF9;AGF9D
EMALG
N9JA9<G
9
K=JNA^G
<G
AFLMALG
;GEMFA;9LANG
<G
>9D9FL=
KKAE @Y 9<N_J:AGK <= H9H=D K=E[FLA;GKAFLYLA;G E9AK =BH9FB5
A9BH9 DA?9<GK 9G Fh;D=G N=J:9D = =KL=K F]G ?GR9E <9K >D=PA:ADA<9<=K <=
HGKA^]G = =FLG9^]G 9LJYK J=>=JA<9K = @Y GK 9<N_J:AGK E9AK =PL=JF9E=FL=
DA?9<GK 9G Fh;D=G N=J:9D 9b =K;9H9J 9G 9F9DAKL9 ME9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G
MFALYJA9 IM= 9:9JIM= LG<GK GK ;9KGK HGKKbN=AK W :GE ;9EAF@G H9J=;=

 

FGK 9<GL9J 9 HJGHGKL9 <= D9J;GK 'DGJ9;@ FG K=FLA<G <= 9L=JK= G 9F9DAKL9
xZK J=D9^g=K IM= ;9<9 9<N_J:AG ;GFLJ9A <=FLJG <G =FMF;A9<G IM=J FG K=M
H9H=D HJAEYJAG <= 9<B9;=FL= ;AJ;MFKL9F;A9D IM=J HGJ KM9 ;GE:AF9^]G ;GE
GMLJ9K
MFA<9<=K
FG
AFL=JAGJ
<=
ME
?JMHG
FGEAF9D
MFALYJAGy
6' 
l
7
)9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G <G 9<N_J:AG GJ9 K= H9ML9 H=DGK N9DGJ=K D_PA;GK
K=E[FLA;GK <9K MFA<9<=K IM= G ;GFKLALM=E GJ9 HGJ ;JAL_JAGK >MF;AGF9AK
)G HJAE=AJG ;9KG K]G GK 9<N_J:AGK ;D9KKA>A;9<GK ;GEG <=FGL9<GJ=K <=
H9ADC 5;CF5 5BH9G H5F89 =L;  <= @I;5F 5EI= :CF5 =L;  <= EI5B
H=8589 H5BHC AI=HC 65GH5BH9 =L;  =L; +=DG K=?MF<G ;JAL_JAG L=J=EGK GK
89ACBGHF5H=JCG 5EI= 9BHVC 5;CF5 5[ =L;  GK F9@5H=JCG CB89 7CAC
EI5B8C
=L; 
= =BH9FFC;5H=JCG EI5B8C CB89 7CAC
K HJAF;AH9AK ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K =PHJ=KK9K HGJ 9<N_J:AG GM DG;M^]G 9<
N=J:A9D
K]G
 5GGIBHC
GFN=JK9J
KG:J=
EhKA;9
 75IG5
(GJJ=J
<=
>GE=
 7CAD5B<=5
.9AJ
;GE
GK
9EA?GK
 7CB79GGVC
1GDL9J9E
9H=K9J
<G
=K;MJG
 7CB8=WVC
.e
=FLJ9JY
;GE
9MLGJAR9^]G
)]G
K9AJY
K=E
DA;=F^9
 7CB:CFA=8589
!=R
9
;9K9
;GF>GJE=
9
HD9FL9
 8dJ=85
/9DN=R
E=D@GJ=
G
L=EHG
;9KG
=F;GFLJGM
G
DANJG
 :=A
+J=H9JGMK=
H9J9
G
:9AD=
 =BGHFIA9BHC
K;J=N=J
;GE
DYHAK
 =BH9BG=8589
F<GM
E9AK
<=HJ=KK9
 @I;5F
KLM<9
9IMA
!GA
DY
+9KKGM
H=D9
;A<9<=
1=AG
<9DA
  AC8C
!9DGM
9KKAE
F<9
E9D
.9AM
ZK
HJ=KK9K
 F9:9FZB7=5
x*
IM=
FGK
KG:J9 9A
;@_F=5 <=
GMK9<GK
=
N=FLMJGKGK
F9N=?9FL=K
EbF?M9FGK 9A
:5A5 <=
=F_J?A;GK
=
HJ=NA<=FL=K
;GD
GFAR9<GJ=Ky
6'G 5DI8 ! 
7
 H9ADC
1AKAL9J9EFGK
@GB=
FL]G
F]G
@9NA9
J=;MJKGK
.=EHJ=
FGK
;MEHJAE=FL9J9E
%9E9AK
E=FLAM
 B9;5WVC
)]G
D=JY
K=E
e;MDGK
*bservao  )GE=F;D9LMJ9 "J9E9LA;9D J9KAD=AJ9 Hg= GK <=FGL9<GJ=K <= =B
7@IGVC 9L7@IGVC G=HI5WVC F9H=:=75WVC 89G=;B5WVC F95@79 =L; Z H9JL= K=E 9
JA?GJ AF;DMbDGK =FLJ= GK 9<N_J:AGK E9K ;GFKLALMAF<G ME9 ;D9KK= GM ?JMHG @=L=JG
?aF=G ;@9E9<G 89BCH58CF9G IM= ;GAF;A<= =E H9JL= ;GE 9 HJGHGKL9 <= %GK_

 

*ALA;A;9 <9K D5@5JF5G 89BCH5H=J5G EMAL9K <9K IM9AK LaE H9H=D LJ9FK>JYKLA;G = E=D
@GJ 9L=F<=E 9 >9LGJ=K <= >MF^]G L=PLM9D =KLJ9F@GK ZK J=D9^g=K K=E[FLA;GKAFLYLA;
9K
AF=J=FL=K
ZK
GJ9^g=K
=E
IM=
K=
9;@9E
AFK=JA<9K

v =B7@IGVC
L9E:_E
9L_
E=KEG
=L; 
HX G
HJG>=KKGJ
JAMK=
)AF?M_E
N=AG A9GAC G
AJE]G

v 9L7@IGVC
Ke
KGE=FL=
K9DNG
K=F]G
9H=F9K
=L; 
-_ =MK
_
AEGJL9D
D9B5G G
DANJG
>GA
N=F<A<G

v G=HI5WVC
'5G IM=
>=DA;A<9<=
BHVC <MNA<9
IM=
K=
>9D9KK=
D9LAE
*C=G F]G
_
IM=
=D=
N=AG

v F9H=:=75WVC
9DAYK
E=D@GJ
AKLG
_
GM
9FL=K
=L; 
GEHJ=A
;AF;G 5@=RG
K=AK
DANJGK
GJJ=M =GHC
X
NGGM
9L_
FGKK9
;9K9

v 89G=;B5WVC
=G G
@GE=E

v F95@79
)eK X
EI9 KGEGK
:J9KAD=AJGK

v 9LD@9H=JC
DY
Ke
GJ9
IM=
M
K=A @R
1=B9E G_ IM=
;GAK9
*@ +I9 K9M<9<= EI9 L=F@G
)F5 <=;A<9EGK
DG?G
G
F=?e;AG

v 9LD@=75WVC
9
K9:=J
HGJ
=P=EHDG
AKLG
_
=L; 
J9E
LJaK
AJE]GK 5
G569F
+=<JG
FLfFAG
=
"AD:=JLG
*
HD9FG
xLJ9FK>JYKLA;Gy
=
GK
9<N_J:AGK

O plano transfrstico e os advrbios v )G =KLM<G <= ;=JL9K

MFA<9<=K LGJF9K= <= ;9HAL9D AEHGJL[F;A9 F]G <=AP9J <= D9<G 9K <AN=JK9K
;9E9<9K GM =KLJ9LGK <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D )G IM= LG;9 H9JLA;MD9J
E=FL= 9 ;=JLGK 9<N_J:AGK E=J=;= 9L=F^]G 9 ;9E9<9 <9 5BH=H5L9 IM= <AR
J=KH=ALG Z J=LGE9<9 GM KM:KLALMA^]G <= ME9 MFA<9<= <= ME HD9FG ?J9E9L
A;9D IM9DIM=J BY HJ=K=FL= GM NAJLM9DE=FL= HJ=K=FL= GM HJ=NAKLG FG

 

<AK;MJKG HG<=J K=J J=LGE9<9 GM 9FL=;AH9<9 HGJ GMLJ9 MFA<9<= FME HGFLG
<G <AK;MJKG AF<ANA<M9D GM <A9DG?9<G 6 K  7  KM:KLALMA^]G GM J=
LGE9<9 BY NAF@9 K=F<G HGKL9 =E =NA<aF;A9 H=D9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D FG
;9KG <GK HJGFGE=K E9K 9 9^]G <9 9FLAL9P= _ E9AK 9EHD9 = N9A <=K=E
:G;9J
FG
H9H=D
L=PLM9D
<=
9D?MFK
9<N_J:AGK
;GEG
N=J=EGK
9
K=?MAJ
KKAE F]G K]G 9<N_J:AGK E9K KM:KLALMLGK <= GJ9^]G HJGGJ9^g=K
GM HJGL=PLGK G=A BVC H5@J9N H5A6XA IM9F<G J=LGE9E ;GEG J=KHGK
L9K
=FMF;A9<GK
L=PLM9AK
1G;a
N9A
9G
;AF=E9
v -=A
D9
>=R
GK
=P=J;b;AGK
v (VC
/M
F]G
>GKL=
=K;GD@A<G .5A6XA

KL]G FG E=KEG ;9KG 9K MFA<9<=K <= N9DGJ ;AJ;MFKL9F;A9D 9<N_J

:AGK IM= 9H9J=;=E =E GJ9^g=K <G LAHG K=?MAFL= E9K IM= J=LGE9E x=KL9
<GK <= ;GAK9Ky <=KA?F9<GK GM AFLMb<GK 9FL=JAGJE=FL= IM= =PHJAE=E J=
D9^g=K
DA?9<9K
9G
K=FLA<G
<G
<AK;MJKG
9
:5HC FeK
K9bEGK
;=<G
$KLG G9A
8dJ=85
=KLY
=JJ9<G

KL=K ;9KGK <= 9FLAL9P= J=LGE9<9 GM KM:KLALMA^]G K= ;GE:AF9E

;GE GMLJ9 ;9E9<9 <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D IM= _ 9 <=D9FH5L9 GM GID9F
CF89B5WVC >=FfE=FG H=DG IM9D ME9 MFA<9<= <= ;9E9<9 AF>=JAGJ HG<=
>MF;AGF9J KGRAF@9 =E ;9E9<9K KMH=JAGJ=K W G ;9KG <= 9<N_J:AGK =E
A9BH9 IM9F<G K9=E <9 ;9E9<9 FG FbN=D <9 H9D9NJ9 H9J9 >MF;AGF9J FG
FbN=D <9 ;DYMKMD9 = <9b FG FbN=D <9 GJ9^]G GM <G L=PLG =E =P=EHDGK
;GEG
9FH5A9BH9
(5HIF5@A9BH9

9E:GK
FG
FbN=D
<9
GJ9^]G
=
<G
L=PLG
GM
=E
9FH5A9BH9 =D9
F]G
NAJY
@GB=
/G<GK
K9bJ9E
AD=KGK :9@=NA9BH9
(5HIF5@A9BH9 =D=
F=?9JY
G
IM=
<AKK=
GFL=E

LG<GK
FG
FbN=D
<9
;DYMKMD9
;GE=FLYJAG
+GJL9FLG 9 L9AK 9<N_J:AGK F]G K= @Y <= IM=J=J 9HDA;9J 9 K_JA= <= ;9
J9;L=JbKLA;9K ;9FfFA;9K <G 9<N_J:AG IM= K= 9;@9 =P;DMKAN9E=FL= HJ=KG ZK
J=>=JaF;A9K
<G
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D
/9E:_E E=J=;=E J=>=JaF;A9 =KH=;A9D GK 9<N_J:AGK IM= =KL]G FG
H9H=D <= <A>=J=F^9J 9K GJ9^g=K H=DG K=M xKA?FA>A;9<G fFLA;Gy AKLG _ G

 

 

+J=;=<A<G
<9K
HJ=HGKA^g=K 5 GM 89
?J9>9K= 5CB89 = 8CB89

N9DGJ <= =PAKLaF;A9 IM= K= 9LJA:MA 9G x=KL9<G <= ;GAK9Ky <=KA?F9<G H=D9 GJ
9^]G =PAKLaF;A9 ;=JL9 F=?9<9 <MNA<GK9 <=K=B9<9 =L;   W G ;9KG <GK
9<N_J:AGK
<= B9;5WVC =
<= 8dJ=85
D=
N=AG
D= BVC N=AG
D9
;@=?9
D9 H5@J9N ;@=?M=

*
KbLAG 5CB89 N9AK
_
H=IM=FG

W
:GE
G
;GD_?AG 8CB89 K9bEGK

AF<9 ;GEG GK HJGFGE=K J=D9LANGK GK 9<N_J:AGK J=D9LANGK HG<=E

=EHJ=?9JK=
<=
EG<G
9:KGDMLG
AKLG
_
K=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
9FL=;=<=FL=
(GJG
GF<=
E9AK
E=
9?J9<9

<N_J:AGK
<=
:9K=
FGEAF9D
=
HJGFGEAF9D

Advrbios de base nominal e pronominal v * 9<N_J:AG H=D9 KM9

GJA?=E = KA?FA>A;9^]G K= HJ=F<= 9 FGE=K GM HJGFGE=K @9N=F<G HGJ
AKKG
9<N_J:AGK
FGEAF9AK
=
HJGFGEAF9AK
FLJ= GK BCA=B5=G K= 9;@9E 9IM=D=K >GJE9<GK <= 9<B=LANGK 9;J=K
;A<GK <G xKM>APGy A9BH9 F5D=85A9BH9  <= EG<G JYHA<G D9GG=A5
A9BH9 )9 J=9DA<9<= >A;9E 9 E=AG ;9EAF@G >GFGDe?A;9 = EGJ>GDG?A;9
E=FL=
<9
<=JAN9^]G
=
<9
;GEHGKA^]G
DG;M^]G

*K 9<N_J:AGK AFL=JJG?9LANGK <= :9K= HJGFGEAF9D K= =EHJ=?9E F9K

H=J?MFL9K <AJ=L9K = AF<AJ=L9K =E J=>=JaF;A9 9G DM?9J L=EHG EG<G GM
;9MK9
*F<=
=KLY
=KLM<9F<G
G
HJAEG
$?FGJG
GF<=
=KLM<9
,M9F<G
AJ]G
GK
J9H9R=K
)]G
K=A
IM9F<G
AJ]G
GK
J9H9R=K
GEG
>AR=J9E
G
LJ9:9D@G 
+=J?MFL=AD@=K
;GEG
>AR=J9E
G
LJ9:9D@G
+GJ
IM=
;@=?9J9E
L9J<=
AJE=YK
HGJ
IM=
;@=?9J9E
L9J<=

*bservaes
 p .= G FGE= L=E >GJE9 H9J9 E9K;MDAFG = >=EAFAFG BMFL9K= G KM>APG 9G >=EAF
AFG !9R=E =P;=^]G 9D?MFK 9<B=LANGK L=JEAF9<GK =E ZG = CF IM= FG HGJLM?MaK 9F
LA?G Ke 9HJ=K=FL9N9E ME9 >GJE9 H9J9 9E:GK GK ?aF=JGK 9b <AR=JK= DCFHI;I9G
A9BH9 = F]G DCFHI;I9G5A9BH9 GID9F=CFA9BH9 = F]G GID9F=CF5A9BH9
A9@<CFA9BH9
p KL=K 9<N_J:AGK =E A9BH9 K= ;9J9;L=JAR9E HGJ ;GFK=JN9J G 9;=FLG NG;9:MD9J
<= ;9<9 =D=E=FLG ;GFKLALMLANG 9AF<9 IM= E9AK 9L=FM9<G G IM= D@=K H=JEAL=
FME9 K_JA= <= 9<N_J:AGK =E ?=J9D Ke 9HJ=K=FL9J 9 >GJE9 =E A9BH9 FG >AE
KLM<9 5H9BH5 = F9GC@IH5A9BH9 #9N=F<G aF>9K= HG<=K= J=H=LAJ G 9<N_J:AG F9
>GJE9
HD=F9
x=HGAK 9AF<9 >9DGM ;F5J9A9BH9 = @CB;5A9BH9 KG:J= 9 HJGE=KK9 IM=
>AR=J9y
6( 5DI8 .. 
l
7

FLJ=
GK DFCBCA=B5=G
L=EGK
5 89ACBGHF5H=JCG
9IMA
9b
9;GDY
DY
;Y
6 F9@5H=JCG
GF<=
=E
IM=
IM9F<G
=E
IM=
;GEG
HGJ
IM=
7 =B89:=B=8CG
9D?MJ=K
9D@MJ=K
EMALG
HGM;G
IM=
8 =BH9FFC;5H=JCG
GF<=
IM9F<G
;GEG
HGJ
IM=
HGJ
IMa
*K 9<N_J:AGK J=D9LANGK ;GEG GK HJGFGE=K J=D9LANGK K=JN=E H9J9
J=>=JAJK= 9 MFA<9<=K IM= =KL]G HGKL9K F9 GJ9^]G 9FL=JAGJ )9K A<=A9K <=
DM?9J
=EHJ=?9EGK CB89
=E
N=R
<= 9A
EI9 BC
EI5@ =
>D=Pg=K

;9K9 CB89 EGJ9
_
=P;=D=FL=

*bservao * 0C756I@RF=C ):=7=5@ HJ=;=ALM9 IM= K= =K;J=N9 =E <M9K H9D9NJ9K

G 9<N_J:AG AFL=JJG?9LANG DCF EI9 HGJ =KL9J HJ=G;MH9<G =E AF<A;9J 9 GJA?=E HJG
FGEAF9D <G 9<N_J:AG <AKLAF?MAF<GG <= DCFEI9 ;GFBMF^]G IM= F9 =KKaF;A9 K=
HJ=F<= L9E:_E 9 ME9 ;GE:AF9^]G <= DCF  EI9 (=D@GJ K=JA9 K=?MAF<G 9
LJ9<A^]G <G A<AGE9 ?J9>9J LG<G DCFEI9 FME Ke NG;Y:MDG ,M9FLG Z GJA?=E DCF
EI9 = DCFEI9 K= A<=FLA>A;9E DCFEI9 = G E=KEG N9D= H9J9 EI5B8C = 7CAC F]G K=
=FIM9<J9 9H=F9K ;GEG ;GFBMF^]G DCFEI9 EI5B8C = 7CAC K]G =E N=J<9<= x=P
HJ=KKg=K 9<N=J:A9AK ;GFBMFLAN9K AKLG _ =PHJ=KKg=K IM= K=E H=J<=J=E 9 KM9 >MF
^]G
9<N=J:A9D
LaE
;GF;GEAL9FL=E=FL=
>MF^]G
;GFBMFLAN9y
6(? 
7
<N=J:A9DAR9^]G
<=
9<B=LANGK

Adverbializao de adjetivos v (MALGK 9<B=LANGK H=JE9F=;=F<G

AEeN=AK F9 KM9 >D=P]G <= ?aF=JG = FhE=JG HG<=E H9KK9J 9 >MF;AGF9J
;GEG
9<N_J:AG
!9D9 7@5FC F9
@GJ9
<9
KM9
<=>=K9
GEHJ9J9E 75FC 9
>9R=F<9
?GJ9
=KL]G
NAN=F<G A9@<CF

* ;JAL_JAG >GJE9D <= <A>=J=F;A9^]G <9K <M9K ;D9KK=K <= EG<A>A;9<GJ

9<B=LANG EG<A>A;9<GJ FGEAF9D 9<N_J:AG EG<A>A;9<GJ N=J:9D _ 9 N9JA9:
ADA<9<=
<G
HJAE=AJG
=
9
AFN9JA9:ADA<9<=
<G
K=?MF<G
D=K
N=F<=E
EMALG 75F5 9
>JML9
9<B=LANG
D=K
N=F<=E 75FC 9
>JML9
9<N_J:AG

 

 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 9LJ9LAN9 = AFL=F^g=K =KLADbKLA;9K = JbLEA;9K HG<=E

<=K>9R=J
9K
>JGFL=AJ9K
9;AE9
9HGFL9<9K

 

* <AEAFMLANG <9K >eJEMD9K <= J=;GE=F<9^]G F]G AF<A;9 E9AK D=F

LA<]G GM DA?=AJ=R9 <9 J=9DAR9^]G <G >9LG E9K K=JN= <= =PHJ=KK9J GM 9;=F
LM9J
9
J=;GE=F<9^]G
1Y 89DF9GG=B<5 9H9F@9J
G
E=M
;@9H_M
W
:GE
IM=
=KLM<=K 89J5;5F=B<C

$FL=FKA>A;9^]G
?J9<M9D
<GK
9<N_J:AGK

Intensificao gradual dos advrbios v #Y ;=JLGK 9<N_J:AGK HJAF

;AH9DE=FL= GK <= EG<G IM= HG<=E E9FA>=KL9J ME9 J=D9^]G AFL=FKA>A;
9<GJ9 ?J9<M9D =EHJ=?9F<GK= FG ;GEH9J9LANG = KMH=JD9LANG <= 9;GJ<G
;GE
9K
J=?J9K
IM=
K=
9HDA;9E
9GK
9<B=LANGK

*bservao
E
DM?9J
<= A5=G
69A = A5=G
A5@ =EHJ=?9EK= A9@<CF = D=CF

x)AF?M_E
;GF@=;= A9@<CF GK
AFL=J=KK=K
<G
IM=
G
@GE=E
NAJLMGKG
HJGEGN=F<G
9
>=DA;A<9<=
<GK
GMLJGK
9KK=?MJ9
L9E:_E
9
HJeHJA9y
6((7
0K9K=
=FLJ=L9FLG
<= A5=G
69A = A5=G
A5@ BMFLG
9
9<B=LANGK
x*K
=KIM9<Jg=K A5=G
69A =F;9N9D?9<GK
>GJ9E
<=KH=<A<GK
DG?G
=E
K=?MAE=FLG
<GK
>M?ALANGKy
6# 
7
xGE
9
E9^9
BG?9<9
ZK
E]GK
9E:9K
9:9D9N9
=
JGEHA9
9K
9JE9K A5=G
69A L=EH=J9<9K y
6# 
7

8 Preposio
+J=HGKA^]G

)9 J=9DA<9<= L9AK AFL=FKA>A;9^g=K GM ?J9<9^g=K <G 9<N_J:AG v ;GEG

<G 9<B=LANG v K= =PHJ=KK9E HGJ =KLJMLMJ9K KAFLYLA;9K IM= <=N=E E=J=;=J
9L=F^]G
FG
=KLM<G
<GK
H9<Jg=K
>J9K9AK
<G
HGJLM?MaK
 v Diminutivo com valor de superlativo v E DAF?M9?=E >9EADA9J
HG<=K= =PHJ=KK9J G N9DGJ KMH=JD9LANG <G 9<N_J:AG H=D9 KM9 >GJE9 <AEAF
MLAN9 ;GE:AF9<9 ;GE G N9DGJ D=PA;9D <9K MFA<9<=K IM= ;GE =D=
;GF;GJJ=E
F<9J 89J5;5FN=B<C EMALG
<=N9?9J
ME
L9FLG
<=N9?9J
;GJ<9N9 798=B<C =
Ke
NGDL9N9
Z
FGALAF@9
.9AM 5;CF=B<5

Preposio v @9E9K= HJ=HGKA^]G 9 ME9 MFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 <=

KHJGNA<9 <= AF<=H=F<aF;A9 v AKLG _ F]G 9H9J=;= KGRAF@9 FG <AK;MJKG
K9DNG HGJ @AH=JL9P= v = =E ?=J9D YLGF9 IM= K= BMFL9 9 KM:KL9FLANGK 9<
B=LANGK N=J:GK = 9<N_J:AGK H9J9 E9J;9J 9K J=D9^g=K ?J9E9LA;9AK IM= =D9K
<=K=EH=F@9E FG <AK;MJKG IM=J FGK ?JMHGK MFALYJAGK FGEAF9AK IM=J F9K
GJ9^g=K
)]G =P=J;= F=F@ME GMLJG H9H=D IM= F]G K=B9 K=J bF<A;= <9 >MF^]G
?J9E9LA;9D
<=
L=JEG
IM=
=D9
AFLJG<MR
E
@89BCF5
;CGH5
89
9@C
"CF=NCBH9

9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 MF= 9 >GJE9 N=J:9D ;CGH5 9G K=M L=JEG ;GEHD=E=FL9J

9@C "CF=NCBH9 H9J9 K=J G bF<A;= <9 >MF^]G ?J9E9LA;9D HJ=HGKA;AGF9<9
7CAD@9A9BHC
F9@5H=JC
%Y
=E
<CA9A
89
7CF5;9A




9 E=KE9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 N9A H=JEALAJ IM= G KM:KL9FLANG 7CF5;9A =P=J^9 G

H9H=D <= 58>IBHC 58BCA=B5@ <G KM:KL9FLANG <CA9A v >MF^]G FGJE9D
E=FL= <=K=EH=F@9<9 HGJ 9<B=LANG 9b <AR=JK= IM= F=KL=K ;9KGK 9 HJ=
HGKA^]G _ ME HF5BGDCG=HCF AKLG _ =D=E=FLG ?J9E9LA;9D IM= @9:ADAL9 ME9
<=L=JEAF9<9 MFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 9 =P=J;=J H9H=D ?J9E9LA;9D <A>=J=FL=
<9IM=D= IM= FGJE9DE=FL= =P=J;= *J9 G KM:KL9FLANG FGJE9DE=FL= F]G
L=E HGJ EAKK]G K=J H9D9NJ9 EG<A>A;9<GJ9 <= GMLJG KM:KL9FLANG J9R]G HGJ
IM= F]G _ ;GEME <AR=JK= <CA9A 7CF5;9A H9J9 IM= 7CF5;9A =KL=B9 @9
:ADAL9<G 9 9KKMEAJ G H9H=D ?J9E9LA;9D <G 9<B=LANG 7CF5>CGC @GE=E
;GJ9BGKG >9RK= F=;=KKYJAG G ;GF;MJKG <G LJ9FKHGKALGJ 89 @GE=E 89
7CF5;9A
)=KL= H9H=D G L=JEG 9FL=JAGJ Z HJ=HGKA^]G ;@9E9K= 5BH97989BH9
GM KM:GJ<AF9FL= = G HGKL=JAGJ ;@9E9K= 7CBG9EI9BH9 GM KM:GJ<AF9<G *
KM:GJ<AF9FL= HG<= K=J KM:KL9FLANG 9<B=LANG HJGFGE= N=J:G 9<N_J:AG GM
AFL=JB=A^]G
@=JFC <=
@AKLeJA9
dH=@ 9
LG<GK
5@;IBG <=
NG;aK
B979GG=HC <=
9BM<9
F9:9F9BH9A9BH9 9G
9KKMFLG
5= <=
EAE

* KM:GJ<AF9<G _ ;GFKLALMb<G HGJ KM:KL9FLANG 9<B=LANG N=J:G FG AF

>AFALANG
GM
?=JhF<AG
GM
9<N_J:AG
;9K9
<= *98FC
HMDGM
<= 7CBH9BH9
?GKL9
<= 9GHI85F
9A
7<9;5B8C
>A;GM
HGJ 5EI=

)G
=P=EHDG
9
BC=H9 LG<GK
GK
?9LGK
K]G
H9J<GK

G ?JMHG MFALYJAG 89 BC=H9 =P=J;= F9 GJ9^]G G H9H=D <= 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D

E9K G IM= L=EGK ;GEG Fh;D=G _ GMLJG KM:KL9FLANG ;MBG KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;
9D =KLY AF;DMb<G FG 9EHDG ;9EHG K=E[FLA;G <9K <=KA?F9^g=K L=EHGJ9AK
<9K H9JL=K <G <A9 BC=H9 $EHg=K= 9 HJ=K=F^9 <G LJ9FKHGKALGJ 89 H9J9 IM=
G KM:KL9FLANG >AIM= @9:ADAL9<G GM ;GFKLALMAF<G ME9 DG;M^]G 9<N=J:A9D

 

L=EHGJ9D 89 BC=H9 = 9KKAE HGKK9 =P=J;=J 9 >MF^]G <= 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D
F9
GJ9^]G
9;AE9
)G
=P=EHDG
HJAE=AJG
D<=FGJ9
?GKL9
<=
=DG
#GJARGFL=

<ARK= IM= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9H9J=;= HGJ G9FJ=8VC ;F5A5H=75@ AKLG _ =D9 _

E=JG bF<A;= <= >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 K=E ;GJJ=KHGF<aF;A9 ;GE ME9 FG^]G GM
;9L=?GJA9 ?J9E9LA;9D =PA?A<9 H=D9 FG^]G D_PA;9 <G ?JMHG N=J:9D = IM= =P
L=JAGJ 9G >9D9FL= AEHg= 9 =KL= G MKG =P;DMKANG <= ME9 MFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9
6""@  7 W G IM= G;GJJ= HGJ =P=EHDG ;GE x9 J=?aF;A9 G:JA?9LeJA9
<= <=L=JEAF9<9 HJ=HGKA^]G H9J9 GK G:B=LGK IM= K]G 9DNG <AJ=LG <G HJG
;=KKG
N=J:9D
HF5H5F
89
5@;IA5
7C=G5
=L; y
6( 
7
+J=HGKA^]G
=
KA?FA>A;9<G

Preposio e significado v %Y NAEGK IM= LM<G F9 DbF?M9 _

K=E[FLA;G AKLG _ LM<G L=E ME KA?FA>A;9<G IM= N9JA9 ;GF>GJE= G H9H=D
D_PA;G GM HMJ9E=FL= ?J9E9LA;9D IM= 9K MFA<9<=K DAF?MbKLA;9K <=K=EH=F
@9E FGK ?JMHGK FGEAF9AK MFALYJAGK = F9K GJ9^g=K K HJ=HGKA^g=K F]G
>9R=E
=P;=^]G
9
AKLG
)eK
LJ9:9D@9EGK 7CA =D=
=
F]G 7CBHF5 =D=

GFL=PLGK <=KL= LAHG J=KK9DL9E :=E G KA?FA>A;9<G <= MFA<9<=K ;GEG

7CA 9@9 = 7CBHF5 9@9 9MPADA9<GK HGJ <A>=J=FL=K HJ=HGKA^g=K /G<9NA9 <=
N=EGK D=E:J9J 9IMA 9 FG^]G <= G=;B=:=758C IB=HRF=C IM= F]G IM=J <AR=J
KA?FA>A;9<G dB=7C
=PHGKL9
F9K
HY?AF9K
<=
AFLJG<M^]G
*J9 ;9<9 HJ=HGKA^]G L=E G K=M KA?FA>A;9<G MFALYJAG >MF<9E=FL9D
HJAEYJAG IM= K= <=K<G:J9 =E GMLJGK KA?FA>A;9<GK ;GFL=PLM9AK K=FLA<G
=E 9;=H^g=K H9JLA;MD9J=K IM= =E=J?=E <G FGKKG K9:=J KG:J= 9K ;GAK9K =
<9
FGKK9
=PH=JAaF;A9
<=
EMF<G
GK=JAM D=E:J9 H9J9 L9FLG G ;9KG <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 7CA Z IM9D 9K
?J9EYLA;9K 9LJA:M=E =F?DG:9<9E=FL= GK KA?FA>A;9<GK <= x;GEH9F@A9y
85B79= 7CA '5F@=H xEG<Gy 9GHI89= 7CA DF5N9F xAFKLJME=FLGy 7CFH9=
C DVC 7CA 5 :575 x;9MK9y :I;=I 7CA A98C 8C @58FVC xGHGKA^]Gy
@IHCI
7CA
C
@58FVC
=FLJ=
GMLJ9K
 DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 Ke 9LJA:MA 9 7CA G KA?FA>A;9<G <=
x;GHJ=K=F^9y G IM= F9 DbF?M9 E=<A9FL= G K=M KAKL=E9 K=E[FLA;G K=
HJG;MJ9 =PHJ=KK9J ;GE =KL9 HJ=HGKA^]G _ IM= F9 >eJEMD9 7CA  L L =KLY
K=EHJ= HJ=K=FL= FG x=KL9<G <= ;GAK9Ky <=KA?F9<G *K KA?FA>A;9<GK GM K=F
LA<GK ;GFL=PLM9AK 9F9DAK9<GK H=D9 FGKK9 =PH=JAaF;A9 <= EMF<G = K9:=J
KG:J= 9K ;GAK9K AF;DMKAN= 9K ;GAK9K <9 DbF?M9 IM= ;GFKLALMA 9 FGKK9

 

;GEH=LaF;A9 DAF?MbKLA;9 FGK H=JEAL=E <9J ME H9KKG 9 E9AK F9 AFL=J

HJ=L9^]G
=
<=HJ==F<=J
ME9
9;=H^]G
K=;MF<YJA9
KKAE =E 7CFH5F C DVC 7CA :575 H=DG IM= K9:=EGK G IM= _
x;GJL9Jy xH]Gy x>9;9y =FL=F<=EGK IM= 9 :575 F]G Ke =KL=N= HJ=K=FL= 9G
9LG <= x;GJL9J G H]Gy E9K >GA G xAFKLJME=FLGy MLADAR9<G H9J9 9 J=9DAR9^]G
<=KL9
9^]G
%Y =E 85B79= 7CA '5F@=H =E=J?= <=HGAK <9 FG^]G <9
x;GHJ=K=F^9y G K=FLA<G <= x;GEH9F@A9y HGAK IM= =E ?=J9D F]G K= HJ9LA;9
9
<9F^9
KGRAF@G
E 9GHI89= 7CA DF5N9F G DF5N9F F]G Ke =KL=N= xHJ=K=FL=y E9K J=H
J=K=FLGM
G
xEG<Gy
<=
;GEG
9
9^]G
>GA
D=N9<9
9
L=JEG
(9K IM= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 7CA HGJ KA F]G KA?FA>A;9 xAFKLJME=FLGy
HJGN9G
IM=
=KL9
AFL=JHJ=L9^]G
F]G
K=
9BMKL9
9
N=J9D<G
;GJLGM
G
H]G 7CA 9
-GK9

HGAK IM= 9KKAE ;GEG K9:b9EGK G IM= KA?FA>A;9 :575 K9:=EGK G IM= _
,CG5 F]G K= LJ9L9 <= F=F@ME AFKLJME=FLG ;GJL9FL= ;9H9R <= >9LA9J G DVC
L=Jb9EGK F=KL= =P=EHDG ME9 9;=H^]G ;GFL=PLM9D K=FLA<G <= x9BM<9y
GM x;GEH9F@A9y HGJ =KL9 GM 9IM=D9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 =E IM= G DVC K=
9;@9N9 = IM= Ke G =FLGJFG GM KALM9^]G HG<=JA9 =PHDA;9J G ;GFL=h<G <9
GJ9^]G
KKAE F]G K= <=N= H=J<=J <= NAKL9 IM= F9 J=D9^]G <GK xKA?FA>A;9
<GKy <9K HJ=HGKA^g=K @Y K=EHJ= ME KA?FA>A;9<G MFALYJAG <= DbF?M9 IM= K=
<=K<G:J9 =E K=FLA<GK ;GFL=PLM9AK 9 IM= K= ;@=?9 H=DG ;GFL=PLG = H=D9
KALM9^]G
* KAKL=E9 HJ=HGKA;AGF9D <G HGJLM?MaK <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 K=E[FLA;G
=KLY <ANA<A<G =E <GAK ;9EHGK ;=FLJ9AK ME IM= K= ;9J9;L=JAR9 H=DG LJ9^G
x<AF9EA;A<9<=y >bKA;9 GM >A?MJ9<9 = GMLJG =E IM= GK LJ9^GK <= FG^g=K
x=KLYLA;9Ky = x<AF[EA;9Ky K]G AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= E9J;9<GK 9E:GK L9FLG
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9G
=KH9^G
IM9FLG
9G
L=EHG 
G HJAE=AJG ;9EHG H=JL=F;=E 5 7CBHF5 5HX D5F5 DCF 89 =
89G89
9G
K=?MF<G 5BH9 HFRG GC6 GC6F9 7CA G9A 9A = 9BHF9
* HJAE=AJG ?JMHG 9<EAL= <ANAK]G =E <GAK KM:?JMHGK 5 EGNAE=FLG
<= 9HJGPAE9^]G 9G HGFLG <= ;@=?9<9 5 7CBHF5 5HX D5F5 6 EGNA
E=FLG <= 9>9KL9E=FLG 89 89G89  HJ=HGKA^]G DCF K= EGKLJ9 ;GE
H9LbN=D
;GE
9K
<M9K
FG^g=K
9IMA
9HGFL9<9K
* HJAE=AJG KM:?JMHG 9AF<9 K= HG<= <ANA<AJ =E <M9K GMLJ9K FG^g=K
KMHD=E=FL9J=K 5 x;@=?9<9 9G DAEAL=y 5 5HX 7CBHF5 K=F<G IM= 9 7CBHF5




K= 9<A;AGF9 9 FG^]G <= xDAEAL= ;GEG G:KLY;MDGy GM x;GF>JGFL9E=FLGy 6

xE=J9
<AJ=^]Gy
D5F5
* K=?MF<G KM:?JMHG L9E:_E 9<EAL= <ANAK]G =E <M9K GMLJ9K FG^g=K
<=
9>9KL9E=FLG 5
xGJA?=Ey
89 6
xE=JG
9>9KL9E=FLGy
89G89
* K=?MF<G ?JMHG 9<EAL= <ANAK]G =E <GAK KM:?JMHGK 5 KALM9^]G
<=>AFA<9 = ;GF;J=L9 5BH9 HFRG GC6 GC6F9 6 KALM9^]G E9AK AEHJ=;AK9
7CA G9A 9A 9BHF9
* HJAE=AJG KM:?JMHG 9;AE9 9AF<9 K= HG<= <ANA<AJ =E <M9K GMLJ9K
FG^g=K KMHD=E=FL9J=K 5 xKALM9^]G @GJARGFL9Dy 5BH9 HFRG 6 xKALM9^]G
N=JLA;9Dy
GC6 GC6F9
* K=?MF<G KM:?JMHG L9E:_E 9<EAL= <ANAK]G =E <M9K GMLJ9K FG^g=K
KMHD=E=FL9J=K 5 x;GHJ=K=F^9y <AKLJA:Mb<9 =E xHGKALAN9y 7CA = xF=?
9LAN9y G9A 6 =E IM= 9 FG^]G <= xDAEAL=y <=FLJG <9 AEHJ=;AK]G IM= ;9
J9;L=JAR9
G
H9J
E9J;9
9
HJ=HGKA^]G 9BHF9
1=B9 9<A9FL= G IM9<JG J=KMEG <G KAKL=E9 HJ=HGKA;AGF9D <G HGJ
LM?MaK
<G
HGFLG
<=
NAKL9
K=E[FLA;G
0FA<9<=K
;GFN=JLA<9K
=E
HJ=HGKA^g=K

Unidades convertidas em preposies v )G K=FLA<G AFN=JKG Z ;JA

9^]G <= 9<N_J:AGK GM DG;M^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK E=<A9FL= G =EHJ=?G <= HJ=
HGKA^g=K ;GE:AF9<9K ;GE KM:KL9FLANGK S BC=H9 89 H5F89 7CA DF5N9F
=L;  ;=JLGK 9<N_J:AGK GM GMLJ9K H9D9NJ9K LJ9FKHGKL9K Z ;D9KK= <= 9<N_J:AG
= ;=JLGK 9<B=LANGK AEG:ADAR9<GK FG E9K;MDAFG HG<=E ;GFN=JL=JK= =E
HJ=HGKA^]G
CF5 GK
9DMFGK
FAF?M_E
E9AK
Hf<=
=FLJ9J
FG
K9D]G
D_G 9
;@MN9
NA=J9E
GK
HJ=BMbRGK
*K
F=?G;A9FL=K
>GJ9E
KGDLGK A98=5BH9 >A9F^9
IF5BH9 G
BG?G
9
LGJ;A<9
;9FL9N9
G
@AFG
<G
;DM:=

/9E:_E HG<=E ;GFN=JL=JK= =E HJ=HGKA^]G 9<B=LANGK ;GEG 9L79HC

G5@JC J=GHC 7CB:CFA9 G9;IB8C 7CBGC5BH9 A98=5BH9 = GK IM9FLA>A;
9<GJ=K AF<=>AFA<GK A5=G = A9BCG IM9F<G =KL]G =EHJ=?9<GK H9J9 =PHJAEAJ
F]G 9 IM9FLA<9<= E9K 9 KGE9 = 9 KM:LJ9^]G mais 9GH9G F95=G menos
9GH9G
F95=G 9@9 mais C
D5=






'G;M^]G
HJ=HGKALAN9

Locuo prepositiva v _ G ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K ;GE N9DGJ = =EHJ=?G

<= ME9 HJ=HGKA^]G E ?=J9D 9 DG;M^]G HJ=HGKALAN9 _ ;GFKLALMb<9 <= 9<
N_J:AG
GM
DG;M^]G
9<N=J:A9D
K=?MA<9
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89 5 GM 7CA
*
?9JGLG
=K;GF<=MK= 5HFRG
8C EeN=D
)]G
K9bEGK DCF
75IG5
85 ;@MN9
*
;GD_?AG
>A;9N9 9A
:F9BH9
5 ;9K9
*
G>b;AG
>GA
J=<A?A<G 89
57CF8C
7CA G
EG<=DG

tK N=R=K 9 DG;M^]G HJ=HGKALAN9 K= >GJE9 <= <M9K HJ=HGKA^g=K

;GEG 89
D9F F9
DG;M^]G 89
D9F
G= 5HX
5 = D5F5
7CA
!GA 5HX
5C ;GD_?AG
(GKLJ9N9K=
:GE D5F5
7CA LG<GK
*bservao * KM:KL9FLANG IM= ZK N=R=K =FLJ9 H9J9 >GJE9J =KL9K DG;M^g=K =E
?=J9D =KLY FG KAF?MD9J E9K G HDMJ9D L9E:_E _ HGKKbN=D 0=J9F S 7IGH5 8C D5= GM
SG
7IGH5G
8C
D5= )
B9;_7=C
9GHR
9A
J=5
89
GC@IWVC GM 9A
J=5G
89
GC@IWVC
+J=HGKA^g=K
=KK=F;A9AK
=
9;A<=FL9AK

Preposies essenciais e acidentais v #Y H9D9NJ9K IM= Ke 9H9J=

;=E F9 DbF?M9 ;GEG HJ=HGKA^g=K = HGJ AKKG K= <AR=E DF9DCG=Wc9G 9GG9B
7=5=G 5 5BH9 5HX 7CA 7CBHF5 89 89G89 9A 9BHF9 D5F5 D9F5BH9 DCF
G9A GC6 GC6F9 HFRG
.]G acidentais 9K H9D9NJ9K IM= H=J<=F<G K=M N9DGJ = =EHJ=?G
HJAEALANGK H9KK9J9E 9 >MF;AGF9J ;GEG HJ=HGKA^g=K 8IF5BH9 7CAC 7CB
:CFA9 :9=HC 9L79HC G5@JC J=GHC G9;IB8C A98=5BH9 H=F5BH9 :CF5 5:CF5
=L;
.e 9K HJ=HGKA^g=K 9GG9B7=5=G K= 9;GEH9F@9E <= >GJE9K LfFA;9K <GK
HJGFGE=K
G:DbIMGK
.=E A=A F]G
>9JA9E
AKKG
P;=LG 9I
LG<GK
>GJ9E
;GFL=EHD9<GK
;hEMDG
<=
HJ=HGKA^g=K

Acmulo de preposies v )]G J9JG <M9K HJ=HGKA^g=K K= BMFL9E

H9J9 <9J E9AGJ =>=ALG =PHJ=KKANG ZK A<=A9K ?M9J<9F<G ;9<9 ME9 K=M K=F
LA<G
HJAEALANG
F<GM DCF
GC6F9 G
E9J




KL=K 9;hEMDGK <= HJ=HGKA^g=K F]G ;GFKLALM=E ME9 DG;M^]G HJ=

HGKALAN9 HGJIM= N9D=E HGJ <M9K HJ=HGKA^g=K <AKLAFL9K GE:AF9EK= ;GE
E9AK
>J=IMaF;A9
9K
HJ=HGKA^g=K 89 D5F5 = DCF ;GE 9BHF9 GC6 = GC6F9
x=
ME9
N=R
GD@GM DCF
9BHF9 <M9K
HGJL9<9K
E9D
>=;@9<9K
H9J9
G
AF
L=JAGJ
<=
GMLJ9
K9D9 y
6J 
7
x*K
<=HML9<GK
GHGKA;AGFAKL9K
;GFBMJ9N9EFG
9
F]G
D=N9FL9J
E]G 89
GC6F9 GK
HJGB=LGK
<=HJ=<9<GJ=Ky
6J 7
*bservaes
 p +G<= G;GJJ=J <=HGAK <= 9D?ME9K HJ=HGKA^g=K 9;A<=FL9AK 9L79HC G5@JC H=F
5BH9 =B7@IG=J9 =L; <= K=FLA<G =P;=HLANG GM AF;DMKANG GMLJ9 HJ=HGKA^]G J=IM=JA<9
H=DG
N=J:G
K=F<G
IM=
=KL9
hDLAE9
HJ=HGKA^]G
F]G
_
G:JA?9LGJA9E=FL=
=PHDA;AL9<9
"GKLG
<=
LG<GK
<9IMA
=P;=LG 9@5 GM 89@5
.=E J9R]G 9D?MFK 9MLGJ=K ;GF<=F9E F=KL=K ;9KGK 9 =PHDA;AL9^]G <9 K=?MF<9
HJ=HGKA^]G
89@5
FG
=P=EHDG
9;AE9
.=F@GJ=GMK=
<=
LM<G 9L79HC
8CG <GAK
K9;GK
<=
HJ9L9
6J 5DI8
(9 
 7
p )9 ;GGJ<=F9^]G F]G _ F=;=KKYJAG J=H=LAJ 9K HJ=HGKA^g=K K9DNG IM9F<G 9KKAE
G
=PA?AJ=E
9
aF>9K=
9
;D9J=R9
GM
9
=M>GFA9
,M9K=
F]G
>9D9J9E 7CA G
<AJ=LGJ
=
J=HeJL=J=K
,M9K=
F]G
>9D9J9E 7CA G
<AJ=LGJ
= 7CA GK
J=HeJL=J=K

J=H=LA^]G
_
E9AK
>J=IM=FL=
9FL=K
<GK
HJGFGE=K
H=KKG9AK
LfFA;GK
=
<G
J=>D=PANG
FL]G
<=K<=
G
)ADG
9G
"9F?=K


=E
HGNGK
9JE9<GK
NA


=J?M=F<G
LGJN9K
>9D9F?=K

7CBHF5
A=A = 7CBHF5
H= 6+9KKGK 5DI8  
l

97
 FGJE9 K= =KL=F<= ZK DG;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K IM9F<G _ E9AK ;GEME 9 J=H=LA^]G
<G
hDLAEG
=D=E=FLG
<9
DG;M^]G
FL=K 8C :=E
= 8C E9D
=KL9EGK
FeK
,M9F<G 9 HJ=HGKA^]G K= =F;GFLJ9 ;GE:AF9<9 ;GE 9JLA?G <=N= K=J J=H=LA<9 K= J=
H=LA<G
=KLY
G
9JLA?G
x*HGJK= 5CG HJGB=LGK
= 5CG <=Kb?FAGK
<{9D?MFKy
6  7
 p 0E9 =PHJ=KK]G HJ=HGKA;AGF9<9 AF<A;9LAN9 <= DM?9J GM L=EHG HG<= K=J 9;GE
H9F@9<9
<=
ME9
K=?MF<9
<=
KA?FA>A;9<G
DG;9D
GM
L=EHGJ9D
'=NGMG D5F5
5C H_
<9
;JMR
9G89
D9@5 E9F@]
=KH=J9N9
FGN9K
FGLb;A9K
x)eK
F]G
>9R=EGK
K=F]G
9F<9J
9LJYK
<=D9K 89G89
D9@5 E9F@]
9L_
9
FGAL=
<=K<=
9
FGAL= 5HX
D9@5 E9F@]y
6(=KIMAL9 5DI8 (9 
7




/J9L9K= 9IMA <= =PHJ=KKg=K H=LJA>A;9<9K IM= N9D=E HGJ ME9 MFA<9<= D_PA;9 5C DX
89 D9@5
A5B<V
=L; 
=
;GEG
L9AK
HG<=E
<=HGAK
K=J
HJ=;=<A<9K
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
GE:AF9^]G
=
;GFLJ9^]G
;GE
GMLJ9K
H9D9NJ9K

Combinao e contrao com outras palavras v ARK= IM= @Y

7CA6=B5WVC IM9F<G 9 HJ=HGKA^]G DA?9F<GK= 9 GMLJ9 H9D9NJ9 F]G KG>J=
J=<M^]G  HJ=HGKA^]G 5 ;GE:AF9K= ;GE G 9JLA?G <=>AFA<G E9K;MDAFG
5C  5C
5CG

5CG
ARK= IM= @Y 7CBHF5WVC IM9F<G F9 DA?9^]G ;GE GMLJ9 H9D9NJ9 9
HJ=HGKA^]G
KG>J=
J=<M^]G
K
HJ=HGKA^g=K
IM=
K=
;GFLJ9=E
K]G 
A

;GE
G
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G
GM
HJGFGE=
<=EGFKLJ9LANG
>=EAFAFG
9

9

Z
9

9K

ZK
=KL9
>MK]G
J=;=:=
G
FGE=
<= 7F5G9


;GE
G
HJGFGE=
<=EGFKLJ9LANG
9

9IM=D=

ZIM=D=
9

9IM=D=K

ZIM=D=K
;J9K=
9

9IM=D9

ZIM=D9
9

9IM=D9K

ZIM=D9K
;J9K=
9

9IMADG

ZIMADG
;J9K=
*bservaes
 p (MAL9K N=R=K 9 DA?9^]G GM F]G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G Z H9D9NJ9 K=?MAFL= <=H=F<= <9
F=;=KKA<9<=
<=
?9J9FLAJ
9
;D9J=R9
<9
E=FK9?=E
9EH9J9<9
HGJ
=FLG9^]G
=KH=;A9D
x+9J9
.9MKKMJ=
9
x;AaF;A9y
<GK
KA?FGK
=J9
H9J9
K=J
ME
J9EG
<9
HKA;G
DG?A9
KG;A9D
=
9
DAF?MbKLA;9
ME9
KM:=KH_;A=
<=KL=
J9EG 5D9G5F
89
5
E9AK
AEHGJL9FL=y
6%= 
7
( 9F<=AJ9 K=FLAM F=;=KKA<9<= <= F]G HJG;=<=J Z ;J9K= =E 5 5EI9@5 FG
=P=EHDG
x+9J9
LM<G
AKKG
HGJ_E
=PAKL=
9
9<=K]G
=E
E9KK9
W
G
E9AGJ
E=<G
<=
*KO9D<
<=
F<J9<=
=
>9LG
F9<9
J=KAKL= 5
5EI9@5 =KLJ9L_?A9
H9J9
<GP9Dy
6( 
7
p )]G K= ;GE:AF9 G 9JLA?G IM9F<G =KL= _ H9JL= AFL=?J9FL= <G KAFL9?E9 FGEAF9D
;GEG
FG
K=?MAFL=
=P=EHDG
#Y
IM=E
;GF@=^9
G
IM=
K=
<=;A<AM
;@9E9J 89
C 9GD[F=HC
75F=C75
W H=D9 E=KE9 J9R]G <= ;GFK=JN9J 9 AFL=?JA<9<= IM= K= <=N= =NAL9J >9R=J 9 ;GE
:AF9^]G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G ;GE 9 H9D9NJ9 AFA;A9D <GK LbLMDGK <= DANJGK BGJF9AK = <=E9AK
H=JAe<A;GK
89 *K
'MKb9<9K 9A *K
.=JLg=K




/9E:_E _ HJ=>=JbN=D F]G K= MK9J 9HeKLJG>G 8n)G &IG[585G F=E 9 J=H=LA^]G <G
9JLA?G
8CG
)G
&IG[585G

HJYLA;9
<GK
=K;JALGJ=K
K=
EGKLJ9
EMALG
AF<=;AK9
F=KL=
H9JLA;MD9J
6& 
7

De

;GE
G
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G
E9K;MDAFG
=
>=EAFAFG
<=

G

<G
<=

9

<9
<=

GK

<GK
<=

9K

<9K


;GE
G
9JLA?G
AF<=>AFA<G
E=FGK
>J=IM=FL=




=E

ME9

FME9
=E

ME9K

FME9K


;GE
G
HJGFGE=
<=EGFKLJ9LANG
=E

9IM=D=

F9IM=D=
=E

9IM=D=K

F9IM=D=K
=E

9IM=D9

F9IM=D9
=E

9IM=D9K

F9IM=D9K
=E

9IMADG

F9IMADG
=E

=KK=

F=KK=
=E

=KK=K

F=KK=K
=E

=KL=

F=KL=
=E

=KL=K

F=KL=K
=E

=KK9

F=KK9
=E

=KK9K

F=KK9K
=E

=KL9

F=KL9
=E

=KL9K

F=KL9K
=E

AKKG

FAKKG
=E

AKLG

FAKLG


;GE
G
HJGFGE=
H=KKG9D

<=

ME

<ME
<=

MFK

<MFK
<=

ME9

<ME9
<=

ME9K

<ME9K

=E

=D=

F=D=
=E

=D=K

F=D=K
=E

=D9

F=D9
=E

=D9K

F=D9K


;GE
G
HJGFGE=
<=EGFKLJ9LANG
<=

9IM=D=

<9IM=D=
<=

9IM=D=K

<9IM=D=K
<=

9IM=D9

<9IM=D9
<=

9IM=D9K

<9IM=D9K
<=

9IMADG

<9IMADG
<=

=KK=

<=KK=
<=

=KK=K

<=KK=K
<=

=KL=

<=KL=
<=

=KL=K

<=KL=K
<=

=KK9

<=KK9
<=

=KK9K

<=KK9K
<=

=KL9

<=KL9
<=

=KL9K

<=KL9K
<=

AKKG

<AKKG
<=

AKLG

<AKLG


;GE
G
HJGFGE=
H=KKG9D
<=

=D=

<=D=
<=

=D=K

<=D=K
<=

=D9

<=D9
<=

=D9K

<=D9K


;GE
G
HJGFGE=
AF<=>AFA<G
<=

GMLJG

<GMLJG
<=

GMLJGK

<GMLJGK
<=

GMLJ9

<GMLJ9
<=

GMLJ9K

<GMLJ9K


;GE
9<N_J:AG
<=

9IMA

<9IMA
<=

9b

<9b
<=

9DA

<9DA
=L;

Em

;GE
G
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G
?J9^9K
Z
J=KKGF[F;A9
<9
F9K9D
=E

G

FG
=E

GK

FGK
=E

9

F9
=E

9K

F9K


;GE
G
9JLA?G
AF<=>AFA<G
=E

ME

FME
=E

MFK

FMFK

Per v
;GE
9K
>GJE9K
9FLA?9K
<G
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G
H=J

DG

H=DG
H=J

DGK

H=DGK
H=J

D9

H=D9
H=J

D9K

H=D9K

Para DF5
v
;GE
G
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G
H9J9 HJ9  G  HJG H9J9 HJ9  GK  HJGK H9J9 HJ9  9  HJ9 H9J9 HJ9  9K 
HJ9K

Com v ;GE 9JLA?G <=>AFA<G ?J9^9K Z KMHJ=KK]G <9 J=KKGF[F;A9 F9K9D

=;LDAHK=
;GE

G

;G
;GE

GK

;GK
;GE

9

;G9
;GE

9K

;G9K

HJ=HGKA^]G
=
KM9
HGKA^]G

A preposio e sua posio v E N=R <= NAJ =FLJ= G L=JEG KM:GJ

<AF9FL= = G KM:GJ<AF9<G 9 HJ=HGKA^]G ?J9^9K Z HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= GMLJ9
<AKHGKA^]G
<9K
H9D9NJ9K
HG<=
NAJ
9H9J=FL=E=FL=
K=E
G
HJAE=AJG
Por l HC8CG passaram
KM:GJ<AF9<G
KM:GJ<AF9FL=
)G
DF=ACG estudaram com Jos
KM:GJ<AF9FL= KM:GJ<AF9<G

Com Jos CG
DF=ACG estudaram

KM:GJ<AF9<G
KM:GJ<AF9FL=
x+I9A
<R
89
F9G=GH=F






,9G=GH=F
EI9A
<R
89y
6'"7

Z
JG<9
<=

=E
;AE9
<=

HGJ
<A9FL=
<=

9L_

=E
>9NGJ
<=

HGJ
E=AG
<=

9L_
9

=E
>J=FL=
<=

IM9FLG
9
=FIM9FLG
9

9LJYK
<=

=E
DM?9J
<=

K=?MF<G

9LJ9N_K
<=

=E
HJGD
<=

K=E

;GE

=E
J9R]G
<=

K=E
=E:9J?G
<=

;GEG

=E
LJG;G
<=

KG:

;GF>GJE=

=E
N=R
<=

KG:J=

;GFKG9FL=

=FLJ=

LJYK

+JAF;AH9AK
HJ=HGKA^g=K
=
DG;M^g=K
HJ=HGKALAN9K

Principais preposies e locues prepositivas

9

<=

=P;=LG

9:9APG
<=

<=
9;GJ<G
;GE

>GJ9
<=

9;=J;9
<=
;=J;9
<=

<=:9APG
<=

BMFLG
9

9;AE9
<=

<=
;AE9
<=

BMFLG
<=

9
>AE
<=

<=
;GF>GJEA<9<=
;GE

E=<A9FL=

Z
>J=FL=
<=

<=>JGFL=
<=

F9
;GFL9
<=

9FL=

<=FLJ=

F]G
G:KL9FL=

9FL=K
<=

<=FLJG

H9J9

9G
D9<G
<=

<=FLJG
<=

H9J9
;GE

9G
DGF?G
<=

<=FLJG
=E

H=J

;GFLJ9
EHJ=?G
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G

9G
J=<GJ
<=

<=K<=
<aK

HGJ

9
H9J
;GE

<=LJYK
<=

HGJ
:9APG
<=

9H=K9J
<=

<A9FL=
<=

HGJ
;AE9
<=

9HeK

<MJ9FL=

HGJ
<=>JGFL=
<=

9HeK
<=

=E

HGJ
<=FLJG
<=

9
J=KH=ALG
<=

=E:9APG
<=

HGJ
<=LJYK
<=

Emprego da preposio

 A
KL9
HJ=HGKA^]G
9H9J=;=
FGK
K=?MAFL=K
HJAF;AH9AK
=EHJ=?GK
5 $FLJG<MR ;GEHD=E=FLGK N=J:9AK G:B=LGK AF<AJ=LGK = FGEAF9AK J=HJ=K
=FL9<GK
HGJ
FGE=K
GM
HJGFGE=K
G:DbIMGK
LfFA;GK
x+=J<G9EGK
E9AK
N=R=K 5CG
BCGGCG
=B=A=;CG HGJ
>J9IM=R9
IM=
HGJ
NAJLM<=y
6((7
x*
FGKKG
9EGJ
HJeHJAG
_
EMAL9K
N=R=K
;GFLJYJAG 5CG
BCGGCG
=BH9F9GG9Gy
x
>GJ^9
_
@GKLAD 5
G=
DF_DF=5
IM9F<G
9
AFL=DA?aF;A9
9
F]G
<AJA?=y
6((7

6
$FLJG<MR
G:B=LGK
<AJ=LGK
x*
EMF<G
AFL=D=;LM9D
<=D=AL9 5
DCI7CG
G
E9L=JA9D
9?J9<9 5
HC8CGy
6((7






x
9HJ=K=FL9J9EK= 5 >9D9J
9G
AEH=J9<GJy
6-+ 5DI8 ! 
7

/G;9J S EAKK9

H9J9
9KKAKLAJ
Z
EAKK9
/G;9J
G
KAFG 5 9N=E9JA9K
6 , 
7

x*
@GE=E
IM=
F]G
_
AF<MD?=FL=
;GE
GK
GMLJGK
9AF<9
K=
F]G
;GF@=;=
5
G=
DF_DF=Cy
6((7

7
+J=F<=
AF>AFALANGK
9
;=JLGK
N=J:GK
IM=
G
MKG
=FKAF9JY
x*K
@GE=FK
<AR=F<G
=E
;=JLGK
;9KGK
IM=
N]G
>9D9J
;GE
>J9FIM=R9
H9J=;=E 85F
5
9BH9B89F IM=
G
>9R=E
HGJ
=P;=^]G
<=
J=?J9y
6((7

"=J9DE=FL= L9AK N=J:GK AF<A;9E 9 ;9MK9 G AFb;AG 9 <MJ9^]G 9 ;GF

LAFM9^]G GM G L=JEG <= EGNAE=FLG GM =PL=FK]G <9 A<=A9 ;GFLA<9 FG N=J:G
HJAF;AH9D *K HJAF;AH9AK K]G 9:9D9F^9JK= 9;GKLME9JK= 9FAE9JK= 9FMAJ
9H9J=D@9JK= 9HJ=F<=J 9HJ=KK9JK= 9JJGB9JK= 9KHAJ9J 9L=F<=J 9LJ=N=JK=
9MLGJAR9J 9N=FLMJ9JK= ;@=?9J ;GE=^9J L9E:_E ;GE 89 = DCF ;GF;GJ
J=J ;GF<=F9J ;GFLAFM9J ;GKLME9J ;GFNA<9J L9E:_E ;GE D5F5
<=;A<AJK= =FLJ9J =KLAEMD9J =P;AL9JK= =PHGJK= @9:ADAL9JK= @9:ALM9JK=
E=L=JK=
G:JA?9J
HfJK=
HJAF;AHA9J
J=KGDN=JK=
NAJ
8 +J=F<= AF>AFALANGK 9 ;=JLGK N=J:GK >GJE9F<G DG;M^g=K =IMAN9D=FL=K =
?=JhF<AGK
<=
K=FLA<G
HJG?J=KKANG


E=AG
AFKLJME=FLG
=
EG<G
E9L9J
Z
>GE=
>=;@9J
Z
;@9N=
N=F<=J
9
<AF@=AJG
>9D9J
9GK
?JALGK
=K
;J=N=J
9
DYHAK
NAN=J
9
>JML9K
9F<9J
9
;9N9DG

GE GK N=J:GK @=AD5F 9BLI;5F 5GGC5F AF<A;9EGK <= HJ=>=JaF;A9 G

AFKLJME=FLG ;GE 9A = GK HGJLM?M=K=K ;GE 5 xDAEH9J 9K DY?JAE9K BC
@9BWCy
xDAEH9J
9K
DY?JAE9K 5C
@9BWCy

DM?9J
9HJGPAE9^]G
;GFLA?MA<9<=
=PHGKA^]G
9
ME
9?=FL=
>bKA;G
x1=BG9
9
9KKGE9J S
DCFH5 <9
9D;GN9 y
6( 
7
KL9J S
>5B9@5
>A;9J S
A9G5 5C
DCFHVC 5C
GC@
>9D9J 5C
H9@9:CB9


K=E=D@9F^9
;GF>GJEA<9<=
x)]G
K9A 5
B_G
IM=
?GKL9EGK
<9
H9R y
6( 5DI8 .. 
7
x=KL9
N=R
>9DGM 5C
AC8C
6[6@=7Cy
6( 5DI8 .. 7
,M=E
HMP9 5CG
G9IG F]G
<=?=F=J9

xB85
J=G=H5B8C GK
<=>MFLGK
<AKK=D@=
=M
*J9
<=>MFLGK
J=KHGF<=M

1AJ?bDA9
;GE
ME
EMPGPG

<=HGAK
<=
E=
9H=JL9J
9K
E]GK
v B8C
5
J9F K=
HGF@G
GK
N9<AGK
H9J9
9
JM9y
6( 5DI8 .. 
7


<AKLJA:MA^]G
HJGHGJ;AGF9D
?J9<9^]G

9
$FLJG<MR
AF>AFALANG
<=KA?F9F<G
;GF<A^]G
@AHeL=K=
;GF;=KK]G
=P;=^]G

G9F N=J<9<=
G
IM=
<AR=K
HJ=>AJG
F]G
;GD9:GJ9J
x
>AD@9
=KL9N9
;GE
IM9LGJR=
9FGK
E9K
=J9
EMALG
>J9IMAF@9
=
F]G
>9RA9
F9<9 5
BVC
G9F F9EGJ9J
GK
;9H9<e;AGK
IM=
D@=
JGF<9N9E
9
JeLMD9y
6( 
7

ME 5 ME
EaK 5 EaK
HGM;G 5 HGM;G

*bservao
ARK= DCI7C
5
DCI7C DCI7C
9
DCI7C 5
DCI7C
9
DCI7C
x*CI7C
5
DCI7C EMAL9K
?J9N=K
E9LJGF9K
K=
LAF@9E
9DGF?9<G
<9
;GJL=
H9J9
KM9K
@GFJ9K
=
KGD9J=Ky
6# 
7

> $FLJG<MR GM HG<= AFLJG<MRAJ G AF>AFALANG <9 GJ9^]G KM:KL9FLAN9 KM:B=LAN9

<G
N=J:G 7IGH5F


HJ=^G
 ;GEG
=KL]G
9K
E9^]K  ME
J=9D
G
IMADG

xMKLGMD@=
EMALG 5
579=H5F 9
;9K9y
6( 
7


HGKK=

;
$FLJG<MR
FME=JGK9K
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K
L9AK
;GEG

L=JEG
<=
EGNAE=FLG
GM
=PL=FK]G

/GEGM
G
HMDKG 5C <G=FL=

<G
<G=FL=


>GJE9
FME=JGK9K
DG;M^g=K
9<N=J:A9AK

x)=KK=
E=KEG
<A9
D=N=AGK 5C
5B7C
8C
F5G=@y
6( 
7
*bservao GE GK 9<N_J:AGK 5EI= @R 7R = K=E=D@9FL=K F]G K= =EHJ=?9
HJ=HGKA^]G
x1=E 7R
M?aFA9
<AKK=
=D9 y
6( 
7


L=EHG
=E
IM=
ME9
;GAK9
KM;=<=
x$F<9?M=A
<G
?M9J<9
<AKK=E=
IM=
=>=LAN9E=FL=
x=KK=
KMB=ALGy
A9
HGJ
9DA
ZK
N=R=K
v  IM=
@GJ9Ky
6( 
 7


>AE
GM
<=KLAFG

Z
HJ=KK9
ZK
HJ=KK9K
ZK
;D9J9K
ZK
G;MDL9K
ZK
;=?9K
9
?J9F=D
9
JG<G
=L;
EHJ=?G
<G
Z
9;=FLM9<G

Emprego do acentuado v EHJ=?9K= G 9;=FLG ?J9N= FG 5 H9J9 AF

<A;9J
IM=
KG9
;GEG
NG?9D
9:=JL9
FGK
K=?MAFL=K
<GAK
;9KGK
 q
IM9F<G
J=HJ=K=FL9
9
;GFKLJM^]G
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5 ;GE
G
9JLA?G 5 GM
G
AFb;AG
<= 5EI9@9G 5EI9@5G 5EI=@C
>=FfE=FG
IM=
=E
?J9EYLA;9
K=
;@9E9
;J9K=



!MA S ;A<9<=

* N=J:G =F H=<= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 5 G KM:KL9FLANG 7=8589 H=<= G 9JLA?G

>=EAFAFG 5
!MA 5
5 ;A<9<=
q
IM9F<G
J=HJ=K=FL9
9 DIF5
DF9DCG=WVC 5 IM=
J=?=
ME
KM:KL9FLANG
>=E
AFAFG
KAF?MD9J
>GJE9F<G
ME9
DG;M^]G
9<N=J:A9D
IM=
HGJ
EGLANG
<=
;D9J=R9
N=E
9KKAF9D9<9
;GE
9;=FLG
<A>=J=F;A9D



*bservaes
 p * FGE= IM= KGRAF@G <AKH=FK9 9JLA?G HG<= LaDG IM9F<G 9;GEH9F@9<G <= 9<
B=LANG
GM
DG;M^]G
9<B=LAN9

Z
>GJ^9
Z
EbF?M9
Z
:9D9
Z
>9;9
Z
=KH9<9
Z
>GE=
Z
K=<=
Z
HJ=KK9
Z
FGAL=
Z
L9J<=
=L;
6. 
 
- 

 
ll

=

.' 
7
*bservaes
 p F5G9 _ ME >=FfE=FG >GF_LA;G IM= K= =KL=F<= 9 LG<9 >MK]G <= NG?9AK A?M9AK =
F]G
Ke
9G 5 9;=FLM9<G

KKAE
K=
<AR
$J=A S ;9K9
H9L=JF9
p .= >GJ >9;MDL9LANG F9K ;GF<A^g=K 9;AE9 G =EHJ=?G <= 89 GM 85 9A GM B5
DCF GM D9@5
K=JY
L9E:_E
>9;MDL9LANG
G
=EHJ=?G
<G 5 9;=FLM9<G

p )]G @Y J9R]G H9J9 ;GF<=F9JK= G N=J:G 7F5G95F H9J9 KA?FA>A;9J xHfJ G 9;=FLG
?J9N=
AF<A;9LANG
<9
;J9K=y
*
IM=
K=
F]G
<=N=
_
;@9E9J 7F5G9 9G
9;=FLG
?J9N=
xD=F;9J 7F5G95J5 9
HJ=HGKA^]G
KAEHD=K 5y
6%* 
7

)7CFF9
5
7F5G9
BCG
G9;I=BH9G
75GCG
DF=B7=D5=G
5
<A9FL=
<=
H9D9NJ9
>=EAFAF9
;D9J9
GM
G;MDL9
IM=
F]G
J=H=D=
9JLA?G
!MA S ;A<9<=
AJA?A9K= S 9@A9
=
<=HGAK 5 +9JAK

+9J9 K9:=JEGK K= ME KM:KL9FLANG >=EAFAFG F]G J=H=D= 9JLA?G :9KL9

;GFKLJMbDG =E GJ9^g=K =E IM= 9H9J=^9E J=?A<GK <9K HJ=HGKA^g=K 89 9A
DCF .= LAN=JEGK HMJ9K HJ=HGKA^g=K G FGE= <AKH=FK9 9JLA?G K= LAN=JEGK
F=;=KKA<9<= <= MK9J J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= 85 B5 D9@5 G 9JLA?G K=JY
G:JA?9LeJAG

6
<A9FL=
<G
9JLA?G 5 =
<GK
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK 5EI9@9 5EI9@5 5EI=@C

7
<A9FL=
<=
HGKK=KKANG
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
KM:KL9FLANG
G;MDLG
AJA?AMK=
ZIM=D9
;9K9
=
F]G S KM9

8 <A9FL= <= DG;M^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK ;GFKLALMb<9K <= KM:KL9FLANG >=EAFAFG

HDMJ9D
ZK
N=R=K
ZK
;D9J9K
ZK
G;MDL9K
ZK
=K;GF<A<9K
ZK
LJaK
<9
E9F@]



(VC
C7CFF9
5
7F5G9
BCG
G9;I=BH9G
75GCG
DF=B7=D5=G
5
<A9FL=
<=
H9D9NJ9
<=
K=FLA<G
AF<=>AFA<G

*bservao
#Y
9;=FLG
9FL=K
<G
FME=J9D IA5
$J=A
NaD9
Z
ME9
@GJ9

6 <A9FL= <GK HJGFGE=K J=D9LANGK EI9 IM9F<G G 5 9FL=JAGJ >GJ ME9

HJ=HGKA^]G EI9A 7I>5



)G HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG <YK= HJ=>=JaF;A9 9G =EHJ=?G <G HGKK=KKANG

;GE
9JLA?G
=
F=KL=
;9KG
9G 5 9;=FLM9<G
6
9FL=K
<=
FGE=
HJeHJAG
>=EAFAFG

7 9FL=K <9 H9D9NJ9 75G5 IM9F<G 9;GEH9F@9<9 <= =PHJ=KK]G IM= <=
FGL9
G
<GFG
GM
EGJ9<GJ
GM
IM9DIM=J
IM9DA>A;9^]G

KLY
9b
9
H=KKG9 5 IM=
>AR=KL=
9DMK]G
*
9MLGJ 5 ;MB9
G:J9
9
;JbLA;9
K=
J=>=JAM
_
EMALG
HGM;G
;GF@=;A<G
DA
N9A
9
;JA9F^9 5 IM=E
<AKK=KL=
9
FGLb;A9

7
<A9FL=
<=
N=J:G
FG
AF>AFALANG
!A;GM 5 N=J
F9NAGK
'ANJG 5 K9AJ
=E
:J=N=

8 <A9FL= <= HJGFGE= H=KKG9D = =PHJ=KKg=K <= LJ9L9E=FLG ;GEG 1

P p
1 . p
1
( 
=L; 
)]G
<AKK=J9E 5 =D9
= 5 NG;a
LG<9
9
N=J<9<=
-=IM=AJG 5 1
P p
;GE
J9R]G

9 F9K =PHJ=KKg=K >GJE9<9K ;GE 9 J=H=LA^]G <= E=KEG L=JEG 9AF<9

IM=
K=B9
ME
FGE=
>=EAFAFG
HGJ
K=
LJ9L9J
<=
HMJ9
HJ=HGKA^]G
>J=FL= 5 >J=FL=
;9J9 5 ;9J9
>9;= 5 >9;=
?GL9 5 ?GL9

:
<A9FL=
<9
H9D9NJ9 75G5 IM9F<G
<=K9;GEH9F@9<9
<=
9<BMFLG

$J=A 5 ;9K9
DG?G
E9AK
;>
FLJ=A 9A ;9K9
.9b 89 ;9K9

*bservaes
 p W HJ=;AKG F]G A<=FLA>A;9J 7F5G9 = 7F5G958C ;GE 9;=FLG = 9;=FLM9<G E L=E
HGK H9KK9<GK HJAF;AH9DE=FL= =FLJ= GK JGE[FLA;GK 9 HJ=HGKA^]G HMJ9 5 =J9 =E
?=J9D 9;=FLM9<9 9AF<9 <A9FL= <= E9K;MDAFG K=E IM= AKKG IMAK=KK= AF<A;9J 5
;J9K=9<G 9b GK >9DKGK =JJGK IM= K= 9HGFL9E =E =K;JALGJ=K <=KK9 _HG;9 EGJ
E=FL=
=E
%
<=
D=F;9J
p =N=K= MK9J 8CFA=F 5 G9GH5 = F]G 8CFA=F S G9GH5 @9JR@C 5 6F975 = F]G
@9JR@C
S
6F975 HI8C
9GHR
=B8C
5
6F975 9@9
H9F=5
@9J58C
5
6F975
L_

 At
KL9 HJ=HGKA^]G AF<A;9 G DAEAL= G L=JEG <= EGNAE=FLG = 9;GE
H9F@9F<G KM:KL9FLANG ;GE 9JLA?G <=>AFA<G GM AF<=>AFA<G HG<= NAJ GM
F]G
K=?MA<9
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5


7F5G9
X
:57I@H5H=J5
BCG
G9;I=BH9G
75GCG
DF=B7=D5=G
5
9FL=K
<=
HJGFGE=
HGKK=KKANG
;GE
KM:KL9FLANG
>=EAFAFG
;D9JG
x*MNA<G
AKLG
G
<=K=E:9J?9<GJ
;GEGN=MK= 5HX
SG DY?JAE9K
=
<AKK=
;GE
EMA
=FLJ9F@9<G
9>=LGy
6J 
7



 

x
=
HJGE=L=E
K=JD@=
9EH9JG 5HX
5C >AEy
6J 
7

xD:=JF9R
K9AM
>GJ9
<9
JG<9
<GK
9EA?GK
=
>GA 5HX
5 ME
;9FLG
<9
K9D9 y
6' 5DI8 .. 
l
7

W HJ=;AKG <AKLAF?MAJ 9 HJ=HGKA^]G <9 H9D9NJ9 <= AF;DMK]G 5HX IM= K=

MK9 H9J9 J=>GJ^9J ME9 <=;D9J9^]G ;GE G K=FLA<G <= xAF;DMKAN=y
xL9E:_Ey xE=KEGy x9AF<9y  HJ=HGKA^]G H=<= HJGFGE= H=KKG9D G:
DbIMG
LfFA;G
=
9
H9D9NJ9
<=
AF;DMK]G
H=<=
HJGFGE=
H=KKG9D
J=LG

'ML9N9 7CBHF5 LM<G
= 7CBHF5 LG<GK

-=E9J 7CBHF5 9
E9J_
1GL9J 7CBHF5 9D?M_E

GF<=F9E :GFK E=KLJ=K ;GEG ?9DA;AKEG G =EHJ=?G <=KL9 HJ=

HGKA^]G <=HGAK <G N=J:G 5D9FH5F 9GHF9=H5F = KAFfFAEGK 9H=K9J <GK =P
=EHDGK
<=
=K;JALGJ=K
;GJJ=LGK
MKG
IM=
K=
N9A
?=F=J9DAR9F<G
xD9FH9= 7CBHF5 G
;GJ9^]G
G
HMF@G
<9
=KH9<9y
6# 
$
7
x
MD;=
;9AM
FGK
:J9^GK
<G
?M=JJ=AJG
LJGN9<GJ
IM=
<=KL9
N=R
9 9G
HF9=HCI 7CBHF5 G
H=ALG y
6# 
7

D=
;@=?GM 5HX
A=A =
<AKK=
LG<9
9
N=J<9<=

HX
9I J=;=:A
G
;9KLA?G
GE

 Com
H9J=;= F9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K <= ;GEH9F@A9 9BMFL9E=FLG KAEMDL9F
=A<9<= EG<G E9F=AJ9 E=AG AFKLJME=FLG ;9MK9 ;GF;=KK]G HJAF;AH9D
E=FL=
K=?MA<9
<=
AF>AFALANG
GHGKA^]G
x,M9F<G
GK
:GFK
;9HALMD9E 7CA GK
E9MK
K9F;AGF9E
9
HJeHJA9
JMbF9y
6((7
x)MF;9
9?J9<=;=EGK 7CA L9FLG
>=JNGJ
;GEG
IM9F<G
=KH=J9EGK
ME
FGNG
>9NGJy
6((7
x
=;GFGEA9 7CA G
LJ9:9D@G
_
ME9
HJ=;AGK9
EAF9
<=
GMJGy
6((7
x.GEGK
9LD=L9K
F9
NA<9
DML9EGK 7CA 9K
H9APg=K
<GK
GMLJGK
@GE=FK
=
7CA 9K
FGKK9Ky
6((7
x,M=J=EGK
?GN=JFGK
H=J>=ALGK 7CA @GE=FK
AEH=J>=ALGK
<AKH9J9L=y
6((7
x*
KADaF;AG 7CA K=J
EM<G
F]G
<=AP9
<=
K=J
HGJ
N=R=K
ME
?J9F<=
AE
HGKLGJy
6((7
x
KG;A=<9<=
HGDbLA;9
F9K;=M
<9
>9EbDA9
E9K
9
>9EbDA9
F]G
9;9:GM
7CA 
L=EHGJ9D
9
=PAKLaF;A9
<9
KG;A=<9<=y
6# 
7

$FA;A9 G ;GEHD=E=FLG <= EMALGK N=J:GK = FGE=K ;GEHD=E=FLG J=

D9LANG
=
;GEHD=E=FLG
FGEAF9D
x*
DAKGFB=AJG
;GFL9
K=EHJ= 7CA 9
9:GF9^]G
<G
FGKKG
9EGJHJeHJAGy
6((7
x*
@GE=E
IM=
F]G
_
AF<MD?=FL= 7CA GK
GMLJGK
9AF<9
K=
F]G
;GF@=;=
9
KA
HJeHJAGy
6((7
GFLJ9

 Contra
=FGL9
GHGKA^]G
<AJ=^]G
;GFLJYJA9
@GKLADA<9<=

/9E:_E K= ;GFKA<=J9 ;GEG ?9DA;AKEG 7CBHF5 FG K=FLA<G <= x=E

LJG;9
<=y
:=E
;GEG
FG
K=FLA<G
<=
xBMFLG
9y
x9G
D9<G
<=y
9J
9
E=J;9<GJA9 7CBHF5 J=;A:G
HGJ A98=5BH9
F97=6C
F;GKL9J
G
EeN=D 7CBHF5 9
H9J=<=
HGJ >IBHC
S
D5F989
=

 De
5 $FLJG<MR ;GEHD=E=FLG <= N=J:GK ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG =
FGE=K
;GEHD=E=FLG
FGEAF9D
IM=
G
MKG
=FKAF9JY
x*K
KY:AGK
NAN=E
GJ<AF9JA9E=FL=
KGDALYJAGK
J=;=A9EK= 8CG J9@<57CG
=
F]G
HG<=E
LGD=J9J
GK
LGDGKy
6((7
x*
L=EGJ 85 ACFH9 _
9
K=FLAF=D9
<9
NA<9y
6((7

6 $F<A;9 9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <= DM?9J <GF<= GJA?=E HGFLG <= H9JLA<9

<ME EGNAE=FLG GM =PL=FK]G FG L=EHG = FG =KH9^G 9 H=KKG9 GM ;GAK9
<= IM= GMLJ9 HJGN_E GM <=H=F<= =E K=FLA<G HJeHJAG GM >A?MJ9<G = G
9?=FL= <9 H9KKAN9 HGJ K=J G HGFLG <= H9JLA<9 <9 9^]G HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
;GE
GK
N=J:GK
IM=
=PHJAE=E
K=FLAE=FLG
=
E9FA>=KL9^]G
<=
K=FLAE=FLGK
x
E9AGJ
H9JL=
<GK
=JJGK
=E
IM=
D9:GJ9EGK
F=KL=
EMF<G
HJGN_E 85
:5@G5
89:=B=WVC
GM 85G
BCWc9G
:5@5N9G IM=
L=EGK
<G
:=E
=
<G
E9Dy
6((7
x
<G^MJ9
=
:=D=R9 85G
AI@<9F9G H9J=;=E
AF;MD;9J
IM=
K]G
9FBGK
=
K=J9>AFK
IM=
<=K;=J9E 8CG
7XIG =
K=
@ME9F9J9E
F9
L=JJ9y
6((7
x.9F;AGF9<9
9
NAJLM<=
Ke
H=D9
GHAFA]G
Hh:DA;9
=D9
<=K9H9J=;= 85 NA<9
<GE_KLA;9
= 89 LG<GK
9IM=D=K
DM?9J=K
F]G
NAKLGK 85
AI@H=8VCy
6# 
7
*bservao
(G<=JF9E=FL=
G
9?=FL=
<9
H9KKAN9
K=
J=?=
E9AK
<= DCF




7 $F<A;9 9 H=KKG9 ;GAK9 ?JMHG GM K_JA= 9 IM= H=JL=F;= GM <= IM= K=

K9DA=FL9
HGJ
IM9DIM=J
J9R]G
G
FGE=
HJ=;=<A<G
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
x
;J=<MDA<9<=
=
;GF>A9F^9 89 EMALGK
LGDGK
>9R
G
LJAMF>G 89 HGM;GK
N=D@9;GKy
6((7

8
$F<A;9
9
E9L_JA9
<=
IM=
ME9
;GAK9
_
>=AL9
x
=D9
Ke
D@=
9;=AL9N9
K=E
J=DML[F;A9
GK
EAEGK 89 =K;9KKG
HJ=^G
;GEG
9
;JMR 89 GMJG
IM=
D@=
<=M
ME9
N=R
<=
>=KL9Ky
6( 
7

9
$F<A;9
9
J9R]G
GM
9
;9MK9
HGJ
IM=
ME9
;GAK9
KM;=<=
x*
DMPG
;GEG
G
>G?G
<=NGJ9
LM<G
=
H=J=;= 89 >9EAFLGy
6((7
9FL9J
<=
9D=?JA9
EGJJ=J 89 E=<G

:
$F<A;9
G
9KKMFLG
GM
G
G:B=LG
<=
IM=
K=
LJ9L9
xAR=JK= 89 ME
@GE=E
IM=
L=E
BMbRG
_
G
E9AGJ
=DG?AG
IM=
K=
D@=
HG<=
>9R=Jy
6((7

; $F<A;9 G E=AG G AFKLJME=FLG GM EG<G =E K=FLA<G HJeHJAG GM

>A?MJ9<G
x*
=KHbJALG
NAN= 89 >A;^g=K
;GEG
G
;GJHG
K=
FMLJ= 89 9DAE=FLGKy
6((7

<
$F<A;9
9
;GEH9J9^]G
@GB=
HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
F9
=PHJ=KK]G 8C
EI9
.]G
E9AK 89 LJaK
@GJ9K

=
$F<A;9
9
HGKA^]G
G
DM?9J
x.M;=<=
>J=IM=FL=K
N=R=K
9<EAJ9JEGK 89 DGF?=
G
IM= 89 H=JLG
<=
KHJ=R9EGKy
6((7

>
$F<A;9
E=<A<9
GHG 89 D=AL=

G
D=AL=
F9
E=<A<9
<G
;GHG
;GHG 8{Y?M9
?9JJ9>9 89
NAF@G
*bservao +G<=K= <AR=J L9E:_E 7CDC 7CA @9=H9 7CA R;I5 E9K 9b F]G K=
NAK9
Z
E=<A<9
E9K
9G
;GFL=h<G



x*
@GE=E 89 BMbRG
9HJGN=AL9
G
LGDG
<=K9HJGN=AL9
9
=PH=JAaF;A9
HJe
HJA9y
6((7
-M9 8C *MNA<GJ
*bservaes
 p )9K <=FGEAF9^g=K <= JM9K =K;GD9K L=9LJGK EGFME=FLGK =<A>b;AGK >=KL9K J=
DA?AGK9K = ;9K9K ;GE=J;A9AK = =E ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K IM= L9AK K= ;GKLME9 GEALAJ 9 HJ=
HGKA^]G K=E IM= @9B9 J=?J9 >AP9 H9J9 L9D ;JAL_JAG N=FA<9 -AG J9F;G GD_?AG
+=<JG
$$
E9K
-M9 8C *MNA<GJ
+J9^9 85 -=Hh:DA;9
p 0K9K= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 F9K <9L9K  89 >=N=J=AJG )]G _ HJ9P= <9 DbF?M9
GEALAD9 F=KL9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K G E=KEG EG<G <ARK= C 5BC 89   =E:GJ9
9IMA
K=
HGKK9
L9E:_E
=EHJ=?9J C
5BC
 

C
$F<A;9
G
LG<G
<=HGAK
<=
H9D9NJ9K
IM=
KA?FA>A;9E
H9JL=

E9AGJA9 8CG @GE=FK
ME
L=J^G 8CG KGD<9<GK
ME
HMF@9<G 89 :J9
NGK
ME
HGM;G
GM
ME9
HGM;9 89 Y?M9
*bservao =HGAK <GK ;GEH9J9LANGK A5=CF A9BCF =L; HG<= K=J KM:KLALMb<G
HGJ 9BHF9
*
E9AGJ 89 LG<GK
 9BHF9 LG<GK

D $F<A;9 EG<G <= K=J K=E=D@9F^9 = FGJE9DE=FL= N=E HJ=;=<=F<G

HJ=<A;9LANG
x(MALGK
>A?MJ9E 89 Ae?=F=K
H9J9
K=
;GFKGD9J=E
<=
F]G
HG<=J=E
K=J
D=P9F<J=Ky
6((7

E 'A?9 9<B=LANG _LFA;G GM ?=FLbDA;G 9GK KM:KL9FLANGK B5WVC B5G7=

A9BHC CF=;9A
:J9KAD=AJG 89 F9K;AE=FLG
9D=E]G 89 GJA?=E

F
+G<=
=IMAN9D=J
9 89G89
#9NA9
E=AG
K_;MDG 85  89G89
5
<=K;G:=JL9
*bservaes

@
$F<A;9
G
>AE
HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
;GE
AF>AFALANG
YE= 89 :=:=J
ME
;GHG
<{Y?M9

A
$F<A;9
G
L=EHG
9 FGAL=
LG<GK
GK
?9LGK
K]G
H9J<GK

B 'A?9F<G <GAK KM:KL9FLANGK AE=<A9L9E=FL= GM HGJ AFL=JE_<AG <=

;=JLGK
N=J:GK
K=JN=
H9J9
;9J9;L=JAR9J
=
<=>AFAJ
ME9
H=KKG9
GM
;GAK9

 p )GL=K= 9 >eJEMD9 X 89 ;GE G K=FLA<G <= X DF_DF=C 89 xQ 85 F9LMJ=R9 @M

E9F9 IM= EMALGK @GE=FK LJ9:9D@=E H9J9 E9FL=J GK HGM;GK IM= K= G;MH9E =E
H=FK9J
H9J9
=D=K
AFKLJMbDGK
=
?GN=JFYDGKy
6((7
p E ;GFKLJM^]G <G LAHG 57IG5F 89 B9;@=;9BH9 DF9GIA=F 89 :CFACG5
x=PHDA;9EK= ?=J9DE=FL= H=D9 GEAKK]G <= ME N=J:G 9LJA:MLANG G9F 9GH5F =L;  GM
H=D9 >MK]G <9 ;GFKLJM^]G <G 9<B=LANG ;GE 9 <= KM:KL9FLANG FG E=KEG DM?9Jy
6(9  7 7IG5F 89 B9;@=;9BH9  57IG5F 89 G9F B9;@=;9BH9 57IG5F 89 GI5
B9;@=;ZB7=5



(VC
C7CFF9
9GH5
DF9DCG=WVC
BCG
G9;I=BH9G
DF=B7=D5=G
75GCG
9
=E
;GFKLJM^g=K
<=
LAHG

HJAE=AJ9
;GAK9
IM=
>AR
>GA
NAJ
9
(9<JA
=
F]G :C=
89
J=F

: x;GE GK N=J:GK = 9<B=LANGK IM= KA?FA>A;9E 9>9KL9E=FLG GM <A>=J

=F^9 = ;GE GK IM= =FNGDN=E 9 A<=A9 <= 9ME=FLG GM <AEAFMA^]G KMH=JA
GJA<9<= GM AF>=JAGJA<9<= 9 <=KA?F9^]G <9 E=<A<9 IM= F]G L=E HJ=
HGKA^]Gy
6  
l
 
%( 
$$
7
ME=FL9J
ME
;=FLbE=LJG
=
F]G 5IA9BH5F
89
IA
KL=
FhE=JG
=P;=<=
9IM=D=
<M9K
<=R=F9K
=
F]G 9L7989
89
8I5G
89N9B5G
(9AK
FGNG
9D?MFK
E=K=K
=
F]G A5=G
BCJC
89
5@;IBG
A9G9G

;
<=HGAK
<G
N=J:G 7CBG=GH=F

HJGN9
;GFKAKL=
=E
<M9K
HY?AF9K
EAE=G?J9>9<9K
= BVC
7CBG=GH9
89
8I5G
)ota *K HMJAKL9K K=E E9AGJ=K =P9E=K LaE L9;@9<G <= ?9DA;AKEG 9 =PHJ=KK]G
89 F9GHC  IM9FLG 9G E9AK D_E <= MK9<9 HGJ ?J9F<=K =K;JALGJ=K L=E J9bR=K FG
D9LAE 89
F9@=EIC
E

 Em
=FGL9
9
DM?9J
GF<=
KALM9^]G
=E
K=FLA<G
HJeHJAG
GM
>A?MJ9<G
x!GJE9EK=
E9AK
L=EH=KL9<=K 9A FeK
E=KEGK
IM= BC 9J B5 L=JJ9
=
BCG E9J=Ky
6((7
*bservao GE 9D?MFK N=J:GK H9J9 K= =PHJAEAJ =KL9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 K=
=EHJ=?9
ME
HJGFGE=
G:DbIMG
YLGFG
=E
DM?9J
<9
=PHJ=KK]G
AFLJG<MRA<9
HGJ 9A
x+MDK9@<9 
F=D=
9IM=D=
9>=LG
N=J<9<=AJGy
6(7
)]G A9 LGIM=
9L=MBCG
(=P=M@<9

:
L=EHG
<MJ9^]G
HJ9RG
x*K
@GE=FK 9A LG<GK
GK
L=EHGK
KG:J=
G
IM=
F]G
;GEHJ==F<=J9E
>9:MD9J9Ey
6((7
*bservaes
 p +J=;=<=F<G ME ?=JhF<AG 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9A 9H9J=;= F9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K <=
L=EHG
;GF<A^]G
GM
@AHeL=K=



x)AF?M_E
<=K<=
IM=
=FLJGM 9A D@= 7<9;5B8C G
LMJFG
K=
;GFK=?MAJY

=N9<AJ
Z
K9b<9y
6-7
p +9J9 <=FGL9J G =KH9^G GM <=;MJKG <= L=EHG MK9K= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9A =E ;GF
;GJJaF;A9 9 89BHFC 89 GM 85EI= 5 =EHJ=?G IM= 9D?MFK =KLM<AGKGK ;GE =P9?=JG
N==E
;GEG
9:MKG
GM
AEAL9^]G
<G
>J9F;aK
6(9 
7
A ;AF;G
EAFMLGK
AJ=A
9L=F<aDG

;
EG<G
E=AG
!GA 9A D9GGC5 J=;=:=J
GK
;GFNA<9<GK
+9?9N9 9A
7<9EI9 LM<G
G
IM=
;GEHJ9N9

< 9 FGN9 F9LMJ=R9 GM >GJE9 =E IM= ME9 H=KKG9 GM ;GAK9 K= ;GF

N=JL=
<AK>9J^9
<=K>9R
GM
<ANA<=
x*
@GE=E
<=
BMbRG
;GFN=JL=
9
<=K?J9^9 9A N=FLMJ9
G
LGDG
EM<9
9
>GJLMF9 9A EAK_JA9y
6((7
9J 9A <GA<G

=
HJ=^G
9N9DA9^]G

;9K9
>GA
9N9DA9<9 9A EAD@9J=K
<=
J=9AK

>
>AE
<=KLAF9^]G
1AJ 9A 9MPbDAG /GE9J 9A H=F@GJ +=<AJ 9A ;9K9E=FLG

?
=KL9<G
IM9DA<9<=
GM
E9L_JA9
"=F=J9D 9A ;@=>=
!=JJG 9A :J9K9
$E9?=E 9A :9JJG
"J9NMJ9 9A
9^G
*bservao /=EK= K=E E9AGJ =P9E= ;GF<=F9<G =KL= =EHJ=?G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G
9A ;GEG ?9DA;AKEG /=EK= L9E:_E IM=JA<G =NAL9J 9 =PHJ=KK]G 9A EI9GHVC HGJ
K= L=J AFKHAJ9<G =E EG<G <= >9D9J >J9F;aK E9K _ DAF?M9?=E @GB= ;GEMFbKKAE9 =
;GJJ=FL=
F9K
HJAF;AH9AK
DbF?M9K
DAL=JYJA9K
EG<=JF9K

@
;9MK9
EGLANG
?=J9DE=FL=
9FL=K
<G
AF>AFALANG
x#Y
HGNGK
IM=
K]G
>=DAR=K 9A F]G
L=J
E9AK
IM=
ME
Ke
LAJ9FGy
6((7

A DM?9J H9J9 GF<= K= <AJA?= ME EGNAE=FLG KM;=KK]G =E K=FLA<G

HJeHJAG
GM
>A?MJ9<G
.9DL9J 9A L=JJ9
FLJ9J 9A ;9K9
=
?J]G 9A ?J]G
*bservao  DbF?M9 H9<J]G F]G 9?9K9D@9 =KL= =EHJ=?G ;GE GK N=J:GK J=F
7<9;5F
HJ=>=JAF<G
9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5
$J S ;A<9<=
;@=?9J 5C ;GD_?AG





B
>GJE9
K=E=D@9F^9
KA?FA>A;9^]G
<=
ME
?=KLG
GM
9^]G

x*
9E:A;AGKG D5F5 K=J
EMALG
9>=L9
9D?ME9K
N=R=K
F]G
N9D=J
F9<9y

6((7

x-=KGDML9
=KL=F<=M
GK
:J9^GK
BMFL9F<G
9K
E]GK 9A L9D@9<=AJ9
=
9JJGBGMK=
<{9DLG
E=J?MD@9F<G y
6) 5DI8 .. 
l

7

=
L=JEG
<=
EGNAE=FLG
<AJ=^]G
H9J9
ME
DM?9J
;GE
9
A<=A9
9;=KKeJA9
<=
<=EGJ9
GM
<=KLAFG
!GA D5F5 MJGH9

FLJ=

 Entre
=FGL9 HGKA^]G AFL=JE=<AYJA9 FG =KH9^G GM FG L=EHG =E K=FLA<G
HJeHJAG
GM
>A?MJ9<G

*bservao =FGL9 9H=F9K xG DM?9J GF<=y =E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG

9?GJ9 D5F5 G
)GJL=

>
L=EHG
9
IM=
K=
<=KLAF9
ME
G:B=LG
GM
9^]G
GM
H9J9
IM9F<G
9D
?ME9
;GAK9
K=
J=K=JN9

xBHF9 G
IM=ABG
=
G
;9>_
<=EGFKLJGME=
,MAF;9K
GJ:9
IM=
G
KAK
L=E9
=J9
9
<=KLJMA^]G
<9
<GJy
6( 
7

x!9R D5F5 9K
E9L9F^9K
K=AK
9FGK
IM=
NG;a
BMKLGM
;GEA?G
ME9
HGJ;9

HGJ

EG=<9K y
6J 5DI8 %( 
$$
7
1GM
9b D5F5 9K
K=AK
@GJ9K

GEG 9K GMLJ9K HJ=HGKA^g=K J=?= HJGFGE= G:DbIMG LfFA;G <=

EG<G
IM=
K=
<AR 9BHF9
A=A
9
H= 9BHF9
9@9
9
A=A 9BHF9
JC7Z
9
A=A
=L;
x+GJ
IM=
N=FK
HGAK
H=<AJE=
9<GJ9^g=K
IM9F<G 9BHF9
A=A
9
H= =KLY
9
;JMR
=FK9?M=FL9<9
<G
9DNYJAG y
6# 
7

 DbF?M9 =P=EHD9J =NAL9 =P=EHDGK ;GEG 9BHF9 9I 9 HI 9BHF9 9I 9

9@9G 9BHF9 9@9G 9 9I = K=E=D@9FL=K =KL= hDLAEG ;9KG =E IM= G HJGFGE=
J=LG F]G N=E BMFLG <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9BHF9 G;GJJ=E 9D?MFK =P=EHDGK DAL=JYJA
GK
IM=
9
LJ9<A^]G
<G
A<AGE9
=NAL9
x*<=AG
LG<9
9
?=FL=


;GE
L9FL9K
N=J9K
<{9DE9K
=
L]G
HJG>MF<9E=FL=


IM=
E=
M>9FG
<=
GMNAJ
IM= 9BHF9
9@9G
9
9I =PAKL=

K=H9J9^]G
>GJE
9Dy
6 
 7
+9J9

 Para
=FGL9
9
9
H=KKG9
GM
;GAK9
=E
HJGN=ALG
GM
HJ=BMbRG
<=
IM=E
ME9
9^]G
_
HJ9LA;9<9
G:B=LG
AF<AJ=LG
;GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG
GM
;GEHD=
E=FLG
FGEAF9D
x:GJJ=;=EGK
G
9:KGDMLAKEG
FGK
GMLJGK
HGJIM=
G
;G:A^9EGK D5F5
FeK
E=KEGKy
6((7
x
HJ=?MA^9
FGK
E9MK
_
K9DML9J D5F5 GK
:GFKy
6((7

:
9
H=KKG9
9
IM=
K=
9LJA:MA
ME9
GHAFA]G
<9LANG
DANJ=
x*
H=<AJ D5F5 IM=E
F]G
L=E
N=J?GF@9
_
E=FGK
H=FGKG
IM=
LJ9:9D
@9Jy
6((7

;
>AE
<=KLAF9^]G
x
>AD@9
<=ME=
J=;GE=F<9^g=K D5F5 9HALM
= D5F5 EAF@9
E]=y
6( 5DI8 .. 

:7

<
>AE

D= =KLY

+GJ
=
H=J

 Por = per
=FGL9
9
DM?9J
HGJ
GF<=
=E
K=FLA<G
HJeHJAG
GM
>A?MJ9<G
x/9AK
=J9E
9K
J=>D=Pg=K
IM=
=M
NAF@9
>9R=F<G DCF 9IM=D=
19DGF?G
>GJ9
DG?G
<=HGAK
<=
N=J
=
9BMKL9J
9
;9K9y
6( 
7

:
E=AG
+MP9J D9@C H9D=Le
J=R9J D9@C DANJG
K=?MJ9J D9@CG ;9:=DGK
D=N9J D9@5
E]G
D=J D9@C J9K;MF@G
;GFL9J D9@CG <=<GK
=FNA9J D9@C ;GJJ=AG

;
EG<G
-=H=LAJ DCF GJ<=E
=KLM<9J DCF NGFL9<=
x'GMN9EGK DCF ?JGKKG
E9K
;=FKMJ9EGK DCF EAh<Gy
6((7

<
<AKLJA:MA^]G
1YJA9K
N=R=K DCF <A9

=
<ANAK]G
AF<A;9F<G
9
H=KKG9
GM
;GAK9
IM=
J=;=:=
G
IMAF@]G
AKLJA:MAJ D9@CG HG:J=K
J=H9JLAJ D9@CG 9EA?GK
<ANA<AJ DCF LJaK
9
@=J9F^9

>
KM:KLALMA^]G
LJG;9
N9DGJ
A?M9D
HJ=^G
GE=J
?9LG DCF D=:J=
x*
:9J]G
<ARA9
GFL=E
FG
K=M
;9E9JGL=
IM=
ME9
Ke
AL9DA9F9
N9D= DCF
;AF;G
:J9KAD=AJ9Ky
6( 
7

?
;9MK9
EGLANG



x*
9EGJ
;JAGM
G
0FAN=JKG
IM= D9@C 9EGJ
K=
H=JH=LM9y
6((7

x(MALGK
K=
9:KLaE DCF 9;9F@9<GK
<G
IM=
GMLJGK
>G?=E DCF NAJLM
GKGKy
6((7

@
FGK
BMJ9E=FLGK
=
H=LA^g=K
<=KA?F9F<G
9
H=KKG9
GM
;GAK9
AFNG
;9<9
H9J9
>AJE9J
G
BMJ9E=FLG
=
H9J9
AFL=J;=<=J
BMJ9J D9@5 KM9
@GFJ9
H=<AJ D9@5 K9h<=
<=
9D?M_E
6  
l

:7

A
=E
>9NGJ
<=
=E
HJGD
<=
(GJJ=J D9@5 HYLJA9
DML9J D9@5 DA:=J<9<=

B
L=EHG
<MJ9^]G
x,M9D
_
9IM=D=
IM=
9KK=FL9<G DCF FGAL=
<=
DM9J
=
K=J=F9
KG:J=
ME9
>J9?9
E9JAF@9
F]G
K=FL=
AJ=EK=D@=
GK
GD@GK y
6# 
7

D
9?=FL=
<9
H9KKAN9
xK
EMD@=J=K
K]G
E=D@GJ
<AJA?A<9K D9@C K=M
;GJ9^]G
<G
IM=
GK
@G
E=FK D9@5 J9R]Gy
6((7

E
<=HGAK
<GK
FGE=K
IM=
=PHJAE=E
<AKHGKA^]G
GM
E9FA>=KL9^]G
<=
<AKHGKA^]G
<=
[FAEG
H9J9
;GE
9D?ME9
;GAK9
x
H9AP]G D9@C BG?G
HJ=KKMHg=
GJ<AF9JA9E=FL=
HGM;G
9EGJ D9@5G D=
LJ9Ky
6((7
*bservao )]G HJG;=<= E9AK G L=JK= ;GEG =JJfF=9 9 ;GFKLJM^]G ;GE DCF
F=KL=K ;9KGK HGJIM= FG HGJLM?MaK ;GFL=EHGJ[F=G G MKG <= 89 K= =KH=;A9DARGM
FG K=FLA<G <= ?=FALANG G:B=LANG )G HGJLM?MaK <= GMLJGK L=EHGK 5ACF 89 9IG
=J9 L9FLG G IM= ;GFK9?J9EGK 9 =D= ?=FALANG G:B=LANG GM G IM= =D= L=E G IM= FGK
;GFK9?J9 ?=FALANG KM:B=LANG E DM?9J <= 5ACF D9@5G @9HF5G <ARK= L9E:_E ;GJ
J=L9E=FL= 5ACF SG @9HF5G ,M9F<G FGK ;9KGK <= ?=FALANG G:B=LANG HG<= G;GJJ=J
9E:A?MA<9<= ;GE G =EHJ=?G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 ;GKLME9K= KM:KLALMAJ =KL9 HJ=
HGKA^]G HGJ 7CBHF5 K= G FGE= <=KA?F9 K=FLAE=FLG @GKLAD GM D5F5 7CA K= G K=F
LAE=FLG
_
:=F_NGDG
"M=JJ9 7CBHF5 GK
AFAEA?GK
=
J=KH=ALG D5F5
7CA LG<GK

F
>AE
=E
N=R
<= D5F5
x!GJ;=B9N9 DCF G:L=JD@=
9
:=F=NGDaF;A9
<=HGAK
9
;GF>A9F^9y
6( 
7

G
AFLJG<MRAF<G
G
HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
<=FGL9
IM9DA<9<=
=KL9<G
GM
;GF;=ALG
=E
IM=
K=
L=E
ME9
H=KKG9
GM
;GAK9
/=J
9D?M_E DCF KY:AG
FNA9J
9D?M_E DCF =E:9AP9<GJ
/=F@G DCF
;=JLG
IM=
=D=
NAJY
*bservao )=KL= =EHJ=?G HG<= K=J KM:KLALMb<9 H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G 7CAC 9H=K9J
<9
;JbLA;9
AFBMKL9
<GK
HMJAKL9K 



9 Conjuno
GF=;LGJ
=
LJ9FKHGKALGJ

Conector e transpositor  DbF?M9 HGKKMA MFA<9<=K IM= LaE HGJ

EAKK]G
J=MFAJ
GJ9^g=K
FME
E=KEG
=FMF;A9<G
KL9K MFA<9<=K K]G LJ9<A;AGF9DE=FL= ;@9E9<9K ;GFBMF^g=K IM= K=
J=H9JL=E
=E
<GAK
LAHGK 7CCF89B585G = GI6CF8=B585G
K ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=F9<9K J=hF=E GJ9^g=K IM= H=JL=F;=E 9G
E=KEG FbN=D KAFLYLA;G <AR=EK= =B89D9B89BH9G ME9K <9K GMLJ9K = HGJ
AKKG
E=KEG
HG<=E
9H9J=;=J
=E
=FMF;A9<GK
K=H9J9<GK
+=<JG
>=R
;GF;MJKG
H9J9
E=<A;AF9 9 (9JA9
K=
HJ=H9J9
H9J9
9
E=KE9
HJG>AKK]G

+G<b9EGK
<AR=J
<=KL9
E9F=AJ9
=E
<GAK
=FMF;A9<GK
AF<=H=F<=FL=K
+=<JG
>=R
;GF;MJKG
H9J9
E=<A;AF9
(9JA9
K=
HJ=H9J9
H9J9
E=KE9
HJG>AKK]G

9b
K=J
9
;GFBMF^]G
;GGJ<=F9LAN9
ME 7CB97HCF
GEG KM9 EAKK]G _ J=MFAJ MFA<9<=K AF<=H=F<=FL=K HG<= L9E:_E
x;GF=;L9Jy <M9K MFA<9<=K E=FGJ=K IM= 9 GJ9^]G <=K<= IM= <G E=KEG
N9DGJ
>MF;AGF9D
<=FLJG
<=
E=KEG
=FMF;A9<G
KKAE
+=<JG 9 (9JA9 <GAK
KM:KL9FLANGK
D= 9 =D9 <GAK
HJGFGE=K
D= 9 (9JA9 ME
HJGFGE=
=
ME
KM:KL9FLANG
JA;G 9 AFL=DA?=FL= <GAK
9<B=LANGK
GFL=E 9 @GB= <GAK
9<N_J:AGK
K9AM 9 NGDLGM <GAK
N=J:GK
;GE 9 K=E
<AF@=AJG <M9K
HJ=HGKA^g=K

=E <A>=J=FL= _ =FLJ=L9FLG G H9H=D <9 ;GFBMF^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 )G

=FMF;A9<G
-CI69ACG
EI9
J5=
7<CJ9F

9 EAKK]G <9 ;GFBMF^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 _ 9KKAF9D9J IM= 9 GJ9^]G IM= HG<=JA9

K=J
KGRAF@9
ME
=FMF;A9<G
05=
7<CJ9F

K= AFK=J= FME =FMF;A9<G ;GEHD=PG =E IM= =D9 J5= 7<CJ9F H=J<= 9 ;9J9
;L=JbKLA;9 <= =FMF;A9<G AF<=H=F<=FL= <= GJ9^]G H9J9 =P=J;=J FME FbN=D
AF>=JAGJ <9 =KLJMLMJ9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D 9 >MF^]G <= D5@5JF5 BY IM= J5=
7<CJ9F _
9?GJ9
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
<G
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D GCI69ACG



KKAE 9 ;GFBMF^]G KM:GJ<AF9LAN9 _ ME HF5BGDCG=HCF <= ME =FMF

;A9<G IM= H9KK9 9 ME9 >MF^]G <= H9D9NJ9 HGJL9FLG <= FbN=D AF>=JAGJ <=F
LJG <9K ;9E9<9K <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D ARK= HGJ AKKG IM= EI9 J5=
7<CJ9F _ ME9 GJ9^]G x<=?J9<9<9y 9G FbN=D <9 H9D9NJ9 = AKLG K= <=N=M 9G
>=FfE=FG
<= <=DCH5L9 GM GI6CF8=B5WVC
 GJ9^]G <=?J9<9<9 GM KM:GJ<AF9<9 H9KK9 9 =P=J;=J ME9 <9K >MF
^g=K KAFLYLA;9K HJeHJA9K <G KM:KL9FLANG <G 9<B=LANG = <G 9<N_J:AG ;GEG
N=J=EGK
E9AK
9<A9FL=
+G<=EGK 9HJGPAE9J G H9H=D <G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 9G HJGFGE= J=D9L
ANG v IM= _ ME LJ9FKHGKALGJ <= GJ9^]G <=?J9<9<9 9G FbN=D <G 9<B=LANG v =
<9K HJ=HGKA^g=K IM= ;GEG NAEGK LJ9FKHg=E ME9 MFA<9<= 9 =P=J;=J H9
H=D <= GMLJ9 MFA<9<= )9 GJ9^]G (=B;IXA X 89 :9FFC 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89
LJ9FKHg= G KM:KL9FLANG :9FFC Z >MF^]G <= HJ=<A;9LANG HGJ L=J 89 :9FFC H9K
K9<G
9
=IMAN9D=FL=
<=
9<B=LANG
6' 
7
GF=;LGJ=K
GM
;GFBMF^g=K
;GGJ<=F9LAN9K

Conectores ou conjunes coordenativas v *K ;GF=;LGJ=K GM ;GF

BMF^g=K ;GGJ<=F9LAN9K K]G <= LJaK LAHGK ;GF>GJE= G KA?FA>A;9<G ;GE IM=
=FNGDN=E 9 J=D9^]G <9K MFA<9<=K IM= MF=E 58=H=J5G 5@H9FB5H=J5G =
58J9FG5H=J5G
GFBMF^g=K
9<ALAN9K

Conjunes aditivas v  9<ALAN9 9H=F9K AF<A;9 IM= 9K MFA<9<=K

IM= MF= H9D9NJ9K ?JMHGK <= H9D9NJ9K = GJ9^g=K =KL]G E9J;9<9K HGJ ME9
J=D9^]G <= 9<A^]G /=EGK <GAK ;GF=;LGJ=K 9<ALANGK 9 H9J9 9 9<A^]G <9K
MFA<9<=K HGKALAN9K = B9A H9J9 9K MFA<9<=K F=?9LAN9K 1=B9EK= GK =P
=EHDGK
=PLJ9b<GK
<G
(9JIMaK
<=
(9JA;Y
*
N=D@G
L=E=
G
>MLMJG 9 K=
9:JA?9
FG
H9KK9<G
0E9
N=D@A;=
9D=?J= 9 NA?GJGK9
_
<=
GJ<AFYJAG
9
J=;GEH=FK9
<9
EG
;A<9<=
NAJLMGK9

HG:J=R9 9 9
HJ=?MA^9
9F<9E
K=EHJ=
=E
;GEH9F@A9
)]G
=EHJ=KL=K
G
NGKKG B9A G
9D@=AG
F]G
L=J=AK
;MA<9<GK B9A J=;=AG

(MAL9K N=R=K ?J9^9K 9G KA?FA>A;9<G <GK D=P=E9K =FNGDNA<GK F9

9<A^]G G ?JMHG <9K GJ9^g=K ;GGJ<=F9<9K H=JEAL=FGK =PLJ9AJ ME ;GF
L=h<G KMHD=E=FL9J <= x;9MK9y x;GFK=IMaF;A9y xGHGKA^]Gy =L; KL=K
K=FLA<GK ;GFL=PLM9AK AEHGJL9FL=K F9 E=FK9?=E ?DG:9D F]G AFL=J=KK9E
F=E EG<A>A;9E 9 J=D9^]G 9<ALAN9 <9K MFA<9<=K =FNGDNA<9K ,=7C e =BH9@=
;9BH9 = F=7C e 89GCB9GHC 9E:9K K= MF=E HGJ ME9 J=D9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D <=

 

9<A^]G =E:GJ9 9 GHGKA^]G K=E[FLA;9 =PAKL=FL= =FLJ= F=7C = 89GCB9GHC 9H

J=K=FL= ME K=FLA<G KMHD=E=FL9J ;GEG K= =KLAN=KK= =FMF;A9<G F=7C mas
89GCB9GHC * E=KEG K= <Y K= ME9 MFA<9<= >GJ 9>AJE9LAN9 = GMLJ9 F=?9L
AN9 F=7C
9
BVC
<CB9GHC
E DM?9J <= B9A MK9K= 9 BVC K= 9 HJAE=AJ9 MFA<9<= >GJ HGKALAN9 =
9 K=?MF<9 F=?9LAN9 JA;G 9 BVC @GF=KLG ;GEH9J= ;GE =D= BVC _ JA;G B9A
@GF=KLG
*bservaes
 p NAL=K= =E:GJ9 F]G ;GFKLALM9 =JJG G =EHJ=?G <= 9 B9A IM9F<G F]G @GMN=J
F=;=KKA<9<=
<=
aF>9K=
x)MF;9
NAJ9
ME9
:GF=;9 9
B9A G9EI9F G
FGE=
<=KK=
:JAFIM=<Gy
6(' 
7
x 
E9K
G
HJAEG
)A;GD9M
=KLY
9
<GJEAJ
9L_
L9J<= 9
B9A Z
EAKK9
N9Ay
6J 7
p D?ME9K N=R=K 9 9H9J=;= <=HGAK <= H9MK9 AFLJG<MRAF<G ?JMHGK MFALYJAGK = GJ
9^g=K K]G MFA<9<=K =F>YLA;9K ;GE >MF^]G L=PLM9D IM= =PLJ9HGD9E 9K J=D9^g=K AF
L=JF9K
<9
GJ9^]G
=
;GFKLALM=E
MFA<9<=K
L=PLM9AK
<=
KALM9^]G
x J=HALG
F]G
_
E=My
6( 
7
 p  =PHJ=KK]G =F>YLA;9 <9 ;GFBMF^]G 9<ALAN9 9 HG<= K=J =PHJ=KK9 H=D9 K_JA= BVC
G_
A5G
H5A6XA =
=IMAN9D=FL=K
(VC
G_ G
=KLM<G A5G
H5A6XA 9
KGJL=
K]G
<=;AKANGK
F9
NA<9
GFBMF^g=K
9DL=JF9LAN9K

Conjunes alternativas GEG G FGE= AF<A;9 =FD9^9E 9K MFA<

9<=K ;GGJ<=F9<9K E9LAR9F<G9K <= ME N9DGJ 9DL=JF9LANG IM=J H9J9
=PHJAEAJ 9 AF;GEH9LA:ADA<9<= <GK ;GF;=ALGK =FNGDNA<GK IM=J H9J9
=PHJAEAJ 9 =IMAN9DaF;A9 <=D=K  ;GFBMF^]G 9DL=JF9LAN9 HGJ =P;=DaF;A9 _
CI
KGRAF@9
GM
<MHDA;9<9
BMFLG
9
;9<9
MFA<9<=
x,M9F<G
9
;eD=J9 CI G
9EGJ
FGK
NAKAL9
9
J9R]G
K=
<=KH=<=y
6((7

 =FME=J9^]G <AKLJA:MLAN9 IM= E9LAR9 9 A<=A9 <= 9DL=JF[F;A9 D=N9 9

IM= K= =EHJ=?M=E F=KL= KA?FA>A;9<G 9<N_J:AGK ;GEG >R 69A CF5 J=
H=LA<GK GM F]G GM >GJE9K N=J:9AK AEG:ADAR9<9K ;GEG EI9F EI9F G9>5
G9>5 /9AK MFA<9<=K F]G K]G ;GF=;LGJ=K = HGJ AKKG 9K GJ9^g=K =FD9^9<9K
K=
<=N=E
;GFKA<=J9J
BMKL9HGKL9K
*bservao xMEHJ= D=E:J9J IM= G H9J G9>5 G9>5 F]G =KLY <= LG<G ?J9E9LA;
9DAR9<G L9FLG IM= =E ;=JL9K ;GFKLJM^g=K 9H9J=;= >D=PAGF9<G -9ADF9 8=G7CF85A
89 HI8C sejam 5G 8=G7CF8TB7=5G @=;9=F5G sejam 89 D9GC .9ADF9 8=G7CF85J5A 89
HI8C fossem 5G
8=G7CF8TB7=5G
@=;9=F5G fossem 5G
89
D9GCy
6& 
7



GFBMF^g=K
9<N=JK9LAN9K

Conjunes adversativas FD9^9E MFA<9<=K 9HGFL9F<G ME9

GHGKA^]G =FLJ= =D9K K 9<N=JK9LAN9K HGJ =P;=DaF;A9 K]G A5G DCFXA =
G9BVC
G ;GFLJYJAG <9K 9<ALAN9K = 9DL=JF9LAN9K IM= HG<=E =FD9^9J <M9K GM
E9AK MFA<9<=K 9K 9<N=JK9LAN9K K= J=KLJAF?=E 9 <M9K '5G = DCFXA 9;=F
LM9E
9
GHGKA^]G G9BVC E9J;9
9
AF;GEH9LA:ADA<9<=
x;9:GMK=
G
L=EHG
<9K
J=KKMJJ=A^g=K A5G ;GFLAFM9
G
<9K
AFKMJ
J=A^g=Ky
6((7



;9KG =E IM= @9N=JA9 ME9 H9MK9 H9J9 E9J;9J 9 >JGFL=AJ9 <9K <M9K GJ9^g=K
E9J;9<9
HGJ
NbJ?MD9
GM
HGFLG
=
NbJ?MD9
)]G
>GJ9E
9G
E=KEG
;AF=E9 DCFH5BHC F]G
K=
HG<=JA9E
=F;GFLJ9J

+G<=JK=A9
L9E:_E
=DAEAF9J
G
9<N_J:AG
)]G
>GJ9E
9G
E=KEG
;AF=E9 9 F]G
K=
HG<=JA9E
=F;GFLJ9J

)]G K=F<G HJeHJAG <G 9<N_J:AG =P=J;=J G H9H=D <= ;GF=;LGJ =D= HG
<=JA9 9H9J=;=J 9L_ FME9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 H9J9 E9J;9J =KK9 J=D9^]G
K=E[FLA;9
=FLJ=
GK
<GAK
=FMF;A9<GK
x)MF;9
H=J<=EGK
<=
NAKL9
G
FGKKG
AFL=J=KK= 5=B85
A9GAC
EI5B8C
FGK
AF;MD;9EGK
<=KAFL=J=KK9<GKy
6((7

0FA<9<=K
9<N=J:A9AK
IM=
F]G
K]G
;GFBMF^g=K
;GGJ<=F9LAN9K

Unidades adverbiais que no so conjunes coordenativas v

'=N9<9 H=DG 9KH=;LG <= ;=JL9 HJGPAEA<9<= <= =IMAN9DaF;A9 K=E[FLA;9 9
LJ9<A^]G ?J9E9LA;9D L=E AF;DMb<G =FLJ= 9K ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=F9LAN9K ;=JLGK
9<N_J:AGK IM= =KL9:=D=;=E J=D9^g=K AFL=JGJ9;AGF9AK GM AFL=JL=PLM9AK W G
;9KG <= DC=G @C;C DCFH5BHC 9BHF9H5BHC 7CBHI8C HC85J=5 BVC C6GH5BH9
KKAE 9D_E <9K ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=F9LAN9K BY 9KKAF9D9<9K L=Jb9EGK 9K 9L
D@=75H=J5G DC=G DCFEI5BHC =L;  = 7CB7@IG=J5G DC=G 6HGKHGKLG7 @C;C
DCFH5BHC 9BHVC 5GG=A DCF 7CBG9;I=BH9 =L;  K=E ;GFL9J 7CBHI8C 9B
HF9H5BHC HC85J=5 IM= K= 9DAF@9E BMFLG ;GE 9K 9<N=JK9LAN9K )]G AF;DMAJ
L9AK H9D9NJ9K =FLJ= 9K ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=F9LAN9K BY =J9 DA^]G 9FLA?9 F9 ?J9
E9LA;G?J9>A9 <= DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 N=EGD9 =E HA>[FAG A9K 6  7 =
=FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK =E (9PAEAFG (9;A=D F9K hDLAE9K N=JKg=K <= KM9
!F5ARH=75 6((9 7 +=J;=:=J9E IM= L9AK 9<N_J:AGK E9J;9E J=D9^g=K
L=PLM9AK = F]G <=K=EH=F@9E G H9H=D ;GF=;LGJ <9K ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=
F9LAN9K 9H=K9J <= 9D?MFK E9FL=J=E ;GE =D9K ;=JL9K 9HJGPAE9^g=K GM
E=KEG
A<=FLA<9<=K
K=E[FLA;9K
,M= =KK=K 9<N_J:AGK F]G K]G ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=F9LAN9K = <=K=E
H=F@9E >MF^g=K <AN=JK9K HJGN9G G >9LG <= HG<=J=E K= ;GEH9LA:ADAR9J
=E
=P=EHDGK
;GEG
)]G
>GJ9E
9G
E=KEG
;AF=E9 9 DCFH5BHC
F]G
K=
HG<=JA9E
=F;GFLJ9J
D= 9 DCFH5BHC
K=M
>AD@G
K]G
J=KHGFKYN=AK
H=D9
<=FhF;A9
x)]G
IM=J=EGK
H=FK9J
F9
EGJL= 9
DCF
=GGC FGK
G;MH9EGK
L9FLG
<9
NA<9y
6((7

9:= 9G 9 ;GEG ;GFBMF^]G J=MFAJ FME E=KEG ?JMHG GJ9;AGF9D 9K

<M9K GJ9^g=K AF<=H=F<=FL=K <G =FMF;A9<G =FIM9FLG DCFH5BHC ;GEG 9<
N_J:AG E9J;9 ME9 J=D9^]G K=E[FLA;9 ;GE G IM= BY >GA <ALG +G<=JK=A9
=DAEAF9J 9 ;GFBMF^]G 9 = =FL]G L=Jb9EGK ME9 ;GGJ<=F9^]G 9KKAF<_LA;9

*MLJ9 <A>=J=F^9 =FLJ= 9K ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=F9LAN9K = GK 9<N_J:AGK 9

IM= HG<=Jb9EGK ;@9E9J L=PLM9AK GM <AK;MJKANGK _ IM= Ke 9K HJAE=AJ9K
=>=LAN9E 9 ;GGJ<=F9^]G =FLJ= KM:GJ<AF9<9K =IMA>MF;AGF9AK AKLG _ <G
E=KEG N9DGJ KM:KL9FLAN9 9<B=LAN9 GM 9<N=J:A9D = ;GE 9 E=KE9 >MF^]G
KAFLYLA;9
KH=JG
IM=
=KLM<=K 9 IM=
K=B9K
>=DAR

GEG 9<N_J:AGK IM= ?M9J<9E ;GE G Fh;D=G N=J:9D ME9 J=D9^]G

=E ?=J9D E9AK >JGMP9 =KK=K 9<N_J:AGK HG<=E NAJ =E HJAF;bHAG =E
IM9DIM=J
HGKA^]G
<=FLJG
<9
GJ9^]G
=E
IM=
K=
AFK=J=E
D=K
F]G
;@=?9J9E B9A HC85J=5 <=J9E
;=JL=R9
<9
HJ=K=F^9
D=K
F]G
;@=?9J9E B9A <=J9E HC85J=5
;=JL=R9
<9
HJ=K=F^9
D=K
F]G
;@=?9J9E B9A <=J9E
;=JL=R9
<9
HJ=K=F^9 HC85J=5

/9E:_E GK 9<N_J:AGK F]G H9JLA;AH9E <9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<= <9K ;GF

BMF^g=K ;GGJ<=F9LAN9K <= ;GFKLALMbJ=E ME :DG;G MFALYJAG <= =FMF;A9<GK
;GGJ<=F9<GK
HGJ
KM9
N=R
;GGJ<=F9<G
9
GMLJG
9FL=JAGJ
6 7
'MbK
_
N=?=L9JA9FG A5G 6F]G
;GE=
9:e:GJ9
F=E
:=:=
;@Y7
-=E=L=EGK
<GAK
;GFNAL=K
9G
+9MDG A5G 6GM
=D=
K=
EM<GM
GM
=KLY
<G=FL=7
/J9FKHGKALGJ=K
GM
;GFBMF^g=K
KM:GJ<AF9LAN9K

Transpositores ou conjunes subordinativas v %Y <AKK=EGK IM=

G LJ9FKHGKALGJ GM ;GFBMF^]G KM:GJ<AF9LAN9 LJ9FKHg= GJ9^]G <=?J9<9<9 GM
KM:GJ<AF9<9 9G FbN=D <= =IMAN9DaF;A9 <= ME KM:KL9FLANG ;9H9R <= =P=J;=J
F9 CF5WVC 7CAD@9L5 ME9 <9K >MF^g=K KAFLYLA;9K IM= LaE HGJ Fh;D=G G
KM:KL9FLANG



!9D9EGK =E CF5WVC 7CAD@9L5 = ;@=?GM G EGE=FLG <= <A>=J=F^YD9

=E J=D9^]G 9G ;FIDC CF57=CB5@ *J9^]G ;GEHD=P9 _ 9IM=D9 IM= L=E ME
GM
E9AK
<GK
K=MK
L=JEGK
KAFLYLA;GK
KG:
>GJE9
<=
ME9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
KH=J9EGK
6EI9
HC8CG
J9B<5A
5C
65=@97

=E IM= 9 GJ9^]G LJ9FKHGKL9 H=DG EI9 =P=J;= ME9 <9K >MF^g=K ;GEMFK 9G
KM:KL9FLANG
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
<G
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D 9GD9F5ACG
%Y FG ;FIDC CF57=CB5@ L=EGK GJ9^g=K ;GGJ<=F9<9K AF<=H=F<=FL=K
= IM= HGJ AKKG E=KEG HG<=E K=J MK9<9K K=H9J9<9E=FL= ME9K <9K
GMLJ9K
@=?9EGK
L9J<=
=
F]G
9KKAKLAEGK
9
LG<G
G
>ADE=
E9K
NAEGK
G
E9AK
AFL=J=KK9FL=
<=D=
@=?9EGK
L9J<=
)]G
9KKAKLAEGK
9
LG<G
G
>ADE=
1AEGK
G
E9AK
AF
L=J=KK9FL=
<=D=

K ;GFBMF^g=K 9 = A5G F]G EG<A>A;9E G N9DGJ KAFLYLA;G <9K GJ9^g=K

J=MFA<9K 9H=F9K AF<A;9E G LAHG <= J=D9^]G K=E[FLA;9 58=WVC 9 = 7CB
HF5GH9 A5G
D_E <G EI9 LJ9FKHGKALGJ <= GJ9^]G 9G FbN=D <= KM:KL9FLANG ;@9
E9<G 7CB>IBWVC =BH9;F5BH9 = <G EI9 HJGFGE= J=D9LANG IM= LJ9FKHg= GJ
9^]G 9G FbN=D <= 9<B=LANG 9 DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 ;GFL9 ;GE HGM;GK GMLJGK
LJ9FKHGKALGJ=K
9 -9 IM= LJ9FKHg= GJ9^]G GJA?AF9JA9E=FL= AFL=JJG?9LAN9 LGL9D AKLG _
<=KHJGNA<9 <= MFA<9<= AFL=JJG?9LAN9 9G FbN=D <= KM:KL9FLANG ;GF@=;A<9
HGJ
AKKG
E=KEG
;GEG
;GFBMF^]G
AFL=?J9FL=
9
=P=EHDG
<G EI9 9FL=JAGJ
D9
F]G
K9:=
6G9
H9FR
G=8C
5DFCJ5857

IMA 9 GJ9^]G AFL=JJG?9LAN9 .9FR 9@5 G=8C 5DFCJ585 K= LJ9FKHg=

E=<A9FL= G G9 9G FbN=D <= KM:KL9FLANG = ;GEG L9D =KLY @9:ADAL9<9 9 =P=J;=J
9 >MF^]G <= G:B=LG <AJ=LG <G Fh;D=G N=J:9D BVC G569 K=E G HJAEALANG
;GFLGJFG
E=De<A;G
AFL=JJG?9LANG
: -9 IM= LJ9FKHg= GJ9^]G 9G FbN=D <= 9<N_J:AG = ;GEG L9D =KLY @9
:ADAL9<9 9 =P=J;=J 9 >MF^]G <= 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D ;GE N9DGJ <= ;AJ;MFKL[F
;A9
<=
;GF<A^]G
=
_
HGJ
AKKG
E=KEG
;@9E9<G 7CB>IBWVC
7CB8=7=CB5@
,M=
=
DG;M^g=K
9K
;@9E9<9K
DG;M^g=K
;GFBMFLAN9K

Que e locues: as chamadas locues conjuntivas v  GJ9^]G

LJ9FKHGKL9 9 KM:KL9FLANG H=D9 ;GFBMF^]G EI9 <= 9;GJ<G ;GE 9 >MF^]G
KAFLYLA;9 IM= =P=J;= =E J=D9^]G 9G Fh;D=G N=J:9D <9 GJ9^]G ;@9E9<9
xHJAF;AH9Dy HG<= J=;=:=J ME bF<A;= >MF;AGF9D J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ ME9



HJ=HGKA^]G .= =P=J;= >MF^]G <= KMB=ALG G:B=LG <AJ=LG HJ=<A;9LANG F]G

HJ=;AK9JY
<=KL=
bF<A;=
>MF;AGF9D
+9J=;=
6EI9
J5=
7<CJ9F7
KH=J9EGK
6EI9
7<9;I9A
798C7

N=J<9<=
_
6EI9
HC8CG
G9
G5[F5A
69A7

.= 9 >MF^]G _ <= ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG GM <= G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG GM

;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D 9 ;GFBMF^]G EI9 N=E HJ=;=<A<9 <9 ;GFN=FA=FL=
HJ=HGKA^]G
KL9N9E
HJ=;AK9F<G
689
EI9
CG
5>I85GG9A7
D9
<=<A;9N9
K=M
;MA<9<G
65
EI9
C
:=@<C
H=J9GG9
6C5
98I75WVC7
J9E
HGM;9K
9K
=KH=J9F^9K
689
EI9
HI8C
57565GG9
69A7

GEG LG<G KM:KL9FLANG LJ9FKHGKLG 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 KM:KL9FL

AN9 HG<= =P=J;=J 9 >MF^]G <= 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D F=KL= ;9KG G EI9 L9E:_E
L=JY 9 ;GEH9F@A9 <= ME9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9<=IM9<9 IM= E9J;9JY 9 J=D9^]G
K=E[FLA;9
<9
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9
/M<G
K9AJY
:=E
689G89
EI9
5G
DFCJ=8ZB7=5G
G9>5A
HCA585G
5
H9ADC7
6-9A
EI9
9GH=J9GG9
HI8C
579FH58C7
F]G
AJA9
NA9B9J
/J9:9D@GM
9>AF;9<9E=FL=
6D5F5
EI9
H=J9GG9
IA5
J9@<=79
HF5BEI=@57
D9
Ke
<ARA9
LM<G
9IMADG DCFEI9 6 DCF
EI9
;CGH5J5
85
J9F85897

+=DG IM= HG<=EGK G:K=JN9J L9AK ;GE:AF9^g=K <= HJ=HGKA^]G = ;GF

BMF^]G EI9 F]G ;GFKLALM=E GMLJGK LAHGK =KH=;A9AK <= DG;M^g=K K]G F9
J=9DA<9<= G ;GF;MJKG <= ME EI9 LJ9FKHGKALGJ <= GJ9^]G 9 KM:KL9FLANG =
<= ME9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= G 9;GEH9F@9 ;GEG bF<A;= <= KM9 >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9
=E
J=D9^]G
9G
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D
>MF^]G
9DAYK
=P=J;A<9
H=D9
GJ9^]G
AFL=AJ9
)AKLG G EI9 ;GFBMF^]G <A>=J= <G EI9 HJGFGE= J=D9LANG HGAK 9IMA 9
HJ=HGKA^]G _ bF<A;= <9 >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 IM= G J=D9LANG =P=J;= F9 GJ9^]G
=E
IM=
=KLY
AFK=JA<G
*
@GE=E 89
EI9
:5@5J5G =J9
HGM;G
;GF@=;A<G
F9
;A<9<=

=E IM= G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 HJ=;=<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G >MF;AGF9 ;GEG ;GE

HD=E=FLG J=D9LANG <G Fh;D=G N=J:9D :5@5J5G =FIM9FLG 9 GJ9^]G LJ9FKHGKL9
9 9<B=LANG 89 EI9 :5@5J5G >MF;AGF9 ;GEG 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D <G KM:KL9FL
ANG <CA9A
/9E:_E K= >GJE9E xDG;M^g=Ky 9H9J=FL=E=FL= =KH=;A9AK IM9F<G
L=EGK K=?E=FLGK <G LAHG @C;C EI9 G9ADF9 EI9 5=B85 EI9 =L;  =E IM=
9H9J=;=E 9<N_J:AGK IM= KGRAF@GK HG<=E >MF;AGF9J ;GEG 9<BMFLG 9<
N=J:A9D K=?MA<GK <G LJ9FKHGKALGJ J=D9LANG EI9 BY IM= =KK= J=D9LANG _ ME



xJ=H=LA<GJy <= 9<N_J:AG H9H=D 9FYDG?G 9G IM= <=K=EH=F@9 ;GEG xJ=

H=LA<GJy AKLG _ J=>=J=FL= <= KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE= KKAE K= F9 GJ
9^]G AF<=H=F<=FL= &C;C G5=I 89 75G5 G 9<N_J:AG @C;C >MF;AGF9 ;GEG 9<
BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
IM9F<G
9
GJ9^]G
K=
LJ9FKHg=
9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
6&C;C
EI9
G5[5
89
75G57
=F;GFLJGM
G
9EA?G

=P=J;=JY L9E:_E 9 >MF^]G <= 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D * EI9 <=?J9<9 9 GJ9^]G

G5[5 89 75G5 9 KM:GJ<AF9<9 = D@= ;GF>=J= G H9H=D <= L=JEG 9<BMFLG <G 9<
N_J:AG @C;C !GJE9DE=FL= =KK= J=D9LANG K=JY =IMAN9D=FL= 9 EI5B8C
Quando saa de casa
9B7CBHFCI
C
5A=;C 6' 
7
KL= H9H=D J=H=LA<GJ <G J=D9LANG EI9 H9J=;= =KL9J HJ=K=FL= =E ;GF
KLJM^g=K <G LAHG <R :5N 8=5G A9G9G 5BCG H9ADC =L;  =E IM= BY F]G
L=EGK ME 9<N_J:AG E9K KM:KL9FLANG ;MBG KA?FA>A;9<G D_PA;G 9HGFL9 H9J9
G
;9EHG
<9K
=PHJ=KKg=K
<=FGL9<GJ9K
<=
=KH9^G
GM
H=J;MJKG
<=
L=EHG
#Y 8=5G
EI9 F]G
G
N=BG

=E
IM=
L9E:_E
H=DG
K=FLA<G
G
J=D9LANG
=IMAN9D=
9 EI5B8C
9:= D=E:J9J HGJ >AE IM= =E 9D?ME9K ;GFKLJM^g=K K= HG<= 9DL=J
9J G KA?FA>A;9<G GJA?AFYJAG <G 9<N_J:AG EGLAN9<G H=DGK KA?FA>A;9<GK <GK
D=P=E9K IM= =FLJ9E F9 GJ9^]G = HGJ ME9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G KMHD=E=FL9J ;GF
L=PLM9D <G >9D9FL= ;9D;9<9 F9 KM9 =PH=JAaF;A9 <= EMF<G KKAE >R IM=
L=E N9DGJ GJA?AFYJAG L=EHGJ9D 9G MFAJK= 9G EI9 F9 >eJEMD9 >R EI9 H9KK9
9
ME9
AFL=JHJ=L9^]G
;9MK9D
GM
;GF<A;AGF9D
$R
EI9 LG<GK
K9bJ9E
<=KAKLG
<G
F=?e;AG

9 E=KE9 KGJL= 5=B85 FALA<9E=FL= L=EHGJ9D 9G MFAJK= 9G EI9 F9

DG;M^]G 5=B85 EI9 9DL=J9 K=M KA?FA>A;9<G H9J9 N9DGJ ;GF;=KKANG =IMAN9D
=FL=
9 9A6CF5
)9<9
;GFK=?MAM
<9
BMKLA^9 5=B85
EI9 BMFL9KK=
LG<9K
9K
HJGN9K
=E
KM9
<=>=K9

9 E=KE9 KGJL= IM= F]G K]G ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=F9LAN9K GK 9<N_J

:AGK 7CBHI8C 9BHF9H5BHC DC=G =L;  =IMAN9D=FL=K H=DG K=FLA<G 9 MFA<9<=K
AFLJG<MLGJ9K <= =FMF;A9<GK 9<N=JK9LANGK =PHDA;9LANGK = ;GF;DMKANGK 9K
KAE L9E:_E F]G K]G ;GFBMF^g=K KM:GJ<AF9LAN9K ;=JLGK 9<N_J:AGK <= KA?FA
>A;9<G
;9MK9D
;GF;=KKANG
L=EHGJ9D
;GFK=;MLANG
=L;
9EGK 9 K=?MAJ ME9 DAKL9 <9K HJAF;AH9AK ;GFBMF^g=K = xDG;M^g=K
;GFBMFLAN9Ky KM:GJ<AF9LAN9K J=D9;AGF9F<G9K H=DG E9LAR K=E[FLA;G J=MF
AF<G 9AF<9 9K IM= K= >GJE9E ;GE G ;GF;MJKG <G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 ;GF
BMF^]G = <G LJ9FKHGKALGJ J=D9LANG EI9 =P9EAF9<GK 9FL=JAGJE=FL= :=E



;GEG <9K ;GEH9J9LAN9K = ;GFK=;MLAN9K IM= LaE GMLJG LJ9L9E=FLG KLM<G

;GEHD=E=FL9J
<=D9K
N=J=EGK
9G
LJ9L9J
<9K
GJ9^g=K
KM:GJ<AF9<9K
 Causais IM9F<G AFA;A9E GJ9^]G IM= =PHJAE= 9 ;9MK9 G EGLANG
9 J9R]G <G H=FK9E=FLG <9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D EI9  DCFEI9 DCFEI9
7CAC  DCFEI9 K=EHJ= 9FL=HGKL9 9 KM9 HJAF;AH9D FG HGJLM?MaK EG<
=JFG J=GHC EI9 J=GHC 7CAC >R EI9 IA5 J9N EI9 ;GE N=J:G FG AF<A;9L
ANG 89G89
EI9 ;GE
G
N=J:G
FG
AF<A;9LANG
=L; 
x
E=EeJA9
<GK
N=D@GK
_
E=FGK
HJGFL9 DCFEI9 G
K=M
9JIMANG
_
EMALG
=PL=FKGy
6((7
xCAC A9
<=
GD@GK
>=;@9<GK
F]G
NA9
G
;9EAF@Gy
6( 
7
x9G89
EI9 K=
>9D9
AF<=L=JEAF9<9E=FL=
=
FG
HDMJ9D
=E
<AJ=ALGK
9<
IMAJA<GK
=
9LGK
BMJb<A;GK
H=J>=ALGK
J9R]G
=J9
IM=
FG
HDMJ9D
=
AF<=L=JE
AF9<9E=FL=
K=
9DM<AKK=
9
;9KGK
BMD?9<GKy
6- 
7
*bservaes
 p %Y K= ;GF<=FGM AFBMKL9E=FL= G =EHJ=?G <= 89G89 EI9 =E K=FLA<G ;9MK9D Ke G
9;=AL9F<G
;GE
A<=A9
L=EHGJ9D
5GG=A
EI9
GM
;GF<A;AGF9D
p
NAL=K=
G
=EHJ=?G
<= 89
J9N
EI9 HGJ
F]G
K=J
DG;M^]G
D=?bLAE9

 Comparativas IM9F<G AFA;A9E GJ9^]G IM= =PHJAE= G GMLJG

L=JEG <9 ;GEH9J9^]G  ;GEH9J9^]G HG<= K=J 5GG=A=@5H=J5 GM EI5BH=H
5H=J5 W 9KKAEAD9LAN9 xIM9F<G ;GFKAKL= =E 9KKAEAD9J ME9 ;GAK9 H=KKG9
IM9DA<9<= GM >9LG 9 GMLJ9 E9AK AEHJ=KKAGF9FL= GM E9AK ;GF@=;A<9y
6(  $$ 7 K MFA<9<=K ;GEH9J9LAN9K 9KKAEAD9LAN9K K]G 7CAC GM
EI5@ HG<=F<G =KL9J =E ;GJJ=D9^]G ;GE 5GG=A GM H5@ HGKLGK F9 GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
GM
9AF<9
9H9J=;=J 5GG=A
7CAC
x*
E=<G
_
9
9JE9
<GK
>J9;GK 7CAC 9
:J9NMJ9
9
<GK
>GJL=Ky
6((7
x
A?FGJ[F;A9 EI5@ GMLJG
!9=LGFL=
GMK9
EMALG
=
K=
HJ=;AHAL9 7CAC
=D=y
6((7
x*
BG?G 5GG=A
7CAC G
>G?G
;GFKGE=
=E
HGM;9K
@GJ9K
G
LJ9:9D@G
<=
EMALGK
9FGKy
6((7

 ;GEH9J9^]G EI5BH=H5H=J5 x;GFKAKL= =E ;GEH9J9J F9 KM9 IM9F

LA<9<= GM AFL=FKA<9<= ;GAK9K H=KKG9K IM9DA<9<=K GM >9LGKy 6( 7 #Y
LJaK
LAHGK
<=
;GEH9J9^]G
IM9FLAL9LAN9
9 #;I5@8589 v AFLJG<MRA<9 HGJ 7CAC GM EI5BHC =E ;GJJ=D9^]G ;GE
G
9<N_J:AG H5BHC GM HVC <9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D



x)=F@ME
@GE=E
_ HVC :GE 7CAC G
K=M
H9JLA<G
G
9HJ=?G9
F=E HVC

E9M 7CAC G
;GFLJYJAG
G
J=HJ=K=FL9y
6((7
x)9<9
AF;GEG<9 H5BHC 9GK
@GE=FK
E9MK 7CAC 9
DMR
9
;GFK;AaF;A9
=
9
J9R]Gy
6((7

: -ID9F=CF=8589 v AFLJG<MRA<9 HGJ EI9 GM 8C EI9 =E ;GJJ=D9^]G

;GE
G
9<N_J:AG A5=G <9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
x*
GJ?MD@G
<G
K9:=J
_
L9DN=R A5=G G<AGKG EI9 G
<G
HG<=Jy
6((7
x*
@GE=E
:GE
=KH=J9 A5=G
8C
EI9 L=E=
G
E9M
J=;=A9 A5=G
8C
EI9
=KH=J9y
6((7

; #B:9F=CF=8589 v AFLJG<MRA<9 HGJ EI9 GM 8C EI9 =E ;GJJ=D9^]G

;GE
G
9<N_J:AG A9BCG <9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
x/=EHGK
@Y
=E
IM=
_ A9BCG H=JA?GKG
E=FLAJ EI9 <AR=J
N=J<9<=Ky
6((7

 Concessivas IM9F<G AFA;A9E GJ9^]G IM= =PHJAE= IM= ME G:

KLY;MDG v J=9D GM KMHGKLG v F]G AEH=<AJY GM EG<A>A;9JY 9 <=;D9J9^]G <9
GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D 5=B85 EI9 9A6CF5 DCGHC EI9 G9 69A EI9 5D9G5F 89
EI9
=L; 
x=B85
EI9 H=J<G=EGK
9GK
E9MK
9
GJ<=E
EGJ9D
F]G
D@=K
H=J<G9
=
;9KLA?9
9
FGKK9
AF<MD?aF;A9y
6((7

 Condicionais = <=DCHXH=75G IM9F<G AFA;A9E GJ9^]G IM= =E

?=J9D
=PHJAE=
9 ME9 ;GF<A^]G F=;=KKYJA9 H9J9 IM= K= J=9DAR= GM K= <=AP= <= J=9D
AR9J
G
IM=
K=
<=;D9J9
F9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
: ME >9LG v J=9D GM KMHGKLG v =E ;GFLJ9<A^]G ;GE G IM= K=
=PHJAE=
F9
HJAF;AH9D
KL= EG<G <= <AR=J _ >J=IM=FL= F9K 9J?ME=FL9^g=K K HJAF;AH9AK
;GFBMF^g=K ;GF<A;AGF9AK = @AHGL_LA;9K K]G G9 75GC G9A EI9 IA5 J9N
EI9 ;GE G N=J:G FG KM:BMFLANG 89G89 EI9 ;GE G N=J:G FG KM:BMFLANG
858C
EI9 7CBH5BHC
EI9
=L;
x-9 GK
@GE=FK
F]G
LAN=KK=E
9D?ME9
;GAK9
<=
DGM;GK
K=JA9E
AF
;9H9R=K
<=
@=JGbKEGy
6((7
x-9 9K
NA9?=FK
KAEHD=KE=FL=
AFKLJMbKK=E
GK
@GE=FK
GK
E9JAF@=AJGK
K=JA9E
GK
E9AK
AFKLJMb<GKy
6((7



 Conformativas IM9F<G AFA;A9E GJ9^]G IM= =PHJAE= ME >9LG

=E ;GF>GJEA<9<= ;GE GMLJG =PHJ=KKG F9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D 7CAC 7CB
:CFA9 G9;IB8C 7CBGC5BH9
x/J9FIMADAR=A9 7CAC HM<=y
6( 
7
!=R
GK
=P=J;b;AGK 7CB:CFA9 G
HJG>=KKGJ
<=L=JEAFGM

 Consecutivas IM9F<G AFA;A9E GJ9^]G IM= =PHJAE= G =>=ALG GM

;GFK=IMaF;A9 <G >9LG =PHJ=KKG F9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D  MFA<9<= ;GFK=;
MLAN9 _ EI9 IM= K= HJ=F<= 9 ME9 =PHJ=KK]G <= F9LMJ=R9 AFL=FKAN9 ;GEG
H5@ H5BHC HVC H5A5B<C HGKL9 F9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D KL=K L=JEGK AFL=FK
ANGK
HG<=E
>9;ADE=FL=
;9D9JK=
x*K
HGNGK
=PA?=E H5BHC <GK
K=MK
N9DA<GK EI9 =KL=K
=E
:J=N=
L=EHG
K=
=F>9<9E
=
GK
9LJ9A^G9Ey
6((7
x*K
Nb;AGK
K]G HVC >=AGK EI9
9AF<9
=F>=AL9<GK
F]G
HG<=E
AFL=AJ9
E=FL=
<AKKAEAD9J
9
KM9
>=9D<9<=y
6((7
x1AN=
<=
E9F=AJ9 EI9 9G
EGJJ=J
F]G
L=
D9KLAE=K
<=
@9N=J
NANA<Gy
6((7
AKLG
_ J=J9
89
H5@
A5B9=F5
EI9 IM=
=E
;GFK=IMaF;A9 

 Finais IM9F<G AFA;A9E GJ9^]G IM= =PHJAE= 9 AFL=F^]G G G:B=L

ANG 9 >AF9DA<9<= <9 <=;D9J9^]G =PHJ=KK9 F9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D D5F5 EI9 5
:=A
89
EI9 EI9 D5F5
EI9 DCFEI9 D5F5
EI9
x'=N9EGK
9G
%9H]G
G
FGKKG
FGE= D5F5
EI9 GMLJGK
E9AK
>=DAR=K
AE
HD9FL9KK=E
F9IM=D9
L=JJ9
KAF?MD9J
GK
HJAE=AJGK
JM<AE=FLGK
<9
;ANADAR
9^]G
G;A<=FL9Dy
6'G 5DI8 ! 
7

 Modais IM9F<G AFA;A9E GJ9^]G IM= =PHJAE= G EG<G H=DG IM9D

K=
=P=;MLGM
G
>9LG
=PHJ=KKG
F9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D G9A
EI9
!=R
G
LJ9:9D@G G9A
EI9 ;GE=L=KK=
=JJGK
?J9N=K
*bservao  )GE=F;D9LMJ9 "J9E9LA;9D J9KAD=AJ9 F]G 9?9K9D@GM 9K ;GFBMF
^g=K EG<9AK = 9KKAE 9K GJ9^g=K EG<9AK 9H=K9J <= HfJ G EG<G =FLJ= 9K ;AJ;MF
KL[F;A9K
9<N=J:A9AK

 Proporcionais IM9F<G AFA;A9E GJ9^]G IM= =PHJAE= ME >9LG

IM= G;GJJ= 9ME=FL9 GM <AEAFMA F9 E=KE9 HJGHGJ^]G <9IMADG IM= K= <=
;D9J9 F9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D S A98=85 EI9 S DFCDCFWVC EI9 5C D5GGC EI9



H5BHC A5=G EI5BHC A5=G H5BHC A5=G EI5BHC A9BCG H5BHC A9BCG
EI5BHC
A5=G
H5BHC
A5=G A9BCG
=L; 
x*
9F]G EI5BHC
A5=G 9DLG
KG:= A5=G H=IM=FG
K=
9>A?MJ9y
6((7
+JG?J=<A9 S
A98=85
EI9 K=
<=<A;9N9
9GK
=KLM<GK
K_JAGK

 Temporais IM9F<G AFA;A9E GJ9^]G IM= =PHJAE= G L=EHG <9

J=9DAR9^]G <G >9LG =PHJ=KKG F9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D K HJAF;AH9AK ;GFBMF^g=K
=
xDG;M^g=K
L=EHGJ9AKy
K]G
9
H9J9
G
L=EHG
9FL=JAGJ 5BH9G
EI9 DF=A9=FC
EI9
x)AF?M_E
K=F@GJ=K
E=MK
IM=
=EHJ==F<9
ME9
BGJF9<9
=P
LJ9GJ<AFYJA9 DF=A9=FC
EI9 E=L9
G
H_
F9
=KLJ9<9
K=
=KIM=;=JY
<=
=F
LJ9J
=E
;GFL9
;GE
KM9K
>GJ^9K y
6- 5DI8 ! 
 7

: H9J9 G L=EHG HGKL=JAGJ <= EG<G AF<=L=JEAF9<G 89DC=G EI9

EI5B8C

 

* J=D9LANG EI9 =FLJ9 =E =PHJ=KKg=K <= L=EHG 5;CF5 EI9 <C>9 EI9
5
DF=A9=F5
J9N
EI9
=L;
;CF5 EI9 LM<G
9;9:GM
HGKKG
H=FK9J
E9AK
LJ9FIMAD9E=FL=

.= G ;GFBMFLG _ HJG>=JA<G K=E H9MK9 =KL9:=D=;=K= ME9 MFA<9<= <=

K=FLA<G Z K=E=D@9F^9 <= 89DC=G EI9 >R EI9 =L;  = K= H9KK9 9 ;GFKA<=J9J G
LG<G
;GEG
DG;M^]G
;GFBMFLAN9
L=EHGJ9D
;CF5
EI9 LM<G
9;9:GM
HGKKG
H=FK9J
E9AK
LJ9FIMAD9E=FL=
,M=
=P;=KKANG

Que excessivo v .G: G EG<=DG <9K xDG;M^g=Ky ;GFBMFLAN9K >AF9DAR9

<9K HGJ EI9 <=K=FNGDN=MK= G ;GKLME= <= 9;J=K;=FL9J =KL= LJ9FKHGKALGJ
BMFLG 9 9<N_J:AG IM= Ke HGJ KA >MF;AGF9 ;GEG 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D 9BEI5BHC
EI9 5D9B5G EI9 9A6CF5 EI9 A5@ EI9 =L;  ;GFKLJM^g=K IM= GK HMJAKL9K
F]G LaE NAKLG ;GE :GFK GD@GK 9H=K9J <GK =P=EHDGK <= =K;JALGJ=K
;GJJ=LGK
x
HGJIM=
9
;AaF;A9
_
E9AK
D=FL9
=
9
AE9?AF9^]G
E9AK
N9?9 9BEI5BHC
EI9 G
IM=
=M
9DA
NA9
=J9
9
;GF<=FK9^]G
NAN9
<=
LG<GK
GK
L=EHGKy
6( 
7

+I5B8C <AKK=
AKKG
FAF?M_E
9;J=<ALGM

; H9J9 G L=EHG HGKL=JAGJ AE=<A9LG @C;C EI9 H5BHC EI9 @GB= J9JG
5GG=A
EI9 89G89
EI9 9=G
EI9
9=G G9BVC
EI5B8C 9=G
G9BVC
EI9
&C;C
EI9 K9bJ9E
G
9E:A=FL=
E=D@GJGM

< H9J9 G L=EHG >J=IM=FL9LANG J=H=LA<G EI5B8C ;GE G N=J:G FG

HJ=K=FL= HC85G
5G
J9N9G
EI9
89 7585
J9N
EI9 G9ADF9
EI9
x,M9F<G
G
HGNG
F]G
9;J=<AL9
F9
HJG:A<9<=
9
AEGJ9DA<9<=
_
?=J9Dy
6((7
*bservao NAL=K= G =JJG <= HJ=;=<=J ;GE 9A G EI9 <9 DG;M^]G HC85G 5G
J9N9G
EI9 <AR=F<G HC85G
5G
J9N9G
9A
EI9

J9JG

= H9J9 G L=EHG ;GF;GEAL9FL= 9BEI5BHC BC 9BHF9H5BHC EI9 @GB=

GJEAM 9BEI5BHC =KL9N9
FG
;AF=E9

*bservao BHF9H5BHC GM BC 9BHF9H5BHC K]G 9<N_J:AGK <= L=EHG ;GE G K=F

LA<G
<= B9GG9
[BH9F=A B9GG9
H9ADC B9GG9
=BH9FJ5@C
x*
9H=JLG
<GK
KALA9<GK
9ME=FL9N9 9BHF9H5BHC <=
<A9
H9J9
<A9y
6-. 
$1
7
(9AK EG<=JF9E=FL= 9BHF9H5BHC H9KKGM 9 L=J K=FLA<G 9<N=JK9LANG = HGJ AF>DMaF;A9
<G 9<N_J:AG L=E KA<G =EHJ=?9<G HJ=;=<A<G <9 ;GE:AF9^]G BC BC 9BHF9H5BHC
(MALGK
HMJAKL9K
;GF<=F9E
L9D
9;J_K;AEG

>
H9J9
G
L=EHG
L=JEAF9D 5HX
EI9
+9KK=GM 5HX
EI9 K=
K=FLAKK=
=K?GL9<G

H9J=;= 9AF<9 G EI9 =P;=KKANG <=HGAK <= =PHJ=KKg=K <= K=FLA<G

L=EHGJ9D
;GEG
=K<=
9IM=D=
<A9 EI9 G
HJG;MJG
GFBMF^g=K
=
=PHJ=KKg=K
=F>YLA;9K

Conjunes e expresses enfticas v K ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=F9LAN9K

HG<=E 9H9J=;=J =F>9LAR9<9K +9J9 =KL9 aF>9K= G A<AGE9 K= K=JN= <= NYJAGK
J=;MJKGK
KKAE
9
9<A^]G
HG<=
NAJ
=F;9J=;A<9
<9K
=PHJ=KKg=K
<G
LAHG
BVC
G_
A5G H5A6XA
BVC
G_
A5G 5=B85
BVC
G_
G9BVC H5A6XA
BVC
G_
EI9
H5A6XA
=L;
(VC
G_ K=
9HDA;9
9G
HGJLM?MaK A5G
5=B85 9G
D9LAE


9DL=JF9LAN9
HG<=
K=J
=F>9LAR9<9
H=D9
J=H=LA^]G
)I =KLM<9K CI :JAF;9K
$R <AR=K
KAE >R <AR=K
F]G
)F5 N=E
9IMA CF5 N9A
9DA


K_JA= B9A
B9A 9<IMAJ=
K=FLA<G
9<ALANG
F=?9LANG




(9A =KLM<GM B9A LAJGM
:G9K
FGL9K
F]G
=KLM<GM
=
F]G
LAJGM 

+I9F EI9F = CI CI ;GE G N=J:G FG KM:BMFLANG = LGE <= NGR

<=K;=F<=FL= HG<=E 9<IMAJAJ ME K=FLA<G KMHD=E=FL9J <= ;GF;=KK]G
IM9F<G 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= 9^g=K GHGKL9K F]G AEH=<= 9 <=;D9J9^]G ;GFLA<9
F9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
+I9F =KLM<=K EI9F F]G
9HJ=F<=JYK
>9;ADE=FL=
9
DA^]G

)9K KM:GJ<AF9<9K = HJAF;AH9AK 9 ;GJJ=D9^]G <= ME9 =PHJ=KK]G ;GE

G ;GF=;LANG GM GMLJG L=JEG <9 GJ9^]G 9 IM= K= HJ=F<= H9J9 EGKLJ9J J=
D9^]G K=E[FLA;9 =E IM= =KK9K GJ9^g=K K= 9;@9E ;GE 9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 GM
>9LG BY =PHJ=KKG _ GMLJG E=AG <= =F>9LAR9J 9 AFL=J<=H=F<aF;A9 GJ9;AGF9D
KL9
=PHJ=KK]G
E=EGJ9LAN9
_
;GFKLALMb<9
HGJ
9<N_J:AG
GM
=IMAN9D=FL=
xGEG
GK
KY:AGK
F]G
9<MD9E
GK
HGNGK H5A6XA =KL=K
GK
F]G
HJG
EGN=Ey
6((7
x,M9F<G
GK
@GE=FK
K=
<=KA?M9D9E 9BHVC K=
@9JEGFAR9Ey
6((7
E:GJ9
F]G
E=
<A?9E
9
N=J<9<= 5=B85
5GG=A H=J?MFL9J=A
E9AK
N=R=K
x;9:=EGK DC=G
<=
<=KH=JL9J
<=KL=
EGJL9D
D=L9J?Gy
6  
7
x KLM<=EGK DCFH5BHC
=
F]G
FGK
<=AP=EGK
<GEAF9J
H=D9
HJ=?MA^9y
6-1 
7

10 Interjeio
$FL=JB=A^]G

Interjeio v W 9 =PHJ=KK]G ;GE IM= LJ9<MRAEGK GK FGKKGK =KL9<GK

=EGLANGK /aE =D9K =PAKLaF;A9 9MLfFGE9 = 9 JA?GJ ;GFKLALM=E HGJ KA N=J
<9<=AJ9K GJ9^g=K E ;=JL9K KALM9^g=K 9D?ME9K HG<=E =KL9:=D=;=J J=
D9^g=K ;GE GMLJ9K MFA<9<=K = ;GE =D9K ;GFKLALMAJ MFA<9<=K ;GEHD=P9K
;GEH9F@9EK= <= ME ;GFLGJFG E=De<A;G =P;D9E9LANG +G<=E =F
LJ=L9FLG 9KKMEAJ H9H=D <= MFA<9<=K AFL=JJG?9LANG=P;D9E9LAN9K = <= ;=JL9K
MFA<9<=K HJeHJA9K <G ;@9E9E=FLG ;@9E9<9K NG;9LANG = 9AF<9 HGJ MFA<
9<=K
N=J:9AK
;GEG
_
G
;9KG
<G
AEH=J9LANG
6' 

( 
7
K
AFL=JB=A^g=K
K=
J=H9JL=E
HGJ
IM9LJG
LAHGK



9 ;=JLGK KGFK NG;YDA;GK IM= F9 =K;JAL9 K= J=HJ=K=FL9E <= E9F=AJ9

;GFN=F;AGF9D 5< C< <I= <IA G < FG >AF9D HG<= E9J;9J ME9 9KHAJ
9^]G
9D@=A9
9G
KAKL=E9
<G
HGJLM?MaK
: H9D9NJ9K BY ;GJJ=FL=K F9 DbF?M9 ;GEG C@R DIL5 6C@5G 6F5JC
<CA9A J5@<5 ;GE
;GFLGJFG
E=De<A;G
=P;D9E9LANG
; H9D9NJ9K IM= HJG;MJ9E J=HJG<MRAJ JMb<GK <= 9FAE9AK GM <= G:B=
LGK
GM
<=
GMLJ9
GJA?=E
;GEG 7@=7 7@=EI9 H=7H57 H=EI9H5EI9 DIA
< DG;M^g=K AFL=JB=LAN9K 5= 89 A=A 7FIN 7F98C J5@<5A9 9IG
5EI=
8n9@F9=
AK ME9 J=D9^]G <9K AFL=JB=A^g=K E9AK ;GEMFK <9 DbF?M9 ;GF>GJE=
9
KALM9^]G
=E
IM=
K=
9HJ=K=FL9E

<=
=P;D9E9^]G J=J5

<=
9<EAJ9^]G 5< C<

<=
9DbNAG 5< 9<

<=
9FAE9^]G 7CF5;9A 9=5 GIG

<=
9H=DG
GM
;@9E9E=FLG _ C@R 5@a DG=H DG=I

<=
9HD9MKG 69A 6F5JC

<=
<=K=BG
GM
9FKA=<9<= C< CL5@R HCA5F5

<=
<GJ
>bKA;9 5= I=

<=
<GJ
EGJ9D C<

<=
<hNA<9
KMKH=AL9
9<EAJ9^]G <IA <9A L9E:_E <9=B
 <= AEH9;AaF;A9 5FF9 =FF5 5DF9 DIL5 E=D@GJ K=JY F]G J=
?AKLJ9<G
G>A;A9DE=FL= DI7<5
 
<=
AEHGKA^]G
<=
KADaF;AG 75@I85 DG=I <=EGJ9<G

<=
J=H=LA^]G 6=G

<=
K9LAK>9^]G ID5 C65 CD5

<=
RGE:9JA9 :=5I
'G;M^]G
AFL=JB=LAN9

Locuo interjetiva v _ ME ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K ;GE N9DGJ <= AFL=J

B=A^]G 5=
89
A=A CF5
6C@5G
7CA
HC8CG
CG
8=56CG
K AFL=JB=A^g=K K]G HJG>=JA<9K =E LGE <= NGR =KH=;A9D 9K;=F<=FL=
GM <=K;=F<=FL= ;GF>GJE= 9K <AN=JK9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K <GK FGKKGK =KL9<GK
=EGLANGK



,M9F<G =KL]G ;GE:AF9<9K ;GE ME9 >J9K= E9AGJ =P;D9E9LAN9

HG<=EK= K=H9J9J <9 >J9K= HGJ E=AG <= ME9 NbJ?MD9 GM HGJ E=AG <G
HGFLG
<=
=P;D9E9^]G
9G
IM9D
K=
<=N=
K=?MAJ
=FLJ=L9FLG
D=LJ9
EAFhK;MD9
x)< IM=
<G;=
@9JEGFA9
LJ9RE=
9
:JAK9y
6N 5DI8 ( 
$
7

B) Estrutura das unidades: anlise mrfica

1 Estrutura das palavras

+9D9NJ9
=
NG;Y:MDG
;GF;=ALG

Palavra e morfema

Palavra e vocbulo: conceito v * L=JEG D5@5JF5 K= FGK 9HJ=K=FL9

;GE 9HDA;9^g=K <A>=J=FL=K IM= <=N=E K=J <AKLAF?MA<9K = HGJL9FLG ;D9KKA
>A;9<9K <= E9F=AJ9 <AN=JK9 +G<=EGK N=J 9 H9D9NJ9 <56=@=8589 KG: LJaK
HJAKE9K <A>=J=FL=K 9 G K=M 9KH=;LG A5H9F=5@ :aB=7C ;GEG G=;B=:=75BH9
GM 9LDF9GGVC : 9 KM9 G=;B=:=75WVC ;F5A5H=75@ ;GEG ME9 ;D9KK= <= H9
D9NJ9 IM= K= 9HJ=K=FL9 KG: >GJE9 <= ME KM:KL9FLANG >=EAFAFG KAF?MD9J ;
9 KM9 G=;B=:=75WVC @9L=75@ AKLG _ G IM= KA?FA>A;9 9 H9D9NJ9 <56=@=8589 =E
J=D9^]G
HGJ
=P=EHDG
9 75F=8589 GM 5A56=@=8589
GEG =PHJ=KK]G E9L=JA9D IM9FLG 9G K=M 9KH=;LG >fFA;G ;GEG
xKAEHD=Ky H9D9NJ9 <= >GJE9K F]G L=E F=F@ME KA?FA>A;9<G = Ke HG<= K=J
;D9KKA>A;9<9 H=D9K KM9K ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K >bKA;9K <56=@=8589 HG<= K=J ;D9KKA
>A;9<9 HGJ =P=EHDG H=DG K=M FhE=JG <= KbD9:9K HGDAKKbD9:G GM H=D9
HGKA^]G <9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 H9JGPbLGFG GFKA<=J9<9K ;GEG HMJ9K H9D9NJ9K
@Y ME9 Ke >GJE9 l5ACm 5AC zIM=JG :=E{ = 5AC zK=F@GJ{ = ME9 Ke
>GJE9 x;9K9y x9 75G5 <= E=M 9EA?Gy = x(9JA9 K= 75G5 9E9F@]y 6 K 
7 )=KL9 9;=H^]G =E N=R <= H9D9NJ9 K= HG<= MK9J G L=JEG JC7R6I@C <G
D9LAE JCL
IM=
KA?FA>A;9
z9
NGR{
IMA L=EGK <= J=D=E:J9J IM= 9 >JGFL=AJ9 <G NG;Y:MDG <A>=J= K= K=
LJ9L9 <= DbF?M9 GJ9D GM <= DbF?M9 =K;JAL9 )9 DbF?M9 GJ9D F9 >9D9



HJ=<GEAF9 G JALEG 9;=FLM9D G IM= J=KMDL9 =E IM= 9K KbD9:9K YLGF9K K=

9?JMH9E =E LGJFG <9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 <= EG<G IM= K]G 9K H9MK9K IM= E9J
;9E GK DAEAL=K GM >JGFL=AJ9K <GK ?JMHGK >fFA;GK L9E:_E ;@9E9<9K
;FIDCG 89 :CFW5 KKAE _ IM= F9 DbF?M9 GJ9D @Y ME Ke ?JMHG >fFA;G =
HGJL9FLG ME Ke NG;Y:MDG =E 5@I;5G9 =E IM= 9 KbD9:9 YLGF9 G9 K= 9?JM
H9 =E LGJFG <9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 @I +GJ AKKG K= <Y ;GEG J=>D=PG F9 =K;JAL9
9 ?J9>A9 =JJfF=9 5@I;5GG9 GM 5@I;5G9 * NG;Y:MDG HGJL9FLG F=E
K=EHJ= ;GAF;A<= ;GE 9 H9D9NJ9 FG =P=EHDG L=EGK ME NG;Y:MDG = <M9K
H9D9NJ9K
KA?FA>A;9LAN9K
5@I;5 = G9
GEG BY NAEGK 9K KbD9:9K YLGF9K IM= K= 9?JMH9E =E LGJFG <9
KbD9:9 LfFA;9 HG<=E K=?MF<G 9 HGKA^]G K=J DFC7@[H=75G T GM5@I;5 T v K=
NaE
9FL=K
v
GM 9B7@[H=75G T 5@I;5G9 T
v
K=
NaE
<=HGAK
)9 DbF?M9 =K;JAL9 9K >JGFL=AJ9K K]G <=E9J;9<9K H=DGK =KH9^GK =E
:J9F;G G9
5@I;5 GM 5@I;5G9
,M9F<G 9D_E <9 H9JL= >fFA;9 KA?FA>A;9FL= K= ;GFKA<=J9 9 H9JL=
KA?FA>A;9LAN9 KA?FA>A;9<G L9E:_E @Y <A>=J=F^9K IM= <=N=E K=J D=N9<9K
=E ;GFL9  IM=KL]G K= Hg= IM9F<G K= H=J?MFL9 IM9FL9K H9D9NJ9K =PAKL=E
FG
;GF@=;A<G
N=JKG
<=
AD9; <9;I9=
<9;5GH9
0=B<5G
:5H=;585
-=KHGF<=J=EGK IM= @Y IM9LJG GM LJaK H9D9NJ9K ;GF>GJE= G ;GF;=ALG
HGJ IM= LGE=EGK G L=JEG D5@5JF5 .=J]G IM9LJG K= =FL=F<=JEGK 7<9;I9=
7<9;5GH9 ;GEG H9D9NJ9K <= KA?FA>A;9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D <A>=J=FL=K BY IM= =P
HJ=KK9E ME9 G HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG F9  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J
9I 7<9;I9= = 9 GMLJ9 G HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG F9 p H=KKG9 <G
KAF?MD9J HI 7<9;5GH9 /9AK KA?FA>A;9^g=K K= <AR=E x?J9E9LA;9AKy HGJIM=
<=;GJJ=E <= ;D9KKA>A;9^g=K =KL9:=D=;A<9K F9 ?J9EYLA;9 <9 DbF?M9 HGJ
LM?M=K9 KKAE 7<9;I9= = 7<9;5GH9 K]G ;GFL9<9K ;GEG <M9K D5@5JF5G
;F5A5H=75=G
AJ=EGK IM= Ke @Y FG J=>=JA<G N=JKG LJaK H9D9NJ9K K= =FL=F<=JEGK
7<9;I9= 7<9;5GH9 ;GEG H9D9NJ9K <= ME9 Ke KA?FA>A;9^]G D=PA;9D BY IM=
9E:9K LaE =E ;GEME G KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;9D z9LAF?AJ G >AF9D <= EGNAE=FLG
<= A<9 GM NAF<9{ ME KA?FA>A;9<G <9<G H=D9 DbF?M9 E9K IM= K= KALM9 >GJ9
<9 ?J9EYLA;9 HGAK K= LJ9L9 <= ME9 J=9DA<9<= <G EMF<G =E IM= NAN=EGK
KKAE 7<9;I9= = 7<9;5GH9 K]G <M9K >GJE9K <M9K x>D=Pg=Ky <= ME9
E=KE9 D5@5JF5
@XL=75
G
N=J:G l7<9;5Fm
W F=KL= K=FLA<G <= D5@5JF5 @XL=75 IM= <AR=EGK IM= 6C5 _ G >=EAF
AFG <9 xH9D9NJ9 6CAy IM= A9B=BCG _ G xKM:KL9FLANG A9B=BC FG HDMJ
9Dy6#N 
$$
7



-=H9J=K= IM= FGK FGKKGK <A;AGFYJAGK G FGJE9D _ AFA;A9J G N=J:=L=

;GE 9 D5@5JF5 @XL=75 :YKA;9 N=J:G FG AF>AFALANG KM:KL9FLANG FG ?aF=JG
?J9E9LA;9D MKM9D @=JFC J9@5 D9BH9 DCBH9 = 9<B=LANG FG E9K;MDAFG
KAF?MD9J PHDA;9K= G HJG;=<AE=FLG HGJIM= G AF>AFALANG G E9K;MDAFG = G
KAF?MD9J J=HJ=K=FL9E 9K >GJE9K F]G E9J;9<9K J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= <G N=J:G
<G
KM:KL9FLANG
=
<G
9<B=LANG
*bservao )9 DAL=J9LMJ9 DAF?MbKLA;9 = ?J9E9LA;9D ;GKLME9E GK 9MLGJ=K <AKLAF
?MAJ ;GFN=F;AGF9DE=FL= 9 E9F=AJ9 <= AF<A;9J G NG;Y:MDG = 9 H9D9NJ9 GK=JAM HGJ
=P=EHDG MK9 =HR@=7C H9J9 9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG KA?FG AKLG _ ;GEG =PHJ=KK]G KA?FA>A;
9FL=  ;GFL=h<G KA?FA>A;9<G 7<9;5F  9 H9D9NJ9 HGJLM?M=K9 7<9;5F ;GF;GEAL
9FL=E=FL= ;GEG =PHJ=KK]G = ;GFL=h<G ALYDA;G = 9KH9K FGJE9AK <MHD9K H9J9 9 =P
HJ=KK]G x7<9;5Fy  G KA?FA>A;9FL= <= 7<9;5F
P=?9J
 Ke 9KH9K <MHD9K H9J9 G ;GF
L=h<G x;@=?9Jy  G KA?FA>A;9<G <= 7<9;5F Ke 9KH9K KAEHD=K H9J9 GK LJ9^GK <AK
LAFLANGK <= ;GFL=h<G z;@=?9J{  LJ9^G <AKLAFLANG IM= K= =F;GFLJ9 FG ;GFL=h<G <=
7<9;5F
7<9;585
7<9;5BW5
57CB7<9;C =
<=E9AK
;GEHGF=FL=K
<9
>9EbDA9
+9D9NJ9
=
EGJ>=E9

Palavra e morfema G IM= >GA =PHGKLG 9;AE9 ;GF;DMAK= IM=

=E FGKK9 DbF?M9 ;GEG K= J=H=L= F9K ;@9E9<9K DbF?M9K >D=PAGF9AK 9 H9
D9NJ9 =KLY ;GFKLALMb<9 AF<AKKGDMN=DE=FL= 9 K=H9J9^]G Ke K= >9R H9J9 =>=ALG
<= 9FYDAK= = =KLM<G <= ME9 :9K= >fFA;9 = <= <M9K >GJE9K K=E[FLA;9K 9
?J9E9LA;9D
=
9
D=PA;9D
;GF@=;A<9K
H=DG
FGE=
L_;FA;G ACF:9A5
@9E9K= EGJ>=E9 9 MFA<9<= EbFAE9 KA?FA>A;9LAN9 GM <GL9<9 <=
KA?FA>A;9<G
IM=
AFL=?J9
9
H9D9NJ9
 <=HJ==FK]G <G EGJ>=E9 GM <GK EGJ>=E9K IM= AFL=?J9E 9 H9D9NJ9
F=E K=EHJ= ;GFKLALMA ME9 GH=J9^]G >Y;AD = KMB=AL9 9 ME9 hFA;9 KGDM^]G
.=
LGE9JEGK
:5@RJ5ACG
:5@5J5

>9;ADE=FL= <=HJ==F<=EGK G =D=E=FLG ;GEME :5@5J5 = ACG ;GEG <AK

LAFLANG  MFA<9<= ACG AF<A;9 =KL9J 9 HJAE=AJ9 >GJE9 N=J:9D J=>=JA<9 Z  p
H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9D B_G = 9KKAE HGJL9<GJ9 <= ME ;GFL=h<G ?J9E9LA;9D _
ME
EGJ>=E9
.=
9?GJ9
;GEH9J9JEGK
:5@5J5
:5@5



<=KL9;9EGK G EGJ>=E9 J5 IM= AF<A;9 IM= 9 9^]G N=J:9D K= <Y FME H9K
K9<G IM= K= HJGDGF?9 HJ=L AEH=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG W 9KKAE GMLJG
EGJ>=E9
.=
9?GJ9
;GEH9J9JEGK
:5@5J5
:5@5F5

K= HG<=JA9 ;@=?9J Z ;GF;DMK]G IM= G =D=E=FLG GM MFA<9<= <AKLAFLAN9 <9K

<M9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK >GKK= G J H9J9 9 HJAE=AJ9 GM G F H9J9 9 K=?MF<9 
;GEH9J9^]G ;GE GMLJ9K >GJE9K :5@5J5
:5@5 :5@5F5
:5@5GG9 =L;  FGK
EGKLJ9JA9 IM= 9K MFA<9<=K 9 K=J=E ;GFKA<=J9<9K K=J]G J5 = F5 IM=
E9J;9E G HJ=L AEH=J> = G E9AKIM=H=J> <G AF<A;9LANG +GJL9FLG 9 <=
HJ==FK]G <= ME EGJ>=E9 F]G _ ME9 GH=J9^]G HMJ9E=FL= E9L=JA9D @Y <=
K=
D=N9J
=E
;GFKA<=J9^]G
G
K=M
;GFL=h<G
GM
KA?FA>A;9<G
/9E:_E ;GEG K]G MFA<9<=K IM= K= 9;@9E =E ;GF;GJJaF;A9 ;GE
GMLJ9K MFA<9<=K =KL]G H9KKbN=AK <= EM<9F^9K F9 KM9 =KLJMLMJ9 E9L=JA9D
<=NA<9K 9 J=?J9K EGJ>G>GFaEA;9K FG HGJLM?MaK K]G >J=IM=FL=K 9 =DAK]G =
9 ;J9K= DCFH5  9=FC HGJL 5 9=FC DCFH9=FC =DAK]G DCFH5  5F=5
DCFH5F=5 ;J9K= *MLJ9K N=R=K LJ9L9K= <= 9DL=J9^]G >fFA;9 :5@5va

:5@5ve=G HGJ AF>DMaF;A9 <G = <= =G GMLJ9K N=R=K <= @9HDGDG?A9 =8589 
CGC =8CGC HGJ =858CGC
/AHGK
<=
EGJ>=E9
F9
=KLJMLMJ9
<9K
H9D9NJ9K

Tipos de morfema na estrutura das palavras v )9 =KLJMLMJ9 <9K

H9D9NJ9K GK EGJ>=E9K <=JAN9LANGK = >D=PAGF9AK K= <AKLJA:M=E IM9FLG 9G
9KH=;LG >GJE9D H=DGK K=?MAFL=K LAHGK ;GF>GJE= G;GJJ9E HGJ 9;J_K;AEG
58=H=JCG
HGJ
KM:LJ9^]G
GI6HF5H=JCG
=
HGJ
9DL=JF[F;A9
AC8=:=75H=JCG
#Y 9AF<9 J=D9^g=K ?J9E9LA;9AK IM= K= =KL9:=D=;=E FG HD9FG KAFL9?
EYLA;G ;GEG 9 7CB7CF8TB7=5 9 F9;ZB7=5 = 9 x7CBG97IH=C H9ADCFIAy =
L9E:_E H=D9 HGKA^]G <GK L=JEGK FG KAFL9?E9 ;GF@=;A<9 F9 ?J9EYLA;9
LJ9<A;AGF9D H=DG JeLMDG xCF89A 85G D5@5JF5Gy =KL=K LAHGK >9D9J=EGK
E9AK
9<A9FL=
E FGKK9 DbF?M9 K]G E9AK HJG<MLANGK GK EGJ>=E9K 9<ALANGK 9G
D9<G <9K >GJE9^g=K ;GE ;GEHGKLGK K]G J9JGK GK KM:LJ9LANGK = GK EG<A
>A;9LANGK G;GJJ=E ;GE >J=IMaF;A9 FGK ;9KGK <= >D=P]G FGEAF9D = N=J:9D
;GF>GJE=
N=J=EGK
FG
DM?9J
;GEH=L=FL=
(GJ>=E9K
9<ALANGK

Morfemas aditivos -=HJ=K=FL9<GK
HGJ



 DF9:=LCG 9FL=HGKA^]G Z :9K= D=PA;9D DaF F9DCF EI=9HC

=BEI=9HC
 GI:=LCG
=BH9F:=LCG = 89G=BZB7=5G
HGKHGKA^]G
Z
:9K=
D=PA;9D
 =B:=LCG AFL=J;9D9^]G
FG
AFL=JAGJ
<9
=KLJMLMJ9
<9
:9K=
 7=F7IB:=LCG 9FL=HGKA^]G = HGKHGKA^]G KAEMDL9F=9E=FL= Z :9K=
H9J9KKAFL_LA;GK
 8=G7CBH[BICG
>J9?E=FL9^]G
H=D9
AFL=J;9D9^]G
<=
GMLJG
EGJ>=E9
 F98ID@=75H=JCG
J=H=LA^]G
<9
H9JL=
AFA;A9D
<9
:9K=
(GJ>=E9K
KM:LJ9LANGK

Morfemas subtrativos -=HJ=K=FL9<GK
HGJ

 GI6HF5H=JCG KM:LJ9^]G <= >GF=E9 <G J9<A;9D H9J9 =PHJAEAJ ME9
AF<A;9^]G
?J9E9LA;9D
 GIDF9GG=JCG
9 KMHJ=KK]G <= ME K=?E=FLG E=<A9D H=JL=F;=FL= 9 IM9DIM=J
<9K
:9K=K
:
KMHJ=KK]G
<G
K=?E=FLG
>AF9D
;
KMHJ=KK]G
<=
=D=E=FLG
E=<A9D
HGJ
;JMR9E=FLG
<=
:9K=K
 56F9J=5H=JCG J=<M^]G <9 =PL=FK]G <9 H9D9NJ9 IM= H9KK9 9 N9D=J
H=DG
LG<G
(GJ>=E9K
EG<A>A;9LANGK

Morfemas modificativos -=HJ=K=FL9<GK
HGJ

 5DC:CB=5
KM:KLALMA^]G
<=
>GF=E9
NG;YDA;G
<=
ME
J9<A;9D
<=
ME
E=KEG
H9J9<A?E9
>D=PAGF9D
GM
<=JAN9;AGF9D
HGJ
EM<9F^9
<=
LAE:J=
H9J9
AF<A;9^]G
<=
KA?FA>A;9<G
?J9E9LA;9D
 A9HRH9G9
HGJ
EM<9F^9
<9
KbD9:9
LfFA;9
*K EGJ>=E9K HG<=E K=J ;D9KKA>A;9<GK 9AF<9 ;GEG @=JF9G = DF9GCG
;GF>GJE= 9H9J=^9E AF<=H=F<=FL= GM <=H=F<=FL=E=FL= FG <AK;MJKG *K
EGJ>=E9K 9HJ=K=FL9E 9 ME9 KA?FA>A;9^]G 9LH9FB5 J=>=J=FL= 9 FG^g=K <G
FGKKG EMF<G 9^g=K =KL9<GK IM9DA<9<=K G>b;AGK K=J=K =E ?=J9D =L;  :
ME9 KA?FA>A;9^]G =BH9FB5 HMJ9E=FL= <9 =K>=J9 <9K FG^g=K ?J9E9LA;9AK
 <=HJ==FK]G <= ME EGJ>=E9 <=H=F<= <= <GAK J=IMAKALGK 9 9 G=;B=
:=75WVC = : 9 :CFA5 :aB=75 W AEHGJL9FL= G:K=JN9JEGK IM= ME9 Ke >GJE9
>fFA;9 HG<= J=HJ=K=FL9J E9AK <= ME EGJ>=E9 9KKAE G _ E9J;9



HDMJ9DAR9<GJ9 =E 5G 75G5G = 9 p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J =E 75BH5G +GJ GMLJG

D9<G ME Ke EGJ>=E9 HG<= L=J J=9DAR9^g=K >fFA;9K <A>=J=FL=K =E NAJLM<=
<G ;GFL=PLG >GF_LA;G =E IM= K= 9;@9 HGJ =P=EHDG G EGJ>=E9 IM= ;GJ
J=KHGF<= Z D=LJ9 G H9J9 AF<A;9J G HDMJ9D =E HGJLM?MaK K= J=9DAR9 ;GEG
P

<A9FL= <= ;GFKG9FL= KMJ<9 GK ;]=K ;GEG

B
<A9FL= <= ;GFKG9FL= KGF
GJ9
GK
?9LGK
=
;GEG


R


<A9FL=
<=
NG?9D
GK
@GE=FK 
*K
=D=E=FLGK
EeJ>A;GK

Os elementos mrficos E HGJLM?MaK 9K H9D9NJ9K K= HG<=E 9H

J=K=FL9J
KG:
>GJE9K
<=
=KLJMLMJ9
<A>=J=FL=K
9 A5F
GC@
5F
X
<C>9
@RD=G
: 5@IBC
5@IB5G
HF565@<RJ5ACG
; 75G5FVC @=JF=B<C 75BHCF 75G5A9BHC :C@<5;9A 5@9AVC :9FH=@=N
5F
7<IJ=G75F
< F9H9F
7CBH9F
89H9F
= ;I5F857<IJ5
@5B[;9FC
5;F[7C@5
D@5B5@HC
:=85@;C
E 9 9K H9D9NJ9K F]G K= HG<=E <ANA<AJ =E >GJE9K E=FGJ=K KA?FA
>A;9LAN9K HGJIM= Ke HGKKM=E ME =D=E=FLG EeJ>A;G ;@9E9<G F58=75@
,58=75@ _ G Fh;D=G GF<= J=HGMK9 9 KA?FA>A;9^]G =PL=JF9 <9 H9D9NJ9 AKLG _
J=D9;AGF9<9
;GE
G
EMF<G
=E
IM=
NAN=EGK
%Y FG ?JMHG : K=?M=K= 9G J9<A;9D <= KA?FA>A;9^]G =PL=JF9 ME GM
E9AK =D=E=FLGK <= KA?FA>A;9^]G AFL=JF9 GM HMJ9E=FL= ?J9E9LA;9D @IBC
HG<= <=KE=E:J9JK= =E 5@IB = C * HJAE=AJG =D=E=FLG J9<A;9D =F
;=JJ9 9 KA?FA>A;9^]G <9 H9D9NJ9 ;9:=F<G 9G >AF9D C HJAE=AJ9E=FL=
9LM9DARYD9 H9J9 >MF;AGF9J ;GEG H9D9NJ9 AFL=?J9F<G9 FG D_PA;G =
K=;MF<9JA9E=FL= J=D9;AGFYD9 Z E9J;9 <= ?aF=JG FG ;9KG <= C = 5 =KL=
<= EG<G F]G ?=J9D ;GEG 9;GFL=;= ;GE A5D5 B5IH5 E9K;MDAFGK E
5@IB5G G J9<A;9D _ 5@IB = 5G =F;=JJ9 <GAK =D=E=FLGK <= KA?FA>A;9^]G AF
L=JF9  5 AF<A;9<GJ <G KA?FA>A;9<G ?J9E9LA;9D ?aF=JG >=EAFAFG =  G
AF<A;9<GJ <G KA?FA>A;9<G ?J9E9LA;9D FhE=JG HDMJ9D E HF565@<RJ5ACG
G J9<A;9D _ HF565@< = GK =D=E=FLGK EeJ>A;GK <= KA?FA>A;9^]G AFL=JF9 K]G
 J5 IM= ;9J9;L=JAR9 G HJ=L AEH=J> <G AF<A;9LANG <GK N=J:GK <9  p ;GF
BM?9^]G
=
 ACG IM=
;9J9;L=JAR9
9
 p
H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
*K =D=E=FLGK EeJ>A;GK <= KA?FA>A;9^]G AFL=JF9 AF<A;9<GJ=K <9K
>D=Pg=K ?J9E9LA;9AK ;@9E9EK= 89G=BZB7=5G = K= <ANA<=E =E BCA=B5=G =
J9F65=G



K <=KAFaF;A9K FGK FGE=K = =E ;=JLGK HJGFGE=K E9J;9E 9K >D=Pg=K

<= ;ZB9FC = BdA9FC
FGK
N=J:GK BdA9FC
D9GGC5
H9ADC = AC8C
(MAL9K N=R=K G J9<A;9D F]G HG<= >MF;AGF9J AE=<A9L9E=FL= ;GEG
H9D9NJ9 ;GEHD=L9G ME9 NG?9D H9J9 ;GFKLALMAJ G H9A5 <9 H9D9NJ9 = HGJ
AKKG K= ;@9E9 JC;5@ H9ARH=75 GM 9LM9DAR9<GJ D_PA;G AKLG _ 9LM9DAR9G H9J9
>MF;AGF9J
;GF;J=L9E=FL=
FG
<AK;MJKG
6#N 
 7
/=E9

Tema _ HGJL9FLG G J9<A;9D 9;J=K;A<G <9 JC;5@ H9ARH=75 = IM= ;GF

KLALMA 9 H9JL= <9 H9D9NJ9 HJGFL9 H9J9 >MF;AGF9J FG <AK;MJKG = H9J9 J=;=:=J
9 <=KAFaF;A9 GM KM>APG .]G =P=EHDGK <= L=E9K @=JFC HF565@<5  NG?9D
L=EYLA;9 HG<= G;GJJ=J FME L=E9 KAEHD=K @=JF C GM <=JAN9<G @=JF 9=F
C
)GK FGE=K 9K NG?9AK L=EYLA;9K =KL]G J=HJ=K=FL9<9K F9 =K;JAL9 H=DGK
?J9>=E9K
5
C =
9 =
FGK
N=J:GK
HGJ
5
9 =
=
)GK FGE=K 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 5 C ;MEMD9LAN9 = K=;MF<9JA9E=FL=
>MF;AGF9 ;GEG 9 <=KAFaF;A9 <= ?aF=JG  NG?9D L=EYLA;9 C GM 9 K= 9;@9
J=HJ=K=FL9<9 ZK N=R=K HGJ ME9 K=EANG?9D <= ME <ALGF?G DVo DVeG 
NG?9D L=EYLA;9 HG<= H9KK9J Z N9JA9FL= I ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE 5:9HC 5:9HI
CGC G IM= K= <Y K=E K=J 9MLGEYLA;G IM9F<G K= BMFL9 9G C <=KAFaF;A9 GM
KM>APG AFA;A9<G HGJ NG?9D 61&  7 )]G LaE NG?9D L=EYLA;9 GK FGE=K
L=JEAF9<GK =E NG?9D LfFA;9 = HGJ AKKG K= <AR=E 5H9ARH=7CG :X )=KL=
;9KG G L=E9 ;GAF;A<= ;GE G J9<A;9D *K FGE=K L=JEAF9<GK =E ;GFKG9FL=
A5F D5N A5@ 9HJ=K=FL9E 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 9 D9L=FL= FG KAF?MD9J E9K
H9L=FL= FG HDMJ9D A5F9G D5N9G A5@9G 0E9 ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9 <=KK=K
9L=EYLA;GK L=JEAF9<GK =E NG?9D LfFA;9 _ IM= =KL9 F]G _ =DA<A<9 IM9F<G
K=?MA<9
<=
KM>APG 75:X 75:9N5@
75:99=FC
*bservao E ?=J9D 9 NG?9D LfFA;9 >AF9D Y _ e a f J=KMDL9 <9 ;J9K= <9
NG?9D <G J9<A;9D ;GE 9 L=EYLA;9 :X  :99  :=89A E 9FYDAK= EeJ>A;9 >GJ9 <G
HD9FG
@AKLeJA;G
F]G
;9:=
<=K>9R=J
=KL9
>MK]G
>APGK
HJ=>APGK
=
KM>APGK
$FL=J>APGK

Afixos: prefixos e sufixos. Interfixos v )9K H9D9NJ9K <G ?JMHG ;

BMFL9K= 9G >AF9D <9 :9K= ME =D=E=FLG EeJ>A;G ;@9E9<G GI:=LC IM= F]G
L=E ;MJKG AF<=H=F<=FL= F9 DbF?M9 = HGJ AKKG K= ;@9E9 :CFA5 DF9G5 H9J9
>GJE9J ME9 H9D9NJ9 FGN9 =EHJ=KL9F<GD@= ME9 A<=A9 9;=KKeJA9 =
E9J;9F<GD@= 9 ;9L=?GJA9 KM:KL9FLANG 9<B=LANG =L;  9 IM= H=JL=F;= *
KM>APG 9KKME= ME9 >MF^]G EGJ>GDe?A;9 HGAK =E ?=J9D 9DL=J9 9 ;9L=?GJA9
?J9E9LA;9D <G J9<A;9D <= IM= K9A G <=JAN9<G F95@ 9<B F95@=8589 K 

 

=E:GJ9 L9E:_E HGKK9 F]G D@= 9DL=JF9J 9 ;9L=?GJA9 ;GEG :9=C 9<B
:9=CGC 9<B  = J=D9;AGF9 9 H9D9NJ9 9 IM= K= 9?J=?9 9GK FGE=K 9ME=FL9L
ANGK GM <AEAFMLANGK 9GK FGE=K <= 9?=FL= <= 9^]G <= AFKLJME=FLG 9GK
;GD=LANGK 9GK HYLJAGK =L;  75G5FVC 9ME=FLG @=JF=B<C <AEAFMA^]G
75BHCF @5JF58CF G5D5H9=FC FGE=K <= 9?=FL= GM G>b;AG DIB=WVC
75G5A9BHC 5DF9B8=N5;9A FGE=K <= 9^]G GM K=M J=KMDL9<G :C@<5;9A
@C85W5@ 75F8IA9 6C=585 FGE=K ;GD=LANGK 5@9AVC G9F;=D5BC 795F
9BG9 DCFHI;IZG A=B<CHC 6F5G=@9=FC FGE=K HYLJAGK :9FH=@=N5F 9^]G
7<IJ=G75F 9^]G <= HGM;9 AFL=FKA<9<= 5@JCF979F AFb;AG <= 9^]G A9F
7589>5F J=H=LA^]G <= 9^]G GI5J9A9BH9 EG<G 9b K= <AKLJA:MbJ=E GK
KM>APGK =E BCA=B5=G >GJE9<GJ=K <= KM:KL9FLANGK = 9<B=LANGK J9F65=G
<G N=J:G = G hFA;G 9<N=J:A9D IM= _ A9BH9 IM= K= HJ=F<= 9 9<B=LANGK
MFA>GJE=K GM IM9F<G :A>GJE=K Z >GJE9 >=EAFAF9 7aAC85 7CAC85
A9BH9 
)9K H9D9NJ9K <G ?JMHG < 9;J=K;=FL9K= 9G AFb;AG <9 :9K= ME =D=
E=FLG EeJ>A;G ;@9E9<G DF9:=LC IM= =EHJ=KL9 9G J9<A;9D ME9 FGN9 KA?FA
>A;9^]G = IM= K= J=D9;AGF9 K=E9FLA;9E=FL= ;GE 9K HJ=HGKA^g=K *K HJ=
>APGK =E ?=J9D K= 9?J=?9E 9 N=J:GK ;GEG FGK =P=EHDGK <G ?JMHG < GM
9 9<B=LANGK =B :9@=N 89G @95@ GI6 H9FFTB9C .]G E=FGK >J=IM=FL=K GK
<=JAN9<GK =E IM= GK HJ=>APGK K= 9?J=?9E 9 KM:KL9FLANGK GK IM= E9AK
G;GJJ=E K]G F9 J=9DA<9<= <=N=J:9AK ;GEG =E 89G 9AD5H9 G ;GFLJYJAG
<GK KM>APGK IM= 9KKME=E N9DGJ EGJ>GDe?A;G GK HJ=>APGK LaE E9AK >GJ^9
KA?FA>A;9LAN9 HG<=E 9H9J=;=J ;GEG >GJE9K DANJ=K AKLG _ L=J =PAKLaF;A9
AF<=H=F<=FL= F9 DbF?M9 = F]G K=JN=E ;GEG 9IM=D=K H9J9 <=L=JEAF9J
ME9 FGN9 ;9L=?GJA9 ?J9E9LA;9D )=E K=EHJ= =PAKL= =E HGJLM?MaK 9 HJ=
HGKA^]G IM= ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9G HJ=>APG =EHJ=?9<G =BH9FAX8=C ;> HJ=
HGKA^]G 9BHF9 7CA65H9F ;> HJ=HGKA^]G 7CA 89D9B5F ;> HJ=HGKA^]G
89 5JC75F ;> HJ=H 5  9G D9<G H9J9 H=JLG <= GC6F5W5F ;> HJ=H
GC6 GC6F9DCF ;> HJ=H GC6F9 9A65=B<5F ;> HJ=H 9A  EGNAE=FLG
H9J9 <=FLJG E9K 56IG5F 56  9>9KL9E=FLG HJAN9^]G DFC;F9GGC DFC 
EGNAE=FLG
H9J9
<A9FL=
>9NGJ=;AE=FLG F9:5N9F F9
 J=H=LA^]G
G HGFLG <= NAKL9 >GJE9D @Y 9AF<9 H9J9 FGL9J IM= GK KM>APGK <=JAN
9LANGK K]G =E ?=J9D E9AK DGF?GK IM= 9K <=KAFaF;A9K ?J9E9LA;9AK 9D_E <=
K=J=E =KL9K IM9K= K=EHJ= YLGF9K =FIM9FLG 9IM=D=K K]G FGJE9DE=FL=
LfFA;GK GMLJ9 <AKLAF^]G ;GFKAKL= =E IM= GK KM>APGK NaE AE=<A9L9E=FL=
9HeK
G
Fh;D=G
=
9K
<=KAFaF;A9K
9HeK
GK
KM>APGK
6;>
#N 
$$

F 7
+J=>APGK = KM>APGK J=;=:=E G FGE= <= 5:=LCG K]G HJ=>APGK GK 9>APGK
IM= K= 9FL=Hg=E 9G J9<A;9D = KM>APGK GK IM= K= D@= HGKHg=E #Y 9AF<9 GK
=B:=LCG HJeHJAGK HGAK G IM= K= ;GKLME9 9HGFL9J ;GEG L9D J=HJ=K=FL9<G




HGJ ME9 F9K9D _ <= J=KHGFK9:ADA<9<= <G D9LAE HGJ =P=EHDG H9J9 <AKLAF
?MAJ G HJ=K=FL= <= 9D?MFK N=J:GK ;GEG FIADC = :=B8C <GK H=J>=ALGK FID=
:=8= = <G H9JLA;bHAG H9KK9<G FIDHIG :=GGIG = =P;=H;AGF9DE=FL= =E ;=JL9K
>GJE9^g=K FGEAF9AK = F]G AFL=J=KK9 Z ?J9EYLA;9 <=K;JALAN9 HGJLM?M=K9
W HJ=;AKG F]G ;GF>MF<AJ =KL9 FG^]G <= =B:=LC ;GE 9K NG?9AK = ;GFKG9FL=K
<=KHJGNA<9K <= KA?FA>A;9<G IM= F9 >GJE9^]G <= FGKK9 H9D9NJ9K = <9K IM=
AEHGJL9EGK <= DbF?M9K =KLJ9F?=AJ9K HJAF;AH9DE=FL= IM9F<G G J9<A;9D L=J
EAF9 HGJ NG?9D LfFA;9 K= AFL=J;9D9E H9J9 >9;ADAL9J 9 HJGFhF;A9 GM H9J9
=NAL9J @A9LGK = IM= HGJ AKKG K= ;@9E9E JC;5=G = 7CBGC5BH9G 89 @=;5WVC
;@9@=AJ9 H9M@9<9 ;9>=H=AJ9 D9F[?=JG ;GE=N9AF9 H9N9<9 ;@9
H=MNAF@G H=<J=;MD@G H=<J=;GKG   JA?GJ @Y =E HGJLM?MaK <M9K
NG?9AK <= DA?9^]G = = C  NG?9D = F9 ;GEHGKA^]G <= =D=E=FLGK D9LAFGK = C
<=
=D=E=FLGK
?J=?GK
<=FL=>Jb;AG
?9KaE=LJG
/=EGK 9AF<9 <= ;GFKA<=J9J G ;9KG <GK =BH9F:=LCG <=FGEAF9^]G 9<
GL9<9 HGJ 4 (9DCA=D IM= K]G =D=E=FLGK YLGFGK K=E >MF^]G ?J9E9LA;9D =
KA?FA>A;9LAN9 IM= K=JN=E <= DA?9^]G =FLJ= 9 :9K= D_PA;9 = G KM>APG ;GEG
G;GJJ= =E ;@CF=:=75F = :IA5F585 :C;5FXI GC@5FXI =E IM= GK =D=E=FLGK
=:=7 5F K= AFL=JHg=E =FLJ= 9K :9K=K ;@_F=5 = G KM>APG N=J:9D 5F GM :C;C
GC@ = G KM>APG FGEAF9D XI  FG^]G <= AFL=J>APG F]G _ HGFLG H9;b>A;G
=FLJ= GK =KLM<AGKGK EMAL9K N=R=K K= HG<= =FL=F<aDG ;GEG AFL=?J9FL= <=
ME ;GF?DGE=J9<G <= KM>APGK FGK =P=EHDGK 9;AE9 GK ;GF?DGE=J9<GK
KM>AP9AK K=JA9E =:=75F = 5FXI *MLJ9K N=R=K EMALG HJePAE9 <=KL9 FG^]G
_ N=J G AFL=J>APG ;GEG J=KMDL9<G <= ME 9DGF?9E=FLG <= KM>APG ;GEG K=
HG<= AFL=JHJ=LYDG F9 >GJE9^]G F=8[7I@C F=8=7I@5F=N5F =E N=R <=
F=8=7I@=N5F
)9K H9D9NJ9K <G ?JMHG = L=EGK ME9 J=MFA]G <= <GAK J9<A;9AK AKLG
_ 9G D9<G <= ME J9<A;9D E9AK >MF<9E=FL9D 9;J=K;=FL9K= GMLJG = 9L_ GML
JGK H9J9 <9J ME KA?FA>A;9<G =KH=;A9D 9G ;GFBMFLG AR=EGK =FL]G IM= 9K
H9D9NJ9K K]G 7CADCGH5G KL=K J9<A;9AK HG<=E K=J @=JF9G AKLG _ MK9<GK AF
<=H=F<=FL=E=FL= F9 DbF?M9 ;GEG ;I5F857<IJ5 GM DF9GCG AKLG _ F]G
K]G MK9<GK AKGD9<9E=FL= ;GEG 5;F[7C@5  9?J  A  ;GD9 @5B[;9FC  D9F

A

?=JG
)9K H9D9NJ9K ;GEHGKL9K ;GE J9<A;9AK DANJ=K <G LAHG ;I5F857<IJ5
H=JKAKL= ;GEG _ >Y;AD <= G:K=JN9J 9 AF<ANA<M9DA<9<= <= K=MK ;GEHGF
=FL=K KL9 AF<ANA<M9DA<9<= K= LJ9<MR 9 F9 =K;JAL9 H=D9 E=J9 BMKL9HGKA^]G
<= ME J9<A;9D 9 GMLJG FGJE9DE=FL= K=H9J9<GK HGJ @b>=F : F9 HJGFhF;A9
H=DG >9LG <= L=J ;9<9 J9<A;9D K=M 9;=FLG LfFA;G K=F<G G hDLAEG G E9AK
>GJL= = G IM= FGK GJA=FL9 F9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G <9 HGKA^]G <G 9;=FLG F9K H9D9N
J9K ;GEHGKL9K HGJ AKKG IM= 7CIJ9:@CF _ GPbLGFG = ;I5F857<IJ5 _



H9JGPbLGFG E L9AK ;9KGK <AR=EGK IM= 9K H9D9NJ9K K]G ;GEHGKL9K HGJ

>IGH5DCG=WVC
@9E9EGK 5;@IH=B5WVC G HJG;=KKG <= >GJE9J H9D9NJ9K ;GEHGKL9K
H=D9 >MK]G GM E9AGJ AFL=?J9^]G <GK <GAK J9<A;9AK D@5B5@HC :=85@;C
@5B[;9FC 5;F[7C@5 KL9 E9AGJ AFL=?J9^]G LJ9<MRK= H=D9 H=J<9 <9 <=DAEAL
9^]G NG;9:MD9J <=;GJJ=FL=  <9 =PAKLaF;A9 <= ME hFA;G 9;=FLG LfFA;G 
<9 LJG;9 GM H=J<9 <= >GF=E9  <9 EG<A>A;9^]G <9 GJ<=E EeJ>A;9
6( 
7
x 9<9HL9^]G <9 HJAE=AJ9 H9D9NJ9 HG<= K=J <= IM9LJG =KH_;A=K 
EM<9F^9 <9 H9JL= >AF9D =E J=D9^]G Z E=KE9 H9D9NJ9 IM9F<G AKGD9<9 =P 
@C6=G v ;GEH9J9J v @C6C =E @C6=GCA9A  J=<M^]G <9 H9D9NJ9 9G K=M
=D=E=FLG J9<A;9D =P  D@5B5@HC GF<= D@5B _ G J9<A;9D <= D@5BC G ;GE
HGKLG AF<A;9 ME KGDG HD9FG = 9DLG FME9 EGFL9F@9  =D=E=FLG J9<A;9D
9DL=J9<G =E J=D9^]G Z H9D9NJ9 IM9F<G AKGD9<9 =P  J=B=7I@HIF5 J=B E9K
J=B< =E J=B<5 zYJNGJ= <9 MN9{  =D=E=FLG J9<A;9D IM= F]G 9H9J=;= =E
HGJLM?MaK =E H9D9NJ9 AKGD9<9 =P  9?JA;MDLMJ9 9 5;F ;GJJ=KHGF<= =E H9
D9NJ9
AKGD9<9 75ADCy
6( 
7
 K=?MF<9 H9D9NJ9 HG<= G;GJJ=J ;GE 9K K=?MAFL=K 9DL=J9^g=K x
;GE EM<9F^9 F9 H9JL= >AF9D =P  ACBC7_F8=C AFKLJME=FLG <= ME9 Ke
;GJ<9  ;GE G =D=E=FLG J9<A;9D 9DL=J9<G =P  J=B5;F9 ME NAF@G IM= _
9;J=  ;GE ME =D=E=FLG J9<A;9D <AN=JKG <G IM= 9 ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL= H9
D9NJ9 AKGD9<9 =P  5;F[7C@5 9G =D=E=FLG <= ;GEHGKA^]G 7C@5 ;GJJ=KHGF<=
9
A<=A9
<= <56=H5F GM 7I@H=J5Fy6( 
7
)9 DbF?M9 DAL=JYJA9 = L_;FA;9 HJ=>=J=K= =EHJ=?9J G J9<A;9D <= >GJE9
D9LAF9 9 MLADAR9J G <= >GJE9 N=JFY;MD9 HJAF;AH9DE=FL= IM9F<G =KL= BY KG
>J=M 9 =NGDM^]G >GF_LA;9 EHJ=?9K= HJ=>=J=F;A9DE=FL= G=@J=7I@HIF5 =
F]G G9@J=7I@HIF5 J=H=7I@HIF5 = F]G J=8=7I@HIF5 KKAE G;GJJ= ;GE
RIF9C
75D=@5F
5IF=7I@5F
C7I@5F
8=;=H5@ =L;
6>
(9 
 7
A>=J=F^9
=FLJ=
>D=P]G
=
<=JAN9^]G

Diferena entre flexo e derivao v  >D=P]G ;GFKAKL= >MF<9

E=FL9DE=FL= FG EGJ>=E9 9<ALANG KM>AP9D 9;J=K;A<G 9G J9<A;9D =FIM9FLG 9
<=JAN9^]G ;GFKAKL= FG 9;J_K;AEG 9G J9<A;9D <= ME KM>APG D=PA;9D GM <=JA
N9;AGF9D 75G5  G 75G5G >D=P]G <= HDMJ9D 75G5  =B<5 75G=B<5
<=JAN9^]G
 >D=P]G <GK FGE=K = <GK N=J:GK 9HJ=K=FL9 EMALG >J=IM=FL=E=FL=
ME9 9DL=JF[F;A9 ;GEHD=E=FL9J AFL=JF9 IM= J=;9A F9 NG?9D LfFA;9 :YKA;9



5Ja 5J_ BCJC BCJ5 BCJC BCJCG :=N :9N  p H=KKG9  p

H=KKG9
,M9F<G >9DL9 G EGJ>=E9 9<ALANG Z >D=P]G = Ke @Y 9DL=JF[F;A9 9
>GJE9 <ARK= :CFH9 5Ja 5J_ GM E9AK J=KLJAL9E=FL= K= 9HDA;9 F9
?J9EYLA;9 HGJLM?M=K9 ZK  p =  p H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J <G HJ=L H=J>=ALG <G
AF<A;9LANG IM9F<G JARGLfFA;9K = 9L=EYLA;9K H9F H=J9 H9J9 =
9 =E
GHGKA^]G 9 8=N9F 8=GG9 =M
=D= DC89F DI89 Da89 I
C =E GHGKA^]G
9 <5J9F <CIJ9 =M
=D=
)G HD9FG KAFL9?EYLA;G 9 >D=P]G HJGNG;9 G >=FfE=FG <9 ;GF;GJ<[F
;A9 A_J9@ BCJC A_J9=G BCJCG =E GHGKA^]G 9 5 75G5 BCJ5 5 75G=B<5
BCJ5
GF;=ALG
<=
J9AR
GM
J9<A;9D
HJAEYJAG

Conceito de raiz ou radical primrio v @9E9K= F5=N =E

?J9EYLA;9 <=K;JALAN9 9G J9<A;9D HJAEYJAG GM AJJ=<MLbN=D 9 IM= K= ;@=?9
<=FLJG <9 DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 = ;GEME 9 LG<9K 9K H9D9NJ9K <= ME9 E=KE9
>9EbDA9
.= LGE9JEGK ME NG;Y:MDG ;GEG 89GF9;I@5F=N5F  >9;ADE=FL= HG
<=EGK KMJHJ==F<=J <AN=JKGK ?J9MK <= J9<A;9D G HJAE=AJG <=KL9;9F<GK=
D@= 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 = 9 <=KAFaF;A9 <= AF>AFALANG _ 89GF9;I@5F=N IM=
9H9J=;= =E 89GF9;I@5F=N5WVC =KL= J9<A;9D HG<= K=J J=<MRA<G HGJ
<=KL9IM=K KM;=KKANGK 9 F9;I@5F=N K=E G HJ=>APG  F9;I@5F K=E G
KM>APG  F9;I@ ;> G D9LAE F9;I@5  F9; IM= 9H9J=;= =E F9;9F FX;I5
KL= hDLAEG J9<A;9D IM= ;GFKLALMA G =D=E=FLG AJJ=<MLbN=D = ;GEME 9 LG<9K
9K H9D9NJ9K <G ?JMHG ;@9E9K= DF=ARF=C = ;GAF;A<= =E J=D9^]G Z DbF?M9
9LM9D ;GE 9 F5=N ,9;I@ _ ME J9<A;9D K=;MF<YJAG GM <G q ?J9M ;GEG
F9;I@5F ME
J9<A;9D
L=J;AYJAG
GM
<G
 q
?J9M
=
9KKAE
HGJ
<A9FL=
*bservao )]G AFL=J=KK9 Z ?J9EYLA;9 <=K;JALAN9 G ;GF;=ALG <= J9AR <G HGFLG <=
NAKL9 @AKLeJA;G IM= Ke _ NYDA<G H9J9 9 ?J9EYLA;9 @AKLeJA;9 #Y >J=IM=FL=K <AN=J
?aF;A9K =FLJ= G =KL9:=D=;AE=FLG <= ME9 J9AR <=FLJG <GK <GAK LAHGK <= ?J9EYLA;9
9KKAE _ IM= =FIM9FLG H9J9 9 @AKLeJA;9 @Y J9AR 98 =E 7CA9F <G D9LAE 7CA989F9
<= 989F9  ;GE=J 9 <=K;JALAN9 9 =KL9 J=;GF@=;= =E 7CA ;> 7CA=85 7CA=@VC
7CA=@5BW5

 J9AR GM J9<A;9D HJAEYJAG HG<= 9HJ=K=FL9J N9JA9FL= GM N9JA9FL=K

9KKAE
9
J9AR F9; K=
9DL=J9
=E F9;F =E F9;F5
F9;F5F
89GF9;F5F
9K=
D=PA;9D
J=9D
=
:9K=
D=PA;9D
L=eJA;9

Base lexical real e base lexical terica v )9 9FYDAK= EeJ>A;9

;GFKLALM;AGF9D LGJF9K= AEHGJL9FL= 9;=FLM9J ;GEG BY <=AP9EGK ;D9JG



9FL=JAGJE=FL= IM= F=E K=EHJ= 9 MFA<9<= D_PA;9 IM= =FLJ9 F9 ;GFKLALM

A^]G <= ME9 >GJE9 <=JAN9<9 GM >D=PAGF9<9 _ 9 IM= K= 9HJ=K=FL9 ;GEG
:YKA;9 (MAL9K N=R=K L=EGK <= FGK KG;GJJ=J <= ME9 >GJE9 :YKA;9 L=eJA;9
HGKKbN=D FG KAKL=E9 E9K F]G NA?=FL= F9 FGJE9 KKAE _ IM= FGK HDMJ9AK
<GK FGE=K L=JEAF9<GK =E ;GFKG9FL= KG;GJJ=EGFGK <= ME9 >GJE9
L=eJA;9 AFL=?J9<9 H=D9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 9 H9J9 <=HGAK D@= 9;J=K;=FL9J G
HDMJ9DAR9<GJ
G A5F A5F9 HD  A5F9G
+9D9NJ9K
;G?F9L9K

Palavras cognatas v @9E9EK= ;G?F9L9K 9K H9D9NJ9K IM= H=J

L=F;=E 9 ME9 >9EbDA9 <= J9AR = KA?FA>A;9^]G ;GEMFK 7CFDC 7CFDCF5@ =B
7CFDCF5F 7CFDCF5WVC 7CFDdG7I@C 7CFD5BN=@ :I;=F =E :C;9G L=EGK 9
J9AR 9DL=J9<9 :I;5N F9:d;=C GI6H9F:d;=C HFTBG:I;5 0E9 Ke >9EbDA9 <=
H9D9NJ9K HG<= L=J <GAK J9<A;9AK ME <= >GJE9 =JM<AL9 GMLJG <= >GJE9 HGH
MD9J 8=;=H5@ = 8985@ D5F=9H5@ = D5F989 75D=@5F = 7569@C 5IF=7I@5F =
CF9@<5 57IH[GG=AC = 5;I8[GG=AC D5IDXFF=AC = DC6F[GG=AC G57F5H[GG=AC
= G5;F58[GG=AC
=L;
GFKLALMAFL=K
AE=<A9LGK

Constituintes imediatos j E 9FYDAK= EeJ>A;9 _ AEHGJL9FL= L=J =E

;GFL9 G HJAF;bHAG <GK ;GFKLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK H9J9 IM= F]G K= >9^9E ;GF
>MKg=K FG HD9FG <=K;JALANG <9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G EGJ>GDe?A;9 N9D= G E=KEG
H9J9 9K J=D9^g=K KAFLYLA;9K = K= =KL9:=D=^9E 9K HGKKbN=AK ?J9<9^g=K <= =K
LJMLMJ9 KKAE _ IM= <A9FL= <= ME9 >GJE9 ;GEG 89G7C6F=A9BHC F]G
AJ=EGK =FIM9<JYD9 FG ?JMHG <9K H9D9NJ9K ;@9E9<9K D5F5GG=BHXH=75G
;GFKA<=J9F<G 89G  7C6F=  A9BHC LJ9L9K= <= ME <=JAN9<G K=;MF<YJAG
;MBGK ;GFKLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK K]G G J9<A;9D K=;MF<YJAG 89G7C6F= = G
KM>APG A9BH C E 5F8I5A9BH9 <=KHJ=R9J=EGK 9 <=KAFaF;A9 <= >=EAFAFG
5 NYDA<9 FG NG;Y:MDG RF8I5 = 9F9DAK9J=EGK GK ;GFKLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK
5F8I5  A9BH9 K=F<G 5F8I5 G J9<A;9D K=;MF<YJAG /9E:_E =E 89G
F9GD9=HCG5A9BH9 GK ;GFKLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK K]G 89GF9GD9=HCG5 HGJ
<=KL9IM=K KM;=KKANGK  F9GD9=HCG5  F9GD9=H  GD9=H =KL= hDLAEG J9<A;9D
HJAEYJAG GM J9AR E 75BHCF9N=B<CG L=EGK GK ;GFKLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK
75BHCF 9G = N=B<C G <=HGAK 75BHCF = >AF9DE=FL= 75BHCF )=KK9
?J9<9^]G <= =D=E=FLGK ;GEHGF=FL=K <= ME9 =KLJMLMJ9 EGJ>GDe?A;9 FGL9
K= IM= @Y ;=JL9 GJ<=E =E KM9 <AKLJA:MA^]G <=KL9;9EK= HJAE=AJG ;GEG
FGK ;GFKLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK GK =D=E=FLGK =PL=JFGK ;9J9;L=JbKLA;GK <9
>D=P]G K=?MA<GK <= =D=E=FLGK AFL=JFGK ;9J9;L=JbKLA;GK <G HJG;=KKG <=
LJ9FK>GJE9^]G <9K H9D9NJ9K E FGKKG hDLAEG =P=EHDG GK =PL=JFGK <=
F9LMJ=R9 >D=PAGF9D K]G J=HJ=K=FL9<GK H=D9K <=KAFaF;A9K <= HDMJ9D





75BHCF9G = N=B<CG =FIM9FLG GK =D=E=FLGK AFL=JFGK K]G AF<A;9<GK

H=DGK KM>APGK <AEAFMLANGK <= 75BHCFN=B<C <=JAN9^]G KM>AP9D = H=D9
<=KAFaF;A9
<=
FGE=
<=
9?=FL=
=E 75BHCF <=JAN9^]G
KM>AP9D

=8589  CGC =8CGC KL9K KAEHDA>A;9^g=K L9E:_E G;GJJ=E =E

HJG<MLGK HGJ ;GEHGKA^]G HFR;=7C  7aA=7C HF5;=7aA=7C +G<=E G;GJ
J=J
L9E:_E
F9
DbF?M9
9K
>GJE9K
HD=F9K 75F=858CGC
6CB858CGC


H9J9KKbFL=K=
GM
;AJ;MF>AP9^]G

19JA9FL=K
<GK
=D=E=FLGK
EeJ>A;GK

A parassntese ou circunfixao v $FLAE9E=FL= DA?9<G Z FG^]G

<GK ;GFKLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK =KLY G ;GF;=ALG <= D5F5GG[BH9G9 ;GF;=ALG F]G
<= LG<G 9KK=FL= =FLJ= GK =KLM<AGKGK +9J9 MFK H9J9 @9N=J H9J9KKbFL=K=
:9KL9 9 HJ=K=F^9 <= HJ=>APG = KM>APG FG <=JAN9<G _ G ;9KG <= 89G7C6F=
A9BHC E9F=AJ9 <= N=J IM= J=B=AL9EGK HGJ F]G D=N9J =E ;GFL9 9 FG^]G
<GK ;GFKLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK +9J9 GMLJGK G HJG;=KKG ;GFKAKL= F9 =FLJ9<9
G=AI@HTB95 <= HJ=>APG = KM>APG <= L9D EG<G IM= F]G =PAKLAJY F9 DbF?M9 9
>GJE9 GM Ke ;GE HJ=>APG GM Ke ;GE KM>APG _ G ;9KG <= 7@5FC H9J9 >GJE9J
57@5F5F =E ;MBG HJG;=KKG =FLJ9E ;GF;GEAL9FL=E=FL= G HJ=>APG 5 = G >A
F9D 5F =D=E=FLG <= >D=P]G N=J:9D IM= >MF;AGF9 HGJ 9;MEMD9^]G ;GEG
KM>APG GEG D=E:J9 (9LLGKG [E9J9 HG<= <9JK= 9AF<9 F9 H9J9KKbFL=K=
9 9<BMF^]G <= ME KM>APG <= N9DGJ AL=J9LANG GM AF;G9LANG G IM= G;GJJ= =E
9BH5F8979F 9B  H5F89  97  9F = 5A5B<979F 5  A5B<V  97 
9F +G<=K= 9AF<9 =FL=F<=J IM= 9 JA?GJ F]G =PAKL= H9J9KKbFL=K= K= H9JLAJ
EGK <G >9LG <= IM= FME9 ;9<=A9 <= FGN9K >GJE9^g=K F]G HGM;9K N=R=K
G;GJJ= G HMDG <= =L9H9 <G HJG;=KKG <= EG<G IM= Ke NAJLM9DE=FL= FG KAK
L=E9 =PAKL9 9 >GJE9 HJAEALAN9 KKAE H9J9 K= ;@=?9J 9 :5FA57C@5B8C
H9JL=K=
<=
ME
NAJLM9D
:5FA57C@5F Z
K=E=D@9F^9
<= 8CIHCF5F =E
J=D9^]G
;GE 8CIHCF5B8C GM H9J9 DF9:9=HRJ9@ <= ME NAJLM9D DF9:9=H5F ;GEG <=
5A5F H9J9 5ARJ9@ GM <= ME D5;5F H9J9 D5;RJ9@ =KL= EG<G =E
57@5F5F 9BH5F8979F 5A5B<979F K= HG<=JY H=FK9J =E H9JLAJ <GK NAJLM9AK
7@5F5F H5F8979F A5B<979F GM 57@5FC 9BH5F89 = 5A5B<V KL9 hD
LAE9 =PHDA;9^]G <G >=FfE=FG FGK H9J=;= K=J 9 E=D@GJ KGDM^]G 9:GDAF<G 9
H9J9KKbFL=K= ;GEG HJG;=KKG =KH=;A9D <= >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K 9D_E <=
F]G
;GFLJ9JA9J
G
HJAF;bHAG
?=J9D
<9
DAF=9JA<9<=
<G
KA?FG
DAF?MbKLA;G
K >GJE9^g=K H9J9KKAFL_LA;9K E9AK ;GEMFK FG HGJLM?MaK G;GJJ=E
;GE G ;GF;MJKG <GK HJ=>APGK 9G  5 9B = GK KM>APGK 95F 9>5F 979F 
=N5F 9GJ9F895F 9G7@5F979F 5DC8F979F 5BC=H979F 9BF5=J979F 9BH5F8979F
9B7C@9F=N5F
5H9FFCF=N5F

Variantes dos elementos mrficos W ;GEME 9 N9JA9FL= <= <=

L=JEAF9<G =D=E=FLG EeJ>A;G KKAE 9DL=J9K= 9 J9AR =E F9;9F J=? = F9
;F5 J=?J GM :5N9F >9R = :=N 9 <=KAFaF;A9 EG<GL=EHGJ9D <G HJ=L_JALG
AEH=J>=ALG J5 F9  p ;GFBM?9^]G GM =5 F9 p =  p ;GFBM?9^g=K
H9KK= 9 J9 GM =9 J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= F9 p H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9D H=DG ;GFL9LG
<G = <= =G <9 <=KAFaF;A9 H=KKG9D 5A5J5G 5ARJ9=G J9B8=5G J9B8[9=G D5F
H=5G D5FH[9=G 9 <=KAFaF;A9 <= HDMJ9D <GK FGE=K _ K=EHJ= G E9K <A9FL=
<= ME HDMJ9D ;GEG A5F9G L=EGK ;GEG BY NAEGK =E <= 9<EALAJ ME9
>GJE9 L=eJA;9 D9L=FL= FG KAF?MD9J F]G =PAKL=FL= F9 FGJE9 E9K HJ=NAKL9
FG KAKL=E9 A5F9 IM= K=JNAJY <= >GJE9 :YKA;9 H9J9 G HDMJ9D A5F9G /=J
K=Y <= J=;GJJ=J 9 =KK9 >GJE9 L=eJA;9 IM9F<G G HDMJ9DAR9<GJ G LAN=J <=
9F=P9JK= 9 FGE= L=JEAF9<G =E ;GFKG9FL= GC@ GC@9  G  GC@G  GC9G
G_=G ;RG ;5G9 ;5G9G =L; ,M9F<G L=EGK >GJE9K N9JA9FL=K
9IM=D9 IM= G;GJJ= AKGD9<9E=FL= _ 9 IM= K= @Y <= ;GFKA<=J9J 9 >GJE9
:YKA;9 9KKAE _ IM= L=EGK 9K >GJE9K 7<5DXI = 7<5D9@ =E 7<5D9@5F=5
7<5D9@9=FC E9K 9 :YKA;9 _ 7<5DXI HGAK 9 GMLJ9 Ke 9H9J=;= FGK <=JAN9<GK
61& 

F 7
 >GJE9 DANJ= 7569F =E 89G7569F 9HJ=K=FL9 HGJ =P=EHDG ME9
N9JA9FL=
EeJ>A;9
HJ=K9
7969F =E F97969F
D9F7969F
=L; 
/9AK N9JA9FL=K K= ;@9E9E Z K=E=D@9F^9 <GK 9DG>GF=K 5@CACF:9G
=KL=K 9DGEGJ>=K HJ=;AK9E K=J <AKLAF?MA<GK FGNGK =D=E=FLGK EeJ>A;GK
GJAMF<GK <= ME9 9FYDAK= KM:B=LAN9 <G >9D9FL= F]G ;GF@=;=F<G 9 =LAEGDG
?A9 EMAL9K N=R=K G >9D9FL= K=H9J9 =D=E=FLGK IM= =KK9 E=KE9 =LAEGDG?A9
F]G ;GFKA?F9 +GJ =KL= HJG;=KKG F9K;=J9E NG;Y:MDGK ;GEG G5F5ADC <G
=KH9F@GD G5F5AD=_B = =KL= <G D9LAE G=F=AD=CB9A HGJ K= H=FK9J IM= G5F5
ADVC >GKK= >GJE9<G ;GE G KM>APG VC = FCGA5BC LAJ9<G <= FCGA5B
=B<C <G D9LAE FCGA5F=BIA L9E:_E AE9?AF9<G ME <=JAN9<G ;GE G
KM>APG
<=
?J9M =B<C
)=MLJ9DAR9^]G
=
KAF;J=LAKEG

#9HDGDG?A9
F9
>GJE9^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9K

Haplologia na formao de palavras  >AE <= =NAL9J J=<M

HDA;9^g=K <= KbD9:9K IM= H=JL=F;=E Z H9D9NJ9 HJAEALAN9 = 9G KM>APG _
;GEME G;GJJ=J <5D@C@C;=5 GM 6F5EI=@C;=5 ;GEG =E 75F=8589  CGC
75F=8CGC HGJ 75F=858CGC 6CB8589  CGC 6CB8CGC HGJ 6CB858CGC

Neutralizao e sincretismo v  F=MLJ9DAR9^]G J=HJ=K=FL9 ME9 J=

KLJA^]G FG >MF;AGF9E=FLG <9K GHGKA^g=K <AKLAFLAN9K =PAKL=FL=K FME9 DbF
?M9 IM=J FG HD9FG <9 >GFGDG?A9 IM=J FG HD9FG ?J9E9LA;9D EGJ>GDG?A9 =
KAFL9P=
IM=J
FG
HD9FG
D_PA;G



FL=F<=K= HGJ F=MLJ9DAR9^]G 9 KMKH=FK]G <= ME9 GHGKA^]G <AK

LAFLAN9 KKAE G HGJLM?MaK =KL9:=D=;= GHGKA^]G =FLJ= 9 9:=JLG = 9
>=;@9<G G IM= H=JEAL= <AKLAF?MAJ HGJ =P=EHDG G989 <= ME ?GN=JFG =
G989 KAFLG K=<= /G<9NA9 =KL9 HGKA^]G <AKLAFLAN9 Ke >MF;AGF9 =E HGKA^]G
LfFA;9 K= 9 NG?9D =KLAN=J =E KbD9:9 YLGF9 Ke 9H9J=;=JY G 9 >=;@9<G F9
HJGFhF;A9 FGJE9D :J9KAD=AJ9 HG<=F<G >=;@9JK= 9AF<9 E9AK 9 ME = D98=F

D=8=F
K=E
IM=
K=
9DL=J=
G
KA?FA>A;9<G
)G HD9FG <G ;GFL=h<G ?J9E9LA;9D 9 GHGKA^]G E9K;MDAFG
>=EAFAFG
>A;9 KMKH=FK9 ;GE >J=IMaF;A9 FG HDMJ9D 9HJ=K=FL9F<GK= 9H=F9K G E9K
;MDAFG KKAE 5 A9B=B5 9 5 DF=A5 9GHI8=CG5G FG >=EAFAFG E9K 5 A9B=B5
9 C DF=AC 9GHI8=CGCG =E IM= G HDMJ9D E9K;MDAFG K= J=>=J= 9GK KM:KL9FL
ANGK
<=
?aF=JGK
<A>=J=FL=K
/9E:_E G KAF?MD9J E9K;MDAFG HG<= =E ;=JLGK ;GFL=PLGK 9KKMEAJ
N9DGJ ?=F_JA;G = 9KKAE J=>=JAJK= =F?DG:9<9E=FL= 9 H=KKG9K <G K=PG
E9K;MDAFG
=
>=EAFAFG )
<CA9A
X
ACFH5@ A _
G
@GE=E
=
9
EMD@=J
*;GJJ= G E=KEG FG D_PA;G A9IG H=CG HG<= >9R=J 9DMK]G 9 E=MK LAGK
=F=<ALG = #=FJAIM= GM 9 E=M LAG =F=<ALG = EAF@9 LA9 )GaEA9 (C=H9 =
8=5 K= <AR=E <= H9JL=K <AKLAFL9K <9K x  @GJ9Ky E9K 8=5 HG<= =F?DG:9J 9K
<M9K H9JL=K IM9F<G =EHJ=?9<G =E ;GFL=PLGK <G LAHG *5GG9= 8C=G 8=5G 9A
'579=_ KKAE G HDMJ9D ;GEG L=JEG E9J;9<G 9HJ=K=FL9 ME LJ9^G <A>=J
=F;A9D HGKALANG ;GE G N9DGJ xE9AK <= MEy =FIM9FLG G KAF?MD9J ;GEG
L=JEG F]G E9J;9<G 9HJ=K=FL9 <GAK N9DGJ=K G ;GFLJYJAG <G GMLJG BY IM= G
KAF?MD9J _ xMFA<9<=y = G N9DGJ ?=F_JA;G xHDMJ9DA<9<=y =KL= EG<G K=
=PHDA;9 HGJ IM= G L=JEG F]G E9J;9<G HG<= >MF;AGF9J x=E DM?9Jy <G E9J
;9<G =E ;=JLGK ;GFL=PLGK F]G HG<=F<G @9N=J G >=FfE=FG ;GFLJYJAG AKLG
_
G
E9J;9<G
9H9J=;=J
x=E
DM?9Jy
<G
F]G
E9J;9<G
E LG<GK =KL=K =P=EHDGK <= F=MLJ9DAR9^]G G L=JEG IM= 9:J9F?=
LG<9 9 =PL=FK]G <9 GHGKA^]G K= ;@9E9JY B9IHFC BVC A5F758C GM B9;5H
=JC = =F?DG:9JY G L=JEG DCG=H=JC GM A5F758C 9KKAE GK E9K;MDAFGK A9B
=BC = 8=5 K]G L=JEGK F=MLJGK = GK >=EAFAFGK A9B=B5 = BC=H9 L=JEGK HGKAL
ANGK GM E9J;9<GK /9E:_E FG KAKL=E9 N=J:9D G HJ=K=FL= K= ;9J9;L=JAR9
H=DG LJ9^G F=MLJG HGAK IM= HGJ AKKG HG<= K=J =EHJ=?9<G x=E DM?9Jy <G
>MLMJG 0CI 5A5B<V
#F9= 5A5B<V = <G HJ=L_JALG *98FC # DFC7@5A5
FGKK9 AF<=H=F<aF;A9 =E  <= K=L=E:JG <= 
+=<JG $ DFC7@5ACI 
GEG =FKAF9 GK=JAM G HJ=K=FL= ;GEG L=JEG F=MLJG HG<= K=J
=EHJ=?9<G x=E DM?9Jy <= IM9DIM=J GMLJG L=EHG = 9L_ =E K=FLA<G x9L=E
HGJ9Dy GM =E ;GFL=PLGK <= N9DGJ ?=F_JA;G GM =E J=>=JaF;A9 9G xHJ=K=FL=
=L=JFGy 
H9FF5
;=F5
9A
HCFBC
8C
GC@



)]G K= @Y <= ;GF>MF<AJ B9IHF5@=N5WVC GM G=B7F9H=GAC  F=MLJ9DAR9

^]G ;GEG NAEGK _ 9 KMKH=FK]G =E <=L=JEAF9<G ;GFL=PLG <= ME9
GHGKA^]G >MF;AGF9D IM= =PAKL= F9 DbF?M9 =E IA <GK K=MK <GAK HD9FGK G <9
=PHJ=KK]G
GM
G
<G
;GFL=h<G
* KAF;J=LAKEG HGJ K=M LMJFG _ 9 9MKaF;A9 <= E9FA>=KL9^]G E9L=JA9D
FME9 K=^]G <= ME H9J9<A?E9 GM =E ME H9J9<A?E9 <= ME9 <AKLAF^]G <=
;GFL=h<G IM= =E GMLJ9K K=^g=K <G E=KEG H9J9<A?E9 GM =E GMLJGK
H9J9<A?E9K 9FYDG?GK K= E9FA>=KL9 L9E:_E E9L=JA9DE=FL= KKAE FG
H9J9<A?E9 N=J:9D <G HGJLM?MaK 9  p = 9  p H=KKG9K IM= K= <AKLAF?M=E
=E GMLJGK ;9KGK 75BHC
75BH5 75BH9=
75BHCI =L;  F]G K= <AKLAF?M=E HGJ
=P=EHDG FG AEH=J>=ALG 75BH5J5
75BH5J5 G5[5
G5[5 =L;  KKAE L9E:_E
@9N=JY KAF;J=LAKEG = F]G F=MLJ9DAR9^]G =E :5@5F5A ;GEG >GJE9 <9  p
H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=L H=J> = <G HJ=L E9AKIM=H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG
GHGKA^]G J=;MH=J9<9 F9 >GJE9 <=  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J :5@CI
:5@5F5 =
9AF<9 H=DG ;GFL=PLG -=H9J=K= =E IM= F]G K= <AKLAF?M=E B5 9LDF9GGVC
F9 >GJE9 E9L=JA9D FG KA?FA>A;9FL= E9K 9 <A>=J=F^9 <= ;GFL=h<G <= KA?
FA>A;9<G
H=JKAKL=
 <A>=J=F^9 _ IM= FG KAF;J=LAKEG F]G @Y KMKH=FK]G <9 GHGKA^]G
F=E @Y ME L=JEG <= N9DGJ F=MLJG IM= J=HJ=K=FL= 9 KGE9 x p H=KKG9y 
x p H=KKG9y +G<= @9N=J KAF;J=LAKEGK KAFLYLA;GK ;GEG HGJ =P=EHDG =E
GR6=C 5@9AVC IM= 9<EAL= <M9K AFL=JHJ=L9^g=K =P;DMKAN9K ;GF>GJE= K=
=FL=F<9 GR6=C ;GEG
KM:KL9FLANG
= 5@9AVC ;GEG
9<B=LANG
GM
NA;=N=JK9
/9E:_E =E 5ACF 89 AV9 L=EGK ME KAF;J=LAKEG KAFLYLA;G HGAK F]G
K= >9R F=F@ME9 <AKLAF^]G E9L=JA9D K= K= LJ9L9 <G 9EGJ IM= 9 E]= L=E GM
FMLJ= H=DGK >AD@GK HGJ =P=EHDG GM <G 9EGJ IM= GK >AD@GK FMLJ=E H=D9
E]= _ G ;9KG 9FYDG?G 9G ?=FALANG xKM:B=LANGy GM xG:B=LANGy =E D9LAE
(9K GK >9D9FL=K >9R=E 9 <AKLAF^]G <= ;GFL=h<G = F]G ;GFKA<=J9E 9 E]=
;GEG
KMB=ALG
=
G:B=LG
9G
E=KEG
L=EHG
* KAF;J=LAKEG HG<= G;GJJ=J HJAF;AH9DE=FL= HGJ <CACB[A=5 GM HGJ
5@CACF:=5 = <=K9H9J=;AE=FLG <G =D=E=FLG EeJ>A;G <=NA<GK 9 J=?J9K EGJ
>G>GFaEA;9K P=EHDGK <= @GEGFbEA9 9 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 <9 p ;GF
BM?9^]G _ 9 =KL9 NG?9D =FLJ=L9FLG H9KK9 9 = FG HJ=L AEH=J>  F9  p H=KKG9
<G KAF?MD9J <G HJ=L H=J> <G AF<A;9LANG = FG H9JLA;bHAG KMKH=F<=F<G 9
GHGKA^]G E9L=JA9D <AKLAFLAN9 ;GE 9  p ;GFBM?9^]G N=F<  A  A9 ;GE
;J9K= <GK <GAK == J9B8=5 J9B8  =  = J9B8= J9B8  =  8C J9B
8=8C : HGJ GMLJG D9<G 9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 <9  p ;GFBM?9^]G = H9KK9 9 9
IM9F<G YLGF9 AKLG _ p =  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J =  p H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9D <G
HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = 9 p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J <G AEH=J9LANG KMK
H=F<=F<G 9 GHGKA^]G E9L=JA9D =FLJ= 9 p =  p ;GFBM?9^g=K J9B89G



D5FH9G J9B89 D5FH9 J9B89A D5FH9A J9B89 HI D5FH9 HI /9E:_E =E

:5@5F5A 9 9FYDAK= EeJ>A;9 9MPADA9<9 H=DG ;GFL=PLG <AJY =PAKLAJ 9  p H=KKG9
<G HDMJ9D <G HJ=L H=J> <G AF<A;9LANG :5@5F5A GM <G HJ=L E9AKIM=
H=J>=ALG
:5@5F5A
P=EHDGK <= <=K9H9J=;AE=FLG 9 H=D9 IM=<9 <9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 = <G
N=J:G J=F KMKH=F<=K= 9 GHGKA^]G E9L=JA9D =FLJ= G ?=JhF<AG = G H9JLA;b
HAG J=B8C ?=JhF<AG J=B8C H9JLA;bHAG : H=D9 IM=<9 <9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9
9 FG AF>AFALANG <= DaF =KL= N=J:G >A;GM 9H9J=FL=E=FL= 9>9KL9<G <9 p ;GF
BM?9^]G ;@=?9F<G <MJ9FL= EMALG L=EHG 9 ;GFKLALMAJ J9R]G H9J9 ME9
>9DK9
 p
;GFBM?9^]G
=E
HGJLM?MaK
"J9MK
<=
;G=K]G
<=
EGJ>=E9K

Graus de coeso de morfemas v  9<A^]G <= EGJ>=E9K F9K ;GF

KLALMA^g=K <9K H9D9NJ9K 9HJ=K=FL9 ME9 ;GE:AF9LeJA9 IM= ;9:= 9IMA K=J
J=>=JA<9  9<A^]G 9HGFL9 H9J9 ME9 ;GE:AF9LeJA9 Jb?A<9 <= EG<G IM= 9
GJ<=E <9K MFA<9<=K EeJ>A;9K K= EGKLJ9 :=E <=L=JEAF9<9 KKAE F9 =K
LJMLMJ9 <G N=J:G =E HGJLM?MaK v LGE9EGK G N=J:G HGJ =P=EHDA>A;9^]G
HGJ K=J F9K DbF?M9K >D=PAN9K ;GEG 9 FGKK9 9IM=D9 H9D9NJ9 <= =D=E=FLGK
=KLJMLMJ9AK
E9AK
JA;9
v
L=EGK
. J9<A;9D

NG?9D
L=EYLA;9   (/

)+
9E9  J=EGK

E F97CADCF G HJ=>APG 7CA K= 9;@9 E9AK AFL=?J9<G Z KA?FA>A;9^]G

<G N=J:G DaF <G IM= G HJ=>APG F9 /9E:_E FME9 ;GFKLJM^]G =E IM=
<GAK 9<B=LANGK EG<A>A;9E ME E=KEG KM:KL9FLANG G 9<B=LANG E9AK <AK
L9FL= <G KM:KL9FLANG _ G E=FGK ;G=KG 9 =D= G IM= D@= H=JEAL= FGJE9D
E=FL= H=JEML9J <= HGKA^]G 7XI 5NI@ A5F5J=@<CGC
A5F5J=@<CGC 7XI 5NI@
E9K F]G 5NI@ 7XI A5F5J=@<CGC FLJ= HJ=>APGK AKLG F]G K= <Y F97CADCF =
FMF;9
7CAF9DCF
61& 
7
.M:LJ9^]G
FGK
=D=E=FLGK
EeJ>A;GK

Subtrao nos elementos mrficos v %Y NAEGK IM= GK =D=E=FLGK

EeJ>A;GK HG<=E G;GJJ=J FME HJG;=KKG <= KM:LJ9^]G 9G ;GFLJYJAG <G IM=
G;GJJ= ;GE G HJG;=KKG HGJ 9<A^]G  KMHJ=KK]G <= EGJ>=E9 _ E=FGK
;GEME
=E
HGJLM?MaK
IM=
G
HJG;=KKG
HGJ
9<A^]G
E HGJLM?MaK ME =P=EHDG <= EGJ>=E9 KM:LJ9LANG _ G IM= G;GJJ=
;GE GK >=EAFAFGK <= 5BV =FAV _F:V G:LA<GK H=D9 =DAEAF9^]G <G C <G
E9K;MDAFG 
5BVC


5BV

 

=FAVC


=FAV
_F:VC


_F:V

/=EGK
9AF<9
>GJE9^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9K
HGJ
HJG;=<AE=FLGK
KMHJ=KKANGK
9
KMHJ=KK]G
<G
K=?E=FLG
E=<A9D
H=JL=F;=FL=
9
IM9DIM=J
<9K
:9K=K
D9HFC8_@5F9G
5D5FH<CH9@
7=B97@I69
7F98=:CB9
HF5;=7aA=7C
:
KMHJ=KK]G
<G
K=?E=FLG
>AF9D B5F7_H=7C B5F7CH=N5F
DF=CF=8589
DF=CF=N5F
A5@8589 A5@8CGC
;
KMHJ=KK]G
<G
=D=E=FLG
>AF9D
HGJ
;JMR9E=FLG
<=
:9K=K ACH9@
EGLGJ

@GL=D 6F5G=;I5=C :J9KAD=AJG

MJM?M9AG A5@I@5F
E9DM>9J

'MD9 GC:F9GGCF5 KG>J=J

HJG>=KKGJ9 7F=CBW5 ;JA
9F^9

GF^9 56CFF9G79BH9 9:GJJ=;=J

9<GD=K;=FL= 7<5:X ;@Y

;9>_
KL=
HJG;=<AE=FLG
L=E
KA<G
MK9<G
HGJ
:GFK
=K;JALGJ=K
EG<=JFGK
"MAE9J]=K
-GK9
(A9
GMLG
 KM:LJ9^]G HG<= G;GJJ=J HGJ ME HJG;=KKG <= 9:J=NA9^]G =E IM= 9
H9JL=
N9D=
H=DG
LG<G :CHC ?J9>A9 DB9I EYLA;G A9HFa HGDAL9FG
(GJ>=E9
R=JG

Morfema zero v A>=J=FL= <G EGJ>=E9 KM:LJ9LANG _ G EGJ>=E9

R=JG o GFKAKL= G EGJ>=E9 R=JG F9 9MKaF;A9 <= ME9 E9J;9 <=
GHGKA^]G ?J9E9LA;9D =E J=>=JaF;A9 9 GMLJG L=JEG E9J;9<G .e @9N=JY
EGJ>=E9 R=JG K= 9 FG^]G HGJ =D= =PHJ=KK9 >GJ AF=J=FL= Z ;D9KK= ?J9E9LA;9D
=E
IM=
=D=
G;GJJ9
KKAE FG H9J 5@HC
5@H5 9 GHGKA^]G <= ?aF=JG 9H9J=;= E9J;9<9 FGK
<GAK L=JEGK E=<A9FL= C = 5 BY FG H9J 5@HC
5@HCG 9 FG^]G <= FhE=JG
HDMJ9D AF=J=FL= Z ;D9KK= <GK FGE=K K= 9;@9 E9J;9<9 H=DG HDMJ9DAR9<GJ G
=FIM9FLG 9 FG^]G <= KAF?MD9J =KLY E9J;9<9 H=D9 9MKaF;A9 <= ME9 E9J;9
W =KL9 9MKaF;A9 IM= L=E G KA?FA>A;9<G <G N9DGJ <G KAF?MD9J = 9KKAE
HG<=EGK ;GFKA<=JYD9 ME N=J<9<=AJG EGJ>=E9 9 IM= ;@9E9J=EGK EGJ
>=E9
R=JG
o
/9E:_E =E 5AC 5A5G 5A5 9K <M9K HJAE=AJ9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK 9H
J=K=FL9E E9J;9 <=  p = p H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J 9 hDLAE9 5A5 H=D9 >9DL9
<= E9J;9 =E J=D9^]G ZK GMLJ9K <G E=KEG H9J9<A?E9 9HJ=K=FL9 EGJ>=E9
R=JG
H9J9
KA?FA>A;9<G
<9
 p
H=KKG9
<G
KAF?MD9J
*bservao /aEK= 9HJ=K=FL9<G KM:KL9FLANGK <G LAHG D=F9G @RD=G 5@:9F9G 9<
B=LANGK <G LAHG G=AD@9G HF=GH9 :9@=N 75D5N ;GEG =P=EHDGK <= EGJ>=E9 R=JG HGJ
L=J=E 9 E=KE9 >GJE9 H9J9 G KAF?MD9J = G HDMJ9D FGK KM:KL9FLANGK = H9J9 G E9K
;MDAFG = >=EAFAFG FGK 9<B=LANGK GF;GJ<9EGK ;GE 9 DA^]G <= #=J;MD9FG <=
9JN9D@G IM= F]G Na F=KL=K ;9KGK EGJ>=E9 R=JG LJ9L9K= <= H9D9NJ9K IM= K=




EGKLJ9E =P;=H;AGF9DE=FL= 9D@=A9K ZK ;D9KK=K ?J9E9LA;9AK <= FhE=JG = ?aF=JG

6#N  $$ 7 =KL9 >GJE9 D=F9G F]G _ ME KAF?MD9J IM= H=JE9F=;= AFN9J
AYN=D FG HDMJ9D HGAK F]G _ =E KA F=E KAF?MD9J F=E HDMJ9D ;GEG G=AD@9G F]G _
F=E
E9K;MDAFG
F=E
>=EAFAFG
;MEMD9^]G
FGK
=D=E=FLGK
EeJ>A;GK

Acumulao nos elementos mrficos v FL=F<=K= =E ?=J9D HGJ

ACF:9A5 7IAI@5H=JC 9IM=D= IM= J=hF= =E KA NYJA9K >MF^g=K ?J9E9LA;9AK
KKAE NaK= FG C >AF9D <9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK <9  p H=KKG9 <G HJ=K=FL= <G
AF<A;9LANG 9GHI8C J9B8C D5FHC =P=EHDG <= EGJ>=E9 ;MEMD9LANG BY IM=
KA?FA>A;9 KAEMDL9F=9E=FL= 9 H=KKG9  p G FhE=JG KAF?MD9J G L=EHG
HJ=K=FL=
GM
F]G
H9KK9<G
=
G
EG<G
AF<A;9LANG
/9E:_E =FLJ9E F9 =P=EHDA>A;9^]G <= EGJ>=E9 ;MEMD9LANG 9K
<=KAFaF;A9K H=KKG9AK <G HJ=L H=J>=ALG = GH9 I GH9G HGJIM= =N=FLM9D
E=FL= 9;MEMD9E 9K >MF^g=K <= <=KAFaF;A9K EG<GL=EHGJ9AK IM= F=KL9K
>GJE9K
_
R=JG
/G<9NA9 =KL9 <=K;JA^]G F]G _ MF9FAE=E=FL= 9;=AL9 .=?MF<G 9D
?MFK 9MLGJ=K =FLJ=L9FLG 9 ;GF<A^]G H9J9 K= ;GFKA<=J9J IM= =KL9EGK <A
9FL= <= ME EGJ>=E9 ;MEMD9LANG _ G >9LG <= <M9K GM E9AK KA?FA>A;9^g=K
?J9E9LA;9AK BIB75 K=J=E E9J;9<9K HGJ EGJ>=E9K <A>=J=FL=K _ G IM=
G;GJJ= ;GE 9K ;9L=?GJA9K <= FhE=JG = ;9KG =E 9D?ME9K DbF?M9K AF<G
=MJGH_A9K E9AK 9FLA?9K GM ;GFK=JN9<GJ9K  )]G _ G ;9KG 9 JA?GJ <G
FGKKG C >AF9D <= 9GHI8C J9B8C D5FHC GEG =FKAF9 (9LL@=OK L9D ;9KG
F]G K= 9BMKL9 9 ME EG<=DG J=?MD9J HGAK 9 <=KAFaF;A9 ;GKLME9 H=JE9F=;=J
;GFKL9FL= FGK <A>=J=FL=K L=EHGK = EG<GK N=J:9AK W :=E N=J<9<= IM= G
L=EHG = G EG<G =KL]G K=E EGJ>=E9K 9<ALANGK E9K _ ME ;9KG E=J9E=FL=
=KH=;A9D <= EGJ>=E9 KG:J=HGKLG ;MEMD9^]G 9;A<=FL9D H9J9 .bDNAG DA9
;GEG D@= ;@9E9 G DAF?MAKL9 ;AL9<G =E J=D9^]G ;GE 9 LGL9DA<9<= <G
H9J9<A?E9
E J=D9^]G ZK <=KAFaF;A9K FhE=JGH=KKG9AK <G HJ=L H=J> <G AF<A;
9LANG D=E:J=EGK IM= G N=J:G =E HGJLM?MaK K=H9J9 9K <=KAFaF;A9K
FhE=JGH=KKG9AK <9K EG<GL=EHGJ9AK KKAE H9J=;=FGK IM= 9 E=D@GJ
9FYDAK= _ ;GFKA<=J9J IM= FG HJ=L H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG 9 <=KAFaF;A9
EG<GL=EHGJ9D _ R=JG L9D ;GEG K= <Y FG HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = FG
HJ=K=FL= <G KM:BMFLANG )]G H9KK9 9 KM9 >MF^]G ?J9E9LA;9D H9J9 9
<=KAFaF;A9
FhE=JGH=KKG9D 
(MAL9K N=R=K ME =D=E=FLG EeJ>A;G MLADAR9<G H9J9 ;=JL9 FG^]G HG<=
HGJ 9;MEMD9^]G 9;A<=FL9D K=JNAJ L9E:_E H9J9 <=L=JEAF9J GMLJ9 FG^]G <=
KHJGNA<9 <= =D=E=FLG ;9J9;L=JbKLA;G 9@9A9BHC A_F:=7C GI6HF5H=JC K



<=KAFaF;A9K <= H=KKG9 =KH=;A9AK H9J9 G HJ=L H=J>=ALG = GH9 I GH9G
9;MEMD9E 9K >MF^g=K <= <=KAFaF;A9 EG<GL=EHGJ9D HGJ F]G =PAKLAJ=E
=D9K F=KL9K >GJE9K N=J:9AK KKAE _ IM= =E:GJ9 @9B9 =D=E=FLG EeJ>A;G
KM:LJ9LANG K9:=EGK IM= 75BH9= J9B8= = D5FH= HGJ =P=EHDG =KL]G F9 p
H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J >MF^]G =KK=F;A9D <9 <=KAFaF;A9 = <G HJ=L H=J>=ALG <G
AF<A;9LANG >MF^]G 9;MEMD9LAN9 <9 J=>=JA<9 <=KAFaF;A9 ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE
C >AF9D <= 9GHI8C J9B8C D5FHC >GJE9K IM= =KL]G F9  p H=KK <G KAF?
<G
HJ=K
<G
AF<A;9LANG
!MK]G
FGK
=D=E=FLGK
EeJ>A;GK

Fuso nos elementos mrficos v *K =D=E=FLGK EeJ>A;GK HG<=E

;GE:AF9JK= HGJ >IGH5DCG=WVC GM HGJ :IGVC E @=JFCG BMFLGMK= 9G J9<A;
9D HJAEYJAG 9 <=KAFaF;A9 HDMJ9DAR9<GJ9 G BMKL9HGKL9 )G HDMJ9D 75B5=G
;9F9D=  K GM :IB=G >MFAD=  K 9 AFL=?J9^]G <G J9<A;9D = <=KAFaF;A9 _
E9AK bFLAE9 F]G H=JEALAF<G 9 9FYDAK= <GK <GAK =D=E=FLGK >MF<A<GK )G
HJAE=AJG =P=EHDG 75B5=G 9 >MK]G <=M GJA?=E 9 ME <ALGF?G =FIM9FLG FG
K=?MF<G :IB=G >9NGJ=;=M ME9 ;J9K= :IB=@9  G  :IB=@9G  :IB==G
:IB=G )9  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J <G HJ=L_JALG H=J>=ALG = F9 p H=KKG9 <G
HDMJ9D <G HJ=K <G AF<A;9LANG <9  p ;GFBM?9^]G @Y ;J9K= J=KMDL9FL= <9
>MK]G <9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 ;GE 9 <=KAFaF;A9 H=KKG9D D5FH=  H9JLAA D5FH=G

H9JLAAK
6>
1& 

F 7
 9?DMLAF9^]G _ ME ;9KG <= >MK]G = ZK N=R=K HG<= K=J L]G bFLAE9
IM= G K=FLAE=FLG <= DAF?M9?=E EG<=JFG F]G H=J;=:9 GK <GAK =D=E=FLGK
BMKL9HGKLGK IM= 9 9FYDAK= @AKLeJA;9 H9L=FL=A9 =KK9JL= 9 ?J9EYLA;9
<=K;JALAN9 Na =E F9@_;=C ME9 H9D9NJ9 KAEHD=K ;MBG J9<A;9D _ F9@C; 9
@AKLeJA;9 J=EGFL9 9GK <GAK J9<A;9AK <CF5 @_;=C AKLG _ EYIMAF9 IM= x<AR 9
@GJ9y
6( 
7
* KM>APG 9<N=J:A9D A9BH9 >GA HJAEALAN9E=FL= ME KM:KL9FLANG <=
>GJE9 DANJ= IM= K= BMFL9N9 9GK >=EAFAFGK <= 9<B=LANGK 6C5 A9BH9 7@5F5
A9BH9 <=HGAK @GMN= E9AGJ AFL=?J9^]G <GK <GAK =D=E=FLGK HGJIM= 9 >GJE9
DANJ= H9KKGM 9 K=J MK9<9 ;GEG 9>APG >GJE9 HJ=K9 >GJE9<GJ <= 9<N_J:AGK
!GA <=KL9 9HDA;9^]G <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG >GJE9 HJ=K9 9>APG IM= K= GJA
?AF9J9E H9J9 G HGJLM?MaK G >MLMJG <G HJ=K=FL= HF565@<5F9= = <G
HJ=L_JALG HF565@<5F=5 HGAK K= MFAJ9E 9G AF>AFALANG HF565@<5F G HJ=K=FL=
= G HJ=L_JALG AEH=J>=ALG <G N=J:G <5J9F 85F <9= 85F <=5 HGJ <5J=5 .]G
;9KGK
<= <=DCH5L9 GM
KM:GJ<AF9^]G
+9KK9F<G 9K >GJE9K <G N=J:G <5J9F 9 ;GFKLALMAJ H9JL= <9 <=KAFaF;A9
EG<GL=EHGJ9D HF565@<5F9= <=K<G:J9K= =E HF565@<5F9= HF565@<5F=5



=E HF565@<5F=5 9 ?J9EYLA;9 <=K;JALAN9 ;GFKA<=J9 9K FGKK9K <M9K >GJE9K

<=
>MLMJG
;GEG
>GJE9K
KAEHD=K
.MHD=E=FL9^]G
FGK
=D=E=FLGK
EeJ>A;GK

Suplementao nos elementos mrficos v * HGFLG 9DLG <= ME9 AJ

J=?MD9JA<9<= =E J=D9^]G 9G H9J9<A?E9 <9 >GJE9 J=?MD9J <= <=L=JEAF9<G
=D=E=FLG EeJ>A;G _ G HJG;=KKG ;@9E9<G KMHD=E=FL9^]G GM 5@H9FBTB7=5
GID@9H=J5 IM= ;GFKAKL= =E KMHJAJ ME9 >GJE9 ;GE GMLJ9 GJAMF<9 <= J9<A;
9D <A>=J=FL= * FGKKG N=J:G G9F _ 9FfE9DG HGJIM= F9K KM9K >D=Pg=K H=<=
G ;GF;MJKG <= <GAK N=J:GK 9GG9 = G98wF9 L9E:_E =F =KLY F=KL= ;9KG HGAK
9D_E
<=
KM9K
>GJE9K
HJeHJA9K
HGKKMA
9K
<GK
N=J:GK J58xF9 = 9GG9

AFL=FKA<9<=
9
IM9FLA<9<=
G
LAE:J=
=
GK
=D=E=FLGK
EeJ>A;GK

A intensidade, a quantidade, o timbre e os elementos mrficos v

(MAL9K N=R=K =E DM?9J <= ME9 >GJE9 DAF?MbKLA;9 9 AFL=FKA<9<= 9 IM9F
LA<9<= = G LAE:J= K=JN=E H9J9 J=KK9DL9J ME9 FG^]G ?J9E9LA;9D %Y NAEGK
;GEG G 9;=FLG AFL=FKANG K= EGKLJ9 <=;AKANG H9J9 <AKLAF?MAJ G 9<B=LANG G
N=J:G
=
G
KM:KL9FLANG
=E GR6=5
G56=5 = G56=R
 E9AGJ <=EGJ9 FME9 KbD9:9 =E J=?J9 LJ9<MR ME9 aF>9K= FG KA?FA
>A;9<G
<9
H9D9NJ9



:
T
a
T T
A
T
T
f
T T
M
T

E HJGFGE=K E9J;9 9 GHGKA^]G =FLJ= 9 J=>=JaF;A9 <= E9K;MDA
FGK
9<BMFLGK
=
9:KGDMLGK 9GH9
9GG9
=GGC
5EI9@9
5EI=@C
HC8C
HI8C
E N=J:GK >GJL=K E9J;9 9 GHGKA^]G =FLJ=  p =  p H=KKG9K :9N

:=N
DaG
DIG
;
T
A
T T
a
T
T
M
T T
f
T
T
A
T T
_
T
T
M
T T
e
T
E N=J:GK <9  p ;GFBM?9^]G E9J;9 FG HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG 9
GHGKA^]G =FLJ= 9  p H=KKG9 = 9K GMLJ9K JARGLfFA;9K A=BHC
A9BH9G
G=BHC
G9BH9G GIAC
GCA9G :=FC
:9F9G 8IFAC
8CFA9G 61& 
7
E +GJLM?9D =E ?=J9D _ G LAE:J= 9:=JLG GM >=;@9<G <9 NG?9D LfF
A;9 IM= <AKLAF?M= 9  p H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9D <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG = <G
HJ=L H=J>=ALG <GK N=J:GK <9  p = p ;GFBM?9^g=K @5J5ACG [ HJ=K=FL=
@5J5ACG Y HJ=L_JALG 89J9ACG a HJ=K=FL= 89J9ACG _ HJ=L_JALG
)G J9KAD F]G >9R=EGK =E J=?J9 =KL9 <AKLAF^]G IM= >A;9 =E ?=J9D 9
;9J?G <G 9<N_J:AG 9<=IM9<G "C>9 :5@5ACG 8=GGC )BH9A :5@5ACG
8=GGC 

x$<AGL9
/J=R=FLGK
=
K=KK=FL9
;GFLGK
F]G
K=
=FLJ=?9E
F=E
Z
E]G
<=
=MK
+9<J=
$<AGL9
$<AGGL9
$<AGGGGL9 y
6(' 
7

 <=KAFaF;A9 <G E9AKIM=H=J>=ALG <G AF<A;9LANG F5 N9JA9FL= F9

<A>=J= <9 K=E=D@9FL= IM= G;GJJ= FG >MLMJG <G HJ=K=FL= HGJIM= 9IM=D9 _
YLGF9 = =KL9 _ LfFA;9 75BH5F5 ;9FL9J9 = 75BH5FR ;9FL9JY 75BH5F5G
;9FL9J9K
= 75BH5FRG ;9FL9JYK
 EM<9F^9 <= LAE:J= E=L9>GFA9 ;GF;GJJ= ;GE 9 <=KAFaF;A9 <9 H9
D9NJ9 H9J9 ;9J9;L=JAR9J G ?aF=JG G FhE=JG GM 9 H=KKG9 <G N=J:G 75FCWC
KAF?MD9J ;GE C LfFA;G >=;@9<G 75FCWCG HDMJ9D ;GE C LfFA;G 9:=JLG
9GG9
9GG5
:9N
:=N =L;
#Y LJaK ?JMHGK <= 9DL=JF[F;A9 <= LAE:J= <9 NG?9D LfFA;9 ;GE >MF
^g=K
<=
AF<A;9^g=K
?J9E9LA;9AK
9
T
a
T T
_
T
Tf
T T
e
T
E 9D?MFK FGE=K = HJGFGE=K E9J;9 9 GHGKA^]G =FLJ= E9K;MDAFG
=
>=EAFAFG
GM
KAF?MD9J
=
HDMJ9D 9GG9
9GG5
BCJC
BCJ5 CJC
CJCG
E N=J:GK <9 p ;GFBM?9^]G E9J;9 FG HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG 9
GHGKA^]G =FLJ= 9  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J = 9K GMLJ9K >GJE9K JARGLfF
A;9K 89JC
89J9G
89J9
89J9A
HCFWC
HCF79G
HCF79
HCF79A

2 Formao de Palavras
do Ponto de Vista Constitucional
-=FGN9^]G
<G
D_PA;G
;JA9^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9K

Renovao do lxico: criao de palavras K EhDLAHD9K 9LANA<

9<=K <GK >9D9FL=K FG ;GE_J;AG <9 NA<9 =E KG;A=<9<= >9NGJ=;=E 9 ;JA9^]G
<= H9D9NJ9K H9J9 9L=F<=J ZK F=;=KKA<9<=K ;MDLMJ9AK ;A=FLb>A;9K = <9 ;GEM
FA;9^]G <= ME EG<G ?=J9D K H9D9NJ9K IM= NaE 9G =F;GFLJG <=KK9K F=
;=KKA<9<=K J=FGN9<GJ9K ;@9E9EK= B9C@C;=GACG IM= LaE <G D9<G GHGKLG
9G EGNAE=FLG ;JA9<GJ GK 5F75[GACG J=HJ=K=FL9<GK HGJ H9D9NJ9K = =P
HJ=KKg=K IM= HGJ <AN=JK9K J9Rg=K K9=E <= MKG = 9;9:9E =KIM=;A<9K HGJ
ME9 ;GEMFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 =E:GJ9 H=JE9F=^9E =E ;GEMFA<9<=K E9AK
;GFK=JN9<GJ9K GM D=E:J9<GK =E >GJE9^g=K <=D=K GJA?AF9<GK = LM<G
AKLG
LJ9L9J=EGK
FG
DM?9J
HJeHJAG
*K F=GDG?AKEGK GM ;JA9^g=K FGN9K H=F=LJ9E F9 DbF?M9 HGJ <AN=JKGK
;9EAF@GK * HJAE=AJG <=D=K _ E=<A9FL= MLADAR9^]G <9 HJ9L9 <9 ;9K9 AKLG _
<GK =D=E=FLGK H9D9NJ9K HJ=>APGK KM>APGK BY =PAKL=FL=K FG A<AGE9 IM=J
FG KA?FA>A;9<G MKM9D IM=J HGJ EM<9F^9 <G KA?FA>A;9<G G IM= BY _ ME
EG<G
<=
J=NAL9DAR9J
G
D_PA;G
<9
DbF?M9



FLJ= GK HJG;=<AE=FLGK >GJE9AK L=EGK 9KKAE 9 7CADCG=WVC = 9 89

F=J5WVC DF9:=L5@ = GI:=L5@
*MLJ9 >GFL= <= J=NAL9DAR9^]G D=PA;9D K]G GK 9ADFXGH=ACG = 75@7CG
@=B;I[GH=7CG AKLG _ H9D9NJ9K = =D=E=FLGK ?J9E9LA;9AK HJ=>APGK HJ=
HGKA^g=K GJ<=E <= H9D9NJ9K LGE9<GK =EHJ_KLAEGK GM LJ9<MRA<GK ;9D
;GK DAF?MbKLA;GK GM <= GMLJ9 ;GEMFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 <=FLJG <9 E=KE9
DbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9 J=?AGF9DAKEGK FGE=F;D9LMJ9K L_;FA;9K = ?bJA9K GM <=
GMLJ9K DbF?M9K =KLJ9F?=AJ9K v AF;DMKAN= ?J=?G = D9LAE v IM= K]G AF;GJHGJ9
<GK
9G
D_PA;G
<9
DbF?M9
;GEME
=
=P=EHD9J
0E9 >GFL= EMALG HJG<MLAN9 <G F=GDG?AKEG N=E <9 ;JA9^]G <= ;=J
LGK HJG<MLGK GM FGNA<9<=K IM= J=;=:=E G FGE= <= K=MK AFN=FLGJ=K GM
>9:JA;9FL=K ;GEG A57585A9 ;=@9H9 =L; (MALG HJePAE9 9 =KL9 NA9 K]G GK
FGE=K ;JA9<GK D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 GK KGFK F9LMJ9AK >GFGKKAE:GDAKEG
HJG<MRA<GK HGJ K=J=K = G:B=LGK %C85? D=D=@5F =L;  K]G 9K GFGE9LGH_A9K
=
H9D9NJ9K
=PHJ=KKAN9K
= LG<GK =KK=K HJG;=<AE=FLGK <= J=NAL9DAR9^]G <G D_PA;G E=J=;=E
9L=F^]G =KH=;A9D H9J9 9 ?J9EYLA;9 9 ;GEHGKA^]G = 9 <=JAN9^]G L=F<G =E
NAKL9 9 J=?MD9JA<9<= = KAKL=E9LA;A<9<= ;GE IM= GH=J9E F9 ;JA9^]G <=
FGN9K
H9D9NJ9K
GF;=ALG
<=
;GEHGKA^]G
=
<=
D=PA9

Conceito de composio e de lexia  v %Y =KLY 9KK=FL9<9 9 <AK

LAF^]G =FLJ= 7CADCG=WVC = @9L=5 HGJ ;GEHGKA^]G =FL=F<=K= 9 BMF^]G <=
<GAK =D=E=FLGK A<=FLA>A;YN=AK H=DG >9D9FL= FME9 MFA<9<= FGN9 <= KA?FA>A;
9<G hFA;G = ;GFKL9FL= D5D9@AC985 6CEI=569FHC D@5B5@HC #Y GK ;GE
HGKLGK ;GE =D=E=FLGK =JM<ALGK ?=J9DE=FL= <= GJA?=E ?J=?9 = D9LAF9 IM=
Ke G;GJJ=E F9 DbF?M9 F=KK9K FGN9K MFA<9<=K AKLG _ IM= F]G 9H9J=;=E AF
<=H=F<=FL=K FG <AK;MJKG = @Y GK ;GEHGKLGK ;GE =D=E=FLGK N=JFY;MDGK
<= =PAKLaF;A9 AF<=H=F<=FL= F9 DbF?M9 D5D9@AC985 GM ;GE D=N=K 9DL=J
9^g=K
>GJE9AK
D@5B5@HC
D@5B6 C 75@HC
6CEI=569FHC
6CEI6=7569FHC
+GJ K=M LMJFG 9 @9L=5 ;GEHD=P9 L=JEG ;MF@9<G H=DG DAF?MAKL9
>J9F;aK =JF9J<G +GLLA=J L9E:_E <AL9 G=B5DG=5 L=JEG <= GMLJG DAF?MAKL9
>J9F;aK EbDAG =FN=FAKL= v =E ?J=?G zBMF^]G{ z;GF=P]G{ z;GD=^]G <=
;GAK9K BMFL9K{ _ >GJE9<9 <= KAFL9?E9K ;GEHD=PGK IM= HG<=E K=J ;GF
KLALMb<GK <= E9AK <= <GAK =D=E=FLGK B9;_7=C 85 <=B5 zLJ9FK9^]G
;GE=J;A9D N9FL9BGK9{ DX 89 7<=B9@C z<ARK= <9 H=KKG9 <= HGM;GK J=
;MJKGK{
=L;



D?MFK 9MLGJ=K AF;DM=E 9 KAF9HKA9 FG JGD <GK LAHGK <= ;GEHGKLGK

E9K =FN=FAKL= v = ;J=EGK IM= ;GE J9R]G v HJ=>=J= <AKLAF?MAD9 .]G ;9
J9;L=JbKLA;9K
<9
KAF9HKA9
K=?MF<G
=KL=
9MLGJ
5 9 F9LMJ=R9 KAFLYLA;9 F]G EGJ>GDe?A;9 <9 DA?9^]G <GK =D=E=FLGK
G IM= EMAL9K N=R=K LGJF9 <A>b;AD N=JA>A;9J K= @GMN= GM F]G D=PA;9DAR9^]G
<G
;GFBMFLG
6
G
=EHJ=?G
<=
LJ9FKHGKALGJ=K
HJ=HGKA^g=K
7
9
GJ<=E
>AP9 89H9FA=B58C

89H9FA=B5BH9
8 KM9 >GJE9 D=PA;9D HD=F9 = 9 DANJ= =K;GD@9 <= IM9DIM=J KM:KL9FLANG
GM
9<B=LANG
9 9 9MKaF;A9 <= 9JLA?G 9FL=K <G <=L=JEAF9FL= HGAK 9 HJ=K=F^9 <G
9JLA?G JGEH=JA9 9 MFA<9<= <G ;GFBMFLG ;GEG K= HG<= N=J =E 5F 89
:5A[@=5


5F
85
:5A[@=5
75G5
89
D9BGVC


75G5
85
D9BGVC
: 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= =PH9FK]G L9FLG <G <=L=JEAF9<G IM9FLG <G <=
L=JEAF9FL= DCI7C 5F 89 :5A[@=5
5F 89 6C5 :5A[@=5 HGAK K=M KA?FA>A;9<G
9H=K9J
<9
=PH9FK]G
_
hFA;G
=
;GFKL9FL=
;
G
;9JYL=J
hFA;G
=
;GFKL9FL=
<G
KA?FA>A;9<G
1aK= IM= 9D?ME9K <9K ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K 9HGFL9<9K K]G L9E:_E
;GEMFK 9GK ;GEHGKLGK G IM= =PHDA;9 EMAL9K N=R=K 9 <A>A;MD<9<= <= K=
LJ9^9J=E DAEAL=K Jb?A<GK =FLJ= GK <GAK HJG;=KKGK BY IM= F9 DbF?M9 _ LaFM=
G
DAEAL=
=FLJ=
G
IM=
_
DANJ=
=
G
IM=
=KLY
>AP9<G
 KAF9HKA9 ;MBG J=KMDL9<G _ K=EHJ= ME KM:KL9FLANG GM 9<B=LANG
L=E ?J9F<= NAL9DA<9<= =KH=;A9DE=FL= F9 DAF?M9?=E ;A=FLb>A;9 = L_;FA;9 =
HGJ AKKG E=KEG ;JA9 HJG:D=E9K F9 <A;AGF9JAR9^]G <=KK9K MFA<9<=K D=PA;
9DAR9<9K BY IM= <A;AGFYJAGK = ?J9EYLA;9K FG K=M D=N9FL9E=FLG K= ?MA9E
;GE
E9AGJ
9L=F^]G
H=D9
GJLG?J9>A9
 J=D9^]G KAFLYLA;9 F9K >GJE9^g=K KAFYHLA;9K _ E9J;9<9 FGJE9D
E=FL= E=<A9FL= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 9H9J=;=F<G 9AF<9 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9A GM 5
=KL9 hDLAE9 HGJ AF>DMaF;A9 =KLJ9F?=AJ9 =E =KH=;A9D IM9F<G 9 MFA<9<= <=K
A?F9 ME 9JL=>9LG =E IM= G <=L=JEAF9FL= AF<A;9 G 9?=FL= EGLGJ 65F7C S
J9@5 ACHCF S 9LD@CGVC :C;VC 5 ;RG GM ME9 ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9 <AKLAFLAN9 H9@9
J=GVC
5
7CF9G


H9@9J=GVC
9A
7CF9G
#Y ;GEHGKLGK =E IM= 9 D=PA;9DAR9^]G K= 9HJ=K=FL9 E9AK =NA<=FL=
IM= F9 KAF9HKA9 _ G ;9KG <GK ;GEHGKLGK HGJ 8=G>IBWVC = HGJ
7CBHF5DCG=WVC



)GK ;GEHGKLGK HGJ <AKBMF^]G F=E K=EHJ= GK <GAK =D=E=FLGK K=

BMFL9E
?J9>A;9E=FL=
HGJ
E9AK
IM=
K=B9
=NA<=FL=
9
D=PA;9DAR9^]G
GHAFA]G
Hh:DA;9

?M=JJ9
;ANAD

:A;@G;9JHAFL=AJG

H=AP==KH9<9

E9K
)=KL=K ;GEHGKLGK G HJAE=AJG =D=E=FLG _ 9 <=FGEAF9^]G =FIM9FLG
G K=?MF<G _ 9 KM9 =KH=;A>A;9^]G 9KKAE D9=L99GD585 _ ME D9=L9 xIM= K=
9KK=E=D@9 9 ME9 =KH9<9y = CD=B=VC Dd6@=75 _ ME9 CD=B=VC xIM= _
Hh:DA;9y  J=D9^]G K= <AR <= <AKBMF^]G HGJIM= =E:GJ9 G K=?MF<G K=B9
ME9 =KH=;A>A;9^]G <G HJAE=AJG 9GD585 F]G _ ME9 KM:;D9KK= <= D9=L9 F=E
Dd6@=75 G _ <= CD=B=VC ;GEG K= GK <GAK =D=E=FLGK H=JL=F;=KK=E 9 ;D9KK=K
<A>=J=FL=K
*K ;GEHGKLGK HGJ <AKBMF^]G K]G EMALG =EHJ=?9<GK F9K <=FGEAF
9^g=K
<=
HD9FL9K
=
9FAE9AK
=
E=FGK
>J=IM=FL=K
F9
DAF?M9?=E
;GEME
*K ;GEHGKLGK HGJ 7CBHF5DCG=WVC IM9F<G K= ;GFKLALM=E HGJ <GAK
KM:KL9FLANGK G K=?MF<G =P=J;= ME9 >MF^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 IM= <=KA?F9 9 >A
F9DA<9<= <G HJAE=AJG = @Y =FLJ= =D=K ME9 J=D9^]G KAFLYLA;9 <=
;GGJ<=F9^]G
=K;GD9EG<=DG
;9JJGD=ALG

F9NAG=K;GD9
;9JJG:GE:9

E 57CF8C @IGC6F5G=@9=FC _ ME 9;GJ<G IM= =FNGDN= DCFHI;I9G9G =

6F5G=@9=FCG
)=KK=K ;GEHGKLGK ;GE 9<B=LANGK _LFA;GK =E ?=J9D K]G HJ=>=JA<9K 9K
>GJE9K J=<MRA<9K ZK HD=F9K FG HJAE=AJG =D=E=FLG DMKG:J9KAD=AJG = F]G
DMKAL9FG:J9KAD=AJG
9DA9F^9
FAHGJMKK9
=
F]G
B9HGFaKJMKK9

;GEHGKA^]G
_
ME9
LJ9FK>GJE9^]G
KAFLYLA;9
=E
=PHJ=KK]G
FGEAF9D

A composio uma transformao sinttica em expresso

nominal %Y NAEGK IM= ;GEHGKLGK ;GEG D5D9@AC985 K= HJ=F<=E 9
ME9 GJ9^]G <= :9K= <G LAHG <= xH9H=D IM= _ EG=<9y G IM= 9HGFL9 H9J9 G
>9LG <= L9AK MFA<9<=K D_PA;9K K=J=E LJ9FK>GJE9^g=K <= ;GFKLJM^g=K KAFLYL
A;9K
KAEHD=K
GM
;GEHD=P9K
=FN=FAKL=
<YFGK
KG:J=
AKLG
DA^]G
E9?AKLJ9D
*K ;GEHGKLGK xJ=HJ=K=FL9E 9 LJ9FK>GJE9^]G <= ;=JL9K GJ9^g=K
LbHA;9K KAEHD=K GM ;GEHD=P9K =E KA?FGK FGEAF9AK )]G K= HG<=
HGJL9FLG =PHDA;9J 9 ;JA9^]G <GK ;GEHGKLGK H=D9 KAEHD=K BMF^]G AE=
<A9L9 <= <GAK KA?FGK 9FL=JAGJ=K .= 9 ;GEHGKA^]G FGEAF9D >GKK= ;GEG
_ K=EHJ= 9HJ=K=FL9<9 ME HJG;=KKG <= F9LMJ=R9 EGJ>GDe?A;9 F]G K=
;GEHJ==F<=JA9 HGJ IM= =D9 H9J=;= K= J=9DAR9J =E LG<9 9 H9JL= F=E



;GEG HM<=J9E KMJ?AJ =KK9K ;D9KK=K >GJE9AK =E FhE=JG DAEAL9<G L]G

H9J=;A<GK =FLJ= 9K DbF?M9K E9AK <AN=JK9K W IM= G AEHMDKG IM=
HJG<MRAM GK ;GEHGKLGK F]G N=AG <9 EGJ>GDG?A9 GF<= F=F@ME9 F=
;=KKA<9<= GK KGDA;AL9JA9 =D= HJGN_E <9K ;GFKLJM^g=K KAFLYLA;9K ;GE
KM9K N9JA=<9<=K <= HJ=<A;9^]G W G EG<=DG KAFLYLA;G IM= ;JA9 9 HGK
KA:ADA<9<= <G ;GEHGKLG EGJ>GDe?A;G = IM= G HJG<MR HGJ LJ9FK>GJE
9^]G  GJ9^]G ;GE K=MK <A>=J=FL=K LAHGK =E=J?= 9KKAE F9 RGF9
FGEAF9D GFK=IM=FL=E=FL= _ HJ=;AKG J=;GF@=;=J FGK ;GEHGKLGK
ME9 KALM9^]G H9JLA;MD9J E ?=J9D =D=K K]G 9JJGD9<GK ;GE GK <=JAN9
<GK F9 x>GJE9^]G <GK FGE=Ky .=JA9 HJ=;AKG <= HJ=>=JaF;A9 >9RaDGK
=FLJ9J =E ME ;9HbLMDG FGNG <9 L=GJA9 <9K >GJE9K ;GFK9?J9<G 9G
>=FfE=FG IM= HG<=JA9 K= ;@9E9J xA9H5ACF:=GACy =FL=F<=EGK HGJ
AKKG G HJG;=KKG <= LJ9FK>GJE9^]G <= ;=JL9K ;D9KK=K =E GMLJ9K   )G
EGE=FLG =E IM= 9 GJ9^]G _ LJ9FK>GJE9<9 =E ;GEHGKLG = IM= GK L=J
EGK <9 GJ9^]G K= LGJF9E E=E:JGK <G ;GEHGKLG 9 HJ=<A;9^]G _ ;GDG
;9<9 =E KMKH=FKG = G =FMF;A9<G 9LM9D LGJF9K= NAJLM9D W =KL9 9 ;GF
K=IMaF;A9
<G
HJG;=KKG
<=
LJ9FK>GJE9^]G
KKAE K= <=>AF= =FL]G 9 >MF^]G <G ;GEHGKLG LJ9FK>=JAJ H9J9 G NAJLM9D
9 J=D9^]G 9LM9D <= HJ=<A;9^]G =FMF;A9<9 H=D9 GJ9^]G <= :9K= W BMKL9
E=FL= 9 =KK9 >MF^]G IM= ;GJJ=KHGF<=E L9E:_E 9K ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K
>GJE9AK <GK ;GEHGKLGK /M<G G IM= HG<= J=E=L=J 9 ME9 KALM9^]G 9LM
9D _ 9H9?9<G 9 HJ=<A;9^]G N=J:9D =KLY 9H=F9K AEHDb;AL9 G HJAE=AJG
E=E:JG <=KHJGNA<G <= IM9DIM=J bF<A;= <= ;9KG <= FhE=JG <=
?aF=JG _ J=<MRA<G 9 ME K=E9FL=E9 G K=?MF<G L=JEG KG:J= G IM9D
J=HGMK9 9 J=D9^]G KAFL9?EYLA;9 LGE9 ME9 >GJE9 = ME >AF9D FGNGK
bF<A;=K <G =KL9LMLG <= 9<B=LANG IM= G ;GEHGKLG J=;=:=   G H9KK9J
9KKAE H9J9 G IM9<JG >GJE9D <G FGE= 9 GJ9^]G DANJ= KG>J= ME9 AF=N
ALYN=D J=<M^]G <= KM9K D9LALM<=K <= =PHJ=KK]G .=JA9 K=?MJ9E=FL= AE
HGKKbN=D ;GFL=J GK <GAK L=JEGK <G ;GEHGKLG 9 EMDLAHDA;A<9<= <= J=
D9^g=K KAFLYLA;9K 9 IM= _ KMK;=LbN=D 9 GJ9^]G DANJ= /G<9NA9 G ;GE
HGKLG _ ;9H9R <= E9AGJ <AN=JKA<9<= <G IM= H9J=;= = KM9K FME=JGK9K
N9JA=<9<=K J=;=FK=9<9K H=D9K ?J9EYLA;9K ;GJJ=KHGF<=E BMKL9E=FL= 9
LAHGK
<AN=JKGK
<=
GJ9^g=K
 
(9K =KK= J=D9LANG =EHG:J=;AE=FLG <9 =PHJ=KK]G KAFLYLA;9 LJ9FK>GJE
9<9 =E =PHJ=KK]G FGEAF9D _ ;GEH=FK9<G H=D9 N9JA=<9<= <9K ;GE:AF
9^g=K IM= G ;GEHGKLG G>=J=;= Z DbF?M9 D= <Y G HG<=J <= E9F=B9J
;GEG 9<B=LANGK GM FGE=K GJ9^g=K AFL=AJ9K = <= >9RaD9K =FLJ9J J=N=KLA
<9K F=KK9K FGN9K =KH_;A=K =E GMLJ9K GJ9^g=K KKAE K= ;GFKLALMA H9J
LA;MD9JE=FL= ME N9KLG J=H=JLeJAG K=EHJ= 9:=JLG <= ;GEHGKLGK
<=K;JALANGK AFKLJME=FLGK <9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G = <9 FGE=F;D9LMJ9 9HLGK 9
K= LGJF9J=E <=FGEAF9^g=K ;A=FLb>A;9K GM =HbL=LGK HG_LA;GK = IM=
9D_E <G =FJAIM=;AE=FLG IM= HJGHGJ;AGF9E E9FLaE =KK9 9LANA<9<=



E=L9EeJ>A;9 L9DN=R G LJ9:9D@G E9AK KAF?MD9J <9 DbF?M9y 6 N 

7
+9D9NJ9K
AF<ANAKbN=AK
=
<ANAKbN=AK

Palavras indivisveis e divisveis v Indivisvel _ 9 H9D9NJ9 IM= Ke

HGKKMA
;GEG
=D=E=FLG
EeJ>A;G
G
J9<A;9D A5F
GC@
5F
X
<C>9
@RD=G
@IN
Divisvel _ 9 H9D9NJ9 IM= 9G D9<G <G J9<A;9D HG<= <=KE=E:J9JK=
=E
GMLJGK
=D=E=FLGK
EeJ>A;GK
E9J=K
E9J=K
9DMF9K
9DMF9K
LJ9:9D@YN9EGK
LJ9:9D@YN9EGK
+9D9NJ9K
<ANAKbN=AK
KAEHD=K
=
;GEHGKL9K

Palavras divisveis simples e compostas ARK= simples 9 H9

D9NJ9 <ANAKbN=D IM= Ke HGKKMA ME J9<A;9D *K GMLJGK =D=E=FLGK EeJ>A;GK
IM= 9 ;GEHg=E GM K]G <= KA?FA>A;9^]G HMJ9E=FL= ?J9E9LA;9D GM 9;J=K
;=FL9E 9G J9<A;9D 9 A<=A9 KM:KA<AYJA9 IM= <=FGL9E GK 9>APGK HJ=>APGK GM
KM>APGK
+GJ ;9MK9 <=KL9 FGN9 9HDA;9^]G <= KA?FA>A;9<G IM= GK 9>APGK ;GEM
FA;9E 9G J9<A;9D 9K H9D9NJ9K KAEHD=K K= <ANA<=E =E DF=A=H=J5G =
89F=J585G
Primitiva _ 9 H9D9NJ9 KAEHD=K IM= F]G J=KMDL9 <= GMLJ9 <=FLJG <9
DbF?M9
HGJLM?M=K9 @=JFC
69@C
65F7C
Derivada _ 9 H9D9NJ9 KAEHD=K IM= J=KMDL9 <= GMLJ9 >MF<9E=FL9D
@=JF5F=5
9A69@9N5F
65FEI=B<C
Composta _ 9 H9D9NJ9 IM= HGKKMA E9AK <= ME J9<A;9D ?M9J<9
;@MN9
D9Fb?=JG
HD9F9DLG
/9FLG 9K H9D9NJ9K KAEHD=K HJAEALAN9K GM <=JAN9<9K ;GEG 9K ;GE
HGKL9K HG<=E K=J 9;J=K;A<9K <= <=KAFaF;A9K IM= K=JN=E H9J9 =PHJAEAJ
ME9 ;9L=?GJA9 ?J9E9LA;9D >D=P]G IM= FGK FGE=K = HJGFGE=K LJ9<MR 9K
FG^g=K <= ;ZB9FC = BdA9FC = FGK N=J:GK BdA9FC D9GGC5 H9ADC =
AC8C
5
HJAEALAN9K
>D=PAGF9<9K @=JFCG
A9B=B5G
6
<=JAN9<9K
>D=PAGF9<9K @=JF5F=5G
A9B=B585G
7
;GEHGKL9K
>D=PAGF9<9K 7CIJ9G:@CF9G
;I5F85@=JFCG
D@5B5@HCG
,M9F<G 9 H9D9NJ9 _ ;GFKLALMb<9 <= NYJAGK =D=E=FLGK EeJ>A;GK ;9:=
9FL=K <= E9AK F9<9 =KL9:=D=;=J G HJAF;bHAG <GK ;GFKLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK
F9DAK9F<G HGJ =P=EHDG :=85@;CH9G =KL9:=D=;=J=EGK IM= 9 H9D9NJ9 _
HJAE=AJ9E=FL= ;GFKLALMb<9 <= :=85@;CH9  <=KAFaF;A9 <= HDMJ9DAR9<GJ G 9L
J9N_K
<= :=85@;C 
<AEAFMLANG CH9

 
+JG;=KKGK
<=
>GJE9^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9K

Processos de formao de palavras GAK K]G GK HJAF;AH9AK HJG

;=KKGK <= >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K =E HGJLM?MaK <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 <9 =P
HJ=KK]G
GM
<9
KM9
;GFKLALMA^]G
E9L=JA9D
5 7CADCG=WVC
6 89F=J5WVC
 composio ;GFKAKL= F9 ;JA9^]G <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 FGN9 <= KA?FA
>A;9<G hFA;G = ;GFKL9FL= K=EHJ= = KGE=FL= HGJ E=AG <= <GAK J9<A;9AK
J=D9;AGF9<GK =FLJ= KA $KLG F]G AEH=<= IM= ME <GK =D=E=FLGK <G ;GE
HGKLG K=B9 =D= E=KEG BY ME ;GEHGKLG ;GFL9<G ;GEG ME L=JEG hFA;G
H=DG
HJAF;bHAG
<GK
;GFKLALMAFL=K
AE=<A9LGK

.M:KL9FLANG

KM:KL9FLANG
9 GGJ<=F9^]G v IM9F<G @Y K=IMaF;A9 <= ;GGJ<=F9^]G <= =D=
E=FLG v G <=L=JEAF9FL= HJ=;=<= AV9DRHF=5 D5D9@AC985 v G <=
L=JEAF9FL=
N=E
<=HGAK D9=L99GD585
75FFC8CFA=H_F=C
7CIJ9:@CF
*bservao *K ;GEHGKLGK ;GE G <=L=JEAF9<G 9FL=K <G <=L=JEAF9FL= K]G GK
LAHA;9E=FL= HGJLM?M=K=K )GK ;GEHGKLGK ;GGJ<=F9LANGK ME <GK KM:KL9FLANGK >MF
;AGF9 ;GEG 9HGKLG <G GMLJG =E ?=J9D G K=?MF<G D9=L99GD585 H=AP= IM= K=
H9J=;= ;GE ME9 =KH9<9 GEHGKLGK <=KL= LAHG =E IM= G <=L=JEAF9FL= N=E 9FL=K
<G <=L=JEAF9<G ;GEG =E AV9DRHF=5 K]G E9AK J9JGK x*K J=9DAKL9K = GK KAE
:GDAKL9K K]G HGJ_E GK IM= >9R=E E9AK N9KLG =EHJ=?G 9JLbKLA;G <G KM:KL9FLANG
HGJ 9HGKA^]G = ;MEHJ= ;GF>=KK9J IM= H=D9 KM9 :J=NA<9<= = NAN=R9 LaE =KL9K
>GJE9^g=K 9DLG HG<=J =KL_LA;G x B5I:5BH5GA5 ;GJL9<9 9 9E9JJ9 :9E:GD=A9 F9K
GF<9K HJ=KL=K 9 D9J?9Jy 6" %MFIM=AJG 5DI8 (9  7 ,M9F<G GK =D=
E=FLGK K]G ;GFKLALMb<GK HGJ KM:KL9FLANGK IM= 9HJ=K=FL9E >GJE9K H9J9 GK <GAK
?aF=JGK G <=L=JEAF9FL= N9A H9J9 G ?aF=JG <G <=L=JEAF9<G HGJ K=J =KL= G HJAF;AH
9D 65H5H5F5=B<5 K =P;=^g=K =PHDA;9EK= HGJ 9F9DG?A9 .= F]G @Y <AKLAF^]G
?=F_JA;9 F]G K= <9JY F9LMJ9DE=FL= 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 5 7C6F575G75J9@ 5 7C6F5
75D9@C C D5IA5WV 5 :FIH5DVC 5 7_@9F5ACF6C ,M9F<G >A;9 G:DAL=J9<9 GM =K
E9=;A<9 9 F9LMJ=R9 <9 ;GEHGKA^]G E9AK H9J=;=F<G LJ9L9JK= <= H9D9NJ9 KAEHD=K
HG<= HJ=<GEAF9J G ?aF=JG <G hDLAEG ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE C DCBH5DX 6;> (? 
 7

: .M:GJ<AF9^]G v IM9F<G @Y KM:GJ<AF9^]G <= ME =D=E=FLG AKLG _

<= ME <=L=JEAF9FL= 9 GMLJG <=L=JEAF9<G 5F7C[F=G 9GHF585 89 :9FFC DVC
89
@_
*bservao )=KK= LAHG <= KM:GJ<AF9^]G GK =D=E=FLGK K= MF=E
HGJ ME9 J=D9^]G <= ;GEHD=E=FLG <= KM:KL9FLANG <G 9<B=LANG GM <G N=J:G




6;> 1&   F 7 W EMALG F9LMJ9D FG HGJLM?MaK 9 GEAKK]G <9 HJ=

HGKA^]G 89 ;GEG 9;GFL=;= ;GE 5F7C[F=G HGJ 5F7C 85 [F=G qF=G _ FGE=
EALGDe?A;G KKAE DCF7C9GD=B<C  HGJ;G <= =KHAF@G 69=F5A5F 
:=AJ9 <G E9J DCBH5DX  HGFL9 <G H_ =L; *:K=JN=K= IM= IM9F<G G
?aF=JG GM G FhE=JG <G q =D=E=FLG <AN=J?= <G <G  q <YK= EMAL9K
N=R=K 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 HGJ AF>DMaF;A9 <=KL= D98F5F5=5 HGJ H=<J9 <= J9AG
6C@CF9= HGJ :GDG <= -=AK 6(9?GK7 G9H99GHF9@C HGJ K=L= =KLJ=D9K 6;>
'1 

 7

.M:KL9FLANG

9<B=LANG
GM
NA;=N=JK9
9?M9J<=FL=
G:J9HJAE9
>G?G>YLMG
:=D9K9JL=K
:9AP9E9J
:GIMA9:=JLG


<B=LANG

9<B=LANG
KMJ<GEM<G
DMKG:J9KAD=AJG
9MJAN=J<=


+JGFGE=

KM:KL9FLANG
)GKKG
.=F@GJ
.M9
P;=DaF;A9


)ME=J9D
AF;DMKAN=
D9LAFG

KM:KL9FLANG
GFR=D=LJ9K 9D;GNAL=AJ9 K=?MF<9>=AJ9 :AKF=LG LJA?aE=G K=KIMA;=FL=FYJAG
K=KIMA

ME
=
E=AG


<N_J:AG
69A
A5@
G9ADF9  KM:KL9FLANG
9<B=LANG
GM
N=J:G
:=FIM=J=F^9 :=FIMAKLG :=FIM=J=J E9D;JA9^]G AFMLADE=FL= ;GJJA?A<G H9J9
EY;JA9^]G
E9D;JA9<G
K=EHJ=NAN9


1=J:G

KM:KL9FLANG
D9F^9H=J>ME=
HGJL9NGR
:MK;9H_
H9KK9L=EHG


1=J:G

N=J:G
GM
N=J:G

;GFBMF^]G

N=J:G
N9AN_E
D=N9
=
LJ9R
;GJJ=;GJJ=



*bservao $F;DM=EK= FG HJG;=KKG <9 9?DMLAF9^]G GK ;9KGK J9JGK F9K DbF?M9K

JGE[FLA;9K <= =B7CFDCF5WVC BCA=B5@ E=<A9FL= GK IM9AK K= AF;GJHGJ9 9G N=J:G G
K=M ;GEHD=E=FLG FGE= GM HJGFGE= IM= =P=J;= 9 >MF^]G K=E[FLA;9 <= H9;A=FL=
DG;9LANG
GM
AFKLJME=FL9D D9G5A9

DZG5A9 =KH F56=5H5F 
 5H5F
9@
F56C
=L;

x)9 9FYDAK= EeJ>A;9 <= ME ;GEHGKLG HGJ BMKL9HGKA^]G K=H9J9EK=

HJAE=AJ9E=FL= 9K <M9K H9D9NJ9K = <=HGAK HJG;=<=K= Z K=H9J9^]G <= ;9<9
ME9
<=D9K
K=
K]G
<ANAKbN=AKy
6( 
7
=JAN9^]G

Derivao =JAN9^]G ;GFKAKL= =E >GJE9J H9D9NJ9K <= GMLJ9 HJAE

ALAN9 HGJ E=AG <= 9>APGK = EG<G ?=J9D =KH=;A9DE=FL= F9 DbF?M9 DAL=JYJA9
= L_;FA;9 GK <=JAN9<GK K= >GJE9E <GK J9<A;9AK <= LAHG D9LAFG =E N=R <GK
<= LAHG HGJLM?MaK IM9F<G =KL= KG>J=M 9 =NGDM^]G HJeHJA9 <9 @AKLeJA9 <9
DbF?M9 RIF9C = F]G CIFC 75D=@5F = F]G 7569@C 5IF[7I@5 = F]G
CF9@<5
=L;
6(9 
 7
*K 9>APGK K= <ANA<=E =E HGJLM?MaK =E DF9:=LCG K= NaE 9FL=K <G
J9<A;9D GM GI:=LCG K= NaE <=HGAK 9b 9 <ANAK]G =E 89F=J5WVC DF9:=L5@ =
GI:=L5@
Derivao sufixal @=JF5F=5
@=JF=B<C
@=JF9G7C
Derivao prefixal F9H9F
89H9F
7CBH9F
Observao GEG NAEGK =E Afixos: prefixos e sufixos. Interfixos GK HJ=>APGK 9KKME=E N9DGJ K=E[FLA;G IM= =EHJ=KL9 9G J9<A;9D ME
FGNG KA?FA>A;9<G H9L=FL=9F<G 9KKAE 9 KM9 F9LMJ=R9 <= =D=E=FLG EeJ>A;G
<=
KA?FA>A;9^]G
=PL=JF9
KM:KA<AYJA9
9K=9<GK FAKLG 9 ?J9EYLA;9 9FLA?9 = NYJAGK 9MLGJ=K EG<=JFGK
>9R=E
<9
HJ=>AP9^]G
ME
HJG;=KKG
<=
;GEHGKA^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9K


1=J:G

9<N_J:AG
.M>APGK

HAK9E9FKAF@G
?9F@9HGM;G

 0E ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K GM ME9 GJ9^]G AFL=AJ9 HG<= H9KK9J H=DG HJG
;=KKG
<9
@AHGL9P=
9G
FbN=D
<=
H9D9NJ9
8=GG9

ME 9IG BCG 57I85 E9AK N9D= ME HCA5 IM= <GAK H9 85F9= GK 8=GG9 A9

GEG BY NAEGK 9 9KKG;A9^]G <GK ;GEHGF=FL=K <9K H9D9NJ9K ;GEHGK

L9K K=
HG<=
<9J
HGJ

5 >IGH5DCG=WVC
?M9J<9JGMH9
E]=HYLJA9
N9AN_E
6 5;@IH=B5WVC
HD9F9DLG
9MJAN=J<=
>A<9D?G

Sufixos v *K KM>APGK <A>A;ADE=FL= 9H9J=;=E ;GE ME9 Ke 9HDA;9^]G

=E J=?J9 J=N=KL=EK= <= EhDLAHD9K 9;=H^g=K = =EHJ=?YDGK ;GE
=P9LA<]G 9<=IM9F<GGK ZK KALM9^g=K N9JA9<9K J=IM=J = J=N=D9 ;GEHD=LG
;GF@=;AE=FLG <G A<AGE9 G D9<G <GK N9DGJ=K KAKLaEA;GK 9KKG;A9EK=
9GK KM>APGK N9DGJ=K ADG;MLeJAGK AFLAE9E=FL= DA?9<GK 9GK N9DGJ=K K=E[FLA
;GK <9K :9K=K 9 IM= K= 9?J=?9E <GK IM9AK F]G K= <AKKG;A9E   FG^]G
<= 9ME=FLG ;GJJ= EMAL9K N=R=K H9J9D=D9 Z <= ;GAK9 ?JGL=K;9 = K= 9HDA;9 ZK
A<=A9K H=BGJ9LAN9K DC9H5GHFC AI@<9F5W5 *K KM>APGK IM= >GJE9E FGE=K
<AEAFMLANGK LJ9<MR=E 9AF<9 ;9JAF@G AV9N=B<5 D5=N=B<C A5B=B<C *ML
J9K N=R=K 9D?MFK KM>APGK 9KKME=E N9DGJ=K =KH=;A9AK HGJ =P=EHDG :@CFVC



F]G K= 9HDA;9 =E ?=J9D 9 >DGJ ?J9F<= E9K 9 ME9 =KH_;A= <= GJF9LG <= 9J
IMAL=LMJ9 =FIM9FLG GMLJGK H=J<=E G K=M HJAEALANG KA?FA>A;9<G ;GEG
75FF9H5 75A=GC@5 +GJ >AE ;9:= 9KKAF9D9J IM= L=EGK KM>APGK <= NYJA9K
HJG;=<aF;A9K K=F<G GK D9LAFGK = ?J=?GK GK E9AK ;GEMFK F9K >GJE9^g=K
=JM<AL9K
)9K >GJE9^g=K =JM<AL9K ?J=;GD9LAF9K K=J]G ;GFKA<=J9<GK F=KL9
?J9EYLA;9 =D=E=FLGK KM>AP9AK >GJE9K ;GEG  [:=7   [:9F   8I7H  = IM=
B9F<GK =E MFA<9<=K ;GEG GI8CF[:=7C :FIH[:9FC 5EI98IHC 9KKAE ;GEG
K]G =D=E=FLGK HJ=>AP9AK >GJE9K ;GEG 5B:= 9LHF5 =BH9F ACBC AI@H=
DC@= =E 5B:=H95HFC
9LHF5:=BC
ACBCJ5@9BH9
AI@H=7C@CF
DC@=5BH9=5 =L;
$
v *F=B7=D5=G
GI:=LCG
:CFA58CF9G
89
GI6GH5BH=JCG

+9J9
9
>GJE9^]G
<=
FGE=K
<=
9?=FL=
=
9AF<9
AFKLJME=FLG
DM?9J 
HCF 8CF GCF CF F9JJ9<GJ ?=FALGJ 9K;=FKGJ ;9FLGJ E=LJ9D@9<GJ9
;GJJ=<GJ

DM?9J
HGJ
GF<=
K=
9F<9
BH9 =KLM<9FL=
J=IM=J=FL=
GMNAFL=
=GH5
<=FLAKL9
BGJF9DAKL9
9=F5
9=FC D9N9<=AJ9
H9<=AJG
N=F<=AJG
<=JJ9<=AJG
RF=5
RF=C :A:DAGL=;YJA9
K=;J=LYJAG

 +9J9 >GJE9^]G <= FGE=K <= 9^]G GM J=KMDL9<G <= 9^]G =KL9<G IM9DA<
9<=
K=E=D@9F^9
;GEHGKA^]G
AFKLJME=FLG
DM?9J
5
=JAN9<GK
<=
N=J:G



6
=JAN9<GK
<=
KM:KL9FLANG
585
D9^9<9
:J9^9<9
HGMK9<9
IF5
;AFLMJ9
5GHFC
HG=L9KLJG
9GHF9
KADN=KLJ=
;9EH=KLJ=
5HC
GJ>9F9LG
5WC
5W5
NA<J9^9
7[B=C H9LJG;bFAG F]G ;GF>MF<AJ ;GE G J9<A;9D 7=B=C <= 75BxF9 z;9FL9J{
?9DA;bFAG
zG
;9FLG
<G
?9DG{

;
=JAN9<GK
<=
9<B=LANGK
=GAC
;@9JD9L9FAKEG
;ANAKEG
HI89 8VC 9EHDALM<=
9EHDA<]G
KGDA<]G
IF5
<G^MJ9
:J9F;MJ9
;GF;GJJ=FL=
NALGJAGKG
KG:J= CF J9F8CF 5A5F;CF
9N5
9N
:=D=R9
NAMN=R
R7=5
9M<Y;A9
>9DY;A9
8589
<A?FA<9<=
AaB=5
9;JAEfFA9


+9J9
KA?FA>A;9J
DM?9J
E=AG
AFKLJME=FLG
8CIFC
8CIF5
:=:=<GMJG
E9FB=<GMJ9
HXF=C
F=;JGL_JAG

5A9
?J9N9E=

H_F=C
<GJEALeJAG

WVC
GVC
;GJG9^]G
H=J<A^]G
;GEHJ==FK]G
9K;=FK]G

5F=5
9F=5
DANJ9JA9
L=KGMJ9JA9
KGJN=L=JA9

*bservao
#Y
<=
K=
9L=FL9J
H9J9
9
;GJJ=L9
?J9>A9
<= WVC = GVC

98C
9JNGJ=<G

A9BHC
;9K9E=FLG
<=K;G:JAE=FLG

6I@C
LMJb:MDG

IF5
8IF5
HIF5
>=ALMJ9
EGJ<=<MJ9
>GJE9LMJ9

CF
;GJJ=<GJ

5BW5 5B7=5 9BW5 9B7=5 EM<9F^9 =KH=J9F^9 H9J=;=F^9 9:MF<[F

;A9
;GFN9D=K;=F^9
GM
;GFN9D=K;aF;A9
5H5
H9KK=9L9
585
=KL9<9
=KL9<A9
F9
FGJE9
<=
+GJLM?9D
=85 N=J:GK
<9
p
=
 p
;GFBM?9^g=K
9;GD@A<9
H9JLA<9

=@
;GNAD
J=D9;AGF9<G
9
FGE=K
<=
9FAE9D
H9J9
AF<A;9J
GF<=
K=
J=;GD@=E
5B7C
:9JJ9F;G
7FC
KAEMD9;JG
9E:MD9;JG


+9J9
KA?FA>A;9J
9:MF<[F;A9
9?DGE=J9^]G
;GD=^]G
5F=5
RF=C
9F=5
;9N9D9JA9
AF>9FL9JA9
GM
AF>9FL=JA9
;9K9JAG

5;9A
N9<A9?=E

5@ D9J9FB9D
;AHG9D

RF=C
D9HA<YJAG

98C
9JNGJ=<G



9=F5
<G=F;=AJ9
<=K?J9;=AJ9
=C
EMD@=JAG
5A5 5A9 IA9 IA EGMJ9E9 N=D9E= =JNME EMD@=JME @GEME
F=?JME=
5;9A
>GD@9?=E
585
:GA9<9
5WC
;@ME9^G
5@<5
H9J=FL9D@9
5F8C
EGK;9J<G
5B5
5=B5 HGJ
9DGF?9E=FLG
9F<9F9
9F<9AF9

 +9J9 KA?FA>A;9J ;9MK9 HJG<MLGJ9 DM?9J GF<= K= =F;GFLJ9 GM K= >9R 9

;GAK9
<=FGL9<9
H=D9
H9D9NJ9
HJAEALAN9
RF=C
J=DA;YJAG
@=J:9FYJAG
9=FC
9=F5
9^M;9J=AJG
;@G;GD9L=AJ9
5F=5
DANJ9JA9
E=J;=9JA9


+9J9
>GJE9J
FGE=K
<=
F9LMJ9DA<9<=
57C
9MKLJb9;G
5BCVC
H=JF9E:M;9FG
;GAE:J]G
9BG9
ZG
;=9J=FK=
HGJLM?MaK
9B<C
=KLJ=E=F@G
<9
KLJ=E9<MJ9
+GJLM?9D
9BC
E9<JAD=FG
;@AD=FG
9I
XI
;9D<=M
@=:J=M
AD@_M
>=E =@<C5
9B;C :@5A9B;C
=7C
:J9KbDA;G
*bservao
E 5@;5FJ=C F]G
@Y
KM>APG =C
=GH5
H9MDAKL9
C@
=KH9F@GD
CHC
EAF@GLG
f
5HC
E9A9LG
F9LMJ9D
<=
(9A9
=BC
HD9LAFG
:J9?9FLAFG
9=FC
:J9KAD=AJG
9H5
DAK:G=L9



5=7C
@=:J9A;G
;9D<9A;G

 +9J9 >GJE9J FGE=K IM= AF<A;9E E9F=AJ9 <= H=FK9J <GMLJAF9 IM= 9D
?M_E K=?M= K=AL9K G;MH9^]G J=D9;AGF9<9 ;GE 9 ;GAK9 =PHJ=KK9 H=D9 H9
D9NJ9
HJAEALAN9
=GAC
;JAKLA9FAKEG
;D9KKA;AKEG
=GH5
KG;A9DAKL9
=KHAJALAKL9
5BC
E9GE=L9FG
9F?DA;9FG

 +9J9 >GJE9J GMLJGK FGE=K L_;FA;GK MK9<GK F9K ;AaF;A9K 6) 

  7
=H9 =EHJ=?9K=
H9J9
9K
AF>D9E9^g=K
HD=MJAL=
JAFAL=
:JGFIMAL=
9A5 _
MLADAR9<G
FGK
EG<=JFGK
=KLM<GK
<=
DAF?M9?=E
;GE
G
K=FLA<G
<=
xEbFAE9
MFA<9<=
<AKLAFLAN9y
>GF=E9
E=FGJ
MFA<9<=
<=
KGE
EGJ
>=E9
E=FGJ
MFA<9<=
KA?FA>A;9LAN9
<=
>GJE9
D=P=E9
K=E=E9
=K
LAD=E9
=L;
CGC = =7C <AKLAF?M=E
ePA<GK
9Fb<JA<GK
Y;A<GK
=
K9AK
J=K=JN9F<GK=
G
hD
LAEG
H9J9
GK
;GEHGKLGK
IM=
=F;=JJ=E
E9AGJ
HJGHGJ^]G
<G
E=L9DGA<=
=EHJ=?9<G
;DGJ=LG
E=J;MJGKG
;DGJ=LG
E=J;hJA;G
5HC
9HC
=HC >GJE9E
FGE=K
<=
K9AK
;DGJ9LG
;DGJ=LG
;DGJALG
;DGJ9LG
<=
HGLYKKAG
;DGJ=LG
<=
Ke<AG
+9J9
GK
K9AK
<=
=FPG>J=
MK9K=
G
J9<A;9D GI@:
KMD>=LG
KMD>ALG
=
F]G GI@:IF
IM=
_
>GJE9
D9LAF9
KMD>9LG
<=
IMAFAFG
@A
HGKKMD>ALG
<=
Ke<AG
+9J9
GK
<=
>eK>GJG
MK9K=
G
J9<A;9D :CG:
H9J9
GK
<=
>DhGJ :@I
>GK>9LG
>DM9LG
+9J9
GK
<=
;9J:fFAG
G
MKG
NMD?9J
9;=ALGM
9K
>GJE9K 75F6CB5HC
:=E
<=JAN9<9
= 75F6IF9HC =E
N=R
<= 75F6CB9HC
IM=
<=FGL9
AF>DMaF;A9
>J9F;=K9
:A;9J:GF9LG
<=
Ke<AG
;9J:MJ=LG
<=
;YD;AG
ZB=C ;9J9;L=JAR9
;9J:GF=LGK
<=
@A<JG?aFAG
9;=LADaFAG
=LADaFAG
E=LADaFAG
=L;
=@=C 9H9J=;=
=E
;=JLGK
;GEHGKLGK
;@9E9<GK
J9<A;9AK
IMbEA;GK
9EbDAG
E=LbDAG
=B5 9H9J=;=
=E
9D;9DGA<=K
=
YD;9DAK
9JLA>A;A9AK 5HFCD=B5
9D;9DGA<=
<9
:=
D9<GF9 75:9[B5
<G
;9>_ 7C75[B5
<9
;G;9 7C89[B5
<G
eHAG 7CB=7=B5
<9
;A;ML9 9GHF=7B=B5
<9
FGRNfEA;9 ACF:=B5
<9
H9HGMD9 B=7CH=B5
<G
>MEG EI=B=B5
<9
IMAF9 H9[B5
<9
YJNGJ=
<G
;@Y
=L; 
9FADAF9
9DAR9JAF9
=L;
=C 9H9J=;=
=E
;GJHGK
KAEHD=K
KADb;AG
L=DhJAG
K=DaFAG
Ke<AG
HGLYKKAG
=L;



C@ K=
=F;GFLJ9
=E
<=JAN9<GK
<=
@A<JG;9J:GF=LGK
>=FGD
F9>LGD
=L;
*bservaes
 p  (AF=J9DG?A9 = 9 "=GDG?A9 LaE L9E:_E KM>APGK LGE9<GK =E K=FLA<GK
H9JLA;MD9J=K
=H5 H9J9
=KH_;A=K
EAF=J9AK
HAJAL9
=HC H9J9
9K
JG;@9K
?J9FALG
=H9 H9J9
>eKK=AK
9EGFAL=
p )9 AF<hKLJA9 EG<=JF9 GK HJG<MLGK FGNGK K]G E9J;9<GK ;GE >AF9AK 5L 9L 
=L CL IL IM= H9KK9J9E 9 K=J =FL=F<A<GK ;GEG N=J<9<=AJGK KM>APGK 9B9P L=F9P
H9J=<=P HAJ=P 9LJAP AFGP E9LGP JG<GP E L9FCL GM =LAEGDe?A;G LXFCL F]G
L=EGK
=KK=
>AF9D
HGAK
K=
HJ=F<=
9
ME
9<B=LANG
?J=?G
IM=
KA?FA>A;9 9BLIHC

$$ v *F=B7=D5=G GI:=LCG 89 BCA9G 5IA9BH5H=JCG 9 8=A=BIH=JCG AI=H5G

J9N9G
HCA58CG
D9>CF5H=J5
CI
5:9H=J5A9BH9

ME=FL9LANGK
VC
NVC
;9<=AJ]G
@GE=FR]G
5BWC
>9D@9F^G
;GHA9F^G
5FFC 5FFVC N5FFVC 5FF5N 9JJG  9R F9NA9JJ9 :=:9JJG K9FL9JJ]G ;G
H9JJ]G
@GE=FR9JJ]G
HJ9L9JJ9R



CFF5
;9:=^GJJ9
9=FVC
;@9H=AJ]G
LGD=AJ]G
9BHC
>9JLMJ=FLG


AEAFMLANGK
=B<C N=B<C =A N=A DANJAF@G DANJGRAF@G <GJEAF<AF@G >DGJRAF@9 =K
H9<AE
:G<AE
N9DRAE 
*:K=JN9^]G )=E K=EHJ= _ AF<A>=J=FL= 9 GH^]G HGJ =B<C GM N=B<C )]G
LGD=J9E =B<C = =HC E9K N=B<C = N=HC GK FGE=K L=JEAF9<GK =E F9K9D <ALGF?G
= NG?9D LfFA;9 7VCN=B<C 7VCN=HC =FAVN=B<5 5@6IBN=B<C F5=CN=B<C 6CB9N=B<C
IFI6IN=B<C /9E:_E K= AF;DM=E GK L=JEAF9<GK =E F =E:GJ9 9b @9B9 9D?MFK =E 
=B<C >9;MDL9LAN9E=FL= G9FN=B<C 7585J9FN=B<C 75F5H9FN=B<C 7C@<9F 9<EAL= 7C@
<9F=B<5 9G D9<G <= 7C@<9FN=B<5 *K L=JEAF9<GK =E G = N Ke LGD=J9E =B<C =HC
H9B=G=B<C
@5D=G=B<C
F5D5N=B<C
=HC
N=HC
;GHALG
9EGJRALG
H9KK=9F<ALG
=7C
F9EGJA;G
N=J9FA;G
=G7C
;@MNAK;G
H=LAK;G
9H5
9H9
9HC
K9D=L9
<A9:J=L=
DANJ=LG
K9:=J=L=
97C
DANJ=;G
H9<J=;G
CH5
CH9
CHC
AD@GL9
;9APGL=
H=J<A?GLG

9=FVC
NGR=AJ]G

9>C DM?9J=BG
9FAE9D=BG

5WC
5W5
JA;9^G
:9J;9^9
;GH9^G

57<C
JA9;@G
>G?9;@G

5GHFC HG=L9KLJG HGDALA;9KLJG H9<J9KLG E9<J9KL9 FGK <GAK hDLAEGK @GMN=

<AKKAEAD9^]G
5@<C
5@<5
5@<VC
HGDALA;9D@G
EMJ9D@9
?J9F<9D@]G
5A5
GMJ9E9
HG=AJ9E9
5BN=@
;GJH9FRAD
RN=C
;GHYRAG
IW5
<=FLM^9
9=A5
?MD=AE9
?MDGK=AE9
:GD=AE9
5B75
:A;9F;9
5G7C
H=F@9K;G
5N
>9L9;9R
>9E9F9R
>9E9J9R
C@5
:=A^GD9

9@ 9@5 9@C GJ9 ;GE 9 9:=JLG GJ9 >=;@9<G ;9:=<=DG E9?JA;=D9 <GFR=D9
<GFR=D
=C@5
9JL=JbGD9
C@5 ;9EAKGD9 L9E:_E L=E K=FLA<G 9ME=FL9LANG IM9F<G <=KA?F9 9 ;9EAK9
DGF?9
<=
<GJEAJ
J9H9RGD9
;> =C@5
I7<C
?GJ<M;@G
H=H=DM;@G
96F9
;9K=:J=
I@5
I@C
7I@5
7I@C
FeLMD9
?De:MDG
J9<b;MD9
;GJHhK;MDG
5@<C 9@<C =@<C C@<C I@<5 J9E9D@G J9H9R=D@G H=K9<AD@G >=JJGD@G
:9?MD@G
5W5
5WC
=W5
=WC
>ME9^9
;9FA^G
F9:A^9
9@
;GJ<=D



$$$
v *F=B7=D5=G
GI:=LCG
D5F5
:CFA5F
58>9H=JCG
8=C
8=WC
>M?A<AG
EGN=<A^G
LG<GK
LAJ9<GK
<G
L=E9
<G
H9JLA;bHAG
J9@
6=@
FGLYN=D
;JbN=D
KGDhN=D
>D_:AD
A?Fe:AD
9BHC
@9BHC
;JM=FLG
;GJHMD=FLG
CGC ICGC :GF<GKG HJAEGJGKG >9KLGKG GM >9KLMGKG MFLMGKG
=KHAJALMGKG
CB<C
E=<GF@G
JAKGF@G
5N
EGJ<9R
NGJ9R
I8C
:9JJA?M<G
;9:=^M<G
[7=C
=WC
9;GEG<9Lb;AG
=F>=JEA^G
RF=C
9=FC
<AYJAG
GJ<AFYJAG
N=J<9<=AJG
;GKLME=AJG
5BC
@ME9FG
5G7C
H9J<9N9K;G
9G7C
=G7C
<9FL=K;G
HJAF;AH=K;G
EGMJAK;G
RH=7C
HJG:D=EYLA;G
9JGEYLA;G
9BC
L=JJ=FG
R79C
JGKY;=G
?9DAFY;=G
57<C
N=J<9;@G
57C
<=EGFb9;G
58C
:9J:9<G
5F8C
>=DAR9J<G
5@
NAL9D 6CW5@
TB9C
5B<C
KM;=<[F=G
=KLJ9F@G
RH=@
HGJLYLAD
NGDYLAD
=BC =A :9AD9JAFG H9D9<AFG H9D9<AE 9 9He;GH= <= =BC 9 =A G;GJJ= E9AK
=FLJ=
KM:KL9FLANGK @5H=BC 69<B 7 @5H=A 6K 7
6IB8C
>MJA:MF<G
IB8C
CB8C
>=;MF<G
J=<GF<G
9C
JeK=G
H=AC
E9JbLAEG
IFBC
<AMJFG
=5BC
;9FGFA9FG
NAJ?ADA9FG

 

*bservao GK FGE=K HJeHJAGK >GJE9EK= 9<B=LANGK =E =5BC = F]G 95BC

;GEGFA9FG E9;@9<A9FG K9MKKMJA9FG O9?F=JA9FG ;GEG BY =J9 =E D9LAE 6;>
%(9 
l


=7C
Hh:DA;G
9B;C @9B;C
EMD@=J=F?G
9NG=F?G
N=J<G=F?G
N=J<GD=F?G
5@
5F
9FM9D
=K;GD9J
5=7C
HJGK9A;G
9GHF9
;9EH=KLJ=
9GH9
;=D=KL=
8CIFC
NAF<GMJG
AEGJJ=<GMJG
H_F=C
=PHA9LeJAG
K9LAK>9LeJAG
=JC
9>AJE9LANG
DM;J9LANG
R795
R79C =E
>9EbDA9
<=
HD9FL9K
DADAY;=9K
H9HADGFY;=GK
B8C =IMAN9D=FL=
9G
H9JLA;bHAG
>MLMJG
H9KKANG
D9LAFG
?J9<M9F<G
zIM=
N9A
K=J
?J9<M9<G{
NAL9F<G
zIM=
<=N=
K=J
=NAL9<G{
N=F=J9F<G
z<A?FG
<=
K=J
N=F=J9<G{
<=KHA;A=F<G
z<A?FG
<=
K=J
<=KHJ=R9<G{
z<=KHJ=RbN=D{
/=E
LA<G
D9J?9
9;=AL9^]G
F9
FGE=F;D9LMJ9
<=
HJG>AKKg=K
MFAN=JKALYJA9K
F=E
K=EHJ=
:=E
NAKLG
H=DGK
HMJAKL9K
<GMLGJ9F<G
>9JE9;GD9F<G
=F
?=F@=AJ9F<G
=L;

$1
v *F=B7=D5=G
GI:=LCG
D5F5
:CFA5F
J9F6CG
 +9J9 AF<A;9J 9^]G IM= <=N= K=J HJ9LA;9<9 GM <9J ;=JL9 IM9DA<9<= 9 ME9
;GAK9
N=J:G
;9MK9LANG
5BH5F
IM=:J9FL9J
=H5F
H=JA;DAL9J
<=:ADAL9J
=N5F
;ANADAR9J
@ME9FAR9J
J=9DAR9J


+9J9
AF<A;9J
9^]G
J=H=LA<9
N=J:GK
>J=IM=FL9LANGK
5W5F
=KHA;9^9J
9<=D?9^9J
9>5F
E=J;9<=B9J
NG=B9J
*bservaes
 p )=E K=EHJ= AF<A;9E J=H=LA^]G <9 9^]G EMAL9K N=R=K K=JN=E H9J9 =PHJAEAJ 9
E=KE9
FG^]G
9H=F9K
HGJ
E=AG
<=
>GJE9
=FL=F<A<9
HGJ
E9AK
KGFGJ9
p
.G:J=
95F

9>5F 6;> (9 
 7





+9J9
AF<A;9J
9^]G
HGM;G
AFL=FK9
N=J:GK
<AEAFMLANGK
=H5F
K9DLAL9J
<GJEAL9J
*bservao (MALGK N=J:GK =PHJAE=E =KL9 A<=A9 HGJ K= >GJE9J=E <= FGE=K <A
EAFMLANGK H=LAK;G  9J  H=LAK;9J ;@MNAK;G  9J  ;@MNAK;9J ;MKHAF@G  9J 
;MKHAF@9J
F9EGJA;G

9J

F9EGJA;9J

 +9J9 AF<A;9J AFb;AG <= 9^]G GM H9KK9?=E H9J9 ME FGNG =KL9<G GM IM9D
A<9<=
N=J:GK
AF;G9LANGK
979F
9DNGJ=;=J
9FGAL=;=J
9HG<J=;=J
=F<MJ=;=J
=F>MJ=;=J
9G79F
>DGJ=K;=J
*bservao  ?J9>A9 9G79F _ HJeHJA9 <9K H9D9NJ9K AEHGJL9<9K IM= BY ;@=?9J9E
Z
DbF?M9
;GE G7 GM
<=NA<9K
Z
9F9DG?A9

1
v -I:=LC
D5F5
:CFA5F
58JXF6=C
A9BH9 BMFL9K=
9
9<B=LANG
F9
>GJE9
>=EAFAF9
IM9F<G
@GMN=J
;D9J9E=FL=
KAF;=J9E=FL=
KGKK=?9<9E=FL=
KAEHD=KE=FL=
@GJJAN=D
E=FL=
=FGJE=E=FL=
HJAE=AJ9E=FL=

+GJ =PL=FK]G HG<= 9AF<9 EMALG =PHJ=KKAN9E=FL= ;GE:AF9JK= ;GE

KM:KL9FLANGK
*bservao *K FGE=K L=JEAF9<GK =E ZG = 9D?MFK L=JEAF9<GK =E CF HGJIM=
FG HGJLM?MaK 9FLA?G Ke LAF@9E ME9 >GJE9 H9J9 GK <GAK ?aF=JGK F]G K= 9H
J=K=FL9E
FG
>=EAFAFG
HGJLM?M=KE=FL=
KMH=JAGJE=FL=

*K 9<N_J:AGK =E A9BH9 HG<=E K=J <AKLJA:Mb<GK =E LJaK ;D9KK=K

;GF>GJE=
G
K=FLA<G
<G
9<B=LANG
<=
IM=
K=
>GJE9E
6) 
7

=PHJAE=E
ME9
A<=A9
<=
IM9DA<9<= 7@5F5A9BH9 G=B79F5A9BH9
G=AD@9GA9BH9 <CFF=J9@A9BH9

=PHJAE=E
ME9
A<=A9
<=
IM9FLA<9<=
GM
E=<A<9 7CD=CG5A9BH9
=A9BG5A9BH9 9BCFA9A9BH9

=PHJAE=E
ME9
A<=A9
<=
J=D9^]G
<=
<GAK
K=J=K
AF<=H=F<=FL=
ME
<G
GMLJG
=FLJ=
9K
A<_A9K
<=
J=D9^]G
;AL9EGK
9K
<= H9ADC = @I;5F
DF=A9=F5A9BH9 5BH9F=CFA9BH9 5HI5@A9BH9
+J=>APGK

Prefixos v *K HJAF;AH9AK HJ=>APGK IM= G;GJJ=E =E HGJLM?MaK K]G <=

HJG;=<aF;A9 D9LAF9 GM ?J=?9 K=F<G IM= EMALGK <GK HJAE=AJGK ;GJJ=KHGF
<=E 9 HJ=HGKA^g=K HGJLM?M=K9K AF<9 IM= GK HJ=>APGK D9LAFGK L=F@9E G
E=KEG KA?FA>A;9<G <= K=MK ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=K ?J=?GK >GJE9F<G 9KKAE



H9D9NJ9K KAFfFAE9K =KL9K =E J=?J9 F]G K= HG<=E KM:KLALMAJ EMLM9E=FL=

HGJIM=
LaE
=K>=J9K
K=E[FLA;9K
<A>=J=FL=K
KKAE _ IM= HF5BG:CFA5WVC = A9H5ACF:CG9 7=F7IB:9FZB7=5 =
D9F=:9F=5 7CADCG=WVC = G[BH9G9 K]G =IMAN9D=FL=K 9 JA?GJ E9K F]G K= 9H
DA;9E AF<AKLAFL9E=FL= HF5BG:CFA5WVC HGJ =P=EHDG _ <= =EHJ=?G E9AK
9EHDG
IM= A9H5ACF:CG9
D?ME9K N=R=K @Y <MHDA;A<9<= <9 FG^]G =PHJ=KK9 H=DG HJ=>APG =
H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= K= K=?M= Z H9D9NJ9 <=JAN9<9 HJ=>AP9DE=FL= 7CB7CFF9F
7CA =B7CFF9F 9A 5DCFG9 5 =L;  *MLJ9K N=R=K G J=>GJ^G K= <Y E=<A
9FL= G HJ=>APG = G KA?FA>A;9<G E=KEG <9 H9D9NJ9 :9K= J=H9J=K= 9 J=
H=LA^]G <9 A<=A9 <= :IBWVC 5DFCL=A=8589 <G HJ=>APG 7CA = <9 :9K= J=N
=B<C F=KL= LJ=;@G <= M;DA<=K <9 MF@9 x KL9 KGDA<9JA=<9<= <= =K>GJ^GK
=NA<=F;A9K= E=D@GJ F9 N9IM=B9<9 LJ9:9D@G ;GFKAKLAF<G =KK=F;A9DE=FL=
FG J=MFAJ = <AK;JAEAF9J <=HGAK GK ?9<GK <= <A>=J=FL=K >9R=F<9K 7CBJ=N=B
<5G y
6  
 7
+J=>APGK
=
=D=E=FLGK
D9LAFGK

Prefixos e elementos latinos

56
56G 9>9KL9E=FLG
K=H9J9^]G
9:KLJ9AJ
9:MKG
58 5 EGNAE=FLG H9J9 9HJGPAE9^]G 9<A;AGF9E=FLG H9KK9?=E H9J9 GMLJG =K
L9<G
ZK
N=R=K
F]G
L=E
KA?FA>A;9^]G
HJeHJA9
9<BMFLG
9HGJ
*bservao )]G ;GF>MF<AJ ;GE G 5 K=E KA?FA>A;9^]G <= ;=JL9K H9D9NJ9K ;GEG
5@9J5BH5F
5GG9BH5F
5H5A6CF
5BH9 9FL=JAGJE=FL= HJG;=<aF;A9 v FG L=EHG GM FG =KH9^G 9FL=KK9D9 9F
L=DeIMAG
9FL=?GR9J
9FL=N_KH=J9
5A6= <MHDA;A<9<=
9E:A?MA<9<=
9E:A<=KLJG
69B9
69A
69B :=E
=P;=DaF;A9
<=
ME
>9LG
GM
9^]G
:=F<AR=J
:=F>9R=BG
6=G
6=
6=B <GAK
<MHDA;A<9<=
:AKF=LG
:A;A;DG
:AFe;MDG
79BHIA
79BHC
;=FLMHDA;9J
;=FLGH=A9
7=F7IA
7=F7I =E
JG<9
<=
;AJ;MF>=JaF;A9
;AJ;MD9^]G
7=G HGKA^]G
9IM_E
;AK9DHAFG
;AK9LD[FLA;G
;AK9F<AFG
;AKHD9LAFG
*bservao
*;GJJ=
;GEG
9FLfFAEG
<= HF5BG
LJ9FK9LD[FLA;G
v
;AK9LD[FLA;G
7IA 7CA 7CB 7C 7CF ;GEH9F@A9 KG;A=<9<= ;GF;GEAL[F;A9 ;MEHDA;A<9<=
;GEH9<J=
;GEH9F@=AJG
;GF<MLGJ
;GD9:GJ9J
;GJJG:GJ9J
7CBHF5 GHGKA^]G KALM9^]G >JGFL=AJ9 G 5 >AF9D HG<= H9KK9J 9 C <A9FL= <= ;=JL9K <=
JAN9^g=K <G N=J:G ;GFLJ9E9J;@9J ;GFLJ9HGJ ;GFLJ9EMJG ;GFLJGN=JL=J E



7CBHF585BW5 F]G G;GJJ= G HJ=>APG 7CBHF5 G NG;Y:MDG FGK N=AG <G >J9F;aK
7CBHF985BG9 <G AF?DaK 7CIBHFM85B79 <9F^9 JhKLA;9 HGJ =LAEGDG?A9 HGHM
D9J L9DN=R <=NA<9 9G >9LG <= GK H9J=K K= <=>JGFL9J=E MFK ;GE GK GMLJGK <9b
G
>J9F;aK 7CBHF9
8979A
897=
897I
897 <=R
<=;=FNAJG
<=;ADALJG
<_;MHDG
89 EGNAE=FLG H9J9 :9APG K=H9J9^]G AFL=FKA<9<= F=?9^]G <=H=F9J <=;GE
HGJ
tK
N=R=K
9DL=JF9
;GE 89G
8975=F
k
89G75=F
89G 8=G F=?9^]G 9^]G ;GFLJYJA9 ;=KK9^]G <= ME 9LG GM =KL9<G 9:D9^]G AF
L=FKA<9<= <=KN=FLMJ9 <AK;GJ<[F;A9 <A>b;AD <AK  >Y;AD <=KAF>=DAR <=K>=9J

>9R=J
EMALG
>=AG
<=KEM<9J

EM<9J
EMALG
8=GG <MHDA;A<9<= K=H9J9^]G <AN=JKA<9<= <= H9JL=K <AKK=;9J z;GJL9J =E <GAK{
<AKBMF?AJ
zK=H9J9J
<M9K
;GAK9K
IM=
=KL9N9E
BMFL9K{
<AKHGJ
9L 9G 9 EGNAE=FLG H9J9 >GJ9 EM<9F^9 <= =KL9<G =K>GJ^G =KN9RA9J =N9<AJ
=PH9LJA9J
=PH=;LGJ9J
=EA?J9J
=K>GJ^9J
*bservao tK N=R=K 9DL=JF9K= ;GE 89G 8=G =K;9EH9<G v <=K;9EH9<G =P
L=FKG v <AKL=FKG =K?M=<=D@9J v <=K?M=<=D@9J =KE9A9J v <=KE9A9J =KLJAH9J =
<=KLJAH9J <=K9HJGHJA9J = =KHJGHJA9J <=K>A9J = =K>A9J <=K=F;9J;=J9J = =P;9J;=J9J
<=K=J<9J
=
=P=J<9J
6(9 
7
9A 9B 9 =B EGNAE=FLG H9J9 <=FLJG H9KK9?=E H9J9 ME =KL9<G GM >GJE9
?M9JF=;AE=FLG
J=N=KLAE=FLG
=E:=:=J
=FL=JJ9J
=F=NG9J
AF?=JAJ
*bservao tK N=R=K 9DL=JF9K= 9 >GJE9 HJ=>AP9<9 ;GE G K=M HJ=>APG 7CIF5W5F
= 9B7CIF5W5F 75J5@;5F = 9B75J5@;5F HF5>5F = 9BHF5>5F J=IJ5F = 9BJ=IJ5F 65=B
<5F = 9A65=B<5F 6(9 
7
9LHF5 >GJ9 <= 9D_E <= KMH=JAGJA<9<= G 5 >AF9D H9KK9 ZK N=R=K 9 C =PLJ9<A^]G
=PLJ9D=?9D
=PLJ9>AFG
=PLJGN=JL=J
=B =A = K=FLA<G ;GFLJYJAG F=?9^]G HJAN9^]G AEH=FAL=FL= AF;GJJA?bN=D AD=?
9D
A?FGJ[F;A9
*bservaes
 p tK N=R=K H9J=;= 9LJA:MAJ 9G <=JAN9<G G E=KEG N9DGJ K=E[FLA;G <9 >GJE9 <=
:9K= =B7FI9BHC
=B7FI9@8589
p D?ME9K N=R=K AF<A;9 FG IM= 9D?ME9 ;GAK9 K= LJ9FK>GJE9 AKLG _ EM<9F^9 <=
=KL9<G =B7=B9F5F zJ=<MRAJ 9 ;AFR9K{ =B:@5ARJ9@ zIM= K= LJ9FK>GJE9 =E ;@9E9{
zIM=
K=
LJ9FK>GJE9
=E
>G?G{
=L;
 p x*K HJ=>APGK F=?9LANGK E9AK ;GEMFK K]G =B = 89G GM 89 .]G HGM;9K 9K H9D9N
J9K N=J<9<=AJ9E=FL= 9FLA?9K >GJE9<9K ;GE G HJ=>APG =B IM= Ke K= LGJF9E >J=
IM=FL=K HGJ AEAL9^]G DAL=JYJA9 <G D9LAE <GK IMAF@=FLAKL9K H9J9 ;Y 9 <=JAN9^]G
HGHMD9J _ K=EHJ= >=AL9 ;GE G HJ=>APG 89G GM 89 89G:5N9F 89G7CG9F 89G5B85F 89
G5ACF 89G=;I5@ =L; D?MFK LAN=J9E 9 >GJE9 =B ;GEG =B>IGH=W5 E9K 9AF<9 =E



L9D ;9KG K=EHJ= 9FLA?9E=FL= K= HJ=>=JAM <AR=J 9 G9A>IGH=W5 = <AR=J ;GMK9 G9A
BCA9 9
;GMK9 =BCA=B585 GM
IM=B9F<9K
=PHJ=KKg=Ky
6%- 
F
 7
=B:F5 9:9APG
AF>J99KKAF9<G
=BH9F
9BHF9 HGKA^]G
FG
E=AG
J=;AHJG;A<9<=
=FLJ=L=J
AFL=JHGJ
AFL=J;[E:AG
=BHFC <=FLJG
AFLJG<MRAJ
=BHF5 HGKA^]G AFL=JAGJ EGNAE=FLG H9J9 <=FLJG G 5 >AF9D H9KK9 ZK N=R=K 9 C AF
LJ9EMK;MD9J
AFLJGN=JL=J
AFLJG<MRAJ
C6
C HGKA^]G
=E
>J=FL=
G:KL9J
GHGJ
D9F 9LJ9N_K <= ;GAK9 GM 9^]G ;GEHD=L9 AFL=FKA<9<= H=J;GJJ=J H=J>9R=J H=J
<MJ9J
H=JK=FLAJ
K=FLAJ
HJG>MF<9E=FL=
D@IF= EMALG
HDMJA;=DMD9J
DCG
DCGH HGKA^]G
HGKL=JAGJ
FG
L=EHG
=
FG
=KH9^G
HGKLfFA;G
HeK=K;JALG
DF59H9F HJ=L=J
HJ=L=JAJ
DF=AI HJAE=AJG
HJAEG?aFALG
DF9 DF59 9FL=JAGJE=FL= 9FL=;=<aF;A9 KMH=JAGJA<9<= HJ=>Y;AG HJ=N=J
HJ=<GEbFAG
DFC EGNAE=FLG
H9J9
>J=FL=
=E
DM?9J
<=
=E
HJGN=ALG
<=
HJG?J=<AJ
HJGB=^]G
F9 EGNAE=FLG H9J9 LJYK J=H=LA^]G J=;AHJG;A<9<= AFL=FKA<9<= J=?J=<AJ J=>9R=J
J=KK9M<9J
K9M<9J
EMLM9E=FL=
J=KK9DL9J
J=K;9D<9J
=K;9D<9J
EMALG
F9HFC H9J9
LJYK
J=LJG;=<=J
J=LJG9?AJ
G5H=G KM>A;A=FL=
K9LAK>9R=J
G9A= E=L9<= <= IM9K= IM= >9R 9K N=R=K <= K=EA;bJ;MDG K=EA:YJ:9JG
K=EANG?9D
GC GC6 GI6 GIG =E :9APG <= AE=<A9L9E=FL= 9:9APG FME ;9J?G GM >MF^]G
AF>=JAGJA<9<= 9^]G HGM;G AFL=FK9 KGL=JJ9J KG:=KL9J KM:E9JAFG KMKL=FL9J
KMHGJ
GC6F9 F9K >GJE9^g=K N=JFY;MD9K GID9F GIDF5 F9K >GJE9^g=K =JM<AL9K
HGKA^]G KMH=JAGJ K9DAaF;A9 H9JL= >AF9D <= ME 9LG GM >=FfE=FG =E K=?MA<9
=P;=KKG
KG:J=KL9J
KMH=J>b;A=
KMHJ9;AL9<G
KMH=JDGL9<G
GCHC GCH5 HGKA^]G AF>=JAGJ AF>=JAGJA<9<= DG?G 9HeK KGLGHfJ KGLGE=KLJ=
KGL9NG?9
HF5BG HF5G HF9G HF5 HF9 9D_E <= 9LJ9N_K <= H9KK9J <= ME DM?9J 9 GMLJG AF
L=FKA<9<= LJ9FKHGJL9J LJ9<MRAJ LJ9FKD9<9J LJ=KDGM;9J LJ=KE9D@9J LJ=KFGAL9J
LJ=KH9KK9J
LJ=KD=J
LJ=K?9KL9J
*bservaes





 p )]G K= @Y <= ;GF>MF<AJ HFZG FME=J9D ;GE HF9G <= HF5BG LJ=K<G:J9J
LJAHDA;9J

9D[ KG:J=
=E
;AE9
<=
=HA<=JE=
=HALY>AG

p tK N=R=K HF5BG _ =EHJ=?9<G ;GEG 9FLfFAEG <= 7=G HF5BG5@D=BC =

HF5BG5B8=BC
HGJ
=P=EHDG
GHg=EK=
9 7=G5@D=BC = 7=G5B8=BC

<9A= E=L9<=
<ANAK]G
<=
<M9K
H9JL=K
@=EA;A;DG
@=EAK>_JAG

 p /9E:_E =E ;=JL9K H9D9NJ9K K= HG<=E 9DL=JF9J 9K N9JA9FL=K <=KL= HJ=>APG

LJ9FKH9KK9J
LJ9KH9KK9J
LJ=KH9KK9J
LJ9FKEGFL9J
LJ9EGFL9J
HF=G
HF=
HF9G
HF9 LJaK
LJAKKbD9:G
LJA;A;DG
I@HF5 9D_E
<=
=P;=KKG
H9KK9J
9D_E
<=
MDLJ9H9KK9J
MDLJ9>AFG
IB
IB= MFA<9<=
MFA>GJE=
J=79 J=G =E DM?9J <= AE=<A9L9E=FL= 9:9APG FME ;9J?G GM >MF^]G NA;=HJ=K
A<=FL=
NAK;GF<=
+J=>APGK
=
=D=E=FLGK
?J=?GK

Prefixos e elementos gregos

5 5B =KL= hDLAEG 9FL=K <= NG?9D HJAN9^]G F=?9^]G AFKM>A;AaF;A9 ;9JaF;A9 ;GF
LJ9<A^]G
9>fFA;G
9F=EA9
9FfFAEG
9FGPA9
9EGJ9D
5BR AFN=JK]G EM<9F^9 J=<MHDA;9^]G 9F9:9LAKL9 9F9;JfFA;G 9F9DG?A9 9F9LG
EA9
9FY>GJ9
5B:[ <MHDA;A<9<=
9G
J=<GJ
<GK
<GAK
D9<GK
9F>b:AG
9F>A:GDG?A9
9F>AL=9LJG
5BH[ GHGKA^]G
9^]G
;GFLJYJA9
9FLb<GLG
9FLYJLA;G
9FLbHG<9K
9FLA9_J=G
5D_ 9>9KL9E=FLG
9HGDG?A9
9HG;9DAHK=

9I =P;=DaF;A9
H=J>=A^]G
:GF<9<=
=M>GFA9
=M>GJA9
=M>=EAKEG
<=DXF =P;=KKG
@AH_J:GDG
@AH_J:9LG
<=D_ HGKA^]G
AF>=JAGJ
@AHG;JAKA9
@AHeL=K=
@AHGL=;9
A9HR EM<9F^9
KM;=KK]G
E=L9EGJ>GK=
E=LY>GJ9
E=LGFbEA9
D5FR HJGPAEA<9<= K=E=D@9F^9
H9J9<A?E9
H9J9D=D9
H9J9EF_KA9

<=>=ALG

Nb;AG

AFL=FKA<9<=

D9F[ 
=E
LGJFG
<=
H=JbE=LJG
H=JbG<G
H=JAK;eHAG
DF_ 9FL=JAGJA<9<=
HJeDG?G
HJG?FeKLA;G
HJG>=L9
DF_G 9<BMF^]G
=E
9<A^]G
9
HJGK_DALG
HJGKe<A9
DFCHC AFb;AG
;GE=^G
9FL=JAGJA<9<=
HJGLeLAHG
HJGLG@AKLeJA9
HJGLGEYJLAJ
DC@[ EMDLAHDA;A<9<=
HGDAKKbD9:G
HGDAL=bKEG
GtB
GtA
Gt ;GFBMFLG
KAEMDL9F=A<9<=
KAF9?G?9
KAFGHK=
KAEH9LA9
KADG?=M
H9@9 <AKL[F;A9 9>9KL9E=FLG ;GFLJGD= >=ALG Z <AKL[F;A9 L=D_?J9>G L=D=H9LA9
L=D=?MA9<G
GJJ=KHGF<aF;A9
=FLJ=
HJ=>APGK
=
=D=E=FLGK
D9LAFGK
=
?J=?GK

Correspondncia entre prefixos e elementos latinos e gregos

'9LAFGK

"J=?GK

5FEI= 5F79 KMH=JAGJA<9<= @A=JYJIMA;9 HJAE9RA9 =P;=KKG 9JIMA<MIM= 9J

IMAEADAGFYJAG
9J;=<A9?G

89G
=B 
<=KD=9D
AF>=DAR

5
5B
9EGJ9D
9F=EA9

75HR EGNAE=FLG
H9J9
:9APG
;9L9;ME:9
;9L9J9L9
;9LeDA;G

7CBHF5
;GFLJ9HGJ

5BH[
9FLAH9LA9

8=R
8= 9LJ9N_K
<=
<AYDG?G
<A9?J9E9

5A6=
9E:A?MA<9<=

5B:[
9F>A:GDG?A9

*bservao +=FK9F<GK= IM= 8=R@C;C _ ;GFN=JK9 <= <GAK L=EK= =EHJ=?9<G

=JJ9<9E=FL= HF=R@C;C H9J9
;GFN=JK9
<=
LJaK

56
9:MKG

5D_
9HG?=M

8=G <A>A;MD<9<=
<AKH=HKA9
<AK=FL=JA9

6=G
:AD9:A9D

8=
<AKKbD9:G

8= <MHDA;A<9<=
AFL=FKA<9<=
<AD=E9
<AKKbD9:G
<ALGF?G

97 9L 9LC 97HC =PL=JAGJA<9<= EGNAE=FLG H9J9 >GJ9 K=H9J9^]G =;R=E9 =P
=?=K=
aPG<G
=Pe?=FG
=;LG<=JE9
9B
9A
9 AFL=JAGJA<9<=
=F;fEAG
=F;b;DA;9
=F;A;DGH_<A9
=E:D=E9
=DAHK=
9B8C EGNAE=FLG
=E
<AJ=^]G
H9J9
<=FLJG
=F<G;9JHG
=F<GN=FGK9
9BHC AFL=JAGJ
=FLe>ALG
HD9FL9
IM=
NAN=
<=FLJG
<=
GMLJ9

H9JY:GD9

HF5BG
LJ9FK>GJE9^]G
=B AF?J=KK9J

LJ9FKH9J=FL=

8=R
E=L9EGJ>GK=

A9HR

9B
=F;_>9DG

<AY>9FG





=BHF5
AFLJ9EMK;MD9J

9B8C
=F<GN=FGKG

D9B[BGI@5

EI9FGCB9GC

9L
=PHGJL9J

97
9L aPG<G

BCJ=@dB=C

B9CAZB=C

GID9F
GIDF5 KMH=J>b;A=
KMHJ9DAF?M9D
KMH=JDGL9J

9D[
@AH=JLJG>A9

<=DXF

69B9
:=F=>b;AG

9I
=M>GFA9

G9A= K=EA;bJ;MDG

<9A=
@=EAK>_JAG

GI6
KM:L=JJ[F=G

<=D_
@AHeL=K=

58
9<B=LANG

D5FR
H9J9D=DG

7=F7IA
;AJ;MF>=JaF;A9

D9F[
H=JA>=JA9

=HA<=JE=

5J5F9N5

:=@5F;=F=5

:5JTB=C

NX:=FC

*MLJGK
HJG;=KKGK
<=
>GJE9^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9K

89
<=H=F9J

75HR
;9L9J9L9

7IA
;GEHGKA^]G

GtB
KbFL=K=

 * HJ=>APG =B DAL=JYJAG = =JM<ALG 9G ;GFLJYJAG <= 89G HGHMD9J ?9F@GM HGJ AKKG ;=JL9
;GJL=KA9 = HGDA<=R = ;GFKLALMA =E F=GDG?AKEGK ME J=;MJKG <= =M>=EAKEGK IM= ;9<9 N=R
E9AK K= ?=F=J9DAR9 =BJ9F8589 HGJ A9BH=F5 =B9L5HC =B89@=758C =B8CBHC =ADC@=8C =BJ9F
[8=7C
=A9F97=8C
=B5H=JC

*bservao #Y L9E:_E KAFfFAEGK GM =IMAN9D=FL=K K=E[FLA;GK ?J=;GD9LAFGK

GM 8CI6@9HG :ADbF?M=K
1=B9EK=
GK
D=E:J9<GK
HGJ
6(9 

F 7
'9LAFGK

"J=?GK

569798RF=C

5@:569HC

:@CF=@X;=C

5BHC@C;=5

GI8CF[:=7C

8=5:CFXH=7C

IB=7_FB=C

ACBC79FCBH9

FCIL=BC@

:=@CA9@5

Outros processos de formao de palavras v D_E <GK HJG;=KKGK

?=J9AK LbHA;GK <= >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K HGKKMA G HGJLM?MaK E9AK GK
K=?MAFL=K :CFA5WVC F9;F9GG=J5 56F9J=5WVC F98ID@=75WVC 7CBJ9FGVC =
7CA6=B5WVC
$FLAE9E=FL= J=D9;AGF9<9 ;GE 9 <=JAN9^]G L=EGK 9 >GJE9^]G J=?J=K
KAN9 GM <=N=J:9D IM= ;GFKAKL= =E ;JA9J H9D9NJ9K HGJ 9F9DG?A9 H=D9 KM:
LJ9^]G <= 9D?ME KM>APG <9F<G 9 >9DK9 AEHJ=KK]G <= K=J=E NG;Y:MDGK <=
JAN9FL=K <= 5HF5G5F LAJ9EGK 5HF5GC <= 9A65F75F 9A65FEI9 <= D9G75F
D9G75 <= ;F=H5F ;F=HC KKAE L9E:_E GK NG;Y:MDGK FCGA5B=B<C = G5F5
ADVC >GJ9E LGE9<GK J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= ;GEG <AEAFMLANG = 9ME=FL9LANG
E9J;9<GK HGJL9FLG ;GE KM>APGK <= ?J9M = <9b K= LAJ9J9E 9K >GJE9K J=
?J=KKAN9K FCGA5BC = G5F5ADC
;GEG
>9DKGK
HJAEALANGK
/9AK <=JAN9<GK J=?J=KKANGK HJG;=<=E <9 HJAE=AJ9 GM <9 L=J;=AJ9
H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J <G HJ=K=FL= <G AF<A;9LANG G IM= =PHDA;9 KM9 <AK
LJA:MA^]G =E KM:KL9FLANGK <= L=E9 =E C K= HJGNAF<GK <9  p H=KKG9 GM
<= L=E9 =E 5 GM 9 K= HJGNAF<GK <9  p H=KKG9 K=E IM= K= HGKK9 HJ=N=J
9 GH^]G <9 FGJE9 H9J9 9 =K;GD@9 <9 NG?9D L=EYLA;9 *K <= L=E9 =E C
LaE E9AGJ NAL9DA<9<= FG HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG =KH=;A9DE=FL= F9 N9JA=<9<=
AF>GJE9D C
5A5GGC
C
5;=HC
C
7<9;C
C
GI:C7C
C
5D5;C 61& 
 7
* +JG> .9A< DA <AKLJA:MAGK =E IM9LJG ?JMHGK D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9
K=M
?aF=JG
?J9E9LA;9D
x q (9K;MDAFG =E C 9LJ9KG 9KK=FLG =EHJ=?G NGG =K>GJ^G ;@GJG <=?=DG
J=EG E=J?MD@G KMKHAJG E9F<G ;GF>JGFLG JG<=AG ?9D9FL=AG >=KL=BG ?9J
?9J=BG
=L;
q
(9K;MDAFG
=E 9
=E:9JIM=
<=K=E:9JIM=
;GE:9L=
;GJL=
LGIM=
=L;
 q !=EAFAFG =E 5 9E9JJ9 H=K;9 KG:J9 KMHDA;9 D=N9 =F?GJ<9 <=KGN9 J=FhF
;A9
J=?9
=K>J=?9
=FLJ=?9
=K;GD@9
=L;
 q (9K;MDAFGK = >=EAFAFGK H9?G H9?9 ;MKLG ;MKL9 LJG;G LJG;9 9;@=?G
9;@=?9
?JALG
?JAL9
9E=9^G
9E=9^9y
6. 
7



)=KL= HJG;=KKG GK KM:KL9FLANGK LAJ9<GK <= N=J:GK <=FGL9E 9^]G

=FIM9FLG GK KM:KL9FLANGK IM= <]G GJA?=E 9 N=J:GK <=FGL9E =E ?=J9D
G:B=LG GM KM:KL[F;A9 ;GEG 5FEI=JC 5FEI=J5F H=A6F9 H=A6F5F 5D9
@=8C 5D9@=85F = 9KKAE HGJ <A9FL=  NAL9DA<9<= D@=K ?9J9FL= >GJE9^]G
<= <=JAN9<GK <= 5D5;C K= >GJEGM 5D5;VC FGK :D=;9ML=K EGE=FL[F=GK
GM
<=EGJ9<GK
<9K
?J9F<=K
;A<9<=K
 abreviao ;GFKAKL= FG =EHJ=?G <= ME9 H9JL= <9 H9D9NJ9 H=DG
LG<G W ;GEME F]G Ke FG >9D9J ;GDGIMA9D E9K 9AF<9 F9 DAF?M9?=E ;MA<
9<9
HGJ
:J=NA<9<=
<=
=PHJ=KK]G 9LHF5 HGJ 9LHF5CF8=BRF=C GM 9LHF5:=BC
 >GJE9 9:J=NA9<9 H9KK9 J=9DE=FL= 9 ;GFKLALMAJ ME9 FGN9 H9D9NJ9 =
FGK <A;AGFYJAGK L=E LJ9L9E=FLG Z H9JL= IM9F<G KG>J= N9JA9^]G <= K=FLA<G
GM 9<IMAJ= E9LJAR =KH=;A9D =E J=D9^]G ZIM=D9 <GF<= HJG;=<= CHC;F5:=5
= :CHC K]G G=BaB=ACG HGJIM= <=KA?F9E 9 E=KE9 ;GAK9 =E:GJ9 9
KAFGFbEA9 F]G K=B9 9:KGDML9 CHC 9D_E <= K=J <= =EHJ=?G E9AK ;GJJ=FL=
9AF<9 K=JN= H9J9 LbLMDGK <= ;9K9K <G ?aF=JG G IM= F]G K= <Y ;GE G L=JEG
:CHC;F5:=5
+G<=K= AF;DMAJ ;GEG ;9KG =KH=;A9D <9 9:J=NA9^]G G HJG;=KKG <= K=
;JA9J=E H9D9NJ9K ;GE NAL9DA<9<= FG D_PA;G E=<A9FL= 9 D=ALMJ9 AKGD9<9K
GM
F]G
<9K
D=LJ9K
IM=
;GEHg=E
KA?D9K
;GEG
HGJ
=P=EHDG
*)0
*J?9FAR9^]G
<9K
)9^g=K
0FA<9K
+0
+GFLA>b;A9
0FAN=JKA<9<=
9LeDA;9
0 -%
0FAN=JKA<9<=
<G
KL9<G
<G
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
0.+
0FAN=JKA<9<=
<=
.]G
+9MDG
+/
+9JLA<G
<GK
/J9:9D@9<GJ=K
=KL9K 9:J=NA9LMJ9K K= <=JAN9E E=<A9FL= KM>APGK DIEI=5BC I9F;=
5BC IGD=5BC D9H=GH5
=L;
 reduplicao L9E:_E ;@9E9<9 8ID@=75WVC G=@R6=75 ;GFKAKL=
F9 J=H=LA^]G <= NG?9D GM ;GFKG9FL= 9;GEH9F@9<9 IM9K= K=EHJ= <= 9D
L=JF[F;A9
NG;YDA;9
H9J9
>GJE9J
ME9
H9D9NJ9
AEAL9LAN9
H=EI9H5EI9
F97CF97C
D=B;I9DCB;I9 IM=
HJGN9N=DE=FL=
J=HJ=K
=FL9
G
;@AFaK D=B;D5B;
9LJ9N_K
<G
AF?DaK D=B;DCB;
K=?MF<G
.9HAJ
6 . 
 7

 

KL= _ G HJG;=KKG ?=J9DE=FL= MK9<G H9J9 >GJE9J 9K GFGE9LGH=A9K

 

 converso ;GFKAKL= FG =EHJ=?G <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 >GJ9 <= KM9

;D9KK=
FGJE9D
.9FF[J9@
D5@5JF5
X
IA no
(VC
7CBG9;I=
89G7C6F=F
C porqu 85
EI9GHVC
@9
X
C benjamim 85
:5A[@=5

FLJ= GK ;9KGK <= ;GFN=JK]G HG<=EGK AF;DMAJ 9 H9KK9?=E HGJ

@AH=JL9P= ME ?JMHG <= NG;Y:MDGK ?=J9DE=FL= G >AF9D 9 H9D9NJ9 AKGD9<9
@9 H9A 79FH5G fobias :C6=5 _ 9 H9JL= <= ME ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K IM= <=KA?
F9E 9N=JK]G 9 ME9 ;GAK9 :CHC:C6=5 L9BC:C6=5 <=8FC:C6=5 =L; KL9EGK
FG
K_;MDG
<GK =GACG =
<9K @C;=5G
*bservao *K ;9KGK <= ;GFN=JK]G J=;=:A9E G FGE= <= 89F=J5WVC =ADF_DF=5
GEG 9 ;GFN=JK]G F]G J=H=J;ML= F9 =KLJMLMJ9 <G KA?FA>A;9FL= <= :9K= EMALGK
=KLM<AGKGK ;GE J9R]G F]G 9 AF;DM=E ;GEG HJG;=KKG =KH=;A9D <= >GJE9^9G <= H9
D9NJ9K
;GEG
<=EGFKLJ9
9
@AH=JL9P=

 combinao _ ME ;9KG =KH=;A9D <= ;GEHGKA^]G =E IM= 9 FGN9

MFA<9<= J=KMDL9 <9 ;GE:AF9^]G <= H9JL= <= ;9<9 ME <GK <GAK L=JEGK IM=
=FLJ9E F9 >GJE9^]G DCFHI;IZG  9GD5B<C@ DCFHIB<C@ 5<=5 
0=H_F=5 5J= .]G ;GEMFK F9 DAF?M9?=E BG;GK9 GC:F9F  DFC:9GGCF
GC:F9GGCF 56CFF979F

58C@9G79BH9 56CFF979BH9
 intensificao _ ME ;9KG =KH=;A9D <= AFL=FKA>A;9^]G GM =P
HJ=KKANA<9<= K=E[FLA;9 <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 BY =PAKL=FL= E=<A9FL= G 9D9J?9
E=FLG <= KM>APGK IM9K= K=EHJ= =N5F GM ZK N=R=K HGJ EG<=DGK >J9F;=K=K
GM AF?D=K=K 5;=@=N5F HGJ 5;=F J9=7I@=N5F HGJ J9=7I@5F C6GH57I@=N5F HGJ
C6GH5F DFCHC7C@=N5F HGJ DFCHC7C@5F 7I@D56=@=N5F HGJ 7I@D5F 89D5ID9F=N
5F HGJ 89D5ID9F5F
#A:JA<AKEG

Hibridismo v @9E9K= @A:JA<AKEG Z >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K ;GE

=D=E=FLGK <= A<AGE9K <A>=J=FL=K .]G E9AK ;GEMFK GK @A:JA<AKEGK ;GF
KLALMb<GK <9 ;GE:AF9^]G <= =D=E=FLG ?J=?G ;GE GMLJG D9LAFG GM
JGE[FA;G GC7=C@C;=5 D9LAFG = ?J=?G 5IHCGGI;9GHVC ?J=?G = HGJLM?MaK
H9@9J=GVC ?J=?G = HGJLM?MaK 6IFC7F57=5 >J9F;aK 6IF95I = ?J=?G
5IHCA_J9@ ?J=?G
=
HGJLM?MaK 897[A9HFC D9LAFG
=
?J=?G




 FGKK9 DbF?M9 >GJE9 ;GE >9;ADA<9<= @A:JA<AKEGK ;GE =D=E=FLGK

=KLJ9F?=AJGK IM= K= 9;@9E H=J>=AL9E=FL= 9KKAEAD9<GK 9G A<AGE9 IM= H9K
K9E ;GEG =D=E=FLGK F9LANGK KKAE _ IM= :C6=5 A5B=5 :=@C H9@9 A57FC
A=7FC B9C DG9I8C 5IHC = KM>APGK ;GEG =GAC =GH5 =7C K= BMFL9E 9 =D=
E=FLGK <= IM9DIM=J HJG;=<aF;A9 ;9FA5B_:=@C FIGG_:=@C ;9FA5BC:C6=5
FIGGC:C6=5 F9HF5HCA5B=5 H9@9;I=58C A=7FCaB=6IG B9CJ9B798CF
DG9I8CJ9B798CF
5IHC7F[H=75
5IHCFF9HF5HC
75=DCF=GAC
;CJ9FB=GH5 
-9<A;9AK
?J=?GK
E9AK
MK9<GK
=E
HGJLM?MaK

Radicais gregos mais usados em portugus "J9F<= _ G FhE=JG

<= J9<A;9AK ?J=?GK IM= =F;GFLJ9EGK FG NG;9:MDYJAG HGJLM?MaK (MALGK
<=D=K FGK ;@=?9J9E 9LJ9N_K <G D9LAE = K]G 9FLAIMbKKAEGK D=E:J=EGFGK
<= IM= FGK K_;K 31$ 9 31$$$ G D9LAE =J9 G N=b;MDG <9K G:J9K <= ;AaF;A9 =
<= >ADGKG>A9 =E IM= 9:MF<9N9E GK =EHJ_KLAEGK <= H9D9NJ9K ?J=?9K )9
9<9HL9^]G <GK L=JEGK ?J=?GK H9J9 G D9LAE ?=J9DE=FL= K= HJG;=<A9 <9
K=?MAFL= E9F=AJ9 ? 5= 9= C= CI I F 9KHAJ9<G ?J=?GK =J9E LJ9FKDAL
=J9<GK H9J9 D9LAE J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= =E 7 59 = C9 I M = F< = =KL9 HJYLA;9
HJ=N9D=;A9 H9J9 G HGJLM?MaK = <=E9AK DbF?M9K EG<=JF9K KL9 FGJE9 F=E
K=EHJ= _ @GB= G:=<=;A<9 IM9F<G K= LJ9L9 <= FGNGK L=JEGK ;A=FLb>A;GK
KKAE _ IM= K= HJ=>=J= 75@=8CG7_D=C 9 75@9=8CG7_D=C =A  A 9H=K9J <=
F9 DAF?M9?=E L_;FA;9 <AR=JK= 8Z=7H=7C = F]G 8[7H=7C :=JL9 9 HGJL9 H9J9
9 AFLJG<M^]G <= H9D9NJ9K GM =D=E=FLGK <= =EHJ_KLAEG FME9 DbF?M9 =KL9
HG<= MLADARYDGK ;GEG :=E D@= 9HJGMN=J ;JA9F<G <AKLAF^g=K 9L_ =FL]G
<=K;GF@=;A<9K F9 DbF?M9 <= GJA?=E 9KKAE _ IM= =E HGJLM?MaK <AKLAF?MA
EGK 5ACF5@ zIM= F]G _ F=E ;GFLJYJAG F=E ;GF>GJE= 9 EGJ9D{ = =ACF5@
z;GFLJYJAG
9
EGJ9D{
)=KK9K ;JA9^g=K ;GE =D=E=FLGK =JM<ALGK ;GEG :=E <AR =FN=FAKL=
G ;JA9<GJ H=FK9 F9 KM9 DbF?M9 = =K;GD@= G L=JEG ?J=;GD9LAFG ;MBG KA?FA
>A;9<G GJA?AFYJAG F=E K=EHJ= _ G HJ=L=F<A<G G ;AL9<G DAF?MAKL9 =KLM<9 G
L=JEG A=7F_6=C ;JA9<G HGJ ._<ADDGL   = EGKLJ9 IM= 9D_E <9
H9D9NJ9 F]G =PAKLAJ FG ?J=?G B9E9AK K=JA9 ;JA9<9 H9J9 KA?FA>A;9J zNA<9 ;MJ
L9{ HGAK A=?F_G F]G K= DA?9JA9 9 6[CG ;GEG =E HGJLM?MaK F]G K= 9Hg=
6F9J9 9 J=GH5 E9K J=GH5 7IFH5 +GJ GMLJG D9<G =E J=?J9 F]G N9EGK 9G
?J=?G H9J9 >GJE9J H9D9NJ9K FGN9K =D9K FGK NaE <G =KLJ9F?=AJG EGJ
E=FL= <= !J9F^9 = 9?GJ9 <GK H9bK=K <= DbF?M9 AF?D=K9 9LJ9N_K <9 FGE=F
;D9LMJ9 ;A=FLb>A;9 ;GEME Z E9AGJA9 <9K F9^g=K ;MDL9K GK =JJGK IM= DY
>GJ9 K= ;GE=L=E F9 >GJE9^]G <GK F=GDG?AKEGK F]G K]G HGJ FeK ;GJJA
?A<GK ;=AL9EGK = F]G @Y ;GEG ;GJJA?AD9K >GJE9K =JJfF=9K ;GEG
EI=@aA9HFC HGJ EI=@=aA9HFC <97HaA9HFC HGJ <975HaA9HFC



*MLJ9K N=R=K F]G K= D=N9 =E ;GFL9 G KA?FA>A;9<G JA?GJGKG <G L=JEG

?J=?G KKAE K= 9HDA;9 R@;CG Z <GJ >bKA;9 =E N=R <9 EGJ9D = K= <AR 79
:5@5@;=5 <GJ <= ;9:=^9 C8CBH5@;=5 <GJ <= <=FL= B9JF5@;=5 <GJ <= ME
F=JNG L9E:_E =EHJ=?9F<GK= ;9C H9J9 AF<A;9J H9FF5 ;GEG =D=E=FLG
=E N=R <= 5F;=@5 ME9 N=R IM= G HJAE=AJG Ke K= HG<=JA9 9HDA;9J 9G ?DG:G
L=JJ=KLJ= K= <AR ;9_:5;C  ;GE=<GJ <= L=JJ9 HGJ 5F;=@_:5;C AF<9 FGK
;9:= <AR=J IM= EMALGK <GK FGE=K L_;FA;GK HJAF;AH9DE=FL= ?J=?GK LJ9R=E
F9 KM9 =LAEGDG?A9 ME9 FG^]G IM= G HJG?J=KKG ;A=FLb>A;G ;GFKA<=J9 =J
JfF=9 GM AEH=J>=AL9 =KL9JL= RHCAC IM= KA?FA>A;9 =B8=J=G[J9@ C EI9 BVC
G9 DC89 A5=G 8=J=8=F F]G HG<= K=J @GB= LGE9<G 9G H_ <9 D=LJ9 CL=;ZB=C
IM=J <AR=J ;9F58CF 89 R7=8CG ;GEG K= LG<GK GK Y;A<GK ;GFLAN=KK=E =KL=
;GJHG GEG K]G L=JEGK ;MB9 =LAEGDG?A9 F]G _ AFIMAJA<9 HG<=E ;GFLAFM
9J 9 K=J =EHJ=?9<GK K=E AF;GFN=FAaF;A9 +GJ >AE D=E:J9EGK GK ;9KGK <=
9GEI97=A9BHC 9H=AC@_;=7C =E IM= G K=FLAE=FLG EG<=JFG F]G <Y ;GFL9 <G
KA?FA>A;9<G <= =D=E=FLG ;GFKLALMLANG <9 H9D9NJ9 <AR=F<G HGJ =P=EHDG
CFHC;F5:=5 7CFF9H5 GJL@eK  ;GJJ=L9 75@=;F5:=5 6CB=H5 ;9DeK  :=DG *K
:=E >9D9FL=K J=9?=E ;GFLJ9 EMALGK =KIM=;AE=FLGK ;GEG <9ACFF5;=5 89
G5B;I9
8975D=H5F
5
7569W5
9LI@H5F
89
5@9;F=5
=KL=K
<GAK
hDLAEGK
D9LAFGK
*K
HJAF;AH9AK
J9<A;9AK
?J=?GK
MK9<GK
=E
HGJLM?MaK
K]G
5XF
5XFCG 9J
N9HGJ
9=JGF9ML9
9=JGKL9LG
9_J=G
RB;9@CG
5;;9@CG =FNA9<G
E=FK9?=AJG
9FBG
=N9F?=D@G
R;C
5;C;_G ;GF<MRAJ
;GF<MLGJ
<=E9?G?G
H=<9?G?G
5;_B
aBCG ;GE:9L=
DML9
9?GFA9
9FL9?GFAKL9
5;F_G ;9EHG
9?JGFGEA9
5=H<XF ;_M
=L_J=G
TH<@CB ;=JL9E=
9LD=L9
9H=5
5=H[5 ;9MK9
=LAGDG?A9
R7FCB
R?FCB 9DLG
=PLJ=EA<9<=
9;JeHGD=
9;JG:9L9
9;JeKLA;G
R@;CG KG>JAE=FLG
<GJ
F=NJ9D?A9
FGKL9D?A9
R@@CG GMLJG
9DGH9LA9
5@D<5 9

 p
D=LJ9
<G
9D>9:=LG
9D>9:=LG
RB9ACG N=FLG
KGHJG
9F=EGK;eHAG
9FaEGF9
TBHCG
TBH<CG >DGJ
9FLGDG?A9
5BHFCDCG
RBH<FCDCG @GE=E
>AD9FLJGHG
EAK9FLJGHG
9FLJGHe>9?G
5F75\CG
5F7<5\CG 9FLA?G
9J;9A;G
9JIM=GDG?A9
5F7
5F?<X ?GN=JFG
9F9JIMA9
EGF9JIMA9



5F7
5F7<_G ;@=>=
IM=
;GE9F<9
EGF9J;9
5F=HA_G
5F=H<A_G FhE=JG
9JALE_LA;9
DG?9JALEG
RF7HCG MJKG YJLA;G 9FLYJLA;G xG FGE= RFH=7C J=>=J=K= ZK ;GF
KL=D9^g=K "J9F<= 0JKG = +=IM=F9 0JK9 =E ME9 <9K IM9AK K= 9;@9
9
KLJ=D9
+GD9Jy
6. 
7
5GHXF
5GHXFCG =KLJ=D9
9KL=JeA<=
9KLJGFGEA9
5HA_G N9HGJ
9LEGK>=J9
5IH_G KA
E=KEG
9MLe?J9>G
9MLGFGEA9
6R@C
6R@@C HJGB=L9J
D9F^9J
:9DbKLA;9
HJG:D=E9
KbE:GDG
6CF=G
6CFtG
6RFCG H=K9<G
?J9N=
:9JbLGFG
:9JfE=LJG
6=6@[CB DANJG
:A:DAe>ADG
:A:DAGL=;9
6[CG NA<9
:AG?J9>A9
9F>b:AG
79BX
G?9BX L=F<9
;=FG?J9>A9
7=5BCG ?t5BCG 9RMD
;AF9Fb<JA;G
7=F EI=F_G 7<9[F 7<9=F_G E]G
IMAJeHL=JG
;AJMJ?A9
IMAJGE9F;A9
7=CB ?tCB ;]G
;AF=?_LA;9
7C@X ?<C@X :bDAK
E=D9F;GDA9
7CFCG 7CF95 7<CF_G ;GJG
;GJ=b9
<9F^9
=E
;GJG
;GJ=G?J9>A9
7@CF_G
?@CF_G N=J<=
;DGJG>AD9
7FCBCG 7<F_BCG L=EHG ;JfFA;G ;JGFGDG?A9 AKe;JGFG
9F9;JGFAKEG
7_DHC ?_DHC :9LG
;GJLG
KbF;GH=
7FCA5 ?<FaA5 ;GJ
;JGEGDALG?J9>A9
7<[@=5= 7<[@=5 EAD
IMADfE=LJG
IMADG?J9E9
7F=G_G v 7<FMG_G GMJG
;JAKeKLGEG
;JAKYDA9
;JAK[FL=EG
7FRHCG ?FRHCG >GJ^9
<=EG;J9;A9
7F[DHC ?F[DHC =K;GF<G
;JAHLfFAEG
;JAHLG?J9>A9
EI=@_G
j
7<M@_G KM;G
IMADb>=JG
8R7H=@CG v 8R?HM@CG <=<G
<9LADG?J9>A9
GM
<9;LADG?J9>A9
8X75 8X?5 <=R
<=;9KKbD9:G
<=;YDG?G
8ZACG HGNG
<=EG;J9;A9
=HA<=EA9
8XFA5 H=D=
=HA<=JE=
H9IMA<=JE=
8[G
8= <GAK
<AKKbD9:G
<ALGF?G
8=G 8MG E9D
<A>b;AD
<A?=KL]G

 

8aFCB <GE
HJ=K=FL=
<GK=
9FLb<GLG
+9F<GJ9
8_L5 GHAFA]G
GJLG<GPG
H9J9<GPG
8FTA5 w 5HCG 9^]G
<J9E9
<J9E9
<J9EYLA;G
E=DG<J9E9
8F_ACG ;GJJA<9
;MJKG
@AHe<JGEG
HJe<JGEG
8[B5A=G w
<tF9E=G >GJ^9
<AF[EA;9
<AF9EfE=LJG
X8F5 :9K=
D9<G
H=FL9=<JG
HGDA=<JG
=8CG 9\8CG >GJE9 <GF<= HJG;=<= _=89 IM= K= 9KK=E=D@9 9
=DAHKGA<=
=7_B w 9=?_B w _BCG AE9?=E
b;GFG
A;GFG;D9KL9
X@97HF5 w X@9?HFCB [E:9J
=D=LJA;A<9<=
=D_LJA;G
=D=LJfE=LJG
9GHCA5 GH_A5 :G;9
=KLfE9?G
=KLGE9LAL=
XF;CB G:J9 LJ9:9D@G <9b GK KM>APGK w MJ?G w MJ?A9 E=L9DMJ?A9
<J9E9LMJ?G
=F=J?A9
9G75:9
G7RD<9 :9J;G
=K;9>9F<JG
XBH9F5 =FLJ9F@9K
AFL=KLAFG
=FL=JAL=
<AK=FL=JA9
9GHRG=G GHRG=G 9^]G
<=
=KL9J
@AHeKL9P=
XHBCG w XH<BCG J9^9
F9^]G
_LFA;G
=LFG?J9>A9
XH=ACG XHMACG N=J<9<=AJG
=LAEGDG?A9
;RACG ;9K9E=FLG <9b ;5AC G IM= K= ;9K9 HGDb?9EG :b?9EG
;JAHLe?9EG
;5GHXF ;5GHXFCG N=FLJ=
=KLfE9?G
?9KLJfFGEG
?9KLJ9D?A9
;Z ;9C L=JJ9
?=G?J9>A9
?=GDG?A9
;XB9G=G 9^]G
<=
?=J9J
?aF=K=
@A<JG?aFAG
;XBCG ?aF=JG
=KH_;A=
@GEG?aF=G
@=L=JG?aF=G
;=BX ;MBX EMD@=J
?AF=;GDG?A9
;=A=B_G ;MA=B_G FM
?AFYKLA;9
;@aGG5 GM ;@aHH5 DbF?M9
?DGKKYJAG
?DGLGDG?A9
=HA?DGL=
;CB[5 [F?MDG
HGDb?GFG
<A9?GF9D
;CB_G >GJE9^]G
?=J9^]G
;GKEG?GFA9
L=G?GFA9
;FR:C ;FRD<C =K;J=N=J = <9b ;F5D<[5 <=K;JA^]G ;FRD<C IM=
=K;J=N= ;FRAA5 G IM= =KLY =K;JALG ?=G?J9>A9 L=D_?J9>G
L=D=?J9E9
<R;=CG K9?J9<G
@9?AGDG?A9
<9A5
k
<5ZA5
k
5HCG K9F?M=
9F=EA9
@=EGJJ9?A9
<9F9C
k
<5=FXC LGE9J
=K;GD@=J
@=J=KA9
@=J_LA;G

 

<X@=CG KGD
@=DAGK;eHAG
@=DAGLJeHAG
<9AXF5 <A9
=>aE=JG
=>=E_JA<=K
<9A[ E=L9<=
@=EA;A;DG
<XH9FCG GMLJG
@=L=JG<GPG
@=L=JG?aF=G
<9DHR K=L=
@=HL9KKbD9:G
<XL K=AK
@=PY?GFG
<=9F_G K9?J9<G
@A=J9JIMA9
@A=Je?DA>G
<[DCG w
@bHHGK
;9N9DG
@AHe<JGEG
@AHe>9?G
<_@CG =FLJ=?M=
<=
LG<G
AFL=AJ9E=FL=
GDe?J9>G
@GDG;9MKLG
<CA_G <CA9C K=E=D@9FL= G E=KEG @GEG?aF=G @GEfFAEG
@GE=GH9LA9
<_F5 @GJ9
@GJeK;GHG
<CFRC N=BG <_F5A5 NAK]G
H9FGJ9E9
<=8CF k <t8CF Y?M9 <9b <=8FC <M8FC ;GEG =D=E=FLG <= ;GE
HGKA^]G
@A<JG?aFAG
@A<JG?J9>A9
=7H=C
k
=7<HtC
k
tCG H=AP=
A;LAGDG?A9
A;LAe>9?G
[8=CG HJeHJAG
H9JLA;MD9J
A<AGE9
A<AGLAKEG
[GCG A?M9D
AKe;JGFG
AKGL_JEA;G
757_G w ?5?_G E9M
;9;G>GFA9
;9;G?J9>A9
75@_G w ?R@@CG :=DG ?5@@CG :=D=R9
;9DA?J9>A9
75F8[5 w ?5F8[5 ;GJ9^]G
;9J<b9;G
H=JA;YJ<AG
75FD_G
k
?5FD_G >JMLG
H=JA;9JHG
=F<G;9JHG
79:5@X
k
?9D<5@X ;9:=^9
;=>9D?A9
=F;_>9DG
7@[BC
?@[BC AF;DAFG
aF;DAK=
HJe;DAK=
7_GACG
k
?_GACG EMF<G
;GKEG?J9>A9
;GKEGHGDAL9
7C=B_G ?C=B_G =E
;GEME
;=FG:AL9
7FRHCG
k
?FRHCG HG<=J
<=EG;JYLA;G
9JAKLG;JYLA;G
7=7@CG
k
?M?@CG ;bJ;MDG
@=EA;b<AG
:A;A;D=L9
@X;C <AR=J
=K;GD@=J
HJGD=?fE=FG
=;D=LAKEG
@9D[G @9D[89CG =K;9E9
D=HA<eHL=JG
@5A6RBC LGE9J <9b @ZDG=G 9^]G <= LGE9J @XAA5 ;GAK9 LGE9<9
=HD=HKA9
D=E9
<AD=E9
@[HCG
@[H<CG H=<J9
EGFeDALG
DALG?J9>A9
@_;CG <AK;MJKG LJ9L9<G ;AaF;A9 <AYDG?G 9JIM=GDG?A9 :9;L=JAGDG
?A9
=HbDG?G

 

AREI9
k
AR7<9 ;GE:9L=
DG?GE9IMA9
A57F_G
k
A5?F_G ;GEHJA<G
DGF?G
E9;Je:AG
A5B[5 E9FA9 DGM;MJ9 ?GKLG 9H9APGF9<G HGJ :A:DAGE9FA9
EGFGE9FA9
A5B7=5 k A5BH9[5 9<ANAF@9^]G HJG>=;A9 ;9JLGE9F;A9
IMAJGE9F;A9
ARFHMG
k
ARFHMFCG L=KL=EMF@9
EYJLAJ
E9JLAJeDG?G
A5N_G E9E9
K=AG
E9KLG<GFL=
AX;5G
A9;R@9 ?J9F<=
E=?9DGE9FA9
E=?9De;ALG
AX@5G AX@5B F=?JG
E=D9F;GDA9
E=D9F_KA9
AX@CG EhKA;9
;9FLG
E=DG<A9
E=DG<J9E9
AXFCG H9JL=
H=FL[E=JG
AXGCG E=AG
(=KGHGL[EA9
AXH9F
A9HF_G E]=
E=LJeHGD=
AXHFCB E=<A<9
:9JfE=LJG
L=JEfE=LJG
A=7F_G
A=?F_G H=IM=FG
EA;Je:AG
EA;JGK;eHAG
A\ACG IM=
AEAL9
EAE=LAKEG
EbEA;9
A=G
AG
AM_G EhK;MDG
EAG;YJ<AG
A\GCG e<AG
EAK9FLJGHG
ABXA9 E=EeJA9
9EF_KA9
EF=EGL_;FA;9
A_BCG Ke
EGFeDG?G
EGFeDAG
ACF:X
k
ACFD<X >GJE9
EGJ>GDG?A9
A=HCG
k
A}H<CG >Y:MD9
EALG
EALGDG?A9
A=F=5
k
AMF=5 HDMJ9D
<= AMF[5G <=R
EAD
EAJAYHG<=
B5eG F9M
F9NAG
FYMLA;9
B97FCG
k
B9?F_G EGJLG
;9<YN=J
F=;JeHGD=
F=;JGDG?A9
BXCG FGNG
F=GDG?AKEG
F=e>ALG
BZGCG AD@9
EA;JGF_KA9
E=D9F_KA9
B9eFCB F=JNG
F=NJ9D?A9
F=MJ9KL=FA9
B_ACG D=A
9<EAFAKLJ9^]G
HGJ^]G
9KLJGFGEA9
9MLGFGEA9
C7H_ GALG
G;LGKKbD9:G
C8X ;9FLG
H9Je<A9
58CG
<C8_G ;9EAF@G
NA9
aPG<G
E_LG<G
H=JbG<G
C8IG
C8_BHCG <=FL=
G<GFLGDG?A9

 

_B=A5
_BCA5
CBMA5 FGE=
HK=M<fFAEG
KAFfFAEG
_:=G
C:=8
k
CD<=G
CD<=8CG K=JH=FL=
G>b<AG
C:H5@A_G
k
CD<H<@A_G GD@G
NAKL9
G>L9DEA9
G>L9DEGK;eHAG
C\7CG
C\?CG ;9K9
=;GFGEA9
H9JeIMA9
_DG
CD_G NAKL9 _DG=G 9^]G
<=
N=J
CDH=?_G IM=
K=
J=>=J=
9
NAK]G
EAGHA9
9MLeHKA9
<_F5A5 NAKL9
;GKEGJ9E9
H9FGJ9E9
_FB=G
_FB=HCG
_FB=H<CG HYKK9JG
GJFALGDG?A9
_FCG EGFL9F@9
GJG?J9>A9
CFH_G
k
CFH<_G <AJ=ALG
J=LG
GJLG<GPG
GJLG?J9>A9
GJLGH=<A9
CGHXCB GKKG
GKL=GDG?A9
H=JAeKL=G
GKL=GHGJGK=
CGA_G AEHMDKG
GKEGK=
_L=G
k
_LMG Y;A<G
9?M<G
GPA?aFAG
H9JGPAKEG
D5=89[5
D98=5 =<M;9^]G
H=<9?G?G
=F;A;DGH_<A9
D9BH9 ;AF;G
H=FLY?GFG
D9G
D98CG
k
D5\G
D5=8_G ;JA9F^9
E=FAFG
H=<9?G?A9
D5@9CG
k
D5@5=_G 9FLA?G
H9D=GFLGDG?A9
H9D=G?J9>A9
DTB
D5BH_G LG<GK
H9FGJ9E9
H9FeHDA9
H9FL=bKEG
H9FLe?J9>G
D5HCG
k
DRH<CG 9>=;^]G
<G=F^9
H9LGDG?A9
KAEH9LA9
:5;C
D<R;C
D<5;9\B ;GE=J
9FLJGHe>9?G
@AHe>9?G
:5BC
:9BC
D<5[BC >9R=J
9H9J=;=J
:JAD@9J
<AY>9FG
>=FfE=FG
:9A=
k
D<9A[ =M
<A?G
>9DG
=M>=EAKEG
HJG>=L9
:9FC :CFCG k D<XFC D=N9J LJ9R=J D<CF_G IM= D=N9 >eK>GJG
K=EY>GJG
:=@CB D<}@@CB >GD@9
;DGJG>AD9
:[@CG
k
D<[@CG 9EA?G
>AD9JEGFA9
>AD9FLJGHG
:[G=G
D<tG=G F9LMJ=R9
>AKAGFGEA9
:C69C :_6CG k D<C69CG L=E=J >9R=J >M?AJ <9b D<C6CG @A<Je>G:G
9F?De>G:G
JMKKe>G:G
:aG
:CH_G
k
D<CG
D<CH_G DMR
>eK>GJG
>GLG?J9>A9
:F5G=G
D<FRG=G 9LG
<=
<AR=J
H=Jb>J9K=
D@IHCG
k
D@CeHCG JAIM=R9
HDMLG;J9;A9
:CBX
k
D<CBX NGR
9JLA;MD9<9
;9;G>GFA9
DC@XC N=F<G
EGFGHeDAG

 

D_@=G ;A<9<=
9;JeHGD=
E=LJeHGD=
F=;JeHGD=
DXDG=G ;GRAE=FLG
<AKH=HKA9
DC@=G w DC@tG EMALG HGDA?9EA9 HGDb?GFG HGDA;JGEA9 HGDAF_KA9
HGDA;DbFA;9
DdG
DC8_G
k
DCdG
DC8_G H_
9FLbHG<9
EAJAYHG<=
DXH5@CB H_L9D9
EAFGH_L9DG
DFaHCG HJAEYJAG HJAE=AJG HJGL9?GFAKL9 HJGLG;GDG HJGLGRGYJAG
HJGLGHD9KE9
D@XGGC :9LG
>AJG
9HGHD=PA9
DG9e8CG >9DKA<9<=
E=FLAJ9
HK=M<fFAEG
D@9IFR D@9IF_B D9<G
>D9F;G
HD=MJAL=
DG=EIX w DGM7<X 9DE9
HKA;GDG?A9
E=L=EHKA;GK=
DBZIA5 DBZIA5HCG IM=
J=KHAJ9
KGHJ9
HF=MEYLA;G
<AKHF=A9
DH9F_B 9K9
IMAJeHL=JG
;GD=eHL=JG
DHaA5 ;9<YN=J
HLGE9bF9
HLGEG>9?A9
D=F
D=FCG
k
DF
DMF_G >G?G
>=:J=
HAJGL_;FA;G
9FLAHAJAF9
DC=XC =M
>9^G
GFGE9LGH=A9
DXBH9 ;AF;G
H=FL9KKbD9:G
DCH5A_G JAG
@AHGHeL9EG
D=@9 D@9 HGJL9
HADGJG
DH=GG=G
DHtG=G =K;9JJG
@=EGHLAK=
GRFL ;9JF=
K9J;GE9
K9J;e>9?G
G9A=CB G9A9\CB KAF9D
K=EAGDG?A9
K=E[FLA;9
GXDC 9HG<J=^G
9FLAKK_LA;G
9FLAKK_HLA;G
G[89FCG >=JJG
KA<=JMJ?A9
KA<=JAL9
KA<=JG?J9>A9
GDXFA5 K=E=FL=
=KH=JE9
=KH=JE9LGRGA<=
GHX@@C =FNAG
=HbKLGD9
GH=7CG GH[?<CG N=JKG
@=EAKLbIMAG
<bKLA;G
F9C
j
F<XC ;GJJ=J
>DMAJ
;9L9JJG
<A9JJ=A9
G=GACG
j
G9=GA_G
<9b G=GA =KLJ=E=;AE=FLG
KAKEGDG?A9
KbKEA;G
G7CD9C j G?CDXC =P9EAF9J <9b G7_D=C IM= >9R N=J L=D=K;eHAG EA
;JGK;eHAG
GK;ADGK;eHAG
GC:_G
j
GCD<_G KY:AG
>ADeKG>G
9GH5H_G
j
GH5H_G IM=
K=
E9FL_E
9=JeKL9LG
@A<JGKLYLA;9

 

9G:9F5 GD<5\F5 =K>=J9
9LEGK>=J9

9GH=@C GH@CG ;GDMF9
H=JAKLADG
9GH9F9C
j
GH9F9C KeDA<G
=KL=J=eLAHG
=KL=J=GEA9
9GHF5HCG GHF5H_G =P_J;ALG
=KLJ9L_?A9
9GHF9:C
j
GHFXD<C NAJ9J
NGDL9J
9HeKLJG>=
;9LYKLJG>=
H5:CG v H5D<CG LhEMDG
=HALY>AG
;=FGLY>AG
HXABC <ANA<G
9F9LGEA9
H5IH_ HGJ H`
5IH_ G
E=KEG
L9MLGDG?A9
HRL=G 9JJ9FBG
GJ<=E
KAFL9P=
H5IA5HCG H<5IA5H_G HJG<b?AG
EAD9?J=
L9ME9LMJ?G
HX7B9 w HX7<B9 9JL=
HGDAL_;FA;G
HXF5G HXF5HCG HJG<b?AG
>=FfE=FG
EGFKLJG
L=J9LGDG?A9
H9A5 H<XA5 9LG
<=
;GDG;9J
9FYL=E9
HZ@9 DGF?=
L=D_?J9>G
L=D=>GF=
L=D=K;eHAG
HXH5F5 H9HF5 IM9LJG
L=LJ9=<JG
H9CG
k
H<9_G <=MK
L=GDG?A9
L=G;J9;A9
HGDAL=bKEG
H9FA_G w H<9FA_G ;9DGJ
L=JEfE=LJG
HXG=G w H<XG=G 9^]G
<=
HGJ
L=J
9FLbL=K=
KbFL=K=
HF9:C HFXD<C 9DAE=FLG
9LJG>A9
HCAX ;GJL9<MJ9
K=^]G
LGEG
YLGEG
=KL=J=GLGEA9
HFXDC =FNGDLG
EM<G
@=DAGLJeHA;G
H_DCG DM?9J
LeHA;G
LGHG?J9>A9
9LGHA9
HF=RG HF[58CG HF99G HF=5 LJaK
LJAFfEA;G
LJb9<=
HF5eA5 v 5HCG >=JAE=FLGK
LJ9MEYLA;G
H=DCG
j
HtDCG LAHG
;9JYL=J
LAHG?J9>A9
9JIM_LAHG
Na=CB 9FAE9D
K=J
NANG
RGGDG?A9
RGe>ALG
!9EbDA9K
=LAEGDe?A;9K
<=
J9<A;9D
D9LAFG

Famlias etimolgicas de radical latino @9E9K= :5A[@=5

9H=AC@_;=75 9 ME9 K_JA= <= H9D9NJ9K ;G?F9L9K 9:=E 9IMA 9K BM<A;AGK9K
G:K=JN9^g=K <G +JG> .9A< DA xH9J=;= ;GMK9 =PLJ=E9E=FL= >Y;AD <AKLAF
?MAJ
H9D9NJ9K
<=JAN9<9K
<=
H9D9NJ9K
HJAEALAN9K
IM9F<G
K=
LJ9L9
<=
=P=EHDG
;GEG D98F9=FC D98F5F=5 D98F9;I@<C GM :97<5A9BHC @5F5B>5@ 65
B5B9=F5 IM= F]G J=IM=J=E =KH=;A9D ;MDLANG <9 AFL=DA?aF;A9 H9J9 9D?M_E
K9:=J IM= K= >ADA9E J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= 9 D98F5 :97<5F @5F5B>5 65B5B5
.]G =FLJ=L9FLG FME=JGKGK GK ;9KGK =E IM= LJ9FKH9J=;= E=FGK Dh;A<9 9

 

J=D9^]G =FLJ= G L=JEG <=JAN9<G = G <=JAN9FL= K=F<G F=;=KKYJAG 9D?ME

=KLM<G H9J9 H=J;=:=J 9 >ADA9^]G *MLJ9K N=R=K L=E @9NA<G L9D =P;DMK]G <=
>GJE9 = K=FLA<G IM= KMJ?= ME ;MJAGKG ;GF>DALG =FLJ= G K=FLAE=FLG ?=J9D
<G
NMD?G
=
G
>9LG
=F;9J9<G
Z
DMR
<9
H=KIMAK9
;A=FLb>A;9y6. 
$$
7
)=KL9 E9L_JA9 ;9:= <AKLAF?MAJ ;MA<9<GK9E=FL= ME9 >GJE9 @=JF9 <=
ME9 >GJE9 DF9G5 ;> Afixos: prefixos e sufixos. Interfixos ,97969F
HGJ =P=EHDG _ ;GFKA<=J9<9 ;GEG <=JAN9<9 HJ=>AP9D =E:GJ9 7969F F]G
L=F@9 ;MJKG AF<=H=F<=FL= F9 DbF?M9 HGJIM= _ ME9 >GJE9 HJ=K9 <= 7569F
IM=
9H9J=;=
FME9
K_JA=
<=
H9D9NJ9K
HGJLM?M=K9K 

* E=KEG G;GJJ= ;GE F9G=GH=F = =@I8=F ;MB9K >GJE9K HJ=K9K @I8=F = 

G=GH=F K]G
=D=E=FLG
;GEME
9
ME9
K_JA=

%Y G E=KEG ;JAL_JAG F]G K= 9HDA;9 9 GMLJ9K H9D9NJ9K ;GEG 9GEI979F

= =BH9@=;ZB7=5 IM= H9KK9J9E 9 >MF;AGF9J H9J9 G K=FLAE=FLG <GK IM=
>9D9E
HGJLM?MaK
;GEG
H9D9NJ9K
HJAEALAN9K
/=F@9K= HJ=K=FL= 9AF<9 IM= EMAL9K N=R=K K= MK9E =E HGJLM?MaK
<GAK J9<A;9AK GJAMF<GK <= <M9K >GJE9K >D=PAN9K <= ME9 E=KE9 H9D9NJ9
7TB79F = 75B7FC
AK
ME9
H=IM=F9
DAKL9
<=
;G?F9LGK
;GE
J9<A;9D
D9LAFG
59EIIG
5
IA <AJ=ALG
BMKLG
9<=IM9J
=IM9^]G
=IMA<9<=
A?M9D
AFbIMG
5;9F
5;F= ;9EHG
9?JYJAG
9?JA;MDLGJ
9?Jb;GD9
H=J=?JAFG
5;C 5;=G 9;= 57HIA 5;9F9 AEH=DAJ >9R=J Y?AD 9LGJ ;G9?AJ =PA?AJ AF<9?9J
HJe<A?G




5@H9F
5
IA GMLJG
9DL=J9J
9DL=JF[F;A9
9DLJMbKEG
GMLJG
5B;C
5B;=G
5BL=
TB;9F9 9H=JL9J
9F?AF9
[F?MDG
9F?hKLA9
[FKA9
9F?MKLG
5I8=C
5I8=G
5I8=J=
5I8=HIA
5I8=F9 GMNAJ
9M<ALeJAG
9M<AaF;A9
69@@IA
= HM?F9
;GE:9L=
:=DGF9N=
6CG
6CJ=G :GA
:GNAFG
758C
758=G
7X7=8=
75GIA
7589F9 ;9AJ
9;A<=FL=
;9<=FL=
AF;A<AJ
G;9KG
7598C 7598=G 797=8= 759GIA 75989F9 ;GJL9J ;=K9JA9F9 ;=KMJ9 ;GF;AKG AF
;AK]G
HJ=;AK9J

 

8I7C 8I7=G 8IL= 8I7HIA 8979F9 D=N9J <AJA?AJ ;GF<MLG <MIM= =<M;9^]G
<hLAD
HJG<MRAJ
LJ9<M^]G
NA9<MLG
=KL= J9<A;9D @Y FME=JGKGK <=JAN9<GK =E 8IN=F 5 7CB 89 =BHFC DFC F9
G9
HF5 =L; 
98C
989G
98=
9GIA
989F9 ;GE=J
;GE=J
;GEA<9
;GE=KLbN=D
7IA  98C
9C
=G
=J=
=HIA
=F9 AJ
;GEb;AG
;AJ;MALG
ALAF=JYJAG
LJ9FKALANG
KM:AJ
:57=C :57=G :97= :57HIA :579F9 >9R=J 9>=LG <A>b;AD =<A>A;9J >9;bFGJ9 AF>=;LG
E9D=>b;AG
H=J>=ALG
KM>A;A=FL=

#Y
FME=JGKGK
<=JAN9<GK
=E :=75F 7@5F=
:5@G=
;F5H=
DIF= =L; 

#Y FME=JGKGK <=JAN9<GK =E 7=85 7=8=C ;MB9 KA?FA>A;9^]G _
xE9L9Jy
:F5HF=7=85 <CA=7=85 =B:5BH=7=85 A5HF=7=85 D5HF=7=85 F9;=7=85 ILCF=7=85 GI=
7=85
:F5HF=7[8=C
<CA=7[8=C
GI=7[8=C =L;
75B89C
75B89G
75B8I=
75B89F9 =E:J9FIM=;=J
;[F<A<G
;9F<MJ9
AF;9F<=K;=J
75BC 75B=G 797=B= 75BHIA 75B9F9 ;9FL9J ;=D=:J9J HJ=<AR=J =KL= F9 DbF?M9 J=
DA?AGK9 ;9FGJG ;[FLA;G ;9FLAD=F9 9;=FLG #Y FME=JGKGK <=JAN9<GK =E
7[B=C N9LA;bFAG z;9FLG <G N9L={ FG KA?FA>A;9<G <= DFC:9H5 ?9DA;bFAG
z;9FLG
<G
?9DG{
LAJG;bFAG
75D=C 75D=G 79D= 75DHIA 75D9F9 LGE9J 9FL=;AH9J ;9LANG =E9F;AH9J AF;AHA
=FL=
E9F;=:G
75DIH
75D=H=G ;9:=^9
;9:=^9
;9HAL]G
;9HAL9D
<=;9HAL9J
HJ=;AHb;AG
75J9C
75J9G
75J=
75IHIA
75J9F9 L=J
;MA<9<G
;9ML=D9
AF;9MLG
HJ=;9N=JK=
798C
798=G
79GG=
79GGIA
7989F9 ;=<=J
;=KK]G
;GF;=KK]G
;GF;=<=J
79FBC
79FB=G
7F9J=
7F9HIA
79FB9F9 Fh;D=G
<AK;=JFAJ
;=JF=
;GF;=JFAJ
7@5AC
7@5A5G
7@5A5J=
7@5A5HIA
7@5A5F9 ;@9E9J
HJG;D9E9J
;D9E9<GJ
7@5FIG
7@5F5
7@5FIA ;D9JG
;D9JA<9<=
;D9J=R9
7C@C 7C@=G 7C@I= 7I@HIA 7C@9F9 @9:AL9J ;MDLAN9J 9?Jb;GD9 ;GDfFA9 ;MDLG bF
;GD9
AFIMADAFG
;MDLMJ9
5;F=
5J=
<CFH
D=G7=
HF=H=
J=B= =L; 
7CF
7CF8=G ;GJ9^]G
9;GJ<G
<AK;eJ<A9
EAK=JA;eJ<A9
J=;GJ<9J
8=7C 8=7=G 8=L= 8=7HIA 8=79F9 <AR=J 9:<A;9J :=F<ALG <A;AGFYJAG <AL9<GJ
>9Lb<A;G
E9D=<A;aF;A9
8C
85G
898=
85HIA
85F9 <9J
<9L9
<G9^]G
=<AL9J
H=J<G9J
J=;fF<ALG
8C79C 8C79G 8C7I= 8C7HIA 8C79F9 =FKAF9J <G;=FL= <G;ME=FLG <GMLGJ
<GMLJAF9
AF<e;AD
8IC
8I59
8IC <GAK
<G:JG
<M9D
<M=DG
<MHDA;9L9
<hNA<9

:9FC :9FG HI@= @5HIA :9FF9 D=N9J ;GFL=J 9:D9LANG 9>=JAJ ;GF>=JaF;A9 >_JLAD
G>=J=;=J
HJ=D9<G
J=D9^]G
:F5B;C :F5B;=G :F9;= :F57HIA :F5B;9F9 IM=:J9J >J9^]G >JY?AD AF>JAF?AJ
F9M>JY?AG
J=>J9LYJAG
:IB8C :IB8=G :I8= :IGIA :IB89F9 <=JJ=L=J >hLAD >MFAD J=>ML9J >MF<AJ 7CB 8=
=B
F9
;GF>MKG
<A>MKG
HJG>MKG
;9FC ;9F=G ;9GG= ;9GHIA ;9B9F9 ?=J9J :=DA?=J[F;A9 =P9?=JG >9EA?=J9<G ?=J
hF<AG
J=?AKLJG
;=;BC
;=;B=G
;9BI=
;9B=HIA
;=;B9F9 HJG<MRAJ
?=FALGJ
?=FAL9D
=579C =579G =57I= 6H9JL >ML =57=HIFIG7 =579F9 B9R=J B9RA?G B9;=FL= 9<B9;=FL=
KM:B9;=FL=
;F58=CF
;F589F=G
;F9GGIG
GIA
;F58= 9N9F^9J
9F<9F<G
=?J=KKG
AF?J=KK9J
=57=C
=57=G
=97=
=57HIA
=579F9 D9F^9J
9:B=;LG
B9LG
B=ALG
AFB=^]G
KMB=ALG
@57
@57H=G D=AL=
DY;L=G
D9;L9FL=
D9;L=FL=
D=AL=JA9
D9LA;bFAG
@5H9C
@5H9G
@5HI=
@5HIA
@5H9F9 =KL9J
=K;GF<A<G
D9L=FL=
@9;C
@9;=G
@9;=
@97HIA
@9;9F9 D=J
>DGJAD_?AG
D=?bN=D
D=ALMJ9
D=FL=
@CEICF @CEI9F=G @C7IHIG GIA @CEI= >9D9J ;GDeIMAG =DGIMaF;A9 DG;M^]G
HJGDeIMAG
@I8C
@I89G
@IG=
@IGIA
@I89F9 BG?9J
DM<GH_<AG
Dh<A;G
A=G79C A=G79G A=G7I= A=GHIA = A=LHIA A=G79F9 EAKLMJ9J E=P=J EAKLMJ9J
EAK;bN=D
A=HHC A=HH=G A=G= A=GGIA A=HH9F9 E9F<9J <=EALAJ =EAKK]G EAKKAGFYJAG J=
E=L=J
HJGE=KK9
ACB9C ACB9G ACBI= ACB=HIA ACB9F9 9<N=JLAJ >9R=J D=E:J9J 9<EG=KL9J
9<EGFALGJ
A9BH=CF
A9BH=F=G
A9BH=HIG
GIA
A9BH=F= E=FLAJ
E=FLAJ
E=FLAJ9

 

ACJ9C
ACJ9G
ACJ=
ACHIA
ACJ9F9 EGN=J
EGLGJAKL9
EGLJAR
;GEG^]G
EeN=D
B5G7CF
B5G79F=G
B5HIG
GIA
B5G7= F9K;=J
F9L9D
F9LANG
F9K;ALMJG
J=F9K;AE=FLG
BCG7C
BCG7=G
BCJ=
BCHIA
BCG79F9 ;GF@=;=J
AF;e?FAL9
FG^]G
FGLYN=D
CDIG
CD9F=G G:J9
G:J9
;GGH=J9J
GH=JYJAG
GH=J=L9
GHhK;MDG
CG
CF=G :G;9
GJ9D
GJ9DA<9<=
D5H=CF D5H9F=G D5GGIG GIA D5H= KG>J=J ;GEH9LbN=D H9;A=FL= H9AP]G H9KKAGF9D
H9KKANG
D9B89C
D9B8=G
D9D9B8=
D9BGIA
D9B89F9 H=F<=J
KMKH=FKG
D9G
D98=G H_
H=<9D
H_
D@=7C D@=75G D@=75J= GM D@=7I= D@=75HIA GM D@=7HIA D@=75F9 >9R=J HJ=?9K <G
:J9J
9HDA;9J
;@=?9J
;hEHDA;=
=PHDA;9J
AEHDb;ALG
J_HDA;9
DCBC DCB=G DCGI= DCG=HIA DCB9F9 ;GDG;9J 9HGKLG <AKHGKALANG <AKHGFbN=D
HGKA^]G
HGKLG
EI59FC EI59F=G EI59G=J= GM EI59G== EI59G=HIA EI59F9F9 HJG;MJ9J 9<IMAJAJ
AFIMAJAJ
IM=KALG
IM=KL]G
IM=KLGJ
F5D=C
F5D=G
F5DI=
F5DHIA
F5D9F9 JGM:9J
J9HLG
J9HL9J
F9;C
F9;=G
F9L=
F97HIA
F9;9F9 <AJA?AJ
;GJJ=LG
J=ALGJ
J=?aF;A9
J=?AE=
J=LG
FIADC FIAD=G FID= FIDHIA FIAD9F9 JGEH=J ;GJJMH^]G ;GJJMHL=D9 JGLG JMH
LMJ9
=JMH^]G
G7F=6C
G7F=69G
G7F=DG=
G7F=DHIA
G7F=69F9 =K;J=N=J
=K;JALGJ
=K;JALMJ9
G97C G975G G97I= G97HIA G975F9 ;GJL9J :AKK=LJAR AFK=LG K=;9FL= K=^]G
K=?9<GJ
K=?E=FLG
G989C
G989G
G98=
G9GGIA
G989F9 =KL9J
K=FL9<G
K=<=KLJ=
GC@JC GC@J=G GC@J= GC@IHIA GC@J9F9 <=KMFAJ 9:KGDN=J <AKKGDMLG J=KGDN=J
KGDM^]G
KGDhN=D
GD97=C GD97=G GD9L= GD97HIA GD979F9 N=J 9KH=;LG =KH=LY;MDG H=JKH=;LAN9
HJGKH=;LG
J=KH=ALG
KMKH=ALG
GHC GH5G GH9H= GH5HIA GH5F9 =KL9J =KL9<G <AKL[F;A9 =KL9FL= G:KLY;MDG
KM:KL[F;A9
GH9FBC GH9FB=G GHF5J= GHF5HIA GH9FB9F9 =KL=F<=J HGJ ;AE9 ;GFKL=JF9J =KLJ9<9
=KLJ9LA>A;9J
HJGKLJ9J
GIAC GIA=G GIADG= GIADHIA GIA9F9 LGE9J 9HG<=J9JK= 9KKMEAJ ;GFKMEAJ
KMEA<9<=
KMEYJAG
H5B;C H5B;=G H9H=;9 H57HIA H5B;9F9 LG;9J ;GFL9?AGKG ;GFLAF?aF;A9 L9LG ;GF
L9LG
9LAF?AJ
H9B8C H9B8=G H9H9B8= H9BGIA GM H9BHIA H9B89F9 =KL=F<=J 9L=F<=J <AKL=FKG
;GFL=FL=
=PL=FKG
HJ=L=FK]G




H9B9C H9B9G H9BI= H9BHIA H9B9F9 L=J ;GFL=FL9J 9:KLAFaF;A9 L=F9R KMKL=FL9J
L=FGJ
<=L=FLG
HF58C
HF58=G
HF58=8=
HF58=HIA
HF589F9 LJ9R=J
LJ9<A^]G
=PLJ9<AL9J
HF=6IC
HF=6I=G
HF=6I=
HF=6IHIA
HF=6I9F9 J=H9JLAJ
9LJA:MAJ
J=LJA:MAJ
HCFEI9C HCFEI9G HCFG= HCFHIA HCFEI9F9 LGJ;=J =PLGJK]G LGJLMJ9 =PLGJIMAJ LGJ
LMGKG
<AKLGJ^]G
J9FHC
J9FH=G
J9FH=
J9FGIA
J9FH9F9 LGJF9J
NGDL9J
N=JL=J
N=JK]G
J=89C J=89G J=8= J=GIA J=89F9 N=J =NA<aF;A9 HJeNA<G NA<=FL= NAKAGFYJAG
HJ=NA<aF;A9
J9B=C
J9B=G
J9B=
J9BHIA
J9B=F9 NAJ
NAJ
NAF<9
J=JC
J=J=G
J=L=
J=7HIFIG
J=J9F9 NAN=J
NA<9
NAN=J
JC@JC
JC@J=G
JC@J=
JC@IHIA
JC@J9F9 =FNGDN=J
<=NGDN=J
=FNGDLG
J=NGDM^]G

3 Estudo Estrutural do Lxico:

A Lexemtica
FL=F<=K= HGJ @9L9ARH=75 GM G9ATBH=75 9GHFIHIF5@ G =KLM<G <9 =K
LJMLMJ9
<G
;GFL=h<G
xKA?FA>A;9<Gy
D_PA;G
+9J9 =NAL9J ;GF>MKg=K IM= H=JLMJ:9E L9D =KLM<G ;GFN_E <AKLAF?MAJ
9K F9@5Wc9G 89 G=;B=:=75WVC <9K F9@5Wc9G 89 89G=;B5WVC K J=D9^g=K <=
KA?FA>A;9^]G K]G J=D9^g=K =FLJ= KA?FA>A;9<GK <GK KA?FGK DAF?MbKLA;GK =F
IM9FLG 9K J=D9^g=K <= <=KA?F9^]G K]G J=D9^g=K =FLJ= KA?FGK DAF?MbKLA;GK
AFL=AJGK = GK xG:B=LGKy AKLG _ 9K J=9DA<9<=K =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;9K HGJ =D=K <=K
A?F9<GK = J=HJ=K=FL9<GK FG <AK;MJKG .e 9K J=D9^g=K <= KA?FA>A;9^]G K]G
=KLJMLMJYN=AK 0E =P=EHDG H9J9 ;D9J=9J 9 <AKLAF^]G 9 <=KA?F9^]G <= <GAK
KA?FGK HG<= K=J 9 E=KE9 K=E IM= K=MK KA?FA>A;9<GK K=B9E A<aFLA;GK
GK=JAM =P=EHDA>A;9 ;GE GK L=JEGK ?J=?GK 6FCH_G = RBH<FCDCG IM= <=KA?
F9E 9 E=KE9 ;D9KK= <= G:B=LGK GK @GE=FK E9K F]G LaE G E=KEG KA?
FA>A;9<G AKLG _ F]G KA?FA>A;9E xG E=KEGy 6FCH_G KA?FA>A;9 x@GE=E
;GEG
F]G
<=MKy
= RBH<FCDCG KA?FA>A;9
x@GE=E
;GEG
F]G
9FAE9Dy
*MLJ9K
<AK;AHDAF9K
K=E[FLA;9K

Outras disciplinas semnticas W BMKL9E=FL= G =KLM<G <9 =KLJMLMJ

9^]G <9K J=D9^g=K <= KA?FA>A;9^]G IM= K=H9J9 9 D=P=EYLA;9 <= GMLJ9K




<AK;AHDAF9K LG<9K AEHGJL9FL=K IM= ;@9E9<9K GM F]G x=KLJMLMJ9AKy

=KLM<9E 9 xK=E[FLA;9y FG K=FLA<G 9EHDG <G L=JEG /G<G HJG:D=E9 IM=
DA<= ;GE 9 KA?FA>A;9^]G _ =E ;=JLG K=FLA<G xK=E[FLA;Gy LG<9NA9 F=E LG
<G HJG:D=E9 xK=E[FLA;Gy _ @9L9ARH=7C HGAK =KL= Ke <AR J=KH=ALG ZK J=
D9^g=K =KLJMLMJ9AK H9J9<A?EYLA;9K = KAFL9?EYLA;9K <GK KA?FA>A;9<GK
D_PA;GK
FME
E=KEG
KAKL=E9
DAF?MbKLA;G
AKLG
_
FME9 @[B;I5
:IB7=CB5@
* G:B=LG A<=9D <9K <AK;AHDAF9K D=PA;GDe?A;9K  v 9 D=P=EYLA;9 AF
;DMKAN= v ;GEG <= IM9DIM=J <=K;JA^]G =KLJMLMJ9D <=N= K=J 9 DbF?M9 >MF
;AGF9D
;GEG
BY
NAEGK
=KL9JL= 9 D=P=EYLA;9 =FL=F<A<9 ;GEG =KLJMLMJ9 <G KA?FA>A;9<G
L=E HJGHeKALG <A>=J=FL= <9 CBCA5G=C@C;=5 H9JLAF<G <G KA?FA>A;9<G 9 <AK
;AHDAF9 =KLM<9 9K J=D9^g=K =FLJ= =KL= KA?FA>A;9<G = GK <A>=J=FL=K KA?FA>A;
9FL=K IM= G =PHJ=KK9E ;GEG HGJ =P=EHDG 9K <=FGEAF9^g=K <G ;GJHG
@ME9FG xAFL=JA<AGE9LA;9E=FL=y =KLM<9<9K IM=J F9K NYJA9K DbF?M9K >MF
;AGF9AK <= ME9 E=KE9 xDbF?M9 @AKLeJA;9y G HGJLM?MaK HGJ =P=EHDG GM
=E xDbF?M9K @AKLeJA;9Ky <A>=J=FL=K G HGJLM?MaK = G >J9F;aK HGJ =P=EHDG
<9 G9A5G=C@C;=5 H9JLAF<G <G KA?FA>A;9FL= 9 <AK;AHDAF9 =KLM<9 9K J=D9^g=K
IM= MF=E =KL= KA?FA>A;9FL= 9GK <A>=J=FL=K KA?FA>A;9<GK IM= HG<= =PHJ=K
K9J ;GEG HGJ =P=EHDG GK <A>=J=FL=K KA?FA>A;9<GK IM= A<AGE9LA;9E=FL=
HG<=E K=J =PHJ=KKGK H=DG KA?FA>A;9FL= xDCBHCy DCBHC H9J9 9 ?=GE=LJA9
H9J9 9 DAF?M9?=E =K;GD9J H9J9 G L=9LJG H9J9 9 ;GKLMJ=AJ9 H9J9 G >MF
;AGFYJAG =L;   <GK 75ADCG 5GGC7=5H=JCG =KLM<9E 9K 9KKG;A9^g=K <=
ME KA?FG ;GE GMLJGK KA?FGK =KL9:=D=;A<GK HGJ KAEADALM<= GM HGJ ;GF
LA?MA<9<= L9FLG <GK KA?FA>A;9FL=K IM9FLG <GK KA?FA>A;9<GK 9KKG;A9^g=K
EGLAN9<9K HGJ A<=A9K ;J=F^9K = 9LALM<=K J=D9LAN9K ZK x;GAK9Ky ;GEG 6C=
9KKG;A9<G F]G Ke 9 J575 HCIFC 69N9FFC 7<=:F9 E9K L9E:_E 9 HF565@<C
:CFW5 J=;CF D57=ZB7=5 A5BG=8VC .]G ;GF>A?MJ9^g=K 9KKG;A9LAN9K ;GEG
<AR GK=JAM IM= LaE AFL=J=KK= H9J9 9 HKA;GDAF?MbKLA;9 H9J9 9 DAF?MbKLA;9
<G >9D9J = H9J9 9 <G L=PLG E9K F]G ;GFKLALM=E G:B=LG <9 <=K;JA^]G =KLJM
LMJ9D
<9K
DbF?M9K
6 K 
7

D=P=EYLA;9
=
9K
H9D9NJ9K
D=P=EYLA;9K

A lexemtica e as palavras lexemticas .= ;9:= Z D=P=EYLA;9 G

=KLM<G <9K J=D9^g=K <= KA?FA>A;9^]G Ke D@= AFL=J=KK9E =E HJAF;bHAG 9K
H9D9NJ9K D=P=EYLA;9K IM= E9FA>=KL9E 9 ;GF>A?MJ9^]G K=E[FLA;9 <G
D_PA;G
+GJ AKKG =KL]G >GJ9 <9 ;GFKA<=J9^]G <9 D=P=EYLA;9 9K H9D9NJ9K IM=
;GFKLALM=E x=IMAN9DaF;A9K <= GJ9^g=KyAFL=JB=A^g=K H9JLb;MD9K <= 9>AJE
9^]G = <= F=?9^]G ;GEG G=A BVC 9K H9D9NJ9K EGJ>=EYLA;9K 9JLA?GK




HJ=HGKA^g=K ;GFBMF^g=K = 9K H9D9NJ9K ;9L=?GJ=EYLA;9K <aALA;GK GM HJG

FGE=K ;GEG 9I A9I 5;CF5 5EI= :=E ;GEG GK FGE=K HJeHJAGK = GK
FME=J9AK HGJIM= F]G K]G =KLJMLMJYN=AK =E:GJ9 H9JLA;AH=E <9 E9AGJA9
<GK >=FfE=FGK D_PA;GK ;GEG 9 EG<A>A;9^]G G <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG 9 ;GE
HGKA^]G
6 K 
7
KLJMLMJ9K
H9J9<A?EYLA;9K

Estruturas paradigmticas K =KLJMLMJ9K D=P=EYLA;9K IM= HG

<=E
K=J
A<=FLA>A;9<9K
FG
D_PA;G
GM
K]G
H9J9<A?EYLA;9K
GM
KAFL9?EYLA;9K
@9E9EK= =KLJMLMJ9K H9J9<A?EYLA;9K FG D_PA;G 9K =KLJMLMJ9K ;GF
KLALMb<9K HGJ MFA<9<=K D_PA;9K IM= K= =F;GFLJ9E =E GHGKA^]G FG =APG <9
K=D=^]G KKAE x:GEE9My x;9K9 v ;9KAF@9y xEGJJ=J v EGJL9Dy K]G
GHGKA^g=K
IM=
E9FA>=KL9E
=KLJMLMJ9K
H9J9<A?EYLA;9K
ARK= 9GHFIHIF5 DF=ARF=5 K= K=MK L=JEGK K= AEHDA;9E J=;AHJG;9
E=FL= K=E IM= ME <=D=K K=B9 HJAEYJAG =E J=D9^]G 9GK GMLJGK xBGN=Ey
AEHDA;9 xN=D@Gy = xN=D@Gy AEHDA;9 xBGN=Ey E9K F=F@ME <=D=K _
HJAEYJAG
=E
J=D9^]G
9G
GMLJG
ARK= 9GHFIHIF5 G97IB8RF=5 K= 9 AEHDA;9^]G =FLJ= K=MK L=JEGK _ <=
x<AJ=^]G hFA;9y KKAE x;9K9y  x;9KAF@9y xEGJJ=Jy  xEGJL9Dy xLJ9:9D
@9Jy  xLJ9:9D@9<GJy K]G =KLJMLMJ9K K=;MF<YJA9K HGJIM= G HJAE=AJG L=JEG
<= ;9<9 H9J =KLY AEHDA;9<G H=DG K=?MF<G E9K F]G G AFN=JKG HGAK 9 <=>AF
A^]G <G ;GFL=h<G x;9K9y _ AF<=H=F<=FL= <G ;GFL=h<G x;9KAF@9y E9K 9
<=>AFA^]G <G ;GFL=h<G x;9KAF@9y AF;DMA F=;=KK9JA9E=FL= G ;GFL=h<G
x;9K9y
*K
<GAK
LAHGK
<=
=KLJMLMJ9K
HJAEYJA9K

Os dois tipos de estruturas primrias #Y <GAK LAHGK <= =KLJMLMJ

9K
H9J9<A?EYLA;9K
HJAEYJA9K
G 75ADC
@XL=7C =
9 7@5GG9
@XL=75
0E 75ADC @XL=7C _ ME9 =KLJMLMJ9 H9J9<A?EYLA;9 ;GFKLALMb<9 HGJ
MFA<9<=K D_PA;9K IM= K= J=H9JL=E FME9 RGF9 <= KA?FA>A;9^]G ;GEME =
IM=
K=
=F;GFLJ9E
=E
GHGKA^]G
AE=<A9L9
ME9K
;GE
9K
GMLJ9K
+GJ
=P=EHDG
HG<=EGK
HJ==F;@=J
9
D9;MF9
=E
GH=J9
HFZG

88888888888 9A
CFH5@9N5

K=D=;AGF9F<G ME <GK K=?MAFL=K D=P=E9K <G H9J9<A?E9 G9;IB8C A=BIHC

<CF5 8=5 G9A5B5 AZG 5BC =L;  >A;9F<G =P;DMb<GK L=JEGK ;GEG
RFJCF9 75G5 F=C 7589=F5
=L;
E ) AIFC X J9F89 J9F89 =P;DMA AE=<A9L9E=FL= 5NI@ 6F5B7C
7=BN5 =L;  IM= H=JL=F;=E 9G E=KEG ;9EHG D_PA;G G <9K ;GJ=K E9K F]G




L=JEGK ;GEG AI=HC DCI7C 65GH5BH9 A9BCG =L;  IM= H=JL=F;=E 9 GMLJGK
;9EHGK
9<9 MFA<9<= <= ;GFL=h<G D_PA;G =PHJ=KKG FG KAKL=E9 DAF?MbKLA;G _
ME @9L9A5 )GK =P=EHDGK 9;AE9 G9;IB8C A=BIHC <CF5 =L; K]G
D=P=E9K
0E9 MFA<9<= ;MBG ;GFL=h<G _ A<aFLA;G 9G ;GFL=h<G ;GEME <= <M9K
GM E9AK MFA<9<=K <= ME ;9EHG _ ME 5FEI=@9L9A5 *K LJ9^GK <AKLAFLANGK
IM= ;9J9;L=JAR9E GK D=P=E9K ;@9E9EK= G9A5G ;GEG =EHJ=?9 G DAF
?MAKL9

+GLLA=J
/GE=EGK H9J9 KAEHD=K =P=EHDG G ;9EHG D=PA;9D <= x9KK=FLGy
=KLM<9<G H=DG ;AL9<G +GLLA=J =E IM= x9KK=FLGy _ G 9JIMAD=P=E9 <=KK=
;9EHG IM= L=E ;GEG D=P=E9K =E HGJLM?MaK =FLJ= GMLJGK IM= <=AP9J=
EGK <= D9<G 7589=F5 DC@HFCB5 GC:R 75B5DX 65B7C = 8=JV 6+  (1 
7
GEG LJ9^GK <AKLAFLANGK <GK D=P=E9K HJGHGJ=EGK GK K=?MAFL=K
G9A5G
K
zG:B=LG
;GFKLJMb<G
H9J9
9
?=FL=
K=
K=FL9J{
K 
z;GE
=F;GKLG{
K
zH9J9
ME9
H=KKG9{
K
z;GE
:J9^GK{
K
z;GE
H_K{
K
z>=ALG
<=
E9L=JA9D
JABG{
'=N9F<GK= =E ;GFL9 IM= 9 HJ=K=F^9 <G K=E9 K=JY AF<A;9<G HGJ  =
KM9
9MKaF;A9
HGJ
v

L=J=EGK




KG>Y

<AN]

;9F9H_

+=DG =PHGKLG NaK= IM= F]G :9KL9 <AR=J HGJ =P=EHDG IM= x65B7C _
ME G:B=LG ;GFKLJMb<G H9J9 9 ?=FL= K= K=FL9Jy HGAK L9D <=>AFA^]G K= 9HDA
;9JA9 AF<AKLAFL9E=FL= 9 LG<GK GK D=P=E9K AF;DMb<GK FG ;9EHG D_PA;G GE
:9K= FGK K=E9K AKLG _ FGK LJ9^GK <AKLAFLANGK IM= K=H9J9E GK D=P=E9K 9J
JGD9<GK FG =P=EHDG <AJ=EGK IM= x:9F;G _ ME G:B=LG ;GFKLJMb<G H9J9 9
?=FL= K= K=FL9J ;GE E9L=JA9D JABG E9<=AJ9 >=JJG ;AE=FLG <GL9<G <=
H_Ky
.= K= LJ9L9KK= <= 7589=F5 <=>AFAJb9EGK xG:B=LG ;GFKLJMb<G H9J9 9
?=FL= K= K=FL9J ;GE =F;GKLG H9J9 ME9 H=KKG9 <GL9<G <= H_K = >=ALG <=
E9L=JA9D
JABGy
0E D=P=E9 HG<= >MF;AGF9J =E NYJAGK ;9EHGK _ G ;9KG <G 9<B=LANG
:F9G7C IM= >MF;AGF9 FG ;9EHG <GK 9<B=LANGK ;GEG BCJC J9@<C =L; ;>
EI9=>C :F9G7C :FIH5 :F9G75 GM FG ;9EHG <GK 9<B=LANGK :F=C EI9BH9
ACFBC
=L;
A5B<V
:F9G75 6F=G5 :F9G75
.G:J= B9IHF5@=N5Wc9G = G=B7F9H=GACG FG
D_PA;G
D9KK=
D_PA;9

K

K

K

K

:9F;G

;9<=AJ9

HGDLJGF9

Classe lxica @9E9K= 7@5GG9 @XL=75 9 ME9 ;D9KK= <= D=P=E9K

<=L=JEAF9<GK HGJ ME 7@5GG9A5 @5GG9A5 _ ME LJ9^G <AKLAFLANG ;GEME
IM= <=>AF= ME9 ;D9KK= AF<=H=F<=FL=E=FL= <GK ;9EHGK D_PA;GK KKAE
>CJ9A =BH9@=;9BH9 ;5;C H=JL=F;=E 9 ;9EHGK D_PA;GK <AKLAFLGK E9K HG
<=E =KL9J AF;DMb<GK F9 E=KE9 ;D9KK= H=DG ;D9KK=E9 xK=J @ME9FGy BY IM=
HG<=EGK <AR=J <= ME9 H=KKG9 IM= =D9 _ >CJ9A GM =BH9@=;9BH9 GM >AF9D
E=FL= ;5;C 6(1 


=
K 
7
+9J9 GK KM:KL9FLANGK HG<=EK= =KL9:=D=;=J HGJ =P=EHDG ;D9KK=K
;GEG xK=J=K NANGKy x;GAK9Ky = <=FLJG <9 ;D9KK= xK=J=K NANGKy HGJ =P
=EHDG
xK=J=K
@ME9FGKy
xK=J=K
F]G
@ME9FGKy
=L;




+9J9 GK 9<B=LANGK HG<= @9N=J ;D9KK=K ;GEG xHGKALANGy xF=?9LANGy

IM= BMKLA>A;9E ;GGJ<=F9^g=K 9<ALAN9K <G LAHG x6CA = =BH9@=;9BH9y GM ;G
GJ<=F9^g=K
9<N=JK9LAN9K
<G
LAHG
x6CA E9K 6F=;VCy
+9J9 GK N=J:GK HG<=EK= L9E:_E ;GFKLALMAJ NYJA9K ;D9KK=K ;GEG 9K
BY ;GF@=;A<9K xLJ9FKALANG = AFLJ9FKALANGy ;GE HGKKA:ADA<9<=K <= KM:LAHGK
;GEG xLJ9FKALANGK IM= F]G 9<EAL=E NGR H9KKAN9 = LJ9FKALANGK IM= 9 9<
EAL=E GM 9AF<9 ;GE :9K= FG ;D9KK=E9 x<AJ=^]Gy =E J=D9^]G 9G 9?=FL=
<9 9^]G GK N=J:GK x9<D9LANGKy AKLG _ =E <AJ=^]G <= 9HJGPAE9^]G <G
9?=FL= <G LAHG <= 7CADF5F ;5B<5F F97969F F97C@<9F =L;  = GK x9:D9L
ANGKy AKLG _ =E <AJ=^]G <= 9>9KL9E=FLG <G 9?=FL= <G LAHG <= J9B89F
85F 9BHF9;5F GC@H5F 89JC@J9F
=L; 
#Y D=P=E9K IM= K= 9HJ=K=FL9E F9 AFL=JK=;^]G <= <M9K ;D9KK=K
IM9FLG 9G K=M KA?FA>A;9FL= EGKLJ9F<GK= AFK=FKbN=D Z <A>=J=F^9
;D9KK=EYLA;9
;MBG
KA?FA>A;9<G
=E
MKG
Ke
K=
HG<=
<=HJ==F<=J
FG
;GFL=PLG
W G IM= G;GJJ= ;GE KM:KL9FLANGK ;GEG <_GD989 x9IM=D= IM= <Y GM
J=;=:= @GKH=<9?=Ey ;GE N=J:GK ;GEG 5@I;5F x9IM=D= IM= <Y GM J=
;=:= <= 9DM?M=Dy =E GJ9^g=K <G LAHG B=@8C X A9I <_GD989 4X@=5
5@I;CI
C
5D5FH5A9BHC
FLJ9E F=KL= JGD H9D9NJ9K ;GEG G5I8CGC xIM= K=FL= GM ;9MK9
K9M<9<=y H9A9FCGC xIM= K=FL= GM ;9MK9 L=EGJy 5FF9B85F xIM= <Y GM
LGE9 <= J=F<9y 9GAC@5F xIM= <Y GM H=<= =KEGD9y 6(9   =
(9 
7
W G ;9KG L9E:_E <= KM:KL9FLANGK = 9<B=LANGK IM= HG<=E K=J LGE9
<GK Z :G9 = Z EY H9JL= ;GEG GI79GGC :CFHIB5  <=KLAFG ZL=HC J9BHIF5
= IM= >GJ9E <=HGAK =KH=;A9DAR9<GK FG :GE K=FLA<G IM9F<G K= =EHJ=?9E
@GB= <A>=J=FL=E=FL= J=IM=J=E ME 9<B=LANG <9 ;D9KK= xF=?9LANGy A5I GI
79GGC HF=GH9
:CFHIB5 A5I
ZL=HC DC6F9
J9BHIF5
=L;
6(9 
 7
tK N=R=K 9 DbF?M9 <=K>9R 9 <MHDA;A<9<= <= ;GFL=h<G ;GE G J=;MJKG
9 FGN9K H9D9NJ9K 9KKAE <_GD989 K= =KH=;A9DAR9 GM HG<=K= =KH=;A9DAR9J
=E x9IM=D= IM= J=;=:= 9 @GKH=<9?=Ey = K= ;JA9 9 H9D9NJ9 <CGD989=FC
H9J9 G IM= <Y @GKH=<9?=E *MLJ9K N=R=K ;GE 9 =KH=;A9DAR9^]G <9 ;D9KK=
;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE <_GD989 =KH=;A9DAR9<G EG<=JF9E=FL= H9J9 9IM=D= IM=
J=;=:= @GKH=<9?=E G IM= F]G G;GJJ= =FLJ=L9FLG ;GE G N=J:G <CGD985F
 <9J GM J=;=:=J @GKH=<9?=E F=KL= hDLAEG KA?FA>A;9<G 9H9J=;= ;GEG
HJGFGEAF9D I
A9
<CGD989=
BIA
<CH9@
65F5HC
KLJMLMJ9K
K=;MF<YJA9K




Estruturas secundrias K =KLJMLMJ9K H9J9<A?EYLA;9K K=;MF<YJA

9K ;GJJ=KHGF<=E 9G <GEbFAG <9 >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K = HG<=E
E9FA>=KL9JK= HGJ =KLJMLMJ9K <= AC8=:=75WVC <= 89G9BJC@J=A9BHC = <=
7CADCG=WVC IM= AEHDA;9E K=EHJ= 9 LJ9FK>GJE9^]G AJJ=N=JKbN=D <= ME
L=JEG HJAEYJAG =PAKL=FL= ;GEG D=P=E9 <= ;GFL=h<G KA?FA>A;9<G = <= =P
HJ=KK]G KA?FA>A;9FL= F9 DbF?M9 GFKME9<9 9 LJ9FK>GJE9^]G G L=JEG v
9?GJ9 K=;MF<YJAG v HG<= J=;=:=J <=L=JEAF9^g=K ?J9E9LA;9AK =PHDb;AL9K
HJeHJA9K <GK L=JEGK HJAEYJAGK ;GEG 9 HDMJ9DAR9^]G 75G5 75G5G 75G5
75G=B<5 75G=B<5G
9<9 9 =PL=FK]G IM= E=J=;= G =KLM<G <GK LJaK LAHGK <= =KLJMLMJ9K
K=;MF<YJA9K LJ9L9J=EGK <=D= F9 H9JL= E9AK 9<A9FL= =E IM= K= =KLM<9E GK
HJG;=<AE=FLGK <= >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 <9K J=D9^g=K <=
KA?FA>A;9^]G
KLJMLMJ9K
KAFL9?EYLA;9K
9K
KGDA<9JA=<9<=K

Estruturas sintagmticas: as solidariedades K =KLJMLMJ9K

KAFL9?EYLA;9K K]G KGDA<9JA=<9<=K AKLG _ J=D9^]G =FLJ= <GAK D=P=E9K H=J
L=F;=FL=K 9 ;9EHGK <A>=J=FL=K <GK IM9AK ME =KLY ;GEHJ==F<A<G =E H9JL=
GM LGL9DE=FL= FG GMLJG ;GEG LJ9^G <AKLAFLANG K=E9 IM= DAEAL9 KM9
;GE:AF9^]G
AKLAF?M=EK= LJaK LAHGK <= KGDA<9JA=<9<= 5:=B=8589 G9@9WVC =
=AD@=75WVC
)9 afinidade G ;D9KK=E9 <G HJAE=AJG D=P=E9 >MF;AGF9 ;GEG LJ9^G
<AKLAFLANG FG K=?MF<G KKAE DX = D5H5 LaE ;GEG LJ9^GK <AKLAFLANGK 9G
;GFL=h<G zE=E:JG <= KMKL=FL9^]G <G ;GJHG{ 9 ;D9KK= zH=KKG9{ DX xE=E
:JG <= KMKL=FL9^]G <= H=KKG9y = z9FAE9D{ D5H5 xH_ <= 9FAE9Dy *
E=KEG ;GE ;FRJ=85 = DF9B<9 GK LJ9^GK <AKLAFLANGK <G ;GFL=h<G x>=;
MF<9^]Gy K]G 9 ;D9KK= zH=KKG9{ ;FRJ=85 x>=;MF<9<9 =E J=D9^]G 9 H=KK
G9Ky = z9FAE9D{ DF9B<9 x>=;MF<9<9 =E J=D9^]G 9 9FAE9Dy 6 K  
(1 
7
)9 seleo _ G 9JIMAD=P=E9 <G HJAE=AJG D=P=E9 IM= >MF;AGF9
;GEG LJ9^G <AKLAFLANG FG K=?MF<G *K D=P=E9K D9@C = D9B5 IM9FLG 9G
;GFL=h<G zKAKL=E9 HADGKG{ AF;DM=E ;GEG LJ9^G <AKLAFLANG G 9JIMAD=P=E9
A5A[:9FC = 5J9 D9@C xKAKL=E9 HADGKG <ALG <= E9Eb>=JGKy = D9B5 xKAK
L=E9
HADGKG
<ALG
<=
9N=Ky
)9 implicao _ LG<G G HJAE=AJG D=P=E9 IM= >MF;AGF9 ;GEG LJ9^G
<AKLAFLANG FG K=?MF<G +GJ =P=EHDG 9 ;GJ 65=C L=E ;GEG LJ9^G <AKLAFLANG
G D=P=E9 x;9N9DGy HGAK 65=C Ke K= <AR <GK ;9N9DGK *MLJG :GE =P=EHDG



<= AEHDA;9^]G K]G 9K ;@9E9<9K NGR=K <GK 9FAE9AK HGAK GK D=P=E9K F9@=B
7<5F AI;=F NIFF5F 65@=F ;FIB<=F @58F5F A=5F 7575F9>5F F9;CI;5F K]G
G ?JALG J=D9LANG J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= 9 x;9N9DGy xN9;9y x:MJJGy x;9:J9y
xHGJ;Gy
x;]Gy
x?9LGy
x?9DAF@9y
xJ9HGK9y
W HJ=;AKG <AKLAF?MAJ 9K KGDA<9JA=<9<=K K=E[FLA;9K NAKL9K 9IMA HJG
HJA9E=FL= DAF?MbKLA;9K <GK x;DA;@aK D_PA;GKy GM KAFL9?E9K =KL=J=GLAH9<GK
= <9K KGDA<9JA=<9<=K >J=IM=FL=K <=L=JEAF9<9K H=DG FGKKG ;GF@=;AE=FLG
<9K x;GAK9Ky 9KKAE 6F5B7C 9HDA;9<G ZK ;5=JCH5G F]G _ =P=EHDG <= KGDA<
9JA=<9<= K=E[FLA;9 HGJIM= 9 ;GE:AF9^]G F]G _ ME >9LG <= DbF?M9 E9K
9H=F9K 9KKAF9D9 9 >J=IMaF;A9 <= ?9ANGL9K :J9F;9K F9 J=9DA<9<= =PLJ9DAF
?MbKLA;9 K=E IM= K= <=KHJ=R= 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= ?9ANGL9K <= GMLJ9 ;GJ
+=DG ;GFLJYJAG =E 75J5@C 5@5NVC L=EGK ME >9LG <= DbF?M9 HGJIM= 5@5NVC
AEHDA;9 G LJ9^G <AKLAFLANG xHJeHJAG <G ;9N9DGy J9R]G HGJ IM= FG <AK;MJKG
K= HG<= MK9J Ke <= 5@5NVC K=E IM= K=B9 F=;=KKYJAG =PHDA;AL9J G D=P=E9
75J5@C
KL9
GH=J9^]G
F]G
K=
=KL=F<=
9 6F5B7C =E
J=D9^]G
9 ;5=JCH5

4 Formao de Palavras
do Ponto de Vista do Contedo
%Y NAEGK F9 DA^]G <= =FN=FAKL= IM= G HJG:D=E9 <= HJG;=<AE=FLGK
<= >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K MDLJ9H9KK9 GK DAEAL=K <9 EGJ>GDG?A9 =E IM=
LJ9<A;AGF9DE=FL=
H9J=;=
=FIM9<J9<9
F9
LJ9<A^]G
DAF?MbKLA;9
+GJ GMLJG D9<G ;GEG 9KKAF9D9 GK=JAM  ME =KLM<G ;G=J=FL= <9
>GJE9^]G <9K H9D9NJ9K IM= K= 9L=F@9 =KLJAL9 = =P;DMKAN9E=FL= 9G HGFLG <=
NAKL9 <9 =PHJ=KK]G v ;GEG G NAEGK 9L_ 9IMA v _ HGKKbN=D E9K H9J9 G 9K
H=;LG >MF;AGF9D = HGJL9FLG H9J9 9 ;GEHJ==FK]G = <=K;JA^]G <= ME9 DbF
?M9 L9D =KLM<G _ HGM;G HJGN=ALGKG BY IM= GK HJG;=<AE=FLGK E9L=JA9AK
HJ=>AP9^]G KM>AP9^]G =L;  = GK >MF;AGF9AK F]G ?M9J<9E =FLJ= KA F=F@ME
H9J9D=DAKEG ME9 N=R IM= HJG;=<AE=FLGK E9L=JA9AK <A>=J=FL=K HG<=E ;GJ
J=KHGF<=J 9G E=KEG LAHG >MF;AGF9D = NA;=N=JK9  F]G ;GFKA<=J9^]G <G
9KH=;LG <= KA?FA>A;9<G _ 9 ;9MK9 <= EMAL9 <AK;MKK]G = AF;=JL=R9K =E AF
;DMAJ FG <GEbFAG <9 >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K 9K ;GE:AF9^g=K ;9KM9AK <G LAHG
IA G5@J9G9 EI9A DI89F 6CA 8=5 A5BI H9B9F9  A5BH9F IM= F]G ;GF
KLALM=E HJGHJA9E=FL= DFC798=A9BHCG <9 >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K =FLJ= GML
JGK
;9KGK




AF<9 ;GE 9HGAG F9 DA^]G <= GK=JAM ME =KLM<G <= >GJE9^]G <=
H9D9NJ9K <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 <G ;GFL=h<G AKLG _ >MF<9<G FG KA?FA>A;9<G
=KLY E9AK 9BMKL9<G 9 K=M G:B=LG +9JLAF<G <=KL= HGFLG <= NAKL9 9 >GJE9^]G
<= H9D9NJ9K ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9 ME9 H9JLA;MD9J ;F5A5H=75@=N5WVC <G D_PA;G
xHJAEYJAGy /GE=EGK 9 =KL= DAF?MAKL9 G K=?MAFL= =P=EHDG H9J9 EGKLJ9J
IM= 9K J=D9^g=K <A?9EGK 9KKAE ?J9E9LA;9AK IM= K= <]G FGK HJG<MLGK <9
>GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K K]G ;GFK=IMaF;A9K <9K =IMAN9DaF;A9K K=E[FLA;9K
=FLJ= =KK=K HJG<MLGK = 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K IM= D@=K ;GJJ=KHGF<=E <G HGFLG <=
NAKL9 <G ;GFL=h<G E 69@8589 ;GEG =IMAN9D=FL= 9 xG >9LG <= K=J :=DG

:=D9y G L=JEG x>9LGy F]G _ 9 H9D9NJ9 :5HC <9 DAF?M9?=E HJAEYJA9 = IM=
=E K=?MA<9 K=JA9 <=L=JEAF9<9 HGJ xK=J :=DG
:=D9y E9K KAE ME BCA9
H9J9 9 KM:KL9FLAN9^]G =>=LM9<9 F=KL9 >GJE9^]G <G E=KEG EG<G xK=Jy _
FGE= <9 zHJ=<A;9LANA<9<= <= K=J{ AKLG _ <9 HJ=<A;9^]G 9LJA:Mb<9 = x:=DG

:=D9y _ FGE= <9 MFA<9<= <= 69@CK  69@5K F9 DAF?M9?=E HJAEYJA9 GM

K=B9 ME 69@C K=E ?aF=JG = K=E FhE=JG E GMLJGK L=JEGK K=JA9 G
E=KEG IM= <AR=J 9:KLJ9L9E=FL= 9;=J;9 <= FGKK9 >eJEMD9 x69@CK

69@5K ?J9E9LA;9DAR9<G HGJ HJ=<A;9^]G 9LJA:MLAN9 = ;GE HGKL=JAGJ KM:

KL9FLAN9^]Gy $KLG KA?FA>A;9 IM= GK HJG<MLGK <= >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K
<AR=E
K=EHJ=
E9AK
<G
IM=
KM9K
J=KH=;LAN9K
:9K=K
D_PA;9K
+GJ LM<G AKLG ;GF;DMA GK=JAM IM= 9 >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K _ ME
<GEbFAG 9MLfFGEG <9K DbF?M9K IM= 9:9J;9 >9LGK xH9J9?J9E9LA;9AKy = >9
LGK HMJ9E=FL= D_PA;GK = K=M =KLM<G _ ME J9EG 9MLfFGEG <9 K=E[FLA;9
>MF;AGF9D IM= <=N= ;GE=^9J H=D9K >MF^g=K xH9J9?J9E9LA;9AKy <GK HJG
;=<AE=FLGK
<=
>GJE9^]G
=
;@=?9J
9L_
9K
>AP9^g=K
F9
<=KA?F9^]G
AKK=EGK xH9J9?J9E9LA;9AKy HGJIM= F9 J=9DA<9<= 9 >GJE9^]G <=
H9D9NJ9K =F;=JJ9 ME9 x?J9EYLA;9 <G D_PA;Gy E9K =KK9 ?J9EYLA;9 F]G <=
N= K=J ;GF>MF<A<9 ;GE 9 ?J9EYLA;9 IM= ;GF@=;=EGK BY IM= F9 >GJE9^]G
<= H9D9NJ9K =KL9EGK <A9FL= <= >MF^g=K ?J9E9LA;9AK <AKLAFL9K <9IM=D9K IM=
G;GJJ=E F9 EGJ>GKKAFL9P= +GJ AKKG F]G >9D9EGK 9IMA =E >MF^g=K ?J9
E9LA;9AK = KAE =E >MF^g=K H9J9?J9E9LA;9AK 0FK =P=EHDGK HG<=E =K
;D9J=;=J G IM= <AR=EGK 9 >GJE9^]G <= x;GD=LANGKy 5FJCF98C @5F5B>5@
75G5F=C =L;  AEHDA;9 HGJ ;=JLG ME9 HDMJ9DAR9^]G E9K 9IMA F]G K= LJ9L9
<= ME KAEHD=K xHDMJ9Dy RFJCF9G KAE <= ME9 xHDMJ9DAR9^]Gy IM= K= <Y =
K=
;GFKA<=J9
;GEG
MFA<9<=
KKAE L9E:_E 7<9;585 AEHDA;9 ME N=J:G HJ=<A;9LANG E9K F]G AE
HDA;9 F=E EG<G F=E L=EHG F=E FhE=JG F=E H=KKG9 69@9N5 AEHDA;9
ME FGE= HJ=<A;9LANG E9K F]G AEHDA;9 F=E FhE=JG F=E ?aF=JG W =P
9L9E=FL= HGJ AKKG ;GFLAFM9 GK=JAM 9 KM9 DA^]G IM= L9AK >GJE9^g=K F]G
J=EGFL9E 9 GJ9^g=K ;GF;J=L9K ;GEG $CVC 7<9;5 = '5F=5 X 69@5 GM $CVC




X 69@C E9K L]G KGE=FL= 9 ME9 >MF^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 ?=F_JA;9 <= 7<9;5F =
69@CG 69@5G
KKAE L9E:_E =E D5D9@9=F5 =KLY AEHDA;9<9 ME9 x>MF^]G HJ=HGKA
;AGF9Dy E9K F]G ME9 <=L=JEAF9<9 HJ=HGKA^]G H =P xD5F5yD5DX=G =
89GD9FH58CF AEHDA;9 ME =D=E=FLG HJGFGEAF9D ?=F_JA;G x9D?M_E GM 9D?Gy
IM=
<=
GMLJG
EG<G
F]G
L=E
J=9DAR9^]G
=E
HGJLM?MaK 
*K
LJaK
LAHGK
>MF<9E=FL9AK
<=
>GJE9^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9K

Os trs tipos fundamentais de formao de palavras v G HGFLG

<= NAKL9 <G ;GFL=h<G HG<=EK= <AKLAF?MAJ LJaK LAHGK GM IM9LJG K= ;GFKA<
=J9JEGK 9 ;GEHGKA^]G ;GEG <GAK >MF<9E=FL9AK <= >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K
;GFKG9FL= <GAK ;JAL_JAGK IM= K= =FLJ=;JMR9E = <AR=E J=KH=ALG Z <=L=JEAF
9^]G
?J9E9LA;9D
<G
L=JEG
HJAEYJAG
9 9 ?J9E9LA;9DAR9^]G AEHDb;AL9 9>=L9 ME Ke =D=E=FLG GM GK <GAK F9
:9K=
<9
>GJE9^]G
: 9 ?J9E9LA;9DAR9^]G ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9 ME9 >MF^]G xAF9LM9Dy A _
xF]G K=E=D@9FL= 9 ME9 >MF^]G GJ9;AGF9Dy GM 9 ME9 >MF^]G x9LM9Dy A _
xK=E=D@9FL=
9
ME9
>MF^]G
GJ9;AGF9Dy
+=DG HJAE=AJG ;JAL_JAG L=J=EGK <= ME D9<G 9 AC8=:=75WVC = G
89G9BJC@J=A9BHC =E IM= 9 ?J9E9LA;9DAR9^]G 9>=L9 ME Ke L=JEG = <G
GMLJG
9 7CADCG=WVC
+=DG K=?MF<G ;JAL_JAG 9 >MF^]G ?J9E9LA;9D AEHDA;9<9 F9 EG<A
>A;9^]G _ xAF9LM9Dy <G LAHG <G x?aF=JGy GM <G xFhE=JGy =FIM9FLG FG
<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG 9 >MF^]G AEHDA;9<9 _ x9LM9Dy <G LAHG <9K >MF^g=K
xKMB=ALGy xHJ=<A;9<Gy x;GEHD=E=FLG N=J:9Dy )9 ;GEHGKA^]G 9 >MF^]G
HG<=
K=J
AF9LM9D
GM
9LM9D
HGJ
=P=EHDG
=E
HGJLM?MaK 5@J=B9;FC = @9=HCF
)9 EG<A>A;9^]G 9 ;9L=?GJA9 N=J:9D <GK HJG<MLGK _ K=EHJ= 9 E=KE9
<9K J=KH=;LAN9K :9K=K AKLG _ GK KM:KL9FLANGK HJG<MR=E KM:KL9FLANGK GK
9<B=LANGK 9<B=LANGK = 9KKAE HGJ <A9FL= HGJIM= 9 >MF^]G ?J9E9LA;9D AE
HDA;9<9 _ xAF9LM9Dy AKLG _ >MF^]G IM= 9>=L9 GK D=P=E9K EG<A>A;9F<GGK
=FIM9FLG L9AK = F]G ;GEG E=E:JGK <= GJ9^]G GM <= KAFL9?E9K /J9L9K=
<9K >GJE9^g=K <AEAFMLAN9K <GK ;GD=LANGK <GK N=J:GK >GJE9<GK ;GE
HJ=>APGK
;9N9DG ;9N9DAF@G
>GJL= >GJL]G
:=AB9J :=ABG;9J
N=J HJ=N=J
)G <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG v IM= K=EHJ= H9JL= <= D=P=E9K ;GE >MF^g=K
<= E=E:JGK <= GJ9^]G GM <= KAFL9?E9 v 9 ;9L=?GJA9 N=J:9D <GK HJG<MLGK
>GJE9<GK _ <AKLAFL9 <9 ;9L=?GJA9 <9 :9K= ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL= N9D= <AR=J G
<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG AEHDA;9 K=EHJ= EM<9F^9 <9 ;9L=?GJA9 N=J:9D <G L=JEG



HJAEYJAG <=K=FNGDNA<G AKLG _ KM:KL9FLANG HJG<MR 9<B=LANG KM:KL9FLANG

HJG<MR N=J:G 9<B=LANG HJG<MR KM:KL9FLANG =L;  9<N=JLAF<GK= F9 GHGJ
LMFA<9<= IM= HG<= 9AF<9 LJ9L9JK= <= :9K= F]G J=9DAR9<9 ;GEG L9D F9
FGJE9
<9
DbF?M9
E
DF9:9=HC 6N=J:G7 DF9:9=HRJ9@

F]G =PAKL= F9 FGJE9 <G HGJLM?MaK G N=J:G DF9:9=H5F AEHDA;9<G FG

<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG
;AL9<G
P=EHDGK <= <=K=FNGDNAE=FLGK K]G L9E:_E H9FF5 H9FF9BC 7XI
79@9GH9 FC85 FC85F JCC JC5F dH=@ IH=@=8589 F=7C F=EI9N5
/9AK >GJE9^g=K <=N=E K=J =PHDA;9<9K <=KL9 E9F=AJ9 69@C  >MF^]G
HJ=<A;9LAN9 69@9N5 xG >9LG <= K=J :=DGy 7<9;5F  >MF^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9
7<9;585 xG >9LG <= ;@=?9Jy 6F5B7C  >MF^]G <= =HbL=LG G 6F5B7C
9A 65F7C  >MF^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 9A65F75F 7CA C A5FH9@C  >MF^]G HJ=
<A;9LAN9 A5FH9@5F
 ;GEHGKA^]G AEHDA;9 K=EHJ= 9 HJ=K=F^9 <= <GAK =D=E=FLGK :YKA;GK
MFA<GK HGJ ME9 J=D9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D IM9K= K=EHJ= HGJ ME9 J=D9^]G <=
J=;^]G
+G<=
K=J
<=
<GAK
LAHGK
9 DFC@9L9ARH=75 K= ME <GK <GAK =D=E=FLGK <9 :9K= _ ME xHJGD=P
=E9y AKLG _ ME =D=E=FLG <= F9LMJ=R9 HJGFGEAF9D F]G A<=FLA>A;YN=D ;GE
ME D=P=E9 =PAKL=FL= F9 DbF?M9 ;GEG G;GJJ= =E x=D=E=FLG
KM:KL9FLANGHJGFGEAF9Dy 6<G LAHG x9D?M_Ey GM x9D?Gy7  @9F @9=HCF G
E=KEG =D=E=FLG  89GD9FH5F 89GD9FH58CF E DM?9J <=KK= LAHG
?=F_JA;G x9D?M_E GM 9D?Gy HG<= K=J ME 9JIMAD=P=E9 <= GJ<=E EMALG
?=J9D 6HGJ =P=EHDG 5;9BH9  @9F @9=HCF7 GM L9E:_E ME 9JIMAD=P=E9
GM ME D=P=E9 <= ME ;9EHG H9JLA;MD9J 6HGJ =P=EHDG xYJNGJ=y x;GE=J
;A9FL=y
xRFJCF9y
 @=AVC @=AC9=FC
x;GE=J;A9FL=y
 @9=H9 @9=H9=FC7
: @9L9ARH=75 =E IM= GK <GAK =D=E=FLGK AEHDA;9<GK K]G D=P=E9K =
9 ;9L=?GJA9 N=J:9D <GK ;GEHGKLGK _ K=EHJ= 9 <GK =D=E=FLGK x<=L=JEAF9
<GKy F9 ;GEHGKA^]G K]G =P=EHDGK <= ;GEHGKLGK D=P=EYLA;GK H=F5H9=A5
;I5F857<IJ5
* HJAE=AJG LAHG ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9G IM= LJ9<A;AGF9DE=FL= K= ;@9E9 x<=
JAN9^]Gy ;GEG HG<=EGK N=J L9D <=FGEAF9^]G L9E:_E 9:9J;9 G HJG;=KKG
<= AC8=:=75WVC = 89G9BJC@J=A9BHC 9?GJ9 =PHGKLGK G K=?MF<G LAHG ;GJ
J=KHGF<= 9G IM= LJ9<A;AGF9DE=FL= K= ;@9E9 ;GEHGKA^]G ;GE =P;=^]G <9
HJ=>AP9^]G N=J:9D 9 IM9D F=KL9 FGN9 ;GF;=H^]G <= HJG;=KKGK <= >GJE
9^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9K
=FLJ9
;GEG
ME
LAHG
<=
EG<A>A;9^]G
GE:AF9^g=K
<GK
HJG;=<AE=FLGK
>GJE9LANGK



Combinaes dos procedimentos formativos v *K HJG;=<AE=FLGK

<= >GJE9^]G <= H9D9NJ9K HG<=E ;GE:AF9JK= ME9 GM E9AK N=R=K K=F<G
<=;AKAN9 9 GJ<=E <9K ;GE:AF9^g=K H9J9 G KA?FA>A;9<G <G HJG<MLG >AF9D
F]G K= H=J<=F<G <= NAKL9 G >9LG <= IM= F=KK9 K=IMaF;A9 HG<=E G;GJJ=J
;GE:AF9^g=K xHJ_NA9Ky ;MBGK HJG<MLGK F]G K= J=9DAR9E ;GEG >9LGK
9MLfFGEGK F9 FGJE9 <9 DbF?M9 ;GEG BY 9;GFL=;=M ;GE G AEHDA;9<G DF9
:9=H5F  DF9:9=HC FG <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG DF9:9=HRJ9@ ;I5F85GC@ _ ME9
;GE:AF9^]G <= ;GEHGKA^]G HJGD=P=EYLA;9 = D=P=EYLA;9 ;GEHGKA^]G HJG
D=P=EYLA;9 ;I5F85F ?M9J<9 6=IMAN9D=FL= 9 ;I5F858CF zG IM= ?M9J<9{
;GE EGJ>=E9 R=JG7 = ME9 ;GEHGKA^]G D=P=EYLA;9 G ;GEHGKLG
;I5F85GC@ =KL= HG<=EGK L=J ME FGNG ;GEHGKLG HJGD=P=EYLA;G
=D=E=FLG KM:KL9FLANGHJGFGEAF9D <G LAHG x9D?M_Ey 6GM ;GEG L9E:_E
NAEGK G D=P=E9 x;GE=J;A9FL=y x>9:JA;9FL=y7  ;I5F85GC@
;I5F85GC@9=FC z;GE=J;A9FL=
GM
>9:JA;9FL=
<=
?M9J<9KGD{
* L=JEG 89G9A65F75F J=KMDL9 <9 ;GE:AF9^]G <G <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG
9A  65F7C  =E:9J;9J
=
EG<A>A;9^]G
 89G9A65F75F
0E L=JEG >GJE9<G HGJ <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG HG<= <9J GJA?=E 9 FGN9
>GJE9 <=K=FNGDNA<9 HJG<MLG <= <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG = HG<= 9KKAE
=KL=F<=JK= HGJ ME9 K_JA= H=J>=AL9E=FL= A<=FLA>A;YN=AK ;GEG ;GFKLALM
AFL=K
AE=<A9LGK
IM9F<G
@Y
H9J9D=DAKEG
=FLJ=
9
=PHJ=KK]G
=
G
;GFL=h<G
F=7C 9BF=EI979F 9BF=EI97=A9BHC
B5WVC B57=CB5@ B57=CB5@=N5F B57=CB5@=N5WVC

KLY F=KL= JGD <= ;GE:AF9^]G <GK LAHGK >MF<9E=FL9AK <= >GJE9^]G
<= H9D9NJ9K G <AK;MLA<bKKAEG LAHG <= ;GEHGKLGK ;GEG H=F5H9=A5
;I5F85FCID5 =E IM= =FLJ9 ME L=E9 N=J:9D HMJG K=?MA<G =E ?=J9D <=
KM:KL9FLANG E9K F]G F=;=KK9JA9E=FL= HGAK HG<= 9H9J=;=J GMLJ9 ;D9KK=
;GEG ME 9<N_J:AG ;5B<5DCI7C D=G5A5BG=B<C ME FME=J9D
A5H5G9H9 ,M9FLG Z >MF^]G GJ9;AGF9D AEHDb;AL9 F=KK= K=?MF<G =D=
E=FLG L=EGK =E ?=J9D ME G:B=LG <AJ=LG E9K HG<=EGK L=J ME HJ=<A;9LANG
9GD5BH57C=_ ME ;AJ;MFKL9F;A9D D=G5A5BG=B<C ;5B<5DCI7C
G5@H=BJVC
#Y L9E:_E H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K >GJE9AK F9 ;GFKLALMA^]G <=KK=K ;GE
HGKLGK F9 >9K= <9 ;GEHGKA^]G D=P=EYLA;9K G ;GEHGKLG HJGD=P=EYLA;G K=
J=<MR H=D9 KMHJ=KK]G <= HGKKbN=AK KM>APGK GM H=D9K HJ=HGKA^g=K IM= FGJ
E9DE=FL= K=JA9E =EHJ=?9<9K F9 ;GFKLJM^]G <= ME ;GEHGKLG HJGD=P
=EYLA;G KM:KL9FLANG ;GE GMLJG KM:KL9FLANG <YK= 9 KMHJ=KK]G J=?MD9J
E=FL= IM9F<G G K=?MF<G =D=E=FLG ;GJJ=KHGF<= 9 ME9 >MF^]G GJ9;AGF9D
;GE 9 IM9D G N=J:G AEHDA;9<G F9 ;GEHGKA^]G HJGD=P=EYLA;9 K= ;GFKLJeA



K=E HJ=HGKA^]G <G LAHG <= ;=F5GGC@ IM= K= H9J9>J9K=A9 9HJGPAE9<9E=FL=

;GE x9D?G IM= ?AJ9 F9 <AJ=^]G <G KGDy E GMLJGK ;9KGK ;GEG NAEGK =E
G5@H=BJVC
E9FL_EK=
9
HJ=HGKA^]G
FL=F<=EK= L9AK ;GEHGKLGK ;GEG x9D?ME9 ;GAK9 IM= LAJ9 L=AE9y
x9D?M_E GM 9D?ME9 ;GAK9 IM= ?M9J<9 JGMH9y AKLG _ H9JY>J9K=K <= ME9
;GEHGKA^]G HJGD=P=EYLA;9 ;GEG H=F58CF GM H=F58CF5 ;I5F858CF
;I5F858CF5 9 IM= K= 9;J=K;=FL9E G D=P=E9 H9=A5 GM FCID5 /J9L9K=
HGJL9FLG <9 ;GE:AF9^]G <= ME9 ;GEHGKA^]G HJGD=P=EYLA;9 ;GE ME9
;GEHGKA^]G
D=P=EYLA;9
xLAJ9<GJ
LAJ9<GJ9y
 H9=A5 H=F5H9=A5
E >9;= <=KL9 9FYDAK= K=E[FLA;9 ;@=?9K= Z ;GF;DMK]G <= IM= G
;@9E9<G x=D=E=FLG N=J:9Dy <=KL= LAHG <= ;GEHGKA^]G F]G _ F=E ME AE
H=J9LANG F=E F=F@ME9 GMLJ9 >GJE9 N=J:9D ;GFBM?9<9 LJ9L9K= <= ME9 <=
JAN9^]G J=?J=KKAN9 IM= <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 >MF;AGF9D _ ME KM:KL9FLANG GM
=FL]G K=E9FLA;9E=FL= ME H9JLA;bHAG KM:KL9FLAN9<G KL= xH9JLA;bHAGy
HG<= K=J ME H9JLA;bHAG 9LANG LJ9FKALANG ;GEG =E ;I5F85FCID5 ME H9J
LA;bHAG ;9MK9LANG ;GEG =E D5GG5H9ADC xIM9DIM=J ;GAK9 IM= >9R H9KK9J G
L=EHGy
KL9 9FYDAK= _ ;GF>AJE9<9 H=DG >9LG <= IM9F<G F]G @Y F9 DbF?M9 ME
;GEHGKLG <=KL= LAHG K= MLADAR9J=E ;GEHGKLGK HJGD=P=EYLA;GK =E ;GF
KLJM^]G HJ=HGKA;AGF9D ;GE ME K=?MF<G =D=E=FLG A98=8CF 89 ;RG 9GD5@
<58CF
89
79F5 DF9B898CF
89
;F5J5H5
=L;
.M:LAHGK
<GK
HJG;=<AE=FLGK
<=
>GJE9^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9

Subtipos dos procedimentos de formao de palavra v =FLJG

<GK HJG;=<AE=FLGK NAKLGK 9L_ 9IMA HG<=E G;GJJ=J KM:LAHGK <= 9;GJ<G
;GE
GK
KM:LAHGK
<=
>MF^g=K
xH9J9?J9E9LA;9AKy
AEHDA;9<9K
KKAE
F9
EG<A>A;9^]G
HG<=EGK
L=J
=FLJ=
GMLJGK
9
ME9
EM<9F^9
<G
?aF=JG
xF9LMJ9Dy
K=PG F9= F5=B<5 ;5@C
;5@=B<5
:
ME9
IM9FLA>A;9^]G

H9J9
<AEAFMLANGK
75FFC 75FF=B<C
8C9BH9 8C9BH=B<C 6969F 6969F=75F
;GE
9
N9JA9FL=
x9HJ=
;A9^]G
9HJGPAE9LAN9y
J9@<C J9@<IG7C

H9J9
9ME=FL9LANGK
75G5 75G5FVC ;F5B89 ;F5B85@<VC

H9J9
;GD=LANGK
75G5
75G5F=C

H9J9
AFL=FKA>A;9^]G
:9=C :9=B<C
;
J=H=LA^]G :5N9F F9:5N9F
<
F=?9^]G @95@ 89G@95@ dH=@ =BdH=@



)G <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG HG<=EGK L=J K=?MF<G 9 >MF^]G GJ9;AGF9D AE

HDb;AL9
<=
KM9
:9K=
9
HJ=<A;9^]G 7<9;5F 7<9;585 69@C 69@9N5
:
9LJA:MLANG 89
=BJ9FBC xH=JL=F;=FL=
9G
AFN=JFGy =BJ9FB5@
"=F=J9DAR9^]G
<G
KA?FA>A;9<G
FG
<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG

Generalizao do significado no desenvolvimento v * <=K=FNGD

NAE=FLG AEHDA;9 =E ;9<9 >9K= <= HJG<M^]G ME9 <=K;GF;=FLJ9^]G GM
?=F=J9DAR9^]G <G KA?FA>A;9<G <9 :9K= KKAE 89 =BJ9FBC KA?FA>A;9 xH=J
L=F;=FL= 9G AFN=JFGy ;> >C;CG 89 =BJ9FBC BY G L=JEG <=K=FNGDNA<G =B
J9FB5@ KA?FA>A;9 L9FLG xH=JL=F;=FL= 9G AFN=JFGy IM9FLG xK=E=D@9FL= 9G
IM= H=JL=F;= 9G AFN=JFGy ;> >C;CG =BJ9FB5=G /J9L9K= <= ME N9DGJ
hFA;G <= DbF?M9 IM= K= x9EHDA9y IM9F<G ;GEH9J9<G ;GE 9 :9K= <G
<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG
#GEG>GFA9K
=E
<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG

Homofonias em desenvolvimento v =K=FNGDNAE=FLGK >GJE9<GK

<= :9K=K <A>=J=FL=K HG<=E J=KMDL9J @GEG>GFA9K LGL9DE=FL= <AKLAFL9K <9K
@GEG>GFA9K ;9KM9AK <GK L=JEGK KAEHD=K GM HJAEYJAGK KKAE =E HGJ
LM?MaK =PAKL=E <M9K K_JA=K @GEe>GF9K ACFH5@ACFH5@=8589 9 HJAE=AJ9
<=K=FNGDNA<9 9 H9JLAJ <G ;GFL=h<G xEGJJ=Jy xG @GE=E _ EGJL9Dy v x9
EGJL9DA<9<= <G @GE=Ey = 9 K=?MF<9 9 H9JLAJ <G ;GFL=h<G xE9L9Jy xG
?GDH= G J=E_<AG >GA EGJL9Dy v x9 EGJL9DA<9<= <G ?GDH= <G J=E_<AGy
'CFH5B8589 _ N9JA9FL= <= ACFH5@=8589 = Ke K= 9HDA;9 9G ;GFL=h<G <=
xEGJJ=Jy


?J9F<=
FhE=JG
<=
EGJL=K
HGJ
H=KL=K
=E
:9L9D@9y
9:= 9AF<9 G:K=JN9J IM= BY IM= G <=K=FNGDNAE=FLG AEHDA;9 K=EHJ=
ME =EHJ=?G <=L=JEAF9<G <G L=JEG HJAEYJAG GM <= :9K= HG<= @9N=J
<=K=FNGDNAE=FLGK <A>=J=FL=K ;GF>GJE= G KA?FA>A;9<G AEHDA;9<G F=KK=
L=JEG
=
FGK
=D=E=FLGK
>GJE9LANGK
H9FF5 H9FF9GHF9 H9FF95@ H9FF5@ H9FF9=FC H9FF9BC
9GD9F5F 9GD9F5 <= 9GD9F5F x9?M9J<9Jy
= 9GD9F5BW5 <= 9GD9F5F
x;GF>A9Jy

5 Alteraes Semnticas



 K=ATBH=75 9GHFIHIF5@ 8=57FaB=75 _ G =KLM<G >MF;AGF9D <9K

EM<9F^9K K=E[FLA;9K FG D_PA;G W ME9 <AK;AHDAF9 9AF<9 EMALG J=;=FL= =
<9<9 9 F9LMJ=R9 <=KL9 ?J9EYLA;9 <=D9 F]G FGK G;MH9J=EGK 9IMA )GKKG AF
L=FLG _ L]G KGE=FL= ;@9E9J 9 9L=F^]G H9J9 9DL=J9^g=K K=E[FLA;9K FG
D_PA;G GEG <AKK= EMALG :=E +9?DA9JG x/9E:_E 9K H9D9NJ9K K]G ME9
=KH_;A= <= ;GF;@9K ZK IM9AK L=EGK <= =F;GKL9J G GMNA<G ;GE @MEAD<=
9L=F^]G K= IMAK=JEGK 9HJ==F<=J 9 NGR IM= <=FLJG <=D9K J=KKG9y 6+? 
7
)G <=;GJJ=J <= KM9 @AKLeJA9 F=E K=EHJ= 9 H9D9NJ9 ?M9J<9 K=M KA?FA
>A;9<G =LAEGDe?A;G AKLG _ GJA?AFYJAG +GJ EGLANGK N9JA9<bKKAEGK MDLJ9
H9KK9 GK DAEAL=K <= KM9 HJAEALAN9 x=K>=J9 K=E[FLA;9y = 9KKME= N9DGJ=K
FGNGK
x DbF?M9 v <AKK= (GJALR -=?MD9 v =PHJ=KK]G ;GFK;A=FL= <= AE
HJ=KKg=K =PL=JAGJ=K = AFL=JAGJ=K =KLY KMB=AL9 9 ME9 H=JH_LM9 LJ9FK>GJE
9^]G K H9D9NJ9K EM<9E <= KA?FA>A;9<G GM HGJIM= 9K ;GAK9K K= EG<A
>A;9E GM HGJIM= 9 x;GFKL=D9^]G HKbIMA;9y KG: ;MB9 AF>DMaF;A9 F9K;= G
K=FLA<G
<G
G:B=LG
K=
9DL=J9
?J9^9K
9
;9MK9K
<AN=JK9Ky
6(- 
7
 KA?FA>A;9^]G <9K H9D9NJ9K =KLY AFLAE9E=FL= J=D9;AGF9<9 ;GE G
EMF<G <9K A<=A9K = <GK K=FLAE=FLGK x=FLJ= 9K A<=A9K =FLJ= GK H=FK9E=F
LGK F]G @Y K=H9J9^]G 9:KGDML9 HGJ AKKG IM= 9K 9KKG;A9^g=K K= =KL9:=D=;=E
K=E ;=KK9J <= MFK H9J9 GMLJGK 1=F<G ME9 KM:KL[F;A9 GM ME G:B=LG
EMALG 9;@9L9<G EMALG <=D?9<G = HGM;G J=KAKL=FL= HGJ =P=EHDG <= =K
L9F@G GM <= GMJG >AF9E=FL= D9EAF9<G 9D?M_E >GA D=N9<G 9 ;GEH9JYDG 9
ME9 >GD@9 <= YJNGJ= Hf<=K= 9KKAE <AR=J ;GE HJGHJA=<9<= = ;D9J=R9 IA5
:C@<5 89 9GH5B<C 89 CIFC 89 D5D9@ =L; *MLJ9 9KKG;A9^]G HGKL=JAGJ Z
HJ=;=<=FL= <=M Z H9D9NJ9 :C@<5 G KA?FA>A;9<G :=E =DYKLA;G <= BGJF9D IA5
:C@<5 8=RF=5 W IM= K= AEHJAE=E 9K FGLb;A9K <= ;9<9 <A9 =E >GD@9K <= H9
H=D  H9D9NJ9 7CF5WVC K=JNAM H9J9 =PHJAEAJ L9FLG 9 H9JL= AFL=JAGJ <= ME
D=?ME= GM >JML9 7CF5WVC 85 A9@5B7=5 GM 9 =KKaF;A9 <= ME 9KKMFLG 9GHR
BC 7CF5WVC 85 EI9GHVC ;GEG 9AF<9 GK K=FLAE=FLGK ;MB9 K=<= H9J=;= =KL9J
FG >MF<G <= FGKKG K=J 9GH9 <CA9A BVC H9A 7CF5WVC =L; /G<9K 9K 9KKG
;A9^g=K <=KL= ?aF=JG <]G GJA?=E 9G IM= K= ;@9E9 =E DAL=J9LMJ9 =A5;9A
9K AE9?=FK <9 DAF?M9?=E ;GJJ=FL= F]G <A>=J=E EMALG H=D9 KM9 F9LMJ=R9
<9K IM= :JGL9E <9 AE9?AF9^]G <GK HG=L9K = <GK =K;JALGJ=K =E ?=J9Dy
6"J 

v
;GE
D=N=K
9<9HL9^g=K
H9J9
G
HGJLM?MaK7
FLJ= 9K ;9MK9K IM= EGLAN9E 9 EM<9F^9 <= KA?FA>A;9^]G <9K H9D9N
J9K
9K
HJAF;AH9AK
K]G



5 '9HR:CF5 v LJ9FKD9^]G <= KA?FA>A;9<G EGLAN9<9 H=DG =EHJ=?G =E

KGDA<9JA=<9<=K =E IM= GK L=JEGK AEHDA;9<GK H=JL=F;=E 9 ;D9KK=K <A>=J
=FL=K
E9K
H=D9
;GE:AF9^]G
K=
H=J;=:=E
L9E:_E
;GEG
9KKAEAD9<GK
7569@CG
89 neve pesar 5G
F5Nc9G negros DF9GG9BH=A9BHCG doces GCB
<CG
D5GGCG religiosos 6- 

v
FGK
IM=JA9
J=KK9DL9J
9
J=DA?AGKA<9<=
<=
KM9
H=JKGF9?=E7 boca 8C
9GHaA5;C dentes 8C
;5F:C costas 85
7589=F5 braos 8C
GC:R ps 85
A9G5 gastar rios 89
8=B<9=FC vale 89
@R;F=A5G C sol 85
@=69F858= CG
8=5G correm 5
BC=H9 caiu
*bservao KKAE 9 E=LY>GJ9 F]G J=KMDL9 v ;GEG LJ9<A;AGF9DE=FL= K=
<AR v <= ME9 ;GEH9J9^]G 9:J=NA9<9 9G ;GFLJYJAG 9 ;GEH9J9^]G _ IM= _ ME9
E=LY>GJ9 =PHDA;AL9<9 $EHGJL9 GMLJGKKAE <AKLAF?MAJ 9 E=LY>GJ9 @=B;I[GH=75 DAF
?MAKLA;9E=FL= EGLAN9<9 H=DG <=K;GEH9KKG <GK L=JEGK AEHDA;9<GK F9K KGDA<9J
A=<9<=K <9 E=LY>GJ9 ACH=J585 9LHF5@=B;I=GH=75A9BH9 H=DG FGKKG K9:=J KG:J= 9K
;GAK9K ;GEG G;GJJ= =E =PHJ=KKg=K E=L9>eJA;9K <G LAHG <= BVC DCB<5 5 75FFCW5
8=5BH9 8CG 6C=G H9J9 =PHJ=KK9J 9 AFN=JK]G AF;GJJ=L9 <= ME9 9^]G GM <= ME BMbRG
K E=LY>GJ9K LaE D9J?G =EHJ=?G F9 DbF?M9 =KHGFL[F=9 = F9 DAL=JYJA9 = F=KL9 L=N=
?J9F<= <A>MK]G =FLJ= GK HG=L9K KAE:GDAKL9K > 6 K  7 6 K  7
6 K   F 7 = 6#(  7 x DAL=J9LMJ9 EG<=JF9 L=E ME9 HJ=>=JaF;A9
H9J9 9 E=LY>GJ9 GHGKL9 Z ;GEH9J9^]G =PHDb;AL9 W 9 >MK]G AE=<A9L9 <G EMF<G
H=KKG9D = <G G:B=LANG <G =KHAJALM9D = <G ;GF;J=LG IM= D=N9E 9 ME9 A<=FLA>A;9^]G
<AJ=L9
K=E
=DGK
<=
DA?9^]G
IM=
AFL=JE=<=A=E
9
H9KK9?=E
<ME
HD9FG
H9J9
GMLJGy

6 '9HCB[A=5 v LJ9FKD9^]G <= KA?FA>A;9<G H=D9 HJGPAEA<9<= <=

A<=A9K
 v ;9MK9 H=DG =>=ALG GM NA;=N=JK9 GM G HJG<MLGJ H=DG G:B=LG
HJG<MRA<G
IA Rafael HGJ
ME EI58FC
89
,5:59@
5G plidas 8C9BW5G HGJ
8C9BW5G
EI9
DFC8IN9A
D5@=89N ganhar 5
J=85 HGJ A9=CG
EI9
D9F
A=H5A
J=J9F
@9F Machado de Assis A _ IA
@=JFC
9G7F=HC
DCF
'
89
GG=G

v
G
L=EHG
GM
G
DM?9J
H=DGK
K=J=K
IM=
K=
9;@9E
FG
L=EHG
GM
DM?9J
5 posteridade A _ 5G
D9GGC5G
8C
:IHIFC 5 nao A _ CG
7CADCB
9BH9G
85
B5WVC


v
G
;GFLAF=FL=
H=DG
;GFL=h<G
GM
NA;=N=JK9
D5GG9A9
5 farinha A _
9
>9JAF@=AJ9 7CA= dois pratos A _ 5
DCFWVC
85
7CA=85
EI9
8C=G
DF5HCG
7CBH=B<5A


v
G
LG<G
H=D9
H9JL=
GM
NA;=N=JK9

 

8=N
5 Escritura A _ IA
J9FG[7I@C
85
G7F=HIF5 9B7CBHF5F
IA teto

amigo A _ IA5
75G5


v
9
E9L_JA9
H=DG
G:B=LG
IA nquel A _ AC985
89
B[EI9@ IA5 prata A _ AC985
89
DF5H5


v
G
DM?9J
H=DG
HJG<MLG
GM
;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K
GM
NA;=N=JK9
jrsei  H97=8C
85
7=8589
$9FG9M gaza  H97=8C
85
7=8589
89
!5N5 havana  7<5FIHCG
85
7=8589
89
"5J5B5 greve 5G
F9
IB=c9G
:9=H5G
B5
*@579
89
@5
!FYJ9


v
G
9:KLJ9LG
H=DG
;GF;J=LG
 virtude J9B79
C crime AKLG
_ 5G
D9GGC5G
J=FHICG5G
J9B79A
CG
7F=A
=BCGCG DF5H=75F
5 caridade  5HCG
89
75F=8589


v
G
KAF9D
H=D9
;GAK9
KA?FA>A;9<9
GM
NA;=N=JK9
C trono  C
F9= C rei  5
F95@9N5

7 5H57F9G9 v LJ9FKD9^]G <G KA?FA>A;9<G HGJ =KIM=;AE=FLG <G KA?FA

>A;9<G
GJA?AF9D
D5B579=5
IB=J9FG5@ D5B579=5 zF9AX8=C H9J9
LG<GK
GK
E9D=K{
BY
L=E
FG
=D=E=FLG D5B
9
A<=A9
<=
MFAN=JK9DA<9<=
?=F=J9DA<9<= 9H=AC@C;=5
J9F8589=F5
56=GAC
G9A
:IB8C
5B98CH5
=BX8=H5
7CFF9H5
CFHC;F5:=5
69@5
75@=;F5:=5
75@8C
EI9BH9
<CA=7=85
8C
J=N=B<C
<975HCA69
89
5@
A5G 9A65F75F
BC
HF9A
75@W5F
5G
@IJ5G 6(9 
7

+JG<MLGK ;GJJ=FL=K <9 LJ9FKD9^]G <= KA?FA>A;9<G 9K ;9L9;J=K=K K]G

>9LGK FGJE9AK IM= Ke <=N=E K=J =NAL9<GK IM9F<G 9 FG^]G HJAEALAN9 9AF<9
=KLAN=J
H9L=FL=
H9J9
G
>9D9FL=
8 F5EI=@C;=5 CI 56F9J=5WVC j 9K <AN=JK9K 9;=H^g=K <= ME9 H9D9N
J9
<=NA<9K
Z
=DAHK=
<G
<=L=JEAF9FL=
GM
NA;=N=JK9
8CI@<9
5
A=B<5 palavra A _ D5@5JF5
89
<CBF5 J5ACG
S cidade A _
5C
79BHFC
85
7=858= IA possesso A _ D9GGC5
DCGGI[85
8C
89AaB=C
5DFCJ9=H5F
5 ocasio  5
6C5
C75G=VC 5
:9GH5
85 Ascenso 
<9
G79BGVC
89
$9GIG
F=GHC

9
I:9A=GAC v
LJ9FKD9^]G
<=
K=FLA<G
H=D9
KM9NAR9^]G
<9
A<=A9

v
H9J9
9
EGJL=
:=B5FG9
:5@979F
9BHF9;5F
5
5@A5
5
9IG
85F
C
d@H=AC
GIGD=FC DAL=J
YJAGK
H9KK9J
<=KL9
9 A9@<CF
=F
D5F5
5
7=8589
8CG
DXG
>IBHCG
8=N9F




589IG
5C
AIB8C
9GH=75F
5G
75B9@5G
89GC7ID5F
C
697C
65H9F
5G
6CH5G
9H7 9GH9G HGHMD9J=K

v
H9J9
9
:=:A<9
56F=89=F5 R;I5
EI9
;5HC D5GG5F=B<C BVC
6969 >5BIRF=5

* L9:M DAF?MbKLA;G HG<= >9NGJ=;=J G 9H9J=;AE=FLG <= =PHJ=KKg=K =M

>=EbKLA;9K * E=<G <= HJG>=JAJ H9D9NJ9K ;GEG 8=56C 89AaB=C G5H5BRG
FGK D=N9 9 MK9J <=K>A?MJ9^g=K NGDMFLYJA9K ;GEG 8=57<C 8=C;C 89AC
G5HV
6(" 

=
KK 7
:
@H9F5Wc9G
G9ATBH=75G
DCF
=B:@IZB7=5
89
IA
:5HC
89
7=J=@=N5WVC
tonto  @CI7C
H9JLA;bHAG
<G
N=J:G HCB89F9
HGJ HCBGC
D=E:J9FGK
G
L=EHG
=E
IM=
K=
J9H9N9
9
;9:=^9
9GK
DGM;GK 
pago  =B8=J[8IC
EI9
BVC
:C=
65H=N58C
K=
HJ=F<=
Z
_HG;9
AFA;A9D
<G
JAKLA9FAKEG
HGAK
9
$?J=B9
>=R
MKG
=KH=;A9D
<G
L=JEG
IM=
LAF@9
;MJKG
F9
DAF?M9?=E
EADAL9J D5;5BIG
G
;ANAD
=E
GHGKA^]G
9G
KGD<9<G
;9KLJ=FKAK
H9KKGM
9
K=J
G
GHGKLG
9 7<F=GH=5BIG 6;>
" 

-# 
 7
cor G569F
;I5F85F H9F
89
j  89
A9A_F=5
J=D=E:J9FGK
9
_HG;9
=E
IM=
9
9F9LGEA9
9FLA?9
>9RA9
<G
;GJ9^]G
9
K=<=
<GK
K=FLAE=FLGK
<9
AF
L=DA?aF;A9
<9
E=EeJA9
judiar  NCA65F 5HCFA9BH5F
D=E:J9FGK
9
_HG;9
<GK
LGJE=FLGK
HJ9LA;9<GK
GM
KG>JA<GK
H=DGK
BM<=MK

H9D9NJ9 judas  <CA9A
A5@
HF5>58C
_
ME9
9HDA;9^]G
<G
FGE=
HJeHJAG $I85G 9
IM=E
G
HGNG
9L
JA:MA
IM9DA<9<=K
F=?9LAN9K
calabrear 
A=GHIF5F 7CB:IB8=F AI85F
D5F5
D=CF 5@H9F5F
J=B<CG
<G;ME=FL9
9
EY
>9E9
=E
IM=
=J9E
LA<GK
GK
;9D9:J=K=K
9;J=K;A<9
H=D9
D=F<9
HGHMD9J
<=
IM=
%M<9K
=J9
F9LMJ9D
<9
9DY:JA9
FG
KMD
<9
$LYDA9
>
9JLA?G
<=
'
.HALR=J C@9H=A
89
=@C@C;=5 'AK:G9
1

HY?


 E9F=AJ9 9JAKLG;JYLA;9 <= N=J 9K ;GAK9K _ J=KHGFKYN=D H=D9

EM<9F^9
<=
KA?FA>A;9<G
<=
9D?ME9K
H9D9NJ9K
J=@VC K9b<G <G D9LAE J=@@5  IMAFL9 9D<=A9 <= x75ADCBZGy H9KKGM 9
<=KA?F9J
x@GE=E
?JGKK=AJGy
xH=JN=JKGy
xAF>9E=y
= N=R =E IM9F<G KMJ?=E H=KKG9K IM= IM=J=E N=J =PHMJ?9<9K <GK
<A;AGFYJAGK ;=JL9K H9D9NJ9K <=HJ=;A9LAN9K <= HGNG GM DG;9DA<9<= ;GEG >I
8=5F 65=5B585 = GMLJGK W =P;=KKG <= K=FLAE=FLG 9 IM= 9 #AKLeJA9 F]G K=
;MJN9 F=E G HGNG D=N9 =E ;GFL9 HGJIM= FG MKG <G L=JEG F]G =FLJ9 F9K



EAFh;A9K @AKLeJA;9K <G H=KIMAK9<GJ F=E HJG;MJ9 MK9F<G 9 H9D9NJ9 >9R=J

BMbRG
=KH=;b>A;G
9
J=KH=ALG
<G
HGNG
GM
<9
DG;9DA<9<=
;
H=AC@C;=5
DCDI@5F
CI
5GGC7=5H=J5
W 9 L=F<aF;A9 IM= G >9D9FL= v ;MDLG GM AF;MDLG v J=N=D9 =E 9HJGPAE
9J ME9 H9D9NJ9 9 ME <=L=JEAF9<G KA?FA>A;9<G ;GE G IM9D N=J<9<=AJ9
E=FL=
F]G
K=
J=D9;AGF9 
tK N=R=K 9 H9D9NJ9 J=;=:= FGNG E9LAR K=E[FLA;G K=E IM= 9DL=J= KM9
>GJE9 5A=;9F58C HGJ =P=EHDG IM= KA?FA>A;9 x;_D=:J=y xFGLYN=Dy
AF>DM=F;A9<G H=D9 A<=A9 = K=E=D@9F^9 EGJ>GDe?A;9 <= >9EAFLG H9KK9 F9
DAF?M9?=E HGHMD9J 9 =KL= hDLAEG KA?FA>A;9<G #BH9A9F5HC  K=E E9F;@9
HMJG ?J9^9K 9 H9A9F _ ;GFKA<=J9<G ;GEG KAFfFAEG <= =BH=ACF5HC =B
7CBH9GH9  G=E L=KL=EMF@G H9KK9 9 KAFfFAEG <= =B7CBH9GHRJ9@ :5@5N 
>9DKG
=F?9F9<GJ
_
9HJGPAE9<G
<= :5@58CF
KH_;A=K
<=
9DL=J9^]G
K=E[FLA;9

Espcies de alterao semntica


LH9BGVC
8C
G=;B=:=758C

BC6F97=A9BHC
8C
G=;B=:=758C

B:F5EI97=A9BHC
8C
G=;B=:=758C
PL=FK]G
<G
KA?FA>A;9<G


v Extenso do significado

DFX8=C  HJGHJA=<9<= JhKLA;9 GM MJ:9F9 AF9EGNbN=D H9KKGM 9 <=KA?F9J IM9DIM=J
=<A>b;AG
K=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9G
KGDG
9GDF5=5F  BG?9J 9D?G Z HJ9A9 9D9J?GM G KA?FA>A;9<G ;GEG KAFfFAEG <=
x=KL=F<=JK=
HGJ
D9J?9
YJ=9y
9A65F75F 
=FLJ9J
F9
:9J;9
KA?FA>A;9
@GB=
x=FLJ9J
=E
IM9DIM=J
;GF<M^]Gy
5@=J=5F  LGJF9J E9AK D=N= ME9 ;9J?9 K= <AR @GB= ;GEG A?M9D 9 xEAFGJ9Jy x<A
EAFMAJy
x9:J9F<9Jy
ME9
;MDH9
ME
E9D
G
L=EHG
9
;@MN9
9DANAGM


v Restrio ou especializao do significado

9 :CFHIB5 <=KLAFG
:GE
GM
E9M
=KH=;A9DAR9
K=M
K=FLA<G
F9
<AJ=^]G
HGKALAN9
GI79GGC 9;GFL=;AE=FLG
:GE
GM
E9M
H9KK9
9
=PHJAEAJ
Ke
G
D9<G
:GE
75FH5 
=HbKLGD9
LAF@9
=E
D9LAE
G
K=FLA<G
<=
IM9DIM=J
DANJG
H9H=D
=K;JALG



6F=H5F KA?FA>A;9N9 xIM=:J9J IM9DIM=J ;GAK9y J=KLJAF?AM @GB= G K=M KA?FA>A;9<G

H9J9
xIM=:J9J
H=<J9Ky
: 56F9J=5WVC CI 7CB89BG5WVC IA <5J5B5  ;@9JMLG <= #9N9F9 G ;@9EH9F@9

G
NAF@G
<=
@9EH9?F=
ME
9
B9LG

9NA]G
9
B9LG

v Plenitude do significado

0E
EAD@]G
<=
J=9AK
BY
_
ME9 EI5BH=5 %GK_
EGKLJGMK=
ME <CA9A

FG:J=;AE=FLG
<G
KA?FA>A;9<G


v Enobrecimento do significado

9AXF=HC 9HDA;9<G 9G >MF;AGFYJAG IM= K= 9HGK=FL9N9 KA?FA>A;9 @GB= 8=GH=B;I=8C
=@IGHF9
A5F97<5@ 
;JA9<G
<G
;9N9DG
H9KKGM
9
AF<A;9J
G
HGKLG
E9AK
=D=N9<G
<G
P_J;ALG



DF9;5F ME K=JE]G v DF9;5F  HJ=?M=9J ME9 :9AF@9 <9 JGMH9 v

DF9;5F ME
HJ=?G
A5B;5 <= ;9EAK9 GM <= ;9F<==AJG v A5B;5 >JMLG v A5B;5 
:9F<G
9BMFL9E=FLG
v A5B;5 H9J=<=
756C ;9:=^9 =PLJ=EA<9<= HGKLG F9 @A=J9JIMA9 EADAL9J v 756C 
H9JL= <= AFKLJME=FLG HGJ GF<= =KK= K= AEHMF@9 GM MLADAR9 756C
<9
>9;9


HGDAKK=EA9
_
HGJL9FLG
ME
>9LG
<=
DbF?M9
W HJ=;AKG F]G ;GF>MF<AJ 9 HGDAKK=EA9 D_PA;9 GM <CAC:CB=5 ;GE
N9JA9^]G K=E[FLA;9 GM HGDAN9DaF;A9 FG >9D9J >9LG <= >9D9 IM= ;GFKAKL= F9
<AN=JKA<9<= <= 9;=H^g=K K=FLA<GK <= ME E=KEG KA?FA>A;9<G <9 DbF?M9
K=?MF<G GK N9DGJ=K ;GFL=PLM9AK GM H=D9 <=KA?F9^]G AKLG _ ?J9^9K 9G ;GF
@=;AE=FLG
<GK
x=KL9<GK
<=
;GAK9Ky
=PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;GK

D985;C;C =J9 G =K;J9NG IM= ;GF<MRA9 9K ;JA9F^9K Z =K;GD9 KA?FA>A;GM <=HGAK G

HJG>=KKGJ
GM
HJG>AKKAGF9D
=E
=<M;9^]G


v Degradao do significado (Pejorativos)

NAD]G

@=69FH=BC 
9G7F5JC
@=69FHC
D5GGCI
5
=B8=75F
C
=B8=J[8IC
89J5GGC
G9A
DI8CF
DA:A<AFGKG

IM=
K=?M=
K=M
;9HJA;@G
KA?FA>A;9
@GB=
G
<AKKGDMLG
N9D=LM<AFYJAG

<=
:G9
GM
EY
K9h<=
GM
;GEHD=A^]G
KA?FA>A;9
@GB=
Ke
Z
EY
H9JL=
F>J9IM=;AE=FLG
<G
KA?FA>A;9<G


v Enfraquecimento do significado

* =EHJ=?G ;GFLbFMG <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 HJGNG;9 9 <AEAFMA^]G <= KM9
=F=J?A9 K=E[FLA;9 EGJE=FL= F9K =PHJ=KKg=K 9>=LAN9K 5>I@5F =J9 xD=N9J
9D?M_E ZK ;GKL9Ky G IM= =F>9LAR9 9 A<=A9 <= K=JNA<]G IM= LAF@9 9 H9D9NJ9
FG
AFb;AG
<G
K=M
=EHJ=?G
=E
=PHJ=KKg=K
;GEG
x:9BMD9J
G
;@=>=y
+=IM=F9
FGE=F;D9LMJ9
<=
GMLJGK
9KH=;LGK
K=E[FLA;GK

Pequena nomenclatura de outros aspectos semnticos

 Polissemia v W G >9LG <= @9N=J ME9 Ke >GJE9 KA?FA>A;9FL= ;GE
E9AK <= ME KA?FA>A;9<G MFALYJAG H=JL=F;=FL=K 9 ;9EHGK K=E[FLA;GK <A>=J
=FL=K *M =E GMLJ9K H9D9NJ9K 9 HGDAKK=EA9 _ ME ;GFBMFLG <= KA?FA>A;9
<GK ;9<9 ME MFALYJAG J=D9;AGF9<GK ;GE ME9 E=KE9 >GJE9 +GJL9FLG
F]G K= HG<= N=J 9 HGDAKK=EA9 ;GEG xKA?FA>A;9<GK AEHJ=;AKGK = AF<=L=JE
AF9<GKy
HGJIM=
;9<9
ME
<=KK=K
KA?FA>A;9<GK
_
HJ=;AKG
=
<=L=JEAF9<G

GEG D=E:J9 GK=JAM x9FL=K <= GHL9J H=D9 @GEG>GFA9 <=N=JK=Y

H=J?MFL9J K= F]G K= LJ9L9 <= N9JA9^]G K=E[FLA;9 =E LG<GK GK ;9KGK =E
IM= 9K @GEG>GFA9K GM HGDAKK=EA9K F]G K=B9E =NA<=FL=K HGJ =P=EHDG HGJ
K= LJ9L9J <= >GJE9K IM= H=JL=F;=E 9 H9J9<A?E9K <AN=JKGK   @Y <= K=
:MK;9J HJAE=AJG 9IMADG IM= ;9J9;L=JAR9 9K DbF?M9K AKLG _ AFN9JA9FL=K <=
KA?FA>A;9<G GM xKA?FA>A;9<G MFALYJAGy Ke IM9F<G K= EGKLJ= 9:KGDML9
E=FL= AEHGKKbN=D xJ=<MRAJy LG<9K 9K 9;=H^g=K <= ME9 >GJE9 9 ME N9DGJ
MFALYJAG <= DbF?M9 K=JY Db;ALG 9<EALAJ @GEG>GFA9  y 6 K   1 
 7
Nota de nomenclatura  LJ9<A^]G ?J9E9LA;9D = GK DAF?MAKL9K <AN=J?=E
F9 ;GF;=ALM9^]G <= DC@=GG9A=5 = <CACB[A=5 ;JA9<9 9G L=EHG <9 DAF?MbKLA;9



<A9;JfFA;9 +GJ HGDAKK=EA9 =FL=F<= 9 LJ9<A^]G 9 xHJGHJA=<9<= <9 KA?FA>A;9^]G DAF

?MbKLA;9 <= 9:9J;9J LG<9 ME9 ?9E9 <= KA?FA>A;9^g=K IM= K= <=>AF=E = HJ=;AK9E
<=FLJG <= K=M ;GFL=PLGy 6( 7 P=EHDA>A;9 ;GE 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 5 KA?FA>A;9^]G
?J9E9LA;9D = 9 H9D9NJ9 5B85F KA?FA>A;9^]G D=PA;9D =F 5 &=G6C5 5B85F 5 H_ :5@5F
5
*98FC 5B85F
5
@5F;CG
D5GGCG 5B85F
89
5IHCA_J9@ 5B85F
8C9BH9

 Homonmia v %Y HGJ <CACB[A=5 =FL=F<= 9 LJ9<A^]G xHJG

HJA=<9<= <= <M9K GM E9AK >GJE9K AFL=AJ9E=FL= <AKLAFL9K H=D9 KA?FA>A;9^]G
GM >MF^]G L=J=E 9 E=KE9 =KLJMLMJ9 >GFGDe?A;9 GK E=KEGK >GF=E9K <AK
HGKLGK F9 E=KE9 GJ<=E = KM:GJ<AF9<GK 9G E=KEG LAHG <= 9;=FLM9^]G
;GEG =P=EHDG ME @GE=E GVC -VC %GJ?= GVC NYJA9K 9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K
 
D9 _ HGKKbN=D K=E HJ=BMbRG <9 ;GEMFA;9^]G =E NAJLM<= <G H9H=D <G
;GFL=PLG F9 KA?FA>A;9^]G <= ME9 >GJE9 ;GEG KM;=<= ;GE GVC FGK =P=E
HDGK
<9<GK
6( 
K N 7
=FLJG <9 @GEGFbEA9 9DM<=K= =E J=D9^]G Z DbF?M9 =K;JAL9 9GK
<CA_:CBCG <AKLAF?MA<GK HGJ L=J ;9<9 IM9D ME ?J9>=E9 <A>=J=FL= <=
9;GJ<G ;GE G KAKL=E9 GJLG?JY>A;G 7CG9F z;GKLMJ9J{ 7CN9F z;GRAF@9J{ 9L
D=5F zKG>J=J{ 9GD=5F zGD@9J KGJJ9L=AJ9E=FL={ G9GGVC z9LG <= 9KKAKLAJ{
79GGVC z9LG <= ;=<=J{ 79@5 zIM9JLG H9J9 =F;D9MKMJ9E=FLG{ G9@5 zH=^9 <=
9JJ=AG{6( 
K N 7
* E=KEG DAF?MAKL9 9HGFL9 G 9JLA>A;A9DAKEG <G ;GF;=ALG <= <CA_;F5
:CG x>GJE9K IM= K= =K;J=N=E ;GE 9K E=KE9K D=LJ9K E9K ;GJJ=KHGF<=F<G
=D9K 9 >GF=E9K <AKLAFLGK HGAK BY F]G K= LJ9L9 =NA<=FL=E=FL= <= @GEfFAE
GK
<9
DbF?M9
;MB9
=KKaF;A9
K]G
9K
>GJE9K
GJ9AKy
6( 
K N 7
/G<GK 9HGFL9E 9 <A>A;MD<9<= <= F=E K=EHJ= K= HG<=J <AKLAF?MAJ 9
HGDAKK=EA9 <9 @GEGFbEA9 /aE KA<G HJGHGKLGK 9D?MFK ;JAL_JAGK H9J9
9;D9J9J K= K= LJ9L9 <= ME9 E=KE9 H9D9NJ9 ;GE <GAK GM E9AK KA?FA>A;9<GK
<A>=J=FL=K HGDAKK=EA9 GM <= <M9K H9D9NJ9K <AKLAFL9K ;GE A<aFLA;GK
>GF=E9K
@GEGFbEA9
9 ;JAL_JAG @AKLeJA;G=LAEGDe?A;G v _ G IM= >9R=E =E ?=J9D GK FGK
KGK
<A;AGFYJAGK
:
9
;GFK;AaF;A9
DAF?MbKLA;9
<G
>9D9FL=
;
;JAL_JAG
<9K
J=D9^g=K
9KKG;A9LAN9K
<
;JAL_JAG
<GK
;9EHGK
D_PA;GK
/G<GK =KL=K ;JAL_JAGK =KL]G KMB=ALGK 9 ;JbLA;9K ;GEG J=K=F@GM =P
9MKLAN9E=FL=
"=;C=D=J
6#" 
7



E =JM<ALG 9JLA?G GK=JAM ;@=?9 ;J=EGK Z ;GJJ=L9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G

<9 DC@=GG9A=5 F9 9FYDAK= IM= >9R <G =FKAF9E=FLG <= JAKLeL=D=K = J=KMEG
;JbLA;G
<=KK=
9JLA?G
=E
1 
 
 Sinonmia v W G >9LG <= @9N=J E9AK <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GE K=E=D
@9FL= KA?FA>A;9^]G HG<=F<G ME9 =KL9J =E DM?9J <9 GMLJ9 =E <=L=JEAF9<G
;GFL=PLG
9H=K9J
<GK
<A>=J=FL=K
E9LAR=K
<=
K=FLA<G
GM
<=
;9J?9
=KLADbKLA;9
75G5 @5F ACF585 F9G=8ZB7=5 A5BGVC

0E =P9E= <=LA<G FGK EGKLJ9JY IM= 9 A<=FLA<9<= <GK KAFfFAEGK _

EMALG J=D9LAN9 FG MKG IM=J DAL=JYJAG IM=J HGHMD9J =D=K 9KKME=E K=F
LA<GK xG;9KAGF9AKy IM= FG ;GFL=PLG ME F]G HG<= K=J =EHJ=?9<G H=DG
GMLJG K=E IM= K= IM=:J= ME HGM;G G E9LAR <9 =PHJ=KK]G 0E9 K_JA=
KAFGFbEA;9 9HJ=K=FL9K=FGK ;GE H=IM=F9K ?J9<9^g=K K=E[FLA;9K IM9FLG
9 <AN=JKGK <GEbFAGK G K=FLA<G 9:KLJ9LG GM ;GF;J=LG G N9DGJ DAL=JYJAG GM
HGHMD9J :9B979F
ACFF9F 9 E9AGJ GM E=FGJ AFL=FKA<9<= <= KA?FA>A;9^]G
7<5A5F
7@5A5F
6F585F
69FF5F G 9KH=;LG ;MDLMJ9D
9G7IH5F
5IG7I@H5F
=
L9FL9K
GMLJ9K
 Antonmia v W G >9LG <= @9N=J H9D9NJ9K IM= =FLJ= KA =KL9:=D=;=E
ME9 GHGKA^]G 7CBHF58=H_F=5 J=85 ACFH9 7CBHFRF=5 7<9;5F D5FH=F GM
7CFF9@5H=J5 =FAVC =FAV
6%&  5DI8 #"= 

F 7
%Y 'QGFK 6%'Q  5DI8 #"=  7 =FL=F<= IM= K= HG<=E <AKLAF?MAJ
LJaK KM:;GF;=ALGK <G IM= K= @Y <= ;GEHJ==F<=J HGJ 9FLGFbEA9 =E K=FLA<G
9EHDG
9 7CAD@9A9BH5F=8589 9
F=?9^]G
<=
ME9
AEHDA;9
9
9>AJE9^]G
<9
GMLJ9
=
NA;=N=JK9 $CVC
BVC
9GHR
75G58C AEHDA;9
IM= $CVC
X
GC@H9=FC $CVC
9GHR
75G58C AEHDA;9
IM= $CVC
BVC
X
GC@H9=FC
: 5BHCB[A=5 GHGKLGK
HGJ
=P;=DaF;A9 ;F5B89  D9EI9BC
; 7CFF9@5WVC 7CADF5F  J9B89F A5F=8C  AI@<9F
,M9FLG Z KM9 E9FA>=KL9^]G ;GFKLALM;AGF9D (9LLGKG ;AL9 GK LJaK 9K
H=;LGK
<A>=J=FL=K
9
E=<A9FL=
H9D9NJ9K
<=
J9<A;9AK
<A>=J=FL=K 6CA  A5I
:
;GE
9MPbDAG
<=
ME
HJ=>APG
F=?9LANG
=E
H9D9NJ9K
<G
E=KEG
J9<
A;9D :9@=N  =B:9@=N @9;5@  =@9;5@ DC@[H=7C  5DC@[H=7C





;
H9D9NJ9K
IM=
LaE
HJ=>APGK
<=
KA?FA>A;9^]G
;GFLJYJA9 9L7@I=F  =B

7@I=F DFC;F98=F  F9;F98=F GID9FDCF  GCHCDaF
tK N=R=K 9 F=?9^]G K=JN= H9J9 9L=FM9J 9 GJ9^]G 9>AJE9LAN9 *98FC
BVC
9GHR
69A  *98FC
9GHR
A5@
tK N=R=K G;GJJ= 9 9FLGFbEA9 HGJIM= 9 H9D9NJ9 9HJ=K=FL9 N9DGJ 9LANG
=
H9KKANG

C) Estrutura do enunciado ou perodo. A orao e a frase

 Paronmia v W G >9LG <= @9N=J H9D9NJ9K H9J=;A<9K F9 >GJE9 =

<A>=J=FL=K
FG
KA?FA>A;9<G
*K H9JfFAEGK <]G E9J?=E 9 >J=IM=FL=K =JJGK <= AEHJGHJA=<9<=
D=PA;9AK

1 A Orao e as Funes Oracionais

FMF;A9<G
GM
H=JbG<G

Enunciado ou perodo v /G<9 9 E9FA>=KL9^]G <9 DAF?M9?=E ;GE

NAKL9K Z ;GEMFA;9^]G ;GE FGKKGK K=E=D@9FL=K K= ;GFKLJeA ;GE ME9 K=
IMaF;A9 <= MFA<9<=K <=DAEAL9<9K HGJ ME KADaF;AG IM= HJ=;=<= G AFb;AG
<=KK9 9LANA<9<= = G IM= K= D@= K=?M= 9;GEH9F@9<9 <= ;GFLGJFG E=De<A;G
L9E:_E ;@9E9<G ;MJN9 <= =FLG9^]G = FGJE9DE=FL= E9J;9<9 F9 =K;JAL9
H=DGK
KAF9AK
<=
HGFLM9^]G
=
H=DG
=EHJ=?G
<9
E9AhK;MD9
AFA;A9D
*
?9DG<9;9EHAF9
=J?M=
9
HGMH9
=K;9JD9L=
>GJ9
<G
FAF@G

 =KL9 MFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 IM= >9R J=>=JaF;A9 9 ME9 =PH=JAaF;A9

;GEMFA;9<9 = IM= <=N= K=J 9;=AL9 = <=HJ==F<A<9 ;9:9DE=FL= H=DG FGKKG
AFL=JDG;MLGJ
K=
<Y
G
FGE=
<= 9BIB7=58C GM D9F[C8C



#Y =FMF;A9<GK J=D9LAN9E=FL= ;MJLGK ;GEG G <G FGKKG =P=EHDG GM

9AF<9 E9AK ;MJLGK ;GEG -=A GM 0CI = @Y GK IM= K= <AD9L9E HGJ EMALG
E9AGJ
=PL=FK]G
*
?9DG<9;9EHAF9
=J?M=
9
HGMH9
=K;9JD9L=
>GJ9
<G
FAF@G
=
K=M
DbEH
A<G
LJAF9<G
9FMF;A9
9
9HJGPAE9^]G
<G
<A9

GF>GJE= 9 J=9DA<9<= <=KA?F9<9 GK =FMF;A9<GK K= 9HJ=K=FL9E ;GE

>GJE9K
N9JA9<9K














*K
@GE=FK
<=K=B9E
9
H9R
D9
F]G
LJ9:9D@9
9GK
KY:9<GK
(MAL9K
;JA9F^9K
NAJ9E
GK
HYKK9JGK
=:=D
?GKL9
<G
;GD_?AG
*
;@=>=
<9JY
GHGJLMFA<9<=K
9GK
BGN=FK
*
KGD
_
ME
9KLJG
DMEAFGKG
@GN=
EMALG
FG
N=J]G
-=D9EH=B9
,M=
9;@GM
NG;a
<9
>=KL9
D=K
9AF<9
F]G
;@=?9J9E
1AN9E
GK
;9EH=g=K
,M=
;9DGJ
=HJ=KK9

H=K9J <= L]G N9JA9<9K >GJE9K HGJ IM= K= 9HJ=K=FL9E GK =FMF;A9

<GK
@Y
LJ9^GK
;GEMFK
IM=
<=N=E
K=J
J=KK9DL9<GK
6' 
7
5 K]G E=FK9?=FK ;GEHD=L9K = <= 9;GJ<G ;GE 9 KALM9^]G =E IM= K=
9;@9E
>9D9FL=
=
GMNAFL=
6 K]G MFA<9<=K K=IM=F;A9AK <=DAEAL9<9K HGJ ME KADaF;AG HJ=;=<=FL=
9
=D=
=
ME9
H9MK9
>AF9D
7
K]G
HJG>=JA<GK
;GE
ME
;GFLGJFG
E=De<A;G
H9JLA;MD9J
KL9 ;MJN9 <= =FLGF9^]G _ G KA?FA>A;9FL= GM =PHJ=KK]G E9L=JA9D IM=
=NG;9 9 EG<9DA<9<= <= AFL=F^]G ;GEMFA;9LAN9 <G =FMF;A9<G KA?FA>A;9<G
fFLA;G
IM=
G
>9D9FL=
IM=J
LJ9FKEALAJ
9G
K=M
AFL=JDG;MLGJ
5 GM H9J9 D@= =PHGJ 9>AJE9F<G GM F=?9F<G ;=JLGK >9LGK *98FC
9GHI85
*98FC
BVC
9GHI85 
6 GM H9J9 AF<9?9J KG:J= 9D?G *98FC 9GHI85 *98FC BVC 9GHI85
+I9A
7<9;CI

 

7 GM H9J9 9H=D9JD@= =E ?=J9D 9LM9F<G KG:J= =D= ZA9 C @=JFC

(VC
A9
8Z
C
@=JFC
0C@H9
798C 
8
GM
H9J9
;@9E9JD@=
9
9L=F^]G
r
*98FC 
9 GM H9J9 LJ9<MRAJD@= GK HJeHJAGK HGFLGK <= NAKL9 GM K=FLAE=FLGK
+I9
DF5N9F CAC
9GHR
:F=C
KKAE IM9FLG Z KA?FA>A;9^]G >MF<9E=FL9D <G =FMF;A9<G L=EGK
;AF;G LAHGK GM ;D9KK=K =KK=F;A9AK <=D=K 897@5F5H=JC GM 9BIB7=5H=JC =BH9F
FC;5H=JC =AD9F5H=JC9LCFH5H=JC JC75H=JC = 9L7@5A5H=JC <GK IM9AK G
HJAE=AJG ;GJJ=KHGF<= Z >MF^]G J=HJ=K=FL9LAN9 v AF>GJE9LAN9 <9 DAF
?M9?=E GK LJaK K=?MAFL=K Z >MF^]G 9H=D9LAN9 = G hDLAEG Z >MF^]G =PHJ=K
KAN9
6# 
K
N
!J9K=7
FLJ= G HJAE=AJG = G K=?MF<G LAHGK @Y E9AGJ 9>AFA<9<= <G IM= =FLJ=
G HJAE=AJG = GK J=KL9FL=K /9DN=R HGJIM= G HJAE=AJG =F;=JJ= G 9KH=;LG GM
H9H=D >MF<9E=FL9D <9 AFL=F^]G ;GEMFA;9LAN9 <9 DAF?M9?=E _ ;GFKA<
=J9<G G =FMF;A9<G LbHA;G v :9K= <G AEHMDKG AFA;A9D <9 =KH=;MD9^]G ?J9
E9LA;9D H=D9 De?A;9 ?J=?9 v <G IM9D GK GMLJGK LAHGK K]G ;GFKA<=J9<GK <=
JAN9<GK GM 9G IM9D LG<GK GK GMLJGK LAHGK K= HG<=E J=<MRAJ +GJ AKKG _ IM=
9 MFA<9<= DAF?MbKLA;9 <=FLJG <=KL9 ;GF;=H^]G GJA?AF9D J=;=:= G FGE= <=
9BIB7=58C
F9
LJ9<A^]G
?J9E9LA;9D
:J9KAD=AJ9 D9F[C8C
*J9^]G
=
>J9K=

Orao e frase v FLJ= GK LAHGK <= =FMF;A9<GK @Y ME ;GF@=;A<G

H=DG FGE= <= CF5WVC IM= H=D9 KM9 =KLJMLMJ9 J=HJ=K=FL9 G G:B=LG E9AK
HJGHb;AG Z 9FYDAK= ?J9E9LA;9D HGJ E=D@GJ J=N=D9J 9K J=D9^g=K IM= K=MK
;GEHGF=FL=K E9FLaE =FLJ= KA K=E 9H=D9J >MF<9E=FL9DE=FL= H9J9 G
=FLGJFG KALM9^]G = GMLJGK =D=E=FLGK =PLJ9DAF?MbKLA;GK =E IM= K= 9;@9
AFK=JA<G W F=KL= LAHG <= =FMF;A9<G ;@9E9<G CF5WVC IM= K= 9DA;=J^9 HGJL
9FLG
9
?J9EYLA;9
=
K=JY
=KH=;A>A;9E=FL=
<=D9
IM=
LJ9L9J=EGK
9
K=?MAJ
(9K 9FL=K <=N=EGK 9<A9FL9J IM= G =FMF;A9<G L9E:_E 9H9J=;= KG:
>GJE9 <= :F5G9 ;MB9 =KLJMLMJ9 AFL=JF9 <A>=J= <9 GJ9^]G HGJIM= F]G 9H
J=K=FL9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 .]G ZK N=R=K KAEHD=K H9D9NJ9K GMLJ9K N=R=K
ME9 J=MFA]G <=D9K IM= K]G LJ9FKHGKL9K Z >MF^]G <G =FMF;A9<G E FGKKG
=P=EHDYJAG
9FL=JAGJ
;GFKLALM=E :F5G9G GK
K=?MAFL=K
=FMF;A9<GK
=HJ=KK9
,M=
;9DGJ

(9AK
9<A9FL=
LJ9L9J=EGK
<=KK=
LAHG
<=
=FMF;A9<G
;GE
E9AK
9L=F^]G






 GJ9^]G K= ;9J9;L=JAR9 HGJ L=J ME9 H9D9NJ9 >MF<9E=FL9D IM= _ G

J9F6C GM KAFL9?E9 N=J:9D IM= J=hF= F9 E9AGJA9 <9K N=R=K <M9K MFA<
9<=K KA?FA>A;9LAN9K =FLJ= 9K IM9AK K= =KL9:=D=;= 9 F9@5WVC DF98=75H=J5 v G
GI>9=HC =
G DF98=758C
-I>9=HC
+=<JG
+=<JG

*F98=758C
=KLM<9
F]G
=KLM<9

GEH9J=EGK
9?GJ9
9K
K=?MAFL=K
HGKKA:ADA<9<=K
M
=KLM<G
HGJLM?MaK
ZK
K=?MF<9K>=AJ9K
FG
@GJYJAG
<9
E9F@]
M
=KLM<G
HGJLM?MaK
ZK
K=?MF<9K>=AJ9K
M
=KLM<G
HGJLM?MaK
M
=KLM<G
KLM<G

)9K HGKKA:ADA<9<=K 9;AE9 G hFA;G ;GFKLALMAFL= AF<AKH=FKYN=D >GA G

N=J:G 9GHI8C G IM= G >9R Bd7@9C <9 GJ9^]G =FIM9FLG GK GMLJGK ;GFKLALM
AFL=K K]G 9<B9;=FL=K 9G Fh;D=G KL9 9<B9;aF;A9 F]G ?M9J<9 9 E=KE9 J=
D9^]G =FLJ= GK <AN=JKGK ;GFKLALMAFL=K <9 GJ9^]G HGAK 9 J=D9^]G =FLJ= G
KMB=ALG 9I _ E9AK =KLJ=AL9 ;GE G N=J:G 9GHI8C IM= GK <=E9AK (9K 9 J=
D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 HG<= K=J F9:9F=85 9 ME KMB=ALG ;GEG =E I 9GHI8C GM
BVC F9:9F=85 ;GEG <CJ9 +GJ AKKG F=E E=KEG G KMB=ALG _ ME ;GFKLALM
AFL= AEHJ=K;AF<bN=D <9 GJ9^]G = HGJ ;GFK=?MAFL= <9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9
=E:GJ9 9 KM9 HJ=K=F^9 9G D9<G <G N=J:G H=KKG9D ;GFKLALM9 G LAHG E9AK >J=
IM=FL=
v
<AJb9EGK
9L_
9
=KLJMLMJ9
>9NGJAL9
v
<=
GJ9^]G
=E
HGJLM?MaK
E <CJ9 G N=J:G >D=PAGF9<G F9  p H=KKG9 v E9J;9 G KMB=ALG ?J9
E9LA;9D AKLG _ 9KKAF9D9<G 9H=F9K ?J9E9LA;9DE=FL= E9K L=EGK ME9 J=
D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 F]G J=>=JA<9 HGAK F]G 9<EAL= KMB=ALG =PHDb;ALG ARK=
IM= G N=J:G _ =AD9GGC5@ = 9 GJ9^]G _ G9A GI>9=HC 9LD@[7=HC  ;@9E9<9  p
H=KKG9 _ 9 F]G H=KKG9 _ 9 F]G =M F=E E=M AFL=JDG;MLGJ = 9KKAE _ 9 >GJE9
MLADAR9<9 H9J9 AF<A;9J 9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 F]G J=>=JA<9 AKLG _ 9K GJ9^g=K
K=E
KMB=ALG
=PHDb;ALG
.MB=ALG
=
HJ=<A;9<G

Sujeito e predicado * HJAE=AJG ?JMHG F9LMJ9D ;GJJ=L9E=FL= A<=F

LA>A;9<G =P=J;= ME9 >MF^]G KAFLYLA;GK=E[FLA;9 ;@9E9<9 .0% $/* = G
K=?MF<G ?JMHG =P=J;= GMLJ9 >MF^]G KAFLYLA;GK=E[FLA;9 ;@9E9<9
+- $*
-I>9=HC

*F98=758C

*K
@GE=FK
M
(MAL9K
;JA9F^9K
*
:GE
>AD@G
*
KGD

<=K=B9E
9
H9R
LJ9:9D@G
;GEG
HJG>=KKGJ
NAJ9E
GK
HYKK9JGK
;GEHJ==F<=
G
=K>GJ^G
<GK
H9AK
_
ME
9KLJG
DMEAFGKG

GF@=;=F<G
E=D@GJ
G
KMB=ALG
Fh;D=G
=
<=L=JEAF9FL=K

Conhecendo melhor o sujeito: ncleo e determinantes 

@9E9K= KMB=ALG Z MFA<9<= GM KAFL9?E9 FGEAF9D IM= =KL9:=D=;= ME9 J=
D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 ;GE G Fh;D=G N=J:9D H9J9 ;GFKLALMAJ ME9 GJ9^]G W F9
J=9DA<9<= ME9 9LD@=7=H5WVC @XL=75 <G KMB=ALG ?J9E9LA;9D IM= G Fh;D=G
N=J:9D <9 GJ9^]G FGJE9DE=FL= AF;DMA ;GEG EGJ>=E9 FhE=JGH=KKG9D
E
M
=KLM<G
FG
;GD_?AG
=
=M
=
<GAK
AJE]GK
:JAF;9EGK
FG
;DM:=

GK Fh;D=GK N=J:9AK <9K <M9K GJ9^g=K 9GHI8C = 6F=B75ACG AF;DM=E GK EGJ

>=E9K vC 9GHI8C = vACG 6F=B75ACG IM= AF<A;9E GK KMB=ALGK ?J9E9LA
;9AK x p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9Jy = x p H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9Dy J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
KL=K KMB=ALGK ?J9E9LA;9AK IM9F<G F=;=KKYJAGK 9G E=D@GJ ;GF@=;AE=FLG
<9 E=FK9?=E N=A;MD9<9 FG L=PLG HG<=E K=J =PHDA;AL9<GK HGJ :CFA5G @XL
=75G IM= ?M9J<9E ;GE GK KMB=ALGK ?J9E9LA;9AK 9 J=D9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D <=
;GF;GJ<[F;A9 =E FhE=JG = H=KKG9 KKAE _ IM= =E I 9GHI8C 9I HJG
FGE= <=  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J K= 9;GEG<9 Z AF<A;9^]G <G EGJ>=E9 vC
AF<A;9<GJ FGK N=J:GK <9  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J FG HJ=K=FL= <G
AF<A;9LANG

%Y =E 6F=B75ACG G KMB=ALG ?J9E9LA;9D x p H=KKG9 <G HDMJ9Dy =KLY

AF<A;9<G H=DG EGJ>=E9 vACG KL= KMB=ALG AF;DMA F=;=KK9JA9E=FL= 9 H=KK
G9 IM= >9D9 =M E9K 9:J= ME 9EHDG D=IM= <= H=KKG9K IM= ;GE =D9 H9JLA
;AH9E
<G
HJG;=KKG
AF<A;9<G
H=DG
D=P=E9 6F=B75F
M
=
E=M
NARAF@G
M
=
EAF@9
;GD=?9
M
=
GK
HJAEGK
=L;

+GJ AKKG K=FL= G >9D9FL= 9 F=;=KKA<9<= <= =PHDA;AL9J <= AF<A;9J

;D9J9E=FL=
9
IM=
H=KKG9K
=D=
IM=J
J=>=JAJK=



I
9
8C=G
=FAVCG :JAF;9EGK
FG
;DM:=

1aK= =FL]G IM= F]G K= HG<= >9D9J 9 JA?GJ <= =DAHK= <G KMB=ALG
IM9F<G 9H9J=;= 9H=F9K G Fh;D=G N=J:9D <9 GJ9^]G GHI8C F=B75ACG BY
IM= =D= 9H9J=;= K=EHJ= HJ=K=FL= F9 >GJE9 N=J:9D >D=PAGF9<9 FG EGJ>=E9
IM= J=HJ=K=FL9 G KMB=ALG ?J9E9LA;9D  p p =  p H=KKG9K <G KAF?MD9J GM
HDMJ9D /J9L9K= H=DG ;GFLJYJAG <9 KM9 =PH9FK]G GM F]G E=<A9FL= G
KMB=ALG =PHDb;ALG >9LG IM= F]G =KLY E9AK F9 =PA?aF;A9 <9 ?J9EYLA;9
IM9F<G @Y _ ;D9JG J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 J=>=JA<9 E9K <G L=PLG H9J9 9
LJ9FKEAKK]G
=>=LAN9
=
;D9J9
<9
E=FK9?=E
-I>9=HC _ ME9 FG^]G ?J9E9LA;9D = F]G K=E[FLA;9 AKLG _ ME9 J=>=J
aF;A9 Z J=9DA<9<= <=KA?F9<9 ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE 9K FG^g=K <= 5;9BH9 = D5
7=9BH9 KKAE G KMB=ALG F]G _ F=;=KK9JA9E=FL= G 9?=FL= <G HJG;=KKG <=K
A?F9<G
H=DG
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D
;GEG
K=
H9L=FL=A9
=E
(9;@9<G
<=
KKAK
=K;J=N=M
=PLJ9GJ<AFYJAGK
JGE9F;=K

*
KMB=ALG
HG<=
J=HJ=K=FL9J
G
H9;A=FL=
<=KK=
HJG;=KKG
PLJ9GJ<AFYJAGK
JGE9F;=K
>GJ9E
=K;JALGK
HGJ
(9;@9<G
<=
KKAK

* KMB=ALG IM9F<G =PHDA;AL9<G GM ;D9JG F9 GJ9^]G =KLY J=HJ=K=FL9<G

v = Ke HG<= KaDG v HGJ ME9 =PHJ=KK]G KM:KL9FLAN9 =P=J;A<9 HGJ ME GI6
GH5BH=JC <CA9A 7F=5BW5 GC@ GM HJGFGE= 9I GM =IMAN9D=FL= ARK=
HGJL9FLG IM= G Fh;D=G <G KMB=ALG _ ME KM:KL9FLANG GM =IMAN9D=FL= 0E9
H9D9NJ9 F]G _ KM:KL9FLANG HGJIM= HG<= =P=J;=J 9 >MF^]G <= KMB=ALG 9G
;GFLJYJAG
Ke
HG<=
K=J
KMB=ALG
HGJIM=
_
ME
KM:KL9FLANG
GM
=IMAN9D=FL=
 ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9 >MF<9E=FL9D <G KMB=ALG =PHDb;ALG _ =KL9J =E ;GF
KGF[F;A9 ;GE G KMB=ALG ?J9E9LA;9D <G N=J:G <G HJ=<A;9<G AKLG _ K= 9<
9HL= AKLG _ 7CB7CF89 9 K=M FhE=JG H=KKG9 = ?aF=JG F=KL= ;9KG IM9F<G
@Y
H9JLA;bHAG
FG
HJ=<A;9<G
I
B5G7= (_G
B5G79ACG
D9K
F]G 9F5A
B5G7=85G

* J=;GF@=;AE=FLG K=?MAFL= <G KMB=ALG K= >9R H=D9 KM9 HGKA^]G FGJ

E9D Z =KIM=J<9 <G HJ=<A;9<G :=E ;GEG HGJ J=KHGF<=J ZK H=J?MFL9K
EI9A 9HDA;9<G 9 K=J=K 9FAE9<GK EI9 C EIZ 9HDA;9<G 9 ;GAK9K
>=AL9K
9FL=K
<G
N=J:G
$CGX
9G7F9J9I
IA5
69@5
F985WVC
,M=E
=K;J=N=M
ME9
:=D9
J=<9^]G
v $CGX
)
@=JFC
75=I
,M=
;9AM
v )
@=JFC

(MAL9K N=R=K 9 =PHJ=KK]G KM:KL9FLAN9 Fh;D=G <G KMB=ALG v GM <=

IM9DIM=J >MF^]G IM= L=E HGJ Fh;D=G ME9 =PHJ=KK]G KM:KL9FLAN9 v K= >9R



9;GEH9F@9J <= <=L=JEAF9FL=K IM= LaE HGJ H9H=D =PHJ=KKANG 8=N9F 5@;C
579F75 89 5@;C 7CA G=;BCG 85 @[B;I5 AKLG _ ;GE AFKLJME=FLGK N=J:9AK <9
DbF?M9 KKAE H9J9 >A;9JEGK Ke FGK DAEAL=K <G ?JMHG F9LMJ9D J=HJ=K=FL9<G
H=DG KMB=ALG <= =FMF;A9<GK GK <=L=JEAF9FL=K <GK Fh;D=GK KM:KL9FLANGK
K]G CG @GE=FK AI=H5G ;JA9F^9K C = 6CA >AD@G C KGD
=L=JEAF9FL=K
HJ_<=L=JEAF9FL=K
=
HeK<=L=JEAF9FL=K

1) Determinantes, pr-determinantes e ps-determinantes

*
=P=EHDG
<9
GJ9^]G
*
:GE
>AD@G
;GEHJ==F<=
G
=K>GJ^G
<GK
H9AK

FGK Hg= <A9FL= <9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= =KL9J G Fh;D=G KM:KL9FLANG IM= >MF
;AGF9 ;GEG KMB=ALG =PHDb;ALG 9;GEH9F@9<G <= E9AK <= ME <=L=JEAF9FL=
C = 6CA )=KL=K ;9KGK 9 DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 ;GF@=;= <=L=JEAF9FL=K IM=
HG<=E >A?MJ9J 9FL=K <= GMLJG <=L=JEAF9FL= GK HJ_<=L=JEAF9FL=K = GK
IM=
HG<=E
>A?MJ9J
<=HGAK
<=
GMLJG
<=L=JEAF9FL=
GK
HeK<=L=JEAF9FL=K
*K <=L=JEAF9FL=K =KL]G =E ?=J9D J=HJ=K=FL9<GK H=D9K K=?MAFL=K
;D9KK=K <= H9D9NJ9K 58>9H=JC 5FH=;C = DFCBCA9 89ACBGHF5H=JC GM =IMAN9D
=FL=K
<=
9<B=LANGK
=KL=K
N=J=EGK
E9AK
9<A9FL=
)GAL=K 7@5F5G HJ=FMF;A9E
:GE
L=EHG
) DANJG
=KLY
=K?GL9<G
GH5 E9F@]
HJGE=LA9
;@MN9

)9 K=IMaF;A9 <= <=L=JEAF9FL=K 9H9J=;=E ;GEG HJ_<=L=JEAF9FL=K

Z =KIM=J<9 <G <=L=JEAF9FL= 9K H9D9NJ9K IM= HG<=E J=;=:=J ?DG:9DE=FL=
G FGE= <= +I5BH=:=758CF 5@;IA 79FHC JRF=CG HC8C HC8CG EI5@EI9F 5@
;IBG 89 JRF=CG 89
=L; 
@;IBG :GFK
EGE=FLGK
K]G
AF=KIM=;bN=AK
.C8CG GK
9DMFGK
K9bJ9E
@;IBG <=
FeK
F]G
>GJ9E
Z
>=KL9

H9J=;=E ;GEG HeK<=L=JEAF9FL=K AKLG _ 9K H9D9NJ9K IM= G;GJJ=E

Z <AJ=AL9 <G <=L=JEAF9FL= = <G HJ_<=L=JEAF9FL= G DFCBCA9 DCGG9GG=JC =
G BIA9F5@
*K G9IG DANJGK
F]G
=KL9N9E
F9
=KL9FL=
IM=D=K 8C=G =JJGK
=J9E
?J9N=K
1YJAGK
<= A9IG KG:JAF@GK
K]G
=F?=F@=AJGK
IM=D=K 8C=G
G9IG NARAF@GK
LJ9:9D@9E
FG
;GE_J;AG



FL=K <= H9KK9JEGK Z <=K;JA^]G <GK L=JEGK KAFLYLA;GK AFL=?J9FL=K <9

GJ9^]G =E HGJLM?MaK HJ=;AK9EGK >9D9J <= 9D?ME9K FG^g=K IM= K= >9R=E
F=;=KKYJA9K 9 IM= L9D L9J=>9 K= J=9DAR= G E9AK 9<=IM9<9E=FL= HGKKbN=D K
L9K FG^g=K <AR=E J=KH=ALG 5 H9FACG BI7@95F9G = A5F;=B5=G = H9FACG 5F;I
A9BH5=G = BVC 5F;IA9BH5=G H9FACG CD7=CB5=G = BVC CD7=CB5=G = >AF9D
E=FL= H9FACG
=BH9;FRJ9=G = BVC
=BH9;FRJ9=G
/=JEGK
FM;D=9J=K
=
E9J?AF9AK

2) Termos nucleares e marginais

)ME9
GJ9^]G
;GEG
"J9;ADA9FG
>9DGM
<=
L=E9K
MFAN=JK9AK
=E
K=MK
JGE9F;=K

9D_E <= !F57=@=5BC = :5@CI IM= K]G Fh;D=GK <G KMB=ALG = <G HJ=<A;9<G
L=EGK GK L=JEGK 89 H9A5G IB=J9FG5=G = 9A G9IG FCA5B79G IM= K= <AR=E
BI7@95F9G <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 KAFLYLA;GK=E[FLA;G HGJIM= =KL]G AFLAE9
E=FL= J=>=JA<GK Z J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 BY IM= 89 H9A5G IB=J9FG5=G =PHDA;AL9
9IMADG <= IM= >9D9E GK JGE9F;=K <= "J9;ADA9FG -9EGK =FIM9FLG 9A G9IG
FCA5B79G >9R 9DMK]G 9G LAHG <= =K;JALGK FGK IM9AK G 9MLGJ >9D9 <=KK=K
L=E9K
%Y
=E
=JL9E=FL=
"J9;ADA9FG
NAN=M
=PH=JAaF;A9K
9E9J?9K
<MJ9FL=
KM9
NA<9

AI=H5G 9LD9F=ZB7=5G 5A5F;5G = 8IF5BH9 GI5 J=85 K]G BI7@95F9G HGJIM=

L9E:_E
=KL]G
AFLAE9E=FL=
DA?9<GK
H=D9K
J=D9^g=K
KAFLYLA;9K
=
K=E[FLA;9K
Z >MF^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 <9 GJ9^]G IM= L=E HGJ Fh;D=G G N=J:G J=J9I /9D
F]G G;GJJ= HGJ_E ;GE G L=JEG 79FH5A9BH9 IM= F]G =KLY J=>=JA<G F=E
KGE=FL= 9G KMB=ALG F=E KGE=FL= 9G HJ=<A;9<G E9K 9 LG<9 9 GJ9^]G KL9
AF<=H=F<aF;A9 KAFLYLA;9 = K=E[FLA;9 D@= H=JEAL= <=KDG;9JK= DANJ=E=FL=
FGK
DAEAL=K
<9
GJ9^]G
=JL9E=FL=
"J9;ADA9FG
NAN=M
=PH=JAaF;A9K
9E9J?9K
<MJ9FL=
KM9
NA<9
"J9;ADA9FG
;=JL9E=FL=
NAN=M
=PH=JAaF;A9K
9E9J?9K
<MJ9FL=
KM9
NA<9
"J9;ADA9FG
NAN=M
;=JL9E=FL=
=PH=JAaF;A9K
9E9J?9K
<MJ9FL=
9
KM9
NA<9
"J9;ADA9FG
NAN=M
=PH=JAaF;A9K
9E9J?9K
;=JL9E=FL=
<MJ9FL=
9
KM9
NA<9
"J9;ADA9FG
NAN=M
=PH=JAaF;A9K
9E9J?9K
<MJ9FL=
9
KM9
NA<9
;=JL9E=FL=



KL= L=JEG 79FH5A9BH9 N=J<9<=AJG ;GE=FLYJAG Z H9JL= <G F9JJ9<GJ

K= ;GFKA<=J9 ME L=JEG A5F;=B5@ <9 >J9K= <= IM= FGK G;MH9J=EGK E9AK
9<A9FL=
/=JEGK
9J?ME=FL9AK
=
F]G
9J?ME=FL9AK

3) Termos argumentais e no argumentais v .= GK L=JEGK FM;D=9J=K K=

J=>=J=E KAFLYLA;9 = K=E9FLA;9E=FL= Z J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 <9 GJ9^]G =D=K
F=E K=EHJ= G K]G FG E=KEG ?J9M <= ;G=K]G = <= <=H=F<aF;A9 GM KM:GJ
<AF9^]G
KKAE
F9
GJ9^]G
"J9;ADA9FG
;GF@=;=M
=PH=JAaF;A9K
9E9J?9K
<MJ9FL=
KM9
NA<9

9LD9F=ZB7=5G 5A5F;5G = 8IF5BH9 GI5 J=85 BY G <AKK=EGK K]G L=JEGK FM;

D=9J=K E9K G HJAE=AJG 9LD9F=ZB7=5G 5A5F;5G =KLY E9AK =KLJ=AL9E=FL= DA
?9<G 9G ;GFL=h<G <G H=FK9E=FLG <=KA?F9<G H=DG N=J:G 7CB<979F <G IM=
G L=JEG 8IF5BH9 GI5 J=85 AR=EGK =FL]G IM= G L=JEG FM;D=9J 9LD9F=ZB
7=5G 5A5F;5G _ L9E:_E ME L=JEG 5F;IA9BH5@ GM _ ME 5F;IA9BHC
HGJIM= 9H9J=;= KGDA;AL9<G GM J=?A<G H=DG KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;9D J=>=JA<G H=DG
N=J:G 7CB<979I %Y G L=JEG 8IF5BH9 GI5 J=85 F]G =KLY ;GF<A;AGF9<G H=D9K
J=D9^g=K KAFLYLA;9K = K=E[FLA;9K <G E=KEG N=J:G HGJ AKKG HG<= F]G
9H9J=;=J F9 J=>=JA<9 GJ9^]G K=E IM= =KL9 K= HJ=BM<AIM= F9 KM9
=KLJMLMJ9^]G
KAFLYLA;GK=E[FLA;9
"J9;ADA9FG
;GF@=;=M
=PH=JAaF;A9K
9E9J?9K

G IM= F]G K= <9JA9 K= =DAEAFYKK=EGK G L=JEG 9J?ME=FL9D 9LD9F=ZB7=5G

5A5F;5G

"J9;ADA9FG
;GF@=;=M
<MJ9FL=
KM9
NA<9

KKAE 8IF5BH9 GI5 J=85 _ ME L=JEG BVC 5F;IA9BH5@ F;IA9BH5@ =

BVC 5F;IA9BH5@ <AKLAF?M=E 9K E=KE9K ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K KAFLYLA;9K =
K=E[FLA;9K IM= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D MLADAR9 H9J9 K=H9J9J GK 7CAD@9
A9BHCG GM L=JEGK F9;=8CG GM 9AF<9 =BH9;F5BH9G <GK 58>IBHCG GM L=JEGK
579GG_F=CG
D_E <9 ;9H9;A<9<= <= HG<=J K=J =DAEAF9<G <9 GJ9^]G G L=JEG F]G
9J?ME=FL9D H=D9 KM9 ;G=K]G >J9;9 = AF<=H=F<aF;A9 KAFLYLA;GK=E[FLA;9
=E J=D9^]G 9G HJ=<A;9<G ?GR9 <= E9AGJ DA:=J<9<= <= ;GDG;9^]G F9 CF
5WVC E9J;9<G ;GE H9MK9 9<=IM9<9 9KKAF9D9<9 IM9K= K=EHJ= HGJ KAF9AK
<=
HGFLM9^]G
"J9;ADA9FG
;GF@=;=M
=PH=JAaF;A9K
9E9J?9K
<MJ9FL=
KM9
NA<9
MJ9FL=
KM9
NA<9
"J9;ADA9FG
;GF@=;=M
=PH=JAaF;A9K
9E9J?9K
"J9;ADA9FG
;GF@=;=M
<MJ9FL=
KM9
NA<9
=PH=JAaF;A9K
9E9J?9K





FLfFAG
K9AM
;=<G
E9K
FLfFAG
F]G
?GKLGM
<9
A<=A9

KL9 DA:=J<9<= BY G NAEGK ;GF@=;=M L9E:_E G L=JEG E9J?AF9D 79F

H5A9BH9 <G =P=EHDG 9FL=JAGJ Ke IM= 8IF5BH9 GI5 J=85 _ L=JEG FM;D=9J =
F]G E9J?AF9D HGJIM= =KLY J=>=JA<G 9G HJ=<A;9<G <9K GJ9^g=K 9;AE9 KL9
DA:=J<9<= K= <=N= ZK ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K KAFLYLA;9K = K=E[FLA;9K <G N=J:G
7CB<979I
W GHGJLMFG D=E:J9J L9E:_E IM= ME L=JEG 9J?ME=FL9D G _ HGJ EG
LAN9^]G <9K ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K KAFLYLA;9K = K=E[FLA;9K <9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9
= F]G 9H=F9K H=DG ;GFL=h<G <=KA?F9<G KKAE ME9 FG^]G <= DM?9J ;GEG
BC F5G=@ HG<= >MF;AGF9J ;GEG 9J?ME=FL9D GM ;GEHD=E=FLG F9 GJ9^]G

=
;GEG
F]G
9J?ME=FL9D
F9
GJ9^]G
 

D=
EGJ9 BC
F5G=@
 
D=
LJ9:9D@9 BC
F5G=@

/9E:_E =E J9R]G <G FGKKG K9:=J KG:J= 9K ;GAK9K <G EMF<G =PLJ9
DAF?MbKLA;G _ IM= HG<=EGK >9R=J G ;@9E9<G x=EHJ=?G 9:KGDMLGy <= NYJAGK
N=J:GK <=K9;GEH9F@9<GK <= K=MK 9J?ME=FLGK GM ;GEHD=E=FLGK AEHDb;A
LGK F9 9^]G <=KA?F9<9 H=DG N=J:G E9K IM= 9 FGKK9 =PH=JAaF;A9 J=;MH=J9
+G<=EGK K=J =FL=F<A<GK = 9 GJ9^]G x>9R=J K=FLA<Gy ;GE =FMF;A9<GK <G
LAHG
#GB=
F]G 9G7F9J= 6K9:=K=
IM=
K=
LJ9L9
<=
ME
L=PLG
IM9DIM=J7
B7<= G
;GHG
6K9:=K=
IM=
K=
LJ9L9
<=
ME
DbIMA<G
Y?M9
KM;G
=L; 7

)]G K= >9R=E L9AK 9H9?9E=FLGK K= K= LJ9L9 <= ME9 <=;D9J9^]G IM=

;GFLJ9JA=
9
FGKK9
=PH=JAaF;A9
F;@A
G
;GHG 89
5F9=5
/=JEGK
AFL=?JYN=AK
=
F]G
AFL=?JYN=AK

)9 GJ9^]G  =E ;GF<A^g=K FGJE9AK F]G K= HG<= HJ=K;AF<AJ <= BC

F5G=@

D=
EGJ9

%Y F9 GJ9^]G   G 9H9?9E=FLG <= BC F5G=@ _ H=J>=AL9E=FL=

FGJE9D
D=
LJ9:9D@9

5) Termos integrveis e no integrveis v 9:= HGJ >AE <AKLAF?MAJ L=J

EGK =BH9;FRJ9=G = L=JEGK BVC =BH9;FRJ9=G @9E9EK= AFL=?JYN=AK
9IM=D9K >MF^g=K KAFLYLA;9K IM= HG<=E K=J KM:KLALMb<9K HGJ HJGFGE= H=KK
G9D 9<N=J:9D YLGFG L9E:_E ;@9E9<G 7@[H=7C <G ?J=?G ?@[G=G zAF;DAF9^]G{
H=D9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= AFL=?J9JK= FG E=KEG ?JMHG 9;=FLM9D <9 H9D9NJ9 9
IM=
K=
AF;DAF9
F9
HJGFMF;A9^]G
F9
;MJN9
E=De<A;9
)G HGJLM?MaK K]G AFL=?JYN=AK GK ;GEHD=E=FLGK <AJ=LG = AF<AJ=LG
;GEG
N=J=EGK
9G
K=M
L=EHG
9KL=EFGK
=KL=K
=P=EHDGK
'A C
@=JFC v
'AC
1AM 5G
7F=5BW5G v
1AM5G
=A
G
DANJG 5
*98FC v
=A@<9 G
DANJG
K;J=N=J9E
;9JL9 5CG
DF=ACG v
K;J=N=J9E@<9G ;9JL9K

/=JEGK
GH;AGF9AK
=
F]G
GH;AGF9AK

4) Termos opcionais e no opcionais v W HJ=;AKG F]G ;GF>MF<AJ L=JEG

9J?ME=FL9D = F]G9J?ME=FL9D ;GE L=JEG F]GGH;AGF9D = GH;AGF9D
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
(MAL9K N=R=K ME L=JEG 9J?ME=FL9D AKLG _ ;GF<A;AGF9<G H=D9K ;9J9
;L=JbKLA;9K KAFLYLA;9K = K=E[FLA;9K <= J=;^]G GM J=?aF;A9 <G L=JEG J=?=FL=
HG<= K=J <AKH=FK9<G 9H9?9<G GM =DAEAF9<G <9 GJ9^]G H=DG >9D9FL= GM
HGJIM= BY >GA J=>=JA<G 9FL=JAGJE=FL= = HGJ AKKG _ >9;ADE=FL= KM:=FL=F
<A<G H=DG GMNAFL= GM HGJIM= ?J9^9K 9G ;GF@=;AE=FLG IM= L=EGK <9K
;GAK9K = <G EMF<G 9 FGKK9 =PH=JAaF;A9 L9E:_E >9;ADE=FL= =FL=F<=
9IMADG
<=
IM=
=KL9EGK
>9D9F<G
KKAE _ IM= F]G K= HJ=;AK9 J=H=LAJ G KMB=ALG BHaB=C BMFLG 9G K=
?MF<G
N=J:G
<G
?JMHG
<=
GJ9^g=K
FLfFAG
K9AM
;=<G
E9K
F]G
?GKLGM
<9
A<=A9

/=JEGK 9J?ME=FL9AK HG<=E F]G K=J AFL=?JYN=AK _ G IM= 9;GFL=;=

;GE G ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG )=KL= ;9KG 9 =PHJ=KK]G IM= KM:KLALMA =KL9
>MF^]G =KLY J=HJ=K=FL9<9 HGJ ME KAFL9?E9 HJ=HGKALANG IM= J=H=L= 9
E=KE9
HJ=HGKA^]G
K=?MA<9
<GK
HJGFGE=K 9@9 9@5 9@9G 9@5G GM =GGC
)]G
H=FK9N9 BCG
5A=;CG

)]G
H=FK9N9 B9@9G
KKAKLAEGK 5C
>C;C

KKAKLAEGK 5
9@9

+GJ GMLJG D9<G L=JEGK F]G 9J?ME=FL9AK HG<=E K=J AFL=?JYN=AK

;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE G ;@9E9<G <9LANG <= AFL=J=KK= IM= =KLM<9J=EGK E9AK
9<A9FL=
)]G A9 E=P9E
F=KK=K
H9H_AK

IM=
K=JA9
GF@=;=F<G
E=D@GJ
G
HJ=<A;9<G
Fh;D=G
=
<=L=JEAF9FL=K



Conhecendo melhor o predicado: ncleo e determinantes v %Y

NAEGK IM= KMB=ALG = HJ=<A;9<G GJ?9FAR9E 9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 J=D9^]G
IM= ;GFKLALMA GJ9^]G >9NGJAL9 = FGJE9D <9 DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 GJ?9FAR9^]G
IM= K= LJ9<MR HGJ E9J;9K >GJE9AK ;GEG 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 <= FhE=JG =
H=KKG9
IM=
=KLM<9J=EGK
E9AK
9<A9FL=
* Fh;D=G <G HJ=<A;9<G =KLY ;GFKLALMb<G HGJ ME9 ;D9KK= <= H9D9NJ9
;@9E9<9 J9F6C 9KKAE _ IM= 9K GJ9^g=K <AL9K >9NGJAL9K F]G <AKH=FK9E G
N=J:G
=PHDb;ALG
GM
G;MDLG
H=D9K
HGKKA:ADA<9<=K
<9
J=>=JaF;A9
<AK;MJKAN9
* HJ=<A;9<G <= ME9 GJ9^]G HG<= K=J G=AD@9G GM 7CAD@9LC ;GF
>GJE= G ;GFL=h<G D_PA;G <G N=J:G IM= D@= K=JN= <= Fh;D=G #Y N=J:GK
;MBG ;GFL=h<G D_PA;G _ <= ?J9F<= =PL=FK]G K=E[FLA;9 <= EG<G IM= K=
<=K=B9EGK =PHJ=KK9J <=L=JEAF9<9 J=9DA<9<= L=EGK <= <=DAEAL9J =KK9 =P
L=FK]G K=E[FLA;9 E=<A9FL= G 9MPbDAG <= GMLJGK KA?FGK D_PA;GK 9<=IM9<GK Z
J=9DA<9<= ;GF;J=L9 KL=K GMLJGK KA?FGK D_PA;GK IM= FGK KG;GJJ=E F=KK9
<=DAEAL9^]G <9 =PL=FK]G K=E[FLA;9 <G N=J:G N=J<9<=AJGK <=DAEAL9<GJ=K
K=E[FLA;GK
N=J:9AK
K=
;@9E9E 5F;IA9BHCG GM 7CAD@9A9BHCG
J9F65=G
*K N=J:GK IM= F=;=KKAL9E <=KK9 <=DAEAL9^]G K=E[FLA;9 J=;=:=E G
FGE=
<= HF5BG=H=JCG
*
HGJL=AJG J=I
C 5IHCA_J9@
D=K DF97=G5A
89
GC7CFFC

*K N=J:GK IM= 9HJ=K=FL9E KA?FA>A;9<G D=PA;9D J=>=J=FL= 9 J=9DA<9<=K

:=E ;GF;J=L9K F]G F=;=KKAL9E <= GMLJGK KA?FGK D_PA;GK ;GEG >9R=E GK
IM= AFL=?J9E HJ=<A;9<GK ;GEHD=PGK AR=EGK =FL]G IM= G HJ=<A;9<G _
G=AD@9G

LJ9<A^]G
?J9E9LA;9D
;@9E9 =BHF5BG=H=JCG 9
L9AK
N=J:GK
D9
F]G HF565@<5
%GK_ 57CF8CI ;=<G
K
;JA9F^9K 7F9G79F5A J9HA<9E=FL=

0E E=KEG N=J:G HG<= K=J MK9<G LJ9FKALAN9 GM AFLJ9FKALAN9E=FL=

HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
IM9F<G
G
HJG;=KKG
N=J:9D
L=E
9HDA;9^]G
EMALG
N9?9
D=K 7CA9F5A E9^]K
LJ9FKALANG
D=K
F]G 7CA9F5A AFLJ9FKALANG

KL9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<= Ke _ HGKKbN=D IM9F<G 9 =PL=FK]G KA?FA>A;9LAN9

<G N=J:G 9HGFL9 H9J9 ME L=JEG ?=J9D 9JIMAD=P=E9 IM= =F?DG:= 9
F9LMJ=R9 <= LG<GK GK KA?FGK D_PA;GK IM= F9LMJ9DE=FL= 9H9J=;=JA9E Z
<AJ=AL9
<G
N=J:G
D=K 6969A HGM;G
9D?G
DbIMA<G R;I5 F9:F=;9F5BH9 GI7C
=L; 

 

*
9DMFG
F]G 9G7F9J9I ME
L=PLG 6=@<9H9 75FH5 CF5WVC
=L; 

_ BMKL9E=FL= HGJ AKKG IM= F]G K= HG<=E MK9J AFLJ9FKALAN9E=FL= 9

F]G K=J IM= GK =FLGJFGK N=F@9E =E KG;GJJG <9 H=J>=AL9 ;GEHJ==FK]G <9
E=FK9?=E
HJ=<A;9<GK
<G
LAHG
@9
C:9F979I
(_G
F9D5F5ACG

BY IM= G KA?FG D=PA;9D <G ;GEHD=E=FLG F]G HG<= K=J HJ==F;@A<G HGJ ME
KA?FG D_PA;G 9:J9F?=FL= ME 9JIMAD=P=E9 ;GEG G;GJJ=M FGK =P=EHDGK
9FL=JAGJ=K
=JLGK N=J:GK FGJE9DE=FL= LJ9FKALANGK IM9F<G =EHJ=?9<GK AF
LJ9FKALAN9E=FL=
HG<=E
9<IMAJAJ
=KH=;A9D
E9LAR
K=E[FLA;G
D=
F]G JZ

zF]G
=FP=J?9{
z_
;=?G{
%Y
F]G 6969

z9:9F<GFGM
G
9D;GGDAKEG{
AF<9
F]G @Z

z_
9F9D>9:=LG{

+GJ LM<G AKLG ;GF;DMAK= IM= 9 GHGKA^]G =FLJ= LJ9FKALANG = AFLJ9FKAL

ANG
F]G
_
9:KGDML9
=
E9AK
H=JL=F;=
9G
D_PA;G
<G
IM=
Z
?J9EYLA;9
*K
LAHGK
<=
9J?ME=FLGK
<=L=JEAF9FL=K
<G
HJ=<A;9<G
;GEHD=PG

1) Os tipos de argumentos determinantes do predicado complexo

a) O complemento direto ou objeto direto v * HJ=<A;9<G
;GEHD=PG 9;GEH9F@9K= <= LAHGK <A>=J=FL=K <= 9J?ME=FLGK ;GF@=;A<GK
HGJ 7CAD@9A9BHCG
J9F65=G
* HJAE=AJG <=D=K _ G 7CAD@9A9BHC 8=F9HC L9E:_E ;@9E9<G C6>9HC
8=F9HC J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ ME KA?FG D_PA;G <= F9LMJ=R9 KM:KL9FLAN9 KM:
KL9FLANG
GM
HJGFGE=
F]G
AFLJG<MRA<G
HGJ
HJ=HGKA^]G
F=;=KKYJA9
*K
NARAF@GK
F]G
NAJ9E C
=B7ZB8=C
)]G
=F;GFLJ9EGK CG
F9GDCBGRJ9=G
*
H9A
;GEHJGM BCJ5
75G5

GFKLALMb<G ;GEG G KMB=ALG HGJ =PHJ=KK]G KM:KL9FLAN9 F]G E9J

;9<G HGJ ME bF<A;= >MF;AGF9D 9 HJ=HGKA^]G F=KL= ;9KG G ;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG K= <AKLAF?M= <G KMB=ALG HGJ NAJ Z <AJ=AL9 <G N=J:G G KMB=ALG N=E
FGJE9DE=FL= Z =KIM=J<9 = F]G AF>DMAJ F9 >D=P]G <=KL= KKAE 9 LJG;9 <=
HGKA^]G <=KL=K <GAK L=JEGK F9 GJ9^]G =KLY ;AJ;MFK;JAL9 9GK ;9KGK =E IM=
<=D9 F]G J=KMDL= 9E:A?MA<9<= GM JMb<G <= ;GEMFA;9^]G HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
FG L=PLG =K;JALG )G L=PLG GJ9D K]G 9K H9MK9K = 9 =FLGF9^]G =D=E=FLGK




<=;AKANGK H9J9 IM= 9 GJ9^]G J=KH=AL= 9 AFL=F^]G ;GEMFA;9LAN9 <G >9D9FL=

K=E
<=AP9J
<=
@9N=J
L9E:_E
_
=NA<=FL=
9
;GFLJA:MA^]G
<GK
=FLGJFGK
$CGX J=I C =FAVC F]G _ 9 E=KE9 ;GAK9 IM= ) =FAVC J=I $CGX (9K BY
=E $CGX J=I CG =FAVCG = )G =FAVCG J=I $CGX 9 >D=P]G <G N=J:G FG KAF?M
D9J
H9L=FL=A9
IM=
G
KMB=ALG
F9K
<M9K
GJ9^g=K
Ke
HG<=
K=J $CGX
 A<=FLA>A;9^]G <=KL= LAHG <= ;GEHD=E=FLG K= >9R 9D_E <9 F]G
HJ=K=F^9
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
F=;=KKYJA9
E=<A9FL=
9K
K=?MAFL=K
=KLJ9L_?A9K
5
9
;GEML9^]G
<G
;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG
H=DGK
HJGFGE=K
H=KKG9AK C
5 CG 5G
E9J;9<GK
>GJE9DE=FL=
;GE
G
?aF=JG
=
G
FhE=JG
<G
L=JEG
;GEML9<G
*K
NARAF@GK
F]G
NAJ9E C
=B7ZB8=C


F]G C NAJ9E
)]G
=F;GFLJ9EGK CG
F9GDCBGRJ9=G


F]G CG =F;GFLJ9EGK
*
H9A
;GEHJGM BCJ5
75G5

5 ;GEHJGM

6
9
H9KK9?=E
<9
GJ9^]G
F9
;@9E9<9
NGR
9LAN9
H9J9
9
GJ9^]G
<=
NGR
H9KKAN9
E=<A9FL=
9
IM9D
G
KMB=ALG
<9
9LAN9
K=
LJ9FK>GJE9
=E
9?=FL=
<9
H9KKAN9
AFLJG<MRA<G
H=D9
HJ=HGKA^]G DCF F9
;GE:AF
9^]G D9F
=FIM9FLG
G
;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG
<9
9LAN9
H9KK9
9
KMB=ALG
<9
H9KKAN9
)G
J=N=B<CG F]G
NAJ9E C
=B7ZB8=C
)
=B7ZB8=C F]G
>GA
NAKLG D9@CG
J=N=B<CG
)]G
=F;GFLJ9EGK CG
F9GDCBGRJ9=G
)G
F9GDCBGRJ9=G F]G
>GJ9E
=F
;GFLJ9<GK DCF
B_G
)
D5= ;GEHJGM BCJ5
75G5
(CJ5
75G5 >GA
;GEHJ9<9 D9@C
D5=

7
9
KM:KLALMA^]G
<G
;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG
H=DGK
HJGFGE=K
AFL=JJG?9L
ANGK EI9A 6_
IM=7
H9J9
H=KKG9K
=
6G7 EI9 6_
IM=7 9FL=K
<9
K=
IMaF;A9
KMB=ALG

N=J:G
GM
9FL=K
<GK
N=J:GK :5N9F GM 57CBH979F
*
;9^9<GJ
NAM C 7CAD5B<9=FC
,M=E
_
IM=
G
;9^9<GJ
NAM
v C
7CAD5B<9=FC ;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG
*
;9^9<GJ
NAM C
@C6C
,M=
_
IM=
G
;9^9<GJ
NAM
v C
@C6C ;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG

8
>AF9DE=FL=
9
LJ9FKHGKA^]G
LGHA;9DAR9^]G
<G
;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG
H9J9
9
=KIM=J<9
<G
N=J:G
GH=J9^]G
IM=
H=JEAL=
9



HJ=K=F^9
<=
ME
HJGFGE=
H=KKG9D
G:B=LANG
FG
DG;9D
NARAF@G
9G
N=J:G
GF<=
<=N=JA9
=KL9J
G
;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG

)=F@ME9 <=KK9K =KLJ9L_?A9K HGJ KA Ke _ GH=J9^]G AF>9DbN=D F9 A<=FLA

>A;9^]G <G ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG <=N=EGK HGJL9FLG MLADAR9J E9AK <= ME9
=KLJ9L_?A9
HGJIM=
5
F=E
LG<G
HJ=<A;9<G
;GEHD=PG
<=
GJ9^]G
<=
NGR
9LAN9
9<EAL=
9
H9KK9?=E
Z
GJ9^]G
<=
NGR
H9KKAN9
G;GJJ=
G
>9LG
;GE
;=JLGK
N=J:GK
;GEG
GK
K=?MAFL=K
6 7
I
EI=G
C
@=JFC )
@=JFC
:C=
EI9F=8C
DCF
A=A
F9ACG
=GGC #GGC
X
7F=8C
DCF
B_G
)
5@IBC
H9A
C
@=JFC )
@=JFC
X
H=8C
D9@C
5@IBC
)G
F9:I;=58CG
D9F89F5A
HI8C .I8C
:C=
D9F8=8C
D9@CG
F9:I;=58CG
)
5H@9H5
D9G5J5

EI=@CG 
EI=@CG
9F5A
D9G58CG
D9@C
5H@9H5

6
HGJ
GMLJG
D9<G
;=JLGK
HJ=<A;9<GK
;GEHD=PGK
<=DAEAL9<GK
HGJ
KA
?FG
D_PA;G
F]G
;GFKLALMb<G
;GE
;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG
L9E:_E
9<
EAL=E
9
LJ9FK>GJE9^]G
<=
GJ9^]G
<=
NGR
9LAN9
=E
GJ9^]G
<=
NGR
H9KKAN9
GG=GH=ACG
S
A=GG5 
A=GG5
:C=
5GG=GH=85
DCF
B_G
)
DFCDF=9HRF=C
D5;CI
5CG
CD9FRF=CG )G
CD9FRF=CG
:CF5A
D5;CG
D9@C
DFCDF=9HRF=C
)
8=F9HCF
D9F8C5FR
5CG
5@IBCG )G
5@IBCG
G9FVC
D9F8C58CG
D9@C
8=F9HCF
)G
7=858VCG
C698979A
S
@9= 
@9=
X
C69897=85
D9@CG
7=858VCG
.C8CG
F9GDCB89F5A
5C
5BdB7=C )
5BdB7=C
:C=
F9GDCB8=8C
DCF
HC8CG
D9@5F5A
85
G9BH9BW5 
G9BH9BW5
:C=
5D9@585
(VC
5@I8=F5A
5
9GG5G
F5Nc9G GG5G
F5Nc9G
BVC
:CF5A
5@I8=85G

7
F]G
K]G
F9LMJ9AK
=E:GJ9
?J9E9LA;9DE=FL=
HGKKbN=AK
9K
H=J?MF
L9K
;GE EI9A EI9
F9K
>J9K=K
;MBGK
HJ=<A;9<GK
;GEHD=PGK
;GF
LaE
N=J:GK
IM=
KA?FA>A;9E
E=<A<9
H=KG
HJ=^G
=
L=EHG



)
7CFF98CF
A989
7=B7C
A9HFCG
)
5H@9H5
D9G5
G9GG9BH5
EI=@CG
)
BCJC
75FFC
7IGHCI
HF=BH5
A=@
F95=G
)
:=@A9
8IFCI
HFZG
<CF5G

8
L9E:_E
F]G
K]G
>J=IM=FL=K
=E:GJ9
?J9E9LA;9DE=FL=
HGKKbN=AK
9K
HJGFGEAF9DAR9^g=K
;GE
GK
N=J:GK
<9
F9LMJ=R9
K=E[FLA;9
J=>=JA<9
FG
AL=E
9FL=JAGJ
)
7CFF98CF
A989CG
)
5H@9H5
D9G5CG
)
BCJC
75FFC
7IGHCICG
)
:=@A9
8IFCI5G

b) Objeto direto preposicionado v )]G J9JG G G:B=LG 9H9J=;= AFA

;A9<G
HGJ
HJ=HGKA^]G
E9J
9
=MK
KG:J=
LG<9K
9K
;GAK9K

 HJ=HGKA^]G IM9K= K=EHJ= 9H9J=;= H9J9 =NA<=F;A9J G ;GFLJ9KL=

=FLJ= G KMB=ALG = G ;GEHD=E=FLG F]G K= ;GF>MF<AF<G ;GE G ;9KG <G HGK
N_J:AG HGJIM= =KL= J=H=J;ML= F9 KA?FA>A;9^]G <G N=J:G *;GJJ= G G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G
FGK
K=?MAFL=K
;9KGK
HJAF;AH9AK
5
IM9F<G
K=
LJ9L9
<=
HJGFGE=
G:DbIMG
LfFA;G
MKG
@GB=
G:JA?9LeJAG
x)=E
=D=
=FL=F<= 5
B_G
F=E
FeK 5
9@9m 6' 
1
7

6
IM9F<G
HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
FGK
N=J:GK
IM=
=PHJAE=E
K=FLAE=FLGK
GM
E9FA>=KL9^g=K
<=
K=FLAE=FLG
K=
<=K=B9
=F;9J=;=J
9
H=KKG9
GM
K=J
H=JKGFA>A;9<G
9
IM=E
9
9^]G
N=J:9D
K=
<AJA?=
GM
>9NGJ=;=
E9J 5
9IG KG:J=
LG<9K
9K
;GAK9K
GFKGDGM 5CG
5A=;CG

7
IM9F<G
K=
<=K=B9
=NAL9J
;GF>MK]G
<=
K=FLA<G
HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
IM9F<G
G;GJJ=
 =BJ9FGVC G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
N=E
9FL=K
<G
KMB=ALG

69@ E9LGM
9AE

 7CAD5F5WVC



x$KLG
;9MKGM
=KLJ9F@=R9
=
;MA<9<GK
9G
9EGJYN=D
.9JE=FLG
IM=
HJ=R9N9
9DAKLG
;GEG 5
:=@<Cy
6J 
7
*bservao .=E HJ=HGKA^]G HG<=JK=A9 AFL=JHJ=L9J :=@<C ;GEG KMB=ALG 7CAC
:=@<C DF9N5 LG<9NA9 G MKG <9 HJ=HGKA^]G F=KL= ;9KG F]G _ ?J9E9LA;9DE=FL=
G:JA?9LeJAG

8
F9
=PHJ=KK]G
<=
J=;AHJG;A<9<= IA
5C
CIHFC IBG
5CG
CIHFCG

GF@=;=EK= IBG
5CG
CIHFCG

9
;GE
G
HJGFGE=
J=D9LANG EI9A
GF@=;A
9
H=KKG9 5
EI9A 9<EAJ9K

:
F9K
;GFKLJM^g=K
H9J9D=D9K
;GE
HJGFGE=K
G:DbIMGK
YLGFGK
GM
LfFA;GK
<G
LAHG
x(9K
=F?9F9K=
;GFL9F<G
;GE
GK
>9DKGK
IM=
FGK
;=J;9E
GF@=^G
GK
= 5CG
@95=Gy
6# 
 7

;
F9K
;GFKLJM^g=K
<=
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
HD=GFYKLA;G
K=E
IM=
;GFKLALM9
FGJE9
G:JA?9LeJA9
lC
=B;F5HC
GM
F]G
G
KAJNG
HGJIM=
H9J9
IM=
E=
F]G
E9?G=y
6-': 
7

c) A preposio como posvrbio v (MAL9K N=R=K 9H9J=;= <=HGAK <=

;=JLGK N=J:GK ME9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= E9AK K=JN= H9J9 D@=K 9;J=K;=FL9J ME
FGNG E9LAR <= K=FLA<G <G IM= J=?=J G ;GEHD=E=FLG <=KK=K E=KEGK
N=J:GK
FF5B75F
5
9GD585
FF5B75F 85 9GD585 9;=FLM9 9 A<=A9 <= MKG <G G:B=LG = 9 J=LAJ9<9 LGL9D <9
:9AF@9
GM
;AFL9
MEHJAJ
G
<=N=J
IADF=F 7CA C 89J9F 9;=FLM9 9 A<=A9 <= R=DG GM :G9 NGFL9<= H9J9 =P
=;ML9J
9D?G
!AR
IM=
=D=
NAKK=
=N 7CA EI9 9@9 J=GG9 9;=FLM9 9 A<=A9 <G =K>GJ^G GM <=<A;9^]G
=EHJ=?9<9



 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= K= =EHJ=?9 F=KL=K ;9KGK <=MD@= G +JG> FL=FGJ

)9K;=FL=K
G
FGE=
<= DCGJXF6=C 6) 
7
d) O complemento relativo v * HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG L9E:_E HG<=
;GFL=J N=J:G ;MBG ;GFL=h<G D_PA;G _ <= ?J9F<= =PL=FK]G K=E[FLA;9 IM=
=PA?= GMLJG LAHG <= KA?FG D_PA;G IM= <=DAEAL= = =KH=;A>AIM= 9 =PH=JAaF;A9
;GEMFA;9<9 Z K=E=D@9F^9 <G IM= NAEGK ;GE G ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG 
<A>=J=F^9 _ IM= F=KL= K=?MF<G ;9KG G <=L=JEAF9FL= <G HJ=<A;9<G ;GE
HD=PG N=E AFLJG<MRA<G HGJ HJ=HGKA^]G 9 L9D L=JEG HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G
;@9E9EGK 7CAD@9A9BHC
F9@5H=JC 6-' 
7
/G<GK
FeK ;CGH5ACG
89
7=B9A5
*
E9JA<G
F]G 7CB7CF8CI
7CA
5
AI@<9F
+GM;GK 5GG=GH=F5A
5C
7CB79FHC
*
;GE=J;A9FL=
F]G 7CB:=CI
BC
9ADF9;58C

 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= AFLJG<MR G ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG ;GFKLALMA ME9

=PL=FK]G <G KA?FG D_PA;G N=J:9D ;GEG H9J=;= AF<A;9J G >9LG <= IM= ;9<9
N=J:G
K=
9;GEH9F@9
<=
KM9
HJeHJA9
HJ=HGKA^]G
HGJ
K=JNA<]G
?J9E9LA;9D
 =K;GD@9 <= IM9D HJ=HGKA^]G <=N9 AFLJG<MRAJ =KL= ;GEHD=E=FLG J=
D9LANG <=H=F<= <9 FGJE9 =KL9:=D=;A<9 H=D9 LJ9<A^]G LJ9<A^]G IM= HG<=
H=JEALAJ ZK N=R=K G =EHJ=?G N9JA9<G = AF<A>=J=FL= <= E9AK <= ME9
HJ=HGKA^]G
D9
K=
H9J=;= 5C H9A

D9
K=
H9J=;= 7CA G
H9A

#Y LG<9NA9 ;=JLGK MKGK ?J9E9LA;9DE=FL= HJ=NAKbN=AK ;GEG 9 >J=

IM=FL= A<=FLA<9<= <G HJ=>APG = <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89D9B89F 89 7CB7CFF9F
7CA 5;F9;5F 5 HGJ =P=EHDG GM 9 HJ=>=JaF;A9 J=D9LAN9 <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89
<=HGAK <= N=J:GK HJGFGEAF9AK 5FF9D9B89FG9 89 EI9=L5FG9 89 @9A6F5F
G9 89 7CB8C9FG9 89 HGJ =P=EHDG G IM= F]G <=AP9 <= K=J 9KH=;LGK <9
@AKLGJA;A<9<=
<9
FGJE9
 A<=FLA<9<= ;GEG L=JEGK >MF;AGF9AK 9J?ME=FL9AK <G HJ=<A;9<G
;GEHD=PG =FLJ= G ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG = G ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG BMKLA>A;9
9 IM9K= FMD9 >J=IMaF;A9 <= ;G=PAKLAJ=E GK <GAK L=JEGK FG E=KEG HJ=<A;
9<G
=
F=F@ME9
F9
;GGJ<=F9^]G
<=D=K
*
NARAF@G
<AKK= A9BH=F5G
8C
DF=AC
*
;GE=J;A9FL=
=F;@=M C
7CDC
89
J=B<C

BGN=E
HfK CG
@=JFCG
B5
9GH5BH9



+GJ GMLJG D9<G =KK9 A<=FLA<9<= >MF;AGF9D =PHDA;9 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <=

H9J9 EMALGK N=J:GK 9DL=JF9J 9 ;GFKLJM^]G <G ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG ;GE G
;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG = 9L_ 9 FGJE9 9<EAL= AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= IM9DIM=J
<GK
<GAK
;GEHD=E=FLGK
>I85F
5
A=GG5
H9B89F
C
H9@9:CB9
GG=GH=F
CG
75F9BH9G
<5A5F
FCATB=75G
9GG5G
@[B;I5G
@[B;I5G
*F9G=8=F
5
G9GGVC
-5H=G:5N9F
C
D98=8C

>I85F
S
A=GG5
H9B89F
5C
H9@9:CB9
GG=GH=F
5CG
75F9BH9G
<5A5F
FCATB=75G
5
9GG5G
*F9G=8=F
S
G9GGVC
-5H=G:5N9F
5C
D98=8C

)G <=;MJKG <G L=EHG = F9K N9JA=<9<=K DAF?MbKLA;9K <A9LeHA;9K <A9

KLJYLA;9K = <A9>YKA;9K _ EMALG <G;ME=FL9<9 =KK9 EM<9F^9 =FLJ= G ;GEHD=
E=FLG <AJ=LG = G ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG 9KKAE BY K= MK9J9E ;GEG ;GE
HD=E=FLG J=D9LANG G IM= @GB= K= >APGM ;GEG ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG GK
N=J:GK GC7CFF9F 7CBH9BH5F =
EMALGK
GMLJGK
* KA?FG D_PA;G IM= J=HJ=K=FL9 G ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG _ ;GEMLYN=D
H=DGK HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK LfFA;GK 9@9 9@5 9@9G 9@5G AFLJG<MRA<GK H=D9 J=
KH=;LAN9 HJ=HGKA^]G E9J;9F<G G ?aF=JG = G FhE=JG <9 =PHJ=KK]G KM:
KL9FLAN9
;GEML9<9
/G<GK
?GKL9E 8C
5HCF
/G<GK
?GKL9E 89@9
*K
LMJAKL9K
9KKAKLAJ9E S
CD9F5
*K
LMJAKL9K
9KKAKLAJ9E 5
9@5
*
;GE=J;A9FL=
F]G
;GF>AGM BCG
9ADF9;58CG
*
F=?G;A9FL=
F]G
;GF
>AGM B9@9G

+GJIM= <=DAEAL9E 9 =PL=FK]G K=E[FLA;9 <G KA?FG D_PA;G <G HJ=<A;

9<G ;GEHD=PG AF;DM=EK= ;GEG ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG GK 9J?ME=FLGK
<GK N=J:GK <ALGK DG;9LANGK KALM9LANGK = <AJ=;AGF9AK G IM= H=JEAL= KM9
;GEML9^]G
;GE
9<N_J:AGK
<=
=IMAN9DaF;A9
K=E[FLA;9
.=MK
H9J=FL=K
EGJ9E BC
,=C


.=MK
H9J=FL=K
EGJ9E 5EI=
*
9JLAKL9
BY
F]G
NAN= 9A
-VC
*5I@C


*
9JLAKL9
BY
F]G
NAN= @R
$J=EGK 5
*9HF_DC@=G

$J=EGK 5[ 5@=
D9
;@=?GM 8C
95FR

D9
;@=?GM 89
@R
*bservao )]G @Y MF9FAEA<9<= =FLJ= GK =KLM<AGKGK =E ;GFKA<=J9J L9AK 9J?M
E=FLGK <G HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG ;GEG ;GEHD=E=FLGK J=D9LANGK '=N9F<G =E ;GFL9
=P;DMKAN9E=FL= G 9KH=;LG K=E[FLA;G EMALGK HJ=>=J=E ;GFKA<=J9J L9AK L=JEGK
;GEG 9<BMFLGK ;AJ;MFKL9F;A9AK GM 9<N=J:A9AK IM= =KLM<9J=EGK E9AK 9<A9FL= +=D9K



E=KE9K J9Rg=K L9E:_E F]G _ MF[FAE= 9 A<=FLA>A;9^]G ;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG 9J?M
E=FLGK <G HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG IM= LaE HGJ Fh;D=G N=J:GK IM= KA?FA>A;9E E=
<A<9 H=KG HJ=^G = L=EHG  N=J<9<= _ IM= KA?FA>A;9<GK ?J9E9LA;9AK 6x9?=FL=y
xH9;A=FL=y xDG;9LANGy x<AJ=^]Gy =L; 7 K= E9FA>=KL9E E=<A9FL= =KIM=E9K KAFLYLA
;GK EMALG N9JA9<GK -=H9J=K= IM= FME9 GJ9^]G ;GEG ) DC@=7=5@ 57CAD5B<CI C
=8CGC 5C 65B7C B5 <CF5 8C HIAI@HC G L=JEG AF<A;9LANG <G DM?9J 5C 65B7C _ AF
=J=FL= 9G HJ=<A;9<G = HGJL9FLG F]G HG<= K=J <AKH=FK9<G ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE B5
<CF5
8C
HIAI@HC 6
+9AN9

=
KK 7

e) O complemento objeto indireto v $FL=?J9<9 9 <=DAEAL9^]G <9

9EHDALM<= K=E[FLA;9 <G HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG E=<A9FL= ME KA?FG D_PA;G
7CAD@9A9BHC 8=F9HC GM 7CAD@9A9BHC F9@5H=JC HG<= 9H9J=;=J ME GMLJG
KA?FG D_PA;G KM:KA<AYJAG <=KK= ;GFBMFLG <9 >MF^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 IM= <=
FGL9 ?=J9DE=FL= J=D9^]G 9 ME K=J 9FAE9<G AFLJG<MRA<G H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G 5
= IM= K= J=>=J= Z H=KKG9 <=KLAF9<9 GM :=F=>A;A9<9 H=D9 =PH=JAaF;A9 ;GEM
FA;9<9 FG HJAE=AJG EGE=FLG <9 AFL=F^]G ;GEMFA;9LAN9 <G HJ=<A;9<G
;GEHD=PG
N=J:G

9J?ME=FLG



;J=K;=FL=K= 9AF<9 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= HG<=J =KK= HJGFGE= <MHDA

;9J G ;GEHD=E=FLG AF<AJ=LG F9 E=KE9 GJ9^]G K=E IM= =KL= L=JEG =KL=B9
G:JA?9<G
9
LGHA;9DAR9JK=
AKLG
_
9
9H9J=;=J
9FL=;AH9<G
F9
GJ9^]G
.=EHJ= @<9 <=A 5C
5@IBC EMAL9
9L=F^]G
C
5@IBC K=EHJ= @<9 <=A
EMAL9
9L=F^]G

KKAE G ;GEHD=E=FLG AF<AJ=LG _ ME L=JEG IM= K= <AKL9F;A9 E9AK

<9 <=DAEAL9^]G K=E[FLA;9 <G HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG = H9J=;= E=D@GJ ME
=D=E=FLG 9<A;AGF9D <9 AFL=F^]G ;GEMFA;9LAN9 IM= >A;9 FG =KIM=E9
KAFLYLA;G 9 E=AG ;9EAF@G =FLJ= GK N=J<9<=AJGK ;GEHD=E=FLGK N=J:9AK =
GK
9<BMFLGK
;AJ;MFKL9F;A9AK
*K =KLM<AGKGK LaE =F;GFLJ9<G <A>A;MD<9<= =E =KL9:=D=;=J ME JA?GJ
GKG ;JAL_JAG <= A<=FLA>A;9^]G <G ;GEHD=E=FLG AF<AJ=LG HJ=>=JAF<G K=JNAJ
K=
;GF;GEAL9FL=E=FL=
<=
;JAL_JAGK
D_PA;GK
>GJE9AK
=
KAFLYLA;GK
 AFL=?J9^]G <9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 K= >9R =A98=5H5A9BH9 ;GE G
;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG = J=D9LANG = Ke A98=5H5A9BH9 ;GE G ;GEHD=E=FLG
AF<AJ=LG /9FLG _ 9KKAE IM= =E ;GF<A^g=K FGJE9AK AKLG _ IM9F<G F]G K=
LJ9L= <= =NA<=FL= =DAHK= GM <= 9MPbDAG <= =FLGJFG F]G K= HG<= =DAEAF9J G
;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG GM ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG E9K _ HGKKbN=D F]G 9FMF
;A9J
G
;GEHD=E=FLG
AF<AJ=LG
1A
G
9;A<=FL=

1A

+J=;AKG
<G
9MPbDAG

+J=;AKG

E9K
KL= FGNG 9J?ME=FLG <G HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG K= ;@9E9 7CAD@9
A9BHC GM C6>9HC =B8=F9HC 6#  7 = 9HJ=K=FL9 9K K=?MAFL=K ;9J9;L=J
bKLA;9K >GJE9AK = K=E[FLA;9K 9 _ AFLJG<MRA<G 9H=F9K H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G 5
J9J9E=FLG D5F5 : G KA?FG D_PA;G <=FGL9 ME K=J 9FAE9<G GM ;GF;=:A<G
;GEG L9D ; =PHJ=KK9 G KA?FA>A;9<G ?J9E9LA;9D x:=F=>A;AYJAGy x<=KLAF
9LYJAGy < _ ;GEMLYN=D H=DG HJGFGE= H=KKG9D G:B=LANG @<9
@<9G IM= D=N9
9 E9J;9 <= FhE=JG <G KA?FG D_PA;G J=>=JA<G E9K F]G 9 <= ?aF=JG ;GEG
G;GJJ= FG ;9KG <GK HJGFGE=K H=KKG9AK IM= ;GEML9E G KA?FG D_PA;G ;GJ
J=KHGF<=FL= 9G ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG C 5 CG 5G GM 9G ;GEHD=E=FLG J=
D9LANG
HJ=H
 9@9 9@5 9@9G 9@5G
FNA9J9E
G
HJ=K=FL= S
5B=J9FG5F=5BH9

FNA9J9E@<9 G
HJ=K=FL=
*
<AJ=LGJ
=K;J=N=M
;9JL9K 5CG
D5=G


*
<AJ=LGJ
=K;J=N=M@<9G ;9JL9K

K;J=NA
;9JL9K
9GK
H9AK
,M=APGMK=
<9
LMJE9
9G
<AJ=LGJ

K;J=NA
;9JL9K
,M=APGMK=
<9
LMJE9

E:GJ9 G ;GEHD=E=FLG GM G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG AFL=?J= G ;GFBMFLG J9F6C

 7CAD@9A9BHC 8=F9HC GM 7CAD@9A9BHC F9@5H=JC 9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K <G <AK
;MJKG GK =FLGJFGK 9 J=>=JaF;A9 9FL=JAGJ GM K=?MAFL= FG <AK;MJKG H=J
EAL=E IM= K= GEAL9 G ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG GM ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG H=J
E9F=;=F<G F9 GJ9^]G 9H=F9K G AF<AJ=LG GM K= HG<= GEALADG <=AP9F<G
9H=F9K
ME
<9IM=D=K
;GEHD=E=FLGK
*
<AJ=LGJ
=K;J=N=M 5CG
D5=G
*
<AJ=LGJ
=K;J=N=M 75FH5G



*K
NARAF@GK
K=
IM=AP9J9E S
DC@[7=5
*K
NARAF@GK
K=
IM=AP9J9E 8C

65FI@<C

f) Objeto indireto e adjuntos com para j 9:= AFKAKLAJ IM= 9 HJ=

HGKA^]G IM= AFLJG<MR G ;GEHD=E=FLG AF<AJ=LG _ 5 EMAL9K N=R=K H9J=;=
IM= F=KL9 >MF^]G K= 9;@9 9 HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5 BY IM= 5 = D5F5 K= 9DL=JF9E
=E EMALGK =KIM=E9K KAFLYLA;GK E9K F]G IM9F<G K= LJ9L9 <G ;GEHD=E=FLG
AF<AJ=LG
G
IM=
Ke
J9J9E=FL=
9;GFL=;=
D?MFK
9DMFGK
;GEHJ9J9E
>DGJ=K D5F5
5
DFC:9GGCF5

.= HJ=KL9JEGK 9L=F^]G D5F5 5 DFC:9GGCF5 <G =P=EHDG F]G AFLJG<MR

G L=JEG IM= >MF;AGF9JA9 ;GEG ;GEHD=E=FLG AF<AJ=LG = 9 HJGN9 <AKLG =KLY
F9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= F9 J=>=JA<9 GJ9^]G <= 9H9J=;=J ME ;GEHD=E=FLG
AF<AJ=LG
D?MFK
9DMFGK
;GEHJ9J9E
>DGJ=K 5C
:@CF=GH5 H9J9
9
HJG>=KKGJ9

)GL=K= IM= K= 5C :@CF=GH5 = D5F5 5 DFC:9GGCF5 =P=J;=KK=E 9 E=KE9

>MF^]G <= ;GEHD=E=FLG AF<AJ=LG <=N=JA9E 9H9J=;=J ;GGJ<=F9<GK E=<A
9FL= 9 ;GFBMF^]G 9 ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE LG<GK GK L=JEGK <= A?M9D N9DGJ ?J9
E9LA;9D
)]G
K=JA9
HGKKbN=D
;GFKLJMAJ
9
K=?MAFL=
GJ9^]G
D?MFK
9DMFGK
;GEHJ9J9E
>DGJ=K 5C
:@CF=GH5
9
D5F5
5
DFC:9GGCF5

A9FL=
<=
ME9
GJ9^]G
;GEG
9
FGKK9
D?MFK
9DMFGK
;GEHJ9J9E
>DGJ=K 5C
:@CF=GH5
D5F5
5
DFC:9GGCF5

9 HJGFGEAF9DAR9^]G Ke HG<= K=J ;GEML9<9 ;GE G G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG 5C

:@CF=GH5
@;IBG
5@IBCG
7CADF5F5A@<9
:@CF9G
D5F5
5
DFC:9GGCF5

E9K
F]G
D?MFK
9DMFGK
;GEHJ9J9ED@=
9G
>DGJAKL9

g) Construo especial com objeto indireto v 0E H=IM=FG

FhE=JG <= N=J:GK ;GFLJ9JA9 G HJAF;bHAG ?=J9D IM= 9IMA 9<GL9EGK K=?MF<G
G IM9D G G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG AFL=?J9 9 >MF^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 =P=J;A<9 HGJ J9F6C 
5F;IA9BHC G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
GM
;GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG

FGLb;A9
F]G
9?J9<GM 5C
DCJC

FGLb;A9
F]G @<9 9?J9<GM

 

*;GJJ= =KL9 ;GFKLJM^]G ;GE N=J:GK ;GEG 5;F585F 89G5;F585F

D9FH9B79F C7CFF9F 57CBH979F G569F  K=FLAJ K9:GJ 7<9=F5F  K=FLAJ G
;@=AJG =BH9F9GG5F 5D5F979F GCFF=F 
9H9J=;=J
>9NGJ9N=DE=FL=
*
AEeN=D
H=JL=F;= 5CG
<9F89=FCG H=JL=F;=@<9G
KK=K
>9LGK @<9 9;GFL=;=J9E
J=H=FLAF9E=FL=
$KLG
F]G @<9 K9:=
:=E
*
;9>_ @<9 ;@=AJ9
:=E
H9J=;=J9ED@=
MFK
JMb<GK
=KLJ9F@GK

KGJL= @<9 KGJJAM
F=KL9
K=E9F9

h) Os chamados dativos livres v *K G:B=LGK AF<AJ=LGK NAKLGK

F=KL9 K=^]G K]G 9J?ME=FLGK KAFLYLA;GK=E[FLA;GK =PL=FKANGK <9 >MF^]G
HJ=<A;9LAN9
<G
;GFL=h<G
;GEMFA;9<G
F9K
J=KH=;LAN9K
GJ9^g=K
/G<9NA9 J=E9F=K;=FL=K <= ;GFKLJM^g=K 9D?ME9K <9K IM9AK <9
KAFL9P= D9LAF9 9H9J=;=E KG: >GJE9 <= G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG FGEAF9D GM HJG
FGEAF9D 9D?MFK L=JEGK IM= F]G =KL]G <AJ=L9 GM AF<AJ=L9E=FL= DA?9<GK Z
=K>=J9 <G HJ=<A;9<G K]G GK ;@9E9<GK 85H=JCG @=JF9G J=HJ=K=FL9<GK H=DGK
K=?MAFL=K
LAHGK
5 85H=JC 89 =BH9F9GG9 85H=JIG 7CAAC8= 9H =B7CAAC8= v _ 9IM=D=
E=<A9FL= G IM9D K= AF<A;9 <= E9F=AJ9 K=;MF<YJA9 9 IM=E 9HJGN=AL9 GM
HJ=BM<A;9
9
9^]G
N=J:9D
D=
Ke
LJ9:9D@9 D5F5
CG
G9IG
D=
DA?GMA9 9E9N=DE=FL=
9
DMR
6(1 
 7

KL= <9LANG >A;9 EMALG HJePAEG <9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <= >AE GM HJGN=ALG
:=F=>A;AYJAG
6 85H=JC XH=7C v _ ME9 N9JA=<9<= <G 9FL=JAGJ EMALG ;GEME <9 DAF
?M9?=E <9 ;GFN=JK9^]G = J=HJ=K=FL9 9IM=D= H=DG IM9D G >9D9FL= L=FL9
;9HL9J
9
:=F=NGDaF;A9
<G
K=M
AFL=JDG;MLGJ
F9
=P=;M^]G
<=
ME
<=K=BG
)]G A9 J=HJGN=E
=KL9K
A<=A9K
)]G A9 E=P9E
FGK
H9H_AK
D=
K=EHJ= H9 K9AM
ME
?J9F<=
E=FLAJGKG
)]G A9 =FNA=E
;9JLg=K
9
=KK9K
H=KKG9K

-=H9J=K= IM= F=KL= hDLAEG =P=EHDG G N=J:G K= 9;GEH9F@9 <=

;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG 75FHc9G = AF<AJ=LG 5 9GG5G D9GGC5G =FIM9FLG G
HJGFGE= A9 >GJ9 <9 =K>=J9 <9 LJ9FKALANA<9<= N=J:9D <=FMF;A9 G E=M AF
L=J=KK=
<=
IM=
9
L9AK
H=KKG9K
F]G
K=B9E
=FNA9<GK
;9JLg=K




7 85H=JC
89
DCGG9 v
=PHJAE=E
G
HGKKMA<GJ
*
E_<A;G
LGEGM
G
HMDKG 5C <G=FL=
LGEGM@<9 G
HMDKG
G=EA9 9K
;GKL9K
*
N9KG
H9JLAMK=A9 6(17

8 85H=JC
89
CD=B=VC v
=PHJAE=
9
GHAFA]G
<=
ME9
H=KKG9
*5F5
9@9 9
NA<9
<=N=
K=J
AFL=FK9E=FL=
NANA<9
*5F5
B_G =D9
_
9
;MDH9<9

 9D?MFK <=KL=K <9LANGK G N=D@G = ?J9F<= >ADeDG?G N=F=RM=D9FG

F<J=K
=DDG
;@9E9N9 85H=JCG
GIDXF:@ICG
$KLG =NA<=F;A9 IM= GK HJGFGE=K 9<N=J:A9AK YLGFGK =KH=;A9DE=FL= G
;9KG <G @<9 ;GEG KbE:GDG >GJE9D <G G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG ;G:J=E GMLJ9K >MF
^g=K
9D_E
<9IM=D9
<=
;GEHD=E=FL9^]G
N=J:9D
i) O complemento predicativo v 0E ?JMHG J=<MRA<G <= N=J:GK AF
L=?J9 G HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG 9;GEH9F@9<G <= GMLJG LAHG <= 9J?ME=FLG
N=J:9D ;GF@=;A<G H=DG FGE= <= 7CAD@9A9BHC DF98=75H=JC GM L]G KGE=FL=
DF98=75H=JC KL=K N=J:GK K= ;9J9;L=JAR9E HGJ ME9 J=>=JaF;A9 L]G N9?9 Z
J=9DA<9<= ;GEMFA;9<9 IM= >9R=E <G HJ=<A;9LANG ME 9J?ME=FLG H=DG 9K
H=;LG K=E[FLA;G EMALG E9AK AFLJAFK=;9E=FL= J=D9;AGF9<G ;GE G N=J:G <G
IM= GK <=E9AK AFL=?J9FL=K <G HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG GK ;GEHD=E=FLGK
<AJ=LG J=D9LANG = AF<AJ=LG = HGJL9<GJ <= J=>=JaF;A9 9 LJ9^GK =KK=F;A9AK <G
KMB=ALG
KL9 H=IM=F9 DAKL9 <= N=J:GK AF;DMA G9F 9GH5F :=75F D9FA5B979F
D5F979F = HGM;GK GMLJGK IM= 9H9J=;=E E9LAR9<GK K=E9FLA;9E=FL= H=DG
KA?FG
D_PA;G
IM=
>MF;AGF9
;GEG
HJ=<A;9LANG
*
LJ9:9D@G X HJGN=ALGKG
%9F=L= X EAF@9
AJE]
K
9D=?JA9K 9F5A H9KK9?=AJ9K
*
;_M 9GHR 9RMD9<G
*K
9J?ME=FLGK D9FA5B979F5A AF;GEHD=LGK

KALM9^]G D5F97=5 J=KGDNA<9
KK=K
DANJGK
F]G GVC K=MK

.= 9L=FL9JEGK H9J9 G 9KH=;LG >GJE9D LAJ9FL= G >=FfE=FG <9 ;GF

;GJ<[F;A9 <G HJ=<A;9LANG ;GE G KMB=ALG N=JA>A;9J=EGK IM= @Y HGFLGK <=
;GFL9LG =FLJ= =KL= HJ=<A;9LANG = G ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG 9 9E:GK E9LAR9E
9 =PL=FK]G K=E[FLA;9 <G N=J:G >MF;AGF9F<G ;GEG K=M <=DAEAL9FL= :



9H9J=;=E FGJE9D = AE=<A9L9E=FL= K=E HJ=HGKA^]G Z <AJ=AL9 <G N=J:G ;

K]G ;GEML9<GK HGJ HJGFGE= YLGFG 9AF<9 IM= <= E9F=AJ9 <A>=J=FL=
IM9F<G G N=J:G _ G9F 9GH5F :=75F D5F979F < = >AF9DE=FL= HGJIM=
EMAL9K <9K ;GFKLJM^g=K GJ9;AGF9AK ;GE HJ=<A;9LANG K]G =IMAN9D=FL=K F9
<=KA?F9^]G AKLG _ F9 J=>=JaF;A9 Z J=9DA<9<= ;GEMFA;9<9 K]G =IMAN9D=FL=K
9 GJ9^g=K ;GE N=J:GK IM= =PHJAE=E 9^]G = HJG;=KKG =KH=;A9DE=FL= K= G
N=J:G =KLY FG HJ=K=FL= *98FC X 75BHCF
*98FC 75BH5 ) 7C@9;5 9GHR =FF=H
58C
)
7C@9;5
=FF=H5G9
/9AK 9HJGPAE9^g=K D=N9J9E 9D?MFK =KLM<AGKGK 9 ;GFKA<=J9J IM= =E
GJ9^g=K <G LAHG @9 X A9I =FAVC A9I =FAVC HG<=JA9 A<=FLA>A;9JK= ;GE G
7CAD@9A9BHC 8=F9HC GMLJGK 9<GL9F<G 9 <AKLAF^]G AFKAKLA9E =E BMFL9J =K
K9K
<M9K
;GEG
N9JA9FL=K
>MF;AGF9AK
<ME9
Ke
>MF^]G
 HJAE=AJ9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<= >GJE9D IM= <AKLAF?M= G HJ=<A;9LANG <GK
<=E9AK 9J?ME=FLGK N=J:9AK _ 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 IM9F<G J=HJ=K=FL9<9 HGJ
9<B=LANG = 9D?MFK HJGFGE=K =E ?aF=JG = FhE=JG ;GE G KMB=ALG <9 GJ
9^]G
;GF>GJE=
<=EGFKLJ9E
GK
=P=EHDGK
9;AE9
 K=?MF<9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<= _ 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= ;GEML9^]G <G HJ=
<A;9LANG H=DG HJGFGE= AFN9JAYN=D C IM9DIM=J IM= K=B9 G ?aF=JG = G
FhE=JG <G Fh;D=G <G HJ=<A;9LANG IM= KM:KLALMA IM9F<G G N=J:G _ G9F 9G
H5F :=75F = D5F979F
*
LJ9:9D@G
_ DFCJ9=HCGC *
LJ9:9D@G C _
K
9D=?JA9K
=J9E D5GG5;9=F5G K
9D=?JA9K C =J9E
%9F=L=
_ A=B<5
=FAV %9F=L= C _

(9K

HJG>=KKGJ9
;GFLAFM9 8C9BH9 

HJG>=KKGJ9 C ;GFLAFM9

 L=J;=AJ9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<= _ 9 AEHGKKA:ADA<9<= <= K=J 9 GJ9^]G ;GE

L9AK N=J:GK ;GFKLJMb<9 F9 NGR H9KKAN9 ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE 9 IM= L=E ;GE
HD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG
 IM9JL9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<= _ 9 AF;GEH9LA:ADA<9<= <= 9H9J=;=J ;GE G
K=M
J=HJ=K=FL9FL=
AFN9JAYN=D C F9
E=KE9
GJ9^]G
!ADAH=
_ G=ADRH=7C !ADAH= C _ !ADAH= C _ G=ADRH=7C
19D=
9
H=F9
<AKLAF?MAJ
HJ=<A;9<G
N=J:9D
=
HJ=<A;9<G
FGEAF9D

2) Vale a pena distinguir predicado verbal e predicado nominal? v

/9D =KN9RA9E=FLG <G KA?FG D_PA;G J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ =KK=K N=J:GK =KN9RA9
E=FLG IM= K= KMHJ= ;GE G 9MPbDAG <= ME FGE= KM:KL9FLANG GM 9<B=LANG
= 9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<= <= ;GF;GJ<9J G HJ=<A;9LANG =E ?aF=JG = FhE=JG ;GE G
KMB=ALG D=N9J9E 9 ME9 <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= HJ=<A;9<G J9F65@ *98FC 75BH5 =



HJ=<A;9<G BCA=B5@ *98FC X 75BHCF '5F=5 X DFC:9GGCF5 G IM= AEHDA;9N9

J=LAJ9J <= L9AK N=J:GK G GH5HIG <= N=J:G v HGAK KM9 EAKK]G ?J9E9LA;9D K=
J=KLJAF?AJA9 9 xDA?9Jy <9b GK FGE=K <= 7CDI@5H=JCG 89 @=;5WVC GM F9@5
7=CB5=G IM= K= D@=K 9LJA:Mb9E G HJ=<A;9LANG 9G KMB=ALG  J=9DA<9<= ;GEM
FA;9<9 J=KA<AJA9 FG FGE= HJ=<A;9LANG = G N=J:G K=JA9 9H=F9K G E9J;9<GJ
<G L=EHG EG<G = 9KH=;LG <9 GJ9^]G *J9 <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 >MF;AGF9D =
>GJE9D L9AK N=J:GK 9HJ=K=FL9E LG<9K 9K ;GF<A^g=K F=;=KKYJA9K Z ;D9KK=
<GK N=J:GK AF;DMAF<GK= 9b GK EGJ>=E9K <= ?aF=JG FhE=JG H=KKG9
L=EHG = EG<G <9b 9;GEH9F@9JEGK F=KL= DANJG GK DAF?MAKL9K = ?J9EYLA;GK
IM= <=>=F<=E 9 F]G <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= G DF98=758C J9F65@ = G DF98=758C
BCA=B5@ AF;DMAF<G L9E:_E 9 <=KF=;=KKA<9<= <= <AKLAF?MAJ G DF98=758C
J9F6CBCA=B5@ 6 N  ;9H  = 7 /G<9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 IM= K= =K
L9:=D=;=
F9
GJ9^]G
L=E
HGJ
Fh;D=G
ME
N=J:G
GEG G KA?FG DAF?MbKLA;G IM= 9H9J=;= F9 >MF^]G <= HJ=<A;9LANG ;GK
LME9 K=J ME FGE= v KM:KL9FLANG GM 9<B=LANG v 9 LJ9<A^]G ?J9E9LA;9D H9K
KGM 9 <=KA?F9J BCA=B5@ 9 =KK= LAHG <= HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG H9J9 <A>=JADG
<GK GMLJGK ;@9E9<GK J9F65=G D_E <9 K=E J9R]G <=KK9 <A>=J=F^9 ;GF
>GJE= 9;9:9EGK <= N=J ;9:= D=E:J9J IM= >MF;AGF9E ;GEG HJ=<A;9LANG
GMLJ9K
;D9KK=K
<=
H9D9NJ9K
AF;DMKAN=
9<N_J:AGK
%G]G
_
E=M =FAVC
*
KGD
=KLY EI9BH9
*K
9J?ME=FLGK
;GFLAFM9E
GK A9GACG
D9
E9AK
H9J=;=
ME9 '5F=5
J5=
7CA
5G
CIHF5G
*K
NARAF@GK
=KL]G 69A
*K
BGN=FK
K]G 5GG=A
*
HJAEG
_ 8CG
BCGGCG

E=K9
H9J=;= 89
A589=F5
)eK
KGEGK 8C
(CFH9
K
HJGN9K
H9J=;=E 89
6C5G
:CBH9G
KLY H5F89
*
;GEHJGEAKKG
=KLY 89
DX
D9
=KL9N9 EI9
9GH5J5
*bservaes
 p '=N9<9 H=D9 =IMAN9DaF;A9 <G ;GFL=h<G <G H=FK9E=FLG <=KA?F9<G ;GE GJ
9^g=K <=;D9J9LAN9K IM= LaE HGJ Fh;D=G GK N=J:GK G9F 9GH5F GM GMLJG 9<=IM9<G Z
AFL=F^]G ;GEMFA;9LAN9 9 LJ9<A^]G L=E ;GFKA<=J9<G IM= @Y =DAHK= <= ME <= L9AK



N=J:GK =E =FMF;A9<GK ;GEG GK K=?MAFL=K ;GEMFK =E HJGN_J:AGK J=>J]GK ;DA;@aK

<G <AK;MJKG J=H=LA<G AKLG _ <= >eJEMD9K >GKKADAR9<9K <9 DbF?M9 GM 9 =D9K
9KKAEAD9<9K
/9D
H9A
L9D
>AD@G
9K9
<=
>=JJ=AJG
=KH=LG
<=
H9M
+GNG
=<M;9<G
HGNG
DAEHG
)9 J=9DA<9<= LJ9L9K= <= =P=EHDGK <= >J9K=K <= =KLJMLMJ9 :AE=E:J= <= IM=
>9D9J=EGK
E9AK
9<A9FL=
=E
IM=
F]G
@Y
F=;=KKA<9<=
<=
K=
9H=D9J
H9J9
=DAHK=
p GF>GJE= BY NAEGK ME E=KEG N=J:G HG<= K=J MK9<G <= E9F=AJ9 <A>=J=FL=
;GF>GJE=
9
J=9DA<9<=
;GEMFA;9<9
N=B9EGK
HGJ
=P=EHDG
G
N=J:G J=F5F
)
H9ADC
J=FCI MK9<G
FME
HJ=<A;9<G
KAEHD=K
AFLJ9FKALAN9E=FL=
) J9BHC J=FCI C 65F7C MK9<G FME HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG ;GE G 9J?ME=FLG
;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG C
65F7C
) J=N=B<C J=FCI :9F5 MK9<G FME HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG ;GE G 9J?ME=FLG
HJ=<A;9LANG :9F5

HGKA^]G
<G
HJ=<A;9LANG

3) A posio do predicativo v  ;GFKLJM^]G :YKA;9 <9 GJ9^]G 9HJ=K=FL9

G HJ=<A;9LANG Z <AJ=AL9 <G N=J:G '9I 5A=;C X =BH9@=;9BH9 (9K HG<= 9H
J=K=FL9J ME9 ;GFKLJM^]G <=JAN9<9 =E IM= G HJ=<A;9LANG K= 9FL=;AH9 =
9H9J=;= 9FL=K <G KMB=ALG .= G HJ=<A;9LANG _ J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ 9<B=LANG
F]G @Y <A>A;MD<9<= =E A<=FLA>A;YDG ;GEG L9D #BH9@=;9BH9 X A9I 5A=;C
=E IM= AFL=DA?=FL= 9H=K9J <= ;GDG;9JK= 9FL=K <G KMB=ALG A9I 5A=;C ;GF
LAFM9 9 =P=J;=J 9 >MF^]G <= HJ=<A;9LANG /G<9NA9 9 <A>A;MD<9<= HG<= KMJ
?AJ K= G KMB=ALG = G HJ=<A;9LANG =KL]G J=HJ=K=FL9<GK HGJ <GAK KM:KL9FLANGK
GM
ME
KM:KL9FLANG
=
ME
HJGFGE=
*
E=M
9EA?G
_
G
H9<JAF@G


*
H9<JAF@G
_
G
E=M
9EA?G
M
KGM
G
H9<JAF@G


*
H9<JAF@G
KGM
=M
%G]G
_
G
H9<JAF@G


*
H9<JAF@G
_
%G]G

+=DG =PH=<A=FL= <9 ;GEML9^]G HG<=EGK ;GE >9;ADA<9<= 9KKAF9D9J 9

;GJJ=L9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G BY IM= NAEGK IM= G HJ=<A;9LANG _ F=KK=K ;9KGK
;GEMLYN=D ;GE G HJGFGE= AFN9JAYN=D C IM9F<G F]G K= LJ9L9 <G N=J
<9<=AJG
HJ=<A;9LANG
9
;GEML9^]G
F]G
K=
EGKLJ9
F9LMJ9D
*
E=M
9EA?G
_
G
H9<JAF@G *
E=M
9EA?G
G
_
)
D58F=B<C
X
C
A9I
5A=;C )
D58F=B<C
C
X
M
KGM
G
H9<JAF@G M
G
KGM
)
D58F=B<C
GCI
9I )
D58F=B<C
C
GCI



%G]G
_
G
H9<JAF@G %G]G
G
_
)
D58F=B<C
X
$CVC )
D58F=B<C
C
X

W BMKL9E=FL= H=D9 ;GEML9^]G IM= FG =P=EHDG -9I CF;I@<C 9F5A CG

J9@<=B<CG >A;9EGK K9:=F<G IM= @GMN= 9H=F9K AFN=JK]G <G HJ=<A;9LANG *K
N=D@AF@GK C =J9E


.=M
GJ?MD@G C =J9
/AJ9EGK
9KKAE
<M9K
;GF;DMKg=K
AEHGJL9FL=K
H9J9
9
KAFL9P=
5 -9I
CF;I@<C
9F5A
CG
J9@<=B<CG _
ME9
;GFKLJM^]G
<=JAN9<9
<9
;GFKLJM^]G
:YKA;9 )G
J9@<=B<CG
9F5A
G9I
CF;I@<C
6
=E -9I
CF;I@<C
9F5A
CG
J9@<=B<CG G
N=J:G
;GF;GJ<9
;GE
K=M
N=J<9<=AJG GI>9=HC CG
J9@<=B<CG
=
F]G
;GE
G
HJ=<A;9LANG
G9I
CF;I@<C
61& 
7
AF<9 9 ;GEML9^]G N=E HfJ DMR 9 ME >9DKG HJG:D=E9 <= ;D9KKA
>A;9^]G KAFLYLA;9 <= 89N <CF5G F9 GJ9^]G <= >MF^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 F]G
J=>=JA<9
9
GJ9^]G
F]G
L=E
KMB=ALG -VC
89N
<CF5G
 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G ;GJJ=FL= _ 9LJA:MAJ 9 89N <CF5G 9 >MF^]G <= HJ=<A;9L
ANG GEG G N=J:G _ AEH=KKG9D = =KLY HGJ ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 9LJ9LAN9 FG
HDMJ9D L=EK=D@= HJGHGKLG 9 >MF^]G <= KMB=ALG *J9 9 ;GEML9^]G FGK
EGKLJ9
K=J
9
;D9KKA>A;9^]G
;GEG
HJ=<A;9LANG
9
hFA;9
HGKKbN=D
-VC
89N
<CF5G
j
-VCno

%9E9AK
G
K=FLAE=FLG
DAF?MbKLA;G
<G
>9D9FL=
9;=AL9JA9
;GEG
FGJE9D
-VC
89N
<CF5G
v
Elas GVC

;GEG
K=JA9
K=
G
KMB=ALG
>GKK= 89N
<CF5G
*MLJG
LAHG
<=
HJ=<A;9LANG
9F=PG
HJ=<A;9LANG

4) Outro tipo de predicativo: anexo predicativo v KK= <=L=JEAF9FL=

HJ=<A;9LANG F]G K= J=KLJAF?= Z J=>=JaF;A9 9G KMB=ALG =E GJ9^g=K ;GE G
;GF;MJKG <= N=J:GK ;GEG G9F 9GH5F :=75F =L; +G<= 9H9J=;=J =E HJ=<A;9
<GK KAEHD=K = ;GEHD=PGK ;GE G ;GF;MJKG <= N=J:GK GMLJGK <= 9^]G GM
HJG;=KKG J=>=JA<GK 9G KMB=ALG 9G ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG 9G ;GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG = 9G ;GEHD=E=FLG AF<AJ=LG L9DN=R J=KLJALG 9G N=J:G 7<5A5F z<9J
FGE={
D=
=KLM<GM 5H9BHC
D9
=KLM<GM 5H9BH5 HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
KMB=ALG
*K
LJ=FK
;@=?9J9E 5HF5G58CG HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
KMB=ALG
*
9M<ALeJAG
GMNAM
GK
;GF>=J=F;AKL9K 5H9BHC HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
KMB=ALG

HGDb;A9
=F;GFLJGM
9
HGJL9 5FFCA6585 HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG



=>AFAMK=
G
;9KG
;GEG =ADCGG[J9@ HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
KMB=ALG
6G 

7
/J9LGMK=
<9
IM=KL]G
;GEG =BGC@dJ9@
HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
;GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG
)eK
D@=
;@9EYN9EGK 8CIHCF HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
;GEHD=E=FLG
AF<AJ=LG

)]G _ J9JG NAJ G HJ=<A;9LANG HJ=;=<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G GM H9D9NJ9

=IMAN9D=FL=
/9;@GMG 89
@CI7C

E9AGJA9
LAF@9
G
J_M DCF GM 7CAC =BC79BH9
x%=KMK
H9J=;=K
<=K=FL=JJ9<G
=P;D9EGM
9KKMKL9<bKKAE9
9
HG:J=
EMD@=J
N=F<GG DR@=8C
9
89
C@<9=F5G ;9N9<9K
=
F=?J9Ky
!?


GE
G
N=J:G 7<5A5F HG<=EGK
<AR=J

@9E9J9EFG HC@C
89
HC@C
@9E9J9ED@= HC@C
89
HC@C

;GEH9F@9EK=
<=
HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG
GK
N=J:GK
9
IM=
KA?FA>A;9E
z;@9E9J{
=
zL=J
F9
;GFL9
<={ 7<5A5F 7CBG=89F5F
F9DIH5F >I@;5F GIDCF 897@5F5F =BH=HI@5F 7F9F 9GH=A5F H9F =
<5J9F DCF 85F = HCA5F
DCF
=L; 
: 89=L5F J9F CIJ=F 9B7CBHF5F
=E
;GFKLJM^g=K
<G
LAHG
1AMG J=JC
9
:CFH9
=AP=AG 89
75A5 =
=F;GFLJ=AG G5F58C

+G<= G HJ=<A;9LANG IM= =PHJAE= J=KMDL9<G GM ;GFK=IMaF;A9 <G HJG

;=KKG
N=J:9D
AF<A;9J
9
KALM9^]G
9FL=JAGJ
=
9
IM=
J=KMDL9
<9
EM<9F^9
*
K=;J=LYJAG
H9KKGM
%GK_ 89
5IL=@=5F
5
7<9:9

t K=E=D@9F^9 <G HJ=<A;9LANG =E HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG ;GE G9F 9G

H5F =L;  =KK= 9J?ME=FLG ;GF;GJ<9 =E ?aF=JG = FhE=JG ;GE G Fh;D=G
J=>=JA<G = HGJ AKKG L=E E=J=;A<G =E EMALGK 9MLGJ=K 9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G <=
DF98=75H=JC
LG<9NA9
@Y
=FLJ=
GK
<GAK
HJ=<A;9LANGK
<A>=J=F^9K
9
_
FGJE9DE=FL=
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ
ME
9<B=LANG
=FIM9FLG
G
GMLJG
LAHG
<=
HJ=<A;9LANG
HG<=
NAJ
=PHJ=KKG
HGJ
9<B=LANG
KM:KL9FLANG
HJGFGE=
9<N_J:AG
=L; 
:
=KL=
hDLAEG
<=L=JEAF9FL=
9HJ=K=FL9K=
FME9
J=D9^]G
K=E[FLA;9
AFL=JE_<A9
=FLJ=
9
J=9DA<9<=
;GEMFA;9<9
H=DG
N=J:G
=
ME9
IM9D
A>A;9^]G
9G
KA?FG
D=PA;9D
Fh;D=G
<G
KMB=ALG
GM
<G
;GEHD=E=FLG
N=J:9D



;
HGJ
=KK9
E9AGJ
>JGMPA<]G
J=D9;AGF9D
;GE
G
N=J:G
HG<=
K=J
KMHJAEA<G
K=E
HJGNG;9J
ME9
;GFKLJM^]G
9?J9E9LA;9D
@9
X
9GHI8=CGC

@9
X @9
9GHI8CI
5H9BHC
@9
9GHI8CI )
5I8=H_F=C
CIJ=I
CG
7CB:9F9B7=GH5G
5H9BHC
)
5I8=H_F=C
CIJ=I
CG
7CB:9F9B7=GH5G

<
9G
;GFLJYJAG
<GK
GMLJGK
HJ=<A;9LANGK
=KK=
<=L=JEAF9FL=
F]G
HG<=
K=J
;GEML9<G
H=DG
HJGFGE=
AFN9JAYN=D C
E9K
HGJ
ME
9<N_J:AG
;GEG 5GG=A
D=
=KLM<GM
9L=FLG


D=
=KLM<GM 5GG=A


D9
=KLM<GM 5GG=A

HGDb;A9
=F;GFLJGM
9
HGJL9
9JJGE:9<9



HGDb;A9
=F;GFLJGM
9
HGJL9
5GG=A

=
=KK9
J=D9^]G
;GE
ME9
H9D9NJ9
<=
F9LMJ=R9
9<N=J:A9D
5GG=A
H=JEAL=
9
KM:KLALMA^]G
<G
9<B=LANG
HGJ
9<N_J:AG
J=KMDL9F<G
<9b
GJ9^g=K
=IMAN9D=FL=K
F9
<=KA?F9^]G
D=
=KLM<GM
9L=FLG


D=
=KLM<GM
9L=FL9E=FL=
*
9M<ALeJAG
GMNAM
GK
;GF>=J=F;AKL9K
9L=FLG


*
9M<ALeJAG
GMNAM
GK
;GF>=J=F;AKL9K
9L=FL9E=FL=

/9AK <A>=J=F^9K D=N9J9E 9D?MFK 9MLGJ=K 9 <9J GMLJ9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G 9

HJ=<A;9LANGK <=KK9 F9LMJ=R9 .9A< DA ;@9EGMD@=K 5B9LC DF98=75H=JC =
;J=EGK IM= K= @GMN=J F=;=KKA<9<= <= <9J FGE=K <A>=J=FL=K 9 L9AK HJ=<A;
9LANGK 9 =PHJ=KK]G HG<= K=J MLADAR9<9 K HJGHGKL9K DF98=75H=JC 5HF=6IH=JC
GM 5HF=6IHC DF98=75H=JC L9E:_E ;GJJ=E =E :GFK 9MLGJ=K 6&  
.' 
7
+G<=K= N9JA9J 9 ;GFKLJM^]G =E IM= =FLJ9 =KK= K=?MF<G LAHG <=
HJ=<A;9LANG LJ9FKHGF<GG H9J9 BMFLG <G L=JEG J=>=JA<G ;9KG =E IM= K=
HJG>=J= ;GE :J=N= H9MK9 GM ;GE H9MK9 E9AK DGF?9 F=KL= hDLAEG ;9KG
MK9K=
NbJ?MD9
F9
DbF?M9
=K;JAL9
*K
JAGK
;GJJA9E
KGFGJGKGK
*K
JAGK
KGFGJGKGK
;GJJA9E
.GFGJGKGK
;GJJA9E
GK
JAGK
*K
JAGK
KGFGJGKGK
;GJJA9E
*bservao )G =P=EHDG )G F=CG GCBCFCGCG 7CFF=5A HG<=EGK N=J =E GCBCF
CGCG L9FLG ME 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D <= F=CG ;GEG ME HJ=<A;9LANG <G KMB=ALG  AF
L=F^]G ;GEMFA;9LAN9 <G >9D9FL= GM =K;JALGJ IM9F<G HGKKbN=D <=H=F<=JY <G K=F
LA<G L=PLM9D IM= K=JY J=K?9L9<G E=<A9FL= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 <G L=PLG GM 9FYDAK= ?J9E9L
A;9D +9J9 G J=KHGFKYN=D H=DG ;GFL=h<G <G H=FK9E=FLG <=KA?F9<G F]G @Y =KK9



9E:A?MA<9<= HGJIM= ;GEG <AR GK=JAM xGK >9D9FL=K AFLM=E = ;GF@=;=E <=L=JE
AF9<9K
J=D9^g=K
=FLJ=
H9J9<A?E9K
<AN=JKGK
<=
KM9
DbF?M9y
6 K 
7

=FLJG <=KL9 >MF^]G <G HJ=<A;9LANG HG<=EGK AF;DMAJ G <=L=JEAF9FL=

IM= <=FGL9 G xL=EHG @AHeL=K= ;GF;=KK]G ;9MK9 ;GEH9J9^]G GM <=
:9APG <= IM= J=KH=ALG _ ;GFKA<=J9<9 9 H=KKG9 GM ;GMK9y F9 _HG;9 J=>=JA<9
H=D9
J=D9^]G
HJ=<A;9LAN9
6  
:7
{.L9EGK
=E
HD=FG
E9J
GM<G
FG
=KH9^G
JAF;9
G
DM9J
v 8CIF585
6CF6C@9H5 6N 
 7
AKLG
_
x;GEG
<GMJ9<9
:GJ:GD=L9
x,5=B<5 =KIM=;=
G
IM=
KG>J=M J5GG5@5y
6G7
AKLG
_
x;GEG
J9AF@9
=KIM=;=
G
IM=
KG>J=M
IM9F<G
N9KK9D9y

/9E:_E =KK=K HJ=<A;9LANGK HG<=E NAJ AFLJG<MRA<GK HGJ HJ=HGKA^]G

GM
9<N_J:AG
GM
H9D9NJ9K
=E
>MF^]G
=IMAN9D=FL=
A J9H9R
<ARA9
N=J<9<=K
IM= EI5B8C
J9@<C KAD=F;AGM
I85N  +I=LCH9 =D=
=FLJGM
F9
<AK;MKK]G
+I5B8C *F9G=89BH9 =KIM=;=MK=
<9K
HJGE=KK9K 7CAC
75B8=85HC

*K =P=EHDGK 9;AE9 HG<=E K=J J==K;JALGK K=E GK AFKLJME=FLGK

N=J:9AK AFLJG<MLeJAGK IM9F<G =KK=K HJ=<A;9LANGK Z EG<9 D9LAF9 =EHJ=KL9E
9G =FMF;A9<G ;=JL9 =F=J?A9 = =D=?[F;A9 )=KL= ;9KG K]G E9J;9<GK HGJ
H9MK9 9AF<9 IM= :J=N= FG =P=EHDG 9;AE9 <= 9KLJG DN=K 9 H9MK9 _ AF
<A;9<9 ?J9>A;9E=FL= H=DG LJ9N=KK]G =FIM9FLG FG <= G;9?= F]G @Y KAF9D
<= HGFLM9^]G 9AF<9 IM= 9 H9MK9 =PAKL9 H9J9 IM= F5=B<5 F]G K=B9 HJG>=JA<G
;GE 9 DAF@9 E=De<A;9 A?M9D Z IM= G E9J;9JA9 ;GEG KMB=ALG <= 9GEI979 *
K=?MAFL= =P=EHDG <= ^9 <= ,M=AJeK _ :GE L=KL=EMF@G <=KK= LAHG <= HJ=
<A;9LANG E9J;9<G HGJ H9MK9 H9J9 <AKLAF?MADG <G 9<B=LANG ;GE >MF^]G <=
9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D G:K=JN= IM= 9 H9MK9 E9J;9<9 HGJ NbJ?MD9 _ <=;AKAN9
H9J9
L9D
<AKLAF^]G
(9K
GK
E=K=K
H9KK9J9E
F9IM=D9
NA<9
<=
ME9
J=?MD9JA<9<=
LJAKL=
<=
HaF<MDG
=FLJ=
9
;9K9
=
9
>9JEY;A9
=
G
?JGKKG
DANJG
=F;9<=JF9<G
GF<=
=D=
<=NA9
;GHA9J
GK GA5@H9G
9
$_=5G
H=JE9F=;A9
9AF<9
IM9K=
LG<G
:J9F;G
'Y
=KL9N9E
GK
LJaK
HG=E9K
IM=
G *9BG5A9BHC 9;GD@=J9
):X@=5

H= v
IM=
=J9
9
FAF@9K
.=JJ9F9 5A585 v
= 'I@<9F
89
'RF
ACF9 v
IM=
=J9
9
FAF@9K
.=JJ9F9 C8=585
6 , 
7
*bservaes
 p '=N9<GK H=D9 =IMAN9DaF;A9 <=KA?F9LAN9 9D?MFK 9MLGJ=K HJ=>=J=E ;GFKA<=J9J
;GEG K= >GKK=E GJ9^g=K 9:J=NA9<9K K=E N=J:G =PHDb;ALG GK HJ=<A;9LANGK



AFLJG<MRA<GK HGJ 7CAC EI5B8C DCFEI9 HGJ ;GFKA<=JYDGK F=KL=K ;9KGK ;GFBMF
^g=K
KM:GJ<AF9LAN9K
,M9F<G
+J=KA<=FL= ,M9F<G
=J9
+J=KA<=FL=
p P=EHDGK
;GEG
G
BY
;AL9<G
*K
JAGK
KGFGJGKGK
;GJJA9E
9HJGPAE9E
>GJE9DE=FL=
=KL=
LAHG
<=
9F=PG
HJ=<A;9LANG
*
AF>AFALANG
=
G
?=JhF<AG
;GEG
HJ=<A;9LANG

5) O infinitivo e o gerndio como predicativo  v %Y LAN=EGK GHGJ

LMFA<9<= <= N=J IM= G AF>AFALANG ;GEG >GJE9 FGEAF9D <G N=J:G >MF;AGF9
L9E:_E
;GEG
KM:KL9FLANG +I9F9F
X
DC89F G7F9J9F
X
IA
5HC
89
7I@HIF5
E CBJXA DF9GH5F 5H9BWVC 5CG 7CBG9@<CG DF9GH5F 5H9BWVC 5CG
7CBG9@<CG =E IM= G AF>AFALANG _ Fh;D=G <= ME HJ=<A;9<G ;GEHD=PG ;GE
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
65H9BWVC7
=
AF<AJ=LG
65CG
7CBG9@<CG7
>MF;AGF9
MFAL9JA9E=FL=
;GEG
KMB=ALG
=PHDb;ALG
<G
Fh;D=G 7CBJXA
E 09>C 56F=F 5 DCFH5 G AF>AFALANG ;GE K=M G:B=LG <AJ=LG 56F=F 5
DCFH5
>MF;AGF9
MFAL9JA9E=FL=
;GEG
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
<G
Fh;D=G J9>C J9>CC
(9K =E =FMF;A9<GK <G LAHG )IWC GCDF5F C J9BHC GM 09>C 7F9G79F 5G
RFJCF9G 9H=K9J <= K=J=E 9H9J=FL=E=FL= 9FYDG?GK 9GK 9FL=JAGJ=K L=EGK
GMLJ9K ;GFKLJM^g=K =E IM= =FLJ9E ;GEG Fh;D=G N=J:GK IM= KA?FA>A;9E
9LGK E=FL9AK <= H=J;=H^]G =E:GJ9 GK ;GFBMFLGK GCDF5F C J9BHC GM 7F9G
79F 5G RFJCF9G HGKK9E K=J ;GEML9<GK HGJ HJGFGE=K 9<N=J:9AK YLGFGK
*M^GC = 1=BG5G *K KM:KL9FLANGK J9BHC = RFJCF9G F]G >MF;AGF9E
;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG <G AF>AFALANG E9K KAE <GK Fh;D=GK CIWC = J9>C J9R]G
HGJ IM= K]G ;GEML9<GK HGJ HJGFGE=K 9<N=J:9AK YLGFGK )IWCC  G
N=FLG GCDF5F = J9>C5G  9K YJNGJ=K 7F9G79F =E ;MBG HJG;=<AE=FLG F]G
K=
AF;DM=E
GK
AF>AFALANGK GCDF5F = 7F9G79F
?GJ9
K=
;GEH9J9JEGK
9K
;GFKLJM^g=K
=KLM<9<9K
9FL=K
F;GFLJGM
9
HGJL9
9JJGE:9<9

=E IM= 5FFCA6585 >MF;AGF9 ;GEG HJ=<A;9LANG <G G:B=LG <AJ=LG DCFH5 =

=E IM= ;GEML9F<G =KL= G:B=LG <AJ=LG HGJ HJGFGE= 9<N=J:9D YLGFG
L=J=EGK
F;GFLJ=A9
9JJGE:9<9

GF<=
G
HJ=<A;9LANG 5FFCA6585 F]G
>A;9
AF;DMb<G
F9
>MF^]G
<= 5

F9DG?9E=FL=
FGK
FGKKGK
=P=EHDGK
*M^GG
KGHJ9J
1=BG9K
;J=K;=J

 

GK AF>AFALANGK >MF;AGF9E ;GEG EG<A>A;9<GJ=K <GK J=KH=;LANGK HJGFGE=K

9<N=J:9AK
=
>MF;AGF9E
;GEG
K=MK
HJ=<A;9LANGK
=KL9 E9F=AJ9 F]G ;9:= >9D9J 9IMA <= xKMB=ALGy <= AF>AFALANG =P=J
;A<G
HGJ J9BHC = RFJCF9G F9K
;GFKLJM^g=K
*M^G
KGHJ9J
G
N=FLG

*M^G
G
N=FLG
KGHJ9J
1=BG
;J=K;=J
9K
YJNGJ=K

1=BG
9K
YJNGJ=K
;J=K;=J

 9F9DG?A9 K= <=N= 9G >9LG <= J9BHC = RFJCF9G K=J=E F9 9FYDAK= <G

;GFL=h<G K=E[FLA;G 5;9BH9 <9 9^]G <9 9LANA<9<= H=J;=:A<9 ;GEG =E )
J9BHC GCDF5 = G RFJCF9G 7F9G79A G IM= F]G IM=J <AR=J IM= F9IM=D=K =P
=EHDGK =P=J^9E 9 >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 <= KMB=ALG +GJ AKKG =E )IWC GCDF5F
C J9BHC = 09>C 7F9G79F 5G RFJCF9G G FGJE9D _ IM= F]G K= HJ=;AK= >D=PAGF9J
G AF>AFALANG BY IM= J9BHC = RFJCF9G F]G >MF;AGF9E ;GEG KMB=ALG <= GCDF5F
= 7F9G79F
-=H9J=K= IM= 9G ;GEML9J G G:B=LG <AJ=LG <G Fh;D=G CIWC GM J9>C
K= L=E <= <=AP9J Z H9JL= G AF>AFALANG IM= ;GEG NAEGK >MF;AGF9 ;GEG
HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG J9BHC GM RFJCF9G
*M^G
G
N=FLG
KGHJ9J
*M^GG
KGHJ9J
1=BG
9K
YJNGJ=K
;J=K;=J 1=BG9K
;J=K;=J

/9D
;GEG
G;GJJ=M
;GE
F;GFLJGM
9
HGJL9
9JJGE:9<9 F;GFLJGM9
9JJGE:9<9

.= ;GEG NAEGK F]G K= HG<= >9D9J F=KL=K ;9KGK <= xKMB=ALGy <= AF
>AFALANG L9E:_E _ AEHJeHJAG 9>AJE9J IM= L9AK KM:KL9FLANGK K]G xG:B=LG
<AJ=LGy
<G
Fh;D=G CIWC GM J9>C =
9G
E=KEG
L=EHG
xKMB=ALGy
<G
AF>AFALANG

;GF;GJ<[F;A9
IM=
HG<=
9H9J=;=J
=E
*M^G
KGHJ9J=E
GK
N=FLGK
*M^G
GK
N=FLGK
KGHJ9J=E
1=BG
;J=K;=J=E
9K
YJNGJ=K
1=BG
9K
YJNGJ=K
;J=K;=J=E

K= <=N= Z 9FYDAK= <G ;GFL=h<G K=E[FLA;G <9 =IMAN9DaF;A9 F9 <=KA?F9^]G

AKLG
_
F9
J=>=JaF;A9
Z
J=9DA<9<=
H=J;=:A<9
;GE
*M^G
IM=
GK
N=FLGK
KGHJ9E
1=BG
IM=
9K
YJNGJ=K
;J=K;=E

=E
IM= J9BHCG = RFJCF9G K]G
9?=FL=K
=
9?GJ9
L9E:_E
KMB=ALGK

 <A>=J=F^9 =FLJ= G 5;9BH9 <9 9FYDAK= K=E[FLA;9 = G KMB=ALG <9 9FYD
AK= ?J9E9LA;9D <9 =KLJMLMJ9 KAFLYLA;9 _ ;GEH9JYN=D Z IM= G;GJJ= =FLJ= G
D57=9BH9 <9 9FYDAK= K=E[FLA;9 = G GI>9=HC <9 ;GFKLJM^]G KAFLYLA;9 J=>D=PAN9
=E Ke IM= 9IMA 9 DbF?M9 H9<J]G 9AF<9 F]G 9?9K9D@GM G J=KMDL9<G <G
HJG;=<AE=FLG




DM?9EK=
;9K9K
DM?9K=
;9K9K

+=DG E=KEG =>=ALG <9 =IMAN9DaF;A9 F9 <=KA?F9^]G _ IM= 9H9J=;= G

HJAE=AJG N=J:G FG KAF?MD9J IM9F<G K= ;GE:AF9 ;GE G HJGFGE= J=>D=PANG
K= HJG;=<AE=FLG IM= F9 9FYDAK= ?J9E9LA;9D H9KK9 GK 9FLA?GK G:B=LGK
<AJ=LGK CIWC CG J9BHCG
J9>C 5G RFJCF9G 9 KMB=ALG <G K=FLA<G H9KKANG <9
FGN9
;GFKLJM^]G
*MN=K=
KGHJ9J
GK
N=FLGK

*MN=K=
GK
N=FLGK
KGHJ9J
1aK=
;J=K;=J
9K
YJNGJ=K

1aK=
9K
YJNGJ=K
;J=K;=J

/J9L9K= 9IMA <= ;GF;GJ<[F;A9K L]G AJJ=?MD9J=K Z DMR <9 9FYDAK= ?J9
E9LA;9D
=
<9
LJ9<A^]G
<9
DbF?M9
=P=EHD9J
IM9FLG
9K
IM=
G;GJJ=E
=E
DM?9K=
;9K9K
1=F<=K=
9H9JL9E=FLGK

E DM?9J <G AF>AFALANG =E >MF^]G <= HJ=<A;9LANG HG<= 9H9J=;=J G

;9FdB8=C
IM9F<G
_
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ
KA?FG
D_PA;G
IM=
<=FGL=
9LANA<9<=
*M^G
G
N=FLG
KGHJ9F<G
1=BG
9K
YJNGJ=K
;J=K;=F<G
x)G
=FL9FLG
GMNA9
6=M7
9K
F=?J9K
>9D9F<G
<9
EGJL=
<=D=
;GE
H9NGJy
6%' 
7

t K=E=D@9F^9 <9 ;GFKLJM^]G ;GE AF>AFALANG 9 <= ?=JhF<AG F9

J=>=JaF;A9
Z
J=9DA<9<=
H=J;=:A<9
HG<=
K=J
KM:KLALMb<9
H=D9
<=
J=D9LANG
*M^G
G
N=FLG
IM=
KGHJ9
1=BG
9K
YJNGJ=K
IM=
;J=K;=E
x.M:AL9E=FL=
9
;@MN9
>MKLA?GM
9K
NA<J9^9K
G
HJAE=AJG
:G>9J
<G
N=FLG
>=R
J9E9D@9J
9K
YJNGJ=K
E=A9K
;9DN9K
= G9BH=C
EI9
G9
56=GA5J5 <=
:9APG
<9K
9J;9JA9K
<=
H=<J9y
6# 
$
7

 E=KE9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<= K= J=H=L= ;GE 9=G IM= JA?GJGK9E=FL= K=

9;GEH9F@9
<=
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
x
9H=F9K
GK
HJAE=AJGK
J9AGK
<=
KGD
>9RA9E
J=DMRAJ
9K
9JE9KK=E=D
@9FL=K
FG
:JAD@G
LJaEMDG
9G
9DN=B9J
<9
?=9<9 9=@5G IM=
H9J=;A9E
JGD9JK=
H=D9K
=F;GKL9K y
6# 
$
 7
*
;GEHD=E=FLG
9?=FL=
x9?=FL=
<9
H9KKAN9y

6) O complemento agente (agente da passiva) v 0E LAHG <= L=JEG 9J

?ME=FL9D F]G G:JA?9LeJAG _ G IM= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D ;@9E9 5;9BH9
85 D5GG=J5 ;9J9;L=JAR9K= HGJ K=J ME L=JEG HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G E9J;9<G H=D9




HJ=HGKA^]G DCF = E9AK J9J9E=FL= HGJ 89 ;GE N=J:GK =EHJ=?9<GK ;GEG
LJ9FKALANGK
<AJ=LGK
F9
;@9E9<9
NGR
GM
;GFKLJM^]G
H9KKAN9
*K
=P=J;b;AGK
>GJ9E
>=ALGK DCF
$CGX
*
J_M
_
;GF<=F9<G D9@C
>dF=

/9D ;GEHD=E=FLG <= 9?=FL= HG<= K=J GH;AGF9D HGAK K]G ;GFKLJM^g=K
?J9E9LA;9DE=FL=
;GJJ=L9K
*K
=P=J;b;AGK
>GJ9E
>=ALGK
*
J_M
_
;GF<=F9<G

 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D L=E HGKLG =KL= 9?=FL= =FLJ= GK ;GEHD=E=F

LGK N=J:9AK =E NAKL9 <= K=M J=D9;AGF9E=FLG ;GE G KMB=ALG = ;GE G ;GE
HD=E=FLG <AJ=LG GE G KMB=ALG HGJIM= F9 LJ9FK>GJE9^]G <9 =KLJMLMJ9
H9KKAN9
Z
=KLJMLMJ9
9LAN9
G
;GEHD=E=FLG
9?=FL=
H9KK9
9
KMB=ALG
*K
=P=J;b;AGK
>GJ9E
>=ALGK DCF
$CGX
$CGX >=R
GK
=P=J;b;AGK

GE G ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG HGJIM= =FIM9FLG =KL= N=E =PA?A<G

H=D9 ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9 ?J9E9LA;9D <9 ;GFKLJM^]G 9LAN9 G 9?=FL= G _ <9 ;GF
KLJM^]G
H9KKAN9
E ?=J9D G ;GEHD=E=FLG <= 9?=FL= 9HJ=K=FL9 G LJ9^G K=E[FLA;G
5B=A58C ;GEG J=N=D9E FGK =P=EHDGK 9;AE9 $CGX DCF $CGX = >dF=
D9@C
>dF=
,M9F<G F]G @Y G LJ9^G 5B=A58C HG<= 9HJ=K=FL9J G LJ9^G DCH9BH9
J=HJ=K=FL9<G D=PA;9DE=FL= HGJ FGE= <= ;GAK9 E9K ;9H9R <= HJ9LA;9J GM
>9R=J
<=K=FNGDN=J
ME9
9^]G
;GEG
FGK
=P=EHDGK
K=?MAFL=K
6+ 
7
*
E=FAFG
>GA
9LJGH=D9<G D9@C
aB=6IG
9G7C@5F
*K
9DHAFAKL9K
>GJ9E
KMJHJ==F<A<GK D9@C
J9B85J5@

AKK=EGK IM= G ;GEHD=E=FLG <= 9?=FL= HG<= NAJ AFLJG<MRA<G H=D9

HJ=HGKA^]G 89 ;GFKLJM^]G E9AK ;GEME =E GMLJGK L=EHGK <9 @AKLeJA9 <G
HGJLM?MaK = 9AF<9 MK9<G DAL=J9JA9E=FL= FG HGJLM?MaK ;GFL=EHGJ[F=G 89
=KLY HJ9LA;9E=FL= J=KLJALG 9 MFA<9<=K D_PA;9K IM= =PHJAE=E K=FLAE=FLGK
GM
E9FA>=KL9^g=K
<=
K=FLAE=FLGK
D9
_
=KLAE9<9 89
HC8CG
*
HJG>=KKGJ
F]G
>GA
=KIM=;A<G 8CG
5@IBCG

)=E LG<G L=JEG AFLJG<MRA<G H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G DCF >MF;AGF9 ;GEG

;GEHD=E=FLG <= 9?=FL= HJAF;AH9DE=FL= K= 9HJ=K=FL9 G LJ9^G BVC 5B=A
58C J=>=J=FL= 9 ME9 ;GAK9 IM9F<G <=N= K=J ;D9KKA>A;9<G ;GEG 9<BMFLG
;AJ;MFKL9F;A9D <= ;9MK9 GM E=AG )=KL= ;9KG DCF _ ;GEMLYN=D HGJ GMLJ9



HJ=HGKA^]G H =P  7CA GM HGJ DG;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K <G LAHG DCF 75IG5

89 DCF
A9=C
89 9A
J=FHI89
89 =
=IMAN9D=FL=K
*
9JLAKL9
>GA
=DG?A9<G D9@5
GI5
HX7B=75
!A;9J9E
9:GJJ=;A<GK D9@5G
:5@G5G
DFCA9GG5G
*K
D9<Jg=K
>GJ9E
=F;GFLJ9<GK D9@5
89BdB7=5
5BaB=A5

E L9AK =P=EHDGK 9 =PH=JAaF;A9 ;GEMFA;9<9 =E D9@5G :5@G5G

DFCA9GG5G = D9@5 89BdB7=5 5BaB=A5 HG<= K=J =PHJ=KK9 E=<A9FL= GMLJ9
;GFKLJM^]G
!A;9J9E
9:GJJ=;A<GK 7CA DCF
75IG5
89 5G :5@G5G
DFCA9GG5G
*K
D9<Jg=K
>GJ9E
=F;GFLJ9<GK 9A
J=FHI89
89 ;F5W5G
5 89BdB7=5
5BaB=A5

)]G _ HGJL9FLG 9 J=D9^]G KAFLYLA;9 E9K G ;GFL=PLG =E IM= K= =F

IM9<J9 9 =PH=JAaF;A9 ;GEMFA;9<9 IM= AJY J=KGDN=J K= K= LJ9L9 <= ME ;GE
HD=E=FLG
<=
9?=FL=
GM
<=
9<BMFLG
;AJ;MFKL9F;A9D
GM
9<N=J:A9D
 ;GFKLJM^]G <AL9 xH9KKAN9 HJGFGEAF9Dy GM xH9KKAN9 J=>D=P9y <=
FGEAF9^g=K E=D@GJ=K IM= xH9KKAN9 KAFL_LA;9y F]G K= 9;GEH9F@9 FG HGJ
LM?MaK ;GFL=EHGJ[F=G <G ;GEHD=E=FLG <= 9?=FL= ;GEG 9;GFL=;= F9
;@9E9<9
;GFKLJM^]G
H9KKAN9
;GE
9MPADA9J

H9JLA;bHAG
NAKL9
9L_
9IMA



GJ9^g=K ME KMB=ALG 5 9EI=D9 ME Fh;D=G N=J:9D = ME L=JEG IM= Z

E9F=AJ9 <GK HJ=<A;9LANGK ;GF;GJ<9 =E FhE=JG ;GE G Fh;D=G <9 GJ9^]G
G N=J:G = =E ?aF=JG = FhE=JG ;GE G KMB=ALG =PHDb;ALG 9 <AKLAF^]G J=
HGMK9 9H=F9K FG LJ9^G K=E[FLA;G z9LANG{ <G D=P=E9 J9B798CF5 =E
GHGKA^]G
9G
LJ9^G
K=E[FLA;G
zH9KKANG{
<G
D=P=E9 J9B7=8C
+G<=JK=A9 G:B=L9J ;GFLJ9 L9D A<=FLA>A;9^]G <GK <GAK L=JEGK G >9LG
<= HG<=J D=N9J G H9JLA;bHAG J9B7=8C 9G ;GFLJYJAG <G HJ=<A;9LANG ;GEG
J9B798CF5 ME9 =PH9FK]G HJ=HGKA;AGF9<9 xIM= K= J=>=J= F9 J=9DA<9<= 9G
9?=FL= <9 9LANA<9<= <=KA?F9<9 H=DG KA?FG D_PA;G <G H9JLA;bHAGy 6' 
7
9H=K9J
<G
H9J9D=DAKEG
<9
=KLJMLMJ9
KAFLYLA;9
0E 9J?ME=FLG >GJL= =E >9NGJ <= ;GFKA<=J9J G H9JLA;bHAG ;GEG 9<
B=LANG = 9KKAE F9 >MF^]G <= HJ=<A;9LANG F9 ;GFKLJM^]G <AL9 xNGR H9K
KAN9y _ 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= ;GEML9^]G <G H9JLA;bHAG H=DG HJGFGE= AFN9J
AYN=D C v
;GEG
G;GJJ=
;GE
G
KA?FG
D_PA;G
F9
>MF^]G
<=
HJ=<A;9LANG

=IMAH=
_ J9B798CF5

=IMAH=
_ J9B7=85

=IMAH=
_ J9B7=85 H=DG
9<N=JKYJAG

*;GJJ= G E=KEG K= K= LJ9L9 <= 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D <= ;9MK9 GM E=AG

=
F]G
<=
;GEHD=E=FLG
<=
9?=FL=

HJ=KK]G
_ 7CBHFC@585 ;GE
J=E_<AGK
J=E_<AGK
*
9JLAKL9
>GA 9@C;=58C H=D9
KM9
L_;FA;9
L_;FA;9

09B89AG9
75G5G

* ;GEHD=E=FLG <= 9?=FL= HG<= 9H9J=;=J BMFLG 9 KM:KL9FLANG GM 9<

B=LANG ;GFKLALMb<G HGJ ME KA?FG D_PA;G J=>=JA<G 9 ME HJG;=KKG GM 9^]G
;GEG 5GG5@HC J=H_F=5 89FFCH5
=L;
*
9KK9DLG D9@C
DF=A9=FC
65H5@<VC >GA
<=;AKANG
*
<=JJGL9<G D9@C
7CB7CFF9BH9 9;@GM
BMKL9
9
;D9KKA>A;9^]G


=IMAH= C _

=IMAH= C _

=IMAH= C _
H=DG
9<N=JKYJAG


HJ=KK]G C _
;GE
*
9JLAKL9 C >GA
H=D9
KM9

!A;9 9KKAE 9G 9F9DAKL9 GHL9J HGJ ME9 <9K <M9K E9F=AJ9K 9H=K9J
<GK >GJL=K 9J?ME=FLGK =E >9NGJ <9 KGDM^]G ;GEG HJ=<A;9LANG )=KL= DAN
JG
HGJ
EGLAN9^]G
<A<YLA;9
K=?MAEGK
9
9FYDAK=
;GEG
H9KKAN9
*K
<=L=JEAF9FL=K
;AJ;MFKL9F;A9AK
GM
9<N=J:A9AK

GFKLJM^]G
H9KKAN9
=
G
HJ=<A;9LANG

7) Construo passiva e o predicativo v +9JLAF<G <G >9LG <= IM= 9 J=9D

A<9<= ;GEMFA;9<9 F9K GJ9^g=K  75G5 9GHR 9GD5WCG5 =  75G5 9GHR
D=BH585 9HGFL9 9G KMB=ALG 5 75G5 ME 9LJA:MLG EMALGK =KLM<AGKGK F]G
N==E J9R]G <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G KAFLYLA;9 H9J9 <AKLAF?MAJ G 9<B=LANG 9GD5WCG5
;GEG HJ=<A;9LANG <G KMB=ALG = G KA?FG D_PA;G D=BH585 ;GEG N=J:G F9
>GJE9 <= H9JLA;bHAG *J9 BY K9:=EGK IM= ME H9JLA;bHAG N=J:9D HG<= >MF
;AGF9J ;GEG 9<B=LANG  <A>A;MD<9<= <=KL9 <AKLAF^]G >A;9 9AF<9 E9AK
FGLYN=D IM9F<G ;GEH9J9EGK  9EI=D9 X J9B798CF5 =  9EI=D9 X J9B7=85
=E IM= F]G @9N=F<G F=F@ME9 <A>=J=F^9 F9 =KLJMLMJ9 KAFLYLA;9 <9K <M9K

Os determinantes circunstanciais ou adverbiais

.=
9L=FL9JEGK
H9J9
9K
>J9K=K

;JA9F^9
;9AM
<9
;9E9
<MJ9FL=
9
FGAL=
*K
;9JJ=?9<GJ=K
HMK=J9E
G
EeN=D
F9
K9D9
DG?G
H=D9
E9F@]
*
E9JA<G
9;GEH9F@GM
9
=KHGK9
9G
@GKHAL9D
F9
9E:MD[F;A9

>9;ADE=FL= N=JA>A;9J=EGK IM= GK L=JEGK 85 75A5 = 8IF5BH9 5 BC=H9 v H9J9

Ke >A;9JEGK HGJ =FIM9FLG FG HJAE=AJG =P=EHDG v <=FGL9E ME9 ;AJ;MF
KL[F;A9 <= DM?9J <GF<= 85 75A5 = <= L=EHG 8IF5BH9 5 BC=H9 '=N9<9
=P;DMKAN9E=FL= H=DG 9KH=;LG K=E[FLA;G 9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D A?M9DGM



=KL=K L=JEGK L9E:_E KAFL9LA;9E=FL= ;GFKA<=J9F<GGK 9E:GK 58>IBHCG

58J9F6=5=G AKLG _ ;GEG L=JEGK F]G 9J?ME=FL9AK N9D= <AR=J >GJ9 <G [E
:ALG
<9
J=?aF;A9
<G
N=J:G
<9
GJ9^]G
AKLG
_
F]G
H=<A<GK
HGJ
=D=
*J9 :9KL9 9HDA;9JEGK G H9GH9 85 F98IWVC H9J9 N=JA>A;9JEGK IM= G
L=JEG 85 75A5 _ L=JEG G:JA?9LeJAG 9J?ME=FL9D HGAK H=JL=F;= Z J=?aF;A9
<G N=J:G 75=F 9KKAE LGJF9K= AF;GEHD=L9 <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 KAFLYLA;G =
K=E[FLA;G
F9LMJ9DE=FL=
9
GJ9^]G
K=E
=KL=
;GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG



GJ9 >9R J=>=JaF;A9 9 LG<9 9 GJ9^]G K=E IM= ;GE AKKG <=AP= <= >GJE9J
H9JL= <=D9 Z E9F=AJ9 <GK L=JEGK E9J?AF9AK .]G 9KH=;LGK EMAL9K N=R=K
IM= >G?=E 9G [E:ALG <GK =KIM=E9K A<AGEYLA;GK = =FLJ9E FG <GEbFAG <9
?J9EYLA;9 <G L=PLG W G ;9KG HGJ =P=EHDG <G L=JEG 9A 75G5 F9K
GJ9^g=K
 A
A=B<5
75G5 ?JALG
=M
 
M
?JALG 9A
75G5


;JA9F^9
;9AM
<MJ9FL=
9
FGAL=

%Y F]G K= <Y G E=KEG ;GE 9 J=<M^]G GM KMHJ=KK]G <G L=JEG 8IF

5BH9
5
BC=H9

;JA9F^9
;9AM
<9
;9E9
*bservao +9J9 <AKLAF?MAJ 9 A<=FLA<9<= <=KA?F9LAN9 <= ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 HJ=K=FL=
=E 85 75A5 = 8IF5BH9 5 BC=H9 <9 >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 <A>=J=FL= <GK <GAK L=JEGK
L9DN=R >GKK= ;GFN=FA=FL= =F;GFLJ9J GMLJ9 <=FGEAF9^]G H9J9 G 58>IBHC 7=F7IBGH5B
7=5@ IM=
=NAL9KK=
9
9DMK]G
Z
F9LMJ=R9
<=
x;AJ;MFKL[F;A9y

.= 85 75A5 _ G ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG <= 75=F 8IF5BH9 5 BC=H9

E=JG 9;J_K;AEG Z AF>GJE9^]G Z J=9DA<9<= ;GEMFA;9<9 J=;=:=JY 9 ;D9KKA
>A;9^]G <= 58>IBHC 7=F7IBGH5B7=5@ *K 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK K]G K=E[FLA;9 =
KAFL9LA;9E=FL= GH;AGF9AK -=KHGF<=E ZK ;DYKKA;9K H=J?MFL9K 7CAC
EI5B8C CB89 DCF EIZ =FIM9FLG G ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG J=KHGF<= Z
H=J?MFL9 EI9 EI9A HJ=;=<A<GK <9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= 9;GEH9F@9 LJ9<A
;AGF9DE=FL=
G
N=J:G
+=<JG
>9D9
K=EHJ= 89 B9;_7=CG >9D9
<=
IMa
;GEHD
J=D9LANG
+=<JG
>9D9
K=EHJ= 89
A9A_F=5 ;GEG
>9D9
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D

.= J=;GJJ=JEGK 9G L=KL= <= ;DAN9?=E GM J=D=NG E=<A9FL= G MKM9D AF

KLJME=FLG X EI9
EI9A N=JA>A;9J=EGK 9 <A>=J=F^9 <= J=KMDL9<G =FLJ= G
;GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG
=
G
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
W
<=
F=?e;AGK 89
EI9 K=EHJ=
>9D9
G
%GK_
W
<=
E=EeJA9 7CAC K=EHJ=
>9D9
G
%GK_
6' 
 7

.=E9FLA;9E=FL= G H9H=D <=KK=K 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK _ E9LAR9J G

HJG;=KKG <=KA?F9<G F9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 9;J=K;=FL9F<G Z E=FK9?=E
AF>GJE9^g=K IM= G >9D9FL= BMD?9 AF<AKH=FKYN=AK 9G ;GF@=;AE=FLG <G K=M
AFL=JDG;MLGJ
FLJ=L9FLG K= G ;GFL=h<G K=E[FLA;G <=KK=K 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK F]G
G>=J=;= E9AGJ=K HJG:D=E9K K=M ;GEHGJL9E=FLG KAFLYLA;G F9 GJ9^]G _ @=L
=JG?aF=G = J=IM=J E9AGJ 9L=F^]G <= IM=E HJG;MJ9 <=K;J=N=J =KK= L=JEG
KKAE 9 ;G=K]G <=D= GJ9 _ E9AGJ ;GE G N=J:G GM ;GE G KAFL9?E9 N=J:9D

FIM9FLG F9 K=?MF<9 9A 75G5 9>=L9 =P;DMKAN9E=FL= G N=J:G ;F=HC

F9 HJAE=AJ9 9A A=B<5 75G5 EG<A>A;9 9 GJ9^]G ;GEG ME LG<G 9 ;GE:AF
9^]G GI>9=HC  DF98=758C = =KL9 ;G=K]G LaFM= ;GE G N=J:G H=JEAL= 9 HGK
KA:ADA<9<= <= H9MK9 IM= FGJE9DE=FL= 9H9J=;= 9G K=J HJG>=JA<9 9 GJ9^]G
6+ 
7
/9AK N9JA=<9<=K <= ;G=K]G ?J9E9LA;9D EGLAN9<9K HGJ G:B=LANGK HJ9?
EYLA;GK <AK;MJKANGK = =FLGF9;AGF9AK LaE D=N9<G =KLM<AGKGK 9 =FN=J=<9J
HGJ AF<9?9^g=K <= ?J9MK GM FbN=AK <= @A=J9JIMAR9^]G <= 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A
9AK L=E9 IM= =PLJ9HGD9 9 F9LMJ=R9 <=KL= DANJG HGJ AKKG ;GFKA<=J9J=EGK
9IMA
LG<GK
=KL=K
;9KGK
MFA>GJE=E=FL=
;GEG
9<BMFLGK
9<N=J:A9AK
!9D9E 9KKAE <GK 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK F9 ;GF<A^]G <= 9<BMFLGK <=
KM:KL9FLANGK
=
9<B=LANGK
*
AFN=JFG 9A
5ADCG
8C
$CF8VC _
JA?GJGKG
*K
;GF>DALGK 9A
DF5W5
Dd6@=75 F=E
K=EHJ=
K]G
HJ=FhF;AGK
<=
<AJ=ALGK
>=JA<GK
K
:JAF;9<=AJ9K B5G
DF5=5G K]G
K=EHJ=
JMA<GK9K

-=LGJF9F<G 9GK GMLJGK =P=EHDGK <G AFb;AG FGL9J=EGK IM= GK L=J

EGK B5 G5@5 = 5C <CGD=H5@ 9H=K9J <= K=E9FLA;9E=FL= <=FGL9J=E ;AJ;MF
KL[F;A9K >MF;AGF9E ;GEG ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG <GK N=J:GK DIG9F5A =
57CAD5B<CI
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
*K
;9JJ=?9<GJ=K
HMK=J9E
G
EeN=D
DG?G
H=D9
E9F@]
KAFL9LA;9E=FL=
AF;GEHD=L9
*K
;9JJ=?9<GJ=K DIG9F5A G
EeN=D B5
G5@5
*
E9JA<G
9;GEH9F@GM
9
=KHGK9
F9
9E:MD[F;A9
KAFL9LA;9E=FL=
AF;GEHD=L9
*
E9JA<G 57CAD5B<CI 9
=KHGK9 5C
<CGD=H5@



0E L=JEG HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G <=KA?F9LANG <9 E=KE9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9

9IMA x<= DM?9Jy HG<= =P=J;=J F9 GJ9^]G <A>=J=FL=K >MF^g=K KAFLYLA;9K <=
H=F<=F<G <G ;GFL=h<G <= H=FK9E=FLG <=KA?F9<G AKLG _ <9K ;AJ;MFKL[F
;A9K ;GF;J=L9K <G <AK;MJKG HGJ =P=EHDG 89 '=B5G _ ME ;GEHD=E=FLG J=
D9LANG
=E
*
=K;JALGJ
K9AM
BGN=E 89
'=B5G



!=R
9
@GJL9 GC6 9K
YJNGJ=K

!=R
9
@GJL9 8965=LC
85G YJNGJ=K

GE >J=IMaF;A9 =KK=K 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK <= ;GFL=h<G HGKA;AGF9D

GM L=EHGJ9D K= ;GE:AF9E ;GE ME9 A<=A9 K=;MF<YJA9 <= <AJ=^]G GM =P
L=FK]G
G
IM=
D=N9
9G
=EHJ=?G
;GF;GEAL9FL=
<=
<M9K
HJ=HGKA^g=K
!=R
9
@GJL9 DCF
8965=LC
85G YJNGJ=K

B9F=D9
=KL9N9
9:=JL9 89G89
D9@5 E9F@]

F=N=
=K;GJJ=?GM 89
GC6F9 G
L=D@9<G

_
ME
;GEHD=E=FLG
HJ=<A;9LANG
=E
*
=K;JALGJ
_ 89
'=B5G

_
ME
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
=E
*
=K;JALGJ
L=D=?J9>GM 89
'=B5G

_
ME
9<BMFLG
9<FGEAF9D
=E
*K
=K;JALGJ=K 89
'=B5G ?GR9E
<=
EMAL9
9;=AL9^]G

_
ME
;GEHD=E=FLG
FGEAF9D
<=
KM:KL9FLANG
GM
9<B=LANG
.M9
H=JE9FaF;A9 9A
'=B5G >GA
:J=N=
(979GGRF=5
B5
J=85
HC85
9
=<M;9^]G
;GE=^9
F9
AF>[F;A9

,M= F]G K= LJ9L9 <= L=JEGK KAFL9LA;9E=FL= =IMAN9D=FL=K EGKLJ9 G

>9LG <= F]G HG<=J=E ;GGJ<=F9JK= )]G _ HGKKbN=D ME9 ;GFKLJM^]G <G
LAHG

FIM9FLG FG [E:ALG <GK L=JEGK 9J?ME=FL9AK Ke HG<= =PAKLAJ FG

<GEbFAG <9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 ME Ke ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG GM AF<AJ=LG
K9DNG 9IMA GK ;@9E9<GK <9LANGK DANJ=K HJ=<A;9LANG GM ;GEHD=E=FLG J=
D9LANG v =P;DMAF<G G ;9KG <= L=JEGK ;GGJ<=F9<GK v GK 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A
9AK F]G ;GF@=;=E =KL9 J=KLJA^]G HG<=F<G 9H9J=;=J IM9FLGK >GJ=E F=
;=KKYJAGK
Z
=PH=JAaF;A9
;GEMFA;9<9
9
BC=H9
G
BGN=E
LJ9:9D@9N9 9A
75G5
9A
7CAD5B<=5
8CG
=FAVCG

/9E:_E 9G ;GFLJYJAG <GK L=JEGK 9J?ME=FL9AK K= >GJ =DA<A<G G 9<

BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
F]G
=PA?=
HJ==F;@AE=FLG
<9
;9K9
N9RA9
*
BGN=E
LJ9:9D@9N9
=E
;9K9
=E
;GEH9F@A9
<GK
AJE]GK
*
BGN=E
LJ9:9D@9N9
=E
;GEH9F@A9
<GK
AJE]GK
*
BGN=E
LJ9:9D@9N9


;JA9F^9
;9AM 85
75A5
9
8IF5BH9
5
BC=H9

;GEG
K=JA9
HGKKbN=D
=E
K
;JA9F^9K
;9=E 8C
65@5BWC
9
8C
9G7CFF9;5 <MJ9FL=
G
J=;J=AG

*MLJ9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<= 9 K=J G:K=JN9<9 =FLJ= 9K <A>=J=F^9K IM= K=H

9J9E G ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG <G 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D _ G ;9JYL=J K=E[FLA;G
:9KL9FL= LaFM= = ZK N=R=K 9L_ N9RAG <9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= AFLJG<MR 9
HJAE=AJ9 <=KK9K >MF^g=K IM= >9R G H9H=D <= E9J;9 <= >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 =E
GHGKA^]G 9G N9DGJ K=E[FLA;G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= =F;9:=^9 G 9<BMFLG 9<
N=J:A9D  HJ=HGKA^]G IM= E9J;9 G ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG =KLY <=L=JEAF
9<9 H=D9 LJ9<A^]G <G A<AGE9 J9R]G HGJ IM= Ke EMALG J9J9E=FL= 9<EAL= 9
KM:KLALMA^]G HGJ GMLJ9 HJ=HGKA^]G K9DNG FGK ;9KGK =E IM= 9 E=KE9
LJ9<A^]G
G
H=JEAL=
+J=;AKG 8C DANJG
+J=;AKG 5C DANJG
+J=;AKG BC DANJG
=L;

%Y 9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= =F;9:=^9 G 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D ;GF@=;= IM9K=

K=EHJ=
9
HGKKA:ADA<9<=
<=KK9
KM:KLALMA^]G

*K
HJAF;AH9AK
LAHGK
<=
9<BMFLGK
9<N=J:A9AK

1) Os principais tipos de adjuntos adverbiais v * 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D

;GFKLALMA ME9 ;D9KK= EMALG @=L=JG?aF=9 v Z K=E=D@9F^9 <G 9<N_J:AG IM=
FGJE9DE=FL= <=K=EH=F@9 G H9H=D <= K=M Fh;D=G v F]G Ke <G HGFLG <=
NAKL9 >GJE9D ;GEG 9AF<9 <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 <= N9DGJ K=E[FLA;G /9D >9LG
D=N9 9 IM= ;GFKL9FL=E=FL= =KL=B9 9 F]G <=DAEAL9J ;GE FALA<=R 9K >JGFL=AJ9K
;GE GMLJ9K >MF^g=K KAFLYLA;9K v ;GF>GJE= 9IMA E=KEG BY 9KKAF9D9EGK v =
;GE ;GFL=h<GK <= H=FK9E=FLG <=KA?F9<G NARAF@GK A9FL= <= L]G N9KL9
9EHDALM<= >AP9JFGK=EGK FGK HJAF;AH9AK 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK <=L=F<G
FGK 9GK 9KH=;LGK E9AK AFL=J=KK9FL=K Z <=K;JA^]G ?J9E9LA;9D = 9GK =K
IM=E9K ;GE IM= K= J=HJ=K=FL9E L9AK >MF^g=K F9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K ;GF;J=L9K
<G
<AK;MJKG
6+ 
7
a) Adjuntos adverbiais de lugar  ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9 <= L9AK 9<BMF
LGK _ J=KHGF<=J Z H=J?MFL9 CB89 HJ=;=<A<G =KL= 9<N_J:AG GM F]G <= HJ=
HGKA^]G IM= E9J;9 9 <=KA?F9^]G ;AJ;MFKL9F;A9D 8CB89 DCF CB89



5CB89 5HX CB89 =L;  =E J=D9^]G Z A<=A9 =PHJ=KK9 H=DG N=J:G H=DG
KAFL9?E9
N=J:9D
GM
9G
;GFL=h<G
<=
ME9
GJ9^]G
<AL9
HJAF;AH9D
+=<JG
LJ9:9D@9N9 9A
*9HF_DC@=G
GF<=
+=<JG
LJ9:9D@9N9 5[
GF<=
*
HJG>=KKGJ
L=E
H9J=FL=K
FG ,97=:9
GF<=
GFL=EHD9EGK 85
>5B9@5 G
;9AJ
<9
L9J<=
<GF<=
+JG;MJ9J9EFG DCF
HC85
5 7=8589
HGJ
GF<=
*
9LD=L9
;GJJ=M 5HX
5
7<9;585
9L_
GF<=
x)B89
A9
9GD9H5A >A;Gy
6(
<=
KKAK7

AKLAF?MAEGK 9KKAE NYJAGK E9LAR=K <9 A<=A9 DG;9LAN9 @I;5F CB89

GM 89 G=HI5WVC 8=F9WVC CF=;9A = DCBHC 89 D5FH=85 @I;5F DCF CB89 DFCL
=A=8589 8=GHTB7=5 CF=9BH5WVC 9LH9BGVC =L;  L9FLG FME9 H=JKH=;LAN9 @G
JARGFL9D
IM9FLG
F9
N=JLA;9D
D?ME9K =PHJ=KKg=K HJ=HGKA;AGF9<9K IM= >MF;AGF9E ;GEG 9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D ;GEH9JLAD@9E L9FLG <G N9DGJ DG;9LANG IM9FLG <G L=EHGJ9D EG<
9D
GM
AFKLJME=FL9D
;GEG
G;GJJ=
F9K
K=?MAFL=K
GJ9^g=K
D9
E=
>GA
9HJ=K=FL9<9 B5
:9GH5 GF<=
GM
IM9F<G
*
HJAEG
F]G
NA9B9 9A
5J=VC GF<=
GM
HGJ
IM=
LJ9FKHGJL=

* 9<N_J:AG Fh;D=G <G 9<BMFLG <= DM?9J HG<= NAJ 9FL=HGKLG <= ME
KM:KL9FLANG = G ;GFBMFLG HJ=;=<A<G GM F]G <= HJ=HGKA^]G ;GEG G;GJJ=
FGK
=P=EHDGK

 

KLM<9K=
E=D@GJ D9@5
A5B<V
D=
K9AM EI5B8C
C
DFC:9GGCF
7<9;CI

/9E:_E =FLJ= GK 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK <= L=EHG <AKLAF?MAEGK NYJAGK

E9LAR=K L=EHGJ9AK G L=EHG HJGHJA9E=FL= <ALG 9 <MJ9^]G 9 IM9FLA>A;9^]G
L=EHGJ9D
9
J=H=LA^]G
=L; 
+=<JG
F]G
LJ9:9D@9 <C>9
+=<JG
LJ9:9D@GM 85G
HFZG
SG
7=B7C
+=<JG
LJ9:9D@GM 8I5G
<CF5G
+=<JG
LJ9:9D@9 HC8CG
CG
8=5G

*K <AN=JKGK LAHGK <= 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK <= L=EHG HG<=E NAJ GM

F]G AFLJG<MRA<GK HGJ HJ=HGKA^]G GM DG;M^]G HJ=HGKALAN9 =KL9K E9LAR9E G
N9DGJ
L=EHGJ9D
)]G
K=
LJ9:9D@9 8CA=B;C
BC
8CA=B;C
+=<JG
F]G
LJ9:9D@9 <C>9
DCF
<C>9
*
NARAF@G
NAM
L=D=NAK]G 5HX
5G
HFZG
85
A58FI;585
*
:9AD=
L=JEAFGM 89DC=G
85G
EI5HFC
*
9FAN=JKYJAG
K=JY 85EI=
5
7=B7C
8=5G
*bservao )]G K= @Y <= ;GF>MF<AJ G =EHJ=?G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 5 H9J9 AF<A;9J
L=EHG NAF<GMJG ;GE 9 =PHJ=KK]G =E IM= =FLJ9 G N=J:G <5J9F @Y H9J9 AF<A;9J
L=EHG
H9KK9<G
.9AJY 85EI=
5
HFZG
<CF5G

.9AM <R
HFZG
<CF5G

*
:9J;G
F9N=?9N9 F=C
57=A5
*
;9HAL]G
9F<9 AIB8C
:CF5
GM 5:CF5
*
KGF[E:MDG
9F<9N9 75G5
89BHFC GM D9@5
75G5
89BHFC

+9J9 9 9FYDAK= <9 GJ9^]G =E IM= F=KL=K ;9KGK =FLJ9 G N=J:G <5J9F
N=B9K=
G
;9HbLMDG
<9
GJ9^]G
;GEHD=P9
E
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K
<G
LAHG
<=

b) Adjuntos adverbiais temporais v -=KHGF<=E ZK H=J?MFL9K

EI5B8C 89G89 EI5B8C 5HX EI5B8C 8IF5BH9 EI5BHC H9ADC = HG<=E
J=>=JAJK=
9G
N=J:G
9G
KAFL9?E9
N=J:9D
GM
9
LG<9
9
GJ9^]G

G 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D AI=H5G <CF5G <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 K=E[FLA;G K= KALM9
=FLJ= 9 A<=A9 L=EHGJ9D = 9 IM9FLAL9LAN9 RGF9 DAEbLJG>= IM= =PHDA;9 ;GEG
J=KMDL9<G HGJ =P=EHDG G MKG AF<AKLAFLG <G 9<N_J:AG >R FALA<9E=FL= L=E
HGJ9D = <G 9<N_J:AG A5=G FALA<9E=FL= IM9FLAL9LANG =E GJ9^g=K F=?9LAN9K
<G
LAHG


F9LMJ=R9 F9GD@5B8979
B5
DF=A5J9F5
J=>=JA<9
9G
N=J:G

*
>9R=F<=AJG 7C@<9
:FIH5G
D9@5
A5B<V
J=>=JA<G
9G
KAFL9?E9
N=J:9D
7C@<9
:FIH5G
9
BC=H9
HC8CG
CG
;5HCG
GVC
D5F8CG J=>=JA<G
9
LG<9
9
GJ9^]G

+G<=E NAJ J=HJ=K=FL9<GK HGJ 9<N_J:AG HGJ KAFL9?E9K HJ=HGKA;AGF

9<GK
GM
HGJ
GJ9^]G
<AL9
KM:GJ<AF9<9

M?MKLG BVC LJ9:9D@9 <C>9

+=<JG
LJ9:9D@9
EMAL9K
@GJ9K

$R F]G
;@GN=


)]G
;@GN= A5=G

)G AFb;AG <=N= L=J @9NA<G H=J>=AL9 <AKLAF^]G 9 A<=A9 L=EHGJ9D =PAK

LA9 =E $R BVC EI9FC $R BVC C H9A $R BVC G9FJ9 GF<= G 9<N_J:AG >R
;GEG D=E:J9 (GJ9AK  K= J=>=J= 9 x;GMK9K IM= 9?GJ9 K= 9;@9E =E
KALM9^]G <AN=JK9 <9 =E IM= =KL9N9E 9FL=Ky = 9 IM9FLAL9LAN9 =E (VC EI9FC




A5=G (VC H9A A5=G .=E D=N9J =E ;GFL9 G LJ[FKALG K=E[FLA;G 9D?MFK
HMJAKL9K ;GFKA<=J9E AFBMKL9E=FL= ;GEG ?9DA;AKEG G =EHJ=?G L=EHGJ9D <=
BVC A5=G H=DG >R BVC AEAL9^]G K=JNAD <AR=E <G >J9F;aK D@IG *;GJJ= IM=
F9K GJ9^g=K ;AL9<9K FG AFb;AG HG<=JK=A9 MK9J G D@IG >J9F;aK ;GEG =IMA
N9D=FL= <G A5=G IM9FLAL9LANG = <G >R L=EHGJ9D (VC EI9FC A5=G >9
Bn9B
J9IL
D@IG $R
BVC
EI9FC >9
B9
J9IL
D@IG
6+. 
7
)G J9KAD _ E9AK ?=J9D G =EHJ=?G <= BVC A5=G =E 9E:GK GK
N9DGJ=K K=E[FLA;GK =E +GJLM?9D ;GEG =FKAF9 "D9<KLGF= @9N=K <=
(=DG >R BVC _ E9AK ;GEME=FL= MK9<G xIM9F<G G IM= K= >G;9DAR9 _ ME
LJ[FKALG <= H9KK9<G H9J9 HJ=K=FL=y =FIM9FLG BVC A5=G K= MK9 IM9F<G K=
IM=J xKA?FA>A;9J G >MLMJG =E J=D9^]G 9G L=EHG AF<A;9<G H=DG N=J:Gy
6"( 
7
/9E:_E F]G LaE J9R]G GK HMJAKL9K F9 ;GF<=F9^]G <9 F=?9LAN9 =F
>YLA;9 >R BVC A5=G =E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG $R BVC G9 :5N A5=G AIG=75@
7CAC 5BH=;5A9BH9 |F>9K= F9K GJ9^g=K F=?9LAN9K _ >9LG ;GJJAIM=AJG F9K
DbF?M9K
6*% 
 
#. 
7
/9E:_E 9HJ=K=FL9E HGFLGK <= ;GFL9;LG ;GE 9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 EG<9D
GK 9<N_J:AGK <= L=EHG <G LAHG <= F5D=85A9BH9 89 =A98=5HC @C;C BIA
=BGH5BH9 = DG;M^g=K =IMAN9D=FL=K ;GEG 56F=F 9 :97<5F 89 C@<CG BIA D=G
75F 89 C@<CG =L;  IM= AFL=?J9E GK 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK <= GJ9^g=K A?M9AK
9
.9AM
J9HA<9E=FL=
@=?GM
<=
AE=<A9LG
-=KHGF<=M
FME
HAK;9J
<=
GD@GK

KK9 A<=A9 KM:KA<AYJA9 <= EG<G 9HJGPAE9 L9AK 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK <=
GMLJ9 >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 BY NAKL9 9IMA G 9F=PG HJ=<A;9LANG :9KL9 IM= K= MK=
9<B=LANG >D=PAGF9<G H9J9 >GJE9DE=FL= =KL9:=D=;=J 9 <A>=J=F^9 <= E9J;9
<=
>MF^]G
KAFLYLA;9
D=K
K9bJ9E
JYHA<GK
D9K
K9bJ9E
JYHA<9K

.= K= =EHJ=?9J @9 G5=I FRD=8C FRD=8C HG<= K=J L9FLG ;GFKA<=J9<G

9<N_J:AG 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D A?M9D 9 F5D=85A9BH9 IM9FLG 9<B=LANG
9F=PG HJ=<A;9LANG %Y =E @5 G5=I FRD=8C FRD=8C Ke HG<= K=J ;D9KKA>A;
9<G ?J9^9K Z KM9 AFN9JA9:ADA<9<= =E ?aF=JG ;GEG 58JXF6=C 6#( 
7
GEG GK DG;9LANGK G 9<N_J:AG <= L=EHG K= <=AP9 9FL=HGJ <= KM:
KL9FLANG
;GFBMFLG
IM=
HG<=
GM
F]G
NAJ
AFLJG<MRA<G
HGJ
HJ=HGKA^]G



D9
LJ9:9D@9N9 G9A5B5
589BHFC
*
>9LG
G;GJJ=M 8=5G
5HFRG

c) Adjuntos adverbiais modais v -=KHGF<=E Z H=J?MFL9 7CAC

89 EI9 AC8C CI A5B9=F5 = K= J=HGJL9E 9G N=J:G GM 9G KAFL9?E9 N=J:9D
<9
GJ9^]G
H9J9
IM9DA>A;9J
GM
<=K;J=N=J
;GEG
G
HJG;=KKG
N=J:9D
K=
J=9DAR9
*
9DMFG
=KLY
=K;J=N=F<G 69A
*
>G?G
HJGH9?GMK= =AD9F79DH=J9@A9BH9
*K
NARAF@GK
>9D9J9E
<G
AF;aF<AG 7CA
HF=GH9N5
FLJ9J9E
FG
=KLY<AG 5CG
9ADIFFc9G
*K
D9<Jg=K
>M?AJ9E G9A
EI9
:CGG9A
D9F796=8CG

GEG NAEGK HG<=E L9AK 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK =KL9J AFL=?J9<GK HGJ

9<N_J:AGK H9D9NJ9K GM KAFL9?E9K HJ=HGKALANGK ;GE N9DGJ 9<N=J:A9D = GJ
9^g=K
AFL=AJ9K
<=KL9K
>9D9J=EGK
FG
;9HbLMDG
KG:J=
9
GJ9^]G
;GEHD=P9
(MAL9K N=R=K 9 =PH=JAaF;A9 IM= K= ;GEMFA;9 9HJGPAE9 G N9DGJ EG<
9D <= 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK 9G K=FLA<G EG<9D GM IM9DAL9LANG IM= K= 9LJA:MA
9G
KMB=ALG
=
9G
;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG
HGJ
E=AG
<=
ME
9F=PG
HJ=<A;9LANG
D9
E=
;MEHJAE=FLGM
EMALG
=<M;9<9E=FL=


D9
E=
;MEHJAE=FLGM
EMALG 98I7585

KL9 9HJGPAE9^]G K=E[FLA;9 L9E:_E G;GJJ= IM9F<G 9 =PHJ=KK]G

=F;=JJ9 ME KAFL9?E9 HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G AFLJG<MRA<G HGJ 7CA GM G9A =E
;GFKLJM^g=K 9DMKAN9K Z HGKK= GM ;9JaF;A9 <G KMB=ALG GM <= ;GEHD=E=FLG
<AJ=LG 9 E=D@GJ ;D9KKA>A;9^]G H9J=;= K=J ;GEG 9F=PG HJ=<A;9LANG 6+ 
7
*
?9JGLG
;@=?GM
9
;9K9 7CA
5
75@W5
F5G;585
D=
>GA
<=AL9JK= G9A
D=>5A5

d) Adjuntos adverbiais de fim, de causa, de instrumento e de

companhia v 9J9;L=JbKLA;9 ;GEME 9 =KK9K IM9LJG ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K 9<
N=J:A9AK _ IM= F]G HG<=E K=J J=HJ=K=FL9<9K HGJ E=JGK 9<N_J:AGK E9K
KAE HGJ KAFL9?E9K HJ=HGKA;AGF9<GK GM ;GE =P;=^]G <9 <= ;GEH9F@A9
HGJ ME9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 >9LG IM= =KLM<9J=EGK FG ;9HbLMDG <9 GJ9^]G
;GEHD=P9
D=
=KLM<GM D5F5 AX8=7C >AE
/J=EA9E 89
:F=C ;9MK9
!=;@GM
9
HGJL9 7CA
5
7<5J9 AFKLJME=FLG



.9AM 7CA
'5F=5 ;GEH9F@A9

 J=9DA<9<= <=KA?F9<9 HGJ E=AG <=KK=K 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK HG<= K=J

=IMAN9D=FL=
ZIM=D9
=PHJ=KK9
HGJ
E=AG
<=
;GEHD=E=FLGK
J=D9LANGK
*
NARAF@G
;9KGMK= 7CA
5
DF=A5
*
?9J^GE
=F;@=M
G
;GHG 89
J=B<C

)G IM= LG;9 9G 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D <= >AE ;9:= F]G ;GF>MF<ADG ;GE
G ;@9E9<G <9LANG <= AFL=J=KK= =KL= K= J=>=J= K=EHJ= 9 H=KKG9 = ZK N=R=K
AFL=?JYN=D H=DG HJGFGE= @<9 = 9DM<= 9G :=F=>A;AYJAG GM HJ=BM<A;9<G H=DG
HJG;=KKG
N=J:9D
(YJAG
LJ9:9D@9 D5F5
5
:5A[@=5
GEHJGM
9K
>DGJ=K
69G
>DGJAKL97 D5F5
5
BC=J5

GEG G ;GEHD=E=FLG <= 9?=FL= <9 H9KKAN9 _ AFLJG<MRA<G H=D9K HJ=

HGKA^g=K DCF = 89 HG<= @9N=J <A>A;MD<9<= =E <AKLAF?MADG <G 9<BMFLG 9<
N=J:A9D <= ;9MK9 /G<9NA9 G 9?=FL= <9 H9KKAN9 =KLY K=EHJ= J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ K=J 9FAE9<G GM =FL]G ;9H9R <= HJ9LA;9J 9 9^]G N=J:9D 9D_E <= F9
LJ9FK>GJE9^]G H9J9 9 9LAN9 H9KK9J 9 KMB=ALG HGJ K=M LMJFG G 9<BMFLG 9<
N=J:A9D <= ;9MK9 HG<= L=J 9 HJ=HGKA^]G KM:KLALMb<9 H=D9K DG;M^g=K DCF
75IG5 89 89J=8C 5 G IM= F]G K= <Y ;GE G 9?=FL= <9 H9KKAN9 KKAE =K
L9EGK
<A9FL=
<=
9?=FL=
<9
H9KKAN9
=E
GJ9^g=K
;GEG

9LJAR
>GA
:9>=B9<9 D9@5
GCFH9

GCFH9 :9>=BGM
9
9LJAR

=PHGKA^]G
=J9
9<EAJ9<9 DCF
HC8CG
.C8CG 9<EAJ9J9E
9
=PHGKA^]G

%Y F9K GJ9^g=K 9:9APG 9 =PHJ=KK]G AFLJG<MRA<9 H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G DCF

>MF;AGF9
;GEG
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
<=
;9MK9
*
HAFLGJ
>GA
9<EAJ9<G D9@CG
G9IG
EI58FCG
*
BG?9<GJ
_
=PHMDKG D9@5
:5@H5
89G@95@

)]G
_
F9LMJ9D
9
LJ9FK>GJE9^]G
=E
9LAN9

*K
IM9<JGK
9<EAJ9J9E
G
HAFLGJ


>9DL9
<=KD=9D
=PHMDK9
G
BG?9<GJ

+GJ
GMLJG
D9<G
HG<=EGK
KM:KLALMAJ DCF H=D9
DG;M^]G DCF
75IG5
89

*
HAFLGJ
>GA
9<EAJ9<G DCF
75IG5
89
G9IG
EI58FCG

* 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D <= ;9MK9 9D_E <9K HJ=HGKA^g=K DCF 7CA = 89
HG<= NAJ AFLJG<MRA<G HGJ DG;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K ;GEG DCF 75IG5 89 9A
J=FHI89
89 9A
F5NVC
89 89J=8C
5 ;F5W5G
5
=L; 
)]G
K9AM
;=<G DCF
75IG5
85
7<IJ5
#GMN=
>9DL9K 89J=8C S
;F9J9
89
aB=6IG



*bservao )]G K= MK9 F=KL= =EHJ=?G 89J=8C K=E 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 5 9J=8C 5C

A5I
H9ADC =
F]G 9J=8C
C
A5I
H9ADC

E N=R <= ME KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE= HG<= NAJ ME 9<B=LANG

MK9<G F=MLJ9DE=FL= H9J9 =PHJ=KK9J 9 A<=A9 <= ;9MK9 9HJGPAE9F<G G 9<
BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
<G
9F=PG
HJ=<A;9LANG
*K
E9J?AF9AK
>M?AJ9E 89
A98FCGCG
*CF
H9=ACGC F]G
NA9BGM
;GFGK;G

=FLJG <9 <=FGEAF9^]G <= AFKLJME=FLG AF;DM=EK= ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K

9>AFK ;GEG G E=AG 9 AFL=JE=<A9^]G 9 E9L_JA9 G <GEbFAG G ML=FKbDAG =
HGJ =PL=FK]G GK ;GFL=PLGK E9L=EYLA;GK <G LAHG <= AI@H=D@=75F DCF 8=
J=8=F
DCF
*K
9EA?GK
FMF;9
NA9B9J9E 89
5J=VC
(=<AM
G
IM9JLG 7CA
C
A9HFC
K;J=N=J S
AREI=B5
*
BG?9<GJ
>=R
?GD 7CA
5
DFCH9WVC
8C
>I=N
+J=F<=J9E
G
D9<J]G 7CA
5
5FA5
*
bF<A;=
=HA<aEA;G
>GA
EMDLAHDA;9<G DCF
8C=G

H9JLA<9
>GA
?9F@9 D9@5
9GHF5HX;=5
8C
HX7B=7C

KL= hDLAEG =P=EHDG =NA<=F;A9 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= 9HJGPAE9^]G <=K

A?F9LAN9 <9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <= AFKLJME=FLG 9G 9?=FL= <9 H9KKAN9 AFLJG<MRA<G
L9E:_E H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G DCF 0E EG<G <= <AKLAF?MbDGK 9D_E <9 9FYDAK=
<9 =PH=JAaF;A9 ;GEMFA;9<9 _ KM:KLALMAJ 9 HJ=HGKA^]G DCF <G AFKLJME=FL9D
HGJ 7CA GM A98=5BH9

H9JLA<9
>GA
?9F@9 7CA A98=5BH9
9
=KLJ9L_?A9
<G
L_;FA;G

*K 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK <= ;GEH9F@A9 J=H9JL=EK= =E <GAK ?JMHGK

GK 9KKG;A9LANGK GM H9JLA;AH9LANGK = GK IM= F]G G K]G *K HJAE=AJGK H9JLA
;AH9E GM 9BM<9E 9G D9<G <G KMB=ALG GM FG ;9KG <= ;GEHD=E=FLG N=J:9D
K]G 9>=L9<GK H=DG =KL9<G <= ;GAK9K <=KA?F9<G FG HJ=<A;9<G ;GEG FGK
=P=EHDGK
*
;9HAL]G 7CA
G9IG
GC@858CG <=K:9J9LGM
G
AFAEA?G
*
HJG>=KKGJ 7CA
G9IG
7C@9;5G <AJA?AM
9
=PHGKA^]G

<AJ=LGJ9
=PHMDKGM
<9
K9D9
G
9DMFG 7CA
CG
7C@9;5G
89
5FFI5W5

GEG
=P=EHDGK
<=
F]G
H9JLA;AH9LANGK
L=EGK
*
;GD=?9
LJGMP= 7CBG=;C G
DANJG
H=<A<G
(AF@9
AJE]
>GA
9G
:9AD= 7CA
C
J9GH=8C
BCJC



*
H9A
?GKL9N9
<GK
>AD@GK 7CA
CG
5J_G

+=DGK hDLAEGK =P=EHDGK NaK= IM= 9 FG^]G <= ;GEH9F@A9 9:9J;9 G

IM=
_
D=N9<G
GM
HGKKMb<G
H=DG
KMB=ALG
GM
H=DG
;GEHD=E=FLG
N=J:9D
* 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D HG<= HGJ E=AG <9 HJ=HGKA^]G G9A 9KKAF9D9J 9
9MKaF;A9
GM
9
;9JaF;A9

?9JGL9
BY
N9A
Z
=K;GD9 G9A
5
AV9

E EMALGK ;GFL=PLGK 9D?MFK <=KK=K 9<BMFLGK <= ;GEH9F@A9 K=

9HJGPAE9E
<GK
<=
N9DGJ
EG<9D
GE 9 HJ=K=F^9 <G 9<BMFLG <= ;GEH9F@A9 H9JLA;AH9LANG HG<= G
N=J:G
<9
GJ9^]G
AJ
9G
HDMJ9D
;GEG
K=
K=
LJ9L9KK=
<=
ME
KMB=ALG
;GEHGKLG
*
;9HAL]G
;GE
K=MK
KGD<9<GK 89G65F5HCI G
AFAEA?G
*
;9HAL]G
;GE
K=MK
KGD<9<GK 89G65F5H5F5A G
AFAEA?G

E L9AK ;GF<A^g=K 9 =KLJMLMJ9 GI>9=HC  58>IBHC 58J9F6=5@ HG<= 9D

L=JF9J
;GE
9
=KLJMLMJ9
<=
KMB=ALG
;GEHGKLG
)
75D=HVC
9
CG
G9IG
GC@858CG <=K:9J9L9J9E
G
AFAEA?G

.= 9 =KLJMLMJ9 ?J9E9LA;9D H=JEAL= =KL9 9DL=JF[F;A9 <G HGFLG <= NAKL9

<= =KL9<G <= ;GAK9K ;GEMFA;9<G F]G _ AF<A>=J=FL= G =EHJ=?G <= ME
EG<G HGJ GMLJG ;GE G 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D 9 aF>9K= <G HJG;=KKG N=J:9D J=
;9A F9 H=KKG9 <G KMB=ALG =FIM9FLG F9 ;GFKLJM^]G ;GE KMB=ALG ;GEHGKLG
<=K9H9J=;=
=KK9
aF>9K=
=KH=;A9D



E=J=;A<G ;D9KKA>A;9^g=K <A>=J=FL=K @Y 9MLGJ=K IM= 9K ;GFKA<=J9E 9<BMFLGK

9<N=J:A9AK
*
>ADE=
<MJGM IA5
<CF5
*
9LD=L9
H=J;GJJ=M 89N
EI=@aA9HFCG

;JA9F^9
BY
H=K9 J=BH9
EI=@CG
*
NA9<MLG
E=<= 8IN9BHCG
A9HFCG

*MLJGK 9MLGJ=K D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 LJ9^GK K=E[FLA;GK = KAFLYLA;GK IM=

;9J9;L=JAR9E G ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG 9D_E <G N9DGJ <= L=JEG 9J?ME=FL9D
IM9K= K=EHJ= =KL9K MFA<9<=K D_PA;9K 9L=F<=E 9GK L=KL=K <9 H9KKAN9 <9 AF
L=?J9^]G ;GE 9 H=J?MFL9 EI9 =L;  HJ=>=J=E NaDGK ;GEG N=J<9<=AJGK
G:B=LGK
/GE=K=
HGJ
=P=EHDG
9
GJ9^]G
*
9LD=L9
H=J;GJJ=M 89N
EI=@aA9HFCG

N=JA>A;9K= IM= 9 =PHJ=KK]G ;GFKLALMA ME L=JEG 9J?ME=FL9D AKLG _ =PA?A<G

H=D9K ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K K=E[FLA;9K <G N=J:G BY IM= =KL9JA9 AEH=J>=AL9 9
;GFKLJM^]G
*
9LD=L9
H=J;GJJ=M

+GJ
GMLJG
D9<G
9
GJ9^]G
9<EAL=
9
LJ9FK>GJE9^]G
=E
H9KKAN9
9N
EI=@aA9HFCG >GJ9E
H=J;GJJA<GK
H=DG
9LD=L9

L9E:_E 9 H9KK9?=E 9 L=JEG AFL=?JYN=D HGJ E=AG <G HJGFGE=

YLGFG CG
J=>=JA<G
9 89N
EI=@aA9HFCG
*
9LD=L9
H=J;GJJ=MCG

e) Adjuntos adverbiais de quantidade v /9AK 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK

J=KHGF<=E 9 H=J?MFL9K <G LAHG EI5BHC 5HX EI5BHC 9A EI9 A98=85 =
K= J=H9JL=E =E AFL=FKANGK GM ?J9<9LANGK <= E=<A<9 = <= HJ=^G ;GF>GJE=
9
J=9DA<9<=
<=KA?F9<9
)=KL9
J=?A]G
;@GN= A5=G FG
N=J]G
(9JA9
LJ9:9D@9 AI=HC 9GK
<GEAF?GK
F<9J9E 65GH5BH9 =E
:MK;9
<=
=EHJ=?G

9KKAKLaF;A9
JA9 SG
65B89=F5G
89GDF9;585G
*
;DM:=
?9F@GM
9
H9JLA<9 DCF
8C=G
5
N9FC
*
;9N9DG
H=J<=M
9
;GJJA<9 DCF
D9G7CWC
D9
<=APGM
<=
;GEHJ9J
G
;9JJG DCF
6CA
DF9WC

0FA<9<=K D_PA;9K <=KA?F9LAN9K <= MFA<9<=K <= L=EHG H=KG E=<A<9

HJ=^G <MJ9^]G = IM9FLA<9<= IM= 9;GEH9F@9E N=J:GK 8IF5F D5GG5F
D9F7CFF9F 7CFF9F A98=F D9G5F =L;  =EHJ=?9<GK LJ9FKALAN9E=FL= LaE

+G<=K= 9AF<9 AF;DMAJ F=KL= HJG:D=E9 ;D9KKA>A;9LeJAG G ;9KG <= MFA<

9<=K D_PA;9K <= KA?FA>A;9<G AFL=FKANG <G LAHG <= AI=HC DCI7C 89A5G=58C
65GH5BH9 IM= F]G K= J=>=J=E <AJ=L9E=FL= 9 KM:KL9FLANGK E9K Z KM9 IM9F
LA<9<= GE N=J:GK MK9<GK LJ9FKALAN9E=FL= 9KKME=E H9H=D <= L=JEG 9J
?ME=FL9D AKLG _ F=;=KKYJAG Z AFL=?J9^]G KAFLYLA;GK=E[FLA;9 <9 GJ9^]G
=E
L=PLGK
<G
LAHG
.9:A9 AI=HC H9J9
K=J
9HJGN9<G
AI=HC 
EMAL9K
;GAK9K
1AEGK DCI7C HGJ
;9MK9
<G
F=NG=AJG
DCI7C 
HGM;9
;GAK9
)]G
<AKK= 65GH5BH9 =E
KM9
<=>=K9

E >9NGJ <= ;D9KKA>A;9J =KL9K MFA<9<=K D_PA;9K ;GEG L=JEG

9J?ME=FL9D D=N9K= =E ;GFL9 G >9LG <= HG<=J=E NAJ J=>=JA<9K F9 GJ9^]G
9<B=LAN9
HGJ
E=AG
<=
HJGFGE=
J=D9LANG
;GEG
=E
GJ9^g=K
<G
LAHG
/=F@G
EMALG EI9 H=<AJD@=
.9:=
HGM;G EI9 <AR=JE=



/9E:_E >9D9 =E >9NGJ <=KL9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= NAJ=E

L9AK
MFA<9<=K
D_PA;9K
HJ=;=<A<9K
<=
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<G
1G;a
K9:= C
AI=HC IM=
D@=
<=NG
D9K
F]G
>AR=J9E C
65GH5BH9 H9J9
N=F;=J
*bservao .G:J= G >9DKG =JJG FG =EHJ=?G <= C EI5BHC =E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G
LAHG (VC
GCI69
C
EI5BHC
G9
9B;5B5F5
N=B9K=
G
=FKAF9E=FLG
<=
HA>[FAG
A9K
xtK
GJ9^g=K
AFL=JJG?9LAN9K
AF<AJ=L9K
<= 7CAC DCFEI9 = EIVC HG<=
9FL=HGJK=
G
9JLA?G
<=>AFA<Gy
6  
l
 7
19D=
9
H=F9
9
D=ALMJ9
<9
FGL9

<=
-
%
M=JNG
Z !F5ARH=75 <=

=DDG

/J9L9JK=Y K=E <hNA<9 <= 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D K= G N=J:G >GJ MK9<G

AFLJ9FKALAN9E=FL= GM K= LJ9FKALANG BY NA=J 9;GEH9F@9<G <= ;GEHD=E=FLG
N=J:9D
GEHJGM
9
;9K9
HGJ
;=E
EAD
J=9AK
*
H=<J=AJG
E=<AM
G
9HGK=FLG
;GE
DAF@9
D9
BY
K9:A9
EMALG
E9L=EYLA;9



xKM:KLALMA^]Gy xLJG;9y <= 9D?G HGJ GMLJG FG HJG;=KKG <=KA?F9<G FG HJ=

<A;9<G K=B9 H=KKG9 ;GAK9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 GM HJG;=KKG N=J:9D /9D 9<BMFLG
N=E AFLJG<MRA<G H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G DCF GM H=D9K DG;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K 9A
J9N
89 9A
@I;5F
89
*
?M9J<9;GKL9
K=
H9KKGM D9@C
DF9G=89BH9

;GD=?9
>=R
9
J=<9^]G D9@C
B5ACF58C
)9
_HG;9
<=
=P9E=K
LJG;9N9
G
<A9 D9@5
BC=H9
$J=EGK
9E9F@] 9A
J9N
89
<C>9
MJ9FL=
G
J=;J=AG
BG?9N9 9A
J9N
89
5@=A9BH5FG9
GE=M
?9LG DCF
@96F9
%G]G
LJ9:9D@9 DCF
8C=G
F9
LJG;GM
9
E=J=F<9 DCF
IA5
F9J=GH5

FLJ9 FG [E:ALG <=KL= 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D 9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 <= <=D=?

9^]G H=D9 IM9D ME9 H=KKG9 J=HJ=K=FL9 GMLJ9 F9 =P=;M^]G <G HJG;=KKG =P
HJ=KKG FG HJ=<A;9<G H9J=;= H9J9 AFLJG<MRADG 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 GM =FL]G
9K
DG;M^g=K
HJ=HGKALAN9K 85
D5FH9
89 B5
F9DF9G9BH5WVC
89
-=LJA:M9D@=
G
>9NGJ 89
A=B<5
D5FH9

f) Adjuntos adverbial de distribuio

*K
BG?9<GJ=K
?9F@9E
HJaEAG
=PLJ9 DCF
D5FH=85
J9B7=85

g) Adjunto adverbial de inclinao e oposio  v .]G GK 9<

BMFLGK IM= =PHJ=KK9E 9 J=D9^]G <= x>9NGJy x9BM<9y GM x<AKHGKA^]G >9
NGJYN=Dy EMALG HJePAEG 9G N9DGJ :=F=>9;LANG <G <9LANG :=E ;GEG 9K J=
D9^g=K
;GFLJYJA9K
<=
xGHGKA^]Gy
x<AKHGKA^]G
<=K>9NGJYN=Dy
/J9:9D@GM
K=EHJ= D9@CG
5A=;CG

+9J9 9 HJAE=AJ9 J=D9^]G AFLJG<MRK= G 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D HGJ E=AG

<9 HJ=HGKA^]G DCF GM <= DG;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K =IMAN9D=FL=K <G LAHG <= 5
:5JCF
89 9A
69B9:[7=C
89 9A
DFC@
89 9A
5IL[@=C
89
=L;
+9J9 9 K=?MF<9 J=D9^]G MK9K= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 7CBHF5 GM DG;M^g=K <G
LAHG
K>GJ^9N9K= DCF
@IH5F
7CBHF5
CG
A5IG
D9BG5A9BHCG

h) Adjunto adverbial de substituio, troca ou equivalncia v

KKAE K= ;@9E9 G 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D IM= =PHJ=KK9 9 J=D9^]G <=

KL9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 9<N=J:A9D <=AP9 =KL=K 9<BMFLGK EMALG HJePAEGK

<G
N9DGJ
<=
xHJ=^Gy
=E
GJ9^g=K
<G
LAHG
=M
NAFL=
EAD
J=9AK D9@5
ACHC7=7@9H5 HJ=^G
=M
9
EGLG;A;D=L9 DCF
J=BH9
A=@
F95=G LJG;9

i) Adjunto adverbial de campo ou aspecto v W G 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A

9D
IM=
=PHJAE=
G
;9EHG
GM
G
9KH=;LG
<9
J=9DA<9<=
J=>=JA<9
*
HJAEG
>GJEGMK= 9A
A98=7=B5
=AP9J9E
<=
=P9EAF9J
9
IM=KL]G DCF
9GG9
DF=GA5

)GK =P=EHDGK 9:9APG 9 ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9 K= 9HJGPAE9 Z <= DM?9J

NAJLM9D
GE=L=MK=
?J9N=
=JJG B9GG9
H=DC
89
9LD@=75WVC

<=;AK]G
<G
BhJA
KMJHJ==F<=M
9
LG<GK GC6
C
DCBHC
89
J=GH5
XH=7C



j) Adjunto adverbial de assunto ou matria tratada v $FLJG<MR

K= L9D 9<BMFLG 9<N=J:A9D HGJ E=AG <9K HJ=HGKA^g=K 89 9A GM GC6F9 GM <9K
DG;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K 579F75 89 5 F9GD9=HC 89 9A HCFBC 89 =
=IMAN9D=FL=K

 

*K IM= =PHJ=KK9E =P;DMK]G NaE AFLJG<MRA<GK HGJ A9BCG G5@JC 9L

79HC :CF5 9L7@IG=J9 = H=D9K DG;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K GM F]G 7CA 5 9L
79WVC
89 5
BVC
G9F =
=IMAN9D=FL=K
/G<GK
K9bJ9E A9BCG
C
7I@D58C
D=K
>GJ9E
9
LG<GK
GK
:9AJJGK G5@JC
5G5
A5F9@5

*K IM= =PHJ=KK9E ;GF;=KK]G NaE AFLJG<MRA<GK HGJ A5@;F58C H=D9

DG;M^]G
HJ=HGKALAN9 5D9G5F
89
'5@;F58C
5
7<IJ5
>GEGK
9G
H9KK=AG
AN9
?9F@GM
G
;GF;MJKG 5D9G5F
85
F9G=GHZB7=5
85
7C@9;5
%GK_
<=
D=F;9J
=K;J=N=M
JGE9F;=K GC6F9
CG
6F5G=@9=FCG
89
JRF=5G
F9
;=c9G
8C
D5[G

W EMALG >J=IM=FL= 9H9J=;=J G 9KKMFLG GM 9 E9L_JA9 LJ9L9<9 =PHJ=KKGK

;GEG L=JEG 9J?ME=FL9D =PA?A<G H=DG KA?FA>A;9<G D_PA;G <G N=J:G =E HJ=
<A;9<GK =E IM= =FLJ9E MFA<9<=K D_PA;GK <G LAHG <= HF5H5F J9FG5F :5@5F =
=IMAN9D=FL=K
;GEG
F9K
GJ9^g=K
9:9APG
*
GJ9<GJ
LJ9LGM 89
:5HCG
@=H9FRF=CG

<AKK=JL9^]G
N=JKGM GC6F9
<=GH_F=5
)9
9MD9
G
HJG>=KKGJ
>9DGM 89
F9;ZB7=5
J9F65@

*MLJ9K
N=R=K
9H9J=;=
;GEG
9<BMFLG
9<FGEAF9D
<=
KM:KL9FLANG
*
NARAF@G
=K;J=N=M
ME
DANJG 89
<=GH_F=5G
=B:5BH=G
<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
<=
9<A^]G
GM
AF;DMK]G
=P;DMK]G
=
;GF;=KK]G

k) Adjunto adverbial de adio ou incluso, excluso e concesso v *K 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK IM= =PHJ=KK9E 9<A^]G NaE AFLJG<MRA<GK
H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G GC6F9 HGJ H9D9NJ9K <= N9DGJ AF;DMKANG A9GAC =B7@IG=J9
=L;  E9AK >J=IM=FL=E=FL= H=D9K DG;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K 5@XA 89 5 A5=G
89 589A5=G
89
-C6F9 <=K=EHJ=?G
@9NA9
<G=F^9
@XA
85G
BCH5G
FI=BG
>9DL9N9
EMALG
ZK
9MD9K
89A5=G
8CG
D5F9BH9G
NAF@9E
GK
;GFNA<9<GK
/G<GK
>A;9J9E A9GAC
B5
*K
NAKAL9FL=K
BY
K=
>GJ9E 5B=9@
=B7@IG=J9

Ainda uma vez os determinantes nominais

<BMFLG
9<FGEAF9D

1) Adjunto adnominal v =HGAK <= ;GF@=;A<9K 9K >MF^g=K KAFLYLA;9K 9L_

9IMA =FME=J9<9K =KL9EGK =E ;GF<A^g=K <= HJGKK=?MAJ FG 9HJG>MF<9
E=FLG <GK <=L=JEAF9FL=K FGEAF9AK L9E:_E ;@9E9<GK 58>IBHCG 58BCA
=B5=G IM= ;GE=^9EGK 9 N=J IM9F<G >9D9EGK <9 =PH9FK]G <G Fh;D=G <G
KMB=ALG
=E Conhecendo melhor o sujeito: ncleo e determinantes
/G<9 =PHJ=KK]G FGEAF9D IM9DIM=J IM= K=B9 9 >MF^]G =P=J;A<9 H=DG
K=M Fh;D=G HG<= K=J =PH9F<A<9 HGJ <=L=JEAF9FL=K IM= LaE HGJ EAKK]G
9;J=K;=J A<=A9 9;A<=FL9D ;GEHD=E=FL9J 9G KA?FA>A;9<G <=KK= KM:KL9FLANG
FM;D=9J * J=KMDL9<G <=KK9 =PH9FK]G _ ME ?JMHG MFALYJAG KAFL9?EYLA;G
FGEAF9D KL9K =PH9FKg=K F]G 9DL=J9E 9 J=D9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D <G Fh;D=G
E9K L]G KGE=FL= 9DM<=E 9 9KH=;LGK <A>=J=FL=K <9 J=9DA<9<= <G ;GFL=h<G
KA?FA>A;9LANG <G KM:KL9FLANG GM <9 =PHJ=KK]G FGEAF9D 9 =D= =IMAN9D=FL=
9b G J=KMDL9<G <= 9 =PH9FK]G =P=J;=J F9 GJ9^]G 9 E=KE9 >MF^]G <G
Fh;D=G
<=KHGB9<G
<GK
K=MK
<=L=JEAF9FL=K






H9J=;=E ;GEG HeK<=L=JEAF9FL=K AKLG _ 9K H9D9NJ9K IM= G;GJJ=E

Z <AJ=AL9 <G <=L=JEAF9FL= = <G HJ_<=L=JEAF9FL= G DFCBCA9 DCGG9GG=JC =
G BIA9F5@
*K G9IG DANJGK
F]G
=KL9N9E
F9
=KL9FL=
IM=D=K 8C=G =JJGK
=J9E
?J9N=K
1YJAGK
<= A9IG KG:JAF@GK
K]G
=F?=F@=AJGK
IM=D=K 8C=G
G9IG NARAF@GK
LJ9:9D@9E
FG
;GE_J;AG

v *K IM= FGJE9DE=FL= Ke G;GJJ=E Z =KIM=J<9 <G GI6GH5BH=JC  89H9FA

=B5BH9G
IM=
AF;DM=E
9K
K=?MAFL=K
;D9KK=K
<=
H9D9NJ9K
5 9JLA?G
=
GK
HJGFGE=K
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK
)G 6CBG :=@A9G =FLJ9J]G
=E
;9JL9R 9GH5
G9A5B5

6 KM:KL9FLANG

HJ_<=L=JEAF9FL=K
IM=
AF;DM=E
9K
K=?MAFL=K
;D9KK=K
<=
H9D9NJ9K DFCBCA9
DCGG9GG=JC =
G BIA9F5@
*K G9IG @=JFCG F]G
=KL9N9E
F9
=KL9FL=
IM=D=K 8C=G
9FFCG =J9E
?J9N=K

7 KM:KL9FLANG

HeK<=L=JEAF9FL=K
IM=
AF;DM=E
GK
IM9FLA>A;
9<GJ=K
J=HJ=K=FL9<GK
H=DGK
HJGFGE=K
AF<=>AFA<GK
*
?JMHG
KAFL9?EYLA;G
FGEAF9D
HG<=
;GFKLALMAJK=
<=
NYJAGK
LAHGK
v
*K
IM=
HG<=E
G;GJJ=J
Z
=KIM=J<9
GM
Z
<AJ=AL9
<G GI6H5BH=JC  58>9H=JC
+9KK=A 69@CG
8=5G =E 7=8589G
5;F58RJ9=G
*K <=L=JEAF9FL=K =KL]G =E ?=J9D J=HJ=K=FL9<GK H=D9K K=?MAFL=K
;D9KK=K <= H9D9NJ9K 58>9H=JC 5FH=;C = DFCBCA9 89ACBGHF5H=JC GM =IMAN9D
=FL=K
<=
9<B=LANGK
=KL=K
N=J=EGK
9<A9FL=
)GAL=K 7@5F5G HJ=FMF;A9E
:GE
L=EHG
) DANJG
=KLY
=K?GL9<G
GH5 E9F@]
HJGE=LA9
;@MN9

)9 K=IMaF;A9 <= <=L=JEAF9FL=K 9H9J=;=E ;GEG HJ_<=L=JEAF9FL=K

Z =KIM=J<9 <G <=L=JEAF9FL= 9K H9D9NJ9K IM= HG<=E J=;=:=J ?DG:9DE=FL=
G FGE= <= +I5BH=:=758CF 5@;IA 79FHC JRF=CG HC8C HC8CG EI5@EI9F 5@
;IBG <= JRF=CG <=
=L; 
@;IBG :GFK
EGE=FLGK
K]G
AF=KIM=;bN=AK
.C8CG GK
9DMFGK
K9bJ9E
@;IBG <=
FeK
F]G
>GJ9E
Z
>=KL9

.C8CG
CG
HFZG
A9IG
6CBG 9EA?GK
;@=?9E
@GB=

*K <G LAHG  GI6GH5BH=JC  58>9H=JC HG<=E L=J =KLJMLMJ9K

<A>=J=FL=K
5 ME
9<B=LANG
69@CG <A9K
=E
;A<9<=K 5;F58RJ9=G

6 ME
?JMHG
HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G
=IMAN9D=FL=
9
9<B=LANG
IM=
HG<=
GM
F]G
L=J
ME
;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=
KA?FG
D_PA;G
F9
DbF?M9
)=KL=
;9KG
IM9F<G
G
KM:KL9FLANG
=FLJ9
FME
?JMHG
9<B=LAN9<G
F]G
;GF;GJ<9
=E
?aF=JG
=
FhE=JG
;GE
G
KM:KL9FLANG
Fh;D=G
=
K=
9H9J=;=
FG
HDMJ9D
F]G
G
>9R
H=DG
>=FfE=FG
<9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
E9K
=E
9L=F^]G
Z
J=9DA<9<=
;GEMFA;9<9 7CDC
7CA
89:9=HC
7CDCG
7CA
89:9=HC
E9K 7CDC
7CA
89:9=HC
7CDC
7CA
89:9=HCG HGJ
K=
IM=J=J
J=>=JAJ
9
E9AK
<=
ME
<=>=ALG
=PAKL=FL=
FG 7CDC
@GE=E 89
7CF5;9A ;GJ9BGKG
H]G 7CA
A5BH9=;5 9E9FL=A?9<G
;GHG 7CA
89:9=HC <=>=ALMGKG
;9K9 89
*98FC
;9E9 89
GC@H9=FC



7 ME9
GJ9^]G
LJ9FKHGKL9
Z
>MF^]G
9<B=LAN9
*
@GE=E EI9
H9A
7CF5;9A ;GJ9BGKG

;9K9 EI9
*98FC
DCGGI=



KKAE L9E:_E IM9DIM=J N9JA9^]G L9FLG FG Fh;D=G <G 9<BMFLG 9<

FGEAF9D IM9FLG FG <G ;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D F]G 9DL=J9JY 9 J=D9^]G ;GE G
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D

GEHD=E=FLG
FGEAF9D

2) Complemento nominal v 0E9 LJ9<A^]G ?J9E9LA;9D E9AK J=;=FL= 9L=FL

9F<G H9J9 G 9KH=;LG <9 J=9DA<9<= ;GEMFA;9<9 = <= ;=JL9K J=D9^g=K ?J9
E9LA;9AK F=D9 =PAKL=FL=K L=E HJG;MJ9<G <AKLAF?MAJ GK <AN=JKGK K=FLA<GK
=E IM= K= AFL=JHJ=L9E 9K =PH9FKg=K <= KM:KL9FLANG ;GEG 9K K=?MAFL=K
K=E
=K?GL9J
9
=P=EHDA>A;9^]G


9
J=KGDM^]G 8C
8=F9HCF
9
HJAK]G 8C
7F=A=BCGC
D9@5
DC@[7=5
9
J=E=KK9 8CG
@=JFCG
9
J=KHGKL9 5C
7F[H=7C
G
9KK9DLG D9@C
65H5@<VC
9
A<9 5
*9HF_DC@=G

KKAE _ IM= =KK9 LJ9<A^]G H9JLAF<G <G ;GFL=h<G <= F9GC@IWVC 8C

8=F9HCF =IMAN9D=FL= 9 C 8=F9HCF F9GC@J9I ;D9KKA>A;9 8C 8=F9HCF ;GEG
x7CAD@9A9BHC = F]G 58>IBHC FGEAF9D KM:B=LANGy %Y =E DF=GVC 8C 7F=A
=BCGC =IMAN9D=FL= 9 C 7F=A=BCGC :C= DF9GC L=J=EGK ME x;GEHD=E=FLG
FGEAF9D KM:B=LANG H9KKANGy E 5 F9A9GG5 8CG @=JFCG =IMAN9D=FL= 9 5@
;IXA F9A9H9I CG @=JFCG 8CG @=JFCG K= ;D9KKA>A;9JY ;GEG x;GEHD=E=FLG
FGEAF9D G:B=LANGy GEG x;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D G:B=LANG AF<AJ=LG GM
L=JEAF9LANGy K=JY 5C 7F[H=7C <G ?JMHG KAFL9?EYLA;G FGEAF9D 5 F9GDCGH5 5C
7F[H=7C E C 5GG5@HC D9@C 65H5@<VC 9 =PHJ=KK]G HJ=HGKA;AGF9<9 K=JY
;D9KKA>A;9<9 ;GEG x;GEHD=E=FLG <= 9?=FL= GM <= ;9MK9 =>A;A=FL=y %Y =E
=85 5 *9HF_DC@=G L=J=EGK ME x;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D ;AJ;MFKL9F;A9Dy
6%* 
 7
t HJAE=AJ9 NAKL9 =E J=D9^]G 9GK L=JEGK HJAEYJAGK <9 J=D9^]G
HJ=<A;9LAN9 KMB=ALGHJ=<A;9<G F]G @Y J9R]G H9J9 ME LJ9L9E=FLG KAFLYLA;G
<A>=J=FL= <G 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D L=F<G =E NAKL9 IM= L9E:_E ;GE G ;GE
HD=E=FLG FGEAF9D 9 =PH9FK]G <G ?JMHG KAFL9?EYLA;G F]G EG<A>A;9 9 J=
D9^]G
?J9E9LA;9D
<G
Fh;D=G
-I>9=HC

;9K9
<=
+=<JG

J=KGDM^]G
<G
<AJ=LGJ

HJAK]G
<G
;JAEAFGKG
H=D9
HGDb;A9

*F98=758C
_
=KH9^GK9
KMJHJ==F<=M
9
LG<GK
E=J=;=M
=DG?AG
<9
AEHJ=FK9

+G<=Jb9EGK 9HGFL9J GMLJGK 9KH=;LGK ?J9E9LA;9AK =E IM= GK <GAK L=J

EGK 9HJ=K=FL9E LJ9^GK ;GEMFK ;GEG 9 9 HGKA^]G Z <AJ=AL9 <G Fh;D=G :
9 AF=PAKLaF;A9 <= H9MK9 ; 9 AFLJG<M^]G HGJ HJ=HGKA^]G G:JA?9LeJA9 FG
;GEHD=E=FLG
FGEAF9D
=
EMALG
>J=IM=FL=
FG
9<BMFLG
/G<9NA9 G ;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D =KLY K=E9FLA;9E=FL= E9AK ;G=KG
9G Fh;D=G HGJ J=HJ=K=FL9J ME9 ;GFKLJM^]G <=JAN9<9 E=<A9FL= 9 FGEAF9D
AR9^]G
>=FfE=FG
IM=
F]G
G;GJJ=
FG
9<BMFLG
9<FGEAF9D
*
<AJ=LGJ
J=KGDN=M


J=KGDM^]G
<G
<AJ=LGJ

HGDb;A9
HJ=F<=M
G
;JAEAFGKG


HJAK]G
<G
;JAEAFGKG
H=D9
HGDb;A9

KL9 J=D9^]G K=E[FLA;GKAFLYLA;9 HJGNG;9 9 AEHGKKA:ADA<9<= v K= F]G

=KLAN=J BY 9KKAF9D9<G GM ;GF@=;A<G FG ;GFL=PLG v <= 9H9?9E=FLG <G ;GE
HD=E=FLG FGEAF9D G9A EI9 =GHC 9GH569@9W5 5 F5NVC DF=ACF8=5@ D5F5 8=G
H=B;I=F C 7CAD@9A9BHC 8C 58>IBHC ME9 N=R IM= @Y 9<BMFLGK
AEHJ=K;AF<bN=AK

F9GC@IWVC KMJHJ==F<=M
9
LG<GK

DF=GVC
D9@5
DC@[7=5 E=J=;=M
=DG?AG

KL9F<G 9 FGEAF9DAR9^]G HJ=K=FL= IM=J FG ;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D

<= >MF^]G HJAEYJA9 KM:B=LAN9 5 F9GC@IWVC 8C 8=F9HCF C 8=F9HCF F9
GC@J9I IM=J FG <= >MF^]G HJAEYJA9 G:B=LAN9 5 89G7C69FH5 85 =ADF9BG5
!IH9B69F; 89G7C6F=I 5 =ADF9BG5 F]G ;9:= ;D9KKA>A;9J FG =P=EHDG 5
F9GC@IWVC 8C 8=F9HCF 8C 8=F9HCF ;GEG 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D =FIM9FLG FG
=P=EHDG 5 89G7C69FH5 85 =ADF9BG5 85 =ADF9BG5 ;GEG ;GEHD=E=FLG
FGEAF9D
61& 7
E:GK GK L=JEGK H9JLA;AH9E <9K E=KE9K ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K HJeHJA9K
9G ;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D 9D_E <9 FGEAF9DAR9^]G F]G 9<EAL=E
9H9?9E=FLG



9
J=KGDM^]G
<G
<AJ=LGJ

9
J=KGDM^]G
9
<=K;G:=JL9
<9
AEHJ=FK9

9
<=K;G:=JL9

$EHg=K= <=KL9 E9F=AJ9 AF;DMAJ G ;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D ;GEG

L=JEG
9J?ME=FL9D
*bservao 9:= F]G ;GF>MF<AJ ;9KGK <= AEHGKKA:ADA<9<= <= 9H9?9E=FLG ;GE
GMLJGK =E IM= G FGKKG K9:=J KG:J= 9K ;GAK9K <G EMF<G AEH=<= HGJ AF;G=J=FL=K
;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG CB<97= IA <CA9A 89 D9FB5G $CVC H9A IA5 JCN ME9 N=R
IM= 9 FGKK9 =PH=JAaF;A9 ;GF;=:= LG<G @GE=E ;GE H=JF9K GM ;GE NGR /G<9NA9
9FMD9K= 9 AF;G=JaF;A9 K= L9AK KM:KL9FLANGK NaE 9;GEH9F@9<GK <= 9<B=LANGK CB
<97= IA <CA9A 89 D9FB5G @CB;I[GG=A5G $CVC H9A IA5 JCN FCI:9B<5 BY IM= F=E
LG<GK GK @GE=FK LaE H=JF9K DGF?MbKKAE9K F=E NGR >9F@GK9 +GJL9FLG F=KL=K
;9KGK
F]G
K=
LJ9L9
<=
ME
K9:=J
A<AGEYLA;G
E9K
<=
ME
K9:=J
=DG;MLANG

#Y =NA<=FL= H9J9D=DAKEG =FLJ= 9 =KLJMLMJ9 AFL=JF9 <G ;GEHD=E=FLG

FGEAF9D
=
<9K
GJ9^g=K
KL=
LJ9L9E=FLG
=KH=;A9D
<G
;GEHD=E=FLG
FGEAF9D
K=JN= H9J9 =PHDA;9J >9LGK ?J9E9LA;9AK IM= >A;9E E9AK =NA<=FL=K Z DMR <=KL9
<AKLAF^]G
+GJ =P=EHDG G L=JEG FGEAF9DAR9<G KM:KL9FLANG 9<B=LANG GM 9<
N_J:AG <= :9K= FGEAF9D HG<= ;GFLJ9AJ 9K E=KE9K J=D9^g=K KAFLYLA;9K <9
;GFKLJM^]G :YKA;9 K= G Fh;D=G N=J:9D _ ;GEHD=PG = K= 9;GEH9F@9 <=
;GEHD=E=FLGK
9
;GFKLJM^]G
<=JAN9<9
9HJ=K=FL9
=KL=K
L=JEGK

E]=
9E9
G
>AD@G

*
9EGJ 89 AV9
5C
:=@<C

HGDb;A9
HJ=F<=M
G
D9<J]G


HJAK]G 8C
@58FVC
D9@5 DC@[7=5
%=KMK
9E9
9K
;JA9F;AF@9K

G
9EGJ 89
$9GIG
SG
7F=5B7=B<5G
*
;9JL=AJG
=FLJ=?GM
9
;9JL9
<=
%GK_
9G
(YJAG


=FLJ=?9 85
75FH5
89
$CGX
5C
'RF=C
D9@C
75FH9=FC

 K=D=^]G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= AFLJG<MR G ;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D

IM9K= K=EHJ= =KLY <=L=JEAF9<9 H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= 9;GEH9F@9 G ;GE
HD=E=FLG
N=J:9D
!GA S
7=8589

A<9 S
7=8589
+=F=LJGM B5 :@CF9GH5

H=F=LJ9^]G B5
:@CF9GH5
$F;DAFGMK= S
AdG=75

AF;DAF9^]G S
AdG=75

= EG<G ?=J9D 9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D L=E 9HGFL9<G ;GEHD=E=F

LGK FGEAF9AK J=KLJALGK 9 HJG;=KKGK <= FGEAF9DAR9^g=K IM= =FNGDN=E KM:
KL9FLANGK desejo 89 J=H_F=5 89G9>5F 5 J=H_F=5 9 9<B=LANGK desejoso 89
J=H_F=5 89G9>5F 5 J=H_F=5 GM 9 9<N_J:AGK referentemente 5C 5GGIBHC
F9:9F9BH9 69<B=LANG7 5C 5GGIBHC F9:9FZB7=5 6KM:KL9FLANG7 5C 5G
GIBHC (9K @Y GMLJGK IM= <=N=E KM9 HJ=K=F^9 9 LJ9^GK K=E[FLA;GK <G



Fh;D=G FGEAF9D AF<=H=F<=FL=K <= FGEAF9DAR9^g=K 1=B9EGK 9D?MFK

<=KK=K
LAHGK
GEG Fh;D=G <G KAFL9?E9 FGEAF9D L=J=EGK <= AFb;AG KM:KL9FLANGK
>GJE9DE=FL= J=D9;AGF9<GK 9 N=J:GK IM= 9KKME=E J=D9^g=K EMALG K=E=D
@9FL=K
ZK
IM=
G;GJJ=E
F9K
GJ9^g=K
;GF>GJE=
BY
NAEGK
FGK
=P=EHDGK
5
G5[85
8C
HF9A
C
HF9A
G5=I
5
9BHF9;5
85
75FH5

9D?M_E 9BHF9;CI
5
75FH5 GM 5
75FH5
:C=
9BHF9;I9

* KM:KL9FLANG >GJE9<G <= 9<B=LANG L9E:_E ?GR9 <9 =KLJMLMJ9 9J?M

E=FL9D
IM=
D@=
_
HJeHJA9
9 7I@HIF5 <G
HJG>=KKGJ


G
HJG>=KKGJ 7I@HC

/G<9NA9 ;GEG 9 =KLJMLMJ9 9J?ME=FL9D <=H=F<= <G KA?FA>A;9<G

D_PA;G <= ;9<9 H9D9NJ9 KM:KL9FLANGK @Y IM= F]G K= J=D9;AGF9F<G EGJ>GDe
?A;9 GM E9L=JA9DE=FL= 9 N=J:GK = 9<B=LANGK K=D=;AGF9E L=JEGK 9J?M
E=FL9AK AF=J=FL=K 9G ;GFL=h<G <= H=FK9E=FLG <=KA?F9<G /9AK L=JEGK
9L=F<=E ZK <M9K ;GF<A^g=K :YKA;9K <G =KL9LMLG <GK 9J?ME=FLGK 9 G
Fh;D=G GK K=D=;AGF9 K=E[FLA;9 = ;9L=?GJA9DE=FL= : G Fh;D=G D@=K AEHg=
ME9
AFL=JHJ=L9^]G
<=L=JEAF9<9
6 1 
 7
KL]G
F=KL=
;9KG
<=
9J?ME=FLGK
AF=J=FL=K
5 *K KM:KL9FLANGK J=D9;AGF9AK AKLG _ 9IM=D=K IM= F]G >9R=E J=>=J
aF;A9 9 AF<ANb<MGK E9K =PHJ=KK9E J=D9^g=K =FLJ= AF<ANb<MGK W G ;9KG
<GK
L=JEGK
<=
H9J=FL=K;G
<G
LAHG
<= D5= AV9 :=@<C =FAVC
G
H9A 89
8I5F8C
9
LA9 8C
5B=9@
G
AJE]G 85
969@

$F;DM=EK= F=KL= JGD F9LMJ9DE=FL= KM:KL9FLANGK ;GEG 5A=;C

7C@9;5 7CAD5B<9=FC
G
9EA?G 89
@9HC
9
;GD=?9 89
!9CF;9H9

9:= D=E:J9J IM= KM:KL9FLANGK J=>=JA<GK Z E=KE9 =FLA<9<= HG<=E

AF;DMAJK= GM F]G FG ?JMHG <GK J=D9;AGF9AK +GJ =P=EHDG DRHF=5 = D5[G G
HJAE=AJG _ J=D9;AGF9D K= KA?FA>A;9 G DM?9J <= F9K;AE=FLG HGJIM= _ HYLJA9
K=EHJ= J=D9;AGF9<G 9 9D?M_E =FIM9FLG D5[G zF9^]G{ zJ=?A]G{ F]G >9R
F=;=KK9JA9E=FL= J=>=JaF;A9 9 ME AF<ANb<MG * =P=EHDG 9HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ
K;9F<=DD 1A<9D A5G7CH9 = 7VC _ E9AK =NA<=FL= HGJIM= 9 E9K;GL=
HJ=KKMHg=
KaDG
<=
9D?M_E
G
IM=
F]G
K=
<Y
;GE
G
KM:KL9FLANG 7VC



*K FGE=K <= H9JL=K <G ;GJHG = 9IM=D=K IM= 9DM<=E 9 H9JL=K ;GF
KLALMLAN9K
<=
ME9
=FLA<9<=
>bKA;9
GM
9:KLJ9L9E=FL=
;GFKA<=J9<9
GK 6F5WCG <9 85BW5F=B5
G FCGHC <9 7F=5BW5
9 :579 <G DFC6@9A5
G ;5@<C <9 RFJCF9
G 7XF96FC <9 9EI=D9
G L <9 EI9GHVC

6 *K KM:KL9FLANGK A;fFA;GK AKLG _ IM= <=KA?F9E J=HJ=K=FL9^]G

L9AK ;GEG F9HF5HC EI58FC :CHC;F5:=5 :=@A9 D9@[7I@5 IM9F<G J=>=JA<GK 9
=FLA<9<=K
J=LJ9L9<9K
HAFL9<9K
>GLG?J9>9<9K
=L;
)GL=K=
9
<A>=J=F^9
=FLJ=
 )
F9HF5HC
89
'57<58C
89
GG=G
  )
F9HF5HC
85
;5@9F=5

E  G KA?FA>A;9<G <= F9HF5HC K=D=;AGF9 G L=JEG 9J?ME=FL9D

'57<58C 89 GG=G AFL=JHJ=L9<G G KAFL9?E9 FGEAF9D ;GEG zG J=LJ9LG =E
IM=
9H9J=;=
(
<=
KKAK{
E   BY F9HF5HC K= 9;@9 9;GEH9F@9<G <= ME 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D
K=F<G zG J=LJ9LG <9 ?9D=JA9{ AFL=JHJ=L9<G ;GEG zG J=LJ9LG =PHGKLG F9
?9D=JA9{
/9E:_E HG<= FG ;9KG  G L=JEG 9J?ME=FL9D J=>=JAJK= F]G Z =F
LA<9<=
J=LJ9L9<9
E9K
9G
HJeHJAG
9MLGJ
<G
J=LJ9LG
GM
IM9<JG
)
EI58FC
89
0=HCF
'9=F9@9G

K J=>=JaF;A9K Z =FLA<9<= J=LJ9L9<9 = 9G K=M 9MLGJ HG<=E ;GF;GJJ=J

FG
KAFL9?E9
FGEAF9D
E=<A9FL=
GK
<GAK
L=JEGK
9J?ME=FL9AK
)
EI58FC
85
*FC7@5A5WVC
85
#B89D9B8ZB7=5
89
0=HCF
'9=F9@9G A
_
G
IM9<JG
IM=
J=LJ9L9
9
+JG;D9E9^]G
<9
$F<=H=F<aF;A9
<=
9MLGJA9
<=
1ALGJ
(=AJ=D=K

+G<= 9L_ BMFL9JK= 9 =KK=K <GAK L=JEGK 9J?ME=FL9AK G 9<BMFLG

9<FGEAF9D
)
EI58FC
8C
!F=HC
8C
#D=F5B;5
89
0=HCF
'9=F9@9G
8C
'IG9I
89
9@5G
FH9G

$F;DM=EK= =FLJ= GK KM:KL9FLANGK IM= <=KA?F9E J=HJ=K=FL9^]G GK

IM= K= 9HDA;9E 9 HJG<MLGK <9 9LANA<9<= AFL=D=;LM9D ;GEG @=JFC 5FH=;C
=L; 
)
@=JFC
89
!F57=@=5BC
,5ACG AFLALMD9K=
1A<9K
.=;9K



KKAE ;GEG G 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D HG<= K=J J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ ME9

=PH9FK]G E9AK ;GEHD=P9 <G Fh;D=G FGEAF9D AKLG _ HGJ ME9 GJ9^]G KM:
GJ<AF9<9
9<B=LAN9

;9K9

;9K9

7CADF585
EI9
7CADF9=

=KLY
H=JLG
<9
;A<9<=
=KLY
H=JLG
<9
;A<9<=

9KKAE L9E:_E G ;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D HG<= K=J J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ ME9

GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
GJA?AF9DE=FL=
KM:KL9FLAN9
;GEHD=LAN9
FGEAF9D
*
<=K=BG
*
<=K=BG

89
HI5
J=H_F=5
89
EI9
J9BW5G

_
;GFKL9FL=
_
;GFKL9FL=

*
9HGKLG

3) O aposto v *MLJG ;GEHGF=FL= <G ?JMHG KAFL9?EYLA;G FGEAF9D _ G ;@9

E9<G 5DCGHC ;MBG DAEAL= <= <AKLAF^]G ;GE G 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D HJGHJA9
E=FL= <ALG _ EMAL9K N=R=K <A>b;AD <= LJ9^9J H9J=;= =E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G
LAHG
*
JAG A5NCB5G <=KY?M9
FG
LD[FLA;G
*
HJG>=KKGJ '57<58C @GFJGM
G
E9?AKL_JAG
.GMK9 7569@9=F9=FC E=
;GF@=;=
:=E
(=M DF=AC %GK_
EGJGM
F9
$LYDA9
x
;GE
=D=
6HJG?J9E97
L=E
NAF<G
H=D9
NA<9
K9LAK>9R=F<G
9
HGJ
LM?M=K=K
=
:J9KAD=AJGK
IM=
G
;GFKA<=J9EGK IBG
9
CIHFCG
KGD<9<G
<G
K=M
?JMHG y
6( 
7
D9JA;= 5
DF=A9=F5
B9H5
85
:5A[@=5
;MJK9
AJ=ALG
.GMK9
FGKKG
;9:=D=AJ=AJG
F]G
LJ9:9D@9
@GB=
+=<JG
$$ =AD9F58CF
8C
F5G=@
HJGL=?A9
BGN=FK
L9D=FLGKGK
M B=65@ H=^G
9
H9R
6((97
E9F@] GR658C
F]G
K9AJ=A
6&7

@9E9K= 5DCGHC 9 ME KM:KL9FLANG GM =PHJ=KK]G =IMAN9D=FL= IM=

EG<A>A;9 ME Fh;D=G FGEAF9D GM HJGFGEAF9D GM H9D9NJ9 <= F9LMJ=R9 KM:
KL9FLAN9 ;GEG 5A5B<V <C>9 =L;  L9E:_E ;GF@=;A<G H=D9 <=FGEAF9^]G
:IB85A9BH5@ K=E HJ=;AK9J <= GMLJG AFKLJME=FLG ?J9E9LA;9D IM= E9JIM=
=KL9
>MF^]G
9<FGEAF9D
#Y <A>=J=F^9 <= ;GFL=h<G K=E[FLA;G =FLJ= ME9 ;GFKLJM^]G <G LAHG
) F=C A5NCB5G = *98FC ## =AD9F58CF 8C F5G=@ F9 HJAE=AJ9 G KM:KL9FL
ANG IM= >MF;AGF9 ;GEG 9HGKLG K= 9HDA;9 <AJ=L9E=FL= 9G FGE= Fh;D=G = J=
KLJAF?= K=M ;GFL=h<G K=E[FLA;G <= N9DGJ ?=F_JA;G L9D ;GEG >9R ME 9<B=L
ANG =FIM9FLG F9 K=?MF<9 9 KM9 EAKK]G _ L]G KGE=FL= =PHDA;9J G ;GF;=ALG



<G L=JEG >MF<9E=FL9D J9R]G H=D9 IM9D _ =E ?=J9D E9J;9<G HGJ H9MK9 AF
<A;9<9 HGJ NbJ?MD9 GM HGJ KAF9D =IMAN9D=FL= LJ9N=KK]G = H9JaFL=K= 9b 9
9HGKA^]G <G HJAE=AJG LAHG K= ;@9E9J 9GD97[:=75 GM 9GD97=:=75H=J5 = 9 <G
K=?MF<G 9LD@=75H=J5
* 9HGKLG =PHDA;9LANG HG<= 9HJ=K=FL9J N9DGJ=K K=;MF<YJAGK IM=
E=J=;=E
<=K;JA^]G
=KH=;A9D
;GEG
G;GJJ=
;GE
GK
K=?MAFL=K
5 BIA9F5H=JC IM9F<G 9 =PHDA;9^]G ;GFKAKL= =E <=K<G:J9J G >MF
<9E=FL9D J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ ME <GK HJGFGE=K GM DG;M^]G HI8C B585
B=B;IXA 7585
IA IA 9
CIHFC
=L; 
GM
HGJ
KM:KL9FLANG

 

xFH=GH5 v
;GJL9
G
EYJEGJ
<=
9JJ9J9
*C9H=G5 v
L9F?=
GK
@AFGK
<=
!=JJ9J9y
6N 
$$
 7

89

K
=KLJ=D9K 7CAC
;F5B89G
C@<CG
7IF=CGCG
=KHJ=AL9N9E
9LJ9N_K
<9
>GD@9?=E

LA 7CAC
;9B9F5@
;GEH=L=
G
;GE9F<9J

%G]G
<=
9KLJG J=79F9=
85
qB8=5
=EH=F@GM
GK
;9:=DGK
<9
:9J:9

KL=
LAHG
<=
9HGKLG
HG<=
K=J
AFLJG<MRA<G
HGJ EI5B8C

/M<G
v 5@9;F=5G
HF=GH9N5G
DF9C7ID5Wc9G v
>A;9N9
=KL9EH9<G
DG?G
FG

K=M
JGKLG
M9K
;GAK9K
G
=F;GJ9B9N9E 5
:X
B5
F9@=;=VC
9
5
7CB:=5BW5
9A
G=
xM9K
;GMK9K
K=
F]G
H=J<G9E
=FLJ=
GK
H9JLA<GK
HGDbLA;GK 5
B9IHF5@=8
589
9
5
5DCGH5G=5y
6((7

tK
N=R=K
=KK=
LAHG
<=
9HGKLG
HJ=;=<=
G
>MF<9E=FL9D

A5H9ARH=75 5
<=GH_F=5 5
@[B;I5
DCFHI;I9G5
F9<9
LAF@9
K=?J=<GK
H9J9
=D=

E LG<GK =KL=K =P=EHDGK G >MF<9E=FL9D HI8C 8I5G 7C=G5G B585

>MF;AGF9 ;GEG KMB=ALG <9K GJ9^g=K = HGJ AKKG K= =KL9:=D=;= 9 ;GF;GJ<[F
;A9
=FLJ=
=D=
=
G
N=J:G
KL= 9HGKLG HG<= NAJ HJ=;=<A<G <9K DG;M^g=K =PHDA;9LAN9K =GHC X DCF
9L9AD@C 5
G569F J9F6=
;F5H=5 9:J=NA9LMJ9
6N
? 7
M9K
;GAK9K
G
AF;GEG<9N9E 5
G569F C
65FI@<C
85
FI5
9
C
:F=C
=BH9BGC

6 =GHF=6IH=JC
(9;@9<G
<=
KKAK
=
"GF^9DN=K
A9K
K]G
GK
E=MK
=K;JALGJ=K
HJ=>=JA<GK 5EI9@9
B5
DFCG5
9
9GH9
B5
DC9G=5
/A FG
9MLGEG:ADAKEG CIHFC FG
>ML=:GD
.=FF9
=
+=D_
E9J;9J9E
ME
H=JbG<G
<=
GMJG
FG
=KHGJL=
:J9KAD=AJG

7 =F7IBGH5B7=5@ ;GEH9J9^]G L=EHG ;9MK9 =L;  HJ=;=<A<G GM

F]G <= H9D9NJ9 IM= E9J;9 =KL9 J=D9^]G 9 E9AK BY IM= G 9HGKLG =PHDA;9LANG
9;J=K;=FL9
ME
<9<G
9
E9AK
9;=J;9
<G
>MF<9E=FL9D
xK
=KLJ=D9K ;F5B89G
C@<CG
7IF=CGCG
=KHJ=AL9N9E
9LJ9N_K
<9
>GD
@9?=Ey
6 , 
 5DI8 & 7

KL= LAHG <= 9HGKLG HG<= K=J AFLJG<MRA<G HGJ 7CAC B5 EI5@=8589


%G]G
<=
9KLJG
IM9F<G J=79F9=
85
qB8=5
=EH=F@GM
GK
;9:=DGK
<9
:9J:9
6 HA>[FAG
A9K7
+9MDAF@G 5A=;C
LAJGMG
<9
<A>A;MD<9<=
+9MDAF@G DCFEI9
5A=;C
LAJGMG
<9
<A>A;MD<9<=
HGKA^]G
;GE
<=
P
<BMFLG
9<FGEAF9D

4) Aposio com de x Adjunto adnominal v D?ME9K N=R=K G 9HGKLG

=KH=;A>A;9LANG N=E AFLJG<MRA<G H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 =KH=;A9DE=FL= K= K=
LJ9L9 <= <=FGEAF9^g=K <= AFKLALMA^g=K <= DG?J9<GMJGK <= 9;A<=FL=K
?=G?JY>A;GK
GD_?AG 89
-5BH5
,=H5
+J9^9 85
,9Dd6@=75
$D@9 89
'5F5>_
A<9<= 8C
,97=:9

/9D ;GFKLJM^]G E9L=JA9DE=FL= >9D9F<G 9HJGPAE9 G 9HGKLG <G 9<

BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G IM= NAEGK 9FL=K LG<9NA9 <G HGFLG <=
NAKL9 K=E[FLA;G @Y <A>=J=F^9 =FLJ= #@<5 89 '5F5>_ = 75G5 89 *98FC E
75G5 89 *98FC 75G5 = *98FC K]G <M9K J=9DA<9<=K <AKLAFL9K =FIM9FLG =E
=@<5 = '5F5>_ K= LJ9L9 <= ME9 Ke J=9DA<9<= BY IM= 9E:GK IM=J=E J=>=JAJ
K= 9 ME Ke ;GFL=h<G <= H=FK9E=FLG <=KA?F9<G ,M9FLG 9G =EHJ=?G
<9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 F9K ;GFKLJM^g=K <=KL= hDLAEG LAHG ;GEG :=E =FKAF9
HA>[FAG A9K x<9 9J:ALJ9JA=<9<= <G MKG _ IM= <=H=F<= G =EHJ=?9JK= =E
MFK ;9KGK 89 <=>AFALANG =E GMLJGK 9 9HGKA^]G ARK= HGJ =P=EHDG C
BCA9 89 I;IGHC E9K 5 D5@5JF5 I;IGHC 5 7=8589 89 &=G6C5 E9K C F=C
.9>Cy
tK N=R=K HG<=E 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K ;GE 89 HJGNG;9J ;9KGK <= KAF;J=L
AKEG
KAFLYLA;G
;GE
;GFK=IM=FL=
=>=ALG
<=
9E:A?MA<9<=
F]G
<A>=J=F^9F<G
G LbLMDG <9 A<=A9 <= HGKK= GM H=JL=F^9 +GJ AKKG H9J9 GK LbLMDGK FG <=K=BG




<= =NAL9J 9 9E:A?MA<9<= N9AK= ?=F=J9DAR9F<G G F]G =EHJ=?G <9 HJ=

HGKA^]G 89 ,I5 -5BH5 .9F9G5 *F5W5 *5F=G =L; KL9 ;GFKLJM^]G _ 9FLA?9
F9 DbF?M9 = H9J9D=D9 9G MKG D9LAFG /F6G ,CA5 !5FIAB5 :@IA9B (9K 9
HJ=K=F^9 <9 BMKL9HGKA^]G FG >J9F;aK = AF?DaK L=E >=ALG IM= L9D HJYLA;9 K=B9
;GF<=F9<9 K=E KM;=KKG HGJ =KLJ9F?=AJAKEG  BMKL9HGKA^]G N9AK= AE
HGF<G =E 6CA65 F9@_;=C A5B85HC H5ADVC <CA9A 65@5 HF5>9 D5GG9=C
=E IM= G HJG;=<AE=FLG EGJ>GDe?A;G <= >GJE9^]G <= ;GEHGKLGK K=
KG:J=Hg= 9G HJG;=KKG KAFLYLA;G  HJYLA;9 F=KL=K ;9KGK N9;AD9 =FLJ= G
=EHJ=?G
GM
F]G
<G
@b>=F
= IM9DIM=J E9F=AJ9 G 9HGKLG = G 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D K]G 9E:GK
=PH9FKg=K
KAFLYLA;9K
<G
Fh;D=G
FGEAF9D
K
;GFKLJM^g=K
ME9
BGA9
<=
H=KKG9
=
G
HG:J=
<G
J9H9R

5) As construes uma joia de pessoa e o pobre do rapaz j E N=R <=

IA5 D9GGC5 >C=5 = C DC6F9 F5D5N =E IM= G Fh;D=G FGEAF9D D9GGC5
F5D5N K= 9;@9 9;GEH9F@9<G <= ME 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D >C=5 DC6F9
9H9J=;=E FME9 >GJE9 ;9JJ=?9<9 <= 9>=LANA<9<= 9K =PHJ=KKg=K IA5 >C=5
89 D9GGC5 = C DC6F9 8C F5D5N =E IM= G HJAEALANG 9<BMFLG H9KK9 >GJE9D
E=FL= 9 Fh;D=G = G 9FLA?G Fh;D=G H9KK9 9 9<BMFLG E=<A9FL= 9 HJ=K=F^9 <9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89 /=EK= EMALG <AK;MLA<G ;GEG K= >GJE9J9E =KL9K =P
HJ=KKg=K <=JAN9<9K K=E IM= L=F@9EGK ME9 KGDM^]G ;9:9D E9K K= HG<=
>ADAYD9K 9 >J9K=K =P;D9E9LAN9K K=E N=J:G <G LAHG <= 5= 89 A=A DC6F9 89
A=A
=L; 6!R 
$$$7
G D9<G <9 ;9J?9 9>=LAN9 HGKALAN9 =E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG C 6CA 8C
DRFC7C HG<= G;GJJ=J 9 ;9J?9 F=?9LAN9 C 6IFFC 8C 7@=9BH9 5 8FC;5 8C 7@=
9BH9 F=KL= hDLAEG ;9KG ;JA9K= ME9 9E:A?MA<9<= =FLJ= 9K =IMAN9DaF;A9K
xG
;DA=FL=
_
ME9
<JG?9y
=
xG
;DA=FL=
L=E
ME9
<JG?9y
Substantivo + adjetivo = Adjetivo + substantivo
+G<= G;GJJ=J KAF;J=LAKEG KAFLYLA;G =E ?JMHGK FGEAF9AK <G LAHG GR
6=C 5@9AVC =E IM= K= HG<= ;GJJ=L9E=FL= =FL=F<=J <= ME D9<G 9 =P
AKLaF;A9 <= ME GR6=C KM:KL9FLANG <= F9;AGF9DA<9<= 9D=E] 9<B=LANG GM
<= GMLJG ME 5@9AVC KM:KL9FLANG IM= _ GR6=C 9<B=LANG #Y 9IMA HGJL
9FLG ME9 ;GAF;A<aF;A9 E9L=JA9D <= ;GE:AF9^]G <= >GJE9K DAF?MbKLA;9K
E=<A9FL= 9 IM9D KM:KL9FLANG  9<B=LANG  9<B=LANG  KM:KL9FLANG 6 K 
7
 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G E9AK F9LMJ9D GM H=DG E=FGK E9AK AE=<A9L9 _ ;GF
KA<=J9J G K=?MF<G L=JEG ;GEG 9<B=LANG AKLG _ ;GEG 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D



W 9 DA^]G <= ( 9JJ=LG =E ?JMHGK FGEAF9AK <G LAHG A9B=BC F9=

F9=
A9B=BC :=@_GC:C F9=
F9= :=@_GC:C 6(9   7 KKAE =FL=F<=M (9;@9<G
<= KKAK 9G <=>AFAJ IM= 9K '9A_F=5G *_GHIA5G 89 FRG I65G =J9E 9K <=
ME 89:IBHC 5IHCF  IM= =K;J=N= = F]G <= ME 5IHCF 89:IBHC  IM=
EGJJ=M
"J9MK
<=
;G=K]G
FGK
?JMHGK
FGEAF9AK

6) Graus de coeso nos grupos nominais v tK N=R=K G Fh;D=G FGEAF9D

BY =PH9F<A<G HGJ ME 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D ;GFKLALMb<G HGJ 9<B=LANG N=E
9;J=K;A<G
<=
GMLJG
9<B=LANG
;GEG
GK
;GEH=L=FL=K
9LD=L9K
EAF=AJGK

=E IM= 9G ?JMHG AFA;A9D CG 7CAD9H9BH9G 5H@9H5G K= BMFL9 G 9<BMFLG 9<FGE

AF9D A=B9=FCG IM= F]G K= J=>=J= L]G KGE=FL= 9G KM:KL9FLANG 5H@9H5G E9K
9G ;GFBMFLG 7CAD9H9BH9G 5H@9H5G KKAE 7CAD9H9BH9G ?M9J<9 E9AGJ ?J9M
<= ;G=K]G =E J=D9^]G 9 5H@9H5G <G IM= G 9<B=LANG A=B9=FCG /=EGK 9IMA
ME =P=EHDG <= @AHGL9P= =KLM<9<9 =E =E IM= G ?JMHG <= H9D9NJ9K 7CA
D9H9BH9G 5H@9H5G H9KK9 9 >MF;AGF9J FG =KLJ9LG <= H9D9NJ9 = 9KKAE HG<= J=
;=:=J
G
9<BMFLG
9<FGEAF9D A=B9=FCG
+G<=E =KL9J BMFLGK GK <GAK 9<B=LANGK K=E IM= K= 9DL=J= G ?J9M <=
;G=K]G
5
G=HI5WVC HGDbLA;9
9LM9D
61& 
7

* 9<B=LANG E=FGK ;G=KG 5HI5@ =E J=D9^]G 9G FGE= G=HI5WVC

HG<=
EM<9J
<=
HGKA^]G
<A>=J=FL=E=FL=
<G
E9AK
;G=KG
DC@[H=75
5
5HI5@
G=HI5WVC
DC@[H=75

E9K
F]G
5
DC@[H=75
G=HI5WVC
5HI5@

/9E:_E G E=FGK ;G=KG F]G HG<= AFL=J;9D9JK= =FLJ= G Fh;D=G = G

E9AK
;G=KG
 5
G=HI5WVC
5HI5@
DC@[H=75
*
9HGKLG
;GE
=PHJ=KKg=K
<G
LAHG
HfJ
FGE=

7) O aposto com expresses do tipo pr nome j =HGAK <G KM:KL9FLANG

<9K =PHJ=KKg=K DaF BCA9 H9F BCA9 = =IMAN9D=FL=K ;GE G KA?FA>A;9<G <=
x;@9E9JK=y
x<9J
FGE=y
HG<=
9H9J=;=J
ME
9HGKLG
,M=E
G
K=M
;]G
IM=J
E9L9J F5=J5 D@=
Hg=
FGE=
6(9 
7
HGKLG
J=>=JA<G
9
ME9
GJ9^]G



8) Aposto referido a uma orao v * 9HGKLG F]G Ke K= J=>=J= 9 IM9DIM=J

Fh;D=G FGEAF9D =E IM9DIM=J >MF^]G <9 GJ9^]G HG<= J=>=JAJK= 9G ;GF
L=h<G
<=
H=FK9E=FLG
=PHJ=KKG
FME9
GJ9^]G
AFL=AJ9
=HGAK
<9
HJGN9
!ADAH=
=KL9N9
J9<A9FL=
G=B5@
89
G9I
GI79GGC

GEG 9HGKLG <= ME9 GJ9^]G AFL=AJ9 ;GKLME9 9H9J=;=J ME KM:KL9FL

ANG ;GEG 7C=G5 F5NVC ACH=JC :5HC = =IMAN9D=FL= K=EHJ= 9;GEH9F@9<G
<= ME 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D GM <= ME9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 9<B=LAN9 KM:
KL9FLAN9<9
H=DG
9JLA?G C
*
<=K9KLJ=
HJGNG;GM
EMAL9K
NbLAE9K 7C=G5
@5GH=ARJ9@
*K
;GFNA<9<GK
F]G
>GJ9E
Z
>=KL9 C
EI9
89=LCI
C
5B=J9FG5F=5BH9
:FIGHF58C
*bservao  LJ9<A^]G ?J9E9LA;9D =FLJ= FeK L=E ;GFKA<=J9<G F=KL= hDLAEG ;9KG
;GEG HJGFGE= <=EGFKLJ9LANG  9IM=D= 9IMADG AKLG MK9<G F=MLJ9DE=FL= G C
IM= HJ=;=<= G EI9 EG<A>A;9<G HGJ ME9 GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 =E N=R <= ;GFKA<=J9J
=KK9 E=KE9 GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 KM:KL9FLAN9<9 H=DG 9JLA?G C ;GEG >AR=EGK 9IMA AK
;MLAEGK
G
9KKMFLG
E9AK
9<A9FL=
1G;9LANG
ME9
MFA<9<=
Z
H9JL=

 

K=?MAFL= +GJ >AE G NG;9LANG F9 >MF^]G 9H=D9LAN9 =KLY DA?9<G 9G AEH=J9L

ANG GM ;GFL=h<G NGDALANG <9 >GJE9 N=J:9D BY IM= =E K= LJ9L9F<G <= GJ
<=E GM E9FA>=KL9^]G <= <=K=BG =F<=J=^9<9 Z H=KKG9 ;GE IM=E >9D9EGK
GM 9 IM=E FGK <AJA?AEGK HJ=K=FL= IM9K= K=EHJ= F]G @Y F=;=KKA<9<= <=
E9J;9J ?J9E9LA;9DE=FL= G KMB=ALG ,M9F<G KMJ?= 9 F=;=KKA<9<= <=
=PHDA;ALYDG HGJ 9D?ME EGLANG 9DM<AEGK 9 =KK= KMB=ALG =E >GJE9 <= NG;
9LANG
6-'R 
7
KKAE
_
IM=
=E
x=AP9E=
=AP9E=
9
N9?9J
H=J<A<9
.I  H9JL=
NGDN=
H9J9
GK
D9J=K
L=MKy 6N 
7

HI F]G _ G KMB=ALG <= D5FH9 = KAE NG;9LANG x=KH_;A= <= 9HGKA^]G Z A<=A9
<G KMB=ALG ;GFLA<9 FG AEH=J9LANGy 6#N   F 7 *;GJJ= G E=KEG
;GE
G
KM:KL9FLANG DC9H5 =E
19A
*C9H5 #8  =6=8 


+=DGK =P=EHDGK 9<MRA<GK 9L_ 9IMA NaK= IM= G NG;9LANG HG<= K=J
J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE= HG<=F<G 9<EALAJ 9 HJ=K=F^9 <=
=PH9FKg=K
H
=P 
<=
9<BMFLGK
9<FGEAF9AK
<=
GJ9^g=K
9<B=LAN9K

9) Vocativo: uma unidade parte v =KDA?9<G <9 =KLJMLMJ9 9J?ME=FL9D

<9 GJ9^]G = <=KL9 K=H9J9<G HGJ ;MJN9 <= =FLG9^]G =P;D9E9LAN9 G NG;9LANG
;MEHJ= ME9 >MF^]G 9H=D9LAN9 <= p H=KKG9 HGAK HGJ K=M AFL=JE_<AG
;@9E9EGK GM HGEGK =E =NA<aF;A9 9 H=KKG9 GM ;GAK9 9 IM= FGK
<AJA?AEGK
$CGX
N=E
;Y
/M A9I
=FAVC
HJ=;AK9K
=KLM<9J
9@=7=8589
GF<=
L=
=K;GF<=K

D?ME9K N=R=K N=E HJ=;=<A<G <= _ IM= 9 LJ9<A^]G ?J9E9LA;9D AF

;DMA =FLJ= 9K AFL=JB=A^g=K H=D9 KM9 ;GJJ=KHGF<aF;A9 E9L=JA9D E9K IM= F9
J=9DA<9<= HG<= K=J ;GFKA<=J9<G ME EGJ>=E9 <= NG;9LANG <9<9 9 ;9J9;
L=JbKLA;9 =FLGF9;AGF9D IM= 9 <A>=J=F;A9 <9K AFL=JB=A^g=K HJGHJA9E=FL= <AL9K
6#N 

F 7

=K;=
<G
=KH9^G
AE=FKG _
R;I=5
8C
C795BC
x-9B<CF
9IG EI9
5D_G
5
BC=H9
'5B85G
5
@IN
8C
5FF96C@
+I9
J9GH9G
5
9G:5FF5D585
CA
C
A5BHC
F=7C
8C
GC@m 6N 
7

)9 ;GJJ=KHGF<aF;A9 =HAKLGD9J G NG;9LANG N=E K=H9J9<G <G J=KLG <G

=FMF;A9<G HGJ NbJ?MD9 =FIM9FLG =E L=PLGK <= GMLJ9 F9LMJ=R9 ;GKLME9
9H9J=;=J
G
=EHJ=?G
<GK
<GAK
HGFLGK

GM
<G
HGFLG
<=
=P;D9E9^]G


2 Oraes Complexas e Grupos Oracionais:

a Subordinao e a Coordenao.
A Justaposio

x9IG _
9IG
GF<=
=KLYK
IM=
F]G
J=KHGF<=Ky
6N 
7

KL=K =P=EHDGK FGK Hg=E <A9FL= <= 9D?ME9K H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K IM=

=FNGDN=E G NG;9LANG +=DG <=KDA?9E=FLG <9 =KLJMLMJ9 9J?ME=FL9D <9 GJ
9^]G ;GFKLALMA HGJ KA Ke 9 JA?GJ ME9 >J9K= =P;D9E9LAN9 Z H9JL= GM ME
>J9?E=FLG <= GJ9^]G Z K=E=D@9F^9 <9K AFL=JB=A^g=K +GJ GMLJG D9<G ;GEG
FG ;9KG <= .I A9I =FAVC DF97=G5G 9GHI85F ZK N=R=K K= 9HJGPAE9 <G
9HGKLG =PHDA;9LANG H=D9 J9R]G IM= N9A ;GFKLALMAJ 9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=

.M:GJ<AF9^]G
GJ9^]G
;GEHD=P9

Subordinao: orao complexa 0E9 GJ9^]G AF<=H=F<=FL= <G

HGFLG <= NAKL9 KAFLYLA;G IM= KGRAF@9 ;GFKA<=J9<9 ;GEG MFA<9<= E9L=JA9D
;GFKLALMA
ME
L=PLG
K=
=KL=
F=D9
K=
J=KMEAJ
;GEG
=E

 


FGAL=
;@=?GM

HG<= H=DG >=FfE=FG <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G <9K ;9E9<9K ?J9E9LA;9AK ;GF@=;A<G

HGJ <=DCH5L9 GM GI6CF8=B5WVC H9KK9J 9 ME9 ;9E9<9 AF>=JAGJ = 9b >MF
;AGF9J
;GEG
H=JL=F^9
;GEG
E=E:JG
KAFLYLA;G
<=
GMLJ9
MFA<9<=
*
;9^9<GJ
H=J;=:=M
IM= 5
BC=H9
7<9;CI

 HJAEALAN9 GJ9^]G AF<=H=F<=FL= 5 BC=H9 7<9;CI LJ9FKHGJLGMK= <G

FbN=D KAFLYLA;G <= AF<=H=F<aF;A9 H9J9 =P=J;=J 9 >MF^]G <= ;GEHD=E=FLG
GM G:B=LG <AJ=LG <9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 <9 GJ9^]G 9 IM= H=JL=F;= G Fh;D=G
N=J:9D D9F7969I C
75W58CF
D9F7969I
AR=EGK =FL]G IM= 9 MFA<9<= KAFLYLA;9 EI9 5 BC=H9 7<9;CI _ ME9
GJ9^]G GI6CF8=B585  ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D ;@9E9 Z MFA<9<= C 75W58CF
D9F7969I GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D "J9E9LA;9DE=FL= 9 MFA<9<= GJ9;AGF9D )
75W58CF D9F7969I EI9 5 BC=H9 7<9;CI _ ME9 MFA<9<= KAFLYLA;9 A?M9D 9 )
75W58CF D9F7969I 5 7<9;585 85 BC=H9 GF<= 5 7<9;585 85 BC=H9 AFL=?J9
AF<AKKGDMN=DE=FL= 9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 IM= L=E HGJ Fh;D=G = N=J:G D9F
7969I
F9
>MF^]G
<=
;GEHD=E=FLG
GM
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
KKAE D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 GK ;GFKLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK @Y ME
HJAE=AJG EGE=FLG =E IM= K= 9F9DAK9 HGJ AFL=AJG 9 MFA<9<= KAFLYLA;9 )
75W58CF D9F7969I EI9 5 BC=H9 7<9;CI H9J9 <=HGAK K= 9F9DAK9J G L=JEG
KAFLYLA;G
IM=
K=
9HJ=K=FL9
KG:
>GJE9
GJ9;AGF9D
.MB=ALG C
75W58CF
+J=<A;9<G D9F7969I
EI9
5
BC=H9
7<9;CI
*:B=LG
<AJ=LG EI9
5
BC=H9
7<9;CI
GEG G G:B=LG <AJ=LG =KLY ;GFKLALMb<G HGJ ME9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9
K]G
H9KKbN=AK
<=
9FYDAK=
KM9K
MFA<9<=K
KAFLYLA;9K
;GFKLALMLAN9K
.MB=ALG 5
BC=H9
+J=<A;9<G 7<9;CI
*J9^]G
;GEHD=P9
=
?JMHGK
GJ9;AGF9AK

Orao complexa e grupos oracionais v  JA?GJ G ;GFBMFLG ;GE

HD=PG EI9 5 BC=H9 7<9;CI F]G H9KK9 <= ME L=JEG KAFLYLA;G F9 GJ9^]G ;GE
HD=P9 ) 75W58CF D9F7969I EI9 5 BC=H9 7<9;CI IM= >MF;AGF9 ;GEG G:B=LG
<AJ=LG <G Fh;D=G N=J:9D D9F7969I KL9K MFA<9<=K LJ9FKHGKL9K =P=J;=E
>MF^]G HJeHJA9 <= E=JGK KM:KL9FLANGK 9<B=LANGK = 9<N_J:AGK J9R]G HGJ
IM= K]G 9KKAE ;D9KKA>A;9<9K F9 GJ9^]G ;GEHD=P9 /G<9NA9 9 HJ=K=F^9 <=
ME Fh;D=G N=J:9D IM= 9 FGAL= 7<9;CI D=N9 9 LJ9<A^]G 9 N=J 9b L9E:_E
ME9 MFA<9<= <= ;9JYL=J GJ9;AGF9D 9G D9<G <9 MFA<9<= GJ9;AGF9D HGJIM=

 

L9E:_E L=E N=J:G 9 IM= K= HJ=F<= =E:GJ9 AKGD9<9E=FL= F=F@ME9 <9K

<M9K K9LAK>9^9 9K <=E9AK ;GF<A^g=K IM= ;9J9;L=JAR9E ME9 GJ9^]G 9D_E <9
HJ=K=F^9
<G
N=J:G
AFL=?J9F<G
ME9
J=D9^]G
HJ=<A;9LAN9
9
9
<=DAEAL9^]G
=FLJ=
<M9K
H9MK9K
=
G
;GFLGJFG
E=De<A;G
: =PAKLaF;A9 <= ME 9LG ;GEHD=LG <= ;GEMFA;9^]G =E ;9<9 KALM9^]G
<=
>9D9
;GF;J=L9
KKAE 9H=K9J <=KL9K ;GFKA<=J9^g=K =KL9 ?J9EYLA;9 J=KH=AL9JY G
H=KG <9 LJ9<A^]G = N=JY FME HJAE=AJG EGE=FLG <= 9FYDAK= =E ;GFKLALM
AFL=K AE=<A9LGK ME9 GJ9^]G ;GEHD=P9 9 IM= L9E:_E 9D?MFK ?J9EYLA;GK
FGKKGK ;@9E9N9E CF5WVC ;9F5@ ;GEG HGJ =P=EHDG %GK_ *ALA;A;9 H9J9
<=HGAK 9F9DAK9J ;GEG GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 G ;GEHD=PG MFALYJAG ;GJJ=K
HGF<=FL= 9 ME9 >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 =P=J;A<9 HGJ KM:KL9FLANG 9<B=LANG GM
9<N_J:AG
A>=J=FL= <=KL= ;9KG K=JY G ;FIDC CF57=CB5@ AFL=?J9<G HGJ GJ9^g=K
KAFL9LA;9E=FL= AF<=H=F<=FL=K IM= HGJ AKKG HG<=JA9E 9H9J=;=J =E
K=H9J9<G
*
;9^9<GJ
;@=?GM
Z
;A<9<=
=
HJG;MJGM
ME
@GL=D

GM
*
;9^9<GJ
;@=?GM
Z
;A<9<=
+JG;MJGM
ME
@GL=D

/=EGK 9IMA ME ?JMHG <= =FMF;A9<GK <9 E=KE9 ;9E9<9 ?J9E9LA;9D

AKLG _ ;GEG CF5Wc9G G IM= ;9J9;L=JAR9 ME9 <9K HJGHJA=<9<=K <= =KLJMLMJ
9^]G
<9K
;9E9<9K
?J9E9LA;9AK
;GF@=;A<9
HGJ D5F5H5L9 GM 7CCF89B5WVC
9b Ke HG<=JEGK 9 JA?GJ >9D9J =E CF5Wc9G 7CADCGH5G ;FIDCG CF5
7=CB5=G GM D9F[C8C 7CADCGHC IM9F<G =KLAN=JEGK <A9FL= <= GJ9^g=K
;GGJ<=F9<9K
)]G ;9MK9JY =KLJ9F@=R9 K= 9L=FL9JEGK H9J9 G HJAF;bHAG <GK ;GF
KLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK IM= @9B9 ;GGJ<=F9^]G =FLJ= IM9DIM=J MFA<9<= <9
E=KE9 ;9E9<9 ?J9E9LA;9D <CA9A 9 AI@<9F <GAK KM:KL9FLANGK 9GHI
8=CGC 9 =BH9@=;9BH9 <GAK 9<B=LANGK CBH9A 9 <C>9 <GAK 9<N_J:AGK @9=C 9
7CADF99B8C <GAK N=J:GK 7CA 9 G9A <M9K HJ=HGKA^g=K ME KM:KL9FLANG
= GJ9^]G KM:KL9FLAN9 89G9>C 5 J=H_F=5 9 EI9 H9B<5G GI79GGC ME 9<B=LANG
= GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 =BH9@=;9BH9 9 EI9 H9A 6CA 7CF5WVC 9<N_J:AG = GJ9^]G
9<N=J:A9D 5;CF5 9 EI5B8C 9GH=J9F9G DFCBHC <M9K GJ9^g=K <9 E=KE9 >MF
^]G
KAFLYLA;9
89G9>C
EI9
J9BW5G
9
EI9
G9>5G
:9@=N
=L;
+GJ @AH=JL9P= GM @AHGL9P= ME9 MFA<9<= HG<= H9KK9J J=KH=;LAN9
E=FL= 9 ;9E9<9K ?J9E9LA;9AK KMH=JAGJ=K GM AF>=JAGJ=K = <=HGAK G;GJJ=J 9
;GGJ<=F9^]G

 
,M=
E9J;9
<=
KM:GJ<AF9^]G
GJ9;AGF9D

Que: marca de subordinao oracional v )G =P=EHDG ) 75W58CF

D9F7969I EI9 5 BC=H9 7<9;CI 9 E9J;9 <= IM= 9 GJ9^]G AF<=H=F<=FL= H9K
KGM H=DG HJG;=KKG <9 KM:GJ<AF9^]G 9 >MF;AGF9J ;GEG E=E:JG <= ME9
GMLJ9 GJ9^]G _ G EI9 ;GF@=;A<G LJ9<A;AGF9DE=FL= ;GEG x;GFBMF^]Gy
AFL=?J9FL=
)9 J=9DA<9<= =KK= EI9 F]G L=E HGJ EAKK]G HJ=;bHM9 xBMFL9Jy <M9K
GJ9^g=K v ;GEG >9R=E 9K ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=F9LAN9K v  E9K L]G KGE=FL=
E9J;9J G HJG;=KKG HGJ IM= K= LJ9FKHfK ME9 MFA<9<= <= ;9E9<9 KMH=JAGJ
ME9 GJ9^]G AF<=H=F<=FL= H9J9 >MF;AGF9J FME9 ;9E9<9 AF>=JAGJ ;GEG
E=E:JG
<=
GMLJ9
GJ9^]G
9b F]G ;GJJ=KHGF<=J Z FGN9 J=9DA<9<= E9L=JA9D <9 MFA<9<= KAFLYLA;9
KM:GJ<AF9<9 9 <=FGEAF9^]G LJ9<A;AGF9D <= CF5Wc9G 7CADCGH5G GM D9F[C8C
7CADCGHC /=EGK KAE GJ9^g=K 7CAD@9L5G AKLG _ GJ9^g=K IM= LaE L=JEGK
<=L=JEAF9FL=K GM 9J?ME=FL9AK ;GEHD=PGK J=HJ=K=FL9<GK KG: >GJE9 <=
GMLJ9 GJ9^]G .e @9N=JY GJ9^g=K GM H=JbG<GK 7CADCGHCG IM9F<G @GMN=J
7CCF89B5WVC
AR=EGK
IM=
=KK= EI9 _
ME HF5BGDCG=HCF
*J9^g=K
;GEHD=P9K
<=
LJ9FKHGKA^]G
KM:KL9FLAN9

Oraes complexas de transposio substantiva v  GJ9^]G

LJ9FKHGKL9 AFK=JA<9 F9 GJ9^]G ;GEHD=P9 _ ;D9KKA>A;9<9 ;GF>GJE= 9 ;9L
=?GJA9 9 IM= ;GJJ=KHGF<= = H=D9 IM9D HG<= K=J KM:KLALMb<9 FG <=K=EH=F@G
<9 E=KE9 >MF^]G 9b K=J 9 GJ9^]G LJ9FKHGKL9 ;D9KKA>A;9<9 ;GEG GI6
GH5BH=J5 58>9H=J5 GM 58J9F6=5@ K=?MF<G 9 LJ9<A^]G ?J9E9LA;9D HGAK
<=K=EH=F@9 >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 FGJE9DE=FL= ;GFKLALMb<9 HGJ KM:KL9FLANG
9<B=LANG GM 9<N_J:AG KKAE =E FGKKG =P=EHDG ) 75W58CF D9F7969I
EI9 5 BC=H9 7<9;CI 9 GJ9^]G LJ9FKHGKL9 AFK=JA<9 F9 GJ9^]G ;GEHD=P9
IM= 5 BC=H9 7<9;CI K=JY KM:KLALMb<9 H=DG KM:KL9FLANG 5 7<9;585 85 BC=H9
) 75W58CF D9F7969I 5 7<9;585 85 BC=H9 = 9 GJ9^]G LJ9FKHGKL9 H=DG HJG
;=KKG <9 KM:GJ<AF9^]G >MF;AGF9JY L9E:_E ;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG <9 J=D9^]G
HJ=<A;9LAN9
IM=
L=E
;GEG
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D D9F7969I
 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 LJ9FKHGKL9 KM:KL9FLAN9 9H9J=;= AFK=JA<9 F9 GJ
9^]G ;GEHD=P9 =P=J;=F<G >MF^g=K HJeHJA9K <G KM:KL9FLANG J=KK9DL9F<GK=
IM= 9 ;GFBMF^]G EI9 HG<= NAJ HJ=;=<A<9 <= HJ=HGKA^]G ;GF>GJE= =P=J^9
>MF^]G
IM=
F=;=KKAL=
<=KK=
bF<A;=
>MF;AGF9D
9
.MB=ALG CBJXA
EI9
HI
9GHI89G


CBJXA
C
H9I
9GHI8C
:
*:B=LG
<AJ=LG )
D5=
J=I
EI9
5
:=@<5
G5[F5


)
D5=
J=I
5
G5[85
85
:=@<5

 

;
GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG .C8CG
;CGH5A
89
EI9
G9>5A
DF9A=58CG

.C8CG
;CGH5A
89
DFZA=C
<
+J=<A;9LANG 
J9F8589
X
EI9
HC8CG
:CF5A
5DFCJ58CG



J9F8589
X
5
5DFCJ5WVC
89
HC8CG
=
*:B=LG
AF<AJ=LG B=@8C
898=75
GI5
5H9BWVC
5
EI9
CG
:=@<CG
G9
98IEI9A


B=@8C
898=75
GI5
5H9BWVC
S
98I75WVC
8CG
:=@<CG
>

HGKLG /A5
7C=G5
@<9
DCGGC
58=5BH5F
EI9
5G
7F=5BW5G
GVC
5
5@9;F=5
8CG
58I@HCG
/A5
7C=G5
@<9
DCGGC
58=5BH5F
5
5@9;F=5
85G
7F=5BW5G
5CG
58I@HCG
*bservao
+9J9
9K
>MF^g=K
<= ;GEHD=E=FLG
FGEAF9D = 9?=FL=
<9
H9KKAN9

5 Oraes subordinadas resultantes de substantivao: as interrogativas e exclamativas v .=E HJ=;AK9J <G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 9K GJ9^g=K AF
L=JJG?9LAN9K = =P;D9E9LAN9K <=KHJGNA<9K <G H9JLA;MD9J ;GFLGJFG E=De<A;G
= AFA;A9<9K HGJ ME9 MFA<9<= <=KK=K N9DGJ=K K=E[FLA;GK HG<=EK= KM:
KL9FLAN9J
=
=P=J;=J
>MF^]G
HJeHJA9
<=
KM:KL9FLANG
F9
GJ9^]G
;GEHD=P9
AF<9
F]G
K=A EI9
JCI
:5N9F
<C>9 ;> +I9
JCI
:5N9F
<C>9
*K
;GE=J;A9FL=K
<=K;GF@=;=E EI9
5
A9F758CF=5
H9FR
A5=G
G5[85
BC
DF_L=AC
J9FVC
*
HJG>=KKGJ
H=J?MFL9 EI5@
X
C
ACH=JC
85
5@;5N5FF5
AF<9
F]G
<=K;G:JAEGK DCF
EI9
9@9
G5=I
798C

NARAF@9
<=K;G:JAM EI9A
@<9
H9@9:CBCI
89
A58FI;585
*
LJ=AF9<GJ
<=;A<AM 7CAC
C
H=A9
7CBH9FR
C
58J9FGRF=C
*
;9DGMJG
9AF<9
F]G
K9:= D5F5
EI9
9GD97=5@=8589
AX8=75
G9
8=F=;=FR
)]G
9<ANAF@9N9 EI5BH5
5@9;F=5
75IGCI
9A
B_G
*bservaes
 p *HGF<GK= 9G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 IM= F]G =P=J;= >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 9K MFA<9<=K
AFL=JJG?9LAN9K = =P;D9E9LAN9K HJGFGE=K = 9<N_J:AGK LaE >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 F9 GJ
9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
9
IM=
H=JL=F;=E
p )9 DbF?M9 HGHMD9J = J=?AGF9D v J=EAFAK;aF;A9 <= 9FLA?G MKG v HG<= 9H9J=;=J
G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 9FL=K <9 MFA<9<= AFL=JJG?9LAN9 )]G K=A EI9 DCF EI9 G_ 7<9;5
H5F89 +=J?MFL9N9EE= EI9
DCF
CB89
<5J=5
:I;=8C

/9E:_E 9H9J=;= <=KHJGNA<9 <G EI9 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 <= N9DGJ

K=E[FLA;G <= AF;=JL=R9 GM <hNA<9 IM= HJAEALAN9E=FL= =J9 ME9 AFL=JJG?9L
AN9 ?=J9D H9KK9F<G 9 ;GFBMF^]G G9 9 LJ9FKHGKALGJ9 )]G K=A G9 5 DF=A5
J=FR
798C +=J?MFL9N9K G9
C
>C;C
G9F=5
<C>9

 
*J9^g=K
;GEHD=P9K
<=
LJ9FKHGKA^]G
9<B=LAN9

Oraes complexas de transposio adjetiva

1) Oraes adjetivas ou de relativo
/GE=EGK
9
K=?MAFL=
GJ9^]G
)
5@IBC
9GHI8=CGC
J9B79
B5
J=85

=E IM= G 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D J=HJ=K=FL9<G H=DG 9<B=LANG 9GHI8=CGC HG<=

L9E:_E K=J J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ ME9 GJ9^]G IM= H=D9 =IMAN9DaF;A9
K=E[FLA;9
=
KAFLYLA;9
;GE 9GHI8=CGC
K=
;@9E9 58>9H=J5
*
9DMFG
*
9DMFG

IM=
=KLM<9
=KLM<AGKG

N=F;=
F9
NA<9
N=F;=
F9
NA<9

-=H9J=
IM=
9
GJ9^]G
AF<=H=F<=FL=
)
5@IBC
9GHI85

E=<A9FL= G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 J=HJ=K=FL9<G H=DG HJGFGE= J=D9LANG

LJ9FKHg= 9 GJ9^]G AF<=H=F<=FL= 9 >MF;AGF9J FME FbN=D AF>=JAGJ ;GEG 9<
BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D <G KM:KL9FLANG 5@IBC L9D IM9D >9RA9 G 9<B=LANG 9GHI8=CGC
<9 GJ9^]G :YKA;9 ) 5@IBC 9GHI8=CGC J9B79 B5 J=85 9b <AR=JK= IM= 9 GJ
9^]G
LJ9FKHGKL9 EI9
9GHI85 _ GI6CF8=B585
58>9H=J5
* LJ9FKHGKALGJ J=D9LANG IM= F9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 J=AFLJG<MR G
9FL=;=<=FL= 9 IM= K= J=>=J= 9;MEMD9 L9E:_E ME9 >MF^]G <= 9;GJ<G ;GE
9
=KLJMLMJ9
KAFLYLA;9
<9
GJ9^]G
LJ9FKHGKL9
)G
=P=EHDG
9;AE9
)
5@IBC
EI9
9GHI85
J9B79
B5
J=85

9 GJ9^]G EI9 9GHI85 N9D= HGJ C 5@IBC 9GHI85 BY IM= G HJGFGE= J=D9LANG _
9b G J=HJ=K=FL9FL= <G 9FL=;=<=FL= 5@IBC F9DAK9F<G C 5@IBC 9GHI85 G
KMB=ALG =PHDb;ALG _ C 5@IBC G IM= FGK D=N9 9 N=JA>A;9J IM= G HJGFGE= =E
EI9
9GHI85 >MF;AGF9
;GEG
KMB=ALG
=PHDb;ALG
<G
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D 9GHI85
2) O relativo marcado por ndice preposicional
%Y
=E
)
@=JFC
89
EI9
;CGH5G
9GHR
9G;CH58C

G J=D9LANG EI9 J=AFLJG<MR L9E:_E G 9FL=;=<=FL= @=JFC <= EG<G IM= 9 GJ
9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 89 EI9 ;CGH5G N9D= HGJ ;CGH5G 8C @=JFC =E IM= 8C @=JFC
_ ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG <G Fh;D=G N=J:9D ;CGH5G .= 9KKAE _ F9 GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9 89 EI9 ;CGH5G G HJGFGE= J=D9LANG >MF;AGF9 ;GEG ;GEHD=
E=FLG J=D9LANG ;GEG G ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG _ ME L=JEG 9J?ME=FL9D

 

E9J;9<G HGJ ME bF<A;= HJ=HGKA;AGF9D = ;GEG G N=J:G ;CGH5F K= 9;GE

H9F@9 <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 _ AEHJ=K;AF<bN=D IM= =KL= bF<A;= =KL=B9 AF
LJG<MRAF<G
G
J=D9LANG EI9
*
DANJG 89
EI9
;CGH5G =KLY
=K?GL9<G

E

7=8589
5
EI9
BCG
8=F=;=ACG
5=B85
9GHR
@CB;9

G J=D9LANG EI9 J=AFLJG<MR F9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 9<B=LAN9 5 EI9 BCG 8=F=;=

ACG G KM:KL9FLANG 7=8589 = N9D= HGJ BCG 8=F=;=ACG S 7=8589 =E IM= G
Fh;D=G N=J:9D 8=F=;=ACG J=IM=J ME L=JEG 9J?ME=FL9D E9J;9<G H=DG bF<A;=
HJ=HGKA;AGF9D 5 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= HGJL9FLG F]G <=N= >9DL9J 9FL=HGKL9 9G J=
D9LANG IM= >MF;AGF9 ;GEG ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG <G Fh;D=G N=J:9D BCG
8=F=;=ACG

;A<9<= 5
EI9 FGK
<AJA?AEGK
9AF<9
=KLY
DGF?=

Oraes adjetivas explicativas e restritivas v %Y NAEGK IM= G 9<

B=LANG HG<= 9FL=HGJK= GM HGKHGJK= 9G KM:KL9FLANG = IM= K=?MF<G KM9
HGKA^]G G 9<B=LANG HG<= N9JA9J <= N9DGJ E ?=J9D G 9<B=LANG 9FL=HGKLG
L9E:_E ;@9E9<G 9D[H9HC LJ9<MR HGJ H9JL= <9 H=JKH=;LAN9 <G >9D9FL=
N9DGJ 9LD@=75H=JC GM 89G7F=H=JC 5 HF=GH9 J=85 IMA G 9<B=LANG F]G <=KA?F9
F=F@ME LAHG <= J=85 IM= K= GHGF@9 9 GMLJG IM= F]G K=B9 HF=GH9 9H=F9K K=
<=K;J=N= ;GEG 9 J=85 _ = ;GEG <AR D9J;GK 'DGJ9;@ IM9K= N9D= HGJ x9
NA<9 ;GE KM9 LJAKL=R9y 6'   7 ?GJ9 K= <AKK_KK=EGK 5 J=85 HF=GH9
FGK =KL9Jb9EGK J=KLJAF?AF<G 9 ME9 J=9DA<9<= IM= K= GHg= 9 GMLJ9K ;GEG
J=85
5@9;F9
J=85
6CZA=5 =L;
)=KL=
;9KG
G
9<B=LANG
K=
<AR F9GHF=H=JC
 GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 L9E:_E ;GF@=;= =KK=K <GAK N9DGJ=K 9 9<B=LAN9
=PHDA;9LAN9 9DM<= 9 ME9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<= IM= F]G EG<A>A;9 9 J=>=JaF;A9 <G
9FL=;=<=FL= = IM= HGJ K=J E=JG 9HaF<A;= HG<= K=J <AKH=FK9<9 K=E HJ=
BMbRG LGL9D <9 E=FK9?=E )9 DbF?M9 >9D9<9 9H9J=;= E9J;9<9 HGJ H9MK9
=E J=D9^]G 9G 9FL=;=<=FL= = F9 =K;JAL9 _ 9KKAF9D9<9 HGJ 9<=IM9<G KAF9D
<=
HGFLM9^]G
=E
?=J9D
=FLJ=
NbJ?MD9K
*
@GE=E
IM=
NAF@9
9
;9N9DG
H9JGM
<=>JGFL=
<9
A?J=B9

-=H9J=K= =E IM= 9 GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 EI9 J=B<5 5 75J5@C <=FMF;A9

IM= F9 F9JJ9^]G Ke @9NA9 ME @GE=E <= EG<G IM= 9 <=;D9J9^]G EI9
J=B<5
5
75J5@C HG<=
K=J
<AKH=FK9<9
*
@GE=E
H9JGM
<=>JGFL=
<9
A?J=B9




%Y
=E
*
@GE=E
IM=
NAF@9
9
;9N9DG
H9JGM
<=>JGFL=
<9
A?J=B9

9 GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 HJG>=JA<9 K=E H9MK9 = F]G AF<A;9<9 F9 =K;JAL9 HGJ KAF9D
<= HGFLM9^]G 9 K=H9JYD9 <G 9FL=;=<=FL= <=EGFKLJ9 IM= F9 F9JJ9^]G
@9NA9 E9AK <= ME @GE=E E9K Ke G xIM= NAF@9 9 ;9N9DGy D5FCI 89:FCBH9
<9
A?J=B9

=KL9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
9<B=LAN9
K=
;@9E9 F9GHF=H=J5
t K=E=D@9F^9 <G IM= K= >=R ;GE 9 GJ9^]G ;GEHD=P9 =E ;MB9 =KLJM
LMJ9 @Y ME9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 KM:KL9FLAN9 FME HJAE=AJG EGE=FLG <9
9FYDAK= D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 G HJAF;bHAG <GK ;GFKLALMAFL=K AE=<A9LGK
9F9DAK9JK=Y HGJ AFL=AJG 9 MFA<9<= KAFLYLA;9 ) 5@IBC EI9 9GHI85 J9B79 B5
J=85 H9J9 <=HGAK K= 9F9DAK9J G L=JEG KAFLYLA;G IM= K= 9HJ=K=FL9 KG: >GJE9
GJ9;AGF9D
.MB=ALG
)
5@IBC
EI9
9GHI85
+J=<A;9<G
J9B79
B5
J=85
<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
B5
J=85
GEG G 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D =KLY ;GFKLALMb<G HGJ ME9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ
<AF9<9 9<B=LAN9 K]G H9KKbN=AK <= 9FYDAK= KM9K MFA<9<=K KAFLYLA;9K
;GFKLALMLAN9K
.MB=ALG
EI9 
G
9DMFG
+J=<A;9<G
9GHI85
Adjetivao de orao originariamente substantiva v  MFA<9<=
;GEHD=P9 <CA9A 7CF5>CGC HG<= K=J KM:KLALMb<9 HGJ <CA9A 89 7CF5;9A
=E IM= G KM:KL9FLANG 7CF5;9A LJ9FKHGKLG HGJ ME9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9G H9H=D <=
9<B=LANG
>MF;AGF9
L9E:_E
;GEG
9<BMFLG
<G
Fh;D=G
FGEAF9D
KL9 E=KE9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= LJ9FKHGKA^]G 9 9<B=LANG EG<A>A;9<GJ
<= ME ?JMHG FGEAF9D E=<A9FL= G ;GF;MJKG <= HJ=HGKA^]G ;GF@=;= 9 GJ
9^]G GJA?AF9JA9E=FL= KM:KL9FLAN9 KL= ?JMHG FGEAF9D HG<= L=J ;GEG
Fh;D=G
ME
KM:KL9FLANG
ME
9<B=LANG
)h;D=G
KM:KL9FLANG
*
<=K=BG 89
EI9
G9
5DIF9A
CG
:5HCG _
9
E9AGJ
HJ=G;MH9^]G
<GK
<AJ=LGJ=K

;J=F^9 9A
EI9
5
7F=G9
G9
9GD5@<9 9LGJE=FL9
LG<GK
FeK

<=K;GF>A9F^9 89
G9
89J9ACG
=F
5J5BH9 _
DG?G
<=K>=AL9

 

)h;D=G
9<B=LANG
KLYN9EGK
LG<GK
<=K=BGKGK 89
EI9
C
7CB7IFGC
G5[GG9
@C;C
*
F=?G;A9FL=
=KL9N9
;fFK;AG 89
EI9
GI5
F9GDCBG56=@=8589
9F5
;F5B89
*bservao .=F<G 9K =PHJ=KKg=K HJ=HGKA;AGF9<9K <= 89G9>C 89 ;@_F=5 TBG=5 89
@=69F8589 89G9>CGC 85 ;@_F=5 5BG=CGC 89 @=69F8589 EG<A>A;9<GJ=K <GK Fh;D=GK
FGEAF9AK = HGJ AKKG E=KEG ;@9E9<GK 7CAD@9A9BHCG BCA=B5=G = >MF;AGF9D
E=FL= H9JLb;AH=K <9 F9LMJ=R9 <GK 9<B=LANGK E9F<9 9 ;G=JaF;A9 IM= 9K GJ9^g=K IM=
>MF;AGF9E ;GEG ;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D K=B9E AF;DMb<9K =FLJ= 9K 9<B=LAN9K v
;GEG >AR=EGK 9IMA v = F]G =FLJ= 9K KM:KL9FLAN9K ;GEG >9R 9 LJ9<A^]G =FLJ= FeK
GEG NAEGK =D9K K]G HJAEALAN9E=FL= KM:KL9FLAN9K E9K IM= FME K=?MF<G EG
E=FLG <= =KLJMLMJ9^]G H9J9 >MF;AGF9J=E ;GEG EG<A>A;9<GJ9K <= KM:KL9FLANGK =
9<B=LANGK
K]G
LJ9FKHGKL9K
9
9<B=LAN9K
E=<A9FL=
G
;GF;MJKG
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G
*;GJJ= G E=KEG ;GE 9K GJ9^g=K IM= >MF;AGF9E ;GEG 9?=FL= <9 H9KKAN9 IM=
HJAEALAN9E=FL= KM:KL9FLAN9K K]G LJ9FKHGKL9K 9 9<N=J:A9AK E=<A9FL= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G
DCF

Substantivao de oraes originariamente adjetivas v E )

<CA9A GR6=C X ;I=5 G9;IFC G 9<B=LANG GR6=C HG<= G;MH9J G H9H=D <9
MFA<9<= ;GEHD=P9 E=<A9FL= KM9 KM:KL9FLAN9^]G ) GR6=C X ;I=5 G9;IFC
GF<= K= <=M G 9H9?9E=FLG <G KM:KL9FLANG <CA9A = K= E9J;GM G FGNG
;9JYL=J
KM:KL9FLANG
<= GR6=C ;GE
9
9FL=HGKA^]G
<G
9JLA?G C
/9E:_E ;GF@=;= =KK= =PH=<A=FL= <= KM:KL9FLAN9^]G 9 GJ9^]G LJ9FK
HGKL9 9<B=LAN9 E=<A9FL= G 9H9?9E=FLG <G 9FL=;=<=FL= <GK J=D9LANGK EI9A
= EI9 = 9 HJ=K=F^9 <G 9JLA?G K= G 9FL=;=<=FL= H=D9 KALM9^]G <G <AK;MJKG
_ ;GF@=;A<G <GK AFL=JDG;MLGJ=K GM K= D@= IM=J <9J ;=JLG 9J <=
?=F=J9DAR9^]G
*
@GE=E
IM=
;9D9
=
GMN=
F]G 8=GG=D5 C
EI9
G569
=
9HJ=F<= C
EI9
=;
BCF5 6((7
)G
EI9
A5=G
6@5GCB5A
89
<CBF5
9
DFC6=8589 K]G
;GEG
GK
HGDLJg=K
IM=
K=
AF;MD;9E
<=
N9D=FL=K
6((7
*K
=DG?AGK
<=
E9AGJ
;J_<ALG
K]G CG
EI9
CG
BCGGCG
DF_DF=CG
=B=A=;CG
BCG
HF=6IH5A 6((7
*5F5
EI9A
BVC
H9A
>I[NC GK
E9AGJ=K
:=FK
<9
NA<9
K=
;GFN=JL=E
=E
?J9NbKKAEGK
E9D=K
6((7
*bservao D?MFK 9MLGJ=K HJ=>=J=E <=K<G:J9J G EI9A =E 5EI9@9G EI9
5EI9@5G EI9 = ;GFKA<=J9J 9 MFA<9<= C 5 CG  5G ;GEG HJGFGE=K <=EGFKLJ9LANGK

 

J=HJ=K=FL9<GK F9 GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 H=DG HJGFGE= J=D9LANG EI9 <= EG<G IM= F]G
9;=AL9F<G 9 KM:KL9FLAN9^]G F=KK=K ;9KGK 9F9DAK9E 9 KM:GJ<AF9<9 ;GEG 9<B=LAN9
(VC 7CB<9WC EI9A 7<9;CI  (VC 7CB<9WC 5EI9@9 EI9 7<9;CI (VC 7CB<9WC CG
EI9 7<9;5F5A  (VC 7CB<9WC 5EI9@9G EI9 7<9;5F5A .]G HGKKbN=AK 9K <M9K
E9F=AJ9K
<=
9F9DAK9J
L9AK
;GFKLJM^g=K
*;GJJ= G E=KEG ;GE GMLJGK HJGFGE=K = 9<N_J:AGK J=D9LANGK <=KLALMb<GK <=
9FL=;=<=FL=

IM9FLG
HGJ
IM=
;GEG
)]G
K9:=EGK

IM9F<G

;GEHJGM

GF<=
IM=
IM9D
)ota  GJ9^]G KM:KL9FLAN9 >MF;AGF9 F=KL=K =P=EHDGK ;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG <G
N=J:G
K9:=J
=K;GF@=^G que 9<EAJYN=AK
HJ=K=FL=K
?9F@9KL=
$?FGJ9N9 quais GK
9DMFGK
IM=
@9NA9E
H=JLMJ:9<G
9K
9MD9K
quem HI8C
EI9F LM<G
H=J<=
GJ9^]G GI6>9H=J5 
!9D9N9
9 quem @<9
D98=5
7CBG9@<CG GJ9^]G C6>9H=J5
=B8=F9H5
!AR=J9E quanto @<9G
D98= GJ9^]G C6>9H=J5
8=F9H5
-=;GF@=^G quo 9B;5B58CG
BCG
57<RJ5ACG
5
G9I
F9GD9=HC GJ9^]G
C6>9H=J5
8=F9H5
+=^G
IM=
9FGL= quais :CF5A
CG
F9GDCBGRJ9=G GJ9^]G C6>9H=J5
8=F9H5

HGDb;A9
<=K;G:JAM quando :C=
C
FCI6C GJ9^]G C6>9H=J5
8=F9H5
*K
BGJF9AK
=PHDA;9J9E como CG
@58Fc9G
7CBG9;I=F5A
:I;=F GJ9^]G
C6>9H=J5
8=F9H5




*K
?9JGLGK
F]G
<=K;G:JAJ9E onde CG
D5=G
H=B<5A
DCGHC
CG
DF9G9BH9G

GJ9^]G C6>9H=J5
8=F9H5
*K
NARAF@GK
F]G
=FL=F<=J9E por que C
:C;C
:C=
J=C@9BHC GJ9^]G C6
>9H=J5
8=F9H5
D=
_ quem CG
5J=G5 GJ9^]G DF98=75H=J5
)]G
K9:A9 DCF quem H=B<5
G=8C
9B;5B58C GJ9^]G C6>9H=J5
8=F9H5

KKAE KM:KLALM=E EI9A HGJ 5 D9GGC5 EI9 5EI9@9 EI9 EI5BHC HGJ
C H5BHC EI9 EI5B8C HGJ C ACA9BHC 9A EI9 7CAC HGJ C AC8C D9@C EI5@
CB89 HGJ C
@I;5F
9A
EI9
DCF
EI9 HGJ C
ACH=JC
D9@C
EI5@
F9DAK9E +I9A
HI8C
EI9F
HI8C
D9F89 <=KL9
E9F=AJ9

H=KKG9 T IM=
LM<G
IM=J T LM<G
H=J<=
 p
GJ9^]G
v
HJAF;AH9D 5
D9GGC5
HI8C
D9F89
p
GJ9^]G
v
KM:GJ<AF9<9
9<B=LAN9 EI9
HI8C
EI9F

 9FYDAK= IM= 9<GL9EGK L=E 9 N9FL9?=E <= =F;9J9J ME9 J=9DA<9<=

<9 DbF?M9 = F]G ME9 KM:KLALMA^]G IM= 9 =D9 J=9DE=FL= F=E K=EHJ= =IMA
N9D= 
)]G K= LJ9FKHGJL9E 9 KM:KL9FLAN9K 9K GJ9^g=K 9<B=LAN9K AFLJG<MRA<9K
H=DGK
J=D9LANGK 7I>C = C
EI5@
/J9FKHGKL9 9 KM:KL9FLAN9 9 GJ9^]G <= J=D9LANG K=E 9FL=;=<=FL= =P
HJ=KKG HG<= =P=J;=J 9K >MF^g=K HJeHJA9K <9K KM:KL9FLAN9K GJA?AF9AK
KKAE FGK =P=EHDGK 9;AE9 C EI9 G569 = C EI9 =;BCF5 >9R=E G H9H=D <=
G:B=LG <AJ=LG <GK Fh;D=GK N=J:9AK 8=GG=D5 = 5DF9B89 <G HJAE=AJG )G K=
?MF<G CG EI9 A5=G 6@5GCB5A 89 <CBF5 9 DFC6=8589 _ G KMB=ALG <= GVC FG
L=J;=AJG CG EI9 CG BCGGCG DF_DF=CG BCG HF=6IH5A _ HJ=<A;9LANG <= GVC )G
IM9JLG =P=EHDG 5 EI9A BVC H9A >I[NC >MF;AGF9 ;GEG G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG <9
MFA<9<=
N=J:9D
;GEHD=P9 85F
@=69F8589
+9J9 E9J;9J 9 F9LMJ=R9 KM:KL9FLAN9 <9 GJ9^]G LJ9FKHGKL9 ;GKLME9K=
9FL=;=<=J <= 9JLA?G 9 AFL=JJG?9LAN9 AF<AJ=L9 HJYLA;9 ZK N=R=K AFBMKL9E=FL=
;GF<=F9<9
6  
l
 7
)]G
K=A C IM9FLG
D@=
<=NG
F=KK9
9BM<9

Mais uma construo de orao j transposta v  GJ9^]G J=

D9LAN9 K=E 9FL=;=<=FL= LJ9FKHGKL9 9 KM:KL9FLAN9 HG<= K=J <= FGNG LJ9FK
HGKL9 9 9<B=LAN9 ;GE G ;GF;MJKG <= HJ=HGKA^]G v ?=J9DE=FL= 89 v = >MF
;AGF9J
;GEG
EG<A>A;9<GJ
<=
KM:KL9FLANG




-=H9J=K= F9K ;GFKLJM^g=K <=JAN9<9K <9 ;GFKLJM^]G :YKA;9 C <CA9A

GR6=C C GR6=C C HF565@<C 8C GR6=C =E IM= F=KL9 hDLAE9 >9K= G 9<
B=LANG KM:KL9FLAN9<G GR6=C J=;=:= G ;GF;MJKG <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 H9J9
<=K=EH=F@9J G H9H=D <= EG<A>A;9<GJ GM 9<BMFLG <G Fh;D=G HF565@<C
KKAE
L9E:_E
=E
)
A5=CF
HF565@<C
8CG
EI9
;CJ9FB5A
X
HC@9F5F
CG
=ADCFHIBCG 6((7

9 GJ9^]G J=D9LAN9 KM:KL9FLAN9<9 CG EI9 ;CJ9FB5A E=<A9FL= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G

=E 8CG EI9 ;CJ9FB5A H9KK9 9 =P=J;=J >MF^]G HJeHJA9 <= 9<B=LANG ;GEG
EG<A>A;9<GJ
<G
KM:KL9FLANG HF565@<C
/9E:_E 9 GJ9^]G <= J=D9LANG LJ9FKHGKL9 9 KM:KL9FLAN9 HG<= ;GE G
;MJKG <= HJ=HGKA^]G H9KK9J 9 =P=J;=J H9H=D <= 9<N_J:AG = 9KKAE >MF;AGF
9J
;GEG
9<BMFLG
;AJ;MFKL9F;A9D
)=F@ME
K=F@GJAG
_
L]G
9:KGDMLG 7CAC
C
EI9
7CB:9F9A
CG
DCJCG
5CG
H=F5BCG
89
GI5
9G7C@<5 6((7
;GEH9J9LAN9
*
L=EHG
NG9 D5F5
EI9A
;CN5 =
K=
9JJ9KL9 D5F5
EI9A
D58979 6((7
AF;DAF9^]G
*
DANJG
>GA
=K;JALG DCF
EI9A
BVC
G9
9GD9F5J5 9?=FL=
<9
H9KKAN9
*J9^g=K
;GEHD=P9K
<=
LJ9FKHGKA^]G
9<N=J:A9D

Oraes complexas de transposio adverbial v -=>D=LAF<G 9

;D9KK= @=L=JG?aF=9 <GK 9<N_J:AGK L9E:_E 9K GJ9^g=K LJ9FKHGKL9K IM= =P
=J;=E
>MF^g=K
<9
F9LMJ=R9
<G
9<N_J:AG
K=
J=H9JL=E
HGJ
<GAK
?JMHGK
9
9K
KM:GJ<AF9<9K
9<N=J:A9AK
HJGHJA9E=FL=
<AL9K
HGJIM=
=P=J;=E
>MF^]G
HJeHJA9
<=
9<N_J:AG
GM
DG;M^]G
9<N=J:A9D
=
HG<=E
K=J
KM:KLALMb<9K
HGJ
ME
<=KL=K
9<N_J:AG
GM
DG;M^]G
9<N=J:A9D
=K
L]G
F=KL=
;9KG
9K
IM=
=PHJAE=E
9K
FG^g=K
<= H9ADC
@I;5F
AC8C
KM:KLALMbN=AK
HGJ
9<N_J:AG 75IG5
7CB79GGVC
7CB8=WVC = :=A
KM:KLALMbN=AK
HGJ
DG;M^g=K
9<N=J:A9AK
>GJE9<9K
HGJ
KM:KL9FLANG
=
?JMHGK
FGEAF9AK
=IMAN9D=FL=K
AFLJG<MRA<GK
H=D9K
J=KH=;LAN9K
HJ=HGKA^g=K
:
9K
KM:GJ<AF9<9K 7CAD5F5H=J5G = 7CBG97IH=J5G
As subordinadas adverbiais propriamente ditas v K 9<N=J:A9AK
<G  q ?JMHG =P=J;=E >MF^]G HJeHJA9 <= 9<N_J:AG IM= _ ;GEG NAEGK ME
9<BMFLG GM <=L=JEAF9FL= ;AJ;MFKL9F;A9D F]G 9J?ME=FL9D <G Fh;D=G N=J:9D
G HGFLG <= NAKL9 ;GFKLALM;AGF9D =KL]G J=HJ=K=FL9<GK HGJ 9<N_J:AGK GK
<= H9ADC @I;5F = AC8C GM H=D9K ;@9E9<9K DG;M^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK ;GF
KLALMb<9K HGJ KM:KL9FLANGK GM ?JMHGK FGEAF9AK =IMAN9D=FL=K AFLJG<MRA<GK




H=D9K J=KH=;LAN9K HJ=HGKA^g=K 9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K 9FL=JAGJ=K = =KH=;A9D

E=FL=
9K
IM=
<=FGL9E
;9MK9
;GF;=KK]G
;GF<A^]G
=
>AE
9b L9AK GJ9^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 ;GFKLALM;AGF9D K=
9KK=E=D@9J=E ZK KM:KL9FLAN9K BY IM= K= A<=FLA>A;9E ;GE =KL9K =E >MF
^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK ;GEG G;GJJ= ;GE G KM:KL9FLANG LJ9FKHGKLG 9G H9H=D <=
9<N_J:AG
E=<A9FL=
G
;GF;MJKG
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
.9AM 89
BC=H9
KLM<9EGK 7CA
DF5N9F
/J9:9D@9K B5
:R6F=75
+9KK=9EGK D9@5
7=8589

=KL9JL= IM9F<G 9K GJ9^g=K E=<A9FL= G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 K=

LJ9FKHg=E 9 KM:GJ<AF9<9K KM:KL9FLAN9K = H9KK9E 9 >MF;AGF9J ;GEG 9<
N=J:A9AK K]G E9J;9<9K H=D9 J=KH=;LAN9 HJ=HGKA^]G ;GFKLALMAF<G 9KKAE 9K
AEHJGHJA9E=FL= ;@9E9<9K @C7IWc9G 7CB>IBH=J5G G9A EI9 D5F5 EI9
89G89 EI9 DCFEI9  DCF  EI9 EI9 =L; $EHJGHJA9E=FL= DG;M^g=K ;GF
BMFLAN9K HGJIM= F]G K= LJ9L9 <= ME9 MFA<9<= ;GEHD=P9 E9K <= <GAK =D=
E=FLGK ;GE H9H_AK <A>=J=FL=K 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9KKAF9D9 9 FG^]G ;AJ;MFKL9F
;A9D <= IM= K=E9FLA;9E=FL= K= J=N=KL= 9 GJ9^]G LJ9FKHGKL9 GM KM:GJ<AF
9<9 G EI9 E9J;9 G FGNG H9H=D <9 GJ9^]G AF<=H=F<=FL= GJA?AFYJA9 IM=
H9KK9 9 >MF;AGF9J FME HD9FG AF>=JAGJ ;GEG L=JEG KAFLYLA;G <=FLJG <9 GJ
9^]G
;GEHD=P9
*K
9DMFGK
=KLM<9E
EMALG D5F5
EI9
DCGG5A
DF9D5F5FG9
D5F5
5G
9L=;ZB7=5G
85
J=85
*K
;GFNA<9<GK
K9bJ9E G9A
EI9
:CGG9A
BCH58CG
*
9<NG?9<G
F]G
G
<=>=F<=M DCFEI9
C
FXI
G_
A9BH=I
BC
89DC=A9BHC

Outras particularidades nos transpositores das oraes adverbiais v D_E <G EI9 HJ=;=<A<G <9 ;GFN=FA=FL= HJ=HGKA^]G ;GEG NA
EGK
9L_
9IMA
<=N=EGK
9KKAF9D9J
9K
K=?MAFL=K
GMLJ9K
H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K
9
,M9F<G
MK9<GK
K=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
9FL=;=<=FL=
GK
9<N_J:AGK
J=D9L
ANGK CB89
EI5B8C
7CAC = EI5BHC =KL=
;GE
HJ=HGKA^]G
LJ9FKHg=E
9
GJ9^]G
9
IM=
H=JL=F;=E
IM=
H9KK9
9
=P=J;=J
H9H=D
<=
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
)B89
A9
9GD9H5A >A;G
.9bKL= EI5B8C
5
:9GH5
A9@<CF5J5




*
HJ_<AG
>GA
;GFKLJMb<G 7CAC
9GH5J5
D@5B9>58C
.e
LJ9:9D@9N9 DCF
EI5BHC
8=B<9=FC
;5B<5G9
D5F5
5
J=5;9A

:
*MLJGK
9<N_J:AGK
GM
MFA<9<=K
<=
N9DGJ
9<N=J:A9D
HJePAEGK
9GK
9<N_J:AGK
J=D9LANGK
L9E:_E
LJ9FKHg=E
GJ9^g=K
H9J9
=P=J;=J
H9
H=D
9<N=J:A9D
;GEG
G;GJJ=
;GE G9 @AHGL_LA;G 7CB:CFA9
5D9B
5G
75GC
9BEI5BHC
-9
C
9ADF9;C
X
B9GG5G
7CB8=Wc9G =D=
F]G
E=
AFL=J=KK9
.=MK
KGF@GK
K=
J=9DAR9J9E 7CB:CFA9
9@5
D@5B9>5F5

;
/9E:_E
GK
HJGFGE=K
J=D9LANGK
K=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
9FL=;=<=FL=
GM
HJ=;=<A<GK
<=
9JLA?G
LJ9FKHg=E
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
9
KM:KL9FL
ANG
HG<=F<G
=KL9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
KM:KL9FLAN9
H9KK9J
9
=P=J
;=J
>MF^]G
9<N=J:A9D
K=
N=E
9;GEH9F@9<9
<9
;GFN=FA=FL=
HJ=HGKA^]G
D9
Ke
K9b9 7CA
EI9A
@<9
A9F97=5
7CB:=5BW5
*
NARAF@G
=JJGM
IM9F<G
<=HGKALGM
KM9K
=;GFGEA9K BC
EI9
9F5
65GH5BH9
DF97RF=C

<

GJ9^]G
LJ9FKHGKL9
<= EI9 HG<=
>MF;AGF9J
;GEG
<=L=JEAF9FL=

<=
ME
9<N_J:AG
<=
EG<G
IM=
ZK
N=R=K
G
;GFBMFLG
9<N_J:AG

EI9 H9KK9
9
>MF;AGF9J
;GEG
ME
LJ9FKHGKALGJ
MFALYJAG
5=B85
EI9
5=B85
EI5B8C
>R
EI9
G9ADF9
EI9
@C;C
EI9
5GG=A
EI9 =L;
=E
IM=
G
KA?FA>A;9<G
GJA?AFYJAG
<G
9<N_J:AG
>A;9
EG<A>A;9<G
6' 
7
-9ADF9
EI9
7CFF[5ACG
S
>5B9@5 9KKAKLb9EGK
9G
=KH=LY;MDG
<9
F9LMJ=R9
&C;C
EI9
HI8C
:=EI9
F9GC@J=8C G
NARAF@G
K=
EM<9JY
*bservao +JAEALAN9E=FL= G 9<N_J:AG =J9 ME =D=E=FLG <9 GJ9^]G <=KDG;9<G
IM= <=NA9 EG<A>A;9J ME Fh;D=G N=J:9D <9IM=D9 9 IM= 9 JA?GJ H=JL=F;A9 = IM= H9K
KGM
9
AFL=?J9J
GMLJ9
GJ9^]G

=
+=DG
>=FfE=FG
<9
KM:GJ<AF9^]G
GM
@AHGL9P=
H9D9NJ9K
GM
?JMHGK
<=
H9D9NJ9K
9<N_J:AG
GM
KM:KL9FLANG
9<N=J:A9DAR9<G
H9KK9E
9
ME
=KLJ9LG
AF>=JAGJ
=
=P=J;=E
H9H=D
HJeHJAG
<=
EGJ>=E9
9IMA
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
H=D9
IM9D
HG<=E
K=J
KM:KLALMb<GK
9A
J=FHI89
89
8C9BW5

DCF <G=F^9
9A
7=A5
85
A9G5

GC6F9 9
E=K9
;F5W5G
S 9BM<9
 7CA 9
9BM<9
8965=LC
85 =K;9<9
 GC6 9
=K;9<9




89BHFC
89 HGM;G
 DCF HGM;G

)=KL= ;9KG AFLJG<MRAF<G ME9 GJ9^]G LJ9FKHGKL9 E=<A9FL= EI9 =KL9

=P=J;=JY
H9H=D
9<N=J:A9D
A
J=FHI89
89
EI9
9F5
C
A5=G
G5I8RJ9@ <AKHfKK=
9
LJ9:9D@9J
H=DG
?JMHG

>
D?MFK
H9JLA;bHAGK
>APGK
FG
E9K;MDAFG
KAF?MD9J
K=
MF=E
9
GJ9^g=K
LJ9FKHGKL9K
E=<A9FL= EI9 <9F<G
GJA?=E
9
LJ9FKHGKALGJ=K
;GE
HD=PGK
<=
GJ9^g=K
9<N=J:A9AK
<G
LAHG
<= 858C
EI9
DCGHC
EI9
J=GHC
EI9
GIDCGHC
EI9
G5@JC
EI9
9L79HC
EI9
BVC
C6GH5BH9
EI9
)9<9
J=KGDN=M
G
HJG:D=E9 J=GHC
EI9
BVC
<CIJ9
9BH9B8=A9BHC
DFXJ=C
85G
D5FH9G
9A
@=H[;=C
*K
LMJAKL9K
<=KAKLAJ9E
<9
NAKAL9 858C
EI9
7<CJ=5
HCFF9B7=5@A9BH9
*bservao +JAEALAN9E=FL= G EI9 AFLJG<MRA9 GJ9^]G IM= >MF;AGF9N9 ;GEG
KMB=ALG <G H9JLA;bHAG G IM= =PHDA;9 =KL9J =KL= FG E9K;MDAFG KAF?MD9J HGAK ME9 GJ
9^]G <=>AFA<9 E9L=JA9DE=FL= _ ;GFKA<=J9<9 <G ?aF=JG E9K;MDAFG = <G FhE=JG
KAF?MD9J

As subordinadas adverbiais comparativas e consecutivas v K

KM:GJ<AF9<9K 9<N=J:A9AK <G q ?JMHG AFL=?J9<9K H=D9K ;GEH9J9LAN9K =
;GFK=;MLAN9K ?M9J<9E ;=JL9 9F9DG?A9 ;GE 9K 9<B=LAN9K HGJIM= <=H=F<=E
<= ME 9FL=;=<=FL= <= F9LMJ=R9 IM9FLA>A;9<GJ9 GM <= MFA<9<= IM9FLA
>A;9<9 9<B=LANG GM 9<N_J:AG = Ke E9FLaE J=D9^]G <AJ=L9 ;GE G Fh;D=G
N=J:9D
<9
GJ9^]G
BMFLG
;GE
K=M
9FL=;=<=FL=
KKAE
_
IM=
=E
$5B9H9
9GHI85
A5=G
EI9
HF565@<5

9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 EI9 HF565@<5 =KLY HJ=K9 9G 9<N_J:AG A5=G = G ;GF

BMFLG A5=G EI9 HF565@<5 IM= E9FA>=KL9 ME9 ;GEH9J9^]G ;GE G >9LG 9F
L=JAGJ
>MF;AGF9
;GEG
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
<G
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D 9GHI85
*
E=KEG
G;GJJ=
=E
$5B9H9
X
HVC
5D@=7585
5CG
9GHI8CG
EI9
BVC
@<9
GC6F5
H9ADC
D5F5
C
HF565@<C

IMA 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 EI9 BVC @<9 GC6F5 H9ADC D5F5 C HF5
65@<C IM= E9FA>=KL9 9 ;GFK=IMaF;A9 GM =F;9J=;AE=FLG <G >9LG 9FL=JAGJ
L9E:_E =KLY HJ=K9 9G IM9FLA>A;9<GJ HVC IM= >MF;AGF9 ;GEG 9<BMFLG 9<
N=J:A9D <= 5D@=7585 = G ;GFBMFLG HVC 5D@=7585 5CG 9GHI8CG EI9 BVC @<9
GC6F5 H9ADC D5F5 C HF565@<C N9D=F<G HGJ ME 9<B=LANG 9 EG<A>A;9J G KM:
KL9FLANG $5B9H9
>MF;AGF9
;GEG
HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
N=J:G X




* ;9JYL=J <G 9<BMFLG HGJL9FLG <= L=JEG F]G 9J?ME=FL9D L9FLG <9
GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 ;GEH9J9LAN9 IM9FLG <9 ;GFK=;MLAN9 K= E9FA>=KL9
H=DG >9LG <= K= HG<=J =DAEAF9J =E ;9<9 ;9KG 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 =
;GFLAFM9J
H=J>=AL9
9
GJ9^]G
9FL=JAGJ
$5B9H9
9GHI85
A5=G
$5B9H9
X
HVC
5D@=7585
5CG
9GHI8CG

Os diversos tipos de comparativas v GEG BY NAEGK 9 ;GE

H9J9^]G HG<= E9FA>=KL9JK= =KL9:=D=;=F<G ME9 A?M9D<9<= H5BHC
EI5BHC ME9 KMH=JAGJA<9<= A5=G EI9 GM 8C EI9 ME9 AF>=JAGJA<9<=
A9BCG EI9 GM 8C
EI9
=FLJ=
<M9K
J=9DA<9<=K
GM
;GF;=ALGK
 9DL=JF[F;A9 <= EI9 = 8C EI9 F9K;=M =E _HG;9 J=D9LAN9E=FL= J=
;=FL= <9 ;GFKLJM^]G HJAEALAN9 =E IM= 9 GJ9^]G LJ9FKHGKL9 IM= EG<A
>A;9N9 A5=G GM A9BCG =J9 ME9 KM:KL9FLAN9<9 AFA;A9<9 HGJ C EI9  HJ=;=
<A<9 <= HJ=HGKA^]G 89 A5=G A9BCG 8C EI9  A5=G A9BCG 85EI=@C EI9
6  

/( 
7
GK IM9FLA>A;9<GJ=K L9E:_E BY <AKK=EGK IM= Ke 9H9J=;= >D=PAGF
9<G =E ?aF=JG = FhE=JG G H5BHC 9<FGEAF9D =E ;GF>GJEA<9<= ;GE G
KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE= IM= EG<A>AIM= .5BHC _ AFN9JAYN=D IM9F<G K= 9H
J=K=FL9 ;GEG 9<N_J:AG 19D= 9AF<9 D=E:J9J IM= GK IM9FLA>A;9<GJ=K A5=G =
A9BCG HG<=E K=J J=>GJ^9<GK HGJ 9<N_J:AG AI=HC A5=G DCI7C A5=G
AI=HC
A9BCG
DCI7C
A9BCG =L;
Outras unidades comparativas v D_E <GK IM9FLA>A;9<GJ=K
J=>=JA<GK
HG<=E
=E
K=M
DM?9J
9H9J=;=J
9
9K
>GJE9K
9<B=LAN9K A5=CF
A9BCF
A9@<CF
D=CF
K
IM9DA<9<=K
<=N=E
K=J A5=CF9G
EI9
CG
J[7=CG

:
MFA<9<=K
EMDLAHDA;9LAN9K
AF<=>AFA<9K
;GEG CIHFC
A9GAC
=;I5@
=
9<N_J:AGK
<=
N9DGJ
K=D=LANG
;GEG 5BH9G

FGL9
;GFK=?MA<9
_
G 8C6FC
EI9
C
75B8=85HC
A9F97=5
)]G
H=FK9N9
=E CIHF5
7C=G5
EI9
H=F5F
DFCJ9=HC
8CG
5A=;CG
/M<G
F=D=
=J9
G A9GAC
EI9
G9
J=F5
5BH9G
*
JGM:G
9FL=K
<=FA?J=
G
D9<J]G EI9
@<9
5IA9BH5
CG
<5J9F9G




As oraes subordinadas consecutivas v GEG NAEGK 9 GJ9^]G

LJ9FKHGKL9 ;GFK=;MLAN9 L9E:_E K= 9HJGPAE9 <9 9<B=LAN9 J=D9LAN9 HGJ =KL9J
G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 J=D9;AGF9<G ;GE ME9 MFA<9<= IM9FLA>A;9<GJ9 <9 GJ
9^]G
9FL=JAGJ
%9F=L=
_
L]G
9HDA;9<9
9GK
=KLM<GK EI9
BVC
@<9
GC6F5
H9ADC
D5F5
C
HF565@<C

+=DG =P=EHDG 9;AE9 H=J;=:=K= IM= 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 E9FA

>=KL9 ME9 ;GFK=IMaF;A9 E9K G N9DGJ K=E[FLA;G HJAEGJ<A9D _ 9KKAF9D9J
IM=
G
IM9FLA>A;9<GJ
=F;9J=;=
G
;GFL=h<G
<=
H=FK9E=FLG
<=KA?F9<G
)G
=P=EHDG
@5
G9BH=5
H5@
A98C
EI9
5
89=L5J5
D5F5@=G585

K= =DAEAF9JEGK G =F;9J=;=<GJ G IM9FLA>A;9<GJ H5@ 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9

HG<=JY ;GF>MF<AJK= ;GE 9 9<B=LAN9 J=D9LAN9 K= F]G >GJ HJG>=JA<9 ;GE G
;GFLGJFG E=De<A;G IM= =E ?=J9D E9J;9 9 ;GFK=;MLAN9 G IM= 9 >9R HG<=J
K=J
9KKAF9D9<9
HGJ
NbJ?MD9
D9
K=FLA9
E=<G
IM=
9
<=AP9N9
H9J9DAK9<9
*bservao KL9 9HJGPAE9^]G <9 9<N=J:A9D ;GFK=;MLAN9 <=KHJGNA<9 <= IM9FLA
>A;9<GJ ;GE 9 9<B=LAN9 J=D9LAN9 L=E D=N9<G 9D?MFK =K;JALGJ=K 9 J=H=LAJ 9 >MF^]G
KAFLYLA;9 <=K=EH=F@9<9 H=DG EI9 J=D9LANG E=<A9FL= G HJGFGE= 9<N=J:9D C 5 CG
5G ;GFKLJM^]G IM= 9 FGJE9 H9<J]G <=K9;GFK=D@9 xG @GE=E IM= K= <=KLAF9 GM
EI9 C <=KLAFGM K=M F9K;AE=FLG 9 ME9 NG;9^]G Hh:DA;9 F]G HG<= K=E N=J?GF@9
A?FGJ9J
9K
:=D9K
D=LJ9K
=
GK
;DYKKA;GKy
6"9 
7

/9D ;GEG G;GJJ=M F9K GJ9^g=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K ;GEH9J9LAN9K =E @5

G9BH=5 H5@ A98C EI9 5 89=L5J5 D5F5@=G585 ;GFKLALMA ME9 MFA<9<= ;GEHD
=P9 G ;GFBMFLG H5@ A98C EI9 5 89=L5J5 D5F5@=G585 IM= F9 GJ9^]G ;GEHD
=P9
>MF;AGF9
;GEG
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
<G
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D G9BH=5
Outras unidades consecutivas v *K IM9FLA>A;9<GJ=K 9 IM= K= HJ=F
<=E 9K GJ9^g=K ;GFK=;MLAN9K HG<=E K=J KM:KLALMb<GK HGJ GMLJ9K MFA<9<=K
F9LMJ9DE=FL= K=E IM= <=AP=E <= K=J E9J;9<9K H=DG ;GFLGJFG E=De<A;G
IM=
E9FA>=KL9
G
=F;9J=;AE=FLG
<G
;GFL=h<G
<G
H=FK9E=FLG
<=KA?F9<G
9
*
AF<=>AFA<G 7585
D=
<AR 7585 E=FLAJ9 EI9
>R
9GHR
89G57F98=H58C
BC
;FIDC

:
*
AF<=>AFA<G IA IA5
IBG
IA5G



=
J=H=FL=
;9AM IA5
J9BH5B=5
EI9
5:I;9BHCI
8C
9GHR8=C
HC8CG
CG
9GD97H58CF9G

;
K
MFA<9<=K 89
AC8C
89
A5B9=F5
5GG=A
*
EY?A;G
>9D9N9 89
AC8C
EI9
=ADF9GG=CB5J5
5
D@5H9=5
*
=K;JALGJ
=K;J=NA9 89
A5B9=F5
EI9
7CADIB<5
IA
@=JFC
DCF
AZG
*
9LD=L9
=J9 5GG=A
:CFH9
EI9
DIB<5
BCG
7CB7CFF9BH9G
5
79FH9N5
85
89FFCH5
*bservao ;=J;9 <9 KM:KLALMA^]G <= 89 AC8C EI9 89 A5B9=F5 EI9  N=J:G
>D=PAGF9<G HGJ 89 AC8C 5 89 A5B9=F5 5  AF>AFALANG 89 AC8C 5 :5N9F =L;  ;>
DAFC

< +G<= >9DL9J 9 MFA<9<= IM9FLA>A;9<GJ9 ?9J9FLA<9 H=DG ;GFLGJFG

E=De<A;G
=
H=DG
;GFL=PLG
W
>=AG EI9
A9H9
A98C
"JMHGK
GJ9;AGF9AK
9
;GGJ<=F9^]G

Grupos oracionais: a coordenao v %Y NAEGK IM= 9K GJ9^g=K ;G

GJ<=F9<9K K]G GJ9^g=K KAFL9LA;9E=FL= AF<=H=F<=FL=K =FLJ= KA = IM= K= HG
<=E
;GE:AF9J
H9J9
>GJE9J ;FIDCG
CF57=CB5=G GM D9F[C8CG
7CADCGHCG
(YJAG
Da
EMALGK
DANJGK
=
9ME=FL9
KM9
;MDLMJ9
(YJAG
Da
EMALGK
DANJGK
=
9HJ=F<=
HGM;G

W >Y;AD G:K=JN9J IM= 9K <M9K GJ9^g=K <G HJAE=AJG =P=EHDG K]G KAFL
9LA;9E=FL= AF<=H=F<=FL=K HGJIM= 9G 9F9DAK9J 9 HJAE=AJ9 'RF=C @Z AI=
HCG @=JFCG N=JA>A;9EGK IM= HGKKMA LG<GK GK L=JEGK KAFLYLA;GK HJ=NAKLGK F9
J=D9^]G
HJ=<A;9LAN9
9G
;GFLJYJAG
<9
GJ9^]G
;GEHD=P9
;GF>GJE=
NAEGK
.MB=ALG 'RF=C
+J=<A;9<G @Z
AI=HCG
@=JFCG
*:B=LG
<AJ=LG AI=HCG
@=JFCG

FLJ=L9FLG _ L9E:_E >Y;AD N=JA>A;9JEGK IM= 9 K=?MF<9 GJ9^]G 9

5IA9BH5 GI5 7I@HIF5 E9FA>=KL9 G J=KMDL9<G ME9 ;GFK=IMaF;A9 <G >9LG <=
(YJAG D=J EMALG KL9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G 9DAYK ;GJJ=L9 F]G AFL=J>=J= F9 J=D9^]G
KAFLYLA;9 IM= 9K <M9K GJ9^g=K E9FLaE =FLJ= KA FG ?JMHG GJ9;AGF9D KL9 AF
L=JHJ=L9^]G 9<A;AGF9D F]G J=KMDL9 <9 J=D9^]G KAFLYLA;9 =PAKL=FL= F9K <M9K
GJ9^g=K E9K KAE <9 FGKK9 =PH=JAaF;A9 <G EMF<G HGJIM= K9:=EGK IM= 9
D=ALMJ9 _ ME9 <9K FGKK9K >GFL=K <= ;MDLMJ9 EMALG E=FGK 9 E9FA>=KL9^]G
F9K;= <G =EHJ=?G <9 ;GFBMF^]G 9 IM= HGJ K=J E=JG ;GF=;LGJ <9K GJ9^g=K
L=E HGJ EAKK]G K=E[FLA;9 9H=F9K 9<A;AGF9J ME ;GFL=h<G <= H=FK9E=FLG
9
GMLJG
+GJ
AKKG
_
<=FGEAF9<9 7CB>IBWVC 
;GF=;LGJ 58=H=J5




+JGN9
=NA<=FL=
<G
IM=
=KL9EGK
>9D9F<G
_
G
K=?MF<G
=P=EHDG
(YJAG
Da
EMALGK
DANJGK
=
9HJ=F<=
HGM;G

G HGFLG <= NAKL9 KAFLYLA;G BY NAEGK IM= 9IMA L9E:_E =KL9EGK <A
9FL=
<=
GJ9^g=K
AF<=H=F<=FL=K
=
IM=
HG<=E
>A?MJ9J
AKGD9<9E=FL=
(YJAG
Da
EMALGK
DANJGK
D=
9HJ=F<=
HGM;G

W H9JLAF<G <=KK= FGKKG K9:=J KG:J= 9K ;GAK9K <G EMF<G = <GK KA?FA
>A;9<GK <GK D=P=E9K MLADAR9<GK IM= AFL=JHJ=L9EGK 9 p GJ9^]G ;GEG G
;GFLJYJAG <G IM= =KLYN9EGK =KH=J9F<G H=DG >9LG <= (YJAG D=J EMALGK
DANJGK
GEG FG =P=EHDG 9FL=JAGJ =KK9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G 9<A;AGF9D F]G LAJ9 <9
p GJ9^]G G ;9JYL=J <= 7CCF89B585 58=H=J5 F=E H=JEAL= IM= K= ;D9KKA>AIM=
G 9 <A>=J=FL=E=FL= <= ME9 ;GFBMF^]G 9<ALAN9 W G L=PLG ;GE KM9K MFA<
9<=K D_PA;9K = F]G 9 ?J9EYLA;9 IM= E9FA>=KL9 G K=FLA<G 9<N=JK9LANG IM=
;D9J9E=FL= =PHJ=KK9 9 p GJ9^]G =E >9;= <G ;GFL=h<G IM= K= =FMF;AGM F9
 p .]G 9KKAE MFA<9<=K L=PLM9AK G IM= N9D= <AR=J K]G MFA<9<=K IM=
E9FA>=KL9E >MF^g=K KAFL9?EYLA;9K FG FbN=D <G L=PLG /J9L9K= <= =P=E
HDGK <= ;GGJ<=F9^]G FG FbN=D <9 GJ9^]G = <= KM:GJ<AF9^]G FG FbN=D <G
L=PLG
9:= L9E:_E 9KKAF9D9J IM= 9K GJ9^g=K ;GF=;L9<9K HGJ 9 F]G E9FA
>=KL9E F=F@ME K=FLA<G L=PLM9D KM:KA<AYJAG 9D_E <9 9<A^]G 9 GJ<=E <9K
GJ9^g=K _ =E ?=J9D DANJ= K9DNG IM9F<G G KA?FA>A;9<G <GK D=P=E9K =K
L9:=D=;= ME9 <AKHGKA^]G F9LMJ9D <GK ;GFL=h<GK <= H=FK9E=FLG <=KA?F9
<GK .]G F=KL= hDLAEG ;9KG IM=KLg=K J=D9LAN9K 9G FGKKG K9:=J =DG;MLANG =
F]G
9G
K9:=J
A<AGEYLA;G
=P;DMKAN9E=FL=
/J9:9D@9N9
<=
<A9
=
=KLM<9N9
<=
FGAL=
KLM<9N9
<=
FGAL=
=
LJ9:9D@9N9
<=
<A9

(9K
@Y
GJ<=E
>AP9
=E
!A;GM
FGANG
=E
>=N=J=AJG
=
;9KGMK=
=E
BMF@G
MJK9N9
9
!9;MD<9<=
<=
AJ=ALG
=
>GJEGMK=
=E
9<NG;9;A9

E K=FLA<G AFN=JKG EMAL9K GJ9^g=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K v =KH=;A9DE=FL=

9K J=<MRA<9K =E NAKL9 <9 9EHDALM<= K=E[FLA;9 =E IM= HG<=E K=J =F
NGDNA<9K H=D9 AF>DMaF;A9 <9K MFA<9<=K D_PA;9K =EHJ=?9<9K = <G FGKKG
K9:=J = =PH=JAaF;A9K <G EMF<G v HG<=E 9<EALAJ ME K=FLA<G x9<ALANGy
;GEG
FGK
K=?MAFL=K
;9KGK
9 9K GJ9^g=K J=<MRA<9K <= ?=JhF<AG IM9F<G =IMAN9D=FL= 9 ME9 GJ
9^]G
;GGJ<=F9<9
AFA;A9<9
H=D9
;GFBMF^]G 9




GEHJ==F<=M
:=E
9
DA^]G :5N9B8C <=HGAK
;GJJ=L9E=FL=
GK
=P=J;b;AGK


=
>=R
<=HGAK 

: 9K J=<MRA<9K <= AF>AFALANG HJ=;=<A<9 <9 HJ=HGKA^]G GC6F9 = <9

DG;M^]G
HJ=HGKALAN9 5@XA
89
xD_E
<=
IM=
9
>ME9J9<9
<G
;@9JMLG GC6F9
G9F HMJA>A;9FL=
GM
9FLA
HhLJA<9
<9N9
9GK
9DN_GDGK
KGDA<=R
=
;GFKAKLaF;A9
9GK
<=FL=Ky
6J 
7
GC6F9
G9F 
9D_E
<=
K=J
HMJA>A;9FL=
9
>ME9J9<9
<G
;@9JMLG
<9N9


H=K9J <=KL9K AFL=JHJ=L9^g=K x9<ALAN9Ky =KL9K J=<MRA<9K IM9FLG Z

KM9 =KLJMLMJ9^]G ?J9E9LA;9D H=JL=F;=E 9G IM9<JG <9K GJ9^g=K
KM:GJ<AF9<9K
Os tipos de oraes coordenadas e seus conectores v K GJ9^g=K
;GGJ<=F9<9K =KL]G DA?9<9K HGJ ;GF=;LGJ=K ;@9E9<GK ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=
F9LAN9K IM= 9H=F9K E9J;9E G LAHG <= J=D9^]G K=E[FLA;9 IM= G >9D9FL=
E9FA>=KL9 =FLJ= GK ;GFL=h<GK <= H=FK9E=FLG <=KA?F9<G =E ;9<9 ME9 <9K
GJ9^g=K
KAFL9LA;9E=FL=
AF<=H=F<=FL=K
.]G LJaK 9K J=D9^g=K K=E[FLA;9K E9J;9<9K H=D9K ;GFBMF^g=K ;GGJ<=
F9LAN9K
GM
;GF=;LGJ=K
 8=H=J5
9<A;AGF9
GM
=FLJ=D9^9
<M9K
GM
E9AK
GJ9^g=K
K=E
F=F
@ME9
A<=A9
KM:KA<AYJA9
K ;GFBMF^g=K 9<ALAN9K K]G 9 = B9A =KL9 H9J9 GK ;GFL=h<GK
F=?9LANGK
=
HG<=
NAJ
F9
p
GJ9^]G
GM
=E
9E:9K
+=<JG
=KLM<9 9 (9JA9
LJ9:9D@9
+=<JG
F]G
=KLM<9 B9A LJ9:9D@9
(9A +=<JG
=KLM<9 B9A (9JA9
LJ9:9D@9

 8J9FG5H=J5
;GFLJ9Hg=
G
;GFL=h<G
<=
ME9
GJ9^]G
9G
<=
GMLJ9
=PHJ=KK9
9FL=JAGJE=FL=
%G]G
N=AG
NAKAL9J
G
HJAEG A5G F]G
G
=F;GFLJGM

K ;GFBMF^g=K 9<N=JK9LAN9K K]G A5G DCFXA G9BVC <=HGAK <=

;GFL=h<G
F=?9LANG



 @H9FB5H=J5
;GFLJ9Hg=
G
;GFL=h<G
<=
ME9
GJ9^]G
9G
<=
GMLJ9
=
E9FA>=KL9
=P;DMK]G
<=
ME
<=D=K
AKLG
_
K=
ME
K=
J=9DAR9J
G
GMLJG
F]G
K=
;MEHJAJY
KLM<9K CI :JAF;9K

Enlaces adverbiais em grupos de oraes v =JL9K MFA<9<=K <=

F9LMJ=R9 9<N=J:A9D = IM= E9FA>=KL9E N9DGJ=K <= ;GF;=KK]G ;GF;DMK]G
;GFLAFM9^]G =PHDA;9^]G ;9MK9 IM= >9R=E J=>=JaF;A9 9F9>eJA;9 9G IM=
9FL=JAGJE=FL= K= =PHJ=KKGM HG<=E 9H9J=;=J ;GEG 9H9J=FL=K ;GF=;LGJ=K
<= GJ9^g=K =E ?JMHGK GJ9;AGF9AK @C;C DC=G DCFH5BHC DCF 7CBG9;I=BH9
9BHF9H5BHC 7CBHI8C HC85J=5 DCF =GGC DCF =GHC H5A6XA 85[ 9BHVC D9@C
7CBHFRF=C =L;
.=JY
9
HJAE=AJ9
N=R
IM=
;GHA9JY
=KL=K
IM9<JGK DC=G F]G
@Y
GALG
<A9K
IM=
GK
;GEHJ=A
6% 
7
*
9EGJ
;GEG
=M
KGF@G
=
=KH=JG
@Y
<=
K=J
9
EAF@9
NA<9
AFL=AJ9
DCFH5BHC H9J=;=E=
IM=
L=F@G
G
<AJ=ALG
=
9L_
G
<=N=J
<=
;GF@=;aDG
9FL=K
 
6% 
7
*
IM=
9
HJGL=?A9
F9
;GF>MK]G
F]G
=J9
L9FLG
G
JYHA<G
GD@9J
;GEG
ME
K_LAEG
K=FLA<G
IM=
Ke
=D9
HGKKMb9
ME9
=KH_;A=
<=
HJ=NAK]G
<GK
G:B=
LGK
IM=
K=
9HJGPAE9N9E
CBHI8C =M
KG>JA9
EMALG
N=F<G
EbDA9
9KKAE
=KIM=;A<9
<=
EAE
=
=F
?GD>9<9
FGK
HJ9R=J=K
 
6% 
7

+9JLAF<G <=KK=K N9DGJ=K K=E[FLA;GK 9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D =K

L9:=D=;=M =FLJ= GK ;GF=;LGJ=K ;GGJ<=F9LANGK 9K ;GFBMF^g=K 7CB7@IG=J5G =
75IG5=G9LD@=75H=J5G -=9DE=FL= F=KL=K ;9KGK K= LJ9L9 <= MFA<9<=K IM=
E9FA>=KL9E =KK=K N9DGJ=K <= <=H=F<aF;A9 AFL=JF9 K=E=D@9FL=K ZK GJ9^g=K
KM:GJ<AF9<9K E9K FG FbN=D <G K=FLA<G <G L=PLG .]G MFA<9<=K LJ9FK
>JYKLA;9K
BY
IM=
MDLJ9H9KK9E
GK
DAEAL=K
<=
>JGFL=AJ9
<9K
GJ9^g=K
*bservao  AF=PAKLaF;A9 9 JA?GJ <9K ;GFBMF^g=K ;GF;DMKAN9K = ;9MK9AK v =P
HDA;9LAN9K GJA=FL9^]G IM= L9E:_E _ K=?MA<9 =E ?J9EYLA;9K <= GMLJ9K DbF?M9K BY
LAF@9 KA<G <=>=F<A<9 =FLJ= FeK HGJ (9PAEAFG (9;A=D   F9 hDLAE9 J=
NAK]G <= KM9 !F5ARH=75 9G7F=H=J5 =E IM= 9K ;GFKA<=J9N9 9<N_J:AGK <9<9 9 >9
;ADA<9<= ;GE IM= K= <=KDG;9N9E F9K GJ9^g=K 9H9J=;=F<G =E NYJA9K HGKA^g=K G
IM=
D@=K
LAJ9N9
G
;9JYL=J
<=
;GF=;LGJ=K

)]G
K9b9
K=F]G
;GE
GK
HJAEGK

Justaposio ou assindetismo v G D9<G <9 HJ=K=F^9 <= LJ9FKHGK

ALGJ=K = ;GF=;LGJ=K NAKLGK 9L_ 9IMA 9K GJ9^g=K HG<=E =F;9<=9JK= ;GEG
G;GJJ= ;GE GK L=JEGK KAFLYLA;GK <=FLJG <9 GJ9^]G K=E IM= N=F@9E



=FLJ=D9^9<9K HGJ MFA<9<=K =KH=;A9AK :9KL9D@=K 9H=F9K 9 K=IMaF;A9 =E

?=J9D HJG>=JA<9K ;GE ;GFLGJFG E=De<A;G <=K;=F<=FL= = ;GE H9MK9 <=
E9J;9<GJ9 9KKAF9D9<9 IM9K= K=EHJ= F9 =K;JAL9 HGJ NbJ?MD9K HGFLG = NbJ
?MD9
=
9AF<9
HGJ
<GAK
HGFLGK
*
EG^G
IM=
<ARA9
.AEbD=K
;GKLME9N9
RGE:9J
<=
EAE
;GE
:9JMD@G
+I5@EI9F
8=HC B9A
C
9L7=H5J5
ACF8=5
CG
69=WCG
5J9FA9@<5J5G9
7CAC
IA
D9FI
@57F=A9>5J5
9B:=A
BVC
G9
7CBH=B<5
75[5
BIA
F=GC
7CBJI@GC
FC@5J5
GC6F9
C
65@7VC
A9=C
GI:C758C 6"J- 
7

KL=
HJG;=<AE=FLG
<=
=FD9;=
;@9E9K= >IGH5DCG=WVC
.G: G HGFLG <= NAKL9 KAFLYLA;G = K=E[FLA;G L9AK BMKL9HGKA^g=K K=
9HJGPAE9E H=D9 AF<=H=F<aF;A9 KAFLYLA;9 = =KLJ=ALG J=D9;AGF9E=FLG
K=E[FLA;G <9 H9J9L9P= GM ;GGJ<=F9^]G .=M =>=ALG H9J9 G <AK;MJKG _ N9JA
9<G GJ9 9HGFL9F<G H9J9 ME =KLADG ;GJL9<G ;GE ?J9F<= <GK= AEHJ=K
KAGFAKL9 GJ9 H9J9 ME =KLADG IM= >G;9DAR9 IM9<JGK JYHA<GK = EGNAE=FLGK
9K;=F<=FL=K =KH=;A9DE=FL= K= =KLY ;GFKLALMb<G HGJ K=IMaF;A9 <= N=J:GK
%Y
9
K=IMaF;A9
<=
KM:KL9FLANGK
E9FA>=KL9
D=FLA<]G
HJGPAE9EK= 9K GJ9^g=K BMKL9HGKL9K <9K ;GGJ<=F9<9K = ;GE =D9K
ZK N=R=K K= 9DL=JF9E HGJ H=JEALAJ=E FG FbN=D <9 ;9E9<9 KMH=JAGJ <G
L=PLG ME K=FLA<G KM:KA<AYJAG <= ;9MK9=PHDA;9^]G ;GF;=KK]G ;GFK=IMaF
;A9 GHGKA^]G L=EHG D=N9F<GK= =E ;GFL9 G ;GFL=h<G <= H=FK9E=FLG
F=D9K
<=KA?F9<G
0E9
N=R
HGJ
<A9
G
?JALG
K=N=JG
E=
;@9E9N9
Z
DA^]G
'=N9FL9N9E=
;GE
ME
:9IM=
HGJ
<=FLJG
<AJA?A9E=
Z
K9D9
?=D9<G 
9A6IFF5J5
5
@[B;I5
:I;=5
8CG
89BH9G
9B;FC@5J5
FI[8CG
7CB:IGCG 6"J- 
 7
)]G
E=
9B=AL9N9
9
=KK=
LJ9:9D@G
9
E]G
K=?MJ9N9
E9D
9
;9F=L9
A9
=
NAF@9
=E
K9;M<A<=D9K 5
D9B5
75DF=7<CG5
:I;=5
85
@=B<5
9J=H5J5
5G
7IFJ5G
F5G;5J5
C
D5D9@
5B85J5
S
HC5
7CAC
IA5
65F5H5 <GA<9
K=
E=9F<G
:GJJg=K
6"J- 
7

A chamada coordenao distributiva v +G<=EK= AF;DMAJ F9K

GJ9^g=K BMKL9HGKL9K 9IM=D9K IM= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D 9JJGD9 KG: G
JeLMDG <= ;GGJ<=F9<9K <AKLJA:MLAN9K ;9J9;L=JAR9<9K HGJ NAJ=E =FD9^9<9K
H=D9K MFA<9<=K IM= E9FA>=KL9E ME9 J=AL=J9^]G 9F9>eJA;9 <G LAHG <=
CF5 CF5 >R >R EI9F EI9F IA CIHFC 9GH9 5EI9@9 D5FH9 D5FH9
G9>5 G9>5 = IM= 9KKME=E N9DGJ=K <AKLJA:MLANGK 9DL=JF9LANGK = KM:KA<A9JA
9E=FL=
;GF;=KKANGK
L=EHGJ9AK
;GF<A;AGF9AK
G HGFLG <= NAKL9 ;GFKLALM;AGF9D =KK9K MFA<9<=K K]G AFL=?J9<9K HGJ
NYJA9K ;D9KK=K <= H9D9NJ9K KM:KL9FLANG HJGFGE= 9<N_J:AG = N=J:G = <G



HGFLG <= NAKL9 >MF;AGF9D F]G K= AF;DM=E =FLJ= GK ;GF=;LGJ=K IM= ;GF
?J=?9E
GJ9^g=K
;GGJ<=F9<9K
)F5 =J9E
=D=K
;9H9R=K
<=
9LGK
<=
N9F<9DAKEG CF5 =J9E
;9H9R=K
<=
9LGK
<=
9BM<9
9G
HJePAEG
$R F]G
K=
EGKLJ9N9E
;GEG
H=KKG9K
=<M;9<9K >R K=
J=N=D9N9E
;GEG
K=
>GKK=E
AFG;=FL=K
;JA9F^9K
/BG =KL9N9E
K=EHJ=
K9LAK>=ALGK CIHFCG Ke
NANA9E
J=;D9E9F<G
<9
NA<9

Oraes intercaladas v /9E:_E K= AF;DM=E FGK ?JMHGK GJ9;AGF9AK

;GEG GJ9^g=K BMKL9HGKL9K 9K AFL=J;9D9<9K L9E:_E ;9J9;L=JAR9<9K HGJ =K
L9J=E K=H9J9<9K <G ;GFBMFLG HGJ H9MK9 = HGJ ;GFLGJFG E=De<A;G H9JLA;M
D9J )9 =K;JAL9 9H9J=;=E E9J;9<9K HGJ NbJ?MD9 LJ9N=KK]G GM H9JaFL=K=
G HGFLG <= NAKL9 <= ;GFL=h<G <= H=FK9E=FLG <=KA?F9<G <ANA<=EK=
=E
 7=H5WVC GF<= K= 9;J=K;=FL9 9 H=KKG9 IM= HJG>=JAM 9 GJ9^]G
9FL=JAGJ
aE=
Y?M9 A9
D98=I
C
F5D5N 
,M=E
_
=D=
v =BH9FFCAD9I
5
>CJ9A

 58J9FHZB7=5
=K;D9J=;=
ME
HGFLG
IM=
G
>9D9FL=
BMD?9
F=;=KKYJAG
E

v =GHC
57CBH979I
BC
8=5
89
A9I
5B=J9FGRF=C v
;GF@=;A
ME
<GK
E=MK
E=D@GJ=K
9EA?GK

 CD=B=VC
=E
IM=
G
>9D9FL=
9HJGN=AL9
9
G;9KA]G
H9J9
GHAF9J

=FL9
A5@J585
X
EI9
9F5
<ARA9
IM=
9
KM9
<G=F^9
AEH=<A9
9
:JAF
;9<=AJ9
<9
?9JGL9<9
xGEb9EGK X
J9F8589
E9K
=J9
ME
;GE=J
NAJ?MD9<G
<=
H9D9NJAF@9K
<G;=Ky
6( 
7

 89G9>C =E IM= G >9D9FL= 9HJGN=AL9 9 G;9KA]G H9J9 =PHJAEAJ ME

<=K=BG
:GE
GM
E9M
%GK_
v 9IG
C
7CBG9FJ9
5GG=A v
;GFIMAKLGM
G
HJAE=AJG
DM?9J
<9
;D9KK=
xW
:=E
>=AGRAF@G 69BN5C
9IG G
L9D
L=M
9EA?Gy
DMbKAG
R=N=<G
*
L=M
HJAEG
v F5=CG
EI9
C
D5FH5A v
HfKE=
<=
;9:=DGK
:J9F;GK

 9G7IG5
=E
IM=
G
>9D9FL=
K=
<=K;MDH9



x+GM;G
<=HGAK
J=LAJGMK=
=M
>MA
NaD9
<=K;=J
9K
=K;9<9K
=
F]G
K=A
HGJ
IM=
>=FfE=FGK
<=
N=FLJADGIMAKEG
;=J=:J9D
D9F8C9AA9
CG
:=@_GC:CG
9GG5
:F5G9
6RF65F5
EMJEMJ=A
;GEA?G y
6( 
 7

 D9FA=GGVC
=E
IM=
KGDA;AL9
9D?G
x(=M
=KHbJALG
D9FA=H5A9
5EI=
IA5
7CAD5F5WVC
89
7F=5BW5
E=M
=KHbJALG
=J9
F9IM=D9
G;9KA]G
ME9
=KH_;A=
<=
H=L=;9y
6( 
 7

 F9GG5@J5 =E IM= >9R ME9 DAEAL9^]G Z ?=F=J9DA<9<= <= ME

=FMF;A9<G
x9IMA
9
ME
;JAE=
<AKL9N9
9H=F9K
ME
:J=N=
=KH9^G
=
=D9
LJ9FKHfK 5C
EI9
D5F979y
6# 
 7
D= EI9
9I
G5=65 FMF;9
N=AG
9IMA 
xG:A^9
<=
;YL=<J9K
=
:GJD9K
IM= 8=;5G9
89
D5GG5;9A %=KMK
JAKLG
J=HJ==F<=M
K=N=J9E=FL=
9GK
>9JAK=MKy
6J 
7
*K
DANJGK DC89G9
69A
8=N9F
K]G
G
9DAE=FLG
<G
=KHbJALG

Aparentes oraes complexas v FLJ9E 9KKAE F=KL= ;9KG 9K AF

L=J;9D9<9K <= ;AL9^]G IM= =E =KLADG <AJ=LG J=HJG<MR=E G IM= FG =KLADG AF
<AJ=LG >MF;AGF9JA9 ;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG <G Fh;D=G N=J:9D ;D9JG GM KM:=F
L=F<A<G ZA9 R;I5 A9 D98=I C F5D5N =IMAN9D=FL= FG ;GFL=h<G 9 )
F5D5N D98=I EI9 @<9 89GG9 R;I5 +I9A X 9@9 j =BH9FFCAD9I C >CJ9A
=IMAN9D=FL= FG ;GFL=h<G 9 ) >CJ9A =BH9FFCAD9I 6D9F;IBH5B8C7 EI9A X
9@9
L=F<=F<G ZK =IMAN9DaF;A9K <G ;GFL=h<G E9K =E ;GFLJ9<A^]G ;GE
9 =KLJMLMJ9 KAFLYLA;9 = L=PLM9D 9D?MFK 9MLGJ=K 9F9DAK9E L9AK GJ9^g=K BMKL9
HGKL9K ;GEG ;GEHD=P9K .e HG<=Jb9EGK HJG;=<=J <=KK9 E9F=AJ9 =
;GFKA<=JYD9K GJ9^g=K ;GEHD=P9K K= NA=KK=E AFLJG<MRA<9K H=DG LJ9FKHGKAL
GJ
;GEG
G;GJJ=M
F9K
=IMAN9DaF;A9K
9HGFL9<9K
GEG :=E =FKAF9  <9 "9E9 &MJQ <=N=EGK x;GFKA<=J9J =KK9K
GJ9^g=K AFL=J>=J=FL=K ;GEG H=JbG<GK Z H9JL= AFL=J;9D9<GK GM BMKL9HGKLGK
IM=
K=
9F9DAK9J]G
D9<G
9
D9<G
;GE
9IM=D=
=E
IM=
K=
AFK=J=Ey
6& 
7
AK;MJKG
<AJ=LG
AF<AJ=LG
=
AF<AJ=LG
DANJ=

3 Discurso direto, indireto e indireto livre

* HGJLM?MaK ;GEG GMLJ9K DbF?M9K 9HJ=K=FL9 FGJE9K L=PLM9AK H9J9
FGK J=>=JAJEGK FG =FMF;A9<G ZK H9D9NJ9K GM 9GK H=FK9E=FLGK <= J=
KHGFK9:ADA<9<= <G FGKKG AFL=JDG;MLGJ E=<A9FL= GK ;@9E9<GK 8=G7IFGC
8=F9HC
8=G7IFGC
=B8=F9HC = 8=G7IFGC
=B8=F9HC
@=JF9



)G discurso direto J=HJG<MRAEGK GM KMHGEGK J=HJG<MRAJ >A=D =

L=PLM9DE=FL= 9K FGKK9K H9D9NJ9K = 9K <G FGKKG AFL=JDG;MLGJ =E <AYDG?G
;GF>GJE= NAEGK FGK =P=EHDGK <9K GJ9^g=K GM H=JbG<GK AFL=J;9D9<GK <=
;AL9^]G ;GE 9 9BM<9 =PHDb;AL9 GM F]G <= N=J:GK ;GEG 8=GG9 F9GDCB89I
D9F;IBHCI F9HFI7CI GM KAFfFAEGK GK ;@9E9<GK N=J:GK 8=79B8= tK
N=R=K MK9EK= GMLJGK N=J:GK <= AFL=F^]G E9AK <=K;JALAN9 ;GEG ;5;I9>5F
<G FGKKG =P=EHDG 65@6I7=5F 69FF5F =L; .]G GK G9BH=9B8= IM=
=PHJAE=E J=9^]G HKA;GDe?A;9 <G H=JKGF9?=E  )G <AYDG?G 9 KM;=KK]G
<9 >9D9 <GK H=JKGF9?=FK _ AF<A;9<9 HGJ LJ9N=KK]G GMLJ9K N=R=K H=DGK
FGE=K
<GK
AFL=JN=FA=FL=K
0E9
N=R
=E
IM=
E=
=PL=FM9N9
F9
<=K?J9^9<9
L9J=>9
H=J;=:A
ME
EMJEhJAG
k &5JCI
5G
CF9@<5G
<C>9
k '9N=A
G
JGKLG
;5;I9>9= 9L9J9FL9<G
w
+=J?MFL=A
K=
D9NGM
9K
GJ=D@9K
w
FL]G
.=
D9N=A
G
JGKLG
<=NG
L=J
D9N9<G
9K
GJ=D@9K
6"J-
7

)G discurso indireto GK N=J:GK 8=79B8= K= AFK=J=E F9 GJ9^]G

HJAF;AH9D <= ME9 GJ9^]G ;GEHD=P9 L=F<G HGJ KM:GJ<AF9<9 9K HGJ^g=K <G
=FMF;A9<G IM= J=HJG<MR=E 9K H9D9NJ9K HJeHJA9K GM <G FGKKG AFL=JDG;MLGJ
$FLJG<MR=EK= H=DG LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 H=D9 <M:AL9LAN9 G9 = H=DGK HJGFGE=K
= 9<N_J:AGK <= F9LMJ=R9 HJGFGEAF9D EI9A EI5@ CB89 7CAC DCF EI9
EI5B8C =L; 
BY
NAKLGK
9FL=K
+=J?MFL=A G9
@5JCI
5G
CF9@<5G

*
<AK;MJKG
<AJ=LG
=E
%GK_
A9K
J=;MKGM
<AR=F<G Q
>IGHC
@9J5F
5
G5d89
S
75G5
89
G5DX
8C
DC6F9

H9KK9 9 <AK;MJKG AF<AJ=LG =E IM= K= LJ9FKHg= G HJ=K=FL= X <G <AK;MJKG

<AJ=LG
H9J9
G
HJ=L_JALG
AEH=J>=ALG
<G
AF<AJ=LG
%GK_
A9K
J=;MKGM
<AR=F<G EI9
9F5
>IGHC
@9J5F
5
G5d89
S
75G5
89
G5DX
8C
DC6F9 6(  7

* discurso indireto livre ;GFKAKL= =E ;GFK=JN9F<G GK =FMF;A9

<GK HJeHJAGK <G FGKKG AFL=JDG;MLGJ F]G >9R=JD@= J=>=JaF;A9 <AJ=L9 GEG
=FKAF9 (9LLGKG [E9J9 E=<A9FL= G =KLADG AF<AJ=LG DANJ= J=HJG<MRK= 9
>9D9 <GK H=JKGF9?=FK v AF;DMKAN= G F9JJ9<GJ v K=E xIM9DIM=J =DG



 

KM:GJ<AF9LANG ;GE ME N=J:G AFLJG<MLGJ 8=79B8=y 6(  7 .= LGEYKK=

EGK G =P=EHDG 9;AE9 <= CA 5GAIFFC :9KL9JA9 KMHJAEAJ 9 >GJE9
N=J:9D 8=N9B8C = ;GFKLJMAJ <GAK H=JbG<GK AF<=H=F<=FL=K ;GE 9K <M9K
H9JL=K
J=KL9FL=K
%GK_
A9K
J=;MKGM F5
>IGHC
@9J5F
5
G5d89
S
75G5
89
G5DX
8C
DC6F9

0E9 H9JLA;MD9JA<9<= <G =KLADG AF<AJ=LG DANJ= _ 9 H=JE9FaF;A9 <9K AF

L=JJG?9^g=K = =P;D9E9^g=K <9 >GJE9 GJ9;AGF9D GJA?AFYJA9 9G ;GFLJYJAG <G
;9JYL=J <=;D9J9LANG <G =KLADG AF<AJ=LG (9LLGKG [E9J9 ;AL9 ME LJ=;@G <=
CA 5GAIFFC =E IM=  "DeJA9 L=FL9 <=EGN=J +Y<M9 <9 A<=A9 <= KMA;b
<AG HGJ D@= L=J EM<9<G 9 NA<9 >AF9F;=AJ9 <= J=H=FL= E=<A9FL= ME =FMF
;A9<G
=E
=KLADG
AF<AJ=LG
DANJ=
9
H9JLAJ
<G
K=?MF<G
H=JbG<G
(AF@9
E]=
>GA
9;@YDG
Z
:=AJ9
<G
HG^G
=
AFLAEGMD@=
IM=
NAN=KK=
,M=
E9DMIMA;=
=J9
9IM=D9
<=
H9J=;=J
IM=
A9
>A;9J
<=K?J9^9<G
HGJ
;9MK9
<=
ME9
?J9LA>A;9^]G
E=FGK
=
H=J<=J
ME
=EHJ=?G
AFL=JAFG
)]G
K=F@GJ
<=NA9
K=J
@GE=E
H9A
<=
>9EbDA9
AEAL9J
9
EMD@=J
=
9
>AD@9
H


E KME9 G <AK;MJKG AF<AJ=LG DANJ= x=KL9:=D=;= ME =DG HKbIMA;G

=FLJ= G F9JJ9<GJ = G H=JKGF9?=E IM= >9D9   G F9JJ9<GJ 9KKG;A9K= 9G K=M
H=JKGF9?=E LJ9FKHg=K= H9J9 BMFLG <=D= = >9D9 =E MFbKKGFG ;GE =D=y
6( 
7
+9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K
GMLJ9K
<9K
GJ9^g=K
LJ9FKHGKL9K
KM:KL9FLAN9K

Particularidades outras das oraes transpostas substantivas v

* LJ9FKHGKALGJ <9 GJ9^]G KM:KL9FLAN9 BMFLG Z GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D K= <AR 7CB
>IBWVC =BH9;F5BH9 EI9 F9K <=;D9J9^g=K <= ;=JL=R9 = G9 F9K <=;D9J9^g=K
<=
AF;=JL=R9
.=A EI9 NAJY
@GB=
)]G
K=A G9 NAJY
@GB=

GF>GJE= NAEGK HG<= 9 ;GFBMF^]G AFL=?J9FL= NAJ GM F]G HJ=;=<A<9

<= HJ=HGKA^]G F=;=KKYJA9 * IM9<JG K=?MAFL= J=KMEAJY 9K GJ9^g=K
KM:KL9FLAN9K
D=N9F<GK=
=E
;GFL9
9
HJ=HGKA^]G
F=;=KKYJA9

*bservaes
 p GFLAFM9EGK 9 AFKAKLAJ FG L=JEG B979GGRF=5 DF9DCG=WVC B979GGRF=5 HGJIM=
=D9 HG<= 9H9J=;=J =KHGJ9<A;9E=FL= =E DM?9J=K IM= 9 F]G =PA?=E ;GEG GEALAJ
K= GF<= K=JA9 =KH=J9<9 KKAE HG<=K= HJ=K;AF<AJ <9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= AFA;A9 ME9
GJ9^]G
G:B=LAN9
AF<AJ=L9
GM
;GEHD=LAN9
FGEAF9D
x E
GAE:J9
J=;=:=M
G
AF>9FL=
=KL9
LJAKL=
FGN9
HGJ
ME9
;9JL9
<9
J9AF@9
KM9
>AD@9
=E
IM=
G
9NAK9N9
IM= 9A
7CBG9@<C
G9
897=8=F5
EI9
C
:CGG9A
79F75F y
6# 
7
=GHC
X
9A
EI9
C
5J=G5J5
EI9 =KLY
HGJ 9A
EI9
C
5J=G5J5 de que
p
+G<=
G;GJJ=J
9
GEAKK]G
L9FLG
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G
IM9FLG
<G
LJ9FKHGKALGJ
,MAK
<=>=F<aD9
E9K
9HALM
F]G
E=
<=APGM
;GFLAFMGM
9
;@9E9JD@=
:=9L9
=
;9JGD9
=E
NGR
L]G
9DL9
IM=
LAN=
E=<G :CGG9 GMNA<9
GK
H9AK
6( 5DI8 (9 
7
AKLG
_
LAN=
E=<G 89
EI9 >GKK=
GMNA<9
/9E:_E K= HG<= HJ=;=<=J <= HJ=HGKA^]G ME9 GJ9^]G KM:B=LAN9 GM G:B=LAN9 <AJ=L9
KKAE HGJ AF>DMaF;A9 <9 ;GFKLJM^]G :5N9F 7CA 5@;IXA  ;GFK=?MAJ <=KL= 9D
?M_E EI9 J=9GG9 H9KK9EGK 9 =EHJ=?9J :5N9F 7CA EI9 9G D9<G <= :5N9F EI9 =E GJ
9^g=K
G:B=LAN9K
<AJ=L9K
<G
LAHG
x >AR=J9E
GK
;GJL=K]GK 7CA
EI9
G9
F9H=F5GG9
D5F5
-=BHF5 y
6# 
7
GF<= :5N9F KA?FA>A;9
x<ADA?=F;A9J
=
;GFK=?MAJ
IM=
ME9
;GAK9
9;GFL=^9y




*M
KM:B=LAN9
;GEG
x=K9AJ=
J=9D
K=JA9 89
5
89=L5F
G9A
DFZA=Cy
6"97
-=?AKLJ=EK= 9AF<9 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K 8=N9F 89 G=A 8=N9F 89 BVC =E DM?9J <= 8=N9F
EI9 G=A 8=N9F EI9 BVC x M E= 9:9D9F^G 9 D@=K <AR=J = J=<AR=J 89 BVC 6- 
7y



F]G K=B9 9 HJGHGKA^]G .I D5F979G G9F 9GHF5B;9=FCy GMLJG =P=EHDG x)MF;9 FGK
=KIM=;=EGK <= FeK 9AF<9 IM9F<G D5F979ACG IM= E9AK FGK G;MH9EGK <GK GMLJGKy
6((7

 GJ9^]G KM:KL9FLAN9 HJ=<A;9LAN9 AFLJG<MRA<9 H=D9 ;GFBMF^]G ;GE

HD=E=FL9
F9
E9AGJA9
<9K
N=R=K
G
N=J:G G9F

N=J<9<= X
EI9
BVC
:=75F9ACG
5EI=

9J9;L=JbKLA;9K
<9
GJ9^]G
KM:B=LAN9
=
HJ=<A;9LAN9

Caractersticas da orao subjetiva e predicativa v  GJ9^]G

KM:KL9FLAN9
KM:B=LAN9
9HJ=K=FL9
9K
K=?MAFL=K
;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K
KL9J G N=J:G <9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D F9  p H=KKG9 <G KAF?MD9J = FME
<=KL=K
IM9LJG
;9KGK
9
N=J:G
F9
NGR
J=>D=PAN9
<=
K=FLA<G
H9KKANG
.9:=K=
IM=
LM<G
N9A
:=E

:
N=J:G
F9
NGR
H9KKAN9
G9F
9GH5F
:=75F
K=?MA<GK
<=
H9JLA;bHAG
!A;GM
HJGN9<G EI9
9GH5J5
=BC79BH9

;
N=J:GK G9F
9GH5F
:=75F K=?MA<GK
<=
KM:KL9FLANG
GM
9<B=LANG

W
N=J<9<=
IM= G5=F9ACG
798C
!GA
:GE EI9
:I;=GG9A
KLY
;D9JG EI9
7CBG9BH=F9=
!A;GM
;=JLG EI9
A9
H9@9:CB5F=5A

< N=J:G <G LAHG D5F979 7CBGH5 C7CFF9 7CFF9 IF;9 =ADCFH5 7CBJXA
8_=
DIB;9
57CBH979
+9J=;= EI9
J5=
7<CJ9F
0J?= EI9
9GHI89A
MEHJ= EI9
:5W5ACG
7CA
7I=858C
HC8CG
CG
9L9F7[7=CG
;GFL=;= EI9
HC8CG
>R
:CF5A
DIB=8CG
*bservaes
 p )]G K= H9ML9E H=D9 LJ9<A^]G DAL=JYJA9 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K =E IM= K= H=JKGF9DAR9 G
N=J:G D9G5F KA?FA>A;9F<G
9JJ=H=F<AE=FLG
GM
<GJ
<G
LAHG
<=
*9G5AA9 GK
<AKK9:GJ=K
IM=
D@=
;9MK=A
 :G9 ;GFKLJM^]G _ <9JD@= G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG <= H=KKG9 = ;GEHD=E=FLG J=D9LANG <=
;GAK9
AFLJG<MRA<9
H=D9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89
=
F9
>GJE9
<=
 p
H=KKG9
<G
KAF?MD9J
*9G5A9
8CG
8=GG56CF9G IM=
D@=
;9MK=A
p * +JG> .GMK9 'AE9 6.'  l 7 9;@9 IM= Ke K= HG<=JY ;GFKA<=J9J DF98=7
5H=J5 9 GJ9^]G IM= ;GFLAN=J G N=J:G D5F979F ;GF;GJ<9F<G x;GE GMLJG KMB=ALG IM=

*EAKK]G
<9
;GFBMF^]G
AFL=?J9FL=

Omisso da conjuno integrante v .= G =FMF;A9<G =F;=JJ9 E9AK

<= ME EI9 HG<=EGK ;GE =D=?[F;A9 GEALAJ 9 ;GFBMF^]G AFL=?J9FL= HJAF
;AH9DE=FL= F9K GJ9^g=K KM:B=LAN9K = G:B=LAN9K HJ=K9K 9 Fh;D=GK N=J:9AK
IM=
=PHJAE=E
NGFL9<=
GM
L=EGJ
x=NA9
HGAK
K=J
E=D9F;eDA;G
9D_E
<G
=PHJAEbN=D
G
IM=
9b
K=
H9KKGM
F=KK9
?J9<=
LJAKL=
=
<=K?J9^9<G
<AJ=A
9
BMD?YDG
H=D9K
;GFK=IMaF;A9K
EI9 K=
N]G
<=K;J=N=J
;GE
ME
;=JLG
H=K9J
=E EI9
9GD9F5ACG
HCA9A
GK
D=ALGJ=K
G
K=M
IMAF@]G
<=
H=F9 y
6J 
7

GD9F5ACG
HCA9A =KLY
HGJ
=GD9F5ACG
EI9
HCA9A
AF<9 IM= F]G @9B9 9;hEMDG <= EIZG ;GFKLALMA D=N=R9 9 GEAKK]G <9
;GFBMF^]G
AFL=?J9FL=
IM=
G;GJJ=
HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
FG
=KLADG
9<EAFAKLJ9LANG
x!J=IM=FL=K
N=R=K
E= 8=GG9
9GD9F5J5 D@=
9FMD9KK=E
FG
KMHJ=EG
LJA:MF9D
G
HJG;=KKGy
6J 
7
-=IM=AJG G9>5
9BJ=58C
C
*FC79GGC
5
CIHF5
=BGHTB7=5

NALGMK= FG HJAE=AJG =P=EHDG G =EHJ=?G <= <M9K ;GFBMF^g=K AF

L=?J9FL=K
x E=
<AKK= EI9
9GD9F5J5 EI9 D@=
9FMD9KK=E
G
HJG;=KKGy
x+GKLG
IM=
<ARA9
=D=
EMALG
<=K=B9KK=
N=J
D=N9J
G
F=?e;AG
9
;9:G
57CBG9@<5J5C
BVC
H9BH5GG9 F9<9
<=
D=N= y6# 
  5DI8 # 
7
7CBG9@<5J5C
BVC
H9BH5GG9 =KLY
HGJ 57CBG9@<5J5C
5
EI9
BVC
H9BH5GG9

/9E:_E K= <Y 9 GEAKK]G <9 AFL=?J9FL= EI9 <=HGAK <G LJ9FKHGKALGJ

F9 ;GEH9J9^]G ;GE EI9 GM 8C EI9 ;GEG K= G:K=JN9 FG K=?MAFL=
=P=EHDG



W
E=D@GJ EI9 D@=
<==E
ME9
GHGJLMFA<9<= 8C
EI9
9GH9>5A 9
J=LaDG
F9

HJAK]G

AKLG
_ X
A9@<CF
EI9
@<9
899A 8C
EI9
EI9
9GH9>5A

+G<=K=
9AF<9
>M?AJ
Z
J=H=LA^]G
HGF<GK=
G
N=J:G
FG
AF>AFALANG
<G
IM= 9GH5F 9
J=LaDG
F9
HJAK]G
+D=GF9KEGK
<9
;GFBMF^]G
AFL=?J9FL=

Pleonasmos da conjuno integrante

,M9F<G 9 GJ9^]G KM:KL9FLAN9 F]G K=?M= AE=<A9L9E=FL= G N=J:G <=
IM= K=JN= <= AFL=?J9^]G HG<= G;GJJ=J EGJE=FL= FG >9D9J ;GDGIMA9D G
HD=GF9KEG <9 ;GFBMF^]G AFL=?J9FL= ;GEG G HJGN9E GK K=?MAFL=K
=P=EHDGK
x=
<AKK= EI9
K=
D@=
F]G
IM=Jb9EGK
E9AK
F9<9 EI9 HG<b9EGK
AJ
Z
FGKK9
NA<9y
6J
7
x*
E=M
9EGJ
E=
<AKK=
GFL=E
+I9 =M EI9 9F<9N9
;GJ9<AF@9y
6* 7 

N=J<9<=
_ EI9 <=K<=
IM=
9FMF;A=A
9G
J9H9R
9
NGDL9
<=
KM9
E]= EI9
G:K=JN=A
F=D=
ME9
:AR9JJ9
EM<9F^9
<=
9LALM<=
6'9 7
+9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K
KG:J=
9K
GJ9^g=K
LJ9FKHGKL9K
9<B=LAN9K

Particularidades sobre as oraes transpostas adjetivas

Funes sintticas do relativo das oraes adjetivas K GJ
9^g=K 9<B=LAN9K AFA;A9EK= HGJ HJGFGE= J=D9LANG IM= 9D_E <= E9J;9J 9
KM:GJ<AF9^]G 9L9F79 IA5 :IBWVC G=BHRH=75 85 CF5WVC 5 EI9 D9FH9B79
E
x#Y
=F?9FGK EI9 FGK
<=D=AL9E
;GEG
<=K=F?9FGK EI9 FGK
9>DA?=Ey
6((7

GK <GAK EIZG =P=J;=E >MF^g=K KAFLYLA;9K F9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 IM= AFA

;A9E * HJAE=AJG _ KMB=ALG <= 89@9=H5A IM= FGK <=D=AL9 v 9B;5BCG J=H
J=K=FL9<G F9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 H=DG EI9 G K=?MF<G _ KMB=ALG <= 5:@=
;9A IM= FGK 9>DA?= v 89G9B;5BCG J=HJ=K=FL9<G F9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9
H=DG EI9
W AEHGJL9FL= 9KKAF9D9J IM= 5 :IBWVC G=BHRH=75 8C DFCBCA9 F9@5H=JC
B585 H9A 5 J9F 7CA 5 :IBWVC 8C G9I 5BH97989BH9 9@5 X =B8=7585 D9@C D5
D9@
EI9
89G9AD9B<5
B5
CF5WVC
GI6CF8=B585
5
EI9
D9FH9B79
=KL9 E9F=AJ9 FG =P=EHDG <9<G 9B;5BCG = 89G9B;5BCG K]G C6>9
HCG 8=F9HCG 9 GJ9^]G F]G L=E KMB=ALG HGJIM= G N=J:G <5J9F  9L=GH=F _
AEH=KKG9D
=
GK EIZG K]G
KMB=ALGK



9 +I9 v
F]G
HJ=;=<A<G
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
F=;=KKYJA9
v
HG<=
=P=J;=J
9K
>MF
^g=K
<= GI>9=HC
C6>9HC
8=F9HC GM DF98=75H=JC
*
E=FAFG EI9 =KLM<9
9HJ=F<=
GI>9=HC

*
DANJG EI9 D=EGK
_
AFKLJMLANG
C6>9HC
8=F9HC

.GEGK
G EI9 KGEGK
DF98=75H=JC

: +I9 v
HJ=;=<A<G
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
F=;=KKYJA9
v
HG<=
=P=J;=J
9K
>MF^g=K
<= C6>9HC
=B8=F9HC
7CAD@9A9BHC
F9@5H=JC
58>IBHC
58J9F6=5@ GM 5;9BH9
85
D5GG=J5

H=KKG9 5
EI9 =FLJ=?M=A
G
DANJG
<=APGMG
FG
LYPA
C6>9HC
=B8=F9HC
*K
>ADE=K 89
EI9 ?GKL9EGK
K]G
EMALGK
7CAD@9A9BHC
F9@5H=JC

;A<9<= 5
EI9 L=
<AJA?=K
L=E
:GE
;DAE9
7CAD@9A9BHC
F9@5H=JC

H=F9 7CA
EI9 =K;J=NG
F]G
=KLY
:G9
58>IBHC
58J9F6=5@
89
A9=C
KL=
_
G
=K;JALGJ DCF
EI9 >GA
=K;JALG
G
DANJG
5;9BH9
85
D5GG=J5
*bservao GFKLALMA AEHJGHJA=<9<= G =EHJ=?G <G HJGFGE= J=D9LANG HJ=;=
<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G 89 ;GEG 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D =E DM?9J <= 7I>C KKAE K= =NAL9
<AR=J xG =K;JALGJ 89 EI9 LG<GK ;GF@=;=EGK G DANJGy x9K H=KKG9K 89 EI9A J=;GF
@=;=AK GK HJANAD_?AGKy E :G9 DAF?M9?=E <AJ=EGK xG =K;JALGJ 7I>C DANJG LG<GK
;GF@=;=EGKy x9K H=KKG9K 7I>CG HJANAD_?AGK J=;GF@=;=AKy /G<9NA9 F]G K]G J9JGK
GK =P=EHDGK =E :GFK =K;JALGJ=K * 9F9JIMAKL9 E9D<AR <= LG<GK GK ?GN=JFGK 89
EI9 F]G ;GEH9JLAD@9 9K N9FL9?=FK 6((7 +9J9 ;=JL9 ;D9KK= <= ?=FL= 9 ;GFK;AaF
;A9 _ ME9 ?9N=L9 >=;@9<9 89 EI9 K= H=J<=M 9 ;@9N= 6-  7 AKLG _ 89 7I>5G
J5BH5;9BG
BVC
7CAD5FH=@<5
;5J9H5
7I>5
7<5J9
G9
D9F89I

; +I9A v
K=EHJ=
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
H=KKG9K
GM
;GAK9K
H=JKGFA>A;9<9K
v
Ke
K=
=EHJ=?9
HJ=;=<A<G
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
=
=P=J;=
9K
K=?MAFL=K
>MF^g=K
KAFLYLA;9K
DA
N9A
G
HJG>=KKGJ 5
EI9A G>=J=;A
G
DANJG
C6>9HC
=B8=F9HC

HJ=K=FLGL=
G
9EA?G 5
EI9A @GKH=<=A
FG
N=J]G
H9KK9<G
C6>9HC
8=F9HC

)]G
;GF@=;A
G
HJG>=KKGJ 5
EI9A L=
J=>=J=K
7CAD@9A9BHC
F9@5H=JC
K
;GEH9F@A9K 7CA
EI9A 9F<9K
K]G
H_KKAE9K
58>IBHC
58J9F6=5@
*
9EA?G DCF
EI9A >GEGK
=F?9F9<GK
<=K9H9J=;=M
5;9BH9
85
D5GG=J5

< I>CG
7I>5G v
HJ=;=<A<GK
GM
F]G
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
v
N9D=E
K=EHJ= 8C

EI5@
85
EI5@
8CG
EI5=G
85G
EI5=G ;9KG
=E
IM=
9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89 L=E
K=FLA<G
<=
HGKK=
=
>MF;AGF9E
;GEG 58>IBHC
58BCA=B5@ <G
KM:KL9FL
ANG
K=?MAFL=
;GE
G
IM9D
;GF;GJ<9E
=E
?aF=JG
=
FhE=JG
*
KAFL9?E9
9
IM= 7I>C H=JL=F;=
=P=J;=JY
9
>MF^]G
IM=
<=L=JEAF9J
KM9
J=D9^]G
;GE



G
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D
KKAE 7I>5
75G5 _
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
<= 7CADF9= = GC6F9

7I>5
A5HXF=5 _
;GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG
<= 8=G7IH[5ACG
*
@GE=E 7I>5 ;9K9
;GEHJ=A
=E:9J;GM
GFL=E

9
;9K9
<G
IM9D

/=JEAF=A G DANJG GC6F9 7I>5 E9L_JA9 L9FLG <AK;MLb9EGK  KG:J= 9 E9L_JA9

<G
IM9D
*bservao FFCG
BC
9ADF9;C
89 cujo
GFKLALMA
=JJG
=EHJ=?9J 7I>C
9
;GEG
KAFfFAEG
<= C
EI5@
5
EI5@
CG
EI5=G
5G
EI5=G
IMA
=KLY
G
DANJG 7I>C DANJG
;GEHJ9EGK

G
IM9D
:
HJ=;=<A<G
GM
K=?MA<G
<=
9JLA?G
KL=
_
G
9MLGJ S
7I>5 G:J9
L=
J=>=JAKL=
)]G
@Y
9;=FLG
AF<A;9LANG
<9
;J9K=
GEHJ9EGK
GK
DANJGK
<= 7I>CG
CG 9MLGJ=K
FGK
=KIM=;=EGK

Emprego de relativos v E DM?9J <= 9A EI9 89 EI9 5 EI9 F9K

J=>=JaF;A9K 9 DM?9J =EHJ=?9EK= J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= CB89 8CB89 5CB89
IM=
>MF;AGF9E
;GEG
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
GM
;GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG
*
;GD_?AG CB89 =KLM<9K
_
=P;=D=FL=

;A<9<= 8CB89 N=FK
L=E
>9E9
<=
L=J
:GE
;DAE9

HJ9A9 5CB89 L=
<AJA?=K
H9J=;=
H=JA?GK9

(G<=JF9E=FL= GK ?J9EYLA;GK LaE L=FL9<G =NAL9J G MKG AF<AK;JAE

AF9<G <= CB89 = 5CB89 J=K=JN9F<G G HJAE=AJG H9J9 9 A<=A9 <= J=HGMKG = G
K=?MF<G
H9J9
9
<=
EGNAE=FLG
*
DM?9J CB89 =KLM<9K
*
DM?9J 5CB89 N9AK



x*
HJAE=AJG
K=F@GJ
<=
*JEMR
<=
IM=
L=EGK
FGLb;A9
>GA
(9D=9=R C
EI5@
@9:AL9F<G
F9
AD@9
<=
9=R
<GEAF9N9
LG<9K
9K
AD@9K
<9IM=D=
=K
LJ=ALGy
6# 
7
G
DANJG
FAF?M_E
>=R
J=>=JaF;A9 C
EI5@ DANJG
E=J=;=
9
E9AGJ
;GFKA<
=J9^]G
FG
E=M
=FL=F<=J

tK N=R=K G 9FL=;=<=FL= K= 9;@9 9H=F9K =K:G^9<G ;GEG FG K=?MAFL=

=P=EHDG
GF<=
K=
H=J;=:=
;D9J9E=FL=
G
L=JEG 7=8589
x'G?G
HGJ_E
IM=
=KL=
HJ9RG
=PHAJGM
G
J=A
<=
'=]G
>=R
ME9
=KLJ9<9
9L_
/9D9N=J9
H=JLG 85
EI5@ 7=8589 <=KLJG^GM
9K
LJGH9K
IM=
AFL=FL9J9E
GHGJK=D@=y
6# 
7

W E9AK ;GEME 9 KM:KLALMA^]G <= EI9 HGJ C EI5@ <=HGAK <= HJ=
HGKA^]G HJAF;AH9DE=FL= <=HGAK <= HJ=HGKA^]G GM DG;M^]G HJ=HGKALAN9 <=
<M9K GM E9AK KbD9:9K AR=EGK AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= 89 EI9 GM 8C EI5@ 7CA
EI9 GM 7CA C EI5@ 5 EI9 GM 5C EI5@ G9A EI9 GM G9A C EI5@ E9K Ke
G;GJJ=E 5D9G5F 8C EI5@ 7CB:CFA9 C EI5@ G9;IB8C C EI5@ 9BHF9 C EI5@
:CF5 8CG EI5=G D9F5BH9 CG EI5=G =L;  J9R]G K= <=N= 9G EGNAE=FLG JbL
EA;G <9 GJ9^]G = 9 ME9 F=;=KKA<9<= =PHJ=KKAN9 IM= =PA?=E ME NG;Y:MDG
LfFA;G
;GEG
G EI5@
=
F]G
YLGFG
;GEG EI9
Posio do relativo v )GJE9DE=FL= G EI9 N=E BMFLG <G K=M 9FL=
;=<=FL= IM9F<G AKLG F]G K= <Y = G K=FLA<G <9 GJ9^]G H=JA?9 <=K>9RK= 9
<hNA<9 ;GE G =EHJ=?G <= C EI5@ <= 9 9GH9 GM K= J=H=L= G 9FL=;=<=FL= GM
K= Hg= NbJ?MD9 H9J9 EGKLJ9J IM= G J=D9LANG F]G K= J=>=J= 9G 9FL=;=<=FL=
E9AK
HJePAEG
x(9K
=D=
LAF@9
F=;=KKA<9<=
<9
K9F^]G
<=
9D?MFK
IM=
6AKLG
_ G5BWVC =
F]G 5@;IBG7
D@=
;GF>AJE9KK=E
G
9HD9MKG
<GK
GMLJGKy
6( 
7
xJJ9KL9J9E
G
K9;G
H9J9
G
H9AGD
=
G D5=C@ >A;GM
9
<=AL9J
>GJ9y
6) 
 7

KL9 DA^]G <9 ?J9EYLA;9 L=F<= 9 K=J ;9<9 N=R E9AK J=KH=AL9<9 F9 DbF
?M9 =K;JAL9 ;GFL=EHGJ[F=9 =E:GJ9 F]G K=B9E HGM;GK GK =P=EHDGK =E
;GFLJYJAG
=FLJ=
=K;JALGJ=K
:J9KAD=AJGK
=
HGJLM?M=K=K

+G<=JA9
L9E:_E
<AR=J
G
9MLGJ

= ) EI5@ v = >D=Pg=K IM= ;GF;GJ<9E =E ?aF=JG = FhE=JG ;GE G

9FL=;=<=FL= v KM:KLALMA EI9 = <Y Z =PHJ=KK]G E9AK aF>9K= +9J9 E9AGJ NA?
GJ
GM
;D9J=R9
HG<=K=
9L_
J=H=LAJ
G
9FL=;=<=FL=
<=HGAK
<= C
EI5@

)GL=K=
;GEG
9EADG
=NAL9
G
=IMbNG;G
F=KL9
H9KK9?=E

JJ9KL9J9E
G
K9;G
H9J9
G
H9AGD EI9 >A;GM
9
<=AL9J
>GJ9

JJ9KL9J9E
G
K9;G
H9J9
G
H9AGD C
EI5@ >A;GM
JJ9KL9J9E
G
K9;G
H9J9
G
H9AGD 9
9GH9 >A;GM



x M
<=
EAE
K=
F]G
=KLAN=KK=
9EGJL9D@9<9
FG
KG:J=LM<G
<G
E=M
E9J
A<G EI9 NGM
=K;GN9J
G
KG:J=LM<G
=J9
<=D=
;GEG
9
:GJ:GD=L9
_
<9
;@9E9 y
6J  
 5DI8 (9 
7

)]G _ AEHGKKbN=D =FLJ=L9FLG EGJE=FL= FGK 9MLGJ=K E9AK 9FLA?GK =

F9IM=D=K IM= =E:GJ9 ;GFL=EHGJ[F=GK HJAE9E HGJ =K;J=N=J ;GEG GK
;DYKKA;GK NAJ G HJGFGE= J=D9LANG 9>9KL9<G <G K=M 9FL=;=<=FL= ;GEG F=KL=
LJ=;@G <= %G]G -A:=AJG <=HGAK <G N=J:G <9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D 6('C 
l
K 
 7
x)G
>MF<G
<=
ME
LJAKL=
N9D=
<GK
:JMRGK
L=JJ9
9F?MKLA9<9
=
KY>9J9
ME
HG:J=
=J=EAL9
NANA9 EI9
89=L5F5
5G
56CA=B5Wc9G
8C
GX7I@C
D9@5
GC@98589
8C
89G9FHCy
6%- 
7

J9
;GEME
FGK
;DYKKA;GK
x ZIM=D=
@9N=AK
<=
<9J
NGKKG
NGLG
H9J9
?GN=JF9J EI9 =FLJ=
LG<GK
LAN=J
E9AK
K9:=Jy
6#+
7

+GJ >AE ;MEHJ= 9KKAF9D9J IM= G;GJJ= 9AF<9 9 AFN=JK]G <= ME L=JEG
<9
GJ9^]G
9<B=LAN9
H9J9
9FL=K
<G
J=D9LANG
;GEG
FG
=P=EHDG
<=
1A=AJ9
x*
H9<J=
!J9F;AK;G
"GF^9DN=K DFCJ=B7=5@ IM=
9;9:GM
<=
K=J
6=E
DM?9J
<= EI9
5756CI
89
G9F
DFCJ=B7=5@7
<9
HJGNbF;A9
<G
J9KAD y
61 5DI8 !
7

Pronome relativo sem funo na orao em que se encontra

E
=PHJ=KKg=K
<G
LAHG
DA
=KLY
G
@GE=E
IM=
=M
H=FK=A
IM=
LAN=KK=
<=K9H9J=;A<G
)]G
>9^9K
9
GMLJ=E
G
IM=
F]G
IM=J=K
IM=
L=
>9^9E

G HJGFGE= J=D9LANG EI9 AFA;A9 9K GJ9^g=K EI9 9I D9BG9= EI9 BVC EI9F9G
<9F<GD@=K G ;9JYL=J <= 9<B=LAN9K E9K F]G =P=J;= F=D9K >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9
H=JL=F;= AKLG KAE ZK GJ9^g=K KM:KL9FLAN9K EI9 H=J9GG9 89G5D5F97=8C GM
EI9 H9 :5W5A <9K IM9AK _ G KMB=ALG F9  p = G:B=LG <AJ=LG F9 p MA<
9<G =KH=;A9D @Y <= L=JK= FG IM= LG;9 Z ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 HGAK G =K;JALGJ AF=P
H=JA=FL= DG?G GHL9 HGJ >D=PAGF9J G N=J:G <AKLAF^]G 9<A9<9 G=B9 8=9 HGJ
EGLANGK
IM=
F]G J9A =
F]G JZA FG
HDMJ9D
9
H=DG
<=;D9J9J
6' 
7
KL9 ;GFKLJM^]G _ ;GJJ=L9 = ;G=J=FL= = J=KAKL= 9 ME =FIM9<J9E=FLG
FGK
HJG;=KKGK
FGJE9AK
<=
9FYDAK=
KAFLYLA;9  
+G<=K= =NAL9J 9 J=H=LA^]G <GK EIZG KM:KLALMAF<GK= G N=J:G <9 GJ
9^]G
KM:KL9FLAN9
HGJ
ME
AF>AFALANG
DA
=KLY
G
@GE=E
IM=
=M
H=FK=A
L=J
<=K9H9J=;A<G



x)G HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG =KL9 ;GFKLJM^]G Ke L=E DM?9J =E ?=J9D

IM9F<G 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 _ KM:KL9FLAN9 >GJ9 <=KL= ;9KG Ke K=
=EHJ=?9 <= GJ<AFYJAG ;GE G HJGFGE= C EI5@ = =FL]G ;GDG;9K= =KL= HJG
FGE= <=HGAK <9 =PHJ=KK]G HGJ =D= <=L=JEAF9<9 Q DFC6@9A5 D5F5 F9GC@J
9F C EI5@ GVC B979GGRF=5G 8I5G 7CB8=Wc9G x* BM?G <9 G:=<AaF;A9 H9J9
D@=K AEHGJ C EI5@ EMAL9K N=R=K >9DL9N9 9 >GJ^9y 6#  7 /G<9NA9
=NAL9K= =KL9 ;GFKLJM^]G IM9FLG HGKKbN=D = <AR HGJ =P=EHDG Q DFC6@9A5
D5F5
7I>5
F9GC@IWVC
GVC
B979GGRF=5G <M9K
;GF<A^g=Ky
6  
l
7
o que, a que, os que, as que
)G
=P=EHDG
x=
GJ<AFYJAG
GK
IM=
J=;D9E9E
E9AK
DA:=J<9<=
K]G
GK
IM=
E=FGK
9
E=J=;=Ey
6((7

9K GJ9^g=K 9<B=LAN9K KM:KL9FLAN9<9K 85G EI9 F97@5A5A A5=G @=69F8589 =

CG
EI9
A9BCG
5
A9F979A F]G
LaE
K=MK
9FL=;=<=FL=K
=PHDb;ALGK
F9DAK9F<G 9 GJ9^]G ;GEHD=P9 ;GFKLALMLAN9 <G =FMF;A9<G L=J=EGK
ME9 ;DYMKMD9 <G ;GE=FLYJAG 89 CF8=BRF=C = ME9 ;GE=FL9<9 9KKAE
9F9DAK9<9
.MB=ALG CG
EI9
F97@5A5A
A5=G
@=69F8589
+J=<A;9<G GVC
CG
EI9
A9BCG
5
A9F979A
+J=<A;9LANG CG
EI9
A9BCG
5
A9F979A

FYDAK=
<G
KMB=ALG
GJ9;AGF9D
.MB=ALG CG
EI9
+J=<A;9<G F97@5A5A
A5=G
@=69F8589
*:B
<AJ=LG A5=G
@=69F8589

FYDAK=
<G
HJ=<A;9LANG
GJ9;AGF9D
.MB=ALG CG
EI9
+J=<A;9<G A9BCG
5
A9F979A
*:B
<AJ=LG 5

E
%GK_
H9JLAM
G
IM=
<=APGM
9
;9K9
LJAKL=

9 GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 LJ9FKHGKL9 9 KM:KL9FLANG C EI9 HF=GH9 _ 9HGKLG <9 GJ9^]G

$CGX
D5FH=I
*bservaes



 p !G?= <G HD9FG <= AFL=JHJ=L9^]G KAFLYLA;9 G =FL=F<=JK= C EI9  9 =GHC ;GEG
IM=J=E
9D?MFK
?J9EYLA;GK
1=B9K=
6+ 
l
7
p E DM?9J <= C EI9 L9E:_E HG<= G;GJJ=J 9H=F9K EI9 ;GFKLJM^]G IM= N9A
;9AF<G =E <=KMKG x <=HGAK 9  <= 9?GKLG <=  9;9:GM <= =PHAJ9J EI9   G
IM= >GA ;GEG :=E HG<=EGK HJ=KMEAJ NG9J <G ;YJ;=J= ;9JJ=?9<G ;GE 9K H9DE9K
<= ;GF>=KKGJ = EYJLAJ H9J9 9 HYLJA9 GF<= GK >JMLGK K= ;GD@=E <G IM= F9 L=JJ9 K=
;MDLANGMy6 
 5DI8 (9 

>
9AF<9
(9 
7

GE C EI9 5 EI9 CG EI9 5G EI9 HG<= G;GJJ=J ME9 HJ=HGKA^]G J=
?=F<G
LG<9
9
GJ9^]G
KM:KL9FLAN9<9
G
J=D9LANG
GM
9E:GK
9
"GKL=A 8C
EI9
8=GG9GH9
:
*
HJG>=KKGJ
<AKK=JLGM GC6F9
C 89
EI9 GFL=E
;GFN=JKYN9EGK
GE >J=IMaF;A9 9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= <=N=JA9 9;GEH9F@9J G J=D9LANG
=EA?J9
H9J9
G
9JLA?G
IM=
AFLJG<MR
9
GJ9^]G
KM:KL9FLAN9<9
)]G
K=A BC
EI9 H=FK9K
HGJ C 9A
EI9
x?GJ9
BY
K9:=
9
>A<9D?9 BC
EI9 =D=
=KLJ9?9
<AF@=AJGy
6J 
7

KL9K EA?J9^g=K <= HJ=HGKA^]G H9J9 9 MFA<9<= 9FL=JAGJ 9G J=D9LANG

LGJF9E 9 ;GFKLJM^]G E9AK @9JEGFAGK9 = =KHGFL[F=9 *K K=?MAFL=K =P=E
HDGK <= -MA 9J:GK9 =E:GJ9 ?J9E9LA;9DE=FL= ;GJJ=LGK LJ9R=E G K=DG <G
9JLA>A;A9DAKEG
xKKAE
E=
H=J<G=E
L9E:_E CG
5
EI9A L=F@G
9?J9N9<G CG
7CA
EI9A @GMN=J
KA<G
AFBMKLG
NAGD=FLG
AFLGD=J9FL= y
6- 
7
x=
<9b
;GE
=KLMH=F<9
EM<9F^9
;GE=^9
9
<=AP9J
N=J C
5
EI9 =J9
<=K
LAF9<9 y
6- 
7
x*K
E=MK
K=J]G CG
5
EI9 E=
BMD?G
G:JA?9<G y
6- 
7

O de que mais gosto de

W >J=IM=FL= N=JK= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= 9;GEH9F@9 G J=D9LANG J=H=LA<9
BMFLG
9G
L=JEG
GM
GJ9^]G
IM=
>9R
G
H9H=D
<=
HJ=<A;9LANG
l8C
EI9 6
<=
IM=7
<MNA<G
_ 89 IM=
;GE=;=EGK
K=
HGJ
=DJ=A
@GMN=J
EGK
<=
=KH=J9Jy
6# 
7
l(C
EI9 6
G
=E
IM=7
=E
?J9F<=
H9JL=
<AK;GJ<G
<=
.;@D=?=D
_ BC
K=N=JG
;GF;=ALG
IM=
>GJE9
<G
=KLADG
<=
<<AKGFy
6"9 

;>
(9 
7

Emprego de em que, s que

 

K DAF?M9?=FK 5 EI9 5G EI9 K=F<G G 5 9JLA?G HG<=E NAJ J=?A<9K <9

HJ=HGKA^]G 5 ;9KG =E IM= K= MK9E 9K MFA<9<=K ;GEHD=P9K 9;=FLM9<9K S
EI9
SG
EI9
)]G
K=
J=>=JAM S
EI9 =KL9N9
9G
FGKKG
D9<G
S
EI9 =IMAN9D=FL=
9 SEI9@5
EI9
*K
HJaEAGK
>GJ9E
=FLJ=?M=K SG
EI9 <AK;MJK9J9E
SG
EI9 =IMAN9D=FL=
9 SEI9@5G
EI9

W ;D9JG IM= K= G 5 9FL=K <= EI9 >GJ 9H=F9K HJ=HGKA^]G F]G D=N9JY
9;=FLG ?J9N= AF<A;9LANG <= ;J9K= = F]G E9AK K= LJ9L9JY <= 9<B=LAN9 KM:
KL9FLAN9<9
E9K
L]G
KGE=FL=
9<B=LAN9

H=KKG9 5
EI9 L=
J=>=J=K
F]G
N=AG
@GB=

Relativo universal
!J=IM=FL=K N=R=K 9 DAF?M9?=E ;GDGIMA9D = 9 HGHMD9J <=KH=E G J=D9L
ANG <= IM9DIM=J >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 LGE9F<GG HGJ KAEHD=K =D=E=FLG LJ9FK
HGKALGJ GJ9;AGF9D  >MF^]G IM= <=N=JA9 K=J =P=J;A<9 H=DG J=D9LANG N=E
E9AK 9<A9FL= =PHJ=KK9 HGJ KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE=  =KL= J=D9LANG
;@9E9EGK IB=J9FG5@
*
@GE=E
,0
=M
>9D=A
*(
'

=E
N=R
<=

*
@GE=E
*(
,0 (
GM
*(
,0 
=M
>9D=A

9EAR9<=
_
;GAK9
,0
F=E
K=EHJ=
K9:=EGK
. 0
.$")$!$*

=E
N=R
<=

9EAR9<=
_
;GAK9
0%*
.$")$!$*
F=E
K=EHJ=
K9:=EGK

E:GJ9 9 DbF?M9 H9<J]G J=;GE=F<= G ;GJJ=LG =EHJ=?G <GK J=D9L

ANGK G J=D9LANG MFAN=JK9D K= LGJF9 FG >9D9J <=KHJ=G;MH9<G ME x=D=E=FLG
DAF?MbKLA;G
=PLJ=E9E=FL=
HJYLA;Gy
6&) 
7
Observaes finais:
 p
W
>J=IM=FL=
9H9J=;=J
F9
DAF?M9?=E
<=
GMLJGJ9
=
9AF<9
G;GJJ=
FG
;GDeIMAG
EG<=JFG EI9 GM EI9A K=?MA<G
<=
HJGFGE=
H=KKG9D
G:DbIMG
EI9 GM EI9A
@<9
GF<=
G
JA?GJ
?J9E9LA;9D
=PA?AJA9
9IM=D=K
HJGFGE=K
HJ=;=<A<GK
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
x?GJ9
KAE
<AKK=
=FL]G
9IM=D9
;GLGNA9
9KLML9
9?GJ9
KAE
AJE]K
D=
N9FL=EGK
G
NGG
=
EM<=EGK
9
;9K9
IM=
N=E EI9A
@<9 <eA
9
>9R=F<9y
6(= 
$
7




+I9A
@<9
8_=
5
:5N9B85  5
EI9A
8_=
5
:5N9B85
x
)9LMJ=R9
F=?9F<GD@=
9
GJ<AFYJA9
J9^]G
<=
GMLJGK
?GKLGK
K=FL=G
=
9EM9K=
;GEG
E=FAFG EI9
@<9 H=F5A
5
A9F9B85y
60RF=CG
.F5H58CG
$$
 5DI8 (9  7

/9AK ;GFKLJM^g=K F]G K= =FIM9<J9E FGK HJG;=KKGK JA?GJGKGK <9

9FYDAK=
p
tK
N=R=K
G
J=D9LANG
F]G
K=
J=>=J=
Z :CFA5 <G
K=M
9FL=;=<=FL=
E9K
Z
=89=5 IM=
=D=
LJ9<MR
x=E
NaK
9K @IG=HTB=75G >9<A?9K
+I9 =M
BY
<=
EMALG
DGF?=
>9NGJ=^Gy
6'
$3
7

* J=D9LANG EI9 K= J=>=J= 9 @IG=H5BCG A<=A9 IM= =FKAF9FGK :=E HA

>[FAG
A9K
=KLY
;GFLA<9
FG
9<B=LANG @IG=HTB=75G 6'
$$
7  
*MLJ9K N=R=K G J=D9LANG K= J=>=J= 9G HJGFGE= H=KKG9D IM= K= <=
HJ==F<=
<G
HJGFGE=
HGKK=KKANG
MK9<G
x$KLG
IM=
H9J=;=
9:KMJ<G
GM
<=K?J9;AGKG
_
H=J>=AL9E=FL=
J9;AGF9D
=
:=DG
v
:=DG
Z BCGG5 E9F=AJ9 EI9 F]G
9F<9EGK
9
GMNAJ
F9
JM9
GK
J9HK
G<GK
J=;AL9F<G
GK
K=MK
N=JKGK
F=E
GK
GJ9<GJ=K
GK
K=MK
<AK;MJKGK
F=E
GK
>ADeKG>GK
9K
KM9K
>ADGKG>A9Ky
6( 5DI8 .. 
$
7

IM= <AR x,M9F<G D=AG =KL= LJ=;@G KAFLG ;GEG 9FL=;=<=FL= <G EI9 KM:DAF
@9<G 9 A<=A9 <= B_G =F;=JJ9<9 FG 9<B=LANG BCGG5 KK= EI9 F]G K= E=
9>A?MJ9 ;GFBMF^]G ;9MK9Dy %MD?G H=J>=AL9E=FL= ;9:bN=D 9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G <G
E=KLJ= = ;GFKLALMA HJYLA;9 <= DAF?M9?=E ;GJJ=FL= FG D9LAE x09GHF5 EI=
7IA GIAA5 =BH9;F=H5H9 J=L=GH=G <C7 A5L=A9 =BH9F9GHy 6b;=JG HJG .9DD 
5DI8 %(9  l

97
*MLJ9K
H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K
<9K
GJ9^g=K
9<N=J:A9AK

Outras particularidades das oraes adverbiais

Tipos de orao subordinada adverbial v  GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9
9<N=J:A9D
>MF;AGF9
;GEG
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
<9
KM9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
/G;9
K=EHJ=
9
KAF=L9 EI5B8C
H9FA=B5A
5G
5I@5G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
9<N=J:A9D
L=EHGJ9D



K GJ9^g=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K 9<N=J:A9AK AFA;A9EK= H=DG LJ9FKHGKALGJ

EI9 9;GEH9F@9<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G GM 9<N_J:AGK GM <= GMLJ9K MFA<9<=K
9<N=J:A9AK

v causais
IM9F<G
9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
=PHJAE=
9
;9MK9
G
EGLANG
9
J9R]G
<G
H=FK9E=FLG
=PHJ=KKG
F9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
w EI9 
HGJIM=
DCFEI9
7CAC 
HGJIM= J=GHC
EI9
J=GHC
7CAC
>R
EI9
IA5
J9N
EI9
;GE
G
N=J:G
FG
AF<A;9LANG 89G89
EI9 ;GE
G
N=J:G
FG
AF<A;9LANG
=L; 
.9AM
;=<G DCFEI9
DF97=GCI
=F
S
7=8589
CAC
9GHR
7<CJ9B8C
LJ9FK>=JAJ=EGK
G
H9KK=AG
9G89
EI9
5GG=A
EI=G9F5A
N]G
9JJ=H=F<=JK=
Observaes
 p NAL=K= F9 DbF?M9 H9<J]G G =EHJ=?G <= 89 J9N EI9 = 9=G EI9 HGJ F]G K=J=E
DG;M^g=K
D=?bLAE9K
p

DbF?M9
EG<=JF9
Ke
MK9 7CAC ;9MK9D
IM9F<G
NA=J
9FL=K
<9
HJAF;AH9D

v comparativas
IM9F<G
9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
=PHJAE=
G
K=J
;GE
IM=
K=
;GEH9J9
GMLJG
K=J
<9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D

;GEH9J9^]G
_ 5GG=A=@5H=J5
IM9F<G
x;GFKAKL=
=E
9KKAEAD9J
ME9
;GAK9
H=KKG9
IM9DA<9<=
GM
>9LG
9
GMLJ9
E9AK
AEHJ=KKAGF9FL=
GM
E9AK
;GF@=;A<9y
6( 
$$
7
W AFLJG<MRA<9 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 ;GEH9J9LAN9 <=KL9 =KH_;A= HGJ
7CAC GM EI5@ HG<=F<G 9AF<9 =KL9J=E =E ;GJJ=D9^]G ;GE 5GG=A GM H5@
HGKLGK
F9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
x*K
AEHGJLMFGK
K]G 7CAC
5G
ACG75G IM=
=FPGL9<9K
J=N=JL=E
DG?Gy
6((7

 ;GEH9J9^]G HG<= 9AF<9 K=J EI5BH=H5H=J5 IM9F<G x;GFKAKL= =E

;GEH9J9J F9 KM9 IM9FLA<9<= GM AFL=FKA<9<= ;GAK9K H=KKG9K IM9DA<9<=K
GM
>9LGKy
6( 
$$
7
#Y
LJaK
LAHGK
<=
;GEH9J9^]G
IM9FLAL9LAN9
9 =;I5@8589 AFLJG<MRA<9
HGJ 7CAC GM EI5BHC =E
;GJJ=D9^]G
;GE
H5BHC GM HVC <9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
GM
G A9GAC
EI9
x)9<9
;GFK=JN9
=
J=K?M9J<9 H5BHC 9
NA<9 7CAC
5
J=FHI89y
6((7
$KLG
_
G A9GAC EI9 F9<9J
=E
GMJG



: GID9F=CF=8589
AFLJG<MRA<9
HGJ EI9 GM 8C
EI9 =E
;GJJ=D9^]G
;GE

A5=G <9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
x0E
@GE=E
HG<=
K9:=J A5=G
8C
EI9
AI=HCG
HGJ_E
FMF;9
L9FLG
;GEG
LG<GKy
6((7

; =B:9F=CF=8589 AFLJG<MRA<9
HGJ EI9 GM 8C
EI9 =E
;GJJ=D9^]G
;GE

A9BCG <9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
x*
?GN=JFG
<GK
DGM;GK
<MJ9
HGM;G
G
<GK
LGDGK
9AF<9 A9BCG
EI9
C
8CG
J9@<57CGy
=8 

K GJ9^g=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K ;GEH9J9LAN9K ?=J9DE=FL= F]G J=H=L=E

;=JLGK L=JEGK IM= BY =PAKL=FL=K F9 KM9 HJAF;AH9D K]G >9;ADE=FL=
KM:=FL=F<A<GK
*K
AEHGJLMFGK
K]G
;GEG
9K
EGK;9K GVC
)9<9
;GFK=JN9
=
J=K?M9J<9
L9FLG
9
NA<9
;GEG
9
NAJLM<= 7CBG9FJ5
9
F9G;I5F85
0E
@GE=E
HG<=
K9:=J
E9AK
<G
IM=
EMALGK G569A
*
?GN=JFG
<GK
DGM;GK
<MJ9
HGM;G
G
<GK
LGDGK
9AF<9 8IF5
A9BCG IM=
8IF5 G
<GK
N=D@9;GK
FGL=K=
IM=
G
HJAE=AJG 8IF5 GEALA<G
F]G
=KLY
=E
GJ9^]G
;GEH9J9LAN9



x)AF?M_E
;GF@=;= A9@<CF 9<N_J:AG
GK
K=MK
AFL=J=KK=K
<G
IM=
G

@GE=E
NAJLMGKG
HJGEGN=F<G
9
>=DA;A<9<=
<GK
GMLJGK
9KK=?MJ9
L9E
:_E
9
HJeHJA9y
6((7

FLJ=L9FLG K= ;GEH9J9JEGK <M9K IM9DA<9<=K MK9J=EGK GK ;GEH9J

9LANGK 9F9DbLA;GK A5=G 6CA A5=G ;F5B89 =L;  =E N=R <GK KAFL_LA;GK
A9@<CF
A5=CF =L; 
@9
X
A5=G
;F5B89
8C
EI9
D9EI9BC =
F]G @9
X
A5=CF
8C
EI9
A9BCF

+9J9 =NAL9J ;GF>MKg=K FG K=FLA<G MK9EK= 9K ;GEH9J9LAN9K 7CAC

EI9 8C EI9 BMFLG 9G KMB=ALG = K=?MA<9K <= HJ=HGKA^]G 7CAC 5 EI9 5 8C
EI9
5 BMFLG
<=
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
G 5 _
HJ=HGKA^]G
KLAEGG 7CAC ME
H9A

;GEG
H9A
=KLAE9
KLAEGG 7CAC
5 ME
H9A

;GEG
K=
=KLAE9
9
ME
H9A

.= G ;GFL=PLG F]G 9<EALAJ =KL9 <MHD9 AFL=JHJ=L9^]G HG<=K= <AK

H=FK9J
G
9MPbDAG
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G
x(=M
H9A
=F;9JJ=?GM9
<G
?GN=JFG
<GE_KLA;G
=
FeK
@9:ALM9EGFGK
9
LaD9
=E
;GFL9
<=
K=?MF<9
E]=
L9E:_E
=D9
FGK
9E9N9 7CAC
:=@<CGy
6# 5DI8 (9 
 7

*;GJJ=
9
HJ=K=F^9
<G
N=J:G
=E
x)]G
L=FK
AFAEA?G
E9AK
HG<=JGKG
E9AK
9KLMLG
E9AK
=EH=JJ9<G
=
E9AK
<GE_KLA;G 8C
EI9
X
H9I 9EGJHJeHJAGy
6(=  7
x*
9J
;GEG
IM= 9F5 ;GJL9<G
<=
J=D[EH9?GK
K=FKM9AK
K=FLA9EK=
H9K
K9J
DM>9<9K
<=
L_HA<9
NGDhHA9y
6%-A 7

E DM?9J <= A5=G 6CA A5=G ;F5B89 A5=G A5I A5=G D9EI9BC
A5=G 69A = A5=G A5@ <AR=EGK FGJE9DE=FL= A9@<CF A5=CF D=CF A9BCF
A9@<CF = D=CF K= 9HDA;9E L9FLG H9J9 GK 9<B=LANGK ;GEG H9J9 GK
9<N_J:AGK
x*K
N=D@9;GK
LaE
<=
GJ<AFYJAG
E9AK
L9D=FLG
HGJ_E A9BCF BMbRG
<G
IM=
GK
@GE=FK
HJG:GKy
6((7
x)]G
@Y
=K;J9NA<]G D=CF <G
IM=
9
<GK
Nb;AGK
=
H9APg=Ky
6((7
x)]G
@Y A5=CF F=E D=CF LAJ9FA9
IM=
9
<GK
E9MK
@Y:ALGK
AFN=L=J9<GKy
6((7
x]GK=
GK
;GFK=D@GK
;GE A9@<CF NGFL9<=
<G
IM=
?=J9DE=FL=
K=
9;=AL9Ey
6((7

+9J9 J=9D^9JK= 9 K=E=D@9F^9 9 9H9JaF;A9 =E N=R <= KAEHD=K 7CAC

HG<=K=
MK9J 7CAC
EI9 IM9F<G
K=
D@=
K=?M=
G
N=J:G
x
DMR
<G
<A9
9G
<=K9H9J=;=J 7CAC
EI9 K=
<G:J9N9
H9J9
9>9?9J
=
:=AB9J
G
<=K?J9^9<G
IM=
L9DN=R
F]G
9
LGJF9JA9
9
N=Jy
6#  7
FL=F<9K=
9
DMR
<G
<A9 D5F97=5
8C6F5F H9J9
9>9?9J
x FLJ=L9FLG
9AF<9
FG
=KHbJALG
E=
H9KK9 7CAC
EI9 9
NAK]G
HJG>_LA;9
<G
>MLMJG
;GF;bDAG y
6# 
$
7
)*/
v CAC
EI9
F=KL=
hDLAEG
;9KG
F]G
AFA;A9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
;GEH9J9LAN9

,M9F<G <=HGAK <G L=JEG <= ;GEH9J9^]G N=E ME KM:KL9FLANG

<=FGL9K= 9AF<9 9 9H9JaF;A9 9 K=E=D@9F^9 HGJ E=AG <9 =PHJ=KK]G IA
7CAC ;9KG =E IM= IA ;GF;GJ<9 =E ?aF=JG = FhE=JG ;GE G KM:KL9FLANG
K=?MAFL=
-=>J=K;GMG IA
7CAC CFJ5@<C <G
;_M
HJGPAEGMK=
<=D= IA5
7CAC J=GVC >9FLYKLA;9

 

)*/
w
/9E:_E
9IMA
F]G
K=
L=E
GJ9^]G
;GEH9J9LAN9

LJ9N_K <= 7CAC G9 AF<A;9EGK IM= G L=JEG <= ;GEH9J9^]G _

@AHGL_LA;G
x*
N=D@G
>A<9D?G
=KLJ=E=;=M 7CAC
G9 9;GJ<9KK=
KG:J=KK9DL9<Gy
6-.  7
FL=F<9K=
=D=
F]G
9;GJ<GM
KG:J=KK9DL9<G
E9K
K=
9;GJ
<9KK=
=KLJ=E=;=JA9
<9IM=D=
B=ALG
*bservaes
 p  E9AGJA9 <GK ?J9EYLA;GK <= DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 HJ=>=J= <=K<G:J9J G 7CAC G9
=E
<M9K
GJ9^g=K
K=F<G
9
HJAE=AJ9 7CAD5F5H=J5 =
9
K=?MF<9 7CB8=7=CB5@
*
N=D@G
>A<9D?G
=KLJ=E=;=M
;GEG
=KLJ=E=;=JA9
K=
9;GJ<9KK=
KG:J=KK9DL9<G
p
+G<=K=
G:L=J
9
E=KE9
=PHJ=KK]G
HGJ
E=AG
<= 7CAC
5 
AF>AFALANG
x 
GMLJG
A9
FG
;_M 7CAC
5
897=:F5F G
=FA?E9
<9
K=FK9^]G
FMF;9
=P
H=JAE=FL9<9y
6J  7
 p L=FL=K= H9J9 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 <GK L=JEGK ;GJJ=D9LGK H5@ EI5@ IM= <=N=E ;GF
;GJ<9J
;GE
G
KM:KL9FLANG
GM
HJGFGE=
9
IM=
K=
J=>=J=E
D=
=J9 H5@
EI5=G GK
;GD=?9K
D9K
=J9E H5=G
EI5@ G
AJE]G
)eK
KGEGK H5=G
EI5=G GK
H9AK
 p =N=K= HJ=>=JAJ A5=G 8C EI9 9 A5=G 5  AF>AFALANG =E ;GFKLJM^g=K ;GE
H9J9LAN9K <G LAHG /9DN=R K=B9 A5=G AFL=J=KK9FL= 9G H9bK ?9KL9J F9 =<M;9^]G 8C EI9
=BJ9GH=F F9
;GFKLJM^]G
<=
HJ=Kb<AGK
=
F]G 5
=BJ9GH=F

E N=R <= 7CAC 8C A9GAC AC8C EI9 H5BHC 7CAC =EHJ=?9EGK

;GE
>J=IMaF;A9 EI9
B9A
W
>GJL= EI9
B9A ME
LGMJG

* N=J:G DF9:9F=F KM?=J= ME9 A<=A9 AEHDb;AL9 <= ;GEH9J9^]G Z

K=E=D@9F^9 <= EI9F9F A5=G EI9F9F 5BH9G E9K =PA?= ;GEHD=E=FLG J=?A<G
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5
+J=>AJG
9
HJ9A9 5C 75ADC
+J=>=JA9
=KLM<9J 5
BVC
:5N9F
B585



 9HJGPAE9^]G <= DF9:9F=F 9 EI9F9F A5=G = EI9F9F 5BH9G =E:GJ9

F]G K=B9E H=J>=AL9E=FL= KAFfFAEGK L=E ?=J9<G <M9K ;GFKLJM^g=K LA<9K
;GEG
=JJfF=9K
H=DGK
FGKKGK
?J9EYLA;GK
9
9
9<BMF^]G
<GK
9<N_J:AGK A5=G GM 5BH9G 9G
N=J:G DF9:9F=F
BH9G
DF9:=FC GM *F9:=FC A5=G

: AFA;A9J G ;GEHD=E=FLG <G N=J:G DF9:9F=F H=DGK LJ9FKHGKALGJ=K

;GEH9J9LANGK EI9 GM 8C
EI9
+J=>AJG
9
HJ9A9 8C
EI9
C
75ADC
+J=>=JA9
=KLM<9J 8C
EI9
BVC
:5N9F
B585
+J=>=JA9E A5=G E=FLAJ 8C
EI9
8=N9F
5
J9F8589

DMbKAG R=N=<G HG<=JA9 L=J <9<G GMLJG LGJF=AG Z ;GFKLJM^]G H9J9

=NAL9J
G
<=KNAG
FG
K=?MAFL=
LJ=;@G
<= )
CFI>5
x
IM=
FG
;9KG
<=
=JJG X
DF9:9F[J9@ K=EHJ=
FGK
=F?9F9JEGK
;GFLJ9
8C
EI9 9
>9NGJ
<=
IM=E
IM=J
IM=
K=B9 y
;9H
1$

)GL=K= IM= 9 KAEHD=K KM:KLALMA^]G <= 8C EI9 HGJ 5 F]G K=JA9 A<=9D
H=D9
9HJGPAE9^]G
<GK
<GAK 55
*bservao AKLAF?9K= 9 ;GFKLJM^]G =JJ9<9 <= DF9:9F=F <9 K=IMaF;A9 5BH9G
DF9:9F=F <G K=?MAFL= =P=EHDG <G (9JIMaK <= (9JA;Y =E IM= D=N= H9MK9 9H9J=;=
<=HGAK
<= 5BH9G 6(( 7
x)AF?M_E
IM=J
H9KK9J
HGJ
LGDG 5BH9G
DF9:9F9 H9J=;=J
N=D@9;Gy
6((7


v concessivas: IM9F<G
9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
=PHJAE=
IM=
ME
G:KLY;MDG
v

J=9D
GM
KMHGKLG
v
F]G
AEH=<AJY
GM
EG<A>A;9JY
<=
EG<G
9D?ME
9
<=
;D9J9^]G
<9
GJ9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
v 5=B85
EI9 9A6CF5
DCGHC
EI9
G9
69A
EI9
7CBEI5BHC =L; 
A6CF5 ;@GN9
K9AJ=A

$KLG
_
9
;@MN9
F]G
K=JY
G:KLY;MDG
L9D
IM=
E=
AEH=<AJY
<=
K9AJ
x=B85
EI9 H=J<G=EGK
9GK
E9MK
9
GJ<=E
EGJ9D
F]G
D@=K
H=J<G9
=
;9KLA?9
9
FGKK9
AF<MD?aF;A9y
6((7

 

G D9<G <=KL9K ;GF;=KKAN9K ;GEMFK =EHJ=?9EK= 9AF<9 9K ;GF;=K

KAN9K =BH9BG=J5G IM9F<G _ FGKKG AFLMALG 9KKAF9D9J IM9DA<9<= GM EG<9DA<
9<=
IM9DIM=J
x;GFKA<=J9<9K
=E
?J9M
AFL=FKANG
=
K=E
DAEAL=Ky
6.7
*CF
=BH9@=;9BH9
EI9
G9>5 =F;GFLJ9JY
<A>A;MD<9<=K
=E
=FL=F<=J
G
HJG:D=E9
*CF
A5=G
EI9
9GHI89
9AF<9
L=E
EMALG
IM=
9HJ=F<=J

K ;GF;=KKAN9K AFL=FKAN9K ;9J9;L=JAR9EK= H=D9K =PHJ=KKg=K DCF

A5=G EI9 DCF A9BCG EI9 DCF AI=HC EI9 GF<= K= HG<= <9J 9AF<9 9
=DAEAF9^]G
<G
9<N_J:AG A5=G
A9BCG
AI=HC
E N=R <= 5=B85 EI9 5=B85 EI5B8C HG<=K= =EHJ=?9J KAEHD=K
E=FL= EI9 = EI5B8C =E ;GFKLJM^g=K IM= HJG>=JA<9K ;GE LGE <= NGR <=K
;=F<=FL=
=
;GE
N=J:G
FG
KM:BMFLANG
=PHJAE=E
9
A<=A9
;GF;=KKAN9
*K
G:KLY;MDGK EI9
:CGG9A
AI=HCG
F]G
LAJ9N9E
9GK
J9H9R=K
9
;=JL=R9
<9
NALeJA9
 EI5B8C
5G
D5@5JF5G
BVC
C
8=;5A
9b
=KL]G
GK
>9LGK
H9J9
;GEHJG
N9J
IM=
Ke
=FMF;A=A
N=J<9<=K

)=KL=K ;9KGK =EHJ=?9F<G EI9 <YK= HJ=>=JaF;A9 Z AFN=JK]G <= L=J

EGK H9KK9F<G 9 AFA;A9J 9 GJ9^]G ;GF;=KKAN9 9 =PHJ=KK]G IM= >MF;AGF9
;GEG
HJ=<A;9LANG
GM
;GEHD=E=FLG
<G
N=J:G
*K
J9H9R=K DC6F9G
EI9
G9>5A E=J=;=E
9
FGKK9
;GFKA<=J9^]G
IM=D=K
DANJGK 8=:[79=G
EI9
:CGG9A
K=EHJ=
FGK
K=JNAJ9E
H9J9
=DM;A<
9^]G
<=
EMAL9K
<hNA<9K
'=@
89G7I@D5G
EI9
A9
89GG9 =M
;GFLAFM9JA9
9;@9F<G
IM=
HJG;=<=M
E9D
;GEA?G

)]G J9JG 9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D ;GFL_E ME9 =PHJ=KK]G 9<N=J:A9D 7CB

HI8C HC85J=5 5=B85 5GG=A BVC C6GH5BH9 GM =IMAN9D=FL= IM= FG FbN=D
<G L=PLG K=JN= ;GEG J=KMEG <G H=FK9E=FLG 9FL=JAGJ 9NAN9F<G 9G GM
NAFL=
9
A<=A9
;GF;=KKAN9
<9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
AF<9
IM=
LG<GK
K9A9E HC85J=5 >A;9J=A
E:GJ9
F]G
E=
IM=AJ9E
9;GEH9F@9J 5=B85
5GG=A F]G
<=AP9J=A
<=
AJ
Z
>=KL9



GFL=h<GK <= N9DGJ ;GF;=KKANG HG<=E NAJ BMKL9HGKLGK AFA;A9<GK

HGJ MFA<9<=K 9DL=JF9LAN9K F=KL= ;9KG G N=J:G =KLY FG KM:BMFLANG IM9F<G
<=FGL9E IM= 9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= 9^g=K GHGKL9K GM <A>=J=FL=K F]G AEH=<= 9
<=;D9J9^]G
HJAF;AH9D
+I9F
9GHI89G
EI9F
BVC
9HJ=F<=JYK
>9;ADE=FL=
9
DA^]G
)I
9GHI89ACG
A98=7=B5
CI
G9>5ACG
58JC;58CG ;GFIMAKL9J=EGK
F9
KG;A=<9<=
ME
DM?9J
<=
J=D=NG


v condicionais: IM9F<G
9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
=PHJAE=
ME9
;GF<A^]G

F=;=KKYJA9
H9J9
IM=
K=
J=9DAR=
GM
<=AP=
<=
K=
J=9DAR9J
G
IM=
K=
<=;D9J9
F9
HJAF;AH9D G9
75GC
G9A
EI9
IA5
J9N
EI9 ;GE
G
N=J:G
FG
KM:
BMFLANG 89G89
EI9 N=J:G
FG
KM:BMFLANG 858C
EI9
7CBH5BHC
EI9
7CA
5
7CB8=WVC
EI9
=L;
 GJ9^]G ;GF<A;AGF9D =PHJAE= ME >9LG IM= F]G K= J=9DARGM GM ;GE
LG<9
9
;=JL=R9
F]G
K=
J=9DAR9JY
9
>9D9F<GK=
<G
HJ=K=FL=
-9
9I
:CGG9
5D@=758C G:L=JA9
G
HJaEAG

:
>9D9F<GK=
<G
H9KK9<G
-9
9I
:CGG9
5D@=758C G:L=JA9
G
HJaEAG

GM
-9
9I
H=J9GG9
G=8C
5D@=758C
L=JA9
G:LA<G
G
HJaEAG

)G HJAE=AJG ;9KG MK9EK= F9 GJ9^]G ;GF<A;AGF9D G HJ=L_JALG AEH=J

>=ALG
<G
KM:BMFLANG
:CGG9
=
F9
HJAF;AH9D
G
>MLMJG
<G
HJ=L_JALG
H9F=5
)G K=?MF<G ;9KG GM K= J=H=L= G N=J:G F9K >GJE9K 9HGFL9<9K H9J9 G
;9KG 9FL=JAGJ GM MK9EK= F9 ;GF<A;AGF9D G HJ=L_JALG E9AKIM=H=J>=ALG
H=J9GG9 G=8C = F9 HJAF;AH9D G >MLMJG <G HJ=L_JALG ;GEHGKLG H9F=5
C6H=8C
+G<= 9AF<9 9 GJ9^]G ;GF<A;AGF9D =PHJAEAJ ME >9LG ;MB9 J=9DAR9^]G
=KH=J9EGK
;GEG
HJGNYN=D
-9
9I
9GHI85F G:L=J=A
G
HJaEAG

)=KL9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K =EHJ=?9EK= G >MLMJG <G KM:BMFLANG F9 ;GF

<A;AGF9D
=
F9
HJAF;AH9D
G
>MLMJG
<G
HJ=K=FL=
C6H9F9=
*bservao MEHJ= FGL9J IM= FG ;9KG 9 =KLM<9<G 9;AE9 =E DM?9J <= -9 9I
:CGG9 5D@=758C C6H9F=5 C DFZA=C 9 DAF?M9?=E ;GDGIMA9D J=9D^9 9 A<=A9 <G HJ=K=FL=

 

MK9F<G FG HJ=K=FL= AF<A;9LANG GK N=J:GK <9K <M9K GJ9^g=K -9 9I GCI 5D@=758C

C6H9B<C
C
DFZA=C

K GJ9^g=K ;GF<A;AGF9AK F]G Ke =PHJAE=E ;GF<A^]G E9K 9AF<9 HG

<=E =F;=JJ9J 9K A<=A9K <= <=D_H9G9 9J9BHI5@=8589 7CB79GGVC H9ADC K=E
IM= EMAL9K N=R=K K= HGKK9E LJ9^9J <=E9J;9^g=K =FLJ= =KK=K NYJAGK ;9E
HGK <G H=FK9E=FLG KL9 _ 9 J9R]G HGJ IM= G9A EI9 9<EAL= E9AK <= ME9
AFL=JHJ=L9^]G L=PLM9D * EI9 BVC  K=E IM= >DMLM9 =FLJ= 9 ;GF<A^]G = G
L=EHG >J=IM=FL9LANG J=H=LA<G =E (VC @Z EI9 BVC 7CA9H5 JRF=CG 9B
;5BCG G EI9F EI9F CI CI =L;  _ ME EAKLG <= ;GF;=KK]G = ;GF<A^]G
;> HGJ =P=EHDG <= 6%*  7 = L9FLGK GMLJGK ;9KGK IM= >G?=E Z
9D^9<9
<=
ME9
<=K;JA^]G
?J9E9LA;9D
HGJ
H=JL=F;=J=E
9G
HD9FG
L=PLM9D

v conformativas: IM9F<G
9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
=PHJAE=
ME
>9LG
9H
J=K=FL9<G
=E
;GF>GJEA<9<=
;GE
9
<=;D9J9^]G
<9
HJAF;AH9D 7CAC
7CB
:CFA9
G9;IB8C
7CBGC5BH9
GFK=?MAM
>9R=J
G
LJ9:9D@G 7CAC
@<9
9BG=B5F5A
/G<GK
HJG;=<=J9E 7CB:CFA9
5
C75G=VC =FK=B9N9


v consecutivas: IM9F<G
9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
=PHJAE=
G
=>=ALG
GM
;GF

K=IMaF;A9
<G
>9LG
=PHJ=KKG
F9
HJAF;AH9D
 GJ9^]G ;GFK=;MLAN9 _ AFLJG<MRA<9 H=DG LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 9 IM= K=
HJ=F<= F9 HJAF;AH9D ME9 =PHJ=KK]G <= F9LMJ=R9 AFL=FKAN9 ;GEG H5@
H5BHC HVC H5A5B<C L=JEGK IM= L9E:_E K= HG<=E >9;ADE=FL=
KM:=FL=F<=J
DGF?GMK=
L9FLG
FG
H9KK=AG EI9
7<9;CI
H5F89
P=;MLGM
9
G:J9
;GE
L9D
H=J>=A^]G EI9
:C=
DF9A=585
W
>=AG EI9
A9H9
A98C  Q
HVC >=AG 

 GJ9^]G ;GFK=;MLAN9 F]G Ke =PHJAE= 9 ;GFK=IMaF;A9 <=NA<9 Z 9^]G

GM 9G =KL9<G AF<A;9<G F9 HJAF;AH9D E9K HG<= <=FGL9J IM= K= <=N= 9 ;GF
K=IMaF;A9 9G EG<G H=DG IM9D _ HJ9LA;9<9 9 9^]G <9 HJAF;AH9D +9J9 =KL= hD
LAEG ;9KG K=JNAEGFGK B5 CF5WVC DF=B7=D5@ <9K MFA<9<=K ;GEHD=P9K 89
H5@
A5B9=F5
89
H5@
GCFH9
89
H5@
:CFA5
89
H5@
AC8C
GFN=F;=MK= 89
H5@
A5B9=F5 IM=
KMJHJ==F<=M
9
LG<GK 

 

KL9F<G ;GEHD=LG G ;GFL=h<G <9 HJAE=AJ9 GJ9^]G =EHJ=?9EK= 9K

=PHJ=KKg=K <=KLALMb<9K <= H5@ 89 A5B9=F5 EI9 89 GCFH9 EI9 89 :CFA5
EI9 89 AC8C EI9 ;GEG xDG;M^g=Ky ;GFBMFLAN9K K=E H9MK9 =FLJ= G KM:
KL9FLANG = G EI9 H9J9 AFLJG<MRAJ ME9 ;GFK=;MLAN9 9L=FM9<9 =E GJ9^g=K
BMKL9HGKL9K
1G;a
=KLM<GM
:=E 89
AC8C
EI9
Da89
H=F5F
6C5 ;GDG;9^]G
*
DANJG
=KL9N9
J9K?9<G 89
AC8C
EI9
AI=H5G
DR;=B5G
H=J9F5A
GI5
@9=HIF5
DF9>I8=7585

 AF<=H=F<aF;A9 KAFLYLA;9 <9K <M9K GJ9^g=K F=KL= ;9KG HG<= NAJ AF
<A;9<9 HGJ ME9 H9MK9 E9AGJ AKLG _ HGJ HGFLG = NbJ?MD9 GM HGJ HGFLG
N9D=F<G 9KKAE 9 MFA<9<= HGJ ME 9<N_J:AG <= GJ9^]G H9J9 9NAN9J 9G GM
NAFL= G H=FK9E=FLG 9FL=JAGJ ;GE G K=FLA<G 9HJGPAE9<G <= DCF 7CB
G9;I=BH9
7CBG9EI9BH9A9BH9
85[
K
9D=?JA9K
<9
NA<9
IM9K=
K=EHJ=
K]G
JYHA<9K
=
>M?A<A9K
9AF<9
IM=
<AKLG
F]G
LGE=EGK
;GF@=;AE=FLG 9
AC8C
EI9 =D9K
<=N=E
K=J
9HJG
N=AL9<9K
AFL=DA?=FL=E=FL=

+GJ LM<G AKLG K= Na IM= F=E K=EHJ= HG<=EGK <=DAEAL9J FG FbN=D <G
L=PLG GK ;9EHGK <GK N9DGJ=K ;GFK=;MLANG = ;GF;DMKANG 9;J=K;=FL9F<GK=
9AF<9 IM= @Y NARAF@9F^9K <=KL=K N9DGJ=K ;GE GMLJGK ;GEG HGJ =P=EHDG
9
A<=A9
<=
>AF9DA<9<=
G
IM=
=KLM<9J=EGK
E9AK
9<A9FL=
MEHJ= =NAL9J ME =JJG >J=IM=FL= ;GE 9 =PHJ=KK]G <G H=FK9E=FLG
;GFK=;MLANG = ;GF;DMKANG HfJ FG HDMJ9D G KM:KL9FLANG F9K DG;M^g=K 89
A5B9=F5
EI9
89
AC8C
EI9 =L; 
<AR=F<GK=
AF;GJJ=L9E=FL=
.9AM
J9HA<9E=FL= 89
A5B9=F5G
EI9 F]G
HM<=
NaDG
KLM<GM 89
:CFA5G
EI9 ;GFK=?MAM
9HJ=F<=J

K MFA<9<=K 89 A5B9=F5 EI9 89 AC8C EI9 =L;  K=?MA<9K <= N=J:G F9

>GJE9 >AFAL9 Ke EG<=JF9E=FL= 9H9J=;=E KM:KLALMb<9K HGJ 89 A5B9=F5 5
89
AC8C
5 =L; 
K=?MA<9K
<=
AF>AFALANG
KLM<GM 89
:CFA5
5
7CBG9;I=F 9HJ=F<=J
=E
DM?9J
<= 89
:CFA5
EI9
7CBG9;I=I
5DF9B89F
x 
9JJ=<9J
G
:AGE:G
<9
KM9
=KLJ=AL=R9
F9LMJ9D 89
AC8C
5
89=L5F =F
LJ9J
9J
>J=K;Gy
6- 
7

 


IMADG IM= K= 9HJ=K=FL9 F9 GJ9^]G ;GFK=;MLAN9 ;GEG =>=ALG GM J=K

MDL9<G HG<= J=HJ=K=FL9J ME9 ;GFK=IMaF;A9 AFL=F;AGF9D <= EG<G IM= K=
9KKG;A9 9G ;GFL=h<G ;GFK=;MLANG ME9 FG^]G KM:KA<AYJA9 <= >AF9DA<9<=
)=KL=
;9KG
G
N=J:G
K=
9;@9
FGJE9DE=FL=
FG
KM:BMFLANG
@=?GM
;=<G
9G
K=JNA^G 89
A5B9=F5
EI9
DI89GG9
G9F =DG?A9<G
H=DG
H9LJ]G
GJJ=M 89
GCFH9
EI9
CG
=B=A=;CG
BVC
C
DI89GG9A
5@75BW5F

9b J=KMDL9E ;=JLGK ;JMR9E=FLGK ;GFK=;MLANG>AF9AK F9 ;GFKLJM^]G

<G =FMF;A9<G ;JMR9E=FLGK IM= F=E K=EHJ= K]G NAKLGK ;GE :GFK GD@GK
H=DGK ?J9EYLA;GK HGJIM= L9AK >9LGK F]G =KL]G <= 9;GJ<G ;GE 9 LJ9<A^]G <G
A<AGE9 = K= J=H=L=E FG >J9F;aK =E:GJ9 MFK <9L=E <= DGF?G L=EHG
FLJ= GK LAHGK ;GF<=F9<GK =KLY 9 ;GFKLJM^]G 9;AE9 J=>=JA<9 89 AC8C 5 89
A5B9=F5 5  =B:=B=H=JC GE L9AK >eJEMD9K J=9DE=FL= K= HJG;MJ9 LJ9<MRAJ
ME9 ;GFK=;MLAN9 AFL=F;AGF9D G D9<G <= GHI8CI 89 AC8C 5 DC89F
D5GG5F
MK9K= GHI8CI
89
AC8C
5
EI9
D5GG5GG9
+J=K9 9G E=KEG ;9KG H9J=;= =KL9J 9 ;GFKLJM^]G IM= =EHJ=?9 <=HGAK
<= 89A5=G 89A5G=58C AI=HC  5GG5N 65GH5BH9 89A5G=58C ME9 GJ9^]G
>AF9D <= D5F5 EI9 GM D5F5 5  =B:=B=H=JC H9J9 AF<A;9J 9 FG^]G <= HJG
HGJ^]G
GM
<=KHJGHGJ^]G
xQ
89A5G=58C
9GD9FHC
D5F5
EI9
75=5
9A
H5@ =IMAN9D=FL=
9
F]G
_
L]G
HGM;G
=KH=JLG
IM=
;9A9
=E
L9Dy
6  
l
7
x 
GK
L=EHGK
F]G
K]G
E9AK
<= 65GH5BH9 >_
GM
<=KHJ=F<AE=FLG D5F5
EI9 GK
JA;GK
;9LeDA;GK
>9^9E
<G9^g=K
 y
6( 
$$
7
x FLJ=L9FLG
9
A?J=BAF@9
L=E
L9FLG
;9JYL=J
 
IM=
=D9
Ke
=
E9AK
ME9
E=A9
<hRA9
<=
H9DE=AJ9K
:9KL9E 5
;I5F85F 9
>AKAGFGEA9
 y
6( 
$$
7
*bservao * ADMKLJ= KAFL9LA;AKL9 HGJLM?MaK HA>[FAG A9K 9HGFL9 G >9LG ;GEG
AEAL9^]G
<G
>J9F;aK
;J=EGK
=FLJ=L9FLG
IM=
G
HJG:D=E9
=PA?=
J=NAK]G


v finais: IM9F<G
9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
AF<A;9
9
AFL=F^]G
G
G:B=LANG
9

>AF9DA<9<=
<G
H=FK9E=FLG
=PHJ=KKG
F9
HJAF;AH9D D5F5
EI9
5
:=A
89
DCFEI9 
H9J9
IM=  EI9 
H9J9
IM=
.9bJ9E D5F5
EI9
DI89GG9A
J9F
C
=B7ZB8=C
-=;D9EGM 5
:=A
89
EI9
C
BCA95GG9A
/J9:9D@GM DCFEI9
:CGG9
DFCACJ=8C
!9DL9
HGM;G EI9
=GHC
GI7985



:J=NA9<9E=FL= MK9K= <= BVC  GI6>IBH=JC ;GE G N9DGJ <= D5F5

EI9 BVC 89 AC8C EI9 BVC IM9F<G K= IM=J =PHJ=KK9J 9 ;9ML=D9 ;MA<9<G
J=KLJA^]G
x.=F@GJ
IM=
=KLYK
FGK
;_MK
=
NaK
9K
9DE9K
,M=
;MA<9E
IM=
HJGHg=E
IM=
<=L=JEAF9E
DMEA9
EAF@9
9DE9 BVC
G9
79;I9
)G
H=JA?G
=E
IM=
=KLYy
6! 
NN
 5DI8 ..  l
97
*bservao *K 9FLA?GK = @GB= E9AK J9J9E=FL= K= K=JNA9E <= DCF G9 =E IM=
DCF _ G N=KLb?AG <= ME9 A<=A9 >AF9D x=AP9AG 9E9D<A^G9J D@=K <AKK= DCF G9
575GC K= ;GEH9<=;= =MK HGJ =KK9 ;9MK9 <9 EAF@9 9>DA^]G y 6(=  $$$ 
5DI8 (9  7
*CF
G9
575GC ;GEH9<=;= 
D5F5
J9F
G9
575GC ;GEH9<=;=


v locativas: AFA;A9<9K
HGJ CB89
EI9A
EI5BHC K=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9

9FL=;=<=FL=K
x*K
E=FAFGK
KG:=B9E CB89
9GHVC =
>9DL9E CB89
BVC
G9
57<5Am
6((7
x)]G
HG<=
@9N=J
J=>D=P]G CB89
HI8C
X
8=GHF5WVCy
6((7
x)B89
C
@ILC
J9B79 9
HJG:A<9<=
9>J9;9
=
<=K>9D=;=y
6((7


v modais:
x9
IA
F9@5B79 D=M
F9
>AKAGFGEA9
<G
E9F;=:G
K=E
IM=
KM9K
HMHAD9K
=KLYLA;9K
K=
EGN=KK=E
F9K
eJ:AL9Ky
6% 
7

.= 9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D =KLAN=J F9 F=?9LAN9 MK9JK=Y <= EI9 BVC 

KM:BMFLANG
)]G
=EAL=
ME
H9J=;=J EI9
BVC
G9
57CBG9@<9
7CA
C
8=F9HCF


v proporcionais: IM9F<G
9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
=PHJAE=
ME
>9LG
IM=
9ME=FL9
GM
<AEAFMA
F9
E=KE9
HJGHGJ^]G
<G
>9LG
IM=
K=
<=;D9J9
F9
HJAF;AH9D
v S
A98=85
EI9
S
DFCDCFWVC
EI9
5C
D5GGC
EI9
H5BHC
A5=G
EI5BHC
A5=G
H5BHC
A5=G
EI5BHC
A9BCG
H5BHC
A9BCG
EI5BHC
A5=G
=L; 
i
A98=85
EI9 9
A<9<=
;@=?9
9
FGKK9
=PH=JAaF;A9
9ME=FL9
HJ=F<A9 S
DFCDCFWVC
EI9 DA9
G
DANJG
ME=FL9N9
G
K=M
NG;9:MDYJAG 5C
D5GGC
EI9 ;GFKMDL9N9
GK
E=KLJ=K
<9
DbF?M9

 

*bservao  MFA<9<= 5C D5GGC EI9 HG<= K=J =EHJ=?9<9 K=E A<=A9 HJGHGJ
;AGF9D H9J9 AF<A;9J IM= ME >9LG F]G K= <=M GM F]G L=E 9K ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K <= GMLJG
BY =FMF;A9<G x KMJ<=R @9:ALM9D <9<9 9 EMDLAHDA;9^]G <9K G:J9K = <GK ;MA<9<GK
<G AF<ANb<MG L=F<=JA9 9 =E:GL9J GK K=FLA<GK = 9 J=L9J<9J GK K=PGK 5C D5GGC EI9 G
N=KLMYJAG F=?9;=9F<G 9 F9LMJ=R9 9?M^9 = 9LJ9A 9K NGFL9<=K 9LAN99K J=HJG<MD9K
=
;GFK=?MAFL=E=FL=
>9R
9F<9J
9
;ANADAR9^]Gy
6(  7
D=
>GA
9G
;AF=E9 5C
D5GGC
EI9 =M
J=KGDNA
AJ
Z
HJ9A9



=
H9J9
G
L=EHG
;GF;GEAL9FL= 9BEI5BHC
BC
9BHF9H5BHC
EI9 @GB=

J9JG
GJEA9 9BEI5BHC G
HJG>=KKGJ
<AKK=JL9N9
x
=
K=
9HGK=FLGM
.
9=L9FG
BMFLG
Z
$?J=B9
<=
.
%GJ?=
=
H=JLG
<G
#GKHAL9D
E9AGJ
H9J9 BC
9BHF9H5BHC IM=
J=?MD9N9
9K
<=H=F<aF;A9K
<9
J=FhF;A9
K=
=FLJ=L=J
FG
=P=J;b;AG
<9
;9JA<9<=y
GFL9<GJ
<=
J?GL=
0=85
89
-
59H5BC  

*bservaes


v temporais: IM9F<G
9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
<=FGL9
G
L=EHG
<9
J=9DAR
9^]G
<G
>9LG
=PHJ=KKG
F9
HJAF;AH9D
K HJAF;AH9AK ;@9E9<9K ;GFBMF^g=K = xDG;M^g=Ky ;GFBMFLAN9K =
L=EHGJ9AK
K]G

9
H9J9
G
L=EHG
9FL=JAGJ 5BH9G
EI9
DF=A9=FC
EI9 J9JG
.9AM 5BH9G
EI9 =M
D@=
<=KK=
G
J=;9<G
x)AF?M_E
K=F@GJ=K
E=MK
IM=
=EHJ==F<9
ME9
BGJF9<9
=P
LJ9GJ<AFYJA9 DF=A9=FC
EI9 E=L9
G
H_
F9
=KLJ9<9
K=
=KIM=;=JY
<=
=F
LJ9J
=E
;GFL9
;GE
9K
KM9K
>GJ^9K y
6-7

:
H9J9
G
L=EHG
HGKL=JAGJ
<=
EG<G
N9?G 89DC=G
EI9
EI5B8C
.9AM 89DC=G
EI9 =D=
;@=?GM

;
H9J9
G
L=EHG
HGKL=JAGJ
AE=<A9LG @C;C
EI9
H5BHC
EI9 J9JG 5G

G=A
EI9
89G89
EI9
5D9B5G
A5@
9=G
EI9
9=G
G9BVC
EI5B8C
9=G
G9BVC
EI9
.9AM @C;C
EI9 =D=
;@=?GM
x=G
G9BVC
EI5B8C =FLJ9
G
H9LJ]G y
6J  7

<
H9J9
G
L=EHG
>J=IM=FL9LANG
J=H=LA<G EI5B8C =KL9F<G
G
N=J:G

FG
HJ=K=FL= HC85G
5G
J9N9G
EI9
89
7585
J9N
EI9
G9ADF9
EI9
.C85G
5G
J9N9G
EI9 K9AG
<=
;9K9
=F;GFLJGG
Z
=KIMAF9
+I5B8C
C
J9>C D=E:JGE=
<G
IM=
E=
H=<AM
*bservao NAL=K= G =JJG <= K= HJ=;=<=J <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9A G EI9 <AR=F<GK=
HC85G
5G
J9N9G
9A
EI9

 p BHF9H5BHC GM BC 9BHF9H5BHC K]G 9<N_J:AGK <= L=EHG ;GE G K=FLA<G <= B9GH9
[BH9F=A B9GH9 =BH9FJ5@C 89 H9ADC B9GH9 A9=C H9ADC (9AK EG<=JF9E=FL= 9B
HF9H5BHC H9KKGM 9 N9D=J HGJ ME9 MFA<9<= <= N9DGJ 9<N=JK9LAN9 = HGJ AF>DMaF;A9 <G
9<N_J:AG L=E KA<G =EHJ=?9<G HJ=;=<A<G <9 ;GE:AF9^]G BC BC 9BHF9H5BHC (MA
LGK
HMJAKL9K
F]G
9HJGN9E
=KL9
hDLAE9
;GFKLJM^]G
p  JA?GJ 9K x;GFBMF^g=Ky HJGHGJ;AGF9AK L9E:_E AF<A;9E L=EHG ;GF;GEAL
9FL= HGJ AKKG MFK 9MLGJ=K F]G <AKLAF?M=E 9K H9ADCF5=G <9K 7CB7CA=H5BH9G
>9R=F<G <=KL9K ;D9KK=K Z H9JL= <9K H9ADCF5=G  (CA9B7@5HIF5 !F5A5H=75@
F5G=@9=F5 F]G
>9D9
=E 7CB7CA=H5BH9
 p NAL=K= G =EHJ=?G A5=G A9BCG A5=G A9BCG =E DM?9J <= EI5BHC A5=G
A9BCG H5BHC A5=G A9BCG =E ;GFKLJM^g=K <G LAHG +I5BHC A5=G =KLM<9EGK
H5BHC A5=G 9ME=FL9E FGKK9K HGKKA:ADA<9<=K <= NALeJA9 = F]G '5=G =KLM<9EGK =
A5=G N=F;=EGK
+G<=K=
GEALAJ
G H5BHC FG
K=?MF<G
L=JEG +I5BHC
A5=K
=KLM<9EGK A5=G

>
H9J9
G
L=EHG
DAEAL=
L=JEAF9D 5HX
EI9
JAF;GM 5HX
EI9
:CGG9 J=HJ==F<A<G

KKME= N9DGJ L=EHGJ9D G EI9 J=D9LANG J=H=LA<GJ <= 9<N_J:AG = =P

HJ=KKg=K IM= <=KA?F9E x<=K<= IM= _HG;9 ME >9LG 9;GFL=;=y 5;CF5 EI9
<C>9
EI9
9BHVC
EI9
5
DF=A9=F5
J9N
EI9
5
d@H=A5
J9N
EI9 =L; 
;CF5
EI9 ;GFK=?MA
9HJ=F<=J
9
DA^]G
H9KK9J=A
9<A9FL=
KL9
>GA 5
d@H=A5
J9N
EI9 G
NA

)]G K= >9R=F<G H9MK9 =FLJ= G 9<N_J:AG = G LJ9FKHGKALGJ 5;CF5 EI9

9BHVC EI9 =L;  =KL9:=D=;=K= ME9 MFA<9<= <= N9DGJ K=E=D@9FL= 9G IM=
=PAKL= =E 89DC=G EI9 =L;  = K= HG<= H9KK9J 9 ;GFKA<=J9J G LG<G ;GEG
xDG;M^]G
;GFBMFLAN9y
;CF5
EI9 LM<G
=KLY
;=JLG
NGM
=E:GJ9

 

.G: G EG<=DG <= L9AK DAF?M9?=FK <=K=FNGDN=MK= G ;GKLME= <= K=

9;J=K;=FL9J G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 <=HGAK <= =PHJ=KKg=K IM= <=FGL9E x<=K<=
IM= L=EHG ME9 ;GAK9 9;GFL=;=y J=<MRA<9 9 KAEHD=K H9D9NJ9 <= J=9D;=
L=EHGJ9D
=K<=
9IM=D=
<A9 EI9 G
HJG;MJG

F9DAK9F<G
<AKH=FK9K=
G EI9
=HGAK <GK N=J:GK <5J9F = :5N9F ;GE K=FLA<G L=EHGJ9D <R 8=5G
EI9 :5N 8=5G EI9 G LJ9FKHGKALGJ EI9 H9J=;= L=J KA<G F=KL= ;9KG HJAEAL
AN9E=FL= AFL=?J9FL=  9<IMAJAM HGJ ;GFL9LG 9 A<=A9 <= L=EHG ;GE N9D
GJ
9HJGPAE9<G
<= 89G89
EI9
#Y
IM9LJG
<A9K EI9 F]G
G
N=BG
!9RA9
IM9LJG
E=K=K EI9 =KLAN=J9
<G=FL=

E L9AK GJ9^g=K 9 9FYDAK= K= LGJF9 <A>b;AD H=DG >9LG <= 9 ;GFKLJM^]G

L=JK= >AP9<G 9H=K9J <= 9DL=J9<G G K=FLAE=FLG DAF?MbKLA;G #Y ME NAKbN=D
<=K;GEH9KKG =FLJ= 9 KM9 =KLJMLMJ9 <= KMH=J>b;A= = 9 HJG>MF<9 GFKA<=J9J
G EI9 ;GE N9DGJ L=EHGJ9D = HGJL9FLG L=EHGJ9D 9 J=KH=;LAN9 GJ9^]G _
;D9KKA>A;9J ;GEG HJAF;AH9D BMKL9E=FL= 9 GJ9^]G IM= =PHJ=KK9 9 ;AJ;MFKL[F
;A9
<=
L=EHG
 p
GJ9^]G
w DF=B7=D5@
#Y
IM9LJG
<A9K
p
GJ9^]G
w GI6CF8=B585
58J9F6=5@
H9ADCF5@
IM=
F]G
G
N=BG  
+G<=JK=Y 9F9DAK9J ;GEG KM:KL9FLAN9 KM:B=LAN9 9 GJ9^]G <= EI9 <=
HGAK <= :5N9F ;GEG >9R=E GK 9MLGJ=K H9LJb;AGK D=E:J9<GK F9 FGL9
9FL=JAGJ
J=EGK L9E:_E K=J HGKKbN=D ;GFKA<=J9J IM= G EI9 F]G K=JN= <= AF
LJG<MRAJ ME9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 9<N=J:A9D L=EHGJ9D E9K F98IN=8C 5
G=AD@9G D5@5JF5 A9ACF5H=J5 J=D=E:J9 F9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D 9 H9JLAJ <=
IM= >9LG K= >9R 9DMK]G 9G L=EHG F9 KM:GJ<AF9<9 9FL=JAGJ KL9 KM:GJ<AF
9<9 F]G K= DA?9F<G Z HJAF;AH9D HGJ LJ9FKHGKALGJ K=JY ;GFKA<=J9<9
BMKL9HGKL9
 p
GJ9^]G
w GI6CF8=B585
58J9F6=5@
H9ADCF5@ #Y
IM9LJG
<A9K
p
GJ9^]G
w DF=B7=D5@ IM=
F]G
G
N=BG  
FLJ=L9FLG F]G EAKLMJ9F<G G HD9FG ?J9E9LA;9D ;GE G ;GFL=h<G <=K
A?F9<G 9 GJA=FL9^]G E9AK K=?MA<9 _ ;D9KKA>A;9J 9 GJ9^]G <= EI9 ;GEG 9<
N=J:A9D
L=EHGJ9D
/9AK
GJ9^g=K
L=EHGJ9AK
9<EAL=E
E9AK
<=
ME9
;GFKLJM^]G
#Y
EMALG
L=EHG
IM=
F]G
G
N=BG



#Y
EMALG
L=EHG
F]G
G
N=BG
)]G
G
N=BG
@Y
EMALG
=
@Y
EMALG
F]G
G
N=BG
=K<=
@Y
EMALG
F]G
G
N=BG
L_
@Y
HGM;G
=M
G
NA
HGJ
9IMA
*bservaes
 p <N_J:AGK = MFA<9<=K 9<N=J:A9DAR9<9K CBH9A <C>9 <R AI=HC <R DCI7C <R
H5BHCG 5BCG =L;  HJ=;=<A<GK <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 K]G LJ9FKHGKLGK 9 9<B=LANGK 9<
BMFLGK
9<FGEAF9AK
K
FGLb;A9K 89
<C>9
K
D=E:J9F^9K 89
CBH9A
0E
L=KL9E=FLG 89 <R
79A
5BCG
(G<9K 89 <R
HF=BH5
5BCG
(=FAFGK 89
<R
DCI7C
6  
l 
(9 
7
p  HJ=HGKA^]G BMFLG 9G N=J:G <5J9F =E 9 <R AI=HC BVC C J9>C 89G89 <R
AI=HC 5HX <R DCI7C 9KKAF9D9 E=D@GJ 9 A<=A9 L=EHGJ9D <GD>G G=D@G ;GFKA<=J9
K=E J9R]G NA;AGK9 = DAF?M9?=E 89 <R AI=HC IM= =PHDA;9 <=KL9 E9F=AJ9 x$F>DMaF
;A9 K=E=D@9FL= >9D9 <9 AF>DMaF;A9 HGJ 9F9DG?A9 K= FGL9 F9 =PHJ=KK]G >J=IM=FL=
E9K NA;AGK9 89 <R AI=HC HGJ <R AI=HC "R AI=HC >AP9K= ;GEG 9 AF<A;9^]G <ME
L=EHG H9KK9<G <R F]G _ 9H=J;=:A<G ;GEG N=J:G E9K 9FL=K ;GEG HJ=HGKA^]G 5
<9b G 9FL=JHGJK=D@= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 HGJ 9F9DG?A9 <= =PHJ=KKg=K ;GEG 89 9BHVC
D5F5
7R 5HX
<C>9 89
CBH9A
89
AI=HCm 6G 
$
 7
 p E DM?9J <= EI5B8C :C= 5 J9N 89@9 <ARK= L9E:_E EI5B8C :C= 85 J9N 89@9 GM
9:J=NA9<9E=FL= EI5B8C 85 J9N 89@9 KL9K <M9K hDLAE9K ;GFKLJM^g=K K]G EG<
=JF9K = HA>[FAG A9K 9K ;GFKA<=J9 AF;GJJ=L9K <=NA<9K Z EY LJ9<M^]G <G >J9F;aK
@CFG 89 6   l  7 %hDAG (GJ=AJ9 6%(  $$ 7 = ;GE =D= (YJAG 9JJ=LG
6(9  7 =PHDA;9E G >=FfE=FG HGJ ;JMR9E=FLG KAFLYLA;G <9K <M9K =P
HJ=KKg=K EI5B8C :C= 5 J9N 89@9 = 85 J9N 89@9 <= IM= J=KMDLGM ME9 L=J;=AJ9 EAKL9
EI5B8C :C= 85 J9N 89@9 *;GJJ= 9AF<9 5 EI5B8C 89 5 EI5B8C 85 J9N 89@9 GF<=
HA>[FAG A9K Na 9AF<9 AF>DMaF;A9 <G 5 <G >J9F;aK 5@CFG x;GE J=IMAFL= <= :9J:9J
AKEGy =6=8  +J=>=JAEGK 9 =PHDA;9^]G <= %MDAG (GJ=AJ9 HGJ F]G N=JEGK F9 ;GJ
J=KHGF<=FL=
>J9F;=K9
9
NAL9DA<9<=
KM>A;A=FL=
H9J9
L9D
J=H=J;MKK]G
FG
HGJLM?MaK
 p E EMALGK <AR=J=K <= K=FLA<G L=EHGJ9D x@Y L=F<aF;A9 :=E FGLeJA9 @GB= =E
<A9 H9J9 ;GF>MF<AJ EI9 ;GFBMF^]G ;GE EI9 HJGFGE= J=D9LANG = H9J9 9>AJE9J =KL=
;9JYL=J HJGFGEAF9D =E ;=JLGK ;9KGK @GB= K= HJ=>=J= 9A EI9 9G KAEHD=K EI9 <9 DAF
?M9?=E 9FLA?9y 6.  7 YK= ;GE >J=IMaF;A9 =KL9 9DL=JF[F;A9 <= EI9 = 9A
EI9 IM9F<G G KM:KL9FLANG IM= K= ;GFKA<=J9 9FL=;=<=FL= <G HJGFGE= J=D9LANG N=E

 

HJ=;=<A<G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9A +J=>=J=K= <AR=J 5C A9GAC H9ADC EI9 5 H9ADC EI9
5C H9ADC EI9 E9K BC H9ADC EI9 GM 9A EI9 BC 8=5 EI9 GM 9A EI9 =L; /=E
K= =KL=F<A<G K=E J9R]G F=E LJ9<A^]G FG A<AGE9 G =EHJ=?G <= 9A EI9 =E ;GF
KLJM^g=K GF<= Ke <=N= >A?MJ9J G EI9 ;GEG HC85G 5G J9N9G 9A EI9 +J=>AJ9K= HC85G
5G
J9N9G
EI9 GM 9A
HC85G
5G
J9N9G
9A
EI9 GM
KAEHD=KE=FL= EI9
 p * N=J:G <5J9F "p 9 5 DF9DCG=WVC  9A G9BH=8C H9ADCF5@ L=FL=K= FG
=EHJ=?G ;GJJ=LG <=KL9K <M9K >GJE9K "R N=J:G J=>=J=K= 9 L=EHG <=;GJJA<G = 5
HJ=HGKA^]G
9
L=EHG
>MLMJG
"R LJaK
<A9K
F]G
G
N=BG
%Y
<=NA9
L=JD@=
=K;JALG <R E9AK
L=EHG
KL=
HJG<MLG
_
>9EGKG <R E9AK
<=
E=AG
K_;MDG
0K9K=
9AF<9
9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5 F9K
AF<A;9^g=K
<9
<AKL[F;A9
<=
DM?9J
KL9EGK 5 ;AF;G
IMADfE=LJGK
<G
KbLAG
MA<9<G =KH=;A9D @]G <= E=J=;=J L9E:_E 9K =PHJ=KKg=K 5 79F75 89 = <R 79F75 89
GF<= 9 DG;M^]G 79F75 89  9HJGPAE9<9E=FL= H=JLG <= E9AK GM E=FGK N=E HJ=
;=<A<9
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5 GM
<9
>GJE9
N=J:9D <R
D=
>9DGM 5
79F75
89 EAD
GMNAFL=K

H9J9
;=J;9
<=
EAD
GMNAFL=K
"R
79F75
89 LJAFL9
<A9K
>GA
>=AL9
=KL9
HJGHGKL9
/=EGK 9AF<9 9 DG;M^]G 579F75 89 IM= KA?FA>A;9 GC6F9 5 F9GD9=HC 89 9A F9@5WVC
5
*
HJG>=KKGJ
<AKK=JLGM 579F75 8CG HJG?J=KKGK
;A=FLb>A;GK
+GJ GMLJG D9<G HG<=EK= KMHJAEAJ 9K H9D9NJ9K 5HFRG GM D5GG58CG IM= 9H9J=;=E
;GE
G
N=J:G <5J9F
ME9
N=R
IM=
=KL=
BY
AF<A;9
L=EHG
<=;GJJA<G
"R
HFZG
8=5G
5HFRG
GM
"R
HFZG
8=5G
GM

"R
HFZG
8=5G

 p )9K GJ9^g=K 9<N=J:A9AK HJ=;=<A<9K <= HJAF;AH9D IM= =F;=JJ9 9<N_J:AG <= N9DGJ
L=EHGJ9D
5D9B5G
A5@
<=N=EGK
=EHJ=?9J EI5B8C =
F]G EI9
H=F9K
LAF@9
L=JEAF9<G
9
IM=KL]G EI5B8C
C
DFC:9GGCF
F97C@<9I
5
DFCJ5
(9D
K9b9
<9
=K;GD9 EI5B8C
G9
@9A6FCI
85
D5GH5
+G<=K=
L9E:_E
KMHJAEAJ
G EI5B8C
H=F9K +=DY?AG LJ9FKHfK G =K;MJG HGJL9D <9 ?JML9 MJA;G D=N9FLGMK= 6#
5DI8 (9 
7

Anlise de SEM QUE

-9A
EI9
9GHI89
F]G
H9KK9JY


F=?9
ME9 7CBG9EIZB7=5 KM:GJ<AF9<9
;GFK=;MLAN9

KLM<GM G9A
EI9
7CBG9;I=GG9
5DFCJ5WVC


=PHJAE=
ME9 7CBG9EIZB7=5 =KH=J9<9
<=HGAK
<=
F=?9LAN9

9IMA 5 9
LJaK
<A9K
G
N=J=A

"R
HFZG
8=5G
D5GG58CG



= EG<G ?=J9D L=EK= =FIM9<J9<G 9 DG;M^]G G9A EI9 FG ?JMHG <9K

;@9E9<9K x;GFBMF^g=K ;GF<A;AGF9AKy  N=J<9<= _ IM= 9 DG;M^]G 9KKME=
N9JA9<GK
K=FLA<GK
;GFL=PLM9AK
=FLJ=
GK
IM9AK
D=E:J9J=EGK
 7CB8=WVC KM:GJ<AF9<9
;GF<A;AGF9D

)]G
:JAF;9 G9A
EI9
57569
7<CF5B8C LG<9K
9K
N=R=K
IM=
:JAF;9
9;9:9

;@GJ9F<G


=PHJAE=
ME9 7CB79GGVC KM:GJ<AF9<9
;GF;=KKAN9

D=
_
J=KHGFKYN=D G9A
EI9
C
G5=65 HGJ
LG<9K
=KK9K
;GAK9K
=JJ9<9K


F=?9
ME9 75IG5
;@=?9F<G
IM9K=
9
=PHJAEAJ 7CB79GGVC KM:GJ

<AF9<9
;9MK9D
GM
;GF;=KKAN9
KLM<GM G9A
EI9
G9IG
D5=G
@<C
D98=GG9A F=?9K=
9
;9MK9
GM
ME9
<9K
;9MK9K
<G
=KLM<G
G
H=<A<G
<GK
H9AK
=
N9D=
IM9K=
HGJ 9GHI8CI
5=B85
EI9
G9IG
D5=G
BVC
@<C H=<AKK=E


<=FGL9
KAEHD=KE=FL=
IM=
L9D
GM
IM9D
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9
F]G
K=
<=M
9HJGPAE9F<GK=
<9
A<=A9
<= AC8C KM:GJ<AF9<9
EG<9D
FLJGM
=E
;9K9 G9A
EI9
HCA5GG9
B9B<IA
5@=A9BHC
-=LAJGMK= G9A
EI9
7<5A5GG9
G9IG
7C@9;5G

 (CA9B7@5HIF5 !F5A5H=75@ F5G=@9=F5 =FLJ=L9FLG <=KHJ=RGM 9K

GJ9^g=K
EG<9AK
E
DM?9J
<= G9A
EI9 HG<=K=
MK9J
L9E:_E
<= G9A

=B:=B=H=JC
.9AM G9A
G9F H=J;=:A<G
KL=K
>GJ9E
GK
E=D@GJ=K
L=9LJeDG?GK G9A
:5@5F =E
(9;@9<G
<=
KKAK
=
!J9FCDAF
/YNGJ9
E9AK
ADMKLJ=K
FG
JGE9F;=
=
FG
;GFLG

E DM?9J <= G9A EI9 <=HGAK <= ME9 HJAF;AH9D <= N9DGJ F=?9LANG
MK9K= L9E:_E EI9 BVC H9J9 AF<A;9J IM= 9 ;GFK=IMaF;A9 K= <Y 9 LG<G G

 

LJ9FK= K= J=H=L= K=EHJ= IM= G;GJJ=J G >9LG =PHJ=KKG F9 HJAF;AH9D G N=J:G

<9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
=KLY
FG
KM:BMFLANG
)]G
:JAF;9 G9A
EI9
57569
7<CF5B8C
)]G
:JAF;9 EI9
BVC
57569
7<CF5B8C
x M
F]G
HGKKG
9:JAJ
ME
DANJG
<=
@AKLeJA9 EI9
BVC
A9
F=5y
6"9 
7
*bservao D?MFK 9MLGJ=K <]G Z ;GFKLJM^]G BVC EI9 BVC N9DGJ ;GF<A;AGF9D
>
6"G
 7
=
6(9 
7

QUE depois de advrbio

(MAL9K N=R=K =EHJ=?9K= EI9 <=HGAK <= 9<N_J:AG GF<= 9 JA?GJ HG
<=JA9 K=J <AKH=FK9<G .]G ;GEMFK 9K DAF?M9?=FK H5@J9N EI9 5D9B5G EI9
:9@=NA9BH9
EI9
CL5@R
EI9
EI5G9
EI9
9BEI5BHC
EI9
9A6CF5
EI9
xKKAE
K=E
E9AK
HJ=[E:MDGK
= 5D9B5G
EI9 L=
N=BG
N=F^G
G
F9LANG
H=BG
E=M
:=DG
K=<MLGJy
6
 5DI8 (9 
7
x(9K
=M
;J=AG
IM=
9HALM
GD@9N9
H9J9
<=FLJG
<=
KA 9BEI5BHC
EI9 =M
>AL9N9
<=N=J9K
G
;@]G y
6(   5DI8 (9 
7

+MJAKL9K
LaE
;GF<=F9<G
L9AK
EG<GK
<=
<AR=J
*J9^g=K
BMKL9HGKL9K
<=
N9DGJ
;GFL=PLM9D
9<N=J:A9D

Oraes justapostas de valor contextual adverbial

 BMKL9HGKA^]G HG<= FG FbN=D <G L=PLG 9HJ=K=FL9J 9K K=?MAFL=K
AFL=JHJ=L9^g=K
9 7CB79GG=J5G L=F<G
G
N=J:G
FG
KM:BMFLANG
9FL=HGKLG
9G
KMB=ALG
GM
;9J9;L=JAR9<9K
HGJ
=PHJ=KKg=K
<G
LAHG 8=;5A
C
EI9
EI=G9F9A
7IGH9
C
EI9
7IGH5F
8Z
CB89
89F
G9>5
C
EI9
:CF
57CBH9W5
C
EI9
57CBH979F
J9B<5
8CB89
J=9F
G9>5
7CAC
:CF =L; 
.=J9GG9
9@9
8=HC
5
J9F8589 9AF<9
9KKAE
F]G
D@=
H=J<G9Jb9EGK
.9AJ=EGK 57CBH9W5
C
EI9
57CBH979F

)]G _ G KM:BMFLANG IM= <= H=J KA <=FGL9 9 ;GF;=KK]G E9K KAE G

;GFL=PLG
=
9
=FLG9^]G
<=K;=F<=FL=

 

: 7CB8=7=CB5=G
L=F<G
G
N=J:G
FG
L=EHG
H9KK9<G
E9AKIM=H=J
>=ALG
<G
AF<A;9LANG
GM
AEH=J>=ALG
<G
KM:BMFLANG
9FL=HGKLG
9G
KMB=ALG
.=J9GG9 =M
<AF@=AJG
;GF@=;=JA9
G
EMF<G
)]G :CF5 9
=K;MJA<]G
N=JA9
G
H=JA?G
xI
EI=G9GG9
Z
>GJ^9
@GB=
E=KEG
9
-ALAF@9
NAF@9
;GEA?Gy
6"-
7

E
L9AK
;9KGK
9
K=?MF<9
GJ9^]G
HG<=
;GE=^9J
H=D9
;GFBMF^]G 9
1=F;=KK=
=M 9
BVC E=
<9JA9E
G
HJaEAG
1AKK=EF9 9 FAF?M_E
9
J=;GF@=;=JA9

; H9ADCF5=G
"R
8=5G F]G
G
=F;GFLJG
@=?9J9E
ZIM=D9
;A<9<= <5J=5 DCI7C
)]G
D@=
=K;J=NA9 :5N=5
A9G9G

< :=B5=G
x9D9L=
BY
EAF@9
>AD@9 B=B;IXA
H9
C=W5
A5=G
:5@5Fm 6"9 
$$
7
x(M<=EGK
HGJ_E
<=
L=;D9 BVC
JR 9D?M_E
BMD?9JE=
;9F<A<9LG
9
J=
NAKGJ
<=
?J9D@9Ky
6! 5DI8 ( 
 7

Composio do enunciado
* =FMF;A9<G GM H=JbG<G HG<= =F;=JJ9J 9G E=KEG L=EHG GJ9^g=K
AF<=H=F<=FL=K ;GGJ<=F9<9K = BMKL9HGKL9K = <=H=F<=FL=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K
9J=EGK =P=EHDGK <= 9FYDAK= <=HGAK <= K=J=E 9HGFL9<9K 9K GJ9^g=K
;GEHD=P9K
=
GK
=FMF;A9<GK
BMKL9HGKLGK
9 7CCF89B585 = GI6CF8=B585
x/G<GK
K=
LAF@9E
HGKLG
=E
H_
IM9F<G
=DJ=A
=J?M=J9
=
=KH=J9N9E
9F
KAGKGK
G
IM=
<AJA9
G
N=D@Gy
D=P9F<J=
#=J;MD9FG

 p
GJ9^]G
v DF=B7=D5@
89
 g
75H9;CF=5

/G<GK
K=
LAF@9E
HGKLG
=E
H_

KM:GJ<AF9<9
L=EHGJ9D

p
GJ9^]G
v GI6CF8=B585
58J9F6=5@
H9ADCF5@
IM9F<G
=DJ=A
K=
=J?M=J9

 p
GJ9^]G
v 7CCF89B585
S
DF=B7=D5@
9
DF=B7=D5@
89
g
75H9;CF=5

=
=KH=J9N9E
9FKAGKGK

KM:GJ<AF9<9
KM:KL9FLAN9

 


 p GJ9^]G v GI6CF8=B585 GI6GH5BH=J585 89 DF=A=H=J5 58>9H=J5 C6

>9H=J5
8=F9H5
G
IM=
<AJA9
G
N=D@G
*bservao )]G _ FGNA<9<= G 9;@9JK= E9AK <= ME9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D FME H=J
bG<G .= ;GF;=ALM9JEGK ;GE JA?GJ L9D LAHG <= GJ9^]G K=J=EGK D=N9<GK 9 =KL9 F=
;=KKA<9<= GE =>=ALG FG =P=EHDG <9<G L=EGK <M9K GJ9^g=K IM= 9HJ=K=FL9E ME
<GK K=MK L=JEGK KG: >GJE9 GJ9;AGF9D 9 KM:GJ<AF9<9 EI5B8C 9@F9= G9 9F;I9F5 <=
FGL9 G L=EHG <9 HJAE=AJ9 HJAF;AH9D = 9 KM:GJ<AF9<9 C EI9 8=F=5 C J9@<C >MF;AGF9
;GEG G:B=LG <AJ=LG <9 K=?MF<9 HJAF;AH9D IM= HGJ KM9 N=R K= 9;@9 ;GGJ<=F9<9 Z
HJAE=AJ9 HJAF;AH9D K =PHJ=KKg=K DF=B7=D5@ 89  g 75H9;CF=5 89 g 75H9;CF=5
=L;  BY K= 9;@9E F9K =P;=D=FL=K FG^g=K =D=E=FL9J=K <= 9FYDAK= KAFLYLA;9 IM= 9:J
=E <=K<=  9 @GB= LJ9<A;AGF9D BHC@C;=5 (57=CB5@ <=NA<9K 9 !9MKLG 9JJ=LG
G LbLMDG HJAEALANG =J9 -9@9WVC &=H9FRF=5 <= H9J;=JA9 ;GE 1A;=FL= <= .GMK9
*MLJ9 E9F=AJ9 <= N=J 9 HJAF;AH9D <A>=J=FL= <=KL9 ;GEG HGJ =P=EHDG F9 =P
;=D=FL= !F5ARH=75 <= =DKG MF@9 v 'AF<D=Q AFLJ9 9L=FL9 E9AK H9J9 =KLJMLMJ
9^]G
L=PLM9D
<G
IM=
9
?J9E9LA;9D
G:B=LG
<9
9FYDAK=
KAFLYLA;9

: >IGH5DCG=WVC = GI6CF8=B5WVC
x'=E:J9ANGKy
;9N9D=AJG
v
<AKK=
=D=
v
<=
IM=
>9D9AK
;GE

%G]G
$y
D=P9F<J=
#=J;MD9FG

 p
GJ9^]G
<G
 q
H=JbG<G
v DF=B7=D5@

D=E:J9ANGK
;9N9D=AJG

GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9

p GJ9^]G <G  q H=JbG<G v GI6CF8=B585 GI6GH5BH=J5 7CAD@9H=J5

F9@5H=J5
<=
IM=
>9D9AK
;GE

%G]G
$

 p
GJ9^]G
<G
q
H=JbG<G
v >IGH5DCGH5
89
7=H5WVC

<AKK=
=D=

; 7CCF89B5WVC = >IGH5DCG=WVC
x DJ=A
E9F<9
FGK
NANGK
=
=M
NGM
EGJJ=J
v
9L9D@GM
G
9F;A]G
=E
NGR
YKH=J9
E9K
KMEA<9y
-=:=DG
<9
.ADN9

 p
GJ9^]G
<G
 q
H=JbG<G
v 7CCF89B585 GM 7CCF89B5BH9

DJ=A
E9F<9
FGK
NANGK

p
GJ9^]G
<G
 q
H=JbG<G
v 7CCF89B585
58=H=J5

=
=M
NGM
EGJJ=J

 p
GJ9^]G
<G
q
H=JbG<G
v >IGH5DCGH5
89
7=H5WVC



9L9D@GM
G
9F;A]G
=E
NGR
YKH=J9
E9K
KMEA<9

< 7CCF89B5WVC >IGH5DCG=WVC = GI6CF8=B5WVC

x?GJ9
KAE
<AKK=
=FL]G
9IM=D9
;GLGNA9
9KLML9
9?GJ9
KAE
AJE]K
D=
N9FL=EGK
G
NGG
=
EM<=EGK
9
;9K9
IM=
N=E
IM=E
D@=
<eA
9
>9R=F<9y
+=
(9FM=D
=JF9J<=K

 p
GJ9^]G
<G
 q
H=JbG<G
v 7CCF89B585 GM 7CCF89B5BH9

?GJ9
KAE
9?GJ9
KAE
AJE]K
D=N9FL=EGK
G
NGG

p
GJ9^]G
<G
 q
H=JbG<G
v 7CCF89B585
58=H=J5 = DF=B7=D5@ <9
 p

=
EM<=EGK
9
;9K9

 p
GJ9^]G
<G
 q
H=JbG<G
v GI6CF8=B585
75IG5@ = DF=B7=D5@ <9
 p

IM=
N=E

 p GJ9^]G <G  q H=JbG<G v GI6CF8=B585 GI6GH5BH=J5 GI6>9H=J5

>IGH5DCGH5
IM=E
D@=
<eA
9
>9R=F<9

 p
GJ9^]G
<G
q
H=JbG<G
v >IGH5DCGH5
89
7=H5WVC

<AKK=
=FL]G
9IM=D9
;GLGNA9
9KLML9
*bservao ,M9F<G G H=JbG<G =F;=JJ9 E9AK <= ME LAHG <= GJ9^]G <YK=D@=
;GEME=FL= G FGE= <= A=GHC <=FGEAF9^]G IM= 9 (CA9B7@5HIF5 !F5A5H=75@
F5G=@9=F5 F]G 9?9K9D@9 /G<GK GK =P=EHDGK 9;AE9 9F9DAK9<GK K]G <= H=JbG<GK GM
=FMF;A9<GK
EAKLGK

Decorrncia de subordinadas
 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D _ 9IM=D9 IM= L=E ME <GK K=MK L=JEGK KG: >GJE9
<= GMLJ9 GJ9^]G *J9 FG H=JbG<G E9AK <= ME9 GJ9^]G v IM9DIM=J IM= K=B9
G
K=M
N9DGJ
KAFLYLA;G
v
HG<=
9;GEH9F@9JK=
<=
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
)]G
K=A
K=
%GK_
<AKK=
IM=
NAJA9
@GB=

  p HJAF;AH9D H=<= 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 G:B=LAN9 <AJ=L9 G9 $CGX

8=GG9 IM= HGJ KM9 N=R H=<= 9 L=J;=AJ9 EI9 J=F=5 <C>9 KKAE K=F<G 9 p
GJ9^]G K= FGK 9HJ=K=FL9 KG: <MHDG 9KH=;LG KAFLYLA;G KM:GJ<AF9<9 =E J=
D9^]G
Z
 p
=
HJAF;AH9D
=E
J=D9^]G
Z
 p
)]G
K=A
K=
%GK_
<AKK=

 



IM=
NAJA9
@GB=

#9N=F<G E9AK <= ME9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D <=KA?FYD9K=EGK J=

KH=;LAN9E=FL= HGJ DF=B7=D5@ 89  g 75H9;CF=5 89 g 75H9;CF=5 89  g 75H
9;CF=5 =L; 
 p
GJ9^]G
v DF=B7=D5@
89
 g
75H9;CF=5
)]G
K=A

KM:GJ<AF9<9

p GJ9^]G v GI6CF8=B585 GI6GH5BH=J5 C6>9H=J5 8=F9H5 =E J=D9^]G Z

9FL=JAGJ
= DF=B7=D5@
89
g
75H9;CF=5 =E
J=D9^]G
Z
K=?MAFL=
K=
%GK_
<AKK=

KM:GJ<AF9<9

 p
GJ9^]G
v GI6CF8=B585
GI6GH5BH=J5
C6>9H=J5
8=F9H5
IM=
NAJA9
@GB=

)=KL=
HGFLG
HJ=;AK9EGK
9KK=FL9J
9D?ME9K
FG^g=K
AEHGJL9FL=K
9 BC
D9F[C8C
DC89
<5J9F
A5=G
89
IA5
CF5WVC
DF=B7=D5@
: 5 CF5WVC CI CF5Wc9G DF=B7=D5=G DC89A H9F C G9I J9F6C BC =B8=7
5H=JC
CI
GI6>IBH=JC
GD9FC IM=
NY
=E:GJ9
AF<A;9LANG
GD9FC IM=
E= 8=;5 K=
N9A
=E:GJ9
AF<A;9LANG
=
KM:BMFLANG

; 5 CF5WVC CI CF5Wc9G DF=B7=D5=G DC89A J=F =B=7=585G DCF 7CB97H

=JCG
7CCF89B5H=JCG
CI
HF5BGDCG=HCF9G
x-M:A]G H9KK9 EMAL9K @GJ9K >GJ9 <= ;9K9 E9K F]G G LJ9L9 E9D =
;GFK=FL=
IM=
NY
9;AE9 y
6(7

 GJ9^]G ;GGJ<=F9<9 9<ALAN9 9 7CBG9BH9 _ L9E:_E HJAF;AH9D <9 KM:

GJ<AF9<9 EI9
JR
57=A5
HGAK
=KL9
D@=
K=JN=
<=
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
Concorrncia de subordinadas: equipolncia interoracional
KKAE ;GEG ME9 GJ9^]G HG<= <=H=F<=J <= GMLJ9 KM:GJ<AF9<9 9K
KAE L9E:_E <M9K GM E9AK GJ9^g=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K HG<=E K=JNAJ Z E=KE9
HJAF;AH9D
KH=JG
IM=
=KLM<=K
=
IM=
K=B9K
>=DAR

$KLG
_

GEG 9 ;GF;GJJaF;A9 <= KM:GJ<AF9<9K Ke _ HGKKbN=D K= 5G CF5Wc9G

9L9F79A 5 A9GA5 :IBWVC =D9K =KL9J]G ;GGJ<=F9<9K =FLJ= KA HGJIM= 9 7C
CF89B5WVC G9 8R 7CA 9LDF9GGc9G 8C A9GAC J5@CF = F9 E=KE9 ;9E9<9 <=
=KLJMLMJ9^]G
?J9E9LA;9D
)G =P=EHDG <9<G 9  p GJ9^]G K= FGK 9HJ=K=FL9 KG: <MHDG 9KH=;LG
KAFLYLA;G X 7CCF89B585 =E J=D9^]G Z p HGJIM= K]G <G E=KEG N9DGJ =
GI6CF8=B585 =E J=D9^]G Z HJAF;AH9D 9GD9FC ;GEME ZK <M9K KM:GJ<AF
9<9K E N=R <=KL9 ;D9KKA>A;9^]G ME L9FLG DGF?9 7CCF89B585 S 5BH9F=CF
9 GI6CF8=B585 S DF=B7=D5@ <AR=EGK 9H=F9K IM= 9  p GJ9^]G _ 9EI=
DC@9BH9 Z p GJ9^]G $F>=DARE=FL= =KL9 <=FGEAF9^]G ;fEG<9 F]G =F;GF
LJGM
9?9K9D@G
F9 (CA9B7@5HIF5
!F5A5H=75@
F5G=@9=F5

=IMAHGD=FL=
HG<=
K=J
9 GI6GH5BH=J5
KH=JG
IM=
=KLM<=K 9
EI9
G9>5G
:9@=N

: 58>9H=J5
*
DANJG
IM=
DA 9
EI9
@<9
89JC@J= _
eLAEG

; 58J9F6=5@
,M9F<G
;@=?GM 9
EI5B8C
A9
8=GG9
C
C7CFF=8C F]G
9;J=<AL=A

GKLME9K= ;GE =D=?[F;A9 GEALAJ G LJ9FKHGKALGJ KM:GJ<AF9LANG <9

GJ9^]G =IMAHGD=FL= IM9F<G K= LJ9L9J <= HJGFGE= J=D9LANG =KL= =P=J;= 9
E=KE9
>MF^]G
KAFLYLA;9
<G
HJGFGE=
J=D9LANG
9FL=JAGJ
KH=JG
IM=
=KLM<=K 9
G9>5G
:9@=N
*
DANJG
IM=
DA 9
@<9
89JC@J= _
eLAEG
,M9F<G
;@=?GM 9
A9
8=GG9
C
C7CFF=8C F]G
9;J=<AL=A
1=F@G DCFEI9
G9
HF5H5
89
=BGHFIWVC
9
H9B<C
9A6C758IF5
D5F5
C
A5
;=GHXF=C 6"J- 
7

.= GK HJGFGE=K J=D9LANGK =P=J;=E >MF^g=K <A>=J=FL=K G FGJE9D _

J=H=LAJ
;9<9
HJGFGE=
K=F<G
J9JGK
GK
=P=EHDGK
;GEG
G
K=?MAFL=

 

x+GAK
N]G
L9E:_E
=KK9K
IM=
9b
<=AP=A
=
E9AK
9
>A?MJ9
<=
/JAKL]G 5
EI9 ;MA<=A
<9J
E=A9
<hRA9
<=
DAF@9K
=
D=NGM
9
E9AGJ
H9JL=
<=D9Ky
6(  
 5DI8 (9 

>
9AF<9
 
l

;7

E ;GFKLJM^]G <G LAHG xE9?AKLJ9<G 9 ;MBG ;9J?G =KL9N9E 9K G:J9K

Hh:DA;9K = 7I=85J5 <G J=H9JG <GK L=EHDGK <9 ;A<9<= <= -GE9y @Y Nb;AG <=
KAFL9P= HGAK IM= 9FL=K <= 7I=85J5 @Y <= K= KM:=FL=F<=J EI9 = F]G G 9F
L=JAGJ 5
7I>C
6>
(9 
7
)G HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG ;MEHJ= =NAL9J 9 HJYLA;9 <= K= D=E:J9J F9 GJ
9^]G GM GJ9^g=K =IMAHGD=FL=K ME9 MFA<9<= 9<N=J:A9D KAEHD=K ?=J9DE=FL=
EI5B8C = 7CAC
HGJ
E=AG
<=
ME
KAEHD=K EI9 
+I5B8C ;@=?GM
= EI9 E=
<AKK=
G
G;GJJA<G
F]G
9;J=<AL=A

*M K= J=H=L= 9 MFA<9<= 9FL=JAGJ GM K= GEAL= EI5B8C ;@=?GM =

EI5B8C
E=
<AKK=
.= K= LJ9L9 HGJ_E <= xDG;M^]G ;GFBMFLAN9y _ HGKKbN=D F9 :G9
DAF?M9?=E
J=H=LAJK=
KAEHD=KE=FL=
G EI9
&C;C
EI9 ;@=?GM
=
E=
<AKK=
G
G;GJJA<G

GM



 p
GJ9^]G
v 9EI=DC@9BH9
S
 g
IM=
G
9;GEH9F@=
Z
K9D9
GM
9G
?9:AF=L=

Concorrncia de termo + orao subordinada

tK N=R=K 9 ;GF;GJJaF;A9 F]G K= <Y =FLJ= <M9K GJ9^g=K <9 E=KE9
>MF^]G
KAFLYLA;9
E9K
=FLJ=
ME
L=JEG
<9
GJ9^]G
=
GMLJ9
GJ9^]G
x;GF@=;A
9
NAGDaF;A9
<9K
KM9K
H9APg=K
=
IM=
9
<G
;AhE=
<=NA9
K=J
L=J
JbN=D
F9IM=D=
;GJ9^]Gy
6# 
7

* N=J:G 7CB<979F L=E <GAK G:B=LGK <AJ=LGK G KM:KL9FLANG J=C@ZB7=5

= 9 GJ9^]G KM:KL9FLAN9 EI9 5 8C 7=dA9 89J=5 G9F H9FF[J9@ B5EI9@9 7CF5WVC
IM=
K=
9;@9E
;GGJ<=F9<GK
=FLJ=
KA
)G
K=?MAFL=
=P=EHDG
<=
(9;@9<G
<=
KKAK
6( 
 7
x1AJ?bDA9
LJ9?GM
J9ANGK9
=KK=
E9DG?JG
=
<AKK=EG
;GE
;=JL9
;9ML=D9
F]G
H=D9
;GMK9
=E
KA
K=F]G
HGJIM=
=FL=F<A9
;GE
G
>AD@Gy

L=EGK <GAK 9<BMFLGK 9<N=J:A9AK <= ;9MK9 9 =PHJ=KK]G D9@5 7CIG5 9A G= = 9

GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 9<N=J:A9D DCFEI9 9BH9B8=5 7CA C :=@<C IM= K= 9;@9E
;GF=;L9<9K
H=D9
K_JA= BVC
G9BVC

&C;C
EI9 ;@=?GM
= EI9 E=
<AKK=
G
G;GJJA<G

+G<=K= L9E:_E GEALAJ 9 ;GFBMF^]G ;GGJ<=F9LAN9 FME9 K_JA= <=

=IMAHGD=FL=K
x-M:A]G
H9KK9
EMAL9K
@GJ9K
>GJ9
<=
;9K9
E9K
F]G
G
LJ9L9
E9D
=
;GF
K=FL=
IM=
NY
9;AE9 EI9
5GG=GH5
5C
5@ACWC
CI
5C
>5BH5F
EI9
C
57CA
D5B<9
S
G5@5
CI
5C
;56=B9H9y
6(7

 p
GJ9^]G
v 7CCF89B585 GM 7CCF89B5BH9

-M:A]G
H9KK9
EMAL9K
@GJ9K
>GJ9
<=
;9K9

p
GJ9^]G
v 7CCF89B585
58J9FG5H=J5
E9K
F]G
G
LJ9L9
E9D

 p
GJ9^]G
v 7CCF89B585
58=H=J5
9
DF=B7=D5@
=
;GFK=FL=

KM:GJ<AF9<9

 p
GJ9^]G
v GI6CF8=B585
GI6GH5BH=J5
C6>9H=J5
8=F9H5
IM=
NY
9;AE9

 p
GJ9^]G
v 9EI=DC@9BH9
S
 g
IM=
9KKAKL9
9G
9DEG^G
GM
9G
B9FL9J

3 As chamadas Oraes Reduzidas

Que orao reduzida
E
GHI85 9?GJ9
HGJIM=
IM9F<G
G
N=J]G 7<9;5F 9BHF5F9ACG <=
>_JA9K

9K LJaK GJ9^g=K K= <AR=E 89G9BJC@J=85G HGJIM= K=MK N=J:GK =KL]G FG AE

H=J9LANG 9GHI85 FG KM:BMFLANG 7<9;5F  = FG AF<A;9LANG
9BHF5F9ACG
+G<=EGK =FLJ=L9FLG 9DL=J9J 9 E9F=AJ9 <= =PHJ=KK9J 9 KM:GJ<AF9<9
EI5B8C C J9FVC 7<9;5F K=E FGK MLADAR9JEGK <GK LJaK EG<GK N=J:9AK
9;AE9
9HGFL9<GK
IM9F<G
G
N=J]G
;@=?9J

9G
;@=?9J
G
N=J]G
IM9F<G
G
N=J]G
;@=?9J

;@=?9F<G
G
N=J]G
IM9F<G
G
N=J]G
;@=?9J

;@=?9<G
G
N=J]G

 

AR=EGK =FL]G IM= 9K KM:GJ<AF9<9K 5C 7<9;5F C J9FVC 7<9;5B8C C

J9FVC = 7<9;58C C J9FVC K]G GJ9^g=K F98IN=85G HGJIM= 9HJ=K=FL9E G K=M
N=J:G HJAF;AH9D GM 9MPADA9J =KL= hDLAEG F9K DG;M^g=K N=J:9AK J=
KH=;LAN9E=FL= FG =B:=B=H=JC ;9FdB8=C 9 D5FH=7[D=C J=<MRA<9K AF>AFALAN9K
?=JMF<A9AK
=
H9JLA;AHA9AK
Nota sobre o conceito de orao reduzida =FLJG = >GJ9 <9
?J9EYLA;9 HGJLM?M=K9 L=E KA<G EMALG <AN=JKA>A;9<G G ;GF;=ALG <= GJ9^]G
J=<MRA<9  GHAFA]G E9AK ?=F=J9DAR9<9 H9JLAF<G <9 A<=A9 <= IM= G IM= ;9
J9;L=JAR9 9 J=D9^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 _ 9 HJ=K=F^9 <= N=J:G F9 >GJE9 >AFAL9 _
IM= 9 ;GFKLJM^]G ;GE N=J:G F9K >GJE9K FGEAF9AK AF>AFALANG ?=JhF<AG =
H9JLA;bHAG F]G ;GFKLALMA GJ9^]G = F=KL= ;9KG _ ME9 KM:MFA<9<= <9 GJ
9^]G ME L=JEG <=D9 IM9K= K=EHJ= ;GEG ME 9<BMFLG 9<FGEAF9D GM 9<
N=J:A9D KL9 E9F=AJ9 <= N=J K= =KL=F<= 9L_ ZIM=D9K ;GFKLJM^g=K =E IM=
N=E 9;GEH9F@9<9 9 >GJE9 FGEAF9D <= MFA<9<=K IM= K= =KLAN=KK=E FME9
GJ9^]G ;GE N=J:G >AFALG >MF;AGF9JA9E ;GEG L=JEG 9J?ME=FL9D GM F]G 9J
?ME=FL9D
FG
;9KG
<=
H9H=D
<=
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
*MLJGK 9MLGJ=K F=KL9K hDLAE9K ;GFKLJM^g=K <]G =KL9LMLG <= GJ9^g=K
Z H9JL= F=E K=EHJ= MK9F<G 9 FGE=F;D9LMJ9 xJ=<MRA<9y 9H=F9K ZIM=D9K
IM= =F;=JJ9E AF>AFALANG = ?=JhF<AG AF<=H=F<=FL=K ;GFKA<=J9F<G 9K <=
H9JLA;bHAG
E=JGK
L=JEGK
GJ9;AGF9AK
E HGJLM?MaK IM= HGKKMA G AF>AFALANG >D=PAGF9<G >A;9 9AF<9 E9AK
<A>b;AD F]G 9HJGPAE9J Q B979GGRF=C EI9 9GHI89G 5 @=WVC 9 Q B979GGRF=C
9GHI85F9G
5
@=WVC
9AF<9
IM=
K=
LJ9L=
<=
ME
A<AGLAKEG
<9
DbF?M9
)=KL= DANJG GHL9EGK HGJ <9J =KL9LMLG Z H9JL= ZK J=<MRA<9K <=
IM9DIM=J >GJE9 FGEAF9D <G N=J:G <=K<= IM= 9HJ=K=FL=E 9MLGFGEA9
KAFLYLA;9 <=FLJG <G =FMF;A9<G = HGKK9E =KL9J =KLJMLMJ9<9K 9F9DG?9E=FL=
ZK
GJ9^g=K
;GE
N=J:G
<=
>GJE9
>AFAL9
9K
<=K=FNGDNA<9K
*bservaes
 p #9N=F<G DG;M^]G N=J:9D _ G 9MPADA9J IM= AF<A;9 G LAHG <= J=<MRA<9 KKAE K]G
=P=EHDGK <= J=<MRA<9K <= ?=JhF<AG x=KL9F<G 9E9F@=;=F<Gy xL=F<G <= H9JLAJy
xL=F<G H9JLA<Gy K]G =P=EHDGK <= J=<MRA<9K <= AF>AFALANG xL=J <= H9JLAJy x<=HGAK
<= L=J H9JLA<Gy _ =P=EHDG <= J=<MRA<9 <= H9JLA;bHAG x9;9:9<G <= >9R=Jy .= HGJ
GMLJG D9<G G 9MPADA9J <9 DG;M^]G =KLAN=J F9 >GJE9 >AFAL9 F]G @9N=JY GJ9^]G J=<MR
A<9 +I5BH5
;9BH9
<5J=5
89
7<CF5F
p )=E LG<9 GJ9^]G <=KHJGNA<9 <= LJ9FKHGKALGJ _ J=<MRA<9 ME9 N=R IM= =KL=
LJ9FKHGKALGJ HG<= =KL9J G;MDLG GD9FC EI9 G9>5G :9@=N GM GD9FC G9>5G :9@=N E
9E:GK GK =P=EHDGK 9 KM:GJ<AF9<9 EI9 G9>5G :9@=N GM G9>5G :9@=N _ <=K=FNGDNA<9 )



EI9 75F57H9F=N5 5 F98IN=85 X 5 :CFA5 =B:=B=H5 CI BCA=B5@ 8C J9F6C DF=B7=D5@ CI

5IL=@=5F
=B:=B=H=JC
;9FdB8=C
9
D5FH=7[D=C
 p  (CA9B7@5HIF5 !F5A5H=75@ F5G=@9=F5 <=KHJ=RGM 9 <=FGEAF9^]G =B:=B=HC
H9J9 <=KA?F9J 9K :CFA5G BCA=B5=G <G N=J:G <=K>9R=F<G ME9 AF;fEG<9 KAFGFbEA9
9FLA?9 =FLJ= =B:=B=HC  =B:=B=H=JC IM= =E EMALGK ;9KGK D=N9N9 GK D=ALGJ=K <=
?J9EYLA;9 9 ;GF>MKg=K #B:=B=H5 _ ME9 >GJE9 N=J:9D FGJE9DE=FL= K=E >D=P]G =F
IM9FLG =B:=B=H=JC _ ME9 <9K ;@9E9<9K >GJE9K FGEAF9AK <G N=J:G 9KKAE K= >9D9
=E
=EHJ=?G
<G =B:=B=H=JC
=
F]G
=E
=EHJ=?G
<G =B:=B=HC

O desdobramento das oraes reduzidas

K GJ9^g=K J=<MRA<9K K]G KM:GJ<AF9<9K = IM9K= K=EHJ= K= HG<=E
<=K<G:J9J =E GJ9^g=K <=K=FNGDNA<9K   * =EHJ=?G <= J=<MRA<9K HGJ
<=K=FNGDNA<9K = NA;=N=JK9 IM9F<G >=ALG ;GE 9JL= = :GE ?GKLG H=JEAL=
9G =K;JALGJ N9JA9<GK EG<GK <= LGJF9J G =KLADG ;GF;AKG F]G 9;MEMD9<G <=
IMaK
=
GMLJGK
LJ9FKHGKALGJ=K
=F>AE
=D=?9FL= 
1=B9EGK
GK
K=?MAFL=K
=P=EHDGK
9
=;D9J=A 9GH5F
C7ID58C 
<=;D9J=A EI9
9GH5J5
C7ID58C
: *5F5
9GHI85FACG HJ=;AK9EGK
<=
KGKK=?G
 D5F5
EI9
9GHI89ACG
HJ=;AK9EGK
<=
KGKK=?G
; <CJ9B8C F]G
K9AJ=A
 G9
7<CJ9F
F]G
K9AJ=A
< 756585
5
:9GH5 J=LAJGMK=
 EI5B8C
5756CI
5
:9GH5 J=LAJGMK=

KL=K <=K<G:J9E=FLGK K]G E=JGK 9JLA>b;AGK <= =IMAN9DaF;A9K L=P

LM9AK IM= FGK 9BM<9E 9 ;D9KKA>A;9J 9K GJ9^g=K J=<MRA<9K ME9 N=R IM=
HG<=J=EGK
HJG;=<=J
<9
K=?MAFL=
E9F=AJ9
9
=;D9J=A 9GH5F
C7ID58C 
<=;D9J=A EI9
9GH5J5
C7ID58C
IM=
=KL9N9
G;MH9<G GI6CF8=B585
GI6GH5BH=J5
C6>9H=J5
8=F9H5
'G?G
=KL9J G;MH9<G GI6CF8=B585 GI6GH5BH=J5 C6>9H=J5 8=F9H5 F98IN=85 89 =B:=B
=H=JC GM F98IN=85
=B:=B=H=J5
: <CJ9B8C F]G
K9AJ=A
 G9
7<CJ9F
F]G
K9AJ=A
K=
;@GN=J GI6CF8=B585
58J9F6=5@
7CB8=7=CB5@
'G?G
;@GN=F<G GI6CF8=B585 58J9F6=5@ 7CB8=7=CB5@ F98IN=85 89 ;9FdB8=C GM
F98IN=85
;9FIB8=5@

 

; 756585
5
:9GH5 J=LAJGMK=
 EI5B8C
5756CI
5
:9GH5 J=LAJGMK=

IM9F<G
9;9:GM
9
>=KL9 GI6CF8=B585
58J9F6=5@
H9ADCF5@
'G?G
9;9:9<9 9 >=KL9 GI6CF8=B585 58J9F6=5@ H9ADCF5@ F98IN=85 89 D5FH=7[D=C
GM F98IN=85
D5FH=7=D5@
Oraes substantivas reduzidas
)GJE9DE=FL= 9K GJ9^g=K KM:KL9FLAN9K J=<MRA<9K LaE G N=J:G HJAF
;AH9D
GM
9MPADA9J
FG
AF>AFALANG
9 GI6>9H=J5
x?GJ9
E=KEG
;MKL9N9E= F9GDCB89F 9D?ME9
;GAK9
E9K
=F>AE
;GFL=AD@=
G
EGLANG
<9
EAF@9
9MKaF;A9y
6( 
7

: C6>9H=J5
8=F9H5
x
;GEG
K=
=KLAN=KK=
9AF<9
FG
NA?GJ
<9
EG;A<9<=
=
;GFL9KK=
;GEG
;=JLG J=F
5 ;5GH5F
:FIHCG
89GH5
D@5BH5m 6'G 5DI8 ! 
7

; C6>9H=J5
=B8=F9H5

 

 p )]G _ J9JG NAJ HJ=;=<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G G AF>AFALANG <9K GJ9^g=K J=<MRA<9K
KM:B=LAN9K
=
G:B=LAN9K
x=K9AJ=
J=9D
K=JA9 89
5
89=L5F
G9A
DFZA=Cy
6"9 
 
<9
 p
=< 7
xE9K
F]G
=J9
9KK9R
<A>b;AD 89
F97CB<979F
IA
758RJ9F
7C69FHC
89
:9F=
85G y
6# 
 7
xMKLGMD@=
EMALG 5
579=H5F
5
75G5y
6( 
7
x(GKLJGMK=
H=K9JGK9
<=
F]G
G
=F;GFLJ9J
=
HJGE=L=M 89
JC@H5F
<C>9
SG
HFZG
<CF5Gy
6J 
7
x.=F@GJ
'MbK
<=
(=DG
=M
L=F@G
HGJ
HJAF;bHAG 89
A9
BVC
=BHFCA9H
9F y
6"9 
 5DI8 (9 
 
<9
p
=< 7
p )]G J9JG L9E:_E 9 GJ9^]G KM:KL9FLAN9 J=<MRA<9 <= AF>AFALANG N=E HJ=;=<A<9
<=
9JLA?G
EGJE=FL=
K=
9
GJ9^]G
>MF;AGF9
;GEG
KMB=ALG
GM
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
xC
<5J9F
89
A5F7<5F =E
ME
H9bK
AFAEA?G
G;MH9<G
HGJ
?=FL=
:=DA;GK9
=J9
;GFKA<=J9<G
EMALG
?J9N= y
6# 
7
x9b
F9K;= C
HF565@<5F9A GK
E9AK
FGLYN=AK
=K;JALGJ=K
<9
MJGH9
HGJ
NANA>A;9J=E
G
=KHbJALG
J=DA?AGKGy
6# 
7
xME=FL9F<G
G
J=A
9K
>GJLA>A;9^g=K
<9
AD@9
LGJFGM
AEHGKKbN=D
9GK
HGJLM?M=K=K C
F97CBEI=GHR@5y
6# 
 7

x/M<G
HGAK
9;GFK=D@9N9
G
J=A
<=
+GJLM?9D 5
H9BH5F
IA5
9LD98=WVC
D5F5
5EI9@9
@58Cy
6# 
7

< 7CAD@9H=J5
F9@5H=J5
x0E
HGNG
IM=
K=
=E:=N=;=KK=
F9
#AKLeJA9
IM=
;MDLAN9KK=
9
LJ9<A^]G
IM=
9E9KK=
G
H9KK9<G
>GD?9JA9 89
F9@9A6F5F
9GG9G
:9=HCG y
6' 
$
 7

= DF98=75H=J5 <G
KMB=ALG
GM
<G
G:B=LG
x*
HJAE=AJG
bEH=LG
<=
'MbK9
>GA 5H=F5FG9@<9
5CG
6F5WCG E9K
F]G
K=
9LJ=N=My
6('= 5DI8 ! 
7
x
G
9N=J:9J9 89
BVC
DCGGI=F
5HF=6IHCG
89
58A=B=GHF58CFm
x*
J=KMDL9<G
>GA
=M 5FFIA5F MFK
;G;GL=K
F9
"=JE9F9
=
=K>9IM=9J
%G]G
!9?MF<=Ky
6"J- 
7

> 5DCG=H=J5
xGAK
E=AGK
@9NA9
=E
K=?MAJ
=KL9
=EHJ=K9 CI
5H575F
7CA
5
5FA585
DCF
A5F
CI
A5F7<5F
C
9LXF7=HC
DCF
H9FF5
9
G=H=5F
5EI9@5
7=8589y
6# 
7
*bservaes

FG

Oraes adjetivas reduzidas

K GJ9^g=K 9<B=LAN9K J=<MRA<9K LaE G N=J:G HJAF;AH9D GM 9MPADA9J
9 =B:=B=H=JC
x*
GJ9<GJ
bD@9NG
F]G
=J9
@GE=E 89
G9
85F
5GG=A
DCF
89FFCH58Cy
6"9 
 5DI8   l
7
KLY
E9J;9<9
9
>=KL9 5
F95@=N5FG9
B5
DF_L=A5
G9A5B5
xE9K
F=E
ME
EGE=FLG
<MNA<9EGK
<=
IM=
9
KM9
;GFNA;^]G
bFLAE9
K=B9
9
F=;=KKA<9<= 89
F9GH=HI=F
C
5BH=;C
@IGHF9
9
DF9WC
S
:=@CGC:=5
8C
J5B;9@<Cy
6# 
7

*bservaes
 p x'A?9J IM9DA>A;9LAN9E=FL= 9 KM:KL9FLANGK G AF>AFALANG HJ=;=<A<G <= 5 J ; 
@=JFCG 5 7CBGI@H5F =E N=R <= ME9 GJ9^]G J=D9LAN9 J ;  @=JFCG EI9 G9 <VC 89 7CB
GI@H5F GM <= ME AF>AFALANG HJ=;=<A<G <= D5F5 J ;  FCID5 D5F5 7CBG9FH5F _ AE
AL9^]G EG<=JF9 <9 KAFL9P= >J9F;=K9 AEAL9^]G IM= Ke HGJ <=K;MA<G K= =F;GFLJ9 FGK
IM=
E=D@GJ
>9D9E
9
DbF?M9
HYLJA9
l+I5@
X
5
F9@5WVC
5
898IN=F
89GH5G
7CBG=89F5Wc9G
9
89GH9G
:5HCGy
6# 
$1
7
6  
l
7
6>
(9 

7

 


p GF<=F9E L9E:_E 9D?ME9K 9MLGJA<9<=K G =EHJ=?G <G AF>AFALANG HJ=;=<A<G

<9 HJ=HGKA^]G 5 <=HGAK <= 9<B=LANGK ;GEG dB=7C d@H=AC 89FF589=FC 9D_E <GK GJ
<AF9AK DF=A9=FC =L;  +9J9 L9AK E=KLJ=K G E=D@GJ _ G =EHJ=?G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9A
F=KK=K ;9KGK GM <= ME9 GJ9^]G AFA;A9<9 HGJ HJGFGE= J=D9LANG C DF=A9=FC 9A
:5N9F GM C DF=A9=FC EI9 :9N = F]G C DF=A9=FC 5 :5N9F HA>[FAG A9K =P;=D=FL=
;GF@=;=<GJ <G HGJLM?MaK = >J9F;aK 9;=AL9 9 =PHJ=KK]G ;GF<=F9<9 6>   l
7
FG
IM=
;GF;GJ<9EGK
;GE
=D=

: ;9FdB8=C
=B8=75B8C
89
IA
GI6GH5BH=JC
CI
DFCBCA9

ME9
9LANA<9<=
H9KK9?=AJ9
x;MBGK
:J9<GK
K=DN9?=FK
<=
?M=JJ9
;GE=^9N9E
9
KG9J
9G
DGF?=
;GEG
ME
LJGN]G F=6CA65B8C
BC
J5@9y
6# 

=<
<=
7
x-=9DE=FL=
F]G
K=A
;GEG
D@=K
<A?9
IM=
F]G
E=
K=FLA
E9D
9G
H_
<9
EG^9 HF5>5B8C ?9JJA<9E=FL=
ME
N=KLA<G
>AFG y
6( 
7

E LG<GK =KL=K =P=EHDGK G ?=JhF<AG >A?MJ9 ;GE 9 A<=A9 <= L=EHG

LJ9FKALeJAG EMALG 9;=FLM9<9 K=JNAF<G <= 9LJA:MAJ ME EG<G <= K=J ME9
IM9DA<9<= ME9 9LANA<9<= 9 ME FGE= GM HJGFGE= E9K 9H=F9K <=FLJG <=
;=JLG H=JbG<G = =E <=L=JEAF9<9 KALM9^]G KKAE R;I5 :9FJ9B8C _ Y?M9
EI9 B5EI9@9 ACA9BHC :9FJ=5 GM :9FJ=5 89BHFC 89 79FHC 9GD5WC 89 H9ADC
19D= G ?=JhF<AG F=KL9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K HGJ ME9 =PHJ=KK]G >GJE9<9 <=
HJ=HGKA^]G 5  =B:=B=H=JC
R;I5
5
:9FJ9F
x/9E:_E
9D?ME9K
N=R=K
>GJ9E
<9J
;GE
=D9 5
56F5W5F 9
;9<=DAF@9y
6('= 5DI8 %- 
 7

 ME9 9LANA<9<= H=JE9F=FL= IM9DA<9<= =KK=F;A9D AF=J=FL= 9GK

K=J=K
HJeHJA9
<9K
;GAK9K
x*
DANJG
1 7CADF99B89B8C 9K
D=AK
H=F9AK
9IM=D=
IM=
9HeK
GK
HJG
?J=KKGK
=>=LM9<GK
F9
D=?AKD9^]G
=
F9
@ME9FA<9<=
E9AK
;9J=;A9
<=
HJGFL9
J=>GJE9^]Gy
6'G 
$
7
x=;J=LG
<=

<=
>=N=J=AJG
<=
 DFC=6=B8C 9
=FLJ9<9
<9K
E=A9K
<=
K=<9
IM=
F]G
>GKK=E
HJ=L9K
=
<=;J=LG
<=

<=
9?GKLG
<=
 GIG
7=H5B8C 9
G:K=JN[F;A9
= 5AD@=5B8C G
;9H
$$ y
6'G 
$
7
xD?ME9K
;GE_<A9K
@9NA9
;GE
=KL=
FGE= 7CBH9B8C 9J?ME=FLGK
E9AK
KeDA<GKy
6!! 5DI8 . 
7

KL=K = EMALbKKAEGK GMLJGK =P=EHDGK 9L=KL9E IM= L9D =EHJ=?G <G

?=JhF<AG G;GJJ= NALGJAGKG F9 DbF?M9 ;MDL9 HGJLM?M=K9 <=K<= DGF?GK
9FGK <9F<GFGK 9 AEHJ=KK]G <= K= LJ9L9J <= ME9 =NGDM^]G FGJE9D
;GEME 9 E9AK <= ME9 DbF?M9 JGE[FA;9 = F]G <= ME9 KAEHD=K AF>DMaF;A9



>J9F;=K9 FLJ=L9FLG FGLYN=AK E=KLJ=K ;GF<=F9E =KL= MKG ;GEG

?9DA;AKEG HA>[FAG A9K %hDAG (GJ=AJ9 '=AL= <= 19K;GF;=DGK (YJAG
9JJ=LG =FLJ= GMLJGK =>=F<=EFG *LGFA=D (GL9 .9A< DA <M9J<G
9JDGK
+=J=AJ9
DYM<AG
J9F<]G
=FLJ=
GMLJGK
+9J9 GK IM= LaE 9 =PHJ=KK]G ;GEG >J9F;=K9 <=N=K= KM:KLALMAJ G
?=JhF<AG HGJ ME9 GJ9^]G 9<B=LAN9 AFA;A9<9 HGJ HJGFGE= J=D9LANG GM HGJ
ME9
HJ=HGKA^]G
;GFN=FA=FL=
'ANJG 7CBH9B8C ?J9NMJ9K
H9KK9JA9
9
'ANJG EI9
7CBHXA ?J9NMJ9K
GM
'ANJG 7CA GM 89
?J9NMJ9K
;=AL9J G ?=JhF<AG ;GEG ;GFKLJM^]G N=JFY;MD9 F]G AEHDA;9 9<GLYDG
9 LG<G EGE=FLG 9;MEMD9F<GG FME9 K_JA= <= E9M ?GKLG E EMALGK
;9KGK ;GEG :=E HGF<=J9 -G<JA?M=K '9H9 6-'H  7 xF]G @Y <hNA<9
IM= G MKG <G ?=JhF<AG _ HJ=>=JbN=D Z GJ9^]G J=D9LAN9 KG:J=LM<G IM9F<G
F]G L=EGK G J=;MJKG 9;=JL9<G =PHJ=KKANG <9K HJ=HGKA^g=K )]G 9:MK=EGK
<=D= E9K F]G @=KAL=EGK =E =EHJ=?YDG K=EHJ= IM= G J=;GF@=^9EGK KM
H=JAGJ
9
GMLJGK
EG<GK
<=
=K;J=N=Jy
; D5FH=7[D=C
x*K
9F9AK
=FK9F?M=FL9<GK
<9
@ME9FA<9<=
=KL]G
;@=AGK
<=
>9;bFGJ9K
9ADIL58CG 
IM=
>GJ9E
=EHMP9<GK
9G
;JAE=
H=D9
AF?J9LA<]G
AFBMJA
GK9
<=
EMD@=J=K
EMALG
9E9<9K
=
H=JN=JKbKKAE9Ky
6J 
 7

Oraes adverbiais reduzidas

/aE
G
N=J:G
HJAF;AH9D
GM
9MPADA9J
FG
 =B:=B=H=JC ;9KG
=E
IM=
FGJE9DE=FL=
K=
=EHJ=?9
G
N=J:G
J=
?A<G
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
9<=IM9<9
+9J9
G
<=K<G:J9E=FLG
<9
J=<MRA<9
=E
<=K=FNGDNA<9
:9KL9
KM:KLALMAJ
9
HJ=HGKA^]G
GM
DG;M^]G
HJ=
HGKALAN9
HGJ
ME9
;GFBMF^]G
GM
DG;M^]G
;GFBMFLAN9
<G
E=KEG
N9DGJ
=
HfJ
G
N=J:G
F9
>GJE9
>AFAL9
W
<=
LG<9
;GFN=FAaF;A9
;GF
@=;=JEGK
9K
HJAF;AH9AK
HJ=HGKA^g=K
IM=
;GJJ=KHGF<=E
9
x;GF
BMF^g=Ky
KM:GJ<AF9LAN9K
9<N=J:A9AK
HGJIM=
AKKG
E=D@GJ
FGK
9<
=KLJ9
F9
HDYKLA;9
<9
KAFL9P=
HGJLM?M=K9

 


H9J9
9K 75IG5=G L=EGK

9 7CA
x+GJ_E
<=AP9F<G
G
;GJ9^]G
;9LANG
7CA
:5N9FH9 9
E=MK
JG?GK
K=EHJ=
@ME9FG

>M?AKL=E=
LJ9A<GJ y
6- 
;
1$7

GE
>9R=JL=

HGJIM=
L=
>AR=KL=
K=EHJ=
@ME9FG
: 9A
x E
N=J<9<=
:=E
DGM;G
<=N=
K=J
=KL=
@GE=E 9A
9GH5F
5
D@5BH5F
9?GJ9
=KL9
FG?M=AJ9
;GEG
K=
=KLAN=KK=
9AF<9
FG
NA?GJ
<9
EG;A<9<=y
6'G 5DI8 %- 
7

=E
=KL9J
9
HD9FL9J

HGJIM=
=KLY
9
HD9FL9J
; DCF
x
_
L]G
<=K9AJGKG
>9D9J
ME
@GE=E
9
KM9
DbF?M9
E9D
KG:
G
HJ=L=PLG
<=
IM=
=D9
_
<A>b;AD
;GEG
LAJ9J
9K
:GL9K
FME
K9D]G DCF
@<9
8C9F9A
CG
75@CGy
6.- 7

< J=GHC
0=GHC
G5=F
89
A5B<V
69A
798C F]G
_
EMALG
;GF@=;A<G
H=DGK
NARAF
@GK 

= DG;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K S :CFW5 89 9A J=FHI89 89 9A J=GH5 89 DCF

75IG5
89
DCF
ACH=JC
89
89J=8C
5 =L; 
xi
:CFW5
89
G9
HCFB5F
HF=J=5@ =KL9
N=J<9<=
=L=JF9
IM=
J=KME=
LG<G
G
=KHbJALG
<G
;JAKLA9FAKEG
<=APGM
<=
K=J
H9J9
EMALGKy
6# 
7


H9J9
9K 7CB79GG=J5G
9 7CA
CA
:5N9F
HC85G
5G
C6F=;5Wc9G
7CFF9H5A9BH9 F]G
;GFK=?MAM
DANJ9JK=
<9
>9DaF;A9

;GE
>9R=J

=E:GJ9
>AR=KK=
: G9A F=?9F<G 9 ;9MK9 = 9 ;GFK=IMaF;A9 HG<= =PHJAEAJ 9
7CB79GGVC
x KL=
=J9
>MF=KL9E=FL=
G
KAKL=E9
;GDGFA9D
9<GL9<G
H=D9K
F9^g=K
IM=
;GHA9N9E G9A
C
9BH9B89F F=E
>=;MF<9J
;GEG
GK
JGE9FGK
G
?GN
=JFG
<AK;JA;AGFYJAG
<9K
HJGNbF;A9K
9N9KK9D9<GJ9Ky
6'G 5DI8 ! 
7



; A5@;F58C
KLM<GM A5@;F58C
H9F
D9F8=8C
C
7589FBC

< BVC
C6GH5BH9
.9bJ9E BVC
C6GH5BH9
H9F9A
CIJ=8C
CG
7CBG9@<CG
8C
D5=

=
DG;M^g=K
HJ=HGKALAN9K 5D9G5F
89
G9A
9A65F;C
89
xD9G5F
DCFXA
85
75G5
G9F
H=85 ;GEG
AE9?=E
<GK
H=JA?GK
=
HJAN9^g=K
<9
?M=JJ9 9
8C
8IEI9
<5J9F
58EI=F=8C ;GE
=D9
?J9F<=
<AK
HGKA^]G
=
JG:MKL=R
G:K=JNGMK=
<=HGAK
IM=
9K
9JE9K
G
9LJ9b9E
HGM
;Gy
6-. 
$1
7


H9J9
9K 7CB8=7=CB5=G
9
<=DCHXH=75G
9 5
x
@GMN=
IM=E
NAKK=
GM
>AF?AKK=
N=J
ME
FGLYN=D
J=>D=PG
IM= 5
G9F
J9F8589=FC <=NA9
F9K;=J
<9K
EMAL9K
DMR=K
IM=
HJGN9N=DE=FL=
=KL9JA
9E
9;=K9Ky
6# 
7 

)G K=?MAFL= LJ=;@G N9D= HGJ ME9 ;GEH9J9LAN9 @AHGL_LA;9 <G LAHG <=
7CAC
G9 GM
EG<9D
x
<=HGAK
N=AG
9
EAE
IM=
=KL9N9
K=FL9<G
<=ME=
H9F;9<AF@9K
F9
L=KL9
;GE
ME
Ke
<=<G 5
F9D9H=F
v
$KLG
AKLG
v
=
=M
F]G
LAN=
J=E_<AG
K=F]G
JAJ
L9E:_E
=
LM<G
9;9:GM
=E
?9D@G>9y
6( 
7 
*bservao 7CAC 9

AF>AFALANG

: G9A
)]G
K9AJY G9A
5DF9G9BH5F
CG
9L9F7[7=CG


H9J9
9 7CBG97IH=J5
89
W
>=AG 89
A9H9F
A98C


H9J9
9K :=B5=G
9 5
x(MALGK
H=JKGF9?=FK
=EAF=FL=K
<G
$EH_JAG
=
<AN=JK9K
>9EbDA9K
DA?9
<9K
HGJ
9HJGPAE9^]G
<=
9>=LG
Z
>9EbDA9
AEH=JA9D
9HJ=K=FL9J9EK= 5
:5@5F
5C
=AD9F58CF y
6-+ 5DI8 ! 
7

 

*bservaes
 p * AF>AFALANG <9K GJ9^g=K >AF9AK HG<= 9H9J=;=J K=E HJ=HGKA^]G xARK= IM= =D=
=J9 ME <GK <GR= IM= >GJ9E 9 $F?D9L=JJ9 D9@9>5F  H9J9 H=D=B9J =E <=K9?J9NG <9K
<9E9K
AF?D=K9K
>9LG
9KK9R
<MNA<GKG y
6# 
 7
GFKLJM^g=K <=KL= LAHG 9HJGPAE9F<GK= G AF>AFALANG <G N=J:G HJAF;AH9D 9FL=JAGJ
:CF5A D9@9>5F H=JEALAJA9E ME AFb;AG <= DG;M^]G N=J:9D GF<= G  q N=J:G H9K
K9JA9 9 K=J K=FLA<G ;GEG 9MPADA9J EG<9D <=FGL9<GJ <= EGNAE=FLG H9J9 J=9DAR9J ME
AFL=FLG >MLMJG KL= @AKLeJA;G AEHGJL9 H9J9 9 =PHDA;9^]G <G =EHJ=?G 9FLA?G <9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5 KMHD9FL9<G <=HGAK =FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK HJAF;AH9DE=FL= H=D9 HJ=HGKA^]G
9A FG L=JEG 9<N=J:A9D <= DM?9J E ) F=C A5NCB5G J5= 89G5;I5F 5C H@TBH=7C
L=EGK 9AF<9 N=KLb?AG <9 >9K= =E IM= G K=FLAE=FLG DAF?MbKLA;G D=N9N9 =E ;GFKA<=J
9^]G G N=J:G <= EGNAE=FLG J5= 89G5;I5F  H9J9 <=K9?M9J +=J<A<9 =KL9 FG^]G
<= EGNAE=FLG J5= 5C H@TBH=7C 89G5;I5F H9KKGM 9 K=J AFL=JHJ=L9<G ;GEG ME LG
<G HJ=N9D=;=F<G 9 J=?aF;A9 IM= ;GEH=LA9 9G N=J:G 89G5;I5F J5= 89G5;I5F BC
H@TBH=7C
E:9K 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K K]G ;GJJ=L9K L=F<G KA<G =KL9 hDLAE9 K=E J9R]G J=;JAEAF
9<9
HGJ
;=JLGK
?J9EYLA;GK
x09=C 9A65F75FG9  %G]G 5 @89=5 !5@9;5 9GF<= G ?M9J<9N9E EMALGK
>A<9D?GK
=
=;D=KAYKLA;GKy
6-. 
$1
7
xG GMLJG D9<G <9 HGNG9^]G ;GJJ= G H=IM=FG JAG IM= J9A 89G5;I5F BC
&I7IGy
6# 
7
x =FIM9FLG 9 >JGL9 G9 =5 7C@C75F B5 6C75 8C F=C 9 IM= <=M FGE= 9IM=D9
HGNG9^]Gy
6#
7
p
.G:J=
9
;GFKLJM^]G EI9GHVC
5
F9GC@J9F

: 89
9N9
9GK
HG:J=K
9D?G 89
7CA9F
D9@5
A5B<V
*bservao KL9K =PHJ=KKg=K 9DL=JF9E ;GE 9K <= HJ=HGKA^]G 5 9N9 9GK
HG:J=K 9D?G 5 7CA9F D9@5 A5B<V FLJ=L9FLG H9J=;= =FLJ=N=J 9IMA ME9 AEAL9^]G
<G >J9F;aK x HJ=HGKA^]G S =FLJ= 8CBB9F = AF>AFALANG =IMAN9D= 9 89 8CBB9F S
6C=F9 9H S A5B;9F 85F 89 7CA9F 9 6969F 8CBB9F S 8=B9F S EI9@EInIA 85F 89
>5BH5F 9@@9 @I= 8CBB5 S GCID9F 89I@<9 89 795F )=KK9K ;GFKLJM^g=K 85F 89
7CA9F 85F 89 5@ACW5F 85F 89 A5A5F D98=F 89 6969F D98=F 89 5@ACW5F ;5B<5F
89 7CA9F G ;GEHD=E=FLG >GJE9<G HGJ 89 = ME AF>AFALANG _ F9 KM9 GJA?=E <=
;9JYL=J 9<B=LANG ZA9 5@;C 5@;IA5 7C=G5 EI5@EI9F 7C=G5 89 7CA9F _ ;GEG K=
<AKK_J9EGK 5@;C 7CA[J9@ GM 7CA9GH[J9@ *EALA<G G KM:KL9FLANG KA?FA>A;9 HGJ KA Ke
9K ;GAK9K KG:J= IM= K= =P=J;= 9 9^]G <G AF>AFALANG 8ZA9 89 7CA9F  <aE= ;GAK9



IM= ;GE=Jy 6(9   7 H=K9J <G NGLG <G ADMKLJ= E=KLJ= BMD?9EGK K=J AJJ=
HJGNYN=D 9 DAF?M9?=E 85F 5 7CA9F HA>[FAG A9K 6   l  9 7 F]G Na
?9DA;AKEG
F9
;GFKLJM^]G 85F
5
5@;IXA
5@;C
5
6969F 

; D5F5
x/M<G
AKLG
<AR
G
IM9<JG
9
IM=E
LAN=J
GD@GK D5F5
J9F
;GJ9^]G D5F5
G9BH=F =FL=F<AE=FLG D5F5
D9F7969Fy
6# 
7

< DCF
@GB=
E9AK
J9J9
>AP9<9
=E DCF
5GG=A
8=N9F =
K=E=D@9FL=K

x-=;GE=F<9N9
=DJ=A

(9FM=D
HGJ
KM9K
;9JL9K
9
>GFKG
<=
D
:MIM=JIM=
IM=
LJ9:9D@9KK= DCF
<5J9F
SG
AVCG 9
;A<9<=
<=
<_Ey
6# 
7

= 9A
x=
HGJ
AKKG
HGKLG
IM=
9
$F?D9L=JJ9
F]G
HJ=;AK9KK=
<=D9
H9J9
=KL=
>AE
HF565@<CI
9A
DCGGI[@5 H9J9
IM=
GK
@GD9F<=K=K
F]G
K=
9HJGN=AL9KK=E
<9K
N9FL9?=FK
IM=
9
KM9
KALM9^]G
G>=J=;A9y
6# 
 7
xGAK
E=AGK
@9NA9 9A
G9;I=F
9GH5
9ADF9G5y
6# 
7

>
DG;M^g=K
HJ=HGKALAN9K 5
:=A
89
7CA
C
:=A
89 =L; 

x9
KM9
H9JL=
GK
9DMFGK
F]G
<=N=E
<9J
<=
E]G
Z
?J9EYLA;9
=D=E=FL
9J 5
:=A
89
G9 =P=J;AL9J=E
FGK
N=J:GK
=
9<IMAJAJ=E
GMLJ9K
FG^g=K
:YKA;9K
=
;GEG
L9AK
AF<AKH=FKYN=AK y
6.- 7

 H9J9 AFA;A9J GJ9^g=K @C75H=J5G J=<MRA<9K ;GJJ=KHGF<=E 9 GJ9^g=K

BMKL9HGKL9K 9A
x!AD@9 BC
AI=HC
DCGGI=F F]G
_
9AF<9
HGKL9
9
>=DA;A<9<=
E9K
KAE BC
9GD9F5F
9
5A5F
AI=HCy
6 5DI8 %- 
$
7 


H9J9
9K
A<=A9K
<= A9=C = =BGHFIA9BHC

9 7CA
x
9L_
G

>GFKG
AF<MRAJ=E
9
E9F<YDG

+=<JG
K9AJ
<9
;GJL=
9G
IM=

+=<JG
9L9D@GM 7CA
F9H=F5FG9 9FL=K
IM=
D@G
GJ<=F9KK=Ey
6# 
7

: 89

 

x M
F]G
KGM
EAF@9
)AK=
H=?MJ=AJG
,M=
NAN9 89
;I5F85F
5@<9=C
;58Cy
6/" 
7


H9J9
9K H9ADCF5=G
9
L=EHG
9FL=JAGJ 5BH9G
89
x 
K=
9E:GK
EGJJ=JEGK 5BH9G
89
9GH5F9A
9A
=8589 IM=
K=
HGKK9E
HGJ
KA
E9FL=J
L=J]G
HGJ
H9A
9IM=D=
IM=
EGJ9
FGK
;_MKy
6 5DI8
%- 
7

: L=EHG ;GF;GEAL9FL= 5 F=KL= ;9KG G AF>AFALANG HG<= NAJ GM F]G

HJ=;=<A<G
<=
9JLA?G
x/9AK
=J9E
9K
EAF@9K
J=>D=Pg=K 5C
5:5GH5FA9 <G
HG:J= y
6# 
7
x
G
EG^G 5
:5@5F <=
KM9
E]=
;@GJ9N9 y
6J 
7

;
L=EHG
HGKL=JAGJ 89DC=G
89
5D_G
x
:GJ:GD=L9 89DC=G
89
9GJC5W5F EMALG
=E
LGJFG
<=
EAE
HGMKGM
E=
F9
L=KL9y
6( 
7 

<
L=EHG
>MLMJG
HJePAEG D9FHC
89
DF9GH9G
5
x
=
Ke
9:9F<GF9
G
;GE9F<9FL=
G
HGKLG
IM9F<G
NG9
=E
KG;GJJG
<9
+9JF9b:9
GM
<G
=DEGFL= DF9GH9G
5
GCWC65Fy
6*MJG
+J=LG 5DI8 ! D
7

=
<MJ9^]G
<=
HJ9RG 5HX
x
G
.YDA9
9JJ9F;9N9
GK
H=F=<GK
9DMb9
9K
J9bR=K
<9K
YJNGJ=K
K=;M
D9J=K
;9JJ=9N9
9K
L=JJ9K
=
J=:J9EA9
;GE
KGE
E=<GF@G 5HX
7<9;5F
SG
D@5B[7=9G y
6# 
7
*bservao final W AEHGJL9FL= F]G ;GF>MF<AJEGK = ZK N=R=K K= F]G HG<=E
LJ9^9J DAEAL=K JA?GJGKGK F=KL= 9KKMFLG HGJ K=J=E J9Rg=K =PLJ9b<9K <GK =D=E=FLGK
>GJF=;A<GK H=DG L=PLG = F]G H=D9 ?J9EYLA;9 =E ;=JL9K =PHJ=KKg=K G ;GFBMFLG HJ=
HGKA;AGF9D ;GE ME KM:KL9FLANG K=?MA<G <= K=M ;GEHD=E=FLG FGEAF9D J=<MRA<G <=
AF>AFALANG GEG :=E =FKAF9 %GK_ *ALA;A;9 x=E ;=JL9K DG;M^g=K ;GEG DCF 75IG5
89 DCF ACH=JC 89 9A J=FHI89 89 9A J=GH5 89 =L;  9 GJ9^]G <= AF>AFALANG F]G <=N=
K=J LA<9 HGJ 7CAD@9A9BH5F L9AD@C x E NAKL9 <= D@= @9N=J=E >MJL9<G 9 ;@9N=
F]G Hf<= 9:JAJ G <=HeKALGy KL9 GJ9^]G <= AF>AFALANG K=JA9 7CAD@9A9BH5F K= G



KM:KL9FLANG J=GH5 ;GFK=JN9KK= K=M N9DGJ K=E[FLA;G HGJ_E F9 DG;M^]G <=K9H9J=

;=M L9D N9DGJ = NA?GJ9 FME LG<G E=J9E=FL= HJ=HGKALANGy  E9AK 9<A9FL= ;GF
LAFM9 xGE DG;M^g=K BC =BHI=HC 89 BC DFCD_G=HC 89 7CA =BH9BWVC 89 =L;  9K GJ
9^g=K K]G 7CAD@9A9BH5F9G HGJIM= GK KM:KL9FLANGK E9FLaE K=M N9DGJ K=E[FLA;G
FGJE9Dy =KL9JL= _ <= N9DGJ 9<B=LAN9 ;GEHD=LAN9 FGEAF9D J=<MRA<9 ?JA>9<9 <G
K=?MAFL=
H=JbG<G
x(9F<GM =FL]G =DJ=A HGJ K=MK 9J9MLGK 9HJ=?G9J Z JG<9 <G 9JJ9A9D <=
 +=<JG IM= KG: H=F9 89 G9F9A <5J=8CG 9A 7CBH5 89 HF5=8CF9G LG
<GK GK IM= K=?MA9E G MIM= <= GAE:J9 G 9:9F<GF9KK=Ey 6# 
U

 ;9FdB8=C =
9b
=IMAN9D=FL=
9

ME9
GJ9^]G 75IG5@
l09B8C
9GH9
CG
G9IG
A5@HF5H58CG E9F<GM
<AKH9J9J
9D?ME9K
:GE
:9J<9K
;GFLJ9
GK
=KHAF?9J<=AJGKy
6# 
7

J9B8C 
HGJIM=
NAKK=

ME9
GJ9^]G 7CBG97IH=J5
x$KLG
9;=F<=M
HGJ
L9D
EG<G
GK
[FAEGK
<GK
KGD<9<GK
IM=
K=E
E9F<9<G
F=E
GJ<=E
<=
H=D=B9
<=J9E
FG
9JJ9A9D
<G
AF>9FL=
FCAD9B8CC
DCF
AI=H5G
D5FH9Gy
6# 
7

FCAD9B8CC 
=
;GEG
;GFK=IMaF;A9
G
JGEH=J9E

ME9
GJ9^]G 7CB79GG=J5
.9B8C
A5=G
8C
EI9
=A5;=B5J5A F]G
KG;GJJ=M
GK
AJE]GK

L=F<G

=E:GJ9
LAN=KK=

ME9
GJ9^]G 7CB8=7=CB5@
.9B8C
@=JF9G
5G
AVCG HG<=JA9
>M?AJ
<G
;9LAN=AJG

L=F<G @=JF9
5G
AVCG

H=J9GG9
@=JF9G
5G
AVCG

ME9
GJ9^]G
IM=
<=FGL9 AC8C
A9=C
=BGHFIA9BHC
x0E
@GE=E
9?A?9FL9<G
=
<=
>=J9
;9L9<MJ9
K9AM
<9
;@GMH9F9 AIF
AIF5B8C
GCBG E9D9JLA;MD9<GKy
6#  5DI8   l

:
7
x
F]G
GK
<=KLAFGK
HG<A9
J=9DAR9J
K=F]G 79=:5B8C
7=8589G
9A
@I;5F
89
:5FF5;=5=G
9
9B:9=L5B8C
7CA
AVC
FC6IGH5
DCJCGy
6  5DI8
 
7


ME9
GJ9^]G H9ADCF5@
x DJ=A
IM9F<G
G
E9F;=:G
G
;MEHJAE=FLGM
H=D9
hDLAE9
N=R
KGJJAM
K=
=
<AKK= JC@H5B8CG9 +GJ
IM=
NAJY
G
;GF<=
IM9K=
<=
DMLG
Z
>=KL9y
6-. 5DI8 ! 
7

 

JC@H5B8CG9 
=FIM9FLG
K=
NGDL9N9

)G
K=?MAFL=
=P=EHDG
K=
9;@9
J=>GJ^9<G
HGJ
ME
9<N_J:AG
<=
L=EHG
x9GJ=5B8C <=HGAK
9
E]G
IM=
G
KMKH=F<A9
:9APGM
E9AK
<GAK
<=?J9MKy
6-. 5DI8 ! 
7
89GJ=5B8C 
<=HGAK
IM=
<=KNAGM
FG
EGE=FLG
=E
IM=
<=KNAGM
*bservao * ?=JhF<AG HG<= 9H9J=;=J HJ=;=<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G 9A IM9F<G AF
<A;9 L=EHG ;GF<A^]G GM @AHeL=K= )=KL= ;9KG G HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG =PA?= IM= G
N=J:G <9 GJ9^]G HJAF;AH9D <=FGL= 9;GFL=;AE=FLG >MLMJG GM 9^]G IM= ;GKLME9
9;GFL=;=J
x)AF?M_E <=K<= IM= =FLJGM 9A @<9 7<9;5B8C G LMJFG K= ;GFK=?MAJY
=N9<AJ
Z
K9b<9y
6- 5DI8 ! 
 7
IMA G ?=JhF<AG AF<A;9 L=EHG = G N=J:G <9 HJAF;AH9D =PHJAE= 9^]G >MLMJ9
7CBG9;I=FR
x E 1A=AJ9 EGJ9N9 G ?aFAG =E =JF9J<=K G 9EGJ IM= 9A G9B8C J9F
8589=FC _
L9E:_E
?aFAGy
6 5DI8 !  7
)=KL9 H9KK9?=E G ?=JhF<AG =PHJAE= ;GF<A^]G GM @AHeL=K= = G N=J:G <9 GJ9^]G
EI9 X H5A6XA ;ZB=C KM:GJ<AF9FL= <9 ;GF<A;AGF9D <=FGL9 ME 9;GFL=;AE=FLG IM=
;GKLME9
G;GJJ=J

 D5FH=7[D=C =
9b
=IMAN9D=
9

ME9
GJ9^]G 75IG5@
x#F58C G
AF>9FL=
;GE
9K
AFBhJA9K
IM=
D@=
LAF@9E
<ALG
E9F<GM
=F>GJ
;9J
MFK
=
<=?GD9J
GMLJGK y
6# 
7


ME9
GJ9^]G 7CB8=7=CB5@
FLJ9EGK
=E
ME9
:9L9D@9
GF<= J9B7=8CG GK
AFAEA?GK
@GFJ9J=EGK
FGKKG
H9bK

J9B7=8CG
 K=
>GJ=E
N=F;A<GK

ME9
GJ9^]G H9ADCF5@
x
F=KL=
K=FLA<G AI858CG GK
FGE=K
>=R
ME9
;GEMFA;9^]G
Z
KG
;A=<9<=
;A=FLAKL9
<GK
9NA;MDLGJ=K
<9
AEH=JA9D
;A<9<=
<9
(G?hF;A9y
6%- 
 7
*bservaes
 p )=KL=K =EHJ=?GK <G H9JLA;bHAG G:K=JN9EK= 9K J=?J9K <= ;GF;GJ<[F;A9
=KLM<9<9K
FG
;9HbLMDG
<9
GF;GJ<[F;A9
=FLJ=
G
N=J:G
=
G
K=M
KMB=ALG
p D?MFK H9JLA;bHAGK H9KK9J9E 9 L=J =EHJ=?G =IMAN9D=FL= 9 HJ=HGKA^g=K = 9<N_J
:AGK 9L79HC G5@JC A98=5BH9 BVC C6GH5BH9 H=F5BH9 =L;  = ;GEG L9AK

 

FGJE9DE=FL= <=N=E 9H9J=;=J AFN9JAYN=AK FLJ=L9FLG F]G K= H=J<=M LGL9DE=FL= 9

;GFK;AaF;A9 <= K=M 9FLA?G N9DGJ = EMALGK =K;JALGJ=K <= FGL9 HJG;=<=E Z ;GF
;GJ<[F;A9
F=;=KKYJA9
x*K
LJA:MF9AK G5@J5G =P;=^g=K
@GFJGK9K
J=HJG<MRA9E
HGNG9<GK
<=
;JA9LMJ9K
<G
N9DA<G
LG<GK
GK
<=>=ALGK
<G
KAKL=E9y
6-. 
$1
7
x
J9R]G
<=KL9
<A>=J=F^9
_
IM=
9
EMD@=J
G5@J5 9
@AHeL=K=
<G
;9HbLMDG
$
=
GMLJ9K
=FLJ=?9K=
HGJ
9EGJ y
6( 
 U
0LADAR9J =KL9K E9F=AJ9K <= <AR=J <=NA<9K 9G x9EGJ =P;=KKANG <9 =P9LA<]Gy _
;GEG :=E HGF<=J9 HA>[FAG =PHJ=KK9JK= F9 N=J<9<= ;GE ;GJJ=^]G ?J9E9LA;9D
E9K
<=
EG<G
<=KMK9<G
6   l

97
 p D=?9FL=E=FL= HG<=EGK =EHJ=?9J H9J9 9 A<=A9 <= L=EHG G H9JLA;bHAG
K=?MA<G
<= EI9 =
<ME9
>GJE9
9<=IM9<9
<G
N=J:G G9F
75658C
EI9
:C= G
HJ9RG
<=KLAF9<G
Z
J=NAK]G
GK
;9F<A<9LGK
;GFLAFM
9J9E
AFK9LAK>=ALGK
#Y <AK;GJ<[F;A9 =FLJ= GK 9MLGJ=K IM9FLG Z F9LMJ=R9 <=KL= EI9 HGKHGKLG 9G H9JLA;b
HAG +9J9 (9PAEAFG (9;A=D !F5ARH=75 9G7F=H=J5  _ ;GFBMF^]G K=?MF<G
=KL= LJ=;@G x/9E:_E 9@9;5BH9A9BH9 K= ;GFBMF;AGF9DAR9E 9K J=<MRA<9K <= H9J
LA;bHAG H9KK9<G AFL=JHGF<G =FLJ= G H9JLA;bHAG = G KM:KL9FLANG KMB=ALG 9 ;GFBMF^]G
EI9 9 ME9 >GJE9 <G N=J:G G9F 9<9HLYN=D 9G L=EHG =P=EHDG z A<=A9 J=HM:DA;
9F9 = <=EG;JYLA;9 K= 9;9:9JA9 =E LG<9 9 MJGH9 =;DAHK9<G EI9 >GKK= G =KHDaF
<A<G DMR=AJG IM= 9L_ =FL]G D@= K=JNAM <= >9F9D{y '9LAFG G=D@G ,9Dd6@=75 9
'CB5FEI=5
+9J9 HA>[FAG G EI9 _ HJGFGE= J=D9LANG = BMD?9EGK IM= ;GE =D= =KLY 9 J9R]G ;>
-=BH5L9 "=GH_F=75 *CFHI;I9G5 l ; x)9 IM9DA<9<= <= FGE= HJ=<A;9LANG GM
9HGKLG HG<= G HJGFGE= J=D9LANG J=>=JAJK= 9 9<B=LANGK GM H9JLA;bHAGK K=JNAF<G
<= J=9D^9J 9 IM9DA<9<= GM =KL9<G 5756585 EI9 9GH9>5 5 C6F5y > 9AF<9 9
!F5ARH=75
F5B79G5 l
 

*:K
 p 

Oraes reduzidas fixas

 FGKK9 DbF?M9 HGKKMA ;=JLG FhE=JG <= GJ9^g=K J=<MRA<9K IM= FGJ
E9DE=FL=
F]G
9H9J=;=E
KG:
>GJE9
<=K=FNGDNA<9
)=KL=
?JMHG
K=
9;@9E
9
9K
GJ9^g=K
KM:B=LAN9K
IM=
K=
K=?M=E
9
;=JLGK
N=J:GK
;GEG
7569F
J5@9F
=AD98=F =E
;GFKLJM^g=K
<G
LAHG
<=
GM:=FGK CFB5A9BH5F
C
G5@VC =
F]G EI9
CFB5A9BHRGG9ACG
19D=MFGK 9GH5F9A
D9FHC
5@;IBG
5A=;CG =
F]G EI9
9GH=J9GG9A
D9FHC

 


$EH=<AMFGK
9
NA9?=E H9F
J=B8C
CF89A <=
NGDL9JEGK
=
F]G EI9

J9=C 

:
9K
GJ9^g=K
G:B=LAN9K
<AJ=L9K
IM=
K=
K=?M=E
9
N=J:GK
;GEG
5;F58979F
D9F8C5F =
G
AEH=KKG9D <5J9F F9
=PHJ=KK]G BVC
<R
J5@9F@<9 =
=IMAN9D=FL=K
=E
;GFKLJM^g=K
<G
LAHG
x+=J<GGMD@=K
G <5J9F9ABCG
C:9B8=8Cy
6  
l

:7
x
DY
K=
N]G
F]G
@Y
E9AK 7CBHZ@CG
CI
5@75BWR@CGy
6   7

;
9K
<=
K=FLA<G
9<ALANG
=F>YLA;G
<G
LAHG
N=J:G
FG
AF>AFALANG
xD_E
<=
IM=
9
>ME9J9<9
<G
;@9JMLG GC6F9
G9F
DIF=:=75BH9
9
5BH=
DdHF=85 <9N9
9GK
9DN_GDGK
KGDA<=R
=
;GFKAKLaF;A9
9GK
<=FL=Ky
6J 
7

<
9K
IM=
<=FGL9E
H=FK9E=FLGK
H9J9
;MB9
=PHJ=KK]G
F]G
=PAKL=E
;GFBMF^g=K
KM:GJ<AF9LAN9K
;GEG
9K
IM=
AF<A;9E
 9L7@IGVC N=J:G
FG
AF>AFALANG
xA
J9N <ARA9E 8CG
BCGGCG
B5J=CG
75FF9;5F9A
5G
A9F758CF=5G
85EI9@9G
DCFHCG
D5F5
C
89
&=G6C5 K]G
=E:9J;9^g=K
=KLJ9F@9K
9K
IM=
@GB=
<=E9F<9E
9K
AD@9K y
6-. 
$1
7
&CB;9
89
89G5B=A5F
7CA
CG
C6GHR7I@CG J=9FAE9K=
H9J9
N=F;aDGK

 9L79WVC N=J:G
FG
AF>AFALANG
x
>AD@9
=KL9N9
;GE
IM9LGJR=
9FGK
E9K
=J9
EMALG
>J9IMAF@9
=
F]G
>9RA9
F9<9 5
BVC
G9F F9EGJ9J
GK
;9H9<e;AGK y
6( 
7

 A9=C GM =BGHFIA9BHC N=J:G
FG
AF>AFALANG
GM
?=JhF<AG
= AC8C

N=J:G
FG
?=JhF<AG
=E:GJ9
9IMA
@9B9
;GFBMF^]G
;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=
x.9DNGMG
G
K=F9<G G9;IF5B8C@<9
5
D9GGC5 9L_
HG<=J
K9AJ
9
:GJ<G
<=
ME9
F9M
@GD9F<=K9
9

<=
E9AGy
6-. 
$1
7
=KEGJ9DARGMG 7CA
89GA9BH=@C
9A
Dd6@=7C
x+JG;MJGM
=KL=
DG?G
=KLGJN9JD@=
9
EAKK]G
HGJ
LG<GK
GK
GE:JGK
DF9B89B8CC GM A5H5B8CC y
6-. 
7
F>J=FL9
9
NA<9 GCFF=B8C
8CG
D9F=;CG 

Quando o infinitivo no constitui orao reduzida



 HJ=K=F^9 <G AF>AFALANG F]G ;9J9;L=JAR9 GJ9^]G J=<MRA<9 FGK

K=?MAFL=K HJAF;AH9AK ;9KGK HG<=F<G ;GFLM<G ;GFKLALMAJ =E 9D?MFK =P
=EHDGK
GJ9^]G
F]G
J=<MRA<9
9
IM9F<G
K=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
F=F@ME
KMB=ALG
<=FGL9
9
9^]G
<=
EG<G
N9?G
Z
E9F=AJ9
<=
ME
KM:KL9FLANG
-=;GJ<9J
_
NAN=J

:
IM9F<G
>9R
H9JL=
<=
ME9
GJ9^]G
N=J:9D
.=B<5A
89
7<9;5F ;=<G
9G
LJ9:9D@G

;
IM9F<G
HJ=;=<A<G
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
=
=E
J=>=JaF;A9
9
KM:KL9FLANG
G
AF>AFALANG
L=E
K=FLA<G
IM9DA>A;9LANG
G
IM=
G;GJJ=

IM9F<G
=PHJAE=
9
<=KLAF9^]G
K9D9
<=
B9FL9J
>=JJG
<=
=F?GE9J
LY:M9
<=
H9KK9J
;JA9<G
<=
K=JNAJ


IM9F<G
=IMAN9D=
9
ME
9<B=LANG
L=JEAF9<G
=E J9@
W 89
9GD9F5F IM=
LG<GK
K=
K9A9E
:=E
=KH=JYN=D
+9J=;A9E
E=FGK 89 @CIJ5F DGMNYN=D
!GA
;9KG
EMALG 89
F9795F J=;=YN=D

<
IM9F<G
HJ=;=<A<G
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G
=
<=HGAK
<=
;=JLGK
9<B=LANGK
8=
:[7=@
:R7=@
8IFC
6CA =L; 
G
AF>AFALANG
L=E
K=FLA<G
DAEAL9LANG
;GE
;=JL9
AFL=JHJ=L9^]G
H9KKAN9
GM
9LAN9
*KKG
<MJG 89 FC9F 89
G9F
FC[8C GM 89
5@;IXA
FC9F
+G=KA9
>Y;AD 89
897CF5F 89
G9F
897CF585 GM 89
5@;IXA
897CF5F

= IM9F<G =IMAN9D=FL= 9 AEH=J9LANG =PHJAE= G AF>AFALANG GJ<=E

J=;GE=F<9^]G
x/G<GK
K=
;@=?9N9E
H9J9
9
>=JAJ
K=E
IM=
9

}DN9JG
K=
GMNAKK=E
GMLJ9K
H9D9NJ9K
K=F]G
=KL9K 5FH5F
J9H9R=Ky
6# 
7

>
IM9F<G
F9K
=P;D9E9^g=K
G
AF>AFALANG
=PHJAE=
=KLJ9F@=R9
H=D9
J=9DAR9^]G
<=
ME
9;GFL=;AE=FLG
x*aFA9 9
EAE
DY
>GJ9
v
:J9<GM
/=G<GJ9y
6J 
7

 

x/M
#=JE=F?9J<9 F97CF85GH9y
6# 
7

?
IM9F<G
=FLJ9
=E
GJ9^g=K
AFL=JJG?9LAN9K
<AJ=L9K
GM
AF<AJ=L9K
+I9
:5N9F
)]G
K=A EI9
:5N9F
)9<9
LAF@9 EI9
8=N9F

@
IM9F<G
K=
LJ9L9
<=
ME
AF>AFALANG
<=
F9JJ9^]G
AKLG
_
9IM=D=
IM=
FME9
F9JJ9^]G
9FAE9<9
;GFKA<=J9
9
9^]G
;GEG
BY
H9KK9<9
=
F]G
FG
K=M
<=K=FNGDNAE=FLG 
x
GK
E_<A;GK 5
=BG=GH=F9A
EI9 G5[GG9 <=
'AK:G9
6%hDAG
AFAK7
x D9 5
JC@H5F
5G
7CGH5G
=
G F9=HCF
5
DaF G
;@9H_M
F9
;9:=^9y
6=8 7
x
=D= 5
F=FG9
=D=
9 F9;5@5FG9y
6 ,7
x*
K=F@GJ 5
8=N9F@<9 ME9
H9D9NJ9
=
=M 5 DFCJ5F@<9 IM= y
6  
l7
)*/ )]G =KL]G 9;GJ<=K GK 9MLGJ=K IM9FLG Z GJA?=E <G AF>AFALANG <= F9JJ9^]G 9
@AHeL=K= E9AK ;fEG<9 E9K F=E HGJ AKKG E9AK ;GFNAF;=FL= _ 9 <9 =DAHK= KKAE
H=FK9N9E ,MAFLADA9FG H9J9 G D9LAE = MJ?MQ 'ALLJ_ &9KLF=J +D9LLF=J 'M:C=J
=FLJ= GMLJGK H9J9 G >J9F;aK W 9 GHAFA]G IM= =PH=F<= ( 9JJ=LG H9J9 G HGJ
LM?MaK x)9 >J9K= v I :5@C 9 9@9G 5 F=F AKLG _ Hg=EK= 9 JAJ =KL]G 9 JAJK=
;GE=^9E 9 JAJ v L=EGK G IM= K= ;@9E9 =B:=B=H=JC <=GH_F=7C IM= 9KKAE K= <AR G
IM= F9 HJGHGKA^]G L=E N9DGJ <= NGR N=J:9D <= EG<G >AFALG  HJGHGKA^]G IM= L=E
HGJ HJ=<A;9<G H=JA>JYKLA;G ME =D=E=FLG <G IM9D =KLY KM:=FL=F<A<Gy s@H=ACG
GHI8CG  GFLJ9 =KL9 E9F=AJ9 <= =PHDA;9J =KL]G A=R .;@MDR= 9JE=KL=L=J
.LJG@E=Q=J = JrF<9D  K=?MF<9 @AHeL=K= _ 9 IM= G <=JAN9 <G AF>AFALANG <= GJ
<=E GM AF>AFALANG AEH=J9LANG GHAFA]G <= 29;C=JF9?=D H9J9 G D9LAE = (9J;GM
.HALR=J = '=J;@ H9J9 G >J9F;aK +9J9 'GE:9J< )D 7=H   G AF>AFALANG <= F9J
J9^]G _ GJA?AF9JA9E=FL= ME9 GJ9^]G FGEAF9D * HJG:D=E9 K= 9;@9 =P9MKLAN9E=FL=
LJ9L9<G
F9K
HY?AF9K
 
<G
;AL9<G
DANJG
<G
JGE9F;AKL9
KM=;G
*bservao !G?= 9 ME9 9FYDAK= JA?GJGK9 9 K_JA= <= =PHJ=KKg=K <G LAHG H9A9F
BVC H9A9 ;GE IM= F9 DAF?M9?=E 9>=LAN9 =FMF;A9EGK J_HDA;9K = G:B=^g=K HA
>[FAG -=BH5L9 "=GH_F=5 *CFHI;I9G5 l   *:K  = =DDGM=JNG !F5ARH=75
5GH9@<5B5 l   = (CH5G H  KMHg=E IM= K= LJ9L9 <= ME9 ;GFKLJM^]G
=DbHLA;9 KM:=FL=F<=F<GK= 9FL=K <G AF>AFALANG 9 =PHJ=KK]G EI5BHC 5 (=Q=J'j:
C= ;Ja IM= K= LJ9L9 <= ME =B:=B=H=JC 89 =BH9BG=8589 = =PHDA;9 9KKAE G F9K;AE=FLG
<G LGJF=AG <= >J9K= x)GMK <=NGFK HJ=F<J= ;GEE= HGAFL <= <_H9JL D9 IM=KLAGF =L
D9 J_HGFK= HJGFGF;_K KGMK D{=EHAJ= <= D{_EGLAGF AFKA HGMJ FGMK =F L=FAJ 9M



HJ=EA=J =P=EHD= GF J9;GFL= IM=DIM= ;@GK= IMA <= D{9NAK <M ;GFL=MJ HGMJJ9AL
HJGNGIM=J <= D9 ;J9AFL= ;@=R MF <=K 9M<AL=MJK GM ;@=R LGMK 0F <{=FLJ= =MP J=
HGMKK= ;=LL= H=FK_= =F <=E9F<9FL 9N=; AF<A?F9LAGF xJ9AF<J= %= F= ;J9AFK
H9Ky F ;GFK_IM=F;= Z D{GJA?AF= AD <=N9AL Q 9NGAJ MF= H9MK= =FLJ= D{AF>AFALA> =L D=
N=J:= H=JKGFF=D +DMK L9J< F9LMJ=DD=E=FL D9 >GJEMD= >AFAL H9J <=N=FAJ ;GEE= =P
HJ=KKAGF <= D{AFL=FKAL_ <{MF= 9;LAGF HDMK >AP= =L H9J ;GFK_IM=FL HDMK ?_F_J9D=y
!F5AA5=F9 $$$ l  '=N9F<GK= =E ;GFL9 IM= K= <=N=E 9D?ME9K 9DL=J9^g=K
<= DAF?M9?=E 9 =KL9 9L=F^]G IM= G >9D9FL= <Y 9 ME Hh:DA;G J=9D GM AE9?AFYJAG 9
@AHeL=K= <G JGE9FAKL9 _ 9KK9R KM?=KLAN9 9H=K9J <= HA>[FAG 9;@9J xAEHJGNYN=D
IM= G AF>AFALANG K=F<G JA?GJGK9E=FL= AFL=JJG?9LANG NA=KK= 9 <=AP9J <= G K=Jy
=6=8  J=EGK IM= G HJG:D=E9 =KL9JA9 E=D@GJ J=KGDNA<G K= D=NYKK=EGK =E ;GFL9
GK FbN=AK <9 GJ9^]G = <G L=PLG ;GF>GJE= FGK =FKAF9 GK=JAM BY =K:G^9<G 9DAYK
F9 =PHDA;9^]G <= (=Q=J'j:C= E H9A9F BVC H9A9 =KL9EGK <A9FL= <= ME =FMF
;A9<G IM= FG FbN=D <G L=PLG = F]G <9 GJ9^]G HJ=KKMHg= ME9 <=;D9J9^]G J=H=LA<9
=E J=D9^]G 9G IM= HJG>=JAM FGKKG AFL=JDG;MLGJ = 9 IM= FGK J=>=JAEGK 9?GJ9 E=<A
9FL=
G H9A9F
=
IM=
Ke
FG
FbN=D
<G
L=PLG
<=N=
=F;GFLJ9J
;9:9D
=PHDA;9^]G

O gerndio e o particpio no constituem orao reduzida

9
IM9F<G
>9R=E
H9JL=
<=
ME9
DG;M^]G
N=J:9D
GHVC
G5=B8C LG<GK
GK
9DMFGK
K
DA^g=K :CF5A
5DF9B8=85G K=E
=K>GJ^G

: IM9F<G 9H9J=;=E ;GEG KAEHD=K >MF^]G IM9DA>A;9<GJ9 Z E9F=AJ9

<GK
9<B=LANGK
'ANJG 9B7589FB58C

Construes particulares com o infinitivo

.]G <A?F9K <= 9L=F^]G ;=JL9K ;GFKLJM^g=K =E IM= G AF>AFALANG HJ=;=
<A<G <= N=J:GK IM= =PHJAE=E H=J;=H^]G >bKA;9 J9F CIJ=F C@<5F G9BH=F
GM 9LM9^]G = GJ<=F9^]G 89=L5F A5B85F :5N9F %Y LAN=EGK GHGJLMFA<9<=
<= FGK J=>=JAJ 9G ;9KG IM9F<G =P9EAF9EGK 9 >MF^]G KAFLYLA;9 <G AF>AFAL
ANG
=
?=JhF<AG
IM=
=FLJ9E
F=KL9K
;GFKLJM^g=K
+J9LA;9E=FL= =KL9K ;GFKLJM^g=K <= AF>AFALANG K= J=H9JL=E =E <GAK
?JMHGK
9 ME =E IM= G AF>AFALANG L=E G E=KEG 9?=FL= = KMB=ALG <G
HJAE=AJG
N=J:G
J=?=FL=
+J=>=JAEGK 9GHI85F H=D9
E9F@]

 

: GMLJG E9AK ;GEHD=PG =E IM= G AF>AFALANG <=HGAK <GK N=J:GK J=

?=FL=K
9;AE9
9DM<A<GK
L=E
<A>=J=FL=
9?=FL=
1=BG 56F=F 9
HGJL9
*M^G GCDF5F G
N=FLG
M
9
NA G5=F <=
;9K9
*MNAEGK
9
KAF=L9 7<5A5F GK
9DMFGK

)G HJAE=AJG ?JMHG G AF>AFALANG AFL=?J9 ME9 GJ9^]G J=<MRA<9 IM=

=P=J;= G H9H=D <= G:B=LG <AJ=LG <G N=J:G J=?=FL= DF9:9F=ACG = HGJ AKKG
HG<=
K=J
;GEML9<G
H=DG
HJGFGE=
9<N=J:9D
YLGFG C
+J=>=JAEGK 9GHI85F H=D9
E9F@]

)eK C HJ=>=JAEGK

+J=>=JAEG@C

* K=?MF<G ?JMHG K= KM:<ANA<= =E <GAK LAHGK G AF>AFALANG KGRAF@G

GM
9;GEH9F@9<G
<=
;GEHD=E=FLGK

G
AF>AFALANG
AFL=?J9
ME9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
G:B=LAN9
<AJ=L9
1=BG 56F=F 9
HGJL9
*M^G GCDF5F G
N=FLG

=E IM= 56F=F 5 DCFH5 = GCDF5F C J9BHC HG<=E K=J ;GEML9<GK H=DG HJG
FGE=
9<N=J:9D
YLGFG C
1=BGC
*M^GC
1aK
9:JAJ
9
HGJL9
1=BGC
*MN=K
KG:J9J
G
N=FLG
*M^GC

 G N=J:G J=?=FL= =PHJAE= H=J;=H^]G >bKA;9 = G AF>AFALANG =P=J;= G

H9H=D
<=
HJ=<A;9LANG
<G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
M 5 NA G5=F <=
;9K9
*MNAEGK 5
G=B9H5 7<5A5F GK
9DMFGK

IMA GK N=J:GK J=?=FL=K IM= =PHJAE=E H=J;=H^]G >bKA;9 J= = CIJ=

ACG K= 9;GEH9F@9E <G G:B=LG <AJ=LG 5 = 5 KAF=L9 IM= K= 9;@9E EG<A
>A;9<GK H=DGK AF>AFALANGK IM= =P=J;=E 9 >MF^]G <= K=MK HJ=<A;9LANGK G5=F
= 7<5A5F
+GJ E9AK IM= =IMAN9D@9E FG HD9FG <G ;GFL=h<G <= H=FK9E=FLG <=K
A?F9<G I 5 J= G5=F 89 75G5 9 I J= EI9 9@5 G5[5 89 75G5 <G HGFLG <=
NAKL9 ?J9E9LA;9D 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K K]G <A>=J=FL=K * HJGFGE= 5  M 5 NA K9AJ
= 9@5  M NA IM= 9@5 K9b9 <= ;9K9 K]G 9E:GK 5;9BH9G <G HJG;=KKG G5=F 89
75G5 E9K 5 _ C6>9HC 8=F9HC = 9@5 _ GI>9=HC +=D9 9FYDAK= <G ;GFL=h<G 9



?J9EYLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D L=E 9LJA:Mb<G 9 =KK= HJGFGE= 5 <MHD9 >MF^]G KAFLYL

A;9
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
<G
N=J:G
J=?=FL=
J=
=
KMB=ALG
<G
AF>AFALANG
G5=F
/9E:_E GK N=J:GK IM= =PHJAE=E 9LM9^]G GM GJ<=F9^]G 89=L5F
A5B85F :5N9F 9HJ=K=FL9E 9 E=KE9 ;GFKLJM^]G <GK N=J:GK <= H=J;=H^]G
>bKA;9
*
HGDA;A9D
>=R
;9D9J
G
9KK9DL9FL=


*
HGDA;A9D
>aDG
;9D9J
*
HJG>=KKGJ
E9F<GM
G
9DMFG
K9DL9J


*
HJG>=KKGJ
E9F<GMG
K9DL9J

L_ 9IMA G AF>AFALANG F]G K= 9;GEH9F@9 <= G:B=LG <AJ=LG HJeHJAG

E9K
=D=
HG<=
9H9J=;=J
;GEG
G;GJJ=
=E
)
DFC:9GGCF
A5B8CI
C
5@IBC
:5N9F
C
9L9F7[7=C

IM9F<G GK ;GEHD=E=FLGK <G N=J:G J=?=FL= A5B8CI C 5@IBC = <G AF>AFAL

ANG :5N9F CG 9L9F7[7=CG HG<=E K=J L=GJA;9E=FL= ;GEML9<GK H=DGK HJG
FGE=K
9<N=J:9AK
YLGFGK C
*
HJG>=KKGJ
E9F<GMG
>9RaDG

GM
9AF<9
*
HJG>=KKGJ
E9F<GMC C >9R=J

G IM= <9JA9 ME9 ;GFLA?MA<9<= AF;fEG<9 = 9JLA>A;A9D <= <GAK C C GF<= 9

;D9J=R9 <G L=PLG HG<=JA9 K=J HJ=BM<A;9<9 1=B9K= =KL= =P=EHDG <= 
#=J;MD9FG
x 
9
LA9
GEAF?9K
GMNAMC ;@9EY@5 <=
FGNG
E9FK9E=FL=y
6# 
7

 LJ9<A^]G DAL=JYJA9 ;GFLGJFGM G HJG:D=E9 9<GL9F<G <M9K FGJE9K

K=?MAFL=K
9
PHJ=KK9J
G
;GEHD=E=FLG
<G
N=J:G
J=?=FL=
KG:
>GJE9
<=
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
K=
;GFKLALMb<G
HGJ
KM:KL9FLANG
*
HJG>=KKGJ
E9F<GM C
5@IBC >9RaDG

:
PHJ=KK9J
G
;GEHD=E=FLG
<G
N=J:G
J=?=FL=
KG:
>GJE9
<=
G:B=LG
AF<AJ=LG
K=
;GFKLALMb<G
HGJ
HJGFGE=
9<N=J:9D
YLGFG
*
HJG>=KKGJ
E9F<GM@<9 >9R=J
GK
=P=J;b;AGK
*
HJG>=KKGJ
E9F<GM@<9 >9RaDG
*
HJG>=KKGJ @<9 GMNAM
<AR=J
IM=
E=D@GJ9JA9
K=M
;GEHGJL9E=FLG

;GD=?9 @<9 <=APGM
N=J
KM9K
:GF=;9K 
*bservaes

 



x-9BH=IC H9J9
9IMA
ME
HGM;G
=
<=HGAK 9B75A=B<5FG9 9G
DGF?G
<G

;GJJ=<GJy
6# 
7
x
G
=J=EAL9 J=I5
9N=
H=JF9DL9
=
:J9F;9 65A6C@95FG9 =E
NGG
AJ
;@=?9F<G D5GG5FG9 H9J9
;AE9
<G
D=ALG 57CB7<9;5FG9 9G
HG:J=
@GE=E y
6%- 
7 

 p +=D9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= HG<=J G ;GEHD=E=FLG <G AF>AFALANG K= 9HJGPAE9J <G

N=J:G J=?=FL= HG<= G;GJJ=J 9 BMF^]G <G HJGFGE= 9<N=J:9D YLGFG @<9 GM GMLJG AF
<AJ=LG
;GE
G
HJGFGE= C
;GEG
FG
K=?MAFL=
=P=EHDG
x HGKLG IM= >GFKG $ K= @GMN=KK= 9HG<=J9<G <= NYJAGK DM?9J=K 9 <=K
?J9^9
<=
9<9BGR @<CG >AR=J9
H=J<=J y
6# 
7
AKLG
_
9
<=K?J9^9 @<9 >AR=J9
H=J<aDGK
p W J9JG G =EHJ=?G <= @<9 HGJ C IM9F<G G N=J:G FG AF>AFALANG F]G K= 9;GE
H9F@9 <= G:B=LG <AJ=LG x NAKL9 Ke <9 N9;9 F=E @<9G <=AP9 H=FK9J =E KGMLGK =
H9KLAGKy
6 
7

 HJYLA;9 K= =KL=F<=JA9 9 K= =EHJ=?9J KG: >GJE9 <= G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG

G
;GEHD=E=FLG
<G
N=J:G
J=?=FL=
E=KEG
K=
;GFKLALMb<G
HGJ
KM:KL9FLANG
*
HJG>=KKGJ
E9F<GM 5C A9B=BC >9R=J
G
=P=J;b;AG
*
HJG>=KKGJ
GMNAM 5C 5@IBC <AR=J
IM=
E=D@GJ9JA9
G
;GEHGJL9E=FLG
*
F9EGJG
>=R 5C
>CJ9A H=J<=J
9
;9:=^9

+GJ >AE ;MEHJ= 9KKAF9D9J IM= FGJE9DE=FL= K= MK9 C = F]G @<9

IM9F<G
G
AF>AFALANG
_
HJGFGEAF9D
xG
.YDA9
J=:J9EA9
;GE
KGE
E=<GF@G
9L_
;@=?9J
ZK
HD9Fb;A=K
GF<=
G
KGDG
F]G
;GEHJAEA9
= C
89=LCI
9GDF5=5FG9 H=DGK
H9MAK
=
BMF;9AK y
6# 
7
*bservao * AF>AFALANG IM= K= K=?M= 9 89=L5F A5B85F 9 :5N9F HG<= K=J LG
E9<G =E K=FLA<G H9KKANG = F=KL= ;9KG G 9?=FL= <9 9^]G <G AF>AFALANG _ J=?A<G
H=D9K
HJ=HGKA^g=K DCF GM 89
x
%G]G
<=
9KLJG
K=E 89=L5FG9
J9B79F
8C
5ACF
8C
:=@<C F=E 8CG
A98CG
8C
H9ADC J=KGDN=M
=FNA9J
G
KG;GJJGy
6!! 5DI8  

9
*:K
p7

A omisso do pronome tono em eu os vi afastar daqui em

vez de afastar-se daqui
)]G _ J9J9 9 GEAKK]G <G HJGFGE= YLGFG IM= <=NA9 9;GEH9F@9J ME
AF>AFALANG HJGFGEAF9D IM9F<G =KL= E=KEG AF>AFALANG L=E HGJ 9?=FL= ME
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
x9=L9=C
9A6F9B<5F =
LJ9FKHMK
G
JAG
9HeK
=D=y
6# 
7
x*
>9IMA 89=LCIC
5:5GH5Fy
6# 
7

*K K=?MAFL=K =P=EHDGK EGKLJ9EFGK IM= 9 HJ=K=F^9 <G HJGFGE=

L9E:_E
_
;GJJ=L9

A construo pedir para

E
x M
J=LAN=9 D98=@<9 IM=
>A;9KK=
IM=
=KIM=;=KK=y
6( 
7

G N=J:G D98=F =PA?= <GAK G:B=LGK G AF<AJ=LG @<9 = G <AJ=LG GJ9;AGF9D ;GE
HGKLG EI9
:=75GG9
EI9
9GEI979GG9
)GJE9DE=FL= =E L9AK ;9KGK F]G K= MK9 G G:B=LG <AJ=LG GJ9;AGF9D
KG:
>GJE9
J=<MRA<9
NAL9K=
<AR=J *98=@<9
:=75F
D98=@<9
9GEI979F
E
xALG
AKLG D9WC
@=79BW5
D5F5
=F ME
<A9
<=KL=K
=PHGJD@=
ME
LJ9
:9D@G y
6( 
7

G N=J:G D98=F N=E 9;GEH9F@9<G 9H=F9K <G G:B=LG <AJ=LG @=79BW5 9 GJ
9^]G J=<MRA<9 <= AF>AFALANG D5F5 =F IA 8=5 89GH9G 9LDCF@<9 IA HF565@<C _
9<N=J:A9D
<=
>AE
+G<=K= GEALAJ G G:B=LG <AJ=LG = ;GFKLJMAJ G N=J:G D98=F 9KKAE
D9WC@<9
D5F5
=F
IA
8=5
89GH9G
9LDCF@<9
IA
HF565@<C
GEG =KL]G HJePAE9K 9K A<=A9K <= D98=F EI9 5@;C 57CBH9W5 = HF5
65@<5F D5F5 EI9 5@;C 57CBH9W5 H9KKGMK= 9 MK9J 9 HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5 FG AF
b;AG <9 GJ9^]G IM= K=JA9 G:B=LG <AJ=LG <G N=J:G D98=F L=F<GK= =E EAJ9
AF<A;9J
9
>AF9DA<9<=
<9
;GAK9
H=<A<9
*98=I
D5F5
EI9 +=<JG G5[GG9

GM
*98=I
D5F5 +=<JG G5=F

*K ?J9EYLA;GK F]G 9;=AL9J9E 9 GH=J9^]G E=FL9D = 9AF<9 @GB= =KL9

E9F=AJ9 ;GF<=FK9<9 <= <AR=J _ J=HM<A9<9 9H=K9J <9 AFKAKLaF;A9 ;GE IM=
H=F=LJ9 F9 DAF?M9?=E <9K H=KKG9K ;MDL9K +9J9 9K 9MLGJA<9<=K <= FGKK9
DbF?M9 Ke =KLY ;=JLG G =EHJ=?G <G N=J:G D98=F IM9F<G K= L=E H9J9 G:B=LG
<AJ=LG G KM:KL9FLANG @=79BW5 ;D9JG GM KM:=FL=F<A<G = 9 GJ9^]G <= D5F5
EI9 GM D5F5  AF>AFALANG _ K=FLA<9 ;GEG 9<N=J:A9D <= >AE 7CA GI>9=HC
=;I5@
5C
85
CF5WVC
DF=B7=D5@  KKAE
=E
*
9DMFG
H=<A9D@=
H9J9
K9AJ

 

G 5@IBC H=<A9
DA;=F^9
H9J9
=D=
E=KEG
K9AJ
 ;GF>MK]G <GK <GAK =EHJ=?GK <G N=J:G D98=F LJ9R 9G =FMF;A9<G AF
;GFL=KL9N=DE=FL=
<MHDA;A<9<=
<=
K=FLA<G
HGAK
IM=
=E
@9
D98=5@<9
D5F5
G5=F

>A;9EGK =E <hNA<9 KG:J= 9 H=KKG9 IM= K9AJY +9J9 G ?J9EYLA;G Ke HG<= K=J
9 IM= >=R G H=<A<G = F9 J=9DA<9<= LG<GK GM IM9K= LG<GK GK =P=EHDGK
9:GF9<GK <GK :GFK =K;JALGJ=K LaE G E=KEG KMB=ALG H9J9 9 GJ9^]G <= D98=F
=
H9J9
9
GJ9^]G
AFA;A9<9
H=D9
HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5
A construo dizer para
.=E=D@9FL=E=FL= 9G IM= G;GJJ= ;GE G N=J:G D98=F 9 DAF?M9?=E
;GDGIMA9D <=KHJ=G;MH9<9 ;GFKLJeA G N=J:G 8=N9F :5@5F = KAFfFAEGK
K=?MA<G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5 BMFLG 9G IM= FGJE9DE=FL= K=JA9 G K=M G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
=GG9
D5F5
EI9
9@9
:CGG9
9A6CF5

GM
=GG9
D5F5
9@9
=F
9A6CF5

.]G =PHJ=KKg=K ;GF<=F9<9K IM= GK ?J9EYLA;GK J=;GE=F<9E K=

=NAL=E
FG
>9D9J
;GJJ=LG
A construo para eu fazer
E
*
=P=J;b;AG
_
H9J9
=M
>9R=J

9 HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5 J=?= G N=J:G :5N9F ;MBG KMB=ALG _ G HJGFGE= H=KKG9D

9I NAL=K= 9 ;GFKLJM^]G =JJfF=9 C 9L9F7[7=C X D5F5 A=A :5N9F <=NA<9 9G
>9LG <= K= KMHGJ IM= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G K= HJ=F<= 9G HJGFGE= ;GEG 9GH9
DF9G9BH9
X
D5F5
A=A
ARK= ;GJJ=L9E=FL= C DF9G9BH9 X D5F5 A=A HGJIM= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G
K=EHJ=
J=?=
HJGFGE=
G:DbIMG
LfFA;G
AKLAF?9K= ;D9J9E=FL= =KL= MKG =JJfF=G <G ;GJJ=LG =E IM= @Y 9FL=
;AH9^]G <G G:B=LG AF<AJ=LG DANJ= <= GHAFA]G G JALEG GJ9;AGF9D E9J;9 9
<A>=J=F^9
+9J9
EAE
H9MK9
>9R=J
AKKG
_
K=EHJ=
9?J9<YN=D

A posio do sujeito nas oraes reduzidas

 

)G HGJLM?MaK ;GFL=EHGJ[F=G G KMB=ALG <9K GJ9^g=K J=<MRA<9K <=

?=JhF<AG = H9JLA;bHAG N=E FGJE9DE=FL= <=HGAK <G N=J:G F9K DG;M^g=K
N=J:9AK
HG<=
9H9J=;=J
<=HGAK
<G
9MPADA9J
x
?M=JJ9
<AHDGEYLA;9
9F<9N9
9;=K9
=E
-GE9 @=85B8C
C
9BJ=58C
DCFHI;IZG HGJ
;GFLJ9JA9J
;GE
=F=J?A9
GK
E=F=AGK
=
<AD9^g=K
<G
9J<=9D
/GJJ=?A9FAy
6'G 
$
7
(VC
A9
<5J9B8C
7<9;58C
BCH[7=5
85G
J=5;9BG
89
!I@@=J9F
H=FKG
IM=
9
EAF@9
?=FL=
DADAHMLA9F9
L=N=
GJA?=E
F9K
:9J9L9K
=
F9K
9J9F@9K
6"J- 
7
=B8C
C
GIGHC
;GFKA<=J9N9E=
AKGD9<G
;GFLAFM9N9
F9K
AF>J9^g=K
K=E
F=F@ME9
N=J?GF@9
6"J- 
7
756585
5
:9GH5
>GJ9E
9G
;AF=E9

KL9JA9E =JJ9<9K 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K K= ;GDG;YKK=EGK G KMB=ALG 9FL=K <G

N=J:G C
9BJ=58C
DCFHI;IZG
@=85B8C
C
GIGHC
:=B8C
5
:9GH5
5756585
)9K J=<MRA<9K <= ?=JhF<AG _ HJ=;AKG <AKLAF?MAJ ;MA<9<GK9E=FL= =K
K9K DAF?M9?=FK AEH=J>=AL9K <9IM=D9K IM= HGJ >9DL9 <= HGFLM9^]G 9<
=IM9<9 FGK >9R=E KMHGJ IM= K= LJ9L9 <= 9FL=HGKA^g=K <G KMB=ALG )GK
K=?MAFL=K =P=EHDGK Ke @GMN= >9DL9 <9 NbJ?MD9 H9J9 K=H9J9J 9 HJAF;AH9D <9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
x)
7F=GH=5B=GAC
9@9J5B8C
C
7I@HC <9
EMD@=J
AFKHAJGM
9
;9N9D9JA9
=
9
HG=KA9
;9N9D=AJ=K;9
FG:ADAL9F<G
H=DG
9EGJ
=
H=DG
K9;JA>b;AG
G
K=PG
IM=
=J9
L9E:_E
G
<=
(9JA9
.9FLbKKAE9y
6%- 
7
x FL]G !CBW5@C
'9B89G
:5N9B8C J=;M9J
G
;9HMR
IM=
;G:JA9
9
;9:=^9
<G
KMHGKLG
E=FK9?=AJG
GD@GM
H9J9
=D=
9D?MFK
AFKL9FL=Ky
6# 
7 

FLJ= 9K J=<MRA<9K <= ?=JhF<AG >9R=E =P;=^]G 9G HJAF;bHAG =PHGKLG

9IM=D9K IM= HJ=;=<A<9K <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9A <=FGL9E ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K <=
L=EHG @AHeL=K= GM ;GF<A^]G IM9F<G G KMB=ALG HG<= NAJ 9FL=K GM <=HGAK
<=KL9
>GJE9
N=J:9D
x)AF?M_E
<=K<=
IM=
=FLJGM 9A
@<9
7<9;5B8C
C
HIFBC
K=
;GFK=?MAJY
=N9<AJ
Z
K9b<9y
6- 5DI8 ! 
 7
x
K=E=D@9F^9
=FLJ=
9K
>AD@9K
<=
!=DAH=
<9
"9E9
J=<MRA9K=
9
AKLG
E9K
=J9
L]G
?J9F<=
IM= 9A
5G
8I5G
7CBJ9FG5B8C 9
>9D9
;GF>MF<A9K=
=
G
GMNAFL=
E9AK
F]G
=J9
;9H9R
<=
<AKLAF?MAJy
6-. 

 5DI8
 
l: G:K7

)G LG;9FL= ZK J=<MRA<9K <= H9JLA;bHAG HG<=E L=J G KMB=ALG 9FL=HGKLG

GM HGKHGKLG 9G N=J:G IM9F<G ;GFKLALMb<G H=DGK HJGFGE=K =GHC =GGC
5EI=@C = C
EI9

 


#GHC
DCGHC
J=KGDN=EGK
NGDL9J

GM
*CGHC
=GHC
J=KGDN=EGK
NGDL9J

A construo da gente rir

 9FL=;AH9^]G <G KMB=ALG 9G N=J:G F9K GJ9^g=K J=<MRA<9K <= AF>AFAL
ANG HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G HGKKA:ADAL9 9 ;GE:AF9^]G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G ;GE G KMB=ALG
GM
ME
9<BMFLG
<G
KMB=ALG
%Y
=J9
L=EHG 89 K9bJ=E CG
5@IBCG <=
>_JA9K

HG<= H9KK9J >9;ADE=FL= 9 $R 9F5 H9ADC de os alunos G5[F9A 89 :XF=5G =

<9b
Z
;GE:AF9^]G $R
9F5
H9ADC dos alunos G5[F9A
89
:XF=5G
 HJ=HGKA^]G HG<=K= ;GE:AF9J ;GE G Fh;D=G <G KMB=ALG KKAE
<AJ=EGK
Q
H9ADC

&
G5=F

GM
Q
H9ADC
&
G5=F

D?MFK ?J9EYLA;GK F]G 9;=AL9E 9 ;GE:AF9^]G 9HGFL9<9 KG: G HJ=

L=PLG <= IM= G KMB=ALG xF]G HG<= NAJ J=?A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]Gy BVC G9 HF5H5
5EI= 9BHF9H5BHC 89 F9;ZB7=5 DF9DCG=7=CB5@ 89 GI>9=HC A5G 8C 7CBH5HC 89
8I5G D5@5JF5G EI9 DCF <R6=HC 9 DCF 9I:CB=5 7CGHIA5A G9F =B7CFDCF585G
B5 DFCBdB7=5 .= L9AK ;GE:AF9^g=K H9J=;=E ;GFLJ9JA9J 9 De?A;9 <9
?J9EYLA;9 ;MEHJ= G:K=JN9J IM= F]G J=HM?F9E 9 LJ9<A^]G <G A<AGE9 ;GE
G L=KL=EMF@G <= K=MK E=D@GJ=K =K;JALGJ=K 9FLA?GK = EG<=JFGK * IM= 9
DA^]G <GK >9LGK FGK H=JEAL= =FKAF9J _ IM= 9E:9K 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K K]G ;GJ
J=L9K K=?MF<G FGK 9L=KL9E 9K K=?MAFL=K H9KK9?=FK IM= F]G K= HG<=E <9J
;GEG =JJfF=9K GM <=K;MA<GK <= J=NAK]G  /J9L9K= <= ME HJG:D=E9 <=
=KLADbKLA;9 >fFA;9 H=DG IM9D 9 F]G ;GE:AF9^]G =F;9J=;= G H9H=D <G KMB=ALG
<G AF>AFALANG G HGFLG <= NAKL9 E=J9E=FL= ?J9E9LA;9D K]G NYDA<9K 9E:9K
;GFKLJM^g=K
xKe
NGDLGM 89DC=G
8C
=B:5BH9
9GH5F HJG;D9E9<G
J=?=<GJy
6#  7
x*K
IM=
FG
K=JNA^G
EADAL9J
H=J<A9E
G
;9N9DG
LAJ9N9E
G
N9DGJ
<=KL=
<GK
<=KHGBGK 5BH9G
89GH9G 8n9GH9G
FG
GJA?AF9D
K=
J=H9JLAJ=Ey
6# 7
xD9G5F
85
GI5
5WVC
G9F KMH=JAGJ
Z
9MLGJA<9<=
<GK
:AKHGK y
6# 7



x
9
MFA<9<=
IM=
J=KMDL9
<9
KbFL=K=
<G
A<=9D 5BH9G
89GH9
G9F J=N=D9<G

H=D9
=PHJ=KK]G
E9L=JA9Dy
6# 
 7
xK9:A9G
K=F@GJ 5BH9G
8C
75GC
GI7989Fy
6# 
$
7 
x
E=KEG 89DC=G
8CG
89G7C6F=A9BHCG
8CG
DCFHI;I9G9G
<5J9F9A
LJ9FK>GJE9<G
9K
;GF<A^g=K
<G
;GE_J;AG
?=J9D
<G
EMF<Gy
6-.  $1
7
xD9G5F
HGJ_E
<9 75W5
G9F
H=85 ;GEG
AE9?=E
<GK
H=JA?GK
=
HJAN9^g=K
<9
?M=JJ9 y
6-. 
7
x)GLGM
A?M9DE=FL=
9
N9FL9?=E
<GK 7CB:989F58CG
F9D5FH=F9A <=
9FL=E]G
GK
HGKLGK
=FLJ=
KA y
6-. 
7
x
= 5
89GD9=HC
8C
8=5
9GH5F ;@MNGKGy
6-. 
 7
x)GK
<A9K
H=IM=FGK
G
KAFG
<=
J=;GD@=J
KG9N9
EMALG
9FL=K 8CG
A9F
758CF9G
H9F9A 9;9:9<G
9
;=A9
F9K
@GKH=<9JA9K y
6-. 
 7
x9DC=G
8C
!5FF9HH
9G7F9J9F =JJ9<9E=FL=
FG
K=M 5Ac9G y
6
xFGL9^g=K
Z
 p
=<A^]G
<G
A;AGFYJAG
<=
(GJ9AKy
AF FEI=JCG
&=H9F
RF=CG <=
=D>AE
"MAE9J]=K
1 5DI8 +

+AFLG
J=NAKL9 C@56CF
5WVC Fq

H
7
x
K=
HGJ
=P=EHDG
E=
;GF;=<=J=E
ME
EGFGHeDAG
<G
HD9FL9J
;GMN=K 5D9G5F
85G
7CIJ9G
G9F9A ME9
<9K
EMAL9K
=KH_;A=K
<=
D=?ME=Ky
6- 5DI8 +

+AFLG =6=8 7
x+=DG
>9LG 8C
J9F6C J=KLALMAJ
FME9
<=
KM9K
9;=H^g=K
=
=FLJ=?9J
=E
;=JLGK
;9KGK H9F9A
;GEG
<AR
G
J
-MA
G
E=KEG
K=FLA<G y
6-
5DI8 +

+AFLG7
x
FG
;9KG
<G =B:=B=H=JC
HF5N9F
7CAD@
8=F9HCy
6  
 

/=JEAF9EGK =KL9 H=IM=F9 DAKL9 ;GE ME >9LG IM= F]G <=AP9 <hNA<9K
<= IM= GK =P=EHDGK 9<MRA<GK F]G K= =PHDA;9E HGJ <=K;MA<GK )9 HY?AF9
 <G NGD $1 <9 KM9 =P;=D=FL=E=FL= =K;JAL9 "=GH_F=5 89 *CFHI;5@ ;GF
LJ9JA9F<G 9 KAFL9P= IM= D@= N=E F9LMJ9D = >J=IM=FL= -=:=DG <9 .ADN9 F]G
>9R
9
;GE:AF9^]G
x)=E
G
J=A
F=E
G
EAFAKLJG
9HJ=;A9J9E
G
H=JA?G
K=F]G 89DC=G
89
9@9
897@5F58C
9
=FF9A98=RJ9@y

(9K H9J9 KMJHJ=K9 <= EMALGK ?J9EYLA;GK FG >AF9D <G NGDME= F9

HY?AF9
<=KLAF9<9
9
=JJ9L9K
<=;D9J9
L=PLM9DE=FL=
x*F<=
K=
Da 89DC=G
89
9@9 D=A9K= 89DC=G
89@9 8n9@@9 FG
GJA?AF9D 

 

/=EK= =KL=F<A<G G =P9?=JG <9 ;GF<=F9^]G 9GK ;9KGK =E IM= 9 HJ=

HGKA^]G HJ=;=<= ME 9<N_J:AG IM9F<G F9 J=9DA<9<= G IM= <=;A<= 9 =P
AKLaF;A9 GM F]G =PAKLaF;A9 <9 ;GE:AF9^]G _ 9 E=FGJ GM 9 E9AGJ H9MK9 FG
HJG>=JAJ 9K <M9K H9D9NJ9K GM 9AF<9 9 =M>GFA9 = ;GEG NAEGK G J=9D;= )G
K=?MAFL= =P=EHDG <= D=P9F<J= #=J;MD9FG 9 H9MK9 E9AGJ =FLJ= 9 HJ=
HGKA^]G
=
G
9<N_J:AG
=NAL9
9
;GE:AF9^]G
x
9>AJE9LAN9 89
5@= K=
9BMFL9J=E
=
9?9K9D@9J=E
 
H=KKG9K
_
F9LMJ9DE=FL=
AEHGKKbN=Dy
6# 
7

W >GJ^GKG J=;GF@=;=J IM= 9 >9;ADA<9<= <9 ;GE:AF9^]G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G

89 F]G K= =KL=F<=M ;GE 9 E=KE9 >J=IMaF;A9 9 GMLJ9K HJ=HGKA^g=K F9K
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K 9IMA =KLM<9<9K Y HJGN9 <AKLG G K=?MAFL= LJ=;@G <= -=:=DG
<9
.ADN9
L]G
9>=ALG
ZK
;GFKLJM^g=K
;GE:AF9<9K
x(C
75GC
8C
F9=BC
G9
7CBGH=HI=F =E
J=Hh:DA;9
IM=
H9JLA<G
K=?MAJA9

%G]G
G
<G
H9bK
GM
G
<GK
;9KL=D@9FGKy
x E
IM9DIM=J
9;GFL=;AE=FLG
J=<9J?MAM
G
<MIM=
@=A
<=
9;GKL9JE=
9G
IM=
K=?MAJ
G
;GEME
<G
J=AFGy
x FL]G
;GFLAFMGM
G
K=;J=LYJAG
=KLY
<9<9
9
J=KHGKL9
(9AK
N9D=
9JJAK;9J
LM<G
H9J9
J=AF9J
<G
IM=
9JJAK;9J
LM<G
9AF<9
=
>A;9J
N9K
K9DG

G;9KA]G
_
;@=?9<9
=
H9J=;=
IM=
=MK
9
LJGMP=

E9AGJ
<A
>A;MD<9<=
;GFKAKLA9 9A
CG
CIHFCG
DFCDCF9A 9
=EHJ=K9 y
6-. 
$1
7

+GJ >AE ;9:=FGK 9KKAF9D9J IM= F=KL= 9KKMFLG <= ;GE:AF9^g=K <=
HJ=HGKA^]G G HGJLM?MaK EG<=JFG <=KHJ=RGM ;=JLGK ?AJGK IM= v =E:GJ9
L9E:_E ;GFLJYJAGK Z De?A;9 <9 ?J9EYLA;9 v >GJ9E =KLAE9<GK <GK 9FLA?GK =
9AF<9 @GB= HMJAKL9K 9HD9M<=E $FL=J=KK9FGK 9?GJ9 9IM=D9 =E IM= K= ;GE
:AF9N9 9 HJ=HGKA^]G DCF 9FLA?G D9F ;GE GK HJGFGE=K C 5 CG 5G =E
>MF^]G
<=
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
K>GJ;=AE=
H=DG
;GFN=F;=J

@GB=
<=K:9F;9<G
HGJ
G:CF79=A9
DCF
7CBJ9B7Z@C GM D5F5
7CBJ9B7Z@C
GM DCF
C
7CBJ9B
79F E9AK
J9JG
=FLJ=
GK
:J9KAD=AJGK

H=K9J <= =P=EHDGK <= 9MLGJ=K EG<=JFGK -MA 9J:GK9 =FLJ= =D=K
= <G NGLG <= (YJAG 9JJ=LG 6(9  ;9H 1$$  7 ;GF;GJ<G ;GE G
H9J=;=J
<=
.9A<
DA
6. 

7
x
;GFKLJM^]G
<= DCF =
9FLA?G D9F ;GE
9K
>GJE9K
HJGFGEAF9AK C
5
CG
5G H=JL=F;=
9G
FhE=JG
<9K
>GJE9K
9J;9A;9K
<=
IM=
K=
=F;GFLJ9E
9AF<9
J=KLGK
F9
DAF?M9?=E
HGHMD9J
<=
+GJLM?9D
W
AEHJeHJA9
<9



DAF?M9?=E
;MDL9
<=
@GB=
=
K=
G;GJJ=
v
G
IM=
_
EMALbKKAEG
J9JG
v
=E
9D?ME
=K;JALGJ
EG<=JFG
<=AP9FGK
DG?G
9
AEHJ=KK]G
<=
ME
=KLADG
9>=L9<G
)]G
HJGN9E
=P=EHDGK
<=KK9
=KH_;A=
G
MKG
?=J9D
F=E
HG
<=E
K=JNAJ
<=
FGJE9
H9J9
G
>9D9J
;GJJ=LGy 

W =DM;A<9LANG =KL= H9KKG <= -=:=DG <9 .ADN9 GF<= G;GJJ=E GK <GAK
;9KGK
9IMA
=KLM<9<GK
x
=E
IM=
G
LJA:MF9D
HJG>=JAM
9
K=FL=F^9
E9F<9F<G
=FLJ=?9J
9K
>9R=F<9K
9
<]G
9FK
=
Ke;AGK
KG:
>A9F^9 89
5G J=KLALMbJ=E BC
75GC
8CG
DCFHI;I9G9G <=FLJG
<=
K=AK
E=K=K D5;5F9A
5
EI5BH=5 y
6-. 
7

Reduzidas decorrentes e concorrentes

GEG
9K
<=K=FNGDNA<9K
9K
GJ9^g=K
J=<MRA<9K
HG<=E
K=J
9 897CFF9BH9G
x*
GF<=
<=
NJ9F;@=K
K9AM
9
=D=K
;GE
IM9K=
LG<9
9
?=FL=
<G
9JJ9A9D
= :5N9B8CCG
:I;=F LGEGM
9D?MFK
HJAKAGF=AJGKy
6# 
7

 GJ9^]G <= :5N9B8C _ J=<MRA<9 ?=JMF<A9D <= L=EHG = K= 9;GEH9F@9

<9 GJ9^]G L9E:_E J=<MRA<9 :I;=F J=<MRA<9 <= AF>AFALANG EG<A>A;9<GJ9
<G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG CG
: 7CB7CFF9BH9G
x$J9<G
G
AF>9FL=
;GE
9K
AFBhJA9K
IM=
D@=
LAF@9E
<ALG
E9F<GM 9B:CF
75F
IBG
9
89;C@5F
CIHFCG
=
G
;GF<=
H=JK=?MAM
G
J=KLG
9L_
+GJLM?9Dy
6# 
7

K GJ9^g=K J=<MRA<9K <= AF>AFALANG 9B:CF75F IBG = 89;C@5F CIHFCG

K]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9K
=IMAHGD=FL=K
HGJ
AKKG
K=
9;@9E
;GGJ<=F9<9K
=FLJ=
KA
)]G J9JG 9H9J=;= =FLJ= 9K GJ9^g=K =IMAHGD=FL=K ME9 J=<MRA<9 ;G
GJ<=F9<9
Z
GMLJ9
<=K=FNGDNA<9
GM
NA;=N=JK9
6(9 

FGL97
x*5F5
DFCJ5F@<9 IM=
F]G
>9DLG
Z
E=FGJ
;GF<A^]G
=KLAHMD9<9 9
D5F5
EI9
5
A=B<5
7CBG7=ZB7=5
:=EI9
DIF5
89
9G7FdDI@CG
NGM
<9JD@=
9
?J9LA>A;9^]G
HJGE=LA<9y
6J 
<J9E9
9LG
$$
;=F9
$37
x)9
HJGNbF;A9
<=
D=FL=BG
G
J=;JML9E=FLG
>9RA9K=
H9J9
=P;DMKAN9
<=
>=K9
<=D9
;9:=F<G
ME
L=J^G
<=
;9<9
;GE9J;9 G9
9F5
;F5B89
GM
9
<M9K
MFA<9K G9B8C
D9EI9B5Gy
6-. 
7

 

4 As Frases: Enunciados sem Ncleo Verbal

*J9^]G
=
>J9K=

Orao e frase v %Y LbF@9EGK 9FL=;AH9<G IM= 9 MFA<9<= KAFLYLA;9

;@9E9<9 CF5WVC ;GFKLALMA G ;=FLJG <9 9L=F^]G <9 ?J9EYLA;9 HGJ K= LJ9L9J
<= ME9 MFA<9<= =E IM= K= J=D9;AGF9E KAFL9LA;9E=FL= K=MK L=JEGK ;GF
KLALMAFL=K = K= E9FA>=KL9E 9K J=D9^g=K <= GJ<=E = J=;^]G IM= H9JL=E <G
Fh;D=G
N=J:9D
=
<9K
IM9AK
K=
G;MH9
9
<=K;JA^]G
?J9E9LA;9D
$KLG F]G AEH=<= 9 HJ=K=F^9 <= =FMF;A9<GK <=KLALMb<GK <=KK= Fh;D=G
N=J:9D
;GF@=;A<GK
H=DG
FGE=
<= :F5G9G
GE
<A9
.9h<=
=HJ=KK9
,M=
;9DGJ
9K9
<=
>=JJ=AJG
=KH=LG
<=
H9M

KL9K >J9K=K <A>=J=E <9 GJ9^]G HGJIM= K]G HJG>=JA<9K IM9K=

K=EHJ= =E KALM9^g=K =KH=;A9AK >GJ9 9K IM9AK G =FMF;A9<G F]G K= E9FA
>=KL9
=E
LG<9
KM9
HD=FALM<=
E ?=J9D K=MK =D=E=FLGK ;GFKLALMAFL=K K]G <= F9LMJ=R9 FGEAF9D
KM:KL9FLANGK 9<B=LANGK GM 9<N_J:AGK = 9 9MKaF;A9 <G Fh;D=G N=J:9D
<GF<= <AE9F9E 9K J=D9^g=K KAFLYLA;GK=E[FLA;9K AEH=<= IM= K= A<=FLA
>AIM=E =FLJ= K=MK ;GFKLALMAFL=K 9K >MF^g=K IM= K= E9FA>=KL9E F9 GJ9^]G
+GJ GMLJG D9<G 9 >J9K= 9HGFL9 H9J9 9KK=J^]G <= ME9 N=J<9<= ?=J9D BY IM=
=P;DMA 9 >GJE9 N=J:9D J=KHGFKYN=D HGJ ME9 H9JLA;MD9JAR9^]G <9 =PHJ=KK]G
6 N  7 FLJ=L9FLG ;GEG K]G =FMF;A9<GK J=9AK 9H=D9K= H9J9 9 AF
L=JHJ=L9^]G E9AK GM E=FGK HJePAE9 <GK HGKKbN=AK =IMAN9D=FL=K =PHJ=KKGK
KG: >GJE9 <= GJ9^]G KKAE x=FL=F<=K=y IM= ME =FMF;A9<G ;GEG CA
8=5 =IMAN9D= 9 9G9>C 6CA 8=5 GM GD9FC EI9 H9B<5 6CA 8=5 GM 5G5
89 :9FF9=FC 9GD9HC 89 D5I N9D=JA9 9HJGPAE9<9E=FL= 9 5G5 89 :9FF9=FC
IG5 9GD9HC 89 D5I GM +I5B8C 5 75G5 X 89 :9FF9=FC C 9GD9HC X 89 D5I GM
9AF<9 A
75G5
89
:9FF9=FC
BVC
G9
IG5
9GD9HC
89
:9FFC
A5G
89
D5I
 KAEHD=K N=JA>A;9^]G <9K NYJA9K HGKKA:ADA<9<=K <= H9JY>J9K=K
EGKLJ9 :=E ;GEG K]G LaFM=K 9K J=D9^g=K ?J9E9LA;9AK IM= GK L=JEGK =PAKL
=FL=K E9FLaE =FLJ= KA <=FLJG <9 >J9K= +GJ AKKG 9 <=K;JA^]G <9 >J9K= F]G K=
>9JY H=DGK E=KEGK ;JAL_JAGK =EHJ=?9<GK F9 GJ9^]G E9K K=?MF<G KM9 ;GF
KLALMA^]G AFL=JF9 $FA;A9DE=FL= HG<=EGK <ANA<AJ 9K >J9K=K =E IB=A9A6F9G
= 6=A9A6F9G
!J9K=K
MFAE=E:J=K
AFL=JB=A^]G



Frases unimembres: interjeio v * LAHG E9AK KAEHD=K <= >J9K= _

G ;GFKLALMb<G HGJ =BH9F>9=WVC %Y _ 9FLA?9 =E ?J9EYLA;9 9 A<=A9 <= 9 AFL=J
B=A^]G F]G K=J 9 JA?GJ ME9 xH9D9NJ9y E9K IM= =IMAN9D= 9 ME =FMF;A9<G
AF<=H=F<=FL=
GM
9
ME9
GJ9^]G
AFL=AJ9
*@
+KAM

+G<= 9AF<9 9H9J=;=J ;GE:AF9<9 ;GE GMLJ9K MFA<9<=K H9J9 ;GFKLALMAJ

>J9K=K
E9AK
;GEHD=P9K
A
<=
EAE
*@
HYLJA9
EAF@9

%Y NAEGK IM= GMLJ9K ;D9KK=K <= H9D9NJ9K = ?JMHGK FGEAF9AK K= HG

<=E LJ9FKHGJ 9G H9H=D <= AFL=JB=A^]G =EHJ=?9<GK =E >MF^]G 9H=D9LAN9
=F<=J=^9<9 9G AFL=JDG;MLGJ GM ;GEG E9FA>=KL9^]G <9 9LALM<= <G >9D9FL=
6' 
7
.G;GJJG
=HJ=KK9
(=M
H9A
,M=
@GJJGJ
1AN9

+G<=E 9H9J=;=J MFA<9<=K E9AK DGF?9K J=KMDL9FL=K <= J=KHGKL9K GM

;GE=FLYJAGK 9 <AYDG?GK J=9AK GM AE9?AFYJAGK ;GE G AFL=JDG;MLGJ .]G
>J9K=K =DbHLA;9K IM9K= K=EHJ= <= N9DGJ FGEAF9D J=Kb<MGK <= GJ9^g=K KAFL
9LA;9E=FL= AF;GEHD=L9K GM LJMF;9<9K IM= <=N=E K=J LJ9L9<9K FG JGD <GK
=FMF;A9<GK AF<=H=F<=FL=K K=E Fh;D=G N=J:9D 9G D9J?G <= IM9DIM=J
J=KLALMA^]G
;GJJ=LAN9
<G
HGFLG
<=
NAKL9
KAFLYLA;G
xw
KLY
:=E
<=AP=E=
>A;9J
9D?ME
L=EHG
E9AK
=KLGM
F9
HAKL9
<=
ME
EAKL_JAG
k
+I9
A=GHXF=Cy
6( 
7
xw
-9HGKG
NGM
K9AJ
@Y
9D?ME9
;GMK9
k
(585
5D=HVC
0=J9=FCGy
6' 
7
x!=RE=
K=FL9J
9G
H_
<=
KA
F9
N9J9F<9
=FLJ=
EMAL9K
=P;D9E9^g=K
<=
;GFL=FL9E=FLG
k
)F5
C
F5G=B<C /A
<CA9A
,M=E
<AJA9
@Y
9FGK /A
<CA9B
N5FFVC 
6CB=HC +I5@
1G;a
F]G
K=
D=E:J9
<=
EAE
6( 
7
w
,M9D
_
9
KM9
HJG>AKK]G
k
GHI85BH9 y
6' 
7

 

FLJ= =KK9K N=J<9<=AJ9K DFCCF5Wc9G =KL]G 9K H9D9NJ9K G=A BVC

H5@J9N H5ADCI7C = 9KK=E=D@9<9K KGRAF@9K GM ;GE:AF9<9K IM= <= HJAE
ALANGK
9<N_J:AGK
H9KK9E
HGJ
LJ9FKHGKA^]G
@AH=JLYPA;9
9G
H9H=D
<=
>J9K=K
w
%Y
<=KL=
9
FGLb;A9
k
=B85
BVC 6' 
7

D?ME9K N=R=K F=KL=K ;9KGK ME <GK AFL=JDG;MLGJ=K GM G 9MLGJ FME

EGFeDG?G >9R MKG <= ME9 >J9K= =P;D9E9LAN9 ;GEHD=P9 IM= N9D= MFAL9JA9
E=FL=
HGJ
LJ9FKHGKA^]G
@AHGLYPA;9
HGJ
ME9
AFL=JB=A^]G
M?aFA9
K=FLGMK=
9
;GF;=JL9J
ME9
<9K
LJ9F^9K +I9
8=GG=AI@5WVC
;F57=CG5 +I9
5FH9
=B:=B=H5
9
89@=7585 +I9
H5FHI:=79
DFC:IB85
6( 
7
LAIM=L9K
=
JeLMDGK

Etiquetas e rtulos A>=J=FL= ;GFL=PLG DAF?MbKLA;G G;GJJ= ;GE

>J9K=K IM= =FLJ9E F9 AF<A;9^]G <= =LAIM=L9K D=LJ=AJGK = JeLMDGK KALM9<GK
=E ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K L9AK IM= ;GE 9BM<9 <= L9AK =FLGJFGK K]G KM>A;A=FL=K
H9J9 ;GFKLALMAJ AF>GJE9^g=K HJ=;AK9K =KL= JGD >9R=E H9JL= 9 KAF9DAR9^]G
N=J:9D <9K AF<A;9^g=K <= LJ[FKALG BHF585 -5[85 ,9HCFBC =L;  <= =K
L9:=D=;AE=FLGK :9F;YJAGK = ;GE=J;A9AK @=9BH9G 89 CBH5 )IFC =@5 sB
=75 *585F=5 5FB9G &5H=7[B=CG &=AD9N5 GH57=CB5A9BHC BHF585
DFC=6=85 BHF585
G_
D9FA=H=85
5
:IB7=CBRF=CG
=L; 
!J9K=K
9KK=JLAN9K
:AE=E:J=K

Frases assertivas bimembres v

E:GJ9 >J9K=K 9KK=JLAN9K
:AE=E:J=K HGKK9E K=J >9;ADE=FL= H9J9>J9K=9<9K 9 GJ9^g=K <= =KLJMLMJ9
J=?MD9J = ;GE =KL9K EMAL9K N=R=K K= 9DL=JF9J FG <AK;MJKG F]G <=N=E K=J
xJ=;GFKLALMb<9Ky = x=E=F<9<9Ky ;GE 9MPbDAG <= =DAHK=K = GMLJGK J=;MJKGK
H9J9 <=HGAK K=J=E <=K;JAL9K ;GEG GJ9^g=K  =PHJ=KKANA<9<= <=;GJJ= <9
D=N=R9
=
=KHGFL9F=A<9<=
;GE
IM=
K=
;9J9;L=JAR9E
$F;DM=EK= HGJL9FLG FG JGD <= >J9K=K 9KK=JLAN9K :AE=E:J=K <GL9
<9K L9E:_E <= =FLG9^]G GM ;GFLGJFG E=De<A;G 9KK=JLANGK GK K=?MAFL=K
=P=EHDGK
5G5
89
:9FF9=FC
9GD9HC
89
D5I
.5@
D5=
H5@
:=@<C

 NAN9;A<9<= = D=N=R9 IM= L9AK >J9K=K =EHJ=KL9E 9G <AK;MJKG =P

HDA;9E
G
K=M
D9J?G
=EHJ=?G
F9K
EYPAE9K
=
HJGN_J:AGK



5 Concordncia
GFKA<=J9^g=K
?=J9AK

Consideraes gerais E HGJLM?MaK 9 7CB7CF8TB7=5 ;GFKAKL= =E

K= 9<9HL9J 9 H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9FL= 9G ?aF=JG FhE=JG = H=KKG9 <9 H9D9NJ9
<=L=JEAF9<9
A concordncia pode ser nominal ou verbal v ARK= 7CB7CF8TB
7=5 BCA=B5@ 9 IM= K= N=JA>A;9 =E ?aF=JG = FhE=JG =FLJ= G 9<B=LANG = G
HJGFGE= 9<B=LANG G 9JLA?G G FME=J9D GM G H9JLA;bHAG H9D9NJ9K <=L=JE
AF9FL=K = G KM:KL9FLANG GM HJGFGE= H9D9NJ9K <=L=JEAF9<9K 9 IM= K=
J=>=J=E
x*
;9HAL]G
JGKFGM 5@;IA5 ;GMK9
<=M 8CIG H9KKGK
E=L=M 5 E]G
FG
:GDKG
K9;GM IA H=<9^G
<=
H9H=D
EMALG 5A5FFCH58C
<=HGAK S DMR
<=
IA5 D9FL=JF9
D=M IA5 G<= <CF57=5B5 KG:J= 5 DA:=J<9<= 85 NA<9 A5F[
H=A5y
6( 
7

ARK= 7CB7CF8TB7=5 J9F65@ 9 IM= K= N=JA>A;9 =E FhE=JG = H=KKG9

=FLJ=
G
KMB=ALG
=
ZK
N=R=K
G DF98=75H=JC
=
G
N=J:G
<9
GJ9^]G
x*K
GMLJGK
F]G
K9:=F<G
G
IM= 9F5 :5@5J5A C@<5J5A ;9GH=7I@5J5A
9G
L=EHG
IM=
=D9 C@<5J5 Ke
GJ9
>AP9
GJ9
EeN=D
D=N9F<G
9
9KLh;A9
9G
HGFLG
<=
GD@9J
ZK
N=R=K
H9J9
<=FLJG
<=
KA
HGJIM= 89=L5J5
75=F 9K
HYDH=:J9Ky
6( 
7
x@=?9F<G
Z
JM9 5FF9D9B8=E=
<=
L=J
K9b<Gy
6( 7
xF5A
<=
FGN=E:JG
<=
 y
6# 
 7

 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 HG<= K=J =KL9:=D=;A<9 <= D5@5JF5 H9J9 D5@5JF5 GM

<= D5@5JF5 H9J9 G9BH=8C  ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 <= D5@5JF5 H9J9 D5@5JF5 K=JY
HCH5@ GM D5F7=5@ L9E:_E ;@9E9<9 5HF5H=J5 ;GF>GJE= K= D=N= =E ;GFL9 9
LGL9DA<9<= GM G E9AK HJePAEG <9K H9D9NJ9K <=L=JEAF9<9K FME9 K_JA= <=
;GGJ<=F9^]G
x-=H=DA9
HGJIM=
K=
E= C:9F97=5A NA<9
=
@GFJ9
9
LJG;G
<=
H=JH_LM9
AF>[EA9y
6# 
7

* N=J:G C:9F97=5A ;GF;GJ<9 ;GE 9 LGL9DA<9<= <G KMB=ALG ;GEHGKLG

J=85 = <CBF5
xHGJIM=
=FLJ=
=D=
=
.MAFLAD9 9GHR G
;_M
=
G
AF>=JFGy
6# 
7

 

* N=J:G 9GHR ;GF;GJ<9 9LJ9LAN9E=FL= ;GE G KMB=ALG E9AK HJePAEG

G
;_M
<9
K_JA=
;GGJ<=F9<9
G 7XI =
G =B:9FBC
x J=5K=
=E
LG<9K
9K
>9;=K D=BH58C G
=KH9FLGKG
=
G
L=JJGJy
6# 
 7

* N=J:G J=5 = G 9<B=LANG D=BH58C ;GF;GJ<9E HGJ 9LJ9^]G ;GE G

KMB=ALG
E9AK
HJePAEG
<9
K_JA= C
9GD5BHCGC = C
H9FFCF
x,M9F<G
9
=<M;9^]G
GK
DANJGK
=
G
K=FLAJ
<9IM=D=K
IM=
FGK
G<=A9E
5D5;CI =E
FGKK9
9DE9
G
K=DG
<9
;JMRy
6# 
7

* N=J:G 5D5;CI ;GF;GJ<9 HGJ 9LJ9^]G ;GE G KMB=ALG E9AK HJePAEG

C G9BH=F 85EI9@9G <G KMB=ALG ;GEHGKLG 9AF<9 IM= =KL= N=F@9 9FL=HGKLG
9G
N=J:G
 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 <= D5@5JF5 H9J9 G9BH=8C K= <AR 9AF<9 7CB7CF8TB7=5
x58
G9BGIAy
GM G=@9DG9
x
HD=:= JC7=:9F5J5 9K
E9AK
9>JGFLGK9K
AFBhJA9K
;GFLJ9

'=GFGJ
=
K= 7<9;5GG9A 9
=FLJ9J
FG
H9^G
=D9
K=E
<hNA<9
K=JA9
>=AL9
H=<9^GK
H=DG
LJGH=D
>MJAGKGy
6# 
7

* N=J:G JC7=:9F5J5 ;GF;GJ<9 ;GE G KMB=ALG D@969 IM= K=F<G ME

;GD=LANG Hf<= H=DG K=M ;GFL=h<G K=E[FLA;G <= HDMJ9DA<9<= D=N9J 9G HDMJ
9D
G
N=J:G 7<9;5GG9A
E9AK
9>9KL9<G
<=D=
x J9
?=FL=
;GD=;Lb;A9 AI=HCG
9;9KG
K=E
HYLJA9
<9
?M=JJ9
=
HGJ
AKKG
HGM;G <56=HI58CG 9
J=KA?F9JK=
;GE
9K
NYJA9K
=
L=<AGK9K
>9K=K
<=
ME
9KK_<AGy
6# 
7

* L=JEG ;9BH9 <= N9DGJ ;GD=LANG _ G J=KHGFKYN=D H=D9 >D=P]G E9K

;MDAF9 <= AI=HCG = <56=HI58CG HGJ K= D=N9J =E ;GFL9 9 A<=A9 <= GC@858CG
;GFLA<9
F9
H9D9NJ9 ;9BH9
W HJ=;AKG =KL9J 9L=FLG 9 IM= 9 DA:=J<9<= <= ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 IM= 9 DbF
?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 EMAL9K N=R=K G>=J=;= <=N= K=J ;MA<9<GK9E=FL= 9HJGN=AL
9<9
H9J9
F]G
HJ=BM<A;9J
9
;D9J=R9
<9
E=FK9?=E
=
9
@9JEGFA9
<G
=KLADG
)9 DbF?M9 GJ9D =E IM= G >DMPG <G H=FK9E=FLG ;GJJ= E9AK JYHA<G
IM= 9 >GJEMD9^]G = =KLJMLMJ9^]G <9 GJ9^]G _ EMALG ;GEME =FMF;A9J
HJAE=AJG G N=J:G v =D=E=FLG >MD;J9D <9 9LANA<9<= ;GEMFA;9LAN9 v H9J9 <=
HGAK K= K=?MAJ=E GK GMLJGK L=JEGK GJ9;AGF9AK )=KL9K ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K G
>9D9FL= ;GKLME9 =FMF;A9J G N=J:G FG KAF?MD9J HGJIM= 9AF<9 F]G H=FKGM

 

FG KMB=ALG 9 IM=E 9LJA:MAJY 9 >MF^]G HJ=<A;9LAN9 ;GFLA<9 FG N=J:G K= G

KMB=ALG F=KL= EGE=FLG >GJ H=FK9<G ;GEG HDMJ9DA<9<= GK ;9KGK <= <AK
;GJ<[F;A9 K=J]G 9b >J=IM=FL=K * E=KEG G;GJJ= ;GE 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 FGE
AF9D
<G
H9JLA;bHAG
 DbF?M9 =K;JAL9 >GJE9DE=FL= E9AK =D9:GJ9<9 L=E E=AGK <= =NAL9J
=KL9K
<AK;GJ<[F;A9K
GF;GJ<[F;A9
FGEAF9D

Concordncia nominal
A Concordncia de palavra para palavra
 "R
IA5
G_
D5@5JF5
89H9FA=B585
 H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9FL= AJY H9J9 G ?aF=JG = FhE=JG <9 H9D9NJ9
<=L=JEAF9<9
x>DA?=FGK
9
?DeJA9 5@<9=5
7CBH9GH585 ;GE
9 BCGG5 AFKA?FA>A;[F;A9y
6((7
x)G
6CBG =P=EHDGK 8CG H9AK
K]G 5G
A9@<CF9G DA^g=K
=
9 A9@<CF @=J
9F^9
H9J9 CG >AD@GKy
6((7
x M
9EG 5 FGAL= GC@=HRF=5 = AI85y
6" 
$
7
M
=KLGM EI=H9
)eK
=KL9EGK EI=H9G
*. -1Vu* *K FGE=K >=EAFAFGK ;GEG G9BH=B9@5 ;I5F85 ;I=5 = 9KK=E=D
@9<GK IM9F<G 9HDA;9<GK 9 H=KKG9K <G K=PG E9K;MDAFG E9FLaE G ?aF=JG >=EAF
AFG = D=N9E H9J9 =KL= ?aF=JG GK <=L=JEAF9FL=K 9 =D=K J=>=JA<GK 5 G9BH=B9@5
5J5BW585 x=HGAK <=KL9 <A?J=KK]G IM= 9;9:9AK <= >9R=J H=DG EMF<G ;GE L]G AR
;I=5 ;GEG =M NGDL=EGK 9 GMNAJ <= FGNG 9K NGKK9K H=<J9Ky 6?GKLAF@G <= 9E
HGK 5DI8 (9 
 7

 "R
A5=G
89
IA5
D5@5JF5
89H9FA=B585
*:K=JN9JK=]G
GK
K=?MAFL=K
;9KGK
 q
.=
9K
H9D9NJ9K
<=L=JEAF9<9K
>GJ=E
<G
E=KEG
?aF=JG
9
H9D9NJ9
<=
L=JEAF9FL=
AJY
H9J9
G
HDMJ9D
=
H9J9
G
?aF=JG
;GEME
GM
HG<=JY
;GF
;GJ<9J
HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
K=
NA=J
9FL=HGKL9
=E
?aF=JG
=
FhE=JG
;GE
9
E9AK
HJePAE9

DbF?M9
=
9
DAL=J9LMJ9 DCFHI;I9G5G GM

DbF?M9
=
9
DAL=J9LMJ9
DCFHI;I9G5
xE9N9
FG
=KLJA:=AJGEGJ
9K
NAJLM<=K
=
9
D=9D<9<=
FMF;9
89GA9BH=85Gy

 


6-. 
 7
x*
LGE
=
?=KLG 75F=7=CGC
;GE
IM=
=D9
<ARA9
AKLG
F]G
EGN=M
E=<A9
F9E=FL=
G
=KHGKGy
6J 
7
x9
CG
BCGGCG 9KbDAG
=
MJ]G
:=E
9KKAE
G
.J
(9?9D@]=K y
6*(
 7 
*bservaes
 9 .= 9K H9D9NJ9K <=L=JEAF9<9K K= J=>=JAJ=E 9 ME9 Ke H=KKG9 GM ;GAK9 AEHg=K=
G
KAF?MD9J
<G
<=L=JEAF9FL=
G9I
:=9@ 9EA?G
=
K=JNA<GJ
9 W AFBMKL9 9 ;JbLA;9 <G ?J9EYLA;G 9JDGK +=J=AJ9 6+  l    FGL97 9GK
K=?MAFL=K =P=EHDGK x 9 E]G =KIM=J<9 =FLJ= 7I>CG bF<A;= = HGD=?9J H=F<A9
G H=J?9EAF@G y 6#  $$ 7 = x H=D9K =PA?aF;A9K ;9<9 N=R E9AGJ=K <=K
L9K 89JCF58CF5G = =BG57=RJ9=G >GE=
=
K=<=
<=
D=ALMJ9y
6 
7
 9 +J=;=<=F<G ME KM:KL9FLANG LbLMDG GM HJ=FGE= G;GJJ= G HDMJ9D *K =FAVCG
+=<JG
=
+9MDG
*K 5D_GHC@CG 9JF9:_
=
+9MDG
 9 0E <=L=JEAF9FL= 9<B=LANG FG HDMJ9D HG<= =KL9J 9HGKLG 9 ME KMB=ALG <G KAF
?MD9J IM= N=F@9 ;GDG;9<G <=HGAK IM9F<G =KL= KMB=ALG _ 9D?ME <GK HJGFGE=K
7585 IA 7585 EI5@ B=B;IXA B9B<IA J=>=JA<GK 9 H=KKG9K GM ;GAK9K BY
E=F;AGF9<9K
GC6F9GG5@H58CG ;GE
=KL9
NAKL9
HJG;MJ9N9 7585
IA HfJK=
9
K9DNG
6 7

q
.=
9K
H9D9NJ9K
<=L=JEAF9<9K
>GJ=E
<=
?aF=JGK
<A>=J=FL=K
9
H9D9NJ9
<=L=JEAF9FL=
AJY
H9J9
G
HDMJ9D
E9K;MDAFG
GM
;GF;GJ<9JY
=E
?aF=JG
=
FhE=JG
;GE
9
E9AK
HJePAE9
x1AF@9
LG<G
;G:=JLG
<=
F=?JG B9;FCG G
=DEG
9
;GMJ9^9
=
G
K9AGy
6# 
7
x;GEG
K=
ME
?J9F<=
AF;aF<AG
<=NGJ9KK=
9K
:J=F@9K
=
GK
;9JN9D@9AK
5BH=;CGy
6# 
7
x5@585 9
F9LMJ=R9
9
L=JJ9
=
GK
@GE=FKy
6" 
$
7
;GE 6C5 ;GJ9?=E
=
R=DG
;GE
;GJ9?=E
=
R=DG 6CA GM 6CBG
;GE
6CBG ;GJ9?=E
=
R=DG
HC85
GI5 DML9
=
K9;JA>b;AGK
HC8CG
G9IG K9;JA>b;AGK
=
DML9
*bservaes



 9 +GJ ME9 IM=KL]G <= 9?J9<G 9M<ALANG =M>GFA9 HJ=>=J=K= IM= FME9 K_JA= <=
H9D9NJ9K <=L=JEAF9<9K <= ?aF=JGK <A>=J=FL=K K=?MA<9 <= H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9FL=
FG
E9K;MDAFG
HDMJ9D
N=F@9
9
<=L=JEAF9<9
E9K;MDAF9
=E
hDLAEG
DM?9J
9 .= F=KL= ;9KG K= LJ9L9J <= HJGFGE= HGKK=KKANG HGKHGKLG 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9
<=KL=
K=
>9JY
;GE
G
hDLAEG
KM:KL9FLANG
x KL=
N=D@G
<=KL=JJ9<G
HGJ ;CGHC = 9@9=WVC
GI5 y
6-. 
7
 9 ,M9F<G @Y A<=A9 <= J=;AHJG;A<9<= LGJF9K= G:JA?9LeJAG G =EHJ=?G <G HDMJ9D
x D= =FLJGM HJ9R=FL=AJG = =F;GFLJGM H9<JAF@G = 9>AD@9<9 9AD9B<58CG =E
ME9
<AK;MKK]G
KG:J=
9MLGJA<9<=y
6'9 5DI8 .. 
l

G:K 7

 "R
IA5
G_
D5@5JF5
89H9FA=B585
9
A5=G
89
IA5
89H9FA=B5BH9
 H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9<9 AJY H9J9 G HDMJ9D GM >A;9JY FG KAF?MD9J
K=F<G F=KL= hDLAEG ;9KG >9;MDL9LAN9 9 J=H=LA^]G <G 9JLA?G E ?=J9D AKLG
G;GJJ= ;GE 9<B=LANGK <= F9;AGF9DA<9<= G @=H9F5HIF5G :J9KAD=AJ9 = HGJ
LM?M=K9 GM  @=H9F5HIF5 :J9KAD=AJ9 = HGJLM?M=K9 E9F=AJ9 <= <AR=J E=FGK
>J=IM=FL= = ;GE =P9?=JG <= De?A;9 ?J9E9LA;9D ;GFKA<=J9<9 =JJfF=9 HGJ
EMALGK
9MLGJ=K
GM 
@=H9F5HIF5 :J9KAD=AJ9
= 5 HGJLM?M=K9
x=
GK 7FCB=GH5G
HI89BG9
9
HC@985BC >9R=E
9
DML9
<GK
<GMK
J=AK
<=HGAK
<9IM=D=
;GFKeJ;AGy
6# 
$$$
7
x'A
ME
9FhF;AG
;GFNA<9F<G
E=KLJ9
<= @[B;I5G
=B;@9G5 = :F5B79G5
H9J9
G
;GD_?AGy
6J 
 7
x*
H=IM=FG
J=AFG
KM;=KKAN9E=FL=
H=JDMKLJGM 5G
7CGH5G
C7=89BH5@
9
CF=9BH5@ <9
}>JA;9 y

<=
'9=L
$

5G
GXF=9G
EI5FH5
9
EI=BH5
5
EI5FH5
9
EI=BH5
GXF=9 GM GXF=9G

B Concordncia de palavra para sentido

 H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9FL= HG<= <=AP9J <= ;GF;GJ<9J =E ?aF=JG =
FhE=JG ;GE 9 :CFA5 <9 H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9<9 H9J9 D=N9J =E ;GFKA<=J9^]G
9H=F9K G G9BH=8C =E IM= =KL9 K= 9HDA;9 C NAF@G 7<5AD5B<5 C JAG
A5NCB5G
FLJ= GK <AN=JKGK ;9KGK <=KL9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 H=DG K=FLA<G 9H9J=;=E
GK
K=?MAFL=K
 K
=PHJ=KKg=K
<=
LJ9L9E=FLG
<G
LAHG
<=
1
P 9
1
. 9
=L; 

 

*bservao ,M9F<G K= BMFL9 ME 9<B=LANG 9 L9AK >GJE9K <= LJ9L9E=FLG L9D 9<B=L
ANG
>A;9
FG
?aF=JG
<9
>GJE9
<=
LJ9L9E=FLG
.M9
(9B=KL9<= :=89@[GG=A5 >GA
;GFLJ9JA9<G
H=DGK
J=HJ=K=FL9FL=K
<AHDGEYLA;GK

  =PHJ=KK]G 5 ;9BH9 9HDA;9<9 9 ME9 GM E9AK H=KKG9K ;GE AF

;DMK]G
<9
IM=
>9D9
x+=J?MFL9
9
?=FL=
9
KA DF_DF=C J=>=J=K=
9
H=KKG9
<G
K=PG
E9K;MDAFG
IM9FLG
D=N9JA9
G
KGDA;AL9<GJ
9G
K=M
;DA=FL=
HGJ
L=J
KGF@9<G
;GE
G
K=M
F=?e;AGy
6+ 5DI8 (9 
7

 * L=JEG <=L=JEAF9<G _ ME ;GD=LANG K=?MA<G <= <=L=JEAF9FL=

=E
?aF=JG
GM
FhE=JG
GM
9E:GK
<A>=J=FL=K
x7C7CF585 =E
LGJFG BIG
9
F=?J9D@9<9 A=d85
<=
<GAK
9
GALG
9FGKy
6# 
7



xD;=M
EGJGKG
'AE9
 
L=N=
9
:G9
A<=A9
<=
;9J9;L=JAR9J
=
<A>=J
=F^9J
G
=FK9AG
=
9
;JfFA;9
<AR=F<G
IM= IA
9
CIHFC ?aF=JG
K=
9>AJE9E
H=DG
=KLADGy
x+9JGM
ME
EGE=FLG
=
GD@9F<G
H9J9 IA
9
CIHFC
@58C
=F<AJ=ALGM
9
;9JJ=AJ9 y
6# 
7
x(9K IA5
9
CIHF5
7CIG5
8IF5F5A 9H=F9K
JYHA<G
AFKL9FL=y
6# 
7

GE B9A IA B9A CIHFC _ <= JA?GJ G KAF?MD9J H9J9 G KM:KL9FLANG =

N=J:G
(9A
IA
B9A
CIHFC
@=JFC E=J=;=
K=J
DA<G

GE IA CI CIHFC G KM:KL9FLANG L9E:_E >A;9 FG KAF?MD9J = AF

N9JA9N=DE=FL= FG KAF?MD9J 9H9J=;= G N=J:G <= IM= 9 =PHJ=KK]G K=JN= <=
KMB=ALG
x/A
CI
CIHFC KGD<9<G
AF<AK;AHDAF9<9E=FL= F9J=85J5
<AKH9J9F<G
Z
LG9
9
9JE9
H9J9
GK
9J=Ky
6 
9 =< 
 7

.= 9K =PHJ=KKg=K IA 9 CIHFC B9A IA B9A CIHFC K= 9HDA;9J=E 9

FGE=K <= ?aF=JGK <A>=J=FL=K _ E9AK ;GEME G =EHJ=?G <9K >GJE9K
E9K;MDAF9K
x/GJFGM
9
NaD9
>GA
NAKLG
HGJ
=D9
=
9;9:9J9E
F9EGJ9<GK IA
8C
CIHFCy
6(  
 9 =< 
7
xDA
L=N=
=DJ=A
=K;GF<A<G
9D?ME
L=EHG
=
DY
;GE=^9J9E
GK
K=MK
9EGJ=K
;GE
9
J9AF@9
IM=
L]G
>9L9AK
>GJ9E
H9J9 IA
9
CIHFCy
6# 
7
x-=HGMK9N9E
:=E
H=JLG IA
8C
CIHFC 9
E9L_JA9
=
G
=KHbJALGy
6# 
7

)GL=K= IM= 57C7CF585 = A=d85 ;GF;GJ<9E ;GE 9 >GJE9 ?J9E9LA;

9D <= B9;F5@<585 =FIM9FLG BIG G >9R D=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 G K=M K=FLA<G 
?JMHG
<=
F=?JAF@GK
<=
<GAK
9
GALG
9FGK
  H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9<9 9H9J=;= FG KAF?MD9J = E9AK 9<A9FL= G <=
L=JEAF9FL=
FG
HDMJ9D
=E
NAJLM<=
<=
K=
KM:=FL=F<=J
9IM=D9
FG
HDMJ9D
x)]G
;GEHJ=K @=JFC KGE=FL=
H=DG
LbLMDG
9AF<9
IM=
H9J=^9E
:GFK
K]G
EMAL9K
N=R=K
H_KKAEGKy
6%- 
 7
x(9K
F]G
FGK
;GFKLGM
=E
IM= 5BC ;GE=^GM
F=E EI5BHCG =KL=N=
;GE
=D=y
6'. 5DI8 %- 7

C Outros casos de concordncia nominal

 0E
=
GMLJG
F=E
ME
F=E
GMLJG

 Um e outro, nem um nem outro v GE IA 9 CIHFC Hg=K= FG

KAF?MD9J G <=L=JEAF9<G KM:KL9FLANG = FG KAF?MD9J GM FG HDMJ9D G N=J:G
<9
GJ9^]G
IM9F<G
=KL9K
=PHJ=KKg=K
9H9J=;=E
;GEG
KMB=ALG

)]G
J9JG
HG<=
9H9J=;=J
9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
G
L=JEG
J=>=JA<G
x
NANA9
G
;9K9D
N=FLMJGKG
<=
ME
;=JLG
$RJ9AE
H=JK9
D=LJ9<G
=
<9
KM9
=KHGK9
+JG>LYKA9
IM= IA
9
CIHF5 ;MDLAN9N9E
H9J9
<=D=AL=
<G
=KHbJALG
9
>ADGKG>A9
?J=?9y
6%- 
7
 (=KEG
HJeHJAG
Ke

 Mesmo, prprio, s v GF;GJ<9E ;GE 9 H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9<9

=E
?aF=JG
=
FhE=JG
D= A9GAC <AKK=
9
N=J<9<=
D9 A9GA5 <AKK=
9
N=J<9<=
D9K DF_DF=5G >GJ9E
9G
DG;9D
)eK
F]G
=KL9EGK G_G
x D=K G_G K=
=F;9EAF@9E
H9J9
=KK9
H9JL= y
6# 
7

 

E DbF?M9 DAL=JYJA9 G;GJJ= G 9<B=LANG G_ N9JAYN=D GF<= FG ;GDeIMAG

K=
HJ=>=J=
MK9J
<G
9<N_J:AG G_
HGJL9FLG
AFN9JAYN=D
xGE G_G 
9FGK
<=
A<9<=
BY
9
H9DA<=R
<9
EGJL=
K=
NA9
DML9J
FG
K=M
JGKLG
;GE
9K
JGK9K
<9
EG;A<9<=
6 7


 9<G
=
NAKLG

 Dado = visto v 0K9<GK 9<B=LAN9E=FL= ;GF;GJ<9E =E ?aF=JG =

FhE=JG
;GE
G
KM:KL9FLANG
<=L=JEAF9<G
58C 0=GHC
G
HJG:D=E9
IM=
K=
FGK
9HJ=K=FLGM
J=KGDN=EGK
<=KAKLAJ
<G
;GFLJ9LG
585G 0=GH5G
9K
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K
>GJ9EK=
=E:GJ9

'9GAC 9D_E <= K= =EHJ=?9J F9 A<=A9 <= A<=FLA<9<=  =E H=KKG9

9H9J=;=
9AF<9
;GEG
KAFfFAEG
<= DF_DF=C 5HX
x9G A9GAC <=EfFAG
K=
<=N=
>9R=J
BMKLA^9
IM9F<G
=D=
9
LAN=Jy
61
5DI8  
l

97

KL= hDLAEG K=FLA<G = E9AK G =EHJ=?G 9<N=J:A9D BMFLG <= 5EI= >R
5;CF5 9IMA E=KEG BY E=KEG 9?GJ9 E=KEG >9;ADAL9J9E G 9H9J=;AE=FLG
EG<=JFG <9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG 9<N_J:AG EG<G <= <AR=J IM= GK HMJAKL9K ;GF
<=F9E
E9K
IM=
N=E
?9F@9F<G
9
KAEH9LA9
?=J9D
x
N9A<GKGK
<=
K=MK
9H=DA<GK
E9K
AFG>=FKANGK
=
NAJLMGKGK A9GAC
HGJ
N9A<9<=
<=
AEAL9J=E
K=MK
9NG=F?GKy
6J 
7 
 (=FGK
=
KGE=FGK

 Menos e somenos v W HJ=;AKG 9L=F^]G H9J9 F]G >9R=J 9 ;GF

;GJ<[F;A9
<= A9BCG ;GE
G
KM:KL9FLANG
K=?MAFL=

 (=AG

 Meio v GE G N9DGJ <= xE=L9<=y MK9<G 9<B=LAN9E=FL= ;GF

;GJ<9
=E
?aF=JG
=
FhE=JG
;GE
G
L=JEG
<=L=JEAF9<G
;D9JG
GM
G;MDLG
x+9J9
9IMAD9L9J
9
AEHGJL[F;A9
<G
LJGH=AJG
:9KL9
D=E:J9J
IM=
G
J9KAD
L=E
;=J;9
<=
GALG
= A9=C EAD@g=K
<=
IMADfE=LJGK
IM9<J9<GK
<=
KMH=J
>b;A= y
6J 
 7
J9 A9=C8=5
9
A9=5 A _
= A9=5
<CF5
 +K=M<G
=
LG<G

 Pseudo = todo v 0K9<GK =E L=JEGK ;GEHGKLGK >A;9E

AFN9JAYN=AK
 DG9I8CG5698CF=5 <GK
LGDGK
_
:=E
?J9F<=
 :X
HC8CDC89FCG5 IM=
FGK
?MA9
_
FGKK9
K9DN9^]G

(9AK
9EGJ=K
= A9BCG ;GF>A9F^9
=
F]G A9B5G

19D=
9
E=KE9
G:K=JN9^]G
H9J9 GCA9BCG 
<=
E=FGJ
N9DGJ

x#Y
F=D=K
;GAK9K
:G9K
=
;GAK9K
EYK
GM GCA9BCGy
6( 
7

 /9D
=
IM9D

 Tal = qual v .5@ ;GEG LG<G <=L=JEAF9FL= ;GF;GJ<9 =E ?aF=JG

=
FhE=JG
;GE
G
<=L=JEAF9<G
.5@ GHAFA]G
_
9:KMJ<9
.5=G J9Rg=K
F]G
E=
EGN=E

 '=KG

 Leso v W 9<B=LANG = F]G >GJE9 <G N=J:G @9G5F =E ;GFKLJM^g=K

<= LAHG ;JAE= <= D=K9HYLJA9 ;JAE= <= D=KGH9LJAGLAKEG +GJ AKKG @Y <=
;GF;GJ<9J
;GE
G
K=M
<=L=JEAF9<G
=E
?aF=JG
=
FhE=JG

E
;GJJ=D9^]G H5@
EI5@ L9E:_E
HJG;=<=E
Z
E=KE9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9

D=
F]G
=J9 H5@
EI5=G K=MK
HJAEGK
*K
>AD@GK
K]G H5=G
EI5@ G
H9A
*K
:G9LGK
K]G H5=G
EI5=G 9K
FGLb;A9K

xGEG
K=
9
KM:KL[F;A9
F]G
>GKK=
BY
ME
;JAE=
<= @9GC;CGHC = @9G5

G9F=98589
9AF<9
HGJ
;AE9
9K
H=JF9K
K9b9E
KG:J=
9K
:GL9Ky
6J 
7
 F=PG
9H=FKG
=
AF;DMKG

 Anexo apenso = incluso v B9LC 5D9BGC = =B7@IGC ;GEG 9<

B=LANG
;GF;GJ<9E
;GE
9
H9D9NJ9
<=L=JEAF9<9
=E
?aF=JG
=
FhE=JG
GJJ=E 5B9LCG =B7@IGCG
5D9BGCG
9GK
HJG;=KKGK
NYJAGK
<G;ME=FLGK
19A 5B9L5 =B7@IG5
5D9BG5
9
<=;D9J9^]G
KGDA;AL9<9
*bservao 0K9K= AFN9JAYN=D 9A 5B9LC 9A 5D9BGC 19A 9A 5B9LC 9A
5D9BGC
9
<=;D9J9^]G
1]G 9A
5B9LC 9A
5D9BGC
9K
<=;D9J9^g=K

*bservaes
 9
E
DM?9J
<= H5@
EI5@
HG<=E
9H9J=;=J H5@
9
EI5@ H5@
CI
EI5@
9 )]G ;GF>MF<AJ H5@ EI5@ >D=PAGFYN=AK ;GE H5@ EI5@ H5@ EI5@ 7CAC AFN9JAYN=AK
IM=
N9D=E
x;GEGy
x=K;=JJ9
MFK
KGJJAKGK
<AK;J=LGK
K=E
EGKLJ9J
GK
<=FL=K H5@
EI5@
7CAC 9K
AF?D=K9K
<=
HJAE=AJG
K9F?M=y
6J 5DI8 % 
 7
 +GKKbN=D

 

 Possvel v GE C A5=G DCGG[J9@ C A9BCG DCGG[J9@ C A9@<CF

DCGG[J9@ C D=CF DCGG[J9@ EI5BHC DCGG[J9@ G 9<B=LANG DCGG[J9@ >A;9 AFN9J
AYN=D
9AF<9
IM=
K=
9>9KL=
<9
H9D9NJ9 A5=G
+9AK9?=FK
G
E9AK DCGG[J9@ :=D9K
+9AK9?=FK
G
E9AK
:=D9K DCGG[J9@
+9AK9?=FK
IM9FLG DCGG[J9@ :=D9K

GE G HDMJ9D CG A5=G CG A9BCG CG D=CF9G CG A9@<CF9G G 9<B=LANG

DCGG[J9@ N9A
9G
HDMJ9D
+9AK9?=FK
9K
E9AK
:=D9K DCGG[J9=G

KL]G
=JJ9<9K
;GF;GJ<[F;A9K
;GEG
*5=G5;9BG
5G
A5=G
69@5G possvel.

!GJ9 <=KL=K ?AJGK 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 <= DCGG[J9@ K= HJG;=KK9

FGJE9DE=FL=



x*
>9LG
<=
L=J
KA<G DF97=G5 9
=PHDA;9^]G
 y
6+ 
 
F q
7

x J9E DF97=GCG GMLJGK
LJaK
@GE=FKy
6(  5DI8 -9 
7

W HGKKbN=D 9AF<9 =E L9AK ;9KGK 9H9J=;=J FG KAF?MD9J G HJeHJAG

N=J:G
<9
GJ9^]G
xW
<G;=
9G
N=D@G
.GFK
<{9J?=FLAF9
NGRy
6" 5DI8 .. 
7

GEG 9;=FLM9 9J:9<AF@G 9 >D=P]G <= B979GGRF=5G _ E9AK >J=

IM=FL=
IM=
9
<= DF97=G5

<B=LANG
;GEHGKLG

 Adjetivo composto v )GK 9<B=LANGK ;GEHGKLGK <= <GAK GM E9AK

=D=E=FLGK J=>=JA<GK 9 F9;AGF9DA<9<=K 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 =E ?aF=JG =
FhE=JG
;GE
G
<=L=JEAF9<G
Ke
G;GJJ=JY
FG
hDLAEG
9<B=LANG
<G
;GEHGKLG
;GJ<G @IGC6F5G=@9=FC
EAR9<= @IGC6F5G=@9=F5
'A<=J9F^9K @IGC6F5G=@9=F5G

xK
9DLMJ9K
=
G
9:AKEG
K]G
9K
>JGFL=AJ9K
<=D=
FG
E=AG
=KL]G
LG<GK
GK
MFAN=JKGK DCGG[J9=Gy
6# 
7
.G:
LG<GK
GK
HGFLGK
<=
NAKL9 DCGG[J9=G

D?ME9
;GAK9
:G9
GM
9D?ME9
;GAK9
<=
:GE



GD@GK
NAKLGK

 A olhos vistos v W LJ9<A;AGF9D G =EHJ=?G <9 =PHJ=KK]G 5 C@<CG

J=GHCG FG K=FLA<G <= 7@5F5A9BH9 J=G=J9@A9BH9 =E J=>=JaF;A9 9 FGE=K
>=EAFAFGK
GM
E9K;MDAFGK
x
H9<=;A9
;9D9<9
=
<=>AF@9N9 5
C@<CG
J=GHCGy
6( 
 5DI8
.F58=Wc9G
@RGG=75G
7

(9AK J9J9 HGJ_E ;GJJ=L9 _ 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 <= J=GHC ;GE 9 H=KKG9

GM
;GAK9
IM=
K=
Na
xK
EAF@9K
>GJ^9K
E=<J9N9E 5
C@<CG
J=GH5G <=
<A9
H9J9
<A9y
6 5DI8 - 
7
x*
:9J]G
<=KE=<J9J9 5
C@<CG
J=GHCy
6J 5DI8 +G 
 7

 Alguma coisa boa ou alguma coisa de bom v

7C=G5
6C5 G
9<B=LANG
;GF;GJ<9
;GE
G
L=JEG
<=L=JEAF9<G

x,M=E
LAN=KK=
J=H9J9<G
=E
!J
19K;G
H=J;=:=JA9
>9;ADE=FL=
IM=
F9
KM9
9DE9
K=
H9KK9N9
L9E:_E 5@;IA5
7CIG5
9LHF5CF8=BRF=5y
6#
5DI8 (9 
7

E 5@;IA5 7C=G5 89 6CA G 9<B=LANG F]G ;GF;GJ<9 ;GE 7C=G5

K=F<G =EHJ=?9<G F=MLJ9DE=FL= ;GEG 5@;C 89 BCJC B585 89 9L
HF5CF8=BRF=C B585
89
HFR;=7C =L; 
+GJ 9LJ9^]G HG<=K= >9R=J 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 <G 9<B=LANG ;GE G L=JEG
<=L=JEAF9<G
IM=
>MF;AGF9
;GEG
KMB=ALG
<9
GJ9^]G
x,M=
LAF@9
HGAK
-A;9J<AF9
<= G98IHCF5y
6J 5DI8 (9 
7
xEGJ
HJeHJAG
<G
NAD]G
IM=
9
AF>[EA9
F9<9
LAF@9
<= 9B;9B<CG5y
6#8  =6=8 7
.=
GK
@GE=FK
F]G
LAN=KK=E
9D?ME9
;GAK9
<= @CI7CG K=JA9E
AF;9H9R=K
<=
@=JGbKEG
6((7

NA<9
F9<9
L=E
<= HFR;=75

 
W
F=;=KKYJAG
H9;AaF;A9

  necessrio pacincia v GE 9K =PHJ=KKg=K <G LAHG X B9

79GGRF=C X 6CA X DF97=GC KA?FA>A;9F<G z_ F=;=KKYJAG{ G 9<B=LANG HG<=
>A;9J AFN9JAYN=D IM9DIM=J IM= K=B9 G ?aF=JG = G FhE=JG <G L=JEG <=L=JE
AF9<G IM9F<G K= <=K=B9 >9R=J ME9 J=>=JaF;A9 <= EG<G N9?G GM ?=J9D
+G<=JK=Y
L9E:_E
>9R=J
FGJE9DE=FL=
9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
W B979GGRF=C H9;AaF;A9
W B979GGRF=5 EMAL9
H9;AaF;A9

E 5@;IA5


0E
HGM;G
<=
DMR
=
ME9
HGM;9
<=
DMR

 Um pouco de luz e uma pouca de luz v G D9<G <9 ;GFKLJM^]G

FGJE9D IA DCI7C 89 @IN HG<= G;GJJ=J 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 9LJ9LAN9 IA5 DCI75

 

89 @IN HGJ K= @9N=J=E >MF<A<G FME9 Ke =PHJ=KK]G 9K <M9K K=?MAFL=K

E9F=AJ9K
<=
<AR=J DCI7C
89
@IN  DCI75
@IN 
x=
9GK
H_K
<=D=K
GK
>A_AK
IM=
G:LAF@9E
H9J9
hDLAE9
B9RA<9 IA5
DCI75
89
H9FF5 y
6# 
7

GF;GJ<[F;A9
<G
HJGFGE=

 Concordncia do pronome v * HJGFGE= ;GEG H9D9NJ9 <=

L=JEAF9FL=
;GF;GJ<9
=E
?aF=JG
=
FhE=JG
;GE
9
H9D9NJ9
<=L=JEAF9<9
EHJ=?9K= G HJGFGE= G:DbIMG CG =E J=>=JaF;A9 9 FGE=K <= <A>=J
=FL=K
?aF=JGK



 <AKLAF^]G =FLJ= 9<B=LANGK = 9<N_J:AGK Ke K= <Y ;D9J9E=FL= IM9F<G

9 H9D9NJ9 <=L=JEAF9<9 =KLY FG >=EAFAFG GM FG HDMJ9D ;9KG =E IM= 9
>D=P]G FGK D=N9 9 E=D@GJ AFL=JHJ=L9J G L=JEG ;GEG 9<B=LANG )9 DbF?M9
H9<J]G 9LM9D 9 L=F<aF;A9 _ H9J9 F=KL=K ;9KGK HJG;=<=J <=FLJG <9 =KLJAL9 J=
?J9
<9
?J9EYLA;9
=
MK9J
L9AK
L=JEGK
K=E
>D=P]G
9<N=J:A9DE=FL=
FLJ9E F=KL9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= >D=P]G 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K <= H5BHC A5=G
EI5BHC A9BCG DCI7C A5=G AI=HC A5=G =E IM= G HJAE=AJG =D=E=FLG
HG<=
;GF;GJ<9J
GM
F]G
;GE
G
KM:KL9FLANG
GE EI5BHC E9AK F5NVC AI=HC E9AK
@GFJ9
GE EI5BH5 E9AK F5NVC AI=H5 E9AK
@GFJ9
*CI75G E9AK D5@5JF5G LJG;9EGK
6J 5DI8 (9 
7

x
?=F=JGKA<9<=
G
=K>GJ^G
=
G
9EGJ
=FKAF9KL=CG LM
=E
LG<9
9
KM9
KM:DAEA<9<=y
6# 
7

)eK
HGJ
=M
NeK
HGJ
LM

 Ns por eu vs por tu v EHJ=?9F<GK= J_G =E J=>=JaF;A9 9

ME9
Ke
H=KKG9
Hg=K=
FG
KAF?MD9J
G
9<B=LANG
x.GAK =B>IGHC ;GEA?Gy
6# 5DI8  
l
:7

G K= =EHJ=?9J =E A<aFLA;9K ;GF<A^g=K G HJGFGE= B_G G 9<B=LANG

HG<=
>A;9J
FG
KAF?MD9J
GM
AJ
9G
HDMJ9D
FL=K
K=B9EGK 6F9J9 IM= DFC@=LC
x FLJ=
G
<=K=BG
<=
9DAE=FL9J
9
;MJAGKA<9<=
<G
D=ALGJ
=
G
J=;=AG
<=
>9D
L9J
Z
=P9^]G
@AKLeJA;9
@=KALYN9EGK
H=JHD=PGKy
6# 5DI8  
l
:7

)GL=EGK HGJ >AE IM= 5@9FH5 _ JA?GJGK9E=FL= ME 9<N_J:AG = 9K

KAE
F]G
9H9J=;=
>D=PAGF9<G
KL9EGK
LG<GK 5@9FH5

#Y ME9 L=F<aF;A9 H9J9 K= MK9J <=KL9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG 9<B=LANG E9K 9

DbF?M9 H9<J]G J=;GE=F<9 K= =NAL= L9D HJYLA;9 %MFLG <= KM:KL9FLANG 5@9FH5
9<IMAJ=
KA?FA>A;9<G
=
>MF^]G
<=
9<B=LANG
x
EG^9
9?M9J<9N9
;GE
AFL=DA?aF;A9
;MJL9
GK
K=FLA<GK 5@9FH5Gy
6'A
5DI8 -9 
7

E K=FLA<G ;GFLJYJAG 9H9J=;= G =F?9FG <= F]G K= >D=PAGF9J G 9<B=L

ANG EI=H9
=N=K=
<AR=J
KLGM EI=H9
KL9EGK EI=H9G


DL=JF[F;A9
=FLJ=
9<B=LANG
=
9<N_J:AG

 Alternncia entre adjetivo e advrbio v #Y ;9KGK =E IM= 9

DbF?M9
H=JEAL=
MK9J
GJ9
G
9<N_J:AG
AFN9JAYN=D
GJ9
G
9<B=LANG
N9JAYN=D
x19EGK
9
>9D9J GXF=CGy
6J 5DI8 (9 
7
19EGK
9
>9D9J GXF=C
x*K
EGE=FLGK
;MKL9E 75FCG 6-. 5DI8 (9 
7
*K
EGE=FLGK
;MKL9E 75FC

NA<9
;MKL9
L]G 75F5 9GK
N=D@GK
IM9FLG
_ 65F5H5 H9J9
GK
EG^GK
6((7
x J9
=KL9
9
@=J9F^9
<GK
EAK=JYN=AK
IM=
=D=
K9:A9
F]G
=K;9KK=9J=E
F9
IM9K=
KGDALYJA9
= A9=5 9JJMAF9<9
9JL=A9y
6# 
 7

NGR
KMEAMK=D@= HC85 LJaEMD9
6 , 
7


+9JLA;bHAGK
IM=
H9KK9J9E
9
HJ=HGKA^]G
=
9<N_J:AGK

 Particpios que passaram a preposio e advrbios v D?MFK

H9JLA;bHAGK H9KK9J9E 9 L=J =EHJ=?G =IMAN9D=FL= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G = 9<N_J:AG
HGJ =P=EHDG 9L79HC G5@JC A98=5BH9 BVC C6GH5BH9 H=F5BH9 =L;  =
;GEG L9AK FGJE9DE=FL= <=N=E 9H9J=;=J AFN9JAYN=AK FLJ=L9FLG F]G K=
H=J<=M <= LG<G 9 ;GFK;AaF;A9 <= K=M 9FLA?G N9DGJ = EMALGK =K;JALGJ=K HJG
;=<=E
Z
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
F=;=KKYJA9
x*K
LJA:MF9AK G5@J5G =P;=^g=K
@GFJGK9K
J=HJG<MRA9E
LG<GK
GK
<=
>=ALGK
<G
KAKL=E9y
6-. 
$1
7
x
J9R]G
<=KL9
<A>=J=F^9
_
IM=
9
EMD@=J
G5@J5 9
@AHeL=K=
<G
;9H
$
=
GMLJ9K
=FLJ=?9K=
HGJ
9EGJ y
6( 
 7




GEG :=E HGF<=J9 HA>[FAG A9K >D=PAGF9J L9AK L=JEGK x_

=PHJ=KK9JK= F9 N=J<9<= ;GE ;GJJ=^]G ?J9E9LA;9D E9K <= EG<G <=KM
K9<Gy
6  
l 
97
=KL= EG<G 9 DbF?M9 EG<=JF9 <Y HJ=>=JaF;A9 9 <AR=J xG5@JC =P
;=^g=Ky
xG5@JC 9
@AHeL=K=y


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
FME=J9AK

 A concordncia com numerais v ,M9F<G K= =EHJ=?9E GK

;9J<AF9AK
H=DGK
GJ<AF9AK
F]G
G;GJJ=
9
>D=P]G
+Y?AF9 IA !A?MJ9 J=BH9
9
IA
*bservaes
 p )9 DAF?M9?=E BMJb<A;9 <ARK=  >GD@9K J=BH9 9 IA5  >GD@9K EI5F9BH5 9
8I5G
p E:GJ9 K= L=F@9 MK9<G G KM:KL9FLANG FG KAF?MD9J HJ=;=<A<G <= FME=J9D ;GE
:AF9<G ;GE IA IA5 9 HJ=>=JaF;A9 9LM9D _ HfDG FG HDMJ9D J=BH9 9 IA 8=5G 5G A=@
9
IA5
BC=H9G
=L;
 p '=@<5F _ E9K;MDAFG = HGJL9FLG F]G 9<EAL= K=MK 9<BMFLGK HGKLGK FG >=EAFAFG 9
;GF;GJ<9J
;GE
G
Fh;D=G
KM:KL9FLANG
>=EAFAFG
)G
A=@<5F9G
89
D9GGC5G =
F]G 5G
A=@<5F9G <=
H=KKG9K


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
GK
9<B=LANGK
<=KA?F9LANGK
<=
FGE=K
<=
;GJ=K

 A concordncia com os adjetivos designativos de nomes de

cores v .MJ?=E 9K AF;=JL=R9K IM9F<G G FGE= <= ;GJ _ ;GFKLALMb<G <= <GAK
9<B=LANGK )=KL= ;9KG 9 HJYLA;9 E9AK ;GEME _ <=AP9J G HJAE=AJG AFN9J
AYN=D F9 >GJE9 <G E9K;MDAFG = >9R=J 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 <G K=?MF<G ;GE G
KM:KL9FLANG <=L=JEAF9<G =E:GJ9 F]G <=AP=E <= 9H9J=;=J =P=EHDGK =E
:GFK
9MLGJ=K
=E
IM=
=KL=B9E
>D=PAGF9<GK
GK
<GAK
9<B=LANGK
C@<CG
J9F897@5FCG CB85G
J9F895NI@585G
GF;GJ<[F;A9
N=J:9D

Concordncia verbal
A Concordncia de palavra para palavra

#Y
ME
Ke
KMB=ALG
9 .= G KMB=ALG >GJ KAEHD=K = KAF?MD9J G N=J:G AJY H9J9 G KAF?MD9J
9AF<9
IM=
K=B9
ME
;GD=LANG
x
NA<9 H9A ME9
Ke
=FLJ9<9
9
K9b<9 X HGJ
;=E
HGJL9Ky
6((7
x+GNG
K=E
D=9D<9<=
F]G 5@75BW5 =KL9:ADA<9<=y
6((7



:
.=
G
KMB=ALG
>GJ
KAEHD=K
=
HDMJ9D
G
N=J:G
AJY
H9J9
G
HDMJ9D
x*K
:GFK
;GFK=D@GK
<=KHJ=R9<GK GVC ;GE
<GJ
;GE=EGJ9<GKy
6((7
x
NAJLM<=
9JGE9LAR9
=
HMJA>A;9
G
9J
GK
Nb;AGK
G 7CFFCAD9Ay
6((7


#Y
E9AK
<=
ME
KMB=ALG
.= G KMB=ALG >GJ ;GEHGKLG G N=J:G AJY FGJE9DE=FL= H9J9 G HDMJ9D
IM9DIM=J
IM=
K=B9
9
KM9
HGKA^]G
=E
J=D9^]G
9G
N=J:G
x
GK
e<AGK
;ANAK
9K
9E:A^g=K
9
GMK9<A9
<GK
:9F<GK
=
9
;GJJMH^]G
<GK
;GKLME=K <5J=5A >=ALG
AF;JbN=AK
HJG?J=KKGKy
6# 
7
x-=H=LA9K
HGJIM=
K=
E= C:9F97=5A NA<9
=
@GFJ9K
9
LJG;G
<=
H=JH_LM9
AF>[EA9y
6# 
7
*bservaes
 p +G<= <9JK= 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 ;GE G Fh;D=G E9AK HJePAEG DF=B7=D5@A9BH9 G9 C
GI>9=HC
J9A
89DC=G
8C
J9F6C
x*
JGE=AJG
_
DANJ=
;GEG
9
9N=
<G
;_M F9GD9=H5AFG
G
:=KL=AJG
=
G
@GE=E
<{9JE9K
<YD@=
9:JA?G
G
NAD]G
KG:J=
G
K=M
;GDEG
G
9:9<=
FG
K=M
EGKL=AJG
G
FG:J=
FG
K=M
;9KL=DGy
6# 
7
p ,M9F<G G Fh;D=G _ KAF?MD9J = K=?MA<G <= <GAK GM E9AK 9<BMFLGK HG<= G;GJJ=J
G
N=J:G
FG
HDMJ9D
;GEG
K=
LJ9L9KK=
F9
J=9DA<9<=
<=
KMB=ALG
;GEHGKLG
x9AF<9
IM9F<G 5
5IHCF=8589
D5H9FB5
9
A5H9FB5
:CGG9A
89@9;585K y
6"9 
7

;GF;GJ<[F;A9
<G
N=J:G
FG
KAF?MD9J
_
9
E9AK
;GJJ=FL=
F9
DbF?M9
H9<J]G
 p )9K G:J9K ;GE E9AK <= ME 9MLGJ 9<GL9K= EG<=JF9E=FL= G @Y:ALG 9D=E]G <=
K= AF<A;9J 9 9MLGJA9 ;GE GK FGE=K K=H9J9<GK HGJ @b>=F ;9KG =E IM= G N=J:G
<9 GJ9^]G N9A 9G HDMJ9D GM 9G KAF?MD9J D=N9F<GK= F=KL= ;9KG 9H=F9K =E
;GFL9 9 G:J9 =E KA (=ADD=L JFGML 8=N9A GM 8=N FG K=M =7H=CBB5=F9 QHM
AC@C;=EI9 v
IM=
9
GJA?=E
_
<MNA<GK9
 p
+G<=
G;GJJ=J
G
N=J:G
FG
KAF?MD9J
9AF<9
FGK
;9KGK
K=?MAFL=K
9
K=
9
KM;=KK]G
<GK
KM:KL9FLANGK
AF<A;9J
?J9<9^]G
<=
ME
E=KEG
>9LG

;=FKMJ9
9
9MLGJA<9<=
G
HG<=J
Hh:DA;G
AF=PGJYN=D
>JAG
?J9N=
;9D
;MD9<G
DY 9GH5J5 6# 
1$$
7
:
K=
K=
LJ9L9J
<=
KM:KL9FLANGK
KAFfFAEGK
GM
9KKAE
;GFKA<=J9<GK
*
e<AG
=
9
?M=JJ9
IM=
<=;D9J9EGK
9GK
GMLJGK
FGK ;5GH5 = 7CBGCA9 9
FeK
E=KEGK
6((7
; K= G K=?MF<G KM:KL9FLANG =PHJAEAJ G J=KMDL9<G GM 9 ;GFK=IMaF;A9 <G
HJAE=AJG

<G=F^9
=
9
EGJL=
<=
!ADAH=
$$
  :C= ;GEG
9
AE9?=E
 
6-. 
$1
7

 

<
K=
GK
KM:KL9FLANGK
>GJE9E
BMFLGK
ME9
FG^]G
hFA;9
*
>DMPG
=
J=>DMPG
<9K
GF<9K
FGK 9B75BH5
 p ,M9F<G G N=J:G K= Hg= =FLJ= GK Fh;D=GK <G KMB=ALG ;GEG 9;GFL=;= ZK N=R=K
=E HG=KA9 = FG =KLADG KGD=F= 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 HG<= K=J >=AL9 ;GE G Fh;D=G
E9AK
HJePAEG
GM
?J9E9LA;9DE=FL=
;GE
9
LGL9DA<9<=
<G
KMB=ALG
6- 
7



*bservao *M HGJIM= 9NMDL9 ;GEG A<=A9 HJAF;AH9D G hDLAEG KMB=ALG GM HGJIM=

F9 DbF?M9 ;GFL=EHGJ[F=9 N9A <=K9H9J=;=F<G G LJ9L9E=FLG J_G F=KL=K ;9KGK 9
FGJE9
;GFK9?JGM
G
N=J:G
F9
 9 H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
xIM9F<G HI
9
CG
CIHFCG
J9@<57CG <9
LM9
D9A9
D@= 9GHCFFC5F5A F9
;9J9
DAPG
=
L=JJ9 y
6# 
$
 5DI8 . 
$$
7

+9J9
9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE =PHJ=KKg=K
<=
LJ9L9E=FLG


B Concordncia de palavra para sentido

,M9F<G G KMB=ALG KAEHD=K _ ;GFKLALMb<G <= FGE= GM HJGFGE= IM= K=
9HDA;9 9 ME9 ;GD=^]G GM ?JMHG HG<= G N=J:G AJ 9G HDMJ9D  DbF?M9 EG<
=JF9 AEHg= 9H=F9K 9 ;GF<A^]G =KL_LA;9 ME9 N=R IM= KG9 ?=J9DE=FL= <=
K9?J9<YN=D
9G
GMNA<G
;GFKLJM^]G
<G
LAHG
*
HGNG
LJ9:9D@9E GM 
?=FL=
N9EGK

.= @GMN=J =FLJ=L9FLG <AKL[F;A9 KM>A;A=FL= =FLJ= G KMB=ALG = G N=J:G

= K= IMAK=J 9;=FLM9J 9 A<=A9 <= HDMJ9D <G ;GD=LANG F]G J=HM?F9E Z K=FKA:
ADA<9<=
<G
=K;JALGJ
=P=EHDGK
;GEG
GK
K=?MAFL=K
xGE=^GM
=FL]G C
DCJC 9
9D:GJGL9JK=
=
H=?9F<G
<G
<=K?J9^9<G
;_LA;G
G 5FF5GH5F5A 9L_
G
E=AG
<G
JGKKAG
=
9DA
G 5GG5GG=B5F5A
= EI9=
A5F5A
;GE
AF;JbN=D
HJ=KL=R9y
6# 
7
x!9^9
;GEG
=M
D9E=FL=
9K
EAK_JA9K
<GK
@GE=FK
=
NAN9
;GE
=D=K
K=E
H9JLA;AH9JD@=
<GK
<=>=ALGK
HGJIM=
E=M
FG:J=
9EA?G
K= 5
;9BH9
N9A
9
J=B=AL9J
9K
J=D9^g=K
<9K
>9EbDA9K
BMKL9
GM
AFBMKL9E=FL=
9:G;9F
@9<9K
H=D9
E9D=<A;aF;A9
9
HGM;GK
H9KKGK
F]G H9ACG IM=E
FGK
J=
;=:9y
6J 
7


.MB=ALG
DA?9<G
HGJ
K_JA=
9<ALAN9
=F>YLA;9

 Sujeito ligado por srie aditiva enftica

.= G KMB=ALG ;GEHGKLG L=E GK K=MK Fh;D=GK DA?9<GK HGJ K_JA= 9<ALAN9
=F>YLA;9 F]G Ke E9K L9FLG IM9FLG F]G Ke ;GEG =L;  G N=J:G ;GF
;GJ<9 ;GE G E9AK HJePAEG GM N9A 9G HDMJ9D G IM= _ E9AK ;GEME IM9F<G
G
N=J:G
N=E
<=HGAK
<G
KMB=ALG
x/9FLG
G
DA<9<GJ
;GEG
G
9:9<= <5J=5A K=?MA<G
H9J9
G
KbLAG
IM=
=D=
H9J=;A9
:MK;9J
;GE
LG<9
9
HJ=;9M^]Gy
6# 
7

.MB=ALG
DA?9<G
HGJ
;GE

 Sujeito ligado por com

.= G KMB=ALG FG KAF?MD9J _ K=?MA<G AE=<A9L9E=FL= <= GMLJG FG KAF?M
D9J GM FG HDMJ9D E=<A9FL= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 7CA GM DG;M^]G =IMAN9D=FL= HG<=
G N=J:G >A;9J FG KAF?MD9J GM AJ 9G HDMJ9D D5F5 F95@W5F 5 D5FH=7=D5WVC G=A
I@HTB95
B5
5WVC
x DJ=A
;GE
LG<9
9
;GJL=
=
LG<9
9
FG:J=R9 9GH5J5 >GJ9
<9
;A<9<=
HGJ
;9MK9
<9
H=KL=
=E
IM=
=FL]G
'AK:G9
9J<A9y
6# 
7
x KL9K
=PHDA;9^g=K
F]G
=NAL9J9E
IM=
G
<=K=E:9J?9<GJ
;GE
GK
K=MK
N=D@GK
9EA?GK DFC;BCGH=75GG9A G
<=JJ9F;9E=FLG
<G
EGJ?9<G
<9
?J9 y
6J 
7
x)=KL9
;GFBMFLMJ9
ME
<=HML9<G
<AD=LG
<9
J9AF@9
HGJ
FGE=
FLfFAG
%GK_
<9
.ADN9
+=APGLG 7C58>IJ58C
D9@C
:C@=7I@RF=C
$CGX
7dFG=C
85G
(9J9G
@9J5BH5F5AG9
9
DFCFFCAD9F5A =E
zNAN9K{ y
6J 5DI8
(9 
7

C Outros casos de concordncia verbal


.MB=ALG
;GFKLALMb<G
HGJ
HJGFGE=K
H=KKG9AK

 Sujeito constitudo por pronomes pessoais

.= G KMB=ALG ;GEHGKLG _ ;GFKLALMb<G HGJ <A>=J=FL=K HJGFGE=K H=KK
G9AK
=E
IM=
=FLJ9 9I GM B_G
G
N=J:G
AJY
H9J9
9
 9 H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
x0[B<5ACG <9
EAKK9
=D9
G
H9A
=
=My
6( 
7

.= F9 K_JA= =FLJ9 HI GM J_G = F=F@ME HJGFGE= <=  9 H=KKG9 G

N=J:G
AJY
FGJE9DE=FL=
H9J9
9
9 H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
x 
9KKAE
L=
J=HALG
9JDGL9
IM=
!J9F;AK;G
.9DL=J
NGDL9JY
K=JY
L=M
E9JA<G
=
L=J=AK
A _ HI = 9@9
D9J?9
J=EMF=J9^]G
<GK
KG>JAE=FLGK
IM=
G>=J=;=J<=K
9
=MK y
6J 
7


.MB=ALG
DA?9<G
HGJ
F=E
F=E

 Sujeito ligado por nem... nem

* KMB=ALG ;GEHGKLG DA?9<G H=D9 K_JA= 9<ALAN9 F=?9LAN9 B9A B9A
D=N9
G
N=J:G
FGJE9DE=FL=
9G
HDMJ9D
=
ZK
N=R=K
9G
KAF?MD9J
xW
9
FG:J=
<9E9
J=;_E;@=?9<9
Z
IM9D B9A G
;9FK9^G
<=
LJ9:9D@GK9
BGJF9<9 B9A G
@Y:ALG
<GK
;fEG<GK
<G
EMF<G DI89F5A
=AD98=F y
6# 
7




x B9A =MK B9A G
EMF<G
D@=K 85FR 9
EbFAE9
J=;GEH=FK9y
6# 

7

GFKLALMb<G G KMB=ALG H=D9 K_JA= B9A IA B9A CIHFC >A;9 G N=J:G

FG
KAF?MD9J



.= G KMB=ALG _ J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ =PHJ=KKg=K <G LAHG <= 5 A5=CF=5 89

5 A5=CF D5FH9 89 ;F5B89 D5FH9 89 D5FH9 89 = ME FGE= FG HDMJ9D G N=J:G
AJY
H9J9
G
KAF?MD9J
GM
HDMJ9D
x9
E9AGJ
H9JL=
<=D=K F97IGCI K=?MADG
;GE
L=EGJ
<G
HG<=J
<9
J=
?=FL=y 6# 
7
x=
9
E9AGJ
H9JL=
<GK
=KIM9<Jg=K G9;I=F5ABCGy
6# 
7

)=E
ME
F=E
GMLJG 7CAD5F979I 9G
=P9E=


.MB=ALG
DA?9<G
HGJ
GM

 Sujeito ligado por ou

* N=J:G ;GF;GJ<9JY ;GE G KMB=ALG E9AK HJePAEG K= 9 ;GFBMF^]G
AF<A;9J
9 9L7@IGVC
x9
IM=E
9
<G=F^9 CI 9
A<9<= =ADCGG=6=@=HCI <=
?9F@9J=E
G
KMKL=FLG y
6# 
7
.=
%G]G
!=JF9F<=K
CI +D9LR@G>>
GK 8R ;GEG
=FL=K
K=E
9>=A^g=K
 
6' 
$$
7

: F9H=:=75WVC
89
BdA9FC
;F5A5H=75@
x9FL9J=K
_
G
FGE=
IM=
G
9MLGJ CI 9MLGJ=K
<G
9F;AGF=AJG
;@9E9<G
<G
GD_?AG
<GK
)G:J=K 8VC 9
;9<9
ME
<GK
HG=E=LGK y
6# 
7
.=A
IM=
9D?MJ=K
=PAKL=
9
9DE9
GM
9K
9DE9K
ZK
IM9AK
=M
E=
<AJABG
6L 
7

; =89BH=8589 GM 9EI=J5@ZB7=5
*
HJG>=KKGJ
GM
G
FGKKG
K=?MF<G
H9A A9F979 G
J=KH=ALG
<9
HYLJA9

.= 9 A<=A9 =PHJ=KK9 H=DG HJ=<A;9<G HM<=J J=>=JAJK= 9 LG<9 9 K_JA= <G

KMB=ALG ;GEHGKLG G N=J:G AJY H9J9 G HDMJ9D E9AK >J=IM=FL=E=FL= HGJ_E
HG<=
G;GJJ=J
G
KAF?MD9J
x
FMDA<9<= CI 9
N9DA<9<=
<G
;GFLJ9LG 9F5A 9KKMFLG
<=
<AJ=ALG
;ANADy
6# 
7
x
A?FGJ[F;A9 CI =JJ9<9
;GEHJ==FK]G
<9
D=A
F]G 9L=A9A <=
H=F9
 y
6e<A?G
ANAD7
x(9K
9b
;GEG
K=
G
<=KLAFG CI G
9;9KG CI G
IM=
IM=J
IM=
>GKK= G9
@9A6F5GG9 <=
<9J
9D?ME
H9KLGK
9GK
E=MK
9JJGE:GK
HGKK=KKeJAGKy
6( 
7

.MB=ALG
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ
=PHJ=KK]G
;GEG
9
E9AGJA9
<GK
@GE=FK

 Sujeito representado por expresso como a maioria dos homens


.MB=ALG
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ
;9<9
ME
<=

HDMJ9D

 Sujeito representado por cada um de + plural

)=KL=
;9KG
G
N=J:G
>A;9
FG
KAF?MD9J
9<9
ME
<GK
;GF;GJJ=FL=K 89J9 HJ==F;@=J
;GJJ=L9E=FL=
9K
>A;@9K
<=
AFK;JA^]G
=
F]G 89J9A HJ==F;@=J

GF;GJ<[F;A9
<G
N=J:G
K=J

 Concordncia do verbo ser

GEG K= <Y ;GE 9 J=D9^]G KAFLYLA;9 <= IM9DIM=J N=J:G = G KMB=ALG <9
GJ9^]G
G
FGJE9D
_
IM=
KMB=ALG
=
N=J:G G9F ;GF;GJ<=E
=E
FhE=JG
$CGX
9F5 ME
9DMFG
9HDA;9<G
)G
8=5G
89
=BJ9FBC
GVC E=FGJ=K
IM=
GK
<=
N=J]G

/G<9NA9 =E 9D?MFK ;9KGK G N=J:G G9F K= 9;GEG<9 Z >D=P]G <G HJ=

<A;9LANG =KH=;A9DE=FL= IM9F<G K= 9;@9 FG HDMJ9D .]G GK K=?MAFL=K GK
;9KGK
=E
IM=
K=
<Y
=KL9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
9
IM9F<G
ME
<GK
HJGFGE=K =GHC =GGC 5EI=@C HI8C B=B;IXA B9B
<IA GM
=PHJ=KK]G
<=
N9DGJ
;GD=LANG
<G
LAHG
<= C
F9GHC C
A5=G _
KMB=ALG
<G
N=J:G G9F
/M<G 9F5A
5@9;F=5G = 7TBH=7CG 6-. 
7


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
FGJE9D
;GE
G
KMB=ALG
G;GJJ=
9H=K9J
<=
E9AK
J9J9
.I8C
X 9D=?JA9K

:
IM9F<G
G
KMB=ALG
_
;GFKLALMb<G
H=DGK
HJGFGE=K
AFL=JJG?9LANGK
EI9A EI9 C
EI9
)
EI9
GVC
7CAX8=5G
6J 
7
+I9A
9F5A
CG
7CBJ=858CG
)]G
K=A EI9A
GVC
CG
J9B798CF9G

;
IM9F<G
G
N=J:G G9F =KLY
=EHJ=?9<G
F9
9;=H^]G
<=
xK=J
;GF

KLALMb<G
HGJy





HJGNAK]G 9F5A
5@;IBG
EI=@CG
89
5FFCN

<
IM9F<G
G
N=J:G G9F _
=EHJ=?9<G
AEH=KKG9DE=FL=
AKLG
_
K=E

KMB=ALG
F9K
<=KA?F9^g=K
<=
@GJ9K
<9L9K
<AKL[F;A9K
-VC
89N @GJ9K
AF<9
F]G C
GVC
#GB= GVC
 <=
9?GKLG
9
=KL9^]G
Z
>9R=F<9 GVC
HFZG
@X;I5G 9
;9N9DG
6(
.9A<
DA7
*bservao +J=;=<A<G G HJ=<A;9LANG HDMJ9D <9 =PHJ=KK]G D9FHC 89 _ 9AF<9 HGK
KbN=D
NAJ
G
N=J:G G9F FG
KAF?MD9J
F5
D9FHC
89
8I5G
<CF5G IM9F<G
K9AM
<9
B9F=D9
6(  5DI8 ..7
F5A
D9FHC
89
C=HC
<CF5G 6(  5DI8 ..7

=
IM9F<G
G
N=J:G G9F 9H9J=;=
F9K
=PHJ=KKg=K X
AI=HC X
DCI7C X

A5=G
89 X
H5BHC =
G
KMB=ALG
_
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ
L=JEG
FG
HDMJ9D
IM=
<=FGL9
HJ=^G
E=<A<9
GM
IM9FLA<9<=
.=KK=FL9
EAD
@GE=FK AI=H5
;9BH9
X H9J9
;9K9
L]G
H=IM=F9
6-. 

 7
=R
J=9AK X
DCI7C

)9K GJ9^g=K <AL9K =IM9LAN9K =E IM= ;GE G9F K= =PHJAE= 9 <=>AFA^]G

GM 9 A<=FLA<9<= G N=J:G HGKLG =FLJ= <GAK KM:KL9FLANGK <= FhE=JGK <A>=J
=FL=K ;GF;GJ<9 =E ?=J9D ;GE 9IM=D= IM= =KLAN=J FG HDMJ9D tK N=R=K ME
<GK
L=JEGK
_
ME
HJGFGE=

HYLJA9
F]G X FAF?M_E GVC LG<GK
6- 
7

(9K
%MKLA^9
_
LM<G
BMKLA^9 X
5G
J=FHI89G
HC85G 6"9 
7

tK
N=R=K
=E
N=R
<= G9F 9H9J=;=
G
N=J:G D5F979F

KK9
AE=FK9
H9H=D9<9















*5F979A AF<AK;JA^g=K
6" 
$$
7 

.= G KMB=ALG =KLY J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ HJGFGE= H=KKG9D G N=J:G G9F

;GF;GJ<9 ;GE G KMB=ALG IM9DIM=J IM= K=B9 G FhE=JG <G L=JEG IM= >MF
;AGF9
;GEG
HJ=<A;9LANG
D9 9F5 9K
HJ=G;MH9^g=K
<G
H9A



)9 =PHJ=KK]G IM= AFLJG<MR F9JJ9^g=K <G LAHG <= 9F5 IA5 DF=B79G5
G N=J:G G9F _ AFLJ9FKALANG ;GE G KA?FA>A;9<G <= 9L=GH=F >MF;AGF9F<G
;GEG
KMB=ALG
G
KM:KL9FLANG
K=?MAFL=
;GE
G
IM9D
;GF;GJ<9
F5
IA5
DF=B79G5 EMALG
>GJEGK9
IM=
NANA9
FME
;9KL=DG
<=
;JAKL9D
F5A
EI5HFC
=FAVG
H5H=6=H5H9G =
9
E]=
<=D9K
LAF@9
EMALG
<=K?GKLG
;GE
=KK=
<=>=ALG
6 
 7

GE 9 =PHJ=KK]G 9F5 IA5 J9N IA5 DF=B79G5 ;GFLAFM9 G N=J:G G9F
;GEG AFLJ9FKALANG = G KM:KL9FLANG K=?MAFL= ;GEG KMB=ALG LG<9NA9 ;GEG
<AR  " &MJQ x9 9LJ9^]G >GJLbKKAE9 IM= =P=J;= G FME=J9D IA5 <9
DG;M^]G IA5 J9Ny D=N9 9 IM= G N=J:G >AIM= FG KAF?MD9J 9AF<9 IM9F<G G
KMB=ALG
K=B9
ME
HDMJ9D
AKK=
IM= 9F5
IA5
J9N <GAK
 
;GEH9<J=K
ME
JA;G
=
GMLJG
HG:J=
6 
7
F5
IA5
J9N
HFZG
ACW5G EMALG
:GFAL9K
=
LJ9:9D@9<=AJ9K
6 
 7

 N=J<9<= _ IM= EMALGK A<AGE9K =E L=PLGK <= FbN=AK <AKL=FKGK 9H

J=K=FL9E =KK9K AJJ=?MD9JA<9<=K IM= K= 9>9KL9E <G MKG FGJE9D = H9<J]G
HJAF;AH9DE=FL= IM9F<G G N=J:G _ 9FMF;A9<G 9FL=K <G KMB=ALG ;GE 9D?ME9
<AKL[F;A9 ;GEG K= G >9D9FL= 9G ;GE=^9J 9 GJ9^]G H=DG N=J:G 9AF<9 F]G
LAN=KK=
<=;A<A<G
;GEG
AJA9
9HJ=K=FL9J
>GJE9DE=FL=
9
=PHJ=KK]G
<G
KMB=ALG
 EG<=JF9 =PHJ=KK]G X EI9 <= N9DGJ J=>GJ^9LANG <= IM9DIM=J L=JEG
GJ9;AGF9D
9H9J=;=
=E
?=J9D
;GE
G
N=J:G G9F AFN9JAYN=D
=E
FhE=JG
(_G
X
EI9
GGEGK
:J9KAD=AJGK
)eK
KGEGK
:J9KAD=AJGK
GG9G
@=JFCG
X
EI9 F]G
;GEHJ9J=EGK
9?GJ9

>9KL9<G <G EI9 = BMFLG <G L=JEG FG HDMJ9D 9H9J=;= ZK N=R=K G

N=J:G G9F FG
HDMJ9D
-VC <=
@GE=FK
9KKAE EI9 <=H=F<=
G
>MLMJG
<9
HYLJA9
=
@GE=FK
9KKAE X
EI9 <=H=F<=
G
>MLMJG
<9
HYLJA9
CF5A F=KK=K
DANJGK EI9 =KL9N9E
9K
J=KHGKL9K
)=KK=K
DANJGK :C=
EI9 =KL9N9E
9K
J=KHGKL9K

)9K =PHJ=KKg=K IM= <=FGL9E GH=J9^]G 9JALE_LA;9 <G LAHG IA 9 IA

IA A5=G IA IA 7CA IA IM= >MF;AGF9E ;GEG KMB=ALG <G N=J:G G9F
:5N9F GCA5F =L;  G N=J:G N9A 9G HDMJ9D ;GF;GJ<9F<G FGJE9DE=FL= ;GE
G
KMB=ALG
w
.=EHJ=
GMNA
<AR=J
IM=
<M9K
K=E9F9K
K]G
IMAFR=
<A9K
w
M
L9E:_E
L=F@G
GMNA<G
;GF>=KKGM
G
J
(9?9D@]=K
(9K
_
ME
=F?9FG
0E9
K=E9F9
L=E
K=L=
<A9K -9H9
9
G9H9
BVC
GVC ;9LGJR=

=FL]G
6"- 
 9 =< 
7





;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
E9AK
<=
ME

 A concordncia com mais de um

=HGAK <= A5=G 89 IA G N=J:G _ =E ?=J9D =EHJ=?9<G FG KAF?MD9J
K=F<G
J9JG
G
9H9J=;AE=FLG
<=
N=J:G
FG
HDMJ9D
x A5=G
89
IA HG=L9 H9A <=JJ9E9<G y
6# 
7
x'5=G
89
IA ;GJ9^]G
<=
?M=JJ=AJG 65H=5 9HJ=KK9<G y
6# 
7
x.=A
IM=
@Y A5=G
89
IA IM=
F]G
K= 9BJ9F;CB<5A <=D9y
6# 
7


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
IM=
<=

 A concordncia com que de

GE EI9 89  IM= IM9FLA<9<= <= IM9FL9 K=?MA<G <= KM:KL9FLANG
KMB=ALG
FG
HDMJ9D
G
N=J:G
N9A
9G
HDMJ9D
+I9
89 >GJ^9K 9L=GH9A FG
;GJ9^]G
>=EAFAFG


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
IM9AK
<=
NeK

 A concordncia com quais de vs

.= G KMB=ALG >GJ ;GFKLALMb<G <= ME HJGFGE= HDMJ9D <= K=FLA<G H9JLAL
ANG EI5=G EI5BHCG 5@;IA5G B9B<IBG AI=HCG DCI7CG =L;  G N=J:G
;GF;GJ<9
;GE
9
=PHJ=KK]G
H9JLALAN9
AFLJG<MRA<9
HGJ 89 GM 89BHF9
x+I5=G
89BHF9
J_G GC=G F=KL=
EMF<G
KeK
=
F]G
L=F<=K
IM=E
F9
EGJL=
J=?M=
;GE
DY?JAE9
9
L=JJ9
IM=
NGK
;G:JAJ +I5=G
89
J_G
GC=G
;GEG
=M
<=KL=JJ9<GK
FG
E=AG
<G
?aF=JG
@ME9FGy
6# 
7

+G<=
9AF<9
G;GJJ=J
G
N=J:G
F9
 9 H=KKG9
<=
HDMJ9D
xEI5BHCG
89BHF9
J_G
9GHI85A ;GFK;A=F;AGK9E=FL=
G
H9KK9<Gy
6%
5DI8 .. 
l
7
 

;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
GK
HJGFGE=K
J=D9LANGK

  A concordncia com os pronomes relativos

9
.=
G
KMB=ALG
<9
GJ9^]G
_
G
HJGFGE=
J=D9LANG EI9
G
N=J:G
;GF
;GJ<9
;GE
G
9FL=;=<=FL=
<=K<=
IM=
=KL=
F]G
>MF;AGF=
;GEG
HJ=
<A;9LANG
<=
GMLJ9
GJ9^]G
x)]G
?9KL9N9
=D=
9K
@GJ9K EI9 D@= GC69>5J5A <G
=P=J;b;AG
<G
K=M
D9
:GJAGKG
EAFAKL_JAG
FME9
G:J9
<G
K=F@GJy
6# 
7
x
LM EI9
H9BG <=
@ME9FG
G
?=KLG
=
G
H=ALGy
6' 
$$$
 7

:
.=
G
9FL=;=<=FL=
<G
KMB=ALG EI9 >GJ
ME
HJGFGE=
<=EGFKLJ9LANG

G
N=J:G
<9
GJ9^]G
9<B=LAN9
N9A
H9J9
9
 9 H=KKG9



EI9@9
EI9
HF565@<5
57F98=H5 FME
>MLMJG
E=D@GJ
EI9@9G
EI9
HF565@<5A
57F98=H5A FME
>MLMJG
E=D@GJ
*bservao
FLJ9
F=KL=
HJAF;bHAG
9
GJ9^]G
9<B=LAN9
IM=
K=
KM:KL9FLAN9
E=<A9FL= C 5 CG 5G
)G EI9 DFCA9H9A >9R=J >=DAR=K GK HGNGK GVC GJ<AF9JA9E=FL= GK IM=
HJ=L=F<=E
KaDG
Z
;MKL9
<=D=K
6((7
,M9F<G HGJ KAD=HK= K= IM=J AF;DMAJ 9 H=KKG9 IM= >9D9 GM 9 IM= K= <AJA?= HG<=K=
HfJ
G
N=J:G
<9
GJ9^]G
9<B=LAN9
F9
 9 GM
9 H=KKG9
<G
HDMJ9D
+GJ IM= 9 N=J<9<= _ IM= KGEGK FeK CG EI9 :56F=75ACG GK HJeHJAGK 9KH=;LGK
<9
F9LMJ=R9
 
6%- 
7
+GJIM= NGDL9KL=K K=E NGDG =M GJ<=F9J J_G CG EI9 H[B<9=G BMJ9<G G:=<=;=J
E=
=E
LM<G
6# 
7
  J_G 5 EI9 BVC H9B89G F=F@ME HJ_KL9EG <= EAF@9K E]GK 6#  
=<
7

;
.=
G
9FL=;=<=FL=
<G
HJGFGE=
J=D9LANG
>MF;AGF9
;GEG
HJ=<A;9L
ANG
G
N=J:G
<9
GJ9^]G
9<B=LAN9
HG<=
;GF;GJ<9J
;GE
G
KMB=ALG
<=
KM9
HJAF;AH9D
GM
AJ
H9J9
9
 9 H=KKG9
K=
F]G
K=
IM=J
AFKAKLAJ
F9
bF
LAE9
J=D9^]G
=FLJ=
G
HJ=<A;9LANG
=
G
KMB=ALG
x.GM
=M
G
HJAE=AJG
IM=
F]G G9= ;D9KKA>A;9J
=KL=
DANJGy
6# 
7
!MA
G
HJAE=AJG
IM= 7CBG9;I=I K9AJ
xWJ9EGK
<GAK
Ke;AGK
IM= 9BHF5J5A FG
;GE_J;AG
<9
NA<9
;GE
<A>=J
=FL=
;9HAL9Dy6( 5DI8 .. 
l
7

<
W
<=
JA?GJ
9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
<G
N=J:G
;GE
G
KMB=ALG
<= G9F F9K
=P

HJ=KKg=K
<=
LAHG GCI
9I
EI9 XG
HI
EI9 :CGH9
HI
EI9
=L;
F=KL=
;9KG
=J9
HJYLA;9
<9
DbF?M9
9L_
>AFK
<G
K_;
31$$$
MK9J
G
9JLA?G
;GEG
9FL=;=<=FL=
<G
J=D9LANG GCI
9I
C
EI9
=L; 
x)]G
>MA
=M
IM=
G 5GG5GG=B9=y
6# 5DI8 . 
$$
7
x!GKL= HI
EI9 E= 6IG75GH9y
6# 5DI8 . 
$$
7

=
.=
G;GJJ=J
G
HJGFGE= EI9A
G
N=J:G
<9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
N9A
H9J9
9
 9 H=KKG9
<G
KAF?MD9J
IM9DIM=J
IM=
K=B9
G
9FL=;=<=FL=
<G
J=D9LANG
GM
;GF;GJ<9
;GE
=KL=
9FL=;=<=FL=
x J9E
9K
H9APg=K
GK
Nb;AGK
GK
9>=LGK
H=JKGF9DAR9<GK EI9A :5N=5 G
K=JNA^G
<GK
K=MK
HG=E9Ky
6# 5DI8 . 
7



xQG
HI
EI9A
A9
8RG JMEGJ
Z
IMA=L9
FGAL=
QG
HI
EI9A
A9
8RG >J=K;GJ
Z
E9FK9
:JAK9
+I9A
8RG >MD?GJ
9G
J9AG
9K9K
9G
N=FLG
+I9A F9
NGR
<G
LJGN]G
DGF?= FCIEI9>5Gy
6" 5DI8 . 
7

>
E
DAF?M9?=E
<G
LAHG IA
8CG
EI9
G
N=J:G
<9
GJ9^]G
9<B=LAN9

HG<=
>A;9J
FG
KAF?MD9J
;GF;GJ<9F<G
;GE
G
K=D=LANG IA GM
FG
HDMJ9D
;GF;GJ<9F<G
;GE
G
L=JEG
KMB=ALG
FG
HDMJ9D
HJYLA;9
9DAYK
E9AK
>J=IM=FL=
K=
G
<ALG
N=J:G
K=
9HDA;9J
F]G
Ke
9G
J=D9LANG
E9K
9AF<9
9G
K=D=LANG IA
x KL=
=J9 IA
8CG
EI9 E9AK
K= 8C[5A <G
HJG;=<AE=FLG
<=

'=GFGJy
6# 
7
x/A
8CG FGKKGK
=K;JALGJ=K
EG<=JFGK EI9 E9AK 56IGCI <G
L9D=FLG
=
IM=
E9AK
HGJL=FLGK
9M>=JAM
<G
KAKL=E9 y
6# 
7
x=E9AK IA
8CG
EI9 @GB= 89J=5A =KL9J
LJAKL=K
=J9K
LMy
6' 
$
7

* KAF?MD9J _ <= J=?J9 IM9F<G G N=J:G <9 GJ9^]G Ke K= 9HDA;9 9G K=

D=LANG IA KKAE FGK <AR=J=K x>GA ME <GK L=MK >AD@GK IM= B9FLGM GFL=E
;GEA?Gy x_ ME9 <9K LJ9?_<A9K <= -9;AF= IM= K= J=HJ=K=FL9JY @GB= FG
L=9LJGy K=JY AF;GJJ=LG G =EHJ=?G <G FhE=JG HDMJ9D G KAF?MD9J AEHg=K=
AEH=JAGK9E=FL=
H=DG
K=FLA<G
<G
<AK;MJKGy
6J 
7


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
GK
N=J:GK
AEH=KKG9AK

 A concordncia com os verbos impessoais

)9K GJ9^g=K K=E KMB=ALG G N=J:G 9KKME= 9 >GJE9 <=  9 H=KKG9 <G
KAF?MD9J
"R NYJAGK
FGE=K
9IMA
9J9
<5J9F ;AF;G
HJ=EA9<GK
)]G
G
N=BG <R LJaK
E=K=K
)]G
G
N=BG :5N LJaK
E=K=K
*bservao *K =P=EHDGK DAL=JYJAGK IM= K= =F;GFLJ9E <= L9AK N=J:GK FG HDMJ9D
F]G ?9F@9J9E >GJGK <= ;A<9<= x#GMN=J9E 9D?MFK IM= 9DMEAF9<GK <9 ?J9^9 <G
KHbJALG
.9FLG
9:J9^9J9E
G
;MDLG
=
9
>_
<=
JAKLGy
6! 
$
7
x"CIJ9F5A ;GAK9K
L=JJbN=AKy
6J 5DI8 %
$
7


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
<9J
=
KAFfFAEGK
9HDA;9<G
9
@GJ9K

 A concordncia com dar (e sinnimos) aplicado a horas



.=
9H9J=;=
G
KMB=ALG F9@_;=C
;GE
=D=
;GF;GJ<9
G
N=J:G
<9
GJ9^]G
* F9@_;=C
89I <M9K
@GJ9K

)]G @9N=F<G G KMB=ALG F9@_;=C G N=J:G ;GF;GJ<9 ;GE G KMB=ALG =P

HJ=KKG
H=D9
=PHJ=KK]G
FME_JA;9
)G F9@_;=C
89F5A <M9K
@GJ9K


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
G
N=J:G
F9
H9KKAN9
HJGFGEAF9D

 A concordncia com o verbo na passiva pronominal

 DbF?M9 H9<J]G H=<= IM= G N=J:G ;GF;GJ<= ;GE G L=JEG IM= 9
?J9EYLA;9
9HGFL9
;GEG
KMB=ALG
@I;5AG9
75G5G
09B89AG9
5D5FH5A9BHCG
5N9AG9
7<5J9G
)]G G9
D9F89A
7=B7C
7CBHCG
;GEG
K=
H=J<=
ME
D=F^G
<=
L9:9;G
=B7C
7CBHCG @9J5AG9 ;GE
LJAFL9
EAD
K=FLA<GK 5D5@D5AG9 9
EAh<G
F]G G9 D@=K H=F5A GK
GD@GK
<=
;AE9
F=E
9K
E]GK
F=E
G
H=FK9E=FLG
=
H9J9 G9
D9F89F9A 9KKAE
LGL9DE=FL=
FME9
HJ9A9
_
F=;=KKYJAG
IM=
6( 
7
*bservao .= G N=J:G =KLAN=J FG AF>AFALANG ;GE KMB=ALG =PHDb;ALG G FGJE9D _
MK9J
G
AF>AFALANG
>D=PAGF9<G
;GEG
FG
=P=EHDG
9;AE9
<=
(
<=
KKAK
x=
H9J9 G9
D9F89F9A 9KKAE y
/G<9NA9 9IMA = 9DA :GFK =K;JALGJ=K <=AP9E =K;9H9J =P=EHDGK ;GE G AF>AFALANG
K=E
>D=P]G
9KL9
N=J
G
IM=
=KL=
:GE
HGNG
_
H9J9 G9
5J5@=5F 9K
=P;=DaF;A9K
<=
IM=E
9KKAE
G
=<M;GM
6J 
7


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
F9
DG;M^]G
N=J:9D

 A concordncia na locuo verbal

#9N=F<G DG;M^]G N=J:9D ;9:= 9G N=J:G 9MPADA9J ;GF;GJ<9J ;GE G
KMB=ALG
x=E
K=A
IM=
E= DC89A
J=F ;GE
<M9K
G:B=^g=K
IM=
?=J9DE=FL=
K=
7CGHIA5A
:5N9Fy
6  5DI8 (9 
7

.= K= ;GFKA<=J9 7CGHIA5F :5N9F ;GEG <GAK N=J:GK HJAF;AH9AK K=E

IM= @9B9 DG;M^]G N=J:9D G 7CGHIA5F L=JY ;GEG KMB=ALG 9 9 GJ9^]G IM=
;GFKA<=J9<9
E9L=JA9DE=FL=
N9D=
;GEG
KM:KL9FLANG
<G
FhE=JG
KAF?MD9J
x)]G G9
7CGHIA5
DIB=F GK
=JJGK
<GK
Kh<ALGK
KG:J=
9
=>b?A=
N=F=JYN=D
<GK
EGF9J;9Ky
6-. 5DI8 (9 
7




KKAE
K=
HG<=JY
<AR=J

E 5G 9GHF9@5G D5F979A 6F=@<5F9A L=EGK 9 ;GFL9EAF9^]G KAFLYLA;9

<9K
<M9K
;GFKLJM^g=K
HJYLA;9
IM=
<=N=
K=J
=NAL9<9
;GEG
FGJE9
GE DC89F = 89J9F K=?MA<GK <= AF>AFALANG 9 HJYLA;9 E9AK ?=F=J9DAR
9<9 _ ;GFKA<=J9J 9 HJ=K=F^9 <= ME9 DG;M^]G N=J:9D AKLG _ >9R=F<GK= IM=
G DC89F = 89J9F ;GF;GJ<=E
;GE
G
KMB=ALG
HDMJ9D
*C89AK=
<AR=J
=KK9K
;GAK9K
9J9AK=
>9R=J
=KK=K
K=JNA^GK



*bservao E N=R <= BVC A5=G EI9 HG<=K= MK9J A5=G BVC EI9 x* KGE
IM= NGK >=J= GK GMNA<GK A5=G BVC X EI9 ME JM<= =;G <9 NGR bFLAE9y 65DI8
(9  7 =N=K= =NAL9J G =EHJ=?G <= EI9 =E DM?9J <= G9BVC HGJ K=J AEAL
9^]G <G >J9F;aK x$KLG F]G _ EI9 ME9 AFKGDaF;A9y HGJ x$KLG F]G _ G9BVC ME9 AF
KGDaF;A9y
6!! 5DI8 (9 7
GFKLJM^]G N=JFY;MD9 _ G =EHJ=?G <= EI9 HGJ G9BVC HJ=;=<A<G <= CIHFC CIHFC
CIHF5 7C=G5 =L;  x,M9F<G <=M HGJ =D= IMAK =PH=DADG H9J9 IM= =FLJ= =D= = !GJ
LMF9LG F]G @GMN=KK= CIHFC @5WC EI9 G <9 9EAR9<= E9K F]G Hf<=y 6( 5DI8
(9 7 x  K=E G:L=J CIHF5 7C=G5 EI9 9 9L=F^]G ;GJLaK G 9;9KG FME9 H9D9NJ9
K=E
N9DGJy
6(  5DI8 (9 7


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
LbLMDGK
FG
HDMJ9D

 A concordncia com ttulos no plural

"=J9DE=FL=
K=
MK9
G
N=J:G
FG
HDMJ9D
x+GJ
AKKG
9K 5FH5G
*9FG5G
5BIB7=5A G
KHbJALG
<9K
'=AKy
6(9 
3$$7

/G<9NA9
9H9J=;=
G
KAF?MD9J
;GJJ=L9E=FL=
)]G
_
;GEG
9
=E:JA9?M=R
IM=
K= 89J9
79@96F5F
CG
GI79GGCG >=DAR=K
 
(
(9JA;Y
 

.]G 9E:9K ;GFKLJM^g=K ;GJJ=L9K = ;GJJ=FL=K IM= K= <AKLAF?M=E HGJ

9HJ=K=FL9J
<A>=J=FL=E=FL=
9
aF>9K=
KG:J=
G
KMB=ALG
<9
GJ9^]G
,M9F<G HGJ_E G K=FLA<G <=L=JEAF9J =P9L9E=FL= G KMB=ALG N=J
<9<=AJG 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 F]G HG<= K=J 9J:ALJYJA9 P  x+I9FG9 =BJ9FH9F 5G
@9=G = FMF;9 EI9F9AG9 =BJ9FH9F 5G @9=G )=KL= ;9KG _ =NA<=FL= IM= G
hFA;G
KMB=ALG
HGKKbN=D
_ =BJ9FH9Fy
6%- 
 7


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
9
=PHJ=KK]G
F]G
FMF;9
K=F]G

 A concordncia com a expresso no (nunca)... seno

* N=J:G ;GF;GJ<9 ;GE G KMB=ALG IM= K= AFL=JHg= F9 =PHJ=KK]G =P
;=HLAN9 BVC G9BVC GM A5=G
EI9
xG
9H9J=;=J
G
<A9
HGJ
IM9FLG
GK
GD@GK
HG<A9E
9D;9F^9J
F]G
K=
J=5A K=F]G
;9<YN=J=Ky
6# 
7

*
E=KEG
G;GJJ=
;GE BVC BIB75 A5=G
EI9 8C
EI9

)]G
K= J=5A E9AK
<G
IM=
;9<YN=J=K

,M9F<G 9 =P;=^]G J=;9A F9  9 GM 9 H=KKG9 L=EK= <= <9J GMLJG

LGJF=AG
Z
GJ9^]G
;GEG
HGJ
=P=EHDG
)AF?M_E
NGLGM
;GFLJ9
G
HJGB=LG G9BVC
B_G
HFZG 6. 
7
)]G
@9N=JA9
GMLJG
;MDH9<G G9BVC
HI

GE
G
N=J:G G9F =
HJ=<A;9LANG
FG
KAF?MD9J
HG<=
G;GJJ=J
G
KAF?MD9J

x9K 5FH5G
*9FG5G
X ME
DANJG
?=FA9D y
6(9 
3$$7
GK
K=MK
DANJGK
<A<YLA;GK X G
E9AK
AEHGJL9FL=
9K &=Wc9G
89
"=GH_F=5
8C
F5G=@ HJG>=KK9<9K
FG
9FLA?G
GD_?AG
<=
+=<JG
$$
6%- 

<9
 9
=< 7


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
FG
9HGKLG

 A concordncia no aposto
,M9F<G 9 ME KMB=ALG ;GEHGKLG K= K=?M=E ;GEG 9HGKLGK =P
HJ=KKg=K <= N9DGJ <AKLJA:MLANG ;GEG 7585 IA 7585 EI5@ G N=J:G HGK
HGKLG
9
L9AK
=PHJ=KKg=K
;GF;GJ<9
;GE
=D9K
+9A
=
>AD@G 7585
IA
G9;I=5 HGJ
K=M
;9EAF@G
6  
7
.= G N=J:G N=E 9FL=HGKLG 9 =KK9K =PHJ=KKg=K <YK= FGJE9DE=FL= 9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9 FG HDMJ9D ;GE G KMB=ALG ;GEHGKLG GM FG HDMJ9D x  F]G
=J9 HGKKbN=D IM= GK 9N=FLMJ=AJGK H=J9GG9A 7585 IA G K=M ;M:b;MDG 6%
5DI8 .. 
l
G:K 7
D=K G5[F5A
7585
IA ;GE
KM9
:A;A;D=L9


;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
#9B9
NAKL9

 A concordncia com Haja vista

 ;GFKLJM^]G E9AK F9LMJ9D = >J=IM=FL= <9 =PHJ=KK]G <5>5 J=GH5 ;GE
G N9DGJ <= J9>5 _ L=J AFN9JAYN=D G N=J:G IM9DIM=J IM= K=B9 G FhE=JG <G
KM:KL9FLANG
K=?MAFL=

 

"5>5
J=GH5 GK
=P=EHDGK
<AKKG
=E
9KLAD@G
6- 
 7

+G<=K= ;GFKLJMAJ ;GE G N=J:G FG KAF?MD9J = KM:KL9FLANG K=?MAFL= Z

=PHJ=KK]G
HJ=;=<A<G
<9K
HJ=HGKA^g=K 5 GM 89
"5>5
J=GH5 ZK
L9F?9K
6J 
7
"5>5
J=GH5 <GK
=DGK
IM=
=D=K
J=HJ=K=FL9E
 
6J 5DI8 - 
 7



G IM= <AKK=EGK FG ;9HbLMDG KG:J= ;GEHD=E=FLGK N=J:9AK = FGE

AF9AK = =EHJ=?G <= HJ=HGKA^]G ;MEHJ= 9;J=K;=FL9J GK K=?MAFL=K HJAF
;AH9AK
;9KGK
 HJ=HGKA^]G IM= K=JN= 9 <GAK L=JEGK ;GGJ<=F9<GK HG<= NAJ J=
H=LA<9 GM ;9D9<9 BMFLG 9G K=?MF<G = 9GK E9AK L=JEGK ;GF>GJE= @9B9 GM
F]G
<=K=BG
<=
=F>9LAR9J
G
N9DGJ
K=E[FLA;G
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G
K
9D=?JA9K 89 AF>[F;A9
= 89 BMN=FLM<=


K
9D=?JA9K 89 AF>[F;A9
=
BMN=FLM<=
+J=;AK9N9
<9
9BM<9 8CG H9AK
= 8CG H9J=FL=K


+J=;AK9N9
<9
9BM<9 8CG
H9AK
=
H9J=FL=K
 
E9K
9K
9J?GD9K
<G
;9AP]G
>GJ9E
K=?MJ9K D9@CG ;AF;G
>9EADA9J=K
=
C =FB9EAE
6( 5DI8 (9 
7



;GF;GJ<[F;A9
<G
N=J:G
;GE
KMB=ALG
GJ9;AGF9D

 A concordncia do verbo com sujeito oracional

!A;9 FG KAF?MD9J G N=J:G IM= L=E HGJ KMB=ALG ME9 GJ9^]G IM=
LGE9<9 E9L=JA9DE=FL= N9D= HGJ ME KM:KL9FLANG <G FhE=JG KAF?MD9J = <G
?aF=JG
E9K;MDAFG
*5F979 IM=
LM<G
N9A
:=E
Y
F]G
K= IG5 9K
FGAN9K
9F<9J=E
9
F9EGJAK;9J
Z
KMJ<AF9
6J 5DI8
(9 
9 =< 
7
Q
6CA IM=
;GEHJ==F<9K
=KL9K
J9Rg=K

+=JE9F=;= FG KAF?MD9J G N=J:G IM= L=E ;GEG KMB=ALG <M9K GM E9AK

GJ9^g=K
;GGJ<=F9<9K
=FLJ=
KA
,M=
.e;J9L=K
F9<9
=K;J=N=M
=
IM=
+D9L]G
=PHfK
9K
<GMLJAF9K
<=
.e;J9L=K X
G56=8C 6%- 
7

GF;GJ<[F;A9
F9K
=PHJ=KKg=K
<=
HGJ;=FL9?=E

 Concordncia nas expresses de porcentagem

)9K DAF?M9?=FK EG<=JF9K =E IM= =FLJ9E =PHJ=KKg=K FME_JA;9K <=
HGJ;=FL9?=E 9 L=F<aF;A9 _ >9R=J ;GF;GJ<9J G N=J:G ;GE G L=JEG HJ=HGKA
;AGF9<G
IM=
=KH=;A>A;9
9
J=>=JaF;A9
FME_JA;9
/JAFL9
HGJ
;=FLG 8C
F5G=@ 5GG=GH=I Z
LJ9FKEAKK]G
<GK
BG?GK
<9
GH9
/JAFL9
HGJ
;=FLG 8CG
6F5G=@9=FCG
5GG=GH=F5A 9GK
BG?GK
<9
GH9
GAK
HGJ
;=FLG 85
5GG=GHZB7=5 89H9GHCI G
>ADE=
GAK
HGJ
;=FLG 8CG
9GD97H58CF9G
89H9GH5F5A G
>ADE=

 GEAKK]G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G H9J=;= K=J E9AK F9LMJ9D IM9F<G F]G K=

;GE:AF9 ;GE 9JLA?G L9DN=R HGJIM= =E HGJLM?MaK 9G ;GFLJYJAG HGJ =P
=EHDG <G >J9F;aK = <G =KH9F@GD 9 HJ=K=F^9 <= 9E:GK D=N9GK 9
;GE:AF9J=EK=
;GEG
KMHg=
(YJAG
9JJ=LG

$KLG
_
H9J9
=M
>9R=J

 Isto para eu fazer v .= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G K=?MA<9 <= HJGFGE= F]G K=JN=

<= AFLJG<MRAJ =KL= HJGFGE= IM= >MF;AGF9 ;GEG KMB=ALG E9K ME
AF>AFALANG
MK9EK=
9K
>GJE9K
J=L9K 9I = HI
=
F]G A=A = H=
$KLG
_
H9J9 A=A 9
HJ=HGKA^]G
J=?=
G
HJGFGE=
$KLG
_
H9J9 9I >9R=J
9
HJ=HGKA^]G
J=?=
G
AF>AFALANG
AKLG
_
H9J9
IM= 9I
>9^9

+=<AJ
H9J9

 Pedir para v * N=J:G D98=F H=<= G:B=LG <AJ=LG <= ;GAK9 = AF<AJ=LG <=
H=KKG9
9
IM=E
K=
H=<=
+=<AD@=
G:B
AF<AJ=LG
ME
>9NGJ
G:B
<AJ=LG

.= G G:B=LG <AJ=LG _ @=79BW5 GM =IMAN9D=FL= HG<=K= 9;J=K;=FL9J

ME9
GJ9^]G
9<N=J:A9D
<=
>AE
IM=
AF<AIM=
G
G:B=LANG
<G
H=<A<G
+=<AMD@= @=79BW5
D5F5
G5=F GM D5F5
EI9
G5[GG9

6 Regncia

KL= G:B=LG <AJ=LG @=79BW5 HG<= ;9D9JK= E9K G KMB=ALG <= D98=F L=JY
<= K=J =FL=F<A<G ;GEG G E=KEG <G N=J:G <9 KM:GJ<AF9<9 H9J9 L=J K9F^]G
LJ9FIMAD9
F9
FGJE9
=P=EHD9J
*
FLfFAG
H=<AMD@=
H9J9
K9AJ
A
_
G
FLfFAG
_
IM=E
K9AJY
+=<AM
H9J9
9BM<9J
9
N=KLAJ
KM9
>AD@9
E9K
F]G
G
G:L=N=
6J 5DI8
(9 
9 =<
HY?

F 7

 

 DAF?M9?=E ;GDGIMA9D 9HJGPAEGM 9K A<=A9K <= D98=F EI9 5@;C

57CBH9W5 GJ9^]G G:B=LAN9 <AJ=L9 = HF565@<5F D5F5 EI9 5@;C 57CBH9W5 GJ
9^]G 9<N=J:A9D >AF9D H9KK9F<G 9 MK9J 9 HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5 9 AFLJG<MRAJ 9 GJ
9^]G
IM=
K=JA9
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
<G
N=J:G D98=F



AF;GJHGJ9<GK F9 HJGFhF;A9  DA^]G <GK :GFK 9MLGJ=K FGK E9F<9 9;=AL9J

9E:9K 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K 89 5 CBW5 6969F R;I5 = 85 CBW5 6969F R;I5 ,M=
9
;GFLJ9^]G
_
HGKKbN=D
EGKLJ9EFGK
GK
K=?MAFL=K
=P=EHDGK
x
Ke
NGDLGM 89DC=G
8C
=B:5BH9 =KL9J
HJG;D9E9<G
J=?=<GJy
6# 
7
x.9:A9G
K=F@GJ 5BH9G
8C
75GC KM;=<=Jy
6# 
7
xK=
HGJ
=P=EHDG
E=
;GF;=<=J=E
ME
EGFGHeDAG
<G
HD9FL9J
;GMN=K 5D9G5F
85G
7CIJ9G K=J=E
ME9
<9K
=KH_;A=K
<=
D=?ME=Ky
6- 5DI8 ++7
x*9@C
:5HC
8C
J9F6C
F9GH=HI=F
FME9
<9K
KM9K
9;=H^g=K
= 9BHF9;5F
=E
;=JLGK
;9KGK
L=J=E y
6- 
7
xBC
75GC
8C
=B:=B=H=JC LJ9R=J
;GE
HD
<AJ=LGy
6  
l

:7

*98=I
D5F5
EI9
BHaB=C
G5[GG9

=E
DM?9J
<=
*98=I
EI9
BHaB=C
G5[GG9

*K ?J9EYLA;GK 9AF<9 F]G 9;=AL9J9E 9 GH=J9^]G E=FL9D 9H=K9J <9 AF

KAKLaF;A9 ;GE IM= H=F=LJ9 F9 DAF?M9?=E <9K H=KKG9K ;MDL9K * FGNG EG<G
<= =PHJ=KK]G LJ9R L9E:_E ME9 9E:A?MA<9<= HGJIM= K= >A;9 K=E K9:=J
IM9D
_
F9
J=9DA<9<=
G
KMB=ALG
<9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
E
BHaB=C
D98=I
5
$CGX
D5F5
G5=F

;MKL9FGK 9 <AR=J <= HJGFLG K= IM=E K9A _ G E=KEG FLfFAG GM %GK_ *

?J9EYLA;G Ke ;GFKA<=J9 9 =PHJ=KK]G ;GJJ=L9 K= G KMB=ALG >GJ FLfFAG E9K
9 DAF?M9?=E ;GDGIMA9D ;GFKLJeA G H=JbG<G ;GEG K= G KMB=ALG >GKK= %GK_
HGAK AFL=JHJ=L9 9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 ;GEG G:B=LAN9 <AJ=L9 BHaB=C D98=I
EI9
$CGX
G5[GG9
.G: 9 9D=?9^]G <= IM= G G:B=LG <AJ=LG GJ9;AGF9D F]G HG<= NAJ AF
LJG<MRA<G HGJ HJ=HGKA^]G 9J?ME=FLG 9DAYK >J9;G _ IM= ?J9EYLA;GK J=HM
<A9E L9D DAF?M9?=E +G<=K= N=J F9 ;GFKLJM^]G G D5F5 ;GEG HGKN_J:AG
AFA;A9F<G 9 GJ9^]G G:B=LAN9 <AJ=L9 H9J9 <=FGL9J G AFL=J=KK= GM 9 AFKAKLaF;A9
<G
H=<A<G
;GEG 7IADF=F
C
89J9F 9G
D9<G
<= 7IADF=F
7CA
C
89J9F

KLY
F9
@GJ9
<9
GF^9
:=:=J
Y?M9

 Est na hora da ona beber gua v  HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= K= HfJ G KMB=ALG

<=
AF>AFALANG
9FL=K
GM
<=HGAK
<=KL9
>GJE9
N=J:9D
FGK
H=JEAL=
<AR=J
KLY
F9
@GJ9
<=
:=:=J
9
GF^9
Y?M9
HGKA^]G
J9J9
KLY
F9
@GJ9
<=
9
GF^9
:=:=J
Y?M9
HGKA^]G
E9AK
>J=IM=FL=

KL= hDLAEG E=AG <= =PHJ=KK]G 9HJGPAE9 <GAK NG;Y:MDGK 9 HJ=

HGKA^]G 89 = G 9JLA?G 5 IM= 9 LJ9<A^]G <G A<AGE9 ;GFLJ9A =E 85 KMJ?AF<G
9KKAE
ME
L=J;=AJG
EG<G
<=
<AR=J
GHR
B5
<CF5
85
CBW5
6969F
R;I5

;GFKLJM^]G FGJE9D IM= F]G L=E J=HM?F9<G GK GMNA<GK <GK IM= E=D@GJ
;GF@=;=E = =K;J=N=E 9 DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 D?MFK ?J9EYLA;GK NAJ9E 9b
=FLJ=L9FLG ME KGD=;AKEG H=DG >9LG <= G9 F9;9F 89 DF9DCG=WVC IA GI>9=HC
)9 J=9DA<9<= F]G K= LJ9L9 <= J=?aF;A9 HJ=HGKA;AGF9D <G KMB=ALG E9K <G
;GFL9LG <= <GAK NG;Y:MDGK IM= HGJ @Y:ALG = HGJ =M>GFA9 ;GKLME9E NAJ

* HJG:D=E9 IM= <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 HMJ9E=FL= ?J9E9LA;9D 9 JA?GJ

L=JEAF9 F=KK9 <MHD9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= <= =EHJ=?G BY F]G K= EGKLJ9 AF<A>=J
=FL= <G HGFLG <= NAKL9 <9 F=;=KKA<9<= <= HJG>=JAJ G KMB=ALG =FMF;A9F<GG
;GE E9AGJ GM E=FGJ J=9D;= =AP9K= G <GEbFAG <9 ?J9EYLA;9 H9J9 K= =F
LJ9J FG <GEbFAG <9 =KLADbKLA;9 <9 =PHJ=KKANA<9<=  F]G ;GE:AF9^]G <9
HJ=HGKA^]G ;GE G KMB=ALG ?9J9FL= G N9DGJ =PHJ=KKANG <9 HJ=HGKA^]G = 9 aF
>9K= HGKL9 FG KMB=ALG Q H9ADC 89 C DCJC EI9F9F A9@<CF9G 9G7C@5G <A>=J
=FL= KG: G 9KH=;LG <= =PHJ=KKANA<9<= <= Q H9ADC 8C DCJC EI9F9F A9@
<CF9G 9G7C@5G  KAEHD=K v = ;GFLJYJA9 Z <MHD9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= IM= 9
LJ9<A^]G DAL=JYJA9 J=?AKLJ9 v KGDM^]G ?J9E9LA;9D <= J=B=AL9J ME9 >GJE9 ;GE
HJANAD_?AG
<=
GMLJ9
=EHG:J=;=
GK
J=;MJKGK
=KLADbKLA;GK
<9
DbF?M9
+G<=K= =NAL9J 9 ;GE:AF9^]G HGF<G G AF>AFALANG =FLJ= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G =
G KMB=ALG ;GEG >=R (9FM=D 9F<=AJ9 F=KL9 H9KK9?=E G +J=>=ALG J=;GJ
<GM IM= ME9 K=E9F9 5BH9G 89 G9F C ;F5B89 FCA5B7=GH5 <CGD=H5@=N58C  
6( 
$$
7

(A?J9^g=K
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G

 Migraes de preposio v GE EMAL9 >J=IMaF;A9 NaK= EA?J9J 9 HJ=

HGKA^]G IM= <=N=JA9 9H9J=;=J ;GE G J=D9LANG H9J9 BMFLG <G 9FL=;=<=FL=
<=KL=
HJGFGE=
(VC
G9=
BC
EI9
D9BG5F
HGJ
(VC
G9=
C
9A
EI9
D9BG5G

*M
&=G6C5
9
*CFHC 85G
EI5=G
7=8589G
J9B<C
5;CF5
&=G6C5
9
*CFHC 7=8589G
85G
EI5=G
J9B<C
5;CF5
6'1 
 7

HGJ

=KL9K EA?J9^g=K J=KMDL9E ?AJGK E9AK 9?J9<YN=AK 9G GMNA<G = IM=

FGK 9>9KL9E <= ;=JL9K <MJ=R9K <= =KLADG 9JLA>A;A9D 9 IM= FGK HG<=JA9 D=N9J 9

 

;GFKLJM^]G JA?GJGK9E=FL= ?J9E9LA;9D ;GEG K= <=HJ==F<= <GK K=?MAFL=K

LJ=;@GK
<=
-MA
9J:GK9
xKKAE
E=
H=J<G=E
L9E:_E CG
5
EI9A L=F@G
9?J9N9<G CG
7CA
EI9A @GMN=J
KA<G
AFBMKLG
NAGD=FLG
AFLGD=J9FL= y
6- 
7
x=
<9b
;GE
=KLMH=F<9
EM<9F^9
;GE=^9
9
<=AP9J
N=J C
5
EI9 =J9
<=K
LAF9<9 y
6- 
7

KL9K EA?J9^g=K ;GJJ=E F9 DbF?M9 DAL=JYJA9 9H9<JAF@9<9K H=DGK K=MK

E=D@GJ=K J=HJ=K=FL9FL=K D=P9F<J= #=J;MD9FG = 9JDGK <= '9=L FGK <]G
L=KL=EMF@G
<G
>9LG
x
:9JJ9
_
H=JA?GK9
;GEG
<AKK=EGK
HGJ_E
9
=FK=9<9
>=;@9<9
_
9F;GJ9<GMJG
K=?MJG D9@C
EI9 
G
HGJ
IM=
L=E
KA<G
K=EHJ=
;GMLG
<GK
;GJKYJAGK
<=
=J:_JA9y
6# 
7
x
9L_
G
AF<MRAJ=E
9
E9F<YDG
K9AJ
<9
;GJL= 5C
EI9 
G
9
IM=

+=<JG
9L9D@GM
;GE
J=LAJ9JK=
9FL=K
IM=
D@=
GJ<=F9KK=Ey
6# 
7
x AK
H9J9 C
EI9 
G
H9J9
IM=
=KH=J9K
MLADAR9J
G
<GEbFAG
<GK
9J=Ky
6'
AF
.. 
7

W AFL=J=KK9FL= 9 HGKA^]G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 89 9 AFLJG<MRAJ G HJ=<A;9LANG

IM9F<G
K=
=KH=J9N9
9FL=K
<G
J=D9LANG
x*
IM=
HJ=;AK9EGK
_ 89 :J9^GK
N9DGJGKGK
=
<=
H=ALGK
J=KGDMLGKy
6-. 
$1
7

)GL=K= <= H9KK9?=E IM= =E ;GFKLJM^g=K ;GEG 9 <G hDLAEG =P=E

HDG _ HGKKbN=D @9N=J G HD=GF9KEG <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9 IM9D 9H9J=;= 9FL=K <G
L=JEG
9
IM=
JA?GJGK9E=FL=
K=
HJ=F<=
=
9FL=K
<= 89
6F5WCG
x* 89
EI9 E=
F]G
H=FAL=F;AG
_ 8C =KE=JG
:=E
GM
E9DKM;=<A<G
IM=
HMK
=E
<9J
GK
;MA<9<GK
IM=
<=A
Z
>GJE9
;GE
IM=
FGK
N=AG
<9
;[E9J9
G
HJGB=LGy
6-  5DI8 (9 
 9 =< 

=
KK 7

-=H=LA^]G
<=
HJ=>APG
=
HJ=HGKA^]G

 Repetio de prefixo e preposio v .=E 9L=FL9J H9J9 9 LJ9<A^]G <G

A<AGE9 = <= KM9K J9bR=K D9LAF9K 9D?MFK 9MLGJ=K H =P  [F<A<G
!A?M=AJ=<G ;GF<=F9E 9 ;GF;GJJaF;A9 <= HJ=>APG ;GE HJ=HGKA^]G =E MKGK
;GEG 7CB;GJJ=J 7CA 89<MRAJ 89 89H=F<=J 89 =B;DMAJ 9A 5<=JAJ 5
7CB;GJ<9J 7CA 7CAF;A<AJ 7CA =L; 9b J=HM<A9J=E HGJ =P=EHDG 9 ;GF
KLJM^]G 7CBG9BHTB9C 7CA J=;GE=F<9F<G K= <A?9 8I5G 7C=G5G 7CB
G9BHTB95G =E N=R <= IA5 7C=G5 7CBG9BHTB95 7CA CIHF5 /9E:_E KM:
KLALM=E IA5 7C=G5 7C=B7=89 7CA CIHF5 HGJ IA5 7C=G5 =B7=89 B5 CIHF5 .]G
DA^g=K IM= H=D9 ;GF;GJJaF;A9 <= HJ=>APG = HJ=HGKA^]G <=N=E K=J J=B=AL9
<9K
61 7

 

GEHD=E=FLGK
<=
L=JEGK
<=
J=?aF;A9K
<A>=J=FL=K

 Complementos de termos de regncias diferentes v * JA?GJ ?J9E9L

A;9D =PA?= IM= F]G K= <a ;GEHD=E=FLG ;GEME 9 L=JEGK <= J=?aF;A9 <=
F9LMJ=R9
<A>=J=FL=
KKAE
F]G
HG<=EGK
<AR=J
;GFKG9FL=
=KL=
HJ=;=ALG
BHF9=
9
G5[
89
75G5

=E
DM?9J
<=
BHF9=
9A
75G5
9
89@5
G5[ GM
=IMAN9D=FL=

HGJIM= 9BHF5F H=<=
9
HJ=HGKA^]G 9A = G5=F 9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89

G ?aFAG <= FGKK9 DbF?M9 HGJ_E F]G J=HM?F9E L9AK >eJEMD9K 9:J=
NA9<9K <= <AR=J HJAF;AH9DE=FL= IM9F<G NaE <9J Z =PHJ=KK]G ME9
9?J9<YN=D ;GF;AK]G IM= G ?AJG ?J9E9LA;9DE=FL= ;GJJ=LG F=E K=EHJ=
;GF@=;=
x/=F@GG
NAKLG 9BHF5F
9
G5=F
8C
C@X;=C
89
-
*5I@Cy
6# 
$
7
x
IM=
K=
<=<MR
<9b 5
:5JCF GM 7CBHF5
C
8=F9=HC <=
HJGHJA=<9<=
DAL=J
YJA9y
6# 
$$
7

KL=F<=E ;=JLGK 9MLGJ=K 9 HJGA:A^]G 9GK <AR=J=K =E IM= <M9K GM

E9AK HJ=HGKA^g=K <= K=FLA<G <A>=J=FL= = 9L_ ;GFLJYJAG K= J=>=J=E 9 ME Ke
L=JEG
CA
CI
G9A
J5BH5;9BG
G5=F9=
BH9G
9
89DC=G
85
@IH5

+9J9 L9AK 9MLGJ=K <=N=EGK <AR=J 7CA J5BH5;9BG CI G9A 9@5G 5BH9G
85 @IH5 9 89DC=G 89@5 GM J=H=LAF<GK= G KM:KL9FLANG ;GEG >=R ( <= KKAK
=E
x*K
?JALGK
<9
NbLAE9 5BH9G
85
@IH5
9
8IF5BH9
5
@IH5
;GFLAFM9N9E
9
J=H=J;MLAJ
<=FLJG
<=
EAEy
65DI8 (9 
7

.9DNG 9K KALM9^g=K <= aF>9K= = <= =F;9J=;AE=FLG K=E[FLA;G <= ;9<9

HJ=HGKA^]G ;GEG 9 IM= K= <=HJ==F<= <G LJ=;@G 9;AE9 9 DbF?M9 <Y HJ=>=J
aF;A9 ZK ;GFKLJM^g=K 9:J=NA9<9K IM= 9 ?J9EYLA;9 AFKAKL= =E ;GF<=F9J
K=E
;GFLM<G
G:L=J
?J9F<=K
NALeJA9K

/=JEGK
HJ=HGKA;AGF9<GK
=
HJGFGE=K
YLGFGK

 Termos preposicionados e pronomes tonos v /9FLG K= HG<= <AR=J

BVC
:I>5G de mim ;GEG BVC me :I>5G
*
;GJ9BGKG
E9BGJ
L=E
9>JGFL9<G
L=M
AJE]G
 
E9K
.AE]G
L=E=G
=
:C;9@<9 ;GE
G
HJ=L=PLG
<=
<=K9>A9J
HJAE=AJG
IM=E
HJAE=AJG
G

 


G>=F<=M
6J 5DI8 (9 

<=
GF<=
K=
;GD@=E
GK
=P=EHDGK

9:9APG7

KKAE =E N=R <= DaGG9 8=5BH9 89@9 K= HG<= <AR=J DaGG9@<9 8=
5BH9
=E
N=R
<= 5D5F979F
8=5BH9
89@9 5D5F979F@<9
8=5BH9
)MF;9 A9 LGJF9JA9
9
HfJ
9
NAKL9 9A
7=A5
+J=L=F<=E
;9AJBCG
9A
7=A5
/M<G @<9 ?AJGM 9A
JC@H5
.=FL9J9EK=@<9 =E
>J=FL=
<GAK
?M9J<9K

KKAE
L9E:_E
=E
=IMAN9DaF;A9
;GE
9
HJ=HGKA^]G 9A
=M
ME
:=ABG 9A )=DAF9


=M@<9 ME
:=ABG
=M
ME
9:J9^G 9A GDGJ=K


=M@<9 ME
9:J9^G

 E=KE9 HGKKA:ADA<9<= K= <Y ;GE N=J:GK IM= K= ;GFKLJG=E ;GE 89

GM 5 5J=N=B<5FG9 5DFCL=A5FG9 579F75FG9 89 =FLJ= GMLJ9K = 7CA
F5@<5F
HGJ
=P=EHDG
NARAF@GMK= 89@5

NARAF@GMK=@<9
HJGPAE9JK= 89@5 GM 5
9@5


HJGPAEGMK=@<9
-9D@9J 7CA
C
:=@<C

-9D@9J@<9

19D= D=E:J9J 9IMA <= H9KK9?=E v HGAK F]G K= LJ9L9 <= J=?aF;A9 v
HGAK =KL9EGK >9D9F<G <= KAEHDA>A;9^g=K >GJE9AK IM= G E=KEG HJG;=KKG
K=
J=H=L=
;GE
9D?MFK
HJ=>APGK
 
G
9H9DHYD9
F9K
;GKL=D9K GC6F9 = GI6>579BH9G 9G
;GJ9^]G
6J
5DI8 (9 

F 7
 
9D?ME9K
>9bK;9K
<=
9EGJ
HJG>9FG
LAF@9E
=FLJ9<G C6 = GI6F9DH=
7=5A9BH9 #8  =6=8 
KH=J=EGK
=
GP9DY
F]G
=KH=J=EGK
=E
N]G
IM=
;@=?M=
G
<A9
DGF?bF
IMG
=E
IM=
LG<GK
GK
=K;JALGJ=K 7=G = HF5BG5H@TBH=7CG 9HJ=F<9E
9
KM9
DbF?M9
 
6(9 
 F 7

/9E:_E F9K =PHJ=KKg=K ;GEH9J9LAN9K HG<=EK= =F;GFLJ9J KAEHDA

>A;9^g=K GM :J9IMADG?A9K ;GEG FGK K=?MAFL=K =P=EHDGK EMALG ;GEMFK
H5BHC HVC A5=G EI9 H5BHC HVC CI A9BCG EI9 HGJ H5BHC GM EI5BHC =
A5=G
EI9
=L; 

?GL9
G
J=ME9LAKEG
9
;AYLA;9
AEH9;A=FL9N9EFG H5BHC
CI A9BCG
EI9 G
<=KE9F;@G
<9K
;GAK9K
HGDbLA;9K
6J 
7

EHJ=?G
<=
J=D9LANGK
HJ=;=<A<GK
<=
HJ=HGKA^]G

 Emprego de relativos precedidos de preposio v * HJGFGE= J=D9L

ANG
=P=J;=
>MF^]G
KAFLYLA;9
F9
GJ9^]G
9
IM=
H=JL=F;=



9 -I>9=HC
*
DANJG EI9 =KLY
=E
;AE9
<9
E=K9
_
E=M

: )6>9HC
8=F9HC
*
DANJG EI9 =M
DA
=F;=JJ9
ME9
:GFAL9
@AKLeJA9
; *F98=75H=JC
ANA<AEGK
G
H]G
;GEG
:GFK
9EA?GK EI9 _J9EGK
< CAD@9A9BHC
F9@5H=JC
*
DANJG
<= EI9 HJ=;AK9EGK
=K?GLGMK=
= )6>9HC
=B8=F9HC
KL=
_
G
9DMFG 5 EI9 <=A
G
DANJG
> 8>IBHC 58J9F6=5@ * DANJG DCF EI9 9HJ=F<=KL= 9 D=J _ 9FLA?G 
;9K9 9A
EI9 EGJG
_
=KH9^GK9
? ;9BH9
85
D5GG=J5
KL=
_
G
9MLGJ DCF
EI9 9
FGN=D9
>GA
=K;JAL9
K LJaK HJAE=AJ9K >MF^g=K KAFLYLA;9K <AKH=FK9E HJ=HGKA^]G =FIM9FLG
9K IM9LJG hDLAE9K 9 =PA?=E =N=K= =NAL9J =E DbF?M9 DAL=JYJA9 G
=EHJ=?G
<G
J=D9LANG
MFAN=JK9D

-=D9^]G
<=
J=?aF;A9K
<=
9D?MFK
N=J:GK
=
FGE=K

 Relao de regncias de alguns verbos e nomes

A
:9D9F^9JK=
9
9:GJJ=;=JK=
;GE
9:JA?9<G
<=
9:KGDN=Jv
<=
9:KL=JK=
<=
9:MF<9J
=E
9:MK9J
<=
9;9:9Jv
;GE
9;9ML=D9JK=
;GE
9;=<=J
9
9;=KKbN=D
9
9;=ALG
9
9;=J;9JK=
<=
9;GEG<9JK=
9
9;GFL=;=J
9
;GE
9;GFK=D@9Jv
9

 



9;GJ<9J
;GE

9FKA9Jv
HGJ
LJ9FK
<AJ=LG

9;J=<AL9Jv
=E

9FKAGKG
<=
HGJ

9;M<AJ
9

9FL=;AH9JK=
9

9;MK9Jv
<=

9FL=HGJv
9

9<9HL9Jv
9

9FL=JAGJ
9

9<=IM9<G
9

9H9APGF9JK=
HGJ
<=

9<=JAJv
9

9H9J=FL9<G
;GE

9<EAJ9JK=
<=
;GE
HGJ

9H9JL9Jv
<=

9>9KL9Jv
<=

9H=9JK=
<=

9>YN=D
;GE
H9J9
;GE

9H=?9JK=
9

9>AP9Jv
9

9H=D9J
H9J9
<=

9?J9<9J
9

9H=J;=:=JK=
<=

9?J9<YN=D
9

9H=LJ=;@9JK=
;GE

9?J9<=;=J
9

9HA=<9JK=
<=

9?J=?9JK=
9

9HDA;9JK=
9

9BM<9Jv
9

9HG<=J9JK=
<=

9BMFL9Jv
9
K=
;GE

9HGA9JK=
=E

9D=JL9Jv
<=
KG:J=
;GFLJ9

9HGJL9Jv
9

9D@=9JK=
<=

9HJ=F<=Jv

9D@=AG
9

9HJ=KK9JK=
9
=E
HGJ
H9J9

9DAE=FL9Jv
;GE
<=

9HJGN=AL9JK=
<=

9DE=B9Jv
HGJ

9HLG
H9J9
9

9DM<AJ
9

9J?MAJv
<=

9E9FL=
<=

9JJ9F;9Jv
<=

9E=9^9Jv
;GE
<=

9HJGPAE9JK=
9
<=

9E=J;=9JK=
<=

9JJ=H=F<=JK=
<=

9EA?G
<=

9JJA:9J
9

9EG>AF9JK=
;GE

9JJAE9JK=
9

9EGJGKG
;GE
H9J9
;GE

9JJAK;9JK=
9

9FYDG?G
9

9JJGKL9JK=
;GE

9F=D9J
HGJ

9KHAJ9J
9

<=K=B9J

 

LJ9FK
<AJ=LG

AFKHAJ9J
9KK=E=D@9JK=
9
;GE



9NARAF@9JK=
<=
9
9NG;9Jv
9

9KK=F@GJ=9JK=
<=
9KK=FLAJ
9
9KKAF9D9Jv
;GE
9KKAKLAJ
9

HJ=K=F;A9J
9KKAKLAJv

9BM<9J
9KKMKL9JK=
;GE
9L9H=L9JK=
<=
=E
9L=EGJAR9JK=
;GE
9L=F<=Jv
9
9L=KL9J
;GFLJ9
HGJ
9L=FLG
9
=E
9L=JK=
9
9LAF9J
;GE
9LAF?AJ
K=E 5
9LJ9AJv
9
9LJ=N=JK=
9
=E
9LJA:MAJv
9

B
:9;@9J=D
=E
:9F<=9JK=
H9J9
:9AP9Jv
9
:9KL9FL=
9
H9J9
:9KL9J
9
:9L9D@9J
;GE
:=F_>A;G
9
:9L=J
9
=E
:=E
>9R=J
=E
<=
:D9K>=E9J
;GFLJ9
:D9KGF9J
<=
:GE
H9J9
H9J9
;GE
:JA?9J
;GE
:JAF<9Jv
;GE

9ME=FL9J
9MK=FL9JK=
<=
9MLGJAR9Jv
9
9N9DA9Jv
=E
9N9JG
<=
9N=JA?M9Jv
<=
9N=KKG
9
9N=R9J
K=
9
9NA9JK=
<=
YNA<G
<=
9NAJK=
;GE
9NAK9Jv
<=

C
;9AJ
=E
KG:J=
;9D;9Jv
9
;9H9R
<=
H9J9
;9HALMD9Jv
;GE
;9J=;=J
<=
;9JAL9LANG
;GE
H9J9
;GE
;9JG
9
;9K9JK=
;GE
;=<=Jv
9
;=?G
9

 



;@9E9J 

;GEHJ9R=Jv
9
K=
=E
;GE

;@=?9J
K=
9
F]G 9A BMFLG

;GEHJ==FKbN=D
9

Z
=PHJ=KK]G
<=
DM?9J

;GEHJGE=L=JK=
9

;@=AG
<=

;GEHJGN9Jv
;GE

;@=AJ9J
9

;GEME
9
<=

;@=AJG
9
<=

;GEMF?9J
;GE

;@GJ9J
HGJ

;GEMFA;9Jv
9

;AF?AJv
<=
K=
9

;GEML9Jv
=E

;AJ;MFK;J=N=JK=
9

;GF;=FLJ9Jv
=E

;AJ;MFNARAF@G
<=

;GF;GJ<9J
;GE
=E

;D9E9J
HGJ

;GF>GJE=
9
;GE

;G:A^GKG
<=

;GF;GJJ=J
9
;GE

;G:J9Jv
<=

;GF<=F9Jv
9

;G:JAJv
<=

;GF<=K;=F<=J
;GE

;G=L[F=G
<=

;GF<G=JK=
<=

;G=NG
<=
9

;GF>9:MD9J
;GE

;G=PAKLAJv
;GE

;GF>=<=J9JK=
;GE

;GAF;A<AJv
;GE

;GF>=J=F;A9J
;GE

;GDA?9JK=
;GE

;GF>=KK9Jv
9

;GE:9L=Jv
;GFLJ9
HGJ

;GF>A9J
=E
9

;GE:AF9Jv
;GE

;GF>AF9J
;GE

;GE=^9J
9
HGJ

;GF>GJE9JK=
;GE
9

;GE=<AJK=
;GE
=E

;GF>GJE=
;GE
9

;GE=L=Jv
9

;GF>JGFL9Jv
;GE

;GEH9<=;=JK=
<=

;GF>MF<AJK=
;GE

;GEH9J9Jv
9
;GE

;GF?J9^9JK=
;GE

;GEH9J=;=J
9

;GF?J9LMD9JK=
;GE

;GEH9LbN=D
;GE

;GFK9?J9J
9

;GEH=DAJv
9

;GFK=FLAJ
=E
LJ
<AJ=LG

;GEH=LAJ
;GE
9

;GFKA<=J9J
;GEG

;GEHGJK=
<=

;GFKAKLAJ
=E
=
F]G 89

 

 

;GFKGD9JK=
;GE

;JM=D
;GE
H9J9
;GE

;GFKHAJ9J
9
;GFLJ9
H9J9

;MA<9<GKG
;GE

;GFKL9FL=
=E

;MA<9J
<=
=E
LJ
<AJ=LG

;GFKL9J
<=

;MDH9J
<=

;GFKLALMAJK=
=E

;hEHDA;=
=E

;GFL9?A9JK=
;GE

;MEHJAJ
;GE
9 

;GFL9EAF9JK=
<=
;GE

;MJ9JK=
<=

;GFL=EHGJAR9J
;GE

;MJAGKG
<=

;GFL=EHGJ[F=G
<=

;MJLAJK=
=E

;GFL=F<=J
;GE
<=
KG:J=
;GFL=FL9JK=
;GE
<=
=E
;GFL=JK=
=E
;GFLb?MG
9
;GFLAFM9J
=E
;GE
;GFLJ9HGJ
9
;GFLJYJAG
9
;GFLJA:MAJ
H9J9
;GE
;GFN9D=K;=J
<=
;GFN=JK9Jv
;GE 
;GFN=F;=JK=
<=
;GFN=JL=Jv
=E
9
;GFNA<9Jv
9
H9J9
;GFNAJ
9
;GE
=E
;GFNG;9Jv
9
H9J9
;GGH=J9J
;GE
H9J9
;GJG9Jv
<=
;GE
;GJJ=KHGF<=J
9
K=
;GE
;GJJA?AJK=
<=
;GL=B9Jv
;GE
;J=Jv
=E
9
;JAKL9DAR9Jv
=E

D
<9J
9
=E
;GE
HGJ
<9JK=
HJ=KK9
9
=E
<=;9AJ
<=
<=;A<AJ
KG:J=
<=;D9J9JK=
;GFLJ9
<=;DAF9Jv
<=
<=<A;9Jv
9
<=<A?F9JK=
<=
<=<MRAJv
<=
<=AL9JK=
9
=E
KG:J=
<=D=AL9JK=
;GE
=E
<=
<=FGL9Jv
9
=E
<=H9J9Jv
;GE
<=H=F<=J
<=
<=H=F<MJ9J
v
<=
<=HJ=KKANG
<=
<=JAN9Jv
<=
<=K9>A9Jv
H9J9
<=K9?J9<9J
9
<=K9?J9<YN=D
9

 




<=K9DGB9Jv
<=

<=KG:=<=;=J
9

<=K9H=?9JK=
<=

<=KH=<AJK=
<=

<=K9HGKK9Jv
<=

<=KH=F@9J
<=

<=K9HJGHJA9Jv
<=

<=KHGB9Jv
<=

<=K9L9Jv
<=
=E

<=KHJ=F<=Jv
<=

<=K9L=FLG
9

<=KIMAL9JK=
<=

<=K9NAJK=
;GE

<=;DAF9J
9
H9J9

<=K;9FK9Jv
<=

<=KLALMAJv
<=

<=K;9FK9J
;GE

<=L=JK=
=E
;GE

<=K;9JL9JK=
<=

<=L=JEAF9JK=
9

<=K;=F<=J
<=

<=N=Jv
<= 

<=K;=J
<=
9

<=NGLG
<=

<=K;GF>A9J
<=

<A>=J=F;A9Jv
<=

<=K;GFL9Jv
<=

<A>=J=FL=
<=

<=K;GFL=FL=
;GE

<A>b;AD
<=

<=K;MA<9JK=
<=

<A?F9JK=
<=
9

<=K;MDH9JK=
<=
;GE

<A?FG
<=

<=K;MJ9JK=
<=
F]G DCF

<ADA?=FL=
=E
H9J9

<=K<AR=JK=
<=

<AK;GJ<9J
<=

<=K=BGKG
<=

<AK;J=H9J
=E

<=K=E:9J9^9JK=
<=

<AK>9J^9Jv
=E

<=K=EH=F@9JK=
<=

<AKH=FK9Jv
<=
9

<=K=F?9F9JK=
<=

<AKHGJv
<=
K=
9
H9J9

<=K=JL9Jv
<=

<AKHGKLG
9

<=K=KH=J9Jv
<=

<AKHML9J
;GE

<=K>9NGJYN=D
9

<AKK=E=D@9FL=
<=

<=K>9R=JK=
<=

<AKK=FLAJ
<=

<=K?GKL9JK=
<=
;GE

<AKKM9<AJv
<=

<=KA?F9JK=
<=

<AKL9J
<=

<=KAKLAJ
<=

<AKLAF?MAJv
<=

<=KD=9D
9

<AKLJ9AJK=
;GE

 



<AKLJA:MAJv
9
HGJ
;GE
=FLJ=

=F;9J9Jv
;GE

<ALGKG
;GE

=F;9JJ=?9Jv
<=

<AN=JKG
<=

=F;9JFA^9JK=
;GE
;GFLJ9

<AN=JLAJK=
;GE

=F;@9J;9JK=
=E

<ANGJ;A9JK=
<=

=F;@=Jv
<=

<AR=Jv
<=

=F;GE=F<9Jv
9

<G;=
9

=F;GKL9Jv
9

<e;AD
9
H9J9
;GE

=F;GFLJ9JK=
;GE

<G=FL=
<=

=F>9<9JK=
;GE

<G=JK=
<=

=F>9KLA9JK=
<=
;GE

<GL9<G
<=

=F>9LM9JK=
;GE

<GL9Jv
;GE
=E

=F>=AL9JK=
;GE

<GMLGJ
=E

=F>=JE9Jv
<=

<MJG
<=

=F>MJ=;=JK=
;GE
;GFLJ9

<MNA<9J
<=

=F?9D9F9JK=
;GE
=F?9F9JK=
;GE
=E

E
=D=?=Jv
HGJ
=E
;GEG
=E:9J9^9JK=
;GE
=E:=:=Jv
<=
=E
=E:=D=R9JK=
;GE
=E:=N=;=JK=
=E
;GE
=E:GK;9JK=
=E
=E:JA9?9JK=
<=
;GE
=E:MLAJv
=E
=E=F<9JK=
<=
=EH9H9Jv
<=
=E
;GE
=EH=F@9JK=
HGJ
=E
;GE
=EMD9J
;GE
=EHJ=?9JK=
;GE
aEMDG
<=

=F?=F@9JK=
9
=F?GD>9JK=
=E
=FD9^9JK=
=E
=FD=9JK=
=E
=FJ9AN=;=JK=
;GFLJ9
=FJ=<9JK=
=E
=FK9A9JK=
=E
H9J9
=FKAF9Jv
9
=FL=F<=J
<=
=FL=F<A<G
=E
=FLJ=?9JK=
9
=FLJ=L=JK=
;GE
=E
=FLJAKL=;=JK=
;GE
<=
=FN9A<9JK=
;GE
HGJ
=FN=D@=;=Jv
K=E 89






=IMAH9J9J
9
;GE

=KLJA:9JK=
=E

=IMAN9D=FL=
9

=KLJGHA9<G
<=

=IMAN9D=Jv
9

=P9LG
=E

=JA^9<G
<=

=P;=<=Jv
9
=E
<=

=JA?AJ
K=
=E

=P;=LM9J
<=

=JM<ALG
=E

=P;AL9Jv
9

=K;9H9J
9
<=

=P;DMAJv
<=

=K;9HMDAJ
<=

=P=J;AL9JK=
=E

=K;9JE=FL9<G
<=
;GE

=PGJL9Jv
9

=K;9JF=;=J
<=

=PHGJv
9

=K;9KKG
<=

=PLJ9AJv
<=

=K;GD@=Jv
=FLJ=

=PA?AJv
<=
9

=K;JMHMDAR9J
=E

=PAEAJv
<=

=K;MK9JK=
<=

=PGF=J9Jv
<=

=K>GJ^9JK=
=E
HGJ
H9J9

=PLGJIMAJv
9
<=

=KE9DL9Jv
<=
=KE=J9JK=
=E
=KH9FL9JK=
;GE
<=
=KH=;MD9Jv
;GE
=E
=KH=J9Jv
<=
=E
=KHJ9A9JK=
=E
=KIM=;=JK=
<=
=KIMAN9Jv
<=
=KIMAN9JK=
9
=KK=F;A9D
H9J9
=KL9:=D=;=JK=
;GE
=KL=F<=JK=
=E
9
HGJ
=KL_JAD
<=
=KLAEMD9Jv
9
;GE
=KLJ9F@G
9
=KLJ=ALG
<=
H9J9

F
>Y;AD
<=
>9D9J
<=
=E
;GE
9
KG:J=
>9DL9J
;GE
9
>9DLG
<=
>9JL9Jv
;GE
<=
>9JLG
=E
>9LA?9JK=
<=
;GE
>9NGJYN=D
9
>9NGJ=;=Jv
;GE
<=
>=;@9J
K=
9
>=;MF<G
=E
>=<=J
9
>=DA;AL9Jv
HGJ
<=
>_JLAD
<=
=E






>A9JK=
=E
<=

?J9N9Jv
;GE

>A=D
9

?J9NGKG
9

>AF;9JK=
=E

?JGKKG
<=

>AJE=
=E

?M9J<9JK=
<=

>DGJ=K;=J
=E

?M9JF=;=J
;GE

>GD?9J
<=
=E

?M=JJ9
9

>GJE9JK=
=E

?MAF<9JK=
9

>GJJ9Jv
<=
;GE
>GJL=
<=
=E

>J9;G
<=
=E

@Y:AD
=E

>J9F;G
H9J9
;GE
<=
=E

@9:ADAL9Jv
;GE
H9J9

>J9FIM=9Jv
<=
9

@9:ALM9JK=
9

>JGMPG
<=

@9:ALM9<G
9

>M?AJv
<=
9

@9N=JK=
;GE

>MF<9JK=
=E

@=J<9Jv
<=

>MJAGKG
;GE
<=

@=KAL9J
=E
KG:J=

>MJL9Jv
9
<=

@GJJGJ
9
@GKLAD
9

@MEAD@9JK=
9

?9:9JK=
<=
?9D9J<G9Jv
;GE
?9F@9Jv
<=
9
?=F=JGKG
;GE
?DGJA>A;9JK=
<=
?GJ<G
<=
?GKL9J
<=
?GKLGKG
9
?GR9J
<=
?J9<M9JK=
=E
?J9F<=
<=
?J9LG
9

I
A<9
9
A<aFLA;G
9
A<fF=G
H9J9
9
AE:MAJK=
<=
=E
AE=<A9LG
9
AEH9;A=FL=
;GE
AEH=<AJv
<=
9
AEH=DAJv
9
AEH=F=LJYN=D
9




 

AEH=LJ9Jv
<=
9

AF;ME:AJv
<=

AEHDA;9J
;GE 

AF<_:ALG
9

AEHGJv
9

AF<=;AKG
=E

AEHGJL9J
9
AEH=KKG9D

AF<=FAR9Jv
<=

<=
H9bK
=E
IM9FLA9 

AF<=H=F<=FL=
<=
=E

AF;GFK=IM=FL=
;GE

AF<A>=J=FL=
9

AEHGKKA:ADAL9Jv
H9J9
9

AF<A?F9JK=
;GE

AEHGKKA:ADA<9<=
<=

AF<A?FG
<=

AEHGKKbN=D
<=

AF<AKHGJv
;GFLJ9
K=
;GE

AEHGL=FL=
;GFLJ9
H9J9

AF<e;AD
9

AEHJeHJAG
H9J9

AF<MD?=FL=
H9J9
H9J9
;GE

AEHML9Jv
9

AF<MDL9Jv
<=

AFY:AD
H9J9

AF<MRAJv
9
=E

AF9:ADAL9Jv
H9J9

AF=J=FL=
9

AF9;=KKbN=D
9

AF=PGJYN=D
9

AF;9FKYN=D
=E

AF>9LA?YN=D
=E

AF;9H9R
<=
H9J9

AF>=;;AGF9Jv
=E

AF;=JLG
<=
=E

AF>=JAGJ
9

AF;=KK9FL=
=E

AF>=JAGJ
<=

AF;A<AJ
=E

AF>=KL9Jv
<=

AF;AL9Jv
9

AF>A=D
9

AF;DAF9Jv
9
H9J9

AF>D9E9JK=
<=

AF;DMAJv
=E

AF>D=PbN=D
9

AF;GEH9LbN=D
;GE

AF>DMAJ
=E
H9J9
KG:J=

AF;GEHJ==FKbN=D
9

AF>GJE9Jv
KG:J=
<=

AF;GFK=IM=FL=
;GE

K=
<=

AF;GFKL9FL=
=E

AF?=JAJv
=E

AF;GJHGJ9Jv
9
=E

AF?J9LG
;GE
H9J9
;GE

AF;GJJ=J
=E

AFA:AJv
<=

AF;JbN=D
9
H9J9

AFA;A9Jv
=E
9

AF;MD;9Jv
=E

AFAEA?G
<=







AFAEAR9JK=
;GE
AFBMJA9J
;GE
AFG;=FL=
<=
AFIMA=L9JK=
<=
;GE
AFK9;AYN=D
<=
AFK=FKbN=D
9
AFK=H9JYN=D
<=
AFK=JAJv
=E

J
B9;L9JK=
<=
BM:AD9Jv
=E
BMF;9Jv
<=
BMFL9Jv
9
;GE
BMKLA>A;9Jv
<=
9
K=

AFKAFM9Jv
=E
AFKbHA<G
9
AFKAKLAJ
KG:J=
=E
AFKL9Jv
HGJ
9
AFKLJMAJv
<=
=E
KG:J=
AFL=AJ9JK=
<=
AFL=J;9D9J
=FLJ=
AFL=J;=<=J
HGJ
AFL=J=KK9JK=
HGJ
AFL=J=KK=
=E
HGJ
AFL=JE_<AG
9
AFL=JF9JK=
=E
AFL=JHGD9Jv
=FLJ=
;GE
AFL=JHGJv
=FLJ=
AFL=JJG?9J
9
AFL=JNAJ
=E
AFLGD=J9FL=
;GE
H9J9
;GE
AFMF<9Jv
<=
=E
AFLJGE=L=JK=
=E
AFhLAD
H9J9
9
AFN=KLAJ
;GFLJ9
;GE
AJE9F9Jv
;GE
AK=FL9Jv
<=

L
D9E=FL9JK=
<=
D9F^9Jv
=E
K=
KG:J=
D9KLAE9JK=
<=
D=9D
9
;GE
H9J9
;GE
D=E:J9JK=
<=
D=FLG
=E
D=N9Jv
=E
9
HGJ
DA:=J9D
;GE
DA:=JL9Jv
<=
DA<9J
;GE
DA?9Jv
9
;GE
DA?=AJG
<=
DAEAL9JK=
9
;GE
DAEAL9<G
<=
DAEH9Jv
=E
9
K=
<=
=E
DAEHG
<=
DAKGFB=9JK=
<=
DALA?A9J
;GE
;GFLJ9
DANJ9Jv
<=
DANJ=
<=
DG?J9J
K=
<=






DGF?=
<=

EAFAKLJ9Jv
9

DGF?bFIMG
<=

EAK=JA;GJ<AGKG
;GE
H9J9
;GE

DGM;G
<=
;GE

EG<=J9JK=
=E

DML9J
;GE
;GFLJ9

EG>9Jv
<=
;GE
EGD=KL9Jv
;GE

M
E9AGJ
<=
=FLJ=
E9D<AR=Jv
<=
E9DA;A9Jv
<=
E9DIMAKL9JK=
;GE
E9F;G
<=
E9F;GEMF9JK=
;GE
E9FKG
<=

EGD=KLG
9
EGJ9<GJ
=E
EGJGKG
<=
=E
EGJJ=J
<=
HGJ
EGJLA>A;9JK=
;GE
EGL=B9Jv
<=
EM<9Jv
<=
EM<9JK=
H9J9
EMJEMJ9Jv
<=

E9FL=JK=
;GE
E9IMAF9Jv
;GFLJ9

E9J9NAD@9JK=
;GE
<=

F9EGJ9J 

E9LAR9Jv
<=

F9EGJ9JK=
<=
F9EGJ9J

E9M
;GE
H9J9
H9J9
;GE

LJ
<AJ=LG
;GE
F9LMJ9D
<=

E=<A9FG
<=
=E

F=;=KKYJAG
9

E=<A9J
=FLJ=

F=;=KKAL9J
<=

E=<AJ
K=
;GE
HGJ

F=?DA?=FL=
=E

E=<AL9J
=E
KG:J=

F=?9JK=
9

E=<J9Jv
=E

F=?G;A9Jv
=E
;GE

E=D@GJ9J
<=

FAN=D9JK=
9
;GE

E=FGJ
<=

FG:J=
<=
=E
HGJ

E=J=;=J
<=

FG;ANG
9

E=J?MD@9Jv
=E

FMLJAJK=
<=
;GE

E=K;D9Jv
=E
E=L=JK=v
9
=E
BMAR
EAEGK=9Jv
;GE






G:=<=;=J
9

H9J=;=J
;GE
9
<=

G:=<A=FL=
9

H9J=;A<G
9
;GE

G:DbIMG
9

H9J9D=DG
9

G:JA?9Jv
9

H9JLA;AH9Jv
<=
=E
9

G:JA?9^]G
<=

H9KE9J
<=

G:K=IMAGKG
;GE

H9KK9J
<=
;GE
=E

G:KL9Jv
9

H9KKbN=D
<=

G:KLAF9JK=
=E

H=;MDA9J
9

G:NA9Jv
9

H=?9J
<=
=E

G;MH9JK=
;GE
=E
<=

H=F<=Jv
<=
9

e<AG
9
<=
;GFLJ9

H=F<MJ9Jv
<=
9

H9J9
;GE

H=F=LJ9<G
<=

G<AGKG
9
H9J9

H=FK9J
=E

G>=F<=Jv
;GE
HGJ

H=J<G9Jv
9

GE:J=9JK=
9
;GE

H=J>ME9Jv
;GE

GF=JGKG
9

H=J?MFL9J
9
HGJ

GHAF9J
KG:J=
<=

H=JALG
=E

GHGJ
K=
9

H=JEML9Jv
;GE
HGJ

GHGKLG
9

H=JFA;AGKG
9

GHJAEAJv
;GE

H=JH=F<A;MD9J
9

GHL9J
HGJ
=FLJ=

H=JKAKLAJ
=E

GJ9J
HGJ

H=JK=N=J9J
=E

GJ?MD@GKG
;GE
H9J9

H=JKM9<AJv
<=
H=JL=F;=J
9
H=JL=F;=J

;GE
<=

H9J9

K=J
HJeHJAG
<=

P
H9;LM9J
;GE
H9<=;=J
<=
H9?9Jv
9
<=
=E 
HYDA<G
<=
H9J;G
=E
<=

H=JLAF9R
=E
H=K9<G
9
H=K9J
<=
AEH=KKG9D
9
HA=<9<=
<=
HD=AL=9Jv
;GE
;GFLJ9
HG:J=
<=






HG<=JGKG
H9J9
=E

HJe<A?G
<=
=E

HGJ>A9J
=E
HGJ

HJG>=KK9Jv
=E

HGKHGJv
9

HJGA:AJv
9

HGKKbN=D
<=

HJGEGN=Jv
9

HGKKMb<G
<=

HJGFLG
H9J9
=E

HGKL=JAGJ
9

HJGH=F<=J
H9J9

HGNG9Jv
<=

HJGHb;AG
9

HJYLA;G
=E

HJGHbFIMG
<=

HJ=;9N=JK=
;GFLJ9
<=

HJeHJAG
H9J9
<=

HJ=;=<=Jv
=E

HJGHGJ;AGF9<G
9
;GE

HJ=;AK9J
<=

HJGJJGEH=J
=E

HJG=EAFaF;A9
KG:J=
<=

HJGKK=?MAJv
=E

HJ=>=JAJv
9 

HJ=KL9J
HGJ

HJ=BM<A;A9D
9

HJGL=KL9J
;GFLJ9

HJ=G;MH9JK=
;GE

HJGN9Jv
<=
9

HJ=H9J9JK=
H9J9

HJGN=ALGKG
9

HJ=HGF<=J9J
KG:J=

HJ=N=Jv
9
<=

HJ=K;AF<AJ
<=

HJGNG;9Jv
9
;GFLJ9

HJ=K=FL=9Jv
;GE

HJePAEG
9
<=

HJ=K=JN9Jv
<=

HM?F9J
HGJ
;GFLJ9

HJ=KA<AJv
9
=E

HMJ?9JK=
<=

HJ=KL=K
9
H9J9

HMJA>A;9JK=
<=

HJ=KLG
9
H9J9

HMP9Jv
<=
HGJ

HJ=KMEAJ
<=
HJ=N9D=;=Jv
KG:J=
HJ=N=FAJv
<=
H9J9
;GFLJ9
HJ=R9JK=
<=
HJAE=AJG
<=
<=FLJ=
9
=E 
HJAN9Jv
<=
;GE
HJG;=<=J
9
;GE
HJG;=KK9Jv
HGJ

Q
IM9<J9Jv
;GE
IM9DA>A;9Jv
<=
IM=AP9JK=
9
<=
IM=J=D9J
;GFLJ9
IM=J=Jv
9
IM=:J9<G




 

IM=JA<G
<=
HGJ

J=AFL=?J9Jv
=E

IM=:J9FL9JK=
;GE

J=BM:AD9J
;GE
J=D9P9JK=
=E

R
J9<A;9JK=
=E
J9D@9J
;GE
J=:9AP9Jv
<=
K=
9
J=:=D<=
9
J=:=FL9J
<=
J=;9AJ
=E
KG:J=
J=;D9E9Jv
;GFLJ9
J=;DAF9JK=
KG:J=
J=;GD@=JK=
9
J=;GE=F<9Jv
9
J=;GEH=FK9J
;GE
J=;GF;ADA9JK=
;GE
J=;GFNAJ
KG:J=
J=;GJJ=J
9
J=;GKL9JK=
KG:J=
=E
J=;J=9JK=
;GE
J=;MK9Jv
9
J=<MF<9J
=E
J=<MRAJv
9
F]G 9A
J=>=JAJK=
9
J=>D=LAJ
=E
KG:J=
J=>M?A9JK=
=E
J=?9D9JK=
;GE
J=?9Jv
<=
J=?GRAB9JK=
<=
;GE
J=?MD9JK=
HGJ
J=AF;A<AJ
=E

J=EGFL9Jv
9
J=EGN=Jv
<=
J=F9K;=J
9
J=F<=JK=
9
J=F=?9J
<=
J=FL=
;GE
9
<=
J=FMF;A9J
9
J=H9JLAJ
=FLJ=
;GE
HGJ
J=HJ=K=FL9Jv
;GFLJ9
J=HL9J
H9J9
J=IM=J=Jv
9
J=K?M9J<9JK=
<=
;GFLJ9
J=KA<AJ
=E
J=KA?F9JK=
9
;GE
J=KAKLAJ
9
J=KGDN=JK=
9
J=KH=ALG
9
<=
HGJ
J=KHGFKYN=D
HGJ
J=KK=FLAJK=
<=
J=KL9:=D=;=JK=
<=
J=KMDL9J
<=
J=LAJ9JK=
<=
9
J=LJ9AJK=
9
J=LJ9L9JK=
<=
J=LJG;=<=Jv
9
H9J9
J=N=KLAJv
<=
;GE
JA;G
<=
=E
Jb?A<G
<=







JABG
<=

K=H9J9Jv
<=

JAJK=
<=

K=JNA^G
=E

JAN9DAR9Jv
;GE

K=JNAJv
9
K=
<=
H9J9

JG^9JK=
;GE

K=N=JG
;GE
H9J9
;GE
=E

JG<=9JK=
<=
;GE

KAF<A;9J
<=

JG?9Jv
HGJ

KAF?MD9JAR9JK=
HGJ

JGEH=Jv
;GE

KALG
=E
KG:=J:G
;GE
<=

S
K9:=J
9
L=J
?GKLG
<=
KY:AG
=E
K9;9Jv
<=
K9;A9Jv
<=
9
K9;JA>A;9Jv
9
K=
HGJ
K9;M<AJv
<=
K9>9JK=
<=
K9AJ
<=
K=
;GE
K9DHA;9Jv
<=
K9DN9Jv
<=
K9F9J
<=
K]G
<=
K9J9Jv
<=
K9LAK>9R=Jv
9
K=
;GE
K=;G
<=
K=<=FLG
<=
HGJ
K=?MJG
<=
=E
K=?J=?9Jv
<=
9
K=E=D@9FL=
9
K=E=D@9Jv
9
K=FKbN=D
9
K=FLAJK=
<=

KG:J9J
9
KG:J=NAN=J
9
KG:J=NAJ
9
KG:J=HMB9Jv
=E
KG:J=KK9AJ
=E
HGJ
KG:J=KK9DL9JK=
;GE
Ke:JAG
<=
=E
KG;GJJ=Jv
K=
<=
;GE
9
KG>JA<G
=E
KGDA;AL9Jv
<=
KGDb;ALG
;GE
KGDLG
<=
KGF@9J
;GE
KGJLAJ
<=
KM:E=L=Jv
9
KM:GJ<AF9Jv
9
KM:JG?9J
=E
KM:KAKLAJ
;GE
KM:KL9:=D=;=J
=E
KM:KLALMAJv
HGJ
9
KM:LJ9AJv
<=
K=
9
KM;=<=J
9
KMB9JK=
;GE






KMB=AL9JK=
9

LAJAL9J
<=

KMBG
<=

LGH9J
;GE

KMEAJK=
=E

LGJF9J
9

KMH=JAGJ
9

LJ9:9D@9J
<=
HGJ
H9J9
=E

KMHDA;9Jv
9

LJ9<MRAJv
=E
H9J9
<=

KMJ<G
9
<=

LJ9>A;9Jv
;GE
=E

KMJHJ==F<=JK=
;GE

LJ9A<GJ
9
<=

KMKH=AL9J
<=

LJ9FK:GJ<9Jv
<=

KMKH=ALG
9
<=

LJ9FK>=JAJv
9

KMKH=F<=Jv
<=

LJ9FK>A?MJ9JK=
=E

KMKL=FL9JK=
<=
;GE

LJ9FK>GJE9Jv
=E

KMKL=Jv
;GE

LJ9FKA<G
<=

KMKL=JK=
<=

LJ9FKAL9J
HGJ
LJ9FKHD9FL9Jv
<=
H9J9

T
L9;@9Jv
<=
L9H9Jv
;GE
L9HAR9J
<=
L9J<9J
=E
L9J<G
9
=E
L9MPA9<G
<=
L=AE9J
=E
L=E=J
<=
HGJ
L=E=JGKG
<=
L=EbN=D
9

LJ9FKHGJL9JK=
<=
LJ9KD9<9Jv
9
=E
<=
LJ9L9Jv
<=
LJ9N9JK=
<=
LJ=E=J
<=
LJ=K9F<9J
9
LJ=KH9KK9<G
<=
LJA:ML9Jv
9
LJAKL=
<=
;GE
LJAMF>9J
<=
LJG;9Jv
HGJ
<=

L=J^9Jv
;GE
L=JEAF9J
=E
HGJ

L=JFG
<=

M>9F9JK=
<=
;GE

LAE:J9J
=E
<=

hDLAEG
=E
<=
9

LAF?AJv
<=

MDLJ9B9Jv
;GE

LAJ9Jv
<=

MF?AJv
;GE






hFA;G
=E

R9F?9JK=
;GE

MFA>GJEAR9Jv
;GE

RGE:9J
<=

MFAJv
9
;GE

R=D9J
HGJ

MFL9Jv
<=
;GE
MK9Jv
<=
hLAD
9
H9J9
MLADAR9JK=
<=

7 Colocao
.AFL9P=
<=
;GDG;9^]G
GM
<=
GJ<=E

V
N9;AD9J
=E
N9D=JK=
<=
N9D=Jv
9
N9F?DGJA9JK=
<=
HGJ
N9JA9Jv
<=
=E
N9R9Jv
=E
N9RAG
<=
N=<9Jv
9
N=D9Jv
HGJ
=E

Sintaxe de colocao ou de ordem v _ 9IM=D9 IM= LJ9L9 <9 E9F=AJ9

<=
<AKHGJ
GK
L=JEGK
<=FLJG
<9
GJ9^]G
=
9K
GJ9^g=K
<=FLJG
<G
H=JbG<G
 7C@C75WVC <=FLJG <= ME A<AGE9 G:=<=;= 9 L=F<aF;A9K N9JA9<9K
IM=J <= GJ<=E =KLJAL9E=FL= ?J9E9LA;9D IM=J <= GJ<=E JbLEA;9 HKA;GDe
?A;9 = =KLADbKLA;9 IM= K= ;GGJ<=F9E = ;GEHD=L9E * E9AGJ J=KHGFKYN=D
H=D9 GJ<=E >9NGJAL9 FME9 DbF?M9 GM ?JMHG <= DbF?M9K H9J=;= K=J 9 =FLGF
9^]G GJ9;AGF9D FLJ= GK ;9KGK <= ;GDG;9^]G MKM9D GM FGJE9D =E HGJ
LM?MaK
KG:J=KK9=E
GK
K=?MAFL=K
9
9
;GDG;9^]G
<G
9<BMFLG
HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G
<=HGAK
<G
K=M
KM:KL9FLANG
9
;9K9 89
09F5

N=JK9<G
=E

:
9
;GDG;9^]G
<G
9<BMFLG
9<B=LANG
<=HGAK
<G
K=M
KM:KL9FLANG

N=JL=Jv
<=
H9J9
=E

@GE=E F=7C

N=KLAJK=
;GE
<=

;
9
;GDG;9^]G
<G
9<BMFLG
F]G
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ
9<B=LANG
9JLA?G
HJGFGE=
9<BMFLG
IM9FLA>A;9<GJ=K
9FL=K
<G
KM:KL9FLANG

NA;A9JK=
;GE
=E
NAF;MD9Jv
9

C @GE=E
:GE
A9I LAG
JA;G
G9H9 H=;9<GK
;9HAL9AK
AI=HCG DANJGK
J9JGK

NAF?9JK=
<=
=E
NAK9Jv

HJ=L=F<=J
9
NAK9Jv

<9J
G
NAKLG
NAKbN=D
9

<
9
;GDG;9^]G
<G
N=J:G
<=HGAK
<G
KMB=ALG
F]G
@9N=F<G
H9KKAN9
;GE
G
HJGFGE= G9 GM
IM9F<G
F]G
K=
LJ9L9
<=
AFL=JJG?9^]G
H9J;A9D
;GE
HJGFGE=
F]G
KMB=ALG
GM
9<N_J:AG
AFL=JJG?9LANG

NARAF@G
9
<=
NGDL9J
<=
9

I8I EM<GM
<=
;GD_?AG
(9K
DM?9K= 9GH5
75G5
+GJ
IM=
;GE=L=M 9@9 =KK9
>9DL9

=
9
;GDG;9^]G
<G
;GEHD=E=FLG
N=J:9D
<=HGAK
<G
N=J:G




GEHJ9EGK A5WVG
KKAKLAJ9E 5C
:=@A9
=:=D
_ 9GHI8=CG5

>
9
;GDG;9^]G
<G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
9FL=K
<G
AF<AJ=LG
IM9F<G
;GFKLALMb
<GK
HGJ
KM:KL9FLANGK
K;J=N=J9E 75FH5G
5C
G_7=C DF9>I8=758C

?
9
;GDG;9^]G
<G
G:B=LG
AF<AJ=LG
9FL=K
<G
<AJ=LG
IM9F<G
;GFKLALMb
<GK
HGJ
HJGFGE=K
GM
G
<AJ=LG
HGJ
KM:KL9FLANGK
K;J=N=J9E@<9
75FH5G
K;J=N=J9E@<5G
@<9  5G
x*
HGJLM?MaK
H=JL=F;=
9G
FhE=JG
<9IM=D9K
IM=
K=
;9J9;L=JAR9E
H=DG
JALEG
9K;=F<=FL=
=E
IM=
K=
9FMF;A9
G
L=JEG
E=FGK
AEHGJL9FL=
=
<=
HGAK
;GE
9;=FLM9^]G
E9AK
>GJL=
9
AF>GJE9^]G
FGN9
=
<=
J=D=N[F;A9
H9J9
G
GMNAFL=y
6. 
7

$KLG FGK D=N9 9 ME9 GJ<=E ;GFKA<=J9<9 8=F9H5 IGI5@ GM <56=HI5@

IM= ;GFKAKL= =E =FMF;A9J FG JGKLG <9 GJ9^]G G KMB=ALG <=HGAK G N=J:G =
=E
K=?MA<9
GK
K=MK
;GEHD=E=FLGK
;GEG
NAEGK
9FL=K
 GJ<=E IM= K9A9 <G =KIM=E9 svc KMB=ALG v N=J:G v ;GEHD=E=FLG
K=
<AR =BJ9FG5 GM C75G=CB5@
@9E9K= 5BRGHFC:9 9 GJ<=E AFN=JK9 IM= ;GDA<= ;GE 9 FGJE9 ?=J9D
<9
;GDG;9^]G
9
H9IG
C@<CG
5
7CF
J9>C
9I
5;CF5

,M9F<G 9 ;GDG;9^]G ;@=?9 9 HJ=BM<A;9J 9 ;D9J=R9 <9 E=FK9?=E

H=D9
<AKHGKA^]G
NAGD=FL9
<GK
L=JEGK
<ARK=
IM=
@Y
ME <=DXF65HC
5
;F=H5
G9
@9J5BH5
5C
7XI
85
;9BH9
HGJ
5
;F=H5
85
;9BH9
G9
@9J5BH5
5C
7XI 6( 
K N
E:A?MA<9<=7

ARA9E GK J=LeJALGK IM= G @AH_J:9LG =J9 9 >GJE9 <= =PHJ=KKg=K <9

H9AP]G ,M9F<G 9 <=KDG;9^]G ;JA9 9 9E:A?MA<9<= GM E9AK <= ME9 AFL=J
HJ=L9^]G
<G
L=PLG
9D?MFK
9MLGJ=K
<]G
Z
>GJE9
G
FGE= G[BEI=G9
,M9K= K=EHJ= =KK9 <=KDG;9^]G NAGD=FL9 <GK L=JEGK GJ9;AGF9AK >GFL=
<= 9E:A?MA<9<=K =PA?= H9J9 G H=J>=ALG =FL=F<AE=FLG <9 E=FK9?=E
FGKKG
;GF@=;AE=FLG
KG:J=
9K
;GAK9K
=
<=
GJ<=E
;MDLMJ9D
69@
A5HCI
5=A

+=D9 DA^]G :b:DA;9 F]G K= @Y <= =FL=F<=J IM= :=D HJ9LA;GM 9 9^]G =
9AE
9
KG>J=M
E9K
KAE
9G
;GFLJYJAG



.=F<G 9 GJ<=E <AJ=L9 ME H9<J]G KAFLYLA;G 9 GJ<=E AFN=JK9 ;GEG

9>9KL9E=FLG <9 FGJE9 HG<= 9<IMAJAJ N9DGJ =KLADbKLA;G
J=9DE=FL= K=
D9F^9 E]G <9 GJ<=E AFN=JK9 H9J9 =F>9LAR9J =KK= GM 9IM=D= L=JEG
GJ9;AGF9D
+GKLG FG JGKLG <9 GJ9^]G ME L=JEG KG:J= G IM9D IM=J=EGK ;@9E9J 9
9L=F^]G <G FGKKG GMNAFL= IM=:J9K= 9 FGJE9 KAFLYLA;9 = ;GFK=?M=K= G
=>=ALG =KLADbKLA;G <=K=B9<G +GJ ME BG?G F9LMJ9D <= GHGKA^]G 9 GJ<=E
<AJ=L9 L9E:_E HG<= 9KKMEAJ N9DGJ =KLADbKLA;G H9J9 LJ9<MRAJ KALM9^g=K <G
;9EHG <9 FGNA<9<= * =KLADG <=K;JALANG 9E9 9 GJ<=E <AJ=L9 %GK_ <= D=F
;9J
LAJGM
<=D9
FGLYN=AK
=>=ALGK
FG
K=?MAFL=
LJ=;@G
x L9J<= A9 EGJJ=F<G * KGD <=;DAF9N9 FG @GJARGFL= = <=AL9N9K=
KG:J= 9K ?J9F<=K >DGJ=KL9K IM= ADMEAF9N9 ;GE GK K=MK hDLAEGK J9AGK
 DMR >JGMP9 = KM9N= <G 9;9KG <=KDAR9F<G H=D9 N=J<= 9D;9LA>9
=FJGD9N9K= ;GEG GF<9K <= GMJG = <= HhJHMJ9 KG:J= 9 >GD@9?=E <9K
YJNGJ=K *K =KHAF@=AJGK KADN=KLJ=K <=K9L9N9E 9K >DGJ=K 9DN9K = <=D
A;9<9K = G GMJA;MJA 9:JA9 9K KM9K H9DE9K E9AK FGN9K H9J9 J=;=:=J FG
K=M ;YDA;= G GJN9D@G <9 FGAL= *K 9FAE9AK J=L9J<9<GK HJG;MJ9N9E 9
HGMK9<9 =FIM9FLG 9 BMJALA ;@9E9F<G 9 ;GEH9F@=AJ9 KGDL9N9 GK 9J
JMD@GK <G;=K = K9M<GKGK ;GE IM= K= <=KH=<= G <A9 0E ;GF;=JLG <=
FGL9K ?J9N=K K9M<9N9 G HfJ <G KGD = ;GF>MF<A9 G JMEG <9 ;9K;9L9
IM= H9J=;A9 IM=:J9J 9 9KH=J=R9 <= KM9 IM=<9 = ;=<=J Z <G;= AF>DMaF
;A9
<9
L9J<=
J9
N=(9JA9y
6% 
7

* JALEG 9K;=F<=FL= HJ=<GEAF9FL= FG HGJLM?MaK <AKHGF<G GK L=J

EGK <= 9;=FLM9^]G E9AK >J9;9 = E=FGK KA?FA>A;9LANGK 9FL=K <GK L=JEGK
E9AK >GJL=K =KL9:=D=;= 9K K=?MAFL=K FGJE9K NYDA<9K H9J9 9K KALM9^g=K =E
IM= F]G HJ=<GEAF= 9 DAF?M9?=E =EG;AGF9D 9D?ME9K <=D9K BY =FMF;A9<9K
9FL=JAGJE=FL=
=
9?GJ9
;GEHD=L9<9K
9
GK
9JLA?GK
GK
HJGFGE=K
9<BMFLGK
GK
IM9FLA>A;9<GJ=K
;GE
=P;=^]G
<GK
;9J<AF9AK
;GE
N9DGJ
<=
GJ<AF9AK
K=
9FL=Hg=E
) DANJG IA DANJG 9GH9 DANJG A9I DANJG 7585 DANJG HFZG DANJGK

:
9
HJ=HGKA^]G
N=E
9FL=K
<=
ME
L=JEG
FGEAF9D
GM
HJGFGEAF9D
89 FGAL= 5 =D=

;
G
9<N_J:AG BVC HJ=;=<=
G
N=J:G

BVC IM=JG

<
G
N=J:G
9MPADA9J
HJ=;=<=
K=M
N=J:G
HJAF;AH9D




<9= <=
N=J EI9FC <AR=J 7CGHIA5 >9D9J

=
G
9<B=LANG
EGFGKKADY:A;G
EG<A>A;9<GJ
HJ=;=<=
G
FGE=
<=
E9AGJ
=P
L=FK]G
>GF_LA;9
6CA <A9 AR @GJ9
=L;

>
G
9<B=LANG
IM=
=PHJAE=
>GJE9
GM
;GJ
N=E
<=HGAK
<G
KM:KL9FLANG
=KH=
;A>A;9F<G
K=M
;GF;=ALG
=
G
GHGF<G
9
GMLJGK
<9
=KH_;A=
FI5
@5F;5 6@IG5
J9F89

?
N=E
9FL=K
G
9<B=LANG
=EHJ=?9<G
F]G
H9J9
<=KA?F9J
G
K=M
K=FLA<G
HJeHJAG
E9K
H9J9
9LJA:MAJ
ME9
KA?FA>A;9^]G
>A?MJ9<9
?J9F<=
@GE=E


@GE=E
?J9F<=
x
=M
F]G
KGM
HJGHJA9E=FL=
ME
9MLGJ
<=>MFLG
E9K
ME
<=>MFLG
9MLGJy
6( 
7

@
)ME9
K=IMaF;A9
<=
<GAK
9<B=LANGK
=
ME
KM:KL9FLANG
9IM=D=K
9H9J=;=E
=E
?=J9D
BMFLGK CBG
9
9GH=A58CG
@=JFCG GM &=JFCG
6CBG
9
9GH=A58CG

IM=:J9
<=KL9
<AKHGKA^]G
HGF<G
G
KM:KL9FLANG
FG
E=AG
_
J=;MJKG
;GEME
F9
HG=KA9
E9K
L9E:_E
F]G
9MK=FL=
F9
HJGK9
9JLbKLA;9 CBG
@=JFCG
9
9GH=A58CG
)G
K=?MAFL=
H9KKG
%G]G
-A:=AJG
9>9KLGM
9AF<9
E9AK
GK
<GAK
9<B=LANGK

IM9F<G
>GA
FGAL=
9
<GFR=D9 HF5BG=85 <=
L=JJGJ
= @5;F=ACG5 :MK;GM
G
=J=EAL9
6%- 
7

A
)9
K=IMaF;A9
<GK
HJGFGE=K
KMB=ALGK 9I = HI 9I = 9@9 GM
=FLJ= 9I 
HJG

FGE=
<=
LJ9L9E=FLG
GM
KM:KL9FLANG
=E
?=J9D
9
K_JA=
;GE=^9
;GE 9I
I
9
9@9 K9bEGK
BMFLGK

/G<9NA9 9 AFN=JK]G _ HGKKbN=D 9H=K9J <= BY L=J KA<G 9HGFL9<9 ;GEG

>J9F;=KAKEG =KH=;A9DE=FL= IM9F<G HGJ <=DA;9<=R9 = =<M;9^]G K= IM=J
<9J
HJ=;=<aF;A9
9G
AFL=JDG;MLGJ
KL9EGK
FG
(AF@G
G
D=ALGJ
=
=M
6J  
7

9KKAE
?9D?9EGK
=D=
=
=M
G
JG;@=<G
6%- 
7
GDG;9^]G
<GK
L=JEGK
F9
GJ9^]G
=
<9K
GJ9^g=K
FG
H=JbG<G

 

Colocao dos termos na orao e das oraes no perodo v 

FGJE9
KAFLYLA;9
<G
HGJLM?MaK
J=?AKLJ9
GK
K=?MAFL=K
;9KGK
 q
+g=K=
<=
GJ<AFYJAG
G
KMB=ALG
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ
KM:KL9FLANG
<=HGAK
<G
N=J:G
F9
H9KKAN9
HJGFGEAF9D
DM?9EK=
;9K9K

*MLJ9 HGKA^]G HG<= EM<9J 9 9FYDAK= <9 GJ9^]G <=K<= IM= =FLJ= ME
L=JEG 9 IM= FGKK9 L=F<aF;A9 9FbEA;9 9LJA:M9 9 J=9DAR9^]G <9 GJ9^]G
)GL=K= 9 <A>=J=F^9 ;GFL=PLM9D =FLJ= 6F=IG9 5 DCFH5 NGR H9KKAN9 = 
DCFH5
56F=IG9 NGR
9LAN9
 FGJE9 BY F]G _ AEH=JAGK9 K= G KMB=ALG =KLY J=HJ=K=FL9<G HGJ ME
HJGFGE=
IMADG
FMF;9
K=
NAJ9
HGJ
9DA
6%' 
7

q
)9K
GJ9^g=K
J=<MRA<9K
<=
?=JhF<AG
=
H9JLA;bHAG
G
KMB=ALG
N=E
<=HGAK
<G
N=J:G
.9FA=B5B8C
C
8=G7IFGC
<AJA?AMK=
9G
@GL=D
.9FA=B58C
C
8=G7IFGC
<AJA?AMK=
9G
@GL=D

 q
*
N=J:G
N=E
FG
AFb;AG
<9K
GJ9^g=K
IM=
AF<A;9E
=PAKLaF;A9
G9F 9L=
GH=F <5J9F :5N9F
L=EHG
H=KG
E=<A<9
F5 ME9
N=R
ME
HJbF;AH=
L=GH=5A NYJA9K
J9Rg=K
"CIJ9 <AK;MKK]G
5N LJaK
9FGK
IM=
F]G
G
N=BG
-VC NYJA9K
@GJ9K
<=
<AKL[F;A9
5@H5A <GAK
<A9K
H9J9
9
>=KL9

 q
*
N=J:G
FG
AFb;AG
<9K
KM:GJ<AF9<9K
;GF<A;AGF9AK
=
;GF;=KKAN9K
K=E
LJ9FKHGKALGJ
.=J9GG9E=
=D=
<ALG
9
N=J<9<=
LM<G
9;9:9JA9
:=E
7565GG9 >9D9F<G
;GEA?G
E=KEG
9KKAE
F]G
D@=
H=J<G9JA9

 q
)9K
GJ9^g=K
AFL=J;9D9<9K
<=
;AL9^]G
G
KMB=ALG
N=E
<=
GJ<AFYJAG
<=
HGAK
<G
N=J:G





.ME9K=
v
GJ<=FGM C
DC@=7=5@

q
)9K
AFL=JJG?9^g=K
AFLJG<MRA<9K
HGJ
HJGFGE=K
=
9<N_J:AGK
EI9A EI9
C
EI9 EI5BHC EI5@ 7CAC EI5B8C CB89 DCF
EI9
G
N=J:G
N=E
=E
?=J9D
9FL=K
<G
KMB=ALG
<=K<=
IM=
=KL=
F]G
K=B9
G
HJGFGE=
AFL=JJG?9LANG
,M=E
N=AG
9IMA
EI9A KMB=ALG
=
IM=E
>9D9N9
NG;a
IM9F<G
;@=?9EGK
GEG
>GA
=D=
H9KK9J
F=KK9
=F;J=F;9

0K9K= 9AF<9 F=KL= ;9KG KMB=ALG 9FL=K <G N=J:G GM 9 H9D9NJ9 AFL=J
JG?9LAN9
FG
>AE
<9
GJ9^]G
=
IM=E
NG;a
>9D9N9
D=
;GEHJGM
G
IMa
*bservao )9 H=J?MFL9 J=LeJA;9 ;GKLME9K= HfJ G KMB=ALG 9FL=K <G
N=J:G
=E
;GFKLJM^]G
<G
LAHG )
AX8=7C
57CBG9@<CI
9GH5
8=9H5
9
JC7Z
G9;I=I



*bservao )9K G;GJJaF;A9K ;GE G HJGFGE= G9  A9 H9 @<9 BCG JCG G
G9 N=E
K=EHJ=
=E
HJAE=AJG
DM?9J
)]G G9
A9 9>A?MJ9E
:G9K
9K
KGDM^g=K
+GM;G G9
BCG <Y
=KK=
LAHG
<=
KGDM^]G

 q
A9FL=
<=
F=?9^]G
G
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
HG<=
NAJ
9FL=K
GM
<=HGAK
<G
9<N_J:AG BVC
D= BVC
A9 <AKK=
D= A9
BVC <AKK=
J9J9
=FLJ=
:J9KAD=AJGK

 q
)]G
J9JG
K=
AFL=J;9D9
ME9
GM
E9AK
H9D9NJ9K
=FLJ=
G
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
=E
HJe;DAK=
=
G
N=J:G
J9E
?J9F<=K
J9A<K
=FLJ9<9K
;GEG
K=
=FL]G
<ARA9y
6J 
 7

 q
)9K
GJ9^g=K
=E
IM=
=FLJ9
N=J:G
AFLJ9FKALANG
H9J=;=
@9N=J
HJ=>=JaF
;A9
<9
HGKHGKA^]G
<G
KMB=ALG
;GEG
AF<A;9
=KL9
H9KK9?=E
<=
"9JJ=LL
xKKAE H9KK9J9E A9G9G 9KKAE ;GJJ=M C =BJ9FBC IM9K= LG<G = BY 9K
9E=F<G=AJ9K K= LGM;9N9E <= KM9K 9DNbKKAE9K >DGJ=K <= =KH=J9F^9 BY
ME9 <=HGAK <= GMLJ9K A9E J=F9K;=F<G 5G D@5BH5G A9E 9:JGD@9F<G 5G
RFJCF9G DG?G NA=J9E 5G 5J9G LJAF9F<G K=MK 9EGJ=K H=DGK J9EGK AF
K=FKAN=DE=FL= =J9 ;@=?9F<G C AZG <= 9:JAD =KLYN9EGK =E HD=F9 =
:=D9
HJAE9N=J9y
6"9 5DI8 "( 
7

 q
)9K
GJ9^g=K
=P;D9E9LAN9K
<=
K=FLA<G
GHL9LANG
GM
F]G
_
>J=IM=FL=
G
KMB=ALG
NAJ
<=HGAK
<G
N=J:G
GEG
=J9
N=J<=
G
E=M
N9D=
1AN9
G
J=A
;GFKLJM^]G
>AP9

 q

GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
KM:B=LAN9
N=E
FGJE9DE=FL=
<=HGAK
<G
N=J:G
J=?=FL=
GFKL9
IM=
G
LJ=E
9LJ9KGM
!A;GM
H9L=FL=
IM=
G
HJG?J=KKG
;GE=^9J9
W
9;GFK=D@YN=D
IM=
F]G
K=
J=LAJ=E
9?GJ9

 q
+GJ
=D=?[F;A9
=
aF>9K=
<=
=PHJ=KK]G
HG<=K=
<=KDG;9J
H9J9
9FL=K
<G
HJGFGE=
J=D9LANG
G
HJ=<A;9LANG
<9
GJ9^]G
9<B=LAN9
9FA=D DFC:9GGCF IM=
>GA
<9IM=D9
=K;GD9
FMF;9
K=
<AKHfK
9
EM<9J
<=
;A<9<=
GDG;9^]G
=
;D9J=R9

 q

GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
9<N=J:A9D
;9MK9D
AFA;A9<9
HGJ 7CAC N=E
=E

?=J9D
FG
AFb;AG
<G
=FMF;A9<GJ
<=
KM9
HJAF;AH9D
GEG
G
L=EHG
E=D@GJGM
K9AJ=EGK
9?GJ9

 q
)ME9
K=IMaF;A9
<=
HJGFGE=K
YLGFGK
N=E
=E
HJAE=AJG
DM?9J
G
IM=
>MF;AGF9
;GEG
G:B=LG
AF<AJ=LG
K=?MA<G
<G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
M
NGDG
<9J=A
)MF;9 @<C <AKK=EGK

Colocao e clareza v '=N9<9K =E ;GFL9 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K >MF<9

E=FL9AK <= IM= 9 DAF?M9?=E F9LMJ9D = =KHGFL[F=9 F]G ;GKLME9 9>9KL9JK=
_ ;=JLG IM= H9J9 9 =KLJMLMJ9 GJ9;AGF9D L=EGK =E HGJLM?MaK :9KL9FL= DA:=J
<9<= KL9 HGJ_E _ E9AGJ FG N=JKG =E IM= G;GJJ=E ;=JL9K LJ9FK>GJE
9^g=K ;GEHD=E=FL9J=K =KLJ9F@9K F]G Ke 9G >9D9J ;GEME E9K 9AF<9 9G
<AK;MJKG DAE9<G D?MFK =K;JALGJ=K 9:MK9J9E <9 DA:=J<9<= HG_LA;9 9
HGFLG
<=
LGJF9J=E
9
DAF?M9?=E
G:K;MJ9
=
IM9K=
AFAFL=DA?bN=D
xE9
9
NAN=F<9
<GK
;GFLJYJAGK
9G
>G?G
MF<GKGK
JAGKy
9KLAD@G
x
<G
J=A
HGL=FL=
EAEGK9
>AD@9




GK
K=E
;GFLG
IM=
@Y
H9KK9<G
E9D_>A;GK
HGJL=FLGKy
6 5DI8 . 
7
GDG;9^]G
<GK
HJGFGE=K
H=KKG9AK
YLGFGK
=
<G
<=EGFKLJ9LANG
G
_
IM=KL]G
<=
>GF_LA;9
KAFLYLA;9

Colocao dos pronomes pessoais tonos e do demonstrativo o

questo de fontica sinttica v MJ9FL= EMALG L=EHG NAMK= G HJG:D=E9
9H=F9K H=DG 9KH=;LG KAFLYLA;G ;JA9F<GK= 9 >9DK9 L=GJA9 <9 x9LJ9^]Gy
NG;9:MD9J <G BVC <G EIZ <= ;=JL9K ;GFBMF^g=K = L9FLGK GMLJGK NG;Y:M
DGK "J9^9K 9 FGLYN=AK H=KIMAK9<GJ=K = HJAF;AH9DE=FL= 9 .9A< DA
H9KKGMK= 9 ;GFKA<=J9J G 9KKMFLG H=DG 9KH=;LG >GF_LA;GKAFLYLA;G
:JAJ9EK= ;GE AKKG GK @GJARGFL=K =KLM<GMK= 9 IM=KL]G <GK NG;Y:MDGK
YLGFGK = LfFA;GK = ;@=?GMK= Z ;GF;DMK]G <= IM= EMAL9K <9K J=?J9K =K
L9:=D=;A<9K H=DGK HMJAKL9K GM =KL9N9E =JJ9<9K GM K= 9HDA;9N9E =E =KH=
;A9D 9L=F^]G 9G >9D9J DMKAL9FG  "J9EYLA;9 9DA;=J^9<9 F9 LJ9<A^]G DAL=J
YJA9 9AF<9 F]G K= <AKHfK 9 >9R=J ;GF;=KKg=K 9 9D?ME9K L=F<aF;A9K <G >9D9J
<= :J9KAD=AJGK ;MDLGK = F]G D=N9 =E ;GFL9 9K HGKKA:ADA<9<=K =KLADbKLA;9K
IM= GK =K;JALGJ=K ;GFK=?M=E =PLJ9AJ <9 ;GDG;9^]G <= HJGFGE=K YLGFGK
9J=EGK 9IMA 9H=F9K 9IM=D9K FGJE9K IM= K=E =P9?=JG K]G G:K=JN9<9K
F9 DAF?M9?=E =K;JAL9 = >9D9<9 <9K H=KKG9K ;MDL9K )]G K= AF>JAF?AF<G GK
;JAL_JAGK =PHGKLGK G HJG:D=E9 _ IM=KL]G H=KKG9D <= =K;GD@9 9L=F<=F<GK=
ZK =PA?aF;A9K <9 =M>GFA9 W MJ?=FL= 9>9KL9J 9 A<=A9 <= IM= 9 ;GDG;9^]G
:J9KAD=AJ9
_
AF>=JAGJ
Z
IM=
GK
HGJLM?M=K=K
G:K=JN9E
HGJIM=
x5
DFCBdB7=5
6F5G=@9=F5
8=J9FG=:=75
85
@IG=H5B5
85[
F9GI@H5
EI9
5
7C@C75WVC
DFCBCA=B5@
9A
BCGGC
:5@5F
9GDCBHTB9C
BVC
7C=B7=89
D9F
:9=H5A9BH9
7CA
5
8C
:5@5F
8CG
DCFHI;I9G9Gy
6. 
7

* HJGFGE= YLGFG HG<= 9KKMEAJ LJaK HGKA^g=K =E J=D9^]G 9G NG

;Y:MDG
LfFA;G
<GF<=
9 ZB7@=G9 DF_7@=G9 = A9G_7@=G9
nclise _ 9 HGKHGKA^]G <G HJGFGE= YLGFG NG;Y:MDG YLGFG 9G NG
;Y:MDG
LfFA;G
9
IM=
K=
DA?9
=MA9 9
FGLb;A9

Prclise _
9
9FL=HGKA^]G
9G
NG;Y:MDG
LfFA;G
)]G A9 <=M
9
FGLb;A9

Mesclise _
9
AFL=JHGKA^]G
9G
NG;Y:MDG
LfFA;G
9JA9YK
9
FGLb;A9
JAL_JAGK
H9J9
9
;GDG;9^]G
<GK
HJGFGE=K
H=KKG9AK
YLGFGK
=
<G
<=EGFKLJ9LANG
G



Critrios para a colocao dos pronomes pessoais tonos e do

demonstrativo o
 Em relao a um s verbo
 q
)]G
K=
AFA;A9
H=JbG<G
HGJ
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
x.=FL=AA9
=FIM9FLG
1AJ?bDA9
;9D9<9
>9RA9
=KL9D9J
9K
MF@9Ky
6( 
 7
x)]G JCG <A?G
=My
6# 5DI8 ! 
7
x,M=J=F<G
H9J=;=J
GJA?AF9AK BCG LGJF9EGK
JA<b;MDGK
GM
=PLJ9N9?
9FL=Ky
6((7
*bservaes
 9 AF<9 IM= F]G NALGJAGK9 F9 DbF?M9 =P=EHD9J EGJE=FL= F9 KM9 EG<9D
A<9<= =K;JAL9 =KL= HJAF;bHAG _ =E FGKKG >9D9J =KHGFL[F=G <=KJ=KH=AL9<G = ;GEG
<AR .GMK9 <9 .ADN=AJ9 =E 9D?MFK =P=EHDGK DAL=JYJAGK 9 HJe;DAK= ;GEMFA;9 xZ =P
HJ=KK]G =F;9FL9<GJ9 KM9NA<9<= = :=D=R9y 6..  l   9 G:K 7 D?MFK EG<=JFAK
L9K ;GE (YJAG <= F<J9<= Z >J=FL= L=FL9J9E =KL=F<=J =KK9 HJe;DAK= AFA;A9D <=
=FMF;A9<G 9 LG<GK GK HJGFGE=K YLGFGK =P9?=J9F<G HGJIM= AKLG F]G G;GJJ= ;GE
C 5 CG 5G ) J= =HGAK Ke (YJAG H=JKAKLAM FG MKG 9H=K9J <9K HGF<=J9^g=K <=
(9FM=D
9F<=AJ9
9 +J=KG 9 ;JAL_JAG <= CF5WVC = F]G D9F[C8C ;GEG 9IMA >AR=EGK -MA
9J:GK9 6- 7 L=E HGJ =JJfF=9 9 ;GDG;9^]G =E x.= 9 KAEMD9^]G >GJ 9:KGDML9
K=E IM= L=F@9 @9NA<G AFL=F^]G <= HJ=BM<A;9J 9 L=J;=AJGK GM <= NAGD9J <AKHGKA^g=K
<= D=A = >GJ 9KKAE HJGN9<G 9 J=IM=JAE=FLG <= 9D?ME <GK ;GFLJ9L9FL=K v G9 >I@
;5FR C 5HC =B9L=GH9BH9y *K IM= 9<GL9J=E G ;JAL_JAG <= CF5WVC Ke 9;=AL9E 9
HGKA^]G AFA;A9D <G HJGFGE= YLGFG F9 AFL=J;9D9<9 <= ;AL9^]G ;GEG G;GJJ= FG =P
=EHDG
<=
#=J;MD9FG
9;AE9
LJ9FK;JALG
 9 E =PHJ=KKg=K ;JAKL9DAR9<9K <= ;MF@G HGHMD9J 9H9J=;= G HJGFGE= FG
AFb;AG
<G
H=JbG<G
x.n9G7CB>IFC G5= 8=56C y
6( 
7

q
)]G
K=
HGKHg=
=E
?=J9D
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
9
N=J:G
>D=PAGF9<G
=E
GJ
9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
xGF>=KKG
IM=
LM<G
9IMADG A9 H9J=;=M
G:K;MJG
x
6( 
7
x.= 5 NAKK=
AJA9
DG?G
H=<AD9
9G
H9Ay
6( 
7
x/M
IM= A9 DaK
1AJ?bDA9
9E9<9
F]G
J=H9J9K
F9
<A>=J=F^9
=FLJ=
9
DAF
?M9?=E
<=
@GB= y
6( 
7
*bservao ,M9F<G K= LJ9L9 <= GJ9^g=K KM:GJ<AF9<9K ;GGJ<=F9<9K =FLJ=
KA ZK N=R=K G;GJJ= 9 aF;DAK= <G HJGFGE= YLGFG F9 K=?MF<9 GJ9^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9




/9E:_E IM9F<G F9 KM:GJ<AF9<9 K= AFL=J;9D9E H9D9NJ9K GM GJ9^]G =PA?AF<G ME9

H9MK9 9FL=K <G N=J:G G HJGFGE= YLGFG HG<= NAJ =F;DbLA;G x(9K 9 HJAE=AJ9 H9JL=
K= LJG;GM HGJ AFL=JN=F^]G <G LAG GKE= IM= 9G N=J 9 ;JA9F^9 8=GG9@<9 =FLJ= GML
JGK ;9JAF@GK y 6( 5DI8 (9  7 E LG<GK =KL=K = GMLJGK ;9KGK IM= K= HG
<=JA9E D=E:J9J 9 9^]G <GK ?J9EYLA;GK K= L=E <AJA?A<G H9J9 9 G:=<AaF;A9 9G
;JAL_JAG =PHGKLG ;GFKA<=J9F<G =KHGJY<A;GK = F]G <A?FGK <= AEAL9^]G GK =P=EHDGK
IM=
<=D=
K=
9>9KL9E

 q
)]G
K=
HGKHg=
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
9
N=J:G
EG<A>A;9<G
<AJ=L9E=FL=
HGJ
9<N_J:AG
AKLG
_
K=E
H9MK9
=FLJ=
GK
<GAK
AF<A;9<9
GM
F]G
HGJ
NbJ?MD9
GM
HJ=;=<A<G
<=
H9D9NJ9
<=
K=FLA<G
F=?9LANG
x)]G A9 H9J=;=
9;@G
GK
N=JKGK
H=J>=ALGKy
6( 
7
.=EHJ= A9 J=;=:A9E
:=E
)AF?M_E @<9 <AKK=
9
N=J<9<=

.=
@GMN=J
H9MK9
G
HJGFGE=
HG<=
NAJ
9FL=K
GM
<=HGAK
<G
N=J:G
x D=
=KL=N=
9D?MFK
AFKL9FL=K
<=
H_
9
GD@9J
H9J9
EAE
<=HGAK
=K
L=F<=MA9 9
E]G
;GE
ME
?=KLG
;GEGNA<Gy
6( 
7
*bservao GEG BY >GA AF<A;9<G 9FL=K G HJGFGE= YLGFG F]G AFA;A9D
HG<=
NAJ
9FL=K
<9
H9D9NJ9
F=?9LAN9
 
<=K;A9
=M
H9J9
)YHGD=K
9
:MK;9
<=
KGD
IM= C
BVC @9NA9
F9K
L=JJ9K
<G
FGJL=
6%- 
7

 q
)]G
K=
HGKHg=
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
9
N=J:G
FG
>MLMJG
<G
HJ=K=FL=
=
>MLMJG
<G
HJ=L_JALG
;GF<A;AGF9D
.=
F]G
>GJ=E
;GFLJ9JA9<GK
GK
HJAF;bHAGK
9F
L=JAGJ=K
GM
K=
;GDG;9
G
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
HJG;DbLA;G
GM
E=KG;DbLA;G
9G
N=J:G
x/=G<GEAJG F97CF85FG9R 9AF<9
<=
IM9D
>GA
G
<=K>=;@G
<G
9EGJ
<=
MJA;G y
6# 
7
x*K
AF>A_AK 7CBH9BH5FG9VC
L9DN=R
;GE
9K
JAIM=R9K y
6# 
7

 q
)]G
K=
HGKHg=
GM
AFL=J;9D9
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
9
N=J:G
>D=PAGF9<G
=E
GJ
9^]G
AFA;A9<9
HGJ
H9D9NJ9
AFL=JJG?9LAN9
GM
=P;D9E9LAN9
x,M9FLGK @<9 <Yy
6( 
7
x,M=E A9 =PHDA;9JY
9
J9R]G
<=KK9
<A>=J=F^9y
6( 
7
GEG H9 H=JK=?M=E



 Em relao a uma locuo verbal

/=EGK
<=
;GFKA<=J9J
<GAK
;9KGK

.= GK HJAF;bHAGK BY =PHGKLGK F]G >GJ=E ;GFLJ9JA9<GK G HJGFGE=

YLGFG
HG<=JY
9H9J=;=J

+JG;DbLA;G
9G
9MPADA9J
M @<9 IM=JG
>9D9J
M @<9 =KLGM
>9D9F<G


F;DbLA;G
9G
9MPADA9J
DA?9<G
HGJ
@b>=F
M
IM=JG@<9 >9D9J
M
=KLGM@<9 >9D9F<G
 
=
9
;GFN=JK9^]G
<=
<JA]G :C=5 D=FL9E=FL=
9;GKLME9<G
Z
KM9
HJ=K=F^9
6 , 
7


F;DbLA;G
9G
N=J:G
HJAF;AH9D
DA?9<G
HGJ
@b>=F
M
IM=JG
>9D9J@<9
M
=KLGM
>9D9F<G@<9 
E9AK
J9JG
*bservaes
 9 GE E9AK >J=IMaF;A9 G;GJJ= =FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK F9 DAF?M9?=E >9D9<9 GM
=K;JAL9
G
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
HJG;DbLA;G
9G
N=J:G
HJAF;AH9D
K=E
@b>=F
M
IM=JG @<9 >9D9J
M
=KLGM @<9 >9D9F<G
 "J9EYLA;9 ;DYKKA;9 ;GE ;=JLG =P9?=JG 9AF<9 F]G 9;=ALGM L9D E9F=AJ9 <=
;GDG;9J G HJGFGE= YLGFG K9DNG K= G AF>AFALANG =KLY HJ=;=<A<G <= HJ=HGKA^]G
CA9WCI
5
@<9
:5@5F GM 5
:5@5F@<9
9 GE G AF>AFALANG HG<=EK= ;GFLJ9JA9J GK HJAF;bHAGK q =  q 9FL=JAGJ
E=FL=
>GJEMD9<GK
M
F]G
IM=JG
>9D9J@<9
KH=JG
IM=
F]G
IM=AJ9
>9D9J@<9



9

  )9K ;GFKLJM^g=K ;GE G N=J:G <5J9F <G LAHG <RG9 89  =B:=B=H=JC GM <R
89 G9  =B:=B=H=JC =KL9 hDLAE9 _ E9AK ;GJJ=FL= = 9 HJAE=AJ9 E9AK ;GEME =E +GJ
LM?9D
9H9J=;=
9H=F9K
;GEG
J=EAFAK;aF;A9
DAL=JYJA9
x 
= <VCA9 9AF<9
9
>9;=
=
=F;G:JAJ
=JN9F^9AK
H9J9
F]G J9FH9y
6* 5DI8 .. 
l
 

G:K 7

:
MPADA9J

H9JLA;bHAG tenho falado

)]G
;GFLJ9JA9F<G
GK
HJAF;bHAGK
AFA;A9AK
G
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
HG<=
NAJ

+JG;DbLA;G
9G
9MPADA9J
M @<9 L=F@G
>9D9<G


F;DbLA;G
9G
9MPADA9J
DA?9<G
HGJ
@b>=F
M
L=F@G@<9 >9D9<G

%9E9AK K= HGKHg= HJGFGE= YLGFG 9 H9JLA;bHAG FLJ= :J9KAD=AJGK L9E

:_E
G;GJJ=
9
HJe;DAK=
9G
H9JLA;bHAG
M
L=F@G @<9 >9D9<G

Posies fixas v  LJ9<A^]G >APGM 9 HJe;DAK= 9AF<9 FGK K=?MAFL=K

;9KGK

;GE
G
?=JhF<AG
HJ=;=<A<G
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 9A
x)AF?M_E
<=K<=
IM=
=FLJGM 9A D@=
;@=?9F<G
G
LMJFG
K=
;GFK=?MAJY
=N9<AJ
Z
K9b<9y
6- 
7

 F9K GJ9^g=K =P;D9E9LAN9K = GHL9LAN9K ;GE G N=J:G FG KM:BMFLANG =

KMB=ALG
9FL=HGKLG
9G
N=J:G
GFK
N=FLGK C D=N=E
=MK H9 9BM<=



x ;GDG;9^]G <= HJGFGE=K ;GEHD=E=FLGK =E HGJLM?MaK F]G K= J=?= H=D9

>GF_LA;9 F=E _ G JALEG G E=KEG :AFYJAGL=JFYJAG =E 9E:9K 9K EG<9DA<9<=K
:J9KAD=AJ9 = DMKAL9F9 IM= AEHg= ME9 ;GDG;9^]G 9IMA GMLJ9 9DA F]G D9 G:=<=;= 9
ME ;GEHD=PG <= >9LGJ=K >GF_LA;G JbLEA;G De?A;G HKA;GDe?A;G =KLADbKLA;G =K
L_LA;G @AKLeJA;G IM= ZK N=R=K K= =FLJ=9BM<9E = ZK N=R=K K= ;GFLJ9Hg=E )ME9
>J9K= ;GEG 9@9 J9AA9 J9F ?=J9D =E +GJLM?9D DAL=JYJA9 FG J9KAD G >9LGJ De?A;G
<=KDG;GM G HJGFGE= A9 <G N=J:G J9A H9J9 9<BM<A;YDG 9G N=J:G J9F HGJ K=J =D=
<=L=JEAF9FL= G:B=LG <AJ=LG <G K=?MF<G = F]G <G HJAE=AJG $KLG _ <=APGM 9 DbF
?M9 >9D9<9 FG J9KAD <= <AR=J J9AA9 J9F >9LGJ @AKLeJA;G HGJ K=J E=J9 ;GFLAFM
9^]G <G =KIM=E9 ?=J9D HGJLM?MaK H9J9 <AR=J J9A A9J9F =K;JALG K=E @b>=F IM=
L9E:_E NA?A9 F9 DbF?M9 DA?9F<GK= G HJGFGE= 9G N=J:G IM= G J=?= >9LGJ De?A;G
KL9 ;GDG;9^]G <= L9D E9F=AJ9 K= =KL9:ADARGM IM= HGM;G K= <AR J9A J9FA9 =
LJGMP=
;GFK=IMaF;A9K
AEHJ=NAKL9K
 9
+f<=K=
BMFL9J
G
HJGFGE=
9G
H9JLA;bHAG
HJG;DALA;9E=FL=
IM=D=K <5J=5A
G97CFFCAD=8C =K;JALG
K=E
@b>=F
9IMA
=
FGK
A?M9AK
=P=EHDGK
9
+f<=K=
HfJ
G
HJGFGE=
<=HGAK
<GK
>MLMJGK
<G
HJ=K=FL=
=
<G
HJ=L_JALG
*C89FR
G9F98IN=F DC89F=5
G9F98IN=F
=AP9F<G
<=
DA?9JK=
9GK
>M
LMJGK
H9J9
MFAJK=
9G
AF>AFALANG
<=APGM
A?M9DE=FL=
<=
AFL=JHGJK=D@=
9GK
=D=E=FLGK
;GFKLALMLANGK
 9 E >J9K=K ;GEG J5ACG BCG9B7CBHF5F <=AP9F<G G HJGFGE= <= HGKHGJ
K= Z >GJE9 N=J:9D HMJ9 H9J9 9FL=HGJK= Z FGEAF9D <=APGM A?M9DE=FL= <= <=L=JE
AF9J 9 <AKKAEAD9^]G <9K KbD9:9K H9J9>fFA;9K HG<=F<GK= =FL]G <AR=J J5ACBCG 9B
7CBHF5Fy
6(? 
7

+=D9K E=KE9K J9Rg=K N9JA9<bKKAE9K _ IM= FG J9KAD F9 DAF?M9?=E

;GDGIMA9D
G
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
HG<=
9KKMEAJ
HGKA^]G
AFA;A9D
<=
H=JbG<G

PHDA;9^]G
<9
;GDG;9^]G
<GK
HJGFGE=K
YLGFGK
FG
J9KAD

Explicao da colocao dos pronomes tonos no Brasil v )GK

HJAF;bHAGK 9FL=JAGJE=FL= ;GE=FL9<GK NAEGK ;=JL9K L=F<aF;A9K :J9KAD=AJ9K
IM= F=E K=EHJ= 9 "J9EYLA;9 9?9K9D@9 ;GEG <A?F9K <= AEAL9^]G HJ=K9
IM= =KLY 9 ME ;JAL_JAG <= 9MLGJA<9<= IM= 9 DAF?MbKLA;9 EG<=JF9 H=<= K=B9
J=NAKLG
.G:J= G 9KKMFLG =E Dh;A<G J=KMEG ;GE=FL9 G +JG> (9JLAFR <=
?MA9J

apndice

1 Figuras de Sintaxe
9BaA9BCG
89
G=BH5L9
A5=G
=ADCFH5BH9G




DAHK=

 Elipse v @9E9K= 9@=DG9 9 GEAKK]G <= ME L=JEG >9;ADE=FL= KM:=FL=F

<A<G HGJ >9DL9J GF<= FGJE9DE=FL= 9H9J=;= GM HGJ L=J KA<G 9FL=JAGJE=FL=
=FMF;A9<G GM KM?=JA<G GM 9AF<9 HGJ K=J <=HJ==F<A<G H=D9 KALM9^]G GM
;GFL=PLG W G IM= G;GJJ= IM9F<G <A9FL= <= ME IM9<JG ME9 H=KKG9 <Y
KM9
GHAFA]G
Q
69@C
6( 
K N 7
.]G
:9JMD@=FLGK
E9K
=M
9<EAJG A9IG
5@IBCG

KKAE F]G K= @Y <= ;GFKA<=J9J =DAHK= 9 GEAKK]G <G KMB=ALG D_PA;G BY

IM= =D= =KLY AF<A;9<G F9 <=KAFaF;A9 N=J:9D G KMB=ALG ?J9E9LA;9D  F=
;=KKA<9<= <= =PHDA;AL9^]G <G KMB=ALG ?J9E9LA;9D E=<A9FL= ME KMB=ALG =P
HDb;ALG _ <AL9<9 H=DG L=PLG 9 JA?GJ HGJL9FLG F]G K= LJ9L9 <9 x=DAHK=y <G
KMB=ALG E9K <G x9;J_K;AEGy <= =PHJ=KK]G IM= A<=FLA>AIM= GM =PHDA;AL= 9
IM= K= J=>=J= G KMB=ALG ?J9E9LA;9D AF<A;9<G F9 <=KAFaF;A9 <G N=J:G >AFALG
GM >D=PAGF9<G E HGJLM?MaK K9DNG FGK ;9KGK <= aF>9K= GM ;GFLJ9KL= F]G
K= =PHDA;AL9 G KMB=ALG ?J9E9LA;9D E=<A9FL= GK HJGFGE=K KMB=ALGK <=  9 =
9 H=KKG9K
<G
KAF?MD9J
=
<G
HDMJ9D
-5=F9= <=HGAK
<G
9DEG^G
<=KF=;=KKYJAG I K9AJ=A 
CGH9 ;GFL=EHD9<G
F9
;JbLA;9
<=KF=;=KKYJAG .I >GKL= 

(9K
I K9AJ=A
= HI >A;9JYK

FLJ=
9K
=DAHK=K
IM=
G;GJJ=E
;GE
E9AK
>J=IMaF;A9
=KL]G
9
9
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G
=E
9D?ME9K
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K
9<N=J:A9AK
<=HJ==F<A<9K
H=DG
;GFL=PLG
K
NAKAL9K DXG
GI>CG
=FLJ9J9E
FG
K9D]G
*
L=;A<G
;MKL9N9
<=R
J=9AK C
A9HFC
CA=B;C AJYK
Z
>=KL9
GF@=;=EFG IA5
@X;I5 =E
J=<GF<G
*bservao /9E:_E G;GJJ= 9 =DAHK= <= HJ=HGKA^]G =E K_JA=K
;GGJ<=F9<9K
=M
<AKK=
9
K=M
H9A
IM=
9
KMKL=FL9^]G 89
GI5
:=@<5
9
A5F=8C
6J 
7
x=MK
F]G
<Y D5F5
_7=CG
CI
89GD9F8[7=CGy
6J 7
"=J9DE=FL=
_
E9AK
J9J9
9
=DAHK=
IM9F<G
9
HJ=HGKA^]G
N=E
;GE
9JLA?G
KLGM
>9JLG
<9K
9>JGFL9K 8CG
BC6F9G
9
8CG
D@969IG 6J 
7
*M
IM9F<G
@Y
aF>9K=
 
<M9K
9DE9K
J=;GD@A<9K 9A
G=
9
9A
9IG 6J 7

 

/9E:_E _ E9AK ;GEME J=H=LAJK= 9 HJ=HGKA^]G 9FL=K <GK HJGFGE=K H=KK

G9AK
EGFGKKADY:A;GK
=
<G
HJGFGE=
J=>D=PANG
)]G
K=
D=E:JGM 89
A=A
9
89
H=
)9K DG;M^g=K HJ=HGKALAN9K L9E:_E _ ;GEME =KL9 HJ9P= =FLJ=L9FLG Ke K=
;GKLME9
J=H=LAJ
G
hDLAEG
;GEHGF=FL=
<9
DG;M^]G
HF5JXG
85 @AKLeJA9
= 85 D=F<9
G
>9LG
;@=?GM
9L_
FeK
BH9G
89 EAE
= 89 LA
@Y
9
BMKLA^9

:
9
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G
9FL=K
<G
;GF=;LANG
IM=
AFLJG<MR
9K
GJ9^g=K
<=
;GEHD=
E=FLG
J=D9LANG
=
;GEHD=LAN9K
FGEAF9AK
+J=;AKG
89
IM=
N=F@9K
9IMA
KLGM
F=;=KKAL9<G
89
IM=
N=F@9K
9IMA
*bservao +G<= G;GJJ=J 9 =DAHK= F]G Ke <9 HJ=HGKA^]G E9K L9E:_E <9
;GFBMF^]G
AFL=?J9FL=K
,MAK
<=>=F<aD9
E9K
9HALM
F]G
E=
<=APGM
;GFLAFMGM
9
;@9E9JD@=
:=9L9
=
;9JGD9
=E
NGR
L]G
9DL9
IM= H=J9
A98C
:CGG9 GMNA<9
<GK
H9AK
6( 5DI8 (9 
7

;
9
<9
;GFBM?9^]G
AFL=?J9FL=
EGJE=FL=
;GEG
LJ9FKHGKALGJ
<9K
KM:GJ<AF
9<9K
KM:B=LAN9K
=
G:B=LAN9K
<AJ=L9K
W
F=;=KKYJAG
EI9
K=
>9^9
LM<G
J9HA<9E=FL=
KH=JG
EI9
K=B9E
>=DAR=K
*bservao tK N=R=K <GAK N=J:GK K=?MA<GK NaE <=K9;GEH9F@9<GK <9K
J=KH=;LAN9K
;GFBMF^g=K
AFL=?J9FL=K
!J=IM=FL=K
N=R=K
E= 8=GG9
9GD9F5J5 D@=
9JJME9J=E
G
HJG;=KKG
6J 
$
7

<
9
<G
N=J:G 8=N9F =
K=E=D@9FL=
FGK
<AYDG?GK

=D9
w
1G;a
=KLY
R9F?9<G
;GEA?G

=
9
<G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ
HJGFGE=
YLGFG
H9J9
9DM<AJ
9G
KM:
KL9FLANG
9FL=JAGJE=FL=
=PHJ=KKG
1G;a
J=;=:=M C
7CBJ=H9 ,9796= KAE
HGJ
-=;=:AC KAE
MA<9K
IM=
F]G
L=E
;MJ9
D9F^9J
K9F?M= .9A
E=M
>AD@G H9A 6J
5DI8 (9 
 7





D?MFK 9MLGJ=K ;GF<=F9J9E K=E J9R]G =KL= LAHG <= =DAHK= LAHG <=
9FLb>J9K=
>
9
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89 =E
;GFKLJM^g=K
<G
LAHG J9GH=8C
7CF
89
FCG5 HGJ
N=KLA<G 89
7CF
89
FCG5
HG<=K=
L9E:_E
GEALAJ
LG<9
9
=PHJ=KK]G 89
7CF
89 J9GH=8C
FCG5
?
FGL=K=
9
;GFKLJM^]G D5F5  D5FH=7[D=C H9J9
=PHJAEAJ
9
A<=A9
<=
xIM=
@Y
<=
K=Jy
x<A?FG
<=
K=Jy
Z
K=E=D@9F^9
<G
H9JLA;bHAG
>MLMJG
H9KKANG
D9LAFG



-I6=F
D5F5
7=A5

* ?J9F<= BMAR =FLJ= GK HD=GF9KEGK <= N9DGJ =PHJ=KKANG = GK <= N9DGJ

F=?9LANG HGJ AKKG ;GFKA<=J9<G =JJG <= ?J9EYLA;9 _ G IGC = F]G 9 @_;=75
.= F]G <AR=EGK =E ?=J9D >GJ9 <= KALM9^]G =KH=;A9D <= aF>9K= -I6=F D5F5
7=A5 GM 9G79F D5F5 65=LC F]G FGK J=HM?F9E ;GFKLJM^g=K ;GE ) @9=H9
9GHR
G5=B8C
DCF
:CF5 GM *5@5JF5
89
F9=
BVC
JC@H5
5HFRG
AK
9D?MFK
;9KGK
;GEMFK
<=
HD=GF9KEG
9
9
K_JA=
HGKK=KKAN9 G9I 89@9 GI5 89@5 H9J9
>M?AJ
Z
9E:A?MA<9<=
(9K
F]G
=KEGJ=;=M
G
.J
GF<=
<=
'9=L
)AF?M_E
E=D@GJ
<G
IM=
=D=
>=R
=FL]G
9
HKA;GDG?A9
<9
E9AGJ
H9JL=
<GK
FGKKGK
EGNAE=FLGK
J=NGDM
;AGFYJAGK
)]G
Ke
EGKLJGM
IM=
IM9K=
K=EHJ=
9 GI5 ;9MK9 89@9G
x_
ME
K=?J=<Gy
 
6%! 5DI8 ' 
$$
7

)]G
_ D5F5
8=HC G
IM=
9DA
9;GFL=;=M
6(9 
7

@
9
=DAHK=
<=
JA?GJ
<9
;GFBMF^]G
AFL=?J9FL= EI9 <=HGAK
<= EI9 GM 8C
EI9

;GEH9J9LANG

ME
9FAE9D
9L9;9<G
<=
J9AN9
_
E=D@GJ
IM=
G
E9L=E
<G
IM=
=KL=B9
9
H=F9J
HGJ 8C
EI9
EI9
9GH9>5
5
D9B5F

A
9
=DAHK=
<G
HJAE=AJG
=D=E=FLG
HJ=HGKA^]G
GM
9<N_J:AG
IM=
AFL=?J9
9
;@9E9<9
DG;M^]G
;GFBMFLAN9
DCGHC
EI9 858C
EI9
=L; 
F9
GJ9^]G
KM:
GJ<AF9<9
;GGJ<=F9<9
Z
9FL=JAGJ
)9<9
@GMN=
;GFLJ9
=D9 G9
69A
EI9 ME9
NGR
JGM;9
K=
D=N9FLGM
FG
LJA:MF9D
= EI9 HGJ G9
69A
EI9
<GAK
GM
LJaK
HJ=K=FL=K
9
9;GEH9F
@9J9E
;GE
;=JLG
=FLMKA9KEG
*bservao NAL=K= 9 KAEHD=K D=E:J9F^9 <9 ;GFBMF^]G KM:GJ<AF9<9 <9
 9 GJ9^]G
HGJ
ME EI9 F9
9 KM:GJ<AF9<9
;GGJ<=F9<9
Z
9FL=JAGJ
+I5B8C =D=
E=
NAM
= EI9 <AKK=
AKKG
9;J=<AL=A
F9
KM9
N=JK]G
<G
>9LG
*M K= J=H=L= G EI5B8C +I5B8C 9 EI5B8C GM Ke K= MK9 9 ;GFBMF^]G ;G
GJ<=F9LAN9
+I5B8C 9
8=GG9

+D=GF9KEG

 Pleonasmo v W 9 J=H=LA^]G <= ME L=JEG BY =PHJ=KKG GM <= ME9 A<=A9 BY

KM?=JA<9
H9J9
>AFK
<=
;D9J=R9
GM
aF>9K=
1AC
5
9@9 HD=GF9KEG
<G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
C
DC6F9 F]G @<9 <=NG
HD=GF9KEG
<G
G:B=LG
AF<AJ=LG
 
G
;GF<=
9LAJ9N9
Z
EbK=J9
;9FLGJ9
9D?MFK
KGD<GK
IM=
9AF<9 @<9 J=
>GJ^9N9E 5
9@5 9K
;GJ<9K
NG;9AK
6%- 
7
HD=GF9KEG
<G
<9LANG
<=
HGKK=

:
G
=EHJ=?G
<=
<GAK
L=JEGK
<=
KA?FA>A;9<G
F=?9LANG
H9J9
9>AJE9J
BVC
=B8CIHC 
<GMLG BVC
G9A
F5NVC  7CA
F5NVC B585
5BCFA5@  AI=HC
BCFA5@ G9A
89G7CB<979F  7CB<979B8C =B89G7I@DRJ9@  7I@DRJ9@
6(9 

=
(9 
7
;
9
J=H=LA^]G
<9
;GFBMF^]G
AFL=?J9FL=
=E
;GFKLJM^g=K
<G
LAHG
x=
<AKK= EI9
K=
D@=
F]G
IM=Jb9EGK
E9AK
F9<9 EI9 HG<b9EGK
AJ
Z
FGKK9
NA<9y
6J 
7

W >J=IM=FL= F9 N9JA=<9<= ;GDGIMA9D >9D9<9 9;GEH9F@9F<G LJ9FKHGK

ALGJ=K
<=
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
,M=JG
K9:=J 7CAC
EI9 NG;a
>=R
AKKG
AF<9
F]G
E9J;9EGK EI5B8C
EI9 AJ=EGK
FGK
;9K9J

!AF9DE=FL= @Y <= K= L=J HJ=K=FL= H9J9 F]G MKYDG K=EHJ= IM= HGK
KbN=D G HD=GF9KEG D_PA;G IM= J=KMDL9 <G =KIM=;AE=FLG <G N=J<9<=AJG KA?
FA>A;9<G <= ;=JL9K =PHJ=KKg=K HGJLM?M=K9K GM =KLJ9F?=AJ9K 8975D=H5F HGJ
8979D5F BY IM= 8975D=H5F Ke HG<= J=>=JAJK= Z 7569W5 5 7569W5 9LI@H5F
89 5@9;F=5 D5B579=5 IB=J9FG5@ 9GEI97=A9BHC =BJC@IBHRF=C 89G89 56
59H9FBC 56 59H9FBC _ =PHJ=KK]G D9LAF9 IM= BY AF<A;9 89G89 5 9H9FB=8589
89G89 56 =B=H=C HCFB5F 5 F9D9H=F DF9J9F 89 5BH9AVC 5BH[8CHC 7CBHF5 =
L9FLGK GMLJGK D?MFK MK9<GK H=DGK E=D@GJ=K =K;JALGJ=K BY ;GJJ=E ;GE
9D?ME9 <=KHJ=G;MH9^]G <A9FL= <9 ;JbLA;9 E9AK K=N=J9 ;GEG _ G ;9KG <=
GI=7=85FG9 %Y =KLY AF;GJHGJ9<9 9 J=H=LA^]G <G HJ=>APG = HJ=HGKA^]G <=
E=KEG KA?FA>A;9<G ;GEG =B;GJHGJ9J 9A 7C9:AL9J 7CA 7CAF;A<AJ 7CA
7CB>GJE9JK= 7CA
=L;

F9;GDMLG




 Anacoluto v
W
9
IM=:J9
<9
=KLJMLMJ9^]G
De?A;9
<9
GJ9^]G
x M
IM=
=J9
:J9F;9
=
DAF<9 9=GE=
E=<GF@9
=
=K;MJ9y
6( 5DI8 .. 
l
7

x-=KMDL9 =KL9 9FGE9DA9 =E ?=J9D <G >9LG <= F]G HG<=J 9 DAF?M9?=E
9;GEH9F@9J G H=FK9E=FLG =E IM= 9K A<=A9K K= KM;=<=E JYHA<9K = LMEMD
LMYJA9K W 9 HJ=;AHAL9^]G <= ;GE=^9J 9 <AR=J 9D?ME9 ;GMK9 K=E ;9D;MD9J
IM= H=DG JMEG =K;GD@A<G F]G K= ;@=?9 <AJ=L9E=FL= 9 ;GF;DMAJ G
H=FK9E=FLG E E=AG <G ;9EAF@G <YK= H=DG <=K;MA<G >9RK= H9MK9 =
F]G
;GFNAF<G
LGJF9J
9LJYK
HJG;MJ9K=
K9b<9
=E
GMLJ9
<AJ=^]Gy
6. 
7
* 9F9;GDMLG >GJ9 <= ;=JL9K KALM9^g=K =KH=;A9AK _ =NAL9<G H=D9K
H=KKG9K
IM=
LAE:J9E
=E
>9D9J
=
=K;J=N=J
;GJJ=L9E=FL=
9
DbF?M9
GDG;9K= =FLJ= 9K ;GFKLJM^g=K 9F9;GDhLA;9K G ;GE=^9J G =FMF;A9<G
HGJ ME L=JEG F]G HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G = <=HGAK J=;MH=JYDG F9 KM9 >MF^]G HJe
HJA9
;GEG
IM=
<=KHJ=R9F<G
G
AFA;A9D

D9GGC5 IM=
F]G
K9:=
NAN=J
=E
KG;A=<9<= 7CBHF5
9@5 K=
Hg=
9
D=A

;GFKLJM^]G
?J9E9LA;9D
K=JA9 CBHF5
5
D9GGC5 IM=
K=
Hg=
9
D=A

0E
9F9;GDMLG
EMALG
;GEME
_ I
D5F979A9 IM=
LM<G
N9A
:=E


FL=;AH9^]G

 Antecipao v W 9 ;GDG;9^]G <= ME9 =PHJ=KK]G >GJ9 <G DM?9J IM= DG
?A;9E=FL=
D@=
;GEH=L=



J9IMADG?A9

 Braquilogia v W G =EHJ=?G <= ME9 =PHJ=KK]G E9AK ;MJL9 =IMAN9D=FL=

9
GMLJ9
E9AK
9EHD9
GM
<=
=KLJMLMJ9^]G
E9AK
;GEHD=P9
GHI8CI
7CAC
9GHI85F=5
G9
:CGG9
D5GG5F

HGJ
GHI8CI
7CAC
G9
:CGG9
D5GG5F

$F;DM=EK= FGK ;9KGK <= :J9IMADG?A9 <=KL= LAHG ;GFKLJM^g=K ;GEG

BHF9=
9
G5[
89
75G5
<=JAN9<9
<= BHF9=
9A
75G5
9
85[
G5[ GM 8CB89
G5[
W G IM= L9E:_E G;GJJ= F9IM=D9K =E IM= =FLJ9E ?J9MK <= ;GE
H9J9^]G ;GEG @9G GVC A9@<CF9G CI HVC 6CBG 7CAC B_G HGJ @9G GVC
A9@<CF9G
8C
EI9
B_G
CI
HVC
6CBG
7CAC
B_G
AF<9 @Y :J9IMADG?A9 IM9F<G K= ;GGJ<=F9E <GAK N=J:GK <= ;GEHD=
E=FLGK <A>=J=FL=K = K= KAEHDA>A;9 9 =PHJ=KK]G <9F<GK= 9 9E:GK G J=?AE=
<G N=J:G E9AK HJePAEG I J= 9 ;CGH9= 8C :=@A9 HGJ I J= C :=@A9 9 ;CGH9=
89@9

#9HDGDG?A9
KAFLYLA;9

 Haplologia sinttica v W 9 GEAKK]G <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 HGJ =KL9J =E ;GF

L9LG ;GE GMLJ9 GM >AF9D <= GMLJ9 H9D9NJ9 >GF=LA;9E=FL= A?M9D GM
H9J=;A<9
$J9;=E9 5BH9G
EI9F
EI9 G
K9F?M=
<=
9M:A
LAFB9
KM9
E]G EI9 9
LM9
6% 
7
$KLG
_ 5BH9G
EI9F
EI9 EI9
EI9F
EI9 9
LM9

)
H9ADC
D5F979
EI9
J5=
D=CF5F

GFL9EAF9^]G
KAFLYLA;9

HGJ
*5F979
EI9
C
H9ADC
J5=
D=CF5F

K 9FL=;AH9^g=K K]G <AL9<9K HGJ aF>9K= = EMAL9K N=R=K ?=J9E

9F9;GDMLGK E9K <=KL=K <A>=J=E HGJIM= F]G IM=:J9E 9 =KLJMLMJ9 ?J9E9LA;
9D <G =FMF;A9<G KKAE @Y 9H=F9K 9FL=;AH9^]G <G L=JEG =F5DIFI IM= <=
N= >A;9J F9 GJ9^]G <= EI5B8C = F]G 9F9;GDMLG FGK ;GF@=;A<GK N=JKGK <=
#ME:=JLG
9EHGK
AR=E
IM=
G
AJ9HMJM
IM9F<G
<=K9L9

NGR
v
*J>=M
<G
K=JAF?9D
LJ9FIMADG
v
*
H9KK9J=<G
JYHA<G
9
K=?MADG
E
<=JJ=<GJ
9?JMH9K=
F9
E9L9

AKLG _ <AR=E IM= EI5B8C C =F5DIFI <=K9L9 9 NGR   G H9KK9J=<G  

9?JMH9K=
F9
E9L9

 Contaminao sinttica v xW 9 >MK]G AJJ=?MD9J <= <M9K ;GFKLJM^g=K

IM=
=E
K=H9J9<G
K]G
J=?MD9J=Ky
6  
l
 7
=N
7CA
EI9
*98FC
J=9GG9
>MK]G
<= =N
7CA
*98FC
EI9
J=9GG9 = =N
EI9
*98FC
J=9GG9
5A=B<5F
DCF
9BHF9
A5F9G
>MK]G
<= 75A=B<5F
DCF
A5F9G = 75A=B<5F
9BHF9
A5F9G
G
9GHF9@5G
D5F97=5A
6F=@<5F9A
>MK]G
<= 5G
9GHF9@5G
D5F97=5A
6F=@<5F ;GE D5F97=5
EI9
5G
9GHF9@5G
6F=@<5J5A
5N9F
89
7CBH5
>MK]G <= :5N9F 7CBH5  =A5;=B5F GIDCF ;GE =PHJ=KKg=K =E IM= :5N9F _ K=?MA<G
<= 89 :9N
89
HC@C 89
GCBGC
=L;






KL9K ;GFL9EAF9^g=K K]G >J=IM=FL=K = G;GJJ=E FGK :GFK =K;JALGJ=K

IM9F<G G N=J:G 9<EAL= ME9 ;GFKLJM^]G ;GE ;GEHD=E=FLG <AJ=LG <= H=KK
G9 = HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G <= ;GAK9 = GMLJ9 ;GE HJ=HGKA;AGF9<G <= H=KKG9 =
<AJ=LG <= ;GAK9 W G ;9KG =FLJ= EMALGK GMLJGK <= D9FGI58=F D9FGI58=F 5@
;IXA 5 :5N9F GM D9FGI58=F 5 5@;IXA EI9 :5W5 :5N9F :5N9F EI9 5@;IXA =
:5N9F
7CA
5@;IXA
EI9
IM=
9<EAL=E
>MKg=K
<G
LAHG
*
>9LG @<9 H=JKM9<AM 5 <=AP9J
G
LJ9:9D@G
=N9ACG
7CA
EI9
*98FC ;@=?9KK=
DG?G

/9E:_E J=KMDL9E <= ;GFL9EAF9^g=K KAFLYLA;9K 9;MEMD9^g=K <= HJ=

HGKA^g=K
;GEG
F<9J DCF
9BHF9 =KHAF@GK
5B85F
DCF
9GD=B<CG  5B85F
9BHF9
9GD=B<CG

x,M=
IM=J
<AR=J
=KL=
FGE= Q
EI9 9K
9DE9K y
6(= 5DI8 %* 7
Q

EI9  EI9F
8=N9F
EI9

; X NA;YJAG
 EI9 ;GFB
;9MK9D

+GJ
IM=
N=AG Q
EI9 L=N=
E=<G
X
EI9  J9=C
DCFEI9

< X
EI9  X
C
EI9

KL=
DANJG X
EI9 D=EGK
GFL=E
 X
C
EI9 D=EGK
GFL=E

= @Y ME X EI9 IM= <A>=J= <GK <=E9AK H=D9 >GJL= H9MK9 IM= K=H9J9 GK
<GAK L=JEGK <9F<G 9 AEHJ=KK]G <= K= LJ9L9J <= ME J=KIMb;AG <= GJ9^]G
K=?MA<G <= ;GFB AFL=?J9FL= IM= AFLJG<MR K=M 9FLA?G KMB=ALG  X J9F8589
X
79FHC
EI9
x*M X
EI9 G
<A?=KLG
F]G
N9D=
H9J9
GK
IM=
G
=KLM<9J9Ey
6# 
$$
7

(G<=JF9E=FL=
K=
MK9
EMALG
<=KL9
DAF?M9?=E
=E G9FR
EI9


PHJ=KK]G
=PHD=LAN9
GM
<=
J=9D;=

 Expresso expletiva ou de realce v W 9 IM= F]G =P=J;= >MF^]G

?J9E9LA;9D

*M G9FR
EI9 =M
=KLGM
=JJ9<G

)eK X
EI9 K9:=EGK
NAN=J

IMA X
CB89
5 ADMK]G
K=
9;9:9
*@
,M=
K9M<9<=K EI9 L=F@G
,M9FLG EI9 _
9
;GFL9

2 Vcios e Anomalias de Linguagem

W >J=IM=FL= G 9H9J=;AE=FLG <= ME EI9 =PHD=LANG <=HGAK <= ;GFBMF

^g=K
9<N_J:AGK
=
=PHJ=KKg=K
9<N=J:A9AK
M
F]G
K=A EI5B8C
EI9 =D=
N=E
BEI5BHC
EI9 AKKG
9;GFL=;A9
F]G
NAF@9
F=F@ME
KG;GJJG
9G89
798C
EI9 =KH=J9N9E
HGJ
=D9K
#9NA9 AI=HC EI9 F]G
G
NA9
09F8589=F5A9BH9 EI9 >A;9EGK
9E=<JGFL9<GK
+I5G9
EI9 G
AF;A<=FL=
K=
LJ9FK>GJE9
FME
;9KG
<=
HGDb;A9
*bservao ,M9F<G @Y ;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K <= DM?9J L=EHG G EI9 _ KM:
KLALMb<G
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
HGJ CB89 = EI5B8C
)G
-=;A>= X
CB89 >=R
G
HJAEYJAG
MJ9FL=
9
;@MN9 X
EI5B8C G;GJJ=E
E9AK
9;A<=FL=K
<=
LJ[FKALG

W
HJ=;AKG
<AKLAF?MAJ
G X
EI9 =PHD=LANG
<G X
EI9 IM=
AF<A;9

9 X  EI9 ;GFB
AFL=?J9FL=

N=J<9<= X
EI9 K9bJ9E

: X N=J:G
NA;YJAG
 EI9 ;GFB
AFL=?J9FL=

FLJ=
GK
Nb;AGK
<=
DAF?M9?=E
;9:=
E=F^]G
9GK
K=?MAFL=K

.GD=;AKEG

 Solecismo v W G =JJG <= KAFL9P= IM= 9:J9F?= 9 ;GF;GJ<[F;A9 9 J=?aF

;A9 9 ;GDG;9^]G = 9 EY =KLJMLMJ9^]G <GK L=JEGK <9 GJ9^]G IM= 9 LGJF9 AF
;GEHJ==FKbN=D GM AEHJ=;AK9 GM 9 AF9<=IM9^]G <= K= D=N9J H9J9 ME9 N9J
A=<9<= <= DbF?M9 9 FGJE9 <= GMLJ9 N9JA=<9<= =E ?=J9D <9 FGJE9 ;GDGIMA
9D
GM
HGHMD9J
H9J9
9
FGJE9
=P=EHD9J
M @<9 9:J9;=A
HGJ C

?=FL= J5ACG HGJ J5=
/M :CGH9G HGJ :CGH9
@I;5K=
;9K9K
HGJ 5@I;5AG9
1=F<9K S HJ9RG
HGJ 5
,M=J=EGK :5N9FACG LM<G
;=JLG
HGJ EI9F9ACG
:5N9F

GEG 9;=JL9<9E=FL= >JAK9 (9LLGKG [E9J9 xF]G ;GFKLALM=E KGD

=;AKEGK GK <=KNAGK <9K FGJE9K KAFLYLA;9K >=AL9K ;GE AFL=F^]G =KLADbKLA;9




=E IM= 9 9>=LANA<9<= HJ=<GEAF9 KG:J= 9 9FYDAK= AFL=D=;LAN9 ;GEG F9

KAD=HK=
F9
9LJ9^]G
FG
9F9;GDMLGy
6( 
7

9J:9JAKEG

 Barbarismo v W G =JJG FG =EHJ=?G <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 =E GHGKA^]G 9G

KGD=;AKEG IM= G _ =E J=>=JaF;A9 Z ;GFKLJM^]G GM ;GE:AF9^]G <= H9D9NJ9
$F;DMA G =JJG <= HJGFhF;A9 GJLG=HA9 <= HJGKe<A9 <= GJLG?J9>A9 <=
>D=Pg=K <= KA?FA>A;9<G <= H9D9NJ9K AF=PAKL=FL=K F9 DbF?M9 <= >GJE9^]G
AJJ=?MD9J
<=
H9D9NJ9K
7CBHF=7HC

HGJ

7CBHF=HC

;F5HI[HC

HGJ

;F5HI=HC

Fd6F=75

HGJ

FI6F=75

DFC9G5

HGJ

DFC9N5

7=858c9G

HGJ

7=858VCG

:CGH9=G

HGJ

:CGH9G

5
H9@9:CB9A5

HGJ

C
H9@9:CB9A5

5F9CBRIH=75

HGJ

59FCBRIH=75

=BH9A9F5HC 
K=E
L=EGJ

HGJ

=BH=ACF5HC

/9E:_E BY K= =EHJ=?GM G L=JEG 65F65F=GAC H9J9 J=>=JAJK= 9GK =J

JGK ;GE=LA<GK H=DGK =KLJ9F?=AJGK 9G 9<9HL9J 9G K=M A<AGE9 H9D9NJ9K = =P
HJ=KKg=K
<=
GMLJ9
DbF?M9

KLJ9F?=AJAKEG

 Estrangeirismo v W G =EHJ=?G <= H9D9NJ9K =PHJ=KKg=K = ;GFKLJM^g=K

9D@=A9K 9G A<AGE9 IM= 9 =D= ;@=?9E HGJ =EHJ_KLAEGK LGE9<GK <= GMLJ9
DbF?M9 *K =KLJ9F?=AJAKEGK D_PA;GK IM= =FLJ9E FG A<AGE9 HGJ ME HJG
;=KKG F9LMJ9D <= 9KKAEAD9^]G <= ;MDLMJ9 GM <= ;GFLA?MA<9<= ?=G?JY>A;9 9K
KME=E 9KH=;LG <= K=FLAE=FLG HGDbLA;GH9LJAeLA;G IM= 9GK GD@GK <GK
HMJAKL9K =PLJ=E9<GK LJ9R=E G K=DG <9 KM:K=JNAaF;A9 = <9 <=?J9<9^]G <G
H9bK KIM=;=EK= <= IM= 9 DbF?M9 ;GEG HJG<MLG KG;A9D J=?AKLJ9 =E L9AK



=KLJ9F?=AJAKEGK GK ;GFL9LGK <= HGNGK KL= LAHG <= H9LJAGLAKEG DAF

?MbKLA;G '=G .HALR=J D@= <9N9 H=BGJ9LAN9E=FL= G FGE= <= D5HF=CH=H9 _
9FLA?G = J=N=D9 J=>D=PGK <= 9FLA?9K <AKK=FKg=K @AKLeJA;9K J_9D D=E:J9
IM= GK >ADeDG?GK ?J=?GK IM= :9FA9E GK NG;Y:MDGK LMJ;GK <G D_PA;G ;GF
LAFM9N9E Z KM9 EG<9 9 ?M=JJ9 <9 AF<=H=F<aF;A9 6(J  7 FLJ=
FeK G J=Hh<AG 9G >J9F;=KAKEG GM ?9DA;AKEG F9K;=M <9 J=HMDK9 9DAYK
BMKL9 <GK HGJLM?M=K=K 9GK =P;=KKGK <GK KGD<9<GK <= %MFGL IM9F<G )9
HGD=]G GJ<=FGM 9 AFN9K]G <= +GJLM?9D * IM= K= <=N= ;GE:9L=J _ G =P
;=KKG <= AEHGJL9^]G <= DbF?M9K =KLJ9F?=AJ9K EGJE=FL= 9IM=D9 <=KF=
;=KKYJA9 HGJ K= =F;GFLJ9J=E FG N=JFY;MDG H9D9NJ9K = ?AJGK =IMAN9D=FL=K 
AFLJG<M^]G <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 =KLJ9F?=AJ9 H9J9 KM:KLALMAJ ME9 N=JFY;MD9 =E
?=J9D K= =PHDA;9 H=D9 <=:ADA<9<= >MF;AGF9D <9 H9D9NJ9 9E=9^9<9 <=
KM:KLALMA^]G
(G<=JF9E=FL= FG EMF<G ?DG:9DAR9<G =E IM= NAN=EGK GF<= GK
;GFL9;LGK <= F9^g=K = <= ;MDLMJ9 K]G HJGHA;A9<GK HGJ EAD EG<GK GK
=KLJ9F?=AJAKEGK AFL=JH=F=LJ9EK= ;GE EMAL9 >9;ADA<9<= = J9HA<=R +9J9
FeK :J9KAD=AJGK GK =KLJ9F?=AJAKEGK <= E9AGJ >J=IMaF;A9 K]G GK :F5B79G
=GACG GM ;5@=7=GACG <= DbF?M9 >J9F;=K9 5B;@=7=GACG <= DbF?M9 AF?D=K9
9GD5B<C@=GACG GM 75GH9@<5B=GACG <= DbF?M9 =KH9F@GD9 =H5@=5B=GACG <=
DbF?M9
AL9DA9F9
= EG<G ?=J9D GK =KLJ9F?=AJAKEGK D_PA;GK K= J=H9JL=E =E <GAK
?JMHGK GK IM= K= 9KKAEAD9E <= L9D E9F=AJ9 Z DbF?M9 IM= GK J=;=:= IM= Ke
K]G A<=FLA>A;9<GK ;GEG =EHJ_KLAEGK H=D9K H=KKG9K IM= D@=K ;GF@=;=E 9
@AKLeJA9 ;I9FF5 89H5@<9 =L; v 9 =KK=K GK 9D=E]=K ;@9E9E &9<BKbFH9F
x=EHJ_KLAEGKy E9K @Y GK IM= >9;ADE=FL= EGKLJ9E F]G K=J HJ9L9 <9 ;9K9
= K= 9HJ=K=FL9E F9 N=KLAE=FL9 =KLJ9F?=AJ9 A5=@@CH 65@@9H :998657? :CCH
=B; =L;  GM K= E9K;9J9E <= N=JFY;MDGK ;GEG A5=a 565>IF H[EI9H9 =L;
K]G GK =E 9D=E]G F9A8KbFH9F x=KLJ9F?=AJAKEGKy * L=JEG 9ADFXG
H=AC 9:9J;9 =KL9K <M9K FG^g=K = K= 9HDA;9 L9FLG 9GK =KLJ9F?=AJAKEGK
D_PA;GK
IM9FLG
9GK
KAFLYLA;GK
=
K=E[FLA;GK
*K =EHJ_KLAEGK D=PA;9AK <MJ9FL= EMALG L=EHG KG>J=J9E 9K ;JbLA;9K
<GK HMJAKL9K E9K @GB= N]G K=F<G 9;=ALGK ;GE E9AK >9;ADA<9<= =P;=LG
9IM=D=K ;GEHJGN9<9E=FL= <=KF=;=KKYJAGK = K=E EMAL9 J=H=J;MKK]G =E
GMLJGK
A<AGE9K
<=
;MDLMJ9
<G
EMF<G
FLJ=L9FLG GK <= KAFL9P= = GK <= K=E[FLA;9 ;GFLAFM9E E=J=;=F<G G
J=H9JG <GK ?M9J<A]=K <9 N=JF9;MDA<9<= 9DAYK <= E=JALeJA9 9LANA<9<=
IM9F<G F]G K= EGKLJ9E =PLJ=E9<GK +GJ AKLG J=D9;AGF9J=EGK 9IMA ME
H=IM=FG JGD <=KK=K <GAK LAHGK <= =EHJ_KLAEGK GE=^9J=EGK H=DGK
?9DA;AKEGK 




 


=JLGK
=EHJ=?GK
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5 =E
N=R
<= 89

=B7IA6=8C
5
8=N9F
AC=B<C
5
J9BHC
7CA6=B5WVC
5
8C=G
9EI5WVC
5
8I5G
=B7_;B=H5G


PHJ=KKg=K
;GEG


=JLGK
=EHJ=?GK
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 7CBHF5
D5;5F
7CBHF5
F97=6C

HGJ D5;5F
F97=6C

7CA

A98=5BH9

9B7CGH5F
5
A9G5
7CBHF5
5
D5F989

HGJ 9B7CGH5F
5
A9G5
S
D5F989

F9A9H9G9
7CBHF5
F99A6C@GC

HGJ F9A9H9G9
5
F99A6C@GC
GM 5
7C6F5BW5


=JLGK
=EHJ=?GK
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 89
9BJ9@<979F
89
89N
5BCG HGJ 9BJ9@<979F
89N
5BCG
5IA9BH5F
89
J=BH9
F95=G

HGJ 5IA9BH5F
J=BH9
F95=G

5DCG9BHC
@5F;C
89
HFZG
A9HFCG

HGJ 5DCG9BHC 89 GM 7CA HFZG A9HFCG 89

@5F;IF5

9GH5F
5C
:5HC
89

HGJ 9GH5F
7=9BH9
89

897@5F5F
5
;I9FF5

HGJ 897@5F5F
;I9FF5

DaF
C
579BHC
B9GG9
DFC6@9A5

HGJ 9B:5H=N5F
9GG9
DFC6@9A5

D9GGC5
89
5@;IBG
J=BH9
5BCG

HGJ D9GGC5
8CG
G9IG
J=BH9
5BCG


EHJ=?G
<G EI9 F9K
GJ9^g=K
F=?9LAN9K
<=
=P;DMK]G

5
AV9
B585
J=I
EI9
G9I
:=@<C

HGJ 5
AV9
G_
J=I
C
:=@<C

C
9;C[GH5
BVC
DFC7IF5
EI9
C HGJ C 9;C[GH5 BVC DFC7IF5 G9BVC C

G9I
69A
G9I
69A


EHJ=?G
F9
;GGJ<=F9^]G
<=
GJ9^g=K
KM:GJ<AF9<9K
9<N=J:A9AK
<G EI9 H9J9
=NAL9J
9
J=H=LA^]G
<9
;GFBMF^]G
<9
KM:GJ<AF9<9
9F
L=JAGJ
IM9F<G
F]G
;GFKLALMb<9
H=D9K
;@9E9<9K
DG;M^g=K
;GFBMFLAN9K
+I5B8C
A9
J=I
9
EI9
A9
:5@CI HGJ +I5B8C
A9
J=I
9
A9
:5@CI


=JLG
=EHJ=?GK
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 9A
65F7C
9A
A589=F5

HGJ

65F7C
89
A589=F5

F9@_;=C
9A
CIFC

HGJ

F9@_;=C
89
CIFC

7<VC
9A
ARFACF9

HGJ

7<VC
89
ARFACF9

75D5
9A
5NI@

HGJ

75D5
5NI@

H=B;=F
9A
5NI@

HGJ

H=B;=F
89
5NI@

(9K
BY
_
N=JFY;MD9
9
KM:KLALMA^]G
H=DG
KAEHD=K EI9 =E

&C;C
EI9
A9
J=I
9
EI9
A9
:5@CI


FL=HGKA^]G
<G
KMB=ALG
<=
GJ9^g=K
;GE
N=J:G
FG
?=JhF<AG
=
H9JLA;bHAG
)
8=5
5A5B<979B8C

HGJ

A5B<979B8C
C
8=5


5I@5
H9FA=B585

HGJ

.9FA=B585
5
5I@5


)]G
>D=P]G
<GK
FGE=K
=
KG:J=FGE=K
HDMJ9DAR9<GK
H=DG
9JLA?G
)G
@A9=85

HGJ

)G
@A9=85G





)G
=FAVCG
*5=J5

HGJ

)G
=FAVCG
*5=J5G

)G
*9F9=F5
89
6F9I

HGJ

)G
*9F9=F5G
89
6F9I

,M9FLG 9GK 5B;@=7=GACG N9D= ;@9E9J 9 9L=F^]G H9J9 G >9LG <= IM= G
AF?DaK N9A ;GFKL9FL=E=FL= 9G ?J=?G = 9G D9LAE :MK;9JD@=K GK L=KGMJGK
E9K GK MK9 ;GE L9D DA:=J<9<= IM= EMAL9K N=R=K <=LMJH9 G =EHJ=?G GM G
KA?FA>A;9<G GJA?AF9D 9b F]G :9KL9 9;9DE9J GK [FAEGK ;GE 9 9D=?9^]G <=
IM= K= LJ9L9 F]G AE=<A9L9 E9K E=<A9L9E=FL= <9 :G9 ;=H9 ;DYKKA;9 D
?MFK
FGK
;@=?9J9E
H=D9
HGJL9
<9
!J9F^9
.]G
=P=EHDGK
<= 5B;@=7=GACG

'_PA;GK
58A=H=F  BMD?9J HGKKbN=D <9J ;GEG HJGNYN=D 9;J=<AL9J ;J=J
,M9F<G G KA?FA>A;9<G N=JFY;MDG _ zJ=;=:=J{ z<=AP9J =FLJ9J{
z;GF;GJ<9J{
5GGIA=F HGJ GIDCF 57F98=H5F
6RG=7C AF?DaK
>J9F;aK
=L; 
7CBH57H5F HGJ 9BHF5F
9A
7CBH57HC
7CA
8=:9F9BH9 HGJ A9@<CF ME
HJG<MLG
<A>=J=FL=
8CAXGH=7C NGG
HGJ B57=CB5@
@95G=B;
A5F?9H=B;
DC@=H=75A9BH9 7CFF9HC
DF5H=75A9BH9 HGJ J=FHI5@A9BH9 :5@H5B8C DCI7C G L9FIM= =KLY
HJ9LA;9E=FL=
;@=AG
F9@5L

.AFLYLA;GK
6( 
K N 7
9 9 9FL=HGKA^]G <G 9<B=LANG 9G K=M KM:KL9FLANG ;GE N9DGJ E=J9
E=FL= <=K;JALANG ;GEG FGK FGE=K <= @GL_AK = =KL9:=D=;AE=F
LGK
;GE=J;A9AK '5>9GHCGC
"CH9@
: G =EHJ=?G <= ME KM:KL9FLANG ;GE >MF^]G <= 9<B=LANG HGJ NAJ
9FL=HGKLG ,=C
"CH9@



; G =EHJ=?G <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 7CA AKGD9<9 <G FGE= IM= <=N=JA9

J=?=J GM <9 HJ=HGKA^]G 7CBHF5 FG >AE <9 GJ9^]G 75D5 7CA 9
G9A
:CFFC 9I
GCI
D9@C
DCJC
9
HI
XG
7CBHF5
.]G
=P=EHDGK
<= 75GH9@<5B=GACG D_PA;GK
5:=7=CB58C
6C@9FC
B9IM=L9
7<5F@5
7CBH9GH5F  J=KHGF<=J J=HDA;9J W N=JFY;MDG FG KA?FA>A;9<G <=
F9:IH5F B9;5F
8=F9=HCG
9BG=A9GA5FG9
9BHF9H9B=A9BHC
:F9BH9
5 
9FL=
AI7<57<C 
?9JGLG
J9H9RAF@G
D=GC 
9F<9J
H9NAE=FLG
EI9:5N9F =K

G;MH9^g=K
F97I9F8C 
D=E:J9F^9
F985H5F 
J=<A?AJ
F9GI@H5F LGJF9JK=
>A;9J
W
N=JFY;MDG DFCJ=F DFC7989F
GI9@HC 
9JLA?MAF@G
FGL9
;JbLA;9
<=
BGJF9D
.]G =P=EHDGK <= =H5@=5B=GACG D_PA;GK EMALG >J=IM=FL=K =E L=JEGK
<=
9JL=
EhKA;9
58R;=C 
9F<9E=FLG
EMKA;9D
N9?9JGKG
5@@9;FC 
EGNAE=FLG
9D=?J=
5B85BH9 
9F<9E=FLG
EG<=J9<G
5EI5F9@5
65A6=BC
69@J989F9
69@75BHC
7=79FCB9
7CB8CHH=9F9




7CB:9H9 ;GF>=LLA
HDMJ9D
7CFGC 
;GJL=BG
<=K>AD=
8=@9H5BH9
8I9HC
:IF69G7C 
N=D@9;G
=A6FC;@=C 
;GF>MK]G
=FJ=<G
9LJ9H9D@9<9
=B:@I9BN5 
<G=F^9
;9L9JJ9D ;F=D9
>J 
=BH9FA9NNC =FLJ=9LG
@=6F9HC
'58CBB5 
)GKK9
.=F@GJ9
A59GHFC 
J=?=FL=
<=
GJIM=KLJ9
B=HF=8C 
J=DAF;@G
B=HF=F 
J=DAF;@9J
D=5BC 
;GE
KM9NA<9<=
DF=A58CB5 
;9FLGJ9
HJAF;AH9D
<=
eH=J9
F57CBHC 
;GFLG
@AKLeJA9
GCB5H5
GCDF5BC
9GD5;I9H9
9GHd8=C 
?9D=JA9
<=
9JL=
K9D9
<=
LJ9:9D@G
H5F5BH9@5
H9FF57CH5
HFCA6CB9
J9B89H5 
NAF?9F^9
J=FHICG9 
EhKA;G
<=
L9D=FLG
FGE9DA9K
<=
'AF?M9?=E

Anomalias de Linguagem
#8=CH=GAC CI 9LDF9GGVC =8=CARH=75 _ LG<9 9 E9F=AJ9 <= <AR=J IM=
F]G HG<=F<G K=J 9F9DAK9<9 GM =KL9F<G =E ;@GIM= ;GE GK HJAF;bHAGK
?=J9AK
<9
"J9EYLA;9
_
9;=AL9
FG
>9D9J
;MDLG



.]G A<AGLAKEGK <= FGKK9 DbF?M9 9 =PHJ=KK]G X EI9 G =B:=B=H=JC :@9L

=CB58C
9
HJ=HGKA^]G
=E C
6CA
8C
DRFC7C
=L;
.G:J= G ;GF;=ALG <= A<AGLAKEG FMF;9 _ <=E9AK J=D=E:J9J 9 DA^]G <=
.9A< DA x)]G <=N=EGK <=>AFAJ G A<AGLAKEG K=?MF<G 9D?MFK ?J9EYLA;GK
;GEG ;GFKLJM^]G H9JLA;MD9J <= IA5 DbF?M9 =KLJ9F@9 HGJL9FLG ZK GMLJ9K
DbF?M9K HGJIM= FAF?M_E ;GF@=;= LG<GK GK GMLJGK A<AGE9K =E LG<GK GK
K=MK
K=?J=<GK
=
EG<GK
=KH=;A9AK
<=
>9D9Jy
6. 
7
KKAE G AF>AFALANG >D=PAGF9<G _ ME A<AGLAKEG F]G HGJIM= Ke =PAKL9
=E HGJLM?MaK F9 J=9DA<9<= GMLJ9K DbF?M9K G ;GF@=;=E ;GEG 9D?MFK
<A9D=LGK <G KMD <9 $LYDA9 = GMLJ9K G ;GF@=;=E ;GE 9HDA;9^]G <A>=J=FL= <9
IM= L=E =E HGJLM?MaK ;GEG =E @hF?9JG E9K HGJIM= 9 KM9 >D=P]G ;GF
LJ9JA9
G
;GF;=ALG
<=
>GJE9
AF>AFAL9
A _
F]G
>D=PAGF9<9

GK=JAM
6 K 



K 


7

GK=JAM
6 K  

K 
7

GK=JAM
6 K 
 7

GK=JAM
6 K 
7

GK=JAM
6 K 
7

GK=JAM
6 K 

F
7
(9LLGKG
6( 
K N 7
 x,M9FLG
9
=KL=
HGFLG
9
9>AJE9^]G
?=F=J9DAR9<9
<=
IM=
G
KM:KL9FLANG
L=E
>D=P]G
<=

?aF=JG
9H9J=FL=E=FL=
BMKLA>A;9<9
H=D9
=PAKLaF;A9
<=
H9J=K
E9K;MDAFGK
>=EAFAFGK
L9AK
;GEG =FAVC
=FAV
BC=JC
BC=J5
;5HC
;5H5
IM=
KA?FA>A;9E
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
G
E9;@G
=
9
>aE=9
<=
ME9
<9<9
=KH_;A=
<=
K=J
9FAE9<G
K=PM9<G
GE
=>=ALG
_
HJGHJA=<9<=
=KK=F;A9D
<9
>D=P]G
G
>9LG
<=
IM=
HGJ
=KK=
HJG;=KKG
EeJ>A;G
N9JA=E
9K
KA?FA>A;9^g=K
?J9E9LA;9AK
<=
q
?J9M
AKLG
_
<=
?aF=JG
FhE=JG
L=EHG9KH=;LG
EG<G
H=KKG9
=L; 
KGE9<9K
9DL=JF
9<9E=FL=
9G
L=E9
HGJ
E=AG
<GK
EGJ>=E9K
HJeHJAGK
K=E
IM=
K=
9DL=J=
9
KA?FA>A;9^]G
AF=J
=FL=
<9
H9D9NJ9
K=E[FLA;9
IM=
H=JE9F=;=
9
E=KE9
=E
;9<9
ME
<GK
E=E:JGK
<G
H9J9<A?E9
>D=PAGF9D
W
AKKG
IM=
K=
<Y
;GE
9
N9JA9^]G
<=
FhE=JG 75G5
75G5G =
FG
9<B=LANG
HJGFGE=
=L; 
;GE
9
<=
?aF=JG
F9
N9JA9^]G 5@HC
5@H5 F]G
K=
9DL=J9
9
KA?FA>A;9^]G
AF=J=FL=
<G
9<B=LANG
HJ=K=FL=
FG
K=M
L=E9 5@H
*J9
G
IM=
K=
H9KK9
;GE @C6C
@C65 _
HJ=;AK9E=FL=
G
;GFLJYJAG
HGJIM=
G
L=JEG
E9K;MDAFG
=
G
L=JEG
>=EAFAFG
E9FA>=KL9E
KA?FA>A;9^g=K
AF=J
=FL=K
<AN=JK9K
9
K9:=J
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
9
<=
=KH_;A=
E9;@G
=
9
<=
=KH_;A=
>aE=9
<G
?aF=JG
De?A;G @IDIG KA?FA>A;9<G
=KL=
L9E:_E
H=DG
E9K;MDAFG
F9
KM9
IM9DA<9<=
<=
L=JEG
F]G
E9J;9<G
<9
GHGKA^]G
,M=J
<AR=J
IM=
K=
LJ9L9
9IMA
F]G
<=
>D=P]G
E9K
9FL=K
<=
<=
JAN9^]G
;GEG
9
IM=
K=
G:K=JN9
=E 65F7C
65F75 G57C
G575
=L; y
6#N 
7
 x+GJ
EGJ>G>GFaEA;9
9
KA:AD9FL=
<9
<=KAFaF;A9
_
KMJ<9
<A9FL=
<=
H9MK9
GM
<=
;GFKG9FL=
KMJ<9
=P  @=JFCG
DF9HCG

DANJMK
H=LJMK
=
KGFGJ9
<A9FL=
<=
NG?9D
GM
;GFKG9FL=
KGFGJ9
K=F<G
IM=
<A9FL=
<=
NG?9D
H9KK9
9
>MF;AGF9J
;GEG
HJ_NG;YDA;9
<=KK9
NG?9D
=P  @=JFCG
6F5B7CG

DANJMR
:J9FCMK

@=JFCG
5@JCG

DANJMR
YDNMK
y
6( 
7
 '9@ = :9@ >9R=E A9@9G GM AX=G
:9@9G GM :X=G
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
K=F<G
9K
K=?MF<9K
>GJE9K
E9AK
>J=IM=FL=K
HGJ
;GF>GJE=K
FG
HJG;=KKG
J=?MD9J
 (9LLGKG
9KKAF9D9
IM=
L=F<G
=E
NAKL9
9
HJGFhF;A9
<AKL=FK9
<9
HJGFhF;A9
:J9KAD=AJ9
<G @
;GEG
T
O
T
H9KK9E
9
K=J
GMLJ9K
9K
J=?J9K
EGJ>G>GFaEA;9K
FG
;9KG
<= 75FB5J5@
HGJ



=P=EHDG
L=EGK
9
9DL=JF[F;A9
T
O
T

T
Q
T
T
;9JF9N9M
T

T
;9JF9N9QK
T
=
=E :IB=@ L=EGK
9
KMHJ=KK]G
<G
T
O
T
T
>MFAM
T

T
>MFAK
T
 *:K 
GFLAFM9EGK
9
J=D9;AGF9J
G
KAF?MD9J
;GEG
9
>GJE9
:YKA;9
=E
J=D9^]G
9G
HDMJ9D
F=KL=K
;9KGK

?J9EYLA;9
@AKLeJA;9
=FLJ=L9FLG
FGK
<Y
GMLJ9
N=JK]G
<G
>9LG
DAF?MbKLA;G
 0E9
'=A
>=<=J9D
 
<=

<=
9:JAD
<=

HJ=L=F<=M
<AK;AHDAF9J
GK
?aF=JGK
<GK
FGE=K
<=KA?F9LANGK
<9K
>MF^g=K
Hh:DA;9K
FG
[E:ALG
>=<=J9D
IM=
<AKHg=
x*
?aF=JG
?J9
E9LA;9D
<=KK=
FGE=
=E
K=M
F9LMJ9D
9;GD@AE=FLG
9G
K=PG
<G
>MF;AGFYJAG
9
IM=E
K=
J=>AJ9
L=E
IM=
G:=<=;=J
9GK
LJ9<A;AGF9AK
HJ=;=ALGK
H=JLAF=FL=K
9G
9KKMFLG
=
;GFK9?J9<GK
F9
D=P
A;GDG?A9
<G
A<AGE9
=N=E
HGJL9FLG
9;GEH9F@YDG
F=KL=
H9JLA;MD9J
K=
>GJ=E
?=F=JA;9
E=FL=
N9JAYN=AK
9KKMEAF<G
;GF>GJE=
G
;9KG
>=A^]G
E9K;MDAF9
GM
>=EAFAF9
IM9AKIM=J
9<B=LANGK
GM
=PHJ=KKg=K
HJGFGEAF9AK
KAFL9LA;9E=FL=
J=D9;AGF9<9K
;GE
G
<ALG
FGE=y
 (9LLGKG
HJ=>=J=
N=J
9IMA
ME
=P=EHDG
<=
EGJ>=E9
KM:LJ9LANG
<AR=F<G
IM=
G;GJJ=
9
KMHJ=KK]G
<9
NG?9D
L=EYLA;9
K=E
9<BMF^]G
<=
<=KAFaF;A9 =FAVC =FAVC =FAV
9<9
9
J9JA<9<=
<=
G;GJJaF;A9
<=
EGJ>=E9
KM:LJ9LANG
=E
HGJLM?MaK
=
H=DG
;GFLJYJAG
9
>J=IMaF
;A9
<9
J=?J9
EGJ>G>GFaEA;9
<=
;J9K=
GHL9EGK
H=D9
DA^]G
9;AE9
 E:GJ9
=KL9
K=B9
9
FGJE9
=P=EHD9J
G
A<AGE9
F]G
=KLY
>=;@9<G
9
>=EAFAR9^g=K
=PHJ=K
KAN9K
=KH=;A9DE=FL=
=E
FbN=D
;GDGIMA9D
=
HGHMD9J
;GE
J=>D=PGK
=E
=KLADAR9^g=K
DAL=JYJA9K
5
75FF5G75 5
J9F8I;5 5
DRGG5F5
=L;
;>
6(9
  7
 NAL=K=
;MA<9<GK9E=FL=
G
=JJG 8=A=BI=H=JC ;GE
A
 -AG/GJLG -=GHZA=75

v

GF<=
L=;=
AEHGJL9FL=K
;GE=FLYJAGK
;GFLJ9
9
9FLA?9
;GF;=H^]G
9>APG;aFLJA;9
<9
HJG<M^]G
D=PA;9D
 6(9 
 7
HJ=KG
9G
;JAL_JAG
<A9;JfFA;G
Na
FG
=EHJ=?G
<=KK9K
>GJE9K
ME
F=MLJG
 x
*
=HbL=LG 69BX:=7C
9KKAE
;GEG
GK
9FL=;=<=FL=K
K]G DFCDF[GG=ACG <G
KMB=ALG
KLJ=D9y
6" 
 7
x
>9DK9
FGLb;A9
<G
>9D=;AE=FLG
<=
"GF^9DN=K
A9K
L=N=
9
:G9
;GFK=IMaF;A9
<=
EGN=J
G
"GN=JFG
9
9DANA9JD@=
9
KALM9^]G
E9L=JA9D
IM=
=J9
HJ=;9JbKKAE9y
6( 
7
 W
NYDA<G
G
;GE=FLYJAG
<=
GK=JAM
x 
G
9JLA?G
<=
H=J
KA
F]G
AF<ANA<M9
)GK
;9KGK
=E
IM=
AKLG
H9J=;=
G;GJJ=J
H
=P
x'=J9E C
@=JFC
KLGM
N=F<G C E9H9y
9
AF<ANA<M9^]G
=KLY
<9<9
F9
J=9DA<9<=
H=DGK
;GFLGJFGK
N=J:9AK
=
=PLJ9N=J:9AKy
6 K 

F 7
 /=EK=
<=KHJ=R9<G
F=KL=K
;9KGK
9
AF>DMaF;A9
<G
AF?DaK
=E
FGKKG
A<AGE9
 x
<=>AFA^]G
<9
K=?MF<9
H=KKG9
;GEG
K=F<G
9
H=KKG9
Z
IM9D
9
HJAE=AJ9
K=
<AJA?=
;GF
N_E
K=E
<hNA<9
9G
K=M
=EHJ=?G
E9AK
GJ<AFYJAG
*J<AFYJAG
HGJ_E
F]G
IM=J
<AR=J
hFA;G
=
;GFKL9FL=
+G<=
MLADAR9JK=
9
K=?MF<9
H=KKG9
>GJ9
<9
9DG;M^]G
=
>9RaD9
=FLJ9J
FME9
N9J
A=<9<=
<=
xAEH=KKG9Dy
+GJ
=P=EHDG JCIG >MF;AGF9
=E
>J9F;aK
;GEG
9F9>eJA;G
<=
xCBy
=P CB F=
H=ML G9 HJGE=F=J
K9FK
IM=
IM=DIM{MF JCIG 9:GJ<=
HGJL
xF]G G9 HG<=
H9KK=9J
K=E
IM=
9D?M_E
9:GJ<= JC7Zy
6 N 
7
KL=
>9LG
;GEG
9
LJ9<M^]G
J=N=D9
G;GJJ=
L9E:_E
=E
HGJLM?MaK
L9FLG
F9
DbF?M9
=K;JAL9
;GEG
F9
>9D9<9
W
ME JC7Z GM HI IM=
K=
J=>
=J=E
9G
HJeHJAG
>9D9FL=
E=KEG
IM=
G
GMNAFL=
=KL=B9
HJ=K=FL=
x9FA=D
9
KALM9^]G
;GEA?G
=KLY
<A>b;AD
@=?9
ME
EGE=FLG
IM= JC7Z 
x=My
x9
?=FL=y
AEH=KKG9DAR9<GJ
F]G
K9:=
G
IM=
>9R=Jy
x0C7Z BY
NAF@9
;GF@=;=F<G
IM=
G
L=EHG
H9KK9N9
<9F9<9E=FL=
JYHA<G
HGJ
;9MK9
<=
MFK
AF<b;AGK
KMLAK
+GJ
=P=EHDG
IM9F<G
ME
<=K;GF@=;A<G
>9D9
9
K=M
J=KH=ALG
F]G
<AR
E9AK
x9IM=D9
EG^9y
=
KAE
x9IM=D9
K=F@GJ9y
 
.=E
>9D9J
FGK
IM=
EGJJ=J9E
HGJIM=
EGJJ=E
EMALGK
Z
E=<A<9
IM= 5
;9BH9 >A;9
E9AK
N=D@9y
6-, 
7
)]G
D=N9F<G
=E
;GFL9
G
BG?G
HKA;GDe?A;G
=FNGDNA<G
F9
KALM9^]G
G
?AJG
L=E
KA<G
AFBMKL9E=FL=
;GF<=F9<G
HGJ
9D?MFK
?J9EYLA;GK
IM=
F]G
9L=FL9E
H9J9
G
J=KH9D<G
<9
DbF?M9
=K;JAL9
F=E
G
L=KL=EMF@G
<=
GMLJ9K
DbF?M9K
)G
HGJLM?MaK
F=KL9
9HDA;9^]G
K=
MK9
<= JC7Z
GM HI GM
=PHJ=KKg=K
KM:KL9FLAN9K
;GEG 5
D9GGC5 C
=B8=J[8IC C
7F=GHVC
=L; 


 =K<=
&
JM?E9FF

>GJ9E
=KL9:=D=;A<GK
IM9LJG
LAHGK
<=
<aAPAK
=E
J=D9^]G
Z

HGKA^]G
<G
>9D9FL=
x9GH9<aAPAKy
x9I<aAPAKy
xHI<aAPAKy
=
x5EI9@9<aAPAKy
&
M@D=J

9;J=K;=FL9
ME9
<aAPAK
=KH=;A9D
x<aAPAK
=E
>9FL9KE9y
IM=
K=
HJG<MR
xIM9F<G
ME
F9JJ9<GJ
LJ9FKHGJL9
G
GMNAFL=
9G
J=AFG
<G
9MK=FL=
J=;GJ<YN=D
GM
9G
J=AFG
<9
>9FL9KA9
;GFKLJMLAN9
=
D@=
Hg=
Z
<AKHGKA^]G
9DA
<=
LG<GK
GK
E=KEGK
AF<A;9<GJ=K
H9J9
IM=
N=B9
=
GM^9
G
IM=
@Y
9DA
H9J9
N=J
=
GMNAJ
=
LG;9J
K=
G
<=K=B9J
=
IM=E
K9:=
;@=AJ9J
=
<=?MKL9Jy
65DI8 'J 
K N 7
+9J9
G
DAF?MAKL9
K]G
NYDA<9K
9K
;GFKA<=J9^g=K
<=
#=J;MD9FG
<=
9JN9D@G
xW
=NA<=FL=
IM=
=KL9
=KH_;A=
<=
EGKLJ9^]G
6=E
>9FL9KE97
9KKME=
J=9D
AFL=J=KK=
H9J9
G
HKA;eDG?G
IM=
=J9
M@D=J
=
H9J9
G
=KLM<AGKG
<9
;JA9^]G
HG_LA;9
E9K
F]G
H9J9
G
DAF?MAKL9
H9J9
IM=E
=D9
K=
A<=FLA>A;9
;GE
9
EGKLJ9^]G
x9<
G;MDGKy
=E:GJ9
 
=D9
HGKK9
=KL9J
AEHDA;9<9
F9
9F9>eJA;9y
6#N 
 7
 6 K 

F
7
%Y
G
FGKKG
%G]G
-A:=AJG
6%- 
7
D=E:J9J9
9
DA^]G
<=

9JE=KL=L=J
IM=
;GFKA<=J9N9
GK
HJGFGE=K
H=DG
K=M
G>b;AG
<=
AF<A;9J
9
HGKA^]G
<9
H=KKG9
GM
;GAK9
FG
<AK;MJKG
x?=KLGK
>9D9<GKy
 x*
KAEHD=K
>9LG
<=
IM=
H9D9NJ9K
<A>=J=FL=K
K=B9E
EMALG
?=J9DE=FL=
=EHJ=?9<9K
H9J9
x=My
=
xFeKy
=
L9E:_E
H9J9
xLMy
=
xNeKy
_
KM>A;A=FL=
H9J9
=P;=LM9J
GK
HJGFGE=K
<GK
HJG;=KKGK
GJ<AFYJAGK
<=
HDMJ9DAR9^]G
 
)9
?J9F<=
E9AGJA9
<9K
DbF?M9K
G
HDMJ9D
HJGFGE
AF9D
F]G
;GAF;A<=
;GE
G
HDMJ9D
FGEAF9D
H=DG
E=FGK
L9D
;GEG
K=
J=HJ=K=FL9
GJ<AF9JA9
E=FL=
KLY
;D9JG
<=
>9LG
IM=
9
MFA<9<=
=
9
KM:B=LANA<9<=
AF=J=FL=
9
x=My
;GFLJ9<AR=E
9
HGKKA:ADA<9<=
<=
ME9
HDMJ9DAR9^]G
.=
F]G
HG<=
@9N=J
NYJAGK
x=MKy
;GF;=:A<GK
H=DG
HJeHJAG
x=My
IM=
>9D9
_
HGJIM=
xFeKy
F]G
_
ME9
EMDLAHDA;9^]G
<=
G:B=LGK
A<aFLA;GK
E9K
ME9 >IBWVC =FLJ=
G
x=My
=
G
xF]G
=My
K=B9
IM9D
>GJ
G
;GFL=h<G
<=KK=
xF]G
=My
KK9
BMF
^]G
>GJE9
ME9
LGL9DA<9<=
FGN9
=
<=
ME
LAHG
LGL9DE=FL=
H9JLA;MD9J
FG
IM9D
GK
;GEHGF
=FL=K
F]G
K=
=IMAN9D=E
=E
xFeKy
_
K=EHJ=
x=My
IM=
HJ=<GEAF9
ME9
N=R
IM=
Ke
@Y
xFeKy
9
H9JLAJ
<=
x=My
=
=KK=
x=My
KMB=AL9
G
=D=E=FLG
xF]G
=My
H=D9
KM9
IM9DA<9<=
LJ9FK;=F<=FL=

HJ=K=F^9
<G
x=My
_
;GFKLALMLAN9
<=
xFeKy
6 N $
7
*
HDMJ9D
<=
x=My
;GEG
xE=J9
H9D9NJ9y
GM
;GEG
KM:KL9FLANG
H9J9
KA?FA>A;9J
z9
H=JKGF9DA<
9<=
<=
IM=E
>9D9{
L=E
FGJE9DE=FL=
G
HDMJ9D
x=MKy
x)]G
HG<=JA9E
EGKLJ9J
FME
<9<G
AFKL9FL=
=
FME9
9LEGK>=J9
hFA;9
LG<GK
GK 9IG KM
;=KKANGK
IM=
?M9J<9E
<=FLJG
<=
KA
 
6-G 
7
 +9J9
9
<AK;MKK]G
<=
;GFKA<=J9J
xG
K=F@GJy
x9
K=F@GJ9y
=L;
>GJE9K
KM:KL9FLAN9K
<=
LJ9L9E=FLG
GM
HJGFGE=
<=
LJ9L9E=FLG
N=B9EK=
GK
=KLM<GK
<=
#( BF989
'A CFA5G
2 *FCBCA9G
)G
>MF<G
LJ9L9K=
<=
ME
>9DKG
HJG:D=E9
H=D9
F9LMJ=R9
;9L=?GJ=EYLA;9
<G
HJGFGE=
 /J9<A;AGF9DE=FL=
9
K_JA= =GHC =GGC 5EI=@C = C AFN9JAYN=D
_
<9<9
;GEG
J=E9F=K;=FL=
<G
F=MLJG
D9LAFG
%Y
G
FGKKG
HJAE=AJG
?J9EYLA;G
!=JF]G
<=
*DAN=AJ9

LAF@9
<=KNAF;M
D9<G
L9AK
HJGFGE=K
<G
F=MLJG
D9LAFG
HA>[FAG
A9K
;GFKA<=J9GK
;GEG
E9K;MDAFGK
=GHC
=GGC 5EI=@C
=
G
=JM<ALG
9JLA?G
<=
#=J;MD9FG
<=
9JN9D@G
KG:J=
G
?aF=JG
FGK
HJGFGE=K
6#N 
7
EGKLJ9
IM=
Ke
D@=K
;9:=
G
?aF=JG
E9K;MDAFG
W
9KKAE
IM=
GK
LJ9L9J=EGK
9IMA
AF;DMKAN=
9G C AFN9JAYN=D
=E
?aF=JG
=
FhE=JG
 +I9
X
@R
9HDA;9<G
9
AF<9?9J
KG:J=
H=KKG9K
L9DN=R
K=B9
G
J=KMDL9<G
<=
<=KF9K9D9^]G
<G
EI9A HGJ
>GF_LA;9
KAFLYLA;9
x
;GE=^9N9
9
<=KHAJK=
IM9F<G
GMNAM
H9KKGK
FG
F=?JG
;GJJ=<GJ
H9KKGK
EMALG
D=FLGK
EMALG
H=K9<GK
IM=
K=
9<A9FL9N9E
 
KKMKL9<G
?JALGM
x+I9
X
@Ry
6 , 
7
 GK=JAM
6 K 
  7
 )G
=P;=D=FL=
DANJG
<=
9J:9<AF@G
@Y
:G9
E=KK=
<=
=P=EHDGK
*
>9LG
KAFLYLA;G
=KLY
9
=PA?AJ
AFN=KLA?9^]G
HGAK
H9J=;=
L=J
J9bR=K
E9AK
DGF?bFIM9K
F9
>9EbDA9
JGE[FA;9

:A:DAG
?J9>A9
9b
BY
_
=PL=FK9
6!R 
$$$
7
6('C 
$$$
l
7
625 
l
7
6!# 
l
 7
=
G
DANJG
<=
"
J9F<L
KG:J=
9
;GF;GJJaF;A9
<= GC= = @I= 9IL 9@@9G
=E
>J9F;aK



 =N=K=
=NAL9J
G
=EHJ=?G
<G
HJGFGE=
H=KKG9D
H=DG
HGKK=KKANG
IM9F<G
F9
GJ9^]G
BY
=KL

AN=J
ME
G:B=LG
AF<AJ=LG
GM
;GEHD=E=FLG
J=D9LANG
KKAE
9JF=AJG
-A:=AJG
F]G
9;=ALGM
;GE
J9R]G
9
=E=F<9
HJGHGKL9
HGJ
-MA
9J:GK9
Z
J=<9^]G
<=
ME
9JLA?G
<G
e<A?G
ANAD
KL=
J=R9N9
x
:CFHIB5
8C
D5=
D5GG5 a seu filho
=E=F<9<9
H9J9
x
>GJLMF9
<G
H9A
H9KK9
D@=
9G
>AD@Gy
+9J9
9JF=AJG
-A:=AJG
9
=E=F<9
LGJF9
xG
H=FK9E=FLG
E=FGK
HJ=;AKG
=
9
>J9K=
>GJ^9<9
=
<=K=FP9:A<9y
6- 
7
 ARK=
IM=
G
HGKK=KKANG
L=E G9BH=8C
C6>9H=JC IM9F<G
<=KA?F9
G
K=J
IM=
_
9DNG
<=
ME9
9^]G
GM
K=FLAE=FLG
IM9DIM=J
!GJ9
<=KL=
;9KG
L=E G9BH=8C
GI6>9H=JC
W
EMAL9K
N=R=K
<A>b
;AD
<AKLAF?MAJEGK
GK
<GAK
;9KGK
 .9:=EGK
IM=
G
L=JEG 8Z=7H=7C
K=
NA=KK=
FG
;9M<9D
<9K
H9D9NJ9K
@=J=<ALYJA9K
F]G
J=H
J=K=FL9JA9
9
:G9
>GJE9
HGJLM?M=K9
<=
9<9HL9^]G
<G
NG;9:MDYJAG
?J=?G
;GF>GJE=
EGKLJGM
G
+JG>
[F<A<G
%M;Y
>AD@G
6% 

=
KK 7
<GL9EGDG
HGJ
K=J
=EHJ_KLAEG
;A=FLb>A;G
<AKK=EAF9<G
AFLJG<MRA<G
F9
DbF?M9
L_;FA;9
<9
?J9EYLA;9
HGJLM?M=K9
HGJ
(
.9A<
DA
 
J=KH=ALG
<G =DG9 D9LAFG
>9R
D9LL
ME
;GE=FLYJAG
IM=
K=
HG<=
9HDA;9J
9G
FGKKG A9GAC
x+GMJ
<=K
J9AKGFK
@AKLGJAIM=K
GF
9
D{@9:ALM<=
<=
J9F?=J
AHK=
H9JEA
D=K
HJGFGEK
<_EGF
KLJ9LA>K
:A=F
IM=
KA
D{GF
LA=FL
9M
K=FK
GF
HMAKK=
HDMK
D_?ALAE=E=FL
D=
IM9DA>A=J
<{AFL=FKA>y
6!D 
l
7
 x@;C _
G:KGD=K;=FL=
MK9<G
HJ9LA;9E=FL=
Ke
FG
=KLADG
J=>D=LA<G
=
E=KEG
9b
F]G
;GE
EMAL9
>J=IMaF;A9
*
IM=
_
J=9DE=FL=
<=
D9E=FL9J
NAKLG
G
K=M
KM:KLALMLG 5@;IA5
7C=G5
9H=K9J
<G
=D=N9<G
?J9M
<=
9:KLJ9^]G
9b
9D;9F^9<G
H=DG
KM:KL9FLANG 7C=G5
F]G
K=J
>9;AD
E=FL=
K=H9JYN=D
<9
KA?FA>A;9^]G
<=
x9D?Gy
;GF;J=LG
=
9L_
E9L=JA9Dy
6#N 

F
7
 6. 

. 

v
;>
+Y?

97
 W
HGJ
;9MK9
<=
;GFKLJM^g=K
K=E=D@9FL=K
IM=
HA>[FAG
A9K
6  
l

:7
<AR
IM=
9
HGKHGKA^]G
<= HC8C HG<=
<9J
G;9KA]G
9
9E:A?MA<9<=K
;GEG
F=KL=
=P=EHDG
=E
IM=
9
AF
L=F^]G
<G
=K;JALGJ
>GA
MK9J HC8C ;GEG
9<N_J:AG
=
F]G
;GEG
HJGFGE=
+G<=JK=A9
_
;D9JG
F]G
>9R=J
9
>D=P]G
=NAL9F<G
9
9E:A?MA<9<=
 
LJ9<A^]G
L=E
=NAL9<G
G
=EHJ=?G
<= G9A
EI9A
KM:KLALMAF<GG
HGJ G9A
C
EI5@ G9A
5
EI5@ G9A
CG
EI5=G G9A
5G
EI5=G
H9J9
=NAL9J
G
=;G
 K
>GJE9K 8IN9BHCG HF9N9BHCG EI=B<9BHCG = G9=G79BHCG J=HJ=K=FL9E
<AJ=L9E=FL=
FM
E=J9AK
D9LAFGK
 x*
IM9<JG
<GK
FME=J9AK
GJ<AF9AK
_
EMALG
;GEHD=PG
=
9HJ=K=FL9
;GEHGKLGK
=
DG;M^g=K
J=:9J:9LAN9K
H9J9
;MB9
MLADAR9^]G
G
K9:=J
=
9
@9:ADA<9<=
<G
@GE=E
<G
HGNG
<=HJ=KK9
K=
=K?GL9E
<9b
K=
MK9J=E
;GEG
GJ<AF9AK
GK
HJeHJAGK
;9J<AF9AK
 
/9D
=EHJ=?G
<GK
;9J
<AF9AK
K=
BMKLA>A;9
DG?A;9E=FL=
<=
ME
HGFLG
<=
NAKL9
FGNG
K=?MF<G
G
IM9D
G
FhE=JG
H9KK9
9
K=J
;GEG
IM=
ME9
IM9DA<9<=
AFLJbFK=;9
<9IM=D9
@GJ9
<9IM=D9
HY?AF9
=L; 
<=KHJ=F<A<9K
=E
FGKKG
=KHbJALG
<9K
@GJ9K
<9K
HY?AF9K
9FL=JAGJ=K
=
9KKAE
HGJ
<A9FL=y
6( 
7
 KKAE
K=F<G
F]G
K=
HG<=
>9D9J
=E
NGR
H9KKAN9
<A9FL=
<=
DAF?M9?=FK
<G
LAHG CGGC
8IFC
89
FC9F
#GMN=
9IMA
K=
AFL=JHJ=L9JEGK FC9F  89
G9F
FC[8C
9H=F9K
H9KKANA<9<=
;GE
N=J:G
F9
NGR
9LAN9
.G:J=
G
K=FLA<G
9LANG
GM
H9KKANG
<=
AF>AFALANG
N=B9
G DAFC
 (G<=JF9
=
FGJE9DE=FL=
G
N=J:G H9JAJ =KLY
AF;DMb<G
F=KL=
?JMHG
+J=K D5F=ACG = D5F=G
(9K
L9E:_E
9H=K9J
<=
HGJ
L9:M
DAF?MbKLA;G
K=J
<=KMK9<G
F9
DAF?M9?=E
<=
KG;A=<9<=
HG<=
K=J
;GFBM?9<G
AFL=?J9DE=FL=
;GE
AJJ=?MD9JA<9<=
9H=F9K
F9
 p
H=KK
<G
AF<
=
=E
LG
<G
G
HJ=K
<G
KM:B  D5=FC D5F9G D5F9 D5F=ACG D5F=G D5F9A
+J=K
KM:B  D5=F5 D5=F5G
D5=F5 D5=F5ACG D5=F5=G D5=F5A
 +GEGK
=FLJ=
H9JaFL=K=K
9
N9JA9FL=
<G
EGJ>=E9
GM
9DGEGJ>=
;> Variantes dos elementos mrficos
 ;=AL9EGK
9K
HGF<=J9^g=K
<=
(9LLGKG
x.(/
_
=5
GHGF<GK=
9
5
<G
KM:BMFLANG
HJ=K=FL= H9A=5 D5FH=5 H9A5
D5FH5
.=JA9
ME9
9FYDAK=
>9DK9
;GFKA<=J9J
= 9
NG?9D
<G
L=E9


=
.(/
9
NG?9D
5
HGJIM=
GK
<GAK
L=EHGK
H9KK9JA9E
9
K=
<AKLAF?MAJ
F]G
H=DG
K=M
.(/
E9K
H=D9
HJ=K=F^9
GM
9MKaF;A9
<9
NG?9D
<G
L=E9y
6( 

F 7

KGDM^]G
;GE
5
F]G
K=JA9
<=
LG<G
>9DK9
HGJIM=
9
NG?9D
L=EYLA;9
HG<=JA9
9;MEMD9J
9
>MF^]G
EG<GL=EHGJ
9D
E9K
9
9FYDAK=
9HJ=K=FL9<9
_
E9AK
;G=J=FL=
;GE
9
<=K;JA^]G
=
G
H9H=D
FGJE9D
<9
NG?9D
L=EYLA;9
 )G
J9KAD
Ke
HGJ
AEAL9^]G
DAL=JYJA9
9H9J=;=
=KL=
N=J:G
=D=
FGK
<AR
(9FM=D
9F<=AJ9
x KK=
DMKAL9FAKEG
=KLY
K=F<G
AFLJG<MRA<G
HGJ
;=JLGK
J=NAKGJ=K
Z
J=N=DA9
<GK
9MLGJ=K
BY
E=
=FP=JL9J9E
9
9FLAHYLA;9
H9D9NJ9
FME9
LJ9<M^]G
EAF@9
E9K
=M
BMJG
IM=
F]G
9
=K;J=NA
F=E
B9E9AK
9
=K;J=N=J=A
=K;J=N=J=A
K=EHJ=
xEG:ADA9<9y
6( 
7
 .G:J=
G
=EHJ=?G
<GK
9MPADA9J=K H9F = <5J9F F9
;GFBM?9^]G
;GEHGKL9
N=B9K= Conjugao de verbos auxiliares mais comuns

 ;GEH9F@9<G
<=
GMLJG
HJGFGE=
IM=
F]G
=KL=B9
FGK
<GAK
;9KGK
9L_
9IMA
9HGFL9<GK
F=F
@ME9
9DL=J9^]G
G;GJJ=
FG
N=J:G
=
FG
HJGFGE=
HGKHGKLG 7CB<979ACGH9 7<5A5ACG@<9
F9EI9F9ACG@<9
=L;
NAL=EK=
HGJL9FLG 9BJ=5AC@<9 =B:CFA5AC@<9
 +9J9
K=?MAJ
=KL=
EG<=DG
E=D@GJ
K=JA9
=K;J=N=J 9B;I@=F ;GE I

>GJE9 9B;C@=F ;GE
C
FGK
D=N9
F9LMJ9DE=FL=
Z
K=?MAFL=
;GFBM?9^]G
IM=
G 0C756I@RF=C
):=7=5@ F]G
J=?AKLJ9
9B;I@C
9B;C@9G
9B;C@9
9B;C@=ACG ;GE C 9B;C@=G ;GE C 9B;C@9A
 *
N=J:G 9BHID=F HG<=
L9E:_E
K=J
;GFBM?9<G
K=E
KG>J=J
9
E=L9>GFA9
IM=
G;GJJ=
FG
?JMHG 9BHIDC
9BHID9G
9BHID9
9BHID=ACG
9BHID=G
9BHID9A
 '=N=K=
=E
;GFKA<=J9^]G
9
EM<9F^9
<= ; H9J9 > 9FL=K
<= C = 5 :I>C
:C;9G
:C;9 =L;
 GFBM?9EK=
HGJ_E
J=?MD9JE=FL= 5GGIA=F
DF9GIA=F
F95GGIA=F
F9GIA=F
 .A?FA>A;9 CF=;=B5F
DFC8IN=F
9:9=HC GEG GIFH=F K]G
L9E:_E
J=?MD9J=K 7IFH=F HGM;G
MK9<G
F9
 p
H=KKG9
<G
KAF?MD9J
=
=E
LG<G
G
HJ=K=FL=
<G
KM:BMFLANG
= IF8=F
 D?ME9K
N=R=K
GK
=K;JALGJ=K
FME9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
9
ME
HJ=K=FL=
@AKLeJA;G
MK9E
G
HJ=L_JALG
AEH=J>=ALG
=E
N=R
<G
HJ=K=FL=
;GEG
K=
F9
GJ9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9FL=
=KLAN=KK=
ME
HJ=L_JALG
H=J>=ALG
x*
E=KLJ=
<9
F9M
=E
IM=
F9N=?9N9
%GF9K
=P9EAFGM
LG<G
G
F9NAG
9L_
G
D9KLJG
GF<=
A9
<GJEAF<G
G
+JG>=L9 9GD9FH5G
9
?JALGK
= F9DF99B89D@=
G
KGFG
=E
G;9KA]G
IM=
G
:9AP=D 9GH5J5 =E
H=JA?G
<=
K=
AJ
9
HAIM=y
61 5DI8 (9 
7
 GK=JAM
6 K 
7
IM=
;AL9
/G?=:Q
x'=
HDMK
KGMN=FL
D=K
H9J>9ALK
=L
D=K
AEH9J>9ALK
9D
L=JF=FL
=F
>GJE9FL
<9FK
D=
L=PL=
HGMJ
9AFKA
<AJ=
<=MP
HD9FK
'=K
H9J>9ALK
;GFKLALM=FL
D=
HJ=EA=J
HD9F
D=K
_N_F=E=FLK
D=K
9;LAGFK
IMA
KGFL
9;;GEHDA=K
=L
IMA
>GFL
9N9F;=J
D=
J_;AL
L9F<AK
IM=
D=K
AEH9J>9ALK
;GEHGK=FL
D=
K=;GF<
HD9F
L9FLfL
D=
<_;GJ
L9FLfL
D=K
J9AKGFK
GM
D=K
;GFK_IM=F;=K
L9FLfL
D=
;GFL=FM
<=
<_;D9J9LAGFK
GM
<=
H=FK_=Ky
 6': 

=
7
<GF<=
=PLJ9bEGK
GK
=P=EHDGK
 
>D=P]G
K=
9HJ=K=FL9
?=J9DE=FL=
IM9F<G
G
AF>AFALANG
N=E
9;GEH9F@9<G
<=
ME
HJG
FGE=
H=KKG9D
G:DbIMG
YLGFG
 6 E 7
GF<=
K=
=F;GFLJ9
G
D=N9FL9E=FLG
<=
9D?MFK
<=KL=K
;9KGK
 H9J=;=
9AF<9
=E
=P;D9E9^g=K
<AJ=L9K
=
AF<AJ=L9K
CAC
7<CJ9
09>5
7CAC
7<CJ=
 6#( 
7
=E
IM=
9K
>JGFL=AJ9K
=FLJ=
G
9<N_J:AG
=
G
9<B=LANG
K]G
=KLM<9<9K
;GE
EMAL9
=JM<A^]G
=
9;MA<9<=
=KLADbKLA;9
 6' 
l
7
;MB9
HJGHGKL9
J=LG;9<9
9<GL9EGK
6((9 
7
6(+R 7
GF<=
K=
>9R
=P9MKLANG
=KLM<G
<G
KAKL=E9
HJ=HGKA;AGF9D
<G
=KH9F@GD
61J 7
 +G<=K=
L9E:_E
;GFKA<=J9J 7CBHF5WVC 9H=F9K
G
;9KG
<=
;J9K=
FGK
GMLJGK
<AJ=EGK
IM=
@GMN= 7CA6=B5WVC

)"
F]G
LGEGM
HGKA^]G
F=KL=
HGFLG
)9
J=9DA<9<=
G
L=JEG 7CA
6=B5WVC _
EMALG
9EHDG
H9J9
>A;9J
9KKAE
J=KLJAF?A<G

FGE=F;D9LMJ9
LJ9<A;AGF9D
HGJ
=P
=EHDG
Ke
=EHJ=?9 7CA6=B5WVC
89
DFCBCA9G



 ,M=
G
HGJLM?MaK
HJG;=<=M
;GEG
9K
<=E9AK
DbF?M9K
JGE[FA;9K
HJGN9
G
LJ9:9D@G
<=
1

1\\F\E=F #@
9GH
J9BI
7CAA9
5A65GG589IF
=@
5;=H
9B
GC@85H
#=DKAFIMA9

 y 
K=E
LG<9NA9
AF>DMbJ=E
F9
GJ<=F9^]G
<9K
GJ9^g=Ky
6  
l

G:K 7
 *
=KLM<G
<9K
<AN=JK9K
J=9DAR9^g=K
>fFA;9K
<=
ME
<9<G
EGJ>=E9
;GEG
_
G
;9KG
<G
FGKKG
bF<A;=
<=
HDMJ9D
J=;=:=
=E
DAF?MbKLA;9
<=K;JALAN9
G
FGE=
<= ACF:C:CBZA=75 GM
ACF:CBZA=75
 +9J=;=E
Z
HJAE=AJ9
NAKL9
;GFKLALMAJ
=P;=^]G
>GJE9K
;GEG DCFHI;I9GA9BH9
GID9F=CF
A9BH9 E9K
G
>9LG
K=
=PHDA;9
HGJIM=
L9AK
9<B=LANGK
=E ZG = CF =J9E
MFA>GJE=K
FG
HGJ
LM?MaK
9FLA?G
Z
_HG;9
<=KK9K
<=JAN9^g=K
9<N=J:A9AK
 (=KEG
9b
AFL=?J9F<G
G
AF<G=MJGH=M
9
9;=AL9^]G
<=KK=
AF>APG
F9K9D
_
<AK;MLbN=D
1=B9EK=
GK
;GE=FLYJAGK
=E
(=ADD=L
1=F<JQ`K
"
ll
 
 (
9JJ=LG
6(9 

(9 

(9 
7
;GF<=F9
>GJE9^g=K
<G
LAHG
<=
@56=C89BH5@
@56=CB5G5@
@=B;IC89BH5@ =L; 
=E
N=R
<= @56=89BH5@
@56=B5G5@
@=B;I=89BH5@
=L; 
HGJ
9H9J=;=J
9
NG?9D C =E
N=R
<= =
HGJ
K=J=E
D9LAF9K
=
F]G
?J=?9K
;=AL9
=E:GJ9
9K
;GFKA<=J=
:YJ:9J9K
9K
>GJE9^g=K BCJC@5H=BC
89BHC@56=5@
5B;@CFIGGC
<=GD5BC5A9F
=75BC =L; 
GF<=
L9E:_E
9H9J=;=
G C ?J=?G
=E
DM?9J
<G = D9LAFG
;GEG
=E D@9B=@dB=C
H 
5@J=B=H9BH9
5@H[GGCBC
@5B[;9FC
:@5A[:9FC 
IM=KL]G
_
EMALG
;GEHD=P9
BY
G
=J9
FG
HJeHJAG
?J=?G
=
FG
D9LAE
HGJIM=
K=
LJ9L9
<=
>GJE9^g=K
F9K;A<9K
=E
_HG;9K
<AN=JK9K
=
=E
<GEbFAGK
;MDLMJ9AK
<A>=J=FL=K
9D_E
<=
HJG;=<AE=FLGK
IM=
K=
J=H9JL=E
H=D9
;GE
HGKA^]G
=
H=D9
BMKL9HGKA^]G
;GE
GM
K=E
:J9IMADG?A9K
=
J=<M^g=K
*
HGJLM?MaK
;GEG
9K
DbF?M9K
JGE[FA;9K
9D?ME9K
<9K
IM9AK
FGK
K=JNAJ9E
<=
EG<=DG
KG>J=M
G
AEH9;LG
<=KK9K
<A>=J=FL=K
HGJL9K
<=
=FLJ9<9
<=
L9AK
F=GDG?AKEGK
=JM<ALGK
=
9L_
<=
J=>D=PG
HGHMD9J
;GEG
;5H=7[8=C
6IFF=7=85 =L;
W
ME
<GEbFAG
IM=
=KLY
FG
HGJLM?MaK
9
=PA?AJ
=KLM<GK
E9AK
9HJG
>MF<9<GK
>
 "
#9L;@=J 'C89FB
B;@=G<
1CF8 CFA5H=CB
5B8
(9C&5H=B 9DLAEGJ=


(A?DAGJAFA -5;;=
GI@@5
@=B;I5
89@
BCJ979BHC !AJ=FR=

H

=
!(



 
JA?GJ
=E ;9C;F5:=5 = 6=6@=_:=@C F]G
L=EGK
9
NG?9D
<=
DA?9^]G C ?=G
HGJIM=
F]G
=PAKL=
>GJE9^]G
=E
IM=
9H9J=^9
G
J9<A;9D ;9
GM 6=6@=
;GEG
=E 7<R
D5I
75:X = @V
*
J9<
A;9D
?J=?G
_ ;9
E9K
=E
HGJLM?MaK
_ ;9C
;GEG
G
_ 6=6@=C
BY
IM=
9b
;GEG
=E
GMLJGK
;9KGK
F]G
K=
HG<=
AKGD9J
9
NG?9D C
L9D
IM9D
>9R=EGK
=E ;RG

C

A9HFC
61& 
7
 >
%
(9LLGKG
[E9J9
%J =7=CBRF=C
89
=@C@C;=5
9
!F5ARH=75

+9J9
=KLM<GK
E9AK
9<A9FL9<GK
N=B9K=
.9MKKMJ= CIFG
89
&=B;I=GH=EI9
!XBXF5@9

=

)A<9 'CFD<C@C;M
;9H
<=
AFLJG<M^]G
 &=@<A 'CF:C@C;=5
 
-AG/GJLG &*


.9F<E9FF CFA5WVC

 (9LL@=OK 'CFD<C@C;M
 
 #B:@97H=CB5@
'CFD<C@C;M  

 .bDNAG
DA9 CB:@IZB7=5  


 +9J9
.L=F
*5FH=7I@5F=HXG
 
;AL9<G
HGJ
)9K;=FL=K
&=B;I5>5F

9
F]G
<A>=J=F
;A9^]G
<G
HGJLM?MaK
<A9D=L9D
=
<G
J9KAD
F9
HJGFhF;A9
<= 5A5ACG = 5ARACG K=
<=N=
Z
9F9
DG?A9
FME
HJG;=KKG
<=
MFA>GJEAR9^]G
;GE
9
p
=
 p
;GFBM?9^g=K
=
F]G
Z
>GFGDG?A9
/G
<9NA9
;MEHJ=
D=E:J9J
IM=
9
HJ=;=<aF;A9
<=
F9K9D
_
ME
>9LGJ
<=
>=;@9E=FLG
<G
LAE:J=
 6 N 
7
=
6 

=
KK 7
 -AG/GJLG -=GHZA=75 
=
KK
 W
;GFKL9FL=E=FL=
;GFLJ9JA9<9
H=D9
J=9DA<9<=
<9
DbF?M9
9
@AHeL=K=
<=
K=
=KL9:=D=;=J
ME9
<AKLJA:MA^]G
;GEHD=E=FL9J
=FLJ=
L9AK
;GFKLJM^g=K
9?=FLAN9K
;9D;9<9
FGK
;JAL_JAGK
z?J9M
HJ=KLb?AG
KG;A9D{
z>GJE9DA<9<={
=
z?J9M
<=
=KH=;A9DA<9<={
)]G
K=
HG<=E
<=AP9J
<=
D9<G
GK
N9DGJ=K
K=E[FLA;GK
<GK
=D=E=FLGK
IM=
AFL=?J9E
GK
;GFKLALMAFL=K
=
K=MK
J=>D=PGK
F]G
Ke
FGK
HJG<MLGK
<=JAN9;AGF9AK
E9K
L9E:_E
9K
EGLAN9^g=K
<G
;GFL=PLG

;GF;=H^]G

 
9>APG;aFLJA;9
F9
HJG<M^]G
D=PA;9D
=KLY
K=F<G
J=NAKL9
H9J9
HfJ
=E
=NA<aF;A9
G
H9H=D
IM=
<=K=EH=F@9E
9K
:9K=K
=
GK
E=;9FAKEGK
<=JAN9;AGF9AK
F9
;JA9^]G
D=PA;9D
 .=
9
H9D9NJ9
_
E9K;MDAFG
=
L=JEAF9
=E 5
=KL= 5 J=9H9J=;=
IM9F<G
K=
D@=
9;J=K;=FL9
G
KM>APG =B<C
*
E=KEG
9;GFL=;=
K=
_
>=EAFAFG
=E C GM
KAF?MD9J
=E G $5F65G $5F6=B
<5G
5FAC %G]G
<G 5FA=B<5
C
'5=5 C
'5=B<5 )GL9
IM=
E=
>GA
>GJF=;A<9
HGJ
(9JLAFR
<=
?MA9J
)GL=K=
9AF<9
IM=
GK
<AEAFMLANGK =B<C
N=B<C HG<=E
9KKMEAJ
N9DGJ
H9LJGFbEA;G
IM9F<G
H9AK
=
>AD@GK
LaE
G
E=KEG
FGE= *57<97C G
H9A *57<9EI=B<C G
>AD@G =J5 9
E]= =J=B<5 9
>AD@9
 >
61 7
 .F9G@9F _
D=J
9D_E
<G
IM=
=KLY
=K;JALG
HG<=F<G
HGJL9FLG
KA?FA>A;9J
zD=J
E9D{
zD=J
K=E
=FL=F<=J{
xKKAE
=E
ME
9JLA?G
<=
K=AK
HY?AF9K
%G]G
!=JF9F<=K
<AR
J=<AR
9
KA
HJeHJAG
K=
;GFLJ9<AR
9F<9
H9J9
LJYK
=
H9J9
<A9FL=
=
<=
LM<G
Ke
<=AP9
9HMJ9J
IM=
D=M
J=D=M
E9K
Ke
HF9G@=5 9G
LGE9J
<9
H=F9y
6' 
$$
7
 xG
=EHJ=?G
<= J=79 @GMN=
9L_
9:MKG J=7989IG x?J9F<=
K9FLGy
HGJ
<AKLAF?MAJ
<=
G9A=89IG9G
IM=
=J9E
<G
H9?9FAKEG
1A=AJ9
;@9EGM
9
9MKaF;A9
<= J=79ACFH9
!ADAFLG
DbKAG
;JAGM
G
N=J:G J=79F9=B5Fy
6%- 7
 *
9J
N=JFY;MDG
_
L9D
IM=
9
JA?GJ
F]G
K=
HG<=JA9
>9D9J
<=
@A:JA<AKEG
=E
EMAL9K
<=KK9K
AFGN9^g=K
D=PA;9AK
.e
9GK
GD@GK
<=
IM=E
;GF@=;=
9
@AKLeJA9
<=KK=K
=D=E=FLGK
_
IM=
>A;9
H9L=FL=
KM9
GJA?=E
=KLJ9F?=AJ9
 =KL9
ME9
>GJE9
DANJ= F9A9H9F
F9:5N9F
=L;
KL=
;JAL_JAG
<=
F=?9J
9 F97969F ME9
<=
JAN9^]G
HJ=>AP9D
;GDA<=
;GE
9
9;=AL9^]G
<=
>GJE9K
HJ=K9K
=E
;GEHGKLGK
<G
LAHG 5;F=
A9BGCF
5EI98IHC
=L; 
FGK
IM9AK
G
>9D9FL=
L=E
9
E=KE9
<A>A;MD<9<=
=E
<=HJ==F<=J
G
KA?
FA>A;9<G
<=
ME
GM
<GK
<GAK
=D=E=FLGK
<9
MFA<9<=
;JA9<9
+J=>=JAEGK
>A;9J
;GE
9
DA^]G
<=
(9LLGKG
[E9J9
IM=
=J9
L9E:_E
9
<=
)A<9
x
<=HJ==FK]G
<GK
HJ=>APGK
_
ME9
L_;FA;9
<=
9FYDAK=
<=K;JALAN9
+9J9
AKKG
@Y
9
;GFKA<=J9J
LJaK
;9KGK

IM9F<G
G
J9<A;9D
9
IM=
K=
9;J=K
;=FL9
;GFKLALMA
ME9
>GJE9
DANJ=
F9
DbF?M9
=P  DF98=N9F

DF9

8=N9F 89G7CBGC@C

89G

7CBGC@C

IM9F<G
=KK=
J9<A;9D
_
>GJE9
DANJ=
FME9
=KLJMLMJ9
N9JA9FL=
=P  D9FA=H=F
;>
A9H9F

IM9F<G
=KK=
J9<A;9D
Ke
_
>GJE9
HJ=K9
E9K
;GFKLALMA
9
:9K=
<=
<M9K
H9D9NJ9K
H=DG
E=FGK
;GE
HJ=>APGK
<AKLAFLGK
=P  7C@=GVC
9@=GVCy
6( 
K N
+J=>APG7
)GKK9
IM=KL]G
K=
IM9<J9
F=KL=
hDLAEG
;9KG
 9FC _
<=>=;LANG
9HJ=K=FL9F<G
>GJE9
<G
J9<A;9D
<= HC@@C LMDDA
D9LME
9KKAE
F]G
K]G
;G?F9LGK 5:9F=F = 56@5H=JC
G
HJAE=AJG
K=
9KKG;A9E 7CB:9FZB7=5
:XFH=@
C:9F979F
9G
K=
?MF<G DF9@58C = F9@5L58C
KL9
G:K=JN9^]G
K=
=KL=F<=
9
IM9DIM=J
>GJE9
D9LAF9
IM=
9H
J=K=FL9J
K=E=D@9FL=
<=>=;LANA<9<=
 +9J9
'
2=AK?=J:=J &9L=7C@C;=5
85
9LDF9GGVC 9D 1CFH:CFA9B@9<F9 @9L=7C@C;=5
8C
7CBH9d8C 9D 1CFH=B<5@HG@9<F9 G9A5G=C@C;=5 9D -9A5G=C@C;=9
= CBCA5G=C@C;=5 9D
)BCA5G=C@C;=9

D=P=EYLA;9
;GJJ=KHGF<=
9G
FbN=D
=KLJMLMJ9D
KAKL=EYLA;G
<9 @9L=7C@C;=5
8C
7CBH9d8C
9
IM9D
9:9J;9
L9E:_E
9 @9L=7C@C;=5
G9ATBH=75
5GGC7=5H=J5
=
=E
GMLJGK
Fb
N=AK
=KLJMLMJ9AK
9 @9L=7C@C;=5
G9ATBH=75
85
BCFA5 =
9 @9L=7C@C;=5
G9ATBH=75
8C
8=G7IFGC
;GEHJ==F<=F<G
G
=KLM<G
<9K
HJ=>=JaF;A9K
=
x;GFKL[F;A9Ky
K=E[FLA;9K
<GK
=K;JALGJ=K
>
6 K 
7
 0E
=KH=;A9D
=F>GIM=
K=E9KAGDe?A;G
=KLY
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
H=D9
xK=E[FLA;9
=KLJMLMJ9Dy
<GK
DAF?MAKL9K
9E=JA;9FGK
%
%
&9LR
=
%

!G<GJ
IM=
F9
J=9DA<9<=
LJ9L9
<9
=KLJMLMJ9
<9
AFL=J
HJ=L9^]G
=
F]G
<9
=KLJMLMJ9
<G
KA?FA>A;9<G
HGAK
IM=
H9JL=
<=
ME
KA?FA>A;9FL=
D_PA;G
H9J9
;@=?9J
Z
A<=FLA>A;9^]G
<G
K=M
KA?FA>A;9<G
J=KGDN=F<G
G
HJG:D=E9
<= 89G5A6=;I=N5WVC <GK
KA?FGK
>
6 K 
7
 KL=
>9LG
BY
>GA
<=
@Y
EMALG
9KKAF9D9<G
GK=JAM
D=E:J9
9
9FL=;AH9^]G
HGKKAN=DE=FL=
FG
?J9EYLA;G
JGE9FG
19JJ]G
=E
FGKKG
HJAE=AJG
?J9EYLA;G
!=JF]G
<=
*DAN=AJ9

=E
@J
2GD>>

=
E9AK
J=;=FL=E=FL=
=E
"9:=D=FLR





 KL9
9HDA;9^]G
<G
L=JEG
H9J9?J9E9LA;9D
N9A
K=J
AEHGJL9FL=
H9J9
=FL=F<=JEGK
G
>9LG
=
9

=PHDA;9^]G
=E
;GEHGKLGK
<G
LAHG 7CFH5D5D9@
 KL=K
<GAK
=D=E=FLGK
;GE:AF9<GK
H=JL=F;=E
FGJE9DE=FL=
9
;9EHGK
<A>=J=FL=K
ME
<GK
IM9AK
G
IM=
=KLY
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
FG
KA?FA>A;9FL=
<=L=JEAF9
J=;^]G
G
GMLJG
IM=
=KLY
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
FG
KA?FA>A;9FL=
HGJ
ME
KM>APG
<=JAN9;AGF9D
GM
HGJ
R=JG
=KL=
hDLAEG
;9KG
_
G
<=
;GEHGKLGK
;GEG H=F5H9=A5
<=
IM=
>9D9J=EGK
E9AK
9<A9FL=
 -=;=FL=
=LAEGDG?A9
HJGHGKL9
H=DG
KM=;G
"MFF9J
/AD9F<=J
>
FGKK9
FGL9
=E
-=NAKL9
J9KAD=AJ9
<=
!ADGDG?A9
NGD

LGEG
$
BMF@G
<=

 

=LAEGDG?A9
F]G
?GR9
<=
9;=AL9^]G
MF[FAE=
 x
=LAEGDG?A9
HGHMD9J
 
F]G
<A>=J=
F9
=KKaF;A9
<=
KM9
AJE]
=JM<AL9
9
=LAEGDG?A9
<GK
>ADeDG?GK
(9AK
NAN9R
E9AK
zGH=J9LAN9{
IM=
=KL9
hDLAE9
J=9DAR9
AFKLAFLAN9E=FL=
AFLMAL
AN9E=FL=
=
<=
HJGFLG
G
IM=
9
GMLJ9
>9R
AFL=F;AGF9DE=FL=
?J9^9K
9
ME
K=EFhE=JG
<=
9D
>9JJY:AGK
=
>A;@9Ky
6%
*JJ 5DI8 .0 
7
 
H9D9NJ9 :5A=;9F58C HG<=
9HDA;9JK=
Z
H=KKG9
FGLYN=D
H=DGK
K=MK
<GL=K
HGKALANGK
GM
F=?9LANGK
LG<9NA9
FG
MKG
E9AK
?=J9D
9
H9D9NJ9
K=
9HDA;9
ZK
IM9DA<9<=K
F=?9LAN9K
 +G<=
@9N=J
@GEG>GFA9
=E
ME
E=KEG
H9J9<A?E9
xKAF;J=LAKEGy
;GEG
=E 75BH5J5
 p
=
 p
H=KK
<G
AEH=J>=ALG
GM G EGJ>=E9
HDMJ9DAR9<GJ
FGK
FGE=K
=
<=
p
H=KK
KAF?
FGK
N=J:GK
 0K9EGK
9IMA
<=L=JEAF9FL=K
FME9
9HDA;9^]G
EMALG
9:J9F?=FL=
IM=
AF;DMA
9K
FG^g=K
<=
9<BMFLG
=
;GEHD=E=FLG
>MF^g=K
<=
IM=
>9D9J=EGK
E9AK
9<A9FL=
 KL=
=EHJ=?G
AFN9JAYN=D
<G C H9J=;=
<=N=JK=
Z
;GF>DMaF;A9
<=
9D?MFK
>9LGK
=FLJ=
GK
IM9AK
K=
<=KL9;9
G
<=
Ke
@9N=J
G:JA?9LGJA=<9<=
<=
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
<G
HJ=<A;9LANG
;GE
G
KMB=ALG
IM9F<G
_
J=HJ=K=FL9<G
HGJ
9<B=LANG
GM
9D?MFK
HJGFGE=K
=
H=D9
J=>=JaF;A9
<=
<aAPAK
=
<=
N9DGJ
F=MLJ9D
<G
HJGFGE= C
 6 
l
' 

' 
 7
 6+ 
7
 KL9
<A>=J=F^9
<=
;GFL=h<G
<=
H=FK9E=FLG
<=KA?F9<G
=E #@<5
89
'5F5>_ K=
J=>D=L=
:=E
FG
=P=EHDG
<9
E9AhK;MD9
 KL9K
GJ9^g=K
<= EI9A 9HJ=K=FL9E
;=JL9
DA:=J<9<=
<=
;GDG;9^]G
=E
J=D9^]G
Z
KM9
HJAF
;AH9D
=
9H9J=;=E
>J=IM=FL=E=FL=
FG
AFb;AG
<G
H=JbG<G
 FKAF9FGK
.$
'$
x E
HJGHGKA^g=K
;GEG EI9A
DCF:=5
A5H5
5
75W5
EI9A
9G
D9F5
G9ADF9
5@75BW5 K=JNAEGFGK
<=
ME
HJGFGE=
NAKAN=DE=FL=
<=KLALMb<G
<=
9FL=
;=<=FL=
(9K
;GEG
G
NG;Y:MDG EI9A 9b
KM?=J=
9
FG^]G
<=
x@GE=E
GM
EMD@=J
IM=y
x9D
?M_E
IM=y
K=FLAEGFGK
HJGH=FKGK
9
D9<=9J
9
IM=KL]G
DAF?MbKLA;9
9F9DAK9F<G
F]G
BY
G
HJG
FGE=
L9D
IM9D
=E
L9AK
>J9K=K
K=
9HJ=K=FL9
E9K
KAE
G
K=M
=IMAN9D=FL=
K=E[FLA;G
KK=
E_LG<G
;GF<=FYN=D
<=
;GF;ADA9^]G
>GJ^9<9
F]G
K9LAK>9R
LG<9NA9
9G
=KHbJALG
IM9F<G
9HDA;
9<G
9 EI9A
EI9F
EI9 =PHJ=KK]G
9EHDA9LAN9
<G
E=KEG
HJGFGE= EI9A F=KL9K
HJGHGKA^g=K
EI9A
EI9F
EI9
C
8=GG9
BVC
:5W5G
A5@
5
EI9A
EI9F
EI9
H9
C:9B85 .2 /
HJGHg=
H9J9
G
HJGFGE=
F9K
;GF<A^g=K
<GK
<GAK
HJAE=AJGK
;GEG
<GK
<GAK
hDLAEGK
=P=EHDGK
9
<=FGEAF
9^]G
<=
J=D9LANG 7CB89BG58C xHGJ
<=K=EH=F@9J
G
HJeHJAG
J=D9LANG
L9E:_E
>MF^g=K
<=
9FL=;=<=FL=y
,M9DA>A;9LANG
;fEG<G
K=E
<hNA<9
E9K
F]G
<AL9<G
H=DG
;JAL_JAG
@AKLeJA;G
;GEH9J9LANG
KLM<GK
E9AK
JA?GJGKGK
 '-X&
=
-0"())
H=JEAL=E
HJ=KMEAJ
IM=
G
HJGFGE=
=E
IM=KL]G
<=N=
9
KM9
GJA?=E
9
ME9
;9MK9
<MHD9
9G
AFL=JJG?9LANG EI9A
F9K
AFL=JJG?9LAN9K
AF<AJ=L9K
=
9G
AF<=>AFA<G EI9Ay
6. 
7
 
IM=
;@9E9EGK
AFL=J;9D9<9
<= 89G9>C %GK_
*ALA;A;9
<=FGEAF9N9
<= 9L7@5A5WVC
 +JG>=KKGJ=K
@Y
IM=
HJ=>=J=E
@9N=F<G
F9
AFL=J;9D9<9
ME
N=J:G
LJ9FKALANG
<AJ=LG
;GF
KA<=J9J
=KL=
LAHG
<=
GJ9^]G
;GE
HJAF;AH9D
KKAE
9F9DAK9E
*J9^]G
HJAF;AH9D A9
D98=I
C
F5D5N


*J9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
KM:KL9FLAN9
G:B=LAN9
<AJ=L9
BMKL9HGKL9 8ZA9
R;I5
.=
9
AFL=J;9D9<9
F]G
=F;=JJ9
N=J:G
LJ9FKALANG
<AJ=LG
9;@9EFG
HGJ
=DAHK=
 GE
K=MK
9DMFGK
<=N=
9H=F9K
G
HJG>=KKGJ
AFKAKLAJ
F9
;GF;=ALM9^]G
<=
GJ9^]G
AFL=J
;9D9<9
<=KHJ=R9F<G
EAFh;A9K
<=
;D9KKA>A;9^]G
)=E
K=EHJ=
K=
LJ9^9E
DAF@9K
JA?GJGK9K
<=
<=E9J;9^]G
=FLJ=
G
K=FLA<G
<=
EMAL9K
<=KK9K
AFL=J;9D9<9K
 >
6*" 
 7
GF<=
K=
=F;GFLJ9
=P;=D=FL=
=
D9J?9
=PHGKA^]G
KG:J=
G
=EHJ=?G
<GK
N=J:GK 8=79B8= = G9BH=9B8=
:=E
;GEG
9K
9DL=J9^g=K
IM=
HG<=E
L=J
GK
L=EHGK
=
EG<GK
N=J:9AK
=
GK
HJGFGE=K
<=EGFKLJ9LANGK
=
HGKK=KKANGK
F9
H9KK9?=E
<G
<AK;MJKG
<AJ=LG
9
AF
<AJ=LG
9
HGFLM9^]G
=
9
;GDG;9^]G
<=KK=K
N=J:GK
*
9KKMFLG
=PLJ9HGD9
F9
KM9
9FYDAK=
E9AK
HJG>MF<9
G
[E:ALG
<9
?J9EYLA;9
H9J9
AFK=JAJK=
F9
DAF?MbKLA;9
<G
L=PLG
 +9J9
=KL=K
=
GMLJGK
=P=EHDGK
N=J
6(9 
7
  *
>9LG
G;GJJ=
L9E:_E
=E
>J9F;aK
9D=E]G
=
DbF?M9K
=K;9F<AF9N9K
;GF>GJE=
G:K=JN9
)4-*+ !F5AA5=F9
"=GHCF=EI9
1$
l
= ,',+/
&9G
7CB:=89B79G
EI9
>9
B9
8CIH5=G
D5G
EIn9@@9
9eH
F9WI9G
89
A5
GC9IF
.<=G
A5B
K<C
#
H<CI;<H
K5G
AM
:F=9B8
l 9FB9F
K=@@
=7<
89=B9A
05H9F
G5;9B
K5G
=7<
;@5I69
85GG
8I
KfBG7<9GHy' ..$)"
  *
>9LG
K=
J=H=L=
FG
D9LAE
x1=B=FK
:=DDME
GJLME
=KL EI=6IG .9:AFA
9JE9
;GFBMFP=J
9FLy
6/ALG
'bNAG

 5DI8 %(9 
l

<
*:K
 p7
>
9AF<9
6(9 
7
 +G<=
9AF<9
9IMA
>9DL9J C
H5@
!9D9KL= 89
AC8C IM=
<=KAKLAJ9E
<G
H=<A<G
#Y
9;=FLM9<9
H9MK9
=FLJ=
G
KM:KL9FLANG
=
G EI9
  #GB=
J9JG
  >
'f>KL=<L *<=@C@C;=G7<9F
%CAA9BH5F
NIF
*9F9;F=B5H=C
9H<9F=5=

=
KK 
)GJ:=J? -MBH5?H=G7<9
CFG7<IB;9B
5I:
89A
!96=9H9
89G
-DUH@59=BG
IB8
89G
:Ff<9B
'=H
H9@@5H9=BG
 -J9BBIB;
/BH9FGI7<B;9B
NI
*5@@58=IG
IB8
NIF
@5H9=B=G7<9B
57<
k
IB8
0C@?GGDF57<9

Fq

(9PAEAFG
(9;A=D &=Wc9G
@9A9BH5F9G
89
&[B;I5
*CFHI;I9G5
 
(YJAG
9JJ=LG GHI8CG
85
&[B;I5
*CFHI;I9G5

=
KK
(9JLAFR
<=
?MA9J
=E
;9JL9
H9JLA;MD9J
[F<A<G
%M;Y
>AD@G )
5HCF
*G=7C@_;=7C
B5
JC@IWVC
-=BHRH=75

;GFKA<
=J9E
9
GJ9^]G
<= :5N9F ;GEG GI6>9H=J5
  KKAE
>9R=E
GK
E=KLJ=K
.9A<
DA
=
HA>[FAG
A9K
  *MLJGK
9MLGJ=K
KMHg=E
IM=
9K
GJ9^g=K
<G
LAHG
<=
x@Y
IM9LJG
<A9Ky
x>9R
IM9LJG
<A9Ky
KG>J=J9E
ME
HJG;=KKG
<= ;F5A5H=75@=N5WVC
H9KK9F<G
9
K=J
;GFKA<=J9<9K
;GEG
KAEHD=K
9<BMFLGK
9<N=J:A9AK
<=
L=EHG
AKLAF?MAF<G
w
9
E=M
N=J
K=E
J9R]G
w
9
KAFL9P=
<= :5N9F
= <5J9F F=KL9K
=PHJ=KKg=K
<AR
(9PAEAFG
(9;A=D
9
J=KH=ALG
<=KL=
hDLAEG
N=J:G
x+JG;MJ9J
;GF>=JAJ
9G
N=J:G <5J9F F=KL=K
;9KGK
9
>MF^]G
HJGHGKA;AGF9D
_
;GEHDA;9J
9
9FYDAK=
K=E
HJGN=ALG
F9
HJYLA;9
=
9D_E
<AKKG
F=KL9K
>J9K=K
=IMAN9D=
HJ9LA;9E=FL=
Z
HJ=HGKA^]G 89G89y
&=Wc9G
@9A9BH5F9G
 
Fq

> !F5ARH=75
9G7F=H=J5 <G
9MLGJ
H

=

  KL=
=EHJ=?G
<G EI9 _
;GEME
FG
>J9F;aK
=
HGJ
AKKG
K=
L=E
9
;GFKLJM^]G
;GEG
?9DA;AKEG
  =N=K=
<AKLAF?MAJ
;MA<9<GK9E=FL=
G
AF>AFALANG
<G
>MLMJG
<G
KM:BMFLANG
=KL=
9H9J=;=
F9
GJ9^]G
F]G
AFL=?J9FL=
KKAE
9K
>GJE9K
N=J:9AK
<G
K=?MAFL=
=P=EHDG
=KL]G
FG
>MLMJG
<G
KM:BMFLANG
=
F]G
FG
AF>AFALANG
9
GJ9^]G
_
9<N=J:A9D
;GF<A;AGF9D
AFLJG<MRA<9
HGJ G9
x.=
<G
;_M
GF<=
=KL9AK 565H9F89G GK
GD@GK
=
GK DIG9F89G =E
E9J9FL= y
61 

1$$

5DI8 ! 7
*
L=PLG
>GA
=DAEAF9<G
<9K
=<A^g=K
EG<=JF9K
  GE
J9R]G
AFKAKL=
<GD>G
G=D@G
6G 
 
FGL97
x)]G 89J9 FMF;9
;GF>MF<AJK=
G
IM=
_
KAEHD=KE=FL=
=IMAN9D=FL=
;GE
IM=
_
A<aFLA;G
F9
>GJE9
;GFIM9FLG
@9B9
N9FL9?=E
=E
>9R=J
N=J
9GK
9DMFGK
IM=
G
E=KEG
H=FK9E=FLG
K=
=PHJAE=
<=
<AN=JKGK
EG<GKy
 '=A9K=
9
J=KH=ALG
6(9 
;9H
3$7



 >
6< 
 
. 
$$

=
KK
'.H 7
 !9D9F<GK=
;GE
JA?GJ
>MF;AGF9N9
GJA?AF9JA9E=FL=
;GEG
KMB=ALG
<=
ME
H9JLA;bHAG
9:

KGDMLG
G
AF>AFALANG
IM=
K=
BMFL9
9 BVC
C6GH5BH9 J=GHC DCGHC
=L;
6>
 
l

97
=

6  
7
 (=D@GJ
>GJ9
HGFLM9J EI9
9
K=J
N=J<9<=AJG
<=NA9
 +J=KGK
9
ME
;JAL_JAG
K=E[FLA;G
=
F]G
KAFLYLA;G
9D?MFK
HJG>=KKGJ=K
=FKAF9E
IM=
=KL= 5
_
;GFBMF^]G
;GF<A;AGF9D
DA^]G
IM=
<=N=
K=J
;MA<9<GK9E=FL=
=NAL9<9
>
9
;JbLA;9
<=

9JF=AJG
-A:=AJG
6- 
7
=E:GJ9
F]G
K=B9
;GFNAF;=FL=
9
KGDM^]G
IM=
9HJ=K=FL9
KG;GJJ=F<GK=
9G
;fEG<G
E9K
=F?9F9<GJ
J=;MJKG
<9
=DAHK=
 /=EGK
<hNA<9K
=E
9HGFL9J
;GEG
?9DA;AKEGK
NYJAGK
=EHJ=?GK
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 5 =E
K=F
LA<G
>AF9D
HGAK
_
EG<G
IM=
9K
DbF?M9K
JGE[FA;9K
@=J<9J9E
<G
D9LAE
+9J9
9K
;GF<=F9^g=K
N=J
(YJAG
9JJ=LG
6(9 
7
=
HA>[FAG
A9K
6  
l
 
9
G:K7
+9J9
>GFL=K
<=
=KLM<GK
J=E=L=EGK
G
D=ALGJ
9
(=Q=J'j:C=
6('C 
$$$
ll

=
7
=
9?
)GJ:=J?
6) 
7
 +G<=K=
=FIM9<J9J
=KL=
LAHG
FG
;9KG
<GK
AF>AFALANGK
KM:KL9FLAN9<GK
K=E
>GJE9J
GJ9^]G
Z
H9JL=
 9JDGK
<=
'9=L
BY
;GF<=FGM
9
9EADG
G
=EHJ=?G
HJGFGEAF9D
<G
N=J:G 9GJC5W5FG9
=
G
FGLYN=D
=K;JALGJ
DMKAL9FG
<=>=F<=MK=
;GE
=P=EHDG
<=
9KLAD@G
> 7CG
"IACF[GH=7CG
8C
'=B<C
F q

H

-MA
9J:GK9
;GE=FL9
6- 
7
x/=N=K=
HGJ
=JJG
9
9EADG
@9N=J
HJGFGEAF9<G
G
N=J:G 9GJC5W5F
)]G
@9NA9
J9R]G
NYJA9K
N=R=K
D@=
<=J9
9KLAD@G
FLfFAG
=KK9
;9L=?GJA9
=
1A=AJ9
MK9J9
<= JC5FG9y
>
9AF<9
6% 

F q
7
E
6J 
7
;GD@=EGK JC@=H5FG9
x
9
HGE:9
IM= G9
JC@=H5
85
5F75 y
 MJKG
<9<G
FG
$) +

.hEMD9
 p
H

19D=
9
H=F9
D=E:J9J
IM=
9IMA
=KL9EGK
<A9FL=
<=
ME
=P=EHDG
<G
>=FfE=FG
<=
@AHGL9P=
GM
KM:GJ<AF9^]G
K]G
H9D9NJ9K
D=P=E9K
GM
?JMHGK
<=
H9D9NJ9K
IM=
=PH=JAE=FL9E
G
HJG;=<AE=FLG
<9
KM:GJ<AF9^]G
FG
FbN=D
<GK
=D=E=FLGK
EbFAEGK
<9
;9E9<9
<=
=KLJMLMJ9^]G
?J9E9LA;9D
=
H9KK9J9E
9
>MF;AGF9J
F9
;GF
<A^]G
<=
MFA<9<=K
<=KL=
FbN=D
;GEG
HJ=HGKA^g=K
 !
JMFGL
<Y
G EI9 L9E:_E
;GEG
HJGFGE=
J=D9LANG
=E
=PHJ=KKg=K
>J9F;=K9K
<G
LAHG
FF=JX
EI9
:IH
@98=7H
7CBH9 6;>
!J 
7
/9E:_E
(=Q=J'j:C=
6('C 
$$$
l
7
=

'DGJ9;@
6' 
l
7
 P=EHDGK
<=
%GK_
*ALA;A;9 IFGC
8C
#(*
 xtK
N=R=K
HJG;MJ9K=
<=K<G:J9J
=KL=
LAHG
<=
GJ9^g=K
=E
=PHDb;AL9K
6
<=K=FNGDNA<9K7
L=EHGJ9AK
AFA;A9<9K
HGJ EI5B8C GM 9BEI5BHC
W
E=JG
=PH=<A=FL=
HGAK
9
FG^]G
<=
L=EHG
F]G
_
=IMAN9D=FL=
Z
<=
EG<G
GM
E=AG
<=
>9R=J
9D?ME9
;GAK9y
6. 
7
 9K=9<GK
F=KL9
;GFKLJM^]G
EMALGK
JGE9FAKL9K
=PHDA;9E
9
;GFKLJM^]G BVC
G9=
EI9
:5N9F H=DG
=EHJ=?G
<G
AF>AFALANG
FME9
AFL=JJG?9^]G
AF<AJ=L9
HGJ
AF>DMaF;A9
<G
AF>AFALANG
<9
AFL=JJG?9^]G
<AJ=L9 EI9
:5N9F KLM<GK
E9AK
J=;=FL=K
FGK
=FKAF9E
IM=
G
AF>AFALANG
F=KL=K
;9KGK
K=
=PHDA;9
HGJ
;GFL9EAF9^]G
KAFLYLA;9
<=
ME9
GJ9^]G
<=
AF>AFALANG
FG
D9LAE B=<=@
<569C
8=79F9
;GE
ME9
GJ9^]G
<=
J=D9LANG
FG
D9LAE B=<=@
<569C
EIC8
8=75A

<AK;MKK]G
<G
HJG:D=E9
K=
9;@9
FG
9JLA?G
<=
9?
)GJ:=J? 4IA
#B:=B=H=J
=B
@5H
F5;9 v IB8
,9@5H
=JGUHN9B F9
J=NAKL9
9D=E] !@CHH5

331$$

H

=
FG
DANJG
<G
E=KEG
9MLGJ
-MBH5?H=G7<9
CFG7<IB;9B

=
KK 
GF<=
K=
=F;GFLJ9
=PL=FK9
:A:DAG?J9>A9
KL9
KAF?MD9J
AF=P9LA<]G
<=
=PHJ=KK]G
H9J9
MK9J
9K
H9D9NJ9K
<=
(=Q=J'j:C= !F5A
A5=F9
$$$
l

HGJIM=
;GFLJ9JA9
G
;GF;=ALG
<=
GJ9^g=K
<=K=FNGDNA<9K
=
J=<MRA<9K
K=
=PHDA;9
H9J9
HA>[FAG
A9K
!F5ARH=75
*CFHI;I9G5
@9A9BH5F
l

= -=BH5L9
"=GH_F=75
ll

9
*:K
p
=

HGJ
ME9
=DAHK=
<= DC89F 89J9F GM <5J9F
FG
HJ=K=FL=
GM
HJ=L
AEH=J>=ALG
)]G
@Y
ME
EGE=FLG
IM=
DCGG5ACG
H=J<=J
)]G
K9:A9
IM=
<5J=5
89
>9R=J


)]G
FGK
>GA
HGKKbN=D
>AP9J
9
GHAFA]G
<=>AFALAN9
<=
(YJAG
9JJ=LG
HGAK
IM=
9LJ9N_K
<=
KM9
=PL=FK9
G:J9
=F;GFLJ9EGK
9K
<M9K
=PHDA;9^g=K
)GK s@H=ACG
GHI8CG
HH
 
=E
9JLA?G
<=
 
H=FK9
;GEG
HA>[FAG
A9K
=
D@=
;AL9
9 !F5ARH=75
*CFHI;I9G5
@9A9BH
5F
)9
p
=<A^]G
<GK (CJ[GG=ACG
GHI8CG
H
 
FGL9
9FL=JAGJ
HGJL9FLG
9G
9JLA?G
9FL=K
;AL9<G
;GFLJ9JA9
9
HA>[FAG
A9K
NAKAN=DE=FL=
AF>DM=F;A9<G
IM=
=KL9N9
H=DG
l

:
<GK
=P;=D=FL=K Q@9A9BHG
89
&=B;I=GH=EI9
,CA5B9
<=

GMJ;A=R
=E:GJ9
F]G
D@=
>9^9
J=>=J
aF;A9
=
FGK
<Y
ME9
DA^]G
<A?F9
<=
J=H=LA<9
x,M9F<G
K=
LJ9L9
<=
AFL=JJG?9^]G
AF<AJ=L9
>=AL9
HGJ
E=AG
<=
ME
HJGFGE=
GM
<=
ME
9<
N_J:AG
AFL=JJG?9LANG
G
=EHJ=?G
<G
AF>AFALANG
F9
>J9K=
KM:GJ<AF9<9
;GE
;GF<A^]G
IM=
G
KMB=ALG
<=D9
K=B9
G
E=KEG
IM=
G
<9
HJAF;AH9D
_
=>=ALG
<=
ME
;JMR9E=FLG
KAFLYLA;G
0E9
>J9K=
;GEG B9G7=C
EI=8
8=75A
9HJGPAE9<9
FG
FGKKG
=KHbJALG 89
B9G7=C
8=79F9
<Y
DM?9J
9
B9G7=C
EI=8
8=79F9 FG
D9LAE
>9D9<G
GFL9EAF9EK=
<M9K
;GFKLJM^g=K (VC
G569
EI9
8=;5
 BVC
G569
8=N9F
B585  BVC
G569
EI9
8=N9F
$<aFLA;9
;GE:AF9^]G
GM
>MK]G
<=
<M9K
>J9K=K
KAFfFAE9K
<=
=KLJMLMJ9
FGJE9D
9;@9J=EGK
=E (VC
G9=
7CAC
8=;5
=GGC  BVC
G9=
8=N9F
=GGC
 BVC
G9=
7CAC
8=N9F
w
MK;GM
9IM=D=
DM?9J
GF<=
>AR=KK=
H=FALaF;A9

:MK;GM
9IM=D=
DM?9J
H9J9
>9R=J
H=FALaF;A9

:MK;GM
9IM=D=
DM?9J
GF<=
>9R=J
H=FALaF;A9
w
AK
9IMA
LJaK
=P=EHDGK
<9
;GFKLJM^]G
;GE
AF>AFALANG
;GFKLJM^]G
IM=
F=KL=
;9KG
G
D9LAE
;DYKKA;G
F]G
9<EALA9
E9K
KAE
9
<G
N=J:G
>AFALG
=E
KM:BMFLANG
9
IM9D
L9E:_E
9<EAL=
G
A<AGE9
HGJ
LM?MaK
xAF@=AJG
F]G
9;AL9N9E
<=
=KEGD9
HGJIM=
F]G
9;@9N9E EI9
7CADF5F ;GE
=D=y
.GMK9 B5=G
89
@F9=

$CVC
.9F79=FC
HM:DA;9<GK
HGJ

#=J;MD9FG
'AK:G9

H

x)]G
K=A EI9
:5N9F 9G
L=M
;GJ9^]Gy
9EADG '9A_F=5G
89
!I=@<9FA9
8C
A5F5@
p
=< 
H

x)]G
K9:A9
=K;J=N=J
F]G
LAF@9
FAF?M_E 5
EI9A
D98=F 9
=KEGD9
<=
ME9
;9JL9y
$<  '5F=5
'C=GXG
p
H9JL=
H

=<
<=

(9K
AKLG
>9RK=
IM9F<G
G
9?=FL=
<9
GJ
9^]G
KM:GJ<AF9FL=
_
G
E=KEG
IM=
G
<9
HJGHGKA^]G
KM:GJ<AF9<9
,M9F<G
;9<9
ME9
L=E
G
K=M
FGEAF9LANG
F]G
L=E
;9:AE=FLG
MK9J
G
AF>AFALANG
w
$F<9?9E=
LM EI9 HG<=JY
=D9
L=J
w
+=J?MFL9D@= EI9 L=E
w
)]G
K=A EI9 FGLGM
)]G
_
9;=ALYN=D
9
=PHDA;9^]G
IM=
<G
AF>AF
ALANG
<]G
9D?MFK
9MLGJ=K
=
=FLJ=
=D=K
G
ADMKLJ=
>ADeDG?G
.J
HA>[FAG
A9K
F9
KM9
=P;=D=FL=
!F5ARH=75
*CFHI;I9G5
@9A9BH5F
l

KMHGF<G
9
=DAHK=
<GK
N=J:GK DC89F 89J9F FG
HJ=K=FL=
GM
HJ=L_JALG
AEH=J>=ALG
<G
;GFBMFLANG
!A?MJ=K=
=KL=
=P=EHDG (VC
@<9
C7CFF9I
EI9
DC89F
F9D@=75FA9
)]G
_
HGKKbN=D
KM:=FL=F<=JK=
G
E=KEG
N=J:G
FME
EG<G
H=KKG9D
*
E=KEG
K=
<AJY
<=KLGMLJG
=P=EHDG
Ke
;GE
<A>=J=F^9
IM=
=E
N=R
<9
>J9K=
AFL=JJG?9LAN9
K=
LJ9L9
<9
J=D9LAN9
x)]G
LAF@9
G
?GN=JF9<GJ
:9AP=D9K
F=E
<A9E9FL=K 89
EI9
DC89F
J5@9F
G9
9KKAE
J=;GJJ=M
9
GMLJGK
H=F@GJ=K
9
IM=
9
>A<=DA<9<=
<=M
N9DA9
9
)9LMJ=R9
F]Gy
%9;AFLG
!J=AJ= 0=85
89

$CVC
89
5GHFC
DAN
$$$
FhE=JG

FL=K
<=
HfJ
>AE
9
=KL9
FGL9
D=E:J9FGK
9
K=?MAFL=
H9KK9?=E
<G
DANJG
<ANAFG
<=
!J=A
'MbK
<=
.GMK9
F9
IM9D
K=
=EHJ=?9
=E
GJ9^g=K
J=D9LAN9K
G
AF>AFALANG
;GEG
=IMAN9D=FL=
<G
KM:BMFLANG
D9LAFG
x KL9N9
G
9J;=:AKHG
Ke
F]G
LAF@9
@GE=E 89
EI9A
G9
J5@9F
D9F^GM
GK
GD@GK
H=D9
;9K9
F]G
NAM
;GAK9 EI9
85F
=
NAMK=
G:JA?9<G
9
9;M<AJy0=85
89

F
5FHC@CA9I
8CG
'RFH=F9G
DAN
$
;9H

 >
6': 

=

=
KK 7
<GF<=
=PLJ9bEGK
GK
=P=EHDGK
 >
6. 
7
+9J9
G
D9LAE
6) 
7
 %MD?9EGK
AFBMKL9
9
;GF<=F9^]G
<=
(YJAG
9JJ=LG
6(9 

<9
p
=< 7
xW
ME
<GK
AFKLAFLGK
E9AK
F9LMJ9AK
<G
FGKKG
>9D9J
E9K
=E
EMALGK
L=PLGK
=K;JALGK
ME9
HJ=G;MH9^]G
H=<9FL=K;9
<9K
E9AK
<=K;9:A<9K
Hg=
<=
FGNG
G
HJGFGE=
_
ME
AF<b;AG
KAF?M
D9J
<=
<=>GJE9^]G
9JLA>A;A9Dy
)GK s@H=ACG
GHI8CG K=
EGKLJ9
E=FGK
JA?GJGKG
x*K
N=J:GK
J=>D=PANGK
FG
AF>AFALANG
<=HGAK
<GK
N=J:GK :5N9F 89=L5F CIJ=F J9F
H=J<=E
=E
?=J9D
G
K=M
HJGFGE=
;GEHD=E=FLGy
6(9 
7
 /=EK=
<ALG
IM=
HA>[FAG
A9K
-=BH5L9
"=GH_F=75
l


*:K
p
9<EAL=
9
;GF
KLJM^]G
;=FKMJ9<9
H=DGK
?J9EYLA;GK
N=B9K=
=FLJ=
GMLJGK


+AJ=K
<=
'AE9
F9
KM9
J=
K=F@9
AF ,9J=GH5
&IG=H5B5
333
H

Fq

E9K
9
J=<9^]G
<G
ADMKLJ=
KAFL9LA;AKL9
F]G
FGK
9MLGJAR9
9
H=FK9J
9KKAE
/J9L9F<G
<GK
N=J:GK
IM=
H=<=E
GJ9^]G
G:B=LAN9
<AJ=L9
<AR



=E
G:K=JN9^]G
xD?MFK
<GK
N=J:GK
<=
IM=
LJ9L9
=KL=
l
L9E:_E
LaE
GMLJ9
KAFL9P=
N
? 

D98=F L9E:_E
K=
;GFKLJeA
AFLJ9FKALAN9E=FL=
K=?MA<G
<= D5F5
EI9
GM D5F5 ;GE
AF>AFAL
ANGy

9;J=K;=FL9
x/9E:_E
=E
D9LAE
9
GJ9^]G
<= IH IM=
K=
BMFL9
9G
N=J:G D9HC _
GJA?AF
9JA9E=FL=
ME9
GJ9^]G
>AF9Dy
+GF<G
<=
D9<G
9
9J?ME=FL9^]G
<G
D9LAE
;J=AG
F]G
=F;GFLJ9J
EGK
>MF<9E=FLG
<=
IM=
9
;GFKLJM^]G
;=FKMJ9<9
L=F@9
G
:=F=HDY;ALG
<=
HA>[FAG
IM=D=
=BHF5BG=H=J5A9BH9 FGK
D=N9
9
AFL=JHJ=L9J
9KKAE
9
DA^]G
FGL=K=
IM=
F9
FGE=F;D9LMJ9
?J9
E9LA;9D
<G
KAFL9LA;AKL9
HGJLM?MaK #BHF5BG=H=JC _
G
N=J:G
IM=
F]G
H=<=
;GEHD=E=FLG
GM
IM=
H=<=
;GEHD=E=FLG
AF<AJ=LG
HA>[FAG
<=>=F<A9
G
=EHJ=?G
<G
N=J:G D98=F K=E
G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG @=79BW5
EG<G
<=
<AR=J
IM=
[F<A<G
<=
!A?M=AJ=<G
=
GMLJGK
LAF@9E
HGJ
=JJfF=G
;GF>GJE=
K=
Na
<9
<=>=K9
<=
-MA
9J:GK9 ,XD@=75

<9
 p
=<
FGL9

<G
F q

.GEGK
<=
GHAFA]G
IM=
FG
;9KG
<G
N=J:G D98=F @GMN=
;GFLY?AG
<9
FG^]G
<=
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
;GE
9
<=
9<N=J:A9D
<=
>AE
IM=
9
=PHJ=KK]G
DAF?MbKLA;9
LJ9<MR
HGJ
>GJE9K
;GF<=FK9
<9K
<9F<G
G;9KA]G
EMAL9K
N=R=K
9G
9H9J=;AE=FLG
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G
;GEG
HGKN_J:AG
;>
G
;9HbLMDG
<GK
;GEHD=E=FLGK
N=J:9AK
/9AK
>GJE9K
;GF<=FK9<9K
K]G
>J=IM=FL=K 5H=F5F
C
@=J
FC = 5H=F5F
7CA
C
@=JFC ;GF<=FK9^]G
<9
FG^]G
<=
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
;GE
9
<=
9<N=J:A9D
<=
AF
KLJME=FLG C@<5F
CG
75ADCG = C@<5F
D5F5
CG
75ADCG <G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
=
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
<=
<AJ=^]G
<=
DM?9J DIL5F
5
9GD585 = DIL5F
85
9GD585 <G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
=
9<BMFLG
9<
N=J:A9D
<=
DM?9J
<GF<=
GJA?=E D9;5F
5
D9B5 = D9;5F
B5
D9B5 <G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
=
<G
9<
BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
<=
DM?9J
=L; 
GF<=
G
H=FK9E=FLG
F]G
;GFKA<=J9
9H=F9K
G
G:B=LG
E9K
=F
;9J=;=
ME9
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9
;GF;GEAL9FL=
F9
J=9DAR9^]G
<G
HJG;=KKG
AF<A;9<G
H=DG
N=J:G
FLJ=L9FLG
9JDGK
"eAK
H=FK9F<G
IM=
G D5F5 J=?=
9
GJ9^]G
G:B=LAN9
<AJ=L9
=PHDA;9
G
>9LG
HGJ
;JMR9E=FLG
KAFLYLA;G
xG
;JMR9E=FLG
<9
HJAE=AJ9
>GJE9
;GE
G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
=P
HJ=KKG IA
GC@858C
D98=I@<9
@=79BW5
D5F5
G5=F
;GE
9
K=?MF<9
;GE
G
G:B=LG
<AJ=LG
AF<=
L=JEAF9<G IA
GC@858C
D98=I@<9
D5F5
G5=F
J=KMDLGM
ME9
L=J;=AJ9
v
9
<G
N=J:G D98=F
K=?MA<9
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G D5F5 J=?=F<G
=KL9
F]G
E9AK
G
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
<=
>AE
FGL=K=
:=E
E9K
G
HJeHJAG
G:B=LG
<AJ=LGy
-=BH5L9
89
,9;ZB7=5
 
 +GJ
AKKG
_
AFBMKL9
9
;JbLA;9
>=AL9
HGJ

!=DA;A9FG
<=
9KLAD@G
v
=
9
;JbLA;9
>GA
9;GD@A<9
H=DG
FGKKG
ADMKLJ=
?J9EYLA;G

9JDGK
+=J=AJ9
!F5ARH=75
LDCG=H=J5
l

AF
"9DA;AK
EGK
!J9K=GDe?A;GK
9G
K=?MAFL=
LJ=;@G
<G
+9<J=
=JF9J<=K
=
FGL=K=
IM=
=KLY
;GE
9
J=
KH=;LAN9
NbJ?MD9
x)GK
;9KGK
;@9E9<GK
F9K
=K;GD9K
9:KGDMLGK
GM
9:D9LANGK
9:KGDMLGK
<GK
JGE9FGK
9FL=Hg=
=JF9J<=K
9D?ME9
N=R
G
KM:KL9FLANG
9G
9<B=LANG
G
IM=
E9AK
KG9
9
>J9F;aK
IM=
9
HGJLM?MaK
?=FMbFG
=
K=
<=N=
=NAL9J
;GE
?J9F<=
=K;JhHMDG
x!J=A
GEAF?GK
NAF<G
<=
/GJLGK9
H9J9
19D=F^9
;GE
GMLJGK
;GEH9F@=AJGK
IM=
LAF@9E
A<G
LGE9J
GJ<=FK
K=
D@=
9BMFLGM
9G
;9EAF@G
ME
EG^G
EMA
;GF>A9<G
=L; y
#9NA9
<=
<AR=J
x1AF<G
!J=A
GEAF?GK
=L; y'ANJ9JA9
DYKKA;9
+9<J=
(9FM=D
=JF9J<=K
$$

+GF<G
<=
D9<G
9
DA^]G
<=
?J9EYLA;9
<=
ME
9E9<GJ
9AF<9
IM=
ADMKLJ=
9<A9FL9EGK
IM=
G
HJ=L=FKG
=JJG
F]G
_
<=
=JF9J<=K
E9K
<G
;JbLA;G
ME9
N=R
IM=
K=
Da
G
K=?MAFL=
F9 (CJ5
@CF9GH5
x1AF<G
G
K=JNG
<=
=MK
<=
LGJLGK9
H9J9
19D=F^9 y
$$$
 
 .=E
J9R]G
'=AL=
<=
19K;GF;=DGK
&=Wc9G
89
=@C@C;=5
 
;GF<=F9
;GEG
?9DA;AKEG
9
H9D9NJ9 D5GG5;9A
FG
K=FLA<G
9IMA
=EHJ=?9<G
E9F<9F<G
KM:KLALMbD9
HGJ D5GGC
*K
E=D@GJ=K
=K;JALGJ=K
<9
DbF?M9
MK9E D5GG5;9A F=KL9
9;=H^]G
=
G
;DYKKA;G =7=CBRF=C
89
'CF5=G 
9
J=?AKLJ9
K=E
F=F@ME9
;JbLA;9
 KKAE
=K;J=N=M
D=P9F<J=
#=J;MD9FG
=
F]G
;GEG
9H9J=;=
F9
=<A^]G
EG<=JF9
<9 B
HC@C;=5
(57=CB5@ <=
!9MKLG
9JJ=LG
=
9JDGK
<=
'9=L
H
 5BH9G
89
C
75GC
GI7989F
GE
9
J=KHGFK9:ADA<9<=
<GK
9FLA?GK
=<ALGJ=K
<9 
(57=CB5@ ;GJJA9
9
;GE:AF9^]G
LA<9
HGJ
;GJJ=L9
DAYK
'9=L
HJ9LA;9N9
9
;GE:AF9^]G
FLJ=
9K
<M9K
GHAFAg=K
9FLAFfEA;9K
=
AF;GF
;ADAYN=AK
<G
%G]G
!=JF9F<=K
=KL9 8C
75F5 K=J
=PeLA;G
 
=
9IM=D9
<=
K=J
AF<b?=F9
 
)6F5G
-9@9H5G
$$

 +9J9
E9AGJ=K
=P=EHDGK
N=B9K=
G
HJ=KLAEGKG
DANJG
<G
+9<J=
+=<JG
<JA]G .F58=Wc9G
@RGG=75G
85
&[B;I5
*CFHI;I9G5
l

H



 /9D
HJ=;=ALG
?J9E9LA;9D
K=
LGJF9
9AF<9
E9AK
<A>b;AD
<=
K=
;GF;ADA9J
;GE
9
HJYLA;9

IM9F<G
K=
=KLY
<A9FL=
<=
;GFKLJM^g=K
;GEG )
:5HC
X
89J=8C
) HGJ 5
C 5J=VC
G9
H9F
5H

F5G58C GM
FGMLJ9
GJ<=E X
89J=8C
5
G9
H9F
C
5J=VC
5HF5G58C *,)
A9B=BC HGJ D5F5
C
A9B=BC J9F
.=FLAEGK
<AK;GJ<9J
<9
DA^]G
<=
-=:=DG
"GF^9DN=K
FG
K=M .F5H58C
89
)FHC
;F5:=5 H

*:K
p
;MBGK
=P=EHDGK
F]G
N]G
=E
KM9
<=>=K9
>
A=R !F5AA5=F9
$$$
 
=
(=Q=J'j:C= !F5AA5=F9
$$$
l

 >
9AF<9
<G
E=KEG
9MLGJ =:=7I@8589G
85
&[B;I5
*CFHI;I9G5

=
.GDA<fFAG
'=AL= @RGG=7CG
GEI97=8CG

=
KK
/9E:_E
;GFKA<=J9E
9J;9A;9
9
;GE:AF9^]G
HA
>[FAG
A9K


*:K
p
=
DYM<AG
J9F<]G


 GE=FL9
;GE
J9R]G
.GMK9
<9
.ADN=AJ9
.F97<CG
-9@9HCG

<9
 9
=< 
x*
HGKK=KANG
FG
HDMJ9D
<=L=JEAF9F<G
<GAK
KM:KL9FLANGK
<G
KAF?MD9J
=
=NAL9F<G
9KKAE
G
AEHJ=;AKG
<=
xG
FGKKG
9KbDAG
=
MJ]Gy
=
G
H=K9<G
<=
xG
FGKKG
9KbDAG
=
FGKKG
MJ]G
> 
x*K
E=KEGK
+ALL
=
)9HGD=]G
9H=K9J
<=
HJ=;G;=K
F]G
>GJ9E
LM<G
9GK
NAFL=
=
ME
9FGKy
(
<=
KKAK
*5DX=G
JI@GCG

 KLY
;GJJ=LG
F=KL=
;9KG
L9E:_E
G
=EHJ=?G
<9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
9
>GJE9
?J9E9LA;9D
<9
H9D9NJ9
<=L=JEAF9<9
xGE
=KL=K
D=ALGJ=K
9KKAE
HJ=NAKLGK
G
E9AK
9;=JL9<G
=
EG<=KLG
_
5
;9BH9
G9F
G=B79F5y
6J 5DI8 (9 
7
 +G<=
G;GJJ=J
9
9H9J=FL=
<AK;GJ<[F;A9
=FLJ=
ME
FGE=
=
ME
HJGFGE=
x'MbK
=K;J=N=M
ME9 C89 9<EAJYN=D
;GEG
K9:A9
=K;J=Na@5G %G]G
-A:=AJG
 *
E=KEG
9EADG
J=HJGNGM
9
ME
9EA?G
L9D
HJYLA;9
<=
DAF?M9?=E
x.=
>AR=J=K
L=J;=AJ9
=<A^]G
<=N=K
HMJA>A;YD9
<9K
H9D9NJ9K A9GAC ;GEG
9<N_J:AG
HGKLG
IM=
L=F@9K
ME
=P=E
HDG
=E
9Eg=K
=
GMLJGK
=E

!J9F;AK;G
(9FM=D
<=
(=DGy
6J 
$$
7
 YK=
9G
>=FfE=FG
G
FGE=
<=
;GFL9EAF9^]G
GM
;JMR9E=FLG
KAFLYLA;G
> Contaminao sinttica
 D=E=FLG
<=;AKANG
9IMA
_
G
JALEG
;GE
IM=
K=
HJG>=J=
9
GJ9^]G
IM=
<=L=JEAF9
9
;GF
;GJ<[F;A9
;GE
G
KMB=ALG
GM
;GE
G
HJ=<A;9LANG
.]G
GHGJLMF9K
9K
;GFKA<=J9^g=K
<=
-G<JA?
M=K
'9H9
F=KL=
K=FLA<G
F9
KM9 GH=@[GH=75
 .G:J=
=KL9
hDLAE9
HGKKA:ADA<9<=
;GE=FL9
.9A<
DA
x
>GJ^9
<=
;GE:9L=JK=
ME9
;GF
;GJ<[F;A9
IM=
F]G
_
E9AK
<G
IM=
G
;GJGDYJAG
<=
ME
>=FfE=FG
<=
KAFL9P=
@AKLeJA;9
HGJ
LM?M=K9
>MF<9<9
=E
KAFL9P=
D9LAF9
L=E
<=K9H9J=;A<G
<9
DAF?M9?=E
DAL=JYJA9
G
=EHJ=?G
<=
EI9A ;GE
N=J:G
=E
 9
=
9
H=KKG9
NA?GJ9F<G
LG<9NA9
9
9FLA?9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
<=K<=
IM=
K=
=EHJ=?M= EI9 =E
DM?9J
<= EI9Ay
CD @5I8 
 +G<=
<9JK=
9
GEAKK]G
<= IA
x!GA
<GK
hDLAEGK
IM= IG5F5A HJ=KAD@9K
JG<9IM=
=
?J9N9L9
<=
EG<9y
(
<=
KKAK

9KEMJJG
 
HJ=K=FL=
DAKL9
F]G
<AKH=FK9
9
;GFKMDL9
9G
<A;AGFYJAG
G
<=
J=?aF;A9
ME9
N=R
IM=
G
=EHJ=?G
<G
N=J:G
;GEG
LJ9FKALANG
;GE
GM
K=E
HJ=HGKA^]G
GM
AFLJ9FKALANG
<=H=F<=
<=
KM9
KA?FA>A;9^]G
,M9F<G
9G
N=J:G
K=
K=?M=
ME
LJ9N=KK]G
v
AKLG
KA?FA>A;9
IM=
=D=
HG<=
K=J
L9E:_E
MK9<G
LJ9FKALAN9E=FL=
+GJ
=P=EHDG 5H9B89Fv 5 5H9B89F
C
7@=9BH9 C
7@=9BH9
:C=
5H9B8=8C
5H9B8Z@C 5H9B89F
5C
7@=9BH9
0E9K
N=R=K
9
N9JA=<9<=
F]G
AEHDA;9
EM<9F^9
<=
KA?FA>A;
9<G
GMLJ9K
N=R=K
KAE
9b
9
F=;=KKA<9<=
<=
;GFKMDL9
9GK
<A;AGFYJAGK
H9J9
K=
L=J
ME9
DA^]G
E9AK
;GEHD=L9
=
9<=IM9<9
*
HJAF;AH9D
G:B=LANG
<9
J=D9^]G
_
G>=J=;=J
9G
D=ALGJ
9
HJ=
HGKA^]G
IM=
9;GEH9F@9
G
N=J:G
IM=J
FG
;GEHD=E=FLG
IM=J
FG
9<BMFLG
9<N=J:A9D
 x)G
K=FLA<G
<= A5B85F
J=F _
LJ9FKALANG
<AJ=LG
FG
<= 85F
BCA9 _
LJ9FKALANG
AF<AJ=LG
%Y
_
EMALG
;GJJ=FL=
FG
J9KAD
9
;GFKLJM^]G 7<5A5F
89 ;GE
G:B
<AJ 
;GFL9EAF9<9
<=
GMLJ9K
;GEG 57IG5F 5F;I=F
89y
6) 
7
 0K9K=
L9E:_E
LJ9FKALANG
=E
+GJLM?9D
;GE
G
K=FLA<G
<=
xF9EGJ9Jy
LJ9L9J
AFLAE9E=FL=



 *M
;MEHJAJ
KAEHD=KE=FL=
 .=E
9
HJ=HGKA^]G
=PHJAE=
G:JA?9^]G
;GE 89
HJG:9:ADA<9<=
P 0C7Z
89J9
H9F

75DF=7<C @5
89J9
89
H9F
EI=BN9
5BCG
 )G
KA?FA>A;9<G
<= F9GI@H5F _
LJ9FKALANG
<AJ=LG #GHC
=AD@=75
9FFC
 )G
KA?FA>A;9<G
<= DFC8IN=F 575FF9H5F _
LJ9FKALANG
<AJ=LG
 'CF58CF
B5
FI5
H5@ BC
@5F;C
H5@ =
F]G S
FI5
H5@
 W
;GDGIMA9D
G
MKG
<9
HJ=HGKA^]G 7CA
AF>DM=F;A9<G
L9DN=R
H=D9
J=?aF;A9
<= 75G5F
 )]G
HG<=
9;=AL9J
G:B
<AJ=LG
<=
H=KKG9
+9?M=A C
AX8=7C
E9K
KAE
<=
;GAK9
H9?9
+9?M9=
5
7CBH5 9G
?9J^]G
 W
=JJfF=G
G
=EHJ=?G
<G
9<N_J:AG 5BH9G GM A5=G ;GE
=KL=
N=J:G
HGJIM=
9
FG^]G
<=
HJ=>=JaF;A9
GM
=P;=DaF;A9
BY
=KLY
;GFLA<9
FG
HJ=>APG
W
L9E:_E
=JJfF=G
G
MKG
<9
;GFBMF
^]G
;GEH9J9LAN9 EI9 GM 8C
EI9
=N=
<AR=JK= DF9:=FC
=GHC
SEI=@C DF9:=FC
C
H95HFC
5C
7=B9A5
 *
MKG
<= 5 _
;GFKA<=J9<G
=JJ9<G
;GE
=P9?=JG
HGJ
>J9F;=KAKEG
 )G
K=FLA<G
<= 9GH=A5F EI9F9F
69A
 -=HC
B5
FI5
H5@ BC
@5F;C
H5@ =
F]G S
FI5
 .=D=^]G
<=
>9LGK
9HJ=K=FL9<GK
HGJ
!
%
(9JLAFK
.=IM=AJ9
=E ,C@
89
GHF5B;9=F=GACG

III Pontuao

$$$
v
+GFLM9^]G
*K
<AN=JKGK
LAHGK
<=
KAF9AK
<=
HGFLM9^]G

Os diversos tipos de sinais de pontuao v GE )AF9 9L9;@ =F

L=F<=EGK HGJ HGFLM9^]G ME xKAKL=E9 <= J=>GJ^G <9 =K;JAL9 ;GFKLALMb<G <=
KAF9AK KAFLYLA;GK <=KLAF9<GK 9 GJ?9FAR9J 9K J=D9^g=K = 9 HJGHGJ^]G <9K
H9JL=K <G <AK;MJKG = <9K H9MK9K GJ9AK = =K;JAL9K KL=K KAF9AK L9E:_E H9J
LA;AH9E <= LG<9K 9K >MF^g=K <9 KAFL9P= ?J9E9LA;9AK =FLGF9;AGF9AK =
K=E[FLA;9Ky
6) 
7
*K KAF9AK <= HGFLM9^]G <9L9E <= _HG;9 J=D9LAN9E=FL= J=;=FL= F9
@AKLeJA9 <9 =K;JAL9 =E:GJ9 K= HGKK9 9>AJE9J ME9 ;GFLAFMA<9<= <= 9D?MFK
KAF9AK <=K<= GK ?J=?GK D9LAFGK = 9DL9 $<9<= (_<A9 ;GFKLALM=E @GB= H=^9
>MF<9E=FL9D <9 ;GEMFA;9^]G = K= AEHg=E ;GEG G:B=LG <= =KLM<G =
9HJ=F<AR9<G G D9<G <GK ?J9>=E9K IM= xN=KL=Ey GK >GF=E9K GK EGJ
>=E9K = 9K MFA<9<=K KMH=JAGJ=K =KK=K KAF9AK =PLJ99D>9:_LA;GK ;GEG
9KKAF9D9 9L9;@ K]G =KK=F;A9DE=FL= MFA<9<=K KAFLYLA;9K xKAF9AK <= GJ
9^g=Ky = xKAF9AK <= H9D9NJ9Ky HG<=F<G ;GEML9J ;GE L9AK MFA<9<=K
9D>9:_LA;9K KM:KLALMbD9K = LGE9J <= =EHJ_KLAEG K=M N9DGJ KKAE ME
9HeKLJG>G AF<A;9 9 KMHJ=KK]G <= ME ?J9>=E9 ME9 NbJ?MD9 ME9 MFA<9<= <=
;GGJ<=F9^]G GM <= KM:GJ<AF9^]G )9 =KKaF;A9 GK KAF9AK <= HGFLM9^]G
;GFKLALM=E
ME
LAHG
=KH=;A9D
<=
?J9>=E9K
+G<=K= =FL=F<=J 9 HGFLM9^]G <= <M9K E9F=AJ9K FME9 9;=H^]G
D9J?9 = FGMLJ9 J=KLJAL9  HJAE=AJ9 9:9J;9 F]G Ke GK KAF9AK <= HGFLM9^]G
HJGHJA9E=FL= <ALGK E9K <= J=9D;= = N9DGJAR9^]G <G L=PLG LbLMDGK JM:JA;9K
E9J?=FK =K;GD@9 <= =KH9^GK = <= ;9J9;L=J=K = AF<G E9AK 9D_E 9 <AK
HGKA^]G
<GK
;9HbLMDGK
=
G
EG<G
<=
;GF>=;^]G
<G
DANJG
.=?MF<G 9 ;GF;=H^]G J=KLJAL9 9 HGFLM9^]G _ ;GFKLALMb<9 HGJ MFK
L9FLGK KAF9AK ?JY>A;GK 9KKAE <AKLJA:Mb<GK GK =KK=F;A9DE=FL= G9D5F58CF9G
NbJ?MD9 6  7 HGFLG = NbJ?MD9 6  7 HGFLG >AF9D 6 7 HGFLG <= =P;D9E9^]G 6
 7 J=LA;aF;A9K 6 7 = GK KAF9AK <= ;GEMFA;9^]G GM xE=FK9?=Ey <GAK
HGFLGK 6  7 9KH9K KAEHD=K 6z {7 9KH9K <MHD9K 6 x y 7 G LJ9N=KK]G KAEHD=K 6
v 7 G LJ9N=KK]G <MHDG 6 w 7 GK H9JaFL=K=K 6   7 GK ;GD;@=L=K GM




H9JaFL=K=K J=LGK 6 6 7 7 9 ;@9N= 9:=JL9 6 S 7 9 ;@9N= >=;@9<9 6 U 7 D?MFK

<=KL=K <GAK LAHGK <= KAF9AK 9<EAL=E 9AF<9 ME9 KM:<ANAK]G =E KAF9AK <=
D5IG5 7CB7@IG5 >MF<9E=FL9DE=FL= G HGFLG = <=HGAK HGFLG = NbJ?MD9 G
HGFLG <= AFL=JJG?9^]G G HGFLG <= =P;D9E9^]G 9K J=LA;aF;A9K IM9F<G =E
>MF^]G ;GF;DMK9 = <= D5IG5 =B7CB7@IG5 >MF<9E=FL9DE=FL= H=D9 NbJ?MD9
E9K L9E:_E HGJ <GAK HGFLGK H9JaFL=K=K LJ9N=KK]G ;GD;@=L=K IM9F<G =E
>MF^]G
AF;GF;DMK9
A
_
IM9F<G
9K
GJ9^g=K
=KL]G
9JLA;MD9<9K
=FLJ=
KA
 HJAE=AJ9 H9D9NJ9 <=HGAK <= ME KAF9D <= H9MK9 ;GF;DMK9 _ =K;JAL9
;GE D=LJ9 AFA;A9D E9AhK;MD9 K= 9 GJ9^]G K=?MAFL= ;GFKLALMA FGNG ;GFBMFLG
<= A<=A9K GM EM<9F^9 <= AFL=JDG;MLGJ <= <AYDG?G K=JY =K;JALG F9 GMLJ9
DAF@9
=
L=JY
G
K=M
>AF9D
E9J;9<G
H=DG
HGFLG
H9JY?J9>G
KL=K KAF9AK F]G K= 9HDA;9E A?M9DE=FL= 9 LG<9K 9K 9LANA<9<=K DAF
?MbKLA;9K J9R]G HGJ IM= HG<=E K=J <AKLJA:Mb<GK =E LJaK <GEbFAGK <= >MF
^]G
<9
HGFLM9^]G
9 5
DCBHI5WVC
89
D5@5JF5G =KH9^GK
=E
:J9F;G
E9AhK;MD9K
AFA;A
9AK
HGFLG
9:J=NA9LANG
LJ9^G
<=
MFA]G
@b>=F
GM
LJ9^G
<=
K=H
9J9^]G
9HeKLJG>G
KM:DAF@9<G
ALYDA;G
: 5
DCBHI5WVC
G=BHRH=75
9
7CAIB=75H=J5 9
HGFLM9^]G
HJGHJA9E=FL=
<AL9
=
G:B=LG
<=KL=
;9HbLMDG
; 5
DCBHI5WVC
8C
H9LHC
*K <GAK HJAE=AJGK 9KKAF9D9 9AF<9 9L9;@ LaE ME9 K_JA= <= ;9J9;
L=JbKLA;9K IM= GK <AKLAF?M=E <G L=J;=AJG LAHG K]G =BH9F=CF9G 9G L=PLG
9H9J=;=E <= E9F=AJ9 DAF=9J K]G ;GEMFK 9G E9FMK;JALG = 9G L=PLG AE
HJ=KKG = =E HJAF;bHAG >9R=E H9JL= <9 E=FK9?=E DAF?MbKLA;9 H=K9J <=
HG<=J=E KG>J=J AFL=J>=JaF;A9 <= GMLJ9 H=KKG9 _ :=E HJGNYN=D IM= H=J
L=F^9E Z AFA;A9LAN9 = <=;AK]G <G 9MLGJ FG K=M <=K=BG <= D=N9J 9G L=PLG 9D?G
E9AK <= =PHJ=KKANA<9<= <= ;GFLGJFG E=De<A;G JbLEA;G = =FLGF9;AGF9D
9D_E <9K H9D9NJ9K = ;GFKLJM^g=K MLADAR9<9K /G<9NA9 @Y <= K= D=N9J =E
;GFL9 IM= GK =<ALGJ=K = HJ=H9J9<GJ=K <= L=PLGK 9FLA?GK IM9F<G F=E
K=EHJ= K= HG<= H=FK9J =E ;JAL_JAGK AF=PAKL=FL=K GM ;9eLA;GK 9 EG<=JFGK
LaE EMALG AFL=J>=JA<G F9 HGFLM9^]G GJA?AF9D <G 9MLGJ <= L9D E9F=AJ9 IM=
_ EMALG HJ=;YJA9 9 ;=JL=R9 <= IM= GK KAF9AK v = HJAF;AH9DE=FL= 9 >9DL9 <=D=K
v J=N=D=E 9K >MF^g=K KAFLYLA;9K ;GEMFA;9LAN9K =PHJ=KKAN9K IM= G =K;JALGJ
HJ=L=F<=J9
H9KK9J
ZK
H9D9NJ9K
=
GJ9^g=K
=EHJ=?9<9K
FG
L=PLG
G ;GFLJYJAG FG IM= LG;9 9G L=J;=AJG LAHG <= HGFLM9^]G <=D9 H9JLA
;AH9E LG<GK GK IM= =P=J;=E 9LANA<9<= F=KK= [E:ALG ;GE >MF^g=K =K
H=;b>A;9K ;9Db?J9>GK K=;J=LYJAGK LAHe?J9>GK <A?AL9<GJ=K J=NAKGJ=K
=<ALGJ=K



'=N9F<G =E ;GFL9 L9AK <AKLAF^g=K HG<=EGK <=>AFAJ G ;GFBMFLG <GK

<GAK HJAE=AJGK LAHGK <= HGFLM9^]G IM= ;GFKLALM=E =KK=F;A9DE=FL= G G:
B=LG
<=KL=
;9HbLMDG
;GEG
G
>=R
9L9;@
xGFBMFLG
<=
KAF9AK
NAKM9AK
<=
GJ?9FAR9^]G
=
9HJ=K=FL9^]G
IM=
9;GE
H9F@9E
G
L=PLG =BH9F=CF9G 9G
L=PLG
= 7CAIBG L9FLG
9G
E9FMK;JALG
IM9FLG
9G
AEHJ=KKG
9:J9F?=
9
HGFLM9^]G
NYJA9K
;D9KK=K
<=
KAF9AK
?JY>A;GK
<AK;J=LGK
=
;GFKLALMLANGK
<=
ME
KAKL=E9
;GEHD=E=FL9F<G
GM
KMHD=E=FL9F<G
9
AF>GJE9^]G
=K;JAL9y

%Y
G
L=J;=AJG
LAHG
_
9KKAE
<=>AFA<G
H=D9
E=KE9
9MLGJ9
xGFBMFLG
<=
L_;FA;9K
NAKM9AK
<=
GJ?9FAR9^]G
=
<=
9HJ=K=FL9^]G
<G
G:B=LG
DANJG
IM=
N]G
<G
=KH9^G
=FLJ=
H9D9NJ9K
9GK
=KH9^GK
<=
HY?A
F9K
H9KK9F<G
HGJ
LG<GK
GK
HJG;=<AE=FLGK
AFL=JAGJ=K
=
=PL=JAGJ=K
9G
L=PLG
;GE
NAKL9
9G
K=M
9JJ9FBG
=
KM9
N9DGJ9^]Gy

HGFLM9^]G
=
G
=FL=F<AE=FLG
<G
L=PLG

A pontuao e o entendimento do texto v * =FMF;A9<G F]G K=

;GFKLJeA ;GE ME 9EGFLG9<G <= H9D9NJ9K = GJ9^g=K D9K K= GJ?9FAR9E K=
?MF<G HJAF;bHAGK ?=J9AK <= <=H=F<aF;A9 = AF<=H=F<aF;A9 KAFLYLA;9 =
K=E[FLA;9 J=;G:=JLGK HGJ MFA<9<=K E=De<A;9K = JbLEA;9K IM= K=<AE=FL9E
=KL=K HJAF;bHAGK +JG>=JA<9K 9K H9D9NJ9K = GJ9^g=K K=E L9AK 9KH=;LGK
E=De<A;GK = JbLEA;GK G =FMF;A9<G =KL9JA9 HJ=BM<A;9<G F9 KM9 >MF^]G
;GEMFA;9LAN9 *K KAF9AK <= HGFLM9^]G IM= BY NaE K=F<G =EHJ=?9<GK
<=K<= EMALG L=EHG HJG;MJ9E ?9J9FLAJ FG L=PLG =K;JALG =KL9 KGDA<9JA=<9<=
KAFLYLA;9 = K=E[FLA;9 +GJ AKKG ME9 HGFLM9^]G =JJfF=9 HJG<MR =>=ALGK L]G
<=K9KLJGKGK Z ;GEMFA;9^]G IM9FLG G <=K;GF@=;AE=FLG <=KK9 KGDA<9J
A=<9<=
9
IM=
FGK
J=>=JAEGK
1YJA9K KALM9^g=K AF;fEG<9K BY >GJ9E ;JA9<9K H=DG E9M =EHJ=?G <GK
KAF9AK <= HGFLM9^]G )GL=EK= 9K <A>=J=F^9K =FLJ= 9K K=?MAFL=K GJ<=FK <=
;GE9F<G
)]G
HG<=E
9LAJ9J
)]G
HG<=E
9LAJ9J

#Y FME=JGKGK BG?GK :=E E9AK <AN=JLA<GK = AFG;=FL=K <G IM= 9K

KALM9^g=K <= GJ<=E 9FL=JAGJ ;MB9 AFL=?JA<9<= ;GEMFA;9LAN9 <=H=F<= <G
:=E
=EHJ=?G
<=KK=K
KAF9AK
1=B9EGK
ME
=P=EHDG
&9J5F
IA5
D98F5
D5F5
IFCD5
IA5
5B8CF=B<5
BVC
:5N
J9FVC

*M





/A
:5N9B89=FC
H=B<5
IA
69N9FFC
9
5
AV9
8C
:5N9B89=FC
9F5
H5A6XA
C
D5=
8C
69N9FFC

+9J9 AFL=?JA<9<= <9 E=FK9?=E :9KL9 ;GDG;9J NbJ?MD9 GM HGFLG =

NbJ?MD9 <=HGAK <= AV9 FG hDLAEG =P=EHDG )G HJAE=AJG :9KL9 ME9 NbJ
?MD9
<=HGAK
<= :5N
K=F<G J9FVC 9
>GJE9
<=
>MLMJG
<G
N=J:G J9F
Ponto v * HGFLG KAEHD=K >AF9D IM= _ <GK KAF9AK G IM= <=FGL9 E9AGJ
H9MK9 K=JN= H9J9 =F;=JJ9J H=JbG<GK IM= L=JEAF=E HGJ IM9DIM=J LAHG <=
GJ9^]G
IM=
F]G
K=B9
9
AFL=JJG?9LAN9
<AJ=L9
9
=P;D9E9LAN9
=
9K
J=LA;aF;A9K
W =EHJ=?9<G 9AF<9 K=E L=J J=D9^]G ;GE 9 H9MK9 GJ9;AGF9D H9J9
9;GEH9F@9J
EMAL9K
H9D9NJ9K
9:J=NA9<9K D  9
=L;
,M9F<G G H=JbG<G GJ9^]G GM >J9K= L=JEAF9 HGJ 9:J=NA9LMJ9 F]G K=
;GDG;9 G HGFLG >AF9D 9<A9FL= <G HGFLG 9:J=NA9LANG HGAK =KL= IM9F<G ;GAF
;A<= ;GE 9IM=D= L=E <MHD9 K=JN=FLA9 P  x* HGFLG 9:J=NA9LANG Hg=K=
<=HGAK <9K H9D9NJ9K AF<A;9<9K 9:J=NA9<9E=FL= HGJ KM9K AFA;A9AK GM HGJ 9D
?ME9K <9K D=LJ9K ;GE IM= K= J=HJ=K=FL9E J ;  0 - g  #@ AC  L g  =L; y
J Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro
GE >J=IMaF;A9 9HJGPAE9K= <9K >MF^g=K <G HGFLG = NbJ?MD9 = <G
LJ9N=KK]G
IM=
ZK
N=R=K
9H9J=;=E
=E
K=M
DM?9J
Ponto pargrafo v 0E ?JMHG <= H=JbG<GK ;MB9K GJ9^g=K K= HJ=F
<=E H=DG E=KEG ;=FLJG <= AFL=J=KK= _ K=H9J9<G HGJ HGFLG ,M9F<G K=
H9KK9 <= ME H9J9 GMLJG ;=FLJG <= AFL=J=KK= AEHg=K=FGK G =EHJ=?G <G
HGFLG H9JY?J9>G AFA;A9F<GK= 9 =K;J=N=J F9 GMLJ9 DAF@9 ;GE 9 E=KE9 <AK
L[F;A9
<9
E9J?=E
;GE
IM=
;GE=^9EGK
G
=K;JALG
)9 DAF?M9?=E G>A;A9D <GK 9JLA?GK <= D=A G H9JY?J9>G _ AF<A;9<G HGJ
ME
KAF9D
=KH=;A9D

l

Ponto de interrogao v +g=K= FG >AE <9 GJ9^]G =FMF;A9<9 ;GE
=FLGF9^]G AFL=JJG?9LAN9 GM <= AF;=JL=R9 J=9D GM >AF?A<9 L9E:_E ;@9
E9<9
J=LeJA;9
FIM9FLG 9 AFL=JJG?9^]G ;GF;DMK9 <= >AF9D <= =FMF;A9<G J=IM=J
E9AhK;MD9 AFA;A9D <9 H9D9NJ9 K=?MAFL= 9 AFL=JJG?9^]G AFL=JF9 IM9K=
K=EHJ=
>A;Lb;A9
F]G
=PA?=
=KK9
AFA;A9D
E9AhK;MD9
<9
H9D9NJ9
K=?MAFL=
+=FK9K
IM=
=M
=
E=MK
9NeK
?9F@9EGK
G
<AF@=AJG
=E
;9K9K
<=
BG?GK
GM
9
N9<A9J
H=D9K
JM9K
+=DAFLJ9
6( 
 7



w
)@GF@f
<A?9
9
=KL=K
K=F@GJ=K
;GEG
_
IM=
K=
;@9E9
K=M
H9<JAF@G
w
(=M
H9<JAF@G
W
G
P;=D=FLbKKAEG
.=F@GJ
;GJGF=D
+9MDG
19R
'G:G
=K9J
<=
F<J9<=
=
.GMK9
-G<JA?M=K
<=
(9LGK
6( 
 7

* HGFLG <= AFL=JJG?9^]G Z K=E=D@9F^9 <GK GMLJGK KAF9AK F]G H=<=

IM=
9
GJ9^]G
L=JEAF=
HGJ
HGFLG
>AF9D
=P;=LG
F9LMJ9DE=FL=
K=
>GJ
AFL=JF9
w
x KIM=;=M
9D?ME9
;GMK9
H=J?MFLGM
(9J;=D9
<=
H_
FG
H9L9E9Jy
6( 
7

 AFL=JJG?9^]G AF<AJ=L9 F]G K=F<G =FMF;A9<9 =E =FLGF9^]G =KH=

;A9D <AKH=FK9 HGFLG <= AFL=JJG?9^]G * FGKKG KAKL=E9 ?JY>A;G F]G <AK
LAF?M= G HGFLG <= AFL=JJG?9^]G <9 H=J?MFL9 <= KAE GM F]G <9 H=J?MFL9
LGL9D
)G <AYDG?G HG<= 9H9J=;=J KGRAF@G GM 9;GEH9F@9<G <G <= =P
;D9E9^]G
H9J9
AF<A;9J
G
=KL9<G
<=
<hNA<9
<G
H=JKGF9?=E
<A9FL=
<G
>9LG
w
x KL=N=
;Y
G
@GE=E
<9
;9K9
=
<AKK=
IM=
<G
HJePAEG
EaK
=E
<A
9FL=
K]G
E9AK
;AFIM=FL9
w

 y
6(' 
7 

Ponto de exclamao v +g=K= FG >AE <9 GJ9^]G =FMF;A9<9 ;GE

=FLGF9^]G
=P;D9E9LAN9
x,M=
?=FLAD
IM=
=KL9N9
9
=KH9F@GD9y
6( 
7
x(9K
F9
EGJL=
IM=
<A>=J=F^9
,M=
DA:=J<9<=y
6( 
7

+g=K=
G
HGFLG
<=
=P;D9E9^]G
<=HGAK
<=
ME9
AFL=JB=A^]G
*D_
=P;D9E=A
6( 
7
@
:J=B=AJG
6( 
7

HDA;9EK= 9G HGFLG <= =P;D9E9^]G 9K E=KE9K G:K=JN9^g=K >=AL9K

9G HGFLG <= AFL=JJG?9^]G FG IM= K= J=>=J= 9G =EHJ=?G <G HGFLG >AF9D = 9G
MKG
<9
E9AhK;MD9
GM
EAFhK;MD9
AFA;A9D
<9
H9D9NJ9
K=?MAFL=
#Y =K;JALGJ=K IM= <=FGL9E 9 ?J9<9^]G <9 KMJHJ=K9 9LJ9N_K <9 F9J
J9^]G ;GE 9ME=FLG HJG?J=KKANG <G HGFLG <= =P;D9E9^]G GM <=
AFL=JJG?9^]G
x
K=JY
9KKAE
9L_
IM=
ME
K=F@GJ
9JOAF
KMJB9
=
HJGN=
9
N=J<9<=AJ9
GJA?=E
<G "CAC
G5D=9BG
w






w
.AE
D=K
FGE=9JK=]G "CAC
G5D=9BG 9H=K9J
<G
L=M
KGJJAKG
"9:

JA=D
=
L=JK=]G
;GEG
>=ALGK
HGJ
EAE
<=
ME
:9JJG
=KH=;A9D
=
Z
EAF@9
AE9?=E
=
K=E=D@9F^9
w


y
6(' 
7

Reticncias v =FGL9E AFL=JJMH^]G GM AF;GEHD=LM<= <G

H=FK9E=FLG GM HGJIM= K= IM=J <=AP9J =E KMKH=FKG GM HGJIM= GK >9LGK K=
<]G ;GE :J=N= =KH9^G <= L=EHG AFL=JN9D9J GM HGJIM= G FGKKG AFL=J
DG;MLGJ
FGK
LGE9
9
H9D9NJ9
GM
@=KAL9^]G
=E
=FMF;AYDG
xG
HJG>=JAJ
=KL9K
H9D9NJ9K
@9NA9
ME
LJ=EGJ
<=
9D=?JA9
F9
NGR
<=
(9J;=D9
=
FG
JGKLG
;GEG
IM=
K=
D@=
=KHJ9AGM
ME9
GF<9
<=
N=F
LMJ9 y
6( 
 7
x)]G
AE9?AF9
G
IM=
=D9
_
DY
=E
;9K9
>9D9
F9
K=F@GJ9
9
LG<GK
GK
AF
KL9FL=K
=
9IMA
9H9J=;=
ME9
H9EGF@9
AF<9
GFL=E
A?G
(9JA;G
L9y
6( 
 7
w
x(GJG
F9
JM9
w
)]G
IM=JG
K9:=J
GF<=
EGJ9
9L9D@GM
,MAF;9K
GJ:9y
6( 
7

+GKL9K FG >AE <G =FMF;A9<G 9K J=LA;aF;A9K <AKH=FK9E G HGFLG >AF9D

;GEG
K=
HG<=
N=J
FGK
=P=EHDGK
9;AE9
.= 9K J=LA;aF;A9K K=JN=E H9J9 AF<A;9J ME9 =FME=J9^]G AF;GF;DMK9
HG<=E
K=J
KM:KLALMb<9K
HGJ 9H7
)9 LJ9FK;JA^]G <= ME <AYDG?G 9K J=LA;aF;A9K AF<A;9E 9 F]G J=KHGKL9
<G
AFL=JDG;MLGJ
)ME9 ;AL9^]G 9K J=LA;aF;A9K HG<=E K=J ;GDG;9<9K FG AFb;AG FG
E=AG G FG >AE H9J9 AF<A;9J KMHJ=KK]G FG L=PLG LJ9FK;JALG =E ;9<9 ME9
<=KK9K H9JL=K ,M9F<G @Y KMHJ=KK]G <= ME LJ=;@G <= ;=JL9 =PL=FK]G
;GKLME9K= MK9J ME9 DAF@9 HGFLAD@9<9 =HGAK <= ME HGFLG <= AFL=JJG?
9^]G
GM
=P;D9E9^]G
HG<=E
9H9J=;=J
9K
J=LA;aF;A9K
Vrgula v
EHJ=?9K=
9
NbJ?MD9
9
H9J9
K=H9J9J
L=JEGK
;GGJ<=F9<GK
9AF<9
IM9F<G
DA?9<GK
HGJ
;GF
BMF^]G
FG
;9KG
<=
@9N=J
H9MK9
x.AE
=M
=J9
=KK=
?9J^]G
:GFALG
9AJGKG
9:9KL9<Gy
6( 
7
w
x@
:J=B=AJG
GFL9FLG
IM=
F]G
L=
<=AP=K
>A;9J
9b
AFhLAD
G:K;MJG
=
LJAKL=y
6( 
7



*bservao )9 K_JA= <= KMB=ALGK K=?MA<GK AE=<A9L9E=FL= <= N=J:G G hD

LAEG
KMB=ALG
<9
K_JA=
F]G
_
K=H9J9<G
<G
N=J:G
HGJ
NbJ?MD9
9JDGK
"GE=K
1bLGJ
(=AJ=D=K
+=<JG
E_JA;G
%GK_
<=
D=F;9J
LAF@9EF9K
;GE=^9<G
6' 
$
 7

:
H9J9
K=H9J9J
GJ9^g=K
;GGJ<=F9<9K
9<ALAN9K
9AF<9
IM=
K=B9E
AFA
;A9<9K
H=D9
;GFBMF^]G
=
HJG>=JA<9K
;GE
H9MK9
x"GKL9N9
EMALG
<9K
FGKK9K
9FLA?9K
<G:J9K
<=
GMJG
=
=M
D=N9N9D@=
IM9FL9
HG<A9
G:L=Jy
6' 
$
7
x)G
>AE
<9
E=A9
@GJ9
FAF?M_E
<AJA9
IM=
=D=
F]G
=J9
G
E9AK
9>GJLM
F9<G
<GK
@GE=FK
;GFN=JK9N9
;@9KIM=9N9
=
JA9
=
JA9E
LG<GKy
6' 
$
7

;
H9J9
K=H9J9J
GJ9^g=K
;GGJ<=F9<9K
9DL=JF9LAN9K
CI EI9F
=L;
IM9F<G
HJG>=JA<9K
;GE
H9MK9
D=
K9AJY
<9IMA
DG?G CI
9I
A9
89G@=;5F9=
8C
;FIDC
*bservao
1A?GJ9
=KL9
FGJE9
IM9F<G CI =PHJAEAJ
J=LA>A;9^]G
/=N=
<M9K
>9K=K
9
FGKK9
H9AP]G CI DA?9^]G CI IM9DIM=J
GMLJG
FGE=
IM=
=M
<=
FGE=
F]G
;MJG
6( 
 7
.= <=FGL9 =IMAN9DaF;A9 F]G K= K=H9J9 HGJ NbJ?MD9 G CI HGKLG =FLJ= <GAK L=J
EGK
.GDL=AJG CI KGDALYJAG
K=
HJ=F<=
9G
E=KEG
L=JEG
D9LAFG

<
F9K
9HGKA^g=K
=P;=LG
FG
=KH=;A>A;9LANG
xGJ9
=F>AE
<=
ME9
;9K9
IM=
=D=
E=<AL9N9
;GFKLJMAJ
H9J9
J=KA<aF;A9
HJeHJA9
;9K9
<=
>=ALAG
EG<=JFG y
6( 
7

=
H9J9
K=H9J9J
=E
?=J9D
GK
HD=GF9KEGK
=
9K
J=H=LA^g=K
IM9F<G
F]G
LaE
=>=ALG
KMH=JD9LAN9E=FL=
x)MF;9
FMF;9
E=M
9EGJy
6( 
7

;9K9
_
DAF<9
DAF<9

>
H9J9
K=H9J9J
GM
AFL=J;9D9J
NG;9LANGK
F9K
;9JL9K
9
HGFLM9^]G
_
NYJA9
=E
?=J9D
NbJ?MD9
=
F9
J=<9^]G
G>A;A9D
MK9EK=
<GAK
HGFLGK
?
H9J9
K=H9J9J
9K
GJ9^g=K
9<B=LAN9K
<=
N9DGJ
=PHDA;9LANG



xH=J?MFL9N9
9
EAE
E=KEG
HGJ
IM=
F]G
K=JA9
E=D@GJ
<=HML9<G
=
E=D
@GJ
E9JIMaK
<G
IM=
G
DG:G
)=N=K
v
=M EI9
J5@=5
A5=G
EMALG
E9AK
<G
IM=
=D=
v
y
6( 
7

@
H9J9
K=H9J9J
IM9K=
K=EHJ=
9K
GJ9^g=K
9<B=LAN9K
J=KLJALAN9K
<=
;=JL9
=PL=FK]G
HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
IM9F<G
GK
N=J:GK
<=
<M9K
GJ9^g=K
<A>=J=FL=K
K=
BMFL9E
x)G
E=AG
<9
;GF>MK]G
IM=
HJG<MRAJ9
HGJ
LG<9
9
H9JL=
=KL=
9;GFL=;A
E=FLG
AF=KH=J9<G
=
;MBG
EGLANG
=
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K
AFL=AJ9E=FL=
K=
A?
FGJ9N9E
FAF?M_E
J=H9JGM
FGK
<GAK
;9N9D=AJGK y
6# 
7
*bservao KL9 HGFLM9^]G HG<= G;GJJ=J 9AF<9 IM= K=H9J= HGJ NbJ?MD9 G
KMB=ALG
=PH9F<A<G
H=D9
GJ9^]G
9<B=LAN9
*K
IM=
>9D9E
=E
E9L_JA9K
IM=
F]G
=FL=F<=E
H9J=;=E
>9R=J
?9D9
<9
KM9
HJeHJA9
A?FGJ[F;A9
6((7

A
H9J9
K=H9J9J
9K
GJ9^g=K
AFL=J;9D9<9K
x)]G
D@=
HGKKG
<AR=J
;GE
;=JL=R9
J=KHGF<A
=My
6( 
7

B
H9J9
K=H9J9J
=E
?=J9D
9<BMFLGK
9<N=J:A9AK
IM=
HJ=;=<=E
G
N=J:G
=
9K
GJ9^g=K
9<N=J:A9AK
IM=
NaE
9FL=K
GM
FG
E=AG
<9
KM9
HJAF;AH9D
x M
E=KEG
9L_
=FL]G
LAF@9NGK
=E
EY
;GFL9 y
6( 
7
xE9K
;GEG
9K
H=KL9F9K
=J9E
JeLMD9K
G
GD@9J
;GFLAFM9N9
G
K=M
G>b
;AG y
6( 
7

C
H9J9
K=H9J9J
F9K
<9L9K
G
FGE=
<G
DM?9J
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG

<=
9?GKLG
<=


D
H9J9
K=H9J9J
9K
H9JLb;MD9K
=
=PHJ=KKg=K
<=
=PHDA;9^]G
;GJJ=^]G
;GFLAFM9^]G
;GF;DMK]G
;GF;=KK]G
x= BVC
C6GH5BH9
@9NA9
;=JL9
De?A;9
;=JL9
<=<M^]Gy
6( 
7
.9AJY
9E9F@] 5@=RG
<=HGAK
<=
9E9F@]

E
H9J9
K=H9J9J
9K
;GFBMF^g=K
=
9<N_J:AGK
9<N=JK9LANGK
DCFXA HC
85J=5 7CBHI8C 9BHF9H5BHC
HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
IM9F<G
HGKHGKLGK
x
HJGHGKL9 DCFXA
<=K<ARA9
L9FLG
<9K
EAF@9K
K=FK9^g=K
hDLAE9K y



6( 
7

F
H9J9
AF<A;9J
ZK
N=R=K
9
=DAHK=
<G
N=J:G
D=
K9A
9?GJ9
=M
DG?G
E9AK

G
H9J9
9KKAF9D9J
9
AFL=JJMH^]G
<=
ME
K=?MAE=FLG
F9LMJ9D
<9K
A<=A9K
=
K=
AFL=J;9D9
ME
BMbRG
<=
N9DGJ
GM
ME9
J=>D=P]G
KM:KA<AYJA9
H
H9J9
<=K>9R=J
HGKKbN=D
EY
AFL=JHJ=L9^]G
J=KMDL9FL=
<9
<AKLJA:MA^]G
AJJ=?MD9J
<GK
L=JEGK
<9
GJ9^]G
K=H9J9K=
HGJ
NbJ?MD9
9
=PHJ=KK]G
<=KDG;9<9
=
LG<9K
9K
J=NGDM^g=K
H9J9
G
@GE=E
9
EGJL=
_
9
E9AGJ
=
9
<=JJ9<=AJ9
6((7

Dois pontos v
0K9EK=
<GAK
HGFLGK
F9


=FME=J9^]G
=PHDA;9^]G
FGLb;A9
KM:KA<AYJA9
GEHJGM
<GAK
HJ=K=FL=K
ME
DANJG
=
ME9
;9F=L9
xIM=
1A=?9K
H9<=;A9
<=
ME
J=ME9LAKEG
L=AEGKG
<=
ME9
9KE9
F]G
E=FGK
L=AEGK9
=
<=
ME9
D=K]G
<=
;GJ9^]G
=J9
ME
@GKHAL9D
;GF;=FLJ9<Gy
6( 
7
x,M=J=EGK
?GN=JFGK
H=J>=ALGK
;GE
@GE=FK
AEH=J>=ALGK
<AKH9J9L=y
6(
<=
(9JA;Y7

 F9K =PHJ=KKg=K IM= K= K=?M=E 9GK N=J:GK 8=N9F F9HFI75F F9GDCB89F =

K=E=D@9FL=K = IM= =F;=JJ9E 9 <=;D9J9^]G L=PLM9D GM IM= 9KKAE BMD
?9EGK
<=
GMLJ9
H=KKG9
x)]G
E=
IMAK
<AR=J
G
IM=
=J9
E9K
;GEG
=M
AFKL9KK=
EMALG
w
J=AG
IM=
G
9EA]G
<=K;GF>A9
9D?ME9
;GAK9y
6( 
7

tK N=R=K H9J9 ;9J9;L=JAR9J L=PLM9DE=FL= G <AK;MJKG <G AFL=JDG;MLGJ

N=E
9;GEH9F@9<9
<=
9KH9K
9
LJ9FK;JA^]G
=
J9J9K
N=R=K
<=
LJ9N=KK]G
xG
;9:G
<=
9D?MFK
9FGK
<=
H=J=?JAF9^]G
9L=F<A
ZK
KMHDA;9K
<=
E=M
H9A
w
1=E
<ARA9
=D=
F9
hDLAE9
;9JL9
K=
F]G
NA=J=K
<=HJ=KK9
9;@9JYK
LM9
E]=
EGJL9y
6( 
7



 F9K =PHJ=KKg=K IM= =FMF;A9<9K ;GE =FLGF9^]G =KH=;A9D KM?=J=E H=DG

;GFL=PLG
;9MK9
=PHDA;9^]G
GM
;GFK=IMaF;A9
x PHDA;GE=
G
<AHDGE9
=J9
ME9
;9JL9
<=
9D>GJJA9y
6( 
7


F9K
=PHJ=KKg=K
IM=
9HJ=K=FL9E
ME9
IM=:J9
<9
K=IMaF;A9
<9K
A<=A9K
.9;M<AM
G
N=KLA<G
9AF<9
EGD@9<G
=
;9EAF@GM
x)]G
:J9<=A
=M
F]G
@YK
<=
=FLJ9J
F]G
IM=JG
$9
9
D9F^9JD@=
9K
E]GK
=J9
L9J<=
=D9
=FLJ9J9
=
>=;@9J9K=y
6( 
7

Ponto e vrgula v -=HJ=K=FL9 ME9 H9MK9 E9AK >GJL= IM= 9 NbJ?MD9 =

E=FGK
IM=
G
HGFLG
=
_
=EHJ=?9<G
9 FME LJ=;@G DGF?G GF<= BY =PAKL9E NbJ?MD9K H9J9 =FMF;A9J H9MK9
E9AK
>GJL=
x F>AE
;@=?M=AE=
9
1AJ?bDA9
IM=
=KL9N9
K=FL9<9
=
LJ9N=AD@=
<9
E]G

+DY;A<9
>GA
Z
B9F=D9y
6( 
7

:
K=H9J9
9K
9<N=JK9LAN9K
=E
IM=
K=
IM=J
J=KK9DL9J
G
;GFLJ9KL=
x)]G
K=
<AKK=
E9AK
F9<9
E9K
<=
FGAL=
'G:G
)=N=K
AFKAKLAM
FG
HJG
B=LGy
6( 
7

; F9 J=<9^]G G>A;A9D K=H9J9 GK <AN=JKGK AL=FK <= ME ;GFKA<=J9F<G

D=A
GM
GMLJG
<G;ME=FLG
Travesso v )]G ;GF>MF<AJ G LJ9N=KK]G ;GE G LJ9^G <= MFA]G GM
@b>=F = ;GE G LJ9^G <= <ANAK]G =EHJ=?9<G F9 H9JLA^]G <= KbD9:9K 56GC
@IH5A9BH9 = <= H9D9NJ9K FG >AE <= DAF@9 * LJ9N=KK]G HG<= KM:KLALMAJ
NbJ?MD9K
H9JaFL=K=K
;GD;@=L=K
H9J9
9KKAF9D9J
ME9
=PHJ=KK]G
AFL=J;9D9<9
x
=
=M
>9D9N9D@=
<=
EAD
;GMK9K
<A>=J=FL=K
v
<G
hDLAEG
:9AD=
<9
<AK
;MKK]G
<9K
;[E9J9K
:=JDAF<9K
=
;9N9DGK
<=
LM<G
E=FGK
<GK
K=MK
N=JKGK
GM
HJGK9Ky
6( 
7

0K9K= KAEHD=K K= 9 AFL=J;9D9^]G L=JEAF9 G L=PLG =E ;9KG ;GFLJYJAG

MK9K=
G
LJ9N=KK]G
<MHDG
xM9K
LJaK
N=R=K
HGJ
K=E9F9
@9NA9
<=
D@=
<=AP9J
F9
9D?A:=AJ9
<9K
;9D^9K
v
ME9
D9J?9K
;9D^9K
<=
=F>A9J
v
GM
F9
?9N=L9
<9
E=K9
GM
9G
H_
<G
LAFL=AJG
ME9
:9J9L9
EGJL9y
6( 
7
*bservao GEG K= Na H=DG =P=EHDG HG<= @9N=J NbJ?MD9 <=HGAK <=
LJ9N=KK]G



+G<=
<=FGL9J
ME9
H9MK9
E9AK
>GJL=
x
=
K=
=KL9:=D=;=
ME9
;GMK9
IM=
HG<=J=EGK
;@9E9J
v
KGDA<9JA=<9<=
<G
9:GJJ=;AE=FLG
@ME9FGy
6( 
 7

+G<= AF<A;9J 9AF<9 9 EM<9F^9 <= AFL=JDG;MLGJ F9 LJ9FK;JA^]G <= ME

<AYDG?G
;GE
GM
K=E
9KH9K
v
@
J=KHAJGM
'G:G
)=N=K
K=FL9F<GK=
HJ=?MA^GK9E=FL=
FG
KG>Y
v
9FK9<G
H=J?MFL=A
=M
v
(MALG
9LMJ=A
<M9K
E9^9<9K
<=
HJAE=AJ9
GJ<=E
 
6( 
7

)=KL=
;9KG
HG<=
GM
F]G
;GE:AF9JK=
;GE
9K
9KH9K
Parnteses e colchetes v *K H9JaFL=K=K 9KKAF9D9E ME AKGD9E=FLG
KAFLYLA;G = K=E[FLA;G E9AK ;GEHD=LG <=FLJG <G =FMF;A9<G 9D_E <= =K
L9:=D=;=J E9AGJ AFLAEA<9<= =FLJ= G 9MLGJ = G K=M D=ALGJ E ?=J9D 9 AFK=J
^]G
<G
H9JaFL=K=
_
9KKAF9D9<9
HGJ
ME9
=FLGF9^]G
=KH=;A9D
,M9F<G ME9 H9MK9 ;GAF;A<= ;GE G AFb;AG <9 ;GFKLJM^]G H9J=FL_L
A;9 G J=KH=;LANG KAF9D <= HGFLM9^]G <=N= >A;9J <=HGAK <GK H9JaFL=K=K
E9K =KL9F<G 9 HJGHGKA^]G GM 9 >J9K= AFL=AJ9 =F;=JJ9<9 H=DGK H9JaFL=K=K
<=FLJG
<=D=K
K=
Hg=
9
;GEH=L=FL=
FGL9^]G
x)]G
>AD@GK
E=MK
<=AP9AE=
=PH=JAE=FL9J
ME9
N=R
IM=
K=B9
;GF
NGK;G
=KL=
KM9NbKKAEG
FGE=
F]G
G
;GJ9^]G
F]G
_
L]G
>JbNGDG
L]G
=PL=JAGJ
L]G
;9JF9D
IM9FLG
K=
;MA<9y
6-7
x
AEHJ=FK9
IM=E
G
;GFL=KL9
_
G
E9AK
HG<=JGKG
E=AG
IM=
K=
L=E
AFN=FL9<G
H9J9
9
<ANMD?9^]G
<G
H=FK9E=FLGy
9JL9
AFK=JL9
FGK
F9AK
<9
A:DAGL=;9
)9;AGF9D
NGD
$
6Carlos de Laet7

$FLAE9E=FL= DA?9<GK 9GK H9JaFL=K=K H=D9 KM9 >MF^]G <AK;MJKAN9 GK

;GD;@=L=K K]G MLADAR9<GK IM9F<G BY K= 9;@9E =EHJ=?9<GK GK H9JaFL=K=K
H9J9
AFLJG<MRAJ=E
ME9
FGN9
AFK=J^]G
/9E:_E K= MK9E H9J9 HJ==F;@=J D9;MF9K <= L=PLGK GM 9AF<9 H9J9
AFLJG<MRAJ HJAF;AH9DE=FL= =E ;AL9^g=K 9<=F<GK GM =PHDA;9^g=K IM= >9;AD
AL9E G =FL=F<AE=FLG <G L=PLG )GK <A;AGFYJAGK = ?J9EYLA;9K =PHDA;AL9E
AF>GJE9^g=K ;GEG 9 GJLG_HA9 9 HJGKe<A9 =L;  FG IM= L9E:_E HG<=E K=J
MK9<GK
GK
H9JaFL=K=K
Aspas v = EG<G ?=J9D MK9EGK ;GEG 9KH9K G KAF9D 6 x y 7 E9K
HG<= @9N=J H9J9 =EHJ=?GK <A>=J=FL=K 9K 9KH9K KAEHD=K 6 z { 7 GM AFN=JLA
<9K KAEHD=K GM <MHD9K 6z {7 6x y7 )GK LJ9:9D@GK ;A=FLb>A;GK KG:J= DbF
?M9K 9K 9KH9K KAEHD=K J=>=J=EK= 9 KA?FA>A;9<GK GM K=FLA<GK 5A5F9



D9L z5A5F{ HGJL tK N=R=K MK9K= F=KL9 9HDA;9^]G G KM:DAF@9<G ;9<9 N=R
E=FGK >J=IM=FL= FG L=PLG AEHJ=KKG GM G ALYDA;G K 9KH9K L9E:_E K]G
=EHJ=?9<9K H9J9 <9J 9 ;=JL9 =PHJ=KK]G K=FLA<G H9JLA;MD9J F9 DAF?M9?=E
>9D9<9 _ =E ?=J9D HJG>=JA<9 ;GE =FLG9^]G =KH=;A9D H9J9 J=KK9DL9J ME9 =P
HJ=KK]G <=FLJG <G ;GFL=PLG GM H9J9 9HGFL9J ME9 H9D9NJ9 ;GEG =KLJ9F?=AJ
AKEG
GM
?bJA9
*bservao K;J=N=F<G J=KK9DL9EGK 9 =PHJ=KK]G L9E:_E ;GE G KM:DAF
@9<G
G
IM=
FGK
L=PLGK
AEHJ=KKGK
;GJJ=KHGF<=
9G
=EHJ=?G
<=
LAHG
<A>=J=FL=
w
x.AE
E9K
H=J;=:GG
9?GJ9
HGJIM=
Ke
9?GJ9
FGK
KMJ?AM
9
G;9KA]G
<=
=FJAIM=;=J
!GA
ME9
KGJL=
?J9F<=
IM=
=MK
FGK
E9F<GM
w
x=MKy
w
=MK
KAE
=
NG;a
G
G>=F<=M
9>9KL9F<G9
;GE
G
H_y
6(' 
7
x1G;a
BY
J=H9JGM
(ADG;9
F9
x?9FB9y
<9
.AF@9RAF@9
AKK=
ME9
KAJA
?9AL9
<=
x:=D=R9y
F9
L=KL9y
6(' 
 7

,M9F<G ME9 H9MK9 ;GAF;A<= ;GE G >AF9D <9 =PHJ=KK]G GM K=FL=F^9

IM= K= 9;@9 =FLJ= 9KH9K ;GDG;9K= G ;GEH=L=FL= KAF9D <= HGFLM9^]G <=
HGAK <=D9K K= =F;=JJ9E 9H=F9K ME9 H9JL= <9 HJGHGKA^]G IM9F<G HGJ_E
9K 9KH9K 9:J9F?=E LG<G G H=JbG<G K=FL=F^9 >J9K= GM =PHJ=KK]G 9 J=
KH=;LAN9
FGL9^]G
>A;9
9:J9F?A<9
HGJ
=D9K
xb
L=EGK
9
D=Ay
<ARA9
G
!DGJ=FLAFG
x(9K
IM=E
9K
@Y
<=
K=?MJ9J
)AF?M_E y
6-7
x(bK=J9
LAN=KK=
=M
9IM=D9
=FGJE=
9IM=D9
D9JA<9<=
AEGJL9D
IM=
LG<9
9
DMR
J=KME=y
x+GJ
IM=
F]G
F9K;=
=M
ME
KAEHD=K
N9?9DME=y
6(7

Alnea v /=E 9 E=KE9 >MF^]G <G H9JY?J9>G HGAK <=FGL9 <AN=JKGK

;=FLJGK <= 9KKMFLGK = ;GEG =KL= =PA?= EM<9F^9 <= DAF@9 "=J9DE=FL=
N=E AF<A;9<9 HGJ FhE=JG GM D=LJ9 K=?MA<9 <= ME LJ9^G ;MJNG K=E=D@9FL=
9G
IM=
>=;@9
H9JaFL=K=
H9J9
9KKAF9D9J
KM:<ANAK]G
<9
E9L_JA9
LJ9L9<9
*K
KM:KL9FLANGK
HG<=E
K=J
9 DF_DF=CG
: 7CAIBG

Chave v  ;@9N= 6 S U 7 L=E 9HDA;9^]G E9AGJ =E G:J9K <= ;9JYL=J

;A=FLb>A;G
;GEG
HG<=
=P=EHDA>A;9J
KM9
MLADAR9^]G
F=KL=
DANJG
Apndice



Asterisco  v * 9KL=JAK;G  _ ;GDG;9<G <=HGAK = =E ;AE9 <=

ME9 H9D9NJ9 <G LJ=;@G H9J9 K= >9R=J ME9 ;AL9^]G GM ;GE=FLYJAG IM9DIM=J
KG:J= G L=JEG GM G IM= _ LJ9L9<G FG LJ=;@G F=KL= ;9KG G 9KL=JAK;G K= Hg=
FG
>AE
<G
H=JbG<G
)9K G:J9K KG:J= DAF?M9?=E G 9KL=JAK;G ;GDG;9<G 9FL=K = =E ;AE9
<9 H9D9NJ9 G 9HJ=K=FL9 ;GEG >GJE9 J=;GFKLALMb<9 GM @AHGL_LA;9 AKLG _ <=
HJGNYN=D =PAKLaF;A9 E9K 9L_ =FL]G F]G <G;ME=FL9<9 =N=K= 9G DAF?MAKL9
9D=E]G
M?MKLG
.;@D=A;@=J
 
=KL9
9HDA;9^]G
<G
KAF9D
EHJ=?9K= 9AF<9 ME GM E9AK 9KL=JAK;GK <=HGAK <= ME9 AFA;A9D H9J9
AF<A;9J ME9 H=KKG9 ;MBG FGE= F]G K= IM=J GM F]G K= HG<= <=;DAF9J G
F    & 
 E
HGJLM?MaK
=E
?=J9D
K=
<=KHJ=R9
G
;fEG<G
=PH=<A=FL=
<G
=KH9F@GD
<=
AF<A;9J
9
AF

L=JJG?9^]G
FG
AFb;AG
<9
GJ9^]G
;GE
G
KAF9D
AFN=JLA<G
s*
%GK_
;@=?GM
D?MFK
=K;JALGJ=K
FGKKGK
>AR=J9E
MKG
<=KL=
=PH=<A=FL=
 
AEHJ=FK9
EG<=JF9
MK9
=
9:MK9
<GK
<GAK
HGFLGK
H9J9
J=KMEAJ
ZK
N=R=K
FME9
KbFL=K=
<=
H=FK9E=FLG
<A>b;AD
<=
K=J
9;GEH9F@9<9
;=JL9K
FGLb;A9K 09FVC 7=8589
89GDFCH9;=85
85G
7<IJ5G
 GKLME9K=
GMNAJ
=KL=
NG;Y:MDG
<=LMJH9<G
H9J9 5GH9F[GH=7C GH9F=G7C IM=J
<AR=J 9G
HF9@=B<5
FGE=
<=NA<G
Z
KM9
>GJE9


IV Noes elementares de Estilstica

$1
v
)G^g=K
=D=E=FL9J=K
<=
KLADbKLA;9
KLADbKLA;9

Estilstica v  GH=@[GH=75 _ 9 H9JL= <GK =KLM<GK <9 DAF?M9?=E IM= K=

HJ=G;MH9
;GE
G 9GH=@C
,M=
_
=KLADG
F=KL9
;GF;=ALM9^]G

Que estilo nesta conceituao v FL=F<=K= HGJ 9GH=@C G ;GFBMFLG

<= HJG;=KKGK IM= >9R=E <9 DbF?M9 J=HJ=K=FL9LAN9 ME E=AG <= =PL=JAGJAR9
^]G
HKbIMA;9
=
9H=DG
x* =KLADG IM= _ 9 KGDM^]G H9J9 K= >9R=J 9 DbF?M9 <9 J=HJ=K=FL9^]G
AFL=D=;LAN9 K=JNAJ ZK >MF^g=K F]G AFL=D=;LAN9K <9 E9FA>=KL9^]G HKbIMA;9 =
<G 9H=DG _ F9LMJ9DE=FL= D=N9<G 9 x<=>GJE9Jy GK >9LGK ?J9E9LA;9AK
IM9F<G
HGJ
=D=K
9IM=D9K
>MF^g=K
F]G
HG<=JA9E
>A?MJ9Jy 
KLADbKLA;9
=
"J9EYLA;9

Estilstica e Gramtica v  ;GEHJ==FK]G <=KL= ;GF;=ALG <= 9GH=@C

K= >MF<9E=FL9 F9 DA^]G <= @9JD=K 9DDQ K=?MF<G 9 IM9D G IM= ;9J9;L=J
AR9 G =KLADG F]G _ 9 GHGKA^]G =FLJ= G =B8=J=8I5@ = G 7C@9H=JC E9K G ;GF
LJ9KL= =FLJ= G 9AC7=CB5@ = G =BH9@97H=JC W F=KL= K=FLA<G IM= <A>=J=E
GH=@[GH=75 IM= =KLM<9 9 DbF?M9 9>=LAN9 = !F5ARH=75 IM= LJ9:9D@9 FG
;9EHG <9 DbF?M9 AFL=D=;LAN9 9J9D@YD9K <= EG<G IM= 9 KLADbKLA;9 K=
x<AKKGDN9y F9 "J9EYLA;9 _ HfJ =E H=JA?G <M9K AEHGJL9FL=K <AK;AHDAF9K
HGJ
;GF>MF<AJ
GK
K=MK
G:B=LGK
<=
=KLM<G
0E9 F]G _ 9 F=?9^]G <9 GMLJ9 F=E ME9 L=E HGJ EAKK]G <=KLJMAJ G
IM= 9 GMLJ9 ;GE GJA=FL9^]G ;A=FLb>A;9 L=E HG<A<G ;GFKLJMAJ E:9K K=
;GEHD=L9E FG =KLM<G <GK HJG;=KKGK <G E9L=JA9D <= IM= G ?aF=JG @ME9FG
K= MLADAR9 F9 =PL=JAGJAR9^]G <9K A<=A9K = K=FLAE=FLGK GM <G ;GFL=h<G <G
H=FK9E=FLG
<=KA?F9<G
KLADbKLA;9
=
9
-=LeJA;9

Estilstica e a Retrica /=EK= 9HJ=K=FL9<G 9 KLADbKLA;9 L9E:_E

;GEG v 9 F=?9^]G <9 9FLA?9 -=LeJA;9 IM= HJ=<GEAF9 9AF<9 F9 ;JbLA;9
LJ9<A;AGF9D <G =KLADG ;GE KM9K EhDLAHD9K AF<9?9^g=K DAL=JYJA9K @AKLeJA;9K
KG;A9AK >ADGKe>A;9K = L9FLGK GMLJGK <GEbFAGK IM= F9 G:J9 K= =KH9D@9E 9L
J9N_K <G L=EH=J9E=FLG = 9LALM<= <G =K;JALGJ 9:= 9IMA J=;GJ<9J 9K BMKL9K
;GFKA<=J9^g=K <= E9<G DGFKG x 9 =KLADbKLA;9 F]G HJ=L=F<= H=LM
D9FL=E=FL= <=;D9J9J ;9<M;9 9 ;JbLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D J=;GF@=;= K=M 9DLG N9DGJ
= 9HJ=F<= F=D9 K9:= IM= F9 9FYDAK= <= G:J9K <= 9JL= F=E LM<G L=JEAF9
;GE G HJ9R=J =KL_LA;G = IM= @Y N9DGJ=K ;MDLMJ9AK KG;A9AK A<=GDe?A;GK EG
J9AK =F>AE N9DGJ=K @AKLeJA;GK IM= F]G HG<= F=E IM=J <=KHJ=R9J ;GE 9
E=KE9 K= Na G IM= HJ=L=F<= = G K=M N9DGJ ;GEHD=L9J GK =KLM<GK <9 ;JbLA;9
LJ9<A;AGF9D >9R=F<G 9?GJ9 =FLJ9J ME 9KH=;LG IM= =KL9N9 E=FGKHJ=R9<G
F]G 9H=F9K E9AK ME 9KH=;LG K=F]G G 9KH=;LG :YKA;G = =KH=;b>A;G <9 G:J9
<= 9JL= G IM= <Y N9DGJ 9 LG<GK GK GMLJGK +GJ AKKG 9 =KLADbKLA;9 KG:J=
=KLM<9J L=E9K FGNGK ;GFLAFM9 =KLM<9F<G ;GE A?M9D 9EGJ LG<GK GK N=D
@GK 9H=F9K G >9R <G K=M HGFLG <= NAKL9 +GJ =P=EHDG K=EHJ= K=
=KLM<9J9E 9K >GFL=K <= ME 9MLGJ GM <= ME9 G:J9 GM v G IM= N9D= G
E=KEG v 9 GJA?=E <9K A<=A9K <GEAF9FL=K =E ME H=JbG<G DAL=JYJAG +GJ_E
J=9DARGMK= AKKG HGJ AFL=J=KK= @AKLeJA;G H9J9 >AP9J HJG;=<aF;A9K KL= _ G
HGFLG <= ;@=?9<9 <9 ;JbLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D +9J9 9 =KLADbKLA;9 _ G HGFLG <=
H9JLA<9 = 9 KA H=J?MFL9 IM= >=R E=M 9MLGJ GM EAF@9 _HG;9 ;GE =KL9K
>GFL=K +9J9 MK9J 9 N=D@9 ;GEH9J9^]G =KLM<9F<G G E=D 9 ;JbLA;9 LJ9<A
;AGF9D =KL9:=D=;= =E IM= >DGJ=K = <= IM= ;9EHGK =PLJ9AM 9 9:=D@9 9 =K
LADbKLA;9 K= H=J?MFL9 ;GEG J=KMDLGM =KL= HJG<MLG @=L=JG?aF=G ;GE LG<9K
9K KM9K HJG;=<aF;A9K IM9D _ 9 9DIMAEA9 IM= GJA?AF9AK = LJAMF>9FL=K AF
L=F^g=K D@= AFKM>D9J9E NA<9 FGN9 *M NGDL9F<G Z ;GEH9J9^]G <9 =KLYLM9
9 ;JbLA;9 LJ9<A;AGF9D =KLM<9 9K ;9FL=AJ9K <GF<= HJG;=<= G EYJEGJ= 9 =K
LADbKLA;9
IM=
_
IM=
G
9JLAKL9
>=R
;GE
=D={{
FYDAK=
DAL=JYJA9
=
9FYDAK=
=KLADbKLA;9

Anlise literria e anlise estilstica 9 DA^]G <= E9<G DGFKG

K= H9L=FL=A9 IM= F]G K= @Y <= ;GF>MF<AJ 5BR@=G9 @=H9FRF=5 ;GE 5BR@=G9 9G
H=@[GH=75 HGAK IM= LJ9:9D@9F<G FME E=KEG LJ=;@G L=E HJ=G;MH9^g=K
<A>=J=FL=K = MLADAR9E >=JJ9E=FL9K L9E:_E <AN=JK9K E IM= H=K= Z 9MLGJ
A<9<= <= FGKKGK HJG?J9E9K G>A;A9AK H9J9 =FKAFG <= 'bF?M9 +GJLM?M=K9 G
IM= <=N= K=J HJAEGJ<A9DE=FL= G:B=LG <9 L9J=>9 <G HJG>=KKGJ <= DbF?M9 _ 9
5BR@=G9 9GH=@[GH=75 9AF<9 IM= 9@9A9BH5F ;GEG J=R9 9 D=LJ9 <=KL= E=KEG
HJG?J9E9 = F]G 9 5BR@=G9 @=H9FRF=5 IM= _ <9 9D^9<9 <G HJG>=KKGJ <=
'AL=J9LMJ9 FKAF9F<GK= 9 @[B;I5 HGJLM?M=K9 F9<9 E9AK F9LMJ9D <G IM=
FME L=PLG DAL=JYJAG GM F]G J=KK9DL9J G G=GH9A5 9LDF9GG=JC 9 GI5 9:=7R7=5



9GHXH=75 FG A<AGE9 GM F9K H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K A<AGEYLA;9K <= ME 9MLGJ DAL=J

YJAG GM <= ME KAEHD=K >9D9FL= +9J9 9 =KLADbKLA;9 AFL=J=KK9 L9FLG 9 <=
HJ==FK]G <GK LJ9^GK =KLADbKLA;GK <9 DbF?M9 GJ9D ;GEG <9 =K;JAL9 <G >9D9FL=
;GEME = <G DAL=J9LG GE J9R]G <AKK= 1GKKD=J IM= F9 DAF?M9?=E <= ME
E=F<A?G N9?9:MF<G @Y ?GLAF@9K =KLADbKLA;9K <9 E=KE9 F9LMJ=R9 IM= LG<G
G
EMF<G
=PHJ=KKAGF9D
<=
ME
.@9C=KH=9J=
/J9^GK
=KLADbKLA;GK

Traos estilsticos v * ;GFBMFLG <= H9JLA;MD9JA<9<=K <G KAKL=E9 =P

HJ=KKANG H9J9 =>A;Y;A9 =KL_LA;9 J=;=:= G FGE= <= HF5WCG 9GH=@[GH=7CG .]G
FME=JGKGK GK LJ9^GK =KLADbKLA;GK v = @Y ME 9NMDL9<G FhE=JG <=D=K ;MBG
N9DGJ 9AF<9 =KLY H9J9 K=J 9F9DAK9<G v =E LG<GK GK ;GEH9JLAE=FLGK <= ME
A<AGE9
9:=FGK 9?GJ9 AF<9?9J IM9F<G ME9 D5FH=7I@5F=8589 @=B;I[GH=75 K=
FGK 9HJ=K=FL9 ;GEG LJ9^G =KLADbKLA;G x%Y K9:=EGK v =FKAF9FGK % (9LLGKG
[E9J9 %J  v IM= G LJ9^G =KLADbKLA;G F]G K= LJ9L9 <= ME9 E9F=AJ9 <=
<AR=J F=;=KK9JA9E=FL= H=KKG9D F=E H=DG >9LG <= K=J H=KKG9D K= L=E F=;=K
K9JA9E=FL= ME LJ9^G =KLADbKLA;G KL9 <MHD9 ;GFKA<=J9^]G _ L]G AEHGJL9FL=
IM= @]G <= E= J=D=N9J AFKAKLAJ ME HGM;G E9AK +9J9 AKKG H=^G <=K;MDH9K
<= E= ;AL9J 9 EAE E=KEG = E= J=HGJL9J 9 ME H=IM=FG 9JLA?G IM= HM:
DAIM=A @Y L=EHGK F9 ,9J=GH5 8C &=JFC KG:J= x GJG9 <G -M:A]Gy <ARFGK
(9;@9<G <= KKAK FG +I=B75G CF65 IM= -M:A]G <=E=FL= BMD?9F<GK=
xAEH=J9<GJ <GK >J9F;=K=Ky FG EGE=FLG <9 9?GFA9 ;AF?AM 9 x;GJG9y IM=
F]G =J9 K=IM=J ME9 :9;A9 xGF<= K= HM<=KK= H9DH9J 9 ADMK]Gy x=D= H=?GM
F9<9 =J?M=M F9<9 = ;AF?AM F9<9y * =EHJ=?G <= B585 <=HGAK <G N=J:G
K=E K= ;GEHD=L9J ;GE ME BVC 9FL=K <G N=J:G _ ME9 E9F=AJ9 9FfE9D9 <=
=PHJ=KK9J 9 F=?9^]G N=J:9D =E HGJLM?MaK _ ME LJ9^G =KLADbKLA;G F]G
HGJIM= K=B9 =P;DMKAN9E=FL= H=KKG9D <= (9;@9<G <= KKAK IM=E FGK
?9J9FL= IM= GMLJ=E BY F]G LAF@9 >=ALG AKLG v F=E G =K;JALGJ >9R AKLG KAK
L=E9LA;9E=FL= E9K HGJIM= F=KK= <9<G ;GFL=PLG G =EHJ=?G <= B585 F=K
K9K ;GF<A^g=K L=E ME N9DGJ x=KL_LA;Gy >9R=F<GFGK N=J <GDGJGK9E=FL= G
?=KLG <G HG:J= DGM;G E=J;a <G LJ9L9E=FLG <= B585 F]G ;GEG E=J9
H9JLb;MD9 F=?9LAN9 E9K ;GEG ME KM:KL9FLANG F=?9LANG v G GHGKLG <= 5@
;IA5 7C=G5 9 =EG^]G <G =K;JALGJ = G K=M 9H=DG Z FGKK9 KAEH9LA9 K=
;GEMFA;9E 9LJ9N_K <=KK= =EHJ=?G <= B585 IM= _ HGAK ME =EHJ=?G =K
LADbKLA;G G ;GFLJYJAG IM9F<G %GK_ <= D=F;9J 9;=FLM9N9 9 HJ=HGKA^]G
KAEHD=K 5 =PA:A9 ME MKG D9GGC5@ <9 DbF?M9 DAL=JYJA9 IM= =J9 ME =JJG <G
HGFLG <= NAKL9 <= FGJE9 KG;A9D NA?=FL= E9K F]G ME LJ9^G =KLADbKLA;G
HGAK K= ;AJ;MFK;J=NA9 9G <GEbFAG AFL=D=;LANG G =K;JALGJ 9;@9N9 IM= 9KKAE
<=NA9 =K;J=N=J HGJ ME J9;AG;bFAG ?J9E9LA;9D =E >9DKG K=JA9 9G ;GFLJYJAG



ME LJ9^G =KLADbKLA;G K= ME9 GM GMLJ9 N=R 9H=F9K 9H9J=;=KK= =E K=MK L=P

LGK ;GEG J=;MJKG H9J9 AFKAKLAJ F9 HJ=HGKA^]G <9F<GD@= ME9 LGFA;A<9<=
=P;=H;AGF9D
9b G =JJG <GK IM= H=FK9F<G =K;J=N=J :=E =FP9E=A9E KM9K HY?A
F9K <9K ;@9E9<9K >A?MJ9K <= DAF?M9?=E HD=GF9KEGK @AH_J:GD=K
9F9;GDMLGK E=LY>GJ9K =L;  KK9K >A?MJ9K F]G K= AEHg=E xZ GMLJ9F;=y ZK
;AJ;MFKL[F;A9K =KL9K _ IM= >9NGJ=;=E G 9H9J=;AE=FLG <9IM=D9K H9J9 >AFK
=KL_LA;GK /=JY >9D@9<G F9 H=KIMAK9 =KLADbKLA;9 IM=E K= ;GFL=FL9J =E <AR=J
IM= @Y 9F9;GDMLG FG <=JJ9<=AJG L=J;=LG <=KL9 ;GF@=;A<9 BGA9 <= (9;@9<G
<=
KKAK
IM=
_
G
KGF=LG
Z
9JGDAF9
xIM=
=M
K=
L=F@G
FGK
GD@GK
E9D>=JA<GK
H=FK9E=FLGK
<=
NA<9
>GJEMD9<GK
K]G
H=FK9E=FLGK
A<GK
=
NANA<GKy

* 9F9;GDMLG MDLJ9H9KK9 GK DAEAL=K <= ME9 KAEHD=K >A?MJ9 H9J9 K=J

ME =>A;9R J=;MJKG =KL_LA;G IM= Hg= <A9FL= <= FGKKGK GD@GK 9 HJG>MF<9 <GJ
<G =KHGKG IM= H=FK9F<G F9 ;GEH9F@=AJ9 IM= K= >GA F]G L=E 9 H9R AFL=JA
GJ F=;=KKYJA9 H9J9 =KLJMLMJ9J J9;AGF9DE=FL= AFL=D=;LAN9E=FL= LG<G G LM
EMDLG
<=
A<=A9K
IM=
D@=
N9A
F{9DE9
E KME9 9 KLADbKLA;9 _ G H9KKG E9AK <=;AKANG FG =KLM<G <= ME9
DbF?M9 H9J9 9 =<M;9^]G <G K=FLAE=FLG =KL_LA;G = E9FA>=KL9^]G <9 ;GE
H=LaF;A9
=PHJ=KKAN9
/J9^G
=KLADbKLA;G
=
=JJG
?J9E9LA;9D

Trao estilstico e erro gramatical )]G K= @Y <= =FL=F<=J IM= G

=KLADG K=B9 K=EHJ= ME9 <=>GJE9^]G <9 FGJE9 DAF?MbKLA;9 $KLG FGK D=N9 Z
<AKLAF^]G
=FLJ= HF5WC
9GH=@[GH=7C = 9FFC
;F5A5H=75@
* LJ9^G =KLADbKLA;G HG<= K=J ME <=KNAG G;9KAGF9D <= FGJE9 ?J9E9LA;
9D
NA?=FL=
E9K
K=
AEHg=
H=D9
KM9
AFL=F^]G
=KL_LA;G=PHJ=KKAN9
*
=JJG
?J9E9LA;9D
_
G
<=KNAG
K=E
AFL=F^]G
=KL_LA;9
9EHG
<9
KLADbKLA;9

Campo da Estilstica v * =KLM<G <9 KLADbKLA;9 9:9J;9 K=E=D@9FL=

Z "J9EYLA;9 LG<GK GK <GEbFAGK <G A<AGE9 '=E:J=EGK 9 DA^]G <= 9DDQ
x/G<GK GK >=FfE=FGK DAF?MbKLA;GK <=K<= GK KGFK 9L_ 9K ;GE:AF9^g=K
KAFLYLA;9K E9AK ;GEHD=P9K HG<=E J=N=D9J 9D?ME ;9JYL=J >MF<9E=FL9D <9
DbF?M9 =KLM<9<9 /G<GK GK >9LGK DAF?MbKLA;GK K=B9E IM9AK >GJ=E HG<=E
E9FA>=KL9J 9D?ME9 H9J;=D9 <9 A<9 <G =KHbJALG = 9D?ME EGNAE=FLG <9 K=FK
A:ADA<9<=  =KLADbKLA;9 F]G _ G =KLM<G <= ME9 H9JL= <9 DAF?M9?=E E9K G _




<9 DAF?M9?=E AFL=AJ9 G:K=JN9<9 <= ME [F?MDG H9JLA;MD9J )MF;9 HJ=L=F<A

AKLG _ H9J9 J=KHGF<=J 9 ME9K ;JbLA;9K IM= E= >AR=J9E IM= 9 DAF?M9?=E
9>=LAN9 =PAKL= AF<=H=F<=FL=E=FL= <9 DAF?M9?=E AFL=D=;LM9D F=E IM= 9 =K
LADbKLA;9 <=N9 =KLM<9J 9 HJAE=AJ9 =P;DMAF<G 9 K=?MF<9 G IM= >9R _ =KLM<Y
D9K 9E:9K =E KM9K J=D9^g=K J=;bHJG;9K = =P9EAF9J =E IM= HJGHGJ^]G K=
9DA9E
H9J9
;GEHGJ
=KL=
GM
9IM=D=
LAHG
<=
=PHJ=KK]Gy 
/=J=EGK
9KKAE
GK
K=?MAFL=K
;9EHGK
<9
KLADbKLA;9



E9F@]
=M JCI 9G
;AF=E9

:
G
AEH=J>=ALG
H9J9
LJ9<MRAJ
H=<A<G
M EI9F=5 ME
IMADG
<=
IM=ABG
=E
N=R
<G
;9L=?eJA;G
=
ZK
N=R=K
9E=9^9<GJ EI9FC

; G HJ=K=FL= H=DG HJ=L_JALG H9J9 =EHJ=KL9J Z F9JJ9^]G G 9J <= FGNA<

9<=
=
HG<=J
;GEGN=J
G
GMNAFL=
b
_K9J =BJ589 9
"YDA9

 stilstica Fnica HJG;MJ9 AF<9?9J G =EHJ=?G <G N9DGJ =P

HJ=KKANG <GK KGFK 9 @9JEGFA9 AEAL9LAN9 FG 9EHDG K=FLA<G <G L=JEG W 9
:CBXH=75
9LDF9GG=J5 <=
IM=
>9D9EGK
F9
H9JL=
AFA;A9D
<=KL=
DANJG
 Estilstica Morfolgica KGF<9 G MKG =PHJ=KKANG <9K >GJE9K
?J9E9LA;9AK
FLJ=
GK
MKGK
=PHJ=KKANGK
<=KL=
;9EHG
D=E:J9J=EGK
 C D@IF5@ 89 7CBJ=H9 Hg=K= G N=J:G FG HDMJ9D ;GEG IM= K=
IMAK=KK= AF;=FLAN9J ME9 H=KKG9 9 HJ9LA;9J ME9 9^]G LJ9:9D@GK9 GM <=
K9?J9<YN=D W G ;9KG <9 E]= IM= <AR Z >AD@AF@9 IM= AFKAKL= =E F]G LGE9J G
J=E_<AG
*D@9
>AD@AF@9 J5ACG LGE9J
G
J=E=<AF@G

 C
D@IF5@
89
AC8XGH=5
G
9MLGJ
>9D9F<G
<=
KA
E=KEG
HG<=JY
<AR=J
)eK
9G
=K;J=N=JEGK
=KL=
DANJG
LAN=EGK
=E
EAJ9
<9J
FGNGK
@GJA
RGFL=K
9G
=FKAFG
<G
A<AGE9

 C
9ADF9;C
9LDF9GG=JC
8CG
GI:=LCG EGJE=FL=
GK
<=
?J9<9^]G
H9ARAF@G
E]=RAF@9
HG=L9KLJG
H9<J=;G
HGDALA;9D@9

 C
9ADF9;C
89
H9ADCG
9
AC8CG
J9F65=G ;GEG
HGJ
=P=EHDG
9
G
HJ=K=FL=
H=DG
>MLMJG
H9J9
AF<A;9J
<=K=BG
>AJE=
>9LG
;9L=?eJA;G

 9 AI85BW5 89 HF5H5A9BHC <= ME H=JbG<G H9J9 GMLJG H9J9 AF<A;9J

EM<9F^9 <9 KALM9^]G HKA;GDe?A;9 =FLJ= >9D9FL= = GMNAFL= GM =FLJ= =K;JALGJ
= D=ALGJ )G KGF=LG s@H=A5 C@<5 9KAEAJG <= :J=M ;@9E9 9 =MK HGJ
'9I *5= = GJ9 G LJ9L9 HGJ HI GJ9 HGJ J_G W IM= =E '9I *5= G HG=L9 Na
=MK ;GEG K=M bFLAEG DA?9<G 9 =D= L]G AFLAE9E=FL= IM= D@= ;9:= G LJ9L9
E=FLG HI (9K 9G HG=L9 =MK K= 9HJ=K=FL9N9 L9E:_E ;GEG G ;JA9<GJ <=
LG<9K 9K ;GAK9K G HG<=J KMHJ=EG 9 IM=E Ke HG<A9 ;9:=J 9 >eJEMD9 J=
KH=ALGK9
=
;=JAEGFAGK9
9KKMEA<9
HGJ J_G
 Estilstica Sinttica HJG;MJ9 =PHDA;9J G N9DGJ =PHJ=KKANG <9K
;GFKLJM^g=K

F9
J=?aF;A9
;GEG
HGJ
=P=EHDG
G
=EHJ=?G
<G
HGKN_J:AG

F9
;GF;GJ<[F;A9
;GEG
HGJ
=P=EHDG
F9 5HF5WVC
F9 G=@9DG9
FG
AF>AFALANG
>D=PAGF9<G
H9J9
J=9D;=
<9
H=KKG9
KG:J=
9
9^]G
E=KE9

F9
;GDG;9^]G
<GK
L=JEGK
F9
GJ9^]G
F9
;GDG;9^]G
<=
HJGFGE=K
=L;

FG
=EHJ=?G
=PHJ=KKANG
<9K
;@9E9<9K :=;IF5G 89
G=BH5L9
 Estilstica Semntica H=KIMAK9

9
KA?FA>A;9^]G
G;9KAGF9D
=
=PHJ=KKAN9
<=
;=JL9K
H9D9NJ9K
1G;a
_
ME 56575L=
IM=D=
9DMFG
_
ME ACBGHFC
D=
L=E
MFK 6CBG K=KK=FL9
9FGK





FG
=EHJ=?G
=PHJ=KKANG
<9K
;@9E9<9K
>A?MJ9K
<=
H9D9NJ9K
GM HFC
DCG E=LY>GJ9
E=LGFbEA9
=L; 
=
>A?MJ9K
<=
H=FK9E=FLG
=
K=FLA
E=FLG
9FLbL=K=
=M>=EAKEG
@AH_J:GD=
=L; 
HaF<A;=

GAK
=P=EHDGK
<=
9FYDAK=
=KLADbKLA;9

Apndice
dois exemplos de anlise estilstica

 LbLMDG <= E=J9K KM?=KLg=K 9GK D=ALGJ=K 9AF<9 F]G >9EADA9JAR9<GK ;GE 9K L_;FA;9K
<9 9FYDAK= =KLADbKLA;9 L=EGK 9 K9LAK>9^]G <= LJ9FK;J=N=J 9IMA <GAK =P;=JLGK 9KKAF9
<GK ME HGJ =P;=D=FL= E=KLJ= :J9KAD=AJG % (9LLGKG [E9J9 %J  = GMLJG H=DG F]G
E=FGK <AKLAFLG =KLM<AGKG HGJLM?MaK %9;AFLG <G +J9<G G=D@G *MLJ9K AFL=J=KK
9FL=K 9EGKLJ9K HG<= G D=ALGJ ;MJAGKG N=J FGK =KLM<GK <= M?MKLG (=Q=J *L@GF
(G9;QJ "9J;A9 = ME9 HDaA9<= <= H9LJb;AGK GF<= =KLY AF<A;9<9 >9JL9 :A:DAG?J9>A9
=KH=;A9DAR9<9

0E
KGF=LG
<=
FLfFAG
)G:J=

 /A
GCB9HC
89
BHaB=C
(C6F9
* ;GE=FLYJAG <= HG=E9K K=JY 9AF<9 =E ?J9F<= H9JL= ;JA9^]G AF
N=FLAN9 ME9 K_JA= <= <=K<G:J9E=FLGK HKA;GDe?A;GK =NG;9^g=K 9KKG
;A9^g=K <= AE9?=FK IM= EGKLJ9E 9 H=JKGF9DA<9<= <G D=ALGJ 9 ;GD9:GJ9J
;GE KAEH9LA9 F9 G:J9 <G ;GE=FLYJAG  NAK]G <= ;GFBMFLG GJA?AFYJA9 ADM
EAF9JY LG<G G ;GE=FLYJAG  DAF?M9?=E K=JY =F;9J9<9 K=?MF<G IM=J
.HALR=J ;GEG >DGJ9^]G <9 KM:KL[F;A9 =KHAJALM9D <G HG=E9  <ANAK]G E=L
G<GDe?A;9 =E ;GE=FLYJAG A<=GDe?A;G = ;GE=FLYJAG <= >GJE9 F]G E=
H9J=;= BMKL9 * HG=E9 <=N= K=J GD@9<G ;GEG ME LG<G  ;GFKA<=J9^]G
<9K >GJE9K DAF?MbKLA;9K ;GF<MRAJY 9G HKA;GDe?A;G = 9;GEH9F@9JY G
;GE=FLYJAG <9 KM:KL[F;A9 <G HJAF;bHAG 9G >AE * IM= K= HJ=L=F<= =E
HJAE=AJG DM?9J _ IM= G 9I <G D=ALGJ ;GEMF?M= FG =M <G HG=L9 = =J<A9=>>
EGKLJGM EMALG :=E 9 AEHGKKA:ADA<9<= <=KL9 ;GEMFA;9^]G HGJ E=AGK IM=
F]G K=B9E <= F9LMJ=R9 9>=LAN9 H=FK9J _ G:B=LAN9J _ K=H9J9J W ;D9JG IM=
K=E G:B=LAN9^]G F]G @Y ;JbLA;9 (9K FG ;GE=FLYJAG <= HG=E9K 9 ;JbLA;9
9GK HGJE=FGJ=K <=N= AF;DMAJK= FME =KL9<G <= 9<=K]G IM= H=JE9F=^9
<MJ9FL=
G
;GE=FLYJAG
/M<G AKLG =M K=A _ EMALG <A>b;AD FMF;9 ;GFK=?MA J=9DARYDG K9LAK>9L
GJA9E=FL= GM LG<9NA9 ;GE =P=EHDG G ;GE=FLYJAG <ME KGF=LG IM=



L=FL=A >9R=J K=?MF<G 9 GJA=FL9^]G =PHGKL9 GE=^G H=D9 AFLJG<M^]G Z

D=ALMJ9
xFLfFAG )G:J= F]G Ke H=D9 ;GF;=H^]G IM= L=N= <9 HG=KA9 ;GEG
H=D9 =KLJ9F@9 JAIM=R9 <9 KM9 H=JKGF9DA<9<= _ N=J<9<=AJ9E=FL= ME HG=L9
EG<=JFG .= 9AF<9 NAN=KK= L=JA9 K=L=FL9 = ;AF;G 9FGK /9DN=R 9 KM9
HJ=K=F^9 FGK AEH=<AKK= G ;GFNbNAG =KLJ=ALG ;GE =KK= J9H9R LJAKL= IM= =K
;J=N=M G -_ G DANJG E9AK LJAKL= IM= @Y =E +GJLM?9D  KM9 HJ=K=F^9 >bKA;9
LGJFYDGA9 HGJN=FLMJ9 E9AK <AKL9FL= KKAE HGJIM= EGJJ=M 9GK LJAFL9 =
<GAK 9FGK >A;GM K=EHJ= J9H9R F9 FGKK9 D=E:J9F^9 <= GD@GK <G;=K
HYDA<G >=A^g=K >AF9K =E:JMD@9<G FME9 ;9H9 <= =KLM<9FL= 9:KGJLG ;GEG
_
KAF9
<GK
HG=L9K
,M9F<G GMNAEGK G LGE D9KLAEGKG <9 KM9 NGR IM9F<G G K=FLAEGK
L]G H=JLG GK FGKKGK :J9^GK HJG;MJ9E =KL=F<=JK= 9LJ9N_K <9 :JME9 IM=
K=H9J9 9K 9DE9K H9J9 D@= <9J=E >AF9DE=FL= ;GE HA=<9<= >J9L=JF9 G
;9JAF@G IM= H=<AM K=E J=;=:=J GFLAFM9 NANG 9 FGKKG D9<G ;GFLAFM9
;GFN=JK9F<G G:JA?9FGK H=DG LGE <9K KM9K H9D9NJ9K 9 N=J G EMF<G
;GEG
=D=
NA9
K=FLAJ
;GEG
=D=
K=FLA9
(9K F]G =J9 9KKAE H=D9 NA<9 KM:B=LAN9 IM= )G:J= IM=JA9 NAN=J
)G:J= >GA ME @GE=E <= <=K=BG EA?JGM H9J9 ME H9bK <A>=J=FL=
J=;GD@=MK= FG KGF@G <9 AF>[F;A9 ;@=?GM 9 :=E<AR=J 9 N=D@9 9 K=F@GJ9
(GJL=
9H=F9K
H=D9
>GJ^9
<G
K=M
<=KLAFG
FLfFAG )G:J= IM=JA9 NAN=J 9 FGKK9 NA<9 IM=JA9 K=J ;GEG GK GMLJGK
K9M<YN=D = ;GFL=FL= E:A;AGF9N9 ME9 HMJAF@9 <= ;9:=DG F=?JG = :G;9
N=JE=D@9 GF>=KKGMFGK G K=M xA<=9D <= H9JAKA=FK=y ;9K9 <=>JGFL= <G
E9J K9J<AF@9 9G DME= =;GFGEA9K FG E=9D@=AJG K=F<G HGKKbN=D = EMD@
=J = >AD@GK )G:J= >GJ9 >=ALG H9J9 =KL= EMF<G = Ke 9 <G=F^9 G 9>9KLGM
<=D= * K=M <=K=KH=JG <AKKGDN=MK= FME9 J=KA?F9^]G <= E=FAFG KM9N= =
G:=<A=FL= IM= K= =FLJ=L_E ;GE :JAFIM=<GK <= DMPG * K=M :JAFIM=<G >GA
9 9JL= (9K F]G KGE=FL= ME :JAFIM=<G ME E=AG <= ;GF>AKK]G <= LJ9FK
EAKK]G <9 KM9 @ME9FA<9<= ;GF>J9F?A<9 +GJ AKKG H=FK9F<G IM= =D= IM=J
A9 NAN=J = IM= EGJJ=M L]G FGNG L]G LJAKL= L]G Ke GMNAJ=EGK K=EHJ= ;GE
HA=<9<= 9 NGR <G K=M D9E=FLG = ;@GJG <= IM=E BY F]G =KH=J9 F9<9 F=E
E=KEG
G
eHAG
<G
J=?J=KKG
H=D9
E=EeJA9
9GK
L=EHGK
<=
;JA9F^9
/GE:GM
<9
@9KL=
9
>DGJ
<9
EAF@9
AF>[F;A9
9D9<9
(MJ;@GM
F9
B9JJ9
<=
GAJG
G
HM<A;G
B9KEAE
1GGM
9GK
9DLGK
;_MK
9
HGE:9
=F9EGJ9<9
,M=
<9FL=K
=KL=F<A9
9K
9K9K
KG:J=
EAE




%MD?M=A
IM=
>GKK=
=L=JF9
9
DMR
<=KK9
9DNGJ9<9

IM=
=J9
K=EHJ=
<A9
=
FMF;9
LAF@9
>AE
KK9
NAK]G
<=
DM9J
IM=
NANA9
=F;9FL9<9
)ME
;9KL=DG
A<=9D
;GE
LGJJ=K
<=
E9J>AE
(9K
@GB=
9K
HGE:9K
<=
GAJG
9N=K
<9
EAF@9
AF>[F;A9
,M=
E=
=F;@A9E
<=
DM9
G
;GJ9^]G
GMLJGJ9
+9JLAJ9E
=
FG
;_M
=NG9EK=
9
<AKL[F;A9
=:9D<=
;D9EG
=
;@GJG
=J?M=F<G
9GK
;_MK
E=MK
9AK
1GDL9E
F9
9K9
<G
N=FLG
GK
9AK
IM=
9
9DE9
;@GJ9
D9K
HGJ_E
.=F@GJ
=D9K
F]G
NGDL9E
E9AK

= D=ALMJ9 <=KL= KGF=LG >A;9FGK G LJ9NG <9 <=KADMK]G 9 9E9J?MJ9 <=

H=J<=J G IM= FMF;9 E9AK K= J=;MH=J9 K E=LY>GJ9K ;MB9 >AFMJ9 = ;MB9
JAIM=R9 FGK AEHJ=KKAGF9E NaE LJ9FKEALAJ ME9 NAK]G =F;9FL9<9 <GK 9FGK
<9 E=FAFA;= .=?MF<G G HG=L9 9 AF>[F;A9 _ 9D9<9 L=E 9K9K L9DN=R HGJIM=
G H=FK9E=FLG AF>9FLAD NG9 9 ;9<9 AFKL9FL= H9J9 G J=AFG <9 >9FL9KA9 L9DN=R
HGJIM=
9
;JA9F^9
_
ME
9FBG
H=D9
KM9
HMJ=R9
9AF<9
NAKbN=D
<9
KM9
<ANAK9
)G:J= =K;GD@=M ME9 >DGJ xME HM<A;G B9KEAEy H9J9 KAE:GDAR9J
=KK9 ;9F<MJ9 H=J<A<9 * B9KEAE _ :J9F;G <= H=J>ME= H=F=LJ9FL= E9K
KM9N= /9E:_E 9K ;JA9F^9K LaE 9 ?J9^9 G H=J>ME= 9 :J9F;MJ9 <9 9DE9
* 9<B=LANG xHM<A;Gy =KL9:=D=;=M FG =KHbJALG <G HG=L9 9 DA?9^]G =FLJ= 9
>DGJ
=
9
;JA9F^9
9E:GK
HGKKM=E
9
HM<A;b;A9
9
;9KLA<9<=
9
AFG;aF;A9
1=B9E =E LM<G AKLG 9 <=DA;9<=R9 <9 9JL= <= FLfFAG )G:J= D= HfK
<= D9<G GK HJG;=KKGK <=;D9E9LeJAGK 9 =DGIMaF;A9 JGE[FLA;9 GK E=AGK
<AJ=LGK = <=E9KA9<G ;GF@=;A<GK +9J9 FGK <AR=J IM= L=JEAFGM G KGF@G <9
KM9 E=FAFA;= 9 9D=?JA9 <9 NAK]G AE9;MD9<9 )G:J= >9D9FGK <9 >DGJ IM=
L9E:_E LGE:GM <9 @9KL= <G B9KEAE IM= EMJ;@GM FME N9KG <= GAJG <9
HGE:9 =F9EGJ9<9 IM= K= KMEAM FG 9RMD = FMF;9 E9AK NGDLGM D=E:J9EGK
9IMA
9K
DAF<9K
9K9K
:J9F;9K
<=
"9JJ=LL
IM=
=D=
:9LA9
H9J9
NG9J
9G
;_M
/G<G G KGF=LG _ ;GFKLJMb<G KG:J= =KL9K E=LY>GJ9K :JAD@9FL=K <=K<=
9K HGE:9K <= GAJG ZK LGJJ=K <= E9J>AE .GEGK D=N9<GK 9 9DM<AJ 9G KAE
:GDAKEG <= FLfFAG )G:J= Z HJ=>=JaF;A9 H=D9 E9?A9 <9K AFKAFM9^g=K AF
<AJ=L9K )9 N=J<9<= G KAE:GDAKEG F]G H9KKGM 9 HJAF;bHAG <ME9 J=9^]G
;GFLJ9 G HJG;=KKG H9JF9KA9FG <= EGKLJ9J 9K ;GAK9K >J9F;9E=FL=
AFL=AJ9E=FL= <9F<G9K H=DG FGE= HJeHJAG K=E JG<=AG F=E N_M $KKG
LAJ9N9
9G
D=ALGJ
G
HJ9R=J
<=
H9JLA;AH9J
F9
;JA9^]G

 

x)GE=9J ME G:B=LG v =K;J=NA9 (9DD9JE_ =E  v _ KMHJAEAJ LJaK

IM9JLGK <G ?GRG <G HG=E9 IM= ;GFKAKL= F9 <=Db;A9 <= 9<ANAF@9J HGM;G 9
HGM;G G KGF@G _ KM?=JAJ G G:B=LG * MKG H=J>=ALG <=KL= EAKL_JAG ;GFKLALMA
G KbE:GDG =NG;9J D=FL9E=FL= ME G:B=LG H9J9 EGKLJ9J ME =KL9<G <= 9DE9
GM AFN=JK9E=FL= =K;GD@=J ME G:B=LG = LAJ9J <=D= ME =KL9<G <= 9DE9 HGJ
ME9 K_JA= <= <=;A>J9^g=Ky KL9K H9D9NJ9K <= (9DD9JE_ IM= >GA G E9AGJ
<GK HG=L9K KAE:GDAKL9K >J9F;=K=K IM9<J9 Z HG=KA9 <= FLfFAG )G:J= FGL
9EGK HGJ_E IM= FG KGF=LG IM= @GB= ;GE=FL9EGK F]G @Y AE9?=FK L]G
GMK9<9K GM 9DM;AF9FL=K IM= J=NGDL=E G K=FKG ;GEME H=DG ;GFLJYJAG _
:=E ;GEHJ==FKbN=D IM= K= J=HJ=K=FL= 9 ;9F<MJ9 <9 AF>[F;A9 HGJ ME9 >DGJ
:J9F;9 G EMF<G >9FLYKLA;G = @=JE_LA;G <9K ;JA9F^9K HGJ ME ;9KL=DG <=
E9J>AE
* IM= H9J=;= =KLJ9F@G _ F]G K=J ME9 <GJ @ME9F9 <AD9;=J9FL= ;GEG
9 <= FLfFAG )G:J= LJ9FKEALA<9 K=E JG<=AGK FG K=M bEH=LG <= =PH9FK]G
<=K9DAF@9<9 = ;GFNMDKAN9 )]G @Y <hNA<9 <= IM= )G:J= >GA K=EHJ= KAF
;=JG =K<= H=IM=FG ;GE=^GM 9 E=<AL9J F9 EGJL= HGJIM= 9 =KH=J9N9
*K HJ=FhF;AGK <9 LM:=J;MDGK= NA=J9E HGM;G <=HGAK <GK NAFL= 9FGK =D=
IM= BY =E ;JA9F^9 H=<A9 IM= <=HGAK <= EGJLG G =E:JMD@9KK=E FME
;G:=JLGJ xHGJIM= LAF@9 E=<G <G >JAG <G B9RA?Gy <=HGAK ;GE=^GM 9 N=J
=E
LG<9K
9K
;GAK9K
G
JAKG
E9;9:JG
<9
EGJL=
E
LM<G
NA9
9
1=D@9
=E
LM<G
NA9
9
(GJL=
0E
:=J^G
IM=
<GJEA9
=J9
ME
;9AP]G
HJz9
;GN9
1A9
9
!GA;=
FG
_M
IM9F<G
=J9
'M9
)GN9

FLfFAG )G:J= >GA HGJL9FLG ME HG=L9 =KHGFL[F=G K;J=N=M ;GE G

K9F?M= <9K KM9K N=A9K (9K F]G >GA 9H=F9K ME @GE=E IM= KG>J=M HGJIM=
>=R <GK H=<9^GK <9 KM9 <GJ >ADA?J9F9K <= :=D=R9 = @9JEGFA9 D= HJeHJAG
<AKK= ME9 N=R x <GJ IM= <MJ9 K=EHJ= HJG<MR G HJ9R=J IM= F]G <MJ9
E9AK IM= ME EGE=FLGy KK= EGE=FLG <= IM= >9D9 )G:J= _ K=E <hNA<9
G EGE=FLG <9 ;JA9^]G HG_LA;9 G EGE=FLG <9 ?J9^9 * HG=L9 <=HfK FG 9D
L9J <9 JL= 9 KM9 @ME9FA<9<= H9KK9?=AJ9 IM= K9F?J9N9 GFL=EHD9K= F9
HJeHJA9 AE9?=E 9;JA9F^9<G = ME HGM;G 8TB8= K9:GJ=9F<G 9K H9D9NJ9K
HJG;MJ9F<G
JALEGK
W FGL9J ;GEG 9 H9D9NJ9 xDM9y L=E F9 KM9 HG=KA9 ME @9DG =KH=;A9D <=
9KKG;A9^g=K <= AE9?=FK K H9D9NJ9K J=;=:=E <9K GMLJ9K E9AK HJePAE9K
ME9
AF;A<aF;A9
<=
=KLbEMDGK
HKA;GDe?A;GK
IM=
EMAL9K
N=R=K
LJ9FK>A?MJ9E
+GJ AKKG xDM9y FGK N=JKGK <= )G:J= x 9N=K F9 EAF@9 AF>[F;A9 IM=
E= =F;@A9E <= DM9 G ;GJ9^]G GMLJGJ9y KM?=J=FGK G EMF<G K9M<GKG =





>=EAFAFG <G HG=L9 ;GE 9K ?J9^9K HYDA<9K = GK K=MK >9FL9KE9K

9<GJE=;A<GK
)G hDLAEG L=J;=LG )G:J= D9F^9 ME9 IM=AP9 <GDGJA<9 = LG<9NA9 @M
EAD<=
=
J=KA?F9<9
=:9D<=
;D9EG
=
;@GJG
=J?M=F<G
9GK
;_MK
E=M
9AK
1GDL9E
F9
9K9
<G
N=FLG
GK
9AK
IM=
9
9DE9
;@GJ9
D9K
HGJ_E
.=F@GJ
=D9K
F]G
NGDL9E
E9AK

)G:J= F]G J=F=?9 G .=F@GJ =E:GJ9 L=F@9 ;D9E9<G 9FL=K <= ;@GJ9J
 J9HA<=R K9DLAL9FL= <G K=?MF<G N=JKG ;GEHGKLG HGJ H9D9NJ9K LG<9K EMALG
;MJL9K H9J=;= LJ9R=J G =;G <GK 9AK <G HG=L9 NAF<GK F9K 9K9K <G N=FLG
1GDL9E GK 9AK IM= J=<G:J9E 9 KM9 <GJ E9K F]G NGDL9E 9K HGE:9K <= GAJG
<9 KM9 AF>[F;A9 9D9<9 * hDLAEG N=JKG E9AK <= IM= 9 ;@9N= J9;AGF9D <G
KGF=LG Z E9F=AJ9 ;DYKKA;9 _ ME9 >J9K= K=FLAE=FL9D 9 HJAE=AJ9 H9JL= 9K
;=F<=FL= _ ME ?JALG <= 9DE9 x=D9K HGJ_E .=F@GJy 9 K=?MF<9 H9JL=
<=K;=F<=FL=
_
ME
KMKHAJG
<=
9;=AL9^]G
x=D9K
F]G
NGDL9E
E9AKy
FLfFAG )G:J= ;GF>GJEGMK= 9;9:GM HGJ 9E9J 9 KM9 ;JMR
GFK=?MAM LGJF9JK= ;JA9F^9 E=A?9 = G:=<A=FL= <= GD@GK EMALG 9:=JLGK
<= KGJJAKG L]G LJAKL= * KGJJAKG <= IM=E >9D9 <= AJ NA9B9J K=IMAF@G H9J9 G
KGDHGKLG G KGJJAKG <= IM=E H=<= IM= ;GEHGF@9E ;GE B=ALG G LJ9N=K
K=AJG
<=
EG<G
IM=
D@=
>9^9
:GE
=F;GKLG
FG
;9AP]G
=
EG<G
IM=
E=
>9^9
:GE
=F;GKLG
*
LJ9N=KK=AJG
;GEHGJY
;GE
B=ALG

=M
L]G
>=DAR
+GJ
F]G
=KL9J
9>=ALG

/9DN=R =KL= KGJJAKG <=JAN= <ME9 9LALM<= HJ=E=<AL9<9 ME hDLAEG

x;GIM=LAKEGy <= EGJA:MF<G IM= ;GEHg= G D=F^GD E9F<9 9:JAJ 9 B9F=D9 =
<AR IM9DIM=J ;GAK9 AF>9FLAD H9J9 <AKLJ9AJ GK GMLJGK <9 KM9 <=K?J9^9 /9DN=R
K=B9 9 hDLAE9 <=>=K9 <= IM=E L=N= <= =FLJ=?9JK= LG<G =K>9JJ9H9<G = K9F
?J9F<G
9GK
GD@GK
<9
EMDLA<]G
;GEH9<=;A<9y
%9;AFLG
<G
+J9<G
G=D@G

8I75WVC
8C
-9BH=A9BHC
*CXH=7C
HY?


0E
KGF=LG
<=
(9;@9<G
<=
KKAK

 /A
GCB9HC
89
'57<58C
89
GG=G
A Carolina



*
=KLADG
L=E
ME
;MF@G
FALA<9E=FL=
IMAF@=FLAKL9
.M?=J=G 9 >GJEMD9^]G ?DG:9D DAF?MbKLA;9 = JbLEA;9 = KM:DAF@9EFG
;=JLGK <9<GK ;GF;J=LGK ;GEG HGJ =P=EHDG G IM9DA>A;9LANG xE9D>=JA<GKy
9;GFK=D@9<G HGJ (YJAG 9JJ=LG BMKL9E=FL= HGJ K= ;9K9J 9G K=M A<=9D <=
J=KL9MJ9^]G <9 DAF?M9?=E ;DYKKA;9 9 BY ;AL9<9 DG;M^]G <= xH=FK9E=F
LGK A<GK = NANA<GKy = 9 HG:J=R9 <9K JAE9K <GK L=J;=LGK =E 58CG = =8CG
GF<= K= 9DAF@9E >Y;AD = =KHGFL[F=9E=FL= H9JLA;bHAGK <9  9 ;GFBM?9^]G =
<9
9 =
 9
/J9?GL=
>DGJ=K
v
J=KLGK
9JJ9F;9<GK
9
L=JJ9
IM=
FGK
NAM
H9KK9J
MFA<GK

GJ9
EGJLGK
FGK
<=AP9
=
K=H9J9<GK
,M=
=M
K=
L=F@G
FGK
GD@GK
E9D>=JA<GK
+=FK9E=FLGK
<=
NA<9
>GJEMD9<GK
.]G
H=FK9E=FLGK
A<GK
=
NANA<GK

* IM= =FLJ=L9FLG E9AK 9b FGK <=N= AFL=J=KK9J _ 9 x>GJE9 AFL=JF9y

AKLG
_
G
HD9FG
>GJE9D
AE9F=FL=
FG
<=K<G:J9E=FLG
<9K
>J9K=K
+9J9 G KGF=LG 9 >GJE9 AFL=JF9 9KKAE ;GF;=:A<9 K= HJG;=KK9 H=D9
;GF;9L=F9^]G <= A<=A9K 9K;=F<=FL=K =E 9EHDALM<= = AFL=FKA<9<= 9L_ G
;GJG9E=FLG <= ME9 D9J?9 = ;MDEAF9FL= =PHJ=KK]G >AF9D W G IM= F9LMJ9D
E=FL= =KL9N9 HJ=>A?MJ9F<G FG EA;JG;GKEG <9 ;GHD9 =KH9JK9 <= IM= NA
EGK
HJGN9N=DE=FL=
L=J
=NGDMb<G
G
KGF=LG
E G;9?= =KL9 =KLJMLMJ9^]G ;@=?9 EMAL9K N=R=K 9G MKG <= ME
hFA;G H=JbG<G IM= Ke F9 H9JL= >AF9D 9HJ=K=FL9 9K KM9K GJ9^g=K ;9HAL9AK
0E :GE =P=EHDG _ G KGF=LG KG:J= 9 =PAKLaF;A9 <= =MK GF<= N]GK=
9FMF;A9F<G GK >9LGK <9 F9LMJ=R9 ;GEHJG:9LeJAGK 9L_ K= ;@=?9J Z 9>AJE
9^]G
<=KK9
=PAKLaF;A9
F9
:9K=
<=KK=K
>9LGK
v
LM<G
IM=
@Y
9
;GF>=KK9J
E=
G:JA?9

v 9;J=K;=FL9F<GK= G ;GF;=ALG <= IM= L9D =PAKLaF;A9 K= AEHg= Z -9R]G =

F]G 9H=F9K Z !_ H=D9 =NA<aF;A9 >bKA;9 = H=D9 F=;=KKA<9<= FG HD9FG EGJ9D
G
IM=
LAF@9
<=
K=J
G
;9HAL9D
9J?ME=FLG
H9J9
G
ADMEAFAKEG
GALG;=FLAKL9

H9J9
;J=J
FME
:J9^G
9MLGJ
<=
LM<G
,M=
J=;GEH=FK9
GK
:GFK
IM=
GK
E9MK
;9KLA?9
)]G
Ke
<9
!_
E9K
<9
-9R]G
E=
9BM<G

KK= HD9FG >GJE9D AFL=JFG HG<= _ N=J<9<= G>=J=;=J 9 N9JA9FL= <G

;@9E9<G xKGF=LG =DAK9:=L9FGy IM= HJ9LA;GM .@9C=KH=9J= GF<= 9 LJaK
=KLJG>=K <= IM9LJG N=JKGK AF<=H=F<=FL=K =FLJ= KA IM9FLG Z JAE9 K=




9<BMF?= ME <bKLA;G >AF9D IM= J=KME= G H=FK9E=FLG 9FL=JAGJE=FL= <=K=F

NGDNA<G )=KL= H9JLA;MD9J FLfFAG )G:J= FGK ADMKLJ9 ME9 >GJE9 AFL=JF9
<= KGF=LG =DAK9:=L9FG EGD<9<G F9 >GJE9 =PL=JF9 AL9DA9F9 IM9F<G <AK
BMF?= H=D9 A<=A9 GK <GAK N=JKGK >AF9AK <G hDLAEG L=J;=LG F=D=K J=KMEAF<G
LG<G G L=GJ <9 HG=KA9 ;MBG H=FK9E=FLG K= ;GF;DMbJ9 FG <_;AEG K=?MF<G
N=JKG

NAJ?=E
IM=
H9KK9AK
9G
KGD
HG=FL=
+=D9K
=KLJ9<9K
=JE9K
9
;9FL9J
M
IM=JG
GMNAJ
ME9
;9F^]G
9J<=FL=
,M=
E=
LJ9FKHGJL=
9G
E=M
H=J<A<G
D9J
9FL9AE=
F=KK9
NGR
GFAHGL=FL=
*
KGD
IM=
N=F@9
9MJ=GD9F<G
G
E9J

>9JLMJ9
<9
K=9J9
J=DMR=FL=
*
NAF@G
9
?J9^9
9
>GJEGKMJ9
G
DM9J
9FL9A
;9FL9A
9K
DbEHA<9K
;9FLA?9K
G
>MF<G
<G
E=M
D9J
<=K9L=JJ9A
/G<9K
9IM=D9K
ADMKg=K
9FLA?9K
,M=
=M
NA
EGJJ=J
FME
KGF@G
;GEG
ME
9A

KM9N=K
=
>J=K;9K
J9H9JA?9K
<GJE=;=AE=
F=KK9
NGR
9FL9A 

1GDL9F<G =FLJ=L9FLG 9 x 9JGDAF9y <= (9;@9<G <= KKAK

=P9EAF=EGKD@=
9
>GJE9
AFL=JF9
F9
:9K=
<9K
;GFKA<=J9^g=K
9;AE9
>=AL9K
)]G L=EGK 9b =E N=J<9<= ME <=K<G:J9E=FLG <= A<=A9K ;9<9 N=R
E9AK
9EHD9K
=
AFL=FK9K
9L_
ME
;DbE9P
<=
N=JKGK
>AF9AK
* HG=L9 ;GE:AF9 H=FK9E=FLGK ;G?F9LGK = H9J9D=DGK ME FGK IM9JL=
LGK GMLJG FG HJAE=AJG L=J;=LG =FIM9FLG ME L=J;=AJG H=FK9E=FLG IM= _ 9
=KKaF;A9 <G H=IM=FG HG=E9 K= ;GFKM:KL9F;A9 >AF9DE=FL= FG hDLAEG
L=J;=LG
-=;AL=EGK 9 HJG<M^]G ;GEH9J9F<G9 ;GE G =KIM=E9 9KKAE
<=HJ==F<A<G

1AKAL9
Z
K=HMDLMJ9
;GE
9K
A<=A9K
IM=
9;GEH9F@9E
=KK=
?=KLG
<=
K9M<9<=
=
;9JAF@G
9
=NG;9^]G
<9
>=DA;A<9<=
=
9
9>AJE9^]G
<=
ME9
D=E
:J9F^9
=
ME
9>=LG
IM=
F]G
E9AK
K=
9H9?9
GM
K=IM=J
<=K>9D=;=
,M=JA<9
9G
H_
<G
D=ALG
<=JJ9<=AJG
E
IM=
<=K;9FK9K
<=KK9
DGF?9
NA<9



IMA
N=F@G
=
NAJ=A
HG:J=
IM=JA<9
/J9R=JL=
G
;GJ9^]G
<=
;GEH9F@=AJG
+MDK9D@=
9IM=D=
9>=LG
N=J<9<=AJG
,M=
9
<=KH=ALG
<=
LG<9
9
@ME9F9
DA<9
!=R
9
FGKK9
=PAKLaF;A9
9H=L=;A<9

FME
J=;9FLG
HfK
G
EMF<G
AFL=AJG


*>=JL9
<=
>DGJ=K
;GEG
KbE:GDG
<=KK9
K9M<9<=
IM=
9KKAE
K=
;GF;J=LAR9
FME
?=KLG
JALM9D
/J9?GL=
>DGJ=K
J=KLGK
9JJ9F;9<GK
9
L=JJ9
IM=
FGK
NAM
H9KK9J
MFA<GK

GJ9
EGJLGK
FGK
<=AP9
=
K=H9J9<GK


!AF9DE=FL=
G
;GF;=ALG
<=
IM=
G
HG=L9
=KLY
EGJLG
H9J9
G
EMF<G
=
9
KM9
NA<9
>bKA;9
K=
HJGDGF?9
9MLGE9LA;9E=FL=
H=DG
AEHMDKG
9<IMAJA<G
<=
ME9
>GJ^9
NAL9D
IM=
<=K9H9J=;=M
,M=
K=
=M
L=F@G
FGK
GD@GK
E9D>=JA<GK
+=FK9E=FLGK
<=
NA<9
>GJEMD9<GK
.]G
H=FK9E=FLGK
A<GK
=
NANA<GK

(9K F]G _ LM<G )]G K= J=KME= F=KL9 9FYDAK= G HD9FG ;GEHD=PG <G
KGF=LG
* HG=L9 9JLA;MDGM KMLADE=FL= 9 H9JL=  ;GE 9 H9JL=  LAJ9F<G9 <9
=PHJ=KK]G 9H9J=FL=E=FL= K=;MF<YJA9 <= IM= =D= =KLY L]G EGJLG IM9FLG 9
KM9
9JGDAF9
A?G x9H9J=FL=E=FL= K=;MF<YJA9y HGJIM= G L=JEG =KLY ;GDG;9<G
=E E=AG <= >J9K= = ;GEG HJAE=AJG =D=E=FLG <= ME ;GFBM?9<G ;GHMD9LANG
=E IM= HJ=<GEAF9 >GJE9DE=FL= HGJL9FLG G K=?MF<G IM9DA>A;9LANG
G9D5F58CG
#Y 9 AFL=F^]G <= HJGNG;9J 9 H=JHD=PA<9<= 5 DCGH9F=CF= <G D=ALGJ
;MB9 9L=F^]G <=KDAR9 9L_ G9D5F58CG = 89DC=G <= 9;=AL9J =KK9 A<=A9 G9@:
9J=89BH @Y <= J=LGJF9J K=E IM=J=J H9J9 G H9J9<GP9D 9<B=LANG ACFHCG IM=
G 9FL=;=<= x(GJLGK HGJ IMay KKAE ;GF;=FLJ9<G FME FGNG ;GF;=ALG
IM= G:NA9E=FL= L=E <= AFLJA?YDG =KLY =D= HJ=H9J9<G H9J9 J=;=:=J G AE
H9;LG <= H=FK9E=FLG >AF9D AFLJG<MRA<G 9G hDLAEG L=J;=LG HGJ ME EI9 <=
N9DGJ
;9MK9D
/=EGK 9KKAE v F]G ME <=K<G:J9E=FLG IM= J=?MD9JE=FL= N9A 9K
;=F<=F<G H9J9 ME9 A<=A9 YHA;= v E9K ME HJAE=AJG H=FK9E=FLG ;GF;DMKG
9 =NG;9^]G <9 >=DA;A<9<= H=J<A<9 = 9 D=E:J9F^9 H=J=F= <9 EMD@=J




9E9<9 ME K=?MF<G IM= G ADMKLJ9 FME9 ;GF;J=LAR9^]G KAE:eDA;9 =

K9AF<G <= ME =D=E=FLG 9b D9F^9<G IM9K= 9G 9;9KG ME H=FK9E=FLG >AF9D
IM=
LJ9FK>A?MJ9
G
HG=E9
=
D@=
<Y
9
KM:KL[F;A9
<=>AFALAN9
W F=KL9 >GJE9 AFL=JF9 = FG K=M ;GFLJ9KL= ;GE G HD9FG F9LMJ9D <= ME
KGF=LG IM= E= H9J=;= =KL9J =KLADAKLA;9E=FL= 9 KA?FA>A;9^]G <9 H=IM=F9
BGA9
HG_LA;9
IM=
9;9:9EGK
<=
J9HA<9E=FL=
9HJ=;A9J

V Noes Elementares de Versificao

1
v
)G^g=K
D=E=FL9J=K
<=
1=JKA>A;9^]G

%G9IMAE
(9LLGKG
[E9J9
%J
,9J=GH5
8C
&=JFC
FG

H

 %
(9LLGKG
[E9J9
%J 
x)G^g=K
<=
KLADbKLA;9y
AF &=HH9F5
F q


 (9L_JA9
Q
!GJE9
=F
+G=KA9

 )G
9JLA?G
;AL9<G
 &9
&5B;5;9
9H
@5
0=9

 (YJAG
9JJ=LG (CJCG
GHI8CG
85
&[B;I5
*CFHI;I9G5
-AG
 
H

 )6F5G
*CXH=75G
89
C75;9
=<
/9N9J=K
9J<GKG
=
$JE]G
'AK:G9
 
NGD
$

 .G:J=
G
KGF=LG
F9
DAL=J9LMJ9
AF?D=K9
;GFKMDL9J
FA<
#9EE=J .<9
'9H9FG
C:
B;@=G<

*C9HFM
'GF<GF

H

KK

 FLfFAG
)G:J= -_
 9
=<
ADD9M<
=
=JLJ9F< 

H
 

x'9
E_LJAIM=
=KL
MF=
K;A=F;=
E9AK
;{=KL
9MKKA
MF
9JL
'=
E_LJA;A=F
<GAL
;GFF9cLJ=
D9
L=;@FAIM=
<M
N=JK
E9AK
AD
<GAL
9MKKA
aLJ=
MF
@GEE=
<=
:GF
K=FK
9NGAJ
<=
D9
>AF=KK=
=L
<M
?GiLy
"
(ADD9J<=L ,CA5B=5


H

+G=KA9
=
HJGK9

Poesia e prosa v E K=FLA<G >GJE9D ;@9E9K= poesia Z >GJE9 <=

=PHJ=KK]G GJ<=F9<9 K=?MF<G ;=JL9K J=?J9K = <ANA<A<9 =E MFA<9<=K
JbLEA;9K
+JGK9
1=JKG
-ALEG
(=LJG

Prosa _ 9 >GJE9 <= =PHJ=KK]G ;GFLAFM9<9 E:GJ9 9 HJGK9 L9E:_E

HGKK9
L=J
JALEG
9IMA
=D=
_
E=FGK
JA?GJGKG
IM=
F9
HG=KA9
Verso _ G ;GFBMFLG <= H9D9NJ9K IM= >GJE9E <=FLJG <= IM9DIM=J
FhE=JG
<=
KbD9:9K
ME9
MFA<9<=
>fFA;9
KMB=AL9
9
ME
<=L=JEAF9<G
JALEG
Ritmo _ 9 <ANAK]G <G L=EHG =E H=JbG<G MFA>GJE=K E=<A9FL= GK
9HGAGK
KM;=KKANGK
<9
AFL=FKA<9<=
Metro _ G N=JKG IM= 9D_E <= 9L=F<=J 9G JALEG K= 9HJ=K=FL9 <=FLJG
<=
ME9
FGJE9
J=?MD9J
<=
E=<A<9
KADY:A;9
* JALEG ;GEME 9G N=JKG = 9G E=LJG F]G K= E9FA>=KL9 <= E9F=AJ9
MFA>GJE= HGJ AKKG HJG<MR =>=ALGK <A>=J=FL=K ;GF>GJE= 9 <AKHGKA^]G <9K
;DYMKMD9K
KADY:A;9K
IM=
;GFKLALM=E
G
H=JbG<G
JbLEA;G
<G
N=JKG
+GJ KM9 N=R ME E=KEG E=LJG HG<= 9HJ=K=FL9JK= KG: NYJA9K EG<9D
A<9<=K
JbLEA;9K




+G<=K= EM<9J <= JALEG K=E 9DL=J9J G E=LJG GM G N=JKG ;GEG K=

HG<=
EM<9J
<=
E=LJG
GM
N=JKG
K=E
9DL=J9J
G
JALEG
GEG =FKAF9 )9N9JJG /GEYK G JALEG F9K;= <9 <AKHGKA^]G 9;=FLM9D
G N=JKG <=H=F<= <9 9^]G <G JALEG = G E=LJG G:=<=;= BMKL9E=FL= 9G JALEG
=
Z
E=<A<9
KADY:A;9
D_E <G JALEG 9;=FLM9D GMLJGK J=;MJKGK KMHD=E=FL9J=K ;GFLJA:M=E
H9J9 <9J 9G N=JKG 9K IM9DA<9<=K <= KM9 >AKAGFGEA9 = <= ;GDGJA<G K]G J=
;MJKGK >fFA;GK EGJ>GDe?A;GK = K=E[FLA;GK D_E <9 JAE9 = <9 =KLJG>=
>A?MJ9E =FLJ= GMLJGK 9 @9JEGFA9 NG;YDA;9 9 9DAL=J9^]G <= ;GFKG9FL=K G
H9J9D=DAKEG 9 9FY>GJ9 9 GJ<=E <9K H9D9NJ9K GM 9 N9DGJAR9^]G K=E[FLA;9
<=
ME9
H9D9NJ9
GM
=PHJ=KK]G
+GJ E=D@GJ IM= K=B9 G N=JKG H=J<=JY EMALG <= K=M N9DGJ K= HJG
>=JA<G HGJ ME D=ALGJ v = 9L_ E=KEG H=DG K=M 9MLGJ  IM= F]G K9A:9 HfJ =E
=NA<aF;A9 9K ;9J9;L=JbKLA;9K <= KM9 =KLJMLMJ9 JbLEA;9 E_LJA;9 = <= K=MK
9HGAGK
>fFA;GK
+9MK9
>AF9D
9N9D?9E=FLG

Pausa final. Cavalgamento v )9 D=ALMJ9 <= ME HG=E9 E9J;9K= G

>AF9D <= ;9<9 N=JKG GM >AF9D <= ;9<9 MFA<9<= <= N=JKG ;GEHGKLG
<9A=GH[EI=C ;GE ME9 H9MK9 9 ;@9E9<9 D5IG5 AXHF=75 KL9 H9MK9
E_LJA;9 F]G H9KK9 <= ME9 H=IM=F9 AFL=JJMH^]G IM= F]G ;@=?9 9 ;GF>MF
<AJ ;GE 9 H9MK9 E9AK <=EGJ9<9 J=KMDL9FL= <9 =FLG9^]G <9 GJ9^]G E9J
;9<9
=E
?=J9D
HGJ
NbJ?MD9
GM
GMLJG
KAF9D
<=
HGFLM9^]G
)]G D=N9J F9 <=NA<9 ;GFL9 9 H9MK9 E_LJA;9 9D_E <= 9L=FL9J ;GFLJ9 G
JALEG
HG<=
;GFN=JL=J
G
N=JKG
=E
>9DK9
HJGK9
 H9MK9 E_LJA;9 _ LJ9FK>=JA<9 H9J9 9 HJAE=AJ9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 <G N=JKG
K=?MAFL= IM9F<G 9 MFA<9<= KAFLYLA;9 =P;=<= G DAEAL= <= ME N=JKG = H9J9
;GEHD=L9JK= x;9N9D?9y GM xEGFL9y FG N=JKG 9 K=?MAJ H9L=FL=9F<G 9K
KAE ME <=K9;GJ<G =FLJ= 9 MFA<9<= KAFLYLA;9 = 9 MFA<9<= E_LJA;9 KL=
>=FfE=FG _ ;GF@=;A<G H=D9 <=FGEAF9^]G >J9F;=K9 9B>5A69A9BH IM= K=
HG<= LJ9<MRAJ ;GEG >=R .9A< DA HGJ 75J5@;5A9BHC /9E:_E K= MK9 G
L=JEG 9B75J5@;5A9BHC
x.GF@G
HJG>MF<G
e
.GF@G
<GDGJGKG
GDGJGKG
=
HJG>MF<G
.=FLAE=FLG
05= J5=
B5G
<5FD5G
HFZAI@5G
8C
J9BHC
<CF5F
C
H9I
A=GHXF=C
H9B96FCGCy
6. 
$$
7
1=JKA>A;9^]G



Versificao v _ 9 L_;FA;9 <= >9R=J N=JKGK GM <= =KLM<9JD@=K GK =P

H=<A=FL=K
JbLEA;GK
<=
IM=
K=
;GFKLALM=E
x)]G K= @Y <= ;GF>MF<AJ J9FG=:=75WVC ;GE DC9G=5  HG=KA9 _ ME
8CA F9K;=K= HG=L9  N=JKA>A;9^]G _ ME9 9JL= LGJF9K= ME N=JK=B9<GJ
"J9F<=K HG=L9K ;GEG 1A?FQ >GJ9E E=<bG;J=K N=JK=B9<GJ=K #Y:=AK
N=JK=B9<GJ=K ;GEG /=G<GJG <= 9FNADD= F]G HG<=E B9E9AK K=J ;@9E9
<GK
HG=L9Ky
6# 
7
*
JALEG
HG_LA;G

* ritmo potico IM= F9 =KKaF;A9 F]G <A>=J= <9K GMLJ9K EG<9DA<

9<=K <= JALEG K= ;9J9;L=JAR9 H=D9 J=H=LA^]G * JALEG ;GFKAKL= F9 <ANAK]G
H=J;=HLbN=D <G L=EHG = <G =KH9^G =E AFL=JN9DGK A?M9AK ,M9F<G 9 HG=KA9
K= ;GFKLALMA <= MFA<9<=K JbLEA;9K A?M9AK <ARK= IM= 9 N=JKA>A;9^]G _ F9;I
@5F IM9F<G
AKLG
F]G
G;GJJ=
9
N=JKA>A;9^]G
_ =FF9;I@5F GM @=JF9
* JALEG HG_LA;G MLADAR9 J=;MJKGK IM= F=E K=EHJ= K]G ;GAF;A<=FL=K
<=
A<AGE9
H9J9
A<AGE9
FLJ= FeK HGJ =P=EHDG F]G >A?MJ9 9 IM9FLA<9<= IM= _ G 9DA;=J;= <9
N=JKA>A;9^]G D9LAF9 GM ?J=?9  JAE9 HGJ GMLJG D9<G IM= @GB= FGK _ L]G
>9EADA9J = IM=JA<9 F]G ;GFKLALMb9 H=^9 =KK=F;A9D <9 HG=KA9 9L_ 9 $<9<=
(_<A9
D9LAF9
E HGJLM?MaK G JALEG HG_LA;G _ 9KK=?MJ9<G H=D9 MLADAR9^]G <GK
K=?MAFL=K
=PH=<A=FL=K
IM=
K=
HG<=E
;GE:AF9J
<=
E9F=AJ9
N9JA9<bKKAE9

FhE=JG
>APG
<=
KbD9:9K

<AKLJA:MA^]G
<9K
KbD9:9K
>GJL=K
GM
LfFA;9K
=
>J9;9K
GM
YLGF9K

;=KMJ9

JAE9

9DAL=J9^]G

=F;9<=9E=FLG

H9J9D=DAKEG
* FhE=JG >APG <= KbD9:9K ;GGJ<=F9<G ;GE 9 <AKLJA:MA^]G <9K KbD9:9K
>GJL=K = >J9;9K ;GFKLALMA ME A9HFC DCXH=7C = G K=M =KLM<G J=;=:= G FGE=
<= AXHF=75

v
)hE=JG
!APG
<=
.bD9:9K




1 Nmero Fixo de Slabas

Como se contam as slabas de um verso v )9 J=;AL9^]G 9 ;GFL
9?=E <9K KbD9:9K K= HJG;=KK9 <A>=J=FL=E=FL= <9 9FYDAK= ?J9E9LA;9D F=KL9
K= 9L=FL9 H9J9 9 KM9 J=HJ=K=FL9^]G F9 =K;JAL9 =FIM9FLG F9IM=D9 K= :MK;9 9
J=9DA<9<=
9M<ALAN9
)G
N=JKG
GEG
K=
;GFL9E
9K
KbD9:9K
<=
ME
N=JKG

xW
LG<9
ME
@AFG
v
=KH=J9F^9y
6 
7

#Y K=L= KbD9:9K H9J9 G HG=L9 =KL= Ke ;GFL9 9L_ 9 hDLAE9 LfFA;9 = <=R
KbD9:9K H9J9 G ?J9EYLA;G 9IM=D= F]G HJG>=J= G 5 >AF9D <= HC85 DA?9 9 ;GF
KG9FL= 8 9 IA GEAL= G C >AF9D <= <=BC = BMFL9 G B Z KbD9:9 AFA;A9D <=
9GD9F5BW5
W


LG


<9ME


@A


FG
v
=K


H=


J9F


^9






S se conta at a ltima slaba tnica: verso agudos, graves e esdrxulos v 0E9 <9K GJA=FL9^g=K IM= <AKLAF?M=E 9 ;GFL9?=E <9K KbD9:9K
=FLJ= G HG=L9 = G ?J9EYLA;G _ IM= G HJAE=AJG <= 9;GJ<G ;GE GJA=FL9^]G
J=NANA<9 >GA AFA;A9<9 HGJ GMLG "M=JJ=AJG FG K_;MDG 31$$$  HGJ
FLfFAG !=DA;A9FG <= 9KLAD@G FG K_;MDG 3$3 Ke D=N9 =E ;GFL9 9L_ 9 hD
LAE9 KbD9:9 LfFA;9 <=KHJ=R9F<G 9 YLGF9 GM 9K YLGF9K >AF9AK 9b 9 <ANAK]G
<GK N=JKGK =E 5;I8CG ;F5J9G GM 9G8FdLI@CG ;GF>GJE= L=JEAF9J=E J=
KH=;LAN9E=FL= HGJ NG;Y:MDGK GPbLGFGK H9JGPbLGFGK GM HJGH9JGPbLGFGK
;GEG
FGK
K=?MAFL=K
N=JKGK
LG<GK
<=
<=R
KbD9:9K
x*
H9<J=
F]G
>9DGM
v
EGKLJGMD@=
G
;_My
6 
7
x M
NA9
D9;JAEGK9
KG:J=
9K D98F5G y
6 
7
x KLYLM9
<9
9>DA^]G
9GK
H_K
<ME
LhEMDGy
6 
7
Esdrxulo

)=KL= DANJG AF<A;9J=EGK 9 KbD9:9 E_LJA;9 H=DG KbE:GDG

IM9F<G
>GJ
LfFA;9
HGJ=EGK
F=D=
ME
9;=FLG
LfFA;G

Agudo
Grave



!=FfE=FGK
>GF_LA;GK
;GJJ=FL=K
F9
D=ALMJ9
<GK
N=JKGK

Fenmenos fonticos correntes na leitura dos versos v )9 D=ALMJ9

<GK N=JKGK HJG>=JAEGK 9K H9D9NJ9K ;GE 9K BMF^g=K = 9K H9MK9K IM= G >9D9J
<= LG<GK GK EGE=FLGK ;GF@=;= HGJ =P9?=JG =FLJ=L9FLG L9AK >=FfE=FGK
>GF_LA;GK ;GKLME9E K=J =PHDA;9<GK ;GEG x=PA?aF;A9 <9 L_;FA;9
N=JKA>A;9LeJA9y
KL=K >=FfE=FGK K]G  KAF_J=K=  <A_J=K=  =DAK]G  ;J9K= 
=;LDAHK= = HG<=E G;GJJ=J MFK <=FLJG <G E=KEG NG;Y:MDG =BHF5J9F65=G

 

GM =BH9FBCG = GMLJGK H=D9 BMF^]G <= <GAK NG;Y:MDGK =BH9FJ9F65=G GM

9LH9FBCG
.AF_J=K=

.inrese GM <ALGF?9^]G _ 9 BMF^]G <= NG?9AK ;GFLbFM9K FME9 Ke

KbD9:9 =E NAJLM<= <= ME9 <9K NG?9AK H9KK9J 9 K=EANG?9D FG AFL=JAGJ <9
H9D9NJ9
)9 DbF?M9 HGJLM?M=K9 EG<=JF9 =KH=;A9DE=FL= FG J9KAD _ FGJE9D 9
KAF_J=K= AFL=JF9 x9 FGK ?JMHGK NG;YDA;GK YLGFGK F]G >AF9AK <= K=?MF<9
NG?9D 9DL9 ;GJJ=KHGF<=FL= =E NG;Y:MDG <=JAN9<G GM ;GEHGKLG Z NG?9D
LfFA;9 <G HJAEALANG =P  HF5=8CF <= HF5=F GM Z NG?9D AFA;A9D <= ME9 <9K
>GJE9K EbFAE9K ;GEHGF=FL=K =P  J5=8589 J9< J5 KM> =8589 K=F<G
IM= >GJ9 <=KK9K <M9K ;GF<A^g=K K= L=E 9b ME <ALGF?G KAKL=EYLA;G =P 
@9=HIF5 75IH9@5 =L;  : FGK ?JMHGK NG;YDA;GK YLGFGK F]G >AF9AK <=
HJAE=AJ9 NG?9D 9DL9 =P  D=98589 GI5J=8589 ; FGK ?JMHGK NG;YDA;GK
YLGFGK >AF9AK <= HJAE=AJ9 NG?9D YLGF9 =P  ;@_F=5 RG7I5 GXF=9 HZBI9
K=F<G IM= F]G @Y HJAE=AJ9 NG?9D E_<A9 F=KK=K ?JMHGK ;> B[
J9C
B[J=I
AR;C5
AR;I5  AFL=F^]G =KLADbKLA;9 GM 9 E_LJA;9 FG N=JKG
;JA9E
>J=IM=FL=E=FL=
<A_J=K=
FGK
<GAK
HJAE=AJGK
;9KGKy
6( 
7
A_J=K=

Direse _ 9 <AKKGDM^]G <= ME <ALGF?G =E @A9LG FG AFL=JAGJ <9

H9D9NJ9
 <A_J=K= IM= _ K=EHJ= AFL=JF9 _ >=FfE=FG @GB= J9JG =E HG=KA9
?=J9DE=FL= MK9<G 9H=F9K H9J9 ;=JLGK >AFK =PHJ=KKANGK GM ;GEG =PH=<A
=FL=
H9J9
<9J
9G
N=JKG
G
FhE=JG
<=
KbD9:9K
=PA?A<9K
x+=


K9


E=
=K


L9


:JA


D@9F


L=
9M


J_


G


D9


<=


FM


E= y
6(7


 


    
* EGNAE=FLG D=FLG HJG>=JAF<G 5IFXC@5 5IFXC@5 ;GEG NG
;Y:MDG <= IM9LJG KbD9:9K H9J=;= =EHJ=KL9J Z KALM9^]G G ;GDGKKG <G
L9E9F@G
IM=
L=E
G
KGD
=E
J=D9^]G
Z
KAEHDA;A<9<=
<G
N9?9DME=
tK N=R=K ;GKLME9K= AF<A;9J 9 <A_J=K= HGF<GK= LJ=E9 FG = GM I
J5]8589 J5=8589 G5I8589 G5I8589 
.AF9D=>9

Sinalefa, _ 9 H=J<9 <= 9MLGFGEA9 <= ME9 NG?9D H9J9 LGJF9JK=

K=EANG?9D
=
9KKAE
;GFKLALMAJ
ME
<ALGF?G
;GE
9
NG?9D
K=?MAFL=





DAK]G

Eliso _ G <=K9H9J=;AE=FLG <= ME9 NG?9D IM9F<G HJGFMF;A9<9

BMFLG
<=
GMLJ9
NG?9D
<A>=J=FL=

 HJGFhF;A9 JYHA<9 <GK HGJLM?M=K=K D=N9 E9AK >J=IM=FL=E=FL= Z

J=9DAR9^]G <= =DAKg=K <G IM= 9 HJGFhF;A9 E9AK D=FL9 <GK :J9KAD=AJGK )=E
K=EHJ=
;GEG
FG
=P=EHDG
9;AE9
9
=DAK]G
_
AF<A;9<9
?J9>A;9E=FL=
(9K
K=
>GJ^GKG HnX <=AP9J
9
HYLJA9
6 
 7
)GL=K=
L9E:_E
IM=
9
=DAK]G
HG<=
9:9J;9J
E9AK
<=
<M9K
NG?9AK



F9 E]G <G N=J<9<=AJG HG=L9 ;GFKLALM=E AFL=F;AGF9AK = NA?GJGKGK =D=E=F

LGK <G IM9<JG IM= G 9JLAKL9 <=K=B9 HfJ <A9FL= <= FGKKGK GD@GK * JALEG IM=
<=N=EGK AEHJAEAJ 9G N=JKG 9;=D=J9<G 9IMA ;GE H9MK9K 9;GDY _ ME9
;GEG
@9JEGFA9
AEAL9LAN9
<9K
A<=A9K
IM=
G
HG=L9
FGK
IM=J
LJ9FKEALAJ
*
JALEG
=
9
HGFLM9^]G
<G
N=JKG

O ritmo e a pontuao do verso v %Y 9;=FLM9EGK IM= F=E K=EHJ=

9 MFA<9<= <= K=FLA<G <G HG=E9 ;GAF;A<= ;GE GK DAEAL=K <= KM9 DAF@9 G
IM= FGK EGKLJ9 G =JJG <9IM=D=K IM= D==E N=JKG >9R=F<G DGF?9 H9MK9 FG
>AE <= ;9<9 ME <=D=K  KL9 DGF?9 H9MK9 Ke _ Db;AL9 IM9F<G 9 MFA<9<=
KAFLYLA;9
G
=PA?AJ
GM
H=JEALAJ
x(=MK
EA?GK
<=MK
v
1=J=A
>MD?AF<G

DM9
=E
;9EHG
9RMD
=
G
KGD
FG
G;9KG
/AF?AJ
<=
>G?G
9
AEHD9;A<=R
<9K
Y?M9K
1=J=A
@eJJA<9K
LJ=N9K
D=FLG
=
D=FLG
=K;=J=E
;GEG
ME
;J=H=
>MF=JYJAG
E
F=?JG
=KIMA>=
GF<=
J=HGAK9
9
EGJL=y
6" 
$
7

J9K=

Crase _
9
>MK]G
<=
<GAK
GM
E9AK
KGFK
A?M9AK
FME
Ke

tK N=R=K K= HG<=E DA?9J >GF=E9K <= H9D9NJ9K K=H9J9<9K HGJ 9D?ME

KAF9D <= HGFLM9^]G GM 9G ;GFLJYJAG HG<= @9N=J ME9 H9MK9 K=E IM= K=B9
AF<A;9<9
HGJ
KAF9D
?JY>A;G
9<=IM9<G
;GEG
F=KL=K
N=JKGK
<=
<=R
KbD9:9K
x
=M
>AL9F<G9
9:=F^G9N9
9
NA<9y
6 
7
DA<G



=M


>A


L9F


<G9
9


:=F


^G


9


N9
9


NA


<9
  

  
 
xE9K=
9
NA<9
v
9
EG;A<9<=
_
;J=F^9y
6 
7
PH=<A=FL=K
E9AK
J9JGK
F9
;GFL9?=E
<9K
KbD9:9K

;LDAHK=

Ectlipse _ 9 KMHJ=KK]G <9 J=KKGF[F;A9 F9K9D <= ME9 NG?9D >AF9D <=
NG;Y:MDG
H9J9
>9;ADAL9J
9
KAF_J=K=
GM
9
;J9K=
;GE
9
NG?9D
;GFLb?M9 
*;GJJ= ;GE E9AK >J=IMaF;A9 9 =;LDAHK= FG >AF9D 9A = F9 HJ=HGKA^]G
7CA )=KL= hDLAEG ;9KG _ ;GEME K=J AF<A;9<9 HGJ 9HeKLJG>G HGJIM= 9
JA?GJ 9 =;LDAHK= F]G H9KK9 <= ME9 =DAK]G ;GFKA<=J9<9 9 H9D9NJ9 FG K=M
K=FLA<G E9AK ?=J9D G 1G;9:MDYJAG *>A;A9D J=;GE=F<9 F]G MK9J 9HeKLJG>G
;G9
;G9K
;G
;GK
xG{9K
LJ9F^9K
HJ=K9K
F9
>AL9
G{9K
>DGJ=K
FG
K9E:MJYy
6 
7

W HJ=;AKG AFKAKLAJ E9AK ME9 N=R IM= GK >=FfE=FGK >GF_LA;GK 9IMA

=KLM<9<GK Ke F9 E]G <G N=JK=B9<GJ K]G >JAGK J=;MJKGK <= 9ME=FLG GM <A
EAFMA^]G <= KbD9:9K H9J9 9L=F<=J ZK =PA?aF;A9K <9 L_;FA;9 N=JKA>A;9LeJA9

Expedientes mais raros na contagem das slabas v G D9<G <GK

;9KGK 9L_ 9IMA 9HGFL9<GK @Y GMLJGK <= E=FGK AF;A<aF;A9 E9K IM= E=J=
;=E
FGKK9
9L=F^]G
'=E:J9J=EGK
GK
LJaK
K=?MAFL=K
9
G
EGNAE=FLG
JbLEA;G
<=
ME
N=JKG
HG<=
=KL9J
KG:
9
AF>DMaF;A9
<G
N=JKG
9FL=JAGJ
GM
<G
K=?MAFL=
>9R=F<G
;GE
IM=
9
NG?9D
GM
KbD9:9
AFA;A9D
<=
ME
N=JKG
>AIM=
AF;GJHGJ9<9
FG
N=JKG
HJ=;=<=FL=
AKLG
N=E
=PHDA;9J
9
=P9LA<]G
E_LJA;9
<=
9D?MFK
N=JKGK
9H9J=FL=E=FL=
=JJ9<GK
HGJ
K=
9H
J=K=FL9J=E
E9AK
;MJLGK
<G
IM=
<=NA9E
x@GJ9J
9
NAJ?=E
>GJEGK9
(GJL9
F9
>DGJ
<GK
9FGKy
6 
7
IM=
K=JY
DA<G
@G


J9J


9


NAJ


?=E


>GJ


EG


 



K9


EGJ


L9
F9


>DGJ


<GK


9


FGK






:
G
KADaF;AG
GM
H9MK9
E9AK
>GJL=
N9D=F<G
;GEG
KbD9:9
xtK
N=R=K
G@
KAE


<=JJ9E9E
L]G
>J9;Gy
6" 
$
7
x*
;_M
=J9
9RMD


L]G
E=A?G
=
L]G
:J9F<Gy
6" 
$
7

K]G N=JKGK <= GFR= KbD9:9K 9GK IM9AK 9 H9MK9 AFL=F;AGF9D <G HG=L9 AF
<A;9<9
9IMA
HGJ


N9D=
HGJ
ME9
KbD9:9
E_LJA;9
;
9
<AKKGDM^]G
<=
ME
=F;GFLJG
;GFKGF[FLA;G
H=D9
AFL=J;9D9^]G
<=
ME9
NG?9D

=

GM

9

F]G
AF<A;9<9
F9
=K;JAL9
>9R=F<G
<9
HJAE=AJ9
;GF
KG9FL=
ME9
KbD9:9
Z
H9JL=
G
IM=
J=N=D9
ME9
L=F<aF;A9
<9
HJGFhF;A9
:J9KAD=AJ9
;GJJ=FL=
x)AF?M_E
E9AK C6G9FJ5 G
LJ9L9<Gy
6" 7
v C6G9FJ5 <=N=
K=J
DA<G
;GE
IM9LJG
KbD9:9K
xGFLM<G
GK
GD@GK 8{=;B_6=@ HJ9FLGy
6" 7
v =;B_6=@ <=N=
K=J
DA<G
L9E:_E
;GE
IM9LJG
KbD9:9K

v
)hE=JG
!APG
<=
.bD9:9K
=
+9MK9K

2 Nmero Fixo de Slabas e Pausas

* FhE=JG >APG <= KbD9:9K = H9MK9K _ G HJAF;AH9D <GK 9HGAGK JbLEA;GK
<G N=JKG * HG=L9 L=E 9 DA:=J<9<= <= F]G >A;9J =E LG<G G HG=E9 HJ=KG
9G E=KEG E=LJG )G HG=E9 <= "GF^9DN=K A9K AFLALMD9<G '=B<5 0=85 9
'9IG ACF9G G;GJJ= ME9 EM<9F^9 <= E=LJG EMALG AFL=J=KK9FL= * HG=L9
NAF@9 N=JK=B9F<G =E <=;9KKbD9:GK 9;=FLM9<GK F9 K=PL9 KbD9:9 GM F9 IM9JL9
=
GAL9N9
*MLJ9
N=R
IM=
DY
>MA
IM=
9
NA
IM=
9
E=<G
/=JF9
NGR
D@=
=K;ML=A
v
KGF@=A
;GFLA?G
v
$F=>YN=D
HJ9R=J
:9F@GM
E=M
H=ALG
.=FLA
<=Db;A9K
E9K
9
KeK
;GEA?G
+=FK=A
v
L9DN=R
v
=
BY
F]G
HM<=
;JaDG

= Kh:ALG FGK N=JKGK  =  >9R ;9AJ 9K H9MK9K F9 IM9JL9 = K_LAE9

KbD9:9 9HJGPAE9F<G G JALEG <=;9KKbD9:G <G JALEG <= GFR= KbD9:9K IM= N9A
9H9J=;=J
FGK
N=JKGK

=

D9
L]G
E=A?9
=
L]G
;@=A9
<=
=F;9FLGK
D9
L]G
FGN9
L]G
HMJ9
=
L]G
:=D9
E9JE=
v
M
IM=
KGM
(=MK
GD@GK
=FP=J?9E
=FIM9FLG
<MNA<9
(AF@{9DE9
K=E
;J=F^9
<=
>GJ^9
=P9MJA<9

%Y
>9JL9
<9
NA<9
,M=
9EGJ
F]G
<GAJGM
6( 
$$
 7

)9 HG=KA9  .9AD9GH589 "GF^9DN=K A9K N9JA9 9 E=<A<9 <= =KLJG

>= 9 =KLJG>= ;GE=^9F<G HGJ <M9K KbD9:9K 9L_ ;@=?9J 9 GFR= IM9F<G J=LGJ
F9 FME EGNAE=FLG <=;J=K;=FL= 9L_ NGDL9J 9G <= <M9K KbD9:9K GE AKLG G
HG=L9 IMAKFGK AF<A;9J E9AK NAN9E=FL= x9 9HJGPAE9^]G ?J9<9LAN9 <9 L=E
H=KL9<= ;MB9 E9AGJ >hJA9 =KLGMJ9 F9 <_;AE9 =KLJG>= H9J9 <=HGAK 9>9KL9JK=
HGM;G 9 HGM;Gy 6(9FM=D 9F<=AJ9 =<ALGJ <9K *:J9K <= "GF^9DN=K A9K
$$
7
*K N=JKGK =E HGJLM?MaK N9JA9E =E ?=J9D <= ME9 9 <GR= KbD9:9K
K=F<G J9JGK GK IM= MDLJ9H9KK9E =KL= FhE=JG +9J9 KM9 <=KA?F9^]G
=EHJ=?9EK= GK FGE=K ?J=?GK <=FGL9LANGK <= FhE=JG HJ=>AP9<GK 9G =D=
E=FLG G[@56C ACBC ME Ke 8=G <GAK HF= LJaK H9HF5 IM9LJG
D9BH5 ;AF;G <9L5 K=AK <9DH5 K=L= C7HC GALG 9B95 FGN=
8975 <=R <9B8975 GFR= 8C8975 <GR= ACBCGG[@56C 8=GG[@56C
HF=GG[@56C H9HF5GG[@56C L9E:_E ;@9E9<G EI58F=GG[@56C D9BH5GG[@56C
L9E:_E <ALG F98CB8=@<5 A9BCF <9L5GG[@56C <9DH5GG[@56C L9E:_E <ALG
F98CB8=@<5 A5=CF GM Ke F98CB8=@<5 C7HCGG[@56C 9B95GG[@56C 8975G
G[@56C L9E:_E ;@9E9<G <9F_=7C <9B8975GG[@56C L9E:_E ;@9E9<G <=
5FH9 A5=CF = 8C8975GG[@56C GM L9E:_E 5@9L5B8F=BC FGE= LAJ9<G <9K
FME=JGK9K ;GEHGKA^g=K E=<A=N9AK IM= ;9FL9N9E GK >=ALGK <G ?M=JJ=AJG
D=P9F<J= EGJE=FL= G *C9A5 89 @9L5B8F9 ;GEHGKLG FG K_;MDG 3$$
HGJ
D=P9F<J=
<=
=JF9Q
=
'9E:=JL
'A;GJ
=KMJ9

Cesura v *K N=JKGK DGF?GK <= GJ<AFYJAG 9 H9JLAJ <GK <= <=R KbD9:9K
9HJ=K=FL9E ME9 H9MK9 AFL=JF9 ;@9E9<9 79GIF5 H9J9 J=KK9DL9J G EGNA
E=FLG JbLEA;G <ANA<AF<G G N=JKG =E <M9K H9JL=K F=E K=EHJ= A?M9AK
;GF@=;A<9K H=DG FGE= <= <9A=GH[EI=CG  79GIF5 HG<= K=J ME9 H9MK9
E=FGJ F]G AF<A;9<9 HGJ KAF9D <= HGFLM9^]G GM E9AK 9;=FLM9<9 AF
<A;9<9
F9
=K;JAL9
HGJ
KAF9D
<=
HGFLM9^]G
GEG 9KKAF9D9 )9N9JJG /GEYK x=E IM9DIM=J HGFLG <G N=JKG HG<=
G;GJJ=J ME9 AFL=JJMH^]G J=IM=JA<9 H=D9 KAFL9P= GM H=D9 F=;=KKA<9<= <=
<=KL9;9J G KA?FA>A;9<G <= ME9 H9D9NJ9 KL9K H9J9<9K G;9KAGF9AK F]G LaE 9
>MF^]G
E_LJA;9
<9
;=KMJ9
GM
<9
H9MK9y
6)/ 
7
1=JKGK
<=
ME9
9
<GR=
KbD9:9K

Versos de uma a doze slabas v *K N=JKGK <= ME9 <M9K = LJaK KbD9
:9K
Ke
LaE
ME9
KbD9:9
>GJL=





9
(GFGKKbD9:GK
J9JbKKAEGK
xIM=:J9
IM=AE9
J=AF9
<9F^9
K9F?M=
?GKE9 y
6(F 5DI8 ( 
  7

:
AKKbD9:GK
x0E
J9AG
!MD?MJ9
)G
=KH9^G
KH9JKG
=
DMRy
6" 
7

> #=P9KKbD9:GK v 9HJ=K=FL9E GK K=?MAFL=K EGNAE=FLGK JbLEA;GK

HJAF;AH9AK

;
/JAKKbD9:GK
x1=E
9
9MJGJ9
+J=KKMJGK9
GJ<=JGK9
,M=
K=
;GJ9
=
;9JEAEy
6" 
7

< /=LJ9KKbD9:GK v 9HJ=K=FL9E GK K=?MAFL=K EGNAE=FLGK JbLEA;GK

HJAF;AH9AK
? #=HL9KKbD9:GK v K]G GK N=JKGK E9AK MK9<GK = HGHMD9J=K =E HGJLM?MaK =
9HJ=K=FL9E
GK
K=?MAFL=K
EGNAE=FLGK
JbLEA;GK
HJAF;AH9AK

= +=FL9KKbD9:GK v 9HJ=K=FL9E GK K=?MAFL=K EGNAE=FLGK JbLEA;GK

HJAF;AH9AK





@ *;LGKKbD9:GK v 9HJ=K=FL9E GK K=?MAFL=K EGNAE=FLGK JbLEA;GK

HJAF;AH9AK
B =;9KKbD9:GK v 9HJ=K=FL9E GK K=?MAFL=K EGNAE=FLGK JbLEA;GK
HJAF;AH9AK

A F=9KKbD9:GK v 9HJ=K=FL9E GK K=?MAFL=K EGNAE=FLGK JbLEA;GK

HJAF;AH9AK



 

C #=F<=;9KKbD9:GK v 9HJ=K=FL9E GK K=?MAFL=K EGNAE=FLGK JbLEA;GK

HJAF;AH9AK

D G<=;9KKbD9:GK v 9HJ=K=FL9E GK K=?MAFL=K EGNAE=FLGK JbLEA;GK

HJAF;AH9AK

x D=A GJ?[FA;9 <G 9D=P9F<JAFG HG<= K=J =PHJ=KK9 =E <GAK 9JLA?GK

 q IM9F<G 9 hDLAE9 H9D9NJ9 <G HJAE=AJG N=JKG <= K=AK KbD9:9K _ ?J9N=  q
@=EAKLbIMAG 9 HJAE=AJ9 H9D9NJ9 <G K=?MF<G <=N= ;GE=^9J HGJ ME9 NG?9D
GM HGJ ME < q 9 hDLAE9 H9D9NJ9 <G HJAE=AJG N=JKG FMF;9 HG<= K=J =K
<JhPMD9 D9JG =KLY IM= IM9F<G 9 hDLAE9 H9D9NJ9 <G HJAE=AJG N=JKG _
9?M<9 9 HJAE=AJ9 <G K=?MF<G HG<= AF<A>=J=FL=E=FL= ;GE=^9J HGJ
IM9DIM=J
D=LJ9
NG?9D
GM
;GFKG9FL=




D?MFK HG=L9K EG<=JFGK <=KHJ=R9F<G =KK9 J=?J9 =KK=F;A9D LaE 9:

GDA<G 9 LAJ9FA9 <9 ;=FKMJ9 (9K G 9D=P9F<JAFG ;DYKKA;G G N=J<9<=AJG G
D=?bLAEG
_
G
IM=
G:=<=;=
9
=KK=K
HJ=;=ALGKy 
3 Rima: Perfeita e Imperfeita 193
-AE9
+=J>=AL9
=
$EH=J>=AL9

@9E9K= F=A5 9 A?M9D<9<= GM K=E=D@9F^9 <= KGFK H=JL=F;=FL=K 9G

>AE
<9K
H9D9NJ9K
9
H9JLAJ
<9
KM9
hDLAE9
NG?9D
LfFA;9
K H9D9NJ9K =E JAE9 HG<=E =KL9J FG >AE F=A5 :=B5@ 9 E9AK MKM9D
GM FG AFL=JAGJ <G N=JKG F=A5 =BH9FB5 HG<=F<G F=KL= hDLAEG ;9KG ME9
<9K
H9D9NJ9K
G;MH9J
9
HGKA^]G
>AF9D
#BH9FB5 _ 9 JAE9 IM= K= >9R ;GE 9 hDLAE9 H9D9NJ9 <= ME N=JKG = ME9
H9D9NJ9 FG AFL=JAGJ <G N=JKG K=?MAFL= E J9BHIF5 '9F=8=5B5 )G
ACF9G <= + *Nb<AG )9K]G  = KK   ! <= 9KLAD@G ;GEHGF<G IM9J
L=LGK <= N=JKGK 9DL=JF9<GK <=  =  KbD9:9K JAE9 G  q N=JKG ;GE 9 9
KbD9:9 <G q G q ;GE G  q G  q ;GE 9 9 KbD9:9 <G  q >AF9DE=FL=
N9JA9F<G
G
N=JKG
GJ9
?J9N=
GJ9
9?M<G
x J9
F9
=KLAN9
IM9<J9
$FL=FKG
E=AG<A9
+=<A9
ME
J=KHAJ9J
)G
E=AG
<G
E=M
H=ALG
(=
<=ALG
9
<=K;9FK9J
%9F=D9
=FLJ=9:=JL9
=KIMAN9
9G
KGD
>G?GKG
-=HGMKG
9DA
E9FL_E
'MR
;GEG
9
<=
=KH=KKMJ9
K;MJ9
9G
IM9JLG
N=Ey

 JAE9 HG<= K=J D9F:9=H5 GM ;GE <CAC:CB=5 GM =AD9F:9=H5 GM

;GE G9A=<CAC:CB=5 ARK= D9F:9=H5 IM9F<G _ ;GEHD=L9 9 A<=FLA<9<=
<GK
>GF=E9K
>AF9AK
9
H9JLAJ
<9
hDLAE9
NG?9D
LfFA;9
xWK
=F?J9^9<9
=
>GJEGK9
GEG
9
JGK9
GEG
9
JGK9
=E
EaK
<{9:JAD
WK
;GEG
9
FMN=E
<GAJ9<9
=KDAR9<9



=KDAR9<9
=E
;_MK
<{9FADy
"
A9K )6F5G


)9 JAE9 H=J>=AL9 HG<= @9N=J 9AF<9 A<=FLA<9<= <9K ;GFKG9FL=K

9FL=JAGJ=K Z NG?9D LfFA;9 +9J9 GK N=JKGK AF?DaK = 9D=E]G G >9LG ;GFKLALMA
>9DL9
?J9N=
ARK= =AD9F:9=H5 9IM=D9 =E IM= 9 A<=FLA<9<= <= >GF=E9K >AF9AK F]G
_ ;GEHD=L9 AFKAKLAF<GK= 9H=F9K F9IM=D=K >GF=E9K IM= K= <A>=J=F;A9E
>MF<9E=FL9DE=FL= <GK <=E9AK 6@  7 *;GJJ= 9 JAE9 AEH=J>=AL9
IM9F<G
9 K= JAE9 ME9 NG?9D <= LAE:J= K=EA9:=JLG ;GE GMLJ9 <= LAE:J=
K=EA>=;@9<G
x9AD9F<G
FG
9J
?=EA9
AFIMA=LG
N9?9DME=
v
x,M=E
E=
<=J9
IM=
>GKK=
9IM=D9
DGMJ9 9GHF9@5
,M=
9J<=
FG
=L=JFG
9RMD
;GEG
=L=JF9 J9@5y
(9K
9
=KLJ=D9
>AL9F<G
9
DM9
;GE
;AhE= y
(
<=
KKAK

:
ME
<GK
>AF9AK
L=E
ME
KGE
IM=
G
GMLJG
F]G
L=E
x)=KK9 J9FH=;9A
E9J9
9 J=F;9Ay

<=
:J=M )6F5G


(MAL9K N=R=K 9 H=J>=A^]G GM AEH=J>=A^]G <9 JAE9 _ J=D9LAN9 ;GF

>GJE= 9 HJGFhF;A9 H9<J]G )G J9KAD HGJ =P=EHDG ;GFKLALM=E JAE9K H=J
>=AL9K 9K IM= K= >9R=E =FLJ= ;=JL9K NG?9AK = <ALGF?GK 89G9>CG ;GE 69=>CG
@IN ;GE 5NI=G 5HFCN ;GE <9F_=G JVG ;GE AV9G 9GD=F5=G ;GE -5H5BRG
6CB8CGC ;GE F9DCIGC E +GJLM?9D _ H=J>=AL9 9 JAE9 =FLJ= AV9 = H5A
6XA GM H9A =L;  HJYLA;9 IM= HGJ AEAL9^]G DAL=JYJA9 G;GJJ= =FLJ= 9D?MFK
<=
FGKKGK
HG=L9K
JGE[FLA;GK
;
K=
JAE9
ME9
NG?9D
GJ9D
;GE
ME9
NG?9D
F9K9D
=
IM=
=D=
G
KGD
AFMF<9
*
E9J
IM9F<G
K= Dc9
$E9?=E
EGJA:MF<9
=
ME
;GJ9^]G
IM= :C= 6% 5DI8 @ 
7

< K= JAE9E NG;Y:MDGK ;GE Ke A<=FLA<9<= <9K NG?9AK LfFA;9K JAE9 HC5BH9
GM 5GGCB5BH9



Rimas consoantes e toantes v  JAE9 K= <AR 7CBGC5BH9 IM9F<G _

H=J>=AL9 AKLG _ L=E GK E=KEGK >GF=E9K 9 H9JLAJ <9 hDLAE9 NG?9D LfFA;9 <G
N=JKG J5;5@IA9
7=dA9
.C5BH9 L9E:_E 5GGCB5BH9 <= 5GGCBTB7=5 _ 9 JAE9 AEH=J>=AL9 =E
IM=
@Y
9H=F9K
A<=FLA<9<=
F9K
NG?9AK
LfFA;9K
75@A5
7585 H9FF5
D98F5

Disposio das rimas v ,M9FLG Z E9F=AJ9 HGJ IM= K= <AKHg=E FGK

N=JKGK 9K JAE9K HG<=E K=J 9AD5F9@<585G 5@H9FB585G GM 7FIN585G
CDCGH5G GM 9BHF9@5W585G GM 9B@5W585G =BH9FDC@585G = A=GHIF585G
9<9 JAE9 <= ME9 =KLJG>= _ <=KA?F9<9 HGJ ME9 D=LJ9 E9AhK;MD9 GM
EAFhK;MD9 <G 9D>9:=LG <= EG<G IM= 9 KM;=KK]G <= D=LJ9K AF<A;9 9 KM
;=KK]G
<9K
JAE9K
KKAE
FG
=P=EHDG
x(G^GK
IM=JG
=FLJ=
NeK
>9D9J
Z
FGKK9
L=JJ9
.GEGK
KM9
=KH=J9F^9
=
G
K=M
hDLAEG
9EH9JG
E
FGKKG
;GJHG
=
=E
FGKKG
=KHbJALG
K=
=F;=JJ9
*
IM=
=D9
9?GJ9
L=E
<=
E9AK
;=JLG
=
E9AK
;9JGy
6%* 
7

 <AKLJA:MA^]G <9K JAE9K _ J=HJ=K=FL9<9 H=DG =KIM=E9 5656 GM

abab GF<= 5 AF<A;9 9 JAE9 9FF5 L=JJ9
=F;=JJ9 = 6 9 JAE9 5FC 9EH9JG

;9JG
Emparelhadas K]G 9K IM= K= KM;=<=E <M9K 9 <M9K G =KIM=E9 _
556677
=L; 
x)ME9
NA<9
9FL=JAGJ
>MA
ME
P=IM=
E9;AD=FLG

HG:J=
M
?9DGH9N9
G
9D:GJFGR
KGDLG
9G
N=FLG
)9
KG9D@=AJ9
;9F<=FL=
=
@=JeA
<=
NA<9
G:K;MJ9
+GKKMb9
LM<G
G
=KH9^G
ME
;9N9DG
=
9
:J9NMJ9y
6* 7

Alternadas GM 7FIN585G K]G 9K IM= FME ?JMHG <= IM9LJG N=J
KGK K= 9DL=J9E >9R=F<G IM= G  q N=JKG JAE= ;GE G  q = GK <=E9AK bE
H9J=K = G q ;GE G  q = GK <=E9AK H9J=K GJJ=KHGF<=E 9G =KIM=E9
5656
x*J9
<AJ=AK
GMNAJ
=KLJ=D9K
=JLG
+=J<=KL=
G
K=FKGy

=M
NGK
<AJ=A
FG
=FL9FLG
,M=
H9J9
GMNAD9K
EMAL9
N=R
<=KH=JLG



9:JG
9K
B9F=D9K
HYDA<G
<=
=KH9FLG y
6* 7

Opostas GM 9BHF9@5W5G GM 9B@5W585G K]G 9K IM= K= N=JA>A;9E =E

<GAK
N=JKGK
=FLJ=
GK
IM9AK
E=<=A9E
<GAK
GMLJGK
L9E:_E
JAE9<GK
GJJ=KHGF<=E
9G
=KIM=E9 5665
x19AK=
9
HJAE=AJ9
HGE:9
<=KH=JL9<9
19AK=
GMLJ9
E9AK
(9AK
GMLJ9

=F>AE
<=R=F9K
=
HGE:9K
N]GK=
<GK
HGE:9AK
9H=F9K
-9A9
K9F?MbF=9
=
>J=K;9
9
E9<JM?9<9y
6-
GJJ=A97

Interpoladas K]G 9IM=D9K =E IM= FME ?JMHG <= K=AK N=JKGK G

L=J;=AJG JAE9 ;GE G K=PLG =FIM9FLG G HJAE=AJG JAE9 ;GE G K=?MF<G = G
IM9JLG
;GE
G
IMAFLG
GJJ=KHGF<=E
9G
=KIM=E9 556776
M
F9K;A
9D_E
<GK
E9J=K
*K
E=MK
D9J=K
(=MK
9EGJ=K
>A;9E
DY
v *F<=
;9FL9
FGK
J=LAJGK
.=MK
KMKHAJGK
.=MK
KMKHAJGK
G
K9:AY

<=
:J=M

Misturadas K]G 9IM=D9K =E IM= 9 <AKLJA:MA^]G _ DANJ= K JAE9K

EAKLMJ9<9K H9J9 DG?J9J=E aPALG J=IM=J=E ;GFKL[F;A9 NAN9;A<9<= =
KGFGJA<9<=
xW
E=A9FGAL=
=
JM?AF<G
+9KK9
LJAKL=
9
N=FL9FA9
GEG
ME
N=J:G
<9
<=K?J9^9
GEG
ME
?JALG
<=
9?GFA9

=M
<A?G
9G
N=FLG
IM=
H9KK9
+GJ
E=MK
;9:=DGK
>M?9R
x1=FLG
>JAG
<G
<=K=JLG
*F<=
=D9
=KLY
'GF?=
GM
H=JLG
(9K
;GEG
ME
@YDALG
AF;=JLG
-=KHGF<=E=
G
=;G
9G
DGF?=
x*@
(AF@{9E9FL=
GF<=
=KLYK y
6
DN=K7





6 Paralelismo
4 Aliterao
DAL=J9^]G

Aliterao v W G 9HGAG JbLEA;G IM= ;GFKAKL= =E J=H=LAJ >GF=E9K =E

H9D9NJ9K KAE=LJA;9E=FL= <AKHGKL9K  9DAL=J9^]G F9K;= =E ?=J9D <=
<=K=BG
<=
@9JEGFA9
AEAL9LAN9

+9J9D=DAKEG

Paralelismo v W 9 J=H=LA^]G <= A<=A9K E=<A9FL= =PHJ=KKg=K

9HJGPAE9<9K
x*
EGFKLJ=F?G
IM=
=KLY
FG
>AE
<G
E9J
)9
FGAL=
<=
:J=M
=J?M=MK=
9
NG9J
t
JG<9
<9
F9M
NGGM
LJaK
N=R=K
1GGM
LJaK
N=R=K
9
;@A9J

<AKK= +I9A
X
EI9
CIGCI
9BHF5F
(5G
A=B<5G
75J9FB5G
EI9
BVC
89GJ9B8C
'9IG
H9HCG
B9;FCG
8C
:=A
8C
AIB8C

G
@GE=E
<G
D=E=
<AKK=
LJ=E=F<G
x D-=A
GE
%G]G
.=?MF<Gy

x
BMJMLA
KMKHAJ9
KG:J=
9K
>GD@9K
K=;9Ky
6
<=
:J=M7
xW
9
H=J<9
<MJ9
<ME
>MLMJG
AFL=AJGy
6#8 7
x1GR=K
N=D9<9K
N=DM<GK9K
NGR=K
1GDhHA9K
<GK
NAGDg=K
NGR=K
N=D9<9K
19?9E
FGK
N=D@GK
NeJLA;=K
N=DGR=K
GK
N=FLGK
NAN9K
N]K
NMD;9FAR9<9Ky
6JMR
=
.GMK97

5 Encadeamento

x9
EI9A
GVC
5G
J9@5G
CB89
A9
FCWC
9
EI9A
5G
EI=@<5G
EI9
J9>C
9
CIWCm
AKK=
G
EGFKLJ=F?G
=
JG<GM
LJaK
N=R=K
/JaK
N=R=K
JG<GM
AEMF<G
=
?JGKKG
x+I9A
J9A
DC89F
C
EI9
9I
G_
DCGGC
,M=
EGJG
GF<=
FMF;9
FAF?M_E
E=
NAKK=

=K;GJJG
GK
E=<GK
<G
E9J
K=E
>MF<Gy

G
@GE=E
<G
D=E=
LJ=E=M
=
<AKK=
x D-=A
GE
%G]G
.=?MF<Gy
!
+=KKG9

F;9<=9E=FLG

Encadeamento v GFKAKL= F9 J=H=LA^]G KAE=LJA;9E=FL= <AKHGKL9 <=

>GF=E9K
H9D9NJ9K
=PHJ=KKg=K
GM
ME
N=JKG
AFL=AJG
!GA J=;MJKG JbLEA;G EMALbKKAEG MK9<G F9 HG=KA9 E=<A=N9D = _ >J=
IM=FL= F9 HG=KA9 EG<=JF9 =E N=JKGK DANJ=K P=EHDGK ;GD@A<GK =E
M?MKLG
!J=<=JA;G
.;@EA<L
x)G
=FL9FLG
=KL= ACH=JC
9G7C@<=8C
9L=GH9
)]G J9>C
=KL9 HF=GH9N5
<9
K9M<9<=
<9
IM=
_ G9ADF=
9 IG9BH9
)=E
<9
KM9
?J9^9
<=K9H9J=;A<9 y
J=H=LA^]G
<=
>GF=E9
x*9BG9= =E
EGJLGK
IM=
EGJJ=J9E
=FLJ=
AF<A>=J=FL=K
*9BG9= F9K
N=D@9K
EMD@=J=K y
J=H=LA^]G
<=
H9D9NJ9
x)G
HJAF;bHAG
>GA
ME
:9D9F^G
;GFLbFMG
=
N9?9JGKG
=HGAK
>GA
<=K;=F<G
ME9
KGE:J9
AF<AKLAFL9
0E
?J9F<=
D=ALG
KMJ?AM
=
D=F^eAK
:J9F;GK
;GEG
=KHME9

)G
HJAF;bHAG
>GA
ME
:9D9F^G
;GFLbFMG
=
N9?9JGKGy
J=H=LA^]G
<=
N=JKG

7 Estrofao
KLJG>9^]G

* HG=E9 HG<= ;GFL=J <GAK GM E9AK N=JKGK GK IM9AK K= 9?JMH9E H9J9

>GJE9J
ME9 9GHFC:9
* ;GKLME= LJ9<A;AGF9D _ AFA;A9J ;9<9 N=JKG ;GE D=LJ9 E9AhK;MD9
IM9DIM=J IM= K=B9 9 KM9 J=D9^]G KAFLYLA;9 +G<=K= =FLJ=L9FLG HfJ FG AFb
;AG D=LJ9 EAFhK;MD9 ;GF>GJE= 9 KM9 J=D9^]G KAFLYLA;9 ;GE G N=JKG
HJ=;=<=FL=



K
=KLJG>=K
HG<=E
K=J G=AD@9G 7CADCGH5G = @=JF9G

Simples K]G
9K
=KLJG>=K
>GJE9<9K
<=
N=JKGK
;GE
9
E=KE9
E=<A<9
Compostas K]G
9K
IM=
=F;=JJ9E
N=JKGK
<=
<A>=J=FL=K
E=<A<9K
Livres K]G
9K
IM=
9<EAL=E
N=JKGK
<=
IM9DIM=J
E=<A<9
K =KLJG>=K <= <GAK LJaK IM9LJG ;AF;G K=AK GALG = <=R N=JKGK J=;=
:=E J=KH=;LAN9E=FL= GK K=?MAFL=K FGE=K =KH=;A9AK 8[GH=7CG H9F79HCG
EI58F5G GM EI5FH9HCG EI=BH=@<5G G9LH=@<5G C=H5J5G = 8X7=A5G K =KLJG
>=K
<= G9H9 = BCJ9 N=JKGK
F]G
LaE
FGE=
=KH=;A9D
8 Verso de ritmo livre
1=JKG
<=
JALEG
DANJ=

x* IM= ;@9E9EGK AEHJGHJA9E=FL= J9FGCG @=JF9G _ ME9 K_JA= AJJ=?M

D9J
<=
N=JKGK
IM=
LGE9<GK
=E
K=H9J9<G
K]G
J=?MD9J=Ky
6# 
 7
* N=JKG <= JALEG DANJ= F]G L=E FhE=JG J=?MD9J <= KbD9:9K N=JKGK =
=KLJG>=K F=E K]G MFA>GJE=K = ;GAF;A<=FL=K G FhE=JG = 9 <AKLJA:MA^]G <9K
KbD9:9K
YLGF9K
=
LfFA;9K
J=KHGFKYN=AK
H=DG
EGNAE=FLG
JbLEA;G
* N=JKG <= JALEG DANJ= =PA?= <G HG=L9 ME9 J=9DAR9^]G L]G ;GEHD=L9
IM9FLG G N=JKG J=?MD9J xt HJAE=AJ9 NAKL9 H9J=;= E9AK >Y;AD <= >9R=J <G
IM= G N=JKG E=LJA>A;9<G (9K _ =F?9FG 9KL9 <AR=J IM= FG N=JKG DANJ= G
HG=L9 L=E <= ;JA9J G K=M JALEG K=E 9MPbDAG <= >GJ9 W ;GEG G KMB=ALG IM=
KGDLG FG J=;=KKG <9 >DGJ=KL9 <=N9 9;@9J G K=M ;9EAF@G = K=E :hKKGD9 K=E
NGR=K IM= <= DGF?= G GJA=FL=E K=E GK ?J]GRAF@GK <= >=AB]G <9 @AKLeJA9 <=
%G]G = (9JA9 .=E <hNA<9 F]G ;MKL9 F9<9 =K;J=N=J ME LJ=;@G <= HJGK9 =
<=HGAK <AKLJA:MbDG =E DAF@9K AJJ=?MD9J=K G:=<=;=F<G L]G KGE=FL= ZK H9M
K9K <G H=FK9E=FLG (9K AKKG FMF;9 >GA N=JKG DANJ= * EG<=JFAKEG L=N=
AKKG <= ;9L9KLJe>A;G LJ9R=F<G H9J9 9 FGKK9 DbF?M9 G N=JKG DANJ= <=M 9 LG<G
G EMF<G 9 ADMK]G <= IM= ME9 K_JA= <= DAF@9K <=KA?M9AK _ HG=E9y 6( 
$$
  7
9 Recitao
-=;AL9^]G

x J=;AL9^]G <G N=JKG 9D_E <GK J=IMAKALGK =PA?A<GK H9J9 9 <9 HJGK9
=PA?= ME9 ?=KLA;MD9^]G 9<=IM9<9 K=E =P9?=JGK ME BG?G >AKAGFfEA;G
9HJGHJA9<G = IM= G J=;AL9DAKL9 F]G >9^9 K=FLAJ <=E9AK 9 JAE9 F=E 9 ;=KMJ9



)G ;9KG <GK N=JKGK DANJ=K EG<=JFGK _ HJ=;AKG <=K;G:JAJ G JALEG = 9 AF

L=F^]G
IM=
G
HG=L9
D@=K
IMAK
<9Jy
6) 
1
7

 W
AFL=J=KK9FL=
G:K=JN9J
IM=
"M=JJ=AJG
GHLGM
H=D9
;GFL9?=E
<G
N=JKG
9L_
9
hDLAE9

KbD9:9
LfFA;9
HGJ
9EGJ
Z
:J=NA<9<=
;GEG
<=;D9J9
H9J9
=NAL9J
9
x>J=IM=FL=
J=H=LA^]G
<=
5;I8C ;F5J9 = 9G8FdLI@C
BY
IM=
9
hDLAE9
KbD9:9
LfFA;9
:9KL9
H9J9
G
N=JKG
K=J
;GFKL9FL=y
.F5H58C
89
09FG=:=75WVC
*CFHI;I9G5
'AK:G9

H

t
K=E=D@9F^9
<GK
AL9DA9FGK
=
=KH9F@eAK
9
;GFL9?=E
9FLA?9
<GK
N=JKGK
HGJLM?M=K=K
D=N9N9
K=EHJ=
=E
;GFL9
9
=PAKLaF;A9
<=
KbD9:9
YLGF9
<=HGAK
<9
hDLAE9
LfFA;9
9
:9K=
=J9
G
N=JKG
?J9N=
 *
=EHJ=?G
9FLA?G
=
9AF<9
;GJJ=FL=
<G AR7FCB 


H9J9
9K
LfFA;9K
=
<9 6F5EI=5 


H9J9
9K
YLGF9K
HG<=
;GF>MF<AJ
GK
;GF;=ALGK
<=
IM9FLA<9<=
=
AFL=FKA<9<=
 *
FGNG
KAKL=E9
GJLG?JY>A;G
HJGHGKLG
F]G
9?9K9D@9
=KL=
=EHJ=?G
<G
LJ=E9
 x.=E
AKKG
9
KAF_J=K=
GM
9
;J9K=
_
9FfE9D9
HGJIM=
9
J=KKGF[F;A9
F9K9D
;GJJ=KHGF<=
9
ME
LJ9N9E=FLG
<9
KbD9:9
=
Ke
9K
KbD9:9K
L=JEAF9<9K
HGJ
NG?9D
K]G
HJGHJA9E=FL= @=JF9G =
K=
HJ=KL9E
Z
;J9K=
GM
KAF_J=K=y
6( 
7
 x 
F9
D=ALMJ9
<9
HG=KA9
=E
IM=
HGF<G
<=
H9JL=
G
=F;9N9D?9E=FLG
G
>AF9D
<=
N=JKG
;GJJ=KHGF<=FL=
9
ME9
;DYMKMD9
=
KA?FA>A;9LAN9E=FL=
9
ME
KAFL9?E9
F]G
_
EMAL9K
N=R=K
E9J;9<G
HGJ
ME
KADaF;AG
E9K
HGJ
9D?G
;GEG
9
;GE:AF9^]G
<=
ME9
<=K;A<9
<=
LGE
;GE
ME
FbLA<G
HJGDGF?9E=FLG
<9
hDLAE9
KbD9:9
LfFA;9y
6#N 
$$

F
7
 *
AD9;

"
+9KKGK
/J9L9<G
<=
1=JKA>A;9^]G

 *K
N=JKGK
IM=
F]G
JAE9E
;@9E9EK= GC@HCG GM 6F5B7CG

 
Abreviatura de Autores e Obras Citadas

:J=NA9LMJ9
<=
MLGJ=K
=
*:J9K
AL9<9K

67

E9<G
DGFKG

6 7

'5H9F=5
M
CFA5
9B
*C9G[5
(9<JA<
"J=<GK


6J7

>GFKG
JAFGK

6J 7

*9@C
-9FHVC
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
"9JFA=J


6J 7

"=GH_F=5
9
*5=G5;9BG
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
"9JFA=J
 

6R7

DMbKAG
R=N=<G

67

F<J=9K
DAFC=F:=J?

6 7

&n)F8F9 89G 'CHG 9B F5BW5=G 'C89FB9 NGDK GH=F@9?

M=
#rJKL
 

6G7

EAFA
G9AF9AF
#9MQ

6G 7 5 (979GG=8589 89 IA5 !F5ARH=75*58FVC 85 &[B;I5 *CF

HI;I9G5
.]G
+9MDG
}LA;9

67

FLfFAG
!=DA;A9FG
<=
9KLAD@G

6 7

.F58IWVC
8CG
5GHCG
89
)J=8=C

NGDK
'AK:G9


6 7

+I58FCG
"=GH_F=7CG
'AK:G9


6 7

G -56=7<CB5G j .F58 8C .95HFC 89 'C@=YF9 'AK:G9 $E

HJ=FK9
)9;AGF9D
 

6 7

'=G5BHFCDC j .F58 8C .95HFC 89 'C@=YF9 'AK:G9 $EHJ=FK9

)9;AGF9D
 

6 7

.F5H58C
89
'9HF=:=75WVC
*CFHI;I9G5
 p
=<
'AK:G9


6 7

-CB<C
89
IA5
(C=H9
89
-
$CVC
+GJLG


6 7

,9J
&=G6CB9BG9 Fq


6 7

&=JF5F=5 @RGG=75 j *58F9 '5BI9@ 9FB5F89G NGDK 'AK:G9



6 7

G !9_F;=75G 89 09F;[@=C p =< 9FGL9<9 HGJ *LGFA=D (GL9

.]G
+9MDG
A9
<ALGJ9
)9;AGF9D


6 7

9@=7=8589
D9@5
;F=7I@HIF5
+GFL9
=D?9<9


6 7 C@_EI=CG
@89VCG
p
=<
'AK:G9


6G7

<GD>G
G=D@G

6G 7 (CWc9G @9A9BH5F9G 89 !F5ARH=75 *CFHI;I9G5 +GJLG '=

EGK
<ALGJ9

6G 7  &[B;I5 *CFHI;I9G5  p =< +GJLG (9?9D@]=K(GFAR <AL
GJ9

6L7

JE9F<G
GJL=K]G

6L 7

5FH5G
S
'C7=8589 'AK:G9


6 7

(
DN9J
RIM=JJ9




6 7

&5 CFA57=_B 89 *5@56F5G 9B GD5^C@ (9<JA< J;GK

'A:JGK


6!7

FLfFAG
!=JJ=AJ9

6! 7

*C9A5G
&IG=H5BCG
'AK:G9
.Y
<9
GKL9

6! 7


5GHFC
=<
.GMK9
<9
.ADN=AJ9
$F .9LHCG
+I=B<9BH=GH5G

6!?7



6"J 7

*9H=H
.F5=HX
89
&=B;I=GH=EI9
+9JAK
=D9?J9N=
 

6#7

D=P9F<J=
#=J;MD9FG

6# 7

IF=7C
'AK:G9


6# 7

F5;A9BHCG &=H9FRF=CG =< <=  '=AL= -AG <= %9F=AJG

.9M=J
 

FL=JG
<=
!A?M=AJ=<G

6# 7

)
C6C
'AK:G9


6!? 7

)
s@H=AC
)@<5F
89
(
-9B<CF5
'AK:G9
=JLJ9F<


6# 7

&9B85G
9
(5FF5H=J5G

NGDK
'AK:G9


6"7


"MAE9J]=K

6# 7

6"97

DE=A<9
"9JJ=LL

) 'CB;9 89 =GH9F =< <AJA?A<9 HGJ 9NA< 'GH=K 'AK:G9

ADD9M<
K
<

6# 7

"=GH_F=5 89 *CFHI;5@ =< <AJA?A<9 HGJ 9NA< 'GH=K 'AK:G9

ADD9M<


6# 7

)DdG7I@CG
=<
<AJA?A<9
HGJ
9NA<
'GH=K


6&7

<JA9FG
<9
"9E9
&MJQ

6& 7

(CJ5G &=Wc9G 89 BR@=G9 -=BHRH=75  p =< .]G +9MDG }LA;9



6& 7

@56CF5WVC 9 8=HCF5WVC 89 .F565@<CG 89 ([J9@

/B=J9FG=HRF=C p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG !MF<9^]G 9K9 <= -MA
9J:GK9


6& 7

)GJE9K
<=
<ALGJ9^]G
1A<=
6& 7

6"9 7 ,CA5B79=FC $F )6F5G CAD@9H5G < /=e>ADG J9?9 NGDK

'AK:G9

6"9 7 5
8I75WVC
$F )6F5G
CAD@9H5G
6"9 7 5Ac9G
 p
=<
'AK:G9
$EHJ=FK9
)9;AGF9D

6"9 7 0=5;9BG B5 A=B<5 .9FF5 =<
!J9F;G


KL9F;G 'GMJG 'AK:G9 !

6"9 7 .=C
-=AD@[7=C AF )6F5G
CAD@9H5G

6"G7

D>J=<G
"GE=K

6"G 7 !F5ARH=75 *CFHI;I9G5 p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG !J DN=K



6'7

6"J7

6' 7

FLGAF=
"J_?GAJ=

EADAG
D9J;GK
'DGJ9;@
!F5A5H=75 89 @5 &9B;I5 GD5^C@5  p =< (9<JA<
9DH=


KH9K9



6' 7

GHI8=CG 89 !F5ARH=75 IB7=CB5@ 89@ GD5^C@  p =< (9<

JA<
"J=<GK


6':7

D>
'GE:9J<

6': 7

&n#B:=B=H=: 89 (5FF5H=CB 85BG @9G &5B;I9G ,CA5B9G 0HK9D9

'=AHRA?


6(7

Fb:9D
(9;@9<G

6( 7

0=85
9@=N
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
%GK_
*DQEHAG
<ALGJ9


6)7

FL=FGJ
)9K;=FL=K

6) 7

) #8=CA5 (57=CB5@  NGDK -AG   p =< . +9MDG <

)9;AGF9D


6) 7

) *FC6@9A5 85 ,9;ZB7=5 p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG !J=AL9K 9K

LGK


6) 7



6+7

>GFKG
+=F9
%J

6+ 7

 FH9 89 IFH5F 9 C G9I IHCF NGDK -AG <= %9F=AJG %GK_

*DQEHAG
< 

6+97

FLfFAG
<=
+Y<M9

6+9 7

(CH5G
89
GH=@[GH=75
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
*J?
.AEg=K
K

<

6+?7

FLGFAFG
+9?DA9JG

6+? 7

 0=85 8C -=B5@ LJ9< Fb:9D +AFLG <= 9KLJG 'AK:G9 !MF<

9DGMKL=
"MD:=FCA9F


6-7

IMADAFG
-A:=AJG

6- 7

$5F8=A
89
.CFA9BH5
'AK:G9
ADD9F<



6.7

FLfFAG
.9F<E9FF

=:=7I@8589G
89
BR@=G9
-=BHRH=75
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG


6. 7

6) 7

) &=B;I5>5F 5F=C75 p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG *J? .AEg=K



CFA5WVC 89 *5@5JF5G BC *CFHI;IZG F5G=@9=FC CBH9A

DCFTB9C
MJALA:9
.;A=FLA9
=L
'9:GJ

~;GF=


617

+=
FLfFAG
1A=AJ9

6):7

FLfFAG
)G:J=

61 7

-9FAc9G
=<
>9;KAEAD9<9
.]G
+9MDG
F;@A=L9


6): 7 -_
=<
1ALeJAG
)=E_KAG
'AK:G9
=JLJ9F<


61A7

FLGFAG
1AD9JFGNG
99E9dG

6*7

D:=JLG
<=
*DAN=AJ9

61A 7

6* 7

'=@
.FCJ5G
'AK:G9
'ANJ9JA9
DYKKA;9
< 


&_;=75 M &9B;I5>9 9B I;9B=C CG9F=I (9<JA< "J=<GK



6*D7

D:=JLG
<=
*DAN=AJ9

6G7

%GK_
(
9J:GK9
<M
G;9?=

6*D 7

*C9G=5G

K_JA=K
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
!J
DN=K


6G 7

*C9G=5G  NGDK  =< -=:=DG <9 .ADN9 'AK:G9  'GH=K





67

F<J_K
=DDG-M>AFG
%
M=JNG

6 7

!F5ARH=75 89 @5 &9B;I5 5GH9@<5B5 +9JAK -G?=J@=JNGN

AR


67

&9JD
JM?E9FF=JL@GD<
=D:JM;C

6 7

!FIB8F=GG 89F J9F;@9=7<9B89B !F5AA5H=? 89F =B8C;9FA5B=G

7<9B
-DF57<9B
'
M>D

6#7

@
JMF=9M(
#=MDDMQ

6# 7

!F5AA5=F9 *F5H=EI9 89 @5 &5B;I9 F5BW5=G9 +9JAK =D9?

J9N=


6(7

=JLAD
(9DE:=J?

6( 7

&5
*<CBXH=EI9
+9JAK
+0!


6+7

=JF9J<
+GLLA=J

6+ 7



6N 7 )6F5G CAD@9H5G NGDK  =< >J[FAG +=APGLG .]G +9MDG

A9
<ALGJ9
)9;AGF9D
 
6R7

%GK_
9JDGK
R=J=<G

6R7

-=N=F<G FYDAK=K  <=K;JA^]G KAFLYLA;9 = K=M =FKAFG $F &[B

;I5 9 &=B;I5;9A 9A +I9GHVC *J? (9JA9 /=J=K9 " +=J=AJ9
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
0 -%


67

@9JD=K
9DDQ

6 7

&9
&5B;5;9
9H
@5
0=9
 p
=<
+9JAK
+9QGL

6 7

&=B;I=GH=EI9 !XBXF5@9 9H &=B;I=GH=EI9

!J9EC=
=JF=


6<7

DYM<AG
J9F<]G

6< 7

) *5FH=7[D=C *F9G9BH9 9 C !9FdB8=C 9A *CFHI;IZG =DG #G

JARGFL=


&=B;I[GH=75 !9B9F5@ .9CF[5 M 9G7F=D7=_B LJ9< =KH (9<

JA<
"J=<GK


6< 7

-=BH5L9 @RGG=75 *CFHI;I9G5 =DG #GJARGFL= $EHJ=FK9 *>A

;A9D


67

9KAEAJG
<=
:J=M

6J7

9EADG
9KL=DG
J9F;G

6 7

)6F5G 89 5G=A=FC 89 6F9I p =< 9FGL9<9 HGJ . <9 .AD

N=AJ9
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
( 9K9
<=
-MA
9J:GK9


6J 7

 +I985 89 IA B>C =< <= +  +AFLG -AG <= %9F=AJG *J?

.AEg=K


6D7

=K9J
#
DGFKG

6J 7

C<9A=5
8C
GD[F=HC
 p
=<
+GJLG
'ANJ
ANADAR9^]G


6D 7

!F5ARH=75


6J 7

CFF9GDCB8ZB7=5 D=GHC@5F =< /J9N=KK9 <9 ,M=AE9<9 'AK

:G9
K
<

6N7

9KLJG
DN=K

6J 7

5F@CH5
oB;9@5
=<
/J9N=KK9
<9
,M=AE9<9
'AK:G9
K

<

IB7=CB5@ 89@ GD5^C@ p =< (9<JA< "J=<GK

F5BW5=G9  p =<



6J 7

 FIL5 89 'CBH9 _F8CJ5 =< /J9N=KK9 <9 ,M=AE9<9 'AK

:G9
K
<

6J 7

) 9A 9 C '5@ =< ( 9K9KK9FL9 -AG <= %9F=AJG *J?

.AEg=K


6J 7



6@ 7

GHI8CG
89
*CXH=75
.FCJ58CF9G75
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
$)'

697

9JDGK
JMEEGF<
<=
F<J9<=

69 7

)
*C89F
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
%GK_
*DQEHAG
<ALGJ9


9A
5FH5G
=<
/J9N=KK9
<9
,M=AE9<9
'AK:G9

6!7

[F<A<G
<=
!A?M=AJ=<G

6J 7

 'CF;585 89 ,CA5F=N =< /J9N=KK9 <9 ,M=AE9<9 'AK:G9

K
<

6! 7

CA65H9
G9A
-5B;I9
'AK:G9
 

6J 7

 (9H5 8C F798=5;C =< /J9N=KK9 <9 ,M=AE9<9 'AK:G9

K
<

6"7

9JDGK
"eAK

6" 7

-=BH5L9
89
,9;ZB7=5
 p
=<
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
 

6%7

[F<A<G
%M;Y
>AD@G

6% 7

G
5H9;CF=5G
!F5A5H=75=G
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG


6'7

9JDGK
<=
'9=L

6' 7

)6F5G -9@9H5G  NGDK -AG <= %9F=AJG !MF< 9K9 <= -MA
9J:GK9


6'M7

=DKG
+=<JG
'M>L

6'M 7

=7=CBRF=C *FRH=7C 89 ,9;ZB7=5 09F65@ .]G +9MDG }LA;9



6)7

G=D@G
)=LG

6) 7

D_@C;CG -AG
<=
%9F=AJG
!J
DN=K


6J 7 '9A_F=5G 8C RF79F9 =< /J9N=KK9 <9 ,M=AE9<9 'AK:G9

K
<
6J 7 )G F=@<5BH9G 8C F5G=@9=FC =< /J9N=KK9 <9 ,M=AE9<9 'AK
:G9
K
<
6J  7 ) -9B<CF 8C *5WC 8CG (=B<V9G =< %hDAG )G?M=AJ9 -AG <=
%9F=AJG
*J?
.AEg=K

6J 7 )
0=B<C
8C
*CFHC
 p
=<
+GJLG
'ANJ
ANADAR9^]G

6J 7 $IGH=W5
=<
/J9N=KK9
<9
,M=AE9<9
'AK:G9
67

'MbK
<9
[E9J9
9K;M<G

6 7

CBHCG .F58=7=CB5=G 8C F5G=@ -AG <= %9F=AJG E=JA; <AL 



6@7

=DKG
MF@9

'AF<D=Q
AFLJ9

6@ 7

!F5ARH=75 8C *CFHI;IZG CBH9ADCFTB9C 'AK:G9 %G]G .Y

<9
GKL9


6+7
6+ 7

<M9J<G
9JDGK
+=J=AJ9
!F5ARH=75 LDCG=H=J5 ;MJKG KMH=JAGJ  p =< .]G +9MDG
A9
<ALGJ9
)9;AGF9D




6-7

JF=KLG
9JF=AJG
-A:=AJG

 

6 N7

EAD=
=FN=FAKL=

6- 7

-9Fc9G
!F5A5H=75=G
p=<
9@A9


6 N 7

6- 7

,985WVC 8C *FC>9HC 8C _8=;C =J=@ 6/J_HDA;97 9@A9 *>

GAK
(MF<GK

*FC6@9A5G 89 &=B;I[GH=75 !9F5@ LJ9< :J9K  .]G +9MDG A9

<ALGJ9
)9;AGF9D


6 N 7

6.7

JMR
=
.GMK9

*FC6@9A5G 89 &=B;I[GH=75 !9F5@ LJ9< :J9K  .]G +9MDG

+GFL=K


6. 7

)6F5G CAD@9H5G NGDK  =< <= )=KLGJ 1bLGJ - %9F=AJG

FMYJAG
<G
J9KAD

6. 7

s@H=ACG -CB9HCG =< = FGL9K <=  <9 "9E9 &MJQ -AG <=
%9F=AJG
!MF<9^]G
9K9
<=
-MA
9J:GK9

6"7

!J9F;AK;G
A9K
"GE=K

6" 7

)6F5G
*CXH=75G
'AK:G9
=<
<9
;9<=EA9


6)7

9?
)GJ:=J?

6) 7

-MBH5?H=G7<9 CFG7<IB;9B 5I: 89A !96=9H9 89G -DUH@5H9=BG

IB8
89G
:FI<9B
'=HH9@@5H9=BG
0HK9D9


6 7
6  7
6 ;7
6 = 7
6 E7

N9FAD<G
=;@9J9
GHI8CG GC6F9 CG '9=CG 89 LDF9GGVC 8C *9BG5A9BHC CB
79GG=JC
9A
*CFHI;IZG
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG

<GM9J<
GMJ;A=R
Q@XA9BHG
89
&=B;I=GH=EI9
,CA5B9
 p
=<
+9JAK

F=A<9
GF>AE

6 E 7 8JXF6=CG
.]G
+9MDG
}LA;9


6 7
6  7
6 K7

M;DA<=K
<9
MF@9
)G
-9FHc9G
p
=<
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
'9=EE=JL

M?=FAG
GK=JAM

6 K 7

.9CF[5 89@ &9B;I5>9 M &=B;I[GH=75 !9B9F5@ (9<JA< "J=<GK



6 K 7

-=B7FCB[5 =57FCB[5 9 "=GHCF=5  D +JG:D=E9 <=D 9E:AG

'AF?MbKLA;G
(9<JA<
"J=<GK


6 K 7

&=B;I[GH=75
.9GHI5@9
-GE9
GJAF?@A=J=


6 K 7

&977=CB9G
89
&=B;I[GH=75
!9B9F5@
(9<JA<
"J=<GK


6 K 7

*F=B7=D9G 89 -MBH5L9
&DAF;CKA=;C


6 K 7

#BHFC8I77=_B
5
@5
&=B;I[GH=75
(9<JA<
"J=<GK


6 K 7

!F5ARH=75
-9ARBH=75
/B=J9FG5@9G
(9<JA<
"J=<GK


6 K 7

CAD9H9B7=5
&=B;I[GH=75
(9<JA<
"J=<GK


6 K 7

@ -=GH9A5 09F65@ ,CARB=7C (_PA;G .A?DG 1=AFL=MFG

 1=JK]G =E H9JL= J=<MRA<9 <= 5G FCA5B=G7<9
09F65@GMGH9A
/M:AF?=F
1=JD9?
"MFL=J
)9JJ


CB7H=CBB9@@9 .LJ9:GMJ?)9F;Q




6 K 7 .F58=7=_B M (CJ9858 9B @5 =9B7=5 89@ &9B;I5>9 (9<JA<

"J=<GK

6 K 7 GHI8=CG
89
&=B;I[GH=75
,CARB=75
(9<JA<
"J=<GK

6 K  7 *F=B7=D=CG
89
-9ARBH=75
GHFIHIF5@
(9<JA<
"J=<GK

6 K 7 x*
(=M
.9MKKMJ=y
$F CB:@IZB7=5



6 K 7 @
"CA6F9
M
GI
&9B;I5>9
(9<JA<
"J=<GK

6 K 7 x!MF<9E=FLGK = /9J=>9K <9 .e;AG = LFGDAF?MbKLA;9y $F H5G
8C h CB;F9GGC 89 -_7=C 9 HBC@=B;I[GH=75 %G]G +=KKG9
0!+9J9b:9

6 7

HA>[FAG
A9K

6  7

!F5ARH=75 *CFHI;I9G5 @9A9BH5F  p =< 'AK:G9  !

(9;@9<G
<ALGJ


6  7

-=BH5L9 "=GH_F=75 *CFHI;I9G5  p =< 'ANJ9JA9 DYKKA;9 <AL

GJ9


6 "7

JFKL
"9EADDK;@=?

6 " 7

F5BNbG=G7<9
989IHIB;G@9<F9 /M:AF?=F
)A=E=Q=J


6 (7

D>J=<
JFGMLFLGAF=
(=ADD=L

6 ( 7

=7H=CBB5=F9 HMAC@C;=EI9 89 @5 &5B;I9 &5H=B9  p =<

+9JAK

6 )7
6 ) 7

M?=F=
)A<9
'CFD<C@C;M
p
=<
9DLAEGJ=
FF
J:GJ




6 ,7

^9
<=
,M=AJeK

6 , 7


=8589
9
5G
-9FF5G
+GJLG
@9J<JGF
 

6 , 7

*F=AC
5G[@=C
+GJLG
@9J<JGF


6 , 7

)G
'5=5G
p
=<
+GJLG
@9J<JGF
 

6 , 7

CBHCG
+GJLG
@9J<JGF
 

6 , 7

 CFF9GDCB8ZB7=5 89


6 -7
6 - 7
6 .7

F58=EI9 '9B89G +GJLG @9J<JGF

DAK=
-A;@L=J
1=9
K=F
GDF97<9B
'=AHRA?
/=M:F=J

<M9J<
.9HAJ

6 . 7

 &=B;I5;9A LJ9< % (9LLGKG [E9J9 %J  -AG <= %9F=AJG

'ANJ9JA9
;9<aEA;9

6 17

(p
1A;LGJA9
K;9F<=DD
1A<9D

6 1 7

&CG
CAD@9A9BHCG
89@
(CA6F9
(9<JA<
J;GK
'A:JGK


6 1E7

WJA;G
1=JbKKAEG

6!7

!9MKLG
9JJ=LG

6! 7

BHC@C;=5
(57=CB5@
 p
=<
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
!J
DN=K


6!D7

!J9FR
D9LL

6!D 7

*FX7=G
89
-MBH5L9
&5H=B9
+9JAK
<
$






6!J7

!=J<AF9F<
JMFGL

6"7

"GF^9DN=K
A9K

6!J 7

&5
*9BGX9
9H
@5
&5B;I9
 p
=<
+9JAK
)9KKGF


6" 7

$I75
*=F5A5 AF )6F5G
*CXH=75G

6!7

!AJEAFG
GKL9

6" 7

.56=F5 AF )6F5G
*CXH=75G

6! 7

&XL=7C
!F5A5H=75@
.]G
+9MDG
(=D@GJ9E=FLGK
K
<

6" 7

6!R7

!JA=<=JA;
A=R

)6F5G *CXH=75G =< ( 9F<=AJ9 NGDK .]G +9MDG A9 <

ALGJ9
)9;AGF9D

6!R 7

!F5AA5=F9 89G &5B;I9G ,CA5B9G  NGDK   p =< +9JAK

1A=O=O


6""7

.9EM=D
"ADA
"9Q9

6"" 7

6! 7

!ADAFLG
DbKAG

IFGC -ID9F=CF 89 -=BHRL=G GD5^C@5 p =< 9J;=DGF9



6! 7

0=85G
9
9=HCG
8n@,9=

'5BI9@

NGDK
+GJLG


6""@7

"=GJ?=K
"GM?=F@=AE

6! 7

)6F5G CAD@9H5G  NGDK  =< +9JAK *>  G:_=



6!!7

!J9F;AK;G
%GK_
!J=AJ=

6!#7

!J=<=JA;G
#9FKK=F

6!# 7

!F5ARH=75 "=GH_F=75 89 @5 &9B;I5 5GH9@<5B5 #9DD=

)A=E=Q=J


6!+7

!=JF9F<G
+=KKG9

6!+ 7

'9BG5;9A
=<
$NG
9KLJG

6!/7

6""@ 7 -MGHYA9 !F5A5H=75@ 89 @5 &5B;I9

{JLJ=Q{JLJ=Q


F5BW5=G9 +9JAK

6"%7

"M=JJ9
%MFIM=AJ9

6"% 7

)G
-=AD@9G
'AK:G9
 

6"(7

"D9<KLGF=
@9N=K
<=
(=DG

6"( 7

!F5ARH=75 IB85A9BH5@ 85 &[B;I5 *CFHI;I9G5 p =< -AG

<=
%9F=AJG
'ANJ9JA9
+9<J]G


6"( 7

L79@ZB7=5G 09FBR7I@5G 89 !CBW5@J9G =5G -AG <= %9F=AJG

'ANJ9JA9
+9<J]G


!J9FCDAF
/YN9JG

6"-7

%
"MAE9J]=K
-GK9

6!/ 7

)
569@9=F5
p
=< 
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
/AH
)9;AGF9D


6"- 7

-5;5F5B5  p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG %GK_ *DQEHAG



6!17

!9?MF<=K
19J=D9

<ALGJ9





6#"= 7 -9ARBH=75 GHFIHIF5@ M .9CF[5 89@ 5ADC &XL=7C (9<JA<

"J=<GK


6"J-7

"J9;ADA9FG
-9EGK

6"J- 7

#B:TB7=5
 p
=<
.]G
+9MDG
(9JLAFK
<ALGJ9


6"J- 7

-VC
9FB5F8C
p
=<
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
%GK_
*DQEHAG
<ALGJ9

6#7

(p
'DMbK9
#=JF9FR%GK_
(p
JM;9JL

6# 7

&5 -=BHRL=G *F=B7=D=CG .9_F=7CG &5 CF57=_B G=AD@9 9J

;=DGF9
<ALGJ9
JbLA;9


6#7

#ME:=JLG
<=
9EHGK

6# 7

6#(7

#9JJA
(=A=J

6#( 7

BG5=CG 89


6#-7

#GJY;AG
-GDAE
<=
!J=AL9K

6#- 7

*F=B7[D=CG 89 'CF:C@C;=5  p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG <ALGJ9 <G

MLGJ


-CA6F5G
EI9
-C:F9A
.]G
+9MDG
<ALGJ9
%9;CKGF


6#.7

#GD?=J
.L=AF

6# 7

'9A_F=5G

NGDK
.]G
+9MDG
<ALGJ9
%9;CKGF


6#. 7

&9G *5FH=7I@5F=HXG 89 @5 &5B;I9 *CFHI;5=G9 GH=F@9?M=



6#N7

%
"
#=J;MD9FG
<=
9JN9D@G

6%7

%GK_
<=
D=F;9J

6% 7

-9FH5B9>C $F )6F5 CAD@9H5 p =<   NGDK  -AG <= %9F=AJG

?MAD9J


6% 7

)
!I5F5B=
$F )6F5
CAD@9H5

6% 7

#F579A5
$F )6F5
CAD@9H5

6%G7

%9;AFLG
<=
+J9<G
G=D@G

6%G 7

 8I75WVC 8C -9BH=A9BHC *CXH=7C C=A6F5 GAE:J9 <AL 



6%-7

%9;AFLG
GJL=-=9D

6%- 7

(5I:FR;=C
89
-9Dd@J985
'AK:G9
/AH
-GD9F<A9F9


6#N 7 B7=7@CDX8=5 &IGCF5G=@9=F5 89 I@HIF5 'AK:G9

1=J:G

<ALGJ9

6#N 7 .9CF=5 85 &=B;I5;9A  p =<  $ GAE:J9 GAE:J9 <ALGJ9


6#N 7 .9CF=5 85 &=B;I5;9A  p J=AEHJ  $$ GAE:J9 GAE:J9 <
ALGJ9

6#N 7 GHI8CG &=B;I[GH=7CG NGD $$$ GAE:J9 GAE:J9

6#"7
6#" 7
6#"=7

<ALGJ9

#=JY;DALG
"J9^9
57HCG
85
&=B;I5;9A
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
1AhN9
R=N=<G

#rJKL
"=;C=D=J

=@C@C;=5 ,CATB=75 'AK:G9 -=N <= +GJLM?9D



6%7

%G]G
<=
=MK

6%=7

%
==DQ

6%= 7

-9A=_H=75
RG=75
.]G
+9MDG
}LA;9


6%!7

%9;CKGF
<=
!A?M=AJ=<G

6%'7

%GK_
'AFK
<G
-=?G

6
%' 7

,=57<C C79  p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG %GK_ *DQEHAG <ALGJ9



6%' 7

p;I5 'V9  p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG %GK_ *DQEHAG



6%' 7

5B;I9
 p
=<
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
%GK_
*DQEHAG
<ALGJ9


6%'Q7

%G@F
'QGFK

6%'Q7

#BHFC8IWVC S &=B;I[GH=75 .9_F=75 LJ9< :J9K <= -GK9 1AJ

?bFA9 ( = .ADN9 = #=DAG +AE=FL=D J=NAKL9 HGJ $K99; .9DME
.]G
+9MDG


<ALGJ9



6%* 7

'5BI5@ 89 BR@=G9 &XL=75 9 -=BHRH=75  p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG

!J
DN=K


6%* 7

-CB9HCG


6%* 7

AF ,9J
=@C@_;=75
F q

-AG
<=
%9F=AJG

6%* 7

AF ,9J=GH5
=@C@_;=75
F q

-AG
<=
%9F=AJG

6%-7

%G]G
-A:=AJG

6%- 7

!F5ARH=75 *CFHI;I9G5  p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG !J DN=K

 

6%- 7

@CF9GH5 89 L9AD@CG p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG 'ANJ9JA9 .]G

%GK_


6%- 7

56CF8VC
p
=<
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
'ANJ9JA9
.]G
%GK_


6%- 7

IHCF9G CBH9ADCFTB9CG  p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG !J DN=K

 

6%- 7

-9@9H5
@RGG=75
 p
=<
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
!J
DN=K

6%(7

%hDAG
(GJ=AJ9

6%- 7

5FH5G
9JC@J=85G
'AK:G9

6%( 7

GHI8CG
85
&[B;I5
*CFHI;I9G5

NGDK
'AK:G9


6%17

%MD=K
1=F<JQ=K

6%(97

%G@9F
)A;GD9M
(9<NA?

6%1 7

&9
&5B;5;9
p
=<
+9JAK
D:AF
 

6%(9 7

!F5AA5H=75 &5H=B5 LJ9< <= 

(
+=J=AJ9


6&7

&9JD
JM?E9FF

6%*7

%GK_
*ALA;A;9

6& 7

6F9;X 89 !F5AA5=F9 CAD5FX9 89G &5B;I9G #B8C

IFCDX9BB9G
+9JAK


6&)7

&JAKLG>=J
)QJGH

HA>[FAG A9K +GJLG /AH



6&) 7

!F5AA5=F9 "=GHCF=EI9 89 @5 &5B;I9

GH=F@9?M=


6'G 7

,9Dd6@=75
9
'CB5FEI=5
'AK:G9

6'7

'AE9
9JJ=LG

6'J7

!
'YR9JG
9JJ=L=J

6' 7

.F=GH9


6'J 7

=77=CB5F=C 89 .XFA=BCG
<GK


6' 7

0=85
9
'CFH9
89
!CBN5;5
89
-R
 p
=<
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG


6'"7

'MbK
"MAE9J]=K
%J

6' 7

,97CF85Wc9G 8C G7F=JVC #G5[5G 5A=B<5 p =< -AG <=

%9F=AJG

6'(7

'=GF9J<G
(GL9

6'-7

'_GF;=
-GM<=L

6'D7

'=GF9J<
DGGE>A=D<

6'- 7

Q@XA9BHG
89
*<CBXH=EI9
!XBXF5@9
+9JAK
#
29DL=J


6'D 7

&5B;I5;9
)=O
4GJC
#=FJQ
#GDL


6'.7

!J=A
'MbK
<=
.GMK9

6'7

'MbK
<=
9Eg=K

6'. 7

6' 7

)G
&IG[585G
p
=<
9FGL9<9
HGJ

HA>[FAG
A9K

 0=85 89  F 5FHC@CA9I 8CG 'RFH=F9G NGD  'AK:G9



6' 7

,=A5G
=<
9FGL9<9
HGJ

<9
GKL9
+AEH]G

6'.H7

'=G
.HALR=J

6'97

'h;AG
9J<GKG

6'.H 7

x'=
'9F?9?=_;Gy
$F C@9H=A
89
=@C@C;=5
1
'AK:G9

6'9 7

FaB=75 85 5G5 GG5GG=B585 p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG <AL

'=LJ9K
=
JL=K


6'.H 7

HHF=6IH=J9G
!9FIB8=IA AF 4:F
-DF57<9
IB8
&=H9F5HIF
NGD
'

6'17

%GK_
'=AL=
<=
19K;GF;=DGK

6'A7

'MbK
!=DAH=
'AF<D=Q
AFLJ9

6'1 7

&=Wc9G
89
=@C@C;=5
*CFHI;I9G5
p
=<
'AK:G9
 

6'1 7

)DdG7I@CG

NGDK
'AK:G9
$EHJ=FK9
<9
0FAN=JKA<9<=

6'A 7

F5BW5=G9 1  NGDK

 

=A 89 *C@=75FDC +I5F9GA5  p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG

CFA5G
89
.F5H5A9BHC
B5
&[B;I5
*CFHI;I9G5
'AK:G9


=@C@_;=7CG  p =< (9<JA< "J=

6'G7

'9LAFG
G=D@G

6(7

(9;@9<G
<=
KKAK

6'G 7

"=GH_F=5
*C@[H=75
9
'=@=H5F
89
*CFHI;5@
'AK:G9

6( 7

'9A_F=5G
*_GHIA5G
89
FRG
I65G
 p
=< 
"9JFA=J





6( 7

0RF=5G
"=GH_F=5G
p
=< 
"9JFA=J


6( 7

+I=B75G
CF65
<ALGJ9
"9JFA=J


6( 7


5GAIFFC
<ALGJ9
"9JFA=J


6( 7

*5DX=G
JI@GCG
<ALGJ9
"9JFA=J


6( 7

CBHCG
@IA=B9BG9G
<ALGJ9
"9JFA=J


6( 7

'9ACF=5@
89
=F9G
<ALGJ9
"9JFA=J


6( 7

G5d
9
$57_
<ALGJ9
"9JFA=J


6( 7

"=GH_F=5G
G9A
5H5
<ALGJ9
"9JFA=J


6(?7

(9JLAFR
<=
?MA9J

6(? 7 (CH5G 89 *CFHI;IZG 89

*J?
.AEg=K


=@=BHC 9 )8CF=7C -AG <= %9F=AJG

6(? 7 (CH5G 9 GHI8CG 89 *CFHI;IZG p =< -AG <= %9F=AJG !MF<

"=LhDAG
19J?9K
6(? 7 ,9D5GG9 F[H=7C 85 !F5ARH=75 *CFHI;I9G5 p =< !GJL9D=R9
9K9
%GK_
<=
D=F;9J
v
0FAN
<G
=9JY

6(F7

(YJAG
<=
F<J9<=

6(7

(9FM=D
9F<=AJ9

6( 7

*C9G=5
9
*FCG5

NGDK
-AG
<=
%9F=AJG
?MAD9J


6( 7

B8CF=B<5 B8CF=B<5 -AG <= %9F=AJG %GK_ *DQEHAG

GJ9


<AL