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Síntomas de HLB en limón persa (C. latifolia) confirmados como positivos por PCR cuantitativo. (A) Moteado difuso; (B) Manchas angulares; (C) Manchas angulares y puntos cloróticos; (D) Engrosamiento y acorchamiento de nervadura; (E) Amarillamiento generalizado de la lámina foliar; (F) Frutos de rama sintomática con amarillamiento asociado a HLB; (G) Fruto de rama sana. Tizimín, Yucatán, 2011. Figure 1. Symptoms of HLB in Persian lime (C. latifolia) confirmed as positive by quantitative PCR. (A) Diffuse mottled; (B) Angular spots; (C) Angular and chlorotic spots; (D) Rib thickening and cork appearance; (E) Generalized yellowing of the leaf; (F) Fruits form symptomatic branch with yellowing associated with HLB; (G) Fruit from healthy branch. Tizimin, Yucatan, 2011.
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... this study, HLB symptoms were found in Persian lime leaves, without a distribution pattern in the canopies of studied trees. The symptoms observed (Figure 1) begin with diffuse mottled (A) that become larger until they are clearly defined and formed internerval angular spots are formed (B), which become distorted in chlorotic spots that invade the whole leaf (C). Plants with severe infections present thickening and corky of the central rib (D) with a coriaceous appearance; finally, a semi-intense and generalized yellowing can be seen in the leaf (E) without reaching the abscission, as is the case in Mexican lime and Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA maduración irregular y caída de frutos (RoblesGonzález et al., 2013), lo anterior se registró aún en frutos provenientes de árboles con severidad del 100%. ...
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... The symptoms presented by infected trees include asymmetrical spots, mottled yellowing on the leaves, chlorosis, fruit drop, loss of leaves, and reduction in the size and quality of fruits (Bové, 2006). A study carried out on citrus orchards in Tizimín, Yucatán, found that HLB reduced fruit weight by 17.3 % and juice volume by 18.6 % (Flores- Sánchez et al., 2015). Despite the fact that various investigations related to its control have been conducted, no successful method to cure the disease has been documented. ...
p> Background. Climate change models have projected an increase in the distribution of certain crop pests of economic importance by forecasting more favorable future conditions for these organisms. In citrus farming, Huanglongbing is one of the most devastating diseases worldwide, since it has caused the death of millions of trees. Objetive. The objective of this study was to estimate the current and future distribution of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Mexico, under the climate change scenarios SSP2 4.5 and SSP5 8.5, for the years 2050 and 2070. Methodology. Distribution models were generated with MaxEnt and R, using uncorrelated bioclimatic variables from eight General Circulation Models (GCM) derived from CMIP6 and disease presence data. Results. The results indicate that the current suitability is 44.6 %. The future distribution depended on how model predictions were pooled. An optimistic approach that considered the intersection of all models showed a small reduction of 4.1% while, considering the union of all the GCM models, the increase will vary from 12.3 to 20.1 % of the Mexican territory depending on the particular scenario and time projection. Implications. The zones of potential occurrence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus include most of the citrus-growing areas in Mexico. Conclusion. In some regions, future scenarios show a reduction in the potential occurrence of the species in citrus plantations. However, the risk remains because its surroundings include suitable areas that can be sources of dissemination of the disease. </p
... Lm production is affected by the disease called Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus yellow dragon, caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) (Mora-Aguilera et al., 2016). HLB has been reported to produce losses in the Persian lemon production chain of 17.6 % in Yucatán, Mexico (Flores-Sánchez et al., 2015). Robles-González et al. (2017) estimated yield losses of 46 % in Mexican lemon, while in orchards with this same citrus and low agronomic technology, yield losses amounted to 62.7 % for Colima (Mora-Aguilera et al., 2022) and 36.7 % for Michoacán (Mora-Aguilera et al., 2016). ...
Citriculture is a highly profitable activity that is threatened by Huanglongbing (HLB), which is caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). The control of this bacterium is fundamental to the management of HLB. The objective of this study was to determine the abundance of total culturable bacteria (B) and filamentous fungi (HF) in the rhizosphere of Mexican lemon (Lm) plants infected with CLas and treated with chemical defense inducers based on commercial molecules (Salicylic acid, Plasmitox ® , Blindax ® , and Virus-Stop ®). A completely randomized experimental design was used, with six treatments and five replicates: five treatments with CLas (three with commercial inducers, one with salicylic acid, and one without inducer), one without CLas, and one without inducer. The presence of CLas and the severity of HLB were both determined. Five rhizospheric samples were collected every 70 days. Microbial populations were determined by plate count. The presence of CLas was found in Lm-HLB plants, but no significant decrease (Kruscal-Wallis, p ≤ 0.05) in HLB symptomatology was detected by the effect of the inducers. However, the population dynamics of total rhizospheric B and HF of Lm were affected by inoculation with CLas (Tukey; p ≤ 0.05), being even lower with the application of the inducers Plasmitox ® and Virus-stop ®. This response may play an important role in the microbiome associated with the health of Mexican lemon plants.
... El monitoreo del vector y el patógeno a nivel nacional indica la presencia de D. citri y la enfermedad en 243,768 ha, distribuidas en 450 municipios de 25 entidades con producción citrícola (García-Ávila et al., 2021). La presencia de D. citri-HLB provocó una reducción en el peso de la fruta del 17.3% y una disminución en el volumen de jugo del 18.6% en la producción de lima persa en Yucatán (Flores-Sánchez et al., 2015). En Colima, uno de los estados más afectados por la enfermedad, registró una reducción de más de 84 mil t, con más de 300 millones de pesos en pérdidas. ...
... La citricultura es una actividad redituable para el productor, y es fuente continua de trabajo durante todo el año. El aporte a la economía mexicana está valuado en US$567 millones (Flores-Sánchez et al., 2015;López-Buenfil et al., 2017). ...
... Las afectaciones son menores, a veces inexistentes, en naranja trifoliada con sus híbridos, lima mexicana (C. . En México, en la península de Yucatán, y Colima, donde se detectó la enfermedad por primera vez en el país, los síntomas son más severos en cítricos agrios (limón mexicano y persa); en contraste, los cítricos dulces (naranja dulce y mandarina) expresan síntomas menos severos y con mayor periodo de incubación (Flores-Sánchez et al., 2015); esta información fue registrada en los inicios de la epidema; en el plazo mediano es posible que existan cambios en la severidad registrada. ...
... El estado de Colima ha sido de los más afectados por HLB, donde se han replantado casi 5000 ha dañadas, particularmente de limón Mexicano, con una reducción de más de 84 mil t de producción y una pérdida económica neta mayor a 300 millones de pesos (Granados-Ramírez y Hernández-Hernández, 2018). En Yucatán, Flores-Sánchez et al. (2015) señalan que árboles enfermos sintomáticos mostraron una reducción en el peso de fruto del 17.3% y de volumen de jugo del 18.6%, con lo cual se estimó una pérdida de 2.4 t ha -1 . Salcedo et al. (2011) y Hernández-Hernández et al. (2019 sugieren que, ante un escenario de alto impacto del HLB, se podrían perder más de 19 millones de empleos en todo el país y la pérdida en la producción de naranja llegaría a 1.8 millones de t. ...
Huanglongbing (HLB) is considered the most destructive citrus disease in the world, caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and spread by the vector Diaphorina citri. HLB has generated economic losses in the citrus industry worldwide. All commercial citrus varieties are susceptible to this disease. The intracellular nature of CLas, a strict intracellular parasite limited to the phloem, makes the phytopathological studies of HLB difficult. The “omic” tools, applying comparative analysis with a massive approach, have been useful to describe the interactions between the pathogenic agent and different citrus species, increasing the knowledge about the molecular basis of CLas pathogenicity and host responses to the infection. However, many processes involved in the complex interaction CLas-citrus are not fully understood yet. This review summarizes some of the main findings related to the pathogenicity mechanisms of CLas at the molecular level, as well as the transcriptomic, metabolic, and proteomic responses to the infection induced in tolerant or susceptible citrus varieties. This knowledge is necessary for the design and implementation of new strategies for the sustainable management of this disease.
... The most affected crop was Mexican lime, the production of which fell by more than 84,000 tons, causing a net economic loss of more than 300 million pesos (Granados-Ramírez and Hernández-Hernández, 2018). In Yucatán, Flores-Sánchez et al. (2015) pointed out that symptomatic diseased trees showed a reduction in fruit weight of 17.3% and a reduction in juice volume of 18.6%. Based on these data, a loss of 2.4 t ha -1 was estimated. ...
... An arithmetic severity scale was used in which the following classes were considered: 1Plant free of damage, 2Plant with up to 25% damage on the total of foliar area, 3Plant with damage greater than 25% up to 50% damage, 4Plant with damage greater than 50% up to 75% damage and 5Plant with damage greater than 75% damage. To determine the affected foliar area (severity), the severity scale proposed by Flores-Sánchez et al. (2015) was followed. ...
... However, Bio-Fom and Fosetyl Aluminum showed 9% less °BRIX compared to UPL-80, which was the best treatment (Table 2). Flores-Sánchez et al. (2015) did not report differences in °BRIX between fruits of asymptomatic and symptomatic branches in Persian lemon. On other hand, Soto et al. (2018) reported that when using microorganisms such as the SG-6 Paenibacillus polymyxa bacterium strain in the post-harvest decay of mandarins, caused by P. digitatum, and P. italicum did not affect SST. ...
... Several authors point out that fruits of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia, harvested from trees positive for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, shows a greater thickening of the peel compared to fruits harvested from healthy trees (Pérez et al., 2009;Flores Sánchez et al., 2015). Therefore, because in the control treatment there was a decrease in peel thickness, it concurs with Robles-González et al. (2013), who noted that the disease does not affect peel thickness. ...
Objective: To evaluate the effect of three resistance inducers and an organic fertilizer on the titles of CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus in Citrus sinensis (L.) Obseck cv. Valencia.Design/methodology/approach: The treatments consisted of Vacciplant Max and UPL-08, Fosetil aluminum. Likewise, BIO-FOM was applied on the periphery of the trees, with moisture for nutrients absorption. The evaluated variables were fruit weight, equatorial diameter, skin thickness, °BRIX, severity and chlorophyll, in each of the five treatments, which consisted of 20 repetitions.Results: The fruits of the trees treated with Vacciplant Max had lower skin thickness and a higher °BRIX. Also, the highest chlorophyll index was recorded with BIO-FOM fertilizer. However, none of the evaluated treatments significantly decreased the fruit harshness.Findings/conclusions: The best treatment against Huanglongbing was fosetyl aluminum which conferred greater fruit weight and diameter
... Tan solo para el año 2019, la producción total alcanzó más de 700 mil toneladas, lo cual representa una derrama de más de 4 mil millones de pesos (SIAP, 2020). A pesar de esto, en predios donde este cultivo está establecido se ha observado un rápido progreso temporal y espacial del HLB (Márquez-Pérez et al., 2018), además, se ha documentado que esta enfermedad ocasiona pérdidas de hasta 2.4 ton/Ha de fruta de limon Persa (Flores-Sánchez et al., 2015). ...
... Tan solo para el año 2019, la producción total alcanzó más de 700 mil toneladas, lo cual representa una derrama de más de 4 mil millones de pesos (SIAP, 2020). A pesar de esto, en predios donde este cultivo está establecido se ha observado un rápido progreso temporal y espacial del HLB (Márquez-Pérez et al., 2018), además, se ha documentado que esta enfermedad ocasiona pérdidas de hasta 2.4 ton/Ha de fruta de limon Persa (Flores-Sánchez et al., 2015). ...
Persian lime is economically important for Mexico. However, the disease known as Huanglongbing (HLB) causes chlorosis symptoms in the foliage that affect the growth and decreases the yield of the trees. The expression of chlorosis symptoms is associated with starch accumulation and inhibition of antioxidant activity. The objective of the present work was to determine the effect of the application of three resistance elicitors on the expression of three antioxidant genes and on starch and chlorophyll content in Persian lime trees with HLB. Salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were applied every eight days for nine weeks using a completely randomized design and a one-way ANOVA was performed for the analysis. Expression of APX, CAT and SOD genes was quantified at week nine at four different times. Starch and total chlorophyll content was estimated every three weeks by spectrophotometric methods. The application of the elicitors significantly increased the expression of the three genes, with SA and GABA generating the greatest increase at different times of application. No difference was found in starch and total chlorophyll content at most of the times evaluated. The use of resistance elicitors is promising in the management of HLB in plots already infected, seeking to extend the productive life of the orchards and thus counteract the economic losses caused by HLB.
... Mientras que para "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" se ha observado baja correlación entre el número de frutos sintomáticos de HLB por árbol y la severidad de la enfermedad, además de que los frutos más sintomáticos caen en una fase temprana de la temporada (Beozzo et al. 2011). Cabe señalar que para limón persa infectado con "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" se ha estimado que a mayor porcentaje de severidad se disminuye el peso del fruto, diámetro ecuatorial, diámetro polar, grosor de la cascara y volumen de jugo en el fruto; sin mostrar correlación significativa con grados Brix y acidez titulable (Flores-Sánchez et al. 2015). ...
La enfermedad del permanente del tomate o zebra chip cau- sada por “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (Ca. L. solanacearum), es de gran importancia en las regiones productoras de tomate en México, la cual causa pérdidas de entre el 60 y 100% de la producción. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de seis fosfitos (FOS), ácido salicílico y acibenzolar s-metil sobre el crecimiento del cultivo de tomate y la severidad de Ca. L. solanacearum. Las plantas de tomate se infectaron con Ca. L. solanacearum mediante el confinamiento con adultos de B. cockerelli portadores de esta bacteria. Como respuesta se evaluaron la disminución de la severidad de la enfermedad y nueve parámetros agronómicos. La aspersión de fosfitos redujo la severidad de los síntomas de la enfermedad ocasionada por Ca. L. solanacearum, mejorando las variables altura de planta, peso del fruto, peso de planta y peso de raíz. En cambio, la aspersión de ácido salicílico y acibenzolar s-metil no redujeron los efectos de la enfermedad en el cultivo de tomate.
... In Persian lime production in Yucatán, the presence of Ca. L. asiaticus caused a reduction in weight of the fruit (17.3%) and a decrease in the volume of juice (18.6%) (Flores-Sánchez et al. 2015). In Key lime, experts estimated a reduction of 183 168 tons should HLB become established throughout Mexico (Salcedo-Baca et al. 2010). ...
