Tracing the Element: The Molecular Bases of Molybdenum Homeostasis in Legumes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Molybdenum Entry and Transport in Leguminous Plants
3. Molybdenum Distribution and Recycling in Ontogenesis and Accumulation in Seeds
4. Forms of Molybdenum in Legume Seeds
5. Competition for Molybdenum and the After-Effects of Its Accumulation in Seeds
6. Benefits of Sufficient Molybdenum Intake in Legumes
7. Genetic Approaches to Improve Molybdenum Supply in Legumes
8. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enzyme | Function |
---|---|
nitrate reductase (NR) | NR catalyzes two-electron reduction of nitrate to nitrite as a key step of the inorganic nitrogen assimilation pathway [7]. NR may play a role in NO homeostasis by supplying electrons from NAD(P)H through its diaphorase/dehydrogenase domain [136]. NO3− + NAD(P)H + H+ = NO2− + NAD(P)+ + H2O |
sulfite oxidase (SO) | SO catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the final step in the degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids in sulfur catabolism [7]. In plants, SO is involved in plant protection from sulfite toxicity under a SO2-rich atmosphere [137]. SO32− + H2O + O2 → SO42− + H2O2 |
mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC); NO forming nitrite reductase (NOFNiR) | mARC catalyzes the reduction of hydroxylated compounds, mostly N-hydroxylated nucleobases and nucleosides: N-hydroxycytosine (NHC), the base analogue of 6-hydroxylaminopurine (HAP; in plants [138]), N-hydroxycytidine, and N-hydroxyadenosine [83,139]. NOFNiR activity can catalyze nitric oxide (NO) formation from nitrite and is strictly dependent on NR diaphorase activity but is independent of the NR Moco domain [140,141,142]. Plant NRmARC complex is an efficient mechanism for NO synthesis under physiological conditions, aerobiosis, and in the presence of both nitrate and nitrite. oxime + NADH = imine + NAD+ or amine − N-oxide + NADH = amine + NAD+ |
xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) | XOR performs the last two steps of purine catabolism by mediating the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid [7] (xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) activity); participates in purine catabolism that produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) [143] (xanthine oxidase (XO) activity); generates nitric oxide (nitrite reductase activity); and shows NADH oxidase activity yielding NAD+ and superoxide [144] (NADH oxidase activity) [145]. Plant XOR can participate in reactive oxygen species metabolism, contributing to pathogen resistance by generating H2O2, and it can also produce uric acid and remove H2O2 from chloroplasts under conditions of oxidative stress [146]. |
aldehyde oxidase (AO) | AO oxidizes a variety of aldehydes, purines, pteridines, and heterocycles with O2 as the terminal electron acceptor generating H2O2 [147]. AO is essential for the biosynthesis of the stress hormone abscisic acid and indole-3-acetic acid in plants [7]. aldehyde + H2O + O2 = carboxylate + H2O2 |
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Bursakov, S.A.; Kroupin, P.Y.; Karlov, G.I.; Divashuk, M.G. Tracing the Element: The Molecular Bases of Molybdenum Homeostasis in Legumes. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2300. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092300
Bursakov SA, Kroupin PY, Karlov GI, Divashuk MG. Tracing the Element: The Molecular Bases of Molybdenum Homeostasis in Legumes. Agronomy. 2023; 13(9):2300. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092300
Chicago/Turabian StyleBursakov, Sergey A., Pavel Yu. Kroupin, Gennady I. Karlov, and Mikhail G. Divashuk. 2023. "Tracing the Element: The Molecular Bases of Molybdenum Homeostasis in Legumes" Agronomy 13, no. 9: 2300. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092300