The purpose of this contribution is, much has recently been written on the subject of the Middle East water crisis, a great deal of it highly apocalyptic in tone. Water is a highly politicized issue in the Middle East, and the many alarm bells are ringing because of this inseparability of water and politics. Water is a key area of dispute: nevertheless many claims concerning the water crisis are hyperbolic and misleading. Water is a critical area of dispute in the Arab-Israeli conflict; but given the current climate of peacemaking, and given the general war-weariness among states and populations, such predictions are excitable pieces of subjectivism. A little more calm objectivity is needed. Much of the subject is shrouded in a fog of misinformation. Erroneous data and misleading claims often lead to mistaken understandings of the conflict's roots. In such instances, factual errors serve to suggest that all parties (Israelis, Palestinians and Jordanians) suffer from a general shortage of water affecting the region. In reality, the water crisis is not chiefly one of insufficient supply, but of uneven and unequitable distribution. There needs to be an increased awareness that Israel and Palestine are arid areas, where water is naturally a scarce resource, and where water consumption should be appropriate to these facts of nature. While supply enhancement may become salient at some future point, allocation of existing supply is the issue that should be prioritized. It is upon the issue of water maldistribution that this paper will therefore focus. While some consideration will be paid to water supply and consumption in the Middle East as a whole, the emphasis will be upon the Palestinian-Israeli dispute, which is perceived to be the central element in the conflict. This contribution is helpful for understanding the causes, effects and solutions for water wars and conflicts due to water, happening within Middle East. And, focusing towards the future problems rising within the rest of nations within the world as water is so valuable for living lives.

The Palestinian water sector organizations operate under severe constraints: poor capacities, high political instability and uncertainty, and inadequate funds and sources of funding. A new centralized water systems management option is proposed, which can lead to optimized water resource development and a more reliable, safer and cost effective water supply and sanitation services and systems within a clear legal framework. The proposed approach provides four units of management, resources, administration and water supply and sanitation, which would be in charge of strategic and everyday decision making and integration of water sector management in Palestine. The proposed future institutional reforms are conditional on several legal-administrative, technical and financial considerations within the Palestinian National Authority but more importantly on the continuation of the Israeli military occupation of the Palestinian land and natural resources.

The purpose of this contribution is, much has recently been written on the subject of the Middle East water crisis, a great deal of it highly apocalyptic in tone. Water is a highly politicized issue in the Middle East, and the many alarm bells are ringing because of this inseparability of water and politics. Water is a key area of dispute: nevertheless many claims concerning the water crisis are hyperbolic and misleading. Water is a critical area of dispute in the Arab-Israeli conflict; but given the current climate of peacemaking, and given the general war-weariness among states and populations, such predictions are excitable pieces of subjectivism. A little more calm objectivity is needed. Much of the subject is shrouded in a fog of misinformation. Erroneous data and misleading claims often lead to mistaken understandings of the conflict's roots. In such instances, factual errors serve to suggest that all parties (Israelis, Palestinians and Jordanians) suffer from a general shortage of water affecting the region. In reality, the water crisis is not chiefly one of insufficient supply, but of uneven and unequitable distribution. There needs to be an increased awareness that Israel and Palestine are arid areas, where water is naturally a scarce resource, and where water consumption should be appropriate to these facts of nature. While supply enhancement may become salient at some future point, allocation of existing supply is the issue that should be prioritized. It is upon the issue of water maldistribution that this paper will therefore focus. While some consideration will be paid to water supply and consumption in the Middle East as a whole, the emphasis will be upon the Palestinian-Israeli dispute, which is perceived to be the central element in the conflict. This contribution is helpful for understanding the causes, effects and solutions for water wars and conflicts due to water, happening within Middle East. And, focusing towards the future problems rising within the rest of nations within the world as water is so valuable for living lives.

ABSTRACT The demand for scarce fresh water requires Israel to cease squandering this limited resource on agriculture, at present consuming about 70% of the annual supply. Environmental pollution must cease as well, for untreated urban water effluent contaminates ground water. All Israel's 700 million cubic metres sewage water must be suitably purified to irrigate about one hundred thousand hectares. Climatically controlled greenhouses and advanced agricultural research will reduce the amount of water and land required for the cultivation of the fresh vegetables and fruit, and small proportion of the dry fodder needed for the country's consumption. Israeli agriculture's association with moral, ideological and social ideas obstructs meaningful reduction in the allocation of water to agriculture. The Zionist movement has always seen transforming land into a means of production as the index of its success. Failure in this would signify an inability to adapt to adverse environmental conditions and be a sweeping repudiation of Zionism. The protracted Israeli-Arab national conflict also affects water policy. Israeli Jewish society has always considered rural settlement, agricultural activity, as part of the substance of its national identity and power, bonding the people with the land and consolidating territorial sovereignty. Since the 1970s, capitalism, which has dominated Israeli ideology, has favoured the individual's interests over the community's. Thus agriculture is mobilized to accommodate the private struggle for the good of the farming sector against the needs of the national collective.

Water is the most important and valuable resource not only for human life but also for all living things on the planet. The water supply utilities should fulfill the water requirement quantitatively and qualitatively. Drinking water systems are exposed to both natural (hurricanes and flood) and manmade hazards (risks) that are common in Palestine. Non-Revenue Water (NRW) is a manmade risk which remains a major concern in Palestine, as the NRW levels are estimated to be at a high level. In this research, Hebron city water distribution network was taken as a case study to estimate and audit the NRW levels. The research also investigated the state of the existing water distribution system in the study area by investigating the water losses and obtained more information on NRW prevention and management practices. Data and information have been collected from the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) and Hebron Municipality (HM) archive. In addition to that, a questionnaire has been designed...