EXCAVATIONS AT THE CITY OF DAVID 1978-1985 DIRECTED BY YIGAL SHILOH Volume IV VARIOUS REPORTS BY DONALD T. ARIEL, JANE M. CAHILL, DAN GILL, ABRAHAM ERAN, DIANA GILBERT-PERETZ, DAN GILL, YUVAL GOREN, LIORA KOLSKA HORWITZ, ERELLA HOVERS, ELISHEVA KAMAISKI, RAZ KLETTER, STEVEN A. ROSEN, ORIT SHAMIR, ILAN SHARON, ARIEH SHIMRON, ANN SWERSKY, EITAN TCHERNOV, JOSEPH YELLIN, SHARON ZUCKERMAN EDITED BY DONALD T. ARIEL AND ALON DE GROOT This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CONTENTS Preface VI Lists of Figures, Plans, Plates, and Photographs VIII Scheme of Strata - City of David Excavations (1978-1985) X PART ONE: GEOLOGICAL REPORT I. The Geology of the City of David and its Ancient Subterranean Waterworks - Dan Gill 1 PART TWO: REPORTS OF FINDS II. Ceramic Figurines - Diana Gilbert-Peretz 29 Appendix A: Catalogue - Diana Gilbert-Peretz 42 Appendix B: The Faunai World as Represented by the Figur Eitan Tchernov Appendix C: 85 The T Pétrographie Analysis - Yuval Goren , Elisheva Kamaiski and Raz Kletter 87 Appendix D: Chemical Characterization of the City of David Figurines and Inferences about their Origin - Joseph Yellin 90 Appendix E: Analysis of Homogeneity for the D Ilan Sharon 100 Appendix F: A Ceramic Two-faced Figurine - Donald T. Ariel 109 III. Loomweights and Whorls - Orit Shamir 135 IV. The Groundstone Industry - Erella Hovers 171 Appendix A: Raw Data - Erella Hovers 189 Appendix B: Pétrographie Description of Selected Dan V. to Gill and Weights the Persian Arieh and Period Shimron 193 Weighing - Abraham in Eran 204 VI. Flint Implements - Steven A. Rosen - 257 VII. Gemstones - Ann Swersky 268 VIII. Beads and Pendants - Sharon Zuckerman 276 IX. 'Horus Eye' Amulets - Jane M. Cahill 291 X. Bird Remains from Areas A, D, H and K - Liora Kolska Horwitz and Eitan Tchernov 298 XI. Faunai Remains from Areas A, B, D, H and K - Liora Kolska Horwitz 302 PART THREE: CONCORDANCE - Donald T. Ariel 318 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms the PREFACE through theof support This is the third volume of themaintained final reports theof the Kaplan Kushlick Foundation, founded by Mr. Mendel excavations at the City of David, Jerusalem, Kaplan of Johannesburg, South Africa. The Jerdirected by the late Yigal Shiloh. The work towards usalem Foundation administers the project. publication has been carried out by a large number Research toward publication has been supervised of researchers, especially the core staff, which since Shiloh's death has been headed by Alon De Groot.by the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew The publication strategy noted in the first volume University of Jerusalem, which is the trustee of Shiloh's academic estate. Thanks are due to the of the final report (Ariel 1990), which entails Institute, now headed by Amihai Mazar, who publication of units of material as they are completed, has been maintained. Two chapters himself has overseen the publication efforts. The which were not completed in time to be included tireless work of the Institute's Qedem monograph in the Environmental Reports part of the second series' editorial assistant, Sue Gorodetsky, has been final report (De Groot and Ariel 1992) are now published, completing the reports of that unit. Other invaluable. Mention should be made here of those who elements now included in this volume (for example, directly contributed to the processing of finds the geological report) were originally planned for published in this volume, and who are not otherwise the last in the series (Volume VII). That volume was thanked in the text. Photographs of the finds were expected to contain units unable to fit into the larger made by Zev Radovan and Ilan Sztulman. The volumes which were tó precede it. In the meantime, reconstruction of the warp-weighted looms was it was found that these elements conformed to the photographed by Yochai Rosen. The small finds desired volume size of the series. Moreover, somewere of drawn by Sara Halbreich and Shifra Eisen- except for one item drawn by Ada Yardeni. the stratigraphical units originally designated stein, for The plates were prepared by Shifra Eisenstein and Volume VII were prepared, and found to be too J Rosenberg. large to be published in what has evolved into this It should be recalled that a number of volume. They will now be published as the fourth conventions - especially with regard to the str volume of the final report ( Excavations at the City graphical framework - were detailed in Ariel of David 1978-1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh , V), (pp. XI-XII). The Preliminary Scheme of St which is now planned to include the unit comprising established by Shiloh in 1984 was adapted to the inscriptions from the City of David (originally facilitate the independent publication of volumes Volume VI). By the same strategy, any materials of the fiňal report. The numerical scheme of strata originally designated for Volumes VI and VII and based upon periods was maintained, while the not published in this and the subsequent volume will have to be added to a future volume. meaning of the letters accompanying the stratum numerals in the Preliminary Scheme was modified. In the years following the excavation's last season Rather than referring to the entire excavation, they in 1985 the focus of the City of David project's work have been used in the final reports to refer to areahas been geared towards the preservation and specific phasing. Correlation between excavation areas is accomplished only within the framework of and publication of the finds of the excavations. restoration of the architectural remains at the site the ceramic analysis, or in summary chapters. While work towards publication has continued, the preservation and restoration work at the site wasIn the first two volumes of the final report we employed the conventions summarized above. The ultimately superseded by nationally funded activities, beginning in 1995 and carried out by the Israeluse of a Roman numeral in place of an Arabic numeral indicated that reference is to the correlated Antiquities Authority. Nevertheless, the financial burden of the Society's publication efforts has been phase given in the relevant ceramic report or VI This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms summary chapter. As of this volume, only the Byzantine (Stratum 3) phases have been correlated. quantities of finds, particularly from the Israelite This volume continues those conventions. quantities of certain categories of finds uncovered at period. The core staff is proud that the sheer In the previous volume (De Groot and Ariel the City of David was so great that - coupled with unfailing efforts by excellent specialists - compre1992) most of the reports focused on finds from the later periods represented in the City of David.hensive In reports are now available for groups of some of which are not commonly adthis volume most of the reports concentrate onartifacts, the major strata from the City of David, those ofdressed: the ceramic figurines, loomweights and spindle whorls, the groundstone industry, scale weights, Iron Age. Part One contains a report resulting from a thorough geological analysis of the City of David flint implements, gems, beads and pendants, and hill, with particular reference to the evolution of 'Horus the Eye' amulets. Included also are two chapters on the faunai remains. ancient water systems found there. Part Two comprises various reports on the finds of the City D.T. Ariel, A. De Groot of David excavations, reflecting the large range and VII This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms LIST OF FIGURES 1 . Map of the City of David and its 48. 'Horus Eye'waterworks amulet No. 2 (p. 293). (p. 2). 49. 'Horus Eye' amulet No. 3 (p. 293). 2. Stratigraphie column of the Cenomanian to Senonian strata exposed in Jerusalem and surroundings, and their subdivision into lithostratigraphic units (p. 3). 3. Geological map of southeastern Jerusalem (p. 5). 4. East-west geological profile through the spur of the City of David, with projected position of the waterworks (p. 6). 5. Section and plan of Warren's Shaft Installation (p. 7). 6. Profiles of Warren's Shaft (p. 14). 50. Comparison of bone elements for the three main avian species (p. 299). 51. Comparison of bird remains from the City of David and the Ophel (p. 300). 52. Sketch map showing the relative position of the excavated areas at the City of David (p. 303). 53. Histogram of species represented in Area A (p. 305). 54. Pie diagram showing bodypart breakdown for caprovines and cattle for Area A (p. 306). 55. Histogram of species represented in Area B (p. 307). 56. Histogram of species represented in Area D1 (p. 19). (p. 307). 8. Longitudinal profile and plan of Hezekiah's 57. Pie diagram showing bodypart breakdown for Tunnel (p. 20). caprovines and cattle for Area D1 (p. 308). 9. 'Before and after' - a scenario for the construc58. Histogram of species represented in Area D2 tion of Hezekiah's Tunnel (p. 21). (p. 309). 10-19. Ceramic figurines (pp. 112-21). 59. Pie diagram showing bodypart breakdown for 20. K 18330. Ceramic figurine from L. 2200B caprovines in Area D2 (p. 310). (p. 109). 60. Histogram of species represented in Area H 21-22. Loomweights and whorls (pp. 166-67). (p. 311). 23. Shapes of transversal cross-sections (p. 173). 61. Pie diagram showing bodypart breakdown for 24-30. Groundstone industry (pp. 195-201). caprovines and cattle in Area H (p. 311). 31-39. Weights (pp. 243-51). 62. Histogram showing species represented in Area 40-41. Flint industry (pp. 265-66). K(p. 311). 42-44. Beads (pp. 282-87). 63. Pie diagram showing bodypart breakdown for 45. Pendants (pp. 288-89). caprovines in Area K (p. 312). 46. Components of 'Horus Eye' motif (p. 291). 64. Age profiles for caprovines based on bone 47. 'Horus Eye' amulet No. 1 (p. 292). fusion rates (p. 314). 7. Plan of the tunnels near the Gihon Spring LIST OF PLANS 1. Distribution map of finds of2.ceramic figurines Distribution map of finds of loom in Israel (p. 33). Israel (p. 141). LIST OF PLATES I-10. Ceramic figurines (pp. 122-31). 14-16. Weights (pp. 252-54). II-12. Loomweights and whorls17. (pp. 168-69). Beads and pendants (p. 290). 13. Groundstone industry (p. 202). VIII This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS The letter in parentheses after the description refers to the phot Gill, HS = Hanan Shafir, IH = Isaac Harari, IS = Ilan Sztulman, SO = Sylvia Owen, YH = Israel Haramaty, YR = Yochai Rozen, YS = Yigal Shiloh, ZR = Zeev Radovan. 1. Looking north along the inclined tunnel in the 16. Area G, loomweights in situ in L. 1 108 and 1110 upper level of the Warren's Shaft Installation (SO) (p. 139). (AF) (p. 6). 17. Reconstruction of warp-weighted loom, En 2. The upper opening of Warren's Shaft (IH) Yael, Jerusalem (YR) (p. 145). (p. 6). 18. Reconstruction of warp-weighted loom, En 3. Micro texture of the Mizzi Ahmar (DG) (p. 8). Yael, Jerusalem (YR) (p. 145). 4. Micro texture of the Meleke (DG) (p. 8). 19. Reconstruction of warp-weighted loom, En 5. Micro texture of the Mizzi Hilu (DG) (p. 9). Yael, Jerusalem (YR) (p. 146). 20. Area E3, chalk cylinders from L. 190 IB (ZR) 6. Looking down into Warren's Shaft (IH) (p. 13). 7. The natural cave that forms the water chamber (p. 179). 21. Area El, mortar in situ on floor of L. 631 (YS) at the bottom of Warren's Shaft (IH) (p. 13). 8. The natural termination of Warren's Shaft 2.8 (p. 185). m below the floor level of Hezekiah's tunnel 22. Area El, bowl (El /2 1544) on the floor of L. (IH) (p. 15). 2135 (YS) (p. 185). 23. Area G, lower grinding slab in situ in unexca9. Calcareous crusts and cave deposits in Warren's vated installation L. 888, within room L. 818 Shaft (DG) (p. 15). 10. Micro texture of dolomitic wall and calcareous (YS) (p. 186). 24. Carnelian and quartz specimens (YH) (p. 274). crust from Warren's Shaft (DG) (p. 16). 11. A niche in the wall of Warren's Shaft, with 25. Agate, feldspar and quartz specimens (YH) small stalactites (DG) (p. 16). (p. 275). 12. The cave of the Gihon Spring (IH) (p. 17). 26. Lapis lazuli and hematite specimens (YH) 13. Area G, loomweights from L. 1 1 10 (YS) (p. 138). (p. 275). 14. Area G, loomweights from L. 1 108 (SO) (p. 27. 138). 'Horus Eye' amulet No. 1 (ZR) (p. 292). 15. Area G, loomweights in situ in L. 1 108 and28. 1110 'Horus Eye' amulet No. 2 (ZR) (p. 293). (YS) (p. 139). 29. 'Horus Eye' amulet No. 3 (IS) (p. 293). IX This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms This volume is dedicated to the hundreds of volunteers at the excavations, without whom the City of David Archaeological Project would not have been possible Scheme of Strata - City of David Excavations (1978-1985) Stratum Period Date 1 Medieval and later 14th-20th centuries CE 2 Islamic-Ayyubid 7th-13th centuries CE 3 Byzantine 4th-7th centuries CE 4 Late Roman Ist-3rd centuries CE 5 Early Roman 1st century CE 6 Early Roman 37 BCE-70 CE 7 Hellenistic (Hasmonean) 2nd half of 2nd century to 1st century BCE 8 Early Hellenistic 4th-2nd centuries BCE 9 Persian 6th-4th centuries BCE 10 Iron Age II 2nd half of 7th century to 586 BCE 1 1 Iron Age II 7th century BCE 12 Iron Age II 8th century BCE 13 Iron Age II 9th century BCE 14 Iron Age II 10th century BCE 15 Iron Age I 12th-l 1th centuries BCE 16 Late Bronze Age II 14th-13th centuries BCE 17 Middle Bronze Age IIA-B 18th century BCE 18 Middle Bronze Age IIA-B 18th century BCE 19 Early Bronze Age II 29th (?) century BCE 20 Early Bronze Age I 31st century BCE 21 Chalcolithic 2nd half of 4th millennium BCE X This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CHAPTER ONE THE GEOLOGY OF THE CITY OF DAVID AND ITS ANCIENT SUBTERRANEAN WATERWORKS Dan Gill Geological Survey of Israel This study is dedicated to the memory of Father Louis Hugues Vincent, one of the pre-eminent expl ancient Jerusalem, whose meticulous and conscientious survey of the subterranean waterworks of the Cit David between 1909 and 1911 still stands out as the most comprehensive composition on the subject 1882; Clermont-Ganneau 1897; Vincent 1911; Sulley 1929; Simons 1952; Hecker 1956; Amiran 1968; 1976; Issar 1976). The early city of Jerusalem, Canaanite 'Shalem' or Recently (Gill 1991; 1994a), I have presented 'Yevus' ('Jebus') and later the early Israelite 'City ofevidence to show that the waterworks were fashioned along the pre-existing tracks David,' was built on a narrow, southward-sloping ofthe a natural spur of the Temple Mount, flanked on west karst by system of shafts and conduits which were by dissolution of the limestones the valley that was later called 'Tyropoeon' andformed on the east by the Kidron Valley (Fig. and 1). dolomites The onlyupon which Jerusalem is built. In those articles the geology of the site was described perennial water source nearby is the Gihon Spring, only briefly. which issues in a cave on the right bank of the This study presents a fuller account of geological aspects which are important for Kidron Valley, at the foot of the easternvarious slope of the understanding the design and construction of the spur. For efficient utilization of the Gihon's waters INTRODUCTION the ancient inhabitants constructed at various times waterworks. three water supply systems, today known as the In order to evaluate the relationship between the Warren's Shaft Installation, the Siloam Channel water supply systems and the geology, the latter and Hezekiah's Tunnel. The Siloam Channel carried must be known and documented in sufficient detail, on a scale which is compatible with the size of the artificially raised spring water southward alongside waterworks. The geological information about the the right bank of the Kidron Valley; the other two area provided by earlier studies is not detailed systems are entirely subterranean. Detailed descriptions of the waterworks can be found in Conder enough for this purpose (see below). Thus, for this evaluation the vertical rock succession was divided (1882), Vincent (1911), Simons (1952), Kenyon into mappable rock units in the most detailed way (1967) and Shiloh (1981; 1984). The subterranean water supply systems of the possible, and a new geological map of the area was City of David are among the most impressive prepared, depicting the distribution of these units engineering accomplishments of the biblical period.and the position of faults. The new map, together Nevertheless, they display many seemingly trivialwith the columnar stratigraphie section, provide a planning mistakes and numerous apparent blundersdefinitive three-dimensional picture of the surface in construction. These imperfections have puzzledand subsurface geology of southeastern Jerusalem. scholars ever since the waterworks were rediscovThey document the geological setting of the waterworks and thus enable the examination of any ered in the mid- 19th century, and many attempts hypothesis about the relations between the waterhave been made to account for them (e.g. Conder 1 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Israel. The earliest studies were conducted by Fr (1867) and Blanckenhorn (1905). They were f lowed by Shalem (1925; 1927; 1928), Blake (1936 Picard (1938a; 1956), Bentor (1945) and Avnimele (1951; 1968). These authors studied the stratigr phy, lithology and paleontology of Jerusalem its vicinity and laid the foundations for mo detailed later investigations. Several geolog maps of Jerusalem have been published in the p though none are sufficiently fine-scaled for th study of the waterworks. The maps by Blanck horn (1905; also presented in Vincent 1912) Picard (1956) do not portray the local geology of th City of David adequately (see below). Israeli (1977) map does not cover the City of David, an the map by Arkin et al. (1976) lacks the stra graphic resolution that is needed in order to portra the lithological differences which exist in the area interest. Therefore, a more detailed geological m of the City of David area had to be prepared. STRATIGRAPHY AND STRATIGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE The bedrock exposed in Jerusalem and its vicini consists of limestone, dolomite and chalk strata Late Cretaceous age. Two stratigraphie groups a distinguished, the Judea Group, of Albian t Turonian age, and the Mount Scopus Group, Senonian age. Fig. 2 shows a representative columnar section of the rock sequence and its formal subdivision into finer rock units. The subdivision into the Weradim, Bina and Menuha Formations follows the formal regional stratigraphic nomenclature proposed by Arkin et al. Fig. 1. Map of the City of David and its waterworks. works and the underlying geology. In addition, the local geology and the geology of correlative rock units in the vicinity were studied in order to collect (1965). To provide a faithful reflection of the lithological variations which are of interest to the present study, the rock column has been further subdivided, applying the local rock unit names that were used by Picard (1938a; 1956). The Mizzi Yahudi is equivalent to the Weradim Formation. The Mizzi Ahmar, Meleke and Mizzi Hilu are the additional pertinent geological information that may shed light on the design and construction of three subunits of the Bina Formation. The the waterworks. Formation. Ka'akuhle forms the lower part of the Menuh The Arabic names applied to these units are PREVIOUS GEOLOGICAL STUDIES adaptations of stonemasons' terms, which did not originally signify any stratigraphie position or status A chronological review of geological investigations (for further details, see Blake 1936; Picard 1938b; of Jerusalem and its environs reflects the Bentor beginning 1960; Perath 1984). 'Mizzi' denotes a hard and development of the geological profession rock; 'yahudi' inmeans Jewish; 'ahmar' means red; 2 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms S CO o "J >- S C/D O S >- CD £ C/D O SS S CD o LU CS <£ a 2 *£ o DESCRIPTION O OC CC o CD u_ - CD - 7e 31 oZ £z h- -i ID _i - ã. «[ .1 I = white J 1 «s s s ■§ 1 1Q0 ! s s Ka'akuh ¡'J 1 i 90 = 'i ? J 6 i w a m i.i c' massive bedding, cliff-forming, cavernous n 03 <3 - hb ' ¿n. /,/o/J ,/yellowish-cream / ?' and light grey dolomite with red stains, n 7 - hb = 0Q Mizzi Ahmar / ļļ/T fine crystalline, rare pellets and bivalves, dense, hard, ■| ~7/uT impervious, thick beds, cliff-forming, karst features I (-r-L / «»/' "= s = / // -' / " E E / '/7 U L ) O '■% 25- ... . u . .. / v, A grey dolomite, coarse cryst '■% J 1Q0 ... Mizzi . u Yahudi . .. Fig. 2. Stratigraphie column of the Cenomanian to Senonian strata exposed in Jerusalem and surroundings, and their subdivision into lithostratigraphic units. 'meleke' means rayai; 'hilu' means sweet, meant in a complimentary sense; and 'Ka'akuhle' is a general term for dressable hard chalk or chalky limestone. Mizzi Yahudi ('Jewish hard stone') was presumably in the middle parts of the Judea Group, below the Weradim Formation. Curiously, the Turonian Meleke in Jerusalem does not meet these specifications, being a rather soft and porous rock. It was so named because the Jewish builders of the turn of used extensively throughout history for large the century, who introduced modern quarrying foundations and fortifications. Huge ashlar blocks, techniques, were the first to utilize this rather hardsome weighing two to three hundred tons, used by stone for masonry and concrete. Another version King Herod in the 1st century BCE to build the relates the name to the hardness of the rock, which retaining walls of the Temple Mount (see Ritmeyer and Ritmeyer 1989 and Warszawski and Peretz is likened in uncomplimentary fashion to Jewish 1992 for recent discussions) were quarried from this stubbornness and tenacity. Mizzi Ahmar designates formation, as were many of the stones used by the a hard reddish rock. Mizzi Hilu, meaning 'sweet 16th century Ottoman emperor Suleiman the (beautiful) hard stone' is, presumably, a compliMagnificent to build the walls of Jerusalem. As mentary term, probably referring to its pleasing appearance and frequent decorative role in build-such, it served royal structures, and this may explain ings. the origin of the name. In many instances, the walls To stonemasons, the term Meleke designates a hard white stone. This rock type is quite abundant of the ancient stone quarries were subsequently plastered and the hollowed-out spaces were used as 3 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms water cisterns and reservoirs. Furthermore, because dual structures. The city of Jerusalem, at an of its softness and massive bedding, the Meleke strata were sought after in ancient times as a elevation of about 750 m, is located in a structural saddle at the center of the range, between the southern plunge of the Ramallah anticline and the tombs (see below). This may be another reason fornorthern plunge of the Hebron anticline, which is naming the unit 'royal.' Blanckenhorn (1905: 87), offset to the east of the former by some 10 km (Rot who was aware of this characteristic of the Meleke, 1972; Shaliv 1980: Fig. 4). Structurally, the spur of aptly proposed that the unit be named 'Graberfels' the City of David is situated on the eastern flank of the Ramallah anticline. (in German) or 'sepulchral rock.' In Jerusalem and its vicinity, these different types The geological makeup of the area is shown in the of building stones are found in different strati- geological outcrop map (Fig. 3) and the E-W graphic horizons, and they coincide with a natural geological cross-section (Fig. 4). Structurally, the subdivision of the sedimentary sequence into well- spur of the City of David is a step-faulted block in defined rock units. These units have very distinctive which the strata dip to the southeast (azimuth lithologies and a characteristic appearance in the N140E) with inclinations of 10-15°. The surface landscape. Therefore, this division and nomencla- consists of Mizzi Ahmar, exposed along the lower ture is also well suited for lithostratigraphic eastern slope of the spur, and of Meleke, exposed on preferred formation for the hewing of monumental classification and mapping purposes; this is thethe upper slopes and the crest. The boundary division used here. Thus, the units shown in the between these rock units is visible, running N-S geological map (Fig. 3) are the three subunits of thealong the center of the eastern slope. Two groups of Bina Formation (marked MA, M and MH), the small faults, with vertical displacements of 20-30 Menuha Formation (marked Me) and an additional meters, pass through the area: one strikes about unit, the Mishash Formation (marked Mi), consist- N15E and the other about N105E. In the first group ing of bedded chert, which overlies the Menuha downfaulting is to the east, while in the second it is Formation in the Mount of Offense above the to the south. Both the Kidron and the Tyropoeon village of Silwan. The Weradim Formation Valleys (Mizzi are superimposed on north-trending faults. Yahudi) crops out in the western parts of Jerusalem, Of the west-trending faults, two cross the Mount of west of the area included in the geological map. Offense Theeast of the Kidron Valley in the center of Menuha Formation is exposed in the southern and of Silwan. A third fault passes south of the village eastern parts of the mapped area, and is widespread the spur, along the lower bend of the Ben Hinnom further to the east throughout the Judean Valley. Desert. Joints and fractures are common, showing The unit which is of principal interest to the present two dominant orientations, roughly N-S and study is the Bina Formation, which underlies the approximately E-W. Both systems are essentially vertical. Old City of Jerusalem and its immediate surround- ings. We shall be concerned in particular with its two lower members, the Mizzi Ahmar and the Meleke, since they are the formations that form the GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE ANCIENT WATERWORKS bedrock and the shallow underground in the City of David. The Mizzi Hilu is exposed along the western The location of the waterworks relative to the slope of the Mount of Olives, south of the cliffs of bedrock units is shown in the geological crossthe Ben Hinnom Valley, and it caps the Temple section (Fig. 4), and in greater detail in Fig. 5. The Mount. steep tunnel and the upper part of the dead-end shaft are within the Meleke. The boundary between GEOLOGICAL SETTING the Meleke and the Mizzi Ahmar is at the bottom of the scarp. This boundary is marked clearly all along The Judea and Samaria Mountains are a prominent the walls of the inclined tunnel (Photo 1), visible as mountain chain which extend from north to south an abrupt change in both color and surface texture. along the central part of Israel. Their crestline is the The Meleke, which forms the ceiling and upper part principal water divide between the Mediterranean of the walls, has a lighter hue and an irregular and the Jordan Rift Valley. Structurally, the range surface, is indented by irregular cavities. In contrast, an anticlinorium consisting of a number of indivithe Mizzi Ahmar, in the floor and lower part of the 4 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 172 173 Mi Mishash Fm. ^ - - Formation conloe! Me Menuha Fm. MH Mini Hilu(Nefser Fm.) i i i i Foul! lino ' M Meleke (Shivla Fm.) aí uu Inferred fault "n V ' ' MA Mizzi ^ Ahmar * * B I - -HB1 Lino of cross soclion J ^ ^ / J ) 1 130 179 * Fig. 3. Geological map of southeastern Jerusalem. 1. Old City of Jerusalem; 2. Temple Mount; 3. Mount Zion; 4. City of David; 5. Hezekiah's Tunnel; 6. Gihon Spring; 7. Kidron Valley; 8. Ben Hinnom Valley; 9. Silwan Village; A-A' - line of geological profile shown in Fig. 4. tunnel walls, is of darker color and has a very massive appearance. The passage, today blocked, Mizzi Ahmar, which forms their floor. that leads out to the eastern slope was created by the the Mizzi Ahmar as it descends eastward. The top of Warren's Shaft is 4.25 m below the top of the Mizzi coalescence of natural caves in the bottom part of the Meleke, along its contact with the underlying The inclined tunnel cuts progressively deeper into Ahmar (Photo 2). It should be pointed out that, 5 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms A J Hinnom A' 780m Valley Mount of I Tyropoeon Kidron Olives Valley Valley 0 200 400m (vertical exaggeration x3.3) Fig. 4. East-west geological profile through the .spur of the City of David, with projected position of the waterworks. from an engineering standpoint, there was no reason whatsoever to deepen the tunnel into the All the remaining elements of the waterworks are within the Mizzi Ahmar. This includes the bottom hard Mizzi Ahmar rather than remain within the half of the dead-end shaft and the entire length of softer Meleke; the latter would have made the Warren's Shaft. Likewise, the Gihon Spring and the hewing much easier and would have resulted in an entire length of Hezekiah's Tunnel are within the almost horizontal tunnel, an important convenience Mizzi Ahmar. in itself. Photos 1 and 2 also demonstrate that the dimensions of the tunnel, which reaches a height of 6.3 m and is 4 to 6 m wide, are much too large for the minimum needed for carrying water, even in vessels on the head. If the tunnel was deliberately planned in this way, it would have involved an immense amount of superfluous hewing for no practical reason and no obvious benefit. Photo 1. Looking north along the inclined tunnel in Photo the 2. The upper opening of Warren's Shaft. The upper level of the Warren's Shaft Installation. The approach to the shaft is extremely inconvenient and horizontal line in the middle of the side walls marks the dangerous. Water can be drawn only while standing on a contact between the dark-colored, hard Mizzi Ahmar platform above the center of the shaft. It is unlikely that a below the line, and the white cavernous Meleke above the well would be so crude in construction. The stick rests on line. Note the excessive spaciousness of the tunnel (AF). the top of the Mizzi Ahmar (IH). 6 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 696.19 ^ SECTION gļ Hasmonean ,/ļļfļ - tower ////// s * YYT^¿ ' S ' ' / / /S. ' : ' : : : : : : ' : : : : : : : y / /^Sss^ i;;;:;;;:;;:;:;::;;;;;;;;;;;;;; : : : ^^^^v^s^Jebusite city wall ; : ; : : : H"; ?p rrfí ; j ; : : : modern-day : : : : : H ; : : : : :: ! í:! í Í:Ü I í II 1 1 í : : : : : :: : : í : : ; ; : ; ; : ; : : ; ; : ; : : ; ; ; : ; ; ; : ; : ; : ; ; ; ; : ; : : ; : : íé^d^rtiSv ; Í9#599íl; W&y&?YYY$' • T. ;;;:;;;;::;;;;;:;;::;;;thaft:^fy:lUBD9t:::^::^:;^- YYYYYYYYy^/ 4 jjSHĻ 'YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Y 4 ' : : iowertúnaet : YYYÍÚ^^W^YYYÚ^Y: : ; . V . ^ ^ .^-^.l-.-r 4 -'/:f .--^¡ļ /%r~ tmí pfSÍWPi chamai . . :üi-l YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY ■PiBl PLAN ļjļļļ^ij-s^^ .^YYYYY.YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.YYYYYYYYYYYYY: corridor YYYYYMfáWÝÝYY ū 10m * V " " " " Fig. 5. Section (top) and plan (bottom) of Warren's Shaft Installation, modified from Vincent (191 1), Kenyon (1967) and Shiloh (1984). The numbers in the section are elevations in meters above mean sea level. Note the position of the boundary between the Meleke and the Mizzi Ahmar strata (in the section view). 7 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms LITHOLOGY OF THE BINA FORMATION Mizzi Ahmar The Mizzi Ahmar consists of homogeneous, fine crystalline dolomite. The rock is very dense and hard, pinkish-gray to yellowish-cream on fresh fractures. Irregular reddish-brown patches and thin red streaks are abundant and conspicuous, hence the name 'ahmar' (Arabic for red). Microscopically the rock consists of a homogeneous, dense mosaic of subhedral to euhedral dolomite crystals, about 40 microns in size (Photo 3). The rock is devoid of any Photo 4. Micro texture of the Meleke: abundant fossil fragments (white grains) in a microcrystalline matrix remains of fossil fragments. Ghosts of well-rounded (dark grey material). The rock is very porous (black voids) micritic pellets are occasionally abundant. The rock due to the dissolution of fossil fragments (DG). appears to be impervious, without any visible porosity of any kind. Petrophysical analyses of six samples from the eastern slope of the spur measured have recrystallized into a dense mosaic of porosities of 1.36% to 4.54%, with an averagewhich of anhedral calcite crystals, mostly less than 10 2.64%, and permeabilities of 0.04 to 0.49 millidarcies, with a mean of 0.13 md. microns in size. The degree of matrix recrystallization determines the hardness of the rock, its resistance to weathering and its overall appearance in the field. Where the recrystallization is more pervasive, the matrix consists of a mosaic of closely interlocking, large subhedral crystals. Average crystal size is about 50 microns, reaching up to 0.2 mm. Rock of this texture is cliff-forming. The Meleke is very porous and permeable. Its vugular nature is conspicuous both in hand specimens and thin sections. The porosity was created by the dissolution and leaching of fossil fragments, most likely by fresh groundwater. Petrophysical analyses of the more porous variety (four samples taken in tombs within the City of David) measured Photo 3. Micro texture of the Mizzi Ahmar: a dense porosities of 28.6% to 33.1%, with an average of mosaic of euhedral to subhedral dolomite crystals, about 30.2%, 40 microns in size. The rock lacks porosity and is and permeabilities of 50 to 319 md, with an average of 135 md. practically impervious (DG). Meleke Mizzi Hilu The Meleke is a fossiliferous limestone that has The Mizzi Hilu is a fine crystalline limestone with abundant remains of foraminifera (mostly Milioliundergone diagenetic alterations. In pétrographie and other microfossils (foraminiferal biomiterms it is a biosparite or skeletal grainstone dea) (Photo crite). 4). Fossil fragments comprise about 30% of theIt is even-textured, with a uniform creamywhite color that hardly weathers. The rock is very rock. The skeletal grains, poorly sorted and angular, range in size from 0.1 mm to 1 mm. The dense, fossil often almost lithographic, and contains abundant stylolites. In every aspect - field appearassemblage includes several species of rudistids, bivalves and some corals (Blanckenhorn 1905:ance, 90; as well as in hand specimens and microfacies - it is very different from the other two members of Picard 1938a). The original matrix consisted of very the Bina Formation (Photo 5). fine-grained and dense lime-mud (micrite), parts of 8 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Supreme Court building on Giv'at Ram. All these sites display abundant karstie dissolution and weathering features in the Mizzi Ahmar. The Mizzi Ahmar does not contain large caves. The main karstie features are irregular dissolution cavities which are filled with dark brown terra rossa. In several sites, well-defined vertical dissolution shafts have been observed, which are filled with terra rossa and unsorted, angular rock debris. The rock surface cleared by Shiloh's excavation in Area E (in the lower part of the eastern slope of the Photo 5. Micro texture of the Mizzi Hilu: abundant spur) displays many small-scale dissolution marks. In one place a small irregular sinkhole, about one foraminifera (miliolidea) cemented by very fine crystalline meter in diameter and four meters deep, was calcite (DG). exposed. MORPHOLOGY AND KARST FEATURES OF Meleke THE BINA FORMATION The Meleke is widespread throughout the mapped area. It occurs as thick, massively bedded strata, forming high ledges and vertical cliffs that are prominent in the landscape. When The Mizzi Ahmar is the lowermost unit exposed sometimes in freshly cut the rock is stark white, darkening slightly the map area. Its more conspicuous exposures are upon weathering. The unit varies in thickness from the vertical cliffs of the Ben Hinnom Valley and the 10 m in the southern part of the mapped area to 24 bowl of Birket es-Sultan further upstream. To the Mizzi Ahmar north and west it underlies much of modern m in its center. For the most part, its contacts with the Mizzi Jerusalem (see geological maps in Picard 1956 and Ahmar and the Mizzi Hilu are abrupt and conformable. Along the Kidron Valley and on the particularly Israeli 1977). The unit is thickly westerntoslope of Mount Zion, the transition from stratified with marly interlayers that weather terra rossa soil. the Mizzi Ahmar to the Meleke is gradual over a vertical interval of 1-2 m, which is composed of Karst features are common throughout the unit. A small cave is found on the left bank of the Ben dolomitic limestone. Hinnom Valley, opposite the Cinematheque Thea-Most notable among the Meleke outcrops is the ter. Jerusalem water well No. 4, located in the vertical Ben cliff on the left bank of the Kidron Valley, within the village of Silwan and further to the Hinnom Valley, encountered loss of circulationpartly in north. The famous sepulchral monuments of the the Mizzi Ahmar section, indicating a cavernous Temple period (the so-called cenotaph of zone in the subsurface. In the built-up area Second of Absalom and the tombs of Benei Hezir, Zachariah modern Jerusalem natural exposures of the Mizzi Ahmar have become rather scarce. However, in and the Yehoshafat) are all hewn in this cliff, as are also smaller burial caves from the First Temple period process of excavating and ground leveling for new in Silwan village (see Ussishkin 1993). building, quite extensive temporary exposures found become available for study. These, to mention only the Meleke is also exposed along the right bank of the Ben Hinnom Valley. Here it is only about 10 m larger ones, include the Wolfson-Megiddo Towers thick and contains numerous natural caves, some of complex on President Ben Zvi Boulevard, the served as tombs. Particularly large caves are Ministry of Education and Culture buildingwhich in found near and in the monastery of Haqal Dama Debora Street, the Zion Square office building, the (Aceldama), near the confluence of the Ben Hinnom underground car park at the southern end of Yoel and Kidron Valleys. Salomon Street, a large pit at the corner of Yaffo In some areas, the contact between the Meleke and Sarei Yisrael Streets, the new Jerusalem and the overlying Mizzi Hilu is very irregular. At Municipality near the Russian Compound, a build- these localities, large detached blocks of thinlying project in the Schneller Compound, and the 9 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms bedded Mizzi Hilu appear to have slid into pits and 14. Bedrock exposures along the western side of irregular depressions within the Meleke. These features mark post-depositional events in which the Byzantine Cardo of Jerusalem are mostly in the blocks of already consolidated and lithified Mizzi Hilu collapsed into sinkholes formed by dissolution in the upper part of the Meleke. This phenomenon is well developed in the sunken courtyard of the Tomb of the Kings and at the base of the Herodian staircase which leads to the Double Gate in the southern wall of the Temple Mount. Other historical monuments where the Meleke is well exposed include: uppermost part of the Meleke. 15. The foundations of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre are in the Turonian Bina Formation. The formation that forms the ground surface of the church compound is the Mizzi Hilu. Excellent Meleke exposures, 13 m high, are found in the rear parts of the church, in the Chapel of St. Vartan and the Chapel of the Cross. The chapels are within a stone quarry, thought to have been excavated at the time of the First Temple (Broshi and Barkay 1985; Barkay 1985). Here the contact between the Mizzi 1. Burial caves of the First Temple period at Hilu and the Meleke is unconformable. In the Ketef Hinnom, adjacent to St. Andrew's Presbytersoutheastern corner of St. Vartan's Chapel there is a ian Church (near the Khan Theater). dissolution shaft in the Mizzi Hilu. The cisterns 2. The foundation of the Turkish city wall, between Jaffa Gate and Mt. Zion. under the 'Convent of Abraham,' in the southern 3. Tombs on Mt. Zion. 4. Cisterns and ancient cellars at St. Peter in part of the church compound, are hewn in Meleke. 16. The 'Garden Tomb' and the First Temple Gallicantu, on the eastern slope of Mt. Zion.period tombs in the grounds of the nearby Ecole Biblique on Nablus Road; Father L.H. Vincent 5. Rock-hewn galleries in the southeastern part of (1872-1960) was buried in the adjoining chapel. the City of David (at one time thought to be the tombs of the Davidic Dynasty or the Royal 17. The 'Tombs of the Sanhédrin' in the Ramat Eshkol suburb. Necropolis of the Kings of Judah). 6. Cisterns on the slope south of the Double Gate 18. The 1st century mausoleum of Queen Helena of Adiabene in Salah ed-Din Street north of the Old in the Ophel Archaeological Park. 7. The Church and Tomb of the Virgin Mary and City (commonly referred to as the 'Tombs of the the Grotto of Gethsemane in the Kidron Valley. Kings'). 8. The Pool of Bethesda (Piscina Probatica) at St. Anna's Church in the Muslim Quarter. Mizzi Hilu 9. The roofed cisterns (Struthion) under the convent of the Sisters of Zion, originally the northUnlike the Mizzi Ahmar and the Meleke, the Mizzi moat of the Antonia Fortress. Hilu is a well-bedded unit with beds 30-70 cm thick. Typical outcrops run along Sultan Suleiman Road, 10. The lower part of the Hasmonean (?) water east of the Damascus Gate, where this unit forms conduit that runs from the Struthion cisterns to the Temple Mount. This conduit was excavated from the foundation of the northern part of the Ottoman city wall. Well-exposed sections of the unit are the surface down, mostly through Mizzi Hilu. 1 1 . The underground northwestern corner of the found along the southern segment of the Herodian retaining walls of the Herodian Temple Mount Temple Mount platform. The monumental staircase platform. This is an artificial scarp, lately excavatedthat led into the Double and Triple Hulda Gates in (the 'Kotel tunnel'). It is hewn in the same ashlar the southern wall was built on this unit. As pattern as the entire western wall that stands on it.mentioned above, the Hasmonean water conduit Adjacent to it lies an ancient stone quarry of Meleke that runs from the Struthion pools to the Temple Mount was dug mostly in Mizzi Hilu. This unit has building stones. 12. The scarp on which the Omaria School is a very special distinction in that it forms the built, north of the Haram al-Sharif. bedrock where some of the most venerated shrines 13. Zedekiah's Cave (or Solomon's Quarries) east to both Christianity and Islam are located. It crops of the Damascus Gate, which is an ancient quarry.out at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre as the rock Its proximal part is in Mizzi Hilu, and in its distalof Calvary (Golgotha, the traditional site of the parts one can see some of the best non-weathered Crucifixion). Although the bedrock at the tomb of Jesus cannot be observed, it appears that this shrine, exposures of Meleke in Jerusalem. 10 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms which is situated nearby, is also founded in the Mizzi Hilu. The bedrock on top of Mount Moriah, the Temple Mount compound, also consists of this unit. Hence, the rocky floor of natural bedrock, the centerpiece of the Dome of the Rock, known to Jews as the Foundation Stone, consists of Mizzi Hilu. Mediterranean Sea. The newly elevated highlands, coupled with a lowering of the erosion base levels on either side of the water divide, created steep hydraulic gradients and induced the development of a new hydrodynamic regime that exposed deeplying strata to the effects of groundwater flow, rejuvenating old subsurface drainage systems and Natural caves or other large-scale karst features creating new ones (e.g., Kafri and Arad 1978). are not typical of this unit, although dissolution Karst formation was further enhanced by higher rainfall during the pluvial interludes of the Pleistopipes (as in the Chapel of St. Vartan) are occasionally found. The Mizzi Hilu contains in cene (Horowitz 1979). places intra-formational karstie dissolution cavities Thus, the carbonate formations in Israel, and the which were filled by fluvial sands (Weiler 1966; Judea Group in particular, were affected by karstWeiler and Sass 1972; Sandler and Zilberman 1985). forming processes during at least three periods: Late GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF KARST DEVELOPMENT IN ISRAEL Turonian (90 my), Late Miocene (6.5 my) and Pliocene to Pleistocene (5.0 to 0.01 my). In the northern part of Israel, where precipitation exceeds 750 mm per year, karst processes are still active today (e.g., Horowitz 1979: 161-66). It should, Carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) are susceptible to chemical dissolution by circulatingtherefore, come as no surprise that certain formations of the Judea Group are intensely karstifled groundwater. With sufficient rainfall and a suitable hydrogeological setup, carbonate formations are both in outcrops and especially in the subsurface. In fact, karst is a second nature to most formations in prone to the development of cavernous karstie dissolution networks and their attendant reprecipi- the Judea Group. tation products (for recent comprehensive treatments of this broad subject see, for example, Burger and Dubertret 1975; Bogli 1980; Jennings 1985; Dreybrodt 1988; Ford and Williams 1989). All the ingredients for the evolution of mature karst systems are present in Israel. The mountainous parts of Israel are built of carbonate forma- KARST IN JUDEA AND SAMARIA Karst in the Judea Group west of the water divide in country was affected by several phases of tectonic the central part of the Judea Mountains has been described by Arkin (1980) and by Michaelson and Movshovitz (1980). The outcrops that are affected by karst belong to the Aminadav, Weradim an Bina Formations. The largest caves in the area ar stress that fractured and jointed the rocks (e.g., Eyal in the Weradim Formation: these includes the and Reches 1983), setting up the pattern for picturesque Avshalom Cave in Nahal Soreq (Bar- tions (the Judea Group of Cretaceous age). The dissolution by groundwater. The calcareous forma- Matthews et al. 1991), and the Cave of the Twins tions have repeatedly been subjected to dissolution and Shimshon Cave near the town of Beth Shemesh. East of thie water divide the karst features are by groundwater for geologically long periods since the end of the Turonian (e.g., Buchbinder et al. even more pronounced. Here, especially in the 1983). The intensity of these processes, and the southern parts of Samaria and the northern parts depth to which they reached, have been increased by of Judea, are found some of the largest caves in the the morphotectonic changes that have affected the country. In southern Samaria, a concentration of region since the Neogene, and especially the large caves is found in Nahal Daliya (Frumkin Pliocene, which shaped the present physiography 1981a; 1981b) and in Wadi Makkuk (Tsuk 1983; and landscape of the terrain. The main changes Frumkin 1988a; 1988b; Begin 1988). All the caves in entailed the upwarping of the central parts of the these two ephemeral streams are in the Shivta country into mountain ranges, the formation of the Formation, which is stratigraphically equivalent to Jordan Rift Valley in the east, and the frequent sea the Meleke unit in Jerusalem. In northern Judea, large caves are found in Nahal Teqo'a near of the Mediterranean) in the west, culminating in Herodion (Frumkin 1986a; 1986b). Among them the Messinian 'salinity crisis' and desiccation of the is the Hareitun Cave, one of the longest caves in the level changes of the Paratethys Ocean (the precursor 11 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms country. This cave has 55 large galleries; it spreads vertically over four distinct levels, and the total interconnected conduits, which characterize mature karst systems. length of its labyrinthine passageways and corridors is about four kilometers (Strobel 1967; Mann 1976). The different levels are interconnected by dissolu- STYLES OF KARST DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIZZI AHMAR AND THE MELEKE tion shafts which in origin, and often also in their shape and dimensions, are very similar to Warren's The pétrographie and petrophysical properties Shaft in Jerusalem. the Meleke and the Mizzi Ahmar determine their All the aforementioned caves are in the Shivta permeability to water and, consequently, the style of karst that will develop in each unit. The fact that the Formation which, as mentioned above, is equivalent to the Meleke unit in Jerusalem. Numerous caves in two units possess very different petrophysical properties and that they are juxtaposed vertically the Shivta Formation are found in the ephemeral determines the style of the karst that will develop in stream gorges of the Judean Desert. In Samaria, the combined sequence. large vertical dissolution shafts are also well The carbonate skeletal grains of the Meleke developed in the Aminadav Formation, below the Shivta Formation, which overlies the Motsa Marl dissolve more readily than the fine-grained (micritic) matrix, leaving a network of partly connected voids. aquiclude (Frumkin 1984). The intense karstification of the formations is Water moves easily in all directions within this and permeable unit. In contrast, the undermanifested by their hydraulic characteristics andporous by lying the overall hydrology of the carbonate aquifers of Mizzi Ahmar is impervious, obstructing the downward percolation of water. Consequently, the Judea Group. Water from karst aquifers accounts for about 70% of the total water supplywater that reaches the base of the Meleke cannot move further down, and is forced to continue its of Israel (Mandel 1961; Gvirtzman 1994; Schwarz 1994; Weinberger et al. 1994). The regional hydro-flow along the boundary between the two formations. This enhances dissolution in the lower part of geological situation of the eastern watershed drainage system has been described in several studiesthe already porous Meleke, leading to the development of caves above the contact between the two (e.g., Rofe and Raffety 1963; 1965; Shaliv 1980; units. Gvirtzman 1994; Scarpa 1994). Recent studies A change in the overall hydraulic regime, such as utilizing modern isotopie age determination and a lowering of the regional drainage base level or geochemical water-type fingerprinting methods tectonic tilting, sets up new steep hydraulic gradients and lowers the regional water table, thereby have made it possible to identify water bodies and trace their movement in space and time (Rosenthal 1978; Rosenthal and Kronfeld 1982; Kroitoru et al. 1985; Kroitoru 1987; Kroitoru et al. 1992). Data are exposing previous water-saturated phreatic strata to the enhanced dissolution processes of the vadose available for the uppermost aquifer of the Judea Group, which consists of the Weradim, Shivta and strata in the vadose zone the water creates new Netzer Formations (equivalent to the Weradim, Meleke and Mizzi Hilu in Jerusalem). This aquifer is zone environment. Upon encountering impervious passageways by dissolving the rock. Preferred sites for initial dissolution are surfaces and partings of characterized by high hydraulic conductivities and sedimentary and tectonic origin, such as bedding consequent high flow velocities, on the order of 1.2- planes, faults and joints. Such natural partings, 1.5 km per year (Kroitoru et al. 1985). The aquifer carries contemporary water, as determined by the presence of 'post-bomb' tritium, which indicates that at least part of the water entered the system after 1953. The residence time of the waters in the especially if caused by tectonic shear, often become filled with crushed material that is much more permeable than the enclosing bedrock. Once an initial passageway has been dissolved, it will attract more water and be continuously enlarged. Thus, in an impervious carbonate unit like the Mizzi Ahmar, aquifer is very short and their chemical interaction the karst features that are more likely to develop are with the host rock is negligible. As a result, the vertical dissolution shafts ('domepits'), which may water is almost fresh, with only about 10 meq/1 total form along faults and joint systems, and narrow, dissolved ions and less than 1 meq/1 (about 25 mg/1) well-defined irregular conduits along anastomosing of chloride (Kroitoru et al. 1985; Kroitoru 1987). joints and fissure systems. These findings point to a well-developed network of 12 This content downloaded from :ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff on Thu, 01 Jan 1976 12:34:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms KARST PHENOMENA IN THE JERUSALEM WATERWORKS Karstie dissolution features on various scales are ubiquitous and pervasive throughout the waterworks. The more conspicuous ones were already very lucidly described by Vincent (1911). Terms like caves, cavities, fissures, cavernous limestone, calcar- eous accretions, concretions a$d encrustations, with or without the adjective 'natural,' are common throughout his narrative. In the following paragraphs only the most conspicuous larger features are described, often making use of Vincent's impeccable account, which can hardly be improved upon. In addition, attention is drawn in passing to seemingly anomalous features and other enigmatic questions concerning the construction of the waterworks which are also adequately accounted for by the karst thesis. Photo 7. The natural cave that forms the water chamber at the bottom of Warren's Shaft. Note the fissure across the floor. The scale bar is graduated at 10 cm intervals (IH). Warren's Shaft Installation Warren's Shaft is a natural dissolution shaft, as is evident from its irregular shape (Fig. 6; Photo 6), the absence of hewing marks on its walls and the antiquity of the calcareous crusts lining its walls. The shaft is 'an oval cylinder... it is crooked, between its two extremes it is very uneven, and some of the sections are yet even more irregular... the oval is rectilinear in no place... it narrows down and expands, now on one side, now on the other, it is adorned with protuberances or cavities... The incrustation on the sides here is exactly the same as in shaft B [the dead-end shaft - D.G.]' (Vincent 1911: 13). The shaft developed along a natural joint striking N70E, which is visible along its entire length and especially on the floor of the water Photo 6. Looking down into Warren s Shaft. Note the irregular shape of the shaft and the calcareous crusts on chamber, at the base of the shaft (Photo 7). The water chamber at the base of the shaft is described its walls (IH). 13 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 6. Profiles of Warren's Shaft. Scale bar at right marks absolute elevation in meters above se| level. A: E-W profile across the shaft, also showing the shaft's extension below the floor of Hezekiah's Tunnel. B: Profile across the partly dammed passage that leads from Hezekiah's Tunnel to Warren's Shaft, with the extension of the shaft below the level of Hezekiah's Tunnel, which is actually located slightly to the east of the passage, projected on to it. C: NW-SE profile. Note the very irregular shape of the shaft's walls. The height of the shaft above the floor of the passage that leads to the Gihon is 12.3 m. The natural end of the shaft is 2.8 m below the floor level of Hezekiah's Tunnel. by Vincent as 'a rather roomy natural cave' and it looks in every respect like a natural feature. (Vincent 1911: 10, 14). Removal of accumulated As in the case of all the many other apparent design mud by Shiloh's expedition revealed that the shaft anomalies, here too it is unlikely that this unnecessary prolongation of the shaft was constructed by Hezekiah's Tunnel, ending in a blind funnel (Fig. design. 6; Photo 8). The extension is offset some 3 m to theA characteristic feature of natural caves is the extends for an additional 2.80 m below the floor of east of the bottom of Warren's Shaft. Its walls are calcareous crusts on their walls. These crusts are irregular and rough without any signs of hewing, referred to variously as travertine, cave deposits, 14 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms dripstone or speleothems. The formation of the crusts is due to a reversal of the chemical reaction which causes carbonate dissolution. Water percolating through organic-rich soils becomes enriched in carbonic acid and has the power to dissolve calcium carbonate. When such carbonate-saturated water enters an open cave environment where the concentration (partial pressure) of gaseous C02 is lower than in the solution, a solid mineral phase of calcium carbonate (calcite) will precipitate out of the solution and crystallize as a thin crust. The solution can also become supersaturated through loss of water by evaporation. If the water flows along a stalactite or along the cave walls, the latter will be encrusted. Crusts appear in different shapes and forms. Microscopically, they display a characteristic crystal structure and mode of growth. Calcitic crusts typical of limestone caves are found along the entire length of Warren's Shaft. The commonest form is an undulating layer some 1-3 cm thick (Photo 9). Microscopically examined Photo 9. Calcareous crusts and cave deposits in Warren s Shaft (DG). in thin section, it appears to consist of very coarse crystals of calcite growing perpendicular to the walls (Photo 10) - the usual mode of crystal growth into unconfined open space. More ornate deposits, including small stalactites, develop in small niches (Photo 11). The absolute age of calcareous speleothems can (sometimes) be determined by radiocarbon dating (e.g. Libby 1955; Hendy 1970; Ralph 1971; Mook 1980; Faure 1986). Due to analytical limits of detection, the age determinations of most laboratories are limited to approximately 40,000 years. A fragment of crust from the walls of Warren's Shaft was dated by the radiocarbon method (A. Kaufman, Weizmann Institute of Science: written com- munication, December 12th, 1981). The sample contained no carbon- 14; in other words, all the original carbon- 14 had decayed, indicating that the crust is older than 40,000 years. Since the shaft must Photo 8. The natural termination of Warren's Shaft 2.8 m below the floor level of Hezekiah's tunnel. Note the calcareous crusts on the walls (IH). be older than the crusts on its wall, it may be established conclusively that it could not have been made by man (see Gill 1994b). 15 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms straight line downwards; its axis continually shifts to and fro instead of going on perpendicularly, and finally the hole becomes an inverted cone, with its apex downward, slanting hopelessly towards a fissure' (Vincent 1911: 38). In the section describing Warren's Shaft, Vincent (1911: 13) states: 'The incrustation on the sides here [i.e., in Warren's Shaft] is exactly the same as in shaft B [i.e., in the dead-end shaft].' Clearly, the features which Vincent describes are characteristic of a natural dissolution shaft, including rough walls, gradual narrowing towards the bottom, natural incrustations and, significantly, a natural cave, recognized as such already by him, exactly above the boundary between the Meleke and the Mizzi Ahmar. The passage above Warren's Shaft that leads out to the eastern slope (Fig. 5) is another large karst feature in the Meleke, formed by the coalescence of natural caves in the bottom part of the unit, above its contact with the Mizzi Ahmar. It is noteworthy that Vincent (1911: 38) already recognized this passage as a natural feature. Photo 10. Micro texture of dolomitic wall and calcareous crust from Warren's Shaft. The dark-colored dotted mosaic is the dense Mizzi Ahmar dolomite which forms the walls of the shaft. The calcareous crust consists of large calcite crystals, some up to 0.2 mm long, growing perpendicular to the wall, into the open space of the cavern (DG). By morphological and stratigraphie comparison, the dead-end shaft (Fig. 5) is obviously another dissolution shaft. This shaft has been filled in after Parker's excavations, but not before it was described in meticulous detail by Vincent (1911: 13, PI. IIIc). In the following quotations, Vincent's remarks are distinguished from his descriptions by round parentheses and my own comments are enclosed in square parentheses. 'Towards the base of the soft mezzy strata [i.e., at the base of the Meleke] a cavern at the side causes a deformation in the plan. (Owing to a tendency entirely spontaneous in a mining work of this kind,) the excavation gets narrower and narrower as it descends (and difficulties increase...). This huge pit finishes in the shape of a funnel, the sides badly tapered off and in the bottom rough and scanty' (Vincent 1911: 13). 'The Photo 1 1 . A niche in the wall of Warren's Shaft, with shaft itself does not progress in anything like a small stalactites (DG). 16 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The Gihon Spring The Gihon Spring is one of the most indicative manifestations of the prevalence of karstie features in the strata underlying the City of David. 'Gihon' is most aptly translated as 'gusher,' describing the pulsating regime of a water source that gushes intermittently. Today the spring flows sparingly, but its pulsating nature is mentioned in sources as late as the end of the 19th century (Warren and Conder 1884; Ben-Arieh 1977: 78-83) and the beginning of the 20th century (Vincent 1911). A pulsating flow, caused by the perpetual gradual filling and sudden emptying of a subterranean siphon, is unique to karst terrains and is also known in other karst springs in the Judea Group, such as Ein Fawar and Ein Samia. Records suggest that the periodicity of the gushes was quite erratic, varying with the seasons. According to Vincent (1911: 37), before Hezekiah's Tunnel was cleared out by the Parker's expedition, the spring flowed for 40 minutes every 9 to 10 hours. For a month following the clearing, it flowed for 12-15 minutes every 2-3 hours, but later the flow diminished to 4 to 5 times between 5 a.m. and 8 p.m. According to Simons (1952: 163) the rhythm of flow varies with the seasons, from four to five times a day and lasting about 40 minutes in Photo the 12. The cave of the Gihon Spring (IH). rainy period, to once or twice a day towards the end of the rainless summer. Vincent (1911) gives a detailed description of the similar cave, which Vincent also mistakenly believed Gihon and its adjacent tunnels, with accurate plans to be artificial, is found nearby (see below). and sections. He considered the cave with the Several other features associated with the spring concave ceiling in which the spring issuesmake (Photo no sense if they have to be explained by 12) to be man-made, but wondered about 'thedesign. Among them is the channel that human curious and even violent contrast between the leads from the spring cave down and eastward to irregularity of its plan and the elegant correctness the Kidron Valley (conduit L in Vincent 1911: Pl. I; of its vaulting, which rises like a cupola above see Fig. the 5). This channel, which is inaccessible spring' (Vincent 1911: 3). Were it man-made, today, onewas described by Vincent (1911: 4) as would have to explain its overall irregular plan, follows: its'... we came upon a new conduit (L), irregular floor and its excessive spaciousness deeply (Vincut into the living rock to a depth of 1 metre cent 1911: PI. I; see Figs. 5, 7). It should be 80. added This conduit penetrates beneath the modern that smooth, and even polished-seeming, vaulted stairway, and disappears in a fairly small cavern ceilings and walls are not at all unusual in (M), natural in which the rocky roof and fissured eastern caves. On the contrary, they are often the wall ruleshow in indubitable traces of the passage of water caves that formed in the phreatic zone, andduring where,a very long time... Its walls have all the subsequent to the formation of the caves, the aspects we should expect of a natural cavity.' Most deposition of cave deposits was hindered by meager likely, the conduit sketched by Vincent is the natural groundwater flow (cf. Ford 1988). Similar smoothly channel that originally drained the waters of the vaulted galleries can be seen in the above-mentioned Gihon into the Kidron Valley. Supportive evidence Hareitun Cave, and in numerous Judea Group is brought by Schick (1902), who reports that in the caves in eastern Samaria (Frumkin 1991). Another summer of 1901 very little water flowed through 17 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Hezekiah's Tunnel. Upon investigation, he found that much of the Gihon's water was escaping eastward. The escape route could have been by way of Vincent's conduit L, or his tunnel I, or both. correct explanation, the effort must have been in vain, since the Mizzi Ahmar in these tunnels does not yield any groundwater. In describing this complex, Vincent also mentions To remedy the situation, 'a substantial wall was the difficulties of underground work without built under the lower steps, and the [Gihon's] basin ventilation. While inside tunnel II, 'thirty metres from the fountain the candles would not burn any longer, and we had to fall back on portable electric was filled up with good masonry to the desired level. All was then properly paved and cemented, and the water has since kept up to the level of the second step from the bottom, and now runs through the lanterns. In spite of the ventilator and oxygen aqueduct to the pool of Siloam' (Schick 1902). In 1909, when Parker's expedition investigated the capsules, the gangs had to be relieved every hour' (Vincent 1911: 7). Needless to say, the miners of Hezekiah's Tunnel did not have such facilities, and waterworks, the 1901 constructions were removed there, because of the length of the tunnel, the and subsequently reconstructed and 'made thor- problem must have been much more acute. If the oughly waterproof with a layer of the best cement' natural conduits which the miners followed did not (Vincent 1911: 5). The end of another dissolution shaft, which furnish a flow of fresh air, it is unlikely that the underground tunneling could have been carried out curiously was not described by Vincent, opens intoat all. the Mizzi Ahmar ceiling above the lower flight of steps leading to the cave of Gihon (see Gill 1994a: Hezekiah's Tunnel 25). It does not rise far, and its upper end is lost in the much-disturbed slope above the entrance to theThe most conspicuous karst feature in Hezekiah's Tunnel is the overhead opening of a dissolution stairway. shaft, located 142 m from the southern exit (herein Tunnels and Cavities near the Gihon Spring Parker's expedition (for a lucid account of which see Silberman 1980) discovered several tunnels near the Gihon (Fig. 7). Today most of these tunnels (except for the passage from the Gihon cave to Warren's referred to as the 'Southern Shaft'; see Figs. 8, 9). The shaft is blocked by debris and only its lowermost two meters or so are still open, forming a cone-like hollow in the ceiling of the tunnel (see Gill Shaft, Vincent's tunnel VI) are obstructed by 1994a: 30). This shaft was already noticed by the earliest explorers of the tunnel (e.g. Wilson and Warren 1871: 239; Schick 1886: 88). Conder (1882: masonry and therefore not accessible to investigation. During Shiloh's excavations we were able to 126) states that it extends upwards through 10 feet of rock all the way to the rock surface and is then enter tunnel II, which is the northern entrance to the covered by 20 feet of unconsolidated debris. Vincent Siloam Channel, and through it to enter tunnel III, the Round Chamber, and tunnel IV, as far as its (1911: 42) states that its open part extends for 5.2 m above the tunnel's ceiling, which, according to his drawing (1911: Pl. V) is still about 4 m below the conspicuous karst feature in this networkbedrock is thesurface. Round Chamber, between tunnels III and IV, However, which it appears that the main karstie feature Hezekiah's Tunnel is the tunnel itself, which, as is a natural cave '... splendidly hollowed outinfrom a blocked intersection with tunnel V. The most argued elsewhere (Gill 1991; 1994a), was layer of rock at least 4 to 5 metres high' already (Vincent dug by enlarging a natural karst conduit. To 1911: 8). Another natural cave was described by support this postulate I would like to highlight Vincent inside tunnel I (Fig. 7). In describing tunnel V, Vincent remarks that '... the bank of rock is fulldesign mistakes and other peculiar feaapparent of cracks and hollows filled with limestone concre- tures and questions which provide clues to the tions or adorned with small stalactites' (Vincentmethod of its construction and which, moreover, 1911: 9). The date and function of these tunnels are is impossible to explain otherwise. still a mystery. Recently, Reich (1987) suggested If the route of the tunnel was deliberately planned in its present form, the most obvious apparent that the tunnels may have been dug during the design anomaly in the tunnel is its winding route, Second Temple period in order to enhance the flow of water in Hezekiah's Tunnel. If this is indeed the which increases the distance between its end points 18 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms WARREN'S ' H SHAFT ■ I ^^^^^^"^^ r " i j. '' Fig. 7. Plan of the tunnels near the Gihon Spring (from Vincent 191 1). The Roman numbering of the tunnels is Vincent's. The two walls in the eastern part of the plan were constructed in the 19th century. from a rectilinear 320 m to a flow distance of 533 m. Gill 1994b: 31). This would represent unnecessary The sinuous route raises the question of how the hewing which needs to be explained. Moreover, two teams, working from opposite ends towards throughout this part of the tunnel the texture of the each other as related in the Siloam Inscription (see, surface of the ceiling is very rough and irregular, e.g., Sayce 1881), managed to meet. Another and there are no hewing marks on the ceiling. This intriguing question, already mentioned above, is is also the case for many other sectors of the tunnel how the miners contrived a supply of fresh air forin which the ceiling is higher than 2 m. Another remarkable feature which deserves atbreathing and lighting in such a long tunnel. The configuration of the ceiling of the tunnel is tention is the phenomenal accuracy of the leveling another feature which requires an explanation. It is of the floor of the tunnel. According to the latest depicted in Fig. 8a, which was drawn on the basis ofmeasurements by Shiloh's expedition (W. Schlei- Vincent's measurements (1911: 42). Along most of cher: personal communication, August 31st, 1983), its length the height of the ceiling varies between 1.7 the point of issue of the Gihon spring is at an m and 2.0 m. The height is seldom uniform for more elevation of 635.26 m, the top of the retaining step which bars the spring basin on the west side (see ceiling is too low for passage without bending: in aVincent 1911: Pl. I) is at 635.87 m, the elevation of few spots it drops to about 1.5 m (the lowest is 1.45 the bottom of this step is at 635.26 m, and the than a few meters. Along a number of stretches the elevation of the southern exit is 634.94 m. Thus, the m near point p in Fig. 8b). This cannot be considered anomalous in itself, since providing difference in elevation between the beginning of the convenient passage was not necessarily one of the tunnel (the bottom of the bar) and its southern exit objectives of the planners. However, along the is only 32 cm ('about 30 cm' in Shiloh 1984: 23). southernmost 70 m of the tunnel the ceiling rises Interestingly enough, this is also precisely the gradually from 2.05 m to 5.08 m before it drops difference that was measured by Conder (1882: slightly to 4.58 m at the southern exit (Fig. 8; see 129). Vincent (1911: 19) measured a difference of 19 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms mind, it is possible to propose the following explanation of how Hezekiah's Tunnel may have been dug. The proposed scenario is illustrated schematically in Fig. 9. The drawing shows only 2 0 the northeastern and southwestern ends of the spur I 0 100 200 300 400 500 m 01 Vertical exaggeration x20 of the City of David (with the central part of the spur cut out), and it depicts the underground situation after the Warren Shaft Installation was fiļL jx 5* already in operation. My principal postulate is that a natural karstie conduit, with a winding course, originally ran under the spur of the City of David, from its southern end in the Tyropoeon Valley to the southern end of the lower tunnel of the Warren's Installation. The trace of the original passage || ' ^ /////řQ isShaft 50 100 m shown in Fig. 9 as a narrow gap, colored white, m Fig. 8. (a) Longitudinal profile and (b) plan 01 Hezekiah s Tunnel, modified from Vincent (1911). The letters a to z mark Vincent's reference points. Key: 1. Southern exit of the tunnel into the Tyropoeon Valley. 2. The 'Southern Shaft,' a blocked dissolution shaft in the ceiling of the tunnel, 142 m from the southern exit. 3. Hewers' meeting point. 4. Passage to Warren's Shaft. 5. The Gihon Spring. positioned between the ceiling of Hezekiah's Tunnel (the black-colored area) and the gray-colored area below it. Note that this passage sloped towards the Gihon Spring: in its southern part the bottom of this conduit was about 5 m higher than the Gihon Spring. The passage may have been large enough for a man to crawl through, or alternatively it was first enlarged sufficiently to enable passage from end to end in order to ascertain that it did indeed 2.18 m, which is apparently erroneous, but he makes connect with the Gihon. Once the connection was a point of mentioning that Wilson (in his topographical survey of 1864-65) found the Gihon and with assurance of success. the southern end of the tunnel to be at one and the established, massive tunneling could be launched The artificially dug tunnel traced this original conduit. Initially, a rough tunnel without precise same elevation (of 2087 ft, or 636.08 m), which leveling was prepared. To expedite the operation, remarkably, at least with respect to the Gihon, this was done by two teams working from opposite Thus, over the length of the tunnel, its averageends towards one another. However, the final 'fine tuning' of the level of the floor must have been done slope is 0.6 mm to the meter (or 0.6 per mill). The average slope between the top of the bar and theby progressing in one direction, from the Gihon varies by only 72 cm from the correct figure. southwards. southern exit is 1.8 per mill. Vincent's detailed The material that was hollowed out in to direct the Gihon's water to flow by gravity measurements (1911: 19, 42) reveal that the slope order is to the Siloam Pool in the south is the gray-colored section below the original passage. The tunnel must slope is actually in the wrong direction (from south not uniform and that there are sectors in which the have a minimal height to provide convenient to north, against the flow). These observations demonstrate that the exactness of the leveling of thepassage for cleaning and other maintenance operafloor itself was not crucial to the proper functioningtions. Thus, where the height of the original conduit of the tunnel. Rather, to maintain a constant flow ofwas too low the tunnelers raised it, as is evident from the exact rectangular finishing of the ceiling, water, it was sufficient to bring the exit to an elevation that was just a few tens of centimetersthe pick marks and the smoothly hewn rock plane. On the other hand, where it was high enough to below the level of the bar (i.e. slightly below 635.87 m high). At any rate, the precision of the leveling isbegin with, it was left untouched; the ceiling in these high sections consists of rough rock with no hewing indeed remarkable, even by modern-day standards. It indicates that the constructors were very ablemarks. In these sections the ceiling is a relic of the roof of the original dissolution channel. engineers and that they did their utmost to limit the The construction of the tunnel was most probably hewing to the absolute minimum. carried out in dry conditions. This could have been With these observations and enigmatic aspects in 20 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms T3 S a g 2 -tí Ö _S2 = .E.Ecc cu T3 §165 S a g 0^1 2 -tí Ö 5 =.i ccd)SS a.S ~ S~ S60«^ 03S 03 o-H T3 T3 1^3 1^3 r-!-vt-i t-i e "° 13 oj' e s «£ "«5^t § ^ ^ A)ji "«5 gao t S > s t| "Srt tí (D Cd 52 JS tí 5 ^ (D > *sï ïfc eöö ü u ^ 2 g cd ö -tí ü ^ u ^ ^ A) S « 'S 2 Ö -a "3 e s S -S ■§ ã gÖ Ö "3 * 3 £j % £j «g Q-2^S JI & i/i •<-* ti ^5 3e«. o ti u, 3 .G U « S^í m o 'ö _g ö <r> B 5 & -g/É § § 'ö l-sļsf _g ö B Ji ï iS4 g o d u sj* ^JS ó l| oüS öp tí t! ó tí ®2(N.Ü tí }p5 C4-I O ļ? ri •?SŪ§S-S0 }p5 C4-I O ļ? ri g cd j£ ¡£ T3 "-» Ì3 hh títí ï-*' tií +-» +-»gOOuW^ Tí fl o ï-*' U (m hh J5 t3 W y 'Ö u O SP hh Ü ij £rr 3Î3 3Î3 s -tí -tíu tít핧 m ^ Ü ijh° . .ti c^h O fa cd -tí tí . 1/3 O S P - „ W) •2 «-<*° *°5/3 8 ^ ^s„ .S -ö-ötí'Stí I i tí &i tí s£t i(§! 5/3 s -a&jž * Ö Ö« «S£os£t o ^^ »'S fe o. & >>T3 3 § « 2 S"'3 I « (jtí-g Õá^s Õ-g1-1 ^ -o g *-i *-i ^'3üü1«<»tí ¿ IUi *.S *"„8 &.S s * & 8 .3 g."3 * <2 g 5 « cl, J «1ü cdü ößcdd8tíößJ' dcdtítí J' S s cd O tí .2 « J2 O "ë s § 1 1 ! ®j Ü tí cd tí 2 - '-tí § tí -a .« cd ~ tí S 2 - 2 '-tí £ ^ 3 CL CL 1 ^ *a^ .tí.tí:| >">"-a fa fa -aCd Cd »"S 5 »"S 2á ^-»£ 1/3 CL CL2á *-*.tí «*1/3 2 CL *-* 0S Cd |-S'3ö ^-» « CL S £ «* «'s 'S " « <o « o Ss g -o K«^-So§ •s^a^ssl a 2;a~ j g v •S g § © I ň g § g eO » líl§8sí § g "p41H|Blflflmr^aHHH " S^B-aíh S "3 3 fe c S - S 2'§~ "3 3 fe Igjb c S - 5Q-3-2 lo I . e«», T3 <D <u ä O g . e«», o ö-Sä ~ <u S ü c2 !r o ~ E ~ o.^oiS2fi ■g S «Sgu -sI -s« H« s^ H*cjž ^ :s> *c g 5 ä 2 ^ <ö o »? ë 2o JŠ'S 'S ^ oo •*^ üü£ tí fa fa 'S 5 o I gg ° / "'::^^^^| CQ / o (U -*= Ë5g - »SS.SS3 ö iž f> J ãi ^2 ** ^ 'S 'B 00 ^ ^ J n O ^ Û D T3 O tí J O cd .tí DG -,-,T3 On ü-, tíÛ cd filiali? g « u Id g « -IdöpS öpS OO tí tí SS CL> ci o ^îd tí ¿2 ¿2 So *ts§Sī#J * S >* o *2* ^Sg>*-tío *2 g -tí <^ * jíļOhcd tí ^ P O ^ rh O ü ü ^ ü bb tí g fa rS tí -g ^ E Srthô-d cd S 21 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms accomplished by reopening the original outlet of the small segments. As described previously, the or- Gihon to the east, thereby directing its flow to the ientation of the joint in Warren's Shaft is also Kidron Valley (see Fig. 9). N70E, and the faults and the joints in the area also This scenario explains all the apparent design trend roughly N-S and E-W. This parallelism anomalies and the other outstanding questions of between two sets of linear features is not incidental. construction, namely: the winding course, the extra It reflects the existence of two predominant sets of length, the irregular height and texture of the natural tectonic joints and faults in the area. As elsewhere, also in the present case it is only natural two teams could work towards each other from that the development of karstie dissolution conduits opposite ends without going astray and meetfollowed in the the lines of weakness created by tectonic ceiling, the accuracy of the leveling, the fact that strains.of middle, and the availability of a constant supply fresh air for the underground operations. Moreover, as will be shown below, this mode of construction is PREVIOUS GEOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS actually hinted at in the Bible. It is important to note that geology may The also idea that at least some of the anomalies may to natural causes was contemplated by seve provide a clue to when the tunnel was dug. due A few researchers. These can be divided into two group small (2-2.5 cm long) stalactites grow from the those ceiling of Hezekiah's Tunnel. One of these gave a that tried to account for specific anomalies b local changes in lithology and those that offered radiocarbon age of 1380 ± 160 y r (A. Kaufman, Weizmann Institute of Science: written communicageneral conceptual explanation. tion, December 12th, 1981). Since in the process ofPrior to Shiloh's excavations, the only geologic analyzing the sample the whole stalactite wasdescription of the spur underlying the City of Dav was Blanckenhorn's (1905) map of Jerusalem. ground up, the age obtained is an average which mapped the Mizzi Ahmar and equals half of the stalactite's age (i.e., the averageBlanckenhorn of Mizzi Yahudi as one unit. He did not map any the time that elapsed since it started to grow and the faults, and his map is inaccurate in the City of time since it was collected, which is zero). The result David area. Picard (1956) elaborated Blanckenindicates that the stalactite started to grow about horn's map of western Jerusalem by distinguishing 2760 years ago, or in approximately 779 BCE. The the Mizzi Ahmar and the Mizzi Yahudi as two exact date of the tunnel's construction is not known, separate units, but otherwise the maps are the same. but it was probably completed some time before In his geological cross-section of southern JerusaSennacherib's campaign against Judea in 701 BCE lem, Blanckenhorn (1905: Table III, Fig. 3) simply (see, e.g., Na'aman 1994). Thus, the radiometric connected the Meleke exposures on Mount Zion date obtained from the stalactite is within 78 years of the correct date. The accuracy of the radiometricwith those in the Kidron Valley at an even dip, disregarding faults, and thus arrived at an incorrect dating could most probably be improved upon by interpretation of the stratigraphie situation under analyzing additional samples. the City of David. Specifically, he inferred that the upper part of the spur of the City of David consists TECTONIC CONTROL OF THE KARST of Mizzi Hilu, that Hezekiah's Tunnel is hewn in the DEVELOPMENT Meleke (Blanckenhorn 1905: 89), and that the 'Mizzi (Fig. Yahudi'7)(actually the Mizzi Ahmar) is The tunnels in the vicinity of the Gihon reached onlyapat the very foot of the eastern slope. roughly follow two directions, one trending Needless say, this error has misled all those who proximately N-S (generally within N10E to to N10W) relied on Blanckenhorn's geology. and the other E-W (within N70E to N100W). Likewise, when the winding courses of Hezekiah's Vincent was a keen observer of Jerusalem's geology as he encountered it in Parker's excavations Tunnel and the upper tunnel in the Warren's Shaft Installation are approximated by straight-line seg-(Vincent 1911: 12-14, 36-37). He summarized his ments, these are found to fall within the above two understanding of the local scene in a comprehensive monograph on the topography, archaeology and main directions. Some small parts of the more rounded sections can also be aligned with these history of Jerusalem (Vincent 1912), which however major directions when they are subdivided into very relied on Blanckenhorn (1905) for geology. Vincent 22 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms noticed most of the anomalies in the waterworks large fissure which guided the workmen hewing the and attempted to explain some of them on the shaft. basis 'They broadened this fissure out, but allowed to be entirely guided by it' (Vincent of what he knew about the local geology. Faithfulthemselves to Blanckenhorn's tripartite scheme, he divided 1912: the 14). Here too he feels obliged to recognize Blanckenhorn's strata, and he decides to place the strata underlying the City of David into three units. boundary between the 'malaky' and the 'Jewish From top down these are the 'soft mezzy limestone' mezzy' (actually the Mizzi Ahmar) at a ledge about (a name coined by him in preference to Blanckenhorn's Mizzi Hilu; however, since 'mezzy' means 7 m below the top of the shaft. In other words, he realized that here the miners had to hew through the 'hard,' 'soft mezzy' is a poor choice), the 'malaky' hard rocks which defeated them in the dead-end and the 'Jewish mezzy.' From Vincent's descripshaft. tions, however, it is clear that the upper unit is the To account for this, he concludes: 'Here the Meleke, and the lower two are both Mizzi Ahmar. miners and engineers have proved the victors, and The division into three units, instead of the two that triumphed against the resistance of the rock' (Vincent 1912: 14). However, despite this correct are actually present, and particularly the confusion between the Meleke and the Mizzi Ahmar, led observation, he still believed (probably following Vincent to erroneous interpretations and conclu- Blanckenhorn) that Hezekiah's Tunnel is situated in the Meleke (Vincent 1912: 23). sions. According to Vincent, the dead-end shaft As indicated above, there are many instances begins in the 'soft mezzy.' At the boundary between the 'soft mezzy' and the 'malaky' (actually the where Vincent refers explicitly to natural caves and other weathering features (although he does not use boundary between the Meleke and Mizzi Ahmar) he the term 'karst'). Therefore, I suspect that he must reports the presence of a natural cave (see above). have contemplated the proposition that the entire According to him, the diggers sunk the shaft down the (supposedly soft) 'malaky,' and when theylayout of the waterworks was karst-controlled, but encountered the very hard 'Jewish mezzy', they eventually decided against it because of his precould not continue. In his words: 'As soon as one conceived conviction that they were essentially man- made reaches lower down than the malaky you get theand his desire to prove it. Another attempt to invoke geological explanaformidable strata of red rock, so hard it is enough to tions was made by Hecker (1956). However, Hecker dishearten the strongest arms, which the Palestine quarrymen have baptized by the picturesque made nameno field investigations, and shared the mistaken of 'Jewish mezzy' [i.e., Mizzi Yahudi]... Eventually views of Blanckenhorn and Vincent about local stratigraphy (Hecker 1956: Fig. 2). With the tenacity of the rock defeats the tenacity the of the miner... the fight is given up and the place reference to the Warren's Shaft Installation he abandoned' (Vincent 1912: 13). simply reiterated Vincent's arguments. As to the tortuous course of Hezekiah's Tunnel, his main Vincent appears to be completely caught up in the preconceptions of Blanckenhorn's stratigraphy,thesis is that a straight line would have taken the applying attributes of the Meleke outcrops to the tunnel through both the hard 'Mizzi Yahudi' {sensu Blanckenhorn) and the unstable Mizzi Hilu. He subterranean Mizzi Ahmar. Only thus can we explain why he describes the very hard Mizzi suggests that the winding was planned in order to Ahmar of the lower half of the walls of the curved confine the tunnel to the softer Meleke bedrock. This is erroneous on both factual and spatial tunnel as being 'homogeneous and soft' (Vincent grounds. First, the entire tunnel is hewn in what 1912: 13), or Warren's Shaft as piercing the 'royal white stone, so easy to work' (Vincent 1912: 14). Hecker calls 'Mizzi Yahudi' (i.e. Mizzi Ahmar) and in the Meleke. Secondly, no natural spatial Nor did he realize that the dead-end shaft (shaft not B arrangement of layered strata exists that is compain his terminology) was already deep within the tible with Hecker's model. In other words, no Mizzi Ahmar (or, in his terminology, the 'Jewish amount of winding could have shifted the tunnel mezzy') before it was (supposedly) abandoned. from one rock unit to another. Vincent regarded the joint along which Warren's Shaft developed as a natural feature and recognized The first departure from the traditional (unsatis- the chamber at its bottom as a natural cave (Vincent factory) explanations was proposed by Sulley (1929). H. Sulley, an architect from Nottingham, 1912: 10). He refers to the joint as a 'fault,' not implying any vertical displacement, but rather aEngland, took an early interest in Hezekiah's 23 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Tunnel (Sulley 1881), although he apparently never kiah's Tunnel was guided by a natural karstie visited it. In response to an article in the Daily Telegraph which discussed the sinuous course of dissolution channel. Hezekiah's Tunnel, he wrote a short note to the previously, only Sulley's educated guess agrees with the conclusions of the present study. But without a Thus, of the geological explanations offered Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement which reads as follows (Sulley 1929): '... Since those convincing substantiation, it remained as a very who inspected the tunnel mention a cleft in the rock plausible, but nevertheless speculative, postulate. at the point where the excavators met, it seems to Furthermore, the enigmatic questions concerning me that this cleft is the explanation to the course the Warren's Shaft Installation remained unsolved. taken by the excavators in forming this tunnel. For these reasons uncertainties and doubts still remained, and a comprehensive solution that would Probably the cleft extended from the Virgin Fountain [i.e., the Gihon] to the pool of Siloam, account simultaneously for all the unanswered and a small quantity of water would at times trickle problems was still very much needed. through; if so, Hezekiah's workmen commencing at each end, would enlarge this channel to its present CONCLUDING REMARKS dimensions for the purpose he had in view in cutting off the water from the use of an enemy. Hence its The present study presents geological eviden which substantiates the contention that the watererratic course.' Thus, the correct explanation, although without substantiation, was in essence works of the City of David were constructed by already offered some time ago. Sulley' s interpreta- following a pre-existing system of natural dissolution conduits of karstie origin. These features were tion was recalled by Amiran (1968; 1976), who noted that such a fissure could furnish a constant formed in the distant geological past, long before flow of fresh air. However, the anomalies in the man settled on the spur. The courses of the conduits Warren's Shaft Installation still remained unex- dictated the plans of the waterworks, and their plained. Issar (1976) was, hitherto, the only geologist to address these problems. However, his insight was hindered by his being unable to visit the Warren's Shaft Installation, which was not accessible before Shiloh's expedition cleared it in 1980. His remarks were made in the context of proposing a general model for the historical development of ancient connection to the surface provided a natural supply of air for breathing and lighting without which the underground tunneling operations could have not been carried out. The natural passages were skillfully adapted and integrated into hydraulically functional systems which ensured a dependable water supply for the city during both peace and war. The information assembled herein highlights the water supply systems, and his emphasis was on fact that the carbonate rocks which underlie the hydrogeological, rather than site-specific geological and stratigraphie, observations. He suggested that City of David, and their equivalent formations in Jerusalem, Judea and Samaria, were affected by the Warren's Shaft Installation was man-made and karstie dissolution processes, and that karst features are ubiquitous in them. It was also shown that karst that it was constructed in three stages: (1) A features abound in the waterworks themselves, the horizontal tunnel (Fig. 5) was dug in order to reach a spring - proposed by him - on the eastern slope.more conspicuous ones being four vertical dissolu(2) When the spring dried up the dead-end shaft was tion shafts, several caves and a siphon-draining gushing spring. In addition, radiometric dating of dug as a well that was planned to reach the groundwater table, but it had to be abandoned calcareous crust from Warren's Shaft indicates that because it did not yield enough water. (3) Upon this it is older than 40,000 years, proving that the shaft could have not been made by man. failure Warren's Shaft had to be constructed in The new interpretation has important bearings on order to reach the Gihon. This hypothesis appears two untenable because there is no sign of a spring atrelated the issues. (1) After Warren's Shaft was discovered, Birch exit of the upper tunnel on the eastern slope. (1878; 1885), followed by Vincent (1911: 33-35) and Moreover, the dead-end shaft is highly slanted and many others, suggested that Warren's Shaft might could hardly have served as a well. Otherwise, Issar be the concurred with Sulley and Amiran regarding the'tsinnor,' traditionally interpreted as 'pipe' or 'gutter' and recently shown to be most aptly strong likelihood that the construction of Heze24 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms translated as 'waterspout' (Kleven 1994), through which Yo'av (Joab) ben Tseruya entered the city and captured it by surprise (2 Sam. 5:7-8; 1 Chron. 11:5-6). These authors regarded the Warren's Shaft Installation as man-made and their interpretation implied that it was constructed by the Canaanites. This interpretation was rejected by many eminent scholars (including Dalman, Albright, Mazar, Yadin, Aharoni, Braslavi and Shiloh) on the grounds that all the waterworks discovered in biblical towns brook that ran in the midst of the land' (2 Chron. 32:4; translation by D.G.), describing the sealing of the Gihon's inlet into the Siloam Channel and the channel's outlets onto the right slope of the Kidron Valley (as already argued by Simons 1952: 177). TRIBUTE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to end this report with a tribute Father L.H. Vincent. Vincent was an all-round scholar, in the best intellectual tradition of the late date from the Israelite period and that the Canaanites presumably did not have the capability 19th century. In his study of the Jerusalem waterto build subterranean waterworks (see Shiloh 1984: works he delved into his broad knowledge of such 23, n. Ill; Shiloh 1987). This view refuted Amiran's diverse disciplines as archaeology, geography, geol(1951) earlier proposal that the waterworks may ogy, history and biblical studies. His survey of the have been constructed by the Canaanites. Since the waterworks was done single-handed, with rather shaft and the passages are now known to predate primitive instruments. One can only express praise both the Canaanites and the Israelites, the question and admiration for his laborious and brilliant of capability has become entirely irrelevant to the scientific work. issue. These natural passages existed at the time of I am most thankful to my late friend and David's conquest, whether or not the Jebusites colleague, Yigal Shiloh, for the opportunity he gave adapted them into a usable water supply system, me to make a contribution toward the solution of and they could have been used by Joab and his men problems which have puzzled scholars for decades. I to conquer the city by surprise. would also like to thank the Geological Survey of (2) 2 Chron. 32:30 reads, 'And he, Hezekiah, Israel for supporting the study, and I. Perath for his stoppered the upper outlet of Gihon's waters and excellent editorial assistance. straightened them down westward to the City of The figures were prepared by J Rosenberg, with David' (translation by D.G.). The structure of the the exception of Fig. 6, which was prepared by G. Hebrew sentence permits the reading 'upper Gihon'Solar and W. Schleicher. instead of 'upper outlet of Gihon,' an ambiguity that has led several scholars to infer the presence of two springs, an 'upper Gihon,' which was thought BIBLIOGRAPHY to be the 'genuine' Gihon, and a 'lower Gihon,' situated at the southern exit of Hezekiah's Tunnel Amiran, R. 1951. Water Supply by Tunnels. Eretz-Isra (cf. Smith 1907: 107; Simons 1952: 163; Amiran 1: 35-38 (Hebrew). 1968; Issar 1976). The 'upper outlet of Gihon' was Amiran, R. 1968. The Water Supply to Jerusalem. its outlet into the Siloam Channel, which is about Qadmoniot 1, Nos. 1-2: 13-18 (Hebrew). 2.5 m higher than the level of issue of the spring, Amiran, R. 1976. The Water Supply of Israelite Jerus marked as 'head of Siloam Channel' in Figs. 5 andlem. Pp. 75-78 in: Y. Yadin (ed.). Jerusalem Revealed Haven: Yale University Press. 9. Schick (1891: 17) writes that the difference isNew 5 Y. 1980. A Survey of Karst Phenomena, Weste feet; according to Vincent (1911: Pl. I) it is aboutArkin, 2.5 Judean Mountains (Geol. Surv. Israel, Report MM/5 m; and Weill (1947: 73) reports it as 2.38 m. In order 80) (Hebrew). Arkin, Y., Braun, M. and Starinsky, A. 1965. Type been raised to this level by a small dam. Note that, to enter the Siloam Channel the water must have Sections of Cretaceous Formations in the Jerusalem-Be given that 'straightened' is the term used for 'guided Shemesh Area, I. Lithostratigraphy (Geol. Surv. Isra along a precise slope,' which is too technical for Stratig. Sect., Pubi. No. 5311). archaic Hebrew, the corrected reading admirably Arkin, Y. et al. 1976. Jerusalem and Vicinity, Geologi fits the scenario for the construction of the tunnel Map 1:50,000. Geol. Surv. Israel. described above. It also comes as a sensible sequelAvnimelech, M.A. 1951. The Geology of Jerusalem in t to the foregoing verse: 'And a host of people Light of New Investigations. Teva va-Aretz 8, No. 10 gathered and they stopped all the springs, and the 478-85; 8, No. 11: 507-15 (Hebrew). 25 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Avnimelech, M.A. 1968. Jerusalem of Turonian. Mada Ford, D. 1988. Characteristics of Dissolutional Cave 13, No. 4: 209-15 (Hebrew). Systems in Carbonate Rocks. Pp. 25-57 in: N.P. James and P.W. Choquette (eds.). Paleokarst. New York: Barkay, G. 1985. Remains from the First Temple Period in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Pp. 115-17 in: E. Springer- Verlag. Schiller (ed.). The Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Ariel Ford, D.C. and Williams, P.W. 1989. Karst Morphology 7, Nos. 42, 42a. and Hydrology. London: Unwin Hyman. Bar-Matthews, M., Matthews, A. and Ayalon, A. 1991. Fraas, O.F. 1867. Aus dem Orient. Geologische Beobachtungen ain Nil, auf der Sinaihalbinsel und in Syrien. Environmental Controls of Speleothem Mineralogy in a Karstie Dolomite Terrain (Soreq Cave, Israel). Journal Stuttgart: Ender Seubert. of Geology 99: 189-207. Frumkin, A. 1981a. Labyrinthine Karstie Caves in the Eastern Shomeron. Niqrot Zurim 4: 44-50 (Hebrew). Begin, Z.B. 1988. The Geology of Wadi Makuch Area. Niqrot Zurim 14: 52-54 (Hebrew). Frumkin, A. 1981b. To Wadi Dalya Caves in Samaria. Teva va-Aretz 23, No. 6: 268-71 (Hebrew). Ben-Arieh, Y. 1977. A City Reflected in its Times Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century, the Old City. Frumkin, A. 1984. 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London: Richard Bentley. 28 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CHAPTER TWO CERAMIC FIGURINES Diana Gilbert-Peretz Israel Antiquities Authority INTRODUCTION After the method of classification had been determined and each figurine and fragment had In the course of eight excavation seasons been atascribed the City to its category, a statistical analysis of David (1978-1985), over 1300 ceramic (see Appendix figurines E) was performed in order to were discovered. These figurines wereascertain discovered the following: in all excavation areas, in both Iron Age II 1) The strata proportions and of animal vs. human reprelater contexts. Most of the figurines sentations belong to among the the figurines. 2) The proportions Iron Age II in Palestine (Plan 1), and particularly to of each sub-type within the Judah. The City of David corpus is unique main types. in its 3) Whether or not these proportions changed quantity, in the variety of subjects that it incorpobetween the 8th and the 6th centuries BCE. rates and in the types included therein. The figurines may be divided typologically into two main categories, each of which may be further HISTORY OF RESEARCH broken down into sub-types: anthropomorphic figurines and animal figurines. The latter The objects category under discussion have generally b is the larger of the two, comprising a rich noted variety in excavation of reports without any referenc animal types. However, it should be noted that horses constitute 82% of this group. The representations of horses assume various forms, but most are extremely schematic and stereotypical. The former category suggests a preference for female their intrinsic significance, and few attempts been made to classify them typologically. Onl few studies have endeavored to analyze the si nificance of the figurines. One such pioneering st (Pilz 1924) dealt only with anthropomorphic fi ines, classifying them into types and sub-types male figurines generally depict a horse and rider. concluding that 'pillar figurines' (Type C of P There appears to be an artistic tendency to typology) were typical of Palestine (Pilz 1924: schematize and stereotype the objects under discus-Pritchard (1943) and Albright (1953) also car representations displaying or clutching their breasts; sion, whose roots should be sought in contemporary out typological classifications of the anthro social and religious contexts. morphic figurines. For his 'Qadesh' (plaque) ty Pritchard (1943: 32, 41-42) attempted to determ whether there was any relationship between METHODOLOGY literary descriptions of the various divinities The system of classification employedtheir in this depiction study in the plastic arts. However, he (Table 1) is based principally on that merely of related Holland the pillar figurines to the process of (1975; 1977). It categorizes the variouschildbirth. types on In Albright's the view, the pillar figurine basis of their form, any variation in form represented constitutthe 'goddess mother,' 'the goddess of ing a new class. Holland's classification fertility.' system Albright is and Pritchard initiated a new more generalized than the author's, which approachistomore the study of figurines, asserting that flexible. anthropomorphic types were related in one way or 29 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 1. Typological classification of figurines. Type Typology Figure Plate A Human Figurines Al Figure with handmade pinched head ('Snowman') Ala Pinched head without details 10:1-9,11 1:1-7 Alb Pinched head with applied eyes 10:12-13 1:8,10 Ale Pinched head like Ala with a small application (hat?) 10:10,15-16 1:11 Aid Pinched head like Ala with hat and sideburns 10:20-21 1:15-17 Ale Pinched head like Ala with hat 10:17-19 1:12-14 Alf Pinched head like Ala, but the head is almost flat 10:14 1:9 A2 Human figure with molded head A2al Rounded head wearing a wig with at least three rows of side curls (round or triangular), almond-shaped eyes, hint of smile on mouth 11:1-3 2:1-3 A2a2 Like A2al with what appears to be a 'skullcap' on the head, pointed upwards and to the back 1 1 :4,6 2:4,6 A2a3 Like A2al with only one row of curls on the forehead 11:7 2:7 A2bl Rounded head, curls (more than two rows) represented by lines, wig and curls extended to sides, almond-shaped eyes 11:8-9,11 2:8,10 A2b2 Like A2bl with head pointed upwards and to back 11:10 2:9 A2b3 Like A2bl with half the head covered by a 'skullcap' 11:12 2:11-12 A2c Particularly long face, features exaggerated, hairstyle as in Type A2b, head covered by 'skullcap,' careless finish 11:5 2:5 A2dl At least two rows of curls on forehead, wig extended to the long hair, back of head pointed 11:14 2:14 A2d2 Presumably originally curls on forehead, wig extende extremely long hair 11:17 2:18 A2e Male head, short hair, one row of curls on forehead 11:16 2:17 A2f Relatively small figurine compared to others of this general type, head elaborately fashioned with all facial features present, long curls on forehead falling to sides of head, 'skullcap' covering head 11:15 2:15-16 A2g Cannot be defined due to severe damage 11:13 2:13 A3 Pillar torso belonging to types A1-A2 A3al Pillar torso, hands joined under bosom, hollow body 12:1 3:1-2 A3a2 Like A3al with solid rather than hollow body 12:2-6,8 3:3-5,7 A3b Pillar torso, each hand clutching a breast 12:7,9 3:6,8 A3c Pillar torso, broken hands, cannot be attributed to any specific sub- t A3dl Pillar torso, hands under bosom holding object, hollow body 12:11 3:9 A3d2 Like A3dl with solid body 12:10 A3e Pillar torso, hardly any bosom, holding object or baby(?) 12:12-15 3:10-13 A3f Pillar torso, unfeminine, one hand extended upward, the other downward, or a different arrangement 13:1-3 4: 1-2 A4 Standing figurines other than pillar types A4a Standing figurine with semicircular base 13:9-10 3:14 A5 Fragments of pillar figurines (parts of pillar or base) A5al Flat base of pillar 13:7-8 A5a2 Concave base of pillar 13:4-6 4:3-4 A5b Various parts of pillar A6 Horseback riders A6a Horseback riders depicted without detail 13:11,13-14 4:6-7 A6b Horseback riders depicted with details, e.g. belt 13:12 4:5 A7 Moldmade figurines ('plaque') 19:1 9:10 B Animal Figurines B1 Various animals (other than horses) Bla Cow 14:1-5 5:1-3 Bib Sheep 14:6-7 5:4-5 Blc Hyena 14:9 Bid Elephant (?) 14:10 5:8 30 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Type Ble Typology Bear Blfl Blf2 Big (?) Bird Bird heads Bli Blj Ibex Lamb Blk Bll 14:16 15:1-3 Camel Blm 5:12-14,17-18 14:8 Gazelle 5:6 5:15 5:16,19-21 14:17 14:12 Ostrich 5:9 6:1-5 15:7-8 14:14-15 Deer Plate 14:11 15:4-6,9 Hippopotamus Blh Figure 5:7 5:10 14:13 5:11 B2 Horse heads B2a Horse with mane and applied eyes, depicted in great detail 16:3-6 6:10-11 B2al Like B2a with very narrow head and muzzle clearly painted 16:16-17 6:12, 7:3 B2bl Hollow horse with applied harness and eyes 16:1 6:8 B2b2 Like B2bl but with solid rather than hollow body 16:2 6:9 B2c Horse with cocked ears and relatively long (cylindrical) nose, depicted witho detail 16:9-11,13 6:14 B2cl Like B2c, horse depicted without detail, with stripes painted on nose 16:7-8 6:13,17 B2d Part of zoomorphic vessel 15:11-13 6:6-7 B2e Like B2c, horse depicted without detail, with traces rider's hands 16:12 6:15 B3 Fragments of animal bodies B3a Full-length body of animal, no sign of applied decoration on back 16:14, 7:1, 17:5-6 8:6-8 B3al Full-length body of animal, no sign of rider with traces of paint 17:3,8 8:3-4 B3b Full-length body of animal with traces of rider 17:1-2 8:1-2 B3c Hindquarters of animal, no sign of rider 17:11-13 8:10-11 B3cl Like B3c with painted stripes 17:7,9 8:12-13 B3d Hindquarters of animal with traces of rider B3e Forequarters of animal with traces of rider 17:4 8:5 B3f Forequarters of animal, no traces of rider B3fl Like B3f with painted stripes 17:10 8:9 B3g Various unidentifiable fragments of animal bodies B3hl Limbs or fragments of limbs 17:14 8:14 B3h2 Limbs with square tip 17:15 8:15 B3h3 Horns C D Bed Figurines 18:1-5 9:1-3 Unidentified (all fragments attributed to any specific E Figurines depicting human El Hollow human heads, fragments of masks (?) 18:6, 19:3 9:4,12 E2 Solid human heads 18:7, 19:2 9:1, know type of heads 10:9 F Reliefs belonging to cultic stands (?) 19:5-8,14 10:1-4,8 M Miscellaneous: all figurines or fragments that cannot be attribute the above types 19:4,9-13,15 10:5-7 another to ritual. At the same time Albright Another interesting study, though concerned with regarded all non-anthropomorphic figurines as toys pillar figurines alone, was carried out by Engle (1979). Approaching the subject from a historical (Albright 1943: 142). The same view was adopted by and theological perspective, he attempted to identify Heaton (1956), who, however, considered only clay models of furniture and animals as toys. Burrowsthe goddess represented by the pillar figurine, in (1941) took a more flexible view, suggesting that addition to studying its geographical distribution. some of the objects served as either votive offerings He concluded that this type was restricted to Judah or toys. (Engle 1979: Fig. 12). 31 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fowler (1985), in his survey of previous studies, comparable material is based only on publishe concluded that figurines had a variety of uses, figurines and thus may reflect a bias in favor of th serving as ritual objects, votive offerings, toys, or other possible purposes. Dornemann's study of Iron Age Transjordan included a chapter on small finds, in which Transjordanian figurines were classified into three main types: women, men and horses. His conclusion was somewhat superficial, being merely parallels reflects only the presence of types foun both in the City of David excavations and at othe sites. Obviously, the circumstances of their public tion preclude a complete statistical analysis of t a categorization of the objects (Dornemann 1985). The most comprehensive studies to date were carried out by Holland (1975; 1977). He classified Palestinian figurines (humans, animals, and objects such as furniture and temple models) according to form and technique of manufacture and attempted to determine the significance and function of the figurines. His main conclusions were based primarily on one assemblage, that discovered in Kenyon's most complete or attractive items, the list o figurines from other sites. Nevertheless, aft analysis of the complete City of David assemblag similar patterns in the proportions of the vario types may be observed in the corpus of publish figurines from other Iron Age II Judahite sites; the will be discussed below. RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS excavation of Cave I in her Area A in Jerusalem. It Quantity should be noted that, unlike his predecessors, In terms of quantity, the assemblage is the largest Holland treated the figurines as a single groupfound in Palestine (1,309 figurines). Moreover, the comprising human and animal figurines as well aslarge number of figurines discovered at other sites in Jerusalem should be added to this figure. If Holland various objects such as furniture. The importance of Holland's study was his underlying assumption thatis correct in claiming that 597 figurines were found figurines in general, and anthropomorphic ones inin Jerusalem up to 1975 (Holland 1975: chart 1: 37; particular, were not necessarily related to ritual. 1977), and if to that number are added the few 'Amr (1980), following Holland, published anfigurines published subsequently (Broshi and Barkai assemblage of figurines recovered from Transjorda-1985: 13), a sub-total of 601 figurines is obtained. nian sites. He classified them into types and sub-With the figurines discovered in the City of David excavations directed by Shiloh, nearly 2,000 figurtypes and speculated on their significance. 'Amr did not differentiate between anthropomorphic and ines have been found thus far in Jerusalem. It animal figurines, but treated them as one group. should be stressed that the very large number of His main conclusion was that they were indeedfigurines from Jerusalem is disproportionate to the expressions of religious beliefs ('Amr 1980: 130). area excavated in comparison to those published Finally, Holladay's recently-published article in- from other Palestinian sites. No site has yielded even vestigates the extent to which artifacts are related to a quarter of the finds recovered from Jerusalem (e.g., ritual places at different sites within Judah and only 200 figurines were published from Megiddo). Because the number of figurines recovered from Israel (Holladay 1987). Jerusalem is so large, it allows a more detailed, and therefore perhaps more reliable, statistical analysis PARALLEL FINDINGS FROM OTHER SITES to be conducted (see Appendix E). The parallels for the City of David figurines are presented in Table 2 according to the typology used Distribution in this study. In cases where there is some doubt Theappears list of parallels for the City of David figurines concerning the parallel, a question mark clearly shows that, with very few exceptions, these after the reference. While all the figurines consid- not found outside Judah (see Plan 1). ered in this study may be generally dated types to theare Iron Furthermore, future finds from sites outside Judah Age II (1000-586 BCE), questions regarding the chronology of each particular type within are theunlikely period to affect this distribution. Other scholars, such as Holland and Engle, have drawn have been deliberately omitted from this section; conclusions. In summarizing the finds from hence, no stratigraphical information issimilar presented Cave I in Jerusalem, Holland stated that similar for the parallels. Furthermore, since the corpus of 32 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms /SHIQMONA ^ / OMEGIDDO ļ / / / / / O BETHEL OGEZER T GIBEON ABU GHOSH BETH / EN"NA§BEH# • O I I SHEMESH / • RAMAT RAHEL f i / / "/ T. • ERANIO / • # / LACHISH O T.AITUN O T. I ' T. BEIT MIRSIM • Q KH RABUD EN G EDI O ' T. BEER SERA' ļ • ARAD ( J ^ SHEBA • / • T. MASOS f O AROER ' ļ All main types represented • over 1000 JI O KADESH BARNEA • 20-200 v • 0-20 CITY OF DAVID Some types represented 0 1 Plan 1. Distribution map of finds of ceramic figurines in Israel. 33 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms J JER Table 2. Parallels from other sites to the City of David figurines. Site References Site References Type Ala Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Fig. 40:87? Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: Pis. 32:5; 54b:9; 57b:4 Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 31:7 Beth Shemesh Mackenzie 1912: Pis. 22:8; 42; 51:36; 55 Tel Michal Kertesz 1989: Fig. 32.1:3; PL 78:3 Tell el-Ful Lapp 1978: Fig. 32:4 Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Figs. 39:420; 85:21 41:290,427,439,441,557; Pl. 462 Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 27:1,3 Type A2bl Tel Masos Fritz and Kempinski 1983: Fig. 110:4 Beer Sheba Aharoni 1973: PL 27:8 Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: Pis. Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: Pis. 54b:7?; 86:10,11,14,15,23?; 87:2 57c:3; 56:2 Ramat Rahel Aharoni 1962: PL 24; Aharoni 1964: Beth Shemesh Mackenzie 1912: PL 23 PL 35 Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Fig. 40:421,422? Jerusalem Vincent 1911: PL 16:4; Crowfoot and Type Aid Fitzgerald 1929: PL 11:5?; Avigad Jericho Kenyon and Holland 1982: Fig. 223:6 1970: PL 30:B; Holland 1977: Jerusalem Lux 1972: Tafel 22A Fig. 7:2 Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL Lachish Tufnell 1953: Pis. 27:8?; 31:11 86:1,4,9 Tel Masos Fritz and Kempinski 1983: Fig. 110:3 Ramat Rahel Aharoni 1962: Pl. 24 Megiddo May 1935: PL 27:M1776 Ramat Rahel Aharoni 1964: PL 35 Type Ale Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Fig. 41:86 Type A2b2 Jerusalem Kenyon 1967: Fig. 9:2,8; Lux 1972: Beth Shemesh Mackenzie 1912: Pl. 13B: 1 ; Grant and Tafel 22A Wright 1938: PL 51:23? Tel Masos Fritz and Kempinski 1983: Fig. 110:2 Jerusalem Vincent 1911: PL 16:5?; Kenyon Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL 1967: Fig. 9:6; Holland 1977: Figs. 86:2,3,5,7,8 7:7?; 9:1 Lachish Aharoni 1975: PL 33:4 Type Alf Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 28:14 Type A2b3 Jerusalem Vincent 1911: PL 16:3? Type A2al Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 31:8; Aharoni 1975: Beer Sheba Aharoni 1973: PL 27:5 PL 33:4? Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: Pis. 31:3,6; 54b:3,4,5,6,8 Type A2dll Beth Shemesh Grant 1934: PL 23; Grant and Wright Beer Sheba Aharoni 1973: PL 27:9 1938: PL 51:21?, 22, 34? Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: Pis. 54b:l?,2; 56:5? Jerusalem Kenyon 1967: Fig. 9:7; Pl. 27:8 Beth Shemesh Grant and Wright 1938: PL 51:31 Lachish Tufnell 1953: Pis. 27:8,13; 28:10; Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Fig. 40:568? 31:1,2,3,4; Aharoni 1975: PL 33:2 Jerusalem Kenyon 1967: Fig. 9:4 Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 31:1?, 2? 85:2?, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14,23? Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: Pis. 7:10; 85:13?, 20? Type A2a2 Ramat Rahel Aharoni 1962: PL 24 Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: PL 57c:2 Beth Shemesh Grant and Wright 1938: PL 51:32 Type A2g Jerusalem Kenyon 1967: Fig. 9:3? Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: PL 56:4 Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 31:6 Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL 85:22? Type A2a3 Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: PL 56:3,1? Beth Shemesh Mackenzie 1912: PL 23 right; Grant 1929: PL on p. 29 right; Grant and Wright 1938: PL 51:33 1. For the City of David figurines, it should be noted that if the wigs that extend to the sides originally contained any curls, they have not survived, and curls are discernible only on the forehead. Consequently, the parallels include figurines both with and without side curls. 34 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Site References Site References Type A3 al Ramat Rahel Aharoni 1964: PL 35 Jerusalem Holland 1977: PL 7:8,9 Type Bla Type A3a2 Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Fig. 42:560 Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: Pis. 55:10; 56:6?; Jerusalem Kenyon 1967: Fig. 8:5 57c:2,3,6 Gibeon Pritchard 1961: PL 39:330,379,419, Type Bib 432,434,511 Beer Sheba Herzog 1984: PL 14:2? Jerusalem Kenyon 1967: PL 10:3,4,5; Avigad Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 32:14 1970: PL 30:B Lachish Tufnell 1953: Pis. 27:1, 3, 4?, 8, 13; Type Ble 28:10,13,14; 32:3 Tell el-Ful Lapp 1978: PL 32:20 Tel Masos Fritz and Kempinski 1983: PL 110:6 Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL Type Blf 86:14,16,17,19 Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: PL 57b:3,4 Ramat Rahel Aharoni 1962: PL 24 Beth Shemesh Grant 1931: PL 27, 3rd line, 3 from left Type A3b Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: Pis. Beer Sheba Herzog 1984: Fig. 25; PL 14:1 84:17,18; 88:1 Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: Pis. 31:6; 54b: 10; 55:6,8,1 1,9; 56:3; 57c:7 Type Blfl Beth Shemesh Mackenzie 1912: PL 23: right; Grant Jerusalem Holland 1977: Fig. 8:12 1934: Pis. 23:4-110; 25:95; Grant and Wright 1938: PL 51:24, 29?, 30? Type BIß Tell el-Ful Lapp 1978: PL 32:14 Jerusalem Holland 1977: Fig. 8:8,9,10,11,13 Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Fig. 39:285,437 Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 28:12 Jerusalem Crowfoot and Fitzgerald 1929: PL 11:2; Kenyon 1967: Fig. 10:6; Type Big Tushingham 1985: Fig. 6:12,14 Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL Lachish Tufnell 1953: Pis. 27:4; 28:11 90:lla,b Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL 86:12 Type Blh-Bli Ramat Rahel Aharoni 1964: PL 36:1 Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: PL 58:2,6 Beth Shemesh Grant 1929: PL on p. 67 Type A3 c Jerusalem Holland 1977: Fig. 8:15,16 Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: Pis. 31:7,5; 54b:ll,12; 55:7; 56:7; 57c:5 Type Blj Tell el-Ful Lapp 1978: PL 32:15 Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Figs. 42:332; 43:140 Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 13:5 86:13,18 Type Blm Type A3e Jerusalem * Kenyon 1967: Fig. 8:2 Ramat Rahel Aharoni 1964: PL 36; Aharoni 1962: PL 5 Type B2a Jerusalem Kenyon 1967: Fig. 8:4; Kenyon 1974: Type A6a Fig. 61; Holland 1977: Figs. 7:20,21; Beth Shemesh Mackenzie 1912: PL 55 8:1 Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Fig. 44:512 Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 27:2 Jerusalem Kenyon 1967: Fig. 10:1; Lux 1972: Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: Pis. PL 22A; Kenyon 1974: Fig. 60; 77:1?; 88:23? Holland 1977: Fig. 8:2,5,6,7; Tushingham 1985: Fig. 4:17 Type B2b Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 29:17,18,2; Aharoni Beth Shemesh Grant 1929: PL on p. 65; Grant 1934: 1975: PL 12:7 PL 22:1 Tel Masos Fritz and Kempinski 1983: PL 110:5 Jericho Sellin and Watzinger 1913: PL 40; Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL Kenyon and Holland 1982: Fig. 224:12 88:1,2,14 Lachish Tufnell 1953: PL 32:7 35 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Site References Site References Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: Type B3b PL 89:2?, 3, 4?, 5? Beth Shemesh Grant and Wright 1938: PL 51:3 Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Fig. 45:263,494 Type B2c Jerusalem Kenyon 1967: Fig. 8:7; Kenyon 1974: Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: PL 58:7,8,9,10,11, Fig. 60; Holland 1977: Fig. 8:2,3,4; 12,14,15 Tushingham 1985: Fig. 7:22 Beth Shemesh Mackenzie 1912: PL 22:11; Grant Lachish Tufnell 1953: Pis. 27:2; 29:17,18 1934: Pis. 25:164; 26:3-68; 27:34, Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: Pis. g-65; Grant and Wright 1938: PL 87:1; 88:5 51:1,2,8,107,11? Tell el-Ful Lapp 1978: PL 32:21 Type B3c-B3cl Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Fig. 42:264,467,504 Tell el-Ful Lapp 1978: PL 32:23 Jericho Sellin and Watzinger 1913: PL 40 Jerusalem Kenyon 1967: Fig. 8:6,8; Holland Jerusalem Crowfoot and Fitzgerald 1929: PL 1977: Fig. 9:5; Tushingham 1985: 11:7; Kenyon 1967: Fig. 8:3; Amiran Fig. 4:14 1970: PL 8:a; Lux 1972: PL 22:a; Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: Pis. Holland 1977: Figs. 7:12,13,14,16, 47:14,15; 48:6; 88:11 17,19; 8:2,18; 19:2,10,11,15; Tushingham 1985: Fig. 7:22 Type B3f-B3fl Lachish Tufnell 1953: Pis. 29:5,17,18; 32:5 Tell el-Ful Lapp 1978: PL 32:22 Tel Masos Fritz and Kempinski 1983: PL 111:1 Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Fig. 45:210? Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: Pis. Jerusalem Holland 1977: Fig. 9:1,3,4; 47:8,14,19,20; 48:19,20; 53:19; Tushingham 1985: Fig. 9:14,18 88:6,7,9,10,15,17,22,24 Tel Masos Fritz and Kempinski 1983: PL 111:4 Ramat Rahel Aharoni 1962: PL 25: right, left; Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL 47:16 Aharoni 1964: PL 37: right, left Type B3e Type B2cl 2 Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Fig. 45:260?, 3137,513 Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Pis. 42:70,529,544; Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL 43:377,350; 44:376 88:1,2 Type B2e Type B3hl-B3h2 Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL Tell el-Ful Lapp 1978: PL 32:17 88:16,18 Jerusalem Holland 1977: Fig. 9:12,13 Type B3a-B3al Type C Beth Shemesh Mackenzie 1912: PL 22:11; Grant and Beer Sheba Aharoni 1973: PL 28:3; Aharoni Wright 1938: PL 51:1,2,9 1975: PL 28:5,6 Tell el-Ful Lapp 1978: PL 32:24 Tell Beit Mirsim Albright 1943: PL 58:1 Gibeon Pritchard 1961: Figs. 44:333,370,442; Beth Shemesh Mackenzie 1912: Pis. 22:7,12; 23:left; 466; 45:289,536 Grant 1929: PL on p. 167; Grant Jericho Sellin and Watzinger 1913: Pl. 40; " 1934: Pis. 24:348?; 25:173?; Grant Kenyon and Holland 1982: Fig. and Wright 1938: PL 51:4 225:8,9 Tell el-Ful Lapp 1978: PL 32:6,7 Jerusalem Crowfoot and Fitzgerald 1929: PL Jerusalem Holland 1977: Fig. 9:18,19; 11:6; Kenyon 1974: Fig. 61; Holland Tushingham 1985: Fig. 9:16,19,20 1977: Figs. 7:12,16,17,18,21; 8:18; Lachish Tufnell 1953: Pis. 27:7; 29:19,20,21,22; 9:7,8,10; Tushingham 1985: Fig. 9:15 Aharoni 1975: PL 13:1,6 Lachish Tufnell 1953: Pis. 27:5; 32:5 Tel Masos Fritz and Kempinski 1983: Pis. 109:8 Tel Masos Fritz and Kempinski 1983: PL 111:3 1 1 1 :2 Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: PL Tell en-Nasbeh McCown and Wampler 1947: Pis. 88:6,7,9,12,13 84:25,26,27,28; 89:1?, 7, 8, 9?, 11?, Ramat Rahel Aharoni 1962: PL 37 13,14,16,17 2. Type B2cl may occur at other sites but cannot clearly be identified in the photographs or drawings in the reports. 36 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms examples appear primarily at Judahite sites (Holland 1977: 137). While he asserted that a number of examples were found at Megiddo, Beth She'an and Hazor, closer scrutiny suggests that some of these parallels are inaccurate. Engle claimed that the geographical distribution of the 'genuine moulded woman's head' type is restricted to Judah (only two examples appear outside this region; Engle 1979: Fig. 12). The present study has shown that not only object to her breasts. Her head is either molded or handmade (i.e., pinched). The City of David figurines clearly indicate that the pillar alone may represent the torsos of either female or male figurines (see Figs. 10:3, 13:1,2; Pis. 1:3, 4:1), or the bases of bird figurines (see Fig. 15:5; PL 6:1). Thus, in the author's opinion, they cannot be included in a statistical analysis, since they cannot be attributed to a specific type. do parallels for the individual types of City of David Another interesting fact is that the pillar figurine figurines occur at other Judahite sites, but that the is the sole form employed in Judah for anthropomorphic representations. This characteristic is particularly evident when comparing the City of assemblages are extremely similar. When assemblages are compared, the Jerusalem and Judahite figurine corpus differs greatly from those belonging David figurines to those from sites outside of to areas outside Judah. Judah, where the figurines possess two different forms: three-dimensional, either hollow or solid, and relief in the earlier 'plaque' tradition. The plaque type was deeply rooted in Canaanite culture, particularly in the Late Bronze Age. It Examination of the techniques employed in the Technique continued to appear during the Iron Age I and, in manufacture of the figurines under discussion has some parts of the country, even into the Iron Age shown that all the figurines were handmade, except for Type A2, in which the figurine head wasII (Albright 1943; Tadmor 1982). The lower part of one such figurine constitutes the only example of moldmade, and that apparently all the figurines this type (A7) found in the City of David were at one time white-slipped and painted: 85% excavations (Fig. 19:1; PL 9:10); it was discovered of the figurines still retained their white slip. The in a Stratum 16 fill of the Late Bronze Age II. The large number of figurines and their homogeneity figurines from Judah and Jerusalem underscore the raise the question of whether they were manufacfact that, beginning in the 8th century BCE, tured in one center for mass consumption, or whether cottage, or extended family, industries completely new and different techniques and manufactured them for private consumption only. traditions were employed in the plastic depiction Figurine samples were therefore subjected to both of the human form. In contrast, relief techniques pétrographie and neutron activation (NAA) ana- continued in use alongside three-dimensional ones lyses in order to determine the provenience of the outside Judah. figurines and whether the figurines were produced in one specific area by a single individual or group, 2. Animal Figurines or in several different areas by non-related indivi- In the case of animal figurines, it was generally duals or groups. The results of the pétrographie believed that the majority of these represented analysis are presented in Appendix C and of NAA horses. In this study, an examination of the proportion of horses among animal figurines leads in Appendix D. to the same conclusion. On the other hand, the Individual Types proportion of other animals is not negligible (out of 211 animal heads, 18% belong to species other than In the author's opinion, it is necessary to reassess horses). The typological subdivision of Type B1 certain aspects of some figurine types, the previous (animals other than horses) indicates that most of the animals depicted belong to the faunai life of that consensus notwithstanding. period. Moreover, the animal representations in1. Anthropomorphic Figurines dicate a profound acquaintance with the faunai These are built on a clay pillar whose base is world; the traits of each species are reflected in the figurines (see Appendix B). Horse figurines were rendered in various ways. pillar is considered to represent the torso of a woman, who either clutches her breasts or holds an The simplest representation, highly schematized generally wide and concave. The upper part of the 37 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms and stereotyped, was the most common; no facial details are present, except for the mouth and ears. A minority are more detailed, plastic representations. As noted above, parallels for the City of David horse type figurines are restricted to Judahite sites. Hence, only the data presented in the more detail tables according to sub-types (Tables 3.1 and 3.2 may be considered to represent the stratigraphic distribution of anthropomorphic figurines. Human figurines of Types Al and A2 are frequent from Strata 12-11 (8th-7th centuries Horse figurines outside Judah differed from the BCE) to Stratum 10 (6th century BCE). In sum, Judahite type both in the technique of their Type A appears in the 8th century BCE, and its manufacture and in the degree of plastic detail with chronological span extends to the 6th century BCE, which they were rendered. i.e. until the destruction of Jerusalem in 586. The frequency of Type B animals is uniform in Strata 12, 11 and 10. An exception to the rule is the theme of horse and rider. Since the horse and Type B3, which constitutes 100% of Type B in Stratum 13 (Table 4.1); there are only rider figurines have no other attributes, itappearing is The equine theme appears in two variations: as part of the faunai life of Palestine and as part of five Type B figurines in Stratum 13, and they are all difficult to imbue them with any religious connota- tion. Excavation reports of Near Eastern sites reveal the frequent occurrence of the horse and rider motif, which may thus have constituted a universal theme. Dating Problems Type B3. In the author's opinion, this exception should be disregarded. If one considers only the clearly defined subtypes of Types A and B, it is apparent that fauna are represented twice as often as anthropomorphic figurines, despite Holladay's claim (1987: 276-77) that pillar figurines are dominant. It should be borne in mind that publications often present only the most attractive or striking figurines, and that A detailed statistical analysis of the figurines was these are generally anthropomorphic representaperformed in order to address the problem of their date. The methodology and results of this analysistions. Type C, comprising bed-shaped figurines and are presented in Appendix E. The analysis was based on all the figurines recovered during the Citypossibly chair fragments, does not appear in very of David excavations directed by Shiloh, both those large numbers but is nonetheless well known from found in Iron Age II contexts and those found in many sites, mainly in Judah. The 'Ashdoda' type, unstratified loci. familiar from Philistine sites, is shaped like a bed, A number of factors must be taken into but with a distinctive anthropoid figure rising from one end. Though no intact 'bed figurines' were consideration when attempting to interpret the discovered in the City of David excavations, none of results. Firstly, almost half of the figurines derive the fragments from loci which are not dated to the Iron Age II, bear any resemblance to the 'Ashdotype. Inthis most other Judahite sites, the 'Ashdoda' though the figurines themselves dateda'from period. Secondly, the large quantity of animal type is similarly limbs absent, though figurines representitems of furniture, such as beds or chairs, do and horns (Type B3h) probably distortsing the mean- It is is reasonable to assume, therefore, that ing of the data given in Tables 2.1 and appear. 2.2. This the Type C fragments from the City of David primarily because it is impossible to determine the the intact figurines found at other Judahite exact number of figurines representedparallel by these sites omitted rather than the 'Ashdoda' type characteristic of fragments. For this reason, the type was Philistia. Consequently, while Type C does not have from the more detailed typological tables (Tables a particularly large distribution at the City of 4.2 and 4.3). Thirdly, Type A (anthropomorphic David, it does constitute a distinct component figurines) includes a large number of pillar bases within the of Judahite figurines from the (Types A3 and A5) which cannot be attributed tocorpus a 8th-6th centuries BCE. specific sub-type (see the foregoing discussion). The definition, Type D does not constitute a wellobserved stratigraphical distribution of By Type A3 (less frequent in Stratum 12), for example, defined is type. of What is more, this type consists of fragments so small that they could not be attributed limited relevance, as these are fragments of poorly with any A2. certainty to Types A, B or C. However, preserved figurines of either Type Al or Type 38 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CONCLUSIONS morphologically they clearly belong to the figurines under discussion. Taking into account a number of factors, the auth has drawn the following conclusions on the basi the City of David figurines: Each Type E figurine is discussed separately, as each1 . The Iron Age figurines should be viewed as on has a different date and provenience. corpus composed of a number of different ty 1. Figurine Dl/13251 (Fig. 18:11; PL 9:8-9) recalls Discussing selected types alone obscures the fa the 'Ashdoda' figurine in form, though the City of that they constitute one general group. David head is larger, coarser and formed slightly 2. The corpus of the City of David and Judah differently. A very similar head to that from the comprises 19% anthropomorphic figurines, City of David was found at Ashdod (Dothan and animal representations and 2% furniture, such Freedman 1967: PL 17:12, Fig. 35:3; it dates frombeds, chairs, etc. Consequently, the corpus a no later than the 11th or early 10th century BCE. whole constitutes an 'identity tag' for the cultu The City of David figurine was discovered in a entity of Judah. Stratum 15 fill (Iron Age I), and it obviously does 3. Chronologically, Types A, B and C definit flourished from the 8th to the 6th centuries B not belong to the groups discussed above. Exceptional Figurines 2. Figurine G 11434 (Fig. 18:6; PL 9:4) was found and not, as Holladay asserts, from the end of the 8 in a Stratum 14 fill (10th century BCE). It is similar or the middle of the 7th century (Holladay 19 in form to anthropomorphic vessels from Ashdod 280). However, they clearly began developing e lier, from the 10th-9th centuries. The continuo (Dothan and Freedman 1967: PL 27:5) and Dan (Biran 1982: PL 16:B). 3. Figurine G 11138 (Fig. 18:10; PL 9:5) was appearance of Types A, B and C up to the 6th century appears to conflict with the biblical refer- found in a Stratum 8 fill (early Hellenistic period). A ences to cultic reforms in the time of King Josiah. parallel was found at the Transjordanian site of Tell 4. The City of David excavations have made it Deir Alia (Ibrahim and van der Kooij 1983: 1, clear that, quantitatively, Jerusalem was a promi125:1; 580, Fig. 1:1) in a late 5th or 4th century BCE nent center as far as figurines are concerned. This conforms to the fact that Jerusalem was the context. While the upper part of the head is rendered identically in both figurines, the worn preeminent city in Judah during the Iron Age II, condition of the City of David figurine, particularly with the greatest population and, most likely, the lower part of the head, precludes the identifica- population density. tion of parallels with any certainty. 5. The City of David corpus clearly indicates that 4. Figurine El/10256 (Fig. 16:1; PL 6:8) is a verydistribution of figurines within the site was uniform. detailed horse's head. This hollow head was Moreover, such a uniform distribution pattern has found at other excavated sites in Judah. Thus, classified as Type B2bl. Stylistically, itbeen is almost identical to the solid head of figurine attempts El /16001 to relate them to specific ritual places are (Type B2b2; Fig. 16:2; PL 6:9). Althoughunfounded. stratigraHolladay's assertions notwithstanding phically El/ 10256 is firmly attributed to (1987: Stratum 281), 14, figurines have appeared in similar it belongs to a group whose distribution clearly concentrations falls in both residential buildings and locations considered to be ritual sites, such as within Strata 12-10. This figurine should perhaps be viewed as an early forerunner of a type which Kenyon's wasCave to I in Jerusalem. 6. In the author's opinion, the Iron Age II 5. In addition, several other figurines figurines that in Judah and Jerusalem should be underostensibly belong to 8th-6th centurystood BCE as types an expression of popular beliefs whose have been attributed to pre-8th century contexts. traditions were rooted in the political and cultural These derive from the following loci: development 962, 1128, of Judah. 1139, 1141, 1623, 1651, 2123, 2171. These 7. loci were Because of the typological and technological attributed to Strata 14 and 13 (10th-9th centuries homogeneity of the City of David figurines, the BCE); the figurines in question should be viewed author tends as to believe that they were produced in forerunners of types which flourished from the 8th the vicinity of Jerusalem, perhaps by a group of century BCE onwards. workshops that adopted the same tradition. flourish only in the 8th century BCE. 39 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms BIBLIOGRAPHY Grant, E. 1931. Ain Shems Excavations 1928-1929-1930- 1931, Vol. I. Haverford: College Press. Grant, E. 1934. Rumeileh being Ain Shems Excavations Aharoni, Y. 1962. Excavations at Ramat Rahel, Seasons ( Palestine ), Vol. III. Haverford: College Press. 1959 and 1960. Roma: Centro di Studi Semitici. Grant, E. and Wright, G.E. 1938. Ain Shems Excavations Aharoni, Y. 1964. 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MinneapolisCrowfoot, J.W. and Fitzgerald, G.M. 1929. Excavations Tel in the Tyropoeon Valley, Jerusalem, 1927 (Palestine Aviv: University of Minnesota Press-Tel Aviv University. Exploration Fund Annual V). London: Palestine Lapp, N.L. 1978. The Third Campaign at Tell el-Ful: The Exploration Fund. Excavations of 1964 (Annual of the American Schools Dothan, M. and Freedman, D.N. 1967. Ashdod I: The of Oriental Research 45). Cambridge, MA: American First Season of Excavation 1962 (Atiqot, English series, Milwaukee Public Museum. Schools of Oriental Research. VII). Jerusalem: Department of Antiquities-DepartLux, V.U. 1972. Vorlaufiger Bericht uber die Ausgrabung ment of Archaeology of the Hebrew University-Israel von Jerusalem in den Jahren 1970 und 1971. Zeitschrift Exploration Society. des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 88: 185. Engle, J.A. 1979. Pillar Figurines of Iron Age Israel and Mackenzie, D. 1912. Excavations at Ain Shems (BethAsherah/Asherim. Unpublished PhD. dissertation. 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London: Horace Cox. 41 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms APPENDIX A: CATALOGUE Diana Gilbert-Peretz Israel Antiquities Authority The catalogue of figurines is presented in order of typological classification. For each figurine, the followi information is given: 1) excavation area, registration number, locus number and figure and/or plate refere where relevant; 2) descriptions of the form of the figurine and its state of preservation, color, c composition and details such as painting, decoration and slip; 3) dimensions. Within each typological g the figurines appear in alphabetical order of area and numerical order of registration number. The clay color is defined according to the Munsell Soil Color Charts (1975). The core color is defin black, gray, clay-colored or light-colored. The number in parentheses after the core color defines relationship between the thickness of the core and the surface: (1) thick core and thin surface and (2 core and thick surface. A thick surface is one of more than 0.5 cm. The grit size is given in millimeters. Where the grit density is exceptionally high or low, this is noted otherwise the density is not noted. Details of decoration are given, e.g. plastic decoration, slip and color of slip, painting and color of painting. Dimensions are given in centimeters. Abbreviations used for dimensions are as follows: Bse. (base), Dia. (diameter), Ht. (height), Lth. (length), Plr. (pillar), Th. (thickness) and Wth. (width). Type Ala E 1/3646 Head with upper portion broken; pinched face D 1/1 2666 Head and body of rider; face pinched; arms L. 619 with left side broken; part of neck; 5 YR 7/6; L. 419 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-1 mm clay-colored core; few grits, 0.25-0.5 mm; Fig. 10:4 grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 6.6; Wth. 4.3/1.8. remains of white slip. Ht. 3.1; Th. 3.0; Wth. 2.2. D2/ 13743 Pinched head with neck; 2.5 YR 6/6; black L. 1882 core (1). Ht. 3.0; Th. 2.3/1.8; Wth. 1.9/1.7. D2/ 14083 Head pointed upward; face broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1834 black core (2); few 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip. Ht. 3.5; Wth. 2.1. D2/20242 Human head with pinched face; head pointed; L. 2323 neck whole; shoulder stump; nose broken; 5 YR Fig. 10:5 7/6; black core (1); remains of white slip and PI. 1:4 red paint. Ht. 4.4; Th. 2.4/1.55; Wth. 1.8. D2/20243 Pointed head; face pinched; base of neck; 2.5 L. 2323 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 3.0; Th. 2.2/1.7; Wth. 1.75. D2/20283 Rounded head; face narrow; nose large from L. 2323 pinching; 2.5 YR 5/8; clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 2.5; Th. 2.2/1.5; Wth. 1.2. D2/20333/2 Rounded head; pinched face; base of neck; 2.5 L. 2319 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip and red paint. Ht. 2.8; Th. 2.0/1.2; Wth. 1.6. E 1/3436 Entire body except base; head pinched; arms L. 621 A broken; diagonal paint stripe from right arm Fig. 10:3 to base; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains PI. 1:3 of white slip. El/41 18 Pinched head; back of head pointed; beginning L. 1 324 of mouth which appears to be gaping but is broken off; neck; 2.5 YR 3/0; core: 5 YR 5/3; many 0.125-1.5 mm grits. Ht. 4.2; Th. 2.1; Wth. 2.1. E 1/5839 Head and neck; face missing; 5 YR 7/6; black L. 1367 core (1); few remains of white slip. Ht. 3.6; Th. 1.3; Wth. 1.8. E 1/7930 Rounded head; face slightly pinched; crack in L. 1297 body; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 4.1; Th. 2.2/2.7; Wth. 1.87. E 1/8475 Head and half of body of pillar figurine; head L. 1303 pointed; face pinched; two breasts; arms Fig. 10:1 broken; crack in stomach; mass of clay applied PI. 1:1 above left arm (raised hand?); 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core; 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip, traces of red and yellow paint. Ht. 7.0; Th. 3.5/2.0; Wth. 5.7/2.3. E 1/8494 Head of pillar figurine; back of head pointed; L. 1283 ear specified; face pinched; chin pointing Fig. 10:11 downward (beard?); 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Ht. 3.0; Th. 3.3/2.1; Wth. 2.5. El/8521 Pointed head; face pinched; crack in rear; 5 42 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 1291 YR 7/3; clay-colored core; few 1-1.5 mm grits; white slip, traces of red paint. Ht. 4.3; Th. 2.5; Wth. 2.3. El/9524 Head with pinched face; tip of head pointed; L. 1355 neck broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 2.6; Wth. 1.4. E 1/9927 Pinched head; arms broken; pillar broken; 10 R L. 1394 5/6; gray core (1); 0.5-1.5 mm grits; white Fig. 10:2 slip. Ht. 7.7; Wth. 3.5/2.0. PL 1:2 El/ 10257 Head pointed upward and a little backward; L. 1627 face pinched forward; crack in neck; 2.5 YR 5/8; core: 5 YR 5/4; remains of white slip. Ht. 2.7; Th. 2.0/1.8; Wth. 1.8. El /10377 Head pointed upward; face pinched, but only L. 1626 part remaining due to crack; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); remains of white slip. Ht. 3.5; Th. 2.1/2.0; Wth. 2.0/2.2. El/14516 Pointed head; face pinched; 2.5 YR 5/8; black L. 1650 core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Ht. 5.0; Th. 2.9/2.5; Wth. 5.2/2.4. El/ 16680 Head, neck and part of body; head pointed L. 2074 upward (hat?); face pinched; crack at pinched edge of nose; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); - remains of white slip. Ht. 4.5; Th. 2.4/1.9; Wth. 2.3/2.2. El /17265 Pointed head; pinched face; 2.5 YR 6/4; clayL. 2124 colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. Ht. 2.3; Th. 2.6/1.9; Wth. 1.86. E2/1806 Back of head pointed; mouth chipped; 5 YR 7/6; L. 536 black core (1); few remains of white slip. Ht. 3.2; Th. 2.9; Wth. 2.4. E3/ 15643 Head and neck; head pointed upward and L. 1923 backward; face pinched; narrow face; long neck; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (1); remains of white slip. Ht. 5.5; Th. 3.1/2.3; Wth. 2.3/2.3. E3/15705 Back of head rounded; face pinched; 2.5 YR L. 1927 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 3.2; Th. 2.3/1.8; Wth. 1.8/2.1. E3/15706 Head pointed upward and backward; face L. 1927 pinched; 5 YR 8/4; gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Ht. 2.7; Th. 2.9; Wth. 2.2. G 5751 Head and part of body; head pointed; face L. 872 pinched; shoulders with arms broken off; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 3.5; Th. 2.3/1.9; Wth. 3.6/2.0. G 11481 Rounded head, pointed slightly at edge; face L. 903 pinched; one side of face broken; 5 YR 7/3; gray core (2); few 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip and red paint on head. Ht. 3.0; Th. 2.5/1.8; Wth. 2.1/1.8. Type Ala? D 1/1 3363 Pinched head(?), presumably also pointed L. 453 upward and backward; difficult to define due to crack splitting head down length; mouth broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); few 0.250.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. D2/20274 Head fragment; face pinched; 5 YR 7/4; black L. 2323 core (1); remains of white slip and red paint. E2/7381 Fragment of pinched head; face broken; general L. 1450 form suggests attribution to this type; 2.5 YR 6/6 (?); black core (1?); remains of white slip. E3/ 12809 Fragment of pinched head; face and sides of E2/ 1861/1 Egg-shaped head; face pinched; 5 YR 8/4; gray L. 1544 head broken; general form suggests attribution L. 546 core (1); few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of to this type; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25 PL 1:5 white slip. Ht. 4.5; Th. 2.0/3.4; Wth. 2.5. mm grits. Ht. 3.4; Th. 2.9; Wth. 4.5. E2/1868 Pinched face; rounded head; nose large from E3/15736 Head fragment; face probably pinched; front L. 537 pinching; 10 R 6/4; black core (1); few 0.25 L. 1923 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 Fig. 10:8 mm grits; white slip.; Wth. 4.0; Th. 2.0/3.0; mm grits; remains of white slip. Pl. 1:6 Wth. 2.7. G 2092 Head broken at the back; part of face broken; E2/1962 Pinched face; head rounded; right side of head L. 710 face pinched; small part of neck; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 552 and mouth broken; mouth pinched; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); few 0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 3.0; Th. 2.1/2.7; Wth. 1.8. black core (1); remains of white slip. Ht. ^ 5.2; Wth. 2.7. Type Alb E2/7352 Miniature figurine; face pinched; applied L. 1447 button eyes; slit for mouth; one arm close to Fig. 10:12 body, while the other is not; both joined at PL 1:7 Wth. 2.4. PL 1:10 the front; narrow body; 2.5 YR 5/6; claycolored core;neck, remains of white slip. Ht. 4.4; E3/13109 Head pointed upward; face pinched; long L. 1902 gradually widening; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core Th. 0.8; Wth. 2.8/1.1. (2); remains of white slip. Ht. 4.4; Th. G 11769 Miniature human figure; rounded head; pinched 3.2/2.7; Wth. 2.8/2.5. L. 972 face; applied button eyes; crack in arms and Fig. 10:13 body; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core. Ht. 4.9; E3/131 15 Head pointed upward and backward; face PL 1:8 Th. 1.5/1.3/1.8; Wth. 2.5/1.5/1.5. L. 1902 pinched; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (2); remains of Fig. 10:9 white slip painted black, two paint stripes Type Ale around neck. Ht. 3.6; Th. 2.7/1.9; Wth. 1.9/2.2. El/8651 Head of pillar figurine; head pointed upward; L. 1334 face pinched; mouth specified by engraving; E3/13138 Head pointed upward; face pinched; 2.5 YR 6/8; L. 1902 light core; 0.5-1 mm grits. Ht. 4.4; Th. Fig. 10:10 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 4.0; Th. 2.1; Wth. 2.2. Fig. 10:6 3.1/2.0; Wth. 2.1/2.5. E2/2640 Pointed head; face pinched; long neck; 2.5 YR L. 544 6/4; black-gray core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; Fig. 10:7 remains of white slip. Ht. 5.3; Th. 2.0/3.1; 43 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El/9582 Human head with pinched face; partly broken; L. 1365 mass of clay applied to head, probably Fig. 10:16 originally in shape of turban; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 5.1; Th. 3.1. El/10127 Human figure with pinched face; beard(?); L. 1606 crack in mouth; neck narrower than body; crack in arms; 5 YR 6/4; gray core; 0.5-1 mm grits, but also some up to 3 mm; remains of white slip, traces of red paint on forehead. Ht. 7.0; Th. 2.5/3.0; Wth. 4.0/3.5/2.4. G 11147 Human head with pinched face; clay applied to L. 903 head as turban; head protruding upward; 2.5 YR Fig. 10:15 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains PI. 1:11 of white slip. Ht. 5.0; Wth. 2.5. Type Aid E 1/5948 Head with pinched, pointed face; turban; hair L. 698 on both sides of head; 5 YR 7/4; core mainly Fig. 10:21 clay-colored, gray lens in center; very few PI. 1:15 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 2.7; Th. 3.0; Wth. 3.0. G 8253 Head; turban-shaped strip of clay; hair on Surf. both sides of head (one side broken); face Fig. 10:20 pinched; head pointed; 5 YR 6/4; black core PI. 1:16-17 (2); white slip and remains of yellow paint. Ht. 4; Th. 5.0; Wth. 3.7/2.3. G 11508 Face pinched on both sides; sideburns on both L. 960 sides of head; top of head rounded; turbanshaped strip of clay applied to head; 5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Ht. 3.6; Th. 4.5; Wth. 4.5/4.1. Type Ale E3/ 15787 Head with pinched face and turban or hat; L. 1924 crack in one side of hat, also in neck; 2.5 YR Fig. 10:19 6/6; gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Ht. 6.0; Th. 2.2/3.8; Pl. 1:14 Wth. 2.4/1.9. G 8227 Head with turban-shaped strip of clay; face L. 903 pinched; hair on both sides; crack in neck; 2.5 YR Fig. 10:17 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; white slip, PI. 1:12 traces of red and yellow painted stripes on face and neck. Ht. 4.6; Th. 3.6; Wth. 4.0. G 11026 Pinched head with clay applied to forehead, L. 906 covering half of head like scarf; 10 YR 5/6; Fig. 10:18 black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip, PI. 1:13 traces of red paint on face. Ht. 4.3; Wth. 3.1/2.3. Type Alf El/ 16797 Head with pinched face and body; presumably L. 2076 rider; flat head forming shape of hat; small, Fig. 10:14 dainty figurine; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1?). PI. 1:9 Type A2al D 1/1 2507 Molded head of woman; wig with four rows of L. 383 curls on forehead and four on either side of black core (1); remains of white slip, traces of red paint. El/10143 Molded head of woman; wig with four rows of L. 1604 curls on forehead and two curls on either side Fig. 11:3 of face; large eyes; nose chipped; small PI. 2:3 mouth; dainty face, projecting from neck; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); white slip, traces of red paint. Ht. 6.2; Th. 3.0; Wth. 2.8. G 5723 Molded head; rounded wig with four rows of L. 862 round curls; naturalistic face; nose chipped; Fig. 11:1 almond-shaped eyes; 5 YR 7/6; black core; 0.5Pl. 2:1 1 mm grits; remains of white slip and red (slightly charred) paint. Ht. 4.8; Th. 3.4; Wth. 4.1. Type A2a2 El/16756 Woman's head and neck; head pointed backward L. 2075 and slightly upward; back of head relatively flat; Fig. 11:6 molded face; one row of curls on forehead; PI. 2:6 large eyes; large, chipped nose; archaic smile; protruding chin; neck cracked; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 6.1; Th. 3.8/2.8; Wth. 4.2/3.2. G 2320 Naturalistic head; curly wig; part of neck; large L. 727 eyes; thin smile on lips; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core Fig. 11:4 (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip, PI. 2:4 traces of red paint. Ht. 6.2; Th. 3.5; Wth. 4.4/3.4. Type A2a3 D2/20049 Woman's head; only upper part discernible; W. 160 details unclear; eyes large; probably only one row of curls on forehead; hat; chipped nose; 2.5 YR 5/8; clay-colored core(?); remains of white slip. Ht. 1.94; Th. 3.1; Wth. 3.3/2.94. G 11437 Woman's head; broad; almond-shaped eyes; L. 950 small, chipped nose; frozen smile; rectangular Fig. 11:7 wig; one row of curls on either side of face; PL 2:7 top of head flat, pointed backward; appears to be wearing skullcap; neck broad; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 4.8; Th. 3.3/3.0; Wth. 3.8/3.5. Type A2bl D2/ 13590 Woman's head and neck; long, narrow eyes; nose L. 1870 broken; three rows of curls on forehead; 2.5 YR Fig. 11:11 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 5.7; Th. 3.5/3.2; Wth. 3.6/3.1. D2/20264- Woman's head and neck; naturalistic; extremely L. 2323 worn; three rows of curls; nose broken; Fig. 11:9 details of eyes and face unclear; 5 YR 7/4; PI. 2:10 black core (1); remains of white slip. Ht. 6.2; Th. 3.2/2.4; Wth. 3.6/2.5/2.7. El/8456 Head, broken above forehead; one eye broken; L. 1303 naturalistic face; nose chipped; almond-shaped Fig. 11:8 eyes; four rows of curls on forehead; wig PI. 2:8 extended to sides; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip; red paint on face, yellow on neck. Ht. 6.0; Th. 3.0; Wth. 4.0. Fig. 11:2 face; reserved smile; nose broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; E3/15571 Woman's head and neck; head broad in relation PI. 2:2 gray core; white slip and traces of red paint. L. 1918 to length; molded face; large eyes; prominent Ht. 5.0; Th. 3.0; Wth. 4.2. E 1/9329 Molded face of figurine; crack in one side of L. 1310 face; head probably rounded; wig with curls on forehead; almond-shaped eyes; 2.5 YR 5/6; nose, its tip chipped; archaic smile; nonprotruding chin; one (?) row of curls on forehead; neck cracked; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Ht. 5.0; Th. 3.3/2.1; Wth. 4.5/3.2. 44 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Type A2b2 D2/20256 Woman's head and neck; naturalistic; somewhat L. 2325 worn; curly hair; hat; pointed backward and Fig. 11:10 upward; medium-sized eyes; broken nose; small PI. 2:9 mouth, archaic smile; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 6.8; Th. 3.2/2.4; Wth. 3.6/2.5/2.1. Type A2b3 E 1/34 16 Prominent face with wig; four straps on forehead; L. 618 almond-shaped eyes; naturalistic, molded face, Fig. 11:12 applied to straight, handmade back; 2.5 YR 5/6; PI. 2:11-12 black core (1); few coarse grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 5.1; Th. 4.3; Wth. 4.4. Type A2c E 1/5954 Partially broken face; square wig; rear of L. 699 head straight; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip and red paint. Ht. 6.2; Th. 3.0; Wth. 4.5. El/ 19035 Molded, naturalistic head; curly wig, details Surf. not very clear; upper part of head broken and Fig. 11:5 eyes therefore missing; archaic smile; hair; PL 2:5 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip and red paint. Ht. 5.8; Th. 3.3; Wth. 3.9/2.6. Type A2dl El/6268 Woman's head; square wig with two rows of Surf. round curls; nose broken; chin pointed; cheeks Fig. 11:14 prominent; archaic smile; red paint on chin PL 2:14 and cheeks; long neck; back of head flat; almond-shaped eyes; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip, painted red and yellow. Ht. 7.9; Th. 3.9/2.5; Wth. 5.1/4.0. Type A2d2 G 5618 Woman's head; face broken; chin pointed; one L. 858 row of curls on forehead; wig extended to sides, Fig. 11:17 as if representing long hair; crack in neck; back PL 2:18 of head flat; 5 YR 7/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Ht. 7.1; Th. 3.0/2.3; Wth. 4.3/5.5. Type A2e El/10527 Molded human head; large eyes and nose; small, L. 1604 thick mouth; thickened eyebrows; wig with one Fig. 11:16 row of curls; head rounded; 10 R 6/6; clayPL 2:17 colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 4.5; Th. 3.0/2.0; Wth. 3.3/2.3. Type A2f D2/20652 Woman's head; face completely broken; one L. 2702 apparent eye; head and nape painted white; traces of a red painted stripe on nape; reddish-brown clay; gray core; unclear whether face was molded. Ht. 3.2; Th. 0.7. E 1/3065 Head fragment; part of wig and face; insufficient L. 1483 details for type attribution; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip and red paint. El /3664 Head and neck; face completely broken; neck L. 618 broadening downwards; 7.5 YR 7/4; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Ht. 5.9; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.4. E2/1843 Face completely missing; back of head flat; L. 537 narrow neck, which broadens out; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); white slip. Ht. 6.8; Th. 4.0. E3/ 12999 Head fragment; only back of head extant; 2.5 L. 1901 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. G 5631 Fragment of molded female face; nose broken; L. 850 eyes specified; mouth destroyed; crack on forehead; protruding cheeks and chin; engraving around face; rear part of head broken; 5 YR 7/6; black core (2); remains of white slip and red paint. Ht. 2.8; Th. 1.3; Wth. 2.6. Type A3al E3/ 15924 Hollow female torso; crack in middle of torso, L. 1957 in neck and stomach; one breast and hand Fig. 12:1 supporting it extant; 5 YR 7/3; light core; PL 3:1-2 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip and traces of red paint on shoulder. Ht. 6.4; Th. 3.8/5.2; Wth. 1.6/4.1. Type A3a2 D 1/6665 Entire body including pillar; head missing; L. 365 hands joined under breasts; one arm broken; Fig. 12:2 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.125-0.25 mm PL 3:3 grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 5.8; Th. 3.5/3.0; Wth. 4.5/2.8. D2/ 13658 Female torso; crack in neck and slightly below L. 1882 breasts; arms and breasts well preserved; Fig. 12:8 hands applied under bosom, as if supporting Pl. 3:7 breasts. Ht. 3.3; Th. 2.4/3.8/2.7; Wth. 7.0/3.8. El/3526 Upper torso; neck missing; socket for head; L. 1489 both hands missing; signs remained where hands were originally applied beneath bosom; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 4.2; Th. 3.2; Wth. 4.5. G 4471 Back of head pointed; face applied to head; L. 782 curly wig; naturalistic style; clusters of hair Fig. 11:15 on either side of head; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); PL 2:15-16 remains of red paint. Ht. 4.0; Th. 2.8; Wth. 2.8. E 1/62 17 Entire body including pillar; head missing; L. 1285 hands joined under breasts; 2.5 YR 5/6; Fig. 12:3 remains of white slip. Ht. 6.6; Th. 2.6/2.0; PL 3:4 Wth. 5.2/3.0. Type A2g El/16107 Female torso; crack in neck, arms and below L. 2016 bosom; large breasts with hands under them; D2/ 13667 Neck and head; face disfigured; neck broad and L. 1882 long; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 6.9; Th. 2.2/3.3; Wth. 4.3/3.2/3.8. D2/ 13998 Molded human head; head rounded; large eyes L. 1818 and nose; lips parted in smile; mass of clay Fig. 11:13 jutting out from neck designed to attach neck PL 2:13 to body; left side of face cracked and slightly crooked; one row of curls?; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 7.2; Th. 3.2/2.5; Wth. 3.7/3.0. 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip, red, yellow and black paint stripes above bosom. Ht. 4.3/5.1; Th. 4.4/2.6; Wth. 5.0/3.6. E3/ 12886 Top part of female torso; crack in neck, L. 1 565 stomach and one arm; hand supporting bosom; missing hand originally joined existing one beneath bosom; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); white slip; traces of stripes of red paint above bosom. Ht. 4.3; Th. 4.2/3.6; Wth. 4.9/3.2. 45 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms E3/13016 Female torso; cracks in neck and stomach; one L. 1563 breast and corresponding arm broken; tip of Fig. 12:5 other breast broken; applied hands supporting bosom; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (2); white slip; traces of paint: black stripes on arms, red and yellow stripe above breasts. Ht. 3.7; Th. 4.0/2.6; Wth. 5.8/3.0. E3/ 15592 Female torso, extending from neck almost to L. 1923 base of pillar; tips of breasts broken; arms Fig. 12:4 originally folded on stomach, but one hand PI. 3:5 broken off; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (1); 0.25- 6/6; black core (1); 0.2-0.25 mm grits; white slip. Ht. 7.6; Th. 3.3/5; Wth. 5.0. G 2277 Upper part of torso; neck broken; one hand L. 727 applied under bosom; other hand broken off; both breasts; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); remains of white slip. Ht. 4.7; Th. 4.0; Wth. 4.8. G 4931 Female torso; hands under bosom; one hand L. 824 partially broken; neck broken; body broken below bosom; particularly long neck; each hand supporting one breast; 5 YR 7/4; light gray core (2); white slip, thin red and yellow paint stripes across body. Ht. 7.0; Th. 2.8/3.5; Wth. 5.1/3.4. 0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 6.1; Th. 2.3/3.1/2.3; Wth. 3.0/5.3/2.7. G 2068 Top part of left side of female torso; one L. 710 breast supported by applied hand; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core; 0.25 mm grits; scant remains of white slip. Ht. 4.4; Th. 3.9; Wth. 3.4. G 8228 Bottom part of pillar and hands; arms broken L. 903 off; both hands applied, one broken; 5 YR 6/4; gray core (2); remains of white slip. Ht. 3.7; Th. 2.1; Wth. 3.3/2.4. G 11076 Female torso; crack in neck and pillar; one L. 908 arm and part of breast broken; hands joined and clutching bosom; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip. Ht. 5.7; Th. 3.5/3.3; Wth. 5.3/3.8. G 11439 Female torso; top part and half width of body L. 950 broken; hand applied under breast; 2.5 YR 4/6; gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; scant remains of white slip. Ht. 3.5. G 11953 Top part of female torso; crack in neck and L. 999 stomach; breasts defective; applied hands Fig. 12:6 supporting bosom; 7.5 YR 7/2; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 4.2; Th. 3.7/2.8; Wth. 5.9/3.1. Type A3a2? E 1/6 143 Female torso; crack in neck and stomach; hands L. 615 under bosom; one hand broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; white slip, traces of red paint stripes. Ht. 6.5; Th. 3.9/3.0; Wth. 6.8/3.7. E2/3301 Left side of female torso; left breast large L. 601 and prominent, left hand applied underneath it; body broken above and below bosom; 5 YR 8/4; grayish-black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. Ht. 3.5; Th. 3.8; Wth. 2.8. Type A3b E2/2992 Pillar figurine with large breasts; each hand L. 1467 clutching a breast; crack in neck, in one arm, Fig. 12:7 in part of breast and in bottom of pillar; 2.5 PI. 3:6 YR 6/6; almost clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip; traces of red and yellow paint. Ht. S.7; Th. 3.0/5.2/3.2; Wth. 3.9/5.9/3.4. E2/3026 Female torso, broken off above breasts, and L. 1476 pillar base; each hand clutching a breast; Fig. 12:9 white slip, painted with yellow and red PI. 3:8 stripes. Type A3c D2/20189 Torso; head missing; socket into which head L. 2321 was inserted; bosom and arms broken; 5 YR 7/4; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 4.5; Th. 3.1/2.1; Wth. 3.3/2.2. D2/21064 Female torso; half-broken bosom; one arm L. 2766 broken off from shoulder; other discernible; head missing; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip and yellow paint. Ht. 5.8; Th. 3.9; Wth. 5.6. El/3481 Fragment of side of female torso; one breast L. 62 IB and part of arm extant; hand supporting breast; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. E 1/4 128 Female torso; neck broken; arms and part of L. 661 breasts broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 2.7; Th. 3.5; Wth. ^.8. El/5826 Upper part of female torso, left side broken; L. 1643 arms břoken; hands applied under breasts; head broken; body becomes narrower downward; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 3.5; Th. 2.5; Wth. 2.8. E 1/5902 Upper part of female torso; neck, broadening L. 698 out at bosom; both hands under broken breasts; thin external layer: 2.5 YR 5/2; core: 2.5 YR 6/4; 0.25-1 mm grits. Ht. 4.5; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.0. E 1/7500 Female torso, breasts partially broken; signs Surf. of hands originally under each breast; arms broken; crack in neck and stomach; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 3.5; Th. 2.3; Wth. 3.8/2.5. El/8520 Female torso; both arms; signs of hands L. 1312 originally under breasts; arms broken; half of one breast broken; crack in neck and stomach; figurine becomes narrower downward; 5 YR 6/4; black core (1); 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 4.8; Th. 2.6/3.3; Wth. 5.3/3.5. El/ 10244 Female torso; arms and neck broken; extremely L. 1627 defective figurine; one breast survived; crack down left side of body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); white slip; traces of yellow paint stripes above bosom. El/14528 Fragment of female torso; one intact arm L. 1610 applied to body under bosom; beginning of bosom; rest of body broken; 2.5 YR 4/8; black E2/12015 Female torso, broken off above breasts; part core (1); remains of white slip. Ht. 3.7. L. 1467 of arm broken; breasts and pillar base; each hand underneath corresponding breast; 5 YR El/ 14597 Top part of female torso; stout body; crack in 46 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 1610 neck, arms and stomach; large breasts; hands supporting breasts; 2.5 YR 6/8; clay-colored core (?); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 6.7; Th. 3.5/3.7/5.0; Wth. 5.6/4.3. El/ 16284 Fragment of front part of female torso; tips L. 2028 of breasts broken; crack in neck and just below breasts; 2.5 YR 5/4; black core (1); breasts; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); remains of white slip and red paint on neck. Ht. 6.5/5.5; Th. 6.2/3.0; Wth. 6.0/4.7. Type A3d2 E3/ 13037 Female torso; crack in neck, stomach and one L. 1562 arm; other arm applied to body, holding round Fig. 12:10 object close to bosom; both breasts extant; missing hand also originally held the object; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits (also gravel); white slip, traces of yellow paint. remains of white slip. E 1/1 6360 Fragment of female torso; neck broken; both L. 2028 arms and bottom of pillar broken; tips of breasts broken off; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2); remains of white slip. Ht. 5.5; Th. 4.0/3.3/2.9; Wth. 4.0/3.2/3.3. Type A3e E 1/9284 Female torso; neck and pillar base broken; one L. 1367 hand supporting baby(?) constructed as single piece; other hand missing; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip. Ht. 8.0; Wth. 5.5/3.7. El/16759 Fragment of side of female torso; shoulder; L. 2079 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2). E2/1895 Upper part of female torso; both arms missing; El/15547 Female torso with baby in arms; left hand L. 534 one breast complete, tip of other one broken; Surf. holding baby and right arm supporting it; body signs of application of hand under bosom; Fig. 12:14 relatively round; crack in neck, baby and broken off at neck and stomach; 2.5 YR 6/6; PL 3:12 body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm black core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; white slip. Ht. 5.2; Th. 4.5; Wth. 4.6. E2/1939 Top part of female torso; signs of application L. 544 of head, now missing; arms missing, but hands applied under breasts; body becomes narrower downward; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 2.8; Th. 3.3; grits; white slip. Ht. 4.8; Th. 2.4/3.3/1.6; Wth. 2.6/5.2/2.6. E3/ 15634 Female torso with baby in arms; right hand L. 1927 holding baby, left one supporting it; arms Fig. 12:13 asymmetrical: left one thicker and more PI. 3:11 protruding than right one, which is more withdrawn; crack in neck and lower body; 5 YR 7/4; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 6.7; Th. 3.6/3.1/2.1; Wth. 3.1/5.0/2.6. Wth. 3.2. E2/1997 Upper torso; both breasts; arms missing; body L. 544 becomes narrower downward; no signs of application of hands; broken above bosom; 2.5 G 11059 Human body holding baby vertically in arms, YR 6/6; black core (1); few 0.5 mm grits; L. 903 close to body; crack in neck and bottom of remains of white slip. Ht. 5.7; Th. 4.0; Wth. 4.3. E2/12182 Female torso; crack in neck, arms and under L. 1705 bosom; each hand probably clutched a breast; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip, traces of red paint(?). E3/13192 Fragment of pillar figurine; edge of base L. 1910 broken off, slightly concave; crack in arms, in tip of bosom and in neck; figurine very worn; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2). E3/15578 Female torso; crack in neck, stomach and both L. 1918 arms; large bosom; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits (also 2-3 mm). G 5797 Fragment of upper torso; broken breasts and L. 922 arms; crack in neck and below breasts; rear of figurine broken; 5 YR 7/6; gray core (2); remains of white slip, red paint stripes. G 11067 Torso broken at neck; arms, part of breasts W. 329 and pillar broken; each hand presumably originally under a breast; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip and red paint. Ht. 6.6; Wth. 5.1/3.2. Type A3dl El/10126 Upper part of female torso; crack in neck, L. 1623 arms and from stomach downward; huge breasts Fig. 12:11 with traces of hands that originally supported PI. 3:9 them; hollow pillar apparently wheelmade with arms, breasts, etc. applied later; mass of clay jutting from neck, which was originally inserted into socket; object applied to Fig. 12:12 pillar; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm PI. 3:10 grits; white slip, traces of red paint. Ht. 5.0; Th. 5.5. G 11152 Female torso holding baby horizontally in L. 903 arms, close to body; crack in neck and pillar; Fig. 12:15 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; PI. 3:13 white slip. Ht. 5.4; Wth. 5.7/3.1. Type A3f Dl/12762 Female pillar figurine (?); shoulders; socket L. 433 in place of neck; applied mass of clay in place of breast; other breast broken (?); 10 R 4/8; clay-colored core; remains of white slip. El/2711 Middle of pillar figurine; one arm broken in L. 572 half and protruding; other arm broken from Fig. 13:3 shoulder; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core; 0.5-1 mm PI. 4:2 grits; remains of white slip. Th. 2.5; Wth. 3.0. El/2723 Fragment of female torso; stumps of L. 572 indefinable limbs; 5 YR 7/6; black core; remains of white slip. Wth. 4.0. El/19593 Human torso; base broken; one arm on body, L. 2128 other broken off from shoulder; head missing; Fig. 13:2 no breasts (male?); 7.5 YR 7/4; clay-colored PI. 4:1 core. Ht. 6.1; Th. 2.4; Wth. 4.3/2.85. E2/2779 Fragment of female torso; hands applied; arm L. 553 rounded; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); few 0.25Fig. 13:1 0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Ht. 3.8; Wth. 2.5. E3/ 15570 Female torso; neck and lower part of figurine 47 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 1918 cracked; one hand applied to front of body; other arm broken off at shoulder; scant D2/20352 Base of pillar figurine; base concave and L. 2337 partially broken; top part of pillar missing; remains of object apparent under hand; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Ht. 5.8; Th. 2.3/1.8; Wth. 3.5/6.1/3.3. Type A4a E2/ 12062 Mourning body; back decorated with gray and L. 1485 yellow crosswise paint stripes; head and arms Fig. 13:10 broken; feet small; 5 YR 6/4; light gray core PI. 3:14 (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; traces of white slip painted black and yellow. Ht. 3.5; Wth. 3.2/2.0. E3/ 12938 Mourning body; upper part missing; legs broken L. 1502 off at base; white slip, painted lines along body. Type A5al El/3359/2 Flat base, concave in middle; 7.5 YR 8/4; L. 617 remains of white slip (?). Lth. 2.4; Bse. 4.0; Fig. 13:9 Plr. 1.8. 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.5; Bse. 4.85; Plr. 3.0. D2/20573 Base and part of pillar; base almost flat and L. 2701 slightly defective; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Bse. 4.25; Plr. 2.7. D2/21019 Base and part of pillar; base slightly L. 2765 concave, broken; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 5.25; Plr. 3.25. El/1608/1 Entire base; 2.5 YR 6/4; gray core (1?); remains L. 525 of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Bse. 3.8; Plr. 2.1. El/2636 Partially broken base; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 565 (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; Plr. 3.0. El/3247 Base and fragment of pillar; black core (1); W. 201 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. El/5987/1 Flat base; side broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core 4.1; Bse. 5.0; Plr. 2.6. Surf. (1); many remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Fig. 13:8 Bse. 6.7; Plr. 3.5. El/3412 Black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of L. 618 white slip. Lth. 4.5; Bse. 5.1; Plr. 2.8. E 1/7837 Bottom part of pillar; partially broken; flat L. 1279 base; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm El/3508 Entire base; 2.5 YR 4/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 L. 565 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 4.3; Bse. 4.5; Plr. 2.8. grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.2; Plr. 3.6. L. 1293 base. E 1/3645 Entire base; gray core (1?); remains of white L. 631 slip. Lth. 3.3; Bse. 3.6; Plr. 2.0. Fig. 13:7 PI. 4:4 E 1/9558 Beginning of pillar; base edge broken; flat L. 1381 base; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of E 1/4 127 Bottom part of pillar; base missing; black L. 1324 core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 3.6; Plr. 3.5. E 1/8644 Bottom part of pillar; partially broken; flat white slip. Bse. 4.4. E 1/9661 Base and pillar; base edges broken; 2.5 YR L. 1373 4/8; gray core (1). Lth. 3.5; Bse. 4.0; Plr. 2.5. El/11105 Base and pillar; base straight with broken Surf. edges; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.4; Bse. 4.1; Plr. 3.4. El/5861 Entire base; 10 R 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm L. 663B grits; white slip. Lth. 3.0; Bse. 5.0; Plr. 2.8. El/5933 Entire base; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 L. 1324 mm grits. Lth. 3.8; Bse. 4.2; Plr. 2.5. El /6075 Bottom part of pillar; base and top of pillar L. 1214 broken; 5 YR 7/4; gray core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Plr. 3.5. E 1/20526 Flat base, slightly defective; pillar Surf. fragment; pillar crooked and not perpendicular to base; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.5; Bse. 3.9; Plr. 2.5. Type A5al? El /19602 Rounded pillar base; sides of base worn and L. 2157 broken; flat base; small fragment of pillar; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.1; Bse. 3.4; Plr. 2.7. G 2476/1 Bottom part; flat base; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core L. 742 (1); remains of white paint. Lth. 2.3; Bse. 5.3; Plr. 3.8. Type A5a2 D 1/1 2436 Base and pillar; edges of base broken; base L. 421 slightly concave; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core. Lth. 5.6; Bse. 2.4; Plr. 3.5. Dl/12621 Base and pillar; base slightly concave and L. 422 partially broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); E 1/7833 Bottom part of pillar; concave base with broken L. 1279 side; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.2; Bse. 4.8; Plr. 2.8. E 1/8466 Bottom part of pillar; concave and partially L. 1294 broken base; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.250.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.0; Bse. 4.5; Plr. 3.2. El /9071 Base and pillar; concave base; most of edge L. 675 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 6.8; Bse. 4.2; Plr. 4.0. El/9882 Base and pillar; concave base, almost intact; L. 1392 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 6.8; Bse. 5.5; Plr. 3.0. E 1/9942 Base and pillar; base rounded, concave, and L. 1393 partially broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 7.5; Bse. 3.2; Plr. 4.8. El /10023 Base and pillar; rounded, concave base, almost remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Bse. 5.0; Plr. 3.3. L. 1604 intact; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; D2/ 13660 Base of rounded pillar; bottom part concave; Bse. 4.9; Plr. 2.8. L. 1882 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.0; Bse. 5.7; Plr. 3.6. El/ 10044 Base and pillar; concave base; pillar and base L. 1604 partially broken; 10 R 5/6; black core (1); 48 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 0.125-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.7; Bse. 4.4; Plr. 2.9. E3/ 15930 Base of rounded pillar; bottom part concave L. 1951 and partially broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 1-2 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.9; Bse. 6.2; Plr. 3.8. El/19843 Fragment of pillar figurine; hollow base (?); L. 2182 base destroyed; 2.5 YR 6/8; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Bse. 2.9; Plr. 2.1. E2/1716 Fragment of broken base; black core (1); white L. 537 slip. Lth. 5.1; Plr. 2.5. G 2089/2 Entire base; 5 YR 7/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 L. 710 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 7.2; Fig. 13:6 Bse. 4.6; Plr. 2.8. G 2254 Partially broken base; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core E2/1844 Entire base; black core (2?); 0.5-1 mm grits; L. 736 (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. L. 536 remains of white slip. Lth. 5.2; Bse. 4.8; Plr. 2.6. Lth. 6.2; Bse. 4.5; Plr. 2.6. E2/1925 Base; broken in center; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core L. 537 (2); 1-2 mm grits. Lth. 4.0; Bse. 4.8. E2/1960/1 Entire base; 5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25L. 544 0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Bse. 4.1; Plr. 2.1. E2/1980 Entire base; black core (1); remains of white L. 544 slip. Lth. 3.4; Bse. 3.8; Plr. 2.2. G 2281/1 10 R 4/8; clay-colored core; remains of broad L. 727 stripes of red and yellow paint. Lth. 3.8; Bse. 4.6; Plr. 3.3. G 2409 Only hollow base extant; 2.5 YR 5/8; black L. 742 core (1); wheelmade. Lth. 4.5; Bse. 5.3. G 2428/1 Deep concave base; 5 YR 7/6; gray core (1?); L. 737 1-2 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Bse. 3.8; Plr. 3.0. E2/2604 Entire base; 10 R 5/6; black core; 0.5-1 mm L. 544 grits; white slip. Lth. 8.0; Bse. 5.5; Plr. Fig. 13:5 2.8. G 4574 Base; side broken; 5 YR 7/6; gray core (1); L. 804 remains of white slip. Lth. 7.3; Bse. 5.0; Plr. 3.5. E2/2613 Entire base; 5 YR 6/6; black core; 0.5-1 mm L. 544 grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Bse. G 4630 Entire base; 2.5 YR 5/4; black core (1); remains L. 793 of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Bse. 4.3; Plr. 3.0. 4.3; Plr. 2.5. E2/3334 Bottom part of pillar; base missing; gray core L. 601 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Plr. 2.7. E2/3893 Partially broken base; irregular pillar; 2.5 L. 653 YR 4/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; white Fig. 13:4 slip. Lth. 8.0; Bse. 4.7; Plr. 3.0. PI. 4:3 G 5791 Bottom part of pillar; concave base; broken L. 872 base; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Bse. 4.2; Plr. 2.7. G 8216 Bottom part of pillar; broken, concave base; L. 906 2.5 YR 4/8; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Bse. 3.4; Plr. 2.6. E2/ 12031 Base and pillar; pillar and edge of base L. 1485 partially broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.9; Bse. 5.1; Plr. 3.6. E2/ 12067/8 End of pillar base; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 1492 (1); remains of white slip. G 11061 Base and pillar; concave, intact base; 5 YR L. 903 7/4; gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Bse. 5.0; Plr. 3.2. G 11115 Base and pillar; concave base with broken L. 903 edges; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); white slip. Lth. 5.7; Bse. 4.2; Plr. 3.1. E2/ 12098 Base and pillar; slightly broken edges; 2.5 YR L. 1478 4/8; clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.9; Bse. 4.1; Plr. 2.5. G 11173 Base and pillar; base very concave, intact; L. 903 2.5 YR 6/6; almost clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm E2/12133 Base and pillar; concave base, slightly broken; L. 1703 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; G 11249 Base and pillar; slightly concave base; pillar L. 927 and edge of base partially broken; 2.5 YR 5/8; grits; white slip. Lth. 5.7; Bse. 5.5; Plr. 3.2. gray core (2); many 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.2; Bse. 4.0; Plr. 2.7. remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Bse. 3.8; Plr. 2.9. E3/ 15594 Base of pillar; pillar rounded; base concave L. 1921 and rounded, with slightly broken edges; 2.5 YR 4/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Bse. 4.0; Plr. 2.5. E3/ 15606 Base of pillar; pillar and base rounded; base L. 1927 broken and deeply concave; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white G 15444 Base of pillar; pillar rounded; concave, L. 1114 partially broken base; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits (also 2-3 mm); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.7; Bse. 4.5; Plr. 2.9. G 17504 Edge of base of pillar; concave base; 2.5 YR L. 1114 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Bse. 4.5; Plr. 3.2. slip. Lth. 5.6; Bse. 4.7; Plr. 3.0. E3/15655 Base of rounded pillar; edge of base broken; L. 1924 concave base; 5 YR 7/3; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Bse. 4.2; Plr. 2.5. E3/ 15850 Edge of base of pillar; base slightly concave, L. 1935 broken on one side; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 4.6; Plr. 3.3. H 5240 Pillar fragment with hole; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 1006 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Plr. 3.2. Type A5a2? El/3320 Bottom part of pillar; base missing; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 595 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.4; Plr. 3.0. E 1/4042 Pillar fragment; base missing; 10 R 5/6; black L. 661 core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Plr. 2.8. 49 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El/9355 Pillar and base; edges of base broken; base was L. 1365 presumably slightly concave; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray E3/15738 Part of pillar; broken in half down length; L. 1935 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 5.6; Bse. 3.4; Plr. 2.6. El/ 17323 Base of pillar figurine; bottom part (edges) L. 2035 of 2 base worn; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); E3/ 19072 Base of elliptical pillar figurine; top part L. 2402 broken; also broken around flat base; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 2.74; Bse. 3.6; Plr. 3.3. 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 2.1; Bse. 2.1; Plr. 3.0. E3/ 15591 Rounded base of pillar; concave base with L. 1923 broken edges; 2.5 YR 6/4; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.1; Bse. 4.2; Plr. 3.3. E3/ 15841 Pillar base; pillar rounded; base slightly L. 1955 concave with broken edges; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.4; Plr. 3.1. G 4578 Bottom part of pillar; base missing; 10 R 4/8; L. 790 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.6; Plr. 2.4. Type A5b G 2325 Pillar fragment; broadening at base; 2.5 YR L. 710 5/6; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.6; Plr. 2.8. G 4524 Pillar fragment; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-2 L. 787A mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.7; Plr. 3.1. G 5625 Part of pillar; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); L. 975 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.2; Plr. 3.2. Type A5b? G 2191/1 Pillar fragment (?); hole in bottom part for L. 727 attachment to another part (head?); 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.5; Bse. 3.7; Plr. 6.2. D2/ 13620 Part of rounded pillar; two broken edges, one L. 1868 still containing part of finish; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 5.0; Plr. 8.8. D2/20219 Part of pillar; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (2); 0.5-1 L. 2321 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Plr. 2.7. Type A6 G 4695 Foot extended forward with groove in center; L. 787B plastic decoration of paint stripes across ankle; brown with gray core; minimum width 2; minimum thickness: 1.4. Lth. 3.0; Th. 2.8; El /2780 Pillar fragment; 2.5 YR 5/6; almost clay-colored L. 562 core; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 3.1; Plr. 2.1. El/3525 Part of pillar; 5 YR 7/6; black core (2); L. 565 remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Plr. 2.8. Wth. 2.4. Type A6a D 1/6605 Rider's body; head and one hand broken, other L. 361 hand applied to foot; rider appears to be El/4084 Part of pillar; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (1); 0.5-1 sitting; 2.5 YR 5/8; clay-colored core; 0.5-1 L. 1324 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Plr. 2.5. E 1/4 130 Part of pillar; base missing; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 665 black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Plr. 3.6. E 1/9 103 Pillar and base; edge of base broken; 5 YR Surf. 7/3; clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.8; Bse. 3.3; Plr. 2.4. mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.4; Th. 2.4; Wth. 5.9/3.7. D2/21023 Rider's body; head missing; one arm broken L. 2765 from base; base of other extant; 2.5 YR 6/6. Lth. 4.0; Th. 1.6; Wth. 3.0/2.1. El/3237 Fragment of horse and rider figurine; horse's L. 591 neck and head; mouth broken; hindquarters El/16058 Base of pillar (?); pillar rounded; small part Fig. 13:11 broken in middle of rider's body; rider's hands Surf. of finish on one side; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core PI. 4:7 attached to horse's neck; rider's head missing; (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.9; Plr. 2.8/2.6. 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip; rider: length 5.3; width 2.3. El/ 16564 Part of pillar; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); Head + neck: Lth. 5.4; Th. 1.9; Wth. 2.7. L. 2009 remains of white slip. El/ 16979 Part of pillar; small fragment of base; 5 YR L. 2063 6/4; black core (1); remains of white slip. E I/9444 Rider's body; head broken; one hand intact, L. 1380 other one broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.5; Wth. 4.2/3.3. Lth. 4.3; Plr. 3.8. E2/1875 Bottom part of pillar; base missing; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 519 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.1; Plr. 3.0. E2/1817 Part of pillar; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); L. 1489 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. El/9835 Human body; one hand broken, other one L. 1392 applied to body; crack in neck and lower torso; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.6; Wth. 4.0/3.0. 4.0; Plr. 2.3. E2/7268 Bottom part of pillar; flat base; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1430 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of El /17348 Miniature figurine's torso; presumably rider; L. 2123 head missing; arms broken; bottom part missing; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.0; Th. 0.9; Wth. 2.1/1.5. white slip. Lth. 5.8; Plr. 3.0. E3/ 15660 Part of pillar; beginning of the part L. 1927 broadening toward base; 2.5 YR6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 2.9; Plr. 3.7. E3/ 15684 Fragment of end of pillar base; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1927 black core (1); remains of white slip. E2/2614 Rider's body; head missing; arms and legs L. 544 broken. Fig. 13:13 PI. 4:6 50 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms neck: thickness 3.5; mouth: length 2.8, width 2.1, thickness 2. Lth. 5.0; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.0. E3/ 12933 Rider's body; crack in hands and neck; bottom L. 1561 part concave; signs of application to animal's body; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Th. 2.2/1.8; Wth. 4.2/2.5. G 5517 Animal's head; broken mouth; two holes (eyes?) L. 850 above crack; ears on either side of head; 5 YR Fig. 14:4 7/4; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip; ear: length 1.2; mouth: thickness 0.8, length 2.2; neck: width 2.2. Lth. 2.8; Wth. 2.7/2.2. G 8127 Miniature body of rider; head, legs and arms L. 922 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; core: gray lens in center; 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip, traces of red paint stripes. Lth. 3.4; Th. 1.2; Wth. 2.5. G 11673 Rider's body; crack in arms and neck; bottom L. 967 slightly broken, appears concave; body convex; 2.5 YR 4/8; black core (1). Lth. 5.5; Th. 1.7/1.1; Wth. 2.3. Type Bib El/7806 Hollow head of animal; part of kernos (?); L. 1285 plastic embellishment above eyes; broken mass Fig. 14:6 of clay on top of head; 5 YR 7/4; clay-colored PI. 5:4 core; mouth: width 2.2, length 3.5. Lth. 3.4; Wth. 2.5. Type A6a? Dl/12754 Top part of body broad, lower part narrow; L. 431 hand on bosom; head missing; signs of application to another part from waist down; 10 YR 5/6; clay-colored core. Lth. 6.2; Th. 2.5; Wth. 3.2/5.2. El /14685 Rider figurine(?); shoulder; head broken; L. 1609 other side completely broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); remains of white slip. G 5568 Narrow head with taut, narrow face; button L. 850 eyes applied on either side of head; 10 R 5/6; Fig. 14:7 light brown core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains PI. 5:5 of white slip. Wth. 1.3. Type Blc E2/12141 Hyena's head and neck; ears; mouth ajar; lower L. 1706 jaw missing; upper jaw with nostrils; mass of Fig. 14:9 clay on neck; yellow and red paint stripes on upper jaw and under ear; 10 R 5/6; black core (1); white slip; mouth: thickness 2.2, width 2.8, length 2.4; ear: length 1.3, width 1.4. Lth. 6.4; Th. 3.7/2.8; Wth. 3.6/3.4. G 5789 Miniature body of rider; head and one leg L. 850 broken; hands on either side of body; second Fig. 13:14 leg parallel to hand, but not joined; 5 YR 6/4; clay-colored core; few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.0; Th. 0.8; Wth. 1.0/5.0. Type Bid El/16286 Elephant's head with trunk; holes representing L. 2028 eyes; holes at tip of trunk representing Type A6b D2/20047 Rider's body; head and arms missing; base of L. 2326 one arm; belt around waist; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray Fig. 14:10 nostrils and mouth; tip of trunk pointing PI. 5:8 upward; head cracked; crack at beginning of neck; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm Fig. 13:12 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white grits; remains of white slip. PI. 4:5 slip and red paint. Lth. 5.0; Th. 1.7; Wth. 3.8/2.5. Type Ble Type A7 G 15348 Head of large animal, top rounded; mouth G 11329 Bottom part of plaque figurine, legs pointing L. 1107 slightly pointed; large holes representing L. 915 to side; red slip and burnish. Fig. 14:11 eyes; hole representing nostril in mouth; Fig. 19:1 PI. 5:9 small cracks in head; 2.5 YR 6/6; 0.5-1 mm PI. 9:10 grits. Lth. 5.6; Th. 3.3/4.9; Wth. 2.1/4.0/5.2. Type Bla D 1/6980 Fragment of zoomorphic vessel with animal head Type Blfl L. 422 (bull?); wheelmade with handmade head; small D 1/871 Bird on pillar; intact wings applied on either Fig. 14:5 ears; holes for eyes and nostrils; small L. 316 side of body; head and tail missing; white PI. 5:3 mouth, slightly ajar; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored Fig. 15:4 slip. Lth.5.4; Th. 2.6. core; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 3.4; Th. 3.8; Wth. 2.5. PI. 6:4 D2/13597 Body of bird on pillar; wings, tail and head El/16498 Animal's head; one ear chipped, other one L. 1873 broken; pillar and base not exactly round; L. 2015 completely broken; ears extending sideways; concave base; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 1Fig. 14:2 pointed mouth with groove at tip; wide broken 1.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.6; PI. 5.1 neck; 2.5 YR 5/4; clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip; mouth length: 2.2. Lth. 4.2; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.8/3.2. E3/13031 Animal's head; ears originally small extending L. 1584 to sides; tips of ears broken; broad mouth, Fig. 14:3 ajar, with applied protruding mass of clay PI. 5:2 (tongue?); 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; 0.51 mm grits; white slip. G 4996 Bull's head and neck; stumps of legs; ears on L. 850 either side of head; mouth intact; 2.5 YR 6/6; Fig. 14:1 black core (2); remains of white slip and yellow paint; ear: length 1.5, width 2.8; Th. 2.9/4.2; Wth. 3.9. D2/ 13965 Bird on pillar; tail, neck and wings missing; L. 1819 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 5.8; Th. 2.9. D2/14134 Bird on pillar; wings and tail; head missing; L. 1837 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1) (?); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip, also on base. Lth. 6.2; Th. 4.0/2.1. D2/20290 Delicate, slightly pointed head; very narrow L. 2323 face; beak broken off; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); white slip. Lth. 3.2; Th. 1.5; Wth. 0.7 51 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms E 1/9545 Fragment of bird on small pillar; head and L. 1365 wings broken; tail extant; 2.5 YR 6/6; white Fig. 15:6 slip and traces of red and white paint. Lth. PL 6:2 5.5; Th. 1.9/2.8; Wth. 3.3. El /19592 Rounded head; beak narrow and broken; 5 YR L. 2155 7/4; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.1; Th. 1.7/1.3; Wth. 1.3 E2/12115 Fragment of bird on pillar; head, tail and L. 1497 wings broken; small pillar; part of base Fig. 15:5 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm PL 6:1 grits; white slip, traces of yellow paint. Lth. 7.8; Th. 3.8/2.8; Wth. 5.4/5.2. G 2117 Bird's wing; white slip; traces of red and L. 710 black paint. Fig. 15:10 G 4295 Bird on short pillar; wings broken; head and L. 761 tail missing; 10 R 5/8; black core (2); Fig. 15:9 remains of white slip. Lth. 5.2; Th. 7.4/3.6; Pl. 6:3 Wth. 6.3/3.5. PL 5:15 of white slip (?); ear: width 1.7, length 2.3; mouth: thickness 2, length 2.8. Lth. 6.6; Wth. 3.7/3.0. Type Blj El /10025 Lamb's head; thickened head with short mouth L. 1604 and ears on either side; neck cracked; 2.5 YR Fig. 15:2 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains PL 5:16,21 of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Wth. 4.1/3.8. El/10422 Complete lamb, legs broken. L. 1604 Fig. 15:1 PL 5:19 E 1/10790 Animal's head and beginning of body; narrow L. 1619 neck, broad head; cut-off ears, hollow eyes; Fig. 15:3 slit for open mouth; crack in body and legs; PL 5:20 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Th. 3.2; Wth. 3.0. El/14554 Animal's head; head broad and rounded; taut, L. 1660 small ears; broken mouth; crack in neck; 2.5 G 17609/2 Body of small bird on pillar; wings, tail and YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; L. 1136 head broken; pillar rounded; end of base white slip; traces of red and yellow paint stripes. broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.7; Th. 2.1; Wth. 3.3 El/14658 Animal's head and forequarters; thickened, L. 1660 wide head; tiny ears; broken, originally concave mouth; head and body same width; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip; traces of red paint stripes. Lth. 5.5; Th. 4.5; Wth. 4.2 Type Blf2 D 1/905 Pointed head; neck; taut, pointed mouth; 2.5 L. 317 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; remains of white Fig. 15:8 slip. Lth. 3.2; Th. 1.5/2.4; Wth. 1.5. E3/ 15509 Bird's head; head rounded; taut, pointed L. 1911 mouth; small neck; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); Fig. 15:7 0.125-0.25 mm grits; scant remains of white E2/7168 Thickened head (lamb?); small short mouth; L. 1411 slightly broken ears on either side of head; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip; two black stripes under mouth and around neck. Lth. 3.4; Th. 2.5; Wth. 1.6. Type Blk Type Big E3/15721 Head of hippopotamus; long, relatively flat L. 1933 nose; tip of mouth broadens; applied, Fig. 14:14 protruding eyes; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (1) PL 5:12,17 (?); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4; Th. 1.2; Wth. 1.9/2.2. G 11968 Animal's head; wide mouth, ajar; holes for L. 999 nostrils in upper jaw; beginning of ears; head Fig. 14:15 broken; 5 YR 7/4; gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm PL 5:13,18 grits; few remains of white slip. H 5105 Ears and neck; front part broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1012 clay-colored core; few 0.5 mm grits; remains PL 5:14 of white slip; ear: length 1.9, width 1. Lth. 5.2; Wth. 2.8/2.5. Type Blh E 1/8620 Animal's head and neck; thick neck; small ears L. 1334 on either side of head; one horn broken, other Fig. 14:8 intact with mass of clay on it; traces of PL 5:6 paint on head and horn; 5 YR 7/4; light gray core (2); remains of white slip and red and yellow paint; ear: width 1.9, length 2.6; mouth: thickness 1.8, length 2.2. Lth. 5.2; Wth. 3.4/3.4. Type Bli El/6223 Animal's head and neck; ears on either side of W. 265 head; horns, one broken; mouth intact; 2.5 YR Fig. 14:16 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-2 mm grits; remains slip. El/10073 Animal's head; horns with circular section, L. 1604 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2), few grits; Fig. 14:17 remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Th. 4.0; Wth. PL 5:7 2.5. Type Bll E3/19275 Camel's head, big nose, tiny ears; 2.5 YR 6/6; Surf. black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. Fig. 14:12 5.8; Th. 3.0; Wth. 3.2. PL 5:10 Type Blm E 1/5827 Head of animal (ostrich?); button-shaped eyes L. 680A applied on light-colored circles; eyelashes Fig. 14:13 painted; hollow head; probably part of Pl. 5:11 zoomorphic vessel; remains of white slip, stripes along figurine; 2.5 YR 5/6; claycolored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip on inside. Lth. 5.7; Th. 2.6; Wth. 2.5. Type B2 G 4992 Animal's mouth, divided into two by incision; L. 824 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (1); remains of white slip. Type B2a D 1/6709 Head; ears entirely missing; mouth part L. 374B broken; eyes a 'button' application of clay. Fig. 16:6 D 1/12554 Thickened head; ears and mouth broken; 'mane' L. 421 extending from ears to mouth; 2.5 YR 6/6; 52 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Th. 3.3; Wth. 3.1. D2/20122 Head; ears entirely missing; mouth halfL. 2316 broken; one eye a 'button' application of clay; rows of round stab marks on nape of neck and in front; applied strip of clay along sides; 5 YR 7/4; core: 10 R 6/6. Lth. 4.0; Th. 1.5; Wth. 2.7. E 1/9467 Animal's head and neck; long mouth; short L. 1365 ears; mass of clay between ears and on Fig. 16:5 forehead (mane?); 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.1; Wth. 2.8/2.5. El /16224 Animal's head and neck; details specified; L. 1612 applied eyes with holes in center; ear with slit in center; clay line from nape representing mane; ear and mouth chipped; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.3; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.0/2.2. G 2110 Horse's head and neck; mouth ajar; applied L. 710 button eyes; pricked ears and mane on Fig. 16:4 forehead; protruding nostrils; naturalistic PI. 6:10 style; 10 R 5/6; black core (1); very few grits, Type B2bl El /10256 Animal's head; hollow neck; hole representing L. 1623 mouth; broken ears; stripes of clay applied Fig. 16:1 under mouth, on forehead and behind ears; PI. 6:8 harness on both sides of mouth; applied eyes with holes in center; additional holes representing nostrils; strip of clay applied on forehead between eyes; 10 R 5/6; gray core; 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Th. 3.7; Wth. 3.1. Type B2b2 D 1/6799 Animal's head and neck; broad, open mouth; L. 365 lower jaw broken; eyes specified by mass of clay; broken ears; 10 R 5/6; clay-colored core with dark lens in center; remains of white slip and yellow paint. Lth. 3.2; Wth. 1.8/1.8. El/16001 Horse's head and neck; strips of clay on mouth Surf. and on either side of it (harness); rounded, Fig. 16:2 concave eyes; mane along spine. Lth. 4.4; Th. PI. 6:9 2.2; Wth. 2.5/2.3. El/17285 Entire upper portion missing; ears and eyes; L. 2035 full, long, thin mouth; neck broken; stab marks on one side. Lth. 2.5. Type B2c 0.125-0.25 mm; remains of white slip; mouth: thickness 1.6, width 1.5, length 2; ear: length 1, B 587 Animal's head; head thickened; ears broken; L. 122 mouth rounded, slightly concave at corner; width 0.8. Lth. 5.2; Th. 2.4; Wth. 1.8/2.2. crack in beginning of neck; 2.5 YR 6/8; gray G 2330 Head and neck; mouth ajar; pricked ears; mane core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 2.6; Wth. 3.1. L. 710 down center; applied button eyes; naturalistic Fig. 16:3 style; 10 R 5/6; grayish-red core; remains of PI. 6:11 white slip; mouth: thickness 1.1, width 1.3, length 1.3; ear: length 1, width 0.5. Lth. 3.6; Th. 2.1; Wth. 1.1/1.0. Type B2a-c E3/ 12957 Animal figurine, intact except for legs; head L. 1 563 almost rectangular; very short ears; small Fig. 16:15 mouth, broken at side; concave eyes; tail PI. 7:2 rising, folded and attached to body; 10 R 4/6; white slip. Lth. 7.2; Th. 2.3; Wth. 3.6. Type B2al E 1/2807 Narrow fragment; applied eyes; broken neck; L. 584 traces of red paint above eyes, on mouth, and PI. 6:12 on back of head; 10 R 5/6; gray core; some black in center; remains of white slip and red paint. Lth. 2.4; Th. 5.2; Wth. 2.1. E3/ 13033 Narrow head of horse; ears applied to sides, L. 1562 pointing upward and to rear; trappings and Fig. 16:16 mane; narrow head characteristic of this type; PI. 7:3 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip; traces of red paint. E3/15798 Horse's head (?); clay applied to either side L. 1935 of top of head; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip, red and yellow paint. G 4510 Horse's head with mane; head narrow; mouth L. 787A broken; part of mane broken; base of head Fig. 16:17 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); very few grits, 0.2-0.25 mm; white slip; traces of paint and red stripes across head. G 11156 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); many grits, 0.5-1.5 L. 908 mm; remains of white slip. Dl/985 Head and neck; broken ears; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 317 grayish-red core; remains of white slip; mouth: thickness 1.8, width 1.8, length 2.7. Lth. 3.7; Th. 2.1; Wth. 2.0/2.3. D 1/12470 Animal's head and neck; short, rounded mouth; L. 375 pricked ears (one broken); 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits, some over 3 mm. Lth. 4.1; Wth. 2.7/2.3. D 1 /12473 Animal's head and neck; mouth and ears broken; L. 383 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 2-4 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Wth. 3.0/3.0. D 1/1 2486 Head of small animal; mouth and part of ear L. 425 broken; pricked ears; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 1.5; Wth. 1.8/1.2. Dl/12750 Animal's head; mouth, one ear and neck; other L. 43 1 ear broken; end of neck concave, appearing to PI. 6:16 be join of neck and body; neck rounded; ears drawn back; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); 0.250.5 mm grits; ear: length 1.3; mouth: thickness 2, length 2.5. Lth. 6.4; Th. 3.0; Wth. 3.0. D2/ 13697 Animal's head and neck; ears broken; corner of L. 1876 mouth and part of neck broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.7; Th. 2.3. D 2/13966 Animal's head; mouth intact; two pricked ears, L. 1819 partially broken; neck short and broad; crack Fig. 16:13 in end of neck; small fragment of body extant; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.2; Th. 2.3; Wth. 3.0/2.3. D2/ 14080 Animal's head; mouth broken; pricked ears; L. 1834 crack in neck; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 53 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 5/8; black core; remains of white slip. Lth. 7.2/3.5; Th. 2.06/1.7; Wth. 3.15/2.4/2.1. 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Th. 2.6; Wth. 2.8. D2/14159 Animal's head; mouth and one ear broken; other L. 1846 ear pricked; figurine presumably corroded by D2/20974 Animal's head and neck; ears broken; mouth L. 2755 intact; no facial details specified; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.23; Th. 1.74; Wth. 1.95/2.54. water (?); 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; scant remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Th. 2.3; Wth. 2.5. D2/14161 Animal's head; mouth and ears broken; 5 YR L. 1836 7/6; gray core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. D2/20990 Animal's hindquarters; one leg stump, bottom L. 2705 of other leg broken; tail broken almost from base; flat back; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (1); remains of white slip (?). Lth. 3.7; Th. 2.15; D2/14173 Animal's head; ears missing; corner of mouth L. 1886 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6. Lth. 5.2/3.7; Wth. 3.2/2.6. D2/20205 Animal's head and neck; mouth and ears broken; L. 2322 no facial details specified; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip, traces of red paint. Lth. 4.4; Th. 2.15; Wth. 2.2/2.4. Wth. 3.7. El/2631 Animal's head and neck; ears missing; 5 YR L. 565 7/4; gray core; white slip on most of figurine. Lth. 4.1; Th. 1.7; Wth. 2.2/1.7. El/3383 Head, front portion broken; ear broken; yellow L. 617 stripe under ear; paint stripes on neck: red, yellow, red; 5 YR 7/6; grayish-black core (2); few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; completely covered with white slip. Lth. 4.2; Wth. 2.7/2.9. D2/20214 Animal's head and neck; one part broken; one L. 2324 ear pricked and short; long, broken, mouth; no facial details specified; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Wth. 1.7. El/3384 Animal's head; one side broken; one ear L. 609 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); very few D2/20224 Animal's head and neck; mouth and ears broken; L. 2323 no facial details specified; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip and red paint (stripes on nose). Lth. 3.6; Th. 1.65; Wth. 1.6/2.1. D2/20258 Head and neck; mouth and ears missing; coarse L. 2324 material; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); many 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.4; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.0/3.9. D2/20339 Animal's head and neck; ears small, pricked; L. 2323 one ear broken; mouth small; no facial details specified; part of neck broken; red painted stripe on head; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip and red paint. Lth. 3.3; Th. 1.0; Wth. 1.3/1.7. D2/20350 Animal's head and neck; ears broken; large L. 23 1 1 mouth with round, flat tip; no facial details specified; 2.5 YR 4/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Th. 1.5; Wth. 1.35/1.6. grits, 0.25-0.5 mm; remains of white slip; mouth: thickness 1.5, width 1.8, length 2.2; ear: length 1.6, width 1.2. Lth. 2.5; Th. 2.4; Wth. 2.4/2.2. El/3498 Head and neck; mouth and ear broken; 2.5 YR L. 1310 6/6; black core (1); many coarse 0.5-4 mm grits; mouth: thickness 1.3, width 1.4, length 1.9. Lth. 3.9; Th. 2.7; Wth. 3.3/3.0. E 1/3663 Head and small fragment of neck; one ear L. 618 missing; 5 YR 8/4; clay-colored core; 0.25-1 mm grits. Lth. 2.7; Th. 1.6; Wth. 2.0/2.2. E 1/3744 Head; ear broken; mouth intact, coarsely L. 618 worked; 5 YR 7/6; black core (2); few 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 1.8; Wth. 2.6. El/3748 Head and neck: broken mouth and ears; traces L. 619 of red and yellow stripes on rear of head; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.9; Th. 2.4; Wth. 3.0/2.7. El/3989 Animal's head; ears broken; mouth intact; 2.5 D2/20587 Fragment of animal's body; legs, tail and neck L. 663A . YR 6/6; grayish-black core (2); remains of L. 2707 broken; back slightly convex; 5 YR 7/6; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.85; Th. 2.75; Wth. 2.65. D2/20627 Animal's head (?); ears and mouth broken from L. 2708 base; ears worn, though white paint hides damage; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.4/2.9. D2/20677 Animal's head and neck; mouth intact but L. 2711 damaged; top portion of head broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; many 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.75; Th. 2.3; Wth. 2.4/2.6. D2/20801 Animal's body, neck and head; ears small and L. 2711 pricked (one broken); mouth broken; no facial Fig. 16:11 details specified; base of four legs; 2.5 YR white slip. Lth. 2.2; Wth. 2.2 El/4003 Head and neck: ear and mouth missing; 2.5 YR L. 652 6/8; black core (1); very few 0.125-0.5 mm grits; traces of white slip; ear: length 1.3, width 1. Lth. 5.2; Th. 2.4; Wth. 3.1/2.5. El/4125 Head and neck; ears and mouth broken; 2.5 YR Surf. 6/6; black core (1); very few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. El/4190 Head and small part of neck; ears broken; 2.5 L. 1643 YR 6/6; gray core; many 0.5-1 mm grits; mouth: thickness 1.8, width 2.1, length 2.6. Lth. 2.7; Th. 2.5; Wth. 2.8/2.7. El/6279 Animal's head; mouth intact; pricked ears; L. 1270 crack in beginning of neck; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); remains of white slip. 54 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El/6325 Animal's head and neck; ears and mouth broken; L. 1270 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. El/7990 Animal's head, neck and part of body; ears and L. 1305 mouth broken; brown clay; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); few 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.1; Th. 2.4; Wth. 1.8. El/8563 Animal's head and neck; body cracked; face and W. 276 ears broken; base of legs extant; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip (slightly charred). Lth. 6.2; Wth. 2.6. E 1/9422 Horse's head and neck; elongated mouth; one L. 1324 ear completely broken; other ear partially broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Wth. 3.3/2.9. E 1/9463 Animal's head and neck; mouth and ears L. 1381 partially broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; many grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Wth. 2.6/2.5. El/9506 Horse's head, neck, and beginning of body; L. 1324 ears broken; mouth rounded, beginning of one leg; 5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.2; Wth. 3.0/2.6. E 1/9890 Horse's head and neck; ears broken; rounded L. 1392 mouth; 5 YR 7/6; light gray core (1); 0.5-1.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.6; Wth. 3.2/2.6. E 1/9895 Upper portion of animal's head (from forehead L. 1392 up); only base of ears extant; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Th. 1.6; Wth. 2.4. El/9960 Horse's head and neck; one ear broken; other L. 1602 ear pricked; short mouth; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Wth. 2.5/2.5. El /10001 Animal's head and neck; mouth and ears L. 1393 completely broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 5.0; Wth. 3.3/3.0. El/10035 Animal's head and neck; brown clay; ears L. 1604 broken; rounded, short mouth; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits (also smaller particles); remains of white slip. El /10433 Animal's head and neck; mouth rounded; ears L. 1604 broken; neck thickened; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 6.1; Th. 3.3; Wth. 3.5/2.7. El/ 10453 Animal's head; mouth broken; pricked ears; one L. 1604 ear slightly broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; dark gray core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.2; Wth. 2.7. El /10520 Animal's head; mouth rounded; pricked ears L. 1604 (one broken); crack in neck; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray Fig. 16:10 core (2);0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.7; Th. 2.3; Wth. 2.9/2.7. El/10539 Animal's head; long, rounded mouth; ears L. 1618 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; scant remains of white slip. Lth. 2.1. E 1/10540 Top portion of animal's head; ears survive; L. 1604 mouth and neck broken; pricked ears; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; scant remains of white slip. E 1/10544 Animal's head; mouth partially broken; one ear L. 1604 broken; other ear pricked; crack in neck; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); scant remains of white slip. Lth. 4.1; Th. 2.4; Wth. 2.2. El/10638 Animal's head; rounded, long mouth; ears L. 1646 broken; thin head; neck widens out; 10 YR 4/6; black core (1); scant remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.2. El/10662 Animal's head; small, rounded mouth; L. 1636 incomplete, pricked ears; crack at end of neck; 5 YR 6/4; clay-colored core; 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Th. 2.0; Wth. 2.5. El /10733 Thickened, coarsely made animal's head; mouth L. 1646 and one ear broken; crack in neck; pricked ear; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits (also some 2-4 mm). Lth. 4.0; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.0. El/10782 Animal's head; mouth drawn outward; ears L. 1646 broken; narrow neck; 10 R 4/6; black core (1); scant remains of white slip. Lth. 3.2; Th. 2.-2; Wth. 1.9. Wth. 1.7/1.8, El/10184 Animal's head; tip of mouth broken; ears L. 1625 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); white slip, traces of red and yellow paint. Lth. 4.0; Th. 1.8; Wth. 2.5. El /10261 Animal's head; mouth broken; pricked ears L. 1604 (broken at tip); 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); few 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip, yellow paint on mouth. Lth. 5.5; Th. 3.0; Wth. 3.3. El/ 10264 Animal's head; mouth and ears broken; L. 1626 apparently small animal; clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.2; Th. 2.4; Wth. 2.6. El/10335 Animal's head and forequarters; small, narrow L. 1618 head; small, broken ears; mouth broken; narrow neck, widening out; stout, rounded body; legs El/11360 Animal's head; thickened mouth; ears broken; Surf. 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.6; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.8. El /16231 Animal's head and part of neck; ears L. 2024A completely broken; mouth rounded with flat tip; 5 YR 7/4; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.6/2.7. El/ 16247 Animal's head; ears and mouth broken; 2.5 YR L. 2028 6/6; gray core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; Th. 2.0; Wth. 2.2. El/16283 Animal's head and neck; rear part of head and L. 2028 neck broken; mouth large and thickened; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.8. 55 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El/16583 Animal's head; almost completely round mouth; L. 2047 thickening at either side of head; 5 YR 7/3; PI. 6:5 clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; burnished (?). Lth. 6.7; Th. 2/2.1/3.6; Wth. 3.1/2.4/2.7. El/16584 Animal's head and neck; one ear broken at tip; L. 2116 mouth rounded; 2.5 YR 4/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.6/2.4/2.8. El/ 16854 Animal's head and neck; mouth and part of ears L. 2035 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Th. 2.6. El /16925 Animal's head; ears and mouth broken; neck L. 2062 rounded; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Th. 2.5; Wth. 2.4/2.6. E 1/1 9586 Animal's head and neck; one side of head L. 2122 broken; ears missing; large mouth, pointing downward; no facial details specified; 2.5 YR L. 544 one missing; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (2); 0.250.5 mm grits; remains of white slip; mouth: thickness 1.8, width 2, length 2.5. Lth. 5.0; Wth. 3.0/2.8. E2/2844 Animal's head; mouth and ears broken; 5 YR L. 1460 7/4; gray core (1); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip(?). Lth. 2.3; Wth. 3.4. E2/3372 Head and neck: one ear completely broken; L. 601 other ear broken in half; mouth broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.8; Th. 2.4; Wth. 2.8/2.4. E2/7250 Animal's head; mouth intact; thickening at L. 1431 edge; ears broken; crack in neck; 10 R 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Wth. 2.7/2.6. E2/ 12089 Animal's head and neck; long mouth; ears L. 1496 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; light gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Wth. 3.0/2.1. 5/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of E2/12183 Animal's head, neck and beginning of body; white slip. Lth. 4.8; Th. 1.5; Wth. 1.5/2.0. L. 1709 mouth and one ear completely broken; tip of E 1/20 125 Animal's head and neck; mouth broken; ears Surf. partially broken; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.1; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.9/3.5. El/20358 Animal's head; extremely long mouth; pricked Surf. ears (one completely broken, the other one partially broken); no facial details specified; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.0; Wth. 2.0. E2/ 1226/1 Head and neck; mouth missing; 2.5 YR 6/6; no L. 510 grits; black core (1); traces of white slip; mouth: thickness 1.8, width 2.1, length 2.6. Lth. 4.6; Th. 2.6; Wth. 1.8/2.7. E2/1645 Head and neck; head defective; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 510 black core (1); few 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 6.1; Th. 2.3; Wth. 3.8/3.0. E2/1834 Head; one ear missing; 10 R 5/6; grayish-black L. 1489 core; white slip on head; mouth: thickness 2.2, width 1.9, length 2.3; ear: length 1.5, width 1.2. Lth. 3.0; Th. 2.3; Wth. 2.7/2.7. E2/1842 Head and part of neck: ears missing; 2.5 YR L. 536 6/6; gray core; few 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip; mouth: thickness 2.2, width 1.9, length 2.3; ear: length 1.5, width 1.2. Lth. 3.0; Th. 2.3; Wth. 2.7/2.7. E2/ 186 1/2 Head and small portion of neck; 5 YR 7/4; L. 546 grayish-black core (1); mouth: thickness 1.8, width 1.7, length 3.1; ear: length 1.1, width 1.2. Lth. 2.7; Th. 1.9; Wth. 2.3/2.6. E2/1874 Head and neck; ears and mouth missing; 2.5 YR L. 1489 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip.; Th. 5.9; Th. 2.9; Wth. 3.1/2.1. E2/1912 Head and neck: ears and mouth missing; 2.5 YR L. 544 6/6; grayish-black core (2); 0.5-2 mm grits; remains of white slip, painted red; mouth: thickness 2.3, width 2.5, length 3.4. Lth. 6.3; Th. 2.7; Wth. 3.2/3.1. E2/1999 Head and part of neck; one ear broken, other other ear broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-2 mm grits; remains of white slip; ear: width 1.5, length 1.6. Lth. 6.5; Wth. 3.5/3.1. E3/ 12808 Animal's head and neck; ears broken; long, L. 1557 rounded mouth; 5 YR 7/4; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.4; Wth. 2.7/2.5. E3/ 13074 Animal's head; mouth and one ear broken; other L. 1588 ear pricked; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); many 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.1; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.2. E3/15580 Animal's head; corner of mouth broken; part of L. 1920 neck broken; pricked ears; neck broadening downward; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Th. 1.7; Wth. 1.7/2.0. E3/ 15603 Animal's head and part of neck; ears broken; L. 1923 corner of mouth broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.1; Wth. 2.1/2.4. E3/ 15637 Animal's head and part of neck; ears L. 1923 completely broken; mouth rounded; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.2; Wth. 2.5. E3/ 15666 Animal's head and part of neck; ears and part L. 1923 of head broken; tip of mouth broken; corner of mouth pointed; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.3; Th. 2.3; Wth. 2.5/3.0. E3/15773 Animal's head and neck; mouth broken; ear L. 1936 partially broken; pricked ears; neck rounded; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.2. E3/ 15785 Animal's head and neck; one ear completely L. 1944 broken; tip of other ear and corner of mouth broken; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.4; Th. 2.7; Wth. 2.9/3.1. E3/15864 Animal's head and neck; ears and mouth broken; 56 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 1934 neck broad; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.4; Th. 2.4; Wth. 2.7/3.7. E3/ 19089 Animal's head; ears missing; short, rounded L. 2402/3 mouth; no facial details specified; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.7; Th. 2.0; Wth. 1.9/2.0. G 2006/1 Head and neck; ears missing; 10 R 5/6; black L. 701 core (1); very few 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Th. 2.9; Wth. 3.0. G 2120 Head and neck; mouth survived; ears missing; L. 717 10 R 4/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; Th. 2.6; Wth. 2.7. G 2197 Head and neck; ears missing; 5 YR 6/6; gray L. 732 core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Th. 2.4; Wth. 2.0/2.1. G 2548 Head and long neck; ears; 2.5 YR 6/6; black L. 742 core (1); few 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip; ear: length 1.2, width 1.2. Lth. 5.9; Th. 2.1; Wth. 2.5/2.2. G 4268 Head, neck and part of body; ears missing; L. 727 short mouth; 2.5 YR 6/6; grayish-black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.2; Wth. 1.6. G 4307 Head, mouth and neck; ears missing; 2.5 YR L. 761 6/6; black core (1); 0.125-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip; mouth: thickness 1.5, width 1.5, length 2.4. Lth. 3.6; Th. 2.1; Wth. 2.2/2.1. G 4788 Animal's head and body; thick body; small head L. 823 in relation to body; no neck; head applied to body; mouth intact; ears broken; 7.5 YR 7/4; gray core (1); external side burnt (?). Lth. 4.4; Th. 2.1; Wth. 2.5/3.7. G 4930 Animal's head and forequarters broken; crack L. 798 at beginning of body; mouth and one ear completely broken; other ear partially survived; 10 R 6/6; black core (1); very few 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.3; Wth. 3.5/2.8. G 4947 Animal's head and neck; one ear broken; other L. 824 ear pricked; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (1); few 1-2 mm grits; remains of white slip; mouth: length 2.1, width 1.8, thickness 2.5. Lth. 4.6; Th. 2.8; Wth. 2.4/1.3. G 5559 Horse's head and neck; ears broken; part of L. 804 mouth broken; 10 R 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip, broad red and yellow painted stripes. Lth. 5.7; Th. 2.1; Wth. 3.4/2.6. G 5750 Animal's head and neck; face intact; pricked L. 872 ears; broad neck; 5 YR 7/3; black core (2); few 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.1; Th. 3.3. G 8189 Animal's head; intact mouth, which gradually L. 881 thickens; ears broken; broadening neck; 10 R 5/6; black core (1); many 0.5-2 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Wth. 3.0/2.9. G 11083 Animal's head and neck; beginning of body and L. 886 leg stumps; mouth and ears completely broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.5; Wth. 3.5/2.8. G 11137 Animal's head; one ear broken; other ear L. 918 pricked; long mouth; 5 YR 7/6; clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 1.8; Wth. 2.2. G 1 1 160 Animal's head, neck and beginning of body; L. 920 mouth and ears broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-2 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 7.9; Wth. 3.5/3.2. G 11269 Slightly thickened animal's head; ears and L. 927 mouth broken; 2.5 YR 6/4; clay-colored core; darker lens in center; 0.5-3 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.2; Wth. 2.5/2.4. G 11390 Animal's head and neck; mouth thickened; ears L. 950 missing; clay mass (rider's hand?) applied to ear on left of head, but not on right; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.1; Th. 2.3; Wth. 2.8. G 11406 Animal's head; thickened mouth; ears shaped by L. 960 stretching and pinching the clay (not by long pinches); 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.7; Th. 2.7; Wth. 2.1. G 11435 Animal's head; long, rounded mouth; ears L. 960 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Th. 2.4; Wth. 2.5. G 1 1453 Animal's head and forequarters; head and mouth L. 975 raised; ears broken; rounded, slightly concave, mouth; short neck; one leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/4-6/2; gray core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; Th. 1.6; Wth. 2.9/1.6. G 11463 Animal's head; mouth and ears broken; crack in L. 903 end of neck; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.4; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.1/2.7. G 11675 Animal's head and beginning of body; elongated L. 964 mouth; one ear short and pricked; other ear missing; neck broadens downward; signs of appliqué on body, close to neck; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; scant remains of white slip. Lth. 5.6; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.5/3.2. G 15465 Animal's head and neck; mouth and part of one L. 1114 ear broken; other ear pricked; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.9; Th. 2.6; Wth. 3.1/3.2. G 15487 Animal's head; ears and part of neck broken; L. 1114 2.5 YR 7/3; gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.1; Wth. 1.8/1.8. G 17554/1 Animal's head and part of neck; tips of ears L. 1122A broken; mouth broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.1; Th. 2.1; Wth. 2.5/2.5. G 17559 Animal's head and beginning of neck; ears L. 1122A pricked; mouth rounded; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 1-2 mm grits; remains of white slip; mouth: thickness 1.8, length 2.3. Lth. 3.2; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.2/2.6. 57 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms H 5049 Animal's head; upper half of head; mouth L. 1008 broken; straight, pricked ears; 7.5 YR 7/4; 6/6; light-colored core; 0.2-0.25 mm grits; white slip, red and yellow painted stripes. Lth. 6.5; Wth. 3.1/2.8. remains of white slip. H 5110 Head and neck; traces of application of head L. 1011 to body; one ear missing; 5 YR 6/6; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; mouth: thickness 1.7, width 1.6, length 1.6; ear: length 1.4, width 1. Lth. 2.1; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.6/2.4. H 5302 Head and neck; ears and mouth survived; traces L. 1039 of damage at place where head was applied to Fig. 16:9 body; 2.5 YR 5/6; reddish core with black PI. 6:14 center; few 0.125-0.25 mm grits; scant remains Type B2c-a El/19594 Head and neck; mouth and ears missing; front L. 2128 portion of lower neck broken; mane on nape; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); traces of white slip. Lth. 7.8; Th. 2.6; Wth. 2.5/2.8. G 8180 Horse's head and part of neck; pricked ears; L. 901 mouth intact; pinched behind neck (indicating mane?); 10 R 5/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip, red painted of white slip. Lth. 4.1; Wth. 2.7/2.6. H 5460 Head and neck; ears missing; 10 R 5/6; black L. 1051 core (1); very few grits; 0.25-1 mm grits; mouth: thickness 2.2, width 2.2, length 2.8. Lth. 3.8; Th. 2.5; Wth. 3.6/3.2. Type B2c? D2/14154 Animal's head; crack in tip of mouth and in L. 1844 neck; one ear almost completely intact (pricked); other ear missing; clay applied on either side of head, extending to the back (rider's hands?); 2.5 YR 5/4; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; scant remains of white slip. D2/20259 Animal's head (?); face completely destroyed, L. 2324 but shape of rear part suggests an animal; 5 YR 7/4; black core (1); 1-2 mm grits. Lth. 4.0; Th. 1.0; Wth. 2.5. El/10148 Fragment of animal's head; ears broken off; L. 1602 mouth broken; 2.5 YR 5/4; black core (1); white 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.0; Th. 2.5; Wth. 2.8. El /10206 Animal's head; mouth broken; pricked ears, L. 1611 defective at rear; crack in neck; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits. El/ 14371 Animal's head; both ears pricked; side of L. 1618 mouth broken; crack in neck; strip of clay applied to mouth (harness?); 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. El/16606 Animal's head; ears and most of mouth broken; L. 2046 neck broken off; 2.5 YR5/8; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8. E2/1770 Thick neck; narrow mouth; upper part of head L. 519 missing; 5 YR 6/6; black core (1); almost entire region covered with white slip and red and yellow paint stripes along neck. Lth. 4.5; Th. 2.5/3.8; Wth. 1.5. E2/2736 Animal's head; ears and mouth broken; 2.5 YR L. 563 6/6; core: 7.5 YR 7/4; few 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 2.8; Wth. 2.4. E2/3530 Mouth and neck; entire rear portion of head L. 1489 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); coarse 0.5-2 mm grits; remains of white slip. E3/ 12963 Animal's head; one side missing; beginning of L. 1557 mouth; ears missing; negative of originally applied rider's hand on right side of head; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); white slip. G 11049 Animal's head, neck and beginning of body; L. 906 ears, mouth and legs completely broken; 10 R stripe at beginning of mouth (presumably harness). Lth. 3.1; Th. 2.6. Type B2cl E 1/34 18 Head, neck and ears; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 619 (2); few 0.2-0.25 mm grits; white slip; red Fig. 16:8 stripes above mouth, around ears and on neck; PI. 6:13 yellow stripe under ear. Lth. 3.4; Th. 2.0; Wth. 2.2/2.0. E 1/9377 Animal's head and neck; long, rounded mouth; L. 1376 ears broken; 2.5 YR 6/4; gray core (2); white Fig. 16:7 slip, red and yellow painted stripes across mouth. Lth. 3.4; Wth. 2.2/2.0. El/9637 Hollow head of animal; mouth broken; small, L. 1381 pricked ears; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.52 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Wth. 3.0. Type B2d D2/20327 Head of horse; zoomorphic vessel; facial L. 2309 details specified by painting; white slip, red Fig. 15:11 and black paint. PI. 6:7 D2/21062 Head of horse; zoomorphic vessel; facial L. 2759 details specified; button eyes; ears appear Fig. 15:12 folded; mouth ajar; neck with rope-like stripes; base of neck broadens slightly; 2.5 YR 6/6. Lth. 3.6; Th. 2.33/1.9; Wth. 1.75/2.2. E 1/36 15 Hollow mouth of animal; 5 YR 7/4; clay-colored L. 618 core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip; spout opening: 0.4. Lth. 3.2; Wth. 1.7. El/9352 Animal's head; part of zoomorphic vessel; L. 1394 hollow, round mouth; base of neck greatly Fig. 15:13 " widens; traces of soot on part of neck; PI. 6:6 applied eyes; ears broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; claycolored core; many 0.125-0.25 mm grits; traces of soot. Lth. 4.0; Th. 3.2; Wth. 2.4. E3/ 19043 Head; part of zoomorphic vessel; one eye L. 1957 engraved; two crossed lines above round mouth; top portion of head and neck missing; 5 YR 7/4; gray core (1); burnished. Lth. 3.3; Wth. 3.3. G 2208/1 Spout of hollow vessel; applied button eyes; L. 725 thin layer colored 7.5 YR 8/2; 2.5 YR 6/6 core; many 0.25-2 mm grits; width of spout opening: 0.6. Lth. 3.6; Wth. 2.5. G 2278 Animal's head; beginning of legs; hollow; thin L. 727 grayish (7.5 YR 8/2) covering layer; 2.5 YR 7/4 core; many 0.25-2 mm grits. Lth. 3.3. 58 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Type B2e-f Type B2e Dl/6715 Horse's head; ears and mouth broken; traces of L. 376 rider's hands applied on either side of head; El/3485 Head and neck; tip of mouth broken; one ear L. 62 IB missing; remains of application (end of rider?); gray core; 0.25^ mm grits; white slip covering entire region, painted red and yellow. Lth. 3.0; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.6/3.2. 10 R 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-2 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.5; Th. 2.3; Wth. 3.4. El /61 31 Horse's head; ears and mouth broken; traces ofType B2f El/16056 Animal's head and neck; tips of ears broken; L. 1222 rider's hands applied on either side of head; W. 241 mouth rounded, intact; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core 2.5 YR 6/6; dark gray core (2); coarse 0.25-3 PI. 6:17 (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip, traces of mm grits. Lth. 4.2; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.3. El/6350 Probably animal's head and neck; traces of L. 1358 rider's hands (?) applied on either side of neck; mouth and ears broken; 7.5 YR 7/4; gray core; burnt on outside. Lth. 5.6; Wth. 2.5. El/8653 Horse's head; ears and mouth broken; traces of L. 1321 rider's hands applied to either side of head; 7.5 YR 7/6; black core; burnt on outside (or chemical erosion?). Lth. 6.9; Wth. 3.4. El/14565 Animal's head and neck; mouth, one ear and L. 1650 side of head missing; fragment of rider's hand applied to mouth on side with ear; neck widens to body; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 5.6; Th. 2.6. E2/7009 Animal's head; ears pricked and intact; mouth L. 1402 broken in middle; broad neck; traces of rider's hands (?) applied on either side of head; 10 R 5/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.1; Wth. 3.4/3.1. G 2039 Head; broken ears and mouth; 2.5 YR 6/6; black L. 710 core (1); no grits evident. Lth. 3.4; Th. 2.4; Wth. 2.3/3.3. G 2164 Animal's head, neck and part of body; traces L. 724 of rider on body; ears broken; one hand Fig. 16:12 applied below ear; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); PI. 6:15 0.5-1 mm grits; few quartz grits; remains of white paint. Lth. 3.7/6.7; Th. 2.4/2.2; Wth. 4.4/2.3. G 2319 Head with mouth; ears missing; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 710 gray core; 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.5; Wth. 2.4. G 5514 Head, neck and part of body; mouth and ears L. 827 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.9; Th. 2.7; Wth. 2.9. G 11214 Animal's head and neck; mouth rounded; one ear L. 928 completely broken; tip of other ear broken; remains of rider(?) applied to either side of head; 5 YR 7/4; black core (1); 0.5-2 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.9; Wth. 2.2/2.3. Type B2e? D 1/6747 Animal's head and neck; ears and mouth broken; L. 385 neck broadens toward body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1.5 mm grits. Lth. 6.0; Th. 3.2; Wth. 2.3. E3/ 19063 Probably animal's head; face broken(?); L. 2402/2 rider's hands applied to sides (?); 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Th. 2.0; Wth. 1.9. red and yellow painted stripes on nose. Lth. 3.7; Th. 2.0; Wth. 2.9/2.8. E2/1738 Head, ears and long mouth; 5 YR 7/6; clay- L. 519 colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip, red and yellow paint. Lth. 2.0; Wth. 2.3. E2/1802 Head and neck; mouth missing; 5 YR 7/6; dark L. 1489 gray core; white slip, red and yellow painted stripes. Lth. 3.7; Th. 2.0; Wth. 2.5/2.7. Type B2? El/10099 Animal's head; very long mouth; ears broken L. 1602 off; 2.5 YR 6/6; light-colored core; many grits, 0.5-1 mm; white slip, traces of red and yellow painted stripes across mouth. Type B3a D 1/892 Intact body; stumps of legs; neck rounded; L. 317 prominent tail, applied between legs; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; scant remains of white slip. Lth. 8.6; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.1. D 1/1 140 Almost full-length body; legs missing; neck L. 328 and tail extant; back rounded; 2.5 YR 6/8; grayish-black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 9.6; Th. 5.1; Wth. 3.2. D 1/6664 Body and neck; head missing; tail and legs L. 367 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.8; Th. 4.0/3.4; Wth. 5.2. D 1/6793 Full-length body; head and neck missing; legs L. 386 broken; tail extended slightly and folded to side; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 7.9; Th. 2.2; Wth. 4.4. D 1/12637 Almost intact body of horse; head and legs L. 431 missing; tail rising slightly, then falling (applied to body); brownish-red clay with small grits; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2); 0.1250.25 mm grits. Lth. 5.8; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.4. D 1/1 3305 Full-length animal's body; neck and legs L. 469 broken; tail rising slightly, applied to body; 10 R 4/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 11.5; Th. 3.7; Wth. 5.2/4.2. D2/13529 Animal's body; crack in legs and neck; tip of L. 1888 tail broken; flat body; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. D2/ 13732 Animal's body; crack in legs and neck; tail L. 1890 rising slightly, then falling, applied to body between legs; small, rounded body; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (2); remains of white slip (?). Lth. 6.2; Th. 2.5; Wth. 3.1. 59 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms D2/14108 Full-length body; beginning of neck; legs and L. 1834 tail broken; 2.$ YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip, few traces of yellow paint. Lth. 7.2; Th. 2.1; Wth. 4.3. D2/20156 Body; neck missing; one fore leg intact; tail L. 2319 broken, but with discernible base; 2.5 YR 6/6; remains of white slip; leg: width 0.75, length 1.5. Lth. 4.6; Th. 1.35; Wth. 1.9. D2/21017 Full-length body; hind legs and tail; fore L. 2759 legs broken; neck broken; thin body; 10 R 6/6; black core (1?). Lth. 7.0; Th. 2.21; Wth. 2.8/2.0. El Intact body; head and legs missing; drawn tail Surf. extending outwards, broken at tip; 5 YR 6/4; gray core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Th. 6.7 E 1/3475 Full-length body; stumps of legs; beginning of L. 618 neck; flat back; 5 YR 8/4; gray core (1); 0.5- light-colored core. Lth. 9.1; Th. 2.6/2.2; Wth. 3.5/3.2. El /10364 Almost intact body; beginning of neck; hind L. 1610 legs broken; tail apparently was applied, now broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 5.3; Th. 2.1/2.2; Wth. 3.7. El/10686 Full-length body; neck and tail broken; 2.5 YR L. 1636 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 7.2; Th. 2.3; Wth. 4.2/3.6. E2/3085 Almost intact body; head and legs missing; L. 1485 thickened body; tip of tail broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); coarse 0.5 to 4-5 mm grits. Lth. 9.4; Th. 3.4; Wth. 4.4. E2/ 12048 Almost intact body of horse; head and legs L. 1467 missing; tip of tail broken; 2.5 YR 4/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.4; Wth. 3.3/2.8. E2/ 12251 Almost complete body of horse; head, legs and 2 mm grits; remains of white slip and red paint at base of neck. Lth. 7.0; Th. 2.3; Wth. 4.0. L. 1712 tail missing; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.3; Th. 2.4; Wth. 3.1. E 1/3733 Intact body; stumps of legs; beginning of L. 637 neck; drawn protruding tail; rounded back; 2.5 Fig. 17:6 YR 5/8; grayish-black core (1); many 0.25-0.5 PI. 8:8 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.8; Th. 2.0; Wth. 3.8. El/3788 Intact body; beginning of neck; stumps of L. 646 legs; rounded back; tail broken; 10 R 5/6; E3/7767 Almost complete body of horse; head and three L. 1534 legs missing; thickened, short, rising tail; 5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.20-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.5; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.7. E3/ 13085 Full-length animal's body; neck, legs and tail L. 1588 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.7; Th. 2.5; Wth. 3.5. grits; remains of white slip. 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.6; Th. 1.2; Wth. 0.5. clay-colored core; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 7.7; Th. 2.3; Wth. 4.6. E3/15516 Full-length body; beginning of neck; two legs E 1/60 10 Full-length body; stumps of legs; beginning of L. 1910 partially preserved; other two legs completely broken; tail also broken off; 2.5 YR 6/6; Surf. neck; tail broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); El/6357 Intact body; beginning of head; two legs L. 1373 broken, other two intact; tail drawn and Fig. 17:5 folded, applied to body; 2.5 YR 6/6; black PI. 8:7 core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 6.7/2.3; Th. 2.3; Wth. 2.5. E 1/63 81 Intact body; head and legs broken; drawn tail L. 1270 extending outward; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.4; Th. 2.1; Wth. 2.2. E 1/6496 Headless body; stumps of legs; short tail; 5 L. 1279 YR 7/6; black core (1); remains of white slip (or result of chemical process?). Lth. 8.2; Th. 2.6; Wth. 3.9. E 1/7953 Body; neck and legs missing; short tail; black L. 1296 core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 9.2; Th. 2.4; Wth. 4.2. E3/ 15681 Animal's body; crack in legs, neck and tail; L. 1935 body extremely flat; 10 R 5/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.9; Th. 2.7; Wth. 4.8/4.5. E3/15699 Small animal's body; crack in neck, legs and L. 1927 tip of tail; 5 YR 7/6; light gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Th. 1.8; Wth. 3.0. E3/ 15741 Animal's body; crack in legs, neck and tip of L. 1935 tail; flat body; tail rising slightly; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 6.0; Th. 1.7; Wth. 3.3. G 2007 Intact body; stumps of legs; beginning of L. 703 neck; folded tail applied between legs; rounded back; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-1 mm grits. Lth. 5.7; Th. 2.4; Wth. 2.3. E 1/9430 Full-length horse's body, including head; 5 YR L. 1380 7/4; clay-colored core; grits and gravel (2 Fig. 16:14 mm); remains of white slip (?). Lth. 9.5/6.1; PL 7:1 Th. 3.1/2.9/4.2; Wth. 5.2/4.8/3.5. G 2054/1 Approx. three quarters of body's length; L. 710 broken legs and tail; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core E 1/9585 Almost intact body; tail, legs and head L. 1373 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; remains G 2054/2 Intact body; legs broken; prominent, short L. 710 tail drawn outward; neck broken; body rounded; of white slip. Lth. 5.8; Th. 1.5; Wth. 2.7. El/10178 Full-length body; broken neck and legs; tail L. 1615 drawn upward, applied to body; entire length of bottom part of body concave; 2.5 YR 5/8; (1); few 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.6; Th. 3.5; Wth. 3.5. 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); remains of red slip; traces of red stripes along length of body (?). Lth. 5.1; Th. 3.5; Wth. 3.5. G 2166 Full-length body; stumps of legs; beginning of 60 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 712 neck; folded tail applied to side; back rounded; bottom portion of body concave; 2.5 YR 5/6; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.5; Th. 1.3; Wth. 2.7. G 2267 Intact body; stumps of legs; tail folded L. 727 between legs; neck broken; body rounded; 10 R PI. 8:6 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-1 mm grits; scant E 1/3223 Full-length body; traces of rider at front L. 594 edge; legs and tail broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray PI. 8:1 core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 9.0; Th. 2.7; Wth. 4.2. El/3617 Animal's body; legs and tail broken; part of L. 630B neck preserved; traces of rider (rider's leg PL 8:2 applied to animal's body); 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white remains of white slip. Lth. 7.2; Th. 2.0; Wth. 2.6. G 2287 Intact body; neck and legs broken; tail L. 727 applied to body between legs; body rounded; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); few 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.9; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.7. slip. Lth. 7.6; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.7. E 1/7905 Full-length body; legs and neck broken; traces L. 1296 of rider on horse's back and rider's legs on either side of body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip, red and yellow painted stripes. Lth. 8.9; Th. 2.8; Wth. 7.0/5.2. G 4768 Body, beginning of neck and leg stumps; tail L. 818 rises slightly, broken at tip; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.4; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.4. El/16241 Full-length animal's body; beginning of neck; L. 2038 stumps of fore legs; hind legs broken; tail broken; traces of rider applied to body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 9.1; Th. 2.4; Wth. 4.2. G 4860 Intact body; stumps of fore legs; beginning of L. 818 neck; hind legs and tail broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2/6.7; Th. 2.4/3.0; Wth. 3.1/3.4. G 8155 Intact body; neck, legs and tail broken; 2.5 L. 883 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; El/16536 Full-length body of small animal; beginning of L. 2035 neck; legs broken; tail folded downward and applied to body; slightly rounded; traces of rider (?). Lth. 6.4; Th. 2.1; Wth. 2.6. remains of white slip. Lth. 6.0; Th. 1.5; Wth. 3.0. G 11365 Full-length body; stumps of front legs and L. 950 neck; hind legs completely broken; tail drawn outward; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 7.3; Th. 2.0; Wth. 3.9/3.1. G 11428 Full-length body; miniature figurine; L. 951 beginning of neck; stumps of fore legs; tail and hind legs broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); scant remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Th. 1.8; Wth. 2.1. G 15488 Animal's body; crack in legs and neck; narrow L. 1123 tail applied to body, folding downward; body thick in comparison to width; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 10.2; Th. 3.2; Wth. 4.6. Type B3al D 1/1 2726 Full-length animal's body; fold of clay at Surf. side of belly, giving impression of saddle; Fig. 17:3 neck and tail broken; stumps of hind legs; 2.5 PI. 8:3^ YR; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip, red and yellow painted stripes. Lth. 6.2; Th. 2.1/1.7; Wth. 4.5/3.5. E2/3005 Full-length animal's body; stumps of legs, L. 1467 neck and tail; beginning of body of rider on Fig. 17:2 horse's back; drilled hole behind rider; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (2); 0.5^1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 7.2; Th. 2.0; Wth. 3.6. E2/7019 Animal's body; neck and legs broken; short L. 1402 tail applied to body; traces of rider on horse's body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.51 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.7; Th. 3.3; Wth. 5.0. E3/13111 Full-length animal's body; beginning of neck; L. 1901 legs, tail and neck broken; traces of rider applied to body, close to neck; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.6; Th. 2.7; Wth. 4.6. Type B3c B 520 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; L. 115 2.5 YR 6/8; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.5; Th. 3.1; Wth. 4.9. B 561 Animal's hindquarters; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core L. 122 (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits, also some coarser ones (over 2 mm). El/6040 Full-length body; beginning of neck; legs Surf. broken; tip of tail broken; tail rising D 1/964 Approx. half the length of a body; legs broken Fig. 17:8 upward; 5 YR 7/4; black core (2); few 0.5-1 mmL. 317 in half; tail applied between legs; back grits; remains of white slip, black, red and yellow painted stripes. Lth. 8.9; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.6. Type B3b Dl/12711 Full-length animal's body; one leg almost L. 436 completely preserved; other legs broken; tail Fig. 17:1 applied to body; neck missing; semicircle of clay applied to back (clay folded inward towards neck: rider?); 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip, traces of yellow stripe on rider's body (?). Lth. 7.2; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.0. slightly rounded; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 6.5; Th. 3.4; Wth. 5.7. D 1/980 Three quarters of body; legs broken; tail L. 317 applied between legs; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits, also a few 2-4 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.6; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.5. Dl/1166 Stumps of legs; tail broken; flat back; 2.5 YR L. 321 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; full white slip; traces of red and yellow stripes painted across body. Lth. 4.2; Th. 2.0; Wth. 3.1. 61 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms D 1/6647 Animal's hindquarters; tail and legs broken; L. 361 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip; probably painted with stripes across body. Lth. 6.7; Th. 2.4; Wth. 5.1. D 1/6668 Animal's hindquarters; broken legs; tail L. 368 drooping downward, applied to body; 10 R 4/6; gray core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 6.3; Th. 2.6; Wth. 2.5. D 1/6756 Animal's hindquarters; leg stumps; tail drawn L. 381 down, applied to body; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 7.8; Th. 2.7. D2/20199 Animal's hindquarters; broken legs and tail; L. 2321 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.1; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.4. D2/20353 Animal's hindquarters; broken legs; short tail L. 2326 raised (tip broken); 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip; tail: width 0.75, length 1.1. Lth. 3.5; Th. 1.5; Wth. 2.3. D2/20364 Animal's hindquarters; tail sculptured; sides L. 2325 of body broken; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip; tail: width 0.75, length 0.1. Lth. 3.5; Th. 1.1; Wth. 2.3. D 1/6773 Animal's hindquarters; leg stumps; tail drawn D2/20629 Animal's body; leg stumps; bottom part of tail L. 388 upward; hole under tail; 2.5 YR 5/8; black L. 2708 broken; belly broken; flat back; 2.5 YR 5/8; Fig. 17:12 core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 5.4; Th. PI. 8:10 slip (?). 2.0; Wth. 3.4. D 1/6796 Animal's hindquarters; leg stumps; stump of D2/20666 Almost entire length of body; stumps of legs L. 396 tail; tail pointing downward; 2.5 YR 7/6; L. 2720 and tail; flat back; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Th. 2.3; Wth. 4.1. Dl/12756 Animal's hindquarters; tail applied to body L. 433 and partially broken; legs broken; belly Fig. 17:13 concave; 2.5 YR 5/4; gray core (2); 0.125-0.25 PI. 8:12-13 mm grits. Lth. 3.5; Th. 1.5; Wth. 3.3. D 1/1 3325 Animal's hindquarters; one leg completely W. 532 broken, the other partially broken; crack in body; also part of top portion; belly slightly concave; 5 YR 7/6; black core (1). Lth. 5.2; Th. 2.6; Wth. 3.8. D2/ 13598 Animal's hindquarters; crack in body, legs and L. 1873 tail; almost entire length of body extant. Lth. 7.0; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.3. D2/ 13644 Animal's hindquarters; crack in body and legs; L. 1882 body rounded; relatively large tail applied to body; 10 R 4/8; gray core (1); remains of white slip (?). Lth. 4.0; Th. 3.1; Wth. 4.1. D2/ 13707 Animal's hindquarters; crack in back, leg and L. 1886 tail; one leg intact; broad tail; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Th. 3.7; Wth. 6.1. D2/ 13742 Animal's hindquarters; crack in legs, tail and L. 1888 back; rounded; flat belly; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.1; Th. 1.9; Wth. 3.0. D2/ 13781 Fragment of animal's body with tail stump; L. 1882 tail thickened with broken tip; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits, also coarser ones (1.5-2 mm); remains of white slip. D2/20107 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; L. 2310 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.9. D2/21011 Animal's body, head and neck; no ears; mouth L. 2767 slightly broken; no facial details specified; Fig. 17:11 base of four legs; 2.5 YR 5/8; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.1/3.9/2.7; Th. 2.63/2.0/1.9; Wth. 3.5/2.1 D2/20197 Animal's hindquarters; broken legs and tail; L. 2323 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip and red paint. Lth. 4.95; Th. 1.8; Wth. 4.3. (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 7.4; Th. 2.1; Wth. 3.5. D2/20699 Body fragment; broken legs and tail; tail L. 2711 appears to have been originally rising; flat back; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 1-2 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Th. 2.4; Wth. 4.1. D2/20777 Body fragment; broken legs and tail; back L. 2722 slightly convex; 2.5 YR 5/8; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.7; Th. 1.4; Wth. 1.9. D2/20975 Animal's hindquarters; three leg stumps, only L. 2751 bottom of fourth leg broken; entire tail applied; flat back; 5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.25; Th. 2.0; Wth. 2.25. El/1527 Leg stumps; tail broken; 2.5 YR 6/8; black L. 523 core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Th. 1.9; Wth. 3.2. E 1/263 5 Leg stumps; beginning of tail; relatively flat L. 565 back; 5 YR 7/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Th. 2.0; Wth. 2.8. El/2770 Leg stumps; tail protruding and drawn; back W. 201 relatively flat; 5 YR 7/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Th. 2.4; Wth. 3.5. E 1/2797 Leg stumps; folded tail applied between legs; L. 1709 body rounded; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip and red and black painted stripes. Lth. 5.9; Th. 2.5; Wth. 2.5. E 1/3236 Leg stumps; small, protruding tail; fairly L. 594 flat back; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Th. 2.4; Wth. 4.5. El/3258 Leg stumps; back rounded; tail broken; 2.5 YR L. 595 6/6; brown core (2); many 0.25-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.4; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.9. El/3379 Leg stump; broken, protruding tail; fairly L. 617 flat back; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.250.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.5. 62 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El/3535 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 621 A stumps; flat back; 5 YR 6/4; black core (2); traces of white slip. Lth. 5.2; Th. 2.0; Wth. 4.2. El/3582 Legs stumps; prominent, drawn tail; flat back; L. 619 5 YR 6/4; blackish-gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip and red paint. Lth. 6.0; Th. 2.0; Wth. 3.2. E 1/3839 One intact leg, another leg and tail broken; L. 630B back rounded; groove under back; 2.5 YR 6/5; grayish-black core; few 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.2; Th. 1.8; Wth. 2.5. E 1/4029 Animal's forequarters; leg stumps; beginning L. 625 of neck; relatively flat back; 5 YR 7/4; black core (1); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.5; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.0. E 1/45 15 Legs and tail broken; back slightly flat; 2.5 Surf. YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits, also few 2-4 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.9; Th. 2.9; Wth. 5.8. El/5938 Fragment of animal's forequarters; only one L. 625 leg; 5 YR 6/4; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Th. 2.0; Wth. 3.5. E 1/60 18 Leg stumps; tail protruding and drawn; back L. 618 rounded; 2.5 YR 6/5; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.0. E 1/6307 Animal's hindquarters; tail broken, but base Surf. indicates that it originally pointed upward; leg stumps; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); white slip. E 1/6425 Animal's hindquarters; leg stumps; tail folded L. 1275 downward and applied; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 1321 downward; leg stumps; 5 YR 7/6; black core (2); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.3; Th. 2.7; Wth. 4.2. E 1/8599 Fragment of animal's hindquarters; tail L. 1324 pointing downward and applied to body; stumps of legs; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.6. E 1/8650 Animal's hindquarters; leg stumps; tail L. 1321 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; white slip. Lth. 2.1. E 1/9462 Animal's hindquarters; legs broken; tip of L. 1381 tail broken; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip and red paint. Lth. 4.8; Th. 2.6; Wth. 4.2. El/9464 Animal's hindquarters; tail applied to body, L. 1286 pointing downward; 2.5 YR 5/4; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 3.7; Th. 3.9; Wth. 3.8. El/9560 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; L. 695 part of back broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Th. 2.3; Wth. 4.3. El/9683 Crack across body; 2.5 YR 6/8; gray core (2?); L. 1269 1-2 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.4. El/10028 Animal's hindquarters; broad body; legs and L. 1604 tip of tail broken; 2.5 YR5/8; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.8; Th. 2.3; Wth. 5.2 El/10045 Animal's hindquarters; legs broken; 2.5 YR L. 1604 6/6; black core (2); 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.2; Th. 2.7; Wth. 5.6. (1); 0.5-1 mm grits, also some coarser ones; El/10152 Animal's hindquarters; legs, tail, parts of remains of white slip. Lth. 5.5; Th. 2.3; Wth. 4.1. L. 1621 body's sides and length of body broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains E 1/6487 Animal's hindquarters; legs almost intact; L. 1279 tail broken off; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Th. 2.7; Wth. 3.0. E 1/7801 Animal's hindquarters; leg stumps; stump of L. 680A tail; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip and red painted stripes. Lth. 4.4; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.7. El/7836 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; L. 1270 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; of white slip. El /10246 Animal's hindquarters; short tail drawn back L. 1608 (tip broken); legs broken; crack in body; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits, also a few coarser ones (2-3 mm); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2/3.5; Th. 2.1; Wth. 4.0. El/10281 Alnļost entire length of animal's body; neck, L. 1604 legs, sides of body and tail all broken. Lth. 10.0; Th. 3.3; Wth. 5.6. remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Th. 3.0; Wth. 5.1. El/10302 Animal's hindquarters; one leg; body broken El/7976 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; L. 1303 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 4.0; Th. 2.9; Wth. 5.4. L. 1604 from middle, so that width is not complete; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. El/10435 Animal's hindquarters; one leg intact, other El/8524 Animal's hindquarters; stump of tail; leg L. 1312 stumps; back damaged; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.1; Th. 3.1; Wth. 5.6. El/8545/1 Animal's hindquarters; legs stumps; stump of L. 1321 tail; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.4; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.5. E 1/8545/2 Animal's hindquarters; drawn tail drooping L. 1604 one broken off; tail drawn downward and pointed; diagonal crack in body; 10 R 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Th. 2.7; Wth. 5.5. El /10464 Animal's hindquarters; one leg intact, other L. 1604 one partially broken; tail applied diagonally to body between two legs; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2/2.8; Th. 2.8; Wth. 5.2. 63 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El/10485 Animal's hindquarters; stumps of hind legs; L. 1604 tail broken; diagonal crack in body; 5 YR 7/6; light-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.8/3.6; Th. 3.0; Wth. 5.7. El/10584 Animal's hindquarters; stumps of leg; tail L. 1610 applied to hindquarters; 5 YR 7/6; black core (1). Lth. 5.3; Th. 3.5; Wth. 4.8. El/10740 Animal's hindquarters; leg stumps; tail L. 1646 broken; crack in body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.9; Th. 2.5; Wth. 3.5. El/10781 Animal's hindquarters; body broken across and L. 1646 along length; small fragment of lower part of body, one leg and tail extant; tail drawn outwards; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core. Lth. 4.2. El/10822 Animal's hindquarters; stump of leg; other leg L. 1636 broken; tail broken; diagonal crack in body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.9/3.0; Th. 2.6; Wth. 3.6. El/10956 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; L. 1666 part of body broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); few remains of white slip. Lth. 7.3; Th. 2.3; Wth. 4.8/4.4. El/10984 Animal's hindquarters; legs broken; tail L. 1660 rising slightly, end applied to body; diagonal crack in body; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip, traces of red paint. Lth. 5.0/3.8; Th. 3.2; Wth. 5.5. El/11005 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; Surf. back defective; 10 R 4/8; almost clay-colored core; 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.7; Th. 2.7; Wth. 3.6. El/12618 Animal's hindquarters; tail corroded; back Surf. rounded; 5 YR 7/4; light gray core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 6.7; Th. 3.8; Wth. 3.5. El/14314 Animal's hindquarters; stumps of hind legs; L. 1618 tail broken; diagonal crack in body; 5 YR 7/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.1/2.8; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.0. El /14637 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; L. 1660 narrow body; 2.5 YR 5/6; light-colored core; few remains of white slip. Lth. 4.9; Th. 2.4; Wth. 2.2. El/16010 Animal's hindquarters; crack in body and in L. 1604 middle of leg; other leg and tail intact; broad body; short tail extended outward; 2.5 YR 4/8; clay-colored core; many 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 5.5. El/16085 Animal's hindquarters; crack in back, in one L. 1604 leg, and in tip of tail and of other leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip; few traces of red and yellow paint. Lth. 7.2/6.7; Th. 3.1; Wth. white slip; few traces of red paint. Lth. 7.8/5.8; Th. 2.2/1.8; Wth. 4.1. El/16127 Animal's hindquarters; rounded; relatively L. 2042 long tail, rising, tip applied to body; crack across width and along length of body; crack in legs; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Th. 3.3. El/16151 Animal's hindquarters; broad body; tail L. 2007 applied between legs; crack in back and legs; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip (?). Lth. 6.4; Th. 3.2; Wth. 5.6. El /16230 Animal's hindquarters; belly flat; back L. 2040 rounded; legs and tail broken; forequarters broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 8.9; Th. 3.0; Wth. 3.4. El /163 16 Animal's hindquarters; crack in back and legs; L. 2028 relatively flat body; short tail applied between legs; 10 R 4/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.2; Th. 2.4; Wth. 4.6. El/16317 Animal's hindquarters; short tail, applied to L. 2028 body; crack in body and leg; other leg partly broken; body rounded; 2.5 YR 4/8; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Th. 3.2; Wth. 5.0. El /16597 Animal's hindquarters; crack in back and legs; L. 2015 relatively large tail, applied to body; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 7.0; Th. 2.9; Wth. 4.1. El /16638 Animal's hindquarters; crack in back and side; L. 2028 legs broken; short tail applied to body; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 2.9; Th. 2.6. El/16765 Animal's hindquarters; diagonal crack in back L. 2076 and in legs; short tail applied to body; 2.5 YR 5/4; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.1; Th. 2.5; Wth. 3.0. El/16851 Animal's hindquarters; crack in back and legs; L. 2028 tail applied to body between legs. Lth. 6.7; Th. 3.0/2.7; Wth. 5.3/4.8. El/17014 Animal's hindquarters; crack in back, legs and Surf. tail. Lth. 4.0; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.6. E2/1581 Back rounded; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); few L. 519 large 0.25-4 mm grits. Lth. 6.3; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.6. E2/1698 Leg stumps; tail protruding and drawn; back L. 519 rounded; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.6; Th. 2.4; Wth. 3.2. E2/1805 Leg stumps; tail protruding and broken at tip; L. 536 flat back; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.8; Th. 2.3; Wth. 3.5. E2/3035 Animal's hindquarters; back broken; tail L. 1477 broken, but end applied between legs; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.5. 5.2/4.9. El/16102 Animal's hindquarters; diagonal crack in body; L. 2018 crack in tail and in feet; body relatively flat; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); remains of E2/3264 Leg stumps; tail applied between legs; 2.5 YR L. 601 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 7.0; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.5. 64 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms E2/3524 Approx. three quarters of animal's body; tail L. 1709 and one leg broken; other side also broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. E2/3528/1 Rounded body; small, protruding tail, folded L. 1489 (not applied); 5 YR 6/6; black core; remains of white slip.; Th. 3.3 E2/7010 Animal's hindquarters; stumps of tail and L. 1404 legs; 10 R 5/8; black core (1); many 0.5-2 mm grits. Lth. 5.5; Th. 3.4; Wth. 4.0. E2/7262 Animal's hindquarter; legs broken; tail folded L. 1431 between legs and applied to body; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 7.1; Th. 2.7; Wth. 4.6. remains of white slip; leg: width 2.1, length 4.4. Lth. 4.2; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.85. E3/ 19070 Animal's hindquarters; leg stumps; tail L. 2402/2 broken; small body; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.7; Th. 1.0; Wth. 1.8. E3/ 19073 Animal's hindquarters; stump of one leg; tail L. 2402/2 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip and red and yellow paint. Lth. 6.2; Th. 1.8; Wth. 3.6. G 2316 Approx. half the length of body; legs and tail L. 710 broken; back rounded; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.4; Th. 3.6; Wth. 4.7. E2/ 12058 Animal's hindquarters; short tail; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1467 gray core (1). Lth. 4.8; Th. 2.3; Wth. 2.8. G 4283 Animal's hindquarters; base of tail broken, L. 727 rest extant; stumps of legs; body rounded; 10 R 5/6; black core (2). Lth. 4.6; Wth. 2.6. E2/ 12283 Animal's hindquarters; broken across in middle L. 1732 of body; one leg almost intact; tail broken in G 4586 Rounded back; leg stumps; prominent, truncated half; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7. E3/ 12820 Fragment of animal's hindquarters; tail and L. 1534 legs broken; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.2; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.3. E3/ 12887 Animal's hindquarters; one leg completely L. 1534 broken, the other one partially broken; tip of tail broken; diagonal crack in body; body narrow; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (1); remains of white slip and traces of yellow paint (?). Lth. 4.6/4.2; Th. 2.0; Wth. 3.0. L. 783 tail; 2.5 YR 6/5; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip, traces of red painted stripes. Lth. 5.2; Th. 3.3; Wth. 3.9. G 4806 Animal's hindquarters; tail drawn and folded L. 824 downward (tip broken); one leg intact; other leg broken; 5 YR 6/4; gray core (1); 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Th. 2.4; Wth. 4.8. G 4807 Animal's hindquarters; leg stumps; tail folded L. 791 between legs and applied to body; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.4; Th. 3.8; Wth. 3.9. E3/ 12961 Fragment of animal's hindquarters; broken legs G 8188 Animal's hindquarters, half broken; leg stump; L. 1561 and tail; diagonal crack in body; 2.5 YR 6/2; L. 881 half of tail; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0/3.6; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.4. E3/12995 Animal's hindquarters; legs stumps; tail L. 1901 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.2; Th. 2.6/2.8; Wth. 5.0/4.2. E3/ 12998 Animal's hindquarters; crack along length of L. 1574 body; one leg intact; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.2. E3/13048 Animal's hindquarters; one side of body L. 1563 broken; leg broken; diagonal crack in body; tail thickened, rising and broken at tip; 5 YR 8/4; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.5/3.5. E3/15593 Animal's hindquarters; crack in back and leg; L. 1924 stump of tail and of other leg; broad, thickened body; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 12 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.2; Th. 4.0; Wth. 6.2. E3/ 18822 Animal's hindquarters; crack in body and leg; L. 1965 other leg intact, except for foot; small tail, applied to body; body rounded; 10 R 5/8; light-colored core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 5.3; Th. 3.3; Wth. 4.2/3.6. E3/19062 Animal's hindquarters; one leg; broken tail; 5 L. 2402/2 YR 7/3; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Th. 3.1; Wth. 2.7. G 8225 Animal's hindquarters; leg stumps; short tail, L. 903 broken at tip; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 5.2; Th. 3.2; Wth. 6.0. G 8226 Animal's hindquarters; legs broken; drawn tail W. 329 extended outward; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip, traces of red paint. Lth. 7.4; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.7. G 11002 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; Surf. circle on back; 5 YR 7/6; black core (1); 0.51.5mm grits. Lth. 5.0; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.8. G 11051 Animal's hindquarters; tail rising and broken L. 886 at tip; one leg extant; other one broken off; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 5.0; Th. 2.1; Wth. 4.1. G 11135 Animal's hindquarters; tail and legs broken; L. 903 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 6.1; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.0. G 11158 Animal's hindquarters; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 908 (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 5.0; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.5. G 11199 Fragment of animal's hindquarters; one side of L. 922 body broken across; broken leg and tail; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.0; Th. 2.9; Wth. 3.1. 65 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms G 11384 Animal's hindquarters; legs broken; tail L. 938 pinched and rising slightly from body; end of tail applied to body; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored Type B3cl? E 1/3445 Left side broken; stump of leg; protruding, L. 618 drawn tail; 2.5 YR 6/5; black core (1); 0.25- core; 0.25-1 mm grits. Lth. 5.1; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.1. G 17555 Animal's hindquarters; crack in body and legs; L. 1119 tail rising, with tip applied to body; rounded body; 2.5 YR 4/8; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.4; Th. 2.5; Wth. 2.8. G 17597 Animal's hindquarters; crack in back and legs; L. 1131 prominent tail rising slightly, and applied to body between legs; 2.5 YR 4/6; gray core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Th. 2.3; Wth. 3.5. Type B3cl D2/ 14030 Animal's hindquarters; legs broken; tail L. 1830 thickened, tip broken, drawn outward; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip, painted with red stripes across body and diagonally. Lth. 3.6/2.8; Th. 2.5; Wth. 3.5. D2/20165 Animal's hindquarters; legs broken; tail L. 2319 raised, tip broken; flat back; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip, painted with red and yellow stripes; tail: width 0.6, length 0.9. Lth. 5.0; Th. 2.1; Wth. 3.0. E 1/5809 Leg stumps; tail slightly protruding, folded L. 1643 and applied to side; back rounded; 5 YR 8/4; Fig. 17:9 clay-colored core; white slip, red and yellow PI. 8:11 stripes painted along length of body. Lth. 5.7; Th. 2.0; Wth. 2.6. E 1/6203 Animal's hindquarters; legs broken; tail L. 1285 extended a little outward and falling; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.2-0.25 mm grits; white slip, painted with red and yellow stripes. Lth. 7.3; Th. 2.2; Wth. 5.2. E 1/62 10 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; L. 1285 white slip, painted with red, yellow and black Fig. 17:7 stripes. 0.5 mm grits; white slip, red and yellow painted stripes. Type B3d D2/14081 Animal's hindquarters; legs missing; fairly L. 1834 broad body; mass of clay near forequarters, presumably supporting rider or other object on back (crack in same position on other side); 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip, traces of red and yellow stripes painted across body. Lth. 9.7; Th. 2.8; Wth. 5.7. D2/20203 Almost complete length of animal's body; one L. 1856 leg intact; back flat; traces of rider applied to back; tail broken; neck broken; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 9.0; Th. 2.8; Wth. 5.4. D2/20302 Almost complete length of animal's body; legs L. 2323 missing; back flat; tail broken; traces of rider (?); 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 7.1; Th. 2.3; Wth. 5.0. El/5968 Animal's hindquarters; legs broken; small tail L. 1201 with broken tip; flat back; 2.5 YR 6/6, covered with thin layer of paint, 5 YR 7/2 (as if externally burnt); black core (1); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip (evidence of rider). Lth. 6.5; Th. 3.1; Wth. 5.0. El /10007 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; L. 1609 beginning of body (rider on horse?) on animal's back; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.8; Th. 3.6; Wth. 4.9. El /10027 Horse fragment; rider's leg applied on one L. 1604 side of body. Lth. 4.2; Wth. 4.2. El/16727 Animal's body; crack in back and legs; broad L. 2028 body; tail applied to body; traces of application of rider; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); remains of E 1/62 18 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; white slip. Lth. 8.9; Th. 3.1; Wth. 5.7. Surf. 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits (also a few coarser ones). Lth. 6.6; Th. 2.7; E2/12140 Animal's hindquarters; back broken across; Wth. 4.8. L. 1705 tail folded between legs and applied to body; traces of application on back (rider?); 2.5 YR E 1/9943 Animal's hindquarters; cracked; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1381 light-colored core; 0.2-1.5 mm grits; white slip; traces of red and yellow painted stripes across body. Lth. 3.6; Th. 2.4; Wth. 3.7. El/ 10011 Animal's hindquarters; figurine broken across L. 1608 width; thickened tail rising higher than body; 10 R 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip, remains of red painted stripes (crisscross). Lth. 6.7; Th. 2.9; Wth. 2.4. E3/ 13067 Animal's hindquarters; hind legs broken; tail L. 1588 broken; diagonal crack in body; 5 YR; black core (1); many 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip; traces of red painted stripes across body. Lth. 5.6/4.7; Th. 2.7; Wth. 4.2/4.0. G 11919 Animal's hindquarters; legs broken; diagonal L. 984A crack in body; tail rising slightly and applied to body between legs; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; few coarse 2-3 mm grits. Lth. 6.5/5.7; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.0/2.8. 5/6; black core (2); coarse 0.5-2.5 mm grits. Lth. 7.9; Th. 3.4; Wth. 4.1. G 11025 Horse's hindquarters; legs and neck broken; L. 906 lower part of rider's body applied to horse's back; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.9; Th. 3.7; Wth. 4.4. G 11054 Animal's hindquarters; back broken across L. 906 width; tail rising slightly above body and continuing straight; signs of application (rider?) on back; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip and red painted stripes. Lth. 5.6; Th. 2.6; Wth. 2.5. G 11117 Animal's hindquarters; legs and tail broken; L. 908 remains of rider; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip and red and yellow painted stripes. Lth. 6.8; Th. 2.9; Wth. 3.0. 66 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 1916 of neck, legs and hindquarters broken; traces Type B3e D2/ 13643 Animal's forequarters; legs and body broken; L. 1877 object apparently applied to animal's back; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits, also some coarser ones, 2-2.5 mm; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.2/5.6; Wth. 4.0/2.8. D2/20512 Animal's forequarters; base of neck and legs; L. 2355 traces of rider on sides of body; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.1; Th. 3.0; Wth. 4.0. El/3753 Animal's forequarters, approx. half of body's L. 629 length; legs of rider sitting astride appear Fig. 17:4 close to neck; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); PL 8:5 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. of application to back (rider?); 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1). Lth. 6.5/4.3; Wth. 5.2. G 2081 Animal's forequarters; legs and neck broken; L. 710 traces of rider close to neck; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.2; Th. 2.8; Wth. 5.2. G 11139 Horse's forequarters; neck and legs broken; L. 919 traces of rider; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.2; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.4. G 17705 Animal's forequarters; one leg slightly; Surf. defective; neck fragment; traces of rider; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip and red paint. Lth. 4.0/3.7; Th. 2.5/1.9; Wth. 2.2/3.5. 6.8; Th. 3.3; Wth. 5.3. El/5867 Animal's forequarters; neck; leg stumps; 2.5 L. 693 YR 5/8; almost clay-colored core; 0.25-1 mm grits; entire region covered by white slip. Th. 2.5; Wth. 3.7. El/6380 Animal's forequarters; legs, neck and L. 1270 hindquarters broken; traces of rider; 10 R 5/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 6.5; Th. 2.8/3.6; Wth. 2.9. El/8664 Animal's forequarters; legs and neck broken; Surf. one side of body broken; traces of body (now broken) originally applied to back; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 7.9; Th. 3.3; Wth. 4.7. El/10195 Animal's forequarters; neck broken close to L. 1604 head; leg stumps; traces of application of rider; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Th. 3.1; Wth. 5.6. El/10465 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 1604 stumps; close to neck traces of application of rider; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2). Lth. 4.9; Th. 3.4; Wth. 4.7. El/10958 Animal's forequarters; leg stumps; beginning L. 1660 of neck; body broken off; traces of rider (?); 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. El/17141 Animal's forequarters; leg stumps; beginning L. 2113 of neck, small fragment of body; rider (?) may have been applied to animal's back; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4/4.6; Wth. 3.5. E2/1341 Animal's forequarters; two legs; beginning of L. 510 neck and part of body extant; traces of rider applied to animal's body; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.6; Th. 2.2; Wth. 4.7. ,^'E2/ 1 839 Animal's forequarters; traces of rider; base L. 539B of neck; stump of one leg; other leg broken off; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip; leg length 3.6. E2/2843 Animal's body; neck, legs and hindquarters L. 1460 broken; traces of rider on back; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); many 0.25-1.5 mm grits. Lth. 8.5; Th. 4.4/3.2; Wth. 5.3. E3/15567 Animal's forequarters; beginning of body; part Type B3f D 1/984 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 317 stumps; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1). Lth. 2.9; Th. 2.6; Wth. 4.4. D 1/6659 Animal's forequarters; neck and legs broken; L. 370 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 7.1; Th. 4.0; Wth. 5.6. D 1/6768 Animal's forequarters; stumps of legs; L. 381 beginning of neck; body grows thinner toward tail; 2.5 YR 6/6; light-colored core; many 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.5; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.2. D 1/12573 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 421 stumps; 5 YR 7/3; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Th. 2.1; Wth. 3.3. Dl/12598 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; one L. 422 leg broken, other intact; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1). Lth. 4.0; Th. 2.4; Wth. 4.1. Dl/12683 Animal's forequarters; legs and neck broken; L. 431 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Th. 3.3; Wth. 4.1. D 1/1 2688 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; L. 431 stumps of two legs; 5 YR 6/4; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.3; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.2. D2/ 14029 Animal's forequarters; one leg and neck L. 1819 broken; other leg partially broken; crack in body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; white slip and traces of red paint on body. Lth. 5.3; Th. 2.4; Wth. 4.6. D2/14073 Animal's forequarters; one intact leg; L. 1834 beginning of neck; stump of other leg; crack at beginning of body; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. D2/20337 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 2323 stumps; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.7. D2/21036 Miniature body; legs and neck broken; body L. 2761 widens toward front; slightly burnt; 2.5 YR 3/6; black core (?). Lth. 1.97; Th. 1.1; Wth. 0.93. E 1/2771 Animal's forequarters; stumps of legs; 67 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 577 beginning of neck; 2.5 YR 6/8; gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits, also 2-4 mm; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.6; Th. 3.2; Wth. 4.0. El/3227 Rider's body applied to animal; neck extant; W. 201 head with front portion broken; ears pricked; back of rider's body broken; head missing; hands just below ears on either side of head; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3/5.3; Th. 2.4/2.0; Wth. 3.6/1.9. E 1/3382 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 602 stumps; back rounded; 2.5YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Th. 2.0; Wth. 3.0. E 1/9687 Animal's forequarters; small leg; beginning of L. 1392 neck; other leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; claycolored core; remains of white slip, traces of red paint. Lth. 4.8; Th. 2.8; Wth. 3.5. El/9902 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; legs L. 1396 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.2-0.25 mm grits. Lth. 4.4; Th. 2.4; Wth. 4.8. El/10267 Animal's forequarters; leg stumps; beginning L. 1604 of neck; crack in beginning of body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. El/10436 Fragment of animal's forequarters; leg stump; L. 1604 beginning of neck; only one side of body extant; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; few remains of white slip. E 1/3662/2 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg El/10452 Animal's body; one intact leg; crack in neck, L. 618 stumps; back rounded; 7.5 YR 7/4 (chemical L. 1604 other leg and body; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2); process?); clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Th. 1.8/1.6; Wth. 2.8. El/3714 Animal's forequarters; neck broken; leg L. 630C stumps; 2.5YR 6/6; black core (2); remains of white slip. 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.6; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.9. El/10629 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; legs L. 1646 and most of body broken; 10 R 4/8; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. E 1/3974 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 646 stumps; back rounded; 10 R 5/6; black core (1); few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.1. El /4052 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 1324 stumps; back rounded; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.1; Th. 2.1; Wth. 3.3. El/4113 Animal's forequarters; one leg broken; neck L. 1324 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); prominent coarse grits, 1-2.5 mm, also quartz grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.4; Th. 3.2; Wth. 5.0. El/6042 Fragment of animal's forequarters; neck and Surf. leg stumps; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (1); 0.250.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.7; Th. 2.9; Wth. 4.2. El/6389 Neck and fragment of body; legs and head L. 1264 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 5.8/4.0; Th. 3.1/2.7; Wth. 4.8/3.5. E 1/7927 Fragment of animal's forequarters and neck; L. 1293 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. E 1/8648 Animal's forequarters, broken; leg stump; L. 1322 other leg and neck broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.2; Wth. 3.8/2.5. El/8667 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; legs Surf. broken; 5 YR 7/4; gray core (1); remains of white slip (?). Lth. 7.0; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.0. E 1/9303 Animal's forequarters; neck and legs broken; Surf. 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; white slip. Lth. 5.1; Th. 3.1; Wth. 4.8. Lth. 4.9. El/10824 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; body L. 1646 cracked across width; hindquarters broken; 10 R 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip (?). Lth. 6.7; Wth. 5.2. El/14489 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; L. 1687 stump of leg; crack in body and other leg; 2.5 YR 4/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Th. 2.9; Wth. 4.3. El/14550 Animal's forequarters; crack in neck, legs and L. 1650 body; 10 R 4/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.5. El /16040 Top part of animal's forequarters; beginning L. 1604 of neck (lower part completely broken); 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Wth. 3.8/5.5. El /16047 Animal's forequarters; legs, neck and body L. 2009 broken (only joints extant); 2.5 YR 4/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. El/16090 Animal's forequarters; neck completely broken; L. 1604 leg broken off; stump of other leg and small fragment of body extant; figurine very worn; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.3. El/16170 Animal's forequarters; leg stumps, beginning L. 2042 of neck; body rounded; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip, few traces of red paint. Lth. 4.7; Wth. 4.2/3.6. El/16613 Animal's forequarters; leg stumps; small L. 2028 fragment of body; neck intact; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Th. 3.4/2.8; Wth. 6.5. E 1/9397 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; 10 R El/16799 Neck and small fragment of animal's body; legs L. 1368 5/8; black core (2); 0.2-0.25 mm grits; white L. 2085 and head broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); slip and traces of red and yellow paint. Lth. 3.5; Th. 2.3; Wth. 3.6. 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.7; Wth. 5.0. 68 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El/16860 Animal's forequarters; neck, legs and part of L. 2079 body broken; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.250.5 mm grits. Th. 2.1; Wth. 5.3. El /16926 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck and L. 2035 body; leg stumps; 10 R 4/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.6; Wth. 5.0. E2/1953/1 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 544 stumps; back rounded; 5 YR 8/4; black core (2); particularly large (2-4 mm) grits; remains of white slip. E2/2669/3 Animal's forequarters; neck fragment; leg L. 544 stumps; back rounded; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.6; Th. 3.0; Wth. 3.0. E2/3039 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; two L. 1467 legs, one partially broken; 5 YR 6/4; gray core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Th. 2.3; Wth. 3.4. E2/3307 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 601 stumps; flat back; 5 YR 6/4; gray core (2); many 0.25-0.5 mm grits, also some larger ones, almost 1 cm; remains of white slip. E2/7335 Animal's forequarters; stumps of legs; L. 1447 beginning of neck; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.5; Th. 2.7; Wth. 4.2. E2/12013 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; legs L. 1475 broken; 5 YR 7/4; black core (1); 0.2-0.25 mm grits. Lth. 6.7; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.0. E2/12176 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 1710 stumps; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Wth. 4.0. E3/ 12854 Almost complete length of body; neck, legs and L. 1556 tail broken; 10 R 4/6; black core (1); 0.250.5 mm grits. Lth. 8.4; Th. 2.7; Wth. 5.0. E3/ 13082 Animal's forequarters; crack in hindquarters, L. 1588 neck and legs; 2.5 YR 6/8; clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 8.1; Th. 3.2; Wth. 6.2. E3/ 13099 Animal's forequarters; tip of neck broken; leg L. 1588 stumps; crack in back; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Wth. 5.0. E3/15529 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; legs L. 1913 and hindquarters broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 5.4; Th. 2.4; Wth. 3.5. E3/15650 Animal's forequarters; leg stumps; beginning L. 1928 of neck; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 5.1; Wth. 4.2. E3/15630 Animal's forequarters; neck and head extant; L. 1927 ears, mouth, legs and part of body broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); many fairly coarse 0.5-1.5 mm grits. Lth. 9.0 ; Wth. 5.2. E3/15799 Animal's forequarters; stumps of legs, neck L. 1935 and body; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Wth. 5.0. E3/19182 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; legs L. 2435 broken; body slightly broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.2; Th. 2.93; Wth. 3.9. G 2037 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 705 stumps; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits, also some 2-4 mm; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.0; Th. 3.0; Wth. 5.0. G 2104 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 718 stumps; flat back; 5 YR 8/4; black core (1). Lth. 3.6; Th. 2.0; Wth. 3.2. G 4543 Animal's forequarters; leg stumps; beginning L. 783 of neck; back rounded; 2.5YR 6/6; blackishgray core (2); 0.5-2 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.4; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.4. G 4575 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 804 stumps; back rounded; 2.5 YR 5/6; grayishblack core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.4; Th. 3.2; Wth. 5.0. G 4965 Animal's forequarters; neck, legs and L. 824 hindquarters broken; 5 YR 7/4; gray core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 6.9; Th. 2.9; Wth. 4.2. G 5566 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; broken L. 850 legs; 5 YR 6/4; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Th. 2.9; Wth. 1.6. G 5630 Neck and small fragment of body; head and legs L. 804 broken; 5 YR 7/6; black core (1); few coarse grits, 3 mm and over. Lth. 3.7/5.0; Th. 2.8; Wth. 5.8/2.4. G 5702 Stumps of legs; beginning of neck; 5 YR 7/6; L. 850 gray core (2); 0.2-0.25 mm grits. Lth. 8.2; Th. 3.6; Wth. 5.5. G 8190 Animal's forequarters; leg stumps; beginning L. 881 of neck; 5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core with gray lens in center; gravel fragments; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.6; Wth. 3.0. G 11060 Animal's forequarters; neck and legs broken; 5 L. 903 YR 6/4; gray core (2); 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.6; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.3. G 11257 Animal's forequarters; neck and legs broken; L. 923 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Th. 3.3; Wth. 3.6. G 11281 Horse's forequarters; beginning of neck; fore L. 938 feet broken off. Lth. 4.8; Th. 2.8; Wth. 4.8. G 11513 • Animal's body; one leg; crack in neck, leg and L. 960 body; body rounded; 2.5 YR 6/8; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4; Th. 3.5; Wth. 3.7. G 11651 Animal's forequarters; leg stumps (joined L. 962 together); beginning of neck; body broken in middle; body rounded; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4; Th. 3.2; Wth. 3.4. G 17624/2 Animal's forequarters; half of neck preserved; L. 1141 leg stumps; small fragment of body; 2.5 YR 6/4; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip; few traces of red paint. Lth. 5.3; Wth. 3.6. G 17709 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; W. 330 lower portion of one leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; 69 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Th. 1.8; Wth. 4.2. H 5048 Animal's forequarters; 10 R 5/6; grayish-black L. 1008 core (1); 1-2 mm grits, also a few 2-4 mm. Lth. 1.8; Wth. 2.5. El/4168 Flat back; crack in legs;2.5 YR 5/8; black L. 683 core (1); few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Th. 2.3; Wth. 4.0. El/9308 Fragment of animal's body; 10 R 5/6; black L. 1364 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Type B3f? El/17181 Animal's forequarters; crack in neck and legs; L. 2113 broad body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.2; Th. 2.4; Wth. 4.1. Type B3fl D2/20176 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; L. 1888 lower portion of one leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/8; remains of white slip and red and yellow stripes. Lth. 5.2; Th. 2.2; Wth. 4.4. D2/20272 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; legs L. 2323 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip and traces of red stripes. Lth. 4.9/2.4; Th. 2.4/2.3; Wth. 3.1/4.4. E3/ 15658 Animal's forequarters; crack in beginning of L. 1927 legs, neck and back; 5 YR 7/4; light-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.4; Wth. 3.7. G 4264 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 727 stumps; back rounded; 2.5 YR 5/8; grayishFig. 17:10 black core (2); white slip intact, with red PI. 8:9 and yellow painted stripes across body. Lth. 5.3; Th. 2.4; Wth. 3.3. El/9660 Fragment of animal's body; 2.5 YR 6/6; blackL. 1373 gray core (2); many 0.5-2 mm grits. Lth. 7.0; Th. 2.9; Wth. 5.0. El/9898 Fragment of animal's body; 2.5 YR 5/8; black L. 1392 core (2); remains of white slip with traces of red paint. Lth. 1.8; Wth. 2.5. El/9962 Unidentifiable fragment of body; 5 YR 7/6; L. 1394 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. E 1/9966 Unidentifiable fragment of body; 5 YR 7/6; L. 1610 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. E 1 / 1 0 1 7 1 Animal' s neck and beginning of body ; neck L. 1363 broad; 2.5 YR 6/4; gray core (1); remains of white slip. El/10204 Unidentified fragment of animal's body; 2.5 YR L. 1611 4/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip and few traces of yellow paint. El /10207 Unidentified fragment of animal's body; 2.5 YR L. 1604 6/6; gray core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Type B3g D 1/864/1 Fragment of animal's forequarters; part of L. 317 neck; fore feet broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); many grits, 0.25-0.5 mm; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5/3.5; Th. 2.4/2.3; Wth. 4.2/3.1. D 1/10 13 Animal fragment; back; stump of tail or head L. 317 (?); broken belly; 2.5 YR 5/6; grayish-black core (1); 0.25-1.5 mm grits. Lth. 5.5; Wth. 3.2. D 1/67 51 Fragment of animal's body; leg stumps; 2.5 YR L. 387 5/6; black core (2); many coarse grits, around 3 mm, also 0.5-1 mm. Lth. 4.8; Th. 3.0; Wth. 2.8. D2/13560 Animal's body; crack on both sides; 2.5 YR L. 1861 6/6; black core (1). Lth. 4.8; Th. 2.6; Wth. 3.9. D2/13928 Animal's body; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2). L. 1804 El/10235 Animal's forequarters; neck and legs broken; L. 1604 crack in back; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. El/10543 Animal's body (?); 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); L. 1604 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. El /16043 Animal's body; crack on both sides; leg L. 1604 stumps; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 6.0; Th. 2.1/2.0; Wth. 4.3/3.8. El/16059 Animal's body; forequarters, hindquarters and L. 1604 legs missing; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2). Lth. 7.6; Th. 3.2/2.8; Wth. 5.5. El/16174 Animal's neck (?); 2.5 YR 4/6; black core (1); L. 2016 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. D2/14138 Unidentified fragment of animal's body; legs El /16297 • Animal's body; crack on three sides; 2.5 YR L. 1888 broken; neck and back also broken; 2.5 YR 5/8; L. 2035 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. black core (1). D2/20202 Body fragment, hard to identify (perhaps L. 2324 forepart?); 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 6.66; Wth. 4.3. D2/20245 Unidentifiable fragment of body; 2.5 YR 5/8; L. 2323 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Th. 1.8; Wth. 2.5. D2/20582 Fragmentary hindquarters of animal; legs and L. 2707 tail broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip; tail width: 1.3. Lth. 2.6; Th. 1.5. E 1/3825 Beginning of neck and leg stumps; 5 YR 8/4; L. 642 gray core (2); few 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 4.6; Th. 2.2; Wth. 4.3. El/17286 Fragment of animal's body; 2/5 YR 6/8; black L. 2035 core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.6; Th. 2.2; Wth. 3.1. E2/1811 Animal's forequarters; broken almost in half; L. 539B one leg chipped; part of neck; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core; few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.9/2.1; Th. 2.0; Wth. 2.7/2.1. E2/1914 Flat back; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core with L. 546 small gray lens in center; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Th. 2.3; Wth. 5.0. E2/2617 Center of body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); L. 544 very few grits, 0.2-0.25 mm; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.5; Th. 3.0; Wth. 3.6. 70 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms E2/12017 Fragment of animal's neck; head and body L. 1485 missing; 5 YR 7/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3/2.8; Wth. 1.8. E2/ 12284 Animal's neck; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (2); L. 1732 coarse grits, 2-3 mm, also 0.5-1 mm; remains E3/15933 Fragment of animal's body (?); 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1952 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Type B3gl E 1/6452 Horse's torso; legs and head broken; strip of L. 1279 clay on back representing sitting rider; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip and red painted stripes. Lth. 6.8; Th. 6.8; Wth. 5.2. of white slip. E3/13179 Unidentifiable fragment of animal's body; 2.5 L. 1902 YR 6/8; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. E3/ 15654 Animal's body; crack in back and along body; L. 1923 one leg partially broken; relatively broad body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm El/7937 Horse's torso; traces of rider on back; 2.5 YR L. 1292A 6/6; black core (1); traces of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Th. 3.3; Wth. 4.4. E 1/99 14 Remains of animal with traces of rider; 2.5 YR L. 1394 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip with red stripes painted across. grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.4; Th. 2.3. E3/ 15661 Animal's body; crack on both sides; 2.5 YR L. 1927 6/2; gray core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Th. 3.2; Wth. 5.7. G 11250 Unidentifiable fragment of body; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 903 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of E3/15703 Fragment of animal's body; one foot and part L. 1927 of body extant; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.9; Th. 2.2; Wth. 4.1. Type B3hl E3/19074 Fragment of pillar figurine (?); 2.5 YR 5/8; L. 2402/2 black core (1); 1-1.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.1/3.1. B 439 Animal's leg; broken from middle downward; L. 11 IB joint with body extant; 10 R 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 7.0; Dia. top 4.0; G 2279 Animal fragment; flat body; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 727 grayish-black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip. B 436 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core L. 11 IB (1). Lth. 3.7; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.4. Dia. bottom 1.9. B 514 Complete leg; fragment of joint to body; 2.5 remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Th. 2.4; Wth. 3.0. L. 115 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip G 2313 Center of body; body rounded; 5 YR 8/4; L. 727 grayish-black core (1); 0.5-2 mm grits; (?). Lth. 4.6; Dia. bottom 1.5. B 576 Complete leg (?); broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Th. 2.4; Wth. 2.8. L. 124 clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of G 4430 Animal's forequarters; beginning of neck; leg L. 780 stumps; one side broken; 2.5 YR 6/8; gray core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. G 4560 Center of body; back broken; 10 R 5/6; black L. 773 core (1); few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.7; Th. 2.3; Wth. 3.3. G 4718 Animal's forequarters; traces of rider; back L. 819 flat; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); remains of white slip and traces of red paint stripes; leg width: 2.6. Lth. 6.4; Th. 2.5; Wth. 4.5. white slip (?). Lth. 4.2; Dia. bottom 1.2 D 1/929/1 Both ends of leg broken; 5 YR 6/6; clayL. 317 colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 2.7; Dia. bottom 2.0. D 1/944 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 317 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.5. Dl/958/1 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 317 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.2. G 4848 Fragment of animal's body; leg stump; 2.5 YR L. 792 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Th. 2.0; Wth. 4.0. D 1/1034 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core L. 317 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.2; Dia. top G 8181 Unidentifiable fragment of body; 10 R 5/6; L. 880 clay-colored core; few 0.25-0.5 mm grits, also D 1/1035 Top part of leg broken; 5 YR 7/6; gray core L. 317 (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.1; Dia. top gravel fragments; remains of white slip. G 17554/2 Animal's body; traces of legs; forequarters L. 1122A and hindquarters missing; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.7; Th. 2.7; Wth. 4.5. Type B3g? D2/ 13977 Unidentified fragment of animal's body; 2.5 YR L. 1818 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. El/16144 Fragment of animal's body (?); 2.5 YR 5/8; L. 1604 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. El/16850 Fragment of animal's body (neck?); 5 YR 6/6; L. 2040 black core (2); 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of white slip (?). 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.8. 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.3. D 1/1054 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core L. 317 (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4; Dia. top 2.5; Dia. bottom 1.4. D 1/1 167 Animal's leg; regular shape; 2.5 YR 6/6; black L. 321 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Dia. top 3.0. Dl/6598 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 360 clay-colored core; burnished. Lth. 1.7; Dia. bottom 1.5. D 1/6599 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact; L. 357 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.6; Dia. bottom 2.3. 71 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms D 1/6608 Complete leg and joint to body; animal's L. 361 buttocks discernible; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. bottom 1.5. Dl/6714 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact. L. 374B Lth. 3.5; Dia. bottom 2.1. Surf. core (2); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4; Dia. top 3.2; Dia. bottom 1.8. D2/14050 Complete leg; beginning of joint to body; 2.5 L. 1827 YR 5/8; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Dia. bottom 1.7. D 1/67 16 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 5/6;D2/ 14059 Complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 7/6; clayL. 1802 colored core. Lth. 4.9; Dia. bottom 1.8. L. 376 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Dia. bottom 2.3. D 1/67 18 Complete leg; broken at base; bottom portion L. 383 defective; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. bottom 2.0. D 1/6724 Complete leg; broken at base; bottom portion L. 360 flat (regular shape more pointed); 10 R 4/6; black core (1). Lth. 4.0; Dia. bottom 2.5. D 1/6736 Complete leg and part of joint to body; 10 R L. 370 5/6; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; burnished. Lth. 3.3; Dia. bottom 1.6. D 1/6774 Complete leg; broken at base; defect in bottom L. 381 part; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2). Lth. 4.0; D2/14087 Complete leg; lower part defective; 2.5 YR L. 1834 4/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip; few traces of yellow paint. Lth. 4.7; Dia. bottom 2.0. D2/ 14091 Base of leg and joint to body; bottom part L. 1831 missing; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); traces of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. bottom 1.9. D2/ 14099 Almost complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 5/6; L. 1834 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Dia. bottom 2.1. D2/14102 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR 2.5/0; L. 1834 gray core; 0.125-0.25 mm grits. Dia. bottom 2.0. D2/14143 Fragment of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black D 1/6797 Animal leg fragment; 5 YR 7/3; clay-coloredL. 1888 core (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of L. 398 core. Lth. 5.4; Dia. bottom 2.2. white slip. D2/20040 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 3/0; clayD 1/68 12 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact; W. 163 colored core. Lth. 4.1; Dia. top 1.96; Dia. L. 395A 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); 0.5-0.25 mm grits. Lth. 4.9; Dia. bottom 2.0. D 1/1 3244 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 456 black core; (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Dia. bottom 1.3. D 1/1 3293 Fragment of animal's leg; base missing; 5 YR L. 469 6/4; gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. bottom 1.5. D 1/1 33 16 Complete leg; beginning of joint to body; 2.5 L. 471 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Dia. bottom 1.8. bottom 0.6. D2/20124 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; Surf. remains of white slip. Lth. 3.6; Dia. top 2.16; Dia. bottom 0.9. D2/20126 Broken leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25L. 1856 0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Dia. top 1.2. D2/20150 Almost complete leg; bottom part broken; 2.5 L. 2310 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.24; Dia. top 1.15; Dia. bottom 1.6. D2/ 13383 Fragment of animal's leg; bottom part broken; D2/20175 Complete leg; bottom part slightly broken; 2.5 L. 1856 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; remains of white L. 2339 base broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 slip. Lth. 4.25; Dia. top 2.25; Dia. bottom 0.4. mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Dia. bottom 1.2. D2/20206 Almost complete leg; bottom and top parts D2/13509 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 4/6; clay-colored core;L. 2310 broken; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.1; Dia. top 1.6; Dia. L. 1850 white slip. Lth. 5.5; Dia. top 2.7; Dia. bottom 1.0. bottom 1.8. D2/13548 Almost complete leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core L. 1861 (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 2.8; Dia. bottom 1.3. D2/ 13549 Animal's leg; bottom part broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1859 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 1.8. D2/13559 Animal's leg with beginning of body; 2.5 YR L. 1861 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.2; Dia. top 2.5; Dia. bottom 1.5. D2/13591 Complete leg; 5 YR 7/3; clay-colored core; L. 1866 remains of white slip. Lth. 5.1; Dia. top 2.6; Dia. bottom 1.4. D2/20223 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); L. 2322 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.62; Dia. top 2.6; Dia. bottom 1.0. D2/20228 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); L. 2319 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.55; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 0.82. D2/20231 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (1); L. 2319 traces of white slip. Lth. 5.7; Dia. top 2.5; Dia. bottom 1.25. D2/20235/1 Almost complete leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR L. 2324 5/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 2.25; Dia. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 1.1. D2/13705 Leg; bottom part cracked; 2.5 YR 6/6; black D2/20235/2 Complete leg; bottom part slightly broken; 5 72 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 2324 YR 7/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.6; Dia. top 2.25; Dia. bottom 0.5. D2/20244 Almost complete leg; bottom part broken; 2.5 L. 2323 YR 6/6; gray core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.6; Dia. top 2.8; Dia. bottom 1.65. D2/20260 Unidentifiable body fragment, presumably leg; L. 2323 5 YR 6/4; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.8; Dia. bottom 2.2. D2/20271 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (2); 1Surf. 2.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.32; Dia. top 2.13; Dia. bottom 1.04. D2/20281 Complete leg; top part slightly broken; 2.5 YR L. 2323 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.6; Dia. top 1.8; Dia. bottom 0.7. D2/20291 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (1); L. 2323 remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.15; Dia. bottom 1.34. D2/20359/1 Complete leg; 5 YR 7/4; gray core (2); 0.25L. 2322 0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.55; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.0. D2/20359/2 Complete leg; 5 YR 7/6; clay-colored core; L. 2322 remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 2.3; El/2773 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 577 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.3. E 1/3450 Top part of leg broken; 5 YR 7/2; burnt, L. 618 therefore difficult to determine original color. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 1.7; Dia. bottom 1.1. El/3596 Both ends of leg broken; 5 YR 6/4; black core L. 618 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.4; Dia. top 2.7; Dia. bottom 1.7. El/3613 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 618 (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Dia. top 1.5. El/3665 Crooked leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); L. 618 remains of white slip. Lth. 4.6; Dia. top 3.0; Dia. bottom 1.8. El/3739 Top part of leg broken; 5 YR 7/4; black core L. 618 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.9; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.2. E 1/3750 Top part of leg broken; 5 YR 7/4; black core L. 630B (1); 1-2.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 2.8; Dia. bottom 1.4. Dia. bottom 1.0. El/3827 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core D2/20372 Complete leg; brownish-red clay; 2.5 YR 6/4;L. 641 (1); few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.4; Dia. top 3.5; Dia. bottom 1.8. L. 2323 black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.32; Dia. top 1.64; Dia. bottom 0.8. El/3878 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 624 (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top D2/20403 Leg; joint to the body; bottom part broken; 1.8; Dia. bottom 1.0. L. 2335 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Dia. top 2.4. D2/20410 Complete leg; top part slightly broken; 2.5 YR L. 2335 6/4; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.97; Dia. top 1.95; Dia. bottom 0.75. D2/20643 Almost complete leg; 2.5 YR 4/6; black core L. 2711 (1) (?); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.7; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 0.8. D2/20803 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1). L. 2703 Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.0; Dia. bottom 0.8. E 1/3941 Top part of leg broken; 5 YR 8/4; black core L. 618 (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.3; Dia. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 1.2. El/4041 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core L. 618 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.9; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.5. E 1/4072/1 Fragment of animal's body and leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 646 black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Dia. top 3.8; Dia. bottom 2.8. El/4072/2 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); D2/20893/1 Bottom part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; blackL. 646 remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Dia. top 3.2. L. 2705 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white El/4085 Top part of leg broken; hard to define. Lth. slip. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 2.4. L. 637 *2.4; Dia. top 1.5; Dia. bottom 0.8. D2/20893/2 Small, almost complete, leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; clayEl/4086 Animal's leg and part of joint with body; 2.5 L. 2705 colored core; 0.25-0. 5mm grits; remains of L. 637 YR 6/4; black core; 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 3.5; white slip. Lth. 1.5; Dia. top 1.5; Dia. Dia. top 1.6; Dia. bottom 1.9. bottom 0.7. D2/20996 Complete leg; slightly broken base; 10 YR 5/6; L. 2705 black core (1). Lth. 5.8; Dia. top 2.0; Dia. bottom 1.0. El/4126 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 640 (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Dia. top 2.0; Dia. bottom 1.2. D2/21065 Almost complete leg; 2.5 YR 5/4; black core L. 2752 (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4; Dia. top 2.5. E 1/4 129 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 1201 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Dia. top E 1/2660 Top part of leg broken; 5 YR 7/4; black core Surf. (1?); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.2. El/5831/1 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; clayL. 1324 colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 2.6; Dia. top 1.8; Dia. bottom 1.2. El/2715 Leg; upper part broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 572 (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.5; Dia, top 2.6; Dia. bottom 1.8. El/5872 Intact leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25L. 1367 0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.1. 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.3. 73 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El/5887 Intact leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.25L. 1367 0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.7; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.4. E 1/5932 Side and top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1204 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.4; Dia. top 1.5. E 1/5936 Intact leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1?); L. 1204 remains of white slip. Lth. 5.5; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.2. El/5975 Top part and side of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1270 black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.9; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.5. El/5987/1 Intact leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1). Surf. Lth. 4.7; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.2. E 1/6002 Both ends of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; clayL. 631 colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.5. E 1/6034 Top part of leg broken; 5 YR 7/6; gray core L. 1209 (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 1.9; Dia. bottom 1.0. E 1/6057/1 Complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 6/4; black L. 1214 core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Dia. top 2.2. El/6132/1 Complete leg, with broken base; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1232 gray core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.2; Dia. top 1.3. El/6153 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact; Surf. 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); white slip. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 1.9. El/6177 Animal leg fragment; 10 R 4/8; black core (1); L. 1241 remains of white slip. Lth. 3.1; Dia. top 1.3. E 1/6 186 Animal's leg fragment; 2.5 YR 6/6; clayL. 1285 colored core; remains of white slip. El/6326 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray L. 1270 core (2). Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 1.3. E 1/6382/1 Complete leg; broken at base; bottom portion L. 1270 pinched; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.1; Dia. top 1.9. El/6382/2 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray L. 1270 core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.4; Dia. top 1.7. E 1/6434 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact; L. 1273 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); white slip. Lth. 7.5; Dia. top 2.5. El/6482 Complete leg; broken at base; beginning of L. 1279 joint to body; 2.5 YR 6/6; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 1.4. E 1/7824 Animal leg fragment; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core L. 657 (2). Lth. 4.9; Dia. top 2.3. E 1/7860 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 657 black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Dia. top 2.7. E 1/79 17 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact; L. 1296 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 1.8. E 1/8401 Complete leg; broken at base; crack continues L. 1303 a little along side; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 1.8. E 1/8421 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact; L. 1303 5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Dia. top 2.2. E 1/843 8 Complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 7/6; gray L. 1303 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Dia. top 2.0. E 1/8477 Complete leg; broken at base; clay color L. 1303 indefinable due to chemical activity. Lth. 4.7; Dia. top 2.2. El/6198 Complete leg; broken at base 2.5 YR 5/8; black L. 1285 core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Dia. top 2.4. E 1/8496 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1293 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.3; Dia. El/6200 Complete leg; broken at base. Lth. 1.8; Dia. L. 1285 top 3.2. El/8497 Joint of leg to body; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core L. 1303 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.1; Dia. top 2.6. top 2.2. E 1/6209 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact; E 1/8 539 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 5/8; L. 1285 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-0.25 mm grits; L. 1277 . black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 2.5. 5.8; Dia. top 2.7. E 1/62 14 Animal's leg fragment; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core L. 1285 (1); white slip. E 1/8 540 Leg; base broadening to form joint with body; L. 1303 leg broken in middle; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (1); white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 2.4. E 1/6222 Leg broken in middle; only bottom part extant; L. 1285 5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; remains of white E 1/8545/3 Complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 6/4; black slip. Lth. 2.3; Dia. top 2.0. L. 1321 core (2). Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 2.2. E 1/6246 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact; L. 1206 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Dia. top 2.6. El/8547 Animal leg fragment; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored L. 1322 core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.2; Dia. top 1.7. E 1/6300 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact; L. 1270 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.8; Dia. top 2.6. El/8560 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray L. 1321 core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Dia. top 1.3. E 1/6321 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1270 almost clay-colored core; remains of white El/8581/1 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact; L. 1326 10 R 5/6; light-colored core; white slip. Lth. 5.5; Dia. top 2.0. slip. Lth. 3.0; Dia. top 1.8. 74 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms E 1/8 58 1/3 Complete leg; broken at base and in bottom L. 1326 part; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (2); white slip. Lth. 2.5; Dia. top 1.6. E 1/8627 Complete leg; broken at base; defect continues L. 1325 to middle of leg; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 3.7; Dia. top 2.0. El/10144 Almost complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR L. 1604 6/4; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Dia. top 1.4. L. 1623 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Dia. top 2.3. El/ 10420 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1604 clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. El /10426 Complete leg; broken at base; bottom part L. 1604 defective; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); many 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4; Dia. top 1.8. El /10 165 Almost complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR L. 1604 5/6; clay-colored core; relatively many 0.250.5 mm grits. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 1.3. El/ 10427 Almost complete leg; broken at base; cracked L. 1610 to middle of leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored El/10169 Bottom part of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/4; gray L. 1604 core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white El /10434 Complete leg and beginning of joint to body; L. 1604 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; slip. Lth. 2.5; Dia. top 1.2. El/10203 Complete leg; fragment of joint to body; L. 1615 broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 1.6. El/ 10247 Complete leg; fragment of joint to body; 2.5 L. 1615 YR 6/8; remains of white slip and traces of red and black paint (?). Lth. 3.2; Dia. top 1.3. El/10254 Bottom part of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black L. 1621 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Dia. top 1.4. El /10268 Complete leg; broken at base; 10 R 5/6; black L. 1604 core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 1.5. El/ 10269 Complete leg; beginning of body and fragment; L. 1626 2.5 YR 5/4; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.3; Dia. top 1.6. El/ 10271 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1604 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Dia. top 1.7. El/ 1030 1/1 Base of animal's leg; bottom part missing; 2.5 L. 1604 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 2.7; Dia. top 1.4. E 1/1030 1/2 Complete leg; part of joint to body; 2.5 YR L. 1604 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits, also some coarser, 1.5-2 mm; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Dia. top 2.3. core; 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 3.4; Dia. top 2.0. remains of white slip (?). Lth. 4.8; Dia. top 2.1. El /10462 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray L. 1604 core (2); few remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 1.6. El/ 10463 Almost complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR L. 1604 4/6; clay-colored core; 0.2-0.25 mm grits. Lth. 3.0; Dia. top 1.2. El /105 19 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1604 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 1.5. El/10538 Animal's leg; bottom part broken; beginning of L. 1604 joint to body; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 1.6. El/10563 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1604 clay-colored core; traces of white slip. Lth. 2.5; Dia. top 0.9. El /10583 Fragment of animal's leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR L. 1646 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Dia. top 1.5. El/10586 Animal's leg; broken at base; bottom part L. 1636 broken; 5 YR 5/8; clay-colored core; 0.2-0.25 mm grits. Lth. 3.0; Dia. top 1.9. El/10628 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1646 black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 1.1. El/10312 Bottom part of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/4; L. 1604 light-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.0; Dia. top 1.6. El /10639 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1646 gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.1; El/10314 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 5/8; L. 1604 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of El/10645 Fragment of leg (bottom part); color white slip (?). Lth. 4.6; Dia. top 1.9 El/10315 Animal's leg; broken at base and along length; L. 1618 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. El /103 16 Complete leg; beginning of joint to body and L. 1632 fragment of it; 10 R 5/8; black core (2); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Dia. top 1.6. El /10336 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/4; L. 1618 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.9; Dia. top 1.6. El /10344 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 5/6; *Dia. top 1.2. L. 1642 indefinable. El/10651/6 Fragment of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 4/8; b L. 1651 (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits. Lth. 2.9; Dia. top El /10734 Complete leg; beginning of joint to body L. 1646 of base broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Dia. top 1.6. El/10735 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1649 light core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 1.7. El /10741 Almost complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR L. 1646 6/6; black core (1); traces of white slip. Lth. 3.6; Dia. top 1.5. 75 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El/ 10772 Almost complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR L. 1646 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.125-0.25 mm grits. Lth. 2.6; Dia. top 1.0. El/10773 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1646 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.4; Dia. top 2.1. El/10785 Animal's leg, broken from middle (only bottom L. 1646 part extant); 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.25-1 mm grits. Lth. 2.7; Dia. top 1.7. 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 4.7; Dia. top 2.1. El/14655 Complete leg; broken at base; 10 R 4/8; black L. 1687 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 1.8. El/ 14698 Almost complete leg; broken at base; bottom L. 1604 part defective; beginning of joint to body; 5 YR 6/4; gray core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.2; Dia. top 1.4. El/10821 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 5/8; L. 1619 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 1.5. El/16044 Animal's leg; bottom end rounded; 5 YR 7/4; L. 1604 gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of El/ 10891 Complete leg; broken at base; bottom part Surf. defective; 5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. 4.8; Dia. top 2.0. El/16045 Animal's leg; top part broken; bottom part L. 1604 pointed; 2.5 YR 6/4; gray core (1). Lth. 4.1; Dia. top 1.8; Dia. bottom 1.2. El/14312 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1618 black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.9; Dia. top 1.7. El /16046 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 2009 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. El/14373 Complete leg; joint with body; 10 R 5/6. Lth. L. 1660 2.0; Dia. top 0.9. El/14434 Fragment of animal's leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR L. 1679 6/6; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Dia. top 0.9. El/14435 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1679 gray core (1); remains of white slip.; Dia. top 2.7; Dia. top 1.3. El/14456 Complete leg and joint to body; 5 YR 7/6; L. 1679 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.4; Dia. top 2.2. El /14460 Almost complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR L. 1650 5/8. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 2.0. white slip. bottom 1.0. El/16109 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 2007 clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.2. El/16112 Animal's leg and small fragment of body; 2.5 L. 1604 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Dia. top 2.7; Dia. bottom 1.5. El/16132 Animal's leg; 5 YR 7/4; black core (2). Surf. Lth. 3.4; Dia. top 1.8; Dia. bottom 1.6. El/ 16143 Almost complete leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core L. 1604 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4; Dia. top 2.6; Dia. bottom 1.5. El/16169 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (2); 0.25El/ 14480 Complete leg; fragment of joint to body; one L. 2028 0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; L. 1679 side broken to middle; 2.5 YR 6/6; black Dia. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 1.3. core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 2.1. El/14491 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1687 black core (1). Lth. 4.4; Dia. top 1.8. El/14529 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1687 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.1; Dia. top 2.2. El/14541 Complete leg; joint to body; 2.5 YR 5/8; black L. 1660 core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 1.2. El/14562 Fragment of animal's leg (?); 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1679 clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.1; Dia. top 1.3. El/14563 Fragment of leg (middle part); 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1679 gray core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. El/ 14564 Fragment of animal's leg; hollow (part of L. 1679 zoomorphic vessel); 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core; polished. El/14612 Complete leg and joint to body; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1660 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Dia. top 1.5. El/14613 Animal's leg; broken at base; bottom part and L. 1660 one side broken; 10 R 4/6; black core (1); El/16173 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 2016 black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Dia. top 2.0; Dia. bottom 1.6. El/16188 Complete leg; 5 YR 7/6; gray core (2); 1-2 mm L. 2010 grits. Lth. 4.5; Dia. top 2.8; Dia. bottom 1.3. El/16223 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); L. 2007 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Dia. top 2.8; Dia. bottom 1.7. El/ 16227 Almost complete leg; 5 YR 7/4; black core (1); L. 2038 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Dia. top 2.7; Dia. bottom 1.4. El/16239 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 2028 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Dia. top 2.5; Dia. bottom 1.3. El/16246 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 2028 clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.2. El/16295 Animal's leg; bottom part broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 2028 gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 1.8; Dia. bottom 1.6. 76 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El/ 163 10 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 3/6; L. 2028 black core (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 1.9; Dia. bottom 1.3. El/16314 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 4/8; black core (1). L. 2028 Lth. 3.2; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.2. El /16801 Almost complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core L. 2028 (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 1.3. El/ 16920 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25L. 2085 0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 1.3. El/16315 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25L. 2026 0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.9; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.4. El/17284 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 4/8; black core (1); L. 2035 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.8; Dia. top 2.1; El/16322 Complete leg; 5 YR 7/4; gray core (2); 0.25L. 2028 0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 2.5; Dia. El/17291 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 4/8; black core (2). Lth. L. 2121 3.8; Dia. top 1.7; Dia. bottom 0.84. bottom 1.2. El/ 16367 Fragment of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6 (result L. 2024B of chemical activity?). El/16368 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 2035 gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.6; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.6. Dia. bottom 1.1. El/17293 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 4/8; black core (1); L. 2123 remains of white slip. Lth. 3.6; Dia. top 1.9; Dia. bottom 1.3. El/ 17463 Almost complete leg; bottom part broken; 2.5 L. 2146 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 2.0; Dia. bottom 1.0. El/16389 Animal's leg; top part slightly broken; 2.5 YR L. 2038 6/4; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.7; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.1. El/19292 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); Surf. remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top El/16442 Both ends of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black L. 2053 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 1.2. El /19609 Almost complete leg; 5 YR 6/4; clay-colored L. 2157 core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 2.3; Dia. top El/16450 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 5/8; L. 2035 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of El/19703 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (1). Lth. L. 2161 4.55; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.1. white slip. Lth. 4.1; Dia. top 2.6; Dia. bottom 1.5. El/16469 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/4; gray core (2). L. 2015 1.85; Dia. bottom 0.8. 1.4; Dia. bottom 0.9. El/ 19805 Almost complete leg; bottom part and base L. 2031 broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.2-0.25 mm grits. Lth. 3.9; Dia. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 1.3. El /16499 Animal's leg; top part broken; bottom part El/21 139 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); L. 2015 flat; 2.5YR 5/6; clay-colored core; remains of Surf. remains of white slip painted red. Lth. 5.4; white slip (?). Lth. 3.2; Dia. top 1.7; Dia. Dia. top 2.7; Dia. bottom 0.9. bottom 1.1. El/21142 Leg fragment; broken at base; 2.5 YR 5/6; El/ 16532 Animal's leg; bottom part broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; Surf. black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of L. 2015 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. white slip. Lth. 2.7; Dia. top 1.4. 2.4; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.3. E 1/21 144 Base of leg; bottom part missing; 2.5 YR 6/6; El/ 16563 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); Surf. black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. W. 656 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. 3.7; Dia. top 2.0. Lth. 3.9; Dia. top 2.8; Dia. bottom 1.7. E2/1491 Intact, slightly crooked, leg; 2.5 YR 6/8; El/16596/1 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 5/8; gray core (2); L. 537 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of L. 2061 remains of white slip. Lth. 2.5; Dia. top 2.1; white slip. Lth. 6.5; Dia. top 3.7; Dia. Dia. bottom 2.0. bottom 1.8. El/16662 Fragment of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 5/8; black L. 2066 core (1); 0.5-1.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.7; Dia. top 2.5. E2/1727 Animal's leg and joint to body; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 519C black core (1). Lth. 4.5; Dia. top 3.6; Dia. bottom 2.0. El /16692 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 2075 gray core (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits. Lth. 4.5; Dia. top 1.2. E2/1807 Top and bottom part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 534 black core (2) (?); remains of white slip. El 16719 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/8; clay-colored core; L. 2028 remains of white slip. Lth. 3.4; Dia. top 2.0; E2/1872 Similar to El/1491; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core L. 544 (1); white slip. Lth. 4.6; Dia. top 1.8; Dia. Dia. bottom 0.9. Lth. 2.8. bottom 0.8. El /16728 Both ends of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/4; black E2/1921 Crooked leg; bottom part broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 2028 core (1); traces of white slip. Lth. 3.1; Dia. L. 544 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 1.3. 4.2; Dia. top 2.7; Dia. bottom 1.6. El/16768 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2); 0.5-1 L. 2086 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Dia. top 3.2; Dia. bottom 1.3. E2/1967 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 554 (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.8; Dia. bottom 1.4. 77 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms E2/2612 Top part of leg broken; 10 R 6/6; gray core; L. 544 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 1.7; Dia. bottom 1.0. E3/ 12896 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/8; gray L. 1560 core (1) (?); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.9; Dia. top 2.0. E2/2615 Top part of leg broken; 5 YR 7/4; black core L. 544 (1); remains of white slip (?). Lth. 3.2; Dia. top 2.0; Dia. bottom 1.2. E3/ 12928 Almost complete leg; broken at base and in L. 1561 lowest part; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.2- E2/2616 Intact leg; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (1); L. 544 remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 0.9. E2/2710 Upper portion of leg broken; 2.5 YR 7/6; black L. 544 core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.2. E2/2794 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; clayL. 501 colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 1.7. E2/2799 Intact leg; fragment of neck and body; 2.5 YR L. 1709 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Dia. top 3.5; Dia. bottom 1.3. E2/3259 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core L. 601 (1); remains of white slip, traces of red and yellow paint. Lth. 3.6; Dia. top 1.5; Dia. bottom 1.0. E2/3355/3 Top part of leg broken; 5 YR 7/4; black core L. 601 (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.6; Dia. top 1.9; Dia. bottom 1.4. E2/3528/2 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core L. 627 (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 1.8; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.8. E2/3743 Intact leg with fragment of body; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 643 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Dia. top 2.5; Dia. bottom 1.4. 0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.7; Dia. top 1.6. E3/12935 Complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 6/4; black L. 1563 core (1); 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 1.5. E3/12939 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR 6/4; L. 1562 clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 2.4; Dia. top 1.0. E3/ 12960 Leg and joint to body; broken in middle (half L. 1562 missing); 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Dia. top 2.2. E3/ 12981 Complete leg; broken at base; tip of joint to L. 1562 body; 2.5 YR 5/4; black core (1); many 0.250.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.6; Dia. top 1.9. E3/13010 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1572 black core (1); 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.1; Dia. top 2.2. E3/1 3032/1 Bottom part of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; clayL. 1585 colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.2; Dia. top 2.4. E3/ 13049 Fragment of animal's leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR L. 1901 5/6; light-colored core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. E3/ 13083 Animal's leg; broken at base; 5 YR 5/4; gray L. 1588 core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; E2/7002/1 Animal's leg fragment; 2.5 YR 5/8; remains of Dia. top 1.3. L. 1402 white slip. E3/13151 Complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 6/6; clayE2/7186 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray L. 1906 colored core; many coarse grits (1-2.5 mm); L. 1424 core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.1; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.5; Dia. top 1.8. Dia. top 1.7. E3/13155 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR 5/6; E2/7227 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray L. 1582 black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. L. 1424 core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.9; E3/13156 Almost complete leg; broken at base and in Dia. top 1.9. L. 1906 lower part; 2.5 YR 6/6; light-colored core; E2/ 12269 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 1.6. L. 1729 black core (1); 1-1.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Dia. top 1.8. E3/13166 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1909 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of E2/ 12282 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray white slip. Lth. 3.8; Dia. top 1.8. L. 1731 core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 1.6. E3/15582 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); L. 1918 remains of white slip. Lth. 5.2; Dia. top 3.1; E2/ 12295 Almost complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 6/3; Dia. bottom 1.4. L. 1733 clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.2; Dia. top 1.3. E3/15609 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5L. 1926 1 mm grits. Lth. 5.2; Dia. top 2.7; Dia. E2/ 12297 Complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 6/4; black bottom 1.4. L. 1733 core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; E3/15610 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/4; gray core (1); 2-3 Dia. top 1.3. L. 1927 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.1; E3/ 12889 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR 6/6; Dia. top 3.2; Dia. bottom 1.8. L. 1561 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 1.2. E3/15626 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); L. 1923 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. E3/ 12890 Bottom part of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray 3.8; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.3. L. 1565 core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 1.3. E3/15633 Both ends of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core 78 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 1924 (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.7. L. 1944 clay-colored core; 0.125-0.25 mm grits. Lth. 2.6; Dia. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 1.5. E3/15635 Animal's leg; 5 YR 6/3; clay-colored core; L. 1927 traces of white slip. Lth. 2.7; Dia. top 1.9; E3/15917 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); L. 1957 remains of white slip. Lth. 3.9; Dia. top 1.7; Dia. bottom 1.2. Dia. bottom 1.2. E3/ 15644 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); L. 1932 remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Dia. top 2.5; Dia. bottom 1.4. E3/ 15929 Leg with crack in bottom part; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1952 gray core (1); 1-1.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 2.8; Dia. bottom 2.3. E3/ 15659 Both ends of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core L. 1923 (1); 1-1.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. E3/15931 Leg; bottom part cracked; 2.5 YR 6/6; black Lth. 3.8; Dia. top 2.8; Dia. bottom 1.5. L. 1957 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.8; Dia. E3/15685 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 5/2; clay-colored core; L. 1927 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.1; Dia. top 1.4. E3/15691 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.5-1 L. 1930 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.5; Dia. top 3.2; Dia. bottom 1.3. E3/ 15694 Animal's leg; bottom part broken; beginning of L. 1924 body; 5 YR 7/4; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.8; Dia. top 3.0; Dia. bottom 1.3. E3/ 15704 Animal's leg; 5 YR 6/3; clay-colored core; L. 1927 remains of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Dia. top 1.7; top 3.5; Dia. bottom 2.6. E3/15944 Almost complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 1930 (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.6. E3/15963 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2); L. 1930 remains of white slip. Lth. 2.5; Dia. top 1.9; Dia. bottom 1.7. E3/15998 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 5/4; L. 1959 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.1; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.3. E3/ 19064 Almost complete leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR L. 2402/2 6/8; light-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; Dia. bottom 1.2. remains of white slip. Lth. 2.0; Dia. top 1.4; Dia. bottom 1.0. E3/ 15707 Fragment of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/4; black L. 1927 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. E3/ 19099 Almost complete leg; top part broken; 5 YR L. 2402/3 7/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. E3/15732 Animal's leg; top part cracked; 2.5 YR 6/6; 2.5; Dia. top 1.7; Dia. bottom 0.4. Surf. black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Dia. top 2.6; Dia. E3/19100 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 1.5bottom 1.6. L. 2402/3 3 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 1.7; Dia. bottom 0.84. E3/ 15742 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); L. 1935 remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Dia. top 2.1; E3/ 19284 Complete leg; top part slightly broken; 2.5 YR Dia. bottom 1.2. L. 2472 6/6; clay-colored core. Lth. 3.0; Dia. top 1.1; Dia. bottom 0.4. E3/15771 Almost complete leg; 5 YR 7/4; light-colored L. 1936 core; 0.2-0.25 mm grits; remains of white G 2054/3 Straight leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); slip. Lth. 3.4; Dia. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 1.2. L. 710 remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2; Dia. top 2.7; E3/15772 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1936 clay-colored core; 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.6. G 2089/1 Leg with base and bottom part broken; 5 YR L. 710 7/4; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits. Dia. bottom 1.4. G 21 1 1 Upper part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black E3/ 15800 Both ends of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black L. 717 core (2); external burnish. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 1.9; Dia. bottom 1.3. L. 1935 core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.4. G 2114/2 Fragment of animal's leg, from base to middle E3/ 15809 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 717 of leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2); remains of L. 1930 black core (2); 1-2 mm grits; remains of white white slip.; Dia. top 3.2; Dia. bottom 1.7. slip. Lth. 3.6; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.5. G 2264 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core E3/ 15842 Almost complete leg; bottom of foot flat; 2.5 L. 736 (1); white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 2.0; Dia. bottom 1.2. L. 1924 YR 6/8; gray core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 2.7; Dia. bottom 1.5. E3/15844 Animal's leg; bottom part broken; 10 R 4/8; L. 1940 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.1; Dia. top 3.2; Dia. bottom 2.1. E3/15865 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); L. 1952 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.4; Dia. top 2.6; Dia. bottom 1.6. E3/15894 Animal's leg; top part broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; G 2266 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 727 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Dia. Fig. 17:14 top 2.6; Dia. bottom 1.3. PI. 8:14 G 2317 Top and bottom part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 710 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 5.0; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.8. G 2324 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core 79 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 710 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Dia. top 2.0; Dia. bottom 1.2. G 2336 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 727 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.7; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.7. G 5629 Leg broken in middle; only bottom part exists; L. 850 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.4; Dia. top 2.1. G 5632 Animal's leg fragment; 5 YR 6/4; gray core L. 850 (2); remains of white slip. G 4375 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 706 (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Dia. top 2.5; Dia. bottom 1.4. G 5674 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact, L. 856 but bottom portion slightly defective; 2.5 YR G 4444/5 Animal's leg, broken from joint to body; L. 782 bottom part worn; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.8; Dia. top 1.9. G 5675 Complete leg; broken at base; gray core (2); L. 856 remains of white slip. Lth. 2.4; Dia. top 1.6. 6/6; gray core (2); remains of white slip. G 4449/4 Very thin leg of animal; joint to body and L. 782 fragment of leg extant; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core G 5677 Complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 6/4; gray L. 856 core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.3; Dia. top 1.4. (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.1; Dia. top 1.5; Dia. bottom 1.6. G 5678 Complete leg; broken at base; bottom portion L. 858 defective; 5 YR 6/6; almost clay-colored core; G 4481 Intact leg; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (1); 0.5-1 L. 760 mm grits; remains of red (?) and white slip. Lth. 4.8; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.1. 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.6; Dia. top 2.2. G 5722 Complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 6/4; gray L. 870 core (2). Lth. 3.7; Dia. top 1.3. G 4818 Complete leg; broken at base; defect in bottom L. 824 part; 2.5 YR 7/6; clay-colored core. Lth. 2.6; Dia. top 1.5. G 5784 Intact leg and joint to body; hollow body; L. 840 presumably zoomorphic vessel; 2.5 YR 6/6; G 4819 Animal's leg fragment; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core L. 817 (1); remains of white slip. G 5787 Complete leg; broken at base; 5 YR 6/6; black L. 874 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white clay-colored core. Lth. 3.7; Dia. top 1.8. slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.2. G 4820 Complete leg; broken at base; defect in bottom L. 851 part and on one side; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core G 5792 Animal leg fragment; 10 R 5/6; black core (1). (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.9; Dia. top 1.9. L. 872 Lth. 5.0; Dia. top 2.1. G 4850 Complete leg; broken at base; defect in one L. 791 side. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 1.5. G 4908 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray L. 824 core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Dia. top 1.8. G 4946 Leg broken in middle; only bottom part extant; L. 824 5 YR 7/6; gray core (2); remains of white slip and traces of red painted stripes. Lth. 2.2; Dia. top 1.8. G 4964 Leg and fragment of joint to body; leg intact; L. 824 gray core (1); many 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.0; Dia. top 1.8. G 4970 Leg and fragment of joint to body; bottom part L. 824 broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core; white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 2.2. G 5535 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 827 black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.6; Dia. top 2.0. G 5548 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 850 clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 1.8. G 5549 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 850 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 1.5. G 5564 Complete leg; broken at base; defect continues L. 862 to middle of leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.6; Dia. top 2.2. G 5628 Beginning of joint between leg and body; leg L. 850 broken from middle; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (2); remains of white slip. G 8191 Complete leg; broken at base; crack continues L. 881 along one side almost to bottom of leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (1). Lth. 3.2; Dia. top 2.0. G 8204 Complete leg; broken at base; defect in bottom L. 859 part; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.1; Dia. top 2.1. G 11082 Animal leg fragment; 5 YR 7/4; white slip, L. 908 traces of paint (?). G 11334 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray L. 938 core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 4.4; Dia. top 1.7. G 11345 Complete leg; broken at base; color L. 952 indefinable since covered with grayish slip 10 Y 8/1; light-colored core. Lth. 3.7; Dia. top 1.5. G 11347 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 5/8; L. 938 • black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 5.3; Dia. top 1.9. G 11382 Almost complete leg; broken at base; 10 R 6/6; L. 950 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 1.8. G 11429 Complete leg; joint to body (body presumably L. 951 hollow: zoomorphic vessel); 2.5 YR 5/4; few remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 1.8. G 11473 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 960 black core (2) (?); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Dia. top 1.5. G 11514 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/4; gray L. 952 core (2); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 3.5; Dia. top 1.5. G 11567 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 2.5 YR 5/8; 80 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 960 clay-colored core. Lth. 2.0; Dia. top 0.6. G 11713 Animal's leg; broken at base; 7.5 YR 7/4; L. 952 black core (2); remains of white slip (?). Lth. 3.4; Dia. top 1.3. G 11733 Almost complete leg; broken at base; bottom L. 962 part defective; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Dia. top 1.8. G 11797 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray L. 972 core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.8; Dia. top 1.3. G 1 1865 Fragment of leg (bottom part); 7.5 YR 7/6; L. 982 gray core (2); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.1; Dia. top 1.1. G 1 1969 Fragment of leg; bottom part (also defective); L. 999 2.5 YR 6/4; gray core (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits. G 11974 Complete leg; broken and base; bottom part L. 989 defective; 5 YR 6/4; black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Dia. top 1.5. G 11977 Complete leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; light-colored core; L. 968 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 1.3. G 15311 Almost complete leg; small crack in foot; 2.5 L. 1107 YR 6/4; black core (1); white slip. Lth. 5.3; Dia. top 2.8; Dia. bottom 1.4. G 15349 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.5L. 1107 1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.2. G 17582 Both ends of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black L. 1122A core (1); few remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Dia. top 2.9; Dia. bottom 2.1. G 17619 Hollow leg; rounded; end pointed; 5 YR 7/4; L. 1128 clay-colored core. Lth. 3.6; Dia. top 1.9; Dia. bottom 1.1. El/3446 Leg; bottom part broken; 2.5 YR 5/6; black L. 618 core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 1.7; Dia. top 3.0; Dia. bottom 2.0. E 1/4 164/5 Leg; bottom part broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black L. 683 core (1). Lth. 2.0; Dia. top 4.3; Dia. bottom 2.8. El/9017 Fragment of leg; 2.5 YR 6/6. Lth. 3.5. L. 1350 El/10518/1 Complete leg; broken at base; 10 R 5/6; gray L. 1638 core (1); polish. Lth. 3.4; Dia. bottom 2.0. El/10749 Leg fragment (bottom part); 5 YR 7/4; lightL. 1646 colored core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 2.6; Dia. bottom 1.6. El/16132 Animal's leg; 5 YR 7/4; black core (2). Surf. Lth. 3.4; Dia. top 1.8; Dia. bottom 1.6. El/16451 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); L. 2035 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.4; Dia. top 2.1; Dia. bottom 1.9. El/21143 Bottom part of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black Surf. core (2). Lth. 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.6. E2/2831 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); L. 1451 0.125-0.25 mm grits. E3/13 1 10 Leg fragment (bottom part); 2.5 YR 6/6; gray L. 1598 core (2); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.6; Dia. bottom 1.2. E3/ 15863 Animal's leg; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); 0.5L. 1934 1 mm grits; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 2.1; Dia. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 2.0. G 2040 Upper portion of leg, broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 710 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of Fig. 17:15 white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 1.8; Dia. Pl. 8:15 bottom 1.4. G 2249 Leg; hole at top; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored L. 727 core; remains of white slip. Lth. 1.8; Dia. top 3.0; Dia. bottom 2.7. G 17631 Almost complete leg; 5 YR 7/4; black core (1); L. 1137 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.3; Dia. top 2.2; Dia. bottom 1.4. H 5150 Top part of leg broken; almost entire length L. 1016 preserved; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1.5 G 2281/2 Complete leg; 5 YR 6/1; clay-colored core. L. 727 Lth. 1.5; Dia. top 4.0; Dia. bottom 2.3. G 4441 Broad leg and foot; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 778 (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.3; Dia. bottom 3.6. mm grits. Lth. 5.2; Dia. top 2.8; Dia. bottom 2.0. H 5315/1 Top part of leg broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; clayL. 1044A colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 3.0; Dia. top 2.4; Dia. bottom 1.3. Type B3hl? E 1/2655 Fragment of animal's leg (?); bottom part L. 567 missing; only part joining leg to body and middle of leg extant; 5 YR 7/6; black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.3; Dia. top 2.0; Dia. bottom 2.3. Type B3h2 D2/20019 Complete leg; 5 YR 6/4^2.5 YR 5/6; core: 5 YR L. 2306 6/4; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip (?). Lth. 3.9; Dia. top 1.4; Dia. bottom 1.4. D2/20369 Almost complete leg; top part missing; 2.5 YR L. 2332 6/6; gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.2; Dia. top 2.85; Dia. bottom 1.45. G 11648 Complete leg; broken at base; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 967 clay-colored core; 0.125-0.25 mm grits; few remains of white slip. Lth. 4.1; Dia. bottom 1.7. G 11690 Bottom part of animal's leg; 2.5 YR 6/4; gray L. 962 core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 2.7; Dia. bottom 1.8. G 17580 Animal's leg; rounded and shaped; bottom part L. 1131 flat; 2.5 YR 4/8; gray core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.0; Dia. top 2.0; Dia. bottom 1.7/2.1. Type B3h3 El/ 16535 Horn of Cypriot figurine (?); 2.5 YR 6/6; gray L. 2062 core (1); painted black; polish. Type C B 420 Couch figurine; legs broken; one side flat; L. 1 1 1 A other side slightly rounded; small crack in Fig. 18:5 one edge; 2.5 YR 6/6; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 9.6; Th. 2.5; Wth. 5.5. 81 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El /1401 Half-broken couch figurine; leg fragment, part L. 521 of bed rest and part of couch itself extant; clay, nail-shaped (?) button in what appears to be joint; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (2); 0.250.5 mm grits; white slip with red painted stripes. Th. 1.8; Wth. 2.8 El /8522 Rectangular plate; broken on both sides; 2.5 L. 1301 YR 6/6; black core (2); remains of white slip, painted with red and yellow stripes. Lth. 1.7; Th. 4.4; Wth. 4.7. El/9780 Couch fragment; 2.5 YR 5/4; core: 2.5 YR 3/4; L. 1391 0.5-3 mm grits. Lth. 4.5; Th. 2.2; Wth. 2.8. El /10043 Couch fragment; corner with one leg extant; L. 1604 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. G 5790 Plate with extended corner; two broken sides; L. 845 2.5 YR 6/6; light gray core (1), few 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 1.3; Th. 3.7; Wth. 4.1. G 5796 Corner of plate with leg; 2.5 YR 6/6; black L. 883 core (1); few 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip, painted red and yellow. Lth. 2.8; Th. 2.0. G 8210 Fragment of plate; extended corner; round L. 903 impressions on one side; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); remains of white slip with red paint. Lth. 4.7; Th. 1.0; Wth. 2.4. G 8256 Plate (chair rest?); two sides broken; clay L. 903 protrusion and crack at one corner; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip, painted with red and yellow stripes. Lth. 5.2; Th. 1.3; Wth. 4.3. El/10384 Couch; various fragments combined to form one G 11159 Couch fragment; 2.5 YR 6/4; light brown core L. 1604 entity; couch rest, but only one leg extant; L. 903 (2); 0.5-2 mm grits; white slip with yellow 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); remains of white painted stripes. Lth. 5.8; Wth. 5.8 slip. El /10546 Couch fragment; upper part of rest pointed; L. 1604 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); remains of white slip. El/ 16592 Couch fragment; relatively large and wide; two L. 2015 legs with feet broken; one side broken off Fig. 18:1 with its legs; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core (2); PI. 9:1 remains of white slip. Lth. 9.2/10.4; Th. 1.7; Wth. 8.1. J 8021 Rectangular plate (couch?); one side broken; L. 1063 two short legs; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); Fig. 18:4 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. PI. 9:3 1.8; Th. 6.8; Wth. 6.4. Type D D 1/927/6 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 6/8; many 0.25L. 317 1.5 mm grits; remains of red paint. Lth. 4.0; Th. 1.5; Wth. 2.0. D2/13561 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core E2/1998 Chair rest; horn-shaped edges; straightened L. 1861 (1); remains of white slip. L. 544 back; legs and seat broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; clayFig. 18:3 colored core; many 0.25-1 mm grits; remains of D2/ 13709 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 4/6; black core PI. 9:2 white slip. Lth. 5.8; Th. 1.7; Wth. 5.0. L. 1884 (1); 0.125-0.25 mm grits; remains of white slip. E3/13090 Couch (?); chair (?); small 'rest'; stump of L. 1585 seat; leg stumps; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core (1); Fig. 18:2 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip, traces of red paint, presumably mesh style. E3/15811 Stump of seat, with rest and two legs; 2.5 YR L. 1949 5/8; black core (1); 1-2 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.2/3.4; Th. 2.1/1.5; Wth. 4.8/4.8. E3/15847 Couch fragment; part of seat; corner with leg; L. 1935 2.5 YR 6/8; black core (1); remains of white slip. E3/ 15956 Upper part of rest (diagonal fragment); mass L. 1953 of clay extending slightly upward protruding from corner; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3 G 4872 Corner of plate; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (1); L. 791 remains of white slip. Lth. 3.8; Th. 1.5. G 5518 Rectangular plate with two legs; legs short L. 850 compared to body; one side broken; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits, also coarser ones over 4 mm; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.3; Th. 2.2; Wth. 5.2. G 5563 Rectangular plate; one side and one corner L. 838 broken; protrusion of clay at another corner; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); remains of white slip with traces of red paint. Lth. 1.3; Th. 5.4; Wth. 3.2. D2/ 14065 Fragment of zoomorphic vessel (?); small size L. 1888 of fragment makes it difficult to identify; 2.5 YR 5/6; gray core (1); remains of white slip. D2/ 14082/4 Fragment of figurine; negative indicates that L. 1834 it was originally applied to another object; applied, protruding mass of clay; 2.5 YR 5/6; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. D2/20333/1 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 6/6; clayL. 2319 colored core; 0.5-1.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 3.0; Th. 1.5; Wth. 2.2. D2/20367 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core L. 2337 (1); remains of white slip. Th. 1.4; Wth. 1.3. El/3123 Fragment of unidentified body; 2.5 YR 4/6; Surf. black core (1); 0.125-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 6.8; Th. 3.9; Wth. 4.0. El/3323 Unidentified mass of clay; 2.5 YR 6/6; light L. 602 gray core (2). Lth. 6.3/5.0; Wth. 2.5. El/3376/8 Fragment of unidentified body; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 617 black core (1); remains of white slip. Lth. 4.1; Wth. 2.4. El/3704 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 626 black core (1). E 1/3754 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 6/4; black core L. 640A (l).Lth. 5.4; Wth. 2.0. 82 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms El/5931 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 698 (1); remains of white slip. Wth. 4.3. El/5980 Fragment of unidentified figurine; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 1270 black core (1); remains of white slip and traces of red paint. El/6488 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1279 black core (1). E3/19143 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 6/8; black core L. 2402/3 (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 2.5; Th. 1.5; Wth. 2.0. G 2130/1 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 4/4; black core L. 717 (1); remains of white slip. Th. 3.9; Wth. 1.9. G 2368 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 6/4; L. 742 black core (2); remains of white slip. Lth. 3.7; Wth. 2.5. El/7998 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 5 YR 7/4; L. 1293 black core (1); remains of white slip. G 4787 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 820 clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains El/9361 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 5/6; of white slip. L. 1310 black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. G 8128 Fragment of pillar figurine; broadening at top L. 922 and bottom; middle part narrow. Lth. 5.0; Th. El/9976 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 5/6; 2.6; Wth. 4.0/2.9. L. 1385 black core (1); remains of white slip and traces of yellow paint. G 11248 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 5/6; L. 923 black core (1); remains of white slip. El/10312/2 Fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core L. 1604 (1); remains of white slip. G 11256 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 934 black core (2); remains of white slip. El/10407 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 5/4; black core L. 1636 (2); remains of white slip and traces of red paint.G 11375 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 5/8; L. 950 gray core (1). El/10636 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core L. 1646 (1). Type El El/14701 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5Human YR 5/8; D 1/1 3251 head (?), female (?); top flat and L. 1604 gray core (1); remains of white slip. L. 450 rounded (perhaps hat?); large nose; button Fig. 18:11 eyes on either side, recalling 'Ashdoda'; not El/16171 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core PI. 9:8-9 hollow; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core; remains of L. 2007 (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip white slip. and traces of red paint. El/16596/2 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 2061 black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; remains of white slip. El/16856 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 5/8. El/10325 Fragment of mask (?); outstanding work; L. 1621 external and internal burnish; decoration of Fig. 18:8 engraved stripes; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (1); PI. 10:8 0.25-0.5 mm grits. El/10736 Animal's head (?); small, round head; eyes L. 1619 specified by engraving; one ear applied; no El/1 7609/1 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 5/6; Fig. 19:2 trace of other ear; small applied strip of L. 1136 black core (1); remains of white slip. PI. 9:11 clay creating 'plait' at rear of head; 5 YR L. 2078 E2/1810 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core L. 536 (1). Lth. 3.2; Th. 2.3; Wth. 2.3/2.2. E2/1938 Fragment of unidentified body; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 544 black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits; remains of white slip. Lth. 4.5; Th. 2.5; Wth. 1.5. 6/6; clay-colored core. El/14470 Fragment of mask; one eyes and ear; engraving L. 1685 and relief; burnish; 2.5 YR 6/6; light brown Fig. 18:7 core (almost clay-colored); 0.5-1 mm grits. PL 10:9 G 11138 Human head; protruding eyes (engraving and L. 919 relief); rows of circles representing curls on Fig. 18:10 forehead, creating 'crown'; head broken; 2.5 E2/121 16 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 6/8; PI. 9:5 YR 6/6; black core (1); 0.5-1 mm grits. Lth. L. 1493 clay-colored core. 5.0; Th. 2.6; Wth. 4.0. E2/2835 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1456 black core (1); remains of white slip. E3/12985 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 5 YR 7/6; Type E2 L. 1571 clay-colored core. D 1/1 32 14 Fragment of anthropomorphic (?) vessel; E3/1 5532/7 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR L. 5/6; 458 protrusion in center of vessel, representing L. 1914 clay-colored core; 0.5-1 mm grits. Fig. 19:3 nose (?); applied eyes (?) on either side of E3/15689 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 5/6; PI. 9:12 protrusion; 5 YR 7/4; clay-colored core L. 1916 black core (1); remains of white slip. (wheelmade). E3/15926 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 5/8; G 11434 Human head; presumably part of hollow vessel L. 949 or hollow figurine; particularly large eyes, L. 1952 gray core (2); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Fig. 18:6 emphasized by paint; large nose; no mouth; E3/ 15932 Unidentified fragment of figurine; 2.5 YR 6/6; PI. 9:4 round face; clear traces of paint, although L. 1952 black core (1); remains of white slip. traces of coal too; crack beginning above eyes and below neck; 2.5 YR 6/6; clay-colored core E3/15958 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 6/6; gray core white slip with painted details in red. L. 1953 (1); remains of white slip. 83 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Type E?/M D2/14141 Clay body with projection for join with L. 1888 another part; body not worked; 2.5 YR 5/8; dark gray core (1); few gravel stones; remains of white slip. Type F B 416 Presumably part of zoomorphic vessel; leg; L. Ill toes specified by engraved lines; 2.5 YR 6/6; Fig. 19:5 gray core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. Lth. 4.0; El/10545 Fragment of object, apparently cylindrical, L. 1604 with engraved details; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core Fig. 19:4 (2). El/10882 Unidentified fragment; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core L. 1658 (1); remains of white slip. El/14471 Fragment of zoomorphic vessel (?); 2.5 YR 4/6; L. 1685 clay-colored core. El/14539 Fragment of hollow vessel; three L. 1692A protuberances, two external ones doubled Fig. 19:10 inwards; 5 YR 7/4; clay-colored core; 0.25-0.5 D 1/957 Fragment of object; cylindrical shape; on mm grits. L. 317 bottom part of fragment: rows of holes, most Fig. 19:7 of which do not pierce the side; above them El/16063 Unidentified object; cylindrical shape with PL 10:3 engraved line; above it smooth L. surface of clay. 2006 thick ridge in front; base broadening forward PL 10:1 Wth. 3.7. G 5588 Fragment of vessel; relief of foot and toes on L. 804 fragment; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2). Fig. 19:6 Pl. 10:2 Type F-M El/16168 Fragment of object; upon it relief of hand and L. 1604 vertical lines of holes; fragment almost Fig. 19:8 rectangular. Lth. 5.4; Th. 1.5/1.0; Wth. 2.4. and back; rear part slightly concave; 5 YR 7/5; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits. E2/2639 Half of round object; protuberances around L. 544 edge and one on flat surface; sign of hole in center; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip; traces of red paint. E2/12146 Object with wave-shaped sides; 2.5 YR 6/6; L. 1492 clay-colored core; many grits, 0.5-1 mm; PL 10:4 remains of white slip. G 11474 Fragment of vessel; horizontal and vertical L. 975 lines on surface; 5 YR 6/6; black core (1); Fig. 19:14 remains of white slip. Type M D2/20237 Fragment of object which probably was L. 2319 originally round; traces of application on surface; 2.5 YR 5/6; black core (2); white slip. E 1/3736 Animal's head (?); large, round, applied eyes; L. 1364 ears; horns (?) protruding from upper part Fig. 19:13 (one broken; mouth broken; 2.5 YR 5/8; black core (1); 0.25-0.5 mm grits; white slip. Lth. 2.8; Wth. 2.6. G 2130/2 Triangular fragment; corner is round base; L. 717 front has engraved longitudinal line Fig. 19:12 (representing legs?); round protuberance in PL 10:7 center of object; 10 R 5/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; burnish. G 2492 Oval plate; applied eyes (?); groove in L. 735 center; diagonal grooves in base; 2.5 YR 6/8; Fig. 19:9 painted red. PL 10:5 G 8171/8 Fragment; presumably body, though positive L. 922 identification is impossible; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 1-3 mm grits; white slip, remains of red and yellow painted stripes. E 1/8479 Rectangular fragment; indentation in center; L. 1303 2.5 YR 6/5; black core (1). G 11731 Unidentified object; triangular shape; white L. 903 slip over entire surface. El /9802 Fragment of figurine; probably body with legs; Fig. 19:15 L. 1392 impossible to determine whether figure is Fig. 19:11 sitting or standing; two unidentifiable limbs K 18330 Double molded human head (see Appendix F). L. 2200B PL 10:6 on either side of figure; 2.5 YR 6/6; black core (2); 0.5-1 mm grits; white slip; traces of red painted stripes. Figs. 18:9, 20 PL 9:6-7 84 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms APPENDIX B: THE FAUNAL WORLD OF THE CITY OF DAVID AS REPRESENTED BY THE FIGURINES E. Tchernov Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Over 1300 clay figurines were found during eight CATTLE excavation seasons at the City of David between 1978 and 1985. Most of these figurines are 1. El/16498; L. 2015 (Type Bla; Fig. 14:2; PL 5:1). attributed to the Iron Age II (10th-6th centuries The head of an animal with an elongated, thin BCE). The most common type discovered is of mouth. The mouth is slightly open. The characterfigurines depicting animals (N = 926); in this cateistic feature is the pair of horns pointing to the sides. The head has been identified as that of a bull. gory 211 items depict animals' heads. This assemblage, the largest found at Judean and Israelite sites, 2. E3/13031; L. 1584 (Type Bla; Fig. 14:3; PL differentiates between the various species and 5:2). Elongated, broad head of an animal. The illustrates the fauna of the period. mouth is open with a protruding tongue. A pair of horns extends to the sides. The head has been Animal figurines are generally simple representaidentified as that of a bull. tions, emphasizing only the features characteristic of the species. However, there are some more 3. G 5517; L. 850 (Type Bla; Fig. 14:4). Very defective head. The horns or ears extend to the complex and impressive depictions, with greater emphasis on identifying features. Most figurines sides, and the depiction of the eyes suggest that this included an element of color in addition to their is a bull. plastic design. It is likely that all figurines were 4. Dl/6980; L. 422 (Type Bla; Fig. 14:5; PL 5:3). originally painted, though traces of paint did The not head of an animal, part of a zoomorphic vessel. survive in every one. Their condition makes Theithead is thickened, the eyes and nostrils are impossible to identify any clear pattern. indicated by holes and the mouth is slightly open. A Among the 211 figurines depicting animals' pair of horns extends to the sides. This head has also been heads, 174 were defined as horses' heads and 37 asidentified as that of a bull. heads of other animals. The identification of horses is based on a number of components: 1) the location SHEEP of the ears; 2) the shape of the mouth; 3) the depiction of the mane; and 4) the depiction of 5. El/7806; L. 1285 (Type Bib; Fig. 14:6; PL 5:4). trappings. In those figurines that were discovered Hollow head of animal, presumably part of a intact (with both head and body), it was possible zoomorphic to vessel. The back of the head is small identify traces of a rider's body applied to the body and the mouth is thin and short. A pair of horns of the animal. protrudes from the sides of the head, extending The richness of the variety of other animal backwards, with the tips bending forward. Another representations is exceptional. They include cattle,pair of horns extends backwards from the top of the sheep, horned animals (a deer, an ibex and a head. The eyes are engraved on either side of the gazelle), a hyena, an elephant, a bear (?), hippopo- head, and the horns circle around them. The head has been identified as that of a ram. tami, a camel, and an ostrich. The identification of the types was based on the 6. G 5568; L. 850 (Type Bib; Fig. 14:7; PL 5:5). morphological traits characteristic of each animal Head of small animal, the back of the skull species. The following list of figurines details the somewhat rounded. The mouth is thin and short. identifying elements. There are two brackets at the sides of the head. No 85 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms further details are indicated. The head has been continues to the frontal part of the body. Under identified as that of a sheep. the neck the large fold of skin typical of the hyena is represented by a downward protrusion. 7. El/10025; L. 1604 (Type Blj; Fig. 15:2; PL 13. El/16286; L. 2028 (Type Bid; Fig. 14:10; PL 5:16,21). Rounded head with extremely short mouth. Ears protrude from either side of the head.5:8). Very defective head of animal. The most There are no applied details, but some details mayprominent feature is the mouth, or long trunk with two holes at its tip (nostrils?). Two eyes indicated by originally have been painted. The shape of the head holes are discernible. The head has been identified suggests that this is a lamb. as that of an elephant. 8. El/10790; L. 1619 (Type Blj; Fig. 15:3; PL 14. G 15348; L. 1107 (Type Ble; Fig. 14:11; PL 5:20). Animal's head and the beginning of its body. The head is somewhat rounded; ears protrude from 5:9). Extremely thick head of animal, with broken either side of it. The eyes are represented by holes, mouth and holes denoting the eyes. The figurine has and the mouth is open. As in the previous example, a morphological resemblance to a bear. 15. E3/15721; L. 1933 (Type Big; Fig. 14:14; PL the general shape and the various details indicate that this is a lamb. 5:12,17). Flat head with a wide, elongated mouth, broadening slightly at its tip. The eyes are indicated by a clay application, and they are particularly HORNED ANIMALS prominent. The head has been identified as that of a hippopotamus. 9. El/8620; L. 1334 (Type Blh; Fig. 14:8; PL 5:6). 16. G 11968; L. 999 (Type Big; Fig. 14:15; PL Elongated head of animal, with mouth and long 5:13,18). Flat head with a wide, elongated mouth. neck. Horns with a rectangular cross-section extend The mouth is open and nostrils are indicated. above the head. The horn's tips are slightly Stumps of horns or ears pointing upwards, with rounded. Two circles protrude on either side of oval cross-section, are preserved. The head has been the head. The eyes are not indicated. This animal identified as that of a hippopotamus. was identified as a deer {Dama mesopotamica or 17. H 5105; L. 1012 (Type Big; PL 5:14). Very Cer vus elaphus). 10. El/6223; W. 265 (Type Bli; Fig. 14:16; PL defective head. Comparison with the two preceding examples leads to the conclusion that this too is the 5:15). Elongated head of animal. The long mouth is head of a hippopotamus. prominent, as is the pair of large and wide horns, 18. E3/19275; Surf. (Type Bll; Fig. 14:12; PL with a rectangular cross-section. The neck is broad. 5:10). Animal's head with a long, crooked mouth, Two brackets, perhaps representing ears, project extending downward. The ears are pricked. No from either side of the head. This figurine has been further details are indicated. This head has been identified as the head of an En Gedi ibex ( Capra identified as that of a camel. ibex nubiana). 11. El/10073; L. 1604 (Type Blk; Fig. 14:17; Pl. 5:7). Elongated head of animal, with long and prominent mouth and horns with a round cross- section rising above the head. No other facial features are indicated. This figurine has been identified as a Gazella sp*. 19. El/5827; L. 680A (Type Blm; Fig. 14:13; PL 5:11). Hollow head of animal. Presumably part of a zoomorphic vessel. The prominent feature is the eyes, formed by the application of clay circles within a recess, with a circle of white paint around them. Red dots painted within the circle represent eye- lashes. The large eyes and emphasized eyelashes suggest that this is the head of an ostrich. OTHER ANIMALS The rich variety of animal species represented by the 12. E2/12141; L. 1706 (Type Blc; Fig. 14:9). figurines points to the Jerusalemites' great famil- Animal's head, neck and frontal part of body, iarity with the faunai life of Palestine of that period. strongly suggesting that this is a figurine of a striped The artist who created the figurines indicated few hyena. The head and mouth are flat and wide. The features; however, these were sufficiently characterlarge nostrils are clearly shown, and the typical istic to define the species. The assemblage of short ears of the hyena are represented here by short figurines also points to the diversity of the wildlife triangles. The extremely wide and heavy neck of Palestine in biblical times. 86 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms APPENDIX C: THE TECHNOLOGY AND PROVENIENCE OF THE FIGURINES FROM THE CITY OF DAVID: PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Raz Kletter Elisheva Kamaiski Yuval Goren Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University Israel Antiquities Authority Israel Antiquities Authority the figurines, were collected, mixed and used for the An assemblage of figurines from the City of David production of modern replicas that were examined was examined petrographically. The assemblage is by similar methods. This study supplied additional the largest collection of such artifacts ever to be information as to the production methods of the discovered in a single site in Israel. The uniformity original specimens. of their material, as well as their typology, raised some questions about the methods and location of their production. The pétrographie study of these RESULTS figurines was therefore oriented towards these problems. A. Petrography METHOD Even at the preliminary stage of examination it became clear that technologically the assemblage of figurines from the City of David is very uniform. In The technological examination of the figurines most cases silty loam was used as clay, with the consisted of three stages: addition of sand and/or vegetal material ('straw') as 1. The whole assemblage was rudimentarily a tempering examined with the aid of a xlO magnifying glass,component. A dark core, indicating in this case a relatively low firing temperature, is very in order to obtain a preliminary classification of the different raw materials. common in this dominant technological group. 2. Representative samples from each of the Nevertheless, in some instances other raw materials above-mentioned preliminary classes were examinedoccurred, providing evidence for different locations under a stereoscopic microscope, at magnifications or methods of production. The detailed results of ranging from xlO to x40, in order to define the the microscopic examinations are described in Table degree of variability within each technological 1. The following discussion summarizes the principal conclusions. The plastic component of the group. At this stage, samples were chosen for dominant group, consisting of silty clay, rich in pétrographie examination. 3. Fifteen thin sections were prepared from iron minerals, is similar in composition and samples which were chosen at stage 2. The thin appearance to the terra rossa soil which is comsections were examined under a polarizing pétro- monly exposed in Judah, Samaria and the Galilee. graphie microscope, at magnifications ranging fromThis soil, together with wadi sand, crushed calcite x40 to x400. A detailed list of the thin sections crystals or grog, was frequently used by Iron Agë potters in Judah as a céramic raw material, inventory is presented in Table 1. for the production of cooking pots. On Following the pétrographie study, an attemptespecially was made to reconstruct the production methodsthe of other the hand, since terra rossa soils are very abundant Iron Age figurines, using similar materials and in these regions, no specific archaeologisite can be suggested as their source. Furthermethods as those observed through the thin cal section more, study. The clay and temper types defined by at the present stage of our knowledge, we may define the Iron Age ceramic production as a petrography as characterizing the major group of 87 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 1. Inventory of the thin sections. Reg. No. Locus Type Petrography E2/1997 544 A3c Rather silty (5%) carbonatic clay, rich in foraminifiers and opaque iron-oxide minerals. Elongated voids which commonly contain phytoliths indicating the presence of decomposed vegetal material. Some limestone grains appear as additional temper. G 8204 859 B3hl Clay similar to El/1997. Temper poorly sorted, spherical sandy grains of limestone, quartz, snail fragments and calcite crystals. E2/3301 601 A3a2? Similar to El/1997 but richer in silt (10%) and poorer in microfauna. Temper consists mainly of rhombohedral dolomite crystals, partly decomposed to calcite, plus some oolithic ferruginous mud-balls. Dl/6736 370 B3hl Similar to El/1997 with silty mud-balls in the temper. Black (reduced) core indicates a low firing temperature. D 1/6668 368 B3c Silty (7-8%) carbonatic clay, rather rich in foraminifiers. Limestone, calcite and some quartz sandy grains as temper. El/10452 1604 B3f Silty (10%) clay with some foraminifiers, rather rich in opaque iron-oxide minerals. Sand of limestone and quartz as temper. D2/20219 2321 A5b Silty (10%) clay with some foraminifiers, rather rich in opaque iron-oxide minerals. Sand of limestone and quartz as temper. G 4860 818 B3a Clayey, isotropic yellow matrix, rich in opaque rhombs and some ooliths. Temper consists of diversified shales. El/10433 1604 B2c Similar to El/10452. El/19292 Surf. B3hl Similar to D2/20219. Dl/1140 328 B3a Ferruginous, very silty (15%) clay, rich in opaque iron-oxide materials. Sand of spherical quartz grains as temper. El/9017 1350 B3h2 Similar to D2/20219. E3/12938 1563 A4a Very carbonatic, poor in silt (1-2%) clay, rich in foraminifiers. Sand of quartz and some chert grains as temper. G 11329 915 A7 Silty (10%) clay, rich in opaque iron-oxide materials. Idiomorphic, clear calcite crystals (probably crushed by the potter) as temper. El/5954 699 A2c Silty (10%) clay with some foraminifiers. Common elongated voids indicate a mixture of vegetal material. Dark (reduced) core. point to the use of hamra soil as a raw well-established and uniform tradition, as maytemper also material. Since hamra is typical mainly of the inner be seen from the typological affinities of this coastal plain of Israel, the provenance of this pottery. In this case, the technological similarity figurine is probably one of the sites located in this between the individual items of this assemblage does region. not necessarily point to a single center of production, though this possibility is reasonable. Besides this dominant pétrographie group, other raw B. Comparative Study of Modern Replicas materials were identified in the figurine assemblage of the pétrographie data, an attempt was from the City of David. These groups appear In aslight a made to reconstruct the ancient production techniminor component in the complex. In one instance ques by using similar raw materials and methods. (G 4860), fine well-levigated clay occurred, together Terra rossa soil was collected from two locations: with brown and light shales. This clay resembles the A) an in situ exposure of this soil which has gray member of the Motsa formation, but a definite identification cannot be achieved in this case due to developed on a dolomitic outcrop of the Bina Formation near Har Hotzvim, Jerusalem (Israel the high firing temperature, which caused a partial vitrification of the matrix. The absence of any other grid ref. 169.134); and B) a deposit of translocated identifiable components, such as rock fragments soil or from near the channel of the nearby Soreq larger mineral crystals, prevent any attempt atValley. The clay samples were sieved in order to extract the coarse non-plastic components and further interpretation. Another pétrographie group immersed in water for several days. Salt was added is represented by Dl/1140, in which both clay and 88 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms to the water in order to obtain the whitish coating which appears in many of the ancient specimens. occur in pottery deposited in the relatively calcareous soils of the Judean Mountains. B. There was an almost complete lack of dark Chopped straw, which forms the common nonplastic component of the original figurines, was added in various proportions. These mixtures were cores in the modern replicas, as compared to the common cores in the ancient figurines. This is left under a wet towel in order to obtain the desired probably due to the use of the electric kiln, in which the firing process was gradual and took place for a longer time than that of the original objects. This The preliminary pétrographie examination of the mixed raw materials indicated that only the caused the almost complete disappearance of translocated terra rossa soil corresponded with the organic matter, leaving only traces of charred mixing. ancient raw materials. This was due to the fact that material to form a very faint core. the in situ soil was devoid of any silt characteristic of the original materials. Therefore, only the mixture of the Soreq River soil was used for the creation of CONCLUSIONS the figurine replicas. These were made by one of the According to the pétrographie data, the figur authors (E.K.), a potter, by attaching a clay cylinder assemblage from the City of David is technolo to a molded head and two coils representing the cally homogeneous in both the choice of ra hands. The replicas were left in shade for slow drying and then fired in an electric kiln at amaterials and their treatment. Apart from a f temperature of 7000°C for several hours. items, all are characterized by the mixture of t rossa soils with sand, straw and/or calcite crys Pétrographie analysis of the modern replicas indicated that generally they accorded well withand a low firing temperature. On the basis of pétrographie data and the comparative study the original artifacts. However, some differences were observed: modern replicas, it is impossible to suggest a speci A. The modern replicas exhibited darker shadessite as their sole manufacturing center, but uniformity in production methods raises the po than the original objects. This may be explained by post-depositional processes, such as carbonate bility that such a center existed, perhaps in region of Judah. diffusion and re-crystallization, which commonly 89 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms APPENDIX D: CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CITY OF DAVID FIGURINES AND INFERENCES ABOUT THEIR ORIGIN Joseph Yellin Institute of Archaeology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem INTRODUCTION samples is small, it may be seen by inspection there are two groups and seven loner compositi ofreprewhich may be related. This is verified Eighteen figurines from the City of two David Tables 4 and 5, in which summary statistics ar senting 14 different types were examined by neutron given for the two proposed chemical groups, gl activation analysis (NAA). The object of this examination was to shed some light on the origin figurines) and g2 (five figurines). A summary of t of the figurines. This report deals with the chemical statistics for the seven remaining composition composition and probable origin of the figurines. A given in Table 6; what this shows is that they do n large number of anthropomorphic and animal constitute a chemical group, as the dispersion composition is too large. Graph la, a bar graph figurines was recovered in the City of David excavations in 1978-1985; no other site has yielded shows the dissimilarity in the compositions so many figurines. Their typology and distribution, groups gl and g2, also shows the composition and pétrographie thin section analysis bearing on chemical group of pottery from Jerusalem and the origin of the figurines and the technology of vicinity. Graph lb shows the compositional pat of the three groups of pottery shown in Graph their production, are reported on above. The The units for Graphs la and lb of the verti (concentration) axis are parts per million (PP for characterizing the figurines chemically. Table 1 except for Ca, Fe, K and Na, which are per question of the origin of the figurines may shed light on their function, and this was the main reason summarizes the details of the 18 specimens ana- tages (%). Graph 2 is a bivariate plot of Sm vs for the two groups gl and g2 and remainin lyzed. METHOD samples, from which it may be seen that the compositions may be deconvoluted into two sm fairly homogeneous groups plus a number outliers. The ellipses shown represent 68% c The method employed has been described elsewhere fidence intervals, i.e., an object whose composi (Perlman and Asaro 1969; Yellin et al. 1978; Yellin fallsfurther within one of the ellipses has a 0.68 1984) and will not be presented here. For probability of belonging to the group encircled by details on how the method has been applied in conjunction with pétrographie analysis to other City the ellipse (though it should be borne in mind that two elements alone are not sufficient to define a of David finds, see Maeir et al. 1992. chemical group). Those figurines that are assigned to group gl are shown as solid circles, while those ANALYTICAL RESULTS assigned to group g2 are shown as solid squares. analyses, e.g. other elements plotted against Table 2 gives the analytical results for Other each figurine Fe, support the conclusion that two groups and sampled. Table 3 gives the summary statistics for compositions are represented in the 18 the 18 samples, from which it may be seven seen other that the sampled. composition is not uniform. As thefigurines number of 90 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 1E3 1 N© 0s SS ® i! 1E2 ^ [L I r ^ 1E-1 Element C □ gl Mq2 ■ Jerusalem I Graph la. Bar graph showing the chemical composition of City of David figurine groups gl and g2 alongside a reference group representing pottery from Jerusalem. ^250 ? -, 0s 0 s & 20« & 150 a 1 I a I I a ¡ īoo so so - ļ */? ii ï' - o -ti i - i - ¡/i - i - i CA CE CO CR CS EV FE HF LA LU NA ND NI RB SC SM TA TH U YB Element ^ g 1 ^ g2 ^ Jerusalem Graph lb. Line graph showing more clearly the compositional pattern for the three groups in Graph la. 91 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms An examination of the compositions of groups gl and g2 suggests that the groups may be related SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS by a dilution factor, which is to say that both We are dealing here with a variety of composit groups represent the same clay but have different related by dilution which reflect either a clay sour amounts of a dilutant such as calcite or quartz. Note, for example, in Graphs la and lb that for of pottery manufacture, e.g. variation in the amou most trace elements the concentration of group gl is greater than that of group g2. This is seen most of temper used by the potters. Silica (sand) also as a dilutant, but we do not see Si in NAA. of variable Ca composition or different techniq clearly in Graph 3, where Eu is plotted as a The conclusion based on pétrographie analy function of Ca for all 18 samples, and in other (Appendix C) that the figurines are homogeneou similar bivariate plots (not shown). With the not necessarily at odds with the opposite conclu exception of the sample CDF8, the Eu concentra- that is based on NAA, since different criteria o tion is seen to be a linear function of the Ca homogeneity are employed in the two metho concentration, exactly what is expected ifHomogeneity Ca (i.e. in petrography is based on visual calcite) is a dilutant. Indeed, if we dilute the observation and involves such parameters as grain concentration of chemical group gl by 20% wesize, types of inclusions and types of minerals. obtain the composition of chemical group g2. TheChemical homogeneity is precisely defined in terms varied compositions of all the samples are due to of the root-mean-square deviation (St. Dev. in dilution. When all elements are taken into account, Tables 3-7) exhibited by the composition of a group the composition of CDF8 exhibits a concentrationof pottery. Given the composition of a ceramic pattern similar to that of all other figurines, as may artifact, it is possible to calculate the probability be seen in Graphs 4a and 4b. In fact, the elementthat it came or did not come from a given place. concentrations of CDF8 are depressed by 60% Furthermore, regrettably the figurines analyzed by relative to group gl, and may be brought intoNAA were not those analyzed petrographically. agreement with group gl by a factor of 2.54. It When different methods of analysis are employed in would be interesting to examine CDF8 petrograorder to maximize knowledge about artifacts, the phically to see what is causing the 60% depression same artifacts should be analyzed by the different in element concentration. methods (Goldberg et al. 1986; Porat et al. 1991; The composition of a reference group character-Maeir et al. 1992). Unfortunately, the analysts are izing Jerusalem shown in Graphs la and lb has alsoall too often unaware of each other and hence been shown to match the composition of samples different objects are often analyzed by the different from the Motsa Clay formation. The Jerusalemanalysts, leading to inconclusive or confusing reference group is seen to parallel the compositionresults. of groups gl and g2. However, there are notable The interpretation of the figurine compositions in terms of origin was based on univariate and dilution: Cr, Hf, Na, Ni and U are greatly bivariate analysis. In the former element concentradepressed in the Jerusalem group, while Cs, Rb tions are regarded as independent variables, while in and Se are greatly enhanced. Nevertheless, similathe latter some inter-element correlation is recogrities in composition are striking, suggesting thatnized. For example, there are strong corresponthere is a close relationship between the figurinedences among the rare earth elements, and compositions and the Motsa clay formation. Those consequently regarding such elements as indepen- differences that cannot be reconciled on the basis of differences that do exist between the Jerusalem dent variables leads to redundancies. One way to get reference group and the figurines may bearound the such correlations is to make a coordinate transformation from n element concentrations to n consequence of additives employed in manufacture, linear combinations of element concentrations, with e.g. temper that has trace impurities. The composithegl constraint that the combinations must be tions of the Jerusalem group along with groups and g2 are given in Table 7. The pattern ofmutually the orthogonal in the mathematical sense. Jerusalem group also parallels the composition of new variables thus obtained are independent. The the outliers. Thus a single geological regionOne is procedure for carrying out such a transformaindicated, and that region is Jerusalem andtion the of coordinates is known as principal compo- vicinity. nent analysis. When such a transformation is 92 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms uu /ACDF4 y^CDFß / CO LO - ^ . / ( n . ^ - / - X ( / #CD£^ ^'8 ( y, X >áCDF1 1 / / pCDF1 ■CDFUB^T'5 / / ACDF17 X ^CDF1 3 / aCD pr / ACŪF 9/ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 FF Graph 2. A plot of samarium concentration (Sm) against iron (Fe) for all City of David figurines after partitioning into two groups, gl and g2, and seven outlier compositions. Sm is in part-per-million (PPM) and Fe is in parts-per-hundred (%). 00 ^ 0 CDF4 CD t CDF10 Í #CDF3 *CDF6 * CDF1 CN 3 " # CDF1 1 0 CDF1 6 0 ACDF12 ģCDF15 # CDF14 0CDF17 #CDF1: O ^CDF7 CD Ò £ CDF8 ^ °0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CA Graph 3. A plot of europium (Eu) against calcium (Ca) for all City of David figurines. Eu is in part-per-million (PPM) and Ca is in parts-per-hundred (%). 93 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 1t4| * fe 1E3 Ķ 1E2Çj1-j4 - I 1 EO ;r 1 1 AS BA CA CE CR EU FE HF K LA LU NA ND NI RB SC SM TA TB TH U YB F-1 1 -H Element ■ CDF4 CDF6 - CDF7 Graph 4a. Composition pattern for outlier figurines CDF4, 6 and 7. ^ I 1 ^ itúi E0 1- 1 E-1 - 1 - 1 - AS BA CA CE CR EU FE HF K LA LU NA ND NI RB SC SM TA TB TH U YB Elements ^CDF8 ^CDF9 - CPF13 - CDF17 Graph 4b. Composition pattern for outlier figurines CDF8, 9, 13 and 17. 94 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 1 - oo % CDF5 / / £ * CDF3 CDF2 ' ' V ®CDF1 ®¿DF10 _ ° ?sl 3 " 0CDF18 ^ U I X oo I a CDnT~^' ^ V«CDFU BCDF16 ■ CDF1 2 CD r- 1 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 PC01 Graph 5. Principal component analysis of City of David figurines based on rare earths measured. Section Analyses on Late Bronze Age Ceramics from Deir el-Balah. Pp. 341-51 in: J.S. Olin and M.J. Blackman (eds.). Proceedings of the 24th International variables. Graph 5 shows the first two principal Archaeometry Symposium. Washington, DC: Smithso- carried out, it is found that most of the statistical information is contained in the first few new components (PCs) for groups gl and g2, in which nian Institution Press. the PCs are based only on the rare earths measured. Maeir, A.M.; Yellin, J.; and Goren, Y. 1992. A ReThe ellipses shown represent 68% confidence intervals. The two groups are seen to be well evaluation of the Red and Black Bowl from Parker's Excavations in Jerusalem: A Multidisciplinary separated in PC space, thus lending weight to the Approach. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 11: 39-53. more elementary analysis presented above. Mommsen, H.; Perlman, I.; and Yellin, J. 1984. On the Provenience of the Lmlk Jars. Israel Exploration Journal 34: 89-113. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Perlman, I. and Asaro, F. 1969. Pottery Analysis by Neutron Activation. Archaeometry 11: 21-52. The author wishes to acknowledge various people Porat, N.; Yellin, J.; Heller-Kallai, L.; and Halitz, L. who contributed to this study. Thanks are due to 1991. Correlation between Petrography, NAA, and ICP the City of David excavation staff headed by the Analyses: Application to Early Bronze Egyptian late Y. Shiloh; to R. Asia and R. Borosh of the Pottery from Canaan. Geoarchaeology 6: 133-49. Archaeometry Laboratory; to the Soreq NuclearYellin, J. 1984. Gamma-ray Spectral Map of Standard Research Center for the neutron irradiations, with Pottery, Part 1. Radiochimica Acta 35: 107-19. special thanks to A. Nagler and S. Digla; and to D. Yellin, J. 1994. Origin of the Lamps from Masada. Pp. Gilbert-Peretz and A. De Groot for selecting the 107-24 in: Masada IV : The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963-1965, Final Reports. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration figurines for sampling. The principal component Society-Hebrew University of Jerusalem. analysis and bivariate plots were carried out with Yellin, J.; Perlman, I.; Asaro, F.; Michel, H.V.; and software provided by H. Neff. Mosier, D.F. 1978. Comparison of Neutron Activation Analysis from the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and BIBLIOGRAPHY The Hebrew University. Archaeometry 20: 95-100. Zorn, J.; Yellin, J.; and Hayes, J. 1994. The m(w)sh Goldberg, P.; Gould, B.; Killebrew, A.; and Yellin, J. Stamp Impressions and the Neo-Babylonian Period. 1986. Comparison of Neutron Activation ¿tnd IsraelThinExploration Journal 44: 161-83. 95 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 1. Identity of the 18 figurines sampled for NAA. Lab. ID1 Sample2 Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. PI. CDF1 353H E2/12115 1497 Blfl CDF2 3531 El/10011 1608 B3cl CDF3 353J El/9329 1310 A2al CDF4 353K Dl/6796 396 B3c CDF5 353L G 11673 967 15:5 6:1 A6a CDF6 353M D2/13732 1890 B3a CDF7 353N D2/21023 2765 A6a CDF8 3530 Dl/6715 376 B2e CDF9 353P D2/20352 2337 A5a2 CDF 10 353Q D2/20243 2323 Ala CDF 11 353R G 8227 903 Ale 10:17 1:12 CDF 12 353S El/8653 1321 B2e CDF 13 353T El/8620 1334 Blh 14:8 5:6 CDF 14 353U El/9377 1376 B2cl 16:7 CDF 15 353V El/9524 1355 Ala CDF 16 353W El/10025 1604 Blj 15:2 5:16,21 CDF17 353X El/10246 1608 B3c CDF 1. 18 CDF 353Y is G the 11026 906 Ale laboratory 10:18 code 1:13 for the fig column is the CDF number. 2. Sample refers to a particular sampling of the CD figurine. The number refers to a batch of samples irradiated simultaneously and the following letter identifies the CD figurine sampled. Table 2. Chemical compositions of 18 City of David figurines as determined by NAA. The values in the row with the CDF numbe are the concentrations in PPM or %. The row immediately below the concentration values contains the measuring errors. As Ba Ca% Ce Co Cr Cs Eu Fe% Hf K% La Lu Na% Nd Ni Rb Sc Sm Ta Tb Th U Yb CDF1 10.3 442 3.3 62.98 17.01 148.2 1.6 1.271 4.204 5.43 2.5 31.03 0.400 0.367 24.53 146 36 16.015 5.642 1.103 0.75 9.39 3.39 2.84 0.6 23 0.3 0.56 1.05 1.6 0.1 0.021 0.032 0.13 0.3 0.28 0.023 0.008 0.92 24 6 0.061 0.016 0.014 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.06 CDF2 7.1 374 2.4 71.25 18.21 158.1 1.8 1.388 4.049 12.16 1.9 32.07 0.482 0.448 29.39 114 56 15.538 6.219 1.220 0.82 10.64 2.89 2.97 0.6 21 0.3 0.59 0.16 1.7 0.2 0.021 0.031 0.20 0.2 0.30 0.024 0.009 0.95 23 6 0.060 0.017 0.015 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.06 CDF3 8.0 427 3.1 68.42 18.04 210.7 2.1 1.370 4.135 12.27 2.4 31.80 0.494 0.434 27.73 91 63 16.773 5.977 1.265 0.87 11.04 3.58 3.36 0.6 23 0.3 0.60 0.16 2.1 0.2 0.022 0.031 0.20 0.3 0.30 0.025 0.009 0.96 24 7 0.064 0.016 0.015 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.07 CDF4 34.7 1215 0.9 98.72 27.00 166.7 1.4 1.688 5.038 14.71 1.9 34.57 0.514 0.470 34.40 146 8 18.603 7.168 1.600 1.02 12.31 5.33 3.90 1.0 37 0.4 0.75 0.22 1.9 0.2 0.025 0.038 0.24 0.3 0.34 0.028 0.010 1.12 28 7 0.071 0.021 0.018 0.05 0.12 0.09 0.08 CDF5 7.5 491 0.7 71.08 17.72 160.4 2.0 1.304 4.124 11.51 1.5 29.97 0.440 0.424 26.68 46 48 15.530 5.807 1.288 0.83 10.89 2.21 3.06 0.6 22 0.3 0.58 0.15 1.7 0.1 0.020 0.031 0.19 0.2 0.28 0.023 0.009 0.87 22 6 0.060 0.016 0.014 0.04 0.10 0.05 0.06 CDF6 11.0 572 2.1 109.55 33.13 164.3 1.6 1.326 3.722 13.23 2.2 34.95 0.522 0.400 27.40 154 45 13.713 6.492 1.169 0.72 10.61 2.58 3.00 0.7 23 0.2 0.72 0.24 1.7 0.1 0.020 0.028 0.21 0.3 0.33 0.024 0.011 0.89 23 6 0.054 0.019 0.014 0.04 0.10 0.06 0.06 CDF7 5.5 140 5.8 39.45 10.01 85.2 2.7 0.718 2.489 2.86 3.6 17.51 0.239 0.203 13.21 55 69 12.500 3.404 0.451 0.39 5.43 3.07 1.47 0.6 14 0.2 0.42 0.11 1.1 0.1 0.014 0.020 0.09 0.4 0.22 0.016 0.007 0.64 18 6 0.049 0.012 0.009 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.04 CDF8 4.2 237 1.6 35.83 6.51 74.3 0.7 0.510 1.725 4.78 1.3 14.23 0.212 0.174 9.80 48 37 6.286 2.517 0.479 0.29 4.16 1.24 1.16 0.4 13 0.1 0.34 0.08 0.9 0.1 0.011 0.015 0.09 0.2 0.19 0.013 0.006 0.49 13 4 0.027 0.009 0.008 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.03 CDF9 9.5 398 3.5 101.90 25.85 241.4 1.2 1.322 3.545 9.74 0.5 37.26 0.432 0.448 25.18 155 51 14.060 5.756 1.028 0.74 10.20 4.71 3.04 0.8 23 0.2 0.73 0.20 2.3 0.1 0.022 0.027 0.17 0.3 0.35 0.024 0.012 0.97 24 6 0.055 0.016 0.015 0.05 0.10 0.08 0.07 As Ba Ca% Ce Co Cr Cs Eu Fe% Hf K% La Lu Na% Nd Ni Rb Sc Sm Ta Tb Th U Yb 96 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms As Ba Ca% Ce Co Cr Cs Eu Fe% Hf K% La Lu Na% Nd Ni Rb Sc Sm Ta Tb Th U Yb CDF10 9.9 540 3.4 81.84 20.21 185.3 1.5 1.448 4.238 11.31 2.4 37.93 0.496 0.604 28.71 160 31 16.243 6.340 1.266 0.86 11.51 2.96 3.40 0.8 24 0.3 0.65 0.17 1.9 0.2 0.022 0.032 0.19 0.4 0.35 0.025 0.015 0.96 25 6 0.062 0.017 0.015 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.07 CDF11 11.3 739 4.7 76.18 15.92 185.8 1.0 1.082 3.096 10.80 2.8 30.35 0.401 0.533 22.61 93 53 12.507 5.095 0.903 0.69 8.84 2.99 2.52 0.7 25 0.2 0.58 0.14 1.9 0.1 0.018 0.024 0.18 0.4 0.31 0.021 0.014 0.83 20 6 0.049 0.015 0.013 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.06 CDF12 20.7 381 3.9 71.75 14.29 156.8 2.1 1.020 3.716 9.79 2.0 31.25 0.442 0.336 22.96 97 70 13.341 5.321 1.048 0.73 9.22 3.67 2.62 0.9 21 0.2 0.59 0.13 1.7 0.1 0.019 0.028 0.17 0.3 0.31 0.023 0.010 0.86 21 6 0.052 0.016 0.014 0.04 0.09 0.07 0.06 CDF13 16.0 426 7.9 47.17 7.63 317.6 na 0.828 2.058 5.45 1.6 27.13 0.391 0.432 14.05 163 37 9.680 3.789 0.537 0.52 6.81 7.36 1.95 0.7 25 0.3 0.48 0.09 2.9 na 0.019 0.017 0.11 0.3 0.28 0.025 0.012 0.94 19 4 0.039 0.015 0.014 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.06 CDF14 6.2 162 6.4 57.47 12.31 282.7 0.9 0.985 2.902 7.77 1.7 26.62 0.342 0.334 19.30 170 45 12.036 4.493 0.853 0.61 8.12 4.06 2.07 0.8 17 0.2 0.50 0.12 2.6 0.1 0.017 0.023 0.14 0.3 0.28 0.019 0.010 0.74 22 5 0.047 0.014 0.012 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.05 CDF15 13.2 676 5.3 63.33 13.94 211.4 1.2 1.015 3.280 8.48 1.3 26.67 0.376 0.465 18.40 158 41 13.200 4.535 0.878 0.51 8.68 3.99 2.50 0.8 25 0.2 0.55 0.13 2.1 0.1 0.018 0.025 0.15 0.3 0.29 0.022 0.013 0.83 22 5 0.052 0.014 0.013 0.04 0.09 0.07 0.06 CDF16 12.3 426 5.2 63.62 14.07 193.1 1.8 1.078 3.348 9.26 1.5 29.55 0.392 0.394 21.76 115 67 13.881 4.968 0.940 0.64 9.28 3.15 2.42 0.8 20 0.2 0.54 0.13 1.9 0.1 0.018 0.026 0.16 0.3 0.30 0.021 0.011 0.80 21 6 0.054 0.015 0.012 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.05 CDF17 7.3 411 6.5 55.18 11.50 114.8 1.0 0.836 2.468 5.80 2.4 23.71 0.317 0.344 16.33 64 52 10.609 4.032 0.650 0.47 6.16 2.07 1.89 0.6 18 0.2 0.47 0.11 1.3 0.1 0.015 0.020 0.12 0.3 0.26 0.017 0.010 0.67 17 5 0.042 0.013 0.010 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.04 CDF18 9.1 1136 3.4 77.52 20.65 169.2 1.1 1.330 3.644 11.72 2.5 36.38 0.421 0.495 27.29 97 24 14.125 5.798 1.138 0.82 10.25 3.39 3.07 0.8 33 0.2 0.60 0.17 1.8 0.1 0.021 0.028 0.19 0.4 0.34 0.023 0.013 0.94 22 6 0.055 0.016 0.014 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.06 As Ba Ca% Ce Co Cr Cs Eu Fe% Hf K% La Lu Na% Nd Ni Rb Sc Sm Ta Tb Th U Yb Table 3. Statistics for the 18 City of David figurines taken as a group. Element Mean St. Dev. % St. Dev. No. Obs. Minimum Maximum As 11.3 7.0 62 18 4.2 34.7 Ba 511 286 56 18 140 1214 Ca% 3.9 2.0 51 18 0.7 7.9 Ce 69.6 20.0 29 18 35.8 109.5 Co 16.89 6.82 40 18 6.51 33.13 Cr 179 61 34 18 74.2 317.6 Cs1 Eu 1.5 1.140 0.5 0.295 35 26 17 18 0.7 0.510 2.7 1.688 Fe% 3.432 0.856 25 18 1.725 5.038 Hf 9.28 3.31 36 182.86 14.71 K% 2.0 0.7 35 18 0.5 3.6 La 29.61 6.35 21 18 14.23 37.94 Lu 0.406 0.087 21 18 0.212 0.522 Na% 0.406 0.105 26 18 0.174 0.604 Nd 22.76 6.48 28 18 9.80 34.40 Ni 115 43 37 18 46 170 Rb 46 16 35 18 8 70 Sc 13.59 2.86 21 18 6.29 18.60 Sm 5.19 1.20 23 18 2.52 7.17 Ta 0.990 0.312 31 18 0.451 1.600 Tb 0.68 0.19 27 18 0.29 1.02 Th 9.08 2.21 34 18 4.16 12.31 U 3.48 1.36 39 18 1.24 7.36 Yb 2.63 0.70 27 18 1.16 3.90 1. Missing Cs value. See Table 97 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 4. Statistics for chemical group gl of six City of David figurines. The figurines are CDF1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 18. Element Mean St. Dev. % St. Dev. No. Obs. Minimum Maximum As 8.6 Ba 1.3 568 Ca% Ce 2.7 66.4 Co 153 Cs 1.7 Fe% Hf 22 K% Lu 2.2 Nd 27.4 Ni 109 Sc 0.27 0.825 0.042 7.95 3.07 Yb 0.50 3.12 5. 0.496 0.367 0.604 24.0 29.4 46 6 6 2.5 37.94 12.96 6 160 24 63 15.26 5.64 6.34 6 1.103 1.288 6 0.751 0.873 5 6 7.51 8.38 16 6 2.21 3.58 6 2.84 3.40 0.22 Table 1.5 6 5 0.42 12.27 0.400 6 6 4.238 5.43 6 4 0.076 3.644 6 35 6 2.1 1.448 29.97 18 38 0.80 5.96 Th 9 191 1.1 6 6 6 15 1.213 Tb U 41 43 Sm 6 19 1.8 14.37 Ta 6 0.081 20.65 1.271 5 0.041 0.462 6 3.4 72.7 131 6 10 0.7 17.01 6 24 0.4 0.456 6 5 10.2 1136 59.8 22 3.19 Na% Rb 8 0.217 6 6 15 2.62 33.20 374 39 0.064 4.066 7.1 6 6 0.4 10.73 La 1.1 1.45 1.352 6 50 4.2 18.64 Cr Eu 15 283 7 Statistics for Element Mean St. Dev. % St. Dev. No. Obs. Minimum Maximum As 12.8 Ba All Ca% Ce 5.1 51.60 Co 5.2 14.10 165 Cs 1.4 Hf 3.268 1.8 28.88 Lu 0.390 Na% 21.0 Ni 127 Rb 55 11.89 Sm Ta 0.6 4.88 0.924 5 5 9 5 10 5 28 13 5 0.36 0.076 5 7 8 0.442 18.4 5 5 170 41 11.06 4.49 0.853 Tb 0.64 0.08 13 5 0.51 5.89 0.67 11 5 4.98 3.57 Yb 0.49 2.43 14 0.21 9 70 12.68 Th U 0.533 23.0 93 5 2.8 31.25 0.334 5 23 0.63 1.3 0.342 5 3.716 10.80 26.62 21 2.1 1.082 2.902 7.77 5 5 220 1.0 0.985 33 0.086 35 * 7 0.037 2.0 5 9 15.92 125 5 6.4 58.49 12.31 5 13 2.13 0.412 Nd Sc 0.304 1.17 La 5 4 739 3.9 43.64 36 0.042 20.7 161 5 5 21 0.5 9.22 K% 11 9 6.2 5 18 1.28 1.036 Fe% 0.9 35 5 49 5.91 Cr Eu 41 234 5.32 1.048 0.73 6.80 5 2.99 4.06 5 2.07 2.62 98 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms chem Table 6. Statistics for seven outlier City of David figurines taken as a group. The figurines are CDF4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13 and 17. Element Mean St. Dev. % St. Dev. No. Obs. Minimum Maximum As 12.6 Ba 486 Ca% Ce 10.5 350 4.1 53.94 Co 1.4 1.033 Fe% Hf 3.006 K% 1.9 27.05 Lu 0.375 Sc 11.20 Sm 4.74 Tb 0.59 Th 5.74 U 2.14 2.34 42 48 57 0.99 Missing Table 7. 68 16.97 2.52 0.451 7.17 1.600 0.29 2.92 7 42 163 8 5.83 7 7 0.470 34.40 48 7 7 7 0.522 9.80 7 37 3.6 37.26 0.174 7 51 0.26 2.76 3.77 1. 1.74 0.434 0.5 0.212 7 44 32 5.038 14.71 14.23 7 47 19 3.55 0.845 Yb 53 42 45 2.7 1.688 1.725 2.86 7 34 0.7 7 7 33 0.119 9.02 112 7 51 33.13 223 0.510 7 33 0.124 20.00 Rb Ta 1.0 9.04 0.353 Ni 38 7.9 90.08 56 6 7 56 0.9 6.51 7 49 34.7 1214 22.87 7 40 1.157 4.54 La Na% 63 0.7 7 7 47 4.2 140 67 0.418 8.08 Nd 62 7 7 55 10.91 133 Cs1 Eu 2.7 29.93 17.38 Cr 84 72 1.24 7 Cs 1.02 10.33 7.36 1.16 3.90 value. See Composition of Element gl St. Dev. g2 St. Dev. Jerusalem St. Dev. 6 figurines1 5 figurines2 20 pieces3 As 8.6 Ba 1.3 568 Ca% Ce 2.7 66.4 Co Eu 1.7 1.352 Fe% Hf 33.20 Lu 0.456 Na% Nd Sm Ta 5.96 1.213 15 0.6 4.7 2.13 0.214 2.0 24.1 55 4.88 0.924 4.88 0.05 0.04 0.64 0.08 0.74 0.42 5.89 0.67 7.18 Yb 3.12 0.22 2.43 0.19 0.025 7.95 3.57 8 0.9 0.711 0.82 0.50 1.7 14 0.076 Tb 3.07 0.034 18.6 Th U 0.7 0.02 112 0.63 0.36 0.5 54 13 0.27 0.15 0.32 0.33 0.086 35 0.05 23.8 0.037 6 0.5 3.98 1.8 11.89 1.9 1.20 3.85 0.80 0.076 6.0 1.17 127 1.9 115 0.304 21.0 41 35 9.22 0.412 1.8 1.1 14.0 0.042 3.268 0.390 0.081 43 14.37 1.28 28.88 0.041 7.7 49.8 0.5 1.036 0.4 109 Rb Sc 1.4 2.62 27.4 0.9 5.9 165 3.19 0.462 Ni 22 0.217 2.2 La 5.1 14.10 0.064 10.73 5.2 234 51.6 0.4 4.066 K% 1.1 1.45 153 Cs 477 4.2 18.64 Cr 12.8 283 0.49 0.21 2.33 2.39 0.25 0.25 0.12 1. CDF1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 18. 3. Mommsen et al. 1984; Zorn et al. 1994; Yellin 1994. 2. CDF11, 12, 14, 15 and 16. 99 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms T C APPENDIX E: ANALYSIS OF HOMOGENEITY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF FIGURINES IN STRATA 13-10 Ilan Sharon Institute of Archaeology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem SAMPLING AND CATEGORIZATION For the purpose of the statistical analysis, we grouped together all sub-strata of 10 (10, 10B, 10C, 10B/C) in order to ensure chronological ordinality This analysis encompasses all of the figurines found the stratigraphical categories. We also in the City of David excavation. Thebetween excavation grouped together areas do not constitute a random sample of the sitein one category ('Unstratified') all of the figurines of Jerusalem, and consequently the figurines re- which did not come from Strata 10, 11, 12form or 13. Note that this category includes trieved from them cannot strictly speaking a figurines that do belong in the Strata 13-10 horizon, random sample of the entire population of figurines but do not have an exact stratigraphical proveniin Jerusalem in the relevant periods. Nevertheless, ence (e.g.of 'Strata we assume that this sample is representative the107/11?' or '9-10') as well as figurines by fromthe non-stratigraphical contexts ('Strasite as a whole. This assumption is supported tum' '-' or '0') and broad homogeneity of the distribution of the ones which are obviously out of context (e.g. Stratum 4). The number of figurines figurines across the different excavation areas (see from Stratum 13 is too small for meaningful below). The size of the sample from each stratum is statistics to be calculated and consequently this largely influenced by the area of exposure and the state of preservation, both of which factors greatly stratum was excluded from the analysis, though it vary between strata in the City of David. Thus will be briefly commented on below. Some of the types (or sub-types within the main differences in the total number of figurines in each categories) are present only in small numbers in the stratum in no way represent actual differences in the sample. This might not only disqualify the quantitative estimates for these categories, but impair the volume of figurine production between periods. For example, the fact that there are very few figurines in Stratum 13 may indeed be due to a low rate of figurine production, but may equally well be validity of the analysis as a whole, as will be explained below. Such categories were therefore density of artifacts in deposits of this stratum, or a dropped from the analysis altogether (e.g. sub-type A4 of Type A, of which only two examples exist) or combined with other small categories (e.g. Types D, combination of any of the above. The tests used here are designed to detect differences in the distribution of types within strata, taking into E, F and M, comprising together 50 pieces, or less than 3% of the total sample, which were combined under the 'Others' heading in the analysis of major account the given sample size from each stratum. The data were analyzed independently of either types). stratigraphical or typological analysis. For the do not refer to determinable morphological variants, but merely to missing classification criteria (usually in the case of figurine fragments). Cases in attributed to smaller exposure or a general lower definition of what constitutes a given stratum and which period it represents, or the argumentation for grouping a certain set of figurines under a given 'type' label, the reader is referred to the relevant chapters. Some of the category designations in the typology point are 'Type' D (unidentified pieces) or 'subtype' A3, which consists of torsos belonging to figurines of sub-types Al or A2 (which can only be 100 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms differentiated by the treatment of the head). Such The first step is the calculation of expected values designations also necessitated special treatment, for each of the contingency tables being analyzed. which will be referred to below. The expected value, given within square brackets in each cell of Tables 2.2, 3.2 3.4 and 4.2, is what we All analyses were performed four times. First we expect to find there if the assumption of analyzed the general typological categories (A, B, would C and 'Others') (Graph 1 and Tables 2.1-4). Within complete homogeneity were true. For example: we know (Table 1.2) that 19% of all figurines in the the group of human figurines (Type A) two different City of David are of Type A. We also know that the questions were explored. The two most numerous total number of figurines in Stratum 11 is 132 forms are pillar figurines and depiction of horse(Table 1.1). Under conditions of complete homoriders. Each of these forms can appear with one of two different treatments of the head - moldmade or geneity, i.e., if the distribution in each of the strata is exactly the same as the general (marginal) distribuhandmade ('pinched'). Accordingly, Table 3.1 was split two ways and analyzed twice - once for tion for the site, we would expect to find approximoldmade heads vs. 'pinched' heads (Graph 2 andmately 25 Type A figurines in Stratum 11 (19% of Tables 3.2-3) and once for pillar figurines (of all 132). This is the meaning of the number 25.4 which kinds) vs. horse-riders (Graph 3 and Tables 3.4-5.appears in brackets at the top of the second column in Table 2.2, next to the number of figurines of that Within Type B we compared the amount of horses (B2) to all other animals (Bl). The third category type actually found in the stratum (23). The question at this point becomes one of evaluating (B3) comprised mostly indeterminable animal pieces whether the difference between the expected value and was ignored (Graph 4 and Tables 4.1-3). The rest of the types do not have sub-type categories. No(25) and the observed one (23) is due to some inherent heterogeneity among the strata. Naturally, analysis of sub-sub-types was attempted because the number of cases within each sub-category is tooeven if our zero hypothesis were true, we would not small for any meaningful quantitative analysis. expect every reading in the observed table to be exactly the same as the expected value, because of The raw data, as presented in Tables 2.1, 3.1 and 4.1, were thus transformed, by a combination ofstochastic variation. However, the greater the homogeneity between the strata, the closer the combining and dropping categories as needed, into observed values to the expected value. the concatenated tables (2.2, 3.2, 3.4 and 4.2), upon which statistical analysis was performed. Note that In the second step we calculate the deviation between the observed values and the expected values as a result of this process the total number of figurines participating in each analysis varies under the homogeneity hypothesis, stated in apslightly in different analyses, as well as between thisproximate standard deviation units. The standardi- appendix and the catalogue. zation is done by the standardized residual method (Upton 1978: 23-26, 90-91), and hence the name PROCEDURE residual analysis for this statistical technique. To calculate the standardized residual for each cell in we figure out the difference between the The data analysis method used herethe istable residual actual (observed) number of figurines in this cell analysis. Its purpose is to test homogeneity or heterogeneity in the relative frequency of types and the expected value, and then divide it by the within the different strata. The homogeneity hy- square root of the expected value. pothesis (H0) is that the shape of the frequency This standardization is based on a statistical curve for the types under analysis is the same in all theorem which states that in a multinomially strata, and hence also the same as the shape of the distributed population the distribution of the general distribution over all strata combined. These standardized residual is approximately standard general distributions for all strata combined (usual- normal. In mathematical formulation the above ly referred to as 'marginal distributions') are given two paragraphs may be expressed as: in Tables 1.1-2 as well as the total column in Tables 2.1-2, 3.1-2, 3.4 and 4.1-2. The purpose of the analysis is to assess the likelihood of the assertion Oi;-E¡j Si J = i Jr-r^'J ; ¡ j * N(0,1) V 'J that the deviations from this hypothesis are entirely where Oļ j is the observed value in row i of column j random. and Eļj is the corresponding expected value. Note 101 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms that this is the only use of a statistical theorem in alpha value of 60% is far from significant, and one this discussion, and this is the only time that any would not be justified in saying that this result assumption is made as to the shape or nature of the proves that there is a real difference in the frequency of Type A figurines between strata. distribution of the population, in contrast with much heavier use of such in parametric statistics. The third step of the analysis is to check whether the whole table deviates significantly from the The use of the term 'approximately normal' needs homogeneity hypothesis. This is done by Pearson's further explanation. What the above theorem actually shows is that the distribution of the chi-square test. The Pearson test statistic is: standardized residual rapidly approaches a standard normal distribution as the total sample size is X2 = a *2([r-l]*[c-l]) ¿=1 j= 1 increased. The answer to when is 'approximate' close enough depends, of course, on individual where Sitj are all the standardized residuals in the taste. However, most statisticians agree that if the table. It can be shown as a corollary to the aboveexpected value is less than 5, this approximation is mentioned theorem that the distribution of X2 is insufficient. approximately the chi-squared distribution with [rIn a case where the observed number of figurines 1] x [c-1] degrees of freedom (r and c are the number of rows and columns in the table). The larger the in a table cell is exactly as expected under the homogeneity hypothesis, the standard residual will value of X2 for a given table, the smaller the chance be 0. A standard residual of more than 2.0 means that the difference between the observed table and the expected table is merely stochastic. For the that the probability that the deviation is merely stochastic is less than 5%. In other words, if we translation of X2 values to probabilities (alpha were to build a random simulation model in which values) use a chi-square table with the appropriate the numbers in each cell vary normally arounddegrees the of freedom. Under Tables 2.3, 3.3, 3.5 and 4.3 are the Pearson expected value, we would obtain a residual of 2.0 or X2 values for each table and the corresponding more in only one out of twenty cases. The probability of a chance residual of over 2.6 is only alpha values. Example: in Table 2.3 we obtained an 1%, etc. The translation of standard residuals into X2 value of 19.48, which gives (for a 4 x 4 table) an alpha value of 2.1%. This means that there is a probability percentages may be carried out by using a 'z' table for standard normal distribution. probability of approximately 2% (1 case out of 50) that all the deviations from the homogeneity When a statistical test yields an alpha value hypothesis (as noted in Table 2.2) are purely (probability of obtaining the test statistic under the null hypothesis H0) of less than 5%, it is customary random. This probability is significant, though not highly so. Thus there is some justification for the to call the result significant (i.e., it is unlikely that assertion that, on the whole, there are some nonsuch a deviation is merely random, and the null random differences in the distribution of major hypothesis - in our case the homogeneity types among the different strata, and that our initial hypothesis - should be rejected). A value of less than 1 % is called highly significant. hypothesis of homogeneity is not likely. Note that whereas we saw in Table 2.3 that the deviation of In the example we have been pursuing, we may Type A figurines in Stratum 11 from the expected look at Table 2.3 and see at the top of the second column the value -0.5. This means that the deviation value is not significant, there are some highly between the observed number of Type A figurines insignificant categories in that table: i.e., there are significantly less Type A figurines in Stratum 12 Stratum 1 1 (23 figurines) and the value expected in one would expect, and significantly more Type the case of complete homogeneity (25.4) is half ofthan a standard deviation. The minus sign denotes that the C figurines in Stratum 10. observed value is less than expected. These figuresAn apparent contradiction between the second and third step of the analysis merits an additional mean that if in reality Type A figurines constitute comment. Is it possible that one or more categories 19% of the assemblage in the period represented by Stratum 1 1 (i.e. the same percentage as the marginalin a given table can be significantly deviant from the distribution), there is a 60% likelihood that a expected cell value, and yet the table as a whole be random sample of 132 figurines will deviate by athomogeneous? The answer is yes. To explain this, least 2 figurines from the expected value of 25. Anlet us look at an analogy. Any gambler knows that 102 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms the chance of getting three aces in a poker hand are pretty slim. However, there is a good chance that in a game of, say, 100 hands, a hand containing three aces will appear at least once. By analogy, in a table pattern is evident when examining the residuals for Type B. The X2 values attached to Table 2.4 should be used with some caution. A table which on the whole with 4x4=16 cells the chances that there will be at displays only random variations may nevertheless least one significantly deviant cell (at the 5% level) have some sub-table which appears to deviate are actually much higher than 1 in 20. The opposite significantly from the zero (homogeneity) hypoth(a table in which no single residual exceeds 2.0,esis. but The argumentation for this assertion is exactly the same as used above to explain why the deviation which is nevertheless heterogeneous) is also possible. Let us again consider the poker analogy: it ofisa complete table cannot be assessed merely on the basis of its most deviant category. perfectly probable, in any five-card deal, to obtain Several procedures exist for the simultaneous at least a pair. Yet if your opponent has never dealt himself a zilch in a 100-hand game, then you might testing of sub-tables within a given table (e.g. Gabriel 1966). This test, which is based on the be justified in suspecting some non-random shuffle. likelihood-ratio statistic and will not be discussed The correct procedure for the analysis is as follows. here in detail, was used on Table 2.2 to determine First, calculate the X2 for the table as a whole. Only if that is significant (i.e., there is a high likelihood whether of its heterogeneity resulted only from Type non-random deviation in the table as a whole) C, from the systematic increase in Type A, or from should one look at the individual cell residuals to both. It was found that both effects contribute to the heterogeneity in the table, and that the change in see in which categories this deviation is concenthe ratio of anthropomorphic vs. zoomorphic while not as high as the X2 value in Table In the case in point (Table 2.3), the X2 figurines, value trated. indicates a significant deviation from homogeneity. 2.4, is nevertheless significant (i.e., is not likely to be random effect). In the fourth and last step of the analysis wea shall We have discussed above the problem of nontry to locate the source of this heterogeneity. Examination of Table 2.3 shows that high residuals applicability of this test to cells with low frequenoccur in Types C and A. cies. The same problem exists with Pearson's X2 Type C is a rather esoteric category (numerically statistic. It is usually considered that if the table and theologically) and one would be hard pressed to contains expected values of less than 1.0, or the argue some religious reform between Strata 12-11 expected values for more than 20% of the cells in a and Stratum 10 on the basis only of an increase in given table are below 5, then the test is inapplicable. furniture figurines. Is there, then, a significant For this reason, we have had to delete, or difference between Strata 12-11 and 10 if only the agglomerate together, categories for which the major categories (anthropomorphic vs. zoosample is small. morphic) are considered and the furniture category is excluded from the analysis? RESULTS Examination of Types A and B from stratified contexts only (Table 2.4) reveals a potentially more With the exception of Table 2, which was analyz in detail above, there is an uncanny resemblanc consequential deviation from our original assump- between the observed distribution of figurin tion of homogeneity: there is a systematic increase in the proportion of Type A (human) figurines from (Graphs 1-4) and the distribution as predicted b Stratum 12 to Stratum 10, accompanied by a the homogeneous model (Tables 3.2, 3.4, 4.2), whi corresponding decrease in Type B (animals). This is visible at a glance. The X2 test shows that none pattern can clearly be seen in the residual table (2.3) the four tables significantly contradicts the hom in that there is a significant negative residual (-2.3)geneity hypothesis. The residual analysis shows th for Type A in Stratum 12 - i.e., the observed no cell in any of the other tables contains any number (45) is considerably lower than that significant deviations, and that the alpha values for Tables 3.3, 3.5 and 4.3 are, as a matter of fact, expected by the assumption of homogeneity (63.2); the amount in Stratum 11 is about as expected surprisingly high. (residual of -0.5); while that of Stratum 10 is higher We discussed above the problems caused by low than expected (residual of +1.4). The opposite expected values in many categories. Note that in 103 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Tables 3.2 and 3.4 more than 20% of the categories have expected values of less than 5. This is due to Strata 13-10 and have been shifted as a result of the low number of figurines of the relevant types in redeposition processes. The results of this analysis confirm this assumption. Specifically, the fact that Stratum 11. This problem might be rectified by no figurine of Type A4 or A6 was found in situ may dropping Stratum 1 1 from these analyses altogether, well be a coincidence. Since processes of construc- or by agglomerating it with Stratum 10 or 12. In our tion and destruction at the site have shifted potsherds (and figurines) in a stochastic fashion, the distribution of unstratified figurines should reflect the combined distribution of their parent and so the latter course would be sensible. This populations. A significant deviation between th analysis did not display any significant difference distribution of unstratified figurines and the diseither, and consequently it will not be shown here in tribution of Strata 13-10 figurines would have case, the underlying research question is to test for a radical change in figurine production and use which purportedly happened between Stratum 11 and 10, detail. The apparent anomaly in Stratum indicated 11 in the existence of an additional source Graph 2 is merely the result of small sample 'donating' size. figurines to the 'pool' of unstratified There are only four human figurines with figurines. heads It is possible of course that such a source outside intact in Stratum 1 1, of which two are 'pinched' and Strata 13-10 does exist, and that the two are moldmade, whereas the expected values distribution in of its figurines is homogeneous with that of Strata 13-10. Such a source would be the case of complete homogeneity would have been three and one respectively. invisible as far as this analysis is concerned. The figurines from Stratum 13 were not included in the quantitative analysis due to small sample size. CONCLUSIONS Nevertheless, it is appropriate to ask whether the figurine distribution in Stratum 13 is similar toanalysis points to the existence of homogeneit This those of Strata 12-10. As mentioned above, the in the distribution of figurine types between St reason for the small absolute number of figurines in 10 and 13, with a single notable exception - a Stratum 13 is outside the scope of this analysis. marked increase in the production of human (vs. Taking this total sample size into consideration, animal) figurines in the later strata. What are the however, we can see that the distribution of possible explanations for this homogeneity? figurines in Stratum 13 fits the homogeneous model First of all we must consider the possibility that quite well. Perusal of Table 5 will show that in a the lack of apparent differences between strata is a total sample of 5, the 'ideal' distribution would have result of a high rate of redeposition. One of the been 4 of Type B and 1 of Type A. Although oneprominent findings is the large number of figurines should not use the standardized residuals in this (about half the sample) found out of context. A case as accurate measures of deviation (because large the number of these were found in definitely nonexpected values are less than 5), the differences Iron Age strata, and are certainly the result of between the observed distribution and the expected redeposition. This being so, we have to assume that theoretical one are minimal. It certainly would not some of the figurines which were found in at least be likely in a sample of this size for any of the Stratum types 40, for instance, are redeposi ted pieces but A and B to be represented at all. which originated in, say, Stratum 11. A high Similarly, one might ask whether the agglomeraproportion of redeposition will tend to blur real tion of Types E, F and M into a single catchall differences between strata. This might best be category has not masked any significant deviation explained in an example. Let us assume that in in the distribution of these types. Table 6 showsPeriod that X the distribution of thingamajig types is: there no marked deviations from homogeneity Type A - 40%; Type B - 60%. In Period Y Type A among Types E, F and M, though the statistical accounts for 70% of the assemblage and Type B for significance of this is impossible to assess, due 30%.to However, if half the thingamajigs in Stratum small sample size. 'Type' D was not included in X this are redeposited Stratum Y pieces, then the observed distribution for Stratum X will be 55% analysis, for it is merely a collection of unidentifiable pieces. for Type A and 45% for Type B. The apparent difference between Stratum X and Stratum Y will be An unstated assumption of ours has been that all much smaller than the actual one. of the unstratified figurines are originally from 104 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms We must conclude, therefore, that the evidence To discount redeposition effects, we might con- sider only complete figurines which came from from the City of David lends no support to a floors or other primary contexts. Of course, there are not enough of these to merit a statistical study, and so such an analysis is outside the domain of the postulation of an iconoclastic reform between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE. present appendix. Against the above, we must state that redeposi- BIBLIOGRAPHY tion may blur, but will never completely blot out, real differences between strata. Also, in very large Gabriel, K.R. 1966. Simultaneous Test Procedures f Multiple Comparisons on Categorical Data. Journal o samples such as that from the City of David, even small differences between strata should give sig- the American Statistical Association 61: 1081-96. Upton, G.J.G. 1978. The Analysis of Cross-Tabulated nificant results. Data. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Table 1.1. General distribution of figurines among strata. Ī0 ĪOB Ī0C 10B/C Total 10 ĪĪ 12 13 Total Unstr. Total 119 9% 13 1% 84 6% 24 2% 240 18% 132 10% 328 25% 6 706 0% 54% Graph 1. 603 46% 1309 100% Distribution of maj 100% T 68% 4% 5% Table 1.2. General N % of category % of total ĀĪ 54 2Ī% 4% A2 28 11% 2% A3 56 A4 A5 2 96 A6 A7 Total B1 22% 1% 1 A 6% 0% 252 37 4% 7% 0% 100% 4% 19% 3% 174 18% 13% B3 751 78% 57% B 962 100% 112 22 D 44 3% 8 1% F 5 0% Total 72% 2% E M 2% 7% 73% 100% T C 1% 5% I" 1% B2 Total figurine 100% y 77% 0% 38% 15 110 of distribution 16 1% 1309 100% 1% 50/0 IUnstr. ABC Others 105 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms types. Table 2.1. Distribution of major types by stratum (raw data). Table 2.4. Proportions of anthropomorphic vs. zoomorphic figurines in Strata 12, 11 and 10. 10 10B 10C 10B/C 11 12 13 Unstr. Total 10 11 12 (J Ā 28 3 19 6 23 45 Ī 127 252 Ā 26% 19% 15% B 83 9 54 17 101 256 5 437 962 C D 31501507 4 E F 0 3 0 5 14 0 44 10000205 001 M 8 10300 00202309 B 74% 81% 85% I 22 18 5 *2=9.25 with 2 degrees freedom a=1.0% 16 Total 119 13 84 24 132 328 6 603 1309~ Table 3.1. Distribution of anthropomorphic figurines by stratum (raw data). 10 10B 10C 10B/C 11 12 13 Unstr. Total 11 ĀĪ 6 Ī 4 Ö 2 18 Ī 22 54 A2 0 1 1 1 2 7 0 16 28 II A3 707 A4 1940 28 00000002 56 2 Table 2.2. Distribution of major types by stratum (concateA5 15 1 6 3 8 13 0 50 96 nated): comparison of number of figurines per category (regular A6 0 0 1 1 2 3 0 8 font) with the expected value under the assumption of A7 00000001 homogeneity between strata (italicized, in brackets). Total 10 ĪĪ 12 Unstr. I Total 15 1 ~28 Ā 5 6 [46.2] 23 [25.4] 45 [63.2] 127 [1 1 6.2] 251 B 163 [176.3] 101 [96.9] 256 [240.9] All [442.9] 957 C 9 [4.1] 1 [2.2] 5 [5.5] 1 [10.2] 22 Others 12/7 3.4] 1 [7.4] 22 [18.4] 32 [33.8] 73 Total 240 132 328 603 Table 1303 3.2. Distribut stratum: (regular compari font) with homogeneity betw 10 11 12 Unstr. |Total|| ~"ĀĪ 11/9.2; 2 [2.6] IS [16.4] 22 [24.9] 53* A2 3 [4.8] 2 [1.4] 1 [8.6] 16 [13.1] 28|| Total 14 4 25 38 8lJ Table 2.3. types by stratum. Values one standard deviation than Standardized residuals for the distribution 38% of cells in table have expected values of less than 5! deviating are from expectation italicized. Values more than two standard deviations are underlined. The subtables in which the deviation is concentrated are shaded. 10 A 11 J B -1.0 C ¿S Others 12 +4 0.4 -0.8 -(M Unstr. 'pinched' vs. moldmade figurines by stratum. 1.0 1.0 -0.3 -0.2 -1.0 -0.1 Table 3.3. Standardized residuals for the distribution of 0.8 -0.3 10 11 12 Unstr. || Al 06 IÕ4 04 5X6 A2 -0.8 X2= 19.48 X2-2.92 with 9 degrees freedom with 3 degrees freedom a=2.1% a= 40.4%% 106 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 0.5 -0.6 0.8 of by deviati Graph 2. Distribution of 'pinched' moldmade figurines Table vs. 3.5. Standardized residua by stratum. figurines 10 H 12 vs. horseback rid Unstr. Al-5 0/2 5TI ÕÕ (Ū) 100% J 79% A6 50% I 21% -0.8 0.5 0.2 0.2 *2=0.95 with 0% - ML 3 degrees freedom a= 81.2% 100% J 50% 50% ļļ - 0% -I- - BBL 100% J 72% 28% «12 Graph 3. Distribution of pillar figurines vs. by stratum. 96% 100% y 50% -f ||H 100% y "* 42% ^ 1y+m 50% + 50% „tli -f ||H LB -L- 4% 0% -L- Al A2 91% 100% y ■ 50% I LI J- ^ 0% J- ^ 93% 100% 50% I Table 3.4. Distribution of pillar figurines vs. horseback riders by stratum: comparison of number of figurines per category 0% - (regular font) with the expected value under the assumption of y ■ LI - JL- homogeneity between strata (italicized, in brackets). 94% 10 ĪĪ 12 Unstr. I Total _100% T ■ Unstr. Al-5 54 [52.6] 21 [21.6] 42 [42.3] 116 [116.5] ~233~ 50% I A6 2 [3.4] 2 [1.4] 3 [2.7] % [7.5] 15 Total 56 23 45 124 ■ ^^ 0% J- 248 Al-5 A6 38% of have cells in expected table values of less than 5 107 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 4.1. Distribution of zoomorphic figurines by stratum (raw data). Graph 4. Distribution of horses (B by stratum. 10 10B 10C 10B/C 11 12 13 Unstr. I Total B1 2 5 3 5 3 8 Õ 21 37 100% B2 12 2 12 3 16 48 0 81 174 B3 69 7 39 14 82 200 5 335 751 J 50% 15% Total 83 9 54 17 101 256 5 437 962 0% J100% -r 84% ■ 11 Table 4.2. Distribution of horses (B2) vs. other animals (Bl) by 50% 4 stratum: comparison of number of figurines per category 16% ^m (regular font) with the expected value under the assumption of homogeneity between strata (italicized, iņ brackets). o% 1 M M 10 11 12 Unstr. Total 100% J 86% ~~Bt 5 [6.0] 3 [3.3] 8 [9.8] 21 [17.9] 37~ B2 29 [28.0] 16 [15.7] 48 [46.2] 81 [84.1] 174 50% i Total 34 19 56 102 2 ĪT 14% ■ 12 0% Lam - 100% y 79o/0 Table 4.3. Standardized residuals for the distribution of horses (B2) vs. other animals (Bl) by stratum. wm Unstr. 50% i ■ 21% ^m I 10 11 12 Unstr. "ST -0.4 ^02 ^06 07 o% Lam - wm^ B2 0.2 0.1 0.3 -0.3 Bl B2 %2= 1.29 with 3 degrees freedom <x= 73.0% Table 5. Distribution of figurines in Stratum 13: comparison of number of figurines per category (regular font) with the expected value under the assumption of homogeneity between strata (italicized, in brackets). 13 Marginal A 1 [1.2] 19% Table 6. Distribution of minor types: comparison of number of figurines per category (regular font) with the expected value under the assumption of homogeneity between strata (italicized, in brackets). B 5 [4.4] 73% C Q[0.1] 2% D 0 [0.2] 3% E 0 [0.0] 1% F 0 [0.0] 0% M 0 [0.1] 1% 6 1309 10 11 12 Unstr. E 1 [1.5] 0 [0.8] 2 [2.0] 5 [3.7] F 2 [0.9] 0 [0.5] 3 [1.3] 0 [2.3] M 2 [2.9] 2 [1.6] 3 [4.0] 9 [7.4] marginal distribution 108 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 18% 850 APPENDIX F: A CERAMIC TWO-FACED FIGURINE Donald T. Ariel Israel Antiquities Authority base is crudely concave, and as such is not at all The figurine (K 18330; Fig. 18:9; Fig. 20; PI. The 9:6-7) stableIt in its current state of preservation. is apparently an almost complete crude container. derives from L. 2200B of Stratum 2 which, though No attempt was made to connect the 'headdress' of both faces or to connect between the two designated as Islamic- Ayyubid (7th-13th centuries CE), is restricted in Square K1 of Area K to the opposing 7th faces in the areas of the neck or top of head. On one side, at the level of where the ear and 8th centuries CE (Magness 1992: 161). the It was inadvertently omitted from the Index of Loci in have been, the beginning of what appears to would have been a ribbon handle is found. Above the Ariel and Magness 1992. The ware of the fragment is a uniform pale 'headdress' buff the forehead tapers up to the break at the (Munsell 2.5 YR 8/3) without visible inclusions. preserved It is opening. There is no indication of where hollow and could have contained a very small the apparent ribbon handle was attached at the top. Ceramic figurines of this size depicting, among amount of liquid, poured through the hole at its top (8 mm wide in its present state of preservation).other The things, female faces are common not only in the Israelite but also in the Greco-Roman worlds. walls are very thick, as if the inner space was crudely However, the details of our faces do not resemble hollowed out through the original opening higher closely up, or was first hollowed out and the neck and rim any of these ubiquitous figurines. Moreover, attached afterwards. Another alternative is that it the use of a two-faced decoration is extremely rare. was made around a core which was incinerated during firing; because of the vessel's crude manufacture, we have no evidence for this last alternative. The body of the fragment is decorated with two diametrically opposed depictions of faces. Though worn and poorly preserved, they were apparently mold-pressed onto the body, either with two separate molds applied simultaneously or possibly with the same mold. The preserved details of the faces make it certain that if different molds were used, then the intention was to depict the same face. Our description of the faces therefore combines information from better preserved features of both. A stylized 'headdress' surrounds the face and is depicted by one row of connected beads, continuing down to the top of the jaws and hiding the ears. The 'headdress' and the absence of any beard suggest that these are female faces. Eyelids, eyes and lips are crudely indicated. The expression of the poorly preserved lips may be interpreted in the range between a grimace and a smile. The faces surmount Fig. 20. K 18330. Ceramic figurine from L. 2200B: view of opposing face to Fig. 18:9 (left) and P1.9:6. a splaying base, which is the neck for both faces. 109 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The only two-faced female figurines from the 1st The first discussion of the two-faced glass flasks millennium BCE known to us are from the 8th-6th appears in Kisa 1908: 753-55. Kisa explained that centuries from Amman (Amr 1988). They are madethey were mold-blown, generally 8-10 cm high, and very rare, being made by Sidonian, Syrian, Alexanfragment. drian and Italian artists. There were a variety of In the Greco-Roman world, the closest ceramic depictions on the flasks and an even greater variety parallel to this fragment is a well-defined group of of identifications of the faces depicted (Hadrian and small vessels, dated to the 2nd-3rd centuries or the Antonous; two Medusas; smiling and crying faces; first half of the 3rd century CE. The vessels depict woman and child). different faces on the same vessel. These are Two details link our ceramic fragment to these variously identified as males (sometimes mustached glass flasks. First, the distinctive 'headdress' is or bearded), females, mythical figures or gods. In characteristic of some of the female faces (see Kisa cases where the provenance is known, all but one 1908: 730-31, Figs. 293-94; Saldern et al. 1974: 170, (from Cyprus - Parasolia?) derive from Egypt Nos. 464-66 - all one-faced flasks). This 'headdress' of stone and bear little resemblance to this ceramic (Ohnefalsch-Richter 1893: PL 93:3; Pagenstecher is probably the remnant of the grape cluster 1913: 211-12, PL 37:2a-2b; Breccia 1934: Vol. 2, Nos. 623?, 626; Bayer-Niemeier 1988: 284, Nos. 762-63; Schürmann 1989: 279, No. 1056; Dunand 1990: 325-27, Nos. 982-89; my thanks to Adi Erlich for bringing my attention to these vessels). The predominant sub-group comprises open vessels with crude 'basket' handles and depicts two male figures, one possibly Dionysus and the other a mustached male. A smaller group (Dunand 1990: 326-27, Nos. 987-89) are also open vessels, but have no handles. They bear the same face on either side, described as feminine or Dionysiac. These parallels, though more similar to the Area decoration found on some flasks surrounding the faces. Second, the ribbon handle stemming from the area where the ear would have been is also found in glass flasks (see Kisa 1908: 740, Fig. 297; Saldern et al. 1974: 170, No. 462 - also one-faced flasks). Both features are common in glass media. The ceramic fragment from Area K is thus in all likelihood an imitation of the more valuable and rare two-faced glass flasks. Although the closest parallels noted begin in the 2nd century and extend to the late 4th-early 5th centuries CE, the date of this probable ceramic imitation cannot be determined with any degree of certainty. K fragment in material, stratigraphie date and function than the Amman figurines, are still quite BIBLIOGRAPHY different, especially since they are open vessels. In Amr, A.-J. 1988. Four Unique Double-Faced Female fact, the fragment from Area K is closest in form, Heads from the Amman Citadel. Palestine Exploration style, provenance and date to a well-documented Quarterly 120: 55-63. Ariel, D.T. and Magness, J. 1992. Area K: Stratigraphie referred to as 'Janiform' flasks) has recently been Report. Pp. 63-97, 102-104 in: A. De Groot and D.T. summarized by Barag (1988: 93, No. 118; see also Ariel (eds.). Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985 Smith 1957: 110, 14M7, Nos. 279-94). The flasks Directed by Yigal Shiloh III: Stratigraphical, Environprobably functioned as unguentaria containing mental' and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. small quantities of valuable liquids (de Ridder Barag, D. 1985. Catalogue of Western Asiatic Glass in the 1909: 157, No. 279). group of glass flasks. This group (sometimes Barag believes that production of glass flasks British Museum 1. London: British Museum. with two faces, or masks, began in the last third of Bayer-Niemeier, E. 1988. Griechisch- Römische Terrakotten (Liebieghaus-Museum Alter Plastik Bildwerke der the 1st century CE. Other flasks have been dated as late as the late 4th to early 5th centuries CE (Harden Sammlung Kaufmann 1). Melsungen: Gutenberg. Breccia, E. 1934. Monuments de l'Egypte gréco-romaine 2/2. Bergamo. de Ridder, A. 1909. Les terres cuites et les verres 1936: 214, No. 169, and n. 1), on the basis of the appearance of Christian monograms molded on their bases. One unpublished example is on exhibit (Catalogue de Clerq 6). Paris: Leroux. at the Rockefeller Museum (P. A.M. 42.11). A flask Dunand, F. 1990. Catalogue des terres cuites gréco- of this type (without monogram) was found in what was described as a clear Byzantine context at Tell Malhata (Eldar and Nahlieli 1982: 41). romaines d'Egypte. Paris: Louvre. Eldar, I. and Nahlieli, D. 1982. Tell Malhata. Hadashot Arkheologiyot 80-81: 39-41 (Hebrew). 110 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Harden, D.B. 1936. Roman Glass from Karanis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Kisa, A. 1908. Das Glas in Alter tume. Liepzig: Hiersemann. Pagenstecher, R. 1913. Die Griechisch- Ägyptische Samm- lung Ernst von Sieglin 3. Liepzig: Druck und Verlag Giesecke & Devrient. Saldern, A. von; Nolte, B.; la Baume, P.; Haevernick, T. E. 1974. Gläser der Antike: Sammlung Erwin OppenMagness, J. 1992. The Late Roman and Byzantine Pottery lander. Hamburg. from Areas H and K. Pp. 149-86 in: A. De Groot and Schürmann, W. 1989. Katalog der Antiken Terrakotten im D.T. Ariel (eds.). Excavations at the City of David 1978Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe (Studies in Medi1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh III: Stratigraphical, terranean Archaeology 84). Goteborg: Aströms Förlag. Environmental and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. No Author. 1957. Glass from the Ancient World. The Ray Ohnefalsch-Richter, M. 1893. Kypros, die Bibel und Winfield Smith Collection. Corning, New York: CornHomer. Berlin. ing Museum. Ill This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 10. Ceramie figurines. 112 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 11. Ceramie figurines. 113 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 12. Ceramie figurines. 114 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 13. Ceramie figurines. 115 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 14. Ceramie figurines. 116 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 15. Ceramie figurines. 117 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 16. Ceramie figurines. 118 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 17. Ceramie figurines. 119 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 18. Ceramie figurines. 120 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 19. Ceramie figurines. 121 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 1. Ceramie figurines. 122 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 2. Ceramie figurines. 123 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 3. Ceramic figurines. 124 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 4. Ceramic figurines. 125 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 5. Ceramic figurines. 126 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 6. Ceramie figurines. 127 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 7. Ceramic figurines. 128 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 8. Ceramic figurines. 129 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 9. Ceramie figurines. 130 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 10. Ceramie figurines. Fig. 10. No. Reg. No. Locus Type PI. 1. El/8475 1303 Ala 2. El/9927 1394 Ala 3. El/3436 621A Ala 4. Dl/12666 419 Ala 5. D2/20242 2323 Ala 6. E3/13138 1902 Ala 7. E2/2640 544 Ala 8. E2/1868 537 Ala 9. E3/131 15 1902 Ala 10. El/8651 1334 Ale 11. El/8494 1283 Ala 12. E2/7352 1447 Alb 1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:7 1:6 1:10 15. G 11147 903 Ale 1:11 16. El/9582 1365 Ale G G 8227 11026 903 906 1. G 5723 862 A2al 2:1 2. Dl/12507 383 A2al 2:2 3. El/10143 1604 A2al 2:3 4. 7. 14. El/16797 2076 Alf 1:9 17. No. Reg . No. Locus Type Pl. G 2320 727 A2a2 2:4 5. E3/19035 Surf. A2c 2:5 6. El/16756 2075 A2a2 2:6 13. G 11769 972 Alb 1:8 18. Fig. 11. Ale 1:12 Ale 1:13 G 11437 950 A2a3 2:7 8. E 1/8456 1303 A2bl 2:8 9. D2/20264 2323 A2bl 2:10 10. D2/20256 2325 A2b2 2:9 11. D2/13590 1870 A2bl 12. El/3416 618 A2b3 2:11-12 13. D2/13998 1818 A2g 2:13 14. E 1/6268 Surf. A2dl 2:14 19. E3/15787 1924 Ale 1:14 15. G 4471 782 A2f 2:15-16 20. G 8253 Surf. Aid 1:16-17 16. El/10527 1604 A2e 2:17 21. El/5948 698 Aid 1:15 17. G 5618 858 A2d2 2:18 131 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct Thu, 01 Jan 1976 12:34:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 12. Fig. 15. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Pl. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Pl. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. El/10422 1604 Bij 5:19 2. El/10025 1604 Bij 5:16,21 3. El/10790 1619 Bij 5:20 4. Dl/871 316 Bifl 6:4 5. E2/12115 1497 Bifl 6:1 6. El/9545 1365 Bifl 6:2 7. E3/15509 1911 Blf2 8. Dl/905 317 Blf2 6. E3/15924 1957 A3al 3:1-2 D 1/6665 365 A3a2 3:3 El/ 62 1 7 1285 A3a2 3:4 E3/15592 1923 A3a2 3:5 E3/13016 1563 A3a2 G 11953 999 A3a2 7. E2/2992 1467 A3b 8. D2/13658 1882 A3a2 9. E2/3026 1476 A3b 10. E3/13037 1562 A3d2 11. El/10126 1623 A3dl 12. G 11059 903 A3e 3:6 3:7 3:8 G 11152 903 A3e G 10. 3:9 3:10 13. E3/15634 1927 A3e 3:11 14. E3/15547 Surf. A3e 3:12 15. 9. 4295 G 2117 761 Bifl 710 Bifl 6:3 11. D2/20327 2309 B2d 6:7 12. D2/21062 2759 B2d 13. El/9352 1394 B2d 6:6 3:13 Fig. 16. Fig. 13. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Pl. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Pl. 1. E2/2779 553 A3f 2. El/19593 2128 A3f 4:1 3. El/2711 572 A3f 4:2 4. E2/3893 653 A5a2 4:3 5. E2/2604 544 A5a2 6. G 2089/2 710 A5a2 7. E 1/8644 1293 A5al 8. El/5987/1 Surf. A5al 9. E3/12938 1502 A4a 10. E2/12062 1485 A4a 3:14 11. El/3237 591 A6a 4:7 12. D2/20047 2326 A6b 4:5 13. E2/2614 544 A6a 4:6 14. G 5789 850 A6a? 1. El/10256 1623 B2bl 6:8 2. El/16001 Surf. B2b2 6:9 3. G 2330 710 B2a 6:11 4. G 2110 710 B2a 6:10 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. El/9467 1365 B2a D 1/6709 374B B2a El/9377 1376 B2cl El/3418 619 B2cl 6:13 H 5302 1039 B2c 6:14 10. El/10520 1604 B2c 11. D2/20801 2711 B2c 12. G 2164 724 B2e 6:15 13. D2/13966 1819 B2c 14. El/9430 1380 B3a 7:1 15. E3/12957 1563 B2a-c 7:2 16. E3/13033 1562 B2al 7:3 17. G 4510 787A B2al Fig. 14. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Pl. 1. G 4996 850 Bla 2. El/16498 2015 Bla 5:1 3. E3/13031 1584 Bla 5:2 4. G 5517 850 Bla 5. Dl/6980 422 Bla 5:3 6. El/7806 1285 Bib 5:4 I. G 5568 850 Bib 5:5 8. El/8620 1334 Blh 5:6 9. El/12141 1706 Ble 10. El/16286 2028 Bid 5:8 II. G 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. E3/19275 Surf. Bil 5:10 El/5827 680A Blm 5:11 E3/15721 1933 Big 5:12,17 G 11968 999 Big 5:13,18 El/6223 W.265 Bii 5:15 El/10073 1604 Blk 5:7 15348 1107 Ble 5:9 Fig. 17. No. . Reg. No. Locus Type Pl. 1. Dl/12711 436 B3b 2. E2/3005 1467 B3b 3. Dl/12726 Surf. B3al 8:3-4 4. El/3753 629 B3e 8:5 5. El/6357 1373 B3a 8:7 6. El/3733 637 B3a 8:8 7. El/6210 1285 B3cl 8. El/6040 Surf. B3al 9. El/5809 1643 B3cl 8:11 10. G 4264 727 B3fl 8:9 11. D2/21011 2767 B3c 12. Dl/6773 388 B3c 8:10 13. Dl/12756 433 B3c 8:12-13 14. G 2266 727 15. G 2040 710 132 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms B3hl 8:14 B3h2 8:15 Pl. 2. Fig. 18. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Pl. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 1. El/16592 2015 C 9:1 2. E3/13090 1585 C 3. E2/1998 544 C 9:2 2. Dl/12507 383 A2al 11:2 3. El/10143 1604 A2al 11:3 4. J 5. B 420 8021 1063 6. G 11434 111A C E2 K 10. 18330 G 2200B 11138 M 919 9:6-7 El 9:5 11. Dl/13251 450 El 9:8-9 727 A2al 11437 950 A2a2 11:1 9:4 G 2320 862 4. 7. G 5723 5. E3/19035 Surf. A2c 11:5 6. El /16756 2075 A2a2 11:6 7. El/14470 1685 El 10:9 8. El/10325 1621 El 10:8 9. G 9:3 C 949 1. A2a3 11:4 11:7 8. El/8456 1303 A2bl 11:8 9. D2/20256 2325 A2b2 11:10 10. D2/20264 2323 A2bl 11:9 11-12. El/3416 618 A2b3 11:12 13. D2/13998 1818 A2g 11:13 14. E 1/6268 Surf. A2dl 11:14 15-16. G 4471 782 A2f 11:15 17. El/10527 1604 A2e 11:16 Fig. 19. 18. G 5618 858 A2d2 11:17 No. Reg. No Locus Type Pl. 1. G 11329 915 Al 9:10 2. El/10736 1619 El 9:11 3. Dl/13214 458 E2 9:12 4. El/10545 1604 M 5. B 6. G 416 111 5588 F 804 10:1 F 7. Dl/957 317 F 10:3 8. El/16168 1604 F-M 10:4 9. G 2492 735 M 10:5 10. El/14539 1692A M 11. E 1/9802 1392 M 10:6 12. G 2130/2 717 M 10:7 13. El/3736 1364 M 14. G 11474 975 F-M 15. G 11731 903 PI. 3. 10:2 M No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 1-2. E3/15924 1957 A3al 12:1 3. Dl/6665 365 A3a2 12:2 4. El/6217 1285 A3a2 12:3 5. E3/15592 1923 A3a2 12:4 6. E2/2992 1467 A3b 12:7 7. D2/13658 1882 A3a2 12:8 8. E2/3026 1476 A3b 12:9 9. El/10126 1623 A3dl 12:11 10. G 11059 903 A3e 12:12 11. E3/15634 1927 A3e 12:13 12. E3/15547 Surf. A3e 12:14 Pl. 1. 13. G 11152 903 A3e 12:15 No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. El/8475 1303 Ala E 1/9927 1394 Ala El/3436 621A Ala D2/20242 2323 Ala E2/1861/1 546 Ala E2/1868 537 Ala E2/2640 544 Ala G 11769 972 Alb 10:1 10:2 10:3 10:5 10:8 10:7 10:13 9. El/16797 2076 Alf 10:14 10. E2/7352 1447 Alb 10:12 11. G 11147 12. G 8227 13. G 11026 903 903 906 Ale Ale Ale 14. E2/12062 1485 A4a 13:10 10:15 10:17 10:18 14. E3/15787 1924 Ale 10:19 15. El/5948 698 Aid 10:21 16-17. G 8253 Surf. Aid 10:20 PI. 4. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. El/19593 El/2711 E2/3893 E 1/3645 D2/20047 E2/2614 El/3237 2128 A3f 13:2 572 A3f 13:3 653 A5a2 13:4 631 A5a2 2326 A6b 13:12 544 A6a 13:13 591 A6a 13:11 133 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 5. Pl. 8. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. El/3223 594 B3b 2. El/3617 630B B3b 3-4. Dl/12726 Surf. B3al 17:3 5. El/3753 629 B3e 17:4 5. El/16498 2015 Bla E3/13031 1584 Bla D 1/6980 422 Bla El/7806 1285 Blb G 5568 850 Blb 14:2 14:3 14:5 14:6 14:7 6. G 2267 727 B3a 6. El/8620 1334 Blh 14:8 7. El/10073 1604 Blk 14:17 8. El/16286 2028 Bid 14:10 7. El/6357 1373 B3a 17:5 8. El/3733 637 B3a 9. 10. Dl/6773 388 B3c 17:12 11. El/5809 1643 B3cl 17:9 12-13. Dl/12756 433 B3c 17:13 14. G/2266 727 B3hl 17:14 G 15348 1107 Ble 14:11 10. E3/ 19275 Surf. Bil 14:12 11. El/5827 680 Bim 14:13 12. E3/15721 1933 Big 14:14 13. G 11968 999 Big 14:15 14. H 5105 1012 Big 15. El/6223 W. 265 Bii 14:16 16. El/10025 1604 Bij 15:2 17. E3/15721 1933 Big 14:14 18. G 11968 999 Big 14:15 19. El/10422 1604 Bij 15:1 20. El/10790 1619 Bij 15:3 21. El/10025 1604 Bij 15:2 9. G 15. 4264 G 2040 727 710 B3f 17:10 B3h2 17:15 Pl. 9. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 1. El/16592 2015 C 18:1 2. E2/1998 544 C 18:3 Pl. 6. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 1. E2/12115 1497 Bifl 15:5 2. El/9545 1365 Bifl 15:6 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. G 4295 761 Bifl 15:9 Dl/871 316 Bifl 15:4 El/16583 2047 B2c El/9352 1394 B2d 15:13 D2/20327 2309 B2d 15:11 El/10256 1623 B2bl 16:1 El/16001 Surf. B2b2 16:2 10. G 2110 710 B2a 16:4 11. G 2330 710 B2a 16:3 3. J 8021 4. G 11434 1063 949 E2 C 5. G 11138 919 El 18:4 18:6 18:10 6-7. K 18330 2200B M 18:9,20 8-9. Dl/13251 450 El 18:11 10. G 11329 915 A7 19:1 11. El/10736 1619 El 19:2 12. Dl/13214 458 E2 19:3 12. El/2807 584 B2al 13. El/3418 619 B2cl 16:8 14. H 5302 15. G 2164 1039 724 B2c B2e 16:9 16:12 16. Dl/12750 431 B2c 17. El/16056 W. 241 B2f Pl. 10. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 1. 2. B G 416 5588 111 804 F F 19:5 19:6 3. Dl/957 317 F 19:7 4. El/16168 1604 F-M 19:8 Pl. 7. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 1. El/9430 1380 B3a 16:14 2. E3/12957 1563 B2a-c 16:15 3. E3/13033 1562 B2al 16:16 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. G 2492 735 M 19:9 E 1/9802 1392 M 19:11 G 2130/2 717 M 19:12 El/10325 1621 El 18:8 El/14470 1685 El 18:7 134 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CHAPTER THREE LOOMWEIGHTS AND WHORLS Orit Shamir Israel Antiquities Authority INTRODUCTION g. Flat rectangle with two vertical perforations h. Disc or discoid with vertical perforation Disc or discoid During eight seasons of excavation ati. the City ofwith unfinished perforation (drilled from both sides) David in 1978-1985, 186 loomweights and 73 whorls j. Lentil-shaped were found. Loomweights and whorls were disk. Dome-shaped, covered in all of the 16 strata ranging from the Earlyhemispherical or near-hemiBronze Age (Stratum 20) to the 1st century CE (Stratum 5). However, most of them were found in strata dated to the Iron Age. The material is presented in typological order. In the typological system adopted here, an upper-case letter designates the use of the item. A numeral spherical 1. Conical or near-conical m. Cylindrical or near-cylindrical follows, indicating the material of which the item is n. Ring o. Amorphic p. Varia (shapes undefined by other categories) q. Poor state of preservation prevents categorization made. Finally, a lower-case letter indicates the shape. In the catalogue weight is given in grams. Maximum 4. Limestone or dolomite height and diameter measurements are given in centimeters. The perforation diameter was measured by a digital caliper and the minimal size is given in centimeters. This diameter determines the amount and thickness of threads that could pass through the loomweight (see, however, below), as well as limiting the diameter of the spindle that could enter the whorl. Dimensions are noted only for loomweights or whorls whose state of preservation was adequate for measurement. The clay color 5. Chalk was determined according to the Munsell Color 6. Basalt Chart (1975). Grit density was estimated as F (few), Use A. Loomweight B. Whorl Material 1 . Unfired clay 2. Poorly fired clay 3. Well-fired clay (ceramic) B (medium) or M (many); color of grits is defined as Shape a. Spherical with vertical perforation b. Doughnut-shaped with vertical perforation c. Biconical or near-biconical with vertical perfora- W (white), Br (brown) and Gr (gray); the size of the grits is given in millimeters. A. LOOMWEIGHTS tion d. Pyramidal with horizontal perforation e. Ovoid, elongated oval or fiat-based oval with horizontal perforation f. Flat ellipse with two vertical perforations Perforated clay balls are termed loomweights. The were used to stretch the warp threads in the war weighted loom (see, however, the discussion below The use of the warp-weighted loom has been 135 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms described by Hoffmann (1974), Broudy (1979), Sheffer (1981) and Shamir (1994b). additional loomweights of other types were found in definition pertains to those loomweights with a ratio Material of 1:1 between height and diameter (a deviation of up to 1 cm was allowed for in this category). These loomweights all have vertical perforations. Four spherical unfired clay loomweights were found, comprising 3% of the unfired clay loomweights. These were larger than the other unfired clay loomweights, their diameter and height being over 7 cm. Two of the spherical loomweights were found intact. Their weights are: G 17546, 377.8 g; G 15381, 805 g. Alb. Doughnut-shaped (Fig. 21:2,4-13,15-16; Pis. 11:2-5, 12:8-10,12). The City of David yielded 80 doughnut-shaped unfired clay loomweights, comprising 59.3% of the total. Their diameter is larger The clay color of the unfired clay loomweights is brown and shades of brown. The material, local this locus, all of approximately the same weight. One possible explanation for the shape of this type is that their manufacture was not completed. 1. Unfired Clay Loomweights: Type Al Alq. Undefined. All the unfired clay loomweights The City of David yielded 135 unfired clay loom- whose poor state of preservation prevented their weights from the Iron Age II. These have been attribution to any of the above categories are divided into the following types: included here; they numbered 34. Ala. Spherical or near-spherical (Fig. 21:3). This than their height and the perforation is vertical. The weights of 32 intact examples of this type ranged from 45.6 to 724.9 g (average 161.9 ± 180.8 g). The higher numbers of Type Alb than Type Ala may be explained by the greater propensity of Type Ala to break due to its spherical shape. terra rossa, includes a large quantity of grits, ranging in size from 1 to 6 mm. In an experiment performed by the author, 35 loomweights were made from terra rossa clay. These loomweights dried quite rapidly in the sun: an average temperature of 25-30°C was sufficient to dry loomweights of adequate quality for weaving. An additional experiment proved that exposure to heavy rain caused these clay balls to disintegrate. This method of manufacture requires no special knowledge. It would have been easy enough to make a new loomweight if one broke or disintegrated, so that there was no need to invest effort into making them durable. The unfired clay loomweights found in archaeological excavations thus probably represent only a small percentage of the original quantity, a point discussed, for example, by Elgavish (1968: 33), Curai (1986) and Hoffmann (1974: 314). top (Fig. 21:14,17). Five unfired clay loomweights of this type were found at the City of David, Shape, Size and Manufacture of Perforation comprising 3.7% of the unfired loomweights. TheMost of the unfired clay loomweights have a vertical type has a horizontal perforation. The weight rangeperforation, except for Type Ale, which has a is between 22.8 and 82.9 g (average 57 ± 20.3 g),horizontal hole. The perforation diameter varies which is generally lower than the other types. from 0.5 to 2.1 cm. The larger the hole, the more Ale. Ovoid (Fig. 21:1; PI. 11:1). Only two samples numerous or thicker were the threads which could of this type were discovered, making up 1.5% of the be passed through it, unless a loop was used as an total unfired loomweights. They are egg-shaped, intermediary device between the warp threads and with a horizontal perforation located in the upperthe loomweights (see below). third of the object. One (D 1/1 328 1/2) was found The perforations of the unfired clay loomweights intact; it weighed 468 g. from the City of David differ in shape. In our Alo. Amorphic (PI. 12:11; Photo 13). Ten such opinion, these variations reflect different manufacloomweights were found, comprising 7.4% of the turing techniques. The relationship between the total sample of unfired clay loomweights. Nine were shape of the perforation and its manufacture was found in L. 1110, while the tenth, G 11996, comes examined by the author. The shape definitions in from L. 997; both loci are in Area G. Several of Table 1 are based on those of Beck (1928: 51). them bear the beginnings of a horizontal perforaClear proof that the hole was occasionally made tion. The loomweights from L. 1110 range in weight from opposite sides comes from Tell Qasile (Shamir from 53 to 115 g (average 84.2 ± 19.7 g). Sixteen 1994b): one of the unfired clay loomweights of Type Ale. Biconical or near-biconical with a truncated 136 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 1. Shape definitions of perforations. Perforation shape Manufacturing technique Examples 1. Plain: equal diameter throughout Stick (or other tool) pushed into one side G 15333 (Fig. 21:2) and removed through the other G 15441 (Fig. 21:15) G 17546 (Fig. 21:3) 2. Single cone: one side is wider than Stick (or other tool) pushed through one D2/20229/1 (Fig. 21:5) the other side of hole and removed through same side 3. Chamfered: both openings are Hole made from both sides G 4867 (Fig. 21:6) conical while in center sides are straight Location Alb had two perforations on opposite sides that did not meet in the center. The following are the main assemblages of unfired Among the City of David loomweights, the clay loomweights found at the City of David. The perforation is often somewhat off-center. There numbers of loomweights in each locus are given in was no need to be exact, as the placement of the Table 2. hole has no bearing on the tension of the weave. It is assumed (see also Barber 1991: 92, 104; Shamir 1994a) that in the Iron Age, as in the Area Dl, L. 456 (Fig. 21:1,4; PL 11:1). Ten unfired Hellenistic and Roman periods (see below), a loop clay loomweights were found in this locus, which is defined as fallen rock debris from W. 535 (or was used to connect the warp threads to the loomweights. Stripes of blue color, 2-3 mm wide,W. 526) and attributed to Stratum 12. Two of these loomweights are ovoid (Type Ale), four are were discerned on the sides of the perforation and on the face of loomweights from Tell Qasile (Shamir Type Alb, while the rest are undefinable (Alq). 1991a; 1994b). They were not painted deliberatelyTwo loomweights were found intact; their weights and are probably evidence of the dyed loops thatare Dl/13281/1 (Alb): 160.5 g; Dl/13281/2 (Ale): 468 g. passed through the loomweights. Table 2. Number of loomweights per locus. Area Locus Str. No. Context Number Weight Average (g) weighed range (g) D1 395 D1 453 12 12 1 Rubble 1 To floor D1 456 12 10 Stone collapse '2 160.5^68 314.3 ± 153.8 D1 469 12 5 To floor 2 98.9-111.8 105.4 + 6.5 D2 2309 12 2 Plaster floor on bedrock 2 82-115 98.5 ± 16.5 El 1249 El 11 1303 El 1322 12 El 1394 E3 1944 G 784 1 12 Floor 1 1 11 10 Fill Floor 1 1 Fill Floor 10C-10B 1 Installation - G 792 10C-10B 1 Stone collapse to floor 1 161.4 G G G 986 997 1108 10C? 10B 10C 6 73 1 To Fill Fill floor 25 1 93.7 22.8-805 201.8 ± 236.7 G 1110 IOC 24 Living surface 16 48.8-377.8 95.9 ± 75.7 G G 1122B 1132 12 10C 1 Floor 4 Fill 137 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Area Dl, L. 469 (Pl. 11:2-5). Five loomweights of 82.9 g (average 53 ± 22.2 g). Twenty-two loom- Type Alb were found on this floor, belonging to Stratum 12. Two loomweights were found intact; their weights are Dl/13308/1: 111.8 g; Dl/13308/4: 98.8 g (average 105.4 ± 6.5 g). weights are Type Alq. Eighteen intact loomweights weigh 22.8-99.4 g, and seven loomweights weigh 366.4-805 g. The weight average of these groups found together in this locus is 210.8 ± 236.7 g (Graph 1). Area G, L . 997 (The ' Burnt Room ') (Fig. 21:7-8; PL 12:8-12). Six burnt loomweights were found in this locus. Four of them are doughnut-shaped (Alb), of which one (G 11948; Fig. 21:7; PL 12:9), weighing 93.7 g, was found intact. The loomweights were 18 T ♦ 16 14 ■ 12 ■ found lying on the plaster floor, within the thick ash 10 ■ 8 layer attributed to the destruction dated to 586 BCE 6 (Stratum 10B). Area G, L. 1108 (Fig. 21:2,9-14,17; Photo 13). This locus is an earth and stone fill placed under the stones of W. 753. This wall served as a support for the structures of the upper terrace and was part of the 'House of the Bullae'. In L. 1108, a level of oí 0 200 X 400 600 axis = 800 weight v axis = fřeauencv value ritem number! range Graph 1. Weight range of intact loomweights from L. 1108. patchy beaten earth with pottery and unfired clay loomweights on it was discerned. L. 1110, 1108 and 986 (where one loomweight was found) are thought to be a fill laid down in Stratum 10C, when the Area G, L. 1110 (Fig. 21:3,15,16; Photo 14). This locus consists of plaster from the floor of the 'House 'House of the Bullae' and W. 753 were constructed. of the Bullae' (L. 967) and the earth fill beneath it, Seventy-three loomweights were found in L. 1108.which was placed on a layer of crushed lime. The Three of them are Type Ala; 44 are Type Alb,excavators attribute L. 1110 to Stratum 10C, comprising 59.4% of all the unfired clay loom-parallel to L. 986 and L. 1108. Twenty-four unfired weights from this locus. The size range is very large clay loomweights were found both in the plaster - the heights vary between 2.1 and 7.1 cm, while the layer of the L. 967 floor (Photo 15) and in the earth diameters range from 3.8 to 9.4 cm. Twenty fill underneath it (Photo 16). Several of the loomloomweights of Type Alb were intact and thusweights bore traces of the floor plaster. One weighable; their weights range from 45.6 to 724.9 .loomweight g is spherical (Ala): G 17546 (Fig. (average 200 ± 218.3 g). Four of the loomweights 21:3), 377.8 g. One loomweight is conical (Ale): G are Type Ale (Fig. 21:14,17). Their heights are15442, 48.8 g. Eight loomweights are doughnut- between 2.0 and 4.1 cm, their diameter ranges from shaped (Alb), comprising 32% of all the loom3.2 to 5.3 cm, and their weights vary from 22.8 toweights from this locus: their heights range from 2.8 Photo 13. Area G, loomweights from L. 1110 (YS). Photo 14. Area G, loomweights from L. 1108 (SO). 138 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms (gr weight is 77.1 ± 21.4 g, excluding the loomweight weighing 377.8 g (Graph 2). 20 * 181614 ■ ■ 121086- «I - , » ? * t ♦ t ♦ ■ 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Photo 15. Area G, loomweights in situ in L. 1108 and 1110 (YS). X axis = weight range (gr) y axis = frequency value (item Graph 2. Weight range of intact loomweights from L. 1110. Weight The average weight of all the unfired clay loomweights of the Iron Age II from the City of David is 160.7 ± 187.1 g (Graph 2). The standard deviation is higher than the average and shows a very high range for the weight, 22.8 to 805 g. The highest weight is in L. 456, 314.3 ± 153.8 g, but represents an average of only two loomweights. After this comes L. 1108, with an average of 201.8 ± 236.7 g. In the other loci (except for L. 792) the weight is around 100 g. The weight of the clay loomweights from the City of David is very low compared to other sites from the Iron Age in Israel (Table 3). However, the average weight for the Iron Age is higher than the average for the Persian period: 1 19.2 ± 91.4 g at H. Nimra and 36.2 ± 8.6 g at H. Rogem. Dating All of the unfired clay loomweights found in the City of David belong to the Iron Age II, dating from the 8th to the 6th centuries BCE (Strata 12-10). Photo 16. Area G, loomweights in situ in L. 1108 and In the Land of Israel, loomweights first occur in 1110 (SO). the Middle Bronze Age II (Plan 2). Some of them were mentioned by Barber (1991: 300-301). They to 5.5 cm and their diameters from 4.8 to 7.2 cm. are known from Tell el-Ajjul (Petrie 1934: Pl. XLI), The five intact examples have a weight range ofBethel 56 (Kelso 1963: 68-69, 84, 112, 118-19), Tell to 107.5 g (average 70.1 ± 19.4 g). Nine of the Beit Mirsim, Stratum D (Albright 1938: 54, 56), loomweights are amorphic (Alo), making up 36% Beth She'an (A. Mazar, personal communication), of the unfired clay loomweights found in this locus; Gibeon (Pritchard 1962: 106), Gezer (Dever 1974; they have a weight range of 53 to 115 g (average 1986; Dever et al 1970), Jericho, Stratum xliii 84.2 ± 19.7). The weight range of all the intact (Wheeler 1982: 368-70), Kabri (Rozenberg 1991), Megiddo (Guy 1938: Fig. 175:M, PL 48:7; Loud loomweights from this locus is 44.8-115 g, apart from one loomweight weighing 377.8 g. The average 1948: Pl. 169-70), Tel Megadim (Shamir, in 139 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 3. Weights of loomweights from other Iron Age sites in Israel. Site Weight range (g) Average (g) Date (BCE) Source Tel Amai 90-420 - 10th cent. Gal 1989 Tell Qasile 264.8-403 335.3 ± 26.8 10th cent. Shamir 1994b Motza 226-544 325.3 + 106.8 8th cent. Shamir in prep. Tell Deir Alia - 400 9th cent. Eastwood- Vogelsang 1990 Tel Miqne 77.5-809.3 353.5 ± 170.5 7th cent. Shamir 1991b Tel Batash 111.4-868 461.1 ± 220 7th cent. Weighed by author Vered Jericho 100-440 212.7 ± 136.5 7th cent. Shamir in prep. preparation), Tel Mevorakh (Stern 1984: 63, PL 45:9), Tel Qashish (R. Bonfil, personal communication), Shechem (Albright 1938: 56), Tel Ta'anakh (Lapp 1969: 47), H. Nahal Te'enim (N. Scheftelowitz, personal communication) and Tel Yoqne'am (A. Zarzecki-Peleg, personal communication). Their shape is oval, egg-shaped or conical with round base (Barber 1991: 300) and they are fired. In Anatolia, such loomweights belonging to the rical (Shamir 1994b) and display close connections with the Late Bronze Age tradition. Loomweights are very common in the Iron Age II in Israel and have been found at many sites (see below). No loomweights have been found in Syria before the Iron Age (Barber 1991: 300-302; Wakita et al. 1994: 29-30, Fig. 7) or in Egypt. Early Bronze Age were found at Alaça Hüyük, Distribution in the Iron Age II The following is a list of sites in Israel where loomweights belonging to the Iron Age II have been found (Plan 2). Several sites were already mentioned assumes that Anatolian families moved to Palestine by Sheffer (1981) and Browning (1988). The aim of the list is to examine to what extent is there a in the Middle Bronze Age II and continued to use the warp-weighted loom. The warp-weighted loom regional concentration of sites: such concentrations Alishar, Aphrodisias, Mersin, Tarsus and Troy II. Their shape is similar to those from the Middle Bronze Age II in Israel. Barber (1991: 300-301) was apparently invented in Europe or Anatoliamay in point to major textile production centers. the Neolithic period (Barber 1991: 91-113). Only a few loomweights were discovered in Tell the Abu Hawam (Hamilton 1934: 25, 36-55, Pis. Late Bronze Age in Israel: at Tell Abu Hawam xx-xxi) Afeq (Kochavi 1989: 12-13) (Hamilton 1935: Pl. XXXI), Gezer (S. Gitin, personal communication), Hazor (D. Ben Ami, Tel Amai (Levy and Edelstein 1972: 331-35, 342) Ashdod (Dothan and Freedman 1967: 74, 77, 136, personal communication), Megiddo (Loud 1948: PL 169) and Tel Ta'anakh (Lapp 1969: 47). Fig. 39:1; 1971: 100, 103, 111, 138, Figs. 44:21, 49:89, 58:17, 75:7,9) In the Iron Age I (Plan 2) loomweights are associated with pottery of Myc. 3Clb type at Tel Batāsh (Browning 1988; Keim and Mazar 1995: Philistine sites such as Ashdod (Dothan and Porath162-63) 1993: 64, 68, Figs. 24:3-5, 25:8, PL 39:4), AshqelonTel Beer Sheba (Sheffer 1981) (Lass 1994), Tel Miqne (Dothan and Gitin 1990: 31; Tell Beit Mirsim (Albright 1938: 55-56, PL 54; 1943: Shamir 1991b) and Megiddo (Loud 1948: PL 56) 170:26). The loomweights are unfired and of Bethel (Kelso 1963: 68-69, 84, 112, 118-19) cylindrical shape with a narrower center, and are Beth She'an (James 1966: 118, 124, Figs. 110:18,22, not perforated. They show strong connections with 114:14-16, 118:14,17, 119:13,15) loomweights of the Mycenaean world (Lass 1994: Beth Shemesh (Grant 1931: 24; S. Bunimovitz, 33) discovered at Mycenae and Tiryns (Schliemann personal communication) 1886: 146), Kition (Karageorghis and Demas 1985: Tell Deir Alia (Vogelsang-Eastwood 1989) 113, 153, Pis. 201, 229), Pylos and Troy (Biegen Tel Erani (Yeivin 1961: 93-94) 1958: 152, Fig. 256). At Tell Qasile in the Iron Age I En Gedi (Mazar 1964: 25) Tel En Gev (Mazar et al. 1966: 25) they are perforated and doughnut-shaped or cylind140 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms / H AZOR I A KABRI T. KEISAN / • / H. ROSH /T* 1SHIQMONA ' EN GEV /at. megadim V / I T. YIN'AM • X I A T. QASHISH / J A T. YOQNE'AM f /A T. MEVORAKH Ä | ļ DA Ä T. TA'ANAKH ^ 1 / TAMAL* BETH ^ (> . pELLA / SHE'AN I =7 T. EL- . ( • T- ES =7 T. HAMMAH EL- . J SA'IDIYEH "7 • SAMARIA ļ -ļ A H. N. TE'ENIM ) / ASHECHEM 1 # T. DE -f ( ALLA / • QASILE AFEQ / • H. HADASH / «A BETHEL / / A#GEZER □ JERICHO ifrip H □ T. EN-NASBEH • JERICHO ifr y A# GIBEON # ļ / T. MIQNE VERED J / «o «O • T. BAT ASH M0TZA JERICHO^S /ASHDOD # • # JERUSALEM / ' BETH SHEMESH f / V=7° T. ES-SAFI • • T. ZAKARIYA ( J--f - -/ASHQELON J / T. ER ANI« • T. JUDEIDEH / / ==/ LACHISH» #™ARESHA ' A T. EL- AJJUL T nri-r EN GEDI® ■ / • T. EL-HESI T. GAMMA T H^poR • • T. SERA' # T. HALIF T. BEER SHEBA • • T. IRA ? ... ļ j • IRON JI »KADESHBARNEA CITY OF DAVID V * KUNTILLAT AJRUD a LATE BRONZE "J- - ^ KM A MIDDLE BRONZE Plan 2. Distribution map of finds of loomweights in Israel. 141 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Tel Gamma (Van Beek 1974) Gezer (Dever et al. 1970; 1974; 1986) Gibeon (Pritchard 1962: 106) H. Hadash (S. Riklin, personal communication) Tel Halif (Seger 1983: 14) Tell el-Hammah (Cahill et al. 1985; 1989: 36) Tel Haror (Oren et al. 1985: 32) Hazor (Yadin et al. 1958: 18, 4445, Pis. VII:3^, production in the region. A spindle with linen threads still wrapped around it was found in the 10th century BCE stratum at Tell el-Hammah (Cahill et al. 1989: 36). Linen seeds were discovered at Tell Deir Alia (Vogelsang-Eastwood 1989: 58). 2. The Shephelah region: Gezer, Tel Batash, Tell Beit Mirsim, Beth Shemesh, Tell Judeideh, Tell el- Hesi, Lachish, Tel Miqne, Tel Maresha, Tell Zakariya, Tel Erani, Tell es-Safi. Wool was LXXIL14-18, LXXXII: 10-12) probably produced in the Shephelah region. Tell el-Hesi (Bliss 1894: 113, Fig. 243) Tel Ira (Biran 1985: 26) Discussion Tell Judeideh (Bliss and Macalister 1902: 148) Summaries of the possible use of the unfired clay Kadesh Barnea (Shamir 1995) balls are presented by Davidson and Thompson Tell Keisan (Nodet 1980: 318-21, Pis. 97, 116d) (1943: 65-75) and by Sheffer (1981). B. Mazar Kuntillat Ajrud (Sheffer and Tidhar 1991) Lachish (Tufnell 1953: 61, 103, 108-11, 122-24, 143, (1950-51: 197) views the function of the clay balls as 'clay heaters for keeping food warm.' Yeivin (1961: 250, Fig. 5:9, Pl. 65:1,10,12) 93-94), in his discussion of the finds from Tel Erani, Tel Maresha (Bliss and Macalister 1902: 148; claims that they were used to preserve heat during Shamir in preparation, cave 75) the Sabbath. The excavations at Tel Ta'anakh Tel Miqne (Shamir 1991b) (Lapp 1964: 26-28; 1967: 25) yielded 58 doughnutMotza (Shamir, in preparation) Tell en-Nasbeh (Wampler 1947: 52, 185, Pl. 78) shaped loomweights (Alb). They were found inside a krater in an Iron Age structure interpreted by the Pella (McNicoll et al. 1982: 62) Tell Qasile (Mazar 1950-51: 61-76, 125^0, 194-218;excavator as cultic. In Lapp's opinion, the clay balls served to absorb heat during the burning of 1980: 42, 44; Shamir 1994b) sacrificial offerings. At En Gedi (Mazar 1966: 35, H. Rosh Zayit (Gai 1989) Pl. 22:5) loomweights with charred marks were Tell es-Safi (Bliss and Macalister 1902: 148) found adjacent to an oven in Locus 70 of Stratum 5. Tell es-Sa'idiyeh (Pritchard 1985: 17-19, 36-38, Figs. The above constitute specific cases, which must 2-3) be tested in order to determine whether these clay Samaria (Crowfoot et al. 1957: 398-99, Fig. 92a) balls could indeed conduct heat sufficiently for use Tel Sera' (Oren 1972: 16; 1973: 252) in cooking. Shiqmona (Elgavish 1969: 247^8) B. Mazar (1964: 25) has suggested an additional Tel Ta'anakh (Lapp 1964: 26-28; 1969: 47) use for clay balls found at Tel En Gev: as fish-net H. Uzza (Beit Arieh 1986: 34) weights. However, these particular clay balls were Vered Jericho (Shamir in press) unfired and thus could not have served this purpose. Tel Yin'am (Leibowitz 1992: 585) In those instances where similar objects were Tell Zakariya (Bliss and Macalister 1902: 148) thought to be fish-net weights, such as at Khafaje in Mesopotamia (Frankfort 1932: 91-93), they were The site distribution pattern indicates that there were two major centers of textile production during made of fired clay, were ring-shaped, and bore the Iron Age II (Browning 1988): traces of the nets' strands. 1. The Beth She'an valley and central Jordan valley region: Tell el-Hammah, Vered Jericho (Shamir in press), Beth She'an, Tel Amai, Pella, Recently, objections have been raised to the interpretation of 'clay balls' as loomweights. The Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, Tell Deir Alia. The Beth She'an main proponent of this opinion is Castro Curai (1985; 1986; 1988). She maintains that the occur- region is known from various sources to have been a rence of these clay balls in storerooms rules out their center for linen production during the time of the Mishnah and the Talmud, the 3rd and 4th centuries use as loomweights, as it is unlikely that storerooms housed looms. However, ethnographic parallels indicate the existence of seasonal weaving. In Yugoslav village communities weaving is practiced 9:42; Felix 1968: 284). Recent archaeological discoveries have yielded further evidence of linenduring the winter and the loom is stored away when CE (Midrash Genesis Rabbah 20; Mishnah Kelim 142 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms not in use (Eckhel 1988: 63). Ethnographic evidence belonging to the same loom. Despite their common suggests that warp-weighted looms were generally provenience, there were varying weights within the dismantled by their owners and stored away when same assemblage. Other assemblages of loomweights were found to vary in weight despite their not actually in use (Barber 1991: 101-102 after Hoffmann 1974: 31, etc.). belonging to the same loom, as evidenced by their Loomweights were discovered at Tel Beer Sheba position when found. At Tel Amai the weights in a structure of Stratum II dated to the Iron Age. ranged between 90 and 420 g (Gal 1988: 283). At This building served as a storehouse, at least during Tell es-Sa'idiyeh (Pritchard 1985: 36-38), no data its final stage. Eleven loomweights were found in L. pertaining to weight were published; however, the 222 and 40 in L. 282. Tel Beer Sheba also yielded published information on diameter and height loomweights found inside a krater, in L. 362 of the allows us to infer that the weights varied here too. Hellenistic period (Sheffer 1981: PL 12:2). At Tel For additional examples of differing weights beTa'anakh as well, loomweights were found inside a longing to the same loom, see Hoffmann 1974: 311krater dating from the Iron Age (Lapp 1964: 28, 12; Schierer 1987; Zimmermann 1982. Fig. 13). Possibly, the number of threads tied through each Castro Curai (1985) and Gal (1989: 283) claim loomweight (or tied to the loop) was not always the that the lack of grooves around the perforation, same and it was thus not necessary to make every which would have been caused by the friction of the loomweight identical in weight. More numerous threads, proves that these objects were not used for warp threads could have been tied through a heavier weaving. However, there are several instances in loomweight, while a lighter one would bear fewer which such signs of wear have been found; for threads (Broudy 1979: 26; Hoffmann 1974: 314). example at Jericho in a Middle Bronze Age II level Weight variation among loomweights from the (Wheeler 1982: 623) and at Kadesh Barnea (Shamir same assemblage is a common phenomenon. At the 1995) and Vered Jericho from the Iron Age II City of David, in L. 1 108 of Stratum 10C the weight (Shamir, in preparation). At Wusturg Dalem, an range is from 22.8 to 805 g. At Shiqmona, in Rooms early medieval site in Germany, loomweights bear- PG-2 and PG-3 dated to the Persian period the ing such thread marks were found (Zimmermann loomweights vary from 30 to 380 g (Elgavish 1968: 1982: 132). 33). At Tell Keisan, in L. 310 of Stratum 4B, dated to the end of the 7th century BCE, loomweights We maintain that such grooves do not always form. If the threads were firmly tied to the loomwere found in two weight groups: three weighing weight preventing their movement, no such grooves 450 g each and 36 weighing 700 g apiece (Nodet 1980: 318-20). However, in the above-mentioned would be created. In an experiment carried out by the author, woolen threads were tied to three clay examples, none of the loomweights were found in a loomweights in such a manner as to prevent thread position that would conclusively prove their belongmovement. The loomweights were then moved, ing to the same loom. simulating the actual use of a loom. This was This great variety of weights indicates one of the repeated constantly for several hours. The loom- following possibilities: a) loomweights found in the weights were then examined under a magnifyingsame assemblage were used for weaving on different glass, and no signs of friction were detected. Similar looms; or b) the loomweights belong to the same experiments were carried out by Schierer (1987: 65).loom, but were not used at the same time. We reconstructed a warp-weighted loom and used In weaving experiments with the warp-weighted the clay loomweights from Tel Batash and Tel loom we found that a difference of more than 200 g created a distortion in the textile. In Yugoslavia the Miqne; no grooves were created. In Castro Cural's opinion (1986; 1988), the loomweights were weighed before being hung on the heterogeneity of shape, size and particularly weight loom (Hoffmann 1974: 42). of 'clay weights' prohibits their interpretation asAlternative explanations of this phenomenon loomweights. She claims that the heterogeneity of have been offered. Nodet has suggested that the their weight would not permit the maintenance heavy of loomweights were used in the center of the equal thread tension. loom while two lighter ones were placed at the However, the position of the loomweight assemmargins of the warp in order to pull groups of blages when found provides evidence of their strings of different color, thickness and solidity. 143 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms We carried out experiments with loomweights from various sites, with the following results. First, Kadesh Barnea (Shamir 1995) display 10-20 threads in the warp. Elgavish (1968: 33) claims that the assemblages discovered at Shiqmona, in Rooms PG-2 and PG-3 of the Persian period, constitute a We found that when too many threads (more than number of 30 loomweights per loom. ten) were tied to each loomweight the warp was uneven in tension; on the other hand, when one or The possibility that a small loomweight served to two threads were tied they tended to break. A tighten each warp thread, as suggested by Nodet, variation of about 200 g between the loomweights seems unreasonable. Such an arrangement for a heavy weights ranging from 300 to 400 g were used. caused deformation of the cloth. Increasing the loom 2-3 m wide would require about 1000-1500 weight of the loomweight (up to a certain limit) loomweights per loom, making the operation of the resulted in stretching of the warp threads, enabling a loom very cumbersome. The claim that each thread larger number of weft threads to be packed in and resulting in a denser weave. Uneven spacing of the warp threads caused tightening in areas where the warp threads were more widely spaced. In a second experiment, loomweights from the Persian period which are no heavier than 30-50 g were used. First, seven warp threads were tied to was tied to a loomweight is based on vessel paintings, such as the 5th-century BCE skyphos from Chiusi, showing such a configuration. In this case, Hoffmann's objection (1974: 306, Fig. 129) that loom drawings on vessels have been overused is valid: the artists were, at best, imprecise. The rows of loomweights found at certain sites, each of twelve loomweights; the tension of the such as those mentioned above and by Barber threads was inadequate for operation of the loom. (1991: 93-103), enable us to reconstruct the width of the loom, and hence the maximum width of the Next, the number of threads was reduced to four to each loomweight, and the number of loomweights cloth that could be woven on it (Barber 1991: 103). was increased to 22, with slightly heavier ones at The table presented by Barber (1991: 387-89), which each end to ensure straight selvedges. With this gives the various widths of warp-weighted looms arrangement it was possible to weave, but the and the number of loomweights from those looms, tension was still poor and resulted in a loose weave. demonstrates that there is no correlation between The solution was to tie an even smaller number of these two parameters. warp threads (three or two) to each loomweight.The distribution pattern of loomweights found at sites One of the problems facing researchers is to such as Tel Amai, Tell es-Sa'idiyeh and Tell Deir Alia undoubtedly points to their belonging to reconstruct the amount of loomweights used simullooms. taneously on one loom. Davidson, in her report on At Tel Amai, two meter-long parallel rows of loomweights were found in situ (Levy and the excavations at Corinth (Hellenistic period), claims that a loom 1.75 m wide had 60-70 loom- Edelstein 1972: 331-35, 342). A meter-long row of 62 loomweights was found in situ at Tell esweights. This is the estimated width for making a Sa'idiyeh, in House 6 of Stratum 5 (Pritchard peplos. She based this estimate on an attempt to 1985: 17-19, Fig. 3:2). Phase IX at Tell Deir Alia reconstruct the scale of looms depicted on conyielded three parallel rows of loomweights, dated to temporary painted vessels. This was then correlated the 9th century BCE (Vogelsang-Eastwood 1989: with the quantities of loomweights found in various 60). At Troy (Biegen et al. 1950: 350), a row of assemblages at Olynthos (Davidson 1952: 147). loomweights 1.1 m long was found in situ. At Nodet (1980: 318-21) based his reconstruction on Gordion the assemblages at Tell Keisan in Stratum 4b, dated in Anatolia, 21 loomweights, some still to the 7th century BCE: 26 loomweights werebearing found threads, were found lying in three rows in L. 414 and 42 in L. 310. He concluded that the (Brown 1980: 62, 86). Remains of wool fibers found at Ashqelon led Lass (1994: 33) to the assumption warp width ranged from two to three meters. that the loom was 3 m wide. These data enable us to However, if twelve threads were tied to each reconstruct the width of the cloth. loomweight (Sheffer and Tidhar 1991), there would be a total of 312-504 warp threads on one loom. Looms using loomweights have been successfully reconstructed by A. Sheffer (1980), by V. Idelin at Calculating a density of five threads per centimeter (Sheffer 1981), a cloth width of 0.62-1.01 m could be the Kibbutz Revadim Museum following the discovery of loomweights at nearby Tel Miqne, obtained. Textiles from the Iron Age II, e.g. from Kuntillat Ajrud (Sheffer and Tidhar 1991) and and by O. Levy at En Yael (Photos 17-19). 144 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Gal believes that the weight of these clay balls (420-650 g) is too high for use in weaving. However, weaving experiments with loomweights of this weight have proved that it is possible to weave even with loomweights of 800 g. In general the weight of loomweights diminishes from several hundred grams in the Iron Age to a weight of tens to two hundred grams in the Persian and Hellenistic periods, and consequently the comparison with Olynthos of the 5th century BCE is not relevant here. Gal does not relate to those sites in which these weights were found in rows. Moreover, the suggestion that they were used as stoppers does not explain why they do not occur in the Land of Israel before the Middle Bronze Age II or after the 1st century CE, and are entirely absent in Syria and Egypt. Photo 17. Reconstruction of warp-weighted loom, En Yael, Jerusalem (YR). Reconstructions were carried out by the author with the loomweights of Tel Dor at the 'Glass Factory' at Nahsholim, with the loomweights of Tel Batash (Keim and Mazar 1995: 163), and with the loomweights of Masada (Shamir 1994b: 282). The finding of two loomweights resting in the mouths of storage jars at Tell el-Hammah, as well as the correlation between the size of the loomweights and the storage jar rim diameters at H. Rosh Zayit, led Gal (1989) to suggest that clay balls served as stoppers. However, Tell el-Hammah is an isolated case in which the loomweights were in secondary use. One of the loomweights was broken and only half of it was used as a stopper. Spindles (one with threads still wrapped around it), whorls and 161 loomweights found at Tell el-Hammah are evidence of extensive spinning and weaving activity at the site. Photo 18. Reconstruction of warp- weighted loom, En Yael, Jerusalem (YR). 145 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms loomweights, the color on one side is gray (7.5YR 5/0), while the other side of G 11319 is pink (5YR 7/4) and that of G 11388 is red (2.5YR 5/6). The maker's fingerprints are visible on loomweight El/10101 (A2b). All of the loomweights of this type at the City of David have a vertical cylindrical perforation made before firing. D2/20038 (A3b; Fig. 21:24) has two perforations stemming from the same opening. This may be understood to mean that one of the perforations was unsuitable and thus was canceled. It shows that importance was attached to the position of the perforation. The fired doughnut-shaped loomweights range in diameter from 5.8 to 10.6 cm. Their height is between 3.1 and 5.5 cm. The weights of the four intact examples range between 127.3 and 406.5 g and average 222.4 ± 108.7 g. Two examples vary in weight from the others of this type: Dl/883/1 (A3b) weighs 25.4 g and G 4326 (A2b) weighs 26.4 g. Some other examples were damaged and thus were not weighed, but from their dimensions appear to be similar in weight to the intact loomweights. These low weights are more suitable to whorls than to loomweights, and indeed several similar items have been termed whorls (Stern and Magen 1982: 194, Fig. 6:9-12). However, the off-center position of the perforation in these two examples shows that they could not have been whorls. Moreover, the size of Photo 19. Reconstruction of warp- weighted loom, En Yael, Jerusalem (YR). 2. Fired Loomweights: Types A2, A3 the perforation is too small to have allowed a spindle to pass through. The two light loomweights (Dl/883/1 and G 4326/8) are rare in the Iron Age but typical of the Persian period; similar examples have been discovered at H. Nimra (Shamir 1992), H. Rogem, Nahal Haro'a and H. Masora in the Forty-three fired loomweights were discovered at Negev (Cohen 1986; Shamir, in preparation). the City of David. Two states of firing can be differentiated: A2, poorly fired at low temperatures; and A3, well fired at high temperatures. A. Doughnut-shaped : Types A2b , A3b (Fig. 21:2021,24; PI. 12:6) Fourteen fired doughnut-shaped loomweights were found at the City of David in fills containing material no later than Stratum 7, the Hellenistic period. According to their typology and parallels from other sites, they belong to the Iron Age or Persian period. Those of the Persian period are very light and usually weigh less than 100 g. Ten of the loomweights are well fired (A3b). In two cases the firing is uneven (A2b): in both these B. Biconical: Types A2c, A3c (Fig. 21:19,22-23; PI. 11:6-7; PI. 12:5) Fourteen loomweights of this type were found. Their appearance is of two cones joined at their wide base; they are vertically perforated. They may be subdivided into A2c, fired at low temperatures, and A3c, well fired at high temperatures. All are relatively light, with a weight range of 18.8-68 g and an average weight of 35.3 ± 18 g. El/16802 (A3c) was found on a floor of Stratum 12, but because of its shape (see Fig. 21:22) there is considerable doubt about its function. El /16729 and El/16913 were found in L. 2092, a pit dated to the Persian period Stratum 9. The others were found 146 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms in fills containing material dated no later than Stratum 9, apart from three from fills containing material dated no later than Stratum 7. According to their typology and parallels from other sites, they all, except for El/ 16802, belong to the Persian period. Light biconical (and sometimes doughnutshaped) loomweights are typical of sites of the Persian period: H. Nimra (Shamir 1992), H. Rogem, Nahal Haro'a and H. Masora in the Negev (Cohen 1986; Shamir, in preparation), Shiqmona (Elgavish 1968), Tel Michal (SingerAvitz 1989), Kh. Abu et-Twein (Mazar 1981: 23), Qadum (Stern and Magen 1982), Tel Tanim and Tel Maresha (Shamir, in preparation). C. Pyramidal : Types A2d, A3d, A5d (Fig. 21:26-30; PL 11:9-10,14,17; PL 12:3) Fifteen fired pyramidal loomweights, as well as one made of limestone (A5d; Fig. 21:26), were found at the City of David. Only one, El/3425 (A3d; Fig. 21:30; PL 11:9), was found in a secure context: L. 606. This locus is a floor belonging to Stratum 8, dated to the early Hellenistic period. Three spatulas were found in this locus (Ariel 1990: 134, BI 130132); it is suggested that these spatulas were used in the weaving process (Ariel 1990: 129-30). The 4. Perforation drilled from one side, as in limestone loomweight D2/20910 (A5d; Fig. 21:26). Rutschman (1988) suggests that the holes were created by pushing a wooden stick, which later burnt away during firing, through the soft clay. On several loomweights from the City of David, e.g. D2/20083, G 4323 (PL 11:14), G 11545 (Fig. 21:29; PL 11:17), El/9391, G 2478 (all types A3d), clay residues were found around the outer perforation. This residue was caused when the stick entered the clay and was then pulled out, smearing the clay. The perforation diameter ranges from 0.3 to 0.8 cm and is thus too small to draw a group of warp threads through. Some kind of intermediary between the warp threads and the loomweight would have been necessary, possibly in one of the two following manners: 1. A ring connecting the warp threads and the loomweight. A similar type of connection is depicted on a painted lekythos exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Hoffmann 1974: 307). A pyramidal loomweight of uncertain origin (perhaps from Italy) in the British Museum has an elliptical bronze ring attached to it (Davidson and Thompson 1943: 68, Fig. 30). A similar type of attachment could be achieved by use of a loop made from organic material. At Masada, thanks to the remaining loomweights of this type come from fills dry climate, some of the loops made of linen, goat hair or date-palm fibers were preserved around the containing material that is no later than Stratum 5, loomweights (Shamir 1994a). the 1st century CE. Twelve of the pyramidal loomweights are well 2. A wooden or metal rod drawn through the fired (A3d), usually with well-levigated clay. In perforation, with the string tied around it (McLauchlin 1981; Davidson 1952: 147). At Nemea in the isolated instances, such as El/17351 (A2d; Fig. 21:27) and El/1643 (A2d), the clay is coarse and Peloponnese, conical loomweights were found in poorly fired. Most of the pyramidal loomweights which such wooden rods were preserved, some up to are red. E 1/6 142 (A3d) is partly light reddish brown 4 cm long (McLauchlin 1981: 74). These were found (5YR 6/4) and partly black (5Y 2.5/1), evidence of in a 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE context. uneven firing conditions in the kiln. G 4323 (A3d; Depictions "of similar rods appear on stamp PL 11:14) bears the maker's fingerprints. Loom- impressions stamped onto four loomweights from Corinth, dating from the 4th to the beginning of the weight D2/20910 (A5d) from L. 2745 is made of 3rd century BCE (Davidson 1952: Figs. 25:1145; limestone. No special effort was made to ensure that 27:1153,1164-65). Similar stamps were found on the four sides of the pyramid were equal in size. The perforation is horizontal, located in the top two loomweights from the Pnyx in Athens (Davidthird of the pyramid. The hole was made before son and Thompson 1943: Fig. 39:139). Metal rods were discovered inside the perforation of a loomfiring and is not necessarily centered. Several perforation types were distinguished: weight from Myrna (Davidson 1952: 148, n. 4). Pyramidal loomweights E 1/6 159, E 1/6 142, G 1. Single cone perforation, as in El/6159 (A3d); 2478, El/3896 (PL 11:10), all Type A3d, and 2. Plain perforation, as in El/3425 (A3d; Fig. 21:30; PL 11:9); perhaps D2/20083 (A3d) and E2/1643 (A2d), have 3. Double cone perforation, as in D2/20083 a partial perforation on one side. Similar holes were (A3d); found on loomweights from the Pnyx, both 147 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms pyramidal and cylindrical (Davidson and Thompson 1943: 72). Davidson views the function of these perforations as aiding the firing process by prevent- ing cracking. This opinion is shared by D. Castel and O. Mazar, ceramicists consulted by the author. Such a block of clay would crack during firing if no holes were made in it. An additional explanation (Davidson and Thompson 1943: 72) is that these holes were used by the ceramicist when placing the loomweights on the firing board in the kiln. The weights of the pyramidal loomweights from the City of David range from 35.9 to 144 g. One of the finds from the City of David, 67-80, Fig. 17), Ashdod, Stratum 3a (Dothan and Freedman 1967: Fig. 17), Tel Maresha (Shamir, in preparation), Masada (Shamir 1994a), Mazor (Shamir, in preparation), Tel Michal (Singer-Avitz 1989: 359, Fig. 31.7:22), Samaria (Reisner 1924: 343), Shiqmona, Stratum H, Room HD (Elgavish 1974: 35-36, PL xxv:255), Yodfat (M. Aviam, personal communication); and, in Transjordan, Pella (McNicoll 1982: 75, PL 156). The use of warp-weighted looms ceased almost entirely at the end of the 1st century CE, when the horizontal loom became common; the latter did not require loomweights. This phenomenon is known identified as a weight by Eran (this volume, Chapter from both literary sources and archaeological V, W 161), is similar in shape to the fired pyramidalevidence (Broudy 1979: 27; Davidson 1952: 147; Shamir 1991c). The pyramidal loomweights from loomweights. The base of this object is incised. In the City of David date from no later than Stratum 5 our opinion as well this is not a loomweight, as its weight is only 3.65 g, too low to allow it to give anyand thus serve to verify the accepted dating. The warp-weighted loom had several disadvantension to a group of warp threads. tages which led to its eventual disuse. The weaver Pyramidal loomweights, mostly fired, have been had to weave while standing or walking back and found as early as the 3rd millennium BCE in Early forth (Crowfoot 1937: 47). Moreover, the weft Bronze Age levels (Strata 1-7) at Troy (Biegen et al. threads had to be beaten upwards, against the force 1950: 104, 338, 344, Figs. 221, 369; Biegen 1953: 232, 272, 315, Fig. 305; Biegen 1958: 57, 67, 199, Figs.of gravity. These two factors greatly complicated the task of the weaver. In Iceland and Scandinavian 221, 256). Numerous pyramidal loomweights were found in Strata 2A-3C at Enkomi, dated to 1425- countries, however, the use of the warp-weighted 1100/1075 BCE (Dikaios 1971: 445-74, Pis. 127:19,loom continued with some changes into the present 134:35,37-38, 154:9, 155:2,46). This type of loom-century (Hoffmann 1974). weight apparently does not occur in Greece before the 7th century BCE (Davidson and Thompson 3. Tablets with Two Holes: Types A3g, A5f 1943: 73). Pyramidal loomweights are pictured in (Fig. 22:1-3; PL 11:13) vessel paintings showing the warp-weighted loom, an example of which is a lekythos exhibited at the Four elliptical limestone tablets (A5f) and one Metropolitan Museum of Art, dated to the 6th century BCE. A similar depiction is found on a 5th- rectangular fired clay tablet (A3g) were found at century BCE skyphos discovered at Chiusi (Hoff- the City of David. Two of these tablets are from the mann 1974: 306-307). In Israel they appear in the Iron Age: D2/20366 (A5f; Fig. 22:3) from L. 2337, Persian period (5th-4th centuries BCE) only at H. Stratum Ì2; and E3/15952 (A3g; Fig. 22:1) from L. 1930A, Stratum 10. El/17108 (A5f) is from L. 2092, Nimra (Shamir 1992). The use of pyramidal loomweights was common a pit dated to the Persian period, Stratum 9. Tablet E3/7471 (PL 11:13) was made out of a broken piece throughout the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods (Reisner 1924: 343). Davidson (1952: 147) of a chalk vessel of the 'measuring cup' type in mentions numerous sites where such loomweights belonging to these periods were found: in Asia Minor at Ephesus, Pergamon and Tarsus; and in Greece at Dodona, Olympia, Delphi, Corinth, the Argive Heroeum, Aegina, Athens (Pnyx), Olynthos, Myrna, Lindos, Elatea. secondary use (Cahill 1992: 210). Vessels of this type were in common use during the 1st century CE up to the destruction in 70 CE. Tablets E3/7471 (PL 11:13) and G 4585 (Fig. 22:2) have holes drilled from the interior of the original vessel. This can be inferred from the fact Israel has also yielded many pyramidal loom- that the perforations are wider on the inner side and weights from the Hellenistic and Early Roman are conical. El /17 108 (A5f) has cylindrical perforaperiods, such as Tel Anafa, Phase 1 (Herbert 1979: tions. E3/15952 (A3g; Fig. 22:1) is made of fired 148 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms This type was used in 'tablet weaving,' in which narrow strips of cloth, such as belts or narrow momentum and equal distribution of the object's mass around the hole (Nodet 1980: 316; Smith and Hirth 1988). Factors 1-3 are dependent on the type of fibers ribbons meant to adorn clothing, are woven used for spinning (wool, linen or other material), the clay; the perforations were made before firing and are cylindrical. (Schierer 1987: 77). In this method, the greater the tightness of spinning and the thickness of the thread number of holes in a tablet, the more intricate the to be spun (thicker threads, as well as two or more design which can be created. The more numerous threads to be spun together, require a heavier are the tablets used to weave one strip of cloth, the whorl). wider will be the strip. Weaving experiments were At Megiddo (Guy 1938: 170, Fig. 175:6, PL 84:1), carried out: the end result of weaving with tablets two hemispherical whorls joined at the base on a having two perforations was a woven strip of the spindle were found. The use of two such whorls plain weave technique. Despite the success of this provides a weight which enables the spinning of two experiment, we could also accept the proposal that or more threads into one. these slabs were used as 'bull roarers' (Van Beek 1989). 1. Fired Clay (Ceramic) Biconical Whorls: Types B2c, B3c (Fig. 21:18) B. WHORLS Two biconical whorls were found at the City of Whorls are used as weights for spinning. David. They They are may be subdivided into B2c, fired at hung on the spindle and weigh it down (Yisraeli low temperatures, and B3c, well fired at high 1968), thus allowing the spindle to turn andtemperatures. to twist Whorl El/10004 (B2c; Fig. 21:18) was found in L. Seventy-eight whorls were found at the1391, City of defined as a Stratum 12(?) floor; it weighs 17.3 David, a small percentage of which are doubtfully g. Whorl G 17552 (B3c) comes from L. 1115, a identified as whorls, as noted below. These whorls living surface of Stratum 12B; it weighs 15.3 g. are made of fired clay, basalt, limestone and Thechalk. perforation is cylindrical and was made One whorl, E3/7672 (Fig. 22:16; PL 12:4), is a before firing. Such a perforation shape is ideally fossilized sea urchin with a hole drilled through it. suited for placing the whorl on the spindle (Nodet Several interrelated factors are crucial for creat1980: 316). ing the necessary momentum, the 'speed and forceAttempts to spin were carried out by the author, of spinning' (Smith and Hirth 1988): using the suspended spindle method in which the 1. The raw material from which the whorl is whorl is placed at the bottom of the spindle. The made. The spinning process requires the whorl to beemployed was sheep wool. This experiment material the fibers together. shaken. This action is especially intense in the that the objects from the City of David showed could be used as whorls. suspended spindle method, where spinning is carried out while walking. The whorl must be made of a durable enough material to withstand this. Thus, 2. Fired Clay (Ceramic) Disc Whorls: Type B3h unfired clay and other such materials would be (Fig. 22:4-10; PL 11:8,11) unsuitable for this purpose. 2. The size of the whorl. Too large a whorl Twenty-one would fired clay (ceramic) disc whorls were complicate the spinning. found at the City of David. Six of them were found 3. The weight of the whorl. Whorls made of light on floors dating to the Iron Age, Strata 14-10. One material, such as wood, are used to spin wool such (short whorl, E3/19204/2 (Fig. 22:8), comes from L. fibers), while heavier whorls, such as stone, are 2441, used a floor dated to the Early Bronze Age, for linen (long fibers) (Forbes 1956: 152; Ryder Stratum 20. The thirteen remaining whorls were 1983: 747; Baginski and Shamir 1995: 31). discovered Ryder in fills of various periods, none of which contained maintains that a heavy whorl produces a tight spin, material later than Stratum 7. Similar whorls are found in the Land of Israel which is suitable for the warp. 4. The location of the perforation. A hole located from the Neolithic period (Perrot 1966: Fig. 6:17; in the center of the whorl provides the best Wheeler 1982: 626, Fig. 255). However, the main 149 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms distribution of these whorls is in the Iron Age an incised strip bearing a double zigzag. Whorl D2/ (Yisraeli 1968: 1000-1001). This type of whorl is 20067 (B4n; Fig. 22:21) has a natural shape and is extremely common throughout the world. For decorated with incised lines around the hole and example, such whorls dating from 1025 BCE to around the base, with three zigzags incised between 700 CE were found in Mexico (Smith and Hirth them. 1988: 353-54). The perforation of these whorls was drilled from The shape of these whorls (B3h) is a result of one side and is cylindrical. E3/7672 (B4k; Fig. 22:16; PI. 12:4), made of the reworking pottery sherds to a rough circle. The fossilized sea urchin, weighs 7.6 g. The rest of the rounded shape was obtained by sanding down the edges. A hole was then drilled through the center. stone whorls were fragmentary, and thus their Most of the sherds in secondary use as whorls are weight could not be determined. body sherds and thus the original vessel is unidentifiable. An exception is whorl E3/ 19204/2 (Fig. 22:8), which was made out of a red-slipped and 4. Basalt Whorls: Types B6k, B61, B6n (Fig. 22:1115; PI. 12:1-2,7) burnished Early Bronze Age platter. In most instances, the hole was drilled from both Eight basalt whorls were found at the City of David, sides of the sherd, evidenced by its being narrower seven of them in fills containing material no later in the center than at the openings (Fig. 22:4-9; PI. than Stratum 6, dated to 70 CE. Whorl E3/19283 (B6n) was found in L. 2438 of Stratum 21-20, dated to the Early Bronze Age. Six of these whorls are hemispherical or dome11:11), E3/13107 and El/10605/1 have a perforation which is drilled from one side and thus cylindrical. shaped (B6k; Fig. 22:12-15; PI. 12:2,7). Of these, Although, as previously noted, a cylindrical hole is only two are decorated: G 4389 (Fig. 22:13) with an 11:8). This is termed a 'chamfered' or 'double cone' perforation. Whorls El/16677 (Fig. 22:10; PI. optimal for spinning, only a minority of the Type B3h whorls have such a perforation. Whorl El/9815 has a residue of clay around both openings of its perforation, showing that the hole was made before firing. In only three cases, El/16677 (Fig. 22:10; PI. 11:11), Dl/12725 and El/10605/1, was the perforation centered. incised band near the base and G/4387 with two incised lines near the base. Whorl Al/108/1 (B61; Fig. 22:11; PI. 12:1) is conical and is decorated with an incised line near the base and an incised concentric circle around the perforation. Whorl E3/19283 is ring-shaped (B6n) and is undecorated. The perforation of these whorls is drilled from The size and weight range of Type B3h is quite one side and is cylindrical. The weight of the six intact basalt whorls from large. The height ranges from 0.7 to 1.6 cm, the diameter is between 2.3 and 7.3 cm, while the weight the City of David ranges from 5.2 to 18 g. varies from 4 to 88 g. Attempts to spin with these Ring-shaped basalt whorls are common in the objects employing the suspended spindle method Early Bronze Age in Israel and have been found at showed that they may certainly be used as whorls. Affula (Sukenik 1948: Pl. XIII:14-16), Ai (Callaway 1980: Fig. 84, Pis. 94:11,15,16; 140:19), Arad (Amiran 1978: PI. 67), Azor (Shamir, in prepara3. Decorated Limestone Whorls: Types B4k, B41, tion), Beth She'an (Fitzgerald 1935: PI. VI:23,25), B4m, B4n (Fig. 22:16,19-21; PI. 12:4) En Shadud (Braun 1985: 98), H. Iiiin Tahtit (Braun Four limestone whorls were found at the City of 1994: Ch. 12:3), Jericho (Wheeler 1982: 626-27), David. Only one, G 4890 (B41; Fig. 22:19), is from a Lachish (Tufnell 1953: 71), Megiddo (Loud 1948: clear context, L. 792 in the 'House of AhieP, datedPI. 171:1,2,4,7,8; Guy 1938: PI. 76:5,6), Me'ona (E. to Stratum 10C-B. Braun, personal communication), Palmahim Quarry (Braun 1994: Ch. 12:3), Qiryat Ata (Shamir, in Whorl E3/7672 (B4k; Fig. 22:16; PI. 12:4) is made preparation), Yarmouth (de Miroschedji 1988: Fig. of a piece of fossilized sea urchin with a hole drilled 16:9, PI. 49:7) and Yiftah'el (Braun 1994: Ch. 12:3). through it; the natural lines of the fossil are visible At Tell Abu al-Kharaz in Jordan, a ring whorl of on the whorl's surface. Whorl G 4890 (B41; Fig. the16Early Bronze Age I was found with part of a 22:19) is conical and decorated on its base with spindle (Fischer 1993: PL 13). In the Early dotted concentric circles. Whorl G 4546 (B4m;wooden Fig. Bronze Age a preference for stone whorls (basalt 22:20) is cylindrical and decorated on its side with 150 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms and limestoné) is evident, but fired clay disc-shaped whorls also continued in use (Wheeler 1982: 627). 5. Chalk Whorls: Types B5h, B5m, B5p (Fig. 22:18,23-27; PL 11:12) Twenty-nine chalk whorls were found at the City of David. Twenty-six of them came from fills and dumps containing material no later than Stratum 5, the 1st century CE. Whorl El/ 16848 (B5h) was the horizontal loom type; whorls were not used on such a loom. It is the author's opinion that BarAdon' s interpretation is incorrect, and the chalk weights found in the Nahal Mishmar cave are spinning whorls of Type B5h. Fired clay whorls (Type B3h) were found at Nahal Mishmar as well; this may indicate that threads of different types were spun, which is borne out by the remains of both linen and wool cloths found in the cave. This type appears to be typical of the Hellenistic found in L. 2089, defined as an earth layer. Whorl period, and also occurs at Tel Maresha (Shamir, in El/21635 (B5h) comes from L. 2161, defined as a preparation). gravel layer. Both are dated to Stratum 18 of the Middle Bronze Age. E2/7305/2 was found in L. 1431. This whorl was made from the base of a chalk 6. Chalk Discs with an Unfinished Perforation: Type B5i (Fig. 22:22; PL 11:15) vessel of the 'measuring cup' type in secondary use (Cahill 1992: 210). The original vessel may be dated At the City of David, four discs of Type B5i were to the 1st century CE, with a terminus ante quem offound. They are similar in shape to Type B5h, but in 70 CE. this case the hole is unfinished. The beginning of the Most of the chalk whorls are discoid (B5h), apart perforation can be seen from both sides of the disc. from two, E3/7467 (Fig. 22:23; PL 11:12) and E2/ Nodet (1980: 20) claims that these discs served as 1573/2 (Fig. 22:25), whose shape is roughly circular pivots for the drill boring a hole in a sherd or stone. (B5p). One of the chalk whorls, El/4055 (Fig. The drill's head would be lodged in the 'conical 22:27), is cylindrical (B5m). cavity' hollowed out in the disc, and this would In sixteen of the chalk whorls, the hole was drilledprovide the necessary vertical pressure for drilling from both sides, as it is narrower in the center the hole. When such a pivot eventually became ('chambered' perforation). Thirteen of the chalk pierced through due to use, it might have then been whorls have a cylindrical perforation drilled from used as a whorl. one side (Fig. 22:26-27). Twenty-three intact chalk whorls were weighed. Their weight ranges from 6.5 to 70.1 g, apart from CONCLUSIONS three chalk whorls with exceptionally high weights: Dl/6976 (B5h) weighing 97.6 g; El/10089 (B5h) The different types of loomweights throughout weighing 171 g; and E2/7305/2 (B5h) weighing 195.5periods at the City of David accord with the g. Though it is generally assumed that a whorl typology of loomweights at other sites in Israel. weighing 195.5 g is too heavy to be used, the author The dominant type of loomweight in the Iron Age II attempted to spin with it and was successful in is doughnut-shaped with a weight of hundreds of doing so. It may be concluded that these extremely grams; in the Persian period the dominant type is heavy whorls were used to spin the warp threads, as biconical with a low weight (less than 100 g); in the a heavy whorl causes tight spinning suitable for the Hellenistic period the dominant type is pyramidal warp (Ryder 1983: 747). with a weight of around 100-200 g. In the Nahal Mishmar cave, similar objects dated Among the whorls, Type B3h (flat ceramic to the Chalcolithic period were found. They have whorls) are found in all the strata, but are parallels at other sites from this period, such as concentrated mainly in the Iron Age strata, 14-10. Jericho, Teleilat Ghassul and the Chalcolithic sites Type B5h (chalk whorls) come mainly from Strata of the Beer Sheba region (Bar-Adon 1971). Bar- 7-5 of the Hellenistic period. Adon maintains (1971: 183) that these were used as A total of 186 loomweights and 73 whorls was loomweights, claiming this as evidence for the use of found in the City of David (Table 4). This amount is a weighted loom as early as the Chalcolithic period. low, considering the extent of the excavated Iron However, it should be noted that the remains of a Age strata in the City of David: only 142 loomloom discovered in the Nahal Mishmar cave are of weights attributed to the Iron Age were found. This 151 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 4. Finds by strata. Stratum 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ? Type Total Ala Alb Ale Ale Alo Alq A2b A2c A2d A3b A3c A3d A3e A3q A5d A5f TOTAL LOOMWEIGHTS 186 B2b B2c B3c B3h 1 - 1 1 - - 4 - 7 B4j - 3 1 - 2 2 B4k B41 B4m B4n B5h 2 B5i B5m B5p B6k .... i B61 B6n 1 B7n TOTAL TOTAL 4 - 3 1 1 - 4 WHORLS - 37 5 118 14 7 28 6 10 - 1 73 2 18 259 Area G, Stratum 10, despite the fact that a larger represents a small sample in comparison to c area of Stratum 12 was excavated. The low Batash, number temporary Iron Age sites such as Tel Ge Tel Miqne, Tell Qasile and Tell Beit wh of loomweights compared to other Mirsim, sites also persists Persian and Hellenistic-Roman periods in the hundreds have beenin the found. This supports th of David. that two major cen opinion of Browning City (1988) The whorls active. found in the City of David are of textile production were relatively few in numberdiscovered as well: a total of 73 whorlsin loc Very few loomweights were defined as floors in of the varyingCity types from of different David: strata. The majority 1-6 loo weights in per Areas E floor. and of whorls were found in fills and thus it is difficult to Very few loomweights were E3; form definite conclusions about the nature of this 17 loomweights were Area D, all from Stratum 12. The remaining loomweights (102), with one exception, stem from find. The limited number of whorls and loomweights 152 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms fou found found in the City of David provides evidence for domestic weaving activity rather than industrial production. The residents perhaps bought their textiles from the Shephelah region and Beth She'an Valley. It is probable that the textiles produced at the City of David were of wool, and not linen, which was manufactured in the Beth She'an Valley. A Biegen, C.W. 1958. Troy IV: Settlements Vila, VHb and VIII. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Biegen, C.W. et al. 1950. Troy I, Part 1 : General Introduction, The First and Second Settlements. Prince- ton: Princeton University Press. Bliss, F.J. 1894. A Mound of Many Cities or Tell el Hesy Excavated. New York: Macmillan. Bliss, F.J. and Macalister, R.A. 1902. Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898-1900. London: Paleslarge quantity of sheep bones was found in the City tine Exploration Fund. of David (Horwitz, this volume, Chapter XI). The Braun, E. 1985. Salvage Excavations at a Farming limited weaving and spinning activity in the City of Community in the Jezreel Valley, Israel (BAR InternaDavid thus probably utilized wool. tional Series 249). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. Braun, E. 1994. Yif tahel: Salvage and Rescue Excavations at a Prehistoric Village in Lower Galilee, Israel. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority, internal pubMy sincere thanks to Prof. Trude Dothan, Dr. Jan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS lication. Gunneweg, Avigail Sheffer, Alon De Groot, Do- Broudy, E. 1979. 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Locus Basket Type Weight Dia- Height Hole Clay Core Grits Fig. Plate Def. meter Diam. Al 1 6 pit 108/1 B61 5.4 2.3 0.8 0.4 - - - 22:11 12:1 D1 316 12 fill 883/1 A3b 25.4 3.1 2.8 0.4 light reddish light reddish F, W 1-2 brown 2.5 brown 2.5 YR 6/4 YR 6/4 D1 327 6 fill and 1095 A3b - 5.6 3.2 1.5 light reddish gray 7.5 YR B, W 1-4 stone brown collapse 2.5 YR 5/0 6/4 D1 365 7 fill 6623 B3h 9.9 2.9 1.0 0.6/0.9 pinkish gray gray 5 YR B, Gr 1-2 5 YR 7/2 5/1 D1 395 12 rubble 6810 Alb - - - - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - 5 YR 5/4 D1 408 7A rubble 6914 B5h 42.5 4.7 1.8 1.1 - - D1 413 8-7 fill 6954 B5h 27.5 4.3 1.3 1.3/0.8 - 22:18 - D1 416 9 gravel layer 6964 B3h 32.5 5.3 1.0 0.6/1.1 light reddish gray 5 YR M, W 1-2 brown 5 YR 5/1 6/4 D1 421 7B rubble 12725 B3h 88.0 7.6 1.6 0.7/1.6 pink 5 YR gray 5 YR B, W, Bn - 7/4 5/1 1-4 D1 422 8 fill 6976 B5h 97.6 6.8 2.2 1.8/0.7 - - - D1 422 8 fill 12414 B3c - 3.2 2.7 0.6 gray 5 YR gray 5 YR F, W 1-2 5/1 5/1 D1 422 8 rubble fill 12619 B5h - 7.0 2.0 1.1 - - - - - or terrace D1 431 12 fill 12791 B3h 72.0 6.8 1.5 - pink 5 YR gray 5 YR M, W 1-2 7/3 5/1 D1 453 12 to floor 13209 Alq - - - - - - - - D1 456 12 stone 13269/1 Alb - 7.3 5.5 2.0 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 collapse 5 YR 5/4 D1 456 12 stone 13269/2 Alb - 7.5 6.7 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 collapse 5 YR 5/4 156 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms - Area Locus Str. Locus Basket Type Weight Dia- Height Hole Clay Core Grits Fig. Plate Def. meter Diam. D1 456 12 stone 13269/3 Ale - - - - dark brown - M, W 1-6 - collapse 7.5 YR 4/4 D1 456 12 stone 13269/4 Alb - 6.6 4.9 2.0 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - collapse 5 YR 5/4 D1 456 12 stone 13281/1 Alb 160.5 6.0 4.5 1.3 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 21:4 collapse 5 YR 5/4 D1 456 12 stone 13281/2 Ale 468.0 7.0 10.5 1.5 dark brown - M, W 1-6 21:1 11:1 collapse D1 456 12 stone 7.5 YR 13281/3 4/4 Alq - - - - - - - - - collapse D1 456 12 stone 13281/4 Alq---- - - - - - stone 13281/5 Alq---- - - - - - stone 13281/6 Alq---- - - - - - collapse D1 456 12 collapse D1 456 12 collapse D1 469 12 to floor 13295 Alb - - 4.8 - light reddish - M, W 1-6 brown 5 YR 6/4 D1 469 12 to floor 13308/1 Alb 111.8 5.9 3.9 1.5 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - 11.2 5 YR 5/4 D1 469 12 to floor 13308/2 Alb - 6.1 - 1.5 reddish brown - - - 11.3 5 YR 5/4 D1 469 12 to floor 13308/3 Alb - 6.9 5.2 1.8 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - 11.4 5 YR 5/4 D1 469 12 to floor 13308/4 Alb 98.9 5.8 3.8 1.8 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - 11.5 5 YR 5/4 Dl surf. - - 6635 A3e 62.0 3.8/3.5 4.7 0.7 light reddish light reddish F, W 1-2 brown 5 YR brown 5 YR 6/4 6/4 D2 1836 9 fill 14101 A3c 18.8 3.1 2.7 0.5 pink 5 YR 7/3 pink 5 YR 7/3 M, W 1-2 - 11:6 D2 1836 9 fill 14116 A3c 68.0 4.6 3.6 0.5 gray 5 YR 5/1 gray 5 YR 5/1 B, W 1-2 - 11:7 D2 1892 12 floor 13795 B3h 31.7 5.5 1.0 0.5 light reddish light red 2.5 B, W, 22:6 11.8 brown 5 YR YR 6/6 Gr 1-2 6/3 D2 2306 7 rubble 20038 A3b - 4.5 3.5 0.5 pink 5 YR 8/4 pink 5 YR 8/4 F, Gr 1 21:24 D2 2306 7 rubble 20067 B4n - 2.3 2.3 1.0 - - - 22:21 - D2 2309 12 plaster floor 20229/1 Alb 115.0 5.5 4.2 1.3 pink 5 YR 7/3 - M, W 1-6 21:5 on bedrock D2 2309 12 plaster floor 20229/2 Alb 82.0 - - - reddish brown reddish brown M, W 1-6 - on bedrock 5 YR 5/4 5 YR 5/4 D2 2337 12 earth floor 20366 A5f 6.4 2.7/2.5 0.9 0.5/0.7 - 22:3 D2 2745 8-7B terrace wall 20910 A5d 210.0 4.6/4.6 8.7 0.8 - - - 21:26 W. 168 D2 surf. - - 20083 A3d 106.0 4.0/4.2 5.8 0.6 light reddish light reddish F, W 1-2 - brown 5 YR brown 5 YR 6/4 6/4 El 522 5 dumps 1402 B5h 38.0 4.5 2.1 1.0/1.9 - - El 527 5 dumps 1267 B5h 61.5 4.9 2.2 1.4 - - - - - El 527 5 dumps 1475 B6k 16.0 2.8 1.5 0.7 - - El 538 6 stone 1801 B5h 16.0 3.6 1.1 0.7 - - - collapse El 589 5 dumps 3245 B5h? 6.5 2.5 1.2 1.0/0.4 - - - 157 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Area Locus Str. Locus Basket Type Weight Dia- Height Hole Clay Core Grits Fig. Plate Def. El 603 5 meter stone 3290 D iam. B5i 97.8 5.8 2.4 1.4 - - - 22:22 - collapse El 606 8 floor 3425 A3d 41.4 3.0/3.1 3.9 0.4 black 5 Y black 5 Y B, W, Gr 21:30 11:9 2.5/1 2.5/1 1-4 El 636 7 fill 3826 A3d 144.0 4.5/4.4 7.0 0.7 pink 5 YR 7/3 pink 5 YR 7/3 F, W 1-6 El 636 7 fill 4055 B5m 27.0 3.2 2.0 0.9 - - 22:27 - El 646 7 fill 3896 A3d 99.6 3.8/4.1 6.0 0.4 gray 7.5 YR gray 7.5 YR M, W 1-6 - 11:10 5/0 5/0 El 1249 11 floor 6292 Alb - 4.6 3.1 1.3 yellowish red - M, W 1-6 5 YR 4/6 El 1303 12 fill 7999 Alb - 8.5 5.9 1.6 dark brown - M, W 1-6 7.5 YR 4/4 El 1322 12 floor 9368 Alb - 5.1 4.1 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - 5 YR 5/3 El 1360A 8 El 1363 fill 7 fill 9161 9738 B5i B6k 46.6 14.7 4.5 2.6 2.0 1.4 0.8 0.6 - - - - - - 22:14 12:2 El 1365 7 fill 9391 A3d 55.9 3.0/3.2 5.0 0.4 light red 2.5 light red 2.5 F, W 1-2 21:28 12:3 YR 6/6 YR 6/6 El 1365 7 fill 9313/1 B5h 9.6 3.2 0.8 0.7 - - - - - El 1381 12 fill 9815 B3h 23.1 3.6 1.3 0.7 light red 2.5 light gray 5 M, W 1-2 YR 6/6 YR 7/1 El 1391 12? floor 10004 B2c 17.3 2.8 2.3 0.55 black 2.5 YR black 2.5 YR F, W 1-2 21:18 - 2.5/0 2.5/0 El 1394 11 fill 9728 Alb - - 4.3 - pink 7.5 YR - M, W 1-6 - 7/4 El 1394 11 El 1617 0 fill - 9910 10089 B5h B5h - 7.9 171.0 2.0 5.0 0.8 2.7 - - 1.1 - - - - - El 1619 7A-6 dumps 10232 B5h 70.1 7.2 2.7 1.1 - - El 1621 10 foundation 10101 A2b 127.3 5.7 4.0 1.3 reddish brown gray 5 YR F, W 1-4 - trench 2.5 YR 4/4 5/1 El 1621 10 foundation 10605/1 B3h 94.0 7.8 1.3 1.1 pink 5 YR gray 5 YR M, W 1-2 - trench El 1633 12 from W. 615 7/3 10441 B5i 5/1 61.2 5.3 2.0 0.8 - - - El 1650 12 fill 14584/1 B3h 11.8 3.6 0.7 0.7 light reddish gray 5 YR B, W 1-2 brown 5 YR 5/1 6/3 El 1655 14 floor 14616 B3h - 8.0 1.1 1.0 light red 2.5 pink 5 YR M, W, Gr 22:5 YR 6/6 7/4 1-2 El 1657 17 grave 14380 B3h 4.0 2.3 0.5 0.3 pink 5 YR light gray 5 F, W 1 22:4 7/3 YR 7/1 El 1692A 14 floor 14496 B3h - - 0.8 - gray 5 YR gray 5 YR M, W 1-2 - 5/1 5/1 El 2012 7 dumps 16039 B5h 43.5 4.7 1.7 0.6 - - - - El 2015 12 stone floor 16802 A3c - 7.6 - 1.0 red 10 R 5/8 dark gray 5 B, W 1-4 21:22 YR 4/1 El 2015 12 stone floor 16677 B3h 10.1 3.2 0.6 0.6 light red 2.5 gray 5 YR M, W, 22:10 11:11 YR 6/6 5/1 Gr 1-2 El 2019 7A staircase 16039 B5h - 4.7 1.6 0.9 - - - El 2086 12 terrace fill 17318 B3h - 4.6 1.2 0.8 light reddish gray 5 YR B, W 1 - W. 625 brown 5 YR 5/1 6/3 El 2086 12 terrace fill 17371 B3h 50.0 5.5 1.1 0.7/1.2 reddish yellow light gray 5 B, W, - W. El 2086 12 625 terrace 5 fill YR 7/6 17392 B5h YR 7/1 20.3 3.7 Gr 1.8 1.2 1-2 - - W. 625 El 2089 18B fill 16848 B5h - 4.8 2.0 158 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 1.6 - - - 22:26 - Area Locus Str. Locus Basket Type Weight Dia- Height Hole Clay Core Grits Fig. Plate Def. meter Diam. El 2092 9 pit 16729 A3c 21.0 3.0 2.7 0.3 very dark gray very dark gray B, W 1-2 - 5 YR 3/1 5 YR 3/1 El 2092 9 pit 16730 A3d - 5.2/4.5 - - reddish brown reddish brown B, W 1-2 - 5 YR 5/6 5 YR 5/6 El 2092 9 pit 16913 A3c - 2.5 1.8 0.5 pink 5 YR 7/6 pink 5 YR 7/6 F, W 1-2 21:19 El 2092 9 pit 17108 A5f 6.0 2.7/2.5 0.7 0.3 - - El 2096 14 floor 17001 B3h 34.3 4.4 1.5 0.7/1.6 light red 2.5 light gray 5 M, W 1-2 22:7 2.5 YR 6/6 YR 7/1 El 2127 7 from 17351 A2d 114.0 4.3 6.6 0.5 reddish brown reddish brown F, W 1-2 21:27 - W. El 2130 0 665 2.5 cancelled YR 5/4 17330 B5i 2.5 YR 88.4 5.1 5/4 2.5 0.8 - - - - - El 2161 18A gravel layer 21635 B5h 29.5 4.7 0.8 0.7 - - - 22:24 El 2166 18A fill 19740 B3h - 4.4 1.1 0.4 light reddish gray 5 YR F, W, brown 5 YR 5/1 Gr 1-2 6/3 El 2612 20 floor 14656 B4j - 7.8 3.3 2.0 - - El cleaning - - 6142 A3d - - 7.2 0.8 black 5 Y black 5 Y F, W, - 2.5/1 - light 2.5/1 Gr 1-4 reddish brown 5 YR 6/4 El surf. - - 6127 A2c 62.0 4.7 3.7 3.6 very dark gray very dark gray F, W 1-2 - 5 YR 3/1 5 YR 3/1 El surf. El W. - 662 - - 6039 - B6k 16684 18.0 B7h - 3.0 7.8 1.2 3.4 0.6 - - 1.0/2.0 22:15 - 22:17 - - El sect. - - 6500 A3b - - - 1.0 light reddish gray 2.5 YR B, W 1-4 - brown 2.5 YR 6/0 6/4 El surf. - - 6159 A3d 206.0 5.6/5.5 8.3 0.6 reddish brown reddish brown B, W, - - ( 5 YR 5/6 5 YR 5/6 Gr 1-5 E2 501 5 dumps 1606 B5h - 4.9 3.0 1.1/2.1 - - - - E2 503 1 terrace fill 1573/1 B5h 27.3 4.5 1.0 1.0/0.7 - - W. 202 E2 503 1 terrace fill 1573/2 B5p 30.0 4.6 1.6 1.4 - - - 22:25 W. 202 E2 505 5 dumps 1363 A3d 102.5 4.0/4.5 5.9 0.4 light red 2.5 light red 2.5 F, W 1-2 - YR 6/6 YR 6/6 E2 519 7-6 dumps 1643 A2d - 4.6/5.1 - - white 5 YR white 5 YR B, W, 8/1 8/1 Gr 1-6 E2 519 7-6 dumps 1841 B5h 33.3 4.1 1.6 1.1/0.6 - - - - E2 544 11 fill 2603 A3b - - - 1.4 light reddish gray 2.5 YR B, W 1-4 brown 2.5 6/0 YR 6/4 E2 553 7A-6 fill 2662 B5h 36.5 4.3 1.6 0.6 - - - - - E2 1431 6-5 rubble 7305/2 B5h 195.5 9.5 2.2 0.8 - - - E3 1512 5 dumps 7467 B5p 41.9 4.2 2.2 0.7/1.3 - - - 22:23 11:12 E3 1516 5 dumps 7471 A5f 23.0 3.1/4.3 1.5 0.7 - - - - 11:13 E3 1531 6 stone 7672 B4k 7.6 2.7 1.5 0.6 - - - 22:16 12:4 collapse E3 1541 7 terrace fill 7671 B5h 18.0 4.1 0.9 1.9 - - - W. 483 E3 1552 10 fill 7790 B3h 8.0 3.4 0.8 0.6 light gray 10 light gray 5 F, W 1-2 YR 7/2 YR 7/1 E3 1558 8? fill 12817 A2b 179.3 6.8 4.1 1.2 dark gray 2.5 dark gray 2.5 M, W 1-4 21:21 - YR 4/0 YR 4/0 159 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Area Locus Str. Locus Basket Type Weight Dia - Height Hole Clay Core Grits Fig. Plate Def. meter Diam. E3 1902 11-10 floor? 13107 B3h 15.1 4.7 0.9 1.0 light reddish gray 5 YR 5/1 F, W 1 - brown 5 YR 6/3 E3 1930 A 10 to floor 15952 A3g 12.9 3.9/3.1 0.9 0.6/0.4 pink 7.5 YR dark gray 7.5 F, W 1-2 22:1 7/4 YR 4/0 E3 1944 10 floor 15784 Alq - - - - - - - - - E3 1978 14 stone 18902 B3h 18.5 5.0 1.0 0.6 pink 5 YR light gray 5 B, Gr 1-4 22:9 collapse to 7/4 YR 7/1 floor E3 2438 21-20 gravel fill 19283 B6n - 3.8 1.6 1.5 - - E3 2441 20 to floor 19204/2 B3h 15.9 4.0 0.8 0.5 reddish brown light gray 5 M, W 1-2 22:8 5 YR 5/4 YR 7/1 E3 surf. - - 15550 A3c - 6.7 - 1.0 red 10 R 5/8 red 10 R 5/8 M, W 1-2 E3 surf. - - 15796 B5h 29.8 4.4 1.5 1.1 - - - - - G 706 8 fill 4326/6 A2c - 3.9 2.9 0.6 black 5 YR black 5 YR M, W 1-5 2.5/1 2.5/1 G 706 8 fill 4326/8 A2b 6.4 3.5 2.9 4.6 gray 7.5 YR gray 7.5 YR F, W, 5/0 5/0 Gr 1-4 G 706 8 fill 4382/9 B5h - 6.2 1.6 1.9 - - - - G 711 8 fill 4323 A3d 90.8 4.2/4.4 5.2 0.5 light red 2.5 light red 2.5 F, W 1-2 - 11:14 YR 6/6 YR 6/6 G 718 9 earth layer 2159/1 A3b - 5.9 4.7 - pink 5 YR gray 2.5 YR F, W 1-2 7/4 6/0 G 721 7 fill 4232 A2c 24.0 2.5 1.9 0.4 pink 7.5 YR pink 7.5 YR M, W 1-2 7/4 7/4 G 721 7 fill 4242 A2c 24.0 3.5 2.5 0.6 yellowish red yellowish red B, W 1-2 - 5 YR 5/6 5 YR 5/6 G 721 7 fill G 722 0 surf. 4389 B6k 2188 B5i 6.8 2.3 136.6 0.9 6.0 0.6 2.9 - - 1.1 22:13 - - - 11:15 G 736 9 earth layer 2284/2 A3c - 4.3 - - yellowish red gray 5 YR M, W 1-2 - 5 YR 5/6 4/1 G 752 7 fill 2478 A3d 35.9 2.9/2.7 4.3 0.3 light reddish light reddish F, W 1-2 brown 5 YR brown 5 YR 6/4 6/4 G 753 8-7? clay 4249 A3b - 6.5 4.4 - red 2.5 YR red 2.5 YR B, W, - deposition 4/8 4/8 Gr 1-4 G 756 9 fill 2532/10 A3c 38.3 4.0 2.7 0.6 light reddish light reddish M, W 1-5 21:23 12:5 brown 5 YR brown 5 YR 6/4 - black 6/4 - black 5 YR 2.5/1 5 YR 2.5/1 G 756 9 fill 4260 B5h 6.7 2.0 1.4 - - - - G 760 9 fill 4297 A3b - 5.4 3.1 - pink 5 YR reddish gray M, W 1-6 7/4 5 YR 5/2 G 760 9 fill 4729 A3b 172.5 6.6 3.8 0.7 light reddish light reddish M, W, 21:20 12:6 brown 2.5 YR brown 2.5 YR Gr 1-4 6/4 6/4 G 773 lOB stone 4546 B4m 2.8 1.7 1.0 - - 0.6 - - 22:20 collapse G 776 8 fill 4387 B6k 2.5 1.0 - - - G 778 9 fill 4488 A3c - 4.5 - 1.0 gray 5 YR 6/1 gray 5 YR 6/1 M, W 1-2 G 784 10C- installation 4473 Alb - 5.7 2.9 1.1 yellowish red - M, W 1-6 10B 5 YR 5/6 G 791 10B stone 4736 A3b - 6.3 5.1 1.0 light red 2.5 black 5 YR M, W 1-2 - collapse to YR 6/6 2.5/1 floor 160 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms - Area Locus Str. Locus Basket Type Weight Dia- Height Hole Clay Core Grits Fig. Plate Def. meter Diam. G 792 IOC- stone 4867 Alb 161.4 5.6 4.2 1.7 pinkish gray - M, W 1-6 21:6 10B to G 792 IOC- 10B to G 915 collapse 16A 7.5 YR 6/2 floor stone 4890 B41 - 3.0 1.4 0.5 - - - 22:19 - - 22:12 - collapse floor fill 11195 B6k 5.2 2.6 0.5 0.3 - 12:7 G 950 9 fill 11388 A2b 406.5 9.7 4.6 1.8 red 2.5 YR gray 7.5 YR F, W 1-2 5/6 - gray 5/0 7.5 YR 5/0 G 951 3 dumps 11340 B5h 11.9 3.0 1.2 1.1/0.7 - - - - - G 952 8 fill 11482 A3e 24.9 1.7/2.6 3.4 0.5 light brown light brown F, W 1-2 21:25 11:16 7.5 YR 6/4 7.5 YR 6/4 G 968 8 fill 11545 A3d 40.0 2.9/3.0 4.6 0.4 light reddish light reddish F, W 1-2 21:29 11:17 brown 5 YR brown 5 YR 6/4 6/4 G 986 10C? earth layer? 17520 Alb - 5.5 4.1 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 5 YR 5/6 G 997 10B to floor 11925 Alb - 4.5 - 0.8 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - 12:8 5 YR 4/3 G 997 10B to floor 11948 Alb 93.7 5.4 2.7 1.9 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 21:7 12:9 5 YR 4/3 G 997 10B to floor 11978 Alb - 7.3 4.5 1.5 pinkish white - F, W 1-2 - 12:10 7.5 YR 8/2 G 997 10B to floor 11979 Alq---- - - - - - G 997 10B to floor 11996 Alo - 5.8 3.0 no hole reddish brown - F, W 1-2 - 12:11 5 YR 5/3 G 997 10B to floor 15274 Alb - 6.4 3.7 1.6 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 21:8 12:12 5 YR 4/3 G 1108 10C living 15316 Alb 85.2 5.2 3.7 1.0 light brown - M, W 1-6 surface 7.5 YR 6/4 G 1108 10C living 15317 Alb - 4.9 3.3 - red 2.5 YR - M, W 1-6 - surface G 1108 10C living 4/8 15318 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 10C living 15319 Alb - 5.0 3.8 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface G 1108 10C 5 living YR 4/4 15320 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 10C living 15321 Alb 62.0 4.0 3.6 0.6 reddish-brown - M, W 1-6 21:11 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 10C living 15322 Alb - 4.3 3.0 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 surface G 1108 10C 5 living YR 4/4 15323 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 10C living 15324 Alb - - - - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 surface G 1108 10C 5 living YR 4/4 15325 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 10C living 15326 Alb - - - - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 10C living 15327 Alb 82.5 5.0 3.4 2.0 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 10C living 15329 Alb - - - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 161 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Area Locus Str. Locus Basket Type Weight Dia- Height Hole Clay Core Grits Fig. Plate Def. meter Diam. G 1108 10C living 15330 Alb 58.9 5.0 2.9 0.9 light brown - M, W 1-6 surface 7.5 YR 6/4 G 1108 IOC living 15332 Alq---- - - - surface G 1108 IOC living 15333 Alb 366.4 8.5 6.0 1.1 red 2.5 YR - M, W 1-6 21:2 surface 4/8 G 1108 IOC living 15334/1 Alb - - 3.4 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15334/2 Alb - - 4.1 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15335 Alb - 9.3 6.4 1.4 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface G 1108 IOC 5 YR 4/4 living 15336 Alq---- - - - - - living 15337 Alq---- - - - - - living 15338 Alq---- - - - - - living 15339 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 IOC surface G 1108 IOC surface G 1108 IOC surface G 1108 IOC living 15340 Ale 22.8 3.2 2.0 0.5 light brown - M, W 1-6 21:17 surface G 1108 IOC 7.5 living YR 6/4 15341 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 IOC living 15342 Alb 724.9 9.1 7.0 2.1 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface G 1108 IOC 5 YR living 4/4 15376 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 IOC living 15377 Alb 49.9 4.7 3.3 1.7/1.4 pink 7.5 YR - M, W 1-6 21:13 surface 7/4 G 1108 IOC living 15378 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 IOC living 15379 Alb 56.8 5.0 2.9 1.2 pink 7.5 YR - M, W 1-6 surface 7/4 G 1108 IOC living 15380/1 Alb - 5.1 3.8 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15380/2 Alb - - 5.0 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15381 Ala 805.0 10.0 9.6 1.4 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface G 1108 IOC 5 living YR 4/4 15382 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 IOC living 15383 Alb 408.8 8.5 6.2 1.7 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15384 Ala - 8.6 7.7 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15385 Alb - - 2.5 - pink 7.5 YR - M, W 1-6 surface G 1108 IOC 7/4 living 15386 Alq---- - - - - - living 15387 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 IOC surface G 1108 IOC living 15388 Alb - - - - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 surface 5 YR 5/4 G 1108 IOC living 15391 Ale 82.9 5.3 4.1 0.6/1.3 light brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 7.5 YR 6/4 162 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Area Locus Str. Locus Basket Type Weight Dia- Height Hole Clay Core Grits Fig. Plate Def. meter Diam. G 1108 10C living 15392 Alb - - 4.0 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 7.5 YR 6/4 G 1108 IOC living 15393 Alb 50.8 4.7 2.6 0.8 pink 7.5 YR - M, W 1-6 surface 7/4 G 1108 IOC living 15394 Alb 45.6 4.1 3.1 0.5 reddish brown - B, W 1-6 surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15395 Alb 96.2 5.4 3.5 1.6 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15396 Ale 62.0 4.6 3.3 0.7 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 21:14 surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15397 Alb 367.9 7.8 6.0 1.6 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15398 Alb 654.7 9.8 6.4 2.1 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15399 Alb 546.0 9.4 7.1 1.6 light brown - M, W 1-6 surface 7.5 YR 6/4 G 1108 IOC living 15408 Alq - - - - - - - - - surface G 1108 IOC living 15409 Alb - 4.3 3.1 0.8 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface G 1108 IOC 5 YR living 4/4 15410 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 IOC living 15411 Alb 77.9 5.3 2.7 1.9 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 21:9 surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15412 Alq---- - - - - - living 15413 Alq---- - - - - - living 15414 Alq---- - - - - - living 15415 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 IOC surface G 1108 IOC surface G 1108 IOC surface G 1108 IOC living 15416 Ala - 8.0 7.1 1.3 light brown - F, W 1-4 - surface 7.5 YR 6/4 G 1108 IOC living 15417 Alb - - - - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15418 Alb 52.4 5.0 3.0 1.3 light brown - M, W 1-6 - surface G 1108 IOC 7.5 living YR 6/4 15419 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1108 IOC living 15420 Alb 47.5 4.8 2.5 1.4 pink 7.5 YR - M, W 1-6 surface 7/4 G 1108 IOC living 15423 Alb - 4.8 2.8 1.2 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15424 Alb 72.6 5.0 3.0 1.4 light brown - M, W 1-6 21:12 surface 7.5 YR 6/4 G 1108 IOC living 15425 Alb 99.4 5.6 3.7 1.9 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 IOC living 15428 Alb - 5.0 3.7 1.6 pink 7.5 YR - M, W 1-6 - surface 7/4 G 1108 IOC living 15429 Alb - 5.4 4.4 1.4 light brown - M, W 1-6 surface 7.5 YR 6/4 G 1108 IOC living 15430 Alb - 4.5 2.6 1.1 pink 7.5 YR - M, W 1-6 21:10 surface 7/4 G 1108 IOC living 15431 Alb - 3.8 2.8 0.6 red 2.5 YR - M, W 1-6 surface 4/8 163 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Area Locus Str. Locus Basket Type Weight Dia- Height Hole Clay Core Grits Fig. Plate Def. meter Diam. G 1108 10C living 15432/1 Alb - - 3.7 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 10C living 15432/2 Alb - 4.6 3.2 - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 - - surface 5 YR 4/4 G 1108 10C living 15433 Ale 68.4 5.0 2.9 0.8 light brown - M, W 1-6 surface 7.5 YR 6/4 G 1108 10C living 15434 Alb - 7.4 5.5 - light brown - M, W 1-6 surface 7.5 YR 6/4 G 1110 IOC living 15362 Alb 70.0 5.2 2.8 0.9 dark brown - F, W 1-6 surface 7.5 YR 4/4 G 1110 IOC living 15363 Alo 109.0 - - - reddish brown - M, W 1-4 - - surface 5 YR 5/4 G 1110 IOC living 15364 Alo 64.3 - - - reddish brown - M, W 1-4 - surface 5 YR 5/4 G 1110 IOC living 15365 Alb 56.0 4.8 3.6 0.7 light reddish - F, W 1-2 21:16 surface brown 5 YR 6/4 G 1110 IOC living 15366 Alb - - - - yellowish red - B, W 1-4 surface 5 YR 5/6 G 1110 IOC living 15367 Alo 53.0 - - - reddish brown - M, W 1-4 - - surface 5 YR 5/4 G 1110 IOC living 15368 Alo 65.8 - reddish brown - M, W 1-4 surface 5 YR 5/4 G 1110 IOC living 15369 Alo 90.3 - reddish brown - M, W 1-4 surface 5 YR 5/4 G 1110 IOC living 15370 Alo 86.8 - reddish brown - M, W 1-4 - surface 5 YR 5/4 G 1110 IOC living 15371 Alo 115.0 - reddish brown - M, W 1-4 - surface 5 YR 5/4 G 1110 IOC living 15372 Alb - 4.8 - 0.8 yellowish red - M, W 1-6 surface 5 YR 5/6 G 1110 IOC living 15373 Alb 107.5 5.9 3.4 0.8 yellowish red - M, W 1-6 surface 5 YR 5/6 G 1110 IOC living 15374 Alo 96.0 - reddish brown - M, W 1-4 - surface 5 YR 5/4 G 1110 IOC living 15375 Alo 77.2 - reddish brown - M, W 1-4 - surface 5 YR 5/4 G 1110 IOC living 15440 Alb 56.0 4.9 3.0 0.4 yellowish red - M, W 1-6 surface 5 YR 5/6 G 1110 IOC living 15441 Alb 61.0 5.2 3.0 0.7 light reddish - M, W 1-2 21:15 surface brown 5 YR 6/4 G 1110 IOC living 15442 Ale 48.8 4.7 3.0 0.5 light reddish - M, W 1-6 surface brown 5 YR 6/4 G 1110 IOC living 15455 Alq---- - - - - - living 15456 Alq---- - - - - - living 15548 Alq---- - - - - - surface G 1110 IOC surface G 1110 IOC surface G 1110 IOC living 17546 Ala 377.8 7.5 7.0 1.9 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 21:3 surface G 1110 IOC 5 living YR 5/3 17547 Alq---- surface 164 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms - - - - - Area Locus Str. Locus Basket Type Weight Dia- Height Hole Clay Core Grits Fig. Plate Def. G 1110 IOC meter living Diam. 17549 Alq - - - - - - - - - surface G 1110 IOC living 17550 Alb - 7.2 5.5 - pinkish white - M, W 1-4 surface 7.5 YR 8/2 G 1115 12B patch or 17552 B3c 15.3 2.8 2.5 0.5 gray 5 YR - F, W 1-2 living 5/1 surface G 1122B 12B floor 17506 Alb - 4.9 - - reddish brown - M, W 1-6 5 YR 5/4 G 1132 IOC fill 17567 Alb - 5.2 pink 7.5 YR - M, W 1-6 7/4 G 1132 IOC fill 17568 Alb - 7.0 - 2.6 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 5 YR 4/3 G 1132 IOC fill 17569 Alb - 4.6 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 5 YR 4/3 G 1132 IOC fill 17570 Alb - 4.5 reddish brown - M, W 1-6 5 YR 4/3 G surf. - - 4585 A5f 11.0 3.0/2.8 0.9 0.9/0.3 - 22:2 G cleaning - - 11319 A2b - 10.6 5.5 - pink 7.5 YR pinkish gray F, W 1-2 - 7/2 - gray 7.5 YR 7/2 7.5 YR 5/0 G cleaning - - 4507 A3e 24.0 1.7/2.6 3.4 0.7 light brown light brown F, W 1-2 - Kenyon 7.5 YR 6/4 7.5 YR 6/4 excavation 165 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 21. Loomweights and whorls. 166 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 22. Loomweights and whorls. 167 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 3 2 1 ļ 5 4 6 11 10 14 9 8 7 15 12 16 Pl. 11. Loomweights and whorls. 168 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 13 17 1 6 10 2 3 4 7 5 8 11 9 12 Pl. 12. Loomweights and whorls. 169 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms PI. 11. Fig. 21. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Pl. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 1. Dl/13281/2 456 Ale 11:1 13. G 15377 1108 Alb 1. Dl/13281/2 456 Ale 21:1 2. Dl/13308/1 469 Alb 3. Dl/13308/2 469 Alb 4. Dl/13308/3 469 Alb 5. Dl/13308/4 469 Alb 6. D2/14101 1836 A3c 7. D2/14116 1836 A3c 8. D2/13795 1892 B3h 22:6 9. El/3425 606 A3d 21:30 10. El/3896 646 A3d 11. El/16677 2015 B3h 22:10 12. E3/7467 1512 B5h 22:23 13. E3/7471 1516 A5f 2. G 15333 1108 Alb 3. G 17546 1110 Ala 4. Dl/13281/1 456 Alb 5. D2/20229/1 2309 Alb 6. G 4867 7. G 11948 8. G 15274 9. G 15411 792 Alb 997 Alb 997 Alb 1108 Alb 12:9 12:12 10. G 15430 1108 Alb 11. G 15321 1108 Alb 12. G 15424 1108 Alb 14. G 15396 1108 Ale 14. G 4323 15. G 15441 1110 Alb 15. G 2188 16. G 15365 1110 Alb 16. G 11482 952 A3e 21:25 17. G 15340 1108 Ale 17. G 11545 968 A3d 21:29 18. El/10004 1391 B2c 19. El/16913 2092 A3c 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. G 4729 760 A3b 711 12:6 E3/12817 1558 A2b El/16802 2015 A3c G 2532/10 756 A3c 12:5 D2/20038 2306 A3b A3d 722 B5i PI. 12. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 26. D2/20910 2745 A5d 27. El/17351 2127 A2d 28. El/9391 1365 A3d 12:3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. G 4729 30. El/3425 606 A3d 11:9 7. G 11195 8. G 11925 997 9. G 11948 997 25. G 11482 952 A3e 11:16 29. G 11545 968 A3d 11:17 Fig. 22. 6. Al/108/1 1 B61 22:11 El/9738 1363 B6k 22:14 El/9391 1365 A3d 21:28 E3/7672 1531 B4k 22:16 G 2532/10 756 A3c 21:23 11. G 11996 12. G 15274 1. E3/15952 1930A A3g 2. G 4585 Surf. A5f 3. D2/20366 2337 A5f 4. El/14380 1657 B3h 5. E 1 / 1 46 1 6 1655 B3h 6. D2/13795 1892 B3h 11:8 7. El/17001 2096 B3h 8. E3/19204/2 2441 B3h 9. E3/18902 1978 B3h 10. El/16677 2015 B3h 11:11 11. Al/108/1 1 B61 12:1 12. G 11195 915 B6k 12:7 G 4389 721 B6k 14. El/9738 1363 B6k 12:2 15. El/6039 Surf. B6k 16. E3/7672 1531 B4k 12:4 17. El/16684 W. 662 B7h 18. Dl/6954 413 B5h 19. G 4890 792 20. G 4546 773 A3b 915 21:20 B6k 22:12 Alb Alb 21:7 10. G 11978 997 Alb No. Reg. No. Locus Type Pl. 13. 760 B41 B4m 21. D2/20067 2306 B4n 22. El/3290 603 B5i 23. E3/7467 1512 B5h 11:12 24. El/21635 2161 B5h 25. E2/ 1573/2 503 B5p? 26. El/17392 2086 B5h 27. E 1/4055 636 B5m 170 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 997 997 Alo Alb 21:8 CHAPTER FOUR THE GROUNDSTONE INDUSTRY* Erella Hovers Institute of Archaeology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem INTRODUCTION of pottery, were of primary significance. It would seem that most researchers did not find domestic tools to an be of interest from those two points of Grinding and pounding implementsstone formed view. Indeed, in most cases there is no hint of essential part of the individual household's equipment in both the urban and rural societies of Israel recognition of such items as possessing any archaeuntil quite recent times. In a society whose economyological meaning. and social organization relied heavily on individual However, the focus of research has gradually been shifting from the purely archaeological to agricultural production, this class of finds, its intrasomewhat more anthropologically-oriented realms. and intersite spatial distribution and its diachronic Excavations no longer concentrate solely on monuchanges are probably most informative about daily mental architecture and massive fortifications, but subsistence and the organization of the means of also on the sometimes meager remains of the daily production. However, domestic stone tools are life of the population in the sites under study. rarely discussed in 'biblical' site reports. A few welcome trend, albeit slower to appear, is categories of stone vessels, namely certain typesAnother of the shift to explanatory rather than descriptive stone bowls, are sometimes included in the reports because of their similarity to pottery types, and areresearch. Within this broadened research scope, all analyzed by the same criteria. However, grinding implements should be considered and studied. and pounding vessels are rarely reported. In someIt was for this reason that it was decided to devote instances comments are made in passing, or specific attention to the domestic stone implements from the City of David excavations. illustrations are presented with cursory remarks, originating if Although it became clear from an early stage that any (Albright 1932: PL 44; 1943: 84; Ben-Tor 1987: 236-43, Fig. 58; Franken and Steiner 1990: Figs. 2sample limitations restricted the full treatment of all 23:5, 2-24:1, 2-29:11, 2-35:3-4; Lapp 1978: 110, PLthe basic research questions (see below), it was considered worthwhile to present the results of the 24; Lamon and Shipton 1939: Pis. 106, 112; Yadin 1958: Pis. LIX, LXIL5-8, LXXXVII:22-23,25, analysis and the problems involved in dealing with this class of finds. In conclusion several research CXLII:23-26; 1960: Pis. LXXVII, CIV, CV:19-20, CVII:22, CXXVI:26, CXLIX:1-12; Yadin and Geva possibilities will be outlined. 1986: Figs. 38-39, Photos 45, 48; to name but a few). The reasons for this omission are not easy to RESEARCH OBJECTIVES understand. Its origins should perhaps be sought in The current research was designed to clarify iss the early days of archaeological research in the country, when stratigraphie and chronological connected with the domestic groundstone indus aspects, partly based on typological classifications at the City of David along three distinct lin descriptive, methodological and interpretati Since this class of finds has not been dealt with in * Submitted October 1990. the past by detailed typological or stratigraphie 171 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms analyses, it was felt that a necessary step in the present study was the clarification of any temporal patterns that could be detected within the groundstone class of artifacts. The City of David excavations seemed to provide an appropriate case study and described from several aspects (the raw data are presented in Appendix A): A. Provenience (record of stratum and locus for a diachronic analysis, taking into consideration which the object originated and the locus and within the excavation). Spatial relations were defined by both the designation of the area from the long time span represented by the various context description (e.g., fill, floor, foundation, robbers' trench, etc.). stratigraphie units in the excavated areas (ChalcoB. Raw material. Eight attribute states were used lithic to Islamic periods; Shiloh 1984). to describe this variable: 1) limestone; 2) basalt; 3) In order to define the temporal characteristics of sandstone; 4) flint; 5) vesicular basalt; 6) chalk; 7) the assemblage, three analyses were deemed necesphosphorite; 8) other (various indeterminate matesary: rials). Identification of raw material was carried out A. Typological changes of grinding/pounding vessels with time. by the naked eye. In some instances, however, more B. The relative frequencies of typological classes detailed tests or pétrographie analyses were used to identify the raw material (see Appendix B). within any period. C. Length, width and thickness. These metrical C. The metrical characteristics of specific types in attributes were measured in mm at their maximum specific periods. and at 90° to one another. The dimensions of Only after dealing with the chronological aspects broken items were measured when possible, but could further subjects be raised: D. Patterns of exploitation of raw materials andwere not used for specific statistical analyses. the various techniques used for producing grinding/ D. Depth. This was measured only in hollow vessels (such as bowls, basins, mortars, etc.). The pounding stone tools. E. Examination of the uses of various types and/measurement was taken in mm, perpendicular to an or raw materials, which might have been diverse inimaginary horizontal line connecting the two sides of the rim of the vessel. both intraperiod and interperiod comparisons. F. Patterns of intrasite spatial distribution of E. Diameter. This was also taken only in hollow vessels, measured in mm at the opening of the typological classes. These analyses could have a bearing on techno- vessel. In the present sample it was also the logical processes of the production of the stones, maximum distance between the walls of the vessel. labor and trade organization (e.g., whether the F. Weight. This is given in grams. Values are stones were manufactured privately or by specia- correct within an instrument error of ± 5 g; lized artisans, whether they were distributed from a however, several smaller objects were re-weighed production center by means of a market economy,on a more sensitive scale. etc.) and subsistence patterns, namely, which materials were processed. G. Morphology. This attribute describes the shape of an artifact as seen in plan view. Nine attribute states were used: 1) round; 2) elliptical; 3) square; 4) rectangular; 5) amorphic; 6) oval; 7) broken (when broken beyond recognition); 8) indeterminate; Groundstone artifacts are defined here, following 9) cylindrical. Elliptical shape is conceived Clark (1988: 83), as 'all the artifacts produced byhere the as elongated, as opposed to the more rounded . . . process of pecking, grinding, abrading andoval shape. METHODOLOGY H. Shape of section (Fig. 23). This describes the polishing.' At least one group of such artifacts (flint cross-section. The attribute states are: 1) hammerstones) is described elsewhere transversal (Rosen, this round; 2)here lens-like; 3) concave-convex; 4) planovolume, Chapter VI) and will not be discussed convex; 5) rectangular; 6) trapezoidal; 7) convexconvex; 8) square; 9) triangular; 10) U-shaped; 11) As is the common practice in biblical archaeology excavations, the basic analytical unit used in this hat-like; 12) amorphic; 13) indeterminate (when study is the basket. The artifacts were recorded by broken beyond recognition). Longitudinal section an attribute analysis, in which every specimen was shape was noted in passing and usually conforms identified by its basket number and then examined with the transverse pattern. in detail. 172 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The other types consist of grinding utensils 1 w (except for No. 15; see below), of which Nos. 10- 2 <Z522> /fa. 9 &22Z& 3 10^^ „V 5 ^ 12 are upper stones. The lower grinding stone is also known in the literature as a 'metate' (Carter 1977; see Clark 1988; Flannery 1986: 147-56), a name derived from South and Central America. The difference between a grinding stone and a grinding slab is primarily one of size (slabs have larger working surface) and of shape (slabs are less regular and do not show the typical elliptical or oval morphology of a 'lower grinding stone'). The term 'mano' (attribute state No. 5) is also a South American one (Clark 1988; Flannery 1986), describ- 6 7 ÏZZZZâ 13 ing a specific type of upper grinding stone (see below). 'Muller' (attribute state No. 6) is also a particular type of 'upper grinding stone' (see Belfer- Fig. 23. Shapes of transversal cross-sections. Cohen 1988: 191-92). In the current analysis the distinction of upper grinding stone as opposed to 'mano' or 'muller' is based on their sizes and shapes: I. Typology. The typological characteristics of grinding/pounding stones are less definite than those of pottery vessels, since the number of while the former are larger and were probably distinctive elements (e.g., rims, bases, decorations) is low. The classification is therefore a flexible, intuitive procedure. employed with both hands, the latter two categories are much smaller and fall within the group of the 'one-hand mano' (Clark 1988: Fig. 40). A serious problem may arise when attempting to differentiate between lower grinding stones of the classical shape and upper stones belonging to the Following Kraybill (1977: Tab. 1), the basic typological division is between pounding as op- typical bun-shaped variety. In some cases, size posed to grinding instruments. Each group consists serves as a criterion for distinction, since the lower of lower and upper stones. Kraybill grouped them stones are larger. However, when intermediate sizes in pairs, correlating types of lower stones with were encountered, the definition rested on several specific upper stones. However, her scheme is based other criteria: when the face opposite the working surface was not modified in any way and remained on ethnographic material from hunter-gatherer coarse, this was taken as an indication of a lower societies and cannot be employed here uncritically. The typological list includes 17 types: 1) mortar; stone in which the coarse face was placed on the 2) pestle; 3) lower grinding stone; 4) grinding slab; ground or stuck into it, or inserted in a clay 5) bowl; 6) footed bowl; 7) bowlet; 8) cup mark; 9) emplacement, during work. On the other hand, if basin; 10) upper grinding stone; 11) mano; 12) the face opposite the working surface was smoothed muller; 13) rounded hammerstone (without any scars, but with pitting all over the surface); 14) elongated hammerstone; 15) varia; 16) indeterminate; 17) broken. Of these, Nos. 1, 2, 8, 13 and 14 are considered or modified, and if the size and curve of the opposite face fitted into the palm of the hand, the items were considered to be upper grinding stones, held in the palm during work. Another criterion for distinction may be found in the degree and shape of pounding instruments; in this category only the pestle is an upper stone. The distinction between a mortar and a deep bowl is a difficult one, and in some cases the two terms may be interchangeable. Differentiation between a small bowlet and a cup mark is easier, since the diameter of the hole of a curve of the working surface. While in lower stones cup mark is small in relation to the area of the stone grinding utensils, but which on the other hand could surface, while in a bowlet this diameter takes up not be included within any of the formal type classes almost the whole surface. used in the various analyses of finds from the that surface tends to become concave with prolonged usage, the working platform of the upper stone is either flat or slightly convex. The term 'varia' was used to describe items that were only loosely connected with either pounding or 173 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms excavations. These items will be described in greater Some of the stratigraphie designations are extremely detail. broad (e.g., Strata 17-20 cover some 1200 years), J. Preservation. Attribute states here include: 1) while several artifacts originated from chronologicomplete; 2) broken longitudinally; 3) broken cally questionable contexts within their assigned transversally; 4) broken into fragments. stratum. When broken down by typological classes, K. Length of leg. In footed bowls the length of the sample is actually useless in terms of defining the leg was measured from the rim of the bowl to any temporal patterns and diachronic changes. the basis of the leg. This measurement was not The poor sample is partly due to the fact that not taken if the leg was broken. all the items of possible interest for the current analysis were available for study. This was partially a result of the fact that some items were not saved RESULTS during the excavation. Others were too large to be removed and could not be found during later visits A. Sample Size and Preservation to the site (although several were recorded by Table 1 presents the absolute frequenciesphotographs). of stone Still others could not be located in tools in the various strata and areas of excavation. the laboratory, although they were appropriately In order to achieve a better resolution, several strata recorded and registered. Hence, the present sample are collapsed together. Thus, all sub-divisionsofof190 items is by no means a complete one. Area G Strata 3, 10 and 18 are disregarded, while Strata 7 yielded at least 15 additional groundstone alone and 8 (both Hellenistic) and 17 and 18 (both MB items, two of which were saddle querns left at the site. However, as far as I could establish, the IIA-B) are combined. As can clearly be seen from Table 1, sample size is numbers of missing items are not large enough to affect the results. extremely small. The highest number of artifacts was found in Stratum 12, dated to the 8th century Out of the 190 objects recorded, there were only BCE (N = 52), while the richest area is El (N = 76). 40 complete ones on which all the relevant Table 1. Distribution of stone tools by stratum and area. Area/Stratum Al B Dl D2 El E2 E3 G H K TOTAL Unstr. 3 5 - 6-7 . - 5 1 - 4 3 - ... - . 2 - 3 1 2 - - - 11 - - 7 .... - 10 7 4 1 - - . ' 2 . - 3 - - - - 23 6 13 - - 2 - 1 3 17 - - .... 14 11 8 - - - 3 - - 1 i 2 13 ' - 1 - - 10 9 10-11 12 2 3 2-2-72--- 7-8 9 2 12 6 10 1 - 5 32 io - 2 - 52 ... 9 13 14 1 1 7 - - 15 ........... 16 ........... 17-18 .... 19 20 ig - 1 - - - 19 ........... .... 17-20 i ..... ...... 19-20 .... i i i ... i _ i 21 TOTAL 3 12 15 8 76 16 25 174 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 30 4 1 190 measurements could be taken. Table 2 presents the typological breakdown of these complete items. No significant statistics regarding metrical data could be extracted from such data, especially since 1 5 out of the 40 undamaged specimens are classified as 'varia.' Consequently, any attempt to relate metrical data to temporal patterns is rendered impossible. Table 2. Typological breakdown of complete items (all strata). Type N Mortar Pestle 5 Lower grinding stone 5 Upper grinding stone 5 Mano 4 Muller B. Typology 1 Bowl 2 Footed bowl Typological aspects seemed in many cases to be Rounded hammerstone inseparable from those of raw material and from the Elongated hammerstone 1 techniques of execution of the objects. Hence, the Broken following typological discussion touches upon all Grinding slab Indeterminate three issues. Table 3 presents the typological breakdown by stratum across all areas of excava- Cup mark Varia tion. Bowlet 1. Mortars (N = 3; Fig. 24:1; cf. Lee 1973: Fig. LBl:a-b; Samuel 1989: Figs. 12.2-12.3; Lamon and Shipton 1939: PL 112:8). The only item from a secure stratigraphie context comes from a floor in 2 13 2 Basin TOTAL 40 workman Stratum 12, but its position in the floor, i.e., whether well smoothed. The other two items are made of it was inserted in the ground, in a pit, on a platform, basalt; while one is a surface find from a Roman etc., is not clear. It is made of limestone by careful level, the other is of EB to MB IIA-B date. Table 3. Typological classes by strata (all areas). Type* I Stratum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 TOTAL Unstr. 3 1 2 - - 2 1 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - - 2 - 2 11 5 5 6 1 - 1 1 2 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 1 3 - 3 13 - 1 17 6-7 7-8 3 2 - 1 3 3 - 9 10 1 7 11 2 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 - - 1 7 5 1 - 1 8 1 32 3 10-11 12 1 14 1 5 ... 17-18 1 i - - 1 ... 1 2 i 1 . 11 i 1 i 3 i 1 . 20 i - . 4 52 3 9 1422-2211-1-2-1 19 19 20 1 - - 17-20 TOTAL * 3 Type 10 24 9 9 14 numbers 6 are - 1 6 5 25 as in 7 7 2 the 46 2 type 15 190 list described 175 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The distinction between mortars and deep bowls can be extremely difficult. The criteria for distinguishing the two types should be metrical ones, and were not so hard as to make grinding too difficult a I suggest that they be based on the ratio between the task. While vesicular basalt is considered by some authorities to be a highly appropriate raw material for such purposes (Xenophontos et al. 1988: 169, depth of the hollow part to the diameter of the Fig. 1:2-3), the size of the pores in the City of David opening: i.e., the higher the ratio, the more 'mortar- items is quite large and may reach 1-2 cm in like' is the object. This suggestion is based on the fact that a steeper angle of curvature reduces the diameter and/or depth; thus the powdery substance resulting from grinding could have fallen into them. risk of the contents flying out during pounding (see However, due to their size and curvature several also Samuel 1989: 259). However, given the such items were classified as lower stones. extremely small sample size here it is difficult to When not too fragmentary, the items are mostly set a threshold value for this ratio. elliptical in plan view, with one or two oval specimens. The cross-section in most cases is 2. Pestles (N=10; Fig. 24:2-5). Six of these are plano-convex or shows a very slight concavity of made of basalt, three of limestone and one of the working platform (Figs. 24:6-8, 25:1-3, 26:1; see vesicular basalt. One item is a surface find. also Franken and Steiner 1990: Fig. 2-25:1; Gebel et Several forms of pestles are grouped in the class. al. 1988: Fig. 12:1; Lee 1973: Fig. LB2:a; Yadin One item is a fragment. Three others (dated 1960: to Pl. CIV: 16; Yadin and Geva 1986: Figs. 38:1Middle Bronze and Iron Age strata) are 'classical' 2,9, 39:1-2). However, in several cases the profiles pestles, i.e., elongated and cylindrical in form (Davis showed shallow troughs along the object, their 1982: Fig. 3.3:4-8; Franken and Steiner 1990: Figs. depth varying between 5 and 46 mm (Figs. 24:6-8, 2-23:5, 2-29:11, 2-35:3-4; Kirkbride 1966: Fig. 7:4,6; 25:2-4; Yadin and Geva 1986: Figs. 38:12-13, 39:8). Lamon and Shipton 1939: PI. 106:7-9), of which the These could have been formed intentionally when complete one measures 127 x 58 x 52 mm (Fig. the item was manufactured in order to produce 24:2). Of these, one is polished along its whole higher margins and thus prevent any loss of ground length, but the others show signs of polish onlymaterial, on or may result from repeated grinding their working edges (cf. Lapp 1978: PI. 24), which action over a prolonged period. When grinding, the are heavily battered. One item from the Persian worker moves the upper stone from the proximal Stratum 9 is a bell-shaped pestle (91 x 57 x 57 mm) end (i.e., the one closer to his body; see Clark 1988: (Fig. 24:3; see Davis 1982: Figs. 3.2, 3.4:5-6; 89-90) towards the center of the lower stone. The Kirkbride 1966: Fig. 7:1-3 for Neolithic items;orientation of the lower stone might have been Lamon and Shipton 1939: PI. 106:11, of Iron Age frequently alternated, so that the abrasion of its date). Pestles of later (Hellenistic and Byzantine) working edge would be equal on both ends; or it periods, however, tend towards a squat, cuboid could have been rotated when one edge was too form (54 x 48 x 45 mm and 48 x 36 x 36 mm) (Fig. worn to be used. Another sign of prolonged use 24:4-5; cf. Iron Age items: Ben-Tor 1987: Fig. 58:15- would be the very smooth, sometimes almost 20; Lamon and Shipton 1939: PL 106:4-5, 10-13, polished, surfaces of the stone. In such cases, where they are classified as 'hammers'). All the later working faces would have to be renewed by pecking specimens have in common two parallel worked (see below), in order to preserve the roughness necessary for the grinding action. Since striations resulting from heavy abrasion can be seen on the Most of the pestles are quite light (weight range is working surfaces of such items (Figs. 24:6,8; 25:1), 105-1010 g) and seem unsuitable for heavy pound- and in a few cases (El/3486, El/21610, El/21655, G ing of tough materials. 4566) pecking could be detected on the surfaces, I tend to believe that the troughs observed on the 3. Lower grinding stones (N = 24; Figs. 24:6-8, 25:1- items are the result of use rather than of the original 5, 26:1). These comprise 15 made of limestone, five shaping of the product. Pecking may also appear on of vesicular basalt, three of flint and one of finer- the outer face of a stone (see Fig. 25:3). grained basalt. The materials for making lower The heaviest complete specimen weighed 8740 g grinding stones were probably selected for their and measured 390 x 190 x 78 mm (Fig. 24:6). edges, but only the wider and flatter one shows signs of polish, sometimes to a sheen, as a result of usage. durability, thus giving a long life to the object, but Broken objects often weighed more than 4 kg. 176 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Specimens in this typological class show a clear tendency to break transversally (Figs. 24:7-8; 25:2,4). This may be partly due to attrition and thinning as a result of repeated grinding (see also Clark 1988). However, it may also be viewed as the physically probable breakage pattern for an elongated object. haphazardly from local raw material. A similar technique of executing lower grinding stones/bowls is known from Arad in the EB (Saban n.d.). The other specimens in the sample are more similar to the latter than to the well-made one. Yadin presents several intermediate cases of bowls that are carefully hewn but not well finished (1958: PL LIX:12; 1960: PL LXXVII:13,15; see also Gebel et al. 1988: Fig. 4. Grinding slabs (N = 9; Fig. 26:2-3). Four are made of limestone, three of flint and two of vesicular 13:12-13). Wherever possible, the ratio of the depth of the basalt. These objects are large, massive lower hollow part to the diameter of the opening was stones. Little effort seems to have been made to calculated; it was found to range between 0.18 and shape them. The working faces are smoothed0.42. and While still not sufficient to establish the boundary line between mortars and deep bowls, polished from heavy use, and most of the objects these results may form a first clue for such an show a concave-convex section, attesting to conanalytical distinction. siderable attrition. Although none is complete (Table 2), all the specimens are quite heavy (ranging 6. Footed bowls (N=14; Fig. 27). Although these between 1240 and 6500 g) and thick. In fact, these sometimes appear in the literature as footed slabs are the flat, relatively wide lower stones known mortars, I refer to them as footed bowls, based on from both ethnographic examples (e.g., Reynolds the tentative criterion suggested above. 1968: Pl. Y) and archaeological material (Samuel This group is very homogeneous in terms of raw 1989: 260, Figs. 12.4-12.6, 12.11). Their outer faces material: except for one item made of vesicular are not very convex and they can conveniently be laid on a flat surface (see also Fig. 25:4; cf. basalt, Davis all are of fine-grained basalt. However, none of the specimens is complete. As a rule, the objects 1982: Fig. 3.7). are well made and carefully finished (Fig. 27:2-5), 5. Grinding bowls (N = 9; Fig. 26:4-5). Seven of except these for one item where the basalt was left rough are made of limestone, one of basalt and one (Fig. of 27:1). Some variation can be seen in the shape and length of the leg relative to the body of the bowl flint. The two complete specimens (both of limeitself (Appendix A; Fig. 27). In one instance the stone) are quite heavy (9400 and 6145 g). Recordvessel has a ledge handle (Fig. 27:3). Renewal by able diameters (N = 6) of the vessels range between pecking could be observed on the inside of H 5041/1 92 and 200 mm, again showing no clear temporal trends. (Fig. 27:2); this is rare in basalt, where pecking and striations are difficult to identify. This type is very In some cases the rim tends to be asymmetrical, well i.e., one side is higher than the other (E2/1212, El/known from Iron Age assemblages (see Ben-Tor 1987: Fig. 58:2; Lamon and Shipton 1939: 14, and 10913). The inside of the bowl is sometimes highly especially 12, described by them as a 'very common polished and smoothed by use (E2/1212; El/ 16504, type seen in Fig. 26:5), and one item (El/21544, seen in throughout Strata V-I'; Yadin 1958: Pis. Fig. 26:4) has signs of pecking on the inside ofLIX: the12,17, LXII:5; Yadin 1960: Pis. LXXVII:2-6, CIV: 13, CXXVL12). bowl. In one instance (E3/12955) the bowl is wide and shallow, and is reminiscent of a basin. 7. Bowlets (N = 6; Fig. 28:1-3). The six specimens The specimens seen in Fig. 26:4-5 demonstrate are made of chalk, limestone (two items each), that at least two techniques were used to manufac- basalt and vesicular basalt (one each). Sizes vary ture bowls. The item in Fig. 26:5 was accurately The chalk bowlets (D 1/1 2527; El/ executed and carefully finished and smoothedconsiderably. (cf. 17436, seen in Fig. 28:3) are rough and their outer Ben-Tor 1987: Fig. 58:3; Gebel et al. 1988: Fig. faces are not well finished. The limestone objects are 13:10; Yadin 1958: Pl. LIX:13; Yadin 1960: Pl. more finely made (Fig. 28:1-2). One of these (E3/ CIV: 10). Its function may not have been connected with domestic grinding activities (see also the12852) has a base that is not completely flat, and the hollow in the center is not symmetrical. The walls mortar in Fig. 24:1). The item seen in Fig. 26:4 is are quite thick in all cases (cf. Ben-Tor 1987: Fig. a hollowed-out limestone boulder, probably made 177 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 58:5-7; Yadin 1960: Pis. CIV: 11-12, CXXVLll). Complete examples measured 66 x 53 x 36 mm Kirkbride (1966: Fig. 7:5,7-9,11-12) defined a similar artifact group at Beidha as 'cup bowls'; (250 g); 220 x 155 x 40 mm (1790 g); 132 x 93 x 37 mm (740 g); 1 1 1 x 96 x 61 mm (900 g); 108 x 75 x 46 their maximum size was 50-130 mm, and the mm (435 g). These items are unquestionably upper stones. Many of the almost complete specimens are depression in their center as deep as 20 mm. only slightly larger and heavier (e.g., the one in Fig. 25:9), and can also be classified as upper stones. 8. Cup marks (N = 6; Fig. 28:4-6). Three are made of limestone, two of basalt and one of vesicular basalt. However, some items, a few of which are heavily damaged, were probably originally much more The group consists of small objects (Fig. 28:4) in which the stone itself is limited in surface area, and massive (Appendix A; Fig. 29:3-4; Yadin 1960: PI. larger items (Fig. 28:6) in which the hollow isCIV: 18). Apparently, upper stones may be divided into at least two broad categories: small items relatively deep and the sunken area is only a small fraction of the total surface of the boulder. reminiscent of manos in size but not shape, and larger specimens similar to the lower components. Two specimens (Dl/13264, El/9686; Fig. 28:4-5) The differences in size may reflect functional are actually manos (see below) with two smoothed differences (see the discussion below). faces. In the first case a cup mark was pounded into As noted above, distinguishing between relatively each face. At least one of these two holes (the deeper one) was used to pound or grind ocher, and clearlarge upper stones and relatively small lower stones can be extremely problematic, especially since most of the objects are broken. While the rough outer the second the hollow is deep and marked. surfaces of some stones served as a criterion to Two additional items (D2/13830, D2/2039 6) bear two holes on one face. The former had been an include them with the lower stones (they were difficult to hold in the palm of a hand), the reverse is upper grinding stone before the holes were not necessarily true, since some lower stones had pounded. The latter has an asymmetrical rim. smoothed outer surfaces. Fig. 25:8 is an example of an 9. Basins (N = 5; Fig. 28:7-8). One is made of basalt, object which may be either a small lower stone or an upper stone, although it was classified here as the the rest of chalk and limestone. The depth of the basins varies considerably, ranging from 5 to 61latter (cf. Yadin 1960: PL CIV:14-15,17; Yadin and 1986: Figs. 38:5,6, 39:9). mm. They are rectangular or square in plan view: Geva it Working faces are totally flat (plano-convex or is this latter characteristic which distinguishes basins from bowls. triangular in transverse and longitudinal sections), or slightly convex. This convexity was probably One basin (Fig. 28:8) has a series of shallow ledges inside the hollow and on the base. The object caused by the use of somewhat greater pressure on seen in Fig. 28:7 is well executed. Two walls incline the lateral edges of the item during work, thus inward, while a third is thick and projects outward.smoothing them and reducing their topography in The sunken area in the center is square (see also relation to the central part. In one instance (Fig. ocher stains could be detected inside the hollow. In Yadin 1960: PI. CIY:20, though considerably 25:9) signs of battering were observed on the larger). surface, and the implement may have served as a hammer stone. 10. Upper grinding stones (N = 25; Fig. 29:3-4). The In three cases (D 1/6728/1, El/7876, E2/12050) vast majority of these originates from Iron II strata pecking could be observed on the working surfaces (see Table 3). Fifteen are made of limestone, eight of of the upper stones, presumably to renew the surface and to improve grinding. On the whole, vesicular basalt and two of flint. however, pecking appears less frequently than in the Since the upper stones were the active ones during lower stones. the grinding action, i.e., those moved by human hands, their weight and size are significant factors in 77. Manos (N = 7; Fig. 29:1-2). The mano is by their production, and this class of artifacts is definition an upper grinding stone made from a expected to be smaller and lighter than the lower rounded item, with either one or both faces flat. In theare present sample all objects but two are of Iron Only five items were complete (Table 2); these stones. Age date. The item from Stratum 7 is made of small and light and relatively easy to handle. 178 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms limestone, while the others are made from a variety category of groundstone tools in terms of their of materials: two of sandstone, one each of basalt, manner of production, but rarely seem to have been flint, limestone and phosphorite. The sizes of items used for grinding/pounding activities, as is the case with the objects described so far. vary from 70 to 112 mm (length), 57 to 98 mm (width), 24 to 46 mm (thickness); weight for complete items ranges between 325 and 975 g, i.e., One specific type, the chalk cylinders, appears as a distinct group within the 'varia' category (E3/ at the lower range of upper grinding stones. Section 13012/1, E3/13012/2, E3/13145, E3/13172, E3/ shapes are round, plano-convex, rectangular or lens-like, while in plan view these objects are round/oval or rectangular. The 'handstones' de- 13174, E3/13 175, E3/13187, E3/13193-13196, E3/ scribed by Davis (1982: 87-96, Figs. 3.5:3-9, 3.4:314) are such manos, as are Lee's (1973: Fig. LB25:ad) 'small hand-stone grinders.' 15517, all from L. 1901A-B (Photo 20); El/9035 and El/9035/1 from L. 1352; Dl/13259; E2/12024; E3/19168; E3/15530). The majority of these objects was found in a pit dating from the 8th century BCE in Area E3, and only one (E2/12024) dates from Roman times. Some are modified by 'shaving' along the outer face of the object (Fig. 30:1-4). In most 12. Mullers (N = 7). These are upper stones made of small flat pebbles with ogival lateral working surfaces; i.e., the working faces are the narrow edges of the pebble. This results in most cases in a rectangular cross-section (in the present sample, in four out of seven specimens). Three items are made of limestone and one each of basalt, flint, vesicular instances the ends are pointed, but in a few examples the end is blunt and rounded (Fig. 30:5). All of them were found covered with a yellowishbrown concretion, the nature of which is not yet clear. The location of this concretion on the face of basalt and sandstone. the cylinder does not show any consistent pattern: it sometimes covers the length of the object on half of In one case (B 596) the muller shows signs its of circumference, and in other cases it appears in battering around its circumference, as if it were used patches. at some point as a hammerstone, a type defined by Belfer-Cohen (1988: 191-92) as 'muller-hammer- stone.' Another muller (H 5041/3) is a secondary product. The two broad faces, formerly the working surfaces of an upper grinding stone, were smoothed and polished by use, and one of them was battered by hammering. Only then were the lateral edges used. 13. Round hammerstones. These are discussed by Rosen (this volume). They are mostly made of flint and show clear signs of pecking, either for their initial shaping from flint pebbles or for renewal of battered surfaces. 14. Elongated hammerstones (N = 2). One (B 568/2) is made of flint. The long plane of the item is covered with cortex; although it has the typical plano-convex cross-section of a grinding stone, it is therefore classified as a hammerstone. Battering signs appear on the edges rather than on the narrow distal-proximal ends. The other item (El /9067) is made of limestone. 15. Varia (N = 46; Figs. 28:9; Fig. 30; PI. 13). This group consists of objects of various shapes, types Photo 20. Area E3, chalk cylinders from L. 1901B (ZR). and raw materials. Many of these fall into the 179 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms In two instances (E3/13012/1, E3/13012/2) striations are engraved deep into the soft chalk (Fig. 30:5-6; Photo 20). These are undoubtedly intentional and look as if they were made by rubbing a rough object, perhaps vegetal material, along the cylinder. The function of these objects is obscure. It has been suggested (A. Belfer-Cohen, personal communication) that these were reserves of chalk: when chalk was needed in small amounts, for instance to Two pieces (El/10840, G 11385), dated to MB IIA-B and to the 7th century BCE, are elliptical, the latter showing a lens-like section. The former has a flat, worked face, while the opposite face has a groove running along it. The second item is made of sandstone and a very shallow groove runs along one of its faces. These objects are reminiscent of the artifacts known in prehistoric industries as shaftstraighteners, but their functions were not necessarily the same. Two votive basins, not functional in terms of grinding, have been included here. One is a tiny purposes of making a dye or a special plaster, the object cylinder was either 'shaved' or rubbed and the with two holes in it. One is diagonal to the be mixed with other materials or minerals for and goes through the wall; the other is powder collected and further processed. inner Such surface a a conical process would have affected the thickness of the hole leading from the rim of the basin into the sunken area. A second object (Fig. 28:9; PI. 13:1) object rather than its length. The only complete item is mm, well made, with its outer face smoothed and (E3/13172; Fig. 30:1) measures 62 x 112 x 112 but others, broken transversally, vary in thickness polished. A deep groove separates it into two parts, and is higher than the hole breaching the side of the from 36 to 159 mm. However, striations or 'shaving' vessel.and do not occur specifically on the thinner objects, Two objects attesting to secondary use are thus cannot be directly correlated with their included in the 'varia' class. The first (Dl/13335) Three more specimens, morphologically identical was formerly a mano made of vesicular basalt, into with this group, are made of harder limestone (E2/ which a basin or a cup mark was later pounded. While reminiscent of some of the cup marks 1561, E3/13173, E3/12992/4). described above, the shape of the hollow and its Another group that appears consistently, although not as abundantly as the first one, are extent are not clear because of the breakage (Fig. reduction. 30:12). The other item (El/9987) appears to have been used twice: once as an upper grinding stone El/8652, El/9957, E3/7548, G 4617, G 4829, G 11739, G 11794). These are made of hard, fine- with a smooth and shiny working face, and once as grained limestone which seems to have been care- a lower stone showing a stepped longitudinal the triangular and rectangular pebbles (E2/1572, fully chosen, and one item (G 1 1794) is made of true dolomite. The base is wide and slightly convex (Fig. section on the opposite face. A curious elongated object (G 4296), probably 30:7-8) or flat (Fig. 30:9-10; PI. 13:2-3) and is made of sandstone, originated from a fill of the polished, probably as a result from being used as a grinder. In one case (G 4829; PI. 13:4) a hole exists on one side and striations, probably as a result of use, appear on the face rather than the base. Yadin Persian period. All faces are well polished and smoothed (Fig. 30:11). It resembles Davis's (1982: an exclusive use for them. from their being broken. 106, Fig. 3.11:1-2) type 1 of 'small abraders,' apart from the fact that it was not originally a natural (1960: PI. CV:l-6) presents an identical group, pebble. One object, made of an unidentified magmatic though at Hazor they were made of basalt rather than limestone. material, is perhaps a jewelry mold (E3/7772; Fig. The function of this group is again unclear. Since30:13). two rectangular objects (Fig. 30:9-10; PI. 13:2-3), as The rest of the objects included in 'varia' are well as several other groundstone items not avail-pieces that could not be attributed with certainty to able for the current analysis, were found on the any of the formal groups (see PI. 13:5). floor of the 'House of the Bullae' in Area G, it has been suggested that their existence is connected in16. Indeterminate (N = 2). Both are made of limesome way with the manufacture of the bullae. stone and dated to Iron Age II. The difficulty in classifying these items stems from their indefinite However, they also occur in other contexts, and hence the manufacture of bullae was not in any casecharacteristics (shape of section, etc.) as well as 180 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms limestone, and one is of true dolomite. The fine- 17. Broken (N= 15). These are fragments that could not be identified. Eight are made of vesicular basalt, grained limestone seems to have been chosen for three of basalt and two each of flint and limestone. artifacts requiring better finishing. However, for the Except for three, all the items were unmeasurable manufacture of many of the lower and upper and weigh between 100 and 860 g. The remaining grinding stones biogenic limestone was used. This three items (Al/670, B 567/3, El/10912) may have rock is morphologically very similar to kurkar: been grinding stones, judging from their sections, negative imprints of fossil mollusks abound, and the matrix is coarse. The effect of this texture on although it is impossible to tell whether they were lower or upper ones. Another object (E2/7179) grinding is identical to that of vesicular basalt - it shows the longitudinal section of a saddle quern,serves to enhance the effectiveness of the grinding but the finished working face shows the convexity action, but on the other hand much of the powdery and polish of an upper stone. product may get lost in the pores. The origin of both kinds of raw material is in the vicinity of Jerusalem, and they can be found in the various formations of C. Raw Material the Cenomanian Judea Group. Of the eight categories of raw material, limestone On is the whole, limestone was chosen for making the most common (N = 72). It appears in almost theall grinding implements, especially the larger ones: strata where groundstone tools are found. When 15 lower stones, four grinding slabs, seven bowls, sample size is somewhat larger (e.g., the Hellenistic one mortar and 15 upper stones are made of this material. period and Iron Age: Strata 7-8, 10, 12; Table 4) it is the dominant raw material. Basalt is the second most common raw material The term limestone includes several kinds of rock: (N = 34). Its temporal distribution is somewhat uneven, and the bulk of basalt items seems to many of the objects are made of fine-grained, hard Table 4. Distribution of raw material. Material! Stratum L B S F V.B. C P O ? TOTAL Unstr. 3 5 6 i 1 4 6 7 2 1 1 11 ------- 1-1 g - - - 2 - 3 6-7 7-8 9 10 11 4 - 9 3 19* 4 16 13 14 15 3 2 1 3 i 4 - - 1 1 4 - - - 2 5 - . 3 - - - 2 - i 5 1 - 18 17 . 1 - 6 13 3 - . - 7 1 2 . 1 - 1 4 - 3 - - - 10-11 12 - 2 32 - - * 10 - 2 52 --------- 3 2 - - 4 9 --------- 16 17-18 19 20 9 1 - i 19-20 TOTAL 2 1 - 2 ------- 17-20 21 3 1 19 --------- i 1 . . - i ----- i - ----- i --------- 72 34 7 14 28 25 1 7 2 190 * Includes 1 dolomite item. Key: L - limestone; B - basalt; S - sandstone; F - flint; V.B. - vesicular basalt; C - chalk; P - phosphorite; O - othe undefined. 181 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms appear in the later periods (Stratum 9 onwards). This was apparently the preferred raw material for making footed bowls and pestles (see above). The problematic nature of vesicular basalt in a Table 5. Number of objects per locus (N > 2). Area Locus Stratum N Context B1 128 2 7 Bedrock floor B grinding implement has already been discussed; despite this, 13 out of 28 items made of this material 129 - 2 - D1 361 9 2 Unclear D1 468 12 2 Plastered floor are upper and lower grinding stones. Both basalt and vesicular basalt had to be brought to Jerusalem E2 503 5 2 Debris accumulated up to from a distance. The nearest sources are in El 519 7-6 2 Floor 70 CE El 10 Transjordan, though an exposure exists in617 Wadi 2 Pit El 631 11 3 Floor Far'ah, some 30 km north of Jericho. Basalt could G 783 10B 2 Floor of four-roomed house also have been brought from the Golan Heights and G 790 10B 2 the Galilee. Floor of four-roomed house G 804 10B 2 Collapse on top of staircase Flint appears in the form of larger artifacts (i.e., G 818 lower stones, grinding slabs and upper stones of the 10B 3 Floor north of four-roomed house G 951 3 3 Debris larger variety). The flint in this sample seems to be G 967 10B 4 Floor of 'House of Bullae' of an inferior quality, with many cracks and G 997 10B 2 Floor of 'Burnt House' impurities, of a kind abundant in the vicinity ofG Jerusalem. The hardness of the material combined 1008 3 A 3 Fill El 1352 12 4 Pit El 1365 7 2 Debris with its rough texture would make for efficient El 1390 18 2 From floor, but not certainly grinding/pounding tools, though limestone utensils in situ were perhaps preferred due to their higher elasticity. El 1394 11 2 Stone collapse above floor Sandstone appears exclusively in Iron Age strata. E2 1484 6 2 Stone collapse The origins of this sandstone were probably in the E3 1527 5 2 Debris Negev and/or Sinai (see Appendix B), perhapsEl 1612 12 2 Pit El 1648 17-18 2 Fill explaining the fact that it was used mainly for El smaller types of upper grinding stones (manos,1658 14 2 Floor with poorly constructed mullers and 'shaft-straighteners' in secondary use). El Chalk, a material common in the Judea Group E3 installation 1660 7 7 Fill 1901A 12 2 Pit rocks, is a very soft material which does not seem to E3 1901B 12 11 Pit El be especially appropriate for making grinding implements. Indeed, except for six bowlets and 2161 18 3 Pit basins, it was used almost exclusively for the manufacture of the pointed cylinders, a fact that explains its main appearance in a single stratum (12) period. Floors in Area G ar relatively large numbers of and a single locus (L. 190 IB). them. The types found together o not necessarily form a comp Table 5 presents the loci in the excavation in which upper components) of either D. Spatial Distribution more than one item was discovered and their kits. One may encounter o various types, a number of bro 'varia.' When a formal set is fo When discussing intrasite spatial relationships, contexts. fit accurate contemporaneity of the objects must be them together, due to the established. As a rule, floor contexts are the almost most impossible to reconstr the vessels and clarify whether effective means available of defining such contemsize a5,lower one found next to it. poraneity. However, as can be seen from Table many other floors of different periods a single concentrations of groundstone tools are mostlyOn the result of accumulations in fills or are derived from implement was found. There are 26 such instances (Table 6). In several cases such items are connected collapses. There are rarely more than two vessels of with installations, usually of unspecified character. this category on a single unquestionable floor in any 182 This content downloaded from 1f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff on Thu, 01 Jan 1976 12:34:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 6. Floors with a single item: breakdown by area and stratum. Stratum/Area 10 11 12 14 17-18 TOTAL B Dl 3 1 D2 El G 6 2 3 1 3 1 1 2 - 3 - 2 1 14 3 6 Kirkbride 1966: 32-36, Figs. 7; 9:1-3 - all PPNB assemblages from Chayönu, Basta and Beidha; Lee 1973: 263, 270 - Chalcolithic from Teleilat Ghassul; to name but a few examples). These are the same forms as those found in Bronze and Iron Age sites, the only exception being the appearance of footed bowls, apparently in the Late Bronze Age. Indeed, ethnographic evidence indicates that in certain rural societies the same types prevailed until quite recent times (Clark 1988; Reynolds 1968; Dalman 1933). A lower stone was found on a floor with an oven or hearth remains (L. 2616), while an elongated hammerstone was discovered near an oven (L. 1201). The number of items per area seems to reflect the Hillman (1984: 8) has been able to show that in the absence of modern technology there are very few ways of doing any one of the tasks associated with the stages of cereal processing. It would seem that the shapes of groundstone tools, in the absence of such modern technology, are so greatly determined by their functional role that changing fashions or size and volume of excavation rather than any traditions did not affect their basic form. Only slight differences in function of the specific area or socio- changes, if any, have occurred over a period of some economic status of the inhabitants. 20,000 years. This fact suggests a strong connection between function and form. This conservatism, on DISCUSSION A. Function and Form the other hand, may turn groundstone implements into prime objects on which stylistic variation, in the sense of Sackett (1977), may be observed. Sizes, however, do vary considerably, apparently independently of chronological factors, as an intra-assemOne of the goals of the present study, the establish- ing of a chronological sequence of the appearance blageof trait. Ever since their appearance, pounding/grinding various groundstone tools, proved impossible. This stones was due partly to sample size problems, but mainly have been viewed as part of the techniques to the nature of the items themselves. Ben-Tor for processing vegetal food which heralded the (1987) has noted correctly that mortars andappearance grind- of true agriculture. Mortars and pestles are traditionally seen as the means of processing ing stones are difficult to date typologically. He nuts and acorns, while grinding stones {sensu lato ) suggests that the daily use of such vessels required supposedly used for cereal processing (Byrd their production from a hard raw material, were namely 1989: 178, and references therein). Such a hypothstone (preferably hard stone). This fact made them esisand relates the gradual disappearance of the former less breakable and hence their long use-lives lack of fast, dramatic typological changes. over time to the establishment of fully agricultural communities in the Levant and the growing reliance When viewed in a chronological perspective, on cereal foods. However, the pattern seems to be groundstone implements show very little variation complex. While ethnographic evidence from since their introduction into the repertoire ofmore human material remains. The earliest specimens dated non-agricultural to societies supports this suggestion (Kraybill 1977), both archaeological evidence and a the early Epipaleolithic cultures of the Levant (19,000-12,500 years BP) (e.g., En Gev I; Bar-Yosef variety of ethnographies indicate that this is not necessarily the case. Byrd (1989: 178-79), for 1970: Fig. 97) are already fully developed and show example, considerable diversity. The same basic shapes, and a notes that replacement of pounding by grinding may be related to reduced production costs rather small range of raw materials, were exploited rather than to changes in the types of vegetal in the later Natufian, Neolithic (both pre-pottery and pottery) and Chalcolithic periods (seeresources Bar- exploited, as much more plant material could be processed in a shorter time. Other studies Yosef and Belfer-Cohen 1989: Figs. 6; 10:7-10,14demonstrate that mortars and pestles were part and Epipaleolithic; Davis 1982: 73-174, Figs. 3.2-3.16, Pis. 3.I-3.III; Gebel et al. 1988: 122-26, Figs. parcel 12-13;of the processing of cereals, both free183 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms threshing and glume wheats (see below). According to some ethnographers, the two distinct sets are ological data, based on relative geographical proximity and similarity of climatic conditions (see Wylie used in different environmental circumstances. 1985 on the use of analogy), and probably also on similarity of agricultural technology. Such a model Experiments with an archaeological mortar (Samuel 1989: 266) indicated that pounding fragmented maythe explain the appearance of both grinding and grain into a large range of sizes and thatpounding a few vessels in one household. Admittedly, very few mortars appear in the City of David spilling of material out of the mortar during the record, but bowls may have been used for finer process of pounding itself. Thus, pounding seems pounding, perhaps in the later stages of grain not to have been a very efficient and economic processing. Moreover, wooden implements that method of grain processing. In Gwembe Valley might have been used in pounding/grinding have kernels remained intact, while there was some pounding of cereals was carried out in times of 'reasonable plenty' (Reynolds 1968: 82). Grinding, on the other hand, is more economical and might have been used in years when harvests were poorer. Hillman (1984) has suggested another scenario. probably not been preserved. For instance, when experimenting with pounding, Samuel (1989: 259, Fig. 12.9) used a long wooden pestle, on the basis of Egyptian models and paintings dated to the elAmarna period. Dalman (1933: 213) describes the On the basis of his ethnoarchaeobotanical work in use of wooden pestles and hammers in Lebanon, Syria and Palestine, and mentions the existence of Turkey, he presented a model describing the stages wooden mortars, 20-25 cm high from base to rim of cereal processing from harvest to storage. The and with a hole 12 cm deep; these were used for initial phases are different for free-threshing wheats (e.g., bread wheat, rye and barley which, whengrinding coffee beans. Hillman's model can also threshed, immediately separate into rachis segexplain the variety of shapes and sizes for a single type, if indeed they were used at various stages of ments, grains and light chaff) and for glume wheats. processing. The latter have to be pounded (and sometimes even It must be stressed here that the model is difficult parched) in order to release the grain from the spikelets. The final stages of grain processing to aretest in the case of the City of David, due to the insufficient resolution of the data. Of the botanical identical for the two types of cereals: after several remains analyzed from the City of David excavawinnowings and sieving the hulled grain (hulled forms of barley and oats, in the specific case) istions, de- only two seeds of barley, identified to the genus level, have been reported (Liphschitz and husked by means of 'loose-set rotary querns, saddle Waisel 1992), thus rendering impossible any reconand trough querns ... or by pounding in large wooden or stone mortars' (Hillman 1984: 6, Fig. struction 4). of the agricultural products (e.g., freeas opposed to glume wheats), and the Bran removal at a later stage is also carried out threshing by processes necessary to prepare them for consumppounding, and the same is true for grain cracking, tion. The same analyses do not support or refute the usually done by loose querning or pounding, but possibility that grinding/pounding vessels were with different pestles I mallets from the previous made of wood. Boxwood has been reported from stages (emphasis mine). A similar process was a floor in Area G, dated to the late Iron Age, but described for Palestine and Syria, where various since it was imported from abroad (e.g., central and implements were used to prepare the wheat: first mortars and wooden pestles, and only later on western Europe, Spain, North Africa, southern grinding implements (Dalman 1933: 273). Turkey or northern Syria; Fahn and Werker 1992), it is hardly conceivable that it was used for Taking into consideration the evidence for temporal stability of the morphologies of ground- daily implements in all households. Other wood stone tools, and Hillman's above-mentioned conremains from the excavations are of local species clusion about the similarity of techniques in certain (Fahn and Werker 1992; Werker and Baruch 1992), societies, application of this model to the archae- which apparently have not been worked. Hillman's (1984) observations indicated that the ological case at hand seems a legitimate endeavor. Clearly, for Iron Age strata the validity of the spatial distribution of tasks connected with grain processing is strongly influenced by climatic condiapplication is stronger, since they yielded the largest numbers of artifacts. An analogy can certainly be tions: in regions with dry summers, dusty tasks (e.g., drawn between the ethnographic and the archae- threshing, winnowing and pounding) may be carried 184 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms out on a large scale out-of-doors, thus preventing dirt and dust from entering the living quarters. This is indeed the habit of Arab villagers today. In such regions the harvest is bulk-stored in the form of cleaned grain, as opposed to wet-summer regions, where dusty procedures are carried out inside the houses and the grain is bulk-stored as spikelets. The City of David falls within the first category of climatic regions. Several mortars/bowls which were documented in situ were found inside rooms (Photos 21-22), stuck in the floors in order to prevent their movement while pounding (see also Samuel 1989: 259). However, given the fact that excavation concentrated mainly on built structures and less on open areas, the possibility cannot be ruled out that at any one period function-specific areas existed within the city boundaries (or outside the walls), where winnowing and pounding on a large scale were carried out. It is worth noting in this connection that the pestles recovered from the various habitation structures in all the periods represented in the sample are 'light-duty' implements, not heavy enough to pound large quantities of grain with any efficiency. The processed grain may have been stored in the individual houses; where no constructed silos were discovered, jars could have served for storage. Another possibility is that such pestles served for other domestic purposes; for example, Dalman (1933: 213) notes that meat and onion, in addition to grain, were pounded in mortars. Photo 22. Area El, bowl (El /2 1544) on the floor of L. 2135 (YS). Grinding, as opposed to pounding, seems to have been a totally domestic activity, its goal being the final preparation of grain, i.e., making flour, for daily consumption. The amounts of grain that could be ground at one time on a lower grinding stone/ slab could not have been very large, taking into account the fact that such items are usually rimless. Samuel (1989: 262-66, Fig. 12.5) observed that no more than 15-20 ml of fragmented grain (after pounding) could be ground at a time, because flour fell off the sides. In order to collect the prepared flour, the lower stones were frequently placed on a pedestal or 'quern emplacement.' Such installations were found at el- Amarna (Samuel 1989: 260), and one was documented in situ in the City of David (Photo 23). The stone would be in many cases slightly tilted, and a catching basin for the flour placed below the distal edge. Clark (1988: 89) has stressed the importance of the tilt in terms of ease of work, and notes than when the angle is not built into the tripod metates used in modern Mexico, it is attained by propping up the instruments with small sticks or stones. Documentation of material in situ from other excavations (e.g., Yadin and Geva 1986: Photos 45, 48) and several occurrences on floors at the City of David (see Tables 5, 6; Appendix A) Photo 21. Area El, mortar (without registration no. - the object remained in the field) in situ on floor of L. 631 show that lower stones were discovered lying (YS). horizontally on the floor, perhaps because their 185 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The lower stone will wear mostly in its center. As noted in the typological discussion, several of the City of David items demonstrated signs of heavy use in the smoothness and sheen of the working surfaces. In lower stones prolonged use gradually forms a concave surface, and the smoothed surfaces are usually in the center of the stone. Since both upper and lower stones should be coarse in order to perform the grinding action efficiently, smoothed surfaces were pecked. Pecking has been noted on many items (see the typological description), sometimes leaving part of the surface smooth and thus creating signs of superposition of use-wear and repairs on the working surfaces. A study of 'battered tools' thought to have been used for processing of vegetal materials at the Armijo rocksheiter in New Mexico indicated that such items were actually tools for pecking other stones, apparently the groundstone tools (Dodd 1979: 234- 39, Fig. 7), and that the metates were produced from less durable stone than the tools which were used to batter and peck them. While no such Photo 23. Area G, lower grinding slab (without registration no. - the object remained in the field) in situ in unexcavated installation L. 888, within room L. 818 (YS). analyses were conducted in the present case, it is perhaps possible that some of the artifacts desig- supports have not been preserved or have collapsed. volume) could actually have served such a purpose, being made of hard flint nodules. nated here as round hammerstones (Rosen, this Another possibility is that a container made of It is relatively easy to speculate about the organic material was placed at the distal edge of the functions of pestles, mortars (bowls), upper and lower stone, and the flour fell directly into it (cf. lower stones or grinding slabs, despite the problems in the identification of the items themselves noted Reynolds 1968: Fig. Y; Dalman 1933: 223). A) suggests that they usually remained in one place above. However, many of the vessels included in this study may not have been connected with food for long periods and were not carried around, processing. Thus, Kirkbride (1966) suggested that The heavy weight of lower stones (see Appendix particularly in cases where special installations were constructed for them. Manos and upper stones are easier to move around, but it is feasible that upper and lower stones formed permanent sets. The width the small 'cup-bowls' (bowlets in the current terminology) were cosmetic containers, or that they of the lower stone and the length of the mano/upper might have been lamps. The ocher marks discerned in the shallow depression on one of the faces of a cup mark (D 1/1 3264) indicate that the vessel was stone are optimally equal (Reynolds 1968: 84; used for grinding the mineral or as a sort of palette Samuel 1989: 262), although Clark (1988: 89) notes in his ethnographic example a special type of mano, the 'brazo,' which is extremely long and whose ends project out of the metate on each side. Attrition of upper stones is caused by rubbing for using it. Ethnographic evidence indicates that wear studies, though able to pinpoint which faces of against the lower ones. Hence, for the worn the stones were worked (where this is not obvious to temper for pottery production may have been prepared by grinding the relevant minerals into powder on the lower stone/slab. Conventional use- portions, the longitudinal section of the mano / the naked eye), are inadequate for identifying these various functions, since they focus on edge damage section of the lower stone. If an upper stone is too rather than the chemical residues on the working curved to begin with, it will wear first in the center, surfaces of the stones. Indeed, studies of groundwhile if it is too thin it will wear first on the ends. stone use-wear showed that the 'various types of upper stone will be complementary to the transverse 186 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms use-wear are not significantly associated with different traditional functional categories of organized network and not by individual enterprise. A geochemical study by Xenophontos et al. groundstone artifacts in the assemblage' (Gorman (1988) suggests that the basalts of the Galilee and 1979: 48). Chemical residue analyses could perhaps the Golan Heights were exported during the Late clarify the functions of items such as cup marks, Bronze Age to Cyprus for the purpose of groundbowlets and votive basins, as well as the uses of stone production. While no such study has as yet mortars (as opposed to bowls) and the various been conducted on the City of David material, it is materials processed on the grinding stones and plausible that the basalt flows in these two regions were indeed the sources of raw material in the slabs. present case. Identification of the trade center is not B. Trade as clear-cut as in the Cypriot trade, where Late Bronze Age Beth She'an is the suggested central As has been demonstrated, the raw materials point. used For many of the periods represented in the for producing the groundstone assemblage City are of David sequence, Hazor could have held this diverse and include both local and more exotic position. Items made of local material are found together varieties. It is noteworthy that at some northern sites, such as Hazor (Yadin 1958; 1960) and Megiddo (Lamon and Shipton 1939: Pis. 106, with basalt and other exotic stones. The spatial the raw material for this class of artifacts (with one describe the socio-economic status of a household distribution within contemporaneous loci fails to 112), basalt and scoria served almost exclusively as show any clear pattern; thus it is impossible to diorite item at Megiddo), while at Iron Age Qiri by the groundstone finds in it, since both categories both limestone and basalt were reported. At Beth - local and non-local - may be represented. She'an (Yadin and Geva 1986: Figs. 38, 39) pestles Ethnographic evidence from Mexico (Clark 1988: were made of basalt, but there is no indication as to 83-88) indicates a similar situation, in which certain the raw material of the grinding stones. At sites in raw materials are preferred and the tools made from the Judean hills both limestone and basalt are them by specialist artisans are sold on the market reported (e.g., Lapp 1978), but the sample is extremely small. for a relatively high price, with the cost of transportation figured into the price requested. This pattern seems to corroborate the claim made Interestingly enough, there too the preferred mateby Xenophontos et al. (1988) that basalt was the rials are volcanic rocks, and especially basalts with preferred raw material for groundstone tools (at small vesicules. Local raw materials are also worked least for certain typological sub-classes), and to by specialists and the tools are sold on the market justify the extension of this claim from Cyprus to for a much lower price. While this analogy cannot Israel. While inhabitants of northern cities were be carried too far, it serves to suggest that both exotic and local groundstone tools, though they apparently satisfied with their local raw material, were part of the individual household's equipment, people in cities of central Israel invested the effort were produced and sold by specialists. Thus, and the expenditure of importing basalt items. mundane, daily utensils as well as rare materials No waste from basalt working has been reported from any area in the City of David excavation. and This prestige items were circulated by a market economy. probably reflects the fact that basalt implements Some were brought into the site in their finished forms, or implements were made of very rare raw materials that had been transported over long at least had been roughly shaped before their arrival. Indeed, basalt blocks in the size required distances (Appendix B). However, the frequencies such raw materials are too small to attribute their for manufacturing grinding/pounding tools of would have been particularly heavy and difficult toappearance move to any large-scale trade. On the whole, about. Even if this absence of basalt flakes and they seem to reflect sporadic events. chips is attributed largely to excavation techniques, the items were probably brought into Jerusalem as CONCLUSIONS half-finished vessels rather than as heavy blocks of raw material. Either way, there seems no doubt Although that it forms an inadequate sample, the stu basalt groundstone utensils were traded through of the an assemblage from the City of David serves 187 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms illuminate several problems and potentials of Sedentism and Farming Communities in the Levant. groundstone studies. Journal of World Prehistory 3: 447-98. The major problem seems to be the offhand treatment of such artifacts in some excavations. Belfer-Cohen, A. 1988. The Natufian Settlement at Hayonim Cave: A Hunter-Gatherer Band on the Thresh- old of Agriculture. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Even when they are collected, documentation is Jerusalem: Hebrew University. usually less than good, and intralocus and interloci Ben-Tor, A. 1987. The Small Finds. Pp. 236-43 in: A. relationships are hard to understand. As could Ben-Tor be and Y. Portugāli (eds.). Tell Qiri - A Village in seen from the discussion, such variables may bring the Jezreel Valley (Qedem 24). Jerusalem: Institute of new insights to the understanding of various social Archaeology, Hebrew University. and economic processes rooted in the daily life ofB.F. 1989. The Natufian: Settlement Variability and Byrd, Economic Adaptations in the Levant at the End of the the population under study. Pleistocene. Journal of World Prehistory 3: 159-97. Taking into account the stability suggested for Carter, G.F. 1977. The Metate: An Early Grain Grinding morphological attributes of groundstone artifacts, Implement from the New World. Pp. 693-712 in: C.R. research should concentrate on aspects of function, Reed (ed.). Origins of Agriculture. The Hague: Mouton provenience and significance for interpreting Publishers. the archaeological record. Once all groundstones are Clark, J.E. 1988. The Lithic Artifacts of La Libertad, collected, they should not be treated in any physical Chiapas, Mexico: An Economic Perspective. Pp. 83-154 manner, e.g., they should not be washed or in: Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation scrubbed. Chemical residue analysis of the City of52. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University. David material was impossible partly because of the Dalman, G.H. 1933. Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina III : Von fact that all the stones had been thoroughly washed. der Ernte zum Mehl (Schriften des Deutschen PalästinaProvenience of stones can be established by meansInstituts). Gütersloh: Verlag G. Bertelsmann. Davis, M.K. 1982. The Chayönu Ground Stone. Pp. 73of pétrographie and geochemical analyses. When larger samples (or composite samples) are available,174 in: L.S. Braidwood and R.J. Braidwood (eds.). stylistic details may be discerned and better under-Prehistoric Village Archaeology in South-Eastern Turkey : The Eighth Millennium B.C. Site of Chayönu: Its standing of trade and diffusion at any one period Chipped and Ground Stone Industries and Faunai may be achieved. Remains (British Archaeological Reports S-138). Ox- A point to bear in mind is the fact that due to ford: BAR. their relative durability, groundstone tools have a W.A., Jr. 1979. The Wear and Use of Battered Dodd, long use-life and therefore do not undergo dynamicTools at Armijo Rocksheiter. Pp. 231-42 in: B. Hayden processes or changes in fashion, as opposed to (ed.). Lithic Use-Wear Analysis. New York: Academic pottery vessels. While interpreting their messagesPress. Fahn, A. and Werker, E. 1992. Macrobotanical Remains, may be a somewhat more difficult task than deciphering 'conventional' archaeological find classes, and certainly a very different one, it appears to be a rewarding effort. Section B. Pp. 106-14 in: A. De Groot and D.T. Ariel (eds.). Excavations in the City of David Directed by Yigal Shiloh III: Stratigraphie, Environmental and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. Flannery, K.V. 1986. Ground Stone Artifacts. Pp. 147-56 BIBLIOGRAPHY in: K.V. Flannery (ed.). Güila Naquitz : Archaic Foraging Mirsim and Early IAgriculture in Oaxaca, Mexico. Orlando: Albright, W.F. 1932. 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The Prehistory of Jordan: The State of Research in 1986 (British Archaeological Reports S-396(i)). Oxford: BAR. 188 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Gorman, F J. E. 1979. An Inventory System Perspective of Groundstone Artifact Use- wear at the Joint Site. Pp. 39-56 in: B. Hayden (ed.). Lithic Use-Wear Analysis. the Gwembe Valley. Pp. 82-85 in: Kariba Studies , Vol. III. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Saban, M. n.d. Ground Stone Industry from Early Bronze New York: Academic Press. Age Arad. Hillman, G.C. 1984. Interpretation of Archaeological Sackett, J. A. 1977. The Meaning of Style in Archaeology: Plant Remains: The Application of Ethnographic A General Model. American Antiquity 42: 369-80. Models from Turkey. Pp. 1-61 in: W. van Zeist Samuel, and D. 1989. Their Staff of Life: Initial Investigations W.A. Casparie (eds.). Plants and Ancient Man. Rotterof Ancient Egyptian Bread Baking. Pp. 253-90 in: B. dam: Balkema. Kemp (ed.). Amarna Reports , Vol. V. London: Egypt Kirkbride, D. 1966. Five Seasons at the PrepotteryExploration Society. Neolithic Village of Beidha in Jordan. Palestine Shiloh, Y. 1984. Excavations at the City of David I: 1978Exploration Quarterly 98: 5-61. 1982 (Qedem 19). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Kraybill, N. 1977. Pre-agricultural Tools for the Prepara- Hebrew University. tion of Foods in the Old World. Pp. 485-521 in: C.R.Werker, E. and Baruch, U. 1992. Macrobotanical Reed (ed.). Origins of Agriculture. The Hague: Mouton Remains, Section C. Pp. 115-21 in: A. De Groot and D.T. Ariel (eds.). Excavations in the City of David Lamon, R.S. and Shipton, G.M. 1939. Megiddo I Directed by Yigal Shiloh III : Stratigraphie, Environ(Seasons of 1925-1934): Strata I-V (University of mental and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusalem: Chicago Oriental Institute Publications XLII). ChicaInstitute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. go: University of Chicago Press. Wylie, A. 1985. The Reaction against Analogy. M.B. Publishers. Lapp N. (ed.). 1968. The Third Campaign at Tell el-Ful : Schiffer (ed.). Advances in Archaeological Method and The Excavations of 1964 (Annual of the American Theory 8: 63-111. Schools of Oriental Research 45). New Haven: Amer- Xenophontos, C., Elliot, C. and Malpas, J.G. 1988. Major ican Schools of Oriental Research. and Trace-element Geochemistry Used in Tracing the Provenience of Late Bronze and Roman Artefacts from Lee, J.R. 1973. Chalcolithic Ghassul: New Aspects and Cyprus. Levant 20: 169-83. Master Typology. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Yadin, Y. et al. 1958. Hazor I: An Account of the First Season of Excavations, 1955. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. Liphschitz, N. and Waisel, Y. 1992. Macrobotanical Remains, Section A. Pp. 105-106 in: A. De Groot and Yadin, Y. et al. 1960. Hazor II: An Account of the Second D.T. Ariel (eds.). Excavations in the City of David Season of Excavations, 1956. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. Directed by Yigal Shiloh III: Stratigraphie, Environ- Yadin, Y. and Geva, S. 1986. Investigations at Beth mental and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusalem: She an: The Early Iron Age Strata (Qedem 23). Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew UniverReynolds, B. 1968. The Material Culture of the Peoples of sity. APPENDIX A: RAW DATA Reg. No. Loc. Str. Raw mat. Leng. W. Th. Dep. Dia. Wei. Leg Morph. Sec. Type Preserv. Fig. Photo A 1/671 13 1 limestone 209 142 81 13 0 3520 0 round conv-conc. gr. slab broken A 1/207/2 15 6 ves. bas. 0 0 52 18 0 1240 87 broken hat-like ft. bowl broken Al/670 19 6 flint 119 135 43 0 0 1050 0 broken pl-con. broken broken B411 1 1 1 A 12 ves. bas. 0 87 53 0 0 450 0 broken trap. upp. st. broken 1. B 567/1 128 12 limestone 90 150 50 0 0 710 0 broken pl-con. broken broken 1. B 567/2 128 12 ves. bas. 0 0 43 0 0 860 0 broken rect. broken broken B 567/3 128 12 flint 174 119 73 0 0 1950 0 broken pl-con. broken broken B 567/4 128 12 flint 0 0 68 0 0 600 0 broken pl-con. low. st. broken B 568/1 128 12 ves. bas. 0 172 46 0 0 1055 0 oval pl-con. low. st. broken B 568/2 128 12 flint 128 71 61 0 0 1055 0 pl-con. el. ham. complete B 15008 128 12 flint 157 146 44 0 0 1820 0 round pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. B 505 129 0 flint 210 162 46 0 0 3135 0 ellip. pl-con. gr. slab broken 1. B 553 129 0 ves. bas. 0 0 0 0 0 195 0 broken indet. broken broken B 584 130 12 ves. bas. 0 103 44 0 0 650 0 broken pl-con. upp. st. broken B 596 132 12 limestone 0 44 10 0 0 60 0 rect. rect. muller broken 1. 189 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Reg. No. Loc. Str. Raw mat. Leng. W. Th. Dep. Dia. Wei. Leg Morph. Sec. Type Preserv. Fig. Photo D 1/6566 352 6 basalt 0 0 0 0 0 130 0 broken indet. mortar broken D 1/6569 353 6 ves. bas. 0 0 31 0 0 360 0 broken rect. broken broken Dl/6630 357 12 ves. bas. 0 0 39 0 0 1240 0 broken rect. gr. slab broken Dl/6617 361 9 basalt 0 0 49 27 0 320 0 broken U-shape basin D 1/6643 361 9 flint 0 0 66 9 0 860 0 indet. round bowl broken D 1/6728/1 374B 12 limestone 170 127 60 0 0 2210 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. Dl/6757 387 12 limestone 100 150 50 0 0 1285 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. D 1/6947 413 7-8 ves. bas. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 broken indet. broken broken D 1/1 2467 421 7B basalt 0 0 51 63 0 655 67 square round ft. bowl broken Dl/12527 421 7B chalk 0 57 19 18 38 40 0 round hat-like bowlet broken Dl/13259 468 12 chalk 39 0 0 0 0 65 0 cyl. round varia broken D 1/1 3264 468 12 basalt 83 77 29 3 25 455 0 oval rect. cup mark complete 28:4 D 1/1 3302 469 12 limestone 0 80 51 0 0 540 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. 25:9 Dl/13335 472 14 ves. bas. 120 0 37 8 39 630 0 oval indet. varia broken w. 30:12 Dl/13368 476 12 sandstone 0 77 46 0 0 335 0 rect. muller broken 1. D2/ 13686 1876 12 limestone 0 47 11 0 0 95 0 rect. rect. muller broken 1. D2/20357 2309 12 chalk 0 113 58 34 0 485 0 rect. U-shape basin broken 1. 28:8 D2/20275 2327 12 limestone 240 120 50 0 0 2095 0 ellip. pl-con. low. st. broken 1. 25:4 D2/20396 2357 14 ves. bas. 131 0 68 13 0 900 0 round round cup mark broken w. D2/21095 2724 8 basalt 54 48 45 0 0 215 0 square pestle complete 24:5 D2/21060 2772 12 ves. bas. 127 58 52 0 0 690 0 round pestle complete 24:2 D2/ 13830 S-W 0 limestone 0 61 39 4 30 505 0 ellip. conv-conc. cup mark broken 1. D2/20796 Surf. 0 limestone 0 65 59 0 0 1010 0 round pestle complete El/1969 519 6-7 limestone 193 170 136 34 93 5750 0 round round bowl broken E 1/2672 519 6-7 limestone 180 130 80 0 0 2825 0 ellip. pl-con. low. st. broken 1. El/4175 588 7 basalt 0 0 74 51 0 750 77 broken round ft. bowl broken 27:3 El/3361 617 10 limestone 0 0 90 61 0 1800 0 rect. U-shape basin broken E 1/3371 617 10 limestone 0 47 47 0 0 250 0 round pestle broken El/3486 631 11 limestone 230 144 62 0 0 3750 0 broken round low. st. broken 1. El/6012 631 11 ves. bas. 0 0 31 0 0 120 0 broken rect. broken broken El/6013 631 11 flint 99 98 46 0 0 975 0 round pl-con. mano complete El/3676 636 7 basalt 0 0 37 15 0 2090 0 broken hat-like ft. bowl broken E 1/4004 657 5 chalk 0 89 84 60 52 585 0 square U-shape basin broken El/9259 680B 17-18 ves. bas. 0 0 0 0 0 455 0 round hat-like bowlet broken El/5927 688 11 ves. bas. 0 135 49 0 0 1645 0 ellip. pl-con. low. st. broken 1. E 1/9067 1201 10 limestone 0 0 45 0 0310 0 broken rect. el. ham. broken E 1/6480 1277 7 limestone 87 53 48 0 0 350 0 indet. pestle broken w. El/7876 1285 7 limestone 207 129 76 0 0 3370 0 ellip. pl-con. low. st. broken 1. El/7904 1292A 11 ves. bas. 0 0 68 9 0 2125 0 broken round low. st. broken El/9367 1307 19-20 limestone 66 53 36 0 0 250 0 rect. rect. upp. st. complete El/3536 1310B 10 sandstone 113 89 58 0 0 845 0 rect. square varia complete El/8598 1322 12 limestone 0 0 102 38 0 1135 0 round round mortar broken 24:1 E 1/9406 1324 12 limestone 170 140 40 0 0 2100 0 broken pl-con. low. st. broken 1. El/8652 1334 10 limestone 71 73 58 0 0 415 0 rect. varia complete 30:7 El/9035 1352 12 chalk 105 178 178 0 0 357 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. El/9035 1352 12 chalk 102 0 0 0 0 311 0 amorph, indet. varia broken 1. El/9035 1352 12 chalk 121 196 196 0 0 471 0 cyl. indet. varia broken 1. El/9035/1 1352 12 chalk 97 54 41 0 0 311 0 cyl. trian. varia broken 1. El/9223 1365 7 basalt 0 52 44 0 0 270 0 round pestle broken E 1/94 15 1365 7 basalt 0 50 42 0 0 195 0 rect. muller broken 1. El/10087 1379 18 flint 0 0 0 0 0 1975 0 muller broken E 1/9759 1390 18 limestone 180 229 87 13 0 6500 0 broken conv-conc. gr. slab broken 1. El/9800 1390 18 flint 262 192 97 3 0 5865 0 ellip. conv-conc. gr. slab broken 1. El/9838 1394 11 sandstone 0 72 39 0 0 265 0 oval round mano broken 1. E 1/9903 1394 11 limestone 118 88 74 22 0 815 0 oval round varia complete El/14311 1603 7 ves. bas. 0 132 66 8 0 2550 0 ellip. round low. st. broken 1. El/9987 1608 11 ves. bas. 0 92 36 0 0 500 0 oval round varia broken 1. E 1/9686 1612 12 basalt 77 61 27 4 22 265 0 oval rect. cup mark complete 28:5 El/9957 1612 12 sandstone 0 48 23 0 0 100 0 rect. conv-conv. varia broken 1. El /10243 1618 12 limestone 210 130 50 0 0 2140 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. 29:3 El /103 19 1627 12 basalt 0 0 0 0 0 290 0 broken indet. broken broken El /10400 1629 14 limestone 0 68 42 0 0 380 0 ellip. rect. muller broken El/10823 1648 18A other 0 0 39 0 0 190 0 pl-con. varia broken 1. 190 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC:34:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Reg. No. Loc. Str. Raw mat. Leng. W. Th. Dep. Dia. Wei. Leg Morph. Sec. Type Preserv. Fig. Photo El/10840 1648 18A other 0 59 25 0 0 155 0 ellip. amorph. varia broken 1. El/10778 1653 17 ves. bas. 0 0 0 0 0 145 0 broken indet. broken broken El/14342 1654B 18 limestone 80 120 70 0 0 1195 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. 25:8 El/10939 1655 14 limestone 0 88 33 0 0 325 0 round conv-conc. mano broken El /107 12 1656 A 18 limestone 0 0 44 21 0 320 0 broken round cup mark broken El/10753 1658 14 basalt 0 0 0 0 0 125 0 broken indet. broken broken El/10759 1658 14 basalt 0 0 35 0 0 575 0 broken indet. broken broken El/10911 1660 6 flint 157 141 108 0 0 4065 0 ellip. pl-con. low. st. broken 1. El/10912 1660 6 limestone 190 180 80 0 0 4100 0 broken pl-con. broken broken El/10913 1660 6 limestone 281 227 112 51 200 9400 0 oval round bowl complete El/10949 1660 6 limestone 237 0 122 52 199 5860 0 round round bowl broken El /10954 1660 6 other 103 66 41 0 0 0 0 rect. rect. varia complete El /14405 1660 6 ves. bas. 0 98 39 0 0 750 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. El/14561 1660 6 limestone 197 154 72 3 0 3255 0 broken conv-conc. gr. slab broken 1. El/ 10909 1663 10 flint 272 269 51 12 0 4745 0 ellip. conv-conc. gr. slab broken 1. El/10974 1667 12 limestone 190 130 30 0 0 1690 0 ellip. trap. low. st. complete 25:5 El/10694 2004 17-18 0 0 61 26 0 540 0 broken U-shape basin broken 28:7 El/17031 2062 14 ves. bas. 0 0 38 0 0 100 0 broken indet. broken broken El/16504 2074B 18 limestone 0 0 175 139 92 4115 0 ellip. round bowl broken 26:5 El/16787 2076 14 ves. bas. 0 0 37 0 0 1695 0 round pl-con. gr. slab broken 26:2 El/ 17456 2085 10 basalt 0 0 31 0 0 725 70 broken U-shape ft. bowl broken El /17458 2124 7 basalt 0 0 64 19 0 825 0 broken hat-like bowlet broken El/17436 2135A 17 chalk 110 98 36 19 70 360 0 ellip. hat-like bowlet complete 28:3 El/21544 2135B 17-18 limestone 219 197 118 47 141 6145 0 round round bowl complete 26:4 22 El/17393 2137 12 ves. bas. 0 96 42 0 0 710 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. El/21581/1 2161 18A limestone 209 195 99 8 31 5375 0 ellip. round cup mark broken 1. 28:6 El/21581/2 2161 18A flint 0 182 96 0 0 4355 0 ellip. pl-con. low. st. broken 1. 24:7 El/21610 2161 18A limestone 256 167 76 0 0 4145 0 oval pl-con. low. st. complete 25:1 E 1/2 1634 2167 20 limestone 390 190 78 46 0 8740 0 ellip. conv-conc. low. st. complete 24:6 El /19687 2171 14 limestone 0 0 40 0 0 275 0 broken rect. upp. st. broken E 1/2 1579 2601 12 basalt 0 0 24 0 47 55 0 round lens-like mano broken El/21655 2616 18B limestone 276 141 109 5 0 4795 0 ellip. conv-conc. low. st. broken 1. 24:8 E 1/2 1693 2621 18 limestone 100 160 90 0 0 2930 0 broken indet. low. st. broken El/9634 W. 226 11 limestone 160 120 40 0 0 1350 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. El/9081 03-N3 7 basalt 0 48 50 0 0 150 0 round varia broken El/9893 03-N3 7 limestone 70 57 43 0 0 325 0 rect. round mano complete E2/1561 501 5 limestone 74 161 161 0 0 242 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. E2/7261 432 12 limestone 220 155 40 0 0 1790 0 oval pl-con. upp. st. complete E2/7280 437 7 basalt 0 189 84 23 0 2140 0 round round bowl broken E2/1212 503 1 limestone 148 73 57 18 99 490 0 ellip. round bowl broken w. E2/1572 503 1 limestone 82 58 39 0 0 455 0 rect. rect. varia complete E2/1633 510 5 basalt 0 0 49 12 0 2970 0 broken hat-like ft. bowl broken E2/7179 1422 0 ves. bas. 0 103 60 0 0 1285 0 ellip. round broken broken 1. E2/7251 1432 12 limestone 248 129 51 0 0 2670 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. E2/7317 1436 7 ves. bas. 132 93 37 0 0 740 0 rect. pl-con. upp. st. complete E2/7324 1444 12 flint 0 142 39 0 0 1245 0 ellip. - pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. E2/12050 1475 6-7 limestone 180 140 60 0 0 2325 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. E2/3072 1484 6 other 0 51 25 0 0 125 0 rect. varia broken 1. E2/12024 1484 6 chalk 63 86 86 0 0 50 0 cyl. round varia complete E2/12142 1705 11 limestone 130 130 60 0 0 925 0 ellip. pl-con. indet. broken 1. E2/ 12226 1713 1 phos. 104 58 41 0 0 395 0 rect. rect. mano complete 29:1 E2/ 12288 dump 0 basalt 0 0 24 47 0 1170 85 broken U-shape ft. bowl E3/12992/4 574 0 limestone 81 42 36 0 0 128 0 cyl. trian. varia broken 1. E3/7548 1501 5 other 49 68 51 0 0 250 0 lens-like varia complete E3/7772 1527 5 basalt 0 0 16 0 0 75 0 indet. varia broken 30:13 E3/ 12864 1527 5 chalk 42 32 16 10 0 40 0 rect. round varia complete PI. 13:5 E3/12852 1558 8? limestone 82 75 58 18 50 230 0 oval U-shape bowlet complete 28:1 E3/12955 1573 10 limestone 0 0 102 69 0 2445 0 broken round bowl broken E3/15530 1582 10-11 chalk 83 187 187 0 0 91 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. 20 E3/ 130 12/1 1901 A 12 chalk 66 104 104 0 0 64 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. 30:6 20 E3/13012/2 1901 A 12 chalk 87 118 118 0 0 102 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. 30:5 20 E3/13145 1901B 12 chalk 64 107 107 0 0 47 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. 20 E3/13172 1901B 12 chalk 62 112 112 0 0 128 0 cyl. round varia complete 30:1 20 191 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Reg. No. Loc. Str. Raw mat. Leng. W. Th. Dep. Dia. Wei. Leg Morph. Sec. Type Preserv. Fig. Photo E3/13173 1901B 12 limestone 143 164 164 0 0 297 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. 30:3 20 E3/13174 1901B 12 chalk 53 0 0 0 0 91 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. 20 E3/13175 1901B 12 chalk 92 159 159 0 0 272 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. 20 E3/13187 190 IB 12 chalk 51 0 0 0 0 77 0 broken indet. varia broken 20 E3/13193 190 IB 12 chalk 35 0 0 0 019 0 broken round varia broken E3/13194 190 IB 12 chalk 7 109 109 0 0 86 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. 20 E3/13195 1901B 12 chalk 76 96 96 0 0 45 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. 20 E3/13196 1901B 12 chalk 165 121 121 0 0 172 0 cyl. round varia complete 30:2 20 E3/15517 1901B 12 limestone 103 158 158 0 0 357 0 cyl. round varia broken 1. 30:4 20 E3/1 5805/3 1933B 12 limestone 0 81 42 27 61 200 0 round hat-like bowlet broken 1. 28:2 E3/15790 1947 10 basalt 0 189 79 8 0 5450 0 ellip. pl-con. low. st. broken 1. 25:2 E3/19172/5 2411 17 basalt 0 46 37 0 0 225 0 lens-like pestle broken 1. E3/19168 2414 10-11 chalk 147 143 143 0 0 296 0 cyl. round varia complete E3/ 19240 2460 17-20 basalt 0 0 59 32 0 350 0 broken round mortar broken G 2480 742 9 basalt 91 57 57 0 0 400 0 round pestle complete 24:3 G 4296 760 9 other 0 10 10 0 0 20 0 square varia broken 1. 30:11 G 4530 767 10B limestone 223 141 54 7 0 3050 0 oval conv-conc. low. st. complete 25:3 G 4545 783 10B-C limestone 220 147 50 0 0 2540 0 ellip. trian. upp. st. broken 1. G 4665 783 10B-C limestone 80 120 50 0 0 910 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. G 4617 784 10B-C limestone 77 57 50 0 0 415 0 square varia complete 30:8 G 4566 790 10B-C limestone 186 172 67 0 0 2845 0 ellip. pl-con. low. st. broken 1. G 4709 790 10B-C limestone 190 140 60 0 0 2240 0 ellip. pl-con. low. st. broken 1. G 4993 791 10B basalt 0 0 0 0 0 715 86 ft. bowl broken 22 G 4891/1 792 10B limestone 260 154 56 0 0 4215 0 ellip. pl-con. indet. broken 1. G 4559 804 10B-C limestone 150 130 40 0 0 1420 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken 1. G 5557/1 804 10B-C ves. bas. Ill 96 61 0 0 900 0 oval pl-con. upp. st. complete G 4972 818 10B-C limestone 270 120 30 0 0 1720 0 ellip. pl-con. low. st. complete 26:1 G 4973 818 10B-C limestone 108 75 46 0 0 435 0 oval pl-con. upp. st. complete G 5515 818 10B-C limestone 227 324 73 10 0 5880 0 broken conv-conc. gr. slab broken 1. 26:3 G 4829 826 12B-14? chalk 62 39 17 0 0 70 0 rect. round varia complete PI. 13:4 G 11260 933 9 basalt 0 0 55 10 0 725 76 broken round ft. bowl broken 27:4 G 11326 951 3 basalt 0 43 42 0 0 83 0 round pestle broken G 11364 951 3 basalt 48 36 36 0 0 105 0 round pestle complete 24:4 G 11380 951 3 basalt 0 0 37 0 0 915 72 broken U-shape ft. bowl broken G 11385 938 10C other 0 36 9 0 0 50 0 ellip. lens-like varia broken 1. G 11540 967 10B-C ves. bas. 0 102 61 0 0 1175 0 ellip. trian. upp. st. broken 1. 29:4 G 11738 967 lOB-C limestone 130 120 50 0 0 1245 0 ellip. pl-con. low. st. broken 1. 25:6 G 11739 967 10B-C ark. sand. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 rect. rect. varia 30:9 Pl. 13:2 G 11794 967 lOB-C dolomite 0 70 26 0 0 0 0 rect. rect. varia 30:10 Pl. 17:3 G 11755 974 lOB ves. bas. 0 111 45 0 0 500 0 broken pl-con. low. st. broken 25:7 G 15211 986 10C? limestone 173 144 62 0 0 2280 0 ellip. pl-con. upp. st. broken G 11999/6 997 10B sandstone 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 ellip. lens-like varia G 17521 997 lOB 0 0 28 5 0 135 0 broken U-shape varia broken 28:9 Pl. 13:1 G 15422 1107 IOC sandstone 112 92 37 0 0 560 0 oval rect. mano complete 29:2 H 5130 1007 IIIG basalt 0 0 32 0 0 750 0 broken indet. ft. bowl broken H 5041/1 1008 HIE basalt 0 0 41 4 0 775 73 round round ft. bowl broken 27:2 H 5041/2 1008 HIE basalt 0 0 40 3 0 2700 86 round conv-conc. ft. bowl broken 27:5 H 5041/3 1008 HIE limestone 95 62 36 0 0 350 0 rect. round muller complete K 18676 2237 HID basalt 0 0 43 26 0 1300 94 broken round ft. bowl broken 27:1 Abbreviations ark. sand. arkosic sandstone amorph. amorphic ves. bas. vesicular basalt trap. trapezoidal phos. phosphorite 1. length ellip. elliptical w. width cyl. cylindrical low. st. lower stone trian. triangular upp. st. upper stone rect. rectangular ft. bowl footed bowl pl-con. plano-convex gr. slab grinding slab conv-conc. convex-concave el. ham. elongated hammer conv-conv. convex-convex 192 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms APPENDIX B: PETROGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SPECIMENS Dan Gill and Arieh Shimron Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem 1. G 11794; L. 967 (GSI id G-l). Khaki dolomite. Polished hand specimen or Very dense, homogeneous mosaic of very fine anhedral dolomite crystals. Provenience could be provenience. Provenience cannot be assigned; not known pebble.in Israel. Could be derived from any of a number of provinces of clastic sequences derived from and adjacent to the Alpine Orogenic belt, the the Judea Group carbonates in the vicinity of closest of which are in Cyprus and the Greek islands. Jerusalem. 5. E2/4080; L. 665 (GSI id G-5).* 2. G 11739; L. 967 (GSI id G-2). Brown, ferruginous, quartz sandstone. Alluvial pebble. Consists of about 70% subrounded to Light brown arkosic sandstone. Polished hand specimen or pebble. Well sorted, medium grain angular, moderately sorted fine- to medium-sized size, very dense, hard and well cemented. Consistsquartz grains. Black iron-oxide cementing material of 50% quartz grains, mostly subrounded to comprises ca. 25% of the rock. Accessory minerals angular in shape, and 40% feldspar (microcline include turmaline, chlorite and zircon. Well cemenand plagioclase) grains. Accessory minerals include ted, dense and hard. Provenience could be the chert (5%) and turmaline, muscovite and opaque Nubian sandstone of southern Israel and Sinai. ore minerals. Provenience could be the Nubian sandstone of Sinai. 6. El/10954; L. 1660 (GSI id G-6). Dark gray diabase. Cut and polished hand specimen 3. G 11876; L. 967 (GSI id G-3).* or alluvial pebble. Equicry stalline with ophitic Dark brown limestone. Beach or alluvial pebble. texture. Consists of pale green amphibole and Very fine grained, micritic fossiliferous limestone. 50% plagioclase laths. Diabases are very common Abundant clayey mineral, dense. Scattered plankdyke-forming rocks in most magmatic terrains of all tonic foraminifera. Probably of Cenozoic age. This ages. They are very common in southern Israel and Sinai. rock type is not known in Israel, and thus an unequivocal provenience cannot be assigned. 7. El/10786; L. 1619 (GSI id G-7).* 4. G 11999/6; L. 997 (GSI id G-4). Brown, ferruginous quartz sandstone. Alluvial Dark gray graywacke sandstone. Polished specimen.pebble. Very similar to GSI-5 above, but with Very dense and hard, well sorted, subangular, slightly coarser grain. medium-sized grain. Consists of about 60% quartz, 20% fine-grained chert, 15% altered ferromagnesian8. El/10285; L. 1619 (GSI id G-8).* minerals, and various accessory minerals. The Brown arkosic sandstone. Alluvial pebble. Consists quartz grains are highly strained and partially of 70% subangular, well sorted, fine quartz grains, recrystallized, indicating an original metamorphictightly cemented by a ferruginous carbonate cement which comprises 20% of the rock. Additional constituents include altered feldspar grains (5%), * Items which were examined but did not show any signs ofchert grains (5%) and traces of plagioclase and use as grinding/pounding utensils, and are therefore notmuscovite. Provenience could be the Nubian sandstone of southern Israel and Sinai. included in the catalogue of Appendix A. 193 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 9. El/6475; L. 1272 (GSI id 9).* 10. G 15453; L. 1110 (GSI id 10).* Black amphibolite. Alluvial pebble. The rock Gray gabro. Alluvial pebble. Medium to fine crystalline, 605 plagioclase (probably andesine- consists almost exclusively (ca. 90%) of a green mineral, probably termolite, and of some feldspar labradorite), and 405 anhedral, green amphibole. Extensive alteration of ferromagnesian minerals. A and black opaque minerals. This is an ultra basic, common rock type in most magmatic terrains. The low-grade rock which is found in the Alpine closest occurrences are found in Timna and Sinai. Orogenic belt and in the Pre-Cambrian of Egypt. 194 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 24. Groundstone industry. 195 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 25. Groundstone industry. 196 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 26. Groundstone industry. 197 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 27. Groundstone industry. 198 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 28. Groundstone industry. 199 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 29. Groundstone industry. 200 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 30. Groundstone industry. 201 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 1 2 4 3 5 Pl. 13. Groundstone industry. 202 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2Thu, 01 Jan 1976 12:34:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 24. Fig. 29. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Pl. No. Reg. No. Locus Type PI. 1. El/8598 1322 Mortar 2. D2/21060 2772 Pestle 2. G 15422 1107 Mano 1. E2/ 12226 1713 Mano 3. G 2480 742 Pestle 3. El /10243 1618 Upper grinding stone 4. Gil 540 967 Upper grinding stone 4. G 11364 951 Pestle 5. D2/21095 2724 Pestle 6. E 1/2 1634 2167 Lower grinding stone 7. E 1/2 158 1/2 2161 Lower grinding stone 8. El /2 1655 2616 Lower grinding stone Fig. 25. Fig. 30. No. Reg. No. Locus Type PI. No. Reg. No. Locus Type PI. 1. El /2 1610 2161 Lower grinding stone 2. E3/ 15790 1947 Lower grinding stone 3. G 4530 767 Lower grinding stone 4. D2/20275 2327 Lower grinding stone 5. El/ 10974 1667 Lower grinding stone 6. G 11738 967 Upper grinding stone 7. G 11755 974 Upper grinding stone 8. El/14342 1654B Upper grinding stone 9. D 1/1 3302 469 Upper grinding stone 1. E3/13172 190 IB Varia: cyl. object 2. E3/13196 190 IB Varia: cyl. object 3. E3/13173 1901 Varia: cyl. object 4. E3/15517* 1901B Varia: cyl. object 5. E3/13012/2 1901A Varia: cyl. object 6. E3/13012/1 1901A Varia: cyl. object 7. E 1/8652 1334 Varia: triang. pebble 8. G 4617 784 Varia: triang. pebble 9. G 11739 967 Varia: rectang. pebble 13:2 10. G 11794 967 Varia: rectang. pebble 13:3 Fig. 26. No. Reg. No. Locus Type PI. 1. G 4972 818 Lower grinding stone 2. El/16787 2076 Grinding slab 3. G 5515 818 Grinding slab 4. El/21544 2135B Grinding bowl 5. El/16504 2074B Grinding bowl Fig. 27. 11. G 4296 760 Undefined No. Reg. No. Locus Type PI. 12. Dl/13335 472 Undefined 13. E3/7772 1527 Jewelry mold(?) 1. K 18676 2237 Footed bowl * Considered as a weight by Eran (Chapter V, W 88). 2. H 5041/1 1008 Footed bowl 3. El/4175 588 Footed bowl 4. G 11260 933 Footed bowl 5. H 5041/2 1008 Footed bowl Fig. 28. PI. 13. No. Reg. No. Locus Type PI. No. Reg. No. Locus Type Fig. 1. E3/12852 1558 Bowlet 2. E3/1 5805/3 1933B Bowlet 3. El/17436 2135A Bowlet 4. D 1/1 3264 468 Cup mark (mano in secondary use) 5. El/9686 1612 Cup mark (mano in secondary use) 6. El/21581/1 2161 Cup mark 7. El/10694 2004 Basin 8. D2/20357 2309 Basin 9. G 17521 997 Varia 1. G 17521 997 Varia 28:9 2. G 11739 967 Varia: rectang. pebble 30:9 3. G 11794 967 Varia: rectang. pebble 30:10 4. G 4829 826 Varia 5. E3/12864 1527 Varia 13:1 203 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CHAPTER FIVE WEIGHTS AND WEIGHING IN THE CITY OF DAVID: THE EARLY WEIGHTS FROM THE BRONZE AGE TO THE PERSIAN PERIOD Abraham Eran A. THE EVIDENCE FOR WEIGHING IN THE CITY OF DAVID late Yigal Shiloh weights were recovered from five excavation areas: from north to south, Areas G, J, E, D and B. The majority of early weights came from Areas G and E. The excavations of Area H on I. The Topographical Distribution of the Early the western slope of the Tyropoeon Valley and Area Weights Found in the City of David (Table 1) A at the southern tip of the Ophel brought no early The areas in the City of David excavated by As noted, Macalister's Field 7, weights to light. Macalister and Duncan (1923-1925), Shiloh's Crowfoot Area G and Kenyon's Sites A and AA and Fitzgerald (1927), Kenyon (1961-1967) overlapped and one another and the quantities of 31, 52 Shiloh (1978-1985) are widely distributed over the in these excavation areas are and 55 weights surface of the hill and the part of the Tyropoeon certainly most noteworthy. Valley adjoining the western slopes. Not all of them yielded weights. II. The Weights Found by Period and Size For the excavations by Macalister and Duncan no details as to the excavation areas in the modern The finds recovered from different periods include sense are available. They excavated in the large weights of widely differing sizes (Tables 2-3). The 'Field 7,' situated on the northern ridge of the picture formed by finds from specific periods may of Ophel, but we do not know the precise locations course be a result of the exposure of areas and loci where the early weights were recovered by them of different character, e.g. living quarters, a store or (Macalister and Duncan 1926; Duncan 1931). shop, an office, a market place or a gate area, all Duncan (1931: 216 ff.) reported quite large numbers places where weights might have been kept or of such weights, but most of them have been lost handled for a variety of purposes and for different (see Part C.II below). quantities. Crowfoot and Fitzgerald excavated a site that Such widely varying practices of weighing seem to was called Field 10, situated to the west of Area G, have been followed throughout history. People had actually in the Tyropoeon Valley, where a gate area an interest in using a balance for small as well as for was exposed. larger, even substantial, quantities, and they pro- Kenyon opened thirteen excavation areas, S, R, vided themselves according to their requirements M, H, P, A, AA, V, K, W, O, F and X, extending with a single weight or a number of weights of from north to south in the City of David. The different sizes. One should not conclude that the majority of the weights found by Kenyon came recovery of weights of a particular size range may, from Sites A and AA in the northern section of the without further consideration, be taken as indicateastern slope, overlapping Macalister and Duncan's ing that weighing at the time was carried out only in Field 7 and Shiloh's Area G. that particular range. Furthermore, ancient weighIn the excavations in 1978-1985 directed by the ing was rarely analytical, but was mainly used for 204 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 f on Thu, 01 Jan 1976 12:34:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 1. Numbers of early weights found in different excavations at the City of David: topographical distribution. Topography 1923-1925 1927 1961-1967 1978-1985 TOTAL No. Field No. Field No. Site No. Area Northern ridge plateau 317 - - IS -- 32 Eastern slope, northern section - - 54 A (48) 52 G 106 AA (5) H (1) Eastern slope, central section - - - - 146 B (3) 146 D1 (14) D2 (12) El (98) E2 (4) E3 (15) Southern ridge IV 1 Tyropoeon Valley, north - - 510 - - -- 5 Tyropoeon Valley, south - - 2K - 2 Tyropoeon Valley, western flank - - - - 2F 2H 4 Water system 1J 1 Surface TOTAL - - - WEIGHTS Table 2. - 31 - 5 - 60 1? 202 1 298 City of David excavatio number of weights by A. Bag and Counter Weights B. Store Weights ( weights of less than 185g) ( weights of 185 g and more) Periods I centuries Strata Total Total A Unit 1-3 4 and Total B 185-369 g 370 g BCE weights parts units more and more units 31st-29th 20, 20-19 3 1 1 2(1) - 2 18th 18, 18-17 17[2] 4[2] - - 2 13(13) 7 6 18th 17 4 2 1 1 2(2) 1 1 14th-13th 16 3 3 3 Bronze Age 20-16 27[2] 10[2] 1 2 5 17(16) 8 9 12th10th 9th 1 1th 15 1 ... i(i) i 14 9 5 2 3 4(4) 4 13 11 - _i- 8th 12, 12-11 52[3] 22[1] 4 5 12* 30(24)[2] 21 7 7th 11, 11-10 13 9 1 2 6 4(2) 3 1 ca. 650-586 10 45[2] 25(1)[2] 5 4 14 20(14) 11 9 Iron Age 15-10 121[5] 62[3] 10 13 36 59(44)[2] 40 17 Persian 9 Displaced 24[3] - 30[9] 20[3] 3 4 13 23(1)[8] 5 1 9 4(1) 7[1] 1 3 4 2 GRAND TOTAL 202[19] 115(2)[16] 19 17 63 87(61)[3] 53 31 * The table shows the distribution of the sizes among the weights recove standards represented by the individual weights. The number of flint weight Fragmentary weights are included in one of the two size groups (A and dimensions and conjectured mass. Their numbers are shown in square brac The displaced early weights included are those which were recovered in St A.II and A.III), but were recognized by their shape, material and mass as ha W 101 from Stratum 11 has a mass of ca. 5437 g = 8 x 679.63 g or 10 x 5 205 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 3. Weights from the excavations at the City of David in 1961-1967 directed by K.M. Kenyon.* I. Loci with several weights: the weights by standard and locus. Judean shekel weights Nsp weights and parts Pym weights Weights of other than and parts with loop inscr. 'nsp ,' loop inscr. 'pym' limestone and other standards, sign or mute or mute or mute mute A. Locus AA306.2 W* 291 m: 8 X 10.724 g W* 290 s: 1 x 7.92 g B. Adjacent Loci A669.11a and b W* W* W* W* W* 261 260 256 253 262 m: 8 x 11.70 g W* 251 irr. 1: 2 x 10.88 g W* 249: 1 x 12.05 g 1: 8 x 1 1.598 g W* 255 m: 4 x 10.848 g W* 252: 2 x 1 1.265 g 1: 4 x 11.388 g W* 254 m: 4 x 10.555 g W* 265: 3 x 10.09 = 4x 7.523 g 1:2x 11.365 g 1:4x 11.34 g W* 248 1: 1 x 11.31 g W* 264 m: 2 x 11.30 g W* 259 1:8 x 11.258 g W* 258 1: 8 x 11.164 g W* 263 m: 8/20 x 11.075 g W* 257 m: 8 x 11.008 g W* 247 m: 6/20 x 11.00 g C. Adjacent Loci A669.34, 34a and 669.42 W* 276 1: 4 x 11.39 g W* 269 nsp: 1 x 10.62 g W* 268 pym: 1 x 8.39 g W* 272 1: 4 x 11.308 g W* 279 irr. 1: 16 x 10.146 g W* 267 pym: 1 x 7.80 g W* 273 m: 7/2o x 1 1.286 g W* 274 nsp: 1 x 9.33 g W* 266 m: 1 x 7.48 g W* 2771: 8 x 11.189 g W* 2781: 24 x 11.179 g W* 271 1:2x11.13 g W* 270 1: 2 x 10.895 g W* 275 1: 4 x 10.798 g D. Adjacent Loci A672.12, 676.1 a and d , 676.3 and 5, 678.1, 680 W* 283 1: 8 x 1 1 .484 g W* 280 '5': 5/20 x 10.32 g W* 286 1:2x 11.285 g W* 281 m: 4 x [11.178] g W* 285 1: 8 x [11.116] g W* 284 m: 8 x [1 1.048] g W* 282 1: 1 x 10.50 g II: Various loci with a single weight each: the weights by standard. Judean shekel weights Nsp weights and parts Pym weights Weights of other than and parts with loop inscr. 'nsp, ' loop inscr. 'pym ' limestone and other standards, sign or mute or mute or mute mute W* 239 m: 8 x 11.798 g W* 288 m: 4 x 10.838 g W* 304 m: 1 x 7.94 g W* 240: 5 x 9.10 = 4 x 11.375 g W* 300 1: 4 x 11.568 g W* 293 m: 2 x 10.750 g W* 303 III: 3/i2 x 7.72 g W* 242: 5 x 9.10 = 4 x 11.375 g W* 295 1: 4 x 1 1.42 g W* 244 m: 24 x 10.479 g W* 294 m: 1 x 7.00 g W* 246: 4 x 8.108 = 3 x 10.81 g W* 301 m: 8 x 1 1.40 g W* 296 '6': 6/20 x 9.667 g W* 302: 10 x 8.624 = 8 x 10.78 g W* 305 1: 4 x 1 1.373 g W* 297: 5 x 8.00 = 4 x 10.00 g W* 243 1: 2 x 11.25 g W* 288: l/2 x 13.02 = 1 x 6.51 g 206 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Judean shekel weights Nsp weights and parts Pym weights Weights of other than and parts with loop inscr. 'nsp,' loop inscr. 'pym' limestone and other standards, sign or mute 4 X or mute 11.203 or W* 289 1: W* 287 m: 4 X (11.15) g W* 292 m: 4 X 11.085 g mute mute g W* 241 1:2x 11.00 g W* 299 1: 8 X 10.85 g * The table comprises all the weights from Kenyon's fragmentary W* 245 and the mutilated W* 250. The weights are identified by their serial number in Par letter 'm' after the serial number. Weights inscribed wit The attribution of the weights to the various standards and 2B) is recorded for each item in the Catalogue, Pa The material of the weights is limestone, dolomitic lime 4 which are of the following materials: W* 249, gray q W* 242, rhy olite; W* 246, chert; W* 302, bronze and l they may have served for weighing in Judea according t The occurrence of part weights of the nsp unit (W* 2 preserved in thespecified climate of Jerusalem. Bronze portions, i.e. quantities balance beams are known from the Near East, materials or for verifying the mass of such porti though discardedthe bronze ancients articles were usually For such weighing practices must weighing out had access to balances with different-sized beams collected and melted down in order to reuse the metal. Balance pans (or receptacles serving as such) and pans: some with a small delicate beam and could have been made of metal or a variety of other small pans for weighing small quantities of precious such as wood, bone, leather or textiles, metal (sometimes gold, but generally silver)materials, for but anone have been preserved. Ancient pans of payment in trade or as a tax, and others with metal are known but none have been found in the beam of substantial dimensions and appropriate City of David; the thin sheet metal of such pans was scale pans. particularly susceptible to corrosion. The weighing practice of a particular period is The scale weights recovered in the excavations of characterized not only by the number of weights 1978-1985 and treated in this report date from two and the standards used, but also by the size of the main periods: the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. weights kept and used. In order to describe the weighing practice in this respect, the weights found From the Bronze Age in the City of David are classified into two classes: a) bag-and-counter weights, i.e. the smaller weights consisting of hand units, unit-part-weights and multiple unit weights up to a mass of 184 g; and b) store weights with a mass of 185 g or more. excavations there are 27 weights. The majority of the scale weights recovered in the excavations are from the Iron Age: of 121 weights from stratified Iron Age contexts, one is dated to the 12th- 1 1th centuries BCE, nine to the 10th century, one to the The importance of the size differences in an 9th century, 45 to the 8th century and 13 to the 7th, assemblage of weights recovered cannot be overto 586 BCE. The Persian period Stratum 9 yielded stressed. A balance to weigh a mass of 300-700 g 24 weights, many of which are probably intrusive must have not only pans of suitable size to from the Iron Age. To these finds must be added 30 accommodate the wares on one pan and the weight stones on the other, but also a beam of adequate weights of the same type, material, shape and mass which were found in later strata and on the surface length and strength for the total load on the beam, which would have been from 600 to 1400 g. Neither (Catalogue, Parts A.II and A.III); they comprise 23 a beam of such dimensions nor appropriate pans bag-and-counter weights and seven store weights. while another 45 are dated from the mid-7th century have been found. Balance beams were probably From the Bronze Age we have nine bag-andmade of wood or bone, but wood is not often counter weights and 18 store weights; from the Iron 207 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Age there are 62 bag-and-counter weights and 59 III. The Materials and Shapes of the Weights store weights. The large number of store-size weights invites the question of what commodities The majority of the weights recovered in the City of were weighed in Judean times. Could it be that David excavations are made of two kinds of stone: materials other than precious metal were handled according to precise mass measures? Or must we limestone and flint. Both were and still are available assume that silver in substantial quantities was we include here carbonate rocks in their various handled by weighing on a balance either among the types of calcite and the dolomite group. These are usually classified as limestone, dolomite or chalk. However, precise mineralogical identification is of little importance in metrological considerations of scale weights and would only have been obtainable from a mineralogist, who would have needed to perform a test on a sample from a stone object, thereby perhaps spoiling the shape of the artifact. people, or between the inhabitants and the authorities, or for record-keeping by the treasury? The Eshtemo'a hoard of silver fragments (Yeivin 1990) provides evidence for the weighing of a large quantity of silver. Three of its jugs are inscribed 'five,' indicating a mass measure of five Mesopotamian minas of 841 g in each jug, while the whole in the surroundings of Jerusalem. Under limestone hoard amounted to thirty minas or a talent of Consequently no such examinations were per- 25,320 g (Eran 1990). Of the smallest weights, the part-weights of the formed and all such materials are described here Judean weight units, only very few have been as 'limestone.' The other local material from which weights were made is flint, a variety of chert.1 This material why part-weights are so much rarer thanoccurs unit as individual nodules or as layers of nodules in limestone or dolomite, or as an erosion product weights. One possible reason is that in the course recovered in excavations. We must ask ourselves wadi gravel. of excavation large stone objects, even if they doin not In Palestine flint artifacts have not so far been appear to be tools or weapons, are easily distinconsidered as scale weights. When flint artifacts are guished by excavators. Moreover, larger scale found at prehistoric sites, they have been described weights will be recognized as soon as the excavation as of tools for various purposes (or as components of procedure includes steps for further investigation tools), as well as weapons or the cutting parts of suspected stone weights, including a determination weapons. Occasionally archaeologists have pointed of their mass on a modern balance. Part-weights, on out that the use of flint continued into historical the other hand, with their tiny dimensions and mass (see Barkay 1981) and the possibility of their times. being Franken (1982: 29) recorded flint spheroids Age sites and proposed for them a use as covered by soil particles, are less conspicuous. on It Iron is 'throwing balls,' but remarked that a peaceable not surprising, therefore, that so few have been purpose could not be excluded. recognized and published. The inhabitants of Jerusalem must have learned Can we expect that large numbers of such partearly on that the local geological strata of dolomite weights did indeed exist? Weighing of small and limestone provided two kinds of raw material quantities in antiquity was generally not analytical suitable in purpose. The precise determination of small for working into scale weights. The earliest weights appear to have been made of flint. Rough quantities of precious metal was probably of interest spheroids and cuboids of flint could be found or only to a silversmith, goldsmith or jewelry merfreed chant. Weighing in other trades or for payment offrom dolomite and limestone matrices. In apreparing scale weights from such material a dues and taxes consisted of quantifying silver to could have been selected by size with the mass stipulated mass and of course of checking thepiece mass of a the intended weight in mind, so that the blank of such a quantity. This type of weighing required would require a minimum of gross shaping by scale weight of the correct size for the particular flaking. The blank would have to be given a base transaction. Therefore very few weights of standard essential feature for a scale weight) and have its fractions of a hand unit, a quarter, third or (an half, massItadjusted by hammer dressing and pecking to would have been appropriate for such weighings. is thus understandable that in contrast to the 25 the desired mass norm. In shape the flint weights from the City of David weights of one, two or three shekels found, only are either cuboids, pecked all over, or more often seven part-weights have been recovered. 208 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms spheroids, on which a segment has been split or 'yes-or-no' answer, is shown by their belief in the flaked off in order to form the base. A base area has weighing of the heart of the dead against the become recognized as a distinctive feature of rotund 'feather of truth' or the 'statuette of Maat.' scale weights. The shaping of a base is also an A number of weights found in the City of David important step in production in order to reduce the are made of materials not available in the neighbor- blank to the desired mass without spoiling itshood of Jerusalem (Table 4). These weights raise the general shape. When a rotund weight was used onquestion of whether they were fashioned in Judah, a balance pan its flat base prevented its rolling and which was probably not the case. By this assumpslipping off the pan, a useful feature as the round tion such weights are rendered still more intriguing. sheet metal pans of balances were generally only Did they conform to one of the Judean weight slightly concave and were not provided with a raised standards, or did they represent a foreign standard edge. Out of 38 weights from the Bronze Age 18 are known to the Judeans which had been applied in of flint; among 121 Iron Age weights there are 46commercial transactions with a foreign partner or flint weights. with regard to wares originating from a foreign The inhabitants also learned how to obtain pieces country? of dolomite or limestone (some containing a flint kernel) and by pecking, grinding and polishing to make such blanks into the shapely dome-shaped Table 4. Stone weights of material foreign to the Jerusalem weights of Judean times. Flint as a material for weights is not limited to the City of David. Petrie recorded some made from flint area. Material Cat. No. Mass among his acquisitions and excavations of weights Alabaster W 74 135 g = 10 x 13 g in Egypt (Petrie 1926: Nos. 2313, 2815, 2887, 3335, Basalt W 25 46.30 g = 5 x 9.26 g 3370, 3741), and listed some more as being made W 38 ca. 68.40 g = 5 x 13.68 g from a material of the silicate group. W 41 160.80 g = 12 x 13.40 g W 89 104.50 g = 10 x 10.45 g Flint bulbs have been found in Ramesside Egypt W 102 ca. 135.60 g = 10 x 13.56 g in the laborers' camps in the Valley of the Kings W 113 111.90 g = 15x7.46 g (Valbelle 1977). There, these stones are inscribed W 170 ca. 184 g = 24 x 7.667 g W* 213 84.435 g = 8 x 10.557 g cases their mass) or the number of objects that had W* 240 45.50 g = 5x9.10 g been dispatched to the workers in the valley. On Black stone W 26 114.40 g = 15 x 7.627 g W 119 [12.78 g] modern weighing of these stones, it was found that W 143 ca. 359 g = 50 x 7.18 g their mass approximately represented a mass value W 165 45.55 g = 4 x 11.388 g in Egyptian new deben units of 91 g. These inscribed W 177 40.90 g = 5 x 8.18 g stones can certainly not be regarded as scale weights W* 223 214.90 g = 15 x 14.327 g in the proper sense. They were not made for Hematite W 37 11.86 g = 2 x 5.93 g with hieratic signs indicating the wares (and in some repeated use and therefore had not been given a designed shape and a worked surface safeguarding the incorporated mass against diminution. The inscribed stones from the Valley of the Kings have been regarded as a record of the stores issuing the wares. However, as they have been found scattered about the camp sites in the Valley, it is more likely that they served as a kind of manifest accompanying the wares to the addressee. The foreman of a group of laborers could, on the basis of the information inscribed on the stone, determine W 95 6.70 g = l/2 x 13.40 g • W 116 25.15 g = 3 x 8.383 g W 133 9.45 g = 2/3 x 14.175 g W 145 ca. 90 g W 159 11.50 g W 164 13.15 g = 2 x 6.575 g W 166 ca. 90.50 g = 10 x 9.05 g W 190 11.70 g = 2x5.85 g W 191 ca. 90.30 g = 10 x 9.03 g W* 216 88.33 g = 12 x 7.361 g W* 222 181 g = 20 x 9.05 g W* 252 22.53 g = 2 x 11.265 g W* 265 30.09 = 4 x 7.523 g W* 298 6.51 g = l¡2 x 13.02 g against the inscribed stone on a balance without Goethite W 115 4.47 g = l/3 x 13.41 g using proper scale weights. That the Egyptians had Quartz W 153 169.70 g = 20 x 8.485 g Rhyolite W* 242 45.50 g = 4 x 11.375 g thought about such check weighing, resulting in a the quantity of the wares arriving by weighing them 209 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms From Stratum 12 came the alabaster ring weight W 74 (found broken into two halves) with an substantial mass; others are small, varying between 30 g and 250 g (Table 5). original mass of ca. 135 g. This mass represents ten Egyptian old deben (10 x 13.50 g), the mass unit which appears to have been the progenitor of the 'Shekel of the Sanctuary' and the bqa', its half (Exod. 30:1 1-16). At the time to which the alabaster ring has been dated, the 8th century BCE, the Temple tax already had a reduced mass value, and that discrepancy may possibly have been the motive for breaking it. Stone ring weights have not yet received comprehensive study. A number of such artifacts have been recovered from Near Eastern civilizations, all with- out inscriptions or markings. For none of these finds has their mass been determined, though their use as scale weights had been suggested; cf. e.g. Tepe Hissar (Schmidt 1937: 219, 311), Tepe Gawra (Tobler 1950: 205), Tell Nebi Mend (Pezard 1931: 42 f., Pis. 33-34) and Shtora (Kuschke 1954: 110, PL 5A). From Egypt two such artifacts have been recorded (Petrie 1920: 28; 1926: 11), both representing a Mesopotamian standard. In Palestine mute stone ring weights, mostly of basalt, are numerous. Some are of large size with a B. THE MASS STANDARDS I. The Weight Equipment of Judah and Israe By the beginning of this century a number of weights from ancient Palestine were known, suggesting for the first time a comprehensive treatment (Conder 1902; Benzinger 1903; Moors 1904; Sayce 1904). Some of the weights recovered in and around Jerusalem were found to be different from any weights from the ancient Near East. They are fashioned in a style which came to be described as dome-shaped, a style represented among ancient Egyptian weights with many variations.2 In Judah these weights were made of locally available limestone or dolomite (see above, Part A.III). At the same time other weights made of basalt, diorite and hematite had been found in Judah. Thomson (1926: 312) described their shape as cones, cylinders, discs, 'torpedoes' (i.e. grain-shaped) and half spheres. Of the dome-shaped limestone weights there are five types which bear an inscription: those with a Table 5. Stone ring weights in Palestine. Site I refer enee Mass Dan [5400 g] ca. 5555 g = 400 x 13.889 g [140 g] ca. 145 g = 10 x 14.55 g Fields of Kibbutz Dan (Beth Ussishkin) 4100 g = 8 x 512.50 g = 300 x 13.667 g = 480 x 8.542 g 510 g = 40 x 12.75 g = 60 x 8.50 g Tel Hazor: BA 169-2085 2085 g = 150 x 13.90 g = 250 x 8.37 g Kokhav ha-Yarden: BR 852 [137.50 g] ca. 138 g - 10 x 13.80 g - IV2 x 92 g Akhziv (limestone, broken in half) [2620 g]- ca. 2730 g = 200 x 13.665 g = 325 x 8.40 g Megiddo: Schumacher 1908: 53, 111. 56 Mass not determined Fischer 1929: No. 34.2691 49.97 g = 6 x 8.328 g Fischer 1929: No. 34.2295 60.365 g = 8 x 7.546 g Beth Shean Fitzgerald 1930: No. 34.1444 62.136 g - 6 x 10.355 g Ai: CVII, 0-280 [62.80 g] ca. 63.20 g = 6 x 10.533 g Jericho (Garstang): No. 35.2757 27.71 g = 2 x 13.855 g No. 35.2760 27.60 g = 2 x 13.80 g Tell Abu Saļima (Petrie 1937): No. 6222 36.094 g - 4 x 9.023 g No. 6266 6.35 g = l/ix 12.70 g 210 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Egyptologists have indeed recognized an early Egyptian mass standard with a unit of such size (Helck 1980: 1202, ca. 13.60 g; Hornung 1967: 16, ca. 13.80 g). The weights inscribed 'nsp' have a mass ranging had been recognized as the Egyptian hieratic numbers 5, 10 and 50, the connection of these from just below eight grams to just above eleven Judean weights to Egyptian metrology became grams, a spread which makes it unlikely that these clear. Their mass of about 455 g, 91 g and 45.50 g Judean weights developed from a single model. was that of five Egyptian deben, one deben and one There are indeed two foreign sources which half deben, equalling 50, 10 and 5 Egyptian kite. As probably provided models for this extraordinary the Judean weights with the looped sign included size variation among the Judean nsp weights. A northern source is suggested by the Ugaritic meanspecimens designated by one or two unit strokes, i.e. as one shekel and as two shekels, the unit-value of ing of 'nsp' as 'half (Gordon 1965: 50, 447; Scott the Judean shekel turned out to be about 11.40 g 1970: 62) and by mass units in Mesopotamia of (norm 11.375 g), and it was concluded that the 10.91/21.82 g (Hultsch 1898: 199, 201, 'Register of hieratic numerals for 5, 10 and 50 on these weights Weight Norms' and discussion there). A southern source is indicated by the various raised kite values with the looped sign were understood in Judah as 4, between 9.30 and 9.85 g which developed in times 8 and 40 (cf. Scott 1985: 198). It was further observed that the Judean weight following the 18th Dynasty (Hultsch 1898: 198, 200) inscribed 'pym' had a mass of one twelfth of the and spread along the Levantine coast and into eight-shekel weight (91 g = 12 x 7.583 g). But as a Syria. No stone weight inscribed 'maneh' or 'mina' has value of 7.583 g did not constitute an original Egyptian mass unit, a review of the metrology ofturned up, either dome-shaped of limestone or of other neighboring civilizations of Judah leads to the any other type or material. Josephus Flavius used the term 'mina' in his account of Crassus visiting the recognition that the pym weights represent a Temple to see the gold kept there. Stating the Phoenician standard adjusted to the Egyptian deben. quantities of gold, Josephus adds: 'The mina with us Much thought has been devoted to the under- is equal to two and a half pounds' {Ant. XIV, vii, 1). standing and explanation of this Judean weight In modern times this interpretive equation has been equipment as a unified metrological system. As the calculated on the basis of the classical Roman libra weights with the looped sign form the majority of of 327.45 g as 2l/i x 327.45 g = 818.60 g. However, in the development of Roman weight metrology the weights recovered - both unit pieces and there was an earlier unit, 'as libralis' or 'as librarius' multiples - their unit is seen as the basis, the looped sign and either unit strokes or numerals, those inscribed 'pym,' 'nsp' or 'bqa',' and some very small ones marked solely with hieratic numerals. Once the numerals accompanying the looped sign Judean shekel. From this shekel standard it was of 273 g, later called 'litra italike' (Chantraine 1961: col. 630 ff; Regling 1930: 39, 353, 713, s.v. as, libra , deduced that the pym, nsp and bqa' units had been uncia). This earlier pound unit, also divided into intended as 2/3, 4/5 and V2 °f the shekel. However, after a review of the artifactual evidence these unciae (12 x 22.75 g = 273 g) had remained in use by side with the classical libra. conclusions are convincing only for the pymside unit. A find As for the bqa' weights, there are many with a from Herodian times provides evidence for mass above the half value of the shekel, i.e. heavier its use in Palestine. Some years ago a fine drum- shaped than 5.70 g. As the bqa' is a mass unit for the weight made of hard limestone turned up in Jericho. payment of the poll tax (Exod. 38:26), it would seem Inscribed 'LEIN,' it has a mass of [13,514 g] and, estimating the loss from a few chips and an unlikely development that a tax unit increased over time. scratches, must originally have weighed ca. 13,600 Furthermore, the mass of the poll tax was defined g.3 Its abbreviated inscription, reading 'year 5, as a 'half shekel' after the shekel of the sanctuary italike [litrai] fifty,' explains its mass as 50 x 272 g (Exod. 38:26). Petrie (1926: 17, sec. 42) recognized for the Italian litra, i.e. 0.37% below the norm of an early Egyptian mass unit, originally of 13.61 g273 g. It is this Italian litra by which Josephus defined (Petrie 1926: VI, 'Key to the Standards'). He the Hebrew mina, which accordingly must have had recorded weights of this standard from the early a mass of 2l/i x 273 g = 682.50 g. While we have no dynasties and up to the 12th Dynasty. Recently 211 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms further evidence that Josephus Flavius was indeed aware of this early Roman pound, it is surprising that the much later Josippon, writing in the 10th century in southern Italy, was able to improve on the definition given by Josephus. From his text from the Bronze and Iron Ages (Table 7). These weights are made from locally occurring flint concretions, fashioned into cuboids or into spheroids with a base. In comparison with the sculptural and geometrical weights from Mesopotamia and Egypt their that Josippon did know of different mass values for shape and manufacture appear primitive. They are libra and litra and their unciae. In order to define unsightly but stable and show the desire of the the 'litra' he used the canonical Islamic weight unit inhabitants to measure rather substantial quantities of his time, the widely known 'mitqal' (in Hebrew of materials or products on the balance. 'mishkal') and explained the litra as 60 mishkalim, These weights are distributed over the different i.e. 60 X 4.55 g = 273 g,4 thereby arriving at a mina strata as follows: 16 from the Bronze Age, 47 from value of 682.50 g. Iron Age II, two from the Persian period and four This mina was neither an invention of the from Roman strata. The question arises why were Hebrews nor a latecomer in their land. Aall weight weights in use at one time not made from the of such a mina from a very early period same has material. been Did these flint weights serve to weigh recovered in Mesopotamia (see below, Partparticular B.II). Its wares? Were the dome-shaped limestone mass appears to have been derived from fifty Indus weights intended for weighing precious metal in Valley shekels: 50 x 13.65 g = 682.50 g. Weights of small quantities - up to two dozen shekels - while such mina size (and of their parts) have been the found flint weights served for consumer goods and all over the Near East (Table 6). other materials? Or might the dome-shaped weights At the City of David such mina weights and have partremained in the hands of persons of a weights of such a mina have been found particular in strata class, while the common people were (Flusser 1978: Vol. I: 165, Vol. II: 119), it appears Table 6. Weights on the mina standard of 682.50 g in the Near East and Greece. Site Mass Bahrain and Dilmun1 ca. 1370 g = 2 x 685 g Fara/Suppurak2 [170.40 g] ca. 174 g = */4 x 697 g Lagash3 688.30 g and [167.50 g] ca. 173.50 g = l¡4 x 694 g Ur4 691 g Syria and Asia Minor Antioch5 674 g Zinjirli6 13,475 g = 20 x 673.75 g Troy7 137.50 g = l/5 x 687.50 g Greece Athens8 337.94 g = A/i x 675.88 g 337.52 g= '/2 1 675.04 g; 331.93 g= '/2x 663.86 g Egypt Ghurob9 343.05 g = l¡2 x 686.10 g Sites unknown:10 No. No. 4532 4540 680.79 683.38 g g No. 4563 341.88 g = '/2 x 683.76 g No. 4567 342.99 g='/2x 685.98 g No. 4533 272.30 g = 2/s x 680.75 g No. 4539 2723 g = 4 x 683.19 g 1. Bibby 1970: 74, No. 13. 6. Luschan and Andrae 1943: 28. 2. Unger 1918: No. 36. 7. Lindsten 1943: No. 16. 3. Unger 1918: Nos. 13, 37. 8. Pernice 1894: Nos. 180-20. 4. Powell 1971: Table 2. 9. Petrie 1891: 21, No. 4972. 5. Rostovtzeff 1941: Vol. II, 452, Pl. LIV:3. 10. Petrie 1926: Pis. 4M2. 212 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Mes II. The Mass Standards of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Table 7. Weights of the mina standard of 682.50 g from Palestine. Phoenicia City of David Well-known land routes connected the land of the W 2 Limestone 672.50 g W 193 Limestone 2045 g = 3 x 681.67 g Canaanites and the Hebrews with their immediate W* 232 Limestone 8530 g = 1272 x 682.40 g W 6 Flint 347.80 g = l/ix 695.60 g W 13 Limestone 342.50 g = l/2 x 685 g W 34 Limestone 342.90 g = l/i x 685 g W 39 Stone 338.20 g = l/i x 676.40 g W 60 Flint 335.50 g = l¡2 x 671 g W 127 Flint 348 g = l/2 x 696 g W 132 Limestone 340.07 g = 72 x 680.14 g W 178 Limestone 340.40 g = V2 x 680.80 g W* 238 Limestone 173.50 g = 74 x 694 g W 15 Flint 455.10 g = 2/s x 682.65 W 40 Flint 460.10 g = 2/s x 690 g W 43 Limestone 114.10 g = 76 x 684.60 W 68 Flint 459.30 g = 2/3 x 688.95 W 76 Chalk 113.20 g = l/e x 679.20 W 79 Flint 231.70 g = l/3 x 695.10 W* 224 Limestone 228 g = V3 x 684 g g g g g g and more distant neighbors. The maritime route from the Nile Delta along the Levantine coast to Aegina and Athens brought influences from Egypt to Phoenicia, the Syrian coast and Greece. Thus the mass standards customary in these lands became known to the Canaanites and the Hebrews and foreign weights were handled by them. During the 19th century discoveries and studies of weights from Mesopotamia and Egypt made archaeologists and historians aware of the weight equipment of the ancient Near East. Comprehensive treatises on weighing in antiquity were published (Queipo 1859; Brandis 1866; Hultsch 1882). Petrie's finds and acquisitions in Egypt had been regularly published since 1886. They have been analyzed by Hultsch (1898) and by Petrie himself in his concluding catalogue of 1926. W* 228 Limestone 454.50 g = 2/3 x 681.75 g1 However, some of these works were disregarded W 45 Flint 271.90 g = 2/s x 679.75 W 58 Flint 272.60 g = 2/s x 681.50 W 83 Flint 273.10 g = 2/s x 682.75 W 106 Limestone 138.50 g = l/s x 692.50 W 108 Flint 406 g = 3/s x 676.70 g W 188 Limestone 277.10 g = 2/s x 692.75 W* 220 Limestone 135 g = 75 x 675 g g g g g g Megiddo 2 2775 g = 4 x 693.75 g 5575 g = 8 x 696.88 g Gezer3 167.40 g = V4 x 669.60 g outright. The detailed survey of ancient weights, Die Gewichte des Alterthums by F. Hultsch (1898), was derided by the German scholar of Greek and Roman history K.J. Beloch, who compared it to 'a witch's kitchen' (Beloch 1925: Vol. I, 2:333). And Flinders Petrie's great catalogue Ancient Weights and Measures (1926), concluding a lifetime of excavating, collecting and studying weights from Egypt, was at the time not even regarded as worth acquiring by either the Library of the Palestine 169.95 g = 74 x 679.80 gDepartment of Antiquities or the National and Library of Jerusalem. [170.28 g] = 74 x 681.12 University g 233.78 g = 73 x 671.34 g True, at the beginning of the present century 453.21 g = 2/3 x 679.82 gimportant knowledge for a full understanding of 456.33 g = 2/3 x 684.50 g weight metrology of the ancient Near East was still 459.12 g = 2/3 x 688.68 g lacking. Although Hultsch (1882: 197 ff., 'Register Weight Norms') recorded a unit of 90.96 g (the 1. Duncan (1925: 116-17) correctly related W*of228 to two Egyptian deben of the 18th Dynasty) as well weights of the same size found by Macalister at Gezer,ten-kite but failed to deduce correctly the shekel unit incorporated. as a unit of 13.64 g, he had no sources to explain the 2. Schumacher 1908: 67, 123-24. 3. Macalister 1912: 281-86. latter as an early Egyptian mass unit. Weights of this standard from the Indus Valley civilization were not known at that time (see Piggot 1950: 181), and Egyptologists had not yet recognized a parallel early forbidden to own them and thereby forced tomass use unit in Egypt (see now Hornung 1967: 16, about the more primitive flint weights? If that was the 13.80 g; Helck 1980: 1202, about 13.60 g). case, one wonders why weights of this kind haveInsoMesopotamia three groups of mass standards far turned up only in sizes much heavier thanhave thebeen observed: the standards of the shekel of 8.186 g and the raised shekel of 8.41 g, both dome-shaped weights. 213 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms originally connected with the weighing of gold. For weighing the more common silver, standards based on shekel values between 10.20 and 10.91 g were in use. only a few pieces (see Catalogue, Part B.IV, W* 306315). Two different types, both made of limestone, had attracted attention: weights of spheroid shape with a flat base, a form later described as 'dome- A singular Mesopotamian mina weight shaped,' from allvery similar but of small mass; and weights early times represents a further standard shaped in like Mesoa disc or drum, some appreciably heavier potamia. Inscribed 'Dudu - one mina than in the wool,' artifacts it of the first type. Some of the weighs 680.485 g5 (Table 6). This mass dome-shaped can be seen weights were marked with signs and as 50 shekels of 13.6097 g, the unit value now others with inscriptions in ancient Hebrew letters. known from the Indus Valley (norm 13.65 g), or as Weights so marked or inscribed became recognized 60 shekels of 11.3414 g, a shekel value known in as the earlier ones. It was thought that this group of Mesopotamia which much later became the shekel weights represented a kind of official weight system. of the Judean Kingdom. Weights of this mina size This understanding delayed the realization that and its parts and multiples have been recovered stone weights of other types and materials were from all over the Near East, in Greece and in used by the inhabitants of Jerusalem at the same Palestine (Tables 6-7). time, as archaeological excavations were to show. The Egyptian kite of 9.096 g, the tenth of the 18th The size of the earliest dome-shaped weights recovered seemed to indicate a custom of weighing Dynasty deben, continued into the later periods of only small quantities of silver ranging from a few East. These connections gave rise to a numbergrams of up to about 90 grams, presumably for use in raised unit values from about 9.35 to 9.85 g, known payment either in trade or in discharging taxes and duties. Two finds in particular show that weighing from Egypt to Syria. It seems that the higher values also came to be seen as a diminution of the of silver by householders and merchants was not to such small quantities, but that silver Mesopotamian unit of 10.91 g and as arestricted half of the Ugarit shekel. was also weighed in far larger quantities. However, On the Levantine coast of the Mediterranean, the particular circumstances prevented the under- intensive commercial contacts over the whole Near where the influence of Egypt met that of Mesopotamia, a further system of mass standards developed, attributed to the Phoenicians. Mass units of 7.28, 7.48 and 7.58 g and double units of 14.56, standing of the artifactual evidence in both cases. In with a little copper. stone artifact was recovered. Macalister and Dun- 1889 a large limestone weight (W* 308) turned up in the courtyard of the White Fathers at St. Anna, north of the Temple Mount (Chaplin 1890; Conder 1891; Cré 1892; Schick 1892; Guthe 1894; Cler14.96 and 15.16 g appeared and became known through commercial contacts all over the Near East. mont-Ganneau 1899). A rather clumsy ellipsoid in When coinage was first issued on the Lebanese shape, it has a smoothed surface and at one pole a carefully carved cavity, a distinctive feature of scale coast, it was the Egyptian mass unit of 13.64 g which Tyre adopted as a coin standard for more weights.6 The stone artifact weighed 41.9 kg, i.e. 50 than a hundred years, stamping its earlier coins with minas of 838 g.7 The find lapsed into oblivion when Egyptian symbols: the crook, the flail and the owl its inscription was recognized as a modern and amateurish fake (Guthe 1894, citing Prof. Euting, (Naster 1967: 3, 22). The coin standard was later raised, apparently when the originally quite pure Strassburg; Rafaeli 1920/21; Barrois 1932). The silver, too soft to give coins a long life without loss other weight (W* 233) came from the excavations of 1923-1925 in the Ophel, where a very large limeof mass, was replaced by silver hardened by alloying can (1926: 30, Fig. 23) did not consider the object a C. THE EARLY WEIGHTS RECOVERED IN JERUSALEM PRIOR TO 1978 scale weight, nor did they suggest any other use for it. However, they published its main dimensions and a section and described its material and surface treatment. From these details the artifact can be I. The First Finds of Early Weights in recognized as a scale weight of Herodian times. As Modern Times noted in the catalogue, W* 233 can be seen as a Recoveries of scale weights in Jerusalem and its talent weight of 60 minas of 728 or 748 g the mina. immediate environs amounted up to World War The I to artifact appears to have been lost. 214 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Both these artifacts, so skillfully produced as scale weights, show that some rulers of Judea had provided themselves with a scale weight of substantial size, a custom which by the Iron Age had become widespread. Archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia, Elam and Egypt have brought to light a number of large weights ranging from a quarter talent to a triple talent (Table 8). Whether in Judea these two weights were indeed used to weigh such enormous quantities, or whether perhaps they were exhibited near a monumental balance purely to indicate the wealth of the ruler, we do not know. The making of such huge weights, as well as their use, would have required an especially large and strong balance beam capable of being loaded with double their mass, and also appropriate smaller weights.8 Table 8. Some Near Eastern talent weights of various materials and shapes.* II. The Finds Made by Macalister and Duncan (1923-1925) In 1923-1925 excavations9 were undertaken at the City of David by R.A.S. Macalister, the excavator of Gezer, assisted by J.G. Duncan, who served as acting director during Macalister's prolonged ab- sences from Jerusalem. Macalister, through his experience at Gezer (1912: 25 f., 278-97), had become thoroughly disappointed with the study of ancient weights,10 while Duncan, who had worked with Flinders Petrie and admired his research on ancient weights, was keen to discover Hebrew weights. At the close of the excavations Duncan (1925: 23) believed that a large number of weights had been recovered: he spoke of hundreds from different periods. However, when the excavators came to write the final report on the excavations, Macalister restricted the section on weights to the enumeration of a mere handful of artifacts whose identification as weights appeared to him certain: two pieces had an inscription, one was marked, No. Weight another had lead fillings for adjustment of its mass 1. Susa; bronze and iron; 2 x 60,771 g; LM. 2. Lagas; granite duck; 2 x [30,278 g]; BM. 3. Khorsabad; 60,303 g; LM 20116. 4. Entemenanki; marble duck [29,680 g]; Berlin (?). 5. Susa; limestone duck [28,904 g]; LM 6427. 6. Susa, limestone duck [28,829 g]; LM 6109. 7. Susa; bronze astragalos; 3 x 31,023 g; LM (?). 8. Egypt, quartzose cone; 2 x 41,472 g; PM 4584. 9. Egypt; basalt cone; 57,218 g; PM 4667. and two could be recognized because of their shape. They were all from the Herodian-Roman period. No dome-shaped weights were mentioned in the 10. Egypt; basalt cone; 29,160 g = V2 x 58,320 g; PM 4722. 11. Egypt; limestone conical dome; 25,466 g = 72 X 50,932 g; PM 4357. 12. Mitrahineh; basalt dome; [18,165 g] ca. 24,570 g; CM 31652. final report, though according to Duncan (1931: 216, 218) 27 had been found, of which 13 had inscriptions and the 'familiar mark' of the looped sign. On the division of the finds between the Mandatory Department of Antiquities and the sponsoring institutions, some were allotted to the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, but only 16 of these survived World War II and are now in the custody of the Institute of Archaeology in Lon- don.11 The majority of the weights, as well as the 13. Egypt; granite cone; 19,865 g = l/ix 39,370 g; numerous stones which Duncan thought were CM 31495. were left in Jerusalem, but were apparently 14. Egypt; basalt cone; 18,767 g = V2 x 37,534weights, g; not even accepted for registration by the Mandatory EM 68627. 15. Egypt; granite cuboid; 14,840 g = V2 x 29,680 g; Department of Antiquities. BRM 36746. Some of the weights from the Ophel excavations of 1923-1925 were identified in 1974 when J. Zias, * Shape descriptions: 'cone' for 'domed inverted frustum of cone' and 'duck' for 'sleeping duck with its headthe turned curator of the Mandatory period collections of back'. Locations of the artifacts: BM = British Museum, London; BRM = Brooklyn Museum, New York; CM = Cairo Museum; EM = The Scottish Museum, Edinburgh; LM = Louvre Museum, Paris; PM = Petrie Museum, London. the Israel Department of Antiquities, drew the author's attention to a box marked 'For Exchange' and containing weights and other artifacts. The weights among them were recognized as coming from the Ophel when it was realized that they References: for Nos. 1-6, Powell 1971: App. III; for No. 7, included some of the items reported by Macalister Soutzo 1911: 38f.; for Nos. 8-11, Petrie 1926: Pis. 40, 42; for and Duncan (1926: 157) and that others had No. 12, Weigall 1908: 12; for Nos. 13-14, Cour-Marty 1989: III and HE 15:06. numbers and letters pencilled in an English hand 215 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms on them. To these finds belongs the marked 40shekel weight (W* 228) which had already been registered in the collection of the Department in 1940.12 weight standards, but found some of these weights useful locally - a fact which raises questions about the relations between the local and foreign weight standards and contemporary knowledge of such relations. Whether Macalister envisaged that Duncan would publish their finds of weights at the Ophel W* 204 of 7.34 g, marked with a unit stroke, is 3.2% below the pym norm of 7.583 g (i.e. V12 x 91 g we do not know. In any case, in 1928-1929 Duncan = 2/3 x 11-375 g). One may not be justified in took the opportunity of his Croall Lectures on 'Digging up Biblical History' to speak about 'Early regarding this weight as a pym: being midway between Phoenician unit values of 7.28 and 7.48 g, Hebrew Weights' (Duncan 1931: 216-27). From what one learns from the Croall Lectures it appears to represent a Phoenician unit. W* 228, inscribed with the looped sign and the about Duncan's approach to metrology and his hieratic number 50 (its mass being 454.50 g = 40 x approach to the study of ancient weights, Macalister' s distrust of Duncan's ability to recognize and 11.3625 g = 5 x 90.90 g), provides striking evidence interpret the scale weights of the Hebrews appears for the mass relation of the Judean shekel norm to on the whole to be justified. However, one must the Egyptian deben norm of 90.96 g, the 'new' applaud Duncan's efforts to recover and safeguard deben of the 18th Dynasty. It is only 0.07% below all such implements: marked and mute weights, thethe norm value. smallest and the largest, all had been saved by him W* 233 must have been an atypical talent weight. in the field. This material would have made a great Macalister and Duncan (1926: 30, Fig. 23) found contribution to the understanding of weights and the artifact important enough to report on it in weighing in Judean and Herodian Jerusalem had it detail: 'A block of hard limestone in shape the become properly known and recognized as relevant frustum of a cone with slightly convex sides, having at the time. Duncan was one of the first to realize a short cylindrical projection from its broader end.' The excavators did not recognize this artifact as a not only that the Hebrews weighed small quantities of valuable materials either for the needs of the scale weight, nor did they discuss its character or purpose. Hard limestone was the usual material for householder's shopping in the market or for their better class of scale weights during various payments to the authorities, but also that the large quantities, even of hundreds of shekels, mustperiods have in Jerusalem. However, its shape is unique. In making such a large weight there was the been weighed on a balance. problem of giving the artifact a shape which was Some aspects of the weights listed in Part B.I of special and different from other artifacts, and the Catalogue call for comment. The customary further enabling the blank in its final stage to be material for local weights was limestone in the different varieties found in the surroundings adjusted of to the desired mass without spoiling the intended shape. With the ellipsoid talent weight of Jerusalem. However, there are some weights made St.and Anna the half-spherical cavity at one end of its of other kinds of stone, e.g. basalt (W* 213) axis served this purpose. On W* 233 from the Ophel hematite (W* 216 and W* 222). Similarly, although the rabbet at the base rim enabled the craftsman to dome-shaped weights were predominant in Judean times, other forms must be noted: an inverted adjust the artifact to its intended precise mass. The frustum of a cone with a domed top (W* 205rabbet and also enabled those who lifted and handled the a weight to get a good grip on the heavy object. W* 22213) a truncated pyramid (W* 220), For the four weights W* 229-232, Duncan (1931: rectangular block (W* 223), a cuboid (W* 224 226) stated their mass only in English pounds (272, and W* 227) and a rough subglobe (W* 225). It must be suspected that such weights of non-local 4, 10 and 19 pounds).14 From his explanation material and of other than the customary shape are 'taking 450 g to represent one pound,' one foreign weights which had been brought to Jerusa- conjectures that these weights had been weighed in lem by traders or had been copied locally from Jerusalem on a decimal platform balance and that foreign weights. he translated the result into round figures of These weights may have been taken over from avoirdupois pounds for the benefit of the audience earlier times and show that the inhabitants of of his Croall Lectures. There is no longer any reason to follow Duncan in such an approximation, and Jerusalem were not only familiar with foreign 216 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms the norm: three (W* 206, W* 207 and W* 209) with unit values of 11.05, 11.06 and 11.14 g and two In view of the lack of information as to the further ones (W* 215 and W* 217) with unit values low as 10.98 and 10.996 g. These low unit values material and shape of these weights, oneas would the mass of these weights is given in grams based on the exact value of the English pound (453.60 g). approach the unit value of 10.765 g of the mute hesitate to approach their metrological interpretation were it not for the fact that three of them dome-shaped (W* weight W* 214. As this problematic feature also occurs in all later excavations, it is 229-231) do represent the same standard: either the Phoenician mina of 756 g (= 100 x 7.56 g)discussed or thebelow in connection with the the g).15 City of David excavations. Judean multiple unit of 453.60 g (= 40 x 11.34 The unit value of 7.56 g incorporated in these finds from weights is quite near the norm value of the Judean III. The Finds Made by Crowfoot and Fitzgerald (1927-1928) a late occurrence of a weight practically representIn 1927-1928 Crowfoot and Fitzgerald excavated in ing a multiple of the pym unit? In this connection one notes the unusual artifact of soft limestone Field 10 on the western slope of the City of David pym of 2/3 x 1 1.375 g = 7.58 g. Could one see this as 'in on the Tyropoeon Valley,' a site 'about 120m south found at Tel Shuqaf (Stern 1982: 216, 111. 362) of the [Ottoman] City Wall and due west of the which the letters 'pym' are engraved in 'common Field [No. 7] excavated by Duncan.' One of their Aramaic letters of the Persian period.'16 finds W* 232 is reported by Duncan as having had a was the Judean shekel weight W* 237 (90.50 g 8 x 11.313 g), inscribed with the looped sign and mass of 19 English pounds (8618 g). Since he =was hieratic unable to interpret the result, it is likely that he had 10. Among the other stones for which Fitzgerald rounded off the true figure. If he rounded down the (Crowfoot and Fitzgerald 1929: lOlf.) had found it mass value to exactly 19 lb, only about 4 ounces 'impossible to be certain of the purpose for which (113.80 g) or 1.3% of its mass as weighed would have been suppressed by Duncan, yielding a they true were made,' there are three inscribed ones which mass of 8731.80 g or 12 minas of 727.65 g. Just as from their description and mass may be considered as weights from Judean times. The parallels of 756 g for the mina value have been cited, variety of standards represented among these so may parallels from Jerusalem be cited for the weights can be understood today: W* 238 of incorporated in W* 232. Hultsch already recognized173.50 g = 16 x 10.844 g is a weight of high nsp mina value of 727.65 g which appears to be among the finds made by Petrie in Egypt separate value, while W* 235 of 49.50 g = 6 x 8.25 g and W* Phoenician mina values of 718, 748, 758 and 764 g 236 of 66.50 g = 8 x 8.313 g represent Mesopotamian shekel units. (Hultsch 1882: 418; Hultsch 1898: 204, Index). On the other hand, if Duncan rounded up the mass value of W* 232 by about 3 ounces (85 g) in IV. The Finds Made by Kenyon (1961-1967) order to obtain 19 lb, we obtain a true figure of about 8530 g, i.e. the mass of a quarter of the talent At the time when Kathleen Kenyon began excavat- of 34,120 g, composed of fifty minas of 682.50g, ing in Jerusalem, 22 dome-shaped limestone weights which is the mass-unit described by Josephus with the looped sign were known (Yadin 1961). The Flavius as 'our mina.' recovery in 1963 at the City of David of 18 weights with For two additional very large scale weights, see this symbol, together with five weights otherwise below, Section D.III. One, also from Macalister andinscribed and 12 mute ones, was therefore understandably described by Scott (1965: 128) as a Duncan's excavations, was never weighed. The other (W 123) derived from the City of David 'veritable treasure trove,' although these weights did excavations in 1978-1985. Besides W* 228 discussed above, which almost not form a single assemblage. Altogether 67 weights probably dating from the precisely represents the Hebrew shekel norm, there Judean Kingdom were recovered in Kenyon's are two weights (W* 218 and W* 211) among those bearing the looped sign which have slightly inexact unit values, one on the high and the other on the low side. Five other weights are substantially below excavations in Jerusalem: 27 among them show the looped sign. However, the weights did not all come from one context. While 25 weights turned up as single finds at different loci, 32 occurred in two 217 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms groups, a group of 18 weights from Loci 669.1 la-b and another of 14 weights from Loci 669.34, 34a and 42 (Tables 3.1, 3.II). How are these contexts to be characterized, and 287, 292, 301) and two mute weights of higher nsp value (W* 246, 288). A similar correspondence is found in the seven weights in Table 3. ID. Scott (1965: 131), considering 'the baffling what kind of activities were carried on at these differences in mass of scale weights bearing the premises? They may be understood in varioussame ways: or related inscriptions,' rejected the determi- each of them may have been a weightmaker'snation shop, of standards by striking averages without a place from which official weights were distributed, making allowances 'for loss in mass through wear an office dealing with taxes or the shop of andadeterioration' and 'loss through damage.' To merchant. take these factors into account he developed an Some understanding in this respect may be gained elaborate system of classifying the condition of the by analyzing the composition of the groups of weights (Scott 1965: 132-33; 1985: 207-209). Anaweights. The Judean shekel weights with the looped lyzing the resulting tables at great length, he was led sign form the main component in two groups. In to note 'anomalies' (Scott 1965: 133; 1985: 209); he both the weights with the looped sign are joined by concluded that 'not all the twenty-one [shekel uninscribed (mute) dome-shaped limestone weights weights with the looped sign, which can be classed representing the same standard and also by part- fair or better] when first circulated, represented an weights of the Judean gerah series. Moreover, there identical standard shekel value' and consequently are nsp weights and pym weights, some inscribed thought that 'the evidence from only 21 scale and some mute. weights is inconclusive.' Two weights of a somewhat irregular dome shapeAs the model for the Judean shekel value has been must be especially noted: their metrological value recognized in the Egyptian (new) deben of the 18th can be related to more than one standard. Dynasty - eight shekels equalling one deben (Scott a) The mute hematite weight W* 252 of 22.53 1985: g - 198) - it appears reasonable to search for a foreign weight - can be explained as 1 x 22.53possible g, a foreign models for the other Judean units. heavy Mesopotamian royal shekel, or perhaps asThe 2 xcontemporary norm for the pym unit was 1 1 .265 g, a Judean shekel value albeit less than 1 indeed % also linked to the Egyptian deben: twelve below the shekel norm. pym units of 7.58 g equalling one deben. It appears b) The limestone weight W* 279 (162.34 g) ishowever that the mass of the three Phoenician units inscribed with a particularly looped shekel symbol, of 7.28, 7.64 and 7.86 g was well known in the Near 'a curved line closing an upper loop to form a figure East and Egypt, and that occasionally one of these eight' (Scott 1985: 201, n. 29), similar to one from values was taken as a model by the weightmaker, Megiddo observed by Lamon and Shipton (1939: perhaps on the suggestion of the client who ordered PL 104:37), though lacking any defining hieraticthe weight. numeral. From its mass W* 279 could have The case of the nsp weights attracted much early attention,low in the first instance because of the name represented 20 shekels of 8.117 g or a rather Mesopotamian shekel value of 16 units of inscribed 10.146(see g, the discussions in Scott 1970; 1985: a nsp value. As the looped sign has never been 205-206). While Scott had 23 nsp weights before found applied to a weight of Mesopotamian shekel him, Kletter (1991: 146-48, Table 6) listed 51 items. value, it must be concluded that W* 279 was Tabulating the mass data of these weights according marked with this unusually shaped loop in order to their frequency, and disregarding the weights be taken as a Judean shekel, though it does not havewith extremely irregular mass, one obtains mina the mass of one. values (fifty nsp units) surprisingly near to minas Twenty-three of the 25 weights found singly wereobserved by Hultsch (1898) among Petrie's finds dome-shaped (one is fragmentary and does not from his campaigns in Egypt between 1886 and 1897. appear in Table 3. II). These weights of units or multiples display variations of unit size similar to The comparable quinquagesimal weight stanthose found in the two largest groups of weights. dards have been rightly designated by Hultsch Among them are: seven clearly inscribed Judean (1898) as Mesopotamian (Babylonian). Mesopotashekel weights (W* 241, 243, 289, 299, 295, 300, mian counting and weighing has often been 305), four mute Judean shekel weights (W* 239, described as exclusively sexagesimal (Lehmann218 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Mesopotamian shekel of 8.37/8.41 g, enabled the owner to receive 10% more silver than a regular pym would have weighed. Among 38 dome-shaped limestone pym weights standards. whose mass was published (Kletter 1991: Table 7), There are six weights made of material other than 29 pieces weigh under 8 g (7.18 to 7.95 g) and nine the usual local dolomite or limestone: W* 242 pieces over 8 g (up to 8.591 g). Such a large number of heavy (rhyolite), W* 246 (chert), W* 249 (quartzite), W* pym weights cannot be regarded as fortuitous. Originally modeled on one-twelfth of 252 and W* 265 (hematite) and W* 288 (bronze). the new Egyptian deben (V12 x 91 g = 7.583 g), over W* 242 (45.50 g - 4 x 11.375 g) and W* 252 (22.53 g = 2 x 11.265 g) could have been used for time the Judean pym followed the Egyptian deben in its increase to a heavier mass up to 7.95 g, or weighing according to the Judean shekel unit with came to be related to the Syrian multiple of 10 x the looped sign. 9.40 g or 10 x 9.50 g. These influences, however, W* 265 (30.09 g = 4 x 7.523 g) could have represented a mass of four pym, while W* 246were not strong enough to exclude the influence of (32.43 g = 3 x 10.81 g) and W* 288 (4 x 10.838 g)the Mesopotamian shekel units of 8.186/8.41 g, as well as the parallel Egyptian unit of 8.53 g (Hultsch could have served to measure nsp units of the higher 1898: 198, Index). Indeed among the foreign weights range. There is only one inscribed gerah weight (W* is W* 246 (32.43 g = 4 x 8.108 g), representing four 280), but there are three small mute artifacts (W*Mesopotamian shekels. 247, W* 263 and W* 273), all dome-shaped, which Together with the Judean shekel weights in Loci may represent 6, 7 and 8 gerah, i.e. parts of shekel669.34 and 34a were two inscribed nsp weights. units of 11.00, 11.075 and 11.286 g respectively. They differ widely in their mass: W* 269 (10.62 g) is The group of weights found in Loci 669.1 la-b13.8% heavier than W* 274 (9.33 g). Such variation (W* 247-265) contains seven intact shekel weightsin mass among nsp weights is now well known. Among 48 nsp weights (all dome-shaped limestone inscribed with the looped sign. With these inscribed weights, the two mute ones (W* 264 and W* 261)and intact) there are nine weights with a mass from and the foreign weight (W* 252) the owner could9.80 to 10.00 g and five weights from 10.10 to 10.63 have weighed any quantity from 1 to 47 shekels. g (Kletter 1991: Table 6). Even among the inscribed Measuring silver quantities of 24 and more shekelsshekel weights, there are two weights (W* 270 and was common: special weights of such large sizes W* 275) with a similar unit mass of 10.895 and were provided, as shown by the 24-shekel weight10.798 g, i.e. 4.2% and 5.07% below the shekel (W* 278, 268.30 g) and the 40-shekel weight (W* norm of 11.375 g. These also compare with the 10.829 g of the fossil echinus marked with the 228, 454.50 g) recovered by Duncan. Such large looped sign (Barkay 1978: 217). quantities indicate the size of the balance which Further, among the mute dome-shaped weights must have been available: both pans were loaded with a total mass of 900 g and more. A balance with there are two, W* 254 (42.22 g = 4 x 10.556 g) and W* 255 (43.39 g = 4 x 10.848 g) whose mass is a substantial beam was required, equipped with scale-pans much larger than the small pans recov- below the shekel norm by 7.2% and 4.6% ered in the Armenian Garden Area (Tushingham respectively. All these weights are reminiscent of the weight 1985: No. 5480, Fig. 72.7, diameter ca. 5.6 cm). Together with the Judean shekel weights at Loci from Samaria of ca. 2730 g inscribed as 1000 669.34 and 34a were two pym weights. One of them quarter-shekels of ca. 2.73 g, i.e. 250 shekels of ca. (W* 268, 8.39 g) is clearly too heavy to be accepted 10.92 g. In the Mesopotamian weight system a unit of this size was the light silver shekel, half of a heavy without further consideration as a regular pym. shekel (Hultsch 1898: 199, 201, Index). The lighter Scott described its shape as an 'irregular polyhedron' and concluded that the artifact had remained of these silver units was particularly common all unfinished. The numerous facets making up itsover the Near East. surface perhaps indicate that it was not fashioned It is possible that 'nsp' means 'one half (Scott 206). The Mesopotamian silver units therefore by a professional weightmaker: it is what may 1985: be the royal court weight of Samaria as well as called a private weight. Its mass, reminiscent of explain the Haupt 1916). However, a decimal/quinquagesimal substructure has also been recognized. It appears that such weights had as wide a distribution in the Near East as had the weights of sexagesimal 219 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms the Judean nsp weights of higher mass. However, this Mesopotamian weight standard did not have as strong an influence in Judea as did the Egyptian new deben of 91 g on the Judean shekel series. Nsp weights fluctuated in mass: specimens of lower mass approximated a unit value found in Ugarit (Scott 1985: 206), while the nsp weights of higher mass followed the light Mesopotamian silver shekel, some A stone weight may have been made locally or at some other place; it may have been obtained in a neighboring country or even in a distant land. It may have been an heirloom in the family of its owner, or it may have been brought to its findspot by him or by a foreign trader. Unless it was found in a weightmaker's workshop, a realistic dating for the origin of a weight must come from the evidence of parallels. It was a novel step in the Kingdom of Judah for all scale weights to be made in one style and from II. Weights Found in Bronze Age Strata (W 1-27) at a reduced value. local stone. However, in unit mass the weights display an eclectic adoption of various weight units The oldest Bronze Age weights in the City of David, dated to the 31st and 29th centuries BCE, are an common in the Near East and known to the Judeans from contact with their neighbors uninscribed and withflint spheroid (W 1), with a mass of the surrounding civilizations. 408.70 g = 50 X 8.174 g, and the equally mute Returning to the question of how to characterize limestone weight (W 2) of stele shape with a mass the contexts in Site A where the bulk of the weights originally of 672.50 g = 50 x 13.45 g. W 1 represents were found, the possibility of a weightmaker's the Mesopotamian half mina, or can be seen by the workshop or an office or store of the administration Egyptian old deben standard as thirty shekels of can be excluded. No raw material or blanks for 13.623 g. W 2 and W 15, both likewise mute, are remiweights were recorded (for a blank, see Catalogue, Part A.III, Annex). While the condition of most niscentof of the ancient Mesopotamian weight from the weights was described by Scott as 'good,' for Girsu-Lagash, inscribed 'Dudu - mina in wool' and seven only a 'fair' condition was noted. At the with a mass of 680.485 g. Weights of this size and offices of the weights administration one would related mina parts have been found all over the expect neither foreign weights nor mute ones, unless Near East and are represented among the finds the latter were in first-class condition just before from the City of David (Tables 6-7). It was a mina being inscribed. One must thus conclude that the of this size that Josephus Flavius described as the 'Mina of the Hebrews,' which he defined as two and contexts were the premises of merchants. D. THE EARLY WEIGHTS FROM THE CITY OF DAVID 1978-1985 I. The Dating of the Weights a half Roman litra, i.e. 2X¡2 x 273 g = 682.50 g (see above, Part B.I). As these weights of local production are mute, we cannot determine whether at the time W 1 and W 2 were regarded as multiples of certain shekel units or, as seems more likely, as two kinds of minas. With In the City of David excavations in 1978-1985 the these earliest weights we are already confronted weights recovered were precisely recorded according with uncertainty regarding the mass standard which to their findspot, and for each its locus, an stratum, uninscribed weight may have represented in the period and date were determined. The dateeyes indicates of its ancient owner or his counterpart in trade. the approximate time at which the weight was All the weights from the Middle Bronze Age (W deposited at the findspot. For fragile pottery 4-24) are one also uninscribed. Some can be seen as may assume that its production occurredrepresenting not long more than one standard. W 18 (429.30 before its deposition. However, for stone g), weights, for example, may be seen as fifty shekels of 8.586 much more durable and of greater value than many g, though this is a value 2% above the Mesopotatypes of pottery and likely to be held in safe keeping mian norm of 8.41 g, as well as thirty shekels of for a long time, a similar supposition is not 14.31 g, 1.65% below the Phoenician norm of 14.55 warranted. The making of a stone weight may have g. Both deviations are within a tolerance of 1.5% to been coeval with the dating of its findspot but it 2% either way, which seems acceptable for weights may also have been fashioned earlier, even by some of these times and materials. generations. Three Late Bronze Age weights (W 25-27) 220 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms illustrate the ability of the ancients to find various materials and produce weights of different shapes: W 25 is a basalt rhomboid block, W 26 a black stone of half-grain shape and W 27 a pebble. The first two represent weights of a Phoenician standard, while the third conforms to a Mesopotamian silver standard. (8.186 and 8.41 g), while 24 weights appear to represent various values of the silver shekel (the lower ranges of ca. 10.50, 10.91 and 11.22 g and the higher ranges of 11.375 and 11.46 g). The Egyptian old deben standard appears to be represented by W 58, W 74 and W 77 with unit masses between 13.50 and 13.95 g, and the Egyptian gold unit by W 51 As shown by the weights recovered from the with its mass of 12.70 g. Bronze Age, the inhabitants of Jerusalem were From the 7th century BCE we have 13 weights (W familiar with weights and weight standards of the 91-103), all of stone (eight limestone, two flint and neighboring civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia one each of basalt, hematite and some other kind of and Phoenicia. There are two late 'descendants' of stone). Among these weights is one dome-shaped the mina of Dudu: W 2, a full mina, and W 15, a limestone artifact (W 96), marked with an unusual two-third mina weight, a mina size described by loop imitation and two unit strokes. Its mass is Josephus Flavius as the 'Mina of the Hebrews' of nearly 2% above the norm value. The other his time. limestone weights are in the shape of a disc, a III. The Early Weights from Iron Age Strata (W 28-148) Only one weight (W 28) was recovered from the Iron Age I Stratum 15: it represents a Mesopota- mian silver half mina. cylinder, a globoid, a cushion and a pebble, while two are grain-shaped. Forty-five weights (W 104-148) were dated to the mid-seventh century to 586 BCE. Among the materials are flint and limestone (15 of each), chalk and hematite (three of each), basalt and goethite (one of each), as well as two pebbles. Flint was used Among the nine weights from the 10th century for weights of Phoenician, Mesopotamian and standard (W 31), three on a Phoenician standard Egyptian standards, always for sizable weights. An unusual very large weight (?), W 123, is discussed BCE we have one representing an Egyptian (W 35-37) and four weights according to a below. Mesopotamian standard (W 30 and W 32-34). The mute W 29, fashioned in the Judean style, is From the Persian period there are 24 weights (W 149-172): one of bronze (W 154), one of pottery (W 161) and 22 of stone (eight of limestone, three of remarkable as representing not only Judean shekels (16.90 g = V/i X 11.267 g) but also Mesopotamian units (16.90 g = 2 X 8.45 g). The single find from the 9th century BCE, the mute weight W 38, has a mass of ca. 68.40 g. Judging by its shape and material, it is not of local origin; it may have represented five Egyptian old deben, but could have been seen as one tenth of the Hebrew mina. Calculating its mass in Judean shekels results in the multiple six, a step unknown among the Judean weight equipment. Fifty-two weights (W 39-90), all of stone, are dated to the 8th century BCE, including 24 of flint, 1 1 of limestone, two of basalt, one of alabaster and three pebbles. Flint was used for weights of both Phoenician and Mesopotamian standards (eight and 15 respectively). Among the weights on Phoenician standards, all the known varieties of the shekel values are chalk, three of hematite and one each of flint, basalt, marble and quartz, as well as a pebble and three stones of undefined kind). The Judean shekel standard appears to be represented by ten weights, but there is only one (W 169) inscribed with the loop sign and hieratic 5. The dome-shaped black stone weight W 165, with a mass of four Judean shekels (45.55 g = 4 X 11.388 g), is marked with two small cavities which appear to denominate it as two units of 22.785 g. Early weights have also been recovered as intrusive in later strata. Thirty such weights were found in Strata 8 to 5 (W 173-192) and as unstratified or surface finds (W 193-202), eight of them as fragments. Among these finds are four weights of flint, 18 of limestone, one of chalk and one pebble. It is noteworthy that among the flint weights are two small weights: W 185 of 37.80 g = 5 represented (Hultsch 1898; Lehmann-Haupt 1916).X 7.56 g and W 187 of 184.75 g = 16 x 11.547 g. Among the weights on Mesopotamian standards, The shape of the inscribed weight W 123 is a six represent the common shekel in its two ranges rectangular paralleliped, though not of angular 221 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms ter and Duncan 1926: 29-30, Fig. 23). This artifact (apparently now lost) was not recognized by the These features raised doubts as to whether the stone excavators as a scale weight. However, they found it served as a constructional element in the wall and so outstanding in shape, quality of manufacture and led to its consideration as a stone weight. size that they included in their report its precise Very large stone weights are rare. Some are measurements, a detailed description and a section fashioned as real works of sculpture, more as rotund drawing. It was a block of hard limestone in the geometric bodies, and even boulders have served shape of a frustum of cone with a slightly convex such a purpose after adjustment by chipping mantle and face, dressed with a comb pick, and with a pecking. An example of the second class will be cylindrical projection from its broader end. short discussed below. Both of the fashioned type require The excavators reported precise measurements: a) an experienced craftsman. One should thereforefor not the conical body, h 317.5 mm, d1 152.4 mm, d2 be surprised to find artifacts of simple shape being 292.1 mm; and b) for the cylindrical projection, h 50.8 mm, d 279.4 mm. To calculate the volume of prepared as large scale weights. The stone, weighed on the large Sartorius balance the artifact, the convexity of the conical part was of the Departments of Weights and Measures oftaken the into account by the method of approximate Ministry of Industry and Commerce, was found to integration based on the section drawing. volume be 18,971 g in mass. Five main spots of damageMultiplying are the total volume of seven 'slices' and sharp-cornered form; the face with the inscription is well-rounded, as are the faces of the lateral sides. discernible on the stone, causing a loss of mass; the volume of the cylindrical projection of the from plasticine complementation this loss may be cylindrical projection by the specific weight of Jerusalem limestone, the mass of the artifact estimated as about 270 g. There are additional chippings and rubbings and small flat cavities on the obtained was between 46,130 and 47,000 g. stone's surface; thus the original mass may have Such a mass corresponds to 6000 units of 7.689 g been 19,240 g. and 7.834 g respectively. In evaluating the result it Such a mass is reminiscent of a half talent of one should be noted that the lower value is higher than of the so-called 'Phoenician' shekel standards: the pym norm of 7.593 g by only 1.4%. Further, in 18,950 g = x¡2 X 37,900 g = 2500 shekels of 7.58 g calculating the convexity of the cone's surface we were 19,100 g = y2 X 38,200 g = 2500 shekels of 7.64 g limited to the dimensions taken from the 19,650 g = V 2 X 39,300 g = 2500 shekels of 7.86 section g drawing, in which the convex curves are The first standard is the norm of the Judean pym probably the result not of measurement but of the unit (7.583 g = x'n x 90.996 g), and the third is still draftsman's visual impression. Calculating the within the range of one-twelfth of the Egyptian artifact as if it were fashioned with a straight mantle deben in its later stages. In fact, our stone comprises face to its conical part gives a mass of 46,763. The 2500 units of 7.736, i.e. a pym 2% heavier than the difference between the lower value of 46,130 g and norm. the hypothetical mass of 46,763 g is great enough to Taking into account how simple accommodate it would ahave mass of 45,000 g (6000 x 7.583 g) been to fashion an available large stone whileinto still leaving a scale the conical part of the artifact weight, one must consider the possibility with a marked that some concavity. of the artifact's feature which appear Our conclusion, to us therefore, as is that this outstanding damage may have originally been part artifact of the was a stone scale weight of either 6000 pym of or were the result of adjustments to the 7.583 g ordesired 4000 Judean shekels of 11.375 g. Both mass, perhaps in a secondary stage of these itslarge production stone weights found in 1980 and in 1923or use. In such a case, we would have toconfirm take that thein the City of David there were 1925 stone at its weight as found. Dividing 18,971 g by of handling and weighing large-scale activities 2500 units, we obtain 7.588 g for the quantities unit,ofa silver. value This point was already shown surprisingly near the norm for the Judean by the recovery pym unit in Kenyon's excavations there in (7.583 g). 1963 of a large group of scale weights. As a large scale weight from the City of David, our object from Area G joins another extraordinary E. CONCLUSIONS stone weight found by Macalister and Duncan in Field 5 of their excavations in 1923-1925 (MacalisThe finds from the City of David provide a un 222 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms opportunity for investigating a very large sample of stone artifacts as to their possible use as scale weights. The weights found in the City of David excavations, joined by the finds from earlier excavations by Macalister and Duncan and by among the 'Forms of Weights' illustrated by Petrie (1926: Pis. IV, V, VII). 3. The weight was acquired in Jericho by the Jerusalem advocate Gabbay, who kindly permitted the author to have it weighed at the Department for Weights and Measures, Jerusalem. Its whereabouts are unknown Kenyon, have opened a wider view on the practice since Gabbay left Israel. of weighing in Jerusalem in the Bronze and Iron 4. It must be noted, however, that the Josippon manuAges. scripts which have come down to us contain a There is evidence that weighing on a balance was copyist's error, reading 'and the uncia 60 mishkalim,' practiced with stone weights of widely differing which is of course impossible and should be read 'and sizes. There were tiny grain weights, weights of the riti (litra) 60 mishkalim.' As the uncia of the litra (Vi2 X 273 g = 22.75 g) contains five mishkalim (22.75 shekel units and shekel multiples, as well as mina = 5 X 4.55 g), a correction of 'sixty mishkalim' to 'six weights, some of substantial mass. mishkalim' cannot be justified. For the Hebrew mina mentioned by Josephus 5. Dudu lived about 2500-2400 BCE (Woolley 1950: 52; Flavius there is now artifactual evidence. This mina, Reifler 1964: 32). The weight, now in the Ashmolean it turns out, was the descendant of a very ancient Museum, is a pear-shaped artifact, pierced at the top artifact from Sumer. The mass standards used in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Phoenicia were known in Jerusalem. The deben for suspension (see Thureau-Dangin 1921; Powell 1971: 198, 255). 6. Axial cavities were noted by Dunand on many stone of 13.65 g, the ancient Egyptian unit, must have artifacts which he did not weigh, but which may have been the origin of the 'Shekel of the Sanctuary' in been weights, and by Petrie (1886: 43); both failed to Jerusalem, with 'Beqa its half (Exod. 38:26). recognize them as a characteristic feature of scale However, despite the more than 300 weights found up to now in all excavations at the City of David, one must realize that for each century of the Iron Age we still have only relatively limited artifactual evidence for the practice of weighing. For the 8th century BCE, from which the greatest yield has come, there are 52 weights, i.e. only one weight for each two years. One must hope that future excavations make further evidence available, if special attention is paid to the recovery of such elusive artifacts, which have often been regarded as tools or weapons or have remained altogether unrecognized. weights. Petrie thought that the artifacts were hammerstones, conjecturing that 'the habit seems to have been to hold them between the thumb and the finger and not in the palm of the hand.' He noted however that 'very often old weights were thus used and many weights catalogued have thus been treated.' He did not return to this feature in his 1926 study and catalogue, though he again referred to weightstones having been used as hammerstones: 'a common fate of even the best of weights.' 7. Cf. the Mesopotamian mina of raised royal norm of 836/841 g (Hultsch 1898: 204; 1882: 400; Powell 1971). 8. In connection with the weighing of such quantities of the Eshtemo'a hoard, a talent of scrap silver (Eran 1990). NOTES 9. Activities actually continued into 1928 and information on a few finds must be added to the chapter on weights in the official report of 1929. 10. Having described and discussed his harvest of 238 1 . The investigation of flint weights in the City of David weights on fifteen pages, Macalister (1912: 278-93) excavation was not carried out as a comprehensive held it The 'hardly worth the space ... needed to follow study of the total yield of flint artifacts recovered. further the intricacies of these miracles of dishonesty' aim was to test the supposition that flint may also and concluded his effort with the remark: 'that this have served as a material for weights by applying the bewildering subject is exhausted here cannot be usual criteria for a scale weight (a geometrical or claimed.' otherwise deliberate shape, the presence of a base, and 1 1well . The author wishes to record his thanks to the Director a surface treatment making diminution as as deterioration recognizable), and finally by weighing of the Institute of Archaeology, London, for facilitatthe selected object and checking its mass against ing his one study of these weights. of the known mass standards. The selection was aimed 12. The few remaining pieces in the collections of the at objects of no more than mina size. Institute of Archaeology, London, and the forgotten 2. Cf. the numerous outlines of dome-shaped weights group in Jerusalem (now in the collections of the Israel 223 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Antiquities Authority) are included in this study. 13. Weights of similar shape and mass to W* 222 are known from Egypt, where they represented two deben (or 20 kite) of the (new) deben/kite standard first introduced under the 18th Dynasty (see e.g. Petrie 1926: Catalogue of Weights No. 3227: 181.39 g; No. 3232: 181.60 g; and 3237: 181.71 g, all of basalt). 14. The ellipsoidal stone weight illustrated by Duncan (1931: plate facing p. 219, bottom row, second from right), stated to have had a mass of 1810 g, cannot be 15. Cf. W* 228 (454.50 g), inscribed with the looped sign and the hieratic numeral 50. 16. The artifact (Israel Museum No. 57-703, R1670) was investigated in 1974 by the author with the kind permission of the curator Ruth Hestrin. It is a fivesided prism of soft limestone with an adjustment cavity at its base. In its present state, damaged at four of its corners, it weighs [81.28 g] and originally weighed ca. 95 g as established by plasticine complementation. The statement by Stern (1982: 216) as to identical with W* 230 as its original mass is uncertain. its mass cannot be maintained. The weight represents He reported it to have 'lost one inch diameter at one spot' (whatever that phrase means); and on p. 222 he states its 'loss' to have amounted to both 290 g and 12 pym-deben of a late period, a deben of a size observed in Egypt from the 26th Dynasty onwards (Petrie 1926; Hemmy 1937: 39, Table 10; Porten 1968: 68). 190 g. CATALOGUE* A. THE EARLY WEIGHTS FROM THE CITY OF DAVID EXCAVATIONS 1978-1985 (W 1-202) Stratum 18 I. WEIGHTS FOUND IN STRATA 20-9 Stratum 20 Area E3 Area El W 4. L. 1386; El/9503; Fig. 31:8. Hard gray stone; irregular pyramid on base of half-elliptical outline with large bored cavity showing pressure rubbing (from secondary W 1. L. 2480; E3/19288; Fig. 31:1. Fl; globoid with ellipuse?); tical horizontal section, pecked surface, small split base; h part of mantle face plane; some damage; h 41.4 mm, base 37.5 x 40 mm. 63 mm, d 71/62 mm. g]ca. 102 g = 78x816 g = 15 x 6.80 g = Ys x 510 g 408.70 g = l/2x 817.40 g = 50 x 8.174 g = 30 x 13.623[95.80 g = 10 x 10.20 g = 8/5o x 637.50 g = 8 x 12.75 g W 5. L. 1648; El/10966. Fl; globe, pecked surface, split base; h 60 mm, d 66/64 mm. Area El 353 g = 72 x 706.60 g = 25 x 14.32 g = 50 x 7.066 g W 2. L. 1400; El/9975; Fig. 31:2. Hard 1st; stele-shaped, W 62 6. L. base split to a flat surface; damaged; h 86 mm, base x 648; El/14309. Fl; angular globe, pecked surface, split base; h 56 mm, d 70/67 mm. [73 + ] mm, top 62 x 48 mm. 347.80 g = 72 x 695.60 g = 25 x 13.912 g = 30 x [626.50 g] ca. 672.50 g = 80 x 8.406 g = 50 x 13.45 g 11.593 g W 3. L. 1400; El/10172. Lst; triangular plate; slight daW 7. L. 1648; El/14323/2. Fl; low dsh, pecked surface, mage; h 20.7/17 mm; sides 30/30/31.2 mm. [16.10 g] ca. 16.40 g = 2/ioo x 820 g = 2 x 8.20 g split base; h 48 mm, d 60/61 mm. Strata 20-19 * Designation: the letter W designates a weight from the City either estimated or determined by plasticine complementa- of David excavations in 1978-1985, while W* designates a tion and calculation based on the relevant specific gravity weight found in one of the earlier excavations on the Ophel values, the resultant value of the original mass is qualified and elsewhere in Jerusalem by Macalister and Duncan, Crowfoot and Fitzgerald, Kenyon and others. Abbreviations: 1st: limestone; fl: flint; dsh: dome shape; fed: frustum of cone, inverted and domed; d: diameter; h: height; 1: length; w: width. Dimensions: in order to indicate the degree of sphericity of rotund artifacts, two diameters have been measured and recorded at right angles, e.g. W 45: d 63/53.5 mm; W 10: 46.4/46 mm; W 12: 68/68 mm. Original mass: for fragmentary or damaged weights the value of their extant mass in grams is placed in square by the term 'ca.' Every unit value in the metrological equations for such weights is to be understood accordingly. During preparation of the stratigraphie reports, changes continue to be made in stratum designations for certain loci. Since this catalogue is organized and numbered by strata, it was impossible to take account of a number of changes made while the volume was in press. Note, however, the following revisions: W 37 (Stratum 12), W 39 (Stratum 0), W 135 (Stratum 147-12B), W 182 (Stratum 5), W 191 (Stratum 6). The revised stratum designations are given in the Concordance. brackets. Where the original mass of such weights has been 224 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 232.10 g = 73x696.30 g = 20 x 11.605 g = V2x464.10 g = 15x 15.473 g = 30x7.737 g 286.60 g = 72x573.20 g = 30x9.553 g = 73x859.80 g = 20 x 14.33 g W 8. L. 1662; El/ 10842. Lst; small fragment of weight; Stratum 17 form and dimensions cannot be established with certainty (egg- or dome-shaped). Area El [25 g] W 9. L. 1662; El/10851; Fig. 31:9. Fl; faceted spheroid, pecked and ground all over; has lost a few chips; h 68 mm, d 74/73 mm. [503.40 g] ca. 504.90 g = 60 x 8.415 g W 10. L. 1689; El/14519; Fig. 31:3. Made from fl spheroid by splitting off large chunks, adjusted by knapping around rim; h 45 mm, d 46.4/46 mm. 222.30 g = 72 x 444.60 g = 15 x 14.82 g = 30 x 7.41 g W 11. L. 2042; El /16235. Lst; fragment of grain-shaped weight; finely polished, about 55-60% of original mass; mid-section 25.5/27 mm; extant 1 ca. 33 mm. [33.35 g] ca. 57.00 g = 5/so x 570 g = 5 x 11.40 g W 21. L. 1637; El/10613. Fl; half-globe, pecked, base split; mass adjusted by flaking around base rim; h 51.3 mm, d 80.7/79.4 mm. 423.40 g = 72 x 846 g = 50 x 8.468 g = 30 x 14.113 g W 22. L. 2135; El/19509; Fig. 32:2. Gray-white stone; drum shape, with straight mantle face and well-rounded rims; one base nearly flat, the other slightly concave; mini- mal damage; h 11.3 mm, d 18.8/18.3 mm. 5.86 g = 10/20 x 11.72 g = 10x0.586 g A part weight 2.3% above the Mesopotamian silver norm of 1 1 .46 g, perhaps intentionally so, as weighing of such a small quantity of silver particles possibly covered with dirt and corrosion must have been difficult. W 12. L. 2161; El/19616; Fig. 31:4. Fl; low globe, pecked W 23. L. 2135; El/19804; Fig. 32:3. Ellipsoidal pebble; h 12.7 mm, d 38/28.4 mm. surface, large split base; two spots chipped off; h 59 mm, d 68/68 mm. Area E3 [369 g]ca. 371.50g = 72x743g = 25xl4.86g = 50x7.43g W 13. L. 2161; El/21583; Fig. 31:5. Fl; cuboid or spheroid with three facets at right angle, one serving as base; intact; h 62.5 mm, d 61.5/59 mm. 28.18 g = 2/ so x 704.50 g = 2 x 14.09 g W 24. L. 1962; E3/1 8846/1; Fig. 34:1. Fl; faceted spheroid, pecked all over except at split base; h 61 mm, d 64/65 mm. 333 g = 72 x 666 g = 25 x 13.32 g = 50 x 6.66 g Stratum 16 342.50 g = 72 x 685 g = 30x11.417 g = 25x 13.70 g W 14. L. 2161; El/21638; Fig. 31:6. Lst; irregular conoid globoid with base; superficial surface damage; h 36.5 mm, d 36/39 mm. 75.60 g = 7s x 378 g = 7io x 756 g W 15. L. 2169; El/19717; Fig. 31:7. Fl; globoid made by flaking and pecking; flat base; h 63.5 mm, d 76/73 mm. 455.10 g = 2/3 x 682.65 g = 40 x 11.378 g = 3/sx 758.50 g = 60x7.585 g W 16. L. 2177; El/19767; Fig. 32:1. Fl; cuboid pecked into shape with three facets remaining from surface of blank; h 68 mm, d 68/71.4 mm. 524.40 g = 2/3x 786.60 g = 40x13.11 g = 50x10.488 g = 60 x 8.74 g W 17. L. 2616; E 1/2 1656. Fl; globe, surface pecked, nearly flat base formed by flaking off opposite faces; h 67 mm, d 67/73 mm. 493 g = 60 x 8.223 g Area D2 W 25. L. 1891; D2/13753; Fig. 33:12. Basalt; rhomboid block; rough finish prevents determination of preservation; h 26 mm, d 42/42 mm. 46.30 g = 72 x 92.60 g = 5x9.26g = 4x 11.575 g = 6x 7.717 g Area G W 26. L. 915; G 11366. Black stone; half-grain shape with base; pointed end shows traces of percussion, no damage discernible; h 36.5 mm, 1 49/46 mm, d 38 mm. 114.40 g = 74x457.60 g = 15/i2x91.52g = 15x7.627 g W 27. L. 1118; G 17522. Gray-brown pebble; superficial damage; h 29.6 mm, d 37/34.6 mm. [51.50 g] ca. 51.80 g = Vio x 518 g = 5 x 10.36 g Stratum 15 Area Dl W 28. L. 450; Dl/13267; Fig. 32:4. Fl; multifaceted globe, pecked surface, split base; h 55 mm, d 58/57 mm. W 18. L. 1974; E3/19010. Fl; faceted globoid, pecked 258.60 all g = 72 x 517.20 g = 25 x 10.344 g over, small ground base, edges nicely ground; h 64 mm, d 72/69 mm. Stratum 14 429.30 g = 72 x 858.60 g = 50 x 8.586 g = 30 x 14.31 g Area E3 W 19. L. 2429; E3/19166. Fl; irregular globoid/cuboid, split and pecked with pronounced base; h 64.4 mm, d 67.7/69.1 mm. 423.50 g = 72x847 g = 50x8.47 g = 30x14.117 g Strata 18-17 Area Dl W 29. L. 432; Dl/12724; Fig. 32:5. Hard 1st; low dsh with base, horizontal section slightly ellipsoidal; h 16.8 mm, d 26.4/25.5 mm. 16.90 g = 2/ioo x 845 g = 2 x 8.45 g = 3/i2ox676g = V/ix 11.267 g Area D2 Area El W 30. L. 2357; D2/20394; Fig. 32:6. Chalk; cylinder made W 20. L. 1652; El/10641. Fl; faceted cuboid, pecked and by paring with knife, two axial cavities; damaged, estiground all over except for small area retaining cortex mated of loss ca. 4 g; 1 57.6 mm, d 35.4/33.8 mm. [66.80 g] ca. 67.50 g = 8/ioo x 843.75 g = 8 x 8.438 g = 6/óo blank; h 60.7 mm, d 60.5/61.2 mm. 225 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 160.80 g = 2/iox 804g - 2x80.40 g = 20x8.04 g = 12 x X 675 g = 6 X 11.25 g = 5/so x 675 g = 5 x 13.50 g = 10 x 6.75 g 13.40 g Area El Area Dl W 31. L. 1616; El/10265; Fig. 32:7. Ellipsoidal pebble; smooth surface; h 17.3/18.40 mm, d 40/36 mm. 38.95 g = 3 x 12.983 g = 6 x 6.492 g W 42. L. 317; Dl/981; Fig. 32:13. Chalk; roughly shaped elliptical cylinder with axial cavities in both end faces; h 32 mm, d 40/31 mm. 56.70 g = 712 x 680.40 g = 5 x 11.34 g = V/i x 7.56 g W 32. L. 1643; El/10531; Fig. 34:2. Fl; spheroid, pecked, reshaped by splitting to flat ellipsoid; h 49.5 mm, d 67.1/ W 43. L. 419; Dl/12624; Fig. 32:14. Hard 1st; ellipsoid; surface corroded, some damage; 1 50 mm, d 45/39 mm. 254.10 g = 73 x 762.30 g = 20 x 12.705 g = 30x8.47 g = [110.60 g] ca. 114.10 g = 10/ 60 x 684.60 g = 10 x 11.41 g 25x 10.164 g W 44. L. 429; Dl/12579. Fl; globe, pecked surface, small W 33. L. 1651; El/10648; Fig. 32:8. Fl; faceted globe with flat base; no damage discernible; h 65 mm, d 66/67 mm. well-rounded ridges; h 53 mm, d 61 mm. 381.70 g = 72x763.40 g = 50x7.634 g 254.40 g = Vsx763.20 g = 20 x 12.72 g = 72 x 508.80 g = W 45. L. 431; Dl/12633. Fl; spheroid, pecked surface, 30x8.48 g = 25x 10.176 g roughly split base; h 52 mm, d 66/62 mm. W 34. L. 1658; El/ 10799; Fl; made by splitting a globoid 271.90g = 3x90.63 g = 30x9.063g = 20x 13.595g = 2/s into two halves, one half-spheroidal part adjusted by x 679.75 g = 24x 1 1.329 g = 36x7.553 g knapping/flaking around rim of circular fracture face; h W 46. L. 456; Dl/13266; Fig. 33:1. Pebble; irregular shape 41 mm, d 82/83 mm. approaching kind of dsh; no damage discernible; h 54 342.90 g = 72 x 685.80 g = 30x 11.43 g = 25x13.716 g 64.5 mm. W 35. L. 2076; El/16918. Fl; cuboid, nearly spheroid, pecked all over; h 58 mm, d 58/58 (over flat areas), d 60/60 (over corners). 295.70 g = 73 x 887.10 g = 20 x 14.785 g Area E3 mm, d 63/53.5 mm. 283.50 g = 73x850.50 g = 20 x 14.175 g = 40 x 7.088 g = 3 x 94.50 g = 30 x 9.45 g W 47. L. 456; Dl/13245; Fig. 32:15. Brown stone; irregular low dsh with concave base; h 25.4 mm, d 35/35 mm. 47 g = 72x94 g = 4 x 11.75 g = 6x7.833 g W 36. L. 1992; E3/ 15971; Fig. 32:9. Lst; globoid without W 48. L. 468; Dl/13288; Fig. 33:2. Fl; faceted spheroid, base; perfect preservation; d 40/39/35.5 mm. pecked all over; h 53 mm, d (over facets) 54/54 mm, d 71.95 g = 7io x 719.50 g = 5 x 14.39 g (over angles) 55/52 mm. W 37. L. 1957; E3/ 19009; Fig. 32:10. Hematite; grain222.20 g = 72 x 444.40 g = 30 x 7.407 g shape with flat base and flat ends; 1 25.5 mm, mid-section W 49. L. 469; Dl/13297; Fig. 33:3. Brown stone; ellipsoid, d 15/12.4 mm, base 8.5 x 20 mm. finely polished; good preservation; h 28 mm, 1 34 mm, 11.86 g = 7óox711.60 g = 5/6x 14.232 g breadth 29 mm. Stratum 13 24.85 g = 2 x 12.425 g = 3 x 8.283 g W 50. W. 526; Dl/13326; Fig. 34:4. Lst; half-sphere; damage at base and base rim; h 17.5 mm, d 35.5 mm. W 38. L. 1896; D2/14172; Fig. 32:11. Basalt; wedge shape; g] ca. 46.83 g = 72 x 93.66 g = 6 x 7.805 g damaged; 1 55 mm, thickness 21.5 x 15.5 mm/31.5 x[45.33 27 Area D2 mm. W 51. W. 187; D1 /13336. Pebble; ellipsoid, worked [67.60 g] ca. 68.40 g = 710 x 684 g = 5 x 13.68 g = 10 x around part of rim; h 10.5 mm, d 23.3/19.8 mm. 6.84 g = 3/4 x 91.20 g = 6 x 11.40 g 6.35 g = 7 100 x 635 g - 72 x 12.70 g Stratum 12 Area D2 W 52. L. 1859; D2/13580. Hard 1st; fragment of large grain-shâped weight; length of fragment 92 mm, d (max) W 39. L. 129; B 364/1; Fig. 32:12. Hard stone; faceted 46/41.5 mm; original length possibly approximately 110 globoid with base; pair of bored holes (d 2 mm) about mm, but too uncertain to determine original mass. two thirds up mantle face, perhaps a mark for 'two' or [259.20 g] 'half; h 66.5 mm, d max 63/63 mm. W 338.20g = 2x 169.10g = 72x676.40 g = 20x 16.91 g = 453. L. 1876; D2/13624; Fig. 33:4. Hard 1st; disc made damage in two or three spots; h 21/20 mm, d x 84.50 g = 4/io x 845.50 g = 40 x 8.455 g - 3/s x 563.60by g splitting; = 51/46 mm. 30x 11.273 g = 74x 1352.80 g = 25x 13.528 g [89 g] ca. 89.50 g = 8x11.188 g = 12x7.458 g W 40. L. 111A; B 411. Fl; globe with numerous facets; h W 54. L. 1887; D2/13762; Fig. 34:5. Gray pebble; good 67 mm, d 72/72 mm. 460.10g = 5 x 92.02 g = 50x9.202g = 40x 11.503 g =preservation; h 25 mm, d 32/27 mm. 33.40 g = 3/50 x 556.67 g = 3x11. 133 g = 4/óox501g = 4 60 x 7.668 g x 8.35 g W 41. L. 114A; B 480; Fig. 34:3. Basalt; truncated cone, Area El marked on mantle face near base rim with bored cavity (d W 55. L. 640; El/3853; Fig. 33:5. Yellow-gray stone; irre3.5 mm) and opposite with pair of similar holes (d 2.5 gular dsh, base split and partly flattened by pecking; h mm); some trace of (later?) use as rubber; h 40 mm, d 44.5 mm, d 57/57 mm. max 52.5/51.5 mm. Area B 226 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 207.70 g = 20/ so X 519.25 g - 20 x 10.385 g = 25/ioo x 830.80 g - 25 x 8.308 g W 56. L. 680A; El/9259/1. Fl; globoid, pecked surface, provided with base by splitting away one large and one small segment; h 60 mm, d 74/73.5 mm. 420.10 g = 50/ioo x 840.20 g = 50 x 8.402 g W 57. L. 1272; El/6375; Fig. 34:6. Fl; roughly multifaceted globe; dimensions 61.5 x 66 x 65 mm. 391.70 g = 72x783.40 g = 50x7.834 g W 58. L. 1274; El/6394; Fig. 33:6. Fl; faceted globoid, pecked surface, split base; h 55 mm, d (over facets) 58/ 56 mm, d (over angles) 61/60.5 mm. 272.60 g = 3x90.867 g = 24x 11.358 g = 20x 13.63 g W 59. L. 1275; El/6437; Fig. 33:7. Fl; globoid, mantle face pecked, two split facets, either of which could have served as base; h 53/49 mm, d 67/62.5 mm. 304 g = 25/50 x 608g = 25x12. 16 g = 30/sox 506.67 g = 30 x 10.133 g W 60. L. 1293; El/8632; Fig. 34:7. Fl; globe, pecked surface, split base; h 61 mm, d 63/62 mm. 335.50 g = 72 x 671 g = 25 x 13.42 g = 50x6.71 g = 4/iox 838.80 g = 40x8.388 g W 61. L. 1303; El/7982; Fig. 34:8. Fl; cuboid, pecked all over; dimensions 57.4 x 56 x 61.5 mm. 322.20 g = 30/50 x 5 3 7 g = 30 x 10.74 g W 62. L. 1303; El/8498; Fig. 34:9. Fl; cuboid with base, pecked all over; dimensions 53 x 54 x 54 mm. 214.30 g = 20/ so x 535.70 g = 20 x 10.715 g W 63. L. 1303; El /8538/1; Fig. 33:8. Mottled gray stone; spheroid; minimal damage; h 28 mm, d 36/35.4 mm. [45.10 g]ca. 45.60 g = 72x91.20 g = 4 x 11.40 g = 6x 7.60 g W 64. L. 1303; El/8538/2. Fl; faceted globoid, split base; intact; d (over angles) 62/62.5/62 mm. 323.10 g = 30/5ox 538.50 g = 30x10.77 g = 4/iox 807.80 g = 40 x 8.078 g W 65. L. 1303; El/8538/3. Fl; globoid, pecked all over, split base; intact; dimensions 58 x 66 x 65 mm. W 70. L. 1325; El/8549; Fig. 33:11; Pl. 14:2. Brown 1st; spheroid roughly made with numerous facets, separating rims rounded, one facet serving as base; h 19 mm, d 20.6/ 21 mm. 11.55 g = 78 x 92.40 g = 1 x 11.55 g W 71. L. 1325; El/8579; Fig. 33:13. Dark gray stone; ellipsoidal shape, made with many facets, separating rims rounded, two wide-angled facets serving as base; h 14.5 mm, d 18.5/18 mm. 7.15 g = 7i5 x 107.25 g = 2/3 x 10.725 g = 1 x 7.15 g W 72. L. 1604; El/10176; Fig. 34:10. Lst; domed cylindrical drum, some facets of shaping process still discernible, flat base; h 8 mm, d 12 mm. 1.70 g = 3/2o x 11.333 g = 3/24 x 13.60 g = 3 x 0.5667 g W 73. L. 1604; El/10430; Fig. 34:11. Soft 1st; globe; no damage discernible; h 32 mm, d 38/35 mm. 41.90 g = 720X838g = 5x8.38 g = 4/sox 523.75 g = 4x 10.475 g W 74. L. 1604 and L. 1646; El/10528 and El/10766; Fig. 34:12. Alabaster; two fragments of disc with central biconical hole, d 24.5/9 mm; found in two spots, conjoining and restored; h 27.5 mm, d 57.5/58 mm; original mass determined by plasticine complementation and calcula- tion. [102.40 g] ca. 135 g = 10 x 13.50 g = 20 x 6.75 g W 75. L. 1604; El/16066. Fl; cuboid, pecked all over; dimensions (over facets) 58 x 58 x 59 mm. 316 g = 30/5o x 526.67 g = 30 x 10.533 g W 76. L. 1618; El/10270; Fig. 34:13. Chalk; roughly fashioned into stele shape either for standing or lying; negligible damage; h 67 mm, base 41 x 35 mm. 113.20 g = 10x11.32 g = 15x7.547 g W 77. L. 1650; El/14596; Fig. 34:14. Gray-brown stone; ellipsoid; dimensions 24 x 30 x 28.3 mm. 27.90 g = 2x13.95 g = 3x 9.30 g W 78. L. 1670A; El/10965. Fl; globoid, horizontal section roughly five-sided; d 65/63 mm. 397.70 g = 72 x 795.40 g = 25 x 15.908 g = 40 x 9.943 g = 35 x 10.014 g W 79. L. 2015; El/16060. Fl; faceted globoid, pecked all over, split base; h 51.4 mm, d 56/56 mm. 231.70g = 73x695. 10 g = 20x 11.585g = 30x7.723g = W 66. L. 1303; El /8540. Fl; globoid with base made by splitting off chunk and adjusting by knapping all around W 80. L. 2015; El/16248; Fig. 34:15; Pl. 14:3. Lst; globoid 350.50 g = 4 x 87.625 g = 40 x 8.763 g = 35/so x 500.70 g new rim; h 47/43 mm, d 66/63 mm. 258.90 g = 3 x 86.30 g = 30 x 8.63 g = 25/so x 517.80 g = 25x 10.356 g W 67. L. 1303; E 1/8462; Fig. 33:9. Hard gray stone; wedge shape with flat base; little damage at both ends, loss ca. 3.50 g; dimensions 35x78x53 mm. [208. 10 g]ca. 21 1.60 g = 25/ioox 846.40 g = 25x8.464 g = 20/50 x 529 g = 20 x 10.58 g with small base; a few tiny cavities appear to be natural; h 29.6 mm, d 32/31.4 mm. 37.40 g = 5/ì2 x 89.76 g = 5 x 7.48 g W 81. L. 2015; El/16439; Fig. 35:1. Hard 1st; fragment (slice) of dsh weight, part of mantle face of possibly a 40shekel weight; h 47.5 mm, 1 47.1 mm, w 16 mm; original height more than 48 mm. [57 g] W 68. L. 1322; E 1/9445/1. Fl; pecked into cuboid; intact; dimensions 65x72x72 mm. 459.30 g = 5x91.86 g = 50x9.186 g = 40x11.483 g = 60 x 7.655 g 72x463.40 g = 25x9.268 g W 82. L. 2107; El/16942; Fig. 35:2. Fl; faceted spheroid with well-rounded corners and rims; h 52.5 mm, d 54/58 mm. 238.50 g = 72 x 477 g = 25 x 9.55 g W 83. L. 2601; El/21509; Fig. 35:3. Fl; faceted globo W 69. L. 1322; El/9445/3; Fig. 33:10; Pl. 14:1. Gray veined stone; irregular pyramidal shape; little damage, split base, other surfaces pecked all over; h 53.5 mm, d 62 mm. loss ca. 0.20 g; h 23 mm, d 35 mm. [33.95 g]ca. 34.15g = 3/sx 91.07 g = 3xll.383g = 2l/2x 273.10 g = 3 x 91.03 g = 30 x 9.103 g = 24 x 11.379 g = 2/5 x 682.75 g = 20 x 13.655 g 13.66 g = 5x6.83 g 227 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms W 96. L. 1310; El/9134; Fig. 35:8; PL 14:5. Hard yellow W 84. L. 1450; E2/7374. Fl; cuboid, pecked surface, some 1st; dsh, flat base; inscribed with unusual loop imitation and two unit strokes; few spots of damage; h 20.5 mm, d natural cavities; h 59.9 mm, d 58.8/58.6 mm. 316.90g = V2X633.80 g = 25x 12.676g = 50x6.338g =16.7/16.8 mm; base d 16 mm. [22.80 g] ca. 23.20 g = 2/s x 92.80 g = 2 x 1 1.60 g 30 X 10.563 g One cannot determine whether this irregularly inscribed W 85. L. 1500; E2/12179/1; Fig. 35:4. Fl; faceted spheroid, weight was deliberately given a mass substantially above split concave base; h 57 mm, d 59/60.5 mm. the shekel norm or was bungled. 292.90 g = Va X 878.70 g = 20 x 14.645 g = 40 x 7.323 g W 97. L. 1609; El/14684; Fig. 35:9. Lst; pebble with base; W 86. L. 1500; E2/12179/2. Fl; spheroidal segment, intact; h 31 mm, d 49/39 mm. ground base, rim knapped around for mass adjustment; 87.40 g = 8 x 10.925 g = 6/so x 728.30 g = 6 x 14.567 g = h 38.8 mm, d 77.7/72.6 mm. 12 x 7.283 g = 8/ so x 546.25 g = 8 x 10.925 g 283.60 g = Va x 850.80 g = 20 x 14.18 g = 40 x 7.09 g W 98. L. 1679; El/14525; Fig. 35:10. Gray stone; ellipsoid, W 87. L. 1670; E2/10965. Fl; faceted globoid; intact. ground, one rather flat side serving as base; h 29 mm, d 397.70 g = 72x795.40 g = 50x7.954 g = 25 x 15.908 g = 47.5/47.5 mm. 30 x 13.257 g = 60x6.628 g 59.50 g = 4/5o x 743.75 g = 4 x 14.875 g = 8 x 7.438 g Area E 2 Area E 3 W 99. L. 1679; El/14546; Fig. 35:11. Soft 1st; globoid, cut W 88. L. 1901B; E3/15517; Fig. 30:4 (Chapter IV). Soft and pecked, but somewhat angular; surface corroded; di- 1st; fragment of grain-shaped weight, fashioned by paringmensions 36.4 x 35 mm. parallel to axis, extant end cut flat; d (max) 49.5/51 mm, 49.25 g = 6 x 8.208 g extant 1 104 mm. This fragment is also discussed by HoW 100. W. 248; El/5957; Fig. 35:12. Hard 1st; grainvers, this volume, Chapter IV. shaped; damage in four spots with loss calculated from [357.40 g] plasticine complementation ca. 87 g; h 108 mm, 1 220 mm, width of middle part 133/144/123 mm. W 89. L. 1934; E3/15829; Fig. 35:5. Basalt disc; approach[5350 g]ca. 5437 g = 8 x 679.63 g = 400 x 13.593 g = 480 ing low dsh, pecked and ground, some natural small cavx 11.327 g = 10x543.70 g = 500 x 10.874 g ities; h 31/27 mm, d 48/47.5 mm. 104.50 g = 10/ 50 x 522.50 g = 10 x 10.45 g Strata 11-10 Strata 12-11 Area El W 101. L. 658; El/3934; Fig. 35:13. Soft 1st; roughly ellipsoidal cushion shape, with flat cavities at end of short W 90. L. 1873; D2/13595; Fig. 35:6. Soft 1st; conical pyraxis; no damage discernible; h 48.5 mm, d 76/67 mm. amid on rectangular base with 'corners' and well-rounded 295.20 g = 20/50 x 738 g = 20 x 14.76 g = 40 x 7.38 g rim; slight damage around base rim; h 44 mm, maximal Area E3 horizontal section 39 x 34 mm, less than fair preservation. [55.30 g] ca. 56.30 g = Vio x 563 g = 5 x 11.26 g =W 10102. x L. 658; El/5965; Fig. 35:14. Basalt; disc with wellrounded mantle face; damage with loss of ca. 1 g; h 26.5 5.63 g mm, d 58/55 mm. [134.60 g]ca. 135.60g = lV2x90.40g = 12/öox678g = 12 Stratum 11 Area D2 x 1.30 g = 10/ 50 x 678 g = 10 x 13.56 g Area El W 103. L. 2402/2; E3/19079. Soft 1st; short grain shape; h W 91. L. 571; E 1/2746. Soft 1st; dise; damage around 24.6 mm, 1 32.3 mm, width 21.3 mm. mantle face; h 20/16.4 mm, d 35/33.5 mm. 22.20 g = 3/i2x88.80 g = 3x7.40 g = 3/ioox740g = IV2X [28.80 g] ca. 29.20 g = 4/100 x 730 g = 2 x 14.60 14.80 g = 4 g x 7.30 g W 92. L. 571; E 1/2808. Soft 1st; roughly cylindrical, to be placed with axis horizontally; small cavities bored in both end faces; 1 37 mm, d 37/30 mm. 38.40 g = 3/óox768g = 3x 12.80 g = 5/i2x92.16g = 5x 7.68 g W 93. L. 1259; El/6329. Fl; globoid, pecked all over; intact; h 58 mm, d 65/61.5 mm. 325.20 g = 30/50 x 542 g - 30 x 10.849 g Stratum 10 Area El W 104. L. 686; E 1/5894. Fl; cuboid, pecked to shape; no damage discernible; dimensions 55 x 55 x 57 mm. 265.80 g = V2 x 531.60 g = 25 x 10.632 g W 105. L. 1312; El/8449. FI; globoid, split concave base; h 48 mm, d 60/59 mm. 238.70 g = V2 x 477.40 g = 25 x 9.548 g W 94. L. 1293 A; El/8632. Fl; globoid, small split base; h W 106. L. 1355; El /9064/1; Fig. 35:15. White chalk; irre60.1 mm, d 62.4 mm. gular truncated pyramid with trapezoidal base; no da335.50 g = V2 x 671 g = 25 x 13.42 g = 30 x 11.183 g mage discernible; mass 1.47% above norm value; h 63 mm, base 40 x 40/25 mm, top 38 x 26 mm. W 95. L. 1309; El/8435; Fig. 35:7; PL 14:4. Hematite; 138.50 g = 10/5ox 692.50 g = 10x13.85 g = P/2 x 92.33 g small irregular cone with tiny bored cavity in mantle face = 12 x 11.542 g as distinguishing mark; intact; h 20.8 mm, midsection 14 x 10.5 mm, base 12 x 7.5 mm. W 107. L. 1355; El/9288; Fig. 36:1. Fl; half spheroid, roughly fashioned, split flat base, rim roughly rounded; 6.70 g = V loo x 670 g = V2 x 13.40 g = 1 x 6.70 g 228 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms in one spot a little damage; h 36.8 mm, d 72.2/70.5 mm. 280.30g = 3x93.43g = 30x9.343g = V2x560.60g = 25 X 11.212 g W 108. L. 1621; El/10153; Fig. 36:2. Fl; globoid, pecked surface with split base and top chipped flat; a few chips could be damage; h 63 mm, d 68/68.5 mm. [401.20 g]ca. 406 g = 72x812 = 50x8.12g = 3/sx 676.70 g = 30 X 13.533 g W 109. L. 1636; El/10671; Fig. 36:3. Fl; cuboid, pecked all over; small flat cavity in base; intact; 54 x 62 x 60 mm. 300.15 g = 40/ioo x 750.40 g = 40 x 7.504 g W 110. L. 1663; El/10872/1; Fig. 36:4. Fl; faceted spheroid, pecked all over, small split flat base; h 63 mm, d (over angles and corners) 68/69 mm. 394.30 g = 72 x 788.60 g = 25 x 15.772 g = 50 x 7.886 g See Hultsch 1898: 144 ff. on this unit of Tyre and Carthage, here 1% above the known norm of 7.86 g. W 111. L. 2155; El/19526; Fig. 36:5. Hard 1st; globoid, large flat base, horizontal section somewhat quadrangular; h 40 mm, d 60/60 mm. 205.65g = 72x41 1.30 g = 25x8.226g = 2/sx514.13g = 20 x 10.283 g W 112. L. 2159; El/19658; Fl; multifaceted globoid with any facet serving as base, pecked all over; intact; h 48.5 mm, d (over corners) 64/64 mm. 400 g = 72x800 g = 50 x 8.00 g = 3/sx 666.70 g = 30x W 120. L. 784; G 4509; Fig. 36:9; PI. 14:7. Lst; fragment of dsh weight, base finely polished, sharp edge between base and mantle face; dimensions of fragment 13 x 15 x 6.5 mm. W 121. L. 784; G 4520. Fl; flat ellipsoid, partly pecked, partly split, no damage discernible; h 54/43 mm, d 95.83 mm. 587.60 g = 2/3 x 881.40 g = 40 x 14.69 g = 80 x 7.34 W 122. L. 790; G 4567; Fig. 36:10; PI. 14:8. Lst; dsh; marked with looped sign and unit stroke much shorter than sign; very slightly damaged; h 17 mm, d (max) 29.9 mm, d (base) 21.8 mm. [11.56 g] ca. 11.60 g = 78 x 92.40 g = ï/6o x 696 g = 1 x 11.60 g W 123. L. 790; G 4809; Fig. 39:16. Large inscribed 1st weight (?) from the debris of the 'House of AhieP (Shiloh 1984: 18, Figs. 20, 25); inscription read by Prof. J. Naveh (forthcoming; IN 15) as: I I I ;(twice) nobib Paralleliped with all edges and corners and both end-face well rounded; some damage with loss of about 270 g; dimensions 325 x219x 145/153 mm. [18,971 g] ca. 19,240 g = 72 x 38,680 g = 2500 x 7.736 g If however the block was already damaged when its mas was adjusted as a weight: 18,971 g = 72 x 37,942 g = 250 x 7.588 g, a mass value practically identical with the pym unit (7.583 g). See discussion in text, Section D.III. 13.333 g W 124. L. 791; G 4728; Fig. 36:11; PI. 14:9. Lst; dsh, bas very slightly concave and in its center faintly scratche lines; base rim rubbed; a chip lost; h 36.8 mm, d 54/5 W 113. L. 1574; E3/12951. Basalt; well-rounded cone; mm. possibly minimal loss; h 35 mm, d 49/44 mm. [181.20 g]ca. 181.80 g = 2x90.90 g = 16x 11.363 g 111.90g = 15/i2x89.52g = 15x7.46 g Area E3 W of 125. L. 791; G 4736; Pl. 14:10. Light-colored ellips W 114. L. 1585; E3/13034; Fig. 36:6. Hard 1st; fragment pebble; dimensions 44.2 x 24 mm. dsh weight; in its base a little lead filling; d 43.3/42 mm, h (extant maximum) 31.5 mm; original mass calculated51 g = 5/50 x 510 g = 5 x 10.20 g from plasticine complementation. W 126. L. 792; G 4825/1; Fig. 36:12. Ellipsoidal pebb [78.35 g] ca. 91.26 g = 8/óo x 684.45 g = 8 x 11.408 g 14.6 mm, d 34.5/30 mm. 22.65 g = 2/8 x 90.60 g = > x 679.50 g = 2 x 11.32 W 115. L. 1599; E3/ 19044. Goethite module; some facets appear rubbed and have become flat; minimal damage in W 127. L. 792; G 4884. Fl; nicely pecked spheroid, one spot; d 15/13.5 mm. and ground base; h 58 mm, d 65/64 mm. 4.47 g = 8/24 x 13.41 g = 2/3 x 6.705 g = 8 x 0.5587 g 348 g = 72x696 g = 30 x 11.60 g = 25x 13.92 g W 116. L. 1956; E3/15897. Hematite nodule; h 24.5 mm, d W 128. L. 798; G 4660; Fig. 36:13. Fl; smooth-faced 25/24 mm. cretion, ellipsoidal shape; at ends of long axis trac 25.15 g = 7ioo x 838.33 g = 3 x 8.383 g pounding causing small loss of material; dimensions Area G 78.5 x 65.5 mm. W 117. L. 773; G 4727; Fig. 36:7; PI. 14:6. Hard 1st with[326.70 g] ca. 328.20 g = 4%o x 492.30 g = 20 x 16.41 g = 40 x 8.205 g red crust; dsh; two round spots scratched through red crust (d 3 mm), probably a mark indicating 'two units'; W 129. L. 799; G 4692; Fig. 36:14. Fl; globe, roughly superficial damage and some incrustation; h 19 mm, d 27/ pecked into kind of low dsh with split base; h 41 mm, d 26 mm. [22.79 g] ca. 22.83 g = > x 684.90 g = 2 x 11.415 g 53/52.5 mm. 159.30 g = 15/50 x 531 g = 15 x 10.62 g W 118. L. 783; G 4529. Fl; rough globe, pecked surface, W 130. L. 804; G 5583/1. Fl; spheroid, nicely pecked sursplit base; h 40.4 mm, d 60.5/51 mm. face, split base; h 51 mm, d 62/64 mm. 186.20 g = 2x93.10 g = 16x 11.638 g = 20x9.31 g 266.70 g = 72 x 533.40 g = 25 x 10.668 g W 119. L. 784; G 4474; Fig. 36:8. Black stone; half-sphere W 131. L. 818; G 4668. Lst; irregular dsh, two facets at (h 14.9 mm, d 25 mm), perforated parallel to base (d 4 right angle; in one is flat cavity possibly made while admm), on top and base some scratches (signs?); rims of justing to desired mass. both openings of perforation damaged; mass [12.78 g]. 129.50 g = 7ó x 111 g = 10 x 12.95 g = 20 x 6.475 g A scale weight prepared for safe keeping, its intended mass uncertain. W 132. L. 818; G 4986; Fig. 37:1. Lst; globe, pecked, split 229 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms base; no damage discernible; h 59 mm, d 63.5/70 mm. 340.07g = 72x680. 14 g = 30x 11.336g = 25x 13.603 g W 133. L. 823; G 4957; Fig. 37:2; PI. 14:11. Veined hematite; roughly dsh; no damage discernible; h 15.3 mm, d 17.5/17.5 mm. 9.45 g = 3/4 X 12.60 g = 2/s x 14.175 g W 134. L. 824; G 4948/1; Fig. 37:3. Chalk; pyramid, crudely carved along axis; 1 29 mm, sections 17.5 x 17.4 mm and 14 x 12 mm. 10.55 g = Vso x 527.50 g = 1 x 10.55 g The fracture face appears partly rubbed with traces of pounding. The change was possibly intended to give the piece a new metrological value: perhaps 25 x 12.386 g = 309.65 g. W 144. L. 959; G 11574; Fig. 37:11. Hard 1st; asymmetrical dome; base rim rubbed and partly damaged, elsewhere minute spot of damage; h 31.4 mm, d 43/42 mm, base d 30 mm. [87.58 g] ca. 88.50 g = 6 x 14.75 g = 12 x 7.375 g W 145. L. 967; G 11509; Fig. 37:12. Veined brown hema- tite; fed; in base rough cavity with two small borings, one W 135. L. 826; G 481 1/1. Fl; globe, split base; h 64 mm, d still filled with what appears to be a remnant of a lead 74/70 mm. filling made in order to adjust mass of weight to intended 433 g = 72 x 866 g = 30 x 14.433 g = 60 x 7.217 g value; some damage to base, dome and mantle face; h 30.6 mm, d 41.2 mm. W 136. L. 850; G 5569/1. Fl; globe with base, h 65 mm, d 74/72 mm, d (base) 51/43 mm. 466.50 g = 50 x 9.33 g = 60 x 7.775 g = 30 x 15.55 g W 137. L. 791; G 5626; Fig. 37:4; Pl. 14:12. Lst (?); irregular dsh; h 31 mm, d 35.35 mm. 60.04 g = 8/i2 x 90.06 g = 8 x 7.505 g W 138. L. 856; G 5676; Fig. 37:5; Pl. 14:13. Chalk; cylinder, roughly fashioned with two axial cavities; slightly damaged; 1 58 mm, d 24/22 mm. [40.80 g] ca. 41 g = 4/50 x 512.50 g = 4 x 10.25 g = 5/ioo x 820 g = 5 x 8.20 g As this artifact was found in a drainage channel, one wonders whether it is intrusive from a later stratum, since chalk weights of this shape and manufacture are known from Hellenistic and Herodian times in Jerusalem. [87.65] ca. 90 g = 10/5o x 450 g = 10 x 9.00 g = 8 x 1 1 .25 g = 12x7.50 g W 146. L. 967; G 11510; Fig. 37:13. Hard stone; loafshaped, base smoothed and polished to brilliant surface, in center flat pecked cavity, similar cavity on humped top; both end faces show traces of use for pounding, with resultant damage and loss of material amounting to a few grams; dimensions 53.5 x 114 x 84 mm. [814.30 g] ca. 820 g = 100 x 8.20 g = 50 x 16.40 g W 147. L. 967; G 11597. Lst; asymmetrical dsh; loop sign and hieratic 5; base rim well rounded and rubbed; on mantle face is (natural?) cavity; h 32.7 mm, d 32/31.8 mm, d (base) 28.7/28 mm. [44.80 g] ca. 45.50 g = l/i x 91 g = 4 x 11.375 g W 148. L. 967; G 11598. Hard 1st; dsh; loop sign and W 139. L. 868; G 5768; Fig. 37:6; PL 15:1. Soft 1st; faceted hieratic 5; base rim rubbed, otherwise good preservation; into dsh with many facets and cavity in base; h 28 mm, d h 25 mm, d 34.5/34.4 mm; d base 24 mm. 32.5/31 mm. 46.20 g = 72 x 92.40 g = 4 x 11.55 g 43.77 g = l/2x 87.54 g = 4/so x 547.13 g = 4 x 10.943 g W 140. L. 903; G 11183; Fig. 37:7. Hard 1st; sphere; intact. 2.42 g = 4/24 x 14.52 g = 4 x 0.605 g = 5/io x 9.68 g = 5 x 0.484 g W 141. L. 913; G 11110/3; Fig. 37:8. Hard 1st; spheroid, lightly faceted and surface pecked; no damage discernible; h 61 mm, d (over angles) 65/64 mm; d (over facets) 65/61. 401.70 g = 72 x 803.40 g = 25 x 16.068 g = 30 x 13.39 g This piece may have been a blank intended to be made into a 40 shekel weight (40 x 1 1.375 g = 455 g) and found too light to be finished by grinding down a base and grinding the spherical surface to a proper dome shape. Alternatively, it may have remained unfinished, as the Judean weight system appears not to have had a step with 32 shekels ( = 40 kite); at least none such has so far been found. W 142. L. 923; G 11175; Fig. 37:9; Pl. 15:2. Grayish-white 1st; cone shape with slightly convex base; superficial damage; h 33 mm, d 21.7/22 mm. 14.40 g = 7so x 720 g = 1 x 14.40 g = 2 x 7.20 g W 143. L. 959; G 11528; Fig. 37:10. Black stone; cuboid, flat base, other faces slightly convex, surface ground and polished; one corner apparently chipped away; dimensions 48.5 x 57 x 57.3 mm. Stratum 9 Area D2 W 149. L. 1877; D2/ 13672. Soft 1st; slightly conical disc, both bases flat; very little damage; h 23.5/20 mm, d(l) 38/ 38.5 mm, d(2) 36/33 mm. [37.25 g] ca. 37.75 g = 5/i2 x 90.60 g = 5 x 7.55 g Area El W 150. L. 1369; El/9360; Fig. 37:14. Chalk; roughly shaped into short cylinder or well-rounded block, axial cavities in both end faces; a few spots of damage with resultant loss of material; 1 37.4 mm, d 25/24 mm. [24.20 g] ca. 25.60 g = 2 x 12.80 g = 4 x 6.40 g W 151. L. 2066; El/16576; Fig. 37:15; PL 15:3. Chalk; prismoid, axial cavities in both end faces; 1 52 mm, mid section 19 x 21 mm. 28.50 g = 2/5ox 712.50 g = 2 x 14.25 g = 4x7.125 g = 2l/i x 11.40 = 5x5.70 g Chalk weights of elongated shape with axial cavities are so far known from the Herodian period, but not as early as the 6th-4th centuries BCE. Might this artifact be intrusive? But cf. W 163, a weight of similar material and shape. [309.65 g] ca. 359 g = l/ix 718 g = 25 x 14.36 g = 50Wx152. L. 2092; El/16945; Fig. 37:16. Gray marble; frag7.18 g ment of grain-shaped weight with base; dimensions of 230 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Octn Thu, 01 Jan 1976 12:34:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms fracture section 25 x 26 mm; h (frag) 21 mm; original length cannot be determined. [19.10 g] W 153. L. 2103; El/17071; Fig. 37:17. Hard quartz; fairly well-rounded disc shape and ellipsoidal circumference, mantle face pecked, base split; h 38/36 mm, d 47/45 mm. 169.70 g = 2/io x 848.50 g = 2 x 84.85 g = 20 x 8.485 g A weight of two Persian karsha, not likely to have been made locally. W 154. L. 2113; El/17136; Fig. 37:18; PL 15:4. Bronze; dsh, on top oval flat area (7x8 mm) where casting channel was possibly connected to body of artifact; h 13.6 mm, d 17.8/17.8 mm, d base 12 mm. 20 g = 272 x 8.00 g W 155. L. 2113; El/17143/2. Hard 1st; rectangular block (93 x 72 x 58 mm) with flat cavity on each of four large faces, end faces slightly convex; some traces of use discernible at corners and edges; probably originally a weight adjusted by making the four cavities and secondarily used as a tool. [670.40 g] ca. 678 g = 50 x 13.56 g = 60 x 11.30 g 89.25 g = 8x11.156 g = 6x 14.875 g = 12x7.438 g One suspects that the mass of a Judean eight-shekel weight was intentionally diminished by 1.92% from the norm in order to change the piece into a weight on a Phoenician standard, only 0.57% below the standard norm of 14.96 g. W 163. L. 742; G 2443/1; Fig. 38:7. Chalk; roughly fashioned cylinder with axial cavities; no damage discernible; h 54 mm, 1 100 mm. 374.20 g = 72 x 748.40 g = 25 x 14.968 g = 50 x 7.484 g Cf. W 151, a similar chalk weight. W 164. L. 742; G 2467; PL 15:8. Hematite; sphere; d(l) 19.5/18.6 mm, d(2) 19/19 mm. 13.15 g = 7so x 657.50 g = 1 x 13.15 g = 2 x 6.575 g A private weight made from a traditional material to represent two bqa' of the shekel of the sanctuary; in mass it is substantially above the mass of the Judean bqa' weight. W 165. L. 756; G 4252; Fig. 38:8; Pl. 15:9. Black stone; dsh; two very small cavities, probably natural; h 20.6 mm, d 28.2/28.3 mm, base d 18/17 mm. 45.55 g = 72x91.10 g = 4 x 11.388 g = 6x7.592 g W 166. L. 760; G 2580; Fig. 38:9; PL 15:10. Hematite; W 156. L. 2115; El/17292. Fl; faceted spheroid, pecked all grain-shaped, not fully rounded but worked facet by facet, over, except for small split base; h 67 mm, d 70.6/72.5flat mm base; very little damage; dimensions 27 x 48 x 31 mm. over angles, 69.5/71 mm over flattish convex facets. [90.30 g]ca. 90.50 g = 10/sox 452.50 g = 10x9.05 g = 8/öo 472.50 g = 72x945 g = 50 x 9.45 g = 30 x 15.75 g = 60 x x 678.75 g = 8 x 11.313 g 7.875 g A weight fashioned in the Mesopotamian style, 0.55% under the Egyptian and Judean norms. W 157. L. 2129; El/17349; Fig. 38:1; PL 15:5. Reddish 1st; drum-shaped, slightly elliptical section and bulging manW 167. L. 760; G 4354; Fig. 38:10. Gray stone; fragment tle face; some minor damage; h 23/20 mm, d 34.4/33 mm. of small dsh weight; h (frag) 11 mm, d 16.7 mm. [41.98 g] ca. 42.40 g = 5 x 8.48 g = 4 x 10.60 g [ca. 4.50 g] W 158. L. 2114; El/19657; Fig. 38:2. Pebble; circular outW 168. L. 778; G 4791; Fig. 38:11; PL 16:1. Gray stone; line, one face very slightly convex; h 18.7 mm, d 37/37 globe-shaped with a kind of 'nose'; ground, not polished; mm. intact; d(l) 35.1/34.5 mm, d(2) 36/36.5 mm. 40.20 g = 5 x 8.04 g 60 g = 4/5o x 750 g = 4 x 1 5.00 g = 8/i2 x 90 g = 8 x 7.50 g = 5/60 x 720 g = 5 x 12.00 g = 10 x 6.00 g Area G W 159. L. 718; G 4244; Fig. 38:3; PL 15:6. Hematite; W 169. L. 778; G 4793; Fig. 38:12; PL 16:2. Lst; dsh; loop shaped by faceting to spheroidal zone approaching rough sign and hieratic 5; very little damage, tiny areas of indsh. crustation; h 24.8 mm, d 34.2/34 mm, base d 25.5 mm. 11.50 g = 7s x 92 g = 1 x 11.50 g = 2x5.75 g 46.22 g = 72x92.44 g = 4 x 11.555 g An unusual private weight made from a material traditionally used for scale weights; its mass is 1.1% above theW 170. L. 950; G 11315. Basalt; grain-shaped with trianJudean shekel norm, perhaps intended to represent twogular section, surface faceted with one facet forming the bqa' units. base, well-rounded edges, flat ends; a little damage in one W 160. L. 736; G 2196; Fig. 38:4. Lst; fragment of upper part of dsh weight; on top loop sign and hieratic 20 (in Judea understood as 16); original surface perfectly preserved; h (frag) 26 mm, d 53/52.5 mm. [113.75 g] A fragment of a fine Judean 16-shekel weight (182 g by the norm). W 161. L. 737; G 2239; Fig. 38:5. Pottery; small pyramid, holed near the top; marked on one side Ā and on base III; h 28 mm, base 134 x 150 mm. This item is also discussed by Shamir (this volume, Chapter III). 3.65 g = 7i5o x 547.50 g = 7s x 10.95 g = 8 x 0.4563 g W 162. L. 742; G 2340; Fig. 38:6; PL 15:7. Lst weight, low dsh with faint hieratic 10 (?) (in Judea understood as 8), flat indentation in mantle face and flat cavity in base; h 31.5 mm, d 44/42.6 mm. spot; h 31/34/31 mm, 1 86 mm. [183.65 g]ca. 184 g = 2x92 g = 16 x 11.50 g = 24 x 7.6667 g W 171. L. 950; G 11361; Fig. 38:13. Lst; dsh; in base (d 34 mm) circular cavity (d 5 mm) partly filled with gray ma- terial, perhaps remains of lead filling; preservation less than fair; some damage at top and base rim, which is rubbed; h 58.5 mm, d 60/58.5 mm. [263.90 g] ca. 268 g = 3 x 89.33 g = 24x1 1.167 g = 72 x 536 g = 25 x 10.72 g W 172. L. 950; G 11438; Fig. 38:14. Lst; fragment of dsh weight, split vertically; h 33 mm, d 47.5 mm. The fragment has a mass of 47.6 g, i.e. little more than half the original artifact. Judean eight-shekel weights with comparable dimensions are known. [47.60 g] ca. 91 g = 8x 11.375 g 231 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms II. INTRUSIVE EARLY WEIGHTS FOUND IN STRATA 8-5 Stratum 8 W 173. Area Dl; L. 422; Dl/12642; Fig. 38:15. Reddish 1st; fragment (more than half) of dsh weight; mass 53 g; h 31 mm (originally a little more), d 43 mm, d (base) ca. 37 mm. At one stage a half-moon area has been clumsily scraped or filed from the flat base to a thickness of 1-3 Stratum 6 W 181. Area El; L. 521; El/1347; Fig. 39:1. Fl concretion; still covered by 1st from matrix except for area roughly split away forming concave base, disclosing siliceous concretion; h 37 mm, d 42/40 mm. Extant mass 88.90 g = 8 x 1 1.123 g. When preparation of the base disclosed the concretion, no limestone cover remained for the base and the blank was found unsuitable to be finished as a Judean weight of eight shekels. mm, reducing the mass of the artifact (or of the fragment). W 182. Area E2; L. 537; E2/1637; Fig. 39:2. Chalk; small As Judean dome-shaped eight-shekel weights with comcuboid; well-rounded edges and corners, which have sufparable dimensions are known (cf. Kletter 1990: Catalofered damage, loss 0.30-0.40 g; dimensions 14.7 x 18 x 18 gue, Group 4), twelve with a diameter of 40 to 42 mm and mm. one each of 43 mm and 44 mm, our fragment possibly [6.24 g] ca. 6.59 g = 72 x 13.18 g comes from an eight-shekel weight. W 183. Area El; L. 1350; El /9 175. Pebble (or concr W 174. Area Dl; L. 422; Dl/7000. Hard gray stone; intact, minimal surface damage; h 32.5 mm, 1 55 sphere; intact; dimensions 20.8 x 21 x 21 mm. midsection 35/31 mm. 12.44 g = y5o x 623 g = 7«> x 747.60 g 91 g = 10x9.10 g = 8 x 11.375 g = 12x7.583 g The correspondence of this artifact' s mass to two weight standards - the (later) coin standard of Aegina and the W 184. Area El; L. 1660; El /10900. Hard 1st; fragm Phoenician mina of 748 g (also known from Egypt) - is dsh weight; h (frag) 36 mm, d 51.4 mm, d (base) 3 Mass of fragment [78.60 g]. An intact sixteen-sh probably not a coincidence. weight (Lemaire 1976: No. 18) has a body diamete W 175. Area D2; L. 2745; D2/20983. Gray stone; globoid 54 mm and a base diameter of 37 mm. Our fragm made by faceting and rounding; dimensions 18.4 x 18.4 x too probably comes from a weight of such size. 19.1 mm. 9.475 g = Y 60 x 568.50 g = l/so x 473.75 g = 1 x 9.475 g W 185. Area E3; L. 1539; E3/7653. Fl concretion, completely covered with limestone layer from m W 176. Area D2; L. 2745; D2/20888; Fig. 38:16. Grayglobe shape, base formed by flat cavity exposing mottled stone; triangular pyramidal body with blunt apex,interior; negligible damage in one spot; h 33 mm, base cut to wedge shape, surface smooth, three large fa-33 mm. A weight of five pym. cets and rounded edges bordering them slightly convex; 37.80 g = 5/ 50 x 378 g = 5/n x 90.72 g minimal damage at edge of wedge; h 41 mm, 1 (wedge) 18 W 186. Area E3; W. 471; E3/7756; Fig. mm, largest triangular section 14/14.5/11 mm. [7.57 g]ca. 7.60 g = Vi2x9ļ.20g = V90 x 684 g = 1x7.60 gpecked surface, slightly concave base, splitting off part adjoining the base; h mm, d (base) 45 mm. Stratum 7 = 5 x 7.56 g 39:3. Fl; gl mass adjus 51 mm, d 6 409.80g = 72 x 819.60 g = 50x8.196g = 30xl3.6 W 177. Area El; L. 1365; E 1/9280/4. Black stone ellip- 60 x 6.83 g soid; base worked flat; five faint parallel strokes, perhaps W 187. Area H; L. 1023; H 5416/3. Fl; cuboid; little supermarks for five units; h 21.2 mm, d 38.7/23 mm. ficial damage; some trace of secondary use in rubbing; h 40.90 g = 5/ioox818 g = 5x8.18 g = 3/6ox818g = 3x 29.1 mm, 1 45.2 mm, w 33.4 mm. 13.633 g 184.75 g = 2x92.375 g = 16 x 11.547 g = 24x7.698 g W 178. Area G; L. 727; G 4985. Hard 1st globoid, split angled base; h 59.4 mm, d 70/63.4 mm. 340.40g = V2X68O.8O g = 30x 11.347g = 25x 13.616g W 188. Area H; L. 1024; H 5185. Lst; spheroid; very little flaking off, scarcely discernible as damage; d 61/60.5/57 mm. 277. 10 g = 3x92.367 g = 24x1 1.546 g = 24/öox 692.7 At some stage of production it was probably found the artifact was already too small in mass to grind dow W 179. Area E2; L. 519; E2/1635; Fig. 38:17. Lst; upper proper flat base and give the blank the customary d part of fragmentary dsh weight; d (max) 54/53.7 mm, hshape. It was left without a base, but its mass exceeds (frag) 35.5 mm. norm by 1.5%. [131.80 g] A Judean sixteen-shekel weight in the Paris Bible Museum Strata 6-5 has a comparable maximum diameter (Lemaire 1976: No. W 189. Area D2; L. 1803; D2/ 13959; Fig. 39:4. Lst; ellip18). Our fragment probably came from such a weight with soid, flat concave surface area serving as base, in center of an original mass of ca. 182 g, representing 16 Judean shekel. which is shallow bored cavity (d 4 mm); very slight superficial damage on surface, some incrustation on base; h W 180. Area El; L. 1619; El/10220; Fig. 38:18. Hard 29.5, d 36/32.5 mm. reddish 1st; triangular prism, parallel bases, well-rounded 50.04 g = 6/ioox834g = 6x8.34 g = 4/sox 625.50 g = 4x corners; few spots of superficial damage; h 37 mm, 1 12.51 gè m (sides) 51/53/55 mm. The cavity in m the base is too small to have been intended [179.80 g]ca. 180.30g = 2x90.15g = 16x 11.269 g = 24 to adjust the mass of this weight. It may possibly be a x 7.513 g mark identifying the artifact as a scale weight, although Strata 7-6 232 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms one would expect such a 'dot' mark to have been placed on the top of the weight or on its mantle face (Eran 1994). give its mantle surface and its base the final grinding and polishing. W 199. Area G; Surf.; G 8124; Fig. 39:12; PL 16:7. Lst; dsh; marked with loop sign and two unit strokes; few W 190. Area El; L. 657; El/4038. Dark brown hematite;scratches or imperfections of production on the surface; dsh, base irregular; d 12.7 x 11 mm; h 16 mm, dimensionsh 21 mm, d 24 mm. Stratum 5 22.70 g = 2/8 x 90.80 = 2/óo x 681 g = 2 x 11.35 g (max) 18.4/18.4 mm. II.70 g = 2x5.85 g W 200. Area G; Surf.; G 11001; Fig. 39:13; Pl. 16:8. Lst; dsh; loop sign and hieratic 10; some damage around base W 191. Area El; L. 1280; El/6454; Fig. 39:5; Pl. 16:3. Hematite; roughly grain-shaped; damaged; dimensions rim and at a few other spots; h 32 mm, d 42.7 mm, base 23 x 43 x 31 mm; original mass determined by plasticine 33/32 mm. [92.12 g]ca. 92.45 g = 8/6ox 693.38 g = 8 x 11.556 g complementation . [74.45 g] ca. 90.30 g = 10 x 9.03 g = 8 x 11.288 g W 201. Area J; L. 1069; J 8032; Fig. 39:14. Reddish- W 192. Area El; L. 1286; El/9121; Fig. 39:6; PL 16:4. Lst; brown 1st; fragment of dsh weight; on surface negligible dsh weight of Judean style (eight-shekel weight) reduced damage; h 37.5 mm, d 38.7 mm; dimensions of fracture in mass by grinding down from mantle face near base; h surface 32/34 mm; mass [58.46 g]. The interesting feature of this artifact is its kernel, a 39.5 mm, d 39/40 mm. 88 g = 3/i2 x 352 g = 3 x 29.333 g = 8 x 11.00 g = 6x siliceous concretion exposed on the fracture face. The remnant of this concretion is of spheroidal shape and 14.667 g = 12x7.333 g Cf. Hultsch (1898: Norm List) on the late period mina ofcompletely surrounded by limestone from the matrix in 354.70 g, making our artifact appear 0.76% below the which it had developed. The blank must have been collected in awareness of its structure and have been carefully norm. III. UNSTRATIFIED AND SURFACE FINDS OF EARLY WEIGHTS worked so as to retain its limestone cortex to a thickness of 2-2.5 mm all over its domed surface and 3-5 mm over the base. The original mass remains uncertain. As the diameter of the weight approximates those of two known W 193. Area D2; Surf.; D2/13823. Hard 1st; eight-shekel fragment weights of (Kletter 1990: Catalogue, Group 4, large dsh weight, lower part with base in which cavity Nos. flat 13-14), it appears possible that an eight-shekel (d ca. 30 mm) has been roughly pecked out;weight d (max) 108/ was intended. However, calculating a sphere with 111 mm, h (frag) 79 mm; mass of fragment [1170 g].ofThe the diameter this artifact (in fact a volume substantially shape complementation led to two reconstructions, the larger than the original dome-shaped artifact), one obsecond one appearing more probable. tains a mass of 80-83 g, which would have been too small [1170 g] ca. 1951 g = 3x650 g = 180x 10.839 for agJudean eight-shekel weight, but suitable for a weight [1170 g] ca. 2045 g = 3 x 682 g = 180x 1 1.375 of ten g shekels of 8.19 g to 8.36 g. In the circumstances we cannot say whether the weight was accidentally damaged W 194. Area El; Surf.; El/6158; Fig. 39:7; Pl. 16:5. Stone; or intentionally destroyed. irregular dsh; h 45 mm, d 54/49 mm. 201.90 g = 18x11.217 g = 15x13.46 g W 202. Surface find, area and findspot unrecorded; Surf. 3001; Fig. 39:15. Reddish 1st; fragment of dsh weight (larW 195. Area El; W. 253, 255, 257; El/6260; Fig. 39:8; Pl. ger part of artifact); h 46.5 mm, d 62 mm, d (base) 47 mm. 16:6. Hard gray 1st; fragment of dsh weight, the larger [189.20 g]ca. 371 g = 4x92.75 g = 32 x 11.594 g part of the artifact; h 34 mm, d 41.6 mm, d (base) 22.5 So far no weight of 32 shekels (32 x 11.375 g = 364 g by mm; mass (frag) [53.3 g]. Weights of eight shekels which the norm) is known. Possibly this mass step was undesirhave a diameter of 41-41.5 mm are known (Kletter 1990: able among the Judean equipment of dome-shaped Catalogue, Group 4). Probably this fragment too comes weights, as such a mass represented the Phoenician shekel from a weight of such a size. of 7.28 g ( = 750 x 364 g), different from the unit of 7.583 g W 196. Area El; Surf.; El/9013; Fig. 39:9. Hard 1st; frag- sanctioned in Judea under the name 'pym.' Perhaps this ment of irregular dsh weight; h 39.5 mm, d 41.5 mm; mass was the motive for the destruction of this artifact. of fragment [72.70 g]. The fragment is a little more than ANNEX: BLANKS FOR EARLY WEIGHTS half the original artifact, which was possibly meant to represent the shekel of the Sanctuary (136 g = 10 x Bk 1. Area and find spot unrecorded; Surf. 3006. Hard 1 13.60 g) but was destroyed because the dome-shaped style roughly hewn into low cylinder (h 5.5 mm), topped was not to be used for a weight of this standard. cone; total h 165 mm, d (base) 200/190 mm, sides of c W 197. Area El; Surf.; El/9854; Fig. 39:10. Lst; dsh with 170-190 mm; mass 6670 g. The artifact appears to b ellipsoidal section and irregular concave base; intact ex- blank after the first rough shaping, intended to be m cept for spot of very thin splitting off; h 14 mm, d 17.6/ into a sizable dome-shaped weight, perhaps of five mi 15.8 mm; mass ca. 5.80 g; possibly a mute bqa' weight. 5 x 682.50 g = 3413 g = 300 x 11.375 g. W 198. Area G; L. 714; G 2057; Fig. 39:11. Hard 1st; fragment, base part of dsh weight, only surface pecked; h 57.5 mm (originally a little more); d 68.7 mm, mass [201.50 g]. Macalister and Duncan recovered a 40-shekel weight with h 59 mm and d 71 mm (W* 228). Our fragment may have been intended to become a weight of that Bk 2. Area and find spot unrecorded; Surf. 3106. Hard 1 fragment of roughly pecked globe; h (frag) 83/75 mm 138 mm; mass [2091 g] originally a little more than 4 The artifact may be the remnant of a blank, already par prepared to be made (by further splitting, pecking, gri ing and polishing) into a five-mina weight of 3413 g = 5 size (455 g = 40 x 11.375 g), but was found too small to 682.50 g = 300 x 11.375 g. 233 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms B. WEIGHTS RECOV ERED PRIOR TO 1978 I. WEIGHTS RECOVERED IN THE EXCAVATIONS OF MACALISTER AND DUNCAN 1923-1925 (W* 203-233)* W* 211. Ldn 50.4841; dsh; loop sign and hieratic 5; base rim rubbed, superficial damage; h 2.6 mm, d 33/32.3 mm; base 22 mm (JD 45 g). 45.23 g = 4/8 x 90.46 g = 4 x 11.308 g W* 203. Jim 10868; spheroid with base; in some spots very W* 212. Ldn -/-; dsh; marked with scarcely legible hieratic thin layer has flaked off; h 13 mm, d 15.3 mm. extensively damaged, loss unknown; h 34 mm, d 42/40 [4.60 g] = V2xca.9.20g = 8/24xl3.80g = 8x0.575g = 10; 8/2o mm, base ca. 29 mm (JD 81 g). [81.815 g] = 8 x [10.227 g] W* 204. Jim 2170; dsh; marked with unit stroke; d 18, h W* 213. Ldn -/-; basalt; round flat cushion shape; h 26 11 mm. mm, d 43/42.5 mm. 7.34 g = Y íoo X 734 g = l/n x 88.08 g = 1 x 7.34 g 84.435 g - 10 x 8.444 g = 8 x 10.554 g W* 205. Ldn 50/4847; fed; flat cavity in mantle face; base W* 214. Ldn 4838; dsh; superficial damage, loss 0.5 g; h edge rubbed; h 12.5 mm, d 20 mm, base 11 mm. 31.4 mm, d 41/40.4 mm, base 28 mm (JD 85 g). [1 1 . 147 g] ca. 1 1 .25 g = l/% x 90 g = 1 x 1 1 .25 g 85.618g = ca. 86.1 18 g = 8x10.765g = 6x 14.35g = 12 W* 206. Jim S2585; dsh; loop sign and two unit strokes; h x 7.177 g 21.5 mm, d 25 mm; Field 9B; Duncan 1931: 217, center of W* 215. Jim S2672; dsh; loop sign and hieratic 10; h 35 plate (?). mm, d 41 mm; from Field 9 A. 22.12 g = 2/8 x 88.48 g - 2 x 11.06 g 87.84 g = 8 x 10.98 g = 6 x 14.64 g = 12 x 7.32 g W* 207. Ldn 50/4846; low dsh; marked with hieratic 5; W* 216. Ldn 50/4844; hematite; high fed; polished, base base rim rubbed; loss ca. 0.5 g; h 26 mm, d 33 mm, base 21 smooth, not completely flat; minimal damage; h 26.3 mm, mm (JD 44 g). d 38/36 mm, base 27/25 mm (JD 88 g); Duncan 1931: 216, [43.70 g] ca. 44.20 g = 4 x 1 1 .05 g No. 2. The hieratic numeral for 5 means 4 when inscribed on [88.12 g] ca. 88.33 g = 8 x 11.041 g = 6x14.722 g = 12 x Judean weights. Despite its low mass, W* 207 must still 7.361 g be understood as four shekels of 11.05 g, a value 2.86% W* 217. Ldn 50/4843; dsh; on top lightly scratched loop below the shekel norm of 11.375 g. W* 207 is not unique in this respect: W* 209, with a similar low unit mass, is sign; extensively damaged; h 33.8 mm, d 42 mm, base ca. marked with the same sign. Furthermore, there are similar 35 mm (JD 87 g). low shekel values among mute weights, e.g. W 52, W 144, [87.97 g], an impaired eight-shekel weight. W 162, W 192 and W* 208, W* 216, W* 257 and W* 292. W* 218. Ldn 50/4842; dsh; in flat hollow, loop sign and X 11.50 = 8 X 0.575 g W* 208. Ldn 50.4845; low dsh; base rim rubbed, tiny spots flaked off, loss ca. 0.50 g; h 25.5 mm, d 33.3/33 mm, base 22 mm (JD 44 g). [43.927 g] ca. 44.425 g = 4xll.l07g = 3x 14.808 g = 6 x 7.404 g W* 209. Ldn 50/4840; dsh; loop sign and hieratic 5; some flaking off, base edge rubbed, loss ca. 0.50 g; h 27.5 mm, d 32.4/32.5 mm (JD 44 g); Duncan 1931: 217. [44.06 g] ca. 44.56 g = 4 x 11.14 g W* 210. Ldn 50/4839; plump dsh; superficial damage and a little incrustation; h 26 mm, d 33 mm, base 22 mm (JD 45 g). 45.083 g = 4/8x90.166 g = 4 x 11.271 g * The material is one of the local varieties of limestone, hieratic 10; some flaking off; loss 0.75 g; h 35 mm, d 40.5/ 40 mm, base ca. 25 mm (JD 90 g). [90.774 g] ca. 91.52 g = 8 x 11.44 g W* 219. Ldn 50/4848; brown nugget; roughly dsh with base; d 24 mm (JD 107.50 g). 108.22g = 8/5ox676.40 g = 8x 13.528g = 10/5ox541g = 10 x 10.822 g = 15/6o x 432.88 g = 15 x 7.215 g W* 220. Jim 10885 (excavated 1928); roughly square truncated pyramid; in four side faces concavities, loss 0.75 g; h 35.5 mm, base 43/39 x 47/41 mm (JD 135 g). [134.30 g] ca. 135 g = 10/so x 675 g = 10 x 13.50 g W* 221. Jim 10878; low dsh; base rim damaged, loss 1.75 g; h 32 mm, d 57 mm. [154.70 g] ca. 156.50 g = 2 x 78.25 g = 20 x 7.825 g W* 222. Ldn 50/4837; hematite; fed; polished; well preserved; h 37 mm, d 48/47.5 mm, base 30 mm (JD 180.50 g); Duncan 1931: 216, No. 3, and Fig. 218:3. 181 g = 2x90.50 g = 20 x 9.05 g = 16x 11.313 g = 24 x 7.542 g unless another material is indicated. The mass data for weights in Part B.I - the rediscovered finds of Macalister W* 223. Jim 10883; black stone; rectangular block, and Duncan - are from weighings by the author of this smooth except for one face; in four faces tiny cavities; report. Weighings by J.G. Duncan and G.M. Fitzgerald dimensions 37.5/41.3 x 36.2/42.3 x 157 mm. are indicated by their initials (JD and GF). 'Jim' indicates 214.90 g = 74x859.60 g = 15x 14.327 g = 30x7.163 g data from the records of the Israel Antiquities Authority, W* 224. Jim 10897; cuboid, flat base, five convex faces; Jerusalem. The present location of the objects is indicated polished; a little loss; dimensions 47.6 x 52 x 46 mm. by 'Ldn' for the Institute of Archaeology, London, and 'Jim' for the Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem. [227.10 g]ca. 228 g = 2l/ix9'.20g = 20x11.40 g = l/ix 456 g = l/i x 684 g = 30 x 7.60 g 234 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms W* 225. Jim 10891; 1st concretion; roughly subglobe; d 54/52/55 mm. 241.70 g = 3x80.57 g = 24/so x 502.54 g = 24x 10.071 g W* 226. Jim 10882; low dsh; top and mantle face rough, base smooth; h 45.5/38 mm, d 65/63.5 mm (JD 269 g). 269.10 g = 3 x89.70 g = 24 x 11.213 g = 36 x 7.475 g W* 227. Jim 10886; cuboid, well-rounded edges and corners; a little damage. [281.70 g] ca. 282.80 g = 2%o x 848.40 g = 20 x 14.14 g W* 228. Jim 52671; dsh; marked with loop sign and hiera- tic 50; h 59 mm, d 71 mm; Duncan 1931: 216, No. 4, ill. facing p. 218 middle row at left. 454.50 g = 5 x 90.90 g = 40 x 1 1 .363 g The mass of the weight was recorded after partition of the finds from the excavation, when this weight was left with For these values, see Hultsch 1882: 418, Table XXII; Hultsch 1898: 204, Index of Mass Norms; Haeberlin 1909: Tables 13 and 16; Lehmann-Haupt 1916: 611 ff., table under No. 4. II. WEIGHTS RECOVERED IN THE EXCAVATIONS OF CROWFOOT AND FITZGERALD 1927 (W* 234-238) W* 234. Weight; marble (?); pyramidal; Room 17; below street level; GF No. B2. 9.50 g = 7so x 475 g = 1 x 9.50 g W* 235. Weight; egg-shaped; Room 28; 'street level'; GF No. D2. 49.50 g = 6/ioo x 825 g - 6 x 8.25 g W* 236. Pebble; oval; location not indicated; 'upper level'; the Mandatory Department of Antiquities. Its marking was explained by Aharoni (1971: 35f.). GF No. E3. W* 229. Weight, now lost; probably 1st; shape and dimen- 13.30 g sions not reported; mass per JD 2xļi lbs; Duncan 1931: 226. 1134 g = 272x453.60 g = lOOx 11.34 g = 172x756 g = 150x7.56 g W* 230. Weight, now lost; mass per JD 4 lbs. 1814.40g = 4x453.60 g = 160x 11.34 g = 22/sx756g = 240 x 7.56 g W* 231. Weight, now lost; mass per JD 10 lbs. 4536 g = 10x453.60 g = 400x 11.34g = 6x756g = 600 x 7.56 g 66.50 g = 6/ioox 831.30 g - 8x8.313g = 5/sox665g = 5x W* 237. Weight; dsh; loop sign and hieratic 10; Room 47, below door level, 'low level'; GF No. A2. 90.50 g = 8 x 11.313 g W* 238. Weight; globular; no location indicated; 'upper level'; GF No. E8. 173.50 g = 2 x 86.75 g = 16 x 10.844 g III. THE EARLY WEIGHTS RECOVERED AT THE CITY OF DAVID AND ELSEWHERE IN JERUSALEM IN THE EXCAVATIONS OF KENYON W* 232. Weight, now lost; mass per JD 19 lbs. 8618.40 g = 19x453.60 g See the discussion of this item in the text, Section C.II. 1961-1967 (W* 239-305)* 1. Northern Ridge Plateau W* 233. 4 A block of hard limestone, in shape the frustum of a cone with slightly convex [mantle face]; dressed with the comb pick' (Macalister and Duncan 1926: 30, Fig. 23). Around the base rim a rabbet (width 12.7 mm, h 50.8 mm) has been cut, forming a socle to the conical body. Overall height 368.3 mm, h (cone) 317.5 mm, h (socle) 50.8 mm; d (top) 152.4 mm, d (max) 292.1 mm, d (base socle) 279.4 mm (Macalister and Duncan 1926: 30, Fig. 23). Cutting the rabbet permitted the mason to adjust the blank to the desired mass without spoiling the artifact' s shape (cf. the axial cavity on the talent weight W* 308 for the same purpose). The finished rabbet on the weight's base rim also enabled the weightmaster's assistant to get a sure grip on the heavy implement while lifting it on and off the balance pan. The measurements stated by the excavators do not define the bulging body described and illustrated. The section of the artifact in Fig. 23 does not permit reliable calculation of the body's volume, as the drawing is not precisely to scale. Calculating the mass of a straightwalled cone together with the mass of the socle according to the stated dimensions, one obtains a minimum mass of 42.76 g. However, the artifact as found and described by the excavators must have been heavier, because of the slight bulging of the conical part. Conjecturing the mass of the 'bulge' as having been between one and two kilograms, the total mass of the lost artifact may have been between nearly 44 kg and about 45 kg. These limits comprise the talent values of two Phoenician standards: 43,680 g = 60 minas of 728 g and 44,880 g = 60 minas of 748 g. Site S L. S100.20 W* 239. Reg. No. 6557; dolomitic 1st; dsh; mute; poor condition; fragment, 'about 40% missing'; Scott 1985: No. 42, n. 22: 'probably 8 [unspecified] shekel.' [56.63 g] ca. 94.38 g = 8 x 11.798 g The loss estimate by Scott, leading to a shekel value substantially above the shekel norm, is possibly too high. * The listing of weights from Kenyon's excavations in Jerusalem is limited to weights from the period of the Judean Kingdom, recognizable by the criteria of mass, shape, material and context. They comprise the weights listed by Scott (1985) in Tables 2A and 2B under Nos. 1-66 and No. 89. They are listed here in order of the geographical position of the excavation area and by loci. The relevant data on each item are taken from the entries in Scott's tables, the accompanying notes and the discussion (Scott 1985: 197-212). The material, as determined by Scott, is limestone unless another material is indicated. Each item is identified by locus number and registration number. A brief description following Scott, publication details and Scott's metrologica! interpretation follow. 235 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 2. Eastern Slope 1985: No. 4, Fig. 78:4: 'probably l/3 n-s-p' [i.e. x 9.90 g]. 3.30 g = 7s x 9.90 g = 6 x 0.55 g = 6/2ox 11.00 g Site A For a definite interpretation of this part weight (now in Oxford) it would be desirable to have it reviewed and L. A1.21 reweighed to greater precision. W* 240. Reg. No. 35; basalt; irregular discoid; mute; good condition; Scott 1985: No. 65: 'context 7th-2nd century W* 248. Reg. No. 3234; dsh; loop (incomplete, like St. B.C. fill - probably light MNA, Hellenistic-Herodian' Andrew's Cross) and unit stroke; good condition; Scott [i.e. l/s X 364 g or l/i6 x 728 g]. 1985: No. 15, Fig. 78:15: 'one Judean shekel.' 45.50 g = V2x91g = 5x9.10 g = 4/sx91g = 4xll.375g 11.31 g = 7sx90.48 g = 1 x 11.31 g = 6x7.583 g W* 249. Reg. No. 3235; gray quartzite (?); sphere; mute; The context in which this weight of atypical material and very good condition; Scott 1985: No. 16, n. 7: 'possibly an shape was found makes it possible that it originated in Judean times, as did W* 241, W* 242 and W* 243.unfinished one Judean shekel ... removal of a segment to provide a flat base would reduce the mass to ab. 11.30 g'; L. A 1.2 3 a mass 12.05 g = l/60 x 723 g. As the material and shape are unusual, one must conW* 241. Reg. No. 93; high dsh; loop sign and two unit sider the relation of the weight to a foreign standard. Its strokes; good condition; Scott 1985: No. 59: 'probably mass is only 0.64% below the norm of 12.128 g, a PhoeJudean shekel - Late Monarchy.' nician unit also known from Aegina. 22.00 g = 2/8 x 88.00 g = 2 x 1 1.00 g W* 250. Reg. No. 3236; fed; 'deep random (?) incisions on top and base'; mute; poor condition; Scott 1985: No. 17, W* 242. Reg. No. 90; rhyolite; dsh; mute; good condition; n. 8, Fig. 78:17: 'defaced.' Mass 13.83 g. Scott 1985: No. 58: 'probably 4 Late Monarchy shekels.' L. A1.24 45.50 g = 72x91 g = 5x9.10 g = 4x 11.375 g W* 251. Reg. No. 3237; dsh; loop and two unit strokes; Scott (1985: 206): 'Shallow and partly marred by chipW* 243. Reg. No. 491; dsh; loop sign and twoping. unitThe body of the loop is exceptionally large, the projecting upper lines are exceptionally short, and the strokes; good condition; Scott 1985: No. 61, Fig. 79:12: angle between the latter is greater than 90°.' Scott 1985: 'probably 2 Judean shekel, Late Monarchy.' No. 18, n. 9, Fig. 78:18: '2 Judean shekel'; Scott 1965: PI. 22.50 g = 2/8x90 g = 2 x 11.25 g L. A2.7 23:3. L. A301.16 21.76 g = 2/8x 87.04 g = 2/so x 544 g = 2 x 10.88 g W* 244. Reg. No. 487; dsh; mute; worn; Scott 1985: SinceNo. in mass this weight is 4.4% below the Judean shekel 60, Fig. 79:13: 'probably 24 [unspecified] shekel, Late norm, the peculiar features of the inscription make one Monarchy.' suspect that it was intentionally marked in this way to let 251.50 g = 3 x 83.833 g = 24/so x 524 g = 24 x 10.479 g it appear a two-Judean-shekel weight, while its mass is only that of two nsp units of higher range (in origin a L. A604.2 Mesopotamian silver shekel unit). W* 245. Reg. No. 89; fragment of dsh weight; mute; half preserved; Scott 1985: No. 57: 'probably 8 shekel,W* Late 252. Reg. No. 3240; black hematite; irregular low Monarchy.' Mass of fragment not recorded. dome; mute; poor condition; Scott 1985: No. 21: 'probably 2 [unspecified] shekel.' L. A65.7 22.53 g = 2/8x90.12 g = 2 x 11.265 g W* 246. Reg. No. 3730; chert; leaning dome, large Acavity mute Judean shekel weight 0.97% below the norm vain the base; mute; good condition; Scott 1985: No. 26, n. lue. The material and shape are unusual for a Judean 14, Fig. 78:26: '... not of Hebrew origin.' weight. Its mass relates to the Mesopotamian standard 32.43 g = 2x 16.215 g = 4x8.108g = 3/sox 540.50ofg the = 3silver shekel of royal norm of 11.22 g. x 10.81 g In material and shape this weight is foreign in Judea. Its mass relates to the Mesopotamian silver standard of 10.91 g, a norm well-represented in Judea by nsp weights of higher value. W* 253. Reg. No. 3258; dsh; marked with loop and two unit strokes; good condition; some chipping; Scott 1985: No. 24, n. 12, Fig. 78:24: '2 Judean shekel'; Scott 1965: PI. 23:1. [22.73 g] = 2/8 x 90.92 g = 2 x 1 1.365 g L. A669.11a W*Scott 254. Reg. No. 3244; dsh; mute; fair condition; Scott W* 247. Reg. No. 3228; dsh; mute; good condition; 1985: No. 27: 'probably 4 [unspecified] shekel.' 42.22 g = 4/s x 84.44 g = 4/so x 527.75 g = 4 x 10.555 g W* 255. Reg. No. 3242; low dsh; mute; fair condition; Scott on 1985: No. 30: 'probably 4 [unspecified] shekel.' Where Scott relied for his interpretation of a weight 43.39 g = 4/8 x 86.78 g = 4/50 x 542.38 g = 4 x 10.848 g = the loop sign as representing the standard Hebrew shekel x 14.463 g = 6 x 7.232 g unit (Scott 1985: 206), the unit is designated here 3'Judean shekel.' Where Scott's 'probable identification' of any W*mute 256. Reg. No. 3245; dsh; loop and hieratic 5; good dome-shaped weight is simply 'shekel,' a qualifying condition; Scott 1985: No. 38, Fig. 79:1: '4 Judean shekel.' 45.55 g = 4/8x91.10 g = 4 x 11.388 g [unspecified] is added here. The concluding lines contain the object's mass inW* grams 257. Reg. No. 3249; low dsh; mute; fair condition; (according to Scott 1985) and mass equations showing Scott the 1985: No. 47: 'probably 8 [unspecified] shekel.' metrologica! interpretations suggested here. 88.06 g = 8x 11.008 g = 6x 14.677 g = 12x7.338 g 236 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms W* 258. Reg. No. 3259; dsh; loop and hieratic 10; fair condition; Scott 1985: No. 50: '8 Judean shekel.' 89.31 g = 8x11.164 g W* 259. Reg. No. 3250; dsh; loop and hieratic 10; good condition; Scott 1985: No. 52: '8 Judean shekel.' 90.06 g = 8x 11.258 g W* 260. Reg. No. 3260; high dsh; loop and hieratic 10; very good condition; Scott 1985: No. 54, Fig. 79:7: '8 W* 270. Reg. No. 3238; low dsh; loop and two unit strokes; fair condition; Scott 1985: No. 19, Fig. 78:19: '2 [Hebrew] shekel.' 21.79 g = 2/8 x 87.16 g = 2/so x 544.75 g = 2 x 10.895 g The shekel unit of this weight is 4.22% below the Judean shekel norm. It has a parallel in W* 275, with a unit mass 5.07% below the norm, and there are mute Judean weights with a similar low unit mass, e.g. W* 214, W* 215, W* 255, W* 288 and W* 291. Judean shekel.' W* 271. Reg. No. 3241; low dsh; loop and two unit strokes; good condition; Scott 1985: No. 20, n. 10, Fig. 78:20: 'the left [unit] stroke is short and less deeply inW* 261. Reg. No. 3248; fragment of low dsh; mute; poor condition; Scott 1985: No. 44, n. 24: 'ab. 10% ... is miss-cised'; '2 Judean shekel.' 22.26 g = 2/s x 89.04 g = > x 667.80 g = 2 x 11.13 g ing'; 'probably 8 [unspecified] shekel.' [84.24 g] ca. 93.60 g = 8 x 11.70 g W* 272. Reg. No. 3246; dolomite or dolomitic 1st; high The missing part is possibly slightly overestimated. dsh; loop and hieratic '5'; good condition; Scott 1985: No. W* 262. Reg. No. 3247; dsh; loop and hieratic 5; 'very35, n. 20, Fig. 78:32: '4 Judean shekel.' good condition; unused, as if it had just left the workshop; 45.23 g = 4/s x 90.46 g = 4 x 11.308 g the inscription deep and sharply edged, the base rim L. A669.34a sharp...'; Scott 1985: No. 36, Fig. 78:33, pp. 197, 207W* 273. Reg. No. 3253; dsh; mute; good condition; Scott 208: '4 Judean shekel'; Scott 1965: PL 23:2. 1985: No. 5, Fig. 78:5: q/3 Judean shekel' [i.e. 73 x 11.85 g]. 45.36 g = 4/s x 90.72 g = 4x11. 34 g 3.95 g = 7/2ox 11.286 g = 7x0.5643 g 92.78 g = 8 X 11.598 g L. A669.11b W* 274. Reg. No. 3253; dsh; inscribed 'n-s-p'; very good W* 263. Reg. No. 3229; dsh; mute; good condition; Scott condition; Scott 1985: No. 13, Fig. 78:13; Scott 1965: PL 1985: No. 6, n. 1, Fig. 78:6: 'probably 3/s shekel' [i.e. 4.43 24:6. = 3/g x 11.813 g]. 9.33 g = 1 x 9.33 g 4.43 g = 8/2ox 11.075 g = 8x0.55375 g W* 275. Reg. No. 3255; high dsh; loop sign and hieratic 5; W* 264. Reg. No. 3239; low dsh; mute; good condition; fair condition; Scott 1985: No. 28, n. 15, Fig. 78:28: 'probScott 1985: No. 23, n. 11, Fig. 78:23: 'probably 2 [Judean] ably 8 [unspecified] shekel.' shekel.' 43.19 g = 4/8 x 86.38 g = 4/so x 539.90 g = 4 x 10.798 g 22.60 g = 2/8 x 90.40 g = 2 x 1 1.30 g W* 276. Reg. No. 3254; dsh; loop and hieratic 5; very W* 265. Reg. No. 3243; black hematite; fed; mute; good good condition; Scott 1985: No. 39: '4 Judean shekel.' condition; Scott 1985: No. 25, n. 13: 'probably Egyptian 45.56 g = 4/8 x 91.12 g = 4x11.39 g or Phoenician.' 30.09 g = 4/i2 x 90.27 g = 4 x 7.523 g L. A669.34 W* 266. Reg. No. 3230; unworked pebble (dolomite); resembling low dsh; mute; Scott 1985: No. 8, n. 3, Fig. 78:8: 'possibly an unofficial pym.' 7.48 g = Vi2 x 89.76 g = 1 x 7.48 g W* 277. Reg. No. 3256; dsh; loop and hieratic 5; fair condition; Scott 1985: No. 51: '8 [Judean] shekel.' 89.51 g = 8/8 x 89.51 g = 8x11.189 g W* 278. Reg. No. 3257; dsh; loop and hieratic 30; good condition; Scott 1985: No. 56, Fig. 79:9: '24 [Judean] shekel'; Scott 1965: Pl. 23:4. 268.30 g = 3 x89.433 g = 24 x 11.179 g W* 267. Reg. No. 3231; high dsh; inscribed 'p-y-m'; very L. A669.42 good condition; Scott 1985: No. 9; Scott 1965: PL 24:5. 7.80 g = Vi2 x 93.60 g = 1 x 7.80 g W* 279. Reg: No. 3251; irregular dsh; poor condition; 'traces of the shekel symbol: ... a curved line ... to form W* 268. Reg. No. 3232; inscribed 'p-y-m'; good condition (unfinished); Scott 1985: No. 12, n. 5: 'between dsh and a figure of eight'; Scott 1985: No. 55, n. 29, Fig. 79:8: 'probably 16 [unspecified] shekel.' irregular polyhedron'; Scott 1965: PL 24:7. 162.34 g = 2x82.17 g = 16/sox 507.31 g = 16 x 10.146 g 8.39 g = Vioo x 839 g = 1 x 8.39 g The traces of a shekel symbol on this weight, which has a The illustration does not show the artifact as polyhedral mass 10% below the Judean shekel norm, leads one to and Scott's conclusion that it is unfinished is perhaps unjustified, as its mass accords with the heavier Mesopota- think of an attempt to make the weight appear to repremian shekel unit, for which there are parallels among the Judean weights. W* 269. Reg. No. 3233; inscribed 'n-s-p'; good condition (unfinished); Scott 1985: No. 14, n. 6, Fig. 78:14: 'between dsh and irregular polyhedron'; Scott 1965: PL 24:8. 10.62 g = Ys x 84.96 g = 7so x 531 g = 1 x 10.62 g Cf. the preceding item: the conclusion that its shaping remained unfinished is perhaps unjustified as its mass accords with other nsp weights of the higher range. sent the Judean shekel norm, while in fact its mass is that of a nsp weight of the higher range. L. A672.12 W* 280. Reg. No. 3227; dsh; inscribed hieratic 5; good condition; Scott 1985: No. 2, Fig. 78:2, p. 198: '5 gerah'; Scott 1965: PL 24:9: il/4 n-s-p,' [i.e. 7* x 10.32 g]. 2.58 g = 5/2o x 10.32 g = 5 x 0.516 g The unit value of this 'five-gerah' weight decidedly does not accord with the gerah of the Judean shekel. 237 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. A676.1a good condition; Scott 1985: No. 34, Fig. 78:31: '4 [Judean] shekel.' W* 281. Reg. No. 4441; low dsh; mute; good condition; g = 4/s x 89.62 g = 4 x 11.203 g 'base rim rounded, many small percussion marks,44.81 some lime incrustation'; Scott 1985: No. 33, nn. 18-19: 'probL. AA306.2 ably 4 [unspecified] shekel.' W* 290. Reg. No. 6558; inscribed 'p-y-m-'; very good [44.71 g] = 4/s X 89.42 g = 4 x 11.178 g condition; Despite its many percussion marks, the weight is still with- Scott 1985: No. 10, Fig. 78:10. 7.92 g = Vi2 x 95.04 g = y2 x 15.84 g = 1 x 7.92 g in the toleration limit of the Judean shekel. W* 291. Reg. No. 6481; mute; dsh; poor condition; Scott 1985: No. 45: 'probably 8 [unspecified] shekel.' W* 282. Reg. No. 4442; dsh; imitation loop sign and unit 85.79 g = 8 x 10.724 g = 6 x 14.298 g = 12 x 7.149 g stroke, 'form of shekel symbol unusual, but not unique'; 'hole drilled in base, lead filling missing'; Scott 1985: No. L. AA307.4 63, n. 1, Fig. 79:20: 'one Late Monarchy shekel.' W* 292. Reg. No. 6777; dsh; mute; good condition; Scott [10.50 g] = Vs x 84 g = 1 x 10.50 g 1985: No. 31, n. 17: 'probably 4 [unspecified] shekel.' In view of the unusual shekel symbol on the weight, one 44.34g = 4/8x88.68 g = 4xll.085g = 3x14.78g = 6x cannot be sure that the cavity bored in its base was 7.39 made g to hold a lead plug in order to increase the mass: the intention may have been to lower the mass to the value Site H of a nsp of the higher range. L. A676.1d L. H103.2 L. A676.3 293. Reg. No. 1244; high dsh; mute; condition not W* 283. Reg. No. 3728; dsh; loop and hieratic 10; W* very stated; good condition; base well defined; inscription worn; Scott Scott 1985: No. 62: 'context Byzantine fill'; 'probably 2 depreciated Late Monarchy shekel.' 1985: No. 53, n. 28, Fig. 79:6: '8 Judean shekel.' 21.50 g = 2/ so x 537.50 g = 2/s x 86.00 g = 2 x 10.75 g 91.87 g = 8x 11.484 g L. A676.5 3. Southern Ridge W* 284. Reg. No. 3727; dsh; mute; poor condition; 'base badly worn, three large chips missing, small percussion Site Y marks on top and sides'; Scott 1985: No. 48, n. 26: 'probably 8 [unspecified] shekel.' L. V50.2 [88.38 g] = 8 x 11.048 g W* 294. Reg. No. 4945; irregular dsh; mute; poor condiEven in its mutilated state, the weight may originally have tion; Scott 1985: No. 64: 'context Byzantine-medieval fill'; been a satisfactory Judean eight shekel weight. 'probably p-y-m, Late Monarchy.' [7.00 g] = Y 2 X 14.00 g = yi2 x 84.00 g = 1 X 7.00 g L. A678.1 W* 285. Reg. No. 3726; high dsh; loop and hieratic 10; fair condition, 'inscription faint, base rim worn, the sides pitted'; Scott 1985: No. 49, n. 27: '8 [Judean] shekel.' [88.93 g] = 8x11.116 g L. A680 + 4. Central Valley SiteK L. K15.17 W* 286. Reg. No. 4440; dsh; loop and two unit strokes; W* 295. Reg. No. 1672; high dsh; loop and hieratic 5; good condition; Scott 1985: No. 22, Fig. 78:22: '2 [Judean] good condition; Scott 1985: No. 40: '4 [Judean] shekel.' shekel.' 45.68 g = 4/8 x 91.36 g = 4x11.42 g 22.57 g = 2/s x 90.28 g = 2 x 11.285 g L. K10L5 L. A845.22a W* 296. Reg. No. 5455; low dsh; inscribed hieratic 6; W* 287. Reg. No. 4443; high dsh; mute; good condition; good condition; Scott 1985: No. 3, p. 205, Fig. 78:3: some flaws; Scott 1985: No. 32, Fig. 78:30: 'probably 4 [unspecified] shekel.' [44.60 g] = 4/s x 89.20 = 4 x 11.15 g Site AA 'probably x1a shekel [i.e. l/4 x 11.60 g].' 2.90 g = 6/24 x 1 1.60 g = 6/20 x 9.667 g = 6 x 0.4833 g Regarding the second equation, compare the Egyptian weights on a unit norm of 9.70 g, cited by Hultsch 1898: 171, 172, Table 5. L. AA106.10 W* 288. Reg. No. 7655; bronze; high dsh, different from 5. Central Valley, Western Flank shape of stone weights; mute; lead filling in base; fair Site F condition; Scott 1985: No. 29, n. 16: 'a non-Israelite weight'; 'probably 4 [unspecified] shekel.' L. F202.6 43.35 g = 4 x 10.838 g = 3 x 14.45 g = 6 x 7.225 g The weight has the mass of a nsp weight of the higherW* 297. Reg. No. 91; calcined 1st; irregular-oblong shape; mute; fair to good condition; Scott 1985: No. 66: 'context range. 7th c. B.C. to Hellenistic fill'; 'probably not a weight.' L. AA305.13 40 g = 4/sx50g = 4/50 x 500 g = 4xl0.00g = 3xl3.333g = 55;x 8.00 g = 6 x 6.667 g W* 289. Reg. No. 6776; high dsh; loop and hieratic 238 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. F409.33 L, L713.18 W* 298. Reg. No. 3267; black hematite; high dsh; W* mute; 305. Reg. No. 5628; dsh; loop and hieratic 5; good condition; Scott 1985: No. 37: '4 Judean shekel.' fair condition; multifaceted; Scott 1985: No. 7, n. 2, Fig. 45.49 g = 72x90.28 g = 4 x 11.373 g 78:7: 'many fine ridges between small planes; base roughly hexagonal; unfinished'; 'probably bqa' (?).' 6.51 g = V120X 781.20 g = 72 X 13.02 g The way that this rotund artifact has been shaped shows IV. EARLY WEIGHTS FOUND ON OTHER that it is a private weight. From its material not part of OCCASIONS NEAR THE CITY OF DAVID AND the Judean weight equipment, it corresponds nicely toELSEWHERE the IN JERUSALEM (W* 306-315) mina standard of 785.90 g = 60 x 13.10 g = 120 x 6.55 g, being only 0.6% below this norm known from Egypt (seeWeight; marble (?); mute; excavated near the W* 306. Siloam Channel; Guthe 1882: 373. Petrie's finds discussed by Hultsch 1898: 138-39 and norm 24.4944 g = 2 x 12.247 g = 3 x 8.165 g list p. 204). It may however have been fashioned in Judah. 6. Annex: Armenian Garden W* 307. Weight; inscribed with loop and hieratic 10; excavated near the Siloam Channel; Guthe 1882: 373. 46 g = 4/sx92g = 4x11.50 g W* 308. Lst weight of boulder size, nicely crafted to an ellipsoidal shape and provided with a cavity at one end of L. L14.34 its axis; originally mute but with some spurious lettering, W* 299. Reg. No. 7513; low dsh; faint inscriptionapparently of loop scratched by local inhabitants at the end of the and hieratic 10; much worn; Scott 1985: No. 89. 19th century, who had accidentally come across the arti86.80 = 8 x 10.85 g = 6 x 14.467 g = 12 x 7.233fact. g While the true site of its discovery in Jerusalem is unknown, it became known as the 'Talent of St. Anna,' L. L6 1.24a where it had been clandestinely reburied to be 'discovered' W* 300. Reg. No. 7495; dsh; loop and hieratic 5; very by one of the Fathers (Cré 1892). good condition; 'broken and carefully restored'; Scott 41,900 g = (a) 60x698.34 g = 3600x1 1.639 g = 3000 x 1985: No. 41. 13.967 g = (b) 50x838 g = 5000x8.38 g = (c) 80x523.75 g 46.27 g = 72x92.54 g = 4 x 11.568 g = 4000 x 10.475 g Testing the relation of its mass to a Judean standard L. L50.11b (equation a) results in shekel values 2.3% over their norm W* 301. Reg. No. 3729; dolomitic 1st; dsh; mute; frag; values. Calculating the mass of the artifact as a multiple of Scott 1985: No. 43, n. 23: '...closely matches the same either the Mesopotamian common or the Mesopotamian segment of the complete [8 shekel piece] No. 3728 [W* silver standard (equations b and c), the resultant unit va283] (91.87 g)'; 'probably 8 [Judean] shekels.' lues concord surprisingly with other known local Iron [60.45 g] ca. 91 g = 8x11.40 g Age weights. Site L L. L252.14 W* 302. Reg. No. 4702; bronze and lead; mute; good condition [but] corroded; Scott 1985: No. 46, n. 25, Fig. 79:3: 'doubtful that this is an Israelite weight, because of its material, ... too light to be 8 [Judean] shekels and too heavy to be 8 nsp.' 86.24 g = 8 x 10.78 g = 6x 14.373g = 10x6.24g = 12x 7.187 g While metal weights are rare in Judah, the unit mass of this weight accords with the nsp value of the higher range. L. L325.5 W* 309. Weight; marble (?); mute; spheroidal segment, axially bored with resultant loss of 1.425 g; Sayce 1893; Pilcher 1912. [8.6832 g] ca. 10.109 g = l/so x 505.45 g = 1 x 10.109 g W* 310. Weight; mute; found in the Tyropoeon Valley; Bliss and Dickie 1898: 267. 90.8519 g = 8x 11.356 g = 12x7.571 g W* 311. Weight; marble(?); spheroidal zone; inscribed 'nsp'; perfect preservation; acquired in Jerusalem; Barton 1903: 386f. 9.9468 g W* 303. Reg. No. 6766; low dsh; inscribed with three unit strokes; very good condition; Scott 1985: No. 1, pp. 198W* 312. Weight; marble (?); domed spheroidal zone; 99. mute; acquired in Jerusalem; Torrey 1903: 206. 1 .93 g = 7s x 5.79 g or 1 .93 g = 3 x 0.6433 g = 3/i2 x 7.72 g 5.8696 g = 10/2o x 11.74 g = 10x0.587 g The first equation, expressing 'three make one unit,' inW* 313. Weight; irregular spheroid with flat base; indicates a likely value of a bqa'; the second equation inscribed 'bqa"; found at Ras Salah Sha'fat; Dalman dicates a possible pym value. 1906: 94, Fig. 4. L. L550.25 6.643 g = 72 x 13.286 g = 7ioo x 664.30 g = 1 x 6.643 g W* 304. Reg. No. 3266; low dsh; mute; Scott 1985: No. W* 314. Weight; brass (?); irregular cube; inscribed 'pym' 11, n. 4: 'top surface rough, base smooth and well-deand 'lezaharyahu/yair'; 'slight loss of material'; acquired fined'; 'probably a pym.' in Jerusalem; Barton 1903: 384; Pilcher 1912: 86 (2). 7.94 g = 7i2 x 95.28 g = 72 x 15.88 g = 1 x 7.94 g [7.6095 g] = 712 x 91.31 g = 1 x 7.6095 g As a pym weight this piece is 5% too heavy. However, the rough top and low dome shape raise a suspicion W* of 315. tam-Weight; inscribed 'pym'; found near Silwan; Pilpering with a weight of another standard, perhaps Me- 99 (2). chera 1914: sopotamian weight of 8.18 6g which was reduced by 7.753%. g = 712 x 93 g = 1x7.75 g. 239 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms BIBLIOGRAPHY Eran, A. 1990. A Metrological Consideration of the Aharoni, Y. 1971. A 40-Shekel Weight with a Hieratic Numeral. Bulletin of the American School Eshtamo'a of Oriental Hoard. ' Atiqot (Hebrew Series) 10: 58-60 Research 201: 35-36. (English summary, p. 15*). Eran, A. 1994. Weights from Excavations 1981-1984 at Barkay G. 1978. A Group of Iron Age Scale Weights. Israel Exploration Journal 28: 208-17. Shiloh. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 110: 151-58. Barkay G. 1981. Iron Age Gerah Weights. Eretz-Israel 15: 288-96 (Hebrew). Fisher, C. 1929. The Excavation of Armageddon (Oriental Barrois, A.G. 1932. La métrologie dans la Bible. RevueInstitute Communications 4). Chicago: Chicago University Press. Biblique 41: 50-76. Fitzgerald, G.M. 1930. The Four Canaanite Temples of Barton, G.A. 1903. Two New Hebrew Weights. Journal of Beth-Shan. Part II. The Pottery. Philadelphia: Unithe American Oriental Society 24: 384-87. versity Museum. Beloch, K.J. 1925. Griechische Geschichte , IV, 1. Berlin: W. de Gruyter & Co. Flusser, D. 1978. The Josippon. 2 vols. Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik. Benzinger, I. 1903. Masse und Gewichte bei den Franken, H.J. 1982. Groudstoffen voor de Materielle Hebräern. Real- Enzyklopädie für protestantische TheoCultur en Palestina en Omliggende Gebieden. Kampen. logie , 12. Leipzig. Gordon, C.H. 1965. Ugaritic Textbook: Grammar , Texts Bibby, T.G. 1970. ...Efter Dilmun Norm. KUML Ärbog in Transliteration, Cuneiform Selections, Glossary, for Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab 1970: 345-53. Indices (Analecta Orientalia 38). Rome: Pontifical Bliss, F. G. and Dickie, A.C. 1898. Excavations at Biblical Institute. Jerusalem , 1894-1897. London: Palestine Exploration Guthe, H. 1882. Ausgrabungen bei Jerusalem. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 5: 7-204, 271-378. Brandis, J. 1866. Muenz-, Mass- und Gewichtswesen in Vorderasien. Berlin. Guthe, H. 1894. Ein vermeintliches hebräisches Talent. Fund. Chantraine, P. 1961. Morphologie historique du grec. 2nd Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 17: 201-203. edition. Librairie C. Klincksieck. Haeberlin, E. J. 1909. Die metrologischen Grundlagen des ältesten mittelitalischen Münzsysteme. Zeitschrift für Chaplin, T. 1890. An Ancient Hebrew Weight from Samaria. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly State- Numismatik 21 : 1-115. Helck, W. 1980. Masse und Gewichte (pharaon. Zeit.). ment 23: 267-68. Pp. 1201-1209 in W. Helck and W. Westendorf (eds.). Clermont-Ganneau, C. 1899. Archaeological Researches in Lexicon der Ägyptologie , 3. Weisbaden: Harrowitz. Palestine During the Years 1873-1874. London: Palestine Exploration Fund. Hemmy, A.S. 1937. An Analysis of the Pe trie Collection of Egyptian Weights. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Conder, C.R. 1891. The Hebrew Weights. Palestine 23: 39-56. Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 24: 69-70. Hornung, E. 1967. Einführung in die Ägyptologie. Conder, C.R. 1902. Hebrew Weights and Measures. Darmstadt. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 35: 175-95. Hultsch, F. 1882. Griechische und Roemische Metrologie. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 14. Cour-Marty, M.-A. 1989. Les poids dans l'Egypte Hultsch, F. 1898. Die Gewichte des Altertums. Abhandancienne. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Paris. lungen, Sächsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 18, Cré, L. 1892. Le Kikkar ou talent hébreu de 3000 sicles.2. Revue Illustrée de la Terre Sainte 9: 593-600. Kletter, R. 1990. The Inscribed Weights from Palestine and Crowfoot, J.W. and Fitzgerald, G.M. 1929. Excavationsthe Borders of Judah in the Seventh Century B.C. in the Tyropoeon Valley, Jerusalem 1927 (Palestine Unpublished M.A. dissertation, Tel Aviv University. Exploration Fund Annual 5). London: Palestine Kletter, R. 1991. The Inscribed Weights of the Kingdom of Judah. Tel Aviv 18: 121-63. Exploration Fund. Dalman, D. 1906. Neugefundene Gewichte. ZeitschriftKuschke, A. 1954. Beitrage zur Siedlungsgeschichte der des Deutschen Palästina- Vereins 29: 92-94. Bik'a. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 70: Duncan, J.G. 1925. Fifth Quarterly Report on the 104-29. Excavation of the Eastern Hill of Jerusalem. Palestine Lamon, R.S. and Shipton, G.M. 1939. Megiddo I: Seasons of 1925-34. Strata I-IV (University of Chicago, Duncan, J.G. 1931. Digging Up Biblical History. 2 vols. Oriental Institute Publications 42). Chicago: University of Chicago. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 58: 8-24. 240 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Queipo, V. 1859. Essai sur les systèmes métriques et monétaires des anciens peuples. 3 vols. Paris. Rafaeli, S. 1920. The Ancient Hebrew Weights. Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society 1: 22-24. Semitica 26: 33-44. Regling, K. 1930. S.v. libra in: V. Schrötter, Wörterbuch der Münzkunde. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. Lindsten, E. 1943. Vorgeschichtliche Gewichte aus Troja. Acta Archaeologica 14: 91-105. Reifler, E. 1964. The Archeological and Metrological Evidence for an Indus Valley and Sumero-Baby Ionian Luschan, F. von. and Andrae, W. 1943. Die Kleinfunde von Sendschirli (Mitteilungen aus den orientalischen Origin of the Ancient Chinese Measuring System. In: Proceedings of the XXV Ith International Congress of Sammlungen 15). Berlin: Verlag von Walter de Gruyter & Co. Orientalists, New Delhi, January 4-6. Rosto vsteff, M. 1941. The Social and Economic History of Macalister, R.A.S. 1912. The Excavation of Gezer. 3 vols. the Hellenistic World. 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford University London: Palestine Exploration Fund. Macalister, R.A.S. and Duncan, J.G. 1926. ExcavationPress. on Lehmann-Haupt, C.F. 1916. Bemerkungen zur keilinschriften Gewichtskunde. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 70: 521-24. Lemaire, A. 1976. Poids inscrits inédits de Palestine. Sayce, A.H. 1893. On an Inscribed Bead from Palestine. the Hill of the Ophel, Jerusalem (Palestine Exploration Fund Annual 4, 1923-1925), London. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 16: 32-33. Moors, R.-S. 1904. Poids, mesures, et monnaies des Sayce, A.H. 1904. Inscribed Weights. Palestine ExploraIsraélites d'après la Bible. Paris. tion Fund Quarterly Statement 37: 357-58. Naster, P. 1967. Le développement des monnayages phéneciens avant Alexandre, d'après les trésors. Pp. 3- Schick, C. 1892. An Ancient Stone Weight. Palestine 24 in: The Patterns of Monetary Development in Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 25: 289-90. Phoenicia and Palestine in Antiquity (International Schmidt, E. F. 1937. Excavations at Tepe Hissar Numismatic Convention, Jerusalem 27-31 December Damghan. Philadelphia: University Museum. Schumacher, G. 1908. Tell el-Mutesellim. I. Band. 1963). Tel Aviv: Schocken. Naveh, J. Forthcoming. Hebrew and Aramaic InscripFundbericht. Leipzig: Rudolf Haupt. tions. Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985 Scott, R.B.Y. 1965. The Scale-Weights from Ophel, 1963Directed by Yigal Shiloh, Vol. V: Extramural Areas and 1964. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 97: 128-39. Inscriptions (Qedem). Scott, R.B.Y. 1970. The N-S-P Weights from Judah. Pernice, E. 1894. Griechische Gewichte. Berlin. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 200: 62-66. Petrie, W.M.F. 1886. Naukratis 1, 1884-1885. London: Egypt Exploration Fund. Petrie, W.M.F. 1891. Illahun, Kahun and Gurob, 18891890. London: Nutt. Scott, R.B.Y. 1985. Weights from the 1961-1967 Excava- tions. Pp. 197-212 in A.D. Tushingham: Excavations in Jerusalem 1961-1967, 1. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. Petrie, W.M.F. 1920. Prehistoric Egypt : Illustrated by over 1,000 Objects in the University College. London: British Shiloh, Y. 1984. Excavations at the City of David I - School of Archaeology in Egypt. 1978-1982 : Interim Report of the First Five Seasons Petrie, W.M.F. 1926. Ancient Weights and Measures. (Qedem 19). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Hebrew University. Petrie, W.M.F. 1937. Anthedon, Sinai. London: British Shiloh, Y. 1990. Stratigraphical Introduction to Parts I School of Archaeology in Egypt. and II. Pp. 1-12 in: D.T. Ariel. Excavations at the City Pezard, M. 1931. Qadesh: mission archéologique à Tellof David 1978-1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh, Vol. II: Nebi Mend 1921-22. Paris: Geuthner. Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory, and Glass (Qedem 30). Jerusalem: Piggot, S. 1950. Prehistoric India to 1000 B.C. HarmondsInstitute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. worth: Penguin. Soutzo, M.C. 1911. L'u, le Qa et le vin.. .des AssyroPilcher, E.J. 1912. Weights of Ancient Palestine. PalesChaldéens d'après M. Thureau-Dangin. Journal Asiatine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 45: 136-44, 178-95. tique (10th series) 13. Stern, E. 1982. Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in Pilcher, E.J. 1914. A New Hebrew Weight. Palestine the Persian Period 538-332 B.C. Warminster: Aris & Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 47: 99. Phillips. Porten, B. 1968. Archives from Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony. Berkeley: University of Thomson, P. 1926. Gewichte und Gewichtssystem: PaläsCalifornia Press. tina-Syrien. Pp. 311-15 in: M. Ebert (ed.). Reallexicon der Vorgeschichte , 4. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. Powell, M.A. 1971. Sumerian Numeration and Metrology. Thureau-Dangin, F. 1921. Numération et métrologie Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota. sumériennes. Revue ď Assyriologie 18: 123-42. 241 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Tobler, A.J. 1950. Excavations at Tepe Gawra, 2. d'Archéologie Orientale 509). Cairo: Institut Français Philadelphia: University Museum. d'Archéologie Orientale. Torrey, C.C. 1903. An Inscribed Hebrew Weight. Journal Weigall, A.E.P. 1908. Weights and Balances. Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. of the American Oriental Society 24: 206-208. Tushingham, A.D. 1985. Excavations in Jerusalem 1961Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. 1967 , 1. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. Woolley, L. 1950. Ur of the Chaldees: A Record of Seven Unger, E. 1918. Gewichte und gewichtsähnliche Stücke.Years of Excavation. 2nd edition. London: Benn. Yadin, Y. 1961. Ancient Judean Weights and the Date of Katalog der Babylonischen und Assyrischen Sammlung, Osmanliche Museen , III, 1. Constantinople: Ihsan & the Samaria Ostraca. Scripta Hierosolymitana 8: 9-25. Cie. Yeivin, Z. 1990. The Silver Hoard from Eshtemo'a. 4 Atiqot (Hebrew Series) 10: 43-57 (Hebrew; English Valbelle, D. 1977. Catalogue des poids à inscriptions hieratiques de Deir el-Medineh: Nos. 5001-5423. Docu- summary, p. 15*). ments de fouilles , 16 (Publications de l'Institut Français 242 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 31. Weights. 243 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 32. Weights. 244 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 33. Weights. 245 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 34. Weights. 246 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 35. Weights. 247 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 36. Weights. 248 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 37. Weights. 249 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 38. Weights. 250 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 39. Weights. 251 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 9 12 13 Pl. 14. Weights. 252 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 976 12:34:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 15. Weights. 253 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 16. Weights. 254 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 34. Fig. 31. No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus PL No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus Pl. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. W 24 El/18846/1 1962 2. W 32 El/10531 1643 W1 E3/19288 W 2 El/9975 W 10 El/14519 W 12 El/19616 W 13 El/21583 W 14 El/21638 W 15 El/19717 W 4 El/9503 W 9 El/10851 2480 1400 1689 2161 2161 2161 2169 1386 1662 Fig. 32. 3. W 41 B 480 114A 4. W 50 Dl/13326 W. 526 5. W 54 D2/13762 1887 6. W 57 El/6375 1272 7. W 60 El/8632 1293 8. W 61 El/7982 1303 9. W 62 El/8498 1303 10. W 72 El/10176 1604 11. W 73 El/10430 1604 12. W 74 El/10528 1604 El/10766 1646 13. W 76 El/10270 1618 14. W 77 El/14596 1650 15. W 80 El/16248 2015 14:3 No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus Pl. 1. W 16 El/19767 2177 2. W 22 El/19509 2135 3. W 23 El/19804 2135 4. W 28 Dl/13267 450 5. W 29 Dl/12724 432 6. W 30 D2/20394 2357 7. W 31 El/10265 1616 8. W 33 El/10648 1651 9. W 36 E3/15971 1992 10. W 37 E3/19009 1957 11. W 38 D2/14172 1896 12. W 39 B 364/1 129 13. W 42 Dl/981 317 14. W 43 Dl/12624 419 15. W 47 Dl/13245 456 Fig. 35. No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus Pl. 1. W 81 El/16439 2015 2. W 82 El/16492 2107 3. W 83 El/21509 2601 4. W 85 E2/12179/1 1500 5. W 89 E3/15829 1934 6. W 90 D2/13595 1873 7. W 95 El/8435 1309 14:4 8. W 96 El/9134 1310 14:5 9. W 97 El/14684 1609 10. W 98 El/14525 1679 11. W 99 El/14546 1679 12. W 100 El/5957 W. 248 13. „ W 101 El/3934 658 14. W 102 El/5965 658 15. W 106 El/9064/1 1355 Fig. 36. Fig. 33. No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus Pl. 1. W 46 Dl/13266 456 2. W 48 D 1/1 3288 468 3. W 49 Dl/13297 469 4. W 53 D2/13264 1876 5. W 55 El/3853 640 6. W 58 El/6394 1274 7. W 59 El/6437 1275 8. W 63 El/8538/1 1303 9. W 67 El/8462 1303 10. W 69 El/9445/3 1322 14:1 11. W 70 El/8549 1325 14:2 12. W 25 D2/13753 1891 13. W 71 El/8579 1325 No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus Pl. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. W 107 El/9288 1355 W 108 El/10153 1621 W 109 El/10671 1636 W 110 El/10872/1 773 W 111 El/19526 2155 W 114 E3/13034 1585 7. W 117 8. W 119 9. W 120 G G 4727 4474 G 773 14:6 784 784 14:7 10. W 122 G 4509 4567 790 14:8 11. W 124 G 4728 791 14:9 12. W 126 G 4825/1 792 13. W 128 G 4660 798 14. W 129 G 4692 799 255 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 14. Fig. 37. No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus PL 1. W 132 G 4986 818 2. W 133 G 4957 823 14:11 3. W 134 G 4948/1 824 4. W 137 G 5626 791 14:12 5. W 138 G 5676 856 14:13 6. W 139 G 5768 868 15:1 No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus Fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. W 69 El/9445/3 1322 33:10 W W W W 70 El/8459 80 El/16248 95 El/8435 96 El/9134 1325 33:11 2015 34:15 1309 35:7 1310 35:8 6. W 117 G 4727 773 7. W 120 G 4509 784 8. W 122 G 4567 790 36:10 10. W 143 G 11528 959 9. W 124 G 4728 791 36:11 11. W 144 G 11574 959 10. W 125 G 4736 791 12. W 145 G 11509 967 11. W 133 G 4957 823 13. W 146 G 11510 967 12. W 137 G 5626 791 37:4 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 13. W 138 G 5676 856 37:5 7. W 140 G 11183 903 8. W 141 G 11110/3 913 9. W 142 W W W W W G 11175 923 15:2 150 El/9360 1369 151 El/16576 2066 15:3 152 El/16945 2092 153 El/17071 2103 154 El/17136 2113 15:4 No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus Pl. 1. W 157 El/17349 2129 15:5 2. W 158 El/19657 2114 G 3. W 4. W 160 G 2196 4244 736 5. W 161 G 2239 737 6. W 162 G 718 2340 742 7. W 163 G 2443/1 742 8. W 165 9. W 166 G 4252 G 167 756 2580 760 4354 760 G 15:6 15:7 15:9 15:10 10. W 11. W 168 G 4791 778 16:1 12. W 169 G 4793 778 16:2 14. W 172 G 11438 950 W 173 Dl/12642 W 176 D2/20888 W 179 E2/1635 W 180 El/10220 422 2745 519 1619 Fig. 39. No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus Pl. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. W 181 El/1347 521 W 182 E2/1637 537 W 186 E3/7756 W. 471 W 189 D2/ 13959 1803 W 191 El/6454 1280 16:3 W 192 El/9121 1286 16:4 W 194 El/6158 Surf. 16:5 W 195 El/6260 W. 253, 1. W 2. W 139 142 G G 159 G 4244 718 38:3 W 162 G 2340 742 38:6 8. W 164 9. W 165 10. W G 2467 G 166 742 4252 G 2580 756 38:8 760 38:9 Pl. 16. No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus Fig. 1. W 168 G 4791 778 38:11 2. W 169 G 4793 778 38:12 3. 4. 5. 6. W W W W 191 El/6454 1280 39:5 192 El/9121 1286 39:6 194 El/6158 W. 241 39:7 195 El/6260 W. 253, 255, 257 39:8 7. W 199 G 8124 Surf. 39:12 8. W 200 G 11001 Surf. 39:13 13. W 200 G 11001 Surf. 16:8 14. W 201 J 8032 1069 15. W 202 SF 3001 4809 37:9 W 11. W 198 G 2057 714 G 37:6 923 7. 12. W 199 G 8124 Surf. 16:7 123 868 6. 255, 257 16:6 W 5768 11175 3. W 151 El/16576 2066 37:15 4. W 154 El/17136 2113 37:18 5. W 157 El/17349 2129 38:1 9. W 196 El/9013 Surf. 10. W 197 El/9854 Surf. 16. 37:2 Pl. 15. 13. W 171 G 11361 950 15. 16. 17. 18. 36:9 No. Cat. No. Reg. No. Locus Fig. Fig. 38. 159 36:7 790 256 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CHAPTER SIX FLINT IMPLEMENTS* Steven A. Rosen Ben-Gurion University of the Negev These methodological problems require some further discussion, and may be organized under The analysis of lithic implements and three waste general fromheadings: 1) the nature of the site; 2) INTRODUCTION complex societies can provide significant theinformanature of the artifacts; and 3) the nature of the tion on such diverse subjects as trade and archaeological economy, interpretation and chronological attribution. of social organization, functional interpretations sites and activity areas, chronologies, and First, perhaps the City of David was intensively occupied over the course even ethnicity. Although most of the work on theof several millennia. As such, it was general subject of lithics in complex societies has subject to repeated episodes of construction, repair and destruction, all of which tended to create come from the New World (e.g., Hester and Hammond 1976; Pires-Ferreira 1976; Winter and significant problems in the chronological attribution Pires-Ferreira 1976; Stone et al. 1983; and for of finds from fill layers. In connection with this, flint Greece, e.g., Runnels 1985), in recent years the artifacts are small and behave like potsherds and groundwork has been laid for the comprehensive coins in an archaeological stratum. They move analysis of lithic implements in the Levant during easily and are subject to a wide variety of the early historical periods (e.g., McConaughy 1979; disturbances, both human and natural. Unless Schick 1978; Milstein 1981; Rosen 1982; 1983a; found in pristine condition, in a totally primary in 1983b; 1983c; 1984a; 1984b). These studies, com- situ context, one cannot rule out the possibility of bined with earlier work, primarily by Neuvilleintrusion. Failure to consider the likelihood of such (1934-35; 1930) and Crowfoot (1935; 1937; 1948a; intrusions can lead to the mistaken attribution of 1948b; Crowfoot Payne 1984), provide a sound data types, and consequent misinterpretations of assem- base for attempting to understand some of the blages. These two factors together create major above subjects from a lithic perspective. problems in the attribution of material to particular The collection from the City of David provides a cultural or chronological horizons. Of further good example of both the potentials and the interest in connection with the features of the site problems of lithic analysis in the historical periodsitself is the apparent fact that virtually all intrusions in Israel. On the one hand, the site was occupiedseem to reflect upward movement of material. It is repeatedly for long periods, thus providing a good very common for older material to be found in chronological sequence for lithic types. On the other younger levels, and much less common for younger hand, this same settlement history causes significant material to infiltrate downwards. This is undoubt- problems in terms of intrusions and the interpreta-edly a function of large-scale construction, which tion of finds recovered from fill horizons, from tends to bring up older material during the digging which the bulk of the material was recovered. of foundations and other building activities. The same is generally true of ceramics as well. Secondly, the vast majority of flint artifacts are not culturally or chronologically diagnostic. With * Submitted in 1986. respect to industrial waste, apart from exceptional 257 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms types of cores or the waste from specialized manufacture such as microburins, most flint debitage can be dated and interpreted only by reference DESCRIPTION Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Loci to the assemblage as a whole. Index fossils are virtually absent in waste assemblages. The picture is For the purposes of description, the Chalcolit only slightly better for tools, especially in the later and Early Bronze Age loci have been groupe periods. The vast majority of tools from the together. There are no clean, unmixed Chalcoli loci, and many of the Early Bronze Age loci s historical periods are ad hoc and cannot be assigned a date without contextual information; there are few Chalcolithic intrusions. In Table 1 an attempt exceptions (e.g., Canaanean sickle segments). Evenbeen made to separate industries, based on str such well-known types as tabular scrapers span graphic considerations; the experiment was more than a millennium in their chronological successful in cúlling out intrusions. As is typical of the assemblages from the Finally, archaeological recording tends to stressperiods, the bulk of the tool assemblage is range. the dating of architectural horizons. The rule of comprised of non-diagnostic ad hoc elements. These thumb is that the youngest ceramics date the fillinclude borers, notches, denticulates, miscellaneous trimmed pieces, various scrapers, choppers and (e.g., Walker 1978). A fill layer in which 90% of the ceramics are dated to the Late Bronze Age and 10%hammerstones. Excepting the choppers and hamto the Iron Age can be interpreted as having beenmerstones, virtually all of these tools were manulaid down during the Iron Age, but having reusedfactured on flakes. an earlier matrix. Unfortunately, attributing an Iron Borers (Fig. 40:1-3) are pointed pieces whose Age date to the lithics from such an horizon wouldworking edge was manufactured either by notching clearly be inappropriate, and leaves the problem ofto form a 'nose' between the notches, or by how to date artifacts from such fill horizons. When retouching a corner or natural point. Two (of 20) are better classified as drills. They show long thin data are available, assemblages (as opposed to individual artifacts) can often be dated roughly by bits, with abrupt retouch. Notches and denticulates (Figs. 40:5-7,13) show reference to the predominant ceramic types present. However, such information is often not available. In single or multiple concavities. In the case of notches, such a situation one is left with the option of the concavities show internal retouch. Of the 39 discarding all material from fills as unfit for analysis pieces in this general class, 19 are notches and 20 are (thus eliminating the vast majority of artifacts), or denticulates. noting the presence of fills and trying to take them Miscellaneous trimmed pieces consist of two pieces showing truncations, two microtools and 15 pieces into due consideration in the analysis. Similar problems occur in the analysis of bones and other showing retouch, but without diagnostic shapes or non-intrinsically datable artifacts. attributes. The 37 scrapers (excluding tabular scrapers) In spite of this array of difficulties, when such assemblages are considered with reference to pre- comprise the largest tool group from the assemvious research, it is possible to make good use of blage, accounting for 26.1% of the total tools. A even the problematic collections. While the assem- general breakdown of types shows 13 steep scrapers blage from the City of David suffers from many (Fig. 40:16), two heavy scrapers, three denticulated difficulties with respect to intrusions, it is also one scrapers (Fig. 40:9), one small scraper, and 18 flat of the few well-collected assemblages from a scrapers (Fig. 40:17-18). As a general rule, workhistorical mound site, with more than 6000 artifacts. manship is of poor quality, and type of retouch is Collection bias is minimal, and this alone makes thenot standardized. The three choppers are bifacially retouched wadi lithics from the City of David worthy of closer study. With regard to the stratigraphical analysis of cobbles. the loci in which lithics were uncovered, stratum The two hammerstones , perhaps better called designations here are up-to-date as of March 1986. pounding stones, are fist-sized, and show pecking Loci from which lithics were examined for this over most of their surface. They are grouped from other tools in Table 1 due to report will be noted accordingly in the locus separately indices essential contrasts in technology and raw material. in the forthcoming final stratigraphical reports. 258 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 1. Lithic frequencies by period. Chalco./EB EB EB/MB II* LB Early Late Pers.j Iron Iron Hell. Total Tools Notches/denticulates 11 (35.5) 28 (25.2) 17 (15.6) 2 (50) 8 (15.1) 3 (12.0) 2 (15.4) 71 Borers/drills 5 (16.1) 15 (13.5) 10 (9.2) 6 (11.3) 1 (7.7) 37 Scrapers 4 (12.9) 33 (29.7) 26 (23.9) 1 (25) 6 (11.3) 1 (4.0) 1 (7.7) 72 Miscellaneous 8 (25.8) 11 (9.9) 8 (7.3) 9 (17.0) 2 (8.0) 38 Choppers 3 (2.7) 1 (1.9) 4 Blade tools 1 (3.2) 14 (12.8) 3 (5.7) 4 (16.0) 1 (7.7) 23 Sickles 14 (12.6) 27 (24.8) 1 (25) 18 (34.0) 15 (60.0) 6 (46.2) 78 Axes/adzes 1 (3.2) 2 (1.8) 2 (1.8) 1 (7.7) 6 Tabular scrapers 1 (3.2) 5 (4.0) 2 (1.8) 1 (1.9) 9 Varia 3 (2.8) 1 (1.9) 1 (5.9) 5 TOTAL 31 (99.9) 111 (99.9) 109 (100) 4 (100) 53 (100.1) 25 (100) 13 (100.1) 346 Pounding stones 2 46 2 12 54 33 149 Debitage Flakes 143 Primary 597 flakes Blades 9 Debris 281 Cores 1366 6 WASTE TOTAL LITHICS * Although of 163 128 29 11 2 3 4 48 482 2339 loci loci 30 6 27 1 1366 2 2 5 358 85 1 20 114 715 25 2226 513 the the 1462 39 13 renewal TOTAL matrix 9 163 40 Bladelets Core 409 42 1 65 9 6 13 3932 1 89 2051 43 920 108 27 5856 2206 49 985 187 73 6351 from shows MB high II strata are proportions clearl of Early inappropriate. and measures 4.9 x 3.8 x 0.9 cm. The final one is Although the three other tool classes, sickle segments, tabular scrapers and axes/adzes, comprise oval in shape, measures 4.4 x 3.2 x 0.3 cm and shows a much smaller proportion of the tool assemblage, minor incisions on the cortex (Fig. 41:3). The three fragments of groundstone axes are both they stand out because of their more standardized attributes and specialized production technologies. too broken tó be adequately described. All seem to Of the 14 sickle segments recovered, seven were fall into the Chalcolithic axe group. One comes from a mixed Chalcolithic-Early Bronze Age locus, manufactured on Canaanean blades (Fig. 41:6-7) (Rosen 1983a). All of these were broken, but and it is likely that the other two, found in Early Bronze Age fill layers, are also intrusive. average width and thickness measurements are 21 mm and 5 mm respectively. Three plain sickle Debitage analysis shows a very high proportion of blades were recovered (Fig. 41:10), and four backed flakes as opposed to blades/bladelets (15:1), which is sickle blades (Fig. 41:8), typologically probablysimilar to that of flake tools to blade tools (12.4:1). Of the 49 blades recovered, only five are technoloChalcolithic (Rosen 1982), were also found. gically Canaanean. The remainder are crude, Six tabular scraper fragments were recovered (Figs. 40:19, 41:1-3) (Rosen 1983b). Of these, threeirregular blades, in some cases probably not intentionally manufactured as such. The presence are too fragmentary for measurements or attribute descriptions. One is broken but quite large, with aof 11 bladelets may be of some interest, since bladelet industries are known in the Chalcolithic at minimum length of 7 cm. One is irregular in shape, 259 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Ghassul (Neuville 1934) and in the Early Bronze I at Arad (Schick 1978). However, it is impossible to determine whether these pieces are in fact intrusive from even earlier periods. Cores consisted of 37 irregular, nodular flake cores (Fig. 40:10), five small mixed blade/flake cores, two single platform non-Canaanean blade cores and ten bladelet cores. The latter could easily be Epipaleolithic intrusions. All come from fill loci. The 46 hammerstones (or pounding stones) recovered (Fig. 40:11) are similar to the two from the Early Bronze Age assemblage. They are generally fist-sized spheroids with pecking over their surface. In general, the much higher number of these objects in post-Early Bronze Age layers suggests a real difference between the Early Bronze Age assemblage and its successors. A chi-square test of the relative numbers of pounding stones found in Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age loci versus postEarly Bronze Age loci, using proportion of excavaMiddle Bronze II Loci tion per period to compute expected numbers (Table 2), gives The Middle Bronze II fills, and to a great extent the a chi-square statistic of 8.21, with p < .005 (very cleaner loci as well, show a high proportion ofsignificant), strongly supporting the contrast between intrusions from earlier periods as evidenced by the the assemblages. By way of explanation, I presence of types such as Early Bronze Age suggest that these stones were perhaps some type of Canaanean blades and sickles, Chalcolithic backed sickles, a Chalcolithic adze and chisel, and two projectile weapon, and that the differences between tabular scrapers. This is not surprising and is true of the ceramic repertoire as well, but still presents difficulties in the interpretation of the assemblage. Most of the general types recovered from the Middle Bronze II loci are similar to those of the the assemblages reflect basic contrasts in the nature of the settlements in the different periods. The presence of fair numbers of these pieces at other Early Bronze Age sites suggests that this difference may be specific to the City of David. The adze and chisel recovered from Middle Bronze II loci are unquestionably intrusive and Early Bronze Age assemblage and require little further description. This is particularly true should of the be assigned a Chalcolithic date. The two tabular scraper fragments are also undoubtedly pieces classified as ad hoc tools, i.e., the notches and intrusive and may be either Early Bronze Age or denticulates, the borers (Fig. 40:4), the scrapers and in date. the miscellaneous trimmed pieces. All derivedChalcolithic from The sickle segment class illustrates the problem of relatively simple flake technology and show little well. Of the 26 sickle segments recovered, sophistication in later stages of manufacture intrusions either. seven were manufactured on small backed blades It is difficult to assess exactly what proportion of these tools is indeed Middle Bronze II in date. with truncations. They averaged 3.4 x 1.2 x 0.6 cm in dimensions, and are clearly Chalcolithic in Scrapers include four steep scrapers, two small affinities (Rosen 1982). scrapers, two heavy duty scrapers, one denticulated Another seven are Canaanean sickle segments scraper (Fig. 40:8) and 17 general end- and side- (Fig. 41:5,9), manufactured on Canaanean blades scrapers. This last general scraper category shows and attributable to the Early Bronze Age (Rosen While the ten borers resemble those from the 1983a). Unfortunately, all of these were fragments and length measurements were impossible to take, Early Bronze Age levels, in contrast to the Early although width and thickness averaged 1.8 and 0.5 Bronze Age assemblage, no drills were recovered cm, respectively. Of particular interest is the from the Middle Bronze II assemblage. presence of backing on four of these segments. Miscellaneous trimmed pieces include one small nibbled flake, two truncations, one microtoolWhile (Fig. backing (abrupt retouch on one edge of the piece, presumably to facilitate hafting) is not 40:14) and four retouched flakes. Varia consist of three retouched bladelets, none unknown on Canaanean blades (cf. Crowfoot much variability. of which falls into any set category of tool. 1948a), They it is certainly not common (e.g., Rosen 1983a; 1983b; Schick 1978), and the high proportion cannot be attributed to a particular period. Aside from one truncated blade, the 14 retouched of such pieces here is unusual. One of these can be explained as the subtriangular endpiece of the blades fall into a general class showing scraper or composite sickle, backed possibly to allow the final nibbling retouch on one or two working edges. None were manufactured on Canaanean blades. segment to fit into a curved haft (Fig. 41:5). One 260 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms shows a point in conjunction with the back, non-Canaanean blade core and the others were suggesting possible reuse as a borer. Finally, it is nondescript flake cores (Fig. 41:4). Of the blades suggested as a speculative hypothesis that the final recovered, only one was technologically Canaanean, two may be Canaanean blades (Fig. 41:9) initially and it is undoubtedly intrusive (or re-used). manufactured in the Early Bronze Age, and later reworked in the Middle Bronze II to fit better the Late Bronze, Iron Age and Persian/Hellenistic Loci paradigm of how sickle segments were supposed to look. Notably ethnographically, such reuse isAlthough these periods were distinguishable straticommon, and the lithics from the Early Bronzegraphically, they have been grouped together of the continuity in tool types and the low Age layers would certainly be readily available because to numbers of pieces from most of the levels. Middle Bronze II occupants of the site. Regardless, it is likely that the sickle/borer is indeed an example The ad hoc tool types (e.g., Fig. 40:12) are similar of such reuse. to those of earlier periods and require no further Of the remaining 13 sickle segments, 11 are the description. The lithic frequencies are presented in large geometric sickles (Fig. 41:14,19) typical of theTable 1. It is likely that a very high proportion of Middle Bronze II through Iron Age (Rosen 1982), these tools is intrusive, since single-stratum sites, and two are truncated sickles manufactured on e.g., Deir el-Balah (Rosen and Goring-Morris forthcoming; Rosen 1983a) exhibit very low ad hoc plain blades. All of these can best be attributed to percentages. the Middle Bronze II. The large geometric tool sickle Along with sickle segments, the 101 pounding segments reflect a basic technology totally removed from that of either the Chalcolithic or the stones Early dominate these later assemblages. They are similar in size and shape to those of the preceding Bronze Age assemblages. The segments are conAgain, they have been separated from the siderably bulkier and were manufactured on periods. broad rest of the tool assemblage because of essential blades/flakes and flakes rather than blades. Average contrasts in technology and raw material. dimensions are 5.3 x 2.5 x 0.7 cm, contrasting Of the 40 sickle segments recovered, 30 are large significantly with those from earlier periods and matching the dimensions of Middle Bronze II geometries (Fig. 41:12-13,15-18,20), typologically sickles from other sites (Rosen 1982; 1983a; Gilead similar to those of the Middle Bronze Age but 1973). The pieces generally show abrupt or semi- somewhat smaller, averaging 4.3 x 2.8 x 0.9 cm. abrupt backing and one or two truncations, and These sickle segments were manufactured on broad often show a serrated working edge. Sometimes the blades/flakes and usually show backing and two ventral face shows bulbar thinning, presumably to truncations. Edge retouch varies from nibbling to more marked serration. Shapes are generally The two plain blade sickles both show single parallelogram and rectangular (cf. Rosen 1982). truncations and gloss on only one edge. One is The decline in average length from 5.3 cm in the facilitate hafting. fragmentary and measures 2.8 x 0.2 cm in width and Middle Bronze II to 4.3 cm in the Late Bronze/Iron thickness, respectively. The second measures 6.0 x Age is seen in other assemblages as well (Rosen 2.0 x 0.8 cm. Although I have assumed that both are 1982). The nine intrusive sickle segments include two Middle Bronze II on the basis of their general dimensions and raw material, they could also fit plain blade sickle segments (excluded here due to differences in technology), four Canaanean sickle into the Early Bronze Age assemblage. The debitage counts show high proportions ofsegments (Fig. 41:11) and three Chalcolithic- type backed sickle segments. One piece was too fragflakes with low blade and bladelet components. Since there is no record in Israel of the use of mentary for subtype classification. Varia included a small chip of obsidian found in a bladelet tools in Middle Bronze Age assemblages, the few bladelets and truncated bladelet tools Persian fill and a small Pottery Neolithic arrowhead (Fig. 40:15). The obsidian cannot be dated, present are either intrusive or were produced unintentionally. This general observation is although sup- its original source is undoubtedly Anatolia. The arrowhead is a small pressure-flaked piece ported by the abraded quality of the four bladelet with a tang, similar to those recovered from Jericho cores recovered and their affinities to Epipaleolithic (Crowfoot 1937) and other sites. The axe bladelet cores. Of the remaining cores, oneVIII was a 261 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms site, and that in this sense, the City of David resembles most other Early Bronze Age sites. The low number of unretouched Canaanean blades (i.e., blanks for sickle blade manufacture) also suggests that the pieces were produced off-site. none of the flakes recovered can be related to the In contrast to the tabular scraper and Canaanean manufacture of sickle segments. The three blade and blade industries, the ad hoc industry is well two bladelet cores recovered are undoubtedly represented by a large industrial waste component, intrusive, dating from the Neolithic/Chalcolithic including both flakes suitable as blanks for these and Epipaleolithic, respectively. tools and cores, reflecting the actual manufacture of recovered is typically Chalcolithic in its affinities. Debitage from these levels relates almost exclusively to flake manufacture. The proportion of blades and bladelets is very low despite the increase in the percentage of blade/flake tools (i.e., sickles); these tools on site. In particular, the large number of DISCUSSION flake cores recovered from Early Bronze Age layers is to be emphasized, indicating that the manufacture Despite the problems of intrusive materials, of adthe hoc City tools in the Early Bronze Age was very of David assemblage provides good supporting common and data contrasted with later periods. The later Middle Bronze II and Iron Age strata for previously presented hypotheses concerning lithic analysis in the early historical periods show similar, in the though more simplified, pictures. As with Canaanean sickles, there is no evidence of the Levant. In particular, these include models of trade and exchange in tabular scrapers and different manufacture types of large geometric sickles on the site, of sickles, and the analysis of the decline and both of lithic cores appropriate to blade/flake manufacture and blanks for the manufacture of these industries and their replacement by metallurgy. Studies of the changing functions of lithic sickles assemare absent. This may be interpreted as the blages can also be related to this process. result of either the import of these pieces or their With respect to the exchange hypotheses, specialized the manufacture in an area of the site not yet Early Bronze Age assemblage is of particular excavated (cf. Rosen 1986). With respect to the interest. First, as has been noted for numerous other sites (Rosen 1983a; 1983c), there are no cores lithics, there is no other evidence for specialized trade or manufacture of other tools in the postor debitage which relate to the manufacture of Early Bronze Age strata. tabular scrapers. This suggests that these tools were Shifting the discussion to the function of the lithic manufactured off-site and imported. The medium to assemblages, three trends can be isolated. First, low percentage (4.5%) of these pieces in the tool while the Early Bronze Age shows a wide range of assemblage closely matches that predicted by the lithic types, and, in particular, a relatively low fall-off trade model (Rosen 1983c), lending further percentage of sickle segments, later periods show support, albeit indirect, for the suggestion of the increasing restriction in the number of other tools western Negev as a manufacturing center of these and tool types and an increasing dominance of pieces and for the hypothesis that these tools sickle segments in the assemblages. Secondly, there represent a diffusion type of exchange. It may be seems to be a quantitative decrease in the number of further noted that the addition of the Chalcolithic/ lithics recovered in the later strata. This is especially Early Bronze Age assemblage does not change this evident when a rough calibration is calculated to picture. Obviously, problems of intrusions render account for the differences in the amount of the specific numbers somewhat unreliable; however, material excavated from the different strata (Table the closeness of the predicted percentage of tabular 2). Both of these trends are best explained as the result of the increasing availability and popularity scrapers at the City of David to the actual percentage recovered seems unlikely to be a mereof metal replacements (cf. Rosen 1984). Finally, the chance result. significant differences in the proportions of pound- The low number of Canaanean sickle segments ing stones, possibly interpretable as projectile recovered from either Early Bronze Age contexts or weapons, suggests a marked difference between Middle Bronze II fills is insufficient for the testing the Early Bronze and post-Early Bronze Age of hypotheses concerning the trade of these implesettlements. It is significant that despite the proments. However, it is still useful to note that no blems of intrusions, the general trends are clear and Canaanean blade cores were recovered from the unambiguous. 262 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 2. Calibrated lithic frequencies by period, showing quantitative decline in use of flint tools (up to 1984 season). Period % of Total Calibrated Total Calibrated excavation Chalco./EB Middle LB, 7.5 Bronze Iron * tools 142 20.5 72.0 1893 109 95 tools 2852 532 132 lithics 2206 1294 lithics 38026 10760 1797 * Pers. comm., Alon De Groot. BIBLIOGRAPHY The continued use of flint sickles, and their increasing domination of the lithic assemblages when other flint tools were being phased out of Crowfoot, J. 1935. Notes on the Flint Implements of Jericho 1935. Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology use, may be explained as a consequence of two 22: 174-84. factors. First, experiments on the relative efficiency of flint sickles when compared to bronze and iron Crowfoot, J. 1937. Notes on the Flint Implements of sickles (Steensberg 1943) have shown that while iron sickles are more efficient than those of flint, there is virtually no difference in efficiency between sickles Jericho 1937. Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 24: 35-52. Crowfoot, J. 1948a. Some Flint Implements from Affula. Journal of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society 21: of bronze and flint. On its own, this suggests that 72-79. flint sickles would not be replaced until iron was a Crowfoot, J. 1948b. Flint Implements and Three Limecommon enough occurrence to be available to stone Tools. Pp. 141^44 in: G. Loud. Megiddo II: farmers, that is, certainly not until the late Iron Seasons of 1935-39. Chicago: University of Chicago Age. Secondly, given the abundance of easily Press. obtained, high-quality flint in Israel, one may Crowfoot Payne, J. 1984. The Flint Industries of Jericho. assume that even after the introduction of iron Pp. 622-758 in: K.M. Kenyon and T.A. Holland. at Jericho IV: The Pottery Type Series and sickles, flint sickles continued to be used untilExcavations the Other Finds . London: British School of Archaeology in iron ones were roughly equally economical (in terms Jerusalem. of cost as well as return). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Gilead, D. 1973. Flint Industry of the Bronze Age from Har Yeruham and Tell Nagila. Pp. 133-43 in: Y. Aharoni (ed.). Excavations and Studies. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University (Hebrew). Hester, T. and Hammond, N. (eds.) 1976. Maya Lithic In summary, several points should be stressed. To from a Studies: Papers the 1976 Belize Field Symposium great extent, the above discussion relies(Center on hypothfor Archaeological Research Special Report 4). eses generated by previous studies. It isSan significant Antonip: University of Texas. that the assemblage from the City of David McConaughy, M. 1979. Formal and Functional Analysis of essentially supports all of the 'economic' interpretations suggested in earlier papers, despite the Chipped Stone Tools from Bab edh Dhra, Jordan. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms. difficulties of intrusive materials. This can be Milstein, attributed to the good collection techniques used S. 1981. The Flint Implements. In: I. Beit Arieh. An Early Bronze Age II Site Near Sheikh 'Awad in on the site and the consequently reliable and Southern Sinai. Tel Aviv 8: 119-25. relatively unbiased nature of the sample. Neuville, R. 1930. Notes de préhistoire palestinienne. While the lithic assemblage may not be particu- larly useful as a chronological indicator (though Journal of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society 10: 193-221. even here there are limited uses), it is clear that in Neuville, R. 1934. Objets en silex. Pp. 55-65 in: A. the realms of trade and exchange, and for the Mallon, R. Koeppel and R. Neuville. Teleilat Ghassul I. analysis of function and technological change, lithic Rome: Institut Biblique Pontifical. analysis provides vital information to archaeologists Neuville, R. 1934-35. Les débuts de l'agriculture et la working in the historical periods. faucille préhistorique 3: xvii-xlii. 263 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pires-Ferreira, J.W. 1976. Obsidian Exchange in For- Cemetery and Settlement of Deir el-Balah (Qedem). Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem: forthcoming. Academic Press. Runnels, C. 1985. The Bronze- Age Flaked Stone IndusRosen, S.A. 1982. Flint Sickles of the Late Protohistoric tries from Lerna: A Preliminary Report. Hesperia 54: mative Mesoamerica. Pp. 292-305 in: K.V. Flannery (ed.). The Early Mesoamerican Village. New York: 357-91. and Early Historic Periods in Israel. Tel Aviv 9: 139^6. Rosen, S.A. 1983a. Lithics in the Bronze and Iron Ages in Schick, T. 1978. Flint Implements. Pp. 58-63 in: R. Israel. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Amiran. Early Arad: The Chalcolithic Settlement and Chicago. Early Bronze City , First-Fifth Seasons of Excavations, Rosen, S.A. 1983b. The Canaanean Blade and the Bronze 1962-1966. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. Age in Israel. Israel Exploration Journal 33: 15-29. Rosen, S.A. 1983c. The Tabular Scraper Trade: A Model for Material Culture Dispersion. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 249: 79-86. Rosen, S.A. 1984. The Adoption of Metallurgy in the Levant: A Lithic Perspective. Current Anthropology 25: Steensberg, A. 1943. Ancient Harvesting Implements. Copenhagen: National Museum. Stone, J. et al. 1983. Lithics in Complex Societies: Indicators of Social Complexity. Symposium at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Pittsburgh. 504-505. Walker, A. 1978. Principles of Excavation. Pp. 1-22 in: Rosen, S.A. 1986. Note on the Gezer Flint Caches. Pp. W.G. Dever and H.D. Lance (eds.). A Manual of Field 259-263 in: W.D. Dever. Gezer IV: Report of the 1969-Excavation. New York: Hebrew Union College. Winter, M.C. and Pires-Ferreira, J. 1976. Distribution of 71 Seasons in Field VI, the 'Acropolis'. Jerusalem: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology. Rosen, S.A. and Goring-Morris, A.N. Forthcoming. The Deir el-Balah Lithics. In: T. Dothan. Excavations at the Obsidian among Households in Two Oaxacan Villages. Pp. 306-10 in: K.V. Flannery (ed.). The Early Mesoamerican Village. New York: Academic Press. 264 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 40. Flint implements. 265 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 41. Flint implements. 266 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 40. No. Reg. No. Locus Stratum Tool Type 1. E3/1923 1/1 2438 21-20 Borer 2. E3/19220 2441 20 Borer 3. E3/19231/2 2438 21-20 Borer 4. El/9128 1353 18A Borer 5. E 1/9267 1307 20-19 Notch 6. E3/19238 2441 20 Notch 7. E3/19194 2431 20 Denticulate 8. E3/19214 2421 18 Denticulated scraper 9. E3/ 19204 2441 20 Denticulated scraper 10. E3/19211 2438 21-20 Flake core 11. El/19764 2177 18 Hammerstone 12. El/17403 2005 12 Hammerstone 13. E3/19296 2456 20 Denticulate 14. E3/19206 2433 - Microtool 15. El/19780 2152 12 Arrowhead 16. E3/ 19222 2451 20 Scraper 17. E3/19267/1 2456 20 Scraper 18. E3/ 19223 2452 20 Scraper 19. El/9901 1399B 20-19 Tabular scraper Fig. 41. No. Reg. No. Locus Stratum Tool Type 1. E3/19265 2438 21-20 Tabular scraper 2. E3/19260 2470 20 Tabular scraper 3. E3/19267 2456 20 Tabular craper 4. E 1/9346 1375 18-17 Flake core 5. E3/19105 2417 18-17 Canaanean sickle 6. El/19700 2167 20 Canaanean sickle 7. E3/19172 2423 20 Canaanean sickle 8. El/9525 1294 18-17 Backed sickle 9. El/19818 2139 18B Canaanean sickle 10. E3/ 19027 1975 18 Plain blade sickle 11. E 1/6436 1275 12 Canaanean sickle 12. D 1/6571 354 12 Large geometric sickle 13. El/10014 1608 11 Large geometric sickle 14. El/17408 2161 18A Large geometric sickle 15. D 1/6678 371 12 Large geometric sickle 16. G 11004 Surf. - Large geometric sickle 17. D2/20157 2319 12 Large geometric sickle 18. D2/20467 2357 14 Large geometric sickle 19. E 1/1 9562 2135 17 Large geometric sickle 20. D2/20093 2309 12 Large geometric sickle 267 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CHAPTER SEVEN GEMSTONES* Ann Swersky In the introduction to his discussion than theon average gemstones, emerald or ruby. Thus all gem Pliny the Elder wrote (Eichholzmaterials 1971: are 165): now defined as gemstones without an 'Here Nature's grandeur is gathered together evaluative prefix. within the narrowest limits; and in no domain Gemstones have been used by mankind for decorative, medicinal, magical and artistic purposes at all stages of human history and in all cultures texture and the elegance of gems that they think it throughout the world. One reason is that, as Pliny is a crime to tamper with certain kinds by put it, they are 'a supreme and perfect aesthetic engraving them as signets, although this is the experience' and satisfy man's desire for adornment. prime reason for their use; while some they Another is the mystery surrounding their formation consider to be beyond price and to defy evalua- in the depths of the earth. There was a theory that tion in terms of human wealth. Hence very many gems grew and matured with time, their colors being people find that a single gemstone alone is enough indicative of varying stages of development. Their of hers evokes more wonder in the minds of many who set such store by the variety, the colours, the to provide them with a supreme and perfect chemical properties were assumed to impart to gemstones a medicinal value when crushed or imbibed. It was even believed that gemstones were This is a remarkably modern approach to the aesthetic experience of the wonders of Nature.' definition of gemstones and hints at several problematic aspects of the subject. Gemstones are indeed wonders of nature, produced under unique and distinctive physical and chemical conditions typical of different regions of uniquely attuned to the vibrations of nature, and when worn as a talisman around the neck assisted in the wearer achieving a harmony with the music of the stars or the 'humors' of the human psyche. Thus particular gems were highly prized in certain regions the world, so that certain gemstones are only found of the world and in different eras, according to the in certain areas. This was even more clearly social, religious and mystical beliefs and traditions delimited in ancient times, when primitive mining of the tribes and peoples of the period. A knowledge techniques limited the depth and extent of mining of the gemological preferences of a place or period operations. By identifying the nature and internal throws new light on the values and concepts of the features of a gemstone, in some cases the gemologist people. can even determine from which mine in a particular region the specimen was taken. Gemstones are no longer classified as 'precious' (rubies, sapphires and emeralds) or 'semiprecious' (all other gem materials from agates through ARCHAEOLOGY AND GEMOLOGY Although practically every archaeological exc tion turns up some gem materials, whether in andalusite to alexandrite, irrespective of rarity,form of seals, scarabs, jewelry or carvings, very beauty or market value). An alexandrite with good archaeologists work with gemologists in identi red/green color change can be far more valuable these finds and interpreting their significance. In the early 1960s, Kathleen Kenyon gave * Submitted in 1987. Jericho finds to John S. Harris, F.G.A., a ge ogist from Carlisle, who subsequently wrote 268 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms articles (1962-63, 1963-65); one described the gem typical of the species and variety and may be indicative of the location in which the material materials excavated, while the other used this information to speculate on the possible identity crystallized, as the environment impinges on the of the twelve gemstones in the breastplate of thedeveloping crystal and different elements are preHigh Priest of Israel. sent in different regions. The surface structure of the To my knowledge, no other gemologists havegemstone can also be more clearly defined under been involved in archaeological research. A brief magnification; very often surface cracks reveal survey of the gemstone finds from the City of Davidinternal features that can be diagnostically decisive. excavations follows (the photographs were taken byA gemologists' trick of the trade is the use of an Israel Haramaty). unglazed porcelain tile to determine the color of the streak left by a gemstone drawn across the surface of the tile; lapis lazuli leaves a blue or gray streak, NATURE OF GEM TESTING hematite a distinctive reddish-brown. Gem testing is non-destructive and based Allon thethe information gleaned from these varied, non-destructive physical, chemical and optical properties of gem- tests can usually lead to a definitive identification. stones, which are distinctive, characteristic and diagnostic (Anderson 1980). Destructive tests, such as scratching the surface for hardness or powdering the specimen for x-ray diffraction, are not used as a GEMSTONES FROM THE CITY OF DAVID matter of course by the gemologist in the field, These gemstones were excavated in different l though they may certainly be useful in gemological tions: in fills, floors, dumps, walls, pits and bu research laboratories and in the development of They come from different periods: Iron Age I procedures for the manufacture of synthetic gem- II, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman and Islamic. Th stones for lasers and electronics. It is usually were used for different purposes, as seals, beads a possible to make a positive identification with the pendants, and there were several small round st aid of gemological identification tables. When of unidentified purpose, similar in size and color occasionally a very rare and unusual specimen is without stringing hole or scratches from mountin encountered, more sophisticated instruments, such Of 82 specimens received for testing, 29 were as the electron microprobe, may be pressed into defined as gemstones. The remaining 53 gemst service - but this has not as yet proved necessary appear in Table 1. There were five manufactu with archaeological specimens. glass beads. Natural glass, such as obsidian, is regarded as a gem material although it does not crystallize and is therefore amorphous in structure. GEMOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS Though man-made glass is an ornament, it is not a By using a polariscope to polarize the gem light material. passing Nine faience beads and scarabs are through a gemstone it is possible to determine similarly defined. Two pieces of shell and three bone whether the stone is single or doubleseals refracting could be positively identified by zoologists or (Read 1983). A refractometer then measures biologists, the but only tentatively by gemologists. One angle at which a beam of light passingspecimen through wasthe a rock and not a gemstone, and gemstone is refracted by the internal another crystal was heavily coated and could not be structure of the stone. As the refractive index identified without further cleaning, which might have destructive. (Ri) is characteristic for each gemstone, this is proved a very important test. Heavy liquids or hydrostatic The remaining specimens were defined as gemweighing determines the specific gravity (S.G.) stonesof and identified as chalcedony (variety: carnethe stone and a table equating the S.G. and lian), R.I. tubular agate, sandstone agate, yellow defines the possible limits of identification. Some chalcedony, gray-blue jasper, rock crystal quartz, minerals also fluoresce under ultra-violet light, brownaaventurine quartz, calcite, orthoclase feldfurther piece of information. A stereoscopicspar, microhematite, lapis lazuli, 'Eilat stone,' gypsum scope with dark field illumination enables the and sodalite. This assortment shows no particular gemologist to examine the internal structure and pattern and most are common varieties found in inclusions of the gemstone. The inclusions are many localities throughout the world. Lapis lazuli, 269 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 1. Gemstones from the City of David. Type Reg. No. Locus Context Str. Color Dimensions Weight S.G. R.I. Identification Illustration (cm) (g) Seal El/9688 1358 Dumps 5 Pinkish 2.1 x 1.6 20.81 2.65 - Banded calcite brown Seal* D2/13957 1815 Steps 7A Gray- 2.15 x 1.4 27.21 2.579 1.54 Quartz: aventurine brown Engraved D2/21140 Surf. - - Orange 1.25 x 1.1 2.16 2.56 1.54 Quartz gem* Seal G 2071 714 Surf. - Black 2.05 x 1.3 12.73 Sinks Over Hematite pendant* in 3.56 1.8 liquid Scarab* G 4452 778 Fill 9 Green 1.2x 1.00 6.22 3.1 - 'Eilat stone' Timna? Crisocolla and turquoise in matrix Bead Dl/12779 448 Tabun 12 - - 2.67 1.54 Chalcedony: red Fig. 42:5; carnelian Photo 24:3 Bead Dl/13201 450 Fill 15 - 2.67 1.54 Chalcedony: red Fig. 42:7; carnelian Photo 24:5 Bead Dl/13364 472 Floor 14 - - - - Carnelian? Fig. 42:1 Bead D2/20865 2701 - - - 0.9 x0.7 4.9 2.59 1.53 Quartz Fig. 42:4 Bead El/2772 575 Fill 11 - 2.56 1.51 Orthoclase feldspar Fig. 43:1; Photo 25:2 Bead El/3479 631 Floor 10 - - 2.67 1.54 Chalcedony: red Fig. 42:3; carnelian Photo 24:2 Bead El/6006 631 Floor 11 - - 2.7 1.54 Chalcedony: red Fig. 42:15; carnelian Photo 24:10 Bead El/6340 1264 Fill 12 - 2.67 1.54 Chalcedony: red Fig. 42:16; carnelian Photo 24: 1 1 Bead El/7887 1285 Fill 7 - 2.67 1.54 Chalcedony: red Fig. 42:11; carnelian Photo 24:7 Bead El/10182 1608 Floor 11 - 2.67 1.54 Chalcedony: red Fig. 42:12; carnelian Photo 24:8 Bead El/10533 1618 Floor 12 - - 2.67 1.54 Quartz: rock crystal Fig. 43:2; Photo 25:3 Bead El/14430 1655 Floor 14 - - - 2.67 1.54 Chalcedony: red Fig. 42:6; carnelian Photo 24:4 Bead El/17440 2135 Floor 17 - 0.59x0.81 3.70 2.91 1.53 Sodalite Fig. 43:6 Bead El/19564 2135 Floor 17 - 2.62x 1.16 21.01 2.6 1.53 Chalcedony: carnelian Fig. 42:17 Bead El/19628 2093 Stone 12 - 1.00x0.41 1.19 2.6 1.53 Chalcedony: carnelian Fig. 42:14 floor Bead E2/3403 601 Fill 10 - - - 2.67 1.54 Chalcedony: red Fig. 42:9; carnelian Photo 24:6 Bead E3/15554 Surf. - - Brown- 15.6x6.1 - 2.6 1.54 Quartz: orbicular Fig. 43:5 white Bead G 2124 718 Fill 9 - - - 2.6 1.52 Chalcedony: carnelian Fig. 42:13; PI. 17:1; Photo 24:9 Bead G 4313 760 Fill 9 - 2.6 1.53 Quartz: gray-blue Fig. 43:3; jasper Photo 25:4 Bead G 4831 826 Floor 14?- - - 2.8 1.5 Lapislázuli Fig. 43:7; 12B Photo 26:1 Bead G 11316 Surf. - - - - - 2.66 1.54 Chalcedony: carnelian Fig. 42:2; Photo 24:1 Bead G 11942 997 Floor 10B Black - - 2.6 1.5 Lapislázuli Fig. 43:8; Photo 26:2 Bead G 15490 1110 Fill 10C - - - - - Chalcedony: carnelian Fig. 42:8 270 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Type Reg. No. Locus Context Str. Color Dimensions Weight S.G. R.I. Identification Illustration (cm) (g) Bead H 5447 1049 Found. IIIG - - - 2.66 - Chalcedony: tubular Fig. 42:10; trench agate Photo 25:1 Bead K 18486 2232 Earth IIIA Brown- 9.8 x 5.8 - 2.6 1.54 Quartz: orbicular Fig. 43:4 layer white Pendant E3/13073 1588 - 11-10 - - - 2.62 1.53 Lapislázuli Fig. 45:2; Photo 26:3 Pendant G 11050 886 Floor 10C - - - over - Hematite Fig. 45:5; 3.32 PL 17:3; Photo 26:6 Pendant G 11389 960 Floor 12B - - - 2.67 - Chalcedony: carnelian Fig. 45:1; Photo 24:12 Pendant G 11790 972 Floor 13 - - - over - Hematite Fig. 45:4; 3.32 Photo 26:5 Pendant G 11791 972 Floor 13 - - - over - Hematite Fig. 45:3; 3.32 Photo 26:4 Crystal D2/14124 1836 Dumps 9 - - - 2.67 1.54 Chalcedony: sandstone agate Crystal D2/20549 2703 W. 168 7B - 5.2 x 3.7 - - - Calcite Crystal El/9583 1388 Terrace 7 - - - 2.63 1.54 Chalcedony: red fill carnelian Crystal El/9681 1269 Collapse 7 - - - 2.8 - Quartz Crystal El/17035 W.661 - 18 - 1.06x 1.39 18.926 2.73 - Calcite W.658 Crystal El/21535 2135 Floor 17 - 1.35x 1.4 21.1 2.72 - Calcite Crystal El/21628 2612 Floor 20 - 4.8 x2.5 152.6 2.72 - Calcite Crystal E3/7604 1530 Collapse 6 - - - 2.67 1.53 Yellow chalcedony Crystal E3/19144 2402 - 11-10 - - - Gypsum Crystal E3/19176 2431 Gravel 20 - - - - - Gypsum layer Crystal G 11881 982 Floor 10B - - - 2.67 1.53 Yellow chalcedony Crystal G 17578 1123 Fill 10C - 1.52x 1.26 21.347 3.77 - Sinai turquoise Crystal G 17657 1151 Fill 14 - 1.5x0.41 3.218 - - Quartz Pebble D2/20593 2701 - - - 1.6x 1.0 25.5 2.59 1.53 Chalcedony: carnelian Pebble El/16793 2085 Pit 10 - 1.5 x0.91 10.943 2.96 1.53 Serpentine Pebble El/9697 Baulk - - - - - 2.8 1.5 Lapislázuli? Pebble El/17140 2113 Gravel 9 - 1.8 x 1.5 24.954 2.63 - Calcite fill Pebble E3/15814 1950 Fill 11-10 - 2.1 x 1.8 54.69 3.56 - Hematite * Brandl, forthcoming. however, is not mined in this area the and principle probably that the substance with the higher value will scratch the substance next in line came from the Badakshan district inhardness Afghanistan (Scalisi and Cook 1983: 66). below it. This is a comparative scale from ten to one, but the difference between 10 and 9 is greater GENERAL MINERALOGICA!. INFORMATION (Webster 1978) than the difference between 9 and 1 . Specific Gravity (S.G.): the specific gravity of a substance is the ratio between its mass and the mass Crystals', mineralogists recognize six crystal systems of an identical volume of water at 4° C. (seven in England), namely cubic, tetragonal, Refractive Index (R.I.): the refractive index of a hexagonal (trigonal in England), orthorhombic,mineral is the degree to which it bends or refracts a monoclinic and triclinic, which are arranged inbeam of light passing through it. descending order of symmetry. Hardness : the Mohs scale of hardness is based on Birefringence : when a mineral is double refracting, it splits the beam of light that enters and bends 271 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms with a hardness of 3, meaning that it is not very durable but can be worked easily even with Quartz (Si02; Photo 25) crystallizes in the primitive tools and fashioned into seals or statues. trigonal system and has a hardness of 7, an S.G.It has an S.G. of 2.71, an R.I. of 1.48 to 1.65 and a it at two different angles. The difference between these two angles is the birefringence of the mineral. of 2.65 and an R.I. of 1.548. The varieties include distinctive high birefringence of 0.17. This is rock crystal, which is transparent; aventurine, which another mineral that appears in many colors, is green or brown with minute included platelets; including a beautiful pink, and is commonly found and jasper, which is a massive variety of quartz. in this region. Quartz is the most common mineral on the earth's Lapis lazuli (Photo 26) is a complex silicate surface and is found world-wide, although wellcontaining sulfur which is actually a rock comprisformed crystals are less common. ing the minerals lazurite, sodalite and diopside, with Chalcedony is a crypto-crystalline quartz, which specks of pyrite and streaks of calcite. It has a means that its crystal structure is so minute that hardness it of 5.5 and so was easily fashioned into the cannot be seen even under magnification. It also scarabs has that were so popular in ancient Egypt. The S.G. a hardness of 7 but its S.G. is slightly less (2.6), as is is 2.8 for varieties that include pyrite, someits R.I. (1.53). The varieties include carnelian (Photo what less for others, and the R.I. is 1.5. Lapis lazuli was a highly prized gemstone throughout the ages 24), which is red, and agate, which has concentric banding and is found in many colors. and is thought to be the 'sapphire' of the ancient texts. Hematite (Fe203) (Photo 26) crystallizes in the trigonal system, has a distinctive brilliant metallic luster and leaves a reddish-brown streak when DISTRIBUTIVE PATTERN drawn across unglazed porcelain. Its hardness is 6 and its S.G. is high (5.1). The R.I. is very high No pattern and in the use of particular gem materials i cannot be measured on a standard refractometer. the City of David was discerned (Table 2). Th were carnelians in Iron Age I and II, but also Feldspar has a very complex chemical formula Hellenistic and Persian period fills. The lapis la that is irrelevant for most gemological purposes. Crystallizing in the monoclinic system, it has was a found in Iron II and Hellenistic contexts. The hardness of 6, an S.G. of 2.7 and an R.I. of 1.53. hematite comes from Iron II (including 10th This is a fairly common mineral even in our century) contexts. If more gemological testing is minerally poor region and is found in many colors.carried out on a wide variety of archaeological material, a pattern may hopefully emerge. Calcite (CaC03) crystallizes in the trigonal system Table 2. Distribution of gemstones by stratum. Stratum/ Stone type 3 5-6 7-8 9 10-12 13 14 15 17-18 19-20 Unstr. Total Calcite Chalcedony: 1 1 agate 1 1 - - 2 1 1 - - ' - - 6 - - 2 Chalcedony: carnelian - - 2 19 - 21 1 1 - 2 18 Chalcedony, 'Eilat yellow stone' . . . i -1--1 . . . - - _ . - 2 1 Feldspar 1 1 Gypsum 1 _ _ _ _ 1 2 Hematite Lapis lazuli Quartz 1 - 2 2 32 2 1 Serpentine 1 Sinai turquoise - _ 1 - 2255 - _ 1 - - 1 20 1 2314 1. Includes one doubtful identification. 2. Includes one item from Str. 147-12B. 272 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 5 _ - 1 4 - - 3 9 1 1 _ _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ _ - Sodalite TOTAL - _ - 2 7 1 53 CONCLUSIONS and Seal-Impressions on Vessels. Excavations at th City of David 1978-1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh, Vo Gems appear in jewelry, scarabs and seals, as V: Extramural Areas and Inscriptions (Qedem). weights, and as carvings. As more gemological Eichholz, D.E. 1971. Translation of Pliny, Natural information is collected, it should be possible History ,to Vol. 10. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Harris, J.S. 1962-1963. An Introduction to the Study of determine which gems were most highly prized in Ornaments of Precious, Semi-precious and which period, for what purpose, and Personal by which Imitation Stones Used Throughout Biblical History. peoples. Because they are durable, gem materials do Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society 4: 49-83. not undergo severe changes with time. Gemological Harris, J.S. 1963-1965. The Stones of the High Priest's testing can throw new light on these materials which Breastplate. Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society were so admired and desired in ancient times, on their sources and distribution. 5: 40-62. Read, P.G. 1983. Gemmological Instruments. 2nd edition. London: Butterworths. BIBLIOGRAPHY Scalisi, P. and Cook, D. 1983. Classic Mineral Localities of the World : Asia and Australia. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Anderson, B.W. 1980. Gem Testing. 9th edition. London: Butterworths. Webster, R. 1978. Gems. 3rd edition. London: Butterworths. Brandl, B. Forthcoming. Scarabs, Seals, Amulet, Bulla 273 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Photo 24. No. Reg. No. Locus Identification Fig. PL 1. G 11316 Surf. Chalcedony: carnelian 42:2 2. El/3479 631 Chalcedony: carnelian 42:3 3. Dl/12779 448 Chalcedony: red carnelian 42:5 4. El/14430 1655 Quartz: rock crystal 42:6 5. Dl/13201 450 Chalcedony: red carnelian 42:7 6. E2/3403 601 Chalcedony: red carnelian 42:9 7. El/7877 1285 Chalcedony: red carnelian 42:11 8. El/10182 1608 Chalcedony: red carnelian 42:12 9. G 2 1 24 718 Chalcedony: carnelian 42: 1 3 17:1 10. E 1/6006 631 Chalcedony: red carnelian 42:15 11. E 1/6340 1264 Chalcedony: red carnelian 42:16 12. G 11389 960 Chalcedony: carnelian 45:1 274 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Photo 25. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Reg. No. Locus Identification H 5447 1049 Chalcedony: tubular agate El/2772 575 Orthoclase feldspar El/10533 1618 Quartz: rock crystal G 4313 760 Quartz: gray-blue jasper Fig. PL 42:10 43:1 43:2 43:3 Photo 26. No. Reg. No. Locus Identification Fig. PI. 1. G 4831 826 Lapislázuli 43:7 2. G 11942* 997 Lapislázuli 43:8 3. E3/13073 1588 Lapis lazuli 45:2 4. G 11791 972 Hematite 45:3 5. G 11790 972 Hematite 45:4 6. G 11050 886 Hematite 45:5 17:3 * Gl 1942 was burnt and therefor the specific gravity and streak com 275 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CHAPTER EIGHT BEADS AND PENDANTS Sharon Zuckerman Institute of Archaeology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem INTRODUCTION (the largest pendant in the City of David assemblage is less than 6 cm long). Such objects may be During the eight seasons of excavations seriously at theaffected City by natural pressures on the of David (1978-1985), some sixty objects ground identified in which they are buried, or even by human as beads and pendants were found. These were involvement in the stratification process, such as made of various materials: gemstones, faience, glass, trampling on the surface, digging and building activities. ivory, bone and stone. The definition of these objects as beads or pendants is based on the In an experiment designed to examine the effects nomenclature proposed by Beck (Beck 1928: 11): of such pressures, potsherds and coins were buried beads are 'perforated along the axis' and pendants in pebble layers. It was found that potsherds in most cases remained in the place in which they were are 'perforated at one end.' The description and buried, while coins (also representing other small typology of the objects appearing opposite the figures uses the terms suggested by Beck in theand valuable objects, like beads) tended to move considerable distances, even through the stone same study. Gemological identification of the beads was carried out by Ann S wer sky (Chapter VII).layers, which were not damaged during this process (Adkins and Perry 1989: 124-29). This difference Geological details were kindly provided by Naomi Porat of the Geological Institute of Jerusalem. may also be due to excavation methods, which are more efficient in the case of the largest pieces of This chapter deals with all the beads and pendants made of gemstones, faience and stone. pottery. Nevertheless, these findings demand the use of caution regarding the provenance and dating of The ivory and glass beads and bone pendants have small objects. already been published by Ariel (1990: 136-37, Fig. 17 for bone pendants and ivory beads; 157-59, Fig.Beads, considered valuable and sometimes made 31 for glass beads). of gemstones, have great symbolic social significance. Objects of this kind can pass from generation The figures depicting the beads and pendants (Figs. 42-44) are arranged by material, and within to generation as heirlooms (Chin 1988: 60-61); thus each material in typological order. The pendants the are finding of a bead in a certain context may represent only the last stage of its use, and its grouped together in Fig. 45 by the same system. This presentation makes it possible to trace manufacture the and primary use may have been much connection, if any, between the materials and earlier. the forms of the beads. It also emphasizes visually theThe gemstones of which some beads were made differences in abundance of the various materials. were valued for long periods. Stones like lapis lazuli, A systematical theoretical study of bead assemchalcedony, agate, hematite and rock crystal were blages in archaeological contexts has not yet been common from the predynastic period in Egypt until carried out. It is therefore important to stress aas late as the 19th century and even up to the number of considerations. present (Clark 1986: 65-66). This fact makes it Beads, by definition, are relatively small objects impossible to distinguish between beads manufac276 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms tured in different periods on the basis only of the blage are rock crystal, orbicular quartz and jasper. Its hardness makes it very durable and hence These factors, and the small number of beads valuable. Quartz jewelry has been popular in many found in the City of David, make any conclusion - periods (Ogden 1982: 105). material used. Lapis lazuli and sodalite (Figs. 43:6-8; 45:2). - disputable. The fact that less than 25% of the Much has been written about the rarity of this whether chronological, typological or technological beads were found on floors or in other well-dated stone, found mainly in Afghanistan and probably from there to all the areas of the ancient stratigraphie contexts should also be taken imported into account. Thus, the parallels presented oppositeNear the East (Aldred 1971: 15; Ben-Tor 1989: 41). The high value of this stone, prized for its blue color, figures serve merely to emphasize the wide spatial in its use in jewelry from the predynastic and chronological range which characterizesresulted the period in Egypt (Petrie 1920: 44), the Early Bronze simple form of the beads. Age in Iran (Gwinnett and Gorelick 1981), and later MATERIALS on in Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Aegean. All these areas engaged in trade relations in order to acquire this Most of the beads and pendants found in the City ofstone (Clark 1986: 67-69). Lapis lazuli appears in the City of David in Middle Bronze Age David were made of gemstones. These include: II contexts and reappears in Iron Age II strata. Chalcedony-carnelian (Figs. 42:1-3,5-9,11-17; 45:1). This is the most common material in the City Hematite (Fig. 45:3-5) is represented in the City of David by four pendants, two of which (from the of David assemblage (15 beads and one pendant). This stone was very popular in almost every period same locus) are made of natural crystals of throughout the ancient Near East, due to its red- hematite, adopting its mamillated form (Hamilton orange color, its hardness and the fact that it can be et al. 1974: 42) as an aesthetic feature (Fig. 45:3-4). worked to obtain many forms (Clark 1986: 70-72). All the stratified hematite pendants are attributed to In Israel rare occurrences of carnelian have been Iron Age II strata. The hematite probably originated in Egypt (Petrie 1920: 43). reported from Lower Cretaceous basal conglomerate in the Negev (Machtesh Gadol and MachteshOther materials not defined as gemstones which were used for beads and pendants are glass, faience Ramon); carnelian is common in Sinai and Egypt and natural stones (limestone, sandstone and (N. Porat, personal communication). Carnelian beads were found as early as the 8th millennium pebbles). Faience (Fig. 44:1-6): the use of this material goes BCE in sites like Khirokitia in Cyprus (Mellaart 1975: 131), in the royal cemetery of Ur (Woolley back to the predynastic period in Egypt (Aldred 1934: PI. 131), in sites from the prehistoric period in 1971: 35) and perhaps even earlier, in fifth- Egypt (Petrie 1920: 44; Andrews 1981: Pis. 20-22, millennium Mesopotamia (Stone and Thomas 25) and later. The predominance of carnelian over 1956: 40-44). Faience is an artificial material, made other gemstones used in the manufacture of beads of ground quartz and usually glazed (Ogden 1982: 124-25). This material is easy to work and diverse and pendants is attested in many contexts (e.g. Tufnell and Ward 1966: 194; McGovern 1980: 311 forms can be obtained by molding and firing; some - Late Bronze Age pendants at Beth She'an). In the of them are represented in Fig. 44. City of David assemblage carnelian appears in Stone (Figs. 44:11-12; 45:6-9): this category contexts dating from the Middle Bronze Age II up includes one bead made of limestone, one stone (Fig. 44:12) whose identification as a bead is to the Persian period (see Table 1). dubious (it could be a loomweight), one natural Orthoclase feldspar (Fig. 43:1). This stone has been identified as the Biblical bareket and nophech pebble perforated as a pendant and three large (Harris 1963-65: 50). Both feldspar and quartz are pendants made of sandstone, which occurs in found in crystalline rocks in Sinai (N. Porat, Transjordan (N. Porat, personal communication). personal communication). Quartz (Figs. 42:4, 43:2-5). This widely distribTHE PRODUCTION PROCESS uted mineral occurs in many varieties with different transparency and color (Hamilton et al. 1974: 128).The process of producing beads from gemstone Varieties represented in the City of David assem-relatively simple. The same method, consisting 277 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms four principal stages, was used from the Early Bronze Age in Iran (Gwinnett and Gorelick 1981), through the Middle and Late Kingdoms of Egypt (Aldred 1971: 116), and to this day, for example in the Cambay region in India (Possehl 1981: 42-46). All the gemstones found in the City of David, including those with the highest hardness value such as carnelian (6.5) and rock crystal (7), could have been worked with tools made of quartz, which is common enough to be an inexpensive tool material. Due to the lack of beads in different stages of manufacture or areas which could be recognized as working areas by production debris, raw materials or specialized tools, it is impossible to identify specific techniques or implements which were used during this process (see Mackay 1937). In fact, few such working areas have been identified archae- ologically in Israel, most of them unpublished (McGovern 1980: 311); but see Bikai (1978: 8) for a Late Bronze Age workshop of faience beads. be found in Early Bronze Age sites in Iran (Gwinnett and Gorelick 1981: 21) and at the Harrapian site of Chanhu-Daro (Mackay 1937). One of the pebbles at the City of David (E3/7604) shows signs of incomplete perforation. Some of the complete beads show signs of cracking in the perforation area, which was smoothed before or after the perforation was made. This is probably due to the greater sensitivity of the bead in this area. The perforation was done by one of several methods: A. Using a sharp implement made of quartz (flint) or metal (Lucas and Harris 1962: 54-55; Gwinnett and Gorelick 1981: 21). B. Using a bow-shaft drill with a point of bronze (Stocks 1989: 527) or another hard material, such as diamond (Possehl 1981: 44-46). C. Employing abrasives such as quartz and emery powder, which are put on the surface of the bead to make drilling easier and more efficient (Gwinnett and Gorelick 1981: 19). Some of our carnelian beads materials on the one hand, and the complete (Fig.beads 42:5,7) appear to show evidence of the groove (bevel) and pendants on the other. However, given theused to concentrate the abrasives for drilling simplicity - almost universality - of the process, down the webead (Ogden 1982: 146^9). can assume that its stages are more or less identical The perforating may have been done from both The available data are small amounts of raw sides of the bead, using one of the methods in all cases: 1 . Preliminary preparation of the raw material bydescribed above (Lucas and Harris 1962: 53), or chipping off small lumps of material, or roughly by drilling from one side to the center of the bead shaping the small pebbles. Most of the lumps of raw and then striking from above, causing a conical material in the City of David are pebbles 1-2 cmpiece to break off the other side (Chevalier et al. across, each of which could have been used for the 1981: 62). Both these methods create a biconical making of one bead or perhaps two very small ones. perforation, sometimes smoothed in order to Some of the pebbles are smooth and polished, straighten the sides but often left as it is (Beck probably due to water activity. It is interesting to 1928: Pl. IV). note that a few of the pebbles are opaque, tinted 4. Final shaping of the bead to give it a rounded with calcite veins or damaged. This might suggestfinish and polish. This stage may have involved the that they were discarded as unsuitable for further use of a grooved sandstone on which the beads were preparation as beads. held and moved back and forth (Gwinnett and 2. Finer shaping of raw material: cutting off the Gorelick 1981: 23, Fig. 29). A stone which could sharp ends and leaving flat surfaces on the pebble. have been used for this purpose may be G 4296 This was usually done by rubbing them against (Hovers, Chapter IV, Fig. 30:11). Another method harder materials (Possehl 1981: 43). of achieving polish is to place the beads in a large 3. Perforation of the bead: this is the most container and shake them with abrasives, first complex and delicate stage in the production coarse and then fine (Possehl 1981: 46). process, demanding precision and a high level of This production process is suitable for beads skill (Stocks 1989: 530). For this reason, the made of gemstones. The forms which can be perforation was often carried out when the bead achieved are diverse, varying from spherical to was still only roughly shaped and before polishing barrel-shaped. The disc and cylinder beads were (Gwinnett and Gorelick 1981: 21), saving much often made of long cylinders cut into smaller parts; effort, time and material when a bead was damaged this method was used mostly with faience disc beads or broken during the process. Evidence of this can (Beck 1928). 278 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 1. Distribution of beads and pendants by material and stratum. Stratum/ Stone type 1 3 6 7-8 9 10-12 13 14 15 17-18 Unstr. Total Chalcedony: agate 1 ------- 1 Chalcedony: carnelian - - - 1 1 9 - 21 1 1 116 Feldspar 1 Hematite Lapis lazuli Quartz 1 - - - - - - -1 - - 1 Glass . TOTAL 1 1 2 - . - 1 . 1 - 2 4 - - 1 i - - - - 20 2 4 - 1 3 25 -1 - 2 - - - 1 _ 1 14 - - 1--1-2-2- Limestone Stone 32 - Sodalite Faience - 12--- 1 -6 14 - 1 4 2 14 6 47 1 . Includes one doubtful identification. 2. Includes one item from Str. 147-12B. Table 2. Raw materials. Reg. No. Locus Stratum Material Length Description (cm) D2/20593 2701 Surf. Chalcedony: carnelian 2 Red-orange, opaque, calcite veins, not suitable for shaping G 11881 982 10B Yellow chalcedony 1.5 Dark orange-brown, black spots, opaque D2/14124 1836 9 Chalcedony: sandstone agate 1.5 Red-orange, opaque, broken E3/7604 1530 6 Yellow chalcedony 1.3 Yellow-brown, semi-transparent, beginnings of perforations El/9583 1388 7 Chalcedony: carnelian White, opaque, brown spots El/ 16793 2085 10 Serpentine 1.5 Green, polished (naturally?) G 17578 1123 10C Sinai turquoise 1.5 Green, blue spot, broken El/17140 2113 9 Calcite 1.2 Yellow, semi-transparent El/21535 2135 17 Calcite 2 Red-brown, opaque, broken, round holes on one side, perhaps beginnings of perforations Table 1 presents the distribution of gemstones as finished products according to strata. No spatial retrieval of raw materials was probably also selective, in that not every small fragment was distribution is given due to the paucity of finds and registered. the fact that most of them were found out of context (see Introduction). The most substantial amounts of both beads and CONNECTION BETWEEN MATERIAL AND FORM raw materials are found in the Iron Age II strata, The carnelian beads comprise 50% of the total finds especially Stratum 10. This conforms to the exposure of those strata in the excavated areas at in the City of David assemblage, and as such the City of David. Data for the raw materials are represent the only group which can be examined for given in Table 2. Considering the above, it is clear a connection between material and typology. that any attempt to establish a coherent typological Carnelian is easy to work, can be readily obtained and chronological framework for the distribution of at a relatively short distance, and has a pleasing red- orange color. Its internal structure can be used to nine pieces) is insufficient and they are distributed create ornamental patterns without further working over the various excavation areas and strata. The (see Fig. 42:12,13,17). the raw materials is impractical; their quantity (only 279 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms A certain degree of uniformity of form can be seen in the carnelian beads, although they belong to different strata. This fact is not surprising, considering the extensive use of this material throughout many periods and the assumed similarity of the production process. The beads can be divided into several groups by type: rounded (especially the smallest beads), barrelshaped, biconical, cylindrical and disc-shaped. Each of these forms can be paralleled in many sites and periods in the Near East. It is difficult to define chronological or spatial boundaries for their appearance, especially when dealing with small and scattered samples. A connection appears to exist between the raw Worked Bone and Ivory, and Glass (Qedem 30). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. Adkins, R.A. and Perry, J.G. 1989. '...of Sherds and Soil material and the size of beads. Most of the smallest and Sealing Layer, of Cobbling and Coins...' Oxford Journal of Archaeology 8: 119-29. Aldred, C. 1971. Jewels of the Pharaohs : Egyptian Jewellery of the Dynastic Period. London: Thames and Hudson. Amiran, R. 1978. Early Arad: The Chalcolithic Settlement and Early Bronze City, First-Fifth Seasons of Excavations, 1962-1966. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. Andrews, C.A.R. 1981. Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum VI: Jewellery. London: British Museum. Beck, H.C. 1928. Classification and Nomenclature of Beads and Pendants. Oxford: Society of Antiquarians of London. beads, which tend to be round, are made of light Ben-Tor, D. 1989. A Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs. orange-colored material, totally translucent without Jerusalem: Israel Museum. veins and dark spots. On the other hand, for the Bikai, P.M. 1978. The Pottery of Tyre. Warminster: Aris larger beads, which vary in form from biconical to and Phillips. long and short barrel-shaped, there seems to be less Brunton, G. and Caton-Thompson, G. 1928. The emphasis on the translucency of the material. TheBadarian Civilization and Predynastic Remains near opacity and mottled character of the stone are used Badari. London: British School of Archaeology in as ornamental motifs (Fig. 42:12,17). Egypt. Chevalier, J., Inizan, M.L. and Tixier, J. 1981. Une SUMMARY The wide range of chronological and spatial parallels offered for each of the types of beads and pendants exemplifies the problematic nature of technique de perforation par percussion de perles en cornaline (Lar sa, Iraq). Palé orient 8: 55-65. Chin, L. 1988. Trade Objects. Expedition 30: 59-64. Clark, G. 1986. Symbols of Excellence: Precious Materials as Expressions of Status. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. these objects. The mere term 'assemblage' for the Crowfoot, G.M. 1957. Faience, Amulets and Beads. Pp. City of David finds is of course unjustified: the 389-98 in: J.W. Crowfoot, G.M. Crowfoot and K.M. beads and pendants discussed come from every period and almost every area in the excavation. Kenyon. Samaria- Sebaste III: The Objects from Samaria. London: Palestine Exploration Fund. The main contribution of their presentation here Dothan, T. 1979. Excavations at the Cemetery of Deir el- is in the gemological identification of the raw Balah (Qedem 10). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. materials used and their provenance. Emphasis on this kind of data, often neglected in publications of Guy, P.L.O. 1938. Megiddo Tombs. Chicago: Chicago these objects, would add another aspect to the analysis of trade relations of specific sites in periods under discussion. University Press. Gwinnett, A.J. and Gorelick, L. 1981. Bead Making in Iran in the Early Bronze Age. Expedition 24: 10-23. Hamilton, W.R., Woolley, A.R. and Bishop, A.C. 1974. The symbolic and social importance of beads and The Hamlyn Guide to Minerals, Rocks and Fossils. other such objects should be borne in mind when London: Hamlyn. dealing with them in known and well-dated contexts Harris, J.S. 1963-65. The Stones of the High Priest's (Hodder 1982; Clark 1986; Williams 1987). How-Breastplate. Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society ever, no such analysis is justified here. 5: 40-62. Hodder, I. 1982. Symbols in Action: Ethnoarchaeological BIBLIOGRAPHY Studies of Material Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. and Shipton, G.M. 1939. Megiddo I: Ariel, D.T. 1990. Excavations at the City ofLamon, David R.S. 1978Seasons of 1925-1934 ( Strata I-IV ) (Oriental Institute 1985 II: Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins , 280 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Publications 42). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Loud, G. 1948. Megiddo II: Seasons of 1935-39. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lucas, A. and Harris, J. 1962. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. 4th edition. London: E. Arnold. Timna. London: University College London. Stone, J.F.S. and Thomas, L.C. 1956. The Use and Distribution of Faience in the Ancient East and Prehistoric Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 22: 37-84. Stocks, D.A. 1989. Ancient Factory Mass-Production Macalister, R.A.S. 1912. The Excavations of Gezer: 19021905 and 1907-1909. London: Palestine Exploration Techniques: Indications of Large- Scale Stone Bead Manufacture during the Egyptian New Kingdom Fund. Mackay, E. 1937. Bead Making in Ancient Sind. Journal Period. Antiquity 63: 526-31. Tufnell, O. 1953. Lachish III: The Iron Age. Oxford: of the American Oriental Society 57: 1-15. McGovern, P. 1980. Ornamental and Amuletic Jewelry Oxford University Press. Pendants of Late Bronze Age Palestine: An Archae- Tufnell, O. and Ward, F. 1966. Relations between Byblos, ological Study. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. UniEgypt and Mesopotamia at the End of the Third versity of Pennsylvania. Millennium B.C. Syria 43: 165-241. Mellaart, J. 1975. The Neolithic of the Ancient Near East.Williams, S. 1987 An 'Archae-logy' of Turkana Beads. London: Thames & Hudson. Pp. 31-38 in: I. Hodder (ed.). The Archaeology of Contextual Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge UniverOgden, J. 1982. Jewellery of the Ancient World. London: Trefoil Books. sity Press. Petrie, W.M.F. 1920. Prehistoric Egypt: Corpus of Prehistoric Pottery and Palettes (reprinted 1974). Warminster: Aris & Phillips. Woolley, C.L. 1934. Ur Excavations II: The Royal Cemetery. London: British Museum. Yadin, Y., Aharoni, Y., Amiran, R., Dothan, T. and M., Possehl, G.L. 1981. Cambay Bead Making: An Ancient Craft in Modern India. Expedition 23/4: 39-47. Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons of Excavations Rothenberg, B. 1988. The Egyptian Mining Temple at 1957-1958. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Dunayevsky, E. and Perrot, J. 1961. Hazor III-IV: An 281 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 42. No. Reg. No. Locus Context Str. Material Class Photo 1. Dl/13364 472 Floor 14 Carnelian? I.B.2.b 2. G 11316 Surf. - - Chalcedony: carnelian I.B.l.f 24:1 3. El/3479 631 Floor 10 Chalcedony: red carnelian I.B.l.f 24:2 4. D2/20865 2701 - - Quartz I.B.l.e 5. Dl/12779 448 Tabun 12 Chalcedony: red carnelian I.B.l.f 24:3 6. El /14430 1655 Floor 14 Chalcedony: red carnelian I.C.I. a 24:4 7. Dl/13201 450 Fill 15 Chalcedony: red carnelian I.B.I. a 24:5 8. G 15490 1110 Fill 10C Chalcedony: carnelian I.B.I. a 9. El/3403 601 Fill 10 Chalcedony: red carnelian I.C.I. a 24:6 10. H 5447 1049 Foundation trench IIIG Chalcedony: tubular agate I.C.I. a 25:1 11. El/7887 1285 Fill 7 Chalcedony: red carnelian I.B.l.a 24:7 12. El/10182 1608 Floor 11 Chalcedony: red carnelian I.C.I. a 24:8 13. G 2124 718 Fill 9 Chalcedony: red carnelian I.B.l.a 24:9; PI. 17:1 14. El/19628 2093 Stone floor 12 Chalcedony: carnelian I.D.l.b 15. El/6006 631 Floor 11 Chalcedony: red carnelian I.D.l.b 24:10 16. El/6340 1264 Fill 12 Chalcedony: red carnelian I.D.l.e 24:11 17. El/19564 2135 Floor 17 Chalcedony: carnelian I.D.l.f No. Material Form Parallels Date 1. Carnelian? Disc Brunton 1928: PI. L:L8 Predyn. Andrews 1981: PI. 22:295 (Mostegadda) 1st Inter. Rothenberg 1988: Fig. 78:17,19 L. 109 2-5. Carnelian Biconical Brunton 1928: PI. L:T7-8 Predyn. Quartz Andrews 1981: PI. 17:156 (Faras 3) Naqada II Woolley 1934: PI. 131: upper right 3rd mill. Guy 1938: Pis. 95:22-26 (T. 877 Bl); LB II PI. 132:17 (T. 912B) MB II-LB II Macalister 1912: PI. CXXXVIIb:9 Dothan 1979: Fig. 185 (T. 118) 13th cent. Lamon and Shipton 1939: PI. 90:10 Str. II Loud 1948: PI. 217, Pl. 165:19c (T. 39) Str. VA Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 92:69 (Q-4853) Tufnell 1953: PI. 66:46 8th cent. 6-9. Carnelian Spherical Tufnell and Ward 1966: Fig. 6:155-56 End 3rd mill. Macalister 1912: Pis. CXXXVIIa:34, CXXXVIIb:6 Dothan 1979: Figs. 182, 186 (T. 118) 13th cent. Yadin et al. 1961: Pl. CCXCV:33; K, Str. la Pl. CCXXXIV:20 B, Str. Va Guy 1938: Pl. 165:19a (T. 39) Early Iron Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 92:60 (D-1240) 10-13. Carnelian Spherical Andrews 1981: PI. 25:348 (Mostegadda) 1st Inter. Agate truncated Guy 1938: Pl. 138:16c (T. 37); LB I Pl. 157:22b (T. 59) Dothan 1979: Fig. 183 (T. 118) 13th cent. Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 92:47, 61 Tufnell 1953: PI. 66:14-17 (T. 1002) 8th cent. 14,16. Carnelian Long barrel Andrews 1981: PI. 20:243 (Mostegadda); 5th Dyn. Pl. 21:229 OK-MK Woolley 1934: PL 131 3rd mill. Tufnell and Ward 1966: Fig. 6:113-14 End 3rd mill. Guy 1938: Pl. 132:16a (T. 912B); MB II-LB II PI. 147: 12d (T. 1100C); LB I PI. 100:9 (T. 989C1); PI. 95:14-21 (T. 989C1) LB Rothenberg 1988: Fig. 80:64 L. 109 Tufnell 1953: PI. 66:24-25 (T. 1002, T. 107) 10th-8th cents. Lamon and Shipton 1939: PI. 90:6 Str. II Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 92:66 (Q-4793) 15. Carnelian Short barrel Tufnell and Ward 1966: Fig. 6:147-48 End 3rd mill. Guy 1938: Pl. 135:15c (T. 20) LB I Loud 1948: PI. 217 Str. VA Lamon and Shipton 1939: PI. 90:45 Str. IV fill Tufnell 1953: PI. 66:19 (T. 1002) 8th cent. Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 92:68 17. Carnelian Long biconical Andrews 1981: PI. 20:243 (Mostegadda) 5th Dyn. Loud 1948: PI. 211:52; Str. IX Pl. 214:102 Str. VII-V Yadin et al. 1961: Pl. CCLXXVIL15-18 H, Str. lb 282 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 42. Beads. 283 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 43. No. Reg. No. Locus Context Str. Material Class Photo 1. El/2772 575 Fili 11 Orthoclase feldspar I.C.l.a 25:2 2. El/10533 1618 Floor 12 Quartz: rock crystal I.B.l.a 25:3 3. G 4313 760 Fill 9 Quartz: gray-blue jasper I.C.l.a 25:4 4. K 18486 2232 Earth layer IIIA Quartz: orbicular I.D.l.b 5. E3/15554 Surf. - - Quartz: orbicular I.D.l.f 6. El/17440 2135 Floor 17 Sodalite I.B.2.b 7. G 4831 826 Floor 147-12B Lapislázuli I.A.2.b 26:1 8. G 11942 997 Floor 10B Lapislázuli I.C.l.a 26:2 No. Material Form Parallels Date 1. Feldspar Biconical Tufnell 1953: PI. 66:6 (T. 110) 10th cent. 2. Rock crystal Spherical 3. Jasper Spherical 4. Quartz: orbicular Long barrel 5. Quartz: orbicular Long barrel 6. Sodalite Cylinder Lamon and Shipton 1939: PI. 92:60 Str. I 7. Lapis lazuli Disc 8. Lapis lazuli Spherical 284 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 43. Beads. 285 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 44. No. Reg. No. Locus Context Str. Material Class Photo 1. El/14437 1684 Stone fili 14 Faience I.A.l.b 2. El/10074 1612 Fili 12 Faience Fluted 3. E2/1568 503 Terrace fill 1 Faience Melon PL 17:2 4. Dl/13334 472 Tabun to floor 14 Faience XIIId2e 5. D2/20169 2321 Fill 7B Faience I.C.l.a 6. G 11754 974 10B Faience Ring & dot eye 7. G 4300 760 Fill 9 Glass I.C.I. b 8. E3/15557 Surf. - - Glass I.C.l.a 9. G 5727 868 10B Glass Spiral eye 10. El/16749 2079 Floor 11 Glass Folded 11. El/17461 2135 17 Limestone I.B.l.b 12. Dl/6652 368 9 Limestone XLIX No. Material Form Parallels Date 1. Faience Disc Guy 1938: PI. 136:22 (T. 37) LB I Bikai 1978: PI. XLVA:8 Str. XVI (LB) Lamon and Shipton 1939: PL 91:34,35 Str. V Tufnell 1953: Pl. 66:28 (T. 120) 9th-7th cents. 2. Faience Fluted Yadin et al. 1961: PL CCLXXXIIL17 H, Str. la Tufnell 1953: Pl. 66:65 (T. 1002) 8th cent. Lamon and Shipton 1939: PL 91:66 Str. IV fill Guy 1938: PL 171:13 (T. 47) Macalister 1912: PL CXXXVIIb:41 3. Faience Melon-shaped Loud 1948: PL 212:53 Str. IX Rothenberg 1988: Fig. 81:73 L. 101 Macalister 1912: Pl. CXXXVIIa:8 Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 92:55,57 4. Faience Hexagonal Guy 1938: PL 165: 19j (T. 39) Early Iron long Tufnell 1953: PL 67:100 (T. 106) Disturbed 5. Faience Circular Amiran 1978: PL 69:10 Str. III (EB II) Guy 1938: Pl. 100:15 (T. 989C1) LB Yadin et al. 1961: PL CCLXXXIILIO H, Str. la Tufnell 1953: Pl. 66:5 (T. 218) 9th cent. Lamon and Shipton 1939: PL 91:26 Str. III 6. Faience Ring and dot Beck 1928: Fig. 34a (Egypt) 18th Dyn. 7. Glass Circular Published in Ariel 1990: 159, GL 49 8. Glass Circular 9. Glass Triangular eye Published in Ariel 1990: 158-79, GL 45 10. Glass Folded Published in Ariel 1990: 157, GL 43 11. Stone Disc Macalister 1912: PL CXXXVIIb:3 Yadin et al. 1961: PL CCLVIIL10 G, Str. II 12. Stone Natural 286 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 44. Beads. 287 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 45. No. Reg. No. Locus Context Str. Material Class Photo 1. G 11389 960 Floor 12 Chalcedony: carnelian 24:12 2. E3/13073 1588 Fill 11-10 Lapislázuli 26:3 3. G 11791 972 Floor 13 Hematite Natural 26:4 4. G 11790 972 Floor 13 Hematite Natural 26:5 5. G 11050 886 Floor 10C Hematite 26:6; PL 17:3 6. El/6459 1280 Dump 6 Stone Pebble 7. El/6411 1272 12 Stone 8. El/19189 - - - Stone 9. El/19726 2153 18A Stone PL 17:4 No. Material Form Parallels Date 1. Carnelian Triangular Tufnell 1953: PL 67:139 (ax pendant, T. 1002) 8th cent. Macalister 1912: PL CXXXVIIb:70 Lamon and Shipton 1939: PL 92:71 Str. IV fill 2. Lapislázuli Conical Andrews 1981: PL 4:145 Naqada II/Predyn. Macalister 1912: Pl. CCXXVL36 3. Hematite Natural McGovern 1980: PL 3:29 (different form) Beth She'an, Str. VIII (LB II) 4. Hematite Natural McGovern 1980: PL 3:29 (different form) Beth She'an, Str. VIII (LB II) 5. Hematite Quadrilateral Amiran 1978: PL 68:7 (two holes) Str. II (EB II) 6. Stone Natural Macalister 1912: Pis. CXXXVIIb:31, CCXXVL17 7. Stone Quadrilateral 8. Stone Quadrilateral Tufnell 1953: PL 67:138 (L. 218) 9th cent. Macalister 1912: PL CCXXVL18 9. Stone Quadrilateral Tufnell 1953: PL 67:135 (smaller, different form) 288 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 45. Pendants. 289 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pl. 17. Beads and pendants. PL 17. No. Reg. No. Locus Fig. Photo 1. E2/1568 503 44:3 2. G 2124 3. G 11050 718 42:13 886 45:5 24:9 26:6 4. El/19726 2153 45:9 290 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CHAPTER NINE 'HORUS EYE' AMULETS* Jane M. Cahill One complete 'Horus Eye' amulet and fragments and of is pierced latitudinally by a roughly circular shaft measuring approximately 3 mm in diameter. The back surface is smooth and featureless, but not attributable to the Iron Age II during Shiloh's two others were discovered in stratified contexts excavations in the City of David, Jerusalem. All flat. In order to create a central area wide enough to three of these amulets are representations of right accommodate the pierced shaft, the top and bottom halves of the amulet's back slant outwards, forming eyes fashioned from molded faience. Egyptian and Egyptian- type amulets1 of various a central bulge. The characteristic features of the eye materials and motifs are commonly found in motif appear in low relief on the front side only. The archaeological excavations throughout the ancient eye motif on this amulet displays an almond-shaped Mediterranean world. Those popularly known as eye framed by narrow eyelids; a smooth, round iris; 'Horus Eye'2 amulets portray the wedjat-e ye, an a high brow8 notched in herring-bone pattern; a Egyptian motif thought to represent a human eye multilined eyeback formed of four horizontal embellished with the facial markings of a falcon bands; forefeathers formed of three horizontal (Gardiner 1957: 451, DIO; Petrie 1972: 9, 32).3 The bands beneath the front sclera and three vertical term 'wedjat-e ye,' abbreviated is a bands beneath the iris; and hindfeathers ending in a curl adjacent to the eyeback. compound term deriving from the ancient tight Egyptian Amulet No. verb wd3, ' ļļ , 'to be sound,' 'to be prosperous' 1 was recovered from L. 1 136 in Area G, identified as a foundation trench dug for W. 765 or 'to be whole,' and an eye determinative (Gardiner in square 1957: 563; Faulkner 1976: 74^75). Thus the termE5. Locus 1136 and the construction of 765 or have been ascribed to Stratum 10C, dated to literally means 'the sound eye,' 'the wholeW. eye' the 7th century BCE. As a foundation trench, L. 'the prosperous eye' (Gardiner 1957: 563; Budge cut through previously accumulated deposits 1961: 141). Together, the literal definition1136 of the and contained material ranging in date from the term 'wedjat-e ye' and the interpretation of the eye 10th through the 7th centuries BCE. motif as the compounding of a human eye with Seven stylistically similar faience amulets from falcon markings have resulted in the identification different sites have been published: one from of the eye motif as the eye of the falcon-godfour Horus, Atlit (Johns 1933: PI. XVII:419); one from Lachish who was injured by the wicked god Seth and miraculously healed by the ibis-god Thoth (Gardiner 1957: 197, 563; Griffiths 1958: 183).4 The eye motif consists of six component parts (Fig. 46: 1-6)5: 1) the sclera6; 2) the iris7; 3) the eyebrow; 4) the eyeback; 5) the forefeathers; and 6) the hindfeathers. Amulet No. 7, Reg. No. G 17609 (Fig. 47; Photo 27), is a complete amulet made of nonporous, light gray faience coated with light blue-green to white glaze. Although chipped at several spots around the edges, Fig. 46. Components of 'Horus Eye' motif. the amulet is complete, measuring 31 x 24 x 9 mm, 291 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms L. 421 which, although not described specifically in the Megiddo report, is located in a residential area excavated in square 0 14 and ascribed to Stratum V, ca. 1 1th- 10th centuries BCE (Lamon and Shipton 1939: 150, Fig. 6). The third (Lamon and Shipton 1939: 32-33, Fig. 34, PL 75:25) was found in L. 1674, defined as a soil fill excavated beneath the southern stable complex which Albright (1943: 2-3, n. 1) and Wright (1964: 235-36) ascribed to Stratum IVA, ca. 9th century BCE. The fourth amulet from Megiddo derives from L. E 2081 in Area AA (Loud 1948: 4446, 162, Figs. 100-101, 388). This locus is identified as the courtyard of a building located west of the Stratum VA city gate (Shiloh 1979a: 149); the courtyard contained a large assemblage of cultic Fig. 47. 'Horus Eye' amulet No. 1 (G 17609). vessels dated to the 10th century BCE (Yadin 1977: 846). The amulet from Tell es-Sa'idiyeh was found in a destruction layer attributed to Stratum XII and dated by Tubb (1988: 41) to the latter part of the 12th century BCE. On the basis of the ceramic assemblage published together with the amulet, however, a date within the 10th century BCE seems preferable (cf. Cahill et al 1989: 38). The comparative material suggests that the stylistic type represented by amulet No. 1 from Area, G may have enjoyed a long period of Photo 27. 'Horus Eye' amulet No. 1 (ZR). popularity ranging in date from the 11th to the 5th/4th centuries BCE. Alternatively, however, the amulet found in the Persian period tomb at Atlit may be interpreted as an heirloom or an antiquity at (Tufnell 1953: PL 35:37); four from Megiddo (Lamon and Shipton 1939: PL 75:17,20,25; Loud 1948: PL 206:60); and one from Tell es-Sa'idiyeh (Tubb 1988: 41, Fig. 17). Each of these amulets the time of its deposit, in which case amulets of this stylistic type may best be defined as characteristic of the llth/9th centuries BCE. appears to originate from a datable archaeological Amulet No. 2, Reg. No. El/16980 (Fig. 48; Photo context. The amulet from Atlit derives from Tomb 28), is a fragment from the upper portion of an eye amulet bearing stylistic features similar to those LI 6, burial a-i, which was reportedly the only Atlit observed on amulet No. 1. This amulet is made of tomb found undisturbed by later burials. The use of this tomb has been dated ceramically and numis- nonporous, light gray faience coated with pale bluematically to the Persian period, ca. 5th-4th centuries green to white glaze and is pierced latitudinally by a BCE (Johns 1933: 60; Stern 1982: 70-71).9 Therounded shaft. The back surface of this fragment is Lachish amulet was recovered from Tomb 224, smooth and featureless and, like amulet No. 1, which Tufnell (1953: 215) dated ceramically to the bulges at the center in order to accommodate the 9th century BCE.10 Each of the four Megiddo pierced shaft. The characteristic features of the eye amulets has been dated to the 10th-9th centuries motif appear in low relief on the front side only. The amulet has an almond-shaped eye framed by a BCE. The first (Lamon and Shipton 1939: Pl. 75:17) narrow was found in square 01411 and attributed to lid, a smooth, round iris and a high, diagonally notched brow accentuated by a coat of Stratum IV, which Albright (1943: 2-3, n. 1) and glaze, darker in color than that covering Wright (1964: 235-36) redesignated Stratumblue-green IVA the rest of the amulet. The eyeback, the forefeathers and dated to the 9th century BCE. The second and the hindfeathers are all missing. Absent the (Lamon and Shipton 1939: Pl. 75:20) derives from 292 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms motif on this amulet do not appear in low relief. Rather, except for a narrow depression delineating the bottom of the brow, the surface of the amulet is smooth and flat. The only accentuated features of the eye motif are the eyebrow and the iris, both of which are marked with black glaze. The amulet measures 22 x 16 x 10 mm and is pierced Fig. 48. 'Horus Eye' amulet No. 2 (El/16980). latitudinally by an irregularly shaped shaft measur- ing roughly 2.5 mm in diameter. Photo 28. 'Horus Eye' amulet No. 2 (ZR). three last-named features, this amulet may only be compared generally to other right eye amulets with almond-shaped eyes, round irises and high, notched brows. Amulets with these general characteristics Fig. 49. 'Horus Eye' amulet No. 3 (El/9983). are known from Beth She'an (James 1966: Fig. 113:14), Lachish (Tufnell 1958: PL 29:67-68) and Megiddo (Lamon 1935: PL 4:7; Loud 1948: Pl. 206:58), where they range in date from the 13th/ 12th to the 10th centuries BCE.12 Amulet No. 2 was found in L. 2063 in Area El, Photo 29. 'Horus Eye' amulet No. 3 (IS). identified as a pit ascribed to Stratum 10. Pit L. 2063 cuts floor L. 2076 of Stratum 13 and contains cultural remains ranging in date from the 9th through the 6th centuries BCE.13 Amulet No. 3 was recovered from L. 131 1 in Area El, identified as the lower floor of the 'Ashlar Amulet No. 3 , Reg. No. El/9983 (Fig. 49; Photo 29),House.' This locus is sealed by floor L. 1281 which is an almost complete amulet made of porous, lightis ascribed to Stratum 10, representing the final gray faience coated with pale blue-green to whitephase of the Iron Age II. Floor L. 1311 is ascribed glaze. The amulet is weathered, rough to the touchto Stratum 11, of the 7th century BCE.14 and chipped in two places, the first at the front end Thirteen stylistically similar amulets from at least of the eyebrow and the second under the base of the six different sites have been published: two from eye, resulting in the loss of the motifs forefeathers. Beth Shemesh (Mackenzie 1912-1913: PL 43:16-17); The amulet's outline follows the characteristic one each from Lachish (Tufnell 1953: Pl. 35:43), Gezer (Macalister 1912: Vol. 3, Pl. 210:31) and contours of the wedjat-Q ye motif: a high, slightly Sheikh curved brow; a V-shaped depression separating the Zuweid (Petrie 1937: PL 30:62); six from Tell Jemmeh (Petrie 1928: Pl. 45:30,48,49,54-56); one front end of the eyebrow from the front corner of from the eye, at which point the central shaft is pierced; a Tel Michal (Giveon 1989: 342-44, Fig. 29.1:9, 75:9); and one from an unknown provenience patch of unglazed faience under the iris markingPl. the (Rowe 1936: PL 31:A58). From this group of 13 original position of the missing forefeathers; only those from Beth Shemesh, Tel Michal rounded hiiidfeathers; and a sloped left edge.amulets, The back surface of the amulet is smooth and featureand possibly two from Tell Jemmeh derive from datable archaeological contexts.15 The two amulets less, bulging slightly at the center in order to from Beth Shemesh were found together in Tomb 5, accommodate the pierced shaft. Unlike the two previously described amulets, the features of the eyewhich can be dated ceramically to the late Iron Age 293 This content downloaded from ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff on Thu, 01 Jan 1976 12:34:56 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms II (Mackenzie 1912-1913: 76-77, Pis. 41-42). That According to Papyrus Leiden (1348 rt.7.3) the eye of Re protected a patient from a demon qualified as dw.hr identified as a jar burial dated generally to the , 'bad of face,' an epithet which Borghouts (1973: Persian period, ca. 6th-4th centuries BCE (Davies et143) interprets as 'evil glance.' The ancients' from Tel Michal is ascribed to Locus 1858, belief al. 1989: 155, 163; Herzog et al. 1989: 8). Two of thein the power of eye amulets is inferred both by Schrire six amulets that Petrie (1928: PI. 45:54-55) found at (1966: 6), who asserts unequivocally that the 'had a very strong belief in the Evil Eye,' Tell Jemmeh may cautiously be associated Egyptians with and Budge (1961: 361), who maintains that the chronologically indicative ceramic assemblages16 'set the influence of the eye of the sunthat suggest dates ranging from the late IronEgyptians Age that of the Evil Eye.' Budge identified II through the Persian period.17 Thus, amulet god No. against 3 the numerous eye amulets as the eye of the sun and appears to belong to a stylistic group of amulets the eye of the moon and opined that no evil person characteristic of the late Iron Age II and the Persian or power could resist the power of the two eyes of period, ca. 7th/4th centuries BCE. Horus, the one ruling the day and the other the USE OF THE EYE AMULETS night (Budge 1961: 36 1).21 Corroboration for the belief that the eye amulets served a protective function may be found in the Egyptian words udjau , Each of the three 'Horus Eye' amulets from the City an expression which, phonetically, is very of David is pierced latitudinally through the central wedjat-Q area of the amulet, directly behind the close iristoand the ye and which means 'the thing that safe'Eye' or 'the strengthener' (Budge 1961: 133); eyeback. Whenever described fully, keeps 'Horus amulets from other archaeological sites are and to always wd3w , ' iWfu , which Faulkner (1976: 75)three translates as 'amulets.' said to be similarly pierced. As neither the City Belief in the evil eye was, and still is, prevalent of David amulets nor their parallels are small enough to be worn comfortably as rings, they are throughout the Near East and belief in the efficacy best understood as pendants pierced for suspension.of the Egyptian eye amulets against the evil eye may The interpretation of 'Horus Eye' amulets as account for the universality of the eye amulets which are found throughout the ancient Mediterrapendants appears to be corroborated by the frequent discovery of eye amulets together with nean world.22 other beads and pendants.18 The identification of these objects as amulets is DISTRIBUTION AND ORIGIN OF THE EYE supported by the religious significance attached to AMULETS the symbol of the wedjat-Qye in Egyptian mythology. The religious concept of the eye apparently Although 'Horus Eye' amulets appear at sites originated as that of the eye of solar Horus located throughout the Land of Israel, they are (Griffiths 1958: 190-91). 19 As such, this eye was analogous to the uraeus serpent worn on the king's forehead as a symbolic representation of his divine majesty and descent from the sun god (Ions 1982: 25, 36). When Re became the king of heaven, the Eye of Re came into existence as the manifestation of his divine authority. When Horus the son of Isis and Osiris became the king of heaven, the divine tribunal awarded the eye to him (Ions 1982: 64). The eye, therefore, served as the symbol of kingship prevalent at sites situated along the Mediterranean worn, in turn, by each supreme ruler. As the faience production was known in Egypt from at coast. Small and easily transported, the amulet may have been imported from Egypt or elsewhere (Phoenicia?), since no production center for them has yet been located in the Land of Israel. Nonetheless, the possibility that they were manufactured locally should not be dismissed. The vast majority of eye amulets attributable to the Iron Age and th Persian period are fashioned from molded faience. Sagona (1980) has shown that the technique of manifestation of divine kingship passed down from least as early as the Middle Kingdom and that ruler to ruler, the eye came to be associated with knowledge of this technique appears to have sprea to the Land of Israel during the Middle Bronze Age several different divine figures: Horus the Elder, Re and Horus the Younger, each of whom reigned as II. The materials required for producing faienc supreme authority over the Egyptian pantheon at were all readily available along the Palestinian coast: sand, lime, plant ash or natron and a furnac some point in Egyptian religious history.20 294 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms eye symbol came to serve as the Egyptian 'grain measure.' In accordance with this myth, each of the capable of reaching a temperature of 700° C (McGovern 1980: 309). All that was needed to fashion these amulets locally was the know-how to component parts of the eye symbol was assigned a numerical value: the left sclera, < , stood for l/2 ; the mix the materials in the correct proportions, to form iris, O , stood for 7*; the eyebrow, , stood for Vs ; the right sclera, ]>, stood for l/i6; the hindfeathers, , stood for 732 ; and the forefeathers, , stood for 764. Together, these fractions add up to 63 /64. The a paste by hand, to press the paste into a mold and to fire it. Therefore, although the motif is Egyptian in character, there is no technical reason to assume that all (or any) of the Iron Age or later 'Horus Eye' missing 764 was presumably supplied magically by the amulets were imported. ibis-god Thoth, who miraculously healed the eye of Horus by joining the various parts and filling or completing ( ) the missing part. 6. 'Sclera' refers to the whites of the eye. NOTES 7. 'Iris' refers to the round, pigmented membrane surrounding * The drawings of amulets Nos. 1 and 2 were made by the pupil. 8. Shifra 'High brow' refers to the fact that there is a gap Sara Halbreich and that of amulet No. 3 by between the top of the eyelid and the bottom of the Eisenstein. Amulets Nos. 1 and 2 were photographed eyebrow. by Zev Radovan and amulet No. 3 by Ilan Sztulman. 9. This drew date is based on the discovery in the tomb of two Shlomit Avriel drew Fig. 46 and Ruhama Bonfil large jars with pointed bases (Johns 1933: 60, Fig. 16; the hieroglyphs. This chapter was submitted for Stern 1982: 108-109, Type H6), an Attic lekythos publication in November 1989. Since then, only minor editorial revisions have been made to it. The author (Johns 1933: PI. VIII:4) dated to the 5th century BCE (Stern 1982: 7) and a silver coin (Johns 1933: 60, gratefully acknowledges the comments and suggesCI 184) of 'Philisto- Arabian' type, which Stern (1982: tions made by David Tarier, who read the manuscript on more than one occasion. 71) dates to the late 5th-early 4th century BCE. Tufnell (1953: 215) described the ceramic assemblage 1. The amuletic character of these objects stems 10. from from their embodiment of a religious symbol, the wedjat - this tomb as characterized by open bowls which are slipped on the interior and over half of the eye. Although the amulets themselves may often have and wheel burnished. been worn as mere ornaments, the amuletic originexterior, of the represented symbol is not in doubt (Schrire1 1966: 1 . Square 014 is located in an area north of Building 338, 5). in an area designated as private dwellings (Shiloh 2. Although commonly referred to as the 'Eye of Horus' (Petrie 1972: 9, 32-34; Gardiner 1957: 197, 451, 563; Faulkner 1976: 75; Andrews 1984: 36-37), the eye represented on these amulets has also been identified as the 'Eye of Atum' (Ions 1982: 25, 26), the 'Eye of Re' (Faulkner 1976: 75; Ions 1982: 60) and the 'Eye of Osiris' (Gray 1971: 125). 3. For additional suggestions concerning the component parts of the wedjat-e ye, see te Velde (1967: 50), who suggests that the markings below the eye indicate an eye overflowing with moisture or light; Andrews (1984: 36), who suggests that it is a falcon's eye; and Murray (1953: 379), who notes that it is an emblem of 1979b: 53, Fig. 73). 12. Although James (1966: 47, Fig. 75) only cursorily Horus in both his human and falcon form. discusses the context in which the Beth She'an amulet was found, it apparently derives from a floor, L. 1538, ascribed to Upper Level V, dated to the 10th century BCE. The two amulets from Lachish (Tufnell 1958: PI. 29:67-68) derived from Tomb 570 (Tufnell 1958: 24850), which was cut into the side of the Middle Bronze Age fosse and dated by the excavators to the late XlXth or early XXth Dynasties, ca. 1225-1175 BCE. Dothan (1982: 276-79), however, advocates a date late in the 12th century BCE for the contents of this tomb. One amulet from Megiddo (Lamon 1935: PI. 4:7) was recovered from L. 1010, the 'guard's post' in the 4. Gardiner (1957: 197) supports this identification by spring cave connected to the subterranean water stating that the eye of the falcon god Horus is oftensystem, the latest ceramic remains from which were depicted on ancient monuments in this form, i.e. ^ .sherds dated to the 12th century BCE (Lamon 1935: For a complete history of this interpretation with8-10, 36; Yadin 1977: 855). The other Megiddo amulet bibliography, see Griffiths (1958), who argues for the (Loud 1948: PI. 206:58) was found in L. 2103, defined identification of the wedjat-e ye with the uninjured eyeas a room in a residential area just east of Building of Horus. 2081, which housed a 'cultic corner' (Loud 1948: 445. Gardiner (1957: 197) states that by virtue of the myth, 45, Fig. 388; Shiloh 1979a: 149) in which two other eye according to which the eye of the falcon-god Horus was torn into fragments by the wicked god Seth, the contents of L. 2103 are apparently contemporary with amulets were found (Loud 1948: PI. 206:59-60). The 295 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms those found in L. 2081 and are, therefore, ascribable number of pierced Egyptian amulets and various types to Stratum VA, dated to the 10th century BCE (Shiloh of beads (Lamon and Shipton 1939: 146-47); that from Megiddo published by Lamon and Shipton (1939: PL 75:17) was found together with a glass bead (Lamon and Shipton 1939: 141, PL 92:56); and that from Tel Michal published by Giveon (1989: 342-43) 1979a: 149). 13. The stratigraphical data pertaining to this amulet were kindly provided by Alon De Groot, who supervised the excavations in Area El. 14. The stratigraphical information about this amulet waswas found together with two hair rings and a also provided by Alon De Groot. serpentine bead (Davies et al. 1989: 155). 19. In Griffiths' opinion, the term 'wedjat-e ye' initially 15. The provenience of the Lachish amulet is described only as Area 6000 (Tufnell 1953: 246, PI. 129), whichappeared in a Horian context in the Pyramid Texts, presumably refers to the cemetery located in the where it is used several times as an epithet for an eye northeastern corner of the mound (Tufnell 1953: 246). of Horus: The amulet from Gezer derives from a unspecified context (Macalister 1912: Vol. 3, PL 210:31). Those The King has come to thee, O Horus of the East; Lo, the King has brought to thee thy great left eye from Petrie's excavations at Sheikh Zuweid have been as a healer; ascribed to Level H, dated by Petrie (1937: 7) to ca. Take it to thee from the King. It being sound. 824-630 BCE. Neither of these two amulets can be (Griffiths 1958: 183, n. 3 quoting Pyr. 450c-451c). also points out that although the Pyramid associated with any accompanying objects useful Griffiths for Texts often refer to the eye that was seized by Seth, it corroborating Petrie's date. is not specifically referred to as the wedjat-eyQ 16. Petrie's method of assigning stratigraphical designations based on absolute levels obviates their chron(Griffiths 1958: 183). Griffiths, therefore, concludes that it was the other, uninjured eye, or the eye that ological significance. Occasionally, however, small remained sound, that came to be called the wedjat-e ye groups of pottery and artifacts that were found in (Griffiths 1958: 182-83). close proximity to one another may be isolated and, in 20. Hence the apparent confusion in nomenclature noted cases where they appear to be homogeneous, tentative above in n. 2. dates may be assigned to the resulting assemblages. 21.with Petrie (1972: 32) similarly notes that the wedjat-Q ye The ceramic assemblages that can be associated each of these amulets are as follows: that associated was properly a pair of eyes representing the two eyes of the solar Horus, which were compared to the sun with the amulet appearing in Petrie 1928: PI. 45:54 includes the following vessels: Pl. 48:8n; Pl. 53:35v; and PI. the moon. This identification of the sun and the 55:46n; Pl. 56:47h; Pl. 57:56t,57u; PI. 59:77h; and PI.moon with the two eyes of the solar Horus is based on an early Memphite hymn which actually identifies the 60:84s; that associated with the amulet appearing in two eyes with the evening and morning boats of the Petrie 1928: PI. 45:55 includes the following vessels: PI. 48:3d, 3n, 3s; PI. 49:14t; PL 50:22p; PL 56:47u; PL 57:57n; PL 59:78c; PL 60:87d; PL 61:91x,98m,98n. Petrie ascribed both amulets to Stratum A, B, which he dated ca. 660-457 BCE (Petrie 1928: 4). 17. Stern's (1982: 22-25) revision of Petrie's stratigraphical conclusions postulates the presence of three stratigraphical phases at Tell Jemmeh dating from the Persian period: Building A, ca. late 6th century BCE; Building B, no earlier than the 5th century BCE; and the granaries, ca. 5th-4th centuries BCE. 18. The following amulets discussed herein as parallels to sun: He who acted against thy father in his weaknes he is against thee, O eye of Horus, and thou a against him, O eye of Horus. Thy right eye is the evening boa Thy left eye is the morning boat, Thy two eyes, Horus, which have come forth from Atum, the are Shu and Tefnut. (Griffiths 1958: 187). Griffiths points out that as there is nothing in the Pyramid Texts to suggest a different interpretation for the two eyes, their significance must those from the City of David were found together with be solar. Moreover, if the eyes were thought of as the pendants, beads or other types of jewelry: that from sun and the moon, then this thought may suggest the notion of divine omniscience, at least in its elementary Megiddo published by Loud (1948: PL 206:58) was form as the power to see everything. found together with a bone pendant (Loud 1948: PL 22. 'Horus Eye' amulets appear to have made their first 218:130) and a pierced Ptah-Sokar amulet (Loud appearance outside Egypt during the New Kingdom, 1948: PL 206:55); that from Atlit published by Johns when they were introduced to lands located within the (1933: Pl. XVIL419) was found together with two silver pendants, electrum earrings, a bronze ring and Egyptian sphere of influence. By the Late Period, they were widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean beads of various materials (Johns 1933: 60-62, PL world. XVII); that from Megiddo published by Lamon and Shipton (1939: PL 75:25) was found together with a 296 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms BIBLIOGRAPHY Mackenzie, D. 1912-1913. Excavations at Ain S hems: Beth-Shemesh, 1912-1913 (Annual of the Palestine Albright, W.F. 1943. The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim Exploration Fund 2). London: Palestine Exploration III : The Iron Age (Annual of the AmericanFund. Schools of Oriental Research 21-22). Cambridge, MA: American McGovern, P.E. 1980. Ornamental and Amuletic Jewelry Schools of Oriental Research. Pendants of Late Bronze Age Palestine : An ArchaeAndrews, C. 1984. Egyptian Mummies. London: British ological Study. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Museum. Arbor: University Microfilms International. Borghouts, J.F. 1973. The Evil Eye of Apopls. Journal of Murray, M. 1953. Faience Amulets. Pp. 378-81 in: O. Egyptian Archaeology 59: 114-50. Tufnell. Lachish III: The Iron Age. London: Oxford Budge, E.A.T.W. 1961. Amulets and Talismans. New University Press. Hyde Park, NY: University Books. Petrie, W.M.F. 1928, Gerar. London: British School of Cahill, J.M., Tarler, D. and Lipton, G. 1989. Tell elArchaeology in Egypt. Hammah in the Tenth Century BCE. Qadmoniot 85/86: Petrie, W.M.F. 1937. Anthedon, Sinai. London: British 33-38 (Hebrew). School of Archaeology in Egypt. Davies, L., Kostamo, K., and Jyring, R. 1989. Persian Petrie, W.M.F. 1972. Amulets. Warminster: Aris & Period Cemetery (Strata XI-VI). Pp. 153-64 in: Z. Pāilliņs (reprint of 1914 originali Herzog , G . Rapp, Jr. and O. Neghi (ed s.). Excavations Rowe, A. 1936. A Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, at Tel Michal, Israel. Minneapolis-Tel Aviv: University Scaraboids, Seals and Amulets in the Palestine Archaeof Minnesota Press-Tel Aviv University. ological Museum. Cairo: Institut Français d'ArchéoloDothan, T. 1982. The Philistines and Their Material gie Orientale. Culture. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. Sagona, C. 1980. Middle Bronze Faience Vessels from Faulkner, R.O. 1976. A Concise Dictionary of Middle Palestine. Zeitschrift des Deutschen P alās tina-Ver eins Egyptian. Oxford: Oxford University. 96: 101-20. Gardiner, A.H. 1957. Egyptian Grammar. Oxford: GrifSchrire, T. 1966. Hebrew Amulets. London: Routledge & fith Institute Ashmolean Museum. Kegan Paul. Giveon, R. 1989. Egyptian Artifacts. Pp. 341-44 in: Z. Shiloh, Y. 1979a. Iron Age Sanctuaries and Cult Elements Herzog, G. Rapp, Jr. and O. Negbi (eds.). Excavations in Palestine. Pp. 147-57 in: Symposia, Celebrating the at Tel Michal , Israel. Minneapolis-Tel Aviv: University Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the Amerof Minnesota Press-Tel Aviv University. ican Schools of Oriental Research (1900-1975). CamGray, P.H.K. 1971. Artificial Eyes in Mummies. Journal bridge, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research. of Egyptian Archaeology 57: 125-26. Shiloh, Y. 1979b. The Proto- Aeolic Capital and Israelite Griffiths, J.G. 1958. Remarks on the Mythology of the Ashlar Masonry (Qedem 11). Jerusalem: Institute of Eyes of Horus. Chronique d'Egypte 33.66: 182-93. Archaeology, Hebrew University. Herzog, Z., Rapp, G., Jr. and Muhly, J.D. 1989. Stern, E. 1982. Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in Introduction. Pp. 3-9 in: Z. Herzog, G. Rapp, Jr. and the Persian Period 538-332 B.C. Warminster: Aris & O. Negbi (eds.). Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel. Minneapolis-Tel Aviv: University of Minnesota Press- Phillips. Tubb, J.N. 1988. Tell es Sa'idiyeh: Preliminary Report on Tel Aviv University. the First Three Seasons of Renewed Excavations. Ions, V. 1982. Egyptian Mythology. London: Hamlyn. Levant 20: 23-88. James, F. 1966. The Iron Age at Beth Shan. Philadelphia: Tufnell, O. 1953. Lachish III: The Iron Age. London: The University Museum. Johns, C.N. 1933. Excavations at 'Atlit (1930-1931): The Oxford University Press. Southeast Cemetery. Quarterly of the Department of Tufnell, O. 1958. Lachish IV : The Bronze Age. London: Oxford University Press. Antiquities of Palestine 2: 41-105. Lamon, R.S. 1935. The Megiddo Water System (OrientalVelde, H. te. 1967. Seth, God of Confusion : A Study of His Role in Egyptian Mythology and Religion. Leiden: E.J. Institute Publications 23). Chicago: University of Brill. Chicago Press. Wright, G.E. 1964. The Discoveries at Megiddo 1935Lamon, R.S. and Shipton, G.M. 1939. Megiddo I: Seasons of 1925-1934 ( Strata I-IV ) (Oriental Institute1939. Pp. 225-39 in: E.F. Campbell, Jr., and D.N. Freedman (eds.). Biblical Archaeologist Reader , 2. Publications 42). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Loud, G. 1948. Megiddo II: Seasons of 1935-1939 Yadin, Y. 1977. Megiddo. Pp. 847-56 in: M. Avi-Yonah (Oriental Institute Publications 62). Chicago: University of Chicago. and E. Stern (eds.). Encyclopedia of Archaeological Macalister, D. 1912. The Excavation of Gezer, 1902-1905, Excavations in the Holy Land , Vol. III. Jerusalem: Israel 1907-1909 , Vols. 1-3. London: John Murray. Exploration Society and Massada. 297 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CHAPTER TEN BIRD REMAINS FROM AREAS A, D, H AND K Liora Kolska Horwitz Israel Antiquities Authority Eitan Tchernov Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem A small assemblage of 71 identifiable bird bones ( Anser anser) and duck {Anas platyrhynchos). The was recovered during excavations in Areas AI, chukar Dl, partridge {Alectoris chukar) was the only D2, H and K, from seven different strata at the site wild species represented in this collection. Bones of (Tables 1-2; Appendix A). Remains of birds were a pigeon {Columba livia ) were also found, but it is also recovered from Areas G, El, E2 and E3, but uncertain whether these represent remains of the these remains are still being analyzed. wild rock pigeon or of a domestic pigeon. Even if the pigeon remains are excluded, domestic species are more prevalent in all periods (Table 1). METHODS The presence of four pigeon bones {Columba livia) recovered in Area D2 from the Hellenistic fill of a During excavation all material from floors was sieved, while that from other deposits such as fills columbarium (L. 2336) is of special interest. The and dumps was hand collected. The bird species Latin name Columba livia refers to the domestic were identified with reference to the modern pigeon bred for consumption as well as to its comparative zoology collections held at the ancestor, Depart- the wild rock pigeon, also known as rock ment of Evolution, Systematics and Ecologydove of or theferal pigeon (Paz 1987). Columbaria are Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All bone elements common in archaeological sites in this region from were counted to give the number of identifiedthe bones Hellenistic period onwards. Their particular for each species (NISP counts). The minimum architectural style (numerous closely placed niches number of individuals per species (MNI counts)within variously shaped structures, often subterrawas calculated for each area separately by stratum,nean) resembles structures described in Roman and using the most frequently represented bone, withJewish sources as used for pigeon raising. This, side and age taken into account (Table 2). together with the fact that similar structures are used today in Egypt for pigeon raising, has led to their general acceptance as installations for pigeon THE REMAINS breeding (Tepper 1986; Kloner 1993; Zissu 1995). Examination of the NISP counts for birds Moreover, by area Talmudic sources describe pigeon breed(Table 1; Appendix) shows that the largest ing as number being widespread in this region. Pigeons were of bird bones was recovered from a singleraised locus, forL.ritual 1 purposes, for consumption and as a in Area Al, which was an Early Roman pottery source of fertilizer (Tepper 1986). dump. The concentration of bird bones (as well as The presence of pigeon bones in columbaria at Maresha, Masada (Tchernov and Horwitz, unpubl. other vertebrate bones; see Chapter XI) found in this deposit is probably related to the fact that it data) and now at the City of David provides the represents a refuse dump. first archaeozoological evidence for the use of these Five avian species are represented in the City of structures for pigeon raising. Talmudic sources hint David assemblage (Table 1). Domestic species at the existence of a special breed of pigeon that was identified included chicken {Gallus gallus ), goose raised in the columbaria (Tepper 1986). However, 298 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 1. NISP and MNI counts for bird remains by area and stratum. Species Chicken Goose Duck Partridge Pigeon Total NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP Area Al Str. 6 16 3 27 6 2 1 - 45 Area Dl Str. Str. 12 14 Str. - 11 15 - - 11 11 3 - - - 2 11 3 - 1 - - - 11 2 - 5 4 Area D2 Str. 7A-B Str. Str. 12 2 - 12-14 1 11 11 - - - 11 - - - 4 - 1 - 7 1 11.-- 2 Area H Str. 6 2 1 11 - - - - - - 3 Area K Str. 3 TOTAL 23 8 36 14 2 Table 1 2. 6 4 4 Bird 1 71 remains by Species Chicken Goose Duck Partridge Pigeon Total NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP Period/Str. Byzantine (3) 2 100 - - - - - - - - 2 Early Roman (6) 18 38 28 58 2 4 - - - - 48 Hellenistic (7) 2 29 1 14 - - - 4 57 7 Iron Age II (12-14) 1 10 4 40 - - 5 50 10 Iron Age I (15) TOTALS 23 36 2 6 4 71 we have not yet bee consider is the likelihood of differential preservarecovered tion, with the more fragile bones such as from those of of immature birds and therefore unsuitable for the skull being poorly preserved. bones measurement. It was therefore not possible to determine the extent of differences in the size or shape of the archaeological sample as compared %to modern Columba livia. 70 i For all bird species represented at the City of David, there were few cranial or foot bones. Fig. 50 illustrates the pattern for three dominant species in the assemblage: chicken, goose and partridge. There are several possible ways to interpret this pattern CRANIAL H FORELIME IÜ HINDLIM8 (Horwitz 1990; Horwitz and Tchernov 1989). Firstly, these bone elements are poor in meat and so usually discarded during butchery; this raises the possibility that the bulk of the bird bones recovered at the City of David represents consumption debris GOOSE CHICKEN PARTRIDGE rather than butchery offal. Secondly, the small sample sizes and selective sieving may have biased Fig. 50. Comparison of bone elements for the three main the recovery of these bones. A third factor to avian species. 299 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms DISCUSSION high a frequency of avian remains as in the Roman period, most of these are of wild partridge and pigeon, in contrast to the domestic poultry and City of David, a small sample of bird remainsgeese characterizing the Early Roman period. A (NISP = 43) dating from the Iron Age II and Early similarly high frequency of domestic birds, espeRoman period was recovered from excavations atcially fowl, has been reported from several other Roman-Byzantine sites in the southern Levant: Kh. the Ophel (Horwitz and Tchernov 1989). The Ophel is situated in the southern part of the Temple Sumaqa, H. Rimmon, Pella, Tell Hesban (references Mount and forms the northern extension of the City as above), Tel Ira (Dayan in press) and el-Lejjun of David. In order to obtain a broader picture of(Toplyn 1990). It is possible that the predominance patterns of bird exploitation in Iron Age II and of domestic birds reflects the importance of eggs in Early Roman Jerusalem, the avian samples from the the Roman-Byzantine diet (Broshi 1989). It is also possible that the increased consumption of these two sites were combined (Fig. 51). domestic birds may be related to a concomitant In addition to the avian remains recovered from the decrease in the consumption of meat from ungulates such as sheep, goats and cattle (Broshi 1986). This may reflect a change in animal husbandry in the region, or even a reduction in the overall standard of living in the Roman-Byzantine period. PARTRIDGE 29 BIBLIOGRAPHY Broshi, M. 1986. The Diet of Palestine in the Roman Period - Introductory Notes. Israel Museum Bulletin 5 (Spring): 41-56. Dayan, T. in press. Animal Exploitation at Tel Ira, in: I. Fig. 51. Comparison of bird remains from the City of Beit-Arieh (ed.) Tel Ira (Institute of Archaeology David and the Ophel. Monographs). Tel Aviv University. % -, -, 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 H IRON II H E. ROMAN Horwitz, L.K. 1990. Animal Remains from Horvat In the Early Roman sample a narrow range ofRimmon: Hellenistic to Byzantine Periods. Unpublished report, Israel Antiquities Authority. bird species, all domesticates, were recovered: Horwitz, L.K. and Tchernov, E. 1989. Subsistence chicken {Gallus gaiļus), goose ( Anser anser) and Patterns in Ancient Jerusalem: A Study of Animal duck (Anas platyrhynchos). However, in the Iron Remains. Pp. 144-54 in: E. and B. Mazar (eds.). Age II strata a much broader range of species was Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount (Qedem found, including duck, partridge, dove and passer- 29). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew iformes in addition to chicken, goose and pigeon. University of Jerusalem. Compared to some of the other Roman-Byzan-Horwitz, L.K., Tchernov, E. and Dar, S. 1990. Sub- tine sites in this region, such as Kh. Sumaqa (Horwitz et al 1990), H. Rimmon (Horwitz 1990), Pella (McNicoll et al 1982: 1 10-1 1) and Tell Hesban sistence and Environment on Mount Carmel in the Roman-Byzantine and Mediaeval Periods: The Evidence from Kh. Sumaqa, Israel Exploration Journal 40: 287-304. (Weiler 1981; LaBianca 1990), the two Jerusalem sites (especially the City of David) contain a high Kloner, A. 1993. Mareshah. Pp. 948-57 in: E. Stern (ed.) The New Encyclopedia of Excavations in the Holy Land , frequency of geese. This may reflect intersite variation in dietary preferences, or it may be related Vol. 3. Jerusalem:* Israel Exploration Society. LaBianca, O.S. 1990. Hesban I. Berrien Springs: Andrews to local conditions that made it more profitable to University. keep or market this species. McNicoll, A., Smith, R.H. and Hennessy, B. 1982. Pella There appears to have been an overall increase in in Jordan , Vol. I. Canberra: Australian National the frequency of domestic birds consumed in the Gallery. Early Roman period at the two sites relative to the Paz, U. 1987. The Birds of Israel Kent, U.K.: Christopher Iron Age II. Although in the latter period there is as Helm Publishers. 300 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Schools of Oriental Research, Supplement 26). Balti- Tepper, Y. 1986. The Rise and Fall of Dove-raising in Israel. pp. 170-96 in: A. Kasher, A. Oppenheimer and U. Rappaport (eds.). Man and Land in Eretz-Israel in Antiquity. Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi (Hebrew). more: Johns Hopkins University Press. Weiler, D. 1981. Saugertierknochenfunde vom Tell Hesban in Jordanien. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Munich. Toplyn, M.R. 1990. Faunai Remains from the Principia Kitchen: A Question of Diet. Appendix 2. Pp. 125-136 Zissu, B. 1995. Two Herodian Dovecotes: Horvat Abu Haf and Horvat 'Aleq. Pp. 57-69 in: J.H. Humphrey (ed.). The Roman and Byzantine Near East (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series 14). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. in: S. Thomas Parker. A Preliminary Report of the 1987 Season of the Limes Arabicus Project. Pp. 89-136 in: W.E. Rast (ed.). Preliminary Reports of ASOR-Sponsored Excavations 1983-87 (Bulletin of the American APPENDIX: LIST OF BIRD BONES BY LOCUS Area Locus Stratum Context Species No. of Bird Bones Al 1 6 Pottery dump Chicken 16 Goose 27 Duck D1 432 14 Fill 2 Partridge 3 Goose 1 Chicken D1 D1 447 D1 D1 D2 446 15 450 469 1896 D2 12 2334 Fill Pit 15 12 12-13 fill Fill Floor Fill 12-14 to Fill Goose 1 1 Goose Goose 1 2 Partridge 1 Partridge 1 bedrock under Partridge floor Goose 1 1 D2 2336 7B Collapse inside columbarium Pigeon 4 D2 D2 D2 D2 2708 2711 2715 2722 7 12 7B 7B Floor Terrace Terrace Earth fill on Goose fill fill 1 Goose 1 Chicken 1 floor Chicken 1 H 1012 6 Stone collapse of 70 CE Chicken 1 H 1017 6 Stone collapse of 70 CE * Chicken 1 Goose K K 2237 HIE 2254A Cistern IIIA2 fill Fill Chicken Chicken 1 1 1 301 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CHAPTER ELEVEN FAUNAL REMAINS FROM AREAS A, B, D, H AND K Liora Kolska Horwitz Israel Antiquities Authority between areas, the faunai remains from each excavation area are discussed here separately by Animal remains recovered from archaeological period, followed sitesby a brief discussion of the salient diachronic trends observed for the site as a whole on provide information on human diet and subsistence and offer insights into economic networks the basis relating of the data presented here. A detailed discussion the faunai remains from the site as a to animal production and distribution in theofpast (Crabtree 1990; Zeder 1988). Faunai remains whole and their relationship to other, contemporarecovered from sites with long diachronic sequencesneous sites in the region will appear in the offer valuable opportunities for examining these subsequent publication dealing with the remaining issues in one settlement over time. With changes intwo areas. INTRODUCTION the function, size and population structure of a site, concomitant changes in the manner in which people obtained and exploited animals and their derivatives METHODOLOGY are to be expected. An excellent example of such aDuring excavations at the City of David, b site is the City of David. were hand collected and only selected loci suc floors or the contents of installations were sieved. Archaeological excavations at the site testify to a lengthy chronological sequence spanning the Chal- This resulted in the loss of the bones of most of the colithic period (Stratum 21: second half of 4th smaller animal species as well as the smaller bones millennium BCE) up to and including the medievalof the larger fauna, thereby biasing species and period (Stratum 1: 14th-20th centuries CE). Animal bodypart representation (Payne 1975; Clason and remains have been recovered from even the earliest, Prummel 1977). However, as this practice was Chalcolithic layers at the site, while the Byzantine consistent throughout all excavation seasons and strata have yielded the most recent faunai sample. areas at the site, it is assumed to have had an equal Eight excavation seasons were carried out at this effect on the sample as a whole, although it limits site during 1978-1985 under the direction of the late intersite comparisons. Prof. Yigal Shiloh. Of the 1 1 areas excavated (Fig. The chronological and spatial complexity of a site 52), animal remains were recovered from nine, thesuch as the City of David (the excavated areas cover exceptions being Areas A2 and J. Descriptions of some 16 dunams; Shiloh 1984) poses problems for the areas and their stratigraphie and architectural the archaeozoological analysis. Firstly, the fact that contexts are to be found in Shiloh (1984; 1990) and the site was destroyed and subsequently rebuilt and/ De Groot and Michaeli (1992). or remodeled over much of its history means that This report presents the findings of the faunai much of the material recovered is from fills rather analysis for six excavated areas: Al, B, DI, D2, Hthan in situ floor deposits. Secondly, as the site lies and K; the faunai remains from the remaining Areas on a fairly steep hill, it is probable that some of the E and G will be presented in separate reports. bones have undergone some degree of pre- and/or Because of the complex nature of the chronology ofpostdepositional movement resulting in a high the site as well as the high degree of spatial variation degree of fragmentation and possibly dispersal from 302 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 52. Sketch map showing the relative positions of the excavated areas at the City of David. their point of origin. Thirdly, differences in the discussed by numerous authors (e.g. Grayson 1984; architectural and cultural remains recovered from Hesse and Wapnish 1985; Horton 1984; Crabtree the diverse excavated areas at the site testify 1990). to a N counts tend to result in slightly inflated high degree of spatial heterogeneity in termsnumbers, of since they do not take into account the function and status, which probably changed fact that several bones may have originated from the same animal. MNI counts result in an even further over time. It is thus necessary to conclude that comparisons between contemporaneous strata greater distortion, as their numbers relate directly to from different areas at the site may be limited. the method (i.e. equation) and level (i.e. locus, area, Where possible, the bones were identified asperiod) to for which the aggregation has been made. In species, bodypart and age. Unidentified bone order to present as detailed an account of the data fragments were counted. On all bones unusual as possible, both MNI and N counts have been features such as burning, cut marks or pathologies reported here. Furthermore, MNI counts have been were noted. Sheep and goats were separated using calculated by stratum for the different areas of the morphological criteria as well as condylar indices as site, and then recalculated by period for the site as a given in Boessneck (1969). Where separation was not possible, sheep and goats were pooled into a combined 'ovicaprine' category. Species ratios were calculated using both N (number of identified bones per species) and MNI whole. The fish remains from the site were studied by Lernau and Lernau (1992). Their results are included in this report, as are the bird remains (Chapter X), so as to provide a complete picture of the fauna from the areas analyzed here. (minimum number of individuals) counts. MNI was Aging of sheep was carried out using tables for calculated using the maximum number of sided bone fusion as given in Silver (1969). In addition, bodyparts per species, with proximal and distal ends fusion rates for goats were quoted after Noddle of bones counted separately. In addition, fusion (1974). Aging of cattle was based on data given in stage of the bones was considered and immature Grigson (1982). Bodypart breakdowns for ovicaand adult animals were summed independently. The prines and cattle follow that used by Horwitz and problems associated with both methods have been Tchernov (1989), where cranial remains include 303 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms skull, mandible and loose teeth; forelimb includes Cohen; Caspi 1992 for stratigraphie details of these and the current excavations). Although archaeolo- scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpal and carpals; hindlimb includes pelvis, femur, tibia, gical remains from five different strata were found during the renewed excavations in this area by calcaneum, astragalus, metatarsal and tarsals; feet includes phalanges 1, 2 and 3; and trunk includes vertebrae and ribs. For the bodypart breakdown, Shiloh, animal remains from this area were concentrated in a single locus (L. 1) in Stratum 6 (Early distal and proximal ends of bones were counted Roman). L. 1 is a pottery dump containing large amounts of stone vessels, close to 4000 ceramic vessels, glass, coins and animal bones. The deposit separately and fragmentary remains of these bones are also included; consequently numbers may be inflated, especially for ribs, vertebrae and loose reaches a maximum thickness of some 3 meters teeth. down to bedrock (De Groot; Cohen; Caspi 1992: 15). A total of 1722 bones was recovered from this MATERIAL dump. Over half of the bones (NISP = 871) were unidentifiable bone fragments, of which 5 were Area Al burnt. The remaining 863 bones were identifiable as Area Al lies in the southeastern portion of the to sitespecies and bodypart. Sheep and goat bones (Fig. 52), adjacent to the area previously excavated dominated the assemblage, followed by cattle. by Bliss and Dickie as well as Weill (see De Groot; Other species represented in this area included Table 1. Species breakdown by area and stratum. Species Sheep/Goat N % MNI N % Cattle MNI N Pig % Deer MNI N % Gazelle MNI N % MNI Area Al Str. 6 563 65 18 230 27 5 ... 7 1 1 ... 4 ... Area B Str. 12 Str. Str. 5 14 75 20-19 Str. 21 42 6 18 16 1 2 58 64 7 1 3 2 7 58 25 13 28 1 ... 42 1 1 2 . ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... ... 8 Area Dl Str. Str. Str. 12 14 212 558 15 80 83 1226 10 17 88 48 98 18 18 15 139 2 10 2 1 4 2 0.8 0.2 3 1 0.2 1 2 2 1 0.2 3 0.4 1 0.2 1 1 2 4 ... 0.2 1 0.2 1 Area D2 Str. 7 Str. 28 9 Str. 55 27 12 1 75 87 10 1 75 4 13 17 81 3 Str. 12-13 26 65.5 Str. 14 12-14 Str. Str. 16 20 20-21 2 94 36 25 17-20 Str. Str. 16 4 ... 10 9 1 80 3 59 1 1 1 3 1 18 1 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 23 1 ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... 1 2 ... 5 ... 1 1 1 1 1 20 1 ... 1 20 100 1 1 27 1 ' 32 6 9 9 ... - 5 13 2 2 ... 1 22 1 2 78 73 1 25 25 Str. Str. 20 9 ... ... 1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Area H Str. 6 122 68 4 53 30 2 ... ... ... Area K Str. 3 18 Str. 6 3 53 75 1 2 1 2 5 1 ... ... ... 25 1 ... ... ... 304 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms remains of a juvenile donkey, fallow deer and dog (Table 1 and Fig. 53). In this area the predominant bird consumed was goose, followed by chicken and AREA A1 vi 100 f duck (see Chapter X). Two species of fish were identified from this area: Nile perch and little tunny 80- (Lernau and Lernau 1992). Bodypart breakdown for ovicaprine and cattle remains is given in Fig. 54. For both species, foot bones are the least frequently represented element, . H 40 - ■ while the most frequently represented element is the hindlimb for ovicaprines and trunk for cattle. Fore- and hindlimbs are represented in similar numbers for both species. Fusion data for selected ovicaprine li 0 bones are given in Table 2. Although the sample sizes are small, there appears to have been some selection for animals aged 2 years or older, as ■ S/G CATTLE DEER EQUID DOG BIRD FISH Fig. 53. Histogram of species represented in Area A. marks. Thirteen ovicaprine bones (2% of identified ovicaprine bones), but none of the remains of the Fifty-eight bones were burnt or exhibited cut other species, were burnt. Cut marks were present evidenced by the frequency of unfused bones in this age range. Table 1 (continued). Species Donkey N % MNI 1 0.1 Dog N % Cat MNI Bird N % Fish MNI N Total % MNI Bones N % N Area Al Str. 6 1 5 0.5 4 ... 45 5.2 10 12 1.2 863 Area B Str. 12 Str. Str. ... 14 20-19 Str. 21 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 12 ... ... ... . . . g . 3i . 25 Area Dl Str. Str. 12 14 Str. 2 15 ... ... 0.2 ... 1 ... 2 15 2 0.2 1 1 2 0.8 ... ... 4 5 2 1 0.4 - 3 265 - 3 - - 669 1394 Area D2 Str. 7 ... Str. Str. 12 Str. Str. 1 9 2 111 13 Str. 14 Str. 16 ... ... Str. ... ... 20-21 1 ... - 115 . . 21 - ... . . 221 ... ... 40 n - 46 . . 34 ... . . ... ... 51 36 1 ... ... - . 2.5 ... ... 3 - ... ... ... 14 ... 111 ... ... 7 ... ... ... 20 1 ... Ili ... ... 17-20 Str. 7 ... ... 12-14 Str. 4 ... ... 12-13 Str. 1 ... ... ... ... 5 . 3 . n Area H Str. 6 ... ... ... 3 1.5 2 1 0.5 179 AreaK Str. 3 Str. 251 6 131 ... 9 ... 26 1 ... 252 ... 13 . . 34 4 305 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms acetabulum, 2 distal metatarsi and 2 proximal metatarsi. The relatively high frequency of cut AREA A1 STRATUM 6 marks on the bones is probably related to the fact that they are derived from a refuse deposit. Area B Area B lies on the eastern slope of the City of David and is the excavated area closest to the base of the 11 OVICAPRINE CATTLE Fig. 54. Pie diagram showing bodypart breakdown for caprovines and cattle for Area A. Kidron Valley (Fig. 52). The excavated area covered some 70 sq. m. A small assemblage of animal remains spanning the Chalcolithic period to the on 31 ovicaprine bones: 7 goat horncores and 4 Iron Age II was recovered here. The animal remains from the Chalcolithic period and Early Bronze Age I were recovered from a dark sheep horncores, 1 occipital, 1 axis vertebra, 1 distal brown soil deposit in loci on the bedrock. Alto- metacarpal, 1 distal humerus, 1 proximal radius, 4 gether 40 bones were recovered from the Chalco- pelvis acetabulae, 1 distal metatarsal, 1 proximal lithic period (L. 136, Stratum 21), of which 25 were femur, 3 distal femora, 3 astragali, 2 rib fragments, identified as to species: in order of dominance, and 1 1st phalanx. Cut marks were also present on 14 cattle bones (6% of identified cattle bones): 2 ovicaprines (including at least two immature animals), cattle and an immature pig (Table 1 and Fig. horncores, 1 scapula blade, 1 distal humerus, 1 proximal radius, 4 distal metacarpi, 1 pelvic 55). One of the ovicaprine bones was burnt. In addition, 31 identifiable bones were recovered from Table 2. Ovicaprine fusion frequencies for selected bones, areas and strata. Area Area A Area DI Area DI Area D1 Stratum 6 12 14 15 F U %oU F U %oU F U %U F U %U Bone and Fusion Data Distal humerus 25 2 7 16 3 16 27 413 44 20 31 (S: 10; G: 11-12) Proximal 2nd phalanx 1700 41 20 300 91 10 (S: 13-16; G: 9-11) Proximal 1st phalanx 35 8 19 14 2 12 94 31 20 6 23 (S: 13-16; G: 11-12) Distal tibia 9 6 40 5 2 28 2 2 50 24 10 (S: 18-24; G:19) Distal metacarpus 9 16 64 2 8 80 1 2 67 5 10 (S: 18-24; G: 23-30) Distal metatarsus 17 10 37 5 2 28 2 6 75 6 8 (S: 20-28; G: 23-30) Proximal femur 5 16 76 3 5 62 5 9 64 13 19 (S: 30-36; G: 23-24) Distal femur 7 8 53 0 3 100 7 2 22 12 11 (S: 36-42; G: 23-24) 29 Distal 7 33 8 61 (S: radius 36; G: Proximal (S: (S: 0 G: 1 1 50 60 1 1 6 7 54 14 59 48 2 3 G: 50 2 2 50 5 18-21) humerus 36-42; 0 57 33^0) tibia 36-42; Proximal 0 67 31 25 2 0 0 3 4 57 6 6 50 11-24) KEY: Fusion ages for sheep and goats and Noddle (1974) respectively. 306 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms (in months) AREA B Stratum 15 The majority of the animal bones recovered from Area Dl were found in this stratum (Table 1); 4174 unidentified bones and 1394 identifiable ones. The densest concentration of animal bones was found in a refuse dump (L. 450), some 2 meters thick, lying east of a natural cave whose contents had previously been excavated by Weill. Ariel; Hirschfeld; Savir (forthcoming) have proposed that the cave was utilized during the course of Stratum 15 and that during this period, perhaps towards its end, the contents of the cave were dumped outside, resulting S/G CATTLE PIG Fig. 55. Histogram of species represented in Area B. in this enormous accumulation. Although some five superimposed debris layers were noted in this accumulation during excavation, there were no indications of marked differences between them and consequently they are treated here as a single accumulation. Animal species represented in L. 450 an Early Bronze Age context (L. 126A, Strata 2019) which included some Chalcolithic material. were, in order of predominance: ovicaprines, cattle, pig, gazelle, dog, goose and partridge. Once again ovicaprine remains predominated (one A lighter-colored layer (L. 433 and L. 437) adult and one immature animal), followed by cattle, overlay L. 450. These loci were poor in bone the latter all bones from adult animals. Eight remains (only 6 identifiable bones) and conse- unidentifiable bone fragments were also found here. The Iron Age II sample is derived from two strata: 14 and 12. The faunai remains from Stratum quently contained remains of only a limited range of species: ovicaprines and cattle. Another large bone accumulation in Stratum 15 12 were found in a structure termed Building 130. was found in L. 447, a gray ashy deposit lying on They included 12 bones of ovicaprines and cattle. bedrock to the north of the cave entrance. The The remains from Stratum 14 were found in a range of species found here was similar to that structure that antedates Building 130. Here only 8 found in L. 450: ovicaprines, cattle, deer, pig and bones were identified, representing ovicaprinesgoose. and cattle (Fig. 55). All bones from these strata Summarizing the data for Stratum 15 as a whole, represent adult animals. the vast majority of bones were those of sheep and In Area B, a similar range of animal species is goats; cattle and several other species (dog, mounrepresented in all periods (Fig. 55). However, the tain gazelle, fallow deer and pig) were represented in relative frequencies of the different species are small numbers (Fig. 56). Both the dog and the pig difficult to assess due to the small sample sizes. ArtfcA U 1 Area D1 An area of about 500 sq. m. was excavated in Area Dl. Animal remains were primarily recovered from three Iron Age strata, 15, 14 and 12, with the bulk of the material deriving from a limited area (about 20 sq. m.) lying to the east of the entrance to a natural cave (Stratum 15). In addition, some material was recovered from Stratum 8, which yielded only 3 unidentifiable bone fragments and has been excluded from further analyses. Stratum 9 yielded a single ovicaprine astragalus, which has been included in the strata totals. S/G CATTLE DEER PIG GAZ EQUID DOG BIRD Fig. 56. Histogram of species represented in Area Dl. 307 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms represent immature animals. For ovicaprines, fore- Stratum 14 and hindlimbs are represented in similar frequencies Nearly 2000 bones were recovered from Stratum 14 in this area. Of these, 1269 were unidentifiable (Fig. 57), while cranial remains dominate the assemblage. For cattle a similar pattern is observed, fragments, while 669 (34%) were diagnostic as to with cranial remains being the most numerous. species and bodypart. The deposits belonging to this Examination of the data on bone fusion indicates an strata comprise fill that may have originated higher increase in the number of animals aged about 2up the hill. years or older that were exploited in this period Ovicaprines formed the predominant species in (Table 2), relative to those aged 1 year or less. Therethe assemblage, followed by cattle. Other minor is however a higher mortality of animals aged 1 year species represented were: donkey, fallow deer, dog or less than is found in the other strata in this area. (including one neonate), mountain gazelle (a male Six ovicaprine bones, all from the ashy fill in L. animal) and a pig (Table 1 and Fig. 56). Bird species 447, were burnt. In addition, some 20 ovicaprine represented include goose and partridge (Chapter bones from the stratum as a whole exhibited cut X). marks (2% of the identified assemblage). TheseThere is a difference in the relative representation included: 4 atlas vertebrae (one of which has been of ovicaprine and cattle bodyparts (Fig. 57): cattle sawn in half), 5 astragali, a tibia shaft, 2 pelvis elements are almost equally represented, while for acetabulae and one pelvis fragment, 1 distal andovicaprines 2 feet and trunk elements are present in proximal radii, a scapula blade, a distal scapula, lower a frequencies than limb and cranial bones. As distal femur and a distal metacarpal. In addition, regards the data for bone fusion (Table 2), there cut marks were present on a pig distal radius and a appears to have been selection for animals aged 24 months or older. distal scapula of a cow. Four ovicaprine bones, a goat horncore, two 1st phalanges and a distal tibia were burnt, while 3 AREA D1 STRATUM 15 40 ^ HINDLIMB 27 7 OVICAPRINE CATTLE ovicaprine distal scapulae exhibited marks resulting from carnivore gnawing. Altogether 24 ovicaprine bones (4% of identified sheep/goat material) had cut marks: a proximal radius, 3 astragali, a proximal femur, 2 pubis fragments, 2 proximal ulnae, 10 distal scapulae, 2 distal humeri, a distal femur, and a distal tibia that had also been sawn in half. Only 2 cattle bones (2%), a proximal radius and a distal tibia shaft, exhibited cut marks. STRATUM 14 20 Stratum 12 Stratum 12 represents an extramural residential area dating from the 8th century BCE. The meager nature of the architectural remains do not facilitate OVICAPRINE CATTLE STRATUM 12 a detailed reconstruction of the layout of this area. Of some 760 bones recovered, only 35% (265 bones) were identifiable; the remaining 497 bones were unidentifiable fragments. Most of the bones found in this stratum are derived from a refuse pit (L. 317) that contained 154 identifiable bones of ovicaprines, cattle and pig. For the stratum as a whole a broader range of species were represented: primarily ovicaprines followed by cattle, while pig, fallow deer, goose and partridge are represented in low numbers (Table 1 and Fig. 56). Fig. 57. Pie diagram showing bodypart breakdown for n'/mAPDiMP nATTi caprovines and cattle for Area Dl. t= Fusion data for ovicaprines are given in Table 2. 308 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms There is no clearly discernible trend in age profiles, AHfcA UZ other than a tendency for animals to be slaughtered over the age of 2 years. Larger sample sizes are needed to assess the significance of this finding. The bodypart breakdown for both sheep/goat and cattle is given in Fig. 57. For sheep/goat the forelimb is the most frequently represented, while for cattle cranial remains predominate. Very few trunk elements are present for either species, indicating that the remains are mainly of limb bones. Seven ovicaprine bones were burnt and 2 were cut: a distal humerus and a proximal radius. In addition cut marks were present on a cow distal humerus. 20 0 K i i i i ^ i i i ' ^ 3IRD 20-21 20 17-20 10 14 12-14 13 12-13 12 9 7 STB ATA Summary of Area D1 The Iron Age II strata (12 and 14) showed Fig. 58. Histogram of species represented in Area D2. similarities in the range and relative frequencies of animals exploited (Fig. 56). In both strata, ovica- prines represented about 80% of the remains and identifiable bones from these periods, representing cattle about 16%, while deer and pig comprised less ovicaprines, cattle and pig, were recovered (Table than 4%. Stratum 14 does, however, contain 1). In Stratum 20, only 3 cattle bones were found, remains of gazelle and equid, which are absent inone of which was cut. A similarly small sample of 5 the Stratum 12 assemblage. This may however beidentified bones was recovered from Strata 20-17, due to the larger sample of identifiable materialspanning the Early and Middle Bronze Ages: 4 of from Stratum 14 (669 bones as opposed to 265sheep/goat and 1 of cattle. In L. 1891, dated to the identifiable bones in Stratum 12). Late Bronze Age (Stratum 16), 34 identifiable bones When compared to the Iron Age II material, theand 47 unidentifiable fragments were found. Some Iron Age I assemblage (Stratum 15) contains a70% (25 bones) represented ovicaprines, while the lower frequency of cattle, while the same range of remaining 9 bones (30%) were of cattle (Table 1 and wild animal species is found as in Stratum 14. NoFig. 58). Bodypart breakdown for ovicaprines (Fig. equid remains were present in this stratum. Ovica59) indicates the presence of few trunk or feet bones. prines are present in roughly the same frequency as in the subsequent period. Area D2 Iron Age II The Iron II deposits in this area lie outside the city wall. Strata 14-12 are also represented by small rather poorly preserved samples (Table 1). Stratum 14 contained 38 unidentifiable bones and 17 In this area, faunai remains from the Chalcolithic through Hellenistic periods were excavated.identifiable Unones, 16 of which were ovicaprine and fortunately, only very small bone samples derived 1 cattle. One of the ovicaprine bones was burnt. Stratum 13 was likewise represented by only 21 from each stratum. Consequently, only species identifiable bones that included remains of ovicafrequencies were calculated for most of the strata prines, cattle, pig and fallow deer (Fig. 58). One of (Fig. 58) and no age breakdown is given. The bodypart breakdown is for ovicaprines only, and the ovicaprine bones was burnt and 2 humeri shafts reflects overall trends in element representation. had cut marks. Strata 13-12 contained 39 unidentiThese results should be treated with caution due to fiable fragments and 40 identifiable ones, represent- the small sample sizes. ing ovicaprines, cattle and bird. A larger bone sample was present in Stratum 12, with 115 identifiable and 181 non-diagnostic bones. Chalcolithic-Early Bronze Age As in Area B, a small sample of Chalcolithic-Early This assemblage was dominated by ovicaprines, Bronze Age fauna (Strata 21-20) was excavated here followed by cattle. Isolated bones of an equid and a from pits dug into the bedrock. Altogether 17 small-sized cat, probably a wild species, were also 309 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms AREA D2 STRATUM 16 STRATUM 12-14 bones), representing an MNI of one animal each (Table 1). In Area D2, two phases of the Hellenistic period Ü 4 " 36 " STRATUM 12-13 STRATUM 12 (Stratum 7) were identified according to the provisional framework established by Shiloh (1984: 3): Stratum 7B dating from the end of the 2nd century to the 1st century BCE and Stratum 7 A dating from the 1st century up to 37 BCE. Until the full analysis of these phases in Area D2 is complete, this breakdown should be viewed as tentative. Stratum 7B contained a small identifiable sample of 29 bones, with ovicaprine, cattle and gazelle 5 STRATUM 9 STRATUM 7 remains. Only 15 identifiable bones were recovered from Stratum 7A, representing ovicaprines, cattle, cat (possibly wild cat) and dog (Fig. 58). When pooled, the two phases of Stratum 7 yields an interestingly wide range of species despite the small sample size. The ovicaprine bodypart breakdown for the two Hellenistic phases is similar, with quite high numbers of trunk elements and low numbers of A A 1 Fig. 59. Pie diagram showing bodypart breakdown for caprovines in Area D2. present. Three ovicaprine bones had been cut: 2 foot and cranial remains (Fig. 59). When pooled, this picture is similar to that found in Stratum 12 but contrasts with that observed in the other Iron Age II strata from this area. Stratum 7 contains almost equal frequencies of all elements, with the exception of foot bones, which are represented in low numbers. In contrast, the Iron Age strata are distal humeri and a distal metacarpus (the latter had rich in fore- and hindlimbs and poor in trunk also been gnawed by a carnivore, as evidenced by elements. pits and puncture marks on the shaft). In addition 2 cattle bones exhibited cut marks: a proximal humerus and a pelvic fragment. Strata 14-12 yielded 97 unidentifiable bones and 46 identifiable ones Summary of Area D2 Despite the limitations imposed by the small size of the samples recovered from this area, it is evident that sheep and goat remains predominate in all representing sheep/goat and cattle (Table 1 and Fig. strata, 58). At least 2 ovicaprines were represented, one of followed by cattle (Fig. 58). A broad range of other species, such as pig, deer, gazelle and which was immature. carnivores, is represented, though in low numbers. The Iron Age II deposits in this area are Bird remains form a prominent component of the dominated by ovicaprines and cattle, with isolated finds of deer, pig, donkey and a wild cat (Fig. 58).Hellenistic Stratum 7 (Chapter X). Although small, This corroborates the picture found elsewhere at the the Chalcolithic-Early Bronze Age sample resembles site for contemporaneous layers. The bodypart that recovered from Area B. breakdown for ovicaprines (Fig. 59) is similar for all phases of this period, displaying a high proportion of both fore- and hindlimbs relative to trunk Area H Area H lies on the eastern slope of Mount Zion, near the Siloam Pool (Fig. 52). The animal remains Persian-Hellenistic recovered from this area date from the Early Roman period (Stratum 6). A small collection of bones from the Persian period and foot elements, which are poor in meat. (Stratum 9) was also found in Area D2; it containedA total of 366 bones was recovered from Area H. Of these, 187 were unidentified fragments, 3 of the remains of cattle (9 bones) and ovicaprines (27 310 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms which were burnt. Ovicaprines (including at least one sheep and one goat) were once again the major species represented, followed by cattle (Table 1 and Fig. 60). Remains of both chicken and goose, as well Area K Almost all the animal remains recovered from this area are from fills dating from the Early Roman as fish remains (Nile perch; Lernau and Lernau period (Stratum 6) and the Byzantine period 1992), were identified. At least 2 of the ovicaprines were immature animals, while all the cattle remains (Stratum 3). Although the Byzantine period at the were from adult animals. One ovicaprine and 2 Magness 1992), the small size of the faunai sample recovered from Area K did not justify the use of these phase distinctions. Of the 59 bones found in this area, 21 were cattle bones were burnt, while 9 ovicaprine bones and 2 cattle bones had cut marks. site has been subdivided into phases (Ariel and unidentifiable fragments. Remains of ovicaprines were the most numerous, with other species, cattle, donkey, dog and cat (possibly wild), represented in lower frequencies. In addition, remains of chicken AREA H %/' 100 Y and partridge (Chapter X) and a shark or ray (Lernau and Lernau 1992) were found (Table 1 and 80- ... Fig. 62). At least one of the ovicaprines was immature, and at least one goat and one sheep a were represented in this assemblage. Two of the ovicaprine bones were burnt. The cattle remains, all found in a cistern fill, are from an immature animal. / /STRATUM 0^ S/n HAT TI F RI Rn F I RH 6 Only the ovicaprine sample was large enough to permit a breakdown of bodyparts (Fig. 63). Interestingly, hindlimb elements are the most numerous, while trunk elements are present in very low Fig. 60. Histogram of species represented in Area H. frequencies. This suggests that prime meat-bearing elements are mainly represented here. Fig. 61 gives the bodypart breakdowns for DISCUSSION ovicaprines and cattle. In both species trunk elements are the most numerous, followed by The long chronological sequence at the site provid an almost uninterrupted series with which t cranial elements. Both these bodyparts are freevaluate changing subsistence patterns agains quently discarded as butchery offal; their high representation may be related to the fact that most of the deposits in this area are fills. Fore- and hindlimbs are present in almost identical amounts for both species. % /I AREA K oo -f Ant A n STRATUM 6 FEET 26 9 OVICAPRINE CATTLE J^ļļļļļj o - i S/G CATTLE EQUID GARNV BIRD FISH Fig. 62. Histogram showing species represented in Fig. 61. Pie diagram showing bodypart breakdown for Area K. caprovines and cattle in Area H. 311 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms quency of ovicaprines and higher frequency of AREA K STRATUM 3 cattle. Other species show some variation: isolated remains of pig and gazelle are present in both the Iron Age strata but are absent in the Early Roman period; deer, equids and carnivores are present in all three periods but in low frequencies. A further difference is the increase in the consumption of birds in the Early Roman period relative to the Iron Age II (Chapter X). F^7 T S/G Fig. 63. Pie diagram showing bodypart breakdown for caprovines in Area K. On the basis of condylar index estimates for the metatarsal and the metacarpal of adult (fully fused) animals (Boessneck 1969), it was possible to assess the numbers of sheep versus goats at the site. In order to increase the size of the data set, material from the same stratum from the different areas was pooled (Table 4). With the exception of the Iron changes in environment, site size and role, the size, density and cultural affinity of the population, and Age I deposits (Stratum 15), in which there is a trend for more goats to be represented than sheep, Areas G and E. Moreover, certain periods poorly represented in the material studied here are well all other strata contain an equal number of sheep and goats. The age profiles for animals at the site, based on bone fusion rates, are incomplete for the entire chronological sequence due to small sample sizes in some periods. Similarly, only data for ovicaprines represented in these latter areas. It is interesting to note that despite the long time provide a large enough corpus of data. In general historical events. However, only some preliminary conclusions will be given on the basis of the material presented here, as significantly larger samples will be available with the publication of the fauna from sequence represented at the City of David, the species represented show little change. In all periods and in all six areas studied here, domestic animals, especially sheep (Ovis aries) and goats ( Capra hircus), were the animals most commonly exploited in all periods, followed by cattle ( Bos taurus). Other species, such as pig (Sus scrofa ), donkey (Equus asinus) and dog (Canis familiaris ), were present, but comprise only a minor component of the assemblage in any period (Table 3). Wild mammalian species represented at the site included mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella), fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) and an unidentified species of cat, probably wild (Felis sp.) (Table 3). In addition, remains of fish (Lernau and Lernau 1992) and birds (Chapter X) were recovered. Table 3 presents the relative proportions of the main mammalian species identified at the site by period. Only the trends reflected in the larger samples, namely Early Roman (Stratum 6), Iron Age II (Stratum 14) and Iron Age I (Stratum 15), have been given, as none of the other species (Fig. 64), there appears to be a peak in the exploitation of ovicaprines over the age of 2.5 years. In the Early Roman period, some 50% of the animals had been slaughtered by 36 months, while in the Iron Age I and II a lower frequency (circa 40%) of animals had been slaughtered by this age. Dental attrition data based on Payne's wear stages (Payne 1973) indicates a similar trend (stage E), but the sample sizes for each period are small. In both Areas A and H, the Early Roman period (Stratum 6) shows a similar pattern of bodypart breakdown, with all elements represented for ovicaprines in almost equal amounts. In contrast, cattle are represented by high quantities of trunk and cranial elements. This patterning contrasts with that observed for the Iron Age I and II strata, in which a more even distribution of elements is observed. There are however many differences in patterning between the Iron Age strata, and consequently there is no distinct pattern of element will be addressed. The Iron Age I and II assem- representation in the Iron Age. This may be related to spatial variation in activities between areas and blages are almost identical in the range and relative strata. frequency of species represented. In contrast, the Early Roman assemblage contains a lower fre- Taking into account all the features mentioned above, it is pertinent to ask whether we may talk of 312 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 3. Mammalian species representation by period (all areas combined). Species Sheep I Goat Cattle Pig Deer Gazelle Equid Dog Cat Total N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Bones Byzantine (4th-7th cent. CE) Str. 3 18 56 2 6.5 Early Roman BCE-70 CE) (37 Str. 6 688 69.4 284 29 - - 7 - - 1 - - 1 0.1 5 0.5 - 2 4 - 985 Hellenistic (2nd- 1st cent. BCE) Str. 7 28 64 10 23 - - 1 2 - - 1 8 44 Persian (6th-4th cent. BCE) Str. 9 27 75 9 25 Iron II (8th cent. BCE) Str. 12 309 77.5 82 21 2 0.5 1 0.25 1 0.25 1 0.25 - - 1 0.25 397 Iron II (9th cent. BCE) Str. 13 17 80.5 2 9.5 1 5 1 5 - - Iron II (9th-8th cent. BCE) Strata 12-13 26 66 13 34 Iron II (10th cent. BCE) Str. 14 574 85 99 14 1 0.1 2 0.25 1 0.1 2 0.25 2 0.25 - - 681 Iron II (10th-8th cent. BCE) Str. 12-14 36 78 9 19.5 Iron I (12th- 11th cent. BCE) Str. 15 1226 88 139 10 3 0.2 3 0.2 4 0.2 - - 15 1.4 - - 1390 Late Bronze II (14th- 13th cent. BCE) Str. 16 25 74 9 26 - - Early Bronz (30th-29th (? Str. 20-19 28 58 16 33 4 9 Chalcolithic (4th mill. BCE) Str. 21 16 64 7 28 2 8 a significan smalle tion patter recov and Early R repres of necessity rare t the samples that m collection which has introduced an additional bias. some 1400 313 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Table 4. Numbers of sheep and goat represented. Based on condylar indices (Boessneck 1969). Area Goat Sheep Less than 63% More than 63% Area Al Metacarpal 5 9 (Str. 6) Metatarsal 7 9 Area D1 Metacarpal 8 1 (Str. 12) Metatarsal 1 3 Area D1 Metacarpal 3 3 (Str. 14) Metatarsal 1 2 patterns). This is corroborated by the presence of all bone elements in almost equal numbers, as well as the relatively high frequency of cattle in this period. In contrast, the Iron Age reflects a broader spectrum of fauna (both wild and domestic), ovicaprines appear to have been kept into adulthood, possibly for secondary product exploitation, while considerable variation is evident in the representation of bodyparts from the different strata. It is interesting to note that no marked differences are evident between the Iron Age I and II levels at the site, despite distinct differences in Area D1 Metacarpal 7 2 (Str. 15) Metatarsal 2 1 settlement size and role. Area D2 Metacarpal 1 1 (Str. 12) Metatarsal 1 2 In conclusion, it is proposed that the Iron Age assemblage from the City of David conforms to the Area expected patterning of a site involved in the primary D2 Metatarsal - 1 production of food through hunting or herding. In contrast, the Early Roman period conforms more (Str. 12-14) Area D2 Metatarsal 1 (Str. 12-13) Area D2 Metatarsal - 1 (Str. 16) closely to a consumption oriented economy (perhaps a market system), with a higher frequency of animals exploited for meat but a generally narrower variety of food sources. Area K Metacarpal 1 (Str. 3) Area H Metacarpal 2 1 (Str. 3) Metatarsal 1 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My special gratitude is due to the excavator of t site, the late Prof. Yigal Shiloh, who entrusted t analysis of the fauna from the site to my care a BONE BW"L FUS « ON who provided me with unflagging support a UNFUSED BW"L « assistance in all aspects of this study. I would a like to extend my thanks to all the members of City of David excavation team, especially Donal T. Ariel, Alon De Groot, Jane Cahill, David Tari and Yair Shoham, for their help over the years; Mrs. Tami Shiloh for her encouragement and he 40 and to Prof. Eitan Tchernov for his advice and 20 assistance in all faunai matters. - o' 0 MONTHS 12 24 36 42 BIBLIOGRAPHY -- E.ROMAN -t- IRON I IRON II Ariel, D.T. and Magness, J. 1992. Area K. Pp. 63-97 in: Fig. 64. Age profiles for caprovines based on bone fusion A. De Groot and D.T. Ariel (eds.). Excavations at the rates. City of David 1978-1985, Vol. III. Stratigraphie, Environmental and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusa- lem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. Ariel, D.T., Hirschfeld, H. and Savir, N. Forthcoming. be treated with caution. Area Dl. Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985 The high sub-adult ratio of ovicaprines indicates Directed by Yigal Shiloh, Vol. V: Extramural Areas and that the Early Roman subsistence economy wasInscriptions (Qedem). orientated to the exploitation and consumption Boessneck, of J. 1969. Osteological Differences between Consequently, all conclusions reached here need to meat (see Payne 1973 for explanations of slaughter Sheep (Ovis aries Linne) and Goats (Capra hircus 314 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Remains. Pp. 144-54 in: E. Mazar and B. Mazar. Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount : The Hudson. Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem (Qedem 29). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. Clason, A.T. and Prummel, W. 1977. Collecting, Sieving Lernau, H. and Lernau, O. 1992. Fish Remains. Pp. 131and Archaeozoological Research, Journal of Archae48 in: A. de Groot and D.T. Ariel (eds.). Excavations at ological Science 4: 171-75. the City of David 1978-1985, Vol. III. Stratigraphie, Crabtree, P.J. 1990. Zooarchaeology and Complex Societies: Some Uses of Faunai Analysis for the Study Environmental and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusaof Trade, Social Status, and Ethnicity. Pp. 155-205 in: lem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. Noddle, B. 1974. Ages of Epiphyseal Closure in Feral and M.B. Schiffer (ed.). Archaeological Method and Theory Domestic Goats and Ages of Dental Eruption. Journal 2. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. of Archaeological Science 1: 195-204. De Groot, A., Cohen, D. and Caspi, A. 1992. Area Al. Payne, S. 1973. Kill-off Patterns in Sheep and Goats: Pp. 1-29 in: A. De Groot and D.T. Ariel (eds.). Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985, Vol. III.The Mandibles from Asvan Kale, Anatolian Studies 23: Linne). Pp. 331-58 in: D. Br o th well and E. S. Higgs (eds.). Science in Archaeology. London: Thames and 281-303. Stratigraphie , Environmental and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. De Groot, A. and Michaeli, D. 1992. Area H. Pp. 35-53 in: A. De Groot and D.T. Ariel (eds.). Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985, Vol. III. Stratigraphie, Environmental and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. Grayson, D.K. 1984. Quantitative Zooarchaeology. New Payne, S. 1975. Partial Recovery and Sample Bias. Pp. 717 in: A.T. Clason (ed.). Archaeozoological Studies. Amsterdam: North Holland. Shiloh, Y. 1984. Excavations at the City of David I 1978-1982: Interim Report of the First Five Seasons (Qedem 19). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. Shiloh, Y. 1990. Stratigraphical Introduction to Parts I and II. Pp. 1-12 in: D.T. Ariel. Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh, Vol. II. Grigson, C. 1982. Sex and Age Determination of Some Bones and Teeth of Domestic Cattle: A Review of the Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked York: Academic Press. Bone and Ivory, and Glass (Qedem 30). Jerusalem: Literature. Pp. 7-23 in: B. Wilson, C. Grigson and S. Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. Payne (eds.). Aging and Sexing Animal Bones from Silver, I.A. 1969. The Ageing of Domestic Animals. Pp. Archaeological Sites (BAR International Series 109). 283-302 in: D. Brothwell and E.S. Higgs (eds.). Science Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. Hesse, B. and Wapnish, P. 1985. Animal Bone Archae-in Archaeology. London: Thames and Hudson. Zeder, M.A. 1988. Understanding Urban Process through ology. Washington D.C.: Taraxacum. the Study of Specialized Subsistence Economy in the Horton, D.R. 1984. Minimum Numbers: a Consideration, Journal of Archaeological Science 11: 255-71. Horwitz, L.K. and Tchernov, E. 1989. Subsistence Near East, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 7: 1-55. Patterns in Ancient Jerusalem: A Study of Animal 315 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms APPENDIX: LIST OF ANIMAL BONES BY AREA, LOCUS AND STRATUM Area Locus Stratum Context Species N Bones Al 1 6 Pottery dump S/G,C,E,D,DG,B,FH 863 B 110 12 Fill to floor surface? S/G 4 B 114B 14A Floor S/G 1 B 117 14 Floor S/G 4 B 121 14B Fill C 3 B 126A 20-19 Accumulation S/G,C 31 B 131 12 Installation S/G,C 8 B 136 21 Accumulation S/G,C,P 25 D1 317 12 Pit fill S/G,C,P 154 D1 426 14 Pit S/G,C,P,DG 25 D1 431 12 Dumps S/G,C 21 D1 432 14 Fill S/G,C,D,DG,E,G,B 644 D1 433 15 Fill S/G,C 4 D1 437 15 Pit fill S/G 2 D1 446 12 Fill B 1 D1 447 15 Pit fill S/G,C,D,P,B 222 D1 450 15 Fill S/G,C,P,G,DG,B 1166 D1 456 12 Stone collapse S/G,C 6 D1 468 12 Floor S/G 1 D1 469 12 Floor S/G,B 6 D1 471 12 Fill S/G,C,D 56 D1 477 12 Fill S/G 20 D2 1876 D2 12 Fill 1882 north 12 of W. Stone 809 fill S/G,C CT 7 1 D2 1885 12 Floor S/G,C 5 D2 1886 9 Stone collapse S/G 5 D2 1888 12 Pavement S/G,C 12 D2 1889 9 Stone collapse S/G,C 7 D2 1890 12 Fill north of W. 809 S/G,C 7 D2 1891 16 Earth layer on top of pits S/G,C,E 34 D2 1892 12 Floor S/G,C 8 D2 1895 12 Floor S/G,C 12 D2 1896 13-12 Fill to bedrock S/G,C,B 40 D2 2301 12 Test pit in fill S/G,C 8 D2 2334 14-12 Fill under floor S/G,C,B 46 D2 2336 7B Collapse inside columbarium B 4 D2 2347 14 Fill S/G,C 5 D2 2354 14 Fill • S/G 9 D2 2357 14 Rubble S/G 3 D2 2703 7B Terrace fill C,G 2 D2 2708 12 Floor S/G,C,B 24 D2 2711 7B Terrace fill S/G,C,B 18 D2 2713 12 Pit in bedrock S/G 3 D2 2715 7B Terrace fill S/G,C,B 6 D2 2720 20 Pit in bedrock C 3 D2 2722 7 Earth fill on floor S/G,C,CT,D,B 16 D2 2728 21-20 Pit in bedrock S/G 2 D2 2751 12 Fill to floor S/G,C,E 9 D2 2753 12 Fill to floor S/G,C 3 D2 2755 9 Stone collapse S/G,C 7 D2 2758 12 Round installation S/G 7 D2 2763 21-20 Earth layer and gravel S/G,C,P 15 D2 2767 12 Floor S/G,C 6 D2 2774 12 Collapse S/G 3 316 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Area Locus Stratum Context Species N Bones D2 2778 9 Foundation trench S/G,C 12 D2 2779 9 Stone fill in columbarium S/G 5 D2 2782 7B Terrace fill S/G,C 5 D2 2789 13 Fill between walls S/G,C,D,P 21 H 1012 6 Stone collapse of 70 CE S/G,C,B 25 H 101 3B 6 Fill S/G,C 32 H 1017 6 Stone collapse of 70 CE S/G,C,B,FH 64 H 1022B 6 Floor S/G 8 H 1023 6 Stone collapse of 70 CE S/G 7 H 1024 6 Floor S/G,C 30 H 1025 H H 6 1031 1042 6 Cistern 6 Street Destruction C C S/G 3 4 6 K 2212 IIIA2 Fill S/G 1 K 2220 UIC Fill S/G 4 K 2237 IIIE Cistern fill S/G,C,B 9 K 2242A HIB Stone collapse S/G 3 K 2243 IIIA Fill S/G, E 5 K K 2246A 2254A IIIB2 IIIA2 Fill Fill FH DG,CT,B 1 5 K 2254B HIB Fill S/G 1 K 2255 HIB Fill S/G 3 K 2258 HIB Fill S/G, CT 2 K 2264 6 Cistern fill S/G,C 5 KEY: B = Bird; C = Cattle; CM = Camel; CT = Cat; D = Deer; DG = Dog; E = Equid; F = Fox; FH = Fish; G = Gazelle; P = Pig; S/G = Sheep/Goat. 317 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CONCORDANCE Donald T. Ariel Israel Antiquities Authority This concordance provides an area/locus/registration number listing of all objects noted individually in t City of David Final Reports, Vol. III (De Groot and Ariel 1993 = Qedem 33) and the present volume, thu continuing the cross-referencing of published finds found in the concordance in Vol. II (Ariel 1990 = Qedem 30). For objects noted in Vols. III-IV but originally published in Vol. II, reference is made to the publicati in Vol. II. Besides the value of the organization by archaeological context of objects published by category, a major additional element in these lists is that they provide Israel Antiquities Authority numbers for objects that have been registered, thus allowing examination of them in their permanent storage location. This concordance does not include references to finds noted only in the indexes of loci found in Vol. Ill, unless these items have received IAA numbers. As stated in the preface to Vol. II (p. XII), the locus lists that appear after the stratigraphical reports are to be considered the ultimate arbiter of stratigraphical designations. In cases where data for objects (locus or stratum designations) were given in error in Vol. Ill, or have subsequently been refined, an asterisk appears after the corrected datum. The refinements in stratum designation are generally slight and do not change the objects' stratum designation per se , but rather their phasing within the stratum. Reference for Vols. II and III is to volume and page number or to figure/plate number. In Vol. IV, where objects are presented in catalogue or tabular form, the reader is referred to the respective catalogue; no page reference to the primary presentation is given, and page numbers refer only to items that are studied in Appendices B-D in Chapter II and Appendix B in Chapter IV. When an item appears in a figure, the figure reference is given. Plate or photograph references are given for objects that are illustrated only in photographs. The categories of the objects are abbreviated as follows: BD: beads and pendants; BI: bone and ivory (with catalogue number); BR: botanical remains; C: coins (with catalogue number); FB: fish bones (with catalogue number); FG: ceramic figurines (with type number); FL: flints; GL: glass (with catalogue number); GM: gems; HS: chalk vessels (with type number); IN: inscriptions; LW: loomweights and spindle whorls (with type number); ML: molluscs; MT: metals; POT: pottery; ST: stones; W: weights (with catalogue number). Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page AREA Al Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1 62/6 1 68/8 6 6 HS HS l.a.i.I III 272 l.b.i III 272 Surf. 12/2 0 HS 2. a. iv? III 272 1 69/9 6 HS l.a.i.F? III 272 Surf. 227 lì 0 HS l.a.i.A? III 273 1 83/1 6 HS 2.a.v 86-593 III 272 Surf. 227/2 0 HS l.a.i.I III 273 1 83/2 6 HS l.a.i.J 86-1643 III Fig. 16:10 1 83/3 6 HS l.a.iii.E III Fig. 17:5 ? ? ? 1 21/1 1 21/2 6 1 21/3 6 1 21/4 HS l.a.i.I III 273 6 HS l.a.i.J m Fig. 16:14 HS l.a.i.J 86-1646 III Fig. 16:9 HS l.a.i.I 86-1649 III Fig. 16:3 6 HS l.a.i.D III Fig. 15:5 1 22 6 1 41/3 HS 6 l.a.i.F? HS l.a.i.I III 272 m 272 1 62/5 6 HS l.a.i.B 95-2151 in Fig. 15:2 1 83/4 6 HS 2.a.i/ii III 272 1 1 1 83/5 98 98 6 6 6 HS l.a.i.I ML HS m III l.a.i.J 272 126 III 272 1 108/1 6 LWB61 95-3595 IV Fig. 22:11 1 108/2 6 HS l.a.vi.B III Fig. 17:19 1 108/3 6 HS l.a.i.I III Fig. 16:2 318 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1 108/4 6 HS l.a.vi.B 95-2171 ffl Fig. 17:25 1 108/5 6 HS l.a.i.I 86-1645 III Fig. 16:5 1 108/6 6 HSl.a.v 95-2160 III Fig. 17:12 1 108/7 6 HS l.a.i.I III Fig. 16:6 1 108/8 6 HS l.a.i.v III Fig. 17:9 1 112 6 ML III 126 1 113/1 6 HS l.a.i.I III 272 1 113/2 6 HS l.a.i.J III 272 Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1 210 6 ML III 126 1 211/3 6 HS 2.b.ii 86-1682 III Fig. 21:2 1 211/4 6 HS l.a.i.K III Fig. 16:19 1 211/5 6 HS l.a.i.F III Fig. 15:19 1 229/4 6 HS l.a.i.I III Fig. 16:4 1 230/2 6 HS l.a.i.J 86-1648 III Fig. 16:12 1 230/3 6 HS l.a.i.J III 273 1 230/4 6 HSl.a.i.D III 273 1 120/1 6 HS l.a.i.J III Fig. 16:8 1 251/1 6 HS l.a.iii.B 86-1683 III Fig. 17:2 1 120/3 6 HS 2. a. ii. A. 3 III 272 1 251/3 6 HS l.b.il 95-2769 III Fig. 19:2 1 120/2 6 HS l.a.i.F III Fig. 15:14 1 124/1 6 HSl.a.ii III Fig. 16:20 1 251/2 6 HS l.a.i.F III Fig. 15:22 1 251/4 6 HS l.a.i.I III 273 1 124/2 6 HS l.a.i.I 86-1647 III 272 1 251/5 6 HS l.a.i.J III 273 1 124/3 6 HSl.a.i.H III 272 1 264/3 6 HS l.a.vi.B 95-2163 III Fig. 17:16 1 124/4 6 HS l.a.i.I III 272 1 1 1 1 139/6 6 HSl.a.i.D III Fig. 15:6 139/7 6 HS l.a.i.J III Fig. 16:13 139/8 6 HS l.a.i.J III Fig. 16:11 139/10 6 HS l.a.i.J III Fig. 16:7 1 139/11 6 HS2.a.i/ii III 272 1 139/12 6 HS 2. a. ii. A. 3 III 272 1 142/1 6 HS 2.a.i.B III Fig. 20:6 1 142/2 6 HS l.a.vi.B 95-2162 III Fig. 17:15 1 264/4 6 HS l.a.i.F III Fig. 15:18 1 264/5 6 HS l.a.i.I III 273 1 280/3 6 HS l.a.iii. F 95-2159 III Fig. 17:6 1 280/4 6 HSl.a.ii III Fig. 16:24 1 280/5 6 HS 2.a.iv 86-591 III Fig. 20:16 1 291/2 6 HS l.a.i.I III 273 1 291/3 6 HS l.a.i.E III Fig. 15:8 1 296 6 HS 2.a.iv 86-592 III Fig. 20:15 1 297/6 6 HS 2.a.v III 1 142/3 6 HS l.a.i.J III 272 1 645/2 6 HSl.a.ii? III 1 143/7 6 HS l.a.i.A 95-2150 III Fig. 15:1 1 - 1 143/8 1 6 147 HS 6 l.a.i.I ML III III 6 Stone 272 125 1 155 6 FB 203 III 143 1 155 6 FB 204 III 143 basin left in 273 273 III 1 6 field 4 44 2 POT III Fig. 13:4; III 11 4 50/1 2 POT III Fig. 13:3 1 155 6 FB 205 III 143 1 155 6 FB 206 III 143 1 155 6 FB 207 III 143 1 155 6 FB 208 III 143 13 1 155 6 FB 210 III 143 14 263/2 2 POT III Fig. 13:1; 1 155 6 FB 209 III PI. 10:17 4 128 2 POT III Fig. 13:5; III 11 13 171 1 POT III Fig. 13:2 671 1 ST III 11 1 155 6 FB 238 III PI. 11:42-43 15 207/2 6 ST 1 155 6 FB 238 A III PL 1 1 :42-43 15 228/1 6 IN 29 86-2049 III 17 1 155 6 FB238B III PL 1 1 :42-43 15 271 6 C 196 22210 III 17 1 155 6 FB238C III PL 1 1 :42-43 16 262/2 6 HS l.a.i.F 86-1653 III Fig. 15:13 1 162/1 6 HS3.b? Ill Fig. 21:11 1 162/2 6 HS l.a.vi.B 95-2164 III Fig. 17:17 1 162/3 6 HS 2. a. iii. A III Fig. 20:12 1 162/4 6 HS2.b.iv 86-1644 III Fig. 21:4 1 162/5 6 HS l.a.i.J III 272 1 162/6 6 HS l.a.i.I III 272 1 162/7 6 HS l.a.i.I III 272 1 162/8 6 HS l.a.i.I III 272 17 229/1 6 HS l.a.i.F? III 273 17 285 6 C 197 22211 III 17 17 289/3 6 HS l.a.i.F III Fig. 15:11 17 298 6 HS 2.a.i. III 273 17 299/2 6 HS l.b.i? III 273 17 604 6 ML III 126 17 627/11 6 HSl.a.i.H III Fig. 16:1 1 162/10 6 HS l.a.i.J III 272 17 627/12 6 HS l.a.a.H III 273 17 628/1 6 C 198 22212 III 17 17 628/2 6 C 199 22213 III 17 1 162/11 6 HS l.a.i.J III 272 17 636 6 BI 196 86-2054 III 17 1 162/9 6 HS l.a.i.I III 272 1 162/12 6 HS2.a.ii.B III 272 19 1 162/13 6 HS2.a.v III 272 20 653/5 6 HS l.a.i.F III Fig. 15:15 1 1 162/14 165 6 6 HS 3.a ML III III 272 126 670 6 ST AREA A2 1 169/1 6 HS 2.a.i.A.l 86-1651 III Fig. 20:4 1 185/1 6 HS l.a.i.F III Fig. 15:12 1 185/2 6 HSl.a.ii III Fig. 16:21 31 719/1 3(6?) POT III Fig. 11:11 31 719/4 3(6?) POT III Fig. 11:10 1 185/4 6 HS l.a.i.J III 272 35 730/1 3 POT III Fig. 11:9 1 185/3 6 HS l.a.i.J III 272 1 186 6 ML III 126 1 198/3 6 HS 2.a.i III Fig. 20:2 33 729 3 POT III 33 AREA B 1 198/4 6 HS l.a.iii? III 272 1 198/5 6 HS l.a.i.J III 273 1 198/6 6 HS 2.a.i/ii III 273 1 206/7 6 HS 2.a.i III Fig. 20:5 1 206/8 6 HS l.a.i.F III 273 1 206/9 6 HS l.a.i.F III 273 477 0 ML III 122 104 A 354/1 0* HS l.a.i.F III 273 111A 411 12 ST 1 1 1 A 411 12 W 40 111A 416 12 FGF IV Fig. 19:5 319 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 111A 420 12 FGC 95-1764 IV Fig. 18:5 321 1167 7 FG B3hl 11 IB 439 12 FG B3hl 324 1105 7 HS l.a.iii 95-2146 m Fig. 14:10 11 IB 436 12 FG B3hl 114A 480 12 W 41 95-2646 IV Fig. 34:3 460 5 HS2.a.i 115 465 5 HS2.a.v 115 472 5 HS2.a.i 5 HS HS2.b III 272 327 1095 6 LW A3b III 273 353 6569 6 ST m 273 115 474/3 5 HSl.b.i ni 273 499 5 328 1140 9 FG B3a IV 88 352 6566 6 ST III 115 474/2 5 HS 2.a.ii.B m 273 115 994 273 115 458 5 HS2.a.i/ii III 273 115 322 m 273 353 6581 6 HS III 273 354 6571 12 FL IV Fig. 41:12 357 6599 12 FG B3hl 357 6630 12 ST 115 514 5 FG B3hl 360 6598 12 FG B3hl 115 520 5 FG B3c 360 6724 12 FG B3hl 122 561 7?-6 FG B3c 361 6605 9 FG A6a 122 587 7?-6 FG B2c 124 576 14B FG B3hl 361 6608 9 FG B3hl 128 567/2 12 ST 361 6617 9 ST 361 6643 9 ST 361 6647 9 FG B3c 365 6623 7 LW B3h 95-3619 128 567/3 12 ST 365 6665 7 FG A3a2 95-1727 IV Fig. 12:2 125 536 5 HS 2. a. i m Fig. 20:3 128 567/1 12 ST 128 568/1 12 ST 365 6799 7 FG B2b2 367 6664 12 FG B3a 128 568/2 12 ST 368 6652 9 BD 95-2376 IV Fig. 44:12 128 567/4 12 ST 128 15008 12 ST 129 362/1 0* HSl.b.i m Fig. 19:5 129 364/1 0 W 39 95-2629 IV Fig. 32:12 129 505 0 ST 129 516 0* HS l.a.i.F III 273 129 553 0 368 6668 9 FG B3c IV 88 370 6659 12 FG B3f 370 6736 12 FG B3hl IV 88 371 6678 12 FL IV Fig. 41:15 372 6679 12 BR III 118 374B 6709 12 FG B2a 95-1747 IV Fig. 16:6 ST 130 584 12 ST 374B 6714 12 FG B3hl 132 596 12 ST 374B 6728/1 12 ST 375 12470 7 FG B2c 376 6715 12 FG B2e IV 96 376 6716 12 FG B3hl AREA Dl Surf. 6878 0 ML 95-2087 III 126 381 6756 12 FG B3c 381 6768 12 FG B3f Surf. 12726 0 FG B3al 95-1758 IV Fig. 17:3 381 6774 12 FG B3hl W. 189 13330 12 ML III 127 383 12473 9 FG B2c Surf. 6635 0 LW A3e 95-3681 W. 187 13336 12 W 51 W. 526 13326 12 W 50 95-2647 IV Fig. 34:4 383 6718 9 FG B3hl 383 12507 9 FG A2al 86-407 IV Fig. 11:2 304 852 0 HS 2.a.i/ii ffl273 385 6747 12 FG B2e? 386 6793 12 FG B3a 306 806/5 0 HSl.b.i III 273 387 6751 12 FG B3g W. 532 13325 12? FG B3c 309 833/1 0 HS l.a.i.C 95-2152 III Fig. 15:3 312 827/1 1 HS l.a.i.D III Fig. 15:4 316 871 12 FGBlfl 95-1744 IV Fig. 15:4 387 6757 12 ST 388 6773 12 FG B3c IV Fig. 17:12 395 6810 12 LW Alb 317 905 12 FGB1Í2 IV Fig. 15:8 395A 6812 12 FG B3hl 396 6796 12 FG B3c IV 96 398 6797 12 FG B3hl 408 6914 7A LW B5h 95-3620 317 927/6 12 FG D 413 6947 8-7 ST 317 929/1 12 FG B3hl 413 6954 8-7 LW B5h 95-3601 IV Fig. 22:18 316 883/1 12 LW A3b 317 864/1 12 FG B3g 317 892 12 FG B3a 317 944 12 FG B3hl 416 6964 9 LW B3h 95-3622 317 957 12 FG F IV Fig. 19:7 419 12624 12 W 43 95-2631 IV Fig. 32:14 419 12666 12 FG Ala 86-1849 IV Fig. 10:4 317 958/1 12 FG B3hl 317 964 12 FG B3c 317 974/16 12 ML III 125 317 974/1-15 12 ML ffl 125 419 12686 12 BR 421 12436 7B FG A5a2 III 117 421 12467 7B ST 317 980 12 FG B3c 421 12527 7B ST 317 981 12 W 42 95-2630 IV Fig. 32:13 421 12554 7B FG B2a 317 984 12 FG B3f 421 12556 7B HS 3 95-2148 ffl Fig. 14:24 317 985 12 FG B2c 421 12573 7B FG B3f 317 1013 12 FG B3g 421 12725 7B LW B3h 317 1034 12 FG B3hl 422 6976 8 LW B5h 95-3621 317 1035 12 FG B3hl 317 1054 12 FG B3hl 422 6980 8 FG Bla 86-418 IV Fig. 14:5; 321 1166 7 FG B3c 422 7000 8 W 174 IV 85 320 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 422 12414 8 LWB3c 422 12536 8 Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 469 13305 12 FG B3a ML IH 122 469 13308/1 12 LW Alb 95-3609 422 12598 8 FG B3f 469 13308/2 12 LW Alb 422 12619 8 LW B5h 469 13308/3 12 LW Alb 95-3610 422 12621 8 FG A5a2 469 13308/4 12 LW Alb 95-3611 422 12642 8 W 173 IV Fig. 38:15 425 12486 12 FG B2c 469 13327 12 ML HI 125 470 12771 12 ML III 123 429 12579 12 W44 471 13316 12 FG B3hl 431 12633 12 W45 472 13334 14 BD 86^54 IV Fig. 44:4 472 13335 14 ST IV Fig. 30:12 431 12637 12 FG B3a 431 12683 12 FG B3f 472 13364 14 BD, GM 86-444 IV Fig. 42:1 431 12688 12 FG B3f 476 13368 12 ST 431 12750 12 FG B2c IV PI. 6:16 431 12754 12 FG A6a? AREA D2 431 12791 12 LW B3h 432 12724 14 W 29 95-2623 IV Fig. 32:5 432 12748 14 FB 128 IH 142 433 12576 15 FG B3c IV Fig. 17:13 433 12762 15 FG A3f 434 13341 12 ML IH 125 434 13347 12 ML in 125 436 12711 12 FG B3b 95-1756 IV Fig. 17:1 436 12713 438 12752 12 8 ML ML m III 124 Surf. 13705 0 FG B3hl Surf. 20083 0 LW A3d 95-3623 Surf. 20124 0 FG B3hl Surf. 20271 0 FG B3hl Surf. 20796 0 ST Surf. 21140 0 GM 86-318 Surf. 13823 0 W 193 S-W 13830 0 ST 125 W. 160 20049 8-7 FG A2a3 447 12776 15* FB 136 m 142 W. 163 20040 5 FG B3hl 448 12779 12 BD, GM 86-441 IV Fig. 42:5 450 13201 15 BD, GM 86-143 IV Fig. 42:7 1802 14059 7 FG B3hl 450 13202 15 ML III 125 450 13226 15 ML III 124 450 13251 15 FG El 95-1769 IV Fig. 18:11 450 13267 15 W 28 95-2622 IV Fig. 32:4 450 13277 15 ML III 123 453 13209 12 LW Alq 456 13229 12 13231/1 456 13231/ ML 12 12 ML ML III 124 m 124 III 125 2-13 13865 0 HSl.a 14013 7B ML III 124 1818 13977 7B FG B3g? 1818 13998 7B FG A2g IV Fig. 11:13 1819 13965 7B FG Blfl 1819 13966 7B FG B2c 95-1752 IV Fig. 16:13 1819 14029 7B FG B3f 1827 14050 9 FG B3hl 456 13245 12 W 47 95-2632 IV Fig. 32:15 456 13266 12 W46 95-2633 IV Fig. 33:1 1831 14091 9 FG B3hl 1830 14030 9 FG B3cl 456 13269/1 12 LW Alb 1834 14073 12 FG B3f 456 13269/2 12 LW Alb 1834 14080 12 FG B2c 456 13269/3 12 LW Ale 1834 14081 12 FG B3d 456 13269/4 12 LW Alb 1834 14082/4 12 FG D 1834 14083 12 FG Ala 13271 272 1815 13957 7A GM 89-1147 456 13244 12 FG B3hl 456 III 1803 13959 6-5 W 189 IV Fig. 39:4 1804 13925 7 HS2.b 95-2147 III Fig. 14:22 1804 13928 7 FG B3g 1806(N) 13900 7A HS l.b in Fig. 14:19 1816 453 13363 12 FG Ala? 456 1801 12 ML III 125 456 13281/1 12 LW Alb 95-3570 IV Fig. 21:4 456 13281/2 12 LW Ale IV Fig. 21:1 456 13281/3 12 LW Alq 456 13281/4 12 LW Alq 456 13281/5 12 LW Alq 456 13281/6 12 LW Alq 458 13214 12 FG E2 IV Fig. 19:3 460 13233 15 FB 130 III 142 1834 14087 12 FG B3hl 1834 14099 . 12 FG B3hl 1834 14102 12 FG B3hl 1834 14108 12 FG B3a 1836 14101 9 LW A3c 95-3612 1836 14116 9 LW A3c 95-3613 1836 14124 9 GM, BD 1836 14161 9 FG B2c 466 13242 15 FB 132 HI 142 1837 14134 9 FG Blfl 466 13242 15 FB 131 HI PI. 10:18 1844 14154 7B FG B2c? 466 13250 15 FB 133 III 142 1846 14159 12 FG B2c 466 13261 15 FB 134 III PI. 10:21 1850 13509 9? FG B3hl 468 13259 12 ST 1850 13523/2 9? HSl.a.iv in Fig. 14:13 468 13264 12 ST 95-2980 IV Fig. 28:4 468 13288 12 W 48 95-2634 IV Fig. 33:2 469 13292 12 BR m 117, 119 469 13293 12 FG B3hl 469 13295 12 LW Alb 469 13297 12 W49 95-2635 IV Fig. 33:3 469 13302 12 ST IV Fig. 25:9 469 13304 12 ML III 123 1851 13514 9 ML 1856 20126 12-11? FG B3hl 1856 20175 12-11? FG B3hl 1856 20203 12-11? FG B3d 1859 13549 12 FG B3hl III 124 1859 13580 12 W 52 1861 13548 0 FG B3hl 1861 13559 0 FG B3hl 321 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 2323 20243 12 FG Ala IV 96 1861 13560 0 FG B3g 1861 13561 0 FG D 2323 20244 12 FG B3hl 1866 13591 9 FG B3hl 2323 20245 12 FG B3g 1868 13620 12 FG A5b 2323 20257 12 ML III 123 1870 13590 9 FG A2bl 95-1725 IV Fig. 11:11 1873 13595 12-11 W 90 95-2663 IV Fig. 35:6 2323 20264 12 FG A2bl 86-1834 IV Fig. 11:9 1873 13598 12-11 FG B3c 2323 20274 12 FG Ala? 1876 13624 12 W 53 95-2636 IV Fig. 33:4 2323 20281 12 FG B3hl 1876 13686 12 ST 2323 20283 12 FG Ala 1876 13697 12 FG B2c 2323 20290 12 FG Blfl 1877 13643 9 FG B3e 2323 20291 12 FG B3hl 1873 13597 12-11 FG Blfl 2323 20260 12 FG B3hl 2323 20272 12 FG B3fl 1877 13672 9 W 149 2323 20302 12 FG B3d 1882 13644 12 FG B3c 2323 20337 12 FG B3f 1882 13658 12 FG A3a2 86-2030 IV Fig. 12:8 2323 20339 12 FG B2c 86-1903 1882 13660 12 FG A5a2 2323 20372 12 FG B3hl 1882 13667 12 FG A2g 2324 20202 12 FG B3g 1882 13781 12 FG B3c 2324 20235/1 12 FG B3hl 1884 13709 12 FG D 2324 20235/2 12 FG B3hl 1886 13707 9 FG B3c 2324 20258 12 FG B2c 2324 20214 12 FG B2c 1882 13743 12 FG Ala 1886 14173 9 FG B2c 2324 20259 12 FG B2c? 1887 13762 12 W 54 95-2648 IV Fig. 34:5 2325 20256 12 FG A2b2 86-1835 IV Fig. 11:10 1888 13529 12 FG B3a 2325 '20364 12 FG B3c 2326 20047 9 FG A6b IV Fig. 13:12 1888 13742 12 FG B3c 2326 20353 9 FG B3c 1888 14065 12 FG D 1888 14138 12 FG B3g 2327 20275 12 ST IV Fig. 25:4 1888 14141 12 FGE7/M 2332 20369 12 FG B3h2 1888 14143 12 FG B3hl 2334 20289 14- FB 138 III 142 1888 20176 12 FG B3fl 12(?)* 1890 13732 12 FG B3a IV 96 2334 20297 14- ML III 125 III 126 1891 13753 16 W 25 95-2643 IV Fig. 33:12 1892 13795 12 LW B3h 95-3591 IV Fig. 22:6 1896 14172 13 W 38 95-2628 IV Fig. 32:11 2335 20403 8-7B FG B3hl 2303 20216/35 12 ML III 127 2337 2306 20019 7 FG B3h2 2337 20352 12 FG A5a2 IV 96 2306 20038 7 LW A3b IV Fig. 21:24 2306 20067 7 LW B4n IV Fig. 22:21 2309 20093 12 FL IV Fig. 41:20 2337 20366 12 LW A5f 95-3589 IV Fig. 22:3 2309 20229/2 12 LW Alb 2357 20394 14 W 30 95-2624 IV Fig. 32:6 2309 20229/1 12 LW Alb 95-3571 IV Fig. 21:5 2309 20327 12 FG B2d 86-420 IV Fig. 15:11 2309 20357 12 ST 95-2984 IV Fig. 28:8 2310 20107 9 FG B3c 12(?) 2335 20410 8-7B FG B3hl 20351 12 ML 2337 20367 12 FG D 2339 13383 12 FG B3hl 2355 20512 7B FG B3e 2357 20396 14 ST 2357 20467 14 FL IV Fig. 41:18 2357 20485 14* HS l.a.ii III Fig. 14:7 2310 20150 9 FG B3hl 2701 20573 0 FG A5a2 2310 20206 9 FG B3hl 2701 20593 0 BD, GM 2701 20865 0 BD, GM 95-2357 IV Fig. 42:4 2311 20350 7 FG B2c 2701 2316 20122 9 FG B2a 2319 20156 12 FG B3a 2319 20157 12 FL IV Fig. 41:17 20954 0 ML 2703 20803 7B FG B3hl 2319 20228 12 FG B3hl 2705 20893/1 7B FG B3hl 2319 20231 12 FG B3hl 2705 20893/2 7B FG B3hl 2319 20237 12 FG M 2705 20990 7B FG B2c 2319 20333/1 12 FG D 2705 20996 7B FG B3hl 2319 20333/2 12 FG Ala 2707 20582 0 FG B3g 2321 20189 7B FG A3c 2707 20587 0 FG B2c 2708 20627 12 FG B2c 2321 20199 7B FG B3c 2708 20629 12 FG B3c 2321 20219 7B FG A5b IV 88 2711 20643 7B FG B3hl 2322 20205 7B FG B2c 2711 20677 7B FG B2c 2322 20223 7B FG B3hl 2711 20699 7B FG B3c 2322 20359/1 7B FG B3hl 2322 20359/2 7B FG B3hl 126 2703 20549 7B GM 2319 20165 12 FG B3cl 2321 20169 7B BD 95-2373 IV Fig. 44:5 III 2702 20652 0 FG A2g 2711 20795 7B ML III 127 2711 20801 7B FG B2c 95-1750 IV Fig. 16:11 2323 20197 12 FG B3c 2720 20666 12-11 FG B3c 2323 20224 12 FG B2c 2722 20777 7 FG B3c 2323 20242 12 FG Ala 86-1904 IV Fig. 10:5 2724 21095 8 ST IV Fig. 24:5 322 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 2745 20888 8-7B W 176 IV Fig. 38:16 2745 20910 8-7B LW A5d 95-3584 IV Fig. 21:26 Surf. El /21 143 0 FG B3h2 2745 20983 8-7B W 175 Surf. El/21144 0 FG B3hl Surf. El/? 0 FG B3a 2751 20975 12 FG B3c Surf. E2/7378/2 0 ML III 126 2752 21065 12 FG B3hl 755 20974 9 FG B2c 86-1877 Surf. E2/12288 0 ST 2759 21017 8-7B FG B3a Surf. E3/12856 0 HS 2.a. ii. B III 274 2759 21062 8-7B FG B2d 86-1889 IV Fig. 15:12 Surf. E3/15550 0 LW A3c 2761 21036 8 FG B3f Surf. E3/15552 0 ML III 123 2765 21019 12 FG A5a2 Surf. E3/15554 0 BD, GM IV Fig. 43:5 Surf. E3/15554 0 BD 95-2374 IV Fig. 44:8 Surf. E2/7343/4 0 HS III 273 2765 21023 12 FG A6a IV 96 Surf. E3/15732 0 FG B3hl 2766 21064 12 FG A3c 2767 21011 12 FG B3c IV Fig. 17:11 Surf. E3/15796 0 LW B5h 95-3651 2772 21060 12 ST 95-2962 IV Fig. 24:2 03-N3 El /9081 7 ST AREA E W. 201 El /2770 5 FG B3c Surf. El /2660 0 FG B3hl W. 201 El /3227 5 FG B3f 2770 21075 7B ML III 124 Surf. E3/19189 0 BD 95-2370 IV Fig. 45:8 03-N3 El /9893 7 ST W. 201 El/3178 5* HS l.b.i III Fig. 18:11 Surf. El/3123 0 FG D W. 201 El /3247 5 FG A5a2 Surf. El/4125 0 FG B2c W. 226 El /9634 11 ST Surf. El /45 15 0 FG B3c W. 241 El/16056 7 FG B2f IV PI. 6:17 Surf. El/5987/1 0 FG A5al IV Fig. 13:8 W. 248 El/5957 11 W 100 IV Fig. 35:12 W. 253 El /6260 0 W 195 IV Fig. 39:8 Surf. El /5987/1 0 FG B3hl Surf. El /6010 0 FG B3a W. 255 Surf. El/6039 0 LW B6k 95-3599 IV Fig. 22:15 Surf. El/6040 0 FG B3al 95-1761 IV Fig. 17:8 W. 257 Surf. El /6 127 0 LW A2c W. 276 El /8563 0 FG B2c W. 265 El /6223 0 FGBli 86-1847 IV Fig. 14:16; IV 86 Surf. El /6042 0 FG B3f W. 471 E3/7556 6 W 186 IV Fig. 39:3 Surf. El/6142 0 LW A3d W. 656 El/16563 0 FG B3hl Surf. El /61 53 0 FG B3hl Surf. El/6158 0 W 194 IV Fig. 39:7 Surf. El/6159 0 LW A3d W. 661 El/17035 18 GM W. 658 W. 662 El/16684 0 LW B7h IV Fig. 22:17 Surf. El/6218 0 FG B3cl Surf. El/6268 0 FG A2dl 86-411 IV Fig. 11:14 Surf. El /6307 0 FG B3c 432 E2/7261 12 ST 437 E2/7280 7 ST Surf. El /6500 0 LW A3b 501 E2/1561 5 ST Surf. El /7378/1 0 ML III 126 501 E2/1606 5 LW B5h Surf. El /7500 0 FG A3c 501 E2/2794 5 FG B3hl Surf. El/8584 0 HSl.a.vi.B III Fig. 17:22 503 E2*/1212 1 HS l.b.i III 273 Surf. El /8664 0 FG B3e 503 E2/1212 1 ST Surf. El /8667 0 FG B3f 503 E2*/1568 1 BD 95-2372 IV Fig. 44:3 Surf. El/9013 0 W 196 IV Fig. 39:9 Surf. El /9103 0 FG A5b 503 E2*/1569 1 ML III 126 503 E2/1572 1 ST Surf. El /9303 0 FG B3f 503 E2/1573/1 1 LW B5h 95-3624 Surf. El /9697 0 GM Surf. El/9854 0 W 197 IV Fig. 39:10 503 E2/1 573/2 1 LW B5p 95-3606 IV Fig. 22:25 505 E2*/1261/ 5 HSl.b.ii III Fig. 22:2 Surf. El /11005 0 FG B3c 505 E2*/1261/ 5 HSl.a.i.G 95-2156 III Fig. 15:24 Surf. El /10891 0 FG B3hl Surf. El/11105 0 FG A5al 1 4 505 E2/1363 5 LW A3d 95-3625 Surf. El /11360 0 FG B2c Surf. El/12618 0 FG B3c 506 El /1221 /3 5 HS l.b.i III 273 Surf. El/15547 0 FG A3e 86-1860 IV Fig. 12:14 Surf. El/16001 0 FG B2b2 86-414 IV Fig. 16:2 510 E2/1226/1 5 FG B2c Surf. El/16132 0 FG B3hl 510 E2*/1288/ 5 HS2.a.ii.A.l III Fig. 20:7 Surf. El/16058 0 FG A5b Surf. El/16132 0 FG B3h2 510 E2*/1288/ 5 HS l.a.i.E? III 273 4 4 Surf. El/17014 0 FG B3c 510 E2/1341 5 FG B3e Surf. El/19035 0 FG A2c 95-1724 IV Fig. 11:5 Surf. El/19275 0 FG Bll 86-1886 IV Fig. 14:12; 510 E2*/1594 5 ML III 124 510 E2*/1596/ 5 ML III 126 Surf. El/19292 0 FG B3hl IV 88 510 E2*/1596/ 5 ML III 126 IV 86 1 2 Surf. El/20125 0 FG B2c 510 E2*/1607 5 HS l.b.i III Fig. 18:12 Surf. El /20358 0 FG B2c Surf. El /20526 0 FG A5al 510 E2/1633 5 ST Surf. El/21139 0 FG B3hl 510 E2/1645 5 FG B2c Surf. El /21 142 0 FG B3hl 516 El/1296 5 HS l.a.i.A? III 273 323 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 517 El/1232/1 5 HS2.a.ii.A.2 III Fig. 20:8 544 E2/1 960/1 11 FG A5a2 517 El/1260 5 ML III 126 517 El/1367 5 ML III 127 5 ML III 126 ML III 126 ML III 127 517 El/1540 517 El 517 El/1620 /1542 5 5 519 E2*/1357/l 7-6* HS 2.b.ii III Fig. 21:1 1 544 E2/1980 11 FG A5a2 544 E2/1997 11 FG A3c IV 88 544 E2/1998 11 FG C IV Fig. 18:3 544 E2/1999 11 FG B2c 544 E2/2603 11 LW A3b 544 E2/2604 11 FG A5a2 IV Fig. 13:5 544 E2/2612 11 FG B3hl 519 E2*/1488/ 7-6* HS l.b.i III Fig. 18:6 544 E2/2613 11 FG A5a2 519 E2*/1557/ 7-6* HS2.a.ii.A.3 III Fig. 20:9 544 E2/2615 11 FG B3hl 519 E2/1581 7-6 FG B3c 544 E2/2617 11 FG B3g 11 11 519 E2*/1603/ 7-6* HS 2.a.ii.B III Fig. 20:10 13 519 E2/1635 7-6 W 179 IV Fig. 38:17 544 E2/2614 11 FG A6a IV Fig. 13:13 544 E2/2616 11 FG B3hl 544 E2/2639 11 FG M 544 E2/2640 11 FG Ala 95-1715 IV Fig. 10:7 544 E2/2669/3 11 FG B3f 519 E2/1698 7-6 FG B3c 544 E2/2710 11 FG B3hl 546 E2/1861/1 7 FG Ala IV PI. 1:5 519 E2/1738 7-6 FG B2f 546 E2/1861/2 7 FG B2c 86-1850 519 E2/1770 7-6 FG B2c? 546 E2/1914 7 FG B3g 519 E2/1643 7-6 LW A2d 548 E2*/2778 5 HSl.a III 272 519 E2/1841 7-6 LW B5h 95-3626 552 E2/1962 7A-6 FG Ala 519 E2/1875 7-6 FG A5b 519 E2/1969 7-6 ST 553 E2/2662 7A-6 LW B5h 95-3631 519 E2/2672 7-6 ST 553 E2/2779 7A-6 FG A3f 95-1735 IV Fig. 13:1 519C E2/1727 7-6 FG B3hl 554 E2/1967 7A-6 FG B3hl 521 El/1347 6 W 181 IV Fig. 39:1 521 El/1401 6 FG C 522 El /1375 5 ML III 126 562 E2/2780 20-12 FG A5b 563 E2/2736 11 FG B2c? 565 El/2631 10 FG B2c 86-1878 522 El/1383/2 5 HS l.b.i III 273 565 El/2635 10 FG B3c 522 El/1402 5 LW B5h 95-3627 523 El /1489 5 ML III 126-27 565 El /2636 10 FG A5a2 523 El /1527 5 FG B3c 565 El /3525 10 FG A5b 525 El/1415 5 HS l.b.i III Fig. 18:5 525 El/1428/1 5 HS l.b.i III Fig. 18:8 525 El/1585/4 5 HS l.b.i III Fig. 18:2 567 El/2655 7A-6 FG B3hl? 525 El /1608/1 5 FG A5a2 565 El /3508 10 FG A5a2 571 El /2746 11 W 91 571 El /2808 11 W 92 572 El/2711 11 FG A3f 95-1737 IV Fig. 13:3 527 El/1267 5 LW B5h 95-3628 572 El /27 14 11 ML III 126 527 El/1330 5 HSl.a III 272 572 El/2715 11 FG B3hl 527 El/1449/2 5 HS l.b.i III Fig. 18:7 527 El/1475 5 LW B6k 95-3629 527 El/1508 5 ML III 126 532 E2*/1623 5 HS l.b.i III 273 533 E2*/l 599/2 5 HS l.b.i III 273 534 E2/1807 7A-6 FG B3hl 534 E2/1895 7A-6 FG A3c 536 E2/1805 7A-6 FG B3c 572 El /2723 11 FG A3f 572 El/2772 11 BD, GM 86-463 IV Fig. 43:1 574 E3/12992/4 0 ST 577 El/2771 11 FG B3f 577 El /2773 11 FG B3hl 584 El/2807 7-6 FG B2al IV PI. 6:12 586 E2*/2805 12 ML III 123 588 El/4175 7 ST 95-2975 IV Fig. 27:3 589 El /3245 5 LW B5h? 95-3632 536 E2/1806 7A-6 FG Ala 536 E2/1810 7A-6 FG D 536 E2/1842 7A-6 FG B2c 536 E2/1844 7A-6 FG A5a2 537 E2/1491 5 FG B3hl 537 E2/1637 5 W 182 IV Fig. 39:2 591 E173162/1 5 HS l.a.i.J 86-1652 III Fig. 16:15 591 El/3237 5 FG A6a 95-1738 IV Fig. 13:11 594 El /3223 5 FG B3b IV PI. 8:1 594 El /3236 5 FG B3c 595 El /3258 5 FG B3c 537 E2/1843 5 FG A2g 537 E2/1868 5 FG Ala 95-1716 IV Fig. 10:8 595 El /3320 5 FG A5a2? 601 E2/3259 10 FG B3hl 601 E2/3264 10 FG B3c 537 E2/1925 5 FG A5a2 601 E2/3301 10 FG A3a2? IV 88 538 El/1801 6 LW B5h 95-3630 601 E2/3307 10 FG B3f 537 E2/1716 5 FG A5a2 601 E2/3334 10 FG A5a2 539B E2/1811 11 FG B3g 539B E2/1839 11 FG B3e 601 E2/3355/3 10 FG B3hl 540 E2*/1782/ 5? HS 2.b.v III Fig. 21:5 2 544 E2/1872 11 FG B3hl 544 E2/1912 11 FG B2c 544 E2/1921 11 FG B3hl 544 E2/1938 11 FG D 544 E2/1939 11 FG A3c 544 E2/1 953/1 11 FG B3f 601 E2/3372 10 FG B2c 601 E2/3403 10 BD, GM 86-451 IV Fig. 42:9 602 El /3323 10 FG D 602 El /3382 10 FG B3f 603 El /3290 5 LW B5i 95-3603 IV Fig. 22:22 606 El /3425 8 LW A3d 95-3588 IV Fig. 21:30 606 El 606 E /3456 8 BR III 119 1/3471 8 BR III 119 324 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 606 El/3634 8 ML HI 123 Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 641 El/3827 10 FG B3hl 642 El/3825 10 FG B3g 609 El/3384 7 FG B2c 615 El/6143 10 FG A3a2? 643 E2/3743 10 FG B3hl 617 El/3359/210 FG A5al 617 El/3361 10 ST 617 El/3371 10 ST 646 El /3788 7 FG B3a 646 El/3896 7 LW A3d 95-3614 617 El/3376/810 FG D 646 El /3974 7 FG B3f 644 El/9190 9 BR III 118 646 El/3975 7 HSl .a.iv III Fig. 14:16 617 El/3379 10 FG B3c 617 El /3383 10 FG B2c 646 El /4072/1 7 FG B3hl 618 El/3412 12-10? FG A5a2 646 El /4072/2 7 FG B3hl 618 El/3416 12-10? FG A2b3 86-1836 IV Fig. 11:12 652 El /4003 5 FG B2c 618 El/3446 12-10? FG B3h2 657 El /4004 5 ST 618 El/3450 12-10? FG B3hl 657 El /4038 5 W 190 618 El/3475 12-10? FG B3a 657 El /7824 5 FG B3hl 618 El/3445 12-10? FG B3cl? 653 E2/3893 5 FG A5a2 IV Fig. 13:4 618 El/3478 12-10? BR III 117 657 El /7860 5 FG B3hl 618 El/3596 12-10? FG B3hl 658 El/3934 11-10 W 101 95-2669 IV Fig. 35:13 658 El/5965 11-10 W 102 95-2670 IV Fig. 35:14 618 El/3613 12-10? FG B3hl 618 El/3615 12-10? FG B2d 618 El/3662/212-10? FG B3f 661 El/4042 10 FG A5a2? 618 El/3663 12-10? FG B2c 86-1842 663A El /3989 11 FG B2c 661 El/4128 10 FG A3c 618 El/3664 12-10? FG A2g 663B El/5861 11 FG A5a2 618 El/3665 12-10? FG B3hl 665 El/4130 12 FG A5b 618 El/3739 12-10? FG B3hl 673 or 1643 El/5809 12 FG B3cl 95-1762 IV Fig. 17:9 618 El/3744 12-10? FG B2c 675 El/9071 10 FG A5a2 618 El/3941 12-10? FG B3hl 675 El/17155 10 ML HI 124 618 El/4041 12-10? FG B3hl 618 El/6018 12-10? FG B3c 680A El/5827 12 FGBlm 86-1887 IV Fig. 14:13; 619 El/3418 10 FG B2cl 86-1864 IV Fig. 16:8 619 El/3479 10 BD, GM 86^40 IV Fig. 42:3 680A El/7801 12 FG B3c IV 86 619 El/3582 10 FG B3c 680A El/9259/1 12 W 56 619 El/3646 10 FG Ala 680B El/9259 18-17 ST 619 El /3748 10 FG B2c 683 El/4164/5 10 FG B3h2 621A El/3436 10 FG Ala 86-1839 IV Fig. 10:3 683 El /4 168 10 FG B3g 621 B El/3481 10 FG A3c 686 El/5894 10 W 104 621A El/3535 10 FG B3c 685 El/4170 10 ML in 122 621B El/3485 10 FG B2e-f 688 El /5927 11 ST 624 El /3878 7 FG B3hl 693 El /5867 7? FG B3e 625 El /4029 5 FG B3c 695 El/9560 9 FG B3c 625 El/5938 5 FG B3c 698 El/5902 12-10 FG A3c 698 El/5931 12-10 FG D 626 El /3704 8 FG D 626 El/3713 8 BR III 119 698 El/5948 12-10 FG Aid 86-1881 IV Fig. 10:21; 629 El/3753 10 FG B3e IV Fig. 17:4 699 El/5954 11 FG A2c IV 88 630B El /3750 11 FG B3hl 718 El/2124 9 BD, GM 95-2361 IV Fig. 42:13 630B El/3617 11 FG B3b IV PI. 8:2 630B El /3839 11 FG B3c 699 El/5981 11 BR 117 1201 El/4129 11 FG B3hl 630C El /3714 11 FG B3f 1201 El/5968 11 FG B3d 631 El /3486 11 ST 1201 El /9067 -11 ST 631 El/3645 11 FG A5a2 IV PI. 4:4 1204 El/5932 12-10 FG B3hl 631 El/5986 11 ML m 127 1204 El/5936 12-10 FG B3hl 631 El /6002 11 FG B3hl 1206 El/6246 11 FG B3hl 631 El /6006 11 BD, GM 86-152 IV Fig. 42:15 III 1209 El/6034 0 FG B3hl 631 El/6012 11 ST 1214 El/6057/1 5 FG B3hl 631 El/6013 11 ST 1214 El/6075 5 FG A5a2 635 El/3746 9 BR 111117,119 1222 El/6131 7 FG B2e 636 El /3676 7 ST 1232 El/6132/1 0 FG B3hl 636 El /3826 7 LW A3d 1241 El/6177 12 FG B3hl 1248 El/6229 7 ML III 122 636 El/4055 7 LW B3m 95-3608 IV Fig. 22:27 637 El/3703 10 FG B3a 95-1759 IV Fig. 17:6 1248 El/6236 / 7 ML III 125 637 El/4085 10 FG B3hl 1249 El/6292 11 LW Alb 95-3633 637 El/3733 10 FG B3a IV PI. 8:8 1-2 637 El /4086 10 FG B3hl 1255 El /6277 12 ML III 124 637 El /5804 10 FB 140 ffl 142 1259 El/6329 11 W 93 640 El/3853 12 W 55 95-2637 IV Fig. 33:5 1264 El /6338/ 12 ML m 126 640A El/3754 12 FG D 641 El/3827 10 FG B3hl 1264 El/6340 12 BD, GM 86^59 IV Fig. 42:16 640 El/4126 12 FG B3hl 1-5 1264 El /6389 12 FG B3f 325 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1269 El/9681 10 GM 1296 El /7953 11 FG B3a 1269 El/9683 10 FG B3c 1297 El /7928/ 11? ML III 125 1-2 1270 El/5975 11 FG B3hl 1297 El /7930 11? FG Ala 1270 El /5980 11 FG D 1270 El/6279 11 FG B2c 86-1856 1301 El /8522 10 FG C 1270 El /6300 11 FG B3hl 1303 El /7976 12 FG B3c 1303 El /7982 12 W 61 95-2651 IV Fig. 34:8 1270 El/6321 11 FG B3hl 1270 El /6325 11 FG B2c 1303 El /7999 12 LW Alb 95-3634 1270 El/6326 11 FG B3hl 1303 El /8401 12 FG B3hl 1270 El/6380 11 FG B3e 1303 El /8421 12 FG B3hl 1270 El/6381 11 FG B3a 1303 El /8438 12 FG B3hl 1270 El /6382/1 11 FG B3hl 1303 El /8456 12 FG A2bl 86-1872 IV Fig. 11:8 1303 El /8462 12 W 67 95-2641 IV Fig. 33:9 1303 El /8475 12 FG Ala 86-413 IV Fig. 10:1 1270 El /6382/2 11 FG B3hl 1270 El /7836 11 FG B3c 1272 El/6375 12 W 57 95-2649 IV Fig. 34:6 1272 El/6411 12 BD IV Fig. 45:7 1303 El /8477 12 FG B3hl 1303 El /8478 12 BR III 117 1273 El/6434 7 FG B3hl 1303 El /8479 12 FG M 1274 El/6394 12 W 58 95-2638 IV Fig. 33:6 1303 El /8497 12 FG B3hl 1274 El/6410 12 ML III 126 1275 El/6419 12 FB 146 III 142 1303 El /8498 12 W 62 95-2652 IV Fig. 34:9 1303 El /8538/1 12 W 63 95-2640 IV Fig. 33:8 1275 El/6425 12 FG B3c 1303 El/8538/2 12 W 64 1275 El/6436 12 FL IV Fig. 41:11 1275 El/6437 12 W 59 95-2639 IV Fig. 33:7 1303 El /8538/3 12 W 65 1277 El /6480 7 ST 1277 El /7807 7 BR III 120 1303 El /8540 12 FG B3hl 1303 El /8540 12 W 66 1303 El/8541 12 ML III 126 1277 El/8539 7 FG B3hl 1303 El/8561 12 BR III 117 1279 El /6452 7 FG B3gl 1304 El /8436 10 BR III 118 1305 El /7990 7 FG B2c 1279 El /6482 7 FG B3hl 1307 El /9267 20-19 FL IV Fig. 40:5 1279 El/6487 7 FG B3c 1307 El /9367 20-19 ST 1279 El /6488 7 FG D 1309 El /8435 11 W 95 95-2664 IV Fig. 35:7 1279 El/6496 7 FG B3a 1279 El /7833 7 FG A5a2 1310 El /3498 11 FG B2c 1279 El/7837 7 FG A5al 1310 El/9134 11 W 96 95-2665 IV Fig. 35:8 1280 El/6454 6 W 191 IV Fig. 39:5 1280 El/6459 6 BD 95-2377 IV Fig. 45:6 1283 El/8494 7 FG Ala 95-1718 IV Fig. 10:11 1310 El/9361 11 FG D 1285 El/6186 7 FG B3hl 1310 El /9329 11 FG A2al IV 96 1310B El/3536 11 ST 1310B El /8480/ 11* ML III 125 1-2 1285 El/6198 7 FG B3hl 1310B El /8480/ 11* ML III 125 1285 El/6200 7 FG B3hl 3-6 1285 El/6203 7 FG B3cl 1311 El /8527 11 ML III 127 1285 El /6209 7 FG B3hl 1285 El/6210 7 FG B3cl 95-1760 IV Fig. 17:7 1311 El /9983 11 Horus Eye 95-4104 IV Fig. 49 1285 El/6214 7 FG B3hl 1312. El /8449 10 W 105 1285 El/6217 7 FG A3a2 95-1728 IV Fig. 12:3 1312 El /8520 10 FG A3c 1285 El/6222 7 FG B3hl 1285 El/7806 7 FG Bib 86-417 IV Fig. 14:6; IV 85 1312 El /8524 10 FG B3c 1313 El /8507 7 ML III 122 1321 El /8480 11 FB 147 III 142 1285 El/7876 7 ST 1321 • El /8480 11 FB 148 III 142 1285 El/7887 7 BD, GM 95-2360 IV Fig. 42:11 1286 El/9121 5 W 192 IV Fig. 39:6 1321 El /8480 11 FB 150 III 142 1286 El/9214 5* ML III 124 1321 El /8480 11 FB 152 III 142 1286 El /9464 5 FG B3c 1321 El /8480 11 FB 153 III 142 1321 El /8480 11 FB 151 III 142 1288 El /7859 7 HS l.a.iv III Fig. 14:15 1321 El /8480 11 FB 149 III PI. 11:41 1291 El /8521 9? FG Ala 1321 Hl/8513/1 11 ML III 125 1292 A El /7904 11 ST 1321 El /85 13/2 11 ML III 125 1321 El /85 13/3 11 ML III 125 1292 A El /7937 11 FG B3gl 1293 El /7927 12 FG B3f 1321 El /8545/1 11 FG B3c 1293 El /7998 12 FG D 1321 El /8545/2 11 FG B3c 1293 El /8496 12 FG B3hl 1321 El /8545/3 11 FG B3hl 1293 El /8632 12 W 60 95-2650 IV Fig. 34:7 1293 El /8644 12 FG A5al IV Fig. 13:7 1321 El /8560 11 FG B3hl 1293A El /8632 10 W 94 1321 El /8650 11 FG B3c 1321 El /8653 11 FG B2e IV 96 1294 El /7875 18-17 ML III 125 1322 El /3687 12* ML III 124 1294 El /8466 18-17 FG A5a2 1322 El /8547 12 FG B3hl 1294 El /9525 18-17 FL IV Fig. 41:8 1322 El /8598 12 ST 95-2961 IV Fig. 24:1 1296 El /7905 11 FG B3b 1322 El /8648 12 FG B3f 1296 El/7917 11 FG B3hl 1322 El /9368 12 LW Alb 326 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type lAANo. Vol. /Page 1373 El/6357 7 FG B3a 86-1844 IV Fig. 17:5 1322 El/9445/1 12 W 68 1322 El/9445/3 12 W 69 86-1909 IV Fig. 33:10 1323 El/9014 18A BR III 118 1373 El/9341 7 ML III 123 1373 El /9537 7 ML III 127 1323 El/9550 18A BR III 117 1373 El /9585 7 FG B3a 1324 El /4052 12 FG B3f 1373 El /9660 7 FG B3g 1373 El/9661 7 FG A5al 1324 El/4084 12 FG A5b 1374 El/9500 10 BR III 118 1324 El/4113 12 FG B3f 1375 El/9346 18-17 FL IV Fig. 41:4 1376 El/9377 12 FG B2cl 95-1748 IV Fig. 16:7; 1324 El/4118 12 FG Ala 1324 El/4127 12 FG A5a2 IV 96 1324 El/5831/1 12 FG B3hl 1376 El /9440 12 BR III 118 1324 El/5933 12 FG A5a2 1324 El/8599 12 FG B3c 1379 El/10087 18 ST 1324 El/9406 12 ST 1380 El/9430 12 FG B3a 95-1753 IV Fig. 16:14 1380 El/9444 12 FG A6a 1324 El/9422 12 FG B2c 1324 El/9506 12 FG B2c 1381 El /9462 12 FG B3c 1325 El/8549 12 W 70 95-2642 IV Fig. 33:11 1325 El/8579 12 W 71 95-3080 IV Fig. 33:13 1381 El/9558 12 FG A5al 1325 El/8627 12 FG B3hl 1381 El/9637 12 FG B2cl 1326 El/8581/1 11 FG B3hl 1381 El/9815 12 LW B3h 95-3637 1326 El /858 1/3 11 FG B3hl 1381 El /9943 12 FG B3cl 1334 El/8620 10 FG Blh 95-1741 IV Fig. 14:8; IV 86, 96 1334 El/8651 10 FG Ale 95-1717 IV Fig. 10:10 1334 El/8652 10 ST IV Fig. 30:7 1381 El/9463 12 FG B2c 1384B El/9722 10 BR III 118 1385 El/9976 12 FG D 1386 El/9503 18 W4 95-2617 IV Fig. 31:8 1387 El/9538 7 HS l.a.ii III Fig. 14:8 1350 El/9017 6 FG B3h2 IV 88 1388 El/9583 7 BD, GM 1350 1390 El /9759 18 ST El/9052 6 ML III 124 1350 El/9174 6* HS l.a.iii III Fig. 14:9 1390 El /9800 18 ST 1350 El/9175 6 W 183 1391 El/9780 12? FG C 1352 El/9035 12 ST 1391 El/10004 12? LW B2c 95-3579 IV Fig. 21:18 1392 El /9687 5 FG B3f 1352 El/9035 12 ST 1392 El/9802 5 FG M IV Fig. 19:11 1352 El/9035 12 ST 1352 El/9035/1 12 ST 1392 El /9835 5 FG A6a 1353 El/9128 18A FL IV Fig. 40:4 1392 El /9882 5 FG A5a2 1354 El /9065 8 ML III 127 1392 El /9890 5 FG B2c 86-1852 1355 El/9064/1 10 W 106 IV Fig. 35:15 1355 El/9288 10 W 107 95-2671 IV Fig. 36:1 1392 El /9895 5 FG B2c 1355 El/9524 12 FG Ala IV 96 1393 El /9942 7 FG A5a2 1358 El /6350 5 FG B2e 1393 El /10001 7 FG B2c 1358 El/9089 5 HS 2.c III 272 1394 El/9352 11 FG B2d 95-1746 IV Fig. 15:13 1392 El/9898 5 FG B3g 1394 El/9641 11 BR III 117 1358 El /9688 5 GM, IN 1394 El/9717 11 BR III 117 13 60 A El/9161 8 LW B5i 95-3635 1363 El/9738 7 LW B6k 95-3598 IV Fig. 22:14 1363 El/10171 7 FG B3g 1364 El/3736 9 FG M IV Fig. 19:13 1364 El /9263 9 BR III 117 1394 El/9728 11 LW Alb 1394 El /9838 11 ST 1394 El/9850 11 FB 155 III 142 1394 El/9850 11 FB 156 III 142 1394 El/9850 11 FB 157 III 142 1364 El /9308 9 FG B3g 1394 El/9850 11 FB 158 III 142 1365 El /9223 7 ST 1365 El/9280/4 7 W 177 1394 El/9850' 11 FB 159 III 142 1365 El/9313/1 7 LW B5h 95-3636 1394 El/9850 11 FB 159a III 142 1365 El /9355 7 FG A5a2? 1394 El/9850 11 FB 159b III 142 1365 El/9383/1 7 ML III 126 1394 El/9850 11 FB 160 III 142 1365 El /9383/2 7 ML III 127 1394 El /9886 11 BR III 118 1365 El/9391 7 LW A3d 95-3586 IV Fig. 21:28 1394 El /9903 11 ST 1365 El /94 15 7 ST 1394 El/9910 11 LW B5h 1365 El/9467 7 FG B2a 86-419 IV Fig. 16:5 1365 El/9481 7 HS l.a.iv III Fig. 14:14 1365 El/9483 7 HS l.a.iii III Fig. 14:11 1365 El/9545 7 FGBlfl IV Fig. 15:6 1394 El/9914 11 FG B3gl 1394 El/9927 11 FG Ala 86-1859 IV Fig. 10:2 1394 El /9962 11 FG B3g 1365 El/9557 7 ML III 126 1365 El/9582 7 FG Ale 95-1719 IV Fig. 10:16 1396 El/9902 10? FG B3f 1399B El/9901 20-19 FL IV Fig. 40:19 1400 El/9975 20-19 W 2 95-2611 IV Fig. 31:2 1367 El/5839 10 FG Ala 1400 El/10172 20-19 W 3 1367 El/5872 10 FG B3hl 1402 E2/7002/1 0 FG B3hl 1367 El/5887 10 FG B3hl 1402 E2/7009 0 FG B2e 1367 El/9284 10 FG A3e 1402 E2/7019 0 FG B3b 1368 El /9397 11 FG B3f 1404 E2/7005/1 5 HS l.a.i.I III 273 1369 El/9360 9 W 150 95-2995 IV Fig. 37:14 1404 E2/7010 5 FG B3c 1370 El/9505 7 ML III 123 1405 E2/7080 5 HSl.b.i III Fig. 19:3 327 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1411 E2/7168 5 FG Blj 86-1871 1422 E2/7179 0 ST 1423 E2 /7192/1 5 HS2.a.v III Fig. 20:14 Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1489 E2/3528/1 11 FG B3c 1489 E2/3528/2 11 FG B3hl 1489 E2/3530 11 FG B2c? 1424 E2/7186 5 FG B3hl 1492 E2/12067/8 11 FG A5a2 1424 E2/7227 5 FG B3hl 1492 E2/12146 11 FG M 1426 E2/7194/1 5 HS l.b.i. Ill 273 1493 E2/12116 7B FG D 1426 E2/7194/3 5 HSl.b.i/3.b III 273 1496 E2/12089 7B FG B2c 1426 E2/7212 5 HS l.a.iii.D 86-1655 III Fig. 17:4 1497 E2/12115 11 FG Blfl IV Fig. 15:5; 1426 E2/7214/4 5 HSl.a.iii.C ffl Fig. 17:3 1500 E2/12160 12 BR III 118 IV 96 1426 E2/7214/1 5 HS l.b.i III 274 1426 E2/7231/1 5 HS III 273 1426 E2/7231/1 1426 E2/7231/6 5 HS 1426 E2/7257/8 5 HS 1427 E2/7196/2 1427 E2/7 196/3 5 HS l.b.i III Fig. 18:3 1 .a.vi.A 95-2161 III Fig. 17:14 1 .a.vi.B 95-2170 III Fig. 17:24 5 HS l.b.i III Fig. 18:10 , 5 HS l.a.ii? III Fig. 16:22 1430 E2/7268 7B FG A5b 1431 E2/7250 6-5 FG B2c 1431 E2/7262 6-5 FG B3c 1431 E2/7305/2 6-5 LW B5h 95-3649 1500 E2/12179/1 12 W 85 95-2661 IV Fig. 35:4 1500 E2/12179/2 12 W 86 1501 E3/7445/1 5 HS l.b.ii III 274 1501 E3/7464/6 5 HS 2.a.ii.B III Fig. 20:11 1501 E3/7469 5 HS 3.b III 274 1501 E3/7548 5 ST 1502 E3 /74 14/1 5 HS l.b.i III 274 1502 E3 /74 14/8 5 HS 2.a.i/ii III 274 1502 E3 /74 14/9 5 HS 3.b III Fig. 21:9 1502 E3/12938 5 FG A4a IV Fig. 13:9; IV 88 1431 E2/7305 6-5* HS l.a.i.F III 274 1431 E2/7343/4 6-5* HS 1. a.vi.B III Fig. 17:26 1432 E2/7251 12 ST 1507 E3/7436 6 HSl.a.i.E 95-2153 III Fig. 15:7 1512 E2/7467 5 LWB5p 95-3604 IV Fig. 22:23 1512 E3/7522 5 ML III 126 1516 E2/7471 5 LW A5f 95-3615 IV PI. 11:13 1518 E3/7463 6 HS l.b.i/3.b III 274 1436 E2/7317 7 ST 1444 E2/7324 12 ST 1447 E2/7335 12 FG B3f 1447 E2/7352 12 FG Alb 86-416 IV Fig. 10:12 1527 E3/7438 5 HS l.b.ii III Fig. 22:1 1450 E2/7374 12 W 84 1527 E3/7446 5 ML III 127 1450 E2/7381 12 FG Ala? 1527 E3/7688 5 HS 3.b III Fig. 21:8 1527 E3/7772 5 ST IV Fig. 30:13 1451 E2/2831 12 FG B3h2 1456 E2/2835 12 FG D 1527 E3/12864 5 ST 95-2960 IV PI. 13:15 1460 E2/2843 12 FG B3e 1530 E3/7604 6 BD, GM 1531 E3/7672 6 LW B4k 95-3600 IV Fig. 22:16 1460 E2/2844 12 FG B2c 1461 E2/2852 0 HS l.a.i.G 95-2155 III Fig. 15:23 1461 E2/2855 0 HSl.a.iv III Fig. 17:7 1462 E2/2910 5 HS l.a.i.F m Fig. 15:17 1534 E3/7767 6 FG B3a 1534 E3/12820 6 FG B3c 1534 E3/12887 6 FG B3c 1463 E2/2872 5 HSl.a.i.K fflFig. 16:18 1467 E2/2992 5 FG A3b 95-1731 IV Fig. 12:7 1541 E3/7671 7 LW B5h 95-3650 1543 E3/12831 7 HS l.b.i III 274 1462 E2/2936 5 ML III 123 1539 E3/7653 6 W 185 1467 E2/2995 5 ML III 127 1544 E3/12809 7 FG Ala? 1467 E2/3005 5 FG B3b 95-1757 IV Fig. 17:2 1552 E3/7790 10 LW B3h 1467 E2/3077/3 5 HS l.a.v III Fig. 17:8 1556 E3/12854 11-10 FG B3f 1467 E2/3039 5 FG B3f 1467 E2/12015 5 FG A3b 1467 E2/12048 5 FG B3a 1553 E3/7761 7 ML III 123 1557 E3/12808 8?-7 FG B2c 1557 E3/12963 8?-7 FG B2c? 1558 E3/12817 8? LW A2b 95-3582 IV Fig. 21:21 1558 E3/12852 8? ST 95-2978 IV Fig. 28:1 1560 E3/12845 5* HS 4 95-2149 III Fig. 14:25 1467 E2/12058 5 FG B3c 1475 E2/12013 7-6 FG B3f 1475 E2/12050 7-6 ST 1477 E2/3035 7 FG B3c 1560 E3/12896 5 FG B3hl 1561 E3/12289 11-10 FG B3hl 1478 E2/3053 7 ML III 127 1561 E3/12928 11-10 FG B3hl 1476 E2/3026 7 FG A3b 86-2031 IV Fig. 12:9 1478 E2/12098 7 FG A5a2 1561 E3/12933 11-10 FGA6a 1561 E3/12961 11-10 FGB3c 1483 El /3065 7 FG A2g 1483 E2/12033 7 ML III 127 1562 E3/12939 11-10 FG B3hl 1484 E2/3072 6 ST 1562 E3/12960 11-10 FG B3hl 1562 E3/12981 ll-10FGB3hl » 1484 E2/12024 6 ST 1562 E3/13033 11-10 FG B2al 86-1862 IV Fig. 16:16 1562 E3/13037 11-10 FG A3d2 95-1732 IV Fig. 12:10 1485 E2/3085 7 FG B3a 1485 E2/12017 7 FG B3g 1485 E2/12031 7 FG A5a2 1563 E3/12935 6 FG B3hl 1485 E2/12062 7 FG A4a IV Fig. 13:10 1563 E3/12957 6 FG B2a-c 95-1754 IV Fig. 16:15 1563 E3/13016 6 FG A3a2 95-1729 IV Fig. 12:5 1486 E2/3 100/1 5 ML III 126 1489 E2/1802 11 FG B2f 1563 E3/13048 6 FG B3c 1489 E2/1817 11 FG A5b 1565 E3/12886 0 FG A3a2 1489 E2/1834 11 FG B2c 1565 E3/12890 0 FG B3hl 1489 E2/1874 11 FG B2c 1571 E3/12985 10 FG D 1489 E2/3524 11 FG B3c 1572 E3/13010 11-10 FG B3hl 1489 E2/3526 11 FG A3a2 1573 E3/12955 10 ST 328 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1574 E3/12951 10 W 113 1604 El/10465 12 FG B3e 1574 E3/12998 10 FG B3c 1604 El/10485 12 FG B3c 1582 E3/13155 11-10 FG B3hl 1604 El/10519 12 FG B3hl 1582 E3/15530 11-10 ST IV Photo 20 1604 El/10520 12 FG B2c 95-1749 IV Fig. 16:10 1604 El/10527 12 FG A2e 86-409 IV Fig. 11:16 1604 El/10528 12 W 74 95-2655 IV Fig. 34:12 1584 E3/13031 11-10 FG Bla 86-1879 IV Fig. 14:3; IV 85 1585 E3/1 3032/1 10 FG B3hl 1604 El /10538 12 FG B3hl 1585 E3/13034 10 W 114 95-2675 IV Fig. 36:6 1585 E3/13090 10 FG C IV Fig. 18:2 1604 El/10543 12 FG B3g 1588 E3/13067 11-10 FG B3cl 1588 E3/13073 11-10 BD, GM 86^62 IV Fig. 45:2 1604 El/10540 12 FG B2c 1604 El/10544 12 FG B2c 1604 El/10545 12 FG M IV Fig. 19:4 1588 E3/13074 11-10 FG B2c 1604 El/10546 12 FG C 1588 E3/13082 ll-10FGB3f 1604 El/10563 12 FG B3hl 1588 E3/13083 ll-10FGB3hl 1604 El/14698 12 FG B3hl 1588 E3/13085 ll-10FGB3a 1588 E3/13099 11-10 FG B3f 1604 El/14701 12 FG D 1604 El/16010 12 FG B3c 1595 E3/13113 11-10 ML III 126 1604 El/16040 12 FG B3f 1598 E3/131 10 10 FG B3h2 1604 El /16043 12 FG B3g 1602 El/9960 12 FG B2c 1604 El/16044 12 FG B3hl 1604 El/16045 12 FG B3hl 1602 El/10099 12 FG B2? 1604 El /16059 12 FG B3g 1599 E3/19044 10 W 115 1604 El/16066 12 W 75 1602 El/10148 12 FG B2c? 1604 El/16085 12 FG B3c 1603 El/14311 7 ST 1604 El/10023 12 FG A5a2 1604 El/16090 12 FG B3f 1604 El/10025 12 FG Blj 86-1873 IV Fig. 15:2; 1604 El/16112 12 FG B3hl 1604 El/10027 12 FG B3d 1604 El/16144 12 FG B3g? 1604 El/16168 12 FG F-M 95-1774 IV Fig. 19:8 IV 86, 96 1604 El/10028 12 FG B3c 1604 El/16143 12 FG B3hl 1604 El/10035 12 FG B2c 1606 El/10127 12 FG Ale 86-1858 1604 El/10043 12 FG C 1608 El/9987 11 ST 1604 El/10044 12 FG A5a2 1608 El/10011 11 FG B3cl IV 96 1604 El/10045 12 FG B3c 1608 El/10014 11 FL IV Fig. 41:13 1604 El/10165 12 FG B3hl 1608 El /101 50 11 ML III 126 1608 El/10155 11 FB 162 III 142 1608 El/10155 11 FB 163 III 142 1608 El/10155 11 FB 164 III 142 1608 El/10155 11 FB 165 III PI. 10:25 1604 El/10169 12 FG B3hl 1608 El/10182 11 BD, GM 86-448 IV Fig. 42:12 1604 El/10073 12 FG Blk 86-1874 IV Fig. 14:17; IV 86 1604 El/10143 12 FG A2al 86-406 IV Fig. 11:3 1604 El/10144 12 FG B3hl 1604 El/10176 12 W 72 95-2653 IV Fig. 34:10 1608 El/10246 11 FG B3c IV 96 1604 El/10195 12 FG B3e 1609 El /10007 11 FG B3d 1604 El /10207 12 FG B3g 1604 El/10235 12 FG B3g 1609 El/14685 11 FG A6a? 1604 El/10267 12 FG B3f 1610 El/10364 7 FG B3a 1604 El/10268 12 FG B3hl 1610 El/10427 7 FG B3hl 1604 El/10271 12 FG B3hl 1610 El/10584 7 FG B3c 1604 El/10281 12 FG B3c 1610 El/14528 7 FG A3c 1604 El/10301/1 12 FG B3hl 1610 El/14597" 7 FG A3c 1604 El/10301/2 12 FG B3hl 1604 El/10302 12 FG B3c 1611 El/10165 12 FB 168 III 142 1611 El/10189 12 FB 167 III 142 1604 El/10312/2 12 FG D 1611 El /10204 12 FG B3g 1609 El/14684 11 W 97 95-2666 IV Fig. 35:9 1610 El /9966 7 FG B3g 1604 El/10261 12 FG B2c 1611 El/10206 12 FG B2c? 1604 El/10312 12 FG B3hl 1604 El/10314 12 FG B3hl 1611 El/10222 12 FB 169 III 142 1604 El/10384 12 FG C 1612 El/9686 12 ST 95-2981 IV Fig. 28:5 1612 El/9957 12 ST 1604 El/10420 12 FG B3hl 1604 El/10422 12 FG Blj 95-1743 IV Fig. 15:1 1604 El/10426 12 FG B3hl 1604 El/10430 12 W 73 95-2654 IV Fig. 34:11 1612 El/10074 12 BD 86-446 IV Fig. 44:2 1612 El/16224 12 FG B2a 1615 El/10178 7A-6 FG B3a 1604 El/10433 12 FG B2c IV 88 1615 El/10203 7A-6 FG B3hl 1604 El/10434 12 FG B3hl 1615 El/10247 7A-6 FG B3hl 1604 El/10435 12 FG B3c 1616 El/10265 14 W 31 95-2625 IV Fig. 32:7 1604 El/10452 12 FG B3f IV 88 1616 El/10375 14 ML m 126 1617 El/10089 0 LW B5h 95-3638 1604 El/10453 12 FG B2c 1604 El/10462 12 FG B3hl 1618 El/10243 12 ST 95-2986 IV Fig. 29:3 1618 El/10270 12 W 76 95-2656 IV Fig. 34:13 1604 El /10436 12 FG B3f 1604 El/10463 12 FG B3hl 1618 El/10315 12 FG B3hl 1604 El/10464 12 FG B3c 1618 El/10335 12 FG B2c 329 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1618 El/10336 12 FG B3hl 1646 El/10749 12 FG B3h2 1618 El/10533 12 BD, GM 86-445 IV Fig. 43:2 1646 El/10766 12 W 74 95-2655 IV Fig. 34:12 1618 El/10539 12 FG B2c 1646 El/10772 12 FG B3hl 1618 El/14312 12 FG B3hl 1646 El/10773 12 FG B3hl 1618 El/14314 12 FG B3c 1646 El/10781 12 FG B3c 1618 El/14333 12 BR 111117,119 1646 El/10782 12 FG B2c 1618 El/14371 12 FG B2c? 1646 El/10785 12 FG B3hl 1618 El/14372 12 ML III 127 1619 El/10220 7A-6 W 180 IV Fig. 38:18 1646 El /10824 12 FG B3f 1648 El/10682 18A BR III 117 1619 El/10232 7A-6 LW B5h 95-3639 1648 El/10823 18A ST 1619 El/10736 7A-6 FGE1 95-1771 IV Fig. 19:2 1619 El/10790 7A-6 FGBlj 86-1870 IV Fig. 15:3; 1648 El/10840 18A ST IV 86 1648 El/10966 18A W5 1648 El/14309 18A W6 1648 El/14313 18A ML III 124 1619 El/10821 7A-6 FG B3hl 1620 El/10095 14 FB 170 III 142 1648 El/14323/2 18A W7 1621 El/10101 10 LW A2b 95-3640 1649 El/10735 17 FG B3hl 1621 El/10152 10 FG B3c 1650 El/14419 12 FB 175 III 143 1621 El/10153 10 W 108 95-2672 IV Fig. 36:2 1650 El/14460 12 FG B3hl 1621 El/10254 10 FG B3hl 1650 El/14516 12 FG Ala 1621 El/10325 10 FG El 95-1767 IV Fig. 18:8 1650 El/14550 12 FG B3f 1621 El/10605/1 10 LW B3h 1650 El/14565 12 FG B2e 1623 El/10126 14 FG A3dl 95-1733 IV Fig. 12:11 1623 El/10256 14 FG B2bl 86-2029 IV Fig. 16:1; 1650 El/14584/1 12 LW B3h 95-3641 IV 39 1650 El/14596 12 W 77 95-2657 IV Fig. 34:14 1651 El/10648 14 W 33 -IV Fig. 32:8 1623 El/10306/1 14 ML III 124 1651 El/10651/6 14 FG B3hl 1623 El/10306/2 14 ML III 125 1652 El/10641 18-17 W 20 1623 El/10344 14 FG B3hl 1653 El/10778 17 ST 1624 El/10185 12 FB 171 III 142 1653 El/10855 17 BR 111117,119 1625 El /101 84 20 FG B2c 1654B El/14342 18 ST IV Fig. 25:8 1626 El/10264 7A-6 FG B2c 1655 El/10939 14 ST 1626 El/10269 7A-6 FG B3hl 1655 El/10967 14 FB 176 III 143 1626 El/10377 7A-6 FG Ala 1655 El/14429/1 14 ML III 123 1627 El/10244 12 FG A3c 1655 El/14429/2 14 ML III 126 1627 El/10257 12 FG Ala 1655 El/14430 14 BD, GM 86-447 IV Fig. 42:6 1655 El/14616 14 LW B3h 95-3590 IV Fig. 22:5 1627 El/10319 12 FB 172 III 143 1656A El/10712 18 ST 1627 El/10319 12 ST 1657 El/14380 17 LW B3h IV Fig. 22:4 1629 El/10400 14 ST 1632 El/10316 10 FG B3hl 1658 El/10753 14 ST 1633 El/10441 12 LW B5i 1658 El/10759 14 ST 1636 El/10407 10 FG D 1658 El/10795 14 FB 177 III 143 1636 El/10586 10 FG B3hl 1658 El/10799 14 W 34 1636 El/10662 10 FG B2c 1658 El/10882 14 FG M 1636 El/10671 10 W 109 95-2676 IV Fig. 36:3 1660 El/10900 6 W 184 1636 El/10686 10 FG B3a 1660 El /10911 6 ST 1636 El/10822 10 FG B3c 1660 El/10912 6 ST 1660 El/10913 6 ST 95-2992 1637 El/10613 17 W 21 1638 El/10479 12 ML III 122 1660 El/10949 6 ST 1660 El /10954 6 ST IV 193 1638 El/10518/1 12 FG B3h2 1642 El/10645 12 FG B3hl 1660 El /10958 6 FG B3e 1643 El/4190 14 FG B2c 1660 El /10984 6 FG B3c 1643 El/5826 14 FG A3c 1660 El /14373 6 FG B3hl 1643 El/5920 14 FB 142 III 142 1660 El /14405 6 ST 1643 El/5920 14 FB 141 III Pl. 10:15-16 1660 El/14541 6 FG B3hl 1643 El/10531 14 W 32 95-2645 IV Fig. 34:2 1660 El/14554 6 FGBlj 1643 El/10554 14 BR III 119 1660 El/14561 6 ST 1643 El/10658 14 ML III 126 1660 El/14612 6 FG B3hl 1646 El/10583 12 FG B3hl 1660 El/14613 6 FG B3hl 1646 El/10628 12 FG B3hl 1660 El/14637 6 FG B3c 1646 El/10629 12 FG B3f 1660 El /14658 6 FGBlj 1646 El/10636 12 FG D 1662 El/10842 18 W8 1646 El/10638 12 FG B2c 1662 El/10851 18 W 9 95-2618 IV Fig. 31:9 1663 El/10872/1 10 W 110 95-2673 IV Fig. 36:4 1646 El/10639 12 FG B3hl 1646 El/10724 12 FB 173 III 143 1663 El/10909 10 ST 1646 El/10733 12 FG B2c 1666 El/10956 18 FG B3c 1646 El/10734 12 FG B3hl 1667 El/10974 12 ST 95-2972 IV Fig. 25:5 1646 El/10740 12 FG B3c 1668 El/6036 14 FB 143 III 142 1646 El /10741 12 FG B3hl 1670 E2/10965 12 W 87 330 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1670A El/10965 12 W 78 1906 E3/13151 11-10 FG B3hl 1679 El/14434 11 FG B3hl 1906 E3/13156 11-10 FG B3hl 1679 El /14435 11 FG B3hl 1909 E3/13166 11-10 FG B3hl 1679 El /14456 11 FG B3hl 1910 E3/13192 0 FG A3c 1679 El /14480 11 FG B3hl 1910 E3/15516 0 FG B3a 1679 El/14525 11 W 98 95-2667 IV Fig. 35:10 1679 El/14546 11 W 99 95-2668 IV Fig. 35:11 1911 E3/15509 11-10 FG Blf2 95-1745 IV Fig. 15:7 1913 E3/15529 11-10 FG B3f 1679 El/14563 11 FG B3hl 1914 E3/15532/7 11-10 FG D 1679 El/14564 11 FG B3hl 1916 E3/15567 0 FG B3e 1679 El/14562 11 FG B3hl 1914 El/15505 11-10 BR III 119 1682 El/14381 18 FB 179 III 143 1916 E3/15689 0 FG D 1682 El/14381 18 FB 178 III PI. 10:23 1918 E3/15570 7 FG A3f 1682 El/14466 18 FB 181 III 143 1918 E3/15571 7 FG A2bl 86-1901 1684 El/14437 14 BD 86-442 IV Fig. 44:1 1685 El/14470 14 FG El 95-1766 IV Fig. 18:7 1685 El/14471 14 FG M 1918 E3/15578 7 FG A3c 1918 E3/15582 7 FG B3hl 1920 E3/15580 11-10 FG B2c 1685 El/14503 14 BR 111117,119 1921 E3/15594 7 FG A5a2 1687 El /14489 10 FG B3f 1923 E3/15591 11-10 FG A5a2? 1687 El/14491 10 FG B3hl 1923 E3/15592 11-10 FG A3a2 86-1843 IV Fig. 12:4 1687 El/14529 10 FG B3hl 1923 E3/15603 11-10 FG B2c 1687 El/14655 10 FG B3hl 1923 E3/15626 11-10 FG B3hl 1689 El/14519 18 W 10 95-2612 IV Fig. 31:3 1923 E3/15637 11-10 FG B2c 1692 A El /14496 14 LW B3h 1923 E3/15643 11-10 FG Ala 1692 A El/14539 14 FG M IV Fig. 19:10 1923 E3/15654 11-10 FG B3g 1696 El/14647 18 BR III 120 1703 E2/12133 7B FG A5a2 1923 E3/15659 11-10 FG B3hl 1923 E3/15666 11-10 FG B2c 1703 E2/12204 7B HS III 272 1703 E2/12227 7B HS l.a.i III Fig. 14:5 1923 E3/15736 11-10 FG Ala? 1924 E3/15593 6-5 FG B3c 1705 E2/12140 11 FG B3d 1924 E3/15633 6-5 FG B3hl 1705 E2/12142 11 ST 1924 E3/15655 6-5 FG A5a2 1705 E2/12182 11 FG A3c 1924 E3/15694 6-5 FG B3hl 1706 E2/12141 11 FGBlc 95-1742 IV Fig. 14:9; IV 86 1924 E3/15787 6-5 FG Ale 95-1722 IV Fig. 10:19 1924 E3/15842 6-5 FG B3hl 1926 E3/15609 12-11 FG B3hl 1709 E2/2797 11 FG B3c 1709 E2/2799 11 FG B3hl 1927 E3/15606 10 FG A5a2 1709 E2/12183 11 FG B2c 1927 E3/15610 10 FG B3hl 1710 E2/12176 0 FG B3f 1927 E3/15630 10 FG B3f 1712 E2/12251 12 FG B3a 1927 E3/15634 10 FG A3e 95-1734 IV Fig. 12:13 1713 E2/12226 1 ST IV Fig. 29:1 1927 E3/15635 10 FG B3hl 1729 E2/12269 7B FG B3hl 1927 E3/15658 10 FG B3fl 1731 E2/12282 7B FG B3hl 1927 E3/15660 10 FG A5b 1927 E3/15661 10 FG B3g 1732 E2/12283 7B FG B3c 1927 E3/15684 10 FG A5b 1732 E2/12284 7B FG B3g 1733 E2/12295 7B FG B3hl 1927 E3/15685 10 FG B3hl 1733 E2/12297 7B FG B3hl 1927 E3/15699 10 FG B3a 1901 E3/12995 12 FG B3c 1927 E3/15700 10 FB 194 III 143 1901 E3/12999 12 FG A2g 1927 E3/15700 10 FB 195 III 143 1927 E3/15700 10 FB 196 III 143 1901 E3/13049 12 FG B3hl 1901 E3/13111 12 FG B3b 1927 E3/15700 10 FB 197 III 143 1901 A E3/1 3012/1 12 ST 95-2990 IV Fig. 30:6 1901 A E3/13012/2 12 ST 95-2991 IV Fig. 30:5 1927 E3/15703 10 FG B3g 1927 E3/15704 10 FG B3hl 1901B E3/13145 12 ST IV Photo 20 1927 E3/15705 10 FG Ala 1901B E3/13172 12 ST 95-2987 IV Fig. 30:1 1901B E3/13173 12 ST 95-2989 IV Fig. 30:3 1927 E3/15706 10 FG Ala 1927 E3/15706 10 FB 201 III 143 1901B E3/13174 12 ST IV Photo 20 1927 E3/15707 10 FG B3hl 1901B E3/13175 12 ST IV Photo 20 1928 E3/15650 10 FG B3f 1901B E3/13187 12 ST IV Photo 20 1929 E3/15765 7 FB 198 III 143 1901B E3/13193 12 ST 1930 E3/15691 10 FG B3hl 1901B E3/13194 12 ST IV Photo 20 1930 E3/15809 10 FG B3hl 1901B E3/13195 12 ST IV Photo 20 1930 E3/15944 10 FG B3hl 1901B E3/13196 12 ST 95-2988 IV Fig. 30:2 1901B E3/15517 12 ST, W 88 IV Fig. 30:4 1930 E3/15963 10 FG B3hl 1902 E3/13107 11-10 LW B3h 1932 E3/15644 10 FG B3hl 1902 E3/13109 11-10 FG Ala 1933 E3/15721 0 FG Big 86-1861 IV Fig. 14:14; 1902 E3/13115 11-10 FG Ala 86-1855 IV Fig. 10:9 1902 E3/13138 11-10 FG Ala 86-1854 IV Fig. 10:6 1902 E3/13179 11-10 FG B3g 1933B E3/1 5805/3 12 ST IV Fig. 28:2 1934 E3/15829 12 W 89 95-2662 IV Fig. 35:5 1930 A E3/15952 10 LW A3g IV Fig. 22:1 IV 86 331 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type lAANo. Vol. /Page 1934 E3/15863 12 FG B3h2 2015 El/16532 12 FG B3hl 1934 E3/15864 12 FG B2c 2015 El/16592 12 FG C 86-1845 IV Fig. 18:1 1935 E3/15681 10 FG B3a 2015 El/16597 12 FG B3c 1935 E3/15738 10 FG A5b 2015 El/16677 12 LW B3h 95-3594 IV Fig. 22:10 2015 El/16802 12 LW A3c IV Fig. 21:22 1935 E3/15741 10 FG B3a 1935 E3/15742 10 FG B3hl 2016 El/16017 7 FG A3a2 1935 E3/15798 10 FG B2al 2016 El/16173 7 FG B3hl 2016 El/16174 7 FG B3g 1935 E3/15799 10 FG B3f 1935 E3/15800 10 FG B3hl 2018 El /16102 0 FG B3c 1935 E3/15847 10 FG C 2019 El/16039 7A LW B5h 95-3642 1935 E3/15850 10 FG A5a2 2024A El/16231 12 FG B2c 1936 E3/15771 10 FG B3hl 2024B El/16367 18-17 FG B3hl 1936 E3/15772 10 FG B3hl 2026 El/16315 0 FG B3hl 1936 E3/15773 10 FG B2c 2028 El/16169 11 FG B3hl 1938 E3/1 5764/1 7 HS l.a.i III Fig. 14:1 2028 El/16239 11 FG B3hl 1940 E3/15844 6 FG B3hl 2028 El/16246 11 FG B3hl 1944 E3/15784 10 LW Alq 2028 El /16247 11 FG B2c 1944 E3/15785 10 FG B2c 2028 El /16283 11 FG B2c 1944 E3/15894 10 FG B3hl 2028 El /16284 11 FG A3c 1945 E3/15804 10 FB 199 III PI. 10:22 2028 El/16286 11 FG Bid 86-1863 IV Fig. 14:10; 1947 E3/15790 10 ST 95-2970 IV Fig. 25:2 1949 E3/15811 11-10 FG C IV 86 2028 El/16295 11 FG B3hl 1949 E3/15831 11-10* FB 200 m PI. 9:7 2028 El/16310 11 FG B3hl 1950 E3/15814 11-10 GM 2028 El/16314 11 FG B3hl 1951 E3/15930 11-10 FG A5a2 2028 El /163 16 11 FG B3c 1952 E3/15865 11 FG B3hl 2028 El/16317 11 FG B3c 1952 E3/15926 11 FG D 2028 El/16332 11 FG B3hl 1952 E3/15929 11 FG B3hl 2028 El/16360 11 FG 2028 El/16613 11 FG 2028 El/16638 11 FG 2028 El/16719 11 FG 2028 El /16727 2028 El/16727 11 FG 2028 El/16728 11 FG 1952 E3/15932 11 FG D 1952 E3/15933 11 FG B3g? 1953 E3/15956 0 FG C 1953 E3/15958 0 FG D 1955 E3/15841 11-10 FG A5a2? 1956 E3/15897 10 W 116 A3c B3f B3c B3hl 11 ML III 124 B3d B3hl 1957 E3/15917 12 FG B3hl 2028 El/16757 11 ML III 123 1957 E3/15924 12 FG A3al 95-1726 IV Fig. 12:1 2028 El/16801 11 FG B3hl 1957 E3/15931 12 FG B3hl 2028 El/16851 11 FG B3c 1957 E3/19009 12 W 37 95-2627 IV Fig. 32:10 2031 El/19805 10 FG B3hl 1959 E3/15998 11 FG B3hl 2035 El/16368 12 FG B3hl 1957 E3/19043 12 FG B2d 1962 E3/18846/1 17 W 24 95-2644 IV Fig. 34:1 2035 El/16297 12 FG B3g 2035 El/16450 12 FG B3hl 1965 E3/18822 12-10 FG B3c 2035 El/16451 12 FG B3h2 1974 E3/19010 18 W 18 2035 El/16487 2035 El /16536 12 2035 El /16854 12 2035 El/16926 12 1975 E3 /19027 18 FL IV Fig. 41:10 1978 E3/18902 14 LW B3h 95-3593 IV Fig. 22:9 1992 E3/15971 14 W 36 95-2626 IV Fig. 32:9 12 FG FG FG FB 184 III 143 B3b B2c B3f 2004 El/10649 18-17* FB 174 III 143 2035 El/17284 12 FG B3hl 2004 El/10694 18-17 ST 95-2982 IV Fig. 28:7 2005 El/17403 12 FL IV Fig. 40:12 2035 El/17285 12 FG B2b2 2007 El/16109 7 FG B3hl 2037 El/16904 10 FB 185 III 143 2038 El /16227 7 FG B3hl 2038 El/16241 7 FG B3b 2038 El/16389 7 FG B3hl 2006 El/16063 6 FG M 2007 El/16151 7 FG B3c 2007 El/16171 7 FG D 2007 El/16223 7 FG B3hl 2035 El/17286 12 FG B3g 2035 El/17323 12 FG A5a2? 2039 El /1 6373/2 7B HS l.a.i III Fig. 14:4 2039 El/16373/3 7B HS l.a.iv III Fig. 14:17 2009 El/16046 10 FG B3hl 2009 El/16047 10 FG B3f 2040 El/16230 10 FG B3c 2009 El/16564 10 FG A5b 2040 El/16850 10 FG B3g? 2010 El/16188 10 FG B3hl 2042 El/16127 18A FG B3c 2042 El/16170 18A FG B3f 2012 El/16039 7 LW B5h 2015 El/16060 12 W 79 2015 El/16428 12 W 80 95-2658 IV Fig. 34:15 2015 El/16439 12 W81 95-2659 IV Fig. 35:1 2015 El/16460 12 FB 182 IU PI. 9:14 2042 El/16235 18A W 11 2046 El/16371 9 HS l.a.i 95-2145 III Fig. 14:3 2046 El/16606 9 FG B2c? 2015 El/16469 12 FG B3hl 2047 El/16583 7 FG B2c 2015 El/16498 12 FG Bla 86-1875 IV Fig. 14:2; 2053 El/16442 8 FG B3hl IV 85 2015 El/16499 12 FG B3hl 2053 El/16474 8 HS l.a.i 95-2145 III Fig. 14:3 2061 El/16596/1 7 FG B3hl 332 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 2062 El/16535 14 FG B3h3 2123 El/17269/2 14 ML III 125 2123 El/17269 14* BR m 119-21 2062 El/16925 14 FG B2c 2123 El/17293 14 FG B3hl 2062 El/17031 14 ST 2063 El /16979 10 FG A5b 2123 El /1 7310 14* BR III 119-20 2063 El/16980 10 Horus Eye 95-4103 IV Fig. 48 2065 El/16616 8 HS l.a.i III Fig. 14:2 2066 El/16576 9 W 151 95-2996 IV Fig. 37:15 2123 El/17348 14 FG A6a 2066 El /16662 9 FG B3hl 2124 El/17265 7 FG Ala 2066 El/16741 9 FB 186 III 143 2124 El/17458 7 ST 2061 El /16596/2 7 FG D 2123 El/17344 14* BR III 119-20 2068 El /16708/ 18 ML III 125 1-8 2071 El/17382 10 ML ffl 127 2074 El /16680 7 FG Ala 2123 El/17883 14* BR III 119 2123 El/21505 14 ML III 122 2126 El/17247 10 ML III 122 2127 El/17351 7 LW A2d 95-3585 IV Fig. 21:27 2128 El /19593 7 FG A3f 95-1736 IV Fig. 13:2 2128 El/19594 7 FG B2c-a 2074B El/16504 18 ST IV Fig. 26:5 2075 El /16692 7 FG B3hl 2075 El/16756 7 FG A2a2 86-1851 IV Fig. 11:6 2076 El/16713 14 ML III 123 2076 El/16765 14 FG B3c 2076 El/16787 14 ST IV Fig. 26:2 2076 El/16797 14 FG Alf 86-1900 IV Fig. 10:14 2076 El/16918 14 W 35 2076 El/16947 14 ML III 123 2129 El/17349 9 W 157 95-3000 IV Fig. 38:1 2130 El/17330 0 LW B5i 95-3646 2130 El/19532 0 ML III 126 2135 El/17440 17 BD, GM 95-2371 IV Fig. 43:6 2135 El /17461 17 BD 95-2375 IV Fig. 44:11 2135 El/17492 17 ML ffl 127 2135 El /19509 17 W 22 95-2620 IV Fig. 32:2 2135 El /19562 17 FL IV Fig. 41:19 2135 El /19564 17 BD, GM 95-2367 IV Fig. 42:17 2078 El/16771 9 FB 187 III 143 2135 El /19745 17 FB 188 ffl PI. 9:3 2078 El /16856 9 FG D 2135 El /19804 17 W 23 95-2621 IV Fig. 32:3 2079 El/16749 11 BD, GL 43 86-457 II Fig. 31; IV Fig. 44:10 2135 El/21535 17 BD, GM 2079 El /16860 11 FG B3f 2135A El/17436 17 ST 95-2979 IV Fig. 28:3 2135B El/21544 18-17 ST 95-2968 IV Fig. 26:4 2079 El /16759 11 FG A3c 2082 El /16963 18 ML in 122 2135 El /21 572 17 BR III 121 2135 El /21 582 17 ML III 127 2137 El /17393 12 ST 2085 El /16793 10 BD, GM 2139 El/19818 18B FL IV Fig. 41:9 2085 El /16799 10 FG B3f 2085 El /16920 10 FG B3hl 2146 El/17463 7 FG B3hl 2085 El /17456 10 ST 2086 El /16768 12 FG B3hl 2153 El /1 971 6 18A* ML III 125 2152 El /19780 12 FL IV Fig. 40:15 2153 El/19726 18A BD 95-2378 IV Fig. 45:9 2155 El/19526 10 Will 95-2674 IV Fig. 36:5 2086 El /1 731 8 12 LW B3h 2086 El/17371 12 LW B3h 2089 El /16848 18B LW B5h 2086 El/17392 12 LW B5h 95-3607 IV Fig. 22:26 2155 El/19592 10 FGBlfl 2157 El/19602 10 FG A5al? 2092 El /16729 9 LW A3c 95-3645 2157 El /19609 10 FG B3hl 2092 El /16730 9 LW A3d 95-3643 2159 El /19658 10 W 112 2092 El /1 691 3 9 LW A3c 95-3580 IV Fig. 21:19 2092 El/16945 9 W 152 95-2997 IV Fig. 37:16 2161 El /17408 18A FL IV Fig. 41:14 2161 El /1 961 6 18A W 12 95-2613 IV Fig. 31:4 2092 El/17108 9 LW A5f 95-3644 2161 El /19703 I8A FG B3hl 2093 El /19628 12 BD, GM IV Fig. 42:14 2096 El/17001 14 LW B3h 95-3592 IV Fig. 22:7 2103 El/17071 9 W 153 95-2998 IV Fig. 37:17 2107 El /16942 12 W 82 95-2660 IV Fig. 35:2 2113 El /171 36 9 W 154 95-2999 IV Fig. 37:18 2161 2161 2161 2161 2161 2113 El/17139 9 ML III 127 2113 El/17140 9 BD, GM 2113 El/17141 9 FG B3e 2113 El/17143/2 9 W 155 2113 El /17145 9 ML III 124 2113 El /17181 9 FG B3f? 2114 El/19538 9 BR IH 121 El/19814 18A* FB 191 III 143 El/19814 18A* FB 192 ffl 143 El/19814 18A* FB 193 III PI. 11:37 El /198 14 18A* FB 190 III PI. 9:4 El/21571 18A* FB 189 III 143 2161 El/21581/1 18A ST IV Fig. 28:6 2161 El /21 581 /2 18A ST IV Fig. 24:7 2161 El/21583 18A W 13 95-2614 IV Fig. 31:5 2161 El/21610 18A ST 95-2969 IV Fig. 25:1 2161 El /2 1629 18A BR III 121 2161 El/21635 18A LW B5h 95-3605 IV Fig. 22:24 2161 El/21638 18A W 14 95-2615 IV Fig. 31:6 2114 El /19590 9 ML m 126 2161 El /2 1665 18A BR III 121 2114 El/19597 9 BR III 119 2166 El/19740 18A LW B3h 2114 El/19657 9 W 158 95-3001 IV Fig. 38:2 2167 El /19700 20 FL IV Fig. 41:6 2116 El/16584 10 FG B2c 86-1841 2167 El /19771 20 ML III 126 2167 El /1 9831 20 ML III 126 2121 El/17291 7 FG B3hl 2167 El /21 634 20 ST 95-2965 IV Fig. 24:6 2115 El/17292 9 W 156 2168 El/19733 18 ML III 123, 125-26 2122 El/19586 10 FG B2c 2123 El/17254/1 14 ML III 125 2169 El/19717 18A W 15 95-2616 IV Fig. 31:7 2123 El/17254/2 14 ML III 125 2171 El/19687 14 ST 2123 El /17254 14* BR III 119-20 2177 El/19764 18 FL IV Fig. 40:11 2177 El /19767 18 W 16 95-2619 IV Fig. 32:1 2123 El/17269/1 14 ML III 125 333 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 2182 El/19843 20 FG A5a2 Surf. 11004 0 FL IV Fig. 41:16 Surf. 11316 0 BD, GM 95-2356 IV Fig. 42:2 2402 E3/19072 11-10 FG A5b Surf. 11319 0 LW A2b 2402 E3/19144 11-10 GM 2402/2 E3/19062 11-10 FG B3c Surf. 17705 0 FG B3e 2402/2 E3/19063 11-10 FG B2e? W. 329 8226 10C-B FG B3c W. 329 8247 IOC-B FB 1 W. 329 8254 IOC-B* BR W. 329 11064 IOC-B* ML W. 329 11065 IOC-B* BR W. 329 11067 IOC-B FG A3c W. 330 17709 IOC-B FG B3f W. 367 8154 IOC-B* BR 701 2006/1 0 FG B2c 2402/2 E3/19064 11-10 FG B3hl 2402/2 E3/19070 11-10 FG B3c 2402/2 E3/19073 11-10 FG B3c 2402/2 E3/19074 11-10 FG B3g 2402/2 E3/19079 11-10 W 103 2402/3 E3/19089 11-10 FG B2c 2402/3 E3/19099 11-10 FG B3hl 2402/3 E3/19100 11-10 FG B3hl III 140 III 117 III 126 III 117 III 118 703 2007 7 FG B3a 2402/3 E3/19143 11-10 FG D 2411 E3/19172/5 17 ST 703 2414 E3/19168 11-10 ST 705 2037 0 FG B3f 2417 E3/19105 18-17 FL 95-3256 IV Fig. 41:5 2421 E3/19214 18 FL IV Fig. 40:8 2423 E3/19172 20 FL IV Fig. 41:7 706 4326/6 8 LW A2c 2429 E3/19166 18 W 19 2063 7 ML III 127 706 4326/5 8 HS 2.a III Fig. 14:21 706 4326/7 8 HS l.a.iv III Fig. 14:18 706 4326/8 8 LW A2b 95-3652 706 4326/9 8 HSl.a.i III Fig. 14:6 2431 E3/19176 20 GM 2431 E3/19194 20 FL IV Fig. 40:7 2433 E3/19206 0 FL IV Fig. 40:14 706 4326/9 8 LW B5h 2438 E3/1921 1 21-20 FL IV Fig. 40:10 2438 E3/1 923 1/1 21-20 FL IV Fig. 40:1 2438 E3/19231/2 21-20 FL IV Fig. 40:3 2438 E3/19265 21-20 FL IV Fig. 41:1 706 4375 8 FG B3hl 2435 E3/19182 11-10 FG B3f 2438 E3/19283 21-20 LW B6n 2441 E3/ 19204/2 20 LW B3h IV Fig. 22:8 2441 E3/19204 20 FL 95-3257 IV Fig. 40:9 2441 E3/19220 20 FL 95-3258 IV Fig. 40:2 2441 E3/19238 20 FL IV Fig. 40:6 2451 E3/19222 20 FL IV Fig. 40:16 2452 E3/19223 20 FL IV Fig. 40:18 2456 E3/1 9267/1 20 FL IV Fig. 40:17 2456 E3/1 9267/2 20 FL 95-3255 IV Fig. 41:3 2456 E3/19296 20 FL IV Fig. 40:13 2460 E3/19240 20-17 ST 2470 E3/19260 20 FL IV Fig. 41:2 706 4337/4 8* ML III 124 706 4349 8 HS 2. a III Fig. 14:20 706 4392/1-2 8* ML ìli 124 706 4696 8 HS 2.c III Fig. 14:23 710 2039 7 FG B2e 710 2040 7 FG B3h2 IV Fig. 17:15 710 2054/1 7 FG B3a 710 2054/2 7 FG B3a 710 2054/3 7 FG B3hl 710 2068 7 FG A3a2 710 2081 7 FG B3e 710 2089/1 7 FG B3hl 710 2089/2 7 FG A5a2 IV Fig. 13:6 710 2092 7 FG Ala? 710 2110 7 FG B2a 86-2028 IV Fig. 16:4 710 2117 7 FGBlfl IV Fig. 15:10 710 2316 7 FG B3c 2472 E3/19284 0 FG B3hl 710 2317 7 FG B3hl 2480 E3/19288 20 W 1 95-2610 IV Fig. 31:1 2601 El /21 509 12 W 83 95-3081 IV Fig. 35:3 710 2324 7 FG B3hl 710 2319 7 FG B2e 2601 El /21 579 12 ST 710 2325 7 FG A5b 2603B El/21576 18B BR III 121 710 2330 7 FG B2a 86-1884 IV Fig. 16:3 2604 El /19820 20 ML III 126 711 4323 8 LW A3d 95-3616 2604 El /19840 20 ML III 122 712 2166 6 FG B3a 2605 El/21573 18B BR III 121 2605 El /2 1583 18B BR III 121 2612 El/14656 20 LW B4j 2612 El/21617 20 BR 111119,121 714 2057 0 W 198 IV Fig. 39:11 714 2071 0 GM 89-1160 717 2111 0 FG B3hl 717 2114/2 0 FG B3hl 2612 El /21 623 20 ML III 124 717 2120 0 FG B2c 2612 El /21 628 20 GM 717 2130/1 0 FG D 2616 El/21655 18 ST 95-2966 IV Fig. 24:8 717 2130/2 0 FG M IV Fig. 19:12 2621 El /2 1693 18 ST 717 2131 0 HS l.a.i.H IH 274 718 2104 9 FG B3f 2622* El /21 678 18B BR III 121 718 2159/1 9 LW A3b 2616 El/21656 18 W 17 2622 El /21 678 18B BR III 121 718 4224 9 W 159 IV Fig. 38:3 721 4232 8 LW A2c 95-3653 721 4242 8 LW A2c 95-3654 AREA G 721 4389 8 LW B6k 95-3597 IV Fig. 22:13 Surf. 4507 0 LW A3e 95-3680 722 2188 O LWB5Ì 95-3617 Surf. 4585 0 LW A5f 86-2052 IV Fig. 22:2 Surf. 8124 0 W 199 IV Fig. 39:12 Surf. 8253 0 FG Aid 86-408 IV Fig. 10:20 Surf. 1 1001 0 W 200 IV Fig. 39: 13 724 2164 0 FG B2e 95-1751 IV Fig. 16:12 725 2161/1 3 POT IH Fig. 12:4 725 2179/2 3 POT m Fig. 12:11 Surf. 11002 0 FG B3c 725 2208/1 3 FG B2d 727 2191/1 7 FG A5b? 334 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 727 2266 7 FG B3hl IV Fig. 17:14 739 4219 3 POT 89-2881 III Fig. 12:19 742 2340 9 W 162 IV Fig. 38:6 727 2277 7 FG A3b 742 2409 9 FG A5a2 727 2278 7 FG B2d 742 2443/1 9 W 163 IV Fig. 38:7 742 2467 9 W 164 IV Fig. 15:8 727 2249 7 FG B3h2 727 2267 7 FG B3a IV PI. 8:6 727 2279 7 FG B3g 742 2368 9 FG D 727 2281/1 7 FG A5a2 742 2476/1 9 FG A5al? 727 2281/1 7 FG B3h2 742 2480 9 ST 95-2963 IV Fig. 24:3 742 2548 9 FG B2c 727 2287 7 FG B3a 727 2313 7 FG B3g 727 2320 7 FG A2a2 95-1723 IV Fig. 11:4 749 2456/1 8 HS l.a.iii III Fig. 14:12 750 2407/2 5 + 2?/? POT III Fig. 13:7 727 4264 7 FG B3fl 95-1763 IV Fig. 17:10 752 2478 7 LW A3d 95-3655 727 4268 7 FG B2c 753 4246/3 8-7?* HS l.a? III 272 727 4283 7 FG B3c 753 4249 8-7? LW A3b 727 4985 7 W 178 756 2532/10 9 LW A3c 95-3618 IV Fig. 21:23 756 4252 9 W 165 IV Fig. 38:8 1*? 727 2336 7 FG B3hl 732 2197 7 FG B2c 86-1857 733 2192/1 5 + 2?/ HS2.b.iii III Fig. 21:3 1*? 756 4258 9 BR III 119 756 4260 9 LW B5h 733 2192/2 5 + 2?/ HS 2.a.i in Fig. 20:1 760 2580 9 W 166 IV Fig. 38:9 760 4271 9 BR III 119 733 2192/3 5 + 2?/ HS l.a.vi.B 95-2169 III Fig. 17:23 760 4290 9 BR III 119 1*? 1+? 733 2200/1 5+2?/ HSl.a.v ffl Fig. 17:10 1*? 733 2205 5 + 2?/ HSl.a.v III Fig. 17:11 1*? 733 2402/1 5 + 2?/ POT III Fig. 13:8 1*? 733 2403 5 + 2?/ HS l.a.vi.B 95-2165 III Fig. 17:21 1*? 733 2404/1 5 + 2?/ POT III Fig. 13:6 1*? 733 2404/1 5 + 2?/ HS l.a.i.J III Fig. 16:16 1*? 735 2211 5 HSl.b.i III Fig. 19:7 735 2213/2 5 HSl.a.i.K III Fig. 16:17 735 2213/3 5 HS l.a.i.F III Fig. 15:9 760 4296 9 ST IV Fig. 30:11 760 4297 9 LW A3b 760 4300 9 BD, GL 49 86-449 II Fig. 31; IV Fig. 44:7 760 4305 9 BR III 119 760 4313 9 BD, GM 95-2368 IV Fig. 43:3 760 4354 9 W 167 IV Fig. 38:10 760 4481 9 FG B3hl 760 4729 9 LW A3b 95-3581 IV Fig. 21:20 761 4295 7 FG Blfl 86-1884 IV Fig. 15:9 761 4307 7 FG B2c 761 4308 7 ML III 123 767 4530 10B ST 95-2971 IV Fig. 25:3 773 4546 10B LW B4m 95-3602 IV Fig. 22:20 773 4560 10B FG B3g 773 4727 10B W 117 IV Fig. 36:7 735 2213/4 5 HSl.b.i III 274 776 4387 8 LW B6k 735 2220 5 HS 3.b? 95-2772 III Fig. 21:10 735 2223/4 5 HSl.b.i III Fig. 19:1 778 4441 9 FG B3h2 735 2413 5 HSl.a.i.I III 274 735 2439/1 5 HS l.a.i.F III Fig. 15:21 778 4791 9 W 168 IV Fig. 38:11 778 4793 9 W 169 IV Fig. 38:12 735 2439/2 5 HSl.a.i.C III 274 780 735 2444/3 5 HSl.a.v III Fig. 17:13 780 4430 8 FG B3g 735 2413 5 ML III 126 735 2444/4 5 HS III 274 735 2444/6 5 HS III 274 735 2446/4 5 HSl.b.i III Fig. 18:1 735 2446/5 5 HS III 274 778 4452 9 GM 89-1161 778 4488 9 LW A3c 4421 8* ML III 127 782 4444/5 10C-B FG B3hl 782 4449/4- 10C-B FG B3hl 782 4463 IOC-B* FB 2 III 140 782 4463 IOC-B* FB 3 III 140 735 2449/1 5 HS l.a.i.F 95-2154 III Fig. 15:20 735 2453/2 5 HS l.a.i.F III Fig. 15:16 735 2492 5 FG M IV Fig. 19:9 736 2196 9 W 160 IV Fig. 38:4 782 4471 IOC-B FG A2f 86-412 IV Fig. 11:15 736 2254 9 FG A5a2 783 4665 IOC-B ST 736 2227 9 ML III 123 783 4529 IOC-B W 118 783 4543 IOC-B FG B3f 783 4545 IOC-B ST 783 4586 IOC-B FG B3c 736 2264 9 FG B3hl 783 4719 IOC-B* FB 4 III 140 736 2284/2 9 LW A3c 784 4473 IOC-B LW Alb 737 2239 9 W 161 IV Fig. 38:5; IV 231 784 4474 IOC-B W 119 IV Fig. 36:8 784 4509 IOC-B W 120 IV Fig. 36:9 737 2428/1 9 FG A5a2 784 4520 IOC-B W 121 739 2270/1 3 POT III Fig. 12:13 739 2310/1 3 POT III Fig. 12:2 739 2326/1 3 POT III Fig. 12:6 739 2379 3 HS III Fig. 22:3; 784 4617 IOC-B ST IV Fig. 30:8 787A 4510 14-10B FG B2al 95-1755 IV Fig. 16:17 739 2379 3 HS 4 III Fig. 22:3 790 4567 IOC-B W 122 86-1788 IV Fig. 36:10 III 54 787A 4524 14-10B FG A5b 787B 4695 14 FG A6 790 4566 IOC-B ST 335 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 824 4908 IOC FG B3hl 790 4578 10C-B FG A5a2? 790 4604 10C-B* BR III 120 824 4931 IOC FG A3b 790 4709 10C-B ST 824 4946 IOC FG B3hl 790 4809 IOC-B W 123 86-394 IV Fig. 36:16 824 4947 IOC FG B2c IN 15 791 4589 10B ML III 124 824 4948/1 IOC W 134 IV Fig. 37:3 824 4964 IOC FG B3hl 791 4728 10B W 124 IV Fig. 36:11 824 4965 IOC FG B3f 791 4736 10B LW A3b 824 4970 IOC FG B3hl 791 4807 10B FG B3c 824 4992 IOC FG B2 791 4736 10B W 125 IV PI. 14:10 791 4850 10B FG B3hl 824 825 4967 4844 IOC 14?* BR FB III 17 III 118 140 826 4811/1 147-12B W 135 791 4872 10B FG C 791 4993 10B ST IV Photo 86 791 5626 10B W 137 IV Fig. 37:4 792 4825/1 10C-B W 126 IV Fig. 36:12 792 4848 10C-B FG B3g 792 4867 10C-B LW Alb 95-3572 IV Fig. 21:6 792 4884 IOC-B W 127 792 4890 10C-B LW B41 IV Fig. 22:19 826 4829 14?-12B ST 95-2959 IV PI. 13:4 826 4831 147-12B BD, GM 86-453 IV Fig. 43:7 826 4833 14?- FB 18 III 140 12B* 827 5514 IOC-B FG B2e 827 5535 10C-B FG B3hl 827 5565 10C-B* BR III 118 792 4891/1 10C-B ST 829 4883 14?* FB 19 III 140 793 4630 10C-B FG A5a2 831 4936 14?* ffl 126 793 4714 10C-B BR in 117 793 4762 IOC-B* FB 5 m PI. 9:9 793 4779 10C-B* FB 7 m 140 793 4779 10C-B* FB 10 III 140 793 4779 10C-B* FB 9 m PI. 9:10 832 4961 14 FB 22 IU 140 834 4980 14 FB 26 III 140 ML 838 5563 IOC FG C 840 5784 16A FG B3hl 841 5783 793 4779 10C-B* FB 6 III PI. 9:8 845 5790 16A FG C 845 8185 16A ML 845 798 4660 IOC-B W 128 IV Fig. 36:13 5683 16A* 793 4779 10C-B* FB 8 III PI. 9:11 16A BR BR III 125 III 117 III 117 798 4677 10C-B BR III 118 798 4930 10C-B FG B2c 799 4662 10C-B BR III 118 850 4996 14?-10C FG Bla 95-1739 IV Fig. 14:1 850 5517 14?-10C FG Bla 86-1880 IV Fig. 14:4; 799 4663 10C-B BR IH 117, 119 850 5518 14?-10C FG C 799 4692 10C-B W 129 IV Fig. 36:14 IV 85 850 5525 14?-10C* FB 27 III PI. 10:19-20 850 5548 14?-10C FG B3hl 804 4559 10C-B ST 804 4574 10C-B FG A5a2 804 4575 10C-B FG B3f 850 5549 14?-10C FG B3hl 804 5557/1 10C-B ST 850 5568 14?-10C FG Bib 95-1740 IV Fig. 14:7; 850 5566 14?-10C FG B3f IV 85 804 5559 10C-B FG B2c 804 5583/1 10C-B W 130 850 5569/1 14?-10C W 136 804 5587 10C-B* FB 11 III 140 850 5592 14?-10C* BR III 118 804 5588 10C-B FG F 95-1773 IV Fig. 19:6 850 5593 14?-10C* FB 28 III 140 804 5630 10C-B FG B3f 804 11021 10C-B* BR III 117 850 5612 14?-10C* FB 29 III 140 817 4819 10B FG B3hl 850 5612 147-10C* FB 32 III 140 818 4668 10C-B W 131 850 5612 14?-10C* FB 35 III 140 850 5612 14?-10C* FB 30 III 140 818 4768 10C-B FG B3a 850 5612 14?-10C* FB 36 III 140 818 818 818 818 818 818 850 5612 14?-10C* FB 31 III PI. 10:31 4835 10C-B* FB 12 III 140 4835 10C-B* FB 13 IH 140 4860 10C-B FG B3a IV 88 4899 10C-B* BR m 117 4929 10C-B* BR III 118 4971 10C-B* BR III 117 850 5612 14?-10C* FB 34 III PI. 9:6 850 5613 14?-10C* BR III 117 850 5628 14?-10C FG B3hl 850 5629 14?-10C FG B3hl 850 5631 147-10C FG A2g 818 4972 10C-B ST 95-2967 IV Fig. 26:1 850 5632 14?-10C FG B3hl 818 4984 10C-B* ML ID 123 818 4985 10C-B* ML in 126 850 5639 14?-10C* FB 39 III 140 818 4973 10C-B ST 818 4986 10C-B W 132 IV Fig. 37:1 818 5515 IOC-B ST IV Fig. 26:3 819 4718 IOC FG B3g 820 4787 147-12B FG D 850 5639 14?-10C* FB 37 IH 140 850 5639 147-10C* FB 38 in 140 850 5639 14?-10C* FB 41 III 140 850 5639 14?-10C* FB 42 III 140 850 5639 14?-10C* FB 43 III 140 850 5639 14?-10C* FB 44 III 141 822 4917 147-12B* FB 14 IH Pl. 10:34 822 4917 147-12B* FB 16 III Pl. 10:32-33 850 5639 14?-10C* FB 46 UI 141 823 4788 14?-12B FG B2c 823 4957 10 W 133 IV Fig. 37:2 824 4806 IOC FG B3c 850 5639 14?-10C* FB 50 III 141 850 5639 147-10C* FB 51 III 141 850 5639 14?-10C* FB 52 III 141 824 4818 IOC FG B3hl 850 5639 14?-10C* FB 53 III 141 850 5639 147-10C* FB 49 III 141 336 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 850 5639 147-10C* FB 54 III 141 850 5660 147-10C* BR III 117 850 5639 147-10C* FB 56 III 141 850 5660 147-10C* BR III 119 850 5639 147-10C* FB 56a III 141 850 5668 147-10C* BR III 117 850 5639 147-10C* FB 57 III 141 850 5702 147-10C FG B3f 850 5639 147-10C* FB 58 III 141 850 5707 147-10C* FB 235 III PI. 10:26 850 5639 147-10C* FB 60 III 141 850 5707 147-10C* FB 234 III PI. 9:5 850 5639 147-10C* FB 61 III 141 850 5708 147-10C* BR III 118 850 5639 147-10C* FB 62 III 141 850 5709 147-10C* BR III 119-20 850 5639 147-10C* FB 63 III 141 850 5771 147-10C* BR III 120 850 5639 147-10C* FB 64 III 141 850 5789 147-10C FG A6a? IV Fig. 13:14 850 5639 147-10C* FB 65 III 141 851 4820 14? FG B3hl 850 5639 147-10C* FB 66 III 141 856 850 5639 147-10C* FB 67 III 141 856 5602 10C 5623 BR IOC 850 5639 147-10C* FB 68 III 141 856 5674 IOC FG B3hl 850 5639 147-10C* FB 69 III 141 856 5675 IOC FG B3hl 850 5639 147-10C* FB 70 III 141 III BR 118-19 III 117 856 5676 IOC W 138 IV Fig. 37:5 850 5639 147-10C* FB 71 III 141 856 5677 IOC FG B3hl 850 5639 147-10C* FB 72 III 141 858 5618 10B FG A2d2 86-1888 IV Fig. 11:17 850 5639 147-10C* FB 74 III 141 850 5639 147-10C* FB 75 III 141 858 5671 10B BR III 118-19 858 5678 10B FG B3hl 850 5639 147-10C* FB 76 III 141 858 5691 10B BR 111117,119 850 5639 147-10C* FB 77 III 141 859 5648 10C-B* BR III 119 850 5639 147-10C* FB 78 III 141 859 8107 10C-B* BR III 118-19 850 5639 147-10C* FB 79 III 141 859 8142 10C-B* BR III 118-19 850 5639 147-10C* FB 80 III 141 859 8143 10C-B* BR III 118-19 850 5639 147-10C* FB 81 III 141 859 8156 10C-B* BR III 119 850 5639 147-10C* FB 83 III 141 859 8166 10C-B* BR III 119 850 5639 147-10C* FB 84 III 141 859 8201 10C-B* BR 111117,119 850 5639 147-10C* FB 85 III 141 859 8204 10C-B FG B3hl IV 88 850 5639 147-10C* FB 86 III 141 862 5564 IOC FG B3hl 850 5639 147-10C* FB 87 III 141 862 5723 IOC FG A2al 86-410 IV Fig. 11:1 868 5727 10B BD 86-461 II Fig. 31; 850 5639 147-10C* FB 88 III 141 GL 45 850 5639 147-10C* FB 94 III 141 850 5639 147-10C* FB 40 III PI. 10:24 5746 10B BR III IV Fig. 44:9 850 5639 147-10C* FB 45 III PI. 10:27 868 118 850 5639 147-10C* FB 47 III PI. 10:28 868 5768 10B W 139 IV Fig. 37:6 850 5639 147-10C* FB 55 III PI. 10:29 868 5769 10B BR III 117 850 5639 147-10C* FB 59 III PI. 10:30 868 5788 10B BR III 118 8110 10B BR III 117 850 5639 147-10C* FB 48 III PI. 11:36 868 850 5639 147-10C* FB 82 III PI. 11:38 868 8169 10B* FB 91 III 141 850 5639 147-10C* FB 93 III PI. 11:39 868 8169 10B* FB 92 III 141 850 5639 147-10C* FB 95 III PI. 11:40 868 8170 10B BR III 117 850 5639 147-10C* FB 73 III PI. 9:2 870 5722 10C-B FG B3hl 850 5652 147-10C* BR III 118 870 5724 10C-B* BR III 118-19 850 5653 147-10C* BR 111118,120 871 5743 10C-B* BR III 117 850 5656 147-10C* FB 213 III 143 872 850 5656 147-10C* FB 214 III 143 872 5748 10B BR 111117,120 850 5656 147-10C* FB215 III 143 872 5750 10B FG B2c 850 5656 147-10C* FB 216 III 143 872 5751 10B FG Ala 850 5656 147-10C* FB 217 III 143 872 5742 10B 5764 10B BR BR III III 117 117 850 5656 147-10C* FB 218 III 143 872 5791 10B FG A5a2 850 5656 147-10C* FB 219 III 143 872 5792 10B FG B3hl 850 5656 147-10C* FB 220 III 143 874 5787 IOC FG B3hl 850 5656 147-10C* FB 221 III 143 850 5656 147-10C* FB 222 III 143 877 5665 14 FB 89 III 141 877 5672 14 BR III 117 850 5656 147-10C* FB 223 III 143 877 5690 14 FB 96 III 850 5656 147-10C* FB 224 III 143 877 5690 14 FB 98 III 850 5656 147-10C* FB 225 III 143 877 5694 14 11178 14 BR 850 5656 147-10C* FB 226 III 143 877 850 5656 147-10C* FB 227 III 143 880 8181 IOC FG B3g BR 850 5656 147-10C* FB 228 III 143 881 8188 IOC? FG B3c 850 5656 147-10C* FB 229 III 143 881 8189 IOC? FG B2c 850 5656 147-10C* FB 230 III 143 881 8190 IOC? FG B3f 850 5656 147-10C* FB 231 III 144 881 8191 IOC? FG B3hl 850 5656 147-10C* FB 232 III 144 883 5796 IOC FG C 850 5656 147-10C* FB 233 III 144 883 850 5659 147-10C* BR III 119-20 883 8155 IOC FG B3a 8104 IOC BR 141 141 III 118 III 117 III 117 337 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 883 8179 IOC BR III 117 886 11050 IOC BD, GM 86-456 IV Fig. 45:5 Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 919 11138 8 FG El 95-1768 IV Fig. 18:10 919 11139 8 FG B3e 886 11051 IOC FG B3c 886 11081 IOC BR III 118 886 11083 IOC FG B2c 920 11160 IOC FG B2c 888 11145 IOC-B* BR III 117 922 5797 IOC FG A3c 920 11162 IOC BR III 118 920 11166 IOC BR III 118 III 118 901 8180 IOC FG B2c-a 922 903 8210 IOC FG C 922 8127 IOC FG A6a 903 8212 IOC BR III 117 903 8225 IOC FG B3c 8120 IOC BR 922 8128 IOC FG D 922 8171/8 IOC FG M 903 8227 IOC FG Ale 95-1720 IV Fig. 10:17; IV 96 903 8228 IOC FG A3a2 922 11199 IOC FG B3c 923 11175 IOC W 142 IV Fig. 37:9 923 903 8256 IOC FG C 11207 IOC BR III 118 903 11059 IOC FG A3e 86-2033 IV Fig. 12:12 923 11248 IOC FG D 923 11257 IOC FG B3f 903 11060 IOC FG B3f 927 11197 IOC BR III 118 903 11061 IOC FG A5a2 927 11209 IOC BR III 118 903 11062 IOC BR III 117 III 118 903 11115 IOC FG A5a2 903 11128 IOC BR 927 11269 IOC FG B2c 903 11135 IOC FG B3c 903 11141 IOC BR III 117 903 11147 IOC FG Ale 86-1837 IV Fig. 10:15 903 11152 IOC FG A3e 86-2032 IV Fig. 12:15 903 11159 IOC FG C 903 11171 IOC BR III 118 III 118 903 11173 IOC FG A5a2 903 11176 IOC BR 927 11249 IOC FG A5a2 928 11214 0 FG B2e 933 11260 9 ST 95-2976 IV Fig. 27:4 934 11256 12B FG D 936 938 938 938 938 11284 11281 11334 11347 11384 IOC IOC IOC IOC 9 FG FG FG FG BR III 118 B3f B3hl B3hl B3c 938 11385 IOC ST 903 11183 IOC W 140 IV Fig. 37:7 903 11193 IOC BR III 117 949 11434 14 FG E2 95-1765 IV Fig. 18:6 903 11211 IOC BR III 118 950 11315 9 W 170 903 11224 IOC BR III 117 950 4429 9 ML III 127 950 11361 9 W 171 IV Fig. 38:13 903 11250 IOC FG B3gl 950 11365 9 FG B3a 903 11463 IOC FG B2c 950 11375 9 FG D 903 11481 IOC FG Ala 950 11382 9 FG B3hl 903 11589 IOC BR 111117,119 950 11388 9 LW A2b 95-3656 903 11679 IOC FB 105 III 142 950 11390 9 FG B2c 903 11731 IOC FG M IV Fig. 19:15 950 11437 9 FGA2a3 86-1837/1 IV Fig. 11:7 950 11438 9 W 172 IV Fig. 38:14 903 11746 IOC FB 104 III 142 903 11811 IOC FB 106 III 142 950 11439 9 FG A3a2 903 11811 IOC FB 107 III 142 950 11451 9 ML III 127 906 8216 IOC FG A5a2 950 11452 9 ML III 124 906 10054 IOC FG B3d 951 11321/3 3 POT III Fig. 12:15 906 11025 IOC FG B3d 951 11326 3 ST 906 11026 IOC FG Ale 95-1721 IV Fig. 10:18; IV 96 906 11049 IOC FG B2c? 906= 11030 IOC BR III 117 W.369 907 11055 16A BR III 118 908 11076 IOC FG A3a2 11104 IOC BR 11328/1 11328/2 11328/3 11328/4 11328/5 11328/8 3 3 3 3 3 3 POT POT POT POT POT POT III 118 908 11117 IOC FG B3d 11126 IOC BR III 118 951 11364 3 ST 95-2964 IV Fig. 24:4 951 11376/1 3 POT III Fig. 12:12 908 11146 IOC BR III 118 951 11403/1 3 POT III Fig. 12:8 951 11413/1 3 POT III Fig. 12:3 908 11156 IOC FG B2al 951 11428 3 FG B3a 908 11158 IOC FG B3c 951 11429 3 FG B3hl 11099 16A BR III 117 913 11109 IOC FB 100 III PI. 9:1 913 11110/3 IOC W 141 IV Fig. 37:8 913 11112 IOC* BR III 118 915 11195 16A LW B6k 95-3596 IV Fig. 22:12 915 11329 16A FG A7 95-1770 IV Fig. 19:1; IV 88 915 11366 16A W 26 918 11137 10B FG B2c Fig. 12:10 Fig. 12:17 Fig. 12:9 Fig. 12:16 Fig. 12:14 Fig. 12:7 951 11380 3 ST 908 909 III III III III III III 951 11340 3 LW B5h 95-3657 908 11082 IOC FG B3hl 908 951 951 951 951 951 951 951 11448/1 3 POT III Fig. 12:1 951 11448/3 3 POT III Fig. 12:5 952 11345 8 FG B3hl 952 11482 8 LW A3e 95-3583 IV Fig. 21:25 952 11514 8 FG B3hl 952 11713 8 FG B3hl 959 11528 10B * W 143 86-1792 IV Fig. 37:10 959 11574 10B W 144 86-1791 IV Fig. 37:11 959 11682 338 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 10B BR III 119 Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 960 11389 12B BD, GM IV Fig. 45:1 997 11996 10B LW Alo 960 11406 12B FG B2c 997 11999/6 10B ST IV 193 960 11435 12B FG B2c 997 15202 10B BR IH 120 960 11473 12B FG B3hl 997 15203 10B BR III 120 997 15226/2 10B* BR 86-653 m Fig. 4:1 960 11508 12B FG Aid 997 997 997 997 997 960 11513 12B FG B3f 960 11567 12B FG B3hl 962 11651 13 FG B3f 962 11690 13 FG B3h2 962 11733 13 FG B3hl 964 11675 3 FG B2c 15226/3 10B* BR 86-653 in 15226/4 10B* BR 86-653 m 15226/5 10B* BR 86-653 ffl 15226/6 10B* BR 86-653 m 15226/9 10B* BR 86-653 in Fig. 4:4 Fig. 4:3 Fig. 4:2 Fig. 4:6 Fig. 4:5 997 15226 10B BR 86-653 III 120 967 11509 10C-B W 145 86-1789 IV Fig. 37:12 967 11510 IOC-B W 146 86-2024 IV Fig. 37:13 997 15235 10B ML III 123 997 15236 10B* FB 121 m 142 967 11540 IOC-B ST IV Fig. 29:4 997 15236 10B* FB 120 III PI. 9:13 967 11597 IOC-B W 147 997 15238/1 10B BR III 120 967 11598 IOC-B W 148 997 15238/2 10B BR m 120 997 15243 10B BR III 120 967 11648 10C-B FG B3h2 967 11673 10C-B FG A6a IV 96 967 11697 10C-B* ML III 126 967 11716 10C-B* BR III 120 967 11725 10C-B* BR III 120 997 15274 10B LW Alb IV Fig. 21:8 997 17521 10B ST 95-2983 IV Fig. 28:9 999 11953 IOC FG A3a2 95-1730 IV Fig. 12:6 999 11968 IOC FG Big 86-1869 IV Fig. 14:15; IV 86 967 11736 10C-B* BR m 120 967 11738 IOC-B ST IV Fig. 25:6 967 11739 10C-B ST 86-2025 IV Fig. 30:9; 999 11969 IOC FG B3hl 967 11780 IOC-B* FB 101 III 141 1107 15348 IOC FG Ble 86-1846 IV Fig. 14:11; IV 193 967 11794 IOC-B ST IV Fig. 30:10; IV 193 967 11823 10C-B* FB 123 in 142 999 22967 IOC* FB 122 III 142 1107 15311 IOC FG B3hl IV 86 1107 15349 IOC FG B3hl 1107 15422 IOC ST 95-2985 IV Fig. 29:2 967 11823 10C-B* FB 124 III 142 1108 15316 IOC LW Alb 95-3658 IV Photo 14 967 11875 10C-B* ML III 126 1108 15317 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15318 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 968 11545 8 LW A3d 95-3587 IV Fig. 21:29 968 11977 8 FG B3hl 972 11769 13 FG Alb 86-415 IV Fig. 10:13 972 11790 13 BD, GM 86-455 IV Fig. 45:4 972 11791 13 BD, GM 86-460 IV Fig. 45:3 972 11797 13 FG B3hl 972 11898 13 ML III 127 974 11754 10B BD IV Fig. 44:6 974 11755 10B ST IV Fig. 25:7 974 11786 10B BR III 120 975 5625 IOC FG A5b 975 11453 IOC FG B2c 975 11474 IOC FG F-M IV Fig. 19:14 981 11807 10B* FB 109 III 142 981 11807 10B* FB 110 III 142 981 11814 10B BR III 120 981 11816 10B* FB 108 III 142 981 11832 10B BR III 119-20 982 11812 10B BR III 119 982 11836 10B* FB 115 III 142 982 11836 10B* FB 116 III 142 982 11836 10B* FB 117 in 142 982 11865 10B FG B3hl 982 11881 10B BD, GM 984A 11919 12B FG B3cl 986 17520 IOC? LW Alb 986 15211 IOC? ST 989 11938 IOC FB 119 III 142 989 11974 IOC FG B3hl 997 11908/1 10B BR m 120 997 11908/2 10B BR III 120 997 11925 10B LW Alb 1108 15319 IOC LWAlq IV Photo 14 1108 15320 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15321 IOC LW Alb 95-3574 IV Fig. 21:11 1108 15322 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15323 IOC LWAlq IV Photo 14 1108 15324 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15325 IOC LWAlq IV Photo 14 1108 15326 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15327 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15329 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15330 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15332 IOC LWAlq IV Photo 14 1108 15333 IOC LW Alb 95-3569 IV Fig. 21:2 1108 15334/1 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15334/2 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15335 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15336 IOC 1108 15337 IOC 1108 15338 IOC 1108 15339 IOC 1108 15340 IOC LW 1108 15341 IOC LWAlq IV Photo 14 LWAlq IV Photo 14 LWAlq IV Photo 14 LWAlq IV Photo 14 Ale 95-3578 IV Fig. 21:17 LWAlq IV Photo 14 1108 15342 10C LW Alb 95-3659 IV Photo 14 1108 15376 10C LWAlq IV Photo 14 1108 15377 10C LW Alb 95-3576 IV Fig. 21:13 1108 15378 10C LWAlq IV Photo 14 1108 15379 10C LW Alb 1108 15380 10C LW 1108 15380 10C LW 1108 15381 10C LW Ala 95-3660 IV Photo 14 Alb IV Photo 14 Alb IV Photo 14 95-3661 IV Photo 14 1108 15382 10C LWAlq IV Photo 14 997 11942 10B BD, GM 86-450 IV Fig. 43:8 997 11948 10B LW Alb IV Fig. 21:7 1108 15383 10C LW Alb 95-3662 IV Photo 14 997 11978 10B LW Alb 1108 15384 10C LW Ala IV Photo 14 1108 15385 10C LW Alb IV Photo 14 997 11979 10B LWAlq 1108 15386 10C LWAlq IV Photo 14 339 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1108 15387 IOC LWAlq IV Photo 14 Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1122A 8221 IOC BR III 118-19 1108 15388 IOC LW Alb IV Photo 14 1122A 17554/1 IOC FG B2c 1108 15391 10C LW Ale 95-3663 IV Photo 14 1122A 17554/2 10C FG B3g 1108 15392 10C LW Alb IV Photo 14 11 22 A 17559 10C FG B2c 89-1840 1108 15393 10C LW Alb IV Photo 14 1122A 17582 10C FG B3hl 1108 15394 10C LW Alb 95-3664 IV Photo 14 1108 15395 10C LW Alb 95-3665 IV Photo 14 1122B 17506 12B LW Alb 1108 15396 IOC LW Ale 95-3666 IV Fig. 21:14 1122B 5603 12B BR III 118 1123 15488 10C FG B3a 1108 15397 10C LW Alb 95-3667 IV Photo 14 1123 17578 10C BD, GM 1108 15398 10C LW Alb 95-3668 IV Photo 14 1108 15399 10C LW Alb 95-3669 IV Photo 14 1124 17509 14 FB 236 III PI. 10:35 1108 15408 10C LWAlq IV Photo 14 1124 17509 14 FB 237 III 144 1128 17619 14 FG B3hl 1108 15409 10C LW Alb IV Photo 14 1131 17580 12B FG B3h2 1108 15410 10C 1108 15411 10C LW 1108 15412 10C 1108 15413 10C 1108 15414 10C 1108 15415 10C 1131 17597 12B FG B3c LWAlq IV Alb 95-3573 LWAlq IV LWAlq IV LWAlq IV LWAlq IV Photo 14 IV Fig. 21:9 Photo 14 Photo 14 Photo 14 Photo 14 1108 15416 10C LW Ala IV Photo 14 1108 15417 10C LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15418 10C LW Alb 95-3670 IV Photo 14 1108 15419 10C LWAlq IV Photo 14 1132 17567 10C LW Alb 1132 17568 10C LW Alb 1132 17569 10C LW Alb 1132 17570 10C LW Alb 1134 17595 12B* FB 125 III 142 1136 17609/1 10C FG D 1136 17609/2 10C FGBlfl 1136 17609 10C Horus 95-4102 IV Fig. 47 Eye 1108 15420 10C LW Alb 95-3671 IV Photo 14 1108 15423 10C LW Alb IV Photo 14 1137 17631 12B FG B3hl 1108 15424 10C LW Alb 95-3575 IV Fig. 21:12 1141 17624/2 13 FG B3f 1108 15425 10C LW Alb 95-3672 IV Photo 14 1143 17642 13 FB 126 III 142 1108 15428 10C LW Alb IV Photo 14 1151 17657 14 GM 1139 17596 13 ML III 127 1108 15429 10C LW Alb IV Photo 14 1152 17659 14 FB 127 m 142 1108 15430 10C LW Alb IV Fig. 21:10 1157 17711 2* POT III Fig. 12:20 1161 17671 3 POT 89-2880 IH Fig. 12:18 1108 15431 10C LW Alb 95-3673 IV Photo 14 1108 15432/1 10C LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15432/2 10C LW Alb IV Photo 14 1108 15433 10C LW Ale 95-3674 IV Photo 14 1108 15434 10C LW Alb IV Photo 14 1110 15362 10C LW Alb 95-3675 IV Photo 13 1110 15363 10C LW Alo IV Photo 13 1110 15364 10C LW Alo IV Photo 13 1110 15365 10C LW Alb IV Fig. 21:16 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 15366 15367 15368 15369 15370 10C 10C 10C 10C 10C LW LW LW LW LW Alb Alo Alo Alo Alo IV IV IV IV IV Photo Photo Photo Photo Photo 13 13 13 13 13 1110 15371 10C LW Alo IV Photo 13 ? ? ? HS l.b.i IH 274 AREA H W. 404 5182 6 Stone vessel III 46 1003 5009/1 III E POT III Fig. 7:1 1003 5017/1 III E POT III Fig. 7:5 1003 5017/2 III E POT III Fig. 6:18 1003 5017/3 III E HS l.b.i III 274 1003 5031/1 III E POT III Fig. 6:14 1003 5037/2 III E HS III 274 1003 5070/3 III E POT m Fig. 6:16 1003 -5076/1 III E POT III Fig. 7:2 1003 5092 III E POT III Fig. 7:7 1110 15372 10C LW Alb IV Photo 13 1005 5006 2/1 HS l.b.i III 274 1110 15373 10C LW Alb 95-3676 IV Photo 13 1110 15374 10C LW Alo IV Photo 13 1110 15375 10C LW Alo IVPhotol3 1110 15440 10C LW Alb IV Photo 13 1006 5240 2-1 FG A5a2 1110 15441 10C LW Alb 95-3577 IV Fig. 21:15 1110 15442 10C LW Ale 95-3677 IV Photo 13 1110 15455 10C 1110 15456 10C 1110 15458 10C 1110 15490 10C BD, 1110 17546 IOC LW 1110 17547 10C 1110 17549 10C LWAlq IV LWAlq IV LWAlq IV GM 95-2358 Ala 95-3678 LWAlq IV LWAlq IV Photo 13 Photo 13 Photo 13 IV Fig. 42:8 IV Fig. 21:3 Photo 13 Photo 13 1110 17550 10C LW Alb IV Photo 13 1114 15444 147-10C FG A5a2 1114 15465 147-10C FG B2c 1114 15487 14?-10C FG B2c 1114 17504 147-10C FG A5a2 1115 17552 12B LW B3c 95-3679 1118 17522 16A W 27 1119 17555 12B FG B3c 1007 5067 III Gl* HS 3.b 95-2771 III Fig. 21:7 1007 5075/1 III Gl POT III Fig. 5:11 1007 5075/2 III Gl POT III Fig. 5:10 1007 5075/3 III Gl POT III Fig. 5:6 1007 5086/1 III Gl POT IH Fig. 5:8 1007 5086/2 III Gl POT III Fig. 5:7 1007 5099/1 m Gl POT III Fig. 5:9 1007 5111 III Gl POT 95-1851 III Fig. 5:12 1007 5130 III Gl ST 1008 5041/1 III E ST 95-2974 IV Fig. 27:2 1008 5041/2 III E ST 95-2977 IV Fig. 27:5 1008 5041/3 III E ST 1008 5048 III E FG B3f 1008 5049 HIE FG B2c 1009A 5021/1 III E POT 1009A 5021/2 III E POT 1009 A 5021/3 III E POT 1009 A 5021/5 IH E POT 1009 A 5025/1 in E POT 1009 A 5025/2 HIE POT 340 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms III III III III III III Fig. 6:19 Fig. 7:3 Fig. 6:21 Fig. 6:17 Fig. 6:20 Fig. 7:6 Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1009 A 5025/4 III E POT III Fig. 7:4 1011 5063/2 IIIG2 POT III Fig. 5:5 1011 5101/2 HIG2* HSl.b.i III 274 Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 1039 5309 6 HSl.b.i HI 274 1044 A 5315/1 6 FG B3hl 1049 5447 in G BD, GM 95-2359 IV Fig. 42:10 1011 5110 IIIG2 FG B2c 1051 5460 7 FG B2c 1011 5117/2 IIIG2 POT IIIFig. 5:4 1012 5074 6 HSl.b.i m Fig. 18:9 1012 5090 6 HSl.a. 86-1664 IIIFig. 17:20 1051 5468 7 lewelry 95-2119 III Fig. 23 vi.B 1012 5105 6 FG Big 86-1902 IV PI. 5:14; IV 86 mold 1054 5013 m E HSl.b.i III 274 1054 5015/2 III E POT IIIFig. 6:13 1054 5033/4 m E POT IU Fig. 6:15 1054 5033/5 ni E HSl.b.i m 274 1012 5114 6 HS l.b.i/3.b III 274 1014 5078/2 III G2 POT III Fig. 5:3 AREA J 1014 5158 IIIG2* HSl.b.i III 274 1014 1014 1014 1016 1016 1016 1016 1016 1016 1016 1016 1016 1016 5210 IIIG2* HSl.b.i IIIFig. 19:9 5252/1 IIIG2 POT IIIFig. 5:2 5275/1 IIIG2 POT m Fig. 5:1 5082/1 III F POT IIIFig. 5:13 5082/2 III F POT IIIFig. 5:15 5119/1 III F POT IIIFig. 6:5 5120/1 III F POT m Fig. 6:7 5120/2 III F POT m Fig. 6:12 5120/3 III F POT IIIFig. 5:14 5123/2 III F POT III Fig. 6:8 5128/1 IH F POT IIIFig. 5:17 5135/2 m F POT IIIFig. 5:19 5135/3 III F POT III Fig. 6:3 1016 5150 III F FG B3hl ? ? ? HSl.b.i III 1061 8019 0 HS 1. a. vi.B IIIFig. 17:18 1063 8021 12-10? FG C IV Fig. 18:4 1069 8032 0 W 201 IV Fig. 39:14 AREAK W. 903 18510 III D POT IIIFig. 7:13 W. 903 18730 III D POT 95-1861 UI Fig. 3 W. 919 18567 III A3 POT 95-1859 IIIFig. 10:7 W. 927 ?E Ashlar IIIFig. 2:10 stone 2200B 18330 I FG M 95-3929 IV Figs. 18:9; 20 1017 5134 6 HS2.a.i/ii III 274 1017 5136 6 HSl.a. 95-2157 IIIFig. 17:1 iii. A 1017 5140 6 HS III 274 1017 5147 6 FB 211 III Pl. 9:12 2200B 18432/ I* ML III 127 1-2 2202 18389 III A ML III 127 2204 18342 III B HS III Fig. 22:4; III 54, 71 1017 5165 6 HS 2.a.v III 274 1017 5182 6 HS 2. a. i III 274 1021 5102/3 III F POT IIIFig. 5:18 1021 5157/1 III F POT III Fig. 6:6 1023 5195 6 HSl.b.i m Fig. 19:4 1023 5282 6 HSl.a.ii III Fig. 16:23 1023 5296 6 C 206 22220 III 45 1023 5366 6 ML III 127 1023 5416/3 6 W 187 274 1060 8008 0 HSl.a.ii? m 274 2204 18342 in B* HS 4 in Fig. 22:4 2204 18343/3 HIB HS ffl Fig. 22:4; III 54, 71 2204 18343/3 HIB* HS 4 III Fig. 22:4 2205 18356/1 II POT ni Fig. 11:2 2205 18375 II POT IIIFig. 11:3 2206B 18384 III A POT IH Fig. 8:20 2206B 18394/1 HIA POT in Fig. 8:15 1024 5185 6 W 188 2206B 18398 III A ML III 127 1024 5193/1 6 HS 2.a.i/ii III 274 1024 5193/2 6 HSl.b.i III 274 2206B 18408 III A POT IIIFig. 8:18 2207 18340/1 III A POT IIIFig. 8:19 2207 18340/3 III A POT IIIFig. 8:17 2209 18338 II POT IIIFig. 11:1 2210 18353/1 HIB POT IIIFig. 8:9 2210 18353/2 HIB POT III Fig. 8:8 2210 18385 III B POT IIIFig. 8:11 2210 18387 HIB Stone III Fig. 2:9 1024 5202/2 6 HSl.b.i III 274 1024 5205/4 6 HS 3. a 95-2770 IIIFig. 21:6 1024 5226 6 HS 2.a.iii.B IIIFig. 20:13 1024 5286 6 HSl.b.i 86-1630 IIIFig. 19:6 1025 5184 6 HSl.b.i IIIFig. 19:8 window 1025 5196 6 HS 2.a.i/ii III 274 1027 5413/1 III F POT IIIFig. 5:20 1027 5434/1 III F POT III Fig. 6:4 1031 5325 6 HSl.b.i IHFig. 18:4 1031 5330/1 6 HS 2.a.i in 274 1031 5361/2 6 HSl.b.i III 274 1031 5376 6 HS l.a.v? III 274 1031 5382/1 6 HS 2.a.i/ii III 274 1031 5398/2 6 HSl.b.i III 274 1033 5342 niF POT IIIFig. 6:10 1033 5343/1 in F POT III Fig. 6:9 1033 5343/2 m F POT IIIFig. 6:11 1033 5380/2 III F POT IIIFig. 6:1 1033 5459/2 III F POT IIIFig. 5:16 1033 5459/5 III F POT IH Fig. 6:2 1036 5432 6 HS l.a.i.F IIIFig. 15:10 1039 5302 6 FG B2c 86-1876 IV Fig. 16:9 fragment 2211 18421 III Al POT IIIFig. 10:16 2212 18530 IUA2 POT IIIFig. 10:14 2212 18569/1 III A2 POT IH Fig. 10:12 2212 18569/3 III A2 POT IIIFig. 10:13 2212 18577/ ffl A2 ML III 127 1-2 2212 18591 III A2 Jewelry 95-2121 IH Fig. 24 mold 2213 18370 IH A POT 95-1862 IH 88 2213 18402 HIA MT III 88 2213 18417 HIA MT III 88 2214 18348/2 II POT III Fig. 2214 18348/3 n POT IIIFig. 2217 18363/1 III Al POT IIIFig. 2217 18363/4 III Al POT IIIFig. 9:2 9:1 10:15 10:17 341 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page Locus Reg. No. Str. Cat. /Type IAA No. Vol. /Page 2218 18409/2 III B POT III Fig. 8:14 2237 18676 III D ST 95-2973 IV Fig. 27:1 2238 18597 III B1 POT IIIFig.*S:ï3 2218 18619 III B ML III 127 2218 18648 HIB POT III Fig. 8:10 2219 18484 I ML III 127 2219 18534 I ML III 124 2220 18426/2 III C POT III Fig. 8:4 2220 18426/3 III C POT III Fig. 8:2 2220 18426/5 IIIC POT III Fig. 8:3 2220 18709 IIIC ML III 127 2221 2221 2221 2221 2221 2222 2222 2222 2240 18625 III E HS l.a.i III 274 2242A 18613/2 HIB POT III Fig. 9:8 2242A 18626/1 HIB POT III Fig. 9:11 2242A 18642 HIB POT III Fig. 9:7 2242A 18660/1 HIB POT III Fig. 9:4 2242A 18678/2 HIB POT III Fig. 9:12 2242A 18678/3 HIB POT III Fig. 9:3 2242A 18683 HIB POT III Fig. 9:5 2242A 18685 HIB POT III Fig. 9:6 2242A 18705/1 HIB POT III Fig. 9:10 2242A 18736 HIB Stone arch. III Fig. 1:1 18448/1 II POT III Fig. 11:5 18448/3 II POT III Fig. 11:6 18490/2 II POT III Fig. 11:8 18490/3 II POT III Fig. 11:7 18490/5 II POT III Fig. 11:4 18458 IIIC POT III Fig. 8:6 18463/1 IIIC POT III Fig. 8:7 18463/2 IIIC POT III Fig. 8:5 2242A 18738 HIB Stone arch. III Fig. 1:3 2225 18438/3 III D POT III Fig. 7:12 2242A 18739 HIB Stone.arch. III Fig. 2:1 2225 18506 III D M 18 III 79 2242A 18740 HIB Stone arch. III Fig. 2:2 2222 18472/1-2 UIC GL 67 92-639 III 86 2225 18442 III D C 210 22224 III 82 2226 18452 III E POT III Fig. 2227 18482/1 III A2 POT III Fig. 2227 18482/2 III A2 POT III Fig. 2230 18511/1 III E POT III Fig. 2230 18511/2 III E POT III Fig. 2230 18522 III E POT III Fig. 7:9 10:9 10:10 7:10 7:11 7:8 2231 18544 III A ML III 127 2232 18403 III A3 POT III Fig. 10:1 2232 18475/ III A3 ML III 126 1-2 2232 18478/1 III A3 POT III Fig. 9:15 2232 18478/2 III A3 POT III Fig. 10:5 2232 18486 III A BD, GM 95-2369 IV Fig. 43:4 2232 18498/1 III A3 POT III Fig. 9:16 2232 18498/2 III A3 POT III Fig. 9:17 2232 18498/3 III A3 POT III Fig. 10:2 2232 18504 III A3* HS 4 III Fig. 22:4 III 54, 71 2232 18526/1 III A3 POT III Fig. 10:6 2232 18526/2 III A3 POT III Fig. 9:14 2232 18536/ III A3 ML III 127 fragment 2242A 18737 HIB Stone arch. III Fig. 1:2 fragment fragment fragment fragment 2242A 18741 HIB Stone arch. III Fig. 2:3 fragment 2242A 18742 HIB Stone frag. III Fig. 2:4 2242A 18743 HIB Stone frag. III Fig. 2:5 2242A 18744 HIB Stone frag. III Fig. 2:6 2242A 18745 HIB Stone frag. III Fig. 2:7 2242A 18746 HIB Stone arch. III Fig. 1:4 fragment 2246A 18663 III B1 POT III Fig. 8:12 2246A 18663 III B1 FB 212 III Pl. 1 1 :44-45 2246A 18670/1 III B1 ML III 127 2246A 18670/2 III B1 ML III 125 2246A 18672 III B1 Small stone cross 95-3955 III 104 2244 18620 UIC POT III Fig. 8:1 2250 18668 III A2 POT III Fig. 10:11 2255 18579 HIB POT III Fig. 9:9 2255 18704/1 HIB POT III Fig. 9:13 2257 18673 III F C 214 22228 III 80 2258 18749 ?E Stone 1-2 2232 18551 III A3 POT III Fig. 10:3 'soapdish' III 67 2262 18748 ?E Stone 2232 18557/ III A3 ML III 127 'soapdish' III Fig. 2:8 1-2 2233 18539 III A3 POT III Fig. 10:4 2234B 18615 III A POT III Fig. 8:16 2236 18582 III A3 POT 95-1860 III Fig. 10:8 2236 18592/2 III A3 POT III Fig. 9:18 2236 18624 III A3 ML III 126 SURFACE Surf. 3001 0 W 202 IV Fig. 39:15 Surf. 3006 0 W Bkl Surf. 3106 0 W Bk2 342 This content downloaded from 176.228.166.85 on Sun, 24 Oct 2021 06:34:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms