Faculty of Medicine
v.akle@uniandes.edu.co
Giacomo Barbieri
Department of Mechanical Engineering
g.barbieri@uniandes.edu.co
Veronica Akle Alvarez
Freddy Zapata Vanegas
Faculty of Medicine
ya.ardila@uniandes.edu.co
Faculty of Design, fzapata@uniandes.edu.co
Yeferzon Alexander Ardila
Johann Faccelo Osma
Department of Electrical Engineering
jf.osma43@uniandes.edu.co
AGROLAB: A LIVING
LAB IN COLOMBIA
FOR RESEARCH AND
EDUCATION IN URBAN
AGRICULTURE
INTRODUCTION
Food security is a fundamental challenge since global population
is exceeding 7.2 billion and is continuously increasing. In
2050, population has been estimated to reach 9.6 billion with
more than 60% living in urban areas (United Nations, 2014).
To meet the growing demand of food, the agricultural sector
productivity must increase, as one of the premises of sustainable
intensification (Garnett, 2016). It is estimated that in 2050 the
productivity will need to be almost 50% more than that of 2012
(World Bank Group, 2016).
In Colombia, the situation is even more extreme. According to
the national Rural Agricultural Planning Unit (UPRA), Colombia
is currently using only about a third of its available agricultural
land and agriculture is characterized by low levels of technology.
Moreover, a 2017 survey showed that 80.45% of the total
population lives in urban areas (Statista, 2017). Along with the
increment of the available agricultural land and the improvement
of the adopted technology, it is fundamental to develop
consolidated practices of urban agriculture. In fact, this activity
provides fresh food, generates employment, recycles urban
wastes, creates greenbelts, and strengthens cities’ resilience to
climate change (Thomas, 2014).
Urban agriculture (UA) is defined as “the growing, processing, and
distribution of food and other products through intensive plant
cultivation and animal husbandry in and around cities” (Brown
and Bailkey, 2002). While UA has been around for thousands of
years, only during the past century, and especially the past decade,
has taken off (Vasey, 2002). The main reason can be identified in
the increasing consciousness of people concerning sustainability
and health (Tornaghi, 2014).
An environment for the multidisciplinary interaction is proposed at
the Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá for research and education in
urban agriculture, and for the wellbeing of the participating people
and communities. The illustrated AgroLab implements the Living Lab
innovation process in order to maximize the opportunities of collaboration
and co-creation with the objective of integrating the traditional knowledge
with human and scientific disciplines. Different food production
technologies and strategies are compared and investigated within a
context of experimentation, exploration and discovery seeking both a
local and regional impact. Within this paper, it is shown how the proposed
AgroLab allows the generation of both research and educational outcomes,
along with the wellbeing of the involved people and communities.
Keywords: Urban Agriculture, Living Lab, Research, Education, Wellbeing
176 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER
Progress in information and communication technology (ICT)
is having a profound effect on modern life (Warschauer and
Matuchniak, 2010). These technologies have been responsible for
the fourth industrial (Lasi et al., 2014) and knowledge revolution
(Harnad, 1991). ICT technology may play a fundamental role in
modern UA allowing more efficient cultivation practices and
a different human interaction. Therefore, it is fundamental to
integrate modern technology into traditional UA systems for the
development of efficient and attractive UA practices.
Research and education in UA require a multidisciplinary approach
through the integration of multiple actors and disciplines
(Dawson and Morales, 2017). Food design and production in
cities is not a task just for scientists, engineers, technicians and
specialists in agriculture. For example, the study of the human
behavior from anthropology, sociology, design and business
can provide inspiration for the development and validation
177 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL
of practices such as food production, use and interaction.
Innovation and education centers for UA need physical spaces
and methodologies for allowing and facilitating multidisciplinary
interactions, being one of this approaches the Living Labs.
Living Labs have been used for the investigation of solutions to
complex and multidisciplinary problems (Eriksson et al., 2005). A
Living Lab is a user-center (Beamish et al., 2012), open-innovation
ecosystem (Almirall and Wareham, 2011) that integrates
concurrent research and innovation processes (Bilgram et al.,
2008) within a public-private-people partnership (Etzkowitz and
Leydesdorff, 2000). The Living Lab innovation approach uses and
integrates the Design Thinking process (Brown, 2008). Living
Labs are not just simple testbeds since their philosophy is to turn
users, from being observed subjects for testing modules against
requirements, into the main actors of the innovation process.
Consolidated systems and practices that integrate modern
technology into UA are not available yet. Therefore, the objective
of this work is to define an AgroLab for investigating and teaching
the role of modern technology into traditional UA production
systems. Due to the complexity of the problem, this paper
proposes the adoption of the Living Lab multidisciplinary and
user-oriented innovation process.
AGROLAB UNIANDES
Figure 1. IDEF0 diagram of
the AgroLab Uniandes.
The mission of the AgroLab Uniandes is to: “Provide an open-space
for the dialog, co-creation and experimentation in which traditional,
experience and specific knowledge are integrated for the research,
education and awareness raise concerning food production, use
and interaction”. An IDEF0 diagram (Buede, 2009) of the AgroLab
Uniandes is shown in Figure 1. The physical system is represented
in the middle. Then, its inputs are placed on the left-hand side,
while outputs on the right-hand sides. Eventually, the adopted
innovation process is positioned at the bottom. Moreover, the
AgroLab Uniandes, and its inputs and outputs can be mapped
into the typical elements of a business model showing how
the proposed ecosystem creates, delivers, and captures value
(Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Next, the different elements of
the AgroLab are illustrated.
Inputs
Inputs represent the selected ingredients that are necessary for
the AgroLab innovation process. The following inputs can be
identified:
•
•
•
Multidisciplinarity: the integration of agriculture and
technology needs creative and innovative interactions in
which the traditional knowledge is integrated with human and
scientific disciplines;
Urban agriculture systems and practices: the foundations of the
AgroLab are the traditional UA systems and practices. In fact,
these elements constitute the base through which different
technical and technological scenarios will be evaluated;
Technology: modern technology triggers the innovation
process based on the interest from users and communities to
identify its role within UA.
Productive Ecosystem
The productive ecosystem uses two elements for turning inputs
into outputs: (i) innovation process; (ii) production systems.
Innovation Process
UA involves different disciplines and actors. Generally, people
use a certain innovation only if they completely support and
accept it. For this reason, the user-oriented approach of the
Living Lab innovation process is selected for its ability to involve
users throughout the whole innovation process by means of
the following activities (Pallot et al., 2010): (i) co-creation; (ii)
exploration; (iii) experimentation; (iv) evaluation.
Production Systems
In the last years, agriculture has followed the trends of the
industrial domain. In agriculture 1.0, agricultural operations are
either manual or actuated through animals/motors and decisions
are entirely taken by humans. In the ‘40s, electro-mechanical
devices were introduced allowing on/off control systems.
Agriculture 2.0 uses these devices for automating few agricultural
tasks as irrigation. In the ‘70s, the launch of microcontrollers and
178 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER
179 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL
servomotors allowed to agriculture 3.0 enhancing the flexibility,
the precision and the number of automated tasks. Nowadays,
agriculture 4.0 (or precision agriculture) is defined as the
integration of agriculture 3.0 with the modern ICT tendencies as
machine learning and internet of things (Zhang et al., 2002).
The different systems have been designed in order to
architecturally integrate within the existing physical space and to
generate an emphatic open space in which people can learn and
relax by contemplation.
The AgroLab is going to investigate different productive
systems for UA and to identify the role of modern technology
in the development of consolidated cultivation practices. This
is the reason why different types of productive systems have
been deployed with different technological support spacing
from traditional agriculture 1.0 towards agriculture 4.0
systems. A mapping of the AgroLab production systems and the
corresponding agriculture era is presented in Figure 2, while the
implemented systems are next illustrated:
Outputs
•
•
•
•
Traditional Urban Agriculture: both farming pots and vertical
farming are implemented in order to prototype the most
widespread UA systems. Agriculture operations are performed
manually with the only exception of irrigation that can be
controlled through timers;
Hydroponics: plants are grown without soil by instead using
mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent (Jones, 2016).
Fertigation is controlled based on signals received from
sensors and optimal fertigation strategies may be defined
through data-based approaches;
Aquaponics: combination of conventional aquaculture with
soilless culture for the generation of a symbiotic environment
(Diver and Rinehart, 2000). Water recirculation and
oxygenation are controlled by means of sensors and optimal
fish-feed strategies may be defined through data-based
approaches;
FarmBot: Cartesian coordinate robot farming machine
(Aronson, 2019). Sowing, mechanical weed control and
watering are automatically controlled and can be optimized
through data-based approaches.
Outputs indicate the deliverables that are generated from the
planned AgroLab. The following outputs can be identified:
•
•
•
Education: in terms of development of new multidisciplinary
courses and of integration of experience-based learning
activities within existing courses;
Research: the AgroLab creates new academic knowledge
and knowledge for practitioners respectively in the form
of research publications, and technical and technological
recommendations. Eventually, the novelty and importance of
the topic favors the generation of proposals for funding calls;
Wellbeing: in terms of: (i) empathy: people from different
scientific and social background interacts showing affective
and cognitive empathy (Rothschild, 2006); (ii) life-connection:
the activity of growing living beings as plants and fishes
brings to different benefits such as wellbeing and serenity
(Kingsley et al., 2009); (iii) health: growing their own food
raises people awareness concerning food production, use and
interaction. It is common for urban farmers to change their
eating habits due to this activity (Simon, 2014).
State of the art
In this section, three state of art agriculture laboratories are
illustrated in order to identify similarities and differences with
respect to the proposed AgroLab.
Agrolab in Madrid
This laboratory is a participatory farming laboratory settled in
Madrid and founded in 2015 (García-Llorente et al., 2019):
•
•
•
Figure 2. Agriculture Era and
planned AgroLab production
systems.
180 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER
Mission: reactivating the agriculture sector in rural and
periurban areas of Madrid;
Inputs: rural communities are integrated with urban
dwellers and local authorities. People present different levels
of expertise, and practitioners collaborate with technical
specialists such as irrigation and renewable energy experts;
Productive ecosystem:
- Innovation Process: the living lab conceptual approach is
adopted, along with the ecosystem service lens (Duraiappah,
2015);
181 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL
•
- Production Systems: drip irrigation systems powered through
solar energy panels and triggered based on meteorological
conditions sensed through a weather station;
Outputs:
- Research: development of sustainable agro-ecological
practices such as irrigation systems and renewable energy;
- Education: one practical training program was designed for
the development of specialists in the agriculture sector;
- Wellbeing: the principles of the Agrolab are continuity,
openness, realism, empowerment, and spontaneity. This
shows the positive effects that the initiative has on the
participants.
•
•
•
The MIT Media Lab OpenAg™
“The MIT Media Lab Open Agriculture Initiative (OpenAg)” was
founded in 2015 (Castelló Ferrer et al., 2019).
•
•
•
•
Mission: builds open resources to enable a global community
to accelerate digital agricultural innovation;
Inputs: (i) technology: state-of-the-art automation and
controlled-environment devices; (ii) actor: brings together
partners from industry, government, and academia; (iii)
community: the open-source model allows the participation of
a community of users mainly coming from the technological
domain;
Productive ecosystem:
- Innovation process: creation of an open-source ecosystem
of technologies that enable and promote transparency,
networked experimentation, education, and hyper-local
production;
- Production systems: food computer: personal controlled
environment for the implementation of “climate recipes”;
Output:
- Research: the aim of the research of OpenAg™ is to generate
sustainable food systems;
- Education: the OpenAg EDU has been piloting Food
Computers in classrooms to help students learn STEM skills
and engage in a hands-on, citizen science project on the future
of agriculture, including work to mitigate its environmental
impact;
- Wellbeing: Lab OpenAg™ is an open-source project and it
relies heavily on the technological community to co-create the
future of agriculture.
The Sustainability Innovation Lab at Colorado (SILC)
This laboratory was founded in 2016 (University of Colorado
Boulder, 2019):
182 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER
•
Mission: to develop the knowledge, capacity, partnerships,
technology, and diverse workforce to accelerate the transition
to a more sustainable world and educates the next generation
of researchers, communicators, and innovators who will lead
this change;
Inputs: SILC’s impact-oriented research includes engineering,
physical and natural sciences, social science, social justice,
psychology, humanities, business, law, computer science and
other disciplines. This laboratory fosters relationships with
researchers, fellows, students, public and external partners;
Productive ecosystem:
- Innovation process: developing, testing, and deploying high
impact solutions to sustainability challenges;
- Production systems: the primary orientation is towards data
or technology-supported approaches to complex problems
with an emerging capacity in land planning and sustainable
food systems;
Outputs:
- Research: SILC generates technological recommendations by
means of decision-making tools in the field of food security,
land restoration, climate change adaptation and biodiversity
conservation programs;
- Education: SILC trains students in technological and
quantitative methods needed in a modern workforce. Its
Global Sustainability Scholars (GSS) program brings together
undergraduate students and professionals to work with
leading scientists on critical sustainability challenges that face
communities and environments;
- Wellbeing: SILC communicates broadly the issues and
solutions to complex societal issues in sustainability
and it generates socially conscious advancements in the
environment and sustainability for communities at local,
regional and global scales.
Comparison
The AgroLab Uniandes presents similarities concerning the research
and educational approach with the SILC and the Madrid AgroLab
since these laboratories integrate the traditional knowledge of
communities with technical expertise. The main difference is that the
AgroLab Uniandes focuses on customized UA systems and wants to
generate a local but scalable impact that includes the psycho-physical
wellbeing of the participants. This is the reason why topics such as
empathy, eating habits and sustainability are fundamental within
the proposed research and educational approach. Whereas, the
Madrid AgroLab and the SILC focus on open-field agriculture seeking
respectively a regional and global impact. Eventually, the MIT Media
Lab mainly deals with the technological topic applied to protected
agriculture without considering the traditional knowledge.
183 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL
Jóvenes investigadores e Innovadores3 with the objective
of modelling and implementing a sustainable aquaponics
production unit (UPAS, in Spanish) for a future adoption and
acceptance in the Boyacá region; (iii) UPASs (2019): proposal
for FONTAGRO Productividad4 with the objective to implement
UPASs in selected regions of Colombia and Peru;
RESULTS
In section 2.3, the expected output of the proposed AgroLab have
been illustrated. Within this section, it is demonstrated how the
AgroLab achieves the identified outputs.
Even if the different production systems of the AgroLab have been
installed in July 2019, the AgroLab concept has been around since
2015 generating different results that can be mapped within the
output categories defined in section 2.3:
•
Figure 3. Render of the
designed aquaponics solar
system.
•
Research:
- Technical and technological recommendation: (i) ProBoyacá
Project Portfolio1 (2015): initiative led by the Universidad de los
Andes for the Boyacá region. Academy, industry, government
and local communities collaborated for enhancing agricultural
technification, food production and tourism; (ii) bachelor
thesis for the design of an aquaponics system powered with
solar energy (Figure 3) (Ardila, 2019);
- Funding calls: (i) Alimentos Con-Ciencia (2017): founded
proposal for the Uniandes Call for Interdisciplinary
Projects2 in which aquaponics is used as a mean to develop
interdisciplinary learning and design processes within the
university community concerning food production and food
security; (ii) UPAS (2018): founded proposal for Colciencias
Education:
- Courses: (i) Food and entrepreneurial opportunities5:
university course with the objective of enhance students’
awareness concerning the actual opportunities in Colombia on
agriculture and food related businesses (Figure 4); (ii) Colours
in all its dimensions6: university course in which students
identify from a multisensory perspective the influence that
colours have on food;
- Experience-based Learning: activities concerning the AgroLab
mission and productive systems are implemented within the
following courses: (i) Food and entrepreneurial opportunities:
each student cultivates a farming pot in order to experience
the farming activity; (ii) Colour: experience, culture and
industry7: students learn to combine colours starting from the
Figure 4. Different
snapchats from the 2019
edition of the course
Food and entrepreneurial
opportunities.
1
https://uniandes.edu.co/noticias/desarrollo-regional/negociar-para-la-innovacion-colaborativa
2
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwin6LvW_9fiAhVkplkKHaKtCGgQFjAAegQIBRAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Finvestigaciones.uniandes.edu.co%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F05%2FConvocatoria_Interdisciplinaria_2017.
pdf&usg=AOvVaw0oHWwJ0ta7DVfnc7sYMdrD
184 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER
3
https://www.colciencias.gov.co/convocatorias/mentalidad-y-cultura/jovenes-investigadores-e-innovadores
4
https://www.fontagro.org/type/convocatoria-2019-productividad/
5
https://catalogo.uniandes.edu.co/es-ES/2017/Catalogo/Cursos/DISE/3000/DISE3207
6
https://catalogo.uniandes.edu.co/es-ES/2018/Catalogo/Cursos/CBCA/1000/CBCA1062
7
https://catalogo.uniandes.edu.co/es-ES/2015/Catalog/Courses/DISE/3000/DISE3350
185 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL
provide the Fenicia community with training programs
to grow food in planters and terraces. The mission of
the proposed plan is to convert the area into an Urban
Agricultural District with high touristic potential due to its
location in the historical center of the city of Bogotá. However,
the activities developed throughout the thesis demonstrated
secondary positive effects on the participants such as food
awareness rise, wellbeing due to the growing of living being
and empathy.
Figure 5. Some of the
prototypes developed within
the 2019 edition of the course
Toy design.
CONCLUSION
AgroLab Uniandes has been detailed within this work. In
summary, the following characteristics can be outlined:
•
•
•
Figure 6. Different snapchats
from the bachelor thesis
Carpas Sociales.
•
identification of natural patterns (fish and plants) observed in
their production environment (aquaponics and hydroponics);
(iii) Toy design8: students develop toy and tales concerning the
food and its production systems in order to provide children
with learning tools about food safety and good eating habits
(Figure 5); (iv) Branding9: students discuss and propose
alternatives of brand identity, and internal and external
communication strategy with the objective of visualizing and
positioning the mission of the AgroLab; (v) AQUA MATICES
(Ardila, 2018): project for K-12 students with the aim of applying
the Kolb’s learning Model (Konak, et al. 2014) using interactive
aquaponics systems as educational tools for STEAM disciplines;
•
Wellbeing: Carpas Sociales (Figure 6) is a bachelor thesis that
proposes a collective and co-creative strategy of UA within
the current urban renewal plan of the Fenicia neighborhood
(Amaya, 2019). This work identifies a 2030 horizon plan to
8
https://catalogo.uniandes.edu.co/es-ES/2015/Catalog/Courses/DISE/3000/DISE3425
9
https://catalogo.uniandes.edu.co/es-ES/2015/Catalog/Courses/DISE/3000/DISE3240
186 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER
The AgroLab seeks the wellness of all the people participating
in its innovation process from multiple perspectives such as
technology, knowledge and experience;
The AgroLab is a neutral installation inside the University de
los Andes that does not belong to any School or innovation
center, favoring the collective inclusion;
The AgroLab targets to a local and small-scale impact since
constitutes a mean through which the academic community
wants to contribute to the wellness of its neighborhood;
The AgroLab also targets to a regional and large-scale impact
by developing technical and technological recommendations,
and scalability models starting from small-scale prototypes.
In Figure 1, it was illustrated how the elements of the AgroLab
Uniandes can be mapped into the typical elements of a business
model showing how the proposed ecosystem creates, delivers, and
captures value within a continuous feedback learning process.
This mapping activity will be further investigated in future work
and will allow understanding the multiple elements, actors and
scenarios concerning food production and its relationship with
people. In this way, the AgroLab Uniandes will become a platform
able to deliver multiple food business models for research,
education, and for the wellness of the participating people and
communities.
187 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL
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