Faculty of Medicine v.akle@uniandes.edu.co Giacomo Barbieri Department of Mechanical Engineering g.barbieri@uniandes.edu.co Veronica Akle Alvarez Freddy Zapata Vanegas Faculty of Medicine ya.ardila@uniandes.edu.co Faculty of Design, fzapata@uniandes.edu.co Yeferzon Alexander Ardila Johann Faccelo Osma Department of Electrical Engineering jf.osma43@uniandes.edu.co AGROLAB: A LIVING LAB IN COLOMBIA FOR RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN URBAN AGRICULTURE INTRODUCTION Food security is a fundamental challenge since global population is exceeding 7.2 billion and is continuously increasing. In 2050, population has been estimated to reach 9.6 billion with more than 60% living in urban areas (United Nations, 2014). To meet the growing demand of food, the agricultural sector productivity must increase, as one of the premises of sustainable intensification (Garnett, 2016). It is estimated that in 2050 the productivity will need to be almost 50% more than that of 2012 (World Bank Group, 2016). In Colombia, the situation is even more extreme. According to the national Rural Agricultural Planning Unit (UPRA), Colombia is currently using only about a third of its available agricultural land and agriculture is characterized by low levels of technology. Moreover, a 2017 survey showed that 80.45% of the total population lives in urban areas (Statista, 2017). Along with the increment of the available agricultural land and the improvement of the adopted technology, it is fundamental to develop consolidated practices of urban agriculture. In fact, this activity provides fresh food, generates employment, recycles urban wastes, creates greenbelts, and strengthens cities’ resilience to climate change (Thomas, 2014). Urban agriculture (UA) is defined as “the growing, processing, and distribution of food and other products through intensive plant cultivation and animal husbandry in and around cities” (Brown and Bailkey, 2002). While UA has been around for thousands of years, only during the past century, and especially the past decade, has taken off (Vasey, 2002). The main reason can be identified in the increasing consciousness of people concerning sustainability and health (Tornaghi, 2014). An environment for the multidisciplinary interaction is proposed at the Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá for research and education in urban agriculture, and for the wellbeing of the participating people and communities. The illustrated AgroLab implements the Living Lab innovation process in order to maximize the opportunities of collaboration and co-creation with the objective of integrating the traditional knowledge with human and scientific disciplines. Different food production technologies and strategies are compared and investigated within a context of experimentation, exploration and discovery seeking both a local and regional impact. Within this paper, it is shown how the proposed AgroLab allows the generation of both research and educational outcomes, along with the wellbeing of the involved people and communities. Keywords: Urban Agriculture, Living Lab, Research, Education, Wellbeing 176 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER Progress in information and communication technology (ICT) is having a profound effect on modern life (Warschauer and Matuchniak, 2010). These technologies have been responsible for the fourth industrial (Lasi et al., 2014) and knowledge revolution (Harnad, 1991). ICT technology may play a fundamental role in modern UA allowing more efficient cultivation practices and a different human interaction. Therefore, it is fundamental to integrate modern technology into traditional UA systems for the development of efficient and attractive UA practices. Research and education in UA require a multidisciplinary approach through the integration of multiple actors and disciplines (Dawson and Morales, 2017). Food design and production in cities is not a task just for scientists, engineers, technicians and specialists in agriculture. For example, the study of the human behavior from anthropology, sociology, design and business can provide inspiration for the development and validation 177 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL of practices such as food production, use and interaction. Innovation and education centers for UA need physical spaces and methodologies for allowing and facilitating multidisciplinary interactions, being one of this approaches the Living Labs. Living Labs have been used for the investigation of solutions to complex and multidisciplinary problems (Eriksson et al., 2005). A Living Lab is a user-center (Beamish et al., 2012), open-innovation ecosystem (Almirall and Wareham, 2011) that integrates concurrent research and innovation processes (Bilgram et al., 2008) within a public-private-people partnership (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 2000). The Living Lab innovation approach uses and integrates the Design Thinking process (Brown, 2008). Living Labs are not just simple testbeds since their philosophy is to turn users, from being observed subjects for testing modules against requirements, into the main actors of the innovation process. Consolidated systems and practices that integrate modern technology into UA are not available yet. Therefore, the objective of this work is to define an AgroLab for investigating and teaching the role of modern technology into traditional UA production systems. Due to the complexity of the problem, this paper proposes the adoption of the Living Lab multidisciplinary and user-oriented innovation process. AGROLAB UNIANDES Figure 1. IDEF0 diagram of the AgroLab Uniandes. The mission of the AgroLab Uniandes is to: “Provide an open-space for the dialog, co-creation and experimentation in which traditional, experience and specific knowledge are integrated for the research, education and awareness raise concerning food production, use and interaction”. An IDEF0 diagram (Buede, 2009) of the AgroLab Uniandes is shown in Figure 1. The physical system is represented in the middle. Then, its inputs are placed on the left-hand side, while outputs on the right-hand sides. Eventually, the adopted innovation process is positioned at the bottom. Moreover, the AgroLab Uniandes, and its inputs and outputs can be mapped into the typical elements of a business model showing how the proposed ecosystem creates, delivers, and captures value (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Next, the different elements of the AgroLab are illustrated. Inputs Inputs represent the selected ingredients that are necessary for the AgroLab innovation process. The following inputs can be identified: • • • Multidisciplinarity: the integration of agriculture and technology needs creative and innovative interactions in which the traditional knowledge is integrated with human and scientific disciplines; Urban agriculture systems and practices: the foundations of the AgroLab are the traditional UA systems and practices. In fact, these elements constitute the base through which different technical and technological scenarios will be evaluated; Technology: modern technology triggers the innovation process based on the interest from users and communities to identify its role within UA. Productive Ecosystem The productive ecosystem uses two elements for turning inputs into outputs: (i) innovation process; (ii) production systems. Innovation Process UA involves different disciplines and actors. Generally, people use a certain innovation only if they completely support and accept it. For this reason, the user-oriented approach of the Living Lab innovation process is selected for its ability to involve users throughout the whole innovation process by means of the following activities (Pallot et al., 2010): (i) co-creation; (ii) exploration; (iii) experimentation; (iv) evaluation. Production Systems In the last years, agriculture has followed the trends of the industrial domain. In agriculture 1.0, agricultural operations are either manual or actuated through animals/motors and decisions are entirely taken by humans. In the ‘40s, electro-mechanical devices were introduced allowing on/off control systems. Agriculture 2.0 uses these devices for automating few agricultural tasks as irrigation. In the ‘70s, the launch of microcontrollers and 178 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER 179 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL servomotors allowed to agriculture 3.0 enhancing the flexibility, the precision and the number of automated tasks. Nowadays, agriculture 4.0 (or precision agriculture) is defined as the integration of agriculture 3.0 with the modern ICT tendencies as machine learning and internet of things (Zhang et al., 2002). The different systems have been designed in order to architecturally integrate within the existing physical space and to generate an emphatic open space in which people can learn and relax by contemplation. The AgroLab is going to investigate different productive systems for UA and to identify the role of modern technology in the development of consolidated cultivation practices. This is the reason why different types of productive systems have been deployed with different technological support spacing from traditional agriculture 1.0 towards agriculture 4.0 systems. A mapping of the AgroLab production systems and the corresponding agriculture era is presented in Figure 2, while the implemented systems are next illustrated: Outputs • • • • Traditional Urban Agriculture: both farming pots and vertical farming are implemented in order to prototype the most widespread UA systems. Agriculture operations are performed manually with the only exception of irrigation that can be controlled through timers; Hydroponics: plants are grown without soil by instead using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent (Jones, 2016). Fertigation is controlled based on signals received from sensors and optimal fertigation strategies may be defined through data-based approaches; Aquaponics: combination of conventional aquaculture with soilless culture for the generation of a symbiotic environment (Diver and Rinehart, 2000). Water recirculation and oxygenation are controlled by means of sensors and optimal fish-feed strategies may be defined through data-based approaches; FarmBot: Cartesian coordinate robot farming machine (Aronson, 2019). Sowing, mechanical weed control and watering are automatically controlled and can be optimized through data-based approaches. Outputs indicate the deliverables that are generated from the planned AgroLab. The following outputs can be identified: • • • Education: in terms of development of new multidisciplinary courses and of integration of experience-based learning activities within existing courses; Research: the AgroLab creates new academic knowledge and knowledge for practitioners respectively in the form of research publications, and technical and technological recommendations. Eventually, the novelty and importance of the topic favors the generation of proposals for funding calls; Wellbeing: in terms of: (i) empathy: people from different scientific and social background interacts showing affective and cognitive empathy (Rothschild, 2006); (ii) life-connection: the activity of growing living beings as plants and fishes brings to different benefits such as wellbeing and serenity (Kingsley et al., 2009); (iii) health: growing their own food raises people awareness concerning food production, use and interaction. It is common for urban farmers to change their eating habits due to this activity (Simon, 2014). State of the art In this section, three state of art agriculture laboratories are illustrated in order to identify similarities and differences with respect to the proposed AgroLab. Agrolab in Madrid This laboratory is a participatory farming laboratory settled in Madrid and founded in 2015 (García-Llorente et al., 2019): • • • Figure 2. Agriculture Era and planned AgroLab production systems. 180 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER Mission: reactivating the agriculture sector in rural and periurban areas of Madrid; Inputs: rural communities are integrated with urban dwellers and local authorities. People present different levels of expertise, and practitioners collaborate with technical specialists such as irrigation and renewable energy experts; Productive ecosystem: - Innovation Process: the living lab conceptual approach is adopted, along with the ecosystem service lens (Duraiappah, 2015); 181 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL • - Production Systems: drip irrigation systems powered through solar energy panels and triggered based on meteorological conditions sensed through a weather station; Outputs: - Research: development of sustainable agro-ecological practices such as irrigation systems and renewable energy; - Education: one practical training program was designed for the development of specialists in the agriculture sector; - Wellbeing: the principles of the Agrolab are continuity, openness, realism, empowerment, and spontaneity. This shows the positive effects that the initiative has on the participants. • • • The MIT Media Lab OpenAg™ “The MIT Media Lab Open Agriculture Initiative (OpenAg)” was founded in 2015 (Castelló Ferrer et al., 2019). • • • • Mission: builds open resources to enable a global community to accelerate digital agricultural innovation; Inputs: (i) technology: state-of-the-art automation and controlled-environment devices; (ii) actor: brings together partners from industry, government, and academia; (iii) community: the open-source model allows the participation of a community of users mainly coming from the technological domain; Productive ecosystem: - Innovation process: creation of an open-source ecosystem of technologies that enable and promote transparency, networked experimentation, education, and hyper-local production; - Production systems: food computer: personal controlled environment for the implementation of “climate recipes”; Output: - Research: the aim of the research of OpenAg™ is to generate sustainable food systems; - Education: the OpenAg EDU has been piloting Food Computers in classrooms to help students learn STEM skills and engage in a hands-on, citizen science project on the future of agriculture, including work to mitigate its environmental impact; - Wellbeing: Lab OpenAg™ is an open-source project and it relies heavily on the technological community to co-create the future of agriculture. The Sustainability Innovation Lab at Colorado (SILC) This laboratory was founded in 2016 (University of Colorado Boulder, 2019): 182 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER • Mission: to develop the knowledge, capacity, partnerships, technology, and diverse workforce to accelerate the transition to a more sustainable world and educates the next generation of researchers, communicators, and innovators who will lead this change; Inputs: SILC’s impact-oriented research includes engineering, physical and natural sciences, social science, social justice, psychology, humanities, business, law, computer science and other disciplines. This laboratory fosters relationships with researchers, fellows, students, public and external partners; Productive ecosystem: - Innovation process: developing, testing, and deploying high impact solutions to sustainability challenges; - Production systems: the primary orientation is towards data or technology-supported approaches to complex problems with an emerging capacity in land planning and sustainable food systems; Outputs: - Research: SILC generates technological recommendations by means of decision-making tools in the field of food security, land restoration, climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation programs; - Education: SILC trains students in technological and quantitative methods needed in a modern workforce. Its Global Sustainability Scholars (GSS) program brings together undergraduate students and professionals to work with leading scientists on critical sustainability challenges that face communities and environments; - Wellbeing: SILC communicates broadly the issues and solutions to complex societal issues in sustainability and it generates socially conscious advancements in the environment and sustainability for communities at local, regional and global scales. Comparison The AgroLab Uniandes presents similarities concerning the research and educational approach with the SILC and the Madrid AgroLab since these laboratories integrate the traditional knowledge of communities with technical expertise. The main difference is that the AgroLab Uniandes focuses on customized UA systems and wants to generate a local but scalable impact that includes the psycho-physical wellbeing of the participants. This is the reason why topics such as empathy, eating habits and sustainability are fundamental within the proposed research and educational approach. Whereas, the Madrid AgroLab and the SILC focus on open-field agriculture seeking respectively a regional and global impact. Eventually, the MIT Media Lab mainly deals with the technological topic applied to protected agriculture without considering the traditional knowledge. 183 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL Jóvenes investigadores e Innovadores3 with the objective of modelling and implementing a sustainable aquaponics production unit (UPAS, in Spanish) for a future adoption and acceptance in the Boyacá region; (iii) UPASs (2019): proposal for FONTAGRO Productividad4 with the objective to implement UPASs in selected regions of Colombia and Peru; RESULTS In section 2.3, the expected output of the proposed AgroLab have been illustrated. Within this section, it is demonstrated how the AgroLab achieves the identified outputs. Even if the different production systems of the AgroLab have been installed in July 2019, the AgroLab concept has been around since 2015 generating different results that can be mapped within the output categories defined in section 2.3: • Figure 3. Render of the designed aquaponics solar system. • Research: - Technical and technological recommendation: (i) ProBoyacá Project Portfolio1 (2015): initiative led by the Universidad de los Andes for the Boyacá region. Academy, industry, government and local communities collaborated for enhancing agricultural technification, food production and tourism; (ii) bachelor thesis for the design of an aquaponics system powered with solar energy (Figure 3) (Ardila, 2019); - Funding calls: (i) Alimentos Con-Ciencia (2017): founded proposal for the Uniandes Call for Interdisciplinary Projects2 in which aquaponics is used as a mean to develop interdisciplinary learning and design processes within the university community concerning food production and food security; (ii) UPAS (2018): founded proposal for Colciencias Education: - Courses: (i) Food and entrepreneurial opportunities5: university course with the objective of enhance students’ awareness concerning the actual opportunities in Colombia on agriculture and food related businesses (Figure 4); (ii) Colours in all its dimensions6: university course in which students identify from a multisensory perspective the influence that colours have on food; - Experience-based Learning: activities concerning the AgroLab mission and productive systems are implemented within the following courses: (i) Food and entrepreneurial opportunities: each student cultivates a farming pot in order to experience the farming activity; (ii) Colour: experience, culture and industry7: students learn to combine colours starting from the Figure 4. Different snapchats from the 2019 edition of the course Food and entrepreneurial opportunities. 1 https://uniandes.edu.co/noticias/desarrollo-regional/negociar-para-la-innovacion-colaborativa 2 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwin6LvW_9fiAhVkplkKHaKtCGgQFjAAegQIBRAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Finvestigaciones.uniandes.edu.co%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F05%2FConvocatoria_Interdisciplinaria_2017. pdf&usg=AOvVaw0oHWwJ0ta7DVfnc7sYMdrD 184 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER 3 https://www.colciencias.gov.co/convocatorias/mentalidad-y-cultura/jovenes-investigadores-e-innovadores 4 https://www.fontagro.org/type/convocatoria-2019-productividad/ 5 https://catalogo.uniandes.edu.co/es-ES/2017/Catalogo/Cursos/DISE/3000/DISE3207 6 https://catalogo.uniandes.edu.co/es-ES/2018/Catalogo/Cursos/CBCA/1000/CBCA1062 7 https://catalogo.uniandes.edu.co/es-ES/2015/Catalog/Courses/DISE/3000/DISE3350 185 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL provide the Fenicia community with training programs to grow food in planters and terraces. The mission of the proposed plan is to convert the area into an Urban Agricultural District with high touristic potential due to its location in the historical center of the city of Bogotá. However, the activities developed throughout the thesis demonstrated secondary positive effects on the participants such as food awareness rise, wellbeing due to the growing of living being and empathy. Figure 5. Some of the prototypes developed within the 2019 edition of the course Toy design. CONCLUSION AgroLab Uniandes has been detailed within this work. In summary, the following characteristics can be outlined: • • • Figure 6. Different snapchats from the bachelor thesis Carpas Sociales. • identification of natural patterns (fish and plants) observed in their production environment (aquaponics and hydroponics); (iii) Toy design8: students develop toy and tales concerning the food and its production systems in order to provide children with learning tools about food safety and good eating habits (Figure 5); (iv) Branding9: students discuss and propose alternatives of brand identity, and internal and external communication strategy with the objective of visualizing and positioning the mission of the AgroLab; (v) AQUA MATICES (Ardila, 2018): project for K-12 students with the aim of applying the Kolb’s learning Model (Konak, et al. 2014) using interactive aquaponics systems as educational tools for STEAM disciplines; • Wellbeing: Carpas Sociales (Figure 6) is a bachelor thesis that proposes a collective and co-creative strategy of UA within the current urban renewal plan of the Fenicia neighborhood (Amaya, 2019). This work identifies a 2030 horizon plan to 8 https://catalogo.uniandes.edu.co/es-ES/2015/Catalog/Courses/DISE/3000/DISE3425 9 https://catalogo.uniandes.edu.co/es-ES/2015/Catalog/Courses/DISE/3000/DISE3240 186 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. THE DESIGN AFTER The AgroLab seeks the wellness of all the people participating in its innovation process from multiple perspectives such as technology, knowledge and experience; The AgroLab is a neutral installation inside the University de los Andes that does not belong to any School or innovation center, favoring the collective inclusion; The AgroLab targets to a local and small-scale impact since constitutes a mean through which the academic community wants to contribute to the wellness of its neighborhood; The AgroLab also targets to a regional and large-scale impact by developing technical and technological recommendations, and scalability models starting from small-scale prototypes. In Figure 1, it was illustrated how the elements of the AgroLab Uniandes can be mapped into the typical elements of a business model showing how the proposed ecosystem creates, delivers, and captures value within a continuous feedback learning process. This mapping activity will be further investigated in future work and will allow understanding the multiple elements, actors and scenarios concerning food production and its relationship with people. In this way, the AgroLab Uniandes will become a platform able to deliver multiple food business models for research, education, and for the wellness of the participating people and communities. 187 Cumulus Conference Proceedings Bogotá 2019. SENSING THE CITY, SENSING THE RURAL BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES Almirall, E., & Wareham, J. (2011). Living Labs: arbiters of mid-and ground-level innovation. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 23(1), 87-102. Amaya, L., Zapata, F., Ramirez, C. (2019). Carpas Sociales. 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